bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Blue-green“ corridors as a tool for mitigation of natural hazards and restoration of urbanized areas: A case study of Belgrade city
Authors: Ristic Ratko , Radic Boris , Miljanovic Velisa , Trivan Goran , Ljujic Milanko , Letic Ljubomir , Savic Radovan
Published: January 2014

Urbanized areas constantly need new surfaces for building of commercial,
residental or infrastructure facilities. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and
a big regional center, with 2,000,000 inhabitants, covers a territory of
3,500 km2. Decreasing of surfaces under forest vegetation, urbanization and
inadequate agricultural measures have caused intensive erosion and more
frequent torrential floods. Belgrade authorities have defined a new strategy
for land use and urban planning in order to decrease the risk from
destructive erosion processes and torrential floods and help the
establishment of new recreational areas, preservation of biodiversity and
mitigation of the ?heat island? effect. The strategy is based on the
restoration of ?blue-green? corridors (residuals of open streams and
fragments of forest vegetation). The restoration of ?blue-green? corridors is
presented at the experimental watersheds of the Kaljavi and Jelezovac
streams. The restoration works will be performed in the 2014-2020 period, on
the basis of erosion and stream control demands, as well as environmental and
social requests, including biological, soil-bioengineering activities and
certain administrative measures. The forest surfaces will be increased by
1.38 km2 (18.11% of the total area). The restoration of ?blue-green?
corridors in the experimental watersheds will decrease the values of maximal
discharges (p = 1%) by about 50%, and the volumes of direct runoff by about
40%. Erosive material production and transport will be decreased by about 44%
in the Kaljavi stream watershed, and 37% in the Jelezovac stream watershed.
Ten kilometers of sealed walking and cycling paths, 1.7 km of unsealed forest
paths, six open gyms and seven rest areas will strengthen the potential of
this area for sports and recreation. The restoration will help the protection
and controlled usage of the natural and cultural values in the area, and the
connection of ?blue-green? corridors at different spatial levels. The final
goal is the creation of a network of ?blue-green? corridors in the territory
of Belgrade city, which provides both effective erosion and stream control
and environmental and social services.
The role of public insight in urban planning process: Increasing efficiency and effectiveness
Authors: Danilovic-Hristic Natasa , Stefanovic Nebojsa
Published: January 2014

Public interest (citizens, investors, interest groups, NGOs, media and
similar) in the urban planning process and proposed planning solutions,
certainly is not negligible, however, according to the opinion of the
professional public, it has often been wrongly directed and conducted. The
legal basis, which in rudimentary outlines prescribes the procedure of the
public insight/hearing, i.e. the presentation of the planning document, does
not provide sufficient input, however, also does not prevent organization of
more qualitative and productive communication with the interested
individuals, not only at the very finalization of plan development, but also
at the initial phases of the initiative for decision making or forming the
conceptual solution. In order to better comprehend the real needs of the
citizens, urban planners should much earlier than the public insight i.e.
presentation of already formed solutions, get in touch with citizens,
interview them, organize workshops, insights and meetings on specific topics,
trying to explain the planning procedures, standards and norms, as well as to
present all that which is required in order to raise the quality of life in
the neighborhood and provide some level of public interest and good, and thus
increase the value of real estate. On the other hand, the citizens knowing
their living environment the best should participate more actively in its
creation, by indicating to the problems and needs, reacting to certain topics
and thus assisting the professionals in shaping and committing their planning
solutions. To that respect this paper provides certain recommendations, based
on international experience, by implementation of which the satisfactory
level of democracy (more transparency, inclusivity and effectiveness) of the
procedure should be provided in Serbia as well.
Ideological assumptions in aesthetic judgment of architecture
Authors: Stevanovic Vladimir
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is consideration of presence of ideological factor in
aesthetic judgment of architecture. The focus is on the aesthetic theories in
which ideology is the key component that can produce aesthetic meaning on the
basis of which aesthetic evaluation can be performed. With regard to this,
the paper provides an insight into the relevant aesthetic approaches, which,
by subject matter and methodology, can be determined as ideologically
oriented. The theoretical frame established allows implementation of an
interpretive and comparative analysis of two texts that through aesthetic
judgment discuss Belgrade architecture, immediately before and after World
War II. Through recognition of an ideological context in these two texts,
this paper will point out how different aesthetic evaluations of certain
morphological aspects of architecture (such as folklorism, ornamentalism,
eclecticism, classicism, monumentalism and purism) do not come from
inherently architectural, i.e. stylisticformalist aspects, but how they
result from ideological connotations attributed to them in a wide variety of
ways. In this sense, this paper finds ideological background in established
criteria of aesthetic judgment such as authenticity, homogeneity and
contemporaneity.
In Memoriam: Professor Zbigniew Witold ENGEL 1933 – 2013
Authors: Adamczyk Jan , Batko Wojciech
Published: January 2014

