bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resolving Puzzles, Problems, and Paradoxes from General Relativity
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

The main thread of chapter 3 introduces general relativity (GR), Big Bang cosmology, and closed timelike curves, showing how the ant’s-eye view leads to the puzzle of the creation of the universe, the horizon problem, the flatness problem, the low entropy problem, and the paradoxes of closed time-like curves. All these puzzles, problems, and paradoxes of the dynamical universe are resolved using the God’s-eye view of the adynamical block universe. Accordingly, Einstein’s equations of GR are not understood dynamically, but rather adynamically, that is, as a global self-consistency constraint between the spacetime metric and stress–energy tensor throughout the spacetime manifold. This is “spatiotemporal ontological contextuality” as applied to GR. The philosophical nuances such as the status of the block universe argument in GR and debates about the Past Hypothesis have been placed in Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 3. The associated formalism and computations are in Foundational Physics for Chapter 3.
Relational Blockworld and Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

A brief introduction to particle physics and quantum field theory (QFT) is presented in the main thread of chapter 5. The impasse of unification in particle physics is historically reviewed, showing that the dynamical paradigm pervades the development of particle physics and QFT. Thus, as with the conundrums of general relativity and quantum mechanics, dynamical explanation in the mechanical universe is responsible for the impasse regarding unification in particle physics as per QFT. It is shown that RBW’s adynamical approach provides an entirely new view of unification and particle physics. Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 5 uses RBW to resolve the interpretational issues of gauge invariance, gauge fixing, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, regularization, and renormalization, and largely discharges the problems of Poincaré invariance in a graphical approach, inequivalent representations, and Haag’s theorem. Foundational Physics for Chapter 5 shows how classical field theory is related to QFT and introduces gauge fields per QFT.
Truth Lost in the River of Time
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that Bacon’s philosophical and mythographical work are linked by the concept of prima philosophia. Primary philosophy, according to Bacon, is a universal science consisting of axioms that are so fundamental that they can be transferred from one science (or branch of knowledge) to many others. In Bacon’s thought, the study of Greek fables became important because he thought some of them originated close to Adam’s time and contained axioms of primary philosophy hidden within them. This wisdom was not perceived by later Greek poets, but had survived wrapped up in the fables. Bacon’s unique, allegorical approach to Greek myth is displayed in De sapienta veterum (1609), where he searches for shards of lost, ancient wisdom, especially axioms of prima philosophia. The final section of this chapter then looks at some of Bacon’s earliest readers and the extraordinary response his mythography produced in England and on the continent.
Christianization and Commonwealth in Early Medieval Europe
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

This book re-examines the alterations in Western European life that followed widespread conversion to Christianity—the phenomena traditionally termed “Christianization”; it re-centers scholarly paradigms for Christianization around the development of mandatory rituals. One prominent ritual—Rogationtide, a three-day penitential procession before Ascension Thursday—supplies an ideal case study demonstrating a new paradigm of “Christianization without religion.” Christianization in the Middle Ages was not a slow process through which a Christian system of religious beliefs and practices replaced an earlier pagan system. “Religion,” in the sense of a fixed system of belief bounded off from other spheres of life, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Rather, Christianization was primarily ritual performance. Being a Christian meant joining a local church community. After the fall of Rome, mandatory rituals such as Rogationtide arose to separate a Christian commonwealth from the pagans, heretics, and Jews outside it. A Latin West between the polis and the parish had its own institution—the Rogation procession—for organizing local communities. For medieval people, sectarian borders were flexible, except when they did not want those borders to be so. Rituals served to demarcate these borders. Rogationtide is an ideal case study of this demarcation, because it was an emotionally powerful feast that combined pageantry with doctrinal instruction, community formation, social ranking, devotional exercises, and bodily mortification. As a result, rival groups quarrelled over the holiday’s meaning and procedure, sometimes violently, in order to reshape the local order and ban people and practices as non-Christian.
The Fall of Rome and the Ascent of Rogationtide
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

Bishop Mamertus of Vienne supposedly instituted the first Rogation Days around the year 470. But all scholarly attempts to reconstruct the events in Vienne inevitably fail. From the moment Rogationtide appears in sources, it was already in flux. The earliest authors to discuss the holiday—notably Sidonius Apollinaris and Avitus of Vienne—wrote not as impartial observers but as advocates promulgating different versions of Rogationtide against competitors. Early sources supply little reliable evidence about Mamertus, but a great deal about how later bishops and townsmen struggled to preserve Gallo-Roman cities in the aftermath of Roman collapse. The Rogation Days arose as a performance binding local Roman citizens to God and each other through communal penance. But within a generation, Rome was gone, the cities conquered, and the procession instead embodied the unity of the church. Christianization, rather than Romanization, became the focus.
Praying Orthodoxy
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

