bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Associations between Depression, Acculturation, and Cardiovascular Health among African Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Nmezi Nwakaego A. , Turkson-Ocran Ruth-Alma , Tucker Carolyn M. , Commodore-Mensah Yvonne
Published: May 2022

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death both globally and in the United States (U.S.). Racial health disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) persist with non-Hispanic Black adults having a higher burden of CVD morbidity and mortality compared to other racial groups. African immigrants represent an increasingly growing sub-population of the overall U.S. non-Hispanic Black adult population, however little is known about how specific psychological and social factors (i.e., depression and acculturation) influence the CVH of U.S. African immigrants. We sought to examine the association between severity of depression symptomology and CVH among African immigrants, and whether acculturation moderated the relationship between severity of depression symptoms and CVH. Study participants were those in the African Immigrant Health Study conducted in the Baltimore-Washington D.C. area. Severity of depression symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8). CVH was assessed using the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 metrics and categorized as poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH. Acculturation measured as length of stay and acculturation strategy was examined as a moderator variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between depression and CVH and the moderating effect of acculturation adjusting for known confounders. In total 317 African immigrants participated in the study. The mean (±SD) age of study participants was 46.9 (±11.1) and a majority (60%) identified as female. Overall, 8.8% of study participants endorsed moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression. African immigrants endorsing moderate-to-severe levels of depression were less likely to have ideal CVH compared to those with minimal-to-mild symptoms of depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.17–0.99). Acculturation measured either as length of stay or acculturation strategy did not moderate the relationship between depression and CVH among study participants. Study participants exhibited elevated levels of symptoms of depression. Greater severity of depression symptoms was associated with worse CVH. Efforts to treat and prevent CVD among African immigrants should also include a focus on addressing symptoms of depression within this population.
No Recommendation Is (at Least Presently) the Best Recommendation: An Updating Quality Appraisal of Recommendations on Screening for Scoliosis
Authors: Płaszewski Maciej
Published: May 2022

Recommendations addressing screening for scoliosis differ substantially. Systematically developed guidelines are confronted by consensus and opinion-based statements. This paper elaborates on the issue of the standards of development and reporting of current guidelines and recommendation statements, as well as on the methodological quality of the corresponding evidence syntheses. The SORT classification and the AMSTAR 2 tool were used for those purposes, respectively. Publications included in the analysis differed substantially in terms of their methodological quality. Based on the SORT and AMSTAR 2 scores, the 2018 US PSTF recommendation statement and systematic review on screening for scoliosis are trustworthy and high-quality sources of evidence and aid for decision making. The recommendation statement on insufficient evidence to formulate any recommendations is, paradoxically, very informative. Significantly, updated opinion-based position statements supporting screening for scoliosis acknowledged the importance of research evidence as a basis for recommendation formulation and are more cautious and balanced than formerly. Expert opinions, not built on properly presented analyses of evidence, are at odds with evidence-based practice. Nonetheless, contemporary principles of screening programs, especially those addressing people’s values and preferences, and the possible harms of screening, remain underrepresented in both research and recommendations addressing screening for scoliosis.
Epidemic Intelligence Service Alumni in Public Health Leadership Roles
Authors: So Marvin , Winquist Andrea , Fisher Shelby , Eaton Danice , Carroll Dianna , Simone Patricia , Pevzner Eric , Arvelo Wences
Published: May 2022

Since 1951, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has trained physicians, nurses, scientists, veterinarians, and other allied health professionals in applied epidemiology. To understand the program’s effect on graduates’ leadership outcomes, we examined the EIS alumni representation in five select leadership positions. These positions were staffed by 353 individuals, of which 185 (52%) were EIS alumni. Among 12 CDC directors, four (33%) were EIS alumni. EIS alumni accounted for 29 (58%) of the 50 CDC center directors, 61 (35%) of the 175 state epidemiologists, 27 (56%) of the 48 Field Epidemiology Training Program resident advisors, and 70 (90%) of the 78 Career Epidemiology Field Officers. Of the 185 EIS alumni in leadership positions, 136 (74%) were physicians, 22 (12%) were scientists, 21 (11%) were veterinarians, 6 (3%) were nurses, and 94 (51%) were assigned to a state or local health department. Among the 61 EIS alumni who served as state epidemiologists, 40 (66%) of them were assigned to a state or local health department during EIS. Our evaluation suggests that epidemiology training programs can serve as a vital resource for the public health workforce, particularly given the capacity strains brought to light by the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Review of Village Ecosystem Vulnerability and Resilience: Implications for the Rocky Desertification Control
Authors: Tang Jiuhan , Xiong Kangning , Chen Yue , Wang Qi , Ying Bin , Zhou Jiayi
Published: May 2022

