bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authority
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: July 2015

Authority can refer to a person, a quality that one possesses, a governing institution a text containing crucial information or founding principles, or a exemplary event. In other words, authority is never properly one thing. An integral part of authority is recognition, insofar as the signs of power or status are encoded or displayed. During the medieval period, authority was an important subject for writers. In medieval theories of authorship, authorship was consistently identified with authority. Modern critics of medieval literature consider authority to be perhaps the most persuasive connection between art and context. This article examines authority, with emphasis on textual authority and how it extends the purview of medievalist literary criticism, in part by historicizing textual production. It also discusses the use of textual authority by both medievals and medievalists to understand literary innovation. In addition, it analyzes two sets of texts that offer complex investigations into the nature of lordship: the fifteenth-century biblical cycle plays and William Langland’s alliterative poem Piers Plowman.
Institutions
Authors: Smith D. Vance
Published: July 2015

In Geoffrey Chaucer’s The House of Fame, the hall of Fame is reminiscent of what Erving Goffman termed in his study of asylums a “total institution” during the Middle Ages. Modern institutions differ from the medieval monastery in both the willingness of the latter’s inmates to belong to it and the metaphysical and religious ideas that are its justification and purpose. In The Canterbury Tales, the Monk exhibits outrageous sophistry and an affiliation with other institutions. One lesson of the Monk’s portrait is the limits of the so-called institutional history of institutions. This article explores the relationship between institution and writing in the Middle Ages, when writing was not yet an institution. It considers writing as the act of instituting, a break with the homologies between institutional forms of inscription and tropes, or between the causes of literature and the pressures of an institution.
Episodes
Authors: Allen Elizabeth
Published: July 2015

Medieval narratives create order on the basis of causal sequences in time. However, cyclical and episodic structures, formal fragmentation, incompletion, and the existence of multiple versions can offset the ordering power of narrative causality. Episodic narratives typically expose the artifices required to create both narrative and social order, thus raising the question of social continuity. By eschewing causality, episodes are heavily reliant on reiterated symbols and language. This article explores the relationship between narrative incoherence and dynastic discontinuity, how narrative discontinuity reveals social concerns, and how episodic form functions as a method for anticipating and shaping audience response. It considers repetition in Athelston, a Middle English romance, and coherence in James Simpson’s essay on Sir Degaré, Thomas Malory’s “Sir Gareth,” and the Folie Tristan d’Oxford. It also analyzes episodic structure in Beves of Hampton and The Seven Sages of Rome.
Conflict
Authors: Turner Marion
Published: July 2015

Richard II’s reign as king of England was characterized by an explosion in the production of literary and political vernacular texts and by dramatic political upheaval. In the last quarter of the fourteenth century, crises such as the Great Revolt, the development of Lollardy, mayoral disputes, and usurpation coincided with the emergence of writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and William Langland, along with many other literary practitioners such as John Clanvowe and Thomas Usk. Broadsides, pamphlets, and other publically-circulated documents employed literary modes for political ends. This article examines the highly politicized and difficult environment in which late fourteenth-century English literature was born. It considers the political nature of textual production and how increased access to textuality encouraged people to employ texts as political ammunition.
Genre Without System
Authors: Hiatt Alfred
Published: July 2015

One of the stanzas in “To Rosemounde,” a poem tentatively ascribed to Geoffrey Chaucer, mentions a pike steeped in galantine sauce that creates a moment of confusion. The fish in question might be described as a moment of ungenre, of disorientation within a text. The problematic nature of attempting taxonomies of medieval genres has been pointed out in medieval texts. This article examines generic terms in Middle English literature, what they meant, and whether they were regulated by a system. To address these issues, the use of three generic markers, each representative of a different strand of influence in literature written in Middle English, is considered: romaunce, balade, and tragedye. The article also discusses the tendency of the names of writing to appear in combination with other generic markers, rather than in isolation, as well as the implications of that tendency toward combination or mixing.
Liturgy
Authors: Holsinger Bruce
Published: July 2015

In medieval England, liturgy was a looming presence in so many aspects of English literary production. Yet many fundamental questions concerning the relationship between liturgy and vernacular literary production have remained unaddressed. This article explores the liturgical character of Middle English literature and how liturgy links the pre- and post-Conquest eras. In pursuing a liturgical history of early English writing, it outlines a detheologizing vision of liturgy and its objects. It also discusses the phenomenology of the modern theologized category of the “service book,” how previous theologizing habits of liturgical understanding have affected the Middle English religious lyric, and the writing and dissemination of the Book of Common Prayer.
Saintly Exemplarity
Authors: Winstead Karen A.
Published: July 2015

