bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrine disorders in burn disease. Literature review
Authors: Kravets O. V. , Yekhalov V. V. , Gorbuntsov V. V.
Published: March 2024

The purpose of the review is to highlight clinically hidden variants of hormonal dysfunctions in burn disease, which strongly determine the peculiarities of the course of the pathological condition but are often overlooked by clinicians. Based on available literary sources, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of specialised medical reports from both domestic and foreign researchers. The focus of this analysis was on compensatory and pathological shifts in hormonal regulation of the body in individuals suffering from local heat injury. The collected scientific data is expected to be useful to practitioners in the field of combustiology in their practical activities. Damage to the endocrine glands is one of the key pathogenetic factors of local thermal injury, but the intracellular mechanisms of the influence of burn disease on these processes remain poorly understood. The criticality of burn injuries often leads to hypodiagnosis of endocrine disorders, which are indeed typical and rapidly developing. The neuroendocrine response to severe burns is a multisystem coordinated response of the body, which can not only maintain homeostasis and play a protective role in critical conditions but also cause tissue damage, realising the properties of a «double‑edged sword». Burns covering more than 40% of the total surface area of the body are accompanied by a stress reaction and hyperinflammation with a steady increase in the secretion of catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and cytokines. Classic studies confirm that a sharp post‑burn increase in stress hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol) contributes to the development of hyperglycemia, a systemic catabolic state, and multiple organ dysfunction. It has been established that the hypothalamic‑pituitary axis is responsible for fluctuations in the content of pituitary hormones in the blood serum of patients with local thermal lesions. After severe burns, the plasma renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system is activated, and the level of some hormones increases for more than 2 months after the injury.
An algorithm for the diagnosis of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease in resource-limited settings
Authors: Dubenko D. , Susak Y.
Published: March 2024

Pilonidal disease (PD) is a very common condition. In the countries of the global West, which have high per capita income and advanced health care systems, the average lifetime incidence is about 26 cases per 100,000 people. In the USA, about 70,000 new cases of the disease are registered annually. The full‑scale aggression of the Russian Federation in February 2022 resulted in a drastic decline in access to high‑quality health care in Ukraine, particularly affecting people living in temporarily occupied territories, communities with significant destruction, and internally displaced persons. Pilonidal disease substantially reduces patients’ working capacity, diminishes their quality of life, and, in some cases, can result in severe complications that pose an immediate threat to their lives.
Objective —  to develop a standardised algorithm for diagnosing sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease (PD) in resource‑limited settings (combat zones, territories located in the close vicinity of the theatre of military operations where the population does not have full access to specialised health services; de‑occupied territories, which are temporarily deprived of access to qualified medical personnel and appropriate technical resources).
A standardised algorithm for diagnosing PD has been developed. It consists of nine stages organised into consecutive blocks. Each stage is designed according to the «task‑step‑commentary» principle and includes detailed explanations for performing the diagnostic procedure.
Conclusions. Sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease is a common condition that requires timely diagnosis and further management. In resource‑limited settings, the creation of diagnostic algorithms is one of the important ways to improve access to health services.
Clinical features, anxiety and depression among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism
Authors: Onofrijchuk J. A. , Solovyova G. A. , Bogomaz V. M. , Kozak N. P. , Skrypnychenko S. V. , Onofrijchuk Y. A.
Published: March 2024

Objective — to determine the peculiarities of clinical characteristics, assessment of anxiety and depression prevalence in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‑C) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism.
Materials and methods. 96 patients with IBS‑C were included in the clinical prospective study and were divided into 2 groups: 65 (67.7%) patients with IBS‑C and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism (study group) and 31 (32.3%) patients with IBS‑C (control group). Clinical examination findings were analyzed with help of questionnaires. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to identify anxiety disorders and depression. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 11 and Statistica 6 software packages.
Results. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‑C) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism were more likely to have bloating than patients with isolated irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (p <0.05), who are more likely to have heartburn. No statistical difference was observed between the frequency of nausea, vomiting, pain or heaviness in stomach and loss of appetite in both groups (р >0.05). Anxiety was significantly more prevalent in patients with IBS‑C and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism (p=0.002). No statistical difference was observed between the frequency of depression in both groups (p=0.180).
Conclusions. It’s more likely that patients with IBS‑C and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis have higher frequency of bloating and higher anxiety level than patients with isolated IBS‑C, in which heartburn is predominantly observed. There was no significant difference in depression level between patients with IBS‑C and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and patients with isolated IBS‑C.
Modern Features of the Epidemiological Situation of Tuberculosis in Ukraine (Review)
Authors: Valetskyi Yu.M. , Nychyporuk V.O. , Valetska R.O.
Published: March 2024

