bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of gas bubble emissions from submarine hydrocarbon seeps at the Makran continental margin (offshore Pakistan)
Authors: Römer Miriam , Sahling Heiko , Pape Thomas , Bohrmann Gerhard , Spieß Volkhard
Published: September 2012

Evidence for twelve sites with gas bubble emissions causing hydroacoustic anomalies in 18 kHz echosounder records (‘flares’) was obtained at the convergent Makran continental margin. The hydroacoustic anomalies originating from hydrocarbon seeps at water depths between 575 and 2870 m disappeared after rising up to 2000 m in the water column. Dives with the remotely operated vehicle ‘Quest 4000 m’ revealed that several individual bubble vents contributed to one hydroacoustic anomaly. Analyzed gas samples suggest that bubbles were mainly composed of methane of microbial origin. Bubble size distributions and rise velocities were determined and the volume flux was estimated by counting the emitted bubbles and using their average volume. We found that a low volume flux (Flare 1 at 575 mbsl: 90 ml/min) caused a weak hydroacoustic signal in echograms whereas high volume fluxes (Flare 2 at 1027 mbsl: 1590 ml/min; Flare 5 C at 2870 mbsl: 760 ml/min) caused strong anomalies. The total methane bubble flux in the study area was estimated by multiplying the average methane flux causing a strong hydroacoustic anomaly in the echosounder record with the total number of equivalent anomalies. An order‐of‐magnitude estimate further considers the temporal variability of some of the flares, assuming a constant flux over time, and allows a large range of uncertainty inherent to the method. Our results on the fate of bubbles and the order‐of‐magnitude estimate suggest that all of the ∼40 ± 32 × 106 mol methane emitted per year within the gas hydrate stability zone remain in the deep ocean.
Antarctic climate response to stratospheric ozone depletion in a fine resolution ocean climate model
Authors: Bitz C. M. , Polvani L. M.
Published: September 2012

We investigate the impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on Antarctic climate, paying particular attention to the question of whether eddy parameterizations in the ocean fundamentally alter the results. This is accomplished by contrasting two versions of the Community Climate System Model (version 3.5), one at 0.1° ocean and sea ice resolution and the other at 1° with parameterized ocean eddies. At both resolutions, pairs of integrations are performed: one with high (1960) and one with low (2000) ozone levels. We find that the effect of ozone depletion is to warm the surface and the ocean to a depth of 1000 m and to significantly reduce the sea ice extent. While the ocean warming is somewhat weaker when the eddies are resolved, the total loss of sea ice area is roughly the same in the fine and coarse resolution cases.
Two dimensional bias correction of temperature and precipitation copulas in climate models
Authors: Piani C. , Haerter J. O.
Published: September 2012

In common climate model bias‐correction procedures, temperature and precipitation are corrected separately, thereby degrading the dynamical link represented within the model. We propose a methodology that advances the state‐of‐the‐art by correcting not just the 1D intensity distributions separately but the full two‐dimensional statistical distribution. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied to the REMO regional climate model output using point measurements of hourly temperature and precipitation from 6 weather stations over Germany as observations. A standard cross‐validation is performed by dividing the data into two nonoverlapping 15 year periods. Results show that the methodology effectively improves the temperature‐precipitation copula in the validation period, unlike separate 1D temperature and precipitation corrections which, by construction, leave the copula unchanged. An unexpected result is that a relatively small number (<5) of temperature bins are required to achieve significant improvements in the copula. Results are similar for all stations.
Verb Comprehension and Use in Children and Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Michael Sarah E. , Ratner Nan Bernstein , Newman Rochelle
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Expressive syntax is a particular area of difficulty for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In order to better understand the basis for sentence formulation deficits often observed in children and adults with DS, the authors explored the use and comprehension of verbs differing in argument structure.

Method

The authors examined verb and argument structure retrieval in 18 individuals, 9 with DS, age 11;11 (years;months) to 32;10 and 9 receptive vocabulary age-matched typically developing (TD) children, age 3;2 to 13;6. Participants completed verb and noun comprehension tasks, a working memory assessment, verb and noun naming tasks, grammaticality judgments, and narrative tasks.

Results

Neither single verb comprehension nor single verb naming differentiated the DS and TD groups. Individuals with DS performed significantly worse than individuals who are TD when asked to judge sentence grammaticality. Individuals with DS omitted verbs in elicited narratives significantly more often than individuals who are TD, specifically when productions of 2-place and 3-place verbs were attempted. Individuals with DS also omitted other necessary elements of argument structure, such as subjects, in sentences containing 2-place and 3-place verbs significantly more often than individuals who are TD. Performance was not related to working memory skills.

