bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental tests of truncated diffusion in fault damage zones
Authors: Suzuki Anna , Hashida Toshiyuki , Li Kewen , Horne Roland N.
Published: November 2016

Fault zones affect the flow paths of fluids in groundwater aquifers and geological reservoirs. Fault‐related fracture damage decreases to background levels with increasing distance from the fault core according to a power law. This study investigated mass transport in such a fault‐related structure using nonlocal models. A column flow experiment is conducted to create a permeability distribution that varies with distance from a main conduit. The experimental tracer response curve is preasymptotic and implies subdiffusive transport, which is slower than the normal Fickian diffusion. If the surrounding area is a finite domain, an upper truncated behavior in tracer response (i.e., exponential decline at late times) is observed. The tempered anomalous diffusion (TAD) model captures the transition from subdiffusive to Fickian transport, which is characterized by a smooth transition from power‐law to an exponential decline in the late‐time breakthrough curves.
AZD0530 sensitizes drug‐resistantALK‐positive lung cancer cells by inhibitingSRCsignaling
Authors: Zhao Yi , Yang Yi , Xu Yunhua , Lu Shun , Jian Hong
Published: November 2016

Most tumors develop resistance to targeted cancer drugs, even though these drugs have produced substantial clinical responses. Here we established anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive drug‐resistant lung cancer cell lines, which are resistant to ceritinib (LDK378). We found that ceritinib treatment resulted in robust upregulation ofSRCactivity, as measured by the phosphorylation of theSRCsubstrate paxillin. Knockdown ofSRCalone with siRNAeffectively sensitized ceritinib resistance inALK‐positive cells. Furthermore,SRCinhibition byAZD0530 was effective inALK‐resistant cancer cells. Thus,ALKinhibition by ceritinib may lead to upregulation ofSRCsignaling, andAZD0530 could serve as a potential drug in the clinic to treatALK‐resistant lung cancer patients.
The calcium‐dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and CDPK‐related kinase gene families in Hevea brasiliensis—comparison with five other plant species in structure, evolution, and expression
Authors: Xiao Xiao‐Hu , Yang Meng , Sui Jin‐Lei , Qi Ji‐Yan , Fang Yong‐Jun , Hu Song‐Nian , Tang Chao‐Rong
Published: November 2016

Calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs or CPKs) play important roles in various physiological processes of plants, including growth and development, stress responses and hormone signaling. Although the CDPK gene family has been characterized in several model plants, little is known about this gene family in Hevea brasiliensis (the Para rubber tree). Here, we characterize the entire H. brasiliensis CDPK and CDPK‐related kinase (CRK) gene families comprising 30 CDPK genes (HbCPK1 to 30) and nine CRK genes (HbCRK1 to 9). Structure and phylogeny analyses of these CDPK and CRK genes demonstrate evolutionary conservation in these gene families across H. brasiliensis and other plant species. The expression of HbCPK and HbCRK genes was investigated via Solexa sequencing in a range of experimental conditions (different tissues, phases of leaf development, ethylene treatment, and various abiotic stresses). The results suggest that HbCPK and HbCRK genes are important components in growth, development, and stress responses of H. brasiliensis. Parallel studies on the CDPK and CRK gene families were also extended to five other plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa, Manihot esculenta, and Ricinus communis). The CDPK and CRK genes from different plant species that exhibit similar expression patterns tend to cluster together, suggesting a coevolution of gene structure and expression behavior in higher plants. The results serve as a foundation to further functional studies of these gene families in H. brasiliensis as well as in the whole plant kingdom.
Genetic Futures and the Media
Authors: Jensen Eric , Price Catherine
Published: November 2016

Today, public debate over genetic futures takes place within a new societal context. There is a greater emphasis from policymakers on promoting engagement between sciences and public, and mass media play a key role in this shifting relationship. Media representations of genetic futures are often subject to both positive and negative hypes. This tendency towards ‘genohype’ results from the economic imperative of journalistic and entertainment media production. Moreover, symbolic representations from science fiction continue to influence mainstream news coverage of genetics, present and future and can be effectively used to communicate complex scientific findings. However, social media are altering how audiences engage with discussions concerning genetics. The ways in which media representations of genetic futures influence audiences are only partially known; however, it is clear that there is a complex negotiation between existing attitudes, knowledge and values and the messages communicated about genetic futures by both factual and fictional media.

Key Concepts

Media coverage of genetic futures takes place within a new context for sciences–society relations.

The conventional ‘fact/fiction’ division cannot be consistently upheld in media representations of genetic futures, given the considerable traffic of symbols and ideas across this divide.

The production of media representations of genetic futures relies on information subsidies including press releases, news conferences and other methods of communicating institutionally preferred public relations information directly to the media.

Journalists infer meanings from science fiction literature and films to frame genetic futures news.

Social media enables individuals to share information and discuss genetic futures thereby contributing to the media landscape.

