bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of an architectural technical debt index in the context of the Apache and ONAP ecosystems
Authors: Verdecchia Roberto , Malavolta Ivano , Lago Patricia , Ozkaya Ipek
Published: February 2022

Background

Architectural Technical Debt (ATD) in a software-intensive system denotes architectural design choices which, while being suitable or even optimal when adopted, lower the maintainability and evolvability of the system in the long term, hindering future development activities. Despite the growing research interest in ATD, how to gain an informative and encompassing viewpoint of the ATD present in a software-intensive system is still an open problem.

Objective

In this study, we evaluate ATDx, a data-driven approach providing an overview of the ATD present in a software-intensive system. The approach, based on the analysis of a software portfolio, calculates severity levels of architectural rule violations via a clustering algorithm, and aggregates results into different ATD dimensions.

Method

To evaluate ATDx, we implement an instance of the approach based on SonarQube, and run the analysis on the Apache and ONAP ecosystems. The analysis results are then shared with the portfolio contributors, who are invited to participate in an online survey designed to evaluate the representativeness and actionability of the approach.

Results

The survey results confirm the representativeness of the ATDx, in terms of both the ATDx analysis results and the used architectural technical debt dimensions. Results also showed the actionability of the approach, although to a lower extent when compared to the ATDx representativeness, with usage scenarios including refactoring, code review, communication, and ATD evolution analysis.

Conclusions

With ATDx, we strive for the establishment of a sound, comprehensive, and intuitive architectural view of the ATD identifiable via source code analysis. The collected results are promising, and display both the representativeness and actionability of the approach. As future work, we plan to consolidate the approach via further empirical experimentation, by considering other development contexts (e.g.,proprietary portfolios and other source code analysis tools), and enhancing the ATDx report capabilities.
Effects of 5e-Cyclic and Mental Models Instructional Strategies on Junior Secondary School Students’ Learning Outcomes in Basic Science in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Odunayo Victor ANIMOLA , Theodora Olufunke BELLO
Published: February 2022

The study investigated the effects of 5e-cyclic and mental models instructional strategies on junior secondary school students’ academic performance and self-efficacy in Basic Science. The study adopted non-equivalent, pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental research design. The population for the study comprised all junior secondary school students in Ondo State, Nigeria. The sample size consisted of 95 junior secondary school two (JSII) students in three intact classes. The three (3) classes were assigned randomly to two experimental groups (5e-cyclic-model and mental-model instructional strategies) and one control group (teacher expository method). Two instruments were used for data collection namely: Basic Science Concept Test (BSCT) and Basic Science Self-Efficacy Rating Scale (BSSERS). Data collected were analysed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that there was a significant effect of treatments on the academic performance of students taught with 5e-cyclic-model and mental-model instructional strategies and teacher expository method with students taught using 5e-cyclic-model and mental model showing better performance than teacher expository. Also, significant effect of treatment was found in the self-efficacy of students taught with 5e-cyclic-model and mental-model with students from both techniques performed better than teacher expository. The study concluded that 5e-cyclic and mental models instructional strategies had improved the academic performance and self-efficacy of students in Basic Science. Therefore, it was recommended that teachers should use 5e-cylic model and mental model instructional strategies to teach Basic Science concepts because the instructional strategies have been demonstrated to be more effective as a teaching-learning strategies for Basic Science than teacher expository method.
Determination of Some Heavy and Precious Metals from Printed Circuit Board (PCB) from a Television Set by Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer
Authors: Gbarakoro S. L. , Konne J. L.
Published: February 2022

Aim: This research work aimed to determine the concentrations of some heavy and precious metals from printed circuit board (PCB) of a television set using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in order to identify elements with higher concentration as target source of raw materials for metal recovery.

Study Design: Grab sampling technique was applied in this study. The study area was a refuse dumb site at computer village Ogbunabali, Port Harcourt.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at computer village Ogbunabali, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria between 2020 and 2021.

Methodology: The metal fractions attached to the PCB were subjected to mechanical separation, placed inside a 75ml Kjeldahl flask and thereafter digested with a 20ml nitric acid (HNO3). The prepared sample was filtered, then made up to 100ml using distilled water and analysed using AAS (Shimadzu model AA6300).

Results: The results showed the presence of some heavy metals such as: (Fe,0.0644mg/l, Pb, 0.0732mg/l, Cu,0.0627mg/l, Ni, 0.1076mg/l and Cd, 0.0001mg/l) in higher concentrations (apart from Cd) than the precious metals (Au, 0.0297mg/l, Pd, 0.0042mg/l, Ag, 0.0316mg/l and Li, 0.0019mg/l). This confirmed that the PCB which is an electronic waste was largely made up of heavy and precious metals.

