bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Authors: Orak Ugur , Solakoglu Ozgur
Published: July 2016

The current study examined attitudes toward immigrants in four countries including the United States, China, South Africa, and Turkey, differing from each other by their economic development levels and past immigration experiences. Although considerable attention has been paid to public attitudes toward immigrants, extant research have remained limited to economic and cultural factors as potential determinants of public attitudes, and they have failed to widen the scope of the issue. Thus, they have ignored the role of countries’ past immigration practices and effective immigration policies in shaping natives’ perceptions of immigrants. The current study has added some unique and valuable findings to the literature on attitudes toward immigrants by revealing the distinctive impacts of countries’ past immigration experiences and their immigration policies on natives’ perceptions of immigrants. By using data drawn from the 2015 Global @dvisor Survey, the current study also provided up-to-date research outcomes on the topic.
Machine Translation Tools - Tools of the Translator’s Trade
Authors: Kastberg Peter , Andersson Thomas Buch
Published: July 2016

In this article three of the more common types of translation tools are presented, discussed and critically evaluated. The types of translation tools dealt with in this article are: Fully Automated Machine Translation (or FAMT), Human Aided Machine Translation (or HAMT) and Machine Aided Human Translation (or MAHT). The strengths and weaknesses of the different types of tools are discussed and evaluated by means of a number of examples. The article aims at two things: at presenting a sort of state of the art of what is commonly referred to as “machine translation” as well as at providing the reader with a sound basis for considering what translation tool (if any) is the most appropriate in order to meet his or her specific translation needs.(Translated by Thomas Buch Andersson)
Teaching Workplace Skills to Technical Communicators
Authors: Slattery Darina M. , Cleary Yvonne
Published: July 2016

In this article, we introduce two programmes in Technical Communication (one distance, and one on-campus) offered by the University of Limerick. Both programmes have been running for several years, but are regularly reviewed to ensure that they remain relevant. We describe how these programmes correspond to industry needs, and how they develop core competencies of technical communicators. We outline two key types of assignment (writing and development), and explain their relevance to the workplace.
Danish job advertisements: Increasing in complexity
Authors: Walters Nina , Fage-Butler Antoinette
Published: July 2016

Although job advertisements have developed to incorporate an important array of functions, they are not well understood and there has been little documentation of evolution in the genre (Rafaeli & Oliver; 1998, 342). The purpose of this article is to address this gap by analysing changes in the genre over time, in this way revealing the background for current practice. Examples of Danish job advertisements for communication positions from 1961, 1991 and 2011 are analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis, and a rich format for job advertisements is developed on the basis of the findings of the analysis and existing theory. The results are likely to be of interest to producers of job advertisements who want a broader knowledge of how this genre with its increasingly complex functionality has evolved and for whom genre features of contemporary job advertising practice is relevant.
7 Social Media Lessons To Make Your Corporate Communications Trustworthy
Authors: Cohen Heidi
Published: July 2016

Do your corporate communications suffer from a lack of trust by your target audience? If so, your marketing professionals can benefit from these seven social media lessons that help guide you towards making your communications more trustworthy.
The Enterprise Social Media Relations Strategy: The Case of Maersk Line
Authors: Agerdal-Hjermind Annette
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this article is to show and discuss how corporate social media usage is driven by people, not technology, and how the creation of a culture of participation on the part of a company, in this case the world’s largest container shipping company with 25,000 employees worldwide, Maersk Line (www.maerskline.com), requires a systematic, user-driven listen-and-learn strategy with a clear selection of purpose and social platform according to audience and topics. This effort needs to be continuously dedicated and aligned, focusing on which relationships the company wants to form.
Editorial for the 4th issue of “Communication and Language at Work – Bridging Theory and Practice”
Authors: Kastberg Peter
Published: July 2016

Editorial for the 4th issue of “Communication and Language at Work – Bridging Theory and Practice”
Willingness to Communicate: Tracking Movement through Peer Assessment
Authors: Niknejad Sahar , Nazari Behzad
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of peer assessment on willingness to communicate (WTC) among Iranian advanced EFL learners in the context of classroom. In order to serve the main purpose of the study, two groups of advanced learners participated in this study. Primarily, a pre-test was administered to both groups, then the participants of experimental group received a treatment of 10 sessions. In these sessions the participants assessed their peers according to the peer assessment form. On the other hand, the participants of control group did not receive any treatment. The quasi-experimental, pre-test, and post-test were applied to these two groups. The obtained data was analyzed with two sample independent t-test statistical methods. The results revealed a meaningful significant difference among Iranian advanced EFL learners' willingness to communicate of the participants who assessed their peer's performances, so peer assessment significantly affected their achievement in oral communication. Teachers deal with learners that are willing to communicate orally in their foreign language, while some learners do not use their foreign language, even with high linguistic competence. Peer assessment can be a good form of assessment to enhance willingness to communicate among EFL learners.
Articulation Work: Insights into examiners' expertise from their remote feedback interactions
Authors: Johnson Martin
Published: July 2016

