bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Listening Strategy Use for Different Text Types
Authors: Chen I-Ju
Published: June 2017

This study sought to discover the listening strategies used by an advanced learner when comprehending differentlistening texts. A grounded theory design was employed, and using the immediate retrospection research method,specific listening strategies used by the advanced learner were categorized as those assisting comprehension,monitoring comprehension, and enhancing comprehension. Among the identified strategies, some were used fordifferent text types. The patterns of strategies used by the advanced learner were also identified and are discussed.
Analysis of the Organizational Structure of Enterprises of Technological Basis With Projects Without Incubators
Authors: Oshita Marcela Gimenes Bera , Pavão Juliane Andressa , Borges Iasmini Magnes Turci
Published: June 2017

The contingency theory assumes that the structure of the organization involves environment, people, technologies and administrative techniques for achieving the objectives of the company, which must comply with the contingent factors and the environment in which it is inserted. Being that, by the evolution of technology companies must be innovative from an organic structure. Thus, the incubated companies have innovative feature, this way: how is the organizational structure of enterprises of technological basis with projects in incubators? This research aims to asses and classify the organizational structure of enterprises of technological basis with projects in incubators in the State of Paraná. To achieve this goal it carried out a literature review on the contingency theory. Afterwards it was applied the questionnaire with companies incubated in that sought to identify their organizational structure Trough the applied methodology was found that, in General, incubated companies presented some mechanistic designs features with command-based rules and procedures in that only one person takes the decision, which way be the reflection of a technological breakthrough in which companies migrate to a mechanistic designs structure for organic , as well as in the results of Joan Woodward (1958), in which the occurrence of technological advancement, companies use the mechanistic designs structure, changing later to organic.
Oak leaf galls: Neuroterus numismalis and Cynips quercusfolii, their structure and ultrastructure
Authors: Jankiewicz Leszek Stanisław , Dyki Barbara , Machlańska Aleksandra , Dubert Franciszek
Published: June 2017

Anatomy and surface ultrastructure of the galls induced on oak leaves by the insects – Neuroterus numismalis (Ol.) and Cynips (Diplolepis) quercusfolii L. – were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a light microscope (LM). The observations in SEM and in LM enabled a detailed description of these galls and comparison of their structure with that of the typical oak leaf. In N. numismalis gall, the external distal tissues were classified as similar to phellem (cork), phellogen, and phelloderm, and a lateral marginal tissue as parenchyma with the likely role of a storage tissue. In the young C. quercusfolii gall, the cells of internal, nutritive tissue, on which the larva is grazing, formed globules rising above the surface of larval chamber. Many of them seemed to be destroyed by the larval action. In the gall which attained half of its final size, the tissues near the larval chamber were already partly lignified. The microorganisms (mainly fungi) which live in the oak phyllosphere, occurred also on the galls. We believe that the deep changes in the morphogenetic program of a leaf, which are caused by the gall-forming insects, are impossible without the transfer and the integration of the insect genetic material with that of the host plant. We also postulate that a larva secrets as yet hypothetical substances, which redirect the nutrients transport from the leaf blade towards the gall and support its vital functions.
NADPH oxidase is involved in regulation of gene expression and ROS overproduction in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings exposed to cadmium
Authors: Chmielowska-Bąk Jagna , Arasimowicz-Jelonek Magdalena , Izbiańska Karolina , Frontasyeva Marina , Zinicovscaia Inga , Guiance-Varela Carolina , Deckert Joanna
Published: June 2017

Cadmium-induced oxidative burst is partially mediated by NADPH oxidase. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase in soybeans’ response to short-term cadmium stress. The application of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), affected expression of two Cd-inducible genes, encoding DOF1 and MYBZ2 transcription factors. This effect was observed after 3 h of treatment. Interestingly, Cd-dependent increases in NADPH oxidase activity occurred only after a period of time ranging from 6 and 24 h of stress. Stimulation of the enzyme correlated in time with a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further analysis revealed that pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity during 24 h of Cd stress does not affect Cd uptake, seedling growth, or the level of lipid peroxidation. The role of NADPH oxidase in the response of soybean seedlings to short-term Cd exposure is discussed.
Originalita v pojetí práva Evropské unie
Authors: Zibner Jan
Published: June 2017

Příspěvek analyzuje kritérium originality jako pojmový znak autorského díla napříč právem Evropské unie, a to jak na poli legislativním, kde je ve směrnicové úpravě anglický pojem "original" definován různorodě, tak na poli judikatorním, kde je jeho výklad uchopen též dost nestabilně. Znak originality vyjadřuje míru duševní činnosti autora ve vztahu k výslednému výtvoru. Jako takový je tento znak odrazem předpokladu zachyceného již v Bernské úmluvě, která naznačuje neodmyslitelné spojení autora a jeho díla. Originalita pak krom jiného významově balancuje mezi původností a jedinečností coby dvěma základními leč mírou náročnosti požadavků na dílo odlišnými úrovněmi takového spojení. Příspěvek si proto klade za cíl objasnit v tomto směru unijní chápání originality.
REVISED WAVE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Bretschneider C. L.
Published: June 2017

