bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Resources Optimal Allocation in Middle Line of South to North Water Diversion Project of Hebei, China Using AHP-LP
Authors: Gao Tai Zhong , Zhang Can Can , Pang Hui Cong
Published: May 2014

Water resource is irreplaceable as one kind of important natural resources and strategic economic resources. Water resources optimal allocation is an important means to solve the problem of water resources to keep the relative balance of the supply and demand. For ensuring the sustainable development, according to the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and aiming at the maximum synthesized benefits, the model for water resources optimal allocation was established. A lot of factors were considered. The cause function, restriction and parameters were discussed. At last, optimal allocation of water resources in the middle line of Project in Hebei Province was studied under the guarantee of 95 % in 2010 and 2014. The results showed that the Project can solve the serious water shortage in Hebei province, North China.
Responses of Water Holding Characteristic of Crown Debris and Litter in a Cunninghamia Lanceolata Stand to Ice-Snow Damage
Authors: Li Qin Jing , Hao Yun Ting , Xue Li , Hou Xiao Li
Published: May 2014

Severe ice-snows caused break of many trees and a lot of crown debris in south China in 2008. Stem damage and crown debris. In order to determine the water holding characteristics of the crown debris, the water holding rate and water absorption rates of crown debris and litter were studied in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand suffering from ice-snow damage occurring from January to February, 2008. The order of water-holding capacity of the components was leaves > litter > branches> stemwood > stembark in each stage of immersing water. The maximum water holding capacities of stemwood, branch, leaves, stembark and litter were 6.75, 8.13, 10.9, 2.72 and 8.22 t•ha 1, respectively. Maximum water holding rates of stemwood, branch, leaves, stembark and litter were 2271, 2144, 3199, 2800 and 3018 g•kg 1, respectively. Water absorption rate of each component sharply decreased with increasing immersed time from 0.5 to 4 hours, and then slowly decreased. The logarithm equation predicted water-holding capacity and water holding rates of crown debris and litter quite well and the negative exponential equation predicted water absorption rate within an 8.5% error.
Introduction to Midas GTS Software Application in Design of Deep Foundation Pit
Authors: Dong Xiao Lin
Published: May 2014

Abstract: in this paper, combining with engineering examples, this paper introduces the Midas GTS software application in the design of foundation pit excavation, and compared with the actual monitoring results, verify the feasibility of the software used in the actual engineering design and reliability.
A Study on Relationship between Orientation Evolution and Coarsening Behavior of Cu6Sn5 Grains Formed on Polycrystalline Cu Substrate
Authors: Yang Ming , Ma Xin , Li Ming Yu
Published: May 2014

The coarsening behavior of Cu6Sn5 grains formed at the Sn37Pb/Polycrystalline Cu interface is investigated in terms of their orientation evolution during solid-state aging. The results show that the coarsening behavior of the interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains during solid-state aging are quite different from that during liquid-state soldering. The occurrence of the coarsening in the solid-sate reaction is caused by the different surface energies between two adjacent grains. In addition, the texture morphologies of the interfacial grains affect their coarsening rates. In particular, the interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains formed at 200 oC exhibit a texture with the [0001] direction normal to the interface after 16 days of aging at 150 oC, and the formation of this texture accelerates the coarsening process of the interfacial Cu6Sn5 grains.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils by Washing with Citric Acid and Subsequent Treatment of Soil-Washing Solutions
Authors: Sun Lei , Liu Han Qiao , Wei Guo Xia , Wu Zhen Hua , Yang Wei
Published: May 2014

Soil washing experiments were carried out with citric acid as washing reagent for the remediation of soils highly contaminated with heavy metals, then activated carbon was used in absorption processing for leaching solution. In this study, the effects of the main operating variables for removal of metals from soils were first discussed. The results showed that 36.% Pb, 47.74% Cu and 61.88% Cd were removed from the contaminated soils by optimizing the washing parameters at citric acid concentration 0.2 mol/l, mixing time 2 h, liquid-soil ratio 20 and solution pH=4, respectively. In the adsorption experiments of leachates, the optimum conditions were found as follows: solution pH=7, mixing time of 2 h, standing time of 60 min and activated carbon dosage of 1g/100ml.
Multi-Scale Analysis of Marine Environmental Situation in the Caofeidian Nearshore District
Authors: Zhao Ying Jie , Li Ming Chang , Cao Yuan Yuan
Published: May 2014

Analysis of marine environment, especially the multi-scale analysis is an efficient means to obtain the environmental situation and guide the environmental management. In this paper, the field data, max, min and average of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate in the Caofeidian marine district, Tangshan Bay is analyzed. The whole water quality situation could be grasped through these analyses. The research results show that the distribution of pollution is disequilibrium and the high value district of pollution exists in research district too.
Garden Plants under Global Climate Change
Authors: Li Qiu Jing , Hou Xiao Li , Xue Li , Chen Hong Yue , Hao Yun Ting
Published: May 2014