Media can raise the salience of particular issues or aspects of the implications of genetic research, but they cannot consistently or straightforwardly change the opinions that public hold.
Cornification of the Skin: A Non‐apoptotic Cell Death Mechanism
Authors: Candi Eleonora , Knight Richard A , Panatta Emanuele , Smirnov Artem , Melino Gerry
Published: November 2016

The most important function of the epidermis is to form a barrier against the environment by means of several layers of terminally differentiated, dead keratinocytes, the cornified envelope (CE). CEs consist of keratins enclosed within an insoluble amalgam of proteins and lipids. Transglutaminase enzymes catalyse the formation of characteristic cross‐links between structural proteins to form the protein part of the CE. Another form of cell death, which has a completely different molecular mechanism and physiological significance, also occurs in the skin: apoptosis. Defects of apoptosis are related to the development of cancer, whereas CE abnormalities are associated with barrier abnormalities and ichthyosis.

Key Concepts

Keratinocyte apoptosis (occurring in basal layer) is an active and rapid, energy‐dependent, gene‐directed biochemical pathway of defensive cell death that does not require
de novo
protein synthesis and preserves plasma membrane.

Cornification, the keratinocyte differentiation programme (occurring in upper layer), is a slow, coordinated process in space and time that allows the formation of a dead cells (corneocytes) layer to create a physical barrier for the skin.

The stratum corneum is composed of tightly attached corneocytes with mostly keratin intermediate filaments (KIF) embedded into a filaggrin matrix.

The structural proteins of the CE, including involucrin, loricrin, trichohyalin and the class of small proline‐rich proteins (SPRs), constitute about 7–10% of the mass of the epidermis that with a complex series of lipids, ceramides, forms the complete barrier.

Transglutaminases are Ca
2+
‐dependent enzymes that catalyse the formation of
N
ϵ
‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine bonds between CE structural proteins to confer the characteristic resistance and insolubility to the skin.

The junctions responsible for intercellular adhesion and for cohesion of the stratum corneum of the epidermis are two types: (1) the adherence junctions (connecting the actin cytoskeleton of neighbouring cells); (2) desmosomes (connecting the keratin filament cytoskeleton of adjacent cells).

Proteases are involved in at least three processes in skin differentiation. First, certain cornified‐envelope precursors require proteolytic processing before cornified‐envelope formation occurs. Second, the loss of nuclei and mitochondria requires proteolytic processing. Third, desquamation requires proteolysis of the corneodesmosomes.
Molecular Genetics of Eating Disorders
Authors: Munn‐Chernoff Melissa A , Yilmaz Zeynep , Lin Stacy , Baker Jessica H
Published: November 2016

Eating disorders are serious psychiatric disorders that have a significant genetic component. Despite recognising this, researchers have yet to identify the specific genetic factors involved in their aetiology. Early methods, including candidate gene association studies, suggested that genetic factors in the serotonin and dopamine systems, as well as the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene, were relevant. However, sample sizes for many of these studies were small (<1000 individuals) and nonreplication frequently occurred. Furthermore, modern genomic approaches, including genome‐wide association studies of thousands of individuals, have been underpowered to detect true genomic signals. Information gleaned from large‐scale genetic studies of other psychiatric and medical disorders indicate that even larger sample sizes (∼20 000 individuals), as well as use of emerging genomic approaches [e.g. polygenic risk score, copy number variation, epigenetics, RNA (ribonucleic acid) sequencing and high‐throughput DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequencing], in combination with environmental risk factors, are needed to fully elucidate the aetiology of eating disorders.

Key Concepts

Eating disorders have demonstrated a significant genetic component.

Candidate gene studies have found associations between eating disorders and genetic markers in a few genes; however, these have not been consistently replicated.

To date, genome‐wide association studies have only been conducted for anorexia nervosa.

Contemporary genomic approaches, such as polygenic risk scores and epigenetics, are rapidly becoming areas of focus.

Information gathered from these genetic studies must eventually be combined with environmental risk factors in order to provide a comprehensive picture of aetiological risk for eating disorders.
Ecological and Organismic Effects of Light Pollution
Authors: Longcore Travis , Rich Catherine
Published: November 2016

Since the invention of the electric light bulb in 1879, a significant portion of the planet has been transformed from experiencing a natural pattern of light and dark determined by the sun, moon, stars and occasional other transient lights to being subjected to intermittent and perpetual illumination from human civilisation that is unprecedented in the history of Earth. The pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its exponential growth has measurable and significant consequences for living organisms. The results of recent research have extended knowledge about the geographic scope and specific impacts of artificial night lighting on animal behaviour, physiological processes and ecological interactions across a range of taxa and its broader ecosystem effects.

Key Concepts

Artificial lighting alters natural patterns of light and dark over large areas of Earth's surface.

Most species have circadian rhythms that are entrained by cycles of light and dark that can be affected by artificial lighting.

Organisms vary widely in their perception of intensity and wavelengths of light; what is perceived as ‘dark’ by humans may be bright to another species.

Many species specialise in activities in particular lighting conditions (either day versus night or illumination levels during a month or during the course of a night) and this temporal partitioning can be disrupted by artificial lighting.

