bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XV THE GROWTH OF SALMONELLA AND OTHER ORGANISMS IN LIQUID AND RECONSTITUTED EGG
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Fulton C. O. , Moore R. L.
Published: April 2011

Curves are presented showing the growth in liquid egg of Salmonella bareilly, S. manhattan, S. typhi-murium, S. oranienburg, S. typhi, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis and S. pyogenes, and of Salmonella bareilly in reconstituted egg. Streptococcus pyogenes does not grow in egg and dies off rapidly at temperatures above 60° F. (15.6 °C.). The other organisms generally grow well in liquid egg at temperatures above 60° F. (15.6 °C.). Liquid and reconstituted egg should therefore be maintained well below this temperature to prevent the multiplication of Salmonella and other possible pathogens.
THE SPONTANEOUS HEATING OF FLAXSEED AND SUNFLOWER SEED STORED UNDER ADIABATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Sinclair G. D. , Larmour R. K.
Published: April 2011

The effects of moisture content on the heating of flaxseed and sunflower seed were studied in an adiabatic thermostat. Under these conditions, storage periods of less than two months produced heating in flax at 11.4% moisture and in sunflower seed at 10.5% moisture. Thus it appears that the commercial limits of 10.5 and 9.5%, moisture respectively are not too low for these grains.Evidence is presented to show that an acceleration in the over-all respiration rate of flaxseed and sunflower seed precedes heating. This indicates that heating is caused by active growth of the microflora on the grain and, at moisture levels in the order of those required for safe storage, normal embryonic activity is insufficient to cause heating.It is suggested that when the relative humidity of the interstitial air in bulk grain exceeds a value of 74% the microflora will grow and heating may ensue. From this it follows that the moisture content of any grain, in equilibrium with air at a relative humidity of 74%, will closely approximate the upper limit permissible for admission to 'straight' grades.
RESIN–RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: II. METHOD OF EXTRACTION FROM THE COMMON MILKWEED, ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
Authors: Grace N. H. , Watson R. W. , Klassen J.
Published: April 2011

Resin–rubber gum containing about 40% resin, 35% rubber, and 25% residue insoluble in either acetone or benzene, has been extracted from milkweed leaves by a mechanical method. The extraction method involves cooking leaves in dilute alkali, washing until the pH is reduced to about 9.5, and pebble milling to effect agglomeration. Sodium hydroxide solution (1.5%) boiling at atmospheric pressure has been used with cooking periods of from [Formula: see text] to 3 hr. Gum yields of the order of 8% of the weight of dried leaves have been obtained.Resin–rubber gums also have been obtained by this method from the stalks and seed pod hulls of milkweed. Similar materials have been extracted from a number of other plants.
THE USE OF CUMULATIVE RESISTANCE IN EARTH-RESISTIVITY SURVEYS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When the soil is assumed to consist of two layers—the upper of resistivity ρ1 and the lower of resistivity ρ2—and cumulative resistances are calculated by adding or integrating the earth-resistivity functions for intervals that are a fraction of the thickness of the upper layer, a practically linear relation is obtained between the cumulative resistance and the electrode spacing until the distance between the electrodes is equal to the thickness of the upper material. Should one of the materials be at least twice as conducting as the other, the extent of the deviation from the linear law enables the determination of the depth of the upper stratum and of the ratio between the resistivities of the two layers. When three layers are present and the middle layer is at least twice as thick as the top stratum, the thicknesses may be deduced from the two departures of the cumulative resistances from the linear law. Since these conclusions are based on the theory of the individual apparent resistivity of stratified ground at various electrode spacings, they have the same range of application as the earth-resistivity curves, but the occurrence of straight line graphs facilitates the plotting and the interpretation of results based on a necessarily limited number of measurements.
A NOTE ON THE DETECTION OF UNDERSEA CRAFT BY MEANS OF LOW FREQUENCY RADIATION FROM AIRCRAFT
Authors: McKinley D. W. R.
Published: April 2011

A semiquantitative examination is made of the chief factors affecting both the transmission of low frequency radiation from an aircraft to a submarine and the return of this energy to the aircraft by scattering. A general expression is derived for the returning field strength and graphs are shown for a representative set of conditions. It is indicated that, even under the most favourable conditions, the amount of energy returned is below the level of detectability, if the submarine is submerged more than 10 ft. However, it is also pointed out that communication between a shore station and an undersea craft should be feasible under certain conditions.
PREPARATION OF POLY (CHLOROMETHYL) BENZENES
Authors: Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

The chloromethylation of benzyl chloride under optimum conditions of solvent, condensing agent and temperature resulted in a mixture from which p-di(chloromethyl)benzene (42%), o-di(chloromethyl)benzene (13%), m-di(chloromethyl)-benzene (3%), and di(p-chloromethylphenyl)methane (1%) were separated. Two new compounds, namely, 1,2,4-tri(chloromethyl)benzene and 1,2,4,5-tetra-(chloromethyl)benzene were synthesized by combined chloromethylation and chlorination of xylene.
NOTE ON A CONVENIENT LABORATORY PREPARATION OF METHYL ISOCYANATE
Authors: Colucci Joseph
Published: April 2011