When we look at the history of AGH – University of Science and Technology, recognized as one of the best universities in the country, we find that for that success many people worked for several dozen years. However, the subjects, the methodology and directions of their work were shaped by units – outstanding personalities of science. Just to mention, among others Professors Stanisław Zuber, Władysław Takliński, Witold Budryk, Maksymilian Tytus Huber and Władysław Bogusz. These people have shaped our institution, marked its new path of development and permanent place in the history of Polish and world science. To belong to such a group is a great ennoblement, for which one works out for his entire life. Undoubtedly, such personality was also Professor Zbigniew Witold Engel, to whom we said goodbye on November, 6th, 2013, in the St. Clement’s church in Wieliczka. Professor was born on April 1, 1933, in Zawady near Zhovkva in the province of Lviv. After graduating from Jan Matejko Middle and High School in Wieliczka in 1950 earned a matriculation certificate. Then he began his studies at the Department of Communications of Polytechnic Departments of Academy of Mining and Metallurgy and involved with our university for the next 63 years. October 1, 1952 the Department of Mechanics of the University of Mining and Metallurgy was created, and soon after began professor’s adventure that was the work of science, education and organization. The history and fate of our university are inextricably linked with the person of professor who practically since the very beginning of the Faculty supported it in all areas of its activities, and has always actively participated in academic life.
Speech Emotion Recognition under White Noise
Authors: Huang Chengwei , Chen Guoming , Yu Hua , Bao Yongqiang , Zhao Li
Published: January 2014

Speaker‘s emotional states are recognized from speech signal with Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The influence of white noise on a typical emotion recogniztion system is studied. The emotion classifier is implemented with Gaussian mixture model (GMM). A Chinese speech emotion database is used for training and testing, which includes nine emotion classes (e.g. happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, anxiety, hesitation, confidence and neutral state). Two speech enhancement algorithms are introduced for improved emotion classification. In the experiments, the Gaussian mixture model is trained on the clean speech data, while tested under AWGN with various signal to noise ratios (SNRs). The emotion class model and the dimension space model are both adopted for the evaluation of the emotion recognition system. Regarding the emotion class model, the nine emotion classes are classified. Considering the dimension space model, the arousal dimension and the valence dimension are classified into positive regions or negative regions. The experimental results show that the speech enhancement algorithms constantly improve the performance of our emotion recognition system under various SNRs, and the positive emotions are more likely to be miss-classified as negative emotions under white noise environment.
Controllability-Oriented Placement of Actuators for Active Noise-Vibration Control of Rectangular Plates Using a Memetic Algorithm
Authors: Wrona Stanisław , Pawełczyk Marek
Published: January 2014

For successful active control with a vibrating plate it is essential to appropriately place actuators. One of the most important criteria is to make the system controllable, so any control objectives can be achieved. In this paper the controllability-oriented placement of actuators is undertaken. First, a theoretical model of a fully clamped rectangular plate is obtained. Optimization criterion based on maximization of controllability of the system is developed. The memetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution. Obtained results are compared with those obtained by the evolutionary algorithm. The configuration is also validated experimentally.
Technical Note. Latest Developments in International Standardization of Whole-Body and Hand-Arm Vibration
Authors: Liedtke Martin , Rissler Jörg , Kaulbars Uwe
Published: January 2014

Latest developments in international standardization of whole-body and hand-arm vibration are pre- sented. In addition, two German projects are presented that might have impact on international work programs in the next years.
Career Planning as a Building Block for Personal Excellence
Authors: Mikačić Marija Turnšek , Ovsenik Marija
Published: January 2014

The narrow field of research here is the development of a model for the building of personal excellence using a career plan that is empirically tested and confirmed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The purpose of this study relates to the writing of a career plan, for the determination of the factors that influence the feeling of personal excellence of participants in career planning education, in relation to other participants who are not. The qualitative analysis consists of basic experience data that was collected during the education process, through 20 essays, and the paradigmatic model, with the final theory defined, and based on this, a questionnaire was created. The quantitative analysis involved a total of 547 participants. For the statistical analyses of the data, bivariate analysis was used to assess the linear connection of individual pairs of variables. The search for differences between the two groups used t-tests for independent samples. Factor analysis was used to determine whether the relations among the examined variables can be explained with a smaller number of indirectly examined variables. The final model consists of three elements: (1) relation with career; (2) self-esteem; and (3) perception of personal excellence. Management can use the results of this study for management decisions. The increased success of every individual organisation benefits the whole of society. This study represents an original contribution and offers a new approach that is based on the paradigm of the understanding of a career and the importance of its planning as a motive for excellence.
Relation between Entrepreneurial Curiosity and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: a Multi-Country Empirical Validation
Authors: Jeraj Mitja , Marič Miha
Published: January 2014

