bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Split-Marker System for CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing in Methylotrophic Yeasts
Authors: Karginov Azamat V. , Tarutina Marina G. , Lapteva Anastasia R. , Pakhomova Maria D. , Galliamov Artur A. , Filkin Sergey Y. , Fedorov Alexey N. , Agaphonov Michael O.
Published: May 2023

Methylotrophic yeasts such as Ogataea polymorpha and Komagataella phaffii (sin. Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris, respectively) are commonly used in basic research and biotechnological applications, frequently those requiring genome modifications. However, the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing approaches reported for these species so far are relatively complex and laborious. In this work we present an improved plasmid vector set for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in methylotrophic yeasts. This includes a plasmid encoding Cas9 with a nuclear localization signal and plasmids with a scaffold for the single guide RNA (sgRNA). Construction of a sgRNA gene for a particular target sequence requires only the insertion of a 24 bp oligonucleotide duplex into the scaffold. Prior to yeast transformation, each plasmid is cleaved at two sites, one of which is located within the selectable marker, so that the functional marker can be restored only via recombination of the Cas9-containing fragment with the sgRNA gene-containing fragment. This recombination leads to the formation of an autonomously replicating plasmid, which can be lost from yeast clones after acquisition of the required genome modification. The vector set allows the use of G418-resistance and LEU2 auxotrophic selectable markers. The functionality of this setup has been demonstrated in O. polymorpha, O. parapolymorpha, O. haglerorum and Komagataella phaffii.
Microdystrophin Gene Addition Significantly Improves Muscle Functionality and Diaphragm Muscle Histopathology in a Fibrotic Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Cernisova Viktorija , Lu-Nguyen Ngoc , Trundle Jessica , Herath Shan , Malerba Alberto , Popplewell Linda
Published: May 2023

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare neuromuscular disease affecting 1:5000 newborn males. No cure is currently available, but gene addition therapy, based on the adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated delivery of microdystrophin transgenes, is currently being tested in clinical trials. The muscles of DMD boys present significant fibrotic and adipogenic tissue deposition at the time the treatment starts. The presence of fibrosis not only worsens the disease pathology, but also diminishes the efficacy of gene therapy treatments. To gain an understanding of the efficacy of AAV-based microdystrophin gene addition in a relevant, fibrotic animal model of DMD, we conducted a systemic study in juvenile D2.mdx mice using the single intravenous administration of an AAV8 system expressing a sequence-optimized murine microdystrophin, named MD1 (AAV8-MD1). We mainly focused our study on the diaphragm, a respiratory muscle that is crucial for DMD pathology and that has never been analyzed after treatment with AAV-microdystrophin in this mouse model. We provide strong evidence here that the delivery of AAV8-MD1 provides significant improvement in body-wide muscle function. This is associated with the protection of the hindlimb muscle from contraction-induced damage and the prevention of fibrosis deposition in the diaphragm muscle. Our work corroborates the observation that the administration of gene therapy in DMD is beneficial in preventing muscle fibrosis.
Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Dysfunction of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Simpson Julie E.
Published: May 2023

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) comprises a highly specialised complex of cells within the neurovascular unit, and is responsible for tightly regulating homeostasis within the central nervous system, which is critical for maintaining neuronal function [...]
Nanotechnology in Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Di Stefano Antonio
Published: May 2023

The use of large sized materials in drug delivery raises several challenges, including in vivo stability, poor bioavailability/solubility/absorption, and issues with target-specific delivery, in addition to the side effects of the delivered drugs [...]
Apelin as a Potential Regulator of Peak Athletic Performance
Authors: Ligetvári Roland , Szokodi István , Far Gabriella , Csöndör Éva , Móra Ákos , Komka Zsolt , Tóth Miklós , Oláh András , Ács Pongrác
Published: May 2023

Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we assessed the impact of maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing on the plasma apelin levels of 58 male professional soccer players. Circulating apelin-13 and apelin-36, on average, increased transiently after a single bout of treadmill exercise; however, apelin responses (Δapelin = peak − baseline values) showed a striking interindividual variability. Baseline apelin-13 levels were inversely correlated with those of Δapelin-13 and Δapelin-36. Δapelin-13 showed a positive correlation with the maximal metabolic equivalent, relative maximal O2 consumption, and peak circulatory power, whereas such an association in the case of Δapelin-36 could not be detected. In conclusion, we observed a pronounced individual-to-individual variation in exercise-induced changes in the plasma levels of apelin-13 and apelin-36. Since changes in plasma apelin-13 levels correlated with the indicators of physical performance, whole-body oxygen consumption and pumping capability of the heart, apelin, as a novel exerkine, may be a determinant of peak athletic performance.
Unraveling the Host Genetic Background Effect on Internal Organ Weight Influenced by Obesity and Diabetes Using Collaborative Cross Mice
Authors: Ghnaim Aya , Lone Iqbal M. , Nun Nadav Ben , Iraqi Fuad A.
Published: May 2023