Under the background of global environmental change, a huge impact has been made on the village ecosystem, which leads to disorder of structure and function of the village ecosystem. The current management measures of the village have failed in allowing the village to achieve sustainable development. Research on the vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem is helpful in regards to the ecological restoration of the village. The research status and progress in regards to the vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem are not clear, and the summary of research results and problems is insufficient. Based on 87 related literatures, this paper focuses on the current status and progress of village ecosystem vulnerability and resilience research, and reveals the current research results and shortcomings of village ecosystem vulnerability and resilience. We found that: (1) the research on vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem is on the rise; (2) the research mainly focuses on the index system, monitoring and assessment, mechanism research and strategy research. The monitoring and assessment research is the most prominent, which mainly discusses the research methods, the vulnerability and the resilience of the village ecosystem; (3) the study area is mainly concentrated in Asia, North America and Africa. Research institutions are mainly institutions of higher learning and research institutes (centers). Finally, this paper finds that major scientific and technical studies such as the construction of indicator systems and the study of governance strategies in the study of vulnerability and resilience of village ecosystems are lagging behind. In future research, we should deepen the research on the concept and connotation of vulnerability and resilience. We must establish a scientific and reasonable research framework for vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem. We should also strengthen and improve the index system of vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem. We should strengthen research on the impact mechanisms and governance strategies of vulnerability and resilience, and apply the research on vulnerability and resilience to the planning and governance of the village ecosystem.
Health Literacy Level and Comprehension of Prescription and Nonprescription Drug Information
Authors: Kim Meehoh , Suh David , Barone Joseph A. , Jung Sun-Young , Wu Wenchen , Suh Dong-Churl
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of misunderstanding of medication information in Korean adults after stratifying by level of health literacy and to identify the factors influencing the misunderstanding of medication information and reading amounts of information on OTC drug labels. A cross-sectional survey was performed with 375 adult participants using the survey instrument. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors which influence misunderstanding of medication information. Participants misunderstood 20% of words on OTC drug labels, 9% of prescription drug instructions, and 9% of pictograms. Participants on average read 59% of the overall contents of the OTC drug labels. As prescription drugs’ dosing regimens became more complicated, the level of misunderstanding instructions increased. The level of misunderstanding words on OTC drug labels significantly decreased as participants had adequate health literacy (β = −18.11, p < 0.001) and higher education levels (β = −6.83, p < 0.001), after adjusting for the study variables. The level of misunderstanding instructions for prescription drugs increased as participants became older (β = 8.81, p < 0.001) and had lower education levels (β = −5.05, p < 0.001), after adjusting for the study variables. The level of misunderstanding pictograms was similar to that of misunderstanding instructions for prescription drug labels. The amount of reading information on OTC drug labels significantly increased as respondents had adequate health literacy (β = 9.27, p < 0.001), were older (β = 12.49, p < 0.001), or had chronic diseases (β = 7.49, p = 0.007). Individuals’ health literacy level, reading behaviors, and complexity of medication instructions are associated with misunderstanding of medication information. Appropriate word choices in drug labels and an improved format of medication instructions could increase understanding of medication information and prevent adverse drug reactions.
Associating Increased Chemical Exposure to Hurricane Harvey in a Longitudinal Panel Using Silicone Wristbands
Authors: Samon Samantha M. , Rohlman Diana , Tidwell Lane G. , Hoffman Peter D. , Oluyomi Abiodun O. , Anderson Kim A.
Published: May 2022

Hurricane Harvey was associated with flood-related damage to chemical plants and oil refineries, and the flooding of hazardous waste sites, including 13 Superfund sites. As clean-up efforts began, concerns were raised regarding the human health impact of possible increased chemical exposure resulting from the hurricane and subsequent flooding. Personal sampling devices in the form of silicone wristbands were deployed to a longitudinal panel of individuals (n = 99) within 45 days of the hurricane and again one year later in the Houston metropolitan area. Using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, each wristband was screened for 1500 chemicals and analyzed for 63 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical exposure levels found on the wristbands were generally higher post-Hurricane Harvey. In the 1500 screen, 188 chemicals were detected, 29 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and of those, 79% (n = 23) were found in significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. Similarly, in PAH analysis, 51 chemicals were detected, 31 were detected in at least 30% of the study population, and 39% (n = 12) were found at statistically higher concentrations (p < 0.05) post-Hurricane Harvey. This study indicates that there were increased levels of chemical exposure after Hurricane Harvey in the Houston metropolitan area.
Community Mobility and COVID-19 Dynamics in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nanda Ratih Oktri , Nursetyo Aldilas Achmad , Ramadona Aditya Lia , Imron Muhammad Ali , Fuad Anis , Setyawan Althaf , Ahmad Riris Andono
Published: May 2022

