bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of PKCβ Improves Glucocorticoid‐Induced Insulin Resistance in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Kawai Yasunori , Ishizuka Tatsuo , Kajita Kazuo , Miura Atsushi , Ishizawa Masayoshi , Natsume Yoshiyuki , Uno Yoshihiro , Morita Hiroyuki , Yasuda Keigo
Published: September 2003

Pretreatment with glucocorticoids for 60 min depressed insulin‐stimulated uptake of 2‐[ 3 H] deoxyglucose (2‐DOG), an effect that neither cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, nor RU38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, could restore. Preincubation with conventional PKC inhibitors restored dexamethasone‐induced insulin resistance. We also examined the dexamethasone‐mediated inhibitory effect on insulin‐induced 2‐DOG uptake in adipocytes overexpressed with wild‐type and dominant negative forms of PKC β. The dexamethasone‐mediated inhibitory effect on insulin‐induced 2‐DOG uptake was abrogated in adipocytes overexpressed with dominant‐negative PKC β. These results indicate that PKC βmay play an important role in glucocorticoid‐induced insulin resistance.
Integration of Amplified Differential Gene Expression (ADGE) and DNA Microarray
Authors: Chen Zhijian J. , Gaté Laurent , Davis Warren , Ile Kristina E. , Tew Kenneth D.
Published: September 2003

Amplified Differential Gene Expression (ADGE) provides a new concept that the ratios of differentially expressed genes are magnified before detection in order to improve both sensitivity and accuracy. This technology is now implemented with integration of DNA reassociation and PCR. The ADGE technique can be used either as a stand‐alone method or in series with DNA microarray. ADGE is used in sample preprocessing and DNA microarray is used as a displaying system in the series combination. These two techniques are mutually synergistic: the quadratic magnification of ratios of differential gene expression achieved by ADGE improves the detection sensitivity and accuracy; the PCR amplification of templates enhances the signal intensity and reduces the requirement for large amounts of starting material; the high throughput for DNA microarray is maintained.
Zinc Fingers‐‐Folds for Many Occasions
Authors: Matthews Jacqueline M. , Sunde Margaret
Published: September 2003

Zinc finger domains (ZnFs) are common, relatively small protein motifs that fold around one or more zinc ions. In addition to their role as a DNA‐binding module, ZnFs have recently been shown to mediate protein:protein and protein:lipid interactions. This small zinc‐ligating domain, often found in clusters containing fingers with different binding specificities, can facilitate multiple, often independent intermolecular interactions between nucleic acids and proteins. Classical ZnFs, typified by TFIIIA, ligate zinc via pairs of cysteine and histidine residues but there are at least 14 different classes of Zn fingers, which differ in the nature and arrangement of their zinc‐binding residues. Some GATA‐type ZnFs can bind to both DNA and a variety of other proteins. Thus proteins with multiple GATA‐type fingers can play a complex role in regulating transcription through the interplay of these different binding selectivities and affinities. Other ZnFs have more specific functions, such as DNA‐binding ZnFs in the nuclear hormone receptor proteins and small‐molecule‐binding ZnFs in protein kinase C. Some classes of ZnFs appear to act exclusively in protein‐only interactions. These include the RING family of ZnFs that are involved in ubiquitination processes and in the assembly of large protein complexes, LIM, TAZ, and PHD domains. We review the similarities and differences in structure and functions of different ZnF classes and highlight the versatility of this fold.
The Role of Troponins in Muscle Contraction
Authors: Gomes Aldrin V. , Potter James D. , Szczesna‐Cordary Danuta
Published: September 2003

Troponin (Tn) is the sarcomeric Ca 2+ regulator for striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle contraction. On binding Ca 2+ Tn transmits information via structural changes throughout the actin‐tropomyosin filaments, activating myosin ATPase activity and muscle contraction. Although the Tn‐mediated regulation of striated muscle contraction is now well understood, the role of different Tn isoforms in these processes is the subject of intensive investigations. This review addresses the physiological significance of the multiple Tn isoforms in skeletal and cardiac muscles as well as their role in the regulation of contraction.
Mood‐Enhancing Antidepressant St. John's Wort Inhibits the Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Expression by Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Taher Mohiuddin M. , Lammering Guido M. , Hershey Chad M. , Valerie Kristoffer C.
Published: September 2003

