bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Synthesis and Properties of Novel Bi2Se3 Nanostructures and Microplatelets
Authors: Muiva Cosmas M. , Moditswe Charles , Sathiaraj T. Stephen
Published: October 2012

Bi2Se3 nanostructures, microsised fibre bundles, and platelets have been synthesised through a simple chemical spray pyrolysis route on glass substrates. Low substrate temperatures (Tsub) favoured growth of nanostructures while elevated Tsub was accompanied by increased grain growth and formation of microsised platelets. The nanostructures were identified as nanorods, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoflowers, and nanoneedles of various aspect ratios. There was an observed red shift of the optical band gap (Egopt) with increased Tsub from 2.40 eV at 95°C to 1.25 eV at 360°C. Thermo probe measurements confirmed n-type conductivity with dark resistivities which followed a near exponential decline with elevated Tsub. The observed changes in optoelectronic properties existing in the different Tsub regimes were explained on the basis of microstructural and textural changes in the pristine clusters.
CP Violating Tri-Bimaximal-Cabibbo Mixing
Authors: Ahluwalia D. V.
Published: October 2012

In view of the new data from the Daya Bay and RENO collaborations, King has presented a very natural deformation of tri-bimaximal mixing. Here, we show that L/E flatness of the e-like event ratio in the atmospheric neutrino data, when coupled with King's observation that the smallest neutrino mixing angle, , seems to be related to the largest quark mixing angle (the Cabibbo angle ), leading to a CP violating tri-bimaximal-Cabibbo mixing. King's tri-bimaximal-Cabibbo mixing follows as a leading order approximation from our result.
«Repenser la philosophie»
Authors: Greisch Jean ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

Si «penser» est d’abord un acte, «repenser» l’est aussi. On ne peut «repenser» que ce qui fut déjà pensé une fois. Ce que «repenser» veut dire, nous ne le comprenons que si nous nous demandons au préalable ce que «penser» veut dire. Pour Heidegger, cela revient à se demander ce qui nous appelle à penser, pour Kant, c’est se demander comment on peut s’orienter dans la pensée, pour Nietzsche, ce qui nous pousse à penser, à quoi j’ajouterai la question, moins connue et plus déconcertante, d’Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy dans son essai sur la «pensée dative»: «Cui cogitatur?», «À qui nos pensées sont-elles destinées?»À quoi nos pensées sont-elles dédiées?, à qui sont-elles destinées?: c’est la tension féconde entre ces deux questions qui nous met sur la voie d’une réflexion sur le sens que le verbe «repenser» peut revêtir dans la bouche d’un philosophe. À la différence de ceux qui s’imaginent que «repenser» veut dire simplement distribuer un peu différemment les cartes du savoir, les vrais «repenseurs» ne cessent de se demander à quel jeu ils jouent quand il s’efforcent de penser philosophiquement et ils cherchent à avoir une conscience plus nette des enjeux de ces jeux de la pensée.
Religion, foi, et tolerance
Authors: Ndiaye Aloyse-Raymond ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

L’intolérance religieuse qui alimente de nos jours de nombreux conflits contemporains nous conduit à repenser notre conception moderne de la tolérance, née des débats théologiques et philosophiques, qui ont accompagné ou qui ont été provoqués par les controverses doctrinales et les guerres politico-religieuses des XVIème et XVIIème siècles. Elle se définit par le respect des ordres distincts: celui de la conscience et celui de la loi, du privé et du public, celui de la foi et de la raison. Elle porte la marque de son origine, du religieux et du théologique, et renvoie à l’idée de dignité humaine à laquelle la doctrine de l’autonomie de Kant, au XVIIIème siècle, a apporté son fondement éthique. L’actualité nous apprend qu’aujourd’hui encore on tue, on persécute au nom de la foi, au nom de Dieu, au nom de la religion, pour avoir une opinion ou une croyance différente. Si la tolérance, fille des Lumières et de la raison critique, ne s’est pas imposée définitivement dans un monde rationnel et technique, il y a lieu de se demander si ce n’est pas pour avoir négligé la foi. Il ne suffit pas de déclarer la mort de Dieu pour faire disparaître la religion. Conclure de la distinction de la raison et de la foi à leur antagonisme n’a pas conduit à déraciner l’intolérance de l’esprit humain. Aurions-nous oublié que la paix est aussi l’affaire du religieux? Que faut-il attendre, que faut-il espérer du dialogue inter-religieux? La foi serait-elle l’antidote à l’intolérance? Que peut faire la foi?
Overcoming Dichotomies
Authors: Holenstein Elmar ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

