bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Yiaga Africa Vote Buying Media Campaign on the Attitude of Voters in Enugu State
Authors: Agbo Benedict Obiora , Ezinwa Chidiebere Anthony , Ewelu Ijeoma Geraldine
Published: January 2025

This study examines the Influence of Yiaga Africa vote buying media campaign on the attitude of voters in Enugu state. The objectives include; to ascertain the Enugu state level of awareness about Yiaga Africa vote buying media campaign; to determine the extent Yiaga Africa vote buying media campaign influences the attitude of voters in Enugu state; to determine the extent Yiaga Africa vote buying media campaign influences the behavior of voters in Enugu state, and to evaluate the challenges militating against Yiaga’s campaign against vote buying in Enugu state. The research design used for this study is the Descriptive survey method. The population of the study is 1450000, the sample size of 400 was determined using the Taro yamane formula while the sampling technique used is the Random Sampling Technique. Findings from the study reveals that Yiaga Africa votes buying media campaign influenced the attitude of voters in Enugu state and the campaign influenced the behavior of voters in Enugu state to a large extent it was also found that the challenges affecting the acceptance of Yiaga Africa campaigns against Vote buying is poverty and the attitude of politicians. The researchers recommended that there should be an introduction of electronic voting system which could potentially reduce the act of votes buying and selling in elections. It was also recommended that Nigerian government should create employment opportunities and reduce the level of poverty that makes people susceptible to criminal, financial and material inducement. More so, Yiaga Africa needs to intensify voter education and enlightenment campaigns on the negative implications of vote trading. In conclusion, Yiaga Africa should create awareness on the incidence of vote buying so that electoral fraud and manipulation of voters will reduce.
Leadership Styles within the Context of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
Authors: Naoum Rawiah F.
Published: January 2025

Leadership in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) is critical for navigating resource constraints, diverse stakeholder needs, and mission-driven goals. This study examines transactional, transformational, and laissez-faire leadership styles within NGOs, identifying their strengths and limitations. Transactional leadership provides structure and efficiency in crisis situations but may stifle innovation. Transformational leadership inspires long-term commitment and change but risks over-reliance on charismatic leaders. Laissez-faire leadership empowers skilled teams but can lead to inefficiency without clear direction. The findings emphasise the need for adaptive leadership tailored to specific organisational contexts, bridging gaps in the limited research on NGO leadership practices.
Effectiveness of levamisole in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Pourahmad Morteza , Soltani Rasool , Noroozi Mohammad H , Khorvash Farzin , Ataei Behrooz , Shams Manijeh , Nikokar Fatemeh
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Inflammation plays a role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology and anti-inflammatory drugs may help reduce the disease severity. Levamisole is an anthelmintic drug with immunomodulatory and possible antiviral effects. This study aimed to evaluate the role of levamisole in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
Methodology: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, hospitalized patients with confirmed severe COVID-19 (arterial oxygen saturation < 90%) were randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 41) or control (n = 45) groups. Levamisole 50 mg orally daily was prescribed for the first group until discharge or death, for a maximum of 7 days, along with other standard treatments. Only standard treatments were prescribed to the control group. Clinical response (either improvement or failure) at the end of the fifth and seventh days, changes in laboratory indices, length of hospitalization, and mortality rate during the study were evaluated and recorded.
Results: The rate of clinical improvement in the experimental group was significantly more than in the control group on the fifth (97.6% vs. 58.7%, p < 0.001) and seventh (95.8% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.007) days. Furthermore, the mean length of hospital stays in the experimental group (8.39 ± 3.54 days) was significantly shorter than in the control group (10.78 ± 5.40 days, p = 0.024). No patients died during the study.
Conclusions: Administering levamisole to hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 reduced hospitalization time and improved several clinical outcomes.
Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in a tertiary care hospital in Brazil: a 7-year time series
Authors: Medeiros Amanda F , Bertollo Caryne M , Faria Bárbara CD , Almeida Claudmeire DC , Leite Edna MM , Vieira Laura R , Souza Ana FF , Abreu Mauro HNG , Souza Renan P , Martins Maria AP
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health challenge globally. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial consumption (ATBc), and the incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), focusing on pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (ESKAPE group), in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital.
Methodology: The ATBc was measured by defined daily doses (DDD) calculated per 1000 patient days. The incidence of MDRO was collected from the hospital infection control committee specialized reports. Changes in ATBc and MDRO incidence over time were explained by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) represented by the average yearly change as a proportion (%) of consumption in the starting year. This was a time series study using data collected retrospectively from January 2015 to December 2021.
Results: There was an increase in consumption of daptomycin and linezolid during the study period (39.4% and 27.7%, respectively), followed by polymyxins (9.8%). The MDRO of the ESKAPE group with the highest variation in the period were Staphylococcus spp (29.2%), Enterococcus spp (27.8%), and Acinetobacter spp (18.4%). Other MDROs, outside the ESKAPE group, such as Providencia sp (51.2%) and Clostridioides dificille (37.7%) had significant variation.
Conclusions: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reinforced the deterioration of the scenario of accelerating AMR increase. This warrants investigations of further surveillance data to assess the impact of the pandemic on AMR epidemiological trends.
Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a hospital in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Gieburowski Juliana T , Psaltikidis Eliane M , Lima Tiago C , Conterno Lucieni de O , Trabasso Plinio , Moretti Maria L , Resende Mariângela R
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of nosocomial infection and recent studies have shown an increase in the number of cases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and incidence of invasive candidiasis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a reference tertiary hospital in Brazil.
Methodology: A retrospective observational study was performed with 148 patients infected with Candida spp.
Results: The incidence of invasive candidiasis was 3.43 cases per 1000 admissions in the pre-pandemic period and 4.54 cases per 1000 admissions in the pandemic period, with a particularly high incidence in the intensive care unit. Compared to the pre-pandemic period, patients presented more frequently with immunosuppression (p = 0.01), sepsis (p = 0.03), and need for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.01) during the pandemic. The prevailing type of Candida spp. infection was candidemia, mostly by C. albicans. Invasive candidiasis was associated with high mortality; 52% of the infected patients died from this disease in the pre-pandemic period, while 62% died in the pandemic period. COVID-19, mechanical ventilation, and sepsis were significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.008, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001 respectively).
Conclusions: A high incidence of Candida infection was observed at a tertiary general hospital in Brazil between 2018 and 2022. An increase in incidence of Candida infection during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a greater number of critical patients. Sepsis, mechanical ventilation, and COVID-19 were related to higher mortality in patients with invasive candidiasis.
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections and socio-occupational profile of delivery riders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Almeida Ester P , Belo Vinícius S , Da Silva Mônica F , Figueiredo Roberta C , Da Silva Eduardo S , Gomes Mayron HM , Oliveira Marina PC , Toledo Marina MLM , Teixeira-Neto Rafael G
Published: January 2025

