bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyphenol administration impairs T‐cell proliferation by imprinting a distinct dendritic cell maturational profile
Authors: Delvecchio Francesca Romana , Vadrucci Elisa , Cavalcanti Elisabetta , De Santis Stefania , Kunde Dale , Vacca Michele , Myers Jay , Allen Frederick , Bianco Giusy , Huang Alex Y. , Monsurro Vladia , Santino Angelo , Chieppa Marcello
Published: June 2015

Currently little is known as to how nutritionally derived compounds may affect dendritic cell (DC) maturation and potentially prevent inappropriate inflammatory responses that are characteristic of chronic inflammatory syndromes. Previous observations have demonstrated that two polyphenols quercetin and piperine delivered through reconstituted oil bodies (ROBs‐QP) can influence DC maturation in response to LPS leading to a modulated inflammatory response. In the present study, we examined the molecular effects of ROBs‐QP exposure on DC differentiation in mice and identified a unique molecular signature in response to LPS administration that potentially modulates DC maturation and activity in inflammatory conditions. Following LPS administration, ROBs‐QP‐exposed DCs expressed an altered molecular profile as compared with control DCs, including cytokine and chemokine production, chemokine receptor repertoire, and antigen presentation ability. In vivo ROBs‐QP administration suppresses antigen‐specific T‐cell division in the draining lymph nodes resulting from a reduced ability to create stable immunological synapse. Our data demonstrate that polyphenols exposure can drive DCs toward a new anti‐inflammatory molecular profile capable of dampening the inflammatory response, highlighting their potential as complementary nutritional approaches in the treatment of chronic inflammatory syndromes.
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of different variants of the amyloidogenic protein β2‐microglobulin as a simple tool for misfolding and stability studies
Authors: Bertoletti Laura , Bisceglia Federica , Colombo Raffaella , Giorgetti Sofia , Raimondi Sara , Mangione P. Patrizia , De Lorenzi Ersilia
Published: June 2015

Free solution capillary electrophoresis with UV detection is here used to retrieve information on the conformational changes of wild‐type β2‐microglobulin and a series of naturally and artificially created variants known to have different stability and amyloidogenic potential. Under nondenaturing conditions, the resolution of at least two folding conformers at equilibrium is obtained and a third species is detected for the less stable isoforms. Partial denaturation by using chaotropic agents such as acetonitrile or trifluoroethanol reveals that the separated peaks are at equilibrium, as the presence of less structured species is either enhanced or induced at the expenses of the native form. Reproducible CE data allow to obtain an interesting semiquantitative correlation between the peak areas observed and the protein stability. Thermal unfolding over the range 25–42°C is induced inside the capillary for the two pathogenic proteins (wtβ2‐microglobulin and D76N variant): the large differences observed upon small temperature variation draw attention on the robustness of analytical methods when dealing with proteins prone to misfolding and aggregation.
Natural Gas Market Movement and Enforcement Risk
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: June 2015

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has been working out the parameters of its enforcement authority ever since that authority was beefed up under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct2005). Probably the most nebulous aspect of that authority is the responsibility to prevent and punish “market manipulation.” It seems that what is or is not manipulation is a lot like the old Supreme Court definition of pornography: you will know it when you see it.
Moving Beyond Racial and Ethnic Diversity at HBCUs
Authors: Lee John Michael
Published: June 2015

This chapter emphasizes the importance of going beyond racial and ethnic diversity at HBCUs to include other forms of diversity such as socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and international status.
A Closer Examination of White Student Enrollment at HBCUs
Authors: Shorette C. Rob , Arroyo Andrew T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter closely examines trends in White student enrollment at 4‐year HBCUs between 1987 and 2012 and discusses the implications of those trends for policy, practice, and future research.
Coming Out of the Shadows: Rethinking the Education Policy Agenda for Diversity and HBCUs
Authors: Lundy‐Wagner Valerie C.
Published: June 2015

This chapter discusses how diversity has typically been presented in the HBCU scholarly work, and explores how HBCUs may connect more effectively with the American postsecondary policy agenda.
10β‐Acetoxy‐8α,9α‐epoxy‐14β‐hydroxy‐7‐oxodolastane – A New Diterpene Isolated from the Brazilian Brown Macroalga Canistrocarpus cervicornis
Authors: Bianco Éverson Miguel , Martins Francisco Thiago , Basílio Pinheiro Carlos , Bagueira de Vasconcellos Azeredo Rodrigo , Laneuville Teixeira Valéria , Crespo Pereira Renato
Published: June 2015

Chemical investigation on the nonpolar extract of the Brazilian brown alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Dictyotaceae) has led to the isolation of a new diterpene 1 and four known seco‐dolastane diterpenes 2–5. Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy, and the data was compared with the literature. A full X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the absolute configuration of 1.
Oxepine‐Containing Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from the Algal‐Derived Endophytic Fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN‐291
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Xiao‐Ming , Wang Jia‐Ning , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: June 2015

