bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amorcer un traitement antipsychotique en schizophrénie : la situation au Québec de 1998 à 2006
Authors: Carrier Jean-Daniel , Blais Lucie , Cohen Alan , Courteau Josiane , Roberge Pasquale , Larouche Annie , Grignon Sylvain , Fleury Marie-Josée , Lesage Alain , Demers Marie-France , Roy Marc-André , Delorme André , Vanasse Alain
Published: June 2017

Contexte Cet article vise à décrire les facteurs associés à la prescription d’antipsychotiques par un psychiatre plutôt qu’un omnipraticien, la prescription d’un antipsychotique de seconde plutôt que de première génération, la prescription d’une multithérapie d’antipsychotiques et le non-renouvellement de la prescription initiale.

Méthodologie Il s’agit d’une étude pharmacoépidémiologique observationnelle avec analyses secondaires d’une banque de données médicoadministratives (RAMQ). Les données disponibles portaient sur un échantillon exhaustif des personnes adultes ayant reçu un diagnostic de schizophrénie et ayant obtenu un antipsychotique couvert par le régime public d’assurance médicaments de 1998 à 2006. Les résultats de régression logistique multiple sont rapportés.

Résultats Parmi les 16 225 personnes éligibles, 46,2 % étaient des femmes et 70 % étaient bénéficiaires d’une aide financière. La clientèle des psychiatres était plus jeune et plus atteinte au niveau de la santé mentale. La multithérapie était associée aux hospitalisations pour psychose, au faible statut socio-économique et à un âge entre 35 et 64 ans. Les antipsychotiques de seconde génération ont pris une place importante au cours de la période à l’étude. Le non-renouvellement était associé à l’abus de substances et était moins fréquent suite à une hospitalisation pour trouble mental.

Conclusions Malgré les limites liées à l’utilisation de données administratives, l’utilisation d’une banque de données exhaustive provenant autant de médecine générale que de spécialité permet à cette étude de brosser un portrait populationnel pertinent pour connaître la situation réelle du traitement incident de la schizophrénie au Québec de 1998 à 2006, une période caractérisée par l’introduction des antipsychotiques de seconde génération.
Bienfaits psychologiques de l’activité physique pour la santé mentale optimale
Authors: Poirel Emmanuel
Published: June 2017

La santé mentale est une préoccupation mondiale importante de santé publique comme en témoigne le Plan d’action pour la santé mentale 2013-2020 de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Selon la Commission de la santé mentale du Canada (2012), un Canadien sur cinq sera aux prises avec un problème de santé mentale au cours de sa vie et l’OMS indique que les troubles liés à la santé mentale sont au 2e rang en termes de coût de morbidité derrière les maladies du coeur. Parmi les avenues envisagées pour répondre à ce problème, il est de plus en plus reconnu que l’activité physique, en plus de son impact démontré sur la santé physique, a des vertus psychologiques positives qui touchent plusieurs dimensions de la santé mentale. Sur la base d’une recension de recherches montrant les vertus de l’activité physique en lien avec la santé mentale (humeur, anxiété, stress, dépression, estime de soi, sentiment d’efficacité, performances cognitives, effets somatiques), cet article propose un modèle biopsychosocial sur les bienfaits psychologiques de l’activité physique qui participeraient à augmenter l’état de bien-être individuel, de santé mentale optimale, en favorisant la réalisation du plein potentiel et en augmentant les ressources psychologiques devant les difficultés normales de la vie ou l’adversité. Si le modèle ouvre la voie sur des hypothèses pour la recherche, il s’inscrit également dans la visée générale de promouvoir la pratique de l’activité physique sur la base de ses vertus psychologiques pour la santé mentale optimale.
Efficacité des interventions en prévention et en promotion de la santé mentale dans les établissements d’enseignement postsecondaire
Authors: Martineau Marc , Beauchamp Guy , Marcotte Diane
Published: June 2017

Le développement d’un problème de santé mentale affecte les étudiants de niveau postsecondaire sur tous les plans et peut mettre leur santé, voire leur survie, en péril. Les problèmes vécus pourraient être atténués, ou même évités dans certains cas, en intervenant plus tôt. Les stratégies en prévention et en promotion de la santé mentale mises de l’avant dans les établissements d’enseignement postsecondaire offrent les plus belles possibilités de rejoindre un grand nombre de jeunes adultes. Cependant, malgré l’intérêt grandissant pour de telles initiatives en milieu scolaire, les méta-analyses et les revues des écrits scientifiques recensés mettent en lumière les difficultés reliées à l’évaluation des stratégies utilisées et aux possibilités de répliquer les interventions, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la promotion. Les stratégies les plus efficaces sur le plan de l’amélioration de la santé mentale semblent être associées à la supervision d’exercices en lien avec l’intervention telles que les exercices de pleine conscience (mindfulness), les techniques cognitives-comportementales, la relaxation et le développement d’habiletés sociales. Par ailleurs, même si elles présentent une plus grande hétérogénéité, les études impliquant une aide technologique (Web, ordinateur, etc.) démontrent des résultats favorables lorsqu’elles utilisent l’approche cognitive comportementale.
La gestion de la dépression chez les aînés et leurs aidants naturels : résultats d’un programme de recherche au Québec
Authors: McCusker Jane , Yaffe Mark , Sussman Tamara , Cole Martin , Sewitch Maida , Strumpf Erin , Freeman Ellen , Lambert Sylvie , de Raad Manon
Published: June 2017