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe chronic epidemic that results from the body’s improper usage of the hormone insulin. Globally, 700 million people are expected to have received a diabetes diagnosis by 2045, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Cancer and macro- and microvascular illnesses are only a few immediate and long-term issues it could lead to. T2DM accelerates the effect of organ weights by triggering a hyperinflammatory response in the body’s organs, inhibiting tissue repair and resolving inflammation. Understanding how genetic variation translates into different clinical presentations may highlight the mechanisms through which dietary elements may initiate or accelerate inflammatory disease processes and suggest potential disease-prevention techniques. To address the host genetic background effect on the organ weight by utilizing the newly developed mouse model, the Collaborative Cross mice (CC). The study was conducted on 207 genetically different CC mice from 8 CC lines of both sexes. The experiment started with 8-week-old mice for 12 weeks. During this period, one group maintained a standard chow diet (CHD), while the other group maintained a high-fat diet (HFD). In addition, body weight was recorded bi-weekly, and at the end of the study, a glucose tolerance test, as well as tissue collection (liver, spleen, heart), were conducted. Our study observed a strong effect of HFD on blood glucose clearance among different CC lines. The HFD decreased the blood glucose clearance displayed by the significant Area Under Curve (AUC) values in both populations. In addition, variation in body weight changes among the different CC lines in response to HFD. The female liver weight significantly increased compared to males in the overall population when exposed to HFD. Moreover, males showed higher heritability values than females on the same diet. Regardless of the dietary challenge, the liver weight in the overall male population correlated positively with the final body weight. The liver weight results revealed that three different CC lines perform well under classification models. The regression results also varied among organs. Accordingly, the differences among these lines correspond to the genetic variance, and we suspect that some genetic factors invoke different body responses to HFD. Further investigations, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and genomic studies, could find these genetic elements. These findings would prove critical factors for developing personalized medicine, as they could indicate future body responses to numerous situations early, thus preventing the development of complex diseases.
HER2 Low Breast Cancer: A New Subtype or a Trojan for Cytotoxic Drug Delivery?
Authors: Popović Marina , Silovski Tajana , Križić Marija , Dedić Plavetić Natalija
Published: May 2023

Despite the great progress made in the understanding of the biological behavior of certain types of invasive breast cancer, there is still no single histological or molecular classification that encompasses such diversity and accurately predicts the clinical course of distinct breast cancer subtypes. The long-lasting classification of breast cancer as HER2-positive vs. HER2-negative has recently come into question with the discovery of new antibody drug conjugates (ADC), which are proven to be remarkably efficient in treating HER2-low breast cancer. The HER2-low paradigm has challenged the traditional understanding of HER2 overexpression and emphasized the need for more robust HER2 testing in order to encompass HER2 intratumoral heterogeneity and spatial distribution more accurately. It is yet to be seen if low HER2 will remain merely a marker of HER2-equipped tumors targetable with ADCs or if distinctive molecular and phenotypic groups within HER2-low tumors will eventually be discerned.
Arachidonic Acid Pathways and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hoxha Malvina , Barbonetti Arcangelo , Zappacosta Bruno
Published: May 2023

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is involved in male fertility. Human seminal fluid contains different prostaglandins: PGE (PGE1 and PGE2), PGF2α, and their specific 19-hydroxy derivatives, 18,19-dehydro derivatives of PGE1 and PGE2. The objective of this study is to synthesize the available literature of in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials on the association between the AA pathway and male fertility. PGE is significantly decreased in the semen of infertile men, suggesting the potential for exploitation of PGE agonists to improve male fertility. Indeed, ibuprofen can affect male fertility by promoting alterations in sperm function and standard semen parameters. The results showed that targeting the AA pathways could be an attractive strategy for the treatment of male fertility.
Bladder Cancer Cells Interaction with Lectin-Coated Surfaces under Static and Flow Conditions
Authors: Szydlak Renata , Øvreeide Ingrid H. , Luty Marcin , Zieliński Tomasz , Prot Victorien E. , Zemła Joanna , Stokke Bjørn T. , Lekka Małgorzata
Published: May 2023

