bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Evolution of Glutathione S-Transferases in the Genus Drosophila
Authors: Low Wai Yee , Ng Hooi Ling , Morton Craig J , Parker Michael W , Batterham Philip , Robin Charles
Published: November 2007

As classical phase II detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been implicated in insecticide resistance and may have evolved in response to toxins in the niche-defining feeding substrates of Drosophila species. We have annotated the GST genes of the 12 Drosophila species with recently sequenced genomes and analyzed their molecular evolution. Gene copy number variation is attributable mainly to unequal crossing-over events in the large δ and ε clusters. Within these gene clusters there are also GST genes with slowly diverging orthologs. This implies that they have their own unique functions or have spatial/temporal expression patterns that impose significant selective constraints. Searches for positively selected sites within the GSTs identified G171K in GSTD1, a protein that has previously been shown to be capable of metabolizing the insecticide DDT. We find that the same radical substitution (G171K) in the substrate-binding domain has occurred at least three times in the Drosophila radiation. Homology-modeling places site 171 distant from the active site but adjacent to an alternative DDT-binding site. We propose that the parallel evolution observed at this site is an adaptive response to an environmental toxin and that sequencing of historical alleles suggests that this toxin was not a synthetic insecticide.
Genetic Basis of Heterosis for Growth-Related Traits in Arabidopsis Investigated by Testcross Progenies of Near-Isogenic Lines Reveals a Significant Role of Epistasis
Authors: Melchinger Albrecht E , Piepho Hans-Peter , Utz H Friedrich , Muminović Jasmina , Wegenast Thilo , Törjék Otto , Altmann Thomas , Kusterer Barbara
Published: November 2007

Epistasis seems to play a significant role in the manifestation of heterosis. However, the power of detecting epistatic interactions among quantitative trait loci (QTL) in segregating populations is low. We studied heterosis in Arabidopsis thaliana hybrid C24 × Col-0 by testing near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their triple testcross (TTC) progenies. Our objectives were to (i) provide the theoretical basis for estimating different types of genetic effects with this experimental design, (ii) determine the extent of heterosis for seven growth-related traits, (iii) map the underlying QTL, and (iv) determine their gene action. Two substitution libraries, each consisting of 28 NILs and covering ∼61 and 39% of the Arabidopsis genome, were assayed by 110 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. With our novel generation means approach 38 QTL were detected, many of which confirmed heterotic QTL detected previously in the same cross with TTC progenies of recombinant inbred lines. Furthermore, many of the QTL were common for different traits and in common with the 58 QTL detected by a method that compares triplets consisting of a NIL, its recurrent parent, and their F1 cross. While the latter approach revealed mostly (75%) overdominant QTL, the former approach allowed separation of dominance and epistasis by analyzing all materials simultaneously and yielded substantial positive additive × additive effects besides directional dominance. Positive epistatic effects reduced heterosis for growth-related traits in our materials.
Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces high mobility group box 1 protein release from monocytic cells
Authors: Hofner Peter
Published: November 2007

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), a nuclear protein is a critical cytokine that mediates the response to infection, injury and inflammation.The aim of our study was to elaborate a reliablein vitromodel to investigate whetherMycobacterium bovisBCG is able to induce HMGB-1 secretion from the monocytic U-937 cells. Western blot technique was applied for the detection of HMGB-1 from supernatants of cells, following induction with LPS,Staphylococcus aureus, andMycobacterium bovisBCG. HMGB-1 was subjected to MALDI-TOF mass and PSD analysis. Quantitation of the secreted HMGB-1 was performed by ELISA. The BCG strain induced higher amounts of secreted HMGB-1 than LPS orStaphylococcus aureus. The translocation of the HMGB-1 to the cytoplasm following infection of cells with BCG was demonstrated by immunofluorescence examinations.Conclusion: Our pilot experiments draw attention the to HMGB-1-inducing ability ofMycobacterium bovis. Assessment of the pathophysiological role of this late cytokine in mycobacterial infections demands furtherin vitroandin vivoexaminations.
An origin of transfer from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis causes rearrangement in the temperature sensitive plasmids pUCB3522 and pJRS290
Authors: Amani M.
Published: November 2007

Cloning of theoriTregion derived fromLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisinto plasmids is expected to convert them into mobilizable plasmids in a suitable genetic background. In some cases, however, the cloning oforiTcauses deleterious DNA rearrangements. In the work presented,oriTwas cloned into two temperature sensitive plasmids, pJRS290 and pUCB3522. The plasmids were transformed intoE. coliand electroporated intoL. lactis. Restriction digestion of the plasmids derived from the cloned transformed cells showed fragment sizes different from those expected, indicating that rearrangements had occurred. Furthermore, the inability to successfully transformE. coliwith one of the plasmids supports this conclusion.
Life expectancy of extremely preterm infants
Authors: Vida Gabriella , Sárkány Ilona , Funke Simone , Gyarmati Judit , Storcz Judit , Gaál Valéria , Vincze Olga , Ertl Tibor
Published: November 2007

