bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Right cervical internal carotid artery dissection as the initial presentation in a patient with clinically diagnosed segmental arterial mediolysis
Authors: Wada Yuko , Motooka Rieko , Nishimura Yo
Published: July 2014

A 46‐year‐old man developed acute‐onset right cervical internal carotid artery occlusion at its origin, and concomitant multiple visceral artery aneurysms were also detected during the evaluation of cerebral infarction. Follow‐up cerebral angiography confirmed the irregular and beaded appearance of the right cervical internal carotid artery, presumably secondary to dissection. The clinical and radiological findings in the patient were most consistent with segmental arterial mediolysis, and we considered that segmental arterial mediolysis might be the cause of internal carotid artery dissection. The typical presentation of segmental arterial mediolysis is acute fetal intra‐abdominal hemorrhage as a result of dissection of visceral artery aneurysms. Hence, physicians should be aware of segmental arterial mediolysis in the differential diagnosis of internal carotid arterydissection and carefully assess the application of thrombolytic therapy.
Discrepancies between c‐Kit positive and Ano1 positive ICC‐SMP in the W/Wv and wild‐type mouse colon; relationships with motor patterns and calcium transients
Authors: Wang Xuan‐Yu , Chen Ji‐Hong , Li Kongling , Zhu Yong F. , Wright George W. J. , Huizinga Jan D.
Published: July 2014

Background

Interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the submuscular plexus (ICC‐SMP) generate omnipresent slow‐wave activity in the colon and are associated with prominent motor patterns. Our aim was to investigate colon motor dysfunction in W/Wv mice in which the ICC are reportedly reduced.

Methods

Whole organ colon motility was studied using spatio‐temporal mapping; immunohistochemical staining was carried out for c‐Kit and Ano1; calcium imaging was applied to ICC‐SMP.

Key Results

Discrepancies between Ano1 and c‐Kit staining were found in both wild‐type and W/Wv colon. ICC‐SMP were reduced to ~50% in the W/Wv mouse colon according to c‐Kit immunohistochemistry, but Ano1 staining indicated a normal network of ICC‐SMP. The latter was consistent with rhythmic calcium transients occurring at the submucosal border of the colon in W/Wv mice, similar to the rhythmic transients in wild‐type ICC‐SMP. Furthermore, the motor pattern associated with ICC‐SMP pacemaking, the so‐called ‘ripples’ were normal in the W/Wv colon.

Conclusions & Inferences

c‐Kit is not a reliable marker for quantifying ICC‐SMP in the mouse colon. Ano1 staining revealed a normal network of ICC‐SMP consistent with the presence of a normal ‘ripples’ motor pattern. We detected a class of Ano1 positive c‐Kit negative cells that do not depend on Kit expression for maintenance, a feature shared with ICC progenitors.
Kelps feature systemic defense responses: insights into the evolution of innate immunity in multicellular eukaryotes
Authors: Thomas François , Cosse Audrey , Le Panse Sophie , Kloareg Bernard , Potin Philippe , Leblanc Catherine
Published: July 2014

Brown algae are one of the few eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity, together with Opisthokonts (animals, fungi) and Plantae (land plants, green and red algae). In these three lineages, biotic stresses induce similar local defense reactions. Animals and land plants also feature a systemic immune response, protecting the whole organism after an attack on one of its parts. However, the occurrence of systemic defenses has never been investigated in brown algae.

We elicited selected parts of the kelp Laminaria digitata and monitored distant, nonchallenged areas of the same individual for subsequent defense reactions.

A systemic reaction was detected following elicitation on a distant area, including an oxidative response, an increase in haloperoxidase activities and a stronger resistance against herbivory. Based on experiments with pharmacological inhibitors, the liberation of free fatty acids is proposed to play a key role in systemic signaling, reminiscent of what is known in land plants.

This study is the first report, outside the phyla of Opisthokonts and Plantae, of an intraorganism communication leading to defense reactions. These findings indicate that systemic immunity emerged independently at least three times, as a consequence of convergent evolution in multicellular eukaryotic lineages.
A dose–response study of caudal dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine in pediatric day care patients undergoing lower abdominal and perineal surgeries: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bharti Neerja , Praveen Ranganatha , Bala Indu
Published: July 2014

Objectives

This randomized double‐blind study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of addition of three different doses of dexmedetomidine in caudal ropivacaine compared with plain ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in pediatric day care patients.

Methods

Eighty children of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I–II, aged 1–8 years, undergoing lower abdominal and perineal surgery were included. Children were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 received 0.2% plain ropivacaine 0.75 ml·kg−1, while group 2, 3, and 4 received dexmedetomidine 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg·kg−1, respectively, along with 0.2% ropivacaine 0.75 ml·kg−1. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane and 50% N2O in oxygen. Children were observed for postoperative pain, nausea‐vomiting, agitation, sedation, and adverse effects. Rescue analgesia was provided with oral paracetamol.