Aberrant expression of glycans, i.e., oligosaccharide moiety covalently attached to proteins or lipids, is characteristic of various cancers, including urothelial ones. The binding of lectins to glycans is classified as molecular recognition, which makes lectins a strong tool for understanding their role in developing diseases. Here, we present a quantitative approach to tracing glycan–lectin interactions in cells, from the initial to the steady phase of adhesion. The cell adhesion was measured between urothelial cell lines (non-malignant HCV29 and carcinoma HT1376 and T24 cells) and lectin-coated surfaces. Depending on the timescale, single-cell force spectroscopy, and adhesion assays conducted in static and flow conditions were applied. The obtained results reveal that the adhesion of urothelial cells to two specific lectins, i.e., phytohemagglutinin-L and wheat germ agglutinin, was specific and selective. Thus, these lectins can be applied to selectively capture, identify, and differentiate between cancer types in a label-free manner. These results open up the possibility of designing lectin-based biosensors for diagnostic or prognostic purposes and developing strategies for drug delivery that could target cancer-associated glycans.
The Landscape of Aberrant Alternative Splicing Events in Steatotic Liver Graft Post Transplantation via Transcriptome-Wide Analysis
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhu Yueqin , Ng Kevin Tak-Pan , Lo Chung-Mau , Man Kwan
Published: May 2023

The application of steatotic liver graft has been increased significantly due to the severe donor shortage and prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, steatotic donor livers are vulnerable to acute phase inflammatory injury, which may result in cancer recurrence. Alternative splicing events (ASEs) are critical for diverse transcriptional variants in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to depict the landscape of ASEs, as well as to identify the differential ASEs in steatotic liver graft and their association with tumor recurrence after transplantation. The overall portrait of intragraft transcripts and ASEs were elucidated through RNA sequencing with the liver graft biopsies from patients and rat transplant models. Various differential ASEs were identified in steatotic liver grafts. CYP2E1, ADH1A, CYP2C8, ADH1C, and HGD, as corresponding genes to the common pathways involved differential ASEs in human and rats, were significantly associated with HCC patients’ survival. The differential ASEs related RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) were enriched in metabolic pathways. The altered immune cell distribution, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, were perturbated by differential ASEs. The cancer hallmarks were enriched in steatotic liver grafts and closely associated with differential ASEs. Our work identified the differential ASE network with metabolic RBPs, immune cell distribution, and cancer hallmarks in steatotic liver grafts. We verified the link between steatotic liver graft injury and tumor recurrence at post-transcriptional level, offered new evidence to explore metabolism and immune responses, and provided the potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for tumor recurrence.
Expression of Molecular Markers of Resilience against Varroa destructor and Bee Viruses in Ethiopian Honey Bees (Apis mellifera simensis) Focussing on Olfactory Sensing and the RNA Interference Machinery
Authors: Gebremedhn Haftom , Claeys Bouuaert David , Asperges Michel , Amssalu Bezabeh , De Smet Lina , de Graaf Dirk C.
Published: May 2023

Varroa destructor mites and the viruses it vectors are two major factors leading to high losses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) colonies worldwide. However, honey bees in some African countries show resilience to varroa infestation and/or virus infections, although little is known about the mechanisms underlying this resilience. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of some key molecular markers involved in olfactory sensing and RNA interference, as these processes may contribute to the bees’ resilience to varroa infestation and virus infection, respectively. We found significantly higher gene expression of the odorant binding protein, OBP14, in the antennae of Ethiopian bees compared to Belgian bees. This result suggests the potential of OBP14 as a molecular marker of resilience to mite infestation. Scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences in the antennal sensilla occurrence and distribution, suggesting that resilience arises from molecular processes rather than morphological adaptations. In addition, seven RNAi genes were upregulated in the Ethiopian honey bees and three of them—Dicer-Drosha, Argonaute 2, and TRBP2—were positively correlated with the viral load. We can conclude that the antiviral immune response was triggered when bees were experiencing severe viral infection and that this might contribute to the bees’ resilience to viruses.
Standard Bismuth Quadruple Therapy versus Concomitant Therapy for the First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zagari Rocco Maurizio , Dajti Elton , Cominardi Anna , Frazzoni Leonardo , Fuccio Lorenzo , Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Vestito Amanda , Lisotti Andrea , Galloro Giuseppe , Romano Marco , Bazzoli Franco
Published: May 2023

(1) Background: Whether standard bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) is superior to concomitant therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection is unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of standard BQT versus concomitant therapy for H. pylori eradication in subjects naïve to treatment. (2) Methods: Online databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. We pooled risk ratio (RR) of individual studies for dichotomous outcomes using a random-effect model. (3) Results: Six studies with 1810 adults were included. Overall intention-to-treat (ITT) eradication rate was 87.4% with BQT and 85.2% with concomitant therapy (RR 1.01, 95%CI:0.94–1.07). Subgroup analysis of five Asian studies showed a small but significant superiority of BQT over concomitant therapy (87.5% vs. 84.5%; RR 1.04, 95%CI:1.01–1.08). Pooling four studies at low risk of bias yielded a similar result (88.2% vs. 84.5%; RR 1.05, 95%CI:1.01–1.09). There was no difference between the regimens in the frequency of adverse events (RR = 0.97, 95%CI:0.79–1.2). (4) Conclusions: The efficacy of BQT seems to be similar to concomitant therapy, with similar side effect profile. However, BQT showed a small but significant benefit over concomitant therapy in Asian populations and in studies at low risk of bias.
Weight Regain after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Ribeiro-Parenti Lara , Baratte Clement , Poghosyan Tigran
Published: May 2023