Optimális esetben a 24–28. gesztációs hét közötti, igen éretlen újszülöttek olyan szülészeti intézményben születnek, ahol neonatalis intenzív centrum működik, így mind az akut, mind a hosszú távú ellátásukat magas színvonalon biztosítják. A PTE OEKK ÁOK Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinikán 2000. január 1. és 2004. december 31. között 7499 újszülött született. A koraszülési frekvencia 20% (1499/7499), ezen belül az extrém alacsony gesztációs korúak aránya (≦28. gesztációs hét) 18% (272/1499), míg a 25. gesztációs hét alattiaké 3,2% (48/1499) volt. A túlélés a gesztációs hetek emelkedésével fokozatosan javul. Az életben maradt koraszülöttek későbbi életkilátásai és társadalmi beilleszkedése függ az olyan maradandó károsodásoktól, mint a látáscsökkenés, halláskárosodás, somatomentalis fejlődés zavarai, krónikus tüdőbetegség. A klinikán vizsgált alacsony gesztációs korú csoportban az összes fogyatékkal élő betegek aránya 15,3%. Döntő többségük a 25. gesztációs hétnél korábban született koraszülöttek közül kerül ki. A 26. gesztációs héttől a koraszülöttek több mint fele tartós károsodás nélkül éli túl az extrém éretlenség társuló problémáit. Megállapították, hogy a korai koponya-ultrahangvizsgálattal, szemészeti szűréssel, otoacusticus emissio mérésével jól prognosztizálhatók a maradandó károsodások, így lehetővé válik a korai kezelés.
Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Fehér János , Kovács Bálint , Kovács Illés , Schvöller Mónika , Corrado Balacco Gabrieli
Published: November 2007

Az időskori makuladegeneráció napjaink egyik leggyakoribb, végleges és súlyos látáskárosodást okozó szemészeti betegsége. Becslések szerint Magyarországon 300–500 ezerre tehető az érintettek száma. Míg korábban semmilyen kezelés nem volt erre a betegségre, az elmúlt évtizedben igen elterjedt az
antioxidáns-terápia,
ami nagy adag antioxidáns vitaminok (C-vitamin, E-vitamin, béta-karotin) és cink kombinációja. Elméleti meggondolások és nagyrészt in vitro kísérletek alapján a reaktív oxigéngyökök közömbösítése révén fejti ki hatását. Egy klinikai tanulmány (AREDS) szerint jelentősen csökkentette az előrehaladott stádium kialakulását, de nem volt hatással a korai stádiumra. A potenciális mellékhatások miatt azonban ez az eredeti kombináció már nincs a forgalomban, a módosított összetételű és dózisú készítmények hatása viszont nincs bizonyítva. Új megközelítést jelent a
metabolikus terápia,
egy omega-3-zsírsavakat, koenzim-Q10-et és acetyl-L-carnitint tartalmazó készítmény, amely az időskori makuladegenerációban meghatározó szerepet játszó
mitochondrialis diszfunkció
csökkentése révén javítja a pigmenthám zsíranyagcseréjét, ATP-termelését, a fotoreceptor regenerációját, és csökkenti a reaktív oxigéngyökök képződését. Egy előzetes tanulmány és egy randomizált, placebokontrollált, kettős klinikai vakvizsgálat szerint az időskori makuladegeneráció
korai stádiumában
a metabolikus terápia már 3–6 hónap után kisfokú javulást eredményezett a centrális látótérben és a látásélességben, ami megmaradt az 1 éves megfigyelési idő végéig. A különbség statisztikailag szignifikáns volt mind a kiindulási értékhez, mind a kontrollhoz viszonyítva. A látásfunkciók javulása, majd stabilizálódása együtt járt a szemfenéki kép javulásával: a drusen kiterjedése szignifikánsan csökkent mind a kiindulási állapothoz, mind a kontrollhoz viszonyítva. Jellemző módon, a kezelés hatása szignifikánsan nagyobb volt kevésbé súlyos állapotú szemeken. A hosszabb időtartamú (6 éves) esettanulmányok megerősítették ezeket a tapasztalatokat azzal a megjegyzéssel, hogy a látásfunkciók a kezdeti javulás után már nem változtak, míg a drusenregresszió évekig tovább folytatódott. Esetenként igen jelentős drusenregresszió volt megfigyelhető a középsúlyos, illetve súlyos esetekben is. Mindezek a megfigyelések amellett szólnak, hogy a mitochondrialis anyagcsere javítása racionális és hatásos eljárás az időskori makuladegeneráció kezelésére. Jelenleg ez az egyetlen készítmény, amelynek adagolása megfelel a napi ajánlott mennyiségnek, ugyanakkor hatásosságát klinikai vizsgálatok támasztják alá.
Effectiveness of Enforcement to Deter Illegal Angling Harvest of Northern Pike in Alberta
Authors: Walker Jordan R. , Foote Lee , Sullivan Michael G.
Published: November 2007

