bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El sentido de comunalidad y la lucha del pueblo Mixe/ The meaning of communality and the struggle of the the Mixe people
Authors: Barrera Pineda Edith
Published: October 2017

Desde de la época de la Conquista hasta nuestros días, los pueblos originarios han sido objeto de represión y violencia. Hoy, dichas tácticas continúan el proceso de asimilación occidental, la sistematización de la discriminación racial y económica, el despojo de sus territorios, el desplazamiento de las comunidades indígenas por prácticas económicas extractivas (solo por mencionar algunas). De ahí, que el presente artículo retoma la propuesta de dos ideólogos indígenas: Floriberto Díaz (Mixe) y Jaime Martínez (Zapoteca) en la re-construcción de un marco conceptual como base del estudio de las comunidades de la serranía Mixe: Tamazulápam del Espíritu Santo y Santa María Tlahuitoltepec. La conceptualización que abordan ambos autores de comunalidad, nos ayudará a comprender la lucha cotidiana de los pueblos Ayuuk-Mixes ante los diferentes y constantes embates tanto del Estado como del capitalismo-neoliberal. Igualmente, el estudio de comunalidad propone una decolonialización del pensamiento, basado en una propuesta latinoamericana de resistencia a la episteme eurocéntrica. Retomaremos la propuesta de autores como: Enrique Dussel, Walter Mignolo, Aníbal Quijano y el indianismo de J.C. Mariátegui. Creemos pertinente una re-construcción conceptual desde las realidades de los pueblos originarios como contrarespuesta, a la violencia de Estado como base para la supervivencia de los pueblos indígenas.AbstractSince the time of the Conquista, the indigenous have suffer systematically. Nowadays, the practice of violence and repression against the indigenous is constant, for example, the process of continuum assimilation of western culture, a systematic racial and economic discrimination, dispossession of their land, and economic exploitation. Therefore the present research proposes the analytical framework from two of the most representative indigenous thinkers: Floriberto Díaz (Mixe) and Jaime Martínez (Zapoteca), together, they created the study of communality, based on two indigenous communities located in the high hills of the Northwest in the state of Oaxaca, name: Santa María Tlahuitoltepec and Tamazulapam del Espíritu Santo. The conceptualization that both authors created, will help us to comprehend the daily stand of the Ayuujk-Mixes against the repression of the government and the neoliberal system. Thus the study of communality proposes to decolonialized the thought, based on a Latin-Americans resistance against the Eurocentric episteme. In this essay we will cited authors as: Enrique Dussel, Walter Mignolo, Aníbal Quijano and the indianism of J.C. Mariátegui. We believe that a conceptual re-construction from the different realities of the
La tierra como acervo de bienes comunes. Los conflictos sociales sobre bienes comunes ligados a la extranjerización de la tierra en la Argentina reciente/ Land as a stock of common goods. Social conflicts over common goods linked to land foreignization in recent Argentina
Authors: Andrieu Jimena , Costantino Agostina
Published: October 2017

El tema del acaparamiento de tierras por parte de extranjeros ha sido ampliamente estudiado en distintas regiones del mundo, analizando las características de los inversores, las consecuencias sobre los campesinos que deben ser desplazados de sus tierras o los mecanismos por medio de los cuales los capitales extranjeros ocupan los territorios de la mano de los Estados locales. En este trabajo, queremos proponer un enfoque diferente: los efectos sobre los bienes comunes derivados de la extranjerización de la tierra, para el caso de Argentina. En su avance sobre los territorios, el capital produce una serie de conflictos sociales asociados a bienes comunes de los cuales las comunidades aledañas a las tierras dependen para la reproducción de su vida. En este sentido, la contaminación, los cercamientos de acceso públicos, los desplazamientos de las comunidades, y otros más, resultan ser claros indicadores de cómo el avance del capital sobre las tierras no sólo implica la concentración de este recurso sino también la apropiación de otros recursos naturales no privados previamente utilizados por distintos grupos sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los conflictos sociales en torno a los bienes comunes, derivados de la extranjerización de la tierra en la Argentina reciente. AbstractThe issue of land grabbing by foreigners has been extensively studied in different regions of the world, analyzing the characteristics of investors, the consequences on peasants who must be displaced from their lands or the mechanisms by which foreign capital occupy the territories with help of the local States. In this paper, we want to propose a different approach: the effects on the common goods derived from the foreignization of the land, in the case of Argentina. In its advance on the territories, capital produces a series of social conflicts associated with common goods of which the communities bordering the lands depend for the reproduction of their life. In this sense, pollution, public access enclosures, displacements of communities, and others, are clear indicators of how the advance of capital on land not only involves the concentration of this resource but also the appropriation of others Non-private natural resources previously used by different social groups. The objective of this work is to study the social conflicts around the common goods, derived from the alienation of the land in recent Argentina.
Pensando los procesos de acumulación en sistemas comunales: desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas, innovaciones tecnológicas y Estado. El caso de Colonia Jaime, Argentina/ Thinking the processes of accumulation in communal systems: development of productive forces, technological innovations and state. The case of Colonia Jaime, Argentina
Authors: Suárez María Victoria , Paz Raúl Gustavo
Published: October 2017

