bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly[bis(μ-4-aminobenzenesulfonato-κ2
N:O)diaquacobalt(II)]
Authors: Kama Antoine Blaise , Sidibe Mamadou , Diop Cheikh Abdoul Khadre , Blanchard Florent
Published: August 2018

The title compound, [Co(C6H6NO3S)2(H2O)2]
n
, was obtained from a mixture of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and a previously synthesized salt, namely CyNH3·NH2PhSO3, in a 1:1 ratio (Cy = cyclohexyl; Ph = phenyl). The crystal structure consists of a three-dimensional supramolecular framework, in which polymeric layers are interconnected via N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonding. The polymeric layers are formed by an interconnection of neighbouring cobalt(II) cations via NH2PhSO3
− bridges. Each cobalt(II) cation is surrounded by four NH2PhSO3
− moieties and two water molecules, leading to a distorted octahedral environment.
Leveraging experiential learning training through spaced learning
Authors: Kondratjew Hanan , Kahrens Marion
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Spaced learning (SL) and experiential learning (EL) have been identified as being more efficient to long-term knowledge retention than other forms of learning. The purpose of this paper is to confirm these benefits of SL and EL in a work-based learning environment.

Design/methodology/approach

This case study research monitored changes in learning outcomes of a work-based EL training, the Model Warehouse, when adding SL. The Model Warehouse of the Karlsruher Institute for Technology, Germany intends to educate professionals in lean warehouse logistics. Following a pragmatic standpoint, two groups of students were considered and compared by using multiple-choice question based knowledge tests where one group participated in an additional SL session. The experiences and perceptions of students were assessed by conducting in-depth interviews.

Findings

Findings revealed that adding SL to the EL training resulted either in students’ knowledge retention or knowledge improvement. Additionally, participants of the SL session did not perceive it as being required to strengthen understanding of lean warehouse management.

Practical implications

This study recommends considering SL as an effective means to significantly enhance long-term knowledge retention of any work-based or EL training.

Originality/value

This study confirms the benefits of SL and EL drawn from laboratory-based studies in a real business context. Adopting both learning theories in training programmes which converge with realities of the workplace results in a significant improvement of long-term knowledge retention.
Vernacular architecture of Iran’s hot regions; elements and strategies for a comfortable living environment
Authors: Sahebzadeh Sadra , Dalvand Zahra , Sadeghfar Milad , Heidari Ali
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss 11 strategies and 11 sets of tools to provide a knowledge background on how native people of Iran have come up with innovative solutions to create a sustainable and comfortable living environment within the confinement of their homes, in harsh environment of Iran’s hot-arid and hot-humid regions.

Design/methodology/approach

These strategies include density, building orientation, introversion, design for four seasons, using local materials, using the ground’s thermal capacity, natural wind induced ventilation, using walls’ thickness and porosity, Panãm (insulation), using special native additive elements and integration of water and plants into the building. Discussed tools include water, courtyard, Showãdãn, Bahãr-khãb, roof, korsi room, ratio and Pãyãb, Sardãb and Howz-khãneh, Shanãshil, Bãdgir and Eivãn.

Findings

In conclusion, interrelations between these strategies and tools are illustrated in order to provide a collection of guidelines and inspirations for those involved in the building industry in Iran and Middle East to come up with innovative solutions for creating a sustainable and comfortable living environment in this region’s climates.

Originality/value

This paper provides a collection of guidelines and inspirations for those involved in the building industry in Iran and Middle East to come up with innovative solutions for creating a sustainable and comfortable living environment in this region’s climates.
Simulated versus traditional occupational therapy placements: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Imms Christine , Froude Elspeth , Chu Eli Mang Ye , Sheppard Loretta , Darzins Susan , Guinea Stephen , Gospodarevskaya Elena , Carter Rob , Symmons Mark A. , Penman Merrolee , Nicola‐Richmond Kelli , Gilbert Hunt Susan , Gribble Nigel , Ashby Samantha , Mathieu Erin
Published: August 2018

Background/aim

Professional practise placements in occupational therapy education are critical to ensuring graduate competence. Australian occupational therapy accreditation standards allow up to 200 of a mandated 1000 placement hours to include simulation‐based learning. There is, however, minimal evidence about the effectiveness of simulation‐based placements compared to traditional placements in occupational therapy. We evaluated whether occupational therapy students completing a 40 hour (one week block) Simulated Clinical Placement (SCP) attained non‐inferior learning outcomes to students attending a 40 hour Traditional Clinical Placement (TCP).

Methods

A pragmatic, non‐inferiority, assessor‐blinded, multicentre, randomised controlled trial involving students from six Australian universities was conducted. Statistical power analysis estimated a required sample of 425. Concealed random allocation was undertaken with a 1:1 ratio within each university. Students were assigned to SCP or TCP in one of three settings: vocational rehabilitation, mental health or physical rehabilitation. SCP materials were developed, manualised and staff training provided. TCPs were in equivalent practice areas. Outcomes were assessed using a standardised examination, unit grades, the Student Practice Evaluation Form‐Revised and student confidence survey. A generalised estimating equation approach was used to assess non‐inferiority of the SCP to the TCP.

