bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterodimetallic Ferrocenyl Dithiophosphonate Complexes of Nickel(II), Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) as Sensitizers for TiO2‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ajayi Tomilola J. , Ollengo Moses , le Roux Lukas , Pillay Michael N. , Staples Richard J. , Biros Shannon M. , Wenderich Kasper , Mei Bastian , van Zyl Werner E.
Published: July 2019

The formation, characterization, and dye sensitized solar cell application of nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate complexes were investigated. The multidentate monoanionic ligand [S2PFc(OH)]− (L1) was synthesized. The reaction between metal salt precursors and L1 produced Ni(II) complexes of the type [Ni{S2P(Fc)(OH)}2] (1) (molar ratio 1:2), and a tetranickel(II) complex of the type [Ni2{S2OP(Fc)}2]2 (2) (molar ratio (1:1). It also produced a Zn(II) complex [Zn{S2P(Fc)(OH)}2]2 (3), and a Cd(II) complex [Cd{S2P(Fc)(OH)}2]2 (4). Complexes 1–4 were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis, and complexes 1 and 2 were additionally analyzed by X‐ray crystallography. The first examples of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) co‐sensitized with ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate complexes 1–4 are reported. Co‐sensitization with the ruthenium dye N719, produced the dye materials (3)‐N719 (η=8.30%) and (4)‐N719 (η=7.78%), and they were found to have a better overall conversion efficiency than the pure Ru N719 dye standard (η=7.14%) under the same experimental conditions. The DSSCs were characterized using UV/vis, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), photovoltaic‐ (I−V curves), and performing incident photon‐to‐current efficiency (IPCE) measurements.
Preferential Tumor Accumulation of Polyglycerol Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Cyanine Dye Leading to Near‐Infrared Fluorescence In Vivo Tumor Imaging
Authors: Yoshino Fumi , Amano Tsukuru , Zou Yajuan , Xu Jian , Kimura Fuminori , Furusho Yoshio , Chano Tokuhiro , Murakami Takashi , Zhao Li , Komatsu Naoki
Published: July 2019

Preferential accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is realized commonly by combined effects of active and passive targeting. However, passive targeting based on an enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect is not sufficient to observe clear tumor fluorescence images in most of the in vivo experiments using tumor‐bearing mice. Herein, polyglycerol‐functionalized nanodiamonds (ND‐PG) conjugated with cyanine dye (Cy7) are synthesized and it is found that the resulting ND‐PG‐Cy7 is preferentially accumulated in the tumor, giving clear fluorescence in in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence images. One of the plausible reasons is the longer in vivo blood circulation time of ND‐PG‐Cy7 (half‐life: 58 h determined by the pharmacokinetic analysis) than that of other nanoparticles (half‐life: <20 h in most of the previous reports). In a typical example, the fluorescence intensity of tumors increases due to continuous tumor accumulation of ND‐PG‐Cy7, even more than one week postinjection. This may be owing to the stealth effect of PG that was reported previously, avoiding recognition and excretion by reticuloendothelial cells, which are abundant in liver and spleen. In fact, the fluorescence intensities from the liver and spleen is similar to those from other organs, while the tumor exhibits much stronger fluorescence in the ex vivo image.
Microfluidic Generation of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhao Xin , Bian Feika , Sun Lingyu , Cai Lijun , Li Ling , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: July 2019

As nanomaterials (NMs) possess attractive physicochemical properties that are strongly related to their specific sizes and morphologies, they are becoming one of the most desirable components in the fields of drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. By choosing an appropriate methodology that allows for accurate control over the reaction conditions, not only can NMs with high quality and rapid production rate be generated, but also designing composite and efficient products for therapy and diagnosis in nanomedicine can be realized. Recent evidence implies that microfluidic technology offers a promising platform for the synthesis of NMs by easy manipulation of fluids in microscale channels. In this Review, a comprehensive set of developments in the field of microfluidics for generating two main classes of NMs, including nanoparticles and nanofibers, and their various potentials in biomedical applications are summarized. Furthermore, the major challenges in this area and opinions on its future developments are proposed.
Magnesium Storage Performance and Mechanism of 2D‐Ultrathin Nanosheet‐Assembled Spinel MgIn2S4 Cathode for High‐Temperature Mg Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yong , Konya Masashi , Kutsuma Ayaka , Lim Seonghyeon , Mandai Toshihiko , Munakata Hirokazu , Kanamura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2019

