bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redistributing Values in Congress: Interest Group Influence Under Sub-Optimal Conditions
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald P
Published: January 2007

Empirical studies on the ability of interest groups to influence legislative voting behavior are mixed. Most legislative researchers, however, have avoided studying culture war issues, such as abortion, school prayer, or homosexuality These issues often exhibit extreme levels of conflict and low levels of public and/or legislative support, precisely those conditions under which interest group influence should be weak. My research fills this gap by examining the influence of lesbian and gay interest groups on legislative voting behavior from the 95th to 104th Congresses. I use an exchange theory of interest group/legislator relationships to construct empirical models of House and Senate voting on lesbian and gay issues. I hypothesize that legislative voting is driven by partisanship, ideology, religious beliefs, and constituency opinion, with interest group influence occurring at the margins. The results of multiple regression analysis suggest that interest groups may be able to influence legislative voting behavior even when conditions are sub-optimal. I suggest that interest group influence on culture war issues is conditional, but may be more visible simply because support has been relatively low.
“Life Is Not Fair”: Governors' Job Performance Ratings and State Economies
Authors: Hansen Susan B.
Published: January 2007

Presidential popularity has been shown to respond to economic trends. This article uses survey data from California and seven other states, 196797, to test whether govemors are likewise vulnerable to trends in state economies. Multiple regression is used to test the impact of the state's unemployment and rate of per capita income growth on disapproval of the govemor's job performance. Even with controls for national economic trends and other factors affecting the governor's popularity (taxation, tenure in office, party control of the legislature, state income growth), state unemployment has a significant negative impact that has increased over time. The impact is not symmetric; lower unemployment does not lead to more positive ratings. Governors must therefore devise policies and rhetoric to counterbalance their lack of influence over state unemployment.
Penny Pinching or Politics? the Line Item Veto and MilitaryConstruction Appropriations
Authors: Hood M. V. , Morris Irwin L. , Neeley Grant W
Published: January 2007

Although scholars have studied the item veto and its effects-at the state-level-for years, there is considerable disagreement over the national-level political and fiscal ramifications of the implementation of the item veto. Our analysis is the first empirical examination of the use of the item veto at the federal level. We find that partisan politics and an interest in fiscal austerity played little or no role in the president' decision-making calculus on recent defense appropriations vetoes. Programmatic goals, on the other hand, played a significant role in determining whether or not projects were vetoed.
The Supreme Court and the Powers of the Executive: The Adudication of F oreign Policy
Authors: King Kimi Lynn , Meernik James
Published: January 2007

Few substantive areas have merited as little empirical scrutiny as the Supreme Court's decisions on the conduct of United States foreign policy Many scholars have seemingly accepted as axiomatic that Court decisions on foreign policy have been rare and almost always supportive of the President. We challenge these twin assumptions and demonstrate that the Supreme Court has repeatedly issued decisions on the substance and process of American foreign policy, and that while generally supportive of the executive branch, the High Court has often ruled against it. Moreover, we model the outcomes of these decisions emphasizing the importance of the constitutional basis of laws and issues raised in judicial decision-making. We find that the executive branch is least likely to be supported when a case involved civil liberties, and when the executive powers claimed by the President were neither expressly permitted nor prohibited by the Constitution. The executive branch is more likely to emerge victorious when the case involved the supremacy of federal over state law, foreign actors, or the President's constitutional powers.
Presidential Elections and the Econonmy 1872 to 1996: The Times they are a 'Changin or the Song Remains the Same?
Authors: Lynch G. Patrick
Published: January 2007

Scholars have argued that economic conditions influence presidential elections because Presidents have some influence over macroeconomic performance. Most research on the impact of the economy on presidential elections has focused on the period after World War II because of the dramatic increase in govemment power over the economy from 1932 to 1946. Research on politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries has focused more on the impact of cultural forces on elections. However, no one has tested the stability of the relationship between economic conditions and presidential elections over time to see if increases in presidential power between 1932 and 1946 increased the impact of the economy on presidential elections. In this work I test the stability of the relationship between the economy and presidential elections over time using OLS regression and F-tests to show that macroeconomic conditions have influenced presidential elections from 1872 to 1996 and that the importance of changes in GNP did increase significantly after 1946. These results conceming 1946 are consistent with previous work. I also show that govemment was involved in many politically important economic policies before 1946, which might also explain why economic conditions influenced presidential elections in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Neurologic complications associated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Jabbour Elias , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Ravandi Farhad , Cabanillas Maria , Thomas Deborah A.
Published: January 2007

Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis has led to a significant improvement in the outcome of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Liposomal cytarabine (Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ; Skye Pharma, San Diego, CA), an intrathecal (IT) preparation of cytarabine with a prolonged half-life, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis. Liposomal cytarabine was given for CNS prophylaxis to 31 patients with newly diagnosed ALL. All patients were treated concurrently with hyper-CVAD chemotherapy (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) including high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine on alternating courses. Liposomal cytarabine 50 mg was given intrathecally on days 2 and 15 of hyper-CVAD and day 10 of high-dose MTX and cytarabine courses until completion of either 3, 6, or 10 IT treatments, depending on risk for CNS disease. Five patients (16%) experienced serious unexpected neurotoxicity, including seizures, papilledema, cauda equina syndrome (n = 2), and encephalitis after a median of 4 IT administrations of liposomal cytarabine. Toxicities usually manifested after the MTX and cytarabine courses. One patient died with progressive encephalitis. After a median follow-up of 7 months, no isolated CNS relapses have been observed. Liposomal cytarabine given via intrathecal route concomitantly with systemic chemotherapy that crosses the blood-brain barrier such as high-dose MTX and cytarabine can result in significant neurotoxicity.
Image analysis by pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN)—a novel approach in granule size characterization
Authors: Antikainen Osmo , Kachrimanis Kyriakos , Malamataris Stavros , Yliruusi Jouko , Sandler Niklas
Published: January 2007

A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN), has been applied for the first time in bulk particle characterization, and specifically in the characterization of pharmaceutical granule size distributions. The PCNN was trained on surface images of pharmaceutical granule beds, and the adjustable parameters (radius neuron interconnection, r0, linking weight coefficient, β, local threshold potential, VΘ, and number of iterations) were successfully optimized using design of experiments. As demonstrated with size fractions of granules, it was found that the PCNN produced granule size-dependent signals. In general, a first highest and relatively narrow peak located in the region of two to twelve iterations corresponded to smaller particle size, while larger particles resulted in wider peaks and in highest (not first) peak at a range between 13 and 25 iterations. Better predictions, i.e. lower RMSEP (root mean squared error of prediction) values, were obtained using high β value, low r0 and VΘ values, while the number of iterations had to exceed 110 and the optimized model (RMSEP lower than 5) corresponded to PCNN variables: r0 = 1, β = 0.4, VΘ = 2, and number of iterations = 150. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model was 0.94 and the predicted variation (Q2) was 0.91, while the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and the measured mean particle size by sieving for eight test batches was 0.98. These findings could be characterized as promising and encouraging for the further use of image analysis by PCNNs in pharmaceutical bulk particle size and shape characterization.
Enteric-coated solid dosage forms containing sodium bicarbonate as a drug substance: an exception from the rule?
Authors: Breitkreutz Jörg , Gan Tjwan Gie , Schneider Bernd , Kalisch Peter
Published: January 2007

Sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used as an oral medication in disorders such as mild metabolic acidosis and chronic kidney disease. The two commercial products on the German market, bicaNorm and Nephrotrans, and also newly developed multiple-unit pellet formulations, have been characterized in these investigations by in-vitro methods like disintegration and dissolution testing. Both marketed products containing sodium bicarbonate are of sufficient pharmaceutical quality according to the European Pharmacopoeia. However, they and the novel pellet preparations showed different drug release at moderately elevated pH values. Early drug release may cause dose dumping in the stomach and adverse drug effects from the developed carbon dioxide. The soft capsule preparation (Nephrotrans) released the smallest amount of sodium bicarbonate at pH 1 and 4.5 of all formulations tested. It appeared that oral dosage formulations of sodium bicarbonate were an exception to the rule: the monolithic soft capsule seemed to be superior to an enteric-coated tablet as well as to multiple-unit pellet formulations from the biopharmaceutical point of view. Our results correspond with individual reports on adverse effects from patients treated with the sodium bicarbonate products.
The protective action of scutellarin against immunological liver injury induced by concanavalin A and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice
Authors: Tan Zheng Huai , Yu Ling Hong , Wei Huai Lin , Liu Geng Tao
Published: January 2007