Conclusions

Results indicate that individuals with DS do display a specific expressive deficit in verb and argument structure retrieval (but not comprehension) that varies as a function of verb type (1 place, 2 place, and 3 place).
Use of remote sensing to map occurrence and spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Banksia woodlands on the Gnangara Groundwater System, Western Australia
Authors: Wilson Barbara A. , Zdunic Katherine , Kinloch Janine , Behn Graeme
Published: September 2012

The soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The impacts on native flora and fauna habitats have been identified as a key threatening process in Australia. Identifying and mapping diseased vegetation and the rate of spread of the disease is required for management; however, this is often difficult and costly. This study investigated the ability of using a time series of orthophotos (1953–2008) in combination with Landsat satellite imagery, including trend analysis, and GIS to identify the presence of vegetation impacted by P. cinnamomi at four sites in Banksia woodlands in Western Australia. Further, the historical extent and rate of spread of P. cinnamomi was assessed at one site between 1953 and 2008. Our assessment identified that three of the four sites were affected by P. cinnamomi, results that are consistent with on-ground surveys. Investigation of disease progression at one site found a large increase in the area impacted between 1974 and 1988 and the rate of spread was highest between 1953 and 1963 (1.286 m year−1) and lowest between 1997 and 2008 (0.526 m year−1). The techniques presented provide a cost-effective tool to monitor broad-scale vegetation dynamics over time for management of this plant pathogen.
PUTTING CULTURE IN ITS PLACE
Authors: McDonald Maryon
Published: September 2012

The European Union has been constructed through common ontologies of a world composed and divided on spatial scales. This paper elaborates on this point and examines anthropologically some of the key notions that have been called on to construct the EU, notably that of ‘culture’. It is suggested that we might profitably take ‘culture’ out of our own analytical tool-kits and treat it instead as an interesting but problematic invention. Drawing on the author's own fieldwork inside European institutions, the paper explores relevant aspects of life inside the Commission and what it is to be ‘European’. The paper sets out some of the negative and positive ways in which ‘culture’ is lived or understood in the Commission, and it outlines some of the problems of ‘culture’ as an analytical tool, from its earlier history to the stereotypes it still encourages, and in so doing points to aspects of the practical imagination and difficulties of the EU project more generally. We see that Europe may respect cultures but only by cherishing the notionally culture-free.
MyRIP interaction with MyoVa on secretory granules is controlled by the cAMP-PKA pathway
Authors: Brozzi Flora , Lajus Sophie , Diraison Frederique , Rajatileka Shavanthi , Hayward Katy , Regazzi Romano , Molnár Elek , Váradi Anikó
Published: September 2012

Myosin- and Rab-interacting protein (MyRIP), which belongs to the protein kinase A (PKA)–anchoring family, is implicated in hormone secretion. However, its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated. Here we investigate the role of MyRIP in myosin Va (MyoVa)-dependent secretory granule (SG) transport and secretion in pancreatic beta cells. These cells solely express the brain isoform of MyoVa (BR-MyoVa), which is a key motor protein in SG transport. In vitro pull-down, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization studies revealed that MyRIP does not interact with BR-MyoVa in glucose-stimulated pancreatic beta cells, suggesting that, contrary to previous notions, MyRIP does not link this motor protein to SGs. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is augmented by incretin hormones, which increase cAMP levels and leads to MyRIP phosphorylation, its interaction with BR-MyoVa, and phosphorylation of the BR-MyoVa receptor rabphilin-3A (Rph-3A). Rph-3A phosphorylation on Ser-234 was inhibited by small interfering RNA knockdown of MyRIP, which also reduced cAMP-mediated hormone secretion. Demonstrating the importance of this phosphorylation, nonphosphorylatable and phosphomimic Rph-3A mutants significantly altered hormone release when PKA was activated. These data suggest that MyRIP only forms a functional protein complex with BR-MyoVa on SGs when cAMP is elevated and under this condition facilitates phosphorylation of SG-associated proteins, which in turn can enhance secretion.
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Enns James T. , Burack Jacob A.
Published: September 2012

