bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) affords neuroprotection against permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Lee E‐Jian , Chen Hung‐Yi , Wu Tian‐Shung , Chen Tsung‐Ying , Ayoub Issam A. , Maynard Kenneth I.
Published: August 2002

We examined the neuroprotective action of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761) in permanent and transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion models in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Forty‐four animals were given either EGb 761 (50–200 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally, 1 hr before permanent MCA occlusion, to evaluate the dose‐response effects. An additional 58 animals received EGb 761 (200 mg/kg) or vehicle, 0.5– 4 hr after permanent MCA occlusion, for establishing the therapeutic window. Delayed treatment was also employed in 110 animals treated with either EGb 761 (100–200 mg/kg) or vehicle at 2–3 hr following transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by MCA occlusion for 2 hr. Neurobehavioral scores were determined 22–24 hr after permanent MCA occlusion and either 3 or 7 days after transient MCA occlusion, and brain infarction volumes were measured upon sacrifice. Local cortical blood flow (LCBF) was serially measured in a subset of animals receiving EGb 761 (100–200 mg/kg) or vehicle, 0.5 hr and 2 hr after permanent and transient MCA occlusion, respectively. Relative to vehicle‐treated controls, rats pretreated with EGb761 (100 and 200 mg/kg) had significantly reduced infarct volumes, by 36% and 49%, respectively, and improved sensory behavior (P < 0.05). Delayed treatment with EGb 761 also significantly reduced brain infarction, by 20–29% and 31%, when given up to 2 and 3 hr following transient and permanent MCA occlusion, respectively, whereas improved neurobehavioral scores were noted up to 2 hr after the onset of MCA occlusion (P < 0.05). LCBF was significantly improved in the ipsilateral cortex following the EGb 761 treatment, whereas a higher dose showed a more sustained effect. In conclusion, EGb 761 protected against transient and permanent focal cerebral ischemia and was effective after a prolonged reperfusion period even when therapy is delayed up to 2 hr. This neuroprotection may be at least partially attributed to the beneficial effects of selectively improved LCBF in the area at risk of infarction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tobacco cembranoids block behavioral sensitization to nicotine and inhibit neuronal acetylcholine receptor function
Authors: Ferchmin P.A. , Lukas R.J. , Hann R.M. , Fryer J.D. , Eaton J.B. , Pagán O.R. , Rodríguez A.D. , Nicolau Y. , Rosado M. , Cortés S. , Eterović V.A.
Published: August 2002

Cembranoids are cyclic diterpenoids found in tobacco and in marine invertebrates. The present study established that tobacco cembranoids inhibit behavioral sensitization to nicotine in rats and block several types of nicotine acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). 1) At the behavioral level, rat locomotor activity induced by nicotine was significantly increased after seven daily nicotine injections. This sensitization to nicotine was blocked by mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) and by the cembranoids eunicin, eupalmerin acetate (EUAC), and (4R)‐2,7,11‐cembratriene‐4‐6‐diol (4R), each at 6 mg/kg. None of these compounds modified locomotor activity of nonsensitized rats. 2) In cells expressing human AChRs, cembranoids blocked carbamoylcholine‐induced 86Rb+ flux with IC50 in the low micromolar range. The cell lines used were the SH‐EP1‐hα4β2 cell line heterologously expressing human α4β2‐AChR, the SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma line naturally expressing human ganglionic α3β4‐AChR, and the TE671/RD cell line naturally expressing embryonic muscle α1β1γδ‐AChR. The tobacco cembranoids tested were 4R and its diastereoisomer 4S, and marine cembranoids tested were EUAC and 12,13‐bisepieupalmerin. 3) At the molecular level, tobacco (4R and 4S) and marine (EUAC) cembranoids blocked binding of the noncompetitive inhibitor [3H]tenocyclidine to AChR from Torpedo californica electric organ. IC50 values were in the submicromolar to low‐micromolar range, with 4R displaying an order of magnitude higher potency than its diastereoisomer, 4S. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:18–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemokine antagonist infusion promotes axonal sparing after spinal cord contusion injury in rat
Authors: Ghirnikar R.S. , Lee Y.L. , Eng L.F.
Published: August 2002