Scutellarin is a natural compound from a Chinese herb. The purpose of this paper was to study the protective effect of scutellarin on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced immunological liver injury and its effect on liver nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mice. Mouse liver injury was produced by injection of Con A 25 mg kg−1 via the tail vein. Scutellarin 50 or 100 mg kg−1 was peritoneally administered to mice 9 or 1 h before injection of Con A. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparatate aminotransferase (AST), NO2−/NO3− and TNF-α were determined with biochemical kits, and ELISA using Quantikine Mouse TNF-α kit according the manufacturer's instructions. Liver lesions were examined by light microscope. The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS and Fas mRNA in the livers was detected by RT-PCR; and the expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, iNOS and IκB proteins was measured by Western Blotting. As a result, pretreatment with scutellarin 100 mg kg−1 significantly decreased the serum ALT, AST, NO2−/NO3−and TNF-α levels, and also reduced liver lesions induced by Con A. Scutellarin 100 mg kg−1 down-regulated expression of TNF-α and iNOS mRNA, and c-Fos, c-Jun and iNOS protein, while scutellarin enhanced the degradation of IκBα in the livers of mice injected with Con A. The results suggest that scutellarin has a protective action against Con A-induced liver injury in mice, and its active mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB-TNF-α-iNOS transduction pathway.
Validity of Self-Reported Training Duration
Authors: Borresen Jill , Lambert Michael
Published: January 2007

Producing customised training programmes requires the quantification of athletes' training, which may involve athletes self-reporting their exercise The study aim was to determine the relationship between what athletes say they do in training and what they actually do. Physically active participants (n = 29; age = 30 ± 5 years) self reported their average weekly training duration for 3 weeks of ad libitum training. During the following 2 weeks training duration was recorded. There was a significant relationship (r = 0.87) between self-reported and recorded duration with 24% of athletes overestimating, 17% underestimating and 59% accurately estimating their training duration. Maximum heart rate was significantly higher in athletes that overestimated (198 ± 9 b.min−1, n = 7) compared to those that accurately estimated duration (187 ± 6 b.min−1, n = 17; p = 0.025) In conclusion, the margin of error in self-reported training duration may significantly affect the prescription of training.
Personality, Race, and Geopolitics in Joseph Heco's Narrative of a Japanese
Authors: Hsu Hsuan L.
Published: January 2007

Joseph Heco, a Japanese castaway who spent the 1850s working and studying
in the US, played a significant role as translator, entrepreneur, and advisor
after returning to Japan. This article examines the circum-Pacific contexts
and stylistic idiosyncrasies of Heco's autobiographical Narrative of a Japanese, arguing that its formal flaws reflect disjunctions between the conventions of equality that underwrite Western autobiography and the uneven conditions governing Japan's forced modernization.
Chinese Prostitution: Consequences and Solutions in the Post-Mao Era
Authors: Zhou Jinghao
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the development of Chinese prostitution in pre-communist China during the Mao regime and the post-Mao era, drawing lessons from the Chinese Government's efforts to eradicate prostitution. It discusses the relationship between prostitution and sexual disease, and argues that China's market economy, lack of religious beliefs and diverse cultures have contributed to the revival of prostitution in the post-Mao era. In order to effectively control the problem, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach to change Chinese people's beliefs and ways of life.
Formal Service Practitioners' Views of Family Caregivers' Responsibilities and Difficulties
Authors: Guberman Nancy , Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Pepin Jacinthe , Lauzon Sylvie , Montejo Maria-Elisa
Published: January 2007

This article identifies home care practitioners' perceptions of the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs for support of caregivers. It is based on a study undertaken in Quebec with 55 practitioners and 10 administrators from 10 CLSCs located in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas. The study had a qualitative, multiple-case design and used logs recording all contact with caregivers in the space of a week, followed by semi-structured interviews. Analysis reveals that practitioners tend to perceive the work of caregivers as mainly instrumental and clinical, ignoring the family relations that tie them to their relative. Although aware of the difficulties facing caregivers and the negative impacts of caregiving, a majority of practitioners have high expectations of caregiver participation in treatment plans, albeit as quasi-nurse's aides. Our analysis offers an explanation for this apparent contradiction by examining practitioners' values with regard to family responsibility for care.
M.J. Leitner and S.F. Leitner. Leisure in Later Life (3rd ed.). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2004.
Authors: Spivock Michael
Published: January 2007

Situé dans le contexte d'une population de plus en plus nombreuse et de plus en plus àgée, l'ouvrage de Leitner et Leitner, intitulé Leisure in Later Life (« Les loisirs au troisième age ») pose l'hypothèse que les activités de loisir destinées aux personnes àgées doivent être soigneusement planifiées et appliquées en fonction de facteurs tels que le niveau d'habileté, le genre, l'àge et la situation de vie. Ce livre comprend des sections sur différents contextes d'intervention, les fondements d'une programmation des loisirs, les ressources pour une bonne planification des activités, et certaines questions précises dont il faut tenir compte sur le terrain (la sexualité, etc.). Tout au long des chapitres et des sections, le lecteur est habilement conduit des principes de comportement à des exemples très pratiques d'activisme et de programmation appliqués à plusieurs contextes et populations.d
New Chinese Leadership in Malaysia: The Contest for the MCA and Gerakan Presidency
Authors: Chin Ung-Ho
Published: January 2007

