bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring health literacy competencies in community pharmacy
Authors: Emmerton Lynne M. , Mampallil Liz , Kairuz Therese , McKauge Leigh M. , Bush Robert A.
Published: December 2010

Background  Health literacy is the ability to obtain, interpret and use health information. Low rates of health literacy in Australia have been suggested, but no validated measure exists.

Objective  To explore health literacy competencies in a sample of community pharmacy consumers.

Design  Structured interviews were undertaken by a team of researchers during August, 2009. The instrument was derived from available literature, measuring aspects of functional, interactive and critical health literacy regarding use of medicines.

Setting and participants  Twelve community pharmacies in the Brisbane region, Australia.

Results  Six hundred and forty‐seven consumers participated; 64% were women. A wide distribution of ages was evident. English was the first language of 89% of respondents. More than half of the sample (55%), predominantly aged 26–45 years, was tertiary educated. While 87% of respondents recognized a sample prescription, 20% could not readily match the prescription to a labelled medicine box. Eighty‐two percentage of respondents interpreted ‘three times a day’ appropriately, but interpretation of a standard ancillary label was highly variable. Advanced age, less formal education, non‐English‐speaking background and male gender were independently related to lower performance in some variables.

Discussion  This health literacy measure applied comprehension and numeracy skills required of adults receiving prescription medications. While the majority of consumers adequately performed these tasks, some behaviours and responses were of sufficient concern to propose additional verbal and written information interventions by pharmacy staff.

Conclusions  This research provides insight into issues that may affect consumers’ appropriate use of medicines and self‐efficacy. Initiatives to improve public health literacy are warranted.
‘In Vitro’ Capacitation and Acrosome Reaction are Concomitant with Specific Changes in Mitochondrial Activity in Boar Sperm: Evidence for a Nucleated Mitochondrial Activation and for the Existence of a Capacitation‐Sensitive Subpopulational Structure
Authors: Ramió‐Lluch L , Fernández‐Novell JM , Peña A , Colás C , Cebrián‐Pérez JA , Muiño‐Blanco T , Ramírez A , Concha II , Rigau T , Rodríguez‐Gil JE
Published: December 2010

Contents

The main scope of this manuscript is to analyse the dynamics of mitochondrial activity in boar sperm subjected to ‘in vitro’ capacitation (IVC) and subsequent progesterone‐induced ‘in vitro’ acrosome reaction (IVAR). This was determined after analysis of the rhythm of O2 consumption and concomitant changes in the mitochondria activity‐specific JC‐1 staining. Results showed that IVC, and especially IVAR, was concomitant with a peak in O2 consumption (from 1.61 ± 0.08 nmol O2/min/107 viable sperm at 0 h of incubation to 2.62 ± 0.12 nmol O2/min/107 viable sperm after 5 min of IVAR induction). These results were accompanied by parallel changes in the mean intensity of JC‐1 staining. Based on JC‐1, mitochondrial activation followed a nucleated pattern, with specific, activation starting points at the midpiece from which mitochondrial activation was spread. Moreover, four separate sperm subpopulations were detected following the JC‐1 orange‐red/green ratio, and the observed changes in the mean JC‐1 staining during IVC and IVAR were related to concomitant changes in both the orange‐red/green JC‐1 ratio and the percentage of sperm included in each subpopulation. All of these results indicate that IVC and the first minutes of IVAR are accompanied by a progressive increase in mitochondrial activity, which reached a peak coincidental with the achievement of IVAR. Moreover, results suggest the presence of separate sperm subpopulations, which show a different mitochondrial sensitivity to IVC and IVAR. Finally, mitochondrial activation, at least under JC‐1 staining, seems to originate in concrete nucleation points at the midpiece, thus suggesting thus a well‐coordinated pattern in boar‐sperm mitochondrial activity modulation.
The Ovulatory Response of Anoestrous Goats Exposed to the Male Effect in the Subtropics is Unrelated to their Follicular Diameter at Male Exposure
Authors: Delgadillo JA , Ungerfeld R , Flores JA , Hernandez H , Fitz‐Rodríguez G
Published: December 2010

Contents

This study was designed to determine whether the follicular diameter at the introduction of the bucks influences the ovarian response in does exposed to males during the anoestrous season in the subtropics. Bucks (n = 4) were subjected to 2.5 months of long days from November 1st to stimulate their sexual activity. On 29th March, one of the four treated males was joined with the females (n = 13), being exchanged with other males every 12 h, during 10 days. Oestrous behaviour was recorded twice daily. Ultrasound examinations of the ovaries were performed once daily from Day ‐7 to ‐1 and twice daily from Day 0 to 6. Follicles that ovulate were categorized according to the diameter at the moment when females were joined with males, as Small (<3.9 mm), Medium (4.0–5.9 mm) or Large (>6.0 mm). All females ovulated (13/13) and 12 came into oestrus during the first 5 days after exposure to males. The growth rate of the follicles increased after the introduction of the bucks from 1.1 ± 0.1 mm per day to 1.5 ± 0.1 mm per day (p < 0.05). The percentage of follicles from each category that ovulated did not differ (p > 0.05; Small 47.8%; Medium 34.8% and Large 17.4%). From follicles that ovulated, the growth rate of those that were Small at the moment of the introduction of the bucks was greater (2.1 ± 0.1 mm per day; p < 0.05) than that observed in those that were Medium (1.3 ± 0.1 mm per day) and Large follicles (1.1 ± 0.1 mm per day). In 12 does, the largest follicle present in the ovaries was growing when bucks were introduced. From these follicles, five finally ovulated and seven finally regressed. In conclusion, the follicular diameter at the introduction of the bucks is not related to the oestrous behaviour and ovulatory responding patterns in female goats exposed to sexually active bucks in the subtropics.
Impact of Fine‐ or Large‐Needle Aspiration on Canine Testes: Clinical, In Vivo Ultrasonographic and Seminological Assessment
Authors: Gouletsou PG , Galatos AD , Leontides LS , Sideri AI
Published: December 2010