Introduction: We assessed the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and associated socio-occupational factors among delivery riders from a Brazilian city at two time points during the pandemic.
Methodology: Surveys for antibody and viral RNA testing were conducted from November 2020 to January 2021, and from March to May 2021 in a group of 117 delivery riders. A questionnaire on socio-occupational characteristics and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive measures was completed. Factors associated with prevalence were analyzed using bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression models.
Results: The overall prevalence of COVID-19 was 15.4% (CI 9.0–23.0). Although not statistically significant, the prevalence was higher in the second phase of the survey (12% (CI 6.0–19.0)) than in the first (5.1% (CI 1.0–10.0)). The seroprevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the second phase of collection (10.3%) than in the first phase (3.4%). There were no statistically significant associations between the social characteristics assessed in the study and prevalence. Five behavioral variables were selected for the final multiple logistic regression model; and only the variable “cleans hands” had a significant association with the outcome, indicating that those who cleaned their hands had lower occurrence.
Conclusions: The prevalence among delivery riders was high and they were potentially exposed to risk of infection. Occupational activity and individual prevention behavior were better determinants of infection than social differences. It is necessary to take specific public measures for this group, especially during outbreaks of communicable diseases such as COVID-19.
Persistent COVID-19 symptoms and associated factors in a tertiary hospital in Thailand
Authors: Somboonviboon Dujrath , Aramareerak Pattanapol , Lertamornpong Amornchai , Piyavechviratana Kunchit , Pirompanich Pattarin
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with long-term symptoms, but the spectrum of these symptoms remains unclear. We aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with persistent symptoms in patients at the post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic.
Methodology: This cross-sectional, observational study included hospitalized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients followed-up at a post-COVID-19 clinic between September 2021 and January 2022. Persistent symptoms, defined as lasting > 4 weeks after infection, were analyzed alongside symptom timing (28–90, 91–120, and > 120 days) and associated factors using multivariate analysis.
Results: Among 277 patients, mean (SD) age was 56 (16.6) years, and 58.5% were male. Of these, 80.9% reported at least one persistent symptom. Common symptoms included dyspnea (48.2%), insomnia (42.4%), and myalgia (42.1%). In multivariate analysis, being female [odds ratio (OR) 3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–7.76], and oxygen therapy (OR 3.39; 95% CI 1.3–8.81) were independently associated factors with persistent symptoms. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP) (> 75 mg/dL) was an independent risk factor for dyspnea (adjusted OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.28–4.12), and fatigue (adjusted OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.25–4). Oxygen therapy was an independent risk factor for neurologic symptoms, i.e. insomnia (adjusted OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.15–3.65), and brain fog (adjusted OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.14–3.58).
Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of persistent COVID-19 symptoms. The most common symptom was dyspnea. Female gender and oxygen supplementation were independent associated factors. Continuous follow-up of these patients is still required.
Evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants under strict non-pharmaceutical interventions – a population-based study
Authors: Huo Xiang , Cui Lunbiao , Zhu Liguo , Zhang Jun , Fan Huafeng , Yi Yongxiang , Zhao Jun , Ge Yiyue , Wang Shenjiao , Han Xu , Gao Xingsu , Qi Xian , Fu Jianguang , Li Zhifeng , Fan Huan , Yu Huiyan , Deng Fei , Zhao Kangchen , Zhu Xiaojuan , Hu Jianli , Li Jianjun , Ai Jing , Kang Guodong , Shen Ya , Jin Guangjie , Wang Furu , Zhang Zhong , He Min , Ding Songning , Wang Yin , Dong Yuying , Huang Yao , Yi Changhua , Wang Longyu , Jiao Yudong , Wang Jinfu , Li Jian , Liu Hongde , Li Jingxin , Bao Changjun , Wu Ming , Zhu Fengcai
Published: January 2025