Results

Of 570 randomised students (84% female), 275 attended the SCP and 265 the TCP (n = 540, 94.7% retention). There were no significant differences between the TCP and SCP on (i) examination results (marginal mean difference 1.85, 95% CI: 0.46–3.24; P = 0.087); (ii) unit score (mean (SD) SCP: 71.9 (8.8), TCP: 70.34 (9.1); P = 0.066); or (iii) placement fail rate, assessed using the Student Practice Evaluation Form‐Revised (100% passed both groups).

Conclusion

Students can achieve equivalent learning outcomes in a 40 hour simulated placement to those achieved in a 40 hour traditional placement. These findings provide assurance to students, educators and professional accreditation bodies that simulation can be embedded in occupational therapy education with good effect.
Implementing healthy food policies in health services: A qualitative study
Authors: Boelsen‐Robinson Tara , Blake Miranda R. , Backholer Kathryn , Hettiarachchi Janitha , Palermo Claire , Peeters Anna
Published: August 2018

Aim

In 2012, a large Australian metropolitan health service introduced a healthy food policy, where there was a requirement for food and drinks for sale within retail stores to conform to standards based on macronutrients and energy content. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the experience of those implementing a healthy food retail policy in order to inform the translation of such policies into other organisations.

Methods

A qualitative approach was used, with semistructured interviews exploring informants’ involvement in, experiences of, factors affecting and perceived outcomes of policy implementation. Interviews were conducted with seven individuals participating in the introduction of the healthy food retail policy. Results were analysed using a thematic analysis approach.

Results

Four themes and 21 sub‐themes were identified, with analysis interpreted using the socio‐ecological model. Participants identified that successful policy implementation hinged on the provision of resources and support by the health service to the retail staff. Trusting relationships between retail and health service staff were built through effective and frequent communication. The fear of tensions between the policy and business income had significantly lessened after implementation. A key factor contributing to this change was the use of low‐risk trials to remove less healthy products or introduce new healthier foods.

Conclusions

Implementing a healthy food retail policy within a health service benefits from dedicated resourcing, investment in relationship building with key stakeholders and introducing changes gradually with a long‐term approach.
Loss of B‐cell lymphoma 2 immunohistochemical expression in endometrial hyperplasia: A specific marker of precancer and novel indication for treatment
Authors: Travaglino Antonio , Raffone Antonio , Saccone Gabriele , Insabato Luigi , Mollo Antonio , De Placido Giuseppe , Zullo Fulvio
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Endometrial hyperplasia is differentiated into benign or premalignant. Two histological classifications are used for this purpose: World Health Organization (WHO) classification, based on cytological atypia, disregarding glandular complexity, and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) classification, based on several different parameters. B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) loss has been studied as immunohistochemical marker with the aim of improving the differential diagnosis between benign and premalignant hyperplasia. We aimed to evaluate: (A) Bcl‐2 loss as marker of endometrial precancer, by assessing it in proliferative endometrium, benign hyperplasia, premalignant hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer; (B) the diagnostic accuracy of Bcl‐2 in the differential diagnosis between benign and premalignant endometrial hyperplasia; (c) how the results change according to the histological classification and the thresholds of Bcl‐2 expression used.

Material and methods

Electronic databases were searched from their inception to March 2018. All studies assessing Bcl‐2 immunohistochemistry in endometrial specimens were included.

Results

In total, 20 observational studies assessing 1,278 specimens were included. Bcl‐2 loss rates were not significantly different between proliferative endometrium and benign hyperplasia (P = 0.12) and between premalignant hyperplasia and endometrial cancer (P = 0.53). Among hyperplasias, Bcl‐2 loss was significantly associated with premalignancy, according to both the WHO (OR = 4.39; P < 0.00001) and EIN classifications (OR = 6.07; P = 0.01), and also with architecture complexity (OR = 2.06; P = 0.02). Using the WHO classification, Bcl‐2 loss showed low diagnostic accuracy in detecting premalignant hyperplasia (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.708), with a sensitivity of 0.41, a specificity of 0.81, a positive likelihood ratio of 3.22, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.69. Using the EIN classification, accuracy was high (AUC = 0.938), with a sensitivity of 0.18, a specificity of 0.97, a positive likelihood ratio of 5.16 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.86. Thresholds of Bcl‐2 expression not involving a complete loss showed lower diagnostic accuracy with a slight increase in sensitivity, but a severe decrease in specificity.

