bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminists II
Authors: Pierson Christopher
Published: July 2020

This chapter continues the evaluation of ideas about property amongst feminists. Feminists have always been concerned with questions of the (female) body and who owns it. I begin by outlining two sharply contrasting views of this relationship. Cecile Fabre argues that, once sufficiency has been secured for all, women should be free to use (and sell) their bodies as they see fit. By contrast, Carole Pateman argues that seeing women’s relationship to their own bodies in contractual terms will always disadvantage them over against men who have already set the terms of exchange in their prior agreement (amongst themselves) of a Sexual Contract (of access to women’s bodies). I follow through the consequences of these opposing view in three key policy areas much discussed in recent feminist work: prostitution, pornography, and surrogacy. I focus on the work of Donna Dickenson and Anne Phillips. Finally, I turn to the radical utopian alternative posed in Sophie Lewis’s Full Surrogacy Now.
Conclusion
Authors: Pierson Christopher
Published: July 2020

In the Conclusion, I return to the key questions raised at the very opening of the first volume of Just Property: what should we do if present levels of wealth inequality cannot be justified? and what consequences follow for our property order from a recognition that the physical resources upon which life on Earth depends are running out? I first establish what present levels of wealth inequality on a global scale look like. I suggest that both (libertarian) arguments from a natural right to appropriate, and alternative strategies built around a ‘no-property’ regime cannot do the work required to make them persuasive. I argue that we need a legal property order, but that it must be grounded in something other than individual natural right. Working through arguments in American critical legal studies, I argue that we need a property regime that is democratically chosen—but in a democracy which is substantially re-tooled. On the issue of depleting resources, I turn to work on ‘green property’ which suggests ways in which we can incorporate a concern with sustainability and limits into our understanding of what and how we can own. Although we have very limited reasons for optimism, I finish by identifying three policy options that might accord with this revised view of a good property order: land value taxation, basic capital/income, and an amplified system of sovereign wealth funds.
What Can the Endogenous Institutions Literature Tell Us About Ancient Rome?
Authors: Fleck Robert K. , Hanssen F. Andrew , Kehoe Dennis P.
Published: July 2020

A large and growing literature on “endogenous” institutions seeks to understand the circumstances under which institutions of particular types arise. One of the literature’s guiding principles is that, because institutions structure the incentives that members of a society face, if institutions are not well matched to a society’s circumstances—that is to say, not designed to inspire productive activities, broadly defined—the society will not thrive. We will discuss how this approach can help modern scholars understand the institutions of the Roman Empire, a society that clearly did thrive. The focus of this paper will be on the Roman imperial government’s policies that promoted the private ownership of land. These policies were crucial to the efforts of the Roman imperial government to create a class of landowners in the cities across the empire who would share in the burdens of ruling the empire. However, the extent to which landowners could dispose of their properties freely was limited by the overall constraints of an ancient agrarian economy and the fiscal requirements of the Roman state.
Mandate and the Management of Business in the Roman Empire
Authors: Kehoe Dennis P.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the role that the contract of mandate (mandatum) and the related institution of “unauthorized administration” (negotia gesta) played in Roman economic life. Mandate represented a major form of agency in Roman society, but it presents problems of incentives because it was uncompensated: the agent might carry out significant tasks for the principal, or mandator; these tasks might involve considerable expense and even financial risk on the part of the agent, but the agent was not to profit from his service. On the basis of juridical evidence from the Digest and the Code of Justinian, I examine how mandate transformed a relationship that had its roots in upper-class Roman notions of friendship and reciprocity into a contractual form that remained useful as it provided property owners advantages with high-valued financial transactions, such as the purchase of property. In addition, it provided a useful way for Roman businesspeople to overcome problems of information in the credit market.
Rome and the Economics of Ancient Law II
Authors: Miller Geoffrey Parsons
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides a broad overview of the chapters in the second volume of Roman Law and Economics. The subjects addressed in this volume include slavery and the Roman economy credit, property, dispute resolutions, and remedies, and finally wrongdoing and Roman law. The focus of my discussion is on the role that economic theory plays in the work of the various authors, who represent ancient historians, scholars of Roman law, lawyers, and economists. The chapter will provide a perspective on the contents of the book as a whole and will seek to explain why economic methods are a fruitful way to understand Roman law.
Ancient Rome
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: July 2020

