bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values and their Collisions
Authors: Koos Agnes-Katalin
Published: November 2019

Several years ago, I outlined a project to delineate ideological and scientific elements of our knowledge about values. I began by studying the typical configurations of values, their typical collisions, and some typical world-view-related standpoints as theoretical background. I now present the theoretical premises of my inquiry, the applied methods, and some of the results. I have tried to support the choice of variables used, make sensible the reliable limits of the findings, and underline some interconnections as well as some collisions between moral and/or ideological standpoints.
Sustainable Development: New Political Philosophy for Russia?
Authors: Demtchouk Artour L.
Published: November 2019

Both domestic and foreign policies of each state presuppose a certain ideology as a foundation. In a broad sense, an ideology may be regarded as a certain 'system of coordinates,' an interpretational model of the world (Weltanschauung) including both empirico-theoretical (realizing a nation's place in regional and global contexts, with a clear understanding of national interests, goals and resources) and metatheoretical (comprehending a nation in the context of human history and culture) levels. Some of the main issues on the agenda in Russia are the clear understanding and definition of national goals and interests, the formulation of a strategy of development in economic, social, political, etc., arenas, and the establishment of both domestic and foreign policy. I suggest that Russia currently does not have an ideology or a system of values able to unite the society. In short, I argue that Russia needs a new strategy of development, a new national idea which can replace (or fill the vacuum left by the collapse of) the old communist ideology.
Rethinking Gramsci’s Political Philosophy
Authors: Finocchiaro Maurice A.
Published: November 2019

This paper is a clarification and partial justification of a novel approach to the interpretation of Gramsci. My approach aims to avoid reductionism, intellectualism, and one-sidedness, as well as the traditional practice of conflating his political thought with his active political life. I focus on the political theory of the Prison Notebooks and compare it with that of Gaetano Mosca. I regard Mosca as a classic exponent of democratic elitism, according to which elitism and democracy are not opposed to each other but are rather mutually interdependent. Placing Gramsci in the same tradition, my documentation involves four key points. First, the Notebooks contain an explicit discussion of Mosca's ideas such that when Gramsci objects to a theoretical concept or principle, he often presupposes a common methodological orientation, and when he objects to a particular method or approach, he often presupposes a common theoretical view. Second, Gramsci accepts and gives as much importance to Mosca's fundamental principle that in all societies organized elites rule over the popular masses. Third, Gramsci accepts Mosca's distinctive theory of democracy defined as a relationship betwen elites and masses such that the elites are open to the influx of members from the masses. Finally, there is an emblematic practical political convergence btween the two: in 1925, both opposed a Fascist bill against Freemasonry. Although their rhetoric was different, their speeches exhibit astonishing substantive, conceptual and logical similarties.
The Social Contract Tradition
Authors: Bewaji John A. I.
Published: November 2019

The classical contract tradition of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau have enjoyed such fame and acceptance as being basic to the development of liberal democratic theory and practice that it would be heretical for any scholar, especially one from the fringes, to critique. But the contract tradition poses challenges that must be given the flux in the contemporary sociopolitical universe that at once impels extreme nationalism and unavoidable globalism. This becomes all the more important not in order to dislodge the primacy of loyalty and reverence to this tradition but from another perspective which hopes to encourage that the anchorage of disclosure be implemented. The contract tradition makes pronouncements on what is natural and what is nonnatural. It offers what many have contended are rigorous arguments for these pronouncements that are "intuitive," "empirical," "logical," "psychological," "moral," "religio-metaphysical." What I offer in this essay is a challenge from the outside. I ask: 1) on what empirical data are the material presuppositions of contractarianism built? 2) what is the epistemological foundation of contractarianism? 3) is contractarianism not derivable from any other form of sociological presupposition except that of the state of nature? 4) does any human know a "state of nature"? 5) given the answers to the above questions, to what extent are the legal and moral foundations of contractarianism sacrosanct? I attempt to answer these questions in what can only be a sketch, but my answers suggest that it is very presumptuous of contractarianist to suppose that they have captured the only logically valid basis of democratic practice universally.
Adorno: Semi-Formation as Cultural Reconstruction of Society
Authors: Maar Wolfgang Leo
Published: November 2019

The apprehension of the culture industry in its totality, as it is presented in Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment, makes it necessary to turn to his Theory of Self-Formation, where the cultural domain of the constellation of society has an explicit formative dimension. The cultural formation, the German Bildung, expresses such a prism. It is not a national peculiarity, but it translates in the experience of delay of the German bourgeois society as the formative dimension of culture, generally hidden in the social constitution, facilitating the basis of immanent criticism. In the State interventionist society that follows the liberal order, with the manipulation of the totalitarian State and the society of mass consumption, the productive process does not tolerate the formative experience of autonomy: there is a social reconstruction of culture as culture industry, which turns out to be a political concept. Here there is not absence, but an eclipse of formation. It is semi-formation: only integration, without autonomy. When universality, instead of residing in ideals formed within culture formation, resides on universalization of given cultural goods, the mercantile ideals only integrate the masses. The culture industry is the chore of what appears as the cultural construction of society, in terms of the integrating semi-formation. The disintegration of the working class and its reconstruction en masse are a result of the formation process of which the culture industry is a part. Formation is concealed because the social construction is confounded with the cultural construction; society is itself ideology. The social organization obstructs the experience of the social formative labor in the integration. Society appears to be an extra-productive socialization.
Two Marxist Objections to Exploitation
Authors: Warren Paul
Published: November 2019

I argue that we can find in Marx two objections to exploitation: (i) an entitlement objection according to which it is wrongful because of the unjust distribution of benefits and burdens it generates; and (ii) an expressivist objection according to which it is objectionable because of the kind of social relation it is. The expressivist objection is predicated on a communitarian strand in Marx's thought, whereas the entitlement objection is grounded in a more liberal account of the wrongfulness of capitalist exploitation. I conclude by connecting my analysis to the current debate between proponents and critics of market socialism. While market socialism could be a vehicle for realizing the values associated with the entitlement objection, this is not true for the expressivist objection. Furthermore, because the entitlement objection does not depend on a thick conception of the human good, it is in accord with the liberal ideal of political neutrality whereas the expressivist objection is not.
The Magnetism of the Good and Ethical Realism
Authors: Goldstein Irwin
Published: November 2019

Ethical antirealists believe the words ‘good’ and ‘bad’, and ‘right’ and ‘wrong’, do not signify properties that objects and actions have or might have. They believe that when a person calls pain or any other event ‘bad’ and adultery or any other action ‘wrong’, he does not report some fact about that object or action. J. L. Mackie defends ethical anti-realism in part by appealing to an ontological queerness he believes value properties would have if they existed. "If there were objective values," Mackie writes, "they would be entities or qualities or relations of a very strange sort, utterly different from anything else in the universe." Goodness would have a queer magnetic power. "Something's being good both tells the person who knows this to pursue it and makes him pursue it. An objective good would be sought by anyone who was acquainted with it, not because of any contingent fact that this person, or every person, is so constituted that he desires this end, but just because the end has to-be-pursuedness somehow built into it," Mackie says. If there were a property of the sort we conceive of good as being, it would be a queer property—one we cannot reasonably believe exists, Mackie argues.
Are There Things Which We Should Not Know?
Authors: Lekka-Kowalik Agnieszka
Published: November 2019

It has been claimed that decisions concerning scientific research topics and the publication of research results are purely methodological, and that any moral considerations refer only to research methods and uses of acquired knowledge. The arguments advanced in favor of this view appeal to the moral neutrality of scientific knowledge and the intrinsic value of truth. I argue that neither is valid. Moreover, I show three cases where a scientist’s decision to begin research clearly bears moral relevance: (1) when starting an inquiry would create circumstances threatening some non-cognitive values; (2) when achieving a certain piece of knowledge would threaten the existence of the individual’s private sphere; and (3) when there are reasons to think that humankind is not prepared to accumulate some knowledge. These cases do not prove the existence of some intrinsically ‘morally forbidden topics,’ but show that the moral permissibility of any given inquiry is not a priori guaranteed but needs to be judged in the same way that its methodological soundness is judged. Judgments concerning research topics have both methodological and moral aspects and these two cannot be separated under the threat of distorting science. Making such judgments requires knowledge not only of scientific methodology, but also of its social and philosophical implications. Philosophy is necessary in order to do good science.
The Construction of Juridical Space
Authors: Moggach Douglas
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the relation between Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals and his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, in order to explain the analogy in the doctrine of right (Ak. VI, 232) between juridical interactions and the movement of bodies according to mechanical laws. Kant’s various formulations of the idea of reciprocal action, and his concept of limit, are central to the examination. A comparison with Fichte is suggested, and implications for the theory of property are indicated.
La última actualización de Alexa, una comedia sonora
Authors: Pastor Almor Jone
Published: November 2019

En la asignatura de Tratamiento y publicación de audio hemos trabajado la edición y creación de diferentes archivos de audio. La tercera práctica del semestre consistía en crear una obra sonora, es decir, debíamos narrar una historia solo con material sonoro para después distribuirla en la red.
The ion selectivity filter is not an activation gate in TRPV1-3 channels
Authors: Jara-Oseguera Andrés , Huffer Katherine E , Swartz Kenton J
Published: November 2019

Activation of TRPV1 channels in sensory neurons results in opening of a cation permeation pathway that triggers the sensation of pain. Opening of TRPV1 has been proposed to involve two gates that appear to prevent ion permeation in the absence of activators: the ion selectivity filter on the external side of the pore and the S6 helices that line the cytosolic half of the pore. Here we measured the access of thiol-reactive ions across the selectivity filters in rodent TRPV1-3 channels. Although our results are consistent with structural evidence that the selectivity filters in these channels are dynamic, they demonstrate that cations can permeate the ion selectivity filters even when channels are closed. Our results suggest that the selectivity filters in TRPV1-3 channels do not function as activation gates but might contribute to coupling structural rearrangements in the external pore to those in the cytosolic S6 gate.
How contraction has shaped evolution
Authors: Thattai Mukund
Published: November 2019

Two unicellular relatives of animals reveal that coordinated contractions of groups of cells using actomyosin predated animal multicellularity during evolution.
Production of Microbial Exopolysaccharide by Cost-effective Medium Optimization Method
Authors: Nwosu I. G. , Abu G. O. , Agwa K. O.
Published: November 2019

Microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) emerged as a fast and high yielding sustainable polymeric substance which can be used as an alternative to synthetic polymer in industry. In this study, the influence of various nutritional and environmental factors of fermentation medium on bacterial growth and EPS production was evaluated by one factor at a time optimization. Efficient production medium was chosen from four different basal media and its carbon and nitrogen substrates were varied among organic and inorganic sources. Feasibility of bacterial utilization of some agricultural wastes as carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize exopolysaccharide was compared. Carbon source of the fermentation medium was replaced with hydrolysates of sugarcane baggasse (SCB), sweet potato peels (SPP) or ripe plantain peels (RPP) at various concentrations while the nitrogen substrates was replaced with extracts of poultry droppings (PP), groundnut pod (GP) or beans bran (BB). Response results observed from single factor optimization were explored as center points to design a model for Response Surface Methodology study. Cell growth was determined from the biomass population of the fermentation broth after 5days of incubation in a rotary shaker at 120 rpm at 30oC. EPS was precipitated with pre-chilled ethanol (at 4oC) from cell-free broth and overnight incubation at 4oC. Total carbohydrate content was estimated by phenol-sulphuric acid method. Result obtained showed that 2% concentration Hydrolysate of SPP containing medium gave maximum yield of 2.26g EPS/l of the medium as compared to sucrose containing medium with yield of 1.25 g EPS/l of the medium while highest production yield of 9.46 gEPS/l of the medium was obtained from 10 g/l BB extract medium as compared to yeast extract medium (5.41 gEPS/l). Results indicated that agricultural wastes such as sweet potato peel hydrolysate and bean bran extract could be developed as inexpensive alternative route to synthesize EPS from bacteria than inorganic substrates.
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Crude and Purified Ethanol and Ethyl-acetate Extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Whole Plant
Authors: Oseni A. T. , Olusola-Makinde O. O. , Oladunmoye M. K.
Published: November 2019

Aims: To study the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial efficacy of crude and purified Euphorbia hirta whole plant extract on Gram-positive bacteria isolated from otitis media.

Study Design: Experimental Research design.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Microbiology (Mtech Laboratory) and Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry Laboratory), School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Between November 2018 and March 2019.

Methods: The streak plate method was used for bacterial isolation, maceration method for Euphorbia hirta whole plant extraction using ethanol and ethyl-acetate as solvents. The E. hirta whole plant extracts were purified using column chromatography method. The extracts were assayed on the test bacterial isolates by agar diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were carried out by agar dilution and agar diffusion techniques, respectively.

Results: The ethanolic extract had the highest extraction yield (19%). The Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to multiple antibiotics: amoxicillin (30 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), and streptomycin (30 µg). The phytochemical screening of crude plant extracts showed presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. At 100 mg/ml, crude and purified ethanol extracts showed antibacterial activity with 18±0.57 mm and 14±0.57 mm respectively on Streptococcus pyogenes. The MIC and MBC of purified ethanol extract ranged between 6.25-50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml-100 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: This research showed that E. hirta whole plant extract possesses antibacterial activity. The purified E. hirta whole plant extract showed higher inhibitory effect compared to crude extracts. This is an indication that purified E. hirta whole plant extract can be used in the development of novel therapeutic drugs in the treatment of otitis media.
Gender and Agricultural Practice in Developing Countries: Literature Review
Authors: Chete Oluwatoyin Bukola
Published: November 2019

Aims: This paper reviews the body of evidence on gender and agriculture and gender and enterprise (including farm enterprise) development in developing countries.

Results: The resurgence of interest on the influence of gender and its subsequent mainstreaming into social and economic programmes and in particular, agricultural policy and practice, is largely a development of the 1990s and beyond. The extant body of literature on gender and agriculture is dominated by the liberal feminist construction that women are the disadvantaged group regarding resources such as time, assets (particularly land and credit) and household burden,Agricultural development would be facilitated if both men and women have equal access to resources for use in agricultural work.

Conclusion: There is no unique pathway for bringing this about nor are there singular notions of success. Indeed, gender issues should be integrated into the agricultural enterprise from the beginning on the back of broad-based needs assessment schemes.

Recommendation: The range of gender issues requiring intervention should include progressive identification and systematic dismantling of socio-cultural, ideological, institutional and legal barriers to equal participation of men and women in agricultural enterprise, orientating and skilling extension workers on gender issues and developing women and men cadre in extension services to cater to the specific needs of each gender and creating equal opportunities in education, employment and politics taking account of the realities of both gender.
2019 American College of Rheumatology Recommended Patient‐Reported Functional Status Assessment Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Barber Claire E. H. , Zell JoAnn , Yazdany Jinoos , Davis Aileen M. , Cappelli Laura , Ehrlich‐Jones Linda , Everix Donna , Thorne J. Carter , Bohm Victoria , Suter Lisa , Limanni Alex , Michaud Kaleb
Published: November 2019

Objective

To develop American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommendations for patient‐reported Functional Status Assessment Measures (FSAMs) for use in routine clinical practice in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We convened a workgroup to conduct a systematic review of published literature through March 16, 2017 and abstract FSAM properties. Based upon initial search results and clinical input, we focused on the following FSAMs appropriate for routine clinical use: the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and derived measures and the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) tool. We used the Consensus‐Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) 4‐point scoring method to evaluate each FSAM, allowing for overall level of evidence assessment. We identified FSAMs fulfilling a predefined minimum standard and, through a modified Delphi process, selected preferred FSAMs for regular use in most clinic settings.

Results

The search identified 11,835 articles, of which 56 were included in the review. Descriptions of the measures, properties, study quality, level of evidence, and feasibility were abstracted and scored. Following a modified Delphi process, 7 measures fulfilled the minimum standard for regular use in most clinic settings, and 3 measures were recommended: the PROMIS physical function 10‐item short form (PROMIS PF10a), the HAQ‐II, and the Multidimensional HAQ.

Conclusion

This work establishes ACR recommendations for preferred RA FSAMs for regular use in most clinic settings. These results will inform clinical practice and can support future ACR quality measure development as well as highlight ongoing research needs.
Electrochemically Derived Graphene‐Like Carbon Film as a Superb Substrate for High‐Performance Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Yunzhao , Wang Mingchao , Tao Ye , Zhang Kai , Cai Molang , Ding Yong , Liu Xuepeng , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed , Dai Songyuan
Published: November 2019

3D graphene, as a light substrate for active loadings, is essential to achieve high energy density for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries, yet traditional synthesis routes are inefficient with high energy consumption. Reported here is a simplified procedure to transform the raw graphite paper directly into the graphene‐like carbon film (GCF). The electrochemically derived GCF contains a 2D–3D hybrid network with interconnected graphene sheets, and offers a highly porous structure. To realize high energy density, the Na:MnO2/GCF cathode and Zn/GCF anode are fabricated by electrochemical deposition. The GCF‐based Zn‐ion batteries deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 381.8 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a reversible capacity of 188.0 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1. Moreover, a recorded energy density of 511.9 Wh kg−1 is obtained at a power density of 137 W kg−1. The electrochemical kinetics measurement reveals the high capacitive contribution of the GCF and a co‐insertion/desertion mechanism of H+ and Zn2+ ions. First‐principles calculations are also carried out to investigate the effect of Na+ doping on the electrochemical performance of layered δ‐MnO2 cathodes. The results demonstrate the attractive potential of the GCF substrate in the application of the rechargeable batteries.
An Atmosphere‐Breathing Refillable Biphasic Device for Cell Replacement Therapy
Authors: An Duo , Wang Long‐Hai , Ernst Alexander Ulrich , Chiu Alan , Lu Yen‐Chun , Flanders James Arthur , Datta Ashim Kumar , Ma Minglin
Published: November 2019

Cell replacement therapy is emerging as a promising treatment platform for many endocrine disorders and hormone deficiency diseases. The survival of cells within delivery devices is, however, often limited due to low oxygen levels in common transplantation sites. Additionally, replacing implanted devices at the end of the graft lifetime is often unfeasible and, where possible, generally requires invasive surgical procedures. Here, the design and testing of a modular transcutaneous biphasic (BP) cell delivery device that provides enhanced and unlimited oxygen supply by direct contact with the atmosphere is presented. Critically, the cell delivery unit is demountable from the fixed components of the device, allowing for surgery‐free refilling of the therapeutic cells. Mass transfer studies show significantly improved performance of the BP device in comparison to subcutaneous controls. The device is also tested for islet encapsulation in an immunocompetent diabetes rodent model. Robust cell survival and diabetes correction is observed following a rat‐to‐mouse xenograft. Lastly, nonsurgical cell refilling is demonstrated in dogs. These studies show the feasibility of this novel device for cell replacement therapies.
Commencing an Acidic Battery Based on a Copper Anode with Ultrafast Proton‐Regulated Kinetics and Superior Dendrite‐Free Property
Authors: Liang Guojin , Mo Funian , Yang Qi , Huang Zhaodong , Li Xinliang , Wang Donghong , Liu Zhouxin , Li Hongfei , Zhang Qiang , Zhi Chunyi
Published: November 2019

Building aqueous acidic batteries is in its infancy. There are several sporadic attempts that show desirable electrochemical performance, especially rate stability and high power density. The direct use of a metal anode is regarded as the best protocol for fabricating metal‐based batteries. However, introducing an acid‐tolerant and electrochemically reversible metal anode into an acidic aqueous battery system remains a considerable challenge. In this work, copper (Cu) metal is used as a reversible metal anode to match acidic regimes with a nearly 100% deposition–dissolution efficiency. The reaction kinetics and mechanism of the Cu anode can be regulated by protons with 400% kinetic acceleration compared with a mild electrolyte. In addition, the anode exhibits a dendrite‐free morphology after cycling due to the surface roughening effect, which is different from the morphologies of widely used Zn‐ and Li‐metal anodes. When coupled with the Prussian blue analog as cathodes, the battery delivers ultrafast kinetics of 1830 W kg−1 at 75 C, which is comparable to the power performance of supercapacitors. Long‐term cyclic stability is evaluated, where the capacity retention is 85.6% after 5000 cycles. Finally, flexible fiber‐shaped acidic Cu‐based batteries are demonstrated for potential wearable applications.
Silver Triflate/N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Tryptamine‐Ynamide to Spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐piperidine] Induced by Cation‐π‐π Interactions between Substrate and Metal Ligand
Authors: Liang Guoduan , Ji Yanjun , Liu Hairui , Pang Yadong , Zhou Bojun , Cheng Maosheng , Liu Yang , Lin Bin , Liu Yongxiang
Published: November 2019

N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI), one of the most popular fluorinating agents in organic synthesis, was used as a ligand of silver triflate (AgOTf) to assist the trapping of the persistent spiroindoleninium intermediates by forming a weak noncovalent interaction between the substrate and metal ligand. The AgOTf/NFSI catalytic system was identified in the cycloisomerization of tryptamine‐ynamide to spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐piperidine] derivatives. The substrate tolerances were demonstrated by various synthetic substrates and commercially available nucleophiles. A cation‐π‐π model was proposed to elucidate the mechanism of action based on the experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

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Proton‐Mediated Phase Control in Flexible and Transparent Mott Transistors
Authors: Deng Xing , Zhao Yi‐Feng , Zhong Ni , Yue Fang‐Yu , Huang Rong , Peng Hui , Tang Xiao‐Dong , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Chu Ying‐Hao , Duan Chun‐Gang
Published: November 2019

To meet the development of wearable and energy‐efficient flexible electronics, multifunctional oxide film on soft substrate and its versatile phase control are in demand. Here, flexible VO2 film is directly deposited on mica via van der Waals epitaxy, exhibiting pronounced metal‐insulator (MI) transition and infrared (IR) switching properties. Using a rubbery solid ionic gel as gate insulator, a fully flexible and transparent VO2‐channel Mott transistor is successfully demonstrated. The prototype Mott transistor processes excellent mechanical flexibility and giant on/off current ratio of ≈105% even at room temperature. Highly reversible suppression of MI transition is realized by applying small gate voltages and the nonvolatile phase modulation suggests an electrochemical reaction mechanism. X‐ray diffraction and secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy analyses, together with theoretical calculation, confirm that electrically controlled phase transformation is mainly caused by reversible and nonvolatile proton (H+) doping into VO2 lattices. Significant modulation of IR transmittance (>40%) is observed in the VO2 Mott transistor, which is attributed to electrically driven phase transition between insulating VO2 and metallic HxVO2 phases. The flexible and transparent Mott transistor provides a good platform for proton‐mediated Mottronics and realizes novel electric control of optical characteristics, showing a promising application for flexible energy‐saving smart windows.
Efficient Exploration of the Composition Space in Ternary Organic Solar Cells by Combining High‐Throughput Material Libraries and Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Harillo‐Baños Albert , Rodríguez‐Martínez Xabier , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano
Published: November 2019

Organic solar cells based on ternary active layers can lead to higher power conversion efficiencies than corresponding binaries, and improved stability. The parameter space for optimization of multicomponent systems is considerably more complex than that of binaries, due to both, a larger number of parameters (e.g., two relative compositions rather than one) and intricate morphology–property correlations. Most experimental reports to date reasonably limit themselves to a relatively narrow subset of compositions (e.g., the 1:1 donor/s:acceptor/s trajectory). This work advances a methodology that allows exploration of a large fraction of the ternary phase space employing only a few (<10) samples. Each sample is produced by a designed sequential deposition of the constituent inks, and results in compositions gradients with ≈5000 points/sample that cover about 15%–25% of the phase space. These effective ternary libraries are then colocally imaged by a combination of photovoltaic techniques (laser and white light photocurrent maps) and spectroscopic techniques (Raman, photoluminescence, absorption). The generality of the methodology is demonstrated by investigating three ternary systems, namely PBDB‐T:ITIC:PC70BM, PTB7‐Th:ITIC:PC70BM, and P3HT:O‐IDFBR:O‐IDTBR. Complex performance‐structure landscapes through the ternary diagram as well as the emergence of several performance maxima are discovered.
Ultrathin, Flexible Polymer Electrolyte for Cost‐Effective Fabrication of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Rao Zhixiang , Cheng Zexiao , Yuan Lixia , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui
Published: November 2019

All‐solid‐state batteries are promising candidates for the next‐generation safer batteries. However, a number of obstacles have limited the practical application of all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASSLBs), such as moderate ionic conductivity at room temperature. Here, unlike most of the previous approaches, superior performances of ASSLBs are achieved by greatly reducing the thickness of the solid‐state electrolyte (SSE), where ionic conductivity is no longer a limiting factor. The ultrathin SSE (7.5 µm) is developed by integrating the low‐cost polyethylene separator with polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Li‐salt (PPL). The ultrathin PPL shortens Li+ diffusion time and distance within the electrolyte, and provides sufficient Li+ conductance for batteries to operate at room temperature. The robust yet flexible polyethylene offers mechanical support for the soft PEO/Li‐salt, effectively preventing short‐circuits even under mechanical deformation. Various ASSLBs with PPL electrolyte show superior electrochemical performance. An initial capacity of 135 mAh g−1 at room temperature and the high‐rate capacity up to 10 C at 60 °C can be achieved in LiFePO4/PPL/Li batteries. The high‐energy‐density sulfur cathode and MoS2 anode employing PPL electrolyte also realize remarkable performance. Moreover, the ASSLB can be assembled by a facile process, which can be easily scaled up to mass production.
Atomic‐Scale Visualization of Electrochemical Lithiation Processes in Monolayer MoS2 by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yu Seung‐Ho , Zachman Michael J. , Kang Kibum , Gao Hui , Huang Xin , DiSalvo Francis J. , Park Jiwoong , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: November 2019

While lithium ion batteries with electrodes based on intercalation compounds have dominated the portable energy storage market for decades, the energy density of these materials is fundamentally limited. Today, rapidly growing demand for this type of energy storage is driving research into materials that utilize alternative reaction mechanisms to enable higher energy densities. Transition metal compounds are one such class of materials, with storage enabled by “conversion” reactions, where the material is converted to new compound upon lithiation. MoS2 is one example of this type of material that has generated a large amount of interest recently due to its high theoretical lithium storage capacity compared to graphite. Here, cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques are used to reveal the atomic‐scale processes that occur during reaction of a model monolayer MoS2 system by enabling the unaltered atomic structure to be determined at various levels of lithiation. It is revealed that monolayer MoS2 can undergo a conversion reaction even with no substrate, and that the resulting particles are smaller than those that form in bulk MoS2, likely due to the more limited 2D diffusion. Additionally, while bilayer MoS2 undergoes intercalation with a corresponding phase transition before conversion, monolayer MoS2 does not.
Heat transfer of dry granular materials in a bladed mixer: Effect of thermal properties and agitation rate
Authors: Hartmanshenn Clara , Khinast Johannes G. , Papageorgiou Charles D. , Mitchell Chris , Quon Justin , Glasser Benjamin J.
Published: November 2019

Agitated drying of pharmaceuticals remains a challenging manufacturing step due to the simultaneous heat transfer, mass transfer, and physicochemical changes occurring during the process. This work focuses on the heat transfer component by implementing the discrete element method to model dry particles in a heated bladed mixer. Simulations varying material conductivities and impeller agitation rates were conducted to evaluate the influence on the mean bed temperature and distribution. The results indicated that increasing the agitation rate generally improved heat transfer up until a critical agitation rate where the rate of heat transfer plateaued. The magnitude of this improvement in heat transfer depended on the material's thermal properties. We observed three regimes: a conduction‐dominated regime where particles heated quickly but with an annular temperature gradient, a granular convection‐dominated regime where particles heated slowly but uniformly, and an intermediate regime. The results were nondimensionalized to enable predictions and help inform drying protocols.
Kosaki overgrowth syndrome: A newly identified entity caused by pathogenic variants in platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐beta
Authors: Takenouchi Toshiki , Okuno Hironobu , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: November 2019

Specific classes of de novo heterozygous gain‐of‐function pathogenic variants of the PDGFRB (platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐beta) cause a distinctive overgrowth syndrome, named the Kosaki overgrowth syndrome (KOGS) (OMIM #616592). Until now, six patients with this condition have been reported in the literature. In addition to skeletal overgrowth, these patients exhibit hyperelastic, translucent, and fragile skin, scoliosis, progressive loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue, skull deformity, infantile myofibromas, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and arachnoid cysts in the posterior fossa and periventricular white matter signal abnormalities on neuroimaging. This constellation of phenotypes clearly distinguishes KOGS from other PDGFRB‐related disorders, including idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, infantile myofibroma, and Penttinen‐type premature aging syndrome. From a molecular standpoint, PDGFRB is a dimeric receptor tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in cell growth and tumorigenesis. The two known types of pathogenic variants (p.(Pro584Arg) and p.(Trp566Arg)) of the PDGFRB that cause KOGS are exclusively located in the juxtaglomerular domain that regulates autoactivation/inhibition of PDGFRB. In‐vitro evidence suggests that p.(Pro584Arg) represents a gain‐of‐function pathogenic variant. Inhibition of PDGFRB activity using multi‐kinase inhibitors appears to be a potentially promising therapeutic approach. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease using induced pluripotent stem cells is under way. Presence of skeletal overgrowth, distinctive facial features, characteristic hyperelastic and fragile skin, and cerebral white matter lesions with neuropsychiatric symptoms should prompt genetic analysis of the PDGFRB.
Adverse childhood experiences and reproductive strategies in a contemporary U.S. population
Authors: Holdsworth Elizabeth A. , Appleton Allison A.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Stressful experiences may initiate developmentally plastic responses toward a faster reproductive strategy. This study tests whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with characteristics of faster reproductive strategies: earlier menarche and reduced prenatal investment in offspring in a well‐nourished, low‐immune system burden population.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed the first 214 enrollees of the prenatal‐birth Albany Infant and Mother Study. Mother's menarcheal age, offspring gestational age at birth, and cephalization index (head circumference/weight, cm/g) were derived from medical records. Linear regression models tested the contribution of self‐reported ACEs from 0 to 18 years of age to menarcheal age and the contribution of menarcheal age to offspring gestational age and cephalization index. Birth outcome models included covariates self‐reported maternal race, education, prenatal smoking, prenatal diet, newborn sex, parity, delivery method, and labor induction derived from medical records.

Results

More ACEs were associated with earlier age at menarche, controlling for covariates (β= −.18,SE= 0.048,p < .001), though timing of ACEs relative to menarche is unknown. Earlier menarcheal age was associated with offspring higher cephalization index (β= −.01,SE= 0.006,p < .05). Stratified models showed a significant relationship in high (≥2) ACEs group (β= −.02,SE= 0.009,p < .05), not present among low ACEs. Menarcheal age predicted gestational age only among those with high ACEs (β= .22,SE= 0.091,p < .05).

Discussion

In a well‐nourished population, early life stress can result in faster reproductive strategies, initiating sexual maturation earlier, and reducing prenatal investment in individual offspring. Early age at menarche following childhood stress has a stronger relationship with adverse birth outcomes than early menarche without exposure to adverse childhood stress.
A Highly Asymmetric Gold(III) η3‐Allyl Complex
Authors: Holmsen Marte Sofie Martinsen , Nova Ainara , Øien‐Ødegaard Sigurd , Heyn Richard H. , Tilset Mats
Published: November 2019

A highly asymmetric AuIII η3‐allyl complex has been generated by treating Au(η1‐allyl)Br(tpy) (tpy=2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridine) with AgNTf2. The resulting η3‐allyl complex has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. DFT calculations and variable temperature 1H NMR suggest that the allyl ligand is highly fluxional.
Isolation of a Perfectly Linear Uranium(II) Metallocene
Authors: Guo Fu‐Sheng , Tsoureas Nikolaos , Huang Guo‐Zhang , Tong Ming‐Liang , Mansikkamäki Akseli , Layfield Richard A.
Published: November 2019

Reduction of the uranium(III) metallocene [(η5‐C5iPr5)2UI] (1) with potassium graphite produces the “second‐generation” uranocene [(η5‐C5iPr5)2U] (2), which contains uranium in the formal divalent oxidation state. The geometry of 2 is that of a perfectly linear bis(cyclopentadienyl) sandwich complex, with the ground‐state valence electron configuration of uranium(II) revealed by electronic spectroscopy and density functional theory to be 5f3 6d1. Appreciable covalent contributions to the metal‐ligand bonds were determined from a computational study of 2, including participation from the uranium 5f and 6d orbitals. Whereas three unpaired electrons in 2 occupy orbitals with essentially pure 5f character, the fourth electron resides in an orbital defined by strong 7s‐6d
mixing.
An Ultrasound Activated Vesicle of Janus Au‐MnO Nanoparticles for Promoted Tumor Penetration and Sono‐Chemodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Liver Cancer
Authors: Lin Xiahui , Liu Shuya , Zhang Xuan , Zhu Rong , Chen Shan , Chen Xiaoyuan , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao
Published: November 2019

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has the advantages of high penetration, non‐invasiveness, and controllability, and it is suitable for deep‐seated tumors. However, there is still a lack of effective sonosensitizers with high sensitivity, safety, and penetration. Now, ultrasound (US) and glutathione (GSH) dual responsive vesicles of Janus Au‐MnO nanoparticles (JNPs) were coated with PEG and a ROS‐sensitive polymer. Upon US irradiation, the vesicles were disassembled into small Janus Au‐MnO nanoparticles (NPs) with promoted penetration ability. Subsequently, GSH‐triggered MnO degradation simultaneously released smaller Au NPs as numerous cavitation nucleation sites and Mn2+ for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), resulting in enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This also allowed dual‐modality photoacoustic imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR) window and T1‐MR imaging due to the released Mn2+, and inhibited orthotopic liver tumor growth via synergistic SDT/CDT.
Ti3C2: An Ideal Co‐catalyst?
Authors: Wang Biao , Wang Mengye , Liu Fangyan , Zhang Qian , Yao Shan , Liu Xiaolong , Huang Feng
Published: November 2019

How 2D Ti3C2 enhances photocatalytic efficiency remains unclear. Now, it is shown that it is graphene quantum dots (GQDs) derived from Ti3C2, rather than 2D Ti3C2 itself, that play the role of co‐catalyst for La2Ti2O7/Ti3C2 (LTC) composites during the photocatalytic reaction. After modification of Ti3C2 derivatives, the photocatalytic efficiency of La2Ti2O7 is enhanced 16 times over pure La2Ti2O7. Solid‐state NMR, Raman, and HRTEM results confirm the existence of GQDs in Ti3C2 and LTC composites. The GQDs are formed during the chemical change from Ti3AlC2 to Ti3C2 via HF etching, as Ti atoms are removed and unsaturated carbon bonds are left, which react with each other to form sp2 π‐conjugation GQDs. 2D Ti3C2 is completely oxidized to COx modified TiOx species, causing Ti3C2 to lose its electrical conductivity and the role as co‐catalyst. GQDs largely suppress the photogenerated charge recombination of La2Ti2O7, as revealed by the photoluminescence (PL) and transient photocurrent.
Polymorph‐Dependent Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Understanding TADF from a Perspective of Aggregation State
Authors: Zheng Kailu , Ni Fan , Chen Zhanxiang , Zhong Cheng , Yang Chuluo
Published: November 2019

Current research on thermally activated fluorescence (TADF) emitters is mainly based on the molecular levels, while the aggregation states of TADF emitters are to be explored deeply. Now two multifunctional emitters are reported with simultaneous TADF, aggregation induced emission (AIE), and multicolor mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) features. Both emitters also show polymorph‐dependent TADF emission. Crystal structure analysis reveals that the polymorphism is ascribed to the mutable conformations in different aggregation states. This work brings new insight to TADF emitters from a perspective of aggregation states.
N‐Confused Phlorin‐Prodigiosin Chimera: meso‐Aryl Oxidation and π‐Extension Triggered by Peripheral Coordination
Authors: Su Guangxian , Li Qizhao , Ishida Masatoshi , Li Chengjie , Sha Feng , Wu Xin‐Yan , Wang Lu , Baryshnikov Glib , Li Dawei , Ågren Hans , Furuta Hiroyuki , Xie Yongshu
Published: November 2019

An N‐confused phlorin isomer bearing a dipyrrin moiety at the α‐position of the confused pyrrole ring (1) was synthesized. PdII and BIII coordination at the peripheral prodigiosin‐like moiety of 1 afforded the corresponding complexes 2 and 3. Reflux of 2 in triethylamine (TEA) converted the meso‐phenyl into the PdII‐coordinating phenoxy group to afford 4. Under the same reaction conditions, TEA was linked to the α‐position of the dipyrrin unit in 3 as an N,N‐diethylaminovinyl group to afford 5. Furthermore, peripheral coordination of BIII in 3 and 5 improved the planarity of the phlorin macrocycle and thus facilitated the coordination of AgIII at the inner cavity to afford 3‐Ag and 5‐Ag, respectively. These results provide an effective approach for developing unique porphyrinoids through peripheral coordination.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed E‐Selective Cross‐Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes: A Mechanism Involving Cobalt(0/II) Redox Cycles
Authors: Ueda Yohei , Tsurugi Hayato , Mashima Kazushi
Published: November 2019

A highly E‐selective cross‐dimerization of terminal alkynes with either terminal silylacetylenes, tert‐butylacetylene, or 1‐trimethylsilyloxy‐1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐propyne in the presence of a dichlorocobalt(II) complex bearing a sterically demanding 2,9‐bis(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)‐1,10‐phenanthroline, activated with two equivalents of EtMgBr, gives a variety of (E)‐1,3‐enynes. A well‐characterized diolefin/cobalt(0) complex, with divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, acted as a catalytically active species without any activation, clearly indicating that a cobalt(0) species is involved in the catalytic cycle.
Zeise, Liebig, Jensen, Hückel, Dewar und die Olefin‐π‐Komplex‐Bindung
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: November 2019

Zeises Salz, KPt(C2H4)Cl3, war die erste charakterisierte metallorganische Verbindung; es war auch der erste Olefin‐π‐Komplex. Es wurde 1825–1830 publiziert, inmitten eines Streites zwischen Dumas auf der einen Seite und Berzelius und Liebig auf der anderen, die jeweils die Etherin‐(Ethylen‐)Theorie bzw. die Radikaltheorie verteidigten. Obwohl Zeises Auffassung, dass die Verbindung Ethylen enthält, bestätigt wurde, wurde der Streit viele Jahre fortgesetzt. Dies geschah zu einer Zeit, als die Theorien der organischen Chemie in rasanter Entwicklung waren, lange bevor ein klares Verständnis der Natur der Moleküle, Bindung und Struktur vorhanden war. Zeise sah die Struktur seines Salzes als das Produkt einer Addition von PtCl2 an Ethylen. Jensen vermutete eine zentrale Bindung an Ethylen, aber benötigte theoretische Hilfe, um sie zu erklären. Sein Versuch, eine theoretische Erläuterung von Hückel zu bekommen, schlug fehl, und es war schließlich Dewar, der 1951 die Natur der π‐Komplexe im Sinne der Molekülorbitaltheorie deutlich machte.
Selective Synthesis of Conjugated Chiral Macrocycles: Sidewall Segments of (−)/(+)‐(12,4) Carbon Nanotubes with Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Wang Jinyi , Zhuang Guilin , Chen Muqing , Lu Dapeng , Li Zhe , Huang Qiang , Jia Hongxing , Cui Shengsheng , Shao Xiang , Yang Shangfeng , Du Pingwu
Published: November 2019

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unusual physical properties that are valuable for nanotechnology and electronics, but the chemical synthesis of chirality‐ and diameter‐specific CNTs and π‐conjugated CNT segments is still a great challenge. Reported here are the selective syntheses, isolations, characterizations, and photophysical properties of two novel chiral conjugated macrocycles ([4]cyclo‐2,6‐anthracene; [4]CAn2,6), as (−)/(+)‐(12,4) carbon nanotube segments. These conjugated macrocyclic molecules were obtained using a bottom‐up assembly approach and subsequent reductive elimination reaction. The hoop‐shaped molecules can be directly viewed by a STM technique. In addition, chiral enantiomers with (−)/(+) helicity of the [4]CAn2,6 were successfully isolated by HPLC. The new tubular CNT segments exhibit large absorption and photoluminescence redshifts compared to the monomer unit. The carbon enantiomers are also observed to show strong circularly polarized luminescence (glum≈0.1). The results reported here expand the scope of materials design for bottom‐up synthesis of chiral macrocycles and enrich existing knowledge of their optoelectronic properties.