How do scientists of human behavior from three different perspectives approach the comparison of two highly publicized athletes of the 2008 Olympics: Shaun Johnson, a female American gymnast who is 5 feet tall, and Yao Ming, a male Chinese basketball player who is 7-foot-6? A typical developmentalist might well focus on the similarities in their physical and neural development, which is at one level of description the same, despite vast differences in gender, ethnicity, and physique. A psychopathologist would, on the other hand, ask what is unique about each of these individuals that sets them apart from one another and the rest of the population. Finally, a cognitive neuroscientist might construct fine-grained cognitive tasks that probe how their different physiques and physiologies are manifest at the level of detailed neurology and behavioral analyses. This work follows each of these three perspectives as they explore the topics of anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and infants at risk.
LINKING EARLY ADVERSITY, BRAIN, AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Miskovic Vladimir , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: September 2012

Mounting evidence indicates that early life adversity is associated with increased vulnerability for psychiatric impairment across the lifespan. Until recently, most human studies in this field have been epidemiological in nature and focused on linking early life stress to complex clinical outcomes. This chapter advances a developmental psychophysiological model, where the chapter emphasizes the importance of considering the widespread brain systems that exert a strong influence on emotional reactivity and its regulation. This chapter reviews some of the recent work from our research group that has attempted to trace the effects of prenatal insults (using extremely low birth weight as a proxy marker) and those occurring in the postnatal time period (child maltreatment) on the functional integrity of key components within this affective neurocircuitry. The chapter emphasizes the value of non-invasive psychophysiological measures in helping to bridge the developmental pathways between early experience and psychological outcomes.
DEFICIENT ANCHORING—A POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTUAL AND COGNITIVE DIFFICULTIES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DYSLEXIA
Authors: Banai Karen , Ahissar Merav
Published: September 2012

Different theoretical accounts of dyslexia have been proposed over the years, but none of the available accounts satisfactorily deals with the co-occurrence of perceptual deficits in many individuals with dyslexia. This chapter presents the anchoring deficit hypothesis as a unifying, domain-general account for both reading-related and perceptual deficits. After reviewing the research leading to the formulation of the hypothesis, the chapter proposes that deficits in the ability to implicitly use contextual information embedded within stimulus sequences can account for deficits in both the language and the perceptual domains. Subsequently, the putative relationships between anchoring and other cognitive characteristics of dyslexia (e.g., poor resilience to noise, phonological deficits, “sluggish” attention, sensory-motor deficits) are explored. Finally, anchoring is discussed within a framework emphasizing the heterogeneous nature of dyslexia.
AUTISM
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: September 2012

Considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding the key neurocognitive atypicalities underlying the defining behaviors of autism, including difficulties in social communication and limitations in behavioral flexibility. This chapter discusses one prominent theoretical account, which postulates that people with autism display “weak central coherence,” a local processing bias combined with difficulties integrating information in context. Drawing upon relevant empirical work, it provides a thorough critical analysis of the theory's central claims. It shows that, despite its popularity, the theory fails consistently to provide a persuasive account of information processing and attentional focus in autism. The chapter ends with a consideration of alternative models of information processing in autism, including a new account that suggests that perceptual and cognitive differences in autism might be caused by pervasive problems in adaptation—those processes fundamental for adjusting to changing sensory inputs.
The Population Dynamics of Mental Disorders
Authors: Eaton William W. , Alexandre Pierre , Kessler Ronald C. , Martins Silvia S. , Mortensen Preben Bo , Rebok George W. , Storr Carla L. , Roth Kimberly
Published: September 2012

This chapter estimates rates of incidence of specific disorders and charts them for each sex across the life span, consistent with the life course epidemiological approach, which is highly useful to psychiatric epidemiology. First, it briefly describes data sources and details the methods used in creating population estimates of mental disorders. It then turns to a discussion of the onsets, courses, and outcomes of mental illnesses, based on data from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study and the National Comorbidity Survey studies.
The Relationship of Adult Mental Disorders to Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, Marital Status, and Urbanicity of Residence
Authors: Martins Silvia S. , Ko Jean , Kuwabara Sachiko , Clarke Diana , Alexandre Pierre , Zandi Peter , Mendelson Tamar , Mortensen Preben Bo , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2012

This chapter presents an overview of recent literature and new data on differences in the prevalence of mental disorders across four key social variables: socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, marital status, and urbanicity. In some cases, these social factors can be risk factors for a mental disorder; in others they can be consequences of a mental disorder (e.g., low educational attainment secondary to a childhood disorder). Also, these social variables can interact with one another and act as confounders, mediators, or moderators in the association of specific mental disorders with specific social factors.
Genes as a Source of Risk for Mental Disorders
Authors: Zandi Peter P. , Wilcox Holly C. , Dong Lulu , Chon Sandy , Maher Brion
Published: September 2012

