bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AFM Tip Hammering Nanolithography
Authors: Wang You , Hong Xiaodong , Zeng Jun , Liu Baoquan , Guo Bin , Yan Honghua
Published: February 2009

Nanolithography at low cost and high speed is made possible by using a vibrating AFM tip in tapping‐mode as a nanohammer to forge polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene/butylenes)‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymer monolayer thin films after annealing to transform their microstructures from as‐cast poorly ordered cylinders into well‐ordered hexagonal spheres. Annealing is accomplished in cyclohexane vapor, a selective solvent for the majority poly(ethylene/butylenes) block. Experimental results demonstrate that such structure‐tailored thin films enable macroscopic AFM tip writing to be performed in their surface; imprinted and embossed patterns can be generated with a sub‐20‐nm line‐width resolution. In addition, it is found that the lithographic patterns generated can be erased within 5 min by thermal annealing at 70 °C, and if necessary the erasion process can be expedited by increasing the annealing temperature.
Continuous Nanoscale Carbon Fibers with Superior Mechanical Strength
Authors: Liu Jie , Yue Zhongren , Fong Hao
Published: February 2009

Continuous nanoscale carbon fibers can be developed by stabilization and carbonization of highly aligned and extensively stretched electrospun polyacrylonitrile copolymer nanofiber precursor under optimal tension. These carbon fibers, with diameters of tens of nanometers, are expected to possess a superior mechanical strength that is unlikely to be achieved through conventional approaches. This is because i) the innovative precursor, with a fiber diameter approximately 100 times smaller than that of conventional counterparts, possesses an extremely high degree of macromolecular orientation and a significantly reduced amount of structural imperfections, and ii) the ultrasmall fiber diameter also effectively prevents the formation of structural inhomogeneity, particularly sheath/core structures during stabilization and carbonization.
Schrägseilbrücke für Straßenbahn‐, Geh‐ und Radverkehr
Authors: Busler Hubert , Mayr Günter
Published: February 2009

Zur Anbindung des neuen Stadtquartiers “Parkstadt Schwabing” im Norden Münchens erfolgt die Erschließung mit einer neuen Straßenbahnlinie, der Linie 23. Für die Querung des Mittleren Rings an der Schenkendorfstraße wird ein neues Brückenbauwerk erforderlich. Die außergewöhnliche Brückenkonstruktion in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit der Glaseinhausung des Petueltunnels gehört in München zu den spektakulärsten Kreuzungssituationen im innerstädtischen Bereich. Gleichzeitig wird mit diesem Bauwerk ein Tor zur Stadt geschaffen und mit dem geneigten Tragmast und den Tragseilen eine Assoziation zum 2 km weiter westlich gelegenen, wichtigsten architektonischen Wahrzeichen Münchens, dem Olympiadach, hergestellt (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zur Entwicklung der Steifigkeitsmatrizen für dünnwandige Stäbe
Authors: Cywiński Zbigniew
Published: February 2009

Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt Einblick in die frühe Entwicklung der Elemente‐Steifigkeitsmatrizen für dünnwandige Stäbe; ihre ausgereiftesten Formen werden im Folgenden vorgestellt. Diese Formen, die allgemeinste und die später für zwei besondere Fälle reduzierten, beziehen sich auf die klassische Theorie der dünnwandigen Stäbe von Wlassow [1] sowie auch auf die Bornscheuer sche Systematik der betreffenden Querschnittskenngrößen [2]. Entsprechende Modifikationen der zuständigen Matrizen werden vollzogen und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Orientierung des Bezugssystems dargelegt (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genius loci des Stahlbaus: Mainz, Gustavsburg und der Deutsche Stahlbautag 2008
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen
Published: February 2009

Genius loci bedeutet: der an einem Ort herrschende Geist. Für den Stahlbau sind Mainz und Gustavsburg ein solcher Ort. Da sind die fünf stählernen Rheinbrücken, die durch ihre strukturale Komposition dem Betrachter vom ingeniösen Geist in der Sprache der Konstrukteure aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte jener Bauwerke erzählen. Da ist das ehemalige MAN‐Werk Gustavsburg mit seinen Facharbeitern, Ingenieuren, Wissenschaftlern und Konstrukteuren, welche mit ihren Werken und Taten die “Gustavsburger Schule des Stahlbaues” (Kurt Klöppel) zu einem historischen Subjekt formten, einer Innovationsmanufaktur des Stahlbaus, in der Industrie, Technologie, Wissenschaft und Konstruktionskultur zu einer einzigartigen Einheit zusammenfanden. Schließlich fand am 9./10.Oktober 2008 in der Rheingoldhalle zu Mainz der 34.Deutsche Stahlbautag statt, der diesen Ort zum Schnittpunkt geistiger Auseinandersetzung um Gegenwart und Zukunft des Bauens mit Stahl aus der Perspektive der Industrie, der Wissenschaft, der Beratenden Ingenieure und der Architekten erhob (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Blood–Brain Barrier Promotes Differentiation of Human Fetal Neural Precursor Cells
Authors: Chintawar Satyan , Cayrol Romain , Antel Jack , Pandolfo Massimo , Prat Alexandre
Published: February 2009

