bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement of Verbal Social Behavior in Moderately Retarded Children
Authors: McClure Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Operant conditioning techniques were used to study talking behavior of retarded peers. A design using concurrent verbal and nonverbal operants was devised to test several hypotheses. Verbal social responding increased in a group with contingent reinforcement and verbal instructions about the reinforcement contingency but not in groups with either condition alone.
Comments on Zdep and Wilson
Authors: Miller Norman
Published: September 2011

Supporting the Miller-Campbell model, studies of order effects with competing persuasive speeches continue to most consistently find recency effects. Failure to find primacy under the conditions where the model predicts it may be a consequence of short opposing speeches. Thus, further elaborations of the model may require such notions as “memory consolidation” of the first speech and/or the association of fatigue and boredom with the second speech.
Conformity Tendencies among Three-, Four-, and Five-Year-Olds in an Impersonal Situational Task
Authors: Orcutt Larry E.
Published: September 2011

A battery of creativity, conformity, and originality tests was administered to 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old children participating in experimental pre-primary programs of educational stimulation. One of the tests was an impersonal situational task designed to measure conforming and nonconforming tendencies. It was the object of this paper to discern at what point in time conforming behavior begins for boys and for girls. No significant differences were found among 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old children when the sexes were combined. Further analysis of the differences between sexes for these three age levels showed 5-yr.-old girls to be significantly more conforming than 5-yr.-old boys on this task.
Experimental Separation of Function and Task in Functional Fixedness Problems
Authors: Pelton Leroy H. , Esposito Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Flavell, Cooper, and Loiselle (1958) found that functional fixedness (FF) varied inversely with the number of varied pre-problem experiences with an object. Although the decrease in FF was attributed to the increase in the number of experienced functions, task varied simultaneously with function. The present study attempted to separate these two factors by varying task only. It was hypothesized that such variation would increase FF, as measured by number of solutions and solution latency time, above that found when both task and function remain constant in the pre-problem experience. This hypothesis was not supported.
Crowd Noise and Conformity
Authors: Dustin David S.
Published: September 2011

90 college men and women worked problems in the presence of crowd noise (CN), white noise (WN), or no noise (NN). CN produced more tendency to conform to answers chosen by others than NN among men ( p < .05) but not among women.
Effect of Dieldrin Exposure on Detour Behavior in Sheep
Authors: Sandler B. E. , Van Gelder G. A. , Buck W. B. , Karas G. G.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (dieldrin) on detour behavior in sheep. The visibility of the goal object and its distance behind the barrier were also studied. Dieldrin exposure did not significantly affect detour behavior. The distance of the goal object from the barrier, and the visibility of the goal object produced no reliable differences.
Experimenter Expectancy and Social Facilitation: I. Aggression under Coaction
Authors: Timaeus Ernst , Lueck Helmut E.
Published: September 2011

8 Es ran 127 Ss in a 1- and/or 4-member group situation to test their aggressive attitudes. Each S was handed a description of the first Milgram study and had to give 2 estimations: the percentage of the German adult federal citizens who would give shocks up to 450 volts and the voltage up to which S would apply shocks. Two E-groups were given opposite information on the results to be expected. Group A should obtain higher ratings under coaction for both estimations. Group B should expect the reverse result. While our hypothesis could only be confirmed for Group A, various E-effects could be demonstrated in both groups.
Variance of Sex-Role Preference among Boys and Girls
Authors: Ward William D.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the prediction that young girls would show greater group variance than young boys would in a measure of sex-role preference. The prediction was inconsistent with some previous research and was based upon certain assumptions concerning the development of sex-role preference. 48 pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, first-, and second-grade children were given a sex-oriented toy-preference test. The prediction was supported ( p < .01); boys preferred boys' toys more than girls preferred girls' toys ( p < .01). Older children preferred own-sexed toys more than the younger ones did ( p < .05).
Effect of Partial Reinforcement on the Extinction of a Blocked Response
Authors: Bradley Jack I. , Nagle Walter A. , Smith Girard V. , Welgan Peter R.
Published: September 2011

These experiments assessed (a) the Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE) when extinction was measured by the perseverative behavior following the blocking of a learned maze route and (b) the effects of two conditions of partial extinction on the same perseverative behavior. Initial training of the rat Ss varied in both number of trials and reinforcement schedule. Perseverative behavior was evaluated by recording cumulative errors. The results indicated that the perseverative behavior increased with an increase in the number of training trials. Perseverative behavior was also observed to be greatest following 100% rather than a ratio schedule of reinforcement, a fixed ratio resulting in greater perseveration than a variable ratio. When 10 nonreinforced trials or 10 nonreinforced goal placements followed 100% reinforced training, the perseverative behavior following blocking was reduced. These results indicate that the typical PRE which has been observed (when the extinction series includes the performance of the instrumental act) is dependent on the stimulus cues provided by the change in reinforcement schedule.
Connotative Meaning of Adjective-Noun Combinations; Test of the Congruity Principle and Belief Congruence Models of Cognitive Interaction
Authors: Gumenik William E.
Published: September 2011

