bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resolving Business and Human Rights Disputes – Is Arbitration the Way to Go?
Authors: Vodă Corina
Published: October 2020

The insufficient level of protection afforded to human rights violations caused by business-related activities of multinational enterprises has recently begun to garner increased attention. On an intergovernmental level, the elaboration of an internationally binding treaty regulating the activities of transnational corporations is underway. States have also taken initiatives on a national level to reflect their commitment in implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. In both respects, much work remains ahead. Against this background, a group of prominent lawyers have suggested the use of arbitration as an alternative venue for resolving business and human rights disputes. After a span over five years of concept elaboration, public consultation and drafting, the idea has materialised in the creation of the Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (the Hague Rules or Rules), which were officially launched on 12 December 2019. This paper aims to take stock of the proposed Rules and the context of their appearance and examine if arbitration is a suitable medium for resolving business-related human rights infringements. In doing so, it discusses the legal framework governing the confluence of business and human rights as well as the features which speak both in favor and against arbitration as a means of settling business-related human rights disputes. The provisions of the Hague Rules are addressed in detail, particularly where default rules where tailored to better respond to the needs of human rights disputes. The paper concludes with an assessment of arbitration’s potential to ensure protection and enforcement of human rights in international business and reflects whether the Rules are robust enough to empower victims in this endeavor.
Peripheral Edema: Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Michelini Sandro , Failla Alessandro , Moneta Giovanni , Fiorentino Alessandro , Marco Cardone
Published: October 2020

Peripheral edemas can be generated by multiple causes, local and/or systemic. The difficulties in recognizing the exact nature of the edema and the cause that originates it often lead to erroneous considerations that determine an inappropriate therapeutic approach. In this chapter the various causes that generate peripheral edema are analyzed (systemic: cardiac diastolic dysfunction, kidney failure, liver failure, myxedema, from drugs, and idiopathic; and local: venous and/or lymphatic transport insufficiency). They are also described, according to the diagnosis made and the clinical and instrumental criteria to attain a correct and early diagnosis and to proceed to the most appropriate therapeutic measures (drugs, surgery, physical rehabilitative by means of manual and mechanical techniques) in individual cases.
Human Impacts on Coral Reef Ecosystem
Authors: A. El-Naggar Hussein
Published: October 2020

Healthy, Coral reefs are the most spectacular, diverse and economically valuable marine ecosystems on the planet, Complex and productive, coral reefs are extremely important for biodiversity, providing a home to 35,000–60,000 species of plants and animals (over 25% of all marine life), many of which are not described by science. They are also vital for people and business. They provide nurseries for many species of commercially important fish, protection of coastal areas from storm waves. They are providing hundreds of billions of dollars in food, jobs and significant attraction for the tourism industry. Yet coral reef ecosystems have undergone phase shifts to alternate, degraded assemblages because of the combined human activates of unsustainable overfishing, intensive tourism, urbanization, sedimentation, declining water quality, pollution and primarily from the direct and indirect impacts of climate change. Most coral ecologists confirm that coral reef degradation has increased dramatically during the last three decades due to enhanced anthropogenic disturbances and their interaction with natural stressors. So, it is necessary to recognize the threats facing coral reefs from anthropogenic activities and try to minimize and mitigate these impacts.
Rights and Responsibilities: The Reality of Forest Fringe Communities in the Northern Region of Ghana
Authors: Husseini Rikiatu , B. Kendie Stephen , Agbesinyale Patrick
Published: October 2020

The goal for collaborative forest management (CFM) is to attain sustainable management of forest resources for sustainable development. Securing rights and responsibilities of forest fringe communities is central to achieving effective and sustainable management of forest reserves. This article discusses the rights and responsibilities of the forest fringe communities under Ghana’s collaborative Forest Management (CFM) in the Northern region and explores the levels of awareness of communities of these rights and responsibilities. The survey employed a mixed method research design with community members and forestry staff as key respondents. We found that although Forest fringe communities are entitled to some admitted rights including access to the reserves and the right to harvest nontimber forest products such as thatch, medicinal plants, dry wood for firewood and edible fruits mainly for domestic use; in reality, access to such rights is somehow restricted by the forestry staff. Fringe communities have limited knowledge about their rights and responsibilities to the forest reserve. For sustainability, educating fringe communities on their rights and responsibilities to forest reserves and involving them in management decisions is recommended as the surest ways of securing their interests in CFM.
Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications and Challenges
Authors: Eghonghon Ukhurebor Kingsley , Odesanya Ituabhor , Soo Tyokighir Silas , George Kerry Rout , Samson Olayinka Akinola , Oluwafemi Bobadoye Ayodotun
Published: October 2020

