bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Stress—Strain Properties of a Steel and a Brass at Strain Rates up to 104 Per Second
Authors: Woodward R. L. , Brown R. H.
Published: October 2007

Results of compression tests on 70:30 brass and a mild steel at strain rates from 10-3 to 104 per second are reported. The tests were carried out on a reactionless gas forging rig, using a high-frequency response piezo-electric load cell. The brass is shown to be relatively insensitive to strain rate over the range of the tests. The mild steel in the ‘as-received’ condition showed a marked increase in initial flow stress at high strain rates; pre-straining removed the phenomenon and ageing re-established it so that the rise in yield stress can be attributed to a ‘yield-point phenomenon’. The strain associated with the drop in stress following yielding is noted to be large and it is demonstrated that this results from the finite time for yielding to propagate along the specimen.
Factors Influencing the Hot Fuel Vapour Handling Characteristics of Gasoline Engined Automobiles
Authors: Palmer F. H.
Published: October 2007

Hot fuel handling problems of the motor car have engaged the automotive engineer and gasoline refiner since the 1930s. The subject has received considerable attention in the USA and interest in Europe has increased with the need to market cars world-wide. This paper discusses fuel and engine design features associated with the hot fuel handling performance of European cars and includes suggestions on test locations and procedures. Vehicle design features affecting hot fuel handling performance have changed significantly in recent years resulting in the need to improve vapour tolerance. Vehicle design features conducive to good hot fuel handling performance have therefore been enumerated, with particular emphasis being given to the design of mechanical fuel pumps, the component from which most benefits would be reaped by further development. In the future, there will be a need for still closer cooperation between the oil and motor industries to achieve optimum use of natural resources and to provide maximum benefit to the vehicle user.
The Influence of Initial Velocity and Temperature Lag on the Relaxation Zone behind a Shock Wave in a Gas-Solid Flow
Authors: Cole B. N. , Baum M. R. , Mobbs F. R.
Published: October 2007

Thermal and velocity lag prior to the gas discontinuity are shown to have a significant effect on the properties of the relaxation zone of a gas-solid flow shock wave. The results obtained by previous workers assuming equilibrium conditions are not therefore applicable to shock waves formed in gas-solid nozzle flows where considerable disequilibrium already exists. The variations of the relevant flow properties in the relaxation zone are interpreted physically in terms of the magnitude and sign of the heat, momentum and kinetic energy transfer between the solid particles and the gas.
Experience Relating to the Steady Performance of Aerostatic Porous Thrust Bearings
Authors: Taylor R. , Lewis G. K.
Published: October 2007

Good agreement between calculated and actual performance of aerostatic porous thrust bearings is possible provided account is taken of several practical influences. Those considered are elastic deflection of the porous pad, sheer distortion of the pad bond, surface finish of the pad and nature of the gas flow through it.

The effect of surface finish on effective film thickness is accounted for by a new method based on a knowledge of film-pressure distribution.

A criterion for viscous-dominated flow through the pad has been formulated and accurate values of both viscous and inertia permeabilities for the pad are readily derived from a simple flow test.
Aspects of Pole Vaulting Mechanics
Authors: Johnson W. , Al-Hassani S. T. S. , Lloyd R. B.
Published: October 2007

The general and historical background to pole vaulting is discussed and the energy lost at impact is assessed. A description of the different actions of rigid and flexible pole vaulters is given and measurements of the flexural rigidity of typical aluminium and fibre glass vaulting poles are reported. The path of the hand hold and the hip of a vaulter have been followed and plotted using a camera and compared with previous conjectures. An estimate of the compressive force in the pole is made.

A discussion of the factors which make for the height cleared by a vaulter is given.
Pneumatic Transportation of Coal and Ash in Industrial Boiler Plant-Experience with a Prototype Programme-Controlled System
Authors: Hunter J.
Published: October 2007

The system has been fitted to two 905 kg/h steam boilers at a mine in Fife and has run for approximately two years. It consists of a pneumatic system for conveying coal, automatically, from the coal store to the main boiler hopper and an integral system for conveying ash away from the boilers, all to a programmed cycle of operations. The paper describes the plant in detail, experience in operation and reports on the results of tests on fuel degradation, pressure loss and air-flow measurements, performance of the coal- and ash-handling sections, plant wear and electrical running costs, in addition to other data.