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a potent activator of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression in a HeLa cell clone with stably integrated copies of the HIVcat reporter construct. Recently, we have shown that activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF‐ κB is necessary but not sufficient for triggering efficient HIV gene expression in response to UV. Here we demonstrate that St. John's wort is a potent inhibitor of the UV‐induced activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells. Stably transfected HIVcat/HeLa cells were preincubated with different amounts (25‐100 μl) of St. John's wort or gingko biloba extracts for 30 min, then irradiated with UV (30 J/m 2 ). In contrast to ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort inhibited the UV‐induced HIV gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, preincubation with St. John's wort (10, 20, and 30 μl) for 30 min before UV (30 J/m 2 ) irradiation, PMA‐ and UV‐induced NF‐ κB activation was completely blocked, whereas ginkgo biloba did not affect the PMA‐ and UV‐induced NF‐ κB activation in HeLa cells. UV activation of p38 MAP kinase was not inhibited by St. John's wort or by ginkgo biloba. However, we found that p38 MAP kinase and JNK1 and ‐2 were activated by St. John's wort, but p44/42 MAP kinase was not activated by St. John's wort in HeLa cells. Hypericin an active ingredient in St. John's wort also inhibited the UV activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells. These results firmly confirm that St. John's wort is a potent inhibitor of the UV‐induced activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells.
Effects of Postnatal Stress on the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Bank Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)
Authors: Freimanis Tonny , Heller Knud E. , Schønecker Bryan , Bildsøe Mogens
Published: September 2003

Wild bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) kept in the
laboratory under barren housing conditions develop high
incidences of type 1 diabetes mellitus due to beta cell–
specific lysis in association with the appearance of GAD65,
IA‐2, and insulin autoantibodies. Wild‐caught and immediately
analyzed voles show no histological signs of
diabetes, and the disease may therefore be induced by circumstances
related to the housing of the animals in captivity.
We tested the possibility that postnatal stress by either
maternal separation or water immersion at different intervals
would induce diabetes in adult bank voles. We found
that low‐frequent stress during the first 21 days of life increases,
whereas high‐frequent stress markedly reduces,
the incidence of type 1 diabetes in adulthood. These results
differentiate the role of early‐experienced stress on subsequent
type 1 diabetes development and emphasize that the
bank vole may serve as a useful new animal model for the
disease.
The Effects of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion on Central Nervous System Apoptotic Events in Normal and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Britton Mark , Rafols Jose , Alousi Sarah , Dunbar Joseph C.
Published: September 2003

Apoptosis and neural degeneration are characteristics
of cerebral ischemia and brain damage. Diabetes is associated
with worsening of brain damage following ischemic
events. In this study, the authors characterize the influence
of focal cerebral ischemia, induced by middle cerebral
artery occlusion, on 2 indexes of apoptosis,TUNEL(terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine
5‐triphosphate nick end‐labeling) staining and caspase‐
3 immunohistochemistry. Diabetes was induced in normal
rats using streptozotocin and maintained for 5 to
6 weeks. The middle cerebral artery of both normal and
diabetic rats was occluded and maintained from 24 or
48 hours. Sham‐operated normal and diabetic animals
served as controls. Following 24 to 48 hours of occlusion,
the animals were sacrificed and the brains were removed,
sectioned, and processed for TUNEL staining or
caspase‐3 immunohistochemistry. Middle cerebral artery
occlusion in normal rats was associated with an increase
in the number of both TUNEL‐positive and caspase‐3–
positive cells in selected brain regions (hypothalamic preoptic
area, piriform cortex, and parietal cortex) when
compared to nonoccluded controls. Diabetic rats without
occlusion showed significant increases in both TUNEL‐positive
and caspase‐3–positive cells compared to normal
controls. Middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic
rats resulted in increases in TUNEL‐positive as well as
caspase‐3–positive cells in selected regions, above those
seen in nonoccluded diabetic rats. Both TUNEL staining
and caspase‐3 immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in diabetic animals tended to
be greatest in the preoptic area and parietal cortex. The
authors conclude that focal cerebral ischemia is associated
with a significant increase in apoptosis in nondiabetic
rats, and that diabetes alone or diabetes plus focal
ischemia are associated with significant increases in apoptotic
cells.
Omapatrilat, an Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor, Attenuates EarlyAtherosclerosis in Diabetic and in Nondiabetic Low‐Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Levy Zohar , Dvir Ayana , Shaish Aviv , Trestman Svetlana , Cohen Hofit , Levkovietz Hana , Rhachmani Rita , Ravid Mordchai , Harats Dror
Published: September 2003