We studied anglers' perceptions of an enhanced enforcement strategy and the effects of this strategy on the illegal harvest of northern pike Esox lucius at recreational fisheries in Alberta. The strategy was designed by Alberta enforcement officers and consisted of varying patrol frequency and strongly worded warning posters. Monitoring effects of this strategy at nine popular Alberta lakes during 2001 and 2002 showed that intensive patrol events did not change anglers' perceptions of enforcement. Anglers' perceptions of detection (i.e., certainty of punishment) increased with enforcement effort, but not with the use of warning posters. Anglers' perceptions of penalties (i.e., severity of punishment) increased with the use of signs, but not with increased patrol effort. We observed a tendency toward reduced illegal harvest at lakes where anglers perceived high deterrence (defined as the product of certainty and severity of punishment), although anglers consistently overestimated the actual risks of detection. Anglers perceived that the chance of detection increased as enforcement effort increased, with an asymptotic maximum perception when officers contacted more than 3% of anglers. These results suggest that officer efficiency in deterring anglers' illegal behavior at these lakes is optimized by applying no more than this level of enforcement effort.
Swimming Performance of Sacramento Splittail Injected with Subcutaneous Marking Agents
Authors: Sutphin Zachary A. , Myrick Christopher A. , Brandt Mandi M.
Published: November 2007

Mark–recapture studies are often used at fish-screening facilities near water diversions, such as those in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, to quantify fish salvage efficiency. The accuracy of these salvage estimates and subsequent facility operational criteria are highly dependent on unbiased mark–recapture estimates. Marking techniques and agents that produce reduced swimming performance in marked fish could result in inaccurate estimates of fish salvage and facility efficiency. Two of the most commonly used marking agents and techniques for experimental purposes at these screening facilities are the subcutaneous injection of visual implant elastomers using a hypodermic needle and the subcutaneous injection of fluorescent latex microsphere solutions using a CO2-powered pneumatic marking gun. We tested the effects of these marking agents and techniques on the critical swimming velocity (Ucrit) of age-1 Sacramento splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (mean ± SE total length = 9.9 ± 0.6 cm, wet weight = 9.1 ± 1.8 g), which were marked in the caudal peduncle or caudal fin. Absolute Ucrit (64.8 ± 5.2 cm/s) and relative Ucrit (7.0 ± 1.1 body lengths/s) were unaffected by marking technique or marking agent (2-way ANOVA). Our results suggest that the tested marking agents and techniques are suitable for use in mark–recapture studies because they are unlikely to affect the capture probability of fish through reductions in swimming performance.
Which DNA Damage is Likely to Be Relevant in Hormetic Responses?
Authors: Bernhard William A. , Purkayastha Shubhadeep , Milligan Jamie R.
Published: November 2007

Working under the assumption that hormesis is triggered by specific types of DNA damage, this report focuses on the types of damage which form the signature of ionizing radiation. The key attribute of the signature is the clustering of damage, arising from clusters of energy deposition such that more than one site within a 10 base pair segment of DNA has been chemically altered. A brief overview is given on what is currently believed to be the primary components of clustered damage produced by the direct effect. The overview draws primarily on studies that utilize electron paramagnetic resonance to measure free radical intermediates and gel electrophoresis to measure clustered damage in plasmid DNA. Based on this information, the threshold for a radiation induced biological response is calculated.
Individual Radiosensitivity and its Relevance to Health Physics
Authors: Schnarr Kara , Dayes Ian , Sathya Jinka , Boreham Douglas
Published: November 2007

Radiation protection regulations have been established to reduce exposure of individuals to acceptable safe levels. These limits assume that people have similar responses to ionizing radiation and that there is no variation in individual radiation risk. The purpose of this research was to determine if apoptosis in lymphocytes can be used to assess individual sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Blood samples were taken from 54 males ranging in age from 19–85 years. Apoptosis was measured using modified flow cytometry based Annexin-FITC/7AAD and DiOC6/7AAD assays in different populations of lymphocytes (total mixed lymphocyte population, subset CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes) after exposure to in vitro doses of 0, 2, 4 or 8Gy (dose rate 0.1Gy/min). The variation in individual responses to radiation was large. The variation was the largest in the CD4+ lymphocyte subpopulation. Radiation-induced apoptosis decreased with age of donor demonstrating that as people age their lymphocytes may become relatively more resistant to radiation. This research shows that individuals have marked differences in their sensitivity to radiation and protection policies may someday need to be tailored for some individuals.
Dietetic Prior Learning Assessment: Student and Faculty Experiences
Authors: Lordly Daphne
Published: November 2007

Prior learning assessment (PLA) is a process for documenting competence gained through formal and informal opportunities. It has been endorsed by adult educators but is not widely used in dietetic education. Graduate students at a Canadian university, who have prior learning relevant to dietetics, are given the opportunity to develop a portfolio documenting competence in lieu of portions of formal internship experience. An exploratory descriptive methodology is used to describe the experiences of graduate students (n=6) and faculty (n=3) who participated in this innovative program from 2000 to 2005. All students successfully completed portfolios for one-third or more of their internship. After completing the documentation process, students participated in semi-structured interviews consisting of 16 open-ended questions. Faculty completed a five-item survey designed to capture their experiences with the PLA process. Student and faculty data were thematically analyzed and several risks and benefits were documented. Results indicate that, overall, both students and faculty viewed the PLA as a positive experience. Because of the limited placements available for practical internship experiences, PLA can be a useful process for the confirmation of dietetic competence.
Les verba dicendi dans la presse d'information
Authors: Monville-Burston Monique
Published: November 2007