Data on the generation and decay of wind-generated gravity waves have been collected for several years by the University of California. These data together with the original data by Sverdrup and Munk have been analyzed, and the results were presented in dimensionless graphs suitable for use in wave forecasting (Bretschneider, 1951). No analysis was made of the effect of following or opposing winds.
SUBHARMONIC GENERATION OF TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS INDUCED BY INCIDENT REGULAR WAVES
Authors: Wang Gang , Zheng Jin-Hai
Published: June 2017

It is generally accepted that there are transverse oscillation, which are concentrated and confined to the backwall and decay asymptotically offshore, existed in the harbor of constant slope, however, whether these oscillations can be induced by the normally incident waves is not clear. This numerical investigation aims at providing the subharmonic generations of transverse oscillations within the harbor of a plane slope by waves normally impacting on. For the harbor of perfectly plane slopes, the subharmonic transverse oscillations are small on the mild and moderate slopes but evident on the steep slope. This instability can take place only if the incident wave amplitude exceeds a threshold value, and transverse oscillations can even grow up to a larger value than that of longitudinal oscillations. The magnitudes of transverse oscillations are approximately the same, only their growth rates are affected by the incident wave amplitude.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OF BICHROMATIC WAVE GROUPS PROPAGATION ON A GENTLE SLOPE BEACH PROFILE AND ENERGY TRANSFER TO LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS
Authors: Padilla Enrique M , Alsina Jose M
Published: June 2017

This work presents a first analysis of experimental data studying the influence of the frequency bandwidth on the
propagation of bichromatic wave groups over a constant 1:100 beach slope. The use of a large spatial cross-shore resolution
and Bi-Spectral analysis techniques allows the identification of nonlinear energy transfers along the propagation
of wave groups. During wave-group shoaling, nonlinear coupling between the primary wave frequencies results in a
larger growth of superharmonics for narrow-banded wave conditions, increasing the skewness of the wave and leading
to eventual instabilities and earlier high frequency (hf) wave breaking compared to the broad-banded wave condition.
Regarding the growth of low frequency (lf) component, the data analysis has shown a larger growth of the incident
bound long wave (IBLW) for broad-banded wave conditions. It is generally assumed that the transferred energy from
the primary wave components to subharmonics does not affect the short wave energy budget. Here, the opposite is
hypothesised, and a larger growth of the IBLW for broad-banded wave conditions is accompanied of a larger reduction
of the primary wave components, a reduced growth of hf components and, consequently, a reduction in the growth
of hf wave asymmetry during wave group shoaling. Conversely for narrow-banded wave conditions, a reduced IBLW
growth is associated with a larger growth of hf wave asymmetry. After hf wave breaking, within the low frequency
domain (lf), the IBLW decays slightly for narrow-banded conditions, consistent with a reduction in radiation stress
forcing. This involves a nonlinear energy transfer from the wave group frequency back to hf components. The remaining
lf energy, Outgoing Free Long Wave (OFLW), reflects back at the shoreline. However, for broad-banded wave
conditions, strong dissipation and minimal reflection of lf components occurs close to the shoreline, which might be
caused by lf wave breaking.
EFFECTS OF TIDE AND WAVE DIRECTIONALITY ON LOCALIZED TSUNAMI-INDUCED CURRENTS IN PORT AND HARBORS
Authors: Ayca Aykut , Lynett Patrick Joseph , Wilson Rick
Published: June 2017

Here, we present the results of a numerical modeling study to investigate how the maxima of the tsunami-induced currents vary due to dynamic effects of tides and wave directivity. A sensitivity analyses was conducted in three harbors by coupling the tsunami with the tide signal at twelve different tide levels. We find that tsunami-tide interaction can change the maximum current speed experienced in a harbor by up to 25% for the events and harbors studied, and that this effect is highly site-specific. To evaluate the effect of wave directionality on maximum currents, three earthquakes with different magnitudes were devised along the Pacific, which were also tuned to create the same maximum near-harbor amplitude. Our analysis also shows that, for the harbor and sources examined, the effect of offshore directionality and tsunami frequency content has a very weak effect on the maximum currents experienced in the harbor. The much more important dependency on maximum currents is on the near-harbor amplitude of the wave, indicating that currents in a harbor from a tsunami generated by a large far-field earthquake may be reasonably well predicted with only information about the predicted local tsunami amplitude. This study was motivated by the hope of constructing a basis for understanding the dynamic effects of tides and wave directivity on current-based tsunami hazards in a coastal zone by the application of numerical simulation tools for hazard mapping purposes. The consideration of these aspects is crucial and yet challenging in the modeling of tsunami currents.
ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL RECEPTORSâ€™ EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY TO FLOOD HAZARD ALONG VARNA REGIONAL COAST
Authors: Andreeva Nataliya Kamenova , Valchev Nikolay , Prodanov Bogdan , Eftimova Petya , Kotsev Iliyan , Dimitrov Lyubomir
Published: June 2017

