bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identificación Inicial de las Formas de Argumentación sobre Ecología en Escuela Rural
Authors: Vargas Alexander , Torres Nidia Yaneth , Ochoa Edelmira
Published: June 2021

El artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar los resultados de las formas de argumentación en ecología desarrolladas por estudiantes de contexto rural de octavo y noveno grado, sobre bosque andino y páramo haciendo abordajes de Cuestiones Socio Científicas. El estudio usó metodología cualitativa y se enmarcó en el paradigma hermenéutico interpretativo. Para el desarrollo, se aplicó un test diseñado por los autores para abordar el tema plateado. El análisis se enfoca en las categorías de contenido, estructura y discusión del argumento. Los resultados señalan que los estudiantes presentan dificultades en la construcción de argumentos, pues relacionan incorrectamente códigos científicos y las justificaciones o conclusiones carecen de coherencia y fundamentación para dar respuesta a cuestionamientos planteados. Se concluyó que la matriz de evaluación utilizada, los contenidos abordados y el análisis hecho, aportan a la comprensión sobre las formas de argumentación usadas por los estudiantes participantes.
Presentación
Authors: De Flachs María Cristina Vera
Published: June 2021

Los movimientos estudiantiles no son manifestaciones nuevas o modernas sino han existido desde la fundación misma de las universidades. Sin embargo, su estudio no concitó la atención que se merecía dentro de la historiografía universitaria hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo, quizás porque esos “actoresflotantes”, como los denomina Bourdieu, no eran considerados importantes.Cada movimiento estudiantil tuvo sus particularidades según la época histórica en que se produjo su entorno geográfico o la situación política imperante, aunque a veces, dadas sus características comunes se pueden agrupar.Por  lo antedicho es interesante destacar la importancia que tiene este número de la Revista dedicado a analizar distintos procesos de luchas estudiantiles en Latinoamérica.
MAESTRO GERMÁN ARCINIEGAS EL EDUCADOR, ENSAYISTA, CULTURÓLOGO E IDEÓLOGO DE LOS MOVIMIENTOS ESTUDIANTILES EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Ocampo Lopez Javier
Published: June 2021

Este trabajo de investigación es un estudio sobre el pensamiento y la acción educativa del Maestro Dr. Germán Arciniegas, el Fundador de la Federación de Estudiantes de Colombia, quien inició el movimiento estudiantil en la Década de los Veinte del siglo XX. Se destaca su actividad como estudiante, diplomático, político, Ministro de Educación, educador universitario, periodista y académico de la Lengua y de Historia. Se estudian las ideas de este gran ensayista, autor de numerosas obras y artículos sobre la identidad de AméricaLatina y sus relaciones con el mundo.Se destaca su pasión por la educación con la fuerza de la creatividad para los latinoamericanos, como único camino para asegurar el futuro de estos pueblos del NUEVO MUNDO que durante cinco centurias han desarrollado una cultura propia, pero que necesitan el dinamismo de la integración y la unidad como lo defendieron los Libertadores.
Reseñas de Libros y Revistas
Authors: RHELA Revista
Published: June 2021

Seccion de Reseñas de Libros y Revistas
Youth, Land and Rural Livelihoods in Africa
Authors: Chamberlin Jordan , Sumberg James
Published: June 2021

Rural economic transformations in Africa are generating new opportunities to engage with agricultural value chains. However, many young people are said to be locked out of such opportunities because of limited access to farmland, which pushes them out of agriculture and rural areas, and/or hinders their autonomy. This framing of the ‘land problem’ imperfectly reflects rural young people’s livelihoods in much of sub-Saharan Africa, and therefore does not provide a solid basis for policy. Policy-relevant discussions must consider the diversity of rural contexts, broader land dynamics and more nuanced depictions of youth engagement with the rural economy.
Youth and the Rural Economy in Africa
Authors: Sumberg James
Published: June 2021

How do young people across Africa engage with the rural economy? And what are the implications for how they build livelihoods and futures for themselves, and for rural areas and policy? These questions are closely linked to the broader debate about Africa’s employment crisis, and specifically youth employment, which has received ever-increasing policy and public attention over the past two decades. Indeed, employment and the idea of ‘decent work for all’ is central to the Sustainable Development Goals to which national governments and development partners across sub-Saharan Africa have publicly subscribed. It is in this context that between 2017 and 2020, a consortium led by the Institute of Development Studies, with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development, undertook research on young people’s engagement with the rural economy in SSA.
Crystal structure and indicatopy significance of odikhinchaite from the Khibiny alkaline complex
Authors:   Institute of Crystallography FSRC «Crystallography and Photonics» RAS, Rastsvetaeva R. K. , Chukanov N. V. ,   Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Lisitsin D. V. ,   Samotsvety Museum, Federal agency for mineral resources, Voronin M. V. ,   Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS, Varlamov D. A. ,   Institute of experimental mineralogy RAS
Published: June 2021

