bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left Hemisphere Lateralization for Language in Right-Handers Is Controlled in Part by Familial Sinistrality, Manual Preference Strength, and Head Size
Authors: Tzourio-Mazoyer Nathalie , Petit Laurent , Razafimandimby Annick , Crivello Fabrice , Zago Laure , Jobard Gael , Joliot Marc , Mellet Emmanuel , Mazoyer Bernard
Published: October 2010

We investigated the effects of familial sinistrality (FS+; presence of left-handedness in one's close relatives), manual preference strength (MPS), and head size on the hemispheric lateralization of language in right-handers. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to map 49 individuals while listening to a story in their mother tongue. We found that individuals who had both the FS+ trait and weak MPS had no left hemisphere dominance for this lexicosyntactic task, whereas others showed a leftward functional asymmetry. In addition, the smaller the brain size, the smaller the leftward asymmetry for language, independent of FS and MPS. None of these effects were observed when the same subjects performed a spatial attention task that elicited right hemispheric functional asymmetry. These results demonstrate that the left hemisphere dominance for language in right-handers is a variable controlled, in part, by a number of specific factors, including FS, MPS, and head size.
Morphine- and CaMKII-Dependent Enhancement of GIRK Channel Signaling in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Nassirpour Rounak , Bahima Laia , Lalive Arnaud L. , Lüscher Christian , Luján Rafael , Slesinger Paul A.
Published: October 2010

G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, which help control neuronal excitability, are important for the response to drugs of abuse. Here, we describe a novel pathway for morphine-dependent enhancement of GIRK channel signaling in hippocampal neurons. Morphine treatment for ∼20 h increased the colocalization of GIRK2 with PSD95, a dendritic spine marker. Western blot analysis and quantitative immunoelectron microscopy revealed an increase in GIRK2 protein and targeting to dendritic spines.In vivoadministration of morphine also produced an upregulation of GIRK2 protein in the hippocampus. The mechanism engaged by morphine required elevated intracellular Ca2+and was insensitive to pertussis toxin, implicating opioid receptors that may couple to Gq G-proteins. Met-enkephalin, but not the μ-selective (DAMGO) and δ-selective (DPDPE) opioid receptor agonists, mimicked the effect of morphine, suggesting involvement of a heterodimeric opioid receptor complex. Peptide (KN-93) inhibition of CaMKII prevented the morphine-dependent change in GIRK localization, whereas expression of a constitutively activated form of CaMKII mimicked the effects of morphine. Coincident with an increase in GIRK2 surface expression, functional analyses revealed that morphine treatment increased the size of serotonin-activated GIRK currents and Ba2+-sensitive basal K+currents in neurons. These results demonstrate plasticity in neuronal GIRK signaling that may contribute to the abusive effects of morphine.
Histone H1 Poly[ADP]-Ribosylation Regulates the Chromatin Alterations Required for Learning Consolidation
Authors: Fontán-Lozano Ángela , Suárez-Pereira Irene , Horrillo Angélica , del-Pozo-Martín Yaiza , Hmadcha Abdelkrim , Carrión Ángel Manuel
Published: October 2010

Memory formation requires changes in gene expression, which are regulated by the activation of transcription factors and by changes in epigenetic factors. Poly[ADP]-ribosylation of nuclear proteins has been postulated as a chromatin modification involved in memory consolidation, although the mechanisms involved are not well characterized. Here we demonstrate that poly[ADP]-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity and the poly[ADP]-ribosylation of proteins over a specific time course is required for the changes in synaptic plasticity related to memory stabilization in mice. At the molecular level, histone H1 poly[ADP]-ribosylation was evident in the hippocampus after the acquisition period, and it was selectively released in a PARP-1-dependent manner at the promoters of cAMP response element-binding protein and nuclear factor-κB dependent genes associated with learning and memory. These findings suggest that histone H1 poly[ADP]-ribosylation, and its loss at specific loci, is an epigenetic mechanism involved in the reprogramming of neuronal gene expression required for memory consolidation.
Dendritic Growth in Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Cognitive Flexibility Are Enhanced during the Postpartum Period
Authors: Leuner Benedetta , Gould Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

The postpartum period is associated with numerous hormonal changes, some of which have been linked to detrimental effects on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region involved in cognition. Here, we investigated whether mPFC structure and function are negatively influenced during the postpartum period, an outcome that might be predicted by the maternal hormonal milieu. Mother rats were tested on an attentional set-shifting task, and dendritic architecture of layer 2/3 mPFC pyramidal neurons was analyzed. Mother rats exhibited increased dendritic spine number in the mPFC, an effect that coincided with improved attention and behavioral flexibility. These findings suggest that the postpartum period is associated with promotion of neuronal growth in the mPFC and enhanced cognitive function.
The Effects of Demography and Linkage on the Estimation of Selection and Mutation Parameters
Authors: Zeng Kai , Charlesworth Brian
Published: October 2010