3. M. Monville-Burston, « Verba dicendi in the newspaper press »

Following the example set by A. Wierzbicka's English speech act verbs : A semantic dictionary (1988), the author explores on a more modest scale the area of French speech act verbs. Having identified, within a corpus of texts belonging to the newspaper press, the ten most frequent « verba dicendi », she sets out to provide a precise and rigorous definition for each, and she deals with the various constraints which rule their use by journalists.
A propos des restrictions de sélection de type aspectuel dans les complétives infinitives du français
Authors: Rochette Anne
Published: November 2007

A. Rochette, « On the Selectional Restrictions of Aspect in French Infinitival Complements »

This paper examines the selectional restrictions imposed by certain matrix verbs on their infinitival complements. Aspectual verbs such as commencer may introduce activities and accomplishments as their complements but they do not generally admit states or achievements. It is argued that activities and accomplishments can be characterized in terms of the semantic category process which is selected by aspectual verbs. This selection of the category process is also responsible for restrictions observed in the interpretation of the nominal complements of these verbs.
Sur la syntaxe du temps
Authors: Guéron Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

J. Guéron

We base tense interpretation on relations between the syntactic nodes Complementizer, Tense and Verb within a « Tense-Chain ». Our analysis exploits meca- nisms of Generative Grammar, in particular the theories of Quantification, Movement and Binding ; e.g., we construe Present as an Anaphor, Past as a Pronominal, and Future as a Name. We examine differences between English and French in the interpretation of the Present, the Present Perfect, the Progressive, and the « Imparfait » . We suggest that all these differences follow from a single parameter, presence vs absence of a morphological person feature in the verb.
Proverbes et formes proverbiales : valeur évidentielle et argumentative
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Anscombre : « Proverbs and proverb-like sentences »

Proverbs and proverb-like sentences show characteristics that distinguish them from non-proverbial forms. The first part of the article is devoted to the study of such properties. In the second part, it is claimed that the function of proverbs is one of evidential marking. Proverbs appear to be one linguistic expression among others of common knowledge. Moreover, the genuine function of proverbs is argumentative : they serve as warrants for the continuation of the discourse.
L'énonciateur glosateur de ses mots : explicitation et interprétation
Authors: Authier-Revuz Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Authier-Revuz : « L'énonciateur glosateur de ses mots : exploitation et interprétation »

This paper deals with the forms by which a speaker accompanies his use of a word reflexively by explicating the meaning of his word : 1) with the variety of the forms that correspond either to an operation of reduction to one meaning (to the meaning p ; not to the meaning q), or to an explicit opening to a plurality of meanings (to the two meanings p and q, to all the meanings) ; 2) with the way these glosses of explication of a meaning themselves require interpretative work.
L'interprétation en lexicométrie. Une approche quantitative des données lexicales
Authors: Fiala Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Fiala : « L'interprétation en lexicométrie : une approche quantitative des données lexicales »

Lexicometry is a set of methods of analysis applied to textual corpora. Interpretation rests on computerized procedures of lexical statistics together with methodological principles such as the reduction of external variables, the choice of the graphic unit, the norm of interpretation which is specific to the corpus. The interpretative stage treats meaning at the global level of the textual corpus, as a differential object reconstructed from quantitative lexical contrasts. It proceeds through matching and reorganizing statistical evidence.
Facteurs textuels et facteurs sémantiques dans la problématique de l'ordre des mots : le cas des constructions détachées
Authors: Combettes Bernard
Published: November 2007

Bernard Combettes : « Textual and semantic factors in word order. The case of detached constructions »

This paper deals with the characteristics of the « construtions détachées » (CD) (adjectival phrases or participial phrases functioning as adjuncts), and examines the two interacting and functionally motivated principles which determine the placement of the constituent in clause-first position : a textual constraint (the CD as a marker of topic continuity), a semantic constraint (the CD as the reduction of a circumstancial clause) ; from a diachronic point of view, the progressive decay of these two principles is considered in the light of the development of a new conception of the sentence.
Quelle fonction donner au travail oral dans l'élaboration d'un écrit argumentatif ?
Authors: Delcambre Isabelle
Published: November 2007

Isabelle Delcambre, Quelle fonction donner au travail oral dans l'élaboration d'un écrit argumentatif ?

The organisation of debates in class so as to bring students to build argumentative concepts and help them in their approach of texts (reading and writing) shows the Limits of a didactic scheme which relies on oral language practice for the elaboration of written texts.