It concludes that continuing the development of coal-fired plant along the lines laid down in the paper could lead to packaged, shell and large sized industrial water-tube plant, which are low in capital and running costs and are automated in line with modern oil- and gas-fired plant.
Inlet Valve Throttling and the Effects of Mixture Preparation and Turbulence on the Exhaust Gas Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Beale N R , Hodgetts D
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mixture quality and turbulence in the isolated cylinder of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine were changed by the method of mixture preparation in the induction tract and by the increase of mixture flow velocity through the valve aperture which was varied by the change of the full lift of the inlet valve. The fuel consumption and the mass rates of the emissions of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons of the engine when controlled with a conventional throttle are compared with those of the valve throttled engine. The employment of exhaust gas recirculation is shown to have a decisive effect on the comparison and to be essential for low emissions from a valve throttled engine.
The Use of Annual Maintenance Cost Limits for Vehicle Fleet Replacement
Authors: Jardine A. K. S. , Goldrick T. S. , Stender J.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS The paper reports a study of the determination of an optimal replacement policy for transport fleet vehicles in the 7/8 ton load carrying capacity. Comments are made about the limitations of the constant economic life approach to replacement decisions. The concept of an Annual Maintenance Cost Limit approach is suggested and used to set replacement decisions for a fleet of 150 similar vehicles.
The Fast Breeder Reactor — Energy without Depletion of Natural Resources
Authors: Vaughan R. D. , Farmer A. A.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nuclear power should account for 20% of primary energy production in the Western world by the end of the century, but only if growth of generating capacity can be freed of the constraint of uranium supply. It is shown that, providing fast breeder reactors and their associated fuel reprocessing facilities are developed quickly, a substantial increase in nuclear capacity could be provided by fast reactors. The relative importance of various fuel cycle parameters is spelt out and brief accounts are given of the alternative fast reactors being developed to meet the requirements.
A Rolling Stone
Authors: Macmillan R. H.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS A survey of a variety of engineering experiences including education, wartime work on gunsighting and rockets, teaching at Cambridge and MIT, research in automatic control and stepless power transmissions, lecturing in France and Holland, and directing research at the Motor Industry Research Association, some of whose principal areas of work are indicated.
Selection and Fitting of Reference Line for Surface Profiles
Authors: Shunmugam M. S. , Radhakrishnan V.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS In this paper, a method to compute the reference line for the surface profiles by the random process analysis is explained. This reference line is compared with the other practical reference lines, namely the electrical mean line and the envelope. This method is also an interesting and useful tool for the curve fitting analysis.
A Prototype Two-Axis Hydraulic Actuator
Authors: Burrows C.R. , Adams T.P.
Published: October 2007

In applications requiring simultaneous rotation about two orthogonal axes it is normal practice to employ some form of gimbal structure. An alternative solution is presented whereby the motion is obtained by a self contained two-axis hydraulic actuator. The design, analysis and manufacture of the device is discussed. Preliminary experimental tests have shown that the basic design of the device is sound. Some possible fields of application are suggested.
Stresses in a Medium Speed Diesel Engine Frame
Authors: Fessler H. , Perla M.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS The bedplate, column, cylinder casings, bearing caps and crankshaft of a model of one bay of a Vee type medium speed Diesel engine have been made in epoxy resin and joined by compression springs simulating the appropriate bolt forces and stiffnesses.

The model has been loaded by freely hanging weights simulating firing and reciprocating inertia forces and subjected to frozen stress loading. Stresses obtained from numerous slices cut from these components are analysed and related to the designer's qualitative understanding of the load paths.
Temperature Distributions in Automotive Dry Clutches
Authors: El-Sherbiny M. , Newcomb T. P.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS A numerical method that involves setting up equations to express the heat balance at every region in the clutch is used to determine the temperatures at various elements when band contact occurs between the rubbing surfaces during the operation of an automotive clutch. Temperature calculations have been made for contact areas of different band width on the two clutch facings and the results obtained compared with those attained when complete contact occurs. Both single and repeated engagements made at regular intervals are considered.
A Contribution to the Theory of Friction and Wear and the Relationship between them
Authors: Halling J.
Published: October 2007

The nature of the interaction between a rigid spherical asperity and an asperity governed by the stress/strain law [Formula: see text] is studied. The interfacial shear stress is defined by f τmax where 0 < f < 1, τ maxbeing the maximum allowable shear stress at the contact. By integrating the total effect of a population of such surface asperities expressions for the total frictional forces, and the total load are derived. The value of the coefficient of friction is thus obtained and the special conditions for perfectly plastic and elastic behaviour are considered. In both cases the friction coefficient is seen to contain a term defined by the deformation and dependent on surface roughness and a term totally defined by f. Using the same model a fatigue type failure criteria is introduced to predict the volume of wear. It is then possible to produce a wear law which is consistent with experience and which includes the relationship between the wear and the coefficient of friction.
Effect of Unbalance on a Journal Bearing Undergoing Oil Whirl
Authors: Barrett L. E. , Akers A. , Gunter E. J.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS A time-transient nonlinear analysis has been developed to examine the dynamical limit cycle motion of a plain journal bearing. The effect of unbalance and ambient pressure on the journal limit cycle motion below and above the linearized stability threshold speed is examined.