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allow innovative applications and involve non-conventional models for the design of procedures owing to some limitations. Due to the necessity for low device complication and low consumption of energy, an appropriate equilibrium among communication and signal processing abilities should be instituted. This stimulates an enormous effort in research actions, standardisation procedure, as well as manufacturing investments on this aspect since the preceding years. Therefore, this chapter aims at presenting a summary of WSNs machineries, foremost applications and values, structures in WSNs project, and the developments drawn from some evidence and meta-data-based survey and assessments. Precisely, some applications, such as those based on ecological monitoring, and design approaches that emphasise a real implementation are discussed briefly. The trends and conceivable developments are outlined. Emphasis is given to “the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 technology” that enables several applications of WSNs. Hence, it is anticipated that this chapter would serve as an introductory aspect on the applications and challenges of WSNs for persons interested in WSNs.
Propagation of Podophyllum hexandrum Royale to Enhance Production of Podophyllotoxin
Authors: Srivastava Utkarsha , Sood Hemant
Published: October 2020

Also known as the Himalayan mayapple, Podophyllum hexandrum is a succulent erect herb, glabrous, up to 30 cm tall with creeping long knotty rhizome. The plant produces podophyllotoxin, an anticancer metabolite, and hence can also be used for the treatment of cancer. The roots have also reported anticancer lignans, including podophyllotoxin and berberine. The root is harvested in the autumn and either dried for later use or the resin is extracted. Due to the plant has been overexploited due to medicinal properties and is now enlisted as an endangered species. Therefore, there is a need to grow this plant at a greater scale so as to utilize its medicinal potential to the fullest. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to grow the pant in vitro. Hence, this problem needs to be countered and methods to increase the metabolite production by the plants are also needed in order to maximize the utilization of its medicinal properties. This review focuses on providing solutions to the researchers to develop new techniques to grow the plant in vitro as well as ex situ and also gives an insight on the various methods that have been proved fruitful for increasing the production of podophyllotoxin in P. hexandrum.
Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Diffusive Processes in Slow Changing Domains
Authors: V. Yevdokymov Dmytro , L. Menshikov Yuri
Published: October 2020

Nowadays, diffusion and heat conduction processes in slow changing domains attract great attention. Slow-phase transitions and growth of biological structures can be considered as examples of such processes. The main difficulty in numerical solutions of correspondent problems is connected with the presence of two time scales. The first one is time scale describing diffusion or heat conduction. The second time scale is connected with the mentioned slow domain evolution. If there is sufficient difference in order of the listed time scale, strong computational difficulties in application of time-stepping algorithms are observed. To overcome the mentioned difficulties, it is proposed to apply a small parameter method for obtaining a new mathematical model, in which the starting parabolic initial-boundary-value problem is replaced by a sequence of elliptic boundary-value problems. Application of the boundary element method for numerical solution of the obtained sequence of problems gives an opportunity to solve the whole considered problem in slow time with high accuracy specific to the mentioned algorithm. Besides that, questions about convergence of the obtained asymptotic expansion and correspondence between initial and obtained formulations of the problem are considered separately. The proposed numerical approach is illustrated by several examples of numerical calculations for relevant problems.
Influence of Tunisian Revolution on Bullying at Work in Interns and Residents
Authors: Merchaoui Irtyah , Rassas Ines , Hayouni Marouen , Mlik Nidhal , Mhenni Feten , Miled Imen , Amri Charfeddine
Published: October 2020

This study aims to compare prevalence and determinants of workplace bullying, in interns and residents before and after Tunisian revolution and to assess its influence on their quality of life. It was a two-step-cross-sectional study, carried out in 2009 and in 2016, in547 interns and residents in 2009 and 667 in 2016.The prevalence of workplace bullying decreased significantly (p < 10−3) between 2009 (74%) and 2016 (43.6%). It was related to the professional status, gender, seniority, deliberate choice of medicine, satisfaction, serious family problems and hobbies in 2009 while it was related to professional status, nature of specialty, deliberate choice of medical studies and the satisfaction of the practice of Medicine in 2016.Most common acts were similar between both cohorts. Median mental and physical quality of life scores were below the mean baseline scores in both cohorts with no significant difference. Despite decrease in workplace bullying rate between both cohorts, its perception has not changed. Lawful criminalization, raising public awareness to reduce this phenomenon and prevent its negative effects are preventive measures to apply.
Toward a Molecular Classification of the Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Raluca Ceausu Amalia , Radu Boia Eugen , Sorin Boia Eugen , Maria Cimpean Anca , Raica Marius
Published: October 2020

The frequency of the squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is constantly increasing, with over 550.000 new cases registered globally each year. The conventional histopathological diagnosis most commonly indicates the squamous cell carcinoma as tumor type and G2 as differentiation grade. Despite of this relative morphological uniformity, there is a great heterogeneity in the molecular profile, the therapeutic response and prognosis. Most probably, this entity includes many diseases, similar in basic morphologic features, but different in the biological behavior. Trying to answer this question and to show discrepancies when they exist, we have evaluated in this book chapter, our own results and data from the literature in terms of molecular profile at the protein level, including the spectrum of proliferation markers, growth factors and their receptors, stromal proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. These data will allow to identify some major criteria for a better stratification of cases, selected for gene analysis and personalized therapy as a future perspective and direction.
Outbreak of Traumatic Defeat Earthquakes: Health Consequences and Medical Provision of the Population
Authors: Dimitrova Diana
Published: October 2020

