bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Surveillance and Sousveillance Video Evidence
Authors: Feigenson Neal R. , Spiesel Christina O.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the psychological research that indicates why jurors are likely to find video evidence in general to be reliable, probative, and persuasive but also why their perceptions and interpretations of this evidence are prone to being biased by many factors of which they tend to remain largely unaware. These include jurors’ prior attitudes and beliefs, their current motivations, the visual and verbal contextualizations of the video at trial, and their emotional responses to the video. The chapter then examines surveillance and sousveillance video technology and discusses jurors’ potential responses to videos of high-profile police shootings. It concludes by arguing that jurors’ responses to video evidence may change over the course of the trial as that evidence is presented repeatedly and under different conditions, recommending potential trial reforms to assist jurors as they evaluate video evidence, and suggesting further research to explore this issue.
The Politics of Popularity
Authors: Lilti Antoine
Published: September 2018

This chapter will explain how celebrity, which appeared in the eighteenth century as a new characteristic of cultural life became, during the French Revolution, a key mechanism of political life as well. It will start by outlining the specific features of celebrity, which is based on the curiosity of contemporaries about individuals and on sentimental empathy, and is distinguished from traditional forms of renown such as glory and reputation. It will then discuss how traditional forms of power were transformed, at the end of the eighteenth century, both by the new figure of the “public” and by changing means of communication (especially the periodical press and engraved portraits). Finally, the article will examine the highly ambivalent relationship that the French Revolutionaries negotiated with the new demand for “popularity”—that is, the affective attachment to an actor that introduces the mechanisms of celebrity into the heart of political action.
Of Revolutions and the Problem of Choice
Authors: Rosenfeld Sophia
Published: September 2018

In the cities of Western Europe and its colonies, the so-called calico-craze of the early eighteenth century helped spawn a new social practice and form of entertainment that came to be known as “going shopping.” This activity, in turn, produced a new attachment to preference determination and choice-making that several prominent historians—in an effort to reconnect the history of capitalism with that of the American and French Revolutions—have seen as fundamental to the turn to the political choice-making that they associate with the birth of modern democracy. This article argues instead for disentangling these developments. On the contrary, the article demonstrates that the individuated, privitized, and indeed commercialized form of choice-making we now typically take as an essential marker of democracy was a product of the late nineteenth century and had little connection to the conception of politics that developed in the Age of Revolutions.
The Public Health System
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the public health system as a whole, including the organizations, activities, and people who promote public health in the United States. It describes the agencies at the federal, state, tribal, local, and territorial levels that have been granted legal authority to act on behalf of public health, including the functions of each agency in promoting public health. The chapter examines the role of the healthcare system within public health and concludes with a short discussion of the evolving effort to improve the public health system through accreditation, governance, and evaluation.
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the transdisciplinary model of public health law, which rests on the recognition that public health law is not just the work of lawyers. The chapter explains key terms in the model, including public health law practice, legal epidemiology, and policy surveillance. It also discussed the concept of “mechanisms of legal effect,” which is central to conceptualizing and evaluating the impact of law on health.
Choosing a Legal Approach
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews legal approaches that can be used to promote public health and address specific health problems. Legal approaches include prohibiting or mandating conduct and creating and enforcing licensing and permitting schemes. The chapter also discusses increasing the costs of unhealthy conduct through taxes or litigation and incentivizing healthy conduct through loans, grants, and tax credits. Legal approaches to public health challenges can also be addressed by changing the informational environment with labeling requirements or reporting mandates or modifying the built environment through zoning or Complete Streets policies. The chapter also identifies potential constitutional and practical limitations to each approach.
The Constitution, Federalism, and Federal Preemption
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the role of the Constitution in federal government, defines federalism, and explains the types of federal preemption at play in public health policy. The chapter begins with an exploration of the US Constitution; it explains the Constitution’s history and the role that the Constitution plays in public health policy formation. The chapter next defines the concept of federalism and details the Supremacy Clause and the 10th Amendment. It briefly discusses the division of labor and authority between state/local governments and the federal government regarding public health laws. Lastly, the chapter delves into the concept of federal preemption. It applies the concepts of preemption to an in-depth example involving tobacco regulation; this example explores both express and implied preemption.
Federal Public Health Authority
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the powers of Congress to pass federal public health laws and to delegate authority to federal agencies. The chapter starts with an explanation of Congress’s limited, enumerated powers and how this limits Congress to certain arenas of authority. It next explores the evolution Congress’s use of the Commerce Clause to pass public health laws, before exploring Congress’s use of the Taxing and Spending Clause. The chapter provides examples of how Congress has used both the Commerce Clause and its taxing and spending power to effectuate public health policy. Next, the chapter explains the National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius case; it details challenges to the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate and Medicaid and explains the implications of the Supreme Court’s holdings. Lastly, the chapter explains Congress’s authority to delegate authority to federal administrative agencies to issue and enforce public health regulations.
Enforcement
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: September 2018