We explore the effects of demography and linkage on a maximum-likelihood (ML) method for estimating selection and mutation parameters in a reversible mutation model. This method assumes free recombination between sites and a randomly mating population of constant size and uses information from both polymorphic and monomorphic sites in the sample. Two likelihood-ratio test statistics were constructed under this ML framework: LRTγ for detecting selection and LRTκ for detecting mutational bias. By carrying out extensive simulations, we obtain the following results. When mutations are neutral and population size is constant, LRTγ and LRTκ follow a chi-square distribution with 1 d.f. regardless of the level of linkage, as long as the mutation rate is not very high. In addition, LRTγ and LRTκ are relatively insensitive to demographic effects and selection at linked sites. We find that the ML estimators of the selection and mutation parameters are usually approximately unbiased and that LRTκ usually has good power to detect mutational bias. Finally, with a recombination rate that is typical for Drosophila, LRTγ has good power to detect weak selection acting on synonymous sites. These results suggest that the method should be useful under many different circumstances.
Discovery of Mutations inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeby Pooled Linkage Analysis and Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Birkeland Shanda R , Jin Natsuko , Ozdemir Alev Cagla , Lyons Robert H , Weisman Lois S , Wilson Thomas E
Published: October 2010

Many novel and important mutations arise in model organisms and human patients that can be difficult or impossible to identify using standard genetic approaches, especially for complex traits. Working with a previously uncharacterized dominant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with impaired vacuole inheritance, we developed a pooled linkage strategy based on next-generation DNA sequencing to specifically identify functional mutations from among a large excess of polymorphisms, incidental mutations, and sequencing errors. The VAC6-1 mutation was verified to correspond to PHO81-R701S, the highest priority candidate reported by VAMP, the new software platform developed for these studies. Sequence data further revealed the large extent of strain background polymorphisms and structural alterations present in the host strain, which occurred by several mechanisms including a novel Ty insertion. The results provide a snapshot of the ongoing genomic changes that ultimately result in strain divergence and evolution, as well as a general model for the discovery of functional mutations in many organisms.
The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations
Authors: Weissman Daniel B , Feldman Marcus W , Fisher Daniel S
Published: October 2010

Biological traits result in part from interactions between different genetic loci. This can lead to sign epistasis, in which a beneficial adaptation involves a combination of individually deleterious or neutral mutations; in this case, a population must cross a “fitness valley” to adapt. Recombination can assist this process by combining mutations from different individuals or retard it by breaking up the adaptive combination. Here, we analyze the simplest fitness valley, in which an adaptation requires one mutation at each of two loci to provide a fitness benefit. We present a theoretical analysis of the effect of recombination on the valley-crossing process across the full spectrum of possible parameter regimes. We find that low recombination rates can speed up valley crossing relative to the asexual case, while higher recombination rates slow down valley crossing, with the transition between the two regimes occurring when the recombination rate between the loci is approximately equal to the selective advantage provided by the adaptation. In large populations, if the recombination rate is high and selection against single mutants is substantial, the time to cross the valley grows exponentially with population size, effectively meaning that the population cannot acquire the adaptation. Recombination at the optimal (low) rate can reduce the valley-crossing time by up to several orders of magnitude relative to that in an asexual population.
Maintenance of Neuronal Laterality in Caenorhabditis elegans Through MYST Histone Acetyltransferase Complex Components LSY-12, LSY-13 and LIN-49
Authors: O'Meara M Maggie , Zhang Feifan , Hobert Oliver
Published: October 2010

Left/right asymmetrically expressed genes permit an animal to perform distinct tasks with the right vs. left side of its brain. Once established during development, lateralized gene expression patterns need to be maintained during the life of the animal. We show here that a histone modifying complex, composed of the LSY-12 MYST-type histone acetyltransferase, the ING-family PHD domain protein LSY-13, and PHD/bromodomain protein LIN-49, is required to first initiate and then actively maintain lateralized gene expression in the gustatory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Similar defects are observed upon postembryonic removal of two C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, die-1 and che-1, demonstrating that a combination of transcription factors, which recognize DNA in a sequence-specific manner, and a histone modifying enzyme complex are responsible for inducing and maintaining neuronal laterality.
Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)
Authors: Baker Robert D. , Greer Frank R. ,   The Committee on Nutrition
Published: October 2010

This clinical report covers diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers from birth through 3 years of age. Results of recent basic research support the concerns that iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia during infancy and childhood can have long-lasting detrimental effects on neurodevelopment. Therefore, pediatricians and other health care providers should strive to eliminate iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Appropriate iron intakes for infants and toddlers as well as methods for screening for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are presented.
A Relaxed Implant Bed: Implants Placed After Two Weeks of Osteotomy With Immediate Loading: A One Year Clinical Trial
Authors: Bansal Jyoti , Kedige Suresh , Bansal Abhishek , Anand Samir
Published: October 2010