Magnesium batteries have the potential to be a next generation battery with large capability and high safety, owing to the high abundance, great volumetric energy density, and reversible dendrite‐free capability of Mg anodes. However, the lack of a stable high‐voltage electrolyte, and the sluggish Mg‐ion diffusion in lattices and through interfaces limit the practical uses of Mg batteries. Herein, a spinel MgIn2S4 microflower‐like material assembled by 2D‐ultrathin (≈5.0 nm) nanosheets is reported and first used as a cathode material for high‐temperature Mg batteries with an ionic liquid electrolyte. The nonflammable ionic liquid electrolyte ensure the safety under high temperatures. As prepared MgIn2S4 exhibits wide‐temperature‐range adaptability (50–150 °C), ultrahigh capacity (≈500 mAh g−1 under 1.2 V vs Mg/Mg2+), fast Mg2+ diffusibility (≈2.0 × 10−8 cm2 s−1), and excellent cyclability (without capacity decay after 450 cycles). These excellent electrochemical properties are due to the fast kinetics of magnesium by the 2D nanosheets spinel structure and safe high‐temperature operation environment. From ex situ X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements, a conversion reaction of the Mg2+ storage mechanism is found. The excellent performance and superior security make it promising in high‐temperature batteries for practical applications.
CD166 Engagement Augments Mouse and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Function via Activation of Stemness and Cell Cycle Pathways
Authors: Zhang Jing , Ghosh Joydeep , Mohamad Safa F. , Zhang Chi , Huang Xinxin , Capitano Maegan L. , Gunawan Andrea M. , Cooper Scott , Guo Bin , Cai Qingchun , Broxmeyer Hal E. , Srour Edward F.
Published: July 2019

Hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor (HPC) cells are regulated by interacting signals and cellular and noncellular elements of the hematopoietic niche. We previously showed that CD166 is a functional marker of murine and human HSC and of cellular components of the murine niche. Selection of murine CD166+ engrafting HSC enriched for marrow repopulating cells. Here, we demonstrate that CD166-CD166 homophilic interactions enhance generation of murine and human HPC in vitro and augment hematopoietic function of these cells. Interactions between cultured CD166+ Lineage−Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells and CD166+ osteoblasts (OBs) significantly enhanced the expansion of colony-forming units (CFUs). Interactions between CD166+ LSK cells and immobilized CD166 protein generated more CFU in short-term cultures than between these cells and bovine serum albumin (BSA) or in cultures initiated with CD166− LSK cells. Similar results were obtained when LSK cells from wildtype (WT) or CD166 knockout (KO) (CD166−/−) mice were used with immobilized CD166. Human cord blood CD34+ cells expressing CD166 produced significantly higher numbers of CFUs following interaction with immobilized CD166 than their CD166− counterparts. These data demonstrate the positive effects of CD166 homophilic interactions involving CD166 on the surface of murine and human HPCs. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of CD150+CD48− (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)) LSK cells from WT and CD166−/− mice incubated with immobilized CD166 protein revealed that engagement of CD166 on these cells activates cytokine, growth factor and hormone signaling, epigenetic pathways, and other genes implicated in maintenance of stem cell pluripotency-related and mitochondria-related signaling pathways. These studies provide tangible evidence implicating CD166 engagement in the maintenance of stem/progenitor cell function. Stem Cells  2019;37:1319–1330

Significance Statement This study describes how homophilic interactions via CD166 that is expressed on hematopoietic cells augments the functional potential of these cells. This study also uses single-cell RNAseq to identify pathways activated by the engagement of CD166 on the surface of these cells to enhance the hematopoietic function of stem and progenitor cells.
Stochastic simulation algorithms for computational systems biology: Exact, approximate, and hybrid methods
Authors: Simoni Giulia , Reali Federico , Priami Corrado , Marchetti Luca
Published: July 2019