Throughout the early Middle Ages, yearly penitential seasons like Rogationtide and Lent provided a context for basic doctrinal instruction—a replacement for the vanishing Patristic catechumenate. Not only was lay participation in such penitential seasons high, but the ritual structure of these holidays meant that verbal instruction and physical practice mirrored each other. Rogationtide developed a special connection with teaching on the Lord’s Prayer. During the early Middle Ages, knowledge of the Apostles’ Creed and Lord’s Prayer was the proof of someone’s Christianity. The Rogation procession—a ritual that all Christians had to join—mirrored the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer—a text that all Christians were expected to understand. The interdependence of these two popular practices shaped lay experience of their own Christianization. Christian instruction occurred through rituals. The rule of prayer upheld the doctrines of faith.
Introduction
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

The introduction sketches out the moral, theological, and hermeneutical problems posed by ‘genocidal texts’ in the Old Testament, framing the hermeneutical challenge in terms of the following inconsistent set of propositions: (1) God is good. (2) The Bible is true. (3) Genocide is atrocious. (4) According to the Bible, God commanded and commended genocide. (5) No good being, let alone the supremely good Being, would ever command or commend an atrocity. The most pertinent biblical texts are then briefly presented. In addition, the methodological approach, that is, reception history, is set in its historical context, which includes a discussion of its recent resurgence and contemporary relevance. Finally, recent academic treatments of similar topics are discussed and an overview of the rest of the work is given.
Divine Command Theory Readings
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents what is arguably the most influential and widespread Christian approach to herem texts: the appeal to divine command theory to account for their counterintuitive morality. The structure of the argument is simple and straightforward: since God only commands what is good, and since God commanded the annihilation of the Canaanites, the latter must be good, our moral intuitions to the contrary notwithstanding. The main proponents of this approach whose work is discussed here are Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and John Calvin. In addition to a detailed treatment of these authors’ relevant contributions, examples from John Chrysostom and Theodoret of Cyr show that this approach was not limited to Latin, western Christianity.
Reading Herem from the Dawn of the Enlightenment until Today
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews more recent examples of the reception of herem texts and demonstrates that many if not all of the ancient and medieval approaches to reading herem as Christian scripture continue to have their adepts in modern times: largely uncritical readings (K. Barth), devotional–allegorical interpretations, and violent uses. Many of the moral criticisms also continue to be restated (M. Tindal). Responses to these criticisms sometimes follow a traditional, divine command ethics structure (R. Swinburne) or attempts are made to combine a divine command ethics with the concepts of accommodation and progressive revelation (E. Stump). Yet other approaches bring to bear the categories of myth, metaphor and hyperbole (D. Earl, W. Moberly, N. MacDonald, K. Lawson Younger, N. Wolterstorff). Perhaps the most significant innovation of the modern period is the combination of historical–critical research with an attempt to read herem as Christian scripture (E. Seibert, P. Jenkins).
Introduction
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

The introduction outlines the central questions and arguments of the book. It summarizes the main, conflicting interpretations of the role of class in late twentieth-century England: some have suggested that class declined in significance in this period, while others suggest class identities lost little power. Neither interpretation is satisfactory: class remained important to ‘ordinary’ people’s narratives about social change and their own identities throughout the period 1968–2000, but in changed ways. Strict class boundaries were felt by many to have blurred since 1945, a period which saw many significant changes, in particular shifts in gender roles and growing ethnic diversity in England. Furthermore, class snobberies ‘went underground’ in this period. The decline of deference is central to understanding changing class identities and politics in this period.
Signatures of the Artist
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

