bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living with a resected rectum after rectal cancer surgery—Struggling not to let bowel function control life
Authors: Reinwalds Maria , Blixter Andrea , Carlsson Eva
Published: October 2017

Aims and objective

To illuminate what it means to live with a resected rectum due to rectal cancer, after reversal of a temporary loop ileostomy.

Background

Today, treatment for rectal cancer is performed with increasing emphasis on sphincter‐saving surgery, meaning that an anterior resection often includes construction of a temporary loop ileostomy that is later reversed. The majority of patients will subsequently have disordered bowel function, with symptoms ranging from urgency to faecal incontinence. The symptoms are thought to decrease over time, reaching a plateau 1 year after surgery. There is a lack of knowledge about patients’ lived experience after 1 year.

Design

An explorative qualitative study.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted with ten participants, 12–20 months after surgical closure of a temporary loop ileostomy following rectal cancer surgery. The transcribed interviews were analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutical method.

Results

The thematic structural analysis resulted in three themes: living with uncertainty, struggling to live with altered bowel function and a preoccupation with bowel function. In the comprehensive understanding, a deeper overall understanding emerged, illuminating that the meaning of living with a resected rectum could be interpreted as being resilient.

Conclusions

The participants’ lived experiences were understood as being resilient in that they struggled with the uncertainty and adversity of living with an unpredictable bowel, which was a constantly preoccupation and affected every aspect of life. The participants had not yet adapted to their situation but were struggling in solitude to get there, with little or no help from healthcare professionals.

Relevance to clinical practice

The insight from this study highlights the importance of patients being systematically examined and followed up in regard to functional results and impact of symptoms on everyday life. Treatment, information, advice and counselling should be given to promote adaption to the new situation.
Association of spiritual/religious coping with depressive symptoms in high‐ and low‐risk pregnant women
Authors: Vitorino Luciano M , Chiaradia Raíssa , Low Gail , Cruz Jonas Preposi , Pargament Kenneth I , Lucchetti Alessandra L G , Lucchetti Giancarlo
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

To investigate the role of spiritual/religious coping (SRC) on depressive symptoms in high‐ and low‐risk pregnant women.

Background

Spiritual/religious coping is associated with physical and mental health outcomes. However, only few studies investigated the role of these strategies during pregnancy and whether low‐ and high‐risk pregnant women have different coping mechanisms.

Design

This study is a cross‐sectional comparative study.

Methods

This study included a total of 160 pregnant women, 80 with low‐risk pregnancy and 80 with high‐risk pregnancy. The Beck Depression Inventory, the brief SRC scale and a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic and obstetric aspects were used. General linear model regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with positive and negative SRC strategies in both groups of pregnant women.

Results

Positive SRC use was high, whereas negative SRC use was low in both groups. Although we found no difference in SRC strategies between the two groups, negative SRC was associated with depression in women with high‐risk pregnancy, but not in those with low‐risk pregnancy. Furthermore, positive SRC was not associated with depressive symptoms in both groups.

Conclusions

Results showed that only the negative SRC strategies of Brazilian women with high‐risk pregnancies were associated with worsened mental health outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals, obstetricians and nurse midwives should focus on the use of negative SRC strategies in their pregnant patients.
Health education and competency scale: Development and testing
Authors: Hwang Huei‐Lih , Kuo Mei‐Ling , Tu Chin‐Tang
Published: October 2017

Aims and objective

To develop a tool for measuring competency in conducting health education and to evaluate its psychometric properties in a population of entry‐level nurses.

Background

Until now, no generic instrument has been developed specifically for measuring competency in health education, which is an essential competency for nurses. Existing scales are either insufficient for psychometric evaluation or are designed specifically for senior nurses. To evaluate curricula and courses designed for entry‐level nurses, educators require an instrument for measuring improvement in core competency from baseline to determine whether the minimum level of ability has been achieved.

Design

Item development for the survey instrument used for data collection in this study was based on the results of a literature review.

Methods

The self‐evaluated Health Education Competency Scale developed in this study was used to survey 457 nursing students at two nursing schools and 165 clinical nurses at a medical centre in south Taiwan in 2016. The participants were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group was analysed by exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, and one group was analysed by confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

Factor analysis yielded a four‐factor (assessment, pedagogy, motivation and empowerment) solution (18 items) that accounted for 75.9% of the variance.

Conclusion

The total scale and subscales had good reliabilities and construct validity coefficients. For measuring competency in entry‐level nurses, the Health Education Competency Scale had a good data fit and sound psychometric properties.

Relevance to clinical practice

The proposed scale can be used to assess health education competency for college nursing students and practising nurses. Furthermore, it can provide educators with valuable insight into the minimum competencies required for entry‐level nurses to deliver quality health care to clients and can guide them in the practice of client‐based teaching.
Ethical issues in palliative care for nursing homes: Development and testing of a survey instrument
Authors: Preshaw Deborah HL , McLaughlin Dorry , Brazil Kevin
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

To develop and psychometrically assess a survey instrument identifying ethical issues during palliative care provision in nursing homes.