The method of Schroeter for the preparation of methyl isocyanate from sodium azide and acetyl chloride has been improved by substitution of acetic anhydride for the acid chloride.
POLYMERS OF AMINOACETALDEHYDE
Authors: Richmond H. H. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

The compound designated by Emil Fischer as 2,5-dihydroxypiperazine has been shown to be tris-aminomethyltrioxane by molecular weight determination of its derivatives. These benzoyl and benzenesulphonyl chloride derivatives further demonstrate the absence of hydroxyl groups and the presence of primary amino groups in the original compound. It has been found that use of ammonium carbonate, but not ammonium chloride, enhances the yield of aminoacetal obtained by ammonolysis of chloroacetal.
LA SYNTHÈSE DES ACIDES α-AMINÉS PAR LA DÉGRADATION DE HOFMANN DES AMIDES
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

not available
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VI. DEHYDRATION BY SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Neish A. C. , Macdonald F. J. , Haskell V. C.
Published: April 2011

Dehydration of 2,3-butanediol in the liquid phase with 3 to 20% of sulphuric acid gave water, butanone-2, and the cyclic methyl ethyl ketal of 2,3-butanediol as the chief products, the total yield of liquid products being about 96%. The reaction can be run as a continuous process, and by using conditions that favour removal of the cyclic ketal from the reaction mixture it may make up 75% of the weight of the total liquid products. The rate of dehydration of 2,3-butanediol varied as the square of the 2,3-butanediol concentration and increased logarithmically with increase in the concentration of sulphuric acid.
STUDIES ON THE FUSARIUM OF MUSKMELON WILT: I. PATHOGENIC AND CULTURAL STUDIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE CAUSE AND NATURE OF VARIATION IN THE CAUSAL ORGANISM
Authors: Miller John J.
Published: April 2011

During the past decade a serious disease of muskmelon has appeared in Ontario. From diseased plants a Fusarium has been isolated, which proved to be highly pathogenic to muskmelons in infection experiments. Results indicate that the wilt organism occurs in nature as a form (or forms) that, when cultured on most artificial media, produces abundant aerial mycelium and this has been termed the 'wild type.' Mutation toward loss of aerial mycelium and darkening of the submerged mycelium is frequently observed in culture and, since many of the mutants are more aggressive than the parent, they tend to displace it. Evidence is presented that the wild type is genetically very stable in its natural environment. Since, moreover, certain of the commoner mutants caused less disease incidence under field conditions than the wild type, it is considered that variation of the sort observed in culture, if it does occur in the field, is unlikely to be of importance in the field pathology of the disease. The stability of the wild type in sterilized soil and soil agar indicates that these substrates may be of value for maintaining Fusaria in the pure state. Mutations were induced by irradiating spores with ultra-violet light. In general, these resembled those that appeared spontaneously and both groups were less pathogenic than the wild type. A phenomenon termed 'cultural interaction' was observed between certain of the mutant cultures and the wild type. Since this appeared to be of a specific nature, it may be of some taxonomic value in diagnosing species of Fusarium. The suggestion is offered that the concept of the 'wild type' may be of general application throughout the genus Fusarium.
THE FLUORESCENCE OF FROZEN POTATO TUBER AND APPLE FRUIT TISSUE UNDER ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT
Authors: Newton W. , Jones W.
Published: April 2011

Freshly cut sections of frozen potato tuber and apple fruit tissue exhibit a brilliant fluorescence when examined in a dark room under an ultra-violet (Stroblite) lamp. The fluorescence disappears from the apple tissue upon thawing but is retained in potato tuber tissue. Thus the ultra-violet lamp serves as a useful diagnostic means of detecting frost or low temperature injury in potato tubers. Many other plant tissues were frozen and examined, but proved to be non-fluorescent. Acetone extracts of both normal and frozen potato tuber tissue were fluorescent, but similar extracts of both frozen and normal apple fruit were not. Although normal potato tissue is non-fluorescent and frozen tissue is brightly fluorescent, no differences were found in the brightness of the acetone extracts.
A STORAGE ROT OF POTATOES CAUSED BY A FLUORESCENT ORGANISM RESEMBLING PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS (FLÜGGE) MIGULA
Authors: Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

A storage rot of potatoes caused by a fluorescent organism is described. Artificial inoculations produced rapid blackening and rotting of tubers at temperatures below 20 °C. Most extensive rot was produced at 5 °C. After successive transfers on culture media, the organism lost its pathogenicity within six months. A description of the organism is given, showing its close resemblance to Pseudomonas fluorescens.
REDUCED VIGOUR, CHLOROPHYLL DEFICIENCY, AND OTHER EFFECTS OF SELF-FERTILIZATION IN PINUS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Seedlings derived from self-pollinations in Pinus Strobus and P. sylvestris were, at four years of age, significantly smaller than comparable seedlings derived from open and intraspecific cross-pollinations. In P. Strobus, 11 out of 46 seedlings of selfed origin showed pronounced chlorophyll deficiency. Selfing had an unfavourable effect on seed set and seedling emergence in P. sylvestris and on seed set in P. resinosa.The results are discussed in relation to the occurrence of chlorophyll deficiency in pine and in relation to the silvicultural practice of seed-tree cutting. It is recommended that, in estimating the numbers of seed trees required to re-seed a cut-over area, silviculturists take into consideration the provision of adequate opportunity for cross-pollination between individuals of the same species.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF RUST OF BARLEY ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF BARLEY VARIETIES
Authors: Newton Margaret , Peturson B. , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: April 2011

