bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Geometric Optimization of Plug-Supported End-Caps on the Performance of Thick Thermoplastic Composite Pressure Vessels Under External Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Yousefpour Ali , Nejhad Mehrdad N. Ghasemi
Published: July 2003

A finite element model was developed to investigate the response of a thick composite pressure vessel under hydrostatic pressure for deep ocean applications. To verify the finite element model, layer-by-layer stress and strain responses at the mid-length of a composite pressure vessel, i.e., free from the end-cap effects, were obtained and compared with an existing analytical solution. Excellent agreement was obtained between the numerical and analytical solutions. The created model was employed to investigate the performance of an APC-2/AS4 thermoplastic composite pressure vessel using plug-supported end-caps with contoured-ends and initial radial clearances. The plug-supported end-caps with contoured-ends and initial radial clearances were modeled as radial simply supported boundary conditions at the ends of the composite cylinder. The pressure vessel has a thickness of 4.3 cm, an inner diameter of 33 cm, an internal effective length of 45.7 cm, and a symmetric sub-laminate configuration of [(90/90/0)s]4 subjected to an external hydrostatic pressure of 71 MPa. The results of finite element analysis revealed that the performance of the pressure vessel greatly depends on the length of the tapered section as well as the tapered radius of the contoured-end plug-supported end-caps. In addition, it is shown that an initial radial clearance of plug-supported end-caps can also affect the performance of the pressure vessel. The optimum performance of the pressure vessel was obtained when the length of the tapered section and tapered radius were 38.1 mm and 3.3 m, respectively. The best initial radial clearance for this pressure vessel was found to be 0.5 mm; however, sealing issues should also be taken into account when selecting the final amount of an initial radial clearance. The comparisons between the performances of the pressure vessels reveal that the stress factor of safety of the pressure vessels using plug-supported end-caps with optimum tapered and initial radial clearance can be 2 and 2.29 times, respectively, greater than that for the pressure vessel with plug-supported end-caps.
Predicting Progressive Delamination of Stiffened Fibre-Composite Panel and Repaired Sandwich Panel by Decohesion Models
Authors: Chen Jiye
Published: July 2003

An approach employing decohesive models with mixed damaged scale and using total fracture energy was developed to simulate the delamination process of a stiffened fibre-composite panel and a repaired composite sandwich panel. Two decohesive material models - a bilinear interfacial decohesive function and the other a cubic polynomial interfacial decohesive function - were developed by using total fracture energy Gc, and based on using interface elements. In comparison with traditional numerical methods in fracture mechanics, this approach automatically predicts the failure load, crack path and the residual stiffness in the fracture process. Applications in this article are delamination analysis of a stiffened fibre-composite panel under four-point bending conditions and a repaired composite sandwich panel under four-point bending test. Comparisons between modeling predictions and experimental observations show that these decohesive models perform well. This article compares the problem of numerical convergent failure between two decohesive material models.
Three-Dimensional Fracture Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Model Unidirectional Discontinuous Tow Composite Laminates
Authors: Iarve E. V. , Kim R.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this work is to perform analytical modeling and experimentally produce idealized composites reinforced with discontinuous fiber tows to evaluate the theoretical upper limits of tensile strength as compared to continuous fiber composites. The idealized composite represents a staggered mosaic of prepreg tape strips of equal width and length. Three-dimensional analysis was performed to evaluate the energy release rate of the possible damage accumulation modes, such as vertical splits and delaminations emanating from tape strip ends. Realistic estimates of the failure strain of the discontinued tow composites was obtained by comparing the calculated energy release rates to the critical Mode II energy release for axial cracking in the material system. The predicted failure strain as a function of the strip geometry was also in good correlation with the experimental results.
Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for Anisotropic Inelastic Deformation of Unidirectional Reinforced Composites
Authors: Sun W. , Lau A. C.W.
Published: July 2003

A three-dimensional constitutive model is proposed for anisotropic inelastic deformed continuous medium, and further adapted for unidirectionally fiber-reinforced composites. In the constitutive relation, the material anisotropic elastic, anisotropic yielding and anisotropic hardening behavior are considered. The model accommodates both compressible and incompressible deformation properties. With all six stress and strain components retained in the constitutive relation, the model can be applied to predict three-dimensional nonlinear deformation response of composites under different loadings.
Mechanical Behavior of Woven Composite Reinforcements While Forming
Authors: Hivet Gilles , Launay Jean , Gasser Alain , Daniel Jean Luc , Boisse Philippe
Published: July 2003