Two new oxepine‐containing diketopiperazine‐type alkaloids, varioloids A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the algal‐derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN‐291. The structures and absolute configurations were determined by detailed interpretation of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data and by analysis of acidic hydrolysates. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent activity against the plant‐pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum with MIC values of 8 and 4 μg/ml, respectively.
(R)‐2,3‐Cyclohexylideneglyceraldehyde, a Chiral Pool Synthon for the Synthesis of 2‐Azido‐1,3‐diols
Authors: Rouf Abdul , Aga Mushtaq A. , Kumar Brijesh , Taneja Subhash C.
Published: June 2015

A new approach was proposed for the synthesis of 2‐azido‐1,3‐diols from easily available and inexpensive chiral pool synthon (R)‐2,3‐O‐cyclohexylidene‐D‐glyceraldehyde, through Mitsunobu azidation of 1,2‐diols. Both C(2) and C(1) azides in variable ratios were obtained in alkyl substituted diols with C(2) as the major one.
VaRSOM: A Tool to Monitor Markets' Stability Based on Value at Risk and Self‐Organizing Maps
Authors: Resta Marina
Published: June 2015

We introduce a variant of self‐organizing maps (SOMs) termed VaRSOM that evaluates the similarity among inputs and nodes of the map employing value at risk (VaR). In this way we embed risk measurement within a machine‐learning architecture, thus becoming particularly well‐suited to analysing financial data. We tested the visualization capabilities and the explicative power of VaRSOM on data from the German Stock Exchange; we then evaluated the results in a comparative perspective, opposing the VaRSOM outcomes to those of SOM trained with more conventional similarity measures. The results lead to the conclusion that VaRSOM is a tool particularly well suited to visualize and exploit critical patterns in financial markets. This, in turn, opens perspectives for a general machine‐learning framework sensitive to financial distress and contagion effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and biomarker of carbon‐14 labeled fullerene C60 ([14C(U)]C60) in pregnant and lactating rats and their offspring after maternal intravenous exposure
Authors: Snyder Rodney W. , Fennell Timothy R. , Wingard Christopher J. , Mortensen Ninell P. , Holland Nathan A. , Shannahan Jonathan H. , Pathmasiri Wimal , Lewin Anita H. , Sumner Susan C. J.
Published: June 2015

A comprehensive distribution study was conducted in pregnant and lactating rats exposed to a suspension of uniformly carbon‐14 labeled C60 ([14C(U)]C60). Rats were administered [14C(U)]C60 (~0.2 mg [14C(U)]C60 kg–1 body weight) or 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐saline vehicle via a single tail vein injection. Pregnant rats were injected on gestation day (GD) 11 (terminated with fetuses after either 24 h or 8 days), GD15 (terminated after 24 h or 4 days), or GD18 (terminated after 24 h). Lactating rats were injected on postnatal day 8 and terminated after 24 h, 3 or 11 days. The distribution of radioactivity in pregnant dams was influenced by both the state of pregnancy and time of termination after exposure. The percentage of recovered radioactivity in pregnant and lactating rats was highest in the liver and lungs. Radioactivity was quantitated in over 20 tissues. Radioactivity was found in the placenta and in fetuses of pregnant dams, and in the milk of lactating rats and in pups. Elimination of radioactivity was < 2% in urine and feces at each time point. Radioactivity remained in blood circulation up to 11 days after [14C(U)]C60 exposure. Biomarkers of inflammation, cardiovascular injury and oxidative stress were measured to study the biological impacts of [14C(U)]C60 exposure. Oxidative stress was elevated in female pups of exposed dams. Metabolomics analysis of urine showed that [14C(U)]C60 exposure to pregnant rats impacted the pathways of vitamin B, regulation of lipid and sugar metabolism and aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that [14C(U)]C60 crosses the placenta at all stages of pregnancy examined, and is transferred to pups via milk. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rabbit maxillary sinus model with simultaneous customized‐implant placement: Comparative microscopic analysis for the evaluation of surface‐treated implants
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Choi Hyunmin , Lee Sang‐Bae , Zhang Chenghao , Otgonbold Jamiyandori , Cho Jang‐Gi , Han Jin Soo
Published: June 2015

We describe the use of a rabbit maxillary sinus model, characterized by thin osseous tissue and low bone density, for the evaluation of surface‐treated implants by histologically and histomorphometrically comparing the osseointegration patterns depending on the surface treatment methods. Twenty rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups of 10 animals, one receiving 5 × 3 mm customized implants (machined, MA or sandblasted and acid etched, SLA) placed in sinus and the other receiving implants placed in a tibia. Histological observation of the implant placed in sinus shows relatively more active new bone formation, characterized by trabecular bone pattern underneath the cortical bone in sinus as compared with that in tibia. Histomorphometric analysis in the rabbits receiving implants in a tibia, the NBIC (%) associated with the SLA surface implant was greater than that associated with the MA implant at 2 weeks (55.63 ± 8.65% vs. 47.87 ± 10.01%; P > 0.05) and at 4 weeks (61.76 ± 9.49% vs. 42.69 ± 10.97%; P < 0.05). Among rabbits receiving implants in a sinus, the NBIC (%) associated with the SLA surface implant was significantly greater than that associated with the MA surface implant both at 2 weeks (37.25 ± 7.27% vs. 20.98 ± 6.42%; P < 0.05) and at 4 weeks (48.82 ± 6.77% vs. 31.51 ± 9.14%; P < 0.05). As a result, we suggest that the maxillary sinus model is an appropriate animal model for assessing surface‐treated implants and may be utilized for the evaluation of surface‐treated implants in poor bone quality environment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:697–706, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aβ17–20 Peptide‐Guided Structuring of Polymeric Conjugates and Their pH‐Triggered Dynamic Response
Authors: Kumar Sonu , Bheemireddy Varun , De Priyadarsi
Published: June 2015

