bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical application of thixotropic suspension models
Authors: Grillet Anne M. , Rao Rekha R. , Adolf Douglas B. , Kawaguchi Stacie , Mondy Lisa A.
Published: December 2008

The practical implementation of several thixotropic rheological models has been evaluated for a prototypical industrial application. We have studied the ability of the models to predict both steady and transient rheology of a suspension of alumina particles and the suitability of those models for full transient finite element calculations. The constitutive models for thixotropic materials examined include the Carreau-Yasuda model and first and second-order indirect structure models. While all of these models were able to predict the shear-thinning behavior of the steady viscosity, the first and second-order structure models were also able to capture some aspects of the transient structure formation and fluid history. However, they were not able to predict some more complex transient behavior observed in step shear experiments. For most thixotropic suspensions, the time constant required to form structure is longer than the time constant to break it down. For this suspension, the time constant at a given shear rate was also dependent on the previous shear rate. If the previous shear rate was high, the time required to reach equilibrium was longer than if the previous shear rate was lower. This behavior was not captured by the simple initial structure dependence in the previous models. By adding an additional dependence on the initial suspension structure, the prediction of the transient rheology was substantially improved while maintaining an excellent agreement with the steady shear viscosity. Finite element results are presented for extrusion of a suspension to form a fiber. This model two-dimensional problem contains many of the same complexities as practical three-dimensional mold filling simulations (i.e., nonviscometric and mobile free surface). Our results show that these direct structure models exhibit oscillations near the stick-slip point in finite element calculations similar to many polymeric constitutive equations, but are otherwise suitable for implementation in complex industrial modeling applications.
Rheology of dense-phase vibrated powders and molecular analogies
Authors: Marchal Ph. , Smirani N. , Choplin L.
Published: December 2008

By means of a stress imposed rheometer coupled with a “vibrating cell,” generating a Brownian motion at a macroscopic scale into the samples, we have shown that dense-phase vibrated powders exhibit rheological behaviors archetypal of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids. These behaviors have been accurately described through a free volume structural model based on simple “stick-slip” granular interactions. As a result, the evolution of the steady-state viscosity has been accurately expressed as a function of the shear rate, the frictional stress, the granular pressure, the mass of the samples, the vibration frequency, the vibration energy, the intergranular contact network mean life, and the free volume distribution. The model is consistent with Hookean, Coulombian, and Newtonian limits and is not only descriptive but also explicative and predictive of the encountered phenomena. In particular, a “time-granular temperature superposition principle,” theoretically predicted by the model, has been experimentally verified, the “granular temperature” being controlled through the vibration energy and frequency. Moreover, this superposition principle has been precisely described by a “Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann” law, leading to very close analogies with molecular systems near their glass transition point.
General stress decomposition in nonlinear oscillatory shear flow
Authors: Yu Wei , Wang Peng , Zhou Chixing
Published: December 2008

A general stress decomposition (GSD) method is suggested to analyze the nonlinear behavior in arbitrary nonlinear oscillatory experiments. This method is based on the symmetric properties of different harmonics. For shear stress, it is found that odd harmonics can be separated into a viscous and elastic part, respectively, while even harmonics has a viscoelastic character. The GSD method is validated by a model wave, and applied in nonlinear oscillatory shear of viscous shear thinning fluid, Bingham material, viscoelastic polymers, polymer blends via theoretical analysis and polymer composites via an experiment. The nonlinear behaviors of these materials are studied by the GSD method to show characteristic scaling relations. The GSD method has an advantage of determination the contribution of even harmonics readily by the decomposed stresses under either transient or steady flow conditions.
Genetic Analysis of Group A Streptococcus Isolates Recovered during Acute Glomerulonephritis Outbreaks in Guizhou Province of China
Authors: Zheng Ming-huan , Jiao Zhen-quan , Zhang Li-jie , Yu Sang-jie , Tang Guang-peng , Yan Xiao-mei , He Li-hua , Meng Fan-liang , Zhao Fei , Zhang Mao-jun , Xiao Di , Yang Yong-hong , Nie Wei , Zhang Jian-zhong , Wang Zi-jun
Published: December 2008

In this study, 68 group A streptococcus (GAS) isolates associated with two outbreaks of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in China were analyzed by
emm
typing. A total of 11 different
emm
types were identified. Analysis of
emm
type distribution suggested that AGN outbreaks in two counties were caused by
emm
60.1- and
emm
63.0-type GAS. These two types were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing,
sof
sequence typing, and PCR-based identification of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A, B, and C (
speA
,
speB
, and
speC
) genes. In antimicrobial susceptibility tests, all outbreak strains were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, and the rates of resistance of nonoutbreak strains to the two antibiotics were 63.6% and 90.9%. This study is also the first to report a nephritogenic M63 GAS strain.
Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by
Haemophilus influenzae
Type b in an Elderly Patient
Authors: Saito Takashi , Matsunaga Hiromi , Matsumura Yumi , Segawa Hajime , Takakura Shunji , Nagao Miki , Iinuma Yoshitsugu , Miyachi Yoshiki , Ichiyama Satoshi
Published: December 2008