Nocturnal processes of repair and recovery, including production of essential hormones such as melatonin, can be interrupted by artificial night lighting.

Decisions to forage at night are related to lighting levels; species weigh the risk of predation against need to seek food.

Additional light at night tends to favour predators, except when groups of prey species, such as a flock of birds or a school of fish, exhibit a communal vigilance for predators.

Artificial lighting can interfere with spatial orientation of organisms, resulting in direct mortality or unnecessary movements (e.g. migrating birds, hatchling sea turtles, insects at lights).

Adverse effects of artificial night lighting can be reduced through careful consideration of need, spectrum, intensity, direction and duration of light used.
CRISPR
‐Cas Systems for the Study of Immune Function
Authors: Pelletier Stephane
Published: November 2016

The ability to manipulate genomes has provided a wealth of knowledge about the structure and function of the immune system. For decades, genome manipulation has relied on transgenesis and homologous recombination to introduce or excise genetic material. The recent development of targetable DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)‐modifying enzymes that allow the precise modification of any given locus within genomes of all species has transformed the way genome editing and engineering are performed. These targetable enzymes, in particular the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats–CRISPR‐associated (CRISPR‐Cas) systems, have made it more accessible to generate genetically modified organisms in laboratories. In addition to genome editing and engineering, CRISPR‐Cas systems have been adapted to regulate gene expression, visualise genomic loci as well as RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcripts and modify DNA and DNA‐interacting protein markings.

Key Concepts

Forward and reverse genetics have played a key role in identifying genes involved in the development and function of the immune system.

CRISPR‐Cas/Cpf1 systems for genome editing use short RNA molecules to direct an endonuclease (Cas9 or Cpf1) to virtually any location within the genome and introduce DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs).

The newly introduced DNA DSBs trigger DNA repair pathways and facilitate the introduction of random or engineered mutations.

Four pathways are involved in the repair of DNA DSBs; of them, the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) are the most prominent.

Repair via the NHEJ pathway is error prone and can result in the random insertion or deletion of genetic material (indels).

Repair via the HR pathway is error free and uses the sister chromatid as a template. The HR pathway can be taken over by providing a repair template [homology‐directed repair (HDR) template] containing engineered mutations. These HDR templates can be used to introduce specific genetic modifications or repair disease‐causing mutations.

In addition, CRISPR‐Cas9 systems have been adapted to stimulate or repress gene expression, visualise chromosomal regions, modify DNA and DNA‐binding protein marking and track RNA molecules.

CRISPR‐Cas systems have been used to identify genes involved in the development and function of the immune system, ranging from innate to adaptive immunity as well as to model human diseases.
POLG2 deficiency causes adult‐onset syndromic sensory neuropathy, ataxia and parkinsonism
Authors: Van Maldergem Lionel , Besse Arnaud , De Paepe Boel , Blakely Emma L. , Appadurai Vivek , Humble Margaret M. , Piard Juliette , Craig Kate , He Langping , Hella Pierre , Debray François‐Guillaume , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Gaussen Marion , Laloux Patrice , Stevanin Giovanni , Van Coster Rudy , Taylor Robert W. , Copeland William C. , Mormont Eric , Bonnen Penelope E.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as ataxia and Parkinson's disease. We describe an extended Belgian pedigree where seven individuals presented with adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia, axonal peripheral ataxic neuropathy, and tremor, in variable combination with parkinsonism, seizures, cognitive decline, and ophthalmoplegia. We sought to identify the underlying molecular etiology and characterize the mitochondrial pathophysiology of this neurological syndrome.

Methods

Clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological evaluations were conducted. Patient muscle and cultured fibroblasts underwent extensive analyses to assess mitochondrial function. Genetic studies including genome‐wide sequencing were conducted.

Results

Hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction were present in patients’ tissues including ultrastructural anomalies of mitochondria, mosaic cytochromecoxidase deficiency, and multiple mtDNAdeletions. We identified a splice acceptor variant inPOLG2,c.970‐1G>C, segregating with disease in this family and associated with a concomitant decrease in levels ofPOLG2 protein in patient cells.

Interpretation

This work extends the clinical spectrum ofPOLG2 deficiency to include an overwhelming, adult‐onset neurological syndrome that includes cerebellar syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and parkinsonism. We therefore suggest to includePOLG2sequencing in the evaluation of ataxia and sensory neuropathy in adults, especially when it is accompanied by tremor or parkinsonism with white matter disease. The demonstration that deletions of mtDNAresulting from autosomal‐dominantPOLG2variant lead to a monogenic neurodegenerative multicomponent syndrome provides further evidence for a major role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathomechanism of nonsyndromic forms of the component neurodegenerative disorders.
Convergence analysis of generalized conjugate direction method to solve general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations
Authors: Hajarian Masoud
Published: November 2016

The discrete‐time periodic matrix equations have been extensively applied as a main tool of analysis and design for periodic systems. This study is intended to provide a generalization of conjugate direction method for solving the general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations

urn:x-wiley:acs:media:acs2742:acs2742-math-0001
The convergence theorem guarantees that the generalized conjugate direction method can compute the solutions of the general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations after a finite number of iterations in the absence of round‐off errors. Finally, numerical results are given to exhibit the accuracy and efficiency of the generalized conjugate direction method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mood Swings: Architectural Affective Disorder
Authors: McMorrough John
Published: November 2016

What is architectural mood? Is it subjective, or objective? Phenomenological, or conceptual? Consistent, or constantly evolving?

