bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Need for Common Principles in Prevention Programs for Children, Adolescents, and Families
Authors: Peterson Gary W.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a critique of the proposed Development-In-Context Evaluation (DICE) model as a prevention approachfor children, adolescents, andfamilies who are at risk. An analysis of the model's theoretical basis, referred to as developmental contextualism, is provided and the proposed prevention strategy's strengths and weaknesses are assessed. Although the DICE model offers a comprehensive approach to prevention and has many positive aspects, problems may result from disproportionate reliance on community involvement and a somewhat restricted role for university-based scholars. Insufficient attention is devoted to the identification of common pninciples for prevention strategies which generalize across local interests, foster equality of circumstances, andfunction to integrate the larger society.
An Ecological Analysis of Coital Timing among Middle-Class African American Adolescent Females
Authors: Murry Velma McBride
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1988 National Family Growth Cycle IV, variables discriminating between early and late coital initiation among middle-income African American adolescent females were examined (n = 109). Results from the discriminant function analysis indicated that the joint occurrence offamily structure, adolescents' labor- force participation, and religiosity were associated with late coital initiation. Those who lived in two-parent households, had engaged in conversations with parents about sexual issues, and had greater knowledge about sexual matters were more likely to delay age at first coitus until 18 years of age and beyond. The discriminant function classified correctly 94% of the overall grouped cases. Classification within each group resulted in 98% of early coital initiators and 79% of late coital initiators being classified correctly. Results from this study provide support for using a systematic frameworkfor examining the sexual activity patterns ofmiddle-class African American adolescent females and offer suggestions for future research efforts.
Toward a Microprocess Perspective on Adolescent Identity Development
Authors: Kerpelman Jennifer L. , Pittman Joe F. , Lamke Leanne K.
Published: March 2007

An abundance of research has been conducted on identityformation during adolescence, however, very little is bwwn about the processes that actually drive identity development. Furthermore, limited attention has been paid to the active influence of relationships with parents and peers on identity. Recentl, control theory has-been recognized as a useful framewor*from which to examine the microprocesses involved in identityformation. The purpose of this article is to describe identity development from this microprocess perspective and to extend the Grotevant model of identity formation processes. When applied to identity, control theory brings attennon to such intrapersonal factors as identity standards and self-perceptions, and such interpersonal factors as reflected appraisals and social behaviors as major contrbutors to the process of identity development. Implicationsfor using identty control theory to elaborate the identity statuses, to understand reciprocal identity influences in interpersonal relationships, and to drive methodologies used to exanune identity processes, are offered.
Revisiting the Identity Control Theory Approach
Authors: Kerpelman Jennifer L. , Pittman Joe F. , Lamke Leanne K.
Published: March 2007

Adams (1997), Berzonksy (1997), and Grotevant (1997) provided disceming comnentary on the strengths of using a control theory approach to guide research on identity development. They highlighted critical issues and provided suggestions for expanding the identity control theory model. Our response to these comments focuses on the overarching meta-model; the origination and nature of identity standards; thefit of the control theory model with existing identityframeworks; andthe utilityof the nodelforaddressing important issues of developmental shifts, individual diferences, and cultural context.
Effects of Crime and Violence in Neighborhoods and Schools on the School Behavior and Performance of Adolescents
Authors: Bowen Natasha K. , Bowen Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Drawing from a national probability sample of middle and high school students who recently completed The National School Success Profile (SSP), this article focuses on students’reports of their exposure to neighborhood and school danger, and the effects of exposure on their attendance, school behavior, and grades. Males, African Americans, high school students, school lunch recipients, and urban students tended to report higher exposure to environmental danger. Measures of neighborhood and school danger both contributed significantly to the prediction of each school outcome, especially attendance and behavior. Measures of neighborhood danger were slightly more predictive of outcomes than measures of school danger. The findings contribute to the identification of adolescents most likely to live in a context of fear and danger, and provide support for an ecological approach to promoting students’school success.
Loss of Temperature Compensation of Circadian Period Length in the frq-9 Mutant of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Loros Jennifer J. , Feldman Jerry F.
Published: March 2007

A new circadian clock mutant of Neurospora crassa has been isolated, whose most distinc tive characteristic is the complete loss of temperature compensation of its period length. The Q10 of the period length was found to be equal to about 2 in the temperature range from 18° to 30° C. The period length was also found to be dependent on the composition of the medium, including the nature and concentration of both the carbon source and the nitrogen source. Although the rate of the clock and the growth rate were directly related when affected by varying the temperature, they were inversely related when altered by changing the composition of the medium. Therefore, the mutation has not simply coupled clock rate to growth rate in this strain. The mutation maps to the frq locus, where seven other clock mutations previously studied also map. Therefore, this mutant has been called frq-9. Since several of the other frq mutants show partial loss in temperature compensation, it is suggested that the frq gene or its product is closely related to the temperature compensation mechanism of the circadian clock of Neurospora.
Photoperiodic and Pineal Effects on Food Intake, Food Retrieval, and Body Weight in Female Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Fleming Alison S. , Scardicchio Donato S. , Scardicchio Lily G.
Published: March 2007

