bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sinitic in a Global Perspective
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the language rupture in East Asia, that is to say, the loss of the common written language known as literary Chinese or Sinitic. The gradual replacement of the cosmopolitan language Sinitic by the written vernaculars was a process similar in some ways to the replacement of Latin and Sanskrit by the European and South Asian vernaculars, as argued by Sheldon Pollock. However, Sinitic was not a spoken language, so the oral dimension of vernacularization cannot be ignored. Charles Ferguson’s notion of diglossia has been much discussed, but the problem in the context of East Asia is that the only spoken languages were the vernaculars and that Sinitic was capable of being read in any dialect of Chinese as well as in the vernaculars used in neighbouring societies.
Reading Sinitic Texts in the Vernaculars
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

Chinese texts first reached neighbouring societies in the form of raw texts, without any aids to understanding or even punctuation. Manuscripts recovered from Dunhuang, though, testify to the need for such aids either in the form of written punctuation for reading aloud or in the form of dry-point glosses made with a stylus or the wooden end of a brush: these dry-point glosses are invisible at first sight but the indentations in the paper serve as guidance to the interpretation of the text. By the sixth century some form of ‘vernacular reading’ was being practised in the Silk Road town of Gaochang: this means that students there were reading Chinese classical texts in their own language rather than in Chinese. Similar techniques developed in Korea and these were most likely then transmitted to Japan. Vernacular reading was a means of translating a text but keeping very close to the original.
Conclusion
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter draws together the arguments made in the earlier chapters and addresses the question of nationalism, in particular after the Manchu conquest of China and the start of the Qing dynasty in 1644, which altered perceptions of China significantly in East Asia. The cultural pride that developed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam led to greater interest in the vernaculars but it did not until later lead to a rejection of Sinitic, for until the early twentieth century Sinitic continued to be perceived as the common learned language of the whole of East Asia, rather that the property of China.
Crime Control and the Police
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter assesses the impact of policing on urban crime control. It argues that the protection of property was central to the practice of preventative policing, and that the growth of the police significantly enhanced the state’s capacity to control urban property crime. Nevertheless, police efforts to combat theft obtained only limited purchase, and ultimately failed to live up to public expectations. Having demonstrated that the criminal statistics do not provide a reliable measure of crime trends, the chapter exposes the barriers to police effectiveness in crime control, particularly the scale and scope of opportunity for theft which the Victorian city presented, and limitations on resources which undermined the operation of the preventative policing strategy. The result was an enforcement gap in responding to urban property crime, which provided an incentive for autonomous civilian participation in crime control.
Policing the City
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter assesses the impact of policing on urban order. It argues that the nineteenth-century police forces were especially attentive to local perceptions of nuisance and improvement in their efforts to tame urban popular culture and to sanitize urban public space. Police efforts to impose public order were modified by structural constraints, exercise of discretion in law enforcement, and resistance on the part of the public. And yet, the psychological repercussions of street order policing were profound, as large sections of the urban population came under an unprecedented level of official scrutiny. Hence, this chapter argues that—faced with a highly officious and, at times, repressive form of police authority—the urban public became ‘police-conscious’ in the nineteenth century.
Resolution and Criminal Justice
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores how victims sought to resolve criminal encounters in the Victorian city, and how these practices of resolution related to official strategies of criminal justice. It analyses reforms to prosecution in the early nineteenth century, which were designed to secure victims’ participation in the criminal justice process. However, the chapter reveals that victims continued to face major barriers to involvement in prosecution, whether through expense, fear, embarrassment, or personal loyalties. Thereafter, it outlines various forms of out-of-court dispute resolution available in the Victorian city, including popular justice, private settlement, and summary violence; while historians have carefully reconstructed shaming rituals and community self-policing, it seems that private settlements to criminal wrongs were more common in an urban context. Finally, the chapter exposes the tension between discretionary procedures of private justice and state strategies of criminal justice, and details how the police sought to regulate out-of-court settlement.
The Police and the Public
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter reassesses the quality of police–public relations in the nineteenth century. In contrast to existing accounts, which focus on the gradual dilution of conflict as the century progressed, the chapter argues that conflict and suspicion remained central to public perceptions of the police. It highlights the evidential shortcomings of claims concerning the rise of policing by consent in this period, and uncovers substantial evidence of conflict with the police—from serious violence to indignant complaint—from across urban society. Furthermore, it examines the intellectual content of hostile attitudes towards the police, and thus identifies their roots in popular politics (particularly radical and Chartist politics) and popular culture. Ordinary people displayed considerable respect for the rule of law, yet the police were largely unable to associate themselves with this ideal. Instead, the police struggled to meet public demand for their services, and hence sought to manage public expectations of law enforcement.
Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm/Non-Farm Diversification
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines possible discrimination against female farm managers with respect to prices or market segmentation. Patterns of commercialization are fluid. Particular countries stand out with respect to certain crops, however: for maize, a growing bias against female farm managers can be noted in Zambia. Mozambique, Malawi, and to a lesser extent Tanzania stand out in terms of non-grain food crops, where market participation by male farm managers had increased relative to female-headed households. Poorer commercial possibilities are tied strongly to production factors, where lack of labour and land prevent the generation of a marketable surplus. An important distinction is that between women who manage their own farms and women who live in households headed by men: for the former the lack of access to agrarian resources prevents generation of a marketable surplus for the latter the outcomes from sales are controlled by their husbands.
Matter Matters
Authors: Gertsman Elina
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores a late medieval Tuscan reliquary which contains Mary Magdalene’s tooth within the context of the network of feelings and senses bound with the relic’s materiality. In exploring the possible access points of this network and in attending to specific visual aspects of the object—its translucent crystal that simultaneously reveals and obfuscates the enclosed tooth, its fragile microarchitecture that allows one to glimpse the figures hidden within, the affective imagery on its verre églomisé medallion that indicates the use of the reliquary by a Franciscan community—the chapter posits the reliquary as the locus of emotional and sensory responses, both pictured and elicited, suggested and guided.
Signs of Emotion
Authors: Randles Sarah
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the surviving pilgrimage tokens from the Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Chartres, together with those known from documentary sources. It presents evidence for the ways in which such tokens were produced, sold, handled, worn, used to heal or protect, kept, donated, or ritually discarded. The uses of these small but powerful objects provide significant evidence for their ability to produce and regulate the emotional states of the people who used them, and demonstrate that their emotional value, based in both belief in the supernatural virtues of the tokens and their ability to evoke memory, could far exceed their monetary cost. By standing in for the Virgin Mary or St Lubin and transmitting their power, pilgrimage tokens could be used to alleviate fear, represent gratitude, or demonstrate pride in personal or regional identity.
Emotional Attachments
Authors: Gagné John
Published: February 2018

