bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthecology of Orchis mascula (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Nilsson L. Anders
Published: March 2008

Interactions betweenOrchis masculaL. ssp.masculaand anthophilous insects were studied mainly on the island of Öland, Sweden. The species is nectarless and acts by deceiving various bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Temporary seeking/exploratory drives of bees for food–sources were exploited by means of superiority in floral display. A floral reflectance maximum at 440 nm (blue) largely determines the colour in the visual spectrum of bees. The floral scent is composed to about 90% of mono–terpenes. Nothing suggested mimesis of concurrent food–flowers either in colour or in scent. Anthesis covered a time period in late spring when (a) concurrent food–flowers for bees were rather few, (b) many bumble–bee queens(BombusLatr. spp.) were inexperienced as regards food–flowers and had no foraging routines, (c) cuckoo bumble–bee females(PsithyrusLep. spp.) recovery–fed on flowers after hibernation, (d) males ofEucera longicornis(L.) (Anthophoridae) patrolled far out from their nest–area, and when (e) many solitary bee species flew about. The pollinator fauna differed between sites, viz. eitherBombusqueens,Psithyrusfemales orE. longicornismales transported the majority of the pollinaria. The pollination system does not seem to be stabilised in the study areas. Floral morphology indicates that the plant's anthecological specialisation to bees as a group implies a graded unspecialisation to each species of bee in the legitimate pollinator group.
Secondary metabolites and the higher classification of angiosperms
Authors: Gershenzon Jonathan , Mabry Tom J.
Published: March 2008

The restricted distributions of some classes of secondary metabolites in the angiosperms make them valuable taxonomic characters in assessing systematic relationships at higher levels of classification. Yet, for several reasons, secondary metabolites have not, until recently, been widely used as taxonomic characters above the family level. In this paper, the distributions of a number of classes of secondary compounds are discussed with reference to four recently published systems of higher angiosperm classification: Cronquist's of 1981, Dahlgren's of 1980, Takhtajan's of 1980 and Thome's of 1981. Some of the problems faced in choosing and using secondary metabolite data for systematic purposes (including the effects of our increasing understanding of their functional significance) are covered as well. Among the classes of secondary compounds treated here, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, iridoids and be–talains are shown to be the most important systematic markers used at present at higher levels of classification, although glucosinolates, polyacetylenes and some other types of alkaloids are also demonstrated to be valuable criteria for making taxonomic judgments above the family rank. In addition, certain terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, cyanogenic glycosides and non–protein amino acids are illustrated to be of systematic use in particular cases.
Ighermia, a new genus of the Asteraceae – Inuleae
Authors: Wiklund Annette
Published: March 2008

An aberrant species of the genus Asteriscus (Asteraceae–Inuleae), A. pinifolius from SW Morocco, is here proposed to be removed and placed in a separate, monotypic genus Ighermia. The systematic position and morphology of the new genus are also discussed.
The ecology of flower and bulbil production in Polygonum viviparum
Authors: Law R. , Cook R. E. D. , Manlove R. J.
Published: March 2008

Polygonum viviparum produces inflorescences which bear both sexual flowers and asexual bulbils in highly variable proportions. This paper investigates the proportion of flowers and bulbils per inflorescence at 12 sites in central Norway. It is shown that there is a ‘trade—off between flowers and bulbils so that one cannot be increased without reducing the other’. On average, the balance is tilted in favour of bulbils, but there are significant differences in the proportion of bulbils per inflorescence among sites and among quadrats within 11 of the sites. Of these 11 sites there are 6 in which the proportion of bulbils per inflorescence is correlated with factors of the biotic environment. The factors include: (1) the amount of vascular plant cover, which is negatively correlated with the proportion of bulbils at 2 sites; (2) the cover of P. viviparum, which is positively correlated at 1 site; (3) the number of P. viviparum inflorescences, which is negatively correlated at 3 sites. The results suggest that both intra– and inter–specific factors of the biotic environment play a role in the control of bulbil and flower production in P. viviparum.
New observations on Erioderma in North America
Authors: Maass Wolfgang S. G.
Published: March 2008

For the three species ofEriodermaoccurring in North America (E.mollissimum(Samp.) Du Rietz,E. pedicellatum(Hue) P. M. Jørg. andE. sorediatunD. Gall. & P. M. Jørg), considerable range extensions are being reported together with ecological information that will help to understand the distribution of these lichens.Erioderma sorediatumhas been recently discovered in North America by Sherwood and Pike (unpubl.), whileE. mollissimumandE. pedicellatum arereported as new to Nova Scotia herein along with a number of new localities for the latter species in Newfoundland. Ongoing work onE. pedicellatumand its symbionts has been summarized and an attempt has been made to outline its possible postglacial history. It is postulated that the presently known ranges have been occupied by the lichen only within the past few thousand years (more recently in Europe than in North America), and that considerable migrations must have taken place prior to that. This is NRCC publication No. 20463.
Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius (Agaricaies) in the Nordic countries, taxonomy, ecology and chorology
Authors: Brandrud Tor Erik
Published: March 2008

Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius, comprising the C. violaceus complex, is treated based on Nordic material. With its micromorphological and pigment characters, the subgenus occupies a rather isolated position. The blue and rose vacuolar pigments are not found elsewhere in the genus Cortinarius, but the trichodermal pileipellis structure shows possible affinities to subgen. Leprocybe sect. Leprocybe. A continuous and arbitrary morphological variation is found within the C. violaceus complex. Only the spore shape shows a more or less discontinuous variation, which is correlated to ecological parameters. Two varieties can be separated: C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr. var. violaceus with amygdaliform–ellipsoid spores, associated with Betula spp. and Populus tremula, and C. violaceus var. hercynicus (Pers.) Brandrud comb, nov, with ellipsoid–subglobose spores, associated with Picea abies on calcareous ground. The former is widely distributed, although preferring hemiboreal and southern boreal areas, the latter has a south–eastern distribution in the Nordic countries. Neotypes of the taxa have been selected, and detailed descriptions are provided.
New taxa and combinations in Calceolaria (Scrophulariaceae) from Peru and Bolivia
Authors: Molau Ulf
Published: March 2008

As a result of field work in Peru and Bolivia 1982–83, and herbarium studies, 21 new taxa are described and two new combinations are made in Calceolaria. The following species are described as new: C. sclerophylla, C. arbuscula, and C. crassa of sect. Sa–licifoliae; C. rupestris of sect. Revolutae; C. micans, C. laevis, C. rariflora, and C. concava of sect. Teucriifoliae; C. bullata and C. neglecta of sect. Parvifoliae; C. amoena and C. ramosa of sect. Polyclada; C. pilosa, C. incana, C. hirsuta, and C. cordifolia of sect. Urticopsis; C. cumbemayensis of sect. Lobatae; and C. caespitosa of sect. Scapiflorae. Three new subspecies are described: C. deflexa R. & P. ssp. cuneata and C. salicifolia R. & P. ssp. nigricans of sect. Salicifoliae, and C. hispida Benth. ssp. acaulis of sect. Lobatae. Two new combinations are proposed: C. melissifolia Benth. ssp. pseudoscabra (Edwin) Molau of sect. Teucriifoliae, and C. llamaensis (Edwin) Molau of sect. Anacyrta. The taxon Revolutae is raised to the sectional level, and the sections Polyclada and Parvifoliae are emendated. Chromosome numbers are reported for C. sclerophylla (2n = 36), C. micans (2n = 72), C. laevis (2n = 72), C. melissifolia ssp. pseudoscabra (2n = 36), C. neglecta (2n = 36), C. cumbemayensis (2n = 36), and C. hispida ssp. acaulis (2n = 36).
Seed structure and germination in Cuscuta pedicellata with some notes on C. campestris
Authors: Lyshede Ole B.
Published: March 2008

Dry seeds of Cuscuta pedicellata have a deeply pitted surface due to invaginated epidermal cell walls. After water uptake these walls bulge outwards and the seed surface becomes papillose. The seed coat consists of an epidermis, two palissade cell layers, and a multiple layer of parenchyma cells. The epidermis contains starch and mucilage, the parenchyma cells are compressed but some contain starch. The endosperm consists of starch–filled cells, but has a peripheral aleuron layer. The endosperm cell walls are gelatinous. The variable structure of the seed coat epidermis is believed to function in wind dispersal and rapid water uptake. Seed dormancy is common in the genus, but does apparently not occur in C. pedicellata.
Water entry in Cercis siliquastrum (Leguminosae) seeds
Authors: Bevilacqua L. Riggio , Roti–Michelozzi G. , Serrato G.
Published: March 2008

By use of scanning electron and light microscopy a study on the histological organization controlling water entry in the Cercis siliquastrum L. seeds was carried out. The intact mature dry seed of Cercis is impermeable. As we have previously demonstrated, this property is prevalently due to a non–cellular layer situated at the inner border of the testa enclosing the endosperm. When this layer is damaged, water enters endosperm and embryo, increasing their volume, and stretching the testa. The testa copes with the increasing volume of the seed without rupturing and decreases in thickness. The shape of the hypodermal cells changes from almost circular in section to periclinally elongated, as an effect of the imbibition.
A study of Draba cacuminum (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Elven Reidar , Aarhus Aasne
Published: March 2008

A morphological analysis of the Scandinavian mountain endemic Draba cacuminum Elis. Ekman is presented, based on Scandinavian herbarium collections and a population sample from the Finse area, S Norway. It is compared with supposedly close relatives, especially D. norvegica Gunnerus, and is found to be a distinct species with infraspecies variation at two levels. The populations of southern and northern Scandinavia have been separated as subspecies, ssp. cacuminum and ssp. angusticarpa Elven ssp. nov., respectively, and there is also variation within the southern subspecies. A lectotype has been chosen for D. cacuminum, a revised distribution map is presented, and the ecology and phytogeography of the species is discussed. It seems to be a weak competitor, and its present very discontinuous area is assumed to be a remnant of one continuous or more probably two areas (in S Norway and N Scandinavia) in the late Weichselian.
South–East Asian Phyllantheae II. Some Phyllanthus of subsect. Swartziani
Authors: Brunei J. F. , Roux J.
Published: March 2008

In South–East Asia, Phyllanthus sect. Phyllanthus subsect. Swartziani Webster, presently includes P. amarus Schum. & Thonn., P. debilis Klein ex Willd. and P. airy–sha–wii sp. nov. The last species is found in North Thailand and has until now been confused with P. debilis. The Asian distribution of P. debilis is discussed.
Taxonomic notes on Hymenolepis (Asteraceae‐Anthemideae)
Authors: Bremer Kåre , Källersjö Mari
Published: March 2008