An alternative consists in using oral language as a means of solving the problems of argumentative writing, starting then from such situations to bring the students to an awareness of metalanguage by considering oral language as an object of knowledge in itself.
La polysémie systématique dans la description lexicale
Authors: Nunberg Geoffrey , Zaenen Annie
Published: November 2007

G. Nunberg et A. Zaenen : La polysémie systématique dans la description lexicale

The phenomenon of systematic polysemy offers a fruitful domain for examining the theoretical differences between lexicological and lexicographic approaches to description. We consider here the process that provides for systematic conversion of count to mass nouns in English (a chicken /chicken, an oak / oak etc.). From the point of view of lexicology, we argue, standard syntactic and pragmatic tests suggest the phenomenon should be described by means of a single unindividuated transfer function that does not distinguish between interpretations (rabbit = « meat » vs. « fur »). From the point of view of lexicography, however, these more precise interpretations are made part of explicit description via the inclusion of semantic « licences », a mechanism distinct from lexical rules.
La polysémie contre le fixisme
Authors: Récanati François
Published: November 2007

F. Récanati : La polysémie contre le fixisme

Semantic « fixism » is the view according to which non-indexical words and phrases possess Fregean senses conventionally, that is, in a fixed and context-independent manner. I show thai fixism cannol accounl for systematic polysemy in a satisfactory way. To account for systematic polysemy, we must acknowledge that the sense of an expres sion (its condition of satisfaction) is generated rather than merely selected. In the third part of the paper I discuss two models of sense generation. According to « segregalio nism », the sense of a word is generated through the interaction of its context- independent meaning with the context-independent meanings of the other words in the sentence. According to « contextualism », the sense of an expression is generated through the interaction of that expression's meaning with the context, both linguistic and extralinguistic. Semantic « fixism » is the view according to which non-indexical words and phrases possess Fregean senses conventionally, that is, in a fixed and context-independent manner. I show that fixism cannot account for systematic polysemy in a satisfactory way. To account for systematic polysemy, we must acknowledge that the sense of an expression (its condition of satisfaction) is generated rather than merely selected. In the third part of the paper I discuss two models of sense generation. According to « segregationism », the sense of a word is generated through the interaction of its context- independent meaning with the context-independent meanings of the other words in the sentence. According to « contextualism », the sense of an expression is generated through the interaction of that expression's meaning with the context, both linguistic and extralinguistic.
Les causatives en français, un cas de compétition syntaxique
Authors: Abeille Anne , Godard Danièle , Miller Philip H.
Published: November 2007

Anne Abeillé, Danielle Godard, Philip Miller : Les causatives en français, un cas de compétition syntaxique

Causative structures in French belong to two different types in syntactic variation. They differ by their semantic inferences, with respect to the realization of the causee, the possibility of negating the infinitival V complement, and of being the complement of a "facile" adjective. The structures are formalized in HPSG. The variation hypothesis explains the variability of acceptabilities which characterize VP complementation.
Tous ensemble, chacun séparément
Authors: Flaux Nelly , Van de Velde Danièle
Published: November 2007

Nelly Flaux et Danièle Van de Velde: Tous ensemble, chacun séparément

This article concerns the words chaque and chacun, taken together. We argue that they function as what we term "referential modifiers", and that they must thus be compared with the plural tous, and not, as it is usually the case, with the singular tout. This comparison leads to the conclusion that both chaque/chacun and tous are distributive, but in very different ways. We also distinguish between chaque N and chacun des N, demonstrating why, whereas the first functions well as the subject of universal propositions, the second does not. Then we distinguish between chaque N and les N... chacun, for, when chacun is detached from the noun to which it is bound, it has not necessarily the same interpretation as chaque N: only the detached chacun can function as a "multiplicator". Finally, we describe chaque N in relation to les N and tous les N: les N represents an indistinct globality; tous les N a globality with distinct but connected elements; chaque N a globality of radically separate elements.
N'importe qui, n'importe quoi, n'importe quel N
Authors: Paillard Denis
Published: November 2007

Denis Paillard: N'importe qui, n'importe quoi, n'importe quel N

We aim to show that the different uses and values of n'importe qui, n'importe quoi, n'importe quel N are founded on a double variation: an internal variation based on the variable ponderation of the components of the word (on the one hand signalling a class: cf. qui, quoi, quel N, but on the other hand rejecting the singularity of the term concerned: cf. n'importe); and an external variation that takes into account the lexical properties of the co-text, the modal status of the predicate, and intersubjective relationships.
Place des revues dans la constitution d'une discipline : la linguistique française (1947-1997)
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Chevalier, Part and functions of journals in french linguistics development (1947-1997)

Having first defined the part played, and the function assumed by journals in scientific life, the author proposes an overwiew concerning the main developments in the after-war II french linguistics. Through examination of french journals creations and english and american ones reception, several sample surveys lead to conclusion that french linguistics presents a specific development, compared to what occurs in the international movement devoted to linguistic sciences. Jean-Claude CHEVALIER, Part and functions of journals in french linguistics development (1947-1997)