Predictions of the connotative meaning of 10 adjective-noun combinations by the congruity principle and belief congruence were compared on the evaluative, potency, and activity semantic differential dimensions. Greater accuracy of predictions was found for belief congruence than for the congruity principle on all three dimensions. Errors of prediction, for either model, which did occur were generally attributable to underestimation of the effect of the adjective component on the meaning of the combination. These errors also tended to arise from underestimation of the effects of words rated toward the bad, strong, and passive ends of the evaluative, potency and activity semantic differential dimensions, respectively.
Stimulus Control of Wheel Running and Stopping with Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Grupp L. A. , Webster C. D.
Published: September 2011

Two rats were trained to avoid shock by running continuously in the presence of a discriminative stimulus and by remaining stationary in its absence. Both animals acquired the run and stop responses, performed proficiently, and were shown to be under direct stimulus control.
Perceptual Incongruence and the Double-Bind Hypothesis: Reply to Lester
Authors: Schuham Anthony I.
Published: September 2011

Some differences between the double-bind hypothesis and Mc-Reynolds' theory of perceptual incongruence are highlighted. It is concluded that the double-bind hypothesis has not been thoroughly researched within its present theoretical framework and that McReynolds' paradigm is insufficiently similar to it to serve as an appropriate alternative research strategy.
Demonstration of Slide Projection as an Alternative to Imaginal Stimulus Presentation in Systematic Desensitization Therapy
Authors: Goldberg Joel , D'Zurilla Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

This case study demonstrated the use of slide projection as an alternative to imaginal stimulus presentation in the systematic desensitization treatment of two clients with an incapacitating fear of receiving injections. The outcome was quite successful in both cases. Prior to treatment, neither client could be encouraged to rake a test injection. Following treatment, both clients completed a test injection procedure and reported a substantial reduction in anxiety. The outcome was not successful with two similar clients who received only relaxation training. Several informal observations suggest that slide projection has certain advantages over the imaginal procedure and could be more effective in certain cases.
Personality and Satisfaction with Occupational Choice: Role of Environment as a Mediator
Authors: Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that occupational satisfaction was jointly a function of S's personality and the extent to which certain personality-derived requirements were present in his job environment. Four personality systems differing in information-processing style and relation to people as measured by the Interpersonal Topical Inventory (ITI) were studied. 95 supervisors completed the ITI and rated 20 aspects of their job environments as they actually were and as they would be ideally. Satisfaction with present job was also rated. Job-environment items were separated into those dealing with security, structure, self-expression, autonomy, esteem, and social contact. Satisfaction among concrete-dependent Ss was related to the size of the actual-ideal discrepancy on security and structure; among concrete-independent Ss to the discrepancy on self-expression; among abstract-dependent Ss to the discrepancy on social contact, esteem, autonomy, and self-expression. No relationships were found for abstract-independent Ss.
Personality Traits of Music Therapists
Authors: Shatin Leo , Kotter Wallace , Longmore Gladys
Published: September 2011

The personality traits of music therapists were measured by the factored 16 PF test. A contrast group of musician-performers was also tested. The objective pattern of sten scores was reported for each group. Music therapists were more sober and prudent, more conscientious, and tended to be more trusting than their performing counterparts, but the contrasts were not extreme. Differences between the profile patterns of each group and the general adult normative population were described and compared.
What is “Reasonableness?”
Authors: Ferneau Ernest W.
Published: September 2011

The concept-in-question, recently proposed as another influence on “facultative distortion,” has been found to have many definitions in the literature. These are reviewed here, and a derivative definition is offered. It is believed that “reasonableness” should be viewed conceptionally as a capricious violation of expectations.
Epistemic Curiosity and Man's Higher Nature
Authors: Little Ellis Beecher , Creaser James W.
Published: September 2011

This study examines Gordon's thesis that curiosity is one of the drives associated with the kinds of behavior central to the development of culture, knowledge, and art or in other words the formulation of man's higher nature Two groups ( Ns = 26, 38) were given a pretest, posttest, and retest. Items answered correctly on the retest and not answered on either the pre- or posttest were used as a measure of the student's curiosity. Correlations were determined between the curiosity scores and scores for the Iowa High School Content Examination, scores for the Michigan Vocabulary Test, scores for stable and fluctuating memory, and scores for incorrect responses. Mean differences between the 10 highest and the 10 lowest curiosity scores for Group 1 and between the 14 highest and 14 lowest scores for Group 2 were significant. Rank ordering of scores (highest to lowest) showed that individuals with high scores for curiosity consistently scored high in most subject areas tested, possessed a stable memory, and made very few incorrect responses. The evidence seems to support Gordon's contention.
Report on a Behavioural Selection Experiment
Authors: Connolly Kevin
Published: September 2011