Spinal cord injury produced by mechanical contusion causes the onset of acute and chronic degradative events. These include blood brain barrier disruption, edema, demyelination, axonal damage and neuronal cell death. Posttraumatic inflammation after spinal cord injury has been implicated in the secondary injury that ultimately leads to neurologic dysfunction. Studies after spinal cord contusion have shown expression of several chemokines early after injury and suggested a role for them in the ordered recruitment of inflammatory cells at the lesion site (McTigue et al. [1998] J. Neurosci. Res. 53:368–376; Lee et al., [2000] Neurochem Int). We have demonstrated previously that infusion of the broad‐spectrum chemokine receptor antagonist (vMIPII) in the contused spinal cord initially attenuates leukocyte infiltration, suppresses' gliotic reaction and reduces neuronal damage after injury. These changes are accompanied by increased expression of bcl‐2, the endogenous apoptosis inhibitor, and reduced neuronal apoptosis (Ghirnikar et al. [2000] J. Neurosci. Res. 59:63–73). We demonstrate that 2 and 4 weeks of vMIPII infusion in the contusion‐injured spinal cord also results in decreased hematogenous infiltration and is accompanied by reduced axonal degeneration in the gray matter. Luxol fast blue and MBP immunoreactivity indicated reduced myelin breakdown in the dorsal and ventral funiculi. Increased neuronal survival in the ventral horns of vMIPIl infused cords was seen along with increased bcl‐2 staining in them. Immunohistochemical identification of fiber phenotypes showed increased presence of calcitonin gene related peptide, choline acetyl transferase and tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers as well as increased GAP43 staining in treated cords. These results suggest that sustained reduction in posttraumatic cellular infiltration is beneficial for tissue survival. A preliminary report of this study has been published (Eng et al. [2000] J. Neurochem. 74(Suppl):S67B). In contrast to vMIPII, infusion of MCP‐1 (9‐76), a N‐terminal analog of the MCP‐1 chemokine showed only a modest reduction in cellular infiltration at 14 and 21 dpi without significant tissue survival after spinal cord contusion injury. Comparing data on tissue survival obtained with vMIPII and MCP‐1 (9‐76) further validate the importance of the use of broad‐spectrum antagonists in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Controlling the inflammatory reaction and providing a growth permissive environment would enhance regeneration and ultimately lead to neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:582–589, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of kainate receptor activation and desensitization on the [Ca2+]i changes in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Silva Ana P. , Malva João O. , Ambrósio António F. , Salgado António J. , Carvalho Arsélio P. , Carvalho Caetana M.
Published: August 2002

We investigated the role of kainate (KA) receptor activation and desensitization in inducing the increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in individual cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The rat hippocampal neurons in the cultures were shown to express kainate receptor subunits, KA2 and GluR6/7, either by immunocytochemistry or by immunoblot analysis. The effect of LY303070, an α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist, on the alterations in the [Ca2+]i caused by kainate showed cell‐to‐cell variability. The [Ca2+]i increase caused by kainate was mostly mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors because LY303070 inhibited the response to kainate in a high percentage of neurons. The response to kainate was potentiated by concanavalin A (Con A), which inhibits kainate receptor desensitization, in 82.1% of the neurons, and this potentiation was not reversed by LY303070 in about 38% of the neurons. Also, upon stimulation of the cells with 4‐methylglutamate (MGA), a selective kainate receptor agonist, in the presence of Con A, it was possible to observe [Ca2+]i changes induced by kainate receptor activation, because LY303070 did not inhibit the response in all neurons analyzed. In toxicity studies, cultured rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to the drugs for 30 min, and the cell viability was evaluated at 24 hr using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The selective activation of kainate receptors with MGA, in the presence of Con A, induced a toxic effect, which was not prevented by LY303070, revealing a contribution of a small subpopulation of neurons expressing kainate receptors that independently mediate cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that cultured hippocampal neurons express not only AMPA receptors, but also kainate receptors, which can modulate the [Ca2+]i and toxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:378–386, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes read distinct signals in establishing myelin sheath thickness
Authors: Elder Gregory A. , Friedrich Victor L. , Lazzarini Robert A.
Published: August 2002

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths of widely varying sizes. How these cells determine the size of myelin sheath for a particular axon is incompletely understood. Axonal diameter has long been suspected to be a signal in this process. We have analyzed myelin sheath thickness in L5 lumbar root and spinal cord white matter of a series of mouse mutants with diminished axonal calibers resulting from a deficiency of neurofilaments (NFs). In the PNS, average axonal diameters were reduced by 20–37% in the NF mutants. Remarkably, the average myelin sheath thickness remained unchanged from control values, and regression analysis showed sheaths abnormally thick for a given size of axon. These data show that a genetically induced reduction in axonal caliber does not cause a reduction in myelin sheath thickness in PNS and indicate that Schwann cells read some intrinsic signal on axons that can be uncoupled from axonal diameter. Interestingly, myelin sheaths in the spinal cord of these animals were not abnormally thick, arguing that axonal diameter may contribute directly to the regulation of myelination in the CNS and that oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells use different cues to set myelin sheath thickness. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:493–499, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work status and organizational citizenship behavior: a field study of restaurant employees
Authors: Stamper Christina L. , Dyne Linn Van
Published: August 2002