La dépression est un problème répandu, sérieux, et souvent chronique chez les aînés, qui sont souvent atteints de maladies physiques chroniques, et affecte de façon négative leurs traitements et leurs soins. Malheureusement, le taux de détection et de suivi adéquat de la dépression est faible dans cette population. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, notre équipe a mené une série d’études pour mieux comprendre et améliorer la gestion de la dépression chez les aînés. Nous présentons une revue narrative et synthèse de 25 articles qui incluent : 4 revues systématiques, 10 études observationnelles, 9 essais d’interventions, et 2 conférences de consensus. Nous proposons en conclusion nos recommandations pour 1) la détection de la dépression dans les soins de santé primaires ; 2) les soins collaboratifs de la dépression ; 3) des interventions d’autogestion de la dépression ; 4) le rôle des aidants naturels dans les interventions d’autogestion de la dépression.
Soutenir le retour au travail après un arrêt de travail en raison d’un trouble dépressif : pourquoi et comment faire en soins primaires ?
Authors: Sylvain Chantal , Durand Marie-Josée
Published: June 2017

Ces dernières années, les troubles dépressifs sont devenus l’une des principales causes d’absence au travail. Pour les personnes concernées, le risque d’incapacité prolongée au travail est bien réel et engendre des coûts considérables sur les plans humain et social, sans parler des coûts financiers. Malgré son importance, la question du retour au travail (RAT) est rarement présentée comme étant prioritaire à considérer dans l’intervention clinique, notamment par les intervenants des soins primaires. Par conséquent, ces derniers ont peu d’indications concernant l’intervention à préconiser pour favoriser le RAT en temps opportun et ils peuvent même s’interroger sur la pertinence de viser un tel objectif.

Cet article a pour but de proposer des balises aux intervenants des soins primaires en répondant à la question suivante : pourquoi et comment les intervenants des soins primaires doivent-ils soutenir le RAT après un arrêt de travail en raison d’un trouble dépressif ? La première partie de l’article permettra de faire un survol des connaissances actuelles soutenant la pertinence d’intervenir précocement pour prévenir l’incapacité prolongée de travail suite à un arrêt de travail en raison d’un trouble dépressif. En deuxième partie, nous présenterons un ensemble de principes devant guider l’intervention de retour au travail et en proposerons des illustrations adaptées au contexte des soins primaires. Nous nous appuierons pour ce faire sur des travaux de recherche récents réalisés en contexte québécois.
La prostitución: el “pecado” de las mujeres | Prostitution: the “Sin” of Women
Authors: Maqueda Abreu María Luisa
Published: June 2017

Resumen: Este artículo se propone analizar las razones por las que las prostitutas, a causa de su opción sexual, han sido criminalizadas por imposición de distintos órdenes normativos, fuertemente coercitivos, que censuran gravemente su desviación. Ellos –y sus potentes discursos-se muestran capaces de explicar ese continuum ininterrumpido e inacabable de estigma, persecución, inferiorización, aislamiento social o encarcelamiento que acompaña a la historia de la prostitución de las mujeres y que la mantiene todavía hoy en las profundidades de la jerarquía sexual de la sociedad. Abstract: This article aims to analyze the reasons why prostitutes because of their sexual option have been criminalized by imposing highly coercive normative orders that censure severely their deviation. These normative orders -and their powerful discourses- explain the continuous and endless continuum of stigma, persecution, inferiority, social isolation or imprisonment that accompains the history of prostitution of women and that remain still today in the depths of the sexual hierarchy of society.
Activismo digital em Portugal: um estudo exploratório
Authors: Campos Ricardo , Pereira Inês , Simões José Alberto
Published: June 2017

Recent years have been fertile in new forms of collective mobilization and activism. In this context the digital media have been assuming a particularly important role. This article is based on an exploratory project, carried out between 2014 and 2015, which sought to study the use of digital media with the forms of activism and public participation of young people in Portugal. Methodologically this project took a qualitative approach, which sought to articulate a research online and off-line. The conclusions presented derive from an analysis of in-depth interviews carried out with activists belonging to different collective actors.
O ensino da sociologia em cursos superiores de outras áreas de formação: a perspetiva de docentes e diretores
Authors: Egreja Catarina
Published: June 2017

The present article seeks to help update what we know about Sociology’s place in Portuguese higher education — not as a primary academic field, but rather when mobilised by other courses and areas. After surveying the information in curricular plans, the author looks at how the discipline fits into the general framework of other courses and how useful people find it, with interviews of a number of senior staff (coordinators / teachers) from different courses and institutions. The outcome shows that although Sociology is valued in such contexts, it still faces various obstacles.
Investigación e innovación responsables: retos teóricos y políticos
Authors: Eizagirre Andoni
Published: June 2017