Conclusion: Metals can be determined effectively from electronic waste using HNO3 and AAS. It is therefore, recommended that proper recycling methods should be put in place in order to reduce the pollution caused by these electronic wastes.
Combining Ability Analysis for Morpho-Physiological Traits and Grain Yield under Heat Stress Condition in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
Authors: Meghawal Deva Ram , Vyas Mukesh , Choudhary Jagdish , Dubey R. B. , Malav Ashok Kumar
Published: February 2022

Combining ability analysis for morph-physiological and grain yield traits was performed using ten selected parents in half diallel to develop forty five crosses were tested during Rabi 2016-17. Across the environments mean squares due to GCA × E and SCA × E were significant for grain filling period, flag leaf length, flag leafwidth, flag leaf area, peduncle length, total number of tillers plant-1, number of productive tillersplant-1, spike length, number of spikelet’s spike-1, spike weight productive tillers-1, grain weightspike-1, biological yield plant-1, economic yield plant-1, harvest index, protein content, prolinecontent, heat injury index and leaf canopy temperature. In addition to above traits, mean square due to GCA × E was also significant for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and test weightrevealed influence of environment on GCA. The s2 SCA was considerably higher than theircorresponding s2 GCA for all the characters in all the three environments except for plant height inE1 and E3, which indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of thesetraits except for plant height in E1 and E3. The estimates of general combining ability effects indicated that parents NIDW-295, and HI 8498 were good general combiners for grain yield plant-1 and most of components along with heat tolerance characters. The SCA effects for grain yield plant-1 were significantly positive for 16 crosses in pool. Crosses PDW-233 × PDW-314, HI-8737 × HI-8498, PDW-274× PDW-291, NIDW-295 × PDW-274 and Raj-1555 × PDW-274 in pooled had maximum SCA. All these crosses were also having significant SCA effects for one or more components and heat tolerant characters indicate their genetic worth for these characters in respective environments.
Genotype by Trait Biplot Studies on Yield, Physiological and Nutritional Traits in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
Authors: Priyanka Veerala , Penumalli Shanthi , Reddy D. M.
Published: February 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Dry land farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati in Kharif 2018 to study the effect of Plant Growth Regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of sorghum. The objective of the study was to assess the visual comparison among genotypes on the basis of multiple traits and also to graphically describe the interrelationships among all measured traits on the basis of overall pattern of the data for the 42 genotypes of pearl millet that were evaluated for 22 physiological, nutritional, and yield related traits in a randomized complete block design, using GT biplot analysis through which, the principal components PC1 and PC2 explained 45.63% of the total variation based on all the traits and the genotypes. The GT biplot analysis is a powerful statistical tool for studying relationship among traits, evaluating cultivars based on multiple traits and for identifying those that are superior in certain traits. Few yield related traits, SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (SCMR), harvest index, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Duration (LAD) and protein content had a positive relationship with yield which were recognized as crucial traits for boosting grain yield and nutritional quality. The genotypes ATP-15, ATP-13, ATP-10, ATP-16, ATP-5, ATP-7, ATP-11, ATP-18, ATP-14 and ATP-12 showed superior performance for grain yield as well as other yield contributing traits. Whereas, the genotypes ICHiFe-18, ICHiFe-12, ATP-3, ICHiFe-21, ATP-2, ICHiFe-20, ATP-4, ATP-8, ATP-15, ICHiFe-14, ICHiFe-4, ICHiFe-2 and ICHiFe-5 showed superior performance for nutritional traits. By considering all the studied traits, the genotype ATP-15 was selected as the ideal and most desirable cultivar.
An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Method for Tourism Receipts and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Sanmi Olubokun , Ayooluwade Ebiwonjumi , Oluchi Jacinta Adibe,
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the impact of tourism receipts on economic growth in Nigeria between 1992 and 2017. The data used were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the World Bank Development Indicators. The study employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag technique to analyse the data. In other to test for the stationarity of the time series data used, the Philip Perron unit root test was employed and it was confirmed that only international tourist arrivals was stationary at level while tourism receipts, tourism investment, gross domestic product growth rate, receipts for passenger transport items as well as receipts for passenger travel items were all stationary at first difference. Furthermore, the bound test results showed the existence of a long-run cointegrating relationship among economic growth, tourism receipts, tourism investment, international tourist arrivals, receipts for passenger transport items and receipts for passenger travel items. In addition, the estimated long run coefficient of the ARDL showed that tourism receipt, tourism investment, exchange rate and gross capital formation had a positive and significant impact on economic growth. It was also discovered that tourists’ arrivals and receipts for passengers travel items inversely related with economic growth. The study concluded that tourism receipts had significantly influenced economic growth in Nigeria. Consequently, government should urgently put in place policies that could increase the level of tourism receipts in the country. Also, adequate security and basic infrastructural facilities should be provided for both domestic and foreign tourists as this would ensure the influx of international tourists.
A Dataset of Ground Vehicle Targets from Satellite SAR Images and Its Application to Detection and Instance Segmentation
Authors: Park JI-Hoon , Choi Yeo-Reum , Chae Dae-Young , Lim Ho , Yoo Ji Hee
Published: February 2022