Earthquakes are described as the most destructive and unpredictable disasters around the world. Many types of consequences are presented as possible negative effects including health-related of them. Identifying and categorizing the various health risk factors is an initial goal in an uncomplicated earthquake setting. Effective organization of the health care system (HCS) in case of complicated medical situation due to earthquakes and tsunamis is a serious challenge. The healthcare system operates at high speed with considerable difficulties in the event of a large magnitude outbreak of a traumatic defeat an earthquake. Possibilities to take adequate solutions in conditions of the worst-case earthquake scenario with the subsequent provoked multi-secondary disasters as tsunamis and with multi-secondary risk factors are highly motivating for the medical community with critically low resource constraints. On the one hand the analysis of the structure of mass victim and medical triage in a complicated scene due to earthquakes is a difficult process. On the other hand medical provision of the population in highly destructive earthquakes is limited by time.
The Analytic Functional Resonance Analysis to Improve Safety Management
Authors: Petrillo Antonella , De Felice Fabio , Petrillo Laura
Published: October 2020

Complex industrial plants are characterized by digitalization and innovation. In this context it is strategic to ensure the systematic design, implementation, and continuous improvement of all processes (operations management). One of the most obvious ways to improve operations performance is to reduce the risk of accidents and human errors. In this pilot study the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is proposed to analyze the complexity of safety in industrial plants. This research integrates FRAM with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi criteria technique, to overcome the limits of the FRAM. The result is a proposal of an alternative approach to risk assessment based on principles of resilience engineering. A real case study in a petrochemical company is analyzed.
Uso do código SWAT na previsão de vazão dos rios da bacia hidrográfica Tocantins-Araguaia
Authors: Deus Ricardo , Deus Simonny Simões , Neves Ramiro Joaquim de Jesus
Published: October 2020

A bacia hidrográfica Tocantins-Araguaia é caracterizada por apresentar singularidade na ocorrência de enchentes e deslizamentos de massa em função de seus altos valores de vazão. Desse modo, o objetivo foi aplicar o simulador Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) para promover a previsão de vazão dos rios da bacia hidrográfica Tocantins-Araguaiae criar cenários para avaliação do papel da dinâmica da taxa de fluxo em função das altas precipitações e desmatamento. O modelo apresentou valores aceitáveis na calibração e validação e posteriormente, cenários de 0 a 100% da mudança do uso da terra foram simulados. Os resultados mostram que com perda de 10% da vegetação na bacia durante períodos de alto escoamento pluviométrico, o escoamento superficial e a erosão aumentam, causando problemas de sedimentação e inundação. Assim, o modelo possibilitou uma compreensão abrangente do sistema para o desenvolvimento da melhor política de manejo e tomada de decisão.
Uma associação entre o artesanato, o poder público local e os comerciantes do município de Itajubá, sul de Minas Gerais
Authors: Boldrin Juliana , Brito Tayrine Parreira , Pereira Viviane Guimarães
Published: October 2020

As feiras de artesanato possuem um papel de importância social, histórica, cultural e econômica nos contextos em que estão inseridas. Itajubá, município no sul de Minas Gerais, possui a feira de artesanato da Associação Artes da Terra (AAT), originada em 2001 e que atualmente conta com 26 associadas e associados e está localizada na praça Getúlio Vargas, local este que possui algumas demandas de melhorias e que hoje os membros da AAT necessitam da mudança de localidade da feira. Com isso, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a partir de uma perspectiva feminista a ocupação pública e social da feira das mulheres da Associação Artes da Terra na Praça Theodomiro Santiago e a sua interação com o comércio fixo local e o poder público e, posteriormente, analisar as relações com o poder público municipal. Para o melhor alcance desses objetivos, foram utilizadas como percurso metodológico entrevistas semiestruturadas com 18 comerciantes do entorno da praça Theodomiro Santiago.
Parents and their Children’s Sports
Authors: Sekot Aleš
Published: October 2020