A waiting period of 2 weeks after osteotomy increases the surrounding tissue activity to its maximum level as collagen formation and neoangiogenesis represent a relaxed and acceptable implant bed configuration. The aim of the present study was a clinical and radiologic evaluation of early osteotomy with implant placement delayed for 2 weeks with immediate loading in the anterior and premolar region with minimally invasive approach. Seven GS II implants (Osstem) were placed in 6 patients. Osteotomy was done followed by flap closure without placement of the implant. After waiting for approximately 2 weeks, implant placement was done, which was loaded immediately with provisional crown in implant protected occlusion. It was replaced by definitive restoration after 6–8 weeks, which was considered baseline. Implant stability and marginal bone levels were assessed with clinical and radiologic parameters at baseline, 6- and 12-month intervals. None of the implants were found mobile during the 1-year period. The average mean marginal bone loss was 0.4 mm over the 1-year follow-up period. In the present study, early osteotomy with delayed implant placement showed negligible crestal bone loss with no mobility.
Oral Implantology for the Traumatic Brain Injured Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: October 2010

Edentulous traumatic brain injured dental patients may be treated with dental implant–supported and retained acrylic–based complete dentures. Intraoral components should be minimized to present less of a surface area for plaque accumulation and to facilitate daily cleansing. A zero degree or lingualized occlusal scheme should be used. Prostheses may be truncated for patient comfort and gustatory function, so the potential for swallowing a prosthesis should be evaluated in each patient.
Histologic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Alumina-Blasted/Acid-Etched and Resorbable Blasting Media Surfaces
Authors: Bonfante Estevam A. , Marin Charles , Granato Rodrigo , Suzuki Marcelo , Hjerppe Jenni , Witek Lukasz , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: October 2010

This study evaluated the early biomechanical fixation and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) of an alumina-blasted/acid-etched (AB/AE) compared with an experimental resorbable blasting media (RBM) surface in a canine model. Higher texturization was observed for the RBM than for the AB/AE surface, and the presence of calcium and phosphorus was only observed for the RBM surface. Time in vivo and implant surface did not influence torque. For both surfaces, BIC significantly increased from 2 to 4 weeks.
Impact of Dental and Zygomatic Implants on Stress Distribution in Maxillary Defects: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Study
Authors: Korkmaz Fatih Mehmet , Korkmaz Yavuz Tolga , Yaluğ Suat , Korkmaz Turan
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution in the bone around dental and zygomatic implants for 4 different implant-supported obturator prostheses designs in a unilaterally maxillary defect using a 3-dimensional finite element stress analysis. A 3-dimensional finite element model of the human unilateral maxillary defect was constructed. Four different implant-supported obturator prostheses were modeled; model 1 with 2 zygomatic implants and 1 dental implant, model 2 with 2 zygomatic implants and 2 dental implants, model 3 with 2 zygomatic implants and 3 dental implants, and model 4 with 1 zygomatic implant and 3 dental implants. Bar attachments were used as superstructure. A 150-N vertical load was applied in 3 different ways, and von Mises stresses in the cortical bone around implants were evaluated. When the models (model 1–3) were compared in terms of number of implants, all of the models showed similar highest stress values under the first loading condition, and these values were less than under model 4 conditions. The highest stress values of models 1–4 under the first loading condition were 8.56, 8.59, 8.32, and 11.55 Mpa, respectively. The same trend was also observed under the other loading conditions. It may be concluded that the use of a zygomatic implant on the nondefective side decreased the highest stress values, and increasing the number of dental implants between the most distal and most mesial implants on the nondefective side did not decrease the highest stress values.
Genetic Assessment of the Mating System and Patterns of Egg Cannibalism in Atka Mackerel
Authors: Canino M. F. , Spies I. B. , Guthridge J. L. , Hollowed M. M.
Published: October 2010

The mating system and patterns of gender-specific egg cannibalism in Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius were examined through genetic parentage analysis of embryos in egg clutches produced in captive and wild populations. Like other hexagrammid fishes, Atka mackerel exhibit polygynandry, which is characterized by serial matings by both genders within a breeding season. Most matings in captivity were pairings of females with nest-attendant males, although parentage analysis of clutches produced in a small tank with limited nesting substrate revealed that 31% contained contributions by non—nest-guarding males. In contrast, all egg clutches produced in a large exhibit tank were sired by guardian males. Multiple parentage, sometimes involving both genders, was detected in 35% of egg clutches collected in the field or retrieved from the guts of adult male and female cannibals. Half-sib and unrelated full-sib embryos were found in several putative clutches, indicating that the reproductive output from multiple males and females may be combined sequentially and fused into a single clutch. These results suggested that nest takeovers, combined with alloparental care of existing broods, represent common reproductive tactics in males. Egg cannibalism is a significant seasonal factor in the diets of male and female Atka mackerel. Analysis of loose eggs and partial egg clutches ingested by 4 female and 15 male cannibals showed that nearly all conspecific predation represented heterocannibalism. One instance of partial filial cannibalism was documented in a male that was one of multiple sires for the clutch.
Highly Discordant Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Diversities in Atka Mackerel
Authors: Canino M. F. , Spies I. B. , Lowe S. A. , Grant W. S.
Published: October 2010