The advent of deep learning-based algorithms has facilitated researches on target detection from synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imagery. While most of them concentrate on detection tasks for ships with open SAR ship datasets and for aircraft from SAR scenes of airports, there is relatively scarce researches on the detection of SAR ground vehicle targets where several adverse factors such as high false alarm rates, low signal-to-clutter ratios, and multiple targets in close proximity are predicted to degrade the performances. In this paper, a dataset of ground vehicle targets acquired from TerraSAR-X(TSX) satellite SAR images is presented. Then, both detection and instance segmentation are simultaneously carried out on this dataset based on the deep learning-based Mask R-CNN. Finally, this paper shows the future research directions to further improve the performances of detecting the SAR ground vehicle targets.
Tailoring Local Electrolyte Solvation Structure via a Mesoporous Molecular Sieve for Dendrite‐Free Zinc Batteries
Authors: Miao Zhenyu , Zhang Feng , Zhao Hang , Du Min , Li Houzhen , Jiang Hechun , Li Wenzhi , Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Wang Shuhua
Published: February 2022

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are low cost with a promising theoretical capacity and inherent safety, and thus have drawn increasing attention as prospective energy storage devices in large‐scale energy storage systems. However, severe dendrite growth and side reaction problems hinder the practical application of ZIBs. Here, molecular sieves with ordered mesoporous channels are constructed to tailor the local electrolyte solvation structure on the zinc surface. Different high‐concentration solvation structures can be realized by adjusting the pore diameter of the molecular sieve, and the optimal pore geometry is a mesoporous channel with a diameter of 2.5 nm that induces the formation of a locally concentrated electrolyte and affords a lower Zn2+ de‐solvation energy in Mobil composition of matter number 41 (MCM41). The resulting MCM41‐Zn anode exhibits high cycling stability for Zn stripping/plating under different current densities (over 1800 h at 1 mA cm–2, 1 mAh cm–2, and 2200 h at 5 mA cm–2, 1 mAh cm–2). Moreover, the CaV8O20·nH2O//MCM41‐Zn full cell shows a high capacity of 274.2 mAh g−1 and a long lifespan (no capacity decay after 1000 cycles at 4 A g–1).
Synergistic Energy Absorption Mechanisms of Architected Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Jeon Seung‐Yeol , Shen Beijun , Traugutt Nicholas A. , Zhu Zeyu , Fang Lichen , Yakacki Christopher M. , Nguyen Thao D. , Kang Sung Hoon
Published: February 2022

A unique rate‐dependent energy absorption behavior of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)‐based architected materials is reported. The architected materials consist of repeating unit cells of bistable tilted LCE beams sandwiched between stiff supports. The viscoelastic behavior of the LCE causes the energy absorption to increase with strain rate according to a power‐law relationship, which can be modulated by changing the degree of mesogen alignment and the loading direction relative to the director. For a strain rate of 600 s−1, the unit cell exhibits up to a 5 MJ m−3 energy absorption density, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the same structure fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer and is comparable to the dissipation from irreversible plastic deformation exhibited by denser metals. For a multilayered structure of unit cells, nonuniform buckling of the different layers produces additional viscoelastic dissipation. This synergistic interaction between viscoelastic dissipation and snap‐through buckling causes the energy absorption density to increase with the number of layers. The sequence of cell collapse can be controlled by grading the beam thickness to further promote viscous dissipation and enhance the energy absorption density. It is envisioned that the study can contribute to the development of lightweight extreme energy‐absorbing metamaterials.
Design and Construction of Fluorescent Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Ruyi , Liu Yuqian , Seidi Farzad , Deng Chao , Liang Fangyuan , Xiao Huining
Published: February 2022

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are featured with low toxicity, non‐trivial biocompatibility, and cell membrane penetration capability, which allow the constructions of nanoplatforms for biosensing and in vivo imaging. Interfacing CNCs and fluorescent materials into sensors/probes is thus highly topical and has received tremendous interest. This review covers the development of CNC extraction methods and, in particular, their impacts on the surficial properties of CNCs. Whereafter, recently reported strategies for fluorescent functionalizations of CNCs are summarized based on chemical modification, physical adsorption, or in situ growth. Choosing the most suitable strategy, according to the properties of both CNCs and fluorophores, for constructing fluorescent CNCs is also emphasized. With regard to applications of the fluorescent CNCs, this work focuses on the studies which have involved but not been limited to metal ion sensing, physiological pH detection, cell imaging, and tumor antiproliferation. Being aware of the highly flexible construction, appealing structural/optical properties, and outstanding performances in analysis/imaging, it is believed that CNCs are bound to be increasingly investigated in the future and widely applied in the biomedical area.
One‐Step Bottom‐Up Growth of Highly Liquid Repellent Worm‐Like Surfaces on Planar Substrates
Authors: Chen Zhengtao , Nguyen Tien H. , Rumrill Shayna M. , Lau Kenneth K. S.
Published: February 2022