Climate change refers to man-made changes in our climate, which is caused by changes in temperature, precipitation, and CO2. There is a lot of data coming from all over the world indicating that phenology of garden plants and biodiversity are being impacted by climate change. In the context of climate change, landscape plants can enhance carbon sink function, improve plant design, and mitigate climate change and so on. To determine the impact of these changes on garden plants, scientists would need to strengthen the study of garden plants under global climate change, including different garden type responses to climate change, invaliding species phenology study, extreme weather impacts on landscape plant phenology, the dominant factor of affecting garden plants in different regions, interactions of multiple environmental factors on influence mechanism of garden plants.
Changchun College of Architecture Electrical Design for Sheling Campus Library
Authors: Li Ting Ting
Published: May 2014

This paper introduces the Changchun College of Architecture sheling Campus library building electrical design process
The Stochastic Imperfection Method of Sheet Space Structure Based on Truncated Univariate Normal Distributions
Authors: Jin Tian Jiao , Guo Xiao Ming
Published: May 2014

The initial geometric imperfections is a key issue of the stability analysis of sheet space structures. A new described method of the initial geometric imperfections which is located in local spherical coordinate system is given, and the random imperfection variable is assumed to follow a truncated univariate normal distribution (TUVN). A well working envelope function for TUVN is chosen, and the acceptance rate is high for constrained region of the design code. The method provided in the paper is called spherical truncated normal stochastic imperfection method (STNS). The results of consistent mode imperfections method, traditional stochastic imperfection method and STNS method are compared, by which some conclusions that are useful for the design and the study of sheet space structures are obtained.
Experimental Study of Urea Depositions in Urea-SCR System
Authors: Bai Shu Zhan , Lang Shuai Guo , Yuan Ke Ping , Liu Yang , Li Guo Xiang
Published: May 2014

Avoiding the urea deposition in the exhaust stream is one of the basic requirements for SCR system normal application. Unreasonable structure design, machining and installation position all could lead to urea crystallization on the wall of exhaust pipe and the front end surface of the catalyst, in addition, unreasonable control strategy also could deteriorate this phenomenon. The components of the urea depositions are the urea and cyanuric acid analyzed by thermogravimetry - FTIR technology. The integrated injector mounting is designed to alleviate the urea crystallization based on analysis results. The engine test and the vehicle road test are all shown that the optimal structural design and calibration strategies could avoid crystallization and sedimentation effectively in the exhaust system.
Inhibition and Recovery of Nitrification during the Process of Sludge Reduction Induced by a Metabolic Uncoupler, 2,6-Dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP)
Authors: Wu Di , Wen Xing Wang , Liu Hui Ling
Published: May 2014

2,6-DCP was found to be an efficient metabolic uncoupler to reduce sludge production. 20mg/L 2,6-DCP could reduce sludge production about 34.62%, however, it also affected nitrification seriously, the nitrification inhibition was about 76.17% compared to control. Environmental factors, temperature and pH, were varied to repair nitrification. The nitrification inhibition was decreased to 45.7% at 28±1 ◦C and pH=8.5±0.2. Nitrification inhabitation was further decreased to 30% when the 2,6-DCP concentration reduced to 10 mg/L, the sludge reduction also decreased to17.9%. The 30-day operation data indicated that 10mg/L 2,6-DCP can also effectively reduced the sludge production about 17.9% with the COD removal efficiency decreased about 6.99% and nitrification inhabitation was about 30.91%. It shouldn’t only consider the sludge reduction when selecting the concentration of metabolic uncoupler. The application of metabolic uncoupler for sludge reduction should be cautious and need further study.
Influence of Ethanol on the Interactions and Physical Properties of Binary Mixtures of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Based ILs at 298.15 K
Authors: Saba Hi Na , Zhang Yu Mei , Wang Hua Ping
Published: May 2014

Density (ρ), refractive index (n), conductivity (κ) and viscosity (ɳ) measurements have been carried out for binary mixtures of imidazolium based ionic liquids with ethanol at 298.15 K. Excess molar volumes have been calculated from experimental data and was fitted by Redlich-Kister equation. The density and refractive index increase with increasing ionic liquid (IL) concentration. Addition of IL leads to increased conductivity initially within these mixtures, which is subsequently followed by gradual decrease in IL-rich region showing the restricted ion mobility and enhanced interactions within these mixtures. Viscosity was found to be increase gradually with increasing IL concentration. It has been observed that solubility parameters, dielectric constant and nature of anions of ILs being used play a vital role in determining the fate of resultant properties.
Analysis of Influence of Aluminum Content on Inclusion Characteristic and Fatigue Life of Bearing Steel Using Statistics of Extreme Values
Authors: Hsu Chin Chuan , Chung Ho Hua
Published: May 2014