Chapter 19 explores the issue of enforcement and explains its importance to the success of public health laws. The chapter reviews the scope of activities that comprise a comprehensive enforcement system including the design and drafting of the law, appropriations and budgeting, community outreach and education, and licensing and compliance assistance. It also identifies the variety of enforcement approaches, including investigations and inspections and sanctions for violations, and provides examples of enforcement in action. It also discusses the applicability of the 4th Amendment to agency investigations and inspections and the use of injunctions to enforcement the requirements in public health laws.
Integrity and the Case for Restraint
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the concern that exclusive accounts of public reason threaten or undermine the integrity of some religiously oriented citizens in democratic societies. It discusses various notions of integrity that might be claimed to ground such a concern. It is argued that purely formal accounts of integrity that do not distinguish between the integrity of reasonable and unreasonable persons, as specified within political liberalism, cannot underwrite integrity challenges that should concern political liberals. It is further argued that if the inquiry is limited to conceptions of integrity that distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable persons, the supposed burdens persons of faith face are not burdens different from those that all citizens face equally. It is claimed the concern is best understood as a challenge to the account of public justification and the account of public reason as a moral ideal.
Public Reason and Prostitution
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically engages with the “sex work” approach to prostitution and argues that treating “sex work” like any other form of work is neither possible nor compatible with valuing the freedom and equality of women as citizens. Liberals often claim, erroneously, that liberalism’s commitment to a kind of neutrality among competing conceptions of the good life and its commitment to antipaternalism requires either decriminalization or legalization of prostitution. While arguments that rest on a particular conception of the “good” of sex or of the role of sex in a broader conception of the good are illegitimate grounds for state policy, it is argued that there are, nonetheless, good public reason arguments against decriminalization or legalization of prostitution. A defense of the Nordic model is offered.
Introduction
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

This introduction lays out the direction of the book on the whole by discussing the movie palace, Ben Schlanger, modernism, and new cinema histories. Schlanger’s life and career are briefly introduced, and the importance of using archival materials and the Better Theatres section of Motion Picture Herald for documenting Schlanger’s theory of theater design is explained. From such writings, one can gather that Schlanger’s ideal theaters would be places of both bodily passivity and contemplation, yet also of immersion in the sense that the local environment and fellow viewers would fall away in service of the screen. Furthermore, the term “neutral” is examined via Bertrand Russell and neutral monism; in addition, the introduction explores the neutral and neutralization’s connections to the apparatus. All of these strands are connected via a modern approach to spectatorship explicated by Schlanger in his theaters.
Nostalgia for the Dark
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the movie palace’s decline and the beginnings of the neutralized movie theater from the 1920s to 1932. While much scholarship has attributed the transition to either economics after the Depression or the emergence of sound, the chapter argues for the importance of modernist architectural trends, such as the work of Le Corbusier, and new dimensions of spectatorship invested in attention. Modern machine culture reinforced the need for a theater structure that would make spectators into parts of a filmic assembly line. Ben Schlanger emerges as the loudest voice of neutralization, demanding a “slaughtering” of unnecessary decoration in the urban movie theater. His and multiple lighting designers’ work with light and darkness in the theater exemplify the upheavals in 1920s–1930s exhibition: from a theater with a panoply of effects to one centered on the dramatic play of light and dark within the film and its environment.
A Field of Light
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses changes in screen masking from 1932 to 1952. While the mask of black velour traditionally used to stabilize projection proved mostly unnecessary by the early 1930s, most exhibitors kept the mask partially out of habit. Schlanger, however, argued for its removal, and thus for a conceptual change from the screen as frame to the screen as window. This focus on screen transformation signifies a shift that would culminate in 1950s widescreen technology. Furthermore, greater attention to optical calibration both highlighted exhibition’s relationship to film theory, particularly around the close-up, and helped cement the neutralized theater as spectatorship’s imminent future.
A Mobile Gaze through Time and Space
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 examines the neutralized cinema in the era of widescreen, from 1950 to 1960. While most histories of widescreen focus on participation, I argue that presence formulated an additional exhibition category. In this way, widescreen was at times figured as a process of mental rather than bodily immersion. Such a description further distanced film from television at a crucial historical juncture and insisted on the removal of vestigial live theater attributes such as the proscenium arch. The chapter discusses the transcineum theater structures at Colonial Williamsburg as pinnacles of Schlanger’s work; these “floating voids” or “optical vacuums” transported spectators into an enormous screen, and thus into the past, via a highly calculated filmic environment.
Introduction
Authors: Walls Jerry L. , Dougherty Trent
Published: September 2018