In 2005, party elections were held for the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and Gerakan Raykat Malaysia (Gerakan, or Malaysian People's Movement), the two main Chinese-based political parties in the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN). These elections were unusual as the challengers for the presidency were strong candidates and the incumbents had to really fight to retain their presidency. This article argues that although party contests will not bring any real change to the political position and direction of the parties concerned, it does mean that party leaders can no longer take for granted that their positions will not be challenged. The trend among Malaysian political parties has been for the top position in a political party to be an uncontested post. This has meant that party leaders stay for long periods at the top, often more than a decade. The strong contests in the MCA and Gerakan also means that the tenure for leaders of Chinese-based political parties in Malaysia may be limited.
Resolving Internal Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Domestic Challenges and Regional Perspectives
Authors: Vatikiotis Michael R. J.
Published: January 2007

This article examines a number of armed conflicts in Southeast Asia and draws out common threads of causality and impact. First, it is argued that internal conflicts continue to afflict the region and act as an obstacle to political reform. Next, the slow process of conflict resolution is highlighted and several reasons stated for why this is the case. The example of Southern Thailand is highlighted to show how poorly some of these conflicts are being managed. Finally, several suggestions are made to help policy-makers in the region improve the process of conflict resolution.
Multistate cohort models with proportional transfer rates
Authors: Schoen Robert , Canudas-Romo Vladimir
Published: January 2007

We present a new, broadly applicable approach to summarizing the behavior of a cohort as it moves through a variety of statuses (or states). The approach is based on the assumption that all rates of transfer maintain a constant ratio to one another over age. We present closed-form expressions for the size and state composition of the cohort at every age and provide expressions for other useful summary measures. The state trajectories, or life course schematics, depict all the possible size and state configurations that the cohort can exhibit over its life course under the specified pattern of transfer rates. The two living state case and hierarchical multistate models with any number of living states are analyzed in detail. Applying our approach to 1997 U.S. fertility data, we find that observed rates of parity progression are roughly proportional over age. Our proportional transfer rate approach provides trajectories by parity state and facilitates analyses of the implications of changes in parity rate levels and patterns. More women complete childbearing at parity 2 than at any other parity, and parity 2 would be the modal parity in models with total fertility rates (TFRS) of 1.40 to 2.61. Increases in parity progression rates to parities 4 and above have little effect on a cohort’s TFR, while changes in childlessness have a substantial impact.
The Night the Yankees Burned Broadway: The New York City Fire of 1776
Authors: Carp Benjamin L
Published: January 2007

A significant fraction of New York City burned in the early morning hours of September 21, 1776, six days after the British army had occupied the city during the Revolutionary War. This paper examines the evidence to determine the cause of the fire, and argues that Patriots were responsible. Loyalists and British military men were almost unanimous in their conviction that American rebels had torched the city on their way out, but the rebels insisted that the fire had been an accident. Before the fire, General Nathanael Greene argued that destroying the city was strategically essential, but the Continental Congress was unwilling to risk the new nation's reputation, and ordered General George Washington to leave the city intact. Since the war, American historians have accepted these denials (and subsequent Patriot propaganda) and avoided attributing the fire to Patriot spies or civilian sympathizers. Rather than admit to burning towns, the Patriots concealed their actions to contemporaries and for posterity.
"Your Affectionate Brother": Complementary Manhoods in the Letters of John and Timothy Pickering
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2007

Manhood in early America was not always about competition; it could also be complementary, especially in the case of brothers. This article examines the correspondence of Washington's Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and his brother John. Through their letters, the two men demonstrated manhood in radically different ways, seeking each other's approval of their performance of self-mastery, public service, economic independence, and care of family.
"Divers Debts": Women's Participation in the Local Economy, Albemarle, North Carolina, 1663-1729
Authors: Rutz-Robbins Kristi A. (Kristi Ann)
Published: January 2007

The court records of Albemerle, North Carolina during the years of proprietorship from 1663-1729, reveal subtle examples of Carolina women participation in early ecolonial economic affairs. Debt suits and the accompanying surviving accounts show varied economic relationships forged by ordinary keeps and merchants wives in the community and speaks to the diversity of experience in colonial women's lives. The relatively strong presence of women in local economic affairs during the late seventeenth century reinforces the existence of a greater degree of fluidity in gender roles than generally attributed to colonial women in the eighteenth century and places women more centrally in the local economic, legal, and political affairs in the colonies.
The Impact of Chinese Products on Zimbabwean Women
Authors: Manyeruke Charity
Published: January 2007

