bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giant Hepatic Cyst with Septal Structure: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Sato Toshihiro , Imai Michitaka , Hayashi Kazunao , Isokawa Osamu , Nomura Tatsuya , Tsuchiya Yoshiaki , Kawasaki Takashi
Published: May 2013

The hepatic cyst is a common benign liver tumor, and no surgical treatment is necessary. However, it is difficult to correctly diagnose the giant hepatic cyst containing the solid septal structures inside, from the malignant cystadenocarcinomas. The various imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography, have been developed and are useful for the diagnosis of these liver tumors. Reviewing the other reports in this paper, the combination of more than 2 modalities will help to diagnose these tumors; however, the malignant potential is unable to be excluded if the tumor is huge. Therefore, the surgical resection should be considered for the huge hepatic cysts with septal structures if the correct diagnosis is unable to be made. For example, when the hemorrhages cause the granulation in the septa which often shows neovascularization, the imaging modalities are unable to define this situation from the malignant tissue with hypervascularity. Therefore, with the careful review of other reports, we conclude that if the imaging studies show the possible malignant potential or the sizing-up is marked, the surgical treatment should be considered with the consent from the patients.
Identification of Promiscuous KIF20A Long Peptides Bearing Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell Epitopes: KIF20A-Specific CD4+ T-cell Immunity in Patients with Malignant Tumor
Authors: Tomita Yusuke , Yuno Akira , Tsukamoto Hirotake , Senju Satoru , Kuroda Yasuhiro , Hirayama Masatoshi , Irie Atsushi , Kawahara Kenta , Yatsuda Junji , Hamada Akinobu , Jono Hirofumi , Yoshida Koji , Tsunoda Takuya , Kohrogi Hirotsugu , Yoshitake Yoshihiro , Nakamura Yusuke , Shinohara Masanori , Nishimura Yasuharu
Published: May 2013

Purpose: To identify long peptides (LP) derived from a novel tumor-associated antigen (TAA), kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A), which induce tumor-specific T-helper type 1 (TH1) cells and CTLs.

Experimental Design: We combined information from a recently developed computer algorithm predicting HLA class II–binding peptides with KIF20A-derived CTL-epitope sequences presented by HLA-A2 (A*02:01) or HLA-A24 (A*24:02) to select candidate promiscuous TH1-cell epitopes containing CTL epitopes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from healthy donors or patients with head-and-neck malignant tumor (HNMT) were used to study the immunogenicity of KIF20A-LPs, and the in vitro cross-priming potential of KIF20A-LPs bearing CTL epitopes. We used HLA-A24 transgenic mice to address whether vaccination with KIF20A-LP induces efficient cross-priming of CTLs in vivo. The TH1-cell response to KIF20A-LPs in HNMT patients receiving immunotherapy with TAA-derived CTL-epitope peptides was analyzed using IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays.

Results: We identified promiscuous KIF20A-LPs bearing naturally processed epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells and CTLs. KIF20A-specific CTLs were induced by vaccination with a KIF20A-LP in vivo. KIF20A expression was detected in 55% of HNMT by immunohistochemistry, and significant frequencies of KIF20A-specific TH1 cell responses were detected after short-term in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with KIF20A-LPs in 50% of HNMT patients, but not in healthy donors. Furthermore, these responses were associated with KIF20A expression in HNMT tissues.

Conclusions: These are the first results showing the presence of KIF20A-specific TH1 cell responses in HNMT patients and underline the possible utility of KIF20A-LPs for propagation of TH1 cells and CTLs. Clin Cancer Res; 19(16); 4508–20. ©2013 AACR.
Familial Aggregation of Cranial Tremor in Familial Essential Tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Hernandez Nora , Clark Lorraine N. , Ottman Ruth
Published: May 2013

Background: Essential tremor (ET) is often familial and phenotypic features may be shared within families. Cranial (neck, voice, and jaw) tremor is an important feature of ET. We examined whether cranial tremor aggregates in ET families, after controlling for other factors (age, tremor severity, and duration). Methods: Among ET probands and relatives enrolled in a genetic study at Columbia University (95 subjects in 28 families), we assessed the degree to which occurrence of cranial tremor in the proband predicted occurrence of cranial tremor in affected relatives. Results: Forty-five (47.4%) subjects had cranial tremor on neurological examination (probands 66.7%, relatives 39.7%). Among 28 families, 23 (82.1%) contained individuals with and individuals without cranial tremor, indicating a high degree of within-family heterogeneity. In comparison to subjects without cranial tremor, those with cranial tremor had higher total tremor scores (p < 0.001), were older (p = 0.003), and had tremor of longer duration (p = 0.01). In logistic regression models, the odds of cranial tremor in a relative were not related to occurrence of cranial tremor in the proband (p > 0.24). Conclusions: Cranial tremor did not aggregate in families with ET; the major predictor of this disease feature was tremor severity rather than presence of cranial tremor in another family member.
In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging Monitoring of Stem Cells' Participation in Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Li Heyi , Wang Yusheng , Cao Feng
Published: May 2013