Conclusions

B‐cell lymphoma 2 loss is a marker of endometrial precancer, with a high specificity and high diagnostic accuracy if the EIN classification is used. Thresholds of Bcl‐2 expression not involving a complete loss should not be considered. Bcl‐2 loss in endometrial hyperplasia may be a novel indication for treatment when precancerous features are ambiguous in a histological examination. Bcl‐2 loss correlates better with EIN classification than with the WHO classification, suggesting that glandular complexity is an important precancerous feature.
Geographical differences in preterm delivery rates in Sweden: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Murray Sarah R. , Juodakis Julius , Bacelis Jonas , Sand Anna , Norman Jane E. , Sengpiel Verena , Jacobsson Bo
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Preterm delivery is a major global public health challenge. The objective of this study was to determine how preterm delivery rates differ in a country with a very high human development index and to explore rural vs urban environmental and socioeconomic factors that may be responsible for this variation.

Material and methods

A population‐based study was performed using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1998 to 2013. Sweden was chosen as a model because of its validated, routinely collected data and availability of individual social data. The total population comprised 1 335 802 singleton births. A multiple linear regression was used to adjust gestational age for known risk factors (maternal smoking, ethnicity, maternal education, maternal age, height, fetal sex, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, and parity). A second and a third model were subsequently fitted allowing separate intercepts for each municipality (as fixed or random effects). Adjusted gestational ages were converted to preterm delivery rates and mapped onto maternal residential municipalities. Additionally, the effects of six rural vs urban environmental and socioeconomic factors on gestational age were tested using a simple weighted linear regression.

Results

The study population preterm delivery rate was 4.12%. Marked differences from the overall preterm delivery rate were observed (rate estimates ranged from 1.73% to 6.31%). The statistical significance of this heterogeneity across municipalities was confirmed by a chi‐squared test (P < 0.001). Around 20% of the gestational age variance explained by the full model (after adjustment for known variables described above) could be attributed to municipality‐level effects. In addition, gestational age was found to be longer in areas with a higher fraction of built‐upon land and other urban features.

Conclusions

After adjusting for known risk factors, large geographical differences in rates of preterm delivery remain. Additional analyses to look at the effect of environmental and socioeconomic factors on gestational age found an increased gestational age in urban areas. Future research strategies could focus on investigating the urbanity effect to try to explain preterm delivery variation across countries with a very high human development index.
Conservation impacts of commercial cultivation of endangered and overharvested plants
Authors: Liu Hong , Gale Stephan W. , Cheuk Mang Lung , Fischer Gunter A.
Published: August 2018

Overharvesting is one of the greatest threats to species survival. Farming overharvested species is a conservation strategy that can meet growing market demand and conserve wild populations of the target species. This strategy is compatible with the international community's desire to uphold the right of local communities to use biological resources to support their livelihoods. However, studies investigating whether farming can alleviate poaching pressure have focused almost exclusively on animals. To address the shortfall in plant‐focused studies, we compiled information on commercial cultivation of threatened plants to assess its conservation benefits. Because China's rising middle class has rapidly intensified demand for wildlife products, we searched the scientific literature published in Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Baidu) and in English. We found 32 reports that contained data on 193 internationally or nationally threatened plant species that were under commercial cultivation. These reports showed that cultivations of 82% of the 193 species were sustained by collecting whole plants from the wild periodically or continuously. Although based on a small sample size, species that were maintained in cultivation only through artificial propagation or seeds collected in the wild were likely associated with a reported reduction in wild harvesting of whole plants. Even so, results of correlation analyses suggested that production system, scale, and when a species began being cultivated had little effect on conservation status of the species, either globally or in China. However, species brought into cultivation relatively recently and on a smaller scale were more likely to have undergone a reduction in collecting pressure. Farming of nonmedicinal plants was most problematic for species conservation because wild plants were laundered (i.e., sold as cultivated plants). For effective conservation, policy to guide cultivation operations based on the target species’ biological characteristics, cultural significance, market demand, and conservation status is needed.
Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with low aerobic capacity and increased mortality risk in patients with coronary heart disease – a CARE CR study
Authors: Nichols Simon , O'Doherty Alasdair F. , Taylor Claire , Clark Andrew L. , Carroll Sean , Ingle Lee
Published: August 2018

Background

In patients with chronic heart failure, there is a positive linear relationship between skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and peak oxygen consumption (O2peak); an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality. We investigated the association between SMM and O2peak in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) without a diagnosis of heart failure.

Methods

Male patients with CHD underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing and dual X‐ray absorptiometry assessment. O2peak, the ventilatory anaerobic threshold and peak oxygen pulse were calculated. SMM was expressed as appendicular lean mass (lean mass in both arms and legs) and reported as skeletal muscle index (SMI; kg m−2), and as a proportion of total body mass (appendicular skeletal mass [ASM%]). Low SMM was defined as a SMI <7·26 kg m−2, or ASM% <25·72%. Five‐year all‐cause mortality risk was calculated using the Calibre 5‐year all‐cause mortality risk score.

