bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A UK‐wide survey of follow‐up practices for patients with high‐grade glioma treated with radical intent
Authors: Catt Susan L. , Anderson John L. , Chalmers Anthony J. , Fallowfield Lesley J.
Published: December 2010

Rationale and objective  High‐grade glioma profoundly affects patients and their families. The best ongoing care for patients completing radical treatment is uncertain. To address this issue a UK‐wide audit surveying the follow‐up practices of multidisciplinary cancer teams was conducted.

Method  An online survey package was used with a paper version available.

Results  Of 102 clinicians approached 86 replied, a response rate of 84%. Three‐monthly outpatient department appointments led by an oncologist and a specialist nurse were the norm, but more controversially, some centres conduct joint clinics with the whole neurosurgical/oncology team present or available. Nurse‐led telephone follow‐up in place of hospital visits is uncommon. Regular scanning is conducted despite the clinical benefits being contentious. Access to a range of allied services providing supportive care is considered, but the actual levels of need and the efficiency with which they are delivered require further investigation.

Conclusions  The picture of UK follow‐up practices revealed by this survey demonstrates that research is now needed to determine what preferences patients and families have for follow‐up and their satisfaction with these.
Hepatitis B in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area: an integrated programme to respond to a diverse local epidemic
Authors: Gish R.G. , Cooper S.L.
Published: December 2010

Summary.  Although chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects approximately 2 million United States residents, there is no systematic screening of at‐risk individuals, and most remain unaware of their hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Unmonitored and untreated, CHB results in a 25–30% risk of death from liver cancer and/or cirrhosis, inflicting an increasing healthcare burden in high‐prevalence regions. Despite high prevalence in immigrant Asians and Pacific Islanders, among whom CHB is a leading cause of death, community and healthcare provider awareness remains low. Because safe and effective vaccines and effective antiviral treatments exist, there is an urgent need for integrated programmes that identify, follow and treat people with existing CHB, while vaccinating the susceptible. We describe an extant San Francisco programme that integrates culturally targeted, population‐based, HBV screening, vaccination or reassurance, management and research. After screening over 3000 at‐risk individuals, we here review our operational and practical experience and describe a simple, rationally designed model that could be successfully used to greatly improve the current approach to hepatitis B while ultimately reducing the related healthcare costs, especially in the high‐risk populations, which are currently underserved.
Cellular localization of Peach latent mosaic viroid in peach sections by liquid phase in situ RT‐PCR
Authors: Boubourakas I. N. , Voloudakis A. E. , Fasseas K. , Resnick N. , Koltai H. , Kyriakopoulou P. E.
Published: December 2010

An in situ localization method for Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) that is highly sensitive, has low background signal, has a short specimen processing time and is simple and inexpensive compared to other similar methods, is described. The method is based on SYBR Green reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) amplification of pepsin, DNase I pre‐treated and FAA‐fixed peach leaf sections. The leaves used were derived from healthy and PLMVd infected peach plants, including a plant infected by a Peach Calico variant of the viroid. All steps of the assay, except for the signal detection, were carried out in liquid phase in 0·2 mL PCR tubes instead of on microscope slides, as usually used. Epifluorescence microscopy to detect PLMVd or rbcL (the positive control gene) amplified products revealed a bright signal in the leaf part corresponding to the palisade parenchyma, with sub‐cellular localization of the signals in the chloroplasts, the organelles where PLMVd is known to replicate and accumulate. Although the method proved to be effective for the green peach PLMVd infected tissues, a yellow‐green background fluorescent signal, sometimes more intense due to overexposure, was observed, presumably due to chlorophyll auto‐fluorescence. In contrast, no auto‐fluorescence signal was observed in the calico infected albino tissues. This is the first report of using liquid phase in situ RT‐PCR for the cellular localization of a plant pathogen.
Cardiac autonomic balance in rats submitted to protein restriction after weaning
Authors: Martins Carlito DD , Chianca Deoclécio A , Fernandes Luciano G
Published: December 2010

1. In the present study, we evaluated the autonomic balance of the heart in protein/energy‐undernourished rats.

2. Rats were divided into two groups according to the diet they received after weaning: (i) the control group (n = 16), given a 15% protein diet, and (ii) the malnourished group (n = 14), fed a 6% protein diet. Cardiovascular recordings were made and, through selective autonomic blockade, the tonic autonomic balance, cardiac autonomic index and the power spectrum of heart rate (HR) variability were determined.

3. Muscarinic receptor blockade with methylatropine (5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) increased HR in the control group (371 ± 6 vs 427 ± 15 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively), but not the malnourished group (438 ± 24 vs 472 ± 38 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively). Inhibition of β1‐adrenoceptors with metoprolol (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced HR in malnourished rats (428 ± 24 vs 355 ± 16 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively), but had no effect on the HR of the control group (363 ± 8 vs 362 ± 7 b.p.m. before and after drug administration, respectively). Double autonomic blockade by inhibiting both muscarinic cholinoceptors and β1‐adrenoceptors reduced HR in the malnourished group (428 ± 24 vs 342 ± 14 b.p.m.) but had no effect on HR in the control group (371 ± 6 vs 382 ± 6 b.p.m.).

