bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre enjeux communicatifs et moyens linguistiques, la gestion de l’impact dans l’interaction exolingue : l’exemple de c’est
Authors: Gajo Laurent
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’inscrit dans une perspective qui essaie de décrire les parcours et les processus d’acquisition d’une langue seconde à travers l’analyse de l’interaction verbale. Nous essaierons de voir quels enjeux sous-tendent la dynamique d’apprentissage suivie par le locuteur moins compétent. Ces enjeux, loin d’être prioritairement morphosyntaxiques, se situent au niveau de la gestion de l’interaction. Pour l’apprenant, devenir compétent signifie pouvoir agir sur la relation d’interlocution à titre d’interactant à part entière. Il s’agit notamment pour lui de savoir gérer l’impact de son discours, par exemple à travers une maîtrise adéquate de l’argumentation et de la modalisation. Cette maîtrise suppose cependant l’acquisition d’outils linguistiques de type morphosyntaxique. Nous analyserons alors la dialectique qui s’instaure entre enjeux interactionnels et moyens linguistiques. Si l’interaction sert à apprendre, elle doit en quelque sorte être apprise.
L’influence de la planification linguistique dans la féminisation des titres en France et au Québec : deux résultats différents en ce qui a trait à l’usage
Authors: Iváñez Montserrat Planelles
Published: July 2012

Notre propos dans cet article est d’analyser le rôle de la planification linguistique pour l’implantation d’usages concrets dans la féminisation des titres. Nous présentons l’état de la question de la planification dans deux points clés de la francophonie : la France et le Québec, ainsi que les normes proposées dans ces deux pays. Ensuite, nous tentons d’établir comment s’emploient certains noms de profession qui se rapportent à la femme, sur la base d’un corpus de presse écrite à caractère informatif. Nous avons constaté que, au Québec, cette planification a supposé une vraie révolution dans l’usage linguistique. En France, cependant, l’évolution du phénomène a eu une trajectoire différente où l’influence de la planification a été minime.
Ti / -tu, est-ce que, qu’est-ce que, ce que, hé que, don : des particules de modalisation en français?
Authors: Léard Jean-Marcel
Published: July 2012

Nous montrons qu’il faut désormais recourir dans le domaine de l’interrogation et de l’exclamation à la notion de « particule de modalisation de phrase » pour caractériser le comportement et le rôle de certains morphèmes du français. Contestées ou non définies, ces particules concurrencent pourtant depuis longtemps les inversions et leur nombre aussi bien que leur emploi n’a cessé de croître. Le français et le français du Québec, tout en évoluant différemment, ont en commun d’avoir développé des particules variées pour faire des phrases interrogatives et exclamatives.
Le mélange de langues dans le discours d’enseignants marocains de français au Maroc, en dehors de la classe
Authors: Rhaïb Driss
Published: July 2012

À travers cet article, nous nous sommes intéressé à une des conséquences directes des langues en contact, à savoir celle du mélange de langues : français-arabe chez des enseignants marocains du français au Maroc en dehors de la classe. À l’observation d’un corpus oral recueilli auprès d’un groupe d’enseignants de sexe masculin, nous nous sommes aperçus de la mixité des codes dans leurs discussions, une mixité qui se caractérise par le mélange de deux codes linguistiques totalement opposés. L’analyse que nous avons développée est orientée vers la composante lexicale à travers laquelle nous avons essayé de mettre à jour les facteurs susceptibles de provoquer le mélange des deux langues en contact. Cette analyse nous amène à conclure que même des enseignants — arabophones — de la langue française n’échappent pas aux mélanges de langues français-arabe.
Effets de la lisibilité du texte et de l’image sur l’efficacité du message publicitaire
Authors: Gélinas-Chebat Claire , Chebat Jean-Charles , Landry Annick
Published: July 2012

Dans le domaine de la publicité, le modèle de Petty et Cacioppo (1979) est encore largement reconnu pour tenter d’expliquer les processus de persuasion et de changements d’attitude du consommateur. Ce modèle ne tient pas compte du degré d’élaboration cognitive du message par le récepteur ce que vient résoudre le modèle de Mick (1992). Nous tentons d’établir des liens entre ces deux modèles à partir d’une recherche exploratoire portant sur les effets de lisibilité d’un texte et d’une image publicitaire.

Nous avons mesuré les effets de la manipulation de certaines variables (niveaux d’implication, niveaux de lisibilité d’un texte et niveaux de lisibilité d’une représentation picturale du message publicitaire) sur le changement d’attitude, la mémorisation et la compréhension du message publicitaire. Nos résultats montrent que nos hypothèses se sont révélées justes sous implication forte, mais les modèles ne permettent pas de prédire le comportement du consommateur, en particulier la compréhension, sous implication faible.
Quand inverse
Authors: Vogeleer Svetlana
Published: July 2012

L’objectif de l’étude est d’établir les conditions sémantiques, discursives et pragmatiques qui favorisent ou, au contraire, empêchent l’interprétation dite « inverse » de la subordonnée temporelle postposée introduite parquandoulorsque. Les phrases à subordonnée temporelle postposée qui permettent une interprétation « inverse » sont soumises au traitement à l’aide du concept de point de vue. Ce traitement vise à mettre en évidence le rapport entre la localisation spatio-temporelle du sujet de conscience (porteur du point de vue) et la possibilité de l’interprétation « inverse » de la subordonnée, ainsi qu’à éclaircir les causes sémantiques, discursives et pragmatiques des deux effets de sens les plus saillants de l’interprétation « inverse » : l’effet de surprise (l’événement décrit dans la subordonnée est ressenti comme inattendu) et l’effet d’interruption (l’événement décrit dans la subordonnée semble interrompre l’action décrite dans la principale).
L’anticipation d’objections : prolepse, concession et réfutation dans la langue spontanée
Authors: Vincent Diane , Heisler Troy
Published: July 2012

Cette étude porte sur la prolepse, la concession et la réfutation lorsque ces procédés sont utilisés pour minimiser ou rejeter, par anticipation, la portée argumentative d’un contre-argument potentiel. Nous cherchons à cerner les caractéristiques, fondamentalement diaphoniques, d’un domaine productif de l’argumentation, celui de la prévention explicite d’une objection éventuelle de l’interlocuteur. Dans un premier temps, nous situons la prolepse, la concession et la réfutation l’une par rapport à l’autre. Nous concluons que la prolepse est une stratégie argumentative à quatre constituants qui doit être analysée comme l’expression des tensions subies par le locuteur pour construire un discours cohérent avec son univers de croyance et une relation acceptable avec son interlocuteur.
Potentiel illocutoire des phrases du type Pouvez-vous me passer le sel?
Authors: Matveïev Sergueï
Published: July 2012

Les phrases d’un même type syntaxique ont différentes possibilités d’emploi illocutoire en vertu des particularités de leur signification linguistique. Celle-ci contient des marqueurs lexicosyntaxiques additionnels à ceux du type syntaxique, et ils servent tous ensemble à déterminer le potentiel illocutoire de la phrase. Par l’intermédiaire d’une analyse comparative des phrases construites selon le modèle « Pouvez-vous+ syntagme infinitif? » l’auteur essaie de révéler les différentes composantes de la signification linguistique de la phrase qui servent à déduire sa valeur illocutoire non littérale dans un acte de discours.
Syntactic Categories in Tukang Besi
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: July 2012

Examining syntactic categories in Tukang Besi, an Austronesian language of Indonesia, we find that there are additions to the traditional fixed categories. As well as the firmly definable categories of nouns and verbs, there are many lexical items that are precategorial: they may be used, without derivation, with either nominal morphosyntax or verbal morphosyntax. Additionally, there is a class of 'adjectives' that display odd behavior in terms of morphological markedness reversals and functional use, and which, under closer examination, turn out to have a variable categorial status, dependent on the structural position in which they are used, obligatorily appearing as part of the head of their phrase, V in a VP and N in an NP. Morphosyntactic tests for the different claims are given and discussed.
Final Modals, Adverbs and Antisymmetry in Vietnamese
Authors: Duffield Nigel
Published: July 2012

This paper is concerned with the syntax and semantics of Vietnamese constructions in which a modal element appears unexpectedly to the right of the verb-phrase. Prima facie, this distribution presents a challenge to the universalist proposals of Kayne 1995 and Cinque 1998, a challenge that has been addressed in two previous analyses: Duffield 1998 and Simpson 1997, 1998. The present article re-examines the empirical evidence supporting those previous proposals. It is argued that this evidence is insufficient to justify the derivational complexity of either account. A simpler alternative treatment is proposed which takes account of the various grammatical and extragrammatical conditions governing modal placement in Vietnamese, while simultaneously reconciling these distributions with universal principles.
Du statut des prépositions dans la grammaire
Authors: Tremblay Mireille
Published: July 2012

La plupart des études sur les catégories proposent une distinction formelle entre catégories lexicales et catégories fonctionnelles, distinction fondée habituellement sur des critères sémantiques. Le présent article porte sur la catégorie P et offre des arguments théoriques et empiriques en faveur d’une définition morphosyntaxique de cette catégorie. Nous montrons que le concept sémantique de RELATION est inadéquat pour décrire la classe des prépositions (qui inclut les locutions prépositives et les prépositions grammaticales) et que ce concept doit être reformulé en termes de transitivité.
Les insertions parenthétiques
Authors: Forget Danielle
Published: July 2012

Les insertions parenthétiques constituent un mode énonciatif particulier qui tire profit de la dimension spatio-temporelle du discours ou du texte. Plus qu’une rupture d’énoncés, elles renvoient à la représentation cognitive de l’énonciation en cours et présentent, de ce fait, un discours parallèle avec incidence sur le plan interactionnel. Cet aller-retour entre l’avant-plan et l’arrière-plan discursif que pratique le locuteur sera à la source de plusieurs effets argumentatifs dans le texte.
Connexionisme et attribution du genre en français : modèle d’acquisition ou de classification?
Authors: Rodrigues Patricia , Boivin Robert
Published: July 2012

Les modèles connexionistes tendent à démontrer que les règles postulées par les théories ayant une approche symbolique peuvent se résumer à une capacité organisationnelle du cerveau, où l’ordre n’est que le résultat émergent des fonctions architecturales du système. Sokolik et Smith 1992 ont développé un système connexioniste pour rendre compte de l’assignation du genre en français. Cependant, plusieurs choix méthodologiques font en sorte que les résultats qu’ils présentent peuvent être mis en doute. En utilisant un réseau neuronal à trois couches, nous vérifions si le modèle connexioniste peut véritablement rendre compte de l’assignation du genre sans utilisation de règles.
Nouvelles puissances financières et centres de pouvoir
Authors: Bertin Gilles
Published: July 2012

Financial power alone is not sufficient if a state is to exercise an important influence. The former must be coterminous with other forms of power : military, ideological or religious, etc. ... in order for the country to claim a position of limited leadership. Financial power therefore would appear to be only one of the components of total power as a means and not as a final result.

Should a limited financial power appear not capable of changing the equilibrium of international markets and, via that, the equilibrium of political relations, it nevertheless is of such a nature, by the disturbances that it can provoke in their operation, to create instability in the latter and in relations among states.

The conjuncture of these different points demonstrates clearly that if the rise of the new financial petro-powers can, only lead to gradual change in the relations in this field, it remains sufficiently dangerous to provoke unexpected economic and political disturbances.
La contribution du Canada au développement du droit international pour la protection du milieu marin : Le cas spécial de l’Arctique
Authors: Pharand Donat
Published: July 2012

Immediately after the adoption of its Arctic Pollution Prevention Act in 1970, Canada embarked on intense diplomatic efforts in a number of international for a to obtain recognition of international law principles which would serve as a basis for its legislation. These efforts were pursued mainly in three international conferences : the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, the London Conference of the International Maritime Consultative Organization on the prevention of pollution by ships in 1973 and the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference which began in 1974 at Caracas.

At the 1975 session of that Conference, held in Geneva, a form of Artic clause was inserted in the first Negotiating Text and it provided that coastal States could adopt special protective measures in special areas within their exclusive economic zone, where exceptional hazards to navigation prevailed and marine pollution could cause irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. In 1976, the provision was enlarged to enable coastal States themselves to enforce such protectives measures, instead of leaving the enforcement to the flag State, and the provision has been kept without change in all the subsequent negotiating texts of 1977, 1979 and 1980. Considering the wide consensus which this provision has received, particularly on the part of other Arctic States, it may now be regarded as part of customary international law and completely validates Canada's arctic legislation.
Le développement dans l’optique du marketing : le cas des produits agricoles dans les P.V.D.
Authors: Hénault Georges
Published: July 2012

The author seeks to determine in what way marketing may be considered as a development catalyst by examining the case of agricultural products in developing countries. He first observes that the marketing System both reflects the level of development and constitutes a subsystem of the socio-economic System. Marketing is thus in a symbiotic relationship with the development process.

Market complexity conditions the nature of public and private sector initiatives. In fact, the structure of domestic agricultural markets is disjointed and the imperatives of world markets impose an almost dialectical choice between exports and import substitution. After having analyzed contextual and empirical data, the author considers such marketing actors as government marketing boards and producer cooperatives by attempting an assessment of their developmental impact. Marketing, he concludes, may be seen as a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development process.
La politique israélienne de Sadate ou l’énigme de la stratégie égyptienne
Authors: Hentsch Thierry
Published: July 2012

It is generally accepted that a power relation is at the base of every negotiation and that, to the extent possible, each State attempts to negotiate when that relation is the most weighted in its favour, especially if the subject matter of negotiation is perceived by it as being of vital importance.

Over several years all of Israel's neighbours, Egypt among them, obstinately refused to negotiate (at least openly) with the Zionist State apparently counting on an improvement in the power relation in their favour. An improvement moreover that eventually seemed possible with the relative yet nonetheless important successes of the October 1973 war.

The enigma that Sadat's policy constitutes from this vantage point resides precisely in the fact that that policy appears to upset the power relation that made the October War possible and that led to Israel's first setback. The economic difficulties and reorientation of the Egyptian regime (both towards the West and towards private enterprise) do not, by themselves, explain what is referred to as Egypt’s « defeatist » diplomacy. This diplomacy also reflects a strategic coherency that can only be understood within the historical perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict and by undertaking a rigourous analysis of Zionism and its principal sources of political support. Sadat, by a paradoxical exploitation of a position of weakness, attempts to transform politically that relative weakness into a position of strength in order to wrest from Israel that which the Arabs have not succeeded in obtaining by armed force. He pursues the war, but by the other means. Nevertheless, the success of these means depends to a great extent on the attitudes of the other countries of the battlefield.
Le Japon : Conditions et dangers de la dépendance alimentaire
Authors: Berque Augustin
Published: July 2012

During the high economic growth years (1955-1973), Japan became heavily dependant on food, foodstuff and lumber imports. This evolution was due partly to general contraints (narrowness of land, rise in living standards, etc), partly to the structural transformations of Japanese agriculture (development of stock raising, shrinking of winter crops, etc). Custom barriers have been lowered in many cases. Nevertheless, agricultural and food prices remain very high, and the present policy is to stimulate the productions which, during the high growth era, had been given up to international concurrence. Priority is now given to maintaining or raising self-sufficiency ratios which had dangerously subsided during the sixties.
Le Royaume-Uni : Les conséquences de l’entrée dans la CEE
Authors: Marsh John S.
Published: July 2012

The brief historical review which opens the article shows that evolutions of the 70''s have les s affected agriculture - already very capitalistic and highly productive - than agricultural policies. The country's entry into the EEC and the need to adapt its agricultural policies to european norms are the main cause of his change. They are at the same time at the center of national debates and form the core of this article which also analyses land, fiscal and marketing policies.
Une approche synoptique des théories de la décision, de la puissance et de la négociation
Authors: Barrea Jean
Published: July 2012

Assuming that the synoptic reading of partial theories is of use in the building of cumulative theories, the author seeks to establish common points between theories of the decision-making process in foreign policy and theories of power and egotiation at the international level. This paper seeks as well to complement these latter two types of theory with the findings of decision theory. After having justified his undertaking by the relations existing between observed phenomena - that is, decision, power and negotiation - and by the absence of a theory taking these three phenomena into account, the' author sets out the plan of his reflection in function of the distinctions between the approaches and factors emphasized by the various decision theories. The text considers the defining elements of the most important contributions of the specialists on the question. To conclude, the author provides a synoptic table of the main observations of his analysis. This table, which in the author's opinion is able to account for specific situations that are not explicitly described therein, demonstrates that the paradigms of theories of power and negotiation may only be established by reference to the decision paradigm.
Les conceptions chinoises en matière de relations internationales
Authors: Engelborghs-Bertels Marthe
Published: July 2012

The author identifies the variations in Peking's foreign policy since 1949 as the variable outcome of an equation involving stable principles and changing contexts. First, she identifies those principles that from the Chinese perspective are the guidelines of their foreign policy. Second, she attempts to demonstrate by reference to practice that these principles, far from constituting restrictive norms, are adapted to situations in a manner to ensure the perpetuity of China. Informed by an ages-old diplomatic tradition, the essentially pragmatic Chinese leadership interpret changes in the international context in the light of long-term objectives. These may be summarized by two concepts : the safeguarding of peace and the emancipation of humanity.

By taking these considerations into account the author studies the foreign policies of the Chinese People's Republic that would appear to be the most susceptible of demonstrating the conceptions of its leaders with respect to international relations. In particular, the strategic position of the China of the 80s is commented upon within this analytical framework. The author concludes from her observations that Chinese behaviour on the international scène may be better understood by considering the goals pursued rather than the statements of principles put forward.
Le système monétaire européen : Où en sommes-nous?
Authors: Decaluwé Bernard
Published: July 2012

The decisions of the Council of Europe on December 5"', 1978, that would lead to the establishment of the European Monetary System, raise a multitude of questions. Among these, the creation of a European currency unit, the ECU, and the announcement of the establishment in the near future of a European Monetary Fund, the E.M.F., are the most symbolic decisions in terms of public opinion as well as the most important in their economic and political implications. In this article, we will show that the development of the ECU and the creation of a E.M.F. with substantial decisional autonomy are the two conditions necessary for strengthening the European monetary union.
Les choix monétaires européens 1950-1980
Authors: Abraham J.-P. , Lemineur-Toumson C.
Published: July 2012

This article focuses on three key dates in analyzing the monetary policy options arrived at by the States of Europe over the course of the last thirty years. By the creation of the European Payments Union in 1958, the European States made a regionalist policy option by establishing the intra-European convertibility of their currencies while maintaining exchange restrictions with respect to the dollar zone. In 1958 on the other hand resumption of general convertibility of currencies demonstrated the "global-linkage" policy option of the decision-makers of the period by removing any specifically European substance from the European monetary agreement. From this perspective, the decision of December 1978 to institute a monetary System would clearly appear to be by far the most important initiative taken in some time to reestablish a framework for European monetary cooperation. With regard to international monetary relations, eight countries have therefore, within three decades, chosen two regionalist policy options and one global-linkage policy option. The purpose of this study is to identify the circumstances, reasons and impact of the policy options that have successively been implemented.
Le Conseil national de sécurité et la politique sud-africaine des États-Unis de 1969 à 1976.
Authors: David Charles
Published: July 2012

This article examines the performance of the U.S. National Security Council as a policy-making body vis-à-vis the southern African conflict under the Nixon and Ford Administrations. It discusses and verifies the hypothesis that the institutionalized System of the NSC gives the President a way of seriously improving his policies, by analyzing (within a structured and formalized framework) the range of options and alternatives, free of negative bureaucratic influences. Furthermore, it shows the impact that the presidential decisions had over the orientation of the southern African conflict from 1969 to 1976.
Essai sur l’étude de la coopération bilatérale entre le Canada et l’Afrique francophone 1961-1981
Authors: Houndjahoué Michel
Published: July 2012

We have divided the evolution of bilateral cooperation between Canada and the French-speaking countries of Africa into three major phases. During the first phase, which lasted from 1961 to 1968, Canadian aid was slight and discontinuous. The second phase, from 1969 to 1975, was characterized by a remarkable increase of the CIDA 's activities. That period was specially influenced, on the one had, by the rudeau and Chevrier missions and, on the other hand, by the reconsideration of Canada's foreign policy during the 1970's. The third phase, from 1975 to 1981, was arked, among other things, by what one could call industrial cooperation, that is cooperation between « project-countries » and « program-countries ». We have tried to analyse the main characteristics of each of those three phases, while striving to « link » them to the socio-economic and political context of Canada and the French-speaking countries of Africa.
La crise du socialisme réellement existant
Authors: Mandel David
Published: July 2012

The Soviet Union and its East European glacis are experiencing their second major wave of crisis since the death of Stalin. But unlike the "de-stalinization" crisis of the second half of the 1950s, which was largely political and was overcome through a combination of repression and reform that left the system basically intact, the present crisis cannot be weathered so easily and threatens to usher in a period of political upheaval, as it has already in Poland and, to some extent, in Romania.

On the most obvious level, the crisis manifests itself in the constant decline of the economic growth rate since the late 1950s, which has put an end to the slow but steady rise in living standards, the basis upon which the tacit post-Stalin accord between the bureaucracy and society was founded. The roots of this crisis are deeply structural, but structural reforms, in particular the introduction of the « regulated market mechanism », which appears to be the nly viable alternative open to the bureaucracy, will meet with strong opposition from important sectors of that elite, especially the provincial party bosses, and threaten to create a split in its ranks.

At the same time, such a reform is politically unfeasible without important concessions to the working class in the direction of democratization or, at the least, the right to organize into independent trade unions to protect itself against management, whose powers would be greatly enhanced by the reform. But such concessions to the working class, as Poland shows, are perceived by the bureaucracy as a threat to its very existence. At the same time, the working class today is potentially a much more formidable political force than at any time since the civil war.

The leadership is, therefore, in a dilemma. The 1980s are likely to see the explosive combination of a simultaneous crisis "as the top" and "at the bottom".
L’Asie orientale : Une option régionale pour le Canada?
Authors: Hervouet Gérard
Published: July 2012

No more than any other geographical region has East Asia ever really been a priority in the Canadian foreign policy. The rapid economic growth of this sub-continent has stirred Canadian interest in East Asia. This interest, expressed mainly in terms of the economy - commerce and investments - meets with numerous barriers, some specific to the region, others related to the constraints resulting from the international economic competition. In a y et more obvious way, the diplomacy of the government in Ottawa meets with internal obstacles particular to the Canadian society which, by tradition and inclination, usually has a tendency to turn more towards the Atlantic ocean. The objective of this study is therefore to identify those constraints while at the same time underlining the new efforts deployed by the Federal government to build up an increased interest in that region. This paper tries also to pinpoint the way in which the Asian policy is incapable of elaborating corrective measures to the problems still present to-day, but which have long been well indentified.
La dynamique du terrorisme : Le cas des Brigades rouges
Authors: Legault Albert
Published: July 2012

The dynamics of terrorism seem to follow a double track evolution. On the one hand, terrorism presents at the beginning a strong ideological component, particularly in the case of left-wings oriented terrorism. As events unfurl, terrorism drifts further apart from its original objectives. In the final stage, the ideological component relate almost exclusively to the ideology of violence for its own sake. On the other hand, the state ideological commitment to the preservation of the state creates a process whereby terrorism movements are being increasingly « marginalized ». The state administrative legal and political functions bring about a process through which terrorists, henceforth, are perceived as criminals. The case of the Red Brigades in Italy is used to illustrate this double track process.
Le Vietnam au Kampuchéa : La stratégie de consolidation
Authors: Van Der Kroef Justus M.
Published: July 2012

Despite intense diplomatic activity between Vietnam and her Southeast Asian neighbors to reach a compromise in their conflict resulting from the Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea, the Hanoi government shows every indication of seeking to secure a permanent military and political presence in Kampuchea. Also because of the devastation brought by four years of the Pol Pot regime (1975-79), and the extermination of much of the skilled and educated social strata in Kampuchea, the Hanoi government has sent some 40,000 Vietnamese party cadres, civil officials and professionally trained to direct public affairs. Additionally, some 100,000 Vietnamese farmer s have migrated into Kampuchea, settling in such key provinces as Kompong Speu, Takeo, and Kompong Cham. Additional tens of thousands of Vietnamese settlers have moved into cities and the disputed frontier area. As fighting between the Vietnamese and resistance groups affiliated with the ''Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea" intensifies, the Hanoi regime also has been expanding its logistical-military network. This includes the construction of a new road network — popularly called the "New Ho CM Minh Trail" — linking the Vietnamese cities of Hue and Vinh, across Southern Laos, with Northwestern Kampuchea. Additionally, during the early weeks of 1983, a twenty-five kilometres long trench, studded with landmines and bamboo spikes has been constructed just inside the Kampuchean frontier, running from the village of Kop beyond the village of Yeang Dangkum — a region of frequent guerilla clashes. Al on g with the 180,000 man force of regular military maintained by Vietnam in Kampuchea, these measures indicate intentions of Hanoi's consolidation of power. Especially in Southeast Asia fears have arisen of a permanent Vietnamese "colonization" process in Kampuchea.
Les origines et l’évolution du concept d’acteur
Authors: Dussault Paul N.
Published: July 2012

The actor concept, implicit in former social thought, has become explicit in contemporary studies on international life. It is even more pronounced in the realistic and systemic analysis. The reevaluation of the function of the state underlines the meaning and purpose of relations between nations. Answers vary according to the theoretical rationale.
Les Allemagnes et la division Est-Ouest : Une ambivalence politique
Authors: Létourneau Paul
Published: July 2012

This article is about the role of international bureaucracies in the determination of the general policies of international organizations. In this paper it is argued that in general international organizations' Secretariats generally do wield, considerable power over the definition of the institutions' strategies, i.e. those activities, priorities and projects which taken together make up the program of the institution for a given period. Indeed, the international bureaucrats exercise tremendous control over the content of the program. This is so because international organizations have special functions in the world System. They must see to it that, certain states of affairs prevail in the world over the long run. It is, therefore, no surprise that the programs' content be more or less shielded from conjonctural fluctuations. The article then proceeds to test these hypotheses on a concrete case: the analysis of the processus through which Unesco's program goes before becoming the official policy of the organization.
L’intérêt d’un fonds international de désarmement pour le développement (Note)
Authors: Fontanel Jacques
Published: July 2012

By passing the usual debate on the UNESCO "crisis", this paper analyses the ideological contradictions found in the Constitutive Act of the Organisation, and goes on to examine, using the model of small group psychology, the functioning of its main institutions, particularly that of the General Conference, by focusing on the disparity between its mandate and the role which it fulfils in effect. The purpose of the rites which preside over the debates at the General Conference and the Executive Council is questioned, specially as regards the origin and nature of the rhetoric which flourishes at those levels. Finally, the author examines the institutional, political and psychological constraints which have a negative influence on the effectiveness of the Secretariat and which also contribute to the drift of the Organisation.
Le basculement vers le Sud de la politque de défense de l’Espagne (Note)
Authors: Santos Alberto
Published: July 2012

Entering the 21st century, the question facing mankind is whether we will be able to find, agree upon and activate solutions adequate to resolve world problems which have plagued the 20th century and which increasingly threaten the 21 st. The central argument presented here is that it is only by taking concrete steps at the world level that we can hope to reduce or eliminate the threat to survival which these problems represent.

In order to provide a framework from which prospects for the future of the world organization can be analysed, the "world order" perspective is compared with a more traditional perspective. The challenges that world problems and crises pose for the world organization are examined. Using the fundamental changes undergone by both the League of Nations and the United Nations as an historical basis for scrutinizing the future, the changes that increasingly complex problems may force on the world organization are explored. Changes such as a "reinforced United Nations" (without delegation of sovereignty), a "World Authority" (with partial delegation of sovereignty) or a "World Government" (with major delegation of sovereignty) are evaluated in terms of the world organization' s ability to handle potential world crises and problems.

The conclusion establishes that there is a pressing need for immediate political action which would aim towards a coalition of all groups researching solutions to world problems and would be based on the "world order" ideology of the majority rather than the "world-oriented" ideology of a self-interested minority.
Les conflits interétatiques dans les Amériques
Authors: Serbin Andrès
Published: July 2012

This paper introduces two studies on the geopolitics and the conflicts in Latin America. The first part comprises a survey of the conflicts - most of which non-violent - which divide Latin America and oppose its states on an ideological basis, on a finality which would lead to hegemony, on territorial claims, or for reasons due to the impact of migration.

The second part deals with the split between the Latin states and the new Anglophone states of the Caribbean, a split which has been bred by the differences in histories, institutions, and political representations, a split which has become apparent in the stands taken, namely in the Falkland crisis and in the border disputes between Venezuela and Guyana, and between Belize and Guatemala.
La presse et la politique étrangère canadienne
Authors: Keenleyside T.A. , Burton B.E. , Soderlund W.C.
Published: July 2012

This article reports on the findings of what appears to be the first content analysis of all aspects of Canadian press coverage of Canadian foreign relations. Six major/newspapers were chosen on the basis of national significance and linguistic and regional considerations: the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, Le Devoir (Montréal), La Presse (Montréal), the Ottawa Citizen, the Toronto Globe and Mail and the Vancouver Sun. During the period studied (the last quarter of 1982), these newspapers averaged nearly nine items per issue on Canadian foreign relations and relied predominantly on Canadian sources for their material. However, there was a relative lack of analytic coverage and only a limited number of items that adopted supportive or critical positions on the various issues in Canadian foreign policy. Commercial matters received both the most extensive and the most sophisticated treatment, while the reporting of political subjects was generally less detailed and often superficial. In terms of relationships, that with the United States was arguably the only one to receive adequate coverage, while from the standpoint of issues there were several that received insufficient attention, such an environmental problems in relations with the United States, Canadian concerns at the United Nations, and international developmental matters. One of the most notable differences in coverage among the papers studied was the variation found in the attention paid to the international role of Quebec, which received only scant attention in the English-language press but was the single most frequently coded theme in the Quebec newspapers. While analytic coverage was found to be more extensive and profound in the Globe and Mail, Le Devoir and La Presse than in the other three papers, the authors in general agree with De Montigny Marchand that Canadian newspapers are "an uncertain intellectual force in the definition and interpretation of Canadian foreign policy".
Le rôle des facteurs internationaux dans la législation des petites entreprises en Hongrie
Authors: Pilisi Paul
Published: July 2012

In Hungary, the Party Politburo decided as of January 1st, 1982, to legalize independent small business organizations. International factors with internal socio-economic effects contributed to a hastening in the decision-making process in favour of economic pragma-tism, and contrary to ideological principles.

The current Hungarian experience constitutes a model for reformist changes proposed by Michael Gorbatchev in the Soviet Union. The socio-political effects of the Hungarian experience appear also in changes to the political culture. These changes, like the appearance of multiple candidates and political pluralism in elections raise the following question : without the reform of the soviet-type political regime, is it possible to reform the socio-economic System ?
Le rôle politique et stratégique de l’Arctique : une perspective norvégienne
Authors: Sollie Finn
Published: July 2012

Developments in many fields, and especially in technology and economies, in international politics and in military strategy, have combined to give the Arctic a more important role in international affairs. By geographical location, with its mainland and islands stretching far to the North and framing the maritime link between the Atlantic and the Arctic, Norway has a strategic position at the main gateway to and from the Arctic Basin.

Historically, these European northern waters have been explored and exploited as an international commons and legally the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 which recognized Norway's sovereignty over the islands also secured permanent rights of access for foreign nationals and equal right to engage in research and to participate in commercial operations on the islands. In addition to the economic provisions, the Treaty served a strategic purpose by prohibiting the establishment of naval bases and fortifications on the islands and disallowing any use of them for « warlike purposes -».

With the Soviet Union emerging as the major military power in Europe at the end of the Second World War and concentrating its new and global naval forces in northern bases on the Kola Peninsula, the northern waters between Norway's coasts have become a strategic core area for any contest for maritime control of Atlantic supply lines, as well as for the strategic nuclear balance between the two superpowers and for a new nuclear threat against Europe.

In sum, the broad developments in the Arctic and the specific strategic interests in Arctic relations now focusing on the Norwegian Arctic, the Norwegian North has been turned into a center stage of international political and military interest and concern.
Les problèmes de droit international de l’Arctique
Authors: Pharand Donat
Published: July 2012

The territorial sovereignty over Alaska, the Arctic islands of the Soviet Union, Svalbard, Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago poses no problem, but the continental shelf off those territories and islands has yet to be delimited between the five Arctic States: Alaska, the Soviet Union, Norway, Denmark and Canada. Beyond the continental shelf, the mineral resources of the deep sea-bed should normally form part of the common heritage of mankind, but their presence has not yet been determined. The Arctic Ocean, in spite of the permanent presence of ice, is subject to the freedoms of the seas. The straits of the Northeast Passage are internal waters of the Soviet Union, at least since the establishment of straight baselines in 1985 (presumably, under the Territorial Sea Convention to which the USSR is a Party) and, possibly before, by way of historic title. Under the Convention, a right of innocent passage would exist but not if they are historic waters. The waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada since their enclosure by straight baselines in 1985, under customary international law, and no right of passage exists. The sovereignty of Arctic States extends to the air space above their territory, internal waters and territorial sea. There is no right of over flight above those areas, outside of the I.C.A.O. Conventions. The Arctic Ocean being a semi-enclosed sea, bordering States should cooperate under the new Law of the Sea Convention in the exploitation of the living resources, the protection of the marine environment and the conduct of scientific research. This cooperation could best be attained by the creation of an Arctic Basin Council composed of all Arctic States and, possibly, the Nordic countries.
Les alliances technologiques stratégiques: de la théorie à la situation canadienne
Authors: Niosi Jorge , Bergeron Maryse , Sawchuck Michèle
Published: July 2012

Technological cooperation between business enterprises has become common-place over the past ten years or so, following an increase in the uncertainty, risk, and costs of research and development brought about by growing international competition and the unsettling impact of data processing technologies (and to a lesser degree biotechnologies) throughout the entire industrial sector. Strategies in R&D cooperation, first adopted by Japanese corporations, were copied by European firms in the early 80s and then by American and Canadian corporations later on. Governments have got in on the action through policies for encouragement of collective R&D.

Current theories in economies and business administration are not very useful for understanding this phenomenon. Neo-classical economies' assumption of perfect competition, as well as dissertations on product obsolescence and transaction costs, permeate theories in business administration and do not help us comprehend this new organizational phenomenon. We have, however, come across some crucial leads towards an explanation in certain models of imperfect competition and in managerial studies on informal cooperation by businesses in R&D.
La réglementation américaine en matière de contrôle des armes chimiques et biologiques
Authors: Legault Albert
Published: July 2012

After identifying the role of the Australia Group which is a multilateral body designed to control export of sensitive chemicals, as well as « equipment » and « technical data » designed to fabricate chemical or bacteriological weapons, this study briefly overviews U.S. policy in terms of export controls, and then attempts to review the current U.S. regulations on chemical and bacteriological weapons.

With regard to chemical weapons, the analysis goes back to the Iran-Irak war and traces the evolution of the various controls imposed on chemicals. With the March 13, 1991 decision, export controls exist on 50 chemicals and the warning list has now been reduced to zero. With regards to biological weapons, a whole new list of controls is now being discussed within the Australia Group. A list of 29 countries has been drawn up and the U.S. hope that the Australia Group will adopt similar controls when it meets in December 1991.

The article also contains five annexes : the classification of groups countries for export control reasons ; a list of countries under foreign policy controls ; the classification of microorganisms according to their class and degree of pathogenicity; a list of the fifty precursors under control; and the chronological evolution of the U.S. controls imposed on chemicals.
Intérêts nationaux et coopération multilatérale : le Canada et les banques de développement
Authors: Thérien Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2012

This article examines the place held by multilateral development banks in Canada's policy of external cooperation. It seeks to show how, in keeping with the overall logic of its aid policy, Canada's participation in these international financial institutions has resulted from a many-sided configuration of political, development al, and economic interests. The purpose of this article finds it s justification first of all in the fact that, by focusing mainly on bilateral assistance programs, the literature on Canadian aid has largely neglected the study of the many channels for distributing multilateral assistance.
La collaboration scientifique et technologique en Amérique du Nord : un point de vue Canadien
Authors: David Charles H. , Dufour Paul , Halliwell Janet
Published: July 2012

Canada, as a country with a small, open economy, faces the immediate challenge of learning to shape dynamic comparative advantage in the emerging international economy. About 75 % of Canada's trade linkages are with the United States, and a very large component of the Canadian experience of « globalization » is driven by North American economic integration. This integration is taking place in the absence of institutions and policy mechanisms to promote and manage science, technology, and innovation relations on a continental scale. Bilateral s & T arrangements centered on the United States presently characterize the North American innovation System. Circumstances in North America pose three sets of challenges to Canadian s & T policy. 1) Science and technology are increasing in importance in international trade, environmental, and social/cultural matters. This means that Canada must learn to improve its management of an increasingly internationalized domestic s & T System. 2) Canada must cultivate mutually beneficial bilateral s & T relationships with its two partners in NAFTA, Mexico and the United States. 3) Canada must identify where its interests lie in the development and governance of trilateral and international rules and arrangements for science, technology, and innovation.