Necrotizing fasciitis caused by
Haemophilus influenzae
type b is a rare infection of the skin and soft tissues. The only previously reported case involved a healthy infant. We report herein the case of an 81-year-old Japanese woman with diabetes mellitus who developed necrotizing fasciitis caused by
H. influenzae
type b.
First Case of
Streptococcus oligofermentans
Endocarditis Determined Based on
sodA
Gene Sequences after Amplification Directly from Valvular Samples
Authors: Matta Matta , Gousseff Marie , Monsel Fabien , Poyart Claire , Diebold Benoît , Podglajen Isabelle , Mainardi Jean-Luc
Published: December 2008

We report the first case of infection due to
Streptococcus oligofermentans
, which is a recently described oral
Streptococcus
species. It was responsible for the endocarditis and left forearm abscess of a 43-year-old woman. Identification was made using molecular techniques performed directly from valvular and surgical samples.
Evaluation of a Highly Sensitive Qualitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA Assay for Detection of HIV-1 Suppression
Authors: Nugent C. Thomas , Nodelman Vladislav , Giachetti Cristina , Richman Douglas D. , Looney David J.
Published: December 2008

By using a mathematical model, the APTIMA human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA qualitative assay was evaluated as a semiquantitative assay to distinguish HIV-1 patient samples needing quantitation from samples in which the virus was suppressed with antiretroviral therapy.
Cross-Priming Amplification for Rapid Detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in Sputum Specimens
Authors: Fang Rendong , Li Xia , Hu Lin , You Qimin , Li Jing , Wu Jie , Xu Peng , Zhong Huayan , Luo Ying , Mei Jian , Gao Qian
Published: December 2008

Cross-priming amplification (CPA) technology for tuberculosis diagnosis from sputum specimens was evaluated. The sensitivity of CPA from smear- and liquid culture-positive specimens was 96.9%, and that from smear-negative and liquid culture-positive specimens was 87.5%. The specificity of CPA in culture-negative specimens was 98.8%.
Sequence Variation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 and Measurement of Viral Integration by Quantitative PCR
Authors: Jiang Mingjun , Baseman Janet G. , Koutsky Laura A. , Feng Qinghua , Mao Constance , Kiviat Nancy B. , Xi Long Fu
Published: December 2008

Given that the integration of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) into the host genome occurs preferentially with the disruption of the E2 gene, a ratio of E2 to E7 gene copies is often used as a marker for integration. It is largely undetermined, however, whether ratio estimates are affected by HPV intratypic variations. We assembled four plasmid constructs, each containing a DNA fragment from an HPV16 European, Asian-American, African-1, or African-2 variant. These constructs and nine cervical swab samples were assayed by real-time PCR with two primer-probe sets for each gene: a specific set, fully complementary to the HPV16 prototype, and a degenerate set, incorporating degenerate bases at positions where nucleotides differed among the variants. The ratio of E2 to E7 gene copies for the European variant construct was close to 1, no matter which sets of primers and probes were used. While the ratios for the African-1 and Asian-American variant constructs remained close to 1 with the degenerate sets of primers and probes, the ratios were 0.36 and 2.57, respectively, with the specific sets of primers and probes. In addition, a nucleotide alteration at the position immediately following the 3′ end of the E2 forward primer binding site was found to be responsible for an underestimation of E2 gene copies for the African-2 variant construct. Similar patterns were found in nine cervical samples. In conclusion, mismatches between the primers and probes and their targets due to HPV16 intratypic variations would introduce errors in testing for integration; this situation can be sufficiently ameliorated by incorporating degenerate bases into the primers and probes.
Detection of Viruses in Human Adenoid Tissues by Use of Multiplex PCR
Authors: Sato Masatoki , Li Haijing , Ikizler Mine R. , Werkhaven Jay A. , Williams John V. , Chappell James D. , Tang Yi-Wei , Wright Peter F.
Published: December 2008

By PCR, we detected a high frequency of viruses in adenoids obtained from children without acute respiratory symptoms. Our results suggest that persistent/latent viral infection in the respiratory tract confounds interpretation of the association of pathogen detection by PCR with acute respiratory infection in these sources.
Mobilization of Endogenous Retroviruses in Mice after Infection with an Exogenous Retrovirus
Authors: Evans Leonard H. , Alamgir A. S. M. , Owens Nick , Weber Nick , Virtaneva Kimmo , Barbian Kent , Babar Amenah , Malik Frank , Rosenke Kyle
Published: December 2008