Simulation of the forming processes of thin composite structures is necessary at the design level in order to check the feasibility of the shape and to know the position of the reinforcements. A finite element analysis of fabric shaping process needs the knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the woven reinforcement. This behavior is non linear because of the shape variation of the weaving pattern when it is loaded. Experimental results are obtained from biaxial tests in the case of balanced and unbalanced fabric. A constitutive model consistent with the geometry of the woven pattern is proposed. It is based on experimental results achieved by biaxial tensile tests. 3D simulations of the unit woven cell submitted to biaxial tensions are also performed and compared to experiments.
Development of a Novel Composite Based on Thermoplastic Polymers and Low Melting Point Thermoplastic Chalcogenide Glasses
Authors: Bormashenko Edward , Pogreb Roman , Sutovsky Semion
Published: July 2003

A novel composite material has been developed based on thermoplastic polymers on one hand and thermoplastic chalcogenide glass on the other hand. Extrusion technique and pressing allowed the production of very different structures of the composite, ranging from fibrous to “sandwich” structures. Also obtained were highly homogenous compositions that contain perfectly spherical glass particles of 1-6 mm in diameter dispersed into a polymer matrix.

Optical properties of the composite have been studied thoroughly. It was established that extrusion allows the obtaining of composites, which are highly transparent in the 2-25 mm wavelength band when the concentration of the chalcogenide glass does not exceed 33%. When the concentration of chalcogenide glass was as great as 40%, dramatic changes in the transmission spectrum were observed. The extruded films are opaque not only in the visible band but in the near and middle IR as well, while being transparent in the far IR band. Such composite films are suitable as far IR filters.

Pressing permits the production of “sandwiches” which are opaque in visible light and highly transparent in the near and middle IR. “Sandwich” composites could be used as effective flexible near-IR filters. Oriented composites can be applied as IR waveguides.
An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Weber Nancy
Published: July 2003

A model of women’s responses to battering was constructed based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit and on empirical and clinical observations. The model proposed that the age, educational level, and cultural influences as basic conditioning factors would all be directly related to relational conflict, which would be negatively related to self-care agency (as a mediator) and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. Using simultaneous structural equation modeling with specification searching, a modified model was derived that eliminated the mediation path but supported direct effects of both abuse and self-care agency on health. The derived model was found to be only a borderline fit with the data, probably due to measurement problems, lack of inclusion of important variables, and small sample size (N = 117). However, there was support for several of the relationships deduced from and/or congruent with Orem’s theory.
The Experience of Caring for a Loved One: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Gates Kathleen M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this research was to uncover the meaning of caring for an elderly relative. Nine middle-aged and elderly people volunteered to take part in audiorecorded interviews to describe their experience of caring for a loved one. The following structural definition emerged from the study: The meaning of caring for an elderly relative is surfacing poignant remembering while doggedly continuing with nurturant giving and confirmatory receiving, as swells of enjoyment merge with tides of sorrow amid uplifting togetherness and valleys of aloneness. Parse’s theory of human becoming and van Kaam’s operations for phenomenological analysis are applied. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Leadership-Scholarship Integration: Using the Neuman Systems Model for 21st-Century Professional Nursing Practice
Authors: Neuman Betty , Newman Diana M. L. , Holder Pamela
Published: July 2003

This article describes leadership and scholarship from the Neuman systems model as requisite for a true practice model necessary for 21st-century scientific professional nursing. A rationale for the integration of leadership and scholarship is provided along with markers to guide the leadership-scholarship protocol, which can be viewed as a scholarly research process. An example from a community nursing center demonstrating the application of the integration of leadership-scholarship is presented to support the proposed integration.
Transcending Breast Cancer, Transcending Death: A Taiwanese Population
Authors: Chiu Lyren
Published: July 2003

This study explores transcendence as a lived experience through in-depth, face-to-face interviews of 15 Taiwanese women with breast cancer. A phenomenological research method and Leininger’s culture care theory were employed to guide the study. Four themes emerged as characteristic of the current life worlds of the study participants. The four themes are giving meaning to suffering, liberating a clinging nature, opening to life and death, and healing with compassion. The findings reveal that the essential structure of transcendence is the capacity of a person to give meaning to suffering, liberate self from a clinging nature, open self to life and death, and heal self with compassion.
Pattern of Expanding Consciousness in Midlife Women: Creative Movement and the Narrative as Modes of Expression
Authors: Picard Carol
Published: July 2003

This study is based on Newman’s theory of expanding consciousness; it expands Newman’s method to include creative movement as a mode of expression. The researcher engaged in two in-depth interviews and one creative movement group experience with each of 17 midlife women. Results demonstrate expanding consciousness at midlife, with patterns of meaning identified in relationships with others, self, and spirit as well as challenges of loss, illness, and threats to relationships. Activities of consciousness were choosing, balancing, accepting, and letting go. Concepts of flow, turbulence, and a movement dialectic were identified in study findings. Creative movement supported self-awareness.
Cognitive Adaptation and Self-Consistency in Hearing-Impaired Older Persons: Testing Roy’s Adaptation Model
Authors: Zhan Lin
Published: July 2003