The South African genus Hymenolepis Cass. was recently distinguished from Athanasia L. by Källersjö. It differs by its slender capitula and a pappus of scales. A key to the 7 species is presented and the new species H. cynopus Bremer & Källersjö is described.
The occurrence of Cryptocoryne and Lagenandra (Araceae) on Sri Lanka
Authors: de Graaf A. , Arends J. C.
Published: March 2008

Depending on the species, Cryptocoryne plants grow in different biotopes, viz. spring, river, dark forest, and tree‐savanna. The species of Lagenandra are exclusively found in river biotopes. The chromosome numbers found in this study corroborate the numbers previously recorded. Some variation in respect to the morphology of the inflorescence of C. wendtii de Wit and L. ovata (L.) Thwaites is described. A map presenting the distribution of the of Cryptocoryne with their chromosome numbers is included.

The existing populations of Cryptocoryne on Sri Lanka should be protected from further exploitation by plant collectors.
Geostachys angustifolia sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Larsen Kai
Published: March 2008

A new species of Geostachys (Bak.) Ridl. is described, G. angustifolia K. Larsen sp. nov., and a key to all species of the genus found in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam is presented.
Development of the pollen grain wall in Canna
Authors: Rowley John R. , Skvarla John J.
Published: March 2008

During the tetrad period spinules form on the Canna L. plasma membrane at intervals of 1–2 μm on a microspore surface of ca. 100 μm2. The isolated spinules represent all that there is of a primexine‐like nature. Immediately following loss of the callosic tetrad envelope a channeled, oncus‐like zone forms on the plasma membrane over the entire microspore surface, elevating the spinules. The oncus‐like zone becomes ca. 4 μm thick by microspore mitosis. Intine introduction during the pollen grain period coincides with substantial thinning of the oncus‐like zone and pollen grain enlargement. In the final phases of maturation grains increase further in diameter and become packed with starch and lipoidal material. The oncus‐like zone more than doubles in height necessitating a migration of the boundary of the oncus‐like zone and intine. At pollen grain maturity the thin (ca. 200 nm) surface layer of the oncus‐like zone appears to be compacted or filled in.
Rhus neoglutinosa sp. nov. (Anacardiaceae) and Teclea borenensis sp. nov. (Rutaceae) from Ethiopia.
Authors: Gilbert M. G.
Published: March 2008

Two new species, Rhus neoglutinosa M. Gilbert (Anacardiaceae) and Teclea borenensis M. Gilbert (Rutaceae) are described in preparation for the forthcoming Flora of Ethiopia.
Distichia acicularis sp. nov. – a new cushion forming Juncaceae from the high Andes of Ecuador
Authors: Balslev Henrik , Lægaard Simon
Published: March 2008

Distichia acicularis is described as a new species of Juncaceae. It occurs in the high Andes of Ecuador between 3200 m and 4200 m above sea level. Its closest relative is D. muscoides Nees & Meyen from which it is distinct through its narrow, linear, mucronate leafblades and its 1–3 mm long auricles at the junction of the leafsheath to the blade.
Species of Ophiostomataceae isolated from Picea abies infested by the bark beetle Ips typographic
Authors: Solheim Halvor
Published: March 2008

Isolations of microorganisms were made from the sapwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (L.) Karst. infested by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. The most important group of fungi isolated, the species of Ophiostomataceae, is treated. Ten species were isolated, of which Ophiostoma polonicum Siem. appears to be the most active invader of the sapwood. Three new species are described, Ophiostoma ainoae sp. nov., O. flexuosum sp. nov. and O. cucullatum sp. nov. and three new combinations are proposed, O. davidsonii (Olchow. & Reid.) comb. nov., O. europhioides (Wright & Cain) comb. nov. and O. sagmatospora (Wright & Cain) comb. nov.
Ecological characteristics of scale‐bearing Chrysophyceae from The Netherlands
Authors: Roijackers R. M. M. , Kessels H.
Published: March 2008

In 1979 50 sampling localities in the south‐eastern part of The Netherlands have been sampled once, twice or thrice. The scale‐bearing Chrysophyceae have been identified and their abundancies have been estimated. Determinations of pH, alkalinity and water temperature have been done, and the relation between the occurrence of the taxa and these environmental factors was studied. Cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) was used to detect groups of co‐occurring taxa. The ordination of these taxa (DECORANA) showed that the first principal component was the pH and the second principal component was the water temperature. Although very few environmental data could be used, these results indicate the importance of the pH (and alkalinity) of fresh waters in the occurrence of the scale‐bearing Chrysophyceae, whereas their quantitative development is greatly dependent on the water temperature. Experimental data are needed to test this hypothesis.
New taxa and combinations in Old World Urticaceae
Authors: Friis LB , Immelman Kathy , Wilmot‐Dear Christine M.
Published: March 2008

In anticipation of the publication of full revisions, a diagnosis of a new species of Droguetia is presented together with two new combinations for subspecies of Droguetia iners, a new combination for a species and a variety on Didymodoxa and a new combination for a subspecies of Australina pusilla. The name Elatostema trinerve Hochst. (1845) is shown to be conspecific with and antedate Urera cameroonensis Wedd. (1869). The new combination Urera trinervis is therefore made.
New species of Passiflora subg. Plectostemma and subg. Tacsonia (Passifloraceae)
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , Holm‐Nielsen L. B. , Lawesson J. E.
Published: March 2008

