bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure of weakly compressible grid-generated turbulence
Authors: BRIASSULIS G. , AGUI J. H. , ANDREOPOULOS Y.
Published: September 2019

A decaying compressible nearly homogeneous and nearly isotropic grid-generated
turbulent flow has been set up in a large scale shock tube research facility. Experiments
have been performed using instrumentation with spatial resolution of the order
of 7 to 26 Kolmogorov viscous length scales. A variety of turbulence-generating grids
provided a wide range of turbulence scales with bulk flow Mach numbers ranging
from 0.3 to 0.6 and turbulent Reynolds numbers up to 700. The decay of Mach
number fluctuations was found to follow a power law similar to that describing the
decay of incompressible isotropic turbulence. It was also found that the decay coefficient
and the decay exponent decrease with increasing Mach number while the virtual
origin increases with increasing Mach number. A possible mechanism responsible
for these effects appears to be the inherently low growth rate of compressible shear
layers emanating from the cylindrical rods of the grid. Measurements of the time-dependent,
three dimensional vorticity vectors were attempted for the first time with
a 12-wire miniature probe. This also allowed estimates of dilatation, compressible
dissipation and dilatational stretching to be obtained. It was found that the fluctuations
of these quantities increase with increasing mean Mach number of the flow. The
time-dependent signals of enstrophy, vortex stretching/tilting vector and dilatational
stretching vector were found to exhibit a rather strong intermittent behaviour which
is characterized by high-amplitude bursts with values up to 8 times their r.m.s. within
periods of less violent and longer lived events. Several of these bursts are evident
in all the signals, suggesting the existence of a dynamical flow phenomenon as a
common cause.
Ideal solidification of a liquid-metal boundary layer flow over a conveying substrate
Authors: LÖFGREN HANS B.
Published: September 2019

The ideal solidification problem of the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of
a superheated liquid-metal binary alloy over a conveying substrate is examined.
Analytical results for the velocities, the solute concentration and the temperature
field are found in the asymptotic limits of small Prandtl numbers and large Schmidt
numbers. The growth of the solidifying front is shown to follow the square-root law.
The reduction and elimination of a closed separation region by free-stream turbulence
Authors: KALTER M. , FERNHOLZ H. H.
Published: September 2019

This paper is an extension of an experimental investigation by Alving & Fernholz
(1996). In the present experiments the effects of free-stream turbulence were investigated
on a boundary layer with an adverse pressure gradient and a closed reverse-flow
region. By adding free-stream turbulence the mean reverse-flow region was shortened
or completely eliminated and this was used to control the size of the separation
bubble. The turbulence intensity was varied between 0.2% and 6% using upstream
grids while the turbulence length scale was on the order of the boundary layer thickness.
Mean and fluctuating velocities as well as spectra were measured by means of
hot-wire and laser-Doppler anemometry and wall shear stress by wall pulsed-wire
and wall hot-wire probes.

Free-stream turbulence had a small effect on the boundary layer in the mild
adverse-pressure-gradient region but in the vicinity of separation and along the
reverse-flow region mean velocity profiles, skin friction and turbulence structure were
strongly affected. Downstream of the mean or instantaneous reverse-flow regions
highly disturbed boundary layers developed in a nominally zero pressure gradient
and converged to a similar turbulence structure in all three cases at the end of the test
section. This state was, however, still very different from that in a canonical boundary
layer.
Development of a three-dimensional free shear layer
Authors: RILEY A. J. , LOWSON M. V.
Published: September 2019

Experiments have been undertaken to characterize the flow field
over a delta wing, with
an 85° sweep angle, at 12.5° incidence. Application of a laser
Doppler anemometer
has enabled detailed three-dimensional velocity data to be obtained within
the free
shear layer, revealing a system of steady co-rotating vortical structures.
These
sub-vortex structures are associated with low-momentum flow pockets in
the separated
vortex flow. The structures are found to be dependent on local Reynolds
number,
and undergo transition to turbulence. The structural features disappear
as the
sub-vortices are wrapped into the main vortex core. A local three-dimensional

Kelvin–Helmholtz-type instability is suggested for the
formation of these vortical structures
in the free shear layer. This instability has parallels with the cross-flow
instability that
occurs in three-dimensional boundary layers. Velocity data at high Reynolds
numbers
have shown that the sub-vortical structures continue to form, consistent
with flow
visualization results over fighter aircraft at flight Reynolds numbers.
Structural Reform and Industrial Promotion in Argentina
Authors: SAWERS LARRY , MASSACANE RAQUEL
Published: September 2019