In the stem cell niche, neural stem cells (NSCs) are in close contact with the specialized blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells (ECs) that modulate their proliferation and differentiation behavior. NSCs are also an attractive source for cell transplantation and neural tissue repair after central nervous system injury. After systemic grafting, they are confronted with the BBB before they can enter the brain parenchyma. We investigated the interactions of human fetal neural precursor cells (hfNPCs) with human brain ECs in an in vitro model using primary cultures. We demonstrated that hfNPCs efficiently differentiate to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes and move to the subendothelial space of human BBB endothelium, but not to pulmonary artery ECs. Effective differentiation was found to be dependent on the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1, but not on CXCL8/IL-8. Our findings suggest that neural precursor cells specifically interact with the BBB endothelium and differentiate in the subendothelial niche into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes, under the influence of the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Age-Dependent Depletion of Human Skin-Derived Progenitor Cells
Authors: Gago Nuria , Pérez-López Virginia , Sanz-Jaka Juan Pablo , Cormenzana Pedro , Eizaguirre Iñaki , Bernad Antonio , Izeta Ander
Published: February 2009

A major unanswered question in autologous cell therapy is the appropriate timing for cell isolation. Many of the putative target diseases arise with old age and previous evidence, mainly from animal models, suggests that the stem/progenitor cell pool decreases steadily with age. Studies with human cells have been generally hampered to date by poor sample availability. In recent years, several laboratories have reported on the existence, both in rodents and humans, of skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells with the capacity to generate neural and mesodermal progenies. This easily obtainable multipotent cell population has raised expectations for their potential use in cell therapy of neurodegeneration. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the spatiotemporal abundance and phenotype of human SKPs. Here we show an analysis of human SKP abundance and in vitro differentiation potential, by using SKPs isolated from four distinct anatomic sites (abdomen, breast, foreskin, and scalp) from 102 healthy subjects aged 8 months to 85 years. Human SKP abundance and differentiation potential decrease sharply with age, being extremely difficult to isolate, expand, and differentiate when obtained from the elderly. Our data suggest preserving human SKP cell banks early in life would be desirable for use in clinical protocols in the aging population.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff over correlated Rayleigh fading channels: a non‐asymptotic analysis
Authors: Rezki Zouheir , Haccoun David , Gagnon François , Ajib Wessam
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we present a finite‐signal‐to‐noise ratio (finite‐SNR) framework to establish tight bounds on the diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. We focus on a more realistic propagation environment where MIMO channel fading coefficients are correlated and where SNR values are finite. The impact of spatial correlation on the fundamental diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff is investigated. We present tight lower bounds on the outage probability of both spatially uncorrelated and correlated MIMO channels. Using these lower bounds, accurate finite‐SNR estimates of the diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff are derived. These estimates allow to gain insight on the impact of spatial correlation on the diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff at finite‐SNR. As expected, the diversity‐multiplexing tradeoff is severely degraded as the spatial correlation increases. For example, a MIMO system operating at a spectral efficiency ofRbps/Hz and at an SNR of 5 dB in a moderately correlated channel, achieves a better diversity gain than a system operating at the same spectral efficiency and at an SNR of 10 dB in a highly correlated channel, when the multiplexing gainris greater than 0.8. Another interesting point is that provided that the spatial correlation channel matrix is of full rank, the maximum diversity gain is not affected by the spatial correlation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postauricular and Axillary Approach Endoscopic Neck Surgery: A New Technique
Authors: Lee Kyu Eun , Kim Hoon Yub , Park Won Seo , Choe Jun‐Ho , Kwon Mi Ra , Oh Seung Keun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu
Published: February 2009

Background

While the bilateral axillo‐breast approach (BABA) to endoscopic neck surgery resolves various benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases with minimal adverse effects and excellent cosmetic outcomes, it involves circumareolar incisions. Many patients, especially young female patients, are reluctant to have their breast involved. Consequently, we developed the postauricular and axillary approach (PAA) that uses postauricular incisions.

Methods

From June 2006 to December 2007, we treated 10 patients with PAA endoscopic neck surgery. After subcutaneous infiltration with diluted epinephrine solution, the subplatysmal and subcutaneous spaces were dissected. Two axillary ports and two postauricular ports were used and low‐pressure CO2 insufflation generated operative space. After dividing the midline between the strap muscles, the isthmus was divided and the thyroid lobe was dissected with ultrasonic shears and excised after careful identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands. Malignant lesions were treated with contralateral thyroid lobectomy. For parathyroid adenomas, we performed parathyroidectomy after dividing the strap muscles in the midline.

Results

Two thyroid lobectomies, one parathyroidectomy, one subtotal thyroidectomy, and six total thyroidectomies were performed by PAA endoscopic neck surgery. The mean operation time was 210.0 ± 43.7 min. There were no cases of conversion to open surgery, permanent vocal cord palsy, or facial nerve palsy. None of the thyroidectomy patients exhibited hypocalcemia. The cosmetic outcomes were excellent and all patients were satisfied.

Conclusions

PAA endoscopic neck surgery is a feasible method for thyroid and parathyroid surgery that permits good operative visualization and has minimal adverse effects and excellent cosmetic outcomes.
Ordered Mesostructured CdS Nanowire Arrays with Rectifying Properties
Authors: Yuan Na , Cheng Gang , An Yanqing , Du Zuliang , Wu Sixin
Published: February 2009

Highly ordered mesoporous CdS nanowire arrays were synthesized by using mesoporous silica as hard template and cadmium xanthate (CdR2) as a single precursor. Upon etching silica, mesoporous CdS nanowire arrays were produced with a yield as high as 93 wt%. The nanowire arrays were characterized by XRD, N2adsorption, TEM, and SEM. The results show that the CdS products replicated from the mesoporous silica SBA-15 hard template possess highly ordered hexagonal mesostructure and fiber-like morphology, analogous to the mother template. The current–voltage characteristics of CdS nanoarrays are strongly nonlinear and asymmetrical, showing rectifying diode-like behavior.
Minorities' Fields of Expertise in Economics and Employment Demand in These Fields
Authors: Peoples James
Published: February 2009