Contents

The safety and consequences of fine‐ (FNA) and large‐needle aspiration (LNA) to the testicular parenchyma and its normal function have not been thoroughly established. This study was performed to accurately assess, by serial clinical, in vivo ultrasonographic and seminological examinations, the type and extent of the effect of FNA or LNA on canine testes. Eighteen sexually mature, 1–2 years old, healthy laboratory Beagles were used. One of their testes was aspirated using a 23‐G butterfly needle (FN) and the other using a 19‐G butterfly needle (LN). Two dogs at a time were orchiectomized 10, 60 min, 2, 14, 29, 63, 76, 90 or 180 days post‐aspiration. Five and 2 days and 1 h before aspiration (in all dogs), immediately post‐aspiration, and 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 19, 29, 35, 43, 49, 56, 63, 70, 76, 90, 111, 132 and 180 days post‐aspiration (in the remaining intact dogs), evaluation of scrotal surface temperature over each testis, evaluation of scrotum‐testis volume by electronic sliding callipers, ultrasonographic evaluation of testicular volume and texture and clinical and semen examination were performed. Following FNA and LNA, the clinical and ultrasonographic appearance of the testis were normal. Sperm production nearly always remained unchanged, with the exception of a slight decrease in spermatozoal motility 2–14 days post‐aspiration. However, even then, with the exception of six samples, spermatozoal motility was above normal values. Within the parameters of this experiment, testicular FNA and LNA have no ill effect on sperm production or clinical and ultrasonographic appearance of the canine testis, and therefore, both FNA and LNA should be considered safe.
Petrochemistry and tectonic setting of mafic volcanic rocks in the Chon Daen–Wang Pong area, Phetchabun, Thailand
Authors: Boonsoong Apichet , Panjasawatwong Yuenyong , Metparsopsan Keatisak
Published: December 2010

The mafic volcanic rocks and hypabyssal rocks in the Chon Dean‐Wang Pong area are possibly the southern extension of the western Loei Volcanic Sub‐belt, Northeast Thailand. They are least‐altered, and might have been formed in Permian–Triassic times. The rocks are commonly porphyritic, with different amounts of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, Fe–Ti oxide, unknown mafic mineral, and apatite phenocrysts or microphenocrysts, and are uncommonly seriate textured. The groundmass mainly shows an intergranular texture, with occasionally hyalophitic, intersertal and ophitic–subophitic textures. The groundmass constituents have the same minerals as the phenocrysts or microphenocrysts and may contain altered glass. The groundmass plagioclase laths may show a preferred orientation. Chemically, the studied rock samples can be separated into three magmatic groups: Group I, Group II, and Group III. These magmatic groups are different in values for Ti/Zr ratios. The averaged Ti/Zr values for Group I, Group II, and Group III rocks are 83 ± 6, 46 ± 12, and 29 ± 5, respectively. In addition, the Group I rocks have higher P/Zr, but lower Zr/Nb relative to Group II and Group III rocks. The Group I and Group II rocks comprise tholeiitic andesite–basalt and microdiorite–microgabbro, while the Group III rocks are calc‐alkalic andesite and microdiorite. According to the magmatic affinities and the negative Nb anomalies on normal mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (N‐MORB) normalized multi‐element plot, arc‐related lavas are persuasive. The similarity between the studied lavas and the Quaternary lavas from the northern Kyukyu Arc, in terms of chondrite‐normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and N‐MORB normalized multi‐element patterns, leads to a conclusion that the mafic volcanic rocks and hypabyssal rocks in the Chon Daen–Wang Pong area have been formed in a volcanic arc environment.
Coping strategies of adults with leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors: Farsi Zahra , Dehghan Nayeri Nahid , Negarandeh Reza
Published: December 2010