This book provides a nonmathematical survey of the past half-century of research in particle physics, nuclear physics, and cosmology bearing on the physical conditions that allow our universe to support the development of structure and the origins of life. These conditions rely on a surprising number of tiny imperfections—deviations from perfect symmetry (i.e., symmetry violations), homogeneity, or predictability—that seem mysteriously fine-tuned. The emphasis here is on the intricate tapestry of elegant experiments that have revealed and quantified these imperfections, as well as on theoretical efforts to understand how the imperfections arose in the infant universe. Among the topics covered are: the dominance of matter over antimatter (i.e., matter–antimatter asymmetry); the existence and intermixing of three generations of quarks and leptons; the stability of hydrogen and synthesis of other elements essential for life; the longevity and energy budget of the universe; the remaining mysteries surrounding dark matter, dark energy, and the postulated inflationary expansion of space in the infant universe; the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules and in biological evolution; the apparent perching of the vacuum state in our universe on the edge between stability and meta-stability; and philosophical questions, including the possibility of a multiverse, surrounding the interpretation of a universe that exhibits such fine-tuning. On all of these issues, the book clarifies what we know and how we know it, as distinct from what we speculate and how we might test it.
Water, Water, Here and There
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 4 deals with the stability of the proton, hence of hydrogen, and how to reconcile that stability with the baryon number nonconservation (or baryon conservation) needed to establish a matter–antimatter imbalance in the infant universe. Sakharov’s three conditions for establishing a matter–antimatter imbalance are presented. Grand unified theories and experimental searches for proton decay are described. The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is introduced in describing the electroweak phase transition in the infant universe. That transition is treated as the potential site for introducing the imbalance between quarks and antiquarks, via either baryogenesis or leptogenesis models. The up–down quark mass difference is presented as essential for providing the stability of hydrogen and of the deuteron, which serves as a crucial stepping stone in stellar hydrogen-burning reactions that generate the energy and elements needed for life. Constraints on quark masses from lattice QCD calculations and violations of chiral symmetry are discussed.
Strangers in our Midst
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the legal construction of culture and cultural difference in criminal litigation. Drawing on empirical material and reported judgments from English courts, the chapter documents the content of appeals to culture and identifies the pitfalls of their exploitation in criminal litigation. Cultural difference is not a neutral marker to separate social groups in the courtroom. Rather it is often deployed to explain behaviour in relation to specific groups, and is loaded with prejudices and stereotypical representations of racialized minorities. As a legal strategy in criminal litigation, it has worrying effects. These appeals to culture fix individuals into separate and essentialized categories, and prevent an assessment of individual conduct; they conceal structural social inequalities, racism, and discrimination, and the role of the law in perpetuating them; and extra-territorialize undesirable behaviour, norms, and values.
Enforcing the Politics of Race and Identity in Migration and Crime Control Policies
Authors: Vázquez Yolanda
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how migration and crime policies in the United States have shaped and been shaped by race and racism. Specifically, it discusses the racialization of the ‘criminal alien’ as Latino and the way in which this category has shaped contemporary notions of race and racial identity. It argues that the historical construction of Latinos as inferior and temporary labourers continues to influence the way in which migration and crime policies are created in a post-racial society. At the same time, these policies reinforce the nation state’s understanding of race and racism, racial ideology, and the position that Latinos hold within American society. Through the category of the ‘criminal alien’, societal attitudes and beliefs are formed that view Latinos as dangerous to the nation and its community, legitimizing increasingly harsh migration and criminal laws, policies, and practices that disproportionately impact Latinos and reinforce their racial inequality.
Theories of Heat: Some Background
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This is a condensed history of thermodynamics and kinetic-molecular theory in Boltzmann’s times and earlier. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was a widely shared belief in the kinetic-molecular nature of heat. This belief extended to the generally educated public, thanks to popular accounts such as John Tyndall’s Heat considered as a mode of motion (1863). There still was no consensus on the precise form of this motion. For instance, many French physicists persisted in favoring Ampère’s old vibrational picture. Also, there was no consensus on the fruitfulness of the kinetic-molecular theories. Most physicists did not need more than macroscopic thermodynamics, and there were voices, toward the end of the century, to denounce the disproportion between the difficulty of the kinetic-molecular theories and the amount of usable results. Boltzmann had to face such criticism although he was not alone in his quest for a comprehensive kinetic-molecular view of nature.
Enthusiasm and Political Crisis
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how the Exclusion crisis of 1678–82 affected Dryden’s theorization of the role of enthusiasm in literature and drama. Dryden’s essays of the late 1670s seem to move back towards the rule of judgement, but his work from this period also tries to preserve some semblance of enthusiasm’s literary relevance. The chapter argues that this adjustment was informed by the partisan politics of the late ’70s and early ’80s. Initially, the chapter explores this through Dryden’s engagement with Shakespeare, before analysing his major political and religious poems of the period, Absalom and Achitophel (1681), The Medall (1682), and Religio Laici (1682), as well as the Whig responses to them that brandished Dryden a mere enthusiast. Dryden was working out how to preserve a version of enthusiasm denoting the strong passions amid a political culture where personal feeling seemed to be elevated as the sole guide of public judgement.
The Roman de la rose in its Philosophical Context
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The Roman de la rose is one of the most erudite, complex works of poetry to have been produced in medieval Europe, rich with allusions to French and Latin literature and to Scholastic philosophy. Its second and more prominent author Jean de Meun wrote his lengthy continuation of the Rose in the 1260s and 1270s at a time of institutional and intellectual contestation at the University of Paris, which saw fierce polemic around the status of philosophy, provoked by controversies over the reception of Aristotle. This book reads the Roman de la rose against the philosophical traditions to which it makes reference, considering the possibilities of poetry as a vehicle for thought that is provisional, uncertain, and inescapably bound up with affective experience. It offers a re-evaluation of the entire work as an intellectually coherent text that does not offer philosophical solutions as much as it makes its readers reflect on three interwoven themes: art, nature, and ethics. Chapters consider the philosophical importance of paradox in the Rose, the relationship between art and nature, animality and human appetite, the myth of the Golden Age, the ethics of money and profit, and the intertwined themes of idolatry and psychology as they inform the Rose’s ethics of desire. Throughout, there is a sustained attention to the reception of philosophy, especially Aristotle and Boethius, and poetry, especially Alain de Lille and Ovid. Ultimately, it shows that all of the Rose’s theoretical games use particularly poetic ways to grapple with the text’s central focus: the intractable problem of human desire.
Rational Animals, Bestial Hypocrites
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

