bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skulls, Races, and Evolution
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, we present our studies of functional cranial morphology and evolution from Mesolithic through Christian times. The chapter includes an overview of the univariate and multivariate statistical techniques we used. By using these techniques, we were able to demonstrate patterns of facial reduction—most particularly reductions in the chewing apparatus—that is consistent with the dietary shift from the course, abrasive diet associated with Mesolithic populations to the higher-carbohydrate, more-processed diet associated with Neolithic food production. This transition from gathering to food-producing technologies, seen in the correlation between facial reduction and food production, is consistent in other populations beyond the Nile Valley.
A Bioethnography
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

We argue in chapter 1 that ethnography is the foundation on which anthropology stands. This chapter discusses what, if anything, we have learned from our research—beyond the empirical data gathered about the material remains—that might approach some degree of ethnographic insight. We look most closely to our case studies in chapter 6 as a means of addressing the question. In the case of our hydrocephalic, we consider the impact of such a devastating and protracted condition on the caregivers who must have sustained her. We also consider the evidence for personal and emotional behaviors, such as the braiding of a child’s hair and the burial of premature neonates in pottery urns. We conclude that we have learned a great deal beyond the material we set out to investigate.
The Logos of Trademark
Authors: Goldman Jonathan
Published: May 2018

The essay reads James Joyce through the prism of trademark registration law as it began in the late 1800s and evolved during Joyce's life and career. It argues that Joyce, and modernist culture more broadly, share concerns that underlie the legal regime governing trademark. Trademark is based on the premises of instant recognition and distinction, thus differing from the contemporary regime of copyright whose emphasis is on originality. The laws necessitate that trademarks have no representational connection to commodities, thus are linked only through the authority of the state. Trademark laws, designed to protect consumers from fraudulent vendors, collapse recognition of the trademark with consumption of its referent. Joyce explores these ideas in Ulysses, particularly in the moment when Leopold Bloom fixates on the Bass Ale trademark, and throughout Finnegans Wake. Mirroring trademark, Joyce's style created recognizable visual and linguistic shorthand to distinguish himself and the experience of reading his work. His foregrounding of style makes style in the abstract his distinguishing characteristic.
The Past and Future of Joycean Copyright
Authors: Golden Amanda
Published: May 2018

This essay chronicles how copyright has affected the publication of James Joyce's work, the scholarly and aesthetic use of Joyce's words, and how the legal regime has been used in criticism. It offers prognosticatory thoughts on the outcomes of recent technological developments and copyright changes: "new scholarship can quote more liberally and editions can present the novel in a fashion that speaks to the changing scope of Joyce scholarship in the twenty-first century." While research continues in the history of Joyce and copyright, this essay gives an overview of how this legal regime has inflected Joyce studies thus far.
Maritime Trade in the Philippines during the Early Colonial Period (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries CE)
Authors: Orillaneda Bobby C.
Published: May 2018

The arrival of the Spanish naval expedition in the Philippines in 1521 CE transformed the archipelago from a series of small and fragmented ports and polities engaged in Southeast Asian intra-regional trade into a locus of a maritime trade network on a global scale. Manila became an entrepôt in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries due to the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade, which ran for 250 years and linked the eastern and western worlds through the exchange of tangible trading commodities and technology as well as ideas, beliefs, and traditions.
This chapter provides a brief historical background of the maritime trade in the Philippines, with special focus on the Manila galleon trade. It also provides a summary of the excavation results of Philippine underwater sites that have been dated to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The shipwrecks include the Manila galleons San Diego, Nuestra Señora de la Vida, Encarnación, and San José as well as other shipwrecks: Española, Marinduque, Royal Captain Shoal, and San Isidro. These vessels carried both peoples of different nationalities and a wide range of trading and utilitarian goods, and they provided valuable information on the diversity and complexity of maritime trade in the Philippines at this time.
Identity Marker or Medicinal Treatment?
Authors: Bolhofner Katelyn L.
Published: May 2018

Dental ablation has a long history in Sudan, though its implementation and significance appear to vary through time. This chapter suggests that the social correlates of ablation are often prioritized in study, resulting in neglect of consideration of biological implications. Ablation is portrayed as a male rite of passage in the Neolithic and in modern ethnographic and clinical literature; however, this pattern is not found in Meroitic to Christian period samples. This chapter discusses the presence and patterning of ablation in Meroitic individuals from the Second Cataract Semna South site. The results presented here suggest ablation may have been a form of medicinal practice in this period, possibly in prevention and treatment of febrile illness and lockjaw. The study demonstrates that both the social and biological significance of ablation should be investigated as temporally fluid, elucidating the evolving function of cultural practices.
The Biocultural Context of Dental Modification in Prehistoric Southeast Asia
Authors: Newton Jennifer , Domett Kate
Published: May 2018