Background

Registered nurses and healthcare assistants have reported ethical issues in everyday palliative care provision. Identifying these issues provides evidence to inform practice development to support healthcare workers.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey of Registered nurses and healthcare assistants in nursing homes in one region of the UK.

Method

A survey instrument, “Ethical issues in Palliative Care for Nursing homes”, was developed through the findings of qualitative interviews with Registered nurses and healthcare assistants in nursing homes and a literature review. It was reviewed by an expert panel and piloted prior to implementation in a survey in 2015 with a convenience sample of 596 Registered nurses and healthcare assistants. Descriptive and exploratory factor analyses were used to assess the underlying structure of the Frequency and Distress Scales within the instrument.

Results

Analysis of 201 responses (response rate = 33.7%) revealed four factors for the Frequency Scale and five factors for the Distress Scale that comprise the Ethical issues in Palliative Care for Nursing homes. Factors common to both scales included “Processes of care,” “Resident autonomy” and “Burdensome treatment.” Additionally, the Frequency Scale included “Competency,” and the Distress Scale included “Quality of care” and “Communication.”

Conclusion

The Ethical issues in Palliative Care for Nursing homes instrument has added to the palliative care knowledge base by considering the ethical issues experienced specifically by Registered nurses and healthcare assistants within the nursing home. This research offers preliminary evidence of the psychometric properties of the Ethical issues in Palliative Care for Nursing homes survey instrument.

Relevance to practice

The two largest factors highlight the need to address the organisational aspects of caring and provide training in negotiating conflicting ethical principles.
Nursing staff intentions towards managing deteriorating health in nursing homes: A convergent parallel mixed‐methods study using the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: O'Neill Barbara J. , Dwyer Trudy , Reid‐Searl Kerry , Parkinson Lynne
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

To predict the factors that are most important in explaining nursing staff intentions towards early detection of the deteriorating health of a resident and providing subacute care in the nursing home setting.

Background

Nursing staff play a pivotal role in managing the deteriorating resident and determining whether the resident needs to be transferred to hospital or remain in the nursing home; however, there is a dearth of literature that explains the factors that influence their intentions. This information is needed to underpin hospital avoidance programs that aim to enhance nursing confidence and skills in this area.

Design

A convergent parallel mixed‐methods study, using the theory of planned behaviour as a framework.

Methods

Surveys and focus groups were conducted with nursing staff (n = 75) at a 94‐bed nursing home at two points in time, prior to and following the implementation of a hospital avoidance program. The quantitative and qualitative data were analysed separately and merged during final analysis.

Results

Nursing staff had strong intentions, a positive attitude that became significantly more positive with the hospital avoidance program in place, and a reasonable sense of control; however, the influence of important referents was the strongest predictor of intention towards managing residents with deteriorating health. Support from a hospital avoidance program empowered staff and increased confidence to intervene.

Conclusion

The theory of planned behaviour served as an effective framework for identifying the strong influence referents had on nursing staff intentions around managing residents with deteriorating health. Although nursing staff had a reasonable sense of control over this area of their work, they believed they benefitted from a hospital avoidance program initiated by the nursing home.

Relevance to clinical practice

Managers implementing hospital avoidance programs should consider the role of referents, appraise the known barriers and facilitators and take steps to identify those unique to their local situation. All levels of nursing staff play a role in preventing hospitalisation and should be consulted in the design, implementation and evaluation of any hospital avoidance strategies.
Introduction to the symposium ‘Targeted therapy in B‐cell malignancies’
Authors: Smedby K. E. , Rosenquist R.
Published: October 2017

Content List ‐ Read more articles from the symposium: Targeted therapy in B‐cell malignancies.
Clinicopathologic significance of ROCK2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Dourado Mauricio R. , de Oliveira Carine E. , Sawazaki‐Calone Iris , Sundquist Elias , Coletta Ricardo D. , Salo Tuula
Published: October 2017

Background

Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 2 (ROCK2) is an oncoprotein that controls cytoskeleton organization and acts as prognostic marker in different types of solid tumors. ROCK2 overexpression is also observed in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF), which suggests its relevance within the tumor microenvironment. This study aimed to access the prognostic value of ROCK2 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and its association with CAF density.

Methods

Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 2 immunohistochemical analysis was applied in 93 OSCC samples from 2 centers in Brazil and Finland. The samples were also stained for isoform α of smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) to characterize the presence of CAF in the tumor stroma. Clinicopathological associations were analyzed using Chi‐squared test, survival curves were constructed according to the Kaplan‐Meier method, and Cox proportional hazard model was applied for multivariate survival analysis.