This study of iron hands situates prosthetics at the nexus of several confluent craft fields in the late Middle Ages. In particular, it shows the way that the technology behind these body attachments emerged out of masculine artisans’ communities associated with metalwork and often also with war: surgeons, locksmiths, clockmakers, and gunners. It argues that these ‘communities of technique’ were mutually collaborative fraternities whose technical knowledge moved laterally across fields. It examines several extant iron hands, including the famous model based on Ambroise Paré. The chapter proposes that these prostheses were emotionally and professionally restorative rather than transformative. It concludes by suggesting that such objects posed philosophical and conceptual problems about the body as mechanism or machine, and that the absence of prosthetics for women in this period helps to frame the gender of mechanism in the Renaissance.
Materializing Maternal Emotions
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyses the material expression of emotion during the birth and renunciation of infants in England over the long eighteenth century. These transformative moments in the life cycle were shaped by the creation, purchase, and display of objects. The chapter focuses primarily on textiles with particular emotional or symbolic significance, exploring the changing emotional meanings of childbed linen, blankets, ribbons, cockades, and quilts. It argues that a mother’s touch provided a key means of imbuing these items with emotional value, as women carefully inked, pinned, and embroidered objects by hand. The motifs they selected worked to create a powerful material vocabulary of maternal feeling, utilizing symbols from the wider material culture of maternity, including hearts, crowns, acorns, and blossoming flowers. Through these rituals, women could wish love, health, happiness, and prosperity into their children’s future lives.
Dirk Hartog’s Sea Chest
Authors: Broomhall Susan
Published: February 2018

This chapter charts the affective power and significance that Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) objects have held from the seventeenth century to the present, because of their physical form and their location and assemblage with other objects on the Australian coast. The chapter explores how objects and people not only operate in relation to each other, but also in particular spaces and in specific historical contexts. Thus, the emotional and social power of these objects has created varied narratives over time that situate first the VOC, then the Dutch nation, as a global power, demonstrate the frailty of human capacity, celebrate the ambition and achievement of individual discoverers, and allow a new vision of Australia and its communities to emerge.
Verb Movement in Romance
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