In this study, we predicted the maximum nonmetallic inclusion size of bearing steel using statistics of extreme values (SEV) approach, and discussed that the influence of aluminum content on the nonmetallic inclusion characteristic and fatigue life of bearing steel. The inclusion size and type was measured and identified by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) respectively. The result shows that most inclusions in steels are oxysulfide and alumina cluster. A tendency was also found that the alumina size increases with increasing aluminum content, but the oxysulfide size almost remains unchanged. Furthermore, alumina clusters were formed in steel if more deoxidizer aluminum was added to the molten steel during metallurgical process. In addition, the fatigue life of steel is inversely proportional to alumina size, but it seems independent of oxysulfide size. Therefore, this study suggests that the dominant factor of influence on the fatigue life of bearing steel is alumina instead of oxysulfide. The results reported here would be beneficial to steel manufacturers attempting to improve the fatigue resistance of bearing steels.
Shaping Porous, Low Density Al Composites by AWJ Cutting Process
Authors: Kramar Davorin , Nascimento Everton Marques , Jorge Alexandre Fonseca , Kopač Janez , Robert Maria Helena
Published: May 2014

Shaping materials containing porous constituents is a critical issue. This work analyses the process of abrasive water-jet (AWJ) cutting applied to low density metal matrix composites (LD.MMCs) consisting of AA7075 alloy as matrix and porous, foamed particles of SiO2/Al2O3/Fe2O3 or vermicular SiO2/Al2O3/MgO, as reinforcements. Results show that although presenting lower density (from 1.09 g/cm3 to 1.59 g/cm3, depending on the particle type) and lower strength than the non-reinforced AA7075 alloy, the composites present some difficulties in AWJ cutting. Deflection of the jet was noticed, being more evident on vermiculite-reinforced samples. Anyhow machinability numbers for the composites analyzed are in the order of 20% higher than the AA7075 matrix alone. Jet deflection, surface quality and machinability number showed to be dependent on the internal structure of the porous ceramic particles: vermiculite can pull out under the jet while cinasite is more susceptible to suffer fracture. This mechanisms result in lower jet deflection, better surface and better overall machinability in the case of AA7075 / cinasite LD.MMC.
Tensile Property of Electrochemically Polished Titanium Alloy
Authors: Ikushima Takashi , Shimizu Tetsuhide , Yang Ming
Published: May 2014

Tensile tests of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with different thickness of 0.4 mm and 0.3 mm, were performed to investigate thickness dependency of superplasticity. To keep the same inner microstructure between specimens with different thicknesses, electrochemical polishing method was applied to reduce thickness. By keeping the voltage for the electrochemical polishing as 30 V the thickness decreased as linear with respect to polishing time. Further, tensile tests of 0.4 mm with strain rate 9.310-4 sec-1 were conducted at room temperature and 850 °C. And the superplasticity of 450 % elongation was obtained at 850 °C. For quantitative measurement of superplasticity, strain rate sensitivity (m value) was calculated from the tensile test by changing strain rate. The m values of the unpolished 0.4 mm specimen and the polished 0.3 mm specimen were 0.52 and 0.43, respectively. Strain rates to calculate the m value were 510-4 sec-1 and 110-3 sec-1. Consequently the reduction of thickness resulted in the reduction of m value, which means less superplasticity for thinner sheets of Ti-6Al-4V.
Applications of Optical Path Length Compensation Technology for High Power CO2 Laser Cutting Process
Authors: Chen Zhao Chi , Pan Liang Ju
Published: May 2014

High powerCO2(Carbon Dioxide,CO2) laser cutting process not only attention to the type of material selected, the focus position of the laser beam and spot size (beam size) also plays an important role. In this paper, metal materials cutting through the wavelength of 10.6μm,CO2 laser with the optical path length compensation techniquewith output power 4000W. We compare different focus position and spot size for processing quality to discussing the use of a constant optical path length system to maintain the stability of the cross-section of the metal material after laser cutting.Optical path length compensation is used with ABCD Law in metal (steel) laser cutting processing an indispensable technology.Finally, we verify that the cross-section of the optical path length compensation under laser cutting in different processing location, thicknessof 16 mmsteel with laser power 4000W, and cutting speed 0.9 m/minconditions observed area 3*1.5 m2workingstagefor optical path length of 7, 8.5, 10 and 11.5 m,the steel ofcross-section appearance almost identical.
Investigation of Chatter Vibration in End-Milling Process by Considering Coupled System Model
Authors: Hattori Kosuke , Kodama Hiroyuki , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichhi
Published: May 2014

Chatter vibration in cutting processes usually leads to surface finish degradation, tool damage, cutting noise, energy loss, etc. Self-excited vibration particularly seems to be a problem that is easily increased to large vibration. The regenerative effect is considered as one of the causes of chatter vibration. Although the chatter vibration occurs in various types of processing, the end-milling is a typical process that seems to cause the chatter vibration due to a lack of rigidity of one or more parts of the machine tools, cutting tool, and work-piece.
The aim of our research is to propose a simple method to control chatter vibration of the end-milling process on the basis of a coupling model integrating the related various elements. In this study, hammering tests were carried out to measure the transfer function of a machine tool and cutting tool system, which seems to cause vibration. By comparing these results, finite elemental method (FEM) analysis models were constructed. Additionally, cutting experiments were carried out to confirm the chatter vibration frequencies in end-milling with a machining center. In the hammering tests, impulse hammer and multiple acceleration pick-ups are connected to a multi-channel FFT analyzer and estimate the natural frequencies and natural vibration modes. A simplified FEM model is proposed by circular section stepped beam elements on the basis of the hammering test results, considering a coupling effect. In comparisons of the calculated results and hammering test results, the vibration modes are in good agreement. As a result, the proposed model accurately predicts the chatter vibration considering several effects among the relating elements in end-milling. Moreover, it can be seen that the chatter vibration is investigated from a viewpoint of the integrating model of the end-milling process.
The Use of Supports to Fast Fabrication of Plastic Parts
Authors: Lin Tsong Der , Lin Alan C.
Published: May 2014