Results

Postoperative analgesia was significantly prolonged in all dexmedetomidine groups as compared to plain ropivacaine group (P < 0.001). All patients in the plain ropivacaine group required rescue analgesia within first 6 postoperative hours, while none in the other three groups. None of the patients showed delayed anesthetic emergence. Four patients in the plain ropivacaine group developed agitation, while none in the dexmedetomidine groups. Patients receiving dexmedetomidine 1.5 μg·kg−1 were more sedated as compared to the other groups (P < 0.01), but it did not delay discharge of the patients.

Conclusions

All three doses of caudal dexmedetomidine appear to be effective for preventing postoperative pain in pediatric day care patients. Caudal dexmedetomidine used in these doses seems to be safe for day care surgery.
Trauma in relation to psychosis and hospital experiences: The role of past trauma and attachment
Authors: Berry Katherine , Ford Sarah , Jellicoe‐Jones Lorna , Haddock Gillian
Published: July 2014

Objectives

We investigated rates of psychosis‐related and hospital‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with psychosis in secure settings. We also investigated relationships between PTSD symptoms and previous experiences of trauma and adult attachment.

Method

Using a cross‐sectional design, 50 participants from medium‐secure and low‐secure settings were interviewed to identify distressing experiences related to psychosis and hospitalization. PTSD symptoms related to those experiences, past trauma and attachment were assessed using self‐report measures.

Results

The combined rate of psychosis‐related and hospital‐related PTSD was 30%. Twenty‐four percent and 18% met criteria for psychosis‐related and hospital‐related PTSD, respectively. Severity of psychosis was associated with both psychosis‐related and hospital‐related PTSD symptoms. The prevalence of previous trauma was high, but previous trauma was not significantly correlated with psychosis‐related or hospital‐related PTSD symptoms. Anxiety in attachment relationships was significantly associated with both psychosis‐related PTSD symptoms and hospital‐related PTSD symptoms.

Conclusions

This study adds to the growing body of research highlighting the distressing nature of psychosis and the iatrogenic effects of treatments. It also highlights the potentially important role of attachment styles in PTSD in psychosis.

Practitioner points

30% of patients met criteria for psychosis‐ or hospital‐related PTSD.

Severity of psychosis was associated with PTSD symptoms.

Anxiety in attachment relationships was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms.
Role of aquaporins in determining transpiration and photosynthesis in water‐stressed plants: crop water‐use efficiency, growth and yield
Authors: MOSHELION MENACHEM , HALPERIN OFER , WALLACH RONY , OREN RAM , WAY DANIELLE A.
Published: July 2014

The global shortage of fresh water is one of our most severe agricultural problems, leading to dry and saline lands that reduce plant growth and crop yield. Here we review recent work highlighting the molecular mechanisms allowing some plant species and genotypes to maintain productivity under water stress conditions, and suggest molecular modifications to equip plants for greater production in water‐limited environments. Aquaporins (AQPs) are thought to be the main transporters of water, small and uncharged solutes, and CO2 through plant cell membranes, thus linking leaf CO2 uptake from the intercellular airspaces to the chloroplast with water loss pathways. AQPs appear to play a role in regulating dynamic changes of root, stem and leaf hydraulic conductivity, especially in response to environmental changes, opening the door to using AQP expression to regulate plant water‐use efficiency. We highlight the role of vascular AQPs in regulating leaf hydraulic conductivity and raise questions regarding their role (as well as tonoplast AQPs) in determining the plant isohydric threshold, growth rate, fruit yield production and harvest index. The tissue‐ or cell‐specific expression of AQPs is discussed as a tool to increase yield relative to control plants under both normal and water‐stressed conditions.
High light decreases xylem contribution to fruit growth in tomato
Authors: HANSSENS JOCHEN , DE SWAEF TOM , STEPPE KATHY
Published: July 2014

Recently, contradicting evidence has been reported on the contribution of xylem and phloem influx into tomato fruits, urging the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in fruit growth. So far, little research has been performed on quantifying the effect of light intensity on the different contributors to the fruit water balance. However, as light intensity affects both transpiration and photosynthesis, it might be expected to induce important changes in the fruit water balance. In this study, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in light and shade conditions and the fruit water balance was studied by measuring fruit growth of girdled and intact fruits with linear variable displacement transducers combined with a model‐based approach. Results indicated that the relative xylem contribution significantly increased when shading lowered light intensity. This resulted from both a higher xylem influx and a lower phloem influx during the daytime. Plants from the shade treatment were able to maintain a stronger gradient in total water potential between stem and fruits during daytime, thereby promoting xylem influx. It appeared that the xylem pathway was still functional at 35 days after anthesis and that relative xylem contribution was strongly affected by environmental conditions.
Red Light Interferes in UVA‐Induced Photoaging of Human Skin Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Niu Tianhui , Tian Yan , Ren Qu , Wei Lizhao , Li Xiaoxin , Cai Qing
Published: July 2014