The short bearing approximation is used, and the assumption of a 180° oil film has been relaxed. An arbitrary film extent based upon the instantaneous values of journal displacement, velocity, and ambient pressure is used.

It has been found possible to optimize the unbalance to minimize the amplitude and the force transmitted for limit cycle operation above the stability threshold speed. Below this optimum value the whirl is fractional frequency and above this value it is synchronous.

It has been found that when the journal is operating above the stability threshold speed, rotor unbalance may result in a smaller limit cycle than the balanced rotor. The effect of a non-zero ambient pressure at the optimum value of unbalance is to increase the size of the limit cycle and make the motion nonsynchronous.
A Study of Nucleating and Wet Steam Flows in Turbines
Authors: Bakhtar F. , Young J. B. , Ghoneim Z.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS This paper describes a study in which nucleation theory has been applied to the flow in turbines.

The treatment is one dimensional and use is made of friction coefficients to allow for the aerodynamic losses. The experimental results quoted have been obtained independently from tests on a model turbine. The results of a dry run have been used to obtain friction coefficients which have then been adopted in the prediction of the wet test.

The theoretical results are extracts from the computer prints out, the comparisons are with the turbine wet efficiency and the agreement obtained is remarkably good.
On the Effect of Droplet Lifetime and Diameter Distribution on Vapour Production Rates in Diesel Fuel Jet
Authors: Williams T. J.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS A method of calculation of droplet vaporisation rates which takes into account the effects of finite injection rates and diameter distribution is presented. A simple approximate expression is derived and used to investigate the significance of these effects. It is concluded that they are both important: numerical techniques for allowing for the effects are suggested. The relevance to engine combustion performance at different speeds and injection conditions is discussed.
The Resolution of a Dryout Induced On-Load Corrosion Problem in the Sloping Furnace Tubes of an Operational Boiler
Authors: Morris A. W. L.
Published: October 2007

SYNOPSIS Failures due to on-load corrosion have occurred in the steam generating tubes forming the sloping furnace floor of a large, high pressure boiler. Measurements carried out on the operating plant have shown the cause to be tube wall dryout. The data obtained have enabled plant operating conditions to be detailed which avoid dryout. Close agreement has been shown between the plant data and the results obtained from comprehensive rig tests.
Computational Methods for Entry Length Heat Transfer by Combined Laminar Convection in Vertical Tubes
Authors: Collins M. W. , Allen P. H. G. , Szpiro O.
Published: October 2007

Numerical techniques for the calculation of velocity and temperature distributions in heated ducts have proved accurate but expensive in computer time and capacity. It is worth investigating to what extent simplification is possible without loss of accuracy. Entry-length heat transfer to upward laminar flow with combined convection in a vertical tube is taken as typical. Comparison is made between measured values and, first, a full numerical solution for constant thermophysical properties (viscosity and thermal diffusivity), secondly, the same solution but allowing for their individual and combined variation with temperature and, thirdly, a solution which assumes a series of truncated versions of the fully developed temperature distribution to establish corresponding velocity profiles, allowing for temperature-dependent properties.
Tests Undertaken with Turbine Train TGV 001
Authors: Bouley J.
Published: October 2007

The tests undertaken with train TGV 001 formed an essential part of the total SNCF high speed train research and yielded valuable information concerning bogie critical speed, factors affecting comfort, braking systems and train resistance. This information was valuable for the design of the high speed train sets for the new Paris — Lyons line but represents new fundamental knowledge of more general application.
On the Continuous Temperature Monitoring of an Engine Bearing
Authors: Goodwin G. , Holmes R.
Published: October 2007

Measurements of bearing surface temperature were made in a large end bearing of a marine diesel engine, the data being communicated by a mechanical linkage attached to the connecting rod. The engine was run with the lubricating oil heavily diluted with fuel oil, and also with a variety of load conditions on the test cylinder. Some observations were made immediately after a rapid start in order to assess the effects of priming of the lubrication system. The observations are discussed and some qualitative conclusions drawn.
The Analysis and Design of a Fire Engine Safety Cab Using Finite Element Methods
Authors: Miles J. C. , Wardill G. A.
Published: October 2007

A three dimensional structural collapse analysis computer program is described, and illustrated by reference to a safety vehicle structure analysed and designed using the program. The particular problems of large displacements and material non-linearity are accounted for, and a method of estimating the permanent set which results after impact is described.