Food intake, food retrieval, and body weight changes were measured in female Syrian hamsters maintained under long and short photoperiods, and in animals sustaining pinealectomy or sham surgery. Animals maintained under short photoperiods gained more weight, ingested more food, and brought more food from more distant compartments into their nest compart ments than did animals maintained under long photoperiods. Pinealectomy prevented the short- day elevations in body weight and food retrieval during the period of gonadal recrudescence, but it did not produce significant changes during the period of gonadal regression; in contrast, pinealectomy prevented the short-day increases in food intake only during initial weeks of the period of gonadal regression: The effects of photoperiod or pinealectomy were not evident for any of the dependent measures during pregnancy. The role of the pineal gland in mediating short-day effects is discussed.
The Circadian Basis of Ovarian Diapause Regulation in Drosophila melanogaster: Is the period Gene Causally Involved in Photoperiodic Time Measurement?
Authors: Saunders D.S.
Published: March 2007

Females of a wild-type strain of Drosophila melanogaster (Canton-S), and of several clock mutants (period), were able to discriminate between diapause-inducing short days and diapause- averting long days with a well-defined critical daylength. The critical daylengths of a short-period mutant ( pers) and a long-period mutant ( perL2) were almost identical, both to each other and to that of Canton-S. The critical daylength of an arrhythmic mutant ( perol), however, was about 3 hr shorter than that of Canton-S, and that of per- was about 5 hr shorter. Exposure of Canton-S females to Nanda-Hamner experiments, consisting of a 10-hr photophase coupled to a dark phase varying between 4 and 74 hr, showed (1) that the photoperiodic clock in D. melanogaster measures nightlength rather than daylength, and (2) that photoperiodic time measurement is somehow based on (or affected by) constituent oscillators in the circadian system. Nanda-Hamner results for the period mutants all showed similar profiles regardless of genotype, or the presence or absence of per locus DNA. These results suggest that photoperiodic induction and locomotor activity do not share a common pacemaker in D. melanogaster, and that the per gene is not causally involved in nightlength measurement by the photoperiodic clock, although flies in which the per locus is missing (per-) or defective ( perol) show an altered critical value.
The Visual Input Stage of the Mammalian Circadian Pacemaking System: I. Is There a Clock in the Mammalian Eye?
Authors: Remé Charlotte E. , Wirz-Justice Anna , Terman Michael
Published: March 2007

Threads of evidence from recent experimentation in retinal morphology, neurochemistry, electrophysiology, and visual perception point toward rhythmic ocular processes that may be integral components of circadian entrainment in mammals. Components of retinal cell biology (rod outer- segment disk shedding, inner-segment degradation, melatonin and dopamine synthesis, electrophysiological responses) show self-sustaining circadian oscillations whose phase can be controlled by light-dark cycles. A complete phase response curve in visual sensitivity can be generated from light-pulse-induced phase shifting. Following lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, circadian rhythms of visual detectability and rod outer-segment disk shedding persist, even though behavioral activity becomes arrhythmic. We discuss the converging evidence for an ocular circadian timing system in terms of interactions between rhythmic retinal processes and the central suprachiasmatic pacemaker, and propose that retinal phase shifts to light provide a critical input signal.
Cold Entrainment of the Annual Cycle of Ovarian Activity in the Lizard Lacerta vivipara: Thermoperiodic Rhythm versus Hibernation
Authors: Gavaud J.
Published: March 2007

A constant warm thermoperiod maintains ovarian quiescence in the lizard Lacerta vivipara, whereas a 4-month artificial hibernation rapidly induces synchronized vitellogenesis after transfer to warmth. The present study examined the possibility of a thermoperiodic regulation of the ovarian cycle and the formal properties of an internal temporal program. These questions were addressed using 24-hr thermoperiodic conditions that combined a long or a short thermophase (6 or 2 hr of basking) with a warm (19-21°C), a cool (5-15°C), or a cold (3-7°C) cryophase. Lizards were exposed to the natural photocycle or to LD 12:12. Occurrence and timing of vitellogenesis completion were monitored using immunodetection of plasma vitellogenin and laparotomies. Cold remained stimulatory when given intermittently with a 24-hr periodicity. However, under long-thermophase conditions, lizards responded poorly to cool cyrophases but fully to cold ones (72.7-100% vitellogenesis). Thus a certain amount of cold must be provided during each 24-hr cycle in order to be effective through the succession of thermocycles. Reduction of the daily heat input from 6 to 2 hr modulated the stimulating effects of cold cryophases: The median date for the beginning of vitellogenesis occurred 1 month earlier, but the number of responding females decreased from 100% to 40%. The thermoperiodic regulation of the ovarian cycle also relies upon a precise heat-cold balance per nycthemeral unit. This ensures the entrainment of an internal rhythm, since the timing of reproductive responses varies with the date of transfer from the inhibitory warm thermoperiod to the inducing thermoperiod (long thermophase, cold cryophase). At least half the females started vitellogenesis within 1-2 months after a late transfer (winter solstice) instead of 6 months after an early one (autumn equinox), and the median date for onset differed by 1 month between the two groups. However, autumn transfer was the only one to induce a group response in close agreement with the natural timing.
Circadian Feeding and Locomotor Rhythms in Pigeons and House Sparrows
Authors: Chabot Christopher C. , Menaker Michael
Published: March 2007

