bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of lipoteichoic acid modification on the performance of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in experimental colitis
Authors: Claes I J J , Lebeer Sarah , Shen C , Verhoeven T L A , Dilissen E , De Hertogh G , Bullens D M A , Ceuppens J L , Van Assche G , Vermeire S , Rutgeerts P , Vanderleyden J , De Keersmaecker S C J
Published: September 2010

While some probiotic strains might have adjuvant effects in the therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), these effects remain controversial and cannot be generalized. In this study, a dltD mutant of the model probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), having a drastic modification in its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) molecules, was analysed for its effects in an experimental colitis model. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) was used to induce either moderate to severe or mild chronic colitis in mice. Mice received either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), LGG wild-type or the dltD mutant via the drinking water. Macroscopic parameters, histological abnormalities, cytokine and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression were analysed to assess disease activity. LGG wild-type did not show efficacy in the different experimental colitis set-ups. This wild-type strain even seemed to exacerbate the severity of colitic parameters in the moderate to severe colitis model compared to untreated mice. In contrast, mice treated with the dltD mutant showed an improvement of some colitic parameters compared to LGG wild-type-treated mice in both experimental models. In addition, treatment with the dltD mutant correlated with a significant down-regulation of Toll-like receptor-2 expression and of downstream proinflammatory cytokine expression in the colitic mice. These results show that molecular cell surface characteristics of probiotics are crucial when probiotics are considered for use as supporting therapy in IBD.
Rare inherited disorders of fibrinogen
Authors: ACHARYA S. S. , DIMICHELE D. M.
Published: September 2010

Summary.  Fibrinogen, a hexameric glycoprotein encoded by three genes –FGA, FGB, FGG– clustered on chromosome 4q is involved in the final steps of coagulation as a precursor of fibrin monomers required for the formation of the haemostatic plug. Inherited disorders of fibrinogen abnormalities are rare and not as well clinically characterized as some other inherited bleeding disorders. To characterize the clinical manifestations, molecular defects and treatment modalities of these rare disorders, a Medline search from January 1966 to September 2007 for these disorders reported in large studies and registries was undertaken. Inherited fibrinogen disorders can manifest as quantitative defects (afibrinogenemia and hypofibrinogenemia) or qualitative defects (dysfibrinogenemia). Quantitative fibrinogen deficiencies may result from mutations affecting fibrinogen synthesis, or processing while qualitative defects are caused by mutations causing abnormal polymerization, defective cross‐linking or defective assembly of the fibrinolytic system. Clinical manifestations vary from being asymptomatic to developing catastrophic life‐threatening bleeds or thromboembolic events. Management of bleeds includes use of purified plasma‐derived concentrates, cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma. Use of some of these products carries risks of viral transmission, antibody development and thromboembolic events. Establishment of registries in Iran, Italy and North America has fostered a better understanding of these disorders with an attempt to explore molecular defects. Rare Bleeding Disorder Registries developed through the United States and international efforts hopefully will encourage development and licensure of safer, effective products.
Der Einfluß von cAMP auf das Glutathionsystem der Rattenleber*
Authors: Harisch G. , Koch E. U.
Published: September 2010

Dibutyryl‐cAMP beeinflußt bei intraportaler Applikation das Glutathionsystem der Rattenleber.

Bei der kleinsten der verwendeten Mengen (0,5 μg/120g Ratte) liegen die GSH‐Konzentrationen nach 1, 5 und 10 Minuten unter dem Wert der unbehandelten Kontrolltiere, die der gemischten Disulfide darüber.

Ein GSH‐Anstieg ist bei den Dosierungen 5, 50 und 500 μg cAMP zu verzeichnen. Dieser Anstieg verschiebt sich mit ansteigender Dosis zu immer kürzeren Zeiten hin und wird auch immer ausgeprägter. Für GSSG sind keine deutlichen Veränderungen nachweisbar. Als Ursache dieser Veränderungen wird cAMP induzierter Thioldisulfid‐Austausch diskutiert. Als Ursache des GSH‐Abfalles bei 0,5 μg cAMP wird eine direkte GSH‐Oxidation vermutet.

Influence of cAMP on the glutathione system of the rat liver

Dibutyryl‐cAMP given intraportally affects the GHS of rat liver.

With the smallest dosage used (0.5 μg/120g rat body wt.) the GSH levels after 1, 5, and 10 minutes are below those of control rsts.

Dosages of 5, 50 and 500 μ cAMP cause a rise in GSH. This rise lasts progressively a shorter time with increasing dosage but is more pronounced. A cAMP‐induced thiodisulphide exchange as a possible cause of these effects is discussed. The cause of a fall of GSH with 0.5 μg cAMP is suggested to be the result of direct oxidation of GSH.

Influence de cAMP sur le système du glutathion du foie chez des rats

Dibutyryl‐cAMP influence le système du glutathion du foie chez des rats par application intraportale.

Les concentrations GSH se situaient après 1,5 et 10 minutes au‐dessous de la valeur des animaux de contrôle non traités avec les plus petites doses utilisées (0,5 μg/120g rat).