Nowadays, mathematical modeling is playing a key role in many different research fields. In the context of system biology, mathematical models and their associated computer simulations constitute essential tools of investigation. Among the others, they provide a way to systematically analyze systems perturbations, develop hypotheses to guide the design of new experimental tests, and ultimately assess the suitability of specific molecules as novel therapeutic targets. To these purposes, stochastic simulation algorithms (SSAs) have been introduced for numerically simulating the time evolution of a well‐stirred chemically reacting system by taking proper account of the randomness inherent in such a system. In this work, we review the main SSAs that have been introduced in the context of exact, approximate, and hybrid stochastic simulation. Specifically, we will introduce the direct method (DM), the first reaction method (FRM), the next reaction method (NRM) and the rejection‐based SSA (RSSA) in the area of exact stochastic simulation. We will then present the τ‐leaping method and the chemical Langevin method in the area of approximate stochastic simulation and an implementation of the hybrid RSSA (HRSSA) in the context of hybrid stochastic‐deterministic simulation. Finally, we will consider the model of the sphingolipid metabolism to provide an example of application of SSA to computational system biology by exemplifying how different simulation strategies may unveil different insights into the investigated biological phenomenon.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Bs(d) − $$ \overline{B} $$s(d) mixing and Bs → μ+μ− decay in the NMSSM with the Flavour Expansion Theorem
Authors: Hu Quan-Yi , Li Xin-Qiang , Yang Ya-Dong , Zheng Min-Di
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In this paper, motivated by the observation that the Standard Model predictions are now above the experimental data for the mass difference ΔM

s(d), we perform a detailed study of B
s(d) −

$$ \overline{B} $$

B
¯

s(d) mixing and B

s
→ μ
+
μ
− decay in the ℤ
3-invariant NMSSM with non-minimal flavour violation, using the recently developed procedure based on the Flavour Expansion Theorem, with which one can perform a purely algebraic mass-insertion expansion of an amplitude written in the mass eigenstate basis without performing any diagrammatic calculations in the interaction/flavour basis. Specifically, we consider the finite orders of mass insertions for neutralinos but the general orders for squarks and charginos, under two sets of assumptions for the squark flavour structures (i.e., while the flavour-conserving off-diagonal element δ
33
LR
is kept in both of these two sectors, only the flavour-violating off-diagonal elements δ
23
LL
and δ

i3
RR
(i = 1, 2) are kept in the LL and RR sectors, respectively). Our analytic results are then expressed directly in terms of the initial Lagrangian parameters in the interaction/flavour basis, making it easy to impose the experimental bounds on them. It is found numerically that the NMSSM effects with the above two assumptions for the squark flavour structures can accommodate the observed deviation for ΔM

s(d), while complying with the experimental constraints from the branching ratios of B

s
→ μ
+
μ
− and B → X

s

γ decays.
Impact of form factor uncertainties on interpretations of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data
Authors: Sierra D. Aristizabal , Liao Jiajun , Marfatia D.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The standard model coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) cross section is subject to nuclear form factor uncertainties, mainly driven by the root-mean-square radius of the neutron density distribution. Motivated by COHERENT phases I-III and future multi-ton direct detection dark matter searches, we evaluate these uncertainties in cesium iodide, germanium, xenon and argon detectors. We find that the uncertainties become relevant for momentum transfers q ≳ 20 MeV and are essentially independent of the form factor parameterization. Consequently, form factor uncertainties are not important for CEνNS induced by reactor or solar neutrinos. Taking into account these uncertainties, we then evaluate their impact on measurements of CEνNS at COHERENT, the diffuse supernova background (DSNB) neutrinos and sub-GeV atmospheric neutrinos. We also calculate the relative uncertainties in the number of COHERENT events for different nuclei as a function of recoil energy. For DSNB and atmospheric neutrinos, event rates at a liquid argon detector can be uncertain to more than 5%. Finally, we consider the impact of form factor uncertainties on searches for nonstandard neutrino interactions, sterile neutrinos and neutrino generalized interactions. We point out that studies of new physics using CEνNS data are affected by neutron form factor uncertainties, which if not properly taken into account may lead to the misidentification of new physics signals. The uncertainties quantified here are also relevant for dark matter direct detection searches.
The influence of atrial fibrillation on the levels of NT-proBNP versus GDF-15 in patients with heart failure
Authors: Santema Bernadet T. , Chan Michelle M. Y. , Tromp Jasper , Dokter Martin , van der Wal Haye H. , Emmens Johanna E. , Takens Janny , Samani Nilesh J. , Ng Leong L. , Lang Chim C. , van der Meer Peter , ter Maaten Jozine M. , Damman Kevin , Dickstein Kenneth , Cleland John G. , Zannad Faiez , Anker Stefan D. , Metra Marco , van der Harst Pim , de Boer Rudolf A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Rienstra Michiel , Lam Carolyn S. P. , Voors Adriaan A.
Published: July 2019

Background

In heart failure (HF), levels of NT-proBNP are influenced by the presence of concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF), making it difficult to distinguish between HF versus AF in patients with raised NT-proBNP. It is unknown whether levels of GDF-15 are also influenced by AF in patients with HF. In this study we compared the plasma levels of NT-proBNP versus GDF-15 in patients with HF in AF versus sinus rhythm (SR).