Levels of neutral genetic diversity largely reflect effective population size (Ne), which is influenced by physical and biological environmental variables. While large populations of marine fishes generally harbor higher diversities than freshwater species, historical demography or the effects of natural selection may significantly reduce Ne and differentially affect genomic diversities. Here, we surveyed levels of genetic diversity and examined genetic structure among populations of the Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius across most of its geographic range by screening variation at nine nuclear microsatellite DNA markers (n = 745) and in a 468-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (n = 119). Samples from Japan to the western Gulf of Alaska were collected between 2004 and 2006 at six locations, including temporal replicates at two sites. Microsatellite allele frequency homogeneity across the North Pacific indicated an apparent lack of genetic population substructure. While levels of polymorphism at microsatellite loci were typical for marine fishes (haplotype diversity h = 0.34–0.96), mtDNA control region diversity was extremely low (nucleotide diversity = 0.00007; h = 0.033). Only three mtDNA haplotypes, two occurring as singletons, were detected among 119 individuals. The strong contrast between microsatellite and mtDNA diversities appears to be due to the smaller Ne for mtDNA, perhaps resulting from population bottlenecks during postglacial colonizations of the central North Pacific or the effects of natural selection on mtDNA.
Annual Intrabasin Movement and Mortality of Adult Bonneville Cutthroat Trout among Complementary Riverine Habitats
Authors: Carlson Andrew J. , Rahel Frank J.
Published: October 2010

We evaluated annual movement and mortality patterns of native Bonneville cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii utahin the Smiths Fork–Bear River watershed, which is part of the Great Basin in the western USA. Our objectives were to identify complementary habitats within the watershed, identify sources of mortality for Bonneville cutthroat trout during seasonal movements, and determine whether anthropogenic structures disrupt movement of adult Bonneville cutthroat trout within this system. Bonneville cutthroat trout migrated upstream during spring runoff (median distance = 37.1 km) and experienced a seasonal mortality rate of 43% during this period. After spawning in the headwater streams, fish moved downstream during the summer–autumn period (median distance = 11.6 km) and experienced a seasonal mortality rate of 16%. Whereas upstream movement in the spring was fast and highly directed, downstream movement during summer–autumn was slower and less directed. During winter, fish remained generally sedentary (median movement upstream = 0.1 km) and the seasonal mortality rate was 11%. No anthropogenic structures blocked fish movement throughout the watershed. However, an irrigation canal entrained 9% of the fish that moved past its headgate, suggesting that the canal may act as an ecological trap. Our results provide empirical support for conceptual models that emphasize the importance of habitat complementarity as the basis for annual long‐distance movement patterns in riverine fishes. Managing migratory species such as the Bonneville cutthroat trout will require maintaining river connectivity and minimizing ecological traps so that fish can move among widely separated habitats to meet their life history requirements.
The Effects of the Stronach Dam Removal on Fish in the Pine River, Manistee County, Michigan
Authors: Burroughs Bryan A. , Hayes Daniel B. , Klomp Kristi D. , Hansen Jonathan F. , Mistak Jessica
Published: October 2010

Although dam removal has been increasingly used as an option in dam management and as a river restoration tool, there are few studies providing detailed quantitative assessment of the response of fish populations to dam removal. In this study, we document the response of the fish community in the Pine River, Michigan, to the gradual removal of Stronach Dam. Ten sites were sampled annually during the course of the removal (1997–2003) and for 4 years following removal (2004–2007). Before the removal of Stronach Dam, 11 fish species were found only downstream of the dam, 1 species was found only upstream of the dam, and 19 species were captured both above and below the dam. Following removal, 8 species formerly found only below the dam utilized newly available portions of the river above the dam. Most fish species (18 of the 25 evaluated) showed an increase in abundance following removal, strongly supporting the idea that dam removal reduces multiple factors limiting riverine fishes. Brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were the primary sport fishes present in the river, and the abundance of both species increased by more than twofold over the course of the study. The abundance of white suckers Catostomus commersonii also increased significantly due to increased reproductive success. The results of this study illustrate how dam removal is a useful tool for restoration of habitat connectivity and habitat conditions and how the fish community in a coldwater stream responded to the removal.
Abundance and Recruitment of Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon in the Altamaha River, Georgia
Authors: Schueller Paul , Peterson Douglas L.
Published: October 2010

Juvenile Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus remain in natal rivers for several years prior to out‐migrating to marine environments during later portions of their life history. Data regarding river‐resident juvenile population dynamics are unknown. During the summers of 2004–2007, we performed mark–recapture of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the Altamaha River to assess age‐specific abundance, apparent survival, per capita recruitment, and factors influencing recruitment. Estimates indicated that juvenile abundance ranged from 1,072 to 2,033 individuals, and age‐1 and age‐2 individuals comprised greater than 87% of the juvenile population, while age‐3 or older individuals constituted less than 13% of the population. Estimates of apparent survival and per capita recruitment from Pradel models indicated that the juvenile population experienced high annual turnover: apparent survival rates were low (<33%), and per capita recruitment was high (0.82–1.38). Fall discharge, which had a positive relationship with recruitment, was the only factor assessed that significantly explained time variation in per capita recruitment. The findings of this study suggest that juvenile populations at the southern extreme of the Atlantic sturgeon's range may remain in natal rivers for less time than northern counterparts. This is further evidence of life history differences between northern and southern populations of Atlantic sturgeon. Potential findings of density dependence could have major implications for both population recovery and management of this species.
Persistence of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Populations in Isolated Headwater Streams of Wyoming
Authors: Cook Nathan , Rahel Frank J. , Hubert Wayne A.
Published: October 2010