In the speeches of Ami and especially of La Vielle and Faux Semblant, human beings are shown to be marked by a dangerous animality that they can mask with an artificiality, figured through images of clothing. La Vielle parodies Boethius’s Lady Philosophia to put forward a suspect ethics of desire, rethinking the idea of freedom in relation to the sexual drive. In Faux Semblant Jean de Meun draws on a tradition of antifraternalism to attack the alleged hypocrisy of friars and to suggest a broader understanding of hypocrisy as a characteristic of human social behaviour. Accordingly, Amant is shown to be a suspect figure whose word cannot be trusted and the Rose itself shares this suspicion. The text’s own strategies of mendacity are seen as both a trap for readers and an ethical test.
The Golden Age
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The Rose uses pagan myths of a prehistoric Golden Age as a necessarily artificial way of approaching the unthinkable period, a state of pure nature, that pre-existed humans’ entry into culture. The incompatibility of the different poetic versions of primitive myth, taken especially from Ovid and Virgil, suggests their own status as imperfect, artificial epistemological prostheses. The end of the Golden Age is used to understand the emergence of the ego out of a state of communality understood as purely natural, drawing both on natural law and the Christian doctrine of the Fall. Genius’s speech, which plays off different myths of the Golden Age against each other, makes it impossible to overlook the compromised artificiality which necessarily renders all of the Rose’s accounts of the Golden Age fundamentally contingent.
Introduction
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the book and discusses its main objective—the microeconomic analysis of product innovation—and its potential readership—third-year undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, private and public sector policy professionals—both in economics and in management and business. The chapter argues that this book will fill an important gap in the literature. It also provides an overview of subsequent chapters, summarizes their content, and describes the way they interact. In particular, it indicates that the material provided encompasses the definition of product innovation, the sources of new products, the measurement and extent of product innovation, analytical material on the demand for new products, their supply, and the incentives to product innovation, empirical material on the determination of the extent of product innovation, the diffusion or spread of product innovations, the impact of product innovation on firm performance, price measurement, and welfare and policy issues relating to product innovation.
The Extent of Product Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses data on indicators of the prevalence of product innovation. Analysis of survey data indicated that, in the three years before the 2012 CIS survey, about 25 per cent of all firms in the twenty-seven EU member states undertook product innovation. New-to-firm was more frequent than new-to-market. Differences across sectors, regions, and firm size are analysed. Further international comparisons are made. This analysis is supplemented by consideration of the extent of new product launches in a series of different industries using other data. It is observed that many new products are not significantly different from existing products. A prior study of barcode data indicates that over a nine-year period there was a 78 per cent entry rate for new products and a 72 per cent exit rate. The possibility of industry life cycles to which product innovation activity may be linked is also discussed.
Capacity Creation, Pricing, and the Promotion of Product Innovations
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses market suppliers’ decisions relating to the pricing, promotion, and creation of capacity to manufacture goods that embody product innovations. The discussion encompasses durable and non-durable products; monopoly and oligopoly; horizontal and vertical differentiation; and original, new-to-market, and new-to-firm products. Firms may have incentives to further innovate after the launch of the original product; this will lead to lower prices and to greater demand and output. This may also imply greater capacity creation (in some location). It is found, however, that the incentives of the originator and those of potential new entrants may differ and will tend to lead to lower prices when there are many suppliers as opposed to when there are fewer. This means that, if there are more innovators, the quantity supplied will be higher; creation of capacity may also be greater, but findings on promotional expenditures are not conclusive.
The Incentives to, and Constraints upon, Product Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the factors that affect the firm’s decision to undertake product innovation. The discussion encompasses the driving forces that encourage product innovation, for example innovation by others or the ageing of an existing product line; however, the basic rationale is the search for profits. The chapter also addresses decisions about: the extent of innovation in general; horizontal and vertical product innovations separately; and the location of innovations in product space. The role of market structures in the product innovation decision, uncertainty in the innovating environment, and issues relating to emulation and copying are also addressed. Constraints to product innovation that survey data indicate are most important—innovation costs, risk and finance, and the availability of qualified labour—are also addressed.
Product Innovation and Price Measurement
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses how innovation may affect price measurement—a key issue for the accuracy of measures of principal economic indicators and a long-discussed one. Two main changes related to product innovation are important in this context: new goods (which are often cheaper) are driving old goods out of the market; and new products often offer improved quality. The literature suggests that a failure to properly account for these has added 0.8 percentage points per year to the measured Consumer Price Index in the United States. Quality adjustment approaches in all OECD countries have converged towards general methodological guidelines that represent a common knowledge base. The hedonic methodology is applied in a significant number of countries and for specific categories of goods, in particular electronic products. The use of this approach is exemplified and the impact on price indexes evaluated.
Milton’s Paradise Lost and the Atlas of Violence
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