Introduction: China implemented a dynamic zero-COVID strategy to curb viral transmission in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This strategy was designed to inhibit mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19. This study explores the dynamics of viral evolution under stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) through real-world observations.
Methodology: Our analysis encompassed all polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 cases (n = 780) from two consecutive outbreaks occurring in July to August 2021. Epidemiological investigations and in-depth viral genome analyses were conducted to determine the sources of infection and the inter-outbreak linkages.
Results: The outbreaks likely originated via contaminated objects from an imported COVID-19 case to local airport cleaners. Most patients presented clinically mild symptoms. All viral genomes clustered into a single clade, with genomes from the subsequent Yangzhou outbreak forming a distinct branch, diverging from those of the initial Nanjing outbreak. Compared to the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, the Delta variants isolated from the imported case and early local cases in Nanjing had 35 nucleotide mutations and three deletions. Various single nucleotide variant (SNV) combinations were observed in subsequent transmissions, with NPIs accounting for the termination of 67.2% (92/137) of SNV combinations. Stringent implementation of NPIs resulted in a greater number of terminated SNV combinations than emerging ones. Additionally, vaccination of cases was associated with SNV combination termination.
Conclusions: This study underscores the significant role of NPIs in preventing the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
Insights of community pharmacists on antibiotic misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic in the northern region of Cyprus
Authors: Güran Mümtaz , Ali Ömer Barış , Ceylanlı Ekin , İyican Muharrem , Tepretmez Laden , Kuşi Dilara , Aktürk İpek Ü
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The global healthcare system faced unparalleled challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, potentially reshaping antibiotic usage trends. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, perceptions, and observations of community pharmacists concerning antibiotic utilization during and after the pandemic; and offer crucial insights into its impact on antibiotic usage patterns and infection dynamics.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 162 community pharmacists in Northern Cyprus. Data were gathered via a structured survey, including pharmacist demographics, antibiotic knowledge, perceptions of antibiotic resistance, and observations on antibiotic misuse during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analyzed by biostatistical methods.
Results: Over 90% of pharmacists demonstrated high awareness of antibiotic overuse and resistance. The average antibiotic use knowledge score was 5.09/7. The majority expressed interest in further education (85.2%) and participation in campaigns (96.9%) to promote appropriate antibiotic use. Notably, 87.7% of participants observed an increase in respiratory infections post pandemic, and 45.7% reported administering more antibiotics, reflecting heightened demand. Furthermore, 63.6% noted increased demand for unprescribed antibiotics, while 45.7% expressed concerns about potential neglect of the antibiotic resistance issue as a consequence of the pandemic.
Conclusions: The study highlights critical changes in antibiotic dispensing patterns among community pharmacists during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The results here underscore the pivotal role of pharmacists in antibiotic stewardship, advocating for ongoing education, and stricter prescription regulations to optimize antibiotic use and combat resistance.
Effect of hemoperfusion in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a case series from a single-center hospital in Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Aldrich , Partiningrum Dwi Lestari , Olivera Ivona , Sanjaya Steffani , Djunarko Josephine , Yusri Nurul Hasanah , Tandarto Kevin
Published: January 2025