Five new species of Passiflora subgenera Plectostemma and Tacsonia from Ecuador are described, viz. P. discophora, P. monadelpha, P. subpurpurea, P. hirtiflora and P. sanctaebarbarae. Section Discophora of subg. Plectostemma is proposed.
Structure and cytochemistry of the procambium in Salix buds during dormancy and dormancy breaking
Authors: Berggren Britt
Published: March 2008

This report presents a combined investigation of ultrastructural and enzymatic changes in the procambium from late winter to early spring. In January the procambial cells of dormant Salix buds have a convoluted plasma membrane with many plasmalemmasomes, numerous lipid bodies, large stacks of rough ER and plastids surrounded by smooth ER profiles. Several small lysosomes show activity of ATPase and acid phosphatases. In addition ER, nuclear envelopes, dictyosomes, and thylakoids have ATPase activity, and ER and plasmalemma, and nuclei also show acid phosphatase activity. In February metabolism seems to increase as indicated by lysosomes with membranous formations, dilated ER, nuclear envelopes, spiny vesicles, and polysomes. ATPase activity occurs in plasmalemma and vacuoles, and acid phosphatases in the middle lamella region of walls, in plasmalemma, vacuoles, ER, and nuclei. At the end of March, when growth starts inside the buds, but before they break, the stacks of rough ER disappear, and the vacuoles coalesce. Most of the lipid bodies have disappeared and the plastids have accumulated starch. Cell division and differentiation of procambial cells to protophloem and protoxylem have started. The distribution of ATPase increases; activity is found in walls and plasmalemma, and only a few small vacuoles still have ATPase and acid phosphatase activity. Notable is the appearance of ATPase in mitochondrial cristae and nucleoli and the occurrence of rather high levels also in endomembranes and dictyosomes.
Life history and systematic position of the rare brown alga Climacosorus mediterraneus
Authors: Nygren Sven
Published: March 2008

Cultures of Climacosorus mediterraneus were established with material from Spitsbergen. This species has previously been reported from three widely separated geographic areas: the west Mediterranean, north‐west France, and north Norway. Although adapted to temperatures near 0°C, the northern isolate grew well at 15°C which approximates the summer temperature of the southern habitats. The life history proved to be entirely asexual with successive generations bearing unilocular sporangia on the erect filaments and plurilocular sporangia infrequently on the prostrate system. Swarmers of the two reproductive organs gave rise to similar progeny. Chromosome counts revealed equal numbers in somatic cells and unilocular sporangia which substantiates the development observed. The absence of true hairs and the few longitudinal divisions, which only occur in connection with formation of unilocular sporangia and branches, suggest that C. mediterraneus should be assigned to the Pilayellaceae.
The distribution and the systematic relevance of the androecial characters oligomery and polymery in the Magnoliophytina
Authors: Decraene L. P. Ronse , Smets E.
Published: March 2008

In the system of classification sensu Cronquist, the division between the two subclasses Dilleniidae and Rosidae relies on only a few characters. The major distinguishing character is the occurrence of centripetal or centrifugal sequence of stamen development. We question not only the application and the value of this character, but also the maintenance of the Rosidae and Dilleniidae as separately derived natural taxa, because of the lack of solid distinguishing criteria. We have studied the staminal characters in the 192 families of the Dilleniidae and the Rosidae, using Dahlgren's classification diagram.

The study focussed on the following androecial characters: 1) polyandry; i.e. spiral polyandry, complex polyandry (viz. centrifugal, centripetal and lateral polyandry) and cyclic polyandry 2) diplostemony and obdiplostemony 3) haplostemony and obhaplostemony.

In our proposal only two characters are maintained, namely oligomery (diplostemony s.l.) and polymery (true polyandry s.l.), both having a number of character states. Polyandry, as it has been described up to now, is not to be regarded as homologous in all Magnoliophytina. Both characters correspond to two different lines within the Magnoliatae. In addition, the division between the Dilleniidae and Rosidae sensu Cronquist is no longer tenable.

Finally, a number of modifications of Dahlgren's diagram are suggested and a division of the Magnoliophytina in a polymerous group and an oligomerous group is proposed. The Dilleniidae‐Rosidae complex is included in the oligomerous group.
Hagenbachia, a misplaced genus of New World Liliaceae
Authors: Cruden Robert William
Published: March 2008

Hagenbachia, which until recently was included in Haemodoraceae, belongs in Asphodeleae in Liliaceae sensu lato or Anthericaceae sensu stricto. Hagenbachia and its putative relatives Echeandia, Anthericum, and Chlorophytum are characterized by anatropous ovules, curved or angled embryos, and nonarillate seeds, which indicate a position in Anthericaceae, as well as a black, colliculose seed coat. Hagenbachia includes five species of Central and South America; one, H. columbiana, is described here. The available data suggest the species are ecologically as well as geographically isolated. There are two broad leaved species. One is endemic to the lowlands of eastern Brazil and the second is found at middle elevations in Costa Rica and Panama and on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador. Of the three narrow leaved species, one is endemic to the Cordillera Central in Columbia, a second is endemic to eastern Paraguay and southeastern Bolivia and the third occurs from eastern Bolivia northeast to east‐central Brazil.
A new species of Xylocalyx (Scrophulariaceae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Xylocalyx carteriae sp. nov. from central Somalia is described and illustrated. The hygrochasy in this species as well as in Xylocalyx in general is pointed out.
Developmental studies in orchid flowers I: Epidendroid and vandoid species
Authors: Kurzweil H.
Published: March 2008