Omapatrilat inhibits both angiotensin‐converting enzyme
(ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). ACE inhibitors
have been shown to inhibit atherosclerosis in
apoE‐deficient mice and in several other animal models
but failed in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor–
deficient mice despite effective inhibition of the reninangiotensin‐
aldosterone system. The aim of the present
study was to examine the effect of omapatrilat on atherogenesis
in diabetic and nondiabetic LDL receptor–deficient
mice. LDL receptor–deficient male mice were randomly
divided into 4 groups (n = 11 each). Diabetes was induced
in 2 groups by low‐dose STZ, the other 2 groups served
as nondiabetic controls. Omapatrilat (70 mg/kg/day)
was administered to one of the diabetic and to one of
the nondiabetic groups. The diabetic and the nondiabetic
mice were sacrificed after 3 and 5 weeks, respectively.
The aortae were examined and the atherosclerotic
plaque area was measured. The atherosclerotic plaque
area was significantly smaller in the omapatrilat‐treated
mice, both diabetic and nondiabetic, as compared to nontreated
controls. The mean plaque area of omapatrilattreated
nondiabetic mice was 9357 ± 7293 μm2, versus 71977 ± 34610 μm2 in the nontreated mice (P = .002). In
the diabetic animals, the plaque area was 8887 ± 5386 μm2
and 23220 ± 10400 μm2, respectively for treated and nontreated
mice (P = .001). Plasma lipids were increased by
omapatrilat: Meanplasma cholesterol in treated mice, diabetic
and nondiabetic combined, was 39.31 ± 6.00 mmol/L,
versus 33.12 ± 7.64 mmol/L in the nontreated animals
(P = .008). The corresponding combined mean values of
triglycerides were 4.83 ± 1.93 versus 3.00 ± 1.26 mmol/L
(P = .02). Omapatrilat treatment did not affect weight
or plasma glucose levels. Treatment with omapatrilat
inhibits atherogenesis in diabetic as well as nondiabetic
LDL receptor–deficient mice despite an increase in
plasma lipids, suggesting a direct effect on the arterial
wall.
Ins1 Gene Up‐Regulated in a β‐Cell Line Derived from Ins2 Knockout Mice
Authors: Leroux Loïc , Durel Béatrice , Autier Valérie , Deltour Louise , Bucchini Danielle , Jami Jacques , Joshi Rajiv L.
Published: September 2003

The authors have derived a new β‐cell line
(βIns2−/−lacZ) from Ins2−/− mice that carry the lacZ
reporter gene under control of the Ins2 promoter.
βIns2−/−lacZ cells stained positively using anti‐insulin
antibody, expressed β‐cell–specific genes encoding the
transcription factor PDX‐1, glucokinase, and Glut‐2, retained
glucose‐responsiveness for insulin secretion, and expressed
the lacZ gene. Analysis of Ins1 expression by reverse
transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)
showed that Ins1 transcripts were significantly raised to
compensate for the lack of Ins2 transcripts in βIns2−/−lacZ
cells, as compared to those found in βTC1 cells expressing
both Ins1/Ins2. Thus, transcriptional up‐regulation of the
remaining functional insulin gene in Ins2−/− mice could
potentially contribute to the β‐cell adaptation exhibited by
these mutants, in addition to the increase in β‐cell mass
that we previously reported.We have also shown that lacZ
expression, as analyzed by determining β‐galactosidase
activity, was up‐regulated by incubating βIns2−/−lacZ cells
with GLP‐1 and/or IBMX, 2 known stimulators of insulin
gene expression. These cells thus represent a new tool for
testing of molecules capable of stimulating Ins2 promoter
activity
Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Wild Bank Voles Associated With Islet Autoantibodies and the NovelLjungan Virus
Authors: Niklasson Bo , Heller Knud E. , Schønecker Bryan , Bildsøe Mogens , Daniels Terri , Hampe Christiane S. , Widlund Per , Simonson William T. , Schaefer Jonathan B. , Rutledge Elizabeth , Bekris Lynn , Lindberg A. Michael , Johansson Susanne , Örtqvist Eva , Persson Bengt , Lernmark Åke
Published: September 2003

Wild bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) may develop
diabetes in laboratory captivity. The aim of this study was
to test whether bank voles develop type 1 diabetes in association
with Ljungan virus. Two groups of bank voles
were analyzed for diabetes, pancreas histology, autoantibodies
to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), IA‐2,
and insulin by standardized radioligand‐binding assays
as well as antibodies to in vitro transcribed and translated Ljungan virus antigens. Group A represented 101 trapped
bank voles, which were screened for diabetes when euthanized
within 24 hours of capture. Group B represented
67 bank voles, which were trapped and kept in the laboratory
for 1 month before being euthanized. Group A bank
voles did not have diabetes. Bank voles in group B (22/67;
33%) developed diabetes due to specific lysis of pancreatic
islet beta cells. Compared to nondiabetic group B bank
voles, diabetic animals had increased levels of GAD65
(P < .0001), IA‐2 (P < .0001), and insulin (P = .03) autoantibodies.
Affected islets stained positive for Ljungan
virus, a novel picorna virus isolated from bank voles.
Ljungan virus inoculation of nondiabetic wild bank voles
induced beta‐cell lysis. Compared to group A bank voles,
Ljungan virus antibodies were increased in both nondiabetic
(P < .0001) and diabetic (P = .0015) group B bank
voles. Levels of Ljungan virus antibodies were also increased
in young age at onset of newly diagnosed type
1 diabetes in children (P < .01). These findings support
the hypothesis that the development of type 1 diabetes
in captured wild bank voles is associated with Ljungan
virus. It is speculated that bank voles may have a possible
zoonotic role as a reservoir and vector for virus
that may contribute to the incidence of type 1 diabetes in
humans.
An Early CD4+ T Cell–dependent Immunoglobulin A Response to Influenza Infection in the Absence of Key Cognate T–B Interactions
Authors: Sangster Mark Y. , Riberdy Janice M. , Gonzalez Maricela , Topham David J. , Baumgarth Nicole , Doherty Peter C.
Published: September 2003