4. Sympathetic tone was augmented in malnourished compared with control rats (131 ± 17 vs 41 ± 11 b.p.m., respectively), whereas parasympathetic tone was reduced in malnourished compared with control rats (–4 ± 4 vs 22 ± 9 b.p.m., respectively).

5. The ratio of oscillations in HR induced by sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was higher in malnourished compared with control rats (0.43 ± 0.03 vs 0.34 ± 0.02, respectively).

6. The results of the present study indicate that protein malnutrition after weaning increases sympathetic activity and reduces vagal activity to the heart in rats. These data provide a new perspective on the pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases associated with protein malnutrition, especially with regard to autonomic modulation.
Mutation detection of COL4An gene based on mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes and prenatal diagnosis of Alport syndrome in China
Authors: ZHANG HONGWEN , DING JIE , WANG FANG , ZHAO DAN
Published: December 2010

Aim:  Alport syndrome (AS) is a progressive renal disease characterized by haematuria and progressive renal failure. An accurate genetic diagnosis of AS is very important for genetic counselling and even prenatal diagnosis.

Methods:  We detected mutation of COL4An by amplifying the entire coding sequence mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in five Chinese AS families who asked for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis, then performed prenatal genetic diagnosis for four families. Mutation analysis of the foetus was made using DNA extracted from amniocytes. Foetus sex was determined by PCR amplification of SRY as well as karyotype analysis. Maternal cell contamination was excluded by linkage analysis.

Results:  Four different COL4A5 gene variants and two COL4A3 gene variants were detected in the five families. Because there was a de novo mutation in family 2, prenatal diagnosis was performed for the other four families. Results showed a normal male foetus for family 1 and family 4, respectively. Results showed an affected male foetus for families 3 and 5, and the pregnancies were terminated.

Conclusion:  An easier, faster and efficacious method for COL4An gene mutation screening based on mRNA analysis from peripheral blood lymphocytes was established. Prenatal genetic diagnosis was performed in four AS families in China.
Breakdown of distyly and pin‐monomorphism in Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: CONSOLARO HÉLDER , SILVA SIMONE C. S. , OLIVEIRA PAULO E.
Published: December 2010

Rubiaceae contains the largest number of distylous species in the Angiosperms, but the evolution and control of distyly is poorly understood in this group. Atypical distylous populations and species have been described in this family and associated with disturbance, pollination failure and impaired reproductive success. Some of these atypical taxa belong to Psychotria, the largest genus in the family. In the present study, we investigate the pollination and breeding biology of Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq., a widely distributed species that has been described as typically distylous. Fieldwork was carried out mainly at the Panga Ecological Station, in Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. We carried out phenological observations, floral biology studies and hand pollination experiments within the Panga Ecological Station population. We complemented these data with herbarium and field surveys from elsewhere in Brazil. The studied population bloomed at the beginning of the rains (September–December). The main pollinators were Bombus and small Halictidae bees. The Panga Ecological Station population presented pin‐monomorphism with only two thrum individuals in more than 100 flowering individuals surveyed. Hand pollinations at the Panga Ecological Station showed self‐compatibility and intramorph compatibility. Typical distyly and isoplethy were found in other areas and both morphs appeared in herbarium material. However, pin‐monomorphism was also observed elsewhere in Brazil. Typical distyly, pin‐monomorphism and homostyly observed concurrently in Brazilian populations of P. carthagenensis indicate that alternative reproductive strategies, probably favoring selfing, appear to have developed independently in this species.
Importance of preoperative detection of vertebral artery anomalies in neck surgery
Authors: Vaiman Michael , Beckerman Inessa
Published: December 2010

Objectives:  The objective of this study were to examine the course of the vertebral artery (VA) and define VA anomalies important for neck surgery using three‐dimensional computer tomography (3D CT).

Study Design:  Thee design used was an observational study with retrospective 3D CT angiography analysis.

Methods:  Four hundred VAs depicted on 200 3D CT angiographies were analysed to determine the relationship between the extraosseous portions of the VA to the neck organs, with special emphasis on the thyroid gland area, the artery of origin of the VA and the entrance/exit locations of its foraminal segment.

Results:  Twenty‐three out of 400 VAs were anomalous (5.75%). These anomalies were found in 18 patients, unilaterally in 13 in bilaterally five. The level of entrance was abnormal in all cases; it was at C3 in 4.3% (n= 1), at C4 in 17.4% (n= 4), at C5 in 74% (n= 17) and at C7 in 4.3% (n= 1). The VA ran close to the thyroid gland in eight cases (34.8%) even touching the lower pole (17.4%; n= 4) or the upper pole (8.7%; n= 2) of the gland. The anomalous VA crossed the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein by a way of a median loop in eight cases (34.8%).