Objective — to study the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Ukraine from 2018 to 2022.
Materials and methods. This research utilised a comprehensive source base including official statistical data from the State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, scholarly articles from both international and domestic researchers, materials from periodicals and international conferences and internet resources. Additionally, the insights and analyses were enriched by involving six experts and organisers from the phthisiatric service. These experts were instrumental in interpreting statistical data and identifying causal relationships within the dynamics of the epidemiological indicators.
Results and discussion. From 2018 to 2022, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), including its recur­rences, in Ukraine decreased by 27.3 %. During this timeframe, TB incidence among children aged 0—14 years fell by 16.9 %, and among adolescents aged 15—17 years, it dropped significantly by 45.8 %. Despite these overall reductions, a notable increase in TB incidence was observed across the Ukrainian population by approximately 3.5 % and specifically among children aged 0—14 years by 25.4 % in 2021, compared to 2020. The Odesa Oblast reported the highest morbidity rate across all Ukrainian regions over this five-year period, although it experienced a 36.0 % reduction from 2018 to 2022. Importantly, the prevalence of all forms of active TB across the Ukrainian population decreased by 40.7 % from 2018 to 2022. This decline was also reflected among children aged 0—14 and 15—17 years, with decreases of 34.1 and 49.7 %, respectively. Statistically, the highest morbidity rate among healthcare institution employees in Ukraine was observed in 2018, reaching 6.0 per 10,000 employees.
Conclusions. Since 2020, a concerning trend has emerged in Ukraine with an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis by almost 3.5 %, and a sharp rise of 25.4 % among children aged 0—14 years in 2021, reversing the previously declining trend. This uptick is likely influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, there was a notable decrease in the prevalence of all forms of active TB across Ukraine's entire population by 40.7 % from 2018 to 2022. The highest morbidity rate among healthcare workers was observed in 2018, at 6.0 per 10,000 workers. A significant concern remains TB's impact on the working-age population, leading to permanent disability. However, the rate of primary disability due to TB among the adult and working-age population showed a decrease in 2022 by 11.4 and 3.9 %, respectively. The underdiagnosis of TB, potentially exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing conflict, poses a significant challenge to controlling the disease.
HARMONICS PRODUCED IN A THREE-PHASE UNCONTROLLED-CONVERTER TRANSFORMER UNDER UNBALANCED VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Mohammed Ismail A. , Riza Mahdi I.M.
Published: March 2024

r three-phase converters, the knowledge of the orders and relative amplitudes of lower harmonic components is essential for a filter design. Under unbalanced conditions of the supply voltage, harmonics that are not produced under balanced conditions are generated. The effect of unbalanced- supply conditions on the harmonics generated in the primary of a Transformer feeding a three- phase six- pulse uncontrolled converter is investigated theorticaly .The validity of theortical results is demonstrated practically.
NEW METHOD FOR DERIVATION OF LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Al-Kazalch O.M.
Published: March 2024

in the modern field of heavy ion atomic physics, determined through Lorentz transformation [W. Greiner 1997]. At high energies one must investigate the relative wave equations. This means equations, which are invariant under Lorenz transformation. The Lorentz transformation is so important, that it needs, to be derived on a more logical basis. Many textbooks and research papers have derived Lorentz transformation by different postulates [Anderson, J.L. 1967][G. Nadean 1962][H.A. Atwater 1974], which are not treated electro-dynamically this paper exhibits a method of finding the Lorentz transformation by exploiting the Maxwell's famous equations of the electromagnetic field equations
TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE-SPOOL TURBOJET ENGINE
Authors: Al-Tael Arkan K. , Hussain Ihsan Y. , Al-Saeedi Shakir J. Jasim
Published: March 2024

The transient performance (acceleration and deceleration) analysis of turbojet gas turbine engire has been carried out in the present work. Transient simulation of the engines is based on the compatibility of flow and rotational speed but not of work. Gas turbine simulation is a general- purpose simulation developed for steady state (matching) study. Matching is achieved by zeroing the difference in mass flow rate of adjacent components, and work of compressor-turbine pairi Steady state is taken as an initial condition for transient simulation of the engine. The factors indicating engine limits such as surge margin, engine maximum temperature, and combustion chamber flameout that affect transient response has been studied. The results show that there is sudden change in the investigated parameters during transient operation, except for the rotational speed and the engine flow rate. Increasing the compressor surge margin and /or maximum turbine inlet temperature improves engine acceleration and decreases the acceleration time. Comparison with previous experimental work showed good agreement.
DYE REMOVAL FROM WASTE WATER BY ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: AL-Hemiri Adil , Shaker Ibtihal K.
Published: March 2024

This Investigation was conducted activated carbon study the removal of dyes from waste water in the textile cotton industry Three different industrial dyes were used, these are direct blue, sulphure black and vat yellow with the following maximum concentrations in solution The method used is adsorption on of 6,10 and 16 ppm respectively The results showed that adsorption onto activated carbon with surface area of 626 m³/g to be very effective for the removal of the different dyes considered, where the percent removal was 96.75% 987 7% and 98.4% for direct blue, sulphure black and vat and vat yellow respectively
EFFECT OF HARMONICS ON A SOLID-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR
Authors: Saleh Ali M. , Radhi Ahmed Th.
Published: March 2024