This chapter explores the current understanding of how genetic factors contribute to human mental health in general, and in particular how they lead to disturbances that can affect public mental health in significant ways. It begins with an explanation of some basic genetic concepts crucial to understanding how genetic factors can influence human mental health. It then describes the leading research paradigm used to investigate the role of genetic factors and highlights a number of discoveries made in implementing this paradigm. The chapter closes with a discussion of the challenges that remain for the better understanding how genetic factors contribute to mental health and why ongoing research in this area is crucial.
Models of Stress and Adapting to Risk: A Life Course, Developmental Perspective
Authors: Bradshaw Catherine P. , Rebok George W. , Zablotsky Benjamin , LaFlair Lareina N. , Mendelson Tamar , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2012

This chapter explores the role of stress in the conduct of both public mental health research and practice. It begins with a discussion of the leading definitions and theories of stress proposed in relation to the experience of mental problems, followed by an examination of the multiple perspectives related to the measurement and study of stress. Given the ubiquitous nature of stress and its association with developmental challenges, this review is couched within a broader life course perspective. This perspective highlights the significance of both human development and the social context in examining the link between stress and mental health problems. The chapter identifies a range of developmental stressors spanning different life stages and describes their effects on mental health and adjustment problems.
Adapting to Acute Crisis
Authors: Storr Carla L. , Azur Melissa , Bass Judith K. , Wilcox Holly C.
Published: September 2012

This chapter focuses on the mental health issues associated with crises that arise at the community or societal level, ranging from acts of terrorism to the impact of war on soldiers and civilians, and from the ravages of earthquakes and tornadoes to the very fear of an impending crisis itself. It discusses normal, common reactions to crises; pathologic or unhealthy reactions to crises; trauma and mental health; types of traumatic events; risk factors for mental disorders; and prevention and intervention strategies.
Mental Health and the Law
Authors: Agus Deborah
Published: September 2012

This chapter provides an overview of the public, private, and forensic law that can be used to develop more effective systems of mental health care that join a commitment to individual rights with the best clinical practices. The first section explores the origin and sources of law in the United States and examines the key concepts that underlie public mental health law per se. This is followed by a section highlighting key issues and then a section describing the field of forensic policy, where mental health, public health, and criminal justice intersect. Finally, the chapter explores a number of current mental health issues analyzed using the legal concepts described earlier in the chapter, thus enabling the reader to apply those principles in new situations.
The Logic and Practice of the Prevention of Mental Disorders
Authors: Mendelson Tamar , Pas Elise T. , Leis Julie A. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Rebok George W. , Mandell Wallace
Published: September 2012

The field of public health has a long, successful history of health promotion and disease prevention, including efforts relevant to mental health problems. Recent years have been marked by a dramatic increase in the development, implementation, and assessment of approaches to prevent the incidence of mental disorders. This chapter examines the rationale for prevention, the theories and methods that inform prevention science, the prevention strategies being employed across developmental stages and at multiple ecological levels, and emerging directions for the prevention field.
Courts
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