This chapter synthesizes documented evidence of intentional dental modification in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia. Through previously published work, potential reasons for the practice of ablation and filing are explored, examining archaeological sites spanning the Neolithic to late Iron Age. Cases of intentional ablation have been documented throughout prehistoric Southeast Asia, however, evidence to date indicates cases have been limited to Neolithic and Iron Age sites with only four tentative cases of intentional ablation in the Bronze Age. The increasing number of samples from newly documented sites in Cambodia, including the first evidence of filing in this region, and previously documented evidence from other parts of Southeast Asia, such as Thailand and Vietnam, allows the opportunity to systematically examine ablation and filing patterns from a regional perspective and put it into worldwide context.
Tooth Ablation along the Murray River in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Pardoe Colin , Durband Arthur C.
Published: May 2018

Tooth ablation has a long history among Australian Aborigines. Here we present a study of four groups along a 370km stretch of the Murray River in southeastern Australia. The frequency and patterning are examined with respect to the individual’s sex, population, and tooth type. Within the study area, ablation is nine times more common among men than women (27 percent versus 5 percent). Although the samples are from cemeteries, there is no chronological control and from other evidence the remains probably date to the later Holocene. Larger regional linguistic and cultural groupings appear to be important indicators for ablation patterning, particularly differences between women upstream (7 percent) and downstream (absent). The tooth or teeth removed varies between groups and most combinations were seen, although ablation of a central incisor was the most common.
Permanent Dental Modifications among the Ancient Maya
Authors: Tiesler Vera , Cucina Andrea , Ramírez-Salomón Marco
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the dental appearance, health risks, social roles, and procedures related to dental filings and inlays among the ancient Maya. To this end, skeletal data, portraiture, and ethnographic information from the Maya Lowlands were surveyed. The results show that the majority of adult dentitions had been modified during the first millennium AD, many of which emulated the Maya solar sign and sacred wind forces. The initial operation was usually performed in youngsters, although older age groups were subject to the practice as well. Maintenance measures were taken in the form of additional filing and tooth extraction, especially once tooth wear and decay set in. During the heydays of Lowland Maya kingdoms, dental reductions and inlayed materials trace varied regional and local traditions. Past the Maya collapse, during the Postclassic period, tooth modifications turned into a standardized, mostly female practice that was accomplished exclusively by dental filing.
“The Mark Unmistakably Fixed upon Their Brows”
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the tangled web of the Clamorgans, a free black family in antebellum St. Louis. The Clamorgans, who were connected by kinship to many prominent families, reveal how race was carefully cultivated in a borderlands town. The Clamorgans did more that live in a borderlands locale. In particular, this essay explores how the Clamorgans explored the fluidity of racial and social categories in St. Louis to pursue their self-interest. By astutely manipulating their situation, the Clamorgans could move backward and forward across boundaries of every kind to protect themselves and exploit situations to their advantage.
Triumphs of Moderation
Authors: Hawkins Karen M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces Craven Operation Progress’s new executive director who desired to ensure more poor people were reached, especially the white poor who were participating in very low numbers. A moderate compared to the previous director, he also sought to cooperate more with the local people and move COP in a less controversial direction. North Carolina Fund and Office of Economic Opportunity leaders generally distrusted the new director and believed he was too accommodating to the local power structure at the expense of those being served by COP. Yet despite such criticisms, some of COP’s greatest successes begin to show during Monte’s tenure, particularly within the Manpower training program. This chapter also details how black and whites on the COP board generally see the need to cooperate and work together for the sake of the community.
Reading the Bones
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

Do skeletal indicators used to reconstruct past people’s activity patterns actually reflect biological differences? This book reviews the literature on the most commonly utilized activity pattern indicators in bioarchaeology to answer this genes versus environment question. Chapter 2, for example, focuses on cross-sectional geometries, which have been used to look at mobility, and asks whether these measures of bone may also be influenced by climate-driven body shape adaptions. Chapters 3 and 4 look at entheseal changes, which are locations of muscle attachments, and osteoarthritis, which is also known as degenerative joint disease, to determine whether these features can be applied by bioarchaeologists to reconstruct activity patterns, especially when one considers that the best predictors for these features is age. Stress fractures (such as spondylolysis), which are covered in chapter 5, and activity indicator facets (such as kneeling facets), which are discussed in chapter 6, are more likely related to anatomical variation and other hereditary factors than activities previously linked to these skeletal features. After looking at all the evidence, which comes from research by bioarchaeologists, medical and sports studies, experimental animal research, genetic twin studies, and occupational studies on the living and the deceased, it appears that not all skeletal activity indicators will prove fruitful when reconstructing past people’s activity patterns.
Cross-Sectional Geometries
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