John McMorrough, Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan, here considers the theme from four different angles – indicative, imperative, interrogative and subjunctive. He suggests that we are embarking on a ‘manic’ phase, in which the noise of modern life makes making an impression ever more difficult, but the vocabulary of mood in architecture just might be growing richer as a result.
Aesthetics as Politics: The Khaleesi Tower on West 57th Street, NYC
Authors: Gage Mark Foster
Published: November 2016

Has the discipline of architecture gone too far down the route of practicality and pragmatism? New York‐based architect Mark Foster Gage argues that the focus on aspects such as programme, context and sustainability has become so great as to leave little space for truly inspirational creativity. And yet current technology is opening up possibilities for unprecedentedly bold and awe‐inspiring additions to the built environment. Love it or loathe it, could visionary proposals like his firm's Khaleesi Tower – with its mixture of high‐resolution detail and ethereal transparency – be the way forward?
Low Albedo: The Mathilde Project
Authors: Payne Jason
Published: November 2016

It is hard to imagine anything more darkly moody than a slow‐rotating, ultra‐black asteroid lurking in deep outer space. Los Angeles‐based practice Hirsuta's recent Mathilde project is directly inspired by such an object, turning it inside out in an inversion of space and form. Jason Payne, principal of this practice, which combines a focus on materiality and sensual stimulation with an exploration of emerging construction technologies, describes it.
Oh Vienna! An Interview with Wolf D Prix of Coop Himmelb(l)au
Authors: del Campo Matias
Published: November 2016

Vienna‐based Coop Himmelb(l)au has been making adrenaline‐fuelled contributions to the architectural scene ever since its foundation in 1968 by Wolf D Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer. In discussion with Guest‐Editor Matias del Campo, Prix looks back over almost four decades of the firm's existence. Among other things, he reflects on its early investigations into space‐modifying feedback systems in response to users' heartbeats, and on later experiments in initiating design with eyes closed in order to channel emotional impact rather than pure formal logic.
Mood, Posture and Rhythmic Feedback: MONAD Studio's Sonic Experiments with 3D‐Printed Musical Instruments
Authors: Goldemberg Eric
Published: November 2016

Engaging with physical sensations is a primary method of transmitting mood through design. Based in North Miami Beach, Florida, design research practice MONAD Studio has been collaborating with musicians, composers and luthiers to explore new paths for architecture where aural, visual and tactile stimuli come together. Eric Goldemberg, co‐founder with Veronica Zalcberg of MONAD Studio, here describes the enigmatic and highly charged results of the collaboration, which use pulsation and morphology to add more sensory and even erotic dimensions to our perception of space.
The Sixth Sense: The Meaning of Atmosphere and Mood
Authors: Pallasmaa Juhani
Published: November 2016

Through its blinkered emphasis on visual form and function, has modernity divorced us from our sense of belonging to the cosmos? What, then, is the secret of creating architecture that envelops and inspires us? As scientific research increasingly favours the point of view that our unconscious – as opposed to detailed – perception has higher existential value, Helsinki‐based architect and professor emeritus Juhani Pallasmaa argues that peripheral vision is key. Only through engagement with this can architects trigger what could be described as our sixth sense – the atmospheric.
Production of Flexible Transparent Conducting Films of Self‐Fused Nanowires via One‐Step Supersonic Spraying
Authors: Lee Jong‐Gun , Kim Do‐Yeon , Lee Jong‐Hyuk , Sinha‐Ray Suman , Yarin Alexander L. , Swihart Mark T. , Kim Donghwan , Yoon Sam S.
Published: November 2016

Scalable and economical manufacturing of flexible transparent conducting films (TCF) is a key barrier to widespread adoption of low‐cost flexible electronics. Here, a simple, robust, and scalable method of flexible TCF formation using supersonic kinetic spraying is demonstrated. Silver nanowire (AgNW) suspensions are sprayed at supersonic speed to produce self‐sintered films of AgNWs on flexible substrates. These films display remarkably low sheet resistance, <10 Ω sq−1, combined with high transmittance, >90%. These electrically conducting, transparent, and flexible coatings can be deposited over a 100 cm2 area in ≈30 s. Theoretical analysis reveals the underlying physical mechanism behind self‐sintering, showing that self‐sintering is enabled by the high velocity of impact in supersonic spraying.
Photopatterned Multidimensional Fluorescent Images
Authors: Christensen Peter R. , Wolf Michael O.
Published: November 2016