Hemoperfusion (HP), a blood filtration method targeting the removal of toxins and inflammatory elements, was investigated in this study. The objective was to present the observations in four individuals with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent several rounds of HP utilizing the HA330 cartridge at a hospital in Indonesia.
Case studies: We report four cases of COVID-19 patients who underwent HP. The decision to start HP in COVID-19 patients hinges on severe illness and specific indications such as refractory hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm syndrome, despite conventional treatments. Inclusion criteria were evidence of organ dysfunction; particularly the lungs, kidneys, or liver; and significant inflammatory markers or laboratory abnormalities. The four cases described here received HP as a supplementary treatment for COVID-19. However, only two of these patients successfully finished three cycles of HP, and just one exhibited improvement and was eventually declared to have recovered.
Conclusions: The rationale behind HP in COVID-19 patients lies in its potential to mitigate the cytokine storm, a hallmark of severe disease. COVID-19 is known to trigger an excessive inflammatory response, leading to organ damage and respiratory distress. HP, through the use of devices such as the HA330 cartridge, aims to remove inflammatory cytokines and toxins from blood circulation. Utilizing at least three sessions of HA-330 HP in addition to standard treatment in severe COVID-19 demonstrated a beneficial effect on decreasing inflammatory biomarkers, although it did not affect mortality rates.
Evaluating convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Moeini Taba Masoud , Eshraghi Reza , Zare Tutestani Maryam , Moraveji Sayyed Alireza , Sehat Mojtaba , Banafshe Hamid Reza
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is a form of passive immunization which has been used as a treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CP therapy in patients with severe COVID-19.
Methodology: In this retrospective cohort study, 50 patients with severe COVID-19 treated with CP at Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, in 2019 were evaluated. Eligible plasma donors were COVID-19 survivors with high IgG levels and no comorbidities. Clinical and laboratory parameters, including vital signs, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels, were measured before and after CP therapy at specified intervals including 24 h and 48 h post-therapy.
Results: The average age of the patients was 55.96 years, and 46% had comorbidities. No adverse effects from CP therapy were reported. Significant associations were observed between baseline ESR levels and factors such as age, comorbidities, hypertension history, and intubation status. However, there was no significant correlation between the outcomes of WBC, ESR, and CRP levels and the IgG levels in recipients.
Conclusions: CP therapy appears to be a safe and potentially effective treatment for severe COVID-19, especially in patients with certain baseline characteristics. These findings add valuable insights into the management of severe COVID-19 cases, although further research is needed to fully understand the implications and optimize treatment protocols.
Evaluation of long-term pulmonary functions after COVID-19 infection in children: a longitudinal observational cohort study
Authors: Korkmaz Muhammet F , Şenkan Gülsüm E , Elmas Bozdemir Şefika , Korkmaz Merve , Koç İbrahim , Oral Behiye
Published: January 2025

Introduction: We aimed to present the changes that may occur in pulmonary functions in children who experienced more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during long-term follow-up.
Methodology: A prospective longitudinal observational cohort study was conducted with 34 pediatric patients (7–18 years) who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection (moderate n = 25, severe n = 9), and followed up at our Pediatric Infection Outpatient Clinic for approximately two years. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed using spirometry.
Results: Data from the hospitalization period revealed no significant differences between the severity groups in terms of demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, treatment, and outcome (p > 0.05). The median time interval between COVID-19 infection and PFTs was 15 months (range 11–29 months), and there was no significant difference between severity groups (p = 0.878). Eight patients (24%) had abnormal pulmonary functions; among them, seven had an obstructive pattern (21%) and one had a restrictive pattern (3%). The severity groups had no statistical difference in pulmonary functions (p = 0.105). While forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) %, FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC)%, and forced expiratory flow during the middle half of FVC (FEF25–75%) ratios were lower in the severe patient group, Z-scores were similar. Among the patients continuing polyclinic follow-up, 41% had persistent respiratory symptoms before PFTs. No differences were observed in PFTs when compared based on the presence of symptoms (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: We observed no significant long-term differences in pulmonary function between moderate and severe COVID-19 cases in children.
Impact of COVID-19 lockdowns and refugee influx on scabies presentations to dermatology outpatient clinics in Turkey
Authors: Öztaş Kara Rabia , Solak Berna , Kara Ahmet
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The frequency of scabies and its relationship with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a current scientific curiosity in Turkey and worldwide. The data presented in this article will help raise awareness of dermatologists in situations such as pandemic-induced quarantines where scabies can spread rapidly.
Methodology: This was a retrospective study to compare patients who presented with scabies and were evaluated during the COVID-19 pandemic, with those who presented before and after the pandemic, in terms of the diagnosis ratios. In addition, the recurrence rates were compared in terms of age, nationality, and the environment in which they lived.
Results: The frequency of scabies was statistically significantly higher in the post-COVID period in all quarters of the year, with a higher rate of patients in the first and last quarters, which is typical of scabies patients. However, a significant difference in recurrence rates was not detected.
Conclusions: Several factors might be responsible for the increased frequency of scabies during the lockdown periods in Turkey. First, entire families, including relatives, had to live together in a crowded space. Second, there was a relative increase in doctor visits, in spite of the stay-at-home policy, owing to the overwhelming itchiness of scabies.
Experiences of patients who retest positive for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after discharge: a qualitative study
Authors: Liu Xin , Yun Ting , Shang Meimei , Kong Ronghua , Meng Yingtao
Published: January 2025