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mobile-phone data on population movement became publicly available, including Google Community Mobility Reports (CMR). This study explored the utilization of mobility data to predict COVID-19 dynamics in Jakarta, Indonesia. We acquired aggregated and anonymized mobility data sets from 15 February to 31 December 2020. Three statistical models were explored: Poisson Regression Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Negative Binomial Regression GLM, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Due to multicollinearity, three categories were reduced into one single index using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Multiple Linear Regression with variable adjustments using PCA was the best-fit model, explaining 52% of COVID-19 cases in Jakarta (R-Square: 0.52; p < 0.05). This study found that different types of mobility were significant predictors for COVID-19 cases and have different levels of impact on COVID-19 dynamics in Jakarta, with the highest observed in “grocery and pharmacy” (4.12%). This study demonstrates the practicality of using CMR data to help policymakers in decision making and policy formulation, especially when there are limited data available, and can be used to improve health system readiness by anticipating case surge, such as in the places with a high potential for transmission risk and during seasonal events.
Effect of Indoor Forest Bathing on Reducing Feelings of Fatigue Using Cerebral Activity as an Indicator
Authors: Imamura Chie , Sakakibara Kiyomi , Arai Kyosuke , Ohira Hideki , Yamaguchi Yuhei , Yamada Hitoshi
Published: May 2022

We created an indoor forest bathing environment in a sunlight-type environmentally controlled chamber and both physiological and psychological measurements were conducted for the evaluation of mental fatigue reduction. At first, a working memory load experiment was performed among 10 participants in a space without plants to identify an indicator correlating with feelings of fatigue, using the cerebral activity of the prefrontal cortex. Then, the indicator was used to evaluate whether a 20-min exposure to an indoor forest bathing environment reduced the level of the feeling of fatigue. The working memory load experiment demonstrated that, when mental fatigue increased, the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in the right prefrontal cortex and the right-left difference in oxy-Hb (ΔRL oxy-Hb) in the prefrontal cortex increased. These were proposed as indicators of mental fatigue. In the indoor forest bathing experiment, staying in an indoor green space showed that the subjective values of feeling of fatigue decreased and ΔRL oxy-Hb decreased. Since these results demonstrated an opposite effect to the increase in ΔRL oxy-Hb related to the feeling of fatigue, it was inferred that the decrease in ΔRL oxy-Hb reflected the fatigue reduction in the indoor forest bathing environment.
The Predictive Role of Perceived Support from Principals and Professional Identity on Teachers’ Motivation and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Cece Valérian , Martinent Guillaume , Guillet-Descas Emma , Lentillon-Kaestner Vanessa
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of perceived support from principals and teacher professional identity (TPI) on teacher’s motivation, vigour and burnout using a longitudinal design during a school year. A sample of 544 secondary teachers reported their perceived support from principals and TPI at the beginning of the year (T1) and their self-determined motivation, vigour, and burnout both at the beginning (T1) and at the end of the year (T2). Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that the support from principals was associated with T1 TPI. T1 TPI only partially predicted T2 self-determined motivation (controlling T1 scores), and T2 self-determined motivation was associated with T2 burnout and vigour (controlling T1 scores). The SEM revealed a positive process involving perceived support from principals, pedagogical expertise, autonomous motivation, and well-being indicators. In summary, the present study extends the knowledge about the teacher well-being process and the role of contextual and individual antecedents. In an applied perspective, to prevent burnout, teachers need efficient initial and continuing pedagogical education to be armed in front of the students and need the support of their principals during the school year.
Decoupling Analysis of Rural Population Change and Rural Electricity Consumption Change in China
Authors: Xia Xuechao , Sun Hui , Yang Zedong , Yuan Weipeng , Ma Dianyuan
Published: May 2022

With the accelerated development of urbanization in China, rural permanent population has declined, while rural electricity consumption has increased, resulting in a significant waste of electricity resources. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2020, this paper comprehensively used the decoupling model and the coordination degree model to analyze the temporal change characteristics, spatial distribution characteristics, and the degree of deviation of rural permanent population and rural electricity consumption. Firstly, according to the decoupling model, the type of decoupling between rural electricity consumption and rural permanent population was strong negative decoupling. At the provincial level, Beijing and Tibet belonged to expanding negative decoupling. Tianjin and Liaoning belonged to recession link. The other 27 provinces, including Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong, belonged to strong negative decoupling. Secondly, according to the coordination degree model, the coordination type of the national rural permanent population and rural electricity consumption was uncoordinated. The areas that can be coordinated include 20 provinces, including Shanghai, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, and Jiangxi. The basic coordination areas included Beijing and Tibet. Finally, according to the comprehensive measurement model, the provinces with strong negative decoupling included Shanxi, Zhejiang, and Chongqing. Sichuan, Hebei, Shandong, and Shaanxi belonged to moderately strong negative decoupling groups.
Development of Leisure Valuation Assessment Tool for the Elderly
Authors: Park Da Sol , Park Hae Yean
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to develop a leisure valuation assessment tool to revitalize leisure activities for the elderly living in the community. The research method, literature review, and Delphi survey were conducted for the expert panel. Then, the leisure value and participatory leisure activity items were derived to form the assessment items. The two Delphi surveys revealed 38 leisure value assessment items and 41 participating leisure activity items. We attempted to verify the model suitability and validity of the leisure value assessment items through confirmatory factor analysis. The verification showed a good fit. Based on the intensive validity test result, AVE (average variance extracted) values were 66 for physical leisure activities, 65 for emotional leisure activities, and 65 for social leisure activities. The conceptual reliability was 0.96 for physical leisure activities, 0.95 for emotional leisure activities, and 0.96 for social leisure activities. Regarding the internal consistency for reliability verification, Cronbach’s alpha values for physical leisure, emotional leisure, and social leisure activities were 0.909, 0.925, and 0.955, respectively. Hence, the items were highly interrelated and homogeneous tests that measured the same characteristics. The assessment tool can be used to identify useful information on the leisure activities of the elderly and to activate leisure activities for the elderly.
Prompts for the Future to Live Healthier: A Study of Cognition and Motivation for Healthy Behaviors
Authors: Lin Chung-Chih , Yu Pang-Hsiang , Lin Jin-Kwan
Published: May 2022