Cross-sectional geometries are examined in chapter 2; long bones can be envisioned as beams that experience biomechanical stresses, such as bending, torsion, and compressive forces, to which they remodel to prevent from breaking. Using cross-sectional measures, such as moments of inertia that represent bone’s ability to resist bending and torsional stresses, researchers can determine the direction of stresses and, therefore, the activities that cause these stresses. One common activity examined is mobility, which leads to anteroposteriorly oriented femoral cross-sections due to bending stresses. Asymmetry studies on tennis players have helped confirm that cross-sectional geometries change in response to activities. Yet animal studies, such as those on baboons, have been key in helping bioarchaeologists understand the non-activity pressures, such as age, sex, and genes, on cross-sectional geometries.
The Postindustrial City
Authors: Neumann Tracy
Published: May 2018

In the post-World War II decades, federal initiatives originating in the White House abetted the decline of postindustrial cities. Policies fostering population flight from manufacturing cities, international trade agreements that crippled domestic industries, and reduced social welfare spending all contributed to inner-city decline. The federal government helped by defining cities as both entertainment zones and the locus of service, real estate, and finance occupations.
Prologue
Authors: Baird Melissa F.
Published: May 2018

The view, the man told me, “does not disappoint.” We are standing in the parking lot of Woodside’s North West Shelf Visitor Centre looking out upon the massive onshore liquefied natural gas plant, which includes processing and domestic gas trains, condensate stabilization units, and storage and loading facilities. It is a full-sensory experience: whirring, humming, hammering, pounding, whistles, announcements, and an eternal gas flame, set against the blue hue of the Indian Ocean, which brings to mind the flags settlers once used to claim lands. Woodside built the industrial plant on the Burrup Peninsula in the Dampier Archipelago, in the Pilbara region along the northwestern coastline of Western Australia on one of the most important petroglyph and sacred sites in Australia and “Country” to the Traditional Owners, the Ngarluma/Yindjibardni, Yaburara Madudhunera, and Wong-Goo-tt-oo people....
Resistance Reimagined
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

A reimagining of liberal ideologies of selfhood, privilege, and consent is a significant legacy of nineteenth-century black feminist knowledge production. Yet, analyses of black women’s critical engagement with theliberal problematic—the disjunction between democratic promise and dispossession, between freedom and subjection in the American nation-state—remain incomplete. Resistance Reimagined: Black Women’s Critical Thought as Survival repositions a spectrum of discourses, from canonical nineteenth-century American literary studies to black women’s history, to interrogate black women’s disruptions of the liberal problematic as a medium of resistance. It deploys African-Americanist and feminist literary criticism by scholars such as Saidiya Hartman and Lindon Barrett, post-1960s histories of enslavement and black political consciousness by Stephanie M. H. Camp, and rhetorical theories developed by Shirley Wilson Logan and Vorris Nunley, to expand the bounds of contemporary critical inquiry in two key ways. First, Resistance Reimagined spotlights nineteenth-century black women’s intervention into the effects of liberalism as juridical, economic, and affective performance. This unsettles sedimented perspectives of black resistance as inherently militant, male, and vernacular, while problematizing how scholars have read nineteenth-century African-American women’s activism—against Sojourner Truth or Ida B. Wells-Barnett, for instance—as inauthentic or accommodationist. Second, the text juxtaposes early writers and thinkers, including Harriet Wilson, Elizabeth Keckly, and Anna Julia Cooper, with authors of modern neo-slave narrative, including Sherley Anne Williams, to grapple more effectively with the neoliberal present.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion explores the kinship between Resistance Reimagined: Black Women’s Critical Thought as Survival and the #SayHerName Movement, as articulated by the African American Policy Forum. A more capacious roll call of instigators of black opposition encompasses sustained engagement with the philosophies and social achievements of intellectuals too frequently deemed incomprehensible as such. Accordingly, fully engaging with the liberal problematic entails grappling with fierce intricacies of black interiority and imagination, thereby upsetting time-honored biases regarding black resistance and power. Reading Harriet Wilson, Elizabeth Keckly, and Anna Julia Cooper’s literary endeavors differently likewise involves theorizing a counter-hegemony as concerned with vicious racial antagonism as subtle micro-aggression, with a theft of the black body as with a theft of black joy. In neglecting black knowledge production in its myriad forms, a history bereft of ambiguity and contradiction, and consequently, of humanity, emerges.
Behind Enemy Lines with No Beachhead
Authors: Ellis Reginald K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the changing political awareness of Shepard after he became president of NCC. Moreover, this chapter evaluates Shepard’s role in the early civil rights movement in the Durham, North Carolina, area and how he was affected by the outcome of many protests that took place. Most important, this section tackles the idea of a “conservative” African American leader, such as a Booker T. Washington during the early twentieth century.
Judgment at Court
Authors: Kelly Douglas
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the almost universally ignored poem, Le Tresor amoureux. This poem recounts a debate between the narrator and a squire. Although it begins as a debate about love, it moves on to topics that go well beyond that initial subject. While the poem's potential love plot remains incomplete, the essay delves into the question of judgment in debates in which final judgment is left to its readers. Moreover the essay explores the poem’s connection to Machaut judgment poems, the premise for doing so being some features the poems share; more important is the use of the love motif as a paradigm for larger issues and the role of the audience in judging and resolving those issues.
Introduction
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