Une augmentation GSH est à noter avec les doses 5,50 et 500 μg cAMP. Cette augmentation se déplace dans des temps toujours plus courts avec une dose plus forte et s'étend toujours également. Aucune nette modification n'a été relevée pour GSSG. L'échange de thiodisulfide induit par cAMP est discuté en tant que cause de ces change‐ments. Une oxydation directe de GSH est suspectées être à l'origine de la chute GSH avec 0,5 μg cAMP.

El influjo de cAMP sobre el sistema glutation del hígado de rata

Dibutiril‐cAMP influye tras administración intraportal sobre el sistema glutation del hígado de rata.

En la menor de las cantidades empleadas (0,5 μg/120 g rata) se hallan las concentraciones GSH tras 1, 5 y 10 minutos por debajo del valor de los animales testigos que no fueron tratados, mientras que por encima los de los disulfuros.

Un incremento de GSH se registra con dosificaciones de 5, 50 y 500 μg cAMP. Este aumento se desvía con dosis crecientes hacia tiempos cada vez más breves y cada vez se hace también más acusado. Para GSSG no se pueden poner en evidencia modificaciones claras. Como causa de estas modificaciones se discute el intercambio de disulfuro de tiol inducido por cAMP. Como motivo del descenso de GSH con 0,5 μg de cAMP se sospecha la oxidación directa del GSH.
Erythropoietin prevents vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in subtotal nephrectomized rat aorta beyond haematopoiesis
Authors: Toba Hiroe , Nakashima Kohei , Oshima Yuko , Kojima Yushi , Tojo Chisato , Nakano Arisa , Wang Jiahong , Kobara Miyuki , Nakata Tetsuo
Published: September 2010

1. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been used for the management of renal anaemia. Recent studies suggest pleiotropic properties of rHuEPO in various tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the vasoprotective effects of rHuEPO in renal failure rats.

2. Rats subjected to 5/6 and 17/18 nephrectomy (5/6Nx and 17/18Nx rats, respectively) were treated with rHuEPO (75 U/kg, s.c.) three times a week for 2 weeks.

3. Administration of rHuEPO to 5/6Nx or 17/18Nx rats had no effect on systolic blood pressure or decreased haematocrit. However, rHuEPO treatment normalized proteinuria and creatinine clearance in 5/6Nx, but not in 17/18Nx, rats.

4. Vasodilation in response to acetylcholine in aortic rings was impaired in 5/6Nx and 17/18Nx rats and improved by rHuEPO in both groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that macrophage infiltration into adventitial areas and the expression of osteopontin were enhanced in aortas from 5/6Nx and 17/18Nx rats, but that rHuEPO suppressed these effects. In addition, rHuEPO attenuated medial hyperplasia and NADPH oxidase‐derived superoxide production in 5/6Nx and 17/18Nx rats.

5. Activation of the Akt signalling pathway was evident in rHuEPO‐treated rats as the increased expression of phosphorylated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β. Treatment with rHuEPO restored the expression of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the aorta and urinary excretion of NOxin nephrectomized rats.

6. These results suggest that a low dose of rHuEPO results in the normalization of endothelial function, vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in rats with renal ablation beyond haematopoiesis. In addition, these vasoprotective effects are observed even in a state of deteriorating renal dysfunction.
CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY
Authors: PARKS JENNIFER A.
Published: September 2010

This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.
THE ETHICS OF INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION: WHY IT MATTERS TO HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND BIOETHICISTS
Authors: JONES SARAH
Published: September 2010

The goal of this paper is both modest and ambitious. The modest goal is to show that intercountry adoption should be considered by ethicists and healthcare providers. The more ambitious goal is to introduce the many ethical issues that intercountry adoption raises.

Intercountry adoption is an alternative to medical, assisted reproduction option such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection, third party egg and sperm donation and surrogacy. Health care providers working with assisted reproduction are in a unique position to introduce their clients to intercountry adoption; however, providers should only do so if intercountry adoption is ethically equal or superior to the alternatives.

This paper first presents a brief history of intercountry adoption. The second section compares intercountry adoption with medical alternatives. The third section examines the unique ethical challenges that are not shared by other medical alternatives.

The final section concludes that it is simplistic for a healthcare provider to promote intercountry adoption unconditionally; however, in situation where intercountry adoption is practiced conscientiously it poses no greater ethical concern than several medical alternatives. This conclusion is preliminary and is intended as a start for further discussion.
Exchange Rate Crises and Fiscal Solvency
Authors: DANIEL BETTY C.
Published: September 2010

This paper combines insights from generation one currency crisis models and the fiscal theory of the price level (FTPL) to create a dynamic FTPL model of currency crises. The initial fixed‐exchange‐rate policy entails risks due to an upper bound on government debt and stochastic surplus shocks. Agents refuse to lend into a position for which the value of debt exceeds the present value of expected future surpluses. Policy switching, usually combined with currency depreciation, restores fiscal solvency and lending. This model can explain a wide variety of crises, including those involving sovereign default. We illustrate by explaining the crisis in Argentina (2001).
Oil Price Uncertainty
Authors: ELDER JOHN , SERLETIS APOSTOLOS
Published: September 2010