This book provides a detailed account of verb movement across more than twenty standard and non-standard Romance varieties. It examines the position of the verb with respect to a wide selection of hierarchically ordered adverbs, as laid out in Cinque’s (1999) seminal work. The volume uses extensive empirical data to demonstrate that, contrary to traditional assumptions, it is possible to identify at least four distinct macro-typologies in the Romance languages: these macro-typologies stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood interpretation of the verb. It adopts a hybrid cartographic / minimalist approach, in which cartography provides the empirical tools of investigation, and minimalist theory provides the technical motivations for the movement phenomena that are observed. It provides a valuable tool for the examination of fundamental morphosyntactic properties from a cross-Romance perspective, and constitutes a useful point of departure for further investigations into the nature and triggers of verb movement cross-linguistically.
Romance varieties of the Italian peninsula
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

Chapter 2 investigates the differing patterns of verb placement attested across a selection of varieties of the Italian peninsula. After a description of the placement of the present indicative verb in the northern, central, and southern regional varieties of Italian, as well as in a selection of northern, central, upper southern, extreme southern, and Sardinian dialects, a macro-typology of verb placement in the Italian peninsula is drawn. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the description of the microvariation attested across the above varieties which emerges once different verb typologies are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).
Macrovariation
Authors: Schifano Norma
Published: February 2018

Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the patterns of default verb movement identified in Chapters 2 and 3. First, it shows that the attested macro-typologies are not accidental choices of the languages, but rather stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood (TAM) interpretation of the verb, whereby verb movement only occurs in cases of poor paradigmatic instantiation of TAM, that is in cases when TAM chief values are not expressed by synthetic and non-syncretic paradigms. Second, a technical implementation of this proposal is offered which allows the modelling of this instance of variation into a parameter hierarchy, along the lines envisaged by the Rethinking Comparative Syntax research group. To conclude, the data from Brazilian Portuguese are assessed against the expectations of the proposed mechanism.
Culture: Knowledge of the People as Technology of Ethics
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores how people came to be recognized as central to what the West calls counterinsurgency wars and how cultural knowledge came to be seen as central to war-fighting in line with the vision of ethical war. It examines the US Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual as setting out how, in practice, culture matters and how it can be made useful to operations. Cultural knowledge therefore had to be made available to the military, and the so-called Human Terrain System (HTS) became the mechanism for doing so. The chapter discusses the notion that ‘the people’ were being made central and addresses the question of why social science research came to be seen as the right resource for militaries on deployment. It sets out in particular how the social sciences are seen to be able to deliver answers to questions of ethics, providing a problematic technology of ethics.
Ethics Education: Ethics as Ethos and the Impossibly Good Soldier
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on how militaries seek to train soldiers to be good in line with the vision for ethical war. Western militaries have presented themselves as ‘forces for good’, including an explicit commitment to clearly articulated values. In this context, the chapter returns to the problem of killing and highlights the challenge it poses in military training and practice. It shows how military ethics education has drawn on virtue ethics, not least for the production of a warrior ethos, endorsing the assumption that good soldiers make good war. The chapter examines how soldiers who have been trained in this way have fared in recent wars. Finally, it highlights the problem that it is actually impossible to be a good soldier in the way envisaged and that this poses problems for those asked to live up to the vision.
Constitutional Identity
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter examines the metaethical foundations of the argument from constitutional identity. This argument locates the source of value in a set of deep and self-identifying evaluative commitments that develop in a society in virtue of the fact that it has a constitution. Drawing on comparative constitutional practice, the chapter argues that constitutional identity has two dimensions: general constitutional identity relies on the notion that constitutions entail common evaluative commitments that are applicable in any constitutional system of government, and particular constitutional identity relies on specific values discernible from moral judgments that have been made in local constitutional practices. The chapter contends that the argument from constitutional identity incorporates the tension between the emotive-local and reasonable-universal dimension of moral value, and extends into other types of value-based arguments in constitutional reasoning. The chapter concludes that constitutional identity cannot be a self-standing source of value in constitutional adjudication.
Common Sentiment
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter analyses the metaethical foundations of the argument from common sentiment. This argument holds that moral emotions of the people in a community indicate the solution to moral problems. Drawing on comparative constitutional practice, the chapter contends that the argument from common sentiment consists of two elements: the emotivist element makes moral judgment dependent on moral feelings, and the relativist element ties these feelings to a specific community. The chapter argues that these elements are incompatible and fail to account for the role of reasoning and reflection in moral judgments. The chapter concludes that the argument from common sentiment is inadequate as an exclusive approach to judicial moral judgment.
Relaxations of Contractual Privity and the Need for Third Party Rights in Chinese Contract Law
Authors: Lei Chen
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the position of third party beneficiaries in Chinese law. Article 64 of the Chinese Contract Law states that where a contract for the benefit of a third party is breached, the debtor is liable to the creditor. The author regards this as leaving unanswered the question of whether the thirdparty has a right of direct action against the debtor. One view regards the third party as having the right to sue for the benefit although this right was ultimately excluded from the law. Another view, supported by the Supreme People’s Court, is that Article 64 does not provide a right of action for a third party and merely prescribes performance in ‘incidental’ third party contracts. The third view is that there is a third party right of action in cases of ‘genuine’ third party contracts but courts are unlikely to recognize a third party action where the contract merely purports to confer a benefit on the third party.
Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties: The Indian Perspective
Authors: Bhadbhade Nilima
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the Indian law relating to whether third party beneficiaries of a contract can enforce its terms. The chapter sets out the reception of English law into India prior to the Indian Contract Act 1872, in particular how the broad instruction to courts in the Act of 1781 to act according to ‘justice, equity and good conscience’ formed the basis for the early application of English law in India. Although the Act of 1872 does not state the privity rule, the rule has been regarded as so firmly embedded in Indian law that it is seen as being infused into the Act. Despite early uncertainty over whether the rule should be regarded as a matter of procedure rather than substance, Indian law has settled on the latter orthodox position. With the privity rule as the overarching general rule, the ensuing discussion necessarily relates to how parties can utilize existing doctrines to circumvent the obstacle posed by the privity rule. After a failed attempt at reforming the rule in 1958, fresh recommendations were made in October 2016.
The Legal Landscape of Contract Formation: Towards a Distinct Malaysian Jurisprudence?
Authors: San Tay Pek
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the formation of contract under Malaysian law. The Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 (‘MCA 1950’) is modelled on the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘ICA 1872’). In common with the ICA 1872, the analytical structure for the formation of contract is strikingly similar to that of English law, with unique definitions introduced by the ICA 1872. A proposal, upon acceptance by the person to whom the proposal is directed, becomes a promise; reciprocal promises which constitute consideration for each other result in an agreement; upon the satisfaction of the other conditions for the formation of contract, a contract is constituted. The continuing influence of English common law on Malaysian law is expressly provided by sections 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956; these form the basis for the reception of the doctrine of promissory estoppel which is absent in the text of the MCA 1950. Where the MCA 1950 does not preclude the adoption of English legal developments, the Malaysian courts have been ready to adopt such developments.
Contract Formation in Singapore
Authors: Han Tan Cheng
Published: February 2018

