bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sixty Years of Modern Human Origins in the American Anthropological Association
Authors: Hawks John , Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: December 2004

We present a review of the history of scientific inquiry into modern human origins, focusing on the role of the American Anthropologist. We begin during the mid–20th century, at the time when the problem of modern human origins was first presented in the American Anthropologist and could first be distinguished from more general questions about human and hominid origins. Next, we discuss the effects of the modern evolutionary synthesis on biological anthropology and paleoanthropology in particular, and its role in the origin of anthropological genetics. The rise of human genetics is discussed along two tracks, which have taken starkly different approaches to the historical interpretation of recent human diversity. We cover varying paleoanthropological interpretations, including paleoanthropologists' reactions to genetic interpretations. We hope to identify some of the crucial inflection points in which the debate went astray, to rectify some of the points of misunderstanding among current scientists, and to clarify the likely path ahead. [Keywords: multiregional evolution, recent African origin, bottleneck, polygenism, race]
Reaction in the Al‐TiO2‐CB4 System and in Situ Synthesis of an Al/(TiC+TiB2+α‐Al2O3) Composite
Authors: Wang Z. , Liu X. , Bian X.
Published: December 2004

Differential scanning calorimeter, X‐ray diffraction and thermodynamic analysis results show that the Al‐TiO2‐CB4 mixture can react in the Al matrix to form TiC, TiB2, and α‐Al2O3 phases between 860 and 1040 °C according to the following equation: 4 Al + 3 TiO2 + CB4 = TiC + 2 TiB2 + 2 α‐Al2O3. Using this reaction system, an Al/(TiC + TiB2 + α‐Al2O3) composite was in situ synthesized successfully in molten aluminum heated by middle‐frequency induction furnace.
Effect of the Composition on the Structure of Cr‐Al‐C Investigated by Combinatorial Thin Film Synthesis and ab Initio Calculations
Authors: Mertens R. , Sun Z. , Music D. , Schneider J.M.
Published: December 2004

The effect of the chemical composition on the structure of Cr‐Al‐C was studied by combinatorial thin film synthesis. By changing the Cr/C ratio from 1.72 to 3.48 and the Cr/Al ratio from 1.42 to 4.18 the formation of Cr2AlC, Cr2Al and Cr23C6 phases was observed. Furthermore, based on X‐ray diffraction a single phase Cr2AlC composition region is identified in the Cr‐Al‐C phase diagram. Throughout the studied composition range the lattice parameters of Cr2AlC were independent of the chemical composition.
The Relationship Between Nanoscale Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Vanadium Oxide Nanorolls
Authors: Sun D. , Kwon C. W. , Baure G. , Richman E. , MacLean J. , Dunn B. , Tolbert S. H.
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we explore the relationship between the nanoscale structure and electrochemical performance of nanoscale scrolls of vanadium oxides (vanadium oxide nanorolls). The vanadium oxide nanorolls, which are synthesized through a ligand‐assisted templating method, exhibit different morphologies and properties depending upon the synthetic conditions. Under highly reducing conditions, nearly perfect scrolls can be produced which have essentially no cracks in the walls (well‐ordered nanorolls). If the materials are produced under less reducing conditions, nanorolls with many cracks in the oxide walls can be generated (defect‐rich nanorolls). Both types of samples were examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize their local structure, local redox state, and nanoscale structure. After ion‐exchange to replace the templating ammonium ions with Na+, the ability of these materials to electrochemically intercalate lithium reversibly was investigated. In sweep voltammetry experiments, the well‐ordered nanorolls showed responses similar to those seen in crystalline orthorhombic V2O5. In contrast, the defect‐rich vanadium oxide nanorolls behaved electrochemically more like sol–gel‐prepared vanadium oxide materials. Moreover, the specific capacity of the well‐ordered nanorolls was about 240 mA h g–1 while that of the defect rich nanorolls was found to be as much as 340 mA h g–1 under these same conditions. Disorders on both the atomic and nanometer length scales are believed to contribute to this difference.
Cover Picture: Supramolecular Catalysis of a Unimolecular Transformation: Aza‐Cope Rearrangement within a Self‐Assembled Host (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48/2004)
Authors: Fiedler Dorothea , Bergman Robert G. , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: December 2004