Based on an incremental formulation of the conventional finite-element method, the computer program is capable of tracing the complete load deflection characteristics of a structure up to and beyond the point of collapse.
Some Criteria for Achieving Effective Industrial/University Co-Operation at Postgraduate Level for Training Manufacturing Engineers
Authors: Leonard R. , Rathmill K.
Published: October 2007

Universities are coming under increasing pressure to ensure that their courses are relevant to the real needs of society. Although, much of the criticism relating to ‘Ivory Tower’ situations is ill founded, it cannot he denied that within Universities there is a continuing debate concerning the best form of education for future Professional Engineers. This paper relates to the training of Postgraduate Industrial, Engineers and it is demonstrated that collaborative ventures between Industry and the Universities are an excellent development for all the parties concerned. a number of case studies, relating to the authors' direct experience, are described, together with an acknowledgement of the pioneering efforts within this area of Professor F. Koenigsberger, Mr. G. A. B. Edwards and Professor R. H. Thornley. Finally a list of ten factors, which have a major bearing on the success of co-operative ventures, is detailed.
The Tilted Axes Stable Platform Mechanism: Kinematic and Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Morgan C. , Peters R.M.
Published: October 2007

A stable platform is described which does not conform to the conventional orthogonal pattern of present methods of maintaining vertical a ship-borne radar aerial axis of rotation. The non-orthogonal nature of the axes of the mechanism gives rise to non-linear relationships between the motion of the vessel and the corresponding required rotations about the mechanism axes. Equations relating these rotations with the attitude of the vessel are developed and verified by measurements obtained from a model. Torque requirement equations are derived by a method of vectorial coordinate transformations, from which drive system power requirements may be deduced.
Storage of Electrical Energy Using Supercritical Liquid Air
Authors: Smith E.M.
Published: October 2007

An energy storage plant of 20 MW nominal capacity with pure air exhaust and a recovery ratio in a range up to 72% is described. The principal component requiring development is the regenerator. Tentative cost estimates indicate where the plant may fit in the spectrum of possible storage schemes.
An Engineer's Approach to Company Appraisal
Authors: Parker E. J.
Published: October 2007

In the past the engineer's role in company appraisal has been restricted to that of a technical adviser but with need to become conversant with the disciplines which impinge on his work he has now acquired such a depth of knowledge and experience as to justify his acceptance in the leading role.

This paper is intended to provide a guide for those engineers who are called upon to assume the principal role in company appraisal. It emphasises the need for clear terms of reference, the importance of planning and briefly describes the main headings against which the appraisal is conducted.
The Stress Analysis of Crankshafts
Authors: Hildrew B.
Published: October 2007

The paper reviews the fatigue problems of the main shafting in ships and in particular those associated with the crankshaft of a diesel installation. A description is given of an investigation on the bending moments and torques in multi-throw crankshafts.

Details are given of bending and torsion tests on single throw cranks leading to the determination of correction factors for crank radius and crankpin length. A multi-throw shaft was then installed in a purpose-built rig and bending moments and torques were measured on crankpins and journals when loads were applied to the crankpins. A computer programme was developed which utilized the three factors determined from the single throw work to calculate these same bending moments and torques. Satisfactory comparative tests were carried out and the results from one typical series of tests are detailed.
Introducing GN Electrics
Authors: Bull J. T. , Cronin J. E.
Published: October 2007

The Great Northern Suburban Electrification (GNSE) authorised in 1971, became a reality in 1978 with the introduction of Class 312 electric multiple units (EMU) on Outer Suburban Services. This event followed 15 months after the changeover from diesel to electric on the Inner Suburban Services operated by Class 313 EMU since November 1976. From the modern conception to completion has taken 6 years and “Introducing Great Northern Electrics” brings fulfilment to electrification proposals first conceived by the Great Northern Railway (GNR) Company in 1903.
The Use of Aluminium for Commercial Vehicle Structures—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Hundy B. B. , Broadstock S.
Published: October 2007

The use of aluminium alloy instead of steel for the structural components of a 32 ton articulated lorry has been examined. The probable manufacturing difficulties have been assessed and shown to be minimal. The savings in weight possible by using aluminium have been calculated from a structural analysis of the cab, tractor chassis and trailer and from this and an assessment of the manufacturing processes the extra cost of manufacturing in aluminium has been determined. A typical case study shows that this extra cost can be easily recovered by utilising the increased load capacity of the vehicle during the first few years of its life.
A Semi-Analytic Approach to the Dynamic Simulation of Shaft Coupled Power Transmission Systems
Authors: Bowns D. E. , Huckvale S. A.
Published: October 2007

In simulating complex power transmission systems it is an advantage to employ separately developed sub-models of the various components. There are, however, major difficulties in assembling such models into a complete system simulation. This paper discusses the problem and presents the concept of energy storage for linking adjacent sub-models. It develops the method to deal with systems coupled by shafts.
Concrete, an Alternative Material
Authors: Pomeroy C. D.
Published: October 2007

If ordinary Portland cement had been an expensive product it would still have been widely used, but much more highly respected. While its dominant use is as a structural material in civil engineering there are many other applications that can be made in which cement-based materials are economically and technically sound.