The theoretical framework for this work is based on W.E.B. DuBois’s concept of “double consciousness” outlined in The Souls
of Black Folk, 1903. This concept helps portray the transition from African-derived burial treatments in this urban cemetery for blacks to grave treatments that were less distinct from those in the cemeteries for whites. Archaeologically evidence of these grave treatments can be seen through time. Though most archaeological research in urban contexts is focused on cemeteries, a significant difference in this case is the focus on the cultural landscape within the cemetery space. The author’s familiarity with Bahamian historical and cultural heritage enables her to make a case for identifying an African-derived cemetery landscape. This urban cemetery site is an illustration of the variation in experiences within the African diaspora in the Americas.
An Overview of Bahamian History in Context
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

English settlers first came to the Bahamas in the mid-seventeenth century. Even at this time there were communities of free people of color on Eleuthera Island and on New Providence. On New Providence lower income blacks created communities on the edges of the capital town of Nassau. In the 1780s, Loyalist refugees from the former American colonies imposed rigid social controls on blacks, but, with the help of British colonial officials, the earlier, less racially stratified social order remained more common. During the nineteenth century significant numbers of Africans were brought to the Bahamas. With the abolition of the slave trade this was the main resettlement location in the western Atlantic for Africans rescued from slave ships. Black troops of the West India Regiments garrisoned the colony’s forts because European troops were devastated by tropical diseases. The economic lot of most former slaves did not improve after emancipation. In the low cash economy employers generally paid wages in kind and not cash. Workers were offered credit but could usually never pay off their debt. By the late 1800s wage-earning opportunities lured many Bahamians to the U.S. and Cuba. These job opportunities increased in the twentieth century.
Interpretations of Artifacts and Ecofacts
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

Interpretation of this heavily disturbed archaeological site relied on the excavated material culture. Detailed analysis was done on the ceramics, glass, and faunal remains. These artifacts and ecofacts had the most potential to enhance the level of information known about the site. The manufacturing periods for ceramic types helped develop some chronology for cultural activity within the site. Time-sensitive evidence from bottle glass and faunal remains reinforced the general trend noted for the ceramics. An assessment of pre-Columbian Lucayan material culture was also included.
Conclusion
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

The goal was to assess the extent to which an African-influenced cemetery landscape was visible through time. Much of the archaeological context was destroyed so details were unavailable about the treatment of individual graves and burials. An objective was to understand how this cultural landscape intersected with the lives of the community that created it over time. Artifactual evidence suggested the Northern Burial Ground was contemporary with Centre Burial Ground, just across the street. The Northern Burial Ground was a highly visible space on the main street into the town. So contemporary Bahamians of European descent were aware that Africans memorialized their dead quite differently than did Europeans. The cultural action of placing personal items on graves was discontinued by the mid-1800s, likely a social impact of full emancipation in 1838 when former slaves could chart their own social destiny. A change in public expressions of an African-derived cultural heritage was deemed necessary because such cultural behavior was not valued by the larger European-dominated society. However, less public aspects of an African-derived cultural heritage, as language, remain intact almost 200 years after emancipation.
Artifact Analysis
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the results of the artifact analysis which consists almost exclusively of some 1,110 chipped stone tools and cores and several thousand pieces of stone debitage. Morphological and technological criteria were used to classify the assemblage into bifaces, unifaces, cores, hammerstones, and abraders. Toolstone appears to have been acquired locally from the abundant limestone replaced cherts available in the vicinity of Tampa Bay. An exception to this is the presence of four rather amorphous shaped “exotic” metamorphic rocks—presumably acquired from outside the state. The function of these artifacts is unclear but given their size and shape, three of them could have functioned as planes or abraders. The fourth specimen is too large to be hand-held but could have functioned as an anvil. The presence of these artifacts in the assemblage is an enigma, and it is speculated the stone arrived via interband exchange.
Corporeal Politics
Authors: Fishel Stefanie R.
Published: May 2018

The materiality of the body is introduced as a way to provide methodological insight into both the way the body works, and by analogy how society works. This includes an expansion and redefinition of the political lexicon of body politics, and an attempt to tie self-interest to supporting an enriched and complex idea of community.
States in Nature, Nature in States
Authors: Fishel Stefanie R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces ideas and metaphors from ecological immunity and biomedicine as a way to illuminate the relationship between bodies and states. Rather than arguing that the state and the body should be separated, this chapter intervenes on this metaphorical relationship by enlivening our ideas of the “body” in the body politic.
Posthuman Politics
Authors: Fishel Stefanie R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses the posthuman to envision a creative identity based on complexity and cooperation, rather than the transcendent, unilinear arguments based on natural selection. In these metaphors, the ontology supported is one that renders multiple agents as worthy of care and regard by understanding the place of difference—not as threatening, but necessary.
Producing Permissiveness
Authors: Gorfinkel Elena
Published: May 2018