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) causes significant physical, social, psychological, and emotional stress in patients with leukemia. This qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews explored the coping strategies of 10 adults with acute leukemia who were undergoing this form of treatment in transplantation units in a major hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2009 to 2010. A content analysis identified eight themes and 13 subthemes that described the participants' coping strategies. The major themes were: attribution, denial and avoidance, connection with divine purpose, organizing treatment, seeking social support, modifying, reflection, and patience and resignation. A deeper understanding of the coping strategies that are used by patients with leukemia undergoing HSCT can help healthcare providers to encourage patients to use strategies that are likely to be more effective. Such coping strategies also can help patients to achieve a greater sense of empowerment.
Face‐to‐face versus online tuition: Preference, performance and pass rates in white and ethnic minority students
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: December 2010

Attainment in higher education tends to be poorer in ethnic minority students than in white students. This study examined whether this attainment gap was affected by the introduction of online tuition. Data were obtained from students who had taken courses in either arts or management with the UK Open University and had opted for either face‐to‐face or online tuition. The arts courses had a higher proportion of white students and lower proportions of Asian and black students than the management courses. Nevertheless, white and ethnic minority students gave similar reasons for choosing face‐to‐face tuition or online tuition. In the management courses but not in the arts courses, the pass rate was lower in students who had received online tuition than in students who had received face‐to‐face tuition. Regardless of the discipline or mode of tuition, black students tended to obtain lower marks and lower pass rate than white students, but Asian students did not. It is concluded that online tuition is an appropriate form of student support in both campus‐based and distance education but that the attainment gap in ethnic minority students probably does not arise from the nature and quality of their interactions with teachers and other students.
Adolescents born extremely preterm: behavioral outcomes and quality of life
Authors: HALLIN ANNE‐LI , STJERNQVIST KARIN
Published: December 2010

Hallin, A.‐L. & Stjernqvist, K. (2011). Adolescents born extremely preterm: behavioral outcomes and quality of life. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology52, 251–256.

Fifty‐two extremely premature born and 54 full‐term controls were assessed regarding behavioral outcomes, risk‐taking and self‐perceived quality of life. Behavioral outcomes were assessed with the Achenbach Youth Self Report; risk‐taking was estimated regarding alcohol and nicotine use; self‐perceived quality of life and future expectations were rated; and attention and hyperactivity problems were surveyed retrospectively with the Wender Utah Rating Scale. The prematurely born reported fewer problems than full‐term born on the externalizing scale (delinquent behavior and aggressive behaviour); and they reported less alcohol consumption. No difference was observed between the two groups concerning nicotine use, views about quality of life and expectations for the future or in the retrospective assessment of attention and hyper‐activity problems. Conclusively, the prematurely born adolescents described a quality of life and future expectations comparable to full‐term born controls. They also reported fewer behavioral problems and less risk‐taking behavior.
Randomized study of tolerance and efficacy of a home‐use intense pulsed light (IPL) source compared to the hot‐wax method
Authors: Adhoute Hertsel , Hamidou Zohra , Humbert Philippe , Lyonnet Cindy , Peuchot Marie‐Anne , Reygagne Pascal , Reynier Chantal , Rivoire Stéphanie , Simoneau Guy , Toubel Gerard
Published: December 2010

Background  More and more we are seeing depilatory mechanisms based on IPL technology and used at home. As far as we know, these appliance have not undergone either safety or efficacy testing.

Aims  The aim of the study was to compare tolerance and efficacy of two depilation methods a medical device in‐home‐use IPL (E‐One) and hot wax.

Materials & Methods  Axillae of 63 persons were treated by either IPL (intense pulsed light) or hot wax for 49 weeks. Tolerance was assessed clinically by a dermatologist and efficacy by an independent blinded photographic assessment.

Results  Tolerance of the two methods is reasonably good with better results for the IPL treatment. IPL treatment is also much more efficient.

Conclusion  This study confirmed good tolerance and excellent efficacy of this first one medical device used at home. Taking into consideration the mechanical action of the IPL and our experience, other cutaneous appliances (against wrinkles (or aging), hyperpigmentation. etc.) could be considered after optimization of the technical parameters.
Hair in the middle phalanges: clinical significance
Authors: Egesi Adaeze , Rashid Rashid
Published: December 2010

Middle phalangeal hair has been a focus of study in different populations for the absence or presence of this trait. Clinically, this is often perceived as a solely cosmetic feature. However, because of a series of patients questioning the presence of hair on this location, we have performed a more in‐depth literature‐based evaluation of the trait. The goal of this manuscript was to examine the clinical significance of this anthropological phenomenon. A literature review was performed that focused on the differences of this trait in terms of pattern of presentation, age, race, sex, and usage as an identifiable marker for medical significance in certain medications and criteria for tailored treatment. Anatomically, middle phalangeal hair is mostly on the fourth finger and more ulnar rather than central or symmetric in pattern of deviation. Its presence has been most associated with high prenatal androgen exposure, predisposing patients to suffer from adverse side effects from oral contraceptives. Phalangeal hair may be helpful in tailoring treatment to certain patients from different ethnic backgrounds, and particularly in individuals with unknown ancestry.
Memory, Race, and Place
Authors: Heath Barbara J. , Lee Lori A.
Published: December 2010