This study, based on constructs from Roy’s adaptation model, examined the relationship between cognitive adaptation processes and self-consistency in hearing-impaired elders (N = 130). Data were collected through survey questionnaires. Major research hypotheses were formulated and tested. Results of this study supported Roy’s theoretical proposition of cognitive adaptation processes and their role in the maintenance of self-consistency. Three cognitive processes (clear focus and methods, knowing awareness, and self-perception) significantly contributed to the maintenance of self-consistency. Understanding these cognitive processes helps nurses to promote effective adaptation in older persons.
Concept Inventing: A Process for Creating a Unitary Definition of Having Courage
Authors: Bournes Debra A.
Published: July 2003

Having courage is all-at-once inherent in being human and immeasurable. It is intertwined with what living is all about. This article discusses existing theoretical views of courage, provides examples of the importance of the phenomenon for health and quality of life, and presents a unique definition of having courage that emerged through the process of concept inventing—a multidimensional process of creating unitary concepts. The definition having courage is deliberate steadfast risking while creatively living the cherished with opportunities-restrictions is explored in relation to the human becoming theory, and suggestions for future research are made.
A Nursing Theory of Personal System Empathy: Interpreting a Conceptualization of Empathy in King’s Interacting Systems
Authors: Alligood Martha R. , May Barbara A.
Published: July 2003

This article presents a theory of empathy discovered through rational hermeneutic interpretation within King’s personal system. Personal system concepts from King’s general systems framework include perception, self, growth and development, body image, space, time, and learning. Propositions for each concept in the personal system were explicated and a theory of nursing empathy was developed. This nursing theory proposes that empathy organizes perceptions; facilitates awareness of self and others; increases sensitivity; promotes shared respect, mutual goals, and social awareness; cultivates understanding of individuals within a historical and social context; and affects learning.
A Meta-Analysis of the Interrelationships between the Modes in Roy’s Adaptation Model
Authors: Chiou Chou-Ping
Published: July 2003

A meta-analysis of nine empirical studies based on Roy’s adaptation model was conducted to determine the magnitudes of the interrelationships of the four modes: physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Small to medium effect sizes between each two modes do support the proposition of Roy’s model that the four modes are interrelated. The only exception is the relationship between interdependence and physiological modes, as shown by the non-significant effect size of .04. The present study also discusses several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings of this meta-analysis. This study does provide a useful compilation of the Roy model’s credible studies and proposes a direction for further research. The results indicate a need for further study to explore the relationship in all response modes to have a clearer understanding of the credibility of Roy’s model.
Role Tuning between Caregiver and Care Receiver during Discharge Transition: An Illustration of Role Function Mode in Roy’s Adaptation Theory
Authors: Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual framework to explain the interaction between the caregiver and the care receiver during the discharge transition. Data from face-to-face interviews with 12 care receivers and 16 caregivers were subjected to constant comparative analysis. Findings revealed that role tuning was the process used by caregivers and care receivers to achieve a harmonious pattern of caregiving and care receiving during the transition from hospital to home. This empirical finding can illustrate the concept of role function mode in the Roy adaptation theory and sensitize healthcare providers to the needs of the families during the discharge transition.
The Lived Experience of Feeling Loved: A Study of Mothers in a Parolee Program
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to uncover the meaning of the lived experience of feeling loved. The site of this study was a shelter-based parolee program. The framework that guided the study was Parse’s human becoming theory, and the method was Parse’s research methodology. The finding of this study is the lived experience of feeling loved is an unshakable presence arising with moments of uplifting delight amid bewildering trepidation. The findings integrated into the human becoming theory show the paradoxical and dialectic nature of feeling loved. Feeling loved is linked to living freedom, trust, and hope.
A Theory of Dependent-Care: A Corollary Theory to Orem’s Theory of Self-Care
Authors: Taylor Susan G. , Renpenning Kathie E. , Geden Elizabeth A. , Neuman Bonnie M. , Hart Marcella A.
Published: July 2003

Dependent-care has its origins in people's requirements for regulatory care. The foundations for dependent-care are found in the ability of individuals to provide their required care. First introduced as a corollary to self-care, this work emerged through a process of reading and discussion. Models that support the theory of dependent-care are identified. Premises are stated. There is elaboration of the conceptualizations representing the work that has been done. There are still elements that need further development, such as specifying the enabling abilities of dependent-care agency and verifying and formalizing the various elements presented.
The Structure of Self-Care in a Group of Elderly People
Authors: Söderhamn Olle , Cliffordson Christina
Published: July 2003