Odikhinchaite, a Sr-Mn-Nb-CO3-dominant eudialyte-group mineral from the Khibiny alkaline complex has been investigated using the methods of electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structure was refined to R = 3.4 % in the anisotropic approximation of atomic displacements using 3815 independent reflections with F > 3(F). The unit-cell parameters are: a = 14.2709(1), c = 30.023(1) Å, V = 5295.33(7) Å3; the space group is R3m. The simplified formula of the mineral is (Z = 3): Na11Sr3(Mn2+,Fe2+,Fe3+)Ca6Zr3Nb[Si25O72(OH)](CO3)Cl(OH,O)4. The studied sample is the second find of this rare mineral worldwide, represented by a variety with high Fe content in the M2 micro-region, belonging to the taseqite — odikhinchaite solid-solution series. The significance of odikhinchaite as an indicator of a stage corresponding to maximum Sr activity in specific ultraagpaitic pegmatites is discussed.
Mafite-ultramafites (Peridotitovy stream, Polar Urals): mineralogy, estimation of P–T-parameters of formation
Authors:   Institute of Geology FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Ulyasheva N. S. , Udoratina O. V. , Shuisky A. S.
Published: June 2021

The petrographic features and conditions of the formation of metamorphosed mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Ampelshor complex, which are part of a small massif in the southern part of the Marunke u block of the Polar Urals (Peridotitovyi stream) and are controlled by tectonic thrust faults, have been studied. Muscovite-albite-clinozoisite-amphibole rocks (metabasites) and pyroxene-amphibole-chlorite (metautramafic) rocks are described. Structural, textural, and mineralogical features of metamagmatites indicate the hypabyssal nature of metabasite and plutonic nature of metaultramaphite. In metabasites, primary minerals are represented by relics of amphiboles (pargasite, edenite), and in metaultramaphites — by olivine and, possibly, clinopyroxene (augite, diopside). Magnesiohastingsite and chermakite in metautramafite were formed either at the late magmatic or metamorphic stages of rock transformation. The studied rocks underwent low-temperature changes (t — 468–380 °C, P — 2–3 kbar), corresponding to the greenschist metamorphic facies.
Technological mineralogy: from Academician V. M. Severgin to the present day
Authors:   Institute of Geology, Karelia Science Center RAS, Shchiptsov V. V.
Published: June 2021

It is shown that the origins of technological mineralogy in Russia are associated with the name of Academician V. M. Severgin, who at the end of the 18th century introduced the concept of «technological and economic» mineralogy. The stage of development of 1921—1955 is considered as important for the formation of the school of applied mineralogy. The next stage is the implementation of the principles of technological mineralogy in the practice of geological exploration and mining production and the creation of the Technological Mineralogy Commission of the All-Union Mineralogical Society by the beginning of 1983. The main directions of the development of technological mineralogy and the role of the published works of the commission are substantiated.
KOMPARASI KAPASITAS NOMINAL LENTUR PELAT KOMPOSIT BETON-DEK BAJA ANTARA METODE ULTIMIT, TEGANGAN KERJA, DAN SDI-ANSI 2017
Authors:   Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yulianto Hariadi
Published: June 2021

Today, the most efficient slab construction method is the concrete-steel deck composite slab because there is no need to remove the deck after the concrete casting process. Nevertheless, reinforced concrete standard code (SNI 2847:2019) not emphasized a specific method to calculate the concrete-steel deck slab's nominal capacity. The code is embraced by the plastic method analysis, which is calculated the nominal capacity of the structure on the ultimate condition. However, several laboratory tests reveal a slip behavior between the concrete and steel deck before the slab reaches its ultimate condition. Therefore, alternative methods are needed to analyze the nominal capacity of concrete-steel deck slab. This study compares three different nominal capacity analysis methods to a laboratory test result. Those methods are ultimate, working stress, and SDI-ANSI (2017). The average error value of those three methods compared to laboratory test results in 35,57%, 9,48%, and -10,31% for ultimate, working stress, SDI-ANSI (2017) consecutively.it can be concluded the working stress method is the most accurate. However, SDI-ANSI (2017) is the conservative one, while the ultimate method is not recommended to analyze the concrete-steel deck slab's nominal capacity.
ANALISIS ANGKUTAN SEDIMEN DASAR (BED LOAD) PADA SALURAN IRIGASI MATARAM YOGYAKARTA
Authors:   Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Hermawan Anggi , Afiato Erwin ,   Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta
Published: June 2021