Historical archaeologists are increasingly studying the formation, operation, and maintenance of racial groups in the past and the ways in which individual memories are transformed into shared social memories through the acts of remembering, forgetting, and imagining. Drawing on historical and archaeological data and oral history, this paper considers the intersection of race, landscape, and memory at archaeological sites throughout the American South, including Poplar Forest, a plantation located in Virginia’s western piedmont. These studies illustrate how memory and race intersected throughout physical and social landscapes. The discussion is grounded in the belief that changing physical landscapes structure and reflect negotiations of race and inform historical memory.
Restrictive Dermopathy in a Turkish Newborn
Authors: Yesil Gözde , Hatipoglu lhan , Esteves‐Vieira Vera , Levy Nicolas , De Sandre‐Giovannoli Annachiara , Tüysüz Beyhan
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  A 4‐day‐old boy presented with tight, translucent skin, prominent vessels, skin erosions, and dysmorphic findings, including hypertelorism, antimongoloid axis, sparse eyelashes and eyebrows, pinched nose, natal teeth, microretrognathia, and an “o‐shaped” mouth. Multiple joint contractures, dysplastic clavicles, and thin ribs were also observed. He died at 2 weeks of age of respiratory distress. The patient was diagnosed as being affected with restrictive dermopathy, which is a rare, lethal genodermatosis caused by recessive mutations of the zinc metalloproteinase ZMPSTE24 gene or less frequently, by dominant lamin A/C gene mutations. Direct sequencing of the ZMPSTE24 gene was performed, and the most common, homozygous, inactivating mutation in exon 9 was identified in the patient (c.1085_1086insT; p.Leu362PhefsX19). Autosomal recessive transmission was confirmed by parental DNA analysis. After genetic counseling, a prenatal diagnosis could be performed during the subsequent pregnancy. ZMPSTE24 screening was performed by direct sequencing and fluorescent fragment analysis on DNA derived from a chorionic villus sample after exclusion of maternal contamination. The fetus had inherited both normal parental alleles, avoiding the recurrence of the disease.
Osmotic pressure of periimplant sulcular and gingival crevicular fluids: a split‐mouth, randomized study of its measurement and clinical significance
Authors: Sakallιoğlu Umur , Lütfioğlu Müge , Sakallιoğlu Elif Eser , Sert Sertaç , Ceylan Gözlem
Published: December 2010

Objectives: This study comparatively investigated periimplant sulcular fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by means of the osmotic pressure (OP) levels of PISF (PISFOP) and GCF (GCFOP). It was a preliminary research that aimed to quantify PISFOP and GCFOP as well as to evaluate their clinical significances around implants and teeth.

Material and methods: Partially edentulous implant patients treated by the same clinicians and using the same implant system were randomized in a split‐mouth trial design. Fifty‐four implants and teeth from these patients were selected in the same mouth and jaw as matched pairs of samples, i.e. as symmetrical or corresponding implant and tooth. PISFOP/GCFOP measurement was performed by an osmometer following PISF/GCF sampling procedures. Clinical significance was evaluated by the correlations between PISFOP/GCFOP and some clinical examination parameters of periimplant/periodontal soft tissues. These parameters included Silness–Löe plaque index (PI), Löe–Silness gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and probing attachment level (PAL).

Results: PISFOP was higher than GCFOP, and GI, BOP, PPD and PAL were higher in the implant group than in the tooth group (P<0.05). PISFOP positively correlated with the clinical parameters of implants (P<0.01 for PI, GI and BOP; P<0.05 for PPD and PAL), and GCFOP positively correlated with the clinical parameters of teeth (P<0.01 for PPD; P<0.05 for PI, GI, BOP and PAL).

Conclusions: The results reveal that PISFOP and GCFOP may be measured by osmometer, and their levels may be related with the clinical conditions of periimplant/periodontal soft tissues.

To cite this article:
 Sakallιoğlu U, Lütfioğlu M, Sakallιoğlu EE, Sert S, Ceylan G. Osmotic pressure of periimplant sulcular and gingival crevicular fluids: a split‐mouth, randomized study of its measurement and clinical significance. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 706–710 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02044.x
Unsettling the Normative: Articulations of Masculinity in Victorian Literature and Culture
Authors: Friedman Dustin
Published: December 2010

This article provides an overview of the academic study of Victorian masculinity. It argues that the pioneering work of feminist and sexuality studies scholars in Victorian studies during the 1970s and 1980s made it possible to discuss manhood critically as a historical and cultural phenomenon. It then presents a reading of major works on Victorian masculinity from the 1990s, organized around two major themes: studies that brought to light and analyzed a suppressed history of masculinities that departed from cultural norms (especially homosexual masculinity), and studies devoted to the reassessment of mainstream Victorian manhood. It concludes by looking at a selection of work from the past decade in order to outline recent developments in the field. These studies, which have been able to take for granted that manhood is a valid and coherent subject of inquiry, have been able to integrate the study of masculinity into a variety of Victorian topics, even though there are now fewer works devoted exclusively to masculinity.
‘We’ll build in sonnets pretty rooms’: Early Modern Literary Studies, the ‘Spatial Turn’ and Ecocriticism
Authors: Robson Lynn
Published: December 2010