According to Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing, the structure of self-care consists of self-care agency balanced by therapeutic self-care demand. Different conditioning factors constitute these two constructs. The aim of this study was to investigate through secondary analysis the structure of self-care in a group of elderly. Data were originally collected from a total of 125 randomly chosen elderly individuals (65+ years of age) in Sweden by means of a mailed questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to show that self-care agency was totally and significantly balanced against therapeutic self-care demand and explained by five conditioning factors.
Energy: A Bridging Concept for Nursing Science
Authors: Todaro-Franceschi Vidette
Published: July 2003

A philosophical inquiry into the concept of energy revealed two ideas of energy across multiple disciplines. Analysis of the conceptual models of Nightingale, Levine, and Rogers supported the presence of two paradigmatic views of energy in nursing science that, while divergent, share a common theme. The outcome of this inquiry leads to the tentative belief that there is unity in diversity and may perhaps lead to refinement of existing nursing theory and a more congruent framework for scientific inquiry. This article specifically addresses the nursing theoretical implications related to ideas of energy arising from the inquiry.
The Spiritual Care Meanings of Adults Residing in the Midwest
Authors: Sellers Sandra Courtney
Published: July 2003

Only limited nursing knowledge exists as theoretical guidance for nurses in providing spiritual care. Using Leininger’s theory of culture care diversity and universality, the purpose of this ethnonursing research study was to discover the embedded spiritual care meanings, expressions, lived experiences, and practices of adults residing in the Midwest and their perceptions of spiritual nursing care. Data were collected through interviews of 6 key and 12 general informants. Five universal spiritual themes were supported by the findings. Culture care modes were used to explicate spiritual knowledge that can be integrated into nursing practice.
Caring Narratives and the Strategy of Presence: Narrative Communication in Nursing Practice and Research
Authors: Skott Carola
Published: July 2003

Professional nursing care is formed and carried out in a social cultural process. The discipline of nursing should study narrative communication to understand how individual and collective levels are connected in experiences of sickness and cure. Narrative as transformative acts of caring and the narrative structure of preverbal acts and contexts of care are waiting for further research and are naturally connected to the art of nursing. Personal presence, listening, and engagement are important to ethnographic research with a focus on narrative as well as to first-rate nursing care.
Adaptation as a Mediator of Intimate Abuse and Traumatic Stress in Battered Women
Authors: Woods Stephanie J. , Isenberg Marjorie A.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this research was to test one aspect of a proposed middle-range theory synthesized from the Roy adaptation model and linked with the framework of post-traumatic stress. A predictive-correlational design was used to examine adaptation as a mediator of traumatic stress in battered women. Analysis included regression and path analytic procedures. Results indicated (a) direct relationships between the focal stimuli of abuse and the response of post-traumatic stress disorder and (b) adaptation in the physiologic, self-concept, and interdependence modes partially mediated the relationship between the focal stimuli of abuse and the response of post-traumatic stress disorder in battered women.
Developing Perspectives on Korean Nursing Theory: The Influences of Taoism
Authors: Shin Kyung Rim
Published: July 2003

Nursing theory provides a systematic explanation and description of nursing phenomena. Western nursing theories have widely influenced Korean nursing. And yet, although nursing theory has universal aspects, the differences in philosophy and culture that are unique to each country need to be considered. This inquiry seeks to investigate the Korean cultural heritage, which integrates Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and how it provides a unique worldview of human beings, the universe, health, and nursing. Essential principles and therapies consistent with Taoist philosophy are also identified. This framework is proffered as the basis for establishing understanding between Korean nurses and patients.
Mexican American Family Survival, Continuity, and Growth: The Parental Perspective
Authors: Niska Kathleen J.
Published: July 2003

An ethnographic study using Roy’s adaptation model was conducted among 23 Mexican American families in Hidalgo County, Texas, from 1994 to 1998. The purpose was to characterize the family goals of survival, continuity, and growth from the parental perspective during early family formation. Parents affirmed that being healthy, being a united couple, having supportive parents, having a steady job, and having civic harmony were essential characteristics of family survival. Family continuity was characterized by mothers doing tasks inside the house, fathers doing tasks outside the house, and both parents performing toddler and early childhood tasks. Family growth was characterized by having shared communication, growing in togetherness, planning ahead, exerting joint effort, and helping the child become part of the family.
International Perspectives
Authors: Huch Mary H. , Baumann Steven L.
Published: July 2003

