bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Urine Relative Density Using Refractometer and Reagent Strips
Authors: Dorizzi Romolo M. , Caputo M.
Published: June 2005

The relative density of urine is the ratio of its density to that of water and depends on both the number and weight of solute particles in the sample, while osmolality depends only on the number of solute particles. Water metabolism is regulated by the interaction of the renal medullary countercurrent system with the circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone and thirst. The concentration of solids in urine can be measured by weighing, hydrometry, oscillations of a capillary tube, refractometry and reagent strip. These techniques, interrelated but not identical, are commonly used in hospital laboratories and in clinical wards. We compared the results obtained in 1725 urine samples of inpatients and outpatients using an automated refractometer to those obtained using two visually read dip stick tests. The correlation coefficients (Super Aution analyser vs. Aution Sticks 10 EA, Aution Sticks 10 EA vs. N-Multistix, Super Aution analyser vs. N-Multisticks were 0.663, 0.645 and 0.514, respectively) and the great dispersion of mountain plots demonstrates that different techniques are not interchangeable in the measurement of relative density. Since the results obtained after discarding the samples with pH higher than 7 and those containing glucose or protein were very similar to the ones reported above, the role of these interferents appears negligible in inducing the discrepancy.
Physiopathology of Proteinuria and Laboratory Diagnostic Strategy Based on Single Protein Analysis
Authors: Guder Walter G. , Ivandic Miroslav , Hofmann Walter
Published: June 2005

A quantification of proteins of different molecular size has been shown to be useful in characterizing the mechanism and medical causes of proteinuria. By analyzing urine albumin, α1-microglobulin, immunoglobulin G and α2-macroglobulin together with total protein, prerenal, glomerular, tubular and postrenal causes of proteinuria can be detected and differentiated by their specific urine protein patterns. Using automated turbidimetric procedures, prerenal proteinurias are characterized by an albumin/total protein ratio below 0.4. Tubulo-interstitial diseases which are negative in the protein test strip procedure are detected and clearly differentiated from other causes of proteinuria by their high α1-microglobulin/albumin ratios. In postrenal proteinuria, α2-macroglobulin proved to be a useful marker, when albumin excretion exceeds 100 mg/l urine. This protein exhibits plasma-like ratios to albumin in postrenal causes, whereas it is much lower in renal proteinurias.

The new strategy, which has been evaluated in more than 500 clinically and partly histologically proven cases of renal diseases, more sensitively detects glomerular and tubulo-interstitial diseases when applied in urine screening and allows us to distinguish all clinically important causes from analysis of a morning spot urine sample.
Epac Mediates a cAMP-to-PKC Signaling in Inflammatory Pain: An Isolectin B4(+) Neuron-Specific Mechanism
Authors: Hucho Tim B. , Dina Olayinka A. , Levine Jon D.
Published: June 2005

The ϵ isoform of protein kinase C (PKCϵ) has emerged as a critical second messenger in sensitization toward mechanical stimulation in models of neuropathic (diabetes, alcoholism, and cancer therapy) as well as acute and chronic inflammatory pain. Signaling pathways leading to activation of PKCϵ remain unknown. Recent results indicate signaling from cAMP to PKC. A mechanism connecting cAMP and PKC, two ubiquitous, commonly considered separate pathways, remains elusive. We found that, in cultured DRG neurons, signaling from cAMP to PKCϵ is not mediated by PKA but by the recently identified cAMP-activated guanine exchange factor Epac. Epac, in turn, was upstream of phospholipase C (PLC) and PLD, both of which were necessary for translocation and activation of PKCϵ. This signaling pathway was specific to isolectin B4-positive [IB4(+)] nociceptors. Also, in a behavioral model, cAMP produced mechanical hyperalgesia (tenderness) through Epac, PLC/PLD, and PKCϵ. By delineating this signaling pathway, we provide a mechanism for cAMP-to-PKC signaling, give proof of principle that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway-activating protein Epac also stimulates PKC, describe the first physiological function unique for the IB4(+) subpopulation of sensory neurons, and find proof of principle that G-protein-coupled receptors can activate PKC not only through the G-proteins αqand βγ but also through αs.
Gustatory Neural Responses in the Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex of the Old World Monkey
Authors: Pritchard Thomas C. , Edwards Erin M. , Smith Carrie A. , Hilgert Kristen G. , Gavlick Andrew M. , Maryniak Thomas D. , Schwartz Gary J. , Scott Thomas R.
Published: June 2005