The assemblies to be considered in this chapter were not specialist law-courts, the primary purpose of which was the deciding of disputes; rather they had many functions. Their legal activities themselves included many that were not judicial: issuing legislation or more specific decrees, organising or performing police duties, witnessing transactions. It is possible that certain types of business were concentrated in certain meetings at fixed points in the year, for example the reviewing of peace-keeping activities. It is also possible that additional sessions were specially summoned to deal with particular judicial business. The chapter discusses the king's court, regional and district courts, lords' courts, ecclesiastical courts, and relations between courts.
Land
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Throughout the period covered by this book, control of land underlay the exercise of royal and aristocratic power. This chapter discusses types of land; landholding, lordship, and dependent tenure; security of possession, inheritance, bequests of land and the Anglo-Saxon will, alienability, and church lands. Much remains obscure in the history of late Anglo-Saxon land law, particularly outside the best-documented aspects of bookland and loanland. The degree of regional or, particularly at lower social levels, more local variation in custom is impossible to establish. It seems certain that the origins of northern tenures such as drengage are pre-Conquest. However, it is far from clear, for example, that folkland existed throughout England or even outside Wessex and Kent. The terms on which Scandinavian settlers distributed lands amongst themselves remain obscure.
Movables
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Anglo-Saxons made a distinction between movables and land. Both, in differing ways, were clearly very important in the economy and in social relations. Narrative material for law regarding movables is extremely limited. The laws themselves largely concentrate on sales and theft. This chapter discusses ownership, control of movables; alienability, succession, and bequest; and sale. Although perhaps in some ways simpler than matters concerning land, those concerning movables take up much more space within the laws and probably constituted much more of the business of courts. When considering the role of kings and the procedures of courts, dealing with theft of movables was central to ideas of the maintenance of order in Anglo-Saxon England.
Marriage and Family
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Kinship was a crucial bond in Anglo-Saxon society. Kin had rights and claims and also duties. Some were matters of explicit decree, with penalties likely to be imposed by judgment in court, for example in relation to suretyship; others were matters of more general convention, although still of importance regarding law, for example the provision of support in disputes. Kinship was bilateral, taking in both paternal and maternal lines, although for many purposes prioritising the paternal. The extent of kinship probably varied with circumstance, and perhaps with level of society. This chapter discusses marriage, illegitimacy, husband and wife, minors, and spiritual kinship.
Courts
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses the courts of Anglo-Norman England. It covers the king's court, county courts, hundred and wapentake courts, lords' courts, ecclesiastical courts, and the transfer of cases between secular courts.
Land
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter concentrates primarily on the period up to 1135, with the balance of evidence causing some prioritisation of the reign of Henry I. It begins with the issue of lordship and lay landholding, and then examines the questions of security of tenure, heritability, and alienability. Information is most extensive for the upper levels of society, and the potential for variation according to social standing must be remembered. The divisions between forms of tenure apparent in later mediaeval common law — frankalmoign, knight service, serjeanty, socage, and villeinage — are only to a limited and varying degree apparent in the Anglo-Norman period. Analysis here is divided into the following general categories; lay free landholding; lay unfree landholding; and ecclesiastical landholding.
Marriage and Family
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter demonstrates that significant, although far from all, aspects of family law intersected with matters of lordship and landholding. In particular, these included the elements grouped by historians as ‘feudal incidents’, that is wardship, marriage, and relief. Any death of a tenant allowed the lord to take relief and high mortality ensured that death leaving a minor or a female as the closest claimant was frequent. The profits arising from consequent wardships and marriages may have been considerable, especially if the previous tenant had held on favourable terms. The importance of such occasional rights, and the contention that they provoked, is clear from their precedence amongst secular matters in Henry I's coronation decree. That pattern would be repeated over a century later, in Magna Carta.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

The Angevin kings possessed much more extensive territories than had their Anglo-Norman predecessors. In particular, they ruled both Anjou and the duchy of Aquitaine in south-western France. Such extensive territories added to the pressure on kings to spend considerable time outside England, leaving others to administer the realm. The cost of defending their French lands, and of seeking to regain Normandy following its loss in 1204, put great pressure on royal finances, and exploitation of royal judicial and legal rights was one means of raising money. Such developments, together with increasing use of writing in government and developments in academic studies, including that of law, provide crucial background to legal change in the period 1154–1215. This chapter discusses law and kingship, royal officials, Angevin reform, and reforms and reformers.
Procedure in Land Cases
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Matters of procedure dominate the first great treatise of the common law, the Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie, commonly known as Glanvill. When taken together with the early royal plea rolls, Glanvill allows a much fuller account than is possible for earlier periods; therefore this chapter concentrates on the situation in the period from Glanvill to Magna Carta, whilst noting some earlier developments. To set the scene, it examines a famous early case that, if not typical, is illustrative of the concerns that confronted litigants and justices at the time of the Angevin reforms.
Status
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

The Angevin period saw a major dispute concerning clerical status, and significant developments concerning villeinage. The former was produced by deliberate royal action, the latter influenced by legal and judicial developments. Other aspects of the law of status showed little change. Written mentions of trial by peers increased, but the notion was not new, the right not peculiar to one social group. Categorisations in administrative measures had limited effects upon wider legal status. This chapter discusses men of higher status, lesser free men, the unfree, actions concerning status, clergy, lepers, and Jews.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

Why do we know so little about men's engagements with the domestic environment in eighteenth‐century Britain? This chapter examines two well‐established historiographical narratives which have obscured the activities of men in the eighteenth‐century house: the first charting changes in domestic patriarchy modelled on the eclipse of political patriarchalism by new types of family relationship rooted in contract theory, and the second describing the emergence of a new kind of domestic interior: a ‘home’ infused with a new culture of ‘domesticity’ primarily associated with women and femininity. The chapter argues for reinstituting a focus on patriarchy in practice — on the small acts of household authority that men performed in the domestic environment — and for the use of the contemporary concept of ‘house’ to understand the eighteenth‐century domestic environment. This chapter introduces the sources and the cultural history approach used throughout the book, and introduces the concept of ‘oeconomy’.
Conclusion: Oeconomy and the Reproduction of Patriarchy
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