An experiment was carried out to test the effect of leaf rust of barley (Puccinia anomala Rostr.) on the yield, grade, and malting quality of the six barley varieties, O.A.C. 21, Mensury, Chevron, Peatland, Regal, and Plush. Leaf rust reduced the grade of O.A.C. 21 and Mensury by one commercial grade, and caused statistically significant reductions in the yield, bushel weight, and kernel weight of all the varieties tested except Mensury. It adversely affected the value of all the varieties for malting purposes by reducing the percentage of heavy-grade kernels. The nitrogen content and the wort nitrogen content were reduced by leaf rust, but the malt extract and diastatic powers were not greatly affected. Differentia¡ responses of the varieties to rust infection were observed in yield, kernel weight, bushel weight, and malt properties.
SEDIMENTATION AND DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS ON GLUTENS FROM WHEATS OF WIDELY DIFFERING QUALITY
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Gralén Nils
Published: April 2011

Gluten was washed from three flours of widely varying quality. Sedimentation studies showed that the proportion of the gluten that was molecularly dispersed varied from 34 to 68% of the total. The amount so dispersed was reduced by an increase in amount of fatty acids present in or added to the flour, and by a decrease in the amount of ether-insoluble lipoids. No other basic differences in the fundamental properties of the dispersed protein, as determined by sedimentation and diffusion methods, could be related to the differences in gluten quality.
STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: IV. THE LIFE OF TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL IN THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

The plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus encyst normally in the flesh of fishes of the genus Leucichthys; the whitefishes, Coregonus clupeaformis and Prosopium oregonium, are common alternative hosts in Lesser Slave Lake. Elsewhere lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush, and possibly the inconnu, Stenodus leucichthys, may occasionally serve as hosts.The procercoids arrive in the stomach of their second intermediate host while in the body cavity of Cyclops bicuspidatus. When they are liberated by digestion, the majority apparently enter pyloric caeca, penetrate these, cross the body cavity, and enter the flesh, where encystment as the plerocercoid takes place. The evidence for these movements is only partial. The plerocercoids encyst in the flesh in July each year. They remain three or four years and then disappear by drying up or being reduced to small calcareous nodules.The number of plerocercoids per fish increases with the age of the fish up to five or six years.
STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: V. DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF TRIAENOPHORUS STIZOSTEDIONIS N.SP.
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

Triaenophorus stizostedionis is a pseudophyllidean cestode that occurs as an adult in the intestine of the pike-perch, Stizostedion vitreum. It differs from T. crassus and T. nodulosus in several morphological characters but particularly in the shape of the scolex hooks and the size and disposition of the male genitalia. Sexual maturity is attained in the spring; spawning and death take place during the first two weeks of June. The eggs average 56 μ long by 40 μ wide. The coracidia average 73 by 71 μ. The procercoid develops in the copepod, Cyclops bicuspidatus, in from 10 days to two weeks. When fully grown it reaches 220 μ. The plerocercoids occur encysted on the visceral and parietal peritoneum of the trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus. The life history is completed when an infested trout-perch is swallowed by a pike-perch.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL SHOCK IN DOGS
Authors: Hamilton J. I. , Haist R. E.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for producing shock in dogs by application of pressure cuffs to the hind legs. The blood pressure rose when the cuffs were applied and remained high during the period of application. When the cuffs were removed the blood pressure fell. The average survival time of 34 dogs was three hours, 20 min. Among the changes noted were an increase in haematocrit value, a rise in the lactic acid concentration in the femoral vein, and a rapid decrease in the oxygen content of jugular vein blood with maintenance of the arterial oxygen content until shortly before death. The plasma protein concentration usually rose but was variable.The intermittent application of pressure cuffs, using 20 min. periods of application with five minute release intervals, produced no serious effects, but with 40 min. periods of application signs of shock developed. When haemorrhage preceded the application of cuffs for the 20 min. periods, recovery usually occurred but when the haemorrhage preceded the 40 min. periods, death resulted.Re-application of narrow band tourniquets to the injured legs of the shocked dogs produced an increase in blood pressure and an alleviation of their condition With compression of one leg for 10 hr. the changes in total limb volume and haematocrit value were similar to those obtained when both legs were compressed for five hours. The dogs with one cuff applied for 10 hr. survived while those with two cuffs applied for five hours did not. It is felt that fluid loss alone does not account for all the changes observed in these experiments.
USE OF THE BENZIDINE STAINING METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF CAPILLARIES IN THE CORNEA
Authors: Ziegler John A.
Published: April 2011

A review of the use of the benzidine stain is presented and a technique for making visible the capillary vessels in the excised animal cornea is described. Several hundred corneas of many different species of animals have been satisfactorily stained by this method. The method permits differentiation between filled and unfilled vessels and provides a means for demonstrating vascular permeability.
THE EFFECT OF PHTHALIC ACID ON THE PROTHROMBIN TIME OF DICUMAROL-TREATED DOGS
Authors: Jaques L. B. , Dunlop A. P.
Published: April 2011