The primary taste cortex has widespread and occasionally dense projections to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the macaque. Nonetheless, electrophysiological studies have revealed that only 2-8% of the cells in the OFC are activated by taste stimuli on the tongue. We describe an area centered in Brodmann's area 13m of the medial OFC (mOFC) where taste neurons are more concentrated. It consists of a 12 mm2core, where gustatory neurons constituted 20% of the population, and a 1 mm perimeter in which 8% of the cells responded to taste. Data were collected from three awake cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) prepared for chronic recording. Single neurons were isolated with epoxylite-coated tungsten microelectrodes and tested for responsiveness to 1.0mglucose, 0.3mNaCl, 0.03mHCl, and 0.001mQHCl. These stimuli elicited responses that were 96% excitatory and ranged from 5.2 to 5.9 spikes/s. Cells were broadly tuned (H = 0.79), similar to those in the anterior insula (H = 0.70), and decidedly unlike the narrowly tuned taste neurons in the caudolateral OFC (clOFC; H = 0.39). Whereas 82% of the taste cells in the clOFC respond to glucose, in the mOFC, HCl-responsive (56%), glucose-responsive (50%), NaCl-responsive (43%), and QHCl-responsive (40%) cells were almost evenly represented. The mOFC taste area appears to comprise a major gustatory relay that lies anatomically and functionally between the anterior insula and the clOFC.
Interplay between Na+/Ca2+ Exchangers and Mitochondria in Ca2+ Clearance at the Calyx of Held
Authors: Kim Myoung-Hwan , Korogod Natalya , Schneggenburger Ralf , Ho Won-Kyung , Lee Suk-Ho
Published: June 2005

The clearance of Ca2+from nerve terminals is critical for determining the build-up of residual Ca2+after repetitive presynaptic activity. We found previously that K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+exchangers (NCKXs) show polarized distributions in axon terminals of supraoptic magnocellular neurons and play a major role in Ca2+clearance. The role of NCKXs in presynaptic terminals, however, has not been studied. We investigated the contribution of NCKX in conjunction with other Ca2+clearance mechanisms at the calyx of Held by analyzing the decay of Ca2+transients evoked by depolarizing pulses. Inhibition of Na+/Ca2+exchange by replacing external Na+with Li+decreased the Ca2+decay rate by 68%. Selective inhibition of NCKX by replacing internal K+with TEA+(tetraethylammonium) or Li+decreased the Ca2+decay rate by 42%, and the additional inhibition of the K+-independent form of Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX) by reducing external [Na+] caused an additional decrease by 26%. Inhibition of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) decreased the Ca2+decay rate by 23%, whereas inhibition of SERCA (smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) had no effect. The contribution of mitochondria was negligible for small Ca2+transients but became apparent at [Ca2+]i> 2.5 μm, when Na+/Ca2+exchange became saturated. Mitochondrial contribution was also observed when the duration of Ca2+transients was prolonged by inhibiting Na+/Ca2+exchangers or by increasing Ca2+buffers. These results suggest that, in response to small Ca2+transients (<2 μm), Ca2+loads are cleared from the calyx of Held by NCKX (42%), NCX (26%), and PMCA (23%), and that mitochondria participate when the Ca2+load is larger or prolonged.
Axonal Dynactin p150GluedTransports Caspase-8 to Drive Retrograde Olfactory Receptor Neuron Apoptosis
Authors: Carson Christine , Saleh Maya , Fung France W. , Nicholson Donald W. , Roskams A. Jane
Published: June 2005

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) undergo caspase-mediated retrograde apoptosis after target removal (bulbectomy), in which axonal caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation leads to terminal apoptosis in ORN soma of the olfactory epithelium. Here, we show that caspase-8 can act as an initiator of ORN apoptosis after bulbectomy and also after synaptic instability is induced by NMDA-mediated excitotoxic death of ORN target neurons in the olfactory bulb. Caspase-8 and caspase-3 are sequentially activated within ORN presynaptic terminals, and caspase-8 complexes with dynactin p150Glued, (a retrograde motor protein) and is transported retrogradely, preceding axonal caspase-3 activation and apoptosis of ORN cell bodies. Focalin vivoinhibition of initiator caspase activation or microtubule-dependent transport (with Taxol) at the lesioned axon terminus results in a significant reduction in retrograde axonal caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and inhibition of retrograde ORN death. Caspase-8 activation and retrograde transport after NMDA lesion is similarly reduced in mice null for p75, the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. The retrograde apoptosis of ORNs thus involves a novel mechanism that used p75 in the local activation of caspase-8. Once caspase-8 is maximally activated in the presynaptic terminal, it is transported retrogradely by the motor complex dynactin/dynein, a process that can be inhibited focally to inhibit ORN apoptosis after acute axonal lesion. These data have revealed a novel mechanism of retrograde apoptosis, in which caspase-8 complexes directly with axonal dynactin p150Gluedto reveal a differential vulnerability of subpopulations of ORNs to undergo apoptosis after axonal damage and the loss of olfactory bulb target neurons.
Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signaling in a Postsynaptic Neuron/Synaptic Bouton Preparation from Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Zhu Ping Jun , Lovinger David M.
Published: June 2005

