bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Transition Probabilities in Multi-state Survival Data: New Developments and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Soutinho Gustavo , Meira-Machado Luis
Published: June 2020

Multi-state models can be successfully used for describing complicated event history data, for example, describing stages in the disease progression of a patient. In these models one important goal is the estimation of the transition probabilities since they allow for long term prediction of the process. Traditionally these quantities have been estimated by the Aalen-Johansen estimator which is consistent if the process is Markovian. Recently, estimators have been proposed that outperform the Aalen-Johansen estimators in non-Markov situations. This paper considers a new proposal for the estimation of the transition probabilities in a multi-state system that is not necessarily Markovian. The proposed product-limit nonparametric estimator is defined in the form of a counting process, counting the number of transitions between states and the risk sets for leaving each state with an inverse probability of censoring weighted form. Advantages and limitations of the different methods and some practical recommendations are presented. We also introduce a graphical local test for the Markov assumption. Several simulation studies were conducted under different data scenarios. The proposed methods are illustrated with a real data set on colon cancer.
Involuntary musical imagery as a component of ordinary music cognition: A review of empirical evidence
Authors: Liikkanen Lassi A. , Jakubowski Kelly
Published: June 2020

Involuntary musical imagery (INMI) refers to a conscious mental experience of music that occurs without deliberate efforts to initiate or sustain it. This experience often consists of the repetition of a short fragment of a melody, colloquially called an “earworm.” Here, we present the first comprehensive, qualitative review of published empirical research on INMI to date. We performed an extensive literature search and discovered, in total, 47 studies from 33 peer-reviewed articles that met the inclusion criteria for the review. In analyzing the content of these studies, we identified four major research themes, which concern the phenomenology, dynamics, individual differences, and musical features of INMI. The findings answer many questions of scientific interest—for instance, what is typical in terms of INMI frequency, duration, and content; which factors influence INMI onset; and whether demographic and personality factors can explain individual differences in susceptibility and responses to INMI. This review showcases INMI as a well-established phenomenon in light of a substantial body of empirical studies that have accumulated consistent results. Although the populations under study show an unfavorable bias towards Western, educated participants, the evidence depicts INMI as a universal psychological phenomenon, the possible function of which we do not yet fully understand. The concluding section introduces several suggestions for future research to expand on the topic.
One-pot synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithione derivatives via three-component reactions
Authors: Kang Gui-Feng , Zhang Gang
Published: June 2020

A catalyst-free one-pot synthetic methodology was developed for the preparation of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithione derivatives through three-component reactions of arylaldehydes, thiourea, and orthoformates. The procedure tolerated a diverse range of arylaldehydes and orthoformates and provided a rapid entry to a variety of 4-aryl-6-(alkylthio)-3,4-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2(1H)-thiones (29 examples). The synthetic strategy relies on the dual role of thiourea in the cyclization with the aldehydes and the alkylation via an intermediate imidate formation. The structures of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithione derivatives were characterized by spectroscopic techniques as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Enhancing Zakat Framework of Maldives: A Hundred Muslim Country
Authors: Muneeza Aishath
Published: June 2020

Maldives is a hundred percent Muslim nation where zakat administrative function is entrusted to a government Ministry, Ministry of Islamic Affairs. Zakat al maal and zakat al fitr is managed by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs. Starting from 1st June 2016, the Ministry of Islamic Affairs has delegated the task of collecting zakat to Maldives Inland Revenue Authority (MIRA). At the moment, there is no law in Maldives dealing with zakat and Islamic Training and Research Institute (IRTI) has proposed a set of zakat laws that could be adopted by the country. The objective of this research is to discuss the proposed zakat framework by IRTI. This is a qualitative research. There is limited literature available about the zakat framework in Maldives and it is anticipated that this research will be the beginning point to do research on this point.
The Analysis of Welfare Determinant Factors of Recipients Zakat, Infaq and Sedekah (ZIS) Productive in Baitul Mal Aceh
Authors: Riyaldi Muhammad Haris , Sari Farah Maulida
Published: June 2020

This study aims to examine the welfare determinants factors of the Zakat, Infaq and Sedekah (ZIS) productive recipients in Baitul Mal Aceh. This research is a survey using the quetionnaire as its instrument. The population of this study is all the ZIS productive recipients who are catagorized as success by Baitul Mal Aceh. The sample in this study is 107 people of the ZIS productive recipients selected by simple random sampling method. The regression analysis is used as the method of analysis to find out the influence of the external factors and internal factors involved. Based on the results of the regression analysis showed that the external factors (venture capital support, staff assistance, family support and friend support) and internal factors (sincere intentions, the routine of prayer, giving of alms, the religious teachings, persistence, responsibility, business management and cooperation) have positive and significant effect on the welfare of ZIS productive recipients. By increasing the assistance of Baitul Mal Aceh and maximizing the factors that have significant influence of the ZIS productive welfare, it will increase the welfare of ZIS recipients productive.
Analysis of Fatwa in Malaysia on the Provision of Housing Using Zakat Fund
Authors: Sarkawi Azila Ahmad
Published: June 2020