The results from the second phase of a behavioural selection experiment designed to produce active and inactive strains of Drosophila are reported. Data show marked phenotypic differences have been produced as a result of the selection. Relaxing selection after 94 generations did not result in experimental populations drifting back to the control level; thus considerable inbreeding has taken place.
Is Retrieving a Measure of Maternal Behavior in the Rat?
Authors: Plume Stephen , Fogarty Charles , Grota Lee J. , Ader Robert
Published: September 2011

Lactating, pregnant and nonpregnant adult female, and adult male rats were exposed to a rat pup, a food pellet, and a plastic toy for 3 min. on 7 consecutive days. Lactating females were the most active retrievers and showed a marked preference for the pup. All other groups showed retrieving behavior but there was no preference for the pup relative to the inanimate objects. It is concluded that “maternal” behavior must be demonstrably oriented toward the young of the species rather than the execution of behavior which is merely within the repertoire of the animal.
Concept Identification as a Function of the Number of Relevant and Irrelevant Dimensions, Presentation Method, and Salience
Authors: Fredrick Wayne C. , Klausmeier Herbert J.
Published: September 2011

112 college students identified a series of 6 concepts from 2 ordered arrays of 64 cards each. Ss worked first on an array containing figural material (FM) and then with verbal material (VM). Two levels of relevant and irrelevant information were used and the FM concepts were at 2 levels of salience. The number of relevant dimensions proved to be a significant variable on the VM. on the FM, the salient concept was identified more quickly than the less salient. Ss found the tasks much easier if information was presented to them than if they had to select and remember instances.
Type of Message, Personality, and Attitude Change
Authors: Jensen Larry C. , Knecht Susan
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to test the hypotheses that the relationship between personality and attitude change is affected by the type of persuasive communication and that the relationship between personality, attitude change, and type of appeal would be different for the two sexes. 280 college students were randomly divided into three treatment conditions. Each group received either a factual, emotional, or conforming appeal. Measures of anxiety (MAS), self-concept (S-C), authoritarianism (F), and intolerance of ambiguity (IA) were obtained for each student. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for each treatment and sex group with attitude change scores used as the dependent variable. Significant F ratios for the cumulative regression were found for males receiving the conforming message and for females receiving the conforming and emotional appeals. No personality measure was associated with attitude change following the factual appeal for either sex, or for the emotional appeal for the males. For the males in the con forming-appeal treatment IA was positively correlated with attitude change, while MAS and F were negatively correlated. For females in the conforming-appeal treatment S-C was positively correlated and MAS negatively correlated, while MAS was positively correlated in the emotional treatment. The results were interpreted as supporting the basic hypotheses and suggest that considerable attention must be given to the appeal used to induce attitude change in studies investigating personality and persuasibility.
Some Comments on Ward's (1968) “Variance of Sex-Role Preferences among Boys and Girls”
Authors: Lansky Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

Ward's study (method, data, and interpretation of data) is examined gently.
Effect of Training in Components of Complex Problems on Group Problem-Solving Efficiency under Constrained Communication
Authors: Schwartz Theodore M. , Philippatos George C.
Published: September 2011

270 Ss participated in a three-member group problem-solving game in which group members attempted to develop a system whereby their combined contributions would equal an announced numerical target in a single trial. Targets were designated Fixed or Moving in two distinct treatments. Communication between group members was constrained. The target numbers were grouped into 4 sets in an ascending order of difficulty. Results indicated that training in the component parts of complex problems failed to increase significantly Ss' ability to develop problem-solving systems.
Rapid Treatment of Gross Obesity by Operant Techniques
Authors: Bernard J. L.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the application of operant techniques in the treatment of a case of gross obesity. The patient weighed 407 lbs. at the initiation of the program, was schizophrenic, and probably had metabolic and/or endocrine dysfunction as contributing factors. Over a period of 6 mo., of which the last 6 wk. were an extinction period, she lost 102 lbs. at a relatively stable rate. At the end of the extinction period, the loss rate had slowed somewhat but showed no indications of reversal. The rapid weight loss, compared to that in earlier studies, is attributed to positive reinforcement for weight lost, in addition to control of caloric intake.
Relationship between Anxiety and Menarcheal Onset
Authors: Kroth Jerome A.
Published: September 2011