Alvin Plantinga is one of the seminal philosophers of religion of the latter half of the twentieth century. One of his most distinctive and important contributions to the philosophy of religion is his carefully articulated defense of the claim that belief in God can be properly basic. Despite his contention that arguments are not needed for rational belief in God, he has made the case that there are still lots of good ones available. This introduction outlines the development of Plantinga’s arguments, including their introduction at a 1986 conference. The arguments are compared and contrasted with Richard Swinburne’s more traditional (yet still innovative) approach to the topic. Plantinga’s two dozen arguments cover a wide range of approaches, including metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, morality, rationality, and others. In the spirit of Plantinga’s parenthetical “(or so),” the chapter introduces a handful of additional arguments not among his original two dozen.
The Argument from Intentionality (or Aboutness)
Authors: Keller Lorraine Juliano
Published: September 2018

The Theistic Argument from Intentionality (TAI) is a venerable argument for the existence of God from the existence of eternal truths. The argument relies inter alia on the premises that (i) truth requires representation, and that (ii) non-derivative representation is a function of, and only of, minds. If propositions are the fundamental bearers of truth and falsity, then these premises entail that propositions (or at least their representational properties) depend on minds. Although it is widely thought that psychologism—the view that the fundamental truth-bearers are mind-dependent—was refuted by Frege, a psychologistic view of propositions has been undergoing a revival. However, this new psychologism suffers from a problem of scarcity—finite minds cannot generate enough thoughts to play the role of fundamental truth-bearers. This objection paves the way for a revised version of the TAI: only an infinite mind can furnish enough thoughts to play the role of propositions.
The Argument from Colors and Flavors
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2018

A physical event is one to which no one person has privileged access (by experiencing it), and a mental event is one to which its subject has privileged access. Mental events include conscious events; brain events are physical events. A fundamental physical theory has few physical laws. But mental events include many different unanalyzable sensations, and innumerable different “propositional” events. So if mind-brain connections are lawlike, there will be innumerable independent psychophysical laws. It is improbable that such a vast number of laws would have come into existence by chance; but since it is good that there be humans with this rich mental life, of a kind such that humans cannot discover the details of each others’ lives and so have the privacy necessary to make moral choices, God has reason to cause the existence of humans and so of such laws. Hence our conscious life caused by the operation of psychophysical laws provides strong evidence for the existence of God.
The Argument from (A) to (Y)
Authors: Poston Ted
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a Bayesian model of strength of evidence in cases in which there are multiple items of independent evidence. The author uses this Bayesian model to evaluate the strength of evidence for theism if, as Plantinga claims, there are two dozen or so arguments for theism. The model turns questions of the overall strength of multiple arguments into a simple summation problem. Moreover, it provides a clear framework for advancing questions about how relationships between the arguments bear on the overall strength of evidence for theism. The Bayesian model developed in this chapter has a wide-range of applications for modeling strength of evidence in cumulative case arguments.
The Necessity of Sufficiency
Authors: Gordon Bruce L.
Published: September 2018

There is an argument for the existence of God from the incompleteness of nature that is vaguely present in Plantinga’s recent work. This argument, which rests on the metaphysical implications of quantum physics and the philosophical deficiency of necessitarian conceptions of physical law, deserves to be given a clear formulation. The goal is to demonstrate, via a suitably articulated principle of sufficient reason, that divine action in an occasionalist mode is needed (and hence God’s existence is required) to bring causal closure to nature and render it ontologically functional. The best explanation for quantum phenomena and the most adequate understanding of general providence turns out to rest on an ontic structural realism in physics that is grounded in the immaterialist metaphysics of theistic idealism.
Rethinking Racial Justice
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