The usage of zakat fund for housing assistance such as rental, repair, deposit, and construction of a specified size of house unit is well-known in Malaysia. In fact, they have been included in the zakat disbursement schemes. The emerging issue, however, is the development of mass housing using zakat fund. If the mass housing development is meant to accommodate asnaf (zakat recipient), it posed a less religious issue. If it is for the purpose of investment that the proceedswill be spent for asnaf, it invites a discussion on its permissibility from shariah perspective. Seemingly, the critical issue is the degree of directness of the benefits and their possibilities to reach the recipients. Hence, it is the purpose of the study to analyze the current religious rulings in kind of fatwa in Malaysia related to zakat. Consequently, 68 fatwas on zakat shortlisted from the Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM), the Department of Awqaf, Zakat and Pilgrimage (JAWHAR) and the Selangor Mufti Department compilation were studied. Content analysis was adopted for that purposes. The study found that there is no direct fatwa related to this kind of mass housing development. However, Selangor has a general fatwa on the investment of zakat fund from ‘amil portion subjected to strict conditions and the building of a hostel for asnaf. The study concluded that the matter is ijtihadi and proposed areas that require shariah rulings based on the construction procurement processes, later on, to be developed as a guideline for zakat funded houses.
Performance Measurement System for Zakat Institutions: Integrating Maqashid Sharia and Sharia Enterprises Theory
Authors: Hudayati Ataina , Tohirin Achmad
Published: June 2020

This study aims to build a performance measurement system of zakat institutions from the perspective of maqashid sharia and sharia enterprise theory. This study embarks from previous studies focusing on the performance measurement methods applied to the zakat institutions. Understanding of maqashid sharia in this paper refers to the concept formulated by Al Ghazali and Ibn Ashur. Their applications in contemporary research can be found in various studies. This paper concludes that performance measurement based on maqashid sharia for Islamic bank can be used by zakat institution, by making various adjustments according to the characteristics of zakat institutions. In addition, this study also designed a performance scorecard to assess the performance of zakat institutions based on the perspective of maqashid sharia and sharia enterprises theory. From the scorecard, the zakat institution can calculate the zakat management index from a broader perspective.
Philanthropy in Practice: Role of Zakat in the Realization of Justice and Economic Growth
Authors: Ahmad Malik Bilal
Published: June 2020

The entire economic scheme developed under the guiding principles of Shari’ah (Islamic Law) envisages an internally balanced system of economy that neither accepts capitalism nor communism in totality. According to the laws, the realization of justice (a’dl) and wellbeing (falah), i.e., the means to seek blessings of God (fadhl al-Allah), determines its principal objectives (maqasid). Nevertheless, the economic structures adopted by the contemporary Muslim societies, in general, are incoherent with the economic philosophy of Islam. They are practically disconnected from the mechanics and efficiency of Islam’s equity instruments and philanthropic institutions. Consequently, as per Marx’s class conflict theory, economic inequality has spread its roots and traumatized the dynamics of participatory economics, distributive justice, and social equality. Factors such as non-inclusive economics, exploitation as a market principle, and concentration of wealth in few pockets have completely transformed Muslim economies into “capitalist” ones. After conducting critical researches vis-à-vis this paradigm shift in the Muslim world, highbrow Muslim intellectuals have reached to this point that alongside with interest-based means of financial intermediation, non-functionality of philanthropic institutions such zakat and baitulmal has practically divided the society into privileged and deprived classes. The economic advantage of “privileged class” over “deprived class” has become one of the major stumbling blocks in the way of achieving welfare and social justice. Under such vulnerable conditions, it is being argued that “reinstitutionalization” of zakat, both at civil society and state level, is the means to provide socio-economic insurance to those who are otherwise neglected. By facilitating the “constructive channelization” of wealth from “privileged class” to “deprived class”, institution of zakat has the potentiality to overcome the problems like relative deprivation, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and so on. In this context, giving of zakat must not be seen merely as a religious obligation; on the contrary, it must be examined in relation to its socio-economic effects. The present research is an attempt to answer the question regarding how reinstitutionalization of zakat can help in the minimization of poverty rate and promotion of socio-economic justice in contemporary “unbalanced” Muslim societies.

Keywords: Islamic Economics, Zakat, Social Justice, Poverty, Economic Growth
Identifying Factors Alleviating Poverty: Experience from Malaysian Zakat Institutions
Authors: Saladin Abdul Rasool Mohamed , Tuan Sayed Amran Sharifah Adlina
Published: June 2020

A major challenge for zakat institutions is to identify ways to alleviate poverty. Thus, it is essential to determine factors that influence the incidence of poverty. Determinants of poverty can be used by zakat institutions as a guide by zakat authorities as to draw guidelines and programs to alleviate the poor. The objective of the present paper is to identify the determinants of poverty from the perspective of poor zakat recepients in Selangor, the most populated Muslim state in Malaysia. Using the Had Kifayah method, which is based on maqasid al-shariah principles, the study would outline factors that can be used as a guideline to fight poverty. The present study employed a dataset derived from a survey consisting of 258 head of household heads of low-income group in the state of Selangor, the most populated state in Malaysia. The multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis revealed three factors that influence poverty in this study, namely, unemployment of household heads, non-working household adults and unability to obtain permanent jobs.