Conclusion:  In planning neck or spinal surgery, the surgeon should bear in mind that VA anomalies are present in approximately 5.5–6.5% of cases. Preoperative 3D CT allows precise identification of anomalous VAs, thereby reducing the possible risk of intraoperative injury.
WHY EUROPE? A CRITIQUE OF INSTITUTIONALIST AND CULTURALIST ECONOMICS
Authors: Khalil Elias L.
Published: December 2010

AbstractEconomists have recently started to discuss the roles of institutions and cultural beliefs in explaining the performance of civilizations. This paper investigates two views, ‘institutionalist economics’ and ‘culturalist economics’, with regard to the question of why Europe rose economically a few centuries ago, while other regions of the world lagged behind. These two views share a common platform raised on two pillars. First, both regard institutions/beliefs as extra‐economic – asprimordialentities that ultimately stand independent of economic performance. Second, both regard economic performance as fully determined by institutions/beliefs – i.e.normativecausality in the sense that institutions/beliefs determine performance.Douglass North's (2005)analysis of economic performance, for example, is based on both pillars. Concerning the primordial pillar, he attributes ‘the mystery’ of the rise of Europe to primordial beliefs, viz. ‘Christian dogma’ and English ‘individualism’. Concerning the normative pillar, he presumes that such beliefs have almost one‐to‐one correspondence with economic performance. This paper, though, maintains that the two pillars (primordial analysis and normative causality) are rather fragile: Advocates of the first pillar fail to recognize that institutions/beliefs are endogenous. Advocates of the second pillar fail to recognize that institutions/beliefs can give rise to diverse economic performances.
Strength of default mode resting‐state connectivity relates to white matter integrity in children
Authors: Gordon Evan M. , Lee Philip S. , Maisog Jose M. , Foss‐Feig Jennifer , Billington Michael E. , VanMeter John , Vaidya Chandan J.
Published: December 2010

A default mode network of brain regions is known to demonstrate coordinated activity during the resting state. While the default mode network is well characterized in adults, few investigations have focused upon its development. We scanned 9–13‐year‐old children with diffusion tensor imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We identified resting‐state networks using Independent Component Analysis and tested whether the functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) depends upon the maturation of the underlying cingulum white matter tract. To determine the generalizability of this relationship, we also tested whether functional connectivity depends on white matter maturity between bilateral lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral PFC) within the executive control network. We found a positive relationship between mPFC‐PCC connectivity and fractional anisotropy of the cingulum bundle; this positive relationship was moderated by the age of the subjects such that it was stronger in older children. By contrast, no such structure–function relationship emerged between right and left lateral PFC. However, functional and structural connectivity of this tract related positively with cognitive speed, fluency, and set‐switching neuropsychological measures.
HYSTERESIS AND THE REGIONAL NAIRUs IN ITALY
Authors: Lanzafame Matteo
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the determinants of regional unemployment disparities in Italy. Relying on panel unit root tests and data over the 1977–2003 years, we reject the hysteresis hypothesis and then proceed to estimate the non‐accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) for each of the 20 Italian regions. Our estimates of the regional NAIRUs turn out to be fairly precise and allow us to draw two interesting conclusions. First, the hypothesis of constant regional NAIRUs between 1977 and 2003 is supported by the data. Second, we find that there is a significant degree of heterogeneity among the regional NAIRUs.
In the wake of transgressions: Examining forgiveness communication in personal relationships
Authors: MEROLLA ANDY J. , ZHANG SHUANGYUE
Published: December 2010

This study evaluated several structural equation models testing the relations between forgiveness communication styles, offense and offender variables, and relational characteristics. Results suggest partners' style of forgiveness (i.e., direct, indirect, and conditional) is shaped by offense and offender variables. Specifically, offender remorse positively predicted both direct and conditional forgiveness, offense severity negatively predicted indirect forgiveness, and blameworthiness positively predicted conditional forgiveness. Results also demonstrated that whereas direct forgiving following transgressions improved relationships (i.e., decreased relational damage and increased satisfaction), conditional forgiving detracted from relationships (i.e., increased relational damage). Indirect forgiveness, in contrast to the other styles, was unrelated to relational damage. These and other findings are discussed in light of research/theorizing on interpersonal forgiveness, relational maintenance, facework, and communication accommodation.
Commitment in friends with benefits relationships: Implications for relational and safe‐sex outcomes
Authors: VANDERDRIFT LAURA E. , LEHMILLER JUSTIN J. , KELLY JANICE R.
Published: December 2010

The present research sought to explore the antecedents and consequences of commitment in the context of friends with benefits relationships (FWBRs). Data collected from an Internet sample of participants (all of whom currently had an FWBR) revealed that these relationships do indeed uniquely combine aspects of both sexual relationships and friendships. In addition, results indicated that satisfaction, investment, and alternatives were predictive of commitment, consistent with the antecedent factors specified by the Investment Model of C. E. Rusbult (1980). Moreover, high commitment was associated with desiring a transition into a more interdependent relationship (i.e., a true romance), as well as reduced condom use during intercourse. These findings have both theoretical and practical relevance to understanding relationship transitions and safer sex practices across many different types of partnerships.
Forward‐Looking Forest Restoration Under Climate Change—Are U.S. Nurseries Ready?
Authors: Tepe Therese L. , Meretsky Vicky J.
Published: December 2010