Dicumarol (10 mgm./kgm.) was administered to dogs intravenously and the prothrombin time followed. The administration of vitamin K simultaneously markedly reduced the elevation of prothrombin time following dicumarol, while the administration of large doses of sodium phthalate in the form of single injections combined with a continuous injection caused a transient lowering of the prolonged prothrombin time. This effect of sodium phthalate was not altered by removal of the kidneys. The same effect was observed in the completely eviscerated normal dog. Sodium phthalate has no effect on the prothrombin time when added in vitro.
OBSERVATIONS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF MOTION CAUSING VOMITING IN ANIMALS
Authors: Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

Extensive observations on the motion factors causing vomiting in animals are reported. Using a standard procedure of swinging, 81.5% of 70 dogs were found to be susceptible to motion. Cats were highly resistant to motion sickness and did not show an increased susceptibility after treatment with prostigmin.Susceptible dogs were divided into Groups 1, 2, and 3, of increasing susceptibility, by means of determining their response to swinging through angles of 90°, 45°, and [Formula: see text]. The percentages of animals found to be susceptible in these groups were 24, 40, and 36, respectively. Swinging the animal in a sideways position caused a reduction in the number being sick but the relative susceptibility of the three groups was unchanged.Exposure to the motion of a motor truck and a boat in rough weather caused 10 of 16 animals to be sick—seven being seasick. The dogs that vomited were not those most susceptible to swinging but were evenly distributed through the three groups.Animals have been exposed to the separate component motions of the swing and the effectiveness of the different motions compared. Horizontal motion is the most effective per se. The vertical component has some effect and the angular, probably none. No one component motion was as effective as the composite motion. The rate of the horizontal motion was an important factor per se, an increased effect being caused by an increased frequency. The effectiveness of vertical movement could be increased by increasing the distance traversed. Increasing the rate was ineffective.Swings with six different lengths of radii and swinging through three different angles are reported. The optimal length of radius appeared to be about 14 ft., longer or shorter radii causing a falling off in susceptibility. Reducing the angle of swinging caused a lower incidence of vomiting except where a very short radius was used. In this case an increased response occurred, probably related to the increase in rate of swinging.Attempts to obtain a more effective type of motion by using special apparatus are described. There was no evidence that these efforts improved the results obtained on the swing.
RATION BISCUITS: I. FACTORS AFFECTING THE KEEPING QUALITY OF BISCUITS CONTAINING PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Marshall J. B.
Published: April 2011

The storage life of biscuits was extended by maintaining a moisture content of 6% or less. From considerations of initial quality and of increased storage life sodium bicarbonate was superior to ammonium bicarbonate as a leavening agent, particularly at lower levels. By the same criteria, wheat germ appeared to be a more satisfactory source of protein than soy flour, dried skim milk, or dried egg yolk.Moisture-resistant packaging materials were found necessary to prevent mould growth and maintain edibility in biscuits stored at high humidities; however, biscuits so packed deteriorated at a faster rate at high temperatures. Tin-plate containers appeared to be the most effective for long term storage at high humidities, although Reynolds' metal A-10 with or without an inner liner was satisfactory for storage periods of about half a year.While none of the quality measurements used were completely reliable measures of biscuit quality, a fluorescence measurement assessed the effects of the various treatments in a relatively satisfactory manner.
CANADIAN SUNFLOWER SEED.: I. BUSHEL WEIGHT AS A FACTOR IN GRADING
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Berenbom M. , Larmour R. K.
Published: April 2011

To determine the importance of bushel weight as a factor in grading, 51 samples of Sunrise and 34 samples of Mennonite seed were examined for associations between bushel weight and other properties of commercial sunflower seed.Highly significant correlations of bushel weight with total oil content of the seed, r =.867**; percentage kernel, r =.740**; percentage oil in the kernel, r =.795**; and percentage nitrogen in the kernels, r = −.467** were obtained. Oil yield, estimated on the basis of a cake containing 5% oil and 10% moisture, was also associated with bushel weight, r =.871**. The correlation coefficients of bushel weight with iodine value, acid value, and refractive index were not significant.The present grade specifications fail to take full advantage of bushel weight as a factor in grading sunflower seed since the levels were set too low to be effective. It is suggested that the levels might well be 30 lb. for No. 1, 26 lb. for No. 2, and 22 lb. for No. 3 instead of 24 lb. for No. 1 and 21 lb. for No. 2 and No. 3. The effects of this change are discussed in relation to grading of the two varieties and the establishment of appropriate price spreads between grades.** Indicates that the 1% level of significance was attained.
PACKAGING: II. A CELLULOSE-BASE CONTAINER FOR MODIFIED VACUUM PACKING
Authors: Woodcock A. H.
Published: April 2011

