bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arch form, tooth size, and occlusomandibular kinesis in the Ceboidea
Authors: Zingeser M. R.
Published: February 2006

Correlations between dental morphology, arch configuration, and jaw movement patterns were quantitatively investigated in 23 ceboid species to elucidate integrative aspects of occlusal functional anatomy in an adaptive and evolutionary context. Differential maxillary‐mandibular arch widths are primary in guiding lateral jaw movements. These movements are characterized according to their associated condylar shifts as either predominantly translatory or rotational. Predominantly translatory movements result from peripheral contact relationships between maxillary arches which are considerably wider posteriorly than their opposing mandibular arches. The greatest degree of mandibular movement is in the molar region in functional association with wide “primitive” maxillary molars, narrow mandibular molars, constricted maxillary intercanine widths, and narrow maxillary incisors. In contrast, predominantly rotational masticatory jaw movements result from differential arch widths which are greatest in the maxillary canine and incisor regions. Here most jaw movement is in the anterior segment and this is reflected in small maxillary‐mandibular molar width differences, a high degree of premolarization, wide‐set maxillary canine teeth, and wide maxillary incisors. Possible selectional factors in the putative evolution of rotational predominance in mastication from the more primitive translatory pattern are discussed.
A comparative study of metric and non‐metric traits in a series of modern crania
Authors: Carpenter James Culver
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study is to question the utility of non‐metric traits as predictors of age, race, and sex by comparing a group of non‐metric variables with a group of metric variables. Twelve metric variables and 15 nonmetric variables were scored on 317 crania from the Terry Collection at the U. S. National Museum, and later statistically evaluated with a number of multivariate analysis programs and a stepwise discriminant program. The metric variables were found to be significant sex and race discriminators, where‐as the non‐metric variables were non‐significant. The non‐metric variables were found to be better age discriminators than the metric variables, even though neither could be classified as highly significant. It was concluded that non‐metric traits by themselves have very little discriminatory value and should be used instead to supplement other osteological measurements and observations.
Temporal variation in prehistoric Nubian crania
Authors: Carlson David S.
Published: February 2006

Much of the earlier work on the prehistory of Sudanese Nubia has emphasized discontinuity between early Nubian populations. However, recent investigations suggest the converse ‐ that a remarkable degree of cultural and biological continuity exists among indigenous Nubian groups, perhaps as far back as the Paleolithic. Thus, cultural and biological differences between Nubian populations can be most effectively perceived as the result of in situ evolutionary development.

The present analysis has two major purposes: (1) to describe the morphological differences in the craniofacial complex between indigenous Nubian populations extending from the A‐Group (c. 3,400 B.C.) through the Christian (c. 1,500 A.D.) horizons; and (2) to account for these differences within an evolutionary framework. The multiple discriminant analysis of radiographically derived variables revealed a trend from a substantially lower and more elongated cranial vault to a shorter and taller vault throughout the almost 5,000 year time span. Associated with this pattern was a tendency for the face to become more inferiorly‐posteriorly located with respect to the vault in the latter groups. Finally, the masseter and temporalis muscles underwent a reduction and slight relocation through time. We speculate that this trend may be associated with behavioral changes associated with transition from a hunting and gathering to a totally agricultural subsistence pattern.
Structural harmony and Neandertäl speech: A reply to Le May
Authors: Lieberman Philip
Published: February 2006

The Neandertäl supralaryngeal vocal tract reconstruction reported by Lieberman and Crelin ('71) is based on the methods of comparative anatomy. Normal adult‐like humans have a skeletal morphology in harmony with the soft tissue of their vocal tracts. This is also the case for non‐human primates and human newborns who have a different skeletal morphology in harmony with a different vocal tract. The “bits and pieces” that together constitute functional complexes are under separate and complex genetic control. The conditions discussed by Le May ('75) can result in the retention of some features of the skeletal morphology of a newborn in association with an adult‐like supralaryngeal vocal tract. However, these examples cannot show how the soft tissue of the supralaryngeal hominid vocal tract would match the skeletal structure of a fossil hominid, if the fossil hominid population were subject to the same selectional forces operant on all living primates. The Neandertäl supralaryngeal tract is thus probably in harmony with its skeletal morphology and similar to that of a human newborn.
Primate models for australopithecine sexual dimorphism
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

Several different models of sexual dimorphism in the South African australopithecines are compared with sexual dimorphism in the living primates. Australopithecine dimorphism is placed in an evolutionary context, and contrasting trends in the hominid and pongid lineages are shown. Evidence suggesting that the australopithecines were an extremely polytypic taxon is presented, and a high level of both inter‐ and intra‐population variation is indicated.
A note on craniofacial sutural growth
Authors: Koskinen Leena , Isotupa Kauko , Koski Kalevi
Published: February 2006

The paper presents and discusses some features of sutural structures. Fibre orientation in sutures seems to be quite variable and associated with minute local growth phenomena. Trabecular patterns in bones, reflecting growth, appear to support the idea of the outside determination of growth. The bevelled and interdigitated structures seen in many sutures may be interpreted as an expedient solution to the problem of fast growth.
Physical Anthropology and the dental and medical specialties
Authors: Krogman Wilton Marion
Published: February 2006

The rise of two sub‐specialties in Physical Anthropology traces back to the Anatomy Departments of Schools of Medicine in Germany and France during the nineteenth century. The study of human diversity in bones and bodies was largely by medically‐trained anatomists. There developed Medical Anthropology and Dental Anthropology, employing osteometry and craniometry on the skeleton, somatometry and cephalometry on the living body. As a result cross‐sectional studies gave way to longitudinal studies and X‐ray techniques were added to purely mensurational procedures.

In Medical Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pediatrics, plastic surgery, endocrinology, and orthopaedics. In Dental Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pedodontics, orthodontics, oral surgery, and prosthodontics. The contributions of Physical Anthropology to each is discussed.
Some aspects of aging in the lumbar spine
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances
Published: February 2006

I measured the bodies of vertebrae L3 and L4 of 338 skeletons from the Terry collection in the Smithsonian Institution, including Blacks and Whites, males and females, aged from 20 to 90 years. Transverse breadths of the upper and lower endplates (excluding osteophytes) and minimum transverse breadths all increase with age. In general, the greater broadening occurs in the endplates, but the middle of the body also broadens to such a degree that there is no demonstrable increase in vertebral “flaring” with age. In males, posterior body height decreases relative to anterior height, so that the lumbar bodies become more wedge‐shaped with age, but females show essentially no change. Anterior height decreases in proportion to minimum breadth, so that the lumbar bodies become relatively lower and broader, and this change is significantly correlated with age in all groups. Midbody height decreases relative to anterior height, so that Nordin's biconcavity index is reduced with age. The increase in biconcavity remains evident even when average anterior‐posterior height is used to calculate the index. At all age levels a high percentage of individuals have biconcavity indices of 80% or less, indicating that Nordin's standard of normality for this index, established from measurement on radiographs of the living, should be revised downward for use in evaluating osteoporosis in skeletal populations.
The structure of the human symphysis pubis with special consideration of parturition and its sequelae
Authors: Putschar Walter G. J.
Published: February 2006

Review of the structure of the symphysis pubis, based on my extensive study of the pelvic joints ('31) shows changes from age, function, pregnancy hormones and stress of parturition. Primary physiologic shearing clefts and secondary traumatic clefts in cartilage are more frequent in females. Inter‐digitations in the young osteocartilaginous border secure the vulnerable growth cartilage against increasing shearing forces. The retropubic eminence, ligamentous or cartilaginous, forms earlier in females, later, due to bony lipping in males, secondary to extrusion of disc cartilage. Ovarian and placental hormones in pregnancy cause remodeling and resorption of the posterior margin of the pubic facette and adjacent cortex, making a (variably) deep bony groove for greatly hypertrophied transverse ligaments. Delivery of a mature infant produces traumatic changes leading to extrusion of torn fibrocartilage in any direction, progressively loosening the symphysis, producing cartilage nodules, cysts and reactive bone formation. Older age degenerative arthritis is more frequent in parous females.
Pathology of Bedouin skeletal remains from two sites in Israel
Authors: Goldstein Marcus S. , Arensburg Baruch , Nathan Hilel
Published: February 2006

Frequency of pathology and of some anomalies in skeletons of Bedouin living about 200 BP, uncovered in the Israeli Negev, is considered in relation to particular bone, sex, age‐group, and kinds of defects. The environment of the Bedouin in relation to his “health‐status” is noted. Two‐thirds of the skeletons had one or more different bones with defects. Incidence of crania with defects was: males, 26%; females, 18%; the highest incidence occurred at age 35–49. Alveolar abscesses occurred in 28% of maxillae, 9% of mandibles. Of the long bones, the tibia was most frequently affected (15%): swelling of the shaft, relatively common, was apparently caused by bejel, a non‐venereal form of syphilis, similar to yaws, endemic to the Bedouin. Forty‐eight percent had defective vertebrae, usually an arthritic manifestation of one kind or another; half of this group had defects in more than one region of the spine. Defects also occurred relatively frequently in the innominata, sacrum, scapula, and clavicle, mostly arthritic lesions except in the sacrum in which the percentage with sacral hiatus was high. Average age at death was, males, 43 years, females, 33 years (adults only), and 28 years for all ages.
Colonial to modern skeletal change in the U.S.A.
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence
Published: February 2006

Eighty‐two people dating from 1675 to 1879 compared with 182 modern middle‐class White and Black skeletons test the myths of radical changes produced by improved diet, less disease, and nineteenth century immigration. Longevity increases and health and growth improvement is clearest in reduced juvenile deaths (census data) and deepening of true pelvis. Stature increase is minimal (though seventeenth century Londoners and modern West Africans are shorter than Colonial to Modern Americans); teeth deteriorate and for cultural reasons fractures increase. Clavicles and forearms elongate.

From Old to New World Colonial samples there is a noticeable skull change (and a greater Old World to Modern contrast) but White Colonial to Modern shows strong continuity surprisingly, the key changes being increasing head height, and retraction of face with increasing nose projection, and longer mastoids, resulting from selection and mixture. Blacks change more, possibly from Indian and White mixture. Variabilities are above average.

Change is much less than expected, and apparently involves heterosis and selection as well as the obvious health advance and mixtures.
An analysis of chewed food particle size and its relationship to molar structure in the primatesCheirogaleus medius andGalago senegalensis and the insectivoranTupaia glis
Authors: Sheine Wendy Sue , Kay Richard F.
Published: February 2006

The chewed food particle size and shearing capacity of the lower molars of two primate species, the fat‐tailed dwarf lemur,Cheirogaleus medius and the bushbabyGalago senegalensis, and an insectivoran, the tree shrew,Tupaia glis, were compared. Differences in the shearing design of the lower molars correlate strongly with the chewed food particle size in these species: the greater the shearing capacity, the smaller the chewed food particles.

These three species are of comparable size but differ greatly in diet in the wild.C. medius primarily eats fruit and nectar, whileG. senegalensis andT. glis are largely insect‐eaters. The lower molars ofG. senegalensis andT. glis show a much greater shearing capacity than do those ofC. medius. The average length of chewed food particles ofC. medius is significantly larger than that ofG. senegalensis, while that ofT. glis is intermediate between the two primates but is closer to that ofG. senegalensis.

Our findings that insect‐eating species grind their food more finely than do fruit‐ and resin‐eating species can be correlated with digestibility of foods: finely chewing foods such as fruits which are low in relatively undigestible cell wall components would not greatly improve their digestibility, so a highly efficient food processing apparatus would be less important to the animal's survival. Insect‐eaters much more finely chew their foods, implying that there is some constituent of insect bodies difficult to digest, and that grinding increases its digestibility. We suggest that this constituent is chitin.
Cerumen types in Eskimos
Authors: Bass Edward J. , Jackson John F.
Published: February 2006

High frequencies of dry type cerumen were found in Eskimos of the Nome and Bethel areas of Alaska, supporting the assumption of decreasing frequency of dry cerumen with increasing distance from the Bering Strait.
Early hominid feeding mechanisms
Authors: Du Brul E. Lloyd
Published: February 2006

Three predominant influences mark the evolution of human head form: big brain, erect bipedalism, modified oral apparatus. Confusing interplay between different adaptive requirements of each feature has made explanation of skull structure extremely difficult in the past. It now seems possible to isolate each influence in early fossil forms. A model of mammalian modes of feeding adaptation is proposed in the form of a “Natural Experiment” for tighter analysis of fossil forms. Two forms of australopithecines are recognized, “gracile” and “robust.” Both had closely similar brains, both had erect bipedalism, but each had different masticatory construction. Separation of the first two similar influences isolates the adaptive differences in oral mechanics. The gracile form had a projecting oral apparatus, distinct canine and zygomatic buttresses, moderate jaw‐lever development, jaw joint not unlike most higher primates, large unusual anterior teeth, moderately sized posterior teeth. The robust form had a retruded, greatly deepened oral apparatus, “dished‐in” face with fused canine and zygomatic buttresses, powerful jaw‐lever development, distinctively different joint construction, remarkably small anterior teeth, enormous posterior teeth. Striking evidence for extraordinary jaw movements emerges from these features in the robust form. This is strongly supported by remarkably close parallels in Ursidae: grizzly bear and giant panda.
Patterns of movement in open country baboons
Authors: Harding Robert S. O.
Published: February 2006

In early accounts, baboons are described as invariably assuming a particular troop formation when moving across open country. This movement pattern is an integral part of a model of social organization in which behavior is a response to predator pressure. The model, in turn, has been applied to describe populations of early hominids moving onto the savannah from the forest. The special formation was not observed during a year's study of free‐ranging baboons in Kenya, nor has it been reported by other field workers since its original description. Thus at least one aspect of an early model of baboon social organization lacks empirical support and this model should not be used uncritically in reconstructing the behavior of early human groups.
Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size inAegyptopithecus andProconsul
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: February 2006

Second molar length and body weight are used to test the correlation between tooth size and body size in living Hominoidea. These variates are highly correlated (r = 0.942,p<0.001), indicating that tooth size can be used in dentally unspecialized fossil hominoids as one method of predicting the average body weight of species. Based on tooth size, the average body weight ofAegyptopithecus zeuxis is estimated to have been between 4.5 and 7.5 kg, which is corroborated by known cranial and postcranial elements. Using Radinsky's estimates of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) forAegyptopithecus was between 0.65 and 1.04. A similar analysis forProconsul africanus yields a body weight between 16 and 34 kg, and an EQ between 1.19 and 1.96.
The number of vertebrae in the Southern African Negro, the American Negro and the Bushman (San)
Authors: De Beer Kaufman Pamela
Published: February 2006

The numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae (PCV) are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes. The S.A. Negro and San males have an exceptionally high frequency of an increased total PCV number whilst the frequencies are significantly lower in a combined Caucasoid sample and the Mongoloid samples. The American Negro male, too, has a high frequency but not as high as in S.A. Negroes. The high frequency of increased PCV number in San, S.A. Negroes and American Negroes is in keeping with the view that the Khoisan peoples (here represented by the San), the Southern African Negroes and the African ancestors of American Blacks sprang from a common proto‐negriform stock.

Males have a significantly greater frequency of increased PCV to 30 or 31, whereas females are more likely to have a decreased number of 28 PCV. This sex difference is present in all the populations studied.
Selective pressures and dental evolution in hominids
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: February 2006

Inter‐group differences in tooth size and attrition scores in fossil hominids from the late Riss, Würm I–II and Würm III–IV were compared to determine: (1) the extent and timing of reduction in tooth size; (2) the relation of such reduction to decreased functional demands made on the dentition, as estimated by the severity of attrition. The largest reduction in tooth size was found to take place between the Riss and WAuUrm I–II groups, and to affect anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth. It is suggested that the differences between these conclusions and those reached by Brace ('67) are a function of the samples used. Similarly the observed reduction in tooth size was not associated with any concomitant reduction in functional demands made on the dentition, but appears to have outstripped them, as demonstrated by the increased severity of attrition found in the later smaller‐toothed groups.
Regional variation in tooth size and pathology in fossil hominids
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: February 2006

Tooth size and dental pathology in fossil hominids were studied to test for regional differences in these parameters. The results showed little regional variation in tooth size for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites compared (except for Krapina) but considerable differences in the severity of attrition and dental pathology. These differences were considered indicative of regional differences in the functional load borne by the teeth, and in view of the similar technological status of the groups studied, were attributed to environmental differences in the diet. Since, in all regions, reduction in tooth size appeared to continue at the same rate for the periods investigated, no association can be established between presumed selective pressures related to differences in functional demands made on the dentition, and tooth reduction.
Implications of Catlin's American Indian population estimates for revision of Mooney's estimate
Authors: Thornton Russell
Published: February 2006

Catlin's population estimates of 37 American Indian tribes for the period 1832 to 1839 are compared with Mooney's estimates for the same tribes that range from the year 1600 to the year 1780. The remarkably close correspondence between the two totals despite the difference in the time periods indicates considerable inaccuracy on the part of either Mooney or Catlin. If Catlin is given credibility, then the necessity of current upward revisions of Mooney's population estimate is supported.
Fore‐ and hindlimb proportions in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

Associated fore‐ and hindlimb parts of five individuals are known from the hominid Plio‐Pleistocene fossil collections in Africa. Four of these have been classified as Australopithecus and show definite evidence that in comparison with humans, forelimbs were relatively large and hindlimbs were relatively small. The fourth individual, placed in the genus Homo, has human proportions. These findings do not necessarily imply locomotor differences: the forelimbs may have been relatively long in Australopithecus simply because they were as yet not completely reduced from their generalized hominoid ancestral state.
Homologies of the toothcomb
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2006

A recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particular Avahi, this tooth has even become associated with the toothcomb. The alignment of this tooth with the toothcomb is a strictly impermanent situation and cannot be taken into consideration when determining homologies of the teeth of the toothcomb. Morphologically and developmentally the lateral teeth of both indriine and lemur and loris toothcombs are similar to each other and distinct from the central set of teeth. Thus, if the lateral teeth of the lemur/loris toothcomb are canines, then the lateral teeth of the indriine toothcomb are canines as well.
The effects of stress on cortical bone thickness in rodents
Authors: Brandt Maryann , Siegel Michael I.
Published: February 2006

The right and left femora of three groups of rodents, cold stressed, noise stressed, and heat stressed, were sectioned transversely at the most inferior point of the third trochanter. Cortical bone thickness of the proximal section for all three groups was determined by measuring an enlargement obtained with a Wild stereo microscope with a camera lucida drawing attachment. Cold stressed animals were found to have significantly thinner cortical bone than did controls, noise stressed animals did not differ from controls, and heat stressed animals had thinner cortical bone than did controls. It is concluded that stress may be responsible for the thinner cortex of cold and heat stressed animals, but that other factors may be at work and that it is not possible to tell whether different types of stress act through the same or through different mechanisms.
The functional significance of the squamosal suture in Australopithecus boisei
Authors: Rak Yoel
Published: February 2006

A juvenile Australopithecus boisei specimen from the Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, is found to exhibit an extraordinarily large overlap of the temporal squama on the parietal, a phenomenon shared with at least two adult specimens of A. boisei. An attempt is made to interpret the overlap as a structural (bony/ligamentous) adaptation necessitated by the unique combination of certain components of the masticatory system of A. boisei. These are: (1) the massiveness and strength of the temporalis muscle, (2) its relatively anterior location, and (3) the lateral position of the masseter muscle due to the flaring of the zygomatic arches. The effect of the temporalis muscle is to create excessive pressure on the portion of the squamosal suture along the parietal, while the lateral placement of the masseter and the resultant increase of pressure on the temporal squama via the zygomatic arch tend to “loosen” the contact between the temporal and parietal bones.
Scaling of organ weights in Macaca arctoides
Authors: Larson Susan G.
Published: February 2006

The allometric scaling of nine internal organs was examined for Macaca arctoides. Significant organ weight‐body weight regressions were obtained for heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid, liver, and testes. The spleen and adrenal glands exhibited strong variability and were only loosely correlated to body weight.

Using allometry as a criterion of subtraction, observed sex differences in mean organ weights were seen to be primarily the result of differences in average body weight. It is postulated that analysis of observed differences in organ weights between this species and Macaca mulatta would yield similar conclusions.

Comparison of intraspecific slope values obtained in the present study with interspecific values reported in the literature reveals a pattern paralleling the brain‐body weight relation. A discussion of the relationship between intra‐ and interspecific slopes is presented.
Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum
Authors: Flander Louisa Beyer
Published: February 2006

Metric data on 200 sacra of known sex, age and race are analyzed to determine the usefulness of conventional observations for determining sex in this bone. Results of the univariate analysis show that significant sex differences in the sacrum involve primarily the top portion of the bone for both whites and blacks. However, measurements of curvature are important sex differences in the sample of blacks. A new index relating the SI body to sacral breadth is proposed as more useful in classifying the bones by sex than indices involving other measurements. Discriminant analysis shows that the sample of whites can be analyzed significantly better by this method than by using an index. The choice of univariate or multivariate method must depend on the condition of the bone, and will be influenced to some extent by the race from which the sample is drawn.
Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha and Apache Indians
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Agarwal Shyam S. , Blumberg Baruch S. , Levy Howard , Bennett Peter H. , Laughlin William S. , Martin John P.
Published: February 2006

In order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris‐Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.
Spectrographic analysis of laryngeal air sac resonance in rhesus monkey
Authors: Hilloowala Rumy A. , Lass Norman J.
Published: February 2006

Laryngeal air sacs are circular out‐pocketings, located in the hyoid bone with their ostium in the midline of the anterior part of the larynx. From previous cadaver studies of the rhesus monkey it was deduced that the function of the air sac is to act as a resonating chamber. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Recordings were made of three rhesus monkeys before and after surgical removal of the air sac. Spectrographic analysis of the monkeys' vocalizations indicated that differences in formant frequency characteristics between pre‐and post‐surgical recordings were negligible. This finding suggests that the laryngeal air sac does not play an important role in the resonant properties of the monkeys' vocal tracts.
Red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Andhras
Authors: Veerraju P. , Busi B. R. , Elias Anand N.
Published: February 2006

Sixty‐eight Andhra males and 45 Andhra females from Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India have been investigated for G‐6‐PD deficiency. The GdB− gene has a frequency of 4.41% among males. No G‐6‐PD deficient females were detected. The present data have been compared with the available tribal and non‐tribal data from Andhra Pradesh. It is observed that the present sample, though non‐tribal in nature, presents a relatively considerable frequency of the GdB− gene.
A longitudinal and cross‐sectional analysis of the growth of the postnatal cranial base angle
Authors: George Sara L.
Published: February 2006

Radiographs of 32 children, 16 girls and 16 boys, taken at 1 month, 3 months, 9 months, and once a year until 5 years 9 months were selected from the Denver Series. The cranial base deflection was measured by five sets of angles. A cross‐sectional evaluation revealed a significant decrease in angle size by all methods of measurement by 9 months of age. Little change was noted after 1 year, 9 months, indicating that studies beginning after 2 years would not find this decrease. All individuals followed a pattern of reduction between 1 month and 9 months with variable changes at 3 months. Choice of landmark affected the degree and timing of the observed change but not the overall pattern. Differences in measuring techniques evaluated the mean degree of deflection to range from −6.9° to −13.8°.
Seasonal pattern in the rate of growth in height of children living in Guatemala
Authors: Bogin Barry A.
Published: February 2006

Monthly increments of height for a sample of 164 Guatemala City school children are analyzed for the presence of a seasonal pattern in rates of growth. It is found that pre and post adolescent children follow a seasonal pattern of growth but adolescent children do not. It is suggested that the results are due to an effect of seasonal changes in ultraviolet light availability and the synthesis of vitamin D3 as mediated by the level of maturation of each child.
Vocalizations of the Black and White Colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos Zimmerman 1780)
Authors: Walek Mary L.
Published: February 2006

The vocalizations of the black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos, were recorded on the Kenya Coast. An analysis of spectrographic structure and social context reveals a high degree of similarity with the vocalizations of an allopatric population of C. guereza. While morphological and coloration differences may be particularly significant in discriminating black and white colobus species, vocalizations may be too conservative to be effective taxonomic characters for allopatric populations.
Communality of surnames: A measure of biological interrelationships among thirty‐one settlements in upper Val Varaita in the Italian Alps
Authors: Kaplan Bernice A. , Lasker Gabriel W. , Chiarelli Brunetto
Published: February 2006

The upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a “Y” along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not demonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.
Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)
Authors: Hrdy Daniel B.
Published: February 2006

Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non‐alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X‐group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X‐group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier.
Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates
Authors: Smith Richard J.
Published: February 2006

There is disagreement as to whether the mandibular condyles are stress‐bearing or stress‐free during mastication. In support of alternative models, analogies have been drawn with Class III levers, links, and couple systems. Physiological data are reviewed which indicate that maximum masticatory forces are generated when maxillary and mandibular teeth are in contact, and that this phase lasts for over 100 msec during many chewing strokes. During this period, the mandible can be modeled as a beam with multiple supports. Equations of simple beam theory suggest that large condylar reaction forces are present during mastication. With unilateral molar biting in man, the total condylar reaction force may be over 75% of the bite force. Analysis of a frontal projection demonstrates that up to 80% of the total condylar reaction force is borne by the contralateral (balancing side) condyle during unilateral molar biting. A comparison of human, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), spider monkey (A. belzebuth), and macaque (Macaca sp.) morphology indicates that the frugivorous chimpanzee and spider monkey have a relatively lower condylar reaction force than the omnivorous macaque or man during molar biting. The percentage reaction force during incisal biting is lower in man than in the other primates, and lower in the frugivorous primates than in the macaque.
Sexual dimorphism in the growth of the cranium
Authors: Baughan B. , Demirjian A.
Published: February 2006

The major sexual dimorphisms in body size appear at puberty but, by then, 95% of the growth of the cranium is completed. As sexual dimorphism in the cranium is as great as for other parts of the body, this suggests that it must appear at an earlier age, and that cranium/body size ratios for the two sexes will vary during growth. Results from a longitudinal study of Montreal children are used to investigate this phenomenon. The effect is expressed quantitatively by proportional growth and growth velocity curves, based on the final size of boys, which show that the dimorphism indeed makes an early appearance. The data are also analyzed on an age scale relative to the ages of peak growth velocity in stature, derived from the individual growth curves. This shows that although there is a minor pubertal spurt in growth for the external cranial dimensions of boys, it contributes relatively little to the final dimorphism in cranial size. To summarize this aspect of growth, an index of cephalization is calculated: head length × head width/stature. Cross‐sectional standards for the change of the mean index with age show a linear decline for boys and girls until puberty, with a constant difference between them. After puberty, the index becomes equal in the two sexes. Individual development curves for the index are however not linear.
The inheritance of palmar and hallucal dermatoglyphic patterns in fifty‐four American Caucasian families
Authors: Morgan Leslie Y. , Juberg Richard C. , Faust Charles C.
Published: February 2006

We searched for single gene effects determining certain palmar and plantar patterns — two interdigital and the hypothenar areas, palmar main line sequence, and hallucal pattern. Our subjects were 108 parents from central Louisiana and 123 of their offspring; there were 127 females and 104 males.

For the third and fourth interdigital areas, we classified for presence of a pattern (+) or no pattern (−). For the hypothenar area, we classified arch, anteform, and open field as no pattern (−) and other configurations as a pattern (+). Main line sequence we determined by the distal to proximal ordering of the five main lines. We analyzed the hallucal area by combining three loop patterns. Segregational analyses followed.

For the third interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. For the fourth interdigital area, the frequency of + was 51%. In the hypothenar area, the frequency of + was 45%. We set out the six mating types by the bilateral occurrence of pattern in each area and found similar results. The proportion of + + offspring was highest with both + + parents and diminished as the parents became increasingly more − −. Evidence for genetic determination of six different main line sequences consisted of the proportion of related/(related + unrelated) which averaged 0.48. Parent‐offspring occurrence of an accessory triradius and absence of the c triradius suggested monogenic control. Segregation of the hallucal patterns was less suggestive.

We conclude that the results offer evidence for substantial genetic determination of palmar dermatoglyphics, and for some patterns possible monogenic determination.
Ethnic communities in Israel: The genetic blood markers of the Babylonian Jews
Authors: Bonné‐Tamir Batsheva , Ashbel Sarah , Bar‐Shani Shulamit
Published: February 2006

One hundred eighty‐eight Jewish individuals who either they or whose both parents were born in Iraq were typed for 7 blood groups (ABO, MNS, Rh, Kell, Duffy, P and Kidd), 12 red cell enzyme systems and 2 serum proteins.

Iraqi Jews are characterized by a high frequency of A (in ABO), N (in MNS), low cde (Rh) and low Hp‐1. Several rare electrophoretic variants were encountered: PGM1 6‐1, PHI 3‐1 and PHI 2‐1, and an unidentified AK phenotype. No evidence of Negroid admixture was found in their gene pool.

Comparisons with results previously obtained in Iraqi Jews show general similarities in frequencies while comparisons with neighboring non‐Jewish populations suggest divergence in most systems investigated.

The difficulties of assessing relationships on the basis of a few selected differences and the need for careful interpretations of similarities are emphasized.
Ethnic communities in Israel: The genetic blood markers of the Moroccan Jews
Authors: Bonné‐Tamir Batsheva , Ashbel Sarah , Bar‐Shani Shulamit
Published: February 2006

One hundred and ninety‐six Moroccan Jews now settled in Israel were typed for 7 blood groups, 12 red cell enzymes and 2 plasma protein systems.

Their blood group picture is in agreement with results previously obtained on different samples of Moroccan Jews: rather high B in ABO, somewhat elevated frequencies of cDE and cDe in Rh and K in Kell. Differences in various blood markers exist between them and other North African Jewish communities. This fact, together with data on disease distribution and HLA frequencies, supports our assumption that Jews in the North African diaspora lived as small secluded isolates even within the same geographical zones.

Comparisons with meager data on the neighboring non‐Jewish populations do not disclose any resemblance to either Arab or Berber inhabitants of Morocco.
Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples
Authors: Rose Jerome C. , Armelagos George J. , Lallo John W.
Published: February 2006

Although previous paleopathological studies have used disturbances in enamel formation as indicators of childhood stress, the full potential of this technique has not been realized. This paper presents a test case which demonstrates that the frequency of disturbed enamel formation (i.e., Wilson bands) is associated with other stress indicators (i.e., probability of dying and infectious lesions) in three prehistoric skeletal samples representing the Middle Woodland (10.3%), Mississippian Acculturated Late Woodland (21.4%), and the Middle Mississippian (40.0%). Additionally, the mean ages at death of individuals with at least one Wilson band are lower than those without bands. These results suggest that Wilson bands are an indicator of the relative proportion of individuals who are high susceptibles in prehistoric populations. The data also corroborate the hypothesis that the adoption of maize agriculture in the prehistoric American Midwest is associated with increased stress.
An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. II. Relations between dental dimorphism, body size dimorphism and diet
Authors: Post David , Goldstein Serge , Melnick Don
Published: February 2006

Odontometric, dietary, and body weight data were collected for a sample of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (frugivore, folivore, and omnivore), and indices were constructed to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, postcanine area and incisor width in each of the species. Analysis proceeded by means of the analysis of covariance with the dental dimorphism indices as the dependent variables. Body weight dimorphism was not significantly related to either measure of dental dimorphism across the sample, and an analysis by diet alone revealed that omnivores show significantly higher dental dimorphism than do either of the other two diet classes. The relationship between this result and theories of sexual subniche differentiation is discussed.
Statistical methods for analyzing data on daily activity cycles of primates
Authors: Sussman Robert W. , O'fallon William M. , Sussman Linda K. , Buettner‐Janusch John
Published: February 2006

Many fields studies on primates have recently been carried out in which quantitative data have been collected using instantaneous scan sampling techniques. However, data collected in this manner are difficult to analyze statistically because of the problem of independence of samples, and a number investigators have analyzed such data incorrectly. In this paper, we evaluate such analyses and suggest alternative techniques that may be more appropriate. Examples are drawn from data on daily activity cycles of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus.
Skeletal changes produced by aortic aneurysms
Authors: Kelley Marc A.
Published: February 2006

The three major types of aortic aneurysms — arteriosclerotic, syphilitic, and dissectign are discussed in relation to the skeletal changes they produce. The favored location, age, and sex predilection are described for each type. Four documented cases from the Hamann‐Todd osteological collection are presented with a description of the associated skeletal changes. All four cases appear to be the result of syphilitic infection. These documented cases provide forensic and physical anthropologists with a means of diagnosing aortic aneurysms in moder, historic, and prehistoric human skeletal remains.
Skeletal differentiation of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina in relation to arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism
Authors: Rodman Peter S.
Published: February 2006

Sympatric Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina of Borneo coexist, in spite of similar frugivorous diets, by occupying habitats that differ in density of food sources. A primary specialization for foraging on widely dispersed food sources is terrestrial travel by M. nemestrina, in contrast to arboreal travel by M. fascicularis in the richer habitat. Theoretical biomechanical demands of terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism suggest the hypothesis that M. fascicularis should be built like a powerful climber and a leaper compared with M. nemestrina, which should be relatively cursorial in structure. Specific differences in skeletal proportions and muscle insertions are predicted by this hypothesis, and comparisons of the brachial index, relative length of the olecranon process, relative position of the radial tuberosity, relative length of the posterior scapular border, relative length of the ilium, relative length of the ischium, projection of the greater trochanter, and position of the lesser trochanter (but not the intermembral index or length of the clavicle) confirm these predictions. Allometric analysis of the indices reveals that allometric growth is sufficient to explain only the difference in the crural index.
Browridge structure and function in extant primates and Neanderthals
Authors: Oyen Ordean J. , Rice Robert W. , Samuel Cannon M.
Published: February 2006

The structural characteristics of the supraorbital ridge in three extent primate species and fossil Neanderthals are described in this study. Surface morphology and patterns of trabecular organization as observed in cross‐sectional collections of Papio, Macaca and Pan are compared with similar traits encountered in the Pech de l'Aze infant, Gibraltar child, and La Quina 5, La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints, Broken Hill, Skhul V, Skhul IX, Tabun I and Gibraltar adult Neanderthals. Periods of rapid appositional growth of the browridges by means of fine cancellous bone formation and its subsequent remodeling and consolidation are temporally correlated with dental development and eruption sequences.