Background: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is common in various retinal diseases and is one of the most common causes of severe and irreversible visual loss. Our previous works suggested that bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) participate in CNV, but little is known about stem cells' dynamic change when injected into mouse CNV. In vivo optical bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a newly developing technology for dynamically observing biological behavior. Using this technology, we can observe the stem cells' dynamic behavior in CNV, in vivo. Methods: Two types of BMCs were used: bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cells were characterized using flow cytometry and BLI. C57BL/6J mice (n = 6/group) underwent CNV followed by caudal vein injection of 4 × 106 BMMNCs, MSCs or phosphate buffer. Cell survival was measured: (1) in vivo using BLI during 2 weeks, and (2) in vitro using firefly luciferase (Fluc) assays and histology. Results: BMMNCs and MSCs expressed a similar Fluc reporter enzyme, as confirmed by luminometry. After injection into CNV mouse models, the two cell types showed dynamic behavior in CNV using BLI. The in vitro Fluc assay and histology results provided further proof for the above results. Conclusion: This is the first study comparing the behavior of stem cells in CNV using BLI, in vivo. BMMNCs and MSCs could contribute to CNV and could serve as delivery vehicles for CNV treatments. Meanwhile, BLI could lay a foundation for CNV mechanism research in a prospective manner.
Advocacy for Renal Biopsy Based on Two Cases of Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumour
Authors: Ingels Alexandre , Vérine Jérôme , Belle Mbou Valère , Desgrandchamps François , Tariel Edouard , Mongiat-Artus Pierre , Ploussard Guillaume
Published: May 2013

We report 2 cases of mixed epithelial and stromal tumours revealed by flank pain in a 56-year-old woman and by a renal biopsy in another asymptomatic woman. A greater awareness among urologists and radiologists of the features of mixed epithelial and stromal tumours could help evoke this diagnosis preoperatively leading to needle biopsy and to the most appropriate type of renal surgery.
Diagnostic Services for Melanoma in Italy
Authors: Stanganelli Ignazio , Ascierto Paolo , Bono Riccardo , De Giorgi Vincenzo , Pimpinelli Nicola , Chiarion-Sileni Vanna , Palmieri Giuseppe , Pizzichetta Maria Antonietta , Testori Alessandro
Published: May 2013

Objective: To evaluate organizational structure and diagnostic procedures used by the Italian hospital network for identifying cutaneous melanoma. Methods: A nationwide survey of a representative sample of centers was conducted. Results: Diagnosis occurs mainly in ambulatory dermatology clinics (91%). In all high-volume hospitals, clinical and dermoscopic examination is available at first consultation or as an additional service, compared to 89% of low-volume hospitals. Computer-assisted videodermoscopy is available in 75% of hospitals, with a statistically significant difference between high- and low-volume hospitals (86 vs. 62%; p < 0.001). First consultation is generally an integrated clinical/dermoscopic evaluation (55% of high-volume centers vs. 47% of low-volume hospitals); digital evaluation is available for monitoring suspicious lesions and high-risk patients in 25% of high-volume centers versus 19% of low-volume centers. Conclusions: The organizational structure and diagnostic procedures in Italian hospitals are in line with modern diagnostic procedures for early diagnosis of melanoma. Dermatologists have a central role in managing diagnosis of primitive melanoma.
Surgical Management of Suspicious Melanocytic Lesions in Italy
Authors: De Giorgi Vincenzo , Ascierto Paolo , Bono Riccardo , Pimpinelli Nicola , Chiarion-Sileni Vanna , Palmieri Giuseppe , Pizzichetta Maria Antonietta , Testori Alessandro , Stanganelli Ignazio
Published: May 2013

Objective: In melanoma, the surgical approach is important for both diagnosis and therapy. Although surgery is relatively simple, the methods should be performed by experts in melanoma management. We analyze the techniques and methods used in the Italian hospital network for suspicious skin lesions and confirmed melanomas. Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted of a representative sample of 120 hospitals with ≥200 beds. Results: Excision biopsies remove suspected melanomas. However, some approaches to excision margins and sentinel lymph node procedures differ from international protocols. Overall, 21% of centers perform excisional biopsy of a suspicious lesion using 1 cm margins, and 22% of centers perform sentinel node procedures concurrently with removal of primary melanoma. Conclusions: Standardized treatment protocols are needed for suspicious lesions and clinically evident melanoma, particularly regarding the critical aspect of excision margins. The sentinel lymph node procedure may be distorted by initial margins that are too wide.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches in Italian Hospitals: Adjuvant and Metastatic Therapy in Melanoma
Authors: Chiarion-Sileni Vanna , Guida Michele , Romanini Antonella , Bernengo Maria Grazia , Ascierto Paolo , Queirolo Paola , Mandalà Mario , Maio Michele , Ferraresi Virginia , Stanganelli Ignazio , Testori Alessandro , Ridolfi Ruggero
Published: May 2013