Cement is also a material that can be made from raw materials that are universally abundant and when diluted by the addition of an aggregate the concrete is a low energy product, an extremely important factor in the current energy conscious society.

Some of the ways in which the properties of concretes can be controlled and modified are discussed and the properties are compared with those of competitive materials. Examples will be given of the ways that these properties can be exploited in the manufacture of articles or components that have traditionally been made in other materials. In particular the use of concrete to replace cast-iron and steel structural components in the machine tool industry is discussed.
The Motor Vehicle — A Good Target for Legislation
Authors: Furness J. W.
Published: October 2007

A review of some factors influencing the development of vehicle legislation in the U.K. during the last 25 years with particular reference to their effect on the work of vehicle engineers in the Government Service.
Surfaces — A Link between Manufacture and Function
Authors: Whitehouse D. J.
Published: October 2007

The role of surface texture as a control of the manufacturing process and its importance are discussed. It is shown that it is only recently, since the advent of digital methods and random process analysis, that its real significance has been realized.
A Study of Choking Conditions in the Flow of Wet Steam
Authors: Bakhtar F. , Young J. B.
Published: October 2007

Choking criteria in the flow of wet steam are described. Considering flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle it is shown that choking at the throat can occur at a speed below the frozen speed of sound. The experimental support is limited to one geometry.
Sampling Gasborne Solids: Some Factors Affecting the Characteristics of Miniature Cyclones
Authors: Littlejohn R. F. , Smith R.
Published: October 2007

Investigation of a technique for measuring the solids burden of gases described in BS 3405 has shown that 30% oversampling is possible.

In tests using BS pitot-static tubes (1) and BCURA cyclones (2) under conditions typical of plant practice the presence of solids in the gas stream had negligible effect on the pitot reading but increased the flow through the cyclone corresponding to any given pressure drop across it. The increase varied with solids concentration, particle size and the material used.

The mechanisms of the effect was not investigated but the observations suggest that it is caused by a small quantity of solids remaining airborne within the cyclone.
Lumped Parameter Model of Planetary Gear Systems
Authors: Polder J. W.
Published: October 2007

A model system is described by parameters for shafts, planetary gear trains and nodes. Moments of inertia, spring stiffnesses and damping coefficients are assigned to the shafts; gear ratios and efficiencies are assigned to planetary gear trains. The equivalence of angular velocities and torques is demonstrated for shafts (vibration model), as well as for planetary gear trains and nodes (configuration of the system). This brings about a new view on the concept of degrees of freedom.

The close relationship between gear ratios and torque ratios yields identical functions for these ratios when applied to the input and output shafts of a system. The full use of this relationship requires strict conventions of signs and an extension of the interpretation of values.

The introduction of a new concept, named responsivity, expresses the relationships between torques and between powers of arbitrary shafts. With suitable equations, it becomes possible to investigate torque and power distributions exhaustively.
Stick Slip Stability by Transfer Lubrication
Authors: Cockerham G. , Symmons G. R.
Published: October 2007

A transfer lubrication technique has been used successfully in stabilising the vibratory motion of a mechanical system subject to stick slip. The most effective transfer lubricants were found to be p.t.f.e. and graphite lubricating steel on steel and cast iron on cast iron junctions respectively. In addition the effectiveness of three different surface finish conditions for the slideway has been examined. Experimental results are shown to correlate well with current stability theories and also indicate the practical limitations of the transfer lubrication technique in converting stick slip to a steady continuous slip motion.
Lubricant Developments on British Rail
Authors: Haines A. F. , Morley G. R.
Published: October 2007

British Rail uses some 16M litres of lubricating oil p.a. at an approximate cost of £4M. There is scope for development work aimed at reducing lubricant costs and/or increasing their efficiency in use. This paper highlights dispersant and multigrade crankcase oil developments designed to produce savings in costs of lubricant, fuel and filters. It also outlines the improvements which have been effected in lubricants for specific purposes including plain axlebox bearings, D.M.U. gear boxes and fluid couplings etc. References to developments in bearing materials and to the shock pulse method of assessing the condition of roller bearings in situ are also included.
From Hydrolastic to Hydragas Suspension
Authors: Moulton A. E. , Best A.
Published: October 2007

The paper reviews the development of the fluid interconnected Hydrolastic and Hydragas suspension systems, and follows with a description and explanation of their principles. Comparisons are made of ride performance between these systems and the conventional suspension by both measurement and mathematical predictions. Comparisons of cost and weight for various installations are also shown.
Analysis of Failure of Compressor Multi-Ring Valve Plates
Authors: Weir R. M.
Published: October 2007

Correctly operated compressor multi-ring valves are known to fail essentially by radial crack growth. The existing explanations of static pressure (with or without impact forces) or foreign matter entrapment are found to be inconsistent with the crack alignment and site respectively. The hypothesis is made that diametral vibration modes are responsible, since they relate to the crack alignment. Wear examination reveals that these modes occur during valve operation and that a four diameter mode is common. Laser holography and a crude finite element analysis depict diametral modeshapes which match the wear patterns. Crack and stress details give further support to the hypothesis. A more rigid plate design is suggested.
The Management of Information Flow in a High Technology Development Environment
Authors: Pearson D. S.
Published: October 2007

Effective management of a gas turbine development programme under commercial airline pressures demands very careful balancing of two separate cycling commodities.