This paper provides a design technique of support for being applied in fast fabrication on plastic prototype, the plastic part developed through the computer aided design (CAD) can be rapidly fabricated by a CNC machining center without needs of any specific jigs or fixtures, the function provided is similar to a rapid prototyping (RP) machine used for fabricating the sampling part.
By the testing result, the provided design technique of support can not only be applied in the part required for a dual-surface (or multiple-surface) processing, but also applicable for fabricating the part having thin housing. As such, this paper provides another economical and efficient option besides the RP.
Deformation Behaviour of TRIP Steel Monitored by In Situ Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Zrník Jozef , Muránsky Ondrej , Sittner Petr
Published: May 2014

The paper presents results of in-situ neutron diffraction experiments aimed on monitoring the phase evolution and load distribution in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel when subjected to tensile loading. Tensile deformation behaviour of two TRIP-assisted multiphase steel with slightly different microstructures resulted from different thermo-mechanical treatments applied was investigated by in-situ neutron diffraction. The steel with lower retained austenite volume fraction (fγ=0.04) and higher volume fraction of needle-like bainite in the α-matrix exhibits higher yield stress (sample B, 600MPa) but considerably lower elongation in comparison to the steel with higher austenite volume fraction (fγ=0.08), granular bainite and ferrite matrix (sample A, 500 MPa). The neutron diffraction results showed that the applied tensile load is redistributed at the yielding point in a way that the retained austenite bears a significantly larger load than the α-matrix during the TRIP steel deformation. Steel sample with higher volume fraction of retained austenite and less strong ferrite matrix proved to be a better TRIP steel with respect to strength, ductility and the side effect of the strain induced austenite-martensite transformation. The transforming retained austenite in time of loading provides potential for higher ductility of experimental TRIP steel but at the same time acts as a reinforcement phase during the further plastic deformation.TRIP steel, austenite conditioning, austenite transformation, structure, retained austenite, tensile deformation, neutron diffraction, load partitioning, mechanical properties.
Effect of Edge Shape of Tool in Finish Blanking
Authors: Yamada Tomohiro , Wang Zhi Gang , Fukao Takuya
Published: May 2014

In the present paper, the finish-blanking method is taken up because it is an easy-to-use method by using a tool with rounded edge and a small clearance between the punch and die. In finish blanking, the process parameters such as the tool shape and clearance are significant. The purpose of the present work is to clarify the effect of tool shape of PW punch in finish blanking. In the present paper, a high-tensile-strength-steel plate with a thickness of 6mm was used. The edge shape of punch was changed, and the clearance was changed within the range of 0.65%t - 12%t. The experimental results show that the edge angle of PW punch should be in the range of 30° - 60°, and the clearance should be less than 2.0%t to obtain the ratio of the burnished surface more than 80%. The edge shape of the punch has a very limited effect on the shear droop, when the clearance is less than 2.0%t. It was also found that the PW punch is more suitable to control the burr depth than Rounded punch.
Influence of Pre-Generated Infinite Adhesive Defects on the Forming Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Steel Sheets
Authors: Satheeshkumar V. , Narayanan R. Ganesh
Published: May 2014

In the present investigation, the forming behaviour of adhesive bonded sheets with the pre-generated infinite defects in the adhesive layer is studied. The infinite defects are generated with different orientations like longitudinal, transverse and at an angle of 45°. The base sheet materials used are deep drawing quality steel and SS 316L sheets, and two part epoxy adhesive is used for bonding the base sheet materials. The formability is quantified by monitoring the load-extension behaviour, and limit strain, evaluated through tensile tests and in-plane plane strain (IPPS) formability tests. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in formability because of the presence of infinite defects in the adhesive layer. While comparing the formability of adhesive bonded blanks with respect to different orientations, transversely oriented defect shows more reduction than 45° and longitudinal cases. There is not much difference between the transversely oriented and 45° oriented infinite defects in tensile tests, whereas in the IPPS formability test results, there is no considerable difference between 45° and longitudinally oriented defect.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Influence of Process Parameters on Strains and Forces of Single Point Incremental Forming
Authors: Oleksik Valentin , Pascu Adrian , Avrigean Eugen , Bondrea Ioan
Published: May 2014

