bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical process parameter of alcoholic yeast fermentation: speed of sound and density in the temperature range 5–30 °C
Authors: Hoche Sven , Hussein Mohamed A. , Becker Thomas
Published: May 2014

To implement process analytical technology in beer manufacturing, a systematic study of the ternary system water–maltose–ethanol with respect to the critical process parameters, density, speed of sound and temperature was performed. The results are presented in the form of temperature and mass‐fraction‐dependent polynomial expressions. On average, a variation of 1% mass fraction maltose results in variations of 3.548 m s−1ultrasound velocity and 0.0041 g cm−³ density, whereas in the case of ethanol, the variations are 8.060 m s−1and −0.0018 g cm−3. Indeed, the relations are strictly nonlinear. Nevertheless, the determined data show the feasibility to predict online, concentrations of multicomponent mixtures of polar liquids by determining density and ultrasound velocity. With <0.1% error, the measured data show excellent agreement with reference data of binary mixtures as given in literature.
Effect of a novel induction food‐processing device in improving frying oil quality
Authors: Wenstrup Michael J. , Plans Marçal , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis E.
Published: May 2014

Producing quality fried snacks involves monitoring the chemical processes that occur during frying to control oil degradation. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a Novel Induction Food‐Processing Device (NIFPD) on the quality indices of frying oil. Under standard frying conditions, vegetable oil samples (corn and canola) were collected during a standardised frying cycle to test oxidative stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate and classify samples during the frying time, and standard reference methods used to monitor the oil stability included p‐anisidine value, free fatty acid content and CIELAB colour. The induction technology decreased the rate of free fatty acid and aldehyde formation. Tests also showed a marked effect on total colour difference between control and treatment (NIFPD), reducing colour degradation. Overall, our results showed that a patented induction device slows the rate of lipid degradation, resulting 7–20% reduction in formation rate of key quality parameters and significantly longer utilisation of frying oil.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Immigration Policies: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Bjerre Liv , Helbling Marc , Römer Friederike , Zobel Malisa
Published: May 2014

In the last decade, researchers have developed many innovative ideas for the construction of indices measuring immigration policies. Methodological considerations have, however, been largely absent from the discussion. To close this gap, this paper investigates the characteristics of existing indices by critically comparing and discussing them. We start by providing a definition of immigration policy which may serve as a benchmark when assessing the indices. By means of the analytical framework developed by Munck and Verkuilen (2002), which we adapt and customize for our analysis, we then evaluate the conceptualization, measurement, and aggregation, as well as the empirical scope of thirteen immigration policy indices. We discuss methodological strengths and weaknesses of the indices, how these affect the research questions that can be answered and what the next steps in index building within the field of immigration policy should be.
Destination Choices of Recent Pan–American Migrants: Opportunities, Costs, and Migrant Selectivity
Authors: Spörlein Christoph
Published: May 2014

This study examines the destination choices of pan-American migrants using census data for migrants from 23 Latin-American and Caribbean origin groups opting for one of ten North and South American destination countries. Descriptive findings suggests that Caribbean and Central American migrants overwhelmingly migrate to the United States, while South Americans are characterized by more diverse choice patterns. Using discrete choice models, the multivariate analysis shows that migrants are more likely to choose a country of destination which portrays a higher relative expected wage ratio, a lower relative income inequality, a smaller geographic as well as cultural distance, a larger co-ethnic community and policy conditions that are more favorable towards immigrants. The results also indicate that some of these characteristics lead to skill selection differentials. Accordingly, destinations are more likely to attract highly educated migrants if the co-ethnic community is small and relative political freedom, geographic distance and cultural distance are above average.
Application of a theoretical framework to foster a cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme
Authors: Wu C.‐J. (Jo) , Chang A.M.
Published: May 2014

Aim

This paper analyses and illustrates the application of Bandura's self‐efficacy construct to an innovative self‐management programme for patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.

Background

Using theory as a framework for any health intervention provides a solid and valid foundation for aspects of planning and delivering such an intervention; however, it is reported that many health behaviour intervention programmes are not based upon theory and are consequently limited in their applicability to different populations. The cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme has been specifically developed for patients with dual conditions with the strategies for delivering the programme based upon Bandura's self‐efficacy theory. This patient group is at greater risk of negative health outcomes than that with a single chronic condition and therefore requires appropriate intervention programmes with solid theoretical foundations that can address the complexity of care required.

Sources of Evidence

The cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme has been developed incorporating theory, evidence and practical strategies.

Discussion

This paper provides explicit knowledge of the theoretical basis and components of a cardiac‐diabetes self‐management programme. Such detail enhances the ability to replicate or adopt the intervention in similar or differing populations and/or cultural contexts as it provides in‐depth understanding of each element within the intervention.

Conclusion

Knowledge of the concepts alone is not sufficient to deliver a successful health programme. Supporting patients to master skills of self‐care is essential in order for patients to successfully manage two complex, chronic illnesses.

Implications for Nursing Practice or Health Policy

Valuable information has been provided to close the theory‐practice gap for more consistent health outcomes, engaging with patients for promoting holistic care within organizational and cultural contexts.
Enhanced High‐Frequency Properties of NiZn Ferrite Ceramic with Co2Z‐Hexaferrite Addition
Authors: Zheng Zongliang , Zhang Huaiwu , Yang Qinghui , Jia Lijun
Published: May 2014

Significantly enhanced dielectric and loss characteristics have been observed in Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite with various Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) addition (x). Compared with pure NiZn and Co2Z ferrites, the composite ceramics obtain much refined grains and notable high‐frequency characteristics. With the introduction of Co2Z into NiZn ferrite matrix, the resistivity is largely increased from the order of 106 Ω cm to the order of 108 Ω cm and the frequency stability of permittivity is dramatically enhanced. Co2Z addition obviously improves the magnetic quality factor Q and reduces the dielectric loss of the ceramics at high frequency. For the samples with x = 20−30 wt%, permittivity ε′ is almost unchanged from 1 MHz to 1 GHz, Q is greater than 10 in a wide frequency range, and dielectric loss tan δε is observed to be of the order of 10−3 at 100 MHz, which is lower by two orders of magnitude compared with pure NiZn and Co2Z ferrites. These characteristics are all desirable for magneto‐dielectric ferrites in high‐frequency applications.
Identifying the Key Concerns of Irish Persons with Intellectual Disability
Authors: García Iriarte Edurne , O'Brien Patricia , McConkey Roy , Wolfe Marie , O'Doherty Siobhain
Published: May 2014

Background

Internationally, people with intellectual disability are socially marginalized, and their rights under the United Nations Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) are often ignored.

Aims

This paper aims to define the key concerns of adults with an intellectual disability in relation to their participation in society using an inclusive research strategy for both data gathering and data analysis.

Methods

A national study involving 23 focus groups and 168 persons was conducted on the island of Ireland with people with intellectual disability as co‐facilitators.

Findings

A thematic content analysis was undertaken of the verbatim transcripts initially by university co‐researchers, and 19 themes were identified. Co‐researchers with intellectual disability joined in identifying the eight core themes. These were as follows: living options, employment, relationships, citizenship, leisure time, money management, self‐advocacy, and communication.

Discussion

The concerns are discussed within the framework of the CRPD, and implications for transforming service policy are drawn.

Accessible Abstract

Why we did the research

In many countries, people with intellectual disability have difficulties doing things other people without disabilities do, for example to study, to get a job or to live independently. They also find that their rights are not respected under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the Convention).

We did this study to

Learn what are the main issues for adults with intellectual disability in Ireland.

Do research with people with intellectual disability.

How we did the research

People with intellectual disability and their supporters worked with university researchers to plan and do the research. We met with people in groups and 168 people told us about things important to them.

What we found out

We found that there were very important things that people talked about in the groups.

We chose the most important: living options, employment, relationships, rights, leisure, money, self‐advocacy, and communication. We talk about the Convention and why things people told us are important for services.
Quantifying surface‐area changes of volcanic islands driven by Pleistocene sea‐level cycles: biogeographical implications for the Macaronesian archipelagos
Authors: Rijsdijk Kenneth F. , Hengl Tom , Norder Sietze J. , Otto Rüdiger , Emerson Brent C. , Ávila Sérgio P. , López Heriberto , van Loon E. Emiel , Tjørve Even , Fernández‐Palacios José María
Published: May 2014

Aim

We assessed the biogeographical implications of Pleistocene sea‐level fluctuations on the surface area of Macaronesian volcanic oceanic islands. We quantified the effects of sea‐level cycles on surface area over 1000‐year intervals. Using data from the Canarian archipelago, we tested whether changes in island configuration since the late Pleistocene explain species distribution patterns.

Location

Thirty‐one islands of four Macaronesian archipelagos (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde).

Methods

We present a model that quantifies the surface‐area change of volcanic islands driven by fluctuations in mean sea level (MSL). We assessed statistically whether Canarian islands that were merged during sea‐level lowstands exhibit a significantly higher percentage of shared (endemic) species than other comparable neighbouring islands that remained isolated, using multimodel comparisons evaluated using the Akaike information criterion (AIC).

Results

Each Macaronesian island exhibited a unique area‐change history. The previously connected islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura share significantly more species of Insecta than the similarly geographically proximate island pair of La Gomera and Tenerife, which have never been connected. Additionally, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura contain the highest percentage of two‐island endemic Plantae species compared with all other neighbouring island pairs within the Canaries. The multimodel comparison showed that past connectedness provides improved explanatory models of shared island endemics.

Main conclusions

Pleistocene sea‐level changes resulted in abrupt alterations in island surface areas, coastal habitats and geographical isolation, often within two millennia. The merging of currently isolated islands during marine lowstands may explain both shared species richness and patterns of endemism on volcanic islands. Currently, the islands are close to their long‐term minimum surface areas and most isolated configurations, suggesting that insular biota are particularly vulnerable to increasing human impact.
Dynamics of transcriptome evolution in the model eukaryote Neurospora
Authors: Whittle C. A. , Sun Y. , Johannesson H.
Published: May 2014

Mounting evidence indicates that changes in the transcriptome contribute significantly to the phenotypic differentiation of closely related species. Nonetheless, further genome‐wide studies, spanning a broad range of organisms, are needed to decipher the factors driving transcriptome evolution. The model Neurospora (Ascomycota) comprises a simple system for empirically studying the evolutionary dynamics of the transcriptome. Here, we studied the evolution of gene expression in Neurospora crassa and Neurospora tetrasperma and show that patterns of transcriptome evolution are connected to genome evolution, tissue type and sexual identity (mating types, mat A and mat a) in these eukaryotes. Based on the comparisons of inter‐ and intraspecies expression divergence, our data reveal that rapid expression divergence is more apt to occur in sexual/female (SF) than vegetative/male (VM) tissues. In addition, interspecies gene expression and protein sequence divergence were strongly correlated for SF, but not VM, tissue. A correlation between transcriptome and protein evolution parallels findings from certain animals, but not yeast, and add support for the theory that expression evolution differs fundamentally among multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes. Finally, we found that sexual identity in these hermaphroditic Neurospora species is connected to interspecies expression divergence in a tissue‐dependent manner: rapid divergence occurred for mat A‐ and mat a‐biased genes from SF and VM tissues, respectively. Based on these findings, it is hypothesized that rapid interspecies transcriptome evolution is shifting the mating types of Neurospora towards distinct female and male phenotypes, that is, sexual dimorphism.
Analysing small insect glands with UV‐LDI MS: high‐resolution spatial analysis reveals the chemical composition and use of the osmeterium secretion in Themira superba (Sepsidae: Diptera)
Authors: Araujo D. P. , Tuan M. J. M. , Yew J. Y. , Meier R.
Published: May 2014

For many insect species, pheromones are important communication tools, but chemical analysis and experimental study can be technically challenging because they require the detection and handling of complex chemicals in small quantities. One drawback of traditional mass spectrometry methods such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry is that whole‐body extractions from one to several hundred individuals are required, with the consequence that intra‐ and interindividual differences cannot be detected. Here, we used the recently introduced UV‐LDI MS (ultraviolet laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry) to profile the ‘osmeterium’ of the sepsid fly Themira superba that is located on the edge of the hind tibia of males. Based on analyses of individual legs, we established that the gland produced a secretion that consisted of oxygenated hydrocarbons and putative isoprenoids. The secretion was first detected 24 h after eclosion, and its transfer to the wings of females during mating was demonstrated using UV‐LDI MS. We then tested whether the secretion had an anti‐aphrodisiac function, but experimental transfer of the secretion to virgin females did not affect mating success or copulation duration. Throughout the study, UV‐LDI MS proved invaluable, because it allowed tracking the natural and experimental transfer of small quantities of pheromones to specific body parts of small flies.
Effects of Chitosan Coatings Incorporated with Garlic Oil on Quality Characteristics of Shrimp
Authors: Aşik Emine , Candoğan Kezban
Published: May 2014

The effect of chitosan‐based edible coatings (CC) incorporated with garlic (Allium sativum) oil at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% on shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) meat quality was investigated during refrigerated storage (4C) for 11 days. CC application resulted in lower pH (P < 0.05) as compared with the uncoated control. Reductions in aerobic plate counts (APC) up to 2 log units were promoted by CC. Combined effect of garlic oil (GO) and CC was observed. CC resulted in lower APC with GO (P < 0.05) toward the end of storage. CC reduced total volatile base nitrogen and trimethylamine nitrogen contents in comparison with C (P < 0.05), with no significant effect of GO incorporation (P > 0.05). Antioxidant activity of CC was only apparent during the earlier periods of storage, while GO accelerated lipid oxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid value. CC application with or without GO generally resulted in higher lightness (L*), and lower redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values. Minimum concentration of GO incorporation (0.5%) into chitosan coating could be useful in extending the shelf life of shrimp meat during refrigerated storage.

Practical Applications

Application of edible films and coatings with natural active compounds for enhancing storage stability of food products is a promising active packaging approach. Several biopolymers with the inclusion of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant active agents have been tested in vitro; however, limited studies have been conducted for real food applications of these antimicrobial/antioxidant packaging systems. Chitosan, commercially produced from processing the waste of crustaceans, is an important biopolymer that possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as well as enormous economic value. In the current study, chitosan coatings with the inclusion of garlic oil (GO) were applied to shrimp meat as an alternative natural method to extend shelf life. The obtained results suggest that chitosan coatings with minimum concentration of GO (0.5%) addition could be used as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant packaging system for preservation of shrimp meat in a fresh state during refrigerated storage.
Geographic Variation in Out‐of‐Pocket Expenditures of Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Chen Lena M. , Norton Edward C. , Langa Kenneth M. , Le Sidney , Epstein Arnold M.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To examine whether out‐of‐pocket expenditures (OOPEs) exhibit the same geographic variation as Medicare claims, given wide variation in the costs of U.S. health care, but no information on how that translates into OOPEs or financial burden for older Americans.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Data from the Health and Retirement Study linked to Medicare claims.

Participants

A nationally representative cohort of 4,657 noninstitutionalized, community‐dwelling, fee‐for‐service elderly Medicare beneficiaries interviewed in 2006 and 2008.

Measurements

The primary predictor was per capita Medicare spending quintile according to hospital referral region. The primary outcome was a self‐reported, validated measure of annual OOPEs excluding premiums.

Results

Mean and median adjusted per capita Medicare payments were $5,916 and $2,635, respectively; mean and median adjusted OOPEs were $1,525 and $779, respectively. Adjusted median Medicare payments were $3,474 in the highest cost quintile and $1,942 in the lowest cost quintile (ratio 1.79, P < .001 for difference). In contrast, adjusted median OOPEs were not higher in the highest than in the lowest Medicare cost quintile ($795 vs $764 for a Q5:Q1 ratio of 1.04, P = .42). The Q5:Q1 ratio was 1.48 for adjusted mean Medicare payments and 1.04 for adjusted mean OOPEs (both P < .001).

Conclusion

Medicare payments vary widely between high‐ and low‐cost regions, but OOPEs do not.
Are Advance Directives Associated with Better Hospice Care?
Authors: Ache Kevin , Harrold Joan , Harris Pamela , Dougherty Meredith , Casarett David
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To describe individuals with advance directives at the time of hospice enrollment and to determine whether they have patterns of care and outcomes that are different from those of individuals without advance directives.

Design

Electronic health record–based retrospective cohort study with propensity score–adjusted analysis.

Setting

Three hospice programs in the United States.

Participants

Individuals admitted to hospice between January 1, 2008, and May 15, 2012 (N = 49,370).

Measurements

Timing of hospice enrollment before death, rates of voluntary withdrawal from hospice, and site of death.

Results

Most participants (35,968, 73%) had advance directives at the time of hospice enrollment. These participants were enrolled in hospice longer (median 29 vs 15 days) and had longer survival times before death (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.66; P < .001). They were less likely to die within the first week after hospice enrollment (24.3% vs 33.2%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.78–0.88; P < .001). Participants with advance directives were less likely to leave hospice voluntarily (2.2% vs 3.4%; aOR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74–0.90; P = .003) and more likely to die at home or in a nursing home than in an inpatient unit (15.3% vs 25.8%; aOR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.77–0.87; P < .001).

Conclusion

Participants with advance directives were enrolled in hospice for a longer period of time before death than those without and were more likely to die in the setting of their choice.
Pandemic Influenza Plans in Residential Care Facilities
Authors: Lum Hillary D. , Mody Lona , Levy Cari R. , Ginde Adit A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To identify characteristics of residential care facilities (RCFs) associated with having a pandemic influenza plan.

Design

Nationally representative, cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

RCFs in the United States.

Participants

Participating facilities in the 2010 National Survey of RCFs (N = 2,294), representing 31,030 assisted living facilities and personal care homes.

Measurements

Facility‐level characteristics associated with a pandemic influenza plan, including general organization descriptors, staffing, resident services, and immunization practices.

Results

Forty‐five percent (95% confidence interval (CI) = 43–47%) had a pandemic plan, 14% (95% CI = 13–16%) had a plan in preparation, and 41% (95% CI = 38–43%) had no plan. In the multivariable model, organization characteristics, staffing, and immunization practices were independently associated with the presence of a pandemic preparedness plan. Organization characteristics were larger size (extra large, OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.96–5.46; large, OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.81–3.75; medium, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.21–2.27 vs small), not‐for‐profit status (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.31–2.09 vs for profit), and chain affiliation (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.31–2.09 vs nonaffiliated). Staffing characteristics included number of registered nurse hours (<15 minutes, OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.07–1.74 vs no hours), any licensed practical nurse hours (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.08–1.99 vs no hours), and at least 75 hours of required training for aides (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.05–1.71 vs <75 hours). RCFs with high staff influenza vaccination rates (81–100%, OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.27–3.53 vs 0% vaccinated) were also more likely to have a pandemic plan.

Conclusion

A majority of RCFs lacked a pandemic influenza plan. These facilities were smaller, for‐profit, non‐chain‐affiliated RCFs and had lower staff vaccination rates. These characteristics may help target facilities that need to develop plans to handle a pandemic, or other disasters.
Health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Pinto Julian Dong Oh , He Hong‐Gu , Chan Sally Wai Chi , Toh Poh Choo , Esuvaranathan Kesavan , Wang Wenru
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectives

To examine the health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and identify the predictive factors of health‐related quality of life.

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is highly prevalent in ageing men and causes bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms, which has a negative impact on their health‐related quality of life. The current practice of managing benign prostatic hyperplasia focuses on relieving physical symptoms. However, the impact of benign prostatic hyperplasia on the patients' health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being remains understudied, especially in the Asian population.

Design

A descriptive correlational survey study.

Methods

A convenience sample of 97 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia was recruited at an outpatient urology clinic of a tertiary hospital in Singapore. The health‐related quality of life, lower urinary tract symptoms and psychological well‐being of the participants were assessed using the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey, International Prostate Symptom Score and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively.

Results

The health‐related quality of life scores were low with physical and mental health component scores of 47·0 and 48·9, respectively, as assessed by the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey. There was a high prevalence of anxiety (10·3%) and depression (21·6%). Correlation analysis revealed significantly negative relationships between lower urinary tract symptoms, anxiety, depression and physical and mental health dimensions of the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey. Multiple linear regression analysis further identified that postvoid residual urine and lower urinary tract symptoms were predictive factors of the physical health dimension, whereas anxiety and depression were predictive factors of the mental health dimension of the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey.

Conclusions

The health‐related quality of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia was poor, and their psychological well‐being was severely affected. Postvoid residual urine, lower urinary tract symptoms, anxiety and depression were identified to be significant predictive factors of the health‐related quality of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings from this study provide useful evidence‐based information for healthcare professionals in the development and implementation of effective and culturally sensitive interventions to improve the health‐related quality of life and psychological well‐being of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
FromParis toPuebloand Back: (Re‐)Emigration and the Modernist Chronotope in Cultural Performance
Authors: Divita David
Published: May 2014

In this article I examine ethnographic data collected during the rehearsals and performance of a play created by a group ofSpanish seniors at a social center nearParis. The play recounts aSpanish immigrant's return to her pueblo fromFrance after years of living abroad. Drawing onBauman's (1992, 2011) notion of “cultural performance,” I approach the play as a reflexive event that stages the most significant meanings of the community by and for whom it is created—meanings that include the modernist chronotope that dominates it. This particular chronotope—in whichFrance is associated with progress and sophistication, andSpain is associated with backwardness and provincialism—serves as an organizing framework for the community as they represent and make sense of their experience of migration. On an individual level, however, the narrative of return does not necessarily manifest this particular chronotopic structure. To illustrate this divergence, I present Fina, an actor in the play and the author of an autobiographical monologue included therein. By juxtaposing these distinct articulations of the same narrative—one communal, one individual—I show how processes of identification may be linked to chronotopic variation depending on the scale at which they occur.
FromTVPersonality to Fans and Beyond: Indexical Bleaching and the Diffusion of a Media Innovation
Authors: Squires Lauren
Published: May 2014

This article focuses on the role of indexical social meaning in the adoption, circulation, and diffusion of a mass media innovation. The analysis is a case study of the phrase “lady pond,” a euphemism for women as objects of desire. The phrase's use was popularized by a television personality on the cable network Bravo and has spread beyond those who demonstrate recognition of its media origins. Through a detailed analysis of the phrase in use on Twitter, I investigate the properties of the phrase as it “travels” from Bravo to Bravo fans and beyond. I show that the phrase is used with the same form and meaning as on Bravo, and it is semantically and stylistically integrated into users' repertoires. However, it loses its indexical links to Bravo through “indexical bleaching,” which I argue is an outcome of the phrase's recontextualized circulation and a facilitator of its further diffusion.
Influence of feeding and UVB exposition on the absorption mechanisms of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract of veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
Authors: Haxhiu D. , Hoby S. , Wenker C. , Boos A. , Kowalewski M. P. , Lewis F. , Liesegang A.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding and UVB exposition on the occurrence and distribution patterns of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and calbindin D28k (Cb‐D28k) in the gastrointestinal tract of veiled chameleons. Thus, 56 veiled chameleon hatchlings were divided into six treatment groups: UV (with UVB exposure); No (no supplements, no UVB exposure); CaAUV (with calcium (Ca), vitamin A supplementation, UVB exposure); CaA (with Ca, vitamin A supplementation); CaADUV (with Ca, vitamin A, vitamin D supplementation, UVB exposure); and CaAD (with Ca, vitamin A, vitamin D supplementation). Animals were reared under the suspected conditions for 6 months on locust‐based diets. Tissue samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon were taken, and semi‐quantitative immunohistochemical methods (IHC) were performed to detect Cb‐D28k and VDR. VDR immunoreactions were higher in the luminal epithelium of the duodenum than in that of the ileum. VDR immunoreactions in the luminal epithelium were higher at the base of the villi of the duodenum as compared to the tip. Cb‐D28k immunoreactions were mainly observed in the luminal epithelium of the duodenum. The two groups treated with all dietary supplements (CaADUV, CaAD) exhibited a higher Cb‐D28k immunoreaction as those with no supplements and UVB exposure only. No immunoreaction for both proteins could be detected in the stomach. This study suggests that the duodenum plays an important role in the active transcellular absorption of Ca in veiled chameleons as shown by the immunohistochemical detection of VDR and Cb‐D28k. Expression of Cb‐D28k, in particular, appears to be regulated by dietary supplementation of vitamin D and vitamin A. VDRs, however, tended to be upregulated when animals were not supplemented with Ca, vitamin D and vitamin A. This may be due to the decreased Ca concentrations which caused vitamin D activation in the skin without any supplementation, but UVB exposure.
An Update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine's Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation (PE)
Authors: Althof Stanley E. , McMahon Chris G. , Waldinger Marcel D. , Serefoglu Ege Can , Shindel Alan W. , Ganesan Adaikan P. , Becher Edgardo , Dean John , Giuliano Francois , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. , Giraldi Annamaria , Glina Sidney , Incrocci Luca , Jannini Emmanuele , McCabe Marita , Parish Sharon , Rowland David , Taylor Segraves R. , Sharlip Ira , Torres Luiz Otavio
Published: May 2014

Introduction

In 2009, the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) convened a select panel of experts to develop an evidence-based set of guidelines for patients suffering from lifelong premature ejaculation (PE). That document reviewed definitions, etiology, impact on the patient and partner, assessment, and pharmacological, psychological, and combined treatments. It concluded by recognizing the continually evolving nature of clinical research and recommended a subsequent guideline review and revision every fourth year. Consistent with that recommendation, the ISSM organized a second multidisciplinary panel of experts in April 2013, which met for 2 days in Bangalore, India. This manuscript updates the previous guidelines and reports on the recommendations of the panel of experts.

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop clearly worded, practical, evidenced-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of PE for family practice clinicians as well as sexual medicine experts.

Method

A comprehensive literature review was performed.

Results

This article contains the report of the second ISSM PE Guidelines Committee. It offers a new unified definition of PE and updates the previous treatment recommendations. Brief assessment procedures are delineated, and validated diagnostic and treatment questionnaires are reviewed. Finally, the best practices treatment recommendations are presented to guide clinicians, both familiar and unfamiliar with PE, in facilitating treatment of their patients.

Conclusion

Development of guidelines is an evolutionary process that continually reviews data and incorporates the best new research. We expect that ongoing research will lead to a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology as well as new efficacious and safe treatments for this sexual dysfunction. We again recommend that these guidelines be reevaluated and updated by the ISSM in 4 years.
Sexuality and Psychopathological Aspects in Premenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Alvisi Stefania , Baldassarre Maurizio , Lambertini Martina , Martelli Valentina , Berra Marta , Moscatiello Simona , Marchesini Giulio , Venturoli Stefano , Meriggiola Maria Cristina
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that have been suggested to impact female sexual function.

Aims

This study aims to assess the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in premenopausal women with MetS compared with healthy controls (HC). Psychopathological aspects and the relationship to FSD were also evaluated in both groups.

Methods

Two hundred four premenopausal women, of whom 98 had diagnosis of MetS, were asked to complete the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), and the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ). Routine laboratory tests and anthropometric measurements were routinely performed.

Main Outcome Measures

FSFI and FSDS questionnaires, prevalence of FSD, and MHQ scores.

Results

In the MetS group compared with the HC group, we found: a lower global FSFI score (P = 0.005), higher prevalence of pathological scores compared with HC group, and lower scores in the desire, arousal, lubrication, and orgasm domains. An inverse correlation between the FSFI score and the number of risk factors for MetS was detected. MetS women reported significantly higher total scores in the somatization and depression domains when compared with the HC group. The logistic regression showed that high triglycerides (odds ratio [OR] 3.097; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.272–7.542; P = 0.026) and somatization (OR 7.068; CI 95% 2.291–21.812; P = 0.001) are independently associated with FSD in premenopausal women.

Conclusions

Our results indicate a higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction in MetS women. A number of risk factors for MetS are positively associated with FSD and higher triglycerides seem to be the strongest predictors of sexual dysfunction. Psychopathological dimensions such as somatization are strongly associated with sexual dysfunction.
Game of Norms: Panama, the International Community, and Indigenous Rights
Authors: Watts Michelle , Brannum Kate , Ruff Kimberly Dannels
Published: May 2014

As it has sought to be recognized as a developed nation with equitable human rights, the government of Panama has been an active player in international discussion of indigenous rights. The indigenous people of Panama continue to face serious challenges. Our research examines the Ngäbe Buglé because they are the largest and most politically active indigenous groups in Panama. Almost half of the indigenous people live on semiautonomous reservations (comarcas). Although some may hail Panama's creation of comarcas as a milestone for indigenous rights, norms are only partially effective in this case. The influence of key stakeholders can influence how norms are carried out. In Panama, the government alternates between attempting to constrain civil society and giving in to demands when the protests can no longer be ignored. The Panamanian government has shown little respect for indigenous rights in its battle over natural resources located on the comarcas; moreover, the indigenous do not enjoy the same rights and privileges as those Panamanians living outside of the comarcas.
International Modeling andBrazilian Public Policies for Poverty Reduction
Authors: Kauchakje Samira
Published: May 2014

The relationship between public social policies for poverty reduction and the requirements of international organizations on the issue may explain the similarities between public policies in countries with significant economic and cultural differences. The formulation of these policies may be linked to factors of the domestic political and economic situation and also to the institutional encouragement and international cultural standard, as discussed in the literature on theTheories ofPolicyDiffusion andPolicyTransfer. This article presents the results of ongoing research that investigatesBrazilian social policies for poverty reduction under theCardoso,Lula, andRousseff administrations. It suggests that so‐called positive modeling predominated as national policies were linked to international policies focusing on the low‐income population and that the international political community consideredBrazilian conditional cash transfer policies as a model. In the secondLula andRousseff administrations, there was negative modeling (i.e., contrary to international recommendations) between policies of economic growth and increasing or maintaining the values of social public spending; international financial institutions prescribe economic austerity and a reduction of social public policy. At the same time, there was positive modeling due to the centrality that the administrations have assigned to policies focusing on the low‐income population. This centrality may bring a risk to the universalist perspective.
Women's empowerment and child nutritional status in South Asia: a synthesis of the literature
Authors: Cunningham Kenda , Ruel Marie , Ferguson Elaine , Uauy Ricardo
Published: May 2014

Women's disempowerment is hypothesised to contribute to high rates of undernutrition among South Asian children. However, evidence for this relationship has not been systematically reviewed. This review of empirical studies aims to: (1) synthesise the evidence linking women's empowerment and child nutritional status in South Asia and (2) suggest directions for future research. We systematically searched Global Health, Embase (classic and Ovid), MEDLINE, Campbell Collaboration, Popline, Eldis, Web of Science, EconLit and Scopus. We generated 1661 studies for abstract and title screening. We full‐text screened 44 of these, plus 10 additional studies the authors were aware of. Only 12 studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. We included English materials published between 1990 and 2012 that examined the relationship(s) of at least one women's empowerment domain and nutritional status among South Asian children. Data were extracted and synthesised within three domains of empowerment: control of resources and autonomy, workload and time, and social support. The results showed women's empowerment to be generally associated with child anthropometry, but the findings are mixed. Inter‐study differences in population characteristics, settings or methods/conceptualisations of women's empowerment, and the specific domains studied, likely contributed to these inconsistencies. This review also highlights that different women's empowerment domains may relate differently to child nutritional status. Future research should aim to harmonise definitions of women's empowerment, which key domains it should include, and how it is measured. Rigorous evaluation work is also needed to establish which policies and programmes facilitate women's empowerment and in turn, foster child nutritional well‐being.
Babies, soft drinks and snacks: a concern in low‐ and middle‐income countries?
Authors: Huffman Sandra L. , Piwoz Ellen G. , Vosti Stephen A. , Dewey Kathryn G.
Published: May 2014

Undernutrition in infants and young children is a global health priority while overweight is an emerging issue. Small‐scale studies in low‐ and middle‐income countries have demonstrated consumption of sugary and savoury snack foods and soft drinks by young children. We assessed the proportion of children 6–23 months of age consuming sugary snack foods in 18 countries in Asia and Africa using data from selected Demographic and Health Surveys and household expenditures on soft drinks and biscuits using data from four Living Standards Measurement Studies (LSMS). Consumption of sugary snack foods increased with the child's age and household wealth, and was generally higher in urban vs. rural areas. In one‐third of countries, >20% of infants 6–8 months consumed sugary snacks. Up to 75% of Asian children and 46% of African children consumed these foods in the second year of life. The proportion of children consuming sugary snack foods was generally higher than the proportion consuming fortified infant cereals, eggs or fruit. Household per capita daily expenditures on soft drinks ranged from $0.03 to $0.11 in three countries for which LSMS data were available, and from $0.01 to $0.04 on biscuits in two LSMS. Future surveys should include quantitative data on the purchase and consumption of snack foods by infants and young children, using consistent definitions and methods for identifying and categorising snack foods across surveys. Researchers should assess associations between snack food consumption and stunting and overweight, and characterise household, maternal and child characteristics associated with snack food consumption.
Oregonin from the Bark of Alnus japonica Restrained Ischemia–Reperfusion‐Induced Mesentery Oxidative Stress by Inhibiting NADPH Oxidase Activation
Authors: Tung Nguyen Huu , Sun Kai , Fan Jing‐Yu , Shoyama Yukihiro , Han Jing‐Yan
Published: May 2014

Objective

NADPH oxidase activation results in ROS overproduction that is the pathological basis of I/R injury. This study aimed to investigate potential effects of ORG on I/R‐induced ROS production in rat mesenteric microvasculature and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Mesenteric I/R in Male Wistar rats (200~250 g) was induced by ligation of the mesenteric artery and vein for 10 minutes followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes by releasing of the occlusion. The rats were infused intravenously with or without ORG (5 mg/kg per hour) 10 minutes before ischemia (pretreatment) or 20 minutes after reperfusion (posttreatment). The DHR fluorescence intensity on, the leukocytes adherent to, and mast cell degranulation out of mesenteric venules were determined using an intravital microscope. NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox membrane translocation in intestine tissues was detected by Western blotting.

Results

Pre‐ or posttreatment with ORG inhibited I/R‐induced DHR fluorescence intensity on the venular walls and leukocytes adhesion, ORG pretreatment inhibited mast cell degranulation as well. Furthermore, the translocation of p47phox from cytosol to membrane was suppressed markedly by ORG after I/R.

Conclusions

The results suggested that ORG restrained I/R‐induced ROS production, which might be correlated with its inhibitive effect on NADPH activation.
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy with marked clinical fluctuations mimicking myasthenia gravis: A case report
Authors: Fujikura Mai , Hisahara Shin , Yamamoto Daisuke , Suzuki Syuuichirou , Tsuda Emiko , Saito Masaki , Kawamata Jun , Imai Tomihiro , Shimohama Shun
Published: May 2014

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is typically characterized by late‐onset, slowly progressive bilateral ptosis and dysphagia. We report a 64‐year‐old Japanese man presenting with ptosis, diplopia and swallowing difficulty. He had consistently complained of significant diurnal fluctuations of clinical symptoms since onset at the age of 53 years. He was diagnosed with seronegative myasthenia gravis, and was treated with an acetylcholinestrase inhibitor for 10 years. On admission, a muscle biopsy was carried out, and the result was mild non‐specific myogenic change. However, gene analysis showed heterogeneous polyalanine expansion in the coding region of poly(A) binding protein nuclear. This case indicates that fluctuating motor signs could accompany muscle weakness in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Diagnosis might be delayed because of the atypical clinical features and slow symptom progression.
The genera Melyvonnea gen. nov. and Mesophyllum s.s. (Melobesioideae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) particularly from the central Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Athanasiadis Athanasios , Ballantine David L.
Published: May 2014

We propose the new genus Melyvonnea to accommodate species previously included in Mesophyllum having: a) perithallial protuberances that may branch and dominate over the encrusting base, b) monoecious gametophytes with gametangial conceptacles occasionally developed in superimposition, c) spheroid carposporangial chambers (lacking a central pedestal), and d) filaments lining canals of multiporate roofs composed of 3 to 5 cells with distinctively elongate basal cells. The new genus shares with Mesophyllum the development of a predominantly coaxial hypothallium. Melyvonnea presently accommodates three species in the Central Atlantic, viz. the generitype Melyvonnea canariensis (Foslie) comb. nov. from the Canary Islands, Melyvonnea erubescens (Foslie) comb. nov. ( = Mesophyllum incertum; type locality: Bermuda) from the western Atlantic, Melyvonnea aemulans (Foslie & Howe) comb. nov. from Puerto Rico, and one Indo‐Pacific species, Melyvonnea madagascariensis (Foslie) comb. nov. We also emend Mesophyllum Lemoine to encompass Northern Hemisphere species that lack the above apomorphies of Melyvonnea and in addition develop a central pedestal in carposporangial conceptacles (via dissolution of the surrounding cells) with gonimoblasts bending down to fill the empty space. Mesophyllum sensu stricto currently includes six species in the northeast Pacific (M. aleuticum, M. conchatum, M. crassiusculum, M. lamellatum, M. megagastri, M. vancouveriense), two species in the western Atlantic (M. mesomorphum and M. syntrophicum), and three species in the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea (M. expansum, M. lichenoides, M. philippii). Gametophytic species of each genus show a mainly disjunct distribution being restricted to the tropics–subtropics (Melyvonnea) and the temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere (Mesophyllum s.s.). This classification is supported by a consensus of studies of all well‐known species of Mesophyllum sensu Adey (1970), and is based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological and anatomical characters in addition to molecular evidence.