The theories of investment under uncertainty and real options predict that uncertainty about, for example, oil prices will tend to depress current investment. We reinvestigate the relationship between the price of oil and investment, focusing on the role of uncertainty about oil prices. We find that volatility in oil prices has had a negative and statistically significant effect on several measures of investment, durables consumption, and aggregate output. We also find that accounting for the effects of oil price volatility tends to exacerbate the negative dynamic response of economic activity to a negative oil price shock, while dampening the response to a positive oil price shock.
Inflation Dynamics: The Role of Expectations
Authors: NUNES RICARDO
Published: September 2010

This paper estimates the Phillips curve allowing for a simultaneous role of rational and survey expectations. We consider both a reduced form and a structural specification of the Phillips curve. The results suggest that survey expectations can be a statistically significant component of firms' expectations and inflation dynamics. However, rational expectations continue to play a dominant role.
Money Supply and Capital Accumulation on the Transition Path Revisited
Authors: CYSNE RUBENS PENHA , TURCHICK DAVID
Published: September 2010

Fischer (1979) and Asako (1983) analyze the sign of the correlation between the growth rate of money and the rate of capital accumulation on the transition path. Both plug a constant relative risk aversion utility (based on a Cobb–Douglas and a Leontief function, respectively) into Sidrauski's model—yet return contrasting results. The present analysis, by using a more general CES utility, presents both of those settings and conclusions as limiting cases and generates economic figures more consistent with reality (e.g., the interest rate elasticity of the money demands derived from those previous works is necessarily 1 and 0, respectively).
Microselection – affinity selecting antibodies against a single rare cell in a heterogeneous population
Authors: Sørensen Morten Dræby , Agerholm Inge Errebo , Christensen Britta , Kølvraa Steen , Kristensen Peter
Published: September 2010

Rare cells not normally present in the peripheral bloodstream, such as circulating tumour cells, have potential applications for development of non‐invasive methods for diagnostics or follow up. Obtaining these cells however require some means of discrimination, achievable by cell type specific antibodies. Here we have generated a microselection method allowing antibody selection, by phage display, targeting a single cell in a heterogeneous population. One K562 cell (female origin) was positioned on glass slide among millions of lymphocytes from male donor, identifying the K562 cell by FISH (XX). Several single cell selections were performed on such individual slides. The phage particles bound to the target cell is protected by a minute disc, while inactivating all remaining phage by UV‐irradiation; leaving only the phage bound to the target cell viable. We hereby retrieved up to eight antibodies per single cell selection, including three highly K562 cell type specific.
Validity of a new food frequency questionnaire for pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Authors: Brantsæter Anne Lise , Haugen Margaretha , Alexander Jan , Meltzer Helle Margrete
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to examine the relative validity of foods and nutrients calculated by a new food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Reference measures were a 4‐day weighed food diary (FD), a motion sensor for measuring total energy expenditure, one 24‐h urine collection for analysis of nitrogen and iodine excretion, and a venous blood specimen for analysis of plasma 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D and serum folate. A total of 119 women participated in the validation study, and 112 completed the motion sensor registration. Overall, the level of agreement between the FFQ and the FD was satisfactory, and significant correlations were found for all major food groups and for all nutrients except vitamin E. The average correlation coefficient between the FFQ and the FD for daily intake was 0.48 for foods and 0.36 for nutrients, and on average, 68% of the participants were classified into the same or adjacent quintiles by the two methods. Estimated total energy expenditure indicated that under‐reporting of energy intake was more extensive with the FD than with the FFQ. The biological markers confirmed that the FFQ was able to distinguish between high and low intakes of nutrients, as measured by vitamin D, folate, protein and iodine. This validation study indicates that the MoBa FFQ produces reasonable valid intake estimates and is a valid tool to rank pregnant women according to low and high intakes of energy, nutrients and foods.
Ghanaian Cocoa Bean Fermentation Characterized by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Methods and Chemometrics
Authors: Aculey Patrick C. , Snitkjaer Pia , Owusu Margaret , Bassompiere Marc , Takrama Jemmy , Nørgaard Lars , Petersen Mikael A. , Nielsen Dennis S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Export of cocoa beans is of great economic importance in Ghana and several other tropical countries. Raw cocoa has an astringent, unpleasant taste, and flavor, and has to be fermented, dried, and roasted to obtain the characteristic cocoa flavor and taste. In an attempt to obtain a deeper understanding of the changes in the cocoa beans during fermentation and investigate the possibility of future development of objective methods for assessing the degree of fermentation, a novel combination of methods including cut test, colorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, NIR spectroscopy, and GC‐MS evaluated by chemometric methods was used to examine cocoa beans sampled at different durations of fermentation and samples representing fully fermented and dried beans from all cocoa growing regions of Ghana. Using colorimetry it was found that samples moved towards higher a* and b* values as fermentation progressed. Furthermore, the degree of fermentation could, in general, be well described by the spectroscopic methods used. In addition, it was possible to link analysis of volatile compounds with predictions of fermentation time. Fermented and dried cocoa beans from the Volta and the Western regions clustered separately in the score plots based on colorimetric, fluorescence, NIR, and GC‐MS indicating regional differences in the composition of Ghanaian cocoa beans. The study demonstrates the potential of colorimetry and spectroscopic methods as valuable tools for determining the fermentation degree of cocoa beans. Using GC‐MS it was possible to demonstrate the formation of several important aroma compounds such 2‐phenylethyl acetate, propionic acid, and acetoin and the breakdown of others like diacetyl during fermentation.