The paper records a study of an investigating the performance of a solid-rotor induction motor witha rectilinear inverter excitation to identify the effects of the associated time harmonics. Theperformance is determined experimentally by using a stator of a three-phase laboratory inductionmotor that is fitted with a solid-steel rotor and compared with the theoretical model developedwhich uses the Fourier components of the supply voltage waveform. Final conclusions are drawnfrom comparing motor performances with sinusoidal and inverter excitations. An equivalent circuitmodel is developed to determine the harmonic currents. The development of the theoretical modelmake use of the results of existing field analyses. Harmonic currents and other performance detailsincluding the possible interactions between the co-existing harmonics are determined and discussed.The measured values of torque, input current and power over full speed range with the two types ofexcitation are presented, and compared with the theoretical values. The waveforms of current, phaseand line voltages are analyzed experimentally and compared with simulation results. The theoreticalresults correlate well with measured results and the significant harmonic effects are identified
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOSITY TEST RESULTS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Authors: Fawzi Nada Mahdi , Ali A. A.
Published: March 2024

The high strength concrete is characterized by its high strength, low porosity and good performanceunder aggressive environmental conditions. The paper presents some factors affecting the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test results for high strength concrete such as water/ cement ratio, type of aggregate, frequency level of transducers, dimension of the specimens and path length. An experimental equation has been derived for the prediction of compressive strength of high strength concrete from pulse velocity, which can be used for the estimation of strength. It provides more reliable prediction and can be used in precast concrete factories manufacturing precast concrete girders for bridges
STATIC ANALYSIS OF THIN-WALLED CURVED BEAM ELEMENT INCLUDING WARPING EFFECTS
Authors: Ali Adnan Falih , Almusawi Abdul Muttalib A. , Aussi Ann Nafi"
Published: March 2024

A new mathematical model for three-dimensional thin-walled curved beam element of closedsection with seven degree-of-freedom per node is derived using the finite element procedure. Theseventh degree-of-freedom is to account for warning restraint effects in thin-walled closed sections.These effects may become significant and should be fully considered in such sections for whichwarping deformations are relatively large. This model considers the coupled action due to thecurved geometry of the element using its exact static behavior in the derivation of the displacementfield. Also, the modei considers the non-uniform torsional behavior of closed thin-walled sectionsin cases where additional axial direct stresses and complementary shear stresses are formed. Thedeveloped warping function of this model considers the interaction between the normal warpingstresses and the accompanying warping shear stresses as well as the coupled action between thetorsion and bending.In addition to the ordinary axial and flexural deformations, the strain energy, which is used toobtain the stiffness matrix of the developed curved beam element fully, considers the additionalaxial, primary and secondary shear deformations due to warping restraint. The validity of thiselement is investigated by comparing the developed program analysis results with some availableanalytical solutions.
AXISYMMETRIC FREE VIBRATION OF THIN PROLATE SPHEROIDAL SHELLS
Authors: Hassan Ahmed A. , Hussein Ala M. , Obaid Mohammed J.
Published: March 2024

In this paper a detailed study of the theory of free axisymmetric vibration of thin isotropic prolate spheroidal shells is presented. The analysis is performed according to Rayleigh – Ritz method. This method as well as an approximate modeling technique were attempted to estimate the natural frequencies for the shell. This technique is based on considering the prolate spheroidal as a continuous system constructed from two spherical shell elements matched at the continuous boundaries. Through out the obtained results it is found that this method predicted fairly well the natural frequencies of a prolate spheroidal shell for all values of eccentricities.
SACRIFICIAL ANODE CATHODIC PROTECTION OF LOW CARBON STEEL IN SEA WATER
Authors: Yaro Aprael S. , Hameed Khalid W.
Published: March 2024

Cathodic protection is a corrosion-prevention technique which uses the electrochemical properties of metals to insure that the structure to be protected becomes the cathode of an electrolytic cell Laboratory evaluation was conducted on zinc electrode as anode material that used for sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP)of carbon steel. Rate of zinc consumption during cathodic protection of carbon steel pipeline carrying seawater (4 % w/v NaCl solution) were measured by the loss in weight technique. Variables studied were seawater temperature (0-45o C), flow rate (5-900 lit/h), pH (2-12) and duration time (1-4 h). It was found that the rate of zinc consumption increases with increasing seawater temperature, flow rate and duration time and decreases with pH increase. Under the mentioned operating conditions, the rate of zinc consumption during cathodic protection of steel ranged from 5.65×10-3 to 98.9×10-3 g/cm2 .day. For the system under investigation, the cell responsible for cathodic protection is Zn/NaCl/Fe.
SELF ORGANIOZING FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR A NONLINEAR TIME VARYING SYSTEM
Authors: Abdul-Wahab Omar W.
Published: March 2024

This paper proposes a self organizing fuzzy controller as an enhancement level of the fuzzy controller. The adjustment mechanism provides explicit adaptation to tune and update the position of the output membership functions of the fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that this controller is capable of controlling a non-linear time varying system so that the performance of the system improves so as to reach the desired state in a less number of samples.
STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF S.I.E. FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE
Authors: Chaichan Miqdam T.
Published: March 2024