Introduction: In this study, we analyzed the psychological aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who were discharged from the hospitals in Shanghai, China, and later had positive nucleic acid retest results for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection (re-positive COVID-19). The purpose was to gain clarity on the patients’ needs and to provide evidence for the medical staff to deliver scientific and targeted health care to the patients.
Methodology: We screened patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection by nucleic acid testing after having previously recovered from a COVID-19 infection and being discharged from Shanghai shelter hospitals or COVID-19-designated hospitals from April 3, 2022, to May 10, 2022. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods were applied. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews were performed online to collect the data, and the transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step analytical method.
Results: Fifteen patients were interviewed to reach saturation in this study. Four themes were generated, including negative emotions, positive emotions and self-growth, apparent effects on family life, and apparent effects on the social level. In addition, a lack of knowledge regarding re-positive COVID-19 was found.
Conclusions: This study analyzed the psychological experiences of re-positive COVID-19 patients. Lack of knowledge of patients and the public about re-positive COVID-19 and irregular epidemic prevention measures in some communities were the leading causes of psychological stress in the patients. These findings can be used to optimize the management of patients in this setting.
Assessing the capacity to implement the international health regulations to control COVID-19 at points of entry in Eswatini
Authors: Masuku Hloniphile H , Huang Song-Lih
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Significant challenges to implementing international health regulations (IHR) at points of entry (PoEs) have been highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Better assessment of the capacities of the PoEs may promote focused interventions. This study aimed to assess the capacities and practices at PoEs.
Methodology: A self-filled questionnaire based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation Tool was distributed to frontline workers at four major PoEs. A total of 368 questionnaires were distributed and 308 were completed. Online interviews were conducted with key informants (n = 16). The capacity of PoE was scored by referencing the WHO checklist for core capacity requirement, and categorized into limited, partial, or full capacity. Pearson’s Chi square test was used to compare differences among PoEs. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed.
Results: The majority of the 308 participants in the survey were from Ngwenya (59.4%). Approximately 68% were government employees, and 81% had more than 2 years of experience. Participants reported shortage of resources, such as medical facility (30.5%), staff (37.7%), gloves (47.7%), masks (48.4%), and isolation room; and inconsistencies in practices such as record keeping, reporting cases, and quarantine measures. The overall capacity for IHR implementation was limited, with the airport PoE showing partial capacity and the three ground PoEs having limited capacity.
Conclusions: The capacity to implement the IHR at Eswatini PoEs was limited. The results suggest the need to allocate resources to PoEs and to enhance training on practices regarding case handling, reporting, and record keeping.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in Labor at Kediri 1 Public Healthcare Center, Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia: A Focused Discussion on the Increasing Trends in Cesarean Section Deliveries
Authors: Winata I Gde Sastra , Christyani Fenyta Christyani , Pradnyana I Wayan Agus Surya , Yusrika Mirani Ulfa , Pradnyaandara I Gusti Bagus Mulia Agung , Pradnyadevi Putu Agung Satvika , Pradnyani Ni Nengah Devianti Wulan , Widiyanti Ni Putu
Published: January 2025

OBJECTIVE: The cesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure in obstetrics that serves to protect the health and safety of both mothers and infants during labor process. Nevertheless, its prevalence has increased significantly in recent times. As such, this study aims to examine potential risk factors of expectant mothers in labor in Kediri 1 Public Healthcare Center, Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia.
METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out on 848 pregnant women who received antenatal care at Kediri 1 Public Healthcare Center in Tabanan. The study followed up on electronic cohorts and medical records to determine the birth outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software version 27 to determine the relative risk (RR).
RESULT: Most of women in labor are between 20-33 years old (75.4%) with mean age of 28.6 + 5.6. CS was the most common delivery method (67.9%), with obstetric indications being the most frequent reason (60.3%). Among these obstetric indications, LMR was the most common reason (49.3%). The study also revealed that maternal age and BMI were independent risk factors for CS aRR 1.89, 95% CI (1.19-2.99) p = 0.007 and aRR 2.18, 95% CI (1.01-4.70) p = 0.045, respectively. Additionally, maternal height was identified as a risk factor for CPD with an aRR of 8.39, 95% CI (2.36-29.8) p = 0.001.
CONCLUSION: Several factors have led to the growing acceptance of cesarean sections, including scientific advancements, social and cultural transformations, and medicolegal considerations. However, it should be noted that this procedure entails risks for both the mother and the child, and therefore should only be carried out when it is deemed necessary and beneficial.
Biofilm associated with pigmented areas on a waterproofing coating surface
Authors: Maestri Clotilde , Hébert Ronan L. , Di Martino Patrick
Published: January 2025