Keywords: Poverty, measurements, zakat organizations
Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior among Muslims Living Under Non-Islamic Governments
Authors: Ummulkhayr Adamu , Yusuf Owoyemi Musa , Binti Mohammed Cusairi Rafidah
Published: June 2020

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam hence it is attracting a lot of scholarly attention. However, most of the existing literature on Zakat are concentrated in Islamic countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and others. There are also some researches in some advanced non-Islamic countries such as the USA and UK. In these countries, though the government does not operate Islamic laws, there are organized NGOs that take care of Islamic affairs including Zakat. However, there are many parts of the world where Muslims live under non-Islamic government and are not assisted by NGOs. In those areas, Muslims live and perform their religious obligations without any form of institutional support. There are limited number of research relating to Zakat in those areas. This study seeks to fill this gap by investigating the determinants of Zakat compliance in Kogi State of Nigeria. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews. Findings show that, the absence of governmental or institutional support results in ignorance, lack of organization and attitudinal problems. Recommendations were offered to assist Muslims in such areas.

Keywords: Zakat compliance, Muslims in non-Islamic areas, Institutional support for Zakat
Analysis of the Influence of Tax Service, Tax Advertising, and Zakat Policy as a Reduction of Taxable Income to Tax Paying Compliance for Individual Taxpayers in the Tax Service Office Pratama Sawangan, Depok, West Java
Authors: Wulan Mulyaning , Suhartini Tatin , Syamsul Bahri Efri
Published: June 2020

This study aims to understand the influence of independent variables (tax service, tax advertising, and zakat policy as reduction of taxable income) on the dependent variable (taxpaying compliance). Partial test results indicate that the variables (X1) and (X2) have a positive and significant influence on tax paying compliance of Muslim individual Taxpayers. The variable significance level (X1) is 0.310, and the variable significance level (X3) is 0,506. Partial testing of advertisement variables of tax equal to 0.014, which indicates that tax advertisement partially has no positive and significant effect to Taxpayer compliance. The statistical testing revealed that the variables (X1, X2 and X3) have a positive and significant influence on the dependent variable (Y). F artihmatic of 29, 395> Ftable of 2.69 with a significance level of 0.000 <0.1

Keywords: Service, Advertising, Zakat Policy, taxable Income, Compliance
Analysis of Governance and Efficiency on Zakat Distribution: Evidence From Indonesia
Authors: Arkham Mubtadi Novendi , Susilowati Dewi
Published: June 2020

This study analysesand identifies the governance factor(s) that influence zakat disbursement efficiency for Indonesia’s National Zakat Board (BAZNAS)in four district of Central Java Province, namely Banyumas, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara, and Kebumen. This research examines how the zakat institution in Indonesia has improved in terms of disbursement activities over the past 5 years (2011-2015).This is a quantitative research study that uses two approaches of efficiency analysis, namely (i) zakat disbursement efficiency measurement (ratio analysis) and (ii) identification of governance factor(s) that influence the zakat disbursement efficiency of the zakat institutions (regression analysis). Eviews 9 was used in data calculation. In the first approach, there are three efficiency measures: disbursement efficiency, cost efficiency and time efficiency. In the second approach, governance factors (board size; professionals on board; and frequency of board meetings) identify the influence of governance factors on zakat disbursement efficiency measures. The findings showthat there is a negative influence between board size and cost efficiency and no influence with disbursement and time efficiency. However, the relationshipbetween board size and disbursement and time efficiency is rejected because of insignificant results. Professionals on boards has a positive influence on disbursement, cost and time efficiency. Lastly, the frequency of board meetings positively influences disbursement efficiency and time efficiency. Frequency of board meetings showed a negative influence with cost efficiency. This research is significant as it could contribute to future discussions on the potential ways to improve zakat governance and efficiency in Indonesia. The outcomes from the discussions will be useful as a guide for policymakers looking to improve the zakat institution’s governance system.

 

Keywords:Efficiency, Governance, Indonesia, Zakat
Analysis of Zakat Performance of Central Java Province
Authors: Mubarokah Isro’iyatul , Syauqi Beik Irfan , Irawan Tony
Published: June 2020

The Indonesian province with the third largest Muslim population is Central Java. This suggests a great potential for zakat collection. However, the amount accumulated is far from significant. This study aims to determine zakat performance in Central Java Province at macro and micro levels. Data collectioninvolved distributing questionnaires during interviews. This study employeda convenience sampling technique. The analytical tool used in this research is National Zakat Index (NZI).National Zakat Index is an indicator that illustrates the extent to which charity has been instrumental to the mustahikwelfare. It also indicatesthe initial stages of zakat development in terms of internally and at a community level, as well as highlight the support provided by the government. Findingsindicate that zakat performance of Central Java Province from a macro dimension is poor, while from a micro prospective it is decent.