Mammalian genomes harbor a large number of retroviral elements acquired as germ line insertions during evolution. Although many of the endogenous retroviruses are defective, several contain one or more intact viral genes that are expressed under certain physiological or pathological conditions. This is true of the endogenous polytropic retroviruses that generate recombinant polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs). In these recombinants the
env
gene sequences of exogenous ecotropic MuLVs are replaced with
env
gene sequences from an endogenous polytropic retrovirus. Although replication-competent endogenous polytropic retroviruses have not been observed, the recombinant polytropic viruses are capable of replicating in numerous species. Recombination occurs during reverse transcription of a virion RNA heterodimer comprised of an RNA transcript from an endogenous polytropic virus and an RNA transcript from an exogenous ecotropic MuLV RNA. It is possible that homodimers corresponding to two full-length endogenous RNA genomes are also packaged. Thus, infection by an exogenous virus may result not only in recombination with endogenous sequences, but also in the mobilization of complete endogenous retrovirus genomes via pseudotyping within exogenous retroviral virions. We report that the infection of mice with an ecotropic virus results in pseudotyping of intact endogenous viruses that have not undergone recombination. The endogenous retroviruses infect and are integrated into target cell genomes and subsequently replicate and spread as pseudotyped viruses. The mobilization of endogenous retroviruses upon infection with an exogenous retrovirus may represent a major interaction of exogenous retroviruses with endogenous retroviruses and may have profound effects on the pathogenicity of retroviral infections.
Cell Type-Specific Induction and Inhibition of Apoptosis by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 ICP10
Authors: Han Jin-Young , Miller Sara A. , Wolfe Teresa M. , Pourhassan Hoda , Jerome Keith R.
Published: December 2008

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) inhibits apoptosis induced by external stimuli in epithelial cells. In contrast, apoptosis is the primary outcome in HSV-infected lymphocytes. Here, we show that HSV type 2 (HSV-2) gene expression appears to be necessary for the induction of apoptosis in Jurkat cells, a T-cell leukemia line. HSV-2 ICP10 gene expression is sufficient to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells, while its expression protects epithelial HEp-2 cells from apoptosis triggered by cycloheximide and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, the effect of HSV-2 gene expression on the cellular apoptotic pathway appears to depend on the specific cell type.
Widely Conserved Recombination Patterns among Single-Stranded DNA Viruses
Authors: Lefeuvre P. , Lett J.-M. , Varsani A. , Martin D. P.
Published: December 2008

The combinatorial nature of genetic recombination can potentially provide organisms with immediate access to many more positions in sequence space than can be reached by mutation alone. Recombination features particularly prominently in the evolution of a diverse range of viruses. Despite rapid progress having been made in the characterization of discrete recombination events for many species, little is currently known about either gross patterns of recombination across related virus families or the underlying processes that determine genome-wide recombination breakpoint distributions observable in nature. It has been hypothesized that the networks of coevolved molecular interactions that define the epistatic architectures of virus genomes might be damaged by recombination and therefore that selection strongly influences observable recombination patterns. For recombinants to thrive in nature, it is probably important that the portions of their genomes that they have inherited from different parents work well together. Here we describe a comparative analysis of recombination breakpoint distributions within the genomes of diverse single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus families. We show that whereas nonrandom breakpoint distributions in ssDNA virus genomes are partially attributable to mechanistic aspects of the recombination process, there is also a significant tendency for recombination breakpoints to fall either outside or on the peripheries of genes. In particular, we found significantly fewer recombination breakpoints within structural protein genes than within other gene types. Collectively, these results imply that natural selection acting against viruses expressing recombinant proteins is a major determinant of nonrandom recombination breakpoint distributions observable in most ssDNA virus families.
Host Immune Responses to Chronic Adenovirus Infections in Human and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Calcedo Roberto , Vandenberghe Luk H. , Roy Soumitra , Somanathan Suryanarayan , Wang Lili , Wilson James M.
Published: December 2008

Recent studies indicate that great apes and macaques chronically shed adenoviruses in the stool. Shedding of adenovirus in the stool of humans is less prevalent, although virus genomes persist in gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the majority of individual samples. Chimpanzees have high levels of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies to adenoviruses in serum, with very low frequencies of adenovirus-specific T cells in peripheral blood. A similar situation exists in macaques; sampling of guts from macaques demonstrated adenovirus-specific T cells in lamina propria. Humans show intermediate levels of serum neutralizing antibodies, with adenovirus-specific T cells in peripheral blood of all individuals sampled and about 20% of samples from the gut, suggesting a potential role of T cells in better controlling virus replication in the gut. The overall structure of the E3 locus, which is involved in modulating the host's response to infection, is degenerate in humans compared to that in apes, which may contribute to diminished evasion of host immunity. The impact of adenovirus persistence and immune responses should be considered when using adenoviral vectors in gene therapy and genetic vaccines.
EBNA3C Can Modulate the Activities of the Transcription Factor Necdin in Association with Metastasis Suppressor Protein Nm23-H1
Authors: Kaul Rajeev , Murakami Masanao , Lan Ke , Choudhuri Tathagata , Robertson Erle S.
Published: December 2008