Results

Advanced clinical stage (P = .002) and increased density of CAF (P = .002) were significantly associated with high ROCK2 expression. The high expression of ROCK2 was also associated with shortened disease‐specific survival (HR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.15‐4.38, P = .04), but the association did not withstand the Cox multivariate survival analysis.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that high ROCK2 expression in OSCC is associated with advanced disease and follows the increase in CAF density, which may be important for tumor progression.
Cell proliferation is associated with intensity of tumor budding in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Marangon Junior Helvécio , Leão Priscila Laiza Rubim , Melo Victória Vasconcellos Moreira , Caixeta Ângela Braga , Souza Paulo Eduardo Alencar , de Aguiar Maria Cássia Ferreira , Horta Martinho Campolina Rebello
Published: October 2017

Background

Tumor budding is a morphological marker of cancer invasion, defined as the presence of isolated or small clusters of neoplastic cells at the tumor invasive front. This study aimed to evaluate the association between intensity of tumor budding and cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was employed in 163 OSCC samples to detect the cell proliferation marker Ki‐67 and multicytokeratin (to identify OSCC cells in tumor budding evaluation). The Mann‐Whitney test was used to evaluate differences in the cell proliferation index between samples with high‐intensity tumor budding and samples with low‐intensity or no tumor budding. In samples with high‐intensity tumor budding, the Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate differences in the cell proliferation index between the budding area and the area outside the budding. The chi‐square test assessed the association between cell proliferation index and intensity of tumor budding.

Results

The cell proliferation index was higher in samples with high‐intensity tumor budding than in samples with low‐intensity or no tumor budding (P < .05). Tumors with high‐intensity tumor budding showed a higher cell proliferation index in the budding area than in the area outside the budding (P < .05). Finally, samples showing high‐intensity tumor budding were associated with high cell proliferation index (P < .05).

Conclusion

Cell proliferation is positively associated with intensity of tumor budding in OSCC. Moreover, in tumors showing high‐intensity tumor budding, the budding area is the location of higher cell proliferation. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that tumor budding is associated with the biological behavior of OSCC.
Historical demography and colonization pathways of the widespread intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae) in southeastern Australia
Authors: Mueller Rebecca , Wright Jeffrey T. , Bolch Christopher J. S.
Published: October 2017

The palaeoceanography of southern Australia has been characterized by fluctuating sea levels during glacial periods, changing temperature regimes and modified boundary currents. Previous studies on genetic structuring of species in southeastern Australia have focused mainly on the differentiation of eastern and western populations while the potential role of Bass Strait as a region of overlap for three biogeographic provinces (Peronia, Maugea, and Flindersia) has been largely ignored. This study aimed to explore the likely roles of historic and contemporary factors in determining divergence patterns in the habitat‐forming intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii in southeastern Australia with a special focus on postglacial dispersal into Bass Strait. We examined the genetic diversity of 475 Hormosira specimens collected from 19 sites around southern Australia using DNA sequence analysis of cytochrome oxidase 1. Three major haplotype groups were identified (western, centre and eastern) corresponding with the three existing biogeographical provinces in this region. Historic break points appeared to be retained and reinforced by modern day dispersal barriers. Phylogeographic grouping of Hormosira reflected a combination of historic and contemporary oceanography. As western and eastern group haplotypes were largely absent within Bass Strait, re‐colonization after the last glacial maximum appeared to have originated from refuges within or near present day Bass Strait. Patterns of genetic structure for Hormosira are consistent with other marine species in this region and highlight the importance of biogeographical barriers in contributing to modern genetic structure.
Immunotherapy for hepatitis B in the direct acting antiviral era: Reevaluating the thymosin α1 efficacy trials in the light of a combination therapy approach
Authors: Naylor P. H. , Mutchnick M. G.
Published: October 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes both acute and chronic hepatitis and infects large numbers of individuals worldwide. Unfortunately, prediction of typical clinical outcome is problematic and there is considerable variability in the frequency, duration and severity of disease progression. The mainstay of HBV treatment is directed towards the suppression of HBV replication by nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs). The use of immunomodulators such as α‐Interferon and thymosin α1 can, in select patients, results in elimination of both HBsAg and HBeAg. Given the observation that viral clearance is most effective in the presence of a strong immune response, this review summarizes data suggesting that the use of a combination of an immune modulator such as Tα1 with a highly effective NUC may result in a more successful therapeutic approach in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Results from small studies using combination Tα1 and NUCs are encouraging, and ongoing clinical trials combining entecavir with Tα1 are anticipated to provide important data assessing the use of a combination of Tα1 with a NUC to achieve resolution of CHB.
Impact of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir on the work productivity of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients in Asia
Authors: Younossi Z. M. , Chan H. L. Y. , Dan Y. Y. , Lee M. H. , Lim Y. ‐S. , Kruger E. , Tan S. C.
Published: October 2017