A symposium with the title “Tradition, Modernity and Postmodernity: Eastern and Western Perspectives” is in need of a subtitle auch as “Overcoming Dichotomies.” Societies, as well as historical epochs, are complex and overlapping phenomena. A clash between complex civilizations will naturally be a complex encounter. The conflicting parties will always find kindred souls on the other side, motivated by converging interests and values. Modernity and secularism are not inseparable, and tradionality and secularism are not incompatible (see Confucian politology). Two main philosophical reasons for the complexity of civilizations are the heterarchical structure of the human value system and the creative potential of human individuals. These highest values cannot be optimally realized at the same time. The potential for self-fulfillment that every human being has, thanks to his mental structures, excedes the potential for self-fulfillment a singular culture can provide.
Philosophy as Self-examination and Korean Philosophy
Authors: Lee Taesoo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the issue of the meaning to be attributed to our talk of Korean philosophy. Of course, the answer to all the questions that can be raised concerning this issue depends on our conception of philosophy. I start by claiming that philosophy should be an ars vivendi aiming at making our life worth living. Drawing on Socrates’s saying that the unexamined life is not worth living, I try to show that philosophical inquiry has to start with the reflection upon the belief-system underpinning our way of life. Through this reflective activity we are inevitably led to tackle the problem of cultural identity constituted by such belief system; there is no belief-system that is not culturally conditioned. Korean philosophy is an ongoing endeavor of the Korean people to renew their cultural identity—by way of philosophical reflection upon their cultural identity.
A Spiritual Turn in Philosophy
Authors: Weiming Tu ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

An exposition of the core Confucian text, the Analects, is a rich resource for thinking philosophically about aesthetics, ethics, and religion. Indeed, the Analects is an inspiration for doing philosophy as a dialogical, rather than a dialectic, dialogue and an edifying conversation. The four integrated dimensions of Confucian humanism as embodied in Confucius’ “anthropocosmic” philosophy encompass the sacredness of earth, body, family, community, and the world. Specifically, it envisions that the full realization of the way of learning to be human consists of (1) the integration of the body and mind, (2) the fruitful interaction between the individual and society, (3) the sustainable and harmonious relationship between humanity and nature, and (4) the mutual responsiveness between the human hear-mind and the Way of Heaven. Furthermore, it transcends the concepts of rationality in the Enlightenment mentality and provides a philosophy of life rooted in the sensitivity, sympathy, and compassion inherent in human nature. Confucius’ “anthropocosmic” philosophy is one of the most profound spiritual legacies in rethinking the human in the twenty-first century.
The Health Status of Dentists Exposed to Mercury from Silver Amalgam Tooth Restorations
Authors: Duplinsky Thomas G. , Cicchetti Domenic V.
Published: October 2012

The authors employed pharmacy utilization data to evaluate the health status of a representative sample of 600 dentists, matched to control subjects, for gender, age, geographical area, and insurance plan structure. Dentists demonstrated significantly more prescription utilization of specific illness medications than did Controls, for the following disease categories: Neuropsychological, Neurological, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular. The greater majority of pediatric and general practice dentists still use mercury amalgam restorations. This places them at greater risk than the general population for those disorders, as well as threatening the future health of America’s children and adults who continue to receive silver amalgam restorations.
Cost Assessment of Epidemiologic Surveys in Dentistry
Authors: Gonçalves Juliana , Paula Janice , Ambrosano Glaucia , Mialhe Fabio , Pereira Antonio
Published: October 2012

Objective: The aim was to assess the relationship between the variability of data, sample size (n) and costs involved in epidemiologic surveys of dental caries.
Research design and settings: In order to conduct this study, simulations of the variation in costs of hypothetic epidemiologic surveys were made and studied. Thus, all costs with reference to a survey were described and divided into two categories: fixed and variable.
Outcome measures: The following margins of sampling errors were analyzed; 5%, 10%, 12% and 15% and the coefficients of variation (CV) of sampled data evaluated were, 50%, 80%, 100% and 120%.
Results: The required sample size increased with the reduction in the margin of error. For a CV of 50%, considering an error of 5%, the sample size was 384; for the same CV and error of 10%, n was 96. Thus it was observed that the relationship of sample size between the errors of 5% and 10 % was 4 times higher. Whereas with regard to cost, when an error of 5% was adopted, this was approximately three times higher when compared with the error of 10%.
Conclusion: Thus, when planning sample calculation, it is important to consider the Coefficient of Variation and the coherent errors with the variables under study, thus avoiding overestimating the sample and, consequently, increasing the costs involved in the research. It is fundamental to consider the possibility of working with other margins of error, thereby maintaining scientific strictness and establishing adequate costs.
Carrier Lifetime: Free Carrier Absorption, Photoconductivity, and Photoluminescence
Authors: Grivickas Vytautas , Linnros Jan
Published: October 2012

In this article we present a survey of three basic methods of carrier lifetime determination in semiconductor materials. Different methodical approaches are, however, sensitive to different experimental conditions, such as injection level, temperature, surface condition, and to specific physical parameters of defects. This leads to a determination of qualitatively different lifetimes at variable measurement conditions. We concentrate, first, on the interplay of standard competing recombination processes: the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination mechanism, the radiative recombination, and the three‐particle Auger recombination. Aspects related to carrier trapping and to carrier diffusion‐associated surface/interface recombination and typical actions to control this problem are considered.

A short overview of carrier lifetime extraction from different optical and diffusion length‐based methods as well as from device‐related techniques is presented. Three conceptually different approaches are reviewed such as the quasi‐steady‐state, the harmonic modulated‐type and the dynamic‐type methods and their advantages/disadvantages in terms of the lifetime data interpretation is discussed.