In 200 BC, the population of the city of Rome was 200,000. By AD 50, this figure had increased fivefold, an unprecedented burst of urban expansion. Moses Finley’s much-contested thesis that Rome was parasitic implies that the city’s growth could only have brought discomfort to the peoples of the Mediterranean. Drawing on the theory of cities developed by urban economists, I contest Finley’s thesis. Rome’s growth fostered specialization of labor and the sharing of information, enabling the city to export the Pax Romana, government, law, literature, and other beneficial services. The institutional foundations that undergirded the growth of Rome included norms and laws favoring brisk commerce in land. A provision of the Twelve Tables of c.450 BC, for example, authorized complete freedom of testation, an extraordinary principle in a near-archaic society. Also conducive was Rome’s adroit mix of a private sector that provided goods such as the apartment blocks that housed most of the population, and a public sector that provided essential public goods such as aqueducts. These institutional choices, along with Rome’s aversion to growth-limiting populist policies, were necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for its emergence as the largest city the world had seen.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the book by briefly discussing the Eurozone crisis and how it has contributed to Europe’s crisis of legitimacy. The chapter begins by describing EU actors’ initial responses to the Eurozone crisis, focused on “governing by the rules and ruling by the numbers” and characterized by policies of austerity and structural reform. It then discusses such actors’ subsequent shift to reinterpreting the rules “by stealth” in reaction to deteriorating economic performance and growing political discontent. The chapter next connects the problems related to Eurozone policies, politics, and processes to questions of legitimacy. It defines legitimacy in the EU studies terms of input (political legitimacy), output (performance legitimacy), and throughput (procedural legitimacy) and considers how the EU’s institutional context has complicated Eurozone crisis governance. It then sketches out EU actors’ different pathways to legitimacy, related to their differences in power, position, and bases for legitimacy. The chapter ends with a methodological note about the book’s analytic framework of discursive institutionalism, explaining how its focus on ideas and discursive interactions in institutional context provides a useful bridge to considerations of both power and legitimacy.
Russomania
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

Russomania: Russian Culture and the Creation of British Modernism provides a new account of modernist literature’s emergence in Britain. British writers played a central role in the dissemination of Russian literature and culture during the early twentieth century, and their writing was transformed by the encounter. This study restores the thick history of that moment, by analyzing networks of dissemination and reception to recover the role of neglected as well as canonical figures, and institutions as well as individuals. The dominant account of British modernism privileges a Francophile genealogy, but the turn-of-the century debate about the future of British writing was a triangular debate, a debate not only between French and English models, but between French, English, and Russian models. Francophile modernists associated Russian literature, especially the Tolstoyan novel, with an uncritical immersion in ‘life’ at the expense of a mastery of style, and while individual works might be admired, Russian literature as a whole was represented as a dangerous model for British writing. This supposed danger was closely bound up with the politics of the period, and this book investigates how Russian culture was deployed in the close relationships between writers, editors, and politicians who made up the early twentieth-century intellectual class—the British intelligentsia. Russomania argues that the most significant impact of Russian culture is not to be found in stylistic borrowings between canonical authors, but in the shaping of the major intellectual questions of the period: the relation between language and action, writer and audience, and the work of art and lived experience. The resulting account brings an occluded genealogy of early modernism to the fore, with a different arrangement of protagonists, different critical values, and stronger lines of connection to the realist experiments of the Victorian past, and the anti-formalism and revived romanticism of the 1930s and 1940s future.
Conclusion
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

The October Revolution, and the new Russia it generated, inevitably changed the way British literary culture responded to Russian literature. The chaikovtsy’s presentation of Russian literature in the 1880s and 1890s as the authentic expression of the Russian people, ‘the medium for expressing their aspirations, their conceptions of national life, or their ideals’, as Kropotkin had written in 1905, had been profoundly attractive to many British writers and critics....
Eleazer’s Cross
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that claimants became fodder for mid-century periodicals, and they provided an imagery for anti-slavery rhetoric. It examines Frederick Douglass’s use of illegitimacy in his speech on the Fourth of July, and his deployment of ‘Yankee’ tropes to protest against segregation. It links them to his efforts to cultivate a transatlantic community through Frederick Douglass’ Paper, work involving personal and political bonds with British colleagues—William and Mary Howitt, and Julia Griffiths. The paper was both local and national in its reach, as was its fascination with claimants like Eleazer Williams and Monsieur Ben, two candidates for the ‘Lost Dauphin’. Monsieur Ben was the subject of a long-lost column by James McCune Smith, in the series ‘Heads of the Colored People’.
Amelia’s Bloomers
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