For populations of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, isolation in headwater streams may provide protection from invasion by nonnative species but also may enhance a population's vulnerability to extirpation. We assessed the risk of extirpation for eight Colorado River cutthroat trout O. clarkii pleuriticus populations isolated above water diversion structures in the North Fork Little Snake River drainage, Wyoming. The populations had been isolated for 25–44 years, occupied headwater streams that ranged from 850 to 6,100 m in length, and had adult populations that were estimated to range from 12 to 506 fish. Adult population sizes were compared with published occurrence models to identify populations that may be at risk of extirpation. One population had experienced an 11% annual rate of decline in abundance over the past 29 years, but there was no evidence of declines among the other populations. There was evidence of recruitment failure for age‐1 fish in two of the smaller populations. Abundance estimates and published logistic regression models consistently identified the largest tributary in the drainage as being the most likely to support a Colorado River cutthroat trout population in the future and the smallest tributary as being the least likely to support a population in the future. The analyses indicated that isolated populations may persist for decades, but small effective population sizes can make populations vulnerable to eventual loss of genetic variability and to extirpation.
Streamflow Reductions and Habitat Drying Affect Growth, Survival, and Recruitment of Brassy Minnow across a Great Plains Riverscape
Authors: Falke Jeffrey A. , Bestgen Kevin R. , Fausch Kurt D.
Published: October 2010

Flow alterations caused by reservoir storage, groundwater pumping, diversions, and drought are widespread in North American Great Plains streams and have altered and fragmented habitats and reduced native fish biodiversity. Early life stages of fish are particularly sensitive to altered flow regimes, and reduced growth and survival may negatively affect the persistence of native species and assemblages. We investigated how growth and survival of brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni larvae in the Arikaree River, Colorado, varied among three 6.4‐km river segments that differed in hydrology and how climate influenced drying rates of spawning and rearing habitats in these segments over 3 years. We found that brassy minnow spawned in backwater habitats within a discrete period from mid‐April to late May, based on otolith increment analysis. The timing of spawning and growth of larvae were influenced by climate and the hydrologic context of the river segment. Brassy minnow spawned 2 weeks earlier under warm, dry conditions in 1 year, and both growth rates and survival were significantly lower than during two wetter years (growth: 0.25 mm/d versus 0.30 and 0.41 mm/d; survival: 0.8391/d versus 0.894 and 0.897/d). For cohorts of larvae in individual backwaters, survival was higher in spawning habitats that were larger and that dried more slowly, and among cohorts that hatched in the middle of the spawning period under a moderate thermal regime. Overall, we found that brassy minnow spawning and recruitment were strongly influenced by habitat drying driven by interactions among stream geomorphology, groundwater pumping, and climate across multiple spatial scales. We suggest that conservation efforts explicitly consider the adaptations of this fish to harsh environments and focus on providing flows to maintain the spawning, rearing, and refuge habitats that are critical to brassy minnow population persistence.
Smolt Transformation in Two California Steelhead Populations: Effects of Temporal Variability in Growth
Authors: Beakes Michael P. , Satterthwaite William H. , Collins Erin M. , Swank David R. , Merz Joseph E. , Titus Robert G. , Sogard Susan M. , Mangel Marc
Published: October 2010

We tested the effect of temporal patterns in food supply on life history decisions in coastal steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus from a Central California coastal (CCC) population (Scott Creek) and a Northern California Central Valley (NCCV) population (upper Sacramento River basin). We manipulated growth through feeding experiments conducted from May to the following March using warm (2006 cohort) and cool (2007 cohort) temperature regimes. Survival in seawater challenges just before the time of typical juvenile emigration provided an index of steelhead smolt versus nonsmolt life history pathways. Survival varied significantly with fish size (with larger fish being more likely to survive than smaller fish) and by source population (with CCC steelhead being more likely to survive than NCCV steelhead of the same size). The timing of increased food supply (treatment group) did not significantly affect seawater survival rates in either NCCV or CCC steelhead. For both strains, the eventual survivors of seawater challenges (putative smolts) diverged from the eventual mortalities (putative nonsmolts) in both size and growth rate by June in both years, suggesting that the initial growth advantages were maintained throughout the experiments. A significant divergence in condition factor between smolts and nonsmolts by December matched the expected morphological transition of smolts, which showed faster growth in length than weight compared with nonsmolts. The apparent timing of the decision window, several months before the typical period of smolt emigration, matches the patterns observed for other salmonids. In coastal California, this decision must occur before fish have had the opportunity to take advantage of improved winter–early spring feeding conditions. These results support the role of early growth opportunity in life history decisions and provide insight into the applicability of life history models for managing California steelhead.
Introduced Lake Trout Produced a Four‐Level Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Tronstad Lusha M. , Hall Robert O. , Koel Todd M. , Gerow Ken G.
Published: October 2010