Keywords:  macro dimension, micro dimension, National Zakat Index (NZI), zakat performance
The Implementation of Indeks Desa Zakat (IDZ) for Priority Areas of the Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program for the Empowerment of Productive Mustahiq in South Kalimantan
Authors: Maulida Sri , . Rizali , Rahmatullah Akhsanul
Published: June 2020

A number of different parties, from both the governmental and private sectors, have attempted various means of overcoming poverty, such as through a zakat institution. As an official zakat institution, BAZNAS has established the Zakat Community Development (ZCD) program. The ZCD program seeks to empower communities by targeting the mustahiq living in underdeveloped villages in terms of prosperity, facilities, and infrastructure. The program has the objective of enabling the members of mustahiq communities to help each other manage the funds provided by BAZNAS, so that their prosperity can be increased. Related to this program, BAZNAS has developed a measurement tool called the Indeks Desa Zakat, or IDZ, which emphasizes Islamic elements, such as those relating to religion, as its very important aspects, in addition to the economic, social, health, and education aspects. This research aims to answer questions regarding the overall condition of villages targeted for the ZCD program by central BAZNAS, in addition to identifying underdeveloped villages to prioritize for assistance. The results demonstrate that from the implementation of Indeks Desa Zakat (IDZ) calculations in the priority areas of ​​the ZCD program, it can be concluded that among the three research locations, RT 34 Beruntung Jaya Village is the village that should be most highly prioritized for a ZCD program, with an index value of 0.48. This value places the village in the good category based on the IDZ score range; therefore, it can be considered for assistance.
Proposing a Zakat Empowerment Program Using IDZ: Case from Cemplang Village, Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Khairunnajah Khairunnajah , Beik Irfan Syauqi , Sartono Bagus
Published: June 2020

Zakat has enormous potential for the development of a nation. Recently, The Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration targets to eradicate 5000 poor villages. However, the current number of underdeveloped villages is still high. For this, the empowerment program of BAZNAS can integrate with the local government to participate in the development of backward regions. Zakat Community Development is one of BAZNAS subsidiary aiming at community development. This study engages the index of zakat village (IDZ) to investigate the feasibility of Cemplang village in getting assisted by BAZNAS empowerment programs. This study finds that the Village is considered to get supported by zakat funds.

Keywords: zakat, community development, empowerment, IDZ
Profitability Variables and Bank Size Effects on Corporate Zakat: Evidence from Indonesian Islamic Banks
Authors: Afandi Muhammad Anif
Published: June 2020

Islamic banks carry out their operational activities based on Islamic principles. Thus, they are not only required to pay taxes but also zakat of 2.5 percent with several conditions. Theoretically, zakat has an impact on Islamic banks larger expenditures compared to conventional banks which are not obliged to. This research examines and analyzes the extent to which profitability variables which are ROA, ROE, and BOPO, and bank size which is represented by total assets, can affect corporate zakat expenditure by Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) in Indonesia. To do so, the Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) is used to analyze the subject matters which the period covers from 2012 to 2017. This work finds that in the short-run, all the independent variables were insignificant. However, in the long-run only ROE and BOPO which were significant. The results of the Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis showed that the dependent variable responds to the shock of its independent variables with fluctuating and even negative trend. In addition, the results of Variance Decomposition (VDC) analysis showed that the contribution of profitability variables and bank size tended to decrease toward the formation of corporate zakat expenditure by BUS until the end of the research period.

Keywords: Corporate Zakat Expenditure, Islamic Banks, Profitability, Bank Size, PVECM
The Potential of Application of Technology-Based Innovations for Zakat Administration in India
Authors: Muneeza Aishath , Nadwi Shahbaz
Published: June 2020

India is the home country for many Muslims and effective management of zakah is essential to the country. In this era of technology, it is imperative to use technology with zakat to ensure that the classical zakat administration approaches are upgraded to the uruf or customary practices of the society. The objective of this paper is to find out the potential of using technology in upgrading zakat administration in India. This is a qualitative approach where the primary sources such as zakat administration laws in India and secondary sources such as journal articles and published reports on the subject are analysed to derive conclusions. The findings of this paper suggest that the innovations such as rice ATMs, mobile applications, applications made with blockchain technology, artificial intelligence and big data can also play a vital role in the effective management of zakat in India. It is anticipated that the outcome of this research will assist the zakat administrators in India to adopt technology in this regard.