The Singapore law on contract formation largely replicates the English law which it inherited and is covered by the Application of English Law Act 1993 ‘so far as it is applicable to the circumstances of Singapore and its inhabitants and subject to such modifications as those circumstances may require’. The offer and acceptance approach to contract formation is mediated through the objective test of intention taking account of the circumstances in which the words or conduct are to be interpreted; but if one party’s mistaken expression is known to the other, there is no valid contract. Where such an analysis is difficult, the courts may imply contracts or perfect contracts if the parties’ intention to contract is clear. Offers are distinguished from ‘invitations to treat’ since the former evince an intention to be bound by acceptance, while the latter do not. Offers can be revoked at any time before acceptance and, in the absence of consideration, even before the expiry of the time for which the offers are stated to be open.
Formation of Contract in Japan
Authors: Yamashita Yoshikazu
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides insights into the law on contract formation in Japan. The Japanese approach is traditional, requiring an agreement which, in turn, normally requires an offer and matching acceptance, according to the mirror image rule. Once offers become effective, the 1898 Japanese Civil Code severely restricts their revocability. This is in tune with the mostly German origins of Japanese contract law. However, the drafters of the Code deliberately followed the common law in one respect: the offeree’s acceptance becomes effective as soon as it is dispatched. This is highly controversial and in 2001 was abolished for acceptances by electronic means. Ongoing major reform of Japanese contract law will probably extend this solution to all contracts. Japanese law has no doctrine of consideration and has traditionally eschewed formal requirements as a prerequisite for the validity or enforceability of contracts. More recently, formalities have been introduced, first, for certain consumer contracts, then for contracts of suretyship. A particular feature of Japanese law pertaining to contract formation is the strong duty to negotiate in good faith.
Contract Formation and Third Party Beneficiaries in Korea
Authors: Youngjoon Kwon
Published: February 2018