Efforts by public and private institutions to increase the number of minorities participating in graduate economics programs has contributed to a growing supply of Ph. D. trained minority economists. However, minorities are still under-represented as faculty members in economics departments. This presidential address explores whether the concentration of minorities in a few fields of specialization creates a demand-supply mismatch for these individuals.
Modelling the prevalence and cost of back pain with neuropathic components in the general population
Authors: Schmidt Carsten O. , Schweikert Bernd , Wenig Christina M. , Schmidt Uwe , Gockel Ulrich , Freynhagen Rainer , Tölle Thomas R. , Baron Ralf , Kohlmann Thomas
Published: February 2009

Background: Although there is increasing knowledge of the prevalence of neuropathic pain, little has been done to isolate the cost of neuropathic pain, especially with reference to the frequent complaint of back pain.

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of neuropathic components in back pain and associated costs.

Methods: We used available epidemiological data to model the prevalence of neuropathic back pain in the general adult population, combining three studies: painDETECT 1, painDETECT 2, and the German back pain research network (GBPRN) study, representing a total of 21,047 subjects. The painDETECT screening questionnaire was used in the former two surveys to assess neuropathic pain components. Costing data were obtained from 1718 participants in the GBPRN survey.

Results: According to our model, approximately 4% of the general adult population experienced back pain with a neuropathic component. Owing to the greater severity of neuropathic pain, its costs were found to be disproportionately high: among patients with persistent back pain, typical costs associated with a person suffering neuropathic back pain were higher than those of an average back pain patient, and as much as 67% higher than those of a patient with nociceptive back pain only. Approximately, 16% of the total costs associated with back pain were attributable to pain with a neuropathic component.

Conclusions: Back pain with neuropathic components is likely to affect a relevant proportion of the general adult population and cause a disproportionately high share of back pain‐related costs.
Perceived negative attitude of others as an early sign of psychosis
Authors: Salokangas Raimo K.R. , Heinimaa Markus , Svirskis Tanja , Laine Tiina , Huttunen Jukka , Ristkari Terja , Ilonen Tuula , Korkeila Jyrki , Vaskelainen Leena , Rekola Jaakko , Hietala Jarmo , Klosterkötter Joachim , Ruhrmann Stephan , Graf von Reventlow Heinrich , Linszen Don , Dingemans Peter , Birchwood Max , Patterson Paul ,   The EPOS Group
Published: February 2009

Aim

Risk of psychosis is defined by the presence of positive psychotic-like symptoms, by subtle self-perceived cognitive and perceptual deficiencies, or by decreased functioning with familial risk of psychosis. We studied the associations of psychiatric outpatients' self-reported functioning and interpersonal relationships with vulnerability to and risk of psychosis.

Methods

A total of 790 young patients attending psychiatric outpatient care completed the PROD screen [Heinimaa M, Salokangas RKR, Ristkari T, Plathin M, Huttunen J, Ilonen T, et al. PROD-screen – a screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res 2003;12:92–04.], including questions on functioning, interpersonal relationships and subtle specific (psychotic-like) and non-specific symptoms. Vulnerability to psychosis was assessed employing the patient's written descriptions of specific symptoms. Of the patients vulnerable to psychosis, those at current risk of psychosis were assessed using the Bonn Scale for Assessment of Basic Symptoms [Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkötter J. Bonn scale for assessment of basic symptoms – prediction list, BSABS-P. Cologne: University of Cologne; 2002] and the Structured Interview for Positive symptoms [Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Somjee L, Markovich PJ, Stein K, et al. Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the structured interview for prodromal syndromes: preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:863–65.].

Results

In all, 219 patients vulnerable to and 55 patients at current risk of psychosis were identified. Vulnerability to psychosis was associated with all items of functioning and interpersonal relationships. Current risk of psychosis, however, was associated only with the subjectively reported negative attitude of others. Negative attitude of others was also associated with feelings of reference at both vulnerability and risk levels.

Conclusion

The subjective experience of negative attitude of others towards oneself may be an early indicator of psychotic development.
ATM blocks tunicamycin‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: He Long , Kim Sun Ok , Kwon Osong , Jeong Sook Jung , Kim Min Soo , Lee Hee Gu , Osada Hiroyuki , Jung Mira , Ahn Jong Seog , Kim Bo Yeon
Published: February 2009

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER‐stress) is associated with ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. We present here conclusive data showing that ATM blocks ER‐stress induced by tunicamycin or ionizing radiation (IR). X‐box protein‐1 (XBP‐1) splicing, GRP78 expression and caspase‐12 activation were increased by tunicamycin or IR in Atm‐deficient AT5BIVA fibroblasts. Activation of caspase‐12 and caspase‐3 by tunicamycin was significantly reduced in cells transfected with wild‐type Atm (AT5BIVA/wtATM). Atm knockdown by siRNA, however, noticeably elevated ER‐stress and chemosensitivity to tunicamycin. In summary, we present substantial data demonstrating that ATM blocks the ER stress signaling associated with cancer cell proliferation.
Clinical outcome of cutaneous rapidly growing mycobacterial infections in cats in the south-eastern United States: A review of 10 cases (1996–2006)
Authors: Horne Katie S. , Kunkle Gail A.
Published: February 2009