An essay is rooted in the exploration of broader complex context of the phenomenon of phys-ical motion and sportive activities in contemporary sedentary society. It is at that time the topical problem of pointed parenting styles that is freshen and enliven in the context of edu-cational support aiming to active life orientation, including regular sportive activities. The spe-cific accents and educational methods of parenting are playing crucial role in this respect at the level of authoritative, authoritarian, liberal and neglecting styles (Sekot, 2019). Parenting styles prefiguring motivation of children to regular sportive activities and responsible attitude to life. And such process is going under way of socialization factors and impacts, bringing up to date the sociological links and context of mutual relation to motivation of children and youth to sport also in the context of organizational sportive activities out of the family. Now-adays we face forming socially and culturally determined relation child – parents – trainer (coach). Like this relation yields in the context of the climate of consumerist postmodern soci-ety adoring top elite athletes. Such cultural milieu forms potential conflicts of interests of mo-tivation, experience and pointing separate participants of such „triangle“. Given situation aim our effort to the crucial topic of parental responsibility as well as to growing educational and socialization importance of trainers and coaches. During the synergic process are pervaded practical aspects of the importance of age and motivation; but parental role is in this respect utterly essential and indispensable. Parental role is growing when parents play modelling role by way of mutual sportive activities with children. Thus, as it is in the essay substantiate with relevant research pieces of information and empirical data on parental role in motivation of children to regular physical activity and sport.
Seeing Darkness, Hearing Silence
Authors: Massie Pascal ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2020

This essay addresses the following questions: How does the meta-sensory function of koine aisthesis (sensing-that-I-sense) relate to its other functions? How can a meta-level arise from the immanence of sensation? Can we give an account of meta-sensation that doesn’t assume a transcendental plane? My contention is that (a) the representationalist model doesn’t apply to Aristotle and that (b) Aristotle offers an alternative that is worth exploring. I propose to interpret the meta-sensory power of the koine aisthesis in terms of the sensing of the limits of perception. The sensing of the limit of sensation is the sensing of sensation itself qua potentiality as exemplified by Aristotle’s observations on the experience of seeing darkness or hearing silence. If it is so, sensing-that-I-sense doesn’t require an appeal to a transcendent faculty and arises from the immanent experience of sensation itself.
Hegel and the Politics of Tragedy, Comedy and Terror
Authors: Reid Jeffrey ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2020

Greek tragedy, in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, represents the performative realization of binary political difference, for example, “private versus public,” “man versus woman” or “nation versus state.” On the other hand, Roman comedy and French Revolutionary Terror, in Hegel, can be taken as radical expressions of political in-difference, defined as a state where all mediating structures of association and governance have collapsed into a world of “bread and circuses.” In examining the dialectical interplay between binary, tragic difference and comedic, terrible in-difference, the paper arrives at hypothetical conclusions regarding how these political forms may be observed today.
Regional inequalities in the Visegrad Group countries, Serbia and Croatia
Authors: Klamár Radoslav , Kozoň Ján , Ivanová Monika
Published: October 2020