This chapter 14 discusses the rules on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Korea. These can be found in the Korean Civil Code of 1960 that is closely modelled on the Japanese Civil Code, therefore many of its solutions can be ultimately traced back to German law. For a binding contract to be made, Korean law only requires an agreement which is normally constituted by an offer and a matching acceptance; there is no requirement of consideration, and as a general rule there is freedom of form—only limited statutory exceptions impose formal requirements for specific types of contract. Offers must be sufficient and sufficiently definite, and they must be made with the intention to be legally bound. They become effective once they reach the offeree. After that they are, in principle, irrevocable—a position only slightly softened by a 2014 Ministry of Justice draft amendment. The draft also suggests abolishing the common law-style ‘mailbox rule’ that the Code inherited from the Japanese Civil Code.
Contract Formation and Contracts for the Benefit of a Third Party in Vietnam
Authors: Net Le
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the recent changes to the Vietnamese Civil Code and its impact on contract formation and third party beneficiaries. Since the enactment of the first modern civil code in 1995, major revisions have been made every ten years with the 2015 Code repealing more than 50 per cent of the 2005 Code; representing more than 300 articles of the 2005 Code. Concepts like apparent authority were only recognized in 2005, while the notion of an offer to the world (rather than to specific parties) was only recognized in 2015. The 2015 Code was a product of the move from a planned economy to a socialist-oriented free market economy. The challenge of the Code was to address state interest and regulatory concerns to modify the norms of contractual freedom found in the Code.
Formation and Third Party Rights in the Myanmar Law of Contract
Authors: Briggs Adrian , Burrows Andrew
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the Myanmar law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries. The Myanmar law of contract largely comprises the Myanmar Contract Act 1872, which is identical to the Indian Contract Act 1872 subject to some factual changes in the illustrations). It was drafted by English lawyers and appears to be a statutory codification of the English common law of contract. In addition, section 13(3) of the Burma Laws Act 1898 allows courts to fill gaps in the written laws by the application of the principles of justice, equity, and good conscience. The first requirement for a contract is a proposal which may be revoked at any time prior to its acceptance. Second, there must be acceptance of the proposal, either by expression of agreement (the postal acceptance rule applies unless otherwise specified) or by performance. Third, consideration is necessary to convert an agreement into an enforceable contract if the parties are competent and the agreement is lawful. Myanmar law does not adopt the view that only the parties can enforce a contract—third parties are free to enforce contracts made for their benefit.
Introduction
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

This introductory chapter sets the stage for the book, outlining its key concerns and methodological approaches. It proposes two methodological tools—generational shifts and Confucian imagination—and shows the relevance of this study in the broader discourse in both public theology and Chinese public intellectualism.
A Tradition of Public Theology
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

This chapter begins by situating the study in a Chinese tradition of public theology. It follows the view that, pre-dating recent Western debates about public intellectualism, China has engendered a Confucian tradition in which one is educated not merely for intellectual gain, but also to be a scholar-official who would shape the running of the state and the society. It explores early examples of how Chinese Christian intellectuals since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have situated themselves as public intellectuals and discusses the different courses that later Protestants in China took in contrast to Catholic or Orthodox Christians, thereby providing them with greater opportunities in the post-Cultural Revolution era to exercise a public voice.
State-Sanctioned Protestantism
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the leaders of the reinstated Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the newly formed China Christian Council (CCC), known together as the lianghui (‘two associations’), and their initiatives as Christian intellectuals since the early 1980s. During this period, the state-sanctioned TSPM and CCC are seen as the only means in which Protestantism could viably engage the state and the society. Such an opportunity was not wasted by leaders of the lianghui. The chapter looks at the theological contributions of figures such as the Anglican K. H. Ting (Ding Guangxun) and the evangelical Wang Weifan, and the development of the faith-based NGO, the Amity Foundation.
Cultural Christianity
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on Christian intellectuals born in the 1950s and having spent their formative years experiencing the Cultural Revolution firsthand. The chapter examines the unique development beginning in the late 1980s when a number of Chinese academics looked towards Christian theology as a way to facilitate the search for modern China—many of whom found no value in being part of any local faith community. The chapter draws on the rise of Sino-Christian theology or Sino-Christian studies and focuses on two of the most important ‘cultural Christians’ (wenhua Jidutu), Liu Xiaofeng and He Guanghu.
A Divided Public Space?
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