This chapter draws on the discussions in chapter 4 (illegitimacy, links with British editors, Julia Griffiths’s role), to read the reprinting of Bleak House in Frederick Douglass’ Paper. This brings out the novel’s proximity to claimant themes, and it ties the reprinting to dialogues with other periodicals, particularly Dickens’s Household Words. It suggests how Bleak House might read differently in Douglass’s paper, linking crossing sweepers with race, but sitting uncomfortably with its radical readership, particularly in matters of women’s rights and reform. It examines J. R. Johnson’s Uncle William’s Pulpit, an homage to Dickens published by Douglass.
Hank’s Night Shirt
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

Claimants were not only a lifelong preoccupation for Mark Twain, they represent a powerful impulse in his writing; he sought on multiple occasions to write himself into a historical literary tradition that stretched back to the English middle ages. Twain’s irony and ambivalence have obscured his fascination with tradition, but the figure of the claimant captures his characteristic tension between distance and identification. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is a prime example of this impulse; the chapter suggests that it also harks back to the claimant’s origins in Yankee drama, as it is structured like a trip play.
The participant-photographer
Authors: Morton Christopher
Published: July 2020

Chapter 7 examines Evans-Pritchard’s photographic record of the Nuer rite of gorot, witnessed in 1936, and raises questions about the relationship between photography and participant-observation as a core research method in early twentieth-century anthropology. The chapter explores the question of why Evans-Pritchard’s record of this ritual is characterized by a sustained visual engagement with two distinct stages of the rite, and why other aspects of the ceremony are not recorded. In order to explore this question, the chapter proposes the model of Evans-Pritchard as ‘participant-photographer’—a model that understands his involvement with the ritual as being composed of periods of photographic engagement interposed with observation and note-taking. Placing Evans-Pritchard back into the field through a careful examination of his fieldwork records of a particular event enables us to gain a new insight into not just his fieldwork methods, but his proximity, involvement, and perspective on key elements of the ritual as they unfolded.
The poet, the missionary, and the sacred spears
Authors: Morton Christopher
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 explores Evans-Pritchard’s Kenyan Luo fieldwork and photography, and in particular the fascinating insight it provides into the role of Walter E. Owen (1879–1945), a significant missionary figure in the region. As Evans-Pritchard notes, his survey was made possible by the local knowledge and networks already established by Owen, and the cooperation of local Luo people came about largely out of their high regard for him. The chapter argues that what is most striking about Evans-Pritchard’s record of his relatively short six-week visit to Nyanza in 1936 is his readiness to photograph Luo people as he found them, mostly in Western dress. The photographic record provides a counterpoint to his written account of the visit, Luo Tribes and Clans (1949), which pays almost no attention to colonial influences on Luo social life or political organization.
Introduction
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin
Published: July 2020

I discuss specialization in philosophy, and the threat it poses to understanding “how things hang together.” I illustrate the problem using naturalism, a prominent view which combines realism about the sciences with anti-realism about value. Whether this view is tenable depends on whether one can be a mathematical realist and a moral anti-realist. But nobody knows whether one can, because metaethics and the philosophy of mathematics are mutually insulated research fields. I conclude that whether one can be a moral anti-realist and a mathematical realist, or whether metaethics and the philosophy of mathematics have anything else to teach us about how things “hang together,” requires bringing the areas into meaningful contact.
Observation and Indispensability
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being empirically – i.e., a posteriori -- justified than our moral beliefs. It shows that Harman’s influential argument to the contrary is fallacious. It then formulates a better argument for a lack of parity between the cases, in terms of indispensability. It argues that, while the necessity of mathematics is no bar to developing a mathematics-free alternative to empirical science, the contents of our arithmetic beliefs, realistically and even objectively construed, do seem to be indispensable to metalogic. But this at most shows that a subset of our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified. Surprisingly, however, the range of moral beliefs that we actually have may be so justified, in a more direct way. The chapter concludes with the prospect that there is no principled distinction between intuition and perception, and, hence, between a priori and a posteriori justification.
Genealogical Debunking Arguments
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines Genealogical Debunking Arguments. It argues that they misunderstand the significance of explanatory indispensability. Debunkers observe that whether the proposition that P is implied by some explanation of our coming to believe that P is predictive of its having epistemically desirable qualities when the fact that P would be causally efficacious if it obtained. The problem is that these things are independent when the fact that P would be causally inert, as moral facts would be according to Genealogical Debunking Arguments. The chapter formulates a principle governing undermining defeat, Modal Security. This constitutes a criterion of adequacy for debunking arguments. It says that if such arguments undermine our beliefs, then they give us reason to doubt their safety or sensitivity. But they do not. The chapter concludes that the real problem to which Genealogical Debunking Arguments point is an application of the Benacerraf–Field Challenge. But this challenge has nothing to do with explanatory indispensability.
Introduction
Authors: Gellner Gabriel , McCann Kevin S. , Champagne Emily J.
Published: July 2020