Highly liquid repellent (superhydrophobic, superoleophobic) surfaces are fabricated using mostly top‐down approaches and liquid‐based processing. Top‐down approaches, like lithography and templating, are highly process‐intensive, while liquid‐based processing, like etching and fluoropolymer solution coating, rely on solvents that often damage the substrate. Ultimately, to suppress liquids from spreading, the goal is to create a surface with low surface energy and a hierarchically roughened topology. Here, a bottom‐up approach that achieves these two prerequisite criteria in one single step is demonstrated. Relying on a liquid‐free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process, worm‐like protrusions of a semicrystalline fluoropolymer (poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate)) directly grow on flat substrates without prior surface pretreatment. The nano/microworm surfaces display super‐liquid repellency (>150° contact angle) to water and oil. Worm formation (as opposed to conformal thin film formation) is attributed to preferential crystal nucleation, orientation, and growth on the substrate plane.
In Situ Atomistic Insight into Magnetic Metal Diffusion across Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Quintuple Layers
Authors: Lu Weichao , Cui Wenjun , Zhao Wen , Lin Weixiao , Liu Chengshan , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Sang Xiahan , Zhao Wenyu , Zhang Qingjie
Published: February 2022

Diffusion and occupancy of magnetic atoms in van der Waals (VDW) layered materials have significant impact on applications such as energy storage, thermoelectrics, catalysis, and topological phenomena. However, due to the weak VDW bonding, most research focus on in‐plane diffusion within the VDW gap, while out‐of‐plane diffusion has rarely been reported. Here, to investigate out‐of‐plane diffusion in VDW‐layered Bi2Te3‐based alloys, a Ni/Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 heterointerface is synthesized by depositing magnetic Ni metal on a mechanically exfoliated Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (0001) substrate. Diffusion of Ni atoms across the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 quintuple layers is directly observed at elevated temperatures using spherical‐aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the diffusion energy barrier of Ni atoms is only 0.31–0.45 eV when they diffuse through Te3(Bi, Sb)3 octahedron chains. Atomic‐resolution in situ STEM reveals that the distortion of the Te3(Bi, Sb)3 octahedron, induced by the Ni occupancy, drives the formation of coherent NiM (M = Bi, Sb, Te) at the heterointerfaces. This work can lead to new strategies to design novel thermoelectric and topological materials by introducing magnetic dopants to VDW‐layered materials.
Three‐Layer Composite Fabric with the Gradient of Wettability Inspired by Populus euphratica Root Pressure for Drying and Cooling
Authors: Li Zhijiang , Guo Ning , Lu Yanping , Zhang Peihua
Published: February 2022

Fabric with efficient sweat release and heat dissipation is highly desirable in a broad range of applications. However, creating such materials still remains a tough challenge. Here, inspired by the root pressure water of Populus euphratica and jade heat dissipation, a three‐layer composite fabric (T‐CF) for highly efficient personal drying and cooling is presented. The obtained T‐CF is formed by three individual layers with designed functions. The inner layer, middle layer, and surface layer are composed of cool polyester yarns, cool polyester/bamboo composite yarns, and bamboo yarns, respectively, to form a wetting gradient property. The biomimetic design offers the fabric with promising advantages, such as the unidirectional water conductivity of 800.34%, the water evaporation rate of 0.2611 g h−1, the instantaneous contact cool feeling of 0.186 ± 0.009 w cm−2, and the maximum cool temperature in wet state of 4.74 °C. Consequently, the T‐CF not only has good moisture absorption and moisture conduction, but also has heat dissipation and a certain sense of contact cooling. It is believed that the strategy reported in this work can provide a facile route for new‐generation functional fabric development regarding human health management.
Stimulation and Enhancement of Near‐Band‐Edge Emission in Zinc Oxide by Distributed Bragg Reflectors
Authors: Kothe Linda , Albert Maximilian , Meier Cedrik , Wagner Thorsten , Tiemann Michael
Published: February 2022

The free exciton transition (near‐band‐edge emission, NBE) of ZnO at ≈388 nm can be strongly enhanced and even stimulated by an underlying photonic structure. 1D Photonic crystals, so‐called distributed Bragg reflectors, are utilized to suppress the deep‐level emission of ZnO (DLE, ≈500–530 nm). The reflector stacks are fabricated in a layer‐by‐layer procedure by wet‐chemical synthesis. They consist of low‐ε porous SiO2 layers and high‐ε TiO2 layers. Varying the thickness of the SiO2 layers allows tuning the optical bandgap in a wide range between ≈420 and 800 nm. A ZnO layer is deposited on top of the reflector stacks by sol–gel synthesis. The spontaneous photoluminescence (PL) emission of the ZnO film is modulated by the photonic structure. When the optical bandgap of the reflector is in resonance with the deep‐level emission of ZnO (DLE, ≈500–530 nm), then this defect‐related emission mode is suppressed. Strong NBE emission is observed even when the ZnO layer does not show any NBE emission (due to low crystallinity) in the absence of the photonic structure. With this cost‐efficient synthesis method, emitters for, e.g., luminescent gas sensors can be fabricated.
Tunable Perfect Absorber of Graphene Metamaterial in the Terahertz Band and Its Sensing Properties
Authors: Zhu Jun , Yin Jinguo , Wu Changsong
Published: February 2022

