bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Characterization of Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Strains Isolated in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Helali-Pargali Razie , Ranjbar Reza , Memariani Mojtaba , Najafi Ali , Mammina Caterina
Published: June 2022

Background: Quinolone resistant Salmonella serotypes have been reported in recent years and have become increasingly widespread worldwide. Objectives: We evaluated the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The present study included the Salmonella isolates originated from hospitalized individuals and outpatients in Tehran, Iran. Serotyping of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates was done by slide agglutination method. Then, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of topoisomerase gene gyrA and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was also employed to determine the possible mutation in the gyrA gene of those strains. Mutant strains were detected by enzymatic digestion, and their PCR products were sequenced immediately. Results: Amongst 141 isolates, 60% showed nalidixic acid resistance, whereas none of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The commonly prevalent serotypes were S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis. Of 85 nalidixic acid-resistant strains, 17 (20%) isolates harbored the qnrS gene. However, PCR analysis of the quinolone-resistant strains did not detect qnrA and qnrB genes. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of the QRDRs of the gyrA gene indicated that 16 (18.8%) isolates had mutant patterns, and the most common point mutation was serine to phenylalanine at position 83. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that point mutations in gyrA and the existence of plasmid-mediated gene qnrS were important mechanisms of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from human origin. Other alternative mechanisms of resistance, such as alterations in the expression of efflux pumps, should be studied to provide greater insight into the molecular mechanism of quinolone-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates.
The Fractions of Eryngium thyrsoideum Extract Sensitize Breast Cancer Cells to Apoptosis
Authors: Hosseini Kamran , Partovi Ariya Mahtab , Molavi Ommoleila , Asgharian Parina , Tarhriz Vahideh
Published: June 2022

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, and its prevalence has increased dramatically in recent years. Many treatments for BC have been proven, one of which is the utilization of natural products and herbal derivatives. Among natural plants, plants of the Apiaceae family like Eryngium have been studied, which entail antioxidant, antimicrobial, and most importantly, anti-cancer properties. Objectives: Considering the cytotoxical effects of different Eryngium species, it seems reasonable to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of E. thyrsoideum fractions on the BC, including MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Methods: The shoots of E. thyrsoideum were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus with n-Hexane, methanol, and dichloromethane solvents. Methanolic extract (strong extract) on C18 Sep-Pak column with a mobile phase of methanol-water was fractionated. Then, the cytotoxicity of different fractions of the strong extract against normal and BC cells was evaluated for 24 and 48 hours using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Induction of apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry using staining of cells treated with Annexin V/PI. Results: The 80% fraction of the methanolic extract illustrated the strongest cytotoxic effectiveness among the others. This strong fraction specifically prohibited the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 growth with minimal effect on normal cells. The prohibition of cell growth had a time- and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). In addition, the flow cytometric analysis indicated that the strong fraction exerted its cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis on the cancer cell line. Conclusions: According to our results, due to effective secondary metabolites, 80% fraction of methanolic extract prohibited the growth of both types of BC cells by inducing apoptosis and had less toxicity on normal cells.
The contribution of the rural environmental registry to family farmers in the state of Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Paiva Ana Paula Cardoso Queiroz de , Lima Alexandra Amaro de , Silva Daniel Nascimento e
Published: June 2022

Environmental issues continue to be on a growing agenda around the world. A large part of the global concerns is focused on the Amazon, even though it leaves aside almost the entire human contingent that inhabits that space. Except for the Indians. They disregard that many of the harmful environmental impacts are practiced by family farmers because fire is their greatest technology and, in many cases, the only one. Therefore, the management of this territory must create mechanisms and instruments capable of promoting the region's sustainable development, bringing together environmental and social interests, which only can be done through laws. The Rural Environmental Registry (CAR, acronym in Portuguese) aims to implement sustainable public policies. Thus, this literature review study aims to show CAR's contribution to family farmers operating in the State of Amazonas from a legal and environmental point of view. The results show that a) it is necessary to know the main legal aspects of the CAR to understand its environmental importance, b) knowing each of the steps in the preparation of the registry allows this instrument to fulfill its environmental mission as a result of legal discipline, c) the simplification of the regime granted to family farmers and similar populations allows the legal requirements to be fulfilled by this essential human contingent in the Amazon and d) the rigorous execution of the CAR allowed for several conflicts of overlapping rural areas to be resolved, which benefited family farmers and populations equivalent, pioneers in these areas. The conclusion states that implementing the Brazilian forest code is essential for family farming agribusiness, requiring technical support. The CAR emerges as a fundamental instrument.
Percepção da população do bairro Tijuca (RJ) quanto aos resíduos sólidos e à logística reversa
Authors: Sant'Anna Marcio Leocadio de , Olifiers Natalie , Namen Anderson Amendoeira
Published: June 2022

