bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FUTURE TENSE IN THE PORTUGUESE LINGUISTIC TRADITION
Authors: Egizaryan P. E.
Published: December 2018

The paper deals with the concept of the Future tense found in the Portuguese linguistic tradition. As the Portuguese linguistics appeared in the context of the European linguistic tradition, the first part of the article features the main views on the Future tense from the Antiquity to the Renaissance. The second part of the article is devoted to the Future tense in the Portuguese linguistics in XVI – early XX century, namely Latin and Portuguese grammar books, as well as those on other European and some non-European languages. The present research has shown that the Renaissance scholars already raised the questions that remain topical in the current linguistics. Those included the problems of relative tenses, the tense distance, the differences of the Future tense expression in languages with different structures, the tense as a complex functional semantic category that is not limited by the verb features, the close connection between the Future tense and the modality. Linguists of the subsequent epochs contributed to the investigation of these issues: the descriptions made in the early XX century are very close to the modern ones.
GOLD MINING IN SALAIR IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES
Authors: Ermolaev A. N.
Published: December 2018

The research determines the dynamics of gold mining and identifies the specifics of the development of the gold industry in Salair in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The Salair ridge was then under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. At the end of the XIX century, the Cabinet spent a lot of money on geological survey of the ridge and invested in the development of the local gold mines. The extraction of gold during this period fluctuated within 6–8 poods (1 pood = 16 kg). At the beginning of the XX century, the Cabinet leased the Salair mines to private entrepreneurs and joint-stock companies. Such agreements were signed by Prince A. von Thurn und Taxis and Dr. Josef Jeanne (Austria), Arthur Stanley and mining engineer Farrukh Bek-Vezirov (Great Britain), State Councilor Berezin (Russia), and The Russian Gold Mining Company. Private companies operated more successfully than the Cabinet. In the XX century the extraction of gold in Salair increased. However, after the companies had developed the ready retrievable gold deposits, they ceased operating. As the calculations have shown, more than 3.6 tons of gold were mined on the Salair Ridge in 1892 – 1915. The main feature of the Salair gold mining was that gold was extracted both by the Cabinet and private companies, which means that state and private capital acted in parallel.
ON THE CONTENT OF V. F. VOYNO-YASENETSKY'S WORK WITH THE WOUNDED AND THE SICK IN THE KRASNOYARSK REGION IN 1941–1944
Authors: Kozhevnikov S. V.
Published: December 2018

The research features Professor and surgeon V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky who made an enormous contribution to the treatment of the wounded, disabled veterans and civilians during World War II. The paper focuses on the methods he introduced into the extensive system of evacuation hospitals in the Krasnoyarsk region. Prof. Voyno-Yasenetsky’s significant surgical practice and other professional actions were generalized in his monograph "Delayed resection for the infected gunshot wounds to the joints". The present study focuses on V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky's work in the hospitals of the Krasnoyarsk territory in 1941–1944 and its content, methods, and techniques. The author draws some conclusions about the effectiveness of Prof. Voyno-Yasenetsky’s methods that allowed him to save many lives. The results of the study can be used by historians doing research on base hospitals of World War II, as well as by those interested in the biography of Prof. V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky.
THE FORTRESS OF THE HOLY CROSS: SUPPLY SYSTEM IN 1724–1735 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)*
Authors: Abdusalamov M.-P. B. , Chekulayev N. D.
Published: December 2018

The article features the problem of supply of the garrison of the Fortress of the Holy Cross on the basis of materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. As a result of the Caspian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723), the Seaside Dagestan, including the Kumyk regions (the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the Zasulak Kumyk lands) entered the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire. To protect the new territories, a system of military fortifications was built. The Fortress of the Holy Cross was founded by Peter the Great in September, 1722, in the estuary of the Sulak River. It gradually became one of the economic, administrative, and political centers of the Caucasus.The main information source on the matter remains the archive of the garrison headquartered in the Fortress of the Holy Cross. It includes numerous warrants, official reports, and other military documentation. The authors use the data to draw a complete picture of the military supply system invented by Peter the Great. The system provided both combat troops and regular garrisons with everything they needed to protect the borders of the Russian Empire. In fact, the system was based on logistic support (intendance) of imperial troops in peace and war time with ammunition, arms, food, medicines, finance, fuel, etc. 