Results

Sixty patients were assessed. Thirteen (21·7%) had low SMM. SMI and ASM% correlated positively with O2peak (r = 0·431 and 0·473, respectively; P<0·001 for both). SMI and ASM% predicted 16·3% and 12·9% of the variance in O2peak, respectively. SMI correlated most closely with peak oxygen pulse (r = 0·58; P<0·001). SMI predicted 40·3% of peak O2/HR variance. ASM% was inversely associated with 5‐year all‐cause mortality risk (r = −0·365; P = 0·006).

Conclusion

Skeletal muscle mass was positively correlated with O2peak in patients with CHD. Peak oxygen pulse had the strongest association with SMM. Low ASM% was associated with a higher risk of all‐cause mortality. The effects of exercise and nutritional strategies aimed at improving SMM and function in CHD patients should be investigated.
Persistence of genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of three New Zealand forest beetles under climate change
Authors: Rizvanovic Mirnesa , Kennedy Jonathan D. , Nogués‐Bravo David , Marske Katharine A.
Published: August 2018

Aim

Contemporary climate change is predicted to impact all levels of biodiversity, including intraspecific genetic diversity, the evolutionary basis for future adaptation. While numerous studies use species distribution models (SDMs) to predict species’ future distributions, relatively few investigate potential climatic impacts on the spatial structure of genetic diversity, and how it varies across species ranges. We revisited phylogeographic data for three New Zealand forest beetles to predict the effects of climate change on the geographic distributions, genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure for each species.

Location

New Zealand

Methods

We used ensemble SDMs to predict potential distributions for Agyrtodes labralis (Leiodidae), Brachynopus scutellaris (Staphylinidae) and Epistranus lawsoni (Zopheridae) in 2035, 2065 and 2100. To assess the impact of predicted range loss on genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure, we estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity, ΦST, Average Taxonomic Distinctness (AvTax), Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) and Net Relatedness Index (NRI) under current and future climatic scenarios, excluding sequences from localities predicted to become unsuitable. We tested whether predicted population loss was spatially clustered and how losses were distributed across the phylogenies of each species.

Results

Agyrtodes labralis is predicted to lose parts of its current distribution by 2100, with the loss of 50% of unique haplotypes and a significant reduction in PD, while Brachynopus scutellaris and Epistranus lawsoni will likely experience an expansion in climatically suitable area and little change in genetic diversity. Brachynopus scutellaris populations are predicted to be more phylogenetically clustered than expected by 2100, but changes in AvTax were negligible for all species.

Main conclusions

We demonstrate that the loss of genetic diversity under climate change is significant; however, intraspecific lineages with deep genetic divergences are widely distributed, buffering against greater change in phylogeographic structure. For species with strong geographic clustering of genetic diversity, climate change impacts may be quite different.
Laterality of the frontal aslant tract (FAT) explains externalizing behaviors through its association with executive function
Authors: Garic Dea , Broce Iris , Graziano Paulo , Mattfeld Aaron , Dick Anthony Steven
Published: August 2018

We investigated the development of a recently identified white matter pathway, the frontal aslant tract (FAT) and its association with executive function and externalizing behaviors in a sample of 129 neurotypical male and female human children ranging in age from 7 months to 19 years. We found that the FAT could be tracked in 92% of those children, and that the pathway showed age‐related differences into adulthood. The change in white matter microstructure was very rapid until about 6 years, and then plateaued, only to show age‐related increases again after the age of 11 years. In a subset of those children (5–18 years; n = 70), left laterality of the microstructural properties of the FAT was associated with greater attention problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). However, this relationship was fully mediated by higher executive dysfunction as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). This relationship was specific to the FAT—we found no relationship between laterality of a control pathway, or of the white matter of the brain in general, and attention and executive function. These findings suggest that the degree to which the developing brain favors a right lateralized structural dominance of the FAT is directly associated with executive function and attention. This novel finding provides a new potential structural biomarker to assess attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated executive dysfunction during development.
Managing mature forest features: The production, accuracy and ecological relevance of a landscape‐scale map
Authors: Koch Amelia J. , Webb Matthew , Cawthen Lisa , Livingston Daniel , Munks Sarah A.
Published: August 2018