Storms and related disasters are phenomena producing coastal hazards and endangering human life and occupation. The study evaluates coastal receptorsâ€™ exposure and their vulnerability to storm-induced flooding hazard along Varna regional coast in Western Black Sea, Bulgaria. The assessment is performed employing the Coastal Risk Assessment Framework (CRAF) developed within EU FP7 RISC-KIT project. It constitutes a screening process that allows determination of susceptible alongshore sectors (hotspots) by assessing relevant hazard intensities, hazard extents and potential receptorsâ€™ exposure vulnerability within them by means of coastal indices approach. The ultimate goal is to evaluate potential risk posed by flooding in support to coastal managers, decision and policy makers. Assessment of coastal receptorsâ€™ exposure vulnerability is done by exposure indicators approach, using hazard intensities and flooding extents relevant to return period of 100 years. The approach consists of combining several indicators into a single index, thereby allowing a rapid comparison of coastal sectors. Five types of receptors are considered to formulate the relevant exposure indicators: Land Use, Population, Transport, Utilities and Business, which subsequently are combined into an Overall Exposure Indicator to evaluate potential direct and indirect impacts. Results show that the most vulnerable to coastal flooding in terms of exposure are coastal sectors located within Varna Bay, comprising port and industry facilities with regional, national and international significance.
IMPACT OF RIVER REGULATION ON THE SUBMERGED MORPHOLOGY OF A MEDITERRANEAN DELTAIC SYSTEM: EVALUATING COASTAL ENGINEERING TOOLS
Authors: LÃ³pez-Ruiz Alejandro , Bergillos Rafael J. , Ortega-SÃ¡nchez Miguel , Losada Miguel A.
Published: June 2017

Although the influence of both natural and human-induced changes on the evolution of worldwide deltas have been widely addressed, few studies have analyzed the variations of the submerged morphology due to river regulations by dams. In this work, we analyze the changes in the submerged morphology of a Mediterranean deltaic system after the regulation of its main fluvial inflow. We use high-resolution bathymetric measurements and globally used coastal engineering models and tools to characterize the cross-shore and alongshore variations of the nearshore bathymetry of the delta. The applicability and limitations of these tools are discussed, identifying their major weaknesses for their application in this type of environments.
MORPHODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE BAY OF CAÂ´DIZ (2012-2015)
Authors: Zarzuelo Carmen , Diéz-Minguito M , Dâ€™Alpaos A , Carniello L , Rosal-Salido J , Ortega-SÃ¡nchez M
Published: June 2017

The morphology of the Bay of C\'adiz in the southwestern Spain has been changing for the past 25 years in response to the human interventions. Since 2012, new interventions, for example the new terminal and the new navigation channel, have been planned to carry out inside the Bay. As a result of these interventions, there has been a decrease in tidal amplitudes, tidal volumes, and average flow velocities, and there is hardly any sediment transport along the bay. Recent human activities are addressed in the Bay of CÃ¡diz, an estuary located in the south--west of Spain. The Bay of CÃ¡diz is a highly altered embayment in which socio-economical developments and ecological interests conflict. This work studies both through observations and numerical simulations the impact of some of these modifications on the morpho--hydrodynamics of the Bay of CÃ¡diz. The capability of the bay to transport sediment between the inner and outer bay deteriorates after the deepening of the navigation channel and the construction of the new port terminal and the new bridge. This may have an impact on the ecological status of the bay. The influence of the dredging and the new terminal are concentrated at the entrance to the central sector of the bay and close to the channel. The dredging would increase siltation in the shallower areas close to the new channel, which subsequently reduce the amount of sediment input into the basins. The bridge mostly affect the Puntales Channel and the inner bay. The most changes in the erosion/deposition patterns are found in the area with strong bottom frictions and tidal asymmetries.
EFFECT OF FUTURE STORM CLUSTERING ON BEACH/DUNE EVOLUTION AND COASTAL FLOODING
Authors: Dissanayake Pushpa , Brown Jennifer , Karunarathna Harshinie
Published: June 2017

Future storm impacts on dune evolution due to changing storm frequency were simulated in XBeach at an exemplary dune system, Formby Point, UK. Probabilistic approaches were used to establish the future storm clusters from 2015 to 2065 in three scenarios, using measured data in Liverpool Bay. Cross-shore profile simulations were carried out in two series: Recovery and Cluster. Recovery used the same initial profile assuming that the profile is fully recovered when the subsequent storm event occurs. Cluster used the modified profile from the previous storm event. Within a single event, the maximum erosion and accretion of the profile occurred under the Recovery conditions due to the presence of a pronounced nearshore ridge-runnel pattern that evolved during severe storm events. Only a few storm events impacted on the upper dune area resulting in a bed level change, which under the Cluster approach was more noticeable when compared with the Recovery approach. The inter-tidal area experienced erosion while the sub-tidal area showed accretion in both the Recovery and the Cluster approaches, and the agreement of bed level change was considerably higher than that in the upper dune area. Vulnerability of the upper dune area increases in the Cluster approach as the initial storm events flatten the nearshore ridge-runnel pattern, and then the severe storm events directly impact on the dune front. High dune elevation at Formby Point prevents lowering of the dune crest due to the storm cluster erosion and therefore it can still withstand against flooding. Spatial modelling of the dune system is required to gain more insights of erosion and flood prone areas along this coast.
SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF THE NAKATSU INTERTIDAL FLAT AND THE YAMAKUNI RIVER AND THE NUMERICAL FORECASTING OF THE MORPHODYNAMIC CHANGE
Authors: Uzaki Ken-ichi , Yoneyama Masashi , Okuma Shiori , Tai Akira , Ikehata Yoshito
Published: June 2017