Failing to observe important demographic variables, psychological studies of the menarche have been largely indeterminate. Two groups of 12 girls differing in menarcheal status and matched for race, religion, chronological age, family size and parentage were given the I.P.A.T. Anxiety Scale. Pre-menarcheal girls showed significantly higher total scores than post-menarcheal Ss. Reasons for this difference were that pre-menarcheal Ss comprised a school minority or that deeper neurotic factors might be involved.
Training Laboratories in Developmental Psychology
Authors: Nadelman Lorraine
Published: September 2011

This is a description of a flexible program to train graduate and advanced undergraduate students in research in developmental psychology. Stress is on observational training and experiments which exemplify current theoretical issues and techniques, using newborns through eighth graders. Sample courses are outlined and include observation of an infant in his own home; paired-observation projects for observer-reliability training; three or four experiments (from, e.g., Piaget, Bandura, Bruner); paper-design of an original experiment; class demonstrations with visiting children of various scales of development; visits to and from area researchers; movies. Student response is exceptionally favorable.
Categorizing Behavior and Stimulus Boundness
Authors: Rosen Aaron , Connaway Ronda S.
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in stimulus boundness were hypothesized to underlie number of categories formed on object sort and similarity between category labels and characteristics of objects in categories. Experimental sorting instructions accentuated and attenuated, respectively, the effects of stimulus boundness. Free sort was used to designate Ss as high or low categorizers. Significant main effects were found for experimental instructions and categorizing tendencies, confirming the main hypothesis and the reliability of categorizing behavior. The relationship between similarity of category labels and number of categories, although confirming the prediction, suggests the presence of a curvilinear relationship, decreasing in strength toward the lower range of stimulus boundness.
Discrimination between Escapable and Inescapable Shock
Authors: Domjan Michael P. , Rowell John W.
Published: September 2011

8 rats were exposed to a procedure in which several escapable-shock sessions were alternated with inescapable-shock sessions. The conditioned escape behavior was observed to persist as superstitious escape during inescapable shock. The rate and resistance to extinction of the superstitious escape behavior was found to decline with repeated changes from escapable to inescapable shock. Amount of escape conditioning was not observed to affect this discrimination.
Effect of Brain Stimulation on Estrous Activity Cycles
Authors: Hitt John C. , Gerall Arnold A.
Published: September 2011

Activity level was significantly reduced by self- or E-induced electrical stimulation of forebrain structures in 14 of 17 female rats. Recovery of activity level after cessation of stimulation was found in animals with electrodes in central hypothalamic areas but not in those with more anterior or posterior placements. There was no significant correlation between rate of self-stimulation and the estrous activity cycle. Possible explanations of the suppression of activity were discussed, and it was suggested that it might be related to inhibition of neural units normally responsive to circulating estrogen.
Relationship between the IPAT Self-Analysis Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Personal Reaction Inventory
Authors: Schmidt Hermann O.
Published: September 2011

Control of test-taking attitudes on forced-choice, self-report personality inventories has been concerned largely with pathological content. The IPAT and Marlowe-Crowne were administered to 100 psychiatric workers (9 nurses, 31 experienced aides, and 60 aides of moderate experience) to measure anxiety generated by a major change in roles. of the 5 IPAT scores possible, only Q correlated significantly with Crowne-Marlowe ( r = −0.44, p = .01). The results seem to support the Marlowe-Crowne definition of social approval and suggest the IPAT is less vulnerable to response distortion influenced by the need of social acceptability.
Educational Capsules
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

The author proposes audio-visual presentations of 2 to 5 min., designed to capture the essences of topics. Precedents involving teaching machines and television commercials are considered, and existing practices are reevaluated.
Perceived Height, Personality, and Friendship Choice
Authors: Berkowitz William R.
Published: September 2011

The relations between Ss' own stated heights, the perceived heights of their 3 closest friends, and personality variables were examined. Ss ( N = 173) showed a tendency to select friends closer to their own stated heights than would have been expected by chance. EPPS dominance and abasement need percentile scores (from a subsample of N = 38) were unrelated to Ss' stated heights or difference scores between Ss' and friends' stated heights.
Recording of Vasomotor Activity, Skin Resistance, and Abdominal Potential on the Bayamon Thoracopagus Twins
Authors: White Elna Hayward
Published: September 2011

Studies of Plethysmographic and skin resistance changes in thoracopagus twins with complete intermixing of the circulation are reported. These responses appeared to be independent of the conjoined circulation.
Effects of Positive Verbal Reinforcements on Interest Selections
Authors: Wandzek Frank P.
Published: September 2011