The last-in first-out system of supply made it possible to reserve food and fodder in the country in advance and systematically bring them to the combat troops.
CURRENT STATE OF REGIONAL INSURANCE BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE KEMEROVO REGION
Authors: Козлова Ольга , Kozlova Olga
Published: December 2018

The article considers the current state of insurance market in the Kemerovo region, as well as trends affecting the market. In the crisis year of 2015, the insurance market of Russia and Kemerovo region was developing due to the growth of compulsory insurance and life insurance, whereas classical insurance saw a decline. Comparative analysis of insurance market in Russia showed a preferential development of optional medical insurance and compulsory third party car insurance in the regional insurance market. The article features an analysis of the structure of the insurance portfolio of the regional insurance companies, the place and the role of the regional insurance companies in the insurance market of the Kemerovo region. Regional insurance organizations specialize in voluntary health insurance, which reflects the specifics of the regional insurance risk, but its overall development is not steady, without regard to regional peculiarities. Conclusions are drawn about the lack of a regional perspective, the need for the development of regional insurance, since regional insurance organizations are able to take into account the specifics of the site and agree to cover relevant risks. An example is the compulsory insurance of civil liability of owners of hazardous production facilities, where a significant role belongs to the regional insurance organizations.
THE ROLE OF THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF CENTRAL BANKS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: Федулова Елена , Fedulova Elena , Кононова Светлана , Kononova Svetlana , Матросов Александр , Matrosov Alexander
Published: December 2018

Subject. The article is devoted to the implementation of investment activities of central banks. Goal and objectives. The article reveals the content and gives a comparative analysis of the investment activity of central banks in the different countries of the world. It defines the role of the central bank and its status in the country's financial and economic policy. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific method of cognition, as well as comparative, systemic and logical-structural analysis. Results. The analysis allowed the authors to structure the investment activity of central banks and to explain its individual components. The article gives a detailed analysis of motives for conducting currency intervention, instruments of investing in the foreign exchange market, as well as the role of the central bank as a lender of last resort and the crisis state of the economy as an impetus to the development of refinancing of credit institutions. It reviews various methods of refinancing and the effectiveness of their application in various economic conditions. Conclusions and significance. The research has allowed the authors to identify new tendencies, features and some contradictions of investment activity of central banks in the national economy.
POLITICAL AND CIVIL ACTIVITY OF RUSSIANS
Authors: Говоров Юрий , Govorov Yuri , Невзоров Борис , Nevzorov Boris
Published: December 2018

The authors of the current paper have analyzed data obtained from opinion polls among Russian citizens (including those conducted among students and staff of various Russian universities). The surveys have revealed significant coincidences in the results obtained by different research centers regarding the reduction in the level of political and civic engagement of Russians in recent years. According to the surveys, this is largely due to the alienation of the significant part of the population from the government and the state. These people believe they are not able to influence the state decisions, which, in their turn, have little effect on the improvement of their everyday life. In the post-Soviet period, practically all the elective procedures were designed in such a way that they allowed the officialdom to be self-sufficient and independent from public opinion. As a result of formalized elections, the society in general, as well as separate communities, legitimizes this situation as democratic, since the governing structures are formed in the course of a multistage procedure involving a significant part of the population (employees). Thus, as sociological studies show, "the attitude of the population towards the authorities is greatly influenced by the discrepancy between the perception of the value of democracy and its implementation in real political practice. On the one hand, democracy values have rooted quite firmly in the society. On the other hand, the processes of democratization in public perception are of a nominal nature, i.e. they do not correspond with their purpose ". In a situation like this, management assumes a bureaucratic form, and the dominant type of political behavior in modern Russian society is paternalistic and subject-imposed. Individual liberties and democratic rights, although important, are not decisive and get diminished by other considerations, e.g. the interests of the community. It is obvious that everyone’s aim is adaptation and maintenance of the today’s status quo, because things might get worse tomorrow. It applies both to the behavior of the so-called political power and to the behavior of the so-called “unsinkable” officials on different levels, who belong to the top of the new nomenclature, as well as to the behavior of their subordinates. The situation described above indicates ritualization of political life, which is connected, on the one hand, with the divergence between the power elite and the masses, and, on the one hand, with the mutual interest of the authorities and the electorate in preserving the currently stabilized political and psychological situation in the country.
THE MATTER OF THE ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT «THE SAVING POTENTIAL OF HOUSEHOLDS»: SYSTEM APPROACH
Authors: Маратканова Ирина , Маratkanova Irina
Published: December 2018

Subject. The subject of the current research is the saving potential of households. The matter of the essence of the saving potential of households is relatively underexplored. At the same time, it remains a topical issue from the academic as well as from the practical point of view. The matter maintains its current importance because (1) household savings are an important long-term investment resource for the uplift of the real economy sector; (2) household savings are an indicator of material well-being of households and economic growth of the regional economy in general. As a result, the investigation of theoretic aspects of the saving potential of households acquires a special actuality. Objectives. The purpose of the research work is the attempt to reveal the essence of the saving potential of households from positions of system approach. Methods. The appliance of the system approach in combination with methods of general scientific perception and special methods (comparative analysis, structuring, systematization, classification, comparison) allowed revealing the theoretic aspects of the saving potential of households. Results. The paper analyses approaches to the definition of the concept «saving potential of households» available in scientific literature. It proves the need for a system approach to the concept «saving potential of households». The article also reveals a system methodology of formation of household saving potential. It demonstrates the system properties of household saving potential and offers a structure of the system of saving potential of households. The paper features the author’s definition of household saving potential from positions of the system approach. Conclusions. The analysis of the methodological approaches to the investigation of the content of the concept «saving potential of households» makes it possible to accentuate the system approach, alongside with the resource-process and institutional approach. The system approach to saving potential of households allows one to structure the interrelated elements of the system. This interrelation must be taken into consideration while shaping the state regulation measures of the regional economy.
THE ANALYSIS OF CLIENTS IN THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF RECEIVABLES
Authors: Коробейникова Екатерина , Korobeinikova Ekaterina
Published: December 2018