Waterproofing coatings are composite materials made of different layers with complementary functionalities. They may suffer damage that can modify their aesthetic appearance and/or their functionality. In this study, dark stains appearing on a waterproofing coating of a public swimming pool were mapped and characterized at a macroscopic scale through visual observation and by colorimetric analysis, as well as at a microscopic scale with a digital microscope, a confocal laser scanning microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. Five stains were differentiated macroscopically and characterized using colorimetry and principal component analysis. Microscopic observations showed the presence of microorganisms of varied morphology, some filamentous but mostly unicellular. Biofilms consisting of ovoid fluorescent cells with the morphology of Chlorophyta and unicellular cyanobacteria were particularly abundant. The pigmented stains were located at top coat disorders where microbial colonization and biofilm development were observed. The microscopic observations suggested that physical degradation of the surface of the material would have constituted a prerequisite for colonization by pigmented microorganisms which would have led to the development of macroscopically visible pigmented areas. In this case study, the damage remained superficial and did not alter the watertightness of the material so far.
Le débat juridique et religieux sur la sorcellerie en Libye
Authors: Ayoub Mazek
Published: January 2025

Cet article examine la criminalisation de la sorcellerie en Libye, un acte interdit par le droit musulman mais longtemps non encadré spécifiquement par la législation libyenne. Jusqu’à récemment, la sorcellerie était traitée comme un délit d’escroquerie, selon l’article 461 du Code pénal de 1954. Cependant, avec la montée en puissance du courant salafiste et sa prise de contrôle des institutions religieuses en Libye, la sorcellerie est devenue le centre de certains enjeux. L’Autorité générale des awqāf et Affaires islamiques, à tendance salafiste, inspirée par une ancienne initiative saoudienne, a lancé le programme « ḥaṣīn » pour lutter contre la sorcellerie, accompagné de projets de loi visant à criminaliser ces pratiques avec des sanctions sévères, y compris la peine de mort. En 2024, l’Autorité a réussi à faire adopter la loi n° 6, qui incrimine la sorcellerie, la prestidigitation, la divination et ce qui en relève. Cette loi et le programme « ḥaṣīn » ont suscité de vifs débats. D’un côté, ils sont critiqués pour leur atteinte aux libertés fondamentales, comme la liberté de conscience et le droit à la vie. De l’autre, ils sont perçus comme une tentative d’imposer l’idéologie salafiste, étrangère en Libye selon certains. L’article propose une analyse du contexte et des motivations ayant conduit à l’adoption de cette loi, et de son contenu, à travers notamment le débat juridique et religieux, tout en tenant compte de la situation politique et sociale en Libye.
“Your brother is compelled–not a hero!”
Authors: Medfouni Imene
Published: January 2025

Despite the “perpetual” implementation of the Arabisation policy in Algeria, French remains the de facto medium of instruction (MOI) in scientific courses in Algerian universities. The complex nature of MOI policy in Algeria calls for the need to explore not only the top-down perspective but also stakeholders’ views of teaching or studying in French. This research, therefore, aims to explore students’ and teachers’ attitudes towards French as a MOI in Algerian scientific university courses. Data was collected using interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups from three universities: the University of Annaba, the University of Batna, and the University of Oum El Bouaghi. While participants, particularly students, showed moderate satisfaction with French being the MOI, French scored very low when students and teachers were given a choice of the preferred MOI. The acceptance of French being the MOI is a way of accommodating reality; hence, it is seen as inevitable, as exemplified in one of the participants’ use of the expression “your brother is compelled–not a hero!” Students and teachers’ refusal of French does not reflect their actual need for a radical language policy change but their hope for amplifying their unheard voices through using the English language or the government’s political discourses of decolonizing Francophone education via Arabisation, reflecting the constant disputes between top-down policies and bottom-up stakeholders’ perspectives. Students–especially female students–were bound with French, despite their struggle of exclusion and failure, viewing this language as the only key to their success and integration in their Francophone context. The discrepancies among universities also shaped attitudes towards French, demonstrating the central or peripheral linguistic and historical variations in Algeria. These disparities highlight the need for an all-encompassing approach to address the various Algerian interlocutors (students, teachers, gender inequality, and university disparities) in policy-making.
Narratives of an exodus
Authors: Ould Brahim Elhadj
Published: January 2025