 

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, big Data, fintech, rice ATM, zakat
Karakteristik Termoklin dan Kecepatan Suara di Selat Lombok Berdasarkan Filtering data CTD Menggunakan Analysis Toolpak
Authors: Iskandar Iskandar , Sukoco Nawanto Budi , Kamija Kamija , Pranowo Widodo Setyo
Published: June 2020

Selat Lombok merupakan salah satu dari 9 chokepoint (titik sempit) dunia. Selat Lombok juga merupakan salah satu alur dari 3 Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) yang terdapat pada ALKI II yang terdiri atas Selat Makasar dan Selat Lombok. Selat Lombok memiliki kedalaman lebih dari 150 meter, dan merupakan penghubung antara Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera Hindia yang sangat strategis untuk lintasan kapal selam. Sehingga sangat penting sekali informasi tentang kolom air di Selat Lombok untuk kebutuhan operasi militer perang. Untuk itu, validitas data tentang informasi yang akurat sangat penting sekali, yaitu dengan cara filtering data CTD. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik termoklin dan kecepatan suara di Selat Lombok. Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk filtering data CTD adalah dengan menggunakan Analysis Toolpak. Hasil dari pengolahan data CTD menggunakan Analysis Toolpak menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara profil data sebelum dan sesudah filtering. Selain itu juga dapat diketahui bahwa karakteristik termoklin Selat Lombok dari arah Utara ke Selatan adalah semakin rapat atau tipis dengan ketebalan dari 146,094 meter menjadi 87,694 meter. Sedangkan karakteristik kecepatan suara di Selat Lombok dari arah Utara ke Selatan juga semakin rapat atau tipis dengan selisih nilai kecepatan suara dari 34,547 m/dt menjadi 27,538 m/dt. Massa air laut di lapisan termoklin diduga berasal dari North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) yang masuk ke Selat Lombok melalui bagian Utara Selat Lombok dibuktikan dengan nilai rata-rata salinitas 34,415 psu pada rata-rata kedalaman 42,504 meter. Berdasarkan data di atas maka sangat penting sekali untuk melakukan filtering data CTD untuk menghasilkan data yang valid dan akurat sebelum diolah lebih lanjut.
A Review on Region of Interest Segmentation Based on Clustering Techniques for Breast Cancer Ultrasound Images
Authors: Muhammad Muhammad , Zeebaree Diyar , Brifcani Adnan Mohsin Abdulazeez , Saeed Jwan , Zebari Dilovan Asaad
Published: June 2020

The most prevalent cancer amongst women is woman breast cancer. Ultrasound imaging is a widely employed method for identifying and diagnosing breast abnormalities. Computer-aided diagnosis technologies have lately been developed with ultrasound images to help radiologists enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis. This paper presents several ultrasound image segmentation techniques, mainly focus on eight clustering methods over the last 10 years, and it shows the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. Breast ultrasound image segmentation is, therefore, still an accessible and challenging issue due to numerous ultrasound artifacts introduced in the imaging process, including high speckle noise, poor contrast, blurry edges, weak signal-to-noise ratio, and intensity inhomogeneity.
Values Education and its Implications on Guidance and Counselling
Authors: Adinkrah Bernard , Fosu-Ayarkwah Charles
Published: June 2020

This paper looks at Values Education and its implications on Guidance and Counseling, as well as its recommendation for use in the Colleges of Education in Ghana. It considers the classification, methods, theoretical framework, advantages, and disadvantages of values education. The Psychoanalytic and behavioural theories were used to explain the link and effects of people’s past experiences and those of the present experiences. It further examines the values counsellors and counsellees are expected to develop and exhibit, and its implications on Guidance and Counseling services. Published books, articles, and personal observation during teaching and counseling services provided the main sources of information. The study brings to the fore the fact that values education serves as a preparatory ground for effective Guidance and Counseling Services to take place in educational institutions. It is therefore recommended that educators be exposed to values education and be encouraged to teach values that are associated with their courses. This is vital to lay a good foundation for counsellors and counsellees for effective counseling services to go on in the Colleges of Education in Ghana.
Electron Density Reconstruction of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections Based on a Genetic Algorithm: Method and Application
Authors: Dai Xinghua , Wang Huaning , Inhester Bernd
Published: June 2020

We present a new method to reconstruct the three-dimensional electron density of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) based on a genetic algorithm, namely the genetic reconstruction method (GRM). GRM is first applied to model CMEs with different orientations and shapes. A set of analytic model CMEs from Gibson and Low is employed to produce synthetic CME images for GRM reconstruction. Model CMEs with longitudes of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° and latitudes of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° are used to test the performance of GRM. The model CMEs are obscured with a simulated occulter of a coronagraph to determine the influence of CME brightness incompleteness. We add random noise to some synthetic CME images to test the performance of GRM. The CME reconstructions are carried out using synthetic data from Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) A and B with a separation angle of 90° and from STEREO A and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) with a separation angle of 73°. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the mean relative absolute deviation are calculated to analyze the similarities in brightness and electron density between the model and reconstructed CMEs. Comparisons based on the similarity analysis under various conditions stated above give us valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of GRM reconstruction. The method is then applied to real coronagraph data from STEREO A and B, and SOHO on 2013 September 30.
Amphotericin B from antifungal to antiviral therapy: promising modern therapeutic branch
Authors: AL-Khikani Falah Hasan Obayes
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Amphotericin B (AmB) which belongs to the polyene group has a wide spectrum in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against fungi and parasites, but resistance to AmB is rare despite extensive use.

Material and methods: Atotal of 2530 articles were investigated in PubMed (n = 1525), Medline (n = 705), and Goo­gle Scholar (n = 300). From 2530 articles, only 61 studies were included in this review. All the short and full articles were searched that were scheduled to be published until April 2020.