Having first defined the part played, and the function assumed by journals in scientific life, the author proposes an overwiew concerning the main developments in the after-war II french linguistics. Through examination of french journals creations and english and american ones reception, several sample surveys lead to conclusion that french linguistics presents a specific development, compared to what occurs in the international movement devoted to linguistic sciences.
Sémantique et syntaxe dans l'acquisition des classes de mots : l'exemple des noms et des verbes en français
Authors: Bassano Dominique
Published: November 2007

D. Bassano, Semantic and syntax in word classes acquisition: Nouns and verbs in French

This paper investigates semantic and syntactic aspects in the acquisition of word classes in early French during the 2nd and 3rd years of life. Using analyses of children's naturalistic productions, it provides an overview of the emergence of the lexicon, and focuses on the development of two central word classes, nouns and verbs. Developmental processes in the construction of both the notional-semantic and the grammatical classes are analysed for both nouns and verbs, and the relationships among all of these processes are examined in the light of an integrative conception of language acquisition.
Evolution du fonctionnement syntaxique et variantes énonciatives. Observation d'interactions langagières entre adulte et enfant au cours d'activités de narration
Authors: Karnoouh-Vertalier Martine
Published: November 2007

M. Karnoouh-Vertalier, The evolution of syntax in language acquisition and discourse variants. Observation of adult-child interactions in joint narrations

This paper presents a qualitative approach to language learning through immediate and long-term interaction as an individual process in which the child incorporates into his own language elements and syntactic organisation from the adult's utterances (including the adult's reading of written texts such as children's books). Narration (studied in a longitudinal corpus of adult-child dialogues) is approached as a type of discourse in which certain characteristics of oral utterances can favour a child's later access to written language and autonomy through discourse variants answering to various degrees of syntactic complexity, decontextualization and completeness.
« Celui-ci » anaphorique : un mentionnel
Authors: Corblin Francis
Published: November 2007

Francis Corblin : Anaphoric celui-ci as a mentional NP.

In its anaphoric uses, celui-ci is not an anaphoric nominal, as many authors have observed. Nevertheless, the claim that celui-ci is a NP without a noun (and not a true pronoun) allows to see it as a member of a natural class including NPs like le premier, le dernier, ce dernier. . . We propose to label these NPs 'mentional NPs'. Basically, we define mentional NPs as NPs associated with the discourse referent of a previous mention identified by its relative position. This paper considers then the role of celui-ci in reference chains of some literary texts, showing that celui-ci behaves as a 'counter-topic' : it is used for an accessible discourse referent, preserving the status of another discourse referent as the main topic of the discourse.
Les démonstratifs et le statut énonciatif des textes de fiction : l'exemple des ouvertures de roman
Authors: Philippe Gilles
Published: November 2007

Gilles Philippe : Demonstratives and the enunciative status of fictional narratives : the example of novel openings

Demonstratives in the first sentences of novels are often considered as non-sequential sequence-signals. But, since opening demonstratives aim at creating an impression of enunciative continuity more than an illusion of referential continuity, one has to describe them first as markers of empathy in a fictitious frame. Then, though their grammatical statuses can be very diverse, opening demonstratives can all be studied in the "deictic-shift" model. We examine here the relevance and limits of such a model, and focus on two extreme cases : what if the deictic center cannot be identified ? what if the different empathy markers seem contradictory ? Opening sentences give us indeed the best opportunity to study the function of demonstratives as empathy markers, to describe the inferential work they require and to understand their being thought as highly "literary".
Le système des possessifs en français standard moderne
Authors: Zribi-Hertz Anne
Published: November 2007

Anne Zribi-Hertz: The possessive system of Standard Modern French

This paper offers a thorough description of the three series of possessive expressions produced in Standard Modern French: possessive determiners (e.g. mon), possessive adjectives (e.g. mien) and dative possessives (e.g. à moi). It attempts to show how the three types are interrelated, and in what respects the possessive system of Modern French differs from those of Old French and Latin. The leading assumption is that Modern French possessives are spell-outs of a functional head, labelled 'I°', which articulates finite predications.
Les proverbes : des dénominations d'un type « très très spécial »
Authors: Kleiber G.
Published: November 2007

George Kleiber, The Proverbs : a very special type of names

The goal of this article is to show that, contrary to Michaux's proposals (1995 and 1996), the proverbs could not constitute personal judgements.

The difficulty represented by the data called for invalidate the classical idea which considers the proverbs collective judgements can be surmonted by taking into account two factors :

(i) the name status of proverbs

and

(ii) the « deproverbialisation » procedure through which the proverb is loosing its name aspect and keeps its phrase aspect only. George Kleiber, The Proverbs : a very special type of names

The goal of this article is to show that, contrary to Michaux's proposals (1995 and 1996), the proverbs could not constitute personal judgements.