A supramolecular metal–ligand assembly…︁ catalyzes the [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of enammonium guests in aqueous solution. The cover picture shows the proposed catalytic cycle. The space‐restrictive host cavity forces the substrates to bind in a reactive chairlike conformation and thus accelerates the rate of rearrangement. Release and hydrolysis of the rearranged product enable catalytic turnover. For more information, see the Communication by R. G. Bergman, K. N. Raymond, and D. Fiedler on p. 6748 ff.
Characterization of Beryllium Selenates by X‐Ray Powder Diffraction, DTA and DSC.
Authors: Koleva V. G. , Karadjova V. A. , Georgiev M. P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthetic Method and Solution Equilibria for the Chlorotitanate(IV) Anions — Evidence for the Existence of a New Species: [Ti2Cl11]3‐.
Authors: Robe Emmanuel , Daran Jean‐Claude , Vincendeau Sandrine , Poli Rinaldo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Inorganic—Organic Hybrid Materials Containing Rare, Mixed‐Halide Anions of Bismuth(III).
Authors: Goforth Andrea M. , Smith Mark D. , Peterson LeRoy Jr. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Dimensional Octacyanomolybdate‐Based Cu(II)—Mo(V) Bimetallic Assembly with a Novel Rope‐Ladder Chain Structure.
Authors: You Young Sin , Kim Dohyeon , Do Youngkyu , Oh Sang Jun , Hong Chang Seop
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of an Amphiphilic Resin‐Supported BINAP Ligand and Its Use for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Phenylboronic Acid in Water.
Authors: Otomaru Yusuke , Senda Taichi , Hayashi Tamio
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Cross‐Metathesis Reaction Induced by Steric Hindrance.
Authors: BouzBouz Samir , Simmons Rebecca , Cossy Janine
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of the Conjugate Polyene Chains with the 1,4‐Dimethyl Substitution.
Authors: Jeon Hye‐Sun , Koo Sangho
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heck Reactions of Aryl Halides in Phosphonium Salt Ionic Liquids: Library Screening and Applications.
Authors: Gerritsma David A. , Robertson Al , McNulty James , Capretta Alfredo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,3,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Isoxazolidines via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Sridharan Vellaisamy , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Sivasubramanian Shanmugaperumal , Polborn Kurt
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
7‐Oxo‐3,7‐dihydro‐ and 1,2,7‐Trioxo‐1,2,3,7‐tetrahydropyrano[3,2‐e]indoles.
Authors: Khoshtariya T. E. , Bochoidze L. T. , Batsikadze K. T.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vanillin Esters of Aliphatic Acids in the Synthesis of 4,7‐Phenanthroline Derivatives.
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Gusak K. N. , Tereshko A. B. , Dikusar E. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Rapid Synthesis of Thieno[2,3‐c]pyridine and 2‐Substituted Thieno[2,3‐c]pyridines.
Authors: Graulich Amaury , Liegeois Jean‐Francois
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Methoxy(aralkoxy)imino‐areno[1,3]oxazin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Kurz Thomas , Widyan Khalid , Wackendorff Claudia , Schlueter Katrin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
6‐Arylamino‐3‐methyl‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines: Novel N‐Arylamidine Structures.
Authors: Yanchenko V. A. , Demchenko A. M. , Lozinskii M. O.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Elimination Reactions of Glycosyl Selenoxides.
Authors: Chambers David J. , Evans Graham R. , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel, Mild, and Facile Method to Prepare 6‐Methylidene Penem Derivatives.
Authors: Abe Takao , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Role of Coordination Chemistry in the Development of Target‐Specific Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Liu Shuang
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
In the Golden Age of Organocatalysis
Authors: Dalko Peter I. , Moisan Lionel
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metabolites Produced by Actinomycetes — Antiviral Antibiotics and Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Uyeda Masaru
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of a New Analgesic Based on Metabolism of Endomorphin, an Endogenous Opioid Peptide
Authors: Sakurada Chikai
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids
Authors: Davis James H. Jr.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Fluorine‐Containing Heterocyclic Compounds via Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: He P. , Zhu S. Z.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Non‐Conventional Redox Chemistry of Dihydropyridines and Pyridinium Salts
Authors: Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Aspects of Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead
Authors: Layfield Richard A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Approaches Towards Quinazolines, Quinazolinones and Quinazolinediones on Solid Phase
Authors: Voegtle Markus M. , Marzinzik Andreas L.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triplet Carbenes
Authors: Tomioka Hideo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Medial prefrontal cortex control of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus response to psychological stress: Possible role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Authors: Spencer Sarah J. , Buller Kathryn M. , Day Trevor A.
Published: December 2004

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been strongly implicated in control of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) response to stress. Because of the paucity of direct projections from the mPFC to the PVN, we sought to investigate possible brain regions that might act as a relay between the two during psychological stress. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the rat mPFC enhanced the number of Fos‐immunoreactive cells seen in the PVN after exposure to the psychological stressor, air puff. Altered neuronal recruitment was seen in only one of the candidate relay populations examined, the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST). Furthermore, bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the BNST caused a significant attenuation of the PVN response to air puff. To better characterize the structural relationships between the mPFC and PVN, retrograde tracing studies were conducted examining Fos expression in cells retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin b subunit (CTb) from the PVN and the BNST. Results obtained were consistent with an important role for both the mPFC and BNST in the mpPVN CRF cell response to air puff. We suggest a set of connections whereby a direct PVN projection from the ipsilateral vBNST is involved in the mpPVN response to air puff and this may, in turn, be modulated by an indirect projection from the mPFC to the BNST. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:363–376, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison between δ‐opioid receptor functional response and autoradiographic labeling in rat brain and spinal cord
Authors: Pradhan Amynah Amir Ali , Clarke Paul Brian Sydenham
Published: December 2004