This paper includes study of performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engineRicardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, fueled withsupplementary hydrogen to gasoline.The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio were chosen in studying the effect ofwide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing.The results showed that HUCR for mixture of two fuels was (9:1). The brake power whenoperated with gasoline was higher than when it was fueled with hydrogen alone, but when mixingtwo fuels the brake power increased and became higher than that when working with gasoline to acertain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 80%), after this limit the brakepower reduced by increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio.The equivalence ratio at which the brake power reach its highest value was between (Ø=1-1.1)when mixing the two fuels. The results showed that the engine can work with very lean equivalenceratios with supplementary hydrogen, the indicated thermal efficiency increased also, and the brakespecific fuel consumption reduced when hydrogen volumetric ratio increased.
DEWAXING OF DISTILLATE OIL FRACTION (400- 500 ºC) USING UREA
Authors: Mohammed Abdul-Halim A.-K. Mohammed , Yasin Safaa R.Yasin
Published: March 2024

De-waxing of lubricating oil distillate (400-500 ºC) by using urea was investigated in the present study. Lubricating oil distillate produced by vacuum distillation and refined by furfural extraction was taken from Al-Daura refinery. This oil distillate has a pour point of 34 ºC. Two solvents were used to dilute the oil distillate, these are methyl isobutyl ketone and methylene chloride. The operating conditions of the urea adduct formation with n-paraffins in the presence of methyl isobutyl ketone were studied in details, these are solvent to oil volume ratio within the range of 0 to 2, mixer speed 0 to 2000 rpm, urea to wax weight ratio 0 to 6.3, time of adduction 0 to 71 min and temperature 30-70 ºC). Pour point of de-waxed oil and yield of wax produced were determined to show the effect of these operating conditions. The most favorable operating conditions were solvent to oil volume ratio of 1, mixer speed of 1500 rpm, urea to wax weight ratio of 5, time of adduction of 13 min and temperature of 30-52 ºC.
ANALYSIS OF CORNER BEAM-COLUMN JUNCTION WITH INCLUSION OF THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
Authors: Husain Husain M. , Hamza Dina M.
Published: March 2024

This paper describes a comparison between beam-column junctions with and without construction joint, also, a parametric study deals with construction joint is presented by taking various conditions of the junction. These include the various positions of the construction joint, the axial load on the column, strength of concrete in the second cast and the amount of dowels crossing the joint. By developing a computer program which was originally written by Dr. Ihsan Al-Shaarbaf (1990), (P3DNFEA, program of three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis), to consider the effect of construction joint depending on the fact that the shear force can be transmitted across the shear plane either by interlocking of the aggregate particles protruding from each face or by dowel action of the reinforcement crossing the cracks by using Fronteddu’s and Millard’s models, respectively. It is concluded that the construction joints existed in the beam-column junctions result in a significant reduction in the in-plane shear stiffness and it would affect only on the rotation and shear strains of the joint.
AUTOMATED APPROACH FOR COLOR IMAGE GENERATION
Authors: Hassan Ammar A. , Aboud Aminna Dahim
Published: March 2024

We introduce a general technique for “generating” images by automatic transferring luminance and color between a source and a target images both can be in black/ white, grayscale and color images at any time. Although the general problem of adding luminance and chromatic values to a target image was not exact, so, the current approach attempts to provide a method to help minimize the a mount of human labor required for this task. This method perform the image generating rely on luminance matching techniques between the source and target pixel neighborhood, and transfer the best pixels of neighborhood matching, i.e., luminance and chromatic information from source to target. The results demonstrate this technique introduce natural-looking generating in entertaining manner and work surprisingly well for a large variety of images, no more time of frustration attempting to get just the look you want without human intervention. It is compatible with such popular image processing software as “A dobe PhotoShop”. Although this study find a new method focus only on the homogeneous images, future work will solve the problems of non-homogeneous images.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FINS PERFORATION EFFECT ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF HELICALLY FINNED TUBES
Authors: Fayed Ikhlase M. , Hussain IhsanY. , Hadi Hanna Abdul , Ibrahim Sahra Hassan
Published: March 2024

The present research includes an experimental study for the effect of fins perforation onthe performance of helically finned tubes. The experiments were made on five models of (18mm) diameter tubes finned spirally with (12mm) high fins perforated with a circular holes ,the number of holes was (3-3-6&2 hole /fin) and their diameters were (3,4,2&3mm)respectively .Each tube was tests horizontally by forcing air with(1.5-7.5 m/s) maximumvelocity and Reynolds number range (3105.7 10 321.1510  ) on the tube .The effect ofnumber and diameter of holes were studied.The experimental results showed that the finsperforation increase the overall heat transfer coefficient for all perforated fins tubes, but thepercentage increase differs from tube to another. From the comparison of overall heat transfercoefficient for perforated finned tube ((3 hole/fin), (3mm) hole diameter) with unperforatedfinned tube found that it is increased to (12.3%) at air velocity (4.5m/s), this percentagecontinue with increasing until to reach (36%) at (7.5 m/s). It is found that for two tubeswith same fins dimensions and same number of holes (3 hole/fin), the tube with smaller hole(2mm) is better than that of the larger hole (3mm) by (28%) at (7.5 m/s) maximum airvelocity, the increase of the number of holes from (2) to (3) for constant hole diameter (3mm)improves the overall heat transfer coefficient by (7.8%) at (7.5 m/s) maximum air velocity .Sothe increasing of holes number increase the overall heat transfer coefficient more than theincreasing of holes diameter for constant fins surface area (for research case).
WATER PURIFICATION BY ELECTROCAGULATION PROCESS
Authors: Al-Hashimi Mohammad Ali , Hussen Amer Abdul-Amir , Abdel-Ridha Jameel Yosif
Published: March 2024