Bariatric surgery (BS) is currently the most effective treatment for obesity, with long-lasting weight loss and improvement of related co-morbidities [...]
In-between Environmental Sustainability and Economic Viability: An Analysis of the State, Regulations, and Future of Italian Forestry Sector
Authors: Lanfredi Maria , Coluzzi Rosa , Imbrenda Vito , Nosova Bogdana , Giacalone Massimiliano , Turco Rosario , Prokopovà Marcela , Salvati Luca
Published: May 2023

Forest management is a complex topic at the interface between sustainability and the resilience of socioeconomic and environmental systems. The influence of market forces, supranational, country and regional policies, as well as climate change, on forest goods and services, is expected to increase in the near future. Such a complex interplay between economic and environmental forces is common to most European countries. The aim of this study is to operationally delineate and discuss the transition of the environmental sustainability and economic viability of forestry in Italy. This country encompasses the typical Mediterranean ecosystems with broad forest coverage in mountainous and hilly areas, where expanding woodland areas have been observed in the last decades mainly as a consequence of the decline of agropastoral activities, especially in disadvantaged and marginal areas. The consequent increase in wood biomass was frequently conceived as an element of environmental criticality, exposing woods to high vulnerability to wildfires and a consequent reduction in their economic value, possibly exacerbated by local warming. These dynamics usually took place in contexts where only a part of the overall forest heritage was subjected to regular management, despite the efforts made through various policies such as the Constitutional Law 3/2001 and the recent Law on Forests and Forestry Supply Chains. The latter policy tool, enhancing the concept of “active forest management” aimed to establish a sustainable approach to forest resources, leading to a broader forest area for formal planning and controlled harvesting. These dynamics took place in parallel with the inherent expansion in forest certification schemes formally promoting long-term environmental sustainability and a wider spectrum of forest ecosystems. Timber and non-wood materials and products are key elements from the perspective of achieving sustainable (climate-neutral) development in advanced economies.
Comparative Analysis of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Systems from the USA (LEED–ND), Germany (DGNB–UD), and India (GRIHA–LD)
Authors: Bahale Swati , Schuetze Thorsten
Published: May 2023

Neighborhood sustainability assessment systems support the planning of sustainable and resilient cities. This research analyses, compares, and evaluates three neighborhood sustainability assessment systems (NSA) of (i) the German Sustainable Building Council for Urban Districts (DGNB–UD), (ii) the USA Leadership in energy and environmental design for Neighborhood Development (LEED–ND), and (iii) the Indian Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment for Large Developments (GRIHA–LD). The theoretical background, certification types, process, and evaluation methods of the three NSAs are discussed. The qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis and evaluation methods of the NSAs included identifying and assessing ten weighted essential urban sustainability themes. Indicators under each theme were identified and compared in the NSAs. The comparison showed the importance of particular themes based on assigned weights. LEED–ND focuses on “transportation” and “site planning”, while DGNB–UD addresses all dimensions of sustainability in a balanced manner. GRIHA–LD has limitations concerning social, economic, and governance concerns. The research results define differences and similarities in international neighborhood sustainability assessment and illustrate the quality and quantity differences of sustainability and resilience aspects addressed by the three existing NSA systems as a starting basis for the future improvement of existing and development of new land sustainability and resilience assessment systems.
Exploring the Coordinated Evolution Mechanism of Regional Sustainable Development and Tourism in China’s “Beautiful China” Initiative
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Minyi , Jie Siying , Zhang Mu , Zhang Zhan
Published: May 2023

As the world’s largest developing country, China first proposed the construction of a Beautiful China initiative in 2012, with the aim of exploring Chinese solutions for sustainable regional development. The construction of a beautiful China is based on the guiding ideology of the Five-sphere Integrated Plan in China, that is, the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, including economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction. This paper aims to understand the coupling relationship, as well as the spatial and temporal changes, between China’s sustainable development under the Beautiful China initiative and tourism. Using data from the China Statistical Yearbook database, we constructed an evaluation index system to measure both the construction of beautiful China and tourism development using a literature review, statistical analysis, the entropy method and GIS-based spatial analysis methods. Furthermore, using the 31 Chinese provinces as the research subject, we further analyzed the state of Beautiful China construction and tourism development, as well as their coupling relationships of the two systems. Our results show that firstly, the economic “hard power” plays the most prominent role in the process of building a beautiful China under the sustainable development regime, while the status of cultural “soft power” has also been well reflected. Secondly, the weight ranking of tourism evaluation indicators and the spatial distribution of tourism development levels both reflect the central and fundamental role of tourism market demand in tourism development. Third, the weight ranking of tourism evaluation indicators ranks the highest in the mean value of the coupling coordination degree of society, ecology and tourism in the Beautiful China subsystem, which reflects the harmony between society and ecology and the significant livelihood function of tourism as a happiness industry in the new era. Fourth, the spatial and temporal relationship between the coupled and coordinated development of the Beautiful China and tourism systems varies, indicating that there is a regional imbalance in China’s sustainable development. This further indicates the need to adapt to local conditions, and to build on strengths and avoid weaknesses to achieve regional sustainable development. The study highlights China’s contribution to global sustainable development. It also provides theoretical and practical guidance for the promotion of the coordinated development of both Beautiful China and tourism.
Analysis of Recrystallization Kinetics Concerning the Experimental, Computational, and Empirical Evaluation of Critical Temperatures for Static Recrystallization in Nb, Ti, and V Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Sobotka Evelyn , Kreyca Johannes , Kahlenberg Robert , Jacob Aurélie , Kozeschnik Ernst , Povoden-Karadeniz Erwin
Published: May 2023