This book continues the authoritative and established edited series of theoretical ecology books initiated by Robert May which helped pave the way for ecology to become a more robust theoretical science, encouraging the modern biologist to better understand the mathematics behind their theories. This latest instalment in the Theoretical Ecology series builds on the legacy of its predecessors with a completely new set of contributions. Rather than placing emphasis on historical ideas in theoretical ecology, the editors have encouraged each contribution to: i) synthesize historical theoretical ideas within modern frameworks that have emerged in the last ten to twenty years (e.g., bridging population interactions to whole food webs); ii) describe novel theory that has emerged in the last twenty years from historical empirical areas (e.g., macro-ecology); and iii) cover the booming area of theoretical ecological applications (e.g., disease theory and global change theory). The result is a forward-looking synthesis that will help guide the field through a further decade of development and discovery. Early chapters are collectively more about the building blocks for understanding dynamics of interacting species in time and space, including coexistence, consumer-resource and biological lags, stochasticity, and stage structure. Later, chapters are representative of the study of networks, a large growth area. These include matrix theory, mutualistic networks, community structure, body size and system structure, and network ecology. Novel concepts such as trait-based models and meta-population ecology are then presented. Applied theoretical ecology is then covered by chapters on disease ecology, climate change dynamics, and stable states.
The impact of population structure on population and community dynamics
Authors: de Roos André M.
Published: July 2020

Ecological theory about dynamics of interacting species constitutes the basis for our understanding of the functioning of ecological communities and ecosystems and their responses to changing environmental conditions, natural disturbances, and human impacts. The mathematical foundation of this theory emphasizes changes in species abundances only, ignoring those aspects that make biological organisms unique, in particular within-population variation due to individual development during life history and individual energetics. In contrast, structured population models do take these aspects into account and hence explicitly link individual life history to population dynamics. In this chapter, I review the different types of structured population models and which purposes they are especially suited for. I will subsequently focus on physiologically structured population models (PSPMs), which are especially suited to model the interactions within and between populations. I will review the key ecological insights that have been derived using PSPMs and show how and why predictions by PSPMs often contrast with the basic rules-of-thumb that make up classical theory based on unstructured models. Finally, I will discuss the experimental and empirical evidence for the counter-intuitive predictions by PSPMs, emphasizing that PSPMs allow for testing at both the individual and population level and hence for a tight link between theory and data.
Ecological networks: From structure to dynamics
Authors: Kéfi Sonia
Published: July 2020

Ecological systems are undeniably complex, including many species interacting in different ways with each other (e.g., predation, competition, facilitation, parasitism). One way of visualizing, describing, and studying this complexity is to represent them as networks, where nodes are typically species and links are interactions between these species. The study of these networks allows understanding of the rules governing the topology of their links, and assessing how network structure drives ecological dynamics. Studies on different types of ecological networks have suggested that they exhibit structural regularities, which in turn affect network dynamics and resilience to perturbations. Although the use of networks to represent ecological communities dates back to the early stages of the discipline, the last two decades have seen rapid progresses in our understanding of ecological networks, as data are collected at a faster rate and better resolution, as metrics are continuously developed to better characterize network structure and as numerical simulations of mathematical models have allowed investigating how network structure and dynamics are related in more comprehensive and realistic ecological networks. This chapter describes some of the recent developments and challenges related to the study of ecological networks. After defining networks in general, and ecological networks more specifically, recent results regarding the structure of different types of ecological networks, and what is known about their dynamics and resilience, are presented.
Introduction
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: July 2020

