bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
occurrence of flunixin residues in bovine milk samples from the United States
Authors: Kissell L. W. , Baynes R. E. , Smith G. W. , Riviere J. E.
Published: February 2023

Flunixin (FLU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) approved in the United States for use in beef and dairy cattle for modulation of inflammation in endotoxemia and for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and acute bovine mastitis. FLU is labeled for intravenous administration at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg every 24 hours or 0.5 mg/lb (1.1 mg/kg) every 12 hours for up to 3 days. The slaughter withdrawal time is 4 days following the last injection and the milk withdrawal time is 36 hours. Since 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has reported an increasing number of residue violations in meat from dairy cattle (USDA-FSIS, 2005-2010). This increase in the number of FLU residue violations has led to FLU becoming the second most common residue violation behind penicillin in cull dairy cattle (USDA-FSIS). In milk the marker residue is a metabolite of FLU, called 5-hydroxy flunixin (50H) and the tolerance for 50H in milk is 2 ppb. Milk samples in the United States are not routinely tested for 50H (National Milk Drug Residue Data Base Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report). However, due to the significant number of FLU tissue residues violations found in cull dairy cows, there is concern that the same practices which have led to tissue residues may also lead to drug residues in milk.
Occurrence of mastitis pathogens in goat colostrum
Authors: Alcindo J. F. , Deschk M. , Braga G. I. , Marinho M. , Feitosa F. L. F.
Published: February 2023

Intramammary infections are common in dairy small ruminants. The etiologic agents are diverse; however, mastitides of bacterial origin occur more frequently. Asymptomatic mastitis is the most common form of mastitis in dairy goat herds in Brazil, and the predominant etiological agent in this type of mastitis is coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS).
survey of caprine arthritis encephalitis in midwestem goats
Authors: Jones B. T. , Keen J. E.
Published: February 2023

CAEV is an incurable disease of goats that has social and economic impacts. Clinical disease includes encephalitis, arthritis, mastitis, and progressive respiratory disease. In the last 25 years there have been significant changes in the US goat industry. Recent prevalence studies are lacking and historic studies may not reflect changes in the industry. The purpose of the study was to establish the prevalence of CAEV in midwestern herds that are not actively controlling for CAEV.
Pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose subcutaneous flunixin meglumine in lactating dairy goats
Authors: Smith J. S. , Angelos J. A. , Rowe J. D. , Carlson J. L. , Tell L. A.
Published: February 2023

Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for intravenous (IV) administration in cattle and intramuscular (IM) administration in swine for the control of pyrexia associated with respiratory disease. FM is commonly administered by the SC route in lactating goats; however, pharmacokinetic data is lacking for this administration route.
Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine and caprine milk
Authors: Miller A. A. , Lyman R. L. , Anderson K. L.
Published: February 2023

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of infection in humans and animals. It is the most common cause of chronic subclinical bovine mastitis. Genotypes of S. aureus associated with one host can be transmitted among species. The purpose of this study was to compare genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of representative bovine and caprine S. aureus isolates, and determine possible interspecies transfer of genotypes. It was hypothesized that genotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. aureus would be similar for bovine and caprine isolates.
effects of nutritional supplement on milk quality and milk components over an entire lactation in dairy goats
Authors: Rowson A. D. , Boyle T. J. , McLean D. J. , Armstrong S. A. , Puntenney S. B.
Published: February 2023

In the United States the legal somatic cell count (SCC) limit for dairy goat milk is 1,500,000 mL/L. However, it is common for the SCC to be much higher than this limit, especially near the end of lactation. Milk SCC from goats follows a linear increase throughout lactation, peaking just before dry-off. Mastitis, estrus, age, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE), and stressful events can all increase SCC in goat’s milk. Production of milk with a SCC higher than the legal limit results in farms being unable to ship their milk and lost income. Additionally, many cheese processors pay premiums for milk containing higher amounts of fat and protein. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional supplementation of OmniGen-AF® to dry and lactating dairy goats on milk quality and milk components over an entire lactation.
Beef cattle transportation issues in the United States
Authors: Thomson Daniel U. , Eisenbarth J. , Simroth J. , Frese D. , Lee Tiffany L. , Stephens M. , Spare M.
Published: February 2023

Transportation of cattle is one of the most common practices in the beef industry. This proceedings focuses on some specific opportunities for the beef industry pertaining to transportation. Whether transporting calves for veal production or cull cows for slaughter, fitness for transport must be evaluated by the producer. Cattle haulers need to focus on opportunities to provide a comfortable, safe ride between destinations. Finally, cattlemen and cattlewomen must be prepared to help cattle prepare and recover from transportation to improve cattle health and performance.
People challenges and what can be done to overcome them
Authors: Buyers Matt
Published: February 2023

A targeted and practical overview of the tactics that can be employed to resolve common interpersonal challenges found in the livestock production industry is presented. A call to action for those seeking to help their clients improve their businesses.
Fetal programming
Authors: Funston R. N. , Summers A. F.
Published: February 2023

Depending on timing, magnitude, and duration of nutrient limitation or supplementation, it is possible that early measures in life, such as calf birth BW, may be unaffected, whereas measures later in life, such as weaning BW, carcass characteristics, and reproductive traits, may be influenced. This body of research provides compelling evidence of a fetal programming response to maternal nutrition in beef cattle. Future competitiveness of the US beef industry will continue to be dependent on the use of high-forage diets to meet the majority of nutrient requirements. Consequences of nutrient restriction or supplementation must be considered not only on individual animal performance, but also the developing fetus and its subsequent performance throughout life.
Designing effective calf vaccination programs
Authors: Chase Christopher C. L.
Published: February 2023

Vaccination is an important component for the prevention and control of bovine bacterial and viral diseases. Modified-live vaccines (MLV) have been used because of the good antibody response, longer duration of immunity, fewer doses needed per animal, and lower cost. The selective pressure from an animal’s immune response may lead to new viruses that persist and cause problems in the herd. An interesting vaccine will be the live Pasteurella multicida and Mannheimia hemolytica vaccines. Non-adjuvanted MLV vaccines also fail to booster well vaccinated animals as active vaccine-induced immunity neutralizes vaccine virus preventing the MLV from replicating and preventing a booster immune response. Improved adjuvants have increased the scope and duration of inactivated virus immunity. Inactivated vaccines generate cell-mediated response and can enhance the immune response in well-vaccinated animals. This whole process from vaccination to achieving mature immune response takes at least 3 weeks. This fully developed mature primary response can then be boosted to get a true anamnestic secondary response. There is no "single vaccination program” that will work on most farms or ranches. Each vaccine program needs to be designed based on the actual threats and needs of the farm, and not based on a company’s or neighbors suggested program.
Monitoring systems for identifying bovine respiratory disease
Authors: White Brad
Published: February 2023

Accurate diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a critical component of applying appropriate therapy at the optimal time. Visual observation is the conventional manner for BRD diagnosis; however, this method has been shown to have relatively low diagnostic accuracy. Identifying diseased calves visually is a challenging prospect as observers often have limited time, and the clinical signs of BRD are subjective and variable among cases. Several tools have been evaluated to augment the BRD diagnostic accuracy including evaluation of rectal temperature, specific pathogen diagnostics, evaluation of the inflammatory profile, and determination of changes in behavior. New methods have been employed remotely monitoring cattle behavior and utilizing these data to determine changes in wellness status. Remote behavioral monitoring has shown promise for early, accurate BRD diagnosis, but the decision to use this technology should be based on the expected benefits compared to costs of employing the system.
Salmonella Dublin
Authors: Virkler Paul D.
Published: February 2023

Salmonella Dublin (SD) is a serotype of Salmonella that is host-adapted to cattle and can lead to persistent carrier infections. It can cause serious disease outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in youngstock, and abortions or morbidity and mortality in older cattle. There are also food safety concerns related to SD, a zoonotic pathogen that can cause serious human illness or death. A high morbidity and mortality outbreak has been associated with people consuming unpasteurized milk, and it is identified as one of the top three Salmonella serotypes found in beef products, notably ground beef. It also has the potential to infect and cause serious illness in cattle care workers exposed to infectious secretions of SD infected cattle. Veterinarians need to be fully educated on the clinical disease presentations of SD as well as the current diagnostic tests to identify and manage this disease. Strategies to keep SD out of individual herds need to be discussed and implemented. For those herds where it is already present, a plan to control the transmission of SD needs to be in place as well as a monitoring strategy to ensure its success.
Automated milk leukocyte differential diagnosis and treatment of subclinical mastitis in early lactation
Authors: Hockett M. E. , Rodriguez R. R. , Payne M. E.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of on-farm, automated milk leukocyte differential (MLD) (QScout®MLD) testing for subclinical mastitis in early lactation and treatment on infection rates, milk production and somatic cell count (SCC).
Survival of Mycobacterium bovis during forage ensiling
Authors: Grooms D. L. , Bolin S. R. , Durst P. , Lim A. , Smith R.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine if MB could survive the ensiling process of feedstuffs that are commonly used to feed cattle in Northeast Michigan.
Current feedlot cattle health and well-being program recommendations in the United States and Canada
Authors: Lee T. L. , Terrell S. P. , Bartle S. J. , Reinhardt C. D. , Apley M. D. , Thomson D. U.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary consultants routinely give recommendations to feedlot employees and managers on all areas of cattle health and well-being. Recommendations are made based on veterinarians’ field experience and review of peer-reviewed literature. However, there is little data available about how the literature is merged with field experience and the actual recommendations given by consulting veterinarians to feedlot employees and managers. A survey conducted by Vasconcelos and Galyean (2007) reported baseline recommendations of select feedlot nutritionists in the United States. This survey is to be repeated every 4 to 5 years, as changes in recommendations can be useful in determining areas in nutritional practices that warrant further research. A similar study was conducted for feedlot veterinary recommendations in 2009 to establish a baseline for recommendations of feedlot veterinary consultants in the United States and Canada. The objective of the current survey was to report specific recommendations currently made by feedlot consulting veterinarians and to compare the current recommended practices to those recommended in the survey conducted 5 years ago.
Association of rumination time with non-esterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, and serum calcium concentrations in transition dairy cows
Authors: Paudyal S. , Maunsell F. , Smith J. , Donovan G. A. , DeVries A. , Pinedo P.
Published: February 2023

Monitoring of health status is crucial during the transition period of dairy cows. Rumination behavior has been suggested as a parameter for assessing cow health. The objective of the current study was to explore the association between changes in rumination and blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and calcium (CA) in transition dairy cows.
Effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum on risk for infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, milk production and longevity in Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Godden S. M. , Wells S. , Donahue M. , Stabel J. , Oakes J. M. , Sreevatsan S. , Fedrow J.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of U.S. dairy cattle. Colostrum is an important source of protective immunoglobulins (IgG) but can be a source of exposure to important pathogens including MAP. Several years ago, we developed a colostrum heat-treatment (HT) protocol (60 QC x 60 min) which preserved important colostral IgG while eliminating most common pathogens and significantly reducing MAP in inoculation studies. Short-term studies reported that calves fed HT colostrum had improved serum IgG levels and reduced morbidity in the preweaning period as compared to calves fed fresh colostrum. However, research has been lacking to investigate whether calves fed HT colostrum also experienced longer term benefits including reduced risk for infection with MAP. The objective of this study was to complete a multi-herd randomized field study to describe the effect of feeding HT colostrum on long-term outcomes including transmission of MAP, milk production and longevity within the herd.
use of precision dairy technologies to detect illness in group housed automatically fed pre-weaned dairy calves
Authors: Knauer W. A. , Godden S. M. , Dietrich A. M. , James R. E.
Published: February 2023

Precision dairy management is the use of sensor derived parameters to measure physiological, behavioral, and production indicators on individual animals to improve management strategies and farm performance. Automated milk feeding systems for group housed pre-weaned calves may offer some benefits including reallocation of labor, earlier socialization of calves, and an easy way to deliver more milk. However, there are some important disadvantages including increased risk for morbidity and mortality as well as delays in disease detection. Software programs aim to assist in the detection of sick calves through such methods as flagging calves when there has been a large reduction in milk intake or large changes in drinking speed over the last 24 hr period as compared to the previous 72 hr period. However, early research suggests that these simplistic algorithms may not be any more sensitive or timely than a human observer, and in some cases may miss detecting sick calves altogether. The greater aim of our research program is to determine if we can use different algorithms or approaches to examine feeding behavior that may improve the sensitivity and timeliness of detecting sick calves. As a first step towards this aim, the objective of the current preliminary study was to identify which feeding behaviors are most different between healthy and sick calves.
Agreement of nasal swabs, guarded nasopharyngeal swabs, and bronchoalveolar lavage relative to transtracheal wash for the diagnosis of viral and bacterial pathogens in dairy calves with bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Doyle D. J. , Woolums A. R. , Credille B. C. , Berghaus R. D. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Aly S. S.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in dairy calves, with 21.3% of mortality in preweaned calves and 50.4% of mortality in weaned heifers attributed to BRD (USDA NAHMS, 2002). Four sampling methods are used for antemortem identification of respiratory pathogens: the nasal swab (NS), guarded nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), transtracheal wash (TTW), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Each method has advantages and disadvantages. The TTW bypasses contamination from the nasopharynx, but the procedure is invasive and requires technical skill. The BAL and TTW directly sample the lower airways, but BAL, NS, and NPS can be contaminated by nasopharyngeal flora. Compared to NS, NPS provides a guarded sample of the pharyngeal recess, which maybe more representative of BRD pathogens. To our knowledge, no published study has compared the results of all four of these methods in cattle with clinical BRD. The objective of this study was to compare the agreement of results obtained by NS, NPS, or BAL with those obtained by TTW for isolation of BRD pathogens in dairy calves with acute undifferentiated BRD.
Umbilical cord care
Authors: Wieland M. , Mann S. , Guard C. , Nydam D.
Published: February 2023

Despite the importance of umbilical disease as a risk factor for newborn calf morbidity, research data on umbilical cord care are lacking. Moreover, no practical technique for objective detection of umbilical disorders in calves under field conditions has been described. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of umbilical cord care on navel infection. A secondary objective of this study was to describe umbilical involution in calves receiving different navel dips using ultrasonography. To improve applicability for veterinary practitioners and researchers alike, an ultrasound device was chosen that would commonly be used in the field.
Clinical outcome comparison of immediate blanket treatment versus a delayed pathogen based treatment protocol for clinical mastitis in a New York dairy herd
Authors: Vasquez A. , Nydam D. , Capel M. , Eicker S.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis (CM) has a high incidence on dairy farms, creating economic losses due to discarded milk, reduced production, premature culling, and treatment costs. Current practice on many dairies is the immediate treatment of all cases with intramammary (IMM) antibiotics or "blanket therapy.” The use of a treatment protocol based on pathogen results about 24h after mastitis detection has potential to sufficiently and efficiently reduce IMM antibiotic use. The purpose of this study was to compare blanket therapy to a pathogen-based treatment protocol.
Milk yield and survival analysis in Holstein dairy cows after removing a quarter from production
Authors: Simons J. C. , Ollivett T. L. , Cook N. B.
Published: February 2023

Mastitis is a costly disease of dairy cattle due to therapeutic interventions, labor, and reduced premiums secondary to elevated bulk tank somatic cell counts. In addition to antibiotic treatments and supportive care, refractory cases of mastitis can be managed by removing the affected quarter from production. Currently, there is a paucity of data on the impact of a 3-teat event in lactating dairy cows. Inadequate record keeping likely contributes to this lack of information. Interestingly, one herd in northeastern Wisconsin has documented 3-teat events over the past several years. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective study was to describe the population of animals affected by a 3-teat event and the impact of this event on lactating cow performance and survival.
Parasitology of sucking beef calves treated with macrocylic lactone anthelmintics in either an extended-release injectable formulation or a pour-on formulation
Authors: Whittier W. D. , Currin J. F. , Holland S. , Zajac A. M. , Kasimanickam R.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this trial was to test the hypothesis that treating suckling beef calves grazing summer pastures with an extended-release injectable parasiticide containing eprinomectin (ERE) would result in changes in GI parasite loads when compared to a pour-on ivermectin (P0I) formulation. ERE contains the anthelmintic with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer allowing slow release of eprinomectiin following injection with a label claim for protection against reinfection with Cooperia oncophora and punctata for 100 d and Ostertagia ostertagi for 120 d. POI claims 21 d control for Cooperia punctata with 14 for Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora.
Evaluation and validation of a paralumbar fossa trans-abdominal rumen fluid sampling technique
Authors: Roberson Jerry R. , French Hilari , Robinson James Q.
Published: February 2023

Evaluation of rumen fluid for pH and rumen microbes (in particular, rumen protozoa) is helpful for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. Evaluating the pH of the rumen fluid is used to confirm acute ruminal acidosis as well as subacute ruminal acidosis. Evaluation of the ruminal protozoa helps to confirm the necessity of ruminal transfaunation. Protozoa will be dead or dying if the ruminant has been ill and off-feed for some time (usually>4 days). Passage of an oro-ruminal tube is 1 method for obtaining a rumen fluid sample. However, this method may yield rumen fluid that is mixed with saliva and may falsely elevate rumen pH. The tube method also requires more time and effort. A simple means of obtaining rumen fluid is trans-abdominal ruminal aspiration. This method has been used for over 20 years by the primary investigator (Roberson), but has never been evaluated in regards to safety and efficiency. The purpose of this study was to document the methodology, determine the actual time of obtaining the sample, and evaluate any negative consequences of the procedure. Secondary aims were to determine pH and number of protozoa/40x field.
Profiles of serum amino acids to screen for catabolic and inflammation status in calves with mycoplasma bronchopneumonia
Authors: Tsukano K. , Suzuki K. , Asano R. , Sarashina S. , Niehaus A. , Lakritz J.
Published: February 2023

Amino acid metabolism in cancer cells is significantly altered compared with that of normal cells. These changes are also reflected in the plasma amino acid profiles of patients with various types of inflammatory disease in human. Our hypothesis is that serum amino acid profiles of calves with mycoplasma Effecbronchopneumonia will be similar to those in human disease due to the inflammation and generalized catabolic state of these animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships with serum amino acid profiles, total amino acids (TAA), branched amino acid:aromatic amino acid (BCAA/AAA) ratio, branched chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio (BTR) and serine to phosphorserine ratio (SPR) in calves with lung inflammation associated with mycoplasma bronchopneumonia. Receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curves was constructed to describe the performance of amino acid profiles in calves with mycoplasma bronchopneumonia. These data may be useful diagnostically and prognostically in calves with bronchopneumonia.
Real-time detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus using detection dogs
Authors: Angle T. C. , Passler T. , Waggoner L. P. , Fischer T. D. , Rogers B. , Galik P.
Published: February 2023

Viral infections are ubiquitous in humans, animals, and plants. Real-time methods to identify viral infections are limited and no rapidly deployable detection technology exists. Previous research identified that tissues produce unique volatile organic compounds (VOC) and demonstrated that VOC concentrations change during pathologic states including infection, neoplasia, or metabolic disease. Patterns of VOC expression may be pathogen-specific and may be associated with an odor that could be used for disease detection.
Effect of injectable castration regimen administered at branding on gain performance, testosterone production, and testicle atrophy in beef bull calves
Authors: Powell J. G. , Beck P. A. , Kegley E. B. , Apple J. K. , Cox D. R.
Published: February 2023

The USDA estimates 15 million castration procedures are performed annually on bull calves in the United States. Currently, no commercially available injectable sterilization methods exist for beef cattle in the US. Some zinc solutions have been utilized in other in other species, such as companion animals, as an injectable sterilization method. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a zinc solution as an injectable castration method when administered at 3 dosages to beef bull calves at branding. The effect of the injectable castration method on weight gain, testosterone production, and testicle atrophy was measured.
Assessment of colostrum quality in dairy cattle using digital and optical Brix refractometers
Authors: Elsohaby I. , McClure J. T. , Keefe G. P.
Published: February 2023

Colostrum contains a high concentration of immunoglobulins (particularly IgGl) that is an important source of immunity for newborn calves. Insufficient ingestion and absorption of colostral IgG results in failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). FTPI increases the calf's risk of infection, morbidity and mortality. Therefore, measuring IgG concentration in colostrum prior to feeding and storage is a useful colostral management tool. Brix refractometers, either digital or optical have been used to estimate the colostral IgG concentration. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of both digital and optical Brix refractometers for assessing colostrum quality in dairy cows, and to evaluate the agreement between the 2 types of Brix refractometers.
Particle-induced x-ray emission analysis of trace and major elements in serum of acute coliform mastitis in cattle
Authors: Shimamori T. , Suzuki K. , Tsuchiya M. , Suzuki T. , Niehaus A. , Lakritz J.
Published: February 2023

Acute coliform mastitis (ACM) is 1 of the most frequent causes culling dairy cattle. This condition is typically associated with local inflammation and systemic inflammatory responses as a result of local responses to inflammation. Interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha play central roles in the production of acute phase responses associated with inflammation and are well characterized. However, knowledge about the biological significance of alterations in trace and major elements associated with production of cytokines during the immune response is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations and relationships between trace and major elements in serum from dairy cattle with acute coliform mastitis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to describe the performance of serum in screening for acute coliform mastitis and to propose diagnostic cutoffs for cattle. Further, this data may provide further understanding of trace and major minerals associated clinically with coliform mastitis.
Evaluation of a new portable blood cow side test for calcium monitoring in cows
Authors: Neumayer M. , Hilmert H.
Published: February 2023

Cows around calving are very vulnerable and susceptible for any metabolic disturbances. To identify cows at risk for hypocalcemia, a new portable on farm photometer was developed to enable the veterinarian to make on farm cow side decisions. The aim of this study was to evaluate this cowside test for calcium measurements of dairy cows.
Clinical trial of a new permanent milk flow teat bougie during cases of external and internal teat injuries
Authors: Schlederer F.
Published: February 2023

Teat injuries are common in dairy cattle, around 2 to 3% are affected and compared to other frequently occurring diseases, these injuries often result in premature culling of affected cows. Teat injuries can be divided into 2 categories: external or internal injuries. These injuries often result in premature culling of affected cows. Surgery and treatment of these injuries has been described and discussed intensively. However the question whether complete rest (no milking) or temporary resting of the injured teat by temporary cessation of milking or continuous milking is not yet clearly answered, and may vary from case to case. This paper describes a new technique that allows a permanent milk flow alongside an undisturbed healing process of external and internal teat injuries. A special silicon catheter ("teatflow”) is introduced into the teat canal to allow continuous milk flow at a minimum risk level for udder infections.
Serum and ovarian follicular fluid concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, glucose, and NEFA in lactating dairy cows with cystic ovarian follicles
Authors: Egan T. R. , Acosta D. A. V. , Skenandore C. , Sulzberger S. , Corrêa M. N. , French D. , Cardoso F. C.
Published: February 2023

Follicular cysts are an important disorder affecting 5 to 30% of dairy cows that leads to abnormal estrous cycle behavior and economic losses due to infertility. The underlying causes of follicular cysts are not fully understood, and responses to therapeutic strategies have been inconsistent. Therefore, veterinarians face challenges in treating cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-1-beta (IL1B) and select metabolites found in blood and follicular fluid from 2 groups of cows.
Bovi-Analytics
Authors: Hostens M. , Hermans K. , De Koster J. , Van Ranst B. , Vandepitte J. , Opsomer G.
Published: February 2023

Nowadays, data is stored on farm with a focus on reproduction, production, and health parameters. Recently, this has been increased with a vast amount of data coming from new so called precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies. These PLF technologies includes rectal, vaginal, and ruminal temperature data loggers, accelerometers, automated weight scales, 3D-imaging technologies and many others. However, they commonly create large data sets, which are stored in on-farm databases that do not reach the veterinary community. The objective of the current initiative is to help re-establish that veterinary link to on-farm data by including large data set analysis in the veterinary curriculum.
Mastitic cow management practices on California dairies
Authors: Pallarés P. , Espadamala A. , Lago A. , Silva-del-Río N.
Published: February 2023

Minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistant organisms and antibiotic residues in dairy and dairy-beef products is a topic of nationwide interest. Our long term goal is to achieve this objective, based on decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use on dairies. To design an effective outreach program on judicious use of antibiotics, it is imperative to describe the actual practices on dairies. Antibiotic therapy on dairies is mostly used on post-partum and mastitic cows. On most of large California dairies, dairy employees are ultimately responsible for sick cow identification, disease diagnose, and treatment administration. Thus, to understand how antibiotics are used on dairies, researchers need to work directly with the individuals ultimately administering antibiotics to cows. The objective of this study is to describe identification techniques and treatments decisions for mastitic cows.
Veterinary Feed Directive
Authors: Apley Michael D.
Published: February 2023

We will be writing Veterinary Feed Directives (VFDs) and prescriptions in December of 2016 to authorize the use of medically important antibiotics in the feed and water of our client's animals starting on January 1, 2017. The major challenge for our profession is not to master the limited number of labels we will be dealing with, or to master the VFD process; it is that we are now not only responsible forauthorizing the use of almost every antibiotic in food animals, we are also accountable.

The decision process for if we should provide a VFD or prescription is centered on applying our professional training and experience to establish a clinical justification for the use. This process centers on these considerations. Do I have a valid VCPR? Is there a reason for this use or is it just habit? Is it legal? Is it effective? Are there any issues with residues or antibiotic resistance to consider?

After these considerations, veterinarians are then responsible to lead in antibiotic stewardship. This involves assuring accurate case definitions, searching for antibiotic alternatives, selecting the appropriate antibiotic, monitoring use, and constant re-evaluation of the need for the antibiotic.
Economic principles for dairy and beef producers and their advisors to think about
Authors: Dhuyvetter Kevin C.
Published: February 2023

To be economically competitive, it is important that livestock producers and their advisors understand key economic principles such that they make good business and management decisions. A lot of terms exist to define/describe costs (e.g., variable, fixed, cash, non-cash) and it is important to know what these are, and more importantly, how they tie into financial decisions that need to be made. Partial budgets, which can range from very simple to extremely complex, can be a powerful tool to help in the decision-making process.
Veterinary Feed Directive
Authors: Stokka Gerald L.
Published: February 2023

In 1996, the Animal Drug Availability Act created a new category of products called veterinary feed directive (VFD) drugs. These are livestock antibacterial drugs (medically important) intended for use in or on animal feed. Any animal feed containing a VFD drug to be used in animals will be required to have a veterinarian issue an order, called a veterinary feed directive (VFD), providing for such use. The purpose of this rule is to limit the use of medically important antibiotics in livestock to those considered necessary for assuring animal health, and only for treatment, control and prevention of disease. The VFD is an authorization granted by a licensed veterinarian who is familiar with the client's operation and provides health, management, and treatment recommendations. This type of professional relationship is known as a veterinary-client-patient/producer relationship (VCPR). Medicated feed articles have a number of approved claims and uses; however, the use of VFD drugs does not permit any extra-label drug use.

Whenever antibiotics are used, resistance by susceptible bacterial populations is likely to occur. However, our stewardship responsibility is to use all of these products in a judicious manner and to demonstrate a greater awareness and accountability in this arena.
Prudent drug use for the dairy practitioner
Authors: Gorden Patrick J.
Published: February 2023

As consumers become more savvy about the food they eat, dairy farmers and their veterinarians must be progressively vigilant to make sure that public health is protected. These protections, come not only from residue prevention, but also in the implementation of prudent drug practices that minimize the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance, which may be passed on to humans who consume animal-based food products. Throughout the last decade, the FDA has issued several guidance policies and implemented prohibitions in drug use in attempts to reduce the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance in humans. As dairy farms become larger, veterinarians are spending less time doing individual animal treatments and more time directing those treatments on farms. Whether animals are treated on-farm by veterinarians or by farm personnel, there are specific expectations that must be in place in order to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance development and drug residues in meat or milk.
New techniques
Authors: Stone W. C. , Oelberg T. J.
Published: February 2023

Feeding systems need to be monitored and evaluated just like milking systems. A TMR Audit® is a systematic approach designed to evaluate the feeding program. The objectives are to look for ways to minimize variation between the formulated and consumed ration, minimize shrink, and to improve the efficiency of the feeding system. Areas evaluated include silage and feedstuff management, TMR load preparation, TMR consistency within and between loads, and feedbunk management. Management procedures should be in place to minimize top spoilage of silage stored in bunker silos and with other feedstuffs, and feeding personnel should be trained that spoiled feed needs to be discarded, not fed. Due to variation in DM and nutrient content across the face of the silo and across bales of hay or balage, it is best to premix an individual forage prior to using that forage in preparing a load of TMR. The Penn State Particle Separator can be used to evaluate TMR consistency. We have identified 10 primary factors that can lead to variation within and between loads of TMR. These factors include the following: worn equipment, mixing time, load size, levelness of mixer during mixing, loading position on the mixer box, hay or straw quality and processing, loading sequence, liquid distribution, vertical mixer auger speeds, and hay restrictor plate settings in vertical mixers. Feed efficiency can be improved by feeding multiple times per day as opposed to once daily. Feed push-ups need to be done frequently enough to ensure easy access to feed along the entire feed bunk. TMR Audits can help to improve performance and health on the dairy.
Updates in transition cow health and nutrition
Authors: Overton Thomas R. , Mann Sabine , Leno Brittanny M. , Nydam Daryl V.
Published: February 2023

Transition cow nutritional management strategies have evolved significantly over the past 10 years and continue to evolve. Management of subclinical hypocalcemia is important to support high milk yield, excellent reproduction, and decrease subclinical disease. Feeding anionic diets before calving, perhaps using more aggressive strategies, improves blood calcium status post-calving and increases post-calving dry matter intakes and milk yield. Controlling energy intake before calving improves postpartum energy balance and decreases subclinical ketosis; feeding adequate metabolizable protein before calving helps maintain high milk yield after calving. Excellent feeding management (managing chop length of bulky forage and moisture of the (total mixed ration) TMR) of transition rations is critical for on-farm success; many dairy farms have opportunities for improved feeding management. There may be interactions of starch levels pre- and post-calving; cows fed low starch pre-calving rations should be fed lower starch diets after calving, whereas cows fed moderate starch rations pre-calving can likely be fed starch levels more typical of high starch cow rations after calving. Furthermore, there may be opportunities to combine higher fermentability with higher bulk in fresh cow rations to improve feed intakes after calving, as well as to more critically consider metabolizable protein and amino acid formulation of the fresh diet.
Current concepts in dairy cattle immunology
Authors: Vander Ley Brian L.
Published: February 2023

Protection from disease-causing organisms is critical to the survival of cattle in all production systems. The immune system is composed of organs, tissues, and cells tasked with providing protection from invading pathogens. The first line of protection of pathogens relies on physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers to invasion. Durable tissues, harsh environmental conditions, and targeted chemical defenses provide continuous protection. When these barriers are breeched, innate immune cells use molecular patterns common to large groups of pathogens to quickly recognize and respond to invaders. Innate immune cells also serve to alert and activate adaptive immune cells through the process of antigen presentation. As an infection progresses, adaptive immune cells (lymphocytes) produce molecules, including cytokines and antibodies, that direct innate immune cells to clear pathogens from the host. The purpose of these proceedings is to discuss each of these defenses to provide an understanding of immune protection in cattle.
What bovine practitioners need to know about caseous lymphadenitis
Authors: Rowe Joan Dean
Published: February 2023

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is one of the costliest, but most under-appreciated infectious diseases of sheep and goats, often leading to premature culling or death. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats results in lifelong infection, with reoccurring abscesses of the peripheral and/or internal lymph nodes and the associated clinical signs. Transmission is by direct contact and indirectly by contamination of feeders, equipment, and the environment. Diagnosis is by abscess culture or necropsy. The serologic test has limitations but can be used to detect exposure to the organism; it may be used to facilitate segregation or culling in herds with low incidence of CL or to exclude introduction of infected animals. Premises hygiene, vaccination, segregation of herd by disease status, and isolation of clinical animals during treatment are the main strategies used to control CL in heavily infected herds. Intensive management of clinical abscesses with early detection ofripening abscesses, animal isolation until the abscess is healed, lancing abscesses in an isolation environment, and preventing cross-contamination of premises and potential fomites are keys to successful management. Vaccination can be used to reduce the number of animals with abscesses and the number of abscesses per animal, thereby reducing the overall herd exposure in endemic herds. Control and eradication of CL requires longterm commitment to an integrated management approach to reduce environmental contamination and prevent direct transmission in the herd or flock.
Management strategies for infectious disease control in a variety of production systems
Authors: Rowe Joan Dean
Published: February 2023

Strategies for disease control in goat herds should be individualized to account for the diversity in management type, risk levels, and owner factors. Goat herd type, for example dairy, meat, fiber, companion or other; intensive or extensive management; confinement, grazing or browse; as well as owner's experience level, beliefs and budget all must be considered in planning prevention and control programs for contagious disease in goat herds. Caseous lymphadenitis, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, Johne's disease, Mycoplasma spp infections, contagious abortion agents, and scrapie all should be considered in planning an integrated pathogen control program to address as many diseases as possible using the same critical control steps in disease management. Pasteurized kid-rearing programs, disease-specific testing and segregation, testing and removal or culling are strategies commonly employed for important infectious diseases. Optimizing and economizing herd diagnostic surveillance through routine necropsies and selective herd testing provide the basis on which sound, informed decisions can be made. Conscious decisions should be made whether to tolerate, control or eradicate each important infectious disease in the herd or, if not in herd, what resources should be committed to preventing the introduction of agents causing lifelong infection in the adult herd.
clinician's guide to what kills lambs and kids, as diagnosed by necropsy
Authors: Smith Mary C.
Published: February 2023

It is common for neonatal losses to exceed 10% of lambs and kids delivered. A simple on-farm necropsy technique for examining these animals and determining the probable cause of death is described. Important categories for mortality include abortion, stillbirth, dystocia, hypothermia and starvation, umbilical infections, diarrheal diseases, septicemia, pneumonia, and abomasal bloat. Once the relative importance of these conditions in the herd has been determined, appropriate samples can be sent to a diagnostic laboratory and suggestions for management changes can be tailored to address the problems of the greatest economic importance.
association of prepartum blood magnesium concentration with postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia
Authors: Neves R. C. , Leno B. M. , Overton T. R. , McArt J. A. A.
Published: February 2023

Advances in dairy cattle nutrition and management have been able to significantly minimize macromineral imbalances capable of contributing to the development of clinical disorders in the periparturient period. Despite these improvements, subclinical disorders still influence dairy cow health and performance, as the hormonal and metabolic challenges associated with the transition period influence macro mineral homeostasis. Although the association of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) with early lactation health events has been described, little is known regarding the association of prepartum magnesium status with postpartum health and production. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to describe the association of prepartum blood magnesium concentrations with the risk of postpartum SCH development, as well as the risk of diagnosis of retained placenta, metritis, hyperketonemia, and displaced abomasum.
Comparison of four electronic cowside tests for diagnosing hyperketonemia in dairy cows
Authors: Bach K. D. , Heuwieser W. , McArt J. A. A.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate 4 cowside ketone meters for use in on-farm β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) monitoring of hyperketonemia (HYK) in transition dairy cows.
Are we feeding Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in calf milk replacer?
Authors: Kunkel B. B. , Grant I. R. , Foddai A. C. G. , Tarrant J. C. , McGuirk S. M. , Collins M. T.
Published: February 2023

When advising farmers on how to control Johne's disease, the number 1 recommendation is to avoid feeding waste milk to calves and instead to feed them calf milk replacer (CMR). Obviously, this advice is based on the assumption that milk replacer is free of live Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) organisms capable of causing infection. No one has ever challenged this assumption. Preliminary work on CMR sourced in Wisconsin found that 1 of 8 (12.5%) samples tested positive for live MAP organisms by the peptide-mediated magnetic separation-phage assay (PMS-PA). Previously, 30 of 68 ( 44%) powdered milk products intended for human consumption were positive for live MAP by the same assay. The study objective was to expand the survey of CMR and to test for MAP as well as standard measures of microbiological quality.