These paper aims to determine the influence of the most important geometrical parameters (vertical step and punch diameter) on the main strains, thickness reduction and the forces along two directions during the single point incremental forming process (SPIF). The paper comprises a comparative numericalexperimental study, for a simple geometry part obtained by incremental forming. In fact, in the first stage, the punch has a vertical motion with the value of one vertical step. In the second stage, the punch follows a linear trajectory along one side of the die. After each linear trajectory the punch has successive vertical motions, taking one vertical step at a time until the entire geometry of the part is done. In order to study the influence of the geometrical parameters, to the vertical step and the punch diameter were assigned three levels of variation. Following the selection of these geometrical parameters values, a factorial experimental program of type 32 has been adopted. The maximum values of the main strain and thickness reduction rises with the decrease of both vertical step and punch diameter and the maximum values of the forces are reached with the increase of both vertical step and punch diameter.
Verification of Numerical Roll Forming Loads with the Aid of Measurement Equipment
Authors: Groche Peter , Mueller Christian , Baeumer Lars
Published: May 2014

Roll forming is an important forming process for profile manufacturing in mass production. The design of the process has an important influence on the quality of the products. Therefore, the knowledge of the occurring loads during the roll forming process, e.g. forces and pressures, is essential for the process design. However, the experimental determination of the occurring contact normal pressures in roll forming processes poses a challenge. Finite element simulations offer the potential to approximate contact normal loads and thus, enable a better process design. Nevertheless, due to simplifications of the numerical model, a realistic and reliable output of loads in roll forming is not possible. An enhanced numerical model could provide more valuable information. This paper will demonstrate the reproduction of realistic contact normal pressures and load forces in a roll forming simulation. To verify the numerical values, they will be compared to data gained by experiments.
Direct Thermal Method of Aluminium 7075
Authors: Ahmad Asnul Hadi , Naher Sumsun , Brabazon Dermot
Published: May 2014

The evolution of microstructure affect from different pouring temperatures and holding times using a direct thermal method is presented in this paper. The direct thermal method is one of the thermal techniques which are used to produce semi-solid metal feedstock. In this experimental work, aluminium 7075 alloy was used. The experiments were carried out by processing a sample with a 0.7 °C/s cooling rate to evaluate the formation of the microstructure. In direct thermal method experiment, a molten 7075 was poured into a cylindrical copper mould at different pouring temperatures of 680 °C and 660 °C meanwhile the holding time of 20 s, 40 s and 60 s before quenched into room temperature water. The sample processed by the cooling rate of 0.7 °C/s produced a large microstructure. The formation of a spheroidal microstructure was obtained with the combination of a suitable pouring temperature and holding time. The pouring temperature of 665 °C and the holding time of 60 s produced a finer and uniform microstructure that is suitable for semi-solid feedstock.
Effect of Heating on Springback in Heat Assisted Microbending
Authors: Aoyama Tatsuya , Shimizu Tetsuhide , Zheng Qiu , Yang Ming
Published: May 2014

A novel heat assisted microbending system was developed by applying the resistance heating technology. To clarify the effect of heating on springback for ultra-thin metal foils, high precision microbending test was carried out under the different temperature of room temperature (RT), 300oC and 600oC. As-received rolled and electrochemically polished pure titanium foils with thickness of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.02mm were used. To evaluate the springback in each thickness, springback angle of pure titanium foils with different thicknesses was measured under the same maximum bending strain. As results, the springback angle was decreased with increasing the process temperature for all materials and thickness conditions. Furthermore, the thinner the foil, the larger the springback angle, irrespective of the temperature conditions. The relationship between the heating temperature and the decreasing ratio of the springback angle was experimentally demonstrated.
A New Approach to Calibration of Printed Circuit Board Coordinates: 2D-Depth Sensor Applied to Robotic Screwdrivers Assembly Systems
Authors: Dong Shu Ping , Wang Hau Wei , Wu Tung Ying , Yeh Ching Ming
Published: May 2014

We consider the parts screwing problems, which of automatic assembly robotic screwdrivers system required precisely depth and tilt-angle at each insertion point. However, commonly computer vision inspection tools which obtain tilt-angle on clamping printed circuit board is a challenging problem. Further, even if given a depth senor, that still to consider inspection target size. Thus, we present an approach for screwing angle measurement of printed circuit board assembly in Consumer electronics production lines. The methods involved using 2D-Depth sensor to identify screwing angle, and measuring depth information near the hole of printed circuit board. Our method successfully conform to screwdrivers system requirement, tilt angle under three degree and sampling small area target under 10mm^2,which obtains measurement results will be applied to refer on robotic positioning and assembling.
Ga-Doped ZnO Films Deposited by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
Authors: Hsu Jui Me , Ho Po Ching , Chang Chia Chiang , Chou Ta Hsin
Published: May 2014