This introduction presents the relationship between theological ideas and Christian experience as a fundamental question for contemporary theology. It identifies a number of reasons why theology needs to turn its attention once more to “experience,” including the relevance of the topic to wider questions about the intellectual and spiritual plausibility of Christianity in late modernity, recent misunderstandings of the theological legacy of the Protestant Reformation through inattention to questions of experience, and the need to make theological sense of the global success of Pentecostal Christianity over the past century. The introduction concludes with an overview of the book as whole.
Experiencing the Spirit
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that a constructive recovery of the category of “experience” in Christian theology is best accomplished through the lens of the theology of the Holy Spirit. Thinking about experience in terms of the work of the Holy Spirit helps specify what we mean when we talk about Christian “experience,” while also avoiding the problems that arise in appeals to more general concepts of “religious experience.” The chapter shows how a pneumatologically informed theology of experience draws attention to a problematic tendency towards abstraction and disembodiment in much modern systematic theology. It then argues that the work of the Spirit is likely to take forms that are “practically recognizable” in the lives of Christians in the world, exhibiting temporal specificity as well as affective and emotional impact, and that pneumatologies that cannot take account of such practically recognizable effects are deficient.
Grace as Experience
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: July 2020

This chapter gives a constructive account of saving encounter with divine grace, through the Spirit, in the context of embodied experience. It draws on the insights of affect theory and the “material turn” in religious studies to argue for the ongoing experiential plausibility of the doctrine of sin in the contemporary world. The chapter demonstrates that theologians in recent decades have tended to follow Lindbeck and Stendahl, amongst others, in making assumptions about the plasticity of human experience through the instruments of language and discursive practice, and that these assumptions require substantial qualification. The second half of the chapter builds on these insights, together with the theology of Martin Luther, to describe Christian experience of grace in terms of an affective pedagogy effected by the Spirit through the instruments of the law and the gospel. It concludes by showing how this account of grace can make religious sense of a wide variety of experiences of affective plight in the contemporary world.
Yesterday’s News
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

‘Yesterday’s News’ investigates the overlapping of different kinds of media time in the 1820s and 1830s. It tracks the persistence into modernity of older cultures of print and reading: almanacs, ballads, broadsheets, and miscellanies were all circulating alongside the popular illustrated twopenny papers of the 1820s. Historical descriptions (of the classical past; medieval dress; customs of the Tudors, and such like) became placeholders for ‘news’ in these popular papers. Using John Clare’s The Shepherd’s Calendar (1827) as an important commentary on the intersections of print and different forms of time in the 1820s, this chapter measures the time lag of the news for most Londoners who were unable to afford expensive newspapers and instead relied on out-of-date information, or topical popular publications, and so were struggling to catch up and, in the meanwhile, were encountering history as news.
Conclusion
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

The conclusion to Serial Forms looks ahead to the serial European revolutions of 1848. Benedict Anderson argues that ‘nationalism lives by making comparisons,’ and 1848 was the definitive moment for the international comparison of nationalisms. As Karl Marx noticed at the time, these were revolutions that understood themselves in terms of international communications and evinced a seriality of form that suggested an equivalence of scale and a category identity across Europe and beyond. But without the new international consciousness of interconnectedness already brought about by a serial permeability of texts, ideas, and politics, the multiple revolutions of 1848 would never have happened. Seriality would enable the political struggle of the 1840s and would ultimately create a new theoretical understanding of that struggle too. The irony is that after 1848, this same international revolutionary energy would be recycled into national liberal state apparatuses and major technological state infrastructures.
Wage Employment in Africa
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