The difficulty represented by the data called for invalidate the classical idea which considers the proverbs collective judgements can be surmonted by taking into account two factors :

(i) the name status of proverbs

and

(ii) the « deproverbialisation » procedure through which the proverb is loosing its name aspect and keeps its phrase aspect only.
Les divergences énonciatives dans les récits de fiction
Authors: Philippe Gilles
Published: November 2007

Gilles Philippe : Enunciative inconsistencies in fictional narratives

Because of the specificity of their functioning, fictional narratives often contain sentences with enunciative inconsistencies, that is with marks of, as it seems, more than one enunciative node. When considered in isolation, such sentences may often be regarded as barely acceptable; but in context, the reader will usually overlook the inconsistency. It doesn't mean that s/he makes do with marks of two enunciative nodes in one utterance: as a matter of fact, either the reader cancels the enunciative inconsistency by ignoring one of the marks, or the weakest enunciative mark is given a new non-enunciative status in the sentence. All this proves to be very important in the current debate on the enunciative functioning of fictional narratives.
Apposition, coordination, reformulation dans les suites de deux GN juxtaposés
Authors: Noailly Michèle
Published: November 2007

Michèle Noailly - Apposition, coordination, reformulation dans les suites de deux GN juxtaposés

When two NGs are adjacent, their logical relationship may be of three types, which are not always easy to distinguish: either they form an asyndetic coordination, in which case it is possible to furnish a connector; or it is a reformulation, and the second NG acts as if it was a substitute for the first, as a better approximation of the referent; or finally it is a case of apposition. It is the analysis of these cases of apposition which are the subject of this article. They are examined according to the nature of the determiner of each of the two groups , first when these determiners differ, then in the more subtle case where the two NGs have the same determiner.
Appositions nominales et déterminant zéro : le cas des appositions frontales
Authors: Picabia Lélia
Published: November 2007

Lélia Picabia - Appositions nominales et déterminant zéro : le cas des appositions frontales

Nominal appositions exhibit anaphoric properties and are linked to their antecedent by a BE-type relation. The initial assumption of this paper is that nominal appositions behave as nonref erring, nominal predicates. The comparison of fronted appositions and specificational sentences reveals that in both constructions, the fronted (nonrefe- rential) phrase receives a list-reading, a type of interpretation typically associated with an event-type, stage-level predicate. It further appears that apposed nominals which include a null determiner are steadily associated with a stage-level reading, whatever their linear position with respect to their antecedent; contrastively, apposed nominals which include the overt indefinite determiner (un) are associated with an individual-level readin. A correlate appears to exist between the type of determiner and the syntactic locus of the apposed nominal : the null determiner occurs in fronted appositions (even though these may be moved to the right), while the indefinite determiner occurs in postposed appositions. These descriptive results lead us to conclude that the null and indefinite determiners must have their own syntactic function, and more precisely, must correspond to some functional heads.
Maintenant : un cas de graminaticalisation ?
Authors: Bertin Annie
Published: November 2007

Annie Bertin : Maintenant : un cas de grammaticalisation ?

Maintenant has a temporal-adverbial use, in which it introduces the moment of utterance, and a logical use as "connecteur", where it expresses opposition. It thus seems to have evolved in a way comparable to or, which was used in Old French to refer to the moment of utterance. The first part of the paper shows that the semantic description of maintenant falls within the problematics of grammaticalization and that the evolution of the term can serve as an illustration of the central theses found in the research on grammaticalization. The second part is more descriptive and focuses on the uses of maintenant in Middle French, in order to describe the relation between the deictic value and the other temporal and logical values, and to oppose maintenant to or, following M.L. Ollier, so as to seize the difference between those two terms.
Expression et place des constituants dans l'énoncé en français classique : la relation sujet-verbe et la relation verbe-objet
Authors: Fournier Nathalie
Published: November 2007

Nathalie Fournier : Expression et place des constituants dans l'énoncé en français classique : la relation sujet-verbe et la relation verbe-objet

This paper, devoted to classical French, falls within the problematics of grammaticalization, as developped for the French diachrony by C. Marchello-Nizia and B. Combettes. It deals with the expression and position of the constituents in the utterance, by contrasting the subject and the object, and intends to show that in classical French, there are on the object, unlike the subject, strong constraints of expression and position, which show the constitution of a hierarchical syntactic unit, the verb phrase, within which the nominal object is postposed to the verb and closely linked to it. From this point of view, classical French is a main stage in French diachrony, because it establishes the verbal phrase and definitively marginalizes, as archaisms or stylistic fact, free patterns, inherited from ancient French, that are regarded from then on by the grammarians as unjustified ellipsis or transpositions contrary to basic word order.
Le caractère relatif de la métaphore
Authors: Schulz Patricia
Published: November 2007

Patricia Schulz : The relativity of the concept of metaphor

By observing how native speakers use the word metaphor in a metalinguistic way, the present article tries to show that they refer to the same "object" referred to by linguists. Furthermore, this concept seems to be characterized by linguists as well as by native speakers through a deep "negative aspect", which, according to the author, is due to its scope as a phenomena of "deviation", based essentially on the negation of the deep meaning of words, that is of the linguistic or semantic value attached to words. Metaphor is in deed generally described as an "improper use" of words, where "sentence meaning" is given up for/replaced by "utterance meaning". But, as the author tries to show in a second part, against common believes metaphor is not in itself an "object", which would be, so to speak, really present in our languages. It is not, as such, a "phenomena", but a fact, i.e. it is depending on an observer and, furthermore, on a theoretical point of view on language. This point of view includes specific hypotheses concerning the nature of this even language, and more concretely, the nature of "meaning". If metaphor seems to correspond to a certain degree with reality in ordinary language, this is because of a powerful illusion at the heart of natural language, and of which every speaker seems a victim: the illusion that there is some kind of extra-linguistic reality behind our words and phrases. As a consequence, by avoiding both this "referential" illusion and this point of view the concept of metaphor is no longer necessary to describe meaning.
Métaphore prédicative nominale et motifs lexicaux
Authors: Cadiot Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Cadiot : Predicative Metaphor and Nominal Motifs