The distribution of δ‐opioid receptors (DORs) in the rat central nervous system has been previously characterized by radioligand binding and immunohistochemistry. However, the functional neuroanatomy of DORs has not been mapped in any detail; this is potentially important, because these receptors appear to be primarily cytosolic. Opioid receptors can couple to Gi/o G proteins, a process that is detected by agonist‐stimulated [35S]guanylyl‐5′‐O‐(γ‐thio)‐triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the distribution of functional DORs, as assessed by [35S]GTPγS autoradiographic labeling in response to the DOR agonist deltorphin II. For comparison, adjacent sections were labeled with [125I]deltorphin II or the DOR antagonist [125I]AR‐M100613. In all three assays, μ‐opioid receptors were blocked pharmacologically. The distributions of [125I]deltorphin II and [125I]AR‐M100613 were highly correlated but not identical. Deltorphin II increased [35S]GTPγS binding in a concentration‐dependent and naltrindole‐sensitive manner. The regional [35S]GTPγS response to deltorphin II was only moderately predicted by agonist or antagonist radioligand binding (r = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively). [35S]GTPγS responses to deltorphin II were strongest in the extended striatum (caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle) and cerebral cortex. In contrast, some areas reported to mediate DOR analgesia (brainstem, spinal cord) possessed a much lower [35S]GTPγS response. These findings demonstrate the existence of a partial mismatch between DOR radioligand binding and [35S]GTPγS response. This divergence possibly reflects regional heterogeneity in G‐protein receptor coupling, or in the subcellular localization of DOR. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:416–426, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photic input pathways that mediate the Drosophila larval response to light and circadian rhythmicity are developmentally related but functionally distinct
Authors: Hassan Jana , Iyengar Balaji , Scantlebury Nadia , Rodriguez Moncalvo Veronica , Campos Ana Regina
Published: December 2004

The Drosophila melanogaster larval photosensory organ that mediates the response to light consists of bilaterally symmetrical clusters of 12 photoreceptors. These are distinguished on the basis of expression of the rhodopsins Rh5 and Rh6. The Rh6‐expressing cells correspond to the Hofbauer‐Buchner (H‐B) eyelet found later in the posterior margin of the adult compound eye and recently shown to function as an input pathway in the entrainment of circadian rhythmicity in adult Drosophila. In addition, the axons of the larval photoreceptors are found in intimate association with a subset of the main circadian pacemaker neurons located in the developing accessory medulla, the small ventral lateral neurons (LNv). The observed spatial overlap between components of the circadian circuitry, input pathway, and pacemaker neurons—and the larval visual organ—suggest a functional relationship between these two photosensory input pathways. In this study we determined the requirement of specific rhodopsin‐expressing photoreceptors including the presumptive H‐B eyelet and pacemaker neurons in the larval locomotory response to visual stimuli. Our results demonstrate that two of the most important components of the neuronal circuitry underlying circadian rhythmicity in Drosophila, namely, the extraretinal H‐B cluster and the circadian pacemakers, while in intimate association with the larval visual system are not required for the larval motor response to light. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:266–275, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galectin‐1 supports survival of naive T cells without promoting cell proliferation
Authors: Endharti Agustina Tri , Zhou Yan Wen , Nakashima Izumi , Suzuki Haruhiko
Published: December 2004

Naive T cells do not proliferate but remain alive in vivo. In contrast, naive T cells rapidly die in an in vitro culture, suggesting that some factors that are present at the sites of naive T cell circulation in vivo but missing in the bovine serum‐containing culture medium, are necessary for their survival. The present study was designed to search for such factors. By functional screening of the cDNA library from murine lymph node‐derived stromal cells (LNS) that effectively support the survival of naive T cells, we found that nascent polypeptide‐associated complex (α−NAC) promoted T cell survival. A conditioned medium derived from culture supernatant of Cos7 cells transfected with α−NAC gene supported T cell survival, indicating that α−NAC induced production of soluble factor(s) that were secreted into the medium. By examining the products that were cloned from a functional screening of the cDNA library from α−NAC‐transfected NIH3T3 cells but were not detected in that from control vector‐transfected cells, galectin‐1 was found as a soluble factor in the conditioned medium of the LNS. Our study demonstrates the novel role of galectin‐1 as a soluble factor that functions to maintain naive T cell survival without inducing cell proliferation.
The murine gamma‐herpesvirus‐68 MK3 protein causes TAP degradation independent of MHC class I heavy chain degradation
Authors: Boname Jessica M. , May Janet S. , Stevenson Philip G.
Published: December 2004

The murine gamma‐herpesvirus‐68 MK3 protein has an intricate interaction with the peptide loading complex that involves MK3 stabilization, a rapid degradation of MHC class I heavy chains, and a slower degradation of TAP. Here we have used tapasin chimeras to distinguish functionally the different immune evasion mechanisms of MK3. Tapasin was cloned in two alternatively spliced forms that differed by a single transmembrane valine residue. Each restored antigen presentation and MK3 function in tapasin‐deficient cells. The transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion of tapasin, linked to the extracellular domain of CD8, also restored TAP stability and MK3 stability in tapasin‐deficient cells. MK3 did not associate with or degrade MHC class I in these cells, which lacked the endoplasmic reticulum domain of tapasin, but degraded TAP at least as efficiently as when full‐length tapasin was present. The un‐degraded MHC class I consequently showed impaired maturation. The fact that MK3 required intact tapasin to degrade MHC class I but only the transmembrane/cytoplasmic portion of tapasin to degrade TAP indicated that these two immune evasion functions operate independently.
Eotaxin‐1‐regulated eosinophils have a critical role in innate immunity against experimental Brugia malayi infection
Authors: Simons Jonathan E. , Rothenberg Marc E. , Lawrence Rachel A.
Published: December 2004