This study reports an exploratory reanalysis of data that was collected as part of an earlier project that focused on the remote feedback messages that passed between professional examiners working within an English awarding body[1]. The examiners in this study are contracted by the awarding body to assess the examination performances of students at the end of a two-year course of study that is a precursor to entry to academic courses in UK Universities.This paper takes its title from a play on the word ‘articulate’, which simultaneously references the notion of ‘expressing’ and Schmidt's (2011) concept of articulation as the coordination of interconnected work across individuals. In this way, the paper explores evidence that senior examiner feedback to other examiners embodies both codified and tacit elements of expert examiner work.This project, involving 59 examiners from six post-compulsory education subject areas, uses observation, survey and interview methods to gather information about the characteristics of senior examiner feedback. Focusing specifically on senior examiners who generate feedback, analyses suggest that these feedback interactions give insights into overt and hidden functions of examiner work. As a consequence, the analyses carry implications for the on-going development of the examiner community and the development of expertise.[1] In England, Wales and Northern Ireland educational qualifications are offered by awarding bodies that are recognised by the national body that regulates qualifications and examinations (the Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation [Ofqual]).
Cooperation and Quality Assurance in Technical Translation Projects
Authors: Risku Hanna
Published: July 2016

The professional profile emerging to address today’s demands in business and industry bears little resemblance to the traditional view of translators as solitary all-rounders. Translators and technical writers are now increasingly seen as problem-solvers, working in teams and interacting with other experts. They act as text coordinators, language leads, localisers, information designers or content managers.
Corporate reporting: how words add value
Authors: Moll Gabriele
Published: July 2016

The primary function of corporate reporting is to provide investors with information. However, these days, companies are also recognising the media value of the annual report, which is the main vehicle of corporate reporting, and are concluding that it’s an efficient means of communication between the business and their stakeholders. Corporate reporting also assists in building image. Additionally in recent years there has been an increasing trend in value reporting, which can be defined as: a new form of reporting where words are as important as figures.
Showing Your Value
Authors: Redish Janice
Published: July 2016

Amongst my fellow technical communicators and usability specialists, I often hear complaints that we don't receive the respect we deserve. I hear worries about being underpaid for our contributions and being exploited internationally.
An Inspiration for terminologists
Authors: Foster Lisa Wolff
Published: July 2016

There were some great expectations ahead of Nordterm 2007 with the theme of Knowledge and specialist communication, situated within the fishing town of Bergen, Norway, at the Norwegian Handelshøyskole (NHH).
Communication without borders
Authors: Breinstrup Thomas
Published: July 2016

Globalization demands an extra key to international communication. A living language with well-known words and a grammar without exceptions is already serving the needs of many people both privately and in business. But Interlingua is ready to unlock more doors to the world.
Localisation - When Language, Culture and Technology Join Forces
Authors: Byrne Jody
Published: July 2016

When you switch on your computer and type up a letter, what language do you see? What about when you visit a website or play a computer game? Does your mobile phone speak your language? Chances are that each of these technological marvels of the modern age communicates with you in your own language. For many of us, this is so commonplace and seamless that we hardly give it a moment's thought but behind the scenes there is a whole industry dedicated to making sure that technology bridges the gap between language and culture without you even noticing.
Professionally Social Using social media for professional research communication
Authors: Klarstrup Lisbeth
Published: July 2016

In this short article, I will discuss what I consider the important characteristics, opportunities and challenges offered by social media when used for professional communication purposes. The insights – or perhaps rather points of discussion - put forth here are based on my own experiences as practicing social media communicator and Danish research blogger, as well as on my general research into the use of social media for professional communication purposes, by for instance Danish politicians (see Klastrup and Svejgaard Pedersen 2005, Klastrup 2007).
Web 2.0 under the light of free software
Authors: Mestre Rosanna
Published: July 2016

The development of Web 2.0 has favoured a closer relation between Internet users and the different web applications that facilitate creating, sharing and structuring digital information in a horizontal and collaborative way through so-called social software. Social software includes tools that are familiar to us all, such as chats, forums, blogs, wikis, syndication standards (RSS type), social tagging, multimedia file sharing, social networking, etc. They are tools oriented to give the user a greater capacity of interaction, and a stronger control over the content and the format in which they can be presented.
The language policy of the language teacher
Authors: Risager Karen
Published: July 2016

Language policy has to do with how far and how one is to act in relation to this complexity. Language policy does not only take place at the macro-level: in international organisations, transnational companies, states, etc., but also at the micro-level; in the interaction between people.
Portrait of a Contender: Patrizia Anesa
Authors: Anesa Patrizia
Published: July 2016

This summer, Patrizia Anesa kindly took the time to speak with “Language at Work –Bridging Theory and Practice” about her professional experience at the University of Bergamo, Italy. Teaching at the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Education, Patrizia is also affiliated with CERLIS (Research Centre for the study of Specialized Languages).
Portrait d’une maison d’édition naissante. Le cas de La Mèche
Authors: Lapointe Martine-Emmanuelle
Published: July 2016