Retrograde synaptic signaling by endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) is a recently discovered form of neuromodulation in the brain. In the basolateral amygdala (BLA), endocannabinoid signaling has been implicated in learning and memory, specifically in extinction of aversive memories. To examine retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in this brain region, BLA neurons were freshly isolated using an enzyme-free procedure. These isolated neurons retain attached functional excitatory and inhibitory synaptic boutons. Spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs (sIPSCs) were isolated from these freshly isolated neurons and a 4 s step of depolarization from -60 to 0 mV produced suppression of sIPSC frequency and amplitude. A similar depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) was observed in neurons in BLA slices. DSI in the single-cell preparation was abolished by the CB1receptor antagonistN-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide, and DSI duration was shortened in the presence of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine, an mGluR5 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 5) antagonist. The initial decrease in sIPSCs induced by the DSI procedure was greatly attenuated in recordings with 20 mmBAPTA containing postsynaptic internal solution, but a delayed-onset decrease was observed under this recording condition. A CB1agonist decreased sIPSC frequency and amplitude, whereas CB1antagonists increased these responses. The antagonist-induced increase was abolished in 20 mmBAPTA-filled cells. These data provide solid evidence for retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in the BLA and also indicate that this retrograde signaling requires only a postsynaptic neuron and attached synaptic boutons.
A Subpopulation of Neurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Encodes Emotional Learning with Burst and Frequency Codes through a Dopamine D4Receptor-Dependent Basolateral Amygdala Input
Authors: Laviolette Steven R. , Lipski Witold J. , Grace Anthony A.
Published: June 2005

The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are involved importantly in the processing and encoding of emotionally salient learned associations. Here, we examined the possible role of the mPFC in the acquisition and encoding of emotional associative learning at the behavioral and single-neuron level. A subpopulation of neurons in the mPFC that received monosynaptic and orthodromic inputs from the BLA demonstrated strong associative responding to odors paired previously with footshock by increasing spontaneous activity and bursting activity. This occurred specifically in response to postconditioning presentations of the footshock-paired odors but not to odors presented in the absence of footshock. In contrast, mPFC neurons that failed to respond to BLA stimulation showed no associative responding. Systemic or intra-mPFC blockade of dopamine (DA) D4receptors prevented this emotional associative learning in neurons of the mPFC and blocked the expression of olfactory conditioned fear. These results demonstrate that individual neurons in the mPFC that receive a functional input from the BLA actively encode emotional learning and that this process depends on DA D4receptor stimulation in the mPFC.
Perception of Dental Illness Among Persons Receiving Public Assistance in Montreal
Authors: Bedos Christophe , Brodeur Jean-Marc , Levine Alissa , Richard Lucie , Boucheron Laurence , Mereus Witnisse
Published: June 2005

Objectives. We examined rationales for behaviors related to dental care among persons receiving public assistance in Montreal, Quebec.

Methods. Fifty-seven persons receiving public assistance participated in 8 focus groups conducted in 2002. Sessions were recorded on audiotape and transcribed; analyses included debriefing sessions and coding and interpreting transcribed data.

Results. In the absence of dental pain and any visible cavity, persons receiving public assistance believed they were free of dental illness. However, they knew that dental pain signals a pathological process that progressively leads to tooth decay and, therefore, should be treated by a dentist. However, when in pain, despite recognizing that they needed professional treatment, they preferred to wait and suffer because of a fear of painful dental treatments and a reluctance to undertake certain procedures.

Conclusions. Persons receiving public assistance have perceptions about dental health and illness that prevent them from receiving early treatment for tooth decay, which may lead to disagreements with dentists when planning dental treatments.
Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Asthma in Chilean Young Adults
Authors: Corvalán Camila , Amigo Hugo , Bustos Patricia , Rona Roberto J.
Published: June 2005

Objectives. We studied the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and asthma symptoms, severity of asthma, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine.

Methods. We studied 1232 men and women born between 1974 and 1978 in a semirural area of Chile. We assessed asthma symptoms with a standardized questionnaire, atopy with a skin-prick test to 8 allergens, and BHR to methacholine with the tidal breathing method. SES was derived from several indicators: education, occupation, completion of a welfare form, belongings, housing, number of siblings, and overcrowding.

Results. Those with fewer belongings had more asthma symptoms. Those who had higher education and those who owned cars had fewer asthma symptoms and BHR. Overcrowding was negatively related to atopy, atopy with asthma symptoms, and BHR. Higher education and noncompletion of a welfare form were risk factors for atopy.

Conclusion. The strength and direction of the association between asthma and SES depended on what definition of asthma was analyzed. Asthma symptoms were more common among poor people. There was some support for the hygiene hypothesis, as overcrowding was associated with less wheezing with atopy, less atopy, and less BHR.
Modeling Energy Inputs to Predict Pedogenic Environments Using Regional Environmental Databases
Authors: Rasmussen Craig , Southard Randal J. , Horwath William R.
Published: June 2005