This article examines the recent surge of Mauritanian immigration to the United States through the metaphorical lens of lehwyṭ likṣayr (“little short wall”), a Hassaniya expression symbolizing ease and accessibility. Migrants refer to the U.S.–Mexico border as hayṭ Trump (“Trump’s Wall”), which has become a focal point for narratives of resilience and resistance. Using a combination of discourse analysis from social media and ethnographic data gathered from migrants before they encountered hayṭ Trump, this study delves into the factors driving this unprecedented migration wave. Central to this analysis is the concept of the policing of migrants (Del Percio, 2018, p. 239), employed as a symbolic tool by religious authorities, intellectuals, and NGOs in Mauritania. This unifying narrative criminalizes migration while failing to address its structural causes. Despite efforts to marginalize migrants, the study shows how these primarily Bidan (self-identified “white” Arabophone) individuals exercise agency by reshaping the narratives imposed on them, using cultural expressions such as poetry, music, and storytelling to contest the barriers they face. Ultimately, it reveals how Mauritanian migrants navigate and resist both physical and symbolic walls, transforming their journey into an act of defiance that subverts the dominant discourses surrounding migration and power.
The state makes migration—and migration makes the state?
Authors: Ghione Lorenzo
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the relationship between migration politics and authoritarian regime consolidation in Tunisia, focusing on the period following President Kaïs Saïed’s coup in 2021. The study contributes to the growing literature on migration and state-building by showing how migration politics shapes and is shaped by authoritarian regimes. Borrowing from Gerschewski’s framework of autocratic stabilisation, the study identifies three components related to migration politics underpinning autocratic stabilisation: financial resources, legitimation, and repression. Through a securitised and politicised migration management, the Tunisian regime has secured substantial financial support from Europe while portraying immigrants as domestic threats has legitimised its increasingly autocratic policies. Repression, manifested in migrants’ deportations and crackdowns on civil society organisations, has further enhanced state control. This research draws on extensive fieldwork, including interviews and desk-based analysis, to highlight how migration politics has supported Kaïs Saïed’s authoritarian nation-building project. The paper also calls for further reflection on the implications of external support for authoritarian practices and underlines the transformative power of migration politics in relation to state structures.
Impacto de los colectores solares cilindro-parabólicos en la industria azucarera del Guairá en la reducción del consumo de biomasa no sostenible
Authors: Gómez José María , Márquez Canosa Eduardo
Published: January 2025

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el impacto de la instalación de la tecnología de colectores solares cilindro-parabólicos en la industria azucarera del Departamento del Guairá, principal región de producción de azúcar de caña del Paraguay, en la reducción del consumo de leña proveniente de bosques nativos. Mediante el procesamiento de datos climatológicos de la ciudad de Tebicuary, obtenidos de la herramienta Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), se ha dimensionado un campo solar a ser insertado en un proceso de hibridación al sistema de cogeneración de una planta azucarera. Con esto se pudo establecer un modelo híbrido, cuya respuesta a la irradiación solar fue simulada con el software Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS). El recurso solar del lugar es suficiente para obtener vapor saturado a ser sobrecalentado a alta presión. La implementación de la tecnología solar mediante este modelo permitiría salvar anualmente una superficie de bosques nativos de entre 42,252.58 ha a 79,223.59 ha para consumos medios y máximos de energía auxiliar, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos constituyen una referencia en términos del aprovechamiento del recurso solar con un potencial impacto positivo en el ambiente, estudios similares pueden realizarse en otras industrias y zonas del país.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CLASS IN SHAPING CITIZENSHIP: AN ANALYSIS OF THOMAS MARSHALL'S WORKS
Authors: Nuriyani Riska , Arpannudin Iqbal , Murdiono Mukhamad , Ramadhan Abhi Rachma
Published: January 2025