Scholars of the late twentieth century effectively contested the longstanding assumption that saints were principally understood in the Middle Ages as exemplars of piety. Saints could also exemplify political, religious, social, and sexual dissent; they could even be bad examples. This broader view opens promising lines of research for the twenty-first century, several of which are explored in this essay. One such line is reconsideration of the still-common assumption that exemplarity was gendered—that male saints were models for male readers, and female saints for female readers. A second is greater attention to lives written in the French of England, whose complex and various approaches to exemplarity foreshadow trends in fifteenth-century hagiography in English. The essay in turn encourages greater attention to the fifteenth century, when Middle English saints’ lives became both more literary and more engaged with controversies of the day, secular and religious.
Incarnational (Auto)Biography
Authors: Warren Nancy Bradley
Published: July 2015

This article examines life writing in Middle English by focusing on Julian of Norwich’s Showings as well as Margaret Gascoigne’s copy of the book and the accompanying record of her contemplative experiences. It also looks at Gertrude More’s exposition of the contemplative life as taught by Father Augustine Baker, who took over the spiritual direction of the English Benedictine nuns in exile in Cambrai in 1624. It discusses how Julian re-embodies Christ’s suffering both in Showings and in her own body, and how the text sets up a chain of explicitly English reincarnations of Christ’s suffering. It also considers the close relationship between Middle English life writing and the forma vitae, a genre that is strongly associated with monastic life. In addition, the article analyzes Julian’s Showings, William Langland’s Piers Plowman, and Geoffrey Chaucer’s The House of Fame and Canterbury Tales as examples of Middle English (auto)biography and transubstantiation.
Coercion Dynamics
Authors: Dishion Thomas J. , Snyder James
Published: July 2015

This chapter summarizes the history of research focused on coercive relationship dynamics among family members and peers. It is plausible that evolutionary mechanisms are at play that account for the cross-generational repetition of conflict and coercion and the alarming transformations in human behavior that lead to more serious forms of violence. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of emotion-regulation patterns that define vulnerability to coercive relationships. Coercive relationship dynamics can be subtle and laden with many emotions, but ultimately, the core dynamic is that conflict is solved by emotional manipulation rather than by negotiation. More nuanced forms of coercion are also implicated in some patterns of depression, anxiety, and suicide ideation and attempts. There are several evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for youth problem behavior and marital relationships. Successful prevention and intervention must skillfully motivate and manage changes in these overlearned patterns of behavior.
Fathers and Coercion Dynamics in Families
Authors: DeGarmo Dave S. , Nordahl Kristin B. , Fabiano Gregory A.
Published: July 2015

This chapter focuses on the contribution of fathers’ coercion and its impact on child development. It employs a life course model to discuss the contributions of fathers beginning with infancy and toddlerhood through early adulthood. It begins with a discussion of Patterson’s coercion model followed by a review of extant research on fathers. It then illustrates recent extensions of coercion research focusing on fathers in infancy in a Norwegian representative sample. The empirical literature on fathers is reviewed critically in consideration of disentangling genetic and environment effects, suggesting both aspects of fathering contribute to development. The chapter ends with a discussion of treatment and preventive intervention efforts focused on engaging and ameliorating fathers’ coercive behaviors.
Performativity and Performance
Authors: Lloyd Moya
Published: July 2015

This chapter explores the concepts of performativity and performance in feminist theory. It begins by examining the idea of gender performativity in the work of Judith Butler, tracing its development from her earliest writings through Gender Trouble and Bodies That Matter, and showing how Butler’s initial argument draws from phenomenology and from performance studies (where acts are understood in theatrical terms). This is followed by a discussion of gender understood ethnomethodologically as a type of routine performance or form of “doing.” The second half of the chapter focuses on linguistic theories of performativity, derived from J. L. Austin and Jacques Derrida, and how they have been used by feminists, such as Catharine MacKinnon, Rae Langton, and Judith Butler, to illustrate pornography and hate speech. After a discussion of the performativity of pornography, the focus turns to citationality, resignification, and “talking back.”
Development
Authors: Chowdhury Elora Halim
Published: July 2015

This chapter lays out the contours of development as a modernist initiative and details feminists’ engagement with it. It draws on the work of anthropologist Arturo Escobar to provide a critical account of the general project of development. It reviews the various feminist engagements with development, including women and development (WAD), women in development (WID), gender and development (GAD), and focuses on such policy areas as population and microcredit in which development initiatives have had a pronounced impact on women’s lives, not always for the good. It emphasizes the significance of feminist analysis of the construct “Third World women” to opening a critical perspective on development.
Diaspora
Authors: Braziel Jane Evans , Mannur Anita
Published: July 2015

This chapter provides an overview of feminist inquiries into and deployments of the term diaspora as a conceptual framework for understanding the cultural dimensions of migration, migrant communities, long-distance nationalism, and the complex intersections of diaspora with race, gender, and sexuality. It situates the term diaspora as it has emerged historically, attending to contestations of the term and its relevance in negotiating the contours of various debates and concerns about migration and displacement. In reviewing some of the major developments in diaspora studies, the chapter provides close readings of several key texts that have emerged as canonical in the field of diaspora studies. Finally, the chapter examines connections between diaspora studies and feminist inquiry, surveying some of the major works that have emerged in the field, thus making it possible to see that diaspora functions multiply as an analytic as well as a descriptive category.
After Kuhn
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: July 2015