“Aging” is a continuous phenomenon. Medically speaking, physical decline starts after the age of 25. Generally, people do not sense such a decline at a young age, but most transition to some awareness by the age of 50. To enhance the physical and mental health of elderly people and to reduce the length of time spent bedridden, the thoughts and behaviors regarding health and health care among a target group aged between 55 and 75 years were investigated in this study based on the perspective of health beliefs. A total of 300 survey questionnaires were issued and all were returned. The results indicated that after the respondents were reminded of the unhealthy implications of bedridden time, they were willing to enhance their health-promoting behaviors in their diets and regular routines.
Validation of Screening Tools for Predicting the Risk of Functional Decline in Hospitalized Elderly Patients
Authors: Wang Mei-Chun , Liao Wen-Chun , Lee Kwo-Chen , Lu Shu-Hua , Lin Yun-Ping
Published: May 2022

Background: Functional decline and increased dependence on others are common health issues among hospitalized elderly patients. However, a well-validated screening tool for predicting functional decline in elderly patients is still lacking. The current study therefore aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Identification of Seniors at Risk—Hospitalized Patients (ISAR-HP), Variable Indicative of Placement Risk (VIP), and Score Hospitalier d’ Evaluation du Risque de Perte d’Autonomie (SHERPA) in predicting functional decline 30 days after discharge in older patients admitted to an acute hospital ward. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in 197 elderly inpatients at the internal medicine ward of a teaching hospital in central Taiwan. Data were collected twice, first within 48 h after hospitalization and second via a telephone interview 30 days after hospital discharge. Variables included demographic data, Barthel Index of activities of daily living (ADL), and screening instruments. The Barthel Index was used to measure functional disability. Functional decline was defined as a decline of at least five points on the Barthel Index 30 days after discharge compared to that at pre-admission. Results: Patients had a mean age of 77.7 years, with 55.7% being female. Functional decline was observed in 39.1% of all patients. The best cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 2.5, 96.1%, 52.5%, and 0.751 for ISAR-HP; 1.5, 83.1%, 62.5%, and 0.761 for VIP; and 4.75, 89.6%, 54.2%, and 0.758 for SHERPA, respectively. Conclusions: All three instruments showed moderate diagnostic accuracy as indicated by their best cutoff points. Therefore, the results presented herein can guide health care professionals in selecting the appropriate assessment tool for predicting functional decline among hospitalized elderly patients in a clinical setting.
Health Effects of Happiness in China
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Sun Yan , Chen Yong , Bu Ya , Li Gen
Published: May 2022

The demand for improving health status of Chinese residents is growing with the rapid economic development. Happiness, which could be improved by some brief, self-administered, and cost-effective interventions, is reported to be associated with mortality, longevity, and self-rated health. Therefore, it is essential to assess the effect of happiness on health in China. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2017, the present study explored the effect of happiness on health among Chinese residents after controlling for demographic variables, socioeconomic factors, social relationships, locations, and insurance plan. The happiness effect across subsamples by age and resident type and the mediator role of happiness were also evaluated. Based on an ordered probit regression model, we found that the effect of happiness on health was significantly positive in full sample and all subsamples. Using a structural equation model, we demonstrated that happiness could partially mediate the relationship between socioeconomic factors, social relationships factors, and health. Our data supplement the existing literature on the relationship between happiness and health and provide evidence for policymakers and stakeholders focusing on happiness as a health strategy to improve overall societal wellbeing.
Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Uptake and the Role of Health Literacy among Health and Social Care Volunteers in the Province of Prato (Italy)
Authors: Lorini Chiara , Lastrucci Vieri , Zanella Beatrice , Gori Eleonora , Chiesi Fabrizio , Bechini Angela , Boccalini Sara , Del Riccio Marco , Moscadelli Andrea , Puggelli Francesco , Berti Renzo , Bonanni Paolo , Bonaccorsi Guglielmo
Published: May 2022

Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for volunteers involved in primary health and social services. Little is known about the volunteers’ adhesion to influenza vaccination recommendations. The aim of this study was to assess influenza vaccination determinants among a group of volunteers who provided essential activities during the first SARS-CoV-2 pandemic wave in the province of Prato, Tuscany (Italy) and to evaluate the role of health literacy in influencing vaccination determinants. Method: In this cross-sectional study, the predictors of influenza vaccination uptake were assessed through the administration of a questionnaire. Variables significantly associated with influenza vaccination uptake were included in five multivariate logistic regression models through a backward stepwise procedure. Results: Among the 502 enrolled volunteers, 24.3% reported being vaccinated in the 2019–2020 season. Vaccination uptake was 48.8% in participants aged 65 years or older and 15.7% in those aged 64 years or younger. Considering the whole sample in the final model of multivariate logistic regression analysis, the predictors of influenza vaccination uptake were age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.03–1.07), presence of heart diseases (OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.24–7.19), pulmonary diseases (OR = 6.18; 95% CI = 2.01–19.04) and having undergone surgery under general anesthesia in the prior year (OR = 3.14; 95% CI = 1.23–8.06). In the multivariate model considering only participants with a sufficient level of health literacy (HL), none of these predictors resulted in significant associations with vaccination uptake, except for age (OR= 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02–1.07). Conclusions: Our findings revealed a very low influenza vaccination uptake among volunteers, suggesting the need to increase awareness in this at-risk group by means of a better communication approach.
Is This Stalking? Perceptions and Victimization Experiences of Stalking and Intrusive Behaviors in Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Ghana
Authors: Chan Heng Choon (Oliver)
Published: May 2022

Many studies of stalking and intrusive behaviors are conducted with samples from individualist Western cultures, and limited information is available on such behavior in collectivist cultures. By using a sample of 1143 adults (440 males and 703 females) from Hong Kong (n = 305), mainland China (n = 464), and Ghana (n = 374), this study compares perceptions and experiences of stalking and intrusive behaviors as well as the frequency and duration of the participants’ worst experiences with such behaviors. The lifetime prevalence rate of stalking victimization for the overall sample was 34.6%, 22.3% for the Hong Kongers, 32.3% for the mainland Chinese, and 47.3% for the Ghanaians. Relative to the Hong Kongers and Ghanaians, the mainland Chinese were more likely to judge most intrusive activities as unacceptable. However, the mainland Chinese were generally less likely to have experienced the listed intrusive activities than their counterparts. The Ghanaians, in contrast, reported significantly more victimization experiences than the Hong Kongers and the mainland Chinese, especially with aggression and surveillance, unwanted attention, and persistent courtship and imposition types of behaviors. Furthermore, the mainland Chinese and Ghanaians generally reported significantly higher frequencies of stalking and intrusive behavior in their worst experiences than did the Hong Kongers. Conversely, the Hong Kongers and Ghanaians reported significantly more persistent types of stalking and intrusive behaviors than the mainland Chinese. The results of this study indicate the need for anti-stalking legislation in Hong Kong, mainland China, and Ghana, given the devastating nature and consequences of stalking and intrusive behaviors there.
Smartphone Use Side-by-Side with Burnout: Mediation of Work–Family Interaction and Loneliness
Authors: Gonçalves Sónia P. , Santos Joana Vieira dos
Published: May 2022

The main objective of this investigation is to study the relationship between compulsive smartphone use and burnout, and the potential mediating effect of negative work–family interaction and loneliness in this relationship. An online questionnaire was applied to a sample of 228 Portuguese workers, from various sectors, aged between 19 and 60 years (mean = 32.32); (standard deviation = 9.25), mostly female (64.5%; n = 154). The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The main results show that the compulsive use of the smartphone is positively and expressively related (β = 0.258; p < 0.001) to burnout, with compulsive users reporting more symptoms of burnout. In addition, this study shows the mediating power of negative work–family interaction and loneliness, in the relationship between compulsive smartphone use and burnout, with this effect being positive and significant (B = 0.072; 95% CI [0.026; 0.145]; B = 0.068; 95% CI [0.008; 0.141]). These results highlight the need for individuals and organizations to use smartphones with caution, as well as reinforce that companies must develop a way to prevent and treat possible risk factors associated with this phenomenon.
Thirty Years’ History since the Discovery of Pax6: From Central Nervous System Development to Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Ochi Shohei , Manabe Shyu , Kikkawa Takako , Osumi Noriko
Published: May 2022