Practical Application:  The present study demonstrates the potential of using colorimetry and spectroscopic methods as objective methods for determining cocoa bean quality along the processing chain. Development of objective methods for determining cocoa bean quality will be of great importance for quality insurance within the fields of cocoa processing and raw material control in chocolate producing companies.
Chemical Composition and Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Schinus Molle L. and Schinus Terebinthifolius Raddi Berries Essential Oils
Authors: Bendaoud Houcine , Romdhane Mehrez , Souchard Jean Pierre , Cazaux Sylvie , Bouajila Jalloul
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from berries of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi originating from southern of Tunisia and analyzed by GC‐FID and GC‐MS. Among 57 and 62 compounds (%[mg/100 g dry matter]) identified in these oils, the main were α‐phellandrene (46.52%[1256.15] and 34.38%[859.60]), β‐phellandrene (20.81%[561.74] and 10.61%[265.15]), α‐terpineol (8.38%[226.26] and 5.60%[140.03]), α‐pinene (4.34%[117.29] and 6.49%[162.25]), β‐pinene (4.96%[133.81] and 3.09%[77.30]) and p‐cymene (2.49%[67.28] and 7.34%[183.40]), respectively. A marked quantity of γ‐cadinene (18.04%[451.05]) was also identified in the S. terebinthifolius essential oil whereas only traces (0.07%[1.81]) were detected in the essential oil of S. molle. The in vitro antioxidant and antiradical scavenging properties of the investigated essential oils were evaluated by using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐Azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Essential oil of S. terebinthifolius expressed stronger antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay, with an IC50 of 24 ± 0.8 mg/L, compared to S. molle (IC50= 257 ± 10.3 mg/L). Essential oils were also evaluated for their anticancer activities against human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7). S. terebinthifolius essential oil was more effective against tested cell lines (IC50= 47 ± 9 mg/L) than that from S. molle (IC50= 54 ± 10 mg/L). Suggestions on relationships between chemical composition and biological activities are outlined.
Germination Conditions Affect Selected Quality of Composite Wheat‐Germinated Brown Rice Flour and Bread Formulations
Authors: Charoenthaikij Phantipha , Jangchud Kamolwan , Jangchud Anuvat , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Tungtrakul Patcharee
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Brown rice has been reported to be more nutritious after germination. Germinated brown rice flours (GBRFs) from different steeping conditions (in distilled water [DI, pH 6.8] or in a buffer solution [pH 3] for either 24 or 48 h at 35 °C) were evaluated in this study. GBRF obtained from brown rice steeped at pH 3 for 48 h contained the highest amount of free gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA; 67 mg/100 g flour). The composite flour (wheat‐GBRF) at a ratio of 70 : 30 exhibited significantly lower peak viscosity (PV) (56.99 – 132.45 RVU) with higher alpha‐amylase activity (SN = 696 – 1826) compared with those of wheat flour (control) (PV = 136.46 RVU and SN = 1976). Bread formulations, containing 30% GBRF, had lower loaf volume and greater hardness (P < 0.05) than the wheat bread. However, the hardness of bread containing 30% GBRF (except at pH 6.8 and 24 h) was significantly lower than that of bread containing 30% nongerminated brown rice flour (BRF). Acceptability scores for aroma, taste, and flavor of breads prepared with or without GBRFs (30% substitution) were not significantly different, with the mean score ranging from 6.1 (like slightly) to 7 (like moderately). Among the bread formulations containing GBRF, the one with GBRF prepared after 24 h steeping at pH 3 had a slightly higher (though not significant) overall liking score (6.8). This study demonstrated that it is feasible to substitute wheat flour with up to 30% GBRF in bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance.