Introduction of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush into a system can add a trophic level, potentially affecting organisms at lower trophic levels. Similar to many lakes and reservoirs in the western United States, lake trout were introduced into Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming. Previous studies showed that lake trout reduced the population and altered the size structure of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri in Yellowstone Lake, but we sought to determine the degree to which lake trout predation changed lower trophic levels. We predicted that the structure of lower trophic levels would change in conformance with trophic cascade theory because Yellowstone cutthroat trout consume zooplankton. We compared zooplankton and phytoplankton assemblages between the period when Yellowstone cutthroat trout were abundant and the period after they declined. As predicted by trophic cascade theory, zooplankton biomass shifted from being dominated by copepods before lake trout introduction to being dominated by cladocerans after lake trout introduction, with zooplankton body lengths 17% longer after introduction. Vertical water clarity increased by 1.6 m because of a twofold decrease in chlorophyll a and a three‐ to sevenfold decrease in phytoplankton biovolume. Thus, the introduction of lake trout and subsequent decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout likely altered lower trophic levels in Yellowstone Lake. Trophic cascades may be common in western U.S. lakes and reservoirs where native salmonids are present and where lake trout have been introduced.
Determination of Upper Temperature Tolerance in June Sucker Larvae: Is the Transition to Utah Lake Temperatures a Recruitment Bottleneck?
Authors: Kappenman Kevin M. , Webb Molly A. H. , Cureton Elijah S. , Ilgen Jason
Published: October 2010

The June sucker Chasmistes liorus is an endangered adfluvial fish species that is endemic to the Utah Lake basin. This species remains endangered due to a lack of recruitment. Anthropogenic changes to June sucker lotic and lentic habitat has likely led to recruitment failure. Changes to Utah Lake include increased water temperature, increased turbidity, and eutrophic and saline conditions. The remaining spawning habitat for June suckers in the Provo River has experienced flow, temperature, and channelization modifications. We tested the hypothesis that recruitment failure is caused by a thermal shock that occurs when larvae are transported in the drift out of the Provo River (12–19°C) and into Utah Lake (17–25°C). We used two laboratory methods—direct transfer and acclimated chronic exposure (ACE)—to determine (1) the upper lethal temperature (ULT) and (2) the acute and chronic mortality associated with larval exposure to an acute thermal shock. The ULT of larvae acclimated to 16°C was 33°C. Survival varied from 81% to 95% for larvae that were directly transferred from 16°C (acclimation temperature) to 19–29°C and held for 7 d; survival was not significantly different from that of the 16°C control. A modified ACE method was used to mimic the river‐to‐lake transition. Acclimation temperatures of 12, 16, and 19°C were increased by 5–8°C over 4–6 h. After approximately 30 d, survival ranged from 42% (transition from 16°C to 21°C) to 87% (transition from 19°C to 27°C). Mean weight of fish that received the 19–27°C transition treatment was significantly greater than that of all other treatment groups except the 19–25°C transition group. Warmer incubation and rearing temperatures led to increased growth and survival. We conclude that thermal shock does not explain June sucker larval recruitment failure in Utah Lake, and we suggest that other factors are responsible for the recruitment failure.
Auditoria em enfermagem como estratégia de um marketing profissional
Authors: Costa Maria Suêuda , Forte Benedita Pessoa , Alves Maria Dalva Santos , Viana Jamille Forte , Oriá Mônica Oliveira Batista
Published: October 2010

O trabalho relata uma experiência em auditoria com a equipe interdisciplinar nos serviços públicos de saúde na cidade de Fortaleza-CE e objetiva descrever a dimensão funcional das ações de auditoria e a importância para a enfermagem; definir um modelo como estratégia de marketing profissional para o enfermeiro. As bases teóricas da administração contemporânea foram utilizadas para convergir com as experiências da prática de auditagem. Propõe-se uma nova estratégia de auditoria em enfermagem em benefício da significação profissional, pois atualmente os enfermeiros executam ações com identidade de um marketing científico, mas no nível do inconsciente.
A enfermeira-chefe como figura-tipo em meados do século XX
Authors: França Lílian Silva de , Barreira Ieda de Alencar
Published: October 2010

Estudo histórico-social sobre a atuação da enfermeira-chefe nos hospitais, em meados do século XX. Objetivos: descrever o teor da matéria publicada na Revista Anais de Enfermagem sobre a enfermeira-chefe; analisar a atuação das instrutoras da Escola Anna Nery (EAN) nos campos de estágio e comparar os registros das atas de reuniões sobre essa atuação com os conteúdos selecionados na citada Revista. Acervos: Centro de Documentação, Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação e Nuphebras, todos da EEAN. Evidenciou-se um consenso entre autoras dos artigos e as enfermeiras diplomadas da EAN que, como chefes de serviço e instrutoras das alunas, eram regidas por uma forte ação coordenadora e centralizadora da diretora da EAN, contribuindo decisivamente na elevação do padrão do serviço de enfermagem dos hospitais onde atuavam.
Quintais urbanos de Mirassol D'Oeste-MT, Brasil: uma abordagem etnobotânica
Authors: Carniello Maria Antonia , Silva Roberta dos Santos , Cruz Maria Ap. Berbem da , Guarim Neto Germano
Published: October 2010