Pax6 is a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor that positively and negatively regulates transcription and is expressed in multiple cell types in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). As indicated by the morphological and functional abnormalities in spontaneous Pax6 mutant rodents, Pax6 plays pivotal roles in various biological processes in the CNS. At the initial stage of CNS development, Pax6 is responsible for brain patterning along the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the telencephalon. Regarding the anteroposterior axis, Pax6 is expressed inversely to Emx2 and Coup-TF1, and Pax6 mutant mice exhibit a rostral shift, resulting in an alteration of the size of certain cortical areas. Pax6 and its downstream genes play important roles in balancing the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. The Pax6 gene was originally identified in mice and humans 30 years ago via genetic analyses of the eye phenotypes. The human PAX6 gene was discovered in patients who suffer from WAGR syndrome (i.e., Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital ridge defects, mental retardation). Mutations of the human PAX6 gene have also been reported to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability. Rodents that lack the Pax6 gene exhibit diverse neural phenotypes, which might lead to a better understanding of human pathology and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review describes the expression and function of Pax6 during brain development, and their implications for neuropathology.
MicroRNA-365a/b-3p as a Potential Biomarker for Hypertrophic Scars
Authors: Lee Joon Seok , Kim Gyeonghwa , Lee Jong , Ryu Jeong , Oh Eun , Kim Hyun , Kwak Suin , Hur Keun , Chung Ho
Published: May 2022

The clinical aspects of hypertrophic scarring vary according to personal constitution and body part. However, the mechanism of hypertrophic scar (HS) formation remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to contribute to HS formation, however, their detailed role remains unknown. In this study, candidate miRNAs were identified and analyzed as biomarkers of hypertrophic scarring for future clinical applications. HSfibroblasts and normal skin fibroblasts from patients were used for profiling and validation of miRNAs. An HS mouse model with xenografted human skin on nude mice was established. The miRNA expression between normal human, normal mouse, and mouse HS skin tissues was compared. Circulating miRNA expression levels in the serum of normal mice and mice with HSs were also analyzed. Ten upregulated and twenty-one downregulated miRNAs were detected. Among these, miR-365a/b-3p and miR-16-5p were identified as candidate miRNAs with statistically significant differences; miR-365a/b-3p was significantly upregulated (p = 0.0244). In mouse studies, miR-365a/b-3p expression levels in skin tissue and serum were higher in mice with HSs than in the control group. These results indicate that miRNAs contribute to hypertrophic scarring and that miR-365a/b-3p may be considered a potential biomarker for HS formation.
The Emerging Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Intellectual Disability and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Liaci Carla , Prandi Lucia , Pavinato Lisa , Brusco Alfredo , Maldotti Mara , Molineris Ivan , Oliviero Salvatore , Merlo Giorgio R.
Published: May 2022

In the human brain, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely expressed in an exquisitely temporally and spatially regulated manner, thus suggesting their contribution to normal brain development and their probable involvement in the molecular pathology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Bypassing the classic protein-centric conception of disease mechanisms, some studies have been conducted to identify and characterize the putative roles of non-coding sequences in the genetic pathogenesis and diagnosis of complex diseases. However, their involvement in NDD, and more specifically in intellectual disability (ID), is still poorly documented and only a few genomic alterations affecting the lncRNAs function and/or expression have been causally linked to the disease endophenotype. Considering that a significant fraction of patients still lacks a genetic or molecular explanation, we expect that a deeper investigation of the non-coding genome will unravel novel pathogenic mechanisms, opening new translational opportunities. Here, we present evidence of the possible involvement of many lncRNAs in the etiology of different forms of ID and NDD, grouping the candidate disease-genes in the most frequently affected cellular processes in which ID-risk genes were previously collected. We also illustrate new approaches for the identification and prioritization of NDD-risk lncRNAs, together with the current strategies to exploit them in diagnosis.
Leydig Cells in Immunocastrated Polish Landrace Pig Testis: Differentiation Status and Steroid Enzyme Expression Status
Authors: Pawlicki Piotr , Galuszka Anna , Pardyak Laura , Tuz Ryszard , Płachno Bartosz J. , Malopolska Martyna , Dubniewicz Klaudia , Yang Ping , Kotula-Balak Malgorzata , Tarasiuk Kazimierz
Published: May 2022