Herein, a dual‐band tunable ideal absorber based on graphene array, and the dynamic tuning performance of the perfect absorber in the terahertz band and its sensing properties based on graphene metamaterials are studied. The absorber shows two perfect absorption peaks at 1.01 and 1.86 THz, with an absorbance of 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. With an elevation angle in the range of 0°–30° and a frequency in the range of 0.971–1.100 THz or 1.794–1.897 THz, the absorber designed herein can achieve an absorbance greater than 90%. Owing to the superior properties of graphene, dynamic tuning of the absorption frequency band, absorption bandwidth, and relative bandwidth of the absorber can be achieved by adjusting the Fermi level of graphene. In addition, adjusting the relaxation time realizes dynamic tuning of the absorption bandwidth and the absorbance with constant resonant frequency and fixed geometric parameters. Moreover, the sensitivity of the absorber reaches 492.5 GHz/RIU, which can achieve the sensing resolution required for the resonance frequency. This research provides a new concept for the development of high‐performance terahertz devices.
Local Release of TGF‐β Inhibitor Modulates Tumor‐Associated Neutrophils and Enhances Pancreatic Cancer Response to Combined Irreversible Electroporation and Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Huiming , Shen Jian , Long Xin , Zhou Xiaoqi , Zhang Jiaqi , Xu Xina , Huang Teng , Xu Hui , Sun Shuguo , Li Chun , Lei Ping , Wu Heshui , Zhao Jun
Published: February 2022

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with little response to standard therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a novel ablative technique for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Combinations of IRE and immunotherapies, including anti‐programmed death 1 (αPD1) immune checkpoint blockade, have shown promising efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, tumor recurrence remains an obstacle that needs to be overcome. It herein is shown that IRE induces a substantial infiltration of neutrophils into pancreatic tumors. These neutrophils are then polarized into a protumor phenotype by immunosuppressive cues, in particular transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β). Using glutathione‐responsive degradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with SB525334, an inhibitor of TGF‐β1 receptor, it is demonstrated that local inhibition of TGF‐β within the tumor microenvironment promotes neutrophil polarization into an antitumor phenotype, enhances pancreatic cancer response to combined IRE and αPD1 therapy, and induces long‐term antitumor memory. The therapeutic efficacy is also attributed to tumor infiltration by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, depletion of regulatory T cells, and maturation of antigen‐presenting dendritic cells. Thus, modulating neutrophil polarization with nanomedicine is a promising strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.
Artificial Nociceptor Using Liquid Ionic Memory
Authors: Sial Qadeer Akbar , Kumar Mohit , Iqbal Shahid , Kalanur Shankara S. , Seo Hyungtak
Published: February 2022

The incorporation of the different functions of a biological nervous system into electronic devices is challenging in the realization of humanoid robotics, which can recognize and respond in a manner that is similar to humans. Emerging synaptic devices that can process electronic signals by neuromorphic functions that operate in a similar manner to that of biological nervous systems. In this study, an acid‐sensitive artificial nociceptor device, which simultaneously detects acid concentration and generates synaptic signals, is developed for electronic nose application. The transition metal oxide (WO3)‐based device electrochemically performs neuromorphic sulfuric acid (H2SO4) sensing. The current–voltage curves demonstrate loop opening, with the change in the molarity of the acid, indicating memory storage ability and tunability of the developed nociceptor device.
Colonised minds and community psychology in the academy: Collaborative autoethnographic reflections
Authors: Drake Eleanor , Jeffrey Grant , Duckett Paul
Published: February 2022

We reflect on decolonization and in particular the process of decolonizing our own minds. We discuss the need for radical decolonization of psychology and for critique of community psychology's relationship to both psychology and the Academy, noting ways in which community psychology itself becomes appropriated for the colonizing project of the Academy. Using collaborative autoethnography (CAE), a method that involves “collaborative poetics,” which chimes with the emphasis on participatory research in community psychology and the decolonialist emphasis on rescuing repressed epistemologies, we review our own careers and identify ways in which our values have been compromised and our work assimilated into wider colonizing and oppressive practices that sustain the modern university. We conclude that community psychology can only decolonize if it is positioned in an agonistic relationship to mainstream psychology and exists as a radical, explicitly political, and ethical practice outside the Academy. The message of the decolonization and disalienation movements is that the biggest barrier to our effectiveness, and to social justice, is the fascism of our minds. Succumbing to the power and privilege embedded in the Academy and the oppressive and colonizing practices that sustain it conflicts with community psychology's purported values.
Regioselectivity Switch Towards the Development of Innovative Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition and Productive Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Chauhan Amar Nath Singh , Mali Ghanshyam , Erande Rohan D.
Published: February 2022

The Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction is one of the fascinating synthetic strategies known for its pericyclic action and concerted mechanism that leads to various targets. Numerous synthetic pursuits have been rewarded with conceptually distinct and efficient ways. To date, extensive and spectacular accomplishments have been made in the field of Diels‐Alder chemistry to overcome the complexities of organic synthesis that inspired organic chemists to focus on expanding and establishing the postulates. In principle, DA reactions are governed by their straightforward reactivity pattern with a high degree of certainty, primarily attributed to the HOMO‐LUMO separation of reacting partners. Furthermore, general forecasts rely on account of background studies, conveniently hypothesizing the stereochemical outcomes and reaction dynamic pathways. DA has recently emerged as a technique for establishing a variety of products from the same reacting species under varying reaction conditions rather than a general reactivity profile. Such exceptional results are of significant interest in organic synthesis to pursue the challenges of unanticipated product establishment. Herein, we summarize the impressive finding of the remarkable switch in the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of DA reactions under a diverse set of reaction protocols in light of Diels‐Alder's unending importance in chemical science. This review aims to establish a beneficial account of Diels‐Alder towards the astonishing switches extended to study varying synthetic versions in organic synthesis protocols attributed to natural and biologically active scaffolds. This review also provides insight into distinct reaction dynamics in DA reactions that are subjected to access molecular frameworks ranging from simple to complicated ones to foster high levels of innovation in chemical sciences.
Mineral content analysis in the rib cross‐sections of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes and its implications for the study of Sts 14 costal remains
Authors: López‐Rey José María , Cambra‐Moo Óscar , González Martín Armando , Candelas González Nieves , Sánchez‐Andrés Ángeles , Tawane Mirriam , Cazenave Marine , Williams Scott A. , Bastir Markus , García‐Martínez Daniel
Published: February 2022

Introduction

From an evolutionary perspective, the ribcage has changed substantially in the subfamily Homininae. Among many other features, the amount of mineralized tissues of the rib cross‐section at the midshaft could be informative about potential biomechanical changes during Homininae evolution. These changes would be related to the different loading stresses that each costal level has to deal with. Nevertheless, this knowledge remains hypothetical and has never been properly addressed.

Materials and Methods

This issue was assessed by analysing via micro‐CT the internal rib anatomy of the complete sets of ribs belonging to ten Homo sapiens and ten Pan troglodytes adult individuals. Additionally, five fossil ribs of Australopithecus africanus Sts 14 (costal levels 5–9) were also included to evaluate similarities with the two tested extant species.

Results

The mineralized area of P. troglodytes rib cross‐sections was higher than that of H. sapiens. However, its serial change along the rib sequence (1–12/13) was similar in both species. The mineralized area of the Sts 14 rib cross‐sections was closer to H. sapiens than to P. troglodytes for costal levels 7–9 (Sts 14w) but not for levels 5 and 6, where it was distinct from both comparative samples.

Discussion

The variation in the amount of mineralized tissues along the rib sequence in H. sapiens and P. troglodytes might indicate a common upper‐lower thorax division probably linked to the insertions of the diaphragm. This variation is similar between ribs Sts 14w and the corresponding modern human costal levels, which could be potentially related to closer breathing kinematics in the lower thorax of Sts 14 and H. sapiens.
Electrocatalytic Allylic C−H Alkylation Enabled by a Dual‐Function Cobalt Catalyst**
Authors: Chen Ming , Wu Zheng‐Jian , Song Jinshuai , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: February 2022

The direct functionalization of allylic C−H bonds with nucleophiles minimizes pre‐functionalization and converts inexpensive, abundantly available materials to value‐added alkenyl‐substituted products but remains challenging. Here we report an electrocatalytic allylic C−H alkylation reaction with carbon nucleophiles employing an easily available cobalt–salen complex as the molecular catalyst. These C(sp3)−H/C(sp3)−H cross‐coupling reactions proceed through H2 evolution and require no external chemical oxidants. Importantly, the mild conditions and unique electrocatalytic radical process ensure excellent functional group tolerance and substrate compatibility with both linear and branched terminal alkenes. The synthetic utility of the electrochemical method is highlighted by its scalability (up to 200 mmol scale) under low loading of electrolyte (down to 0.05 equiv) and its successful application in the late‐stage functionalization of complex structures.
Thionolactone as a Resin Additive to Prepare (Bio)degradable 3D Objects via VAT Photopolymerization**
Authors: Gil Noémie , Thomas Constance , Mhanna Rana , Mauriello Jessica , Maury Romain , Leuschel Benjamin , Malval Jean‐Pierre , Clément Jean‐Louis , Gigmes Didier , Lefay Catherine , Soppera Olivier , Guillaneuf Yohann
Published: February 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing and especially VAT photopolymerization leads to cross‐linked materials with high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. Nevertheless, these properties are incompatible with requirements of degradability and re/upcyclability. We show here that thionolactone and in particular dibenzo[c,e]‐oxepane‐5‐thione (DOT) can be used as an additive (2 wt %) to acrylate‐based resins to introduce weak bonds into the network via a radical ring‐opening polymerization process. The low amount of additive makes it possible to modify the printability of the resin only slightly, keep its resolution intact, and maintain the mechanical properties of the 3D object. The resin with additive was used in UV microfabrication and two‐photon stereolithography setups and commercial 3D printers. The fabricated objects were shown to degrade in basic solvent as well in a homemade compost. The rate of degradation is nonetheless dependent on the size of the object. This feature was used to prepare 3D objects with support structures that could be easily solubilized.
Overturned Loading of Inert CeO2to Active Co3O4for Unusually Improved Catalytic Activity in Fenton‐Like Reactions
Authors: Song Chunli , Zhan Qing , Liu Fei , Wang Chuan , Li Hongchao , Wang Xuan , Guo Xuefeng , Cheng Yingchun , Sun Wei , Wang Li , Qian Jieshu , Pan Bingcai
Published: February 2022