El reconocimiento de la persistencia y diversidad de formas de comunalismo y su capacidad de adaptación al contexto capitalista resulta clave para problematizar el postulado marxista según el cual, el desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas disolvería la base natural comunitaria. Partiendo del estudio de Colonia Jaime, se abordará un sistema comunal como un espacio donde la articulación de formas capitalistas y no capitalistas, la condición bifacética del trabajo y la construcción de redes de colaboración con el Estado, aparecen como condiciones de posibilidad para generar procesos de acumulación. Cómo la Colonia pudo diseñar, mantener y generar estos mecanismos de desarrollo bajo un contexto modernizante será objetivo de este trabajo. Tres son las reflexiones que surgen del análisis. La primera tiene que ver con la apropiación del entorno liberal y moderno para el desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas sin que esto implique la transformación del sistema comunal; la segunda reconoce la capacidad de un sistema comunal que supo adaptar las propuestas tecnológicas a una visión comunal, donde la lógica capitalista pierde su centralidad y la tercera destaca el rol activo de los comuneros en las tomas de decisión respecto a qué recibir y qué rechazar, a partir de objetivos construidos en forma colectiva.AbstractThe recognition of the persistence and diversity of forms of communalism and its ability to adapt to the capitalist context is key to problematize the Marxist postulate that the development of productive forces disband Community natural base. Based on the study of Colonia Jaime, a communal system will be addressed as a space where the articulation of capitalist forms and not capitalists, the bifacetical condition of work and building networks of collaboration with the state, appear as conditions of possibility for generating accumulation processes. How could the Colonia Jaime design, maintain and generate these mechanisms of development under a modernizing context will be the principal objective of this work. There are three considerations arising from the analysis. The first is related to the appropriation of the liberal and modern environment for the development of productive forces, without this implying the transformation of the communal system; the second consideration recognizes the capacity of a communal system that knew how to adapt the technological proposals to a communal vision and the third emphasizes the active role of community members in decision-making according to collective objectives.
Conflitos entre o campesinato e o agronegócio no Brasil: os planos-safra 2015-2016
Authors: Barbosa Junior Ricardo Cesar , Coca Estevan Leopoldo de Freitas
Published: October 2017

Como resultado do processo de colonização ao qual foi submetido e a permanência de desigualdades estruturais, recentemente acentuadas pela expansão das relações de livre-mercado, o campo brasileiro tem se caracterizado por uma dualidade entre um setor altamente mecanizado que produz milhares de toneladas de commodities e uma grande quantidade de agricultores que se encontram em situação de miséria. O presente trabalho discute a atualidade dos conflitos pelo modelo de desenvolvimento para o campo entre o campesinato e o agronegócio no Brasil. Inicialmente é feita uma leitura teórica sobre o campesinato e o agronegócio no modo capitalista de produção, ressaltando que ambos geram distintas relações sociais. Na sequência, é feita uma análise da materialidade dessa disputa no âmbito do Governo Federal e dos seus ministérios. São analisados os planos-safra do biênio 2015-2016 para o campesinato e o agronegócio. Constata-se que o agronegócio tem recebido maiores investimentos do que o campesinato, porém, sua matriz de investimentos é focada, principalmente, na dimensão econômica da produção agrícola, em detrimento da social e da ambiental. Conclui-se que o Governo Federal brasileiro tem privilegiado a produção de alimentos para exportação e não para o abastecimento interno, o que coloca em risco a segurança alimentar de sua população.
¿Quedará espacio para el campesinado entre los megaproyectos centroamericanos?
Authors: Roux Hélène Renée
Published: October 2017

Las reestructuraciones territoriales en Centroamérica siempre correspondieron a los intereses económicos y geoestratégicos del momento. A las pretensiones hegemónicas del Norte, combatidas en su tiempo por amplios movimientos sociales, se han sumado las ambiciones más reciente de los bloques económicos emergentes que se proponen rediseñar el área, de acuerdo a sus propias prioridades. En la mayoría de los casos, el afán de desarrollar el país y la creación de empleos para una población rural pauperizada son los principales argumentos desplegados por las instituciones (o las empresas privadas) a favor de estos proyectos. Apoyándose en la observación de sus impactos en tres regiones (de Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua) se analiza como grupos campesinos e/o indígenas reaccionan frente a la imposición de preceptos contradictorios en materia de producción, haciendo énfasis en las herramientas pero también en los obstáculos de orden político y económico que, a veces, son el principal condicionante de las estrategias de lucha adoptadas.
Quantifying Thiamin Cellular Quotas in Algae v1
Authors: Gutowska Magdalena , Sudek Sebastian , Worden Alexandra , Shome Brateen , Begley Tadhg
Published: October 2017