Predicative Metaphor (e.g. Max is a lion) is commonly construed as a problem of conceptual rupture in a cognitive framework, even if many philosophers and semanticists have already criticized this view. This text aims at showing that, for explaining why such predications are usual, grammatical and, in some sense, coherent, we need a internally much more flexible conception both of lexical and grammatical (the predication) meanings. They should not be confused with an unique (categorial) dimension, but should integrate an open "motif" stratum, anticipating and mixing up all possible "thematic" instantiations of the meaning. This is both a linguistic and philosophical matter. that, for explaining why such predications are usual, grammatical and, in some sense, coherent, we need a internally much more flexible conception both of lexical and grammatical (the predication) meanings. They should not be confused with an unique (categorial) dimension, but should integrate an open "motif" stratum, anticipating and mixing up all possible "thematic" instantiations of the meaning. This is both a linguistic and philosophical matter.
Exemples lexicographiques et métaphores
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette
Published: November 2007

Antoinette Balibar-Mrabti : Lexicography and Metaphor

The metaphorical verb classes in the dictionary "Les verbes français" of J. Dubois and F. Dubois-Charlier are presented. These classes are compared with the traitement of verbal metaphors in the lexicon-grammar of M. Gross. In both cases, the systematic coverage of metaphor and metonymy in rigorously defined sentence corpora is a part of the connections between lexicon and syntax made by the new discipline of computer lexicography. Because such metaphorical uses are incorporated in the dictionaries, they play a role in our culture insofar as norms and usage are concerned. Because such metaphorical uses are incorporated in the dictionaries, they play a role in our culture insofar as norms and usage are concerned.
Le style dans la langue et dans les textes
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Adam : Style in language and texts

Study of style and study of language are not to be separated, nor should grammar and stylistics be opposed. Such an opposition prevents further more an approach to language on a broader than purely grammatical basis. This is what imply Benveniste's "translinguistique", Bally's "stylistique" and Bakhtine works. The beginning of Edouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés is used to illustrate Benveniste's and Bally's enunciative linguistics. A poem taken from Paul Eluard's Les Petits justes apply Bakhtine's theory and is used as a transtextual analysis textbook case.
Productivité à travers domaines et genres : dérivés adjectivaux et langue médicale
Authors: Grabar Natalia , Zweigenbaum Pierre
Published: November 2007

Natalia Grabar & Pierre Zweigenbaum : Productivity through domains and genres: derived adjectives and medical language

The productivity of a morphological process generally varies with the type of corpus on which it is observed. Taking as a case study a set of morphological processes of denominal adjectivation, we examine the variation of their productivity with domain and genre. We illustrate this variation on (medical) domain-specific corpora, studying on the one hand their internal oppositions and on the other hand their contrast with an external, large-audience press corpus (Le Monde newspaper). Within a medical specialty, we also examine productivity variation with text genre, between patient discharge summaries and Web sites. This paper describes the design and construction of study corpora, the method for compiling derived adjectives, and the computation of various statistics on these adjectives, -ique derivation is the most frequent adjectivation process in all corpora. It is more productive, in the Baayen sense, in the medical corpus than in the press corpus, as are -el and -al. Productivity differences are also observed between medical specialties among patient discharge summaries, but much less among Web documents. Finally, a few contrasts can be found, in a given medical specialty, between discharge summaries and Web documents.
Entre les deux mon cœur balance ou L'imparfait entre aspect et anaphore
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2007

Georges Kleiber : The French Imparfait: aspect or anaphora?

In this article, we will only tackle the anaphoric dimension of imperfect without trying to defend the part-whole option supported with Anne-Marie Berthonneau in 1993. First we will confront the imperfectivist approach to the temporal anaphoric approach to attempt at determining which one may prevail against the other. Then we will endeavour to show that, whatever the importance we may still attach to imperfectivity as well, imperfect is intrinsically an anaphoric marker, but an anaphoric that is not solely temporal.
La linguistique variationniste comme méthode
Authors: Laks Bernard
Published: November 2007

This paper explores Labov's work on phonology and linguistic change during the last ten years. The concepts of inherent variation and heterogeneity are shown to provide an adequate methodological basis for the study of phonetic change. The neo-grammarian controversy is analysed along with some phonological synchronie processes. With an enlargement of the empirical basis, the variationist analysis gives linguists internal and external decision-making criteria with which to evaluate linguistic theories.