Cutaneous infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria is a relatively uncommon condition in cats, with variable response rates to surgical debulking and aggressive antibiotic therapy. To date, there have been very few case reports of this disease, especially in the United States. This study reviews a series of cases of cats with rapidly growing cutaneous mycobacterial infections from the south-eastern United States. A majority of the cats were spayed female domestic shorthairs. The median age at onset of clinical signs was 8 years. A majority of cats presented with characteristic lesions in multiple locations, and half of the cats had a known incidence of trauma preceding the development of clinical signs. Mycobacterium fortuitum was the most frequently cultured organism. Cats were treated with a variety of antibiotics for a median of 12 months, and half of them underwent surgical debulking of infected tissue. Five out of the 10 cats reached clinical resolution, while five did not. Those that did resolve required a median of 7 months of antibiotic treatment following diagnosis, and had been lesion-free for a median of 24 months at the time this study was completed. Those that did not resolve were treated for a median of 20 months following diagnosis, two of which were still being treated at the time this study was completed.
Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Oral Supplementation of Enterococcus Faecium SF68 on Cats with Latent Feline Herpesvirus 1
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Veir Julia K. , Satyaraj Ebenezer , Czarnecki-Maulden Gail
Published: February 2009

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection is extremely common in cats and is frequently associated with morbidity because of recurrent ocular and respiratory clinical signs of disease. Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 is an immune-enhancing probiotic used as a dietary supplement. In this pilot study, 12 cats with chronic FHV-1 infection were administered either SF68 or a placebo, monitored for clinical signs of disease, monitored for FHV-1 shedding, and evaluated for FHV-1 specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and fecal microbiome stability. Fecal microbial diversity was maintained throughout the study in cats supplemented with SF68, but decreased in cats fed the placebo, indicating a more stable microbiome in cats fed SF68. While clinical results varied among individual cats, the overall findings suggest that administration of the probiotic lessened morbidity associated with chronic FHV-1 infection in some cats. Additional study is warranted to determine efficacy in a clinical setting.
Return of the Bhadralok: Ecology and Agrarian Relations in Eastern Bengal, c. 1905–1947
Authors: IQBAL IFTEKHAR
Published: February 2009

Since the late 1970s, historical studies of colonial Bengal have been dominated by the recurrent theme of the ‘return of the peasant’, generally set against the previously predominant notion that British-created landlords were omnipotent agents of agrarian relations. Although the new historiography restores agency to the peasant, it seeks to attribute the agrarian decline in the late colonial Eastern Bengal, roughly Bangladesh, to the ‘rich peasant’. It is argued that the rich peasant wielded hegemonic authority on their poor fellow co-religionists by forging a ‘communal bond’, while exploiting them from within. Such development is often considered linked to the separatist idea that offered a ‘peasant utopia’ in the form of Pakistan against perceived Hindu domination. This article, while not altogether denying the role of the rich peasant, argues that the bhadralok, or the non-cultivating middle-class gentry, were far more powerful as a catalyst in agrarian relations in Eastern Bengal than is conceded in contemporary historical debates. In so arguing, this article re-examines the post-structuralist turn that appeared to replace the classical Marxist paradigm of class by that of culture and consciousness.
Le Salut des Gentils et la Signification Theologique du Livre des Actes
Authors: Dupont Jacques
Published: February 2009

A l'histoire évangélique telle que la concevait l'Eglise primitive et telle que Marc l'avait raise par écrit, saint Luc a jugé néessaire d'ajouter les récits qui font l'objet du second livre de son ouvrage ‘A Théeophile’. La question de savoir quel a été son dessein en faisant cette innovation reste trés débattue. Les commentateurs s'accordent généralement pour penser que cette intention n'était pas uniquement historique: le plaisir désintéressé de retracer objectivement les origines du mouvement chrétien. D'autres motifs ont dû pousser Luc à entreprendre et â publier son travail.
Heil und Geschichte nach Römer iv'
Authors: Klein Günter
Published: February 2009

In seinem neuen WerkHeil als Geschichteeröffnet Oscar Cullmann das Kapitel über ‘Paulus und die Heilsgeschichte’ mit folgenden zugespitzten Sätzen: ‘Hätte ich dieses Buch, das ich unabhängig von den gegenwärtigen Diskussionen bereits vor Jahren geplant habe, damals schon geschrieben, so wäre es mir sicher nicht in den Sinn gekommen, in einem dem Apostel Paulus gewidmeten Kapitel die Frage zu stellen, ob dieser heilsgeschichtlich denke. Ich hätte mich darauf beschränkt, seine heilsgeschichtliche Sicht darzustellen, da die Vorfrage, ob seine Theologie überhaupt heilsgeschichtlich ausgerichtet ist, mir als…überflüssig erschienen wäre…’ Indessen wirft uns das 4. Kapitel des Römerbriefes—in dieser Hinsicht keineswegs alleinstehend, sondern für die Denkweise des Paulus exemplarisch—mit voller Wucht auf eben jene Vorfrage zurück.
Fulfilment-Words in the New Testament: Use and Abuse
Authors: Moule C. F. D.
Published: February 2009

‘Promise and fulfillment’, ‘Verheissung und Erfüllung’, is a familiar phrase in New Testament theology. It has furnished the title for at least one notable book, and occupies considerable sections of other works in the New Testament field. It is a well-known fact, too, that, in some senses at least, it belongs also to the Old Testament scene. It is possible, as an article by W. Zimmerli illustrates, to tell the Old Testament story under the same title.
Ziele und Ergebnisse einer neutestamentlichen Ethik
Authors: Strecker Georg
Published: February 2009