The article presents a system of accounts of receivable management, including the methodology for its analysis in terms of customer base. The study was conducted with the purpose of optimization of client work within the accounts receivable management, improving the speed and quality of managerial decisions. Deferred payment in the sale of products (works, services) is considered as the basis of trustful and lasting relationships with clients, as it determines the attractiveness of the transaction, contributes to the preservation and expansion of client base. In the management of accounts legal, organizational and economic aspects can be distinguished. System analysis of receivables includes such areas as the analysis of the dynamics and structure of receivables, speed and time of its circulation, the analysis in the context of the debtors ‘ businesses and the analysis of the customer base, performance assessment of the sales divisions, the level of risk of non-payment, delinquency of payment. The developed method of structural-group analysis of customers-debtors, built on a modiﬁcation of the RFM analysis. The method of analysis of the clients-debtors allows them to rank in status, according to which transaction terms have to be adjusted.
CONTRADICTIONS, PROBLEMS AND SPECIAL ASPECTS OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF THE BANK OF RUSSIA
Authors: Матросов Александр , Matrosov Alexander
Published: December 2018

Subject. The paper is devoted to the features of investment activities of the Bank of Russia. Purpose and tasks. The research features the content and the investment activity analysis of the Bank of Russia. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is made by general scientiﬁc method and comparative analysis. Results. The carried-out comparative analysis has allowed the author to reveal contradictions and features of investment activities of the Bank of Russia as well as to designate its problems. The author has analyzed the structure of investments of the Bank of Russia and the central foreign banks, the dynamics of investments of the Bank of Russia in securities of foreign issuers and means of the Government of the Russian Federation and speciﬁc weight of assets of the central bank in the national banking system. Conclusions and Signiﬁcance. The research conducted in this article allows one to claim that the Bank of Russia, as a subject of investment activities, displays a number of general and speciﬁc contradictions. The fundamental contradiction of investment activities proves to be that between proﬁtability, liquidity and risk. The paper offers some approaches to rationalization of investment activities of the Bank of Russia and increase in its efﬁciency within preservation of a priority of the regulating functions over obtaining positive economic effect.
INFLUENCE OF THE ENERGY FACTOR ON THE QUALITY OF HOUSEHOLD LIFE
Authors: Белик Ирина , Belik Irina , Камдина Людмила , Camdina Lyudmila
Published: December 2018

The article provides a justification for taking into account the energy factor in assessing the quality of life of households. The result of the study is the conclusion that the provision of social and economic development, which can be estimated by using such a composite indicator as the quality of life of the population (households), should include such parameters as reducing the level of resource consumption and reducing the anthropogenic load on the natural environment. To assess the quality of life of the population (households), it is important to take into account such energy factor as the level of energy saving, which affects environmental and climate change. Increased energy consumption contributes to the pollution of atmospheric air with CO2 and, as a result, to climate change and the occurrence of natural anomalies and environmental disasters. The research involves an analysis of the dynamics of incomes and consumer spending of households (including expenditures on housing and utility services). The analysis allows the authors to conclude that the quality of life of households is reduced due to the outstripping growth of consumer spending over their incomes, which can be explained by a decrease in the efficiency of energy supply. Another reason is an increase in the energy intensity of the housing and communal services due to energy loss caused by poor quality of living quarters. Given the role of the energy factor in assessing the quality of life, the authors use the ecological and energy approach to expand the current methods by including indicators that would assess its impact. The result of the study is an improved methodology for life quality assessment in terms of the energy factor. The article provides an accurate description of the indicators and the calculating procedure. In the opinion of the authors, the use of the ecological and energy approach to life quality assessment and its application for territorial comparisons (countries, regions, cities) will help to justify the mismatch between the growth rates of people’s wellbeing and the resource consumption (energy, biological, etc.).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE CAPACITY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE RESOURCE REGIONS
Authors: Колесникова Елена , Kolesnikova Elena , Чекменева Татьяна , Chekmeneva Tatyana , Котова Ольга , Kotova Olga
Published: December 2018