This concluding chapter examines the wider implications of oeconomy as a model and practice of domestic patriarchy. It explores middling‐sort men's efforts in ensuring that these practices were transmitted between different generations, arguing that this constituted a form of inheritance that created lineages for the consolidating middling sort. Oeconomical practices were also reproduced between men of different ranks, though in ways that sustained social stratification. Indeed, the chapter considers the emergence of a fraternity of oeconomy: gendered practices bound men together both rhetorically and practically, and the good management of a house was one of the most important instances of this. The chapter ends by exploring the public resonance of the house through a case‐study of political prints from the 1760s. This public material takes us to the heart of the house — the kitchen — and demonstrates that oeconomy now informed critiques of the monarchy and central government.
Mandates
Authors: Reydams Luc , Odermatt Jed
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines the content, scope, and strength of the mandates of international criminal tribunals. Because the mandate of a criminal court is in the first place the mandate of its prosecutor, it is important to know what is expected of him or her, and what is not. The chapter, which has a comparative component, also discusses the jurisdiction of various tribunals. It covers the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the East Timor Tribunal, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Court System, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court.
Investigations
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroto , Parmentier Stephan
Published: September 2012

This chapter focuses on the first and crucial phase in ‘building a case’, that is, the criminal investigation. ‘International criminal investigation’ is defined as a process of searching, collecting, collating, and synthesizing information, which is conducted by international prosecutors against individuals who are allegedly liable for international crimes, in order to prove the guilt or innocence of those individuals in a court of law. The chapter proceeds as follows. First, it examines the particularities of an international criminal investigation. The differences with a national investigation are such that they make an international investigation a distinctive exercise. Then it considers the processing of information and the analysis of evidence. Thereafter it discusses the legal and organizational frameworks of an international investigation. Finally, it reviews the investigative practice of several international tribunals.
Trial
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses the role of the Prosecutors at trial from a procedural perspective and presents the broad-brush picture of their key functions and powers exercised in the course of trial. The first section addresses the key factors of an institutional and procedural nature that necessarily affect the Prosecutor's role, by delimiting the playing field within the bounds of which he/she is to operate when pursuing prosecution. Relying on the normative findings reached, the second half of the chapter turns to the nuts and bolts of the procedural competences and practices the Prosecutor disposes of in presenting the case to the Trial Chamber, including the role at sentencing.
Long-term follow-up of memory in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Engman Elisabeth , Malmgren Kristina
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews the literature on memory changes in adults with active epilepsy. A decline or adverse change at a group level or in subsets of patients was reported in nine of the sixteen papers reviewed. This negative change could be seen already after three years and was found in verbal and/or nonverbal memory, in learning, immediate and delayed recall, or in recognition. Three studies reported either improvement or expected practice effects in a memory quotient composite score and in verbal delayed recall. There were no consistent associations between memory change and clinical variables. These data underline the need to focus more on possible cognitive change already early in the course of the epilepsy disorder. In the neuropsychological assessment procedure, it would also be valuable to add the measure of an extended delayed recall after about four weeks and to apply new memory methods evaluated for patients with epilepsy.
Memory in children with epilepsy
Authors: Smith Mary Lou , Direnfeld Esther
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews recent studies on memory associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies and with localization-related epilepsies. It also examines the impact of epilepsy surgery on children's memory. It shows that memory deficits are common across epilepsy syndromes. The prevalence and severity of memory deficits may be especially relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy. Although some studies have identified improvement and others deterioration in memory after epilepsy surgery, the majority show no change over time. Further work is needed to identify the exact nature of memory deficits in children with epilepsy and the factors that contribute to such deficits.
Déjà experiences in epilepsy: contributions from memory research
Authors: Illman Nathan A. , Moulin Chris J.A. , O’Connor Akira R. , Chauvel Patrick
Published: September 2012