We use the described methods for determining the internal cellular quota of thiamin and itsdifferent phosphorylation states in marine algae, in the below case for the haptophyte Emilianiahuxleyi. The chemical assay used – the thiochrome assay - was developed in the 1930s but hasbeen modified over the decades to include instrumentation with improved detection (Backstrom etal. 1995, Reddick et al. 2001). The assay is based on cyclization/oxidation of thiamin tothiochrome under basic conditions in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as potassiumferricyanide. Thiochrome is intensely fluorescent and easy to detect and quantify with highsensitivity in an HPLC assay. This method has previously been used to determine cellular quotasof thiamin and its different phosphorylation states in algae from brackish waters (Pinto et al. 2002,Sylvander et al. 2013).
Ideational Grammatical Metaphors in Doctrinal Verses of The Bible in Indonesian Version
Authors: Saragih Erikson , Lubis Syahron , Saragih Amrin , M.Hum Roswita Silalahi,
Published: October 2017

Grammatical Metaphor (GM) has become an interesting linguistic issue nowadays especially in the texts of science of technology. Even, the discussion of Grammatical Metaphors has touched other fields’ texts; politics, economics, and even religion. The study aims at: 1) describing deployment of experiential GMs in doctrinal verses of the Bible in Indonesian version, 2) describing deployment of logical GMs in doctrinal verses of the Bible in Indonesian version. To reach up the objectives of the research, the writer employs a qualitative study with content analysis design. The source of data is 50 doctrinal verses Alkitab Terjemahan Baru 1974 in 2014 edition. The theory underlying this research is Systemic Functional Linguistics. To identify and categorize grammatical metaphors from the data source, the researcher employs the Stratal Model proposed by Halliday and Martin (2015), while the data were analyzed by Content Analysis with Conceptual design proposed by Carley and Dale (2012). The findings show that 1) 69 experiential GMs from 8 types are well deployed in doctrinal verses while 5 types are not identified in Indonesian language. 2) 51 logical GMs from 3 types are well deployed in biblical doctrinal verses in Indonesian language. Due to the high frequency of ideational GMs the texts have the features of objectivity, impersonality, technicality and practicality.
A Study on C-E Translation of 2017 Report on the Work of the Government under the Theory of Manipulation
Authors: Shen Min , Lv Liangqiu
Published: October 2017

The Manipulation School holds that translation is a rewriting of the original text and it shifts translation study from language level to a broader cultural and political level. Among hyper-textual manipulating parameters operating in literary translation, the most essential three are ideology, poetics and patron. This paper shall analyze the translation of 2017 Report on the Work of the Government under the manipulation of the ideology, poetics and patron, which aims to further prove the adaptability of manipulation theory in non-literary translation practice and provide a perspective for studying Report on the Work of the Government and inspire discussions of other hyper-textual parameters in the study of the Work of the Government.
Using Medical Academic English Corpus for Postgraduates Students Academic Writing Training
Authors: Zhang Feng , Zheng Yuanhua , Li Li
Published: October 2017

This paper reports on the use of personal do-it-yourself medical academic corpora by postgraduate students for academic writing. Thirty-five graduate students in medicine attended our course in which they learn to build and use their self-compiled corpora of research articles to train themselves in academic writing. At the end of the course, they completed some questionnaires, which asked about their use of corpora in and after class, and six months after the course, they completed some similar email questionnaires, which asked about their corpus use six months later. Some personal interviews were also conducted for users and nonusers. This paper also discusses reasons behind this change in the use of DIY corpora, and advocate some measures should be taken to encourage the long-term use of corpora and some of the challenges to be overcome for more widely use of the approach in the future.
Reflecting on the Primary Phonetic Learning Based on the Critical Period Hypothesis in Language Acquisition
Authors: Ren Jiahong
Published: October 2017

New English Curriculum Standards of Compulsory Education points out the following specific requirements of phonetic learning in the secondary target of language learning: reading out 26 letters of the alphabet; understanding simple spelling rules; knowing the word with accent, sentence with stress; learning English pronunciation including linking, rhythm, pauses, intonation and so on. And based on the critical period of language acquisition theory and the viewpoint that Children can get the pure pronunciation of second language at a critical period, phonetic learning is the principal task in the primary English learning. The author makes some suggestions through surveying and reflecting on primary phonetic learning problems. The author makes a survey about phonetic learning in Shanxi Normal University Experiment Primary School. The author found that the importance of the phonetic learning in primary school is not valued; students phonetic learning initiative is not high; the teachers’ professional quality of phonetic should be improved and so on. Some suggestions are put forward: establishing the correct concept of the phonetic learning for pupils; using multi-sensory learning and imitation to improve pupils’ language learning initiative; developing reading English skills; improving teacher’ professional quality of phonetic. It is hoped that we can pay more attention to phonetic learning in primary school and provide more valued proposals through this research.
A Cognitive Approach to Language-force of Chongqing Dialect Particle—A Case Study of “ma”
Authors: Tang Liyao , Xiong Lian
Published: October 2017

Modal particle is an important mean of expressing inner emotion in daily communication, and it plays an irreplaceable role in language. Chongqing dialect, as the essence of the local culture of china, should be inherited eternally. This research focuses on the study of the modal word of “ma” in the dialect of Chongqing and analyzes its cognitive process and characterization of the word in human brain under the guidance of Tamly’s force - dynamic model, acquiring the functions and effects of “ma” in different contexts which are expected to promote the development and preservation of local culture in Chongqing and provide a reference for dealing with interpersonal relationship.
Association of FGB, LPL, GPIIIA and TGFB gene polymorphisms with variants of atherosclerosis severity
Authors: Garaeva L A , Mayanskaya S D
Published: October 2017

Aim. To estimate the effect of transforming growth factor в, lipoprotein lipase, fibrinogen в and glycoprotein 3б gene polymorphisms on different variants of atherosclerosis severity.