Sustainable development of rural areas and the agricultural sector is very important for resource regions, the gross regional product of which is formed by 50% due to extraction and processing of minerals. In order to be able to conduct a competent policy for the development of agriculture in municipal areas, it is necessary to assess the existing potential of rural areas in the municipal districts. The article describes the application of the author’s approach to the assessment of the resource potential for the development of agriculture in the region by the example of the Kemerovo region. It features indicators of the resource potential of rural territories, which determine various aspects of the development of the territory: economic, social and infrastructural. The data of the municipal statistics of the official websites of Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Kemerovo Statistics Agency) are used as a basis for analysis and evaluation. The results of the analysis allow the authors to rank the municipal districts according to the method of rating evaluation based on the proposed indicators. The paper involves some conclusions about the priorities for the development of agriculture in certain municipal areas of the region.
EXPERIENCE EVALUATION OF ADVANCED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AREAS (PARADOX OF DEVELOPMENT AND / OR ADVANCE)
Authors: Макаров Анатолий , Makarov Anatolii
Published: December 2018

The current paper explores the issues of the origin and classification of numerous «dispersed» institutes that deal with development of Russian regions and serve as a tool of economic diversification to improve the partnership between government and business owners. The research is based on the functional approach, which allows the author to select types of territories with special regime of economic activities, to define characteristics of special economic zones (SEZ) according to activity types and provided preferences, and to describe the most and least attractive Advanced Social and Economic Development Areas (ASED) for residents or participants. The study reveals the urgency of the problem, i.e. the lack of extrapolating mechanisms that would make it possible to share organizing and functioning experiences of different territories to increase the effectiveness of state and municipal investment. The study includes an analysis of performance targets to compare the performance of different ASED for each territory, for SEZ with poor performance (which is mostly caused by the problems of spatial development) and for other development institutions. In the conclusion the author states the following needs: a) to ensure real federalism, b) to form effective incentives to support the formation and realization of the potential of small and medium business in Russian regions.
COMPLEX CHARACTERISTIC OF FACTORS LIMITING TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY OF DISTANT AND REMOTE AREAS OF THE TOMSK REGION
Authors: Мельник Мария , Mel’nik Mariya , Волкова Елена , Volkova Elena
Published: December 2018

The Tomsk region has a poorly developed road network of federal, regional and local significance, which has a negative impact on the development of the resource sector that plays a key role in the local economy. The article offers an approach to assessment of transport accessibility of distant and remote settlements of the Tomsk region taking into account the specifics of road infrastructure and complex natural hazards. It gives a unified set of climatic factors limiting the functioning and development of the road transport system of the taiga zone of Western Siberia. The authors have analyzed the criteria characterizing the level of functional component of accessibility, as in the case of distant and remote areas of the Verkhneketsky district of the Tomsk region. It is concluded that the low degree of transport accessibility of the Tomsk region depends largely on the economic conditions and transport infrastructure. It includes the unavailability of year-round use roads, the lowest share of paved roads, a long period without river crossings, destruction of bridges and high transport tariffs.
Placing an ensemble of pressure sensors for leak detection in water distribution networks under measurement uncertainty
Authors: Raei Ehsan , Shafiee M. Ehsan , Nikoo Mohammad Reza , Berglund Emily
Published: December 2018

Large volumes of water are wasted through leakage in water distribution networks, and early detection of leakages is important to minimize lost water. Pressure sensors can be placed in a network to detect changes in pressure that indicate the presence of a new leak. This study presents a new approach for placing a set of pressure sensors by creating a list of candidate locations based on sensitivity to leaks that are simulated at all potential nodes in a network. The selection of a set of sensors is explored for two objectives, which are the minimization of the number of sensors and the time of detection. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to explore trade-offs between these objectives. The effect of measurement uncertainty on the selection of sensor locations is explored by identifying alternative non-dominated fronts for different values for sensor error. The evolutionary algorithm-based approach is applied and demonstrated for the C-Town water network.
Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies
Authors: Brown D. , Farrow C. , McBean E. A. , Gharabaghi B. , Beauchamp J.
Published: December 2018

Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.
A full-scale hybrid vertical anaerobic and aerobic biofilm wastewater treatment system: case study
Authors: Wang Shuai , Savva Ilya , Bakke Rune
Published: December 2018