Films of wax-coated laminated "Cellophane" have been shown to transmit carbon dioxide 25 times as rapidly as they transmit oxygen. Packages made from this film and gas-packed with carbon dioxide produce a vacuum pack on standing. Factory trials indicated that this type of packaging is feasible commercially, and shipping trials have shown the package to be reasonably substantial. Storage trials at 26.7° and 37.8 °C. showed the package to be effective for a period of six months.
RATION BISCUITS: II. EFFECT OF TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF SHORTENING ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Grant G. A. , Marshall J. B. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Ration biscuits prepared by two manufacturers and containing 8 to 23% of one compound animal–vegetable and three all vegetable shortenings were stored at 43.3 °C. (110° F.) for 36 wk. Keeping quality was assessed by flavour, peroxide oxygen, and pH determinations.The type of shortening was found to have a greater effect on keeping quality than the fat concentration or plant practice. Biscuits made with stabilized hydrogenated vegetable shortening were more stable than biscuits made with a compound animal–vegetable shortening. All biscuits became objectionable to the tasters after storage for 22 wk.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XIV. INTERVARIETAL RELATIONS BETWEEN WORT PROPERTIES AND BARLEY AND MALT PROPERTIES
Authors: Meredith W. O. S. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Data representing 24 barley varieties grown at six experimental stations in Canada were used to examine intervarietal relations among wort properties (degree of attenuation, viscosity, initial turbidity, final turbidity, and stability) and a number of barley, malting, and malt properties.The wort properties show significant associations with malt extract, saccharifying activity (Lintner value), and wort nitrogen, and also with barley salt-soluble nitrogen, hours steep, and malting loss, but they are not significantly related to barley starch, extract, or Lintner value after activation with papain. Degree of attenuation and stability increase, while viscosity and turbidity decrease, with increases in malt extract, saccharifying activity, wort nitrogen, barley salt-soluble nitrogen, and malting loss. It is concluded that the wort qualities are dependent on the development of enzymes in the growing barley and hence they reflect the extent of malt modification.Only one of the correlation coefficients is of such magnitude that a single malt property can be regarded as a measure of a wort property. This is the coefficient (r =.842) between wort nitrogen and wort viscosity. The other associations discussed, though significant, are loose, and it is concluded that wort properties cannot be adequately predicted from the commonly measured barley and malt properties.It is suggested that the results of quality tests on laboratory worts give information of value in assessing the quality of brewery worts.
DRIED MILK POWDER: I. METHODS OF ASSESSING QUALITY AND SOME EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT
Authors: Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

The suitability of a number of objective tests of milk powder quality was assessed against subjective scores of palatability. The objective tests investigated were: oxygen and water sorption of the powders; chlorophyll and peroxide oxygen values of the fat; 'browning' of the powder; fluorescence values; changes in peroxidase, trimethylamine, volatile sulphur compounds, and diacetyl content; solubility by centrifuging and a potassium chloride solution method; titratable acidity; pH; Congo rubin and iron numbers; foaming volume; coagulation by acid, alcohol, and rennet; dielectric constant; colour intensity and colour quality; refractive index; viscosity and surface tension. The subjective measurement of palatability was finally adopted as the most precise measure of milk powder quality.While measurement of peroxidase activity was unsatisfactory in the determination of quality, the activity of this enzyme was observed to decrease with increase in time and temperature.When palatability was used as a measure of quality, powders stored at 37.8 °C. for seven days were preferred to powders stored at 26.7°, 48.9°, or 60.0 °C. Interpretation of these results in terms of the temperature to which milk powder should be cooled indicated that 37.8° was the desirable temperature. Current commercial practice permits cooling to this temperature within a few minutes after the completion of drying.
MEASUREMENT OF LONG END GAUGES BY COMPARISON WITH PRECISION LINE STANDARDS
Authors: Arregger Constance E.
Published: April 2011

The operation of comparing an end standard of length with a reference line standard is carried out by a method which is simple in principle, but which demands careful experimental technique. Textbooks give little beyond an outline of the principle, and in view of the importance of end gauges in industry, it has been considered worth while to record a description of an actual comparison. In the operation described two Johannson-type gauges, of 20 in. and 10 in. length, were compared with line standards which themselves had been compared directly with the legal Canadian standard metre.
CALIBRATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A SENSITIVE HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER
Authors: Steeves T. A. , Chadderton A. E. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

A wet test meter was used to measure the air supplied to a small wind tunnel that could be adjusted to provide up-, down-, or side-draughts for the calibration of a sensitive hot-wire anemometer. The readings on the instrument used were independent of the direction of air flow and the orientation of the instrument at velocities in excess of 10 ft. per min. At lower velocities separate curves were obtained for different instrument orientations and directions of air movement. Air flows as low as 1 ft. per min. can be estimated with useful accuracy provided the direction of air movement is known.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XVII. OBJECTIVE TESTS AND BAKING QUALITY
Authors: Reid Margaret , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Potassium chloride value, refractometric value, the fluorescence of defatted egg powder in 10% potassium chloride, and the fluorescence of untreated dried material correlated equally well with the foaming volume of a mixture of dried egg, sugar, and water, and with the loaf volume of the sponge cake prepared from the powder (| r |) values from.81 to.90). A significantly closer relationship was observed between foaming volume and loaf volume (r =.96). Since foaming volume was more precise and easier to determine than baking volume, it was concluded that foaming volume was a more desirable test of baking quality.
DRIED MILK POWDER: III. THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Bryce W. A.
Published: April 2011