Deposition of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films using atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) system is presented in this work. High quality GZO films were demonstrated: The resistivity of as-deposited film achieves up to ~7×10-4 ohm-cm, which is comparable to that deposited using vacuum process. Further, the optical transmission with optimized thickness is > 89 % at wavelength of 550 nm. The Hall mobility increased as GZO deposition thickness increase to 300 nm.
In order to study thermal stability of GZO thin films, the effect of thermal annealing on the optical and electrical properties was studied. Samples annealed in vacuum and in air showed opposite characteristics: resistivity decrease for vacuum annealing samples and increase for air annealing samples. Carrier reduction mainly attributed to the resistivity increase in air annealing. Mobility increases but carrier concentration decreases when samples were annealed in vacuum: The combined effects resulted in resistivity decrease to half of the prior-annealing values after 500 °C vacuum annealing.
The GZO thin films used in capacitive touch sensors were also evaluated. We demonstrated that APPJ-deposited GZO thin films can be successfully applied to touch sensors in our work. These results indicate that our APPJ system can deposit good quality TCO films, which have potential to be applied in optoelectronics field.
A New Concept of the Sliding Compression Test to Independently Investigate the Contact Normal Stress and the Surface Enlargement
Authors: Groche Peter , Müller Christoph , Keller Mira
Published: May 2014

Cold forging is a highly efficient process to produce components. However, the occurring tribological loads are tremendous. Therefore, complex tribological systems are necessary. They can be influenced by numerous factors. Most important are the tribological loads, which can usually be investigated independently. On the other hand, the contact normal stress and the surface enlargement are coupled in tribometer tests. In order to investigate them independently, a new concept for the Sliding Compression Test is presented and verified. This procedure reveals that both values have an influence on the friction coefficient. However, the influence of the surface enlargement is with about two-thirds higher.
A Study on the Structure Analysis of Skate for Transportation Using Composite Materials
Authors: Ko Sun Ho , Kim Hong Gun , Shin Hee Jae , Kim Hyun Woo , Cha Yun Ju , Cha In Pyo , Kim Gwang Cheol , Kwac Lee Ku
Published: May 2014

As society became more complex, the logistics also increased, demanding for logistics transport vehicles and feeder has increased. Because the self-weight of skate for cargo transport used in this study is heavy, it needs to be weight lightening. However there is a lack of capital and technology not to improve lasting. We conducted FEM studies about weight lightening applying composites on cargo transport skate and the stiffness can be obtained at the same time. However, due to the presence of discontinuities such as holes in the parts. If you are applying composite, Because this causes the degradation of the strength of the material under static and fatigue load induced stress concentration in parts. In order to examine the safety of the cargo transport skate, you must consider the impact of the static strength damage on the stress concentration because of the discontinuous parts. In this study, therefore, the cargo skate was performed to evaluate the structural analysis through the FEM analysis. As a result, it was found that CFRP compared to existing SM45C is superior 25% when considering the characteristics. It indicated the best results in about 30% of the weight lightening.
Study on Utilizing Rapid Prototyping Technology to Build Oral and Maxillofacial Models
Authors: Cheng Yih Lin , Lu Wei Shiun
Published: May 2014

Traditional dental impression approach is not applicable to most of the oral and craniofacial trauma patients. Without a physical model, it is not easy to evaluate a patients fracture and occlusion, limiting the treatment process. Especially, the accuracy of the maxillofacial model for occlusion evaluation needs to meet strict clinical demands. Therefore, in this research, we attempted to use computed tomography (CT), without damaging the oral and craniofacial tissues of patients, together with image processing and Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique to obtain physical oral and maxillofacial models with high accuracy. Initially, a set of procedures of generating maxillofacial model was developed. CT images were segmented and converted to a CAD file by a commercial medical image processing software. RP technique was used to fabricate maxillofacial model. After comparison, the deviations were greater than clinical demands of less than 1 mm. After analyzing the sources of errors, issues of CT slice thickness, images threshold selection and editing, and RP fabrication were investigated to improve the accuracy. As a result, updated standard procedures were suggested to obtain RP maxillofacial models with higher accuracy. The improved average deviation can be reduced to 0.22 mm. The biological RP models with high accuracy generated in this research can be used to improve success rate and safety in a surgery, to reduce complications after the surgery, and to decrease the time and cost of treatment.
The Effect of Seat Tube Angle (STA) on Muscle Tension Leg Riders
Authors: Batan I Made Londen , Harnany Dinny , Rinaldi Erick
Published: May 2014

Bicycle becomes famous transportation as efforts cut greenhouse gas emission. Comfortable, less injured, and less energy are the requirement of bicycle that urban communities wanted. Seat tube angle (STA) is an angle formed between seat tube and chain stay, which has influences on the above requirement. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of varying seat tube angle (STA) on the muscle tension leg riders during cycling. This study used changeable frame bicycle into several STA. A total five cycling trials with body mass index 21-25, were conducted at seventeen STA’s position (form 62° until 78°). Muscle tension leg was measured before and after cycling by using leg dynamometer. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) data were also collected during cycling at 6 minutes and will be converted to paddle energy. Through this study was found that muscle tension leg rider decreasing with the increasing STA. However, after STA of 66°, the muscle leg tension increasing respecively. The smallest muscle tension leg was 21,4 Kg at 66° STA. At the same position, pedal energy showed 7.148 Kcal which was the smallest result as well. From these study found, that 66° STA also had less muscle tension leg and paddle energy during cycling.
Harmonic Structure Design of Co-Cr-Mo Alloy with Outstanding Mechanical Properties
Authors: Sawangrat Choncharoen , Yamaguchi Osamu , Vajpai Sanjay Kumar , Ameyama Kei
Published: May 2014