We present a model for prediction of pedogenic environments and soil properties based on energy input to the soil system. The model estimates rates of precipitation and net primary production (NPP) energy input using the Parameter‐Regression Independent Slope Model (PRISM) climate data, and a parent material index (PMI). Soil order, soil C, and clay data from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were compared with rates of NPP and precipitation energy input for major geographic regions of the continental USA, including California, Oregon, Washington, Texas, North Dakota, Alabama, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire. Soil orders in all states show differences in total energy input (Ein, kJ m−2yr−1) and the percentage of Ein from NPP (%Enpp) (e.g., Ultisols Ein = 29915, %Enpp = 49%; Mollisols Ein = 5880, %Enpp = 90%). Using linear regression models, rates of NPP estimated (R2 = 0.82***) trends in soil C content in western states, but failed to estimate soil C in other geographic areas. Parent material index adjusted energy flux estimated soil clay content for the majority (99.5%) of igneous parent materials in California and Oregon (R2 = 0.67**), the only states with digital geologic data. The model underestimated clay content in steeply sloping Inceptisols and Andisols (0.5% of igneous land area). Results suggest that rates of NPP may be used to estimate soil C for climate regimes with steep environmental gradients. Landscape age and stability components might improve clay prediction in young and erosive landscapes. Modeled energy input provides a tool for estimating pedogenic environments, soil order, and soil properties. Energy input parameters may aid efforts to pre‐map broad landscape units for soil survey.
Predicting Nitrogen Requirements for Corn Grown on Soils Amended with Oily Food Waste
Authors: Rashid M. T. , Voroney R. P.
Published: June 2005

Soil and plant indices of soil fertility status have traditionally been developed using conventional soil and crop management practices. Data on managing N fertilizer for corn (Zea maysL.) produced on soils amended with C‐rich organic materials, such as oily food waste is scarce. There is a need to identify reliable methods for making N fertilizer recommendations under these conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate different soil and plant indices for predicting N requirements for successful corn production on fields receiving oily food waste. Experiments were conducted at Elora Research Center (43° 38′ N lat., 80° W long., 346 m above sea level), University of Guelph, and on a private farm in Bellwood, ON, over 3 yr (1995–1997) where oily food waste was applied as a C‐rich organic material. Oily food waste application rate, time, and field slope position affected the maximum economic rate of N application (MERN). The greatest MERN (182 kg ha−1) was for the highest food waste application rate (20 Mg ha−1) applied in spring. The lower slope position had the least MERN (0 kg ha−1), showing that no extra N as fertilizer was needed at these positions of a field amended with oily food waste. Different soil and plant N indices (NO3–N, NO3–N + NH4–N, hot KCl NH4–N, hot KCl potentially available organic N, hot K2SO4total soluble N, and chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs), were evaluated for making N fertilizer recommendations for corn grown on oily food waste amended soils. Presidedress soil NO3–N in the 0‐ to 30‐cm soil depth had the highest correlation with MERN and can be used as a soil index to make N fertilizer recommendations for corn grown on oily food waste amended soils.
Macro‐ and Micromorphology of Subsurface Carbon in Riparian Zone Soils
Authors: Blazejewski Gary A. , Stolt Mark H. , Gold Arthur J. , Groffman Peter M.
Published: June 2005

Soil organic matter (SOM) contains fractions that range from very active to passive, relative to microbial‐driven ecosystem processes and functions. A classification system is needed that can test the hypothesis that SOM can be separated by morphology into functionally meaningful fractions. The objectives of this study were to use macro‐ and micromorphological techniques to classify the various C forms present in saturated (or seasonally saturated) subsurface horizons of hydric riparian soils, and to increase our understanding of their genesis. Nine soils formed in outwash or alluvium, located in Rhode Island riparian wetlands, were described and sampled up to depths of over 3 m. The majority of these soils had seasonally high water table levels at or above the soil surface. Thirty‐four thin sections were constructed from undisturbed samples collected from subsurface horizons for micromorphological investigation. Six C forms (roots, fragmental organic matter [FOM], lenses, infillings, masses, and horizon C) and five root‐decomposition classes were identified. All C forms were more abundant in the subsurface of alluvial soils than in the subsurface of outwash soils. Masses and roots were the most abundant C form identified. Most masses have likely formed from dispersion of C associated with decomposed roots. Alluvial deposition has resulted in considerable C in subsurface riparian zone soils in the form of buried A and O horizons, lenses, and FOM. Illuvial‐horizon C was found primarily in sandy horizons having outwash parent materials. Carbon dating suggested that many of these C forms persist for thousands of years in the riparian subsurface. The variety of C forms that exist in riparian zone subsoils suggests that understanding C morphology, and how these forms are related, may prove useful for developing functionally different morphologic classes of soil C.
Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Physical Properties of Alluvial Soils
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Thomasson John A. , Jenkins Johnie N. , Owens Phillip R. , Whisler Frank D.
Published: June 2005