One is experimental engines and component parts or ‘hardware’. The other is data, information and conclusions, hereafter referred to collectively as ‘decisionware’.

While techniques for hardware management are well documented, equivalent techniques for planning, monitoring and motivating decisionware activities are less developed. This paper describes experimental methods which have been evolved, and applied to some development activities within the Derby Engine Group of Rolls-Royce Limited. These methods include simulation modelling and performance monitoring of a staff organization and aim to achieve higher combined effectiveness of the two meshing cycles described.

The work occupied a period of one man year and has applications in development associated departments outside the original field of study.
Reliability Reviewed
Authors: Carter A. D. S.
Published: October 2007

Using a conventional mathematical model it has been shown that a component can be designed so that it is ‘intrinsically reliable’ i.e. the failure rate will be zero for all practical purposes so long as the strength of the item remains constant. Failure can then only take place by wear-out as the strength deteriorates. Reference to field data shows that most, though by no means all, existing mechanical components conform to this pattern but fewer electronic items do. The behaviour of items which are not intrinsically reliable is shown to be substantially indeterminate and hence not amenable to assessment.

It is claimed that the concept of intrinsic reliability leads to a more rational and quantifiable approach to the best existing practice. For example, the minimum safety margin for intrinsic reliability can be calculated in terms of loading roughness. No empirical subjective factors are necessary in the design process. Leading from the concept, recommendations are made for a more logical specification of reliability and more positive methods of interpreting prototype trials. Given an intrinsically reliable design, achieving reliability in the field depends on avoiding wear-out, i.e. on the maintenance activity. Consequently the roles of the designer and maintainer can to some extent be separated, allowing a more definite allocation of responsibilities.
Some Observations on the Analysis of High Temperature Steam Piping Systems
Authors: Carmichael G. D. T. , Edwards G.
Published: October 2007

The effects on system stresses and terminal moments of some factors not normally considered in high temperature steam piping design have been assessed by analysing notional but representative pipe lines. The factors considered include bend flexibility, anchor stiffness, rotational restraint achieved during cold pulling, and extraneous loads introduced by hanger hysteresis. In addition, the influence of hanger lateral stiffness is quantified by evaluating the implications for thermal expansion stress/displacement ranges and cold pull design.

Procedures are developed enabling cold pull distances to be calculated which either induce predetermined moments into the system or minimize the difference between moments at specified locations and a required set of values.

It is established that certain of the factors considered can have an appreciable effect on terminal moments and system stresses. Consequently it is essential to include them in design analyses.
The Day after Tomorrow
Authors: Parker Peter
Published: October 2007

“That man only is wise who does not dogmatise and who proclaims nothing is impossible.‘

The World in 2030 AD The Earl of Birkenhead

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

I have tried to indicate that the way forward into the day after tomorrow, although paved with good intentions, could end up at a hell of a mess, unless we accept that change at all levels is essential to both national and industrial survival.

Foremost, and I make no apology for giving it preeminence, I have argued that there is a new social dimension emerging which surrounds the technical and market led development process.

Secondly, I have argued that despite these social changes the railway industry, like any other enterprise, has aims whose nature is enduring. These aims are about survival through service to the customer.

I have defined what I believe is the nature of railway requirements from our R and D effort in meeting the enduring aims of the business; toughness and resilience, reliability, simplicity and economy.

Fourthly, I have given some indication of the contribution made by R and D to the operation of the railway, bringing economic benefits to the industry and the community.

I have illustrated that in looking at future R and D benefits, we are alive to the strategic issues ahead; organizing ourselves to deal with them, and including one of our most important areas of responsibility, our workforce, in our plans.

Finally I have outlined the urgent need for transport as an industry to be seen as an essential ingredient of the wealth-creating process.

Taken together, these points, I believe, are the framework for giving all of us involved in the railway industry clear direction on the way we need to commit our R and D resources to take us into the day after tomorrow. There will certainly be surprises, and a mark of good management is the masterful administration of the unforeseen. Our strategy for R and D will be to anticipate the unforeseen, to measure it and shape it so that the industry will be alive and well in the twenty-first century.
Development of a Visco-Plastic Lubricant Model for the Synthesis of High Pressure Rolling Contact Tractions
Authors: Lingard S.
Published: October 2007

Experimental rolling contact traction data for the nominal point contacts of a steplessly variable ratio drive are presented. Operation is in the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime with peak contact pressures of 1.5 to 3.0 GPa.