Chronic, untreated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a poor clinical prognosis and a detrimental impact on patients' lives, including on work productivity. To estimate the value of productivity losses due to genotype 1 (GT1) HCV infection in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan and to estimate the potential productivity gains associated with treating patients with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) therapy, an economic model was developed with a time horizon of 1 year. Hepatitis C virus patients entered the model at 12 weeks post‐treatment, having achieved or not achieved sustained virological response (SVR). Absenteeism and presenteeism rates were taken from a pooled analysis of data from the ION 1‐3 studies. These rates were converted into hours of lost productivity, multiplied by the average wage and applied to the total employed, adult GT1 population in each country. Results were compared assuming no treatment, and assuming all patients were treated with LDV/SOF. Total productivity losses due to untreated HCV were: $11.3 million, $17.1 m, $146.0 m and $349.1 m in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. LDV/SOF treatment resulted in economic gains of $4.5 m, $6.8 m, $58.7 m and $138 m, respectively. These gains were due to reduced presenteeism. The results were sensitive to changes in the prevalence of HCV and the average wage. In conclusion, productivity losses due to untreated HCV infection represent a substantial economic burden. By instituting universal HCV treatment with LDV/SOF (or other therapies with high SVR rates), productivity gains can be achieved.
Community‐based screening of hepatitis C with a one‐step RNA detection algorithm from dried‐blood spots: Analysis of key populations in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Saludes V. , Folch C. , Morales‐Carmona A. , Ferrer L. , Fernàndez‐López L. , Muñoz R. , Jiménez M. , Loureiro E. , Fernández‐Dávila P. , Bascuñana E. , Casabona J. , Martró E.
Published: October 2017

Alternative strategies are required to enhance the diagnosis of silent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in key populations at risk. Among them, HCV prevalence and bio‐behavioural data are scarce for HIV‐negative men who have sex with men (MSM) and men and trans‐women sex workers. We sought to describe and assess the potential benefits of a community‐based one‐step HCV screening and confirmatory strategy for these populations in Barcelona. The screening strategy based on a real‐time RT‐PCR assay for HCV‐RNA detection in dried‐blood spots (DBS) was validated and implemented in addition to an antibody point‐of‐care test in a community centre. HCV prevalence was assessed, and bio‐behavioural data were collected. The molecular assay was precise, reproducible, sensitive and specific. Four HIV‐negative MSM reported being currently infected (0.75% HCV self‐reported prevalence). Implementation of DBS testing was easy, and acceptability was >95%, but no silent HCV case was diagnosed (N = 580). High‐risk sexual practices and drug use for sex were reported frequently. HIV prevalence was 4.7% in MSM and 10% in sex workers. Self‐reported prevalence of other STIs ranged from 11.3% to 36.2%. In conclusion, HCV‐RNA testing in DBS showed a good performance, but the assessed one‐step strategy does not seem beneficial in this setting. Although no silent HCV infections were detected, the observed high‐risk behaviours and prevalence of other STIs suggest that HCV spread should be periodically monitored among these populations in Barcelona by means of behavioural surveillance, rapid antibody testing and molecular confirmation in DBS.
Seasonal Changes in the Milt Quality of Waigieu Seaperch, Psammoperca waigiensis: Implications for Artificial Propagation
Authors: Le Minh Hoang , Pham Hung Quoc
Published: October 2017

Milt quality of Waigieu seaperch was sampled at the beginning, the middle, and the end of the spawning season to assess if the sampling season has an effect on milt quality parameters. The milt volume and total sperm production were higher at the middle of the spawning season while the sperm concentration in milt was significantly higher at the beginning and the end of the spawning season. Sperm morphology and the major parameters of seminal plasma (pH, total protein, Mg2+, or Ca2+ concentrations) did not differ throughout the spawning season. The concentrations of Na+ and the osmolality increased throughout the spawning season. The percentage of motile cells did not differ during the spawning season while the duration of sperm motility (swimming duration) and velocity (swimming speed) were significantly different during the spawning season. The fertilization rate (75.7 ± 6.8%) and hatching rate (56.5 ± 3.1%) at the middle of the spawning season were higher than at the beginning and end periods. Results indicated that milt quality parameters and fertility success in the middle of the spawning season were higher compared to earlier and later sampling dates. Thus, we recommend collecting milt during this time for maximal fertilization and hatching success.
Toxicity of Peracetic Acid to Fish: Variation among Species and Impact of Water Chemistry
Authors: Straus David L. , Meinelt Thomas , Liu Dibo , Pedersen Lars‐Flemming
Published: October 2017

There has been strong interest in the use of peracetic acid (PAA) in aquaculture as it can be used to disinfect water and hard surfaces and thereby eliminate or lower the burden of fish pathogens. Unfortunately, there has been little research on the toxicity of PAA to fish. Twelve species of fingerling fish that are important to aquaculture were exposed to PAA for 24 h in static toxicity bioassays in well water. These fish were: fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; black‐nose crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas; goldfish, Carassius auratus; grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis; and walleye, Sander vitreus. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values were estimated with the trimmed Spearman–Karber method using nominal PAA concentrations. The mean 24‐h LC50 values ranged from 2.8 to 9.3 mg/L PAA. Fathead minnow were very sensitive and blue tilapia were very tolerant to PAA exposure; LC50 values of other species tested were within the range of 4.1–6.2 mg/L PAA. More importantly, the 24‐h no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOEC) ranged from 1.9 to 5.8 mg/L PAA; the NOEC would be considered as the safe range for culturists to investigate the use of PAA. Decreased alkalinity/hardness increased the toxicity of PAA, while a small increase of dissolved organic content had no effect on PAA toxicity. Results of the present study are important information on the safe application of PAA for the aquaculture industry.
A simplified protocol using rituximab and immunoglobulin for ABO‐incompatible low‐titre living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kim Seong Hoon , Lee Eung Chang , Shim Jae Ryong , Park Sang Jae
Published: October 2017

Background & Aims

No consensus has been reached regarding optimal treatment strategies for ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We introduce a simplified protocol using rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Methods

Data were analysed on adult patients who underwent ABO‐I LDLT of which protocol added rituximab (300 mg/m2) before surgery and IVIG (0.8 g/kg) on post‐operative days 1 and 4 to the conventional immunosuppressive regimen used in ABO‐compatible (ABO‐C) LDLT, without plasmapheresis, splenectomy or graft local infusion. The outcomes were compared with those of ABO‐C LDLT by 1:2 propensity score‐matched analysis.

Results

Consecutive 43 ABO‐I LDLT patients were identified between 2014 and 2016. Before desensitization, the median isoagglutinin titre was 1:8 (range, 1:2‐1:64). The titre was reduced to 4 (range, 0‐16) at the time of LDLT. None showed a rebound rise of isoagglutinin titres. No antibody‐mediated rejection occurred. Biliary stricture was the most common complication with an incidence of 30.2%. A comparator group of 86 ABO‐C LDLT patients were selected. There was no statistical difference in the overall complication rate including acute cellular rejection, biliary complications and infection between ABO‐I and ABO‐C groups. The 3‐year cumulative patient survival rates in the ABO‐I and ABO‐C groups were 82.4% and 85.9% respectively (P = .115).

Conclusions

A simplified protocol using rituximab and IVIG for ABO‐I LDLT was safe and effective in achieving sufficient desensitization and comparable outcomes in patients with the titre no higher than 1:64.
Towards a capability approach to child growth: A theoretical framework
Authors: Haisma Hinke , Yousefzadeh Sepideh , Boele Van Hensbroek Pieter
Published: October 2017

Child malnutrition is an important cause of under‐5 mortality and morbidity around the globe. Despite the partial success of (inter)national efforts to reduce child mortality, under‐5 mortality rates continue to be high. The multidimensional approaches of the Sustainable Development Goals may suggest new directions for rethinking strategies for reducing child mortality and malnutrition. We propose a theoretical framework for developing a “capability” approach to child growth. The current child growth monitoring practices are based on 2 assumptions: (a) that anthropometric and motor development measures are the appropriate indicators; and (b) that child growth can be assessed using a single universal standard that is applicable around the world. These practices may be further advanced by applying a capability approach to child growth, whereby growth is redefined as the achievement of certain capabilities (of society, parents, and children). This framework is similar to the multidimensional approach to societal development presented in the seminal work of Amartya Sen. To identify the dimensions of healthy child growth, we draw upon theories from the social sciences and evolutionary biology. Conceptually, we consider growth as a plural space and propose assessing growth by means of a child growth matrix in which the context is embedded in the assessment. This approach will better address the diversities and the inequalities in child growth. Such a multidimensional measure will have implications for interventions and policy, including prevention and counselling, and could have an impact on child malnutrition and mortality.
Factors associated with the introduction of complementary feeding in theFrench ELFEcohort study
Authors: Bournez Marie , Ksiazek Eléa , Wagner Sandra , Kersuzan Claire , Tichit Christine , Gojard Séverine , Thierry Xavier , Charles Marie‐Aline , Lioret Sandrine , de Lauzon‐Guillain Blandine , Nicklaus Sophie
Published: October 2017

The objectives of this study were to estimate the age of complementary feeding introduction (CFI) and investigate the related health, demographic, and socio‐economic factors.

Analyses were based on 10,931 infants from the French national birth cohort ELFE, born in 2011. Health, demographic, and socio‐economic data concerning infants and parents were collected at birth (face‐to‐face interviews and medical records) and 2 months (telephone interviews). Data on milk feeding and CFI practices were collected at birth and 2 months then monthly from 3 to 10 months using online or paper questionnaires. The associations between both health and social factors and CFI age were tested by multivariable multinomial logistic regressions. The mean CFI age was 5.2 ± 1.2 months; 26% of the infants started complementary feeding before 4 months of age (CF < 4 months), 62% between 4 and 6 months of age, and 12% after 6 months of age (CF > 6 months). CF < 4 months was more likely when mothers smoked, were overweight/obese, younger (<29 years), and used their personal experience as an information source in child caregiving and when both parents were not born in France. CF < 4 months was less likely when the infant was a girl, second‐born, when the mother breastfed longer, and had attended at least one birth preparation class. Mothers of second‐born infants and who breastfed their child longer were more likely to introduce CF > 6 months. Couples in which fathers were born in France and mothers were not born in France were less likely to introduce CF > 6 months. CF < 4 months occurred in more than 25% of the cases. It is important to continue promoting clear CFI recommendations, especially in smoking, overweight, young, not born in France, and nonbreastfeeding mothers.
Allosteric control of a bacterial stress response system by an anti‐σ factor
Authors: Luebke Justin L. , Eaton Daniel S. , Sachleben Joseph R. , Crosson Sean
Published: October 2017