Practical Application:  Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 30% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation without negatively affecting sensory acceptance. In the current United States market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread which would have a longer shelf life. Further study is thus needed.
INNOVATIONS Are All the Things You Never Heard of When You Were a Kid, But CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT
Authors: Siegel Rita Sue
Published: September 2010

WHETHER AS AN individual or a part of a team, innovation is dependent on creativity. Yet, while we are constantly encouraged to adopt whatever is endorsed as “latest and best,” we seldom hear the people stories behind these innovations. It is this fascinating personal dimension that RitaSue Siegel brings out in these five “innovation” profiles. They get behind the scenes in objects that range from a VCR control to computer icons.
Marketing's Contribution to Innovation: The Concept of Market‐In Design
Authors: Hustad Thomas P.
Published: September 2010

THE DESIGN LOOKS great or the list of features is impressive. But, for some reason, it just does not work. Too often the role of users is undervalued in innovation or certain users are ignored while others are overemphasized. Hustad explores how a marketing perspective can help remedy these problems. He suggests how organizations can integrate this approach as part of their development process and proposes specific techniques that help improve marketing results.
INANIMATE INTEGRATORS: A Block of Wood Speaks
Authors: Leonard‐Barton Dorothy
Published: September 2010

THIS ARTICLE IS about effective communication. In particular, it is about models and how they help refine the nature of a product or service and serve as bridges among the many people and disciplines involved in the development process. Five major types are defined and the benefits and strategies for exploiting this important innovation tool are examined in an analysis rich with interesting examples.
Designing Quality into SERVICES
Authors: Sisodia Rajendra S.
Published: September 2010

BLUEPRINTING IS A technique that identifies key features in the design of a service. Important opportunities that emerge from this analysis are a better understanding of service “fail points” and a clearer focus on what Rajendra Sisodia refers to as “hail points” – contacts that leave customers with strong positive service experiences. Using contemporary technologies, Sisodia argues that designers can significantly enhance the quality and impact of these service hail points.
Measurement of INNOVATION and DesignPerformance IN SERVICES
Authors: Voss C.A.
Published: September 2010

AS IN MANUFACTURING, innovation in services is essential if organizations are to remain competitive. The difficulty is that few companies evaluate the processes that lead to service innovation and the outcomes of those innovations. Based on an empirical study of firms in the United Kingdom, Chris Voss articulates an approach and specific criteria that design managers can use in this type of performance analysis.
Strategic Management of Service: The Action Learning Agenda
Authors: Thompson Phillip
Published: September 2010

IN SPITE OF brilliant concepts and thoughtful implementation, there are more failures than successes in the design of services. Based on extensive case‐study research, Phillip Thompson pinpoints reasons for these disappointing results and offers design managers and consultants five specific tactics for analyzing and developing service ideas.
A New Image for CONTINENTAL AIRLINES
Authors: Chajet Clive
Published: September 2010

MIRRORING ITS QUALITY performance, by 1990 Continental sought to shift its image from a no‐frills, discount carrier to a world‐class international airline. This effort, with extensive input from employees and leadership from a multidisciplinary design team, involved projects ranging from the redesign of the logo and plane interiors to new passenger facilities. Notably, the program was so impressive that the courts permitted implementation during a Chapter 11 reorganization.
SEAMLESS SERVICE: British Airways‘ First‐Class Chinaware
Authors: Coughlan Paul
Published: September 2010

THE DESIGNED ELEMENTS that support or “facilitate” a service are features that have a major impact on the consumer's assessment of quality. To emphasize the complexity of seamlessly integrating these facilitating elements into a successful service package, Paul Coughlan reviews the decision‐making process behind the development of British Airways' First‐Class china and distills important lessons for designers and design managers.
Managing the Evidence in SERVICE BUSINESSES
Authors: Berry Leonard L. , Seiders Kathleen
Published: September 2010

DESIGN IS CRUCIAL in the marketing of services. Leonard Berry and Kathleen Seiders enumerate the designed elements that make services tangible and explain how they can be exploited to shape first impressions, manage trust, change images, provide sensory stimulation, and share an organization's culture with employees and customers.
DESIGN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH—Synthesis Squared
Authors: Langrish John
Published: September 2010

AGROWING BODY of research leaves little doubt about the significance of design as a management resource. John Langrish not only reaffirms this conclusion but predicts that existing findings and the changing context and nature of international business put the discipline of design management on the threshold of bolder, more dramatic, and more meaningful contributions to competitive success.
THE MIRACLE of Han River: Korean Government Policy and Design Management in the Motor Industry
Authors: Chung Kyung Won
Published: September 2010

THE STORY OF THE KOREAN automobile industry is a fascinating example of the transformation that can occur when a long‐term national policy—including the design element—has a clear and limited focus. Kyung Won Chung writes about thirty years of government plans that helped make the “Korean Big Three” automakers such a phenomenal success. Although in less structured economies the techniques may not be applicable, the notion of developing national design policies for precise industry and service niches is worth evaluating as a general strategy.
MANAGING DESIGN: Directions in British Education
Authors: Cooper Rachel Davies
Published: September 2010

IF THE LONG‐TERM OBJECTIVE is to make the management of design a routine aspect of doing business, then education initiatives have to be part of a broader design‐management strategy. Rachel Cooper explains how, since the early 1980s, leadership in the academic arena has emerged in England. There, among other government‐supported efforts, design‐management courses and curricula have been developed at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, a design‐management research database has been assembled, and in‐company training seminars have been funded.
The Government of CANADA'S Federal Identity Program
Authors: Way Alan
Published: September 2010