Like Faerie Queene and Poly-Olbion, Milton’s Paradise Lost interrogates the essential meaning-making structures of poetry, using the enabling, distortive logics of cartography to think the work of representation. This chapter considers the ways the map’s origin as product of the military arms race haunts Milton’s epic, and how the poem probes the map’s tendency to disrupt the figurative structures on which poetry relies. Space, consciously framed for discursive consideration, defies the poem’s dominant use of simile and analogy, and the disruptions posed by the landscapes in Paradise Lost destabilize the figurative language that should contain violence within the poem—but fail, at sites of represented terrain, to blunt the materialization of corporeal injury. The poem triangulates figurative language, violence, and the topographical representation, such that the representation of terrain often accompanies the transformation of figurative injury into material damage, a perversion of the poem’s penchant for turning metaphor into concretion.
Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This book provides the first cross-regional study of an increasingly important form of politics: coalitional presidentialism. Drawing on original research of minority presidents in the democratizing and hybrid regimes of Armenia, Benin, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Kenya, Malawi, Russia, and Ukraine, it seeks to understand how presidents who lack single party legislative majorities build and manage cross-party support in legislative assemblies. It develops a framework for analysing this phenomenon, and blends data from MP surveys, detailed case studies, and wider legislative and political contexts, to analyse systematically the tools that presidents deploy to manage their coalitions. Paul Chaisty, Nic Cheeseman, and Timothy J. Power focus on five key legislative, cabinet, partisan, budget, and informal (exchange of favours) tools that are utilized by minority presidents. They contend that these constitute the ‘toolbox’ for coalition management, and argue that minority presidents will act with imperfect or incomplete information to deploy the tool or tools that provide(s) the highest return of political support with the lowest expenditure of political capital. In developing this analysis, the book assembles a set of concepts, definitions, indicators, analytical frameworks, and propositions that establish the main parameters of coalitional presidentialism. In this way, Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective provides crucial insights into this mode of governance.
Minority Presidents in a Coalitional World
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter summarizes the main parameters of coalitional presidentialism and the key concepts, definitions, explanatory frameworks, indicators, and propositions. It summarizes our understanding of coalitional presidentialism; the distinction between coalition formation and maintenance; the definition of coalitions; the multidimensional understanding of coalition management (the ‘presidential toolbox’); and an analytical framework that emphasizes the motivation of presidents to achieve cost minimization under constraints determined by system-level, coalition-level, and conjunctural factors. It also summarizes our main empirical findings: (1) the characteristics of presidential tools, (2) the substantive patterns of their deployment, (3) the factors that shape the costs of using these tools, (4) the actual (observed) costs of using them, and (5) the potential for imperfect substitutability of these tools. Finally, it concludes with some reflections on the current state of the research on comparative presidentialism.
Introduction
Authors: Cremona Marise , Kilpatrick Claire
Published: March 2018