The tetrapeptide segment LVFF from the central hydrophobic core of amyloid β‐peptide, Aβ17–20, based methacrylate monomer was polymerized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to afford well‐defined side‐chain peptide polymers. The polymer was transformed to carry primary amino groups in the peptide terminals, depicting pH‐responsiveness and was further modified to provide amphiphilic graft copolymer‐based nanocarriers with pH‐triggered dynamic dye release capability. The polymers acquired α‐helical conformation guided by Aβ17–20 peptide. Computational studies were performed to investigate the secondary interactions of the peptide‐based materials.
An Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene Clay Nanocomposites Containing Different Nanoclays
Authors: Arunachalam Sundaresan , Battisti Markus Gottfried , Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel , Friesenbichler Walter
Published: June 2015

In the present investigation, polypropylene clay nanocomposites (PP‐CNs) are prepared by melt compounding using the Polymer NanoComposite Injection Molding Compounder (PNC‐IMC) with different nanoclays and at varying compatibilizer/nanoclay ratios. A specially devised hyperbolical nozzle is used to induce elongational flow for better mechanical properties. Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties reveal that PP‐CNs based on mica‐phlogopite is superior to other PP‐CNs. Beside intercalated and exfoliated structures the SAXS results confirms that the PP‐CNs show well aligned and also randomly disordered structures. TGA shows among the investigated nanoclays organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT) shows substantial improvement in thermal stability of PP‐CNs.
Presence and Absence: An Exploration of Scurvy in the Commingled Subadults in the Spring Street Presbyterian Church Collection, Lower Manhattan
Authors: Ellis M. A. B.
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the results of an examination of scurvy in the commingled subadult remains (minimum number of individuals = 70) of the Spring Street Presbyterian Church. This historic congregation in New York City had active burial vaults from 1820 to 1846. Scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency that results in haemorrhaging at the sites of muscle origin and insertion, particularly around the skull. These resulting lesions can occur in subadults undergoing growth, weaning and dietary stress. Applying diagnoses suggested by recent research, this article examines specific sites on the skull for lesions consistent with and suggestive of scurvy. Findings include 30 elements that display associated pathology. This population data are drawn from maxillae, sphenoids and orbits. Two osteobiographies are also presented. By connecting the biological data to the socio‐cultural environment of the church, this article raises questions of how to interpret the presence and absence of scurvy in a commingled collection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epoxy‐based adhesives filled with flakes ag‐coated copper as conductive fillers
Authors: Zhao Jun , Zhang Dongming
Published: June 2015

The flake core–shell Cu‐Ag powders are prepared and characterized. Isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) filled with flake silver‐coated copper was prepared by using epoxide resin as matrix and tetraethylenepentamine as curing agent. The flake silver‐coated copper was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and TG‐DTA. The results show Ag content in the surface of coated copper is up to 96.32%. Oxidation resistance of flake Cu‐Ag powders with high surface Ag content is improved greatly investigated by TG‐DTA. And bulk resistivity and shear strength of ICAs are measured. It was found that the percolation threshold of ICAs filled with flake Cu‐Ag powders is as low as 40 wt%. The ICAs have good overall performances. And the main influence factor on electric resistivity was analyzed. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:846–851, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prenatal whole‐exome sequencing: parental attitudes
Authors: Kalynchuk Eve J. , Althouse Andrew , Parker Lisa S. , Saller Devereux N. , Rajkovic Aleksandar
Published: June 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to survey the opinions of expectant parents regarding prenatal whole‐exome sequencing.

Methods

The study used a questionnaire that focused on acceptability of prenatal whole‐exome sequencing to individuals who pursued first‐trimester prenatal screening in a tertiary academic medical center. A total of 186 expectant individuals completed the questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models.

Results

Eighty‐three percent of the participants answered that prenatal whole‐exome sequencing should be offered, 14.8% were neutral, and only 2.2% disagreed. Fifty‐four percent of the participants were interested in having prenatal whole‐exome sequencing for their fetus, 40.1% were neutral, and 6.6% disagreed. The majority of participants expressed a desire to know about treatable (96.2%) and non‐treatable (86.3%) childhood conditions, and most said the same for treatable (76.0%) and non‐treatable (74.3%) adult‐onset conditions. Over half of the participants (59.7%) indicated a maximum acceptable turnaround time of 3 weeks or less for prenatal whole‐exome sequencing.