In the last decade, the problem that has occurred in the Yogyakarta Mataram irrigation channel is the occurrence of sedimentation in the channel. This has an impact on reducing the cross-sectional discharge capacity of the canal and resulting in the supply of irrigation discharge to agricultural areas to be not optimal, so that agricultural productivity in the Mataram Irrigation Area will also not be optimal. The sediment transport (bed load) that occurs in an open channel can be approached using the empirical equation, including the Einstein, Meyer - Peter Muller and Frijlink equations. Sediment transport events that occur in the channel are stated based on the magnitude of the flow shear stress which exceeds the critical shear stress of the sediment particles. The quantity of sediment transport in the channel is stated on the logarithmic curve of the relationship between the froude number (fr) to the sediment transports (qb). The Curve explains that the increase in the froude number (fr) that occurs on each section of the channel will be directly proportional to the increase in the quantity of transport sediment (qb). The largest sediment transport occurred at the site of the Gambang and Nambongan channel section with a prediction of sediment transport of 3.57 m3/day and 3.67 m3/day, respectively. Thus, the potential for sediment transport that will settle in the downstream area is 3.67 m3/day.
Applications of PERALS-Alpha Spectrometry for the Investigation of Radionuclides in Water Samples
Authors: Zehringer Markus Raymond , Kammerer Franziska , Pregler Anja
Published: June 2021

In this paper, experiences of the last 20 years with the PERALS-technique are described. PERALS stands for Photo Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation. This LSC-technique was developed by Jack McDowell in the 70ies and is a powerful technique for the analyses of many natural alpha nuclides. The principle is based on a selective extraction of the radionuclide from the water phase by means of a complexing or ion pair reagent. The extractant contains also a suitable cocktail for the scintillation counting. Therefore, the extract can be analysed directly after the extraction step. After removing quenchers, such as oxygen, and the proper setting of a pulse shape discriminator, alpha pulses can be counted with a photomultiplier. The paper describes the development of robust analysis schemes for the determination of traces of polonium, radon, radium, strontium, thorium, uranium and other actinides in water samples (groundwater, rain water, river water, drinking water, mineral water, sea water).
Polarization Converter for Satellite Systems
Authors: Piltyay Stepan , Bulashenko Andrew
Published: June 2021

This research presents the design and characteristics of new wideband polarizer based on the square waveguide with irises. Matching and polarization characteristics of the polarizer have been simulated and optimized. Frequency dependences of the characteristics are presented. Developed polarizer can be applied in satellite information systems.
Economic Growth And Unemployment: An Empirical Assessment of Okun’s Law In The Case of Liberia
Authors: Conteh Kaiballah
Published: June 2021

The aim of this research is to look at the relationship between economic growth and unemployment in Liberia from 2001 to 2019. To investigate the association between unemployment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the unit root test, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Co-integration test, and the Standard Granger Causality test were used. The Auto Regressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) bounds test is used to decide if the variables have a long run linkage. The ARDL model findings indicate that there is no long-run association between unemployment and economic growth. The findings of this analysis have especially significant policy implications for Liberian economic policymakers. The observational findings revealed a negligible association between unemployment and economic growth in both the long and short term. The Liberian government should redirect its spending toward activities that directly and indirectly promote the creation of employment and decent jobs, a conducive environment and flexible labor market policies or legislation that are not impediments to job creation should be created, and finally, the government should prioritize industries that promote labor intensive.
On the Riemann-Hardy Conjecture for the Ramanujan Zeta-Function
Authors: Yang Xiao-Jun
Published: June 2021

In this article we propose the integral, series and product representations for the Ramanujan zeta-function. We suggest a variant for the Conrey-Ghosh product for the entire Ramanujan zeta-function. We present some variants for the product for the Ramanujan $\Xi$-function. We prove that all of its zeros are real. Along the way we obtain the truth of the Riemann-Hardy conjecture.
A contraluz: las inspecciones e intervenciones corporales en la investigación del proceso penal cubano
Authors: Matos Hidalgo Leaned , Chávez Ramírez Yordan
Published: June 2021

La investigación aborda los presupuestos teóricos, normativos y comparados acerca de las inspecciones e intervenciones corporales. Se pone de manifiesto su necesaria y correcta formulación como diligencias de investigación en el proceso penal cubano, debido a que se generan dificultades en la práctica jurídica con su aplicación. Se define como objetivo general fundamentar el perfeccionamiento de la realización de las inspecciones e intervenciones corporales, a partir del análisis teórico-práctico en aras de la protección de los derechos fundamentales de los procesados y víctimas del delito.
La perspectiva de género y los operadores del sistema de impartición y procuración de justicia en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
Authors: Miramontes Ruiz Claudia Lizbeth
Published: June 2021

La presente investigación tuvo como objeto analizar si los operadores del sistema de impartición y procuración de justicia en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, en cumplimiento a la sentencia del “Campo Algodonero” emitida por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el año 2009, están verdaderamente preparados para atender con perspectiva de género los casos de mujeres transgénero. Este trabajo fue de tipo no experimental, transversal, descriptivo y de carácter cualitativo. Para ello se realizaron 32 entrevistas en las cuales los voluntarios fueron agentes del Ministerio Público, agentes de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, agentes de la Comisión Estatal de Seguridad de la Fiscalía General del Estado y agentes Municipales de la Secretaria de Seguridad Pública.
Low Well Cost: Effective Cost Optimisation for Marginal Green Field Development Using Fit-for-Purpose Well Design
Authors: Thamilyanan Thivyashini , Bakar Hasmizah , Zawawi Irzee , Mohd Hatta Siti Aishah
Published: June 2021

During the low oil price era, the ability to deliver a small business investment yet high monetary gains was the epitome of success. A marginal field with its recent success of appraisal drilling which tested 3000bopd will add monetary value if it is commercialized as early as possible. However, given its marginal Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place (STOIIP), the plan to develop this field become a real challenge to the team to find a fit-for-purpose investment to maximize the project value. Luxuries such as sand control, artificial lift and frequent well intervention need to be considered for the most cost-effective measures throughout the life of field ‘Xion’.