This article is a case study that shows the difficulty and complexity of
structural adjustment by examining in great detail the reform of a single
programme, the promotion of industrial investment in the less developed regions
of Argentina. The article describes how the programme grew after 1956 when
industrial promotion was first implemented so the reader can fully understand its
intricate complexity. The reform process is described in detail, from the time that
officials first became aware that the program was costing several percent of GDP
to the present. Changing the system was an elaborate process of thrust and parry
and counterthrust by government reformers and entrenched supporters of the old
regime. The Congress, the Supreme Court, provincial officials and various
international institutions were all able to exert considerable influence over the
pace and nature of reform. The reform effort also illustrates the role of a free press
and public opinion. A cadre of economists working within the government and
in private research institutes carried out an effective campaign to inform the
public about the programme's excesses. The end result is a precarious and far
from simple or transparent, though decidedly less expensive, set of compromises
that pleases no one.
Decentralisation, Democratisation and Liberalisation: The History of Revenue Sharing in Argentina,
1934–1999
Authors: EATON KENT
Published: September 2019

This article critically evaluates hypotheses that attribute decentralisation
in Latin America to democratisation and economic liberalisation. It examines
these hypotheses in historical perspective by looking at the experience over time
with revenue decentralisation and recentralisation in Argentina, one of Latin
America's early decentralisers. Because neither the democratic election of
subnational officials nor the pursuit of economic liberalisation is unique to the
contemporary period in Argentina, the Argentine case represents an opportunity
to gain analytical leverage on the theories emerging in the contemporary period.
The paper presents qualified support for the argument that democratisation
drives decentralisation and confounding evidence for the liberalisation hypothesis.
Another Asian Financial Crisis: Monetary Links between Hong Kong and China 1945—50
Authors: SCHENK CATHERINE
Published: September 2019

At the beginning of July 1997 Thailand was forced to allow the baht to fall
20% against the $US, triggering a financial crisis across Asia. This crisis
toppled governments in the region and sent out a series of shock waves that
threatened prosperity in the rest of the world. The main symptom of the
crisis was a profound distrust in the currencies of developing countries in
Asia which precipitated repeated devaluations in the ‘miracle’
economies of Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia. One of the results of the
Asian financial crisis is renewed interest in the monetary relations of the
region, and in the mechanics of the transmission of currency instability
between countries.
Concepts of ‘Individual’ and ‘Self’ in Twentieth-Century Vietnam
Authors: MARR DAVID
Published: September 2019

‘Individual’ (cá nhân) came to the

Vietnamese language in the first decades of the twentieth century, along

with a host of other evocative neologisms, such as ‘society’

(xã hôi), ‘ethnic group/nation’

(dân tôc), ‘ideology’

(chu' nghĩa), ‘democracy’ (dân

chu' chu' nghĩa), ‘science’

(khoa hoc), and ‘progress’ (tiêń

hóa). Initially, ‘individual’ was very much the poor

relation among these new concepts—merely an irreducible human unit

belonging to something else more significant. Thus, each individual was

urged to be a loyal citizen of the nation, an eager participant in some new

political organization, or a responsible member of society. Individuals were

often compared with cells in the body, each one having a legitimate role in

sustaining and enhancing the vitality of the organism, but meaningless and

incapable of surviving on their own. On the other hand, the danger also

existed of individuals acting in a selfish, short-sighted manner, which

could jeopardize the larger order of things. Such persons were said to be

witting or unwitting perpetrators of ‘individualism’

(cá nhân chu' nghĩa).
Traditional Learning, Western Thought, and the Sapporo Agricultural College: A Case Study of Acculturation in Early Meiji Japan
Authors: WILLCOCK HIROKO
Published: September 2019

In the late nineteenth century the Japanese embarked upon a swift
ideological transition that enabled them to accept a considerable influx of
Western ideas and systems. A key to their successful adoption of the values
of ostensibly different cultures has often been attributed by observers of
Japan to the receptivity and adaptability of the Japanese to new, alien
elements. Yet, the receptivity of the Japanese to alien elements as the key
is inherently connected to their recognition of affinities found in
different cultures. Valuable insights on the process of Meiji acculturation
will be gathered from a case study based on the examination of the early
years of the Sapporo Agricultural College, established to accelerate
modernization, and the impact on the students of the values inculcated by
the New Englander staff. A study of their interaction suggests that it was
the affinities the Japanese found between Japanese syncretic, revisionist,
thought development and values of different cultures that formed the
foundation for successful assimilation of elements of Western culture, a
process that also helped the Japanese to reinvestigate and remould their
own cultural tradition.
Reconsidering the Beast from the Sea (Rev 13.1)
Authors: VAN DE WATER RICK
Published: September 2019

The discrepancy between the historical evidence for Domitian's reign and the persecuting ‘beasts’ from the land and sea in the Revelation of John discourages the identification of the latter with the Roman government. For the author of Revelation, they are meant to represent political messianism in Palestinian and diaspora Judaism. The conflict between political messianism and Christian messianism is best illustrated by the contrast between the Messiah who emerges from the sea in 4 Ezra 13 and the ‘beast’ from the sea in Rev 13.1.
Validating targets for antiparasite chemotherapy
Authors: WANG C. C.
Published: September 2019