This chapter attempts to classify the déjà states in epilepsy according to known models of memory function and the emerging research work on déjà experiences in other groups. It conducts a review of temporal lobe epilepsy — a condition in which déjà experiences are commonly reported as accompanying seizures. It describes how qualitative differences in the subjective experience associated with different déjà sensations provide support for dual process theories of memory. It considers both stimulation studies and accounts of spontaneous déjà experiences. The chapter argues that more widespread activation of hippocampal-cortical networks produces déjà vécu, distinguishable from déjà vu by the erroneous sensation of recollecting contextual information. The present neuroscientific account and classification of these memory based phenomenon will be a useful guide to future research in this area, and applicable to déjà experiences in healthy populations.
Effects of epileptiform EEG discharges on cognitive function
Authors: Aldenkamp Albert P.
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews the evidence on the cognitive impact of interictal epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) discharges. Such cognitive impairment has a direct or more remote relation to episodes of epileptiform EEG discharges and must be distinguished from (post-) ictal seizure effects and from the nonperiodic long-term ‘stable’ interictal effects caused by the clinical syndrome or the underlying aetiology. The chapter concludes that while the concept of ‘transient cognitive impairment’ is still valid, refinement of methodology has shown that a large proportion of presumed transient cognitive impairment can be attributed to subtle seizures, while interictal epileptic activity accounts for a much smaller part of the cognitive effects than previously thought. Cryptogenic partial epilepsies are especially associated with the risk of cognitive impairment.
Memory assessment in intracarotid anaesthetic procedures: history and current status
Authors: Risse Gail L.
Published: September 2012

Intracarotid anesthetic procedures have played a major role in our understanding of memory function and dysfunction in patients with epilepsy over the past fifty years. From the earliest applications of the IAP as a measure of unilateral memory integrity, to its currently declining role in the face of noninvasive alternatives, the procedure has contributed to a vast body of literature addressing the nature and predictive value of preoperative memory performance in patients facing surgical resection of the mesial temporal lobe. This chapter describes the issues and controversies surrounding the procedure in its many variations and interpretations, and considers its continuing role in the context of rapidly advancing functional neuroimaging techniques. Understanding the historical complexities of the IAP will help define its legacy for future generations of neuroscientists.
Electroconvulsive therapy for depression and autobiographical memory
Authors: Söderlund Hedvig , Percy Alexander , Levine Brian
Published: September 2012

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Despite clear mood-enhancing effects, it is associated with complaints of memory loss. This chapter outlines a brief history of ECT, its effects on the brain and on memory, and why subjective memory loss may surpass the objectively measured loss. It also presents results from an ongoing study assessing autobiographical memory following ECT using the Autobiographical Interview, which separates episodic from semantic autobiographical memory. Initial analyses suggest a disproportional impairment of episodic memory, although semantic memory to some extent is also affected. In spite of some recovery, this impairment persists three months after treatment. This research validates the subjective impairments reported by ECT patients, and supports theoretical constructs of memory that assume a behavioural and neural separation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory.
Psychiatric aspects of memory disorders in epilepsy
Authors: Goldstein Laura H. , Kapur Narinder
Published: September 2012

Individuals with epilepsy are at increased risk of a number of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, and psychosis. However, when considering the performance of people with epilepsy on neuropsychological tests, little attention has generally been paid to the role that comorbid psychological/psychiatric disturbance may play in influencing scores and test profiles. This chapter considers how patients with comorbid psychosis or depression might perform on standard tests batteries, and how mood might account for discrepancies between patients' self-reported cognitive difficulties and observed test scores. It addresses recent developments in understanding the cerebral substrates of psychosis and depression in people with epilepsy. It also considers the role of effort in test-taking performance, both in patients with epilepsy and also patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and the extent to which the profiles of these two patient groups might differ in this respect. Some comments are made on potential clinical observations/interventions that might sensibly be considered with respect to psychological factors in patients with epilepsy undergoing neuropsychological assessment. Finally, the chapter considers clinically similar memory phenomena presenting in psychiatry and epilepsy settings and their key differences.
Memory and epilepsy in nonhuman animals
Authors: Lenck-Santini Pierre-Pascal J. , Holmes Gregory L.
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews neurophysiological studies of the effects of seizures on cognition in nonhuman animals. Animal models have contributed extensively to our understanding of the consequences of both status epilepticus and recurrent seizures on cognitive abilities. Animal studies allow the investigator to control many variables including age, seizure duration, number and frequency of seizures, and therapy. While a variety of animals have been used, the preponderance of the research on seizure-related effects on memory has been confined to rodents. While the prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for working memory and the hippocampus is critical for reference memory, both effective working and reference memory are dependent upon the interplay between these structures. The majority of studies have demonstrated that either prolonged or frequent seizures result in a variety of cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. These studies have paralleled human studies and have provided insight into the pathological mechanisms responsible for seizure-induced cognitive deficits. While there are limitations to how much results from animal studies can be extrapolated to humans, biological changes responsible for these deficits are likely to play a role in the cognitive co-morbidities seen in humans with epilepsy.
Hippocampal electrical stimulation and localisation of long-term episodic memory
Authors: Morris Robin G. , Coleshill Steven G. , Lacruz Maria E. , Valentin Antonio , Alarcon Gonzalo
Published: September 2012