During field development study, several development strategies were proposed to overcome the given challenges such as uncertainty of reservoir connectivity, no gas lift supply, limited footprint to cater surface equipment and potential sand production. Oriented perforation, Insitu Gas Lift (IGL), Pressure Downhole Gauge (PDG), Critical Drawdown Pressure (CDP) monitoring is among the approaches used to manage the field challenges will be discussed in this paper. Since there are only two wells required to develop this field, a minimum intervention well is the best option to improve the project economics.

This paper will discuss the method chosen to optimize the well and completion strategy cost so that it can overcome the challenges mentioned above in the most cost-effective approach. Artificial lift will utilize the shallower gas reservoirs through IGL in comparison to conventional gas lift. Sand Production monitoring will utilize the PDG by monitoring the CDP. The perforation strategy will employ the oriented perforation to reduce the sand free drawdown limit compare to the full perforation strategy. The strategy to monitor production through PDG will also reduce the number of interventions to acquire pressure data in establishing reservoir connectivity for the second phase development through secondary recovery and reservoir pressure maintenance plan.

This paper will also explain the innovative approaches adopted for this early monetization and fast track project which is only completed within 4 months. This paper will give merit to petroleum engineers and well completion engineers involved in the development of marginal fields.
First MPD Project in Myanmar Successfully Completed on Deepwater Exploration Well
Authors: Dalgit Singh Harpreet Kaur , Ta Quoc Bao , Benny Benny , Ho Ching Shearn
Published: June 2021

With the many challenges associated with Deepwater Drilling, Managed Pressure Drilling has proven to be a very useful tool to mitigate many hurdles. Client approached Managed Pressure Drilling technology to drill Myanmar's first MPD well on a Deepwater exploration well. The well was drilled with a Below Tension Ring-Slim Rotating Control Device (BTR-S RCD) and Automated MPD Choke System installed on semi-submersible rig, Noble Clyde Boudreaux (NCB). The paper will detail MPD objectives, application and well challenges, in conjunction with pore pressure prediction to manage the bottom hole pressure to drill to well total depth safely and efficiently.

This exploration well was drilled from a water depth of 590m from a Semisubmersible rig required MPD application for its exploratory drilling due to uncertainties of drilling window which contained a sharp pressure ramp, with a history of well bore ballooning there was high potential to encounter gas in the riser. The Deepwater MPD package integrated with the rig system, offered a safer approach to overcome the challenges by enhanced influx monitoring and applying surface back pressure (SBP) to adjust bottom hole pressures as required. Additionally, modified pore pressure hunting method was incorporated to the drilling operation to allow more accurate pore pressure prediction, which was then applied to determine the required SBP in order to maintain the desired minimum overbalance while drilling ahead.

The closed loop MPD circulating system allowed to divert returns from the well, through MPD flow spool into MPD distribution manifold and MPD automated choke manifold system to the shakers and rig mud gas separator (MGS). The automated MPD system allows control and adjustments of surface back pressure to control bottom hole pressure. MPD technology was applied with minimal overbalance on drilling and connections while monitoring on background gases. A refined pore pressure hunting method was introduced with manipulation of applied surface back pressure to define this exploration well pore pressure and drilling window. The applied MPD Deepwater technique proved for cost efficiency and rig days to allow two deeper casing setting depths and eliminating requirement to run contingency liners.

MPD system and equipment is proving to be a requirement for Deepwater drilling for optimizing drilling efficiency. This paper will also capture detailed lesson learned from the operations as part of continuous learning for improvement on Deepwater MPD drilling.
Multi Well Analysis Data Processing for Event Analysis and Mitigation
Authors: Laurent Vallet , Pavel Gutarov , Bertrand Chevallier , Julien Converset , Graeme Paterson , Antoine Vaslin
Published: June 2021

In the current economic environment, delivering wells on time and on budget is paramount. Well construction is a significant cost of any field development and it is more important than ever to minimize these costs and to avoid unnecessary lost time and non-productive time. Invisible lost time and non-productive time can represent as much as 40% of the cost of well construction and can lead to more severe issues such as delaying first oil, losing the well or environmental impact. There has been much work developing systems to optimize well construction, but the industry still fails to routinely detect and avoid problematic events such as stuck pipe, kicks, losses and washouts.

Standardizing drilling practice can help also to improve the efficiency, this practice has shown a 30% cost reduction through repetitive and systematic practices, automation becomes the key process to realize it and Machine Learning introduced by new technologies is the key to achieve it.