The present article postulates the value of the new ways of looking at the relations between science, technology, public / policies and society. On the one hand, Science and Technology Studies / foreshadow / alternative models for understanding the governance of science. On the other, within the institutional framework at the heart of the “Horizon 2020” strategy, the political language associated with responsible research and innovation (RRI) is gaining in importance, arguing that those who engage in research and engineering activities should do a better job of aligning their processes and outcomes with the values, needs and expectations of European society. The article offers a critical dialogue between the theoretical advances and the new political language, and suggests that the significance, scope and application of an RRI-based focus will depend on the economic and sociopolitical dynamics by which science and technology are instrumentalised and regulated.
Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Electric Motor Driven Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Grater with Juice Extractor
Authors: Doydora Karlfred Junnee , Bodod Ralph , Lira Johnbert , Zamoranos Marivic
Published: June 2017

Modern agriculture requires a modern approach which responds to the necessity of mankind. The study presents the fabrication and performance evaluation of a cassava grater with  juice extractor. Such performance evaluation was conducted to determine its grating and juice extracting capacity and efficiency. It was made from locally available materials then tested experimentally using cassava with a grating capacity of 160 kg/hr. The study employed the Complete Randomized Experimental Design (CRD). In evaluating the experiment, the Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant effect of each factor and the Tukey's test was used to determine the significant difference between the combined treatments. Two factors with different levels were treated upon the experiment.  These were mainly soaking time (0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min) and the way the cassava was grated and juice extracted (Machine, Manual).  Among these treatment combinations, the soaking time of 15 minutes obtained the highest grating and extracting capacity as well as for the grating and extracting efficiency leaving its quality and acceptable appearance on top.  The computed benefit-cost ratio of 1.86 showed that grating and extracting cassava juice using the cassava grater with juice extractor was highly profitable and economical for local cassava producers.
Multipoint analysis of compressive fluctuations in the fast and slow solar wind
Authors: Roberts O. W. , Narita Y. , Li X. , Escoubet C. P. , Laakso H.
Published: June 2017

Compressible turbulence in the solar wind is a topic of much recent debate. To understand the various compressive fluctuations at scales comparable to proton characteristic lengths, we use multipoint magnetic field and density data (derived from spacecraft potential which allows higher time resolution than is typically possible than with particle instruments) from the Cluster spacecraft when they were in undisturbed intervals of slow and fast solar wind. The application of the multipoint signal resonator technique is performed for the first time, to the analysis of scalar time series. Fluctuations in the measurements of electron density and in magnitude of the magnetic field (used as a proxy for compressible magnetic fluctuations) are used as inputs in addition to the traditional vector components of the magnetic field. This analysis is performed on two streams of solar wind, one which can be classed as a slow stream and one which can be classed as a fast stream to investigate the difference in the compressible components in the two types of wind. The recovered plasma frame frequencies for the incompressible component show low propagation speed in the plasma frame consistent with previous applications of the method, while the compressible components are more scattered, some with very high phase speeds. Based on these results, we propose a picture of compressive solar wind turbulence as a mixed state of (1) linear modes such as kinetic Alfvén, kinetic slow, and ion Bernstein modes; (2) coherent structures with very small intrinsic frequencies; and (3) nonlinear or sideband modes.
Thermal radiation of magma ocean planets using a 1‐D radiative‐convective model of H2O‐CO2 atmospheres
Authors: Marcq E. , Salvador A. , Massol H. , Davaille A.
Published: June 2017

This paper presents an updated version of the simple 1‐D radiative‐convective H2O‐CO2 atmospheric model from Marcq (2012) and used by Lebrun et al. (2013) in their coupled interior‐atmosphere model. This updated version includes a correction of a major miscalculation of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and extends the validity of the model (P coordinate system, possible inclusion of N2, and improved numerical stability). It confirms the qualitative findings of Marcq (2012), namely, (1) the existence of a blanketing effect in any H2O‐dominated atmosphere: the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) reaches an asymptotic value, also known as Nakajima's limit and first evidenced by Nakajima et al. (1992), around 280 W/m2 neglecting clouds, significantly higher than our former estimate from Marcq (2012). (2) The blanketing effect breaks down for a given threshold temperature Tϵ, with a fast increase of OLR with increasing surface temperature beyond this threshold, making extrasolar planets in such an early stage of their evolution easily detectable near 4 μm provided they orbit a red dwarf. Tϵ increases strongly with H2O surface pressure, but increasing CO2 pressure leads to a slight decrease of Tϵ. (3) Clouds act both by lowering Nakajima's limit by up to 40% and by extending the blanketing effect, raising the threshold temperature Tϵ by about 10%.
On the timing between terrestrial gamma ray flashes, radio atmospherics, and optical lightning emission
Authors: Gjesteland Thomas , Østgaard Nikolai , Bitzer Phillip , Christian Hugh J.
Published: June 2017

