bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the anti-damping spin torque efficacy of platinum by interface modification
Authors: Nguyen Minh-Hai , Pai Chi-Feng , Nguyen Kayla X. , Muller David A. , Ralph D. C. , Buhrman R. A.
Published: June 2015

We report a strong enhancement of the efficacy of the spin Hall effect (SHE) of Pt for exerting anti-damping spin torque on an adjacent ferromagnetic layer by the insertion of ≈0.5 nm layer of Hf between a Pt film and a thin, ≤2 nm, Fe60Co20B20 ferromagnetic layer. This enhancement is quantified by measurement of the switching current density when the ferromagnetic layer is the free electrode in a magnetic tunnel junction. The results are explained as the suppression of spin pumping through a substantial decrease in the effective spin-mixing conductance of the interface, but without a concomitant reduction of the ferromagnet's absorption of the SHE generated spin current.
GaAs1−yBiy Raman signatures: illuminating relationships between the electrical and optical properties of GaAs1−yBiy and Bi incorporation
Authors: Li Jincheng , Forghani Kamran , Guan Yingxin , Jiao Wenyuan , Kong Wei , Collar Kristen , Kim Tong-Ho , Kuech Thomas F. , Brown April S.
Published: June 2015

We report the use of two Raman signatures, the Bi-induced longitudinal-optical-plasmon-coupled (LOPC) mode and the GaAs Fröhlich scattering intensity, present in nominally undoped (100) GaAs1−yBiy to predict the 300K photoluminescence intensity and Bi composition (y) in GaAs1−yBiy. The LOPC mode is used to calculate the hole concentration in GaAs1−yBiy epitaxial layers. A linear relationship between hole concentration and photoluminescence intensity is found for a range of samples grown at various temperatures and growth rates. In addition, the composition (y) of Bi in GaAs1−yBiy is also found to be linearly related to the GaAs Fröhlich scattering intensity.
Influence of oxygen partial pressure on the microstructural and magnetic properties of Er-doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Chen Wei-Bin , Liu Xue-Chao , Li Fei , Chen Hong-Ming , Zhou Ren-Wei , Shi Er-Wei
Published: June 2015

Er-doped ZnO thin films have been prepared by using inductively coupled plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition at different O2:Ar gas flow ratio (R = 0:30, 1:30, 1:15, 1:10 and 1:6). The influence of oxygen partial pressure on the structural, optical and magnetic properties was studied. It is found that an appropriate oxygen partial pressure (R=1:10) can produce the best crystalline quality with a maximum grain size. The internal strain, estimated by fitting the X-ray diffraction peaks, varied with oxygen partial pressure during growth. PL measurements show that plenty of defects, especially zinc vacancy, exist in Er-doped ZnO films. All the samples show room-temperature ferromagnetism. Importantly, the saturation magnetization exhibits similar dependency on oxygen partial pressure with the internal strain, which indicates that internal strain has an important effect on the magnetic properties of Er-doped ZnO thin films.
Dual-gated tunable absorption in graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial
Authors: Ning Renxia , Liu Shaobin , Zhang Haifeng , Jiao Zheng
Published: June 2015

The use of a dual-gated tunable absorber in graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial (GHMM) in the near-infrared frequency range was investigated. The horizontal and vertical parts for relative permittivity of GHMM, which consists of monolayer graphene and conventional dielectric, were tuned using the chemical potential. To obtain a large absorption, GHMM was placed on top of a stacked structure containing dielectric and graphene layers and a copper reflector was placed at the bottom. The dual-gated absorber had multiband absorption, which was tuned using the chemical potential of graphene and GHMM. This study focuses on the variation of the absorption with change in the chemical potential and dielectric thickness. The results show that multiband absorption could be attained when chemical potential and dielectric thickness was changed. Broadband absorption could be generated when the frequency ranged from 215 THz to 250 THz. This phenomenon may be valuable for a variety of important applications including optical communication technology and near-infrared stealth communication.
Electrical and thermal properties of polycrystalline Si thin films with phononic crystal nanopatterning for thermoelectric applications
Authors: Nomura Masahiro , Kage Yuta , Müller David , Moser Dominik , Paul Oliver
Published: June 2015

Electrical and thermal properties of polycrystalline Si thin films with two-dimensional phononic patterning were investigated at room temperature. Electrical and thermal conductivities for the phononic crystal nanostructures with a variety of radii of the circular holes were measured to systematically investigate the impact of the nanopatterning. The concept of phonon-glass and electron-crystal is valid in the investigated electron and phonon transport systems with the neck size of 80 nm. The thermal conductivity is more sensitive than the electrical conductivity to the nanopatterning due to the longer mean free path of the thermal phonons than that of the charge carriers. The values of the figure of merit ZT were 0.065 and 0.035, and the enhancement factors were 2 and 4 for the p-doped and n-doped phononic crystals compared to the unpatterned thin films, respectively, when the characteristic size of the phononic crystal nanostructure is below 100 nm. The greater enhancement factor of ZT for the n-doped sample seems to result from the strong phonon scattering by heavy phosphorus atoms at the grain boundaries.
A nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester for various mechanical motions
Authors: Fan Kangqi , Chang Jianwei , Pedrycz Witold , Liu Zhaohui , Zhu Yingmin
Published: June 2015

This study presents a nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester with intent to scavenge energy from diverse mechanical motions. The harvester consists of four piezoelectric cantilever beams, a cylindrical track, and a ferromagnetic ball, with magnets integrated to introduce the magnetic coupling between the ball and the beams. The experimental results demonstrate that the harvester is able to collect energy from various directions of vibrations. For the vibrations perpendicular to the ground, the maximum peak voltage is increased by 3.2 V and the bandwidth of the voltage above 4 V is increased by more than 4 Hz compared to the results obtained when using a conventional design. For the vibrations along the horizontal direction, the frequency up-conversion is realized through the magnetic coupling. Moreover, the proposed design can harvest energy from the sway motion around different directions on the horizontal plane. Harvesting energy from the rotation motion is also achieved with an operating bandwidth of approximately 6 Hz.
Structure, Chemical Composition, and Catalytic Behaviour of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric LaMnO3 Toward Deep Oxidation of Ethanol
Authors: Ramzi Hammami , Batis Habib
Published: June 2015

A series of structurally modified LarMnO3±δ (r = 0.80, 1.00, 1.25) perovskites have been investigated for ethanol deep oxidation in the temperature range 100–300°C. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), redox titration and CO2 adsorption. All samples are single perovskite phases without segregated phases. For La- and Mn-under-stoichiometric samples, the defects generated to maintain structure electroneutrality are positive holes and anion vacancies whereas for stoichiometric solids, the defects are positive holes and cation vacancies. The surface oxidation state and composition are critically controlled by the phase composition of the bulk. XPS results showed that the decrease in bulk La/Mn ratio induced a decrease in surface La enrichment. A concomitant decrease of basic site concentration was shown by CO2 adsorption. With lower surface La content, excess Mn sites and increasing concentrations of surface Mn4+ were observed. Catalytic properties in the oxidation reaction of ethanol are attributed to the variability of the manganese oxidation state, basic character of the material surface, which is related to the La/Mn atomic ratio, and to the oxygen storage capacity in the crystalline lattice of the catalysts. It was shown that La0.8MnO3–δ presents the best catalytic activity, due to low surface basicity (lowest La/Mn ratio) and high redox properties (highest Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio).
Interaction of the transforming growth factor-β and Notch signaling pathways in the regulation of granulosa cell proliferation
Authors: Sun Xiao-Feng , Sun Xing-Hong , Cheng Shun-Feng , Wang Jun-Jie , Feng Yan-Ni , Zhao Yong , Yin Shen , Hou Zhu-Mei , Shen Wei , Zhang Xi-Feng
Published: June 2015

The Notch and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathways play an important role in granulosa cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between these two signalling pathways are unknown. Herein we demonstrated a functional synergism between Notch and TGF-β signalling in the regulation of preantral granulosa cell (PAGC) proliferation. Activation of TGF-β signalling increased hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 2 gene (Hey2) expression (one of the target genes of the Notch pathway) in PAGCs, and suppression of TGF-β signalling by Smad3 knockdown reduced Hey2 expression. Inhibition of the proliferation of PAGCs by N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butylester (DAPT), an inhibitor of Notch signalling, was rescued by both the addition of ActA and overexpression of Smad3, indicating an interaction between the TGF-β and Notch signalling pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to identify the point of interaction between the two signalling pathways. CoIP showed direct protein–protein interaction between Smad3 and Notch2 intracellular domain (NICD2), whereas ChIP showed that Smad3 could be recruited to the promoter regions of Notch target genes as a transcription factor. Therefore, the findings of the present study support the idea that nuclear Smad3 protein can integrate with NICD2 to form a complex that acts as a transcription factor to bind specific DNA motifs in Notch target genes, such as Hey1 and Hey2, and thus participates in the transcriptional regulation of Notch target genes, as well as regulation of the proliferation of PAGCs.
IL-1R signaling enables bystander cells to overcome bacterial blockade of host protein synthesis
Authors: Copenhaver Alan M. , Casson Cierra N. , Nguyen Hieu T. , Duda Matthew M. , Shin Sunny
Published: June 2015

Significance

Pathogens use virulence factors to inhibit key immune cell functions and would be expected to impair immune responses to infection. However, immune responses are still generated against infection, suggesting that the immune system has evolved mechanisms for overcoming pathogenic activity. Here, we demonstrate that cells infected with
Legionella pneumophila
synthesize IL-1 despite a pathogen-imposed block in host translation, but are unable to produce other critical cytokines. IL-1 signaling allows uninfected bystander cells to produce protective cytokines. Our data thus demonstrate a key role for communication between infected and uninfected bystander cells in overcoming pathogenic activities. This mechanism of immune activation has broad significance for our understanding of how successful immune responses are generated against pathogens.
Quantum tunneling observed without its characteristic large kinetic isotope effects
Authors: Hama Tetsuya , Ueta Hirokazu , Kouchi Akira , Watanabe Naoki
Published: June 2015

Significance

Quantum tunneling, an important phenomenon in many surface and interfacial chemical processes, is strongly dependent on the isotope of the tunneling atom. However, surface tunneling during the hydrogenation/deuteration of solid benzene at 15–25 K is accompanied by an almost semiclassical kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1–1.5, which is much lower than that intrinsic to tunneling (≳100), because isotopically insensitive surface diffusion of the adsorbed atoms controls the chemical kinetics. Our results suggest that tunneling has been unrecognized in studies of the chemistry of condensed phases, and small-KIE tunneling may account for the unexplained fast reactions of hydrogen and deuterium observed in surface/interface chemical systems such as aerosols, enzymes, and interstellar dust grains.
New chronology for Ksâr ‘Akil (Lebanon) supports Levantine route of modern human dispersal into Europe
Authors: Bosch Marjolein D. , Mannino Marcello A. , Prendergast Amy L. , O’Connell Tamsin C. , Demarchi Beatrice , Taylor Sheila M. , Niven Laura , van der Plicht Johannes , Hublin Jean-Jacques
Published: June 2015

Significance

Bayesian modeling of AMS radiocarbon dates on the marine mollusk
Phorcus turbinatus
from Ksâr ‘Akil (Lebanon) indicates that the earliest presence of Upper Paleolithic (UP) modern humans in the Levant predates 45,900 cal B.P. Similarities in early UP lithic technology and material culture suggest population dispersals between the Levant and Europe around 50,000–40,000 cal B.P. Our data confirm the presence of modern humans carrying a UP toolkit in the Levant prior to any known European modern human fossils and allow rejection of recent claims that European UP modern humans predate those in the Levant. This result, in turn, suggests the Levant served as a corridor for the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa and into Eurasia.
Microbial invasion of the Caribbean by an Indo-Pacific coral zooxanthella
Authors: Pettay D. Tye , Wham Drew C. , Smith Robin T. , Iglesias-Prieto Roberto , LaJeunesse Todd C.
Published: June 2015

Significance

This research documents the spread of an opportunistic coral endosymbiont,
Symbiodinium trenchii
, from the Indo-Pacific into the Greater Caribbean, a region afflicted by human-related impacts including climate warming and environmental degradation. As a symbiont, it increases the resilience of photosynthetic corals to environmental perturbation but may diminish the animal’s capacity to calcify and build reefs. This work exposes a critical need to better understand the consequences of microbial introductions (even mutualistic species) on ecosystem stability and function and raises questions about the long-term impact of new, but maladapted, symbioses on the productivity of reef coral communities in the Atlantic Ocean.
DNA metabarcoding illuminates dietary niche partitioning by African large herbivores
Authors: Kartzinel Tyler R. , Chen Patricia A. , Coverdale Tyler C. , Erickson David L. , Kress W. John , Kuzmina Maria L. , Rubenstein Daniel I. , Wang Wei , Pringle Robert M.
Published: June 2015

Significance

Theory holds that sympatric large mammalian herbivores (LMH) must partition food resources to coexist, and traditional frameworks categorize LMH along a spectrum from grass-eating grazers to non–grass-eating browsers. Yet it has never been clear how finely LMH partition the enormous species diversity subsumed within these two broad plant types. By sequencing plant DNA from LMH fecal samples, we analyzed the diets of an LMH assemblage in Kenya. Diet composition was similar within species and strongly divergent across species, irrespective of feeding guild: Grazers ate similar total amounts of grass but different suites of grass species. These results suggest that species-specific plant traits may be key to understanding the dietary differences thought to underpin LMH diversity.
Amphetamine modulates brain signal variability and working memory in younger and older adults
Authors: Garrett Douglas D. , Nagel Irene E. , Preuschhof Claudia , Burzynska Agnieszka Z. , Marchner Janina , Wiegert Steffen , Jungehülsing Gerhard J. , Nyberg Lars , Villringer Arno , Li Shu-Chen , Heekeren Hauke R. , Bäckman Lars , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: June 2015

Significance

Younger, better performing adults typically show greater brain signal variability than older, poorer performers, but the mechanisms underlying this observation remain elusive. We attempt to restore deficient functional-MRI–based blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability (SD
BOLD
) levels in older adults by boosting dopamine via
d
-amphetamine (AMPH). Notably, older adults met or exceeded young adult SD
BOLD
levels under AMPH. AMPH-driven changes in SD
BOLD
also predicted AMPH-driven changes in reaction time speed and variability on a working memory task, but depended greatly on age and drug administration order. These findings (
i
) suggest that dopamine may account for adult age differences in brain signal variability and (
ii
) highlight the importance of considering practice effects and state dependencies when evaluating the neurochemical basis of age- and cognition-related brain dynamics.
Histone chaperone Anp32e removes H2A.Z from DNA double-strand breaks and promotes nucleosome reorganization and DNA repair
Authors: Gursoy-Yuzugullu Ozge , Ayrapetov Marina K. , Price Brendan D.
Published: June 2015

Significance

DNA is wrapped around nucleosomes, so that repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires significant nucleosome reorganization. Nucleosome reorganization requires exchange of histone H2A.Z. This work reveals that H2A.Z only transiently accumulates at breaks and demonstrates that Anp32, a histone chaperone, is recruited to DNA breaks and removes H2A.Z from the nucleosomes. Further, removal of H2A.Z from the intact nucleosome by Anp32 promotes acetylation of histone H4, remodels the local chromatin, and facilitates DNA repair. The dynamic exchange and removal of H2A.Z by Anp32e is therefore critical for chromatin reorganization at DSBs. Further, modulation of the nucleosome surface by Anp32e directs histone modification, recruitment of repair proteins, and the processing and repair of DSBs.
Body composition in
Pan paniscus
compared with
Homo sapiens
has implications for changes during human evolution
Authors: Zihlman Adrienne L. , Bolter Debra R.
Published: June 2015

Significance

During human evolution, the body changed in shape, partially to accommodate bipedal locomotion. Concurrently, brain size underwent a three-fold increase recorded in evidence from fossils and from comparative anatomy of chimpanzees,
Homo sapiens
’ closest living relatives. Because soft tissues like muscle, skin, and fat do not fossilize, and little information is available on these components for the genus
Pan
, reconstructing tissue changes has primarily relied on what is known about humans. This study presents unique quantitative data on major body components of muscle, bone, skin, and fat of 13 bonobos (
Pan paniscus
) for interpreting evolutionary forces that have shaped the human form for survival in a savanna mosaic environment.
Focusing and sustaining the antitumor CTL effector killer response by agonist anti-CD137 mAb
Authors: Weigelin Bettina , Bolaños Elixabet , Teijeira Alvaro , Martinez-Forero Ivan , Labiano Sara , Azpilikueta Arantza , Morales-Kastresana Aizea , Quetglas José I. , Wagena Esther , Sánchez-Paulete Alfonso Rodríguez , Chen Lieping , Friedl Peter , Melero Ignacio
Published: June 2015

Significance

Immunotherapy of cancer with immunomodulatory agents is achieving significant efficacy in an important fraction of patients. The stimulatory inducible receptor of T and NK lymphocytes known as CD137 or 4-1BB is being stimulated with agonist antibodies to enhance antitumor immunity in clinical trials. In addition, the intracellular signaling domain of CD137 is crucial as a component of successful anti-leukemia therapies with chimeric antigen receptors transduced into adoptively transferred T lymphocytes. In this study the marked synergistic effects of adoptive T cell and agonist anti-CD137 mAb therapies are studied, providing in vivo evidence for improved, more sustained and focused tumoricidal functions of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes when under the influence of CD137-targeted pharmacological stimulation with immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies.
Temperature dependence of amino acid hydrophobicities
Authors: Wolfenden Richard , Lewis Charles A. , Yuan Yang , Carter Charles W.
Published: June 2015

Significance

Systematic relationships have long been recognized between the hydrophobicities of amino acids and (
i
) their tendencies to be located at the exposed surfaces of globular and membrane proteins and (
ii
) the composition of their triplets in the genetic code. Here, we show that the same coding relationships are compatible with the high temperatures at which life is widely believed to have originated. An accompanying paper reports that these two properties appear to be encoded separately by bases in the acceptor stem and the anticodon of tRNA.
tRNA acceptor stem and anticodon bases form independent codes related to protein folding
Authors: Carter Charles W. , Wolfenden Richard
Published: June 2015

Significance

The universal genetic code is the earliest point to which we can trace biological inheritance. Earlier work hinted at a relationship between the codon bases and the physical properties of the 20 amino acids that dictate the 3D conformations of proteins in solution. Here, we show that acceptor stems and anticodons, which are at opposite ends of the tRNA molecule, code, respectively, for size and polarity. These two distinct properties of the amino acid side-chains jointly determine their preferred locations in folded proteins. The early appearance of an acceptor stem code based on size, β-branching, and carboxylate groups might have favored the appearance of antiparallel peptides that have been suggested to have a special affinity for RNA.
Integrating Nonnative Species in Niche Models to Prioritize Native Fish Restoration Activity Locations along a Desert River Corridor
Authors: Walsworth Timothy E. , Budy Phaedra
Published: June 2015

The efficient allocation of restoration resources is critical for the effective conservation of species. Here, we developed an ecological niche model to predict the response of three imperiled desert fishes to potential restoration actions along the longitudinal gradient of a desert river. The San Rafael River, Utah, is home to a complex of three endemic fishes (Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis, Bluehead Sucker C. discobolus, and Roundtail Chub Gila robusta; referred to as the “three species”). Like many Colorado River basin tributaries, the river is overallocated for human use, has experienced extensive physical degradation, and is now home to several nonnative fish species. To determine the factors most limiting to the three species, we first fit random forest models to fish CPUE and habitat data. We next combined these models with a longitudinal habitat survey and modeled nonnative species abundance to predict the continuous distribution of the three species in the lower San Rafael River, under current conditions and following simulated restoration. Nonnative fishes were important negative predictors of Flannelmouth Sucker and Bluehead Sucker relative abundance, and broadscale habitat variables were important positive predictors for all of the three species. Each of the three species was predicted to experience a significant increase in abundance following simulated eradication of nonnative fishes. Responses to simulated reach‐specific habitat restoration were dependent on the reach restored, demonstrating that the choice of restoration location is critical. Nonnative species removal and restoring degraded reaches near already suitable habitat were predicted to be the most beneficial to the three species. Ecological niche models developed at the river scale, and incorporating both physical and biotic predictor variables, can provide spatially explicit information that appropriately parallels the spatial distribution of the needs of endemic fishes and can facilitate effective management and conservation decisions.
Impulsivity in an Epidemiological Catchment Area Sample of the General Population: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Version 11a)
Authors: Weinstein Kerry , Crocker Anne G. , Ayllon Andrea Reyes , Caron Jean
Published: June 2015

Impulsivity is associated with aggression and major mental disorders. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) is arguably the most commonly administered self-report measure of impulsiveness. However, some confusion surrounding the versions of the BIS—in particular version 11a—can be seen in the extant literature, especially regarding differences in item content and factor structures. Furthermore, no study has validated the factor structure of the BIS-11a. Thus, our study aimed to support the BIS-11a's internal validity based on Barratt's (1994) original factor model. Data was collected through the southwest Montreal psychiatric epidemiological catchment area study (Caron, Fleury et al., 2012). Randomly selected participants completed the English ( n = 703) or French ( n = 1,450) BIS-11a. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that Barratt's factor structure fit both language versions almost identically well. However, results suggest that a higher order factor structure might be optimal. This marks the first study to explore the BIS-11a's psychometric properties with a large general population sample, using both English and French versions of the scale. This is also the first study to bring to light that certain versions of the BIS, and their respective properties, are being misreported. As such, we hope to clarify the distinctions between the various versions for future research.
Predictors of Severe and Repeated Aggression in a Maximum-Security Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Bader Shannon M. , Evans Sean E.
Published: June 2015

Institutional aggression within forensic psychiatric facilities is a common problem that has not been adequately researched. Several studies have shown that a relatively small portion of the at-risk patient population is responsible for the majority of inpatient aggression. The present study compared a sample of forensic inpatients who engaged in repeated and severe aggression towards staff or peers with a sample of non-aggressive inpatients that were matched for age, gender, legal commitment type, and hospital length of stay. The discriminant model correctly predicted 74.2% of those classified as perpetrating severe and repeated aggression and 87.1% of those classified as non-aggressive within the institution. The model accounted for 51% of the variance. The predictors included variables traditionally associated with violence risk, such as the presence of a personality disorder. However, the model also included suicide attempts and psychiatric hospitalization as a juvenile; two predictors that have not been commonly included in community violence measures. These findings identify unique predictors of highly aggressive patients who cause serious injuries to other patients and staff. The early identification and management of individuals with increased risk for severe and repeated aggression is an important consideration for triaging inpatients at risk for this type of aggression.
Elucidating the Complex Associations between Psychopathy and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from the Perspective of Trait Negative Affectivity
Authors: Sellbom Martin
Published: June 2015

The current study examined associations between psychopathy, its two facets of fearless-dominance and impulsive-antisociality, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. It was hypothesized that the psychopathy facets would show respective differential negative and positive associations with PTSD symptoms; in turn, these associations were expected to be fully accounted for by negative affectivity. In a sample of 481 university students, psychopathy traits were differentially associated with PTSD symptoms as expected. Using structural equation modeling, it was found that negative affectivity explained 76% of the shared variance for PTSD and impulsive-antisociality; it accounted for 80% of the observed negative association between PTSD and fearless-dominance.
Melatonin inhibits granulocyte adhesion to ICAM via MT3/QR2 and MT2 receptors
Authors: Černyšiov Vitalij , Mauricas Mykolas , Girkontaite Irute
Published: June 2015

Neutrophils are cells of the innate immune system that first respond and arrive to the site of infection. Melatonin modulates acute inflammatory responses by interfering with leukocyte recruitment. It is known that melatonin modulates granulocyte migration though the endothelial layer thereby acting on the endothelial cell. Here we investigated whether melatonin could modulate granulocyte infiltration by acting directly on granulocytes. Granulocyte infiltration into the peritoneal cavity was investigated in mice kept at normal light/dark conditions and mice kept under constant lighting. To induce migration of neutrophils from the blood into the injury site via the endothelial layer, a bacterial product N-formyl-l-methionyl- l-leucyl- l-phenylalanine (fMLP) was injected into the peritoneal cavity. We found that the number of infiltrated granulocytes during the dark time was lower than that during the light time. It did not depend on circadian time. Moreover, the expression of an adhesion molecule, CD18, on granulocytes, was also lower during the dark time as compared with the light time. We have found that melatonin inhibited fMLP-induced CD18 up-regulation. Importantly, melatonin also inhibited the integrin-mediated granulocyte adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule-coated plates. This study additionally showed that melatonin receptors MT2 and MT3/quinone reductase 2 (QR2) are expressed on granulocytes. Interestingly, melatonin increases the expression of its MT3/QR2 receptor. The fMLP-mediated CD18 up-regulation was inhibited by melatonin via MT2 receptor and the integrin-mediated granulocyte adhesion was inhibited by melatonin via MT3/QR2 and MT2 receptors. In conclusion, we show that melatonin suppresses granulocyte migration via endothelium by acting directly on granulocytes.
Overcoming Your Eating Disorder: Workbook
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Based on the principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, this newly revised and updated online workbook will teach patients skills needed to overcome an eating disorder and establish healthy habits. Through daily self-monitoring, this online guide enables patients to regularize eating and expand the variety of foods consumed, maintaining a healthy weight, and reducing the desire to binge and purge. Also included are techniques for solving problems, challenging negative thoughts, and addressing concerns about weight and shape. It can also be used to share information with family and carers to help support the patient throughout the treatment process.
What Can You Expect from the Program?
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 covers what the patient can expect from the program, and includes an overview of the program, patient expectations, taking the patient's history, the CBT model of BN and BED, the rationale behind it, the use of the patient workbook, self-disclosure, and the structure of treatment (behavior change, identifying triggers, relapse prevention), session structure, self-monitoring, questions about starting treatment, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Overcoming Alcohol Problems: Workbook for Couples
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Alcohol abuse can have a devastating effect on a person's entire life, from work to social life to family relationships. The cycle of alcohol abuse is especially damaging when the individual is in a romantic relationship. When an individual in a relationship struggles with alcohol dependence, both partners suffer and the nature of the relationship can become stressful, dysfunctional, and sometimes violent. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has been proven to be an extremely effective method of treating alcohol abuse problems. Designed to be used in conjunction with formal therapy, this Workbook provides couples with all the materials they need to work with their therapist in treatment. It includes a treatment contract for both partners to sign, forms for monitoring progress and recording drinking episodes, problem-solving and cognitive restructuring exercises, and a relapse prevention plan.
Session 2: Functional Analysis / Noticing Positive Behavior
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 outlines Session 2 of the ABCT program. This session discusses processes to graph alcohol use and urges, and relationship satisfaction, as well as methods for functional (habit) analysis by identifying personal triggers and feelings, and their consequences. Exercises to encourage participants to notice positive behaviors in each other.
Session 3: High-Risk Hierarchy / Partner Functional Analysis Part I / Self-Management Plans
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 outlines Session 3 of the ABCT program, including the development of a hierarchy of high-risk situations, functional analysis relating to the partner’s behavior patterns, and exercises to identify the partner’s triggers and consequences. Self-management plans are also explored.
Session 5: Dealing with Urges / Decreasing Partner Triggers
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 outlines Session 5, which focuses on how to deal with urges to drink, and decreasing triggers that originate from the partner’s behavior. The partner’s role in dealing with urges is discussed, along with a review of skills that have been learned and progress that has been made. Participants are encouraged to reflect on how far they have come since the first session of treatment.
Session 6: Rearranging Behavioral Consequences / Shared Activities
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 outlines Session 6 of the ABCT program. This session focuses on rearranging behavioral consequences, the positive rewards that sobriety has resulted in so far, and how to increase these rewards. Positive alternatives to drinking and pleasurable activities that can be shared by the couple are also explored.
Session 10: Problem Solving / Relapse Prevention Part II
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 discusses Session 10 of the ABCT program, which explores problem solving techniques, including problem solving as a general coping skill, joint problem solving and processes for family meetings. Relapse prevention is also discussed, including ways to identify and manage the warning signs so as to avoid relapse.
Case Management Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the patient's life, in addition to PTSD. Two areas are emphasized: premorbid difficulties and the family system. Session outlines, including variations for meeting with the patient only, the parents only, or both patient and parents together, are presented.
Final Session Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 outlines the final module of the treatment program, and encourages the patient to compare how they feel today in comparison to the start of therapy, and discuss their feelings about ending treatment sessions.
Beginning Questions and Answers
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 considers depression and its treatment in further detail. This includes how primary and recency effects impact on how you feel, the BEAST (biology, emotions, activity, situations, thoughts) metaphor which will be used throughout this program, self-enhancement assignments, the use of medication, how to record and keep track of progress, how long the program will take, and motivation for change.
Taking Action: The A of the BEAST
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 explores the activity component of the BEAST model, and highlights several techniques for activities that can be used to lessen depression. This includes activity scheduling, with a particular focus on pleasant activities, identifying patterns associated with low moods, making the effort to change, and other action strategies (recovering lost activities, risk taking, graded tasks, social skills training) as well as relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), meditation, and patterned breathing).
Thoughts and Depression: The T of the BEAST
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 discusses the thoughts aspect of the BEAST model, which explores the cognitive triad (negative views of self, of the world, and of the future), cognitive distortions (including catastrophizing, emotional reasoning, overgeneralization, disqualifying the positive, selective abstraction), how to challenge negative thoughts using cognitive strategies (including reattribution, evidence questioning, decatastrophizing, bias labelling, scaling, and replacement imagery). The use of the Automatic Thought Record (ATR) to change thinking patterns and emotional distress is also explored, along with mindfulness and meditation techniques.
Final Words of Hope
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 concludes the Taming the BEAST therapy program, reviews strategies that have been learned to cope with any slips or relapses that may occur, and how to continue the progress that has been made in the treatment sessions independently following the termination of the program.
Introduction
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 presents background information on the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD), and discusses why the two disorders often coincide. The chapter also outlines Prolonged Exposure (PE) Therapy and how it works, the background to the COPE program and what it that program will involve.
Is This Program Right for You?
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 aims to help the patient determine if the COPE program is right for them. This includes a discussion of the characteristics of people for whom COPE has been designed, and strategies to enhance a patient’s motivation for treatment.
Session 3: Developing the In vivo Hierarchy and Craving Management
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 discusses session three of the COPE treatment program, which details the development of the in vivo exposure hierarchy and craving management. The patient will construct a hierarchy of exposure exercises based on the discomfort that each exercise will cause them using a subjective units of distress scale (SUDS). Strategies for managing cravings are also presented, such as avoiding triggers, distraction, focusing on negative consequences, and challenging your thoughts.
Session 7: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Managing High-Risk Thoughts
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 outlines session seven of the COPE treatment program, which involves an imaginal exposure exercise, and discusses strategies for managing high-risk thoughts (such as developing alternative ways of thinking, goal-directed thinking, and the use of perspective).
Introductory Information for Therapists
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides the therapist with introductory information on the program, reviews the COPE treatment and how it works, and discusses what type of patients are most appropriate for the COPE therapy. In addition, it provides the therapist with the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders.
Session 1: Introduction to COPE
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 1 of the COPE therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. It provides the therapist with an overview of the COPE treatment program and how it works, reviews the treatment contract, addresses goals for therapy, and guides the therapist on how to teach the breathing retraining exercise.
Session 6: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Awareness of High-Risk Thoughts
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 6 of the COPE therapy. The therapist will be guided in this chapter on how to address ‘hot spots.‘ Finally, the therapist will be guided on how to teach patients ways to increase their awareness and understanding of high-risk thoughts for using alcohol or drugs. The chapter reviews common high-risk thoughts for using (including PTSD-related thoughts), such as escape, crisis, relaxation, nostalgia, and testing control.
Session 8: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Refusal Skills
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 8 of the COPE therapy. This chapter instructs the therapist to conduct and process the imaginal exposure. The therapist is shown how to teach patients skills for effectively refusing offers to use alcohol or drugs, and a role-play is conducted during the session.
Session 10: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Anger Awareness
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 10 of the COPE therapy. This chapter instructs the therapist to conduct and process the imaginal exposure. Then, this chapter shows the therapist how to help patients increase their awareness and understanding of anger. The chapter instructs the therapist to review constructive and destructive anger, and triggers for anger (both PTSD- and substance use—related). Finally, this chapter instructs the therapist to teach the patient about daily wellness strategies to help keep anger levels at a minimum.
Introduction to Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 provides clinicians with a summary of the phenomenology and diagnostic aspects of hoarding, including comorbidity, demographic characteristics, prevalence and common accompanying features. This information provides basic background for understanding and diagnosing HD. Described in detail only two decades ago, hoarding disorder (HD) refers to excessive urges to save objects, with accompanying difficulty discarding or removing them from the home and extensive clutter that impairs functioning. Distress about the state of the home is common, and hoarding often affects those living with or near the person with HD. The condition is commonly accompanied by excessive acquiring behavior.
Evidence-Based Treatment for Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 2 includes a detailed description of a model for understanding hoarding disorder. This is followed by a brief review of recent research on specialized behavioural and cognitive strategies developed specifically to address hoarding problems derived from the model. These strategies include case formulation, treatment planning, motivational interviewing, skills training, practicing non-acquiring and discarding, and cognitive therapy interventions. This combination treatment has shown good, outcomes in studies of individual and group formats. The basic outline of the method and therapy format is noted and forms the basis for the next chapters in this therapist guide.
Case Formulation
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 encourages clinicians to work with clients to develop a clear formulation of how their hoarding and acquiring symptoms developed and why they persist. The conceptual formulation includes discussion of reasons for saving to clarify clients’ thoughts and beliefs about possessions. Clients learn to complete a brief Thought Record and fill out a form to identify locations and times of problematic acquiring. Extensive clinician-client dialog in case vignettes illustrates how to collect information to complete the conceptual model that will guide treatment. Included in the model is information about family and personal vulnerabilities to hoarding, cognitive processing problems, thoughts and beliefs, and positive and negative emotions that drive hoarding and acquiring behaviors. A graphic illustration of a hoarding model is provided, along with instructions for developing a functional analysis of acquiring behavior.
Reducing Acquiring
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 focuses on reducing client’s acquiring behaviors, with initial reference to the conceptual model for hoarding from chapter 4. Clinicians use forms to assist clients with questions about acquiring to help them with decision-making and the development of a hierarchy for graduated non-acquiring practice. A review of problematic thinking patterns and the downward arrow method to serious fears associated with not acquiring are drawn from cognitive therapy methods. Two scales are used to help clarify the difference between the actual need versus the wish to acquire items. Clients are helped to generate acquiring questions they can use when confronting urges to accumulate items, as well as alternative pleasurable activities that can replace enjoyment from acquiring.
Making Decisions About Saving and Discarding
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 helps facilitate clients’ discarding decisions. After reviewing the role of avoidance and habituation of discomfort, clinicians help clients engage in a thought listing exercise to clarify the thoughts that occur to them during decision-making about whether to keep or discard items. Clinicians help clients list questions to use and establish rules for keeping and discarding to facilitate decision-making. Other strategies include behavioural experiments to test beliefs, and practicing thought listing during in-home practice. Imagined discarding is part of a process of graduated saving and discarding exercises. Potential assistance in cleaning out clutter is discussed.
Complications in the Treatment of Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Steketee Gail , Frost Randy O.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 reviews a variety of potential complicating factors that may arise during the course of treatment of hoarding and acquiring problems. These cover the following topics: medical problems, financial needs, family responses and family members with hoarding, housing needs, safety problems, endangerment of children and elders living in or near the home, and animal care. In addition, people who hoard may suffer from comorbid mental health problems such as depression, generalized and social anxieties, OCD, attention deficits, stealing, trauma histories, and cognitive disabilities. Strategies for managing these problems are suggested.