bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESULTS OF EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES OF COURT RENAISSANCE THINKERS IN THE CONNECTION OF THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF THE “IDEAL RULER”
Authors: LOBODA D.
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the coverage of the results of pedagogical initiatives of Renaissance thinkers in the context of the problem of educating the “ideal ruler”. In addition to the theoretical development of the image of the “ideal ruler” and ideas for his upbringing, humanists had the opportunity to directly participate in the upbringing of children of nobles in the XIV – XVIth centuries. Thus, the article analyzes the best practices of elite education of the Late Middle Ages according to the author’s methods of court humanists. An important aspect of monitoring the effectiveness and reality of the measures taken by humanists to form the personality of the leader is the characterization of those historical personalities and their biographies with which they were in a “teacher-pupil” relationship. The article traces the results of the educational influences of Renaissance philosophers and educators through the study of the future fate of European authorities, through prosopographic and archontological special-historical methods of scientific knowledge. The imagological approach made it possible to assert that the experience gained by humanist educators in “nurturing statesmen from diapers” had both its achievements (for example, Philip IV the Beautiful and Sigismund Augustus) and its defeats (for example, Ferdinand of Aragon and Mary Tudor). The idea of educating the ruler with their practical Renaissance embodiment in a specific product – the formed personality of a statesman, is an important component of justifying the need to educate modern leaders.
POSTMODERN POETICS OF M. ATWOOD’S NOVEL “PENELOPIADА”
Authors: LENSKA S.
Published: December 2021

Margaret Atwood is one of the most famous modern English-language writers. She has won numerous literary awards, including the Booker Prize twice. Her novel “Penelopiada” (2005) did not attract the attention of researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a detailed analysis of the main features of the poetics of the novel as a model of postmodern prose.

The source of inspiration for the writer were the ancient myths and heroic poems “Iliada” and “Odyssey” by Homer. In ancient texts, Penelope is a minor heroine. She was the wife of Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, who fought for ten years under the walls of Troy, and then travelled for another ten years. And all this time his wife has been waiting for him, so Penelope is a symbol of marital ﬁdelity and patience.

Canadian author Margaret Atwood rethinks this image. Without disturbing the plot of the ancient epic, she psychologically motivates the actions of Penelope, shows the image of a lonely strong woman who is trying to survive in a cruel male world. This text reﬂects the feminist views of the author.

The article focuses on aspects of intertextuality, allusions, and creative dialogue with prototexts. The ﬁgurative structure of the novel, the semantic overemphasis of the images of Odysseus, Penelope and Elena, who ﬂed to Troy, are analysed. The events of the Trojan War are considered from the point of view of a woman who was not directly aﬀected by the hostilities, but whose life changed radically. Genre-compositional features of the novel are revealed. The originality of the narrative in the novel is clariﬁed: the story is told on behalf of Penelope, which adds psychological credibility to the image. The article also notes the techniques of irony, parody, which represent the text as a model of postmodernism.
LYUDMYLA OVDIENKO: BIOGRAPHY, AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Authors: MELEZHKO V.
Published: December 2021

The publication presents the biography and autobiographical motives of the lyrics of the Ukrainian writer Lyudmyla Ovdienko. The purpose of the article is to present a biography and analysis of the poetic heritage of a fellow artist in the autobiographical aspect. We came to the conclusion that Lyudmila Ovdienko’s lyrical cycle is not only a speciﬁc type of context, but also a special form of creativity, a type of integrity that diﬀers from the usual collection of poems and is a sequence of texts formed by the author.

We are convinced that motives-images are signiﬁcant for the poet’s autobiographical lyrics. Of the many motifs that sound in the poems, the most prominent is the autobiographical. The emergence of the genre of autobiographical motives in the creative work of L. Ovdienko is determined by a special type of thinking of the author, the national tradition. The leading place in the consideration of lyric poetry is given to the study of motives-images (motive-family, motive-village). These motives the most signiﬁcant for the autobiographical lyrics of our compatriot.
SPELLING PRACTICE OF THE INDEPENDENCE ERA : “UKRAINIAN SPELLING” IN 1990
Authors: STEPANENKO M.
Published: December 2021

The given research is devoted to the formation speciﬁcity of the Ukrainian orthographic code during the Independence period. The methods of “Ukrainian spelling” of 1990 have been clariﬁed in succession. We also logically elaborated the system of innovations within a projection on the developed tradition, standing on the basis that language changes, therefore the spelling code should adhere to the established norms, simultaneously reﬂecting its up-to-date condition. The focus lies in interpreting the spelling changes of 1990 and 2019, as the spelling code of 1993 did not involve drastic changes. The system of all the latest innovations is analysed in detail. They are classiﬁed according to such criteria as terms of the new spelling standards implementation (to be exact, the pronunciation and spelling of words proiekt, sviashchennyi, Sviatvechir, piv vidra, piv Kyieva, piv yashchyka, pivostriv, pivlitrovyi), alternative norms (kafedra / katedra, audytoriia / avdytoriia, Hete / Getu, Londona / Londonu, Ivanovi / Ivanevi, arkhymandryt / arkhimandryt, etc.). It is about non-alternative norms as well (they are related to spelling of parts of the word base, inﬂections of declension words, words of foreign origin and proper names, and usage of punctuation). Systematized material on graphics, spelling, and punctuation serves as a speciﬁc kind of guide for those who will study the dynamics of the newest spelling rules. It was proved that the spontaneous critique of the orthographic system gradually acquired a constructive point, relying not only on intra- but also on extralingual factors. The issue of the modern alphabet war in Ukraine as well as reasons for its occurrence and negative impact on the spiritual and cultural progress of our country have not remained outside the research. The “Project of the Latest Edition of the Ukrainian Orthography” was logically accentuated. It made a great impression on society, though was not legitimized. The emphasis is on the fact that one of the current priorities lies in creating a single spelling model for Ukrainians within mainland Ukraine and in the diaspora. We are conﬁdent on the point it will function as an important consolidating factor of the nation.
TRANSLATION PROCESS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF POLYVARIETY OF TRANSLATION
Authors: PANASIUK I.
Published: December 2021

The research focuses on the process of translation in its psycholinguistic, cognitive and semiotic aspects. While observing students at the Institute of Translation and Interpreting at the Department of Russian language at the University of Heidelberg the author of this study came up with the idea to describe the process of translation, which consists of some conscious cognitive processes, in order to apply these to the translators’ and interpretors’ training. The theoretical basis taken for the concept of polyvariety of translation is the postulate under which essentially the entirety of translation and interpreting (T&I) theory can be subsumed – Roman Jakobson’s eminent postulate of “equivalence in diﬀerence”. This postulate ﬁrstly states the relation between source and target, which is based on a diﬀerence, i.e. on an implicative relation in the semiotic sense, and secondly equivalence consists in a diversity of translation variants which are in a relationship of diﬀerence to the original, since the translator understands partly unconsciously and partly consciously; always selectively and purposefully; partly cognitively and partly intuitively; always subjectively, which permits the availability of multiple translations of one and the same text by diﬀerent translators with comparable translation competence which in their totality establish the polyvariety of translation. Such complex attitude at the process of translation opens a new sight on the theory of translation, builds a bridge between the theory and practice of translation and can be successfully applied to the didactic purposes.
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL SEMANTICS OF PREPOSITIONAL EQUIVALENTS
Authors: KYSLA N.
Published: December 2021

The article investigates the prepositional-temporal semantics of prepositional equivalents, determines the philosophical and linguistic interpretation of categories of time and space, distinguishes the lexical composition of those prepositional units that are carriers of locative and temporal semantics, establishes contextual conditions under which each of the that semantic nuance, it was found that the immediate environment (verb and dependent noun) signiﬁcantly aﬀect the content plan of the prepositional equivalent.

The aim of the article is to elucidate the peculiarities of the functioning of prepositional equivalents with locative and temporal semantics. It was established that the prepositional equivalents immediately after, immediately before, immediately after, from the depth, behind the shoulders, on the way from, on the way from… to, on the way to, in place, in the interval from… to, in the interval between, in the middle can to be representatives of both locative and temporal signiﬁcance. Their speciﬁc semantic nuance depends on the immediate context.
ÂŞIK TARZI ŞİİRİN KUTSİYETİ VE KADIN ÂŞIKLARDA AİLE KAVRAMI
Authors: DAĞLI Ahmet
Published: December 2021

Her toplumun dünyayı algılayışını, kültürel kodlarını, edebî eserlerinde görmek mümkündür. Türklerin edebî karakterinin temeli, Orta Asya’da kendi öz kültüründen ürettiği Ozan-Baksı geleneğidir. Ancak Türkler altı bin yıllık geçmişinde Orta Asya, Anadolu, Balkanlar, Arap toprakları, Afrika, Avrupa gibi geniş bir coğrafyada yaşamıştır. Bu da farklı kültür ve edebiyatlarla etkileşimin önünü açmıştır. 10. yüzyıl sonrasında İslâm dininin kabulü, Gök tanrı inancına dayalı bozkır medeniyeti için büyük çaplı dönüşümün başlangıcı olmuştur. 10-16. yüzyıllar arasında Anadolu’da tarikatlar aracılığıyla dinî-tasavvufî bir hayat, yaygın şekilde yaşanmıştır. Anadolu tasavvufu olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz bu kültür, Orta Asya Şamanlık kültürüyle tasavvufi hayat felsefesinin sentezlenmesiyle oluşan yeni hayat biçimidir. Sonrasında başlayan Âşık edebiyatı günümüze kadar gelir. Gelenekte Şamanlıktan günümüze devam eden önemli bir özellik, şiire ve şaire atfedilen olağanüstülüktür. Gök tanrı inancının din adamı, şairi olan ve doğaüstü özellikleri olan şamanlar, İslam’ın kabulünden sonra yerini velîlere, sonrasında ise âşıklara bırakmışlardır. Bu anlamda Anadolu âşıklık geleneğinde halk arasında bu kişilerin manevî-ruhani yönlerinin olduğu şeklinde inanış hep var olmuştur. Onların maddi-cismani aşktan manevi aşka yükseldiklerine, saz çalıp söylemeyi de pîr ya da Hızır’ın elinden bade içerek ilahi vasıtalarla öğrendiklerine inanılır. Bu sebeple de onların şiirleri bir söz ve müzik olmanın ötesinde dinî ve sihrî yönü olan kutsal sözler olarak görülür. Ölümleri sonrasında hatta hayattayken onlarla ilgili menkıbevi anlatılar oluşmaya başlar. Çalışmada son beş yüz yılını “Âşık Edebiyatı” adıyla sürdüren kadim Türk edebiyat geleneğinin yirminci yüzyıldaki kadın temsilcileri ele alınmıştır. Türk medeniyetinin tarihte hep var olması, aile yapısına verdiği önemle açıklanır. Bu yapının kuruluşu ve devamlılığında birleştirici rol ise annedir. Hem bir anne hem de Âşık Edebiyatı’nın temsilcileri olarak kadın âşıkların, kutsiyet atfedilen bu kişilikleriyle, şiirlerinde “aile” konusundaki söylem ve tespitleri bu çalışmanın konusu olmuştur.
Polymera alexanderi n. sp., a new species of Limoniidae (Diptera) from Dominican amber
Authors: Krzemiński Wiesław , Kopeć Katarzyna , Pełczyńska Alicja , Soszyńska-Maj Agnieszka
Published: December 2021

Dominican amber is the fossil resin famous for the best quality of inclusions, exploited in Dominican Republic from the deposits formed in the late Early Miocene, ca. 16 Ma. A new species, Polymera (Polymera) alexanderi sp. n. of the dipteran family Limoniidae is
described from this amber. This new limonid belongs to the genus Polymera Wiedemann, 1820 with 63 extant species described mostly from South America. Only three fossil species are known so far from Dominican and Baltic amber.
Henry Constable’s Sonnets to Arbella Stuart
Authors: Pérez Jáuregui Mª Jesús
Published: December 2021

Although the Elizabethan poet and courtier Henry Constable is best known for his sonnet-sequence Diana (1592), he also wrote a series of sonnets addressed to noble personages that appear only in one manuscript (Victoria and Albert Museum, MS Dyce 44). Three of these lyrics are dedicated to Lady Arbella Stuart – cousin-german to James VI of Scotland–, who was considered a candidate to Elizabeth’s succession for a long time. Two of the sonnets were probably written on the occasion of Constable and Arbella’s meeting at court in 1588, and praise the thirteen-year old lady for her numerous virtues; the other one seems to have been written later on, as a conclusion to the whole book, implying that Constable at a certain moment presented it to Arbella in search for patronage and political protection. At a time when the succession seemed imminent, Constable’s allegiance to the Earl of Essex, who befriended Arbella and yet sent messages to James to assure him of his circle’s support, raises the question of the true motivation of these sonnets. This paper will analyze these particular works in a political context rife with courtly intrigue.
Baubles on the water: sea travel in Shakespeare’s time
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: December 2021

The technical features of travel by water, on sea and up rivers, are not registered as strongly as it should be in studies of the Shakespearean period. In his great edition of The Spanish Tragedy Philip Edwards mocked the author’s assumption that the Portuguese Viceroy would have travelled to Spain by sea rather than overland, since the play also notes that the two countries have contiguous boundaries. He did not know how tortuous travel overland from Badajoz to Lisbon could be. A similar ignorance of the routine use of travel by boat around the coast of England and up its main rivers is evident in the studies of playing company travels in the many Records of Early English Drama. Its editors take too little notice of the likelihood that the professional playing companies used London’s shipping to carry their personnel and properties on their journeys round the country. The official records of the Privy Council and other state papers show how important access by river was for all bulk transport through England’s rivers. Shakespeare could well have travelled from London home to Stratford upon Avon by water. John Taylor the Water Poet wrote several verses about his own travels from London by water that amply demonstrate the ease and the familiarity to travellers of going anywhere by sea and river. But it was never an easy business. Shakespeare himself twice used the word “bauble” or “bubble” in different plays to describe the fragile nature of the vessels used for sea travel.
"The king has killed his heart": The Death of Falstaff in Henry V
Authors: Fraser R. Scott
Published: December 2021

Even with the multitude of religious, political, social and gendered readings of the character, critics have invariably (and understandably) tended to focus most often on the events leading up to and including the rejection scene in 2 Henry IV, and have given far less attention to the report of his death in Henry V. In light of criticism concerning the relationship between Falstaff and the actor Will Kemp, as well as the roles of the stage Vice and clown, this essay will focus on the report in an attempt to reinterpret it and its importance for the play as a whole. As will be seen, in performance it actually formed an integral part of an iterative process that would have served to problematize the presentation of kingship in Henry V on the early modern stage.
Learning to Scrawl: The Evolutionary Strain in Titus Andronicus
Authors: Sell Jonathan P. A.
Published: December 2021

Much has been written on the semiotic obsessions of Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, less on their relationship with matters of theme. This paper argues first that the play’s engagement with the mutual relationships between language, labour and society draws on classical and early modern accounts of the symbiotic evolution of language and civilised society. It then suggests that the play’s particular rhetorical and kinesiological focus on hand and tongue anticipates the metonymies deployed in Darwinian accounts of human evolution. Key to this reading is the well-known scrawl/scrowl crux: far from opting for a definitive, exclusive meaning, the paper proposes that the semantic uncertainty unleashed at the crux mimics the play’s representation of Rome’s and, in the last resort, humanity’s hesitation between literate civilization and creeping barbarism. No longer a merely lexical quibble over the competing, variously obsolescent and emergent, notions of crawling, gesticulating and scribbling, the crux becomes the touchstone of an evolutionary reading of the play. Just as scrawl/scrowl debates endlessly between different stages on the human evolutionary scale, so Titus Andronicus leaves its readers and audience in uneasy contemplation of Rome’s¬ – and their own – perpetual teetering on the brink of degradation.
Women, class, and the language of madness in early modern English drama
Authors: Clark Sandra
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the depiction of madwomen in a range of early modern English plays including some by Shakespeare in order to show how their madness operates at the intersection of gender, genre, and social class. Its particular focus is on language, and it argues that the speech styles of madwomen are essentially similar whatever their social class. For women, madness is a linguistically liberating condition, bringing together high and low cultural discourses. While stage madwomen’s language has similarities with that of madmen, it is more licentious and transgressive because the violation of social and behavioural norms is more extreme.
"Warts and all": John Lyly’s atheist aesthetics
Authors: Sell Jonathan P. A.
Published: December 2021

This paper finds some evidence of an atomist aesthetic in certain passages of John Lyly’s Euphues. The Anatomy of Wit. It then addresses the issue of how Lyly might have become acquainted with atomist philosophy and, in particular, the thought of Empedocles, whether through his reading or his membership of the Oxford circle. Finally, by showing how Lyly’s early play Campaspe combines his aesthetic views and atomist controversy, the paper confirms the reasonableness of its initial proposition and opens the way not only for a reassessment of Lyly and his works but also for a reappraisal of the baroque in early modern English literature and for a revision of standard accounts of the origins of English atomism.
The authority of geography in Pericles, Prince of Tyre: Jacob Falckenburgk and Dionysius Periegetes
Authors: Matei-Chesnoiu Monica
Published: December 2021

Taking into account the complex authorship of Pericles, Prince of Tyre, this paper surveys the intertextual influence of the Latin verse narrative of the Apollonius saga by Jacob Falckenburgk (London, 1578) and Thomas Twayne’s translation of Orbis terrae descriptio (The Surveye of the world) by Dionysius Periegetes (London, 1572) on the erratic geography of Pericles. Drawing on the Pericles/Apollonius tales (the play and its Latin verse and English prose intertexts), as well as the ancient geographic narrative describing the Eastern Mediterranean spaces of the settings, the play decentres the authority of ancient geography maintained via the well-travelled Apollonius tale or through the weight of classical texts. Pericles destabilizes the authority of both classical language and geography through a process of defamiliarization of and distancing from the legitimization of ancient texts and geographic tradition. Through the suggestion of alterity during the dramatic interaction, the play incorporates the recognition of difference and the support of tolerance within early modern transnational communities.
A bibliographical description of the British Library copy of The Honour of Chivalrie (1598)
Authors: Sánchez-de-Nieva María J.
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a detailed bibliographical description of the copy held at the British Library of the first edition of The Honour of Chivalrie (London, 1598; STC 1804). The aim of this paper is to provide useful bibliographical information for researchers interested in the first English translation of the Spanish romance Don Belianís de Grecia (Burgos, 1547; IB 8699). A concise description of the translations and editions of this romance is included.
Eskiçağda Yahudiye Tarihi Coğrafyası
Authors: AÇIL Okan
Published: December 2021

Yahudiye genel manada Yahudilerin yaşadığı bölge veya Yahudi ülkesi anlamlarında kullanılan coğrafi bir terimdir. Terimin kökeni İsrail’in on iki kabilesinden biri olan Yehuda kabilesinin ismine dayanmaktadır. Köken itibariyle etnik bir kelime olan bahsi geçen terim, yaklaşık M.Ö. 930 yılında I. İsrail Krallığı’nın ikiye bölünmesinin ardından coğrafi ve idari bir anlama karşılık gelen bir kelime haline bürünmüştür. Zira I. İsrail Krallığı’nın ikiye bölünmesiyle bu devletin güney kısmını oluşturan topraklar üzerinde Yehuda Krallığı (Mamleket Yehuda) kurulmuş ve bir kabile ismi olan terim coğrafi ve idari bir kullanımı karşılar hale gelmiştir. Bu isim Grek ve Latin eserlerinde Ioudaia ve Iudaea olarak geçmektedir. Yahudiye teriminin coğrafi ve idari bir anlamı karşılayan bir terime dönüşmesinin ardından eskiçağ tarihi dâhilinde Pers (Ahameniş), Helen ve Roma idaresi ve tesiri altında dahi coğrafi bir terim olarak kullanılmaya devam edilmiştir. M.S. II. yüzyılda, Roma hâkimiyeti altında siyasi sebeplerle bu terimin resmi kullanımına son verilmiştir. Ancak Yahudiye terimi, XX. yüzyılda modern İsrail Devleti’nin Batı Şeria olarak adlandırılan bölge için Yahudiye ve Samarya Bölgesi ismini kullanmaya başlamasıyla yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Yahudiye teriminin eskiçağ tarihi içerisinde ortaya çıkışı, kullanımı, terimin kapsadığı coğrafi bölgenin sınırları ve bu sınırların değişimi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Yahudiye’nin önemli coğrafi ve demografik özellikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Ortak Zeminde Buluşma: Amerikan Quaker Kadın Misyonerlerin Filistinli Kadınlar ile Karşılaşmaları
Authors: OTHMAN Enaya Hammad
Published: December 2021

19. yüzyılın sonlarında Filistin’in Ramallah kasabası, kendilerini “orta sınıf kadınların kadınlık ideolojisi” ile donatmış olup, Arap kadınları ve bu kadınların sahip oldukları kültür hakkında fikir beyan etmeye cesaret eden Amerikalı kadın Quaker misyonerlerin ziyaretlerine sahne olmaya başlamıştı. Bu kadın misyonerlerin zihninde sabit bir şekilde yer edinmiş olan “Amerikalı kadınların dünyanın diğer” kadınlarına özellikle de “’talihsiz’ olanlarına modern ve çağdaş bir model olduğu” yönündeki fikre, kati surette bağlı olmaları, kadın Quaker misyonerlerin, Filistin’in kültür yapısına bütünleşmelerine engel oldu. Sonuç olarak, kadın misyonerlerin sahip oldukları bu Amerikancı düşünce yapısı, Filistinli kadınları misyonerlerin gözünde “ezilmiş, beceriksiz, cehalet koşulları içerisinde yaşayan, geri kalmış ve Arap kültürüne hapsolmuş” bir insan olarak görülmesine zemin hazırlamıştı. Ancak, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında kadın Quaker misyonerler, Arap coğrafyasındaki mesaileri sırasında Arap kültürüne ve Arap dilinin lingüstik özelliklerine karşı duydukları anlayış önemli oranda olumlu yönde gelişmişti.
Kudüs’te Görünür Olma Siyaseti: Osmanlı Nişan Taltifleri (1872-1917)
Authors: AYDIN Ali İhsan
Published: December 2021

19. yy. diplomasisinin taltif araçlarından biri olarak kullanılan nişanlar, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Osmanlı devleti tarafından da yaygın bir şekilde kullanıldı. Modern dönemde, diplomaside daha etkin olmak ve görünürlüğü arttırmak amacıyla ortaya çıkan Osmanlı nişanları 19. yüzyılın ortasında standart şekil ve hüviyete bürünerek, bürokrasinin çeşitli kademelerindeki memurların göğsünü süslemeye başladı. Bu doğrultuda ilk kez nizamnamesiyle birlikte ihdas edilen Mecîdî Nişanı, alt kademe ve taşradaki memurlar, statü verilmek istenen şahıslar ve devletçe takdir edilen kişilere verilmeye başlandı. 1872’de müstakil mutasarrıflık statüsüyle doğrudan Dahiliye Nezareti’ne bağlanan Kudüs’te memur, eşraf ve diğer önde gelen kişiler de gerek Mecîdî Nişanı ve gerekse sonradan ihdas edilen Nişan-ı Osmânî gibi farklı nişanlar ile taltif edilmekteydi. Nişanlar devlet tarafından standart prosedürlerle memur ve askerlere belli bir hiyerarşide verilirken şehrin eşrafı, yabancı konsoloslar ve Gayrimüslim cemaat ileri gelenlerine ise özel gerekçelerle ve bulundukları mevkiler dikkate alınarak gönderiliyordu. 1872-1917 arasındaki süreçte İstanbul’dan Kudüs’e gönderilen nişanların sayısı kimi dönemlerde çok azalırken kimi dönemlerde ise oldukça artmaktaydı. Dönemlere göre nişan sayılarındaki bu değişimin nedenleri merkezi politikalarla doğru orantılıydı. Padişah değişimleri, savaş durumları ve bölgesel politikaların değişimi, yürütülen nişan prosedürlerinin sayısını etkiliyordu. Hatta Kudüs örneğine bakıldığında, oraya son dönemlerde gönderilen mutasarrıfların profilleri de nişan sayılarındaki artışa etki etmişti. Çünkü taşraya gönderilen nişanlar, çoğu kere mutasarrıfların talebi üzerine ve ilgili mercilerin onayı ile gönderilirdi. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren merkezden Kudüs’e, sayısı artarak gönderilen nişanlar memurların ve oradaki önemli kişilerin devlete bağlılığının arttırılması amacına yönelikti. Kudüs ve civarında daha görünür olmak isteyen merkezi yönetim, nişan taltiflerini bu amaçlarla etkin bir şekilde kullandı.
Resocialization dimension of prisoners' religiosity
Authors: Sarzała Dariusz
Published: December 2021

The article presents issues related to penitentiary social resocialization, taking into account the social rehabilitation dimension of prisoners' religiosity. Based on the results of previous research on this subject area and the literature on the subject, a thorough analysis of religiosity as a factor determining the effectiveness of social  resocialization of offenders was carried out. Analyzing social resocialization as a process of internal transformation of a socially maladjusted person in the context of religious commitment, it was indicated that the process of penitentiary social rehabilitation taking into account the religious dimension of offenders may have a significant impact on changing the current anti-social behavior. Based on the analysis, it was also shown that focusing on religious life helps prisoners to change their current lives and makes it easier for them to start a new life path and protects them from returning to crime. The subject matter is an important topic from the point of view of social resocialization and moral renewal of a socially maladjusted man, which has not yet been subjected to a broader scientific analysis in the field of social sciences.
Specificity of the affective sphere of spouses with higher and lower levels of transgression
Authors: Dakowicz Lidia
Published: December 2021

Within the understanding of psychotransgressionism, personality is a network of five equipollent psychons: cognitive, instrumental, motivational, emotional and personal. The strength of the individual psychons lies at the basis of the tendency to undertake transgressive actions of a pro-development nature. In the presented research, we focused on the affective sphere of spouses as a manifestation of the functioning of one of the psychons – emotional. The analysis of the results obtained confirmed the assumed hypothesis. Spouses with a higher level of transgression were characterized by a greater positive affective shift than spouses with a lower level of transgression. The emotional climate brought into mutual relations by spouses with a higher level of transgression may foster building satisfying and stable marital relationships.
Evolutionary Theism of Henryk Levittoux in Polish and International Context
Authors: Wagner Michał
Published: December 2021

Henryk Levittoux (1822-1879) is currently best known as the model of Jan Matejko who posed for him as Nicolaus Copernicus. Less known, however, is his concept of evolution, which he presented as a part of his philosophical system and which caused a heated debates among Polish intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century. Levittoux's theory, which was trying to combine religious dogma with the achievements of contemporary science, breaks out of the popular historical narrative, in which it is assumed that the discussions about the evolutionism were dominated by creationists and pro-Darwinian positivists. The aim of this article will be to present Levittoux's theory of evolution and to show how he combined the ideas of evolution with the concept of Divine creation. Secondary focus of the article will be to place his theory in the broader context of scientific and philosophical changes, that took place in the nineteenth century. Attention will be paid to the way in which the professionalization of science affected natural philosophers, such as Levittoux, who were refusing to accept the rigorous positivist methodology. It will also be shown how Levittoux’s evolutionism became part of the so-called "developmental evolutionism" which promoted a completely different vision of evolution than Darwinism. The non-Darwinian nature of Levittoux's evolutionism was inspired by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s theory. Levittoux adopted his idea that species evolve thanks to the environmental stimulus which affects their ontogenesis. However, this idea will be extrapolated in Levittoux’s writings to the whole Earth. So, he will conclude that the Earth is the equivalent of the womb in which, like the fetus, all Life develops. All changes of species, in his opinion, are additionally controlled by a universal principle which he called the law of attraction-repulsion. This law was also the tool by which God created the world. The Levittoux’s concept is one of the first attempts to create a synthesis of evolutionism and religious thought in the Polish post-Darwinian philosophy of nature. Levittoux, as a continuator of Saint-Hilaire's thought, is also an interesting example of an attempt to instill in Polish philosophy French evolutionist thought.
BASIS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL-TECHNICAL ACTIVITY IN PRESCHOOL AGE AND CONDITIONS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bozhurska Gergana
Published: December 2021

Modern society is characterized by profound socio-cultural changes, in which new spiritual values are outlined and imposed. Changes occurring in different spheres of public life require transformation in the education system as well, which demands rapid adaptation to the new requirements. In most cases, education is seen as a universal value that faces the challenge of creating the conditions for young people to grow in order to develop their creative and critical thinking skills, to adapt to the new environment, to manage the change.The current state of pre-school education is characterized by the fact that one of the most important trends in its reform and modernization is the replacement of the traditional values of the child's education with the value of the individual. The main purpose of modernizing education is to form a "thinking” young individual, which is so necessary for today’s life.The cognitive function of construction is essential in the age of accumulation and structuring of personal experience, which is related to the peculiarities of the interconnections in the surrounding object world.
REFLEXIVE PRACTICE A PREDISPOSITION FOR TEACHER’S PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY
Authors: Pandiloska Grncaroska Svetlana , Osmani Fadbi
Published: December 2021

The contemporary scientific literature on the education of teachers and their professional competences deals a lot with the meaning of reassessment, analysis and follow up of their own practice. It is considered that even during the process of preparation on their future profession, teachers should develop more flexible pedagogical competences, because the time we are living in calls for teachers that are prepared to deal with different uncertain situations and accommodation on changes. In accordance to this, during the time of their professional qualification, we should emphasize the development of their creativity, the promotion of their critical thinking, initiative, autonomy of thoughts and inner motivation. The aim of this paper is to show that teachers can advance their work so that they reexamine their activity and their beliefs, and they will analyze their students reactions, they will learn from their own praxis and they will exchange their experiences. This paper shall deal with the reflexive meaning of the pedagogical praxis that enables teachers’ autonomy and this autonomy cuts with the strong need of pragmatism in this contemporary world. Here we can count on the opinion that the pedagogical work can not be presented as algorithm which is another confirmation on the need of reflexives and practices.
FACTORS RELATED TO TEACHER’S STRESS OF PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Authors: Bujari Remzi
Published: December 2021

Stress is a phenomen on that day by day is affecting the societies of all developed and developing countries.This is one of the most frequently used words since many people are facing every day with different loads, such in their jobs, in traffic, at home, and other places, and which loads sometimes become unmanageable. Constant and high intensity load and pressure give stress, which affects the quality of life and the results at work. So stressful situations, or stresors that give stress, are many, and we can find them in almost all areas where we live, but among the places, that stress is almost constant is the working place.Work can be a source of life satisfaction and self-esteem, but it can also be a source of great stress. Job stress depends on the fit of the worker to the position. Some people thrive in a high-stress, busy environment, whereas others feel overwhelmed. However, some situations are stressful for almost everybody, such as feeling as if your job is at risk or as if you can’t trust your bosses and colleagues. (Greenberg, M. 2016).Work stress exists when people perceive that they have difficulty in coping with the demands relating to work and that their sense of well-being is being threatened. (Kahatano, F. F. 2015). Occupational stress has negative effects on both the organisation and individuals employed by the organisation. In the organisation it can result in high levels of absenteeism, reduced productivity and compromised levels of patient care. (Gam, P. N., 2015) It is clear that there is stress on most of the employees in Kosovo, ann meanwhile it is indisputable, only differentiates the intensity of experienced stress. And from the stress situations could not escape even the teachers who face difficulties in their work. Teachers, in addition to the obligations they have with their students at school, sometimes have disagreement with colleagues, school principal, or other family problems that are not related to the teaching process but affect the teaching process. So the teachers, having a lot of problems and vicissitudes, feel the stress. The purpose of studying this topic is to find the factors that influence the cause of the teacher's stress. Empirical results showed that there are differences in the level of stress among elementary and lower secondary teachers and uppersecondary school teachers, whereas theuppersecondary school teachers have higher levels of stres, where the value of F=3.378 and p=0.036<0.05.Based on empirical results, it can be concluded that uppersecondary school teachers experience more stress than primary and lower secondary teachers. Regarding the level of stress, to female and masculine teachers, the value of sig. for equal variances assumed, p=0.04<0.05, whereas for the same variances not assumed, p=0.039<0.05. Both values indicate that there are statistically significant differences between female and male gender teachers regarding the level of stress at work. The results showed that most of the factors related to the workplace are related to the teachers’ stress.
MOTIVATION IN THE EDUCATION PROCESS
Authors: Asanova Binnaz , Gagova Petranka
Published: December 2021

The process of education in colleges combines academic management and atmosphere, high motivation and professional skills, habits and other positive personal qualities of the students. Raising the level of motivation for learning has a positive impact on the personal satisfaction of achievement, stimulating the absorption of new knowledge and skills to achieve high academic results. It is extremely important for stimulating motivation to maintain the feedback between teacher and student. The study of the attitudes of students and adapting the methods of motivation, through the application of different and new incentives leads to the development of the learning process and improving the quality of education. The purpose of this report is to explore the usefulness of using new approaches to motivation in the learning process. Examples of good practices in maintaining and developing the motivation of students in the specialties "Medical aesthetic care" and "X-Ray Technician" at the Medical College- Sofia are presented.
INTERACTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING IN THE EDUCATIONAL TRAINING COURSE FOR PEDAGOGICS STUDENTS
Authors: Vitanov Lyuben
Published: December 2021

Contemporary student learning is lagging in the use of interactive and computer-based technologies. Therefore, more systematic use of computer-based technologies combined with traditional methods can lead to better results in the academic preparation of student educators. This article discusses teaching and learning methods and techniques that have been designed and tested in working with student educators. They are used in 30% of the study time during the students' exercises and practical work. The methods used include research and development of presentations by students on the main topics of teaching methodology in class - civil, health, environmental and intercultural education. Another group of methods is related to authentic e-learning assignments, assignments, and activities in e-learning textbooks for students. The third group included tasks for digital selection and arrangement of information systems, tasks and activities for conducting lessons and various classes, including working with parents, charitable activities, preparation for holidays, self-organization and more. The last group of methods relates to the development of short digital didactic materials prepared for young students by the student educators - photo galleries, games, videos, test papers, etc. mainly for safe road traffic, disaster and accident protection, environmental protection, sports and tourist activities and more. These methods and techniques were applied over a course of 30 academic hours per semester. The experimental work involved four groups - two experimental ones of 36 students and 2 control groups of 36 students. The work of the students in the experimental groups was both independent and team-based. The teams were dynamic and composed according to different criteria. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of the interactive, computer-based methods and techniques of teaching and learning by three criteria - motivation, academic achievement and teamwork skills. The highest differences of 12% -14% were obtained in the motivation and teamwork skills of the students in the experimental classes. The difference in the knowledge and skills of these students on the topics and problems studied in the methodology is not significant enough. Nevertheless, they show 8% higher results in the performed tests
METHODOLOGICAL MODEL FOR TRAINING STUDENTS IN PEDAGOGY ON THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RESOURCES IN TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AT PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Tsanev Nikolay
Published: December 2021

This paper examines a methodological model for training students in pedagogy on the use of electronic resources in technology education at primary school level. The model is based on two main approaches – organizational and didactic. The organisational approach includes three types of preparation including general pedagogical training; subject-specific didactic training for teaching Technology and Entrepreneurship and postgraduate qualification. The didactic approach relates directly to the training of students at the subject level. In general, it covers an overview of all categories of resources and the methodological guidelines for their use, as well as independent practice on the electronic platform. This process is closely related to the integration of information and communication technologies in the use of electronic resources in all aspects, as well as familiarisation with the methodology of their application in the subject Technology and Entrepreneurship at primary school.Since 2015, the new electronic resources in the subject kits have been changing seriously the learning environment and creating prerequisites for new methodological approaches to teaching. Their more important characteristics are that they: motivate students and teachers; complement teaching and learning with new activities; make teaching and learning more attractive for teachers and students; allow for independent work; provide easy and fast feedback interactive learning; show the need for technology in every person’s life; expand the content horizontally (at topic or section level), providing more opportunities to consolidate and enhance students' knowledge and skills; ensure easy and fast orientation in the content; provide tools for better viewing of electronic textbook pages.Methodological guidelines have been developed and presented to each group of electronic resources. They guide students and teachers to specific learning activities.The proposed methodological model for preparing students in pedagogy how to use electronic resources for teaching technology at primary school is an option to optimise students' learning. The most important conclusions resulting from this research are related, in the first place, to the need of organised, structured and adapted to the conditions in Bulgaria optimisation of initial teacher training in connection with the new electronic resources. As a consequence, knowledge of these resources, their capabilities and the methodology employed in the Technology and Entrepreneurship lesson will provide better didactic results.
E-LEARNING IN HEALTHCARE WITHIN HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Serbezova Ivanichka , Hristova Tsveta , Lukanova Yoana
Published: December 2021

The Health Care department specialities are regulated professions whose training programmes require the graduates to be competent in a number of issues and activities related to their work. The subject of their professional activity is the individual with their health-related conditions. Healthcare specialists draw conclusions in a variety of clinical situations and perform different healthcare procedures aiming to achieve prevention and recovery in a patient’s health. They have to establish a number of practical psychomotor skills in the field of compliant medical and healthcare handling, as well as communication skills for liaising with the patient and their relatives. In addition, the healthcare specialists have to learn how to overcome negative emotions, and to seek balance between the development of their technological knowledge and professional behavior. In the changing profile of healthcare trainees – nurses and midwives, there is a strongly-influenced tendency towards technological development and digital revolution. Video methods are developing educational technologies. They have their own place in the acquisition of healthcare patient-handling and communication skills when they are effectively included within the standard curriculum. This poses a challenge for the academic staff to draw up and provide educational tools and technologies that are liked, and match the students’ contemporary learning styles. It has become necessary for academic staff to withdraw the traditional didactic educational models and to adopt more constructive approaches for greater involvement and participation of the trainees in the educational process.The article justifies the necessity for optimizing education in the healthcare field through implementing e-learning within higher education. This need is driven by the ever-increasing inclusion of information technologies in healthcare, as well as in all other aspects of life. The design and development of e-learning technology and methodology in university contributes to solving great many pedagogical and psychological problems. Implementing information and communication technologies presents us with a new level of mediation for mental and communicative activities of both lecturers and students. Video education has been explored in the current scientific report and an educational cycle is presented in regard to the healthcare experts training. Implementation of social media and its inclusion within the educational process of both midwives and nurses are discussed. The necessity to include video tutorials in the educational process is justified. It is concluded the aforementioned are educational resources which should not be ignored but, on the contrary – they have to be used as complementary educational content within the contemporary education of healthcare experts.