A conservação e preservação do meio ambiente devem levar em conta a percepção e o comportamento dos indivíduos em relação às questões ambientais. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a percepção dos moradores no bairro Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, sobre a gestão de resíduos sólidos e seu nível de conscientização ambiental, com enfoque nos resíduos da logística reversa. O grau de consciência ambiental foi avaliado com base nos hábitos de consumo e atitudes dos entrevistados, sendo relacionado ao gênero, idade, grau de escolaridade, renda e ocupação. Foram realizadas 326 entrevistas baseadas em um questionário contendo 23 perguntas, sendo utilizada a escala de Lickert para obtenção do nível de consciência ambiental.   Os resultados apontaram que 19% dos entrevistados conheciam o conceito de logística reversa. Apenas 7,7% se mostraram conscientes em relação à temática, sendo que a maioria apresentou potenciais traços de consciência. O gênero feminino apresentou nível de consciência ambiental mais elevado do que o masculino, 57% contra 45%. O grau de consciência ambiental também foi maior entre os mais idosos, superior a 60%. A consciência ambiental aumenta proporcionalmente ao nível de escolaridade, renda familiar e estabilidade em termos de trabalho. Questões financeiras se destacam entre as motivações para a reciclagem, reaproveitamento ou reutilização, sendo falta de tempo e dificuldade de acesso a pontos de coleta os maiores fatores desmotivadores, com percentuais maiores que 50%. Acredita-se que esse trabalho possa contribuir para a promoção da educação ambiental e o adequado descarte dos resíduos preconizados na logística reversa.
Privacy-Preserving Inference on the Ratio of Two Gaussians Using Sums
Authors: Miao Jingang , Li Yiming Paul
Published: June 2022

The ratio of two Gaussians is useful in many contexts of statistical inference. We discuss statistically valid inference of the ratio under Differential Privacy (DP). We use the delta method to derive the asymptotic distribution of the ratio estimator and use the Gaussian mechanism to provide (epsilon, delta)-DP guarantees. Like many statistics, quantities involved in the inference of a ratio can be re-written as functions of sums, and sums are easy to work with for many reasons. In the context of DP, the sensitivity of a sum is easy to calculate. We focus on getting the correct coverage probability of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the DP ratio estimator. Our simulations show that the no-correction method, which ignores the DP noise, gives CIs that are too narrow to provide proper coverage for small samples. In our specific simulation scenario, the coverage of 95% CIs can be as low as below 10%. We propose two methods to mitigate the under-coverage issue, one based on Monte Carlo simulation and the other based on analytical correction. We show that the CIs of our methods have much better coverage with reasonable privacy budgets. In addition, our methods can handle weighted data, when the weights are fixed and bounded.
At observere undervisningskvalitet
Authors: Agergaard Karsten , Graf Stefan Ting
Published: June 2022

Internationalt er der en stigende interesse for at identificere undervisningskvalitet med observationssystemer. Dette studie sammenligner to observationssystemer og undersøger, hvordan de bestemmer kvalitet forskelligt. I første del af artiklen sammenligner vi designet på to observationssystemer med en velkendt analyseramme, som fokuserer på koderne og deres oprindelse samt observationsenhedernes størrelse og kodningsproceduren. Det ene observationssystem, PLATO fra Stanford University, henter sine koder fra value-add-forskning i effektiv undervisning, mens koderne i det andet, PLOT, vores selvdesignede og anvendte observationssystem, bygger på en fænomenologisk forståelse af undervisning. I andet trin af studiet anvender vi begge observationssystemer på de samme 12 lektioners undervisning og sammenligner forskellene i kodningerne. Vi finder frem til, at tidsenheden er et afgørende designelement i observationssystemerne og kan ses som et kvalitetskriterium i sig selv. Til sidst præsenterer vi en skitse til et revideret design, som forener det bedste fra begge observationssystemer.

 

AbstractInternationally, systematic observation systems play an increasing role for identify teaching quality. This study compares two observation systems and explores how they deal with teaching quality differently. In the first part of the article, we compare the designs of the two systems through the lens of a well-known analytic framework focusing on codes and their origin, grain size of coding and coding procedures. The one, called PLATO from Stanford University, derives its codes from value-add research in effective instruction, while the codes in PLOT, our self-designed and applied observation system, are based on a phenomenological approach to teaching. In a second step we apply both systems on the same teaching (12 lessons) in order to compare changes in the coding across basic forms of teaching and student activity’. We identify that time is a crucial factor and may be seen as a quality criterion in itself. At the end, we present an outline of revised design for observation systems that takes the best of both observation systems.
Rammeskift og repositionering
Authors: Breining Anne Mette Brøgger , Bjerre Jørn
Published: June 2022

I artiklen sammenligner vi tre læreres syn på skole-hjem-samarbejdet før og under lockdown i forbindelse med indsatsen mod COVID-19. Lærerne er udvalgt på baggrund af et tidligere studie, da de positionerer sig på tre meget forskellige måder i forhold til skole-hjem-samarbejdet. På baggrund af interviews med disse lærere foretaget før og under lockdown, analyserer vi (1) forskelle og ligheder mellem de tre læreres syn på skole-hjem-samarbejdet inden lockdown, og undersøger dernæst (2) med udgangspunkt i Goffmans rammeteori og positioneringsteori, hvordan de respektive lærere håndterer det rammeskift, som omlægningen til hjemmeundervisning efter reglerne for nødundervisning medfører. Konklusionen er, at lærerne fastholder deres forskellige positioneringsstrategier i forhold til forældrene, hvilket giver dem særdeles forskellige udgangspunkter for at repositinere sig efter det rammeskift, som hjemmeundervisningen udgør.