The pace of climate change suggests that restoration efforts once focused on past conditions should become more forward‐looking. Suggestions for such restoration emphasize the use of a suite of species adapted to a range of possible future climates. In forest restoration, opportunities for forward‐looking restoration may be limited by the availability of suitable stock from state and commercial nurseries. Presently, most state nurseries have stock potentially suited to warmer climates than currently exist in their states. However, these nurseries are generally not actively incorporating information about climate change into their stocking choices and some see clear obstacles to providing such stock, particularly uncertainty about the future climate, and the existence of seed zones and other policies designed to protect locally adapted species genetics. As restoration ecologists adapt their methods to incorporate climate change, state nurseries should be involved in those discussions and may be important partners in outreach.
Are Changes in Leg Power Responsible for Clinically Meaningful Improvements in Mobility in Older Adults?
Authors: Bean Jonathan F. , Kiely Dan K. , LaRose Sharon , Goldstein Richard , Frontera Walter R. , Leveille Suzanne G.
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES: From among physiological attributes commonly targeted in rehabilitation, to identify those in which changes led to clinically meaningful differences (CMDs) in mobility outcomes.

DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data collected for a randomized controlled trial of exercise using binary outcomes defined by recording a large CMD (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)=1 unit; gait speed (GS)=0.1 m/s). Iterative models were performed to evaluate possible confounding between physiological variables and relevant covariates.

SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling mobility‐limited older adults (n=116) participating in a 16‐week randomized controlled trial of two modes of exercise.

MEASUREMENTS: Physiological measures included leg power, leg strength, balance as measured according to the Performance‐Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and rate pressure product at the maximal stage of an exercise tolerance test. Outcomes included GS and SPPB. Leg power and leg strength were measured using computerized pneumatic strength training equipment and recorded in Watts and Newtons, respectively.

RESULTS: Participants were 68% female, had a mean age of 75.2, a mean of 5.5 chronic conditions, and a baseline mean SPPB score of 8.7. After controlling for age, site, group assignment, and baseline outcome values, leg power was the only attribute in which changes were significantly associated with a large CMD in SPPB (odds ratio (OR)=1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09–2.02) and GS (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01–1.70).

CONCLUSION: Improvements in leg power, independent of strength, appear to make an important contribution to clinically meaningful improvements in SPPB and GS.
Understanding the Reasons for the Underuse of Pneumococcal Vaccination by Community‐Dwelling Older African Americans
Authors: Jones Linda G. , Zhang Yan , Ahmed Mustafa I. , Ekundayo O. James , Akhter Shamima , Sawyer Patricia , Aban Inmaculada , Sims Richard V. , Ahmed Ali
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES: To understand the potential roles of various patient and provider factors in the underuse of pneumococcal vaccination in Medicare‐eligible older African Americans.

DESIGN: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

SETTING: Four U.S. states.

PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred ninety‐five pairs of community‐dwelling Medicare‐eligible African‐American and white adults aged 65 and older, balanced according to age and sex.

MEASUREMENTS: Data on self‐reported race, receipt of pneumococcal vaccination, and other important sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected at baseline.

RESULTS: Participants had a mean age ± standard deviation of 73 ± 6; 63% were female. Pneumococcal vaccination rates were 22% for African Americans and 28% for whites (unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for African Americans=0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.60–0.94; P=.01). This association remained significant despite adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical confounders, including education, income, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prior pneumonia (OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.56–0.97; P=.03), but the association was no longer significant after additional adjustment for the receipt of influenza vaccination (OR=0.79, 95% CI=0.59–1.06; P=.12). Receipt of influenza vaccination was associated with higher odds of receiving pneumococcal vaccination (unadjusted OR=6.43, 95% CI=5.00–8.28; P<.001), and the association between race and pneumococcal vaccination lost significance when adjusted for influenza vaccination alone (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.63–1.03; P=.09).

CONCLUSION: The strong association between receipt of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations suggests that patient and provider attitudes toward vaccination, rather than traditional confounders such as education and income, may help explain the underuse of pneumococcal vaccination in older African Americans.
Implications for Educating the Next Generation of Nurses on Genetics and Genomics in the 21st Century
Authors: Lea Dale Halsey , Skirton Heather , Read Catherine Y. , Williams Janet K.
Published: December 2010

Purpose: To provide nurse educators with an updated overview of advances in genetics and genomics in the context of the holistic perspective of nursing.

Organizing Framework: Recent advances in genetic and genomic research, testing, therapies, and resources are presented, and the continuing importance of the family history is discussed.

Methods: Genomic nurse experts reviewed recent literature and consumer resources to elucidate updates in technology through the lens of the genetically vulnerable patient and family.