At an average temperature of 6 °C., exposure of both whole and skim milk powders to sunlight caused more rapid deterioration in quality than occurred in the dark. Ultra-violet light with a principal wave length of 3800 Å accelerated deterioration in whole milk powder stored at 38 °C., but had no significant effect on skim milk powders; the effect of this light on whole milk powders was less pronounced than that produced by sunlight. Storage of samples at 38 °C. under different light intensities indicated that the differences between ultraviolet and sunlight were the result of the difference in total energy of light falling upon the sample, rather than the difference in wave length of the activating light.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXVI. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESERVATION OF QUALITY AT HIGH STORAGE TEMPERATURES
Authors: White W. Harold , Thistle M. W. , Steeves T. A.
Published: April 2011

The suitability of polyvinyl alcohols, dimethylol urea, commercial wax dispersions, carbon dioxide, sodium hydroxide, and a combined smoking and partial desiccation treatment as preservatives for bacon stored at 15.6 °C. (60° F.) was investigated. Dimethylol urea was a relatively effective preservative and mouldicide for smoked bacon. Of the methods studied for applying this material, a vaseline paste was most suitable, but not entirely satisfactory. Back bacon, smoked for six hours at 40.6 °C. (105° F.), and subsequently dried at this temperature to moisture contents of about 55 to 60% or less, was in a satisfactory condition, except for a heavy mould growth, after 60 days' storage. Sodium hydroxide was relatively ineffective when applied as an aqueous solution. Polyvinyl alcohols, wax dispersions, and carbon dioxide were unsuitable under the conditions studied.
SEPARATION OF STARCH AND GLUTEN: III. A RAPID METHOD OF SEPARATION FROM WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: Shewfelt A. L. , Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

Patent flour was mixed with sufficient water to form a smooth coherent dough, which was subsequently broken up into curds by agitating with additional water. Primary separation of the starch suspension and crude gluten was effected by passing the slurry over an inclined gyrating screen of about 150 mesh. Starch was recovered from the suspension by means of a basket-type centrifuge and dried. More than 90% of the starch containing less than 0.5% of protein was recovered. Substantially complete recovery of the gluten having a starch content of about 20% (dry basis) was realized. The crude gluten could be readily refined by shredding, washing, and rescreening. When dry, it contained 70 to 75% of protein and 10 to 12% of starch.A study of the effects of the processing factors has shown the following permissible ranges: amount of water for dough-mixing, equivalent to 80 to 85% of the weight of flour; temperature of the water for mixing, 25° to 30 °C.; time of dough-mixing, 15 to 20 min.; time of dough agitation in water, 1 to 4 min. A portion of the dough-mixing time could be replaced by a dough-conditioning period. The most critical factors were the flour–water ratio and the time of dough-agitation.The method effected a rapid and efficient separation of the starch and gluten fractions and should be adaptable to continuous large-scale operation.
THE SURFACE TENSION OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Douglas D. G. , MacKay C. A.
Published: April 2011

Surface tension measurements have been made on normal heptylic, pelargonic, capric, and lauric acids above their melting points and on aqueous solutions of heptylic, pelargonic, capric, and undecylic acids, at various concentrations. A modified capillary rise method was employed. The results indicate that the surface does not reach the stable state at once but requires considerable time, being slower for more dilute solutions and longer chain molecules. Evidence is given for the existence of a monolayer of closely packed molecules, with long axes perpendicular to the surface, each molecule occupying an area of approximately 25 Å for heptylic acid.
SYNTHESIS OF A NEW α-AMINO ACID, S-METHYL-β,β-DIMETHYLCYSTEINE
Authors: Savard Kenneth , Richardson Edwin M. , Grant Gordon A.
Published: April 2011

A new sulphur-containing α-amino acid, S-methyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine has been prepared from S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine. These two compounds and the intermediate β,β-dimethylcysteine may be of physiological importance.S-Benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine has been prepared by the addition of benzyl mercaptan to α-benzoylamino-β,β-dimethylacrylic acid, its azlactone, and methyl ester, followed by hydrolysis.In addition to the above three new sulphur-containing α-amino acids, the following compounds are described, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: methyl α-benzoylamino-β,β-dimethylacrylate, S-benzyl-N-benzoyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine and its methyl ester, the hydantoin of S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine, and S-benzyl-β,β-dimethylcysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride, and helianthate.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: VIII. LYCOPODIUM SABINAEFOLIUM WILLD.
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

A total of four alkaloids have been isolated from Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Three of these have already been found to occur together in other species, while the fourth, alkaloid L26 (C15H25ON), appears to be new.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME ANALOGUES OF 1,1-BIS-(p-CHLOROPHENYL)-2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (DDT): I. THREE FLUORINE ANALOGUES
Authors: Kirkwood S. , Dacey J. R.
Published: April 2011

The compounds 1,1-bis-(p-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, 1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, and 1,1-bis-(p-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethane have been prepared, and their method of preparation is outlined. The toxicity of these compounds to Drosophila melanogaster supports Läuger's hypothesis of the mechanism of the action of DDT.
FLOW-PRESSURE RELATIONS IN CALCIUM-SOAP–OIL SYSTEMS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