This survey‐based field study of 257 service employees developed and tested a model of differences in the organizational citizenship behavior of full‐time and part‐time employees based on social exchange theory. Questionnaire data from matched pairs of employees and their supervisors demonstrated that part‐time employees exhibited less helping organizational citizenship behavior than full‐time employees, but there was no difference in their voice behavior. We also predicted that both preferred work status (an individual factor) and organizational culture (a contextual factor) would moderate the relationships between work status and citizenship. For helping, results demonstrated that preferred status mattered more to part‐time workers than to full‐time. For voice, preferred work status was equally important to part‐time and full‐time workers, such that voice was high only when actual status matched preferred status. Contrary to our expectations, work status made more of a difference in both helping and voice in less bureaucratic organizations. We discuss the implications of work status for social exchange relationships, differences in the social exchange costs and benefits of helping compared to voice, and ramifications of our findings for future research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do ‘great minds’ think alike?: antecedents of team member schema agreement
Authors: Rentsch Joan R. , Klimoski Richard J.
Published: August 2002

The primary contribution of the present study, as implied by the title of this paper, was to delineate and to test antecedents of team member schema agreement and their indirect effects on team effectiveness. The study was conducted in a naturalistic setting involving 315 individuals who comprised 41 teams. Team member teamwork schema agreement was assessed using multidimensional scaling to analyse paired comparison ratings. Demography, team experience, team member recruitment, and team size were significantly related to team member schema agreement, which in turn was significantly related to team effectiveness. Several antecedents were related to team effectiveness indirectly through team member teamwork schema agreement. The results have implications for research on cognition in teams. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Situational constraints on the achievement – performance relationship: a service sector study
Authors: Adkins Cheryl L. , Naumann Stefanie E.
Published: August 2002

The present study sought to extend our knowledge of the relationship between work values and job performance. Situational constraints were examined as moderators of the relationship between the value of achievement and performance in a service‐sector field setting. In the present setting, sales promotions removed situational constraints on performance during three of the six time periods examined. In general, average levels of performance were higher, and there was greater variance in performance when situational constraints were removed. Situational constraints moderated the relationship between the value of achievement and objective performance dimensions, although effect sizes were modest. Further, the present study adds to the small group of studies that have found a direct relationship between achievement and performance in a field setting. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing future changes in extreme precipitation over Britain using regional climate model integrations
Authors: Jones P.D. , Reid P.A.
Published: August 2002

In a changing climate it is important to understand how all components of the climate system may change. For many impact sectors, particularly those relating to flooding and water resources, changes in precipitation intensity and amount are much more important than changes in temperature. This study assesses possible changes in extreme precipitation intensities estimated through both quantile and return period analysis over Britain. Results using a regional climate model (with greenhouse gas changes following the IS92a scenario for 2080–2100) indicate dramatic increases in the heaviest precipitation events over Britain. The results provide information to alter design storm intensities to take future climate change into account, for structures/projects that have long life times. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
El Niño–southern oscillation influences on rice production in Sri Lanka
Authors: Zubair Lareef
Published: August 2002

Despite advances in the capacity to predict the evolution of the El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and advances in understanding the influence of ENSO on rainfall in tropical regions such as Sri Lanka, there has been limited use of climate predictions for agricultural decision‐making. Climatic fluctuations have a profound influence on the cultivation of crops such as rice, which is the staple food in Sri Lanka. Here, the relationship between the sea‐surface temperature‐based ENSO index of NINO3.4, rainfall and the departure of Sri Lankan rice production from long‐term trends, is analysed for the ‘Maha’ (October to March) and ‘Yala’ (April to September) cultivation seasons between 1952 and 1997.

During the El Niño phase, the Maha rice production frequently increased (10 out of 15 seasons) and the Yala production frequently decreased (10 out of 14 seasons). Conversely, during the La Niña phase, the Maha production decreased (seven out of ten seasons) and Yala production increased (six out of eight seasons). Floods, state interventions, civil disturbances, fertilizer price hikes and extreme anomalies in the previous season were noted in the majority of seasons in which these ENSO–production linkages were violated.

The correlation of the Maha rice production anomaly with the average NINO3.4 from October to December was significant at the 5% level and that with the aggregate October to December rainfall was significant at the 1% level. Yala rice production showed a significant relationship with concurrent NINO3.4 and a strong correlation (r = 0.60) with the previous season's rainfall. Yala cultivation is water constrained, and carryover storage from the previous season is often used to determine the extent of planting.

The relationships between ENSO and seasonal rice production and the relationship between Yala rice production and previous Maha rainfall could be used for agricultural management and policy formulation. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Cold and warm events over Argentina and their relationship with the ENSO phases: Risk evaluation analysis
Authors: Rusticucci Matilde , Vargas Walter
Published: August 2002