Recrystallization kinetics and two critical temperatures—the non-recrystallization temperature TNR and the static recrystallization critical temperature TSRCT—of five Nb, Ti, and V microalloyed steel grades are evaluated. The experimental examination is realized by employing isothermal double-hit compression tests and continuous hot torsion tests, both performed on a Gleeble® 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The experimental results are used for the critical assessment of predicted TNR using four empirical equations from the literature, and for the validation of simulated TNR and TSRCT. The thermokinetic computer simulations are realized using the mean-field microstructure modeling software MatCalc. Analysis shows that higher microalloying contents increase both critical temperatures, TNR and TSRCT, whereby the effect of recrystallization retardation of Nb is more pronounced than that of Ti or V. The most accurate reproduction of the experimental recrystallization behavior of the five examined steel grades is realized by the employed physics-based simulation approach.
Influence of Leaching Solution on the Soil-Water Characteristics of Ion-Absorbed Rare Earth Minerals and Its Hysteresis Effect
Authors: Guo Zhong-qun , Liu Ling-feng , Tang Tao , Zhou Ke-fan , Wang Xiao-jun
Published: May 2023

The soil-water characteristic curve is the basic constitutive relation to express the water-holding characteristics of ion-absorbed rare earth. The simulated solution mining test and pressure plate apparatus tests were carried out, the relationship between matric suction and water content under different leaching actions was obtained. Using the Fredlund and Xing four-parameter model, the soil-water characteristic curves of ion-absorbed rare earth under different leaching actions were obtained, and the changing trend of each parameter was analyzed, and the influence of different leaching methods on the water-holding characteristic of soil was obtained. For different types of leaching solutions, the water-holding capacity of the soil varies from strong to weak for pure water, the 3% magnesium sulfate solution, and the 3% ammonium sulfate solution; as the concentration of the leaching solution increases, the water-holding capacity of the sample gradually decreases, and it decreases most significantly from 0% to 2%. Moreover, the saliency of the “hysteresis effect” of the soil-water characteristic curve was from high to low for pure water, the 3% magnesium sulfate solution, and the 3% ammonium sulfate solution, and the “hysteresis effect” showed a decreasing trend with the increase in the concentration.
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Photosensitizer-Conjugated Hexagonal Upconverting Nanoparticles
Authors: Nahorniak Mykhailo , Oleksa Viktoriia , Vasylyshyn Taras , Pop-Georgievski Ognen , Rydvalová Eliška , Filipová Marcela , Horák Daniel
Published: May 2023

In this report, we synthesized hexagonal NaYF4:Yb,Er upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) of 171 nm in size with a narrow particle size distribution. To address their colloidal stabi-lity in aqueous media and to incorporate a photosensitizer that can produce reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill tumor cells, UCNPs were conjugated with 6-bromohexanoic acid-functionalized Rose Bengal (RB) and coated with PEG-alendronate (PEG-Ale). The particles were thoroughly characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ATR FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and spectrofluorometry, and 1O2 formation was detected using a 9,10-diphenylanthracene spectrophotometric probe. Cytotoxicity determination on rat mesenchymal stem cells by using the MTT assay showed that neutralization of the large positive surface charge of neat UCNPs with PEG-Ale and the bound RB sensitizer significantly reduced the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. The presented strategy shows great potential for the use of these particles as a novel agent for the photodynamic therapy of tumors.
Device Simulation of Highly Stable and 29% Efficient FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3-Based Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Sabbah Hussein , Baki Zaher Abdel
Published: May 2023