Le présent article tente d’apporter un éclairage partiel au nouveau paysage esthétique québécois en s’attachant aux entours et au contenu des textes publiés par la maison d’édition La Mèche entre octobre 2011 et mai 2013. Le corpus étudié regroupe huit ouvrages, romans, romans graphiques, correspondance littéraire, qui ont reçu un écho généralement favorable dans les médias. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, l’analyse entend cerner la cohérence interne du catalogue de la maison d’édition en dégageant les tendances esthétiques et les thèmes récurrents qui traversent ses différentes publications. Les représentations du social et de l’institution littéraire sont également privilégiées, dans la mesure où elles permettent de rendre compte d’un certain ethos littéraire contemporain et d’offrir une vue d’ensemble des conceptions de la culture livresque qui circulent dans la littérature québécoise actuelle.
Avatars parodiques de la quête identitaire dans le roman québécois contemporain
Authors: Mercier Andrée
Published: July 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à de nouvelles explorations littéraires de la quête d’identité. Les exemples retenus (principalement La logeuse d’Éric Dupont et Les taches solaires de Jean-François Chassay) ont en commun d’offrir un rapport distancié et même volontiers parodique à ce motif. Ce traitement suggère que, dans ces romans, il s’agit moins de penser le concept d’identité que de recourir à une obsession de la littérature québécoise, c’est-à-dire à un matériau littéraire chargé d’une mémoire et de codes. Dès lors, ce corpus invite à revisiter une catégorie qui a nourri les premiers travaux sur la littérature québécoise contemporaine.
Un roman, ses langues. Prolégomènes
Authors: Melançon Benoît
Published: July 2016

À partir d’un corpus d’une quarantaine de romans, souvent publiés par de jeunes maisons d’édition, l’auteur essaie de répondre à la question suivante : qu’est-ce que la langue du roman québécois au début du xxie siècle ? Deux grandes conceptions linguistiques peuvent y être distinguées. Certains romanciers tentent de cadastrer la langue de leurs personnages, soit en en faisant l’objet de réflexions métadiscursives, soit en ayant recours à des procédés typographiques pour distinguer les registres linguistiques. D’autres donnent l’impression de se tenir à l’écart des débats qui ont si longtemps occupé les écrivains québécois. Ils refusent de hiérarchiser les langues du roman, voire de thématiser leur interaction. Le roman n’est pas l’espace où penser la langue, mais où la faire résonner. Devant leurs textes, on peut se demander si l’idée de « surconscience linguistique » (Lise Gauvin) est la clé de compréhension la plus efficace du roman québécois depuis 2000. Peut-on plutôt parler d’une position décomplexée par rapport aux débats sur la langue, décomplexée par rapport à la norme réputée française ou décomplexée par rapport à la tradition romanesque québécoise ?
« La valse des adieux » de Louis Aragon ou le passé composé de l’avenir
Authors: Simard Mathieu
Published: July 2016

Hebdomadaire culturel communiste né pendant la Résistance, Les Lettres françaises paraissent pour la dernière fois en octobre 1972. En guise d’éditorial, Louis Aragon, directeur du journal depuis vingt ans, y signe une nouvelle, « La valse des adieux », qui sera reprise huit ans plus tard dans le recueil Le mentir-vrai. Le texte, fortement lyrique, met en scène un je qui se propose en contre-exemple aux lecteurs, affirmant avec force l’échec de son existence pour mieux condamner l’aveuglement idéologique propre au militant. Mais voilà que ce qu’on peut décoder comme une autocritique s’exprime notamment par une promenade surréaliste dans Paris et sa périphérie, entre mémoire littéraire et histoire. À partir de la réflexion d’Aragon sur sa propre pratique de l’intertextualité, cet article entend montrer que la nouvelle, en phase avec la période romanesque de l’écrivain, exprime avant tout une lecture critique de l’histoire.
Repeated social defeat stress enhances glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the VTA and cocaine place conditioning
Authors: Stelly Claire E , Pomrenze Matthew B , Cook Jason B , Morikawa Hitoshi
Published: July 2016

Enduring memories of sensory cues associated with drug intake drive addiction. It is well known that stressful experiences increase addiction vulnerability. However, it is not clear how repeated stress promotes learning of cue-drug associations, as repeated stress generally impairs learning and memory processes unrelated to stressful experiences. Here, we show that repeated social defeat stress in rats causes persistent enhancement of long-term potentiation (LTP) of NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Protein kinase A-dependent increase in the potency of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced Ca2+ signaling underlies LTP facilitation. Notably, defeated rats display enhanced learning of contextual cues paired with cocaine experience assessed using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Enhancement of LTP in the VTA and cocaine CPP in behaving rats both require glucocorticoid receptor activation during defeat episodes. These findings suggest that enhanced glutamatergic plasticity in the VTA may contribute, at least partially, to increased addiction vulnerability following repeated stressful experiences.
Interfacial atomic site characterization by photoelectron diffraction for 4H-AlN/4H-SiC(