New methods that yield covert fluorescent images are of significant interest for applications in anti‐counterfeit technology. Printing methods that offer access to spatially controlled fluorescence intensity are needed in order to accurately reproduce unique and complex images. Herein, the use of photoreactive inks containing 9,9′‐bis(anthracene)sulfoxide (AnSO) to create complex images with spatially controlled fluorescence intensity is presented. Under UV irradiation, the SO‐bridge between anthracene units in AnSO is extruded to yield the highly luminescent molecule 9,9′‐bianthryl (BA) in quantitative yields. The irreversible formation of BA is leveraged to create multidimensional fluorescent security features that can be patterned using light and easily interpreted using the CCD camera of a mobile phone.
Molecular Engineering of Highly Efficient Small Molecule Nonfullerene Acceptor for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Suman  , Gupta Vinay , Bagui Anirban , Singh Surya Prakash
Published: November 2016

A new molecularly engineered nonfullerene acceptor, 2,2′‐(5,5′‐(9,9‐didecyl‐9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐7,4‐diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(3‐hexyl‐1,4‐oxothiazolidine‐5,2‐diylidene))dimalononitrile (BAF‐4CN), with fluorene as the core and arms of dicyano‐n‐hexylrhodanine terminated benzothiadiazole is synthesized and used as an electron acceptor in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. BAF‐4CN shows a stronger and broader absorption with a high molar extinction coefficient of 7.8 × 104m−1 cm−1 at the peak position (498 nm). In the thin film, the molecule shows a redshift around 17 nm. The photoluminescence experiments confirm the excellent electron accepting nature of BAF‐4CN with a Stern–Volmer coefficient (Ksv) of 1.1 × 105m−1. From the electrochemical studies, the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of BAF‐4CN are estimated to be −5.71 and −3.55 eV, respectively, which is in good synchronization with low bandgap polymer donors. Using BAF‐4CN as an electron acceptor in a poly[(5,6‐difluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazol‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐(3,3″′‐di(2‐octyldodecyl) 2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′‐quaterthiophen‐5,5″′‐diyl)] based bulk‐heterojunction solar cell, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 8.4% with short‐circuit current values of 15.52 mA cm−2, a fill factor of 70.7%, and external quantum efficiency of about 84% covering a broad range of wavelength is achieved.
Electron Spin Dynamics of Two‐Dimensional Layered Materials
Authors: Náfrádi Bálint , Choucair Mohammad , Forró László
Published: November 2016

The growing library of two‐dimensional layered materials is providing researchers with a wealth of opportunity to explore and tune physical phenomena at the nanoscale. Here, we review the experimental and theoretical state‐of‐art concerning the electron spin dynamics in graphene, silicene, phosphorene, transition metal dichalcogenides, covalent heterostructures of organic molecules and topological materials. The spin transport, chemical and defect induced magnetic moments, and the effect of spin‐orbit coupling and spin relaxation, are also discussed in relation to the field of spintronics.
Organic Spin‐Valves and Beyond: Spin Injection and Transport in Organic Semiconductors and the Effect of Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Jang Hyuk‐Jae , Richter Curt A.
Published: November 2016

Since the first observation of the spin‐valve effect through organic semiconductors, efforts to realize novel spintronic technologies based on organic semiconductors have been rapidly growing. However, a complete understanding of spin‐polarized carrier injection and transport in organic semiconductors is still lacking and under debate. For example, there is still no clear understanding of major spin‐flip mechanisms in organic semiconductors and the role of hybrid metal–organic interfaces in spin injection. Recent findings suggest that organic single crystals can provide spin‐transport media with much less structural disorder relative to organic thin films, thus reducing momentum scattering. Additionally, modification of the band energetics, morphology, and even spin magnetic moment at the metal–organic interface by interface engineering can greatly impact the efficiency of spin‐polarized carrier injection. Here, progress on efficient spin‐polarized carrier injection into organic semiconductors from ferromagnetic metals by using various interface engineering techniques is presented, such as inserting a metallic interlayer, a molecular self‐assembled monolayer (SAM), and a ballistic carrier emitter. In addition, efforts to realize long spin transport in single‐crystalline organic semiconductors are discussed. The focus here is on understanding and maximizing spin‐polarized carrier injection and transport in organic semiconductors and insight is provided for the realization of emerging organic spintronics technologies.
Bulk Density Measurements of Small Solid Objects Using Laser Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Kilmametov Askar , Gröger Roland , Hahn Horst , Schimmel Thomas , Walheim Stefan
Published: November 2016

In this study a novel approach for precise density measurement of samples with a small weight in the range of 1–3 mg is presented. A new kind of displacement method has been developed, by which a solid object is dropped into a semi‐confined cylindrical cavity, which is filled with a nonvolatile liquid, to determine the volume of the sample. Due to surface tension, the upper level of the liquid forms a spherical meniscus pinned at the circular contact line, which is limited by a printed hydrophobic self‐assembled monolayer. Monitoring of the liquid level is performed by confocal laser microscopy with µm‐resolution. A straightforward procedure is developed to build‐up a mass/volume linear dependence. This enables to determine the density of small solids with an accuracy of ≤0.5%. The method appears to be very sensitive to open and closed porosity. Applying a vacuum of 20 mbar to the already immersed samples allows to perform quantitative porosimetry on a rather limited amount of material of only ≈0.25 µL. This corresponds to about 2–5 mg for most metals, 1–2 mg for most ceramics, or even only 0.25–1 mg for organic materials.
Relationships among fat mass, fat‐free mass and height in adults: A new method of statistical analysis applied to NHANES data
Authors: Burton Richard F.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