The main purpose of this work is to provide a broad assessment of the influence of the El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) on the frequency of extreme temperature events throughout the year in Argentina. The cold and warm events, defined by the persistence of significant anomalies arising from the maximum and minimum temperatures, are more intense in the subtropical latitudes, north of Argentina (northeast for cold events and northwest for warm events), during the coldest months, and in the south (higher latitudes) in the warmest months. The persistence of the air masses is always greater in the north. The warm (cold) events have a preferential region of dissipation in the northwest (northeast) of Argentina, close to the Andes. The effect of the ENSO phases on the probability of occurrences of these events has a large inter‐monthly variability. The different La Niña episodes are more homogeneous in relation to their effects and feasibility for the prediction of extreme temperatures within the region, especially for cold events. During La Niña episodes, all 2 month periods (except August–September) present a higher occurrence probability of very persistent and intense cold events, compared with Neutral months in different regions of the country. Conversely, the different El Niño episodes are more heterogeneous and, therefore, their effects on temperature are more varied and so less predictable. However, El Niño episodes exhibit a stronger signal, which is associated with the tropical air incursions that generate extreme warm events, particularly in winter. These events have a higher occurrence probability in the north and a lower one in the south during the months of June to November. Cold events have a lower occurrence probability in different regions, during the El Niño phase, in the period April to September. In some cases, the ENSO signal is stronger in daily temperature values than in monthly ones over Argentina. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Metalloporphyrins immobilized in styrene–trifluoroethylmethacrylate copolymer film as an optical oxygen sensing probe
Authors: AMAO YUTAKA , MIYASHITA TOKUJI , OKURA ICHIRO
Published: August 2002

A series of new fluoropolymer, poly(styrene-co-trifluoroethylmethacrylate) ( poly - Styn- co - TFEMm), with different composition ratios of Sty and TFEM units, is synthesized and applied to the matrix of an optical oxygen sensing probe using phosphorescence quenching of metalloporphyrins, platinum and palladium octaethylporphyrin ( PtOEP and PdOEP ), by oxygen. The phosphorescence intensity of PtOEP and PdOEP in poly - Styn- co - TFEMmfilm decreased with increase of oxygen concentration. The ratio I0/ I100is used as a sensitivity of the sensing film, where I0and I100represent the detected phosphorescence intensities from a film exposed to 100% argon and 100% oxygen, respectively. For PtOEP in poly - Styn- co - TFEMmfilm, I0/ I100ratios are more than 20.6 and large Stern–Volmer constants greater than 0.49%-1are obtained compared with PtOEP in PS film. For PdOEP in poly - Styn- co - TFEMmfilm, on the other hand, large I0/ I100values greater than 188.7 are obtained. In both cases for PtOEP and PdOEP , I0/ I100values increased with increase of the number of TFEM units in poly - Styn- co - TFEMm. The response times of PtOEP and PdOEP immobilized in poly - Sty1- co - TFEM2.50films are 5.5 and 3.0 s on going from argon to oxygen and 90.0 and 143 s from oxygen to argon, respectively. These results show that PtOEP and PdOEP immobilized in poly - Styn- co - TFEMmfilms are highly sensitive devices for oxygen.
Guest editorial : elephants, metaphors and tropes in strategic management theory: implications for a strategy for strategy?
Authors: Franklin Peter
Published: August 2002

No Apstract.
Effect of dietary lipid sources on odour‐active compounds in muscle of turbot (Psetta maxima)
Authors: Sérot Thierry , Regost Christelle , Prost Carole , Robin Jean , Arzel Jacqueline
Published: August 2002

Odour‐active compounds in muscle of turbot (Psetta maxima) fed experimental diets containing fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) were investigated by a gas chromatography/olfactometry technique. Thirty‐one areas associated with odours were detected in muscle extracts. Among the compounds responsible for these odours, 23 were formed by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Independently of diet, (E)‐2‐penten‐1‐ol and (E)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol contribute strongly to the odour of turbot. (E,Z)‐2,6‐Nonadienal, (E)‐2‐pentenal and (E,E)‐1,3‐(Z)‐5‐octatriene seem to contribute strongly to the odour of turbot fed diets containing high levels of n‐3 PUFA (FO and LO groups). Hexanal and decanal show a high detection frequency in turbot fed diets containing vegetable oils. Odorous compounds which are not formed by lipid oxidation (methional, 1‐acetyl pyrazine, 4‐ethyl benzaldehyde and 2‐acetyl‐2‐thiazoline) were not affected by dietary lipid sources.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
An emerging tourism planning paradigm? A comparative analysis between town and tourism planning
Authors: Costa Carlos
Published: August 2002

This article examines the roots and the evolution of tourism and town planning theory and practice. It discusses how both fields have interacted with each other, and provides some clues about the way in which tourism and town planning theory and practice are likely to evolve in the future. It is argued that tourism planning theory is still looking for its own identity and ways of evolving in the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced reactivity in the ammonolysis of phenyl thiolacetates in aqueous medium
Authors: Rajarathnam D. , Babu J. , Nadar P. Ananthakrishna
Published: August 2002