The first full-scale Hybrid Vertical Anaerobic Aerobic Biofilm (HyVAB) reactor has been set up for treating wastewater from a vegetable processing industry in Grimstad, Norway. The novel HyVAB reactor integrates a bottom expanded granular sludge bed with a top aerobic biofilm stage, resulting in a small footprint and high treatment efficiency. The full scale holistic treatment plant consists of a pretreatment system of a sand trap and an equalization tank, a HyVAB reactor and an effluent sludge settlement tank. The HyVAB system has been operated continuously for 219 days with flow and chemical oxygen demand (COD) fluctuations corresponding to different product seasons. The reactor hydraulic retention time ranges from 32 to 10 hours, with the anaerobic organic loading rate (OLR) reaching a maximum 16 kg-COD/m3·d. The HyVAB removed on average of 90% of the total feed COD, at an operational temperature of 25 °C. Sludge production was low at 0.11 kg-volatile suspended solids/kg-COD removed. Odorless effluent from HyVAB can be discharged directly to a local municipal wastewater treatment plant without sludge handling. Over 82% of feed COD was converted to methane, leaving high methane content (84 ± 2%) biogas out of the reactor. Energy consumption of HyVAB was 0.5 kwh/ton wastewater. The cost of wastewater treatment is 1.5 NOK/kg COD removed (based on rates in Norway).
Effects of electrochemical processes application on the modification of mixed liquor characteristics of an electro-membrane bioreactor (e-MBR)
Authors: Battistelli André Aguiar , da Costa Rayra Emanuelly , Dalri-Cecato Leonardo , Belli Tiago José , Lapolli Flávio Rubens
Published: December 2018

This study evaluated the effects of electrochemical processes on the mixed liquor characteristics of an electro-membrane bioreactor (e-MBR) applied to municipal wastewater treatment. A laboratory-scale e-MBR was assessed under two experimental runs: without the electric field (run I) and with electric field, controlled by the application of an electric current set in 10.0 A m−2 under intermittent exposure mode of 6 minutes ON/18 minutes OFF (run II). The electric field caused approximately 55% removal of both soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), whereas the proteins/carbohydrates ratio in EPS was increased from 1.9 in the run I to 2.9 in run II, leading to an increment of flocs' hydrophobicity. Additionally, the sludge floc size average value was reduced from 42.2 μm in run I to 24.6 μm in run II, which led to a significant enhancement in the sludge settleability. As a result, the membrane fouling rate was always less than 3.80 mbar d−1 in run II, whereas in run I these values reached up to 34.7 mbar d−1. These results demonstrated that the electrochemical processes enhanced the mixed liquor filterability. Therefore, their implementation represents a great alternative to improve the operational stability of membrane bioreactors.
A Praga de Gafanhotos no Sul da América: Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai (1890-1950)
Authors: Fernandes Valéria Dorneles , Pádua José Augusto
Published: December 2018

Este artigo tem como tema geral de investigação as recorrentes infestações de gafanhotos na Argentina, no Brasil e no Uruguai, entre os anos de 1890 e 1950. Diferentes foram as respostas destes países para a ocorrência destas infestações. Uma das respostas era tratar do assunto de forma colaborativa entre os respectivos países da América do Sul. O artigo examina as primeiras trocas científicas, o debate e as respectivas reuniões internacionais destes países. As fontes utilizadas são os relatórios e atas destas reuniões políticas.
La Naturaleza como Discurso en la Prensa Gráfica Contracultural Argentina en Dictadura (1976-1983)
Authors: Dichdji Ayelen
Published: December 2018

Este artículo explora los esquemas argumentativos propuestos para abordar la relación hombre-naturaleza, en la prensa gráfica contracultural argentina, durante la última dictadura cívico-militar. La fuente de análisis seleccionada es la revista Expreso Imaginario (1976-1983). Asimismo, se trabajará con una perspectiva pluridisciplinar que vincula la historia ambiental, la comunicación y los estudios críticos del discurso. Esta propuesta nos permite realizar un abordaje descriptivo, cualitativo y cuantitativo de la temática ambiental para la década de los setenta en Argentina.
Da Lama ao Bairro, do Bairro à Lama: A Transformação da Socionatureza Urbana do Manguezal de São Diogo, Rio de Janeiro (1840-1870)
Authors: Capilé Bruno
Published: December 2018

A transformação do manguezal de São Diogo caracterizou-se num dos principais marcos da expansão urbana do Rio de Janeiro. Em meio à transformação do antigo estuário, podemos apontar dois principais interesses: um público, de expansão do território urbano, e o outro de uso privado, a partir da apropriação de suas águas para o despejo e o transporte de material da Companhia de Gás de Iluminação, do Barão de Mauá. No turbilhão de interesses, as teorias médicas moldaram as políticas imperiais de modificação do ambiente biofísico. O resultado foi a criação de um bairro com drásticas consequências ambientais derivadas dessas modificações. Da lama ao bairro, a Cidade Nova surgiu em meio a aterros e dessecamentos da antiga lama do mangue. Do bairro à lama, a região sofreu com o mau planejamento de redução de danos de enchentes e fortes chuvas. A lama persistiu em sua história.
Agua, Cultura y Ambiente en las Fronteras Interiores de Panamá
Authors: Herrera Guillermo Castro
Published: December 2018