Conclusions

The majority of respondents felt prenatal whole‐exome sequencing should be offered. Moreover, the majority wanted to know prenatally about treatable and non‐treatable childhood and adult conditions. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron transfer dissociation provides higher‐order structural information of native and partially unfolded protein complexes
Authors: Lermyte Frederik , Sobott Frank
Published: June 2015

Top–down sequencing approaches are becoming ever more popular for protein characterization, due to the ability to distinguish and characterize different protein isoforms. Under non‐denaturing conditions, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) can furthermore provide important information on the exposed surface of proteins or complexes, thereby contributing to the characterization of their higher‐order structure. Here, we investigate this approach using top–down ETD of tetrameric hemoglobin, concanavalin A, and alcohol dehydrogenase combined with ion mobility (IM) on a commercially available quadrupole/ion mobility/time‐of‐flight instrument (Waters Synapt G2). By applying supplemental activation in the transfer cell (post‐IM), we release ETD fragments and attain good sequence coverage in the exposed terminal regions of the protein. We investigate the correlation between observed sites of fragmentation with regions of solvent accessibility, as derived from the crystal structure. Ion acceleration prior to ETD is also used to cause collision‐induced unfolding (CIU) of the complexes without monomer ejection, as evidenced by the IM profiles. These partially unfolded tetramers show efficient fragmentation in some regions which are not sequenced under more gentle MS conditions. We show that by increasing CIU in small increments and monitoring the changes in the fragmentation pattern, it is possible to follow the initial steps of gas‐phase protein unfolding. Fragments from partially unfolded protein complexes are released immediately after electron transfer, prior to IM (they do not share the drift time of their precursor), and observed without the need for supplemental activation. This is further evidence that the higher‐order structure in these protein regions has been disrupted.
Evidence‐based psychosocial treatment in the community: considerations for dissemination and implementation
Authors: Andersen Barbara L. , Dorfman Caroline S.
Published: June 2015

Background

In psycho‐oncology care, steps toward dissemination and implementation of evidence‐based treatments (EBTs) have not been made. For this to change, factors associated with real‐world dissemination and implementation must be identified. In the community, providers, their organizations, and patients are key stakeholders.

Method

A focused review of literatures in continuing education, dissemination, and implementation of mental health services is provided.

Results

Early‐career providers are most ready to implement as they have greater openness and more positive attitudes toward EBTs. Current continuing education practices to teach EBTs have limited effectiveness. Instruction using interactive strategies tailored to therapists' clinical needs and the provision of post‐education consultation is needed. There is tension between EBT delivery with fidelity and the necessity for adaptation. EBT service provision is the key outcome of implementation, and documenting such is important to patients, providers, and organizations.

Conclusion

A multilevel conceptual framework, Setting, Therapist, Education, imPlementation, and Sustainability, is offered and provides directions for dissemination and sustainable implementation. Guidelines from the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons and the American Society of Clinical Oncology underscore the timeliness of the proposed framework to move EBTs from the research settings where they were developed to the practice settings where they are needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and psychological health among breast cancer survivors: interactions with sedentary behavior and physical activity
Authors: Trinh Linda , Amireault Steve , Lacombe Jason , Sabiston Catherine M.
Published: June 2015

Background

Reducing sedentary behavior (SED) may be one promising strategy to reduce treatment‐related side effects in breast cancer given the unique health benefits distinct from the beneficial effects of moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA).

Objectives

To examine the associations between SED and the late‐effects symptoms of pain, fatigue, and depression among breast cancer survivors (BCS), and the interactive associations between SED, light PA, and MVPA on these symptoms.

Methods

One hundred and ninety‐five BCS provided baseline data 3 to 4 months post‐systemic treatment, as part of the Life After Breast Cancer: Moving On longitudinal study. Pain, fatigue, and depression symptoms were assessed using validated self‐report questionnaires. Objective measures of MVPA, light PA, and SED (i.e. sitting time) were assessed by accelerometers over the same period. Self‐reported demographic and medical variables were collected.

Results

In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the interaction effect of MVPA by SED was significantly associated with pain (p = .02), fatigue (p = .01), and depression (p = .006). Follow‐up simple slope analyses demonstrated that among BCS with lower levels of MVPA, higher levels of SED significantly predicted higher levels of fatigue (p < .001), higher levels of pain (p = .06), and higher levels of depression (p = .08).

Conclusions

SED was associated with higher levels of fatigue, pain, and depression in BCS, and was more pronounced among those with lower levels of MVPA. However, SED was not associated with these symptoms among BCS with higher levels of MVPA. Pairing health promotion messages to reduce SED and increase MVPA are likely to result in better symptom management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the slope of isentropic surfaces and its tendencies over the North Atlantic
Authors: Papritz Lukas , Spengler Thomas
Published: June 2015

The maintenance of baroclinicity along mid‐ and high‐latitude storm tracks is a matter of ongoing debate. Using an isentropic framework, a novel diagnostic based on the tendency equation for the slope of isentropic surfaces – a measure of the potential for baroclinic development – is presented. The tendency comprises contributions from dynamic processes, latent heat release, radiation and subgrid‐scale turbulence, which incorporates the effect of sensible heat fluxes. A climatology of these tendencies over the North Atlantic is compiled for the winters of 2009 and 2010.