Good agreement with the measurements is demonstrated by a visco-plastic lubricant model, and contrary to the conclusions of other recent work it is shown that the effects of elastic compliance of the fluid and rolling elements are small.

The ability of the theory to account for the influence of the main operating variables, and its simplicity, should facilitate the solution of certain transmission design problems.
The Behaviour of Certain Feedwater Solutes in a High-Pressure Once-Through Boiler
Authors: Crow I. G. , Greene J. C. , Tyldesley J. D. , Walker M. A.
Published: October 2007

The behaviour of acid, neutral and alkali feedwater contaminants, which may be present in the AGR's (Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor) boilers has been examined in a test loop operating at 14.5 MPa. It has been found that deposition occurred at all contamination levels tested (1.5 μg kg-1 to 3200 μg kg-1 sodium) and could be attributed to two processes: a chemisorption reaction occurring between the steam and the dry tube walls, and at higher contamination levels, a gross deposition mechanism in the region of final dryout which experimental evidence suggests was associated with liquid film dryout.
A Finite Element Approach to Drum Brake Analysis
Authors: Day A. J. , Harding P. R.J. , Newcomb T. P.
Published: October 2007

Conventional methods of brake analysis ignore the distortions of shoe and drum and are acknowledged to give inaccurate predictions of brake torque. Whilst they are adequate for very general design purposes the problem of advanced design demands a more rigorous treatment. The modern technique of finite elements, adapted to deal with the case of a friction interface, where contact is not necessarily maintained over the whole lining area, appears to be a logical approach to the problem.

A simple model of shoe and lining is presented as a means of obtaining both improved accuracy and a development capability for including drum distortions and thermal effects. This model is supported by the theory of a beam on an elastic foundation in order to illustrate the importance of the relative stiffnesses of shoe and lining.

Validation of the finite element model is undertaken by carrying out performance tests on a brake mounted on an inertia dynamometer and the results are used to show that the divergent types of pressure distribution predicted by earlier theories and by recent research are all compatible with practical experience and that they can account for some of the differences in performance which are found in service under various conditions.

* Program for Automatic Finite Element Calculations—a commercially available software package developed by the Mechanical Engineering Department of Nottingham University and associates.
An Approximate Method for Predicting Metal Flow in Forging and Extrusion Operations
Authors: Thornton J. N. , Bramley A. N.
Published: October 2007

A method of metal flow, load and strain prediction in forming operations is presented. Based on the upper-bound elemental technique, it is applied to hot forging operations where a constant flow stress can be assumed and also to cold working of aluminium and steel where the effects of strain hardening are taken into account. The predictions were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental results.
The Class 56 Freight Locomotives of British Railways
Authors: Russell D. F. , Lowe P. J.
Published: October 2007

In September 1974, sixty diesel-electric freight locomotives, designated Class 56, were ordered by British Railways to meet an anticipated upsurge in coal and freight traffic. This new freight locomotive has been designed and constructed employing latest developments in traction technology with a.c. electrical power generation and electronic control equipment. Considerably less routine maintenance is thus required and carried out at extended periods. The first thirty were purchased from Brush Electrical Machines Limited (BEML) being constructed in Romania and later locomotives at British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) Doncaster Works. Further orders for seventy-five locomotives have since been placed with BREL, Doncaster. This paper outlines the main design features, methods of construction used at Doncaster Works and regional utilization and service experience since 1977.
Design Testing and Production Performance of a Die Set for Flashless Forging
Authors: Dean T. A.
Published: October 2007

The design of a die set, incorporating a hydraulic circuit is described, which allows press forging in completely closed cavities. The characteristics of the tool, when subjected to a range of practical forging variables, are investigated. Use of the die set for extended production runs shows that it is sufficiently robust for general work in drop forges.
Optimization of the Design of a High Capital Cost Parcel Handling Machine by Computer Simulation
Authors: Castellano E. J. , Emsley R. M. , Adie J. F.
Published: October 2007

This paper illustrates the use of a computer model in the design of a twin belt rising conveyor. A parcel is raised up an inclined section of the conveyor on a load carrying belt. It is prevented from rolling back by a second weighted belt draped over it. The model calculates the changes in geometry of the draped belt and the forces acting on the parcel during its ascent, and discharge over the head roller. This facilitates comparison between different conveyor configurations in order to optimize the design of high cost capital plant.