Contact-mediated interactions between CD4+ T cells and B cells are considered crucial for T cell–dependent B cell responses. To investigate the ability of activated CD4+ T cells to drive in vivo B cell responses in the absence of key cognate T–B interactions, we constructed radiation bone marrow chimeras in which CD4+ T cells would be activated by wild-type (WT) dendritic cells, but would interact with B cells that lacked expression of either major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) or CD40. B cell responses were assessed after influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract, which elicits a vigorous, CD4+ T cell–dependent antibody response in WT mice. The influenza-specific antibody response was strongly reduced in MHC II knockout and CD40 knockout mice. MHC II–deficient and CD40-deficient B cells in the chimera environment also produced little virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG, but generated a strong virus-specific IgA response with virus-neutralizing activity. The IgA response was entirely influenza specific, in contrast to the IgG2a response, which had a substantial nonvirus-specific component. Our study demonstrates a CD4+ T cell–dependent, antiviral IgA response that is generated in the absence of B cell signaling via MHC II or CD40, and is restricted exclusively to virus-specific B cells.
Loss of the Pro-Apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 Family Member Bim Inhibits BCR Stimulation–induced Apoptosis and Deletion of Autoreactive B Cells
Authors: Enders Anselm , Bouillet Philippe , Puthalakath Hamsa , Xu Yuekang , Tarlinton David M. , Strasser Andreas
Published: September 2003

During development, the stochastic process assembling the genes encoding antigen receptors invariably generates B and T lymphocytes that can recognize self-antigens. Several mechanisms have evolved to prevent the activation of these cells and the concomitant development of autoimmune disease. One such mechanism is the induction of apoptosis in developing or mature B cells by engagement of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in the absence of T cell help. Here we report that B lymphocytes lacking the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim are refractory to apoptosis induced by BCR ligation in vitro. The loss of Bim also inhibited deletion of autoreactive B cells in vivo in two transgenic systems of B cell tolerance. Bim loss prevented deletion of autoreactive B cells induced by soluble self-antigen and promoted accumulation of self-reactive B cells developing in the presence of membrane-bound self-antigen, although their numbers were considerably lower compared with antigen-free mice. Mechanistically, we determined that BCR ligation promoted interaction of Bim with Bcl-2, inhibiting its survival function. These findings demonstrate that Bim is a critical player in BCR-mediated apoptosis and in B lymphocyte deletion.
Are Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules Involved in the Survival of Naive CD4+ T Cells?
Authors: Grandjean Isabelle , Duban Livine , Bonney Elizabeth A. , Corcuff Erwan , Di Santo James P. , Matzinger Polly , Lantz Olivier
Published: September 2003

The exact role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the peripheral survival of naive T cells is controversial, as some studies have suggested that they are critically required whereas others have suggested that they are not. Here we controlled for some of the features that differed among the earlier studies, and analyzed both the survival and expansion of naive CD4+ T cells transferred into MHC syngeneic, allogeneic, or MHC negative environments. We found that naive T cells transferred into MHC negative or allogeneic environments often fail to survive because of rejection and/or competition by natural killer (NK) cells, rather than failure to recognize a particular MHC allele. In the absence of NK cells, naive CD4+ T cells survived equally well regardless of the MHC type of the host. There was, however, an MHC requirement for extensive space-induced “homeostatic” expansion. Although the first few divisions occurred in the absence of MHC molecules, the cells did not continue to divide or transit to a CD44hi phenotype. Surprisingly, this MHC requirement could be satisfied by alleles other than the restricting haplotype. Therefore, space-induced expansion and survival are two different phenomena displaying different MHC requirements. Memory CD4+ T cells, whose survival and expansion showed no requirements for MHC molecules at all, dampened the space-induced expansion of naive cells, showing that the two populations are not independent in their requirements for peripheral niches.
LPS-TLR4 Signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-κB Involves the Toll Adapters TRAM and TRIF
Authors: Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Rowe Daniel C. , Barnes Betsy J. , Caffrey Daniel R. , Visintin Alberto , Latz Eicke , Monks Brian , Pitha Paula M. , Golenbock Douglas T.
Published: September 2003

Toll–IL-1–resistance (TIR) domain–containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)–related adaptor molecule (TRAM) is the fourth TIR domain–containing adaptor protein to be described that participates in Toll receptor signaling. Like TRIF, TRAM activates interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3, IRF-7, and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and 4 activate these pathways to induce IFN-α/β, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and γ interferon–inducible protein 10 (IP-10) expression independently of the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Dominant negative and siRNA studies performed here demonstrate that TRIF functions downstream of both the TLR3 (dsRNA) and TLR4 (LPS) signaling pathways, whereas the function of TRAM is restricted to the TLR4 pathway. TRAM interacts with TRIF, MyD88 adaptor–like protein (Mal)/TIRAP, and TLR4 but not with TLR3. These studies suggest that TRIF and TRAM both function in LPS-TLR4 signaling to regulate the MyD88-independent pathway during the innate immune response to LPS.
The leadership‐culture connection: an exploratory investigation
Authors: Block Lory
Published: September 2003