Analysis and interpretation of spatial variability of soils is a keystone in site‐specific farming. Soil survey maps may have up to 0.41‐ha inclusions of dissimilar soils within a mapping unit. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of spatial variability of soil physical properties and variance structure, and to model the sampling interval of alluvial floodplain soils. Soil profiles (n= 209) from 18 parallel transects were sampled with a mean separation distance of 79.4 m. Each profile was classified into surface, subsurface, and deep horizons. Structural analysis of soil bulk density (ρb), sand, clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), volumetric water content (θv) at seven pressure potentials (Ψa) (−1, −10, −33, −67, −100, −500, and −1500 kPa) were modeled for the three horizons. Variance of soil physical properties varied from as low as 0.01% (ρb) to as high as 1542% (Ks). The LSD test indicated significant (P< 0.05) differences in sand, clay, ρb,Ks, and θvat various ΨaGeostatistical analyses illustrated that the spatially dependent stochastic component was predominant over the nugget effect. Structured semivariogram functions of each variable were used in generating fine‐scale kriged contour maps. Overall autocorrelation, Moran'sI, indicated a 400‐m sampling range would be adequate for detection of spatial structure of sand, silt, clay, and a 100‐m sampling range for soil hydraulic properties and ρbThe magnitude and spatial patterns soil physical property variability have implications for variable rate applications and design of soil sampling strategies in alluvial floodplain soils.
Quantifying Pore‐Size Spectrum of Macropore‐Type Preferential Pathways
Authors: Kung K.-J. S. , Hanke M. , Helling C. S. , Kladivko E. J. , Gish T. J. , Steenhuis T. S. , Jaynes D. B.
Published: June 2005

Structural pores associated with macropore‐type preferential flow pathways can accelerate chemical transport in unsaturated soils, thereby potentially causing groundwater contamination. To predict chemical transport through these pathways, classical deterministic models depend on soil hydraulic conductivity, which effectively lumps flow contributions from all individual pathways. We contend, however, that quantifying the pore spectrum of preferential pathways, without lumping the contributions of individual pores, is the appropriate method for simulating convective chemical transport through macropore‐type preferential pathways. In this study, we conducted field‐scale experiments by using an improved tile drain monitoring protocol to measure the mass flux breakthrough patterns of conservative tracers. The tails of these patterns suggested that the impact of preferential pathways on contaminant transport can be conceptualized as that occurring through cylindrical capillary tubes. We then proposed a distribution function bracketed by sharp cut‐off points to represent the pore spectrum of these tubes. Finally, we used the measured tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs) as data sources to find the parameters of the proposed function. Our results, based on the best fitting, showed that the preferential pathways are naturally clustered into domains; preferential pathways with a wide range of pore radii could become active simultaneously when infiltration rate increases. Because the derived pore spectra simultaneously satisfy both water movement and solute transport, pore spectra can be used to (i) calculate soil hydraulic conductivity of preferential pathways in deterministic approaches, and (ii) construct multiple probability density functions (PDFs) for the transfer function approach, to accommodate different infiltration patterns.
Evaluation of Mass Recovery Impacts on Transport Parameters Using Least‐Squares Optimization and Moment Analysis
Authors: Das B. S. , Wraith J. M. , Kluitenberg G. J. , Langner H. M. , Shouse P. J. , Inskeep W. P.
Published: June 2005

Accurate assessment of the fate of contaminants in soil relies on precise estimation of solute transport parameters under field conditions. Traditionally, transport parameters are estimated from measured solute transport data using the least‐squares optimization (LSO) technique or the method of moments (MOM). Considerable mismatch between the parameters estimated by these two methods has been reported in the solute transport literature. In this study, the MOM and LSO approaches were examined for estimating pore water velocity (v) and dispersion coefficient (D) from 85 laboratory‐ and field‐measured breakthrough curves (BTCs). The two methods yielded similar estimates of v and D for BTCs with 100% mass recovery. They yielded similar estimates of v for BTCs with incomplete mass recovery. However, estimates of D obtained by the MOM departed significantly from those estimated using LSO for BTCs with incomplete mass recovery. Analyses of truncated BTCs showed that 91% mass recovery resulted in errors of 138 and 57% in D values estimated by the MOM for repacked and undisturbed soil columns, respectively. Corresponding errors in estimated D values were below 5% for the LSO approach. Although it may be possible to normalize or extrapolate the BTC using its zeroth experimental moment to ensure 100% mass recovery, the use of either LSO or MOM would yield a different set of parameters representing a new set of experimental conditions and, therefore, would lead to further complications in obtaining a unique set of transport parameters. This suggests that where the MOM is indispensable, 100% experimental mass balance should be ensured.
Providing Introductory Psychology Students Access to Online Lecture Notes: The Relationship of Note Use to Performance and Class Attendance
Authors: Grabe Mark , Christopherson Kimberly , Douglas Jason
Published: June 2005

The relationships among the frequency of access to online lecture notes, examination performance, and class attendance were investigated. Data on use of online notes were gathered from the log maintained by the server and from student responses to a questionnaire. Students who made any attempt to access online notes viewed notes associated with 74% of classes and most notes were viewed during the period of time corresponding to the delivery of lectures in class rather than the time period immediately before examinations. While students did indicate that access to notes was a factor in missing class, students who viewed online performed better on course examinations. Access to notes was associated with several different reasons for class absences. Of the reasons for missing class, only the frequency of absences associated with competing academic activities was related to examination performance.
Does Community-Governed Nonprofit Primary Care Improve Access to Services? Cross-Sectional Survey of Practice Characteristics
Authors: Crampton Peter , Davis Peter , Lay-Yee Roy , Raymont Antony , Forrest Christopher B. , Starfield Barbara
Published: June 2005