American society continues to be characterized by deep racial inequality that is a legacy of slavery and Jim Crow. What does justice demand in response? In this book, Andrew Valls argues that justice demands quite a lot—the United States has yet to fully reckon with its racial past, or to confront its ongoing legacies. Valls argues that liberal values and principles have far-reaching implications in the context of the deep injustices along racial lines in American society. In successive chapters, the book takes on such controversial issues as reparations, memorialization, the fate of black institutions and communities, affirmative action, residential segregation, the relation between racial inequality and the criminal justice system, and the intersection of race and public schools. In all of these contexts, Valls argues that liberal values of liberty and equality require profound changes in public policy and institutional arrangements in order to advance the cause of racial equality. Racial inequality will not go away on its own, Valls argues, and past and present injustices create an obligation to address it. But we must rethink some of the fundamental assumptions that shape mainstream approaches to the problem, particularly those that rely on integration as the primary route to racial equality.
Making Music American
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

Nineteen seventeen, the year the United States entered World War I, was transformative for American musical culture. The European performers who had dominated classical concert stages for generations came under intense scrutiny, and some of the compositions of Austro-German composers were banned. This year saw the concurrent rise of jazz music from a little-known regional style to a national craze. Significant improvements in recording technology facilitated both the first million-selling jazz record and the first commercial recordings of full symphony orchestras. In a segregated country, as the US military wrestled with how to make use of several million African Americans who had registered for the draft, James Reese Europe broke down racial barriers with his Fifteenth New York National Guard Band.
This book tells the story of this year through the lives of eight performers: orchestral conductors Karl Muck and Walter Damrosch, violinist Fritz Kreisler, pianist Olga Samaroff, contralto Ernestine Schumann-Heink, jazz cornetists Dominic LaRocca and Freddie Keppard, and army bandmaster James Reese Europe. Their individual stories, traced month by month through the eventful year of 1917, illuminate the larger changes that convulsed the country’s musical culture and transformed it in uniquely American ways.
Anxiety
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

Germany’s resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare on 1 February 1917 created a domino effect in the musical world, as Walter Damrosch and other conductors rushed to assert their patriotism by adding “The Star-Spangled Banner” to their concerts. Debates about German music revolved around issues of internationalism in classical music. The management of the Metropolitan Opera gave assurances that its German singers and European repertoire would not be impacted by future political events. Ernestine Schumann-Heink, the most beloved German singer in America, suffered potentially career-ending injuries in an automobile accident. Responding to the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s sensational popularity, the Victor Talking Machine Company recorded two numbers by the band on 26 February for later release in the spring.
Noise
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

As the revelation of the Zimmermann telegram pushed the United States closer to war, jazz continued to grow in popularity. The Creole Band and Original Dixieland Jazz Band played simultaneous engagements in New York, and numerous journalists reported on the new musical genre. Fritz Kreisler played to loyal audiences of German Americans, while Karl Muck continued to emphasize Austro-German music in his Boston Symphony Orchestra concerts. Patron Henry Lee Higginson weighed the pros and cons of renewing Muck’s contract in light of the conductor’s frankly expressed loyalty to Germany. Walter Damrosch seized the moment by prominently featuring “The Star-Spangled Banner” in his concerts with the New York Symphony, which embarked on a ten-week national tour in mid-March.
Fallout
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