Quintais são espaços de fácil acesso e cômodos para os moradores cultivarem uma diversidade de espécies que desempenham funções de estética, lazer, alimentação e medicinal, dentre outras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de descrever a composição florística e a respectiva utilização em quintais urbanos de Mirassol D'Oeste, MT, (15º 45'30"S e 058º16'36"W), com a coleta de dados envolvendo: entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas aplicadas a 29 moradores; coleta simultânea do material botânico das espécies indicadas, incorporação destas no Laboratório de Botânica da UNEMAT, Cáceres e análise da freqüência absoluta e relativa das espécies mais citadas e encontradas nos quintais. Foram registradas 397 denominações locais de plantas (etnoespécies), 275 taxa reunidos em 79 famílias destacando-se com maior número de espécies: Solanaceae (23), Asteraceae (17), Lamiaceae (14), Rosaceae (12) e Verbenaceae (9). Os atributos alimentar e ornamental representam, individualmente, 35% das espécies e o medicinal, 29%. Algumas plantas detêm até quatro potencialidades. Do universo vegetal conhecido e utilizado localmente as espécies nativas correspondem a 8%, resultado considerado baixo comparando-se aos obtidos em populações mato-grossenses radicadas no Cerrado e Pantanal. Essa população manifesta por meio de suas práticas uma tradição agrícola em interface às características de uma sociedade urbano - industrial coabitando em espaços comuns, o quintal.
Incremento, ingresso e mortalidade em uma floresta de contato ombrófila aberta/estacional em Marcelândia, Estado do Mato Grosso
Authors: Colpini Chirle , Moraes e Silva Versides Sebastião , Soares Thelma Shirlen , Higuchi Niro , Travagin Danielle Parra , Assumpção José Vespasiano Lisboa
Published: October 2010

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o incremento em diâmetro, área basal e volume, o ingresso e a mortalidade de uma floresta ombrófila aberta/estacional no município de Marcelândia. Os dados são provenientes de 69 parcelas permanentes instaladas e medidas em 2001 e remedidas em 2003 e 2007. Foram avaliados o número de indivíduos e os incrementos em diâmetro, área basal e volume para o período de 2001 a 2007. O ingresso foi determinado como sendo as árvores que atingiram ou ultrapassaram o diâmetro de 17 cm. A mortalidade foi calculada pela soma de todas as árvores com diâmetro igual ou superior a 17 cm encontradas mortas em cada medição. No período considerado de seis anos, teve como resultado para o incremento em diâmetro, área basal e volume respectivamente, 0,34 cm; 0,22 m².ha-1 e 2,11 m³.ha-1. Os valores médios para as taxas de mortalidade e ingresso foram, respectivamente, 0,78% e 0,30%.
Características bioquímicas e hematológicas do pirarucu Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimidae) de cultivo semi-intensivo na Amazônia
Authors: Drumond Gustavo Valadares Fonseca , Caixeiro Ana Paula de Almeida , Tavares-Dias Marcos , Marcon Jaydione Luiz , Affonso Elizabeth Gusmão
Published: October 2010

O presente estudo comparou os níveis plasmáticos de glicose, proteínas totais, uréia, triglicerídeos e colesterol, a contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e trombócitos entre alevinos e juvenis de Arapaima gigas (Osteoglociformes, Arapaimidae) de uma piscicultura semi-intensiva de Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Os alevinos de A. gigas apresentaram níveis significativamente (p<0,05) menores de proteínas totais, triglicerídeos, uréia e Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM) e maior concentração de glicose, colesterol e hemoglobina, contagem de eritrócitos, hematócrito e Concentração da Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (CHCM) quando comparados aos juvenis. Porém, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no número de trombócitos e leucócitos totais entre alevinos e juvenis. Os juvenis de A. gigas apresentaram menor quantidade de linfócitos e maior quantidade de monócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos, quando comparados aos alevinos. Em estudos futuros, espécimes de A. gigas com outras idades também deverão ser comparados para melhor entendimento dos efeitos da idade neste peixe amazônico, pois estas informações, além de possibilitarem uma melhor compreensão da fisiologia desta espécie, poderão auxiliar no estabelecimento de estratégias para seu manejo.
Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae): II. The pictipennis species-group
Authors: Rafael José Albertino , Cumming Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2010