An experimental investigation of the effect of consistent, positive, verbal reinforcement of selected interests of undergraduate, female students was conducted. Hypotheses concerning the immediate effects of conditioning treatments as well as effects of treatment on retention and delayed learning were formulated. Ss participated in a pretest, two interviews, a posttest and retest. Although only one group of experimental Ss evidenced significant conditioning, all six posttest and retest scores of experimental Ss showed a greater raw score gain than did control Ss. Because posttest and retest scores of a greater number of experimental Ss were at least 10 points above their operant scores after conditioning, it can be concluded that some individuals were susceptible to verbal conditioning of interests.
Expectations concerning Occupations in Relation to Extraversion-Introversion
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: September 2011

132 Ss were asked to list occupations which would possess or make use of the personality descriptions of ‘extravert’ and ‘introvert’ as described in the manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. of 4000, those occurring more frequently than 2% of the column total (E or I) are shown. The criterion for allocation appears to revolve around the ‘person contact’ concept of extraversion.
Parental Antecedents of Internal-External Control of Reinforcement
Authors: Davis William L. , Phares E. Jerry
Published: September 2011

Two exploratory studies were conducted involving children's reports of parental behavior and parents' child-rearing and internal-external control (I-E) attitudes as antecedents of children's beliefs that the reinforcements they receive are a consequence of their own behavior (internals). Internals, as contrasted to those who believe that reinforcements tend to occur independently of their behavior (externals), reported their parents as showing less rejection, hostile control, and withdrawal of relations, and more positive involvement and consistent discipline. There were no direct relationships between children's I-E beliefs and parents' child-rearing and I-E attitudes. However, parents whose children had an I-E orientation similar to their own expressed less disciplinarian and more indulgent child-rearing attitudes than parents whose children had an I-E belief unlike their own. Parent-child I-E similarity may be mediated by nurturant, accepting parental behavior.
Instrumental Characteristics and Validity of the Paragraph Completion Test (PCT) as a Measure of Integrative Complexity
Authors: Bottenberg E. H.
Published: September 2011

Paragraph Completion Test (PCT) showed a satisfactory interrater reliability and internal consistency. Significant correlations existed between PCT and cognitive as well as personality variables.
Social Class and the Schizophrenogenic Mother Concept
Authors: Mitchell Kevin M.
Published: September 2011

The TAT was administered to 26 mothers of schizophrenic children and 26 mothers of normal children. Both mothers and children were matched on a number of variables. Ss within each group were categorized as upper, middle or working class. Each story was judged pathogenic, benign, or unscorable by two clinicians. A pathogenic score was tabulated for each S from the formula: pathogenic/pathogenic plus benign. The main effect of children's diagnosis and the interaction of diagnosis and social class significantly influenced the type of story.
Applicability of Information Theory to Learning
Authors: Moss D. E. , Neidt Charles O.
Published: September 2011

When learning outcomes from programmed instructional experiences are viewed in an information theory context, two hypotheses can be generated: (a) decrements in learning result when items of information are omitted from an experimental program and (b) decrements in learning result when information is omitted through the deletion of uncertainty from an experimental program. When Ss were tested over information obtained from linear programs modified to provide varying amounts of knowledge of results and amounts of certainty, support for both hypotheses was found.
Note on the Nature of Self-Regard
Authors: Crary William G.
Published: September 2011

The test-specificity of self-regard was investigated. It was found that, in general, the same terms, or the same areas of self-regard, related more highly on the same, or on two different, esteem tests, while different areas of self-regard related only poorly. It was concluded that esteem is not test-specific but rather represents a more enduring individual evaluative tendency.
Analysis of Two Item-Classification Schemes for the Stanford-Binet
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Sattler's and Valett's item-classification schemes for the Stanford-Binet were applied to data obtained from a sample of 80 retarded children. The correlations between the categories in the two schemes indicated that the schemes have a great deal in common. Ss appeared relatively strong in Language (Vocabulary and Verbal Fluency) and Reasoning (Judgment and Reasoning), but the items which they passed in these categories deal with verbal expression and visual discrimination of the simplest sort.
Further Cross-Validities of the MOS and DAT Batteries
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Jacobsen Gwendolyn , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The MOS and DAT batteries both have been cross-validated against final marks at the end of the 10th grade. Using multiple regression equations derived in earlier studies, predictions were made of final marks attained by the cross-validation samples at the end of the 11th and 12th grades. Cross-validity coefficients determined by correlating the actual and predicted final marks attest to the greater relative efficiency of the MOS battery.
Effect of Securigera Securidaca on Electroshock Seizure Threshold in Mice
Authors: Al-Hachim Ghazi M. , Maki B.
Published: September 2011