Drilling data analysis is key to understanding reasons for bad performances and detecting at an early stage potential downhole events. It can be done efficiently to provide to the user tools to look at the well construction process in its whole instead of looking at the last few hours as it is done at the rig site. In order to analyze the drilling data, it is necessary to have access to reliable data in Real-Time to compare with a data model considering the context (BHA, fluids, well geometry). Well planning, including multi-well offset analysis of risks, drilling processes and geology enables a user to look at the full well construction process and define levels of automation.

This paper applies machine learning to a post multi-well analysis of a deepwater field development known for its drilling challenges. Minimizing the human input through automation allowed us to compare offset wells and to define the root cause for non-productive time. In our case study an increase of the pressure while drilling should have led to immediate mitigation measures to avoid a wiper trip.

This paper presents techniques used to systematize surface data analysis and a workflow to identify at an early stage a near pack off which was spotted in an automatic way. The application of this process during operations could have achieved a 10%-time reduction of the section 12 ¼’’.
A Novel Approach of Dynamic Parameter Calculation in Real Time While Managed Pressure Cementing and its application in Ultra-Deep Well
Authors: Zhou Haobo , Wang Guo , Liu Jinge , Sun Lianzhong , Zhang Hongning
Published: June 2021

Tremendous amounts of oil and gas reservoir are located in ultra-deep formations, such as Shunnan block in Tarim basin of China, some reservoirs buried deeper than 8000m and which are major exploration areas of SINOPEC. The formation geological conditions are complicated, multiple pressure systems co-exist in the same borehole, narrow pressure-margin problems, all above may cause down-hole troublesome conditions while cementing, such as leaking, fracturing formations and so on. And the managed pressure cementing (MPC) was selected for solving the above problems. But the key for a successful MPC depend on accurate, real-time knowledge of dynamic parameters calculation. Therefore, a real time dynamic parameters calculation for MPC is very important.

Firstly, a comprehensive real-time hydraulic calculation method for cementing replacement process was established, in which the difference of density, rheological properties, location and length of different fluids were taken into account. In order to improve the calculation precision, the flow channel both in pipe and annuli was divided into several sections, through which the different diameters of the channels were considered. Secondly, according to the density contrast of operating fluids, a vacuum (U-Tube effect) will appear at the inlet in the cementing replacement process, an integrated U-Tube effect analytical model was established based on the Euler equation, in which the influence of well deviation was taken into account too, and though which the height and volume of vacuum, the down-hole operating fluids acceleration, the out flow rate variation et al. all can be accurately calculated and simulated. Moreover, a series of system calculation software were developed to predict cementing fluids position, fluids acceleration, flow pressure drop, BHP, expected WHP and the related control parameters for MPC.

The proposed model has been applied in HPHT ultra-deep well MPC operation of SINOPEC Northwest oil filed in Traim basin, there is an excellent match between the calculated and measured data. Furthermore, this simulation software has been used for designing the MPC parameters, and it runs smoothly with convenient operation. Therefore it can be seen this system can be applied to provide more convenient fast and precise dynamic parameters monitoring for MPC.

This study proposed a novel model of Cementing dynamic parameters calculating and developed a comprehensive real-time monitoring system for MPC. Through the application of the monitoring, we can adjust the cementing parameters in real time while MPC, and this real-time monitoring has been applied in several wells very well. Therefore, this study is novel and can afford an effective approach to improve cement quality.
Infill Depleted Gas Well Cementing Challenges for Offshore Myanmar Drilling Operations
Authors: Ang Ajita Ang C K , Kumar Avinash A Kumar , Ghani Syazwan B A Ghani , Nann Nann N N Maung , Yusoff M Hanif Yusof , Thuzar Myat Thuzar , Lau Lau C Hen
Published: June 2021

Infill well drilling was planned and executed to increase production in a significantly depleted field. A total of 3 infill wells were drilled in 2 different layers of reservoir for an offshore operator in Myanmar. In the offset wells, water production had become significantly higher throughout. Previously all offset wells in this field were completed with open hole sand screens was chosen to isolate the water bearing sand in the sand reservoir below. Pore pressure prognosis were calculated from offset well depletion rate. Reservoir formation properties is assumed to be same throughout the field.

The first well was drilled and was found that there were two gas water contacts through the 3 targeted sand layers. The gas water contact and WUT (Water Up To) in this well were unexpected and it was prognosed that these gas water contact are there due to compartmentalization. The 7" liner were set and cemented throughout these reservoirs. The cement job went as per the plan and there were no losses recorded during cementing. However, initial cement log did not show isolation. 2 more runs of cement log were performed 6 days and 10 days later while conducting intervention activities on other wells. All three cement log came to the same conclusion, showing no isolation throughout the annulus of the 7" production liner. Significant amount of gas had percolated into the annulus over time. Despite no evidence of poor cement slurry design observed during running various sensitivity studies and post-job lab tests final cement log, which was conducted under pressure and confirmed no hydraulic isolation. A cement remedial job was planned and an investigation was conducted to identify the plausible root causes.