Examine the nature of the relationship between leadership and organizational culture in a privately owned sales and service organization with a well established record of success in industry. A total of 782 employees completed the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) and the organizational culture survey. Results indicate that the leadership style of immediate supervisors was significantly related to employee perceptions of organizational culture. Supervisors rated high in transformational leadership behaviors were associated with higher perceived levels of mission, adaptability, involvement and consistency in the organization compared to their transactional counterparts. Immediate supervisors had a greater influence on employee perceptions of culture than all other leadership levels within the organization. Concludes that cultural leadership is a critical competency requirement for the whole organization in the twenty‐first century.
Effects of transformational leadership on empowerment and team effectiveness
Authors: Özaralli Nurdan
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this article is to investigate transformational leadership in relation to empowerment and team effectiveness. As part of an integrative model of leadership, transformational leadership style of superiors is proposed to be related to the strength of subordinate empowerment and team effectiveness. A total of 152 employees from various industries rated their superiors’ transformational leadership behaviors and also how much they felt empowered. They also evaluated their teams’ effectiveness in terms of innovativeness, communication and team performance. Findings suggest that transformational leadership contributes to the prediction of subordinates’ self‐reported empowerment and that the more a team’s members experience team empowerment, the more effective the team will be.
Power and moral leadership: role of self‐other agreement
Authors: Krishnan Venkat R.
Published: September 2003

The relationships between moral leadership, transformational, transactional, andlaissez‐faireleaderships, and certain outcomes were studied using a sample of 116 managers of a large manufacturing organization in eastern India. Results reveal that transformational leadership partially mediates moral leadership’s relationship with follower’s extra effort and satisfaction, and leader’s effectiveness, and it fully mediates moral leadership’s relationship with leader’s power. Based on whether leader’s self‐rating was more than, same as, or less than follower’s rating of leader’s transformational leadership, leader‐follower dyads were classified into three categories – overestimation, agreement, and underestimation. Findings show that moral leadership is lower in overestimation than in agreement, and is lower in agreement than in underestimation. Correlation between moral leadership and power is also the highest in the case of underestimation. Leader’s power, however, does not differ across categories.
Facilities – 20th anniversary issue
Authors: Bell Jane
Published: September 2003

Introduces the special issue of Facilities, looking back at the changes in the journal over its first 20 years of publication.
A Taiwan college and technical institution library user education survey
Authors: Yu Ti
Published: September 2003

This study explores how Taiwanese college and technical institution libraries familiarize users with library facilities and information resources. Three relevant literatures were reviewed to identify the general trends from the past. Questionnaires were distributed to 19 colleges and 50 technical institutions, 61 institutions responded. Various user education programs, implementation methods and evaluations were explored in the survey. Lists of common difficulties and the problems faced by library staff and their suggestions were profiled and compiled. Analyses based on the survey findings are made and suggestions centered on the analysis results are provided to interested fellow librarians in Taiwan.
Applying the TOC TP: a case study in the service sector
Authors: Reid Richard A. , Cormier James R.
Published: September 2003

An increasingly utilized framework for implementing the continuous improvement management philosophy is the Theory of Constraints (TOC). Although this systemic managerial approach was initially developed and applied in the manufacturing sector, its underlying philosophy has been expanded to address three basic questions: What to change?; What to change to?; and How to cause the change? Demonstrates how a manager could apply the TOC thinking process (TP) logic tools to answer the first two questions for a small service organization. In regard to the first query, uses a relatively new procedure called the “three‐cloud approach” to determine the core problem or root cause responsible for the majority of the problems currently faced by management. By using this approach, a manager creates a current reality tree (CRT) that uses sufficiency logic to document the cause‐effect relationships responsible for a system’s current state. In regard to the second query, develops another TOC logic tool, a future reality tree (FRT), to help construct and evaluate planned interventions for resolving the core conflict and improving effectiveness. Draws conclusions relative to the feasibility and utility of using TOC TP logic tools to help managers of service organizations improve their overall system performance.
Management of service quality – differences in values, practices and outcomes
Authors: Lagrosen Stefan , Lagrosen Yvonne
Published: September 2003