Findings: Genetic and genomic technologies are becoming routinely used in health care, and nurse educators will be challenged to incorporate these technologies and implications for patients and families into educational programs.

Conclusions: New technology and its applications are perennial challenges to nurse educators, but the common focus for nursing, historically and geographically, is health promotion, symptom management, and disease prevention. Education for the next generation of nurses can lay a foundation in genetics and genomics that will enable interpretation and responsible integration of new technologies in a context of individual and family value systems, personal experiences, risk perception, decision consequences, and available resources.

Clinical Relevance: Nurses are ideally situated to inform patients about new options in healthcare, and nurse educators are challenged to prepare their students to interpret andresponsibly integrate new genetic‐genomic information into practice.
Learning Diphone‐Based Segmentation
Authors: Daland Robert , Pierrehumbert Janet B.
Published: December 2010

This paper reconsiders the diphone‐based word segmentation model of Cairns, Shillcock, Chater, and Levy (1997) and Hockema (2006), previously thought to be unlearnable. A statistically principled learning model is developed using Bayes’ theorem and reasonable assumptions about infants’ implicit knowledge. The ability to recover phrase‐medial word boundaries is tested using phonetic corpora derived from spontaneous interactions with children and adults. The (unsupervised and semi‐supervised) learning models are shown to exhibit several crucial properties. First, only a small amount of language exposure is required to achieve the model’s ceiling performance, equivalent to between 1 day and 1 month of caregiver input. Second, the models are robust to variation, both in the free parameter and the input representation. Finally, both the learning and baseline models exhibit undersegmentation, argued to have significant ramifications for speech processing as a whole.
Avian cholera, post‐hatching survival and selection on hatch characteristics in a long‐lived bird, the common eider Somateria mollisima
Authors: Descamps Sébastien , Forbes Mark R. , Gilchrist H. Grant , Love Oliver P. , Bêty Joël
Published: December 2010

Infectious diseases can have dramatic impacts on animal population dynamics, but how they influence vital rates remains understudied. We took advantage of the appearance of an avian cholera epizootic in an arctic colony of common eiders Somateria mollissima to study variation in juvenile survival and selection on hatch characteristics in relation to this highly infectious disease. Avian cholera is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting wild birds and is thought to primarily affect adult survival. Here, we show that avian cholera was associated with a 90% decline in duckling survival, leading to almost zero recruitment. Before the cholera outbreak, there was significant stabilizing selection on hatching date and significant positive directional selection on hatching mass. During cholera outbreaks, selection on hatch characteristics was no longer significant. These results were based on a low sample of surviving ducklings in cholera years, but suggested that date and mass at hatching did no longer affect duckling survival in the presence of cholera. These effects of avian cholera on post‐hatching survival were likely not only the consequence of the disease per se, but also a consequence of an increase in predation rates that followed the emergence of avian cholera. Our results emphasize the dramatic direct and indirect impacts that infectious disease can have on vital rates, and thus population dynamics.
Quantification of the proportion of transfers from residential aged care facilities to the emergency department that could be avoided through improved primary care services
Authors: Codde Jim , Frankel Jackie , Arendts Glenn , Babich Paul
Published: December 2010

Aim: To describe elderly patient transfers from residential aged care facilities (RACF) to hospital emergency departments (ED), and to estimate the proportion of transfers that may be avoidable with improved primary care service to RACF.

Methods: A descriptive study analysing data from a single tertiary hospital ED patient database, medical record reviews from a random sample of RACF patients presenting to ED and previously published reports.

Results: Thirty‐one per cent of all transfers at our hospital were potentially avoidable. This sits within the range (7% to 48%) found internationally. A small number of simple interventions could potentially reduce unnecessary ED transfer from RACF.

Conclusions: Evidence from multiple sources suggests that a meaningful proportion of transfers from RACF to ED may be avoided.
Review article: Can venous blood gas analysis replace arterial in emergency medical care
Authors: Kelly Anne‐Maree
Published: December 2010

The objectives of the present review are to describe the agreement between variables on arterial and venous blood gas analysis (in particular pH, pCO2, bicarbonate and base excess) and to identify unanswered questions. MEDLINE search of papers published from 1966 to January 2010 for studies comparing arterial and peripheral venous blood gas values for any of pH, pCO2, bicarbonate and base excess in adult patients with any condition in an emergency department setting. The outcome of interest was mean difference weighted for study sample size with 95% limits of agreement. The weighted mean arterio–venous difference in pH was 0.035 pH units (n= 1252), with narrow limits of agreement. The weighted mean arterio–venous difference for pCO2 was 5.7 mmHg (n= 760), but with 95% limits of agreement up to the order of ±20 mmHg. For bicarbonate, the weighted mean difference between arterial and venous values was –1.41 mmol/L (n= 905), with 95% limits of agreement of the order of ±5 mmol/L. Regarding base excess, the mean arterio–venous difference is 0.089 mmol/L (n= 103). There is insufficient data to determine if these relationships persist in shocked patients or those with mixed acid‐base disorders. For patients who are not in shock, venous pH, bicarbonate and base excess have sufficient agreement to be clinically interchangeable for arterial values. Agreement between arterial and venous pCO2 is too poor and unpredictable to be clinically useful as a one‐off test but venous pCO2 might be useful to screen for arterial hypercarbia or to monitor trends in pCO2 for selected patients.
Review article: Debriefing critical incidents in the emergency department
Authors: Magyar Joanne , Theophilos Theane
Published: December 2010