Finely crushed seeds 100 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of body weight of Securigera Securidaca or their extracts with petroleum ether, absolute ether or chloroform 100 mg/kg of body weight were administered to albino mice to study their effects on brain excitability. The drugs significantly increased minimal electroshock-brain seizure-threshold. This effect might be due to increase the brain concentration of γ-aminoburyric acid.
Extreme Response Tendencies on a Semantic Differential
Authors: Parsonson Barry S.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the generality of the findings of a number of studies whose results indicated that psychiatric patients, as compared with normals, exhibited a higher frequency of checking the polar extremes of the semantic differential. Three carefully matched groups of normals, neurotics and psychotics completed a 7-concept, 9scale form of the semantic differential and their scale-checking styles were compared. The results supported the hypothesis that psychiatric patients check the extremes more often than normals but did not confirm the finding that psychotics are significantly more extreme in their responses than neurotics. It was suggested that the observed extreme response tendencies of psychiatric patients could reflect an important aspect of emotional maladjustment.
Varied Effects of Noncontingent Punishment as a Function of the Consistency and Contingency of Punishment on a Response
Authors: Vogel-Sprott M.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of humans were employed to test the hypothesis that noncontingent punishment (electric shock) may suppress or facilitate a goal response, and these effects are determined by the particular response-punishment pairings which happen to occur. After a goal response was trained for money, this reward was withheld. Three groups then received noncontingent, variable-interval punishment and in each group punishment was paired with different behaviour. A fourth group received consistent punishment contingent only on goal responses, and the fifth group served as a no-punishment control. The evidence supported the hypothesis and also indicated that consistency of punishment has an important effect which is distinct from sheer frequency of response-punishment pairing. These results, plus observations of goal responses during an aftereffects period when treatments had terminated, were interpreted to suggest that, although punishment may have emotion-provoking properties, it also supplies informative feedback to S about his responses and this factor also must be considered in order to predict human behaviour.
Effects of Behavioral Responding on Skin Conductance Level
Authors: Germana Joseph
Published: September 2011

The effects of behavioral response requirements on skin conductance level (SCL) were studied. Initial Ss were placed in either a “non-respond” (NR) or a “respond” (R) condition. No clear effects were observed other than large differences in individual response to both conditions. Subsequent use of a within- Ss replication design showed, however, that behavioral requirements have a tonic effect on SCL and that anticipatory changes in SCL may occur prior to the R condition. The results support the hypothesis that autonomic and behavioral events are essentially integrated and, in addition, suggest the efficacy of the within- Ss replication design in treating individual differences.
Activity Impairment with Circumscribed Frontal Spreading Depression and Ablation
Authors: Freedman Nelson L. , Pote Robert
Published: September 2011

The effect on activity of potassium chloride (KCl) or saline (NaCl) placed within the circumscribed dorso-frontal cortex was compared to homologous cortical ablations. Ablations had no effect on activity whereas NaCl and KCl produced significant decrement in activity. Results are presumably due to aversiveness of solutions on exposed dural pain fibers. These data question the postulated equivalence of functional and anatomical ablations.
Observing Behavior of Mental Patients under a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Signals
Authors: Dardano J. F.
Published: September 2011

The performances of mental patients and normals were compared on a monitoring task using the Holland procedure for measurement of observing responses. Subjects were required to rapidly detect and react to signals which occurred at 2-min. intervals with a 15-sec. limited-hold. Some patients performed effectively in terms of detecting and reporting signals; however, the temporal pattern of observing responses within fixed-intervals differed in varying degrees from the extended post-target pauses and high terminal rate of the normals. Later sessions with modifications in the procedure showed the following: some patients could not maintain a high detection rate with a very brief limited-hold; a warning light during the latter part of each 2-min. interval controlled the observing responses of some patients; regular changes in local rate by some patients occurred during an extinction period; and the temporal characteristics of responding by patients and normals were more similar under a variable-interval schedule of signals. The intra-interval pattern of skin conductance changes during the monitoring session did not show any gross characteristic which differentiated the patients from the normals.
A Multi-Solution Anagram Task
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Hicks Maralee J. , Mansfield Harold
Published: September 2011

A series of multi-solution anagrams, designed to improve on previously used anagram tasks, were standardized on 870 college students. A table of solution-word frequencies is presented. Correlational data pertinent to the use of these anagrams are also given.
Locating the Difficulty in Insight Problems: Individual and Sex Differences
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Casselman Gertrude G.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to determine whether difficult problems can be made easier by manipulating a major obstacle. Standard and supposedly simplified versions of 6 insight problems were used. 311 male and 233 female Ss were given 3 of the standard versions and 3 of the simplified versions of the problems. The results showed that the supposedly helpful manipulations had limited value. For males, the standard versions of only 3 of the problems were significantly more difficult than the simplified versions; for females, there were differences on 3 problems (2 in the same direction as the males) but none reached significance. The problems were analyzed individually for sources of failure of the manipulation. Results suggested that a single hint cannot provide significant improvement since a problem appears to be difficult for different people for a variety of reasons. Chance factors also play a part in successful problem solving. Results also confirmed earlier findings showing that hints or suggestions which seem helpful when the solution is known may serve as distractors to an individual attempting to discover the solution. Implications of the results for upgrading problem solving through training are discussed.
Evaluation of WISC Similarities Responses According to Cognitive Style and Error Analysis: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hall Leon P. , Driere M. La Verne La
Published: September 2011