The floral development of 47 epidendroid and vandoid orchids was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, paying special attention to the early development of the gynostemium (column) and its appendages. The following main conclusions are drawn: the lateral appendages of the adult gynostemium are homologous with the two lateral stamens of the inner whorl; their primordia are present even in species which lack prominent appendages in the adult gynostemium (incorporation of the sta‐minodial primordia into the gynostemium during development). Ventral appendages observed in some species are supposed to be vestiges of the adaxial stamens on account of their early initiation. It is confirmed that the rostellum is the upper part of the median stigma lobe and that the lip corresponds to the inner median tepal. The affinities of the epidendroid and vandoid orchids are briefly discussed.
Velamen radicum micromorphology and classification of Orchidaceae
Authors: Porembski Stefan , Barthlott Wilhelm
Published: March 2008

Roots of 344 species of 262 representative genera of Orchidaceae have been examined under systematic aspects by light and scanning electron microscopy; the paper is illustrated by 25 SEM‐photos and schematic drawings. In particular the stratification and micromorphology of the rhizodermis (velamen radicum) exhibits a high diversity which can be applied taxonomically. Combinations of root characters are classified into 12 syndromes (“types”). A particularly remarkable cortex structure (tracheoidal cortex) is described and the term “pseudovelamen” introduced. Additional features relevant for taxonomic work are exodermis structure and occurence of “Stabkorper” (tilosomes). The distribution of these characters shows a high conformity with existing classifications of the family. However, in certain cases discussed in detail (e.g. Genyorchis) the characters are discordant with some taxonomic views.
Cytogenetical and geographical aspects of sterility in Lysimachia nummularia
Authors: Bittrich V. , Kadereit J.
Published: March 2008

The probable causes for the high degree of seed sterility often reported for Lysimachia nummularia are discussed. It seems that meiotic irregularities, i.e. lack of bivalent formation, result in the formation of a high percentage of non‐viable pollen grains and pollen grains of unequal chromosome number. As demonstrated by the existence of individuals showing seed set, these meiotic irregularities do not lead to total sterility. In a given population, the self‐incompatibility of the species and the clonal nature of the population due to its vegetative propagation seem to be a further cause for the sterility observed. The frequency of fertile individuals is comparatively high mainly in Southeast Europe. Probably this area served as a refugium in glacial times. It seems possible that the spread of L. nummularia into northern latitudes resulted in the degeneration of the sexual system. This might have been caused either by the participation of only one or few genotypes spreading mainly vegetatively ‐ in this situation the frequency of seed set would have decreased due to the self‐incompatibility of the species ‐ or from the absence of a pollinator, also leading to decreased seed set.
Anaphalis himachalensis (Asteraceae): A new species from NW India
Authors: Aswal B. S. , Goel A. K.
Published: March 2008

A new species, Anaphalis himachalensis (Asteraceae) is described from the Lahaul‐Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh in North‐West Himalayas.
An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE Norway
Authors: Økland Tonje
Published: March 2008

The vegetation in a beech forest, Fritzøehusparken, is analysed using one hundred sample plots, each 25 m2, distributed by a restricted random procedure. Percentage cover and frequency in subplots are used for quantification of species amounts, and their relative performance are evaluated. Advantages of choosing frequency in subplots are discussed. Thirteen environmental variables are measured from each of the sample plots. The vegetation is divided into four topographical/ecological types. This classification served as a reference in the further treatment. Ecological gradients corresponding to the most important vegetational gradients in the beech forest are identified by means of DCA ordination followed by statistical interpretation. Two main complex gradients were recognized; (1) the gradient in nutrient conditions, and (2), the gradient inlitter‐wind conditions. The advantages of using DCA and statistical interpretation with integration of ecological measurements are emphasized.
Sequence of bryophytes and lichens in relation to substrate variables of decaying coniferous wood in Northern Sweden
Authors: Söderström Lars
Published: March 2008

Söderström, L. 1988. Sequence of bryophytes and lichens in relation to substrate variables of decaying coniferous wood in Northern Sweden. ‐ Nord. J. Bot. 8: 89–97. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.

The species sequence on decaying logs during the decay period has been investigated in a forest in Northern Sweden. The species present can be divided, by means of a weighted average technique, into four groups, facultative epiphytes, early and late epixylics, and ground flora species.