The positive influence of fat mass (FM) on fat‐free mass (FFM) has been quantified previously by various methods involving regression analysis of population data, but some are fundamentally flawed through neglect of the tendency of taller individuals to carry more fat. Differences in FFM due to differences in FM—and not directly related to differences in height—are expressed as ΔFFM/ΔFM, denoted KF. The main aims were to find a sounder regression‐based method of quantifying KF and simultaneously of estimating mean BMI0, the BMI of hypothetical fat‐free individuals. Other, related, objectives were to check the linearity of FFM‐FM relationships and to quantify the correlation between FM and height.

Methods

New statistical methods, explored and verified by Monte Carlo simulation, were applied to NHANES data. Regression of height2 on FFM and FM produced estimates of mean KF and indirectly of BMI0. Both were then adjusted to allow for variability in KF around its mean. Its standard deviation was estimated by a novel method.

Results

Relationships between FFM and FM were linear, not semilogarithmic as is sometimes assumed. Mean KF is similar in Mexican American men and women, but higher in men than women in non‐Hispanic European Americans and African Americans. Mean BMI0 is higher in men than in women. FM correlates more strongly with height than has been found previously.

Conclusions

A more accurate way of quantifying mean BMI0 and the dependence of FFM on FM is established that may be easily applied to new and existing population data.
Workers’ compensation filings of temporary workers compared to direct hire workers in Illinois, 2007–2012
Authors: Madigan Dana , Forst Linda , Friedman Lee S.
Published: November 2016

Background

The physical and psychological risks of temporary employment are well documented but there are still many questions regarding the consequences of injuries among these workers.

Methods

This analysis examines Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission filings from 2007 through 2012 to compare total cost of the decision, days of work missed, and percent disability of employees of temporary agencies with direct hire claims.

Results

Total award median was $5,813.66 for direct hire employees and $2,625.00 for temporary workers. Of those employees claiming time off from work, median total time off was 1.3 weeks for direct hire employees compared to 1.2 weeks for temporary workers. Median total percent disability was 16.0% for direct hire and 10.0% for temporary employees.

Conclusions

There are differences between temporary workers and direct hire employees in terms of total workers' compensation awards, total time off, and percent disability. Additional studies are needed to validate these findings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:11–19, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of pain, disability, and psychological burden in Marfan syndrome
Authors: Speed Traci J. , Mathur Vani A. , Hand Matthew , Christensen Bryt , Sponseller Paul D. , Williams Kayode A. , Campbell Claudia M.
Published: November 2016

The clinical manifestations of Marfan syndrome frequently cause pain. This study aimed to characterize pain in a cohort of adults with Marfan syndrome and investigate demographic, physical, and psychological factors associated with pain and pain‐related disability. Two hundred and forty‐five participants (73% female, 89% non‐Hispanic white, 90% North American) completed an online questionnaire assessing clinical features of Marfan syndrome, pain severity, pain‐related disability, physical and mental health, depressive symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and insomnia. Eighty‐nine percent of respondents reported having pain with 28% of individuals reporting pain as a presenting symptom of Marfan syndrome. Almost half of individuals reported that pain has spread from its initial site. Participants in our study reported poor physical and mental health functioning, moderate pain‐related disability, and mild levels of depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, and pain catastrophizing. Those who identified pain as an initial symptom of Marfan syndrome and those who reported that pain had spread from its initial site reported greater psychological burden compared with those without pain as an initial symptom or pain spreading. Physical health is the largest predictor of pain severity and pain‐related disability. While pain catastrophizing and worse mental health functioning are significant correlates of pain severity and pain‐related disability, respectively. Pain is a significant and persistent problem in Marfan syndrome and is associated with profound disability and psychological burden. Further studies are indicated to better characterize the directionality of pain, pain‐related disability, and psychological burden in Marfan syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman‐spektroskopische Ansätze
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Schmitt Michael , Schie Iwan W. , Cialla‐May Dana , Matthäus Christian , Bocklitz Thomas , Popp Jürgen
Published: November 2016