The possible regulation mechanism of red light was determined to discover how to retard UVA‐induced skin photoaging. Human skin fibroblasts were cultured and irradiated with different doses of UVA, thus creating a photoaging model. Fibroblasts were also exposed to a subtoxic dose of UVA combined with a red light‐emitting diode (LED) for five continuous days. Three groups were examined: control, UVA and UVA plus red light. Cumulative exposure doses of UVA were 25 J cm−2, and the total doses of red light were 0.18 J cm−2. Various indicators were measured before and after irradiation, including cell morphology, viability, β‐galactosidase staining, apoptosis, cycle phase, the length of telomeres and the protein levels of photoaging‐related genes. Red light irradiation retarded the cumulative low‐dose UVA irradiation‐induced skin photoaging, decreased the expression of senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase, upregulated SIRT1 expression, decreased matrix metalloproteinase MMP‐1 and the acetylation of p53 expression, reduced the horizon of cell apoptosis and enhanced cell viability. Furthermore, the telomeres in UVA‐treated cells were shortened compared to those of cells in the red light groups. These results suggest that red light plays a key role in the antiphotoaging of human skin fibroblasts by acting on different signaling transduction pathways.
High genotype diversity and lack of isolation by distance in theAlternaria solanipopulations fromChina
Authors: Meng J. W. , Zhu W. , He M. H. , Wu E. J. , Yang L. N. , Shang L. P. , Zhan J.
Published: July 2014

A genomic library was used to develop sevenSSRmarkers for studying the population genetics ofAlternaria solani, a pathogenic fungus causing early blight disease of potato and tomato worldwide. Population genetic analysis of 268 isolates ofA. solanisampled from four locations, each representing one of four potato production systems inChina, indicates that theseSSRmarkers are moderately diverse, selectively neutral and possibly unlinked. Population genetic analysis also indicated that genetic variation ofA. solaniinChina is high. About 2/3 of 123 genotypes were detected only once and genotype diversity measured by the standardizedShannon index ranged between 0·82 and 0·92 in the populations. Although clones were detected in multiple populations separated by thousands of kilometres, random association amongSSRloci was found in half of the populations assayed. On average, nearly six copies of genetic material were exchanged among these populations each generation and no isolation by distance was detected. It is hypothesized that the joint effects of cryptic sexual reproduction and human‐mediated gene flow may account for the observed population genetic structure ofA. solaniinChina.
Effect of Dietary N‐Carbamylglutamate Levels on Reproductive Performance of Gilts
Authors: Zhang B , Che LQ , Lin Y , Zhuo Y , Fang ZF , Xu SY , Song J , Wang YS , Liu Y , Wang P , Wu D
Published: July 2014

Contents

The effect of dietary N‐carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation during the entire gestation on reproductive performance of gilts was determined. At the initial day of gestation, forty‐five cross‐bred (Landrace × Large white) gilts were randomly assigned to five groups receiving a basal diet (control group) and basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% NCG until parturition, respectively. At parturition, total litter size, live litter size and rate of stillbirth were not markedly affected by NCG supplementation. However, gilts in 0.05% NCG‐supplemented group had more pigs born alive than gilts in control group (+1.11 pigs, p = 0.12), and live litter weight was increased (+12.13–19.17%, p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% NCG‐supplemented groups relative to control group. And also, average birthweight of piglets born alive was higher (+6.57%, p < 0.05) in 0.05% NCG‐supplemented group than in control group. Furthermore, on days 30, 60, 90 and 110 of gestation, concentrations of arginine and ornithine in plasma were higher (p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% NCG‐supplemented groups than in control group, respectively. In addition, the chorioallantois gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A), placental growth factor (PLGF) and angiopoietin‐2 (ANG‐2) was all increased (p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% NCG‐supplemented groups than in control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg NCG during the entire gestation significantly improves pregnancy outcomes in gilts, which may be associated with the improved concentrations of arginine in plasma and placental angiogenic factors gene expression of gilts.
Divergent Pathways of Successional Recovery for In Situ Oil Sands Exploration Drilling Pads on Wooded Moderate‐Rich Fens in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Caners Richard T. , Lieffers Victor J.
Published: July 2014

Peatlands in northern Alberta, Canada, are being rapidly impacted by oil sands activities, with potentially long‐term consequences for their recovery. In situ oil sands extraction requires exploration of oil resources on a dense network of drilling pads across the landscape. This study examined the recovery of wooded moderate‐rich (WMR) fens 10 years after abandonment of these sites with minimal restorative measures. Bryophyte and vascular plant diversity, site microtopography, and water chemistry were assessed on drilling pads and in adjacent areas of undisturbed reference habitat. WMR fens affected by drilling activities were divided a priori into two groups based on strongly divergent trends in their successional development. One group represented the majority of WMR fens observed on the land base; at these sites hummock‐forming mosses including minerotrophic Sphagnum species were infrequent and tree recruitment was almost absent. The other group was dominated by Sphagnum species, had Picea mariana and Larix laricina recruitment, and appeared to recover more quickly. Both groups had high abundance of wetland sedges, notably Carex aquatilis. Further, drilling pads belonging to the first group had a high water table, limited elevated microsites, and had surface flooding over a portion of the growing season, in contrast to Sphagnum‐dominated sites. Development of the aquatic, bryophyte‐poor wetland type is comparable to early stages of wetland succession and these systems will recover relatively slowly, likely from decades to more than a century. Restoring part of the vertical distribution of microhabitats before abandonment of these pads could stimulate the successional recovery of vegetation.
Dependence of bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator responses on thoracic gas compression volume
Authors: Pellegrino Riccardo , Antonelli Andrea , Crimi Emanuele , Gulotta Carlo , Torchio Roberto , Dutto Luca , Pedersen Ole F. , Brusasco Vito
Published: July 2014

Background and objective

During forced expiration, alveolar pressure (PALV) increases and intrathoracic gas is compressed. Thus, 1‐s forced expiratory volume measured by spirometry (FEV1‐sp) is smaller than 1‐s forced expiratory volume measured by plethysmography (FEV1‐pl). Thoracic gas compression volume (TGCV) depends on the amount of gas within the lung when expiratory flow limitation occurs in the airways. We therefore tested the hypothesis that bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator responses using FEV1‐sp are biased by height and gender, which are major determinants of lung volume.