Feeding and locomotor activities were measured simultaneously in homing pigeons (Columba livia) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Feeding, as well as locomotor activity, was found to be regulated by a circadian clock in both of these species. Implantation of melatonin-filled capsules or exposure to constant light abolished feeding and locomotor rhythms in both species. Removal of the pineal gland from pigeons did not abolish either rhythm, whereas pinealectomy abolished both feeding and locomotor rhythms in house sparrows. Although feeding rhythms were generally more robust than locomotor rhythms in both of these species, different feeding and locomotor free-running periods were not observed within any individual pigeon or house sparrow. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each of these species has a single pacemaker that regulates the timing of feeding and locomotor activity, but they do not rule out the possibility that separate clocks regulate these behaviors.
An Ultrashort Clock Mutation at the period Locus of Drosophila melanogaster That Reveals Some New Features of the Fly's Circadian System
Authors: Konopka Ronald J. , Hamblen-Coyle Melanie J. , Jamison Creston F. , Hall Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2007

A rhythm mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was induced by chemical mutagenesis and isolated by testing for locomotor activity rhythms, which in the new variant had periods of approximately 16 hr. The sex-linked mutation responsible for this ultrashort period causes 20-hr rhythms when heterozygous with a normal X. This semidominance notwithstanding, the new mutation was revealed to be an allele of the period (per) gene by noncomplementation with per-null variants, in the sense that females heterozygous for perT (as the ultrafast-clock allele is called) and per- exhibited periods that were much shorter than in the case of perT/ +. These tests also revealed in a clearer manner than in previous cases that two "doses" of a fast-clock per mutation lead to appreciably shorter periods than those exhibited by one-dose females whose other per allele is a loss-of-function variant. In light-dark cycles (LD 12:12), flies carrying perT in a genotypic condition leading to free-running periods that are 8 hr faster than normal nevertheless entrained, by phase-shifting that large number of hours each day; the evening peak of locomotor activity was, however, many hours earlier than normal. The use of a newly developed device for monitoring Drosophila eclosion automatically showed that perT exhibits a very marginal emergence rhythm at 25°C, but periodicity of ca. 17-18 hr at 19°. Staining of the per-encoded protein (PER) in sections of perT versus normal pharate adults revealed for the first time that the immunohistochemically detected signal cycles in its intensity in wild-type, in a manner that is similar to the PER rhythm previously demonstrated in adults. The staining cycle in pharate adults expressing perT differed from that of wild-type. Temperature compensation of the adult activity rhythm of perT was found to be faulty, in that periods became appreciably shorter as the flies were heated. However, the mutant exhibited a normal degree of period lengthening when its locomotor activity was monitored in the presence of heavy water. The perT mutation interacted with the long-period Andante allele of the dusky locus in a manner that was anomalous (in comparison to dyAnd interactions with per+ or another short-period per mutation). This and other unique features of per T are discussed from the standpoint of the new mutation's heuristic value, including that which may stimulate a deeper understanding of the period gene's action at the molecular level.
Tryptophan Loading Modulates Light-Induced Responses in the Mammalian Circadian System
Authors: Glass J.D. , Selim M. , Srkalovic G. , Rea M.A.
Published: March 2007