) heterojunction
Authors: Maejima Naoyuki , Horita Masahiro , Matsui Hirosuke , Matsushita Tomohiro , Daimon Hiroshi , Matsui Fumihiko
Published: July 2016

The interfacial atomic structure of an AlN thin film on a nonpolar 4H-SiC(

) substrate grown by atomic Al and N plasma deposition was studied by photoelectron diffraction and spectroscopy. The epitaxial growth of the thin film was confirmed by the comparison of element-specific photoelectron intensity angular distributions (PIADs). Depth profiles were analyzed by angle-resolved constant-final-state-mode X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS). No polar angular dependence was observed in Al 2p spectra, while an additional intermixing component was found in interface-sensitive N 1s spectra. The site-specific N 1s PIADs for the AlN film and an intermixing component were derived from two N 1s PIADs with different binding energies. We attributed the intermixing component to SiN interfacial layer sites. In order to prevent SiN growth at the interface, we deposited Al on the SiC(

) substrate prior to the AlN growth. A significant reduction in the amount of intermixing components at the AlN/SiC interface was confirmed by AR-XPS.
Characterisation of an atypical manifestation of black band disease onPorites luteain the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Séré Mathieu , Wilkinson David A. , Schleyer Michael H. , Chabanet Pascale , Quod Jean-Pascal , Tortosa Pablo
Published: July 2016

Recent surveys conducted on Reunion Island coral reefs revealed an atypical manifestation of black band disease on the main framework building coral, Porites lutea. This BBD manifestation (PorBBD) presented a thick lighter-colored band, which preceded the typical BBD lesion. Whilst BBD aetiology has been intensively described worldwide, it remains unclear if corals with apparently similar lesions across coral reefs are affected by the same pathogens. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving field surveys, gross lesion monitoring, histopathology and 454-pyrosequencing was employed to provide the first comprehensive characterization of this particular manifestation. Surveys conducted within two geomorphological zones over two consecutive summers and winters showed spatial and seasonal patterns consistent with those found for typical BBD. Genetic analyses suggested an uncharacteristically high level of Vibrio spp. bacterial infection within PorBBD. However, microscopic analysis revealed high densities of cyanobacteria, penetrating the compromised tissue as well as the presence of basophilic bodies resembling bacterial aggregates in the living tissue, adjacent to the bacterial mat. Additionally, classical BBD-associated cyanobacterial strains, genetically related to Pseudoscillatoria coralii and Roseofilum reptotaenium were identified and isolated and the presence of sulfate-reducers or sulfide-oxidizers such as Desulfovibrio and Arcobacter, previously shown to be associated with anoxic microenvironment within typical BBD was also observed, confirming that PorBBD is a manifestation of classical BBD.
The implementation of rare events logistic regression to predict the distribution of mesophotic hard corals across the main Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Veazey Lindsay M. , Franklin Erik C. , Kelley Christopher , Rooney John , Frazer L. Neil , Toonen Robert J.
Published: July 2016

Predictive habitat suitability models are powerful tools for cost-effective, statistically robust assessment of the environmental drivers of species distributions. The aim of this study was to develop predictive habitat suitability models for two genera of scleractinian corals (LeptoserisandMontipora) found within the mesophotic zone across the main Hawaiian Islands. The mesophotic zone (30–180 m) is challenging to reach, and therefore historically understudied, because it falls between the maximum limit of SCUBA divers and the minimum typical working depth of submersible vehicles. Here, we implement a logistic regression with rare events corrections to account for the scarcity of presence observations within the dataset. These corrections reduced the coefficient error and improved overall prediction success (73.6% and 74.3%) for both original regression models. The final models included depth, rugosity, slope, mean current velocity, and wave height as the best environmental covariates for predicting the occurrence of the two genera in the mesophotic zone. Using an objectively selected theta (“presence”) threshold, the predicted presence probability values (average of 0.051 forLeptoserisand 0.040 forMontipora) were translated to spatially-explicit habitat suitability maps of the main Hawaiian Islands at 25 m grid cell resolution. Our maps are the first of their kind to use extant presence and absence data to examine the habitat preferences of these two dominant mesophotic coral genera across Hawai‘i.
JORNALISMO POR PROJETOS? CIDADANIA, ENGAJAMENTO E NOVOS MODELOS PRODUTIVOS NAS REDES DIGITAISE
Authors: Hilsenbeck Filho Alexander Maximilian , Ferreira Maciel Danielle Edite , Belo de Oliveira Taiguara
Published: July 2016