Methods

We studied 54 asthmatics during methacholine challenge and 55 subjects with airway obstruction (FEV1‐sp increase >200 mL and >12% after salbutamol) measuring at the same time FEV1‐sp or FEV1‐pl.

Results

During methacholine challenge, TGCV increased more in males than females, correlated with PALV, total lung capacity (TLC) and height, and the provocative dose was lower using FEV1‐sp than FEV1‐pl. With salbutamol, FEV1‐pl increased <200 mL and <12% in 28 subjects, predominantly tall males, with larger TLC, TGCV and PALV.

Conclusions

Bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator responses are overestimated by standard spirometry in subjects with larger lungs because of TGCV.
Spinal and supraspinal motor control predictors of rate of torque development
Authors: Johnson S. T. , Kipp K. , Norcross M. F. , Hoffman M. A.
Published: July 2014

During explosive movements and potentially injurious situations, the ability to rapidly generate torque is critical. Previous research has suggested that different phases of rate of torque development (RTD) are differentiately controlled. However, the extent to which supraspinal and spinal mechanisms predict RTD at different time intervals is unknown. RTD of the plantarflexors across various phases of contraction (i.e., 0–25, 0–50, 0–100, 0–150, 0–200, and 0–250 ms) was measured in 37 participants. The following predictor variables were also measured: (a) gain of the resting soleus H‐reflex recruitment curve; (b) gain of the resting homonymous post‐activation depression recruitment curve; (c) gain of the GABAergic presynaptic inhibition recruitment curve; (d) the level of postsynaptic recurrent inhibition at rest; (e) level of supraspinal drive assessed by measuring V waves; and (f) the gain of the resting soleus M wave. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine which variables significantly predicted allometrically scaled RTD. The analyses indicated that supraspinal drive was the dominant predictor of RTD across all phases. Additionally, recurrent inhibition predicted RTD in all of the time intervals except 0–150 ms. These results demonstrate the importance of supraspinal drive and recurrent inhibition to RTD.
Hand temperature responses to local cooling after a 10‐day confinement to normobaric hypoxia with and without exercise
Authors: Keramidas M. E. , Kölegård R. , Mekjavic I. B. , Eiken O.
Published: July 2014

The study examined the effects of a 10‐day normobaric hypoxic confinement (FiO2: 0.14), with [hypoxic exercise training (HT); n = 8)] or without [hypoxic ambulatory (HA; n = 6)] exercise, on the hand temperature responses during and after local cold stress. Before and after the confinement, subjects immersed their right hand for 30 min in 8 °C water [cold water immersion (CWI)], followed by a 15‐min spontaneous rewarming (RW), while breathing either room air (AIR), or a hypoxic gas mixture (HYPO). The hand temperature responses were monitored with thermocouples and infrared thermography. The confinement did not influence the hand temperature responses of the HA group during the AIR and HYPO CWI and the HYPO RW phases; but it impaired the AIR RW response (−1.3 °C; P = 0.05). After the confinement, the hand temperature responses were unaltered in the HT group throughout the AIR trial. However, the average hand temperature was increased during the HYPO CWI (+0.5 °C; P ≤ 0.05) and RW (+2.4 °C; P ≤ 0.001) phases. Accordingly, present findings suggest that prolonged exposure to normobaric hypoxia per se does not alter the hand temperature responses to local cooling; yet, it impairs the normoxic RW response. Conversely, the combined stimuli of continuous hypoxia and exercise enhance the finger cold‐induced vasodilatation and hand RW responses, specifically, under hypoxic conditions.
Successful hyperbaric oxygen therapy for refractory BK virus‐associated hemorrhagic cystitis after cord blood transplantation
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Yamazaki H. , Nakamura T. , Yoroidaka T. , Imi T. , Shima Y. , Ohata K. , Takamatsu H. , Kotani T. , Kondo Y. , Takami A. , Nakao S.
Published: July 2014

BK virus‐associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKV‐HC) is a common and major cause of morbidity in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A 32‐year‐old woman developed severe BKV‐HC on day 24 after cord blood transplantation (CBT). Despite supportive therapies – such as hyperhydration, forced diuresis, and urinary catheterization – macroscopic hematuria and bladder irritation persisted for over a month. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy at 2.1 atmospheres for 90 min per day was started on day 64 after CBT. Macroscopic hematuria resolved within a week, and microscopic hematuria was no longer detectable within 2 weeks. Hematuria did not recur after 11 sessions of HBO therapy, and no significant side effects were observed during or after treatment. HBO therapy could thus be useful in controlling refractory BKV‐HC after CBT.
AP‐1A Controls Secretory Granule Biogenesis and Trafficking of Membrane Secretory Granule Proteins
Authors: Bonnemaison Mathilde , Bäck Nils , Lin Yimo , Bonifacino Juan S. , Mains Richard , Eipper Betty
Published: July 2014