The enzymes and receptors in parasites that can be qualified as

targets for antiparasite chemotherapy should perform
essential functions in the parasites and demonstrate some feasibility
for selective inhibition. They can be tentatively
identified through detailed analysis of various aspects of metabolisms
in
the parasites or elucidation of the mechanisms
of action among proven antiparasitic agents. Preliminary verifications

of these putative targets can be indicated by in vitro
antiparasite activity of an inhibitor of the target. However, before a

major long-term effort to pursue in-depth structure-activity analysis of

the target is to be committed for specific inhibitor design,
further validations of the target are essential
to insure that future studies are not misguided. One old-fashioned
approach to validate a target in the pharmaceutical
industry is by correlating target inhibitions with antiparasitic activities

among large numbers of drug derivatives. The
results are often indicative but hardly ever conclusive. Another method
is
by comparing the putative drug targets between
the drug-sensitive and the drug-resistant parasites for potential
discrepancies. Unfortunately, the latter often result from
indirect causes, such as reduced drug transport, instead of an alteration

of the drug target itself. The third experimental
approach is by disrupting the gene encoding the putative target in parasite,

which can provide the most conclusive evidence
on whether the target plays an indispensible role in the parasite. But
special
conditions are needed for the gene knockout
mutants to survive to exhibit their phenotypes and to allow genetic
complementation studies for further verifications.
Furthermore, gene knockout experiments are often difficult to perform on

cells of multiple ploidy or genes of multiple
copies, and are currently applicable only to a limited number of
protozoan parasites. In the current article I have tried
to take a cursory look at some eleven putative drug targets among various

parasites, each supported by well-established
antiparasitic agents identified as its inhibitors. I have also considered
the
evidence for validity of each of them and the
potential means of further verifying their validity.
The role of drugs in the control of parasitic nematode
infections: must we do without?
Authors: ROOS M. H.
Published: September 2019

Parasitic helminths (worms) cause serious infectious diseases in

humans and domestic animals. Control of these infections
relies mostly on chemotherapeutics (the anthelmintics), but resistance

has developed against most of these broad-spectrum
drugs in many parasite species. These resistant parasites are being
used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of drug
resistance and drug action. This has led to the development of sensitive

assays to detect resistant parasites, but this has
not delayed the emergence of additional drug resistant parasite populations.

Therefore, as development of new drugs by
pharmaceutical companies is slow, we may have to be prepared for a time

when broad-spectrum drugs are no longer
effective, especially against worms of sheep.
Designer drugs: pipe-dreams or realities?
Authors: GUTTERIDGE W. E.
Published: September 2019

New chemotherapies are urgently needed for the parasitic infections

of animals and for the tropical diseases of man.
Rational molecular design approaches to attempt to discover such products

require a massive investment of resources up-front of actual chemical
synthesis. However, such investment is justified, since chemical
synthesis itself is highly resource-consuming. The fact that few targets

have yet been validated to justify a rational approach is an argument only
to get on
and validate more. Not all the components of molecular design can yet
be done totally rationally, but this is not an argument
against applying this approach where it is possible. Absence of a
successful track record is inevitable for any newly emerging
technology. It is too early to draw conclusions about the relative costs
of
rational design versus empirical synthesis, since
the former is only now beginning to become reality and the latter is in

the middle of a (combinatorial) revolution. Similarly,
it is too soon to predict with certainty which of these two approaches

will prevail in the long run. However, they lend
themselves to parallel tracks, so both may well continue for the
foreseeable future. Current concerns about who would
develop successful discoveries are not reasons for stopping discovery
research. Indeed, a string of putative products held
at the discovery/development interface would be useful ammunition to
those
trying to develop partnerships such as a
Tropical Diseases R&D Alliance aimed at carrying out such work and
sharing costs.
Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and Other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s. By Angela J. Latham. Hanover, NH, and London: Wesleyan University Press, 2000; pp. 224. Illustrations, notes, and bibliography. $19.95 paperback.
Authors: Mitchell-Reichert Modrea
Published: September 2019

As women emerged from the constraints of whalebone corsets, trailing skirts, and woolen knickers into skirts that skimmed their ankles or even knees, socioeconomic and political forces were massing against this new physical freedom. The questions Posing a Threat asks are how did women test their newborn freedom through fashionable clothing choices — primarily bathing costumes — and what were the lasting consequences of these experiments? “Flappers” and chorus girls were the principle targets of self-proclaimed moralists and socially prominent spokesmen in the twenties. The emergence of the working-class woman and her fashion decisions created an amalgam of conflicting social, economic, and moral attitudes, and forced negotiations with the hegemonic dictators of acceptable female behavior.
Gielgud: A Theatrical Life, 1904 – 2000. By Jonathan Croall. New York: Continuum, 2000; pp. 580. $35.00 hardcover.
Authors: Loehr David J.
Published: September 2019