Co-Cr-Mo alloy powders were subjected to controlled mechanical milling at room temperature under Ar atmosphere to fabricate bimodal microstructure in the MM powders, having nanosized grains in the surface region and micron-sized coarse grains in the center of the milled powders. Subsequently, the MM powder was compacted by spark-plasma sintering (SPS) process. The sintered compacts indicated two structure areas: (i) ultra-fine grained (UFG) regions, called shell, and (ii) the coarse grained regions called core. The shell and the core correspond to the surface and center of the MM powders, respectively. The shell regions established a continuous three dimensional network of high strength ultra-fine grained regions, which surrounded the discrete coarse grained ductile regions. Such a microstructure is referred as Harmonic Structure. The sintered Co-Cr-Mo alloy compacts exhibited outstanding mechanical properties. The yield strength increased from 605 to 635 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength increased from 1201 to 1283 MPa. Moreover, the elongation was maintained more or less same as that of coarse grained compacts. Therefore, the harmonic structure design leads to the new generation microstructure of Co-Cr-Mo alloy, which demonstrates outstanding mechanical properties, i.e. superior strength and excellent ductility as compared to conventional materials.
Keywords: mechanical milling, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, mechanical properties, harmonic structure.
Generalized Two-Point Method for Straightness Profile Measurement - Error Propagation and Experimental Results
Authors: Okuyama Eiki , Asano Shingo , Suzuki Yuichi , Ishikawa Hiromi
Published: May 2014

In the straightness profile measurement of a mechanical workpiece, hardware datums have been the traditional standard. However, when the straightness profile is measured using a scanning displacement sensor set on an X-stage as the hardware datums, output of a displacement sensor includes the signal of straightness profile and the sensor’s parasitic motion, i.e. straightness error motion. Then, error separation techniques of the straightness profile from parasitic motions have been developed. For example, two-point method uses two displacement sensors and separates the sensor’s straightness error motion from the straightness profile. However, the conventional two-point method cannot measure a large-scale workpiece because the large sampling number causes random error amplification. In this article, the influence of the random error of generalized two-point method is shown. As the result of the theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, random error propagation decrease when sampling number increase. Further, experimental results obtained by generalized two-point method with large sampling number are analyzed using Wavelet transform and influence of error of the generalized two-point method is discussed in the space-spatial frequency domain.
Control of Service Robot by Integration of Multiple Intermittent Sensors
Authors: Chen Liang Kuang , Hsiao Mao Yuan
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we design a service robot which not only can plan road to a destination by itself, but also can take an elevator to every floor. For planning road, in order to solve the Hagisonic Stargazer Robot localization system problem which in large environment will need to set a lot of landmark and this way will increase the lead time and memory capacity. So we use the concept of road nodes to combine with Stargazer landmark and Dijkstra’s algorithm. Robot can localize by itself and can plan the shortest road to a destination. In dead region of Stargazer, we integrate with a laser range finder and e-compass to assist robot in navigation, and use the laser range finder simultaneously to avoid front obstacle. For taking elevator, we design a wireless control of independent mechanism. Robot can use Xbee transmit command to control servo motor to push elevator button and use RFID to determine whether the arrival task Floor. Last, we use Borland C++ Builder to design a Human–Computer interaction. People can operate monitor to choice receiver, and we add the functions of remote call and setting code which can increase the practicability of this service robots.
The Study of Aluminum Pattern on Phosphors Anode in Field Emission Device
Authors: Chang Chih Chieh , Zheng Li Wei , Tsai Woo Hu , Lo Jason
Published: May 2014

The major purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aluminum thin film overlaid on the phosphor layer. The aluminum film patterns consisted of intersecting lines or dotted structure. The results show that the aluminum thin film with patterns on the phosphor anode surface enable us to improve the life time of the phosphor and eliminates the charging-up effect on the phosphor layer of the field emission device. The emission current increases significantly, and after 5 minutes continuous emission, the phosphor brightness decrement can be restrained effectively in the demonstration.
Simulation of Dendritic Growth in Multicomponent Aluminium Alloys by Point Automata Method
Authors: Guštin Agnieszka Zuzanna , Šarler Božidar
Published: May 2014