 

AbstractIn this paper we analyze different strategies by which teachers position themselves in the teacher-parent cooperation, by comparing three teachers’ views on the cooperation before and after the COVID-19 Danish school lockdown. The teachers were selected based on a previous study where it was identified that they held distinct positions on, what was expected in the cooperation. Interviews were conducted with the teacher before and during the lockdow, and analyzed by applying Goffmann’s frame theory and positioning theory. The result is a demonstration of, how the individual teacher handles the “change in frames” that the school lockdown and teaching from home entails. The conclusion is that the teachers maintain their positioning-strategies in regard to the parents, which gives them very different basis for repositioning themselves after the change in frame.
Las Emisoras Municipales de Castilla-La Mancha
Authors: Peralta García Lidia , Sanz Hernando Clara , Álvarez Peralta Miguel
Published: June 2022

Este artículo pone su foco de atención en las Emisoras Municipales (EMs), y en concreto en el estudio de caso de Castilla-La Mancha. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto que las herramientas digitales han generado en su entorno comunicativo. Concebidas para ofrecer un servicio público de proximidad, se exploran los obstáculos que se encuentran para usar los medios disponibles. Se aplica una metodología mixta, cuantitativa —explotación de base de datos pública y cuestionario telefónico— y cualitativa —entrevistas semi-estructuradas a las personas al cargo de las radios—. Los resultados permiten concluir en los siguientes términos: el sector de las EMs en Castilla-La Mancha se caracteriza por una gran vulnerabilidad, a pesar del papel fundamental que juega en la comunicación de proximidad. De las 108 concedidas, solo un 37% están operativas. Las frecuencias de EMs están infrautilizadas y, en muchos casos, indebidamente empleadas. Al margen de algunas excepciones, existe un bajo nivel de la digitalización de contenidos y de “explotación” de los recursos digitales. Ahora bien, más allá del uso de las herramientas sobrevenidas por el impacto de la radio on line, las redes sociales virtuales y el uso del podcasting, este estudio permite concluir que las EMs fomentan el tejido asociativo y colaborativo de los municipios, así como su cohesión social.
Life Satisfaction and Engagement among University Undergraduates: A Moderated Mediation Model of Academic Self-efficacy and Life Orientation
Authors: Akanni Abimbola
Published: June 2022

This study examined the conditional indirect effect of optimism in the interplay between life satisfaction and student engagement through academic self-efficacy. Participants were 166 (mean age = 21.72, σ = 2.71, ♀ = 57.8%) university undergraduates, who responded to an online survey containing Student Engagement Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Life Orientation Test-Revised. Data were screened for normality and intercorrelation using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical tool. Both the direct and indirect effects were estimated using the AMOS Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) procedure while the conditional indirect effect was ascertained using the Hayes (2018) Process Macro. Results showed that life satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and optimism were independent predictors of student engagement. The indirect effect of academic self-efficacy in the life orientation - student engagement link was also significant. The study concluded that the conditional indirect effect of optimism in the association between life satisfaction and student engagement via academic self-efficacy was stronger for low optimistic undergraduate students.
Le competenze di cittadinanza dei volontari del Servizio Civile Universale. Uno studio empirico
Authors: Di Rienzo Paolo , Manfreda Ada
Published: June 2022

The citizenship competences of the volunteers of the universal civil service. An empirical study.   The paper presents the results of the research on citizenship competences of civil service operators, carried out with the participation of the Third Sector National Forum and with Arci Civil Service. The issue of citizenship competences and their enhancement is considered crucial both from the policy level and from the point of view of international studies. Eleven focus groups were conducted, aimed at volunteer operators, distributed in ten different Italian regions, for a total of 56 participants. All the discursive material produced was recorded and transcribed and made suitable to be subsequently subjected to statistical analysis, conducted in particular through correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. The choice of the method, and consequently of the tool, for the treatment and analysis of the data arose from a semiotic theoretical perspective. The data obtained from the analysis and interpretation of the speeches produced in the focus groups tell us that competence is mainly assumed as a synonym of knowledge, especially for what concerns civic competences. Even with respect to the meaning and role that the volunteer seems to assign to communication competences, the control of emotions and interpersonal skills, it seems necessary to problematize the development of these competences, considering how much the activities related to the world of volunteering have a high relational and emotional content.
Orientare gli atteggiamenti dei futuri docenti verso interventi efficaci: ristrutturare misconcezioni e punti di vista didattici ingenui
Authors: Miranda Sergio
Published: June 2022

Orienting the attitudes of future teachers towards effective interventions: Restructuring misconceptions and naïve didactic points of view.   The research on the teaching effectiveness and on the behaviour of expert teachers from an evidence based perspective allows today to envisage articulated training models that can accompany students-aspirants or teachers themselves from a preliminary theoretical moment of first familiarization with effective models, to their operational use and up to an evaluation of the improvement obtained on their pupils. A delicate point concerns the gap between the preconceptions on teaching with respect to those of who can be considered «expert teachers». This work takes up previous studies related to the use of a questionnaire, created to evaluate this gap, in order to reduce it by means of feedbacks, before starting the trainee to practical applications to be conducted in the laboratory or in the class. By proposing an iterative version of this tool within university teaching courses, the work also focuses the concordances common to the various applications carried out over the years, that highlight a network of clichés and stereotypes rooted in the school culture, which represents a restraining factor for the adoption of attitudes of greater efficacy.
Adult Patient Education: A Readability Analysis of Hospital University Campus Bio-Medico’s Patients Information Materials (PIMs)
Authors: Pensieri Claudio , Saccoccia Sabrina , De Benedictis Anna , Alloni Rossana
Published: June 2022