Chapter 5 looks at how these Christian public theologians compare with other public intellectuals of this period. Because of its significance for our period, the chapter also tries to tease out some of the details of the different intellectual factions that have formed since the late 1990s, paying particular attention to the two major political groupings of ‘new left’ (xin zuo pai) and ‘liberalism’ (ziyou zhuyi). Whilst the revived interests in Confucianism and Christianity are sometimes considered two other factions during this time, the chapter shows how the four schools have much more porous boundaries than is often recognized. The chapter further argues how a ‘Confucian imagination’ shapes various developments in contemporary China, whether this be public intellectualism, generally, or Chinese Christianity, specifically.
Conclusion
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

By way of conclusion, this chapter steps back and teases out the broader significance of Chinese public theology to the growing discourse of public theology inside and outside China. It also examines the validity of the two methodological proposals of this book: generational shifts and Confucian imagination.
Rocket Trajectories
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

rocket trajectories, including equations of motion are treated. High- and low-thrust engines are analysed, including constant-specific-impulse and variable-specific-impulse engines. The equation of motion of a spacecraft which is thrusting in a gravitational field determines its trajectory.
Improving a Nonoptimal Impulsive Trajectory
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Improving a nonoptimal trajectory is analysed, including adding terminal coasts and midcourse impulses in fixed-time trajectories. Orbit transfer is also analysed. If the primer vector evaluated along an impulsive trajectory fails to satisfy the necessary conditions (NC) for an optimal solution, the way in which the NC are violated provides information that can lead to a solution that does satisfy the NC. The necessary gradients were first derived by Lion and Handelsman.
Continuous-Thrust Trajectories
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Continuous-thrust trajectories are analysed, including quasi-circular transfer, non-constant mass, and optimal quasi-circular transfer. Wiesel provides an approximate analysis of circle-to-circle coplanar orbit transfer using very low tangential continuous thrust. Kechichian provides an analysis for an optimal solution.
Cooperative Rendezvous
Authors: Prussing John E.
Published: February 2018

Cooperative rendezvous involves two thrusting spacecraft. Optimal continuous thrust trajectories and impulsive thrust terminal maneuvers are analysed. Orbital rendezvous typically involves one thrusting (active) vehicle and one coasting (passive) target vehicle. However, a cooperative rendezvous can result in propellant savings if the masses and propulsive capabilities of the two vehicles are comparable.
Dibdin and the Dilettantes
Authors: Hawley Judith
Published: February 2018

This chapter combines archival research with a broad range of biography and social history to shed light on a little understood aspect of Regency-era entertainment, the private theatrical, by bringing it into dialogue with the world of the professional theatre via Charles Dibdin—a man who, it is argued, was secretly implicated in the private culture which he satirized in his own public entertainments. Beginning by reconstructing the cross-class craze for private theatricals, it then moves to contemporary public criticism of the phenomenon, of which Dibdin’s own Private Theatricals formed a part. Analysis of Dibdin’s performance forms a central part of an argument that reads the faux-‘private’ actions of both Dibdin and the dilettantes as part of the irrevocable destabilization of the patent theatres’ monopoly on spoken drama.
A Motley Assembly
Authors: Guest Harriet
Published: February 2018

This chapter takes a single song, Dibdin’s ‘A Voyage to Margate’, and examines its social resonances. It begins with an account of what the song can tell us about the way the seaside resort of Margate figured in the popular imagination, and then moves into a study of the mutually reinforcing domains of song and visual culture, from slip songs and street ballads, through graphic satire and finely produced drolls, to aspirational mezzotint engravings based on oil paintings by George Morland. The author describes a feedback loop between song culture and visual iconography in which songs borrowed tropes from graphic satires, which were then illustrated across a range of print media, and were later reabsorbed into song culture in further parodies and adaptations.
Writing for Actors
Authors: Davis Jim
Published: February 2018

Dibdin’s younger son Thomas’ work as a dramatist reveals both change and continuity in expectations of dramatic authorship and theatrical practice in the early nineteenth century. This chapter explores the collaborative nature of Dibdin’s writing: his scripts were not finished literary texts, but raw materials designed to be fully realized only in performance, as celebrated actors brought their own contributions to their roles. While the results were immensely popular with audiences, these methods came under increasing fire from critics such as Leigh Hunt, who damned Dibdin for failing to live up to their new, literary expectations of dramatic authorship and the sovereignty of the author’s text. The gathering forces of specialization and the privileging of the author as twin hallmarks of legitimate cultural authority were beginning to create new hierarchies of theatrical production, genres, and styles, highlighting the contrasts between the era of Charles Dibdin the Elder and that of his sons.
‘Each Song Was Just Like a Little Sermon’
Authors: Land Isaac
Published: February 2018