Early modern writers (such as John Donne) were fascinated by space: literary, textual, urban, rural, global and cosmic. This fascination is reflected in a growing interest in the concept of space in early modern literary studies. Encompassing literature that depicts both rural and urban environments this has been called the ‘spatial turn’. Although it developed from an historicist approach to literature the spatial turn shares common concerns with ecocriticism such as a commitment to interdisciplinary studies and an interest in the relationship of literature to its environment. Historicist critics are most concerned with the cultural environment while ecocritics are interested in the natural world and the ways in which literary texts express humanity’s relationship with it. Examining the development of ecocriticism from its inception in the 1990s reveals productive cross‐fertilisation between the two critical approaches. Ecocritics perceive the 16th and 17th centuries as the period when representations of humanity’s relationship with the natural world changed from a model of unity to one of separation, leading directly to the environmental degradation of the earth and the present ecological crisis. The combination of an ecocritica perspective with historicist readings resonates with the preoccupations of early modern writers such as Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick and William Shakespeare and (in particular) gives fresh insights into the genre of pastoral and the relationship between culture/art and nature.
The Anachronistic Novel: Reading Pearl S. Buck Alongside Franco Moretti
Authors: Christie Stuart
Published: December 2010

Reappropriating Franco Moretti’s term ‘distant reading’, this essay positions American novelist Pearl S. Buck as both the outsider‐inside a particular Chinese cultural tradition as well as an insider‐outside the tradition of Chinese fictionalized historiography (the modern xiaoshuo) which allowed for the birth of a globalized ‘China’ in the English‐language novel. Buck’s anachronistic legacy, I argue, runs afoul of Moretti’s own tendency in The Novel, Volume I: History, Geography, and Culture to re‐inscribe the nationality and centeredness of received canons, even when attempting to legislate new directions for a global readership. Lacking a home within any particular national or global tradition, extra‐canonical novels and their writers parallel the received canon subversively, by questioning the rationale underlying canon formation as a merely classificatory exercise; that is, by questioning how some works are included and others excluded. Once excluded, anachronistic novels nevertheless persist, apart from widespread scholarly recognition. Eventually, however, Pearl S. Buck’s self‐proclaimed anachronism, deployed so effectively during her Nobel Laureate speech in 1938, became untimely, as she struggled to convince an American television audience, in 1958, that her views about femininity, China apart, were relevant to modern life.
RHEOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH‐METHOXYL ESTERIFIED, LOW‐METHOXYL ESTERIFIED AND LOW‐METHOXYL AMIDATED PECTIN GELS
Authors: VITHANAGE CHANDRA R. , GRIMSON MALCOLM J. , WILLS PETER R. , HARRISON PAUL , SMITH BRONWEN G.
Published: December 2010

Pectins are polygalacturonic acids with varying degrees of methyl esterification and are widely used to create gels. The commercial pectins studied by the authors were high‐methoxyl esterified pectin, low‐methoxyl esterified pectin and low‐methoxyl amidated pectin. A puncture test was performed at 5 and 20C using a texture analyzer. The compression force was recorded as a function of displacement. The resulting force‐displacement measurements were converted to stress‐strain to calculate Young's modulus by assuming incompressibility of the materials in a linear viscoelastic region (LVR). A rheometer was used for the shear flow curve, frequency sweep, amplitude sweep and creep tests, at 5 and 20C. The effects of temperature on storage and loss moduli were obtained. Further to that, a differential scanning calorimeter was used to investigate the melting behavior of pectin gels. The shear elastic moduli of pectin gels in an LVR were compared with Young's modulus.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Understanding the rheological properties of high‐methoxyl esterified pectin (HM), low‐methoxyl esterified pectin (LM) and low‐methoxyl amidated pectin (LMA) pectin gels is useful in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for the improvement of product quality. The results may be used to model the relationship between the microstructural and mechanical properties of HM, LM and LMA pectin gels.
Digital Remote Sensing within the Field of Land Change Science: Past, Present and Future Directions
Authors: Southworth Jane , Gibbes Cerian
Published: December 2010

The availability of repeat digital, synoptic measures of the earth’s surface has resulted in remote sensing of the earth’s surface forming the basis of many land change science (LCS) research questions. This article reviews passive digital remote sensing for the use of LCS and discusses the past, present and future directions for remote sensing applications within the LCS field. Rigorous detection of land cover change provides the foundation for improved understandings of human–environment interactions. Change detection includes the monitoring and assessing of land cover conversions and modifications that have become imperative to LCS. Generally land cover change analyses rely on digital remotely sensed data, in particular, passive satellite imagery. We aim to provide a general overview of the remote sensing methodologies used commonly for land cover change analyses and then consider more novel approaches for monitoring and assessing land cover change using the available technology. Finally, some of the main limitations to development in this field will also be discussed.
Reinvigorating the Concept of Land Tenure for American Urban Geography
Authors: Pierce Joseph
Published: December 2010