Previous studies have demonstrated the interaction between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) and the metastatic suppressor Nm23-H1 both in vitro and in vivo (C. Subramanian, M. A. Cotter II, and E. S. Robertson, Nat. Med. 7:350-355, 2001). Importantly EBNA3C can reverse the ability of Nm23-H1 to suppress migration of human cells in vitro. EBNA3C contributes to EBV-associated human cancers by regulating transcription of a number of cellular and viral promoters as well as targeting and altering the transcription activities of the metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1. Furthermore, Necdin is a cellular protein which is highly induced in terminally differentiated cells; it contributes to the regulation of cell growth and is also known to interact with viral oncoproteins. In this report, we show that Nm23-H1 and EBNA3C can modulate the biological functions of Necdin in the context of EBV infection and transformation. The levels of Necdin were consistently lower in EBV-positive cells, and EBNA3C could change the subcellular localization of Necdin as well as rescue cells from the antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects mediated by Necdin. We also show that Necdin directly interacts with Nm23-H1, resulting in modulation of the biochemical function of Nm23-H1 as well as the biological function of Necdin. Both EBNA3C and Nm23-H1 were able to rescue not only Necdin-mediated transcriptional repression of the downstream vascular endothelial growth factor promoter but also Necdin-mediated growth suppression and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells. The majority of this response was mediated through amino acid residues 191 to 222 of Necdin, which are also known to be important for nuclear matrix targeting. These studies suggest a role for Necdin in the regulation of downstream cellular targets in a hypoxic environment in virus-associated human cancers.
Heart rate response to "off-road" running events in female athletes.
Authors: Creagh U , Reilly T , Nevill A M
Published: December 2008

INTRODUCTION: Despite the growing popularity of off-road running events, little information is available about the physiological stress of such activities. The demands of such events are unique in terms of the rough surface of the terrain encountered as well as the underfoot vegetation and the gradient. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response of female athletes, as measured by heart rate, to three common off-road running events: cross country running (n = 15), fell running (n = 20), and orienteering (n = 25). METHODS: Heart rate responses were recorded during cross country and fell races, and orienteering by means of short range radiotelemetry. Road running (n = 21) was also studied as a reference. RESULTS: The mean heart rates for each event varied with the differing demands of the terrain. The highest (182 (10) beats/minute; mean (SD)) was for road running and the lowest (172 (10) beats/minute) for orienteering. Orienteering evoked a significantly more variable response than all other events (F4,100 = 112.4; p<0.01), with a range of 44 beats/minute (142-186 beats/minute) in the heart rate. This may be due to both the variability of the terrain and the additional technical aspect of this sport. There was a positive trend in the slope of the regression lines of heart rate against time for both road and cross country running, which was not evident in the fell runners or the orienteers. The latter events demonstrated no consistent pattern. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that running off-road elicits a heart rate response that varies with the altering demands of surface, vegetation, and gradient.
Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage.
Authors: Dowzer C N , Reilly T , Cable N T
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: Running in water has the potential to decrease the compressive forces on the spine as the body is supported. The aim of the study was to determine the magnitude of this loss in stature compared with running on land. METHODS: Fourteen runners completed three 30 minute runs on separate days in deep water, shallow water, and on a motor driven treadmill. During the three conditions, runners exercised at 80% of their exercise mode specific peak oxygen consumption. Subjects rested in the Fowler position for 20 minutes before and after exercise. Measurements of changes in stature were taken before resting, before running, after 15 minutes of running, after 30 minutes of running, and after the post-exercise rest in the Fowler position. Changes in stature were recorded using a stadiometer accurate to 0.01 mm. RESULTS: Loss of stature values were 4.59 (1.48), 5.51 (2.18), and 2.92 (1.7) mm (means (SD)) for running on the treadmill, and in shallow and deep water respectively. Running in deep water caused significantly lower creep than in the other trials (p<0.05), with no difference between the shallow water and treadmill conditions. Loss of stature was greater in the first half of the run for all conditions (p<0.05). Ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between the three exercise conditions. CONCLUSION: Results support the use of deep water running for decreasing the compressive load on the spine.
Incidence of sporting injury in New Zealand youths aged 6-15 years.
Authors: Pringle R G , McNair P , Stanley S
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To document the incidence of injury in 6-15 year olds playing rugby union, rugby league, and netball, and to identify the common mechanisms, sites, severity, and time of injury. METHODS: Cross sectional data were collected by trained observers who watched 258 games of rugby union, netball, and rugby league over a four week period. The condition of the injured participants was monitored until recovery. RESULTS: In total, 5174 players were observed and an injury rate of 18 per 1000 player hours was calculated. Of all observed injuries, 29% required some form of medical treatment. A significant difference (p<0.05) in the distribution of injury over the four quarters of the games was recorded, most occurring in the first three quarters. In total, 81% of the injuries were classified as contact injuries, and these mainly occurred through direct contact with the opposition. Of all observed injuries, 27% were recurrent. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of injury in rugby union, netball, and rugby league is low for children aged between 6 and 15 years relative to adult rates.
Effect of exercise on the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in serum of untrained middle aged individuals.
Authors: Mougios V , Kouidi E , Kyparos A , Deligiannis A
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether prolonged moderate exercising by untrained middle aged individuals of both sexes affects the plasma ratio of unsaturated to saturated (U/S) fatty acids in the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triacylglycerol (TG) fractions. METHODS: Twenty two healthy untrained volunteers (eleven men and eleven pre-menopausal women), aged 35-55, exercised on bicycles at 50-55% maximal heart rate reserve (estimated 61% maximal oxygen uptake) for one hour. Pre- and post-exercise blood samples were analysed for lactate, glucose, glycerol, individual NEFAs and TG acyl groups, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, urea, cortisol, and testosterone. Biopsy specimens of adipose tissue were analysed for TG acyl group composition. RESULTS: Serum total NEFAs increased significantly whereas total TG decreased significantly in both sexes. Changes in individual fatty acids, in both the NEFA and TG fractions, generally paralleled changes in the total pool but were not proportionate. As a result, U/S NEFAs increased in both sexes, although significantly only in women. The shift was in the direction of the composition of the major source of blood NEFAs--that is, adipose tissue TG. U/S acyl groups of TG also increased in both sexes, although significantly only in men. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged moderate exercise increases the U/S ratio of serum NEFAs and TG. This may add to the beneficial effects of exercise given the protective role of unsaturated fatty acids against coronary heart disease.
Assessment of the flexibility of elite athletes using the modified Thomas test.
Authors: Harvey D
Published: December 2008