It is found that adiabatic tilting flattens the isentropic surfaces, reflecting the action of growing baroclinic cyclones. This tendency is balanced climatologically by the generation of slope by diabatic processes. In the lower troposphere, the most intense diabatic increase of slope is found along the oceanic frontal zone associated with the Gulf Stream and at higher latitudes in the Labrador Sea, the Nordic Seas and the Barents Sea. Latent heat release and sensible heat fluxes both contribute substantially in these regions. A quantitative analysis of cold‐air outbreaks emphasizes their important role in restoring the slope in the lower troposphere over the Gulf Stream region and off the sea‐ice edge at high latitudes. In the upper troposphere, latent heat release due to cloud microphysical processes is the dominant mechanism maintaining the slope.
Towards the Terabit/s satellite – interference issues in the user link
Authors: Lutz Erich
Published: June 2015

Present high‐capacity geostationary satellites provide throughput in the range of 70 Gb/s (Ka‐Sat) up to 140 Gb/s (ViaSat‐1, EchoStar 17). In order to keep up with the quickly increasing bit rate requirements of new services and applications, future communication satellites must increase their capacity by an order of magnitude, thus reaching the terabit/s throughput range. The challenge of achieving a terabit/s satellite system requires investigation of a multitude of issues, limitations and problems.

This paper discusses the main interference effects occurring in the user uplinks and downlinks of a multi‐beam satellite: co‐channel interference, adjacent‐channel interference and cross‐polarisation interference. Different cluster sizes for the beam pattern and use of dual polarisations are considered, and an optimum cluster scheme with regard to throughput is discussed in more detail. Moreover, the influence of beam spacing, interference cancellation for the user uplink as well as rain fading for the uplink and downlink are discussed. For the satellite spot beam antenna, a typical tapered antenna characteristic with side lobes is considered. The investigation is based on Monte Carlo simulation of user positions within the beam pattern, resulting in CDFs of signal‐to‐noise‐plus‐interference power ratio and capacity. Besides Shannon capacity, the achievable throughput of Digital Video Broadcasting ‐ Return Channel over Satellite, 2nd Generation (DVB‐RCS2), Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite, 2nd Generation (DVB‐S2) and Digital Video Broadcasting over Satellite, 2nd Generation, Extension (DVB‐S2X) is evaluated. Considering 200 beams and 1 GHz of bandwidth, it is shown that with efficient uplink and downlink schemes, a total throughput of 1 Tb/s can be approached. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐to‐Second‐Year Persistence Profile of Commuter Students
Authors: Ishitani Terry T. , Reid Aileen M.
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores first‐to‐second‐year persistence behavior among first‐time commuter students enrolled in 4‐year universities and colleges.
Lifestyle Challenges for Commuter Students
Authors: Newbold John J.
Published: June 2015

This chapter outlines the unique time management issues and stress factors faced by the typical commuter student, as well as some of the various coping strategies.
Creating an Institutional Academic Advising Culture That Supports Commuter Student Success
Authors: Darling Ruth A.
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores components necessary for creating an institutionally based action plan that supports commuter student success.
Bad Worlds
Authors: Girard Patrick , Weber Zach ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2015

The idea of relevant logic—that irrelevant inferences are invalid—is appealing. But the standard semantics for relevant logics involve baroque metaphysics: a three-place accessibility relation, a star operator, and ‘bad’ (impossible/non-normal) worlds. In this article we propose that these oddities express a mismatch between non-classical object theory and classical metatheory. A uniformly relevant semantics for relevant logic is a better fit.
Habitat displacement effect between two competing owl species in fragmented forests
Authors: Kajtoch Łukasz , Żmihorski Michał , Wieczorek Paweł
Published: June 2015

Many owl species use the same nesting and food resources, which causes strong interspecific competition and spatio‐temporal niche separation. We made use of a recent colonisation of Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in southern Poland to compare habitat preferences of Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) allopatry and sympatry with Ural Owls. We investigated spatial niche segregation of Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl in sympatry and compared habitat preferences of Tawny Owls breeding in allopatry and sympatry. Tawny Owls breeding in sympatry with Ural Owls occupied forests with higher canopy compactness, sites located closer to forest border and to built‐up areas, as well as stands with a higher share of fir and spruce and a lower share of beech as compared to sites occupied by Ural Owls. Allopatric Tawny Owls occupied sites with lower canopy compactness and bred at sites located further from forest borders and in stands with lower share of fir and spruce and a higher share of deciduous as compared to sympatric Tawny Owls. As Ural owls are dominant in relation to Tawny Owls, this indicates that the presence of Ural Owls prevents Tawny Owls from occupying deciduous‐dominated and old stands located in forest interior areas, far from buildings and forest edges. The results support habitat displacement between the two species when breeding in sympatry. We also show that protection of large forest patches is crucial for the Ural Owl, a species still rare in central Europe, while small patches are occupied by the abundant Tawny Owl.
The effect of canopy structure on soil respiration in an old‐growth beech‐oak forest in central Japan
Authors: Suchewaboripont Vilanee , Ando Masaki , Iimura Yasuo , Yoshitake Shinpei , Ohtsuka Toshiyuki
Published: June 2015