The main purpose of this paper is to present empirical analysis of the relation between entrepreneurial curiosity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. A detailed literature review in a broad field of entrepreneurship, narrow field of entrepreneurship psychology, and organizational sciences revealed, at one hand different connections between determinants influencing entrepreneurs, and latest scientific research trends on the other hand. Although the significance of curiosity in motivating and learning has received expressive scholarly support, like also entrepreneurial self-efficacy as one of the most studied personal attributes among entrepreneurs, no study to our knowledge existed in relation to entrepreneurial curiosity connected with entrepreneurial self-efficacy. An online multi-country survey was conducted in Slovenia and USA among entrepreneurs and results of structural equation modelling showed that entrepreneurial curiosity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are related. Entrepreneurial curiosity has a positive impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy of running entrepreneurial tasks. The findings of this research have both theoretical and practical implications.
Application of nanofiltration in the process of the separation of model fermentation broths components
Authors: Staszak Katarzyna , Woźniak Marta Joanna , Karaś Zofia , Staniewski Jacek , Prochaska Krystyna
Published: January 2014

The effectiveness of nanofiltration with the use of ceramic membranes in the process of concentration and separation of fumaric acid or succinic acid from glycerol and citric acid from erythritol was evaluated. It was found that the retention of sodium salts of the acids investigated increased strongly with increasing the pH of the feed solution (depending on the degree of dissociation), while the retention degrees of di- and tricarboxylic acids, erythritol or glycerol were lower than 2%, irrespective of the initial concentration of the solution to be filtered. The results obtained showed that nanofiltration can be considered as one of the purification steps in the process of recovery of salts of organic acids from fermentation broth.
Extraction protocol for isolation of CNSL by using protic and aprotic solvents from cashew nut and study of their physico-chemical parameter
Authors: Gandhi Tejas S. , Dholakiya Bharatkumar Z. , Patel Mayank R.
Published: January 2014

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) represents the largest readily available bioresource of alkenyl phenolic compounds. (CNSL) and its derivatives are widely used in polymer-based industries, synthesis of chemicals and intermediates, including bactericides, insecticides and surface active agents. In this work extraction of cashew nut shell liquid from cashew nut shell (CNS) was carried out by using the Soxhlet extraction method in the presence of polar & non-polar solvents. From the extracted CNSL, anacardic acid was selectively isolated and acid free CNSL was treated with liquor ammonia to separate the cardanol and cardol in the stepwise manner. Comparative study for the extracted CNSL and S-was performed. Higher amount of extracted CNSL was obtained from polar solvents. They were all characterized using quantitative analysis by HPLC.
Inhibitive tendency of zinc gluconate for aluminium alloy in sulphuric acid solution
Authors: Sanni O. , Loto C.A. , Popoola A.P.I.
Published: January 2014

The corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloy in 0.5M H2SO4 solution in the presence of zinc gluconate at 301 K was investigated using weight loss and an electrochemical method. Surface analysis of the aluminium alloy sample was reviewed by a high resolution scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (HRSEM/ EDS). The readings were taken after 48 h for 28 days while the concentration of the inhibitor was varied from 0.5 to 2.0% g/v with an interval of 0.5. The result of the investigation shows that zinc gluconate has a good corrosion inhibition effect for aluminium alloy in 0.5 molar sulphuric acid solution and its efficiency attains more than 67% at 1.5% g/v concentration of zinc gluconate at 301 K. The potentiodynamic polarization data showed that zinc gluconate acts as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of zinc gluconate on aluminium alloy has been found to obey Freundlich adsorption isotherm at all the concentration of zinc gluconate studied. The results obtained from different methods are in good agreement.
The influence of process parameters on combustion of plastic waste in the fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Jankowski Dawid , Żukowski Witold
Published: January 2014

The paper presents the results of a research on the effects of process parameters on the combustion of waste plastics. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor. The temperature and the conditions of the process were changed during the experiments. The plastics were combusted continuously (autothermally), periodically with extra fuel (co-firing) and alone in a hot fluidized bed. During the combustion process of materials containing nitrogen (PA, ABS), while the bed temperature decrease, changes of emissions of nitrogen oxides, in particular an increase in the concentration of N2O, up to 250 ppm at ~730°C, were observed. During ABS combustion, emission of HCN was registered, at a maximum of 400 ppm. The presence of the supporting fuel (LPG) resulted in the stabilization and acceleration of the plastic samples degradation process. The rate of thermal decomposition of waste materials depended on its elemental composition and also the physicochemical properties.
Studies on the deactivation of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst in the process of allyl alcohol epoxidation
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Makuch Edyta
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst was performed. The obtained catalyst was characterized by the following instrumental methods: UV-vis, IR spectroscopy, XRD, and X-ray microanalysis. The activity of the obtained catalyst was tested in the process of allyl alcohol epoxidation with 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide in methanol as a solvent and under atmospheric pressure. In the next stage, recovery of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst from the post-reaction mixture and its regeneration by washing with appropriate solvents and drying were conducted. In the case of total loss of the activity of the catalyst, calcination of the catalyst was also carried out. The loss of titanium from the structure of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst and a partial collapsing of the structure of this catalyst can be the main reason of the decrease the activity of the catalyst what was manly visible in the decrease of the values of two functions of this process: the allyl alcohol conversion and conversion of hydrogen peroxide to organic compounds.
Tales from the Future: A Narrative Investigation of the Imagined Career Paths of Young Athletes
Authors: Mortensen Janne , Henriksen Kristoffer , Stelter Reinhard
Published: January 2014