Results: After its discovery, AmB has been one of the most common first-line choices in treating systemic fungal in­fection for over seven decades from its discovery. Recently, some studies have focused on the potential antimicrobial action of AmB against some enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, herpes simplex virus, and Rubella virus.

Discussion: Among the invading pathogens, viruses constitute the most common ones,Due to the continuous spreading of viral infections with the rise in death numbers, new therapeutics development is urgent, as in general, some lethal viruses have no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines. So, this review may serve as an impetus for researchers working in the field of medical microbiology, vaccination, and antiviral drug design by discussing the most recent information about the antiviral action of AmB, as well as trying to provide a deeper understanding of major properties, mechanisms of action, immune system responses, and antimicrobial efficiency of AmB.

Conclusion: Since AmB is expected to alter the structure of the viral envelope, membrane integrity of cells, and internal cellular organelles, besides its other unique properties, such as host immunomodulatory effects, this review suggested that AmB as an effective anti-fungi drug may hold the promise of formulating a novel therapeutic option to treat many dangerous viruses, including those for treating which there are no active drugs or vaccines.
Modern approaches to the treatment of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis
Authors: Bairashevskaia Anastasiia V. , Kytko Olesya V. , Vasil`ev Yuriy L. , Kashtanov Artem D.
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Today, chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (CPR) occupies a special place among otolaryngological diseas­es, the incidence rate of which increases every year. To date, the main causes of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis are Staphylococcus aureus and anatomical abnormalities.

Diagnostics: Knowledge of a universal algorithm for the diagnosis of this disease, consisting of the collection of an­amnesis, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses, anterior active rhinomanometry and bacteriological determination of the microbial spectrum, allows diagnosing chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis in time, and, as a consequence, to prescribe a treatment.

Treatment: This review describes conservative therapies, including antibiotics and glucocorticosteroids. Today, the main task of doctors is to find the most effective method of administration of glucocorticosteroids to achieve the max­imum effect. One of these methods is the introduction of the drug with the help of nebulizer, as in this case, the drug will remain in the perirhinal cavity for a long time and have the maximum effect due to the directed action only in the area of the pathological process.

Features of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis in childhood: It should be noted that children under 12 years of age due to the formation of the paranasal sinuses at different stages of ontogenesis will be characterized by different forms of chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis. That is why they should be known and taken into account when making a diagnosis and prescribing a treatment.

Conclusion: Today, the frequency of chronic rhinosinusitis increases exponentially, which makes the question of the modern approach to its treatment the most relevant. It is possible that additional research in this area will solve the issue of searching for both the optimal path of therapy and treatment of CPR in children.
4. La politique de la concurrence en France depuis 1945. Libéralisation et européanisation
Authors: Warlouzet Laurent
Published: June 2020

La politique de la concurrence française est née dans l’immédiat après-guerre comme un appendice de la politique des prix. Elle visait surtout à moderniser la distribution, afin de faire baisser les prix. Entre 1977 et 1986 naît une politique de la concurrence autonome, alors que l’appareil dirigiste de contrôle des prix, issu des années de pénurie disparaît. Depuis, le dispositif français se renforce régulièrement, tout en s’insérant dans une européanisation accrue, car l’Union européenne a acquis une place prépondérante dans ce domaine depuis la fin des années 1980.
6. La concurrence au cœur des programmes de SES au lycée
Authors: Lehoux Erwan
Published: June 2020

Les réformes successives des programmes de sciences économiques et sociales (SES) au lycée ont profondément modifié à la fois l’approche pédagogique de la discipline et les contenus à enseigner aux élèves. Dans ce cadre, cet article interroge la manière dont le marché est abordé et la place accordée à la concurrence dans les programmes. Il interroge ensuite les effets de ces évolutions sur les représentations des élèves.
9. Comment se mesure la concurrence ? Comment repérer les entreprises qui tentent de l’éviter ?
Authors: Spector David
Published: June 2020

La manière la plus simple de mesurer la concurrence se fonde sur des indices construits à partir des parts de marché et des marges des entreprises. Mais d’autres mesures plus fines, fondées sur les relations entre diverses variables plutôt que sur leurs niveaux, ont été développées récemment, notamment pour simuler l’effet des concentrations et pour détecter les ententes anticoncurrentielles.
13. La concurrence au service du capital : stratégies de l’État actionnaire et politiques de compétitivité à la SNCF
Authors: Brouté Rémi , Finez Jean
Published: June 2020

Depuis le début des années 2000, la stratégie d’investissement de l’État dans le secteur ferroviaire évolue d’une logique de service public à une logique marchande. L’ouverture progressive à la concurrence s’explique ainsi par la recherche d’une productivité accrue de la SNCF (Société nationale des chemins de fer français). Elle révèle la gestion actionnariale de l’entreprise par l’État, dont les résultats sont questionnés. Mais quels sont les effets d’une telle transformation sur l’emploi et les relations professionnelles ? Recrutement hors-statut, atomisation des salariés, recours accru à la sous-traitance... La recherche de productivité a un coût pour les employés de la SNCF.
15. Des effets de la concurrence scolaire
Authors: Laval Christian
Published: June 2020