Species sequence on several variables reflecting the wood decay, was measured for 25 species. Wood texture (degree of surface erosion) was the most important variable in separating species. Logs high above ground had very few species, probably due to low moisture content. Log diameter was important and several species did not occur, or only rarely occurred, on small logs. Small logs are more rapidly overgrown by ground flora species and very few reach late decay stages before being overgrown. Larger logs also have greater waterholding capacity which facilitates growth of many species sensitive to drought.
A synopsis of Central American Theophrastaceae
Authors: Ståhl Bertil
Published: March 2008

A synoptical revision of the Theophrastaceae in Central America is presented. Three genera are recognized, viz. Clavija (5 spp.), Deherainia (2 spp.), and Jacquinia (11 spp.). Four taxa are described as new to science, viz. Clavija fusca (Panama), Jacquinia nitida (Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala), J. montana (Nicaragua), and Deherainia smaragdina ssp. occidentals (Mexico, Veracruz). Three new combinations are proposed, viz. Clavija mezii ssp. allenii, Jacquinia macrocarpa ssp. pungens, and J. m. ssp. panamensis. Variation in reproductive characters, indumentum, and foliar anatomy is briefly reviewed.
Muhlenbergia palmirensis, a new species from Ecuador (Poaceae)
Authors: Grignon Isabell , Lægaard Simon
Published: March 2008

A new grass‐species with unclear phyletic affinities is described. Description of leaf‐anatomy included.
Knorringia (= Aconogonon sect. Knorringia), a new genus in the Polygonaceae
Authors: Hong Suk‐Pyo
Published: March 2008

The section Knorringia of Aconogonon is promoted to an independent genus, and is also proposed to be removed from the tribe Persicarieae to the tribe Coccolobeae. Differential characters between Knorringia and Aconogonon (e.g. tepal venation, cotyledon position, embryo position and shape, palynological details, phytochemical information and seed anatomy) and the relationships between Knorringia, other genera in the tribe Coccolobeae (especially Fallopia, Muehlenbeckia, Reynoutria) and the tribe Rumiceae are discussed in detail. Descriptions, key, scatter diagram, distribution map and illustrations of Knorringia sibirica ssp. sibirica and ssp. thomsonii are provided. New combinations are K. sibirica ssp. sibirica, K. sibirica ssp. thomsonii. Three lectotypes are selected.
Oberonia wynadensis, a new species of Orchidaceae from India
Authors: Sivadasan M. , Balakrishnan R. T.
Published: March 2008

Oberonia wynadensis is described from India. It belongs to the subgenus Oberonia and is related to O. acaulis and O. verticillata in having the flowers arranged in whorls.
Two new species of Justicia sect. Ansellia (Acanthaceae) from E and NE tropical Africa
Authors: Kelbessa Ensermu
Published: March 2008

The new species Justicia ornatopila from Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, and J. lorata from Kenya are described and illustrated. Information on pollen morphology is also provided
Spooneromyces, a new genus to accommodate Peziza laeticolor and the new species S. helveticus
Authors: Schumacher Trond , Moravec Jiří
Published: March 2008

A new genus Spooneromyces is proposed for Peziza laeticolor (syn. Melastiza asperula). A second species of the genus is described here as S. helveticus sp. nov. Spooneromyces has the following combination of distinctive generic marks: superficial, stiff, brownish hairs; orange to reddish carotenoid‐containing hymenium, and heavily sculptured ascospore walls. It is referred to tribe Scutellinieae of the Pyrone‐metaceae.
Comparative leaf anatomy of the annual Muhlenbergia (Poaceae)
Authors: Peterson Paul M. , Annable Carol R. , Franceschi Vincent R.
Published: March 2008

A leaf anatomical survey was conducted to gather critical data for interpreting relationships among 32 species of annual Muhlenbergia. Phenetic analyses, utilizing 14 anatomical characters, support recognition of four major species groups. These four major species groups are not concordant with previously reported groups. Muhlenbergia brandegei, known only from three islands in Baja California Sur, is believed to be more closely related to M. appressa, M. microsperma, and M. tenuifolia, rather than, M. biloba, as suggested in prior publication. Muhlenbergia diversiglumis is morphologically similar to species of Pereilema and does not show close affinities with other annual species of Muhlenbergia. Anatomically, M. ciliata, M. pectinata, and M. tenella are very similar and form the most distinctive group among the annual Muhlenbergia.
The taxonomy and affinities of Papaver gorgoneum from the Cape Verde Islands
Authors: Kadereit Joachim W. , Lobin Wolfram
Published: March 2008

A new subspecies of Papaver gorgoneum, ssp. theresias is described from the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa. A detailed comparison of the 2 subspecies is made and the ecology, the affinities of the species in the genus and the origin are discussed. The chromosome numbers of both subspecies (2n = 38) are reported for the first time and a note on the compatibility system is made.
Environmental control of flowering and morphology in the high‐arctic Cerastium regelii, and the taxonomic status of C. jenisejense
Authors: Heide O. M. , Pedersen K. , Dahl E.
Published: March 2008

Cerastium regelii has a distribution confined largely to regions north of 70° N but has retained a strong short‐day (SD) response for primary flower induction despite the fact that it will hardly ever experience SD in a non‐frozen condition in its natural environment. However, like many other high‐latitude short‐long‐day plants it has also an alterntive long day (LD) pathway for floral initiation at low temperatures (<15°C). Floral primordia which are fully differentiated during SD have an absolute requirement for LD for flower development. The critical photoperiod for this LD response is about 16 h at 18°C and more than 20 h at 9°C. Plant morphology, including key characters for identification of the species, is greatly modified by environment and stage of plant development. At higher temperatures and LD C. regelii develops a striking resemblance to the sub‐arctic C. jenisejense. Based on examination of authentic herbarium material it is concluded that the latter is merely a high‐temperature morphotype of C. regelii.
Four new species of Commicarpus (Nyctaginaceae) from NE tropical Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new species Commicarpus hiranensis from the inland of central Somalia, C. mistus from Somalia, SE Ethiopia, NE Kenya and S Arabia, C. parviflorus from the coastal and subcoastal parts of central Somalia, and C. ramosissimus from NE Somalia are described and illustrated.
A new species of Zenkerella (Leguminosae‐Caesalpinioideae) from Tanzania
Authors: Temu Ruwa‐Aichi P. C.
Published: March 2008