Tenure rights are durable privileges to use and benefit from specific pieces of land. In the USA, tenure rights are typically conceptually folded into the ‘bundle of rights’ associated with formal land ownership. Legally, this model rests on well‐documented principles: private, serial, single‐party property ownership and clear, well‐regulated surveying. However, tenure does not begin and end in property. People negotiate the terms under which they use spaces – and the durability of those terms – through implicit and explicit social processes. Many geographers focused on US cities have tacitly conceded that existing forms of tenure are adequately captured in the concept of property rights despite extensive discussion about the complex construction of non‐property rights in the development literature. This article argues that a vocabulary adapted from the conversation about land tenure, specifically regarding use and usufruct rights, would enhance the ‘critical property’ literature by exposing additional, already‐existing rights in land.
Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment 1: What ‘Neoliberalism’ is, and What Difference Nature Makes to it
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: December 2010

There now exists a significant body of theoretically informed empirical research into ‘neoliberal environments’. It comprises numerous studies which together explore the connections between neoliberal principles and policies, on the one side and the biophysical world on the other. These studies are, for the most part, political economic in character and authored by so‐called ‘critical’ geographers. However, making sense of them is by no means straightforward, despite their common focus on neoliberal environments. This is because neoliberalism and the biophysical world are complex phenomena, making an holistic and comprehensive understanding of them very challenging to achieve. Accordingly, separate studies of their interconnections have focused on one or other aspect of the complexity in a particular time and context. It is currently left to readers of these studies to synthesise them into a wider, joined‐up account of neoliberal environments. This and two companion articles aim for precisely this sort of broad and coherent understanding. This article begins with a discussion of neoliberalism and explains why it necessarily has environmental aspects to it. The second companion article presents a theory of ‘neoliberal environments’, while the third connects that theory to the empirical findings of studies published to‐date. This final article also departs from the otherwise constructive tone of its companions. Together, the three articles offer readers both an overarching understanding of ‘neoliberal environments’ and some tools to question the way these environments are currently understood by many geographers.
Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment 2: Theorising the Neoliberalisation of Nature
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: December 2010

There now exists a significant body of theoretically informed empirical research into ‘neoliberal environments’. It comprises numerous studies which together explore the connections between neoliberal principles and policies, on the one side, and the biophysical world on the other. However, making sense of them is by no means straightforward, despite their common focus on neoliberal environments. It is currently left to readers of these studies to synthesise them into a wider, joined‐up account of neoliberal environments. This and two companion articles aim for precisely this sort of broad and coherent understanding. The contribution of this second instalment is to present an overarching political economic theory of ‘neoliberal environments’. By synthesising concepts from the work of Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi and James O’Connor, this article presents a framework for thinking about how neoliberal policies relate to the biophysical world.
Surface Defect Generation and Recovery in Cold Rolling of Stainless Steel Strips
Authors: Mancini E. , Sasso M. , Amodio D. , Ferretti R. , Sanfilippo F.
Published: December 2010

Previously, researchers investigated the mechanism of surface defect evolution in rolling. It was highlighted how the lubricant plays an essential role for the final strip surface quality. In some cases the lubricant can be entrapped in pits or in other defects where hydrostatic pressure tends to prevent its elimination; however, when some favorable conditions are satisfied, the lubricant can be drawn out by hydrodynamic actions and defects can be recovered. This mechanism has been described as microplastohydrodynamic lubrication (MPHL) and recent studies report a suitable parameter (the ratio of the oil drawn out from the pit to the initial pit volume) as MPHL characterization coefficient. The present paper deals with the recovery of isolated surface defects in the Sendzimir rolling process of AISI 304 stainless steel; the analyses have been conducted on two rolling conditions, which although quite similar, regularly showed opposite capability of defect recovery, moreover, with a trend that is in contrast with the predictions made by standard MPHL. Two effects, which are usually ignored in literature modeling, have been considered in this work: The former is the back-tension, which has relevant outcome on the contact pressure and the latter is the position of the neutral point, which cannot be assumed to lie at the end of the roll bite. The analytical treatment was supported by FEM simulations, which permitted to put realistic data into the MPHL equations, thus, to explain the experimental behavior. The analysis was then validated with two further rolling schedules that seem to confirm the proposed approach.
Influence of Inclination Angle and Machining Direction on Friction and Transfer Layer Formation
Authors: Menezes Pradeep L. , Kishore  , Kailas Satish V. , Lovell Michael R.
Published: December 2010

In the present investigation, unidirectional grinding marks were created on a set of steel plates. Sliding experiments were then conducted with the prepared steel plates using Al–Mg alloy pins and an inclined pin-on-plate sliding tester. The goals of the experiments were to ascertain the influence of inclination angle and grinding mark direction on friction and transfer layer formation during sliding contact. The inclination angle of the plate was held at 0.2 deg, 0.6 deg, 1 deg, 1.4 deg, 1.8 deg, 2.2 deg, and 2.6 deg in the tests. The pins were slid both perpendicular and parallel to the grinding marks direction. The experiments were conducted under both dry and lubricated conditions on each plate in an ambient environment. Results showed that the coefficient of friction and the formation of transfer layer depend on the grinding marks direction and inclination angle of the hard surfaces. For a given inclination angle, under both dry and lubricated conditions, the coefficient of friction and transfer layer formation were found to be greater when the pins slid perpendicular to the unidirectional grinding marks than when the pins slid parallel to the grinding marks. In addition, a stick-slip phenomenon was observed under lubricated conditions at the highest inclination angle for sliding perpendicular to the grinding marks direction. This phenomenon could be attributed to the extent of plane strain conditions taking place at the asperity level during sliding.
Inverse Method for Estimating Resistivity of Carbon Fiber Composite Structures
Authors: Zhang Sung-Uk , Kumar Ashok V.
Published: December 2010