This paper explains on the root causes of poor cement presence in the annulus, and the remedial work that took place to rectify the issue.
Predrill Geomechanical Evaluation Helps in Successful Drilling in High Depletion Wells in a Mature Field, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Latip Mohamad Hafiz , Chatterjee Avirup , Ghosh Amitava , Santha Moorthy Priveen Raj
Published: June 2021

Hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in a mature field, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, contains multiple reservoir cycles interbedded with weak shale and coal formations. Years of production from these reservoirs caused significant pressure depletion, as well as reduced fracture gradient and a narrower drilling mud weight window. An improperly weighted mud may induce wellbore instability in weaker, but normally pressured, formations or mud losses in the heavily depleted reservoirs. Globally, mud losses are considered the most expensive well control operation incidents. Earlier drilling campaigns in ths field encountered numerous wellbore instability incidents; hence, a study was conducted to develop an understanding of the drilling issues and assess the stability of the heavily depleted reservoirs. Collaboration between the drilling and geomechanics teams facilitated better understanding of the stability challenges and helped in mitigating risk related to wellbore instability.

A field scale geomechanical model was developed and validated using data from exploration and development wells from different phases of drilling in the study area. The stress path factor (SPF), which determines the reduction in fracture gradient with pore pressure depletion is crucial for defining drilling mud windows, is difficult to constrain in the absence of measured formation fracturing data in virgin and depleted reservoirs. A mud loss event in the depleted zone from a recent drilled well and regional information were used to estimate the range of SPF in the study area. Recorded bottom hole pressures from pressure while drilling (PWD) data suggested that the maximum equivalent circulating density (ECD) recorded was close or within the depleted section. The loss event was associated with reduced fracture gradient due to depletion from its pre-depleted range. This paper describes how geomechanical evaluation with effective well drilling practices and fit for purpose-drilling fluids have helped drilling through depleted reservoirs with ECD management. At the end, it shows a comparison of the predrill wellbore stability mud weight estimates with the actual mud weights used to successfully drill and complete the planned wells.
Novel Dual-Tubing Technique to Eliminate the Shut-in Period in CO2 Huff-n-Puff Injection for Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Hamdi Zakaria , Mohanadas Nirmal , Lilaysromant Margarita , Talabi Oluwole
Published: June 2021

Some heavy oil production can be established using conventional methods; however, these methods are often somewhat ineffective with low recovery factors of less than 20%. Carbon dioxide (CO2) huff-n-puff or cyclic CO2 injection is one of the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods that can be used in stimulating aging wells to recover some residual oil. The shut-in stage of this method results in a significant delay in the production time, and hence lower oil recovery. For the first time, in this paper, an attempt is made to overcome this issue by a novel approach, employing dual tubing completions. The aim of this is to increase the oil recovery with the production during soak time. Also, a majority of the remaining heavy oil reservoirs are carbonates, hence the research was focused on the same conditions. Numerical simulation is done using dual-tubing conditions in a dual-porosity model with conventional tubing as a base case. Optimization studies are done for injection rate, injection time, soaking time, production time, and huff-n-puff cycles. The results show that the recovery factor can increase significantly, with no discontinuity in production. Preliminary economic studies for the cases also showed a net increase in profit of 7% (1.3 million Dollars for the case chosen). This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method which can be implemented into conventional operations, for a more sustainable economy in the era of low oil prices.
Automatic Identification of Rock Formation Type While Drilling Using Machine Learning Based Data-Driven Models
Authors: Z. Losoya Enrique , Vishnumolakala Narendra , Noynaert Samuel F. , Medina-Cetina Zenon , Bukkapatnam Satish , Gildin Eduardo
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to present a novel rock formation identification model using a data-driven modeling approach. This study explores the use of real-time drilling data to train and validate a classification model to improve the efficiency of the drilling process by reducing Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE). In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a layer-based determination and change detection of properties of rock formation currently being drilled as accurately and fast as possible. Data for this study was collected from a custom-built lab-scale drilling rig equipped with multiple sensors. The experiment was conducted by drilling through an arrangement of different rock formations of varying rock strength properties. Data was recorded and stored at a frequency of 2 kHz, then filtered, processed, and downsampled to extract relevant features. This dataset was used to train an Artificial Neural Network and other machine learning classification algorithms. Feature selection was made first with ten most notable features found by Random Forest, and the second set with derived measurements and down-sampled dynamic features from the sensors. The classification analysis was divided into two steps: the best predictors/features extraction and classification model building. The models were trained using multiple classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). It was found that random forest and ANN performed the best with prediction accuracy of 99.48% and 99.58%, respectively, for the data set with ten most prominent features. The high prediction rate accuracy for the most prominent predictors suggests that if the high-frequency data can be processed in real-time, predicting what formation we are drilling in is possible to achieve in near real-time. This can lead to significant savings for drilling companies as optimal drilling parameters can be computed, and in turn, optimized Mechanical Specific Energy can be obtained in real-time. Since the rock formation identification is time-consuming, we also describe here an alternative approach using slightly less accurate but equally powerful dynamic predictors. In this case, we show that our dynamic predictor models with RF and ANN yielded prediction accuracy of 96.30% and 95.61%, respectively. Both the prominent feature and dynamic predictor approaches are described in detail in this paper. Our results suggest that accurately predicting rock formation type in real-time while drilling is very much feasible with lesser computational cost and complexity. This study provides the building blocks for the development of a completely autonomous downhole device and Electronic Device Recorders (EDR) that reduces the need for highly sophisticated sensors or data transmission processes downhole.
First Implementation of an Innovative Mud-Removal Solution to Improve Well Integrity in Egypt
Authors: Abdulaal Ahmed , El Nadoury Mohamed , Pallapothu Surya , Mohamed Fayed , Younan Joseph , Sabra Yasser
Published: June 2021

