bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comments: The Supply/Demand Balance
Authors: Donnelly John
Published: January 2017

Editor's column

Layoffs have slowed, some companies posted profits in the third quarter, and there is even talk of a coming oil shortage that would cause oil prices to spike. But there is generally no consensus on what the oil market has in store over the next 1–2 years.

At a recent industry gathering in London, Saudi Arabia’s Energy Minister Khalid al-Falih said the market was recovering from its severe 2-year decline, with global supply and demand becoming rebalanced, which will raise oil prices. “We are now at the end of a considerable downturn,” he said.

But whether OPEC can reach, or keep, a production agreement is unclear. Although North American unconventional output has been unprecedented over the past few years, OPEC’s course of action over the next year “will define whether the industry will experience a slow and smooth recovery to a sustainable price equilibrium, or a period of underinvestment leading to a volatile and high oil price,” says consultancy Wood Mackenzie. “Even if the recent provisional deal produces minimal results, OPEC Gulf countries will ultimately need to cut production if operators expect prices to recover in the next 3 years.”

Third-quarter company earnings were mixed, with some service companies and operators finally posting profits after severely cutting costs. Shell and BP reported third-quarter profits after shedding jobs and slashing expenses, rebounding from 2 years of losses. Both companies said they believe supply and demand are coming back into balance and expressed cautious optimism about 2017. But profits at -ExxonMobil, Chevron, Statoil, and other majors were not as positive. Halliburton finally turned the corner on profitability in the quarter but other service companies such as -Schlumberger did not.

Many oil executives are warning that the lack of investment caused by the downturn will lead to a severe oil supply shortfall in just a few years and, with it, a sharp price increase. That also may suggest that they believe that the oil price recovery will be so gradual that it will not spur any rapid rise in upstream spending.

But although upstream investment has fallen sharply, a supply shortage is not necessarily imminent. Much of the upstream spending that has been curtailed, says Amy Myers Jaffe, an energy expert and executive director for energy and sustainability at the University of California at Davis, was from high-cost, frontier projects such as the Arctic. With budgets tight, spending may be directed instead to surer plays such as the Permian Basin in west Texas, with a focus on existing fields, which will lead to first oil production more quickly. Investment continues to flood into the Permian, and the US Geological Survey last month upgraded its reserve estimates for the Wolfcamp shale in the Midland Basin portion of the Permian. If OPEC continues to worry about losing market share and operators become more disciplined in their upstream spending, the shortfall may not materialize.
Pores to Predictions: Nanoscale Clues to Larger Mysteries
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: January 2017

The story of unconventional oil and gas technology development has been focused on fractures. The formula has been more stages, more sand, and more water, targeting the most productive spots.

The trend continues, with rising production and larger completions at a time when the oil price bust has slashed the cost of services and supplies. Even so, production from unconventional wells leaves 90% of the oil in the ground, raising the question, what is next?

Some have taken on the daunting task of trying to understand how oil and gas flows out of the tiny pores in ultratight rock that feed the fractures flowing to the well.

Compared to what it takes to effectively fracture rock and target sweet spots, the science behind fluid and gas flows through pore networks is a difficult slog deep into the unknown. It is a frustrating search, but that is where the oil is.

“The first part of the problem is that people started to say that oil and gas is stored in the fractures and that by fracturing a well you are simply exploiting that storage event,” said Richard MacDonald, the innovation, strategy and execution manager for EP Energy, which is among the companies looking deeper  (Fig. 1). “We calculated what fractures will hold and that volume will last only a week or week-and-a-half of production. After 2 weeks, where is the oil from? The matrix.”

The matrix is a frontier, like the unexplored lands shown in maps made centuries ago during the era of exploration when those vast uncharted spaces spawned fantastic tales. These explorers are looking at explanations for production patterns that diverge from what they know.

“It is not something they taught us in school,” said Steve Jones, reservoir engineering advisor for Cimarex. “We are learning, figuring out what are the facts of life and the ground rules, the theory.”

Based on his experience at Newfield Exploration, he delivered a technical paper at the recent Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTEC 2460396) explaining why changes in the gas/oil ratio (GOR) produced from certain unconventional wells, which would be alarming in a conventional field, are the norm in the unconventional plays he saw in Oklahoma (Fig. 2).

Jones is among those working on field-scale problems. Others are doing pore-scale studies on this ultratight rock where standard terms such as reservoir and transient seem an odd fit based on the established definitions.

While an online dictionary defines a reservoir as a place where fluid collects, especially in rock strata, it offers a poor mental image of unconventional rock. There the oil in the rocks is scattered throughout pore networks with openings ranging in size from a large virus down to just a bit bigger than a DNA molecule. Spaces at the low end of the range are so confined they can alter the physical properties that control production, particularly the bubblepoint—the pressure at which the gas in oil escapes from the liquid.
Qualification of Composite Pipe
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 27179, “Qualification of Composite Pipe,” by Jonathan Wilkins, Magma Global, prepared for the 2016 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 2–5 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2016 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.

This paper describes the qualification process for a thermoplastic composite pipe manufactured for use in high-performance riser, jumper-spool, and intervention-line applications. The pipe is manufactured from polymer, carbon-fiber, and glass-fiber materials with an automated laser-based welding process.

Product Architecture

The body of the pipe contains no metallic components, only polymer and fibers. These pipes consist of a smooth-bore inner-pipe precursor, extruded from Victrex PEEK polymer, with a thin wall thickness onto which layers of composite tape are welded by laser to form the pipe wall laminate (Fig. 1). This laminate can be any thickness and orientation of fibers, with the function of providing the strength and stiffness of the pipe. Once manufactured, the function of the inner-pipe precursor is to provide high-integrity sealing, resistance to hydrocarbon and other fluid and gas permeations and high temperatures, and a smooth bore for high fluid-flow rate.

The internal bore is typically in the range of 2 to 6 in., and the lengths can range from a few meters to kilometers for spoolable applications. At either end are steel end fittings that provide the interface to the external subsea system. The composite end fitting uses a steel collar that interfaces with a taper in the laminate to transmit bending and axial loads from the pipe body to the external system.

Manufacturing Processes

A thermoplastic composite pipe is typically manufactured from individual composite tapes on the order of 10 mm in width, 0.2 mm in thickness, and several hundred meters in length. The composite tapes consist of many thousands of glass or carbon fibers impregnated with the thermoplastic matrix. Adjacent tapes are placed with the same orientation by robot, to form plies. The plies may be oriented in different directions through the wall thickness of the pipe to tailor the mechanical properties of the structure.
Produced-Water Reinjection - Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 177538, “Produced-Water Reinjection—Case Study From Onshore Abu Dhabi,” by K. Mahmoud, SPE, A. Al Tenaiji, M. Al Sharafi, SPE, S. El-Abd, M. Abdou, SPE, and H. Hafez, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations, prepared for the 2015 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 9–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Water production normally increases as fields mature, and two main ways exist to deal with the produced water. One is to dispose of the produced water into dedicated disposal wells. The other is to reinject the produced water for pressure maintenance or sweep efficiency. In 2010, a produced-water-reinjection (PWRI) project began in a giant field that involved replacing the aquifer water being injected in one of the water-injection clusters with produced water without water treatment.

Case History

This project was conducted in a giant onshore field in Abu Dhabi. This field is approximately 85 km southwest of Abu Dhabi Island and consists of multistacked reservoirs. The main reservoir, where the project was conducted, will be referred to as Reservoir 1. Reservoir 1 has approximately 75% of the field’s proven reserves and contributed approximately 90% of the field’s oil production when the project began. Almost all the produced water in the field is injected water from Reservoir 1.

Reservoir 1 has been a waterflooded reservoir since the 1970s. The waterflooding project was completed in different stages. First, peripheral water-injection wells were developed. At the start of the PWRI project, the average reservoir water injection was approximately 500,000 BWPD. The injection water is delivered and injected through water-injection clusters. Each cluster normally consists of a water-supply well completed through aquifers and produced by electrical submersible pumps, a surface pump, and a network of pipes distributing the water to the injection wells connected to that cluster. The nominal capacity of a cluster is 20,000–30,000 BWPD, and, on the basis of a well’s injectivity and injection requirements, five to 10 wells may be connected to each cluster.
THE FEATURES OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME COURSE IN PATIENTS WITHOUT DYSLIPIDEMIA
Authors: Vataha Valeriia
Published: January 2017

The aim is to study the conditions of appearance and the features of course of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with normal rates of lipid metabolism and to assess the influence of additional risk factors (uinary acid, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) on the development of atherosclerotic process by assessment of surrogate markers of atherosclerosis the thickness of intima-media complex (TIMC) of carotid arteries (СА), the presence of atherosclerotic plaque (AP) in CA, the value of ankle-brachial index (ABI)) in patients with ACS without dyslipidemia (DLP).

Materials and methods. The study included 66 patients without DLP (50 men and 16 women, the mean age - 53,7±10,6 years) with ACS, divided in groups depending on its forms: 1 group – patients with instable angina (IA), 2 group – patients with myocardium infraction (MI) without ST segment elevation and 3 group – patients with MI with ST segment elevation. The level of serum acid, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen in blood serum were detected and ultrasound examination of СА with detection of CA TIMC, presence of atherosclerotic plaque and measuring of arterial pressure on upper and low extremities with ABI calculation was carried out.

Results. Among examined patients MI with ST segment elevation was diagnosed in 33 persons (50,0%); MI without ST segment elevation – in 18 (27,3%) and IA – in 15 (22,7%). The complicated ACS was observed in 20 (30,30%) persons. The value of CA TIMC among patients with MI with ST segment elevation was reliably higher than in patients with MI without ST segment elevation (р<0,001), and ABI was reliably lower in persons with MI and ST segment elevation (р<0,05) and IA (р<0,05) than in patients with MI without ST segment elevation. Correlative analysis demonstrated the interconnection between the levels of inflammation indicators (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in the blood serum and the value of CA TIMC and ABI.

Conclusions. The persons without DLP need additional examination (detection of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen levels in blood serum, ultrasound of CA and detection of ABI) for more precise evaluation of ACS risk.
MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, ANTENATAL CARE PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS RESULTS
Authors: Nikitina Iryna , Kalashnyk Natalya , Smiian Svitlana , Babar Tatyana , Popova Alina
Published: January 2017

Aim of the work. The aim of our study is to summarize the course of pregnancy and delivery in multiple pregnancies in modern conditions.

Materials and methods. The analysis of the pregnancy course, labor and perinatal outcomes was carried out in 182 women with diochorionic and 86 patients with monochorionic twins and 40 women with a singleton pregnancy. Multiple pregnancies were proved to be a monochorionic (MH) and diochorionic (DH) that is a high risk factor for perinatal complications. The research included clinical and laboratory examination metods, study of hormonal function of fetoplacental complex (FPC), transvaginal ultrasound examination. Statistical processing of data was carried out using the package of applied programs Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and StatSoft Statistica 6.1.

Results and discussion. In the analysis of pregnancy the abortion threat was detected in 51 (59.3%) women with monochorionic and 34 (62%) women with diochorionic twins. Preeclampsia during pregnancy complicated in 26 (30.2%) and 43 (23.6%) patients, with monochorionic and diochorionic placentation type, respectively. A frequent complication of both the MH and DH twins was anemia, which was found in more than half of the surveyed (56.9 and 51%, respectively). Delivery in the case of multiple pregnancies is also much more complicated and is terminated surgically three times more often than in singleton births. The most frequent indications for operative delivery were first breech fetus, fetal distress during pregnancy and childbirth, FGR, severe preeclampsia, premature detachment of normally situated placenta, anomalies of labor activity. These perinatal losses were equally observed both after cesarean section and after spontaneous labor and amounted to 4% at monochorionic and 1.7% at diochorionic twins.

The frequency dependence of identified lesions at pregnancy with twins was established by chorionic. Careful observation of the patients with multiple pregnancies in the antenatal period, the prevention of the most frequent complications, ultrasound monitoring of early pregnancy allows a differentiated approach to the management of pregnancy and childbirth, helping to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions. Multiple pregnancies occur with a large number of complications compared with singletons. Thus, the increase of frequency of multiple pregnancy influences the obstetric and perinatal indicators, pushing this issue in a number of the most pressing issues of modern obstetrics and perinatology.
CHANGES OF INTERLEUKINS IN PATIENTS WITH NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: ROLE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF DISEASE
Authors: Ilchenko Anastasiia
Published: January 2017

Introduction. Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is the second leading frequency and mortality among nosocomial infections. NP is a frequent complication of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The difficulty in diagnosis and monitoring of disease NP on the background of TBI is that the usual signs NP "masked" manifestations of the underlying disease.

The aim of our study was to improve the diagnosis and assess the effectiveness of the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia with clarithromycin by studying of serum interleukins in patients with nosocomial pneumonia on the background of traumatic brain injury.

Materials and methods. We determined levels of TNFα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10. We examined 45 patients with isolated TBI, 44 patients with NP (standard treatment scheme), 49 patients with NP, each therapy with clarithromycin. The control group was 33 relatively healthy people.

Conclusions. The study revealed a significant increase in the concentration of interleukin TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 in the serum of patients with NP on the background of TBI compared with patients with isolated TBI and healthy individuals. Our study found significantly lower concentrations of interleukin TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 in the serum of patients after treatment with the addition of clarithromycin compared with patients with standard therapy.
Genetic Variances and Relationship among Traits of an Early Maturing Maize Population under Drought‐stress and Low Nitrogen Environments
Authors: Talabi A. O. , Badu‐Apraku B. , Fakorede M. A. B.
Published: January 2017

Drought and low soil nitrogen (low N) are major causes of low grain yield of maize (Zea maysL.) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). An early maturing maize population, TZE‐Y Pop DT STR, had undergone four cycles of selection for drought tolerance, followed by four selection cycles for resistance toStriga hermonthica(Del.) Benth., which is normally conducted under low N (about 30 kg N ha‐1). The objectives of this study were to estimate residual genetic variances, predict future gains from selection, and investigate inter‐trait relationships in the population under drought‐stress, low N and across research environments. North Carolina Design I was used to develop 250 full‐sib progenies from the improved population, which were evaluated in three drought‐stress and two low N environments in Nigeria, 2011 to 2013. Additive genetic variances were not significant for most traits under the research conditions. The predicted gains from selection for grain yield were 5.3, 8.5 and 7.5% cycle‐1under drought, low N, and across environments. These results suggested the absence of substantial genetic variability in the population to ensure progress from selection. Ears per plant (EPP), ear aspect (EASP), plant aspect (PASP), and stay green characteristic (STGR) were consistently identified as important secondary traits under both research conditions. We concluded that there is need to introgress new sources of favorable alleles for drought‐stress and low N tolerance into the population for guaranteed progress from selection, using EPP, EASP, PASP, and STGR in combination with yield in a selection index under drought‐stress and low N.
Canola and Camelina as New Crop Options for Cool‐Season Production in California
Authors: George Nicholas , Hollingsworth Joy , Yang Wan‐Ru , Kaffka Stephen
Published: January 2017

Annual crop production in California is mostly dominated by warm‐season species that require irrigation. Irrigation has been restricted due to drought and policy and may become more uncertain due to climate change. To adapt to these changes, more cool‐season crop options that require less water than summer annuals are needed. Wheat is the most common cool‐season crop, and in other parts of the world canola (Brassica napus L.), and other Brassica oilseed species have diversified and improved the productivity and profitability of cereal‐based agricultural systems. We evaluated multiple canola and camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] varieties across diverse agro‐ecological environments throughout California. Yield potential and viability of these oilseed species as complements to wheat were assessed. Canola achieved high mean yields and seed oil content, a very high yield potential, and showed only limited genotype × environment interaction. Using short‐season spring‐type varieties and suitable agronomic management, mean seed yields could be expected to reliably exceed 3000 kg/ha, with a mean seed oil content of 45%. Camelina yields were lower (1000 kg/ha with a mean seed oil content of 30%) and more variable than canola, and displayed high genotype × environment interactions and yield instability. Camelina did not mature earlier than the best yielding canola varieties. Camelina is not economically competitive with canola or wheat, but may be viable for specialized uses in California, especially in low rainfall locations, but this requires further investigation. Given these promising results, Brassica oilseed variety evaluation and agronomic studies should continue in California.
Un projet de mise en place de la visioconférence en support à la formation des enseignants inuits : enjeux et bénéfices d’une recherche-développement en milieu nordique | Implementation of Videoconferencing to Support Inuit Teacher Training: Advantages and Challenges
Authors: Pellerin Glorya , Maheux Gisèle , Da Silveira Yvonne , Allaire Stéphane , Paul Véronique
Published: January 2017

The research presented in this article proposes new training formulas for Inuit teachers from Puvirnituq and Ivujivik in Nunavik through the experiences of videoconferencing. It is based on a hybrid of face-to-face and distance training, where collaborative work is a priority. Optimal conditions for Inuit teacher training were identified through observing the various uses of videoconferencing from 2011 to 2015 - this despite the geographic remoteness, and the biculturalism and trilingualism of Inuit teachers, which originally made the integration of this technology difficult. The preliminary results highlight advantages and limitations of such an implementation by raising issues related to biculturalism, trilingualism, technology, management and governance.Fondée sur une formation hybride présentielle et distancielle et privilégiant le travail collaboratif, la présente recherche propose la mise à l’essai de nouvelles formules de formation des enseignants inuits de Puvirnituq et d’Ivujivik au Nunavik à travers une expérience de visioconférence. Bien que le contexte d’éloignement géographique ainsi que le biculturalisme et le trilinguisme des enseignants inuits aient rendu difficile l’intégration pédagogique de cette technologie, l’observation pendant 4 ans (2011-2015) de différentes utilisations de la visioconférence a permis d’identifier les conditions optimales de formation des enseignants inuits. Les résultats préliminaires mettent en évidence les avantages et les limites d’une telle implantation en faisant émerger les défis liés à la biculturalité, au trilinguisme, à la technologie, à la gestion et à la gouvernance.
Nowe technologie wykorzystywane w procesie teleradioterapii w świetle doniesień zaprezentowanych podczas konferencji ASTRO 57 w San Antonio
Authors: Skórska Małgorzata
Published: January 2017

Celem niniejszej pracy było zwrócenie uwagi na najnowsze osiągnięcia technologiczne i trendy wteleradioterapii. Analizę oparto o wybrane raporty oraz problemy badawcze zaprezentowane podczas dorocznego spotkania ASTRO 57 w San Antonio.
Water melon seed bodies in wrist? : An unusual and rare case of tuberculous arthritis with water melon seed bodies
Authors: Bhemat Deesha Narendra , Hoogar Mallinath Basalingappa , Dhar Reeta , Jain Atul , Gupta Avni , Naik Vaidehee , Jain Avani , Kaul Urshlla
Published: January 2017

Tuberculosis primarily affects lungs, though involvement of extra-pulmonary sites is on a relative rise in the backdrop of increased incidence of immune compromised disorders such as HIV/AIDS. The extra-pulmonary sites which are most commonly involved are lymph nodes, genitourinary tract, bone marrow, CNS and musculoskeletal system. Tuberculosis of musculoskeletal system includes bones, joint, bursas and tendons or tenosynovium, the incidence of which is rare. Though tuberculosis involves various parts of musculoskeletal system, involvement of wrist and hand is quite rare. Since the involvement of joints of wrists by tuberculosis is very uncommon. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis of wrist is often difficult, in as much as clinical manifestations of other arthritides mimic tuberculous tenosynovitis. Many times, operative findings of melon seed bodies are characteristically suggestive of tuberculosis. The case being presented here is unique and unusual one, which characteristically presented with intraoperative finding of numerous water melon seed which are considered in literature to be helpful in diagnosis of tuberculous arthritis.
Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, and Kiteplatin Subcellular Effects Compared in a Plant Model
Authors: Papadia Paride , Barozzi Fabrizio , Hoeschele James , Piro Gabriella , Margiotta Nicola , Di Sansebastiano Gian-Pietro
Published: January 2017

The immediate visual comparison of platinum chemotherapeutics’ effects in eukaryotic cells using accessible plant models of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. The leading anticancer drug cisplatin, a third generation drug used for colon cancer, oxaliplatin and kiteplatin, promising Pt-based anticancer drugs effective against resistant lines, were administered to transgenic A. thaliana plants monitoring their effects on cells from different tissues. The transgenic plants’ cell cytoskeletons were labelled by the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged microtubule-protein TUA6 (TUA6-GFP), while the vacuolar organization was evidenced by two soluble chimerical GFPs (GFPChi and AleuGFP) and one transmembrane GFP-tagged tonoplast intrinsic protein 1-1 (TIP1.1-GFP). The three drugs showed easily recognizable effects on plant subcellular organization, thereby providing evidence for a differentiated drug targeting. Genetically modified A. thaliana are confirmed as a possible rapid and low-cost screening tool for better understanding the mechanism of action of human anticancer drugs.
Lessons from Studies to Evaluate an Online 24-Hour Recall for Use with Children and Adults in Canada
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sharon , Gilsing Anne , Hobin Erin , Solbak Nathan , Wallace Angela , Haines Jess , Mayhew Alexandra , Orr Sarah , Raina Parminder , Robson Paula , Sacco Jocelyn , Whelan Heather
Published: January 2017

With technological innovation, comprehensive dietary intake data can be collected in a wide range of studies and settings. The Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool is a web-based system that guides respondents through 24-h recalls. The purpose of this paper is to describe lessons learned from five studies that assessed the feasibility and validity of ASA24 for capturing recall data among several population subgroups in Canada. These studies were conducted within a childcare setting (preschool children with reporting by parents), in public schools (children in grades 5–8; aged 10–13 years), and with community-based samples drawn from existing cohorts of adults and older adults. Themes emerged across studies regarding receptivity to completing ASA24, user experiences with the interface, and practical considerations for different populations. Overall, we found high acceptance of ASA24 among these diverse samples. However, the ASA24 interface was not intuitive for some participants, particularly young children and older adults. As well, technological challenges were encountered. These observations underscore the importance of piloting protocols using online tools, as well as consideration of the potential need for tailored resources to support study participants. Lessons gleaned can inform the effective use of technology-enabled dietary assessment tools in research.
Second International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry (ECMC-2)
Authors: Mayence Annie , Vanden Eynde Jean Jacques
Published: January 2017

The second International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry, organized and sponsored by the publisher MDPI AG and the Journal Pharmaceuticals, took place in November 2016 on the SciForum website (www.sciforum.net/conference/ecmc-12). More than 150 authors from 22 countries participated in the event. Selected works presented during the scientific meeting are disclosed in this report.
Analysis of Temperature and Humidity Field in a New Bulk Tobacco Curing Barn Based on CFD
Authors: Bai Zhipeng , Guo Duoduo , Li Shoucang , Hu Yaohua
Published: January 2017

A new structure bulk tobacco curing barn was presented. To study the temperature and humidity field in the new structure tobacco curing barn, a 3D transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed using porous medium, species transport, κ-ε turbulence and discrete phase models. The CFD results demonstrated that (1) the temperature and relative humidity predictions were validated by the experimental results, and comparison of simulation results with experimental data showed a fairly close agreement; (2) the temperature of the bottom and inlet area was higher than the top and outlet area, and water vapor concentrated on the top and outlet area in the barn; (3) tobacco loading density and thickness of tobacco leaves had an explicit effect on the temperature distributions in the barn.
Reducing liver function tests for statin monitoring: an observational comparison of two clinical commissioning groups
Authors: Homer Kate , Robson John , Solaiman Susannah , Davis Abigail , Khan Saima Zubeda , McCoy David , Mathur Rohini , Hull Sally , Boomla Kambiz
Published: January 2017

Background

Current liver function testing for statin monitoring is largely unnecessary and costly. Statins do not cause liver disease. Both reduction in test frequency and use of a single alanine transaminase (ALT) rather than a full seven analyte liver function test (LFT) array would reduce cost and may benefit patients.

Aim

To assess LFT testing in relation to statin use and evaluate an intervention to reduce full-array LFTs ordered by GPs for statin monitoring.

Design and setting

Two-year cross-sectional time series in two east London clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) with 650 000 patients. One CCG received the intervention; the other did not.

Method

The intervention comprised local guidance on LFTs for statin monitoring and access to a single ALT rather than full LFT array.

Results

Of the total population, 17.6% were on statins, accounting for 43.2% of total LFTs. In the population without liver disease, liver function tests were 3.6 times higher for those on statins compared with those who were not. Following intervention there was a significant reduction in the full LFT array per 1000 people on statins, from 70.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 66.3 to 74.6) in the pre-intervention year, to 58.1 (95% CI = 55.5 to 60.7) in the post-intervention year (P<0.001). In the final month, March 2016, the rate was 53.2, a 24.3% reduction on the pre-intervention rate.

Conclusion

This simple and generalisable intervention, enabling ordering of a single ALT combined with information recommending prudent rather than periodic testing, reduced full LFT testing by 24.3% in people on statins. This is likely to have patient benefit at reduced cost.
Design of Meyer’s Theory-based High Quality Piano Multi-media System
Authors: Li Pengfei
Published: January 2017

Based on the current situation of the development of multi-media technology and its application in colleges and universities, this paper selected high-quality multi-media hardware devices suitable for the piano curriculum, followed Meyer’s principles for multi-media instruction design, and designed a multi-media through the visualization of multi-media information, promotion of necessary cognitive processing, reduction of external cognitive processing, stimulation of generative cognitive processing and other information processing methods, to improve the information presentation ways and delivery strategies for multi-media teaching software. To a certain extent, the system prevents teachers from neglecting learners’ cognitive mechanism when processing information for their multi-media teaching software, and also improves the multi-media teaching effect of music-oriented courses, thereby having important guiding significance for multi-media teaching as well as the design and production of teaching software. Meanwhile, it provides theoretical and statistical support for the application of high-quality multi-media teaching system in music-oriented courses and college education.
TVET in Developing Nations and Human Development
Authors: Okolie Ugochukwu Chinonso , Yasin Asfa M.
Published: January 2017

This chapter discussed technical and vocational education training (TVET) and human development in developing nations. It presented TVET as a twin term which may be considered to mean same, supports basic education, life skills and enables achievement of high education standards, leadership, preparation for industry-defined work and advanced continuing education. Objectives of TVET were highlighted and challenges facing the smooth delivery of the programme in developing countries as well as solutions to the identified problems were discussed. It also provided readers with knowledge about how TVET can assist individuals become self reliant, creative, flexible, desire for achievement, ambition, trustworthy, reliable and agent of positive, capable of contributing to national growth and development.
A Six Sigma DMAIC Process for Supplier Performance Evaluation using AHP and Kano's Model
Authors: Fırat Seniye Ümit Oktay , Akan Mahmure Övül Arıoğlu , Ersoy Ece , Gök Serpil , Ünal Uğur
Published: January 2017

The suppliers, which are one of the most important actors in the supply chain, have a significant effect on the performances of their customer firms. Hence, supplier performance evaluation has become a competitive tool in today's goods and service producing industries. This paper presents a supplier performance evaluation process developed using the Six Sigma Define – Measure – Analyse – Improve – Control (DMAIC) methodology. The proposed process has been applied in a central services company, where the suppliers had never been evaluated before. To this end, first of all, the evaluation criteria have been defined through brainstorming and meetings within the company, then weighted with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and categorized according to Kano's Model. Afterwards, suppliers have been scored and classified based on a proposed methodology using a modified version of Kano's model, and thus, the proposed process has proven to be useful in real life industrial applications.
Microstructure of Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Coating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by a Solution Treatment
Authors: Bao Quan He , Zhao Li Qing , Jing He Min , Xu Qiang
Published: January 2017

HA and HA/Col were prepared by a solution treatment on AZ31 magnesium alloy. The microstructure and composition of coatings were studied by SEM, XRD. In vitro study was performed by immersion the sample In Hank’s solution for 7 days. The H2 evolution of the HA/col coating was as low as 0.24 ml/cm2 which can insignificant increase the corrosion resistance of AZ31.
Novel Nanocrystal Clay Materials with Potential Bone Cells Growth Enhancement or Inhibition Characteristics In Vitro
Authors: Tiburu Elvis K. , Kankpeyeng Benjamin W. , Nkumbaan Samuel N. , Salifu Ali , Zhuang Jain Qin
Published: January 2017

The application of clay nanocrystals in healing has gained notoriety in recent years. The objective of this work was to investigate whether two medical clay nanocrystals obtained from different geographical locations could exhibit differential cell growth. X-ray diffraction analyses of both nanocrystal materials revealed orthorhombic chamosite structure with lattice parameters: a =15 Å, b= 8 Å and c=7 Å whereas energy dispersive x-ray results showed the presence of Al, Si, Fe and O in both materials. However the porosity measurements of the two materials revealed different pore structures. Both materials were tested on human fetal osteoblast cells and the results showed differential cell growth in vitro. The results underscore the significance of pore structures in cell response as against the chemical composition or the structure of the material. Future mechanistic evaluation would be conducted to better understand the pathways leading to the increased/decrease osteoblast adhesion and proliferation by these materials and possible modification of the clay materials for biomedical applications.
A Fast Shift-Splitting Iteration Method for Nonsymmetric Saddle Point Problems
Authors: Dou Quan-Yu , Yin Jun-Feng , Liao Ze-Yu
Published: January 2017

Based on the shift-splitting technique and the idea of Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting, a fast shift-splitting iteration method is proposed for solving nonsingular and singular nonsymmetric saddle point problems in this paper. Convergence and semi-convergence of the proposed iteration method for nonsingular and singular cases are carefully studied, respectively. Numerical experiments are implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Clinician Survey to Determine Knowledge of Dengue and Clinical Management Practices, Texas, 2014
Authors: Adam Jessica K. , Abeyta Roman , Smith Brian , Gaul Linda , Thomas Dana L. , Han George , Sharp Tyler M. , Waterman Stephen H. , Tomashek Kay M.
Published: January 2017

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease, is increasingly being identified as a cause of outbreaks in the United States. During July–December 2013, a total of three south Texas counties reported 53 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases; 26 were locally acquired, constituting the largest outbreak in Texas since 2005. Because dengue outbreaks are expected to continue in south Texas and early case identification and timely treatment can reduce mortality, we sought to determine clinicians' knowledge of dengue and its clinical management. A survey was sent to 2,375 south Texas clinicians; 217 (9%) completed the survey. Approximately half of participants demonstrated knowledge needed to identify dengue cases, including symptoms (56%), early indicators of shock (54%), or timing of thrombocytopenia (48%). Fewer than 20% correctly identified all prevention messages, severe dengue warning signs, or circumstances in which a dengue patient should return for care. Knowledge of clinical management was limited; few participants correctly identified scenarios when plasma leakage occurred (10%) or a crystalloid solution was indicated (7%); however, 45% correctly identified when a blood transfusion was indicated. Because of the ongoing threat of dengue, we recommend clinicians in south Texas receive dengue clinical management training.
Bone microstructure and diagenesis of saurischian dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Neuquén Group), Argentina
Authors: Previtera Elena
Published: January 2017

The Neuquén Basin in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina, holds the most important record of Cretaceous dinosaurs in South America.The Neuquén Group (Upper Cretaceous) is the richest dinosaur-bearing unit of the basin. It comprises the Río Limay, the Río Neuquén and the Río Colorado subgroups. In this study, dinosaur remains from the Río Neuquén and the Río Colorado subgroups outcropping in Mendoza are examined. In this group, isolated, disarticulated or partially articulated sauropods and theropods are abundant. However, little is known about the diagenetic history of fossil assemblages. In southern Mendoza, three fossiliferous sites were found in the areas of Paso de las Bardas (Quebrada Norte) and Cerro Guillermo (CG1, CG2). This study aims to add to the knowledge of diagenetic processes involving dinosaur remains from the Neuquén Group, as well as their relation to the depositional environment. Histologic features and diagenetic processes of dinosaur bones were analyzed through thin sections in order to interpret the degree of taphonomic alteration. The fossil-diagenetic processes inferred include substitution, fracturing, plastic deformation and different permineralization events. Combined analyses through X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and petrographic studies reveal the substitution of hydroxyapatite by francolite. The presence of fluorine -in one of the cases- suggests a link between the elemental composition and depositional environments: floodplain and fluvial channel. Permineralization stages include infilling of vascular canals, trabeculae and fractures with iron oxides and iron carbonate minerals during the burial history. This contribution represents an integral approach to the study of Cretaceous dinosaurs for assessing the diagenetic changes in the bone microstructure and the differential preservation of fossil remains in fluvial environments.
Your teaching strategy matters: how engagement impacts application in health information literacy instruction
Authors: Johnson Heather A. , Barrett Laura C.
Published: January 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare two pedagogical methods, active learning and passive instruction, to determine which is more useful in helping students to achieve the learning outcomes in a one-hour research skills instructional session.Methods: Two groups of high school students attended an instructional session to learn about consumer health resources and strategies to enhance their searching skills. The first group received passive instruction, and the second engaged in active learning. We assessed both groups’ learning using 2 methods with differing complexity. A total of 59 students attended the instructional sessions (passive instruction, n=28; active learning, n=31).Results: We found that the active learning group scored more favorably in four assessment categories.Conclusions: Active learning may help students engage with and develop a meaningful understanding of several resources in a single session. Moreover, when using a complex teaching strategy, librarians should be mindful to gauge learning using an equally complex assessment method.
Caracterización del Programa Productivo Alimentario “Hambre Cero”. (PPA) en el marco del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano (PNDH) de Estelí, Nicaragua
Authors: Méndez Polanco Elda Dalila , Rodríguez Centeno Keyling Del Carmen , Carrasco Zavala Naty Jaziel , Pérez Castillo Katherine Ninoska , Castillo Herrera Beverly
Published: January 2017

El presente estudio caracteriza el Programa Productivo Alimentario mejor conocido como “Hambre Cero” en la ciudad de Estelí, Nicaragua. El estudio lo realizamos por medio de entrevistas a los coordinadores del Programa a nivel departamental y a sus beneficiarios, también, a través de bibliografías citadas. Este programa surge como la implementación de una política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional que es justificada en Nicaragua, donde entre 2003 y 2005 un 22% de la población estaba todavía sub-nutrida, según las cifras de la FAO. Para tal fin el Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional (GRUN) creo el Programa Productivo Alimentario. El objetivo del PPA en sus inicios fue erradicar el hambre, la desnutrición crónica, la pobreza extrema y el desempleo en 75,000 familias rurales pobres, mediante el incremento cuantitativo de la producción y el consumo de alimentos proteicos. Este es uno de los programas más emblemáticos y propagandizados por el actual gobierno como su respuesta principal a las necesidades de las familias campesinas especialmente de las mujeres. Se le presenta como un programa de empoderamiento de las mujeres, ya que la asignación de recursos está dirigida a la mujer de la familia. El programa busca contribuir a reducir la desnutrición y a capitalizar a las familias mediante la comercialización de los productos. En el diseño, es un programa de transferencia en forma de bienes y animales que posteriormente deben reintegrar hasta en un 20%, que será para su propio beneficio, ya que les permite a las mujeres organizarse en cooperativas o emprender su propio negocio. Dentro de los principales resultados están: el 70% de protagonistas producen y venden sus excedentes, están organizados en 1,681 núcleos solidarios con ellos se han creado 295 cooperativas en las que están integradas 8,111 familias y han generado un fondo revolvente de casi cien millones de córdobas.
Development of Participative Management System in Learning Environment Management for Small Sized Primary Schools
Authors: Hernthaisong Prasertsak , Sirisuthi Chaiyuth , Wisetrinthong Kanjana
Published: January 2017

The research aimed to: 1) study the factors of a participative management system in learning environment management, 2) study the current situation, desirable outcomes, and further needs for developing a participative management system in learning management, 3) develop a working participative management system, and 4) assess the system’s viability by studying the findings from usage of the system in the context of a small sized primary school. Research and Development process was implemented by analyzing the documents, theoretical approaches and related research literature. Then, the chosen factors used in the system were investigated by seven experts. The current situation, desirable outcomes, and further needs for developing a participative management system in learning environment management for small sized primary schools were studied by using a questionnaire that asked participants for their opinions, measuring using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed by calculating the Mean, Standard Deviation, and (PNImodified). The development of the system was implemented by conducting field trip studies in schools recommended for their effective learning management system and use of best practices. The system was outlined, and the handbook was provided to implement the system. In addition, the propriety of both the proposed system and its handbook was investigated by nine experts. The results show that 21 sub-factors were considered in the development of the participative management system in learning environment management for small sized primary schools. These included six input factors, six process factors, seven product factors, and two feedback factors, each of which were assessed at the highest level of propriety by the panel of experts. The overall current situation was judged to be at a “Moderate” level of propriety, and the sense of desirable outcomes was assessed at the highest level of propriety. The needs for further development were ranked in order from high to low as follows: feedback factor, input factor, product factor, and process factor respectively. The system evaluative finding by experts found that in the overall propriety was assessed at the highest level. The standards of feasibility, propriety, utility, and system design were all rated at the highest level. In addition, the handbook for system implementation was also found to be at the highest level of propriety.
Barriers to Education and School Attainment—Evidence from Secondary Schools in Rural Nepal
Authors: Neupane Pramila
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the inequality in secondary school attainment and its determinants across gender, caste, and ethnic group in rural Nepal. Using the primary data from a questionnaire survey, a series of interviews, and school observations, this study found that girls’ school attainment is significantly lower than that of boys’. Similarly, Dalit (the lowest caste) and Janajati (indigenous, disadvantaged ethnic groups) students’ school attainment is considerably lower than that of Brahman and Chhetri (high caste and privileged ethnic groups) students. Furthermore, the regression analysis using the education production function approach revealed that household chores, father’s education, land sufficiency, student/teacher ratio, and local caste/ethnic composition are significant determinants affecting students’ school attainment. However, students’ desired level of education and the number of siblings they have were insignificant in this study. The results indicate that policy for inclusive education should be based on the local socio-cultural environment, especially with regard to the caste/ethnic composition of the local community.