Human science-based research, as defined by Dilthey and later developed by Gadamer, provides a valuable way to uncover what human beings have shared without denying important differences. It assumes that people are self-interpreting beings who seek meaning and purpose in the concrete situations of their lives. Gadamer’s hermeneutic method is offered as an approach to do international and cross-cultural studies of relevance to nursing and healthcare. Three examples of human science-based nursing studies, which provide global understanding, are discussed.
Nursing Knowledge and Human Science Revisited: Practical and Political Considerations
Authors: Cody William K. , Mitchell Gail J.
Published: July 2003

The human science tradition is rooted in human freedom and meaning and oriented toward narrative and dialogical methods. In the past 10 years, human science nursing has grown but the opposition has also increased. Whereas other health disciplines are turning to the study of lived experience, nursing on the whole may be turning away. This article updates progress in human science, including works related to major nursing theories. The authors address practical and political considerations related to language, community, theory-laden knowledge, and tolerance for diversity. The authors conclude that the suppression of human science imperils nursing as a practice of being-with, witnessing, and cocreating quality of life, lived by nurses. But theories live in the actions of those who support them; thus, any place where people seek human care has the potential to support a human science-based nursing practice.
Nursing Science as Human Science: The New World and Human Becoming
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: July 2003

The human science perspective of the theory of human becoming holds intrinsic characteristics conducive to permeating teaching-learning in the 21st century. This column focuses on the challenges involved in the teaching-learning of nursing science as a human science, particularly from a human becoming perspective. Moving from a medical model of studying disease processes as the foundation for nursing education, to a nursing model of understanding the meaning of unitary lived experiences, poses challenges for both faculty and students in today’s nursing world. These challenges include: explicating the unitary nature of humankind, living the responsibility of expressing new thought, perceiving teaching-learning as engaging community; and visioning nursing leadership as a transformative presence in change.
The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates—Madeleine M. Leininger
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: July 2003

This edited transcript of an interview with Madeleine Leininger presents Leininger’s recent thoughts about the development and current state of the discipline of nursing, the development of the theory of culture care diversity and universality, methods for nursing research, mentorship, and transcultural nursing practice.
The Pattern of the Becoming-Self in Death and Dying
Authors: Dobratz Marjorie C.
Published: July 2003

As part of a triangulated study that examined psychological adaptation in home hospice patients, the grounded theory method was used to generate social-psychological processes of dying. The pattern of the becoming-self was one of seven patterns that emerged. The responses and reactions of 15 dying persons described a pattern that was shaped by self-integration, inner cognition, creation of personal meanings, and connection to others and a higher being. The becoming-self supported humanism and veritivity as defined in adaptation nursing theory.
One-to-One Teleapprenticeship as a Means for Nurses Teaching and Learning Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming
Authors: Norris Judy R.
Published: July 2003

This research investigated one-to-one teleapprenticeship as a means of teaching and learning Parse’s theory of human becoming. Teleapprenticeship is defined as a one-to-one learning relationship, conducted entirely by E-mail, in which a mentor-teacher guides a learner in the construction of knowledge about a domain. Seventeen nurses (6 teachers and 11 learners)engaged in dialogue journaling about the theory relative to the learners’ nursing practice. The teleapprenticeship experience was found to be useful for supporting a nurse in the study of theoretical aspects but may be insufficient for helping to develop proficiency in the practice methodology of the theory.
Testing a Theory of Decision-Making Derived from King’s Systems Framework in Women Eligible for a Cancer Clinical Trial
Authors: Ehrenberger Heidi E. , Alligood Martha R. , Thomas Sandra P. , Wallace Debra C. , Licavoli Cynthia M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to test an explanatory theory of decision-making in women eligible for a cancer clinical trial. The theory derived from King’s framework proposed that the concepts of uncertainty, role functioning, and social support relate to emotional health (hope and mood state), which in turn relates to the treatment decision. A correlational study design was used to test the theory in a sample of 40 women. Findings provided empirical evidence of the adequacy of King’s framework and supported, in part, theorized relationships among the critical factors. However, these factors did not illuminate the treatment decision.
The Global Context of Nursing: A Human Becoming Perspective
Authors: Paillé Mary , Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: July 2003

When one considers global health issues from the natural science worldview, it is with a belief that no one person can have any significant influence, hence, a sense of powerlessness and disconnection. In this column, though, the authors assert that when one’s perspective is the human science paradigm, and particularly, the human becoming theory, one person can and does make a difference in global health. The authors discuss the human becoming perspective using the metaparadigm concepts of human, health, and environment, and also, nursing practice guided by the theory. Informed by this perspective, they then explore political implications for global nursing and health.
Lyrical Language and Nursing Discourse: Can Science be the Tool of Love?
Authors: Cody William K.
Published: July 2003