This paper evaluates the effects of Chinese products on women in Zimbabwe. The study used a survey as a research tool. The results of this survey show that Chinese products are a lot cheaper than the goods sold in locally owned shops. These products, however, have numerous defects which render them cheap quality goods. These products have affected women differently depending on which class one belonged to, and affected women's welfare in various ways. These include, among others, purchasing ability, employment, and self-esteem.
Intergenerational Social Mobility: The United States in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Beller Emily , Hout Michael
Published: January 2007

Emily Beller and Michael Hout examine trends in U.S. social mobility, especially as it relates to the degree to which a person's income or occupation depends on his or her parents' background and to the independent contribution of economic growth. They also compare U.S. social mobility with that in other countries. They conclude that slower economic growth since 1975 and the concentration of that growth among the wealthy have slowed the pace of U.S. social mobility.

In measuring mobility, economists tend to look at income and sociologists, occupation. The consensus among those measuring occupational mobility is that the average correlation between the occupations of fathers and sons today ranges from 0.30 to 0.40, meaning that most variation in the ranking of occupations is independent of social origins. Those measuring income mobility tend to agree that the elasticity between fathers' and sons' earnings in the United States today is about 0.4, meaning that 40 percent of the difference in incomes between families in the parents' generation also shows up in differences in incomes in the sons' generation.

Beller and Hout show that occupational mobility increased during the 1970s, compared with the 1940s–1960s, but there is some evidence to suggest that by the 1980s and 1990s it had declined to past levels. Existing data on income mobility show no clear trends over time, but increases in economic inequality during the 1980s made mobility more consequential by making economic differences between families persist for a longer time.

In international comparisons, the United States occupies a middle ground in occupational mobility but ranks lower in income mobility. Researchers have used the variation in mobility to study whether aspects of a country's policy regime, such as the educational or social welfare systems, might be driving these results. There is as yet, however, no scholarly consensus about the sources of cross-national differences in mobility.
Intergenerational Mobility for Women and Minorities in the United States
Authors: Kearney Melissa Schettini
Published: January 2007

Now that some of the historic barriers to economic success for U.S. women and minorities have begun to fall, women and blacks, in particular, are moving upward on the nation's socioeconomic ladder. Melissa Kearney reviews evidence that improved economic opportunities for these two groups make sex and race less important than they once were in determining economic status. But sex- and race-based differences in wages and income persist, and interactions between sex and class and between race and class continue to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of income status.

Kearney surveys studies and data showing that marriage remains important in determining women's economic status, even though marriage rates among women aged eighteen to thirty-four have been falling—from 73 percent in 1960 to 44 percent in 2000. Not only do spousal earnings continue to dominate family income for married women, but also women tend to marry men whose position in the income distribution resembles their fathers' position. Marriage thus facilitates the transmission of economic status from parents to daughters.

Racial wage gaps persist, says Kearney, largely because of differences in education, occupation, and skill. It also appears likely that the effects of discrimination, both current and past, continue to impede racial economic convergence. Kearney notes that the transmission of income class from parents to children among blacks differs noticeably from that among whites. Black parents and white parents pass their economic standing along to children at similar rates. But because mean income is lower among blacks than among whites, the likelihood of upward mobility in the overall income distribution is substantially lower among blacks. Black children are much more likely than white children to remain in the lower percentiles of the income distribution, and white children are more likely to remain in the upper reaches of the income distribution. Downward mobility from the top quartile to the bottom quartile is nearly four times as great for blacks as for whites.
U.S. Elementary and Secondary Schools: Equalizing Opportunity or Replicating the Status Quo?
Authors: Rouse Cecilia Elena , Barrow Lisa
Published: January 2007

Although education pays off handsomely in the United States, children from low-income families attain less education than children from more advantaged families. In this article, Cecilia Elena Rouse and Lisa Barrow investigate why family background is so strongly linked to education.

The authors show that family socioeconomic status affects such educational outcomes as test scores, grade retention, and high school graduation, and that educational attainment strongly affects adult earnings. They then go on to ask why children from more advantaged families get more or better schooling than those from less advantaged families. For low-income students, greater psychological costs, the cost of forgone income (continuing in school instead of getting a job), and borrowing costs all help to explain why these students attain less education than more privileged children. And these income-related differences in costs may themselves be driven by differences in access to quality schools. As a result, U.S. public schools tend to reinforce the transmission of low socioeconomic status from parents to children.