L’école unique n’accomplit pas ses promesses d’égalité des chances. Derrière l’augmentation des effectifs scolaires et l’élévation moyenne des niveaux de certification, les inégalités concrètes entre les filières, les sections, les classes, et, de plus en plus, entre les établissements, contribuent à opérer à l’intérieur des systèmes éducatifs massifiés une sélection sociale redoutable. Le tri ne se fait plus seulement entre ceux qui sont dedans et ceux qui sont dehors, il s’effectue à l’intérieur par un jeu de plus en plus fin d’orientations non voulues ou de choix stratégiques dont les gagnants sont ceux qui disposent des atouts les plus efficaces pour choisir les meilleures voies et les meilleurs établissements et y réussir. C’est dans ce contexte que la reproduction sociale dans le cadre de l’école unique passe de plus en plus par une logique de marché scolaire provoquant une ségrégation sociale et ethnique des établissements. Cette ségrégation est pour une bonne part à l’origine de la perte de confiance dans le système scolaire, et même de la crise chronique qu’il connaît.
Le frère Marie-Victorin (1885-1944) et l’évolution
Authors: Perru Olivier
Published: June 2020

Cet article retrace les lignes directrices de la vie et de la pensée du frère Marie-Victorin (1885-1944), frère des écoles chrétiennes, botaniste, auteur de la Flore laurentienne , en vue de situer ses travaux en relation avec la théorie de l’évolution. Après de premières publications peu favorables au darwinisme, les observations et études qu’entreprit Marie-Victorin dans les années 1920 lui montrèrent l’évidence d’une distribution biogéographique évolutive des végétaux au Québec. De plus, le voyage au congrès de l’Association britannique pour l’avancement des sciences, au Cap, en 1929, fut l’occasion de rencontres avec l’abbé Breuil, puis avec le chanoine Grégoire ; il affûta alors son argumentation sur les preuves de l’évolution dans la flore du Nord-Est de l’Amérique. Sa vision évolutive n’est cependant pas darwinienne stricto sensu mais marquée par divers courants actifs au début du xx e  siècle : le mutationnisme (Hugo De Vries), la pensée de Teilhard de Chardin et les points de vue des scientifiques de Louvain (Henry de Dorlodot, Victor Grégoire).
De l’épistémologie de la théorie du droit
Authors: Moor Pierre
Published: June 2020

On ne peut aborder la théorie du droit sans répondre préalablement à deux questions : que veut-on entendre par « droit », puis, en fonction de la compréhension qu’on en a, quels sont les instruments théoriques adéquats pour son analyse. Sur la première question, on comprendra le phénomène juridique dans la réalité de son fonctionnement : c’est-à-dire un système composé d’un ensemble de textes, dont les plus importants sont normatifs, textes qui sont produits par un ensemble d’acteurs – les juristes –, ou avec lesquels ceux-ci travaillent. C’est le fonctionnement de ce système complexe que la théorie du droit doit expliciter. La réponse à la seconde question – les instruments théoriques adéquats – découlent de cette analyse. Ils seront puisés d’une part dans la sémiologie, dans la mesure où le droit est impensable sans que soit prise en compte sa dimension textuelle, donc langagière : définir le statut sémiotique des signes formant les textes normatifs est donc indispensable à la compréhension du rapport qu’entretiennent les normes avec les choses qu’elles visent. D’autre part, la théorie contemporaine des systèmes permet d’appréhender le tissu des relations internes entre les acteurs du droit, tissu différencié qui lui confère son identité autoréférentielle, et de mettre en lumière les modalités de sa relation avec son environnement social. Le point de vue, en résumé, peut être dit externe, puisqu’il n’utilise pas des concepts juridiques, mais, au contraire, en fait son objet d’analyse ; et la théorie du droit, n’étant pas une discipline juridique, est un élément de la sociologie du droit.
L’homme augmenté : quelle dignité humaine pour encadrer les progrès de la génétique ?
Authors: Marot Jean-Aymeric
Published: June 2020

La notion de « dignité humaine » est ambivalente, mobilisée tantôt pour soutenir les grands principes de protection de l’espèce entière et tantôt pour justifier l’affirmation croissante du pouvoir d’autodétermination des individus sur leur propre corps. Aujourd’hui, à l’heure où les mystères du génome humain se dévoilent peu à peu, l’utilisation de technologies d’augmentation s’inscrit dans la droite lignée de cette tendance autonomiste mais suscite de nouvelles craintes quant à la préservation du patrimoine génétique, à la détermination de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant ou encore au droit à la vie privée. À ces égards, une intervention des autorités publiques sera requise afin d’assurer la sauvegarde des valeurs les plus fondamentales sur lesquelles est bâtie notre société.
Just-in-Time Learning and QR Codes: A Must-Have Tool for Nursing Professional Development Specialists
Authors: Bradley Kathleen
Published: June 2020

Technology can and will transform staff development. Tools such as quick response (QR) codes enable immediate and just-in-time access when staff need information or training material. Understanding the how and why of QR code use is the first step. Application of this tool will be a game changer.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2020; 51(7):302–303.]
Assessment of Continuing Education Needs Among Critical Care Nurses in Remote Québec, Canada
Authors: Gosselin Mélissa , Perron Annie , Lacasse Anaïs
Published: June 2020

Background:

This study analyzed the needs of critical care nurses in remote regions of Québec regarding continuing education (CE).