On 25 October 2012 the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscope Imager (RHESSI) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites passed over a thunderstorm on the coast of Sri Lanka. RHESSI observed a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) originating from this thunderstorm. Optical measurements of the causative lightning stroke were made by the lightning imaging sensor (LIS) on board TRMM. The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) detected the very low frequency (VLF) radio emissions from the lightning stroke. The geolocation from WWLLN, which we also assume is the TGF source location, was in the convective core of the cloud. By using new information about both RHESSI and LIS timing accuracy, we find that the peak in the TGF light curve occurs 230 μs before the WWLLN time. Analysis of the optical signal from LIS shows that within the uncertainties, we cannot conclude which comes first: the gamma emission or the optical emission. We have also applied the new information about the LIS timing on a previously published event by Østgaard et al. (2012). Also for this event we are not able to conclude which signal comes first. More accurate instruments are needed in order to get the exact timing between the TGF and the optical signal.
Wave coupling from the lower to the middle thermosphere: Effects of mean winds and dissipation
Authors: Gasperini F. , Forbes J. M. , Hagan M. E.
Published: June 2017

Recent observational and modeling evidence has demonstrated that planetary waves can modulate atmospheric tides, and secondary waves arising from their nonlinear interactions are an important source of both temporal and longitude variability in the thermosphere. While significant progress has been made on understanding how this form of vertical coupling occurs, uncertainty still exists on how the horizontal structures of primary and secondary waves evolve with height and the processes responsible for this evolution, in part due to lack of global observations between 120 km and 260 km. In this work we employ a Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics general circulation model simulation covering all of 2009 that is forced by Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications dynamical fields, to assess the relative contribution of zonal mean winds and molecular dissipation on the vertical coupling of the eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wave number 3 (DE3), the 3 day ultrafast Kelvin wave, and the secondary waves arising from their nonlinear interaction. By developing and applying a new analytic formulation describing the latitudinal structure of an equatorially trapped wave subject to dissipation and background winds, we show that dissipation is the primary contributor to the broadening of the latitudinal structures with height, while asymmetries in the background wind field are responsible for the distortion of the height‐latitude structures.
Analysis of albedo versus cloud fraction relationships in liquid water clouds using heuristic models and large eddy simulation
Authors: Feingold Graham , Balsells Joseph , Glassmeier Franziska , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Kazil Jan , McComiskey Allison
Published: June 2017

The relationship between the albedo of a cloudy scene
and cloud fraction fc is studied with the aid of heuristic models of stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. Existing work has shown that scene albedo increases monotonically with increasing cloud fraction but that the relationship varies from linear to superlinear. The reasons for these differences in functional dependence are traced to the relationship between cloud deepening and cloud widening. When clouds deepen with no significant increase in fc (e.g., in solid stratocumulus), the relationship between
and fc is linear. When clouds widen as they deepen, as in cumulus cloud fields, the relationship is superlinear. A simple heuristic model of a cumulus cloud field with a power law size distribution shows that the superlinear
‐fc behavior is traced out either through random variation in cloud size distribution parameters or as the cloud field oscillates between a relative abundance of small clouds (steep slopes on a log‐log plot) and a relative abundance of large clouds (flat slopes). Oscillations of this kind manifest in large eddy simulation of trade wind cumulus where the slope and intercept of the power law fit to the cloud size distribution are highly correlated. Further analysis of the large eddy model‐generated cloud fields suggests that cumulus clouds grow larger and deeper as their underlying plumes aggregate; this is followed by breakup of large plumes and a tendency to smaller clouds. The cloud and thermal size distributions oscillate back and forth approximately in unison.
The regional differences of Tibetan convective systems in boreal summer
Authors: Hu Liang , Deng Difei , Xu Xiangde , Zhao Ping
Published: June 2017

The Tibetan Convective Systems (TCSs) observed over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in boreal summer show two local maximum centers in the central and eastern TP. TCSs identified by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Convection Tracking Database are utilized to study the regional differences of TCSs. Results indicate that there are more TCSs in the eastern TP than central TP. The 20–30% of TCSs over the eastern TP are associated with shear line, vortex, and low pressure systems, while 70–80% of TCSs are formed locally. In contrast, 50–70% of TCSs over the central TP are linked to synoptic weather systems. TCSs over the eastern TP tend to have smaller size, more humidity, and more rainfall than those over central TP, and they are also more likely to move out of TP. TCSs are mostly generated in midafternoon with more rainfall in evening over the central TP and in midnight over the eastern TP. Results from the third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment confirm that there are more complicated properties of TCSs' diurnal variability over the eastern TP than central TP. Results also show that TP plays an important role in summer precipitation in both its downstream regions and the whole China.
A
ickman,
R
obert
Authors: Freeman Nick
Published: June 2017

Robert Aickman (1914–81), the grandson of the Victorian Gothic novelist Richard Marsh (see
marsh, richard
), described his fiction as “strange stories.” In eight collections, from his collaboration with Elizabeth Jane Howard,
We Are For The Dark
(1951), to the posthumous
Night Voices
(1985), he became an influential presence in postwar British Gothic, linking the subtle ambiguities of Walter de la Mare or Elizabeth Bowen with later writers such as Ramsey Campbell (see
campbell, ramsey
) and M. John Harrison. While he could make striking use of “traditional” tropes – vampirism in “Pages from a Young Girl's Diary” (1973), ghostly visitors in “The Waiting Room” (
Dark Entries
, 1964) – Aickman preferred to mix psychological acuity (shown to good effect in many of his first‐person narrators), with keen sociological observation and a strong sense of the melancholy and elegiac, notably in “The Stains” (1980), written during his lengthy struggle with cancer.
Anti‐Semitism
Authors: Davison Carol Margaret
Published: June 2017