The ammonolysis of several substituted phenyl thiolacetates is kinetically studied in aqueous medium, 18°C, ionic strength 0.1 M (KCl). By following the leaving groups spectrophotometrically (λmax = 260–410 nm), under excess free ammonia, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) are obtained. The plots of (kobs − kH) against free ammonia concentration are linear at constant pH. The macroscopic nucleophilic substitution rate coefficients (kN) are obtained as the slopes of these plots and found to be pH‐independent for all the thiolesters. The Brönsted‐type plot (log kN against pKa of leaving groups) and the Hammett plot (log kN against σ values of substituents) obtained for the title reactions of thiolesters are linear with slope values of βlg = −0.34 and ρ = 0.74 respectively. From the magnitude of these values, experimental data, the kinetic law, and the analysis of products, it is deduced that the ammonolysis of thiolesters proceeds through a simple bimolecular nucleophilic substitution pathway with a zwitterionic tetrahedral addition intermediate (T±), whereby its formation is rate‐determining (k1 step). Comparison of this reaction of thiolesters with a similar reaction of analogue oxyesters shows a mechanistic difference. Further, for thiolesters there is a rate enhancement with larger kN values. The change in mechanism and enhanced reactivity observed by substitution of the oxygen atom by sulphur atom on the phenyl moiety are discussed in detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 18–26, 2002
Brokering knowledge in organizational networks: The SPN approach
Authors: Burnett S. , Brookes‐Rooney A. , Keogh W.
Published: August 2002

Over the last three years (at the time of writing this paper) the upstream oil and gas industry has experienced substantial changes at a structural level due a variety of factors including the low cost of oil, depleting reserves, maturing regions, strong competition, and the high costs for development projects. The growing pressure on organizations to operate more economically has led to the recent spate of cost‐reduction initiatives including acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures and consortia agreements. Senior management are realizing that it is their intangible assets, in the form of knowledge, which provide the key to their continued success and their company policies are seeking to identify and manage their knowledge base more effectively by implementing a range of initiatives addressing behavioural, process and technological issues. This paper illustrates how, through the use of a knowledge broker, a major project was handled to realize the knowledge potential of the individuals and the team. Main outcomes from the ongoing project include the establishment of understanding and buy‐in amongst all the alliance partners to the use of shared measures to align objectives, the development of a management structure to support the performance management system and the maintenance of pace and focus through the provision of dedicated resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets: a Zambian example
Authors: Walling D. E. , Collins A. L. , Sichingabula H. M. , Leeks G. J. L.
Published: August 2002

In many developing countries, the management of sediment‐related environmental problems is severely hampered by a lack of information on sediment mobilization and delivery in river basins. The sediment budget concept represents a valuable framework for assembling such information, which can, in turn, be used to assist with the design and implementation of soil erosion and sediment control policies. However, the information necessary to construct a catchment sediment budget is difficult to assemble. Against this background, an integrated approach to establishing a catchment suspended sediment budget, involving a river monitoring station, the use of 137Cs measurements to estimate soil erosion and deposition and floodplain accumulation rates within the catchment, and sediment source fingerprinting, has been developed and tested in the 63 km2 catchment of the upper Kaleya River in southern Zambia. The approach developed not only provides detailed information on individual components of the suspended sediment delivery system, but also permits the establishment of the overall catchment sediment budget. A sediment budget for the upper Kaleya catchment is presented and both its key features and its wider implications for catchment management are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil degradation by erosion
Authors: Lal R.
Published: August 2002

Soil degradation by accelerated erosion is a serious problem and will remain so during the 21st century, especially in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. Yet, its extent, severity, and economic and environmental impacts are debatable. Estimates of global and regional land area affected are tentative and subjective. Results of field measurements are often technique‐dependent. Considerable progress has been made in modeling soil erosion, yet field validation of these models remains to be done for principal soils and ecoregions. Similar to the land area affected, estimates of erosional impacts on crop yield, productivity and soil quality are tentative and subjective. Further, erosion‐induced losses on crop yield are scale‐dependent because of the compensatory beneficial effects on yields from depositional sites, and technology‐dependent because of the masking effects of input such as fertilizers and irrigation. Erosion caused changes in soil carbon dynamics and non‐point source water pollution are important environmental impacts. While erosion (e.g., detachment and transport) can lead to emission of trace gases into the atmosphere, deposition can bury and sequester some of the carbon. In addition to improving the database on the land area affected, there is also a need to assess erosional impacts on productivity and soil C balance at the watershed, regional, and global scale. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodynamic therapy of vulvar and vaginal condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia using topically applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid*
Authors: Fehr Mathias K. , Hornung René , Degen Andrea , Schwarz Viola A. , Fink Daniel , Haller Urs , Wyss Pius
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

To determine the feasibility of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of vulvar and vaginal condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN, VAIN) and to compare PDT results with conventional treatments.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with vulvar or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) grade II/III (n = 22) or condyloma (n = 16) had 10% 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐gel applied topically. After 2–4 hours, 80–125 J/cm2 laser light at a wavelength of 635 nm was applied. PDT was compared to conventional treatments for condyloma (CO2 laser evaporation) and for VIN III (laser evaporation, surgical excision).

Results

The complete clearance rate for condyloma treated by PDT was 66% and the rate for IN was 57% (as determined by biopsy). Of the neoplasia patients, none with hyperkeratotic VIN (n = 4) responded, and only one of four with increased pigmentation cleared. No scarring occurred, and postoperative discomfort lasted 4.9 ± 3.4 days. Reduced disease‐free survival (DFS) was associated with multifocal VIN (P = 0.02, OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.15–4.08), but DFS did not vary with treatment mode.