This chapter is central to the volume’s chronological contentions, as its argument accounts for the specialized, one-dimensional Dibdin of ‘Tom Bowling’ that has endured into recent scholarship. Focusing on Dibdin’s posthumous reception, it examines the moral and rhetorical difficulties of repackaging Dibdin’s works for a Victorian sensibility; it explores the specifics of mid-century concert culture previously highlighted by Derek Scott and William Weber as central to changes in nineteenth-century taste and programming; and it develops the theme of nostalgia into a revelatory consideration of the relationship between new naval technologies, national pride, and military training, and the songs, people, and language of a remembered Napoleonic ‘golden age’—to which Dibdin proves to have been as central, in the Victorian imagination, as Nelson.
Drama in Danzig
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

Royal Prussia was the most urbanized part of Sigismund I’s monarchy, its Hanseatic ports profoundly affected by Luther’s message from 1518. This chapter traces the Polish Crown’s responses to Reformation in this province—the Crown’s strange inaction in the face of Danzig’s radicalization and full-scale Lutheran revolt (1518–25), the King’s armed reversal of that Reformation in 1526, and his return to passivity thereafter as Royal Prussia’s social elites tacitly rolled out Lutheran reform in town and countryside. These events are analysed first through a geopolitical or ‘realpolitik’ lens, which stresses royal fears of a wholesale secession of Royal Prussia from Poland. Application of a religious lens shows, however, that the Crown read the revolt in ‘secular’ terms, avoided the language of heresy, and enacted only a minimal urban ‘re-Catholicization’ in 1526. It is argued that this was a pre-confessional anti-Reformation policy, reflecting late medieval perceptions of Lutheranism.
A Difficult Nephew
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the amicable relationship between the famously pious King Sigismund and his Lutheran vassal and nephew—perhaps the most extreme manifestation of the Crown’s religious ‘toleration’ in this reign. The 1525 Treaty of Kraków made peace between the Polish monarchy and the Teutonic Order in Prussia after centuries of war; it also shocked Christendom by creating Europe’s first Lutheran state, converting the Order’s lands into a secular duchy ruled by Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach. In December 1525, Duke Albrecht enacted a pioneering Lutheran reform of his territory. The chapter identifies nine principles of coexistence which tacitly governed this relationship, and seeks to account for the King’s ‘tolerant’ stance—stressing the role of royal kinship, King Sigismund’s explicit defences of freedom of conscience (belief), and his pre-confessional understanding of Catholicism in which the Lutheran Albrecht was still a fellow member of the universal church.
‘A Most Pious Prince’?
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

The Polish monarchy’s diplomacy in the 1520s and 1530s has long struck historians as peculiar—both pro- and anti-Reformation simultaneously. King Sigismund actively promoted Lutheran princes such as Duke Albrecht of Prussia or Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Ansbach in their activities in Livonia, Scandinavia, and the Holy Roman Empire, and married his oldest daughter to a leading Lutheran German prince. At the same time, a key facet of Polish diplomacy was the cultivation in speeches, treatises, and woodcuts of King Sigismund’s international reputation as a most pious prince. This chapter argues that, rather than diagnosing sixteenth-century diplomacy as pure realpolitik, we should pay attention to cultural factors in play, such as sacred bonds of kinship, the power of princely reputation, and ecclesiological beliefs. In these years, the Polish Crown conducted a pre-confessional diplomacy, in the conviction that Christendom was still one, perceiving relatively limited differences between Catholics and Lutherans.
Defining Catholicism
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

This discussion asks what King Sigismund of Poland and his subjects understood catholicism to be in the 1520s and 1530s, through language analysis of a diverse and large corpus of sources. It finds that (in contrast to ‘luteranismus’) there was no name for catholicism per se. The church was defined primarily with reference to the past: as the church of one’s ancestors, of the Fathers, of many past centuries. Its chief characteristic was its (alleged) historic unity, resting on a carefully preserved consensus down the ages. Under the pressure of events, however, we find the language used by catholics in Poland-Prussia shifting, from a pre-confessional universal world view towards proto-confessional positions: from ‘good and bad Christians’ to ‘Catholic’ versus ‘Lutheran’. Reformation supporters, meanwhile, described this church very differently—as papal-led, built on distinctive doctrinal positions, and located in a dead, rather than a living, past.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