Athletes’ paths to international sporting success are unique but always include a number of transitions within sport, as well as outside of it, which hold the potential for crisis or growth. Particularly the transition from talented junior to elite senior athlete plays a critical role in the overall athletic career. The present study is a qualitative inquiry using semistructured interviews as data. We asked eight young and very talented athletes to imagine they were at the end of a successful career in their chosen sport and invited them to describe how they got there. The qualitative interview strategy was narrative in its attempt to elicit how the young athletes made meaning of their endeavours through narratives, and biographical in its attempt to ask the athletes to describe their future career paths. We analysed the interviews as single case studies, subjected them to meaning condensation and then constructed the final narratives. Common features of the tales pertain to the fact that these athletes are still young and have yet to grasp the reality of what they are embarking on, which is clear from the simplicity and lightness that is portrayed in their perspectives. The athletes give little emphasis to the challenges and need of social support inherent in an athletic career. On the one hand, the poor preparation of the athletes for the time to come is worrying; on the other hand, the unworried lightness and optimism of the athletes’ stories could also be seen as a strength.
Analyse des interactions didactiques lors de l’enseignement du football à l’école Tunisienne
Authors: Maher Guerchi , Zghibi Makram
Published: January 2014

Our research focuses on describing what is really happening when a teacher wants to transmit to pupils - girls and boys - knowledge socially marked as masculine. To describe the processes involved in effective didactic interactions between a teacher a pupil and knowledge, we opted for qualitative methodology, consisting on a close observation of the didactic interactions of a teacher with his pupils (girls and boys). Analysis of the interviews focused especially on the nature of knowledge actually transmitted for girls and boys. The studied video sequences permitted to study the didactic interactions more precisely as are actually happening on the pitch. Both tools allowed us to identify the educational intentions of teachers (specialist or not); women or men in the teaching of football. The results show that teachers’ conceptions influence implicitly or explicitly the modalities of their interventions and the nature of football knowledge transmitted to pupils. This makes us think that the impact of social facts (backgrounds) on Tunisian teachers is great. This phenomenon may lock the physical education teacher in some representations modeling masculine and feminine stereotypes and affect his didactic and teaching contribution. Therefore, the teacher must be aware of the impact of the connotation that may have certain “masculine” practices on his interventions and consequently over the pupils learning (either boys or girls).
A community cluster of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus exhibiting cross-resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir in Japan, November to December 2013
Authors: Takashita E , Ejima M , Itoh R , Miura M , Ohnishi A , Nishimura H , Odagiri T , Tashiro M
Published: January 2014

Six influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected in Sapporo, Japan, between November and December 2013. All six viruses possessed an H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase protein, which confers cross-resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir. No epidemiological link among the six cases could be identified; none of them had received neuraminidase inhibitors before specimen collection. The haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the six viruses were closely related to one another, suggesting clonal spread of a single resistant virus.
Revenue distribution pattern and park-people conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Silwal T , Shrestha BP , Bhatta BP , Devkota BP
Published: January 2014

This study has assessed patterns and consequences of park revenue sharing and implementation effectiveness to reduce park-people conflict in the Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park. To explore programme implementation practice and consequences, two-thirds (n=14) of user committees were selected from the four management sectors. From the sampled committees, a questionnaire survey was randomly taken from user groups (n=100) to collect income and expenditure data. The revenue disbursement trends were favoured in community development works (roads, community buildings and schools) than conflict reduction issues. Fourty-two per cent of the total budget was allocated to infrastructures development, which was followed by conservation and conflict management (35%) and education (9%). Only a small amount of the budget was allocated to alternative energy, construction of animal preventive infrastructures to control wild-animals entering farmland and settlement, and provisions for wildlife damage compensation schemes. A certain part of the revenue should be allocated to wildlife victims. Furthermore, the process of providing relief funds should be shortened and simplified. Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1, Page 35-41 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9465
The influence of brazing temperature and surface roughness on the wettability of reactive brazing alloys
Authors: Wulf Eric , Bachmann Hendrik , Möhwald Kai , Eifler Rainer , Maier Hans Jürgen
Published: January 2014