The clinical use of depth-electrode recording in the hippocampus in people undergoing neurosurgical treatment for epilepsy has also facilitated exploration of hippocampal memory function though stimulation techniques. This chapter reviews the few studies that have used these techniques, combining them with synchronous memory testing. Early studies used techniques involving after-discharges, with the disadvantage of imprecise investigation of focal functionality. More progress was made when subthreshold stimulation techniques were adopted and this led to specific theories about left and right hippocampal involvement. The chapter also introduces an arguably more refined technique termed single-pulse electrical stimulation (SPES), which uses single 1-ms pulses to produce approximately 100–300 ms cortical responses. The SPES technique has produced results indicating a specific role for the hippocampus in episodic memory — encoding rather than retrieval — here termed the gateway theory of hippocampal function.
Mapping memories in the medial temporal lobe: contributions from single-neuron recordings in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Viskontas Indre V.
Published: September 2012

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a central role in declarative memory. While the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus, in particular, dominates neuroanatomical memory models, the manner by which neuronal activity in this area enables the permanent storage of declarative memories remains elusive. Patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy, who are candidates for resective surgery and whose seizure focus must be located via the implantation of intracranial electrodes, represent the only opportunity that scientists currently have to record the firing patterns of single neurons in the human hippocampus in vivo. Such direct recordings have shown that cells in the hippocampus appear to support declarative learning by distinguishing between novel and familiar stimuli via changes in firing patterns, using both excitation and inhibition to signal familiarity. Some cells with highly selective excitatory responses have also been described, and these responses seem to represent abstract concepts such as identity, rather than superficial perceptual features of items. New data show that selective and globally responsive cells behave differently depending on the conscious demands of the task. Cells in the MTL can be plastic or stable in terms of the information that they code: while some cells show highly-selective and reproducible excitatory responses when presented with a familiar object, other cells change their receptive fields in line with changes in experience and the cognitive environment. These findings present challenges for current network models of memory and inform our understanding of the neural basis of declarative memory.
Memory rehabilitation for people with epilepsy
Authors: Thompson Pam , Koorenhof Loes , Kapur Narinder
Published: September 2012

Memory problems are a frequent concern of people with epilepsy and their families. However, the role of memory rehabilitation in epilepsy has received limited attention. This chapter begins with a synopsis of memory-rehabilitation approaches applied to brain injury. It reviews evidence relating to the efficacy of these strategies in epilepsy. Relatively few systematic studies have been undertaken. Findings to date indicate some promise but data regarding generalization and permanence of effects are lacking. An on-going investigation involving a cohort of temporal lobe surgical candidates highlights the variability in response to cognitive rehabilitation and potential reasons for this. Future studies are advocated, as people with epilepsy represent a young neurological group; if memory functioning can be improved, this will often have far-reaching benefits over many decades.
The Republic in Danger
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: September 2012

M. Scribonius Drusus Libo has always been considered an inexplicable victim of predatory prosecutors, destroyed in the changed conditions of Tiberius’ succession to the founder of the Principate. This is wrong. Drusus Libo conspired with a group of Tiberius’ opponents to challenge Tiberius’ right. The senate’s investigation of Drusus Libo will be examined in Chapter One and Chapter Two. It will be shown that Drusus Libo was treated in a way reminiscent of Catiline’s associate P. Lentulus Sura in 63 bc. Drusus Libo’s collaborators are then identified as a group of persons who supported first Gaius Caesar, then L. Aemilius Paullus and finally Agrippa Postumus. It is argued that the relationship of this group to Tiberius was beyond repair long before he succeeded Augustus. Tiberius’ succession to the supreme power in ad 14 signalled, therefore, a decisive defeat for this group. The succession is thus reconsidered from a new point of view: it was by no means sewn up. Drusus Libo is central to our understanding of Tiberius’ behaviour at this time. This is what the book examines in detail. A new historical model for the years 6 bc to ad 16 is offered, which has repercussions for the study of both the preceding and subsequent periods. The book is therefore a contribution to the study of the invention of the Principate at Rome.
Introduction
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: September 2012

The introduction points out that the Principate established by Augustus is usually treated as a benign and popular political structure, but that the case of M. Scribonius Drusus Libo throws doubt on this view. The case is connected with the conspiracy of the pseudo Agrippa Postumus, (i.e. Clemens). Drusus Libo was chosen as heir to a political movement bent on denying Tiberius his right. Finally, the reader learns that the result of the book is a re-conception of the Principate: it was brutal, destructive and met with serious opposition.