O artigo analisa três plataformas inovadoras de produção jornalística que, amparadas no ambiente das redes digitais, têm se apresentado como alternativa ao jornalismo mainstream: ARede; Agência Pública; e Viração. Com base em entrevistas e ferramentas conceituais da Sociologia do Trabalho e da Economia Política da Comunicação e da Cultura, examina a relação entre o engajamento social e novas formas produtivas, fazendo o levantamento das condições de trabalho e financiamento destes projetos. Ao final, aponta potencialidades, contradições e desafios que interpelam estas iniciativas, problematizando a possibilidade de apontarem para uma nova fase em que o trabalho com informação e comunicação se emancipa do jugo das grandes corporações do setor.
Coherent seasonal, annual, and quasi‐biennial variations in ionospheric tidal/SPW amplitudes
Authors: Chang Loren C. , Sun Yan‐Yi , Yue Jia , Wang Jack Chieh , Chien Shih‐Han
Published: July 2016

In this study, we examine the coherent spatial and temporal modes dominating the variation of selected ionospheric tidal and stationary planetary wave (SPW) signatures from 2007 to 2013 FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) total electron content observations using multidimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MEEMD) from the Hilbert‐Huang Transform. We examine the DW1, SW2, DE3, and SPW4 components, which are driven by a variety of in situ and vertical coupling sources. The intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) resolved by MEEMD analysis allows for the isolation of the dominant modes of variability for prominent ionospheric tidal/SPW signatures in a manner not previously used, allowing the effects of specific drivers to be examined individually. The time scales of the individual IMFs isolated for all tidal/SPW signatures correspond to a semiannual variation at equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) latitudes maximizing at the equinoxes, as well as annual oscillations at the EIA crests and troughs. All tidal/SPW signatures show one IMF isolating an ionospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial latitudes maximizing around January of odd‐numbered years. This total electron content QBO variation is in phase with a similar QBO variation isolated in both the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) zonal mean column O/N2 density ratio (ΣO/N2) and the F10.7 solar radio flux index around solar maximum, while showing temporal variation more similar to that of GUVI ΣO/N2 during the time around the 2008/2009 extended solar minimum. These results point to both quasi‐biennial variations in solar irradiance and thermosphere/ionosphere composition as a generation mechanism for the ionospheric QBO.
Does resolution of flow field observation influence apparent habitat use and energy expenditure in juvenile coho salmon?
Authors: Tullos Desirée , Walter Cara , Dunham Jason
Published: July 2016

This study investigated how the resolution of observation influences interpretation of how fish, juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), exploit the hydraulic environment in streams. Our objectives were to evaluate how spatial resolution of the flow field observation influenced: (1) the velocities considered to be representative of habitat units; (2) patterns of use of the hydraulic environment by fish; and (3) estimates of energy expenditure. We addressed these objectives using observations within a 1:1 scale physical model of a full‐channel log jam in an outdoor experimental stream. Velocities were measured with Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry at a 10 cm grid spacing, whereas fish locations and tailbeat frequencies were documented over time using underwater videogrammetry. Results highlighted that resolution of observation did impact perceived habitat use and energy expenditure, as did the location of measurement within habitat units and the use of averaging to summarize velocities within a habitat unit. In this experiment, the range of velocities and energy expenditure estimates increased with coarsening resolution (grid spacing from 10 to 100 cm), reducing the likelihood of measuring the velocities locally experienced by fish. In addition, the coarser resolutions contributed to fish appearing to select velocities that were higher than what was measured at finer resolutions. These findings indicate the need for careful attention to and communication of resolution of observation in investigating the hydraulic environment and in determining the habitat needs and bioenergetics of aquatic biota.
Origins, seasonality, and fluxes of organic matter in the Congo River
Authors: Spencer Robert G. M. , Hernes Peter J. , Dinga Bienvenu , Wabakanghanzi Jose N. , Drake Travis W. , Six Johan
Published: July 2016

The Congo River in central Africa represents a major source of organic matter (OM) to the Atlantic Ocean. This study examined elemental (%OC, %N, and C:N), stable isotopic (δ13C and δ15N), and biomarker composition (lignin phenols) of particulate OM (POM) and dissolved OM (DOM) across the seasonal hydrograph. Even though the Congo exhibits an extremely stable intra‐annual discharge regime, seasonal variability in OM composition was evident. DOM appears predominantly derived from vascular plant inputs with greater relative contribution during the rising limb and peak in discharge associated with the major November–December discharge maximum. Generally, POM appears to be sourced from soil‐derived mineral‐associated OM (low C:N, low Λ8, and higher (Ad:Al)v) but the relative proportion of fresh vascular plant material (higher C:N, higher Λ8, and lower (Ad:Al)v) increases with higher discharge. During the study period (September 2009 to November 2010) the Congo exported 29.21 Tg yr−1 of total suspended sediment (TSS), 1.96 Tg yr−1 of particulate organic carbon (POC), and 12.48 Tg yr−1 of dissolved organic carbon. The Congo exports an order of magnitude lower TSS load in comparison to other major riverine sources of TSS (e.g., Ganges and Brahmaputra), but due to its OM‐rich character it actually exports a comparable amount of POC. The Congo is also 2.5 times more efficient at exporting dissolved lignin per unit volume compared to the Amazon. Including Congo dissolved lignin data in residence time calculations for lignin in the Atlantic Ocean results in an approximately 10% reduction from the existing estimate, suggesting that this material is more reactive than previously thought.
Verification of high‐speed solar wind stream forecasts using operational solar wind models
Authors: Reiss Martin A. , Temmer Manuela , Veronig Astrid M. , Nikolic Ljubomir , Vennerstrom Susanne , Schöngassner Florian , Hofmeister Stefan J.
Published: July 2016