The UCBM’s nurses and doctors have produced patients information material under the form of brochures that we delivered to patients in order to help them better understand their pathology, therapeutic path and procedure to which they will have to undergo. With the Covid-19, doctors necessarily spend less time with patients. This means that patients tend to (mis)inform themselves on internet. We analyzed the PIM’s text readability with the Gulpease index. We submitted a qualitative questionnaire to 100 patients to evaluate the clarity of presentation and the communicative effectiveness and how much these allowed or not them to face their procedure with greater clarity and serenity. Brochures aroused interest in 77% of patients, where 87% declared that «The concepts are clear and I could understand them», 55% indicated that «The information is useful for understanding my condition». None of the them reach 40 pt. of the Gulpease index. Furthermore, the institutional font size was too small. Education of adult patient is a transversal area of pedagogy, medical clinic and communication. Experts from various fields (including patient associations) should collaborate to create informative materials that are useful for both patients and doctors/nurses.
Dibattito critico e polemica politico-ideologica nella musica italiana del Novecento: Fedele d’Amico e Luigi Nono
Authors: Pozzi Raffaele
Published: June 2022

Critical debate and political-ideological polemic in the italian music of the twentieth century: Fedele d’Amico and Luigi Nono
Multiple timescales of sensory-evidence accumulation across the dorsal cortex
Authors: Pinto Lucas , Tank David W , Brody Carlos D
Published: June 2022

Cortical areas seem to form a hierarchy of intrinsic timescales, but the relevance of this organization for cognitive behavior remains unknown. In particular, decisions requiring the gradual accrual of sensory evidence over time recruit widespread areas across this hierarchy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this recruitment is related to the intrinsic integration timescales of these widespread areas. We trained mice to accumulate evidence over seconds while navigating in virtual reality and optogenetically silenced the activity of many cortical areas during different brief trial epochs. We found that the inactivation of all tested areas affected the evidence-accumulation computation. Specifically, we observed distinct changes in the weighting of sensory evidence occurring during and before silencing, such that frontal inactivations led to stronger deficits on long timescales than posterior cortical ones. Inactivation of a subset of frontal areas also led to moderate effects on behavioral processes beyond evidence accumulation. Moreover, large-scale cortical Ca2+ activity during task performance displayed different temporal integration windows. Our findings suggest that the intrinsic timescale hierarchy of distributed cortical areas is an important component of evidence-accumulation mechanisms.
Svalbard Studies
Authors: Steinholt Yngvar , Rogatchevski Andrei
Published: June 2022

This short article offers an introduction to Poljarnyj Vestnik’s special issue on Svalbard Studies.
Norwegian and Russian Mining and Mining Communities in Monica Kristensen’s Oeuvre
Authors: Wærp Lisbeth Pettersen
Published: June 2022

Monica Kristensen is a Norwegian glaciologist, meteorologist, polar explorer and author of fiction (crime novels) and nonfiction (about expeditions, Svalbard, The Kings Bay Affair, and Roald Amundsen). In her altogether five crime novels, all of which take place in Svalbard, the plot is inextricably bound to place, i.e. to the Arctic. In two of her five crime novels, Kullunge and Den døde i Barentsburg, crucial parts of the action take place in the coal mines of Longyearbyen and Barentsburg. In her documentary book about the Kings Bay Affair she investigates the terrible mining accident in 1962 at Kings Bay mines that killed 21 miners. In this article I examine the literary construction of these specific places – the Arctic and the coal mines, or, the coal mines in the Arctic – in these three books, as well as the related political, ethical and existential questions of settlement and living conditions.
An efficient numerical representation of genome sequence: natural vector with covariance component
Authors: Sun Nan , Zhao Xin , Yau Stephen S.-T.
Published: June 2022

Background

The characterization and comparison of microbial sequences, including archaea, bacteria, viruses and fungi, are very important to understand their evolutionary origin and the population relationship. Most methods are limited by the sequence length and lack of generality. The purpose of this study is to propose a general characterization method, and to study the classification and phylogeny of the existing datasets.

Methods

We present a new alignment-free method to represent and compare biological sequences. By adding the covariance between each two nucleotides, the new 18-dimensional natural vector successfully describes 24,250 genomic sequences and 95,542 DNA barcode sequences. The new numerical representation is used to study the classification and phylogenetic relationship of microbial sequences.

Results

First, the classification results validate that the six-dimensional covariance vector is necessary to characterize sequences. Then, the 18-dimensional natural vector is further used to conduct the similarity relationship between giant virus and archaea, bacteria, other viruses. The nearest distance calculation results reflect that the giant viruses are closer to bacteria in distribution of four nucleotides. The phylogenetic relationships of the three representative families, Mimiviridae, Pandoraviridae and Marsellieviridae from giant viruses are analyzed. The trees show that ten sequences of Mimiviridae are clustered with Pandoraviridae, and Mimiviridae is closer to the root of the tree than Marsellieviridae. The new developed alignment-free method can be computed very fast, which provides an effective numerical representation for the sequence of microorganisms.
Influence of environmental factors and body condition on the post-oviposition behavior in the emerald glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Centrolenidae)
Authors: Goyes Vallejos Johana , Hernández-Figueroa Abner D.
Published: June 2022