This exhaustive, but by no means exhausting, book about John Gielgud is well-titled. Jonathan Croall has taken Gielgud's career, rather than his personal life, as his focus and, in so doing, provides a valuable look at English theatre as it grew and evolved through the twentieth century.
Answers and evasions
Authors: CLAYMAN STEVEN E.
Published: September 2019

This article provides an overview of the dynamics of
answering and resisting or evading questions in broadcast news
interviews. After a preliminary examination of the practices
through which answers are recognizably constructed, the analysis
turns to the practices through which interviewees manage responses
that resist the agenda of an interviewer's question. When
resisting overtly, interviewees engage in various forms of
“damage control.” When resisting covertly, interviewees
take steps to render the resistance less conspicuous. Both sets
of practices facilitate resistant responses by reducing the
negative consequences that might otherwise follow. Such practices
demonstrate that, although interviewees have developed practices
for resisting questions, the norm of answering remains a salient
feature of the contemporary broadcast news interview.
Terminology and gender sensitivity: A corpus-based study
of the LSP of infertility
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: September 2019

Although the subject of gender sensitivity has been under
investigation for some time in language for general purposes
(LGP), this subject has not been explored in any great detail
in the context of language for special purposes (LSP). There
are numerous guidelines available for term formation, but the
issue of gender sensitivity is not typically addressed by these
guidelines. This article presents a corpus-based study of the
terminology of the subject field of infertility, with a view
to establishing the nature and degree of gender insensitivity
currently present in that subject field and recommending extensions
to term formation and usage guidelines to make them more
gender-sensitive.
John Russell Rickford & Russell John Rickford,
Spoken soul: The story of Black English. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 2000, xii + 267 pp. Hb. $24.95.
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: September 2019

Spoken Soul is a very stimulating book to read,
informative and solidly grounded in scholarship from several
disciplines, including quantitative sociolinguistics, sociology,
socioeconomic history, and African American literature. It
exemplifies the contribution that linguistic research on African
American English (AAE) can make to African American studies. It is
also a model for how scholarly findings can be shared with the lay
public in a language that is vivid and accessible. Those who are
familiar with AAE will appreciate the fact that this vividness is
borrowed from the subject matter itself. Thus, the authors demonstrate
implicitly that AAE is not an impoverished vernacular, and even scholarly
discourse can benefit from it.
Nancy A. Niedzielski & Dennis R. Preston, Folk
linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. Pp. xx, 375.
Hb.
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L.
Published: September 2019

Linguists who teach introductory courses in their discipline
routinely encounter the nonlinguists' knowledge, or lack
of it, about language. Their students are fairly predictable
in their ignorance of basic linguistic concepts: For example,
they typically believe that there in one standard dialect of
English, that a word's true meaning has little to do with
its current usage, and that nonstandard dialects are primitive
languages. In fact, teachers of introductory courses in linguistics
realize that their principal responsibility is to correct the
many and common misperceptions about language that prevail their
culture. In most respects, Folk linguistics is a
systematic study of these misperceptions.
Andrea de Jorio, Gesture in Naples and gesture in
Classical Antiquity. Translated by Adam Kendon. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2000. Pp. cvii + 517. Hb $49.95.
Authors: Washabaugh William
Published: September 2019

Andrea de Jorio's rich and precocious La
Mimica, written in 1832, is now translated and set into
a larger context by Adam Kendon. Highlighted by Kendon's
introduction and footnotes, this refurbished work offers us
a unique and valuable insight into a perspective on language
and culture that prevailed during an era when national interests
were directing a new kind of attention to both.
Geographical variability, pheromones
Authors: Miller Edward M.
Published: September 2019

The worldwide variation in mating strategies can be explained by differential paternal investment theory, which traces the differences back to the climates where the various peoples (races) evolved. Male provisioning is necessary for women and children to survive cold winters, which is less essential for tropical women. Androstenone may be the substance that makes symmetrical men smell better to fertile females.
A single-process learning theory
Authors: Blute Marion
Published: September 2019

Many analogies exist between the process of evolution by natural selection and of learning by reinforcement and punishment. A full extension of the evolutionary analogy to learning to include analogues of the fitness, genotype, development, environmental influences, and phenotype concepts makes possible a single theory of the learning process able to encompass all of the elementary procedures known to yield learning.
A neural-network interpretation of selection in learning and behavior
Authors: Burgos José E
Published: September 2019

In their account of learning and behavior, the authors define an interactor as emitted behavior that operates on the environment, which excludes Pavlovian learning. A unified neural-network account of the operant-Pavlovian dichotomy favors interpreting neurons as interactors and synaptic efficacies as replicators. The latter interpretation implies that single-synapse change is inherently Lamarckian.
Category-specific deficits: Will a simpler model do?
Authors: Davidoff Jules
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the commentary is not to contradict HIT but rather to question whether its increase in predictive power outweighs the decrease in parsimony. For the refutable aspects of HIT, a simpler model for naming appears to achieve as much. Both models better fit the facts concerning naming performance than describe category-specificity.
Does terminology from biology work in the realm of operant behaviour?
Authors: Chiesa Mecca
Published: September 2019