Considers film regulation one of the defining contexts of the sexploitation film, as it developed on the heels of legal decisions in the late 1950s that rendered nudity in film no longer obscene; it traces the ways that the sexploitation film was censored and regulated in the decade, from obscenity cases and state censor boards to less formal and more local modes of regulation.
Peek Snatchers
Authors: Gorfinkel Elena
Published: May 2018

Explores the development of a sexploitation gaze and the assertion of a “freedom to look” at nude bodies in the innocuous nudie cutie and the more violent roughie films 1960-1965, examining the figure of the gawker and the peeper that was so central to the definition of sexploitation as a mode.
Playing with Consumption
Authors: Chess Shira
Published: May 2018

Chapter Four, “Playing with Consumption,” details how consumptive practices embedded in games create a path for Player Two in both positive and negative ways. This chapter considers free-to-play mechanics, fashion games, and discusses Kim Kardashian Hollywood in great detail.
Conclusion
Authors: Chess Shira
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion, “The Playful is Political,” focuses on how industry debates continue to problematize the Designed Identity of Player Two. As the medium grows up, we must consider how expectations of gender, ethnicity, class, and sexuality structure play in ways that simultaneously foreground and limit new audiences.
Marxism and Biology
Authors: Strathausen Carsten
Published: May 2018

The second chapter on “Marxism and Biology” begins with a succinct account of the volatile relation between Marxist philosophy and Darwinian theory from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. This history informs my close reading of the hitherto ignored, yet seminal dispute in 1968 between the Marxist Louis Althusser and the biologist Jacques Monod on the proper definition of science and its relevance for modern politics and human cultural evolution.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Strathausen Carsten
Published: May 2018

The third chapter on “Cultural Evolution” contrasts my notion of “bio-aesthetics” with that of “sociobiology,” a highly controversial concept introduced by Edward O. Wilson in 1975 to describe his reductionist approach to human culture based on molecular biology and evolutionary theory—a concept that, in the eyes of Wilson’s critics, amounted to nothing less than Social Darwinism.
Neuroaes Thetics
Authors: Strathausen Carsten
Published: May 2018

The fifth chapter on “Neuroaesthetics” focuses on the relation of art and the human brain. It begins with a technologically informed critique of the limited usefulness of digital brain-imagery for the study of art and aesthetics. The remainder of the chapter elaborates and evaluates the methodological premises and aesthetic insights that separate humanist approaches from scientific approaches in contemporary neuroaesthetics.
Transhuman Aesthetics
Authors: Pilsch Andrew
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 argues for the value of artistic practice to imagining evolutionary futures. Tracing the transhuman art movement of the 1980s, it suggests that contemporary aesthetic practices, specifically the emergent New Aesthetic movement and the online circulation of meme images, are increasingly engaged in mapping an emergent global consciousness.
Moving Pictures, Mired Cars: The Automobile in African Francophone Cinema
Authors: Green-Simms Lindsey B.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 turns to Francophone cinema, discussing in detail Ousmane Sembene’s Xala and Jean-Pierre Bekolo’s Quartier Mozart. While media scholars like Kristin Ross have often focused on the shared qualities of film and cars—such as movement, image, standardization, mechanization, and displacement—this chapter discusses how African Francophone films reconfigure the link between the moving image and the moving vehicle by disallowing the automobile to represent a continuous, rational forward movement.
Global (Be)Longings
Authors: Green-Simms Lindsey B.
Published: May 2018

You have crossed that awkward, deeply uncomfortable, sometimes shameful social state of being without a car. I mean in some countries where the public transport system works, not having a car is no big deal. But you are in Nigeria, where public transport is living hell, and owning a car can be the difference between life and social death....
Horsing Around
Authors: Pettman Dominic
Published: May 2018

A discussion of the famous photo of Salome playfully whipping Nietzsche, pretending to be a horse. And unpacking the animalistic subtext of their amorous relationship.
“The Soft Word That Comes Deceiving”
Authors: Pettman Dominic
Published: May 2018

A discussion of a medieval text that uses animals to seduce (for the man), and also to resist seduction (for the woman).
The Animal Bride and Horny Toads
Authors: Pettman Dominic
Published: May 2018

A discussion of metamorphosis in folk-tales and the way these tales prefigure more modern depictions of relations between the genders.
Inheriting Merit
Authors: Dixon-Román Ezekiel J.
Published: May 2018