Critical consideration of anti‐Semitism in Gothic literature in recent decades developed out of scholarship examining the Gothic's engagement with religious/theological issues. Several exemplary essays focus on the figure of the Jew in Bram Stoker's
Dracula
(1897) and other Victorian fin‐de‐siècle texts, and Davison (2004) presents a comprehensive overview of anti‐Semitism in British Gothic literature and the terror fuelled by the “Jewish Question,” issues and resolutions relating to the Jews, primarily in Europe, who long occupied an unequal legal and civil status to non‐Jews. Several scholars have cogently argued that the atmospheric terror and rhetoric of Gothic literature is theological at its core, and that these works are essentially veiled cautionary‐style sermons. The critical commonplace, largely uncontested, is that British Gothic literature is marked by a prevalent anti‐Catholicism. In an attempt to assert the hegemony of Anglicanism/Protestantism, Catholicism, Britain's former national religion, is generally represented as corrupt, obscurantist, deviant, and grounded in superstition. In stark contrast, fanatical Protestant sects have been identified as the principal target in American and Scottish Gothic literature (see
american gothic
;
scottish gothic
). Despite this key difference, both traditions were established by Protestants/Anglicans who, in the views of numerous critics, displaced their fears about their own nature, condition, and fate onto various Others.
Apparition
Authors: Bartlett Mackenzie
Published: June 2017

An apparition is a sudden visual manifestation of an ethereal and transient figure, most often someone who is deceased, but also sometimes a living person, an animal, or an inanimate object. The term is frequently used synonymously with “ghost,” “spirit,” and “phantom,” and has been studied in terms of hallucination (by psychologists), telepathy (by spiritualists), and divine providence (by theologians) (see
spiritualism
). Apparitional encounters are highly individualistic and subjective; as Voltaire notes in his definition of the term, “The phantom exists to him who has the perception of it” (Voltaire 1824: 2, 232).
Architecture, Gothic
Authors: Curl James Stevens
Published: June 2017

“Gothic” is the unfortunate epithet given to an architectural style, properly called “Pointed,” which evolved in Europe (starting in France) from the latter part of the twelfth until the sixteenth century, and continued in certain geographical areas well into the eighteenth century (see
architecture, gothic revival
). Its geographical extent, from Ireland and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and the Levant, and its longevity, made it a style (or series of styles, for it evolved in different ways in different countries and over time) that was enormously successful throughout Latin Christendom. As its correct name suggests, it is the architecture of the pointed arch, pointed rib vaults, piers with clusters of shafts, deep buttresses (some of the flying type), elaborate window tracery, pinnacles, spires and spirelets, crenellations, and a pronounced vertical emphasis. The term “Gothic” was originally pejorative, an invention of those who perceived Pointed architecture as barbarous and northern, and associated with those Germanic tribes that had invaded Italy and sacked Rome.
Architecture, Gothic Revival
Authors: Curl James Stevens
Published: June 2017

The Gothic (more correctly Pointed) style of architecture continued in use long after the medieval period, especially in areas where there was readily available freestone. It should be remembered that Classicism was not indigenous in Northern Europe, and had to be learned. The crucial event in substituting Classical architecture for Gothic was the Great Fire of London in 1666, after which the monopoly of the Worshipful Company of Masons was undermined, because many artisans not associated with that company had to be employed. These artisans worked under Christopher Wren's direction using the architectural language of Classicism from Europe, not the ancient language of the Pointed style, which, however, was kept alive outside London by masons working on repairs to churches or on new ecclesiastical buildings. Gothic certainly survived as a living tradition well into the eighteenth century: Gothic began to pass into history when masons lost ground to architects, architects pushed the Classical style, and when architects consciously worked in the Gothic style the results bore little resemblance to real medieval buildings. When the Gothic Revival proper got under way, the language had to be relearned by both architects and artisans, largely through painstaking scholarship such as that of Thomas Rickman (1776–1841), whose book of 1817 attempted to discriminate between the styles of English medieval architecture, and Matthew Holbeche Bloxam (1805–88), whose
Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture
of 1829 was a remarkable achievement for such a young man.
B
arker,
C
live
Authors: Chromik Anna
Published: June 2017

Clive Barker (1952–) is a British‐born novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, visual artist, and director, prolific in the fields of horror and dark fantasy. He came to prominence in the 1980s as a writer of short stories (collected in the best‐selling
Books of Blood
1–6) and director of the film
Hellraiser
(1988), which became an international hit, thus winning Barker a place among the world's leading creators of contemporary horror. Many of Barker's stories and novels are now considered cult and have been adapted into films, comic books, and computer games. Announced as the “future of horror” by Stephen King, Barker has developed a unique style, capturing the sexual aspect of the supernatural, while at the same time constructing coherent systems of complex mythologies.
B
eckford,
W
illiam
Authors: Fincher Max
Published: June 2017