The paper discusses the evaluation of regional inequalities in the V4 countries, Serbia and Croatia. The gross birth rate, the unemployment rate, the average monthly gross earnings, the gross domestic product per capita in purchasing power parity and dwellings completed per 1000 inhabitants were selected as a set of evaluation indicators and, to determine the level of regional inequalities the Gini Coefficient and the Coefficient of Variation in two variants were used - in all the counties as well as after excluding the capital cities. The integrated indicator of socio-economic status based on the above-specified indicators revealed the prevailing dichotomy of the prosperous West vs. the problematic East in the majority of the countries, the most significantly in Slovakia. This country together with Hungary recorded (mainly thanks to the significant effect of the capital city) the most significant inequalities while the less significant ones were in the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia. The strong effect caused by the capital city was confirmed almost in all the countries except for Poland. The level of the dependence between the socio-economic status of the countries and the level of their inequalities was confirmed only partially.
Sexual activity and protection of reproductive health among female students
Authors: Bošnjak Kristina , Rakić Dušica
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Early sexual activity and multiple sex partners are leading risk factors for the development of sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer. Raising the level of knowledge about measures to protect reproductive health among young people can lead to significant reduction of same. Aim: Aim of the study is to determine sexual activity, knowledge and views on measures to protect reproductive health among female students on the University of Novi Sad. Material and methods: The survey was conducted among 269 female students, on Faculty of Philosophy, Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad (age 19-24 years), from December 2018. to February 2019. An anonymous questionnaire was used as the instrument for the research. Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS Statistics 20. Results: Early sexual activity, before 18 years had 33.7% of respondents (average age 16.44). A number of 32% of students had one, and 13.4% had 4 sexual partners or more. Condom use 62.2% of students, but 8% of women don't use any protection. One-third of students knows that HPV infection can cause cervical cancer, 60.6% didn't even hear for a vaccine against it. There is a statistically significant difference in knowledge about reproductive health in terms of contraceptive methods between medical female students and female students on other faculties, as well. Conclusion: There is a significant percentage of female students who had early sexual activity and low knowledge about reproductive health. This points to the need for more intense sex education in order to raise the level of knowledge about measures to protect reproductive health.
Frequency of inflammatory complications following surgical tooth extraction and the efficiency of postoperative protocols for their prevention
Authors: Đurić Tamara , Tadić Ana
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Surgical tooth extraction is one of the most common surgical procedures in oral surgery nowadays. The post-extraction period is usually uneventful, however, in some cases, the healing process may be affected by the extraction trauma or by the impact of bacteria at the surgical site. Aim: The aim of this paper is to establish the frequency of inflammatory complications, specifically surgical site infections and alveolar osteitis, after surgical extractions, and to explore the impact of antiseptics and antibiotics regarding the prevention of these complications. Material and methods: A number of 60 patients was included in this research, divided into three research groups according to the post-operative treatment type prescribed. The first group consisted of the patients who had been prescribed antibiotics, while the second group consisted of the patients who had been instructed to rinse their mouth with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate rinse postoperatively. Control group consisted of the patients who had not been prescribed any treatment. The postoperative check-ups were done on the second and the seventh day after the surgery, where it was checked if there were any clinical signs of infection or alveolar osteitis at the surgical site. Results: The study consisted of 60 patients, out of which a total of 67 teeth were extracted. Two patients were diagnosed alveolar osteitis, while four patients were diagnosed postoperative infection Conclusion: Statistically significant difference between the participant groups regarding the frequency of postoperative complications has not been noticed. There is insufficient evidence to justify the routine use of antibiotics or antiseptics after surgical tooth extractions.
Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with meningitis before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Serbia
Authors: Milojević Sara , Kekić Dušan , Gajić Ina , Mijač Vera , Opavski Nataša
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Pneumococcal meningitis is a serious disease which affects mostly children ≤ 2 years, adults ≥ 65 years and immunodeficient patients. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into immunization programs worldwide has led to a significant decrease in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, reduction of antibiotic resistance and changes in the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes. In 2018, PCV10 was introduced into the National Immunization Program in Serbia. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococcal strains isolated from meningitis cases in the pre-vaccinal period (2009-2018) in Serbia. Material and methods: Meningeal isolates were sent into the National Reference Laboratory for streptococci between January 2009 and December 2018 for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Serotyping was performed by Quellung reaction, while AST was performed using disk diffusion method and E-test. Results: A total of 199 strains were analyzed and 32 different serotypes have been identified. Among the 55 (27.64%) strains from children ≤16 years, 17 different serotypes were detected of which 19F, 14, 6A, and 6B were the most common. Regarding the 144 (72.36%) adult isolates, 30 different serotypes were present, the most common being 3, 19F, 14, 23F, 6A and 6B. The coverage of pediatric serotypes was 61.82% for PCV10 and 78.18% for PCV13. Statistically significant number of isolates showed resistance to: penicillin (53.26%), erythromycin (45.73%), clindamycin (40.20%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.17%) and tetracycline (34.17%). The isolates from children were more resistant to beta-lactams and macrolides (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During the pre-vaccinal period in Serbia, vaccinal serotypes dominated over non-vaccinal serotypes. Resistance is intermediate to high in the dominant serotypes of children and low in the most common adult serotype 3. Taking into consideration the possible changes in the pneumococcal population in the future, continued monitoring of post-vaccine serotype and resistance trends are essential.
Bosnian Muslims and Serbs: Reasons for dispute from 1918 to the present day
Authors: Todorović Vladica
Published: October 2020

The paper provides an analysis of political relations of Bosnian Muslims (officially Bosniaks since 1993) and Serbs, lasting for almost a century. Firstly, the author deals with their relations in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1941, all the way through World War II from 1941 to 1945, then in the Communist Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1990, followed bythe period after the break-up of Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia, when Bosnia and Herzegovina became sovereign state, and, finally,with their current relations We believe that the main cause of the dispute is that Bosnian Muslims historically always abandoned Serbs at critical times and sought the support of other states and nations for their state-building goals. In wars, they supported their enemies, often forming alliances with other states or nations. As religious idea among the Bosnian Muslims grew from 1918, so did their numbers as well as their aspirations for Serbian territories. Similarly, as the number of Bosnian Muslims grew, so did the interest of great powers and political parties as well as their military support. Most importantly, with the rise of numbers of Bosnian Muslims, their policies and their stance towards the state changed. Hence, when they became majority in Bosnia and Herzegovina, they wanted to turn the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina into their national state.
Tacit consent and costs of non-entry into the political community
Authors: Savanović Aleksandar
Published: October 2020

This paper offers an analysis of an issue related to the social contract theory The issue concerned is disagreement in the form of tacit consent. Namely, if we accept the model of tacit consent, then an issue of costs of this disagreement is raised. These costs cannot be treated in the same way as in the case of express consent. The reason is that, in the case of tacit consent, a person does not have same chances and opportunities as others. This offers a possibility of claiming discrimination, especially if we accept the fact that these costs can be so high so that they deny the possibility of choice. At least in a practical sense and de facto. So, this topic must be understood properly if we want the social contract theory to function well. In this paper, we will try to do that through a logical and semantic analysis of basic terms: tacit consent, disagreement, and costs of contract.
Establishing and maintaining knowledge management in the enterprises of the defense industry
Authors: Bojić Marko , Stanojević Slobodan , Zekić Milorad
Published: October 2020