Porker immunocastration against gonadoliberin (GnRH) secretion has been utilized since 2009; however, consumers are still skeptical of it. This is due to not having full information available on the problem of a boar taint, as well as a lack of research on morphological and molecular changes that may occur in the animal reproductive system and other body systems. The present study aimed to explore the functional status of steroidogenic Leydig cells of the testicular interstitial tissue in immunocastrated Polish Landrace pigs. Analyses were performed using Western blot, immunohistochemistry for relaxin (RLN), insulin-like 3 protein (INSL3), pelleted growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), cytochrome P450scc, 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD), cytochrome P450arom, and 5α-reductase (5α-RED). Immunoassay ELISA was used to measure the androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol levels in the testis and serum of immunocastrates. We revealed disturbances in the distribution and expression of (i) RLN, indicating an inflammatory reaction in the interstitial tissue; (ii) INSL3 and PDGFRα, indicating alterations in the differentiation and function of fetal, perinatal, or adult Leydig cell populations; (iii) P450scc, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, P450arom, and 5α-RED, indicating disturbances in the sex steroid hormone production and disturbed functional status of Leydig cells; as well as (iv) decreased levels of androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol in testicular tissue and serum, indicating the dedicated action of Improvac to reduce boar taint at both the hypothalamic–hypophysis–gonadal axis and local level (Leydig cells). In summary, our study provides a significant portion of knowledge on the function of Leydig cells after immunocastration, which is also important for the diagnosis and therapy of testis dysfunction due to GnRH action failure and/or Leydig cell differentiational–functional alterations.
The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of Escherichia Coli by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging
Authors: Pietrowska Aleksandra , Hołowacz Iwona , Ulatowska-Jarża Agnieszka , Guźniczak Mateusz , Matczuk Anna K. , Wieliczko Alina , Wolf-Baca Mirela , Buzalewicz Igor
Published: May 2022

The prevention of biofilm formation is crucial for the limitation of bacterial infections typically associated with postoperative infections, complications in bedridden patients, and a short-term prognosis in affected cancer patients or mechanically ventilated patients. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerges as a promising alternative for the prevention of infections due to the inability of bacteria to become resistant to aPDT inactivation processes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of a functionalized combination of Chlorin e6 and Pheophorbide as a new approach to more effective aPDT by increasing the accumulation of photosensitizers (PSs) within Escherichia coli cells. The accumulation of PSs and changes in the dry mass density of single-cell bacteria before and after aPDT treatment were investigated by digital holotomography (DHT) using the refractive index as an imaging contrast for 3D label-free live bacteria cell imaging. The results confirmed that DHT can be used in complex examination of the cell–photosensitizer interaction and characterization of the efficiency of aPDT. Furthermore, the use of Pheophorbide a as an efflux pomp inhibitor in combination with Chlorin e6 increases photosensitizers accumulation within E. coli and overcomes the limited penetration of Gram-negative cells by anionic and neutral photosensitizers.
Two New Species of Betacixius Matsumura, 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from Southwestern China, with an Updated Checklist and Key to Species
Authors: Zhi Yan , Wang Xiao-Ya , Yang Lin , Chen Xiang-Sheng
Published: May 2022

In this study, two new species of genus Betacixius Matsumura, 1914 (Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae), Betacixius gongshanensis sp. nov. from Yunnan Province and B. guizhouensis sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, are described and illustrated. An updated checklist and identification key to known species of the genus Betacixius are provided.
Clinicopathological Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Lupus Nephritis and Hyperuricemia
Authors: Wen Qiong , Tang Xueqing , Zhou Qian , Chen Wei , Yu Xueqing
Published: May 2022

A limited number of large cohort studies have reported the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and hyperuricemia (HUA). In this retrospective cohort study, 1297 LN patients were enrolled from January 1996 to December 2011 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and HUA occurred in 649 (50.04%) of these 1297 LN patients. Compared to patients without HUA, those with HUA presented with higher blood pressure and triglyceride levels, lower hemoglobin and serum albumin levels, worse renal function, more severe hematuria and proteinuria, higher lupus activity, and more positive antiphospholipid antibody. Pathologically, HUA cases presented more crescents, a higher degree of mesangial matrix, endothelial cell proliferation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. During the 52-month follow-up, the 5-year and 10-year incidence rates of renal endpoint events were 11.1% and 19.5% in the HUA group, and 8.3% and 13.8% in the non-HUA group, respectively (p = 0.073). In addition, the 5-year and 10-year mortality rates did not differ significantly between the HUA (12.0% and 18.2%) and non-HUA (12.2% and 17.5%) groups, respectively. This study verified that HUA was not an independent risk for poor clinical outcomes, and steroids that delay the deterioration of renal function did not affect the survival of these patients.
Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy, from the Subpectoral to the Prepectoral Approach: An Evidence-Based Change of Mind?
Authors: Weinzierl Andrea , Schmauss Daniel , Brucato Davide , Harder Yves
Published: May 2022

Over the last years, prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction has undergone a renaissance due to several technical advancements regarding mastectomy techniques and surgical approaches for the placement and soft tissue coverage of silicone implants. Initially abandoned due to the high incidence of complications, such as capsular contraction, implant extrusion, and poor aesthetic outcome, the effective prevention of these types of complications led to the prepectoral technique coming back in style for the ease of implant placement and the conservation of the pectoralis muscle function. Additional advantages such as a decrease of postoperative pain, animation deformity, and operative time contribute to the steady gain in popularity. This review aims to summarize the factors influencing the trend towards prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction and to discuss the challenges and prospects related to this operative approach.
Transaortic Shallow Septal Myectomy and Cutting of Secondary Fibrotic Mitral Valve Chordae—A 5-Year Single-Center Experience in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dorobantu Lucian Florin , Iosifescu Toma Andrei , Ticulescu Razvan , Greavu Maria , Alexandrescu Maria , Dermengiu Andrei , Micheu Miruna Mihaela , Trofin Monica
Published: May 2022