Using two models of filarial infection in which Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) are contained in distinct anatomical compartments, in blood or tissue sites, we have demonstrated a critical role for eotaxin‐1 in parasite clearance. In the first model, implantation of adult B. malayi into the peritoneal cavity of eotaxin‐1–/– mice resulted in increased Mf survival associated with a dramatic reduction in peritoneal cavity eosinophilic infiltration. In the second model Mf were injected intravenously into eotaxin‐1–/– mice; Mf clearance from the blood was more rapid than in wild‐type mice and was associated with a pronounced blood eosinophilia, resulting from the inability of eosinophils to migrate to tissue sites in the absence of eotaxin‐1. (Eotaxin‐1 + IL‐5)–/– mice had extended Mf survival in the blood and significantly reduced blood eosinophil levels. Interestingly, rapid clearance of a secondary Mf infection following immunization was unaltered in either eotaxin‐1–/– mice or (eotaxin‐1 + IL‐5)–/– mice. Eosinophil peroxidase levels were high during primary, but not secondary infection, suggesting that eosinophil degranulation is important during primary Mf clearance. Thus, our data show that the presence of eosinophils is critical for innate clearance of B. malayi Mf infection, whereas rapid clearance of secondary infections is independent of both eotaxin‐1 and IL‐5.
Vinylic Deprotonation in the Coordination Sphere of Platinum(II): Regioselective Formation of Alkenyl Complexes
Authors: Lorusso Giuseppe , Boccaletti Giovanni , Masi Nicola G. Di , Fanizzi Francesco P. , Maresca Luciana , Natile Giovanni
Published: December 2004

Reaction of [PtCl(η2‐CH2=CHAr)(tmeda)](ClO4) (1) [Ar = C6H5 (1a), 4‐CH3OC6H4 (1b), 3‐NO2C6H4 (1c); tmeda = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) with triethylamine, or even with inorganic carbonate, leads to the abstraction of a vinylic proton and formation of the (alkenyl)platinum species [PtCl{(E)‐CH=CHAr}(tmeda)] (2) in high yield. The initially formed (E) isomer, in solution of chlorinated solvents, partly isomerizes into the (Z) form [equilibrium ratio (E)/(Z) ≈︁ 4:1]; the isomerization reaction is rather slow and is catalyzed by visible light. The nature of the phenyl substituent (electron donor OMe or electron‐withdrawing NO2 group) does not appear to affect the rate of deprotonation. The nature and stereochemistry of the formed (alkenyl)platinum species has been elucidated through 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
(AgI)2Te6 and (AgI)2Se6: New Composite Materials with Cyclic Te6 and Se6 Molecules Stabilized in the “Solid Solvent” AgI
Authors: Deiseroth Hans‐J. , Wagener Michael , Neumann Elmar
Published: December 2004

The new deeply colored solids (AgI)2Te6 and (AgI)2Se6 are obtained under hydrothermal conditions in hydroiodic acid. They contain molecules of cyclic hexatellurium and hexaselenium (Te6, Se6, respectively, both chair conformations) stabilized in a matrix of AgI. Whereas Se6 molecules are well known as isolated species in rhombohedral selenium, Te6 molecules are not known to exist in any modification of that element. They can be stabilized only in an appropriate “solid solvent” like AgI. To date, the new compound (AgI)2Te6 is the second example only of a composite material containing cyclic Te6 molecules [the first example is Re6Te10Cl6(Te6)]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Spin Glass Behaviour in a 1D Mixed Molybdenum‐Vanadium Heteropolyoxometalate‐Bridged Coordination Polymer
Authors: Liu Cai‐Ming , Luo Jian‐Lin , Zhang De‐Qing , Wang Nan‐Lin , Chen Zhao‐Jia , Zhu Dao‐Ben
Published: December 2004

A 1D trimetallic coordination polymer containing mixed molybdenum‐vanadium heteropolyoxometalate bridges, {[Ni(phen)2(H2O)]2[Ni(phen)2][VIV8MoVI6MoV2O40(PO4)]}{[Ni(phen)2(H2O)]2[VIV8MoVI6MoV2O40(PO4)2]}·5H2O·2EtOH (1) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, EtOH = ethanol), has been synthesised hydrothermally. An X‐ray crystallographic study revealed that 1 is composed of 1D zigzag chains of {[Ni(phen)2(H2O)]2[Ni(phen)2][VIV8MoVI6MoV2O40(PO4)]}nn+ cations, {[Ni(phen)2(H2O)]2 [VIV8MoVI6MoV2O40(PO4)2]}− anions and solvent molecules. Both the cation and the anion in 1 are mixed molybdenum‐vanadium heteropolyoxometalates with covalently linked nickel complex fragments. Magnetic investigations of 1 indicate spin glass behaviour and several magnetic transitions occur at low temperatures (below 20 K). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Homoleptic Tellurium Cyanides Te(CN)x: Crystal Structure of Te(CN)2
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Gálvez‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Nöth Heinrich , Schwab Ingo
Published: December 2004