The fourth chapter diffractively analyzes the ontology of the SAT as a measuring apparatus and its intra-actions with conceptions of “meritocracy”; how the instrument is understood by test-takers and how that influences preparation (if any); and the intra-acting performative effect of enfolding historialities of the grandparents education with grandchild SAT performance.
Enfolding Possibilities
Authors: Dixon-Román Ezekiel J.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion to Inheriting Possibility critically considers how social policies of social mobility have delineated both what is possible and impossible. It then discusses what has learned from theoretical interventions as well as empirical results. Finally, it provides some remarks on the enfolding possibilities of where critical inquiry must go.
Introduction
Authors: Banham Tony
Published: May 2018

A snapshot of the departure from Hong Kong: I am standing beside my mother, pressed up against the railing on the ship’s dock side, looking down at the crowd on the pier, searching for my father’s face, which I don’t remember finding. The atmosphere was superficially festive, everyone was throwing streamers to the crowd on the pier, but I could feel an underlying tension, something not quite right; otherwise, why wasn’t Daddy coming with us?...
Arrival in Australia
Authors: Banham Tony
Published: May 2018

Chapter Three documents the impact of the White Australia policy on the execution of the evacuation, and the resulting returns of Eurasians - exposing an unplanned injustice in the scheme that sparked vocal dissatisfaction in Hong Kong and serious disagreement within government. It continues by reporting the departure of the evacuees from Manila, and the arrival of each of their ships (plus other smaller groups of evacuees travelling directly from Hong Kong) in Australia, arguing that the evolving sophistication of their reception was a demonstration of the lack of detail in the original evacuation plan. During their first days in the new country, it looks at the balance between the Hong Kong government’s continued push for the remaining civilians to evacuate, and the lobbying (from both sides) for the return of those already evacuated, resulting eventually in the ending of mandatory evacuation. To those who had opposed evacuation it was perceived as a ‘victory’ tempered by the authorities’ refusal to let existing evacuees return, yet the British government would claim in turn that their evacuation aims had been met.
War: Australia, 1942–1944
Authors: Banham Tony
Published: May 2018

Chapter Five marks the dramatic change caused by the Japanese attack on Hong Kong. Now there was a material difference between the experiences of those evacuated and those who had stayed, and discussion of reunion was instantly cut. With the deaths of so many husbands and fathers in action, and captivity for those who survived, for the majority of families (for their well-being and integrity then and later) it might have been better had they stayed in Hong Kong. On the other hand, those who had been forced out of the Colony at least had freedom, relative safety, privacy, access to good education for children, and sufficient food. While both sides were desperate to communicate, the Japanese occupation and the continuing mortality in the camps made shared decision making impossible. However, with repatriation to Hong Kong now impossible for the foreseeable future, the immediate choices for evacuees were binary: relocate to the UK, or finally (and individually) take the necessary steps with work, housing, and schools, to properly integrate in Australia for the long term. Forced into this situation by the evacuation, behind many such decisions lay the knowledge (or lack thereof) of the fate of the husband/father.
1945: War and Peace—Britain, Hong Kong, or Stay?
Authors: Banham Tony
Published: May 2018

Chapter Six argues that the five years elapsed time from arrival in Australia till war’s end transformed the evacuation, for approximately half of those involved, into a permanent though initially involuntary migration. For some women their newly forced independence opened fresh horizons and catapulted them into better lives, often continuing without those husbands (either due to war deaths or post-war separations, the latter typically sparked by husbands’ and wives’ different experiences in those years). Children growing up in Australia also found new opportunities which return to post-war British austerity could not match. When families reunited at war’s end, many stayed in Australia, others fragmented, and some returned to Hong Kong or the UK - but many of these later decided to return to Australia. Essentially – for all its grandiose claims of facilitating the defence of the Colony, and actual aims of preventing loss of civilian life - the only long-term effect of the evacuation had been the accidental and unplanned establishment of a unique ‘lost tribe’; a significant segment of today’s Australian population being descended from the garrison and business community of 1940 Hong Kong.
Leopold’s Wildness
Authors: Donnelley Strachan
Published: May 2018

The premise of this chapter is that Aldo Leopold’s notion of a land ethic cannot be understood apart from his broader worldview of the relationship between humans and nature. The question of the reintroduction of wolves into the Adirondack region provides a practical context for an appreciation of Leopold’s perspective. This is a long-term, holistic, evolutionary, and dynamic perspective, in which the role of large predator species is integral. The perspective also includes the essential element of the wild, or wildness. This enlarged view of a question such as the reintroduction of wolves into a region is transformative and puts short-term human interests and fears in their place.
Leopold’s Darwin
Authors: Donnelley Strachan
Published: May 2018