Most economists think there is little wage employment in Africa and doubt the potential for faster growth of paid employment. They favour supply-side measures encouraging self-employment. The statistical base of conventional views is extremely unreliable. Even the poor statistics that are available do not support pessimism about wage employment in African countries, which has been expanding (and as a share of total employment). Huge numbers of wage workers, including women in domestic service, agricultural child workers, and, often, factory workers, are also invisible in the data. There is no reason for pessimistic predictions about slow fertility rate decline in Africa. There are realistic policies to encourage a faster rate of growth of wage opportunities, for example, to increase demand for young and female rural workers. Also, employment protection legislation (EPL) is not a brake on investment, productivity increases, and growth; excessive labour market ‘flexibility’ subsidizes inefficient enterprises.
On the Foundations of Computing
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This book is a technical, historical, and conceptual investigation into the three main methodological approaches to the computational sciences: mathematical, engineering, and experimental. Part I explores the background behind the formal understanding of computing, originating at the end of the nineteenth century, and it invesitagtes the formal origins and conceptual development of the notions of computation, algorithm, and program.Part II overviews the construction of physical devices to performautomated tasks and it considers associated technical and conceptual issues. It starts with the design and construction of the first generation of computingmachines, explores their evolution and progress in engineering (for both hardware and software), and investigates their theoretical and conceptual problems. Part III analyses the methods and principles of experimental sciences founded on computationalmethods. It studies the use ofmachines to performscientific tasks,with particular reference to computer models and simulations. Each part aims at defining a notion of computational validity according to the corresponding methodological approach.
The Laws of Evolution
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the technologies that have made possible the rapid development of computingmachinery, essential for exploring the meaning of the laws of hardware and software evolution.
Models and Simulations
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter further investigates the constitutive elements of the experimental foundation of computing. It first introduces the different notions of models, then overviews the types of computer simulations from the literature, and finally explores the various purposes attached to their use as implementations of computational models.
Computing as an Experimental Discipline
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers directly the formal and epistemic properties characterizing computing as an experimental discipline and reconsiders an interpretation of validity and correctness.
Introduction
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter sets out what a metaphysics of quantities is and what the key disputes in the metaphysics of quantities are. A metaphysics of quantities concerns quantitativeness, the feature that differentiates quantities from other attributes. Three disputes about quantities are distinguished: reductionism vs. non-reductionism; permissivism vs. restrictivism; and operationalism vs. realism. The view defended in this book is non-reductive, restrictive, and realist. In addition the chapter describes the metaphysical and scientific backdrop against which the novel position—substantival structuralism—is articulated and defended. The introduction concludes with a short overview of the organization of the book.
Representationalism as a Basis for Metaphysics
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses two challenges for using the representational theory of measurement (RTM) as a basis for a metaphysics of quantities. The first is the dominant interpretation of representationalism as being committed to operationalism and empiricism. The chapter argues in favour of treating RTM itself as a mathematical framework open to different interpretations and proposes a more realist understanding of RTM, which treats the mapping between represented and representing structure as an isomorphism rather than a mere homomorphism. This adjustment then enables us to address the second challenge, which is the permissivism present in standard representationalism, according to which there is no special division into quantitative and non-quantitative attributes. Based on results in abstract measurement theory, the chapter argues that, on the contrary, RTM provides the means to draw such a distinction at an intuitively plausible place: only attributes representable on ‘super-ratio scales’ are quantitative.
Questions of Priority
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

Are relational or monadic facts about quantities more fundamental? This question is one way of formulating the debate between comparativists and absolutists in the metaphysics of quantities. The dispute between the two positions seems to depend on responding to two challenges that pull in opposite directions. On the one hand, a suitable account needs to be able to distinguish scenarios that are observationally distinct; on the other hand a suitable account should not draw distinctions without a difference. This chapter argues that absolutism seems to have the upper hand when it comes to the first challenge, but that features of quantities uncovered in Chapter 6 make absolutism implausible as a metaphysical view of quantities in response to the second challenge. Sophisticated substantivalism is presented as a promising alternative response to these two challenges.
A Structuralist View of Quantities
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter shows how the view arrived at in the previous chapters amounts to a structuralist understanding of quantities. It argues that the view is structuralist both in the ontology it provides for quantities and in the criterion for quantitativeness it offers. It then returns to the disputes over quantities laid out in the introduction and shows that the view presented here is a form of non-reductive restrictive realism. It is non-reductive, because even though numbers are merely dispensable representational tools for quantities, quantitativeness is not defined in terms of numbers. Dispensing with numbers is not sufficient to dispense with quantitativeness. It is restrictive, because not all attributes are quantitative and it is realist, because quantitativeness is a feature of attributes, not concepts.
Introduction
Authors: Brill Sara
Published: July 2020

The introduction summarizes the main theses of the book, describes the broader conceptual terrain to which it contributes, and locates the stakes of its central claims within the context of several central concerns of contemporary critical theory. It thus demonstrates the importance of the study of the concept of shared life for our understanding of Aristotle’s approach to animal life more generally and political animality in particular; corrects for an influential but infelicitous formulation of the relationship between the two ancient Greek words for life (zōē and bios); and highlights the relevance of the political valence of life that emerges from Aristotle’s thought once we set aside this formulation.
Natal Longing and the Maternal Bond
Authors: Brill Sara
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the complex and dual figure of the mother in Aristotle’s work, focusing on the agency granted to the mother in Aristotle’s account of the active nature of loving in the ethics and its contrast to the limited causal efficacy granted the female in the development of the embryo in Generation of Animals. Defined both by the embodied act of embodying and by the conventions of the name—that is, understood both in the sense of one who has given birth and of one who is called mother, a position that could be occupied by someone other than the one giving birth—the mother tracks across human and animal worlds, across “biological” and symbolic concerns, and, in Aristotle, across ethico-political and zoological texts. What emerges from Aristotle’s comments about the maternal bond is a model of reflexive generativity, of a union between generator and generated, which resonates not only the with highest pinnacle of human friendship—the friend who is another self—but also the perpetual self-actualization of a mind that thinks itself.
La France à l’heure anglaise
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: July 2020