The adaptor protein 1A complex (AP‐1A) transports cargo between the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. In professional secretory cells, AP‐1A also retrieves material from immature secretory granules (SGs). The role of AP‐1A in SG biogenesis was explored using AtT‐20 corticotrope tumor cells expressing reduced levels of the AP‐1A μ1A subunit. A twofold reduction in μ1A resulted in a decrease in TGN cisternae and immature SGs and the appearance of regulated secretory pathway components in non‐condensing SGs. Although basal secretion of endogenous SG proteins was unaffected, secretagogue‐stimulated release was halved. The reduced μ1A levels interfered with the normal trafficking of carboxypeptidase D (CPD) and peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase‐1 (PAM‐1), integral membrane enzymes that enter immature SGs. The non‐condensing SGs contained POMC products and PAM‐1, but not CPD. Based on metabolic labeling and secretion experiments, the cleavage of newly synthesized PAM‐1 into PHM was unaltered, but PHM basal secretion was increased in sh‐μ1A PAM‐1 cells. Despite lacking a canonical AP‐1A binding motif, yeast two‐hybrid studies demonstrated an interaction between the PAM‐1 cytosolic domain and AP‐1A. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with PAM‐1 mutants revealed an influence of the luminal domains of PAM‐1 on this interaction. Thus, AP‐1A is crucial for normal SG biogenesis, function and composition.
Ciliopathies: The Trafficking Connection
Authors: Madhivanan Kayalvizhi , Aguilar Ruben Claudio
Published: July 2014

The primary cilium (PC) is a very dynamic hair‐like membrane structure that assembles/disassembles in a cell‐cycle‐dependent manner and is present in almost every cell type. Despite being continuous with the plasma membrane, a diffusion barrier located at the ciliary base confers the PC properties of a separate organelle with very specific characteristics and membrane composition. Therefore, vesicle trafficking is the major process by which components are acquired for cilium formation and maintenance. In fact, a system of specific sorting signals controls the right of cargo admission into the cilia. Disruption to the ciliary structure or its function leads to multiorgan diseases known as ciliopathies. These illnesses arise from a spectrum of mutations in any of the more than 50 loci linked to these conditions. Therefore, it is not surprising that symptom variability (specific manifestations and severity) among and within ciliopathies appears to be an emerging characteristic. Nevertheless, one can speculate that mutations occurring in genes whose products contribute to the overall vesicle trafficking to the PC (i.e. affecting cilia assembly) will lead to more severe symptoms, whereas those involved in the transport of specific cargoes will result in milder phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the trafficking mechanisms to the cilia and also provide a description of the trafficking defects observed in some ciliopathies which can be correlated to the severity of the pathology.
AS‐7 improved in vitro quality of red blood cells prepared from whole blood held overnight at room temperature
Authors: Veale Margaret F. , Healey Geraldine , Sran Amrita , Payne Katherine A. , Zia Majid , Sparrow Rosemary L.
Published: July 2014

Background

Extended room temperature (RT) hold of whole blood (WB) may affect the quality of red blood cell (RBC) components produced from these donations. The availability of betterRBCadditive solutions (ASs) may help reduce the effects. A newAS,AS‐7 (SOLX,HaemoneticsCorporation), was investigated for improved in vitro quality ofRBCs prepared fromWBheld overnight atRT.

Study Design and Methods

SixteenWBunits were held for 21.4 hours ± 40 minutes at 22°C on cooling plates before processing. Each pair ofABO‐matchedWBunits were pooled, divided into aWBfilter pack containing saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (control) and aLEUKOSEP WB‐filter pack containingSOLX, and processed according to manufacturer's instructions.RBCs were stored at 2 to 6°Cand sampled weekly until expiry. GlycophorinA(GPA+) and annexinV–binding microparticles (MPs) were quantitated using flow cytometry. Osmotic fragility, intracellular pH(pHi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), and routine quality variables were measured. Adhesion ofRBCs to human endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated by flow perfusion under low shear stress (0.5 dyne/cm2), similar to low blood flow in microvessels.

Results

ATPand 2,3‐DPGlevels were improved forSOLX‐RBCs.SOLX‐RBCs maintained higher pHi, increased resistance to hypotonic stress, and reduced numbers ofGPA+MPs. No significant difference was observed between annexinVbinding toMPs or adhesion ofRBCs toECs under shear stress.