A method to estimate the resistivity of composite structures using an inverse problem solving algorithm is presented that uses voltage distribution on the structure as data. Electrodes attached to the surface of the structure are used to obtain voltage data in response to current injection through a pair of these electrodes. The forward problem involves using the finite element method to predict the voltages at the electrodes using known values of resistivity. The inverse problem involves solving for the resistivity values using the experimentally measured voltage data. If the material does not have uniform properties, the computed resistivity values are average values. Damage or defect in a composite structure can significantly alter the average resistivity of the structure. To explore the possibility of using this approach to detect defects in manufacturing or damage due to loading, the effect of artificially induced damage/defect on the overall resistivity of the structure is studied.
Structural Health Monitoring of Glass/Epoxy Composite Plates Using PZT and PMN-PT Transducers
Authors: La Saponara Valeria , Horsley David A. , Lestari Wahyu
Published: December 2010

The structural health monitoring of composite structures presents many challenges, ranging from sensors’ reliability and sensitivity to signal processing and a robust assessment of life to failure. In this research project, sensors constructed with both PZT-4 ceramic and single-crystal PMN-PT, i.e., Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−PbTiO3, were investigated for structural health monitoring of composite plates. Fiberglass/epoxy specimens were manufactured with a delamination starter located in the middle of the plate, and were subjected to axial tensile fatigue at a high stress ratio. A surface-mounted PMN-PT pair and a surface-mounted PZT-4 pair were positioned on each side of the delamination starter and excited in turns at set intervals during fatigue loading. This project had two goals: (1) assess the performance of the two piezoelectric materials and (2) develop a signal processing technique based on wavelet transforms capable of detecting damage features that are independent of the transducers (being damaged concurrently to the host composite specimens) and thus can estimate life to failure of the composite specimens. Results indicate that the PMN-PT transducers may be more resilient to fatigue damage of the host structure and possibly generate less dispersive Lamb waves. However, these aspects are compounded with higher costs and manufacturing difficulties. Moreover, the proposed signal processing method shows promise in estimating impending failure in composites: It could, in principle, capture and quantify the complex wave propagation problem of dispersion, scattering, and mode conversion across a delamination front, and it will be further investigated.
Processing and Characterization of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposite Thin Films
Authors: Balakrishnan Anandh , Saha Mrinal C.
Published: December 2010

In this article, we have set up protocols for fabricating thermoplastic polyurethane thin films of about 30 μm (neat polyurethane and carbon nanofiber (CNF) containing polyurethane) via ultrasound assisted atomization at 20 kHz. From processing to thin film peel off, we have set up procedures for fabricating our samples. Using optical microscopy, we have examined the manufacturing of these films from a droplet diameter perspective. Our optical microscopy results indicate that the final film microstructure was directly dependent on the physical properties of the neat/CNF reinforced solution. Mechanical testing of these films was then carefully carried out using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) unit utilizing a specialized thin film test clamp fixture. These test results were compared with control cast films fabricated from the same solutions. For the similar extensions, we observed a drastic increase in the softness of the atomized film. We surmise that the ultrasound assisted droplet generation concurrent with secondary atomization and evaporation could have resulted in reduction of the molecular weight of the polyurethane in our atomized samples relative to the neat ones. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans have been conducted to confirm the changes in molecular weight. Although results were inconclusive there is evidence of exotherms at 49C in our atomized samples suggested of changes to molecular weight distribution.
Application of Multiscale Cohesive Zone Model to Simulate Fracture in Polycrystalline Solids
Authors: Qian Jing , Li Shaofan
Published: December 2010

In this work, we apply the multiscale cohesive method (Zeng and Li, 2010, “A Multiscale Cohesive Zone Model and Simulations of Fracture,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 199, pp. 547–556) to simulate fracture and crack propagations in polycrystalline solids. The multiscale cohesive method uses fundamental principles of colloidal physics and micromechanics homogenization techniques to link the atomistic binding potential with the mesoscale material properties of the cohesive zone and hence, the method can provide an effective means to describe heterogeneous material properties at a small scale by taking into account the effect of inhomogeneities such as grain boundaries, bimaterial interfaces, slip lines, and inclusions. In particular, the depletion potential of the cohesive interface is made consistent with the atomistic potential inside the bulk material and it provides microstructure-based interface potentials in both normal and tangential directions with respect to finite element boundary separations. Voronoi tessellations have been utilized to generate different randomly shaped microstructure in studying the effect of polycrystalline grain morphology. Numerical simulations on crack propagation for various cohesive strengths are presented and it demonstrates the ability to capture the transition from the intergranular fracture to the transgranular fracture. A convergence test is conducted to study the possible size-effect of the method. Finally, a high-speed impact example is reported. The example demonstrates the advantages of multiscale cohesive method in simulating the spall fracture under high-speed impact loads.
An Experimental-Numerical Procedure for Stuffing Box Packing Characterization and Leak Tests
Authors: Diany Mohammed , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim
Published: December 2010