This article reviews the impact of Thomas Kuhn’s monograph The Structure of Scientific Revolutions on subsequent work in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. It identifies the early philosophical reaction to Kuhn’s alleged “relativism” as based on a misinterpretation of his views about incommensurability and argues that the answers to relativistic challenges are already latent in Structure itself. Kuhn’s enduring influence consists in the impetus he gave to studies of the role of values within the sciences, in the recognition of the complexities of episodes of scientific change, in his proposals for understanding how scientific revolutions may change the world in which scientists work (this latter theme was at the center of his thought in the decades after Structure), and, most obviously, in his introduction of the term ‘paradigm’. In articulating that theme, Kuhn can be seen as returning to central ideas in classical pragmatism.
Sentence Types
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: July 2015

“Declarative,” “interrogative,” and “imperative” are grammatical labels, while “statement,” “command,” and “question” describe type of speech act. The major sentence types correspond to these types, and are found in every language. There are also minor, less well-described types, such as exclamatives. Boundaries between sentence types are not water-tight. A command can be phrased using a statement, or as a question, with a difference in illocutionary force. A question may imply a statement rather than seeking information or pronounced with command intonation, and then be understood as a plea, a request, or an order. The versatility of sentence types is often rooted in cultural conventions and strategies of “saving face.” Speech acts reflect numerous communicative tasks, and can be mapped onto the sentence types in a specific way. The number of sentence types in a given language is finite, while the number of potential communicative tasks can be open-ended.
The Linguistic Marking of (Ir)Realis and Subjunctive
Authors: Mauri Caterina , Sansò Andrea
Published: July 2015

This chapter deals with the morphosyntactic and distributional properties of subjunctive and irrealis, with a special focus on their mutual relation and on their relation with indicative and realis in terms of markedness. More complex systems in which there are other moods besides the realis/irrealis (or indicative/subjunctive) dichotomy (e.g. potential, conditional, etc.) are also discussed. The topic is addressed from a terminological, typological, and diachronic perspective, illustrating the most influential approaches to these two linguistic notions. In discussing their phenomenology, it is shown that the distributional differences may in some cases be explained by considering the diachronic development of subjunctives and irrealis forms (both in terms of the identification of their diachronic sources and in terms of how these markers spread throughout different subparts of the functional domain of modality).
Beyond Two Cultures
Authors: Jenkins Alice
Published: July 2015

As some of the key arguments of literature and science studies have become widely accepted and adopted by Victorian studies at large, it is necessary to reconsider a number of methodological issues underpinning the historicist study of literature and science in this period. This essay discusses some of the methodological challenges which face the field in a changing research landscape. The essay asks what, if anything, distinguishes nineteenth-century literature and science studies from other existing and potential interdisciplinary historicist approaches. It outlines and critiques some of the key models used in this field, especially the ‘one culture’ and ‘two-way traffic’ models, and explores two fundamental problems in the explanatory procedures of literature and science studies: problems of analogy and causation.
Music Therapy in the Context of the Special School
Authors: Hayes Tommy
Published: July 2015

Music therapy in special education aims to address the learning goals for students with disabilities in group or individual sessions. Music therapy practice has a long history of service within special education, and has a developing evidence base to support the benefits of music therapy. This chapter describes how music therapy is included within a special school setting which provides education services to students with disabilities. Music therapists work alongside allied health and education professionals to assist students to achieve learning targets in areas of communication, social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development. Planning and evaluation are important in order to chart progress and adapt programmes to ensure they are optimizing outcomes for participants.
Archaeology of Germania Superior
Authors: Kortüm Klaus
Published: July 2015

This chapter begins with an overview of the preconditions encountered by the Romans in the area that was to become the province of Germania Superior, before discussing research on different types of civilian towns in the hinterland. The origin of the vici that existed during the High Empire is considered, along with the left and right banks of the Rhine. The chapter then examines the network of settlements that emerged during the High Empire, both in the region of the limes and on the left bank of the Rhine. It also looks at the establishment of the capitals of civitates, the transformation of military vici to civilian vici in urban settlements, the rise of industrial sites and settlements with special functions, the appearance of civitas capitals and vici, and the construction of public buildings. Finally, it describes some examples of urban settlements in Germania Superior.
The Yemeni Uprising of 2011
Authors: Alwazir Atiaf
Published: July 2015