Fishermen and citizens of the Nakatsu City fear effects of expansion work of the Nakatsu Port on the erosion of the Nakatsu Intertidal flat. However, Even the fact of erosion/deposition of the intertidal flat has not been cleared yet. In this study, field observations of bottom survey and of sediment discharges from the Yamakuni River were conducted in order to investigate the erosion/deposition of the flat and the mechanism of morphodynamic changes. Numerical simulations were also conducted in order to forecast the morphodynamic change and to propose the effective countermeasures to maintain the intertidal flat.
RANS-VOF modeling of hydrodynamics and sand transport under full-scale non-breaking and breaking waves
Authors: Fernandez-Mora Angels , Ribberink Jan S. , Van der Zanden Joep , Van der Werf Jebbe J. , Jacobsen Niels G.
Published: June 2017

A 2D RANS-VOF model is used to simulate the flow and sand transport for two different full-scale laboratory experiments: i) non-breaking waves over a horizontal sand bed (Schretlen et al., 2011) and ii) plunging breaking waves over a barred mobile bed profile (Van der Zanden et al., 2016). For the first time, the model is not only tested and validated in terms of water surface and outer flow hydrodynamics, but also in terms of wave boundary
layer processes and sediment concentration patterns. It is shown that the model is capable of reproducing the outer flow (mean currents and turbulence patterns) as well as the spatial and temporal development of the wave boundary layer. The simulations of sediment concentration distributions across the breaking zone show the relevance of accounting for turbulence effects on computing suspended sediment pick-up from the bed.
ACOUSTIC DOPPLER VELOCIMETER BACKSCATTER FOR QUANTIFICATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION IN SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO BAY
Authors: Ã–ztÃ¼rk Mehmet , Work Paul
Published: June 2017

A data set was acquired on a shallow mudflat in south San Francisco Bay that featured simultaneous, co-located optical and acoustic sensors for subsequent estimation of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). The optical turbidity sensor output was converted to SSC via an empirical relation derived at a nearby site using bottle sample estimates of SSC. The acoustic data was obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Backscatter and noise were combined to develop another empirical relation between the optical estimates of SSC and the relative backscatter from the acoustic velocimeter. The optical and acoustic approaches both reproduced similar general trends in the data and have merit. Some seasonal variation in the dataset was evident, with the two methods differing by greater or lesser amounts depending on which portion of the record was examined. It is hypothesized that this is the result of flocculation, affecting the two signals by different degrees, and that the significance or mechanism of the flocculation has some seasonal variability. In the earlier portion of the record (March), there is a clear difference that appears in the acoustic approach between ebb and flood periods, and this is not evident later in the record (May). The acoustic method has promise but it appears that characteristics of flocs that form and break apart may need to be accounted for to improve the power of the method. This may also be true of the optical method: both methods involve assuming that the sediment characteristics (size, size distribution, and shape) are constant
THE FLOW OVER ASYMMETRICAL RIPPLES: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE MORPHODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: Faraci Carla , Petrotta Carmelo , Scandura Pietro , Foti Enrico , Blondeaux Paolo
Published: June 2017

This paper reports on an experimental campaign focused on the generation and evolution of small scale bedforms over a sloping sandy beach. The wave propagation over a sloping bed triggers a flow asymmetry that reflects on the bedform characteristics. Morphodynamic analyses on ripple evolution and migration led to observe that at the equilibrium the ripples have larger offshore flanks and are leant toward the beach. However migration velocity may be onshore or offshore directed. The equilibrium ripple characteristics seem to be well described by Nielsen (1981) ripple predictor.
MONITORING OF GRAVEL NOURISHMENT ON MAKUHARI BEACH IN TOKYO BAY
Authors: Kobayashi Akio , Uda Takaaki , Noshi Yasuhito
Published: June 2017

On Makuhari Beach located in Tokyo Bay, an artificial beach was built in front of the reclaimed land in 1979, and this beach was widely used for recreation. However, the beach had gradually been eroded. In 2009, a jetty was extended in the middle of the beach, and 12,000 m3 of gravel with the grain size of 4.2 mm was nourished on the beach between the south and the central jetties. Although an artificial beach was produced in parallel with the seawall line, the nourishment gravel was transported northward and was deposited to form a high berm in the northern part. This movement of the nourishment gravel was investigated by field observation.
ACCELERATION MECHANISM OF VOID DEVELOPMENT IN CONCRETE RIPRAP SEAWALLS
Authors: Pamuk Aykut , Okabe Yumi , Sato Shinji
Published: June 2017

Laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the acceleration mechanism of the void development in the backfill of a seawall. It is found that the rate of sand leakage is proportional to the air amount in the soil medium. Therefore, the larger void appears to accelerate the further enlargement of the void. Leakage of sand has been found to be closely related to the seepage flow due to the pressure gradient between the soil medium and the water. Therefore, propagation of the wave-induced pressure response influences the leakage of sand. Compressibility and permeability of soil medium have been found to be two significant parameters for the rate of leakage.
FULL-SCALE PROTOTYPE OF AN OVERTOPPING BREAKWATER FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION
Authors: Contestabile Pasquale , Vincenzo Ferrante , Di Lauro Enrico , Vicinanza Diego
Published: June 2017

The Overtopping BReakwater for Energy Conversion (OBREC) is a new typology of overtopping wave energy converter (OTD) integrated into a traditional rubble mound breakwater. The device can be considered as an innovative non-conventional breakwater that has the same functions as the traditional structures with the added-valued of the energy production. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the OBREC, offering a synthesis of the complete design process, from the results of the two complementary test campaigns in small scale carried out in 2012 and 2014 at Aalborg University, to the description of the full-scale device installed in Naples in 2016. The device represents the first OTD device in full-scale integrated into an existing rubble mound breakwater and it has been equipped by an instrumental apparatus to measure its response to the wave interaction. The monitoring of the full-scale device in the port of Naples, particularly during storm conditions, is aimed to study the scaling effects in wave loading and the overall performance of this breakwater-integrated OTD, included performance in terms of the energy production.
DAMAGE CRITERIA IN ROUNDHEADS ARMOURED WITH A SINGLE LAYER OF CUBIPOD ARMOR UNITS
Authors: Sande José , PeÃ±a Enrique , MaciÃ±eira Enrique
Published: June 2017

The present paper covers the analysis of damage in a single-layer roundhead armored with Cubipods. This study was carried through physical model tests. Firstly, the analysis of the damage in these structures has not been an intensive studied topic. It is normally defined when a piece doesnâ€™t contribute in the stability on the single layer armor and, due to, a new damage criteria was proposed. In addition, vertical and sectorial size of active zone was defined. It could be possible defined three different phases in the evolution of damage due to the homogenous behavior for the roundhead. The most damage sector is 90-135Âº, and the neighbors, 45-90Âº and 135-180Âº, but damage in 45-90Âº is greater in frequency and value. Also, the dimensionless parameters of roundhead size (Rn, R/H and R/L) are involved in this phenomenon. Besides, the vertical size of active zone is defined in Â±1.5Hs since sea water level (SWL), being the wave steepness is the principal parameter involved. It was proposed two level of damage: start of damage (D [%] =0.4) and failure (D [%] =11). Finally, it has been measure the reserve of stability. It is defined like the percentage of wave that the roundhead is able to resists between 2 levels of damage. This parameter allows analyzes the rigid behavior of the roundhead single layer armor. The value of this parameter, except one case, is RE [%] =9. It was conclude that wave steepness is a relevant parameter, when it increased the reserve is reduces.
CHARACTERISATION OF BREAKING WAVES ON THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE: A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON WAVE PRESSURE
Authors: Banfi Davide , Raby Alison , Simmonds David
Published: June 2017

Commonly, rock lighthouses are erected on the top of steep reefs and in limited water depths. The effect of these environmental conditions on wave loading requires deeper understanding. This paper investigates wave loading at small scale for a particular case study: the Eddystone lighthouse (UK). Load characteristics due to breaking waves are obtained by the use of pressure transducers and the test program is designed to generate a comprehensive data set covering a broader range of wave conditions. Although the magnitude of wave pressures is rather random from wave to wave of the same train of regular waves, the pressure impulsivity tends to decrease with increasing relative breaking distance. Four breaker types are described and particular attention is given to time histories of the line of action of horizontal force and vertical spatial distributions. Estimation of overall forces, obtained by pressure integration, indicates that the wave loading is strongly affected by the limited water depth condition. In fact, only small plunging waves are able to break at the structure; thus, they cause small forces despite the small breaking distances. Finally, the occurrence of the breakers is investigated on a dimensionless plane given by the combination of the Iribarren number and momentum flux of Hughes.
DESIGN OF A POWERFUL AND PORTABLE MULTIDIRECTIONAL WAVEMA
Authors: Cornett Andrew Malcolm , Laurich Peter , Gardeta Enrique , Pelletier Daniel
Published: June 2017