The labile tellurium cyanide species Te(CN)2 and Te(CN)4 have been prepared by treatment of tellurium(IV) tetrahalides with cyanide. Both are thermosensitive solids and, in addition, the tetracyanide was found to be pyrophoric. The crystal structure of Te(CN)2 has been determined. The structures of Te(CN)2, Te(CN)4, and Te(CN)6 have been calculated at various levels of theory. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mouse in red: Red fluorescent protein expression in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult animals
Authors: Vintersten Kristina , Monetti Claudio , Gertsenstein Marina , Zhang Puzheng , Laszlo Lajos , Biechele Steffen , Nagy Andras
Published: December 2004

Spectral variants of green fluorescent protein are widely used in live samples for a broad range of applications: from visualization of protein interactions, through following gene expression, to marking particular cells in complex tissues. Higher wavelength emissions (such as red) are preferred due to the lower background‐autofluorescence in tissues (Miyawaka et al., Nat Cell Biol Suppl S1–7, 2003). Until now, however, red fluorescent proteins (RFP) have displayed toxicity in murine embryos, which has hampered its application in this model. Here we report strong expression of a recently developed RFP variant, DsRed.T3, in mouse ES cells, embryos, and adult mice. Our results show that the red fluorescent wavelength has a superior tissue penetrance compared with spectral variants of lower wavelength. Furthermore, we have generated an ES cell line and a corresponding transgenic mouse line in which red fluorescence is activated upon Cre excision. Finally, we introduced cell type‐specifically expressed Cre transgenes into this Cre recombinase reporter cell line, and by using the tetraploid embryo complementation assay, we could directly verify the Cre recombinase specificity on ES cell‐derived embryos/animals. genesis 40:241–246, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of independent component analysis with mixture density model to localize brain alpha activity in fMRI and EEG
Authors: Jeong Jeong‐Won , Kim Tae‐Seong , Kim Sung‐Heon , Singh Manbir
Published: December 2004

Independent component analysis (ICA) is an approach to solve the blind source separation problem. In the original and extended versions of ICA, nonlinearity functions are fixed to have specific density forms such as super‐Gaussian or sub‐Gaussian, thereby limiting their performance when sources with different classes of densities are mixed in multichannel data. In this article, we have incorporated a mixture density model such that no assumption about source density would be required. We show that this leads to better source separation due to increased flexibility in handling source‐ densities with flexible parametric nonlinearity. The algorithm was validated through simulation studies and its performance was compared to other versions of ICA. The modified mixture density ICA was then applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) data to localize independent sources of alpha activity in the human brain. A good spatial correlation was found in the spatial distribution of alpha sources derived independently from fMRI and EEG, suggesting that spontaneous alpha rhythm can be imaged by fMRI using ICA without concurrent acquisition of EEG. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 14, 170–180, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20021
Applying ad hoc institutional research findings to college strategic planning
Authors: Clagett Craig A.
Published: December 2004

Environmental scanning, enrollment forecasting, budget analyses, and institutional effectiveness assessment are examples of the explicit contributions institutional research offices make to campus strategic planning.
Capillary ion chromatography
Authors: Kuban Petr , Dasgupta Purnendu K.
Published: December 2004

This review summarizes progress in capillary ion chromatography. Theoretical aspects and practical limitations of packed and open tubular capillary columns are considered. Applications of packed and open tubular capillary IC are described. Emerging technologies such chip‐scale IC and the use of monolithic columns are discussed.
E‐learning: a service offering
Authors: Moisio Anu , Smeds Riitta
Published: December 2004

In Finland, both public and private organizations are actively applying information and communication technology (ICT) in adult education. Providing ICT‐supported education, e‐learning, requires focus on the virtual setting, but also on physical and human factors. Studying the e‐learning phenomenon from a service perspective gives new insights into how to provide better learner satisfaction.

The article presents a qualitative two‐case study. The cases come from Finnish organizations: one case from a polytechnic and one case from a large company. The choice of cases gives an excellent opportunity to compare practices between public and private sector. The cases have been studied using participative case simulation, an action research method. This method enables gathering of rich data, since all key players from the real‐life case gather together to share knowledge on a case that was realized in the near past. The researchers get to know how the case was executed in its reality, and not an ideal version about how it should have been realized.

After analyzing these cases from a service process point of view, a framework of e‐learning as service provisioning is presented in this article. This framework emphasizes the fact that e‐learning is a mixture of physical and virtual servicing. The most important service element is the interaction between the learner and the tutor. The technology has not removed the importance of the human face; the role of a tutor is reshaping itself. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of Deinococcus radiodurans recovering from γ‐irradiation
Authors: Zhang Chunchao , Wei Jianfeng , Zheng Zhiguo , Ying Nanjiao , Sheng Duohong , Hua Yuejin
Published: December 2004