This study compared community-governed nonprofit and for-profit primary care practices in New Zealand to test two hypotheses: (1) nonprofits reduce financial and cultural barriers to access; and (2) nonprofits do not differ from for-profits in equipment, services, service planning, and quality management. Data were obtained from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of GPs. Practices were categorized by ownership status: private community-governed nonprofit or private for-profit. Community-governed nonprofits charged lower patient fees per visit and employed more Maori and Pacific Island staff, thus reducing financial and cultural barriers to access compared with for-profits. Nonprofits provided a different range of services and were less likely to have specific items of equipment; they were more likely to have written policies on quality management, complaints, and critical events, and to carry out locality service planning and community needs assessments. The findings support the shift to nonprofit community governance occurring in New Zealand and elsewhere.
How to Use Five Letterforms to Gauge a Typeface's Personality: A Research-Driven Method
Authors: MacKiewicz Jo
Published: June 2005

Technical communicators need to select typefaces that match the tone that they intend for a document. Rather than relying on intuition or personal preference, technical communicators can use a research-driven approach to analyze objectively the extent to which a typeface's personality meshes with the intended tone of a document. This study describes how technical communicators can analyze a typeface's uppercase J and its lowercase a, g, e, and n letterforms—letterforms that are dense with anatomical information—to gauge the extent to which a typeface will contribute a friendly or a professional personality to a document. Technical communicators—both professionals and students—who are armed with this knowledge can move beyond “safe” typefaces like Times New Roman and Helvetica, selecting instead typefaces whose anatomical features generate different kinds of personalities.
Guiding the Ghana Community-Based Health Planning and Services Approach to Scaling up with Qualitative Systems Appraisal
Authors: Nyonator Frank , Jones Tanya C. , Miller Robert A. , Phillips James F. , Awoonor-Williams John Koku
Published: June 2005

When a Navrongo Health Research Centre experiment demonstrated that community-based health services could reduce child mortality and fertility in impoverished communities, the Government of Ghana launched the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Initiative to scale up results. This article reports on a “Qualitative Systems Appraisal” (QSA) of factors explaining why CHPS is implemented in some districts, but stalled in others. QSA consists of groups representing levels of the service hierarchy (community members, frontline service providers, supervisors, and district managers) to portray systemic reactions to CHPS. Community members are enthusiastic about CHPS and willing to mobilize labor and resources for constructing nurse accommodations. Participating staff are supportive, but staff not yet participating are apprehensive about the program. Nurses worry about their transfer to communities; supervisors and managers worry about constrained fuel, equipment, drugs, facilities, and manpower resources. Demonstrating CHPS at functioning sites clarifies ways to bridge resource gaps, address concerns, and build consensus for the implementation process.
Noteworthy Observations about Note-Taking by Professionals
Authors: Melenhorst Mark , van der Geest Thea , Steehouder Michaël
Published: June 2005

In this article we focus on professional readers who have to write recommendations in an online environment. We address the question whether taking notes on screen influences the reading process and the quality of the recommendations in terms of applicability, completeness, and persuasiveness. Seven participants each composed two pieces of advice on technical communication issues. They could use an electronic Notepad whenever they wished. Taking notes appeared to influence advice quality negatively, which may be caused by attention shifts from reading to taking notes on screen. Although we could not find a relationship between the contents of the notes and advice quality, we noted differences in note-taking approaches between the participants.
The Korean Economic Crisis and Coping Strategies in the Health Sector: Pro-Welfarism or Neoliberalism?
Authors: Kim Chang-Yup
Published: June 2005

In South Korea, there have been debates on the welfare policies of the Kim Dae-jung government after the economic crisis beginning in late 1997, but it is unquestionable that health and health care policies have followed the trend of neoliberal economic and social polices. Public health measures and overall performance of the public sector have weakened, and the private health sector has further strengthened its dominance. These changes have adversely affected the population's health status and access to health care. However, the anti-neoliberal coalition is preventing the government's drive from achieving a full success.
Using Pictures as a Vehicle to Personalize the Collaborative Learning Environment
Authors: Mackie Brian , Gutierrez Charletta F.
Published: June 2005

Business organizations are increasingly adopting collaboration tools to increase communication within the firm. CAMS is a home-grown online collaborative environment which makes heavy use of participant's pictures. Participants, both faculty and students, were asked questions about the benefits and usefulness of pictures in the CAMS collaborative environment. Overall, the responses were extremely favorable as to the use of the pictures in their collaborative setting, increasing the sense of community and personalization of the environment.
Semi‐supervised auto‐segmentation method for pelvic organ‐at‐risk in magnetic resonance images based on deep‐learning
Authors: Li Xianan , Jia Lecheng , Lin Fengyu , Chai Fan , Liu Tao , Zhang Wei , Wei Ziquan , Xiong Weiqi , Li Hua , Zhang Min , Wang Yi
Published: February 2024

Background and purpose

In radiotherapy, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has higher contrast for soft tissues compared to computed tomography (CT) scanning and does not emit radiation. However, manual annotation of the deep learning‐based automatic organ‐at‐risk (OAR) delineation algorithms is expensive, making the collection of large‐high‐quality annotated datasets a challenge. Therefore, we proposed the low‐cost semi‐supervised OAR segmentation method using small pelvic MR image annotations.