The computed results are proved experimentally.
A Feasibility Study into the Use of Direct Injection of Exhaust Generated Steam for Improving the Efficiency of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Hall L. C. , Saatci M. E.
Published: October 2007

This paper reports on a study into the feasibility of generating steam, using the exhaust gases of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, and expanding it in the cylinders of the engine to produce additional power without increasing the fuel consumption. The study was conducted in three stages; firstly an equivalent ideal thermodynamic cycle was analysed to examine the fundamental principles, secondly a computer simulation was carried out based on a particular engine, and thirdly an attempt was made to modify the engine and run it with steam injection. The results suggest that this proposal is thermodynamically sound and could in practice permit substantial gains in efficiency using relatively straightforward technology.
The Sliding of High Temperature Components in Steam Turbines
Authors: Low M. B. J.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes plant experience and supporting research work for steam turbine casing expansion bearings as used in the Central Electricity Generating Board. Problems with greased bearing supports are discussed and the evaluation of a number of dry bearing materials, over a wide temperature range, is detailed, including data for friction and specific wear rates.
Apparent Strain Analysis of Orthogonal Machining: Allowing for the Effects of Strain Rate and Temperature
Authors: Hashmi M. S. J.
Published: October 2007

The concept of apparent strain analysis when applied to orthogonal cutting is a much simplified approach. It is based on the principles of plasticity theory of work done expressed in terms of the equivalent stress and strain.

Previous work by Thompson et al included work hardening characteristics of the work material but the rate of strain and temperature effects were not considered. In this paper the analysis is extended to incorporate the effect of temperature and strain rate on the various parameters in orthogonal machining and the results are discussed in relation to those obtained experimentally by Merchant and also those predicted by Oxley et al using conventional shear (zone) model analysis of orthogonal machining. Comparison is also made with the results predicted using apparent strain analysis without taking strain rate and temperature effects into account as proposed by Thompson et al.
An Improvement in the Treatment of Separation in General Cascades by Potential Flow Methods
Authors: Kadhim S. J. , Railly J. W.
Published: October 2007

It is assumed that, when the flow over the surface of an aerofoil in cascade undergoes separation, the pressure (or reduced pressure for a rotating circular cascade) remains constant aft of that point. In the present treatment, as in a previous method, this condition is maintained by the imposition of a source sheet along the appropriate surface of a thin aerofoil. In contrast to the previous method, the correct kinematic condition is maintained by the imposition of a correcting vortex sheet along the camber line. In this way it is possible to allow for the presence of separation on either or both surfaces; the vortex sheet is determined from the numerical solution of an integral equation of the first kind. The theory, valid in incompressible flow, is applied to an axial cascade and to a radial impeller and a comparison is made with the measured velocity distribution and displacement thickness.
Unsteady Airflows in Rapid Transit Systems
Authors: Vardy A. E.
Published: October 2007

The measurement of pressure fluctuations on the London Transport Victoria Line is described and results are presented in sufficient detail for accurate comparisons to be made with theoretical models. Measurements were obtained during the night-time shut-down period, and so complicating effects due to other trains are absent. The results give a clear indication of the relative importance of several events such as entry to and exit from a station. The effectiveness of cross-passages for draught relief is clearly demonstrated.

A computer program is used to simulate the airflows, and satisfactory correlation is obtained with the measured results at different train speeds. The program is used to predict system characteristics that were not measured during the tests. It is found that platform wind velocities and passenger pressure histories do not violate recommended acceptable limits even when the train passes through the station at 65 km/h without stopping.
Recent Research and Developments in High Temperature Design in Japan
Authors: Udoguchi T.
Published: October 2007

Research and development work done recently in connection with high temperature application projects in Japan are briefly reviewed. The subjects discussed are: development of high temperature resisting superalloys; creep rupture strength of welded joints; environmental effects on materials in elevated temperature service; effect of cold work on creep strength; elastic follow-up; criterion for high temperature allowable stress; and estimation of creep damage.
A Passenger Car Diesel Engine for America
Authors: Scott W M
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the conversion of the 3.6 1 (225 in) Chrysler gasoline engine to diesel operation for use in passenger cars. The requirements for an acceptable passenger car diesel engine are discussed and the design modifications necessary to ensure these are described. The modified engine was subjected to a detailed development programme resulting in a performance approaching that of the single carburettor gasoline engine together with the expected improvement in vehicle fuel economy and adequate mechanical durability. Reduction of gaseous emissions was investigated and the resulting demonstration vehicles proved very acceptable, and deserving of further development towards production.
Automotive Power Steering ‘Feel’
Authors: Adams F J
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses what is meant by ‘feel’, particularly but not exclusively under high speed driving conditions, what is required to provide a satisfactory ‘feel’, and to discuss how it may be possible to do this. It mainly, but not exclusively, considers motor cars and is basically confined to the modern power steering rotary valve which uses torsion bar springing, since this embraces by far the greatest number of power gears currently made. Most of the illustrations and references relate to rack and pinion steering but, in a general sense, all that is said can be applied to other types of steering gear.