Zenkerella perplexa sp. nov. from the Uluguru Mts in Tanzania is described and illustrated. Differences between this species and Z. egregia are pointed out.
Oil reservoirs in stem, rhizome, and root of Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae)
Authors: Curtis John D. , Lersten Nels R.
Published: March 2008

The anatomy of internal secretory spaces in immature and mature aerial stems, rhizomes, and roots of common goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae), was studied from resin‐embedded samples cut 1–2 μm thick. Oil‐filled cavities of different lengths, each lined by a uniseriate epithelium, form in young stems and rhizomes. Epithelial cells enlarge and elongate, and some continue to divide mitotically. The cavities thereby expand and accommodate themselves to the growing stem and rhizome. Septa are sometimes forced open by this enlargement, which merges adjacent cavities. Oil reservoirs in roots are probably also cavities, but their lack of densely cytoplasmic epithelial cells prevented us from locating the end walls. Cavities in stem, root, and the cortex of rhizomes occur only as one median file located just outside of each phloem strand; in the pith of rhizomes, however, several files of cavities of larger diameter seem randomly distributed. This study extends our earlier findings that the oil reservoirs in leaves of this species are cavities; we have therefore verified that cavities, not ducts, permeate the goldenrod plant.
A taxonomic revision of Psathyrostachys (Poaceae)
Authors: Baden Claus
Published: March 2008

The genus Psathyrostachys is revised. A total of 23 taxa had previously been described, now the following taxa are recognized: P. fragilis ssp. fragilis (2n = 14), P. fragilis ssp. secaliformis, P. fragilis ssp. villosus ssp. nov., P. caduca, P. huashanica (2n = 14), P. rupestris ssp. rupestris, P. rupestris ssp. daghestanica, P. lanuginosa (2n = 14 and 28), P. kronenburgii, P. juncea (2n = 14), and P. stoloniformis (2n = 14). A previous infrageneric division into sections cannot be recognized. A key, descriptions, nomenclature, illustrations, distribution maps, and cytogenetic data are presented.
A new species of Liparis (Orchidaceae) from Borneo
Authors: Wood Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2008

Liparis anopheles sp. nov. from Sabah, East Malaysia is described and discussed.
A crossability coefficient for the evaluation of crossing experiments
Authors: van Raamsdonk L. W. D.
Published: March 2008

A crossability coefficient is proposed which can be used for the evaluation of crossing results by numerical methods. In the process of crossing two plants and obtaining a fertile hybrid population three different stages will be identified: (1) seed production, (2) seed germination, and (3) generative phase of offspring. The characters to be measured are (1) the number of produced seeds, (2) the fraction of germinable seeds, and (3) the fertility of the hybrids, expressed by pollen fertility or by the number of bivalents in meiosis. Formulas based on each character are developed independent of each other to calculate a distance between the two parents as well as a compound formula covering all three stages. The crossing results among species of Lobularia and Cucumis were analysed. Dendrograms and principal coordinate plots appeared to be helpful in interpretating geographical distributions and relationships.
Composition and structure of a humid montane forest on the Pasochoa volcano, Ecuador
Authors: Valencia Renato , Jorgensen Peter M.
Published: March 2008

In a one‐hectare plot in humid montane forest on Volcán Pasochoa (3,260–3,300 m), one of the last remnants of the inter‐Andean forest between the two Ecuadorean cordilleras, there were 1,058 trees ≥ 5 cm dbh in 32 different species with a total basal area of 25.7 m2. The most common species were Miconia theaezans, Piper andreanum, and Miconia pustulata with 32%, 14% and 8% of the individuals, respectively. Three species (Hesperomeles lanuginosa, Boehmeria fallax and Lamiaceae sp.) were represented by only a single individual. Melastomataceae was the most important family with six species, over 50% of the individual trees, and 68% of the basal area. Other important families were Piperaceae and Asteraceae. The abundance of assumed pioneer species suggests that either the forest has been altered by humans in the past, or that their dominance is a part of the dynamic regeneration of a forest growing on steep slopes with inclinations between 36 and 120% in the plot. The diameter class distribution of Miconia corymbiformis and Axinaea macrophylla shows a light‐demanding species behavior. Trees with multiple stems characterize this forest perhaps in order to distribute their weight on such steep slopes.
Additional new taxa of Ardisia (Myrsinaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Larsen Kai , Ming Hu Chi
Published: March 2008

Two new taxa of Ardisia from Thailand, A. integra and A. corymbifera var. euryoides, are described and illustrated.
Squamarina scopulorum (Lecanoraceae), a new lichen species from Norway
Authors: Haugan Reidar , Timdal Einar
Published: March 2008

The new species Squamarina scopulorum Haugan & Timdal (sect. Petroplaca) is described from Norway. It differs from the sympatric and morphologically closely similar species S. magnussonii and S. pachylepidea mainly in the color of the apothecial disc and in the thallus chemistry. The delimitation of the genus Squamarina and the family Squamarinaceae are briefly discussed.
A new species of Orchidantha (Lowiaceae) from Borneo
Authors: Larsen Kai
Published: March 2008