Methods. The study included 319 patients with angiografically verified atherosclerosis. In all patients FGB (rs1800788), LPL (rs328), GpIIIa (rs5918) and TGFВ (rs1800469) polymorphism genotyping was performed. In all patients we evaluated the influence of the studied gene polymorphisms on parameters of atherosclerosis severity such as occlusion and presence and severity of stenosis. Presence of occlusion, occlusion and/or two and more stenoses over 70%, occlusion and multiple critical stenoses were considered the severity criteria.

Results. The studied gene polymorphisms were shown to be associated with severe course of atherosclerosis. GPIIIa polymorphism was commonly determined in patients with more severe course regardless of occlusion and number and severity of stenoses. FGB gene influenced the rate of occlusion development, TGF gene was expressed only in the group with occlusion and/or two and more stenoses over 70%, and LPL gene proved to be significant for the development of occlusion associated with critical stenosis.

Conclusion. The frequency of rare alleles of polymorphic regions is significantly associated with different variants of severe atherosclerosis course; this could suggest unequal influence of gene polymorphisms as well as their proteins on different stages of atherogenesis and requires further investigation.
Features of lymphatic metastasis of proximal gastric cancer
Authors: Akhmetzyanov F S , Kaulgud Kh A , Ruvinskiy D M , Akhmetzyanova F F
Published: October 2017

Aim. To study lymphatic metastasis of proximal gastric cancer to determine the extent of surgical intervention both on the stomach wall and lymphatic pathways.

Methods. The data on lymphatic metastasis were analyzed in 185 patients with proximal gastric cancer not extending to the esophagus who underwent gastrosplenectomy with extended lymphodissection D2 in 2 surgical departments of the Republican clinical oncology center (Kazan) in 1982-2014. All patients were morphologically verified prior to surgery. 105 out of 185 patients (56.7%) had metastases to lymph nodes.

Results. In proximal gastric cancer (within IV and V angiological segments) lymph node involvement in cancer metastases occurs in all sub-segments of the lymphatic system of the stomach. There is a fairly clear pattern: involvement of lymph nodes in metastases mainly occurs in groups №3a, 3b, and 4d, along the common hepatic artery and its branches, around the celiac trunk, along the splenic artery and in splenic hilum. In case of cancer localization in segment IV metastases were observed in 46.7%, in segment V - in 66.7% and in case of involvement of both segments IV and V - in 53.3% of patients. In gastric cancer located within segments IV and V, starting with the involvement of muscular tunic, lymph nodes of perigastric groups (№3b - in 37.1%, 4d - in 11.4%) are often affected as well as parietal lymph nodes of groups 7-12.

Conclusion. In cancer located within gastric segments IV and V gastrosplenectomy with extended lymphodissection D2 should be performed to remove lymph node groups along the splenic artery and in splenic hilum.
Features of disorders of the system of cytokines and lipid peroxidation in acute ulcerative gastroduodenal hemorrhages
Authors: Gadzhiev D N , Allakhverdiev V A , Gadzhiev N D
Published: October 2017

Aim. Investigation of the local and systemic levels of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as the system of lipid peroxidation - antioxidant defense of the organism in acute ulcerative gastroduodenal hemorrhages, taking into account the severity of the blood loss.

Methods. We performed the investigation of cytokines in the blood (tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin-1, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10) and parameters of lipoperoxidation (in plasma - diene conjugates, malonic dialdehyde, catalase; in erythrocytes - reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant activity), interleukin-6 in gastric content and urine, diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde in biopsy samples from the ulcer edges from patients with acute ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding. The blood serum of 156 patients with mild (54), moderate (51) and severe (51) bleeding was studied. Interleukin-6 in gastric contents was determined in 37 patients, diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde in biopsy samples taken from periulcerous zone - in 20 patients.

Results. Patients had a statistically significant increase of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukins-1, -2, -4, -6, -8, and decrease of interleukin-10 concentration in comparison with the control group. The level of interleukin-6 in gastric juice was 37.5% lower, and in urine - 8.2 times higher than the control value. In plasma and biopsy samples, the content of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde was statistically significantly higher, in erythrocytes the level of reduced glutathione was lower than the control value. The depth of imbalance in the system of cytokines and lipid peroxidation - antioxidant defense increased with increasing of blood loss severity.

Conclusion. The relationship between cytokine production and lipid peroxidation indices is established, which confirms the role of local and systemic disorders of cytokine and antioxidant status in the occurrence of ulcer bleeding.
Menopausal disorders in obese women
Authors: Idrisova M A , Esedova A E
Published: October 2017

Aim. To study menopausal disorders in women suffering from obesity.