DerBegriffEthik des Neuen Testaments bezeichnet nicht im philosophischen Sinn ein ethisches System als abstrahierende Reflexion ber Sittlichkeit, sondern den sachbezogenen, also nicht nur begrifflichen Zusam-menhang von ethischen uerungen und Vorstellungen, wie dieser aus den Schriften des Neuen Testaments zu erheben ist. Ethik des Neuen Testaments ist demnach eine systematisierende Darstellung, welche die situations-gebundenen ethischen Aussagen des Neuen Testaments zur Grundlage hat und an diese (als an die Ethik des N.T. im engeren Sinn) gewiesen bleibt.
Vers une description linguistique de l'ptre de Jacques
Authors: Amphoux Christian-Bernard
Published: February 2009

Ce mot, quoique trs utilis en linguistique, n'a pas encore reu dans ce domaine les conditions d'une dfinition precise. Dcrire suppose en effet deux donnes prliminaires: d'une part, la reconnaissance de l'objet dcrire comme une unit; d'autre part, a l'intrieur de cette unit, l'existence d'une autre unit, beaucoup plus petite, mais qui, associe un certain nombre de fois a elle-meme, compose la grande unit. La premiere unit, c'est Ia macrostructure; la seconde unit, c'est la microstructure. Dcrire, c'est toujours dcrire une macrostructure; la description d'une macrostructure consiste a partir de la microstructure pour retrouver la macrostructure.
Adam in Romans i
Authors: Hooker M. D.
Published: February 2009

The phrase έν òμοιώματι εỉκòνος in Rom. i. 23 is one which has long puzzled commentators and translators, who are compelled to paraphrase it in order to make sense of the verse. There is no obvious reason why Paul should have employed two words which in this context appear to convey an identical meaning, unless, as C. K. Barrett suggests, ‘the reduplication emphasizes the inferior, shadowy character of that which is substituted for God’.
Paulinisme et Johannisme
Authors: Benoit Pierre
Published: February 2009

Chers collègues, mon distingué prédécesseur dans cette chaire, le Professeur W. C. Van Unnik, vous invitait l'année dernière, dans son adresse présidentielle, à quelque meditation sur une plage hollandaise. Permettez-moi de rester fidèle à ce genre littéraire maritime en vous contant une anecdote qui recèle aussi sa leçon.
‘Der vater, der mich gesandt hat’
Authors: Haenchen Ernst
Published: February 2009

Die johanneische Forschung steht vor vielen Problemen. Dieser Vortrag ist nur einem einzigen gewidmet. Er versucht zu klären, was die johanneische Lieblingsforrnel ‘der Vater, der mich gesandt hat’ für die johanneische Lehre von der Offenbarung ergibt. Da aber die Probleme des Johannesevangeliums eng miteinander zusammenhängen, wird auch die Quellenfrage und indirekt auch die Verfasserfrage mitberührt.
La Patrie de Jesus selon Saint Jean iv. 44
Authors: Willemse J.
Published: February 2009

Après son séjour à Sychar de Samarie (Jean iv. 5), Jésus ‘partit de là pour la Galilée’ (iv. 43), nous dit l'évangéliste, qui explique alors: ‘car (γάρ) Jésus avait déclaré lui-même qu'un prophéte ne jouit d'aucun égard dans sa propre patrie (πατρí;ς)’ (iv. 44). Puis il enchaî;ne: ‘A son arrivée en Galilée, les Galiléens lui firent bon accueil: ils avaient vu tout ce qu'il avait fait à Jérusalem lors de la fête; car eux aussi étaient allés à la fête’ (iv. 45).
L'Arriere-fond Biblique du Recit des Tentations de Jesus
Authors: Dupont Jacques
Published: February 2009

L'pisode vanglique des tentations de Jsus dans le dsert (Marc i. 1213; Matt. iv. 111; Luc iv. 113) soulve des problmes sur lesquels les exgtes n'ont pas encore pu se mettre d'accord:2 problme littraire de la relation tablir entre les trois rcits, problme de la signification de cet pisode dans la pense de ceux qui nous l'ont transmis. La discussion n'est pas toujours mene avec beaucoup de mthode; on tranche les questions de dpendance sur des impressions trop personnelles, on interprte le rcit en fonction de proccupations psychologiques qui lui sont certainement trs trangres. Le point de dpart d'une solution valable devrait tre cherch dans une confrontation attentive de ce rcit avec les sources qu'il utilise. C'est en tenant compte de ces sources qu'on peut se faire une ide un peu prcise de la manire dont il a t compos et des intentions dont il tmoigne.
Die Geburt der Gemeinde durch den Lehrer
Authors: Betz O.
Published: February 2009

In IQH iii. I ff. haben wir die wohl schwierigste aller erhaltenen Qumranhymnen vor uns. Im Folgenden wird eine neue Deutung versucht.
Papyrus Bodmer II (John I-XIV) and the Text of Egypt
Authors: Klijn A. F. J.
Published: February 2009

The publication of the text of Papyrus Bodmer II,1 in the official list of New Testament papyri given the siglum 66, is very important not only for the history of the text of Egypt, but also for textual criticism in general.
Synoptic Parallels in the Epistles and Form-History
Authors: Brown John Pairman
Published: February 2009

Our Bibles have a margin of Synoptic cross-references beside the Epistles: what does it really mean? What literary relationships exist between the Epistles and the Synoptics? I here pass by three kinds of agreement.
Qumrân and Early Christianity
Authors: Bruce F. F.
Published: February 2009

This paper makes no claim to present any new contribution to the problem of the relationship between the Qumrân community and the primitive Church; it represents only the present stage of crystallization of the writer's thoughts on some aspects of this fascinating subject, and even so it asks questions rather than answers them.
Paulus und die Weisheit
Authors: Conzelmann H.
Published: February 2009