During the Second World War, Germany often imposed its own time zone onto those countries it occupied. Chapter 5 looks at the case of France, and examines responses to a perceived temporal misalignment with Britain which occurred with its capitulation to Germany in June 1940. Surveying a series of wartime propaganda films, including those by the GPO Film Unit, the chapter demonstrates how war time was expressed through pastoral tropes, and through notions of Allied temporal guardianship. It turns to the activist writer Storm Jameson, whose novel Cloudless May (1943) conveys a kind of ‘international regionalism’ to cultivate British support for France. Through affective, embodied landscapes, she reinforces what she sees as modernism’s strengths, and revises what she sees as its weaknesses, for a geopolitical agenda.
The Literary Cartography of Ruins
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: July 2020

After air raids destroyed much of London’s landscape, there were attempts at not only material but imaginative reconstruction. Books of photographs comparing London’s landmarks before and after ruination were made; maps of ‘ruin-walks’ were created for tourists to follow; and new editions of past histories of London were reissued without incorporating present-day damage, as if to elide and erase the wartime years. The intersection between memory and ruins is of primordial concern in a post-war Bildungsroman by Rose Macaulay, whose young protagonist remains unable to assimilate into her post-war landscape. Through the chronotope of ruin, Chapter 9 explores how Macaulay combines London’s landscape with that of her character’s traumatized childhood in Vichy France. In doing so, she explores the limits of the Bildungsroman, in its emphasis on individual-social formation, as a genre for the post-war world.
Social Protection, Capitalist Production
Authors: Manow Philip
Published: July 2020

The book provides a thorough analysis of the genealogy and the functional logic of German capitalism over the last 130 years. It addresses several puzzles of the existing literature, in particular how economic coordination proved possible and remained stable in a (big) country without prominent traits of neo-corporatism, without long government participation of social democratic parties, without centralized wage bargaining, without active economic steering by the government, under a “monetarist” regime, and under an allegedly liberal, namely “ordoliberal” economic policy. The central claim of the book is that the functional equivalent for all that was a “conservative-continental” welfare state which provided labor and capital with the organizational resources and the infrastructure to establish and maintain long-term economic coordination (of which we know that it is not-self-enforcing, i.e. that it needs institutional support). A better understanding of the German case, which can be seen as prototypical for other continental political economies as well, thus provides us also with a much better understanding of the different variants of coordinated market economies in northern, continental, and southern Europe, i.e. it provides us with a more profound Comparative Political Economy framework. This has important implications for contemporary debates on Germany’s role within international trade, and especially on its role within Europe and especially within the eurozone and its crisis. Much of the current debate, so the book claims, is based on an incomplete account of the functional logic of Modell Deutschland.
Pathological Adjustment, Structural Change, and the Welfare State
Authors: Manow Philip
Published: July 2020

Once the period of high growth had passed, the welfare state maintained wage coordination by providing labor and capital with the resources to alleviate their deepening distributional conflicts—with an increasingly negative impact on the overall functioning of the German variety of capitalism. The fact that the welfare state provided social actors with the possibility of externalizing the growing costs of adjusting to the period of “diminished expectations” led to a pathological pattern of ever higher non-wage labor costs, poor job growth, and high structural unemployment. This contributed to Germany’s “welfare-without-work”—and “budgets-without-balance”—malaise in the 1970s and 1980s.
Defining the Scope
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides the building blocks for the argument that is to come. It explains the value of adopting a social ontology in order better to understand the way that power, beliefs, and image can interrelate in a mutually constitutive way to shape a state’s discourse and behaviour. The chapter also justifies the book’s focus on the UN in the post-Cold War era and the UN decision to make human protection a core element of UN activity. Turning to the China case, the chapter demonstrates Beijing’s growing role within the UN deriving from its greater familiarity with the UN environment, growing global influence and interests, and an increasingly more ambitious central leadership. It sets out China’s official and wider societal beliefs associated with the idea of human protection, explaining how and why the UN is useful to China in its performative role as ‘responsible great power’.
Order and Chaos in Roman Administrative Terminology
Authors: Yiftach Uri
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines one of the mechanisms used by the Roman administration in Egypt to organize data: ‘all-embracing’ categories, and the manner in which the imperial government divided and categorized the provincial population. The concentration is on taxes and registration. Differences are found in the categorizations most commonly employed in different parts of the province and in different types of document, meaning that individuals could be labelled differently depending on context. While many categories had their roots in the previous regime, there were a few significant innovations, most notably the invention of the category of ‘the Egyptians’ to encompass all who were not Roman or Alexandrian. This has significant implications for the creation of a unified set of rules, applicable to this category of people in all legal cases and thus transformed the legal landscape from that under the Ptolemies.
Latin Law in Greek Cities
Authors: Huttner Ulrich
Published: July 2020