In species with parental care behaviors, parents may adjust the intensity and duration of their care if fluctuation in factors such as environmental variables or body condition affects offspring survival. In the face of environmental changes, many egg-laying species remain with their clutch for extended periods if this behavioral adjustment provides tangible benefits to the offspring. However, the length of time parents stay with the offspring may also differ depending on the individual’s body condition. In the glass frog family (Centrolenidae), several species exhibit long-term egg attendance in which they remain with their clutch for several days after oviposition takes place. For some of them, changes in environmental variables lead to increased parental care efforts. For the species in which parents remain with their offspring for a short period (less than 24 hours), it is less clear if this constitutes parenting behavior, and whether parents adjust their efforts as a function of environmental change or the parent’s body condition remains unexplored. We studied a population of the Emerald Glass Frog, Espadarana prosoblepon, a species that exhibits a short period of quiescence after oviposition (less than three hours). Our study aimed to determine whether females alter the length of their post-oviposition quiescence period in response to changes in environmental variables (i.e., temperature, humidity, rainfall, and mean wind speed) or female body condition. Pairs in amplexus were captured in the field and transported to semi-natural enclosures to record the duration of post-oviposition quiescence using infrared cameras. Females’ post-oviposition quiescence lasted an average of 67.4 ± 26.6 min (range = 22.7–158.3 min). We did not find a significant relationship between the duration of the post-oviposition quiescence and any of the environmental variables tested. Similarly, post-oviposition quiescence duration was not influenced by female body condition. Because the variation observed in the duration of post-oviposition quiescence was not related to changes in extrinsic (environmental) or intrinsic (body condition) factors, we found no evidence that females of E. prosoblepon modify their post-oviposition behavior in response to any of the variables examined in this study. Future research investigating the adaptive significance of the post-oviposition quiescence observed in this species is needed to understand how this behavior is related to parental care efforts.
Factors Influencing Internal Labour Migration from Agriculture Sector to Non-agricultural Sector in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Rahman Zubaidur , Mina Md. Abdul Gani , Mahmuda Sayda , Islam Md. Johurul , Hossain Md. Elias
Published: June 2022

Aims: In past, labour was extensively used in agriculture sector and there was huge surplus labour in agriculture sector. However, such trend has recently been changed where surplus labour in agricultural sector has reduced significantly and agriculture sector compete with non-agricultural sector in terms of hiring labour. Thus, the present study was undertaken to analyze the determinants of labour migration from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at 12 villages of three upazilas (Gopalganj Sadar, Tungipara and Kotalipara) in Gopalganj district. For the study, data were collected during the period from January to March in 2021.

Methodology: To this end, primary data were collected from agricultural labours. Descriptive statistics and simple random sampling technique were used in this study. Binary logistic model was used to analyze the collected data. In addition, five point likert scale was used to rank the barrier towards internal labour migration.

Results: Results found from the logit model indicate that factors like family size, education, past experience, access to available information, transportation facilities, and savings are positively related with the log of odd ratio in favor of labour migration from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector while wage rate, age, off-farm income and farm holdings are inversely related with labour transfer from agriculture sector to non-agricultural sector. In addition, respondents in the study area have recognized lack of proper technical training as the major constraint in labour migration with a mean value of 4.48.

Conclusion: The present study recommends that government should take initiatives to open skill development institutions in rural level so that agricultural labour can take training. Regarding necessary information on non-agricultural jobs, it can be recommended that government, local agents and NGOs, in case of migration, should take proper initiatives so that agricultural labours can easily get information about non-agricultural jobs.
XVIII. VE XIX. YÜZYILLARDA URFA BÖLGESİNDEKİ AŞİRETLERİN EŞKIYALIK HAREKETLERİ ÜZERİNE BAZI TESPİTLER
Authors: Benzer Zafer
Published: June 2022