Methods

In a post hoc analysis of the index cohort of BIOSTAT-CHF (n = 2516), we studied patients with HF categorized into three groups: (1) AF at baseline (n = 733), (2) SR at baseline with a history of AF (n = 183), and (3) SR at baseline and no history of AF (n = 1025). The findings were validated in the validation cohort of BIOSTAT-CHF (n = 1738).

Results

Plasma NT-proBNP levels of patients who had AF at baseline were higher than those of patients in SR (both with and without a history of AF), even after multivariable adjustment (3417 [25th–75th percentile 1897–6486] versus 1788 [682–3870], adjusted p < 0.001, versus 2231 pg/mL [902–5270], adjusted p < 0.001). In contrast, after adjusting for clinical confounders, the levels of GDF-15 were comparable between the three groups (3179 [2062–5253] versus 2545 [1686–4337], adjusted p = 0.36, versus 2294 [1471–3855] pg/mL, adjusted p = 0.08). Similar patterns of both NT-proBNP and GDF-15 were found in the validation cohort.

Conclusion

These data show that in patients with HF, NT-proBNP is significantly influenced by underlying AF at time of measurement and not by previous episodes of AF, whereas the levels of GDF-15 are not influenced by the presence of AF. Therefore, GDF-15 might have additive value combined with NT-proBNP in the assessment of patients with HF and concomitant AF.

Graphic abstract
Teaching history for design at TU Delft: exploring types of student learning and perceived relevance of history for the architecture profession
Authors: Hein Carola , van Dooren Elise
Published: July 2019

Historical investigation anchors architectural and urban practice. Analyzing two sets of questionnaires distributed in different class settings, this paper explores two questions: how do design students currently learn about architectural history, and how do they translate this knowledge into their design practice? First, tentative conclusions are that (1) physical engagement with buildings outside the classroom is an important inspiration for the students, (2) (assigned) books definitely influence their (design) thinking, (3) different types of pedagogy–lecture, seminar, thesis, studio–affect student learning in different and complementary ways, and (4) students overwhelmingly see history as a relevant preparation and foundation for design, but this understanding is implicit and often unspecific.
The Asymptotic Distribution of Average Test Overlap Rate in Computerized Adaptive Testing
Authors: Choe Edison M. , Chang Hua-Hua
Published: July 2019

The average test overlap rate is often computed and reported as a measure of test security risk or item pool utilization of a computerized adaptive test (CAT). Despite the prevalent use of this sample statistic in both literature and operations, its sampling distribution has never been known nor studied in earnest. In response, a proof is presented for the asymptotic distribution of a linear transformation of the average test overlap rate in fixed-length CAT. The theoretical results enable the estimation of standard error and construction of confidence intervals. Moreover, a practical simulation study demonstrates the statistical comparison of average test overlap rates between two CAT designs with different exposure control methods.
Environmental impacts of European trade: interpreting results of process-based LCA and environmentally extended input–output analysis towards hotspot identification
Authors: Beylot Antoine , Corrado Sara , Sala Serenella
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Trade is increasingly considered a significant contributor to environmental impacts. The assessment of the impacts of trade is usually performed via environmentally extended input–output analysis (EEIOA). However, process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) applied to traded goods allows increasing the granularity of the analysis and may be essential to unveil specific impacts due to traded products.

Methods

This study assesses the environmental impacts of the European trade, considering two modelling approaches: respectively EEIOA, using EXIOBASE 3 as supporting database, and process-based LCA. The interpretation of the results is pivotal to improve the robustness of the assessment and the identification of hotspots. The hotspot identification focuses on temporal trends and on the contribution of products and substances to the overall impacts. The inventories of elementary flows associated with EU trade, for the period 2000–2010, have been characterized considering 14 impact categories according to the Environmental Footprint (EF2017) Life Cycle Impact Assessment method.