AIM: To analyse the modified Thomas test and obtain measures of flexibility for the iliopsoas, quadriceps and tensor fascia lata/iliotibial band. METHOD: The modified Thomas test was used to determine the range of flexibility of 117 elite athletes in tennis, basketball, rowing, and running. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The study has provided objective data for a clinical test measuring flexibility of the iliopsoas, quadriceps, and tensor fascia lata/iliotibial band. It is recommended that sufficient flexibility is obtained to perform a specific sport and that asymmetries between limbs are addressed.
Post traumatic osteoma of tibial insertion of medial collateral ligament of knee joint.
Authors: Shanker V S , Gadikoppula S , Loeffler M D
Published: December 2008

Two cases are presented of post traumatic para-articular osteoma developing at the site of tibial attachment of the medial collateral ligament of knee joint. These occurred after injuries sustained while playing football and in one case the ossified mass was treated with surgical excision for unresolved symptoms after conservative measures. A comparison is made with Pellegrini Stieda disease, which is a similar affection of the femoral insertion of the medial ligament of the knee joint.
Circadian rhythms, athletic performance, and jet lag.
Authors: Manfredini R , Manfredini F , Fersini C , Conconi F
Published: December 2008

Rapid air travel across several time zones exposes the traveller to a shift in his/her internal biological clock. The result is a transient desynchronisation of the circadian rhythm, called jet lag, lasting until the rhythm is rephased to the new environmental conditions. The most commonly experienced symptoms are sleep disorders, difficulties with concentrating, irritability, depression, fatigue, disorientation, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbance. Apart from the decrements in mental and physical performance directly consequent on such symptoms, competitive athletes are also exposed to the additional negative consequences of a shift from the optimal circadian window of performance. A brief summary of the possible negative effects of jet lag on athletic performance and potentially alleviating strategies is given.
Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review.
Authors: Scully D , Kremer J , Meade M M , Graham R , Dudgeon K
Published: December 2008