In the following sections, three dynamic methods are presented and compared: Free carrier absorption (FCA), photoconductivity (PC), and photoluminescence (PL). The principle of FCA under collinear and orthogonal geometry of the pump and probe beam is explained. Carrier lifetime results in the bulk and scanning techniques such as depth‐profiling and mapping are described. The provided examples cover Si, epitaxial SiC, and GaN materials. The section of PC dynamics presents the main principles of classical lifetime measurements via electrical contacts as well as through noncontact microwave and radio frequency PC detection circuits. Some practical considerations are given. In the PL section, a diversity of carrier lifetime dynamic extraction from the bulk of semiconductors, as well as from semiconductor nanostructures and quantum dots are summarized. At the end, a selection guide for different methods is given by appropriate tables.
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Authors: Harbison Gerard S.
Published: October 2012

We provide an overview of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), including two‐dimensional NQR methods and NQR imaging. We review the quantum mechanics of quadrupolar nuclear spins at zero‐field, including the trends and magnitudes of nuclear quadrupole moments. We review the coupling of these moments with the local electric field gradients, and examine the observable spectral transitions associated with this coupling.Wereview the major methods of detecting these transitions, including standard frequency‐swept NQR, SQUID detection, and field‐cycling methods. Webriefly examineNQRhardware.Weexamine multidimensional methods to obtain full quadrupolar coupling tensors and characterize exchange processes in solids, and then consider the major methods of NQR imaging. Finally, we consider computational techniques for obtaining reliable theoretical quadrupolar couplings to compare with experiment, and alert the reader tocommonpitfalls of using “canned” quantum chemistry programs and methods to calculate quadrupolar couplings.
Positron Annihilation Studies of Materials
Authors: Keeble David J. , Brossmann U. , Puff W. , Würschum R.
Published: October 2012

Positron annihilation provides sensitive and versatile probe techniques in materials science that can characterize electronic structure and vacancy‐type, open volume, defects. The techniques utilize the information carried by the photons that result from the quantum relativistic process of the annihilation of a positron with its antiparticle the electron. For the implanted positron, the time to the annihilation event with a host electron depends on the electron density of the local environment probed. Annihilation normally results in the conversion to two anticolinear γ photons, this emitted radiation carries information on the momentum of the electron ‐positron pair at the instant of annihilation.

The present article focuses on the standard e+annihilation methods applied to the study of defects in materials. Current developments in e+ annihilation are briefly described.
Semiadiabatic (Isoperibol) Solution Calorimetry
Authors: Vargas Edgar F.
Published: October 2012

The semi‐adiabatic (isoperibol) solution calorimetry is a versatile calorimetric technique with a broad field of applications. The principles of the method and the common designs of the calorimeters are described. The Regnault–Pfaundler and Dickinson methods for determination of temperature change of the reaction/solution or the calibration are also described. Finally, applications of the semi‐adiabatic solution calorimetry are mentioned.
Absolute Measurement of Domain Composition and Nanoscale Size Distribution Explains Performance in PTB7:PC71BM Solar Cells
Authors: Collins Brian A. , Li Zhe , Tumbleston John R. , Gann Eliot , McNeill Christopher R. , Ade Harald
Published: October 2012

The importance of morphology to organic solar cell performance is well known, but to date, the lack of quantitative, nanoscale and statistical morphological information has hindered obtaining direct links to device function. Here resonant X‐ray scattering and microscopy are combined to quantitatively measure the nanoscale domain size, distribution and composition in high efficiency solar cells based on PTB7 and PC71BM. The results show that the solvent additive diiodooctane dramatically shrinks the domain size of pure fullerene agglomerates that are embedded in a polymer‐rich 70/30 wt.% molecularly mixed matrix, while preserving the domain composition relative to additive‐free devices. The fundamental miscibility between the species – measured to be equal to the device's matrix composition – is likely the dominant factor behind the overall morphology with the additive affecting the dispersion of excess fullerene. As even the molecular ordering measured by X‐ray diffraction is unchanged between the two processing routes the change in the distribution of domain size and therefore increased domain interface is primarily responsible for the dramatic increase in device performance. While fullerene exciton harvesting is clearly one significant cause of the increase owing to smaller domains, a measured increase in harvesting from the polymer species indicates that the molecular mixing is not the reason for the high efficiency in this system. Rather, excitations in the polymer likely require proximity to a pure fullerene phase for efficient charge separation and transport. Furthermore, in contrast to previous measurements on a PTB7‐based system, a hierarchical morphology was not observed, indicating that it is not necessary for high performance.
Clinical features and treatment outcome of primary systemic light‐chain amyloidosis in Korea: Results of multicenter analysis
Authors: Jun Hyun Jung , Kim Kihyun , Kim Seok Jin , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Bang Soo‐Mee , Won Jong‐Ho , Kim Chul Soo , Lee Jae Hoon ,   Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP)
Published: October 2012