Es soil nicht nur dieallgemeine, religionsgeschichtliche Frage gestellt werden, wie weit Paulus faktisch in der Tradition der jüdischen Weisheit steht. Die Frage soil präzisiert werden: Wie geht Paulusaktivmit dieser Weisheit um, indem er ihre Methoden verwendet, ihre Gedanken verarbeitet, im Stil der Weisheitliterarischgestaltet? Vielleicht ergeben sich aus dieser Fragestellung Gesichtspunkte für ein Urteil in dem immer noch offenen Streit darüber, wie das sachliche Zentrum seiner Theologie zu bestimmen sei: Ist er der Theologe der Rechtfertigung, hellenistischer Mystiker, apokalyptischer Pneumatiker oder in einem allgemeineren Sinne theologischer Weisheitslehrer? Umstritten sind: die Struktur seiner Eschatologie, das Verhältnis von Eschatologie und Heilsgeschichte, Eschatologie und Ethik, Soteriologie und Ethik usw. Vor allem: 1st seine Theologie wirklich als ‘Anthropologie’ zu bestimmen (Bultmann) oder ist sie primär Entwurf eines (eschatologisch bestimmten) Weltbildes bzw. Geschichtsbildes?
Neues zur Überlieferung der Testamente der Zwölf Patriarchen
Authors: Burchard Christoph
Published: February 2009

Seit R. H. Charles' großer Ausgabe der Testamente der zwölf Patriarchen, die alle seinerzeit bekannten griechischen Handschriften benutzte (ohne Tochterabschriften neun, sigliert a−i), ist nur ein neuer griechischer Textzeuge veröffentlicht worden: die Venediger Exzerpte (k). Nun weist M. de Jonge in seiner neuen Ausgabe der Haupthandschrift der Testamente (b) darauf hin, daß zwei weitere Handschriften seit 40 Jahren unbeachtet im gedruckten Katalog der Athos-Laura stehen: 148 (1132) und K116 (1403). Erfreulicherweise hat die Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass., Photographien von I 48; der neue Textzeuge (im folgenden) ist also ohne Mühe zugänglich.
History and eschatology in the new testament
Authors: Bultmann Rudolf
Published: February 2009

The New Testament conception of history goes back to that of the Old Testament; and this differs from the Greek conception of history. There are, of course, no such differences at primitive stages among all peoples. In the Orient as well as in Greece historical writing begins with chronological enumerations of important events and deeds of rulers and so on; and at the same time with myths and legends in poetical form and with stories. Real historical narrative arises when the stage of chronicle, myth and legend is left behind, and when a course of history begins to be presented as a unity, by the observation of the connexion of events and through reflection on the powers moving the course of events. That occurs when a people experiences the historical processes by which it is shaped into a nation or state.
Principalities and Powers: the Cosmic Background of Paul's Thought
Authors: MacGregor G. H. C.
Published: February 2009

I hope that no apology is necessary for the choice of a subject so closely akin to that of the Presidential Address by Professor William Manson last year.1 It was in fact that address which inspired the present paper. If any further justification is necessary for reverting to this theme I would remind you that a presidential address is by use and wont exempt from criticism, so that last year there was no opportunity for the discussion of a subject which should surely invite lively debate. Moreover, though Dr Manson in his address made occasional reference to Paul's thought, he deliberately confined himself in the main to the ‘Spiritual Background of the Work of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels’. Such promising exploration deserves to be followed up, for it is only with Paul that this background is filled in, in all its tremendous cosmic grandeur. As Dr Manson put it, the spirit world in Paul's thought ‘has taken on new dimensions and acquired a cosmic range and character’. Or again, whereas last year we were meeting the demonic powers ‘in the form of malignant and ghoulish beings, on the earth-level of popular demonic belief’, this year we are confronted by Paul's ‘grandiose hierarchy of cosmic spirits’. But my best justification is the sheer importance of this subject for the understanding of Paul's thought. As Professor J. S. Stewart has remarked in a notable article in the Scottish Journal of Theology (vol. IV, no. 3), we shall never get inside the mind of Paul until we take seriously what has in fact been ‘a neglected emphasis in New Testament Theology’, and cease to treat ‘as secondary and extraneous elements in the primitive Christian proclamation what in fact are integral and basic components of the Gospel’.
‘Those Whom Jesus Loved’
Authors: Sanders J. N.
Published: February 2009

Bishop Butler, in the Advertisement to the first edition of his Analogy of Religion, says with reference to the subject of his book: ‘It is come to be taken for granted, by many persons, that Christianity is not so much as a subject of inquiry, but that it is, now at length, discovered to be fictitious.’ It is with a similar awareness that I am going against the tide of general opinion that I embark upon my present theme, and I could only wish that the similarity which I presume to claim between myself and that acute and learned bishop went further than that. For this paper is designed, in the fond and partial judgement which every parent has for his offspring, to contribute to a reopening of the question of the historical truth of some of the narrative portions of the Fourth Gospel. Such a subject may well appear not only exhausted but (a far graver condemnation) old-fashioned, so as to be no longer ‘so much as a subject of inquiry’. This is why I wish I shared the robust confidence of Bishop Butler in the soundness of his thesis, and could go on to say with him, ‘On the contrary, thus much, at least, will be here found, not taken for granted, but proved, that any reasonable man, who will thoroughly consider the matter, may be as much assured, as he is of his own being, that it is not, however, so clear a case, that there is nothing in it. There is, I think, strong evidence of its truth; but it is certain no one can, upon principles of reason, be satisfied of the contrary.’ For my own part, I make no claim to proof, but nevertheless hope that I may at least put forward some considerations such as to induce some who are of the contrary opinion to reconsider the questions I shall put before you.
The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Bultmann R.
Published: February 2009

hatte, überschätzt zu sein. Indessen läßt sich darüber streiten. Sodann scheint mir auch die Nachwirkung platonischer und stoischer Gedanken, die zweifellos wahrzunehmen ist, überschätzt zu sein. Das liegt z.T. daran, daß der Verf. das Corpus Hermeticum zu sehr als eine Einheit nimmt und die Analyse, die W. Bousset 1914 bei der Besprechung von Jos. Krolls ‘Lehren des Hermes Trism.’ in den Gött. Get. Anz. gegeben hat, nicht berücksichtigt, sowenig wie das genannte Buch von H. Jonas. So sind m.E. diejenigen Partien des C. Herm., die für das Verstandnis der joh.
The Teaching of Good Works in I Peter
Authors: Van Unnik W. C.
Published: February 2009

Is it unfair to say that the ethical teaching of the N.T. is a step-child of scholarship? Over against ten books on N.T. theology one can hardly find one work on N.T. ethics. This holds good both for genera; surveys and for monographs. It goes without waying that the moral implications and consequences of the new faith are not absolutely neglected, but on the whole the doctrinal aspect has been stressed far more than th4e ethical. It is not my task at the present moment to explain this fact, but it did not seem out of place to call special attention to this ‘under-developed country’. Work in this part of the field is not at all superfluous. Therefore the discussion of a particular point in a paper for this general meeting will be fully justified.
Some Observations on the Language in the Birth and Infancy Stories of the Third Gospel
Authors: Winter Paul
Published: February 2009

The close affinity in diction and style, and also in the association of ideas, between the first two chapters of the Gospel according to Luke and the great mass of ancient Hebrew literature—even occasionally actual verbal agreements with passages from the thirteenth chapter of Judges or from the story of Samuel's birth—might indicate, yet does not incontrovertibly prove, that the Greek record of Luke i, ii is ultimately derived from a Hebrew literary source. There is nothing inherently impossible in the idea that a Greek writer, thoroughly familiar with the literary character of the O.T. translation and desirous of proceeding with his own narration of the Birth and Boyhood of Jesus, could have intentionally and successfully imitated the style of the Greek Old Testament. He might have adopted Septuagintal mannerisms of phraseology in the belief that a Hebraizing style would be the appropriate means to evoke a congenial atmosphere for the setting of his story. We know from literary competitions in our own time that Englishmen of the twentieth century are capable of imitating convincingly the styles of Ronsard or Rabelais. What is possible for them today would not have been impossible, in his day, for the editor of Luke, who was a man of great literary accomplishment.
John V. 8 and Johannine-Marcan Relationships
Authors: Buse Ivor
Published: February 2009

No discussion of the relationship between the Fourth and Second Gospels can ignore the striking verbal agreement περιπάτει (John v. 8 and 11; Mark ii. 9 and 11), particularly in view of the inclusion of the late κράβαττος, so frowned upon by the purists and avoided by Matthew and Luke in the parallel passages.
Controversy in the New Testament
Authors: Allen E. L.
Published: February 2009

It was the merit of the Tübingen school that it recognized that controversy was no late arrival in the history of the Christian Church, but that the earliest stages of its development were marked, perhaps marred, by it. Where that school erred was in supposing that the books of the New Testament can be placed out at the various stages of the conflict, so that between them they yield a picture of the course it took. Where today an attempt is made to learn from their work, it is admitted that the New Testament is much less a record of the clash between Jerusalem and Paul than a selection from the literature of the Gentile Church, Pauline or non-Pauline, with Jerusalem not directly represented. Hence, when Hans Joachim Schoeps wishes to do justice to the defeated party, he has to have recourse very largely to extra-canonical sources.1 S. G. F. Brandon, with the same end in view,2 has to resort again and again to conjecture to fill out the scanty evidence available. All our reconstructions of Christian origins are vitiated by the fact that we have so little material from the Mother Church.
La Réduction du Pluriel au Singulier dans l'ÉVangile et la Première Lettre de Jean
Authors: Braun F.-M.
Published: February 2009

Pauvreté des moyens d'expression, richesse des effets: parmi tous les écrits du Nouveau Testament, c'est dans le quatrième évangile que cette réussite est la plus visible. Comment en rendre compte? Par le génie de l'évangéliste qui, ne disposant que d'un instrument linguistique sommaire, s'en est servi habilement. Discernement des temps, emploi du verbe au début de la phrase,casus pendens, répétitions adversatives, chiasmes: ces particularités ont été signalées, en fonction du problème relatif à la langue originaire du livre, grecque ou araméenne, et conséquemment du milieu culturel (Mutterboden) où il vit le jour.
Das bisher noch fehlende Begriffslexikon zum Neuen Testament
Authors: Friedrich G.
Published: February 2009

Von der Methode und dem Aufbau her lassen sich Wörterbücher verschiedener Art unterscheiden. Die bekannteste und bis heute vorherrschende Gestalt ist die der alphabetischen Anordnung der einzelnen Wörter. Das älteste Beispiel für das griechische Wörterbuch in alphabetischer Ordnung ist PHibehIi175 aus der Mitte des 3. Jahrhunderts vor Christus, der Wörter mit δε- und εὐ- bietet. Allerdings nahmen die Griechen es mit der genauen Reihenfolge der alphabetischen Anordnung nicht sehr genau, sondern man begnügte sich meist mit dem ersten Buchstaben, im besten Fall berücksichtigte man noch den zweiten oder dritten Buchstaben. Auch das erste Spezial-Lexikon zum griechischen Neuen Testament, das der deutsche Theologe G. Pasor 1621 verfaßt hat, ist nach dem alphabetischen Prinzip gestaltet. Die maßgebliche Einheit für diese Wörterbücher ist die Form des Wortkörpers. Von ihm geht man als Grundbestand aus und ordnet das Ganze nach dem sehr äußerlichen Prinzip der Ahnlichkeit in der Schreibweise der Wörter. Formal ähnliche oder identische Wortkörper werden ohne Rücksicht darauf, ob sie in innerer Beziehung zueinander stehen oder nicht, schematisch nebeneinandergestellt.
Luke and the Pharisees
Authors: Ziesler J. A.
Published: February 2009