In order to reveal the mechanisms of the extreme radioresistance and DNA repair in Deinococcus radiodurans, we examined proteome changes in a wild‐type strain following γ‐irradiation using two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Silver‐staining. The expression levels of 26 protein spots showed significant changes under radiation stress. Of these spots, 21 were identified with peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry after tryptic in‐gel digestion. These proteins exhibited various cellular functions, including (i) translation; (ii) transcription; (iii) signal transduction; (iv) post‐translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; (v) carbohydrate transport and metabolism; (vi) energy production and conversion; (vii) nucleotide transport and metabolism; (viii) inorganic ion transport and metabolism; (ix) DNA replication, recombination and repair; and (x) yet unknown. Most of the proteins have not previously been reported to be relevant to radioresistance.
Novel isoforms of Pru av 1 with diverging immunoglobulin E binding properties identified by a synergistic combination of molecular biology and proteomics
Authors: Reuter Andreas , Fortunato Donatella , Perono Garoffo Lorenza , Napolitano Lorenzo , Scheurer Stephan , Giuffrida Maria G. , Vieths Stefan , Conti Amedeo
Published: December 2004

Birch pollen‐related food allergies are mainly associated to Bet v 1. Little is known about isoforms of Bet v 1 homologous in fruit of the Rosaceae family. We attempted to identify novel isoforms of Pru av 1, the major cherry allergen, at the cDNA and the protein level by a combination of molecular biology and proteomic tools. A cDNA library was screened with patients immunoglobulin E (IgE) and a specific hybridization probe. Edman sequencing, mass spectrometry (MS), and MS/MS were performed after detecting Pru av 1 on 2‐D maps by immunoblotting using patients IgE and a monoclonal antibody. Partial amino acid sequences were completed with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy. The IgE‐binding properties of the Pru av 1 spots were analyzed by 2‐D blot inhibition. cDNA library analysis revealed a novel Pru av 1 isoform. MS and N‐terminal sequencing confirmed the cDNA sequences at the protein level. A series of spots were confirmed as the already known Pru av 1. One spot, exclusively detected with patients sera, was identified as the novel isoform. A partial amino acid sequence detected with MS/MS was completed by PCR‐cloning. The 2‐D blot inhibition revealed epitope differences between the novel isoform and the previously published Pru av 1. Our data demonstrate that a synergistic combination of molecular biology and proteomics represents a powerful tool for reliable and comprehensive identification of allergen isoforms and variants. The newly identified isoform showed diverging IgE‐binding properties and may be relevant for the diagnosis or therapy of cherry allergy.
A review of electron–phonon coupling seen in the high‐Tc superconductors by angle‐resolved photoemission studies (ARPES)
Authors: Cuk T. , Lu D. H. , Zhou X. J. , Shen Z.‐X. , Devereaux T. P. , Nagaosa N.
Published: December 2004

We review recent experimental results and phenomenological models of the electron–phonon interaction in high‐Tc superconductors as seen by angle‐resolved photoemission (ARPES). We focus on the relatively higher doped systems for which the data is reminiscent of a single phonon process and highlight evidence for the relevance of several specific phonon modes to these materials. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Starch Properties of New Sweet Potato Lines Having Low Pasting Temperature
Authors: Katayama Kenji , Tamiya Seiji , Ishiguro Koji
Published: December 2004

Some new sweet potato lines were developed from progenies of a new cultivar, Quick Sweet, having a low pasting temperature. Starch granules from these lines demonstrated an abnormal morphology characterized by cracking into fragments. Starch and amylose contents were different among these lines. Pasting temperatures of these lines determined by the Rapid Visco Analyser were 53.8 to 66.6°C, i.e. 10 to 20°C lower than that of the control. Peak viscosities of some lines were similar to that of the control. Starch retrogradation, evaluated by percentage of leaked water and hardness of starch gels after cold storage, revealed that the control starch retrograded during storage for two to six weeks, but the starches of some lines retrograded much more slowly than the control starch and exhibited excellent cold storage stability. The pasting temperature had significant positive correlations with the percentage of leaked water and the hardness. These results indicate that Quick Sweet is a useful breeding material for improving pasting and retrogradation properties in sweet potato starch.
Selected Physicochemical Properties of Starch Isolated from Fermented Sorghum Flour
Authors: Elkhalifa Abd Elmoneim O. , Schiffler Burkhard , Bernhardt Rita
Published: December 2004

Starch was isolated from fermented sorghum flour (24 h natural lactic acid fermentation), and water retention, starch solubility, clarity of starch pastes and freeze‐thaw stability were measured. In comparison with starch isolated from unfermented sorghum flour, fermentation increased the solubility of the starch and decreased the water retention, but it had no effect on the freeze‐thaw stability of the starch. There was no substantial difference in the starch paste clarity between the two samples. Storage of starch pastes at lower temperature (4°C) resulted in a very low clarity of starch.
Morphology and seasonal variations of global auroral proton precipitation observed by IMAGE‐FUV
Authors: Coumans Valérie , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Hubert Benoît , Mende Stephen B. , Cowley Stanley W. H.
Published: December 2004