The authors note that theoretical revision is likely to be required to refine and clarify a general theory of selection so that it is capable of accounting for selection processes across different subject matters. Some aspects of conceptual language from the biological realm work across all three domains. However, terminological revision may be required where concepts of “replication” and “information” pose particular problems for the general theory as that is applied to operant research.
Theory-testing experiments in the economics laboratory
Authors: Gillies Anthony S. , Rigdon Mary
Published: September 2019

Features of experimental design impose auxiliary hypotheses on experimenters. Hertwig & Ortmann rightly argue that the ways some variables are implemented in psychology cloud results, whereas the different implementations in economics provide for more robust results. However, not all design variables support this general conclusion. The repetition of trials may confuse results depending on what theory is being tested. We explore this in the case of simple bargaining games.
What is specific about category specificity? Fractionating patterns of impairments and the spurious living/nonliving dichotomy
Authors: Leek E. C. , Pothos E. M.
Published: September 2019

What aspects of the data from studies of acquired category- specific impairments are relevant to theories of knowledge representation? Discussion in the target article focuses on the living/nonliving dichotomy. However, many case studies reveal considerably more complex patterns of impaired and preserved performance that undermine this distinction. We consider this evidence and discuss its implications for theories of knowledge representation.
Natural selection and metaphors of “selection”
Authors: Heschl Adolf
Published: September 2019

Natural selection in the sense of Darwin always means physical propagation (positive case) or disappearance (negative case) of living organisms due to differential reproduction. If one concentrates on this simple materialist principle, one arrives at a much better method of discerning true selection processes from largely nonrandom processes of internal rearrangement (somatic mutations) and reorganisation (operant learning).
To what are we trying to generalize?
Authors: Hogarth Robin M.
Published: September 2019

In conducting experiments, economists take more care than psychologists in specifying characteristics of people and tasks and are clearer about the conditions to which results can be generalized. Psychologists could learn much from this practice. They should also think in terms of programs of research – involving laboratory and field studies – that will allow them to test the generality of their theories.
Operant learning and selectionism: Risks and benefits of seeking interdisciplinary parallels
Authors: Malott Richard W.
Published: September 2019

Seeking parallels among disciplines can have both risks and benefits. Finding parallels may be a vacuous exercise in categorization, generating no new insights. And pointing to analogous functions may cause us to treat them as homologous. Hull et al. have provided a basis for the generation of insights in different selectionist areas, without confusing analogy with homology.
In partial defense of softness
Authors: Levine Daniel S.
Published: September 2019

The authors wish that the psychology of human decision making should borrow methodological rigor from economics. However, unless economics also borrows from psychology this poses a danger of overly limiting the phenomena studied. In fact, an expanded economic theory should be sought that is based in psychology (and ultimately neuroscience) and encompasses both rational and irrational aspects of decision making.
“Which processes are selection processes?”
Authors: Okasha Samir
Published: September 2019

I argue that population-level selection does not necessarily have to be invoked to explain the polymorphism at the MHC locus. I argue that the authors' attempt to model operant conditioning in Darwinian terms faces a serious problem. Depending on how many operant responses we take to comprise a sequence, different conclusions about whether or not evolution is occurring in an operant lineage will be reached.
Avoiding vicious circularity requires more than a modicum of care
Authors: Thompson Nicholas S.
Published: September 2019

Any general account of successful selection explanations must specify how they avoid being ad hoc or vacuous, hazards that arise from their recursive form.
The family and community life of older
people: household composition and social
networks in three urban areas
Authors: PHILLIPSON CHRIS , BERNARD MIRIAM , PHILLIPS JUDITH , OGG JIM
Published: September 2019

The post-war period has witnessed considerable change in England
affecting
family structures and social relationships both within, and between, the

generations. In this paper, we report on research which has examined the

impact of these changes on the lives of older people. Three urban areas:

Bethnal Green and Woodford in London, and Wolverhampton in the West
Midlands, are the locations for this project. All three were the subject
of classic
community studies in the 1940s and 1950s, providing rich material about
the
family and community life of older people. Using these as a baseline, we
have
examined changes to the social and family networks of older people over
the
intervening years. Our research comprised a questionnaire-based survey
of
627 older people, followed-up one year later by a series of in-depth interviews

with 62 people over the age of 75 (and 19 second generation members in
their
networks). We also undertook 35 interviews with Indian and Bangladeshi

elders in Wolverhampton and Bethnal Green. Findings reported concern the

living arrangements of older people and their relationships with network

members. In particular, we note the marked trend towards solo living or
living
in married pairs amongst the white population, and the importance of multi-generation

households amongst the two minority ethnic groups. Together with
the enduring importance of family and the significance of friends, there
are
also crucial differences, notably in the ways people maintain contact with

members of their networks.
Whiteness: Theorizing Race, Eliding Ethnicity
Authors: Hattam Victoria C.
Published: September 2019