The impact of work related stressors on emergency clinicians has long been recognized, yet there is little formal research into the benefits of debriefing hospital staff after critical incidents, such as failed resuscitation. This article examines current models of debriefing and their application to emergency staff through a review of the literature. The goal being, to outline best practice, with recommendations for guideline development and future research directives. An electronic database search was a conducted in Ovid and Psychinfo. All available abstracts were read and a hand search was completed of the references. Included articles were selected by a panel of two experts. Models and evidence relating to their efficacy were identified from the literature, and detailed evaluation included. The reviewed literature revealed a distinct paucity regarding the efficacy of debriefing of clinicians post CI and in particular randomized controlled trials. Despite this debriefing is perceived as important by emergency clinicians. However evidence presents both benefits and disadvantages to debriefing interventions. In the absence of evidence based practice guidelines, any development of models of debriefing in the emergency healthcare setting should be closely evaluated. And future research directives should aim towards large randomized control trials.
Is Homatropine 5% effective in reducing pain associated with corneal abrasion when compared with placebo? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Meek Robert , Sullivan Andy , Favilla Marcel , Larmour Ian , Guastalegname Steven
Published: December 2010

Objective:  To compare the change in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain ratings over 24 h following mechanical corneal abrasion between patients receiving sixth hourly drops of either 5% homatropine or placebo.

Methods:  A triple blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on a convenience sample of eligible consenting adults who were randomized to receive either sixth hourly 5% homatropine (active) or 0.5% hypromellose (placebo) eye drops. VAS pain ratings were performed at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h whereas the study drug was instilled at 0, 6, 12 and 18 h. The primary outcome was attainment of a clinically significant reduction in pain on the VAS (>20 mm decrease) from enrolment to each time point.

Results:  There were no significant differences in baseline variables or VAS pain ratings at any time point between those in the homatropine (n= 20) and placebo (n= 20) groups. The percentages of patients reporting a >20 mm VAS decrease at 12 h were 50% (95% CI –27.2–72.8) and 60% (95% CI –36.1–80.9) for the homatropine and placebo groups, respectively.

Conclusion:  We found no significant difference in pain score reductions between the two groups but some level of therapeutic benefit is not excluded.
Successful drainage of a traumatic haemopericardium with pericardiocentesis through an intercostal approach
Authors: Choo Tze Liang Johnathan , Wong Keng Yean , Chen Ching Kit , Tan Teng Hong
Published: December 2010

A case of traumatic haemopericardium, sustained after blunt thoracic trauma, is described in a paediatric patient that was successfully drained by needle pericardiocentesis under 2D‐echocardiographic guidance, via an intercostal approach, in the Children's Intensive Care Unit. The patient was haemodynamically unstable with obvious signs of cardiac tamponade. Drainage of the haemopericardium resulted in immediate improvement in haemodynamics. There was no re‐accumulation of the haemopericardium. There were no complications as a result of the pericardiocentesis. No further surgical intervention was required.
Rapid and efficient callus induction and plant regeneration from seeds of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonicaSteud.)
Authors: Wang Xun , Hoshino Yoichiro , Yamada Toshihiko
Published: December 2010

A rapid and efficientin vitroculture system has been established in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonicaSteud.). Embryos isolated from mature seeds were used to induce callus, which improved callus formation and shortened the culture period. A high concentration of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (5 mg L−1) in combination with low concentration of 6‐benzyladenine (0.2 mg L−1) was proved to be suitable for callus induction in zoysiagrass. Eight types of calli were observed; friable callus was the most regenerable type. Shoot regeneration efficiency was improved by using 1 mg L−1of thidiazuron with 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (0.05 mg L−1) and gibberellic acid (0.1 mg L−1). Zoysiagrass shoots continued to grow in MS medium, and rooted in half‐strength MS medium. With this system, it appears the duration ofin vitroregeneration could be shortened to 16 weeks for zoysiagrass, i.e. from inoculation of embryos to regeneration of plantlets with shoots and roots.
Plant regeneration from calli in giant reed (Arundo donax L.)
Authors: Takahashi Wataru , Takamizo Tadashi , Kobayashi Makoto , Ebina Masumi
Published: December 2010