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method of treating polluted water. Electrocoagulation and electroflotation are two techniques involving the electrolytic addition of coagulation metal ions directly from sacrificial electrodes by introducing an electrical current into the medium for the treatment of a wide range polluted water in an even wider range of reactor design, application of an electrical field prompts electrolysis of the water medium and generates particular quantities of hydrogen gas. The process works best with water's pH in range 7.0-7.5 and will still often work less efficiently in the range 3.5 <pH<9.The effects of electrocoagulation process are in reduction water turbidity in relation to electrical current and operation period.The Electrocoagulation process gives removal efficiency of turbidity by about 85% for batch process and by about 62% for continuous flow and removal efficiency of total suspended solid by about 96% for batch process and 66% for continuous process. The optimum temperature was found to be at 35 C0 to give high efficiency in removal of turbidity, total suspended solid and sulphate ions.
SLES SURFACTANT AS DRAG REDUCING AGENT WITHIN GASOIL FLOWING THROUGH PIPELINES
Authors: Shua'ab Abbas Khalaf Muhammed , Abdul-Bari Hayder A.
Published: March 2024

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) with five different concentrations (from 50 to 100 ppm) were used as drag reducer. This surfactant was studied using gasoil with seven different fluid flow rates (from 1.9 to 4.5 m3 /h) and a testing section length of 4 m. Percentage drag reduction (%Dr) was found to increase by increasing the surfactant concentration and Reynolds number. Maximum drag reduction (45.5%) was acheved by using 300 ppm of SLES dissolved in gas oil for flow rate equals to 4.5 m3 /h. Friction factor was calculated from the experimental data. For pure solvent; friction factor values lies near or at Blasuis asymptote. While, by producing the surfactants into the flow, the friction factor values were positioned below Blasius asymptote towards Virk maximum drag reduction asymptote.  Correlation equation was suggested for surfactant solutions. This correlation shows the friction factor as a function of Reynolds number (Re) and surfactant concentration (C). The results showed good agreement between the observed friction factor values and the predicted ones from the correlation equation.
A GALVANOSTATIC POLARIZATION INVESTIGATION OF STEEL CORROSION IN ALKALINE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Yaro Aprael S.
Published: March 2024

The electrochemical behavior of iron and steel in alkaline media is complex,not well understood.It is difficult to determine corrosion rates of steel in high pH solutions by extrapolation of Tafel curves.Polarization resistance (Rp) must be determined in some other way.In this study an attempt was made to find (Rp) values of steel corroding in saturated Ca(OH)2 by anodic currents impressed galvanostatically to the steel from a counter electrode placed together with a reference electrode(I.e. impressed anodic current densities were (10,20,40,and 100µA/Cm2 and duration time was about 25 minutes). It was found that this rapid and non destructive polarization technique yields accepted and reasonable information on corrosion behavior.
A FULL MISSILE HOMING SYSTEM DESIGN BASED ON PROPORTIONAL NAVIGATION GUIDANCE LAW AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL TRACKING SYSTEM
Authors: Al-Ashtari Waleed Kh.
Published: March 2024

Generally, the homing systems are majorly constructing from three components: the guidance law, the target tracking system, and the missile flight control system. Therefore, in this paper, we construct our homing system from the following components: the proportional navigation guidance law which is considered as the guidance scheme for most homing missile systems, the electro-optical tracking system, and a tail controlled missile. And subsequently complete mathematical derivations and the demand transfer function formulations of all these three components have been introduced. The proposed homing system is capable to pursuit and hit any target just by specifying the required missile flight time. A SIMULINK software program has been built mainly from four subsystems to simulate the operation of this homing system, and the simulation results show clearly the efficient performance of the proposed homing system under any probable disturbance
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION ON THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIC WASTE
Authors: Mohammed Mohanad Jasim
Published: March 2024

A laboratory-scale experiment was carried out to estimate the influence of temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal organic waste (MOW). Heating failure was simulated by decreasing temperature gradually from 55 °C to 20 °C gradually 2 h time need for temperature decrease and recovery. Under conditions of 8.0 g/ (L·d) and 15 d respectively for MOW load and retention time. Following results were found: (1) biogas production almost stopped and VFA (Volatile Fatty Acid) accumulated rapidly when accompanied by pH decrease. (2) With low temperature (20°C) duration of 1, 5, 12 and 24 h, the thermophilic anaerobic digestion system reproduce methane after temperature fluctuation of 3, 11, 56 and 72 h. (3) The bacteria was influenced by the temperature fluctuation where it decayed, hydrolysis, acidification was high as the low temperature interval lasted. (4) The thermophilic  microorganisms were highly flexible to temperature fluctuation.
مقترح نظام اداري لقواعد اختيار اسموب التنفيذ في مشاريع قطاع التشييد في العراق
Authors: العجيمي حاتم خميفة بريسم
Published: March 2024