By taking a transversal approach to the issues raised by a focus on EU legal acts, the Introduction suggests a number of useful keys through which to read the contributions. A first is to reflect on how despite stability in the categories of legal acts in the EU legal order from the Treaty of Rome onwards—regulations, directives, decisions, and international agreements—the EU has proven remarkably able to adapt and expand its tools of governance. A second is to distinguish standard and non-standard EU legal acts and to focus on the issues and practices that complicate this seemingly straightforward distinction. A third is to stress the range of ways in which acts associated with the EU can cross the boundaries between EU and non-EU norms, and between law and non-law, and the challenges that this poses to EU constitutional structures and traditional forms of accountability.
Abnormal Sources and Institutional Actions in the EU Sovereign Debt Crisis—ECB Crisis Management and the Sovereign Debt Loans
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the institutional actions and acts produced in the context of the EU sovereign debt crisis. By identifying a number of these acts and actions as abnormal rather than merely non-standard or atypical, attention is drawn to the features of these acts and actions that trouble the law/non-law boundary. Significantly, they trouble it not because they are soft law, but rather because they act as law without fulfilling the requirements or desiderata of binding acts adopted by public authorities. This includes obviously problematic features such as secret sources and institutional actions. It also opens for consideration the cumulative and not easily visible institutional power conferred by interaction of a series of different levers possessed by the European Central Bank in sovereign debt crisis management. Hence the contribution stresses the rule of law issues raised by this large new area of EU action.
New Governance in the EU after the Euro Crisis—Retired or Reborn?
Authors: Dawson Mark
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the place of new modes of governance among the EU’s legal acts ‘after’ the onset of the sovereign debt and euro crises. While the last decade has seen a period of supposed decline in such instruments, the chapter argues that the euro crisis has returned an altered form of new governance to prominence as a way of managing complex, multilevel problems that traditional regulation cannot easily solve. The empirical drift back to new governance instruments is also examined normatively. Analysing the development of the European Semester, the chapter questions the suitability of new governance instruments to the harmonizing tasks to which they are currently being put. By abandoning the earlier focus of new governance on experimental policy learning between states, the EU may also be abandoning the most promising impact of new governance instruments on the EU’s legal architecture.
EU Acts and Member State Acts in the Negotiation, Conclusion, and Implementation of International Agreements
Authors: Dashwood Alan
Published: March 2018

The new institutional balance resulting from the Treaty of Lisbon is being tested nowhere as sharply as in the field of the exercise of the EU’s powers of external action. There is a wealth of recent litigation clarifying aspects of the procedural code, now set out in Article 218 TFEU, which governs the negotiation, conclusion, and implementation of international agreements concluded on behalf of the EU. This chapter explores issues connected with the adoption of acts within the framework of Article 218, including the designation of the Union negotiator, the choice of legal basis for decisions on the conclusion of agreements and the enhanced role of the European Parliament in such decisions. Also discussed are certain controversial developments in the procedure that applies for determining the Union’s position in a decision-making body established under an international agreement, and other issues including the legality of so-called ‘hybrid acts’.
The Long Road to Sustainability
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