Lyricism is a quality of discourse expressing intensely personal feeling or emotion. It is historically associated with romanticism, which involves the imagination and emotions, the use of autobiographical material, the exaltation of a common humanity, and an appreciation of nature. The language of a science conveys the meaning, significance, and utility of concepts among scholars, practitioners, and the general public. It is incumbent upon nurses to attempt to represent in our disciplinary language the realities lived by people, that is, to apprehend, describe, and explain the full breadth and diversity of human phenomena, guided by the discipline-wide focus on the wholeness of the human being. The language of objectivistic science cannot do this. Even in contemporary qualitative research there are limitations in achieving such a representation. This column therefore calls for greater attention to lyrical discourse in nursing science and outlines the potential benefits in nursing theory development, research, and practice. Encouragement of lyrical discourse in nursing science is consistent with the contemporary movement toward a dialogical rationality. It is posited that, if the ethos of nursing is rooted in love of humanity, lyrical discourse may be one way for nursing to pursue its mission to serve humankind.
Praxis as a Mirroring Process: Teaching Psychiatric Nursing Grounded in Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness
Authors: Picard Carol , Mariolis Tara
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this column is to describe the application of Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousness in nursing education. The authors examine the value of mirroring presence, self-reflection, appreciation of meaning and pattern, and creative approaches to student learning in their care of clients with chronic mental illness. Praxis as the basis for caring in the human health experience is discussed in this newly developed teaching-learning model.
Philosophical Underpinnings of an Emergent Methodology for Nursing as Caring Inquiry
Authors: Schoenhofer Savina O.
Published: July 2003

Two research approaches congruent with the theory of nursing as caring are described: group interpretive phenomenology and nursing as caring research as praxis. The idea of praxis and the theory of communicative action are explored for congruence as philosophical underpinnings of a possible eventual methodology for developing knowledge of nursing as caring.
Developing a Nursing Perspective on Spirituality and Healing
Authors: Malinski Violet M.
Published: July 2003

The author of this column presents an overview of selected research and nursing theoretical thinking on spirituality and then offers a beginning exploration of the interrelationships of spirituality and healing. Work in both the totality and simultaneity paradigms is highlighted in the belief, following Nightingale, that spirituality and healing are crucial concepts in both paradigms, although currently defined differently if at all. Some nursing theorists give little or no attention to spirituality, while others such as Watson, Neuman, and Roy, in varying degrees, explicitly discuss the concept. Beginning theoretical conceptualizations have been offered in Rogers’ science by, most notably, Reed, then Malinski and Smith. Healing and spirituality have been linked, although not necessarily in the same study. General directions for research using nursing theoretical frameworks and, in some cases, research methods derived from particular theories/models, are suggested.
Human Becoming and Women Living with Violence: The Art of Practice
Authors: Smith Marie Kehoe
Published: July 2003

This column offers a guide for nurses to follow a different path. The human becoming theory offers nurses and persons living with violence an alternative to the traditional fix-it approach to health situations. The human becoming theory challenges nurses to break down their own barriers, face their own biases, and open themselves to be with others in true presence. The human becoming theory has enhanced practice for one nurse working with women living in a shelter for domestic violence. The nurse not only learned about the meaning of health and change with women, she was also challenged to live up to the expectations of the human becoming theory and that challenge helped clarify value priorities in her own life.
Time Passing: A Parse Research Method Study
Authors: Northrup Deborah Thoun
Published: July 2003

This study explores the meaning of time passing for nine men with the human immunodeficiency virus. Framed within the human becoming theory, Parse’s research method was chosen to guide this investigation. Findings show that for study participants time passing is a lumbering-hastening tempo clarifying opportunities and constraints, while focusing attention on gratifications amid expanding possibles. Practice implications and directions for further research are discussed in light of study findings.
Application of Neuman’s Framework: Infant Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Stepans Mary Beth Flanders , Knight Judith Redd
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Neuman’s systems model can be applied to nursing practice and research through the examination of the problem of infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. By operationalizing Neuman’s framework, it was possible to develop a research-based theory investigating the interaction between the infant’s physiological variable and the environment. A nursing process tool and theoretical model developed from Neuman’s framework are utilized to examine the problem. Further theory development could identify relationships among Neuman’s other variables and create a theoretical basis for providing holistic nursing care to infants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
Women’s Multiple Role Stress: Testing Neuman’s Flexible Line of Defense
Authors: Gigliotti Eileen
Published: July 2003