All species of Macrostomus Wiedemann allied with Macrostomus pictipennis (Bezzi), are treated in the pictipennis species-group. Three currently recognized species and four new species are included, namely M. cervicicauda Smith, M. cysticercus Smith, M. manauara, sp. nov. from Brazil (Amazonas and Pará states), M. pacaraima, sp. nov. from Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Pará states), M. pictipennis (Bezzi), M. smithi, sp. nov. from Guyana and Brazil (Roraima State) and M. utinga, sp. nov. from Brazil (Pará State). All primary types were examined and a key to species is presented.
Correlações genéticas e análise de trilha para número de frutos comerciais por planta em mamoeiro
Authors: Oliveira Eder Jorge de , Lima Diego Souza de , Lucena Rangel Sales , Motta Tiago Borges Nunes , Dantas Jorge Luiz Loyola
Published: October 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar como o número de frutos comerciais por planta (NFr) se relaciona com 16 características morfológicas e agronômicas do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.). O experimento foi realizado no ano agrícola de 2008/2009, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos aumentados. Foram avaliados 19 genótipos não comuns (acessos de germoplasma) e 3 comuns (variedades e híbridos), em 10 repetições. As correlações entre NFr e as características morfoagronômicas do mamoeiro foram desdobradas em efeitos diretos e indiretos. Observou-se alta variabilidade nas características avaliadas. As estimativas das correlações genotípicas foram maiores do que as fenotípicas, para todas as características. O NFr foi positivo e significativamente correlacionado com número de frutos por axila (NFrAx); e negativamente com diâmetro da cavidade do fruto, espessura da polpa, peso, comprimento (CFr) e diâmetro do fruto. Entretanto, a análise de trilha demonstrou que, entre essas características, NFrAx e CFr possuem maior efeito direto sobre NFr.Além disso, as características altura da planta, número de flores por pedúnculo e largura da folha são de mais fácil mensuração e manifestam-se antes da produção de frutos, o que as torna mais indicadas para a seleção indireta em programas de melhoramento genético dessa cultura.
Phytogeographical origin of Madeiran common beans based on phaseolin patterns
Authors: Silva Emanuel Marques da , Correia Anísia Soraia Abreu , Lopes Nuno Alexandre Amaral , Nóbrega Humberto Gil Moreira , Ganança José Filipe Teixeira , Domingues Ana Maria , Khadem Manhaz , Slaski Jan Jacek , Carvalho Miguel Ângelo Almeida Pinheiro de
Published: October 2010

The objective of this work was to determine the geographic origin of the Madeiran common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) gene pool. Phaseolin patterns of 50 accessions representing the diversity of common bean collected in Madeira, Portugal, and conserved in the ISOPlexis Germplasm Bank, were analysed using the Experion automated electrophoresis system, based on lab-on-a-chip technology. Five common bean standard varieties with typical phaseolin patterns were used to determine the phytogeographical origin of the Madeiran common bean accessions. Ninety two percent of the accessions exhibited a phaseolin pattern consistent with the one of common bean types belonging to the Andean gene pool, while the origin of the remaining 8% of the accessions was indistinguishable. The application of a similarity coefficient of 85%, based on Pearson correlations, increases the number of accessions with uncertain pattern. The analytical approach used permitted the determination of the origin of the common bean gene pool, which is Andean in 98% of the cases, and clustering of the observed variability among the Madeiran common beans.
Desempenho produtivo, composição corporal e parâmetros fisiológicos de pacu alimentado com níveis crescentes de fibra
Authors: Rodrigues Laurindo André , Fernandes João Batista Kochenborger , Fabregat Thiago El Hadi Perez , Sakomura Nilva Kazue
Published: October 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de teores de fibra bruta na dieta sobre o desempenho produtivo, composição centesimal da carcaça e parâmetros fisiológicos de juvenis de pacu. O experimento teve duração de 84 dias, e foram utilizados 360 juvenis de pacu, com peso médio de 23,97±0,59 g, distribuídos aleatóriamente em 30 tanques com 180 L de água, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15% de fibra bruta) e cinco repetições. Dietas com altos teores de fibra (11, 13 e 15%) resultaram em piores taxas de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e crescimento específico, além de menor eficiência proteica e consumo de ração. A composição da carcaça dos animais foi alterada pelo aumento do teor de fibra das dietas. Os teores de proteína e cinza tiveram aumento com o incremento nos teores de fibra. O metabolismo foi alterado com o emprego de teores crescentes de fibra, o que resultou em pequena elevação do colesterol plasmático. Teores de fibra bruta de até 9% não tiveram efeitos negativos no metabolismo; entretanto, teores acima de 11% reduziram o crescimento dos peixes.
Relações solo-paisagem no Quadrilátero Ferrífero em Minas Gerais
Authors: Carvalho Filho Amaury de , Curi Nilton , Shinzato Edgar
Published: October 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os solos de uma área representativa do Quadrilátro Ferrífero, em Minas Gerais, e avaliar suas relações com os principais componentes do meio natural. Sete unidades de paisagem (pedoambientes) distintas foram identificadas - Depressão do Paraopeba, Serras Itabiríticas, Platô da Moeda, Vale do Rio das Velhas, Gandarela, Vale do Conceição e Serra do Caraça -, cujos aspectos relacionados a solos em suas interrelações com os componentes do meio natural foram descritos. Sob a influência de grande variabilidade litólógica, em conexão com um longo período de evolução geomorfológica, a região é marcada por acentuados contrastes topográficos. Há domínio de solos pouco evoluídos (Cambissolos e Neossolos Litólicos), de baixa fertilidade natural, não obstante a acentuada diferenciação da vegetação nativa, representada por formações campestres lado a lado à floresta. Em algumas áreas é expressiva a ocorrência de afloramentos rochosos. É marcante a influência do material de origem nas características dos solos, com destaque para o conjunto de solos relacionados a rochas ferríferas, distinguidos pelos teores de óxidos de ferro muito elevados e intensa cor vermelha. A presença de concreções ferruginosas é também muito comum nesses solos. A ocorrência de Latossolos Vermelhos perférricos, desprovidos de pedregosidade, está associada principalmente a formações pedimentares nas adjacências das Serras Itabiríticas.