Using two active brazes based on silver–copper, the wetting behaviour was investigated on hard metals and diamond. Here, it was possible both to characterise the in-situ wetting angle as a function of temperature, the surface roughness and the time by using the flow rate and the wetting angle as well as to analyse the underlying mechanisms. A directly proportional relationship between temperature and the formed wetting angle was demonstrated during the tests up to a material dependent limiting value. Moreover, the wetting behaviour was shown to deteriorate with increasing surface roughness values. By means of investigating the diffusion zone between the carbide metal and the braze using scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to establish that the penetration depth of the active element titanium into the carbide metal increased with increasing brazing temperature.
Simultaneous anterior and posterior screw fixations confined to the axis for stabilization of a 3-part fracture of the axis (odontoid, dens, and hangman fractures)
Authors: Shinbo Jun , Sameda Hiroaki , Ikenoue Sumio , Takase Kan , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Hashimoto Eiko , Enomoto Takahiro , Kanazuka Aya , Mimura Masaya
Published: January 2014

Fractures of the axis are considered to be one of the most common injuries to the cervical spine, accounting for more than 20% of all cervical spine fractures. Multiple fractures of the axis are much rarer, accounting for 1% of all cervical fractures. Management of such complex fractures is still challenging, and there is no strong consensus for the treatment. The authors describe the cases of 2 patients who presented with 3-part fractures of the axis consisting of an odontoid Type II fracture and a Levine-Edwards Type IA fracture, which were treated with concurrent insertion of an anterior odontoid screw and bilateral posterior pedicle screws.

The cases presented were characterized by 1) a Type II odontoid fracture; 2) a Type IA traumatic spondylolisthesis with no or a little translation and angulation of C-2 on C-3 in a ring fracture of the axis; and 3) no disorders at the C2–3 disc on MR images. Therefore, the authors performed surgery confined to the axis by concurrently inserting an anterior odontoid screw and posterior bilateral pedicle screws without arthrodesis of C2–3. This was followed with cervical soft collar fixation for only 1–2 weeks. The outcomes were favorable, including good osteosynthesis, high primary stability, early patient mobilization, and preserved range of motion of the cervical spine at C2–3 as well as at C1–2.
Evaluation of the effects of Microwave Diathermy in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Shoma Farzana Khan , Rahman Azm Mahfuzur , Islam Tariqul , Habib Md. Ahsan , Mahmood Khurshid , Hossain Md. Shahidul
Published: January 2014

Background: Back pain affects 60-80% of people at some time in their lives. Back pain is the most common cause of sickness-related work absence. Microwave diathermy could be an important treatment modality. Very few studies have been conducted in our country in this regard. Aims: To determine the effects of microwave diathermy in relieving symptoms of chronic low back pain when applied along with other conventional therapies like drug and exercise. Methods: Total 50 patients with chronic low back pain coming to OPD, DMCH were divided randomly into two groups and treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, exercises, activities of daily living instructions and with or without microwave diathermy. Thereafter, the patients were evaluated weekly. After six weeks of treatment, improvements were observed in both the groups. Results: significant difference (P=0) in improvement was found in microwave diathermy group than in non-diathermy group. Conclusion: This study suggests that microwave diathermy is effective in treatment of patients with chronic low back pain. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 64-68 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17544
Turbulences dans l’application judiciaire du Code tunisien du statut personnel: le conflit de référentiels dans l’oeuvre prétorienne
Authors: Bostanji Sami
Published: January 2014

L’observation de la pratique judiciaire révèle la complexité de la réalité dans laquelle se projette le Code tunisien du statut personnel. Alors que certains juges cherchent l’éclairage de ses normes par référence au droit musulman classique, d’autres se tournent vers les droits fondamentaux pour interpréter ses dispositions. Cette oscillation de la jurisprudence s’explique, pour l’essentiel, par des considérations extra-juridiques. Des éléments culturels, sociologiques et politiques interfèrent, de manière latente, lors de la mise en oeuvre des solutions textuelles de ce Code, amenant ainsi à une véritable confrontation entre deux logiques totalement dissemblables. Ce constat étant fait, la réflexion qui y est corollaire cherche à montrer les inconvénients de cette situation. En effet, celle-ci met en péril la stabilité et la sécurité des droits subjectifs, comme elle bat en brèche les principes directeurs qui étayent le droit objectif. D’où la nécessité de recomposer la logique du système par l’adoption d’une approche systémique qui met en exergue la cohérence des normes de l’ordre juridique et rompt avec « cet état schizophrénique » de la discipline.
La médiation civile en droit comparé : les exemples allemand et autrichien
Authors: Ferrand Frédérique
Published: January 2014

Mediation has recently been the subject of an EC Directive. It is promoted by many national law systems which hope thereby to diminish the number of cases pending before the State courts. However, one can wonder whether mediation has finally found its appropriate place within or beside civil justice. The study of the recent Austrian law 2003 suggests a model of integrating the mediation process within civil justice. By contrary, the German legislator has not yet enacted general legal provisions on mediation. Nevertheless, several pilot-projects and regional initiatives in the German Länder seem to achieve positive results. Little by little, Alternative Dispute resolution modes gain a recognition which will be reinforced if the settlement rate is convincing.
Les droits sociaux, entre « injusticiabilité » et « conditionnalité » : éléments pour une comparaison
Authors: Roman Diane
Published: January 2014