Flow–pressure relations have been determined for suspensions of calcium soaps in mineral oils of varying viscosity and viscosity index. The effect of small amounts of reagents on the character of these curves is very marked. The addition of water generally increases the yield value of the system without affecting the mobility, while solvents for calcium soaps tend to change the mobility without altering the yield value.
AN AUTOMATIC BURETTE FOR THE DELIVERY OF GAS AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
Authors: Hodgins J. W. , Harvey R. B.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus has been built to control automatically the addition of gas, from a gas burette, to a system maintained at constant pressure. A phototube-relay, actuated by the mercury level of a manometer connected to the system, acts as the control mechanism for the gas input.
PREPARATION OF PICRYL CHLORIDE
Authors: Boyer Raymond , Spencer E. Y. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

Picryl chloride can be prepared from pyridine picrate and either phosphorus oxychloride or phosgene in 97 to 100% yield. The pyridine used in this process is recoverable as its picrate and thus acts as a non-expended carrier during repeated preparations. Two of the chlorine atoms react in phosphorus oxychloride while only one in phosgene furnishes picryl chloride. The latter acid chloride is, however, more economical in use owing to its lower cost and molecular weight.
VAPOUR PHASE OXIDATION OF ETHYL LACTATE
Authors: Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the vapour phase oxidation of ethyl lactate to ethyl pyruvate (yield, 68%), using air as oxidant and a platinum catalyst prepared by electrolytic deposition.
FERTILIZATION IN ULMUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYBRIDIZATION PROCEDURE
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Germination tests on fruits derived from open, self, and cross pollinations made in Ulmus during four seasons strongly indicate a high degree of self sterility, possibly due to protogyny. It is suggested that a hybridization procedure involving the cross pollination of non-emasculated flowers is feasible in many species of the genus, especially under conditions that permit large-scale crossing and the growing of fairly extensive populations from which selfed seedlings may be eliminated.
GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF THREE SPECIES OF AGROSTIS
Authors: Leggatt C. W.
Published: April 2011

Germination tests on seed of the 1939 crop of Agrostis stolonifera L. var. compacta Hartm., A tenuis Sibth., and A. canina L. were begun in September of the same year and carried through to May, 1940, with the object of studying the drift, with time, of germination capacity and germination speed under different conditions.Seeds of the three species proved to be highly light-sensitive but low light-requiring. Germination capacity was proportional to light intensity while germination speed was inversely proportional to light intensity. The possibility that excess of light (> 200 ft-c. for seven and one-half hours daily) might depress germination capacity was suggested. There was no significant difference, in their effect on germination, between Mazda and Fluorescent "Daylite" illumination at equal foot candle intensity.Potassium nitrate in 0.2% solution proved more effective than light in promoting germination in not fully germinating-ripe seeds but its use did not stimulate germination beyond the natural limits of fully ripe seed; thus its use in seed control laboratories is justified for these species. Its effect on the seed is clearly distinct, physiologically, from that of light.An interesting phenomenon was observed, consisting in a falling off in germination capacity accompanied by an absolute increase in germination speed during the period February–March.Seeds of these species fall into four classes. The interrelationships between these classes and changes within them and their connection with the February–March phenomenon are discussed in the text.
PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI IN CANADA, 1919 TO 1944
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

During the period 1919 to 1944, 65 physiologic races were identified from a total of 4543 isolates derived from uredial collections of Puccinia graminis Pers. var. Tritici Erikss. & Henn. Forty-nine races were obtained in the Prairie Provinces from a study of 3475 isolates; 40 in Eastern Canada from 1013 isolates, and 12 in British Columbia from 55 isolates. During this period, the predominant races have shown notable fluctuations in their prevalence. Races 36, 17, and 21 were the most common races until shortly after 1930 and were largely responsible for the severe rust losses suffered by Marquis and other common wheats during the decade preceding that year. Races 34 and 49 were collected frequently from 1927 to about 1935. All of these races diminished greatly in their prevalence between 1930 and 1936, whereas race 56, which was first collected in Canada in 1931, has become the predominant race since 1934. It was this race that played a major part in the stem rust epiphytotic of 1935. Another recent change in the racial population was a recrudescence in 1940 of race17, which for several previous years had been of minor importance. In 1941 this race challenged the pre-eminent position of race 56 but receded again in succeeding years to minor significance.The distribution of races is somewhat similar but not identical in different parts of Canada. Races 36 and 21 have been relatively more common in the Prairie Provinces than in Eastern Canada, while the contrary is true of race 38. Only about a dozen of the 65 races collected in Canada have thus far assumed much economic importance, a few others may be considered of minor significance, but at least two-thirds of the races have been found only occasionally and have, for reasons not fully understood, failed to gain even a limited distribution.A comparison of the number of physiologic races collected in Eastern Canada and the Prairie Provinces, respectively, has indicated a somewhat greater variety of physiologic races in the former region, a condition that may perhaps be explained by the presence of the common barberry in many localities in Eastern Canada.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: IV. ACREMONIELLA, CHLAMYDOMYCES, AND TRICHOCLADIUM
Authors: Groves J. W. , Skolko A. J.
Published: April 2011