IT'S NOT A COMPREHENSIVE national design policy but, as Alan Way points out, the Canadian government's Federal Identity Program creates a clear graphic profile for government activities. This has several significant benefits, including facilitating access to services and programs, improving the effectiveness and reducing the cost of communications, promoting the equality and official status of the French and English languages, and explicitly recognizing the value of design as a management tool.
Information Asset Map and Cumulative Concept Translation in Product Development
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: September 2010

SINCE CONCEPT FORMATION is only one phase of a product life cycle, it is vital to understand how this initial creative endeavor relates to other dimensions of the developmentprocess, production, marketing, and consumer use. Takahiro Fujimoto presents the Information Asset Map as one way of sorting out these relationships, and explains how, for successful companies in the automobile industry, the links and mechanisms that tie concept generation with other elements in the map can vary, depending on a product's intended market.
INNOVATE or SUFFOCATE
Authors: De Dominicis Alex J.
Published: September 2010

LIKE OTHER EXPERTS on the creative process, Alex DeDominicis is convinced that it is possible to nurture the environment and skills that result in innovation. On the other hand, he notes that organizations often overlook certain critical factors in their quest to stimulate creativity. Among the elements he discusses here, and believes cannot be ignored, are the issue of ownership, the balance between long‐ and short‐term goals, the individual/team relationship, and processes for rewarding and recognizing innovation.
US POLICY'S Effect on the Economic Value of Design
Authors: Woodring Cooper C.
Published: September 2010

WHILE MANY RECOGNIZE that design is an economic resource, enhancing competitiveness and productivity as well as contributing to a firm's long‐term strategic position in the marketplace, in the United States this asset is largely unprotected. Cooper Woodring explains that US designs that combine function and appearance can be copied and pirated without fear of sanction. To remedy the situation, he advocates passage of a bill that acknowledges design's importance and gives it the legal protection it deserves.
THE DESIGNS OF THE DECADE: Quantifying Design Impact Over Ten Years
Authors: Goodrich Kristina
Published: September 2010

THE INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS Society of America has built a tradition of honoring the best US‐designed products. To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Society's IDEA program, however, Kristina Goodrich developed a rather special competition. These awards wouldn't be for design excellence—that was a given. Now entrants had to distinguish themselves by the positive effects their products had on the bottom line. This is the story of the process, the winners, the hard numbers, and a few thoughts on what the honorees have in common.
A Virtual Design STUDIO: Today's Opportunity for Effective Electronic Creativity
Authors: Sulek Eugene
Published: September 2010

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY can make vital contributions to the creative interface among people and organizations. Over the past fifteen years, the design group at Texas Instruments (TI) has invested in computers as a pathway linking various divisions and creative minds within the corporation. What has emerged is an approach to which Gene Sulek refers as the “Virtual Design Studio” where interactive information technology permits project input to come from any discipline linked by the TI network, from any place on the globe, twenty‐four hours a day
“OUTSIDE‐IN” Design: Delivering Real Value to the Customer
Authors: Bergman Hans , Winlow Tom
Published: September 2010

THE TELEPHONE OPERATOR Position System—Multipurpose (TOPS MP) is one of Northern Telecom's most successful products, capturing much of the North American market. Hans Bergman and Tom Winlow believe this is due to an interdisciplinary process that makes user needs rather than technology the highest priority. In this situation, design emerges as an equal partner with engineering and marketing in the development effort, with positive consequences for customers and the company.
A Square Peg in a ROUND HOLE?Integrating a Design Consultant into a Textile/Clothing Company
Authors: Herbert Victor , Otto Caroline
Published: September 2010

THE FASHION INDUSTRY, with its need to present a new line of products every few months, is a world where change is the norm and design is crucial to meeting business challenges. What Victor Herbert and Caroline Otto reveal is that it takes more than an idiosyncratic designer to assure optimum results. In such a world, design consultants must be thoroughly integrated into the team to build strong partnerships with suppliers, stimulate technological innovation, and maintain a vast communications network with both internal and external customers.
TEACHING Business Processes at NCSU
Authors: Bozarth Cecil
Published: September 2010

SINCE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT integrates multiple areas of expertise, NCSU has developed a course that focuses on business processes rather than individual disciplines. Cecil Bozarth stresses the special importance of process‐orientation, when dealing with design, because design has an impact on so many dimensions of an enterprise. He believes this emphasis and an understanding of design's significance must be included in the earliest stages of a curriculum, not relegated to upper‐division courses or special electives.
EXTERNALIZED DESIGN: Making New Voices Heard in the Classroom
Authors: Yatt Barry D.
Published: September 2010

IN THE REAL WORLD, architects, like other designers, have to respond to a cross‐section of priorities ranging from aesthetic and budgetary to legal and functional. In schools, however, the emphasis is generally on form with little concern for other voices that can play major roles in shaping design outcomes. In hopes of improving quality and bridging what he sees as an unhealthy gap between practice and education, Barry Yatt reveals an innovative technique for broadening the input and voices involved in academic design discussions.
CLARIFYING THE Corporate Voice: The Imperative of the ‘90s
Authors: Siegel Alan
Published: September 2010