Primary systemic light‐chain (AL) amyloidosis a disorder characterized by accumulation of monoclonal light chains as aggregated amyloid fibrils in tissues of multiple organs to cause organ dysfunction and death (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Merlini and Bellotti, N Engl J Med 2003;349:583–596). Although there are quite a number of data regarding clinical features and treatment outcomes of AL amyloidosis, most of them are from western countries except for a couple of reports from Japan (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Yamazaki et al., Clin Exp Nephrol 2009;13:522–525; Goodman et al., Br J Haematol 2006;134:417–425; Michael et al., Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010;10:56–61; Palladini et al., Blood 2004;103:2936–2938). Considering the effect of ethnic difference on the clinical course and outcomes of AL amyloidosis, the analysis of Asian patients may help better understanding of this disease entity. Therefore, we conducted retrospective analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes of 84 newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients in six referral centers in Korea between 1995 and 2010. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early interneuron dysfunction in ALS: Insights from a mutant sod1 zebrafish model
Authors: McGown Alexander , McDearmid Jonathan R. , Panagiotaki Niki , Tong Huaxia , Al Mashhadi Sufana , Redhead Natasha , Lyon Alison N. , Beattie Christine E. , Shaw Pamela J. , Ramesh Tennore M.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To determine, when, how, and which neurons initiate the onset of pathophysiology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using a transgenic mutant sod1 zebrafish model and identify neuroprotective drugs.

Methods

Proteinopathies such as ALS involve mutant proteins that misfold and activate the heat shock stress response (HSR). The HSR is indicative of neuronal stress, and we used a fluorescent hsp70‐DsRed reporter in our transgenic zebrafish to track neuronal stress and to measure functional changes in neurons and muscle over the course of the disease.

Results

We show that mutant sod1 fish first exhibited the HSR in glycinergic interneurons at 24 hours postfertilization (hpf). By 96 hpf, we observed a significant reduction in spontaneous glycinergic currents induced in spinal motor neurons. The loss of inhibition was followed by increased stress in the motor neurons of symptomatic adults and concurrent morphological changes at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) indicative of denervation. Riluzole, the only approved ALS drug and apomorphine, an NRF2 activator, reduced the observed early neuronal stress response.

Interpretation

The earliest event in the pathophysiology of ALS in the mutant sod1 zebrafish model involves neuronal stress in inhibitory interneurons, resulting from mutant Sod1 expression. This is followed by a reduction in inhibitory input to motor neurons. The loss of inhibitory input may contribute to the later development of neuronal stress in motor neurons and concurrent inability to maintain the NMJ. Riluzole, the approved drug for use in ALS, modulates neuronal stress in interneurons, indicating a novel mechanism of riluzole action. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:246–258
An array of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates based on plasmonic lenses
Authors: Kahraman M. , Cakmakyapan S. , Ozbay E. , Culha M.
Published: October 2012

An array of ring‐shaped holes is prepared from silver thin films using electron beam lithography. The optimal conditions for high performance as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate are investigated. Either the diameter of the hole (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µm) or the slit width (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 nm) is varied. 4‐Aminothiophenol (ATP) adsorbed on the structures as a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) is used as probe to evaluate the SERS performance of the generated structures. It is found that there is an optimal configuration for ring‐shaped holes with a 3.0‐µm diameter and 200‐nm slit width. The SERS activity on this optimal lens configuration is found to be 13 times greater than that of the activity on the silver thin film. An array of these structures at this optimal configuration can easily be constructed and used in a range of SERS‐based sensing applications.
MgO and ZnO as reinforcing fillers in cured polychloroprene rubber
Authors: Chokanandsombat Yotwadee , Sirisinha Chakrit
Published: October 2012

Polychloroprene rubber (CR) is generally cured in a manner different from that of other diene rubbers. Compounding formulations based on metal oxides have been used satisfactorily for the crosslinking of CR, especially magnesium oxide (MgO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) at loadings of 4 and 5 phr, respectively. In this work, the total loading of MgO and ZnO was varied while the MgO : ZnO loading ratio of 4 : 5 (equivalent to MgO and ZnO volume fractions of 0.013 and 0.009, respectively) that usually used with CR was kept constant. Cure and mechanical properties of CR compounds and cured specimens were investigated. The obtained results could resolve the separate increments in hardness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and modulus associated with the increases in crosslink density and total loading of metal oxides. Furthermore, poor compression set and increased heat build‐up of cured CR specimens, particularly at high total loading of metal oxides, were believed to be the result of a post‐curing effect and of molecular restriction by the increased crosslink density, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of nanofiller dimensionality on the crystallization behavior of HDPE/carbon nanocomposites
Authors: Shi Xiaomei , Wang Jingdai , Jiang Binbo , Yang Yongrong
Published: October 2012

The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) containing various zero, one, and two dimensional (0‐D, 1‐D, and 2‐D) carbon nanofillers were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. For a given temperature, the isothermal crystallization incubation time of HDPE became longer with the addition of lower dimensional carbon nanofillers, and the isothermal crystallization rate got slower. The values of Avrami and Tobin exponents indicated that the isothermal crystallization of HDPE followed two‐dimensional crystal growth in the presence of 2‐D and 1‐D carbon nanofillers, while exhibited three‐dimensional heterogeneous crystal growth in the presence of 0‐D carbon nanofillers. Contrary to the isothermal study, the nonisothermal crystallization of HDPE was accelerated in the presence of lower dimensional nanofillers. The nonisothermal crystallization data were finally analyzed using Ozawa and Mo methods. It was observed that only Mo approach could successfully describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of HDPE and HDPE/carbon nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Riverine connectivity, upstream influences, and multi‐taxa representation in a conservation area network for the fishes of Michigan, USA
Authors: Esselman Peter C. , Edgar Minako , Breck Jason , Hay‐Chmielewski Elizabeth M. , Wang Lizhu
Published: October 2012

Fisheries resource conservation is a national priority in the USA because of the high economic and social value of fish to society. Landscape spatial planning to identify focal areas for conservation of fishes is an important step to targeted site‐level interventions to protect or restore fish habitats, because it can provide a strategic approach to guide conservation efforts. Computerized spatial planning algorithms that identify networks of sites that meet user‐specified targets for species representation indicate locations with favourable conditions for fish protection.