Tarihi dokusu, kültürel mirası ve jeostratejik önemiyle ön plana
çıkan Urfa ve çevresi, tarih boyunca birçok topluluk ve
medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bu topluluklar arasında
özellikle aşiretler Urfa’nın sosyokültürel yapısında önemli bir
yere sahiptir. Urfa ve çevresinde kısmen kendilerine has idari,
sosyal ve ekonomik yapıya sahip olan bu sosyal örgütlenmeler,
tarım ve hayvancılık temelli iktisat yapısı nedeniyle bir arada
yaşama kültürünün de temsilcileri olmuşlardır. Buradaki
aşiretler genelde uğraş alanları ve coğrafyanın iklim şartları gibi
nedenlerle konargöçer yahut yerleşik halde bulunmuşlardır.
Bunun yanı sıra merkezi ve yerel politikalarda yaşanan
gelişmeler nedeniyle ya da toplumsal ilişkilerde yaşanan
sorunlara binaen aşiretler kimi zaman yer değiştirmek zorunda
kalmıştır. Urfa’nın jeopolitik ve jeostratejik öneminin yanı sıra
geniş ve verimli topraklara da sahip olması buradaki ekonomik
yapının canlı kalmasında önemli bir etken olmuştur. Fakat
bölgeyi aynı zamanda ciddi bir mücadele sahası haline de
getirmiştir. Bu mücadele daha çok aşiretlerin kendi aralarında
ya da yerel ahaliyle ve tüccar taifesiyle olan ilişkilerinde
yaşanmıştır. Özellikle merkezi otoritenin yeterince
hissedilemediği ve/veya otorite boşluğunun oluştuğu
durumlarda anlaşmazlık ve uyuşmazlıkların daha da
derinleştiği dikkati çekmektedir. Bununla birlikte devletin
herhangi bir tehlikeyle karşı karşıya kaldığı durumlarda ise
aşiretlerin askeri, lojistik ve ekonomik açıdan destek sağlayarak
devlete bağlılıklarını gösterdikleri görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Urfa ve çevresinde
varlık gösteren aşiretlerin yerleşik halka, tüccar taifesine ve
birbirilerine yönelik zaman zaman dâhil oldukları birtakım
eşkıyalık hareketleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada literatür
taramasının yanı sıra arşiv taraması ve belge analizi yöntemleri
kullanılmıştır. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi’nde konuyla
ilgili yer alan belgeler incelenmiş ve eşkıyalık faaliyetleri
özellikle bu belgeler temelinde izah edilmiştir. Araştırma
sonucunda eşkıyalık hareketlerinin devlet otoritesine veya
siyasi rejime yönelik olmayıp adli vukuatlar olarak
nitelendirilen yol kesip baskın yaparak gasp etme, soygun, halkı
haraca bağlama, kamu düzenini ihlal etme vb. şekillerde
karşılaşılan çeşitli olaylar oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Urfa ve
yöresinde yer alan Milli, Karakeçili, Baziki, Berazi, Kays,
Şemmer (Şammar) ve Aneze gibi aşiretlerin zaman zaman bu
hareketlere karıştıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu eşkıyalık
hareketlerinin bölge ahalisini zarar ve ziyana uğratmasının yanı
sıra yerel idareciler başta olmak üzere merkezi otoriteyi de
oldukça uğraştırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
12 EYLÜL 1980 SONRASI BAKANLAR KURULU KARARIYLA YASAKLANAN YAYINLAR (1980-1987)
Authors: GÜNER Deniz
Published: June 2022

Türkiye 1970’li yılların sonuna gelindiğinde bir yandan
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ambargosu nedeniyle
ekonomik darboğaz içinde bulunurken diğer yandan sağ-sol
çatışmasının yarattığı kaos ortamı ile mücadele etmekteydi.
Dönemin askeri otoritesi, “İstikrar ve güvenliği” sağlamak
üzere 12 Eylül 1980 tarihinde ülke yönetimine el koymuş ve
Türkiye’de yeni bir dönem başlamıştı. 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri
Darbesi Türkiye tarihinin dönüm noktalarından birisidir.
Toplumun içine düştüğü kutuplaşmanın sıkıyönetim ile
baskılandığı lakin sonraki yıllarda kutuplaşmayı daha da
derinleştirecek sorunların tohumlarının ekildiği bir dönemin
başlangıcıdır. Bu süreçte basın ve yayın da gerek
sıkıyönetim komutanlıklarının yayınladığı bildiriler gerekse
5680 sayılı Basın Kanunu aracılığı ile denetim altında
tutulmuştur.
Bu çalışmanın esas konusunu oluşturan “1980 Askeri
Darbesi sonrasında Bakanlar Kurulu Kararıyla yasaklanan
yayınlar” tasnif edilirken Türkiye’nin bazı hassasiyetleri
somut biçimde ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Çalışma için Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı
veri tabanından temin edilen 31 karar incelenmiş ve
yasaklama gerekçesi belirlenmiş 379 yayın çalışmaya dahil
edilmiştir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen ilk karar, 12 Eylül 1980
Askeri Darbesi sonrasında Bakanlar Kurulu tarafından
gerçekleştirilen ilk yayın yasaklaması olan 4 Mayıs 1981
tarihli Bakanlar Kurulu Kararıdır. Çalışmaya dahil edilen
son karar ise 11 Eylül 1987 tarihinde alınan Bakanlar
Kurulu Kararıdır. Bu tarihten sonraki kararlara henüz erişim
mümkün olmamaktadır.
Bu çalışma, 12 Eylül Askeri Darbesi sonrasında Türkiye’nin
tehdit algılarını ortaya koymanın yanı sıra, sırasıyla 1923-938, 1939-1960, 1961-1980 yılları arasındaki süreçlerdeki
tehdit algılarını karşılaştırma imkânı sağlamaktadır.
OSMANLI MALİ SİSTEMİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE AŞİRET MUKATAALARI: RİŞVAN VE ÇAKALLI MUKATAASI
Authors: SÖYLEMEZ FARUK , TUNÇ MUHAMMET NURİ
Published: June 2022