This book examines the idea of sustainable development, made up of economic, social, and environmental parts over the period of human history. This work suggests humanity has been unsustainable in all three areas for most of its history, although in the last few hundred years the scale of unsustainability has increased, while, simultaneously, answers have started to emerge. This conclusion can be seen in two parts, namely the economic and social sides of sustainable development and then the environmental ones. This work suggests that, with the correct selection of tools, solid and positive foundations for the economic and social sides of sustainable development is possible as the world globalizes. This is not, however, a foregone conclusion. Despite a number of recent positive indicators in this area, there are still very large unanswered questions with existing mechanisms and other gaps in the international architecture which, if not fixed, could quickly make problems of economic and social sustainability worse, not better. With the third leg of sustainable development, that for the environment, the optimism is not as strong. The good news is that science, laws, and policies have evolved and expanded to the level that, in theory, there is no environmental problem which cannot be solved. In many areas, especially in the developed world, success is already easy to measure. Where it is not easy to measure, and pessimism creeps in, is in the developing world, which is now inheriting a scale and mixture of environmental difficulties which are simply unprecedented.
Between the Second World War and 1970
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The years between 1945 and 1970 saw unprecedented economic and social prosperity worldwide. Despite some gaps, progress in the Western, communist, and developing world was the rule, rather than the exception. The differences that appeared were in how the Western world focused on international trade and exchange, while the communist and developing world was more inward focused and was much more willing to incur environmental damage than the Western world. The rise of Western environmentalism was largely attributable to the appearance of unprecedented new environmental problems. Air, chemical, ocean, and waste disposal pollution began to evolve, and the scale and constituents of their impact all pointed to very unsustainable trajectories. Habitat and species loss continued to expand, although initial approaches on how to deal with these problems (together with air and freshwater pollution) at the national, regional, and sometimes, the international level began to emerge.
The Twenty-first Century
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The cumulative environmental challenge of sustainable development in the twenty-first century is larger than anything humanity has ever had to deal with in the past. The good news is that solid progress is being reached in the understanding of issues in scientific terms and understanding what needs to be done. The bad news is twofold. First, although many of the environmental problems of earlier centuries are now being confronted, a new generation of difficulties is eclipsing what were the older difficulties. Secondly, much of the progress is being achieved by the wealthier parts of the planet, rather than the developing world. From population growth to climate change to unprecedented habitat and species loss, whether environmental sustainability can be achieved in the twenty-first century is an open question.
Introduction
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This introduction looks at the development of the role of director-choreographer, that individual who uses movement to align all elements of a musical into an integrated and cohesive whole. Ned Wayburn’s codified dance routines and Julian Mitchell’s scenic effects and production numbers gave way to Seymour Felix’s and Sammy Lee’s early attempts at integrating dance with narrative. From there, George Balanchine’s introduction of ballet into the structure of musicals and the corresponding requirement for classically trained dancers led to Agnes de Mille’s danced psychological scenarios, which embedded choreography into the composition of musicals. These antecedents paved the way for Jerome Robbins, who with West Side Story defined the role of director-choreographer for a new generation, of which Bob Fosse would be one of the most assertive and authoritative.
Rhythm of Life
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes Bob Fosse’s film Sweet Charity, which opened at the top of 1966 and was a compendium of then-current styles and sexual attitudes. Fosse conceived this American adaptation of Federico Fellini’s film Nights of Cabiria (1957) as a vehicle for Gwen Verdon, changing the title character from Roman prostitute to New York City dance hall hostess. He wrote several drafts of the show’s book before relinquishing those duties to Neil Simon. Nonetheless, in Sweet Charity, Fosse’s authorial voice was much in evidence. His staging exhibited a new fluidity, as well as a dark, ambivalent view of sexuality. Sweet Charity was also the vehicle by which Fosse would return to movies, this time as a director. Although full of arresting moments, the film was deemed too busy and full of gimmicky, self-conscious camerawork. Sweet Charity was a commercial and critical failure, but it allowed Fosse to explore the camera’s potential in presenting dance on film.
Control
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes how Bob Fosse’s successes during the previous decade allowed him even greater control over his projects in the 1980s. Star 80, his film about the murder of a Playboy Playmate, which he wrote and directed, was a failure both critically and commercially. Its subject matter was grisly, and Fosse’s straightforward presentation offered no resolutions or bromides. When he returned to Broadway, it was with Big Deal, written, directed, and choreographed by him, with a score made up of 1930s standards. Big Deal was the purest distillation of Fosse’s theatrical vision, but its slim story was at odds with its dark production design, and it suffered from a shortage of showstopping dances. Big Deal was the first Bob Fosse show to fail on Broadway. Now that he had achieved complete control, Fosse appeared to have lost his sense of timing; for once, he seemed out of step with audiences and critics.
Fosseville
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