Bacterial signal transduction systems commonly use receiver (REC) domains, which regulate adaptive responses to the environment as a function of their phosphorylation state. REC domains control cell physiology through diverse mechanisms, many of which remain understudied. We have defined structural features that underlie activation of the multi‐domain REC protein, PhyR, which functions as an anti‐anti‐σ factor and regulates transcription of genes required for stress adaptation and host‐microbe interactions in Alphaproteobacteria. Though REC phosphorylation is necessary for PhyR function in vivo, we did not detect expected changes in inter‐domain interactions upon phosphorylation by solution X‐ray scattering. We sought to understand this result by defining additional molecular requirements for PhyR activation. We uncovered specific interactions between unphosphorylated PhyR and an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of the anti‐σ factor, NepR, by solution NMR spectroscopy. Our data support a model whereby nascent NepR(IDR)‐PhyR interactions and REC phosphorylation coordinately impart the free energy to shift PhyR to an open, active conformation that binds and inhibits NepR. This mechanism ensures PhyR is activated only when NepR and an activating phosphoryl signal are present. Our study provides new structural understanding of the molecular regulatory logic underlying a conserved environmental response system.
The island cotton NBS‐LRR gene GbaNA1 confers resistance to the non‐race 1 Verticillium dahliae isolate Vd991
Authors: Li Nan‐Yang , ma Xue‐Feng , Short Dylan P. G. , Li Ting‐Gang , Zhou Lei , Gui Yue‐Jing , Kong Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Dan‐Dan , Zhang Wen‐Qi , Li Jun‐Jiao , Subbarao Krishna V. , Chen Jie‐Yin , Dai Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2017

Wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae significantly reduces cotton yields, as host resistance in commercially cultivated Gossypium species is lacking. Understanding the molecular basis of disease resistance in non‐commercial Gossypium species could galvanize the development of Verticillium wilt resistance in cultivated species. Nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) proteins play a central role in plant defence against pathogens. In this study, we focused on the relationship between a locus enriched with eight NBS‐LRR genes and Verticillium wilt resistance in G. barbadense. Independent virus‐induced gene silencing of each of the eight NBS‐LRR genes in G. barbadense cultivar Hai 7124 revealed that silencing of GbaNA1 alone compromised the resistance of G. barbadense to V. dahliae isolate Vd991. In cultivar Hai 7124, GbaNA1 could be induced by V. dahliae isolate Vd991 and by ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Nuclear protein localization of GbaNA1 was demonstrated by transient expression. Sequencing of the GbaNA1 orthologue in nine G. hirsutum accessions revealed that all carried a non‐functional allele, caused by a premature peptide truncation. In addition, all 10 G. barbadense and nine G. hirsutum accessions tested carried a full‐length (∼1140 amino acids) homologue of the V. dahliae race 1 resistance gene Gbve1, although some sequence polymorphisms were observed. Verticillium dahliae Vd991 is a non‐race 1 isolate that lacks the Ave1 gene. Thus, the resistance imparted by GbaNA1 appears to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from recognition of the fungal effector Ave1.
Low FoxG1 and high Olig‐2 labelling indices define a prognostically favourable subset in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐mutant gliomas
Authors: Schäfer S. , Behling F. , Skardelly M. , Koch M. , Ott I. , Paulsen F. , Tabatabai G. , Schittenhelm J.
Published: October 2017

Aims

Previous data suggest that expression of transcription factors FoxG1 and Olig‐2 can separate hotspot histone H3 family member 3A (H3F3A)‐mutant tumours in paediatric glioma. We evaluated their prognostic potential and feasibility for identifying H3F3A‐mutant tumours among IDH‐mutant/wild‐type gliomas.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry of FoxG1/Olig‐2 and α‐thalassaemia/mental‐retardation‐syndrome‐X‐linked gene (ATRX) in 471 cases of diffuse gliomas and molecular determination of IDH, H3F3A, MGMT and 1p/19 codeletion status.

Results

Mean percentage of FoxG1‐positive tumour cells increased from 17% in WHO grade II to over 21% in grade III to 37% in grade IV tumours, whereas mean Olig‐2 indices decreased from 29% to 28% to 17% respectively. FoxG1 indices were similar in astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumours, whereas Olig‐2 indices were increased in oligodendrogliomas compared to astrocytic tumours (n = 451, P < 0.0001). FoxG1‐positive nuclei were significantly reduced in IDH and H3F3A K27‐mutant tumours, whereas Olig‐2‐positive nuclei were significantly reduced in IDH‐wild‐type and H3F3A G34‐mutant tumours. Among IDH‐mutant tumours, mean Olig‐2 index was significantly higher in 1p/19q codeleted tumours (mean: 43%) compared to IDH‐mutant tumours with ATRX loss (mean: 23%, P < 0.0001). A significantly better outcome was first suggested for FoxG1low tumours (n = 212, log rank P = 0.0132) and Olig‐2high tumours (n = 203, log‐rank P = 0.0011) based on classification and regression tree determined cutoffs, but this was not confirmed by multivariate analysis including IDH mutation, WHO grade, ATRX status and age.