Policy interventions aimed at improving school quality for children from disadvantaged families thus have the potential to increase social mobility. Despite the considerable political attention paid to increasing school accountability, as in the No Child Left Behind Act, along with charter schools and vouchers to help the children of poor families attend private school, to date the best evidence suggests that such programs will improve student achievement only modestly.

Based on the best research evidence, smaller class sizes seem to be one promising avenue for improving school quality for disadvantaged students. High teacher quality is also likely to be important. However, advantaged families, by spending more money on education outside school, can and will partly undo policy attempts to equalize school quality for poor and nonpoor children.
Voices from Within and Without: Sources, Methods, and Problematics in the Recovery of the Agrarian History of the Igbo (Southeastern Nigeria)
Authors: Korieh Chima J.
Published: January 2007

Over the past few decades, social history has variously and successfully explored the lives of neglected groups in society. Nevertheless, the question of capturing these “silent voices” in history, including those of women, remains at the heart of social history. Although few sources are available that allow historians to hear these voices, new methodological insights offer opportunities. A multidisciplinary framework and a broad range of methodologies can shed new light on the lives of peasants, who have been often neglected in history and provide opportunities to “hear” their voices and concerns as historical subjects. The object of this paper is to present sortie critical perspective on the use of oral and archival sources for the study of the agricultural history of rural Africa. What I present here is my approach to the collection and use of various sources for the study of Igbo agricultural history in the twentieth century. It suggests that oral sources, in particular, offer an important opportunity in the writing of an inclusive history of agricultural change—a history that for the most part has been created by rural peasants. Another objective is to outline my personal experiences in the field and to suggest important ways of situating the researcher not only in the analysis of the evidence, but most importantly, in the context or the fieldwork environment. Both, as has been clearly shown, can affect the historian's analysis and perspective and the resulting history.

Igboland is situated in Southeastern Nigeria and lies between longitude 7°E and latitude 6°10' N. The region borders the middle belt region of Nigeria to the north, the river Niger to the west, the Ibibio people to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea and Bight of Biafra to the south. Most of the region lies on a plain less than 600 feet (about 183 meters) above sea level. Most of Igboland lies within the Guinean and Sub-Guinean physical environment and is characterized by an annual rainfall of between forty and sixty inches per annum, with a dry season lasting between three and four months in northern Igboland and a mean monthly humidity of about 90% throughout the year. The pattern of rainfall produces two distinct patterns of vegetation. The southern part of the region is characterized by heavy rainfall that produces a dense rainforest that thinned out northwards into a savanna. However, many centuries of human habitation and activities have turned the whole region into secondary forest, with only pockets of forest oasis remaining.
The German Maps at the East Africana Collection, University Library of Dar Es Salaam
Authors: Pallaver Karin
Published: January 2007

The documents originated by the German colonial administration in German East Africa are located in two main archives: the Tanzania National Archives in Dar es Salaam, where they are identified under the name “German Records,” and the Bundesarchiv in Berlin, where they are collected under the classification R 1001. This note aims to provide some general information regarding a part of the German Records, referred to as “German Maps,” which is collected at the University Library of Dar es Salaam.

The German Records are a part of the holdings of the Tanzania National Archives, which also include the records of the British administration and various documents of the post-independence period. The German Records are a very well-known source for the history of the German presence in East Africa and they can be divided in two main categories: the documents of the Central Administration, cataloged with the numbers G 1-G 65, and the Private Archives, with the classification G 66-G 86. These records are very well cataloged and easily accessible thanks to the work of archival reorganization done by Peter Geissler between 1967 and 1969. His work was published in 1973 in a two-volume guide with the title Das Deutsch-Ostafrika-Archiv: Inventar der Abteilung “German Records” in Nationalarchiv der vereinigten Republik Tansania, Dar es Salaam. This guide offers a very useful overview of the records of the German colonial administration and is available for consultation in the Reading Room of the Tanzania National Archives. Also available in the Reading Room is a manual catalog which, in some cases, could be helpful in finding some documents that, owing to print errors in the edited catalog, have become difficult to find.
The Dordolec: Albanian House Dolls and the Evil Eye
Authors: Peterson-Bidoshi Kristin
Published: January 2007

This study, based on forty taped interviews, considers the social and economic conditions that led to the sudden reemergence of evil eye beliefs and practices in Albania. It explores how the recent development of a highly stratified class system and the introduction of individual property ownership helped to increase the dependence of Albanians on the dordolec (scarecrow) for protection of their newfound wealth. A discussion of the kukull, the store-bought, stuffed animal version of the dordolec, offers insight into the post-post-Communist Albanian trend to appropriate Western commodities into the local tradition.
Mind and Language in Philo
Authors: Robertson David G
Published: January 2007