Starting from the so-called ‘sacrae litterae’ from the Severan era, which specifically addresses the lack of legal knowledge of the addressees, this article examines a number of examples of how Latin legal terminology (e.g. peculium) was spread in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. Comparative collections of data, although continually in need of revision and updating, make it fairly easy to see which Greek terms were usually used to translate Latin ones. This article discusses some examples in detail. It also takes a closer look at the procedures and institutions involved. This includes the work of legal experts, but also the actual job of translating, which could be offered privately, but could also be organized by the city, as the newly attested ‘chief-translator’ from Kolossai seems to suggest.
Perspectives
Authors: Merola Giovanna D.
Published: July 2020

This chapter reflects on the change in perspective that characterizes recent studies of law in the Roman provinces. Taking into account both the history of scholarship and the contributions assembled in this volume, it seeks to strike a conceptual balance between provincial agency and Roman mechanisms of control by understanding law as communication. Case studies from the Euphrates papyri are used to demonstrate that this perspective is appropriate even in the study of documents produced well after 212 CE. This in turn calls into question the groundbreaking change often associated with the Constitutio Antoniniana.
The Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

The book starts with a description of classical mechanics then discusses the quantum phenomena that require us to give up our commonsense classical intuitions. We consider the physical and conceptual arguments that led to the standard von Neumann-Dirac formulation of quantum mechanics and how the standard theory explains quantum phenomena. This includes a discussion of how the theory’s two dynamical laws work with the standard interpretation of states to explain determinate measurement records, quantum statistics, interference effects, entanglement, decoherence, and quantum nonlocality. A careful understanding of how the standard theory works ultimately leads to the quantum measurement problem. We consider how the measurement problem threatens the logical consistency of the standard theory then turn to a discussion of the main proposals for resolving it. This includes collapse formulations of quantum mechanics like Wigner’s extension of the standard theory and the GRW approach and no-collapse formulations like pure wave mechanics, the various many-worlds theories, and Bohmian mechanics. In discussing alternative formulations of quantum mechanics we pay particular attention to the explanatory role played by each theory’s empirical ontology and associated metaphysical commitments and the conceptual trade-offs between theoretical options.
Classical Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

While quantum mechanics is one of the most successful physical theories we have ever had, it is deeply counterintuitive. It must be given the empirical evidence it explains. We consider some of the historical evidence for the theory and the conceptual arguments that led from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. These considerations illustrate some of the ways in which our commonsense and philosophical intuitions are simply incompatible with the physical world.
Bohmian Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

We consider how Bohmian mechanics characterizes the behavior of physical systems paying particular attention to what it means to make a measurement in the theory and how one should understand the empirical content of one’s records. We discuss the sense in which a measurement record selects a branch of the quantum-mechanical state and, hence, why the empirical content of the record is well-understood as being given by the effective wave function in configuration space. We conclude by considering the virtues and vices of Bohmian mechanics given how it accounts for our experience. This includes reflecting on how the theory explains surreal trajectories and EPR-Bell type nonlocal correlations.
What Does Matter?
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: July 2020

The trolley problem and cognate hypotheticals have played an outsized role in nonconsequentialist thought over the past fifty years. Taking Parfit’s On What Matters as a jumping-off point, the chapter argues that the features common to trolley problems—focusing only on determinate consequences, ignoring consequences to off-stage actors, reliance on secondary features unrelated to the tragic choices themselves, and treating the epistemic viewpoint of actors as an exogenous, morally neutral fact—suppress the fact that most of the choices we face are tragic, in the sense that they force a tradeoff between the fundamental interests of different people.