A new multidirectional wave generator with 72 independent paddles has been designed, fabricated and commissioned at the National Research Council labs in Ottawa, Canada. The wet-back piston-mode machine is installed in a new 50 m long by 30 m wide rectangular wave basin, where water depths can be varied over the range from 0 m up to 1.3 m. The new machine is believed to be unique in the world in that it combines the power and stroke required to generate multidirectional spectral wave conditions with significant wave heights exceeding 0.4 m together with the modularity and ease of portability required to move the machine quickly and safely to new positions. The new machine can also be sub-divided to form several shorter machines if desired. The new wave generator features lightweight, composite materials, energy efficient regenerative power supplies, state-of-the-art software and control systems, including capabilities for active wave absorption (reflection compensation), second-order wave generation for improved generation of nonlinear sub- and super-harmonics, side-wall reflection, and more. The design of this new directional wavemaker is described and several of the more innovative features are highlighted in this paper.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF NON-COHESIVE CONTACT IN MULTI-BODY HYDRODYNAMIC SYSTEMS WITH SPH
Authors: Mohajeri Mohammad Javad , Shafieefar Mehdi , Radfar Soheil
Published: June 2017

Enforcing solid boundary conditions is one of the most challenging parts of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method and many different approaches have been recently developed. Better understanding of interaction forces between solid bodies is of great importance in the investigation of structural stability and armor layer displacement in breakwaters. In this study, performance of repulsive force and dynamic boundary conditions have been investigated and showed that non-physical results are presented in non-cohesive contact. In this paper, a non-cohesive contact model in multi-body hydrodynamic systems has been developed and validated against other common boundary conditions. Using the developed contact model, the effect of regular and irregular placement of cubic concrete armors has been investigated. Also, comparison has been made with Van Buchem (2009) experimental results and concluded that in the irregular case it is more possible that a unit moves toward instability.
WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION OVER SEABEDS WITH DIFFERENT ROUGHNESS: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Faraci Carla , Scandura Pietro , Foti Enrico
Published: June 2017

Wave-current flow over seabeds covered with different roughness has been studied in order to deepen the knowledge on the statistical properties of the near-bed velocity. The results of three different experimental campaigns performed in the presence of a sandy bed, a gravel bed and a rippled bed, carried out superimposing a steady current onto an orthogonal wave, have been analysed. The statistics of the current velocity, including the wave effects on the steady current have been investigated. It has been observed that in the absence of waves, the fluctuations of the near-bed velocities closely follow a Gaussian distribution. When waves are also present, in order to obtain consistent near-bed velocity statistics, it is necessary to decouple the velocity events in the current direction by taking into account the sign of the wave velocities. In the latter case, the nature of the distribution functions is influenced by the mass conservation principle. A Gaussian distribution well describes the turbulent fluctuations obtained by removing the phase averaged velocity from the current velocity.
SPOT APPLICATION TOOL FOR WAVE DRIVEN NEARSHORE HYDRODYNAMICS
Authors: El Safty Hoda , Lynett Patrick
Published: June 2017

Nearshore hydrodynamics are driven by a wide spectrum of motions/scales that vary on the order of O (10) m to O (100) km. These scales have different effects on the dynamics of the nearshore areas, and capturing these effects is essential in accurately modeling the nearshore processes such as: mixing and transport of pollutants, wave steeping and/or wave damping, erosion and deposition of sediments, and infragravity wave propagation. For example, in tidal inlets, waves interact with tidal-currents and bathymetry. The presences of waves alter the kinematics and the dynamics of the tidal-currents such as increasing the bottom friction due to wave bottom boundary layer and changing the vertical profile of the horizontal velocity from the well-known log profile. The tidal-currents affect the wave kinematics and dynamics such as Doppler shift, wave refraction, and wave steeping in opposite currents, wave breaking and infragravity wave propagation. The time and length scales of the current are much larger than those of the waves, and modeling this interaction using a single numerical model is numerically expensive. One approach to overcome this issue is through using multi-scale numerical modeling by coupling two or more numerical models. In literature, spectral wave models have been widely coupled with circulation models to study wave-current interaction. These spectral models can provide accurate predictions for wave height but they donâ€™t provide accurate information about nonlinear wave statistics, i.e. wave skewness and asymmetry, which is a key parameter in sediment transport models. On the other hand, the phase-resolving models are capable of providing this information. In the current study, the large-scale circulation model, Delft3D, is coupled with time-domain Boussinesq-type wave model. The use of time domain wave model in the numerical coupling will improve the prediction of various nearshore processes such as: wave breaking and thus infragravity wave release and propagation, combined vertical velocity structure under external forcings of tidal currents. Such an application will fulfill the community needs for a "spot application tool" where we simulate wave-driven processes in a large domain with fine-resolution.
EVALUATION OF THE WAVE CLIMATE OVER THE BLACK SEA: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING
Authors: SaraÃ§oÄŸlu Kebir Emre , Guner H. AnÄ±l , Åžahin Cihan , Yuksel YalÃ§Ä±n , Ã‡evik Esin
Published: June 2017

The knowledge of the wave climate is one of the most important data for application of coastal engineering, which includes coastal structure design, sediment transport, coastal erosion and so on. Due to the lack of measurements in many region and high cost of wave measurements, coastal engineers have to estimate wave characteristics using a variety of methods, which comprise empirical and numerical solutions. A variety of empirical and numerical methods have been developed and used for determining wave characteristics. In this study, in order to determine wave climate over the Black Sea, it was used third generation Mike 21 spectral wave model. For this purpose, a series of numerical models were conducted in a way to cover the 13-year period between 1996 and 2008. The obtained results from numerical models were compared to the results of Wind and Deep Water Wave Atlas for Turkish Coasts. It was concluded that the results were highly consistent each other.
EFFECT OF ICE ON SHORE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Zumberge James H. , Wilson James T.
Published: June 2017