Downhole well integrity starts by removing the drilling fluids from the well and cleaning the annulus using a spacer to prepare for the cement to be placed. The Kamose field in the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea is drilled with a diesel oil-based drilling fluid system that is very difficult to remove with conventional spacer technologies. To improve the mud removal, an innovative spacer based on fiber scrubbing technology was used successfully.

The Kamose wells are drilled with high deviation that varies from 60˚to75˚ resulting in poor mud removal due to insufficient casing standoff. The narrow windows between pore pressure and fracture gradients limits the pump rate and thus results in the unsuccessful use of conventional spacers. This results in a mud layer that is always left in the narrow side of the well, which impacts the log response and the downhole well integrity. To address the issue, an innovative mud removal solution was developed. The spacer design includes an engineered scrubbing material which, through mechanical action, cleans the surfaces of the casing and the formation. This allows for better contact of the cement with the casing, formation surfaces, and bonding.

Extensive laboratory qualification tests with the current drilling fluids were performed not only to check the cleaning efficiency of the new spacer but also on the compatibility with all the other fluids. The results show a very high cleaning efficiency of 90% compared to 68% when using a conventional spacer. The solution was combined with the local cementing best practices which produced an excellent log response using sonic and ultrasonic tools therefore ensuing the downhole well integrity.

The case history of the spacer fiber-based technology solution provides an alternative to improve the cement bond evaluation and ensuring downhole well integrity.
Leveraging on Machine Learning Solution for Pioneering Wells Augmented Stuck Pipe Indicator in Real Time Centre
Authors: Yusoff Mohamad Hazwan , Meor Hashim Meor Muhammad Hakeem , Hamzah Muhammad Hadi , Arriffin Muhammad Faris , Mohamad Azlan
Published: June 2021

Stuck pipe incidents remain as one of the major problems in the drilling industry. The incidents will lead to expensive loss time in daily spread cost, bottom hole assembly cost, sidetracking cost as well as fishing cost. The Wells Augmented Stuck Pipe (WASP) Indicator, a state-of-the-art machine learning technology that seamlessly integrates with PETRONAS existing technologies, is introduced as the stuck pipe prevention detection system for the company. Historical real-time drilling data and stuck pipe incidents reports between 2007 and 2019 are used for the development of machine learning models. The models utilize key drilling parameters such as hookload and equivalent circulating density (ECD) to predict and analyze trends to detect any signature pattern anomalies for various stuck pipe events. The prediction and alarm are displayed in real-time monitoring software to trigger the operation team for prompt intervention. The WASP solution has demonstrated proven outcomes using historical and live well with high confidence in detecting stuck pipe incidents due to differential sticking, hole cleaning, and wellbore geometry. The WASP Indicator is envisaged to provide the company with cutting edge advantages in the industry. It is expected that the system will reduce the identification period and improve the reaction time of the monitoring specialists in recognizing the stuck pipe symptoms and highlighting potential incidents. The system is also bringing value to the company via non-productive time (NPT) cost avoidance and identification of early onset of various stuck pipe events based on distinct mechanisms. With the system, the existing portfolio value can be enhanced via setting dynamic trends and models into historical experiences context. The WASP Indicator is aspired to be the forefront innovation that will leap through the norm and lead the region in a greater plan of drilling automation system.
A New Cationic Shale Inhibitor and Water Blocking Agent for Water-Based Drilling Fluid
Authors: Al-Heed Mohammed , Murtaza Mobeen , Hussain Sayed , Gajbhiye Rahul
Published: June 2021

Drilling a shale formation is one of the challenges faced by the petroleum industry. Designing the drilling fluid, that reduces the interaction with shale, is important for safe and efficient drilling. This study investigates the new cationic surfactant as a shale inhibitor for the drilling fluid. The main objective of this study is to block the water penetration into the clay layers using the new shale inhibitor and evaluate its performance with commercial shale inhibitors.

To assess the performance of new cationic surfactant two reliable clay sources were considered. The first source is from unconventional Qusiba (Kaolinite) formation in Saudi Arabia and the second is a commercial Bentonite. The effect of new cationic formulation on preventing clay swelling were tested using API dynamic swelling meter at reservoir condition.