Soil respiration (Rs) is a key component in the estimation of the net ecosystem production (NEP) of old‐growth forests, which are generally thought to have ceased carbon accumulation. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of Rs, and to identify the determinants of the spatial and temporal variability of Rs, using general linear mixed models (GLMM), in an old‐growth beech‐oak forest. GLMM analyses identified monthly effect as a significant explanatory variable for temporal variation, as well as gap/canopy and soil water content (SWC) as explanatory variables for spatial variation, in Rs. The complexity of vertical structure in the forest was reflected in the spatial pattern of Rs, which was higher in canopy areas than in gap areas during the growing season, except in November. This spatial pattern was not affected by soil temperature. Moreover, SWC did not differ between gap and canopy areas, although SWC partially explained the spatial heterogeneity in Rs. The carbon:nitrogen ratios of soil organic matter in canopy areas were significantly higher than those in gap areas. Fine root biomass was 1.7‐fold greater in canopy areas than in gap areas, likely because of the higher Rs in canopy areas, and root respiration made a much large contribution to Rs than heterotrophic respiration. The different patterns of fine root biomass between gap and canopy areas mainly control the spatial heterogeneity in Rs; thus, it is worth considering the gap/canopy variability in Rs when evaluating annual efflux in old‐growth forests.
Recovery Migration After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Spatial Concentration and Intensification in the Migration System
Authors: Curtis Katherine J. , Fussell Elizabeth , DeWaard Jack
Published: June 2015

Changes in the human migration systems of the Gulf of Mexico coastline counties affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita provide an example of how climate change may affect coastal populations. Crude climate change models predict a mass migration of “climate refugees,” but an emerging literature on environmental migration suggests that most migration will be short-distance and short-duration within existing migration systems, with implications for the population recovery of disaster-stricken places. In this research, we derive a series of hypotheses on recovery migration predicting how the migration system of hurricane-affected coastline counties in the Gulf of Mexico was likely to have changed between the pre-disaster and the recovery periods. We test these hypotheses using data from the Internal Revenue Service on annual county-level migration flows, comparing the recovery period migration system (2007–2009) with the pre-disaster period (1999–2004). By observing county-to-county ties and flows, we find that recovery migration was strong: the migration system of the disaster-affected coastline counties became more spatially concentrated, while flows within it intensified and became more urbanized. Our analysis demonstrates how migration systems are likely to be affected by the more intense and frequent storms anticipated by climate change scenarios, with implications for the population recovery of disaster-affected places.
Treatment of Contained Herniated Lumbar Discs with Ozone and Corticosteroid: A Pilot Clinical Study
Authors: Murphy Kieran , Muto Mario , Steppan Jim , Meaders Thomas , Boxley Chett
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The primary objective of this pilot study was to compare pain and function scores from patients before and after an ozone injection in combination with steroids and bupivacaine to treat herniated discs. A secondary objective was to correct some of the methodological weaknesses of some previously published ozone studies.

Methods

Fifty patients were enrolled; 1-3 mL of 2 wt% ozone in 98 wt% oxygen was delivered into the nucleus pulposus, and 7-9 mL into the adjacent paravertebral tissues. The oxygen/ozone treatment was followed by a periganglionic injection of corticosteroid and bupivacaine. All patients were evaluated 1 month after the treatment to quantify improvement in pain and function, and to monitor for potential adverse events.

Results

Forty-four patients had intradiscal injections and were included in the analysis. After 1 treatment, 75.0% showed significant improvement in pain based on the visual analog scale (improvement >1.8), 72.7% showed significant improvement in function based on the Oswestry disability index (improvement >15%), and 79.5% showed improvement based on the modified MacNab criteria. There were no adverse events associated with the treatment.

Conclusions

Patients showed significant improvement in pain and function after receiving ozone injections in combination with steroids and bupivacaine for the treatment of herniated discs. Because of the lack of a control group and short follow-up times, conclusions about the safety and efficacy of ozone injections for the treatment of herniated discs are not warranted. However, the results provide sufficient evidence that the risk and expense of an additional randomized controlled study is merited.
Healthcare Laundry and Textiles in the United States: Review and Commentary on Contemporary Infection Prevention Issues
Authors: Sehulster Lynne M.
Published: June 2015