A numerical model is developed to describe the dendritic growth of multicomponent aluminium alloys, based on a coupled deterministic continuum mechanics heat and species transfer model and a stochastic localized growth model that takes into account the undercooling temperature, curvature, kinetic, and thermodynamic anisotropy. The stochastic model receives temperature and concentration information from the deterministic model and the deterministic heat and species diffusion equations receive the solid fraction information from the stochastic model. The heat and species transfer models are solved on a regular grid by the standard explicit Finite Difference Method (FDM). The dendritic growth model of multicomponent alloy [1,2] is solved by a novel Point Automata (PA) approach [3,4] where the regular cells of the Cellular Automata (CA) method are replaced by the randomly distributed points and neighborhood configuration, similar as appears in meshless methods. The PA method was developed in order to circumvent the mesh anisotropy problem, associated with the classical CA method. The present paper extends our previous developments of Pa method to multicomponent alloys. A comparison of the results, obtained by the PA and CA method is shown for Al-5.3% Zn-2.35% Mg-1.35% Cu-0.5% alloy.
Modelling of the Density Changes of Nodular Cast Iron During Solidification by CA-FD Method
Authors: Burbelko Andriy A. , Gurgul Daniel , Kapturkiewicz Wojciech , Guzik Edward
Published: May 2014

Formation of the shrinkage defects in ductile iron castings is far more complicated phenomenon than in other casting alloys. In the presented paper changes the ductile iron density during solidification is analyzed. During the solidification path the influence of the temperature, phase fractions and phase composition is taking into account. Computer model, using cellular automata method, for estimation of changes in density of ductile iron during its solidification is applied. Results of the solidification modeling for Fe-C binary alloys with different composition in the castings with a different wall thickness are presented. As a result of calculations it was stated that after undercooling ductile iron below liquidus temperature volumetric changes proceed in three stages: pre-eutectic shrinkage (minimal in eutectic cast iron), eutectic expansion and the last shrinkage.
Effect of Free Ti on Grain Refinment of Aluminium Inoculated with Potent TiB2 Particles
Authors: Zhou Li , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: May 2014

Growth restriction plays an important role in grain refinement and is often linked with as-cast grain size of Al-Alloys. It has been suggested that Ti is the most powerful solute element for growth restriction among all the commonly used alloying elements. In this work, the growth restriction effect of Ti on the grain refinement of high purity Al (HP-Al, 99.99%) and commercial purity Al (CP-Al, 99.7%) has been investigated using the Alcan TP-1 tests. Grain refining tests were conducted with the same inoculation of potent TiB2 at a fixed level and free Titanium addition. The results showed that, when the TiB2 inoculation was fixed to be equivalent to the particle number density of 0.2% Al-5Ti-1B addition, CP-Al has a fully equiaxed grain structure with only 46 ppm solute Ti, while HP-Al has a fully equiaxed grain structure with much higher Ti addition (960 ppm).
Interaction between Zr Addition and Intensive Melt Shearing on Grain Refinement of Commercial Purity Magnesium
Authors: Peng Guo Sheng , Wang Yun , Xia Ming Xu , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: May 2014

The interaction between Zr addition and intensive melt shearing on grain refinement of commercial purity Mg has been investigated experimentally. It was found that, without intensive melt shearing, the grain structure of Mg is changed from columnar grains to equiaxed grains with the increase in Zr concentration. However, with intensive melt shearing, the grain structure of Mg undergoes a complex change as a function of Zr concentration; for instance, the grain structure showed equiaxed grains at 0.1wt. % Zr concentration, while it was changed to columnar grains at 1wt. % Zr concentration. It was noted that, particularly, under the intensive melt shearing condition, the grain size of Mg with minor addition of Zr (0.1%) was further decreased to 134 ± 4 μm compared with that of Mg without Zr addition (217 ± 15 μm).
Preparation and Characterization of Al-1Ti-3B Master Alloys by Salt Route and Evaluation of their Grain Refining Performance on Al-7Si Alloys
Authors: Auradi Virupaxi , Kori Shivaputrappa Amarappa
Published: May 2014

In the present work, ternary Al-1Ti-3B master alloys were prepared in an induction furnace via salt route which involves reaction between preheated halide salts (K2TiF6and KBF4) and liquid molten Al. During preparation process parameters such as reaction temperatures of 800, 900, 1000°C and reaction times 45, 60, 75 min. have been used to study the influence of these parameters on the morphology of particles present in the master alloy and inturn on the grain refining efficiency of Al-7Si alloy. The indigenously prepared master alloys were characterized by chemical analysis; particles size analysis, XRD and SEM/EDX microanalysis. Results of particle size analysis suggest that the sizes of the particles present in Al-1Ti-3B master alloys increases with increase in reaction temperature (800-1000°C) and reaction time (45-75 min.). However, the population of the particles having sizes less than 10µm decreases with increase in reaction time and temperature. Further, SEM/EDX studies revealed different morphologies of the particles present in the master alloy when processed at different reaction temperatures and reaction times. Further, the performances of the above-prepared master alloys were assessed for their grain refining efficiency on Al-7Si alloy by DAS analysis and by CACCA studies. Results of grain refinement studies and CACCA studies suggest that, Al-1Ti-3B master alloy prepared at reaction temperature of 800°C with a reaction time of 60min. shows better grain refining performance on Al-7Si alloy when compared to the same master alloy prepared under different processing conditions.