Mature trees and forests contain structural features such as tree hollows, large coarse woody debris and large spreading crowns that provide critical habitat for a wide range of species. These features can take hundreds of years to develop and require careful management to ensure their continued availability. Managing these features requires spatial mapping layers to facilitate landscape‐scale management. This paper outlines how a map of mature forest habitat was developed for Tasmania, Australia. The map was produced using spatial data on vegetation type, mature crown density and senescence, a global layer of forest loss data derived from satellite imagery, a database on timber harvest plans and a spatial layer on the extent of fire. The relationship between mapped mature habitat availability (high, medium, low or negligible) and tree hollow availability in wet forest areas was explored, complementing a similar published study in dry forests. The number of large trees likely to have hollows significantly increased with mapped mature habitat availability, although there was considerable variation and overlap between map categories. Data from a fauna locality database and two radio‐tracking studies showed that three of the vertebrate hollow‐using species examined (Swift Parrot, Common Brushtail Possum and the Tasmanian Long‐eared Bat) and nest records of a species reliant on large tree crowns (the Wedge‐tailed Eagle) were all more likely to occur in areas of higher mapped mature habitat availability. It is concluded that this map reflects the relative availability of tree hollows, is ecologically meaningful and will be useful when managing mature forest habitat at large spatial scales, but the variable accuracy of the map at fine scales needs to be taken into account.
An exotic woody weed in a pastoral landscape provides habitat for many native species, but has no apparent threatened species conservation significance
Authors: Ranyard Claire E. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , Johnson Christopher N. , Barmuta Leon A. , Jones Menna E.
Published: August 2018

Exotic woody plants are often used by native organisms, but may also be targets of expensive control justified by nature conservation. We determine the use of a weed of national significance, Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.), by native mammals, birds, reptiles and vascular plants in pastoral areas in an Australian biodiversity hotspot. Large numbers of fauna species were observed using Gorse within our 43 × 1 ha sample sites in riparian, woodland and pasture vegetation. Gorse cover and/or height positively influenced: the detection of mammals as a whole in an interaction with visibility at 50–75 cm above ground, but not their species richness or individual species abundances; bird abundance, but not richness; and, reptile richness but not abundance. In terms of flora, Gorse cover and/or height positively affected: non‐native plant species richness and the height and fecundity, but not the richness, of native grasses and forbs—but Gorse cover negatively influenced the height of native herbs. The only species of conservation significance using Gorse were three mammals, only one of which, the Tasmanian Pademelon (Thylogale billardieri), was sufficiently common to analyse. Its abundance had no relationship with Gorse cover or height. Even in the wider context of complementary work, there is no strong threatened species conservation justification for retaining Gorse thickets in the Northern Midlands pastoral landscape. Equally, expending scarce conservation resources to remove Gorse, as is taking place, is unlikely to achieve any threatened species conservation outcome but may help reduce long‐term loss of native animal and plant species.
Clopidogrel may decrease the risk of post‐stroke infection after ischaemic stroke
Authors: Kim T. J. , Lee J. S. , Kang M.‐K. , Nam K.‐W. , Lee C.‐H. , Mo H. , Jeong H.‐Y. , Yoon B.‐W. , Ko S.‐B.
Published: August 2018

Background and purpose

The P2Y12 receptor, a well‐known factor in the platelet activation pathway, plays a role in thrombosis as well as systemic inflammation. Clopidogrel, a prototype P2Y12 receptor antagonist, reportedly decreases inflammation and systemic infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether clopidogrel use decreases the risk of post‐stroke infection following ischaemic stroke.

Methods

A total of 1643 patients with acute ischaemic stroke (within 7 days after onset) were included for analysis between March 2010 and December 2015. Patients were categorized into two groups (clopidogrel users versus clopidogrel non‐users), and clinical characteristics and risks of post‐stroke infection were compared between the two groups. The inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity scores for baseline imbalance adjustments was applied.

Results

Of the included patients (mean age 67.7 years; men 60.6%), 670 (40.8%) patients were clopidogrel users and 164 (10.0%) patients had post‐stroke infection. The proportion of patients with post‐stroke infection was significantly lower in clopidogrel users compared to clopidogrel non‐users (6.7% vs. 12.2%, P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, clopidogrel users were less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (13.3% vs. 35.3%, P = 0.006). A multivariate analysis with inverse probability of treatment weighting revealed that clopidogrel users exhibited a lower risk of post‐stroke infection (odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.42–0.75) and intensive care unit admission (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.22–0.53).

Conclusions

The study suggested that clopidogrel users exhibit a lower risk of infection and develop less severe infections after ischaemic stroke. Further prospective studies are needed.
EpiNet study of incidence of status epilepticus in Auckland, New Zealand: Methods and preliminary results
Authors: Bergin Peter S. , Brockington Alice , Jayabal Jayaganth , Scott Shona , Litchfield Rhonda , Roberts Lynair , Timog Jerelyn , Beilharz Erica , Dalziel Stuart R. , Jones Peter , Yates Kim , Thornton Vanessa , Walker Elizabeth B. , Ao Braden Te , Parmar Priya , Beghi Ettore , Rossetti Andrea O. , Feigin Valery
Published: August 2018