In a 2 December article entitled “Rising Tide of Sentiment against German Music,” critic W. J. Henderson detailed the ways that musical attitudes in the United States had been altered in recent months. Fritz Kreisler and Karl Muck were restricted in their performances, while Schumann-Heink took a temporary break from public concerts. Walter Damrosch and Leopold Stokowski took pains to emphasize their loyalty, but Damrosch’s new arrangement of “The Star-Spangled Banner” was criticized for being too ornate. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band and the Original Creole Band continued to ride the wave of jazz popularity. After further delays, the Fifteenth New York National Guard Regiment finally crossed the Atlantic Ocean and prepared to join the war in France.
Punk Ethnoscapes
Authors: Patton Raymond A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter tells the story of the rise of punk through the intertwined lives and transnational connections between key early punks. Through the examples of Dee Dee Ramone, Joe Strummer of the Clash, Ari Up of the Slits, Roxy DJ Donovan Letts, UK-émigré-turned-Polish-new-wave-star John Porter, and pioneering Polish punk Walek Dzedzej, it contextualizes punks’ conversion experience in the urban “ethnoscapes” of the Cold War era’s First, Second, and Third Worlds. It shows the close connection between punk and human migration across the boundaries of the Cold War world and the unexpected connections and commonalities that punk from all three worlds shared.
Subcultural Capital
Authors: Patton Raymond A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows punk’s explosive reaction with (and against) the globalizing music industries of the East and West using the concept of “subcultural capital”—which punk bands needed to maintain their alternative credibility with punks, but which could be exchanged for record contracts in the right situation. It examines the different responses to this dilemma among punk scenes in the West (London and New York), and two distinct types of punk scenes in communist Eastern Europe (those of states that divided bands into categories of “professional” and “amateur” and those of states that did not). Strategies ranged from attempting to cordon off a sphere of alternative culture untouched by the market to setting the market against itself. Each strategy gave its corresponding scene a distinct local inflection.
Punk Tiermondisme, Punk Tribalism, and the Late Cold War Roots of Antiglobalization
Authors: Patton Raymond A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the divergent reactions of punk scenes around the world to the changing forces of neoconservative/neoliberal politics and globalization. Some scenes embraced a new punk variant of the previous generation’s tiermondisme (“third worldism”), creating new alliances across the three worlds of the late Cold War era, along with new collaborations with reggae and hip-hop artists. Others, however, turned inward to an insular punk tribalism. Both were skeptical of the emerging global neoliberal order and often also participated in the politically ambiguous antiglobalization rallies that emerged in the 1980s and continued into the 1990s. By the mid-1980s, punk scenes around the world found themselves dividing along the lines of an emergent political spectrum, into warring factions of xenophobic reactionary skinheads and globally minded progressive punks. This divide was intensified by the overlying tension between bands that found market success and those that vehemently rejected any sign of it.
Digital China’s Hyperlink Networks
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 continues the analysis of China’s web by discussing what the social and political meanings of hyperlinks might be, how power works in networked structures, and what ‘issue networks’ on the web can tell us about digital ecologies. It also discusses how linking practices work in China’s web spaces, showing how the websites that deal with the two cases of the Nanjing Massacre and the Diaoyu Islands make only limited use of the web’s interactive affordances. An analysis of link-structures and site-maps reveals that issue websites on Sino-Japanese relations resemble traditional archives more than they resemble interactive information hubs. Following this, the chapter provides an analysis of how these issue sites tie into wider digital networks. The main players in these networks are large corporations, state agencies, and Party institutions, which together form a national web space that reflects many of the governance mechanisms that are at work ‘offline’.
The User-Generated Nation
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 turns to user-generated content, social media, and ‘Web 2.0’ technologies in digital China’s message boards and comment sections. The cases of the Nanjing Massacre and the Diaoyu Islands then show that online commentaries often provide a nuanced picture of how to make sense of Sino-Japanese relations, and yet the overarching discursive patterns combine with digital mechanisms such as ‘likes’ and algorithmic popularity rankings to push the discussion into nationalist media scripts. In contrast, China’s microblogging spheres at first sight offer a different story: discussions on Weibo or Weixin are diverse, dynamic, and can have impressive reach. Yet the nature of such social networks ultimately either skews them in favour of a few influential users or moves discussions into the walled gardens of small social groups, making nationalist discourse reverberate through the echo chambers of digital China and contributing to a visceral sense of a shared nationhood.
Conclusion
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

The concluding chapter of China’s Digital Nationalism retraces the central findings and arguments of the book. It first summarizes how digital discourses are managed in China today, and it then asks what implications digital nationalism has for the PRC and its regional relations. Following this discussion on East Asia, the chapter turns to more general findings about imagined communities and networked societies, and it summarizes how nationalism changes in a time of ubiquitous digital media use. Finally, the chapter concludes with a personal, normative assessment, which is that without serious rethinking on the part of policy-makers, information gate-keepers, tech innovators, and information and communication technology users, the twenty-first century is bound to again be a century of nations and nationalism, now filtered through the networks of neoliberal digital capitalism. Without intervention, this will be a parochial world, ultimately ill-equipped to handle the daunting challenges humanity faces today.
The Imposition of Values
Authors: Hanna Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically considers the common objection that paternalism imposes values on people or violates a plausible conception of liberal neutrality. This objection, it is argued, endorses a constraint according to which a rationale cannot provide a good reason to restrict a person’s liberty unless he can accept that it provides such a reason. The first half of the chapter considers several different interpretations of this constraint and argues that none poses a problem for paternalistic intervention that promotes neutral goods such as health or financial security. The second half of the chapter argues that defenders of paternalism can consistently reject rationales that appeal to controversial “perfectionist” values without relying on a problematic distinction between “means-related” and “ends-related” intervention. Moreover, it argues that pro-paternalists are probably right to permit intervention in some religiously motivated choices, such as that of a Jehovah’s Witness who refuses a life-saving blood transfusion.
Moses and Monotheism and the Mahābhārata
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 draws from Freud’s Moses and Monotheism, which posits that religious traditions, like neuroses, must be studied not only through their conscious self-presentations but also through trauma they have undergone that survives in unconscious memory traces and can return from repression. It is posited that the Mahābhārata recalls the trauma faced by a rural village and forest-based Brahmanism during India’s second urbanization, about which the epic tells its central apocalyptic myth of the unburdening of the goddess Earth from demon-inspired overpopulation. It also looks at the Mahābhārata via its putative author Vyāsa, taking him as a figure through whom to study the text’s literary experimentations. It views Vedic allusive humor as the way epic poets give play to repressed sexual themes. Freud’s 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious is a source for understanding the epic’s allusive tendentious hostile and sexual jokes about the “exposure” of women.
Freud's India
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