A new type of perovskite solar cell based on mixed tin and germanium has the potential to achieve good power conversion efficiency and extreme air stability. However, improving its efficiency is crucial for practical application in solar cells. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of lead-free FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3 using a solar cell capacitance simulator to optimize its structure. Various electron transport layer materials were thoroughly investigated to enhance efficiency. The study considered the impact of energy level alignment between the absorber and electron transport layer interface, thickness and doping concentration of the electron transport layer, thickness and defect density of the absorber, and the rear metal work function. The optimized structures included poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole transport layer and either zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc magnesium oxide (Zn0.7Mg0.3O) as the electron transport layer. The power conversion efficiency obtained was 29%, which was over three times higher than the initial structure. Performing numerical simulations on FA0.75MA0.25Sn0.95Ge0.05I3 can significantly enhance the likelihood of its commercialization. The optimized values resulting from the conducted parametric study are as follows: a short-circuit current density of 30.13 mA·cm−2), an open-circuit voltage of 1.08 V, a fill factor of 86.56%, and a power conversion efficiency of 28.31% for the intended solar cell.
Single and Bunch Soliton Generation in Optical Fiber Lasers Using Bismuth Selenide Topological Insulator Saturable Absorber
Authors: Haris Hazlihan , Jin Tan Sin , Batumalay Malathy , Muhammad Ahmad Razif , Sampe Jahariah , Markom Arni Munira , Zain Huda Adnan , Harun Sulaiman Wadi , Hasnan Megat Muhammad Ikhsan Megat , Saad Ismail
Published: May 2023

In this work, we present the generation of two distinct types of soliton pulses using a Bismuth Selenide (Bi2Se3) saturable absorber (SA) synthesized in our laboratory. The soliton pulses were generated in two different laser cavity configurations, resulting in two types of solitons: a soliton pulse with Kelly sidebands and a bunched soliton pulse with peak-dip sidebands. Both solitons operated at the fundamental repetition rate—23.3 MHz (for the soliton with Kelly sidebands) and 13 MHz (for the bunched soliton with peak-dip sidebands). We observed that the accumulation of nonlinear phase shift from the added single mode fiber (SMF) split the single soliton pulse into 44 pulses in a bunched oscillation envelope. At the same time, peak-dip sidebands were imposed on the bunched soliton spectrum due to constructive and destructive interferences between soliton pulse and dispersive waves. The measured pulse width for both solitons were 0.63 ps (for the soliton with Kelly sidebands) and 1.52 ps (for the bunched soliton with peak-dip sidebands), respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential of Bi2Se3 SAs in generating different types of soliton pulses, which could have potential applications in various areas of optical communication and spectroscopy.
Postoperative Recovery after TMJ Arthroscopy: Masticatory Improvement and Postoperative Diet
Authors: Ângelo David Faustino , Prior André , Cardoso Henrique José
Published: May 2023

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopy has become popular due to its satisfactory long-term results and few surgical complications. However, patients’ postoperative recovery is poorly studied. This study evaluates the postoperative evolution of the masticatory function and the daily activities of patients who have undergone TMJ arthroscopy. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a Portuguese orofacial pain center with patients fulfilling the criteria for TMJ arthroscopy. For the first 30 days (D) after surgery, every 3 days, patients scored: (1) discomfort in the mastication of different food textures (soft, medium, hard); (2) time for a return to normal lifestyle (work, physical activities); and (3) TMJ pain during essential functions (mastication, speech, deglutition, deep breaths). The data were compared with preoperative results using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and the Friedman test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Forty-two patients were assessed for eligibility; fifteen did not meet the inclusion criteria, and five declined participation. Twenty-two patients initially started the study, but two canceled on days 6–18, and eleven patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Nine female patients with sixteen operated joints completed the study. A progressive tolerance for scaling food textures was observed. Soft and medium textures were tolerated after D15 and D21, respectively. The hard texture was not well tolerated in the 30 days after surgery. Discomfort returning to work and practicing physical exercise was significantly reduced on D15 and D21, respectively. In addition, significant improvements in TMJ pain during mastication and speech were observed over time. Conclusions: Despite the study’s limitations, namely the small sample size, the non-validated questionnaire, and the non-biomechanical analysis of food texture, it was possible to observe after TMJ arthroscopy an early return to masticatory capacity with the progressive introduction of different food textures. The authors expect these results will help in future postoperative guidelines regarding postoperative recovery from TMJ arthroscopy.
Recurrent Loss of Macrodomain Activity in Host Immunity and Viral Proteins
Authors: Delgado-Rodriguez Sofia E. , Ryan Andrew P. , Daugherty Matthew D.
Published: May 2023