Results and discussion

The two modelling approaches converge in highlighting that in the period 2000–2010: (i) EU was a net importer of environmental impacts; (ii) impacts of EU trade and EU trade balance (impacts of imports minus impacts of exports) were increasing over time, regarding most impact categories under study; and (iii) similar manufactured products were the main contributors to the impacts of exports from EU, regarding most impact categories. However, some results are discrepant: (i) larger impacts are obtained from IO analysis than from process-based LCA, regarding most impact categories, (ii) a different set of most contributing products is identified by the two approaches in the case of imports, and (iii) large differences in the contributions of substances are observed regarding resource use, toxicity, and ecotoxicity indicators.

Conclusions

The interpretation step is crucial to unveil the main hotspots, encompassing a comparison of the differences between the two methodologies, the assumptions, the data coverage and sources, the completeness of inventory as basis for impact assessment. The main driver for the observed divergences is identified to be the differences in the impact intensities of goods, both induced by inherent properties of the IO and life cycle inventory databases and by some of this study’s modelling choices. The combination of IO analysis and process-based LCA in a hybrid framework, as performed in other studies but generally not at the macro-scale of the full trade of a country or region, appears a potential important perspective to refine such an assessment in the future.
The effect of salts and haematite on carboxymethyl cellulose–bentonite and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide–bentonite muds for an effective drilling in shale formations
Authors: Kuma M. , Das B. M. , Talukdar P.
Published: July 2019

A common issue encountered by drilling engineers during drilling operation in oil and gas industries is that simple water-based muds are not suitable for deeper depth and certain clay-swelling formations. Another option as to increasing the density of the drilling mud which brings about an increase in filtration loss, additives may be added to improve the fluid properties. This paper aims on determining the effectiveness of common salts, sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl), and haematite on the rheological properties of optimized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–bentonite and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)–bentonite muds. Both CMC and PHPA polymer act as fluid loss-reducing agents and viscosifiers for normal bentonite water-based mud. The mud is further enhanced to counter certain swelling formations such as shale through the addition of NaCl and KCl. These salts inhibit the shale formation from swelling through its ions by entering the lattice of the drilling mud or formation instead of the water ions. Haematite, on the other hand, basically functions to increase mud density and acts as a substitute for barite. The effect of haematite on drilling fluid was studied because it gives higher degree of rheological parameters and increases density as compared to barite. So, an optimized concentration of additives was determined for both CMC–bentonite and PHPA–bentonite mud systems, respectively. Three grams of KCl and 3 g haematite were used for CMC–bentonite mud, while 3 g KCl and 1 g haematite were added into PHPA–bentonite mud. Both these muds have shown swelling reduction as compared to those without the use of additives. Moreover, they exhibited Herschel–Bulkley fluid behaviour according to the power law model where their ‘n’ value was less than 1, while their yield points were more than zero. Since shale sloughing is a major problem faced during drilling operation, it leads to major complications in drilling. So, finally, both the formulated drilling fluids are tested to analyse their effect in shale formations by static immersion test. The shale rock was collected from Champhai District of Mizoram. Both the formulated muds exhibited great results as swelling in shale rock was reduced for both muds and optimum rheological values were maintained.
Experimental investigation of environmentally friendly drilling fluid additives (mandarin peels powder) to substitute the conventional chemicals used in water-based drilling fluid
Authors: Al-Hameedi Abo Taleb T. , Alkinani Husam H. , Dunn-Norman Shari , Al-Alwani Mustafa A. , Alshammari Abdullah F. , Alkhamis Mohammed M. , Mutar Rusul A. , Al-Bazzaz Waleed H.
Published: July 2019

The non-biodegradable additives used in controlling drilling fluid properties cause harm to the environment and personal safety. Thus, there is a need for alternative drilling fluid additives to reduce the amount of non-biodegradable waste disposed to the environment. This work investigates the potential of using mandarin peels powder (MPP), a food waste product, as a new environmentally friendly drilling fluid additive. A complete set of tests were conducted to recognize the impact of MPP on the drilling fluid properties. The results of MPP were compared to low viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-LV), commonly used chemical additive for the drilling fluid. The results showed that MPP reduced the alkalinity by 20–32% and modified the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength) of the drilling fluid. The fluid loss decreased by 44–68% at concentrations of MPP as less as 1–4%, and filter cake was enhanced as well when comparing to the reference mud. In addition, MPP had a negligible to minor impact on mud weight, and this effect was resulted due to foaming issues. Other properties such as salinity, calcium content, and resistivity were negligibly affected by MPP. This makes MPP an effective material to be used as pH reducer, a viscosity modifier, and an excellent fluid loss agent. This work also provides a practical guide for minimizing the cost of the drilling fluid through economic, environmental, and safety considerations, by comparing MPP with PAC-LV.
Grafted Sepiolites for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Water Treatment
Authors: Undabeytia Tomás , Madrid Fernando , Vázquez Juan , Pérez-Martínez José Ignacio
Published: July 2019