Raman‐Spektroskopie ist eine aufstrebende Technik in der Analyse und Bildgebung von Biomaterialien, da sie in der Lage ist, einen einzigartigen spektroskopischen Fingerabdruck zu erzeugen. Die Darstellung von Zellen und Geweben durch Raman‐Mikrospektroskopie stellt einen zerstörungsfreien und markerfreien Ansatz dar. Dabei tragen alle Komponenten zu den Raman‐Signalen bei, die komplexe spektrale Signaturen liefern. Verfahren wie Resonanz‐Raman‐Streuung und oberflächenverstärkte Raman‐Streuung verstärken die Signale und ergeben einfachere Spektren. Raman‐aktive Markierungen können eingeführt werden, um die Spezifität und die Multimodalität zu erhöhen. Nichtlineare kohärente Raman‐Streuung bietet höhere Empfindlichkeiten, die eine schnelle Abbildung größerer Probenflächen ermöglichen. Schließlich eröffnen faserbasierte Bildgebungsverfahren den Weg zu In‐vivo‐Anwendungen der Raman‐Spektroskopie. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Grundlagen der medizinischen Raman‐Bildgebung und ihre Fortschritte seit 2012 zusammen.
A Two‐Coordinate Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)silylene: Balancing Thermal Stability and Reactivity
Authors: Kosai Tomoyuki , Ishida Shintaro , Iwamoto Takeaki
Published: November 2016

A crystalline two‐coordinate cyclic (alkyl)(amino)silylene (1) was successfully synthesized and isolated. Its 29Si NMR and UV/Vis spectra indicate that the electronic properties of 1 fall between those of cyclic dialkylsilylenes and diaminosilylenes. At very low temperature, the color of a solution of 1 turned from colorless to yellow, which was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. DFT calculations supported the hypothesis that head‐to‐head dimers (disilenes) with a very long Si–Si distance are formed at such low temperatures. Although 1 is thermally stable, it readily undergoes cycloadditions, Si−H insertions, and photochemical reactions with benzene similar to dialkylsilylenes. At higher temperatures, 1 is also susceptible to intermolecular benzylic C−H insertion reactions, as well as unprecedented dehydrogenation reactions with cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene and 9,10‐dihydroanthracene to afford benzene and anthracene, respectively.
Label‐Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Schmitt Michael , Schie Iwan W. , Cialla‐May Dana , Matthäus Christian , Bocklitz Thomas , Popp Jürgen
Published: November 2016

Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label‐free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman‐active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber‐based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
Co6H8(PiPr3)6: A Cobalt Octahedron with Face‐Capping Hydrides
Authors: Ohki Yasuhiro , Shimizu Yuki , Araake Ryoichi , Tada Mizuki , Sameera W. M. C. , Ito Jun‐Ichi , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: November 2016

A square‐planar Co4 amide cluster, Co4{N(SiMe3)2}4 (2), and an octahedral Co6 hydride cluster, Co6H8(PiPr3)6 (4), were obtained from metathesis‐type amide to hydride exchange reactions of a CoII amide complex with pinacolborane (HBpin) in the absence/presence of PiPr3. The crystal structure of 4 revealed face‐capping hydrides on each triangular [Co3] face, while the formal CoII2CoI4 oxidation state of 4 indicated a reduction of the cobalt centers during the assembly process. Cluster 4 catalyzes the hydrosilylation of 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one favoring the conjugate reduction. Generation of the catalytically reactive Co cluster species was indicated by a trapping experiment with a chiral chelating agent.
A Dinuclear Mercury(II)‐Mediated Base Pair in DNA
Authors: Mandal Soham , Hebenbrock Marian , Müller Jens
Published: November 2016

The first dinuclear metal‐mediated base pair containing divalent metal ions has been prepared. A combination of the neutral bis(monodentate) purine derivative 1,N6‐ethenoadenine (ϵA), which preferentially binds two metal ions with a parallel alignment of the N−M bonds, and the canonical nucleobase thymine (T), which readily deprotonates in the presence of HgII and thereby partially compensates the charge accumulation due to the two closely spaced divalent metal ions, yields the dinuclear T‐HgII2‐ϵA base pair. This metal‐mediated base pair stabilizes the DNA oligonucleotide duplex as shown by an increase of 8 °C in its melting temperature. Formation of the base pair was demonstrated by temperature‐dependent UV spectroscopy as well as by titration experiments monitored by UV and CD spectroscopy.
Metal‐free Synthesis of Aryl Amines: Beyond Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Stuart David R.
Published: November 2016

A mild and metal‐free approach to C−N coupling is described that employs diaryliodonium salt electrophiles and secondary aliphatic amine nucleophiles. This reaction results in direct ipso‐substitution of the iodonium moiety and unsymmetrical aryl(TMP)iodonium salts are primarily employed. Moreover, arene substituents and substitution patterns that currently pose a challenge to classical metal‐free methods are accommodated and the alicyclic amine nucleophiles used here are unprecedented in other contemporary metal‐free C−N coupling reactions.
Anomalous behavior of the dielectric and electrical properties of polymeric nanodielectric poly(vinyl alcohol)–titanium dioxide films
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Sengwa Ram Jeewan
Published: November 2016