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an important battleground in the evolutionary arms races that are waged between the host innate immune system and viruses. One such PTM, ADP-ribosylation, has recently emerged as an important mediator of host antiviral immunity. Important for the host–virus conflict over this PTM is the addition of ADP-ribose by PARP proteins and removal of ADP-ribose by macrodomain-containing proteins. Interestingly, several host proteins, known as macroPARPs, contain macrodomains as well as a PARP domain, and these proteins are both important for the host antiviral immune response and evolving under very strong positive (diversifying) evolutionary selection. In addition, several viruses, including alphaviruses and coronaviruses, encode one or more macrodomains. Despite the presence of the conserved macrodomain fold, the enzymatic activity of many of these proteins has not been characterized. Here, we perform evolutionary and functional analyses to characterize the activity of macroPARP and viral macrodomains. We trace the evolutionary history of macroPARPs in metazoans and show that PARP9 and PARP14 contain a single active macrodomain, whereas PARP15 contains none. Interestingly, we also reveal several independent losses of macrodomain enzymatic activity within mammalian PARP14, including in the bat, ungulate, and carnivore lineages. Similar to macroPARPs, coronaviruses contain up to three macrodomains, with only the first displaying catalytic activity. Intriguingly, we also reveal the recurrent loss of macrodomain activity within the alphavirus group of viruses, including enzymatic loss in insect-specific alphaviruses as well as independent enzymatic losses in two human-infecting viruses. Together, our evolutionary and functional data reveal an unexpected turnover in macrodomain activity in both host antiviral proteins and viral proteins.
Mitigating Osmotic Stress and Enhancing Developmental Productivity Processes in Cotton through Integrative Use of Vermicompost and Cyanobacteria
Authors: Alharbi Khadiga , Hafez Emad M. , Omara Alaa El-Dein , Osman Hany S.
Published: May 2023

There is an urgent demand for biostimulant amendments that can sustainably alleviate osmotic stress. However, limited information is available about the integrated application of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract on cotton plants. In 2020 and 2021, two field experiments were carried out in which twelve combinations of three irrigation intervals were employed every 14 days (Irrig.14), 21 days (Irrig.21), and 28 days (Irrig.28) along with four amendment treatments (a control, vermicompost, cyanobacteria extract, and combination of vermicompost + cyanobacteria extract) in salt-affected soil. The integrative use of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract resulted in an observed improvement in the physicochemical attributes; non-enzymatic antioxidants (free amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars, and phenolics); and antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) and a decrease in the levels of oxidative damage indicators (H2O2 and MDA). Significant augmentation in the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid concentration, relative water content, stomatal conductance, and K+ was also observed. In conjunction with these findings, noticeable decreases in the content of Na+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA) proved the efficacy of this technique. Consequently, the highest cotton yield and productivity as well as fiber quality were achieved when vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract were used together under increasing irrigation intervals in salt-affected soil. In conclusion, the integrated application of vermicompost and a cyanobacteria extract can be helpful for obtaining higher cotton productivity and fiber quality compared with the studied control and the individual applications of the vermicompost or the cyanobacteria extract under increasing irrigation intervals within salt-affected soil. Additionally, it can also help alleviate the harmful impact of these abiotic stresses.
Variation in the Root System Architecture of Peach × (Peach × Almond) Backcrosses
Authors: Lesmes-Vesga Ricardo A. , Cano Liliana M. , Ritenour Mark A. , Sarkhosh Ali , Chaparro Josè X. , Rossi Lorenzo
Published: May 2023

The spatial arrangement and growth pattern of root systems, defined by the root system architecture (RSA), influences plant productivity and adaptation to soil environments, playing an important role in sustainable horticulture. Florida’s peach production area covers contrasting soil types, making it necessary to identify rootstocks that exhibit soil-type-specific advantageous root traits. In this sense, the wide genetic diversity of the Prunus genus allows the breeding of rootstock genotypes with contrasting root traits. The evaluation of root traits expressed in young seedlings and plantlets facilitates the early selection of desirable phenotypes in rootstock breeding. Plantlets from three peach × (peach × almond) backcross populations were vegetatively propagated and grown in rhizoboxes. These backcross populations were identified as BC1251, BC1256, and BC1260 and studied in a completely randomized design. Scanned images of the entire root systems of the plantlets were analyzed for total root length distribution by diameter classes, root dry weight by depth horizons, root morphological components, structural root parameters, and root spreading angles. The BC1260 progeny presented a shallower root system and lower root growth. Backcross BC1251 progeny exhibited a more vigorous and deeper root system at narrower root angles, potentially allowing it to explore and exploit water and nutrients in deep sandy entisols from the Florida central ridge.
Comparison of the Recycling Behavior of a Polypropylene Sample Aged in Air and in Marine Water
Authors: La Mantia Francesco Paolo , Scaffaro Roberto , Baiamonte Marilena , Ceraulo Manuela , Mistretta Maria Chiara
Published: May 2023