Glamorous, reclusive, queer, social outsider, collector, and fantasist are just some descriptions of William Beckford. Beckford (1760–1844) is remembered for his eccentric personality as much as for his writing and contribution to neo‐Gothic architecture (see
architecture, gothic
). Dubbed “England's wealthiest son,” the son of a Lord Mayor of London and sugar plantation owner in the West Indies, Beckford was brought up in the luxurious isolation of his father's neo‐Palladian mansion, Fonthill Splendens in Wiltshire. Here he was taught Arabic, Persian, French, and Greek, learned to draw and paint under Alexander Cozens, and wrote fantasy stories like “The Vision.”
B
lackwood,
A
lgernon
Authors: Hughes William
Published: June 2017

A prolific writer of short fiction as well as an adept novelist, Algernon Henry Blackwood (1869–1951) was shaped as an author by a pious childhood in Europe, by adventurous adolescent experience in Canada and the United States, and through persistent study of the transcendent mysticism of the East. He is a complex figure in both literary and philosophical senses, being simultaneously a residual Victorian, well‐versed in the ghost‐story and short‐fiction traditions of that century, and a contemporary Georgian, knowingly and painstakingly engaged in transferring those conventions to the new media of radio and television. A solitary traveler with practical wilderness and wartime experience, Blackwood was also an individual speculator in metaphysics and a participant in the collective institutions of twentieth‐century occultism, being a sometime member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the associate of contemporary mystics such as Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii (1848–1947) and George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (1866?–1949). Blackwood's life and inclinations thus appear to embody both philosophical contradiction and the potential for conflicts of interest. That said, his writings integrate these seemingly divergent matters of the practical and the abstract, the East and the West, with both success and compulsion and, indeed, at times also with a degree of humor.
B
ulwer
L
ytton,
E
dward
Authors: Mulvey‐Roberts Marie
Published: June 2017

The work of Edward Bulwer Lytton (1803–73) is little known today, yet during his lifetime his fame rivaled that of his friend Charles Dickens, while his literary earnings surpassed that of any other Victorian novelist. In addition to a career as a prominent politician, Bulwer Lytton was also a poet, playwright, historian, short‐story writer, and novelist. He was a prolific writer, whose greatest literary achievement was the formative role he played in the evolution of various literary genres, including the historical novel and Gothic fiction. In addition, he was at the forefront of the burgeoning Newgate novel, the thriller, the sensation novel, science‐fiction, fantasy, detective fiction, silver‐fork fiction, the bildungsroman, and domestic realism. Bulwer Lytton was also accomplished at intermingling genres. His ability to transgress, unsettle, and destabilize the generic partook of the Gothic, as did his deployment of the themes of madness, revenge, and terror. In short, Bulwer Lytton was a supreme practitioner of the psychology of fear.
Bürger,Gottfried
Authors: Thomson Douglass H.
Published: June 2017

In terms of Gothic literature, Gottfried August Bürger (1747–94) is best known for his supernatural ballads of terror (seesupernatural, the), chief among them the popular “Lenore,” “Der wilde Jäger” (The Wild Humt) and “Des Pfarrers Tochter von Taubenheim” (The Parson's Daughter of Taubenheim). Unabashedly aimed at thevolkand strategically positioned against the still prevailing neoclassical taste of the day, Bürger's ballads caused quite a stir in both Germany and England. In his native country, Bürger's example inspired the writers of theSturm und Drangmovement (seeSturm und Drang) to develop a native German idiom of poetry by appealing to the ballad tradition its country shared with Britain. British writers initially greeted Bürger's ballads with great enthusiasm. William Taylor of Norwich, the main conduit of German literary developments for British writers, led the way with his translation “Lenora” in theMonthly Magazine, and five other poets, including the young Walter Scott, followed suit with their versions in 1796 alone. The reception of Bürger's ballads eventually mirrored the larger pattern of how Gothic literature came to be regarded in the 1790s. For after the early outpouring of praise for his spirited and dramatic imagination, the critical establishment, primarily Schiller in Germany and many alarmed arbiters of taste in England, turned sharply against his poetic tales of terror.
B
urton,
T
im
Authors: Stephanou Aspasia
Published: June 2017

Tim Burton (1958–) is an American filmmaker, producer, writer, and artist whose work has been associated with the Gothic. His films evoke the atmospheres of foggy, Gothic landscapes, mysterious, oneiric spaces, and ghostly presences, while the bittersweet melancholy of lonesome doppelgangers and outsiders conjures up the Gothic's sensibility toward doubles and villains, and their adventures, pursuit, and final destruction. The term “Burtonesque,” which captures the dark, unconventional, and eccentric aesthetics that characterize his films, is used to describe similar works by other filmmakers (see
film
).
C
ampbell,
R
amsey
Authors: Royle Nicholas
Published: June 2017

Born in Liverpool in 1946, Ramsey Campbell was much influenced in his early years by H. P. Lovecraft (see
lovecraft, h. p. (howard phillips)
). “The first book of Lovecraft's I read made me into a writer,” Campbell wrote in the introduction to
Cold Print
(1985: 9), a collection of Lovecraft‐inspired tales and new work. Those Lovecraftian stories were reprinted from Campbell's first collection,
The Inhabitant of the Lake and Other Less Welcome Tenants
(1964), and they have their admirers, but it was arguably only “once [he had] finished imitating Lovecraft” (Campbell 1992: 26) that his work started to show signs of startling originality and powerful insight. As Campbell put it in an afterword to a 1992 chapbook publication,
Two Obscure Tales
, after
The Inhabitant of the Lake
“I was able to explore what sort of a voice of my own I had” (1992: 26).
Comic Gothic
Authors: Zlosnik Sue , Horner Avril
Published: June 2017