High‐speed solar wind streams emanating from coronal holes are frequently impinging on the Earth's magnetosphere causing recurrent, medium‐level geomagnetic storm activity. Modeling high‐speed solar wind streams is thus an essential element of successful space weather forecasting. Here we evaluate high‐speed stream forecasts made by the empirical solar wind forecast (ESWF) and the semiempirical Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) model based on the in situ plasma measurements from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft for the years 2011 to 2014. While the ESWF makes use of an empirical relation between the coronal hole area observed in Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) images and solar wind properties at the near‐Earth environment, the WSA model establishes a link between properties of the open magnetic field lines extending from the photosphere to the corona and the background solar wind conditions. We found that both solar wind models are capable of predicting the large‐scale features of the observed solar wind speed (root‐mean‐square error, RMSE ≈100 km/s) but tend to either overestimate (ESWF) or underestimate (WSA) the number of high‐speed solar wind streams (threat score, TS ≈ 0.37). The predicted high‐speed streams show typical uncertainties in the arrival time of about 1 day and uncertainties in the speed of about 100 km/s. General advantages and disadvantages of the investigated solar wind models are diagnosed and outlined.
Flow‐Through Electroporation of HL‐60 White Blood Cell Suspensions using Nanoporous Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Akenhead Michael A. , Sun Xinghua , Sapper Harrison , Shin Hainsworth Y. , Hinds Bruce. J.
Published: July 2016

A flow‐through electroporation system, based on a novel nanoporous membrane/electrode design, for the delivery of cell wall‐impermeant molecules into model leukocytes, HL‐60 promyelocytes, was demonstrated. The ability to apply low voltages to cell populations, with nm‐scale concentrated electric field in a periodic array, contributes to high cell viability. With applied biases of 1–4V, delivery of target molecules was achieved with 90% viability and up to 65% transfection efficiency. More importantly, the system allowed electrophoretic pumping of molecules from a microscale reservoir across the membrane/electrode system into a microfluidic flow channel for transfection of cells, a design that can reduce reagent amount by eightfold compared to current strategies. The flow‐through system, which forces intimate membrane/electrode contact by using a 10μm channel height, can be easily scaled‐up by adjusting the microfluidic channel geometry and/or the applied voltage pulse frequency to control cell residence times at the cell membrane/electrode interface. The demonstrated system shows promise in clinical applications where low‐cost, high cell viability and high volume transfection methods are needed without the risk of viral vectors. In particular genetic modification of freely mobile white blood cells to either target disease cells or to express desired protein/enzyme biomolecules is an important target platform enabled by this device system.
8q21.11 microdeletion in two patients with syndromic peters anomaly
Authors: Happ Hannah , Schilter Kala F. , Weh Eric , Reis Linda M. , Semina Elena V.
Published: July 2016

Peters anomaly is a form of anterior segment dysgenesis characterized by central ocular opacity and corneo‐lenticular adhesions. Isolated and syndromic Peters anomaly can be observed and demonstrate significant genetic heterogeneity. We report the identification of overlapping 8q21.11 deletions in two patients with syndromic Peters anomaly via whole exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray analyses. Microdeletions of 8q21.11 were recently reported in 10 patients with highly variable phenotypes involving craniofacial features, ptosis, intellectual disability, abnormalities of the hands/feet and other defects; sclerocornea and/or microphthalmia were reported in three cases. The two additional cases presented in this report expand the phenotypic spectrum of 8q21.11 microdeletions to include Peters anomaly (seen in both patients) and persistent primary dentition (seen in one patient with a larger deletion). The two novel deletions include the ZFHX4 and PEX2 genes, which were also affected in all three previous cases involving ocular anomalies. Screening of the remaining alleles of ZFHX4 and PEX2 did not identify any additional likely pathogenic variants in either patient, suggesting a dominant mechanism (haploinsufficiency) for the identified deletion. This report provides further insight into the phenotypes associated with 8q21.11 deletions and, for the first time, reports Peters anomaly as an additional ocular feature; screening for copy number variations of the 8q21.11 region should be considered in patients with Peters anomaly and related syndromic features. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The late prehistoric introduction of pottery to Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea: Insights into local social organisation and regional exchange in the Massim
Authors: SHAW BEN
Published: July 2016

The introduction and exchange of pottery between Pacific Islands can provide insight into interaction and social organisation from both regional and local perspectives. In the Massim island region of far eastern Papua New Guinea, pottery is present in the archaeological record from 2800 to 2600 calBP. However, on Rossel Island, a relatively isolated landmass in the far east of the Louisiade Archipelago, archaeological excavation and AMS dating of several sites has determined that pottery on this island was a late prehistoric introduction, from 550–500 calBP. The introduction of pottery coincided with the establishment of increasingly complex exchange networks in the Massim, namely the Kula. It is argued in this paper that the desire for Kula participants to obtain high‐quality shell necklaces (bagi), which are prominently manufactured on Rossel, led to the island becoming more actively involved in down‐the‐line regional exchange. Pottery is largely found on the western end of Rossel, where most bagi are manufactured. The uneven distribution of pottery across the island is further argued to indicate a socio‐economic/political divide between the populations living on the western and eastern ends, which is supported by linguistic and anthropological evidence.
Improvement in Aqueous Solubility of Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Agonists by Bending the Molecular Structure
Authors: Hiramatsu Michiaki , Ichikawa Yuki , Tomoshige Shusuke , Makishima Makoto , Muranaka Atsuya , Uchiyama Masanobu , Yamaguchi Takao , Hashimoto Yuichi , Ishikawa Minoru
Published: July 2016

Aqueous solubility is a key requirement for many functional molecules, e. g., drug candidates. Decrease of the partition coefficient (log P) by chemical modification, i.e., introduction of hydrophilic group(s) into molecules, is a classical strategy for improving aqueous solubility. We have been investigating alternative strategies for improving the aqueous solubility of pharmaceutical compounds by disrupting intermolecular interactions. Here, we show that introducing a bend into the molecular structure of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists by changing the substitution pattern from para to meta or ortho dramatically enhances aqueous solubility by up to 890‐fold. We found that meta analogs exhibit similar hydrophobicity to the parent para compound, and have lower melting points, supporting the idea that the increase of aqueous solubility was due to decreased intermolecular interactions in the solid state as a result of the structural changes.
Environmentally‐Safe Conditions for a Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct C3‐Arylation with High Turn Over Frequency of Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines Using Aryl Bromides and Chlorides
Authors: Chikhi Sabah , Djebbar Safia , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2016

Pd(OAc)2 was found to catalyze very efficiently the direct arylation of imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine at C3‐position under a very low catalyst loading and phosphine‐free conditions. The reaction can be performed in very high TOFs and TONs employing as little as 0.1–0.05 mol % catalyst using a wide range of aryl bromides. In addition, some electron‐deficient aryl chlorides were also found to be suitable substrates. Moreover, 31 examples of the cross couplings were reported using green, safe, and renewable solvents, such as pentan‐1‐ol, diethylcarbonate or cyclopentyl methyl ether, without loss of efficiency.
An Azaacene Derivative as Promising Electron‐Transport Layer for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Gu Pei‐Yang , Wang Ning , Wu Anyang , Wang Zilong , Tian Miaomiao , Fu Zhisheng , Sun Xiao Wei , Zhang Qichun
Published: July 2016

It is highly desirable to develop novel n‐type organic small molecules as an efficient electron‐transport layer (ETL) for the replacement of PCBM to obtain high‐performance metal‐oxide‐free, solution‐processed inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because this type of solar cells with a low‐temperature and solution‐based process would make their fabrication more feasible and practical. In this research, the new azaacene QCAPZ has been synthesized and employed as non‐fullerene ETL material for inverted PSCs through a solution‐based process without the need for additional dopants or additives. The as‐fabricated inverted PSCs show a power conversion efficiency up to 10.26 %. Our results clearly suggest that larger azaacenes could be promising electron‐transport materials to achieve high‐performance solution‐processed inverted PSCs.
Noria: A Highly Xe‐Selective Nanoporous Organic Solid
Authors: Patil Rahul S. , Banerjee Debasis , Simon Cory M. , Atwood Jerry L. , Thallapally Praveen K.
Published: July 2016

Separation of xenon and krypton is of industrial and environmental concern; the existing technologies use cryogenic distillation. Thus, a cost‐effective, alternative technology for the separation of Xe and Kr and their capture from air is of significant importance. Herein, we report the selective Xe uptake in a crystalline porous organic oligomeric molecule, noria, and its structural analogue, PgC‐noria, under ambient conditions. The selectivity of noria towards Xe arises from its tailored pore size and small cavities, which allows a directed non‐bonding interaction of Xe atoms with a large number of carbon atoms of the noria molecular wheel in a confined space.
Understanding Interactions between Cellular Matrices and Metal Complexes: Methods To Improve Silver Nanodot‐Specific Staining
Authors: Choi Sungmoon , Yu Junhua
Published: July 2016

Metal complexes are frequently used for biological applications due to their special photophysical and chemical characteristics. Due to strong interactions between metals and biomacromolecules, a random staining of cytoplasm or nucleoplasm by the complexes results in a low signal‐to‐background ratio. In this study, we used luminescent silver nanodots as a model to investigate the major driving force for non‐specific staining in cellular matrices. Even though some silver nanodot emitters exhibited excellent specific staining of nucleoli, labeling with nanodots was problematic owing to severe non‐specific staining. Binding between silver and sulfhydryl group of proteins appeared to be the major factor that enforced the silver staining. The oxidation of thiol groups in cells with hexacyanoferrate(III) dramatically weakened the silver‐cell interaction and consequently significantly improved the efficiency of targeted staining.
Trifluoromethylthiolation and Trifluoromethylselenolation of α‐Diazo Esters Catalyzed by Copper
Authors: Matheis Christian , Krause Thilo , Bragoni Valentina , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: July 2016