Droits des pauvres, les droits sociaux sont-ils de pauvres droits ? La présente étude revient sur la distinction entre droits civils et politiques et droits économiques et sociaux et analyse les particularités de ces derniers, longtemps mises en avant. Traditionnellement, ceux-ci sont entachés d’une double présomption, à la fois d’injusticiabilité et de conditionnalité : au nom du caractère politique et des choix qu’implique leur mise en oeuvre et au regard de leur impact économique, les droits économiques et sociaux relèveraient d’une logique extra-juridictionnelle. Or, l’étude de solutions jurisprudentielles nationales ou internationales montre clairement que cette présomption, un temps apparue irréfragable, est désormais remise en cause. L’adoption du protocole additionnel au Pacte relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels va dans le même sens.
Le commerçant en droit allemand
Authors: Guineret-Brobbel Dorsman A.
Published: January 2014

Droit français et droit allemand distinguent droit civil et droit commercial et connaissent donc tous deux la notion de commerçant. Est-ce à dire qu’ils en ont la même conception ? L’étude présente se propose de nous introduire auprès de notre cousin d’Outre-Rhin, le Kaufmann, le commerçant du droit allemand. Cette rencontre s’avérera d’autant plus enrichissante que le commerçant allemand est le héros de la matière, l’élément central du droit commercial, reléguant à l’arrière-plan l’acte de commerce, et qu’il a été, en outre, profondément réformé, il y a à peine plus de 10 ans par le législateur allemand.
Migrations en Libye : réalités et défis
Authors: Jacques Geneviève
Published: January 2014

Les bouleversements dans le monde arabe de l’année 2011 ont non seulement fait tomber des dictatures en Tunisie, en Egypte et en Libye, mais ils ont aussi provoqué le plus grand exode de travailleurs migrants de l’histoire : fuyant la Libye, près de 800000 non Libyens ont franchi en quelques mois les frontières du pays pour échapper à la guerre et aux violences dont ils étaient la cible. Les pays européens n’ont vu cette réalité qu’à travers le prisme déformant de leurs propres fantasmes sécuritaires, sans chercher à comprendre la spécificité et la complexité du cas libyen en Afrique du Nord. C’est cette réalité qu’ont étudiée quatre missions françaises sur le terrain auxquelles a participé Geneviève Jacques au nom de la CIMADE et de la Fédération internationale des ligues des droit de l’homme (FIDH) 1 , aux frontières de la Libye en mars et mai 2011 (Tunisie et Egypte) d’abord, puis en Libye même en juin et décembre 2012.
La question des réfugiés syriens au Liban : le réveil des fantômes du passé
Authors: Geisser Vincent
Published: January 2014

Frontalier de la Syrie, pays avec lequel il entretient des liens historiques profonds, le Liban accueille des centaines de milliers de réfugiés syriens. L’attitude ambivalente des autorités libanaises reflète, entre autres, la complexité des relations entre les forces politiques et sociales du pays. Face à l’effort demandé à un pays qui n’a pas encore fini de panser les blessures des conflits qui ont ensanglanté le pays depuis le dernier quart du XX e siècle, on est en droit de se demander si la fermeture de l’Europe aux migrants, y compris aux réfugiés relève du réalisme ou de l’hypocrisie.
Le moment thermidorien de la révolution égyptienne
Authors: Steuer Clément
Published: January 2014

Les Frères musulmans ont remporté les élections de 2011 et 2012 en faisant des promesses contradictoires aux révolutionnaires et aux contre-révolutionnaires. Une fois au pouvoir, les contradictions inhérentes à cette stratégie les ont menés à leur perte, en relançant à leurs dépends à la fois la révolution et la contre-révolution, unies dans l’objectif de les chasser du pouvoir. Ces événements ont conduit à la chute des Frères musulmans et ont accouché d’un régime thermidorien, réunissant quatre factions aux objectifs inconciliables à terme : les partisans de l’ancien régime, la bourgeoisie libérale, les nationalistes nostalgiques de Nasser et les salafistes du parti Nour.
Trois ans après : retour sur les origines rurales de la révolution tunisienne
Authors: Elloumi Mohamed
Published: January 2014

Trois ans après la révolution tunisienne, on perd un peu de vue ses origines rurales. Cet article revient sur cette dimension très prégnante alors que la transition en cours semble déplacer le débat sur le terrain des « valeurs » fondatrices de la Tunisie, loin des questions économiques et sociales que les premiers temps révolutionnaires ont mis en exergue.
Typing Skills of Physicians in Training
Authors: Kalava Arun , Ravindranath Sapna , Bronshteyn Inessa , Munjal Ripudaman S. , SchianodiCola Joseph , Yarmush Joel M.
Published: January 2014

Background

There is an increasing use of electronic health records in hospitals across the United States. The speed and accuracy of residents in documenting electronic health records has been insufficiently addressed.