When Bob Fosse died in 1987, his influence on a new generation was already being felt, and this chapter traces that influence into the twenty-first century. With the opening sequence of All That Jazz, Fosse virtually created the modern MTV music video. His use of editing to fracture time and tell stories in a nonlinear manner has been much imitated by other filmmakers. The success of the revival of Chicago prompted the creation of Fosse, a retrospective that further established the Fosse brand. His dance and theatrical aesthetic has been so thoroughly absorbed into the popular culture that it is sometimes reduced to a generic, easily imitated category of dance. But artists also repurpose its key elements into new dance forms, referencing Fosse in innovative ways that make their work feel fresh and forward-looking, while paying tribute to an endlessly influential dance language.
An Unexpected Archive
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

Chapter 3 presents a literary and linguistic historiography of the Svasthānīvratakathā textual tradition from the earliest extant manuscript of 1573 CE to the present. The chapter maps out major shifts as the text navigates seismic movement in Nepal’s dynamic linguistic and literary landscape when the Sanskrit cosmopolis of South Asia in the first millennium became the stomping ground for the vernacular languages of Newar and later Nepali in the second millennium. It argues that the shift from Sanskrit to Newar to Nepali is not a uniformly linear, downward vernacularization. The chapter further demonstrates the degree to which the textual shifts in the Svasthānīvratakathā both gave expression to and challenged the policies of the ruling elite regarding language, literature, and religious identity for their Newar and high-caste hill subjects alike following the political upheaval of the Gorkha conquest of the historically Newar Nepal Valley in the late eighteenth century.
The Clinical Method and Subjectivity in Medicine
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The clinical method is defined as the means by which doctors gather information about their patients, think about and evaluate these medical facts, and enter the facts into their process of care. Its key components are the medical history, including the process by which it is acquired from patients and its subsequent documentation in the medical record, as well as the physical examination. Characteristics, such as the reproducibility and accuracy of various components, are discussed with a reference to prevailing opinions of subjectivity and objectivity in medicine. It is argued that as a consequence of a shift in the prevalence of illness, from acute to chronic conditions, a misalignment exists between the clinical method currently taught and contemporary medicine. It is suggested that a renewed and repurposed clinical method must incorporate enhanced strategies for functional assessments.
Phase I—The Person
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The remaining chapters are detailed expositions of the four phases of the Physicianship Curriculum. This chapter introduces Phase I. Encompassing 8 months of curricular time, this phase is dedicated to the nature of persons and personhood. We define these complex entities and begin our teaching with reference to living, healthy people. We describe the five broad subject areas of this phase. It is in this initial phase that students begin learning the clinical method, including observation, attentive listening, and the spoken language of medicine. Students are introduced to case-based teaching, and they have their first encounters with patients. The chapter provides examples of weekly schedules and outlines the materials and concepts that are addressed. Last, it describes specific educational strategies.
Phase II—Sick Persons
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The central theme of Phase II of the Physicianship Curriculum is that illness changes a person in more than body alone. We direct the medical student’s gaze away from a narrow focus on the manifestations of disease toward one where sickness is understood from a holistic perspective, with attention to the patient’s goals, purposes, lived experiences, and functions. We revisit the themes of health, illness, and sickness as well as the significance of various diagnostic categories. The curricular blueprint for Phase II is framed around case-based teaching. This segment comprises 12 courses and spans 14 months. We provide a detailed example, dedicated to the respiratory system, demonstrating how the educational elements are articulated and delivered.
Corporate Spirit
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Corporate Spirit describes the development of corporate institutions in the United States and the earlier history of corporate organization from which American institutions emerged. Beginning with the origins of legal incorporation in Roman antiquity, the book traces the development of corporate idealism and its violations in European and American history. It highlights the kinship between churches and commercial entities and the importance of corporate structures for understanding wealth and expansion in both areas. The book emphasizes the continuing influence of idealism about corporations as voluntary associations, rooted in the trope of a body and its cooperating members. Religious appeals to a supernatural world, combined with the separation between commercial and nonprofit organization in American law, make the kinship between churches and commercial institutions easy to overlook. But as corporate charters multiplied, the separation of church and state leveled the legal terrain on which both religion and business operated, expediting the flow of ideas between them and the development of common strategies. Problems of accountability run through this narrative, as corruption and demands for reform shaped and reshaped corporate institutions and their historical development. This book shows how contemporary questions about corporate regulation have emerged from a history of debates over corporate accountability and from related major developments in the history of corporate law. It sets recent trends in corporate growth, innovation, and malfeasance in the context of the long, disputatious history of corporate institutions.