This chapter contains one of the most detailed and extended discussions of the thought of Aldo Leopold in the book. Leopold represents a synthesis of evolutionary, Darwinian thought and an ecological and conservation perspective. The issues Leopold addressed are perennial ones in the history of Western philosophy. He stressed not timeless essence and transcendence but dynamic worldliness, adaptation, and transformation. His thought is not dogmatic or certain but nuanced and ambivalent. It has a scientific and a spiritual side. In the end Leopold can help us be guided by the demands of our own humanity and our historical natural home, and we can be moved by broad, generous, and nuanced senses of moral care, fairness, and respect for the various forms and capacities of life.
What Philosophic Cosmology Can Teach Us
Authors: Donnelley Strachan
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the fourth and most philosophical section of the book, which offers a history of the development of cosmology or natural philosophy primarily in the work of Spinoza, Whitehead, Jonas, and Mayr. The aim is to clarify an ecological alternative to the dominant contemporary legacy of Cartesian dualism and mechanistic materialism. In addition to providing a prelude to the history and synthesis offered in following chapters, this chapter also addresses the important question of the relationship between natural philosophy and ethics.
James Baldwin and the Politics of Disconnection
Authors: McWilliams Susan J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines those works of Baldwin’s, both fiction and nonfiction, which are concerned with American citizenship and its complicity with a growing sense of a fractured nationality, reaching beyond explicit white and black racial tension. This work also incorporates Baldwin’s internationalism, exploring his frequent choice to reside in other countries. As the essay suggests, Baldwin’s own disconnection from America allowed him to see its internal disconnection more clearly.
The Negative Political Theology of James Baldwin
Authors: Lloyd Vincent
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores components of Christianity and their various transformations. Vincent Lloyd charts out the “transformed theology” present in Baldwin’s work, a theology that is Christian in nature but tailored by Baldwin to support those political concepts he values most—namely, community and love. Lloyd’s work effectively demonstrates how Baldwin’s manipulation of Christianity, often viewed as symbiotic with American politics, uniquely translates into a political ideology of liberation and identity formation.
Baldwin’s Individualism and Critique of Property
Authors: Turner Jack
Published: May 2018

This chapter cements the notion that Baldwin’s primary tool in combating white supremacy is recognizing the power of the individual to self-create and reshape systems and institutions. Jack Turner’s work is consistent with Baldwin’s challenging of the myths of American liberalism and brings Baldwin into conversation with some of the American Founders. Turner argues that Baldwin is in favor of individuals divesting from white supremacist institutions and ideology because participating in a racist economy implicates one in an unjust society. Voluntary dispossession is a political move par excellence according to Turner, signifying a refusal to participate in the impoverishment of African Americans. Turner’s work ties together Baldwin’s views on political action, religious thought, and individualism.
“Tell Him I’m Gone”
Authors: Brahinsky Rachel
Published: May 2018

This chapter illustrates how Baldwin unmasked reality in one important case, using James Baldwin’s commentary on 1960s San Francisco to consider racial capitalism’s urban consequences years later. Arguing that urban space plays a key role in shaping the bounds of racial justice, both in Baldwin’s time and beyond, Rachel Brahinsky uses Baldwin to foreground a politics of place that seeks to move toward urban justice. Brahinsky’s essay further reflects on how urban policy has intersected with the everyday black geographies that Baldwin investigated, with a call for a revisioning of those same geographies. Through reseeing place, she argues, we may also reimagine racial marginalization in American cities.
Michael Curtiz
Authors: Rode Alan K.
Published: May 2018

Michael Curtiz directed some of the greatest American films of the twentieth century but has been largely forgotten. He does not fitthe conventional definition of a cinematic auteur, and many of his pictures, including The Adventures of Robin Hood,Casablanca,Yankee Doodle Dandy, Mildred Pierce, and White Christmas, left an enduring imprint on American popular culture. Curtiz remains the greatest film director that nobody every heard of.
The heretofore unreported account of Curtiz’s early years in silent Hungarian cinema, which evolved into direction of distinguished European films, is juxtaposed against his Pygmalion-like marriage to the actress Lucy Doraine, whom he made into a movie star. His relationships with four different women that resulted in an equal number of out-of-wedlock children were aspects of a tumultuous personal life that always remained secondary to his filmmaking.
His marital collaboration with the screenwriter Bess Meredyth proved integral to his ascent as the top director at Warner Bros. Highlights includerevelatory accounts of his alleged drowning of extras during Noah’s Ark (1928), the reputed abuse of horses in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1935), and his often tumultuous relationships with Jack Warner, Darryl Zanuck, Hal Wallis, Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Bette Davis,and others,whichare meticulously detailed, as well as a comprehensive examination of his vast résumé of 181films.
Supported by scrupulous research and numerous interviews, Michael Curtiz: A Life in Film is the long-awaited biography that separates fact from fiction about Hollywood’s most prolifically accomplished director.
City of Film
Authors: Rode Alan K.
Published: May 2018