Here a commonly used systematic planning software, Marxan, was employed with previously published fish range and human disturbance predictions to define a network of conservation focal areas for rivers in Michigan. This network focused on large‐bodied species, small‐bodied species, species of greatest conservation need (SGCN), and all species together.

Depending on the scenario, the networks identified comprised between 14 and 20% of Michigan stream length in over 1700 focal areas ranging from 6 to 8 km in average length. Mean focal area sizes were much larger for the Upper Peninsula than the Lower Peninsula. Approximately 35% of the focal areas defined flowed through already protected lands, but less than 5% had upstream catchments that were secure within protected areas. There was a 45% overlap in the focal areas selected for the large‐ and small‐bodied fish and SGCN.

The rivers defined may serve as appropriate core areas for fish conservation. Resultant maps show locations with a high natural potential to conserve all of Michigan's native fish species, and can serve as a reference point for regionalization of comprehensive state‐wide planning efforts for fish conservation. It is recommended that this study is followed up with additional planning steps to define complementary conservation zones for protecting the functionality of ecosystems to support fishes, and to forward methods for incorporating spatial metapopulation dynamics into the planning process.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic solid substrate–room temperature phosphorimetry for the determination of residual perphenazine based on the electronic effect of rhodamine 6G
Authors: Zheng Zhi‐Yong , Cui Ma‐Lin , Zhang Li‐Hong , Jiang Shu‐Lian , Jiao Li , Lin Xuan , Lin Shao‐Qin , Liu Jia‐Ming
Published: October 2012

The rhodamine 6G+‐perphenazine (Rhod 6G+–PPH) compound is formed in the ester‐exchange reaction between ‐OH of PPH and ‐COOC2H5 of Rhod 6G+. PPH was oxidized to a red compound (PPH') in the presence of K2S2O8. Interestingly, the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of Rhod 6G+ was quenched because the ‐OH of PPH′ reacted with ‐COOC2H5 of Rhod 6G+–PPH to form Rhod 6G+–PPH’ and PPH, which decreased the π‐electron density (δ) of the carbon atom in the Rhod 6G+–PPH’ conjugated system and enhanced the nonradiation energy loss of the excited Rhod 6G+ of the triplet state. The PPH content was directly proportional to the ΔIp of the system. Thus, a new catalytic solid‐substrate room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) method was established for the determination of PPH. The method had high sensitivity (the limit of detection was 0.019 fg/spot, corresponding to a concentration of 4.8 × 10–14 g/mL; the sampling quantity was 0.40 μL/spot), good selectivity, convenience and speed. The analytical results were in accordance with those of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of Rhod 6G+, PPH and Rhod 6G+–PPH were characterized by infrared spectra. The reaction mechanism by which PPH was determined is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety of laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy for suspected appendicitis in pregnancy (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1470–1478)
Authors: Bakker O J
Published: October 2012

Possible increased risk with Laparoscopy
Altered leucocyte progenitor profile in human bone marrow from patients with major trauma during the recovery phase
Authors: Francis W R , Bodger O G , Pallister I
Published: October 2012

Background

Changes in human bone marrow associated with the systemic inflammatory response to injury are little understood. It was hypothesized that major trauma results in an altered bone marrow leucocyte progenitor profile, with either uniform depletion or the balance between multipotent and committed progenitors varying, depending on whether self-renewal is favoured over differentiation.

Methods

Bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained at definitive surgery in adults with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma (major trauma with Injury Severity Score (ISS) at least 18, or isolated fractures) and control patients undergoing iliac crest bone grafting. ISS, interval to surgery and transfusion in the first 24 h were recorded. Bone marrow aspirate flow cytometry was used to identify haemopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+), multipotent cells (CD34+ CD45+ CD38−) and oligopotent cells (CD34+ CD45+ CD38lo/+ and CD34+ CD45+ CD38BRIGHT(++ +) subsets). Peripheral blood levels of inflammatory markers were measured, and the ratio of immature to mature (CD35−/CD35+) granulocytes was determined.

Results

The median (range) interval between injury and sampling was 7 (1–21) and 5 (1–21) days in the major trauma and isolated fracture groups respectively. The CD34+ pool was significantly depleted in the major trauma group (P = 0·017), particularly the CD34+ CD45+ CD38BRIGHT(++ +) oligopotent pool (P = 0·003). Immature CD35− granulocytes increased in bone marrow with increasing injury severity (P = 0·024) and massive transfusion (P = 0·019), and in peripheral blood with increasing interval to surgery (P = 0·005).