The relation between physical exercise and psychological health has increasingly come under the spotlight over recent years. While the message emanating from physiological research has extolled the general advantages of exercise in terms of physical health, the equivalent psychological literature has revealed a more complex relation. The paper outlines the research evidence, focusing on the relation between physical exercise and depression, anxiety, stress responsivity, mood state, self esteem, premenstrual syndrome, and body image. Consideration is also given to the phenomena of exercise addiction and withdrawal, and implications for exercise prescription are discussed.
Effects of seasonal change in rugby league on the incidence of injury.
Authors: Phillips L H , Standen P J , Batt M E
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects that the recent seasonal change in rugby league from winter to summer has had on the incidence of injury. METHODS: All injuries that occurred during games and training were recorded throughout four consecutive seasons (three winter, one summer) for the first team squad of a British professional rugby league club. Data included nature of injury, days lost as the result of injury, player position, month, and season. RESULTS: An increasing incidence of injury over the four seasons was observed, with the summer seasons having an incidence almost double that of the first winter season recorded (696.8 per 1000 hours and 363.55 per 1000 hours respectively). The severity of injury was shown to decline over the four seasons. Most injuries were incurred in matches (74.9%) rather than during training (25.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings show an increasing incidence of injury in summer rugby but with decreased severity. It is not known if this is the result of playing back to back rugby seasons or is a consequence of a change in playing season and ground conditions.
Relation between bone turnover, oestradiol, and energy balance in women distance runners.
Authors: Zanker C L , Swaine I L
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To explore relations between biochemical markers of bone turnover, indices of nutritional status, and serum oestradiol concentration in women distance runners. METHODS: Thirty three women distance runners of mean age (SD) 27.2 (1.8) years participated. Eighteen were defined as eumenorrhoeic, nine as amenorrhoeic, and six as oligomenorrhoeic. Mean (SD) running distance was 47.6 (22.4) km/week. Using bivariate correlation and regression analysis, serum levels of osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and also urine deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (Dpyr/Cr) were correlated with mean daily energy balance, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and serum levels of total 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and oestradiol within each group by menstrual status. RESULTS: All the amenorrhoeic women were in negative energy balance; they had a lower BMI, lower serum levels of oestradiol, triiodothyronine, osteocalcin and BAP and a lower urine Dpyr/Cr than any of the oligomenorrhoeic or eumenorrhoeic women. These variables were also lower in oligomenorrhoeic than in eumenorrhoeic women. Positive correlations were observed between serum levels of osteocalcin or BAP and both BMI and serum oestradiol concentration in amenorrhoeic, but not in oligomenorrhoeic or eumenorrhoeic women. Urine Dpyr/Cr did not correlate with any other variable within any group. Serum oestradiol concentration correlated positively with BMI in amenorrhoeic and oligomenorrhoeic, but not eumenorrhoeic women. CONCLUSIONS: Positive correlations between serum levels of bone formation markers, BMI and serum oestradiol concentration in our amenorrhoeic runners suggested that their reduced bone formation was linked to a low BMI and an oestrogen deficiency. Reduced bone turnover in amenorrhoeic distance runners has not previously been shown. These findings emphasise the importance of body mass and its possible link with a chronic energy deficit and hypothalamic dysfunction on bone remodelling balance in amenorrhoeic runners.
Recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon.
Authors: Inoue G , Tamura Y
Published: December 2008

Five patients with recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon resulting from an athletic injury were treated by reconstruction of the ECU tendon sheath, and each had a satisfactory result. Two types of disruption of the fibro-osseous sheath were found. In two cases in which the fibro-osseous sheath ruptured radially, the torn sheath lay on its ulnar groove beneath the ECU tendon. These patients were treated by direct suture of the sheath over the ECU tendon. In three cases in which the fibro-osseous sheath ruptured ulnarly, the torn sheath lay superficial to the ECU tendon. These patients were treated by reconstruction of the sheath using a piece of the extensor retinaculum. We believe that surgical reconstruction of the fibro-oseous sheath of the ECU tendon should be considered for symptomatic dislocation of the ECU tendon, even in an acute case.
Diagnostic pitfalls in sports related laryngeal injury.
Authors: Rejali S D , Bennett J D , Upile T , Rothera M P
Published: December 2008

The serious nature of laryngeal trauma sustained during sporting activity can be easily overlooked. Concomitant injury should not distract from the diagnosis of potential airway problems. The effects of head and neck trauma on the airway may be delayed. The assessment and management of a patient with suspected laryngeal injury should be carried out by experienced medical practitioners.
Chronic groin pain in an athlete: an unusual presentation.
Authors: Williams E V , Windless P , Blease S , Queen K , Jenkinson T
Published: December 2008