In the era of 21st-century disruption, fostering national character to strengthen identity and nationalism is crucial for forming inclusive citizenship. This research aims to deepen and broaden the understanding of how social class affects individuals' access to citizenship rights. This study employs a qualitative approach using the library research method, which involves compiling various references from previous studies relevant to the research subject to draw conclusions. The collected data are processed, analyzed, and presented descriptively and qualitatively in a logical and systematic manner, yielding inductive conclusions that begin with specific observations and lead to general conclusions. Inequality in access to education, disparities in employment opportunities, and limited political participation are challenges that need to be addressed to achieve inclusive and equitable citizenship. The challenges in Indonesia's education system encompass three main aspects: unequal access to educational, varying quality of education, and inconsistent allocation of budgets along with a lack of commitment from local governments to improve educational standards. These inequalities present significant challenges in realizing a fair and equitable citizenry system. This work is an essential reference for sociological, political science, and legal studies in discussing the dynamics of citizenship and social equality.
Pelatihan Penyusunan Pembukuan Keuangan dan Digital Marketing pada Usaha Banten Upakara Ibu Mangku Karta di Kota Denpasar
Authors: Suhardiyani Putu Eny , Widyarsana I Putu
Published: January 2025

This community service program aims to enhance the partner's business management skills for ceremonial offerings through financial bookkeeping and digital marketing training. The methods include training on financial bookkeeping using the Paper.id application, designing business logos and banners, and digital marketing training via social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook. The results indicate that the partner successfully understood and applied basic financial bookkeeping, designed business logos and banners, and utilized social media to expand market reach. This program effectively improved the partner's operational efficiency and business competitiveness.
Laboratório de Educação Matemática como espaço investigativo em três cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática
Authors: Ramos Rita de Cássia de Souza Soares , Silveira Raquel Silva , Sodré Danielle Bartz
Published: January 2025

O presente texto tem como tema a atuação das disciplinas de Laboratório de Educação Matemática como fortalecedoras entre a teoria e a prática no que diz respeito à educação por investigação. Tem por objetivo compreender como ações de um Laboratório de Educação Matemática influenciam na formação de estudantes dos: Curso de Matemática integral (CLM), Curso de Matemática Noturno (CLMN) e Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática a Distância (CLMD). Seu delineamento é descritivo e documental, utilizando elementos de análise de conteúdo. Foram analisados os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos, no que se refere ao Laboratório de Educação Matemática, os relatos de experiências publicados pelos estudantes sobre as atividades nas disciplinas nos períodos de 2020 a 2024 e ações de ensino,  pesquisa e extensão que envolvem o Laboratório. Os resultados apontam para a perspectiva de Laboratório de Educação Matemática presente nas ações dos estudantes, em uma formação de ensino investigativo e em um laboratório como agente de formação.
The Copyright Amendment Bill and the right to property in section 25 of the Constitution: A discussion in support of expansive copyright exceptions and limitations for educational purposes
Authors: Zungu Bongiwe
Published: January 2025

The relationship between copyright law and the right to education has been a prominent topic for several decades. Attainment of the right to education is inextricably linked to copyright and the materials under it. Therefore, the proper construction of copyright rules is essential. The current copyright regime has been criticised for being out of touch with the educational needs of learners and students in South Africa. The South African government has been engaged in copyright reform to remedy this issue and other issues raised against the current regime. This reform process resulted in the Copyright Amendment Bill B13F of 2017. In June 2020, the President addressed a letter to Parliament and expressed concern that various copyright exceptions in the Bill, including ss 12A,
12B and 12D through which the attainment of the right to education is promoted, run the risk of violating the property rights of copyright holders under s 25(1) of the Constitution. This paper evaluates this claim. As part of this evaluation, this paper also considers whether intellectual property constitutes property under s 25 of the Constitution. The latter question is important because the current jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court on s 25 relates to the validity of the state’s regulation of corporeal property. The claim has been evaluated by copyright scholars before.

This paper builds on the work of other scholars by considering the nature of intellectual property and its theoretical underpinnings. The consequence of recognising intellectual property as property for constitutional purposes is that it will be protected against arbitrary state interference and unlawful expropriation under s 25 of the Constitution. To contextualise this, it should be reiterated that references to intellectual property in this paper include copyrights, patents, trademarks, designs and other traditional forms of intellectual property. This paper will demonstrate that an inquiry into the constitutionality of copyright exceptions and limitations in the Copyright Amendment Bill is unlikely to result in a finding of constitutional invalidity under s 25(1) of the Constitution.
The ‘tax cost’ of cross-border use of intellectual property: A South African perspective on transfer pricing
Authors: Gutuza Tracy
Published: January 2025

IT 14302, a decision of the Tax Court, is the first South African judgment dealing with the substantive application of the transfer pricing provisions in the Income Tax Act. The decision addresses the application of the transfer pricing provisions to cross-border payments for the use of intellectual property, specifically from foreign subsidiaries to a South African company. The article considers the use of terminology such as brand, goodwill and intellectual property by the parties and the court in determining the tax liability of the taxpayer and second, the application of the transfer pricing methodologies to determine the arm’s length price for the ‘good’ licensed by the South African taxpayer company to its associated foreign subsidiaries.