This article concerns a study with the purpose of identifying differences in the management of quality between manufacturing, private service and public service organisations. A questionnaire was sent to members of the Swedish Association for Quality. Some interesting differences were identified. Customer orientation is highest in the private service sector and lowest in the public service sector. The manufacturing companies’ usage of ISO 9000 is extremely high and their usage of the Swedish Quality Award is fairly low whereas the public service organisations use both these two models equally. This corresponds with the finding that ISO 9000 produces better results in the manufacturing sector whereas The Swedish Quality Award produces better results in the service sector. Generally, the indication is that quality management is most successful in the manufacturing sector and least successful in the public service sector. There is also a difference in that improvements in the manufacturing sector are more often about the processes whereas the organisations within the public service sector more often report improvements regarding personnel.
A longitudinal study of business improvement models: cross purposes or congruity?
Authors: Taylor Joy , McAdam Rodney
Published: September 2003

The end of the last and the beginning of this century saw an increasing interest in business improvement (BI). BI tools and techniques have their roots in improving quality and the maintenance of quality systems. In response to the decline of the UK’s competitiveness in world terms the Government spearheaded the adoption of interventions including a raft of quality mechanisms. There is a considerable amount of literature describing the application of each of these models, their advantages and disadvantages. However, there is a paucity of studies that comparatively analyse BI models derived from different philosophical and practice based origins. Focuses specifically on the value‐addedness resulting from the adoption and implementation of Investors in People and the Business Excellence Model (BEM). Before addressing the models discusses the environmental factors driving their development and diffusion; describes and critiques IIP and BEM showing the complementary linkages; and discusses a longitudinal study of the implementation process in a hotel context. Concludes with recommendations for BI adopters.
Tourist satisfaction in Singapore – a perspective from Indonesian tourists
Authors: Pawitra Theresia A. , Tan Kay C.
Published: September 2003

This research assessed the usefulness of integrating Kano’s model, SERVQUAL, and quality function deployment. The proposed approach aims to help organisations evaluate customer satisfaction, and to assist in innovative product/service development through the identification of attributes that are attractive to the customer. A case study is presented to evaluate the image of Singapore from the perspective of tourists from Indonesia. The attributes of Singapore as a tourist destination were analysed. Key strengths and weaknesses were determined. Change strategies and implications that surfaced from the integrated model were discussed.
Mapping service quality in the tourism industry
Authors: Atilgan Eda , Akinci Serkan , Aksoy Safak
Published: September 2003

This study suggests a new approach to the exploratory and evaluative research of service‐quality dimensions by employing correspondence analysis (CA). Although several studies have investigated the service quality of service providers using descriptive measures and statistical tests, this study presents a graphical interpretation of SERVQUAL data to aid managerial decision‐making in the tourism industry. This paper also examines the expectations and perceptions of two distinct groups by determining the differences between German and Russian tourists’ evaluations of service‐quality dimensions in tour operators. The study concludes that CA can be used effectively in evaluating the service‐quality and displaying the differences in the expectations/perceptions of distinct consumer groups. Managerial implications for travel administrators are discussed. Tour operators should consider cultural differences in service‐quality evaluations.
Technology, service quality, and customer loyalty in hotels: Australian managerial perspectives
Authors: Lee Shan‐Chun , Barker Sunita , Kandampully Jay
Published: September 2003

Traditional brick‐and‐mortar companies are embracing the use of modern technologies to enhance the services they offer and to gain customer loyalty. The objectives are to stay in the forefront of today’s marketplace and to improve service, efficiency, and profitability. The hospitality industry has transformed itself into a global industry, and, as one of the largest industries in the world, it serves as an excellent example of an industry that has transformed itself in response to changes in customer requirements and demands. Continuous technological developments and their adoption in the hospitality industry have provided numerous opportunities and challenges. This paper examines the perceptions of international hotel managers on the adoption of technology in their hotels. The results emphasise the growing demand of hotel customers for various technology‐supported services. Technology is found to have affected the ability of hotels to support employees, enhance the quality of service, improve efficiencies, gain competitive advantage, maintain relationships with customers, and increase profitability.
Numerical study of biomagnetic fluid flow over a stretching sheet with heat transfer
Authors: Tzirtzilakis E.E. , Tanoudis G.B.
Published: September 2003

In the present work, a Chebyshev pseudospectral method for the numerical solution of the two‐dimensional, laminar, incompressible, viscous flow of a biomagnetic fluid over a stretching sheet under the action of an applied magnetic field and in the presence of heat transfer is applied and demonstrated. In this problem, it is assumed that the magneto‐thermo‐mechanical coupling is described not only by a function of temperature but by an expression involving also the magnetic field intensity. The numerical method used for the solution of the coupled and non‐linear boundary value problem of ordinary differential equations, describing this physical problem, achieves high accuracy using relatively few nodal points. A comparison with numerical results, obtained by using a finite difference method is also made, showing the efficiency of the Chebyshev pseudospectral method.
Probabilistic finite element analysis in fluid mechanics
Authors: Subba Reddy Gorla Rama , Reddy Gorla Nagasekhar
Published: September 2003