Method:

A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and June 2018.

Results:

A total of 78 nurses completed the survey and reported their CE needs were not being met. Only 21.9% of participants reported a satisfaction level ≥ 6 on a scale of 1 to 10 regarding the offering of CE activities in their region. The most common factors identified as barriers to participation in CE activities were working hours (68.2%), distance and travel time (68.2%), released time to attend CE activities (65.2%), costs of CE activities (57.6%), and financial support (51.5%).

Conclusion:

This study provides insights into CE needs among critical care nurses. Shortcomings could be addressed by increasing CE activities in remote regions as well as the proportion of critical care-specific CE activities. Moreover, time and expense coverage should be offered by employers.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2020;51(7):322–330.]
Simultaneous Bilateral Orbital Cellulitis With Meningitis Caused by Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in an Immunocompetent Infant
Authors: Nair Akshay Gopinathan , Rathi Neha , Apte Monisha K. , Marathe Trupti R. , Potdar Nayana A. , Shinde Chhaya A.
Published: June 2020

The authors report a rare case of fulminant bilateral orbital cellulitis caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
associated with meninigitis in a neonate. The clinical, laboratory, photographic, and radiological records are reviewed. A 17-day-old female infant presented with swelling over both upper eyelids and proptosis in both eyes. Computed tomography showed mutli-loculated abscesses within both orbits. Eyelid swelling and proptosis resolved following transcutaneous aspiration of the purulent material. Cerebrospinal fluid examination yielded Gram-positive cocci, which on culture and polymerase chain reaction testing was identified as methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. The infant received an extended course of antibiotics. At 12 months of follow-up, the infant was systemically normal with normal milestones, complete ocular movements, and no neurological sequelae. This case highlights the need for cerebrospinal fluid analysis in bilateral orbital cellulitis, even in cases not exhibiting central nervous system involvement. Aggressive medical and surgical treatment is needed in bilateral orbital cellulitis.

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J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57:e34–e37.]
Isolated Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma: A Variant of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?
Authors: Soto Hansell , Bowen Randy C. , Cebulla Colleen , McHugh Kirk M. , Singh Arun D.
Published: June 2020

The authors report a case of a diffuse choroidal hemangioma in the left eye of a 17-year-old girl. No evidence of leptomeningeal angiomatosis was found on magnetic resonance imaging and neither the medical history nor the clinical examination revealed a port wine birthmark on the left side of the face. Fine telangiectatic vessels were found on the bulbar conjunctiva of the ipsilateral eye. Because of the shared destination of the vessel-trigeminal-ectoderm complex that migrates toward the optic placode, forming choriocapillaris, upper facial skin (upper eyelid), and conjunctival vessels, an embryological basis can be offered for ophthalmic angiomatosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome. The authors propose that vascular angiomatosis of upper eyelid skin and conjunctiva are phenotypically equivalent and may be present or absent, independent of each other. Their proposed expansion of Sturge-Weber syndrome diagnostic criteria needs to be validated by a comprehensive review of ophthalmic features of Sturge-Weber syndrome.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57:e43–e47.]
Persistent Fetal Vasculature With Subluxated Lens, Posterior Segment Pathology, and Bifid Fibrous Membrane: An Atypical Presentation
Authors: Khokhar Sudarshan , Gupta Yogita , Raj Nimmy , Vardhan Azad Shorya , Kashyap Seema , Dhull Chirakshi
Published: June 2020

The authors report a rare case of persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) associated with lens subluxation, axial myopia, and a thick bifid vascular stalk connecting the lens to an anomalous disc, along with medullated nerve fibers temporal to the disc. A thick fibrous membrane encasing the subluxated lens with multiple branch-like fibrovascular channels extending to the zonules was noted. This membrane with its extensions had similar histology as that of the PFV stalk. This case report adds to the understanding of PFV spectrum.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57:e38–e40.]
A Family Affected by Novel C213W Mutation in
PRPH2
: Long-Term Follow-Up of CNV Secondary to Pattern Dystrophy
Authors: Lee Chang Sup , Leys Monique
Published: June 2020

The authors describe a family of three related individuals with a previously unreported mutation in the
PRPH2
gene (C213W), which is associated with pattern dystrophy simulating fundus flavimaculatus. Four eyes later developed exudative maculopathy with choroidal neovascularization, which required injections of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This study reports the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy and long-term follow-up data in a family with a C213W mutation in the
PRPH2
gene.

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Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2020;51:354–362.

]