Persistent disabling groin pain in an active sportsman is a frustrating diagnostic and management problem for both the athlete and physician. After clinical examination and investigation there remains a group of patients who have unexplained groin pain, and may undergo lengthy periods of conservative management with numerous radiological investigations. Here we highlight such a case.
Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents.
Authors: De Lorenzo A , Bertini I , Candeloro N , Iacopino L , Andreoli A , Van Loan M D
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences in the estimate of body fat percentage (%FM) and the amount (kg) of fat free mass (FFM) by different methods in 26 moderately active adolescents very similar in age, body fatness, and training status. METHODS: Mean (SD) age was 16.7 (0.9) years, height was 177.0 (5.1) cm, and weight 68.0 (5.2) kg. %FM was assessed using dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) and two skinfold prediction equations: that of Slaughter et al (%FM Sla) and that of Deurenberg et al (%FM Deu). In the same way, FFM was measured using DXA and different impedance equations: those of Suprasongsin et al (FFM Sup), Schaefer et al (FFM Sch), Houtkooper et al (FFM Hou), and Deurenberg et al (FFM Deu). To determine the interchangeability of the different methods of measuring %FM and FFM, one way analysis of variance, standard error (SE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) ((SD/mean) x 100) were used. RESULTS: On average, no significant statistical differences were observed between the values determined for %FM: DXA value, 11.7 (5.4%); %FM Sla, 10.9 (4.0)%; %FM Deu, 11.5 (2.3)%. On the other hand, SE and CV% between each pair of the three methods used showed very large variability. With regard to the measurement or prediction of FFM, the mean value measured by DXA was significantly higher than that predicted by the equation of Sch (+7.2 kg, p < 0.001), Deu (+3.2 kg, p < 0.001), and Hou (+2.6 kg, p < 0.001), whereas it was lower than that predicted by the equation of Sup (-1.6 kg, p < 0.05). The Hou and Deu values were the only two that, on average, did not differ in a statistically significant way, although they showed the highest CV%. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of moderately active adolescents the estimated values for %FM and FFM appear to be highly dependent on method.
Barriers to physical activity promotion by general practitioners and practice nurses.
Authors: McKenna J , Naylor P J , McDowell N
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To examine the promotion of physical activity by general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs). METHODS: A questionnaire that examined the types of barriers and the levels of their influence as well as stage of change for activity promotion and for personal behaviour was mailed to 846 subjects. RESULTS: The return rate exceeded 70% in each group with a high proportion (69%) of GPs and PNs reporting that they regularly promote physical activity with their patients. GPs were less likely to regularly promote physical activity with their patients if they indicated lack of time as a barrier (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 0.93) or lack of incentives (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.94), and more likely to promote exercise if they themselves were regular exercisers (OR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.96 to 5.18). However, for PNs longer consultation times (by 1.5 to 2 minutes) had a higher likelihood of producing regular promotion of activity (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.62). For PNs personal physical activity stage was the strongest significant predictor of promotion level, but with a stronger effect (OR = 4.77, 95% CI 1.48 to 15.35) than in the GPs. CONCLUSION: The main finding is that GPs in the action or maintenance stage of changing their own physical activity are three times more likely to regularly promote the same behaviour in their patients than those in the other stages; for PNs the same difference quadruples the likelihood of them promoting physical activity. Professional readiness to change is influenced by known system barriers in GPs, and not in PNs, but is more strongly predicted by personal physical activity behaviour in both groups.
Rectus abdominis rhabdomyolysis after sit ups: unexpected detection by bone scan.
Authors: Kao P F , Tzen K Y , Chen J Y , Lin K J , Tsai M F , Yen T C
Published: December 2008

Uptake of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate by the rectus abdominis muscle was unexpectedly found in a 29 year old man who had started to perform 30 to 40 sit ups a day for five days before the bone scan. After a week of rest, serum creatine kinase activity was still abnormal but muscle uptake of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate had ceased. This specific muscle injury after short term sit ups as well as the resolution of the phenomenon within a week are of interest.
Displaced avulsion of the ischial apophysis: a hamstring injury requiring internal fixation.
Authors: Servant C T , Jones C B
Published: December 2008