80 emotionally disturbed and 80 neurologically impaired boys in a public school setting were matched for WISC Full Scale IQ and chronological age. An analysis was made of the Similarities subtest responses utilizing both the error-analysis method of Spence and the cognitive style procedure of Sigel for purposes of comparison. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks technique was used in analyzing the data. The results were as follows: (1) the error analysis approach provided the greater potential for differential diagnosis between the two groups under consideration; (2) use of the cognitive style scores permitted improved definition of the dynamic implications of the error-analysis categories, inadequate abstracting and narrative-descriptive responses; (3) diagnostic power was not increased when all responses as opposed to errors alone were considered.
Correlations between the Wide Range Achievement Test, the California Achievement Tests, the Stanford-Binet, and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Authors: Washington Ernest D. , Teska James A.
Published: September 2011

Correlacion coefficients are presented for 96 pre- and early elementary school children between the Stanford-Binet, Illinois Test of Psycholinguisdc Abilities, Wide Range Achievement Test, and California Achievement Tests (Lower Primary). The two achievement tests were highly correlated with each other ( Mdn = .80) and the high (.89) correlation between Wide Range Reading scores and California Total Battery indicates the possibility of using the Wide Range reading score as a quick estimate of general achievement. The Binet Mental Age and ITPA Total Language Age were highly correlated with each other and about equally correlated with achievement variables, while only two of the ITPA subtests, Auditory-vocal Automatic and Auditory-vocal Association were moderately correlated with the Binet and achievement variables.
Abuse of Amphetamine and Amphetamine-Like Drugs
Authors: Clement W. R. , Solursh L. P. , Van Ast Walter
Published: September 2011

The present use of amphetamine-type compounds in a large city is examined carefully. The authors conclude that we are not well prepared to cope effectively with the increasing abuse of amphetamines and similar compounds.
A Double-Barrel Approach to Modification of Homosexual Behavior
Authors: Rutner Ivan Toby
Published: September 2011

A 20-yr.-old practicing female homosexual was treated with a combination of behavioral techniques. The techniques employed were systematic desensitization and covert sensitization. After 30 days of treatment, the frequency of reported homosexual desires stabilized around one per day. A follow-up showed a return to homosexuality after a 4-mo. abstinence. The treatment procedures are discussed with implications for further work in this area.
Raven Progressive Matrices Avoidable Errors as a Measure of Psychopathological Ideational Influences upon Reasoning Ability
Authors: Fracchia John , Fiorentino Diane , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The Raven Progressive Matrices protocols of 88 narcotic addicts, divided into four MMPI profile pattern groups, were scored for avoidable errors. Ss having psychotic-like profiles (428′ and 987′) made significantly more avoidable reasoning errors than Ss with sociopathic patterns (42′ and 49′). These data were interpreted as evidence of the sensitivity of avoidable error measures to disturbances in consistency and accuracy of comparative and analogical reasoning performance. It was suggested that avoidable error indices might be used to (a) judge the effects of pathological ideation upon complex reasoning, (b) estimate potential level of intellectual functioning in clinical populations, and (c) serve as a criterion for treatment efficacies.
Treatment of Smoking by Covert Sensitization
Authors: Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

A detailed application of covert sensitization to smoking behavior is presented. Data are presented to indicate that the results of covert sensitization cannot be attributed to S's expectancies. The available evidence indicates that the technique is effective in modifying smoking behavior.
An Intake Report Outline for Behavior Modification
Authors: Pomeranz David M. , Goldfried Marvin R.
Published: September 2011

In a previous paper, the authors discussed the role of assessment in behavior modification. The present article describes an intake-report outline which is currently being used in a clinical setting and indicates how assessment data may be conceptualized from a behavior modification orientation. The need for specific assessment techniques more relevant to the behavioral approach is discussed.
Reliability of a Novel Format for the Selection Interview
Authors: Asher James J.
Published: September 2011

Since the evidence has shown that the usual selection interview is unreliable, an alternate strategy was developed called the Q by Q Interview. The Q by Q format requires the interviewer to make a series of selection decisions instead of the usual procedure of waiting until the end of the interview to make a global rating. In 3 selection problems the Q by Q Interview resulted in high interrater reliability and in 3 other selection situations, reliability was low. An analysis of the raters' decision making indicated that when applicant responses were similar, there was range restriction which produced spuriously low reliability coefficients.
Similarities and Differences in Scores on Certain Personality Scales among Engaged Couples
Authors: Reiter Henry H.
Published: September 2011