Arnesen too quickly dismisses recent whiteness scholarship without first taking stock of the ways in which this work has transformed the research agenda in labor history and beyond. Whiteness scholars have made three important contributions: theorizing class as identification, historicizing race, and centering the nation. After briefly elaborating on each of these contributions, I argue that this body of new research has been limited both by its inattention to the specificity of ethnic identification and by its acceptance of the standard assimilation narratives of American immigration history. Addressing these limitations points the way to some fruitful lines of new research.
The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe
Authors: Harmon Clifford D.
Published: September 2019

Established in 1970 to foster the study of Europe during the Revolutionary Period (1750–1850), the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe has grown into one of the major academic conferences in the United States. The Thirtieth Annual Meeting in Huntsville, Alabama, was held from March 2–5, 2000. It sponsored twenty-seven sessions and hosted over 123 historians who attended to hear papers ranging in topic from the problems of command in the Napoleonic Wars to the changing perception of art in eighteenth-century France. Members of the Consortium are actively seeking participants to present papers on topics related to social history. The best presentations from each conference are published in the Selected Papers.
Maurício Rands Barros, Labour Relations and the New Unionism in Contemporary Brazil. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. xi + 321 pp. $65.00 cloth.
Authors: French John D.
Published: September 2019

This study of urban labor in Pernambuco draws on the author's experience in the 1980s and early 1990s as a trade union lawyer and legal advisor to the leftist trade union confederation Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) (161). Formed in 1983, the CUT is the institutional expression of the New Unionism identified with Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, founder of a new Workers' Party (PT) in 1979.
Howell J. Harris, Bloodless Victories: The Rise and Fall of the Open Shop in the Philadelphia Metal Trades, 1890–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ix + 456 pp. $44.95 cloth.
Authors: Greenwald Richard A.
Published: September 2019

Howell J. Harris has written an important book that should spark much discussion among historians of labor, who in their rush from institutional history have all but abandoned the history of labor relations. He is one of only a handful of scholars who have studied the history of modern labor relations systems. And a careful reading of Bloodless Victories shows what labor historians have been missing.
ASSESSMENT OF NEW CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
Authors: Wieringa Nicolien F. , Denig Petra , de Graeff Pieter A. , Vos Rein
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To study considerations used by professional and academic leaders to assess the position of new cardiovascular drugs in the therapeutic regimen in relationship to professional characteristics and the level of prescribing.

Methods: Interviews with 39 internists, cardiologists, general practitioners, and hospital pharmacists about considerations regarding the therapeutic position and prescribing of a new cardiovascular drug (losartan or atorvastatin) and professional characteristics. Considerations were classified according to Rogers' characteristics of an innovation, i.e., referring to the drug's relative advantage, compatibility, or complexity. Proportions of respondents mentioning advantageous, comparable, and/or disadvantageous characteristics were used to construct patterns to analyze an overall evaluation of the drugs in relation to professional characteristics and level of prescribing.

Results: The majority of considerations referred to the degree of relative advantage, but different subjects were emphasized for both drugs. Overall patterns of evaluation were generally intermediate and negative. The respondents' profession, mentioning commercial sources of information and self-qualification as a (moderately) early adopter of new drugs differentiated the overall evaluation of the drugs, in contrast to expertness and academic affiliation. The level of prescribing differentiated the overall evaluation only in the case of losartan.

Conclusions: These professional and academic leaders critically evaluated the claims when assessing the position of the drugs in the therapeutic regimen but did not show consensus in their considerations. Accepted principles for prescribing were considered when assessing the therapeutic position of the drugs but resulted in varied tendencies for prescribing.
PHARMACOECONOMIC COMPONENT OF A CLINICAL TRIAL CONDUCTED IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Reinharz Daniel , Saldaña Victor Raúl Zurita , Follador Wilson , Asche Carl
Published: September 2019

Background: Although pharmacoeconomic studies constitute a valuable tool for better managing drug consumption, the conditions under which such studies would be performed in Latin American countries have not been explored.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential advantages of and pitfalls in doing pharmacoeconomic research in Latin America and to propose avenues to facilitate the development of this field in the region.

Methods: The Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals served as a structured framework to assess, both prospectively and retrospectively, the conditions under which the pharmacoeconomic component of a clinical trial held in Mexico and Brazil would be and actually was conducted.

Results: The conditions under which pharmacoeconomic evaluations are conducted must be improved if studies are to contribute to the better management of scarce resources across the entire health care system.