Conclusion

SOLX‐storedRBCs showed increased osmotic resistance, pHi, and reducedGPA+MPs and together with higherATPand 2,3‐DPGlevels demonstrated improved in vitroRBCquality measures during 42 days of storage.
Multilateralisation of Preferences versus Reciprocity when FTAs are Underutilized
Authors: Menon Jayant
Published: July 2014

Most studies worldwide, and all on East Asia on the impact of free trade agreements (FTAs), have assumed full utilisation of preferences. The evidence suggests that this assumption is seriously in error, with the estimated uptake particularly low in East Asia. In this paper, we assume a more realistic utilisation rate in estimating impacts. We find that actual utilisation rates significantly diminish the benefits from preferential liberalisation, but in a non‐linear way. Reciprocity is an important motivation for pursuing FTAs over unilateral actions, such as multilateralisation of preferences. We isolate the impact of reciprocity, but find that the additional benefits also depend on utilisation rates. Furthermore, the potential for trade deflection combined with possible retaliatory actions could negatively affect members and non‐members. In the absence of Doha, unilateral multilateralism or non‐reciprocal multilateralisation of preferences is the practical route that is most likely to deliver the greatest benefits.
Cambodia: Rapid Growth in an Open, Post‐conflict Economy
Authors: Hill Hal , Menon Jayant
Published: July 2014

This study provides an analytical review of World Trade Organization, Trade Policy Review: Cambodia, the first such report undertaken for the country. The report highlights Cambodia's rapid economic growth after one of the world's worst cases of genocide in the second half of the twentieth century. This growth has been underpinned by open trade and investment policies, in the context of dynamic neighbourhood growth effects. The trade regime is mainly tariff‐based, with modest intersectoral variations in rates. Cambodia has limited trade policy space. It is a signatory to the 10‐nation ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, soon to become the ASEAN Economic Community. Moreover, given its long and porous borders with the much larger, dynamic economies of Thailand and Vietnam, any major cross‐border price differences will quickly result in informal trade with these economies, and nearby China. Most of the country's trade policy challenges are to do with ‘behind–the‐border’ issues, a legacy of its generation of civil war and conflict. These include weak bureaucratic capacity, high levels of corruption, poor infrastructure and limited human capital.
Development of dialysis disequilibrium‐like clinical signs during postobstructive management of feline urethral obstruction
Authors: Ostroski Cassandra J. , Cooper Edward S.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To describe the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of a cat with acute neurologic signs subsequent to relief of urethral obstruction and rapid resolution of severe azotemia, suggesting a process similar to dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.

Case Summary

A male castrated domestic short‐hair cat was presented for weakness and dull mentation. Initial physical examination was consistent with urethral obstruction and laboratory data demonstrated severe azotemia, hyperkalemia, and acidemia. Interventions for hyperkalemia and urethral catheterization were performed without complication. The patient demonstrated a marked postobstructive diuresis and 7 hours after presentation suffered a grand mal seizure and was neurologically inappropriate. These changes corresponded with marked decreases in blood urea nitrogen (from 89.25 mmol/L to 19.99 mmol/L [250 mg/dL to 56 mg/dL]) and calculated serum osmolality (429 mOsm/kg to 359 mOsm/kg) from initial presentation without other apparent cause for seizure activity. The patient was treated with hypertonic saline (bolus and continuous infusion) for presumed osmotic injury (dialysis disequilibrium‐like clinical signs) along with other supportive care. All neurologic signs resolved within 48 hours, the urinary catheter was removed, and the patient was discharged after 24 hours of observation of spontaneous urination.

New or Unique Information Provided

Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome has been documented in small animals, but similar signs have not been reported as a sequelae of treatment of feline urethral obstruction. Urethral obstruction is a common emergency and practitioners should be aware of this potential complication as a cause of delayed neurologic recovery or seizures in the postobstructive period.
Therapeutic potential of Pirfenidone for treating equine corneal scarring
Authors: Fink Michael K. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Tandon Ashish , Mohan Rajiv R.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Pirfenidone (PFD) in the treatment of equine corneal fibrosis using an in vitro model.

Methods

Healthy donor equine corneas were collected and used to generate primary equine corneal fibroblasts (ECFs) by growing cultures in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Equine corneal myofibroblasts (ECMs), used as a model of equine corneal fibrosis, were produced by growing ECF cultures in serum‐free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue viability assays and changes in ECF morphology were utilized to determine the optimal PFD dose for this in vitro model. Trypan blue viability, phase‐contrast microscopy, and TUNEL assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of PFD. Scratch and MTT assays were used to evaluate the effect of PFD on cellular migration and proliferation. Real‐time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were employed to determine the efficacy of PFD to inhibit ECM formation in vitro.

Results

Topical PFD application at 200 μg/mL successfully decreased αSMA expression when compared to the TGFβ1 only treatment group (P < 0.01). PFD application ≤200 μg/mL did not affect ECF phenotype or cellular viability and did not result in significant cytotoxicity.