The complex dielectric permittivity, alternating‐current electrical conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance spectra of polymeric nanocomposite (PNC) films consisting of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix dispersed with nanosize particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2); (i.e., PVA–x wt % TiO2, where x is 0, 1, 3, or 5) were investigated in the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz at ambient temperature. A detailed analysis of the results showed that the values of the dielectric and electrical parameters of these PNC‐based nanodielectric films varied anomalously with increasing TiO2 concentration. The temperature‐dependent dielectric characterization of the PVA–3 wt % TiO2 film revealed that the dielectric polarization at a fixed frequency increased nonlinearly with increasing temperature. The temperature‐dependent electric modulus relaxation time values of the nanodielectric film obeyed Arrhenius behavior. The X‐ray diffraction study confirmed that the crystalline phase of the PVA matrix decreased with increasing TiO2 concentration; this suggested that the interaction of the TiO2 nanoparticles caused some destruction of the hydroxyl group dipolar ordering in the hydrogen‐bonded crystalline structure of the pristine PVA matrix. The intensities of the diffraction peaks of the TiO2 nanofiller were enhanced as its concentration increased in these nanodielectrics; this confirmed the existence of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the crystalline phases of the PVA matrix. The surface morphology of the films was examined by the study of their scanning electron micrographs. The feasibility of using these flexible polymeric nanodielectric films as electrical insulators and dielectric substrates in low‐power microelectronic devices operated at audio‐ and radio‐frequency electric fields was explored. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44568.
Preparation of high‐flux ultrafiltration membranes by blending strongly charged polymer
Authors: Ou Ranwen , Wang Yaqin , Zhang Huacheng , Wang Huanting , Xu Tongwen
Published: November 2016

Three kinds of high‐flux ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated by blending strongly charged polymer [sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO)] with neutral polymer [cellulose acetate (CA), polyethersulfone (PES), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)]. After blending with SPPO, the pure water flux of CA‐SPPO, PES‐SPPO, and PVDF‐SPPO membrane increase by 3, 76, and 30 times at a transmembrane pressure of 100 kPa. Compared with the unblended membranes, the pore radius of CA‐SPPO, PES‐SPPO, and PVDF‐SPPO membrane increased from 31.9 to 33.2 nm, 26.1 to 28.6 nm, and 19.8 to 25.7 nm, respectively. The addition of strongly charged polymer decreased the thermodynamic stability of casting solutions, promoting the phase inversion process and resulting in highly porous structure. The charged groups and hydrophilicity of the polymer facilitate the formation of an additive concentration gradient (more additive in the active layer), endowing the blend membrane with better hydrophilicity and greater wettability gradient. The high porosity, good hydrophilicity, and larger wettability gradient enable the high permeation of blend membranes. This work shows how the strongly charged polymer affects the formation and performance of blend membrane, which will be useful for designing high‐performance membrane. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44570.
Effect of molecular weight of curing agents on properties of nanocomposites based on epoxy resin and organoclay with reactive modifier
Authors: Jagtap Siddheshwar B. , Ratna Debdatta
Published: November 2016

Nanocomposites of epoxy resin and clay modified with half neutralized salt of Jeffamine D400 were prepared by curing separately with three polyetheramines curing agents of different molecular weights and reactivity. The molecular weight of curing agents and their structural similarity with modifier played an important role in deciding the curing behavior, thermomechanical, and morphological properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Morphological analysis carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) clearly show that the dispersion of clay layers in epoxy matrix decreases with decreasing molecular weight of the curing agents. Curing study done by using temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) demonstrates that extragallery reaction rate increases with decreasing molecular weight of curing agents. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of epoxy/3 wt % modified clay composite prepared by curing with curing agent of higher molecular weight shows around 270% improvement in storage modulus (glassy) as compared with its neat epoxy network. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44595.
Developmental andEvolutionarySignificance of theZygomaticBone
Authors: Heuzé Yann , Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Schwarz Tobias , Schoenebeck Jeffrey J. , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: November 2016

The zygomatic bone is derived evolutionarily from the orbital series. In most modern mammals the zygomatic bone forms a large part of the face and usually serves as a bridge that connects the facial skeleton to the neurocranium. Our aim is to provide information on the contribution of the zygomatic bone to variation in midfacial protrusion using three samples; humans, domesticated dogs, and monkeys. In each case, variation in midface protrusion is a heritable trait produced by one of three classes of transmission: localized dysmorphology associated with single gene dysfunction, selective breeding, or long‐term evolution from a common ancestor. We hypothesize that the shape of the zygomatic bone reflects its role in stabilizing the connection between facial skeleton and neurocranium and consequently, changes in facial protrusion are more strongly reflected by the maxilla and premaxilla. Our geometric morphometric analyses support our hypothesis suggesting that the shape of the zygomatic bone has less to do with facial protrusion. By morphometrically dissecting the zygomatic bone we have determined a degree of modularity among parts of the midfacial skeleton suggesting that these components have the ability to vary independently and thus can evolve differentially. From these purely morphometric data, we propose that the neural crest cells that are fated to contribute to the zygomatic bone experience developmental cues that distinguish them from the maxilla and premaxilla. The spatiotemporal and molecular identity of the cues that impart zygoma progenitors with their identity remains an open question that will require alternative data sets. Anat Rec, 299:1616–1630, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Anatomical Record Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.