The increased detection of pharmaceuticals in finished drinking water has become a growing cause of concern in recent years. The removal of atenolol, ranitidine, and carbamazepine by sepiolite, following functionalization of its surface by organosilane grafting, constituted the subject of this investigation. Silylated surfaces include octyl, γ-aminopropyl, 3-chloropropyl, and triphenyl moieties. The sorption of atenolol and ranitidine was higher on sepiolite functionalized with 3-chloropropyl, while carbamazepine showed a higher sorption on sepiolite with triphenyl groups. Filtration experiments of both ranitidine and carbamazepine on octyl- and triphenyl-sepiolite, respectively, showed a higher retention of ranitidine in comparison to carbamazepine, in spite of the fact that the number of sorption sites was lower due to its higher binding rate.
The Ethical Commonwealth in History
Authors: Rossi Philip J.
Published: July 2019

The 'ethical commonwealth', the central social element in Kant's account of religion, provides the church, as 'the moral people of God', with a role in establishing a cosmopolitan order of peace. This role functions within an interpretive realignment of Kant's critical project that articulates its central concern as anthropological: critically disciplined reason enables humanity to enact peacemaking as its moral vocation in history. Within this context, politics and religion are not peripheral elements in the critical project. They are, instead, complementary social modalities in which humanity enacts its moral vocation to bring lasting peace among all peoples.
Kant on the Rationality of Morality
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: July 2019

Kant claims that the fundamental principle of morality is given by pure reason itself. Many have interpreted Kant to derive this principle from a conception of pure practical reason (as opposed to merely prudential reasoning about the most effective means to empirically given ends). But Kant maintained that there is only one faculty of reason, although with both theoretical and practical applications. This Element shows how Kant attempted to derive the fundamental principle and goal of morality from the general principles of reason as such, defined by the principles of non-contradiction and sufficient reason and the ideal of systematicity.
An experimental study of two forms of concussion advice on planned physical activity
Authors: Sullivan Karen A. , Finnis Samantha J.
Published: July 2019

Background and aims

Best practice management for medically cleared concussion is to commence a graded return to activity, as tolerated, and within 24–48 h of the injury. Patients may encounter this or other advice if they search the Internet, or when they are discharged from care. It is not yet known how patients would interpret this advice, particularly for specific activities. This study compared the effect of two forms of concussion advice on physical activity plans. It was expected that compared to the advice to gradually return to activity, the advice to ‘rest’ would lead to reduced activity plans.

Methods

Concussion simulators received the generic advice to undertake 1 week of (i) rest (no physical activity [NPA],n= 115) or (ii) graded physical activity (GPA,n= 104). Activity plans were recorded using items from the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Rest-Activity Questionnaire (MTBI-RAQ).

Results

There was a significant group difference in activity plans (NPA < GPA, total score and for all MTBI-RAQ items,p’s ≤ 0.001, medium-to-large effects). The average NPA response was for a significant reduction from pre-injury for 14 activities, with no planned change for 2 activities (walking, household chores). In the GPA group, there were plans to reduce (nitems= 7), continue (nitems= 5) or increase activities (nitems= 4; e.g., swimming). Both groups proposed to decrease ‘high-risk’ activities (e.g., heavy lifting).

Conclusion

As expected, there was a significant effect of the type of advice on physical activity plans. Compared to the GPA advice, the NPA advice led to a significant reduction of planned physical activity. If concussed patients seek or receive advice that recommends NPA, it may prompt activity plans that are unnecessarily restrictive. If GPA advice is given, it leads to varied plans, with fewer restrictions overall, and avoidance of higher risk physical activities. Generic GPA advice has the potential to facilitate active recovery for concussion; however, patients would still likely benefit from a professional consultation about their plan and support to safely implement it, and this should be investigated in future research.
Genetic Analysis of a Large Family with Migraine, Vertigo, and Motion Sickness
Authors: Peddareddygari Leema Reddy , Kramer Phillