bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of protein complexes in CASP14 with emphasis on the interaction interface prediction
Authors: Dapkūnas Justas , Olechnovič Kliment , Venclovas Česlovas
Published: June 2021

The goal of CASP experiments is to monitor the progress in the protein structure prediction field. During the 14th CASP edition we aimed to test our capabilities of predicting structures of protein complexes. Our protocol for modeling protein assemblies included both template‐based modeling and free docking. Structural templates were identified using sensitive sequence‐based searches. If sequence‐based searches failed, we performed structure‐based template searches using selected CASP server models. In the absence of reliable templates we applied free docking starting from monomers generated by CASP servers. We evaluated and ranked models of protein complexes using an improved version of our protein structure quality assessment method, VoroMQA, taking into account both interaction interface and global structure scores. If reliable templates could be identified, generally accurate models of protein assemblies were generated with the exception of an antibody‐antigen interaction. The success of free docking mainly depended on the accuracy of initial subunit models and on the scoring of docking solutions. To put our overall results in perspective, we analyzed our performance in the context of other CASP groups. Although the subunits in our assembly models often were not of the top quality, these models had, overall, the best‐predicted intersubunit interfaces according to several accuracy measures. We attribute our relative success primarily to the emphasis on the interaction interface when modeling and scoring.
What makes a molecule a pre‐ or a post‐herbicide – how valuable are physicochemical parameters for their design?
Authors: Krähmer Hansjörg , Walter Helmut , Jeschke Peter , Haaf Klaus , Baur Peter , Evans Richard
Published: June 2021

Pre‐emergence herbicides are taken up by seeds before germination and by roots, hypocotyls, cotyledons, coleoptiles or leaves before emergence, whereas post‐emergence herbicides are taken up primarily by foliage and stems. Most modern pre‐emergence herbicides are lipophilic, but post‐emergence herbicides may be lipophilic or hydrophilic. The metabolic conversion of herbicides to inactive or active metabolites after plant uptake is of major importance for some compound classes. Several herbicides are proherbicides as for example some acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibitors. The physicochemical characteristics of proherbicides and herbicides are usually unrelated. A major role can be attributed to the site of action at a cellular level. A great number of herbicides such as photosystem II (PS II)‐inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)‐inhibitors or carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors require light for activity. Others, such as cellulose‐biosynthesis and mitotic inhibitors seem to be primarily active in belowground organs. Several lipophilic barriers against the uptake of xenobiotics exist in aboveground and belowground plant parts. The relevance of these barriers needs, however, further clarification. Uptake and translocation models are valuable tools for the explanation of the potential movement of compounds. Many factors other than uptake and translocation have, however, to be considered for the design of herbicides. For post‐emergence herbicides, ultraviolet (UV) light stability, stability in formulations, and mixability with other agrochemicals have to be kept in mind while, in addition to the aforementioned factors soil interaction plays a major role for pre‐emergence herbicides. In our opinion, general physicochemical characteristics of pre‐ or post‐emergence herbicides do, unfortunately not exist yet. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Characterization of Helicoverpa armigera spatial distribution in pigeonpea crop using geostatistical methods
Authors: Seethalam Malathi , Bapatla Kiran Gandhi , Kumar Murari , Nisa Shabistana , Chandra Puran , Mathyam Prabhakar , Sengottaiyan Vennila
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

The gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an economically important pest of pigeonpea crop in India. Fixed plot surveys for H. armigera larvae were carried out at 28 pigeonpea fields located in the Southern Plateau and Hills agro‐climatic zone of India for three crop seasons (nine sampling weeks per season). The spatiotemporal dynamics of H. armigera larvae in the experimental area (=Hanamkonda) was analysed using geostatistics tools, namely a variogram and Voronoi diagram, and H. armigera larval distribution patterns were further characterized and mapped.

RESULTS

A significant difference in H. armigera larval incidence was noticed between sampling weeks, with greater larval incidence observed between 26 November and 2 December. Pod formation phenophase (Meteorological Standard Week 44) of pigeonpea favoured the initial H. armigera larval incidence. Variogram analysis revealed moderate to strong larval aggregation (spatial dependence) of H. armigera in all nine sampling weeks. Based on the range value of the variogram, the average aggregation distance of H. armigera larvae in pigeonpea was estimated to be 2425.48 m. Voronoi diagrams illustrated the spatial heterogeneity of H. armigera larva between sampling weeks, which can be linked to availability of food sources.

CONCLUSION

This study witnessed intrapopulation variability in H. armigera larvae associated with geographical space and temporal patterns. Based on our findings, a sampling distance of 2425.48 m may be used in larger pigeonpea fields (experimental area) to reduce scouting fatigue. The interpolated maps generated in this study may be of value in developing effective H. armigera larva monitoring and management tools in pigeonpea crop.
Tribological Behavior of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and Its Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Sheets: Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Xu Qiang , Zhang Jie , Hu Yuan-Zhong , Ma Tian-Bao
Published: June 2021

Low‐dimensional fillers play an important role in improving the tribological properties of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composites. However, the reinforcement mechanism is not fully understood, since few in situ experiments are able to capture the dynamics evolution and interfacial behavior of fillers. Herein, the tribological behavior of PTFE composites filled with graphene (Gr) sheets and carbon nanotubes (CNT) at the nanoscale is investigated. The results demonstrate that the composites filled with the CNT and Gr fillers have much better wear resistance than that of the pure PTFE, and the wear amounts are reduced by 76.2% and 85.7%, respectively. The relative bond and angle energy of PTFE indicate less deformation in the reinforced composite matrices. The calculations of interfacial interaction energy and radial distribution function reveal that the Gr fillers have better reinforcements than CNT due to stronger interactions at the Gr/PTFE interfaces.
Resveratrol enhanced mitochondrial recovery from cryopreservation‐induced damages in oocytes and embryos
Authors: Iwata Hisataka
Published: June 2021

Background

Mitochondria play a crucial role in nuclear maturation, fertilization, and subsequent embryo development. Cryopreservation is an important assisted reproductive technology that is used worldwide for humans and domestic animals. Although mitochondrial quantity and quality are decisive factors for successful development of oocytes and embryos, cryopreservation induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Upon thawing, the damaged mitochondria are removed, and de novo synthesis occurs to restore the function of mitochondria. Resveratrol, 3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene, is a polyphenolic antioxidant that has versatile target proteins, among which sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) is a key regulator of in mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation.

Methods

The present study is a literature review focusing on experiments involving the hypothesis that the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation following cryopreservation and warming by resveratrol may help mitochondrial recovery and improve oocyte and embryo development.

Main findings and conclusion

Resveratrol improves oocyte maturation and development and upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. When vitrified‐warmed embryos are treated with resveratrol, it helps in mitochondrial regulation and recovery of embryos from cryopreservation‐induced damage.

Conclusion

Resveratrol treatment is a possible countermeasure against cryopreservation‐induced mitochondrial damage.
Metabolic reprogramming and immune regulation in viral diseases
Authors: Ganesh Goutham V. , Mohanram Ramkumar K.
Published: June 2021

The recent outbreak and transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) worldwide and the ensuing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has left us scrambling for ways to contain the disease and develop vaccines that are safe and effective. Equally important, understanding the impact of the virus on the host system in convalescent patients, healthy otherwise or with co‐morbidities, is expected to aid in developing effective strategies in the management of patients afflicted with the disease. Viruses possess the uncanny ability to redirect host metabolism to serve their needs and also limit host immune response to ensure their survival. An ever‐increasingly powerful approach uses metabolomics to uncover diverse molecular signatures that influence a wide array of host signalling networks in different viral infections. This would also help integrate experimental findings from individual studies to yield robust evidence. In addition, unravelling the molecular mechanisms harnessed by both viruses and tumours in their host metabolism will help broaden the repertoire of therapeutic tools available to combat viral disease.
Vitamin D supplementation and Covid‐19 outcomes: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Hariyanto Timotius Ivan , Intan Denny , Hananto Joshua Edward , Harapan Harapan , Kurniawan Andree
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D has many protective properties and potential role against acute lung injury. Low serum vitamin D is associated with high risk of pneumonia and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study sought to analyse the efficacy of vitamin D in improving the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) patients. Using specific keywords, we comprehensively searched the potential articles on PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov database until 8th May 2021. All published studies on Covid‐19 and vitamin D were retrieved. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software. A total of 11 studies with 22,265 Covid‐19 patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Our data suggested that vitamin D supplementation was associated with reduction in intensive care unit admission rate (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09–0.76, p = 0.010, I2 = 70%, random‐effect modelling); reduction of the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16–0.72, p = 0.005, I2 = 61%, random‐effect modelling) and reduction of mortality from Covid‐19 (OR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21–0.66, p < 0.001, I2 = 50%, random‐effect modelling). Further analysis showed that the associations were influenced by age (p = 0.020). Our study suggests that vitamin D supplementation may offer beneficial effects on Covid‐19 outcomes. However, more randomized clinical trials are required to confirm this conclusion.
Fixed‐time cooperative control for robotic manipulators with motion constraints using unified transformation function
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Huaguang , Wang Yingchun , Yu Shuhang
Published: June 2021

This article investigates the fixed‐time consensus tracking control problem for multiagent systems composed of uncertain l‐link robotic manipulators with position and velocity constraints. Fuzzy logic systems are employed to model the uncertain dynamic of the robotic manipulators. In order to cope with the asymmetric yet time‐varying constraints, a nonlinear transformation function is introduced. With the help of the nonlinear transformation function, the original constrained manipulator systems are converted into the equivalent systems without constraint. As long as the boundedness of the state variables in the transformed systems is ensured, the constraint conditions of the original systems are not violated. Then, a fixed‐time adaptive fuzzy control scheme is developed. Under the proposed control method, the consensus tracking error can converge into a small neighborhood of origin in fixed‐time, and all the signals in the closed‐loop systems are bounded. Meanwhile, the motion constraints are not violated all the time. Specially, in view of the property of nonlinear transformation function, it is not necessary to change the control structure when the systems are subjected to no state constraint. Finally, a simulation is presented to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing the proposed control algorithms.
High‐Performance Stable Perovskite Solar Cell via Defect Passivation With Constructing Tunable Graphitic Carbon Nitride
Authors: Ho Ching-Mei , Wu Ming-Chung , Chen Shih-Hsuan , Chang Yin-Hsuan , Lin Ting-Han , Jao Meng-Huan , Chan Shun-Hsiang , Su Wei-Fang , Lee Kun-Mu
Published: June 2021

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cell (PSC) demonstrates outstanding photovoltaic characteristics. However, the instability under high temperature and high relative humidity remains an obstacle that needs to be overcome. Furthermore, the rapid growth of perovskite crystals causes a lot of defect formation in the perovskite active layer, leading to insufficient stability. Two‐dimensional g–C3N4 is a typical lewis base, providing electron pairs for bonding and is suitable as a template for controlling the nucleation of the perovskite active layer. Herein, tunable g–C3N4 by calcining the precursors (cyanamide, dicyandiamide, and urea) at different conditions to control the grain size and to passivate perovskite crystal is constructed. The Kelvin probe force microscopy study reveals that the successful defect passivation by urea‐polymerized g–C3N4 (UCN) at grain boundaries could induce the suppression of non‐radiative recombination. Adding the least polymerized UCN into a perovskite film allows for uniform surface morphology and a reduced trap density. UCN coordinated with the perovskite provides an efficient path for electron injection to the electron transport layer. The unencapsulated PSCs with UCN additive achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.03% and retain ≈93% of their initial efficiency values after aging for 960 h at 25 °C and relative humidity of 30%.
Hyperkalaemia during two consecutive anaesthetics in an aggressive Bengal cat
Authors: Casoria Vincenzo , Flaherty Derek , Auckburally Adam
Published: June 2021

The development of unanticipated hyperkalaemia during general anaesthesia in healthy veterinary patients is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Cases have been reported in dogs, cats, horses and non‐domestic felids. However, recurrent hyperkalaemia has not yet been described in domestic cats. We report the development of hyperkalaemia during two consecutive anaesthetics in a 5‐year‐old, Bengal cat, anaesthetised for medial patella luxation repair and 3 months later for implant removal. During both procedures, hyperkalaemia was diagnosed. However, it was only during the first anaesthetic that the hyperkalaemia became life‐threatening, necessitating treatment. The reasons why some animals develop hyperkalaemia during general anaesthesia are still unknown. Considering the apparent increasing frequency of this condition, hyperkalaemia should be considered as a potential cause of intraoperative bradydysrhythmias and must be investigated and treated appropriately.
The Global Economy After the End of Capital Scarcity: A Utopian Proposal
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M.
Published: June 2021

Extrapolating from List (Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie. Cotta, Stuttgart, 1841), we explain the paradox of China: A poor country can experience tumultuous growth precisely by exporting more capital on balance than it imports. More growth can be created in developing countries by their running current account surpluses vis-à-vis the OECD plus China region. Public debt in the OECD plus China region would have then to be managed in such a way that full employment is preserved despite the current account deficit. Such a strategy would be beneficial for both groups of countries. For the time being, this is a utopian proposal. Realizing it would mean yet another restructuring, in addition to that associated with digitalization. The opposition of those who could lose their jobs as a result will ensure that this sort of reorientation of global trade policy will remain politically unfeasible for a long time still.
Concluding Remarks on Economic Policy
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M.
Published: June 2021

The German debt brake is not compatible with the long-term stability of the euro. “New thinking” requires that public debt and price stability are no longer opponents, but rather allies in the Keynes world of persistently low interest rates. The proposed balanced account agreement is made more concrete here: An appropriate target (real) interest rate on the global capital market is between one and 1.5% per year lower than the growth rate of the OECD plus China region. If the actual interest rate is below the target rate, the countries with current account surpluses undertake to increase their public debt periodD gradually according to a definite formula. In symmetrical fashion, if the real interest rate is “too high,” countries with current account deficits have the duty to reduce their public debt period. The rules of the balanced account agreement replace the debt brake. They are the instruments of soundfiscal policy.
Appendix: Two Faces of Public Debt
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M.
Published: June 2021

Firstly, Germany has a highly developed welfare state. Secondly, the free exchange of goods, all across Europe and indeed all around the world, is a key element of the German economic system. Thirdly, to the acclaim of voters, German policy is committed to the goal of price stability. Is the debt brake compatible with these three guiding principles of German economic policy? I doubt it. In the German discussion, public debt is only seen in a negative light—wrongly, as I will show.
Human metabolism and kinetics of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) after oral administration
Authors: Denghel Heike , Hiller Julia , Leibold Edgar , Göen Thomas
Published: June 2021

2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328; CAS: 25973-55-1) is an ultraviolet light (UV) absorber which belongs to the class of hydroxy phenol benzotriazoles. Therefore, UV 328 is added to plastics and other polymers due to its photostability to prevent discoloration and prolong product stability which may result in an exposure of consumers. However, information about the toxic effects on humans and the human metabolism are still lacking. In the present study, human metabolism pathways of UV 328 and its elimination kinetics were explored. For that purpose, three healthy volunteers were orally exposed to a single dose of 0.3 mg UV 328/kg bodyweight. UV 328 and its metabolites were investigated in blood and urine samples collected until 48 and 72 h after exposure, respectively. Thereby, previously published analytical procedures were applied for the sample analysis using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and subsequent measurement via gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with advanced electron ionization. UV 328 was found to be oxidized at its alkyl side chains leading to the formation of hydroxy and/or oxo function with maximum blood concentrations at 8–10 h after exposure for UV 328-6/3-OH, UV 328-4/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-CO. In contrast, a plateau for UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH levels was reached around 10 h post-dosage. The highest blood levels were found for native UV 328 at 8 h after ingestion. Furthermore, biphasic elimination kinetics in blood were revealed for almost all detected metabolites. UV 328 and its metabolites did not occur in blood as conjugates. The renal elimination kinetics were very similar with the kinetics in blood. However, the prominence of the metabolites in urine was somewhat different compared to blood. In contrast, mostly conjugated metabolites occurred for renal elimination. In urine, UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH was found to be the most dominant urinary biomarker followed by UV 328-6/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-OH. In total, approximately 0.1% of the orally administered dose was recovered in urine within 72 h. Although high levels of UV 328 in blood proved good resorption and high systemic availability of the substance in the human body, the urine results revealed a rather low quantitative metabolism and urinary excretion rate. Consequently, biliary excretion as part of the enterohepatic cycle and elimination via feces are assumed to be the preferred pathways instead of renal elimination.
Defined shear and heat treatment of apple pomace: impact on dietary fiber structures and functional properties
Authors: Schmid Vera , Trabert Antje , Keller Judith , Bunzel Mirko , Karbstein Heike P. , Emin M. Azad
Published: June 2021

Food by-products can be modified by extrusion processing. However, the impact of thermal and mechanical stress, respectively, on the structure and thus functional properties of dietary fiber-rich food by-products is still unknown. In the extrusion process, thermal and mechanical stress are coupled, not constant, and difficult to measure or calculate. Thus, their influence on structural changes and functional properties cannot be evaluated separately. In this work, a specific shear cell, denoted by closed cavity rheometer, was used to treat apple pomace with defined thermal and/or mechanical stress. Dietary fiber composition and fiber polysaccharide structures appeared to be more susceptible to high temperatures than mechanical stress. With increasing temperature (and mechanical stress) soluble and low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber contents increased, whereas insoluble fiber contents decreased. Arabinans as rhamnogalacturonan type I polysaccharides and galacturonic acid containing pectic polysaccharides were identified as being most susceptible to degradation under these conditions. Furthermore, the defined treatment affected the functional properties. Although changes in the water solubility index (WSI) and/or the water absorption index (WAI) were not detected up to 90 °C, WSI and WAI decreased significantly at a treatment temperature of 120 °C. However, at very high temperatures (160 °C), WSI and WAI increased. The application of shear and longer treatment times resulted in higher WSI values and complex viscosities as compared to low shear stress.

Graphic abstract
Quasinormal Modes in Extremal Reissner–Nordström Spacetimes
Authors: Gajic Dejan , Warnick Claude
Published: June 2021

We present a new framework for characterizing quasinormal modes (QNMs) or resonant states for the wave equation on asymptotically flat spacetimes, applied to the setting of extremal Reissner–Nordström black holes. We show that QNMs can be interpreted as honest eigenfunctions of generators of time translations acting on Hilbert spaces of initial data, corresponding to a suitable time slicing. The main difficulty that is present in the asymptotically flat setting, but is absent in the previously studied asymptotically de Sitter or anti de Sitter sub-extremal black hole spacetimes, is that $$L^2$$

L
2

-based Sobolev spaces are not suitable Hilbert space choices. Instead, we consider Hilbert spaces of functions that are additionally Gevrey regular at infinity and at the event horizon. We introduce $$L^2$$

L
2

-based Gevrey estimates for the wave equation that are intimately connected to the existence of conserved quantities along null infinity and the event horizon. We relate this new framework to the traditional interpretation of quasinormal frequencies as poles of the meromorphic continuation of a resolvent operator and obtain new quantitative results in this setting.
Accuracy of the Lymph Node Yield in Surgery for Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Children
Authors: Yap Ava , Shui Amy , Gosnell Jessica , Huang Chiung‐Yu , Sosa Julie Ann , Roman Sanziana
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Our aim was to determine the accuracy of lymph node yield (LNY) for pediatric patients undergoing thyroidectomy with concurrent lymph nodes harvest for clinically node‐negative (cN0) papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Methods

Patients aged ≤ 18 years with cN0 PTC undergoing thyroidectomy were reviewed in the NCDB, 1998–2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ≥ 1 LNY were compared to those without. A truncated beta‐binomial distribution estimated the number of lymph nodes needed to detect pathologic nodal positivity, and LNY was calibrated for 90% sensitivity in nodal staging and stratified across clinical tumor size staging (T).

Results

1,948 children with cN0 PTC underwent surgical resection; median age was 17 years; 83.2% were female; 47.6% were T1, 25.3% T2, 9.3% T3. 1,272 (65.3%) of these patients had lymph nodes resected, or ≥ 1 LNY. The median LNY was 5 nodes (interquartile range 2–12); 45.9% of patients had ≥ 1 metastatic lymph nodes. In the overall ≥ 1 LNY cohort, 12 nodes (CI 9–19) were needed to predict nodal positivity with > 90% sensitivity. Based on clinical T‐stage, detecting a metastatic lymph node with > 90% sensitivity required a LNY of 14 for T1; 8 for T2; 6 for T3.

Conclusion

This is the first study estimating the necessary LNY for determining nodal positivity in children with cN0 PTC. The high LNY required in small T1 tumors is likely infeasible and should not be pursued. Accuracy increases with lower LNYs for higher T‐stages. Our findings can help guide prognosis and treatment for pediatric patients with PTC.
Impact of Adrenalectomy on Morbidity in Patients with Non‐Functioning Adrenal Cortical Tumours, Mild Hypercortisolism and Cushing's Syndrome as Assessed by National and Quality Registries
Authors: Thompson Lo Hallin , Ranstam Jonas , Almquist Martin , Nordenström Erik , Bergenfelz Anders
Published: June 2021

Background

The impact of adrenalectomy on morbidity in patients with mild hypercortisolism and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma is unclear. The present study evaluated morbidity before and after adrenalectomy in patients with benign adrenocortical tumour with Cushing´s syndrome (CS), autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma as assessed by national and quality registries.

Methods

Patients registered in the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal Surgery (SQRTPA) 2009–2017 with CS, ACS or non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma, were included in this retrospective study and analysed with age‐ and sex‐matched controls, 1:3. Morbidity associated with CS was assessed pre‐ and postoperatively by analysing data from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register.

Results

Some 271 patients were included, CS (127), ACS (45) and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma (99), with 813 matched controls. The frequency of hypertension was almost 50% in all tumour groups. Antihypertensive medication preoperatively was more frequent in all tumour groups compared with controls. No preoperative differences in medication were detected between patients with CS and ACS. A decrease in the use of hypertensive drugs was noticed annually for all patient groups after adrenalectomy.

Conclusions

Hypertension is common in patients with benign adrenocortical tumours regardless of cortisol hypersecretion. The use of antihypertensive drugs in patients with CS, ACS and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma was reduced after adrenalectomy. These findings highlight the need for a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of adrenalectomy on morbidity in patients with mild hypercortisolism.
A South American Experience With Postoperative Complications Following Chest Wall Reconstruction for Neoplasms
Authors: Carvajal Carlos , Ramirez Ana María , Guerrero‐Macías Silvia , Beltrán Rafael , Buitrago Ricardo , Carreño José
Published: June 2021

Background

This study aims to report postoperative complications of chest wall reconstructions due to resections of primary or secondary neoplasms in a South American cancer institution and their association with prosthesis reconstruction.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed clinical records of patients with primary or secondary chest wall neoplasms who underwent resection and reconstruction between November 2008 and October 2018 at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogota, Colombia.

Results

A total of 77 patients were analyzed, 50 were women (64.9%), and the median age was 45.8 years. There were 22(28.6%) sternal resections and 55(71.4%) costal resections. Prosthetic material was used in 14(18.2%) sternal and 37(48.1%) costal reconstructions. There were 26(33.7%) early postoperative complications and 16(20.8%) reinterventions. Infections were observed in 12(15.6%) patients and 4(5.2%) patients developed respiratory complications. 33.3% of all the early infections were presented in patients with methyl methacrylate (MMA) reconstructions and the same percentage in those with titanium plates. There were six (7.8%) late complications and five were related to prosthetic material extrusion, all required prosthetic material removal. The mean overall survival was 77,3 months (SD = 8 months), and 1‐year and 5‐year overall survival was 85% and 61%, respectively.

Conclusions

Infections were the more frequent postoperative complications in chest wall reconstructions. The use of either MMA or titanium plates was not related to early postoperative complications, although MMA reconstructions developed higher late complications and required prosthetic material removal.
Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair of the Ascending Aorta: Assessment of a Specific Novel Stent-Graft Design in Phantom, Cadaveric, and Clinical Application
Authors: Hauck Sven R. , Kupferthaler Alexander , Stelzmüller Marlies , Eilenberg Wolf , Ehrlich Marek , Neumayer Christoph , Wolf Florian , Loewe Christian , Funovics Martin A.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To test a stent-graft specifically designed for the ascending aorta in phantom, cadaver, and clinical application, and to measure deployment accuracy to overcome limitations of existing devices.

Methods

A stent-graft has been designed with support wires to fixate the apices toward the inner curvature, thereby eliminating the forward movement of the proximal end which can happen with circumferential tip capture systems. The device was deployed in three aortic phantoms, and in four cadavers, deployment precision was measured. Subsequently, the device was implanted in a patient to exclude a pseudoaneurysm originating from the distal anastomosis after ascending aortic replacement.

Results

The stent-grafts were successfully deployed in all phantoms and cadavers. Deployment accuracy of the proximal end of the stent-graft was within 1 mm proximally and 14 mm distally to the intended landing zone on the inner curvature, and 2–8 mm distal to the intended landing zone on the outer curvature. In clinical application, the pseudoaneurysm could be successfully excluded without complications.

Conclusion

The novel stent-graft design promises accurate placement in the ascending aorta. The differential deployment of the apices at the inner and outer curvatures allows deployment perpendicular to the aortic axis.

Level of Evidence

No level of evidence.
Dynamical mechanisms linking Indian monsoon precipitation and the circumglobal teleconnection
Authors: Beverley Jonathan D. , Woolnough Steven J. , Baker Laura H. , Johnson Stephanie J. , Weisheimer Antje , O’Reilly Christopher H.
Published: June 2021

The circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) is an important mode of circulation variability, with an influence across many parts of the northern hemisphere. Here, we examine the excitation mechanisms of the CGT in the ECMWF seasonal forecast model, and the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), the CGT and the extratropical northern hemisphere circulation. Results from relaxation experiments, in which the model is corrected to reanalysis in specific regions, suggest that errors over northwest Europe are more important in inhibiting the model skill at representing the CGT, in addition to northern hemisphere skill more widely, than west-central Asia and the ISM region, although the link between ISM precipitation and the extratropical circulation is weak in all experiments. Thermal forcing experiments in the ECMWF model, in which a heating is applied over India, suggest that the ISM does force an extratropical Rossby wave train, with upper tropospheric anticyclonic anomalies over east Asia, the North Pacific and North America associated with increased ISM heating. However, this eastward-propagating branch of the wave train does not project into Europe, and the response there occurs largely through westward-propagating Rossby waves. Results from barotropic model experiments show a response that is highly consistent with the seasonal forecast model, with similar eastward- and westward-propagating Rossby waves. This westward-propagating response is shown to be important in the downstream reinforcement of the wave train between Asia and North America.
Reprogramming of DNA methylation is linked to successful human preimplantation development
Authors: Arand Julia , Reijo Pera Renee A. , Wossidlo Mark
Published: June 2021

Human preimplantation development is characterized by low developmental rates that are poorly understood. Early mammalian embryogenesis is characterized by a major phase of epigenetic reprogramming, which involves global DNA methylation changes and activity of TET enzymes; the importance of DNA methylation reprogramming for successful human preimplantation development has not been investigated. Here, we analyzed early human embryos for dynamic changes in 5-methylcytosine and its oxidized derivatives generated by TET enzymes. We observed that 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine show similar, albeit less pronounced, asymmetry between the parental pronuclei of human zygotes relative to mouse zygotes. Notably, we detected low levels of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, with no apparent difference in maternal or paternal pronuclei of human zygotes. Analysis of later human preimplantation stages revealed a mosaic pattern of DNA 5C modifications similar to those of the mouse and other mammals. Strikingly, using noninvasive time-lapse imaging and well-defined cell cycle parameters, we analyzed normally and abnormally developing human four-cell embryos for global reprogramming of DNA methylation and detected lower 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in normal embryos compared to abnormal embryos. In conclusion, our results suggest that DNA methylation reprogramming is conserved in humans, with human-specific dynamics and extent. Furthermore, abnormalities in the four-cell-specific DNA methylome in early human embryogenesis are associated with abnormal development, highlighting an essential role of epigenetic reprogramming for successful human embryogenesis. Further research should identify the underlying genomic regions and cause of abnormal DNA methylation reprogramming in early human embryos.
SHIBR—The Swedish Historical Birth Records: a semi-annotated dataset
Authors: Cheddad Abbas , Kusetogullari Hüseyin , Hilmkil Agrin , Sundin Lena , Yavariabdi Amir , Aouache Mustapha , Hall Johan
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a digital image dataset of historical handwritten birth records stored in the archives of several parishes across Sweden, together with the corresponding metadata that supports the evaluation of document analysis algorithms’ performance. The dataset is called SHIBR (the Swedish Historical Birth Records). The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we believe it is the first and the largest Swedish dataset of its kind provided as open access (15,000 high-resolution colour images of the era between 1800 and 1840). We also perform some data mining of the dataset to uncover some statistics and facts that might be of interest and use to genealogists. Second, we provide a comprehensive survey of contemporary datasets in the field that are open to the public along with a compact review of word spotting techniques. The word transcription file contains 17 columns of information pertaining to each image (e.g., child’s first name, birth date, date of baptism, father's first/last name, mother’s first/last name, death records, town, job title of the father/mother, etc.). Moreover, we evaluate some deep learning models, pre-trained on two other renowned datasets, for word spotting in SHIBR. However, our dataset proved challenging due to the unique handwriting style. Therefore, the dataset could also be used for competitions dedicated to a large set of document analysis problems, including word spotting.
Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR): management and treatment of pilonidal disease
Authors: Milone M. , Basso L. , Manigrasso M. , Pietroletti R. , Bondurri A. , La Torre M. , Milito G. , Pozzo M. , Segre D. , Perinotti R. , Gallo G.
Published: June 2021

Pilonidal disease (PD) is a relatively common, benign but challenging condition of the natal cleft. This consensus statement was drawn up by a panel of surgeons, identified by the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) as having a “special interest” in PD, with the aim of recommending the best therapeutic options according to currently available scientific evidence. A three-step modified-Delphi process was adopted, implying: (1) choice of the panelists; (2) development of a discussion outline and of target issues; and (3) a detailed systematic review of the current literature. The agreement/disagreement level was scored on a five-point Likert scale as follows: “A + : strongly agree; A–: agree; N: unsure/no opinion; D–: disagree; D + : strongly disagree. Each panelist contributed to the production of this manuscript, and the final recommendations were reviewed by the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee.
Computing nonperforming loan prices in banking efficiency analysis
Authors: Fusco Elisa , Maggi Bernardo
Published: June 2021

Within the framework of banking efficiency analysis, we propose a methodology for computing unobservable shadow prices for nonperforming loans (NPL). Our approach is to include NPL as an undesirable output variable in a distance function stochastic frontier analysis. We conduct a panel study of US and European banks during the most recent financial crisis by adopting a semi-nonparametric Fourier specification, which ensures convergence to the true values of both the estimated function and the related efficiency. Computing NPL prices has several advantages, such as identifying approaching crises, quantifying the responsibilities of governments and banks for credit risk and determining appropriate regulatory interventions.
Tuning the morphological properties of cellulose aerogels: an investigation of salt-mediated preparation
Authors: Parajuli Prakash , Acharya Sanjit , Shamshina Julia L. , Abidi Noureddine
Published: June 2021

In this study, alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides with different cationic radii (LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) were used to gain insight into the behavior of cellulose solutions in the presence of salts. The specific focus of the study was  on the evaluation of the effect of salts’ addition on the sol–gel transition of the cellulose solutions and on their ability to form monoliths, as well as the evaluation of the morphology (e.g., specific surface area, pore characteristics, and microstructure) of aerocelluloses prepared from these solutions. The effect of the salt addition on the sol–gel transition of cellulose solutions was studied using rheology, and morphology of resultant aerogels was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, while the salt influence on the aerocelluloses’ crystalline structure and thermal stability was evaluated using powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The study revealed that the effect of salts’ addition was dependent on the component ions and their concentration. The addition of salts in the amount below certain concentration limit significantly improved the ability of the cellulose solutions to form monoliths and reduced the sol–gel transition time. Salts of lower cationic radii had a greater effect on gelation. However, excessive amount of salts resulted in the formation of fragile monoliths or no formation of gels at all. Analysis of surface morphology demonstrated that the addition of salts resulted in a significant increase in porosity and specific surface area, with salts of lower cationic radii leading to aerogels with much larger (~ 1.5 and 1.6-fold for LiCl and MgCl2, respectively) specific surface area compared to aerocelluloses prepared with no added salt. Thus, by adding the appropriate salt into the cellulose solution prior to gelation, the properties of aerocelluloses that control material’s performance (specific surface area, density, and porosity) could be tailored for a specific application.

Graphic abstract
Toward an integrated system of climate change and human health indicators: a conceptual framework
Authors: Liu Ann Y. , Trtanj Juli M. , Lipp Erin K. , Balbus John M.
Published: June 2021

Environmental health indicators are helpful for tracking and communicating complex health trends, informing science and policy decisions, and evaluating public health actions. When provided on a national scale, they can help inform the general public, policymakers, and public health professionals about important trends in exposures and how well public health systems are preventing those exposures from causing adverse health outcomes. There is a growing need to understand national trends in exposures and health outcomes associated with climate change and the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies for health. To date, most indicators for health implications of climate change have been designed as independent, individual metrics. This approach fails to take into account how exposure-outcome pathways for climate-attributable health outcomes involve multiple, interconnected components. We propose reframing climate change and health indicators as a linked system of indicators, which can be described as follows: upstream climate drivers affect environmental states, which then determine human exposures, which ultimately lead to health outcomes; these climate-related risks are modified by population vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. We apply this new conceptual framework to three illustrative climate-sensitive health outcomes and associated exposure-outcome pathways: pollen allergies and asthma, West Nile virus infection, and vibriosis.
On the Difficulty of Budget Allocation in Claims Problems with Indivisible Items and Prices
Authors: Estañ Teresa , Llorca Natividad , Martínez Ricardo , Sánchez-Soriano Joaquín
Published: June 2021

In this paper we study the class of claims problems where the amount to be divided is perfectly divisible and claims are made on indivisible units of several items. Each item has a price, and the available amount falls short to be able to cover all the claims at the given prices. We propose several properties that may be of interest in this particular framework. These properties represent the common principles of fairness, efficiency, and non-manipulability by merging or splitting. Efficiency is our focal principle, which is formalized by means of two axioms: non-wastefulness and Pareto efficiency. We show that some combinations of the properties we consider are compatible, others are not.
Is it Possible to Assess the Two-Domain Definition of the Broad Autism Phenotype Using the Available Measurement Tools?
Authors: Godoy-Giménez M. , González-Rodríguez A. , Cañadas F. , Estévez A. F. , Sayans-Jiménez P.
Published: June 2021

Although, the operationalization of the autism spectrum disorder has been updated around two domains, the broad autism phenotype (BAP) one has not. Additionally, the items of the three common BAP measures, the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), the Autism Quotient, and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), remain organized around a non-consensual number of factors. We explored whether the items of these measures matched with the two-domain operationalization through a parallel analysis, which has suggested two main components, and two expert judgments which have assessed item wording, relevance, and construct representativeness. A remaining pool of 48 BAP-relevant items suggested a possible under-representation of two subdomains. Despite the relevance of all the BAPQ items, only the SRS ones tapped in all subdomains.
The evolution of language ideological debates about English and French in a multilingual humanitarian organisation
Authors: Garrido Maria Rosa
Published: June 2021

This article traces the evolution of the ideological construction of elite multilingualism, with a focus on the values accorded to French and English, under transforming socioeconomic and institutional conditions at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The ICRC, a major humanitarian agency based in Geneva, opens a window onto the construction of “internationalisation” and its accompanying language ideologies, resulting in fluctuating hiring requirements for “delegates” (expatriate representatives). The data include job advertisements for delegate posts from 1989 to 2020 complemented by interviews with different generations of delegates and ethnographic fieldwork in a recruitment fair. The analysis of language ideological debates at the ICRC illuminates the articulations and tensions between “roots” in Geneva, symbolised by French, and “routes” in its delegations worldwide, with English as a lingua franca, in dominant discourses about multilingualism. The requirements for ICRC delegates include English as a must and at least a second ICRC working language. Concerning the latter, there are tensions between the desired language regime at headquarters, privileging French as the “parent” language, and the current needs in key operations, with a shortage of Arabic speakers. The analysis shows that French requirements for generalist delegates have fluctuated from perfect command and good knowledge to an optional second working language. In the 2020 recruitment campaign, elite multilingualism is hierarchically stratified into English as a global language, other “working languages” including Arabic, and non-European languages such as Pashto or Dari as newly-introduced “assets”.