Enhanced endogenous serotonergic activity, stimulated by L-tryptophan (TRYPT) loading, was found to have a substantial impact on neurochemical and behavioral aspects of the circadian response to light in the male Syrian hamster. An intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 150 mg/kg TRYPT significantly stimulated serotonin (5-HT) release in the suprachiasmatic nuclear (SCN) region, as reflected by a 205 ± 30% maximal increase in the extracellular concentration of 5-HT assessed using microdialysis. Administration of TRYPT 1 h before exposure to a light pulse (30 min, 40 lux) delivered during late subjective night dose-dependently suppressed the number of SCN cells expressing light-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI; maximal suppression @200 mg/kg was 77 ± 4%, p < 0.001). This action of TRYPT was attenuated by pretreatment with the 5-HT1a antagonist, NAN-190, and was abolished by the 5-HT2/5-HT7 antagonist, ritanserin, or the nonselective 5-HT antagonist, metergoline (all 10 mg/kg). These antagonists alone had no effect on light-induced Fos. In a second experiment, pretreatment of free-running hamsters housed under constant darkness with 150 mg/kg TRYPT 45-60 min prior to light exposure (10 min, 20 lux) during late subjective night (CT 19) significantly attenuated the light-induced phase advances of the circadian activity rhythm (66 ± 7 min vs. 100 ± 6 min for vehicle controls; p < 0.001). The same dose of TRYPT given 1 h before lights-on for 5 consecutive days in hamsters maintained under 14L:10D altered the phase angle of entrainment such that activity onsets were delayed by 36 ± 8 min relative to controls ( p < 0.05). The same dose of TRYPT administered during late subjective night also suppressed the extracellular concentration of glutamate in the SCN region assessed using microdialysis (55 ± 8% suppression; p < 0.05 vs. baseline). These results support the hypothesis that the ascending serotonergic projection to the SCN modulates photic entrainment processes within the circadian oscillator.
Seasonal Variations in Circadian Rhythms Persist in Gonadectomized Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrels
Authors: Lee Theresa M. , Zucker Irving
Published: March 2007

Circadian wheel-running activity was monitored in intact and gonadectomized female and male golden-mantled ground squirrels maintained in a 14L:10D photoperiod at 21 °C. Marked advances in phase angle of activity onset and increases in the duration of the daily active phase occurred each year in intact animals coincident with the phase of reproductive activity. Surprisingly, long-term gonadectomized squirrels of both sexes manifested similar seasonal changes in the circadian system. Seasonal circadian variations in locomotor activity are generated by a circannual clock independent from and not influenced by concurrent changes in secretion of gonadal hormones.
Circadian Rhythms of Feeding Activity in Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L.: Dual Phasing Capacity of Diel Demand-Feeding Pattern
Authors: Sanchez-Vázquez F. Javier , Madrid Juan A. , Zamora Salvador
Published: March 2007

The nocturnal versus diurnal feeding patterns of sea bass under controlled experimental conditions were studied in order to investigate the existence of such a dualistic feeding behavior. The animals (six groups of 4 animals and 8 single fish) were held in tanks filled with recirculating salt water and installed in a "chronolab" under constant conditions (23.5 °C and 2.4% salinity). The fish were given access to self-demand feeders and first exposed to a photoperiod regime of 12:12 (12 h light, 70 lx, and 12 h dark, complete darkness) and then to light:dark (LD) pulses (40 min light, 40 min dark). The LD 12:12 cycle was reversed by doubling the light period in day 16, and reversed again in day 27 by doubling the dark period. The circadian rhythm of food demand was strongly synchronized with the LD cycle, and fish exhibited both diurnal and nocturnal patterns. In most fish, the shift of the feeding rhythm to the new LD cycle was very fast for each reversal (bringing forward or delaying their feeds 12 h), indicating a weak participation of an endogenous circadian rhythm. However, when submitted to LD pulses, fish began to free-run with a periodicity of about 23 h and kept feeding in the light or dark phase according to their prior behavior. The existence of a dualism in the diel feeding pattern in sea bass was thus clearly demonstrated and it appeared that the diurnal and nocturnal behavior did not depend exclusively on a circadian phase inversion of the feeding rhythms as this pattern of behavior was enhanced under ultradian LD pulses. The ecological implications of such dual capacity and the switch from one type of phasing to another are hitherto unknown and need further field and laboratory investigation.
Conflicting Bright Light Exposure during Night Shifts Impedes Circadian Adaptation
Authors: Mitchell Paula J. , Hoese Erin K. , Liwen Liu  , Fogg Louis F. , Eastman Charmane I.
Published: March 2007

This simulated night shift field study compared high-intensity ("bright") light exposures designed to either facilitate or conflict with adaptation to a 9-h phase shift of the sleep/dark schedule. There were 7 days of baseline with night sleep followed by 8 night shifts with day sleep in a 2 x 2 design with factors bright light (facilitating vs. conflicting) and direction of shifted sleep/dark (delayed vs. advanced). A total of 32 subjects (8 in each group) were exposed to 3 h of bright light (about 5000 lux) and 5 h of ordinary indoor room light or "dim" light (< 500 lux) during each 8-h night shift. The bright light was timed according to the light phase-response curve (PRC) to delay or advance rhythms; it was timed to occur either before or after the baseline body temperature minimum, which served as an estimate of the PRC crossover point between delays and advances. Core body temperature was measured continuously and demasked to determine daily temperature minima. Significantly more subjects showed large temperature rhythm phase shifts (≥ 6 h during the last 4 night shifts relative to baseline) with facilitating bright light compared to conflicting bright light as well as with delayed sleep/dark compared to advanced sleep/dark. The combination of facilitating bright light and delayed sleep/dark produced large phase delay shifts in all subjects tested. By contrast, the combination of conflicting bright light and advanced sleep/dark resulted in very small phase shifts in most subjects. Because bright light timed to delay usually was not able to phase shift rhythms when sleep / dark was advanced, it appears that the timing of sleep / dark was as important as the timing of the bright light. There was a relationship between the amount of phase shift and the individual's baseline phase when sleep/dark was delayed. Larger phase delays were achieved by subjects with later baseline temperature minima and greater eveningness on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. These results show that it is important to time bright light appropriately to achieve circadian adaptation to the night shift and that individ ual differences play an important role in the ability of the circadian system to phase shift.
Development of Anthron®*, an Antithrombogenic Coating for Angiographic Catheters
Authors: Nagaoka Shoji , Noishiki Yasuharu
Published: March 2007

A new heparinized hydrophilic polymer (Anthron) which contains a large amount of heparin ionically bound to the polymer matrix has been de veloped. Anthron showed excellent and long-term blood compatibility both in animal and clinical tests. It has been clarified that the long-term blood compat ibility of Anthron results from its negative membrane potential and con tinuous release of heparin from its surface into the blood at the rate of more than 0.01 unit/cm2 min.

The application of Anthron for angiographic catheters was studied, and we evaluated the effects of our antithrombogenic angiographic catheter (AAC). As controls, polyurethane catheters (PUC), and polyethylene catheters (PEC), were studied in a similar manner. In addition, the mechanisms of thrombus for mation and its complications are discussed.
The Conceptual Foundations of the New International Division of Labor
Authors: Schaeffer Peter V. , Mack Richard S.
Published: March 2007

This article appraises the conceptual foundations of the new international division of labor (NIDL) literature. According to NIDL, the observed shift of international production from developed to less developed nations can be explained by an international verticalfragmentation of production in which different phases of production are undertaken in different nations, often by the samefirm. The purpose of this review is to examine the conceptual issues surrounding this theory, to analyze NIDL's intellectual relationship to key economic theories, and to draw a conceptual critique.
Drama as a Consciousness-Raising Strategy for the Self-Empowerment of Working Women
Authors: Torre Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This article reports the experience of presenting a problem-focused play about work/family conflict to audiences of women and managers. It focuses on an evaluation of the audience groups' and student-actors' reactions to the play and explores the relationships among drama, consciousness raising, and self-empowerment of working women. The uses of drama in feminist social work practice are suggested.
The Construction of Self by Rural Low-Status Appalachian Women
Authors: Fiene Judith Ivy
Published: March 2007

The author's qualitative study of 18 rural low-status women highlighted three aspects of social process that contribute to an understanding of the women's construction of self. These aspects are the women's (1) expectations of their performance of their roles in their families, (2) behavioral expectations for interpersonal relationships outside their families, and (3) presentation of self through their positive characteristics and accomplishments. Knowledge of the perceived social reality of specific groups of clients, such as these women, is important for social work practice and education at all levels.
A Progressive Service Approach for Women on Welfare
Authors: Segal Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

The Family Development Project builds on existing community resources and individualized service programs and draws on the feminist principles of empowerment and process to help female-headed welfare families achieve economic independence.
Feminist Social Work in the Inner City: The Challenges of Race, Class, and Gender
Authors: Baines Donna
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critique of various aspects of feminist practice that were not helpful in the context of the author's work in an underfunded inner-city public hospital in an impoverished, culturally diverse community. It also analyzes those aspects that were helpful and illuminated some of the ways in which race, class, and gender are played out in everyday life.
Predicting Repeat Abuse Among Arrested Batterers
Authors: GOODMAN LISA A. , DUTTON MARY ANN , BENNETT LAUREN
Published: March 2007

As a result of mandatory arrest and no-drop prosecution policies, domestic violence cases are flooding courts throughout the country and overwhelming available resources. Ideally, the most dangerous offenders would be prosecuted and sentenced most aggressively and victims at the highest risk would receive the most intensive advocacy. Thus, judges, prosecutors, probation officers, and advocates are calling for empirically validated methods to assess future risk among arrested batterers. This article describes a pilot investigation of the utility of the Danger Assessment Scale for contributing to the prediction of repeat abuse. Findings suggest that the Danger Assessment Scale, administered to battered women seeking help from the justice system, can contribute significantly to the prediction of short-term abuse recurrence among arrested batterers. Implications for future research are discussed.
Identifying Domestic Violence in Child Abuse and Neglect Investigations
Authors: MAGEN RANDY H. , CONROY KATHRYN , HESS PEG McCARTT , PANCIERA ANN , SIMON BARBARA LEVY
Published: March 2007

This study's primary objective was to evaluate the implementation of a domestic violence questionnaire introduced as a component of child maltreatment investigations. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 15 caseworkers. Case record data provided additional data. The questionnaire resulted in a 100% increase in the number of battered women identified during investigations. The interview data revealed that although there was resistance to the implementation of the questionnaire, there was a willingness to comply and complete the questionnaire. Workers conveyed a sense of responsibility to provide services to combat domestic violence. Most respondents believed their mandate was to protect the child and questioned the role of identifying domestic violence in protecting children. The questions of how child protective workers should assess and intervene with domestic violence are complex and lead to an examination of the mission of child protective service agencies.
Hate Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults
Authors: HEREK GREGORY M. , GILLIS J. ROY , COGAN JEANINE C. , GLUNT ERIC K.
Published: March 2007

Although violence based on sexual orientation is now widely recognized as a serious problem in the United States, social science data concerning the prevalence and consequences of such crimes are limited. In the present study, questionnaire data about victimization experiences were collected from 147 lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (74 females, 73 males) in the Sacramento, CA area. In addition, 45 of the respondents participated in a follow-up interview. Forty-one percent reported experiencing a bias-related criminal victimization since age 16, with another 9.5% reporting an attempted bias crime against them. The distribution of bias-related victimization and harassment experiences in the sample resembled patterns reported in other U.S. surveys with similar samples. Compared to other respondents, bias-crime survivors manifested higher levels of depression, anxiety, anger, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Methodological and substantive issues in empirical research on hate crimes against lesbians and gay men are discussed.
Compensating Office Personnel:Landmines in the Fair Labor Standards Act
Authors: Candris Laura A.
Published: March 2007

Many employers misunderstand and inadvertently violate the Fair Labor Standards Act, the federal statute that regulates, among other things, minimum wage rates and overtime pay for most employees. Investigations can be initiated by any current or former employees, and the consequences of violation can be severe. Although certain white-collar employees are exempt, employers often mistakenly view office employees, particularly salaried employees, as exempt when they do not have exempt responsibilities. Employers may also forfeit exemption by engaging in prohibited pay practices, such as docking the pay of otherwise exempt employees for partial-day absences or ordinary misconduct. Common violations involving nonexempt office employees include not paying for all time that is time worked under the law, failing to pay overtime on incentive or other earnings and granting compensatory time off in lieu of overtime pay. This article exposes these “landmines” in the law.
Did Your Organization Really Mean to Create 401 (k) Millionaires?
Authors: Rich Joel
Published: March 2007

(Opinion) Strategic business goals are changing rapidly, and employers probably need to revisit their retirement plans especially their 401(k) plans to see if these plans are still meeting the company's needs. Why single out 401 (k)s? The rising stock market has ballooned the value of 401(k) accounts in particular, leaving some employees sitting on very large retirement nest eggs. As a result, some companies may be losing talented employees who are at the peak of their careers much sooner than expected. That's surely not what employers intended when they set up their 401 (k) plans, the author contends. So, it may be time for employers to take a hard look at whether they are overfunding these plans during periods of high stock market returns. 401K Bonanzas Won't Promote a lash ot Early Retirements.
Case Study:
Authors: Klein Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

Cross-trained employees benefit themselves and the company they work for, which is the main rationale for using a pay-for-knowledge compensation program. The company benefits because cross-training enables employees to cover for one another during absences from work or in case of temporary vacancies. In addition, employees who have been cross-trained often present fresh perspectives, offering ideas for improving work flow and productivity. For the employees themselves, pay-for-knowledge creates a more interesting and challenging work environment, reducing turnover and absenteeism. One department in a 5,000-employee U.S. manufacturing firm agreed to implement pay-for-knowledge compensation to test this provisional work design. Particular attention was given to specific skill blocks, which were required for a particular position. Peer and management ratings were used for feedback on employee training and guidelines were written on those training and evaluation procedures. Any ratings, either negative or positive, had to be supported with information in order to alleviate workers' anxieties about subjective judgements. Issues raised by the new system were largely related to skill mastery, including the problems of unlimited learning opportunities and establishing equitable distribution of training opportunities. This case study demonstrates the potential of pay-for-knowledge.
Compensation Management and Cultural Change at IBM:
Authors: Richter Andrew S.
Published: March 2007

IBM is no longer the straight-laced, top-to-bottom, rules-oriented employer it once was. As Big Blue has stirred to reinvent itself, the cultural changes have been accompanied by changes in compensation strategy so that IBM can attract and retain the best talent, especially scarce hightech talent (the "People in Black"). IBM scrapped its traditional salary grades and its old job evaluation system in favor of a leaner, simplier band structure, introduced pay at risk tied to achieving business objectives, and gave line managers responsibility for managing pay.
Case Study
Authors: Burlingame Harold W. , Gulotta Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The potential for using a cash balance pension plan as a restructuring tool is one reason it is gaining favor throughout corporate America. Another reason is that it can give employees a better understanding and appreciation of their retirement benefits. Both reasons are important at a time when companies are changing rapidly and sometimes downsizing and when employees are less likely to stay in one place long enough to anticipate reaping the rewards of a defined bene-fit plan. Cash balance plans combine some of the best features of defined contribution (DC) and defined benefit (DB) plans. For employers, they provide more flexibility than traditional DB plans and help companies achieve their strategic objectives. For employees, they better meet the needs of a changing workforce by delivering portable, easily understood benefits.

Since 1985, more than 200 companies have replaced their DB pension plans with a cash bal-ance design. One of the newest and most enthu-siastic proponents is AT&T, which, with the help of consulting firm ASA, Inc., designed a cash bal-. ance plan to help meet its restructuring goals.
Growing Shareholder Value: Why Executive Stock Ownership Works
Authors: Kay Ira T.
Published: March 2007

Direct stock ownership among U.S. executives has increased substantially over the last decade. Owning stock outright, in additon to receiving stock option, is essential for executives to balance some of the excessive risk-taking that might be engendered by option alone. Stock purchase or acquistion plans are extremely helpful in achieving ownership targets tah many companies set. Research shows that high level of executive stock onership are liked to high level of company perfoance. However, it is importat to note that rising levels of executive stock ownership do pose risk for the executives themselves. in spite of potential pitfalls, the author contends that rising level of bothe executive and all-employee stock ownership have a positve impact of company perfomance.
”You've Changed, Man”-Compensation in Growing Companies
Authors: Reznick Michael P
Published: March 2007

Internet companies are typically fledgling enterprises that have an abundance of marketplace potential but scant working capital. They are not known for their generous executive compensation packages, at least with regard to salaries and annual bonuses. In fact, such cash compensation can be significantly below that earned by senior managers at established industrial and service companies. For example, Amazon.com did not pay any employee more than $100,000 in its formative period, although it increased managers' cash compensation after going public. At Amazon.com, as in other Internet-related enterprises, expectations based on generous stock option awards play a key role in employee compensation. However, as Internet companies mature, compensation programs should be adjusted to the specific requirements of the startup, developmental and mature (usually following an IPO) stages of the organization. During this latter phase, market-level cash compensation may be a necessity to retain proven talent.
Punishment and Probability in Crime Reduction Research Needs for Policy Making
Authors: Nagel Stuart S.
Published: March 2007

Saying that the probability (P) of punishment is more important in reducing crime (C) than severity (S) of punishment is largely meaningless unless one takes into consideration at least eight factors that relate to (1) diminishing returns between S and C, (2) diminishing returns between P and C, (3) the lowness of S in conjunction with P, (4) the lowness of P in conjunction with S, (5) the highness of crime benefits (B) in conjunction with P and S, (6) the dollar cost per unit of P versus S, (7) the non-monetary costs of P versus S, and (8) the liberal versus the conservative interpretation of P and S. One must also consider such relevant matters as (1) the interaction between probability and severity, (2) the feedback effect of crime on both severity and probability, and (3) the role of criminal benefits, which is a key variable in crime-committing decisions, along with punishment and its probability. The analysis lends itself to three equilibrium models regarding the reciprocal causation between severity/crime, probability/crime, and benefits/crime. Variations on the ideas from the two figures also lend themselves to two optimizing models regarding optimum crime levels for criminals and society. The main value of such causal and optimizing theory is its potential for pointing to the need for various types of data and how the data might be processed and the results used.
Imprisoned Elders: The Experience Of One Institution
Authors: Wilson Deborah G. , Vito Gennaro F.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the characteristics and institutional experience of inmate elders from one medium security institution. It also features a stratified random sample of inmates aged 49 and under from the same institution. Data were collected from inmates files and interviews with inmate elders (aged 50 and older) and institutional staff. Specific attention is given to policy issues concerning the treatment of this special needs group.
Adolescence And Juvenile Justice Policy
Authors: McDermott M. Joan , Laub John H.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores an often overlooked area in the analysis of juvenile justice policy — the influence of changing conceptions of adolescence. It is our view that over time juvenile delinquents have been defined as either victims (and hence, not responsible for their actions) or offenders (and hence, at least in part responsible). This shifting conceptualization has influenced juvenile justice policy. Victims are generally considered deserving of special care and protection, and, more important, treatment; but offenders are usually viewed as deserving of punishment. Therefore, it is important to examine the role of societal perceptions of adolescence over time in determining the designation of these labels, as well as the overall utility of these dichotomous characterizations. Through such an examination insight is gathered into the problems inherent within the task of formulating juvenile justice policy.
Family Violence As a Cause of Crime: Rethinking Our Priorities
Authors: Schwartz Martin D.
Published: March 2007

Although we have known for some time that the victims of child abuse are more likely to grow up to be delinquent and more recently that even the bystanders to family violence have similar tendencies, there has been little attention paid to this fact in criminal justice policy making. Since these victims grow up to become the next generation's offenders, both inside the home and outside the home, there is good reason to develop policies based on a recognition that crime prevention policy requires immediate attention to the problems of woman abuse and child abuse.
Constructing Gangs: The Social Definition Of Youth Activities
Authors: Decker Scott , Kempf-Leonard Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Despite previous research, there remains no consensus on definitions of who is a gang member, what is a gang, and what is gang activity. This paper examines these issues based on results of a survey administered to two groups involved in responding to gangs—members of a gang task force and officers of an urban police department—and a group of juvenile detainees. Considerable differences are observed among the three groups in their appraisal of the extent and impact of gang activity, number of gangs and gang members, and gang-relatedness of five vignettes. The implications for formulating a policy response to gangs are discussed.
Community-Based Correctional Pilot Homes: Proposed Functional Model For Reducing Recidivism
Authors: Clagett Arthur F.
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates upon basic essentials required for developing community-based correctional Pilot Homes. These homes, by definition should be designed to accommodate a maximum of 48 first offender felons. This inmate population would be divided into four semi-independent groups, making possible comparative analysis of data derived from the experimental v. control groups. The response variable of major concern is rate of recidivism following the clients' discharge. The dependent variables selected would be chosen objectively, in concerted efforts to identify and alleviate "bugs" from current criminology research data. All pilot home clients would be engaged in educational class work, job training, or full-time jobs. All clients would also attend 90 minute Reality Therapy sessions, Monday through Thursday evenings from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm.
Immigrants, Crime and Prison Commitments in the Netherlands: A Time Series Analysis (1952-1988
Authors: Marshall Ineke Haen , Marshall Chris E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the results of a time series analysis of Dutch data for a 37-year time period (1952-1988) to test a macro-level model of changes in sentence severity. The model incorporates components of Green and Allen's (1981-1982) "Synthesized Societal Response Model" with the added variable of unemployment. The tested model includes the following variables: (1) severity of punishment (t) and (t-1); (2) certainty of punishment (t-1); (3) crime rate (t-1); (4) social complexity (t-1); (5) normative diversity (t-1); and (6) unemployment (t-1). Normative diversity is measured by the annual num ber of immigrants entering The Netherlands. The analysis shows that the find ings for The Netherlands are consistent with established thinking about the determinants of incarceration policies; it confirms the usefulness of incorpo rating measures of changing population composition (i.e., immigration) in macro-level analyses; and it suggests that Green and Allen's proposal for a syntheses of models of social response to deviance is a heuristically useful device.
A Score Sheet for Evaluating Breastfeeding Educational Materials
Authors: Smith Linda J.
Published: March 2007

Lactation consultants and other professionals are frequently asked to review or recommend a video, pamphlet, or teaching aid for a specific audience. This article lists positive features that support the art and science of breastfeeding, and identifies errors and concepts detrimental to the course of breastfeeding. Six central messages are detailed: milk supply, comfort during breastfeeding, health of baby and mother, social support, presentation of the message, and packaging, including the financial motivation of the author.
European Drug information Centers
Authors: Markind Jan E. , Stachnik Joan M.
Published: March 2007

Drug information is a clinical specialty throughout the United States and Europe. This professional support service not only addresses drug information requests, but also provides pharmacy (drug) and therapeutics support, newsletter publication, feefor-service consultation, education, drug policy development, and research. Although the primary services of drug information centers (DICs) in Europe are similar to those in the United States, substantial differences have been reported. Recent surveys have compared the locations, resources, staff, and services of the DICs throughout Euorpe. DICs in the United States and Europe play a pivotal role in the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients as well as providing support to hospital functions.
Cup Feeding: Problems Created by Incorrect Use
Authors: Thorley Virginia
Published: March 2007

This case describes an infant who was fully fed breast milk by cup, because of poor attachment and breast refusal. Faulty method of cup feeding caused the infant to aspirate breast milk and hindered, rather than assisted, the retention of oral skills required for attachment at the breast. Withdrawal of the cup and use of other feeding techniques produced good mouth closure and deep swallowing.
Workplace Lactation Support, Part II: Working with the Workplace
Authors: Bar-Yam Naomi Bromberg
Published: March 2007

Several factors, including new breastfeeding recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, increasing numbers of women with young children in the workforce, more women initiating breastfeeding, and a strong economy combine to make this an ideal time to promote breastfeeding in the workplace. In a previous article, we presented a return-to-work breastfeeding assessment tool to evaluate lactation support in workplaces. This article focuses on the workplace itself, presenting a continuum of types of workplace lactation support; the key players in the workplace, new mothers, supervisors, and human resource managers, who are instrumental in supporting breastfeeding at work; workplace philosophies and their impact on workplace lactation support and strategies to help lactation consultants work with companies as their clients in establishing lactation support programs.