In the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to improving the catalytic activity of nanocomposites by either exposing more active sites or regulating the interaction between the support and nanoparticles while keeping the structure of the active sites unchanged. Here, we report the fabrication of a Co3O4−CeO2nanocomposite via overturning the loading direction, i.e., loading an inert CeO2support onto active Co3O4nanoparticles. The resultant catalyst exhibits unexpectedly higher activity and stability in peroxymonosulfate‐based Fenton‐like reactions than its analog prepared by the traditional impregnation method. Abundant oxygen vacancies (Ovwith a Co⋅⋅⋅Ov⋅⋅⋅Ce structure instead of Co⋅⋅⋅Ov) are generated as new active sites to facilitate the cleavage of the peroxide bond to produce SO4.−and accelerate the rate‐limiting step, i.e., the desorption of SO4.−, affording improved activity. This strategy is a new direction for boosting the catalytic activity of nanocomposite catalysts in various scenarios, including environmental remediation and energy applications.
Self‐Assembled Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles with Responsive Emission
Authors: Kurz Hannah , Hils Christian , Timm Jana , Hörner Gerald , Greiner Andreas , Marschall Roland , Schmalz Holger , Weber Birgit
Published: February 2022

Responsive fluorescent materials offer a high potential for sensing and (bio‐)imaging applications. To investigate new concepts for such materials and to broaden their applicability, the previously reported non‐fluorescent zinc(II) complex [Zn(L)] that shows coordination‐induced turn‐on emission was encapsulated into a family of non‐fluorescent polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) diblock copolymer micelles leading to brightly emissive materials. Coordination‐induced turn‐on emission upon incorporation and ligation of the [Zn(L)] in the P4VP core outperform parent [Zn(L)] in pyridine solution with respect to lifetimes, quantum yields, and temperature resistance. The quantum yield can be easily tuned by tailoring the selectivity of the employed solvent or solvent mixture and, thus, the tendency of the PS‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymers to self‐assemble into micelles. A medium‐dependent off–on sensor upon micelle formation could be established by suppression of non‐micelle‐borne emission background pertinent to chloroform through controlled acidification indicating an additional pH‐dependent process.
Helicity Modulation in NIR‐Absorbing Porphyrin‐Ryleneimides
Authors: Balahoju Shivaprasad Achary , Maurya Yogesh Kumar , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Lis Tadeusz , Kondratowicz Mateusz , Cybińska Joanna , Stępień Marcin
Published: February 2022

Peripheral substitution of a π‐extended porphyrin with bulky groups produces a curved chromophore with four helical stereogenic units. The curvature and stereochemistry of such porphyrins can be controlled by varying the substituents, coordinated metal ions, and apical ligands. In particular, when the achiral saddle‐shaped free bases are treated with large metal ions, i.e., CdIIor HgII, the resulting complexes convert to chiral propeller‐like configurations. X‐ray diffraction analyses show that apical coordination of a water molecule is sufficient to induce a notable bowl‐like distortion of the cadmium complex, which however retains its chiral structure. For phenyl‐ and tolyl‐substituted derivatives, the conversion is thermodynamically controlled, whereas complexes bearing bulky 4‐(tert‐butyl)phenyl groups transform into their chiral forms upon heating. In the latter case, the chiral Hg porphyrin was converted into the corresponding free base and other metal complexes without any loss of configurational purity, ultimately providing access to stable, enantiopure porphyrin propellers.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of PROTACs targeting the androgen receptor in prostate and lung cancer models
Authors: Gockel Lukas M. , Pfeifer Vladlena , Baltes Fabian , Bachmaier Rafael D. , Wagner Karl G. , Bendas Gerd , Gütschow Michael , Sosič Izidor , Steinebach Christian
Published: February 2022

Although the androgen receptor (AR) is a validated target for the treatment of prostate cancer, resistance to antiandrogens necessitates the development of new therapeutic modalities. Exploiting the ubiquitin‐proteasome system with proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has become a practical approach to degrade specific proteins and thus to extend the portfolio of small molecules used for the treatment of a broader spectrum of diseases. Herein, we present three subgroups of enzalutamide‐based PROTACs in which only the exit vector was modified. By recruiting cereblon, we were able to demonstrate the potent degradation of AR in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, the initial evaluation enabled the design of an optimized PROTAC with a rigid linker that degraded AR with a DC50 value in the nanomolar range. These results provide novel AR‐directed PROTACs and a clear rationale for further investigating AR involvement in lung cancer models.
Identification of Mitofusin 1 and Complement Component 1q Subcomponent Binding Protein as Mitochondrial Targets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Becker Yann L. C. , Gagné Jean‐Philippe , Julien Anne‐Sophie , Lévesque Tania , Allaeys Isabelle , Gougeard Nadine , Rubio Vicente , Boisvert François‐Michel , Jean Dominique , Wagner Eric , Poirier Guy G. , Fortin Paul R. , Boilard Éric
Published: February 2022