Conclusions

Although PDT is not equally efficacious for all subgroups, PDT for condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia appears to be as effective as conventional treatments, but with shorter healing time and excellent cosmetic results. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:273–279, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous changes in the optical properties of liver tissue during laser‐induced interstitial thermotherapy
Authors: Ritz Joerg P. , Roggan Andre , Germer Christoph T. , Isbert Christoph , Müller Gerhard , Buhr Heinz J.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Laser‐induced thermotherapy (LITT) is a promising treatment for irresectable liver tumors. To predict the effects of laser applications and to optimize treatment planning in LITT, it is essential to gain knowledge about light distribution in tissue, tissue optical properties (absorption, scattering, anisotropy, penetration depth), and their continuous changes during therapy.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Measurements of optical properties were performed with a double integrating‐sphere system and a laser diode (830 nm). Porcine liver tissue samples were examined in a native state (35°C) and after exposure to different temperatures (45°C to 80°C).

Results

Rising temperature was accompanied by a decrease in the absorption coefficient and anisotropy factor and an increase in the scattering coefficient. These changes were only significant in the temperature range of 50° to 65°C (P < 0.01). The optical penetration depth decreased from 3.1mm in the native state to 1.7mm at 65°C (P < 0.01). Above 65°, there was no significant change in the tissue optical properties.

Conclusions

The optical properties of liver tissue change significantly under the influence of tissue heating, resulting in a decreased optical penetration depth. These changes occur mainly in the temperature range of 50°C to 65°C, corresponding to protein denaturation. To ensure a safe and effective procedure, an adjustment of the laser power to the actual penetration depth is recommended during therapy. Lasers Surg. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:307–312, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescent imaging in a glioma model in vivo
Authors: Nikas Dimitrios C. , Foley James W. , Black Peter M.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Nile blue dyes have been shown to have affinity for tumor tissue as compared to surrounding normal tissue and to be relatively non‐toxic. We have employed EtNBA, a lipophilic, fluorescent benzophenoxazine dye, in a murine model to image subcutaneous and intracranial U‐87 glioma implants.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The imaging system used to detect fluorescence consists of a SIT video camera fitted with a zoom microscope‐magnifying lens. The tumor was illuminated with a 632.8‐nm diffuse beam from a helium–neon laser. The video image was processed using a Sony image processor to give real‐time pseudocolor and enhanced black and white images.

Results

Following subcutaneous injection of the dye at doses of 2.5–5.0 mg/kg bw, we observed a gradual increase of the fluorescent signal from the tumor which peaked 1–3 hours post‐injection with variable selectivity (typically 4:1) for tumor to normal surrounding tissues permitting the clear demarcation of the tumor.

Conclusions

The present in vivo study demonstrates that EtNBA is a safe and effective photodiagnostic agent, able to demarcate U87‐MG solid tumors in mice on a real‐time basis at a concentration of 2.5–5.0 mg/kg 1–3 hours after administration. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:11–17, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against gram‐positive and gram‐negative microorganisms
Authors: Usacheva Marina N. , Teichert Matthew C. , Biel Merrill A.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective:

Studies on the photobactericidal efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) have shown inconsistent results in the literature. This study evaluated the bactericidal efficacy of MB and TB against different bacteria under light and dark conditions to determine the most effective bactericidal dye.

Study Design/Materials and Methods:

Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Hemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in saline were treated in dark and red laser light conditions in the presence of each dye using an argon pumped‐dye and a diode laser emitting light at 630 and 664 nm, respectively. The effect of dye concentration, dark incubation time, the fluence and intensity of laser light on the destruction of different bacteria were compared.

Results:

Both dyes eradicated all examined bacteria under laser light. The complete photodestruction of microorganisms was reached at TB concentrations of 1.5–7‐fold less than that of MB.

Conclusion:

TB exhibits a greater bactericidal activity than MB against most bacteria in dark and light conditions. Mostly, these results are consistent with their respective dye partition coefficients. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:165–173, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase‐7) expression in ulcerative colitis–related tumorigenesis†
Authors: Newell Ken J. , Matrisian Lynn M. , Driman David K.
Published: August 2002

Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase‐7) plays a part in the initiation and growth of colorectal tumors; expression of this protein has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. To date, matrilysin expression in ulcerative colitis (UC)–associated tumorigenesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the immunohistochemical expression of matrilysin at different stages of UC‐associated neoplasia. Paraffin‐embedded specimens from 25 patients with UC without dysplasia, UC‐related low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) and high‐grade dysplasia (HGD), and UC‐associated carcinoma as well as four colon biopsy samples with no abnormality were examined using an anti–human matrilysin monoclonal antibody and standard immunoperoxidase techniques. Matrilysin expression was recorded as the number of positive cases and the percentage of positive crypts as follows: normal: none of four; negative results for dysplasia: seven of 12 (< 10%); LGD: nine of 15 (< 10%); HGD: nine of 13 (11–50%); and invasive carcinoma: six of seven (> 50%). The results indicated an apparent switch from focal expression of matrilysin in UC‐related low‐grade dysplasia to widespread expression in high‐grade dysplasia and invasive cancer, mimicking the pattern of expression in sporadic colorectal cancer. Although the sample size is small and further investigation therefore is required, the results suggest the possible role of anti–matrix metalloproteinase therapy in reducing the risk of progression from LGD to cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of loss of heterozygosity of specific chromosome 3, 13, 17, and X loci and TP53 mutations in human epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Manderson Emily N. , Presneau Nadège , Provencher Diane , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Tonin Patricia N.
Published: August 2002

We previously reported the identification of three minimal regions of deletion on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) in epithelial ovarian tumor specimens, suggesting that the inactivation of tumor‐suppressor genes in these regions may be important in terms of ovarian tumorigenesis. Another previous study of ovarian cancer observed that allele loss of chromosome 179 was frequently found in ovarian tumors that also showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomes 3p, 13q, 17p, and Xp. In an independent study, we also reported a high frequency of LOH for selected chromosome 17 loci in high‐grade and late‐stage ovarian tumors. We have extended our LOH analysis of chromosome 3p to include 102 ovarian tumor specimens (29 and 73 samples were previously examined for LOH of chromosome 3p and 17 markers, respectively), using additional polymorphic markers, to assess the coordinate LOH of loci representing the three chromosome 3p minimal regions of deletions [von Hippel–Lindau syndrome (VHL), thyroid hormone receptor beta, and fragile histidine triad (FHIT)] and LOH of other important loci [tumor protein 53 (TP53), breast cancer 1 early onset (BRCA1), breast cancer 2 early onset, retinoblastoma 1, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and androgen receptor] or somatic mutations in TP53. There was a significant association between LOH of any chromosome 3p marker and LOH of any chromosome 17 marker (P = 0.026). The frequency of LOH at the TP53 locus was higher in the group of samples that displayed LOH of a 3p marker (P = 0.019), as was the frequency of LOH at the BRCA1 locus (P = 0.014). LOH of chromosome 3p was noted in four specimens that did not display LOH of either the BRCA1 or the TP53 locus, indicating that LOH of these loci need not precede LOH of the chromosome 3p loci. We found a significant association between LOH of the VHL (3p25) locus and LOH of any chromosome 17 marker (P = 0.005), suggesting that there may be an important relationship, in the tumorigenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer, between a gene at 3p25 and a gene located on chromosome 17. Our results indicate that inactivation of p53 by somatic mutation is unlikely to be a prerequisite to chromosome 3p LOH, because we found no significant association between mutations in TP53 and LOH of the three chromosome 3p loci. The frequency of LOH at the FHIT locus at 3p14 increased significantly with advancing age at diagnosis (P = 0.018), as did the frequency of somatic TP53 mutations (P = 0.008). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative DNA damage and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase in human breast cancer
Authors: Li Donghui , Zhang Weiqing , Zhu Jijiang , Chang Ping , Sahin Aysegul , Singletary Eva , Bondy Melissa , Hazra Tapas , Mitra Sankar , Lau Serrine S. , Shen Jianjun , DiGiovanni John
Published: August 2002

To test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in breast cancer, we compared the levels of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxo‐dG), an oxidized DNA base common in cells undergoing oxidative stress, in normal breast tissues from women with or without breast cancer. We found that breast cancer patients (N = 76) had a significantly higher level of 8‐oxo‐dG than control subjects (N = 49). The mean ( ± SD) values of 8‐oxo‐dG/105 dG, as measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection, were 10.7 ± 15.5 and 6.3 ± 6.8 for cases and controls, respectively (P = 0.035). This difference also was found by immunohistochemistry with double‐fluorescence labeling and laser‐scanning cytometry. The average ratios (×106) of the signal intensity of antibody staining to that of DNA content were 3.9 ± 7.2 and 1.1 ± 1.4 for cases (N = 57) and controls (N = 34), respectively (P =  0.008). There was no correlation between the ages of the study subjects and the levels of 8‐oxo‐dG. Cases also had a significantly higher level of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase (hOGG1) protein expression in normal breast tissues than controls (P = 0.008). There was no significant correlation between hOGG1 expression and 8‐oxo‐dG. Polymorphism of the hOGG1 gene was very rare in this study population. The previously reported exon 1 polymorphism and two novel mutations of the hOGG1 gene were found in three of 168 cases and two of 55 controls. In conclusion, normal breast tissues from cancer patients had a significantly higher level of oxidative DNA damage. The elevated level of 8‐oxo‐dG in cancer patients was not related to age or to deficiency of the hOGG1 repair gene. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Core promoter involvement in the induction of rat ornithine decarboxylase by phorbol esters
Authors: Zhao Biwei , Butler Andrew P.
Published: August 2002

Overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is an important oncogenic event in tumorigenesis. Although ODC was one of the first genes described whose product is inducible by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), the mechanisms of ODC transcriptional regulation have remained elusive. In this study, we systematically analyzed the rat ODC core promoter region for novel TPA response elements. Analysis of linker scanning mutants of the ODC promoter from the TATA box to the transcription start site demonstrated that mutation of the TATA box reduced the TPA induction ratio by 40%, while the basal ODC promoter activity was not significantly changed. A novel region between nt − 20 to − 10 was shown to be critical for both basal promoter activity and induction by TPA. Random mutagenesis of this region showed that conversion of the GC‐rich wild‐type sequence into a T‐rich sequence could either substantially increase the basal promoter activity and decrease the TPA induction ratio or dramatically reduce the basal promoter activity, depending on the T content. Mutant R5, containing an ATTT sequence at nt − 15 to − 12, caused a more than twofold increase of basal promoter activity and 80% reduction of TPA induction ratio. We suggest that this region interacts with components of the general transcription machinery and that the strength of this interaction is mediated by the T‐content in this region. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The feasibility of regulating gambling on the Internet
Authors: Clarke Roger , Dempsey Gillian
Published: August 2002

Internet gambling presents substantial new challenges to governments and regulatory agencies. Existing approaches to betting, lotteries and gaming are limited by the nature of Internet technology, and the international nature of the activity. Particular aspects of Internet gambling are considered, and the conclusion is reached that prohibition is an ineffectual alternative, and that licensing of gambling services providers is the appropriate approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the benefits of collaboration: consumer psychology, behavioral economics and relational frame theory
Authors: Quiñones Rene , Hayes Linda J. , Hayes Steven C.
Published: August 2002

Consumer behavior is a pervasive feature of the human circumstance, and its study has long been pursued by behaviorally oriented psychologists, among whom may be counted John B. Watson. Relatively few behaviorists have addressed these issues, however, with the result that the field of consumer behavior is crippled by dualistic propositions and weak methodologies (Foxall GR. 1992. The consumer situation: an integrative model for research in marketing. Journal of Marketing Management 8: 383–404; 1998. Radical behaviorist interpretation: generating and evaluating an account of consumer behavior. The Behavior Analyst 21: 321–354). As such, the field is ready for a reformulation of its basic premises and the adoption of more rigorous, experimental procedures. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized trial of tolcapone versus pergolide as add‐on to levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease patients with motor fluctuations
Authors: Koller William , Lees Andrew , Doder Miroslava , Hely Mariese ,   the Tolcapone/Pergolide Study Group
Published: August 2002

In this 12‐week, randomized, open‐label, blinded‐rater, parallel‐group trial, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tolcapone and pergolide were compared in parkinsonian patients with a fluctuating response to levodopa. Patients received tolcapone 100 mg three times daily (t.i.d.), with a possible increase to 200 mg t.i.d., or pergolide titrated to a maximum dose of 5 mg/day by week 9 (mean final dose 2.2 mg/day). The trial involved 203 patients. Efficacy variables that decreased from baseline to week 12 with tolcapone and pergolide included “off” time (reduced by 2–3 hours/day), daily levodopa intake, sickness impact profile scores, Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ)‐39 scores, and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Improvements in efficacy variables were similar with tolcapone and pergolide, with the exception of improvements in quality of life, which were significantly greater with tolcapone; the relative changes in PDQ‐39 score at week 12 were −8.7 and −14.2 (P < 0.05) with pergolide and tolcapone, respectively. Improvements in the investigator's global assessment (IGA) of overall efficacy were recorded in 86% of tolcapone‐treated patients and in 78% of pergolide‐treated patients. The proportion of patients who withdrew because of adverse events was higher in the pergolide group (15%) than in the tolcapone group (5%). Confusion, hypotension, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia occurred more frequently with pergolide, whereas diarrhea and urine discoloration occurred more frequently with tolcapone. Tolcapone was better tolerated than pergolide (P < 0.01) according to the IGA of overall tolerability. We conclude that, in this 3‐month study, both tolcapone and pergolide provided improvements in motor fluctuations and allowed reductions in levodopa intake when added to levodopa therapy; intent to treat analysis and a less than maximal dose of pergolide may have biased the results in favor of tolcapone. Tolcapone provided greater improvements in quality of fife, was better tolerated, and had a more favorable adverse‐event profile than pergolide. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Life‐threatening parkinsonism induced by kava‐kava
Authors: Meseguer Elena , Taboada Rocio , Sánchez Vicenta , Mena María Angeles , Campos Victor , García de Yébenes Justo
Published: August 2002

We present a 45‐year‐old female with severe parkinsonism induced by kava‐kava. The patient, who had a family history of essential tremor, developed severe and persistent parkinsonism after days of treatment with kava extract for anxiety. The symptoms improved with anticholinergics. Kava derivatives could produce severe parkinsonism in individuals with genetic susceptibility. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.