Women who are both mothers and students are at high risk for experiencing multiple role stress. In this exploratory study guided by Neuman’s conceptual model, the conditions under which role stress develops in these women were examined. Specifically, the moderating capabilities of the psychological and sociocultural variables in the flexible line of defense, psychological role involvement and perceived social support, were investigated. It was found that these two variables interacted to explain role stress only in the presence of the developmental variable, maternal age. Recommendations concerning conceptual and empirical specification of Neuman’s model are presented.
Involvement of Relatives in Care of the Dying in Different Care Cultures: Development of a Theoretical Understanding
Authors: Andershed Birgitta , Ternestedt Britt-Marie
Published: July 2003

A prerequisite for the staff to be able to guide relatives through the dying trajectory is that the staff members know what the relative wants and can do. The aim of this study was threefold: (a) to identify and categorize family members’involvement in the care of a dying relative, (b) to develop a theoretical understanding of their involvement, and (c) to discuss the congruence or incongruence between the empirical results and key concepts in Swanson’s and Watson’s theories of caring. The results show that the relatives’involvement could be classified into three categories: to know, to be, and to do. Good correspondence was found between these three categories and key concepts in Swanson’s and Watson’s theories of caring.
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Touch: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Peters Rosalind M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to explore the adequacy of published scientific evidence supporting therapeutic touch as a nursing intervention. Meta-analytic techniques were used to integrate the research-based literature published in the past decade. The results seem to indicate that therapeutic touch has a positive, medium effect on physiological and psychological variables. It is impossible to make any substantive claims at this time because there is limited published research and because many of the studies had significant methodological issues that could seriously bias the reported results. Resolving these methodological issues is imperative for therapeutic touch research to move forward.
Adolescent Self-Esteem: A Foundational Disposition
Authors: Anderson Judith A. , Olnhausen Karen S.
Published: July 2003

Based on results of a concept synthesis and concept derivation, an argument is made that self-esteem is a human foundational disposition within the self-care deficit theory of nursing and, as such, is a component of an individual’s self-care agency. Guided by research literature, the basic conditioning factors of age, gender, developmental state, family systems, sociocultural orientation, health state, and environmental factors are discussed in regard to their influence on the adolescent’s developing self-esteem and emerging self-care agency.
Exercise: A Unitary Concept
Authors: Wall Lisa M.
Published: July 2003

Nursing science provides the opportunity to frame one’s vision of humans and health and create interventions that facilitate wellness. This article contributes to nursing science by reconceptualizing exercise as a unitary concept using Parse’s process of concept inventing. Concept inventing is a way to uncover the uniqueness of particular concepts and articulate their essence within the simultaneity paradigm. It differs from traditional, linear processes that are derived from the totality paradigm. Through the process of concept inventing, exercise is described within Rogers’s science of unitary human beings and conceptualized as the purposeful, rhythmic flow of human movement.
Newman’s Theory of Health Applied in Family Caregiving in Canada
Authors: Yamashita Mineko
Published: July 2003

This study was conducted using an innovative mode of heuristic inquiry within the context of Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousness. Twelve caregiving families of persons who were diagnosed with schizophrenia participated in the study. In accordance with Newman’s theory of health as praxis, the majority of the participants in the study recognized their patterns of the whole. As a result, they reported understanding and acceptance of their relative’s mental illness.
The Lived Experience of Serenity: Using Parse’s Research Method
Authors: Kruse Barbara G.
Published: July 2003

Parse’s research method was used to investigate the meaning of serenity for survivors of a life-threatening illness or traumatic event. Ten survivors of cancer told their stories of the meaning of serenity as they had lived it in their lives. Descriptions were aided by photographs chosen by each participant to represent the meaning of serenity for them. The structure of serenity was generated through the extraction-synthesis process. Four main concepts—steering yielding with the flow, savoring remembered visions of engaging surroundings, abiding with aloneness togetherness, and attesting to a loving presence—emerged and led to a theoretical structure of serenity from the human becoming perspective. Findings confirm serenity as a multidimensional process.
The Philosophical Core of King’s Conceptual System
Authors: Whelton Beverly J. B.
Published: July 2003

Aristotelian understanding of being human is presented as the philosophical core of King’s conceptual system. A summary of King’s thought is organized according to contemporary influences. The article then turns to what Aristotle teaches about the composition of the world and what it means to be a human being. Wallace’s life-powers model of the soul brings these insights into contemporary thought. Aristotelian philosophy completes King’s account of the personal system by providing insight into what it is to be human. Parallels in the reasoning of transaction and Aristotelian deliberation are further evidence of classical influences within King’s work.
Mexican American Family Processes: Nurturing, Support, and Socialization
Authors: Niska Kathleen J.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this ethnographic study with Mexican American families was to document characteristics of Mexican American family processes of nurturing, support, and socialization. Audiotaped conversations with participants were transcribed verbatim in Spanish or English. Content analysis was used to derive characteristics of family processes. Family nurturing was characterized by being kin-based and intimate in nature. Family support was kin-based, with material support oriented toward household needs; with emotional support grounded in shared stories, problem solving, and prayer; and with informational support offered in consejos ( wisdom sayings and words of advice), stories, and guidance. Family socialization was kin-based, hierarchical, and ritualistic.
Parenting Processes: A Descriptive Exploratory Study Using Peplau’s Theory
Authors: Jacobson Gloria A.
Published: July 2003