During the course of investigations of ice forms on the Great Lakes bordering the state of Michigan, the writers had occasion to observe several shore areas under winter conditions. The following paper is a general consideration of these casual observations and includes suggestions of the probable relationship between ice conditions at the shore line and in the surf zone to the normal shore processes effective during the ice-free year.
COASTAL DUNES: A STUDY OF THE DUNES AT VERA CRUZ
Authors: Marta Manuel Diaz
Published: June 2017

Coastal dunes are formed when winds gather the dry sands from beaches and carry it inland. The repeated scouring of surface sand and its deposit in other areas does more to shape the diverse hillocks and depressions characteristic of certain coastal areas than any other physical factor. For fifty years we have been battling the sand dunes at Vera Cruz. Some observations made from the experience gained over these years may be of interest.
ON THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS Jose Joaquim
Authors: De Carvalho Jose Joaquim Reis , Vera-Cruz Daniel
Published: June 2017

Until the beginning of the second quarter of the present century, characteristics of rubble-mound breakwaters were determined by entirely empirical methods, although harbour engineers had been deal ing with this problem for man;> centuries. As a rule, designers merely compared the case under study with existing structures, prescribing sturdier breakwaters when those located in shores with a similar exposure had not withstood the most violent storms acting on them. The first empirical formula for breakwater design did not appear before 1933, but this and other similar formulas did not go beyond ordering and reducing the use of arbitrary methods in the choice of the elements making up the breakwater slopes more directly subjected to wave action; no sensible progress resulting there? From for the design methods of these structures.lt can even be stated that, due to the use of Iribarren's formula - the most widely used in Europe - which leads to the utilization of too heavy blocks placed in steep slopes (about ^/3)» a tendency began to be observed in designers, towards a considerable reduction of these slopes. Such a situation which, bearing in mind the knowledge available until about 10 years ago, was perfectly admissible, has been subjected to considerable changes thanks to: 1) the enormous advances achieved in the theoretical field, which placed our knowledge on the majority of Maritime Hydraulics subjects on a satisfactory level; 2) the invaluable help of small scale model tests, and3) our improved knowledge on natural phenomena which makes possible a comparatively satisfactory estimate of the characteristics of the waves to be anticipated at any point of the coast*We have merely to persevere along the route followed in the latter years in order to determine more accurate values fir the coefficients of the available formulas, representing the results obtained by means of graphs and tables, resorting for that purpose both to model tests and to a careful observation of the behaviour of completed structures throughout the world, above all those which underwent damages. On the other hand efforts should not be spared in concentrated attempts to discover new formulas as phenomena are, no doubt much too complex in the destruction of a breakwater to allow of a single satisfactory scheaetization. It should be borne in mind that, in spite of the laboratory tests recently carried out, our knowledges is limited to the area directly affected by the wave breaking and so a total knowledge of the stability of rubble-mound breakwaters lies still a long way ahead.
A STUDY OF CRITICAL DEPTH AND MODE OF SAND MOVEMENT USING RADIOACTIVE GLASS SAND
Authors: Sato Shoji , Ijima Takeshi , Tanaka Norio
Published: June 2017

In Japan, in order to get fundamental data for harbor construction planning, radioactive glass sand has been used on the coasts of Tomakomai Irako, Fukue, Isohama, Kashima and Niigata as shown in Figure 1, The authors have directed these field experiments excepting Tomakomai and been doing model experiments using radioactive glass sand. The field observation of sand movement using radioactive tracers has been already performed in several countries of the world and many works have been published. Authors have aimed to make clear the direction of sand transport in several depths of water and the critical water depth of sand movement where harbors are to be constructed, in order to get basic data for the best arrangement of breakwaters on sandy beach. The activity of radioactive glass sand ( Co-60 and Sc-46 ) used at one point was several millicuries in the inland coast and several tens millicuries in the open coast. In this paper, the qualitative characteristics of sand movement in the offshore and the breaker zone and the relations of waves, depth and bottom materials are estimated from the field experiments. Moreover, in the model test, the glass sand containing Cr-51 was used in order to study the mode of sand movement due to waves, in particular, the direction of ripple movement and sand transport.
Oocyte Destruction by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Mattison Donald R. , Shiromizu Kenji , Nightingale Maria S.
Published: June 2017

Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ubiquitous environmental pollutants, destroy oocytes, Oocyte destruction by polycyclic hydrocarbons requires distribution of the parent hydrocarbon to the ovary where ovarian enzymes metabolize the compound to reactive intermediates responsible for ovotoxicity. Descriptive assays of polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolic activation such as the aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydrosylase assay (AHH) are not good predictors of strain or species differences in sensitivity to polycyclic hydrocarbon ovotoxicity. Using benzota)pyrene as a probe of ovarian metabolic processing suggests that the rate of formation of metabolites along the metabolic pathway to the 73‐dihydrodiol‐9, 10‐eposidc may he the appropriate measure of talc role of activation in strain or species differences in sensitivity to oocyte destruction. The multistep metabolic pathway involved in ovarian metabolic processing of benzo(a)pyrene may represent a useful model for exploring the roles of metabolic activation, detoxification, intrinsic sensitivit sr, and repair in reproductive toxicity.
Assessment of Methods and Results of Reproductive Occupational Epidemiology: Spontaneous Abortions and Malformations in the Offspring of Working Women
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Axelson Olav , Niemi Marja-Liisa , Ahlborg Gunnar
Published: June 2017

Epidemiological studies relating occupational exposures of working women to spontaneous abortions and malformation are reviewed and some methodological considerations are presented. The reproductive epidemiology is less developed titan epidemiology in general and seems to involve some specific problems. The ascertainment of exposure and of outcome may be problematic. The exposures may be reported differently by the women depending on the outcome of the pregnancy; thus confirmation of exposure from an independent data source would be an asset. The recognition of spontaneous abortions by women is variable and this should be considered in the study design. An access to medical records could provide objective data on the outcome, but it may introduce other types of asymmetries.

The types of occupational exposures of the women, suggested to carry a risk of spontaneous abortions, include anesthetic agents, laboratory work, copper smelting, soldering, and chemical sterilization using ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde. Maternal employment in laboratories and exposure to solvents has been linked to a risk of congenital malformations in the offspring in five studies. Data on the teratogenic effects of anesthetic gases has been conflicting. In one study, employment in copper smelting was associated with malformations in the offspring.
Preimplantation Development: Biology, Genetics, and Mutagenesis
Authors: Dean Jurrien
Published: June 2017

After fertilization, the one‐cell zygote grows to the morula stage and then the blastocyst stage prior to its implantation in the uterus. This series of events is under the control of the embryonic genome, although maternal cytoplasmic components may initially play a major role. The study of molecular biology has revealed a great deal concerning the organization and expression of the eukaryotic genome. Particular interest has been focused on the mechanism of control of gene expression. These mechanisms must ultimately control cellular differentiation and the early development of the embryo. The study of reproductive toxicology requires a sound molecular appreciation of gene expression and cell differentiation, Mutations of the genome can dramatically affect the embryo. Although repair mechanisms have evolved to compensate for these mutations, repairs are not uniformly successful and unrepaired mutations can lead to early fetal loss.
Problems and Pitfalls in Conducting Epidemiological Research in the Area of Reproductive Toxicology
Authors: Levin Stephen M.
Published: June 2017

Defective reproductive outcome continues to represent a considerable public health burden, as well as a source of intense personal tragedy and enormous expense in our society.
Evidence suggests that the rate or reproductive failure may be modifiable, in part by limiting human exposure to environmental agents toxic to the reproductive process. Methodological problems posing difficulties to researchers investigating the association between exposure to such agents and adverse reproductive outcome are discussed, including
inadequacies in existing data bases available for analysis; bias in reporting by or in the collection of information From affected families: and weaknesses in the selection of study populat ions. “control” groups, and outcomes chosen for observation. Suggestions For possible resolution of some of these difficulties are discussed.
Occupational Reproductive Hazards: Necessary Steps to Prevention
Authors: Infante Peter F. , Tsongas Theodora A.
Published: June 2017

Although some attention has recently been given to the study of occupational reproductive hazards, little is known about Measure being taken to prevent exposure to substances having the potential to Cause such problem. In the past OSHA has prom ulgated a standard to lower the pemissible exposure level to a reprodutive toxin as the major focus only after experimental evidence was confirmed in humans. The method of selection of appropriate substitutes is also cause for concern. A chemical known to cause testicular atrophy, cancer, and gene mutatiom in subhuman test systems and to cause sterility in male workers was replaced with a substance known from experimental studies to cause testicular toxicity, canrer of multiple sites, and ge ne mutations. Exrerimental test results need to he addressed from the standpoint of determining presumptive risk to humans. A scheme for setting priorities for reduction of exposure or for consideration of regulation of occupational reprodutive hazards also needs to be developed. A policy addressing occuputional reproductive hazards may serve as a stimulus for proteting workers from these hazards and for improving scientific reseach protocols.
Quantum Emulation of Extreme Non‐Equilibrium Phenomena with Trapped Atoms
Authors: Rajagopal Shankari V. , Fujiwara Kurt M. , Senaratne Ruwan , Singh Kevin , Geiger Zachary A. , Weld David M.
Published: June 2017

Ultracold atomic physics experiments offer a nearly ideal context for the investigation of quantum systems far from equilibrium. We describe three related emerging directions of research into extreme non‐equilibrium phenomena in atom traps: quantum emulation of ultrafast atom‐light interactions, coherent phasonic spectroscopy in tunable quasicrystals, and realization of Floquet matter in strongly‐driven lattice systems. We show that all three should enable quantum emulation in parameter regimes inaccessible in solid‐state experiments, facilitating a complementary approach to open problems in non‐equilibrium condensed matter.