Methods. The study included 165 women in physiological postmenopausal state. Women were divided into two groups: group 1 (study group) included 87 women with obesity, group 2 (control group) consisted of 78 women without obesity. With the use of modified menopausal index (the Kupperman index) the severity of climacteric disorders was assessed. Severity of neurovegetative, metabolic-endocrine and psychoemotional symptoms was assessed according to 4-point scale (from 0 to 3 points). The number of points in each group was summarized and a modified menopausal index was obtained.

Results. It was revealed that in women with obesity severe (in 24 females, 27.5%) and moderate (in 39 patients, 44.5%) climacteric syndrome was prevalent, in patients from the control group such forms were 1.5-2 times less frequent - in 11 (14.2%) and 28 (36.2%) patients, respectively. A deeper analysis of the entire symptom complex of climacteric syndrome revealed that severe and moderate forms of neurovegetative manifestations were 2 times more common in patients with obesity, in contrast to healthy women (in 7.8% and 4.5%, 21.5% and 12.3%, respectively). Severe forms of psychoemotional manifestations were also observed 2.6 times more often in women with obesity.

Conclusion. Severity of menopausal disorders depends on obesity presence, the data obtained demonstrated that, against the background of obesity, climacteric syndrome tends to have prolonged course with predominance of severe and moderate forms.
Evaluation of attributable risk of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies prevalence among children depending on the features of family history
Authors: Aliev Z U
Published: October 2017

Aim. To assess the attributable risk of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies prevalence among children depending on the features of family history.

Methods. A sample of 2000 children was selected (250 boys and 250 girls from 4 age groups: 3-5, 6-9, 10-12 and 13-15 years). Characteristics of the family history was obtained by parents’ survey. The risk of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies was determined by comparing their frequency between groups with compromised and normal family history. Attributable risk was defined as the difference in the frequency of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies.

Results. The number of teeth with abnormal position per 100 examined patients ranged widely: from 72.3±1.1 to 105.4±5.3. Depending on various characteristics of the family history, the attributable risk of anomalous tooth position varied in the range from 3.0 to 33.1 per 100 children. The highest attributable risk of anomalies of the tooth position in children was revealed in cases when their parents had a history of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies (33.1%). In the presence of close relatives’ history of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies (except grandparents) attributable risk of anomalies of the tooth position in children was 11.4-14.8%. In the groups of children, whose grandparents had a history of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies, the prevalence of anomalies of the tooth position (80.9±2.0 per 100 children) was not significantly different from that in the control group (77.9±1.0). It can be explained by the fact that during the parents’ survey they were not able to state with certainty grandparents’ history of dentoalveolar and facial anomalies.

Conclusion. Compromised family history in children is associated with high attributable risk of anomalies of occlusion and tooth position.
Comparative analysis of DQB1 и DQA1 class II genes of human leukocyte antigen system in the population of Azerbaijan
Authors: Akhmedov G A
Published: October 2017

Aim. To perform comparative analysis of DQB1 and DQA1 class II genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in the population of Azerbaijan.

Methods. We studied the alleles of HLA DQ gene and subtypes of HLA DRB1*04 in 160 children with diabetes mellitus and in 271 healthy children from the population of Azerbaijan. Out of 160 patients, 50.6% (n=81) were boys, 49.4% (n=79) were girls. All patients with diabetes were under the age of 18 years. As a control group, 271 students of the Medical College No. 1 were involved: 79 (29.1%) boys, 192 (70.9%) girls. The collected blood samples were sent for further investigation to the medical genetic laboratory where polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping of the samples was performed.

Results. For the first time, the relationship of diabetes with class II genes of the HLA system was studied. The Azerbaijani were found to have higher risk associated with HLA DQ2 molecule. The molecule HLA DQ8 also increases risk, although it is lower in comparison with HLA DQ2 molecule. What is unusual is that for this population the allele HLA DQB1*0304 was also associated with the risk of diabetes.

Conclusion. The haplotype DQB1*0302-DQA1*03/DQB1*02-DQA1*05 (DQ8/DQ2.5) associated with high risk of diabetes is found in 3% of the representatives of the population of Azerbaijan, which is estimated as the average prevalence of diabetes.
Comparative characteristic of consumption of psychoactive substances by adolescent students of initial vocational education in Kazan and the Russian Federation
Authors: Skvortsova E S , Postnikova L K
Published: October 2017

Aim. To identify the patterns of psychoactive substances consumption among adolescent students of initial vocational educational institutions of Kazan compared to equivalent parameters among their peers in the whole across Russia.

Methods. Anonymous survey of adolescent students of initial vocational education in randomly chosen institutions (in Kazan and the Russian Federation - 17 cities from 5 federal districts).