The history of both modern Turkey and modern Iran have often been told through their founding figures, Atatürk and Reza Shah, whose state-building projects are often assumed to have been similar. This chapter compares the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire of 1908 with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in 1906 to point to both similarities and differences in the trajectories of these two countries in the early twentieth century. Both revolutions, it is argued, were foundational moments for the political development and processes of each country and are key to understanding the context in which Atatürk and Reza Shah emerged.
A 1980 Attempt at Reviving Ancient Irrigation Practices in the Pacific
Authors: Spriggs Matthew
Published: July 2015

The author was project leader on an attempt to revive ancient irrigation practices on Aneityum Island (Vanuatu, S. Pacific) in 1980, based on his archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research on the island. Here he tries to reconstruct the context and his rationale for instigating such a project. While successful in a technical sense—abandoned irrigation systems were indeed brought back into use as planned—the project was set up in the absence of a defined market and marketing policy. Inevitably it soon collapsed when the taro that was produced remained unsold. But all was not lost after all and a seed was sown. Recent reports from participants in the original project suggest that the ancient techniques that were re-taught to a wide section of the Island’s community in 1980 have not been forgotten. These productive techniques are increasingly being reapplied on Aneityum in a time of rapid population growth.
Pete Seeger’s Project
Authors: Flacks Richard
Published: July 2015

This article examines how politics and censorship have marginalized Pete Seeger, one of the most honored and celebrated performers in America. It argues that Seeger’s relative obscurity and marginalization can be attributed in large part to his virtual exclusion from the commercial mass media, but that they have also—paradoxically—enabled him to fulfill his particular artistic and political project. In particular, it cites Seeger’s lifelong commitment to communism and the American Left as the reason for his blacklisting and marginalization, having been a member of the Communist Party during most of the 1940s. The article also discusses some of Seeger’s significant musical projects, including the singing groups Almanac Singers and The Weavers, as well as his opposition to the Vietnam War.
Hume’s Philosophy of Irreligion and the Myth of British Empiricism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: July 2015

This chapter outlines an alternative interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, one that aims, among other things, to explain some of the most perplexing puzzles concerning the relationship between Hume’s skepticism and his naturalism. The key to solving these puzzles, it is argued, rests with recognizing Hume’s fundamental irreligious aims and objectives, beginning with his first and greatest work, A Treatise of Human Nature. The irreligious interpretation not only reconfigures our understanding of the unity and structure of Hume’s thought, it also provides a radically different picture of the way in which Hume’s philosophy is rooted in its historical context. By altering our understanding of the fundamentals of Hume’s philosophy in this way, the irreligious interpretation also challenges the adequacy of the familiar and entrenched framework of “British Empiricism.”
Ars Characteristica, Logical Calculus, and Natural Languages
Authors: Mugnai Massimo
Published: July 2015

This chapter discusses Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s philosophical reflections on ars characteristica (“characteristic art,” the art of forming and arranging characters so that they agree with thoughts), logical calculus, and natural languages. It begins by providing an overview of Leibniz’s project for a universal language, his division of general science into analysis and synthesis, and his investigations on grammar. It then considers Leibniz’s notion of natural language in relation to words and particles, the logic of propositions, real addition and mereology, and the nature and origin of historical language based on the concepts of affect, onomatopoeia, and cases and circumstances. Finally, the article examines Leibniz’s views on artificial language and the nature of monads.
Monadic Perception
Authors: Schepers Heinrich
Published: July 2015

This chapter discusses Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s notion of monadic perception as a key component of his metaphysics. It first considers Leibniz’s thesis about monads, together with their perceptions and appetites, and his definition of perception as the representation of external variation in the internal. It then examines Leibniz’s belief that the world is a community of all compatible substances or monads, and that compatibility is the real principle underlying existence and the composition of possible worlds. The content of a monad’s perception is the momentary state of the whole world or, more precisely, the state of all the monads that are compatible with that monad. In every possible world these sequences are fully determinate. The chapter also analyzes Leibniz’s assertion that all monads are accompanied by a “manière de corps organique”.
The Ethics of Food Animal Production
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: July 2015

This chapter summarizes two strands of work on the ethics of food animal production. A dietetic tradition emphasizes the questions of whether and under what conditions consumption of animal protein is morally acceptable. For those who do not adopt some form of ethical vegetarianism, this approach has typically favored more traditional approaches to husbandry. A productionist tradition focuses on the potential for ethically motivated change in livestock production methods and policy. Beginning with the Brambell Committee’s five freedoms, this identifies indicators for multiple dimensions of food animal well-being, and recommends changes in existing industrial production systems. The multiple dimensions of welfare differ from one food animal species to another, and opinion is divided between members of the lay public, who tend to favor indicators relating to an animal’s ability to perform behaviors thought typical, normal, or natural, and scientific experts, who tend to favor cognitive affect and veterinary health.
Animal Work
Authors: Porcher Jocelyne
Published: July 2015

Although the presence of animals in our lives seems natural, it is not; it depends on work. But we don’t know what work means for a dog, a horse, or a cow. This chapter proposes a concept of animal work, and argues that there is a subjective involvement of animals in work and intersubjective relations between humans and animals at work. This working is based on a range of structural elements that reflect human work and demonstrate that animals are implicated in work. However, animals also show at work their own way of seeing work according to what the context of production allows, their resistance and their propositions. Faced with an anthropological rupture with animals and the end of domestication, driven by alimentation biotech firms and abolitionists, it is now more important than ever to understand the building blocks of the human-animal bond, such as animal work.
Catholic Moral Theology, 1550–1800
Authors: Quantin Jean-Louis
Published: July 2015

In the early modern age, for the first time in history, moral theology became a ground of bitter strife within the Roman Catholic Church. After the Council of Trent, it evolved as a specialized discipline with its own methodology, which became increasingly identified with casuistry. The theoretical underpinning of this development was probabilism, the system according to which, when there are two opposite opinions as to the morality of a course of action, one is allowed to follow the less probable one. From about 1650, first of all in Belgium and France, both probabilism and casuistry came under attack as favoring laxity. Rigorism, which was linked to but by no means synonymous with doctrinal Jansenism, progressively spread to the entire Church. The papacy, whose pronouncements on moral matters became increasingly important, shared in this reaction but was careful to preserve theological pluralism.
God, Creation, and Providence in Post-Reformation Reformed Theology
Authors: Beck Andreas J.
Published: July 2015

This essay discusses the interrelated loci of God, creation, and providence in post-Reformation Reformed theology, focusing primarily on the Leiden Synopsis and the works of Gisbertus Voetius, Melchior Leydecker, Petrus van Mastricht, and Francis Turretin. The doctrine of God is about the triune God and his eternal, immanent acts or works, whether direct to God himself or ad extra, whereas the doctrines of creation and providence concern external acts or works of the triune God which are directed ad extra. The essay shows, among other things, that the Reformed scholastics distinguished within the doctrine of God between a necessary ad intra dimension and a free ad extra dimension, thereby ascribing the pivotal role to the divine will, in order to ensure that this doctrine allows for a free and contingent relation of the infinite Creator to his finite creatures and for human freedom under divine providence.
Fast combustion waves and chemi-ionization processes in a flame initiated by a powerful local plasma source in a closed reactor
Authors: Artem'ev K. V. , Berezhetskaya N. K. , Kazantsev S. Yu. , Kononov N. G. , Kossyi I. A. , Popov N. A. , Tarasova N. M. , Filimonova E. A. , Firsov K. N.
Published: July 2015

Results are presented from experimental studies of the initiation of combustion in a stoichiometric methane–oxygen mixture by a freely localized laser spark and by a high-current multispark discharge in a closed chamber. It is shown that, preceding the stage of ‘explosive’ inflammation of a gas mixture, there appear two luminous objects moving away from the initiator along an axis: a relatively fast and uniform wave of ‘incomplete combustion’ under laser spark ignition and a wave with a brightly glowing plasmoid behind under ignition from high-current slipping surface discharge. The gas mixtures in both the ‘preflame’ and developed-flame states are characterized by a high degree of ionization as the result of chemical ionization (plasma density
n
e
≈10
12
 cm
−3
) and a high frequency of electron–neutral collisions (
ν
en
≈10
12
 s
−1
). The role of chemical ionization in constructing an adequate theory for the ignition of a gas mixture is discussed. The feasibility of the microwave heating of both the preflame and developed-flame plasma, supplementary to a chemical energy source, is also discussed.
Influence of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges on the stability of a swirled propane/air burner representative of an aeronautical combustor
Authors: Barbosa S. , Pilla G. , Lacoste D. A. , Scouflaire P. , Ducruix S. , Laux C. O. , Veynante D.
Published: July 2015

This paper reports on an experimental study of the influence of a nanosecond repetitively pulsed spark discharge on the stability domain of a propane/air flame. This flame is produced in a lean premixed swirled combustor representative of an aeronautical combustion chamber. The lean extinction limits of the flame produced without and with plasma are determined and compared. It appears that only a low mean discharge power is necessary to increase the flame stability domain. Lastly, the effects of several parameters (pulse repetition frequency, global flowrate, electrode location) are studied.
Kinetic mechanism of molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air-fuel plasmas
Authors: Adamovich Igor V. , Li Ting , Lempert Walter R.
Published: July 2015

This work describes the kinetic mechanism of coupled molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air, H
2
–air and hydrocarbon–air plasmas sustained by nanosecond pulse discharges (single-pulse or repetitive pulse burst). The model incorporates electron impact processes, state-specific N
2
vibrational energy transfer, reactions of excited electronic species of N
2
, O
2
, N and O, and ‘conventional’ chemical reactions (Konnov mechanism). Effects of diffusion and conduction heat transfer, energy coupled to the cathode layer and gasdynamic compression/expansion are incorporated as quasi-zero-dimensional corrections. The model is exercised using a combination of freeware (Bolsig+) and commercial software (ChemKin-Pro). The model predictions are validated using time-resolved measurements of temperature and N
2
vibrational level populations in nanosecond pulse discharges in air in plane-to-plane and sphere-to-sphere geometry; temperature and OH number density after nanosecond pulse burst discharges in lean H
2
–air, CH
4
–air and C
2
H
4
–air mixtures; and temperature after the nanosecond pulse discharge burst during plasma-assisted ignition of lean H
2
-mixtures, showing good agreement with the data. The model predictions for OH number density in lean C
3
H
8
–air mixtures differ from the experimental results, over-predicting its absolute value and failing to predict transient OH rise and decay after the discharge burst. The agreement with the data for C
3
H
8
–air is improved considerably if a different conventional hydrocarbon chemistry reaction set (LLNL methane–
n
-butane flame mechanism) is used. The results of mechanism validation demonstrate its applicability for analysis of plasma chemical oxidation and ignition of low-temperature H
2
–air, CH
4
–air and C
2
H
4
–air mixtures using nanosecond pulse discharges. Kinetic modelling of low-temperature plasma excited propane–air mixtures demonstrates the need for development of a more accurate ‘conventional’ chemistry mechanism.
On the role of ‘hot’ atoms in plasma-assisted ignition
Authors: Starikovskiy Andrey Yu
Published: July 2015

This paper discusses the processes leading to the formation of ‘hot’ atoms and radicals possessing excessive translational energy in high-voltage NS pulse discharges. It is shown that the formation of such ‘hot’ atoms occurs efficiently both in the dissociation of molecules by direct electron impact, and in the collisional quenching of electronically excited states. Depending on the magnitude of the reduced electric field in the discharge, reactions of these ‘hot’ atoms increase the initial concentration of radicals in the discharge afterglow two to three times when compared with the values calculated without effects of translational non-equilibrium. The role of thermally non-equilibrium excitation has been demonstrated in the formation of the initial distribution of the chemically active components in the mixture and its influence on the kinetics of ignition initiation at low and high temperatures. It was found that in undiluted mixtures the presence of ‘hot’ atoms can significantly decrease an ignition threshold and accelerate a low-temperature oxidation.
Physics and chemistry of plasma-assisted combustion
Authors: Starikovskiy Andrey
Published: July 2015

There are several mechanisms that affect a gas when using discharge plasma to initiate combustion or to stabilize a flame. There are two thermal mechanisms—the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heating of the gas due to ‘hot’ atom thermalization and vibrational and electronic energy relaxation. The homogeneous heating causes the acceleration of the chemical reactions. The inhomogeneous heating generates flow perturbations, which promote increased turbulence and mixing. Non-thermal mechanisms include the ionic wind effect (the momentum transfer from an electric field to the gas due to the space charge), ion and electron drift (which can lead to additional fluxes of active radicals in the gradient flows in the electric field) and the excitation, dissociation and ionization of the gas by e-impact, which leads to non-equilibrium radical production and changes the kinetic mechanisms of ignition and combustion. These mechanisms, either together or separately, can provide additional combustion control which is necessary for ultra-lean flames, high-speed flows, cold low-pressure conditions of high-altitude gas turbine engine relight, detonation initiation in pulsed detonation engines and distributed ignition control in homogeneous charge-compression ignition engines, among others. Despite the lack of knowledge in mechanism details, non-equilibrium plasma demonstrates great potential for controlling ultra-lean, ultra-fast, low-temperature flames and is extremely promising technology for a very wide range of applications.
Dynamics and function of distal regulatory elements during neurogenesis and neuroplasticity
Authors: Thakurela Sudhir , Sahu Sanjeeb Kumar , Garding Angela , Tiwari Vijay K.
Published: July 2015

Gene regulation in mammals involves a complex interplay between promoters and distal regulatory elements that function in concert to drive precise spatiotemporal gene expression programs. However, the dynamics of the distal gene regulatory landscape and its function in the transcriptional reprogramming that underlies neurogenesis and neuronal activity remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a combinatorial analysis of genome-wide data sets for chromatin accessibility (FAIRE-seq) and the enhancer mark H3K27ac, revealing the highly dynamic nature of distal gene regulation during neurogenesis, which gets progressively restricted to distinct genomic regions as neurons acquire a post-mitotic, terminally differentiated state. We further find that the distal accessible and active regions serve as target sites for distinct transcription factors that function in a stage-specific manner to contribute to the transcriptional program underlying neuronal commitment and maturation. Mature neurons respond to a sustained activity of NMDA receptors by epigenetic reprogramming at a large number of distal regulatory regions as well as dramatic reorganization of super-enhancers. Such massive remodeling of the distal regulatory landscape in turn results in a transcriptome that confers a transient loss of neuronal identity and gain of cellular plasticity. Furthermore, NMDA receptor activity also induces many novel prosurvival genes that function in neuroprotective pathways. Taken together, these findings reveal the dynamics of the distal regulatory landscape during neurogenesis and uncover novel regulatory elements that function in concert with epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factors to generate the transcriptome underlying neuronal development and activity.
Influence of higher harmonics of the undulator in X-ray polarimetry and crystal monochromator design
Authors: Marx-Glowna Berit , Schulze Kai S. , Uschmann Ingo , Kämpfer Tino , Weber Günter , Hahn Christoph , Wille Hans-Christian , Schlage Kai , Röhlsberger Ralf , Förster Eckhart , Stöhlker Thomas , Paulus Gerhard G.
Published: July 2015

The spectrum of the undulator radiation of beamline P01 at Petra III has been measured after passing a multiple reflection channel-cut polarimeter. Odd and even harmonics up to the 15th order, as well as Compton peaks which were produced by the high harmonics in the spectrum, could been measured. These additional contributions can have a tremendous influence on the performance of the polarimeter and have to be taken into account for further polarimeter designs.
Intermolecular interactions of proton transfer compounds: synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis
Authors: Direm Amani , Altomare Angela , Moliterni Anna , Benali-Cherif Nourredine
Published: July 2015

Three new proton transfer compounds, [2-ammonio-5-methylcarboxybenzene perchlorate (1), (C8H10NO2+·ClO4−), 4-(ammoniomethyl)carboxybenzene nitrate (2), (C8H10NO2+·NO3−), and 4-(ammoniomethyl)carboxybenzene perchlorate (3), (C8H10NO2+·ClO4−)], have been synthesized, their IR modes of vibrations have been assigned and their crystal structures studied by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their asymmetric units consist of one cation and one anion for both compounds (1) and (2). However, the crystal structure of compound (3) is based on a pair of cations and a pair of anions in its asymmetric unit. The three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface analysis and the two-dimensional fingerprint maps revealed that the three structures are dominated by H...O/O...H and H...H contacts. The strongest hydrogen-bonding interactions are associated with O—H...O and N—H...O constituting the highest fraction of approximately 50%, followed by those of the H...H type contributing 20%. Other close contacts are also present, including weak C...H/H...C contacts (with about 10%).
A new linear bismuth coordination polymer based on 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid: ionothermal synthesis, crystal structure and fluorescence properties
Authors: Feng Yu-Quan , Hu Yu-Long , Wang Hong-Wei , Cao Feng-Pu
Published: July 2015

A new linear bismuth(III) coordination polymer,catena-poly[[chloridobismuth(III)]-μ3-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylato-κ6O2:O2,N1,N10,O9:O9], [Bi(C14H6N2O4)Cl]n, has been obtained by an ionothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, thermal stability studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure is constructed by Bi(C14H6N2O4)Cl fragments in which each BiIIIcentre is seven-coordinated by one Cl atom, four O atoms and two N atoms. The coordination geometry of the BiIIIcation is distorted pentagonal–bipyramidal (BiO4N2Cl), with one bridging carboxylate O atom and one Cl atom located in the axial positions. The Bi(C14H6N2O4)Cl fragments are further extended into a one-dimensional linear polymeric structureviasubsequent but different centres of symmetry (bridging carboxylate O atoms). Neighbouring linear chains are assembledviaweak C—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. Intermolecular π–π stacking interactions are observed, with centroid-to-centroid distances of 3.678 (4) Å, which further stabilize the structure. In addition, the solid-state fluorescence properties of the title coordination polymer were investigated.
Diamondoid framework solid with Sn(OCH3)2–tetrapyridylporphyrin linkers, CuInodes and [CuICl2]−counter-ions
Authors: Titi Hatem M. , Goldberg Israel
Published: July 2015

We report on the synthesis of a new metal–organic framework (MOF) composed of Sn(OCH3)2–tetrakis(pyridin-4-yl)porphyrin linkers, Cu+connecting nodes and [CuCl2]−counter-ions, namely poly[[bis(methanolato-κO)[μ5-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pyridin-4-yl)porphyrin-κ81κN5:1′κN10:1′′κN15:1′′′κN20:2κ4N21,N22,N23,N24]copper(I)tin(II)] dichloridocuprate(I)], [CuSn(C40H24N8)(CH3O)2][CuCl2]. Its crystal structure consists of a single-framework coordination polymer of the organic ligand and the CuIions. The latter are characterized by a tetrahedral coordination geometry [with CN (coordination number) = 4], linking to the pyridyl N-atom sites of four different ligands and imparting to the positively charged polymeric assembly a diamondoid PtS-type topology. Correspondingly, every porphyrin unit is coordinated to four different CuIconnectors. The [CuCl2]−anions occupy the intra-lattice voids, along with disordered molecules of the water crystallization solvent. The asymmetric unit of this structure consists of two halves of the porphyrin scaffold, located on centres of crystallographic inversion, and the Cu+and [CuCl2]−ions. This report provides unique structural evidence for the formation of tetrapyridylporphyrin-based three-dimensional MOFs with a diamondoid architecture that have been observed earlier only on rare occasions.
A linear bridging angle in the pyrovanadate group within the crystal structure of Hg2V2Te2O11
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: July 2015

The title compound, dimercury(II) divanadium(V) ditellurium(IV) undecaoxide, Hg2V2Te2O11, is a new representative within the family of divalent oxovanadato(V)tellurates(IV). The anionic framework is made up of disphenoidal [TeO4] polyhedra that are linked by corner-sharing to two neighbouring pyrovanadate units, resulting in chains of six-membered rings propagating parallel to [1\overline{1}0]. The bridging O atom of the pyrovanadate unit is located on an inversion centre, leading to a staggered conformation and a linear V—O—V angle between the two [VO4] tetrahedra. The anionic chains are connected by interjacent six-coordinate Hg2+cations into a three-dimensional framework. The 5s2lone electron pair of the TeIVatom is stereochemically active and protrudes into the free space of the chain links.
Crystal structure ofN-deacetyllappaconitine
Authors: Shi Xin-Wei , Lu Qiang-Qiang , Zhou Jun-Hui , Cui Xin-Ai
Published: July 2015

The title compound, C30H42N2O7[systematic name: (1S,4S,5S,7S,8S,9S,10S,11S,13R,14S,16S,17R)-20-ethyl-4,8,9-trihydroxy-1,14,16-trimethoxyaconitan-4-yl 2-aminobenzoate], isolated from roots ofAconitum sinomontanumNakai, is a typical aconitane-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloid, which crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The conformations of the two independent molecules are closely similar. Each molecule comprises four six-membered rings (A,B,DandE) including one six-membered N-containing heterocyclic ring (E), and two five-membered rings (CandF). RingsA,BandEadopt chair conformations, while ringDdisplays a boat conformation. Five-membered ringsCandFexhibit envelope conformations. IntramolecularN—H...O hydrogen bonds between the amino group and carbonyl O atom help to stabilize molecular structure. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into zigzag chains propagating in [010].
Crystal structure of ethyl 8-chloro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshinobu , Yoshida Nanako
Published: July 2015

In the title compound, C12H10ClNO3, the asymmetric unit comprises two independent molecules, and the dihedral angle between the least-square planes of the quinoline ring systems of these molecules is 73.30 (5)°. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds between the independent molecules lead to supramolecular layers parallel to (-1-10); both N—H H atoms are bifurcated.
Time banks, co-production and foresight: intertwined towards an alternative future
Authors: Amanatidou Effie , Gritzas Giorgos , Kavoulakos Karolos Iosif
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the emergence, operation and features of the time banks that were created during the recent financial crisis in Greece as grass-roots initiatives of different communities, and to examine their relation to the concept of “co-production” and possible relevance to foresight. Time banks are particularly interesting for the future of services: they address all sorts of services while the time-bank “value” of these different types of services does not necessarily reflect their actual value in the free market; impacts may spread from the mere coverage of people’s needs, to increased social capital and community empowerment; and some scholars consider them as flexible forms of co-production, or even as enablers of wider social change. The purpose of the paper is to examine the emergence, and features of the time banks created during the recent financial crisis in Greece as grass-roots initiatives.

Design/methodology/approach

– Primary information and data were gathered through eight extensive face-to-face interviews with key members of the four time banks based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The methodology also included desk research and review of the information included in time banks’ websites. The selection of these four time banks was based on the fact that they are the most active ones in Athens, which is the capital of the country gathering around 40 per cent of the Greek population and presenting the severest consequences of the financial crises in terms of unemployment, poverty, shutdown of businesses, share of people with no insurance, etc.

Findings

– Based on a specific analytical framework summarising the available literature, the Greek time banks are compared with each other but also in relation to the findings in the literature, where some interesting differences emerge. The paper also explores the role that foresight can plan in the development of alternative initiatives like time banks. The interesting conclusion is that foresight can help time banks as much as time banks can help foresight in upgrading its processes to deal with challenges of the twenty-first century.

Research limitations/implications

– The research focuses on the four most active time banks in Athens. While this selection is justified, future research would be good to include all the time banks in Greece.

Social implications

– The paper explores how time banks in Greece emerged as well as how they can further develop. This is of direct relevance to society as time banks are by default a community initiative.

Originality/value

– Time banks in Greece have not been previously studied. Second, time banks in general were never linked to approaches like foresight. This becomes increasingly important in examining possible approaches toward more sustainable and resilient societies.