Conclusion

Major blunt trauma resulted in changes in the bone marrow CD34+ progenitor pool. At the point in recovery when these samples were obtained, oligopotent progenitors were lost from the bone marrow, with continued release of immature cells.
Cytokinesis in trypanosomes
Authors: Farr Helen , Gull Keith
Published: October 2012

Cytokinesis is a crucial step in the cell division cycle whereby the cell membrane and underlying cortex is remodelled and drawn together to create two new daughter cells. While in many eukaryotic systems this process is accomplished by an actomyosin contractile ring, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei displays an unusual mechanism for cytokinesis, with an increased reliance on microtubules. There are a number of crucial preparatory steps involving the replication and segregation of organelles that must be undertaken in order for cytokinesis to occur. In this review, we will discuss the cellular architecture of the trypanosome and its importance within cytokinesis, and the recent progress in understanding the regulatory systems involved. Recent advances in three‐dimensional imaging techniques have improved our understanding of the mechanisms driving cytokinesis and are likely to yield further insights in the future. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Inherently slow and weak forward forces of neuronal growth cones measured by a drift‐stabilized atomic force microscope
Authors: Fuhs Thomas , Reuter Lydia , Vonderhaid Iris , Claudepierre Thomas , Käs Josef A.
Published: October 2012

Previous results have shown that glial cells provide a soft environment for the neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). This raises the question whether neurons are confined to the CNS and cannot wander off into more rigid tissues, such as brain capillary walls. We investigated the mechanical properties and force generation of extending mouse retinal ganglion cells and NG108‐15 growth cones (GCs) using different atomic force microscope (AFM)‐based methods. For the first time, to our knowledge, we were able to measure the forward pushing forces at the leading edge of outgrowing neuronal GCs with our drift‐stabilized AFM. Our results demonstrate that these GCs have neither the required stability nor the ability to produce forces necessary to penetrate tissues that are at least an order of magnitude stiffer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strong and sustained effector function of memory‐ versus naïve‐derived T cells upon T‐cell receptor RNA transfer: Implications for cellular therapy
Authors: Thomas Simone , Klobuch Sebastian , Besold Katrin , Plachter Bodo , Dörrie Jan , Schaft Niels , Theobald Matthias , Herr Wolfgang
Published: October 2012

Current protocols used to select CMV‐specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy focus on virus‐specific memory T cells from seropositive donors. However, this strategy is not feasible in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (HSCT) from CMV‐seronegative donors. Here, we redirected T cells of CMV‐seronegative donors with a human genetically engineered TCR recognizing an HLA‐A*0201‐binding peptide epitope of CMVpp65. To facilitate clinical translation of this approach, we used a non‐viral expression system based on in vitro transcribed RNA and electroporation. Although memory and naïve‐derived T‐cell subsets were both efficiently transfected by TCR‐RNA, memory‐derived T cells showed much stronger levels of HLA‐A*0201‐restricted cytolytic activity to CMV‐infected fibroblasts and maintained acquired function for 5–10 days. In addition to redirection of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, TCR‐RNA transfection was capable of redirecting CD4+ T cells into potent Ag‐specific Th cells that efficiently triggered maturation of DCs. Our data suggest that memory rather than naïve‐derived T cells are the preferred subset for transient TCR expression by RNA electroporation, providing more efficient and sustained virus‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell function. CMV TCR‐RNA may represent a suitable therapeutic ‘off‐the‐shelf’ reagent to be used in severe CMV infections of HSCT patients when endogenous CMV‐specific T‐cell immunity is insufficient.
Optimisation study of power allocation and relay location for amplify‐and‐forward systems over Nakagami‐ m fading channels
Authors: Ikki Salama S.
Published: October 2012

We consider power allocation (PA) and relay positioning in a dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relaying system over Nakagami‐m fading channels. We investigate adaptive PA with fixed relay location, optimal relay location with fixed PA, and joint optimisation of the PA and relay location under transmit power constraint in order to minimise average error probability and outage probability. Analytical results are validated by numerical simulations and comparisons between the different optimisation schemes and their performance are provided. Results show that optimum PA brings only coding gain, whereas optimum relay location yields, in addition to the latter, diversity gains as well. Also, joint optimisation improves both, the diversity gain and coding gain. Furthermore, results illustrate that the analysed adaptive algorithms outperform uniform schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ant colony‐based, receiver‐initiated multicast mesh protocol for collaborative applications of mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Deepalakshmi P. , Radhakrishnan S.
Published: October 2012

Mobile ad hoc (ODMRP), another mesh‐based multicast approach for mobile ad hoc networks in two scenarios, namely typical scenario and collaborative scenario. The simulation is carried out in NS‐2 and comparison is conducted for the metrics packet delivery ratio, group reliability ratio, and end‐to‐end average delay by varying node mobility and by increasing number of senders in each group. From the results, we observed that the proposed protocol performs well in all cases. Especially for collaborative scenarios in which number of senders is high within the group, RIMM outperforms ODMRP. Also, we observed that probability of reaching multicast members within the mesh is always high for RIMM than for ODMRP. For certain simulations, we compared RIMM with other receiver‐initiated mesh‐based multicast approaches namely Protocol for Unified Multicasting through multicast Announcement and an ant‐based method called Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks with Swarm Intelligence and found that RIMM has better packet delivery ratio and comparable control overhead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Importance of astrocyte‐derived purines in the modulation of sleep
Authors: Blutstein Tamara , Haydon Philip G.
Published: October 2012

Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon that is clearly essential for survival, but we have limited understanding of how and why it is so important. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/adenosine signaling has been known to be important in the regulation of sleep and recent evidence suggests a critical role for gliotransmission in the modulation of sleep homeostasis. Herein, we review the regulation of ATP/adenosine in the nervous system and provide evidence of a critical role for astrocyte‐derived adenosine in the regulation of sleep homeostasis and the modulation of synaptic transmission. Further understanding of the role of glial cells in the regulation of sleep may provide new targets for pharmaceutical intervention in the treatment of brain dysfunctions, specifically those that are comorbid with sleep disruptions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Alcohol consumption and PSA‐detected prostate cancer risk—A case‐control nested in the ProtecT study
Authors: Zuccolo Luisa , Lewis Sarah J. , Donovan Jenny L. , Hamdy Freddie C. , Neal David E. , Smith George Davey
Published: October 2012

Alcohol is an established carcinogen but not an established risk factor for prostate cancer, despite some recent prospective studies suggesting increased risk among heavy drinkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of alcohol on prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and prostate cancer risk. Two thousand four hundred PSA detected prostate cancer cases and 12,700 controls matched on age and general practice were identified through a case‐control study nested in the PSA‐testing phase of a large UK‐based randomized controlled trial for prostate cancer treatment (ProtecT). Linear and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate ratios of geometric means (RGMs) of PSA and relative risk ratios (RRRs) of prostate cancer by stage and grade, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), associated with weekly alcohol intake and drinking patterns. We found evidence of lower PSA (RGM 0.98, 95% CI: 0.98–0.99) and decreased risk of low Gleason‐grade (RRR 0.96; 95%CI 0.93–0.99) but increased risk of high‐grade prostate cancer (RRR 1.04; 95%CI 0.99–1.08; pdifference=0.004) per 10 units/week increase in alcohol consumption, not explained by current BMI, blood pressure, comorbidities, or reverse causation. This is the first large population‐based study to find evidence of lower PSA levels for increasing alcohol consumption, with potential public health implications for the detection of prostate cancer. Our results also support a modestly higher risk of high‐grade disease for heavy drinkers, but require independent replication to establish the nature of the association of alcohol with low‐grade disease, preferably in cohorts with a heterogeneous case‐mix.
Depressed mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic remodeling in mouse tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius induced by 4‐week hindlimb unloading
Authors: Liu Jing , Peng Yunhua , Cui Zhiwei , Wu Zhiming , Qian Airong , Shang Peng , Qu Lina , Li Yinghui , Liu Jiankang , Long Jiangang
Published: October 2012

Mitochondrial dynamics is highly involved in muscle atrophy, the slow twitch muscle as soleus, preferentially affected by hindlimb unloading (HU), was well characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction in biogenesis. However, the fast twitch muscles like tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS), which are the most massive parts of the hindlimb muscles, are less elucidated on mitochondrial adaptations responding to HU. To investigate the mitochondrial dynamic responses and the involved molecules mediating atrophy in TA and GAS, we studied a 4‐week HU mouse model. We found GAS was preferentially affected to atrophy by unloading compared with TA. Furthermore, the depressed mitochondrial biogenesis occurred, accounting for mitochondrial loss in GAS by unloading. PGC‐1α, as well as its transcriptional/post‐translational modification regulators, such as p‐CREB, SIRT1, and p‐AMPK, were consistently reduced in response to unloading in GAS. Molecules relevant to autophagy, mitochondrial fusion, and fission, were compromised following unloading both in TA and GAS. These results suggested that TA exhibited resistance to unloading induced muscle atrophy while GAS presented significant mitochondrial loss, which might be due to the mitochondrial biogenesis suppressed by the inactivation of PGC‐1α. However, both in TA and GAS muscles, a similar sedentary mitochondrial dynamics of mitochondrial fusion and fission was induced by unloading though TA exhibited little muscle atrophy. © 2012 IUBMB, IUBMB Life, 64(11): 901–910, 2012
3.2: An Integrated Gate Driver Circuit Employing Depletion‐Mode IGZO TFTs
Authors: Wu Zhongyuan , Duan Liye , Yuan Guangcai , Jiang Chunsheng , Li Yanzhao , Yan Liangchen , Cheng Jun , Wang Gang , Jin Song
Published: October 2012

Integrated gate driver circuit with Oxide TFTs often suffers from the leakage current problem due to the depletion‐mode TFT's characteristic. This paper analyzed the origin of circuit failure and proposed a leakage current cutting technique in which using output feedback to turn off the normally‐on switches. The feedback scheme is designed not only within its own stage but across the neighboring stages. Compared with previous work, it avoids the degradation of the output caused by the feedback TFT, thus providing a more robust solution. The circuit is fabricated employing a‐IGZO TFTs. The experiment result shows that the circuit works successfully with maximum −4.5V threshould voltage.
4.3: Frequency Effects on Polymer‐Stabilized Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystals
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Yuan , Sun Jie , Wu Shin‐Tson , Liu Shih‐Hsien , Hsieh Pao‐Ju , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Shiu Jyh‐Wen , Yamamoto Shin‐ichi , Haseba Yasuhiro
Published: October 2012