Establishing knowledge management means setting up, maintaining and constantly updating a state by generating new models and rules of its use, i.e. means process. Each process takes place in accordance with a logical structure and certain rules, supported by someone.It has a specific goal, directed content and it requires some assumptions,that is, characteristics of the environment in which it takes place. When it comes to knowledge management, its establishment and maintenance, the enterprises of the defense industry represent the environment and its properties condition the generation of knowledge management. On this assumption, questions can be asked and their answers explain the knowledge management generation.
Cuba, La Isla del rayo verde en la dinámica de las relaciones exteriores de Italia. De la marcha sobre Rome a la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Authors: Consuegra Sanfiel Alberto
Published: October 2020

El artículo tiene como objetivo principal reconstruir y analizar, a través de fuentes documentales y periodísticas, los rasgos distintivos que adquirieron las relaciones económicas y políticas desarrolladas entre Italia y Cuba entre 1922 y 1941. Además de exponer los cambios y continuidades que se dieron durante el período, se intenta demostrar la importancia que tuvo Cuba para la agenda exterior italiana, además de que aporta conocimiento a la producción historiográfica acerca de las relaciones diplomáticas cubanas durante la época republicana. Asimismo, se presenta la importancia de la exigua comunidad de inmigrantes italianos en el desarrollo y consolidación de las relaciones entre ambos países, y el desempeño que tuvo la legación italiana en la implementación de un programa cultural que descansó en la exaltación de la latinidad como lazo cultural en la promoción del fascismo como corriente ideológica.

The main objective of the article is to reconstruct and analyze, through documentary and journalistic sources, the distinctive features that acquired the economic and political relations developed between Italy and Cuba between 1922 and 1941. In addition to exposing the changes and continuities that occurred during this period, it is tried to demonstrate the importance that Cuba had for the Italian foreign agenda, in addition to providing knowledge to the historiographical production about cuban diplomatic relations during the republican era. Likewise, the importance of the small community of italian immigrants in the development and consolidation of relations between the two countries is presented, and the performance of the italian legation in the implementation of a cultural program that rested on the exaltation of latinity as a link cultural in the promotion of Fascism as an ideological current.
DOSSIER “FUENTES PARA UNA HISTORIA ECONÓMICA Y SOCIAL DE AMÉRICA. METODOLOGÍAS, PRÁCTICAS E INVESTIGACIONES EN DIÁLOGO”.
Authors: Caño Ortigosa José Luis , Salinas María Laura
Published: October 2020

DOSSIER “FUENTES PARA UNA HISTORIA ECONÓMICA Y SOCIAL DE AMÉRICA. METODOLOGÍAS, PRÁCTICAS E INVESTIGACIONES EN DIÁLOGO”.

Introducción.

DOSSIER “SOURCES FOR ONE  SOCIAL AND ECONIMC HISTORY OF AMERICA. METHODS, PRACTICES AND RESEARCH IN DIALOGUE”.

Introduction.
El archivo indígena y el relato de su historia en los Andes.
Authors: Glave Luis Miguel
Published: October 2020

El estudio desarrolla la hipótesis acerca de que durante los siglos de dominación colonial, los indios de los Andes fueron construyendo un archivo en el que guardaron la memoria de sus luchas y reclamos y con ella, crearon un relato sobre su situación en la monarquía católica y las expectativas o programa sobre sus pretensiones dentro de ella. El archivo se constituyó con los pedidos de mercedes, reclamos sobre cacicazgos, probanzas de linajes y servicios, memoriales de agravios, títulos de tierras, relaciones y cartas. De un universo muy amplio de documentos, que cubren distintas regiones del virreinato peruano, se establecieron correspondencias entre las gestiones y los discursos, los intercambios y la acumulación representativa de esa historia de lucha legal. Un caso desconocido y representativo, de Pedro Laureano de los Reyes sirve para ejemplificar la idea central.

The study develops the hypothesis that during the centuries of colonial domination, the Indians of the Andes were building an archive in which they kept the memory of their struggles and claims and with it, they created a story about their situation in the Catholic monarchy and the expectations or program about his claims within it. The archive was created with requests for grants, claims on chiefdoms, evidence of lineages and services, memorials of grievances, land titles, relationships and letters. From a very wide universe of documents, covering different regions of the Peruvian viceroyalty, correspondences were established between the negotiations and speeches, exchanges and the representative accumulation of that history of legal struggle. An unknown and representative case, of Pedro Laureano de los Reyes serves to exemplify the central idea.
Avances historiográficos, fuentes clásicas y nuevas metodologías para el estudio de las cofradías en el Nuevo Mundo.
Authors: Jiménez Jiménez Ismael
Published: October 2020