Orchidantha holttumii, a new species of Lowiaceae is described from Brunei. The chromosome number is 2n = 18
Taxonomy and morphology of the Elymus parviglumis group (Triticeae: Poaceae)
Authors: Lu Bao‐Rong
Published: March 2008

The Elymus parviglumis group, characterized by having relatively small plant size, single spikelets per rhachis node, nodding spikes, and small to medium sized glumes, is revised taxonomically. Previously, a total of twenty seven taxa have been described in this group. In the present treatment, fifteen tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 28) and one interspecific hybrid are recognized, namely, E. antiquus, E. burchan‐buddae, E. sclerus, E. schugnanicus, E. jacquemontii, E. yangii, E. cacuminus, E. retroflexus, E. serotinus, E. altissimus, E. anthosachnoides, E. formosanus, E. longearistatus, E. canaliculatus, E. caucasicus, and E. × russellii. Synonymy, morphological description, cytogenetic data, and a key to these species are presented in this paper.
The spatial structure of the gene pool of a viviparous population of Poa alpina ‐ environmental controls and spatial constraints
Authors: Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Iversen Anders , Hansen Marit
Published: March 2008

Bjømstad, O. N., Iversen, A. & Hansen, M. 1995. The spatial structure of the gene pool of a viviparous population of Poa alpina— environmental controls and spatial constraints. — Nord. J. Bot. 15: 347–354. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.

Because both the genetic make‐up and the environmental conditions of a population are spatially autocorrelated, it is difficult to infer processes of selection or drift for population genetic mappings. We propose a methodology based on partial Mantel techniques and partial autocorrelation techniques to separate the action of these processes. The method is applied to data on Poa alpina to indicate that isolation‐by‐distance (drift) is the main process inducing positive autocorrelation at the scale of diaspore dispersal (< 100m). The pattern at larger distances is more consistent with selection.
On phylogeny of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae)
Authors: Hyvönen Jaakko
Published: March 2008

A cladistic analysis of the genus Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) was undertaken. based on 37 characters. The five species of the genera Shepherdia and Elaeagnus were included in the analysis as the outgroup taxa. The operational taxonomic units of Hippophae were the species H. gyantsensis, H. neurocarpa, Hsalicifolia and H. tibetana plus eight subspecies of H. rhamnoides. The analysis revealed 117 or 14 equally parsimonious trees depending on whether the multistate characters were treated as ordered whenever possible, or all characters were treated as unordered. The results are not directly in accordance with any of the formerly proposed taxonomies. After successive weighting only two trees were retained both with ordered and unordered characters and the combinable component (semistrict) consensus trees give support to recognition of the two species in the genus, H. rhamnoides and Hsalicifolia. Three new combinations H. rhamnoides ssp. neurocarpa, H. salicifolia ssp. sinensis and H. salicifolia ssp. yunnanensis (Rousi) Hyvönen are proposed.
Distribution and ecology of freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta) in some central Finnish rivers
Authors: Eloranta Pertti , Kwandrans Janina
Published: March 2008

Macroscopic red algae were sampled simultaneously with diatom sampling from 60 locations in central Finnish rivers and at some rivers in south coast rivers in the summers 1986, 1993 and 1994. In those samples 17 red algal taxa from 5 genera (Audouinella(3).Batrachospermum(7).Lemanea(4),Sirodotia(2) andTuomeya(1)) were identified. Some of these taxa were new to Finland and two were new for Europe.
Ontogeny and phylogeny of Brownleea (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae)
Authors: Linder H. P. , Kurzweil H.
Published: March 2008

The phylogeny of the African orchidoid genus Brownleea was investigated, using morphological characters. It has been suggested that the genus may be of hybrid origin, a hypothesis supported by the presence of two very different types of stigma ontogenies. Morphological investigations of all the species revealed that two species have stigmas derived from all three carpel apices, the ‘normal’ situation in the Orchidaceae. The remaining five species have stigmas derived from only the median carpel, a very unusual situation found in the Coryciinae. A phylogenetic analysis of all available morphological data for all species supports the monophyly of the genus. based on several distinct synapomorphies. The variation in stigma ontogeny may be due either to parallelism, or to an earlier hybridization event. The analysis supported the recognition of several distinct groupings within Brownleea. Two of these groupings are supported irrespective of which putative parent is used as sister‐group to the genus, while a third grouping is dependent on the use of the as sister‐group.
Globba flagellaris sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Larsen Kai
Published: March 2008

Globba flagellaris sp. nov. is described and illustrated and its relationship discussed.
Antistrophe glabra ‐ a new species of Myrsinaceae from India
Authors: Pandurangan A. G. , Nair V. J.
Published: March 2008

A new species, Antistrophe glabra, from India allied to A. serratifolia is described.
Diploicia africana comb. nov. (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae), an endemic species from the Cape Province (South Africa)
Authors: Matzer M. , Mayrhofer H. , Rambold G.
Published: March 2008

The saxicolous lichenized ascomycete Diploicia africana comb. nov. (Physciaceae) is endemic in the Cape Floral Kingdom (South Africa). Its taxonomy, morphology, chemistry, biogeography, and ecology is discussed. The most important characters of the genus Diploicia and the better known species of the genus are outlined.