A case is reported of an adolescent sprinter who was chronically disabled by pain after non-operative management for an acute hamstring injury. He had sustained an avulsion fracture of the ischial apophysis with displacement of 2.5 cm. Avulsion fractures of the ischial apophysis with displacement of 2 cm or more are unusual, but they frequently result in a symptomatic non-union, and early diagnosis, open reduction, and internal fixation is to be encouraged.
Occurrence and trends in ski injuries in Norway.
Authors: Ueland O , Kopjar B
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of ski injuries in Norway and to describe the changes between 1990 and 1996. METHODS: All ski injuries (7966) treated at four hospitals providing health care to a defined population of about 11% of the Norwegian population were registered prospectively from 1990 to 1996. For this study, 6462 injuries sustained in cross country skiing, downhill skiing, telemark skiing, and snowboarding were selected for further analysis. RESULTS: The relative distribution of ski injuries by type of skiing changed significantly from 1990 to 1996 (p<0.001). Injuries from snowboarding showed the highest relative increase, and those sustained during downhill skiing showed a decline. The proportion of fractures in all types of skiing increased during the study period (p=0.001). The proportion of injuries to knee/lower leg decreased and the proportion to the forearm/wrist/hand increased during the study period (p=0.03). The mean age of the injured skiers differed significantly among the different types of skiing activity (p<0.001): cross country skiers were the oldest followed by telemark skiers, downhill skiers, and snowboarders. CONCLUSIONS: Ski injury surveillance results in early detection of changes in temporal injury trends, allowing timely adjustment of injury prevention strategies. Injuries from snowboarding are on the increase in Norway, warranting more effective injury prevention measures.
Isokinetic strength testing does not predict hamstring injury in Australian Rules footballers.
Authors: Bennell K , Wajswelner H , Lew P , Schall-Riaucour A , Leslie S , Plant D , Cirone J
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation of hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength and imbalance to hamstring injury using a prospective observational cohort study METHOD: A total of 102 senior male Australian Rules footballers aged 22.2 (3.6) years were tested at the start of a football season. Maximum voluntary concentric and eccentric torque of the hamstring and quadriceps muscles of both legs was assessed using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 60 and 180 degrees/second. Twelve (11.8%) players sustained clinically diagnosed hamstring strains which caused them to miss one or more matches over the ensuing season. RESULTS: There were no significant differences for any of the isokinetic variables comparing the injured and non-injured legs in players with unilateral hamstring strains (n=9). Neither the injured nor the non-injured leg of injured players differed from the mean of left and right legs in non-injured players for any isokinetic variable. The hamstring to opposite hamstring ratios also did not differ between injured and non-injured players. A hamstring to opposite hamstring ratio of less than 0.90 and a hamstring to quadriceps ratio of less than 0.60 were not associated with an increased risk of hamstring injury. A significantly greater percentage of players who sustained a hamstring strain reported a history of hamstring strain compared with non-injured players (p=0.02). However, this was not related to muscle weakness or imbalance. CONCLUSIONS: Isokinetic muscle strength testing was not able to directly discriminate Australian Rules football players at risk for a hamstring injury.
Lightning injuries during snowy conditions.
Authors: Cherington M , Breed D W , Yarnell P R , Smith W E
Published: December 2008

Skiers and other snow sports enthusiasts can become lightning casualties. Two such accidents are reported, one being fatal. There are fewer warning signals of impending lightning strikes in winter-like conditions. However, outdoor activists should be aware of at least two suspicious clues: the appearance of convective clouds, and the presence of graupel (snow pellets) during precipitation.
Chronic subdural haematoma, an unusual injury from playing basketball.
Authors: Keller T M , Holland M C
Published: December 2008

Although the literature records instances of acute epidural haematoma and acute subdural haematoma related to playing basketball, there has not been a report of chronic subdural haematoma as a basketball injury. With the burgeoning interest in this sport in the United Kingdom and Europe, the possibility of this particular neurotrauma increases. Such an injury, along with the diagnosis and management of this often insidious lesion, is documented in this case report.
Energy cost of sport rock climbing in elite performers.
Authors: Booth J , Marino F , Hill C , Gwinn T
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration ([La(b)]), and heart rate (HR) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing. METHODS: Seven climbers aged 25 (SE 1) years, with a personal best ascent without preview or fall (on sight) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock hand/foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue. On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb graded 5c and taking 7 min 36 s (SE 33 s) to complete. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [La(b)] collected at rest and after climbing. RESULTS: Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake (VO2climb-peak) and peak HR (HRpeak) of 43.8 (SE 2.2) ml/kg/min and 190 (SE 4) bpm, respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [La(b)] from 1.4 (0.1) to 10.2 (0.6) mmol/l (p < 0.05). During outdoor climbing VO2 and HR increased to about 75% and 83% of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak, respectively. [La(b)] increased from 1.3 (0.1) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l (p < 0.05) at 2 min 32 s (8 s) after completion of the climb. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak. The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [La(b)] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions, particularly from the arm and forearm muscles.
Risk factors for injuries and other health problems sustained in a marathon.
Authors: Satterthwaite P , Norton R , Larmer P , Robinson E
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for injuries and other health problems occurring during or immediately after participation in a marathon. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was undertaken of participants in the 1993 Auckland Citibank marathon. Demographic data, information on running experience, training and injuries, and information on other lifestyle factors were obtained from participants before the race using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Information on injuries and other health problems sustained during or immediately after the marathon were obtained by a self administered questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify significant risk factors for health problems. RESULTS: This study, one of only a few controlled epidemiological studies that have been undertaken of running injuries, has identified a number of risk factors for injuries and other health problems sustained in a marathon. Men were at increased risk of hamstring and calf problems, whereas women were at increased risk of hip problems. Participation in a marathon for the first time, participation in other sports, illness in the two weeks before the marathon, current use of medication, and drinking alcohol once a month or more, were associated with increased self reported risks of problems. While increased training seemed to increase the risk of front thigh and hamstring problems, it may decrease the risk of knee problems. There are significant but complex relations between age and risk of injury or health problem. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified certain high risk subjects and risk factors for injuries and other health problems sustained in a marathon. In particular, subjects who have recently been unwell or are taking medication should weigh up carefully the pros and cons of participating.