The EPPS was given to 19 engaged couples to determine personality trends in mate selection. All couples were undergraduates at college (Long Island area). The personality variables were achievement (Ach), deference (Def), order (Ord), exhibition (Exh), autonomy (Aut), affiliation (Aff), intraception (Int), succorance (Suc), dominance (Dom), abasement (Aba), nurturance (Nur), change (Chg), endurance (End), heterosexuality (Het), and aggression (Agg). It was hypothesized on the basis of prior studies that mate selection, for this sample, would rest upon some complementary needs rather than homogamy of needs. It was found that males scored significantly higher than females in Dom, Ach, and End and females scored significantly higher than males in Nur, Aff, and Aba, supporting the idea that mate selection is based on complementary needs.
Extra-List Errors in Paired Associate Learning by Retarded and Normal Children
Authors: Drew Clifford J. , Logan Don R.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the proportions of extra-list intrusions in errors by retarded and normal Ss on a paired-associate task. Associative strength of the paired items was varied. Results indicated that retardates imported a significantly greater proportion of responses than normals under both levels of associative strength. Ss did not import differential proportions of responses as a function of associative strength.
Vicarious Reward and Task Complexity as Determinants of Imitative Learning: A Modified Replication
Authors: Fernandez Luis E. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

As in an earlier study with older children, a brief exposure to a model was shown to produce appreciable learning by preschool Ss on a substantive educational task. Although vicarious reward again favorably influenced imitative learning under high-complexity conditions, the borderline reliability of this effect with younger Ss suggests that the effects of vicarious reward should be studied developmentally.
A Good, Short Measure of Religious Dogmatism
Authors: Fagan Joen , Breed George
Published: September 2011

A 21-item religious dogmatism scale is presented, with data indicating response characteristics.
High and Low Levels of Dogmatism in Relation to Personality, Intellectual, and Environmental Characteristics of Medical Students
Authors: Juan Isabel R. , Haley Harold B.
Published: September 2011

High and low scorers on dogmatism (Rokeach Form E), selected from among 514 students entering 5 medical schools in various parts of the United States, were compared on values (SIV and AVL), Cancer Attitude Survey (CAS), MCAT, and a biographical questionnaire. The over-all SIV and AVL patterns of the 2 groups differed. High dogmatics favored conformity, recognition, and religious values; low dogmatics, independence and aesthetic and social values. High dogmatics scored significantly higher on belief in personal immortality (CAS III); low dogmatics, on belief in patients' inner resources (CAS I) and on MCAT verbal, quantitative, and general information. Specific biographical differences were also noted. Results implicate basic personality factors in doctors' reception and application of medical knowledge.
An Activation Hypothesis of Cognitive Behavior
Authors: Emami Javad
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to test two hypotheses derived, respectively, from an activation model and Festinger's dissonance model: (a) induced dissonance and consonance will result in comparable amounts of cognitive activity defined in terms of amount of verbalization by Ss and (b) dissonance will result in more cognitive activity than consonance. Results did not give unequivocal support to either hypothesis. It was argued that the notion of uncertainty from information theory best explains the results and other cognitive data which do not fit into the two models. The implications of the concept of “psychic constancy” and its relation to creativity variables were also discussed.
Pro-Rationalization: A Defence Mechanism
Authors: Mann Cecil W.
Published: September 2011

Pro-rationalization is a term suggested to describe the mechanism whereby the individual attempts to enhance or protect his ego by the prediction of a devalued outcome of a series of events. Examples are given and the process is described in motivational terms.
Spoken Language Abilities of Educable Mentally Retarded (Emr) and Normal Adolescents
Authors: Willis Virginia L. , Garrison Mortimer
Published: September 2011

Stories told by 14 educable mentally retarded and 14 normal adolescents were analyzed for length, sentence length, type-token ratio, usage of parts of speech, and grammatical correctness. The normal group used longer sentences and a greater variety of words. This is in contrast to the differences observed with written compositions. The results are interpreted as emphasizing the importance of teaching communications skills directly.
Openness to Experience, Ego Strength and Self-Description as a Function of Repression and Sensitization
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. , Ritter Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The study sought to determine whether persons differing in defensive style (R-S Scale) also differ systematically in their degree of openness to experience, ego strength (Es), and personality functioning (ACL). Using 3 groups of college students, high sensitizers, relative to their more repressed counterparts, were more open to experience, differed significantly on a large number of ACL scales and were no lower on Es than median R-S persons. Findings suggest that sensitizers, while critical, impatient, action-oriented, and personally more troubled, also have the capacity for personal integration (Es) and for more creative potential than previous literature would indicate.