Melanoma incidence and mortality rates are rising in Italy, indicating that more effective treatments are required both in the adjuvant and metastatic settings. We analyzed clinical practices in the adjuvant and metastatic settings by conducting a nationwide survey of clinicians responsible for managing melanoma treatment and follow-up in a representative sample of Italian hospitals. 95% of participating hospitals completed the panel of questions on adjuvant and metastatic treatment, making it likely that these results give a realistic picture of treatment and follow-up of melanoma patients in Italy. In low-volume hospitals (<25 new melanoma diagnoses yearly) adjuvant therapy was significantly more used than in large-volume hospitals for patients in stage III and IV (82 versus 66% and 56 versus 30%, respectively), and only 11% of patients were enrolled in clinical trials. In the metastatic setting dacarbazine was the preferred first-line treatment (32%) followed by polychemotherapy (23%); 12% of patients were enrolled in clinical trials and less than 10% received interleukin-2, usually subcutaneously. The information provided by this study was used by the Italian Melanoma Intergroup to improve the quality of care and to redirect financial resources.
Chronological Age Affects the Permeation of Fentanyl through Human Skin in vitro
Authors: Holmgaard R. , Benfeldt E. , Sorensen J.A. , Nielsen J.B.
Published: May 2013

Aim: To study the influence of chronological age on fentanyl permeation through human skin in vitro using static diffusion cells. Elderly individuals are known to be more sensitive to opioids and obtain higher plasma concentrations following dermal application of fentanyl compared to younger individuals. The influence of age - as an isolated pharmacokinetic term - on the absorption of fentanyl has not been previously studied. Method: Human skin from 30 female donors was mounted in static diffusion cells, and samples were collected during 48 h. Donors were divided into three age groups: <30 years of age (n = 6), ≥30 and <60 years of age (n = 18) and ≥60 years of age (n = 6). Results: The youngest group had a significantly higher mean absorption (3,100 ng/cm2) than the two other groups (2,000 and 1,475 ng/cm2, respectively) and a significant larger AUC (young age group: 9,393 ng; middle and old age groups: 5,922 and 4,050 ng, respectively). Furthermore, the lag time and absorption rate were different between the three groups, with a significantly higher rate in the young participants versus the oldest participants. Conclusion: We demonstrate that fentanyl permeates the skin of young individuals in greater amounts and at a higher absorption rate than in middle-aged and old individuals in vitro.
Primary Headache and Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Falcone Colomba , Bozzini Sara , Gazzaruso Carmine , Calcagnino Margherita , Ghiotto Natascia , Falcone Rossana , Coppola Adriana , Giustina Andrea , Pelissero Gabriele
Published: May 2013

Objective: The mechanisms by which migraine is linked to ischemic vascular disease remain uncertain and are likely to be complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) and a history of documented primary headache in a large population of patients with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Methods: The study involved 1,427 consecutive patients (918 symptomatic and 509 asymptomatic patients) with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and documented coronary artery disease (CAD). Results: Patients with anginal symptoms during exercise-induced myocardial ischemia had a significantly higher prevalence of primary headache than those without (41 vs. 30%, p < 0.001). Patients with angina pectoris in daily life also had greater prevalence of primary headache than those without anginal symptoms (37 vs. 20%; p < 0.0001). Symptomatic patients during percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography or myocardial infarction had a greater prevalence of primary headache than asymptomatic patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Our data suggest that a history of headache in CAD population is correlated to a high probability of anginal symptoms and a decreased probability of SMI. The anamnestic absence of headache requires a close monitoring for patients with risk factors for CAD, because this population seems to have a lower susceptibility to pain and the risk of developing SMI might be increased.
Distinguishing Pulmonary Hypertension in Interstitial Lung Disease by Ventilation and Perfusion Defects Measured by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Authors: Armstrong Hilary F. , Thirapatarapong Wilawan , Dussault Nicole E. , Bartels Matthew N.
Published: May 2013

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in interstitial lung disease (ILD). Since cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is useful in understanding the pathophysiology of respiratory disorders and can distinguish between ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) defects, it may have a role in the detection of PH in ILD. We evaluated whether CPET can detect PH through analysis of V/Q defects in ILD. Objectives: We aimed to use CPET to determine if there are changes in the ventilation and the activity pattern of mixed-expired carbon dioxide pressure (PECO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO2) in ILD patients with and without PH. Methods: A retrospective chart review was done of all patients who received lung transplants at the Columbia University Medical Center between 2000 and 2011 with the diagnosis of ILD. CPETs were performed during the 2 years prior to transplantation; right heart catheterizations and pulmonary function tests were performed within 4 months of CPET. Results: The ILD patients with PH demonstrated significantly lower PetCO2 and PECO2 during certain levels of exercise with a distinctive activity pattern for PECO2/PetCO2. Conclusions: Evaluation of V/Q defects through the PECO2 and PetCO2 patterns on CPET in ILD patients can distinguish between patients with and without PH.
Genomics and Proteomics: How Long Do We Need to Reach Clinical Results?
Authors: Matafora Vittoria , Bachi Angela , Capasso Giovambattista
Published: May 2013

Background: Discovery of the ideal biomarker for clinical care remains a major challenge. Recent progress in genomic and proteomic technologies has allowed the identification of thousands of potential markers, although the benefits of these findings in clinical routine use are not completely evident yet. Methods: Major genomics and proteomics approaches are outlined and their clinical applications are described. Future developments in clinical nephrology are discussed. Conclusion: Genomics and proteomics technologies, used to measure gene expression at the transcript and at the protein levels, provide complementary information, which paves the way for systems biology. The fields of genomics and proteomics continue to develop rapidly, and it is evident that there is great potential for their ability to predict diseases and outcomes. However, there are several tasks that must be accomplished to convert all these ‘-omics' approaches into clinical practice. Collaboration between clinicians, scientists and healthcare funding organizations together with specific guideline development and high-throughput analytical automation will be crucial to reach the final potential of these technologies.
Coronary Artery Calcification and Outcomes in Diabetic Patients with and without Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Russo D. , Morrone L.F.P. , Imbriaco M. , Pota A. , Russo L. , Scognamiglio B. , Sorrentino R.
Published: May 2013

Background/Aims: Presence and progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) indicate severe atherosclerosis and predict cardiovascular events (CVE) in dialysis (ESRD patients) and nondialysis patients (CKD patients). This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence and progression of CAC and CVE in CKD patients with diabetes in whom atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is the leading cause of CVE. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in both out- and in-patients with chronic kidney disease, stage 2-5. CAC were assessed by the total calcium (TC) score. CT scans were performed at the entry and at the end of the study. Results: Patients (n = 341) were divided into nondiabetic (n = 281) and diabetic patients (n = 60). CAC prevalence and TC score were higher in diabetics and associated with age, diabetes mellitus and pulse pressure. Diabetics with CKD presented a higher percentage of CAC progression and CVE. Conclusion: Prevalence, extent, progression of CAC and CVE are higher in diabetics with concomitant CKD. These findings may promote a more aggressive protocol of screening and care in type 2 diabetics with concomitant CKD.
Does It Make Sense to Measure Only the Brachial Blood Pressure?
Authors: Salvi Paolo , Bellasi Antonio , Di Iorio Biagio
Published: May 2013

The significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality in the second half of the 20th century, due to an effective battle against high blood pressure, may be considered one of the greatest medical success stories of the past century. However, several epidemiological and clinical studies have recently highlighted that the single acquisition of blood pressure values at brachial level is inadequate to accurately predict the cardiovascular risk of patients with high blood pressure values. Furthermore, some studies suggest the importance of central systolic blood pressure and central pulse pressure (central systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure) as cardiovascular prognostic factors. Central systolic blood pressure and central pulse pressure are able to evaluate the real pressure load imposed on the left ventricle much better than peripheral systolic blood pressure and peripheral pulse pressure. Moreover, the disappearance of the blood pressure amplification phenomenon (i.e. the difference between peripheral and central systolic blood pressure) is a significant predictor of all-cause (including cardiovascular) mortality, independent of age and other standard confounding factors. Thus, the measurement of central arterial pressure provides more precise information on the cardiovascular risk than brachial artery blood pressure measurement.
Higher Doses of Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents and Hyporesponsiveness to Their Effects Are Associated with Increased Mortality among Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Nishio Angie , Chhatkuli Bed P. , Ma Jennie Z. , Kalantari Kambiz
Published: May 2013

Background: Attempts to achieve near-normal hemoglobin levels have been associated with higher mortality among chronic kidney disease patients. Evidence suggests a higher mortality rate for those with resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESA). We investigated the association between responsiveness to ESA, dose of ESA and mortality in our hemodialysis population. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of chronic hemodialysis patients receiving dialysis was conducted at the University of Virginia facilities. We collected data on patient demographics, comorbidities, dialysis vintage, vascular access type, body weight, ESA dose and hemoglobin, as well as data on known risk factors for ESA hyporesponsiveness. Vital status was determined 30 months later. The association between ESA responsiveness and mortality was investigated by using the Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, access type, dialysis adequacy, serum albumin, serum parathyroid hormone and ferritin concentrations. Results: A total of 606 patients were included. The overall 30-month mortality was 35.8%. Compared to those in the lowest tertile of ESA hyporesponsiveness, patients in the middle and upper tertiles had significantly higher mortality (hazard ratio, HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.14-2.37, and HR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.46-2.97, respectively). In the Cox proportional hazard model each unit increment in the ESA resistance index was associated with an HR of 2.27 (95% CI: 1.60-3.23) for mortality. In this model each 1-unit increment in ESA dose/kg or each 100-μg increment in absolute darbepoetin alfa dose were associated with a 9% increased risk of mortality (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.13, and HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.15, respectively). Conclusions: Among prevalent hemodialysis patients, a higher degree of resistance to and higher doses of ESA are associated with increased mortality.
Therapy of Anemia: Is It Only a Number to Reach or Are There Other Variables to Control?
Authors: Del Vecchio Lucia , Locatelli Francesco
Published: May 2013

Following the publication of the TREAT study, the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become much more complicated than before. The nephrologist needs to analyze the individual patient and prescribe the best treatment option for that patient. Treatment individualization has thus become the mainstay of anemia management. This paradigm needs to take into account the hemoglobin (Hb) level at the start and during erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy, ESA dose, patient comorbidities and concomitant iron therapy. All these factors are strictly interrelated. Caution is suggested when using ESA at high dose, especially in patients with comorbidities and/or in those who are hyporesponsive to treatment. According to KDIGO guidelines, Hb levels should not exceed the value of 11.5 g/dl during ESA therapy. Recently, iron therapy has received growing attention in an effort to use the lowest possible dose of ESA. However, the long-term risk in maintaining CKD patients with very high ferritin values is still unknown.
Clinical and Radiographic Diagnosis of Underlying Dark Shadow from Dentin (ICDAS 4) in Permanent Molars
Authors: Bertella N. , Moura dos S. , Alves L.S. , Damé-Teixeira N. , Fontanella V. , Maltz M.
Published: May 2013

This study investigated the radiographic pattern of underlying dark shadow from dentin (ICDAS 4) in permanent molars and assessed the association between enamel breakdown and radiographic features. Ninety-five teeth (54 patients) were clinically and radiographically assessed. The majority of ICDAS 4 caries lesions presented enamel breakdown (n = 78, 82.1%) and no radiographic image (n = 64, 67.4%) or a radiolucent zone restricted to the enamel-dentin junction (n = 17, 17.9%). No association was found between enamel breakdown and radiographic features. This study suggests that a radiographic examination is needed prior to the decision making process for underlying dark shadows from dentin.
Mast Cell Isolation from the Immature Rat Brain
Authors: Patel Shyama D. , Brennan Gillian , Brazin Jacqueline , Ciardiello Amber J. , Silver Randi B. , Vannucci Susan J.
Published: May 2013

Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that circulate as precursor cells prior to migration into vascularized tissues where they mature and undergo terminal differentiation in response to different cytokines within the local environment. Mast cells are well known as important regulators of inflammatory processes in peripheral tissues and recent studies support the involvement of mast cells in mediating the inflammatory response to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in both the neonatal and adult brain. To better study mast cell function in vivo, it is important to be able to identify their environment-specific phenotype, as well as to study their interaction with other neural cells in vitro. Previous such studies of mast cells have relied on mast cells isolated from gut or bone marrow, or on a number of mast cell lines, all of which may behave differently from brain mast cells. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for the isolation of mast cells from neonatal rat brain and to characterize these cells following hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia. We adapted a previously described technique of coupling an antibody to the mast cell-specific FcεR1 receptor to a MACS microbead for the selective removal of intact mast cells from a neonatal brain preparation. We have isolated toluidine blue-positive brain mast cells that provide substrate for both protein analysis and in vitro studies. These cells express proteins previously used to specifically identify microglia in the brain, Iba-1 and coronin-1a. A subpopulation of mast cells in vivo also expresses Iba-1. Thus, we report a novel method for isolation of brain mast cells suitable for the study of mast cell phenotype under a variety of conditions. Further, we suggest that the use of proteins such as Iba-1 for the identification of microglia in the brain includes the caveat that mast cells may also be detected.
Insights into the Evolutionary History of the X-Linked Sex Reversal Mutation in Mus minutoides: Clues from Sequence Analyses of the Y-Linked Sry Gene
Authors: Veyrunes F. , Perez J. , Paintsil S.N.C. , Fichet-Calvet E. , Britton-Davidian J.
Published: May 2013

The African pygmy mouse, Mus minutoides, is one of the very few mammal species that deviates from the classical mammalian XX/XY sex chromosome system by presenting a high proportion of fully fertile sex-reversed females. Since the still unknown sex reversal mutation is X-linked (X*), they are designated as X*Y females. Until now, X*Y females had only been identified in Southern Africa, but data were lacking for the rest of the vast sub-Saharan distribution range of this species. In this study, the PCR genotyping of the Y-linked Sry gene on 72 females from Western Africa (Guinea, Ivory Coast and Ghana) uncovered 10 sex-reversed females distributed in the 3 countries. This expands our understanding of the geographical distribution and temporal origin (dated at 0.9 mya) of the sex reversal mutation. In addition, we sequenced and analyzed a fragment of the Sry gene (including the complete high-mobility group, i.e. HMG box, and the partial C-terminal region). The results demonstrate the presence of multiple polymorphic copies of the gene as reported in other rodent species and reveal, more unexpectedly, an extremely high proportion of amino acid replacement within the HMG box. In effect, the predicted HMG box protein sequence similarity between some populations of M. minutoides is as low as 94.9%, and at the interspecific level (within genus), it drops to only 91.1% between M. minutoides and M. musculus.
Longer Weekly Sleep Duration Predicts Greater 3-Month BMI Reduction among Obese Adolescents Attending a Clinical Multidisciplinary Weight Management Program
Authors: Sallinen Bethany J. , Hassan Fauziya , Olszewski Amy , Maupin Angela , Hoban Timothy F. , Chervin Ronald D. , Woolford Susan J.
Published: May 2013

Aims: To determine whether baseline levels of self-reported sleep and sleep problems among obese adolescents referred to an outpatient multidisciplinary family-based weight management program predict reduction in BMI 3 months later. Methods: A retrospective medical chart review was conducted for 83 obese adolescents. The following baseline variables were extracted: self-reported sleep duration (weekdays and weekends), and presence of snoring, daytime fatigue, suspected sleep apnea, and physician-diagnosed sleep apnea. Anthropometric data at baseline and 3 months were also collected. Results: On average, adolescents reported significantly less sleeping on weeknights (7.7 ± 1.3 h) compared to weekend nights (10.0 ± 1.8 h), t(82) = 10.5, p = 0.0001. Reduction in BMI after 3 months of treatment was predicted by more weekly sleep at baseline (R2 = 0.113, F(1, 80) = 10.2, p = 0.002). Adolescents who reduced their BMI by ≥1 kg/m2 reported greater weekly sleep at baseline compared to adolescents who experienced <1 kg/m2 reduction (60.7 ± 7.5 h vs. 56.4 ± 8.6 h; F(1, 80) = 5.7, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Findings from this study, though correlational, raise the possibility that increased duration of sleep may be associated with weight loss among obese adolescents enrolled in a weight management program. Evidence-based behavioral techniques to improve sleep hygiene and increase sleep duration should be explored in pediatric weight management settings.
Causal Information on Children's Attitudes and Behavioural Intentions Toward a Peer With Obesity
Authors: Fitzgerald Amanda , Heary Caroline , Roddy Sarah
Published: May 2013

Background: This study examined the effect of types of causal information about overweight on children's attitudes and intentions toward a peer presented as overweight. Methods: Participants (N = 176) were randomly assigned to read a vignette of an overweight peer in one of three conditions, which varied in the explanatory information provided for the aetiology of the peer's overweight condition: biological, environmental or no causal information, along with a vignette of an average-weight peer. Results: The provision of information that the overweight was the result of biological factors and of no causal information yielded more positive attitudes toward the overweight peer compared to those who were provided with environmental information. Information on overweight had no impact on behavioural intentions. A social desirability bias was found for each of the three experimental conditions and for the average weight condition. Conclusion: Information explaining overweight had a minimal positive effect on attitudes and no effect on intentions toward an overweight peer.
Examining Perceived Stereotype Threat among Overweight/Obese Adults Using a Multi-Threat Framework
Authors: Carels Robert A. , Domoff Sarah E. , Burmeister Jacob M. , Koball Afton M. , Hinman Nova G. , Davis Alan K. , Wagner Oehlhof Marissa , Leroy Michelle , Bannon Erin , Hoffmann Debra A.
Published: May 2013

Objective: The Multi-Threat Framework accounts for potentially different forms of stereotype threat that differ in target (i.e., the individual or the group) and source (i.e., the self or others). This investigation examined how these different forms of perceived stereotype threat were related to concepts, such as group identity, stereotype endorsement, stigma consciousness, etc., among overweight and obese individuals. Method: 216 adults completed an online survey. Participants' mean age was 23.6 (SD 10.1; range 18-64) years and mean BMI was 31.6 (SD 7.5) kg/m2. Results: Participants reported a history of feeling threatened by stereotypes related to weight. When reflecting on past experiences of perceived stereotype threat, participants reported greater levels of self/own stereotype threat compared to group stereotype threat. Level of stereotype threat was related to a number of personal characteristics (i.e., sex, BMI) and individual factors (i.e., group identity, stigma consciousness, fear of fat). Conclusion: Individuals who are overweight report a history of being threatened by negative stereotypes. The findings support the Multi-Threat Framework for stereotype threat based on body weight. Overweight individuals' susceptibility to stereotype threat may vary systematically depending on several factors. Future research should examine weight-related stereotypes' impact on cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
Risk Factors for Cerebral Embolization After Carotid Artery Stenting With Embolic Protection
Authors: Bijuklic Klaudija , Wandler Andreas , Varnakov Yuriy , Tuebler Thilo , Schofer Joachim
Published: May 2013

Background—

Meta-analyses of randomized trials have shown an increased risk of periprocedural stroke after carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared with carotid endarterectomy, which may differ in specific patient subgroups. Knowledge of risk factors for cerebral embolic lesions during CAS may impact treatment decisions for the individual patient, but these factors have not been extensively studied. We aimed to identify factors predictive for cerebral ischemic lesions during embolic protected CAS.

Methods and Results—

Preprocedural and postprocedural diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed for evaluation of new cerebral ischemic lesions in 728 (86.9%) of 837 consecutive patients undergoing CAS with cerebral embolic protection. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive for embolic lesions. New ischemic lesions were found in 32.8% of patients. Age, hypertension, lesion length, lesion eccentricity, and aortic arch type III were significantly associated with new ischemic lesions; calcified lesions were negatively associated. In 25% of these patients embolic lesions were also found in the contralateral hemisphere. Predictive factors for contralateral lesions were age, >50% stenosis of the contralateral internal carotid artery, and an aortic arch type II, with a trend for aortic arch type III.

Conclusions—

Age, hypertension, lesion morphology, and aortic arch type were predictive for procedural-related cerebral embolic lesions during embolic protected CAS. Age, significant contralateral carotid stenosis, and complex aortic arch type were predictive for bilateral ischemic lesions. The clinical implications of ischemic lesions are not yet fully understood.
Exercise Central (Aortic) Blood Pressure Is Predominantly Driven by Forward Traveling Waves, Not Wave Reflection
Authors: Schultz Martin G. , Davies Justin E. , Roberts-Thomson Phillip , Black J. Andrew , Hughes Alun D. , Sharman James E.
Published: May 2013

Exercise hypertension independently predicts cardiovascular mortality, although little is known about exercise central hemodynamics. This study aimed to determine the contribution of arterial wave travel and aortic reservoir characteristics to central blood pressure (BP) during exercise. We hypothesized that exercise central BP would be principally related to forward wave travel and aortic reservoir function. After routine diagnostic coronary angiography, invasive pressure and flow velocity were recorded in the ascending aorta via sensor-tipped intra-arterial wires in 10 participants (age, 55±10 years; 70% men) free of coronary artery disease with normal left ventricular function. Measures were recorded at baseline and during supine cycle ergometry. Using wave intensity analysis, dominant wave types throughout the cardiac cycle were identified (forward and backward, compression, and decompression), and aortic reservoir and excess pressure were calculated. Central systolic BP increased significantly with exercise (Δ=19±12 mm Hg;
P
<0.001). This was associated with increases in systolic forward compression waves (Δ=12×10
6
±17×10
6
W·m
−2
·s
−1
;
P
=0.045) and forward decompression waves in late systole (Δ=9×10
6
±6×10
6
W·m
−2
·s
−1
;
P
<0.001). Despite significant augmentation in BP (Δ=9±6 mm Hg;
P
=0.002), reflected waves did not increase in magnitude (Δ=−1×10
6
±3×10
6
W·m
−2
·s
−1
;
P
=0.2). Excess pressure rose significantly with exercise (Δ=16±9 mm Hg;
P
<0.001), and reservoir pressure integral fell (Δ=−5×10
5
±5×10
5
Pa·s;
P
=0.010). Change in reflection coefficient negatively correlated with change in central systolic BP (
r
=−0.68;
P
=0.03). We conclude that elevation of exercise central BP is principally because of increases in aortic forward traveling waves generated by left ventricular ejection. These findings have relevance to understanding central BP waveform morphology and pathophysiology of exercise hypertension.
Thyroxin Treatment Protects Against White Matter Injury in The Immature Brain via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Hung Pi-Lien , Huang Chao-Ching , Huang Hsiu-Mei , Tu Dom-Gene , Chang Ying-Chao
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—

Low level of thyroid hormone is a strong independent risk factor for white matter (WM) injury, a major cause of cerebral palsy, in preterm infants. Thyroxin upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor during development. We hypothesized that thyroxin protected against preoligodendrocyte apoptosis and WM injury in the immature brain via upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Methods—

Postpartum (P) day-7 male rat pups were exposed to hypoxic ischemia (HI) and intraperitoneally injected with thyroxin (T4; 0.2 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) or normal saline immediately after HI at P9 and P11. WM damage was analyzed for myelin formation, axonal injury, astrogliosis, and preoligodendrocyte apoptosis. Neurotrophic factor expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Neuromotor functions were measured using open-field locomotion (P11 and P21), inclined plane climbing (P11), and beam walking (P21). Intracerebroventricular injection of TrkB-Fc or systemic administration of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone was performed.

Results—

On P11, the HI group had significantly lower blood T4 levels than the controls. The HI group showed ventriculomegaly and marked reduction of myelin basic protein immunoreactivities in the WM. T4 (1 mg/kg) treatment after HI markedly attenuated axonal injury, astrocytosis, and microgliosis, and increased preoligodendrocyte survival. In addition, T4 treatment significantly increased myelination and selectively upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the WM, and improved neuromotor deficits after HI. The protective effect of T4 on WM myelination and neuromotor performance after HI was significantly attenuated by TrkB-Fc. Systemic 7,8-dihydroxyflavone treatment ameliorated hypomyelination after HI injury.

Conclusions—

T4 protects against WM injury at both pathological and functional levels via upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor–TrkB signaling in the immature brain.
Microvascular Structure and Network in the Retina of Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ong Yi-Ting , De Silva Deidre A. , Cheung Carol Y. , Chang Hui-Meng , Chen Christopher P. , Wong Meng Cheong , Wong Tien Yin , Ikram Mohammad Kamran
Published: May 2013

Background and Purpose—

Microvascular disease has been implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. The retina provides a window to assess microcirculation noninvasively. We studied the association between quantitatively measured retinal microvascular characteristics and acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

We conducted a case-control study with acute ischemic stroke patients recruited from a tertiary hospital in Singapore and controls from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease program matched by 10-year age strata, sex, and race. Strokes were classified using modified Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Retinal vascular parameters were measured from retinal fundus photographs using a computer program. Logistic regression models for stroke were constructed adjusting for age, sex, race, and additionally for smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia.

Results—

We included 557 ischemic stroke cases (261 lacunar, 185 large artery, and 54 cardioembolic stroke) and 557 controls. After adjusting for vascular risk factors, decreased arteriolar fractal dimension (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation [SD] decrease, 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–2.87) and venular fractal dimension (OR per SD decrease, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.46–2.23), increased arteriolar tortuosity (OR per SD increase, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.25–1.95), and venular tortuosity (OR per SD increase, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.27–1.76), narrower arteriolar caliber (OR per SD decrease, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.21–3.53), and wider venular caliber (OR per SD increase, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.27–1.95) were associated with stroke. Stratification by stroke subtypes and further adjustment for retinopathy signs revealed similar results.