Objective

Mitochondria are organelles that exhibit several bacterial features, such as a double‐stranded genome with hypomethylated CpG islands, formylated proteins, and cardiolipin‐containing membranes. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mitochondria and their inner components are released into the extracellular space, potentially eliciting a proinflammatory response from the immune system. While cardiolipin and mitochondrial DNA and RNA are confirmed targets of autoantibodies, other antigenic mitochondrial proteins in SLE remain to be identified. The present study was undertaken to characterize the protein repertoire recognized by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in patients with SLE.

Methods

Using shotgun proteomic profiling, we identified 1,345 proteins, 431 of which were associated with the mitochondrial proteome. Immunoreactivities to several of these candidate proteins were assessed in serum samples from a local cohort (n = 30 healthy donors and 87 patients with SLE) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and further analyzed for associations with demographic and disease characteristics.

Results

We determined that IgG antibodies to the complement component C1q binding protein were significantly elevated in the patients with SLE (P = 0.049) and were also associated with lupus anticoagulant positivity (P = 0.049). Elevated levels of IgG antibodies against mitochondrial protein mitofusin 1 (MFN‐1) were promising predictors of SLE diagnosis in our cohort (adjusted odds ratio 2.99 [95% confidence interval 1.39–6.43], P = 0.0044). Moreover, increased levels of anti–MFN‐1 were associated with the presence of antiphospholipids (P = 0.011) and anti–double‐stranded DNA (P = 0.0005).

Conclusion

In this study, we characterized the mitochondrial repertoire targeted by AMAs in the setting of SLE. Our results indicate that autoantibodies can recognize secreted and/or surface proteins of mitochondrial origin. Profiling of the AMA repertoire in large prospective cohorts may improve our knowledge of mitochondrial biomarkers and their usefulness for patient stratification.
Effects of berbamine against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: Activation of the 5' adenosinemonophosphate‐activatedprotein kinase/nuclear factor erythroid2‐relatedfactor pathway and changes in the mitochondrial state
Authors: Xu Chennian , Liu Yang , Yang Jian , Zhai Mengen , Fan Zhenge , Qiao Rui , Jin Ping , Yang Lifang
Published: February 2022

This study was designed to investigate whether berbamine (BA)‐induced cardioprotective effects were related to 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2) signaling and changes in the mitochondria in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57/BL6 mice were exposed to BA (10 mg/kg/d), with or without administration of the AMPK specific inhibitor compound C (5 mg/kg/d) or the Nrf2 specific inhibitor ML‐385 (30 mg/kg/d), and then subjected to a myocardial I/R operation. As expected, BA significantly improved post‐ischemic cardiac function, reduced infarct size and apoptotic cell death, decreased oxidative stress, and improved the mitochondrial state. Furthermore, BA markedly increased AMPK activation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and the levels of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase and heme oxygenase‐1. Nevertheless, these BA‐induced changes were abrogated by compound C. In addition, ML‐385 also canceled the cardioprotective effects of BA but had little effect on AMPK activation. Our results demonstrate that BA alleviates myocardial I/R injury and the mitochondrial state by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress via the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Impurity‐profiling UPLC methods for quantitative analysis of some antiemetics formulated with pyridoxine
Authors: Saad Ahmed S. , Draz Mohammed E. , Naguib Ibrahim A. , Zaazaa Hala E. , Lashien Adel S. , Abdallah Fatma F.
Published: February 2022

Cyclizine hydrochloride (CYC) and meclozine hydrochloride (MEC) are antihistaminic drugs generally co‐formulated with pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYR) to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Several analytical techniques have been applied for the determination of CYC or MEC with PYR, but determination of CYC impurity; benzhydrol (BEH) or MEC impurity; or 4‐chlorobenzophenone (BEP) has not been paid attention to. Therefore, micellar UPLC method is introduced for analysis of ternary mixtures containing PYR together with both CYC and BEH (mixture I) or MEC and BEP (mixture II). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Hypersil gold C8 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) using 0.01 M sodium dodecyl sulfate modified to pH 3.5 using phosphoric acid:acetonitrile (45:55 by volume) for mixture I and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.1% sodium bicarbonate adjusted to pH 2.6 by phosphoric acid:acetonitrile (47:53 by volume) for mixture II as mobile phases. The separated peaks were detected at 230 and 245 nm for mixtures I and II, respectively. The adopted methods were validated in conformance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations and were properly applied in commercial pharmaceutical formulation analysis. Comprehensive ecological comparison was achieved, confirming a higher ecological value of the presented methods compared to the earlier reported methods.