It is perhaps no coincidence that the Gothic novel emerged at about the same time as opera, melodrama, and the circus, since all evoke a highly emotional and complex response to the modern world (see
melodrama
;
opera
). This response involves both laughter and fear. However, most orthodox accounts of Gothic do not sufficiently acknowledge its hybridity, which is signaled by a juxtaposition of incongruous textual and surface effects. Such incongruity opens up the possibility of a comic turn that deliberately exploits the fragile boundary between comedy and horror. Rather than setting up a binary between “serious” and “comic” Gothic texts, then, it is perhaps best to think of the Gothic as a spectrum that, at one end, produces horror writing containing moments of comic hysteria (for example, the intrusion of “King Laugh” as identified by Van Helsing in Bram Stoker's
Dracula
) and, at the other, produces works in which there are clear signals that nothing is to be taken seriously (such as
The Rocky Horror Picture Show
).
Commodity Gothicism
Authors: Lootens Tricia
Published: June 2017

In its most intense forms, the commodity Gothic represents a sinister variant on what Elaine Freedgood has influentially termed the “ideas in things.” As Freedgood conceives them, those material objects that fill Victorian novels are frightening enough in their own right: for
C
orelli,
M
arie
Authors: Hartnell‐Mottram Elaine
Published: June 2017

Best‐selling author of more than twenty novels and writer of short stories and nonfiction, Marie Corelli (1855–1924) has been in print continuously since 1886. Her novels have been filmed, staged, and translated into languages as diverse as Gujarati and Swedish. Her initial readership was drawn from all levels of society and included Oscar Wilde and Queen Victoria.
Counterfeit
Authors: Hogle Jerrold E.
Published: June 2017

From Horace Walpole'sThe Castle of Otranto(1764) onwards – and even before – the post‐Renaissance “Gothic” has always been rooted in fakery. The neo‐Gothic revival in architecture at Walpole's time, as in his own toy‐Gothic house at Strawberry Hill with its painted Protestant recastings of Catholic icons once carved out of stone, is openly faux‐Gothic in copying drawings, more than actual cathedrals and castles, in the manner of the several garden “follies” on other estates of the time built as antiqued ruins even though they were new (see Ames 1999) (seewalpole, horace). Similarly, the ghosts that Walpole views as helping to set standards for future “Gothic Stories” in the Preface to the second edition ofOtranto(Walpole 1996: 9–11) are more images of older images than signifiers of substantial bodies. The gigantic specter that appears in huge fragments throughout the castle turns out to be the shade of an effigy on a tomb in the nearby abbey's crypt (Walpole 1996: 20–1); the ghost of the antihero's grandfather appears to him by walking out of a full‐length portrait (quite literally the figure of a figure; p. 26); and the skull‐faced Hermit of Joppa who suddenly rises up in a chapel (Walpole 1996: 106–7) is far more a repetition of the ominous skeletons in medievaldanse macabrepaintings than the wraith of a physical person. Moreover, these indicators of buried secrets all refer back by the end ofOtrantoto the cover‐up of the original owner's murder decades ago and the counterfeiting of a “fictitious will” to produce an illusion of legitimate inheritance (Walpole 1996: 113). As if all of this were not enough, every bit of it takes place within the frame of the 1764 Preface in Walpole's first edition. There the Anglican “translator” of what is supposedly a much older Catholic text claims that he is conveying “preternatural” figurations, “exploded now even from romances,” in the reality of which neither he nor his readers should believe, making them emptied‐out signifiers cast adrift, fakings of a grounding that has been evacuated from them (Walpole 1996: 5–6). We can hardly be surprised that Walpole's letters see such playings with “old castles, old pictures, old histories” as allowing him to “live back,” however falsely, “into centuries that cannot disappoint one,” precisely because there is “no reason” in using all these leftovers “to quarrel with their emptiness” (Walpole 1996: 10, 192). His use of figures of figures, which sets the stage for so much of subsequent Gothic fiction, insistently has no “true specie” behind it, however much his settings and characters claim to be pointing to a past reality.
Crime
Authors: Whatley John
Published: June 2017

Two works from the mid‐eighteenth century are touchstones for the theme of crime and the Gothic. The first is the original Gothic novel, Horace Walpole's 1764Castle of Otranto(seewalpole, horace) and the second is Cesare Beccaria's “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment,” published in Italy in the same year. Among other faults he found with the criminal justice system of his day, Beccaria wrote against the medieval use of torture, secret accusation, the arbitrary power of judges, and capital punishment; his essay is recognized as an early rationalist and progressive approach to crime and punishment. In contrast, the Gothic novel began with an eighteenth‐century portrait of medieval transgressions as spectacle.Otrantorendered a vibrant image of medieval crime, backward legal practices, tyranny, corruption, and superstition – the very elements Beccaria attempted to remove. The value of its portrayal has, over a number of centuries, been contested. Whether a Beccarian rationalism frames Gothic crime is a question that has shaped the critical response to the genre since its inception.
C
ronenberg,
D
avid
Authors: Carver Stephen
Published: June 2017