Fluid flow in a circular pipe and a slider bearing was computationally simulated by finite element methods and probabilistically evaluated in view of the several uncertainties in the performance parameters. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for the flow rate and load bearing capacity of the slider bearing due to the several random variables. These results can be used to quickly identify the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and make it cost effective. The analysis leads to the selection of the appropriate measurements to be used in fluid flow and to the identification of both the most critical measurements and parameters.
Influence of computational aspects on simulations of a turbulent jet diffusion flame
Authors: Merci Bart , Dick Erik
Published: September 2003

The influence of computational aspects on simulation results is quantitatively investigated for the specific case of a turbulent piloted jet diffusion flame (Sandia Flame D). It is illustrated that, with a fixed turbulence and chemistry model, the results can heavily depend on the numerical aspects. The influence of inlet boundary conditions has already been discussed in an earlier paper. In this work, attention is focused onto the order of accuracy of the spatial discretization in the numerical scheme and onto the position of the outlet boundary. It is stressed that the purpose is not to judge the quality of the applied models, but to illustrate the possible impact of numerical influence factors. The conclusion is a warning message and a demonstration that all numerical aspects must be completely described when calculation results are presented.
Numerical simulation of viscous filament stretching flows
Authors: Chandio M.S. , Matallah H. , Webster M.F.
Published: September 2003

A numerical study on the stretching of a Newtonian fluid filament is analysed. Stretching is performed between two retracting plates, moving under constant extension rate. A semi‐implicit Taylor‐Galerkin/pressure‐correction finite element formulation is employed on variable‐structure triangular meshes. Stability and accuracy of the scheme is maintained up to large Hencky‐strain levels. A non‐uniform radius profile, minimum at the filament mid‐plane, is observed along the filament‐length at all times. We have found maintenance of a suitable mesh aspect‐ratio around the mid‐plane region (maximum stretch zone) to restrict early filament break‐up and consequently solution divergence. As such, true transient flow evolution is traced and the numerical results bear close agreement with the literature.
A critical incident approach to the examination of customer relationship management in a retail chain: an exploratory study
Authors: Wong Amy , Sohal Amrik
Published: September 2003

This exploratory study investigates the nature of customer evaluations of their service encounters in a retail chain departmental store setting in Victoria, Australia. The focus of the study is to understand how a customer perceives positive and negative encounters with regard to shopping at the retail chain. To accomplish these objectives, data were gathered by means of focus group interviews with customers of four retail stores. These customers were asked to recall positive and negative critical incidents with regard to their shopping experiences at the retail store. The results showed that positive critical incidents foster customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and repurchase intentions, while negative critical incidents affected customer behaviour and led to customer complaints, reduced willingness to patronise the retail firm, and to the spread of negative word‐of‐mouth behaviour. Using this and additional information gathered in the interviews, implications are drawn regarding both the value of the methodology and the results for managers in this type of retail business.
A philosophical justification for a realist approach to strategic alliance research
Authors: Stiles Janine
Published: September 2003

In a comparison to the more commonly adopted philosophical extremes of positivism or grounded theory, this paper presents the case for the adoption of a realist perspective to strategic alliance research. Using previous research conducted into the drivers of internal co‐operative and competitive intent within alliances, the paper outlines the benefits of combining both deductive and inductive methods. It argues that this approach provides an appropriate basis for the interpretation of research in this field whilst also acting as a springboard for further investigation into the exploratory areas that arise from it.
Why Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: a critical review
Authors: Li Meng , Gao Fei
Published: September 2003

To better understand Nonaka’s SECI model of knowledge creation and its constraints, we revisit the fundamental points of tacit knowledge in the model and provide a critical review on the role of tacit knowledge in business organization. First, the “tacitness” of knowledge is broken down into two parts: implicitness and real tacitness. We argue that the tacit dimension of knowledge in the context of the model is different from that in Polanyi’s original context; it actually includes considerable “implicitness” idiosyncratic in Japanese context. The separation of implicitness from real tacitness suggests carefully considering the potentialities of “unveiling” the secrets of tacit knowledge in different contexts. Second, considering most cases for the model mainly came from certain Japanese manufacturing companies that more or less relates to assemble lines, it is necessary to be cautious when the model is extended for a broader application.
Knowledge management in extended operations networks
Authors: Spring Martin
Published: September 2003

It is argued that existing literature on knowledge management fails to combine inter‐and intra‐organizational knowledge transfers and also neglects the role of spatial proximity in face‐to‐face transfers of tacit knowledge. A model is developed that captures these variables in a dyadic transfer situation, and short cases illustrate aspects of the model. Suggestions are made on how the dyadic model may be developed to apply to interactions in networks of more than two actors.
Perceptions of knowledge management: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Mason David , Pauleen David J.
Published: September 2003