During the processing and during their lifetime, polymers are subjected to several environmental stresses—thermomechanical, photo-oxidative, etc.—that can strongly modify their chemical and molecular structure and, consequently, their morphology. Reduction of the molecular weight and formation of double bonds and oxygenated groups are the main changes observed as a consequence of the degradation. As a result of these changes, the macroscopic properties are dramatically modified. These changes can have a relevant effect if the post-consumer plastic manufacts are recycled. In this work, a sample of polypropylene subjected to two different degradation histories—photo-oxidation in air and in marine water—is reprocessed two times in a mini twin-screw extruder in the same processing conditions. The effect of the thermomechanical degradation during the reprocessing is different. Indeed, the less severe degraded sample shows a higher degradation level during reprocessing because the shear stress is larger. This means that the thermomechanical degradation kinetics is larger in the less degraded samples. Nevertheless, the final properties of the recycled polymers are different because the properties of the photo-oxidized samples before reprocessing were very different.
Ground Tire Rubber Particles as Substitute for Calcium Carbonate in an EPDM Sealing Compound
Authors: Spanheimer Vanessa , Jaber Gamze Gül , Katrakova-Krüger Danka
Published: May 2023

Ground tire rubber (GTR) is a product obtained by grinding worn tire treads before retreading them or via the cryogenic or ambient temperature milling of end-of-life tires (ELTs). The aim of this study is to evaluate if calcium carbonate can be substituted by GTR and, if so, to what extent. Different types of ground tire rubber are incorporated in an EPDM (ethylene–propylene–diene–rubber) model compound as partial or complete substitutes of calcium carbonate. The raw compounds and the vulcanizates are characterized to identify the limits. In general, it is apparent that increasing amounts of GTR and larger particles degrade the mechanical properties. The GTR also influences the vulcanization kinetics by reducing the scorch time up to 50% and vulcanization time up to nearly 80%. This is significant for production processes. The compounds with one-third substitution with the smaller-particle-size GTR show mostly similar or even better properties than the reference.
Recent Advances in Polymer Composites for Flexible Pressure Sensors
Authors: Guo Wen-Tao , Tang Xin-Gui , Tang Zhenhua , Sun Qi-Jun
Published: May 2023

Pressure sensors show significant potential applications in health monitoring, bio-sensing, electronic skin, and tactile perception. Consequently, tremendous research interest has been devoted to the development of high-performance pressure sensors. In this paper, recent progress on the polymer composite-based flexible pressure sensor is reviewed. The parameters of pressure sensors, including sensitivity, linear response range, detection limit, response speed, and reliability, are first introduced. Secondly, representative types of pressure sensors and relevant working principles are introduced and discussed. After that, the applications in human physiology monitoring, health monitoring, artificial skin, and self-powered smart system are listed and discussed in detail. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlook of polymer composite-based flexible sensors are summarized at the end of this review paper. This work should have some impact on the development of high-performance flexible pressure sensors.
The Capabilities of Honeycomb Core Structures Made of Kenaf/Polylactic Acid Composite under Compression Loading
Authors: Yusri M. A. H. M. , Zuhri M. Y. M. , Ishak M. R. , Azman M. A.
Published: May 2023

This study investigated the capability of honeycomb core structures made of kenaf fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite. Two types of kenaf fibre were used in this study, these being woven kenaf and non-woven cotton/kenaf. Initially, the corrugated shape panel was manufactured using a hot moulding compression method. The panel was then cut into corrugated strips, bonded together using epoxy resin to form the honeycomb core structure, and balsa wood used as their skins. The effects of core height and crosshead displacement rate were investigated. The honeycomb core consisted of 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm core heights, and the crosshead displacement rate ranged from 2 mm/min to 500 min/min. Of all the samples, core structure with a height of 20 mm tested at 500 mm/min offered the highest value of compressive strength and specific energy absorption, which were 6.23 MPa and 12.36 kJ/kg, respectively. It was also discovered that the core height and loading rate have significant effects on the mechanical properties of the kenaf/PLA honeycomb core structure.
An Understanding of Christians’ Roles in Human Migration through the Biblical Theme of Shamar: From Genesis to the Good Samaritan
Authors: Fong Paul C.
Published: May 2023

The complex and urgent migration crisis demands a proper framework to formulate and drive the appropriate solutions. In this study, the author attempts to present a theological framework on the roles of Christians to migrants grounded in the theme of “shamar” (שָׁמַר; keep), tracing it through the Bible, from the Old Testament to the New. We argue that welcoming (keeping) strangers originated from man’s first mission by exegeting Genesis 2:15 and 4:9 (the primordial assignment in the creation narrative and the denial in the first murder). After the Fall, the task is passed to all descendants and is then explicitly included in the Law. In the New Testament, “shamar” and its meanings are further revealed through three characters: the Samaritan leper, the Samaritan woman, and the Good Samaritan. The Samaritans show us that one should see a migrant as not only a brother or sister but also as oneself and as a part of one’s mission. One should see with an open heart and be ready to be converted. A Samaritan may not be just one who comes from Samaria; instead, one who practices “shamar”—welcomes strangers unconditionally.