Osmanlı Devleti, Anadolu'da yaşam süren birçok konargöçer
topluluğu mukataa sistemi çerçevesinde değerlendirmiştir.
Anadolu'nun gerek toplumsal gerekse iktisadî yapısı bakımından
önemli konar göçer topluluklarından olan Rişvan ve Çakallı
aşiretleri de diğer konar göçer topluluklar gibi mukataa sistemi
içerisinde yer almış; iltizam ve malikane sistemiyle tasarruf
edilmiştir. Rişvan ve Çakallı aşiretlerine bağlı konargöçer bazı
cemaatlerle yerli Rişvan mensuplarına ait bazı vergiler bu
mukataayı oluşturmuştur. Rişvan ve Çakallı Mukataası'nın
tasarrufu 17. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar emaneten ve iltizamen
tasarruf edilmişken malikane sisteminin ihdas edilmesiyle birlikte
malikane olarak tasarruf edilmeye başlanmıştır. Mukataa gelirleri
çeşitli kale ve mühimmat harcamalarına, hanedanın kadın üyelerine
ve bazı önemli devlet adamlarına tahsis edilmiştir. Gelirlerin
tahsiliyse voyvodalar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş olup, voyvodalar,
çoğunlukla, aşiret içerisinden veya yerel güçlü aile mensuplarından
seçilmiştir. Verginin tahsili konusundaysa tüm vergi birimlerinde
yaşanan sorunlar bu mukataa özelinde de benzer şekillerde
yaşanmıştır.
Bu çalışmayla Rişvan ve Çakallı Mukataası'nın tasarruf şekilleri,
mukataa reayasından tahsil edilen vergiler, vergi tahsilinde yaşanan
sıkıntılar, mukataaya yapılan müdahaleler, müdahalelere karşı
alınan tedbirler, mukataanın yönetimi gibi konuların tespiti
amaçlanmıştır.
TÜRKİYE DE MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİN REKLAMLARDA GÖRÜNÜMÜ (1929-1960)
Authors: AŞÇI ELİF , ÇAPRAZ HAYRİ
Published: June 2022

Reklamlar, ürün ve hizmeti tanıtmanın yanında, bir süre sonra
dönemin özelliklerini taşıyan tarihsel kaynaklar arasında
değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada da, 1929-1960 arası
dönemde Türkiye’de ulusal ve yerel yazılı basında çıkan
reklamlar tarihsel bir kaynak olarak incelenerek, dönemin
politikaları ile uyumluluğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bağlamda
Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinin inşasında öne çıkan ilkelerden
Milliyetçilik ve dönemin reklamları arasındaki bağlantı ele
alınmıştır. Dönemin reklamlarında aidiyet hissini geliştirmek
ve pekiştirmek için milli karakterli denilebilecek kelimelere
sıklıkla başvurulur; yerli malı kullanımı da vatandaşlık görevi
olarak vurgulanır. Dolayısıyla devletin temel ilkeleri ile
dönemin bazı reklamları arasında bir uyum olduğu dikkat
çekmektedir. Bu yönüyle reklamlar tarihsel bir kaynak olarak
değerlendirilmiş, 1929 ekonomik buhranı sonrası başlayan
süreçteki ekonomik ve siyasi alandaki millileşme
politikalarının yansımaları 1960'a kadar izlenmiştir.
Regional adaptivity of electrochromic glazing in Japan and operational improvement in energy saving using machine learning
Authors: Kobayashi Takuma , Hiyama Kyosuke , Omodaka Yuichi , Oura Yutaka , Asaoka Yukiyasu
Published: June 2022

Electrochromic (EC) glazing reduces the cooling load via solar radiation shielding. However, excessive solar radiation shielding increases the heating load. In other words, the energy‐saving effect of EC glazing is dependent on the energy performance of the building. This study compares the heating and cooling loads reduction effects of static and EC glazing under various conditions to evaluate the regional applicability of EC glazing in Japan. Furthermore, to maximize the effect, we employ a machine learning (ML)‐based operation and evaluate its efficiency. A parametric study is conducted based on a standard office model in Japan using the DesignBuilder software. The result shows that the heating and cooling loads reduces by 17.1% compared with low‐E glazing in warm climates (Miyazaki, Zone 7). However, in cold climates (Obihiro, Zone 2), the energy increase is 25.4% and the trend of the effect changes near Zone 4. Therefore, on days when the heating load is expected to occur in Zones 3–5, we incorporate solar heat before working hours. The results show that reduction in heating and cooling loads of 2–3% can be expected and that the operation schedule can be set accurately via ML.
A Human MSH6 Germline Variant Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induces Lupus‐like Disease in Mice
Authors: Meas Rithy , Nititham Joanne , Taylor Kimberly E. , Maher Stephen , Clairmont Kaylyn , Carufe Kelly E. W. , Kashgarian Michael , Nottoli Timothy , Cheong Ana , Nagel Zachary D. , Gaffney Patrick M. , Criswell Lindsey A. , Sweasy Joann B.
Published: June 2022

Objective

To determine if single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes are enriched in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and if they are sufficient to confer a disease phenotype in a mouse model.

Methods

Human exome chip data of 2499 patients with SLE and 1230 healthy controls were analyzed to determine if variants in 10 different mismatch repair genes (MSH4, EXO1, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, MSH3, POLH, PMS2, ML3, and APEX2) were enriched in individuals with SLE. A mouse model of the MSH6 SNP, which was found to be enriched in individuals with SLE, was created using CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting. Wildtype mice and mice heterozygous and homozygous for the MSH6 variant were then monitored for 2 years for the development of autoimmune phenotypes, including the presence of high levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Additionally, somatic hypermutation frequencies and spectra of the intronic region downstream of the VHJ558‐rearranged JH4 immunoglobulin gene was characterized from Peyer's patches.

Results

Based on the human exome chip data, the MSH6 variant (rs63750897, p.Ser503Cys) is enriched among patients with SLE versus controls after we corrected for ancestry (odds ratio = 8.39, P = 0.0398). Mice homozygous for the MSH6 variant (Msh6S502C/S502C) harbor significantly increased levels of ANA. Additionally, the Msh6S502C/S502C mice display a significant increase in the infiltration of CD68+ cells (a marker for monocytes and macrophages) into the lung alveolar space as well as apoptotic cells. Furthermore, characterization of somatic hypermutation in these mice reveals an increase in the DNA polymerase η mutational signature.

Conclusion

An MSH6 mutation that is enriched in humans diagnosed with lupus was identified. Mice harboring this Msh6 mutation develop increased autoantibodies and an inflammatory lung disease. These results suggest that the human MSH6 variant is linked to the development of SLE.
Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics
Authors: Dadras‐Toussi Omid , Khorrami Milad , Louis Sam Titus Anto Sam Crosslee , Majd Sheereen , Mohan Chandra , Abidian Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2022

In recent years, 3D printing of electronics have received growing attention due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is considered the state‐of‐the‐art amongst the microfabrication techniques with true 3D fabrication capability owing to its excellent level of spatial and temporal control. Here, a homogenous and transparent photosensitive resin doped with an organic semiconductor material (OS), which is compatible with MPL process, is introduced to fabricate a variety of 3D OS composite microstructures (OSCMs) and microelectronic devices. Inclusion of 0.5 wt% OS in the resin enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer about 10 orders of magnitude and compared to other MPL‐based methods, the resultant OSCMs offer high specific electrical conductivity. As a model protein, laminin is incorporated into these OSCMs without a significant loss of activity. The OSCMs are biocompatible and support cell adhesion and growth. Glucose‐oxidase‐encapsulated OSCMs offer a highly sensitive glucose sensing platform with nearly tenfold higher sensitivity compared to previous glucose biosensors. In addition, this biosensor exhibits excellent specificity and high reproducibility. Overall, these results demonstrate the great potential of these novel MPL‐fabricated OSCM devices for a wide range of applications from flexible bioelectronics/biosensors, to nanoelectronics and organ‐on‐a‐chip devices.
High‐Efficiency Solar Cells Grown on Spalled Germanium for Substrate Reuse without Polishing
Authors: Mangum John S. , Rice Anthony D. , Chen Jie , Chenenko Jason , Wong Evan W. K. , Braun Anna K. , Johnston Steve , Guthrey Harvey , Geisz John F. , Ptak Aaron J. , Packard Corinne E.
Published: June 2022

Radical reduction of III–V device costs requires a multifaceted approach attacking both growth and substrate costs. Implementing device removal and substrate reuse provides an opportunity for substrate cost reduction. Controlled spalling allows removal of thin devices from the expensive substrate; however, the fracture‐based process currently generates surfaces with significant morphological changes compared to polished wafers. 49 single junction devices are fabricated across the spalled surface of full 50 mm germanium wafers without chemo‐mechanical polishing before epitaxial growth. Device defects are identified and related to morphological spalling defects—arrest lines, gull wings, and river lines—and their impact on cell performance using physical and functional characterization techniques. River line defects have the most consistent and detrimental effect on cell performance. Devices achieve a single junction efficiency above 23% and open‐circuit voltage of 1.01 V, demonstrating that spalled germanium does not need to be returned to a pristine, polished state to achieve high‐quality device performance.
A Novel nonsense variant in the CDH2 gene associated with ACOGS: A case report
Authors: Kanjee Momen , Yuce Kahraman Cigdem , Ercoskun Pelin , Tatar Abdulgani , Kahraman Mustafa
Published: June 2022

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum, Cardiac, Ocular, and Genital Syndrome (ACOGS; OMIM #618929) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, agenesis or hypoplasia of corpus callosum, craniofacial dysmorphism, ocular, cardiac, and genital anomalies. ACOGS is caused by variations in the CDH2 gene. Our patient had a novel finding besides the classical findings of ACOGS. To the best of our knowledge, only 14 patients with ACOGS have been reported. Here, we reported the fifteenth patient with ACOGS, having a novel de novo nonsense variant in the CDH2 gene, and the first patient from Turkey with a novel finding. Our patient was the first female to have a renal anomaly since only genital malformations were reported in male patients (cryptorchidism, micropenis) so far.
Immobilization of urease enzyme on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Amani Amir , Kalajahi Sara Taghavi , Yazdian Fatemeh , Mirzababaei Soheyl , Rashedi Hamid , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali , Vahidi Mahboobeh
Published: June 2022

Electrospun nanofibers have gained much attention for enzyme immobilization due to their high surface‐to‐volume ratio. In this study, urease was immobilized on chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers by both adsorption and crosslinking methods. In order to obtain nanofibers with more desirable properties, solutions with different ratios of chitosan and PVA were electrospun and crosslinked using glutaraldehyde. Comparing SEM images of the nanofibers, before and after immersing them in phosphate buffer, it was shown that higher chitosan content leads to more stable fibers. So, the solution with the chitosan to PVA ratio of 40:60 was used for enzyme immobilization. Then, the effects of initial protein concentration, temperature, incubation time, and method of immobilization were investigated to reach the highest enzyme activity. Under similar immobilization conditions, covalently immobilized urease showed higher activity, compared to uncrosslinked immobilized enzyme. Besides, it retained 30% of its initial activity after 10 times usage. So, this method was chosen for further investigation. Not only the activity of the immobilized enzyme was much higher than the free enzyme in a wide range of pH and temperature, but also stability of the immobilized enzyme was improved. Immobilized urease was then used to remove thiourea which is a toxic compound. Findings indicated 60% hydrolysis of initial thiourea in 12 h. In conclusion, the findings showed that chitosan/PVA nanofibers are suitable candidates for the immobilization of urease.