The Late Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria has been neglected in studies of theories of mind and language in Post-Aristotelian Philosophy. Philo's dualism distinguishes immateriality and materiality in our language (logos). His arguments about the nature of mind and his explanations of the relation of speech to the mind, divine or human, draw heavily from Stoics and Platonists. Philo appears to present contemporary Platonist, anti-Stoic arguments that mind is of a different nature than body. Also, Philo deserves credit as our first detailed, surviving expositor of the view that meanings are thoughts, presented to the world in speech.
Sexual Relations as Religious Practice in the Late Tokugawa Period: Fujido
Authors: Sawada Janine Anderson
Published: January 2007

During the late Tokugawa period, some religious groups stressed regulation of the body as a focus for moral cultivation. This article reviews the eschatology of the Fujidō movement, whose members believed that the emergence of a harmonious, just society depended on the restoration of a proper balance between female (yin) and male (yang) forces. Harmonization was to be enacted on a cosmic level and also in human sexual relations. The Fujidō program of restoring proper relations between women and men, although unorthodox, was part of a larger trend to cultivate moral values through physical disciplines.
Introduction : Culture in tne Domains of Law
Authors: Howes David
Published: January 2007

In their introduction toLaw in the Domains of Culture, Austin Sarat and Thomas Kearns write: “[l]aw and legal studies are relative latecomers to cultural studies. To examine [law in the domains of culture] has been, until recently, a kind of scholarly transgression.” The same could be said in reverse: cultural studies (including anthropology) are a relative latecomer to law and legal studies, but in the last few decades there has been a striking irruption of cultural discourse in the domain of law.

It is as if the acquisition of some degree of “cultural competence” has become a duty in legal circles. Not only are there seminars and courses in “cultural sensitivity” for judges, lawyers, and law enforcement officers, but “the culture concept” now informs many judicial decisions regarding Aboriginal rights, and “the cultural defense” (while hotly contested by some, and still lacking official approbation) has become a feature of numerous criminal trials involving immigrants. Interestingly, theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsrefers to “the multicultural heritage of Canadians”, and makes the preservation and enhancement of this heritage a condition of its own interpretation.
The Transformation of Canadian Property Rights?
Authors: Brisbin Richard A. , Hunter Susan
Published: January 2007

Les juristes tendent à situer le développement des droits dans les cours constitutionnelles. Cependant, des recherches récentes dans la tradition Droit et Société montrent que les choix individuels ou ceux d'organismes privés peuvent également transformer la signification des droits. En allant plus loin, cet article pose que la transformation de droits se produit également à travers de petites modifications de politiques que les élus et les fonctionnaires régionaux font, incluant ceux qui ajoutent de nouvelles significations aux dispositions et aux droits. Cet article s'appuie sur l'exemple des règlements concernant les droits de propriété et l'utilisation du territoire pour tester cette hypothèse. Il conclut que les élus et les fonctionnaires canadiens attribuent constamment des significations aux droits, dont la rationalité se définie à partir de valeurs constitutives de la territorialité.
Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology
Authors: White Marilyn Domas , Marsh Emily E
Published: January 2007

Content analysis is a highly flexible research method that has been widely used in library and information science (LIS) studies with varying research goals and objectives. The research method is applied in qualitative, quantitative, and sometimes mixed modes of research frameworks and employs a wide range of analytical techniques to generate findings and put them into context. This article characterizes content analysis as a systematic, rigorous approach to analyzing documents obtained or generated in the course of research. It briefly describes the steps involved in content analysis, differentiates between quantitative and qualitative content analysis, and shows that content analysis serves the purposes of both quantitative research and qualitative research. The authors draw on selected LIS studies that have used content analysis to illustrate the concepts addressed in the article. The article also serves as a gateway to methodological books and articles that provide more detail about aspects of content analysis discussed only briefly in the article.
Research in Constructivist Frameworks Using Ethnographic Techniques
Authors: Williamson Kirsty
Published: January 2007

This article discusses the undertaking of research using a constructivist philosophical framework and ethnographic techniques, which can include individual interviews, focus groups, observation, and questionnaires. It begins with a broad overview of social sciences research philosophy, discussing both positivism and interpretivism, before moving on to focus on the constructivist paradigm, which comes under the interpretivist umbrella. The section on ethnography follows and includes sampling, data collection techniques, and data analysis. Examples from the author's work are used to illustrate both philosophy and method. They are from the author's studies of the information-seeking behavior of, firstly, women with breast cancer and, secondly, online investors.
Toni Morrison and "Sis Joe": The Musical Heritage of Paul D
Authors: Kitts Lenore
Published: January 2007