Observations with the FUV imagers on board the IMAGE satellite have been used to map the auroral electron and proton energy fluxes during the summer and winter solstices of 2000, in order to construct a statistical view of the global auroral proton precipitation. The distribution for electrons compare well both in morphology and in magnitude with those obtained previously with the Polar‐UVI instruments and with an empirical auroral precipitation model based on DMSP data. The proton morphology also closely resembles the statistical ion oval derived from DMSP data, showing a “C‐shaped” morphology with a minimum located in the morning sector. The precipitation proton auroral power is on the order of 2.2 GW for an average Kp value of 2, also in close agreement with the values of the DMSP empirical model. The FUV data also reveal the presence of seasonal effects in the proton precipitation. Specifically, the latitudinal width of the proton oval is larger in summer than in winter so that the globally precipitated proton power is 1.5 times higher in summer than in winter. The occurrence probability of intense proton auroras (with energy flux >0.5 mW m−2) is also shown to be nearly three times higher in summer than in winter. This seasonal effect in the proton precipitation contrasts with those observed for electrons, where intense electron events occur more often in winter than in summer. We discuss a mechanism that may account for these results based on the presence of field‐aligned potential drops which accelerate auroral electrons downward in regions of upward directed field‐aligned current, while suppressing the precipitating magnetospheric proton flux. The presence of such field‐aligned potentials is dependent on the differing solar illumination in winter and summer.
Numerical modeling of mountain building: Interplay between erosion law and crustal rheology
Authors: Godard V. , Cattin R. , Lavé J.
Published: December 2004

Coupling between erosion and tectonics is thought to play a determinant role in orogenic evolution. Here, we investigate the interplay in this coupling between the assumed erosion law and the crustal rheology at the margin of a collisional plateau, like the Himalaya of Central Nepal. Lithospheric deformation is calculated over a time scale of 100 kyr by a 2D finite element model that incorporates the rheological layering of the crust and the main features of the convergence across the range. For the upper boundary condition, two surface processes were tested: a linear diffusion model and a 1D1/2 integrative model including fluvial incision along the fluvial network and hillslope erosion by landsliding. Model results and their sensitivity to the chosen combinations of erosion law and crustal properties are discussed in light of the constraining geologic and geomorphologic observations. In contrast with the conclusions of Cattin and Avouac [2000], where a compliant quartz‐rich crustal rheology and diffusion law were required, we combine a composite quartz‐diabase rheology for the crust with fluvial incision erosion law to account for erosion and elevation profiles across the Himalaya of Central Nepal. More generally, it is proposed that, because of the interplay between the dominant denudation conditions and the rheology of the crust, both well documented erosion rates and processes can provide significant constraints on crustal properties within an active orogen.
Automated exploration of the radio plasma imager data
Authors: Galkin Ivan , Reinisch Bodo , Grinstein Georges , Khmyrov Grigori , Kozlov Alexander , Huang Xueqin , Fung Shing
Published: December 2004

As research instruments with large information capacities become a reality, automated systems for intelligent data analysis become a necessity. Scientific archives containing huge volumes of data preclude manual manipulation or intervention and require automated exploration and mining that can at least preclassify information in categories. The large data set from the radio plasma imager (RPI) instrument on board the IMAGE satellite shows a critical need for such exploration in order to identify and archive features of interest in the volumes of visual information. In this research we have developed such a preclassifier through a model of preattentive vision capable of detecting and extracting traces of echoes from the RPI plasmagrams. The overall design of our model complies with Marr's paradigm of vision, where elements of increasing perceptual strength are built bottom up under the Gestalt constraints of good continuation and smoothness. The specifics of the RPI data, however, demanded extension of this paradigm to achieve greater robustness for signature analysis. Our preattentive model now employs a feedback neural network that refines alignment of the oriented edge elements (edgels) detected in the plasmagram image by subjecting them to collective global‐scale optimization. The level of interaction between the oriented edgels is determined by their distance and mutual orientation in accordance with the Yen and Finkel model of the striate cortex that encompasses findings in psychophysical studies of human vision. The developed models have been implemented in an operational system “CORPRAL” (Cognitive Online RPI Plasmagram Ranking Algorithm) that currently scans daily submissions of the RPI plasmagrams for the presence of echo traces. Qualifying plasmagrams are tagged in the mission database, making them available for a variety of queries. We discuss CORPRAL performance and its impact on scientific analysis of RPI data.
Azimuth‐dependent Es layer instability: A missing link found
Authors: Tsunoda Roland T. , Cosgrove Russell B. , Ogawa Tadahiko
Published: December 2004

A number of features observed in association with nighttime midlatitude sporadic E (Es) have defied satisfactory explanation, until now. They include Es properties such as semitransparency, tilts, altitude modulation, plasma structure, and frontal structures with preferred alignment in azimuth. Other puzzling manifestations of Es include gigahertz scintillation and anomalously large electric fields (). All can now be interpreted self‐consistently in terms of a recently discovered, azimuth‐dependent Es layer instability [Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2002b, 2003]. Zonal wind shear turns out to be responsible for both the initial formation of Es (wind shear theory) and its instability to vertical transport, the latter arising through an from Hall polarization. The meridional wind drives an important secondary polarization process that acts through conductivity perturbations to distort and produce a characteristic asymmetry in Es plasma structure, above and below the zonal wind shear node. Stability is restored through reduction in from the overlap of Es structures above and below the wind‐shear node; overlap is produced by antiparallel horizontal transport. Temporal evolution therefore is a cyclical process of Es layer distortion and structure development, followed by horizontal overlap and vertical reconvergence. In this paper we elucidate the underlying physics and discuss how hitherto puzzling observations now provide supporting evidence for this instability. We further endorse the findings that Hall polarization and the Es layer instability must be playing major roles in the coupled electrodynamics and instability of the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere [Tsunoda and Cosgrove, 2001; Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2004; Cosgrove et al., 2004].
One-dimensional bigyrotropic magnetic photonic crystals
Authors: Lyubchanskii I. L. , Dadoenkova N. N. , Lyubchanskii M. I. , Shapovalov E. A. , Lakhtakia A. , Rasing Th.
Published: December 2004