Background: Anomalies of the mitral apparatus have been shown to contribute to left ventricular outflow obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We report our 5-year single-center experience with a shallow myectomy procedure associated with transaortic mitral valve repair in a cohort of HCM patients. Methods: We studied 83 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment of symptomatic left ventricular outflow obstruction. In all study patients, a transaortic shallow septal myectomy was performed. Fibrous or muscular structures connecting the papillary muscles to the septum or free wall were resected, and fibrotic secondary chordae of the anterior mitral valve were cut selectively. Results: We report one death (1.2%) during hospitalization, no iatrogenic ventricular septal defects, and two (2.4%) mitral valve replacements. At discharge, no patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III/IV, from 49 (59%) preoperatively. Mean maximal septal thickness decreased from 24 ± 6 to 16 ± 3 mm. Mean outflow gradient decreased from 93 ± 33 to 13 ± 11 mmHg. Grade 3 or 4 mitral regurgitation was noticed in one patient postoperatively, from 32 (39%) before surgery. Conclusions: Shallow septal myectomy associated with secondary mitral valve chordal cutting and papillary muscle mobilization provided excellent results offering adequate treatment of outflow obstruction.
Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis for Treating Secondary Lower Limb Lymphedema in Older Patients—A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Johnson Chia-Shen , Wang Yu-Ming , Wu Shao-Chun , Lin Wei-Che , Chien Peng-Chen , Tsai Pei-Yu , Hsieh Ching-Hua , Luo Sheng-Dean
Published: May 2022

Despite an increased incidence of secondary lower limb lymphedema (LLL) and severity of comorbidities with age, the impact of age on the effectiveness of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) in the older patients remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled older patients (age > 65 years) with secondary unilateral LLL. All patients underwent supermicrosurgical LVA. Demographic data and intraoperative findings including lymphatic vessel (LV) diameter, LV functionality (indocyanine green-enhanced and Flow positivity), and lymphosclerosis classification were recorded. Magnetic resonance volumetry was used for measuring preoperative and postoperative volume changes at 6 months and one year after LVA as primary and secondary endpoints. Results: Thirty-two patients (29 females/3 males) with a median age of 71.0 years [range, 68.0 to 76.3] were enrolled. The median duration of lymphedema was 6.4 [1.0 to 11.7] years. The median LV diameter was 0.7 [0.5 to 0.8] mm. The percentage of ICG-enhanced and Flow-positive LVs were 89.5% and 85.8%, respectively. The total percentage of suitable LVs (s0 and s1) for LVA based on lymphosclerosis classification was 75.9%. There were significant six-month and one-year post-LVA percentage volume reductions compared to pre-LVA volume (both p < 0.001). A significant reduction in cellulitis incidence was also noted after LVA (p < 0.001). No surgical or postoperative complications were found. Conclusion: Relief of secondary LLL was achievable through LVA in older patients who still possessed favorable LV characteristics, including larger LV diameters as well as a high proportion of functional LVs with a low grade of lymphosclerosis.
The Influence of New Bioactive Materials on Pulp–Dentin Complex Regeneration in the Assessment of Cone Bone Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Computed Micro-Tomography (Micro-CT) from a Present and Future Perspective—A Systematic Review
Authors: Palczewska-Komsa Mirona Paula , Gapiński Bartosz , Nowicka Alicja
Published: May 2022

The present paper is the first article providing a systematic literature review on the visualization of tertiary dentin influenced by modern bioactive materials in CBCT and micro-CT. Six database searches of studies on tertiary dentin visualization using CBCT produced 622 records in total, and the search of the studies on tertiary dentin using micro-CT produced 502 records in total. The results were thoroughly selected considering the inclusion criteria, and five research papers using CBCT and nine research papers using micro-CT for visualization of tertiary dentin were eventually qualified for the analysis. All the non-randomized and randomized studies presented good and high levels of quality evidence, respectively. Among the bioactive materials used, the most frequently analysed were: MTA, Biodentine dentin matrix hydrogel, Pro Root MTA, and EndoSequence root repair material. The highest thickness of the tertiary dentin was achieved after the use of MTA material in both imaging techniques. The remaining parameters had different results, taking into account the CBCT and micro-CT analysis. The possibilities of the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the particular parameters of tertiary dentin using CBCT and micro-CT techniques were presented and analysed. CBCT and micro-CT analyses can be useful in the assessment of tertiary dentin formed beneath the bioactive material applied during vital pulp treatment. The research argues that the presented results differ depending on the material applied to the pulp, the study duration (4–6 weeks), difference in teeth, species (rats, human), as well as the applied technique and differences in computer software used for the analysis.