Conclusions—

Patients with ischemic stroke have a sparser and more tortuous microvascular network in the retina. These findings provide insight into the structure and pattern of microcirculation changes in stroke.
Allowing Satan in? Moving Toward a Political Economy of Neo-Pentecostalism in Kenya
Authors: Deacon Gregory , Deacon Gregory , Lynch Gabrielle
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Neo-Pentecostalism provides African elites with an avenue for legitimation of authority and wealth and, to some extent, bolsters power and authority. Simultaneously, ordinary people look for control over their lives—realities that help explain the explosion of neo-Pentecostal beliefs across sub-Saharan Africa that began in the 1980s. The political legitimacy provided is open to contestation and debate, liable to be rejected by some and questioned by others. Neo-Pentecostalism can offer defence mechanisms or strategies that assist with survival, but rarely socioeconomic or political change. Instead, it tends to detract from a class-based identification of and opposition to structural violence, inequality, corruption, and oppression, and often contributes to a general sense of uncertainty and insecurity regarding relevant and appropriate responses. The outcome is an unsteady reinforcement of unequal relations of power and wealth. This paper sets out these arguments with reference to Kenya, and more specifically the declarations and actions of both politicians and slum residents.
New data on Albuca crispa (Hyacinthaceae, Ornithogaloideae), an erect-flowered Albuca from South Africa
Authors: MARTÍNEZ-AZORÍN MARIO , CRESPO MANUEL B. , DOLD ANTHONY P.
Published: May 2013

Within the framework of a taxonomic revision of the genus Albuca we here present new data on Albuca crispa, a species described as having undulate-crispulate leaves and white-green nodding flowers, it being included in A. subgen. Falconera section Trianthera (as series Trianthera). After studying both herbarium specimens and living plants from the type locality and other locations, it is clear that the protologue of A. crispa includes remarkable inaccuracies that make the understanding of that species very difficult, and that therefore are in need of correction. Furthermore, the new data would support the transfer of Albuca crispa to A. subgen. Mitrotepalum, a group characterized by the erect flowers and strongly hooded inner tepals. A complete description is presented for this species, and data on morphology, ecology, and distribution are reported. Affinities and divergences with other close allies are also discussed, and evidence is shown to propose amendment of author citation.
Phlogacanthus yangtsekiangensis, a new combination in Chinese Acanthaceae
Authors: XIA CHUN , DENG YUNFEI
Published: May 2013

The genus Cystacanthus was established by Anderson (1867: 457) and placed in tribe Ruellieae Dumortier (1829: 23) when published. In fact, it is closely related to Phlogacanthus Nees von Esenbeck (1832: 76, 99) and differs only in the corolla shape and indumentum. Thus, many authors merged Cystacanthus with Phlogacanthus (Benoist 1935, Imlay 1939, Brummit 1992, Mabberley 2008). But it was still recognized as a genus independent from Phlogacanthus by many recent authors (Scotland 1992, Scotland & Vollesen 2000, Hu 2002, Hu & Fu 2005, Wu et al. 2003, 2006, Hu et al. 2011). Our recently unpublished molecular analysis, however, showed that species of Cystacanthus are nested within Phlogacanthus and they might be treated as a single genus, Phlogacanthus. Phlogacanthus belongs to tribe Andrographideae Endlicher (1839: 707) and consists of about 35 species distributed in S and SE Asia (Scotland 1992, Scotland & Vollesen 2000, Mabberley 2008, McDade et al. 2008). In the recently published English version of the Flora of China (Hu et al. 2011), eight species were recognized in Cystacanthus. Among these, five species, i.e., Cystacanthus paniculatus Anderson (1867: 458), C. pyramidalis Benoist (1928: 907), C. abbreviatus Craib (1911: 438), C. vitellinus (Roxburgh 1820: 117) Y. F. Deng in Hu et al. (2011: 477) and C. colaniae (Benoist 1936: 109) Y. F. Deng in Hu et al. (2011: 477), already have names in Phlogacanthus; Cystacanthus yangtsekiangensis (Léveillé 1915: 6) Rehder (1935: 315), C. affinis Smith (1916: 103) and C. yunnanensis Smith (1916: 104), still need to be transferred to Phlogacanthus.
Subramanian, K.A., Rangnekar, P. & Naik, R. (2013) Idionyx (Odonata: Corduliidae) of the Western Ghats with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3652 (2), 277–288.
Authors: Subramanian K. A. , Rangnekar P. , Naik R.
Published: May 2013

...
Phoomyia, a new genus of Dolichopodinae from the Oriental Region (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: NAGLIS STEFAN , GROOTAERT PATRICK , BROOKS SCOTT E.
Published: May 2013

Phoomyia Naglis & Grootaert gen. nov. is described to include two new species of beach-dwelling dolichopodine flies from coastal Sri Lanka and Thailand: Phoomyia srilankensis Naglis & Brooks sp. nov. and Phoomyia thailandensis Naglis & Grootaert sp. nov. The new genus is closely related to the genera Argyrochlamys Lamb and Pseudargyrochlamys Grich-anov, and is distinguished based on characters of the hind leg, and features of the male and female terminalia. Adults of Phoomyia are found on sandy coastal beaches often near the burrows of ghost crabs.
Review of Michalowskiya Dworakowska (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Dikraneurini) with description of six new species from China
Authors: KANG JUXIA , ZHANG YALIN
Published: May 2013

A key to known species of the subgenus Michalowskiya (Michalowskiya) Dworakowska is provided. Detailed morpho-logical descriptions and illustrations of six new species, Michalowskiya (Michalowskiya) aurantiaca, M. (M.) biprocessa, M. (M.) breviprocessa, M. (M.) brownistriata, M. (M.) longiprocessa, and M. (M.) pedata spp. nov. from China are pro-vided.