The reasonably clear picture of the Pharisees at the time of Jesus which we thought we had is now looking decidedly unclear. J. Bowker's work questions whether the Pharisees were the predecessors of the Rabbis, and J. Neusner's massive researches have shown how precarious are statements about the Pharisees before A.d. 70 when once critical techniques long used in Gospel criticism are employed on Rabbinic sources. It therefore seems appropriate to examine afresh the NT picture of the Pharisees, and in practice this means the Gospel picture, for elsewhere they are named once only, in Phil. iii. 5. I shall hope to show that this picture is strange and by no means uniform. We may conveniently attack the problem through Luke-Acts, partly because of the time-span involved, and partly because of the often noticed fact that Luke is rather less hostile to the Pharisees than the other evangelists are.
Saint Stephen and Early Alexandrian Christianity
Authors: Barnard L. W.
Published: February 2009

The message of Stephen and its relationship to flrst-century Judaism and early Christian theology has recently been the subject of several studies. It is, I suppose, universally agreed that Stephen was a hellenistic Jew of the Diaspora who came into acute conflict with other Diaspora Jews of a more conservative kind domiciled in Jerusalem and that these took the initiative in effecting his arrest and trial. But that is as far as agreement goes. The attempt to understand further Stephen's message and influence has produced the widest divergence of opinion. To some he is the originator of the mission to the Gentiles and Christian universalism whose conception of Christianity was adopted by later preachers and teachers with momentous consequences for Christian history. To others he remained in essence a Jew, albeit of a liberal kind, even after his conversion, whose aim was to propagate a type of Judaism which was strongly anti-Temple and anti-cultus. On this view Stephen stands in the line of Nathan, Hosea, Trito-Isaiah, the Rechabites, some Essene circles and the Ebionites, as pictured in the Pseudo-Clementine writings, in asserting a non-material form of worship, independent of the Temple cultus, as being authentic Judaism. Still others believe that Stephen cleverly preached Jesus in his interpretation of Joseph, Moses and Joshua; on this view he is a typologist whose aim is to show that Jesus' passion has been pre-figured in the persecutions which God's righteous servants have always had to endure. It is not our purpose here to examine and criticize these conflicting opinions in detail but to seek to answer two questions, namely (i) Was Stephen's position an isolated ine in first-century Judaism and in the early Church? (ii) And, if so, is it yet possible to trace his influence on Alexandrian Christianity when it comes into historical perspective in the early second century of our era?
The Phrases in the New Testament
Authors: Danker Frederick W.
Published: February 2009

Such metaphorical expressions as υióς εlρήvής (Luke x. 6) and (John xvii. 12) are usually explained by commentators as Hebraisms or translation-Greek, despite the caution given by A. Deissmann (Bible Studies, trans. Alexander Grieve, 2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1909, pp. 161–6) and MoultonMilligan (The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, London, 1952, p. 649), who suggested that the N.T. examples could readily be accounted for on ‘the theory of analogical formations’. In support they cite from the inscriptions such examples as υióς πóλεως, υiòς toū ńμoυ Deissmann also stated that his attention had been called ‘to the in the Tragedians, and filius fortunae in Horace’, p. 166. He does not cite the passages, but the Hecuba of Euripides contains an analogous expression. Hecuba cries out to Polyxena: , ‘O daughter of an untimely and lamentable fate’, 425. The correctness of Deissmann's observation is now further vindicated by Papyrus Bodmer IV (Bodmeriana Bibliotheca, 1958), which contains an almost complete text of Menander's Dyscolos. In this play a slave Pyrrhias had been sent by Sostratus to beg the hand of Cnemon's daughter. Pyrrhias receives a rather rough welcome and returns to his master shouting: ‘He is a madman, one possessed, a lunati’, 88, 89.
The Contributions of Professor Walter Bauer to New Testament Lexicography
Authors: Gingrich F. Wilbur
Published: February 2009

Soon after the death of Dr Erwin Preuschen in 1920, the publishers of his Vollständiges Griechisch-Deutsches Handwörterbuch zu den Schrzften des N. T.s und der übrigen Urchthtlichen Literatur (Töpelmann; Giessen, 1910) approached Professor Walter Bauer of Göttingen with the proposal that he adopt the orphaned lexicon, which by this time was out of print, and produce a much-needed new revised edition of it.
Der Verzicht des Paulus auf finanziellen Unterhalt durch seine Gemeinden: Ein Aspekt Seiner Missionsweise
Authors: Pratscher Wilhelm
Published: February 2009

II Cor. ii. 9, 12 betont Paulus den Korinthern gegenüber, daß er von ihnen bisher keine finanzielle Unterstützung angenommen habe und dieses Verhalten beizubehalten gedenke. Dies ist eine merkwürdige Absicht, zumal er doch sonst durchaus bereit war, Unterstützung anzunehmen, ja sic geradezu erwartete (vgl. Phil. 4. 10 if.). Der Frage nach dem Verhalten des Paulus bezüglich der Annahme bzw. Ablehnung von Unterstützung durch seine Gemeinden soil im folgenden nachgegangen werden.