The Conclusions summarize the main research questions, arguments, and hypothesis of the book: the problem of King Sigismund I’s extensive ‘toleration’ of Lutheranism in a monarchy at the heart of the early Reformation, how we might better see these policies in their European context, and account for them with reference to deep cultural beliefs about religion, rather than simply via realpolitik. It recapitulates the book’s wider hypothesis on the late medieval church and the Reformation (which arises from the problems posed by the Polish-Prussian sources). The broader implications of this thesis are touched on: for an academic culture which still keeps the ‘medieval’ and ‘early modern’ institutionally separate, for modern ecumenicalism, and for highly pluralistic societies in any age.
High-Skilled Migration in Times of Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Parsons Christopher
Published: February 2018

This chapter uses two pioneering databases to analyse the implications of the global economic crisis on international migration. The first details inflows of migrant workers of 185 nationalities to ten OECD destinations, disaggregated by skill level between 2000 and 2012. The second comprises immigration policies implemented by nineteen OECD countries between 2000 and 2012. It distinguishes between six skill-selective admission policies, six post-entry policy instruments, and three bilateral agreements. The preliminary analysis is presented against the backdrop of the crisis, which negatively affected annual inflows of highly and other skilled migrants between 2007 and 2009, although these resumed an upward trend thereafter. The starkest trends in policy terms include: the diffusion of student jobseeker visas, the relative stability in the prevalence of skill-selective policies in the wake of the crisis, a greater use of financial incentives to attract high-skilled workers, and increased employer transferability for migrants at destination.
Female High-Skilled Migration
Authors: Boucher Anna
Published: February 2018

States and employers are increasingly selecting highly skilled immigrants according to labour market qualifications and broad human capital attributes. This chapter considers the gender implications of the focus on skills through an examination of the different career trajectories of men and women. In particular, it considers the acknowledgement of part-time and non-continuous work in skilled immigration policy design as well as the potentially discriminatory effects of age limits. In doing so, it applies feminist theories from industrial relations and economics to the examination of skilled immigration policies in twelve countries, demonstrating variation across countries in their awareness to gender concerns.
Internationalization and Diversification of Academic Careers
Authors: Toma Sorana , Villares-Varela Maria
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the major patterns and drivers of interlinked geographical and career mobilities of Indian-born researchers and scientists. Based on a global survey and in-depth interviews, this study shows that the mobility of Indian researchers is mainly driven by an intrinsic motivation to internationalize their scientific careers, but has also to do with the characteristics of the research environment in India. Moving abroad enables researchers to acquire expertise in a field of research that is not sufficiently developed back home, and provides exposure to research facilities and personnel deemed better and more qualified than those back home. In this respect, international study and work experience are often perceived as providing professional merits that are instrumental in career progression on return to India.
Discourses and their Exponents
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 3 surveys a number of themes, issues, and campaigns to discern how far Paine fits within each: populist language, universal suffrage based on natural rights, the abolition of poverty, women’s emancipation, anti-slavery, cosmopolitanism, Irish emancipation, and the championing of ‘revolution’ as such. In case after case, it finds that Paine’s position has been exaggerated or misconceived. His language was carefully contrived, and his rhetoric echoed that of contemporary preaching rather than populist politics; his ideas on poverty stemmed from England’s ‘old poor law’, not from future class politics; he disapproved of slavery in private but largely ignored it in public, and was not part of the anti-slavery movement; he was a monoglot exile, not at home in other countries; he did not see the significance of Irish disaffection; and he did not theorize ‘revolution’ as such.
The Unexpected Revolution
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: February 2018

This chapter emphasizes the role of contingency and questions attempts to explain the French Revolution as the embodiment of natural rights theory. Paine’s understanding of that episode was limited by small knowledge of French and adherence to English preconceptions. This chapter questions the thesis that Paine was influenced by Jefferson, in Paris, to produce a worked-out theory of republican government. Indeed, Paine was not the primary author of the key narrative section of Rights of Man; this was Lafayette’s, and it expressed Lafayette’s self-serving propaganda. Rather, the chapter argues that Paine was in London during the fall of the Bastille and the October days. He did not present a worked-out theory of natural rights; and this chapter offers an outline of the development of rights theory in England in the decade after 1789 to explain the setting within which Paine did not do so.