Methods

We trained a deep learning‐based segmentation model using 116 sets of MR images from 116 patients. The bladder, femoral heads, rectum, and small intestine were selected as OAR regions. To generate the training set, we utilized a semi‐supervised method and ensemble learning techniques. Additionally, we employed a post‐processing algorithm to correct the self‐annotation data. Both 2D and 3D auto‐segmentation networks were evaluated for their performance. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of semi‐supervised method for 50 labeled data and only 10 labeled data.

Results

The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the bladder, femoral heads, rectum and small intestine between segmentation results and reference masks is 0.954, 0.984, 0.908, 0.852 only using self‐annotation and post‐processing methods of 2D segmentation model. The DSC of corresponding OARs is 0.871, 0.975, 0.975, 0.783, 0.724 using 3D segmentation network, 0.896, 0.984, 0.890, 0.828 using 2D segmentation network and common supervised method.

Conclusion

The outcomes of our study demonstrate that it is possible to train a multi‐OAR segmentation model using small annotation samples and additional unlabeled data. To effectively annotate the dataset, ensemble learning and post‐processing methods were employed. Additionally, when dealing with anisotropy and limited sample sizes, the 2D model outperformed the 3D model in terms of performance.
A Sustainable Retinal Drug Co‐Delivery for Boosting Therapeutic Efficacy in wAMD: Unveiling Multifaceted Evidence and Synergistic Mechanisms
Authors: Liu Congyan , Su Wenting , Jiang Xi , Lv Yanli , Kong Fei , Chen Qin , Zhang Qun , Zhang Huangqin , Liu Yuping , Li Xiaoqi , Xu Xinrong , Chen Yan , Qu Ding
Published: February 2024

Sustainable retinal codelivery poses significant challenges technically, although it is imperative for synergistic treatment of wet age‐related macular degeneration (wAMD). Here, a microemulsion‐doped hydrogel (Bor/PT‐M@TRG) is engineered as an intravitreal depot composing of temperature‐responsive hydrogel (TRG) and borneol‐decorated paeoniflorin (PF) & tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)‐coloaded microemulsions (Bor/PT‐M). Bor/PT‐M@TRG, functioning as the “ammunition depot”, resides in the vitreous and continuously releases Bor/PT‐M as the therapeutic “bullet”, enabling deep penetration into the retina for 21 days. A single intravitreal injection of Bor/PT‐M@TRG yields substantial reductions in choroidal neovascularization (CNV, a hallmark feature of wAMD) progression and mitigates oxidative stress‐induced damage in vivo. Combinational PF&TMP regulates the “reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2/heme oxygenase‐1” pathway and blocks the “hypoxia inducible factor‐1α/vascular endothelial growth factor” signaling in retina, synergistically cutting off the loop of CNV formation. Utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques, they present compelling multifaceted evidence of sustainable retinal codelivery spanning formulations, ARPE‐19 cells, in vivo eye balls, and ex vivo section/retina‐choroid complex cell levels. Such codelivery approach is elucidated as the key driving force behind the exceptional therapeutic outcomes of Bor/PT‐M@TRG. These findings highlight the significance of sustainable retinal drug codelivery and rational combination for effective treatment of wAMD.
Metastatic adrenal gland neuroblastoma in an infant with trisomy 18: A case report
Authors: Tamur Shadi
Published: February 2024

I present a patient with trisomy 18 associated with neuroblastoma. To the best of my knowledge, this is the second report of such an individual in the relevant literature. A 19‐month‐old girl known to have trisomy 18 presented with respiratory distress secondary to pleural effusion. Work‐up showed metastatic neuroblastoma to multiple sites, and the patient's clinical situation was critical. The physician–parent's decision was not to proceed with treatment of the malignancy. Based on this report, I recommend that physicians remain vigilant and have a high level of suspicion about the potential association between neuroblastoma and trisomy 18. Accordingly, it may be necessary to consider performing serial abdominal ultrasounds and biochemical tests to screen children with trisomy 18 who survive beyond infancy.
Low‐grade parental gonosomal mosaicism in CHD2 siblings with Smith–Magenis‐like syndrome
Authors: Cogliati Francesca , Straniero Letizia , Rimoldi Valeria , Masciadri Maura , Perego Sara , Rinaldi Berardo , Milani Donatella , Gentilini Davide , Larizza Lidia , Asselta Rosanna , Russo Silvia , Bedeschi Maria Francesca
Published: February 2024