Results. Analysis of prevalence, age-specific structure of initiation and reasons for consumption of psychoactive substances among teenagers aged 15 to 17, students of initial vocational educational institutions of Kazan, revealed that these parameters outnumber similar indicators in the Russian Federation. Prevalence of alcohol consumption among students of initial vocational educational institutions of Kazan was 81.3 per 100 boys and 75.0 per 100 girls, and in the Russian Federation - 59.7 per 100 boys and 63.1 per 100 girls, respectively (p
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori genotypes in patients with gastroduodenal pathology in Kazan
Authors: Akhtereeva A R , Davidyuk Yu N , Faizullina R A , Ivanovskaya K A , Safin A G , Safina D D , Abdulkhakov S R
Published: October 2017

Aim. Investigation of the prevalence of various H. pylori genotypes among children and adult population of Kazan with chronic gastroduodenal pathology.

Methods. The study included 107 patients (49 children and 58 adults) with chronic gastritis/gastroduodenitis and gastric and duodenal ulcer who had H. pylori infection confirmed by molecular genetic method. All patients underwent biospy from antral mucosa during endoscopy for H. pylori verification by polymerase chain reaction and genotyping for сagA and babA genes and iceA and vacA allels.

Results. CagA gene was found in 19 (32.8%) out of 58 adults and 13 (26.5%) out of 49 children. VacA gene was detected in all patients (100%). VacAs2 genotype in children was nearly 1.6 times as frequent as the vacAs1 genotype (61.2 and 36.7% respectively). In adult patients vacAs2 genotype was detected 2.5 times less frequently than vacAs1 (27.6 and 70.7%, respectively). VacAm2 genotype was revealed in 71.4% (35/49) of children and 77.6% (45/58) of adults. IceA2 genotype was identified in 46.9% (23/49) of children and 44.8% (26/58) of adult patients, iceA1 gene - in 20.4% of children and 55.2% of adult patients.

Conclusion. The strains with vacAs2m2 genotype are prevailing in children (42.9%) and determine low toxigenicity of H. pylori strains; vacAs1m2 genotype is predominant among adult patients (53.4%); high prevalence of cagA-negative strains of H. pylori was found both in children and adults (73.5 and 67.2%, respectively).
The peculiarities of focal epilepsy in pregnant women
Authors: Melikova Sh Y
Published: October 2017

Aim. To investigate the peculiarities of focal epilepsy in pregnant women.

Methods. 70 pregnant women with symptomatic focal epilepsy during the period from 2013 to 2017 were studied.

Results. The average age at the onset of epilepsy was 18.2±0.6 years. The average duration of epilepsy by the time of pregnancy was 6.6±0.7 years. 15 (21.4±4.9%) women remained seizure-free during pregnancy. Seizures during pregnancy were observed in 55 (78.6±4.9%) women: seizure frequency increased in 22 (31.4±5.5%) cases, decreased in 17 (24.3±5.1%), remained unchanged in 8 (11.4±3.8%), in 8 (11.4±3.8%) women the onset of epilepsy occurred during pregnancy. 72.7% of women who were seizure-free for 1 year prior to pregnancy remained seizure-free during pregnancy. In 21 (40.4%) of 52 women with epilepsy diagnosed prior to pregnancy and treated with antiepileptic drugs, the increase of seizure frequency was observed, which can be explained by non-compliance with the regimen and therapy and sleep deprivation in 15 (71.4%) of them. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus during pregnancy was observed in 1 (1.4±1.4%) woman after a sudden withdrawal of the antiepileptic drug.

Conclusion. The risk of seizures during pregnancy is lower in women who were seziure-free for 1 year prior to pregnancy; non-compliance with the regimen and therapy and sleep deprivation may lead to worsening of epilepsy during pregnancy.
Efficacy of Sodium deoxyribonucleate in community-acquired pneumonia in children of school age
Authors: Pikuza O I , Fayzullina R A , Suleymanova Z Ya , Zakirova A M , Serdinskaya I N
Published: October 2017

Aim. To study efficacy of sodium deoxyribonucleate use for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children of school age.

Methods. 102 children aged 7 to 17 years were observed: 25 relatively healthy children (control group), 39 children with community-acquired pneumonia, who received only conventional treatment (comparison group) and 38 patients with community-acquired pneumonia receiving complex treatment with additional sodium deoxyribonucleate (study group). All patients underwent clinical and instrumental and laboratory examination. Cytomorphologic features of neutrophils and epithelial cells, cytokine concentration (interleukin-8, -10 and -17, tumor necrosis factor α) were examined in nasal secret of patients with community-acquired pneumonia dynamically on different therapy regimens. Evaluation of dynamics of clinical signs was performed in the studied groups.

Results. In the study clinical efficacy of the medication was discovered and caused decreased disease duration, acceleration of inflammatory changes reparation in the lungs in rhinocytogram, decreased level of neutrophils and their destructive forms, decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines - interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor α.

Conclusion. Sodium deoxyribonucleate enhances adaptive resources of mucosal immunity, leads to restoration of epithelium lining the upper respiratory airways and therefore potentiates local immunity.
Determining the efficacy of complex conservative treatment of chronic constipation in children
Authors: Polukhov R S
Published: October 2017

Aim. Evaluation of the effectiveness of complex conservative treatment of chronic constipation in children of different age groups.