The sealing of valve stems is ensured by the traditional systems of packed stuffing boxes. The performance of this type of sealing system, which is also used in rotating equipment, is dependent on the radial contact pressures generated by the packing axial compression. The mechanical behavior of a packing seal is characterized by the transmission ratio of the radial stress over the axial stress known as the lateral pressure coefficient, which is one of the required parameters used to select packing seals. However, the modeling of the packed stuffing box requires the knowledge of other packing seal mechanical characteristics such as compression modulus and Poisson’s ratio. In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of packing seals are obtained using a hybrid experimental-numerical procedure. The experimental study is carried out on an instrumented stuffing box packing test bench. The tests results of the experiments are coupled to the ones obtained by a finite element simulation of the test rig to determine the packing seal mechanical characteristics. Two packing types are used: one based on Teflon and the other one based on flexible graphite. In addition, leak rates are measured for different axial compressive stresses and gas pressures in order to estimate the tightness performance of such seals.
Simple derivation of the formula for Sommerfeld supply density used in electron-emission physics and limitations on its use
Authors: Forbes Richard G.
Published: December 2010

In a free-electron model, an electron crossing a mathematical plane inside a conductor can be characterized by the energy components associated with its motion normal and parallel to the plane. These components define a two-dimensional “energy-space.” The “supply density” is defined as the electron current crossing the plane, per unit area of the plane, per unit area in energy-space, when the relevant electron states are fully occupied. For a bulk free-electron conductor, the supply density is the same at all points in energy-space and has been called the “Sommerfeld supply density” (zS). This is given by zS=4πeme/hP3, where e is the elementary positive charge, me is the electron mass, and hP is Planck’s constant. This result is often a convenient starting point for developing basic theories of electron emission. A simple proof of it is recorded here. For small electron emitters, it can be a poor approximation to assume that the supply density is constant in energy-space. Consequently, if an emitter is sufficiently small, then the emission will not be well described by the usual basic emission equations. Criteria for assessing what counts as “sufficiently small” are discussed.
Nanoporous ultrananocrystalline diamond membranes
Authors: Makarova Olga , Divan Ralu , Moldovan Nicolaie , Rosenmann Daniel , Tang Cha-Mei
Published: December 2010

Micro- and nanoporous membranes have a wide range of applications in many fields, including medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and hemodialysis. Ultrananocrystalline diamond coatings are becoming more and more significant in medical applications because of the highest degree of biocompatibility, unmatched by other materials. The pores ranging in diameter from 100 to 2000 nm have been fabricated in a 1-μm-thick ultrananocrystalline diamond film on silicon wafers using e-beam and optical lithography, reactive ion etching, and laser writing.
Projection lithography below lambda/7 through deep-ultraviolet evanescent optical imaging
Authors: Xie P. , Smith B. W.
Published: December 2010

An approach is presented to allow for imaging down to 26 nm using 193 nm projection reduction lithography together with evanescent wave optical effects at the imaging plane. The physical limitations of imaging imposed by the refractive indices of the materials were surpassed through the interference of evanescent waves at near fields. This has allowed for the imaging into photoresist of half-pitch resolution below lambda/7. A special situation where imaging at a system numerical aperture above the resist refractive index is discussed. Lithography results are shown using image media including air, water, and a high refractive index fluid together with a systematic gauge control to determine gap requirements and tolerances to achieve adequate image contrast into the resist. Gauging methods include both optical and mechanical approaches to achieve nanometer level gap control. It is found that gap depths as large as 50 nm can be tolerated using this approach, well beyond the levels associated with alternative high resolution approaches such as those using surface plasmons.
Semiconductor crystal islands for three-dimensional integration
Authors: Crnogorac F. , Wong S. , Pease R. F. W.
Published: December 2010

The critical operation needed to achieve monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits is obtaining single-crystal, device-quality semiconductor material for upper layer active circuits without exceeding the thermal budget of underlying devices. Previous attempts at using pulsed laser crystallization of amorphous films for upper layer devices failed to provide large enough single crystals at a low enough temperature. Here, the authors demonstrate a more direct approach to realizing high-quality, single-crystal Si (100) and Ge (100) islands (3–3000 μm across) on amorphous SiO2 substrates. The technique is a form of hydrophilic fusion bonding featuring low temperatures (≤400 °C), chemical mechanical polishing, and chemical surface activation (using NH4OH). The bonds are strong enough (>1 J/m2) to withstand SmartCut® removal of the donor wafer. By bonding arrays of islands rather than one large contiguous layer, the authors effectively avoided the formation of thermally induced voids at the bonding interface, and so dramatically improved yield.