IT WAS FIVE YEARS AGO THAT ALAN SIEGEL first shared his thoughts on corporate communications in this forum. Looking back over a half decade of uncertain progress, we've invited Siegel to review and expand on this earlier message. His criticism of the current situation is sharp. But equally pointed are his recommendations for improving things, including comments ranging from the role of the CEO to suggestions for personalizing the corporate writing style.
Integrating Design Throughout the Organization: The First Beacon Awards
Authors: Whitney Patrick , Shimelfarb Barry
Published: September 2010

IN TODAY'S MARKETPLACE, successful companies exploit design as a pervasive strategy for integrating innovation with a range of physiological, cognitive, social, and cultural issues that are also factors in organizational and product‐development processes. The Beacon Award is given to firms that excel in this broad‐spectrum approach to design and perception. In 1993 Crown Equipment, Herman Miller, Starbucks, and Nike received Beacons, and Patrick Whitney and Barry Shimelfarb explain why these corporations were so honored.
Corporate Tone OF VOICE
Authors: Bernstein David
Published: September 2010

DAVID BERNSTEIN MAKES the point that defining and understanding a corporation's personality is as important in designing a credible identity as having a coherent organizational philosophy The focus in this essay is on action where insights into a company's unique profile—its image—emerge from an analysis of culture, style, language, and other activities. Bernstein suggests several strategies for distilling key personality features and believes clarifying these traits is crucial groundwork for developing an effective identity program.
The Roundel and the Corporate Image of LONDON TRANSPORT
Authors: Rewse‐Davies Jeremy
Published: September 2010

THE CIRCLE WITH A BROAD BAR across its center is a symbol with universal currency. It is London; it is the underground; it is a vast public transportation network. We think of it as the centerpiece of a model corporate identity. But as Jeremy Rewse‐Davies tells it, the history behind this trademark is full of changes, design mishaps, and visual digressions. Interestingly, the power of the logo and related elements continues, not because it is supported by volumes of rules, but because executives and managers continue to promote an enduring yet flexible commitment to design excellence.
Corporate Identity: The POWER and the PARADOX
Authors: Balmer John M. T.
Published: September 2010

IN THE REAL WORLD, the emphasis on corporate identity as a factor in business success is expanding significantly. Academic interest in the subject, however, remains modest. This leaves a gap that, in John Balmer's analysis, creates misunderstandings about both the meaning and contributions of identity. To resolve basic questions, Balmer outlines seven schools of thought regarding identity and posits a definition that relates the internal and external dimensions of identity to the fundamental objectives of creating a favorable corporate image and customer loyalty.
A Visual Essay on INVENTION and INNOVATION
Authors: Faste Rolf
Published: September 2010

WISDOM COMES FROM many sources, and it is a mistake to shoehorn it into preconceived packages. Such reworking may make ideas fit more easily into the shelves of our minds or the niches of a journal format. But we risk losing the opportunity for new ideas precisely because we make them fit the old mold. Here, Rolf Faste digresses from the rigidities of our traditional layout to share his insights and sketches related to innovation. It is exactly the right way to keynote this issue and begin our discussion of this critical topic.
Corporate Identity and the WORLD WIDE WEB
Authors: Shida Ted
Published: September 2010

A WEB SITE—EVERY ORGANIZATION NEEDS ONE. But what criteria should shape the design of these digital forums? Managers from IBM, Sun Microsystems, and Texas Instruments got together at the Art Center College of Design for a workshop on the topic, and Ted Shida here reports how their efforts helped reveal the objectives, strategies, features, and functions involved in the design of these interactive identity venues.
VIRTUAL IDENTITY: A Paradigm Shift for the New Corporate Communications Environments
Authors: Swinehart Robert O.
Published: September 2010

IDENTITY HAS MOVED from the realm of images and messages to the design of experiences and interactive communications. In this kinetic environment, Robert Swinehart predicts that design managers will act as coaches, nurturing a “system of marks”—a virtual identity—that maintains the integrity of an organization's culture and values while responding to the immediate and idiosyncratic understanding of identity as they emerge in the personal experiences of those both inside and outside the corporation.
Selections from a DIGITAL IDENTITY GLOSSARY
Authors: Design Team
Published: September 2010

HOW GOOD ARE YOU at “assembly language?” What's the difference between a “bit” and a “bitmap?” How many “co‐processors” does your computer have? If the ABCs of the digital era have you bewildered, we offer—courtesy of TeamDesign—a concise glossary of key terms and high‐tech expressions. We can't guarantee fluency but we do hope it will be a help in translating an ever‐proliferating array of digital lingo.
On the Art of CONSULTING
Authors: Goldfarb Roz
Published: September 2010