The EpiNet project has been commenced to facilitate investigator‐led collaborative research in epilepsy. A new Web‐based data collection tool has been developed within EpiNet to record comprehensive data regarding status epilepticus and has been used for a study of status epilepticus in Auckland, New Zealand. All patients aged >4 weeks who presented to any of the five public hospitals and the major private hospital within Auckland city (population = 1.61 million) with an episode of status epilepticus between April 6, 2015 and April 5, 2016 were identified using multiple overlapping sources of information. For this study, status epilepticus was defined as any seizure exceeding 10 minutes in duration, or repeated seizures lasting >10 minutes without recovery between seizures. Patients who had either convulsive or nonconvulsive status epilepticus were included. Episodes of status epilepticus were classified according to the 2015 International League Against Epilepsy ILAE status epilepticus classification. A total of 477 episodes in 367 patients were considered as definite or probable status epilepticus; 285 episodes (62%) lasted >30 minutes, which is the duration that has previously been used for epidemiological studies of status epilepticus.
Predictors for achieving oral intake in older patients with aspiration pneumonia: Videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing function
Authors: Ito Mari , Kawakami Michiyuki , Ohara Emi , Muraoka Kaori , Liu Meigen
Published: August 2018

Aim

Pneumonia is a common disease that is often fatal, particularly in older persons. Dysphagia is known to be closely associated with aspiration pneumonia, and hospitalized patients with aspiration pneumonia often have difficulty with oral intake. However, the relationship between acquisition of oral intake and detailed swallowing data has not been explored. The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictors, including videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation, for achieving oral intake in older patients with aspiration pneumonia.

Methods

This study included older patients, aged ≥65 years, who were admitted to Kawasaki Municipal Hospital (Kawasaki, Japan) from April 2012 through March 2014 as a result of aspiration pneumonia. Factors likely related to oral intake, including swallowing, nutritional, metabolic, and functional status, pneumonia severity and comorbidities were extracted from the medical records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify independent predictors for acquisition of oral intake.

Results

A total of 160 patients were assigned to either the “oral intake” group (n = 104) or the “non‐oral intake” group (n = 56). Multiple regression analysis showed that a low penetration aspiration scale on videofluoroscopy using 3 mL of moderately thick liquid water with tilting 30–60°, high albumin values, short duration of non‐oral intake and a high Food Intake Level Scale score before admission were significantly associated with achievement of oral intake.

Conclusions

Aspiration on videofluoroscopy, swallowing status before admission, nutritional status and duration of non‐oral intake are important factors for acquiring oral intake. These results might be helpful for the management of older patients with aspiration pneumonia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1469–1473.
Basal cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery in young Ibero‐American patients
Authors: Aluma‐Tenorio María Soledad , Ávila‐Álvarez Alejandra , Jaimes Natalia , Caballero‐Uribe Natalia , González Abel , Terzian Luiz Roberto , Ocampo‐Candiani Jorge , Zuluaga María Alejandra , Garza‐Rodríguez Verónica , Tamayo‐Betancur María Carolina , Cuesta‐ Castro Diana Paola , Garcés Joan Ramón , Ruiz‐Salas Verónica , Goldberg Leonard , Kimyai‐Asadi Arash
Published: August 2018

Background

The incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in younger individuals has increased in recent decades. However, the characteristics of BCCs in this population, especially in Ibero‐Latin American countries, have not been completely defined.

Objective

To describe the demographic, clinical, and histopathological characteristics of BCCs in patients younger than 40 treated with Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS).

Materials and Methods

A multicenter, retrospective study conducted between January 2009 and December 2014, in five Ibero‐American countries, included biopsy‐proven BCCs in patients younger than 40 that were treated with MMS. Demographic, clinical, histopathological, and surgical characteristics were described.

Results

The study included 301 tumors in 241 patients, of whom 61% were female. The most common Fitzpatrick phototype was III. The most common histological subtypes were nodular (37.5%) and infiltrative (18.9%). Perineural invasion was encountered in 1.7%, and tumor clearance was achieved in 87.4% within two stages of MMS.

Conclusions

This is the first Ibero‐Latin American transnational study describing the characteristics of BCCs in young patients treated with MMS. Despite darker skin phototypes in this population, BCCs can occur in early ages and may present with aggressive features. Therefore, MMS may be considered an appropriate first‐line treatment option in this population.
Monitoring of polypeptide content in the solid‐state fermentation process of rapeseed meal using NIRS and chemometrics
Authors: Xing Zheng , Hou Xiaoshan , Tang Yingxiu , He Ronghai , Mintah Benjamin K. , Dabbour Mokhtar , Ma Haile
Published: August 2018

This study combined Fourier transform‐near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics, to monitor changes in peptide content during the solid‐state fermentation of rapeseed meal. A NIR calibration model was established by performing spectral scanning on 81 samples and using interval partial least squares. The results showed that coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error of cross‐validation could achieve 0.9441 and 0.654 g/L for polypeptide content. Furthermore, the predicted and experimental values of the two parameters in an external validation set showed similar changes throughout the fermentation.