David Cronenberg (1943–) is a Canadian
auteur
filmmaker who made his name with intelligent, innovative, and graphic horror films. His work explores human fears and desires not commonly expressed in cinema, such as disease, aging, mental illness, and sexual fetishism. Cronenberg approaches the human condition through the unconscious and physical processes of the thinking animal, with an extreme existentialism that celebrates the body (in all its disgusting glory) while admitting the horror of the individual consciousness trapped within ever‐decaying flesh. These themes are present in Cronenberg's early genre work, and he continues to explore them through the adaptation of postmodern literature.
D
ickens,
C
harles
Authors: Hollington Michael
Published: June 2017

Charles Dickens (1812–70) shot to fame in the 1830s, and as he did he effected decisive and lasting change in the history of Gothic fiction. Essentially, he fastened on to a Romantic paradox enunciated at its simplest and clearest in Byron's
Don Juan
: that “truth is stranger than fiction” (Byron 1902: 541) (see
byron, george gordon, sixth baron
). In the context of Gothic, this implied that the true sphere of terror lay not in remote times and Catholic places but in the here and now of contemporary urban society (see
urban gothic
). The emerging techniques of flâneurial realist writing and reportage – focused upon the physiognomical signs of human appearance, with the supposedly disinterested passer‐by engaging in a fashionable new activity of detecting urban mysteries and observing and interpreting what he saw in the streets of great cities – gave birth to a new version of Gothic that came to maturity in the Victorian period, in the work of Dickens and Wilkie Collins above all (see
collins, wilkie
).
Doubles
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: June 2017

Manifestations of doubles and doubling in literature may be traced back as far as the origins of Western civilization itself. The dualism variously articulated by Plato and Aristotle was easily assimilated by the rise of Judeo‐Christian theology, a pervasive system of thought which both reworked and reified classical philosophical endeavors through its accompanying metaphysical distinctions between body and soul, good and evil. Accordingly, medieval morality drama, with its schematic and highly conventionalized depictions of virtue and vice, was fundamentally dualistic in nature. Edmund Spenser would employ a sustained mode of contrast and juxtaposition in his religious and political romance
The Faerie Queene
(1590, 1596), and later, John Milton would exploit the dualisms of Protestant Christianity with his epic account of the struggle between light and dark, good and evil in
Paradise Lost
(1667, 1674), doubling the figures of God and Satan accordingly. Doubles seem also to have been the particular provenance of Shakespearean comedy, particularly as witnessed in the systematic coupling and uncoupling, the pointed comparison and contrast of lovers, siblings, spaces, genders, and sexualities in such plays as
A Midsummer Night's Dream
(1600),
Twelfth Night
(1601, 1623), and
As You Like It
(1599, 1623).
Du
M
aurier,
D
aphne
Authors: Horner Avril , Zlosnik Sue
Published: June 2017

The academic debate about Gothic that has become so prominent in the last few decades has led to the revaluation of many writers. Among these is the prolific and successful twentieth‐century author Daphne du Maurier (1907–89), who produced eighteen novels, a number of memoirs and biographies, two plays, and over forty short stories. Although acknowledged for many years as a supremely successful storyteller, she was firmly relegated to the ranks of the middlebrow and not deemed a suitable subject for serious critical consideration until the mid‐1980s. One of the first articles to assess her work seriously in relation to the literary canon appeared in
The Spectator
in 1962, prompted by the Penguin reprint of seven of her novels. Its author, Ronald Bryden, dismissed her as a superficial romantic novelist, “Queen of the Wild Mullions,” who, like her father and grandfather before her, indulged in nostalgia and was capable of writing only “a glossy brand of entertaining nonsense” (1962: 514–15). Du Maurier's artistic heritage, as the granddaughter of the famous
Punch
cartoonist and novelist George du Maurier (the author of
Trilby
, 1894) and daughter of the celebrated actor Gerald du Maurier, was to have a profound influence on her perception of herself as a writer and on her work. More recent critical appraisals have acknowledged the complex effect of this paternal lineage on her writing, recognizing the creative results of her anxieties concerning influence and identity as she struggled with the assumption that creativity itself was male. Although early academic critiques of her writing focused on femininity and class, subsequent work has recognized her debt to the Gothic tradition and identified the ways in which she adapted it for her own purposes.
G
odwin,
W
illiam
Authors: Chonaill Siobhán Ní
Published: June 2017

William Godwin (1756–1836) was a prominent English philosopher, novelist, and political theorist. Although he is most remembered for his political philosophical writings, primarily the radical treatise
An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
(1793), Godwin also made a significant contribution to the Gothic literary tradition with his novels
Caleb Williams; or, Things as they Are
(1794) and
St. Leon
(1799). Godwin married the feminist theorist Mary Wollstonecraft, author of
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(1792), with whom he had one daughter, Mary, who was the author of
Frankenstein
(1818, 1831) and the wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley (see
shelley, mary wollstonecraft
). Godwin's greatest literary success came early in his career with the publication of
Political Justice
and
Caleb Williams
. Both works were enormously successful and Godwin became an overnight celebrity, fêted in London society for his radical views and anarchist vision.