Conclusions: The creation of a public funding agency, the reappraisal of administrative data as a management tool in both the public and the private sectors, and the establishment of national guidelines should be considered within the framework of reforms aimed at allowing healthcare systems to meet their objectives of efficiency and equity.
ASSESSMENT OF THE TREATMENT COSTS OF EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY VERSUS SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR SHOULDER DISEASES
Authors: Haake Michael , Rautmann Michael , Wirth Thomas
Published: September 2019

Objective: To determine the actual costs of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in patients with tendinitis of the supraspinatus muscle.

Methods: A comparison of the costs of surgical treatment versus the costs for ESWT was made. The total accrued costs were determined 12 weeks after intervention, using a sample group of 60 patients with calcifying or noncalcifying tendinitis of the supraspinatus muscle.

Results: The costs per case ranged from EUR 2,700 to EUR 4,300 per patient for ESWT and from EUR 13,400 to EUR 23,450 for surgical treatment, dependent on the method of calculation. Approximately 65% of the per-patient cost is attributable to productivity losses in the workplace.

Conclusions: In comparable short-term results, costs for operative treatment are 5–7 times higher than for ESWT. The greater trauma caused by an operative procedure leads to patients being off work for a longer period and thus a correspondingly higher social economic burden.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COCHLEAR IMPLANT
Authors: Carter Rob , Hailey David
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To examine the economic efficiency of current cochlear implant technology under Australian conditions in profoundly deaf adults, partially deafened adults, and children

Methods:> Cost—utility study, with weights based on judgments from persons experienced with the technology, and cost data from Australian sources.

Results: Quality—of— improvements due to functional consequences of hearing improvement were greater than those due to amelioration of hearing disability. Costs in Australian dollars per QALY (15—year assessment) ranged from $5,070—$11,100 for children, $11,790—$38,150 for profoundly deaf adults, and $14,410—$41,000 for partially deaf adults.

Conclusions: Results suggest cochlear implantation is acceptable value for money when compared with other health programs to which resources are committed in Australia.
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF PROPHYLAXIS FOR MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
COMPLEX IN AIDS
Authors: Scharfstein Julie A. , Paltiel A. David , Weinstein Milton C. , Seage George R. , Losina Elena , Craven Donald E. , Freedberg Kenneth A.
Published: September 2019

Objective: To develop a simulation model to project costs, life
expectancy, and cost-effectiveness in discounted dollars per quality-adjusted
life-year (QALY) saved for clinical strategies to prevent Mycobacterium
avium complex (MAC) in patients with AIDS.

Methods: We used natural history data from the Multicenter AIDS
Cohort Study, efficacy and toxicity data from randomized clinical trials, and
cost data from the AIDS Cost and Services Utilization Survey. The model
permits timing of prophylaxis to be stratified by CD4 count (201–300,
101–200, 51–100, and ≤ 50/mm3), and allows
combinations of prophylaxis, crossover to second- and third-line agents for
toxicity, and consideration of adherence, resistance, and quality of life.

Results: The model projects that the average HIV-infected patient
with a beginning CD4 count between 201 and 300/mm3 has total
lifetime costs of approximately $43,150 and a quality-adjusted life expectancy
of 42.35 months. If azithromycin prophylaxis for M. avium complex is
begun after the CD4 declines to 50/mm3, costs and
quality-adjusted survival increase to approximately $44,040 and 42.78 months,
respectively, for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $25,000/QALY
compared with no M. avium complex prophylaxis. Other prophylaxis
options (i.e., rifabutin, clarithromycin, and combination therapies) either
cost more but offer shorter survival, or have cost-effectiveness ratios above
$260,000/QALY. Sensitivity analysis reveals that, for reasonable
assumptions about quality of life, risk of infection, prophylaxis cost,
adherence, and resistance, azithromycin remains the most cost-effective
prophylaxis option.

Conclusions: Azithromycin prophylaxis, begun after the CD4 count
has declined to 50/mm3, is the most cost-effective M. avium complex prophylaxis strategy. Consistent with new United States Public
Health Service guidelines, it should be the first-line prophylaxis option.
HEALTH FINANCING POLICIES
Authors: Dong Hengjin , Bogg Lennart , Rehnberg Clas , Diwan Vinod
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To describe effects of health financing on
providers' opinions and prescribing behavior in rural China.

Methods: A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select
county, township, and village health care facilities. A total of 1,064 health
care providers in county, township, and village health care facilities in six
counties in central China were randomly selected and surveyed during one week
by written questionnaire.

Results: Patient's health financing systems (insurance or
out-of-pocket payment), financing methods for health facilities (general
budget or fee for service), and payment methods for providers (salary or
bonus) influenced provider prescribing. Bonuses could improve the quality of
health care, but could also be an incentive to prescribe more drugs or more
expensive drugs and other services. The providers were of the view that
patients' health financing and ability to pay were the main determinants
of the type of treatment. Insured patients could have more access to expensive
drugs, referred to specialized health care facilities, and have a higher cure
rate (according to the doctor's opinion) for tuberculosis. Most of the
clinical doctors said that they prescribed more expensive antibiotics for
insured patients and changed prescriptions according to patients'
demands, financial ability, and health financing systems in the treatment of
some diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, and hypertension.