Frequency effects on polymer‐stabilized blue‐phase liquid crystals (BPLCs) are investigated. As the electric field frequency increases, Kerr constant decreases and dielectric heating increases. A physical model (extended Cole‐Cole model) is proposed to fit the experimental results. These results are important on high frequency operation of BPLC displays.
5.1: A Wide‐View Novel Design for Stereoscopic 3D LCD
Authors: Chen Chih Wen , Hsiao Chia Chiang , Bin Fang
Published: October 2012

In this paper we used a rigorous optical model to investigate the viewing angle properties of patterned retarder (PR) stereoscopic 3D liquid crystal display (LCD). By analyzing the simulation and experiment of passive glasses and PR structure, we suggested several new design structures to enlarge the viewing angle at oblique and horizontal direction. Compare to conventional structure and several new structures [1] [2], our new designs had several advanced features, such as simple structure, low cost, easy to realize and of course wide viewing angle.
5.2: Switchable 2D/3D Display Using Prism Conversion Module
Authors: Mphepö Wallen , Li Yunong , Liu Minjing , Liu Yiming , Gao Jinyi
Published: October 2012

Currently the production volumes of conventional 2D flat panel displays still outpaces those of 3D displays. In order to put glasses‐free 3D displays on an equal footing we developed a cost effective prism based switchable adapter optical module that can enable conventional 2D displays to switch between 2D and glasses‐free 3D mode. Our simulations also show that switchable 2D / multi‐viewer glasses‐free 3D is also possible.
7.4: AC Plasma Displays with Gold Nanorods in the Protecting Layer
Authors: Cho Seok Ho , Kim Woo Hyun , Lee Seong Min , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: October 2012

This paper proposes a modified protective layer structure incorporating Au nanorods which lead to localized surface plasmon resonance at the infrared (IR) region. By inserting Au nanorods into the MgO protective layer, higher luminous efficacy and a reduction of the IR emission originating from the plasma discharge were obtained.
9.3: A 32‐inch Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Television Panel Driving by Amorphous Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Tsai Tsung‐Ting , Chen Kuan‐Chi , Lee Yung‐Chih , Fang Shou‐Wei , Lee Jen‐Yu , Hsieh Wei‐Jung , Tseng Szu‐Heng , Chiang Yuan‐Ming , Wu Wen‐Hao , Wang San‐Chi , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing , Chang Lee‐Hsun , Tsai Lun , Chen Chia‐Yu , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: October 2012

We demonstrated a defect free 32‐inch large scaled amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide based active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode television panel. The panel achieves good image quality, such as high contrast ratio, a wide viewing angle, and fast response time, and the module thickness is only 3 mm. The thin film transistor shows excellent characteristic and the compensation pixel circuit is used. The side by side organic light‐emitting diode device is realized by fine metal mask.
11.4: Invited Paper: Autostereoscopic Imaging with Simultaneous Reproduction of Two Image Elements in One Display Pixel: General Approach and Experimental Results
Authors: Ezhov Vasily
Published: October 2012

Simultaneous reproduction of two full‐screen resolution views of 3D scene in one and the same display screen is considered regardless of the physical gear of information‐dependent polarization coding‐decoding in each display pixel. In such display a stereoscopic image is flicker‐free even with use of 60 Hz ‐ frame rate LC imaging and polarization coding matrices.

A general approach of such imaging, set out in the paper, includes finding the optimal optical structure of polarization decoders with help of Jones matrix notation.
12.3: Characterizations of 3D TV: Active vs Passive
Authors: Andrén Börje , Wang Kun , Brunnström Kjell
Published: October 2012

Two different techniques are dominating the 3D TV market today i.e. active shutter glasses and passive film patterned retarder. Both the techniques have their pros and cons. In this paper we compare these two types of 3D TV3D TV by evaluating them with respect to some important visual ergonomic parameters such as angle dependent cross talk, luminance levels, flicker and resolution.
14.1: Distinquished Paper: A 13.3‐in. 200‐dpi Flexible Electrophoretic Display Driven by OTFTs Manufactured Using High‐resolution Offset Printing
Authors: Akiyama Ryuto , Kurihara Ken‐ichi , Yoneya Nobuhide , Fukuda Toshio , Abe Hironobu , Yumoto Akira , Yagi Iwao , Tanaka Masanobu , Nomoto Kazumasa , Ueno Hiroyuki , Masuichi Mikio , Adachi Hideki
Published: October 2012

We have developed a 13.3‐in. 200‐dpi flexible electrophoretic display driven by printed‐organic TFTs (OTFTs). To manufacture the OTFT backplane, a polymer resist and a fluorous polymer were printed using a high‐resolution offset printing system that we have developed for Gen‐1 substrates to achieve 5‐μm resolution and ±2.2‐μm overlay accuracy.
18.5L: Late‐News Paper: OLED based Binocular Interactive See‐through HMD
Authors: Herold Rigo , Vogel Uwe , Richter Bernd
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the design and the setup of a novel interactive binocular see‐through head‐mounted display (HMD) based on OLED microdisplays. In contradistinction to previous reported bulky monocular eyetracking HMDs based on the OLED‐on‐CMOS technology, the presented system meets the requirements of lightweight eyeglasses with a high functionality.