IN THIS ESSAY, ROZ GOLDFARB CREATES a forum to exchange insights among four internationally renowned consultants—Jelle van der Toorn Vrijthoff, creative director and principal of Total Design, in Amsterdam; Kenneth Roberts, president and CEO of Lippincott & Margulies, in New York; Henry Steiner, head of Steiner & Co., in Hong Kong; and Allen Adamson, managing director and principal of Landor Associates, in New York. Their comments are invaluable wisdom on some of the key dimensions of design consulting.
TRENDS in Design Consulting in Japan
Authors: Masuda Fumikazu
Published: September 2010

CONTRARY TO EXPECTATIONS nurtured by Japan's outstanding reputation in product development, this nation has relatively few design consultants. Now things are changing, and Fumikazu Masuda describes several recent directions and opportunities in Japanese consulting—networking and consortium arrangements, individuals who specialize in research and market analysis, a focus on applied technology, partnerships with non‐Japanese firms, and a growing popular interest in design.
DESIGN AT A DISTANCE: The New Hybrids
Authors: Williams Hugh Aldersey ‐
Published: September 2010

AS FIRMS DOWNSIZE AND STREAMLINE operations, companies may opt to use consultants rather than maintain in‐house design groups. Commenting on the experiences of Apple, Samsung, Kenwood, Psion, and the Virgin Group, however, Hugh Aldersey‐Williams makes the point that an even better technique for managing design may be hybrid organizations that enhance creativity with various combinations of consultant and in‐house expertise.
NEW DIRECTIONS for Design
Authors: Zaccai Gianfranco , Badler Gerald
Published: September 2010

IN THE EYES OF Gianfranco Zaccai and Gerard Badler, the worlds of design consulting and management consulting are merging. Strategic analysis and planning, research and programming, management and technical training, cost benchmarking, design reviews, and ongoing design audits are all on the horizon in design consulting. It's an exciting professional environment that, from their perspective, blends risk with the chance to build strong business relationships on the frontiers of design management.
Client/Consultancy Relationships: MANAGING THE CREATIVE PROCESS
Authors: Becht Hein , Gommer Fennemiek
Published: September 2010

AS ORGANIZATIONS INCREASINGLY depend on consultants for design input, it is critical to make sure companies and outside advisors establish effective partnerships. Hein Becht and Fennemiek Gommer articulate principles they believe are keys to successful client‐consultant marriages, sharing thoughts on how to define problems, interpret consultant strengths, and communicate both during and after the design process.
From Icon to Beacon: The New British Design Council and the Global Economy
Authors: Dumas Angela
Published: September 2010

LET THERE BE NO DOUBT—the British Design Council remains committed as ever to the principle that design is essential to competitiveness. However, it has redefined itself as a think tank—disseminating knowledge and acting as a catalyst for action—rather than a promotional organization. As Angela Dumas explains, the Design Council now stresses “concepts, competence, and connections” in research, training programs, and the integration of disciplines in ways that highlight “seen” and “silent” design as processes for transforming creative ideas into competitive realities.
From Design Awareness to Design Integration: Influencing Corporate Strategy and Research in the United States
Authors: Vogel Craig M.
Published: September 2010

HISTORICALLY, U.S. CORPORATIONS have ignored design. Yet as Craig Vogel interprets the current situation, things are about to change. The shift is not attributable to the establishment of a national design organization but instead to subtle—though significant—changes in attitude. Consumers are clearly placing value on well‐designed products and services; design receives growing attention in engineering and business curricula; and user‐focused design research is increasingly part of both business and academic product‐development processes.
Design Training in the Professions: A Policy Proposal for the UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Tyte Anne E. Creigh ‐
Published: September 2010

IT'S AN INTRIGUING SCENARIO. If the goal is to share insights on the importance of design with small businesses, then, proposes Anne Creigh‐Tyte, a key pathway for delivering that message should be the day‐to‐day advice of lawyers, accountants, bankers, and marketing specialists. That, in turn, requires continuing education in design for those nondesign consultants. To that end, Creigh‐Tyte outlines a concise curriculum and analyzes the possibilities of actually implementing such an approach.
THE BATTLE FOR THE LIVING ROOM
Authors: Woudhuysen James
Published: September 2010

WHERE MANY SEE EXCITEMENT and promise, James Woudhuysen observes confusion and lack of focus. In this commentary on the marketplace for high‐tech consumer experiences, he points to a collection of problems, among them competing product platforms, contradictory and unanticipated behavior, and innovations that follow one another so quickly no one buys for fear of being left behind. As he sees it, designers are challenged to avoid rosy preconceptions and start instead with these complex, often bewildering realities.
Creative Consciousness: DESIGNING THE DRIVING EXPERIENCE
Authors: Pelly Chuck
Published: September 2010

WHEN WE LOOK AT an automobile, it's not just transportation, it's an expression of the human spirit. From the outside to the inside, with sketches of BMWs with various personalities, Chuck Pelly offers insights regarding the designer's perspective on handling a car's profile. He refers to the challenge as “the ultimate puzzle”—a design whose function blends everything from technology to sensuous touch, a product that thrives on sound and light, as well as on what is seen and felt, an experience that bridges the past and the future.