Kertész began making increasingly more ambitious films under the guidance and financing of Count Kolowrat, a millionaire technocrat and businessman who became the godfather of Austrian film. Kertész also made Lucy Doraine into a movie star.Their marriage, however, was crumbling under the weight of Kertész’s serial infidelities.He engaged in a lengthy affair with MathildeFoerster, who became the mother of his son Michael in 1920.He barely acknowledged the birth of his son and refused to let fatherhood interfere with his passion for filmmaking.He made a series of films that includedMrs. Tutti-Frutti, Duchess Satanella, The Terror Road,and The Lady of the Black Glove; thesefeaturedDoraine in roles that reflected the cinematic perspective of women as tragic vamps.Kertész began preproduction on one of the great silent epics,Sodom undGomorrha (1922).
Home on the Range
Authors: Rode Alan K.
Published: May 2018

Curtiz and Bess purchased a huge estate in the San Fernando Valley.The hillside Tudor house would expand to include a pair of Curtiz’s lesser passions, a polo field and a skeet range. Curtiz became addicted to polo, playing with Zanuck, Walt Disney, Will Rogers, and other Hollywood luminaries. Curtiz directed the daring pre-Code film Mandalay with Kay Francis starring as a prostitute. This film also beganthe strife between Wallis and Curtiz. Curtiz directed the picture as he saw fit, and Wallis peppered him with memos telling him he was shooting too much footage or providing specific production guidance that Curtiz ignored.Hollywood’s pre-Code films generated so much controversy that the studios were forced to appoint Joseph Breen to administer the Production Code in July 1934. Breen zealously censored films, so thatWarners and the other studios were forced to adjust the content of pictures. Curtiz began his relationship with James Cagney with Jimmy the Gent (1933). Cagney respected Curtiz’s abilities but didn’t like his treatment of actors. Curtiz’s films of this period, most notably British Agent and Black Fury, raised his profile; he was poised to direct a major picture that would create one of Warner Bros.’ biggest stars.
The Reason Why
Authors: Rode Alan K.
Published: May 2018

Curtiz was assigned a horror programmer, The Walking Dead, that he turned into a highly credible film.This picture beganhis association with Irving Rapper as a dialogue director. Rapper became a respected director who considered Curtiz his professional mentor. Wallis and Curtiz finally had it out during the production of The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936).Curtiz continued to defy Wallis by eschewing close-ups while using an excess amount of camera movement and foreground composition in his setups. Wallis eventually threatened to fire Curtiz, who acquiesced to filming more to the producer’s desired style. The chapter includes a detailed account of the alleged mistreatment of horses during the charge sequences,whichErrol Flynn and David Niven blamed on Curtiz.Author’s research revealed that these stories were grossly exaggerated; Curtiz was not even present when some horses were injured and put down. Despite a wave of bad publicity, the picture was another hit. Curtiz endured a separation from Bess and divorce proceedings that ended abruptly when the couple reconciled. He also achieved his long-sought-after American citizenship, even though he lied about the existence of his European children.
Victory Garden
Authors: Rode Alan K.
Published: May 2018

During the war years, Curtiz interspersedhis long hours at the studio with relaxation at the Canoga Ranch.Hal Wallis and Jack Warner had their final falling-out, and Wallis left the studio in April 1944.He set up a production company at Paramount and wooed Curtiz to join him. Curtiz remained loyal to the Warners, but he began making plans for his own independent company. Feeling liberated from Wallis’s oversight, Curtiz directedRoughly Speaking.Mildred Pierce became one of Curtiz’s classic films as he teamed up with the producer Jerry Wald to resurrect Joan Crawford’s career with an Oscar-winning performance.Night and Day was a musical biopic of Cole Porter that pitted Curtiz against itsstar,Cary Grant, who attempted to manage every detail of the production. Despite Grant’s interference, the picture became a huge box-office hit and set the stage for Curtiz to establish his own production company on the Warner lot as World War II came to a triumphant end.
Conclusion
Authors: Fang Qiang , Li Xiaobing
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion highlights the main arguments in each chapter and uses “the legal asymmetry” to demonstrate the inequality of law between citizens and powerful officials. While local officials could violate law at will without fear of being punished, ordinary people had to adopt mainly legal methods to defend their legal rights. It is because the law is under control of political power and there is no the rule of law.
The Making of an American Humorist
Authors: Ellis William E.
Published: May 2018

American humor comes in many forms and derives from several influences. The southwestern frontier, the antebellum South, and the post–Civil War era are most important in interpreting the life of Kentuckian Irvin S. Cobb. In this chapter, the author describes Cobb’s early life in Paducah, Kentucky, which had a huge influence on his later writing. Ellis goes on to describe Cobb’s education, both in school and out. Cobb was an avid reader from a young age, and storytelling was a pervasive art form in the South. This taught Cobb how to tell stories. Next, Ellis examines Cobb’s early career as a writer and editor at several newspapers such as the Louisville Evening Post. Ellis concludes the chapter with Cobb’s marriage to Laura Baker and his move to New York City.