El abordaje de los vínculos existentes entre el ambiente, la cultura y la visión de los recursos naturales en un territorio determinado debe considerar que los problemas ambientales del presente – y las expresiones culturales de los conflictos sociales vinculados a tales problemas - son el resultado de las intervenciones de nuestra especie en los ecosistemas de ayer. Tales intervenciones responden a la necesidad de transformar en recursos naturales un segmento de los elementos que forman parte de esos ecosistemas, mediante procesos de trabajo socialmente organizados que utilizan tecnologías y procedimientos de complejidad correspondiente a la de las relaciones sociales predominantes en la sociedad que los utiliza. La reorganización de la naturaleza que resulta de esas intervenciones, por otra parte, genera a su vez transformaciones en las estructuras sociales y las mentalidades de los grupos humanos. De este modo, al modificar los sistemas naturales de los que depende para su existencia el ser humano abre paso – por lo general sin saberlo ni desearlo – a la formación y desarrollo de contradicciones en los sistemas sociales de los que depende su organización como especie, y eventualmente a la transformación de dichos sistemas. De acuerdo al grado de desarrollo de cada sociedad, ese proceso puede limitarse a una escala puramente local o alcanzar una de alcance planetario, tanto en sus resultados directos como en la proyección de sus consecuencias sobre ecosistemas y formas de vida social distantes. En este sentido, las visiones del mundo natural y sus conductas correspondientes -esto es, la cultura ambiental – de cada sociedad expresan tanto las relaciones internas entre los grupos que la integran, como las que mantiene con otras sociedades. Así, la visión de cualquier elemento particular de los ecosistemas presentes en el entorno de la sociedad está determinada en el tiempo y en el espacio por los cambios que ocurren tanto en relación al valor de dicho elemento para la vida de sus integrantes, como a la función que pueda cumplir en sus relaciones con otros grupos humanos con los que comparte un mismo territorio, o el propio planeta Tierra.
A Exploração da Floresta com Araucárias: Um Enfoque da História Ambiental
Authors: Bortoncello Vanessa Lando , Petry Claudia , Martinez Jaime
Published: December 2018

As transformações ocorridas na floresta com araucárias revelam a maneira como as ações humanas se expressaram no território e o papel que a natureza desempenhou nas mudanças socioculturais, ecológicas e econômicas da região sul do Brasil. Através da consulta de referências que tratam sobre as características de Araucaria angustifolia, e da análise de trabalhos sobre a compreensão das transformações no território e na sociedade segundo a ótica da história ambiental, busca-se uma ampliação da análise histórica, relacionando as sociedades humanas com os sistemas naturais. Argumenta-se que a história ambiental pode relatar a relação do ser humano com a natureza, aqui com a floresta com araucárias, de tal forma, que este ao conhecê-la, modifique sua atitude, compreendendo a complexidade da questão ambiental, sendo caracterizado como um estímulo potencial para a conservação dessas florestas. Por fim, consideramos a floresta com araucárias um lugar da memória dos antigos habitantes do sul do Brasil.
O Legado Humano na Paisagem do Parque Nacional da Tijuca: Uso, Ocupação e Introdução de Espécies Exóticas
Authors: Solórzano Alexandro , Da Silva Sales Gabriel Paes , Nunes Rafael Da Silva
Published: December 2018

Atualmente, a perspectiva de sistemas socioecológicos permite ao investigador realizar um estudo acoplado da dimensão físico-ecológica com a dimensão humana. No presente trabalho vamos cruzar as informações da História Ambiental da Floresta da Tijuca com dados de distribuição geográfica da jaqueira (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) para melhor compreensão do seu papel no sistema socioecológico que atualmente abrange o Parque Nacional da Tijuca (PNT). A partir de investigações de campo encontramos uma associação espacial da atual distribuição da jaqueira com áreas de borda floresta/comunidade, bem como associada à antigas chácaras e ruínas, e relacionada à antigas áreas de produção de carvão na floresta. Estas evidências iniciais abrem um outro olhar sobre a jaqueira nas florestas urbanas sob um ponto de vista socioecológico com uma perspectiva funcionalista dos serviços ecossistêmicos.
A Green and Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 2-(4-(2-Oxo-2H-chromen-3- yl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenylacrylonitriles Under Environmentally Benign Conditions
Authors: Kavitha Kotthireddy , Srikrishna Devulapally , Dubey Pramod Kumar , Aparna Pasula
Published: December 2018

An efficient and convenient method for the condensation of various aldehydes with 2-(4-(2- oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile has been demonstrated via triphenylphosphinecatalyzed Knoevenagel condensation in good to excellent yields. The effect of solvent on this reaction was studied. In addition, a tandem method for the synthesis of 2-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2- yl)acetonitrile has been outlined using tetrabutylammonium tribromide as an efficient, green and ecofriendly reagent. Subsequently, the latter was reacted with various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of PEG-600 as reaction media to afford the title compounds. These reactions have widened the scope and applicability of the use of tetrabutylammonium tribromide, triphenylphosphine in organic synthesis. All these synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, Mass and 13C-NMR spectral data.
Single-photon Emission CT Combined with Spiral CT for Early Detection and Localization of Bone Metastasis: A Review
Authors: Okudan Berna , Arıcan Pelin , Seven Bedri
Published: December 2018

Background:

Bone metastasis is common in cancer. Evaluating the metastatic status in
cancer is of utmost importance in order to provide the best patient’s management.