Among the most important problems which faced the new approach is the wide use of old approach , particularly the traditional approach ( general contractor ) and the bill of quantity contract, and this were commonly used in the course of the application of fast – track approach in spite of unfulfilling the execution requirements for the fast – track , so It became necessary to look for certain contract rules to be used as a substitute suited all conditions and cases after concluding lessons from the local experiments in rebuilding issues . This research aims at analyzing the subject of shortening time factor taking in consideration the effect all the effective factors which leads to increase the cost and time A scientific methodology was followed in both theoretical and practical phases of the study . A detailed statistical analysis of the study was incorporated using questionnaire and interview method to evaluate the effective factors directly or indirectly on fast – track approach.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF IRON PRESENCE IN THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF A DOUBLE HELICAL WINDING INDUCTION MOTORS
Authors: Alwash J.H. , Mahdi Saad
Published: March 2024

The paper presented a new type of double helical-winding tubular induction motor (DHWTIM). The proposed motor consists of double- layer helical windings primary arranged on the same circumference with a common secondary. By controlling the phase sequence of supply voltage for each of primary winding layers, the secondary conductor would be capable of producing pure rotary motion, pure linear motion, or helical motion. An appropriate multi-layer analysis using cylindrical geometry is presented. This has been used to study the effect of iron presence in the magnetic circuit of the machine on its performance.
SKIN FRICTION BETWEEN UNDISTURBED OVER CONSOLIDATED SILTY CLAY SOILS AND CONCRETE
Authors: Ahmed Azad Abbas , JahanGer Zuhair Kadhim
Published: March 2024

Up to date, in many foundation design problems (especially for piles foundation), the shear strength (skin friction) between soil and construction materials of the foundation was usually estimated or correlated without any direct methods for measurement.The modern trend is to establish skin friction coefficients through laboratory experiments in which the factors influencing the results may be controlled quantitatively.In this study strain controlled Direct Shear Tests were performed using shear to simulate the shear behavior area between concrete (foundation materials) and undisturbed over consolidated silty clay, to determine the shear strength of soil – foundation interface, considering the following variables : (1) Concrete, smooth surface condition, (2) Undisturbed over consolidated silty clay, (3) Variation of the normal load between the friction surface. The tests conveniently revealed both shear strength parameters as for soil test (cohesion and angle of internal friction), and interface angle of friction was in the range of 14° to 17°, while the adhesion was in the range of 13 to 16 kPa.The ultimate shear strength was mobilized through 4 to 7 mm displacement in the direction of shear slip; this was a great advantage of Direct Shear Test performance.
IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL USING GEOGRIDS TO RESIST ECCENTRIC LOADS.
Authors: Al-Mosawe Mosa J. , Al-Saidi A'amal A. , Jawad Faris W.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents the results of experimental investigations to predict the bearing capacity of square footing on geogrid-reinforced loose sand by performing model tests. The effects of several parameters were studied in order to study the general behavior of improving the soil by using the geogrid. These parameters include the eccentricity value, depth of first layer of reinforcement, and vertical spacing of reinforcement layers. The results of the experimental work indicated that there was an optimum reinforcement embedment depth at which the bearing capacity was the highest when single-layer reinforcement was used. The increase of (z/B) (vertical spacing of reinforcement layer/width of footing) above 1.5 has no effect on the relative improvement for the soil and the relative improvement (%) of the reinforced soil can be predicated by using a simple equation .
NONLINEAR ANALYSES OF PARTIALLY COMPOSITE STEEL BEAMS ENCASED IN CONCRETE WITH INNOVATIVE POSITION OF STUD BOLTS
Authors: Shukur Raad K.
Published: March 2024

Static behavior of three partially encased composite steel beams with cambering under flexural condition is investigated in the context of studying some alternative positions for the headed studs. Shear resistance between the cambered I-shaped beam and the concrete was provided by headed studs in two positions: vertically welded on the bottom flange and horizontally welded on the faces of the web. In the present study, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis has been used to predict the load-deflection and moment-rotation behaviors of composite encased beams consisting of steel sections using the finite element computer program (ANSYS V. 10). Composite encased beams are analyzed and a comparison ismade with available experimental load-deflection curves, good agreement with the experimental results is observed. Cambering of steel section is introduced on the steel section of the composite beams encased in concrete. It is found that using of steel section with cambering can increase the ultimate load capacity of the composite encased beam by relatively (15%) and also it is found that deflection are nearly (65% to 80%) the deflection of the same beam without cambering. Parametric studies have been carried out to study the increasing of the momentcarrying capacity due to the use of encased concrete; meanwhile the slip along the beams length is studied. The strain distributions along the steel section and encased concrete depth are also examined. The effects of concrete compressive strength on the stiffness of the composite encased beams are also investigated with the Poisson’s ratio of concrete and the effect ofcambering of steel-section.
لأصالة والمعاصرة في المسكن الريفي العراقي دراسة في مساكن قضاء عنة الجديدة
Authors: علي تغريد حامد
Published: March 2024