Two species of Acremoniella, A. atra (Cda.) Sacc. and A. verrucosa Togn., one species of Chlamydomyces, C. palmarum (Cke.) Mason, and one species of Trichoclacdium, T. asperum (Cda.) Harz, have been isolated from agricultural seeds and are described and illustrated. These fungi do not appear to be of serious pathological significance.
TETRAPLOID TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ: II. CHARACTERS OF F1 PLANTS GROWN IN POTS
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: April 2011

F1 tetraploids grown in pots had larger but fewer leaves and inflorescences than control diploids. Increase in size of the organs was offset by reduction in number, so that leaf area was no greater and total number of florets per plant was much lower in tetraploids than in diploids. Fertility varied inversely with genetic relationship and was much reduced in the tetraploids. No significant differences were noted in root size. The tetraploids grew slightly more slowly than diploids but for a longer period, and, on the whole, plants with the largest rosettes developed the biggest roots. Sibling tetraploids exhibited less deviation from the mean than randomized plants in such characters as number, size; and shape of leaves, production of heads, and weight of roots. Leaf characteristics provided the clearest evidence of an inheritance mechanism. The data on root weight were less conclusive.
BROWN POCKET ROT OF SITKA SPRUCE
Authors: Bier J. E. , Nobles Mildred K.
Published: April 2011

A brown pocket rot of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) occurs in stands on the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. The decay, the sporophore associated with it, and the cultural characters of the fungus are described. The causal fungus is regarded as a new species and is described as Lentinus Kauffmanii sp. nov. by Dr. Alexander H. Smith, University of Michigan.
INHERITANCE OF VARIEGATION IN BARLEY
Authors: Arnason T. J. , Harrington J. B. , Friesen H. A.
Published: April 2011

A strain of variegated barley that originated in a Saskatchewan field produces, on selfing, progeny of which approximately 90% are albino, the remainder striped or variegated with rare full green exceptions. In crosses, variegated ♂ × green ♀ produced 7 albino, 4 striped, and 11 green F1 plants. The reciprocal cross yielded 1 striped and 41 green F1 plants. F2 segregation approximated three green to one of all others (albino and variegated). From some F2 and F3 progenies it was inferred that two genetic factor pairs might be segregating. On that hypothesis the dominant hypostatic factor for variegation must be very unstable, mutating at a high rate to white. The peculiarities of inheritance may be explained also, however, on the basis of a combination of gene and (maternal) plastid inheritance. On this interpretation the plastids present in the egg affect the colour of the seedling that develops from it. When green plastids or proplastids are present in the egg, many of them, but not necessarily all, are induced to mutate if the white w gene is homozygous, but fewer if the w gene is heterozygous. If white plastids only are present in the egg it is probable that the seedling will be an albino regardless of gene content.
CULTURAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN FUSARIA: I. MUTATION IN CULTURE
Authors: Miller J. J.
Published: April 2011

This work represents a continuation of previous studies by the writer on the Fusarium of muskmelon wilt, with a view to determining the extent to which the cultural phenomena noted in this organism are characteristic of other Fusaria. The section Elegans is represented by 13 organisms, and the sections Liseola, Discolor, and Gibbosum by one each. Abnormal areas appearing in cultures of these organisms were investigated from the genetic viewpoint, and the results showed the larger of these to be of mutant origin. Evidence was obtained that the 'sclerotia' that appeared in cultures of some of the organisms may likewise be of mutant origin, but this was not deemed conclusive. A comparison of the properties attributed in the literature to 'sporodochia' appearing in Fusarium cultures with those of the patch mutants studied here indicates that the terms are synonymous in this case, and hence the common practice in Fusarium taxonomy of measuring 'macroconidia from sporodochia' is questioned. Since the wild types of the Fusaria studied were readily displaced in culture by mutants, it is evident that some method of maintaining the original isolates in the pure state is fundamental to a consistent taxonomy of the genus. In this connection the practice of maintaining Fusaria in tubes of sterilized soil is recommended, since experiments showed that this type of cultural treatment does not favour the loss of the wild type. A discussion is given concerning the cause of variation and the extent to which it occurs in nature.
A NOTE ON INHERITANCE IN F1 AND F2 HYBRIDS OF POPULUS ALBA L. × P. GRANDIDENTATA MICHX.
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

At five years of age, average heights in feet were: Populus alba, 14.0; P. grandidentata, 11.7; F1, 17.6; F2, 9.5. On the basis of an F2 population of 168 trees, modes of inheritance were assumed for leaf characters as follows: pubescence, four cumulative factors; colour, 1:2:1 monohybrid ratio; midrib, 42:15:6:1 trihybrid ratio; shape, margin, apex, and base, each inherited on the basis of multiple factors.The high rooting capacity of P. alba (92%) was transmitted to the F1 hybrid as a dominant character. It is suggested that P. alba is homozygous for one or more highly-determining, dominant alleles not possessed by P. grandidentata. Backcrossing failed to increase the degree of rooting. Comparable results from P. tremuloides indicated that this species carries an inhibitor for the P. alba rooting factor or factors and is deficient for the rooting factor or factors possessed by P. grandidentata.