We established a plant regeneration system using callus culture for giant reed (Arundo donax L.). An in vitro propagation system allowed year‐round provision of explants by tissue culture. Calli were induced from axillary buds isolated from plants grown in vitro. Callus induction media supplemented with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 6‐benzyladenine (BA) influenced both callus induction frequency and later plant regeneration on hormone‐free media. Media supplemented with 3 mg L−1 2,4‐D appeared to harmonize callus formation and subsequent shoot formation. In contrast, despite a low callus formation frequency, calli induced with 0.25 mg L−1 BA alone showed the highest shoot formation frequency. Data suggest genotypic effects in tissue culture response as well. This study reports the first data regarding the tissue culture of giant reed.
Estimation of genome size in Brachiaria species
Authors: Ishigaki Genki , Gondo Takahiro , Ebina Masumi , Suenaga Kazuhiro , Akashi Ryo
Published: December 2010

Genome sizes of five cultivars of four Brachiaria species were estimated by flow cytometry to evaluate their utility as breeding material. Genome sizes expressed as C values differed among these cultivars (615–1953 Mbp C−1), increasing with increased ploidy level. Genome sizes given as Cx values were larger in apomictic polyploids (651–817 Mbp Cx−1) than in sexual diploids (615 Mbp Cx−1). Additionally, genome sizes expressed as Cx values tended to decrease with increasing ploidy levels in apomictic cultivars. Our findings indicate that genome size depends on ploidy level and reproductive mode in Brachiaria. The information is useful for research on the construction of DNA libraries, genetic maps, biodiversity and evolution of Brachiaria species.
Mathematical models of cell factories: moving towards the core of industrial biotechnology
Authors: Cvijovic Marija , Bordel Sergio , Nielsen Jens
Published: December 2010

Industrial biotechnology involves the utilization of cell factories for the production of fuels and chemicals. Traditionally, the development of highly productive microbial strains has relied on random mutagenesis and screening. The development of predictive mathematical models provides a new paradigm for the rational design of cell factories. Instead of selecting among a set of strains resulting from random mutagenesis, mathematical models allow the researchers to predict in silico the outcomes of different genetic manipulations and engineer new strains by performing gene deletions or additions leading to a higher productivity of the desired chemicals. In this review we aim to summarize the main modelling approaches of biological processes and illustrate the particular applications that they have found in the field of industrial microbiology.
Bone resorption after bioresorbable fixation of a fractured paediatric mandible – a case report
Authors: Bali R. , Sharma P. , Jindal S. , Sharma R.
Published: December 2010

The use of bioresorbable fixation systems has been gaining fast momentum in contemporary maxillofacial traumatology. While indications continue to expand with improvements in strength and profiles of these implants, undesirable events, including localised sterile abscesses and osteolytic changes, have been reported during degradation of these products. We report a case of a fracture of paediatric mandiblular angle managed with bioresorbable fixation that showed significant bone resorption adjacent to the fixation site 18 months post‐operatively.
New Vetulicoliids from the Lower Cambrian Guanshan Fauna, Kunming
Authors: Huilin LUO , Xiaoping FU , Shixue HU , Yong LI , Liangzhong CHEN , Ting YOU , Qi LIU
Published: December 2010

Abstract  The Guanshan Fauna, a soft‐bodied fauna intermediate between the Chengjiang Fauna and the Kaili Fauna and also the Burgess Shale Fauna stratigraphically, consists of trilobites, trilobitoides, Tuzoia, Vetulicola, Paleoscolex, brachiopods and sponges. The discovery and research of this fauna is of great significance in understading the “Cambrian Explosion” and the evolution of early life. The occurrence of vetulicoliids from the Guanshan Fauna not only adds new members to the taxonomic list, but also provides new information to the evolution of this animal group. This paper describe Vetulicola gantoucunensis Luo, Fu et Hu sp. nov. from the Lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation in the Kunming area. Also presented are the amended description of Vetulicola and the comparisons with related genera within Vetulicoliids. The affinity, distribution, as well as evolution of vetulicoliids are discussed.
A Possible Long‐tailed Bird with a Pygostyle from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation, Western Liaoning, China
Authors: Junchang LÜ , Lianhai HOU
Published: December 2010

Abstract  An incomplete caudal vertebral series (IVPP V11309) from the Yixian Formation of late Mesozoic, Jianshangou area of Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, may represent a new bird. The tail is composed of at least 12 free caudal vertebrae and the most distal 5 caudal vertebrae co‐ossified into a pygostyle. The pygostyle is plate‐like and slightly curved dorsally. The anterior free caudals are amphiplatyan. The anterior caudal surfaces of the last three free caudals are concave, but their posterior articular surfaces are convex. The pygostyle is regarded as the first appeared flight apparatus during the evolutionary process from Archaeopteryx to neornithes. The pygostyle appeared in most early fossil birds and almost all the modern birds. Although their morphologies are different, they are basically formed by at least four last caudal vertebrae. The specimen V11309 is regarded as a bird rather than a non‐avian theropod dinosaur based on the following characters: short caudal vertebrae, numerous pits present on the surfaces of the centra and, a foramen present between the basal part of the fused neural spines, which is similar to that of Struthio camelus. The discoveries of pygostyles from the therizinosauroids and oviraptorosaurs may provide strong evidence for supporting the origin of birds from small theropod dinosaurs. The structure of the pygostyle in specimen V11309 is different from those of Beipiaosaurus (Therizinosauroid) and Nomingia (oviraptorosaur). The most parsimonious interpretation is that these pygostyle‐like structures are independently acquired by Beipiaosaurus and Nomingia during their evolutionary process.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Migration during Ore Formation of Carboniferous Exhalation‐Sedimentary Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Tongling District, Anhui Province
Authors: Wenyi XU , Zengqian HOU , Zhusen YANG , Danian SHI , Yifeng MENG , Pusheng ZENG
Published: December 2010