A descriptive exploratory study using Peplau’s theory was conducted to investigate the experiences of parenting among those who have been identified as having positive parenting processes. Using guide questions developed from the objectives of the study, the researcher interviewed 16 parents who had at least one child who had completed high school. Transcribed interviews were examined for themes following the analysis-synthesis procedure. The findings illustrated parents’ beliefs that their children’s contentment, connectedness, and independence were indications of positive outcomes and that parents’communication of expectations, active strategies, and responses to challenges were critical in facilitating their children’s growth. Recommendations for practice, research, and education are suggested.
The Teaching-Learning Process and the Theory of Human Becoming
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to contribute to the human becoming school of thought in nursing by defining the teaching-learning process. From a human becoming perspective, teaching-learning is a process of engaging with others in coming to know. The teaching-learning process as a lived experience of engaging with others in coming to know involves the multidimensional processes of expanding imaginal margins, naming the new, going with content-process shifts, abiding with paradox, giving meaning, inviting dialogue, noticing the now, and growing story.
Living with Serious Mental Illness: The Desire for Normalcy
Authors: Pickens Judith M.
Published: July 2003

This article describes the desire for normalcy as experienced by 6 men and 13 women with serious mental illness based on secondary analysis of data from two previous qualitative studies. Original data were collected by structured and semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was done. Major categories of desire for normalcy are having normal things and experiences; doing meaningful activities; and being well, safe, free, and independent. Self-care actions to promote and maintain normalcy are identified, and findings are discussed in relation to Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing. Implications for nursing theory, research, and practice are addressed.
A Nightingale-Based Model for Dementia Care and its Relevance for Korean Nursing
Authors: Whall Ann L. , Shin YunHee , Colling Kathleen B.
Published: July 2003

This article addresses the synchrony between a Western middle-range theory of care for persons with dementia and traditional Korean nursing care. The Western theory is called a need-driven, dementia-compromised behavior model and is heavily influenced by the assessment categories outlined in Nightingale’s work. This model is presented as congruent with Nightingale’s work and then viewed from the perspective of traditional Korean nursing. Several congruencies and a few incongruencies are found between these Western and Eastern views, and suggestions are made for greater consistency between these views.
Practice with Persons Living their Dying: A Human Becoming Perspective
Authors: Lee Ok Ja , Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to discuss nursing practice with persons who are living their dying, from the perspective of Parse’s theory of human becoming. Quality of life from the person’s own perspective is the goal of practice guided by Parse’s theory; hence, it is particularly relevant for nurses in palliative care settings, where quality of life is paramount. The practice methodology is explained and illustrated with an example drawn from experiences with a woman in a hospice in South Korea. As this woman lived her dying, suffering, joy, and sorrow emerged in cocreated relationships with important others.
Theoretical and Empirical Description of Adult Couples’ Collaborative Self-Care Systems
Authors: Geden Elizabeth A. , Taylor Susan G.
Published: July 2003

Couples’ collaborative care systems wherein work of self-care is shared are described from the perspective of Orem’s nursing theory. Couples (N = 108) completed two forms of the Self-As-Carer Inventory: their perception of their own and of their partner’s self-care agency. Each completed the Couple Form of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales and self-reports of health at this moment and of health in general. The person identified by the couple as having more caregiving responsibilities completed the Caregiver Reciprocity Scale. Stepwise multiple regression yielded a three-variable model (cohesion, dyad gender, and health now), which explained 27% of the variance of collaborative care system score. A collaborative care system model is proposed.
Family Nursing Interventions: Mexican American Early Family Formation
Authors: Niska Kathleen J.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this ethnographic study (based on Roy’s adaptation model) with 23 Mexican American families was to assess the similarity of nursing interventions that enhance family processes of nurturing, support, and socialization. The investigator sought to assess the similarity of nursing interventions to existing ways families were nurtured, supported, and socialized and to inquire whether young parents would be receptive to nurses intervening in their families. Parents rated 20 ways of offering nursing interventions according to dimensions of similarity and acceptability and then offered explanatory comments.