عد تصاميم المساكن التقليدية في ريفنا العراقي مدرسة رائدة في تقديم نماذج وحلول تصميمية ناجحة ، ذلك لأنها نابعة من بيئة مجتمعنا الريفي والمتمثلة بظروفه الطبيعية وعاداته وتقاليده . تقوم فرضية البحث على اساس ان تصميم المسكن الريفي التقليدي قد تغير نتيجة لعوامل وظروف متعددة أهمها التطورات الحضرية للمدن والزاحفة باتجاه أقاليمها الريفية والتي غالباً ما تكون سريعة وعشوائية غير خاضعة للتخطيط المسبق، كما أن المسكن الريفي التقليدي قد قدم اساليب تحكم مناخي طبيعية ومتجانسة مع البيئة تلك البيئة القاسية حيث ارتفاع درجات الحرارة و تباينها اليومي وإشعاع شمسي يصاحبه هواء جاف ورياح حارة محملة بالأتربة ، يقابل ذلك شتاء بارد تنخفض فية درجات الحرارة مع تساقط الامطار وارتفاع نسبة الرطوبة ، إضافة إلى تجانسه مع البيئة الاجتماعية من حيث اعتماده الاسس الروحية العقائدية والاعراف والعادات السائدة. تكمن مشكلة البحث في أن هذا التغير قد ادى الى فقدان الهوية المميزة وتشويه المظهر العام للنسيج الريفي ككل وظهور التنافر والتناقض فيه يهدف البحث إلى بيان أن تصاميم المساكن الريفية التقليدية فيها من الافكار ما يمكن الاستلهام منها وتحويرها بشكل يخدم متطلبات العصر للتغلب على الكثير من المشاكل التي تواجه مجتمعنا الريفي، علما أن هذا البحث لا يدعو للعودة ) إلى الاطار التقليدي البحث ، والابتعاد عن التطور الحضاري للإنسانية، وهو أيضاً لا يدعو للانفصال عن كل ماهو تقليدي وقبول ماهو عصري بل هو دعوة إلى التواصل الحضاري بين الأصالة والمعاصرة في دعم خصوصيتنا المسيرة
مقترح بناء نظام اداري لاختيار اسلوب التعاقد المناسب لاسلوب المقاول العام في قطاع التشييد
Authors: العجيلي حاتم خليفة
Published: March 2024

ان اكثر المشاكل التي تواجهنا هي إشاعة الأساليب القديمة والتعود عليها ، وقد كان الأسلوب التقليدي ( المقاول العالم ) وعند جدول الكميات الذي يعمل على وفق الشروط العامة المقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنية المعتمدة من وزارة التخلية في العراق ومؤسسة الفيديك هما الأكثر شيوعا واستبعادا لدى الجهات الفنية والإدارية بمختلف مستوياتها ومواقعها ، ولذا أصبح من الضروري البحث عن قواعد تعاقدية معينة يمكن استخدامها كبديل مفصل لجميع الحالات والظروف بعد استخلاص الدروس والعبر من تجارب النظر في حملات الأصار يهدف البحث إلى تحليل موضوع عنصر الزمن والمكلفة وتطوير قواعد اختيار السلوب التعاقد المتناسب مع السلوب التنفيذ التقليدي ومراعاة تأثير كل العوامل المؤثرة على زيادة الكلفة والوقت خلال التنفيذ لقد جرى التباع منهجية علمية في العالمين النظري والميداني من البحث حسن البحث الجراء التحليلات الإحصائية التفصيلية عن طريق إجراء الاستبيان السوداني العرض تقويم العوامل المؤثرة بصورة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة على اسلوب التعاقد في الختام فقد تسمن البحث مجموعة الاستنتاجات والتوصيات التي تم التوصل اليها أخر من تطوير النظام الداري القواعد اختيار السلوب التعاقد المناسب
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEAMS STRENGTHENED OR REPAIRED WITH CFRP
Authors: Husain Husain M. , Al-Oukaili Nazar K. , ALI DAWLAT D.
Published: March 2024

Fiber reinforced polymers are typically comprised of high strength fibers (e.g. carbon and glass) impregnated with an epoxy (often termed the matrix). Experimental investigations of the behavior of reinforced concrete beams, strengthened or repaired by CFRP for flexural case have been presented in this paper. The experimental program consisted of 14 test beams. The study took into account strengthened and repaired cases in using CFRP; therefore, similar beams were used once for strengthening and once for repairing to make a comparison between them. All beams had been tested in a simply supported span and subjected to two-point loading while the main variable is the quantity, distribution and location of CFRP. The beams included additional anchorage at the ends of the main CFRP sheet reinforcement to prevent end separation of CFRP sheet. The results of experiments show that the use of CFRP as external strengthening has significant enhancement on ultimate load, crack pattern and deflection. It is observed that the use of external CFRP in strengthening or repairing beams could enhance the ultimate load capacity up to 160% over the capacity of the identical reference (untreated) beam.
ALLOCATION OF GENERATION PLANTS THAT GIVES MINIMUM LOSSES FOR IRAQI SUPER GRID NETWORK
Authors: Abood Afanin A. , Mustafa Samir S.
Published: March 2024