Practical applications

The results show that near‐infrared spectroscopy is a promising method to monitor the chemical parameters of rapeseed meal during solid fermentation.
Characteristic features of neck skin aging in Chinese women
Authors: Xie Xiaoyuan , Wang Yaning , Zeng Qingting , Lv Ying , Hu Rong , Zhu Ke , Liu Chen , Lai Wei , Guan Lei
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Neck skin aging is of particular interest to skin scientists and dermatologists because of the increasing demand for neck wrinkle improvement. This study aimed to determine the neck aging features of Chinese women and to investigate the clinical alterations and mechanical, topographical, and biophysical properties of neck skin.

Methods

A total of 450 Chinese women (age range: 16‐66 years) were clinically examined and graded by the same dermatologist using standardized photographs. The skin properties were assessed by noninvasive skin measuring devices.

Results

The results showed that different neck aging signs, including the horizontal neck fold, neck sagging, hollowing of emaciated neck, platysmal bands, and neck texture, appeared in different ages, and all of them worsened age‐dependently since they manifested. The skin elasticity markedly changed before the onset of most of the aging signs and showed a negative correlation with both age and the severity of these signs. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was positively correlated with age, whereas hydration and pH were not significantly correlated with age. We also found that wrinkles (SEw) and average roughness (Ra) were significantly correlated with age. SEw, smoothness, the average depth of roughness (Rz), TEWL, and erythema index were significantly and positively correlated with the severity of the horizontal neck fold, neck sagging, hollowing of emaciated neck, and platysmal bands.

Conclusion

This is the first study to emphasize that age causes diverse changes in Chinese women's neck skin. The changes in skin elasticity may effectively predict neck aging before the onset of most of the neck aging signs.
Associations of fluoride intake with children's cortical bone mineral and strength measures at age 11
Authors: Levy Steven M. , Eichenberger‐Gilmore Julie M. , Warren John J. , Kavand Golnaz , Letuchy Elena , Broffitt Barbara , Marshall Teresa A. , Burns Trudy L. , Janz Kathy F. , Pauley Cynthia , Torner James C. , Phipps Kathy
Published: August 2018

Objectives

There is strong affinity between fluoride and calcium, and mineralized tissues. Investigations of fluoride and bone health during childhood and adolescence show inconsistent results. This analysis assessed associations between period‐specific and cumulative fluoride intakes from birth to age 11, and age 11 cortical bone measures obtained using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the radius and tibia (n = 424).

Methods

Participants were a cohort recruited from eight Iowa hospitals at birth. Fluoride intakes from water, other beverages, selected foods, dietary supplements, and dentifrice were recorded every 1.5–6 months using detailed questionnaires. Correlations between bone measures (cortical bone mineral content, density, area, and strength) and fluoride intake were determined in bivariate and multivariable analyses adjusting for Tanner stage, weight and height.

Results

The majority of associations were weak. For boys, only the positive associations between daily fluoride intakes for 0–3 years and radius and tibia bone mineral content were statistically significant. For girls, the negative correlations of recent daily fluoride intake per kg of body weight from 8.5 to 11 years with radius bone mineral content, area, and strength and tibia strength were statistically significant. No associations between cumulative daily fluoride intakes from birth to 11 years and bone measures were statistically significant.

Conclusions

In this cohort of 11‐year‐old children, mostly living in optimally fluoridated areas, life‐long fluoride intakes from combined sources were weakly associated with tibia and radius cortical pQCT measures.
Analysis of Emotions and Dysfunctional Attitudes in Depression
Authors: Tehranchi Ata , Neshatdoost Hamid Taher , Amiri Shole , Power Mick
Published: August 2018

The current study was designed to examine the role of basic emotions and dysfunctional attitudes in depression. Moreover, six models related to the organization of emotions were examined through confirmatory factor analysis. Two hundred individuals with major depressive disorder were recruited from three clinical psychology centers. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires measuring basic emotions, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive. Results demonstrated that the dysfunctional attitude of “need for approval” and the basic emotions of disgust and sadness could predict depressive scores positively and significantly. It was also shown that the dysfunctional attitudes could positively and significantly predict the two negative emotions of disgust and sadness. Thus, the findings supported an analysis in which the two basic emotions of sadness and disgust were elevated in individuals with depressive disorders. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed basic emotions model and did not support alternative models, such as the positive affect and negative affect model.
Parent and Staff Uncertainties Regarding the Philosophy of Early Intervention in a Preschool Autism Program
Authors: Gindi Shahar
Published: August 2018

This study investigated the influences of dominant paradigms in the field of autism on the attitudes and beliefs of stakeholders in an early intervention (EI) program for children with autism. This EI program is based on a developmental approach with the premise that intensive intervention in young children (ages 2–6 years) can change their developmental trajectory given the brain's plasticity. This study was based on 48 interviews with parents and staff, as well as three focus groups with stakeholders at a program serving young children with autism. Qualitative data analysis revealed that parents and staff were most influenced by the curative aspect of the medical model while they did not commonly demonstrate adherence to the principles of EI. Parents also revealed conflicting attitudes simultaneously, as many of them expressed wishes for their children to be cured of autism while at the same time wanting that interventions would continue indefinitely.
Gene regulatory divergence between locally adapted ecotypes in their native habitats
Authors: Gould Billie A. , Chen Yani , Lowry David B.
Published: August 2018