One way that Toni Morrison confronts slavery in Beloved is by drawing on music that has recorded an experience ignored in written history. The railroad holler "Sis Joe," whose lyrics are sung by Paul D, offers insight into her revisionary project. Originally performed by African-American song leader Henry Truvillion and immortalized in a ballet by Aaron Copland, "Sis Joe" provides Morrison with the opportunity to recover the black contribution to U.S. culture and history, and to illustrate the interdependence between blackness and whiteness in American identity.
Photography Versus Caricature: "Footnotes" on Manet's Zola and Zola's Manet
Authors: Katz Maya Balakirsky
Published: January 2007

This study provides an organic history of Émile Zola imagery, beginning with Manet's 1868 "Portrait de Zola" to Zola's own amateur photography at the turn of the century. Whether noting the emphasis of one detail or the marked absence of another, Manet's "Zola" was perceived as a caricature that provided a model of Zola as inherently un-French. Focusing on a 1900 photograph Zola took of Manet's portrait allows for an exploration of the interplay between the images that create public recognition and the legacy-desires of celebrity figures. Zola, the photographer, records himself as a traditional member of the haute-bourgeoisie, creating and collecting images that reinforce the healthy national body and destroying those that do not. (mbk)
Anomalous Liquid: Sibilant Correspondences in Western Austronesian
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: January 2007

The present contribution is meant to draw attention to two or more apparent sound correspondences among the languages of the Philippines and western Indonesia that involve liquid phonemes in one language or set of languages and sibilants in another language or set of languages. The data are problematic, and in my view do not justify the reconstruction of new protophonemes. At the same time, the recurrent regularities appear to be greater than chance, and so deserve a public airing. In either case, there would seem to be a lesson to be learned from the set of comparisons considered here: either we must reckon with at least two protophonemes that were overlooked by Dempwolff, or we must recognize that factors other than divergent development from a common ancestor may sometimes produce recurrent phonological similarities that bear a striking mock resemblance to true sound correspondences.
The Prosodic Realization of Negation in Saisiyat and English
Authors: Jiang Wenyu , I Chang-Liao , Chiang Fang-Mei
Published: January 2007

This study investigates the prosodic realization of negation in Saisiyat, an endangered aboriginal Austronesian language of Taiwan, and compares the prosodic properties of its affirmative and negative sentences with those of British English. In order to test Yaeger-Dror's "Cognitive Prominence Principle," according to which cognitively prominent items (such as negators) should be prosodically marked, we measure the F0 peak, the intensity peak, and duration of lexical items appearing in affirmative and negative sentences. Our results indicate that sentential subjects are the most acoustically prominent items with respect to F0 height and intensity in Saisiyat negative sentences, whereas the negator itself is the most acoustically prominent item with respect to F0 in an English sentence. In addition, the presence of a negator does not significantly change the prosodic parameters of contiguous words in Saisiyat. English, in contrast, exhibits relatively large-scale prosodic differences in both F0 and intensity between affirmative and negative sentences. This paper suggests that the following typological features can account for the differences observed between Saisiyat and English: (1) the relationship between prosodic prominence and syntactic subjects in Saisiyat, (2) transparency of the negation system in Saisiyat, and (3) the relationship between prosodic prominence and semantically defined focus in English.
Views on Popular-Science Publishing
Authors: Shen Huiyun , Lai Maode , Shao Jufang
Published: January 2007

Popular-science publishing plays an irreplaceable role in the development of a society. In China, the central government pays considerable attention to popular-science publishing and has issued a series of laws and regulations to govern this field. This legislation offers favourable opportunities to strengthen popular science propaganda and to promote popular-science publishing. The study is to discuss the importance of developing quality in popular-science publishing.
Louis Malle and the 1950s: Ambiguities, Friendships and Legacies
Authors: Frey Hugo
Published: January 2007

This article discusses the early films of Louis Malle. It offers an analysis of the political subtext of his work and the influences that he drew on when beginning his career in 1950s France. Special attention is paid to Malle's collaborations with the novelist and scriptwriter Roger Nimier. It is suggested that in both men's art there is a common desire to shock a complacent post-war bourgeois public. Some speculation is also made as to the psychological motivation behind Malle's links to the right-wing literary intelligentsia.
In addition, the article sheds light on how Malle's early films, especially Les Amants (1958), influenced his later work, Le Souffle au coeur (1971). The article is written to contextualise the first English language translation of an interview between Louis Malle and the literary scholar Professor Marc Dambre. Their conversation provides a fascinating insight into the history of Malle and Nimier's work on the film noir, L'Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1956).