Healthcare professionals have questions about the infection prevention effectiveness of contemporary laundry processes for healthcare textiles (HCTs). Current industrial laundry processes achieve microbial reductions via physical, chemical, and thermal actions, all of which result in producing hygienically clean HCTs. European researchers have demonstrated that oxidative laundry additives have sufficient potency to meet US Environmental Protection Agency benchmarks for sanitizers and disinfectants. Outbreaks of infectious diseases associated with laundered HCTs are extremely rare; only 12 such outbreaks have been reported worldwide in the past 43 years. Root cause analyses have identified inadvertent exposure of clean HCTs to environmental contamination (including but not limited to exposure to dust in storage areas) or a process failure during laundering. To date, patient-to-patient transmission of infection has not been associated with hygienically clean HCTs laundered in accordance with industry process standards. Occupationally acquired infection involved mishandling of soiled HCTs and failure to use personal protective equipment properly. Laboratory studies of antimicrobial treatments for HCTs demonstrate a wide range of activity from 1 to 7 log10reduction of pathogens under various experimental conditions. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate potential use of these treatments for infection prevention. Microbiological testing of clean HCTs for certification purposes is now available in the United States. Key features (eg, microbial sampling strategy, numbers of textiles sampled) and justification of the testing are discussed.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;36(9):1073–1088
Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America
Authors: Nikolova Elena
Published: June 2015

In this article a new explanation for the emergence of democratic institutions is proposed: elites may extend the right to vote to the masses in order to attract migrant workers. It is argued that representative assemblies serve as a commitment device for any promises made to labourers by those in power, and the argument is tested on a new political and economic dataset from the thirteen British American colonies. The results suggest that colonies that relied on white migrant labour, rather than slaves, had better representative institutions. These findings are not driven by alternative factors identified in the literature, such as inequality or initial conditions, and survive a battery of validity checks.
Immune defence mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
Authors: Flores-Villegas A.L. , Salazar-Schettino P.M. , Córdoba-Aguilar A. , Gutiérrez-Cabrera A.E. , Rojas-Wastavino G.E. , Bucio-Torres M.I. , Cabrera-Bravo M.
Published: June 2015

Triatomines are vectors that transmit the protozoan haemoflagellate Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The aim of the current review is to provide a synthesis of the immune mechanisms of triatomines against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites to provide clues for areas of further research including biological control. Regarding bacteria, the triatomine immune response includes antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as defensins, lysozymes, attacins and cecropins, whose sites of synthesis are principally the fat body and haemocytes. These peptides are used against pathogenic bacteria (especially during ecdysis and feeding), and also attack symbiotic bacteria. In relation to viruses, Triatoma virus is the only one known to attack and kill triatomines. Although the immune response to this virus is unknown, we hypothesize that haemocytes, phenoloxidase (PO) and nitric oxide (NO) could be activated. Different fungal species have been described in a few triatomines and some immune components against these pathogens are PO and proPO. In relation to parasites, triatomines respond with AMPs, including PO, NO and lectin. In the case of T. cruzi this may be effective, but Trypanosoma rangeli seems to evade and suppress PO response. Although it is clear that three parasite-killing processes are used by triatomines – phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation – the precise immune mechanisms of triatomines against invading agents, including trypanosomes, are as yet unknown. The signalling processes used in triatomine immune response are IMD, Toll and Jak-STAT. Based on the information compiled, we propose some lines of research that include strategic approaches of biological control.
Managing dysphonia in paediatric patients with complex airway conditions
Authors: Ojha S , Setlur J , Bunting G , Hartnick C J
Published: June 2015

Objective:

To suggest a phonosurgical management strategy that can be used for children who have previously undergone laryngotracheal reconstruction.

Methods:

This cases series describes three children who presented with complex, multi-level airway stenosis and marked dysphonia. Phonosurgical intervention involved endoscopic and open approaches, and was combined with voice therapy. A phonosurgical reconstruction management algorithm is suggested for evaluating and treating these complex conditions.

Results:

Pre-operative assessment is critical, and should involve voice analysis and glottal anatomy assessment using office laryngoscopy and stroboscopy. The risks must be weighed up against the benefit of vocal improvement. Surgical intervention should involve combined endoscopic and open approaches.

Conclusion:

Voice restoration after paediatric airway reconstruction is a complex challenge. Surgical intervention should be conducted in a step-by-step manner to reduce the risk of worsening dysphonia and airway compromise. The risks and benefits must be carefully explored and discussed.
Effects of Toxocara larvae on brain cell survival by in vitro model assessment
Authors: HEUER LEA , HAENDEL SABINE , BEINEKE ANDREAS , STRUBE CHRISTINA
Published: June 2015

Neuroinvasive larvae of the common dog and cat roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, may cause severe neurological and neuropsychological disturbances in humans. Despite their pathogenic potential and high prevalence worldwide, little is known about their cell-specific influences and cerebral host–pathogen interactions in neurotoxocarosis. To address this discrepancy, a co-culture system of viable larvae with murine neuronal (CAD), oligodendrocytal (BO-1) and microglial (BV-2) cell lines has been established. Additionally, murine adult brain slices have been co-cultured with Toxocara larvae to consider complex organotypic cell–cell interplay. Cytotoxicity of larval presence was measured enzymatically and microscopically. Microscopic evaluation using trypan blue exclusion assay revealed to be less reliable and sensitive than the lactate dehydrogenase activity assay. Ultimately, even low numbers of both T. canis and T. cati larvae have impaired survival of differentiated CAD cells, which morphologically resemble primary neurons. In contrast, viability of oligodendrocytal and microglial cells as well as brain slices was not impaired by larval presence. Therefore, immune-mediated mechanisms or trauma by migrating larvae presumably induce the in vivo pathology rather than acute cytotoxic effects. Conclusively, the helminthic larvae co-culture system presented here is a valuable in vitro tool to study cell-specific effects of parasitic larvae and their products.
Spherical trigonometry constrained kinematics for a dexterous robotic hand with an articulated palm
Authors: Emmanouil Evangelos , Wei Guowu , Dai Jian S.
Published: June 2015