Electromagnetic wave propagation in a one-dimensional magnetic photonic crystal (MPC) made of bigyrotropic magnetic yttrium–iron garnet and nonmagnetic gadolinium–gallium garnet is theoretically investigated using the 4×4 transfer matrix method. Band gaps in the electromagnetic spectrum are numerically obtained and appear to depend on the helicity and direction of light propagation through the MPC.
Growth and electrical properties of multidimensional tungsten nano-buliding blocks
Authors: Lee Yun-Hi , Kim Dong-Ho , Choi Chang-Hoon , Jang Yoon-Taek , Ju Byeong-Kwon
Published: December 2004

We report the demonstration of tungsten nanoblocks such as nanorods, nanoblocks, and nanocylinders through a simple thermal process of sputtered W films. The formation of various types of tungsten nanostructures was based on the difference in the magnitude of the residual film stress and in its spatial distribution, which depends on the deposition pressure during the sputter deposition of self-catalytic W thin film. The resulting shapes displayed well-controlled structures that have characteristic dimensionalities such as zero-dimensional dot, one-dimensional wire, and two-dimensional nanosheet with the deposition pressure. The results demonstrate the possibility of construction of in situ multidimensional achitectures through the one-step thermal process which uses a self-catalytic function of each thin film.
Does In-bonding delay GaN-segregation in GaInAsN? A Raman study
Authors: Tite T. , Pagès O. , Tournié E.
Published: December 2004

The longitudinal (LO) and transverse (TO) optical Ga–N phonons of thick as-grown Ga1−yInyAs1−xNx∕GaAs (001) layers with x∼3%–4%, i.e., just above the N-solubility limit xs∼2% in GaAs, and y up to 30% are studied by Raman scattering. We observe a three-mode behavior which we associate with Ga–N modes from the isolated Ga4N complexes (∼460cm−1), the Ga3InN ones (∼480cm−1) and the GaN-segregated region (∼425cm−1). The corresponding N fractions are derived via combined contour modeling of the three-mode TO and LO Ga–N Raman lineshapes. We find that substantial In-bonding minimizes GaN segregation only in a very narrow x range of ∼1% just above xs.
Why can CuInSe2 be readily equilibrium-doped n-type but the wider-gap CuGaSe2 cannot?
Authors: Zhao Yu-Jun , Persson Clas , Lany Stephan , Zunger Alex
Published: December 2004

The wider-gap members of a semiconductor series such as diamond→Si→Ge or AlN→GaN→InN often cannot be doped n-type at equilibrium. We study theoretically if this is the case in the chalcopyrite family CuGaSe2→CuInSe2, finding that: (i) Bulk CuInSe2 (CIS, Eg=1.04eV) can be doped at equilibrium n-type either by Cd or Cl, but bulk CuGaSe2 (CGS, Eg=1.68eV) cannot; (ii) result (i) is primarily because the Cu-vacancy pins the Fermi level in CGS farther below the conduction band minimum than it does in CIS, as explained by the “doping limit rule;” (iii) Cd doping is better than Cl doping, in that CdCu yields in CIS a higher net donor concentration than ClSe; and (iv) in general, the system shows massive compensation of acceptors (CdIII,VCu) and donors (ClSe,CdCu,InCu).
Growth and luminescence properties of micro- and nanoneedles in sintered CdSe
Authors: Urbieta A. , Fernández P. , Piqueras J.
Published: December 2004

Sintering CdSe powder under argon flow at temperatures in the range 800–900 °C produces the formation of needles on the sample surface. Bundles of parallel needles of a diameter of about 50 nm give rise to a domain-like appearance in the sample. In addition, rods and needles with a wide range of dimensions up to several microns appear distributed in the surface. The influence of ball milling of the starting powder on the formation of the needles is investigated. Cathodoluminescence in the scanning electron microscope has been used to characterize the sintered samples.
Micron-sized planar transformer for electromagnetic flux guidance and confinement
Authors: Kerner C. , Magnus W. , Golubović D. S. , Van Haesendonck C. , Moshchalkov V. V.
Published: December 2004

We have studied electromagnetic flux guidance and confinement effects in NiFe cores, interconnecting three Al rings, to form a mesoscopic transformer-like device. Applying ac signals (of low amplitude and kHz frequency) to the contact pads of a semiclosed ring induced time-varying magnetic fields, which could be transferred to a nearby, closed ring, via the aid of a NiFe core. Similarly, a second core carried the fields of this ring, resulting from the induced signals, over to a third, semiclosed ring where readouts were performed over an applied load, using a lock-in amplifier. Highly linear curves of output versus input signal at stable phase were obtained with effective mutual inductance in the μH regime, giving an improvement of the order of 106 on the free field.