Further, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis were performed to ensure clay stability before exposing it to WBM and after exposure for cation exchange phenomenon, shape and size of the particle and efficacy of water penetration blockage. The results were also compared with commercial shale inhibitor.

The results show that the new cationic surfactant can act as a shale inhibitor as well as water blocking agent. It also showed acceptable performance compare with common shale inhibitors used in the industry, the performance can be further improved by optimizing the percentage of surfactant addition to the drilling fluid. This study provides the new cationic surfactant and proved to have good feature for oilfield applications and the cationity which is helping to reduce the water shale interactions.
A New Re-Fracturing Candidate Selection Method for Multi-Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Tao Liang , Zhang Xiaozhuo , Yang Shubo , Xian Sheng , Zhao Yuhang , Zhao Zhihong
Published: June 2021

The selection of refracturing candidate is the primary challenge of refracturing technology. There are many factors affecting the selection of refracturing candidate for multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) and the relationship between each factor is very complicated, which makes it very difficult to select the optimal wells. A new method combining initial completion efficiency and production performance was proposed in this study to solve this problem. First, the fracture parameters were obtained by fitting method to evaluate the initial completion efficiency. Then, the geological model was established by the method of reservoir numerical simulation to evaluate the dynamic effect of production. Finally, the potential of refracturing was evaluated. The new method has been successfully applied to 30 wells of the tight oil reservoirs in Songliao Basin China. The average daily oil production was 18.5 tons/day after refracturing treatment. This research could provide significant guidance for the development of tight oil reservoirs.
A Spectacular Cementing Record in Myanmar Offshore Deepwater Well
Authors: Sun Gang , Ullah Mohammad Solim , Li Yi , Maheshwari Mukesh , Khumtong Thirayu , Xiong Shao Chun , Ai Wu Chang , Balaraman Balasundaram , Edward Mic Mac , Chen Feng , Yao De Gang
Published: June 2021

Myanmar offshore is considered to be a very promising exploration and production (E&P) location for oil and gas but poses significant challenges to drilling and cementing operations. Low temperature at sea bed delays the cement compressive strength development, High pore pressure with steep gradient and low fracture pressure created a very narrow drilling margin, presence of shallow flow in riser-less section further complicated the cementing operation, low density cement with high performance is a must. With the exorbiant cost of Deepwater drilling, much needed fit for purpose cementing technology with efficient logistic support and excellence in execution became crucial.

This paper elaborates the cementing challenges at different sections of a recent deep-water well in offshore Mynamar and techniques that were planned and used to address those challenges. This paper will describe in detail the cementing method, how it fit the well situation, how the cement slurry was designed then evaluated and how the logistic support and execution were carried out, resulting in a resounding success.
Valuable Cuttings-Based Petrophysic Analysis Successfully Reduces Drilling Risk in HPHT Formations
Authors: Chen Jianlin , Yao Yanhua , Liu Yingbiao , Wang Zhaofei , Collier Craig , Tang Wenhuan
Published: June 2021

Cuttings data has always been neglected or forgotten as a source of information by many operators. In some areas, it is even common practice to throw away cuttings in order to reduce cost. However, cuttings data can yield a great amout of information to provide great value and support to drilling operations, as well as reduce potential downhole risks. This was evident in wells drilled in remote Western regions of China, where wells typically have high temperature high pressure (HTHP) formations with a true vertical depth ranging between 4000-7000 meters and target formation temperature between 150-160 degrees Celcius.

Due to severe drilling conditions, the measurement tools of Logging While Drilling (LWD) and Measured While Drilling (MWD) are at high risk of running into holes. Even due to the high formations’ temperatures is over the bottom line of LWD and MWD tools, the sensors of LWD and MWD cannot work efficiently in such circumstances, increasing the drilling risk and expense. Thus, "blind" drilling is the most reasonable economical choice for local operators. Without sufficient real-time formations’ information, the drilling uncertainties dramatically increase. The fluid loss, pipe stuck, as well as drilling bit damages frequently occur. Currently, there is no successful well that accesses to the target reservoir. The data from the wireline logs and cores cannot be available, as the well is the first exploration well in the block; however, during drilling, only drill cuttings are available for peoples.

The creative cutting-based petrophysics models are built for the formation analysis that is able to provide rock density, cuttings gamma, Delta Time of Compressional Acoustic (DTC), Unconfined Compressional Strength (UCS) Index, Caliper Index, Brittleness Index, and Hydrocarbon Index from the cuttings samples at the wellsite on a near-real-time basis. This data can help people quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the downhole formations on a near-real-time basis and can help people to make a more reasonable decision, and therefore, reduce the drilling risk within a controlled level. The authors provide the several cases to study the cutting models into drilling events, and proves the models are consistent with log and core data, and match the drilling parameters and like ROP, and pumping pressure, as well as torque, and bit performance. LWD and MWD are unable to run into the hole due to high formation pressure and extreme risky hole. The field portable XRF instrument is applied, and the mineralogy and elements input into the models. The cuttings petrophysics analysis application can provide the valuable information for drilling engineers to drill the wells to TD.