Conclusions

While the combined FoxG1/Olig‐2 profile may discriminate H3F3A K27‐ and G34‐mutant tumours and define a prognostically favourable subset in IDH‐mutant gliomas, our data show that labelling indices of these transcription factors overlap with adult IDH‐mutant and wild‐type tumour classes.
Rapid weight gain during infancy and subsequent adiposity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of evidence
Authors: Zheng M. , Lamb K. E. , Grimes C. , Laws R. , Bolton K. , Ong K. K. , Campbell K.
Published: October 2017

The contribution of rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy to later adiposity has received considerable investigation. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to update the literature on association between RWG and subsequent adiposity outcomes. Electronic searches were undertaken in EMBASE, MEDLINE, psycINFO, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Studies that examined the associations between RWG (a change in weight z‐scores > 0.67) during infancy (from birth to age 2 years) and subsequent adiposity outcomes were included. Random effects meta‐analysis was conducted to obtain the weighted‐pooled estimates of the odds of overweight/obesity for those with RWG. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion with the majority of studies (15/17) being of high/acceptable quality and reporting positive associations between RWG during infancy and later adiposity outcomes. RWG in infancy was associated with overweight/obesity from childhood to adulthood (pooled odds ratio = 3.66, 95% confidence interval: 2.59–5.17, I2 > 75%). Subgroup analyses revealed that RWG during infancy was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in childhood than in adulthood, and RWG from birth to 1 year was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity than RWG from birth to 2 years. The present study supports that RWG during infancy is a significant predictor of adiposity in later life.
A mandibular lesion revealing multiple myeloma
Authors: Benjelloun L. , Dghoughi S. , Taleb B.
Published: October 2017

Multiple myeloma is a disease resulting from clonal proliferation of plasma cells. It is the most common primary bone malignancy. The most common clinical signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, anaemia, infectious diseases and it is characterized by multiple punched‐out radiolucent lesions. Jaw lesions may be present in the advanced stages of multiple myeloma. Rarely, the oral and maxillofacial lesions can be the first manifestation of the disease. We report a rare case of a 55‐year‐old man who presented with a left mandibular swelling of a duration of 2 months. The panoramic radiograph showed a large destructive radiolucency in the left molar region and the angle of the left mandible. A biopsy was performed and revealed the diagnosis of a plasmocytoma. Further investigations of the patient revealed other osteolytic lesions in other bones, confirming the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Heart failure severity, inappropriate ICD therapy, and novel ICD programming: a MADIT‐RIT substudy
Authors: Daimee Usama A. , Vermilye Katherine , Rosero Spencer , Schuger Claudio D. , Daubert James P. , Zareba Wojciech , McNitt Scott , Polonsky Bronislava , Moss Arthur J. , Kutyifa Valentina
Published: October 2017

Background

The effects of heart failure (HF) severity on risk of inappropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapy have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to study the association between HF severity and inappropriate ICD therapy in MADIT‐RIT.

Methods

MADIT‐RIT randomized 1,500 patients to three ICD programming arms: conventional (Arm A), high‐rate cut‐off (Arm B: ≥200 beats/min), and delayed therapy (Arm C: 60‐second delay for ≥170 beats/min). We evaluated the association between New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III (n = 256) versus class I–II (n = 251) and inappropriate ICD therapy in Arm A patients with ICD‐only and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT‐D). We additionally assessed benefit of novel ICD programming in Arms B and C versus Arm A by NYHA classification.

Results

In Arm A, the risk of inappropriate therapy was significantly higher in those with NYHA III versus NYHA I–II for both ICD (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.55, confidence interval [CI]: 1.51–4.30, P < 0.001) and CRT‐D patients (HR = 3.73, CI: 1.14–12.23, P = 0.030). This was consistent for inappropriate ATP and inappropriate ICD therapy < 200 beats/min, but not for inappropriate shocks. Novel ICD programming significantly reduced inappropriate therapy in patients with both NYHA III (Arm B vs Arm A: HR = 0.08, P < 0.001; Arm C vs Arm A: HR = 0.17, P < 0.001) and NYHA I–II (Arm B vs Arm A: HR = 0.25, P < 0.001; Arm C vs Arm A: HR = 0.28, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with more severe HF are at increased risk for inappropriate ICD therapy, particularly ATP due to arrhythmias < 200 beats/min. Novel programming with high‐rate cut‐off or delayed detection reduces inappropriate ICD therapies in both mild and moderate HF.
Characterization of melanosomes and melanin in Japanese patients with Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome types 1, 4, 6, and 9
Authors: Okamura Ken , Abe Yuko , Araki Yuta , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Seishima Mariko , Umetsu Takafumi , Kato Atsushi , Kawaguchi Masakazu , Hayashi Masahiro , Hozumi Yutaka , Suzuki Tamio
Published: October 2017

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), a bleeding tendency, and ceroid deposition. Most of the causative genes for HPS encode subunits of the biogenesis of lysosome‐related organelles complex (BLOC). In this study, we identified one patient each with HPS4, HPS6, and HPS9 by whole‐exome sequencing. Next, we analyzed hair samples from the three patients and representative patients with HPS1 and controls using electron microscopy and chemical methods. All HPS patients had fewer, smaller, and more immature melanosomes than healthy controls. Further, all patients showed reduced total melanin content and increased levels of benzothiazine‐type pheomelanin. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of the dysfunctions of BLOCs on the maturation of melanosomes and melanin levels and composition through analysis of their hair samples.
Quantitative analysis of folds by means of orthorectified photogrammetric 3D models: a case study from Mt. Catria, Northern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Corradetti Amerigo , Tavani Stefano , Russo Mario , Arbués Pau Cazo , Granado Pablo
Published: October 2017

A 3D model of a plunging meso‐scale chevron fold affecting Mesozoic limestone has been generated, scaled and oriented applying a photogrammetrically based workflow. Bedding measurements allowed extracting the statistical direction of intersection between the bedding planes (the fold's β axis), allowing for the orthorectification of the 3D model and the construction of a photo‐realistic cross section. The methodology in this contribution constitutes an innovative tool, available to all, for the accurate quantitative analysis of geological structures.
Synthesis of Pb9(PO4)6/Ag3PO4 Composite Photocatalysts with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Guo Caiping , Song Limin , Zhang Shujuan
Published: October 2017

Pb9(PO4)6/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts with different amounts of Pb9(PO4)6 were successfully synthesised by the ion exchange method. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT‐IS), and ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy. All Pb9(PO4)6/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts show much higher photocatalytic activities than pure Ag3PO4 under visible light irradiation in the methyl‐orange (MO) decomposition. Especially, the 3.0 wt% Pb9(PO4)6/Ag3PO4 photocatalyst shows the highest photoactivity and also high stability after five cycles. The MO degradation rate during each cycle is almost maintained at 97%. Photo‐electrochemical measurement of photocatalysts verified that the enhancing photocatalytic activity was resulted from the electron‐hole pair high separation. The photocatalytic activity enhancement of Pb9(PO4)6/Ag3PO4 is closely related to , the main active oxygen species.
Frauds, Posers And Sheep: A Virtue Theoretic Solution To The Acquaintance Debate
Authors: Ransom Madeleine
Published: October 2017

The acquaintance debate in aesthetics has been traditionally divided between pessimists, who argue that testimony does not provide others with aesthetic knowledge of artworks, and optimists, who hold that acquaintance with an artwork is not a necessary precondition for acquiring aesthetic knowledge. In this paper I propose a reconciliationist solution to the acquaintance debate: while aesthetic knowledge can be had via testimony, aesthetic judgment requires acquaintance with the artwork. I develop this solution by situating it within a virtue aesthetics framework based on Ernest Sosa's virtue epistemology. I go on to apply the solution to the debates on moral testimony and expert testimony. An interesting variant on Gettier cases emerges: cases in which subjects have knowledge, but it has been formed by the wrong competence.
Grounding, Essence, and Identity
Authors: Correia Fabrice , Skiles Alexander
Published: October 2017

Recent metaphysics has turned its focus to two notions that are—as well as having a common Aristotelian pedigree—widely thought to be intimately related: grounding and essence. Yet how, exactly, the two are related remains opaque. We develop a unified and uniform account of grounding and essence, one which understands them both in terms of a generalized notion of identity examined in recent work by Fabrice Correia, Cian Dorr, Agustín Rayo, and others. We argue that the account comports with antecedently plausible principles governing grounding, essence, and identity taken individually, and illuminates how the three interact. We also argue that the account compares favorably to an alternative unification of grounding and essence recently proposed by Kit Fine.
Pollinator‐independent orchid attracts biotic pollinators due the production of lipoidal substances
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Bergamo P. J. , Ferreira‐Caliman M. J.
Published: October 2017

Flowering plants often depend on the attraction of biotic pollinators for sexual reproduction. Consequently, the emergence and maintenance of selected floral attributes related to pollinator attraction and rewarding are driven by pollinator pressure.

In this paper we explore the effect of pollinators, rainfall, temperature and air humidity on the reproduction of a Brazilian terrestrial orchid, Cranichis candida based on data of phenology, flower resources, olfactory and visual attraction cues, pollinators and breeding system.

The flowers of C. candida are strongly protandrous and pollinated by workers of the social native bee Tetragonisca angustula. The bees collect labellar lipoidal substances (wax scales), which are transported to the nest. The lipoidal substance is composed of sterols, hydrocarbons and terpenes. The last presumably protects the bees and their nests against pathogens and other arthropods. C. candida sets fruits through biotic self‐ and cross‐pollination, and spontaneously due the action of raindrops on flowers.

Our results indicate that in C. candida, although rain‐mediated spontaneous self‐pollination happens, fructification mediated by biotic pollinations also occurs, which may result in fruit set by cross‐pollination. A mixed pollination system must result in higher genetic variability when compared to species whose fruits are produced entirely by self‐pollination. On the other hand, autogamy is a form of reproductive assurance, and has commonly evolved where pollination services are rare or absent.