α‐Diazo esters are smoothly converted into the corresponding trifluoromethyl thio‐ or selenoethers by reaction with Me4NSCF3 or Me4NSeCF3, respectively, in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper thiocyanate. This straightforward method gives high yields under neutral conditions at room temperature and is applicable to a wide range of functionalized molecules, including diverse α‐amino acid derivatives. It is well‐suited for the late‐stage introduction of trifluoromethylthio or ‐seleno groups into drug‐like molecules.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Iodoglucoazomycin (I‐GAZ), an Azomycin–Glucose Adduct with Putative Applications in Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy of Hypoxic Tumors
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Elsaidi Hassan R. H. , Zorniak Bohdarianna , Laurens Evelyn , Yang Jennifer , Bacchu Veena , Wang Monica , Wiebe Leonard I.
Published: July 2016

Iodoglucoazomycin (I‐GAZ; N‐(2‐iodo‐3‐(6‐O‐glucosyl)propyl)‐2‐nitroimidazole), a non‐glycosidic nitroimidazole–6‐O‐glucose adduct, was synthesized, radioiodinated, and evaluated as a substrate of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) for radiotheranostic (therapy+diagnostic) management of hypoxic tumors. Nucleophilic iodination of the nosylate synthon of I‐GAZ followed by deprotection afforded I‐GAZ in 74 % overall yield. I‐GAZ was radioiodinated via ‘exchange’ labeling using [123/131I]iodide (50–70 % RCY) and then purified by Sep‐Pak™ (>96 % RCP). [131I]I‐GAZ was stable in 2 % ethanolic solution in sterile water for 14 days when stored at 5 °C. In cell culture, I‐GAZ was found to be nontoxic to EMT‐6 cells at concentrations <0.5 mm, and weakly radiosensitizing (SER 1.1 at 10 % survival of EMT‐6 cells; 1.2 at 0.1 % survival in MCF‐7 cells). The hypoxic/normoxic uptake ratio of [123I]I‐GAZ in EMT‐6 cells was 1.46 at 2 h, and under normoxic conditions the uptake of [123I]I‐GAZ by EMT‐6 cells was unaltered in the presence of 5 mm glucose. The biodistribution of [131I]I‐GAZ in EMT‐6 tumor‐bearing Balb/c mice demonstrated rapid clearance from blood and extensive renal and hepatic excretion. Tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios reached ∼3 and 8, respectively, at 4 h post‐injection. Regression analysis of the first order polynomial plots of the blood and tumor radioactivity concentrations supported a perfusion–excretion model with low hypoxia‐dependent binding. [131I]I‐GAZ was found to be stable in vivo, and did not deiodinate.
Chemotherapy use and adoption of new agents is affected by age and comorbidities in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Vijayvergia Namrata , Li Tianyu , Wong Yu‐Ning , Hall Michael J. , Cohen Steven J. , Dotan Efrat
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has changed substantially in the last 2 decades, but to the authors' knowledge, the effect of age and comorbidities on chemotherapy use has not been well studied to date.

METHODS

Patients with mCRC who were being treated with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based chemotherapy between January 1995 to December 2009 were studied using the LifeLink Health Plan Claims Database. The cohort was divided into older (aged >70 years) and younger (aged ≤70 years) patients. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to assess comorbidity burden. The Wilcoxon and chi‐square tests were used in univariate and logistic regression in multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 16,087 patients were identified, with 24% of the patients who were receiving chemotherapy being aged >70 years. The percentage of patients with a CCI >1 receiving chemotherapy increased over time (14% in 1996 vs 40% after 2004; P<.05). Older patients were less likely to receive treatment with >2 agents compared with younger patients (15% vs.22% and 11% vs.16%, respectively, in 2003 and 2009; P<.001). After approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1998, the use of irinotecan was lower in older compared with younger patients, a difference that resolved by 2002 (15% vs 38% [P<.05]; 62% in both groups [P = .9], respectively). Similarly, oxaliplatin was used more frequently in younger patients in 2003 (22% vs 15%; P<.05), with a decrease in this difference noted by 2009 (64% vs 60%; P = .95). On multivariate analysis, older age (odds ratio, 0.65; P<.001) and a CCI >1 (odds ratio, 0.84; P<.001) were found to be associated with a lower likelihood of receiving combination chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

In this commercially insured population, the percentage of older patients treated for mCRC was low, and the rate of chemotherapy adoption was found to lag behind that of younger patients. However, the percentage of older patients with comorbidities receiving therapy increased over time. Cancer 2016;122:3191–8. © 2016 American Cancer Society.