Local adaptation is a key driver of ecological specialization and the formation of new species. Despite its importance, the evolution of gene regulatory divergence among locally adapted populations is poorly understood, especially how that divergence manifests in nature. Here, we evaluate gene expression divergence and allele‐specific gene expression responses for locally adapted coastal perennial and inland annual accessions of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus, in a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Overall, 6765 (73%) of surveyed genes were differentially expressed between coastal and inland habitats, while 7213 (77%) were differentially expressed between the coastal perennial and inland annual accessions. Cis‐regulatory variation was pervasive, affecting 79% (5532) of differentially expressed genes. We detected trans effects for 52% (3611) of differentially expressed genes. Expression plasticity of alleles across habitats (G × E interactions) appears to be relatively common (affecting 18% of transcripts) and could minimize fitness trade‐offs at loci that contribute to local adaptation. We also found evidence that at least one chromosomal inversion may act as supergene by holding together haplotypes of differentially expressed genes, but this pattern depends on habitat context. Our results highlight multiple key patterns regarding the relationship between gene expression and the evolution of locally adapted populations.
Natural allelic variations provide insights into host adaptation of Phytophthora avirulence effector PsAvr3c
Authors: Huang Jie , Chen Ling , Lu Xinyu , Peng Qian , Zhang Ying , Yang Jin , Zhang Bai Yu , Yang Bo , Waletich Justin Reed , Yin Weixiao , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Yuanchao , Dong Suomeng
Published: August 2018

Filamentous pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete avirulence (AVR) effectors that trigger plant immune responses and provide striking examples of host adaptations. Avr effector genes display different types of allelic variations, including deletions, epigenetic silencing and sequence polymorphisms, to avoid detection. However, how effector sequence polymorphisms enable pathogens to dodge host immune surveillance remains largely unknown.

PsAvr3c is a Phytophthora AVR gene that is recognized by soybean carrying Rps3c. PsAvr3c natural alleles display a rich diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms in field isolates. We combined both site‐directed mutagenesis and population sequence surveys to identify a serine substitution of glycine at position 174 in PsAvr3c that resulted in evasion of Rps3c‐mediated soybean immunity.

The S174G substitution did not affect the nuclear localization of PsAvr3c in planta, which is required to activate Rps3c, but it significantly impaired the binding affinity of PsAvr3c with a previously identified spliceosome‐associated protein GmSKRPs. Silencing GmSKRPs specifically impaired PsAvr3c‐triggered cell death in Rps3c soybean.

This study uncovered a plant Phytophthora pathogen that adapted to a resistant plant through a key amino acid mutation and subsequently reduced the binding affinity with a plant immune regulator to evade host resistance.
Custom‐made Prosthesis for Reconstruction after Radical Resection for Chondrosarcoma of Manubrium
Authors: Ma Xin‐long , Wang Dong‐bin , Ma Jian‐xiong , Wang Ying , Sun Lei , Lu Bin , Wang Yan , Zhao Xing‐wen , Li Fei , Fan Zheng‐rui , Han Biao , Bai Hao‐hao , Yang Bao‐cheng , Jiang Xuan , Tian Ai‐xian , Dong Ben‐chao , Du Yu‐ren
Published: August 2018

The clinical incidence of tumors in the manubrium is not high. Regardless of whether the tumor is primary or metastatic, the tumor should be completely removed as long as the patient is able to tolerate the surgery. This procedure can lead to sternal defects. Deciding on the method of defect reconstruction is a critical problem that clinicians face. In this , to reduce the limitations of the patient’s upper body movement after surgery due to the inflexibility in the connections of the sternal prosthesis, we created a prosthesis using a computer‐assisted design method and a 3‐D technique, to completely preserve the agility of the sternum and maximize the patient’s post‐operational movement. The method used in the present study takes into consideration the individual’s chest anatomy, sternum stress, and many other biological characteristics. Care is taken to measure the sternum size accurately, to provide personalized treatment, to accomplish precise results, and to reduce potential future damage. The patient’s shoulder function was improved following the procedure.
Chronic urticaria in infants as the first manifestation of autoinflammatory disease
Authors: Latour Irene , Noguera‐Morel Lucero , Colmenero Isabel , Clemente Daniel , Hernández‐Martín Angela , López‐Robledillo Juan Carlos , Arostegui Juan I. , Torrelo Antonio
Published: August 2018

We report two unrelated infants in whom chronic urticaria was the first clinical manifestation of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome, which should be suspected in infants with early‐onset chronic urticaria, especially if there is a neutrophil‐rich infiltrate in the skin biopsy. Early diagnosis of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome may lead to early and successful treatment with anti‐interleukin‐1 medications.