The main goal of this work is to determine optimal location for placing generating plants in the Iraqi National Super Grid which gives minimum total losses in the system. A package build under Matlab was used to allocate optimal placement of generating sets, calculating active and reactive power for these generators, .calculating system minimum losses, and determine the effect of varying the output of the generators used on losses reduction.
REVIEW AN IMPROVEMENT ON TECHNICAL OPERATION IN DRINKING WATER SYSTEM FOR WATER SUPPLY STATION
Authors: Alsaffar Iman Q.
Published: March 2024

Water plays a strategic role in the development of many facilities in our country. Still, the biggest construction projects in the world take place in Iraq with the creation of the most ambitious architectural centers. Great water production plants and distribution networks are constructed and management of available water resources is an important issue. This paper includes the identification of the hazards and introduction of control points that serve to minimize these potential hazards that providing more effect control for drinking water quality. We can conclude that end-product testing is a reactive rather than preventive way to demonstrate confidence in good and safe drinking water. This justifies the need for the formulation of a new approach in drinking water Quality Control QC based on understanding of system defense reduces for contamination and on preventive means and actions necessary to guarantee the safety of the water supplied to the consumer. Water safety plan WSP is a concept for risk assessment and risk management throughout the water cycle from the catchments to the point of consumption. This work outline and presents an overview of the first year occurrences in the developing and implementing a WSP in the multi- municipal water supply system for a city area of Baghdad. Since key personnel had contributed to the assessment of hazards and evaluation of corrective actions for control points, a greater understanding of water QC and improvements on technical operation and performance have been register, demonstrating good value for the methodology
EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT INVESTIGATION ON THE LOAD – SLIP BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE PUSH OUT SEGMENTS USING VARIOUS SHEAR CONNECTORS
Authors: Al- Hadithy Laith Khalid , Aziz Khalil Ibrahim
Published: March 2024

a variety of composite steel-concrete column segments using shear connectors of different shapes and sizes to provide resistance to slip at steel – concrete interfaces . Hence , it represents a qualitative transition in the experimental and analytical investigations on shear connectors effectivity at steel – concrete interfaces , as most studies in the field of shear connectors were devoted to composite beam and slab – systems .Three types of shear connectors – with four concrete grades for each type – were used in fabricating composite specimens . The twelve composite prototypes were subjected to push – out test individually to examine their behavior by measuring the slip values for each load incremental till failure , thus determining the resistance extent of each connectors type and specifying the failure mode at interface .A nonlinear three – dimensional finite element analysis have been carried out on twelve composite column segments using ANSYS computer program (5 th version , 2882) to investigate their behavior and predict their load – slip relationships , equivalent stress distributions and concrete cracking patterns . The defined numerical modeling included using the eight node isoparametric brick element with smeared reinforcement (SOLID 55 ) and the eight node isoparametric steel brick element ( SOLID75) , to model the reinforced concrete medium and the steel section and shear connectors , respectively , considering perfect bond between concrete and steel reinforcing bars . Nonlinear properties including cracking and crushing of concrete , yielding of steel section and reinforcement , and nonlinear bond – slip at interface were also considered .Comparison of the experimental and theoretical results has shown good agreement that verifies the accuracy of the finite element model based on the smeared crack model of concreteResults have detected the development of the relative movement (slip) be at all ranges of the load-slip relationship at interface even with using effective shear connection and /or high quality concrete.The headed studs have revealed the highest slip resistance and ultimate load over the channel and the L-shaped studs . The high strength concrete has also revealed the same superiority over the other three tested types of concrete .
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SPLICED GIRDER MODELS
Authors: Mahmoud Thamir K. , Nasser Ali H.
Published: March 2024

The present research is concerned with experimental and analytical studies of prestressed concrete spliced and non-spliced girder models. The test groups consisted of (16) girders of rectangular sections. Eight girders are spliced while the other eight are reference non - spliced girders. Each spliced girder is composed of three concrete segments connected by splices of ordinary reinforced concrete with hooked dowels different locations. The tested girders were of single span or continuous over intermediate supports. For single span girders two splices were used and post-tensioning was carried out for the full assembled girder. For the continuous girders pre-tensioned segments were connected by splices at quarter spans.Concentrated or uniformly distributed loads have been applied to the girders. The deflection was measured at mid-spans while the strain was measured at splice zones and at mid-spans.Nonlinear analysis of the girders was carried out using a modified computer program. A comparison among the experimental and the analytical results for spliced and non-spliced girders was carried out to study the effects of splicing for different girders. Results have shown that at about 50% of the ultimate load which is approximately corresponds to the serviceability limit state, the deflection of the spliced girders is greater than that of the reference non-spliced girders in the range of (10%-15%) and the ultimate loads for the nonspliced girders are greater than those of the spliced girders in the range of (12%-17%). The difference in deflection between the Finite Element and the experimental results at 50% ofthe ultimate load was in the range of (8%-12%). Moreover, the difference in the ultimate load between the Finite Element and the experimental results was in the range of (5%-11%).