El estudio de las cofradías durante la Edad Moderna en la Monarquía hispánica ha sido un tema historiográfico con idas y vueltas. En el mundo peninsular toda la producción científica ha ido ligada, casi indisolublemente, a ejercicios de “historia local” y por ello, en muchos casos, fue abordado con miras muy concretas y limitadas. En cualquier caso y gracias a ello, contamos con un corpus interesante para los casos españoles. Sin embargo, si pasamos a observar la historiografía cofradiera en Indias hallaremos un conjunto de publicaciones muy reducido durante buena parte del siglo XX. Sólo en las últimas décadas se ha producido un avance importante en estos estudios americanistas y desde este progreso contamos con una base para continuar las investigaciones de esta faceta de la historia de las religiones.

The study of the brotherhoods during the Modern Age in the Hispanic Monarchy has been a historiographical subject with twists and turns. In the Iberian Peninsula, scientific production has been linked, almost inextricably, to exercises of "local history". Therefore, in many cases, it was approached with very specific and limited views. In any case and thanks to this, we have an interesting corpus for Spanish cases. However, if we look at the brotherhood historiography in Latin America we will find a very small set of publications for much of the 20th century. In the last decades has there been an important advance in these Americanist studies and from this progress, we have a basis to continue investigations of this facet of the History of religions.
Historia política del Tucumán durante el siglo XVII. Tradiciones explicativas y nuevas perspectivas de investigación.
Authors: Nieva Ocampo Guillermo , Daniela Alejandra
Published: October 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las diversas interpretaciones que se realizaron sobre la historia política del Tucumán durante el siglo XVII. A la luz del desarrollo historiográfico del siglo XX hasta nuestros días, proponemos, además, nuevas perspectivas de investigación que consideramos necesarias. 

The objetive of this work is to expose the various interpretations that were made about the political history of Tucuman during the 17th century. In the light of the historiographic development of the 20th century to the present day, we also propose new research perspectives that we consider necessary.
Fuentes judiciales para la historia de la Provincia del Paraguay, siglos XVII y XVIII.
Authors: Caballero Campos Herib
Published: October 2020

Este artículo realiza un análisis heurístico de la Sección Civil y Judicial del Archivo Nacional de Asunción y como la documentación puede ser útil para comprender las dinámicas familiares, sociales, económicas y religiosas en una provincia situada en los confines de los dominios hispanos. El Archivo Nacional de Asunción remonta su origen a fines del siglo XVI por disposición del gobernador Hernando Arias de Saavedra. Originalmente los documentos que conforman la sección provienen de los juzgados de 1er y 2do voto del Cabildo de Asunción. Se procederá a analizar la documentación en los dos siglos más completos de la misma que son los siglos XVII y XVIII. Se determinará la tipología documental, el objeto entre otros aspectos que ayuden a caracterizar los expedientes que integran dicha colección.

This article makes an heuristic analysis of the Civil and Judiciary Section of the National Archive of Asunción and how the documentation can be useful for the comprehension of the dynamics in the families, society, economics and religious aspects in the province located in the bounds of the Hispanic possessions. The National Archive of Asunción was originated in the late 16th century after a provision of the governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra. Originally the files that made up the section come from the 1st and 2nd courts of the Asunción City Council. The text will proceed to an analysis in the two more complete centuries of the same of the documentation, which were the 17th and 18th centuries. It will be to determine a documentary typology, as well as the object between other aspects that could help characterize the files that are part of this collection.
El estudio de la minería colonial Altoandina desde las fuentes fiscales, siglos XVII y XVIII.
Authors: Gavira Márquez María Concepción
Published: October 2020

Este trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre las fuentes que abordamos los investigadores para el estudio de la historia de la minería colonial, analizando los aportes y las limitaciones de las distintas fuentes, así como la incorporación de nuevas preguntas que han permitido ampliar el conocimiento de esta importante actividad en la América colonial. Nos vamos a centrar en las fuentes fiscales, especialmente en los libros contables de las Cajas Reales, los cuales nos ofrecen muchas posibilidades, aunque también hablaremos de las limitaciones a la hora de tomar esta información como concluyente sin someterla a un riguroso análisis y sin completar el estudio con otro tipo de documentación.