Conclusion: The empirical data suggest that the main factor
influencing provider prescribing behavior is the economic incentives in
relation to health care financing for both health care providers and
consumers.
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR PATIENTS WITH
INTERNAL DERANGEMENT OF THE KNEE
Authors: Suarez-Almazor Maria E. , Kaul Padma , Kendall Chris J. , Saunders L. Duncan , Johnston D.W.C.
Published: September 2019

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent specificity and sensitivity
for the diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee (IDK). The use of MRI to
screen patients with suspected IDK could avoid unnecessary arthroscopies with
a reduction in costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of
arthroscopy among patients with IDK, and to estimate the potential
cost-effectiveness of MRI in these patients to avoid unnecessary
arthroscopies. The study was based on a retrospective cohort of all patients
attending three orthopedic clinics between April and September 1993 with a new
diagnosis of IDK. Charts were reviewed in 1994 to allow for a follow-up of
more than 6 months. An economic evaluation was performed based on
cost-effectiveness ratios (per averted arthroscopy), including direct and
indirect costs. There were 241 patients with a new diagnosis of IDK (67%
males, mean age 35 ± 12 years), and 110 (46%) underwent arthroscopy.
The remaining patients received conservative therapy and were not scheduled
for arthroscopy within the period of observation. Using a priori established
criteria, 10% of the arthroscopies could be considered diagnostic only (e.g.,
normal knee) and 27% were of doubtful efficacy from a therapeutic perspective
(e.g., debridement alone). Many of these arthroscopies could have been avoided
by performing a prior MRI. Using these findings, we conducted decision tree
analyses of the use of MRI among patients requiring arthroscopy of the knee. A
sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the various model assumptions.
In general, MRI appeared to be a cost-effective diagnostic procedure for
patients with IDK requiring arthroscopy of the knee, and there were cost
savings associated with it in some of the models tested.
THE USE OF CT SCANNING IN DEMENTIA
Authors: Foster Graham R. , Scott David A. , Payne Sue
Published: September 2019

While reversible cases of dementia are rare once detected, the patient may
benefit from treatment. This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of
computerized tomography (CT) scanning as a screening test for potentially
reversible dementia. A systematic review was carried out to identify the
proportion of patients with dementia above and below the age of 65 years with
a theoretically treatable condition and the proportion of these patients who
would benefit from neurosurgery. Information was combined with epidemiological
and financial data relating to Scotland to model the costs and benefits of
implementing a national screening program. Subdural hematoma, normal pressure
hydrocephalus, and brain tumours are rare conditions treatable by
neurosurgery. A scanning and treatment program for Scotland would cost
£4.6 million per annum. Of 531 reversible cases detected, 136 would
benefit from neurosurgery, 369 would not benefit, and 26 would die as a result
of surgery. Treating normal pressure hydrocephalus reduces overall
quality-adjusted survival. The most cost effective screening strategy is to
scan all patients but treat only subdural hematomas, gaining 178
quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at a cost of £14,171 per QALY for
patients aged 65 at the time of the scan. The corresponding figures for
patients above and below 65 years are £9,000 and £23,000,
respectively. CT scanning appears cost-effective in dementia patients under 65
years. It should be undertaken selectively in more elderly patients. Surgical
treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus may reduce quality adjusted
survival and should only be undertaken within clinical trials.
WOMEN, THE MEDIA, AND HEART DISEASE
Authors: Savoie Isabelle , Kazanjian Arminée , Brunger Fern
Published: September 2019

Objective: To analyze the nature and presentation of print media
messages regarding cholesterol and heart disease in women. The hypothesis is
that print media messages about cholesterol and heart disease may encourage
and perpetuate the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.

Methods: A hand-search of the "seven sisters" of American
women's magazines and of two Canadian women's magazines. All print
material related to cholesterol and heart disease in women was photocopied and
the content analyzed qualitatively. The print media content was divided into
two categories: magazine articles and drug industry–sponsored
advertisements. Themes were identified and were analyzed for the messages they
contained about heart disease, cholesterol, and the use of
cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.

Results: From the magazine articles, three main messages were
identified. First, heart disease is the number one killer of women. Second,
women must demand recognition of their high risk of heart disease and demand
equal access to prevention and treatment services for heart disease. Third,
lifestyles changes are not enough. Cholesterol-lowering drugs should be
considered. Drug advertisements also emphasize that postmenopausal women are
at high risk of heart disease and that lifestyle changes are inadequate or
insufficient to lower this risk. In both cases, high blood cholesterol is
considered not as a risk factor for heart disease but as the disease itself.

Conclusions: Magazine articles and drug advertisements act
synergistically and may encourage and promote the use of cholesterol-lowering
drugs in women. Postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy are particularly
targeted.