Methods

We studied resident typing skills at New York Methodist Hospital. Participating residents typed a standard 100-word alphanumerical paragraph of a patient's medical history. Typing skills were assessed by calculating the net words per minute (WPM). Typing skills were categorized as follows: (1) fewer than 26 net WPM as very slow; (2) 26 to 35 net WPM as slow; (3) 35 to 45 net WPM as intermediate; and (4) greater than 45 net WPM as fast. Residents were further categorized into (1) American medical graduates; (2) American international medical graduates; and (3) non-American international medical graduates.

Results

A total of 104 of 280 residents (37%) participated in the study. There was equal representation from various specialties, backgrounds, and all postgraduate levels of training. The median typing speed was 30.4 net WPM. Typing skills were very slow (34 of 104, 33%), slow (28 of 104, 27%), intermediate (29 of 104, 28%), and fast (13 of 104, 12%) among the residents. Typing skills of non-American international medical graduates (mean net WPM of 25.9) were significantly slower than those of American medical graduates (mean net WPM of 35.9) and American international medical graduates (mean net WPM of 33.5).

Conclusions

Most residents (60%, 62 of 104) who participated in the study at our institute lacked typing skills. As the use of electronic health records increases, a lack of typing skills may impact residents' time for learning and patient care.
Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects
Authors: Baklanov A. , Schlünzen K. , Suppan P. , Baldasano J. , Brunner D. , Aksoyoglu S. , Carmichael G. , Douros J. , Flemming J. , Forkel R. , Galmarini S. , Gauss M. , Grell G. , Hirtl M. , Joffre S. , Jorba O. , Kaas E. , Kaasik M. , Kallos G. , Kong X. , Korsholm U. , Kurganskiy A. , Kushta J. , Lohmann U. , Mahura A. , Manders-Groot A. , Maurizi A. , Moussiopoulos N. , Rao S. T. , Savage N. , Seigneur C. , Sokhi R. S. , Solazzo E. , Solomos S. , Sørensen B. , Tsegas G. , Vignati E. , Vogel B. , Zhang Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Online coupled mesoscale meteorology atmospheric chemistry models have undergone a rapid evolution in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modelling community, these models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and regional climate modelling as they can consider not only the effects of meteorology on air quality, but also the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. Two ways of online coupling can be distinguished: online integrated and online access coupling. Online integrated models simulate meteorology and chemistry over the same grid in one model using one main time step for integration. Online access models use independent meteorology and chemistry modules that might even have different grids, but exchange meteorology and chemistry data on a regular and frequent basis. This article offers a comprehensive review of the current research status of online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry modelling within Europe. Eighteen regional online coupled models developed or being used in Europe are described and compared. Topics discussed include a survey of processes relevant to the interactions between atmospheric physics, dynamics and composition; a brief overview of existing online mesoscale models and European model developments; an analysis on how feedback processes are treated in these models; numerical issues associated with coupled models; and several case studies and model performance evaluation methods. Finally, this article highlights selected scientific issues and emerging challenges that require proper consideration to improve the reliability and usability of these models for the three scientific communities: air quality, numerical meteorology modelling (including weather prediction) and climate modelling. This review will be of particular interest to model developers and users in all three fields as it presents a synthesis of scientific progress and provides recommendations for future research directions and priorities in the development, application and evaluation of online coupled models.
New-particle formation, growth and climate-relevant particle production in Egbert, Canada: analysis from one year of size-distribution observations
Authors: Pierce J. R. , Westervelt D. M. , Atwood S. A. , Barnes E. A. , Leaitch W. R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Aerosol particle nucleation, or new-particle formation, is the dominant contributor to particle number in the atmosphere. However, these particles must grow through condensation of low-volatility vapors without coagulating with the larger, pre-existing particles in order to reach climate-relevant sizes (diameters larger than 50–100 nm), where the particles may affect clouds and radiation. In this paper, we use one year of size-distribution measurements from Egbert, Ontario, Canada to calculate the frequency of regional-scale new-particle formation events, new-particle formation rates, growth rates and the fraction of new particles that survive to reach climate-relevant sizes. Regional-scale new-particle formation events occurred on 14–31% of the days (depending on the stringency of the classification criteria), with event frequency peaking in the spring and fall. New-particle formation rates and growth rates were similar to those measured at other mid-latitude continental sites. We calculate that roughly half of the climate-relevant particles (with diameters larger than 50–100 nm) at Egbert are formed through new-particle formation events. With the addition of meteorological and SO2 measurements, we find that new-particle formation often occurred under synoptic conditions associated with high surface pressure and large-scale subsidence that cause sunny conditions and clean-air flow from the north and west. However, new-particle formation also occurred when air flow came from the polluted regions to the south and southwest of Egbert. The nucleation rates tend to be faster during events under the polluted south/southwest flow conditions.