This work aims to ponder the sources used by researchers to study colonial mining. Analyzing its contributions and limits, and also, the appearance of new questions which have enabled the increasing of knowledge about this important activity in colonial America. We will focus on fiscal sources, especially on accounting books of the Cajas Reales, which offer us many possibilities, although we will also talk about the limitations when thinking of this information as conclusive, without subjecting it to a stringent analysis, and without completing the study with other source of documentation.
Superficie de navegación: espacio para habitar y localizar
Authors: Foglia Efraín
Published: October 2020

No exageramos cuando afirmamos que las ciudades han incorporado una piel digital en su superficie, pues si calculamos la cantidad de datos digitales que circulan por las redes inalámbricas de los centros urbanos, entenderíamos que en algunas zonas existen más bits que cemento. Debido a esto, la superficie habitable se está transformando en un territorio de interacción digital mediada por dispositivos personales y grandes infraestructuras de comunicación.
GATA6 mutations in hiPSCs inform mechanisms for maldevelopment of the heart, pancreas, and diaphragm
Authors: Sharma Arun , Wasson Lauren K , Willcox Jon AL , Morton Sarah U , Gorham Joshua M , DeLaughter Daniel M , Neyazi Meraj , Schmid Manuel , Agarwal Radhika , Jang Min Young , Toepfer Christopher N , Ward Tarsha , Kim Yuri , Pereira Alexandre C , DePalma Steven R , Tai Angela , Kim Seongwon , Conner David , Bernstein Daniel , Gelb Bruce D , Chung Wendy K , Goldmuntz Elizabeth , Porter George , Tristani-Firouzi Martin , Srivastava Deepak , Seidman Jonathan G , Seidman Christine E ,   Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium
Published: October 2020

Damaging GATA6 variants cause cardiac outflow tract defects, sometimes with pancreatic and diaphragmic malformations. To define molecular mechanisms for these diverse developmental defects, we studied transcriptional and epigenetic responses to GATA6 loss of function (LoF) and missense variants during cardiomyocyte differentiation of isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that GATA6 is a pioneer factor in cardiac development, regulating SMYD1 that activates HAND2, and KDR that with HAND2 orchestrates outflow tract formation. LoF variants perturbed cardiac genes and also endoderm lineage genes that direct PDX1 expression and pancreatic development. Remarkably, an exon 4 GATA6 missense variant, highly associated with extra-cardiac malformations, caused ectopic pioneer activities, profoundly diminishing GATA4, FOXA1/2, and PDX1 expression and increasing normal retinoic acid signaling that promotes diaphragm development. These aberrant epigenetic and transcriptional signatures illuminate the molecular mechanisms for cardiovascular malformations, pancreas and diaphragm dysgenesis that arise in patients with distinct GATA6 variants.
Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure
Authors: Xie Meng , Gol'din Pavel , Herdina Anna Nele , Estefa Jordi , Medvedeva Ekaterina V , Li Lei , Newton Phillip T , Kotova Svetlana , Shavkuta Boris , Saxena Aditya , Shumate Lauren T , Metscher Brian D , Großschmidt Karl , Nishimori Shigeki , Akovantseva Anastasia , Usanova Anna P , Kurenkova Anastasiia D , Kumar Anoop , Arregui Irene Linares , Tafforeau Paul , Fried Kaj , Carlström Mattias , Simon András , Gasser Christian , Kronenberg Henry M , Bastepe Murat , Cooper Kimberly L , Timashev Peter , Sanchez Sophie , Adameyko Igor , Eriksson Anders , Chagin Andrei S
Published: October 2020

Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering the land - amniotes. Analysis of the ossification pattern in mammals with specialized extremities (whales, bats, jerboa) revealed that SOC development correlates with the extent of mechanical loads. Mathematical modeling revealed that SOC reduces mechanical stress within the growth plate. Functional experiments revealed the high vulnerability of hypertrophic chondrocytes to mechanical stress and showed that SOC protects these cells from apoptosis caused by extensive loading. Atomic force microscopy showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the least mechanically stiff cells within the growth plate. Altogether, these findings suggest that SOC has evolved to protect the hypertrophic chondrocytes from the high mechanical stress encountered in the terrestrial environment.
Divergent projections of the prelimbic cortex bidirectionally regulate active avoidance
Authors: Diehl Maria M , Iravedra-Garcia Jorge M , Morán-Sierra Jonathan , Rojas-Bowe Gabriel , Gonzalez-Diaz Fabiola N , Valentín-Valentín Viviana P , Quirk Gregory J
Published: October 2020

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) integrates incoming information to guide our actions. When motivation for food-seeking competes with avoidance of danger, the PFC likely plays a role in selecting the optimal choice. In platform-mediated active avoidance, rats avoid a tone-signaled footshock by stepping onto a nearby platform, delaying access to sucrose pellets. This avoidance requires prelimbic (PL) PFC, basolateral amygdala (BLA), and ventral striatum (VS). We previously showed that inhibitory tone responses of PL neurons correlate with avoidability of shock (Diehl et al., 2018). Here, we optogenetically modulated PL terminals in VS and BLA to identify PL outputs regulating avoidance. Photoactivating PL-VS projections reduced avoidance, whereas photoactivating PL-BLA projections increased avoidance. Moreover, photosilencing PL-BLA or BLA-VS projections reduced avoidance, suggesting that VS receives opposing inputs from PL and BLA. Bidirectional modulation of avoidance by PL projections to VS and BLA enables the animal to make appropriate decisions when faced with competing drives.