Abstract  Numerical simulation of fluid migration during the ore‐forming process of the Carboniferous exhalation‐sedimentary (Sedex) massive sulfide deposits in the Tongling district shows that fluid and thermal activities in lying‐wall rocks were limited to a small area around the main draining passage, which led to weak mineralization and alteration in the lying‐wall rock. Temperature and fluid fields indicate that mineralization and alteration in the lying‐wall rock of the Sedex‐type deposits are usually weaker than those of volcano‐hosted massive sulfide deposits. Fluid migration involves the following processes: seawater penetrating and leaching the lying‐wall rocks, then mixing with ascending hydrothermal fluids in the main draining passage, and finally jetting into seafloor. Although fluid activity‐influenced area is rather small, the content of metals leached out from the lying‐wall rocks is high enough to form large‐scale ore deposits. Tensional contemporaneous faults accompanied with strong heat flows controlled the formation and distribution of Sedex deposits. The tensional tectonic regime on the northern margin of the Yangtze block during the Hercynian provided Sedex deposits with a prerequisite geodynamic condition.
The Bivalve Yangtzedonta is not the Brachiopod Xianfengella
Authors: Wen YU
Published: December 2010

Abstract  The alleged “holotype” of the bivalve Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu, 1985 figured by Qian (2001) is a broken and distorted specimen of the brachiopod Xianfengella prima He and Yang, 1982 and not the holotype of Y. primitiva. Qian contends that the oldest recognized monoplacophoran, Maikhanella pristinis (Jiang, 1980), is neither a monoplacophoran nor the oldest molluscan fossil in the Meishucunian Stage of China. Furthermore, he considers that the oldest bivalve Xianfengoconcha elliptica Zhang, 1980 is an inarticulate brachiopod, not a mollusc. Watsonella yunnanensis (He and Yang, 1982), is associated with Yangtzedonta primitiva Yu but indicates no evolutionary relationship between the Classes Rostroconchia and Bivalvia in the Lower Cambrian Zhongyicun Member of the Yuhucun Formation. Qian's confusion in using non‐molluscan fossils to discuss the early evolution of shelled molluscs also confuses the basic concepts of the respective groups.
Three A's: How Do Attributions, Attitudes, and Aptitude Contribute to Foreign Language Learning?
Authors: Cochran Jeff L. , McCallum R. Steve , Bell Sherry Mee
Published: December 2010

Abstract: The researchers investigated attributions for success, attitudes, and aptitudes for native language learning and foreign language learning success for 648 students enrolled in 100‐level university foreign language courses (Spanish, French, and German). We examined relationships via correlational analyses and used structural equation modeling to determine the best predictive model. Relationships among variables were generally positive but low to moderate in magnitude (r=−.12 to r=.45).The best predictive model was attitudes leading to aptitude leading to exam grades. Attributions did not contribute to the prediction. Gender differences were indicated in effort attributions and in exam grades. Results underscore the importance of attitude in foreign language success.
Worldviews, Criticisms, and the Peer Circle: A Study of the Experiences of a Student Teacher in an Overseas School
Authors: Karaman A. Cendel , Tochon François V.
Published: December 2010

Abstract: This article explores international student teaching (IST) within the narratives of a prospective language teacher from the midwestern region of the United States. With a focus on one participant, the case study highlights significant factors that relate to the IST experience in Ecuador. A corpus generated from verbal protocols collected over a 1‐year period in the United States and Ecuador was studied. With the application of descending hierarchical classification, a factor analysis of the correspondences, and the interpretation of participatory ethnographic observations, five lexicometric classes were identified. The findings reveal the centrality of peer groups in student teaching abroad. Important reflections underscore growth or changes in the areas of language, identity, and worldviews. The peer circle in the foreign community plays a significant role in shaping the access to different worldviews, criticizing local practices, and contrasting everyday living.
Giving Authentic Opportunities to Second Language Learners: A Look at a French Service‐Learning Project
Authors: Grim Frédérique
Published: December 2010

Abstract: Many college students feel that learning a second language (L2) is necessary to bring value to their future. However, many also feel that during their years of learning an L2, the only experience they acquire starts when they enter the classroom and stops when they leave it. This view may bring a lack of engagement in learning the L2. Research has shown that by integrating service‐learning (SL) into the curriculum, students' role as L2 learners and speakers may take a new perspective as they feel more active and responsible for their learning. This article presents the impacts SL has on a group of college students of French who are involved in an SL project.