Conclusions

Pirfenidone safely and effectively inhibits TGFβ1‐induced equine corneal fibrosis in vitro. In vivo studies are warranted.
Tip Clearance Effects on Aero-elastic Stability of Axial Compressor Blades
Authors: Fu Zhizhong , Wang Yanrong , Jiang Xianghua , Wei Dasheng
Published: July 2014

The tip clearance effects on aero-elastic stability of axial compressor blades are investigated with two independent three-dimensional (3D) flutter prediction approaches: energy method and aero-elastic eigenvalue analysis. An axial compressor rotor which has encountered broken fault caused by flutter during the test rig and flight has been analyzed for five tip gap configurations. A consistent conclusion obtained by these two independent approaches shows the variation trend of aerodynamic damping is not monotonic, but aerodynamic damping at the least stable case shows a trend of first decrease and then increase with the rising of tip gap size, which is different from the results of other researchers and can be utilized to understand the conflict between the conclusions of different research work. Apart from the results of tip clearance effects on aero-elastic stability, the employed two methods have revealed the key factors involved in the flutter occurrence from a different perspective.
Influence of Prestress Fields on the Phonon Thermal Conductivity of GaN Nanostructures
Authors: Zhu Linli , Ruan Haihui
Published: July 2014

The phonon thermal conductivity of Gallium nitride (GaN) nanofilms and nanowires under prestress fields are investigated theoretically. In the framework of elasticity theory, the phonon dispersion relations of spatially confined GaN nanostructures are achieved for different phonon modes. The acoustoelastic effects stemmed from the preexisting stresses are taken into account in simulating the phonon properties and thermal conductivity. Our theoretical results show that the prestress fields can alter the phonon properties such as the phonon dispersion relation and phonon group velocity dramatically, leading to the change of thermal conductivity in GaN nanostructures. The phonon thermal conductivity is able to be enhanced or reduced through controlling the directions of prestress fields operated on the GaN nanofilms and nanowires. In addition, the temperature and size-dependence of thermal conductivity of GaN nanostructures will be sensitive to the direction and strength of those prestress fields. This work will be helpful in controlling the phonon thermal conductivity based on the strain/stress engineering in GaN nanostructures-based electronic devices and systems.
Effect of current density on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of microarc oxidized ZK60 magnesium alloy
Authors: You Qiongya , Yu Huijun , Wang Hui , Pan Yaokun , Chen Chuanzhong
Published: July 2014

The application of magnesium alloys as biomaterials is limited by their poor corrosion behavior. Microarc oxidation (MAO) treatment was used to prepare ceramic coatings on ZK60 magnesium alloys in order to overcome the poor corrosion resistance. The process was conducted at different current densities (3.5 and 9.0 A/dm2), and the effect of current density on the process was studied. The microstructure, elemental distribution, and phase composition of the MAO coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction, respectively. The increment of current density contributes to the increase of thickness. A new phase Mg2SiO4 was detected as the current density increased to 9.0 A/dm2. A homogeneous distribution of micropores could be observed in the coating produced at 3.5 A/dm2, while the surface morphology of the coating formed at 9.0 A/dm2 was more rough and apparent microcracks could be observed. The coating obtained at 3.5 A/dm2 possessed a better anticorrosion behavior.
Experience and Net Worth Affects Optimality in a Motor Decision Task
Authors: Neyedli Heather F. , Welsh Timothy N.
Published: July 2014

Previous research has shown in a motor decision task involving a target (yielding a reward) and overlapping penalty area (yielding a loss), people initially aim closer to the penalty area than optimal. This risky strategy may be adopted to increase target hits, thereby increasing net worth. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the starting net worth level (either 5,000 or 0 points) affected the influence of task experience on endpoint selection. It was hypothesized the 5,000-point group should adopt a less risky strategy and aim further from the penalty area than those with 0 points. Net worth affected participants’ initial endpoint where the 5,000-point group aimed further from the penalty circle, and closer to the optimal endpoint, than the 0-point group. The 0-point group adapted their endpoint over the course session to aim closer to the optimal endpoint whereas no such change was seen in the 5,000-point group. The results show that changing the participants’ reference point through initial net worth can affect the optimality of participants’ endpoint and how endpoints change with experience.
Elite Athletes Refine Their Internal Clocks
Authors: Chen Yin-Hua , Cesari Paola
Published: July 2014

Evaluating time properly is crucial for everyday activities from fundamental behaviors to refined coordinative movements such as in sport playing. Lately the concept of the existence of a unique internal clock for evaluating time in different scales has been challenged by recent neurophysiology studies. Here we provide evidence that individuals evaluate time durations below and above a second based on two different internal clocks for sub- and suprasecond time ranges: a faster clock for the subsecond range and a slower one for suprasecond time. Interestingly, the level of precision presented by these two clocks can be finely tuned through long-term sport training: Elite athletes, independently from their sport domains, generate better time estimates than nonathletes by showing higher accuracy and lower variability, particularly for subsecond time. We interpret this better time estimation in the short durations as being due to their extraordinary perceptual and motor ability in fast actions.
The Relationships Between Muscle Force Steadiness and Visual Steadiness in Young and Old Adults
Authors: Krupenevich Rebecca L. , Murray Nick , Rider Patrick M. , Domire Zachary J. , DeVita Paul
Published: July 2014