Methods. Results of conservative treatment for chronic constipation in 574 children in different age groups are presented in the article. 321 of those were assigned to traditional treatment (group 1), while 248 were assigned consecutively to metronidazole, intesti-bacteriofague, probiotics along with traditional treatment for more adequate therapy; to magnesium orotate - to correct microcirculatory disorders and tissue dysplasia; to prevent and treat endogenic intoxication and secondary hepatic disease - to glutathione (group 2). The treatment was conducted for a year by courses in months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 (total of 6 courses). If ineffective, follow-up treatment was provided: within 2 years - quarterly (4 courses) and during the third year - once in 6 months (2 courses).

Results. Compared to traditional treatment the results of the suggested complex treatment were sifgnificantly better; the best results were achieved in age group 3-7 years; stable and positive result was achieved already by the end of the first year of suggested complex treatment, and with traditional approach the duration of treatment was up to 3 years.
Histologic investigation of cytotoxicity of nanocomposite particles used for direct restorations in dentistry in rat models
Authors: Gimaletdinova A M , Saleeva G T , Boychuk N V , Abdul’yanov V A , Saleev R A
Published: October 2017

Aim. To study cytotoxicity of glass-ionomer cement 3MTMESPETMVitremer, nanocomposite for direct restorations 3MTMESPETMFiltekTMUltimate and nanocomposite particles 3MTMESPETMFiltekTMUltimate in the experiment with laboratory male Wistar rats.

Methods. The experimental animals in precervical region of the first left superior molar had a cavity formed with the use of dental drill, which was filled with glass-ionomer cement 3MTMESPETMVitremer, nanocomposite for direct restorations 3MTMESPETMFiltekTMUltimate or nanocomposite particles 3MTMESPETMFiltekTMUltimate. On day 14 the animals were removed from the experiment, and sample of gingiva adjucent to the formed tooth cavity and sample of gingiva from the opposite side of dental arch were taken. Paraffin sections of the samples were prepared and were straightaway placed on a glass slide. For histologic study deparaffinized sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical test with the use of primary antibodies to macrophage marker CD68, marker of cell proliferative activity Ki-67, mesenchymal marker vimentin, endothelial cell membrane antigen CD34 and cytokeratin CKP-PAN.

Results. The results proving cytotoxic effect of nanocomposite particles 3MTMESPETMFiltekTMUltimate on the tissues surrounding teeth, were received. On the operated and contralateral sides morphologic changes of mucosa were found including the signs of inflammation, hyperkeratosis, and cell proliferative activity. Changes of gingival mucosa are mostly pronounced in animals whose tooth cavity was filled with nanocomposite particles.

Conclusion. Taking into account the negative effect of nanocomposite particles discharging at erosion on gingival mucosa, we consider it reasonable to limit the use of the studied materials on occlusal surfaces exposed to heavy mechanical load leading to intensive erosion.
Prospects for the use of direct antioxidant ionol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) for conservative treatment of cataract
Authors: Kolesnikov A V
Published: October 2017

Aim. To estimate the effect of ionol (2,6-di-teRt-butyl-4-methylphenol) on the dynamics of lens opacities and its free-radical status in experimental cataract.

Methods. Cataract was induced by a single injection of diquat dibromide solution into the vitreous body of 80 rabbits (160 eyes) at a dose of 600 nmol, 5 rabbits were included into the control intact group. Animals with induced cataract were divided into 4 groups each including 20 animals (40 eyes) who were treated with TID instillation in conjunctival cavity of: olive oil (control), «Oftan Catachrom», solution of α-tocopherol acetate, 2.2% ionol oil solution. Treatment was started on day 7. The duration of the experiment was 56 days. Dynamics of lens opacities was assessed by the following criteria: progress, stabilization and regression. In the lens homogenate the concentration of malonic dialdehyde, level of non-protein thiol (SH) groups, activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase were determined. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, paired comparison was performed by the Newman-Keysl criterion.

Results. Application of ionol reduced malonic dialdehyde concentration in the lens compared to the series without treatment on days 14, 28, 42 and 56 (by 74.3, 90.0, 89.3, and 80.2%, p
Blood coagulation system in chronic benzene poisoning via inhalation
Authors: Oruzhov R A , Zhafarova R A
Published: October 2017

Aim. To experimentally study the changes occurring in blood coagulation system in exposure to low-dose benzene.

Methods. The experiment was performed on 36 rabbits by chronic exposure of the animals to benzene during 4 months on a daily basis 4 hours a day with 1 non-exposure day a week and a one-month recovery period after the end of exposure. The average poisoning concentration of benzene in the chambers was between 1240±82 mg/m3. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 was exposed to gradually increasing concentration of benzene, group 2 - to fluctuating (intermittent) concentrations of benzene, group 3 included unexposed to benzene animals and was used as the control group. Overall blood clotting activity, blood clotting time, blood clot retraction, plasma recalcification time, plasma tolerance to heparin, prothrombin index, fibrinogen concentration, blood fibrinolytic activity were determined.