This work presents a method based on spherical trigonometry for computing all joint angles of the spherical metamorphic palm. The spherical palm is segmented into spherical triangles which are then solved and combined to fully solve the palm configuration. Further, singularity analysis is investigated with the analysis of each spherical triangle the palm is decomposed. Singularity-avoidance-based design criteria are then presented. Finally, point clouds are generated that represent the joint space of the palm as well as the workspace of the hand with the advantage of an articulated palm is shown.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis A in Iranian adolescents: is it time to introduce a vaccine?
Authors: HOSEINI S. G. , KELISHADI R. , ATAEI B. , YARAN M. , MOTLAGH M. E. , ARDALAN G. , TAJADINI M. H. , MOSTAFAVI S. N.
Published: June 2015

Universal vaccination of children for hepatitis A virus (HAV) has emerged as a cost-effective strategy to prevent this infection in regions with high incidence of symptomatic disease. Age-specific seroprevalence surveys are practical and reliable methods to estimate the rate of susceptibility in populations, and to help the implementation of vaccination policies. We surveyed the age-specific HAV seroprevalence in a nationally representative sample of Iranian adolescent students aged 10–18 years. Serum samples (n = 2494) were tested by enzyme immunoassay for total anti-HAV antibody. The overall rate of HAV seropositivity was 64% [95% confidence interval (CI), 62–66), which increased sharply from 14·8% (95% CI 7–23) at age 10 years to 72·9% (95% CI 68–78) at age 13 years, without a significant increase up to age 18 years. No significant difference in HAV seroprevalence was observed between males and females (63% vs. 65·1%), or urban and rural areas (63·4% vs. 65·2%); the seropositivity rate was similar in four different socioeconomic regions of Iran. We conclude that the seroconversion rate of HAV is high in Iranian adolescents and therefore mass vaccination of children may be necessary and should be considered by national health authorities.
Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: a case report and literature review
Authors: LIU Z. , ZHANG Y. , WEI F. , XU M. , MOU D. , ZHANG T. , LI W. , CHEN D. , WU H.
Published: June 2015

Hepatitis G virus or GB virus C (GBV-C) is a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes. Co-infection with GBV-C has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in some HIV-positive patients. Up to now, however, studies on GBV-C infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of HIV-infected patient have rarely been reported. Herein, we report on a 32-year-old HIV-1-infected patient with cerebral toxoplasmosis and fungal encephalitis. GBV-C viral loads were detected in CSF by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), and the results showed that GBV-C viral load was 6·5 log copies/ml. We amplified and sequenced the E2 and 5′-untranslated regions from the purified viral RNA from CSF by RT–PCR. Both sequences belong to genotype 3 and there were some minor nucleotide divergence among the E2 sequences from the CSF of the patient. These data suggest that GBV-C may be able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and colonize the CNS of HIV-infected patients. However, the exact mechanisms and potential effect of the infected GBV-C in CNS on HIV-associated neuropathy needs to be further explored.
Amburana cearensis leaf extract maintains survival and promotes in vitro development of ovine secondary follicles
Authors: Barberino R.S. , Barros V.R.P. , Menezes V.G. , Santos L.P. , Araújo V.R. , Queiroz M.A.A. , Almeida J.R.G.S. , Palheta R.C. , Matos M.H.T.
Published: June 2015

The antioxidant properties of Amburana cearensis extract may be a useful substitute for standard cell culture medium. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of this extract, with or without supplementation, on in vitro survival and development of sheep isolated secondary follicles. After collection of the ovaries, secondary follicles were isolated and cultured for 18 days in α-MEM+ supplemented with bovine serum albumin, insulin, transferrin, selenium, glutamine, hypoxanthine and ascorbic acid (control medium) or into medium composed of different concentrations of A. cearensis extract without supplements (Amb 0.1; 0.2 or 0.4 mg/ml) or A. cearensis extract supplemented with the same substances described above for α-MEM+ supplementation. The A. cearensis supplemented medium was named Amb 0.1+; 0.2+ or 0.4+ mg/ml. There were more morphologically normal follicles in Amb 0.1 or Amb 0.4 mg/ml than in the control medium (α-MEM+) after 18 days of culture. Moreover, the percentage of antrum formation was significantly higher in Amb 0.1 or Amb 0.2 mg/ml than in α-MEM+ and Amb 0.1+ mg/ml, and similar to the other treatments. All A. cearensis extract media induced a progressive and significant increase in follicular diameter throughout the culture period. In conclusion, this study showed that 0.1 mg/ml of this extract, without supplementation, maintains follicular survival and promotes the development of ovine isolated secondary follicles in vitro. This extract can be an alternative culture medium for preantral follicle development.