Discussion:

Bone scintigraphy is widely used for evaluation of bone metastasis. It has high sensitivity
with limited specificity. Planar bone scintigraphy has been shown to have increased radiotracer
uptake without accurate anatomic localization and characterization. Hybrid Single-Photon Emission
Computed Tomography/Computerized Tomography (SPECT/CT) system has been developed by
combination of SPECT and CT. Accurate lesion localization and discrimination of equivocal bone
lesions is an advantage in this hybrid technique. It improves diagnostic accuracy by differentiation of
benign bone lesions from malignant ones due to their morphological changes. So, SPECT/CT improves
the specificity of bone scintigraphy leading to better outcomes in diagnosis and treatment
outcomes of bone metastatic cancer patients.

Conclusion:

In here, we discussed the prognostic value of bone scintigraphy and SPECT/CT in bone
metastasis with our clinical experience and review of the literature.
Rapid Determination of Acarbose in Tablets by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhang Xiuli , Yu Mingming
Published: December 2018

Introduction:

Acarbose, an anti-diabetic drug, is commonly used to treat diabetes mellitus
type 2. Determinationof acarbose is crucial for routine quality control of acarbose tablets.

Materials and Methods:

In this report, a rapid, stable and precise method was developed and validated
for the quantification of acarbose in tablets by 1H NMR. Two characteristic signals at 5.80 and 2.31
ppm were used to determine acarbose. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 0.25-10.0
mg/mL. The precision was 0.26% and 1.02% for signals at 5.80 and 2.31 ppm, respectively. The average
recoveries of acarbose were 99.7% and 99.2%, with RSD values 0.51% and 0.61% at two signals,
respectively.

Results and Discussion:

The content of tested tablets was 100.4% and 100.8% of the label claim with
RSD values 0.96% and 1.47% at two signals, which met the requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia
criteria for content uniformity of tablets. The assay has been successfully applied to determine the content
of acarbose in tablets for quality evaluation.

Conclusion:

This method has been successfully applied to determine the content of acarbose in tablets
for quality evaluation.
High-Tone External Muscle Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Sciatica – A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
Authors: Kempf Kerstin , Röhling Martin , Darwish Eslam , Martin Stephan , Jander Sebastian , Herdmann Jörg , Stehr-Zirngibl Susanne
Published: December 2018

Background:

Chronic sciatica is a common pathology with a lifetime prevalence of 84%. Current therapy options are inadequate or not long-lasting.

Objectives:

Evaluation of short-term application of High-Tone Electrical Muscle Stimulation (HTEMS) compared to Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) with chronic sciatica.

Methods:

Patients (n=100, (mean±SD) age=57±14 years, sex=42% male) with chronic sciatica were randomly assigned into two groups treated with either HTEMS or TENS. Each treatment was administered for a period of 45 min per day, 5 times within 7 days, with a 7-day wash-out period before crossover. A 5-day average of sciatic pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) before and after intervention. Drug administration was stable during the study.

Results:

Before crossover, pain intensity was significantly reduced by the HTEMS treatment (56±21 (60 [50-70]) to 45±21 (50 [30-60]) mm VAS; p<0.001), while no improvement occurred with TENS (59±19 (60 [50-70]) to 56±19 (60 [45-79]) mm VAS). After crossover, significant pain reduction was observed in both groups (both p <0.01) and did not differ between both groups after the whole intervention.

Conclusion:

HTEMS showed a higher potential for short-term reduction of pain than TENS and might offer new a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic sciatica.
Folate Tethered Gd2O3 Nanoparticles Exhibit Photoactive Antimicrobial Effects and pH Responsive Delivery of 5-fluorouracil into MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Bamane Sambhaji R. , Sawant Vijay J.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Destroying hydrophobicity and increasing bioavailability of anticancer drugs
is emerging field in biomedical nanotherapy.