Loss‐of‐function CHD2 (chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein 2) mutations are associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders often including early‐onset generalized seizures, photosensitivity, and epileptic encephalopathies. Patients show psychomotor delay/intellectual disability (ID), autistic features, and behavior disorders, such as aggression and impulsivity. Most reported cases are sporadic with description of germline mosaicism only in two families. We detect the first case of parental gonosomal CHD2 mosaicism disclosed by two brothers showing mild ID, born to healthy parents. The eldest brother has a history of drug‐controlled generalized tonic–clonic seizures and displays sleep disorder and aggressive behavior suggestive of Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). Analysis of brothers’ DNAs by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) custom gene panel for pediatric epilepsy and/or ID disclosed in both the same pathogenic CHD2 variant. Additional NGS experiment on genomic DNA from parents’ peripheral blood and from buccal swab raised the suspicion of low‐grade gonosomal mosaicism in the unaffected mother subsequently confirmed by digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). This report underlines as worthwhile CHD2 screening in individuals presenting ID/developmental delay, with/without epilepsy, and behavior and sleep disorders suggestive of SMS. Detecting a CHD2 variant should prime testing probands' parents by NGS coupled to dPCR on different tissues to exclude/confirm gonosomal mosaicism and define the recurrence risk.
Exploring potential diffusion pathways of biorefinery innovations—An agent‐based simulation approach for facilitating shared value creation
Authors: Wenger Julia , Jäger Georg , Näyhä Annukka , Plakolb Simon , Krassnitzer Paul Erich , Stern Tobias
Published: February 2024

In many European countries with plentiful forest resources, novel forest‐based businesses play a key role in the transition from our current fossil‐based economy towards a circular bioeconomy. For example, kraft lignin, a by‐product from the pulping industry, is produced in large amounts globally. To date, however, it is still only offered on the market by a small number of pulping companies. The successful innovation diffusion of related new technologies and businesses requires establishing a collective effort among multiple societal actors to motivate the sharing of value creation processes. In this paper, potential innovation diffusion pathways are modeled and simulated by means of an agent‐based approach (Biorefinery Products Innovation Diffusion model, BioPID). The paper investigates the conditions needed to encourage the diffusion of kraft lignin innovations as a (partial) replacement for fossil‐based feedstock in selected applications. The results reveal the basic mechanisms behind potential innovation diffusion pathways. The major barriers were found to be the high level of uncertainty surrounding the additional costs arising in lignin processing, the small number of lignin providers, and the presence of relatively homogeneous pricing strategies based on opportunity and basic preparation costs. The analysis of two product categories revealed different patterns in terms of innovation diffusion and potential greenhouse gas emissions. A novelty of BioPID is that it allows for iterative technology evaluation and technology foresight analysis of biorefinery projects (e.g., by combining techno‐economic, socio‐technical, and environmental aspects). This produces knowledge for diverse stakeholders involved in the lignin innovation ecosystem, thus enabling better communication on shared values and furthering innovation diffusion.
ABC as in Arteriopathy, Bleeding, and Coronary disease: Disentangling the prognostic conundrum of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with concomitant peripheral artery disease
Authors: Corcione Nicola , Biondi‐Zoccai Giuseppe
Published: February 2024

Key points

The prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention can be informed by attentive appraisal of bleeding risk and peripheral artery disease.

While the predictive interplay between bleeding risk and peripheral artery disease is quite complex, the former prognostic factor seems more potent and capable of better guiding decision‐making.

Future research is warranted to gauge the benefits of individualized antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic regimens to improve long‐term prognosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Drug‐coated balloons for complex coronary de novo lesions
Authors: Scheller Bruno
Published: February 2024

Key points

Even complex lesions can be treated with a drug‐coated balloon (DCB) alone.

Debulking followed by DCB in calcified lesions is feasible.

Future randomized trials should address DCB in more complex lesions.
Backside versus Frontside SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Triflates and Alcohols
Authors: Remmerswaal Wouter A. , de Jong Tjeerd , van de Vrande Koen N. A. , Louwersheimer Rick , Verwaal Thomas , Filippov Dmitri V. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Hansen Thomas
Published: February 2024

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are elementary reactions in organic chemistry that are used in many synthetic routes. By quantum chemical methods, we have investigated the intrinsic competition between the backside SN2 (SN2‐b) and frontside SN2 (SN2‐f) pathways using a set of simple alkyl triflates as the electrophile in combination with a systematic series of phenols and partially fluorinated ethanol nucleophiles. It is revealed how and why the well‐established mechanistic preference for the SN2‐b pathway slowly erodes and can even be overruled by the unusual SN2‐f substitution mechanism going from strong to weak alcohol nucleophiles. Activation strain analyses disclose that the SN2‐b pathway is favored for strong alcohol nucleophiles because of the well‐known intrinsically more efficient approach to the electrophile resulting in a more stabilizing nucleophile–electrophile interaction. In contrast, the preference of weaker alcohol nucleophiles shifts to the SN2‐f pathway, benefiting from a stabilizing hydrogen bond interaction between the incoming alcohol and the leaving group. This hydrogen bond interaction is strengthened by the increased acidity of the weaker alcohol nucleophiles, thereby steering the mechanistic preference toward the frontside SN2 pathway.