Aerosol microphysical retrievals from Precision Filter Radiometer direct solar radiation measurements and comparison with AERONET
Authors: Kazadzis S. , Veselovskii I. , Amiridis V. , Gröbner J. , Suvorina A. , Nyeki S. , Gerasopoulos E. , Kouremeti N. , Taylor M. , Tsekeri A. , Wehrli C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Synchronized sun-photometric measurements from the AERONET-CIMEL and GAW-PFR aerosol networks are used to compare retrievals of the aerosol optical depth, effective radius and volume concentration during a high temporal resolution measurement campaign at the Athens site in the Mediterranean Basin from 14–22 July 2009. During this period, direct sun AOD retrievals from both instruments exhibited small differences in the range 0.01–0.02 despite the presence of a strong dust event. In addition to AERONET-CIMEL inversion data, an independent inversion method was applied that involves expanding the particle size distribution in terms of measurement kernels so as to estimate bulk particle parameters from a linear-estimated combination of the input optical data. AOD measurements obtained from both CIMEL and PFR instruments using this method also showed reasonable agreement. For low aerosol loads (AOD < 0.2), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR were found to be −20% to +30% different from CIMEL values for both direct sun data and inversion data. At higher loads (AOD > 0.4), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR are consistently 20% lower than CIMEL for both direct sun and inversion data. Volume concentrations at low aerosol loads from the PFR are up to 80% higher than the CIMEL for direct sun data, but inversion data suggests that volume concentrations from the PFR are up to 20% lower than the CIMEL under these same conditions. At higher loads, the percentage difference in volume concentrations from the PFR and CIMEL is systematically negative with inversion data predicting differences 30% lower than those obtained from direct sun data. An assessment of the effect of errors in the AOD retrieval on the estimation of PFR bulk parameters was made using Monte Carlo simulations and demonstrated that it is possible to estimate the effective radius with an uncertainty below 60% and the volume concentration with an uncertainty below 65% even when AOD < 0.2 and when the input errors are as high as 10%. Highlights – A comparison of high temporal resolution synchronous CIMEL and PFR direct sun AOD measurement retrievals – Calculation of bulk aerosol microphysics parameters using a linear estimation inversion technique – A comparison of retrieved aerosol volume concentrations and effective radii from CIMEL and PFR inversions – An analysis of the sensitivity of PFR retrievals to random errors on the optical input data
Evaluation of the new UKCA climate-composition model – Part 2: The Troposphere
Authors: O'Connor F. M. , Johnson C. E. , Morgenstern O. , Abraham N. L. , Braesicke P. , Dalvi M. , Folberth G. A. , Sanderson M. G. , Telford P. J. , Voulgarakis A. , Young P. J. , Zeng G. , Collins W. J. , Pyle J. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we present a description of the tropospheric chemistry component of the UK Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) model which has been coupled to the Met Office Hadley Centre's HadGEM family of climate models. We assess the model's transport and scavenging processes, in particular focussing on convective transport, boundary layer mixing, wet scavenging and inter-hemispheric exchange. Simulations with UKCA of the short-lived radon tracer suggest that modelled distributions are comparable to those of other models and the comparison with observations indicate that apart from a few locations, boundary layer mixing and convective transport are effective in the model as a means of vertically redistributing surface emissions of radon. Comparisons of modelled lead tracer concentrations with observations suggest that UKCA captures surface concentrations in both hemispheres very well, although there is a tendency to underestimate the observed geographical and interannual variability in the Northern Hemisphere. In particular, UKCA replicates the shape and absolute concentrations of observed lead profiles, a key test in the evaluation of a model's wet scavenging scheme. The timescale for inter-hemispheric transport, calculated in the model using a simple krypton tracer experiment, does appear to be long relative to other models and could indicate deficiencies in tropical deep convection and/or insufficient boundary layer mixing. We also describe the main components of the tropospheric chemistry and evaluate it against observations and other tropospheric chemistry models. In particular, from a climate forcing perspective, present-day observed surface methane concentrations and tropospheric ozone concentrations are reproduced very well by the model, thereby making it suitable for long centennial integrations as well as studies of biogeochemical feedbacks. Results from both historical and future simulations with UKCA tropospheric chemistry are presented. Future projections of tropospheric ozone vary with the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). In RCP2.6, for example, tropospheric ozone increases up to 2010 and then declines by 13% of its year-2000 global mean by the end of the century. In RCP8.5, tropospheric ozone continues to rise steadily throughout the 21st century, with methane being the main driving factor. Finally, we highlight aspects of the UKCA model which are undergoing and/or have undergone recent developments and are suitable for inclusion in a next-generation Earth System Model.