Methods: The porous and oval shaped Gd2O3 gadolinite nanoparticles were synthesized and surface
functionalized with folate groups using wet coprecipitation method. The presence of spinal nanophase
with Gd2O3 lattice inside nanoparticles was confirmed by the use of XRD pattern and supportive FTIR
spectrum. XRD data of nanocomposites proved the spinal core of gadolinite phase even after surface
tailoring. These porous nanoparticles were loaded with anticancer drug 5-flurouracil for enhancement
of anticancer activity on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The elemental, optical, morphological and phase
physicochemical characterization of the nanomaterials were performed using techniques such as PL,
FTIR, XRD spectrometry, TGA thermal analysis, SEM and TEM microscopic analysis. The photoactive
biocompatibility of nanohybrids was elaborated on gram positive S. aureus bacteria by agar well
antibacterial screening in dark and light.

Results: The nanocomposites not only exhibited photoactive biocompatibility but also pH responsive in
vitro delivery applied for anticancer therapy on the basis of spectrometric assay following sustained release
with zero order Peppas release kinetics.

Conclusion:

The nanocomposites exhibited higher anticancer activity on MCF-7 cells than free drug
and nanohybrids after in vitro MTT assay. These 5-FU loaded folate targeted luminescent and photoactive
nanocomposites with gadolinite core find applications in the future biomedical cell-particle interface.
The Legal Framework for Protecting the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in Romania as a Member State of the European Union
Authors: Vataman Dan
Published: December 2018

The freedom of thought, conscience and religion constitutes nowadays a basic right of individuals for determining their perception of human life and society, which is why it represents a necessary requirement for all democratic societies. Taking into account that violations of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion may exacerbate intolerance and often constitute early indicators of potential violence and conflicts, the aim of this study is to raise public awareness on the fact that this freedom is a fundamental right of every human being, a right that needs to be protected everywhere and for everyone. For this purpose, the analysis is focused, in a first stage, on clarifying the essential features of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion so that, in a second stage, to be presented the European and Romanian legal frameworks for protection of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. As a novelty, this study attempts to outline how it is implemented the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion in Romania, highlighting achievements, but without trying to avoid weaknesses and the less pleasant aspects as it shown in US Department of State’s report.
Observação e atuação reflexiva no estágio supervisionado de língua inglesa: somente refletir não basta
Authors: Gregis Rosi Ana , Gregis Hilaine
Published: December 2018

Considerado o componente mais prático dos cursos de licenciatura, o estágio curricular carece de discussões teóricas e pesquisas que nos façam refletir sobre as práticas e os saberes docentes. Este artigo tem a finalidade de trazer observações de acadêmicos de Letras sobre aulas de língua inglesa no ensino básico, no período que realizam seu estágio supervisionado. Para complementar essas respostas, apresentamos a visão de professores sobre sua atuação e expectativas de aperfeiçoamento profissional.  Nosso propósito neste trabalho também é repensar o papel do estágio nos cursos de Letras. A pesquisa é primordialmente qualitativa e dois questionários foram respondidos por alunos da disciplina de Estágio e por professores de Língua Inglesa do Ensino Básico no Rio Grande do Sul. A base teórica para esta pesquisa advém principalmente dos estudos de Hopkins (1985), Pimenta e Lima (2004), Pimenta e Ghedin (2012), Libâneo et al. (2012), Martinez (2009) e Richards e Rodgers (2001). Os resultados mostram que tanto os acadêmicos como os professores se preocupam sobre a importância do estágio supervisionado e sobre a necessidade de uma formação contínua dos professores. Esses sujeitos também estão conscientes da necessidade de se aliar as práticas pedagógicas a teorias bem alicerçadas. Sem dúvida, as práticas educativas no ensino de línguas precisam ir além da mera reflexão.
Dimensão formativa da escrita de si: vivências e necessidades de professores em formação inicial
Authors: Kich Bruna Viedo , Martins Adriana Claudia
Published: December 2018

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar alguns aspectos relevantes das narrativas de professores em formação inicial, os quais envolvem não somente o movimento de escritura de diários de classe e a resistência à escrita, mas também a atividade de leitura desses diários e a tomada de consciência em relação aos acontecimentos da aprendizagem da docência. O contexto da realização da pesquisa deu-se durante o processo formativo de professores nas atividades realizadas no Estágio Supervisionado em Letras, em uma universidade pública do Rio Grande do Sul. Zabalza (2004), Telles (2002), Freire (1995, 1996) e Bakhtin (1992, 2010) são alguns dos teóricos que sustentam esta discussão. Com uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, de cunho sociocultural (BAKHTIN, 2010, BOLZAN, 2006), elaboramos três categorias de análise: os enfrentamentos da vivência em sala de aula; as frustrações que tangenciaram a formação docente e a necessidade de readaptar-se e emergir. O estudo revela que a formação inicial de professores desenha-se na relação entre os percursos de formação e de autoformação, e nas experiências pessoais, que envolvem tanto os conhecimentos adquiridos quanto estudantes da Educação Básica como a trajetória profissional. Constatamos que o estudante de Letras, ao escrever seus diários e refletir sobre a própria escrita, foi-se constituindo como um profissional autocrítico.