This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study of middle managers’ perceptions of knowledge management (KM) implementation in NZ organizations. Data were collected in a survey of 71 attendees of a KM presentation. The data were analyzed using qualitative coding principles. Two core issues were examined – barriers and drivers of KM. Subcategories under barriers were primarily concerned with factors internal to the organization such as organizational culture, leadership, and education. Drivers were mostly external to the organization and included competition, peer pressure, and the need for increased productivity. The results indicate that the way managers manage themselves and their organizations are perceived to be the biggest barriers to KM implementation.
Implementing process‐oriented knowledge management strategies
Authors: Maier Ronald , Remus Ulrich
Published: September 2003

Despite growing interest about a strategic perspective on knowledge management (KM), there is still a lack of a procedure and methods to guide the implementation of KM strategies. In this paper, we review the current state of practice of KM initiatives and identify four scenarios for potentially successful KM initiatives. The majority of organizations can be described as being a knowledge management starter. In order to improve these KM initiatives and link them to business strategy, we suggest a process‐oriented knowledge management approach as a step to bridge the gap between human‐ and technology‐oriented KM. This approach is outlined with the help of the four levels of intervention: (1) strategy, (2) KM organization and processes, (3) topics/content, and (4) instruments/systems. The definition and implementation of a process‐oriented KM strategy in a large transaction bank will serve as an example to illustrate the application of our approach.
Reviewing the knowledge management literature: towards a taxonomy
Authors: Kakabadse Nada K. , Kakabadse Andrew , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: September 2003

Academic and practitioner interpretations of knowledge management are captured through a comprehensive taxonomy of knowledge models. How knowledge is absorbed raises the question as to whether focus should be placed on knowledge transfer or knowledge management. It is concluded that the contextual demands for knowledge application dictate which pathway to pursue.
Determinants of knowledge management technology projects in Australian law firms
Authors: Gottschalk Petter , Khandelwal Vijay K.
Published: September 2003

Information technology support for knowledge management can be classified into four categories of knowledge management technology projects. The first category of projects is concerned with end user tools that are made available to knowledge workers, the second category is information about who knows what, the third category is information from knowledge workers, and the final category is information systems solving knowledge problems. This paper reports results from an empirical study of law firms in Australia. While current projects in most firms were concerned with end user tools, few firms had projects storing information about who knows what, some firms were storing what they know, and few firms were implementing systems solving knowledge problems. Discriminant analysis indicates that firm size in terms of number of lawyers and IT department size in terms of number of IT personnel are significant determinants of category of knowledge management technology projects in each firm.
The transformation and search of semi‐structured knowledge in organizations
Authors: Huang Chun‐Che , Kuo Chia‐Ming
Published: September 2003

Knowledge is perceived as very important asset for organizations and knowledge management is critical for organization competitiveness. Because the nature of knowledge is always represented as complex and varied, it is difficult to extend effectiveness of knowledge re‐use in organizations. In this article, an approach based on the Zachman’s Framework to externalize organizational knowledge into semi‐structured knowledge is developed, and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is applied to transform the knowledge into documents. In addition, latent semantic indexing (LSI), which is capable of solving problems of synonyms and antonyms, as well as improving accuracy of document searches, is incorporated to facilitate search of semi‐structured knowledge (SSK) documents based on user demands. The SSK approach shows great promise for organizations to acquire, store, disseminate, and reuse knowledge.
Braintrust International 2003 Conference, San Francisco, CA
Authors: Chatzkel Jay
Published: September 2003

The Braintrust 2003 Conference gave ground to the sense that the knowledge movement is struggling to gain new levels of maturity. Sessions explored the business implications of knowledge, focusing on the use of knowledge in workflow, in mergers and acquisitions, and in recognizing the need to go to the periphery to grasp trends and emerging ideas. It is significant that knowledge management, change management and business management began to be woven together in these presentations. The presentations at Braintrust delineated that the challenge to KM practitioners is first, to be better and more related to business needs while second, staying continually sensitive to changes that may potentially sweep their organizations, leading to fundamental shifts in how the organization and its supporting knowledge effort need to relate to the world.
Environmental concerns, knowledge and practices gap among Malaysian teachers
Authors: Mat Said Aini , Ahmadun Fakhru'l‐Razi , Hj. Paim Laily , Masud Jariah
Published: September 2003

Environmental problems are caused directly or indirectly by the patterns of production by industries, patterns of consumption and behavior of the consumers. The shaping of attitude and values, commitment and skills needed to preserve and protect the environment begins at an early age. Hence educators play an influential role in developing new patterns of behaviors for individuals. Accordingly, aims to determine the level of knowledge, environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior and identify the extent of involvement in nature‐related activities of school teachers. Also investigates the relationships between these variables. The subjects were 285 school teachers who were randomly selected from ten regular government schools in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. A survey was conducted using drop and collect method. The data illustrated the presence of high level of environmental concern among the teachers. The environmental knowledge was fair but generally poor in understanding of the underlying causes of environmental problems. The practices of environmentally responsible behavior were not in concert with the level of concern and knowledge. The respondents were not actively involved in nature‐related activities. Proposes ways of enhancing the ecological awareness and responsibilities of the teachers.