Results. In a month after exposure blood clot retraction rates in groups 1 and 2 increased by 79.8 and 23.1% respectively. Plasma tolerance to heparin most significantly changed in animals from group 2 (by 15.4%). Prothrombin time increased by 11.4% in group 1 while in group 3 this parameter decreased by 0.4%. Prothrombin index in group 1 decreased by 4.3%, and in group 2 the changes were not statistically significant. Concentration of fibrinogen in the blood in group 1 had no significant changes and decreased by 4.2% while in group 2 it decreased by 10.4%. Fibrinolytic activity in group 1 and 2 decreased by 47.5 and 5.8% respectively.

Conclusion. The studied benzene concentrations impair blood coagulation and anti-coagulation systems including two stages of hemostasis: 1st stage - from factor XII activation, 2nd stage - from prothrombin (factor II) activation.
Modern aspects of the treatment and prevention of diabetes type 2 in patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Uryas’ev O M , Morgunova Z A , Gorbunova D Yu , Shcherbakova O N , Pyko A A
Published: October 2017

Literature review is devoted to the most important medical-social problems of the XXI century - metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. Dirung the last decades prevalence of this pathology is steadily growing worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is associated with high risk of developing diabetes type 2, which is associated with early disability and high mortality from vascular complications. The wide spread of undiagnosed diabetes among persons of working age results in the need for early active detection of the disease in this group. Prophylaxis plays a huge role in the prevention of negative effects of diabetes. Since the major modifiable risk factors of its development are visceral obesity and a complex of its associated states (metabolic syndrome components), normalization of body weight preserves its significance as a measure of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. In patients with diabetes not only carbohydrate metabolism requires correction, but also body mass, lipid profile, blood pressure, and hemostasis system, that should be considered when choosing a glucose-lowering drug. The article presents the results of nationwide epidemiological studies devoted to the evaluation of prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2 among the adult population. Current understanding of pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and diabetes is discussed. Attention is paid to 2017 guidelines of the American diabetes Association for obesity management in terms of diabetes prevention, as well as medications that can be used for weight loss in metabolic syndrome. The new criteria for screening for diabetes type 2 are described, the main results of recent studies on cardiovascular safety of glucose-lowering drugs are presented.
Modern classification, progression factors, treatment and outcomes of primary mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
Authors: Sigitova O N , Kim T Yu , Sharipova R R
Published: October 2017

The choice of treatment of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (post-infection, immunoglobulin A, G and M nephritis) is performed taking into account the remission achievement, slowing of progression and reduction of the risk of recurrences of glomerulonephritis. The efficiency of etiologic factor removing is debatable: glomerulonephritis associated with infections usually resolves after their elimination; individual patients achieve immunoglobulin A nephritis remission with persistent antimicrobial treatment of focal infection, but surgical removal of the focus (tonsillectomy) does not affect the long-term prognosis, therefore it is not recommended. Treatment of immunoglobulin A nephritis with oral prednisone for up to 4 months, sometimes in combination with cyclophosphamide (cyclophosphane), reduces the likelihood of its relapse. At low risk of progression of immunoglobulin A nephritis with proteinuria less than 1 g/day, long-term therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers is indicated with administration of maximum tolerated doses for proteinuria more than 1 g/day. Also fish oil 3 g/day is administered for up to 2 years. If proteinuria more than 1 g/day persists for 3-6 months, corticosteroids are recommended for 6 months. With mild renal dysfunction, corticosteroids are prescribed orally or in pulse-therapy with high doses intravenously and maintenance therapy with low doses orally. Immunosuppressive therapy - cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil - in combination with corticosteroids is indicated in rapid loss of renal function or massive/moderate proteinuria. In minimal proteinuria immunosuppressive therapy is considered to be unreasonable. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin for immunoglobulin A nephritis from the point of view of lesser toxic effect is possible only as the induction therapy. Currently, there are no clinical recommendations for the treatment of immunoglobulin M nephritis, in case of nephrotic syndrome, corticosteroids are the drugs of the 1st line. There are isolated studies of the use of cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclosporine, with the achievement of remission in frequent relapses of nephrotic syndrome or steroid drug resistance. The cases of immunoglobulin M nephritis treates with retuximab with a positive effect are described. The effectiveness of immunoglobulin G nephritis treatment is less studied, the choice of treatment is similar to that of immunoglobulin A and M nephritis.
The role of amylin in the development of diabetic osteopathy
Authors: Safarova S S
Published: October 2017

Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the bone. Basically, it is related to weakening of the anabolic effect of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. Mechanisms underlying the decrease in bone density are not fully understood. However, many of the systemic changes related to metabolic abnormalities in diabetes have a damaging effect on the bone tissue. Inadequate compensation of glycemic profile in this disease, both directly (non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins, activation of polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, oxidative stress) and indirectly (violation of gene expression), damages the bone structure. Another anabolic hormone produced by β-cells of the pancreas is amylin. It is a potent hypoglycemic and antiresorptive hormone affecting calcium homeostasis and influencing the preservation of bone density. The studies have shown that amylin, on the one hand, stimulates osteoblast proliferation, and on the other hand, inhibits osteoclast motility, thus acting similar to calcitonin. Inefficient redistribution of bone mass occurs. This may explain the increased incidence of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes on the background of high bone density according to densitometry. In this regard, further studies are required to clarify the effect of amylin deficiency on the development of osteoporosis.