Since vision is used in studies of muscle force control, reduced muscle force control might be related to reduced visual ability. We investigated relationships between steadiness in eye movements and quadriceps muscle torque (a surrogate for force) during isometric contractions of constant and varying torques. Nineteen young adults with an average age of 20.7 years and 18 old adults with an average age of 71.6 years performed three vision tasks, three vision and torque tasks at 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and three vision and torque tasks at 54 nm. Age groups had identical torque steadiness (CV) in 40%-MVC and 54-nm conditions (p > .05). Old had similar vertical (p > .05) but decreased horizontal visual steadiness (SD) (p < .05) compared with young. Correlations between visual steadiness and muscle torque steadiness failed to show a significant relationship (p > .05). We were unable to identify a substantial relationship between muscle torque steadiness and eye movement, as a component of visual steadiness, and conclude that reduced visual steadiness does not contribute to reduced muscle torque steadiness.
Statistical Considerations When Assessing Short Latency Stretch Reflexes in the Human Soleus Muscle
Authors: Pedersen Asger Roer , Stubbs Peter William , Nielsen Jørgen Feldbæk
Published: July 2014

The aim was to investigate trial-by-trial response characteristics in the short-latency stretch reflex (SSR). Fourteen dorsiflexion stretches were applied to the ankle joint with a precontracted soleus muscle on 2 days. The magnitude and variability of trial-by-trial responses of the SSR were assessed. The SSR was log-normally distributed and variance heterogeneous between subjects. For some subjects, the magnitude and variance differed between days and stretches. As velocity increased, variance heterogeneity tended to decrease and response magnitude increased. The current study demonstrates the need to assess trial-by-trial response characteristics and not averaged curves. Moreover, it provides an analysis of SSR characteristics accounting for log-normally distributed and variance heterogeneous trial-by-trial responses.
Killing the Killer: PARC/CUL9 Promotes Cell Survival by Destroying Cytochrome c
Authors: Lopez Jonathan , Tait Stephen W. G.
Published: July 2014

As an apoptotic suppressor, E3 ligase PARC may be differentially targeted for therapeutic benefit in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Signaling of Chloroquine-Induced Stress in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Requires the Hog1 and Slt2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways
Authors: Baranwal Shivani , Azad Gajendra Kumar , Singh Vikash , Tomar Raghuvir S.
Published: July 2014

Chloroquine (CQ) has been under clinical use for several decades, and yet little is known about CQ sensing and signaling mechanisms or about their impact on various biological pathways. We employed the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by CQ. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it targets histone proteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we also describe the novel role of mitogen-activated protein kinases Hog1 and Slt2, which aid in survival in the presence of CQ. Cells deficient in Hog1 or Slt2 are found to be CQ hypersensitive, and both proteins were phosphorylated in response to CQ exposure. CQ-activated Hog1p is translocated to the nucleus and facilitates the expression of GPD1 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which is required for the synthesis of glycerol (one of the major osmolytes). Moreover, cells treated with CQ exhibited an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. The deletion of SOD1, the superoxide dismutase in yeast, resulted in hypersensitivity to CQ. We have also observed P38 as well as P42/44 phosphorylation in HEK293T human cells upon exposure to CQ, indicating that the kinds of responses generated in yeast and human cells are similar. In summary, our findings define the multiple biological pathways targeted by CQ that might be useful for understanding the toxicity modulated by this pharmacologically important molecule.
Comparison of Different Drug Susceptibility Test Methods To Detect Rifampin Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Wang Yufeng , Pang Yu , Liu Changting
Published: July 2014

We compared the efficiencies of different drug susceptibility testing methods in detecting rifampin (RIF) heteroresistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Our data revealed that the broth dilution method found more resistance than MGIT did (
P
= 0.046) for the low-resistance group. Similarly, the broth dilution method was more sensitive in detecting RIF heteroresistance in subpopulations with low growth rates than was MGIT (
P
= 0.033). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the broth dilution method was more sensitive than MGIT in detecting RIF heteroresistance.
Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms
Authors: Rema Tara , Lawrence John R. , Dynes James J. , Hitchcock Adam P. , Korber Darren R.
Published: July 2014

The physicochemical responses of
Delftia acidovorans
biofilms exposed to the commonly used antimicrobial chlorhexidine (CHX) were examined in this study. A CHX-sensitive mutant (MIC, 1.0 μg ml
−1
) was derived from a CHX-tolerant (MIC, 15.0 μg ml
−1
)
D. acidovorans
parent strain using transposon mutagenesis.
D. acidovorans
mutant (MT51) and wild-type (WT15) strain biofilms were cultivated in flow cells and then treated with CHX at sub-MIC and inhibitory concentrations and examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Specific morphological, structural, and chemical compositional differences between the CHX-treated and -untreated biofilms of both strains were observed. Apart from architectural differences, CLSM revealed a negative effect of CHX on biofilm thickness in the CHX-sensitive MT51 biofilms relative to those of the WT15 strain. STXM analyses showed that the WT15 biofilms contained two morphochemical cell variants, whereas only one type was detected in the MT51 biofilms. The cells in the MT51 biofilms bioaccumulated CHX to a similar extent as one of the cell types found in the WT15 biofilms, whereas the other cell type in the WT15 biofilms did not bioaccumulate CHX. STXM and IR spectral analyses revealed that CHX-sensitive MT51 cells accumulated the highest levels of CHX. Pretreating biofilms with EDTA promoted the accumulation of CHX in all cells. Thus, it is suggested that a subpopulation of cells that do not accumulate CHX appear to be responsible for greater CHX resistance in
D. acidovorans
WT15 biofilm in conjunction with the possible involvement of bacterial membrane stability.