This first three chapters or first third of this book documents the ups and downs in the conflictual correspondence between Sigmund Freud and India’s first psychoanalyst, Girindrasekhar Bose. They trace the relationship through three phases of their 1920–1937 correspondence, and also compare their correspondence with Freud’s contemporary correspondence with Romain Rolland, noting similar disaffections while documenting in both exchanges Freud’s evasions about India. Psychoanalytic topics covered in these chapters include maternal transference as it relates to Bose’s work, to Freud’s therapeutic work with the poet H. D., to Bose’s and Freud’s treatments of the Oedipal and pre-Oedipal, and to André Green’s “dead mother complex.” The middle three chapters each treat a concept by which Bose sought to challenge Freud, producing conflicts between tham that had a much richer content than either of them realized or cared to elaborate upon. New answers to two questions are posed: why Bose never wrote an article for Freud on his signature concept of “opposite wishes,” the topic of chapter 4; and why Bose chose an icon of Viṣṇu for Freud’s 75th birthday gift rather than a Bengali goddess, which is asked through the last three chapters.
Freud, Bose, and the “Maternal Deity”
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 treats Bose’s discussion of “the sources of the maternal deity” by which, conjointly with his treatment of “the Oedipus mother,” he challenged Freud in a 1929 letter. The key text is Bose’s “Psychological Outlook of Indian Philosophy,” a 1930 address to the Indian Philosophical Association. Here Bose juxtaposes two approaches to deity. First, he cites Freudian projection theory, leaving open what a projection theory of “the sources of the maternal deity” would look like, but implies that it would be equally childish. He then turns to methods of envisioning devatās or “divinities,” and recalls debates over “what is a devatā” that were carried out between the philosophical schools of Mīmāṃsa and Vedānta in the early classical period. Thus a sophisticated, mature, and unchildish way of defining the sources of maternal deity emerges.
The Oedipus Mother
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 complements chapter 5 as a discussion of what Bose means by the Oedipus mother. Bose’s joint-parental image positions the mother as pre-Oedipal at her source in the second and third phases of Bose’s six-phase theory of child development. Bose’s concept of the pre-Oedipal Oedipus mother as a joint-parental imago bears similarities to Freud’s concept of the phallic mother, and has remarkable affinities with the maternel singulier deployed by Ilse Barande in discussing Leonardo da Vinci’s single mother, and Henri and Madeleine Vermorel’s discussion of the maternal hold of totalitarian regimes. Bose uses the phrase “joint-paternal imago” in two articles, including “The Mechanism of Defiance,” to portray the mother in a masculine super-ego role.
Building Mid-Republican Rome
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

Building Mid-Republican Rome treats for the first time the development of the Mid-Republican city from 396 to 168 BCE. As Romans established imperial control over Italy and beyond, the city itself radically transformed into the center of the Mediterranean world. The book describes profound changes in terms of new urban architecture and new socioeconomic structures and argues that such developments were in fact closely linked: building Mid-Republican Rome was highly costly, and meeting such costs had significant implications for the structures and institutions of urban society. By viewing building as an historical process, this book brings architectural and socioeconomic developments into a single account of urban change. The author, a specialist in the period’s history and archaeology, assembles an array of evidence, from literary sources to coins, epigraphy, and archaeological remains. Chapters describe the supplies of material and especially labor for urban production. The period saw the decline of architectural production based on obligation and dependency and the rising importance of slavery and an urban labor market. A quantitative model of the costs of the period’s largest monument, the Republican city walls, is contextualized within the flow of labor in the larger productive economy. A new account of Mid-Republican building technology allows for a better understanding of the social character of the city’s builders. The study thus sheds light on a little known but formative period in Rome’s development, while the innovative synthesis of a major Western city’s spatial and historical aspects will hold appeal to a broad readership.
Introduction
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

The Introduction claims that the ancient romance Joseph and Aseneth moves a minor character in Genesis from obscurity to renown, weaving a new story whose main purpose was to intervene in ancient Jewish debates surrounding gentile access to Israel’s God. Aseneth’s story is a tale of the heroine’s transformation from exclusion to inclusion. It is simultaneously a transformative tale. For Second Temple-period thinkers, the epic of the Jewish people recounted in scriptural texts was a story that invited interpretation, interruption, and even intervention. Joseph and Aseneth participates in a broader literary phenomenon in Jewish antiquity wherein authors took up figures from Israel’s mythic past and crafted new stories as a means of explaining their own present and of envisioning collective futures. By incorporating a gentile woman and magnifying Aseneth’s role in Jewish history, Joseph and Aseneth changes the story. Aseneth’s ultimate inclusion makes possible the inclusion of others originally excluded.
Thinking in Action and Beyond
Authors: Nunes Terezinha
Published: September 2018

Before children learn to use language, they learn about the world in action and by imitation. This learning provides the basis for language acquisition. Learning by imitation and thinking in action continue to be significant throughout life. Mathematical concepts are grounded in children’s schemas of action, which are action patterns that represent a logical organization that can be applied to different objects. This chapter describes some of the conditions that allow deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children to learn by imitation and use schemas of action successfully to solve mathematical problems. Three examples of concepts that can be taught by observation and thinking in action are presented: the inverse relation between addition and subtraction, the concepts necessary for learning to write numbers, and multiplicative reasoning. There is sufficient knowledge for the use of teaching approaches that can prevent DHH children from falling behind before they start school.
Awful Disclosures of Mormonism
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

Anti-Catholicism flourished alongside anti-Mormonism. Opposition to Mormonism largely focused on polygamy, something Protestant Americans felt threatened female sexual purity, traditional marriage, and the family. Just as convent narratives warned of the deception used to lure women into the cloister, Mormon captivity narratives detailed the deceptive ways Latter-day Saints enticed young, vulnerable women into the church and polygamous marriages. Awful Disclosures of Mormonism, a book that blatantly borrowed its title from Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery, described a young woman’s seduction by a charming Mormon man before being trapped in a miserable plural marriage. These and other Mormon captivity narratives presented polygamy as a threat to the purity and utility of a woman. This chapter examines the similarities among Mormon and convent captivity narratives, analyzing the way both focused on the alleged threats to female sexual purity, marriage, and the family.
Reviving Aristotle
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines two treatises of Chandieu, written in 1577 while he and his family resided in Lausanne, and then draws conclusions about the state of his scholastic method at that time. Both works engage Roman Catholic theologians on whether the Reformed pastors could be considered to have been lawfully ordained. One of these is the first of Chandieu’s works to argue by way of overt syllogisms. Further, in conversation with previous scholarship, the chapter explores the influence of the Lausanne philosopher Claude Aubery upon the positions of Chandieu with regard to Aristotle’s logic. Contrary to some earlier scholarship, the influence of Aubery is found not to be significant. The Lutheran Jacob Schegk appears likelier than Aubery to have influenced Chandieu in his appeal to Aristotle’s Analytics.
Tweaking a Medieval Antecedent
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

Whereas disputations were a regular part of both elementary pedagogy and university training in the medieval and early-modern eras, not all disputations were of the same kind. This chapter explains the differences between the dialectic and scholastic disputations, of which Chandieu’s works belong to the latter. Further, it shows that Chandieu wrote his works “for the better practice of disputations,” and that his “theological and scholastic” treatises thus have an organic connection to the classroom. The use of disputations in the academies of the Swiss cantons more widely is also described. Comparisons to the structure of Thomas’s disputations occurs, as well as to that of an earlier Arabic philosopher.
The School of Solomon
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

Aristobulus and the author of Wisdom of Solomon conceived of wisdom in much the same way that earlier Greek, non-Jewish thinkers did: as knowledge of the whole—of things human, cosmic, and divine—which underlies, requires, and informs the life of virtue. Moreover, they readily identified sophia with wisdom as found in the Jewish scriptures, especially in the figure of Solomon and in the Pentateuchal narratives. Their engagement with the scriptures yields a wisdom program centered on rational monotheism, virtue, and the hope of immortality. This program, however, was also characterized by a strong emphasis on the national form of wisdom. In its capacity as ruling knowledge, wisdom must also belong to human leaders. Understanding wisdom in these terms, as that which brings the metaphysical, cosmic, social, and personal into harmony, Hellenistic Jews commended their way of life to the nations.
An End to Wisdom
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

For Paul and the Gospel writers, “wisdom” is problematic. On the one hand they propound something that is clearly wisdom-like. On the other hand the New Testament writers identify the death and resurrection of Jesus with the inauguration of a new era. They reject the legitimacy of human authority based on ruling knowledge and the notion that wisdom derived from such knowledge is adequate to order human life. In keeping with prophetic criticisms of kings and other leaders, the New Testament writers are skeptical of the “wise” and the “powerful” who rule over the many. Their claim that wisdom is fully identifiable with Jesus entails a rejection of human claims to wisdom. It is consistent with a program for human flourishing based instead on solidarity, shared suffering, and sacrificial love. These form the basis for a way of life marked less by knowledge than by piety and integrity.
Experiences of Dying and Death
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks more closely to the truth claims and verification strategies of near-death reports, discussing, among others, views by Carol Zaleski and Michael N. Marsh. The example of a reported near-death experience by John G. Bennett is taken as an example of how experiencers claim that they had been dead while having the respective experiences. In contrast, for the aim of the study, death is defined as the irreversible end of dying. As can be seen in Bennett’s portrayal, a positive answer on “what it is like to be dead” rests heavily on how “death” gets defined, usually blurring the distinction of death versus deprived states close to death.
The Formation of Near-Death Experiences
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

Raymond A. Moody had been introduced to experiences near death by George G. Ritchie. The latter had reported of an experience in which he had encountered Christ. This chapter discusses Moody’s first book of 1975, its motivation and motives, and compares Moody’s description of systematized “near-death experiences” with Johann C. Hampe’s systematic account of the same year, characteristic for the continental discourse on experiences of the dying, which was equally interested in the spiritual significance of the reports.
Ending Impunity
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 tracks the uses and shortfalls of law as a path to ending impunity, echoing the gap between public and private in architecture, access, and accountability. We will trace the evolution of legal standards for VAW in international law and tribunals on sexual violence, transitional justice in Guatemala, Croatia, and Libya, and national treatment of private abuse in India and the Philippines. This contrasts with the architecture challenges of legal pluralism incorporating multiple local codes in Lebanon, Argentina, Nigeria, and South Africa, as well as parallel status problems in emerging debates on marital rape in Malawi and the Mideast. Contests over state responsibility and pathways to accountability are highlighted in Turkey, Mexico, Brazil, and Kenya. Yet a range of barriers for access to justice persist in insecure and inequitable states, and are profiled in Colombia, South Africa, Mexico, and India—with some innovative response in the latter cases. We will affirm a rights-based reading of the power of law but refine a feminist critique of its limits by distinguishing the legal reform requisites for different genres of human rights abuse and different types of gender regimes.
The Responsible Cosmopolitan State
Authors: Shapcott Richard
Published: September 2018

The adoption of republican constitutions restraining the state in relationship to its own population was a revolutionary step in human freedom and the evolution of modern political communities. Contemporary conditions of enhanced interdependence suggest that this development needs to be extended to those beyond the state who may be subject to its domination. These conditions suggest the need for states to extend their republican accountability beyond their borders. This can be done by rewriting some of the clauses of their social contract via the means of a constitutional transformation which includes subjecting foreign policy to the rule of law and judicial oversight.
International Organizations and Democracy
Authors: Koenig-Archibugi Mathias
Published: September 2018

How should we judge existing international organizations (IOs)? Cosmopolitans often assess such institutions against nonexistent but plausible alternatives. By contrast, this chapter assesses the effect of institutions relative to situations in which they are absent. It first disaggregates “democracy” into a number of constituent principles, falling under the demos dimension (who are the people?) and the kratos dimension (how do the people rule?). It then systematically assesses the recent empirical literature on the impact of international institutions on each of the principles identified. Overall, a mixed picture emerges. Not only are there significant differences among IOs, but sometimes the same organization appears to improve one dimension of democracy while being detrimental to another. This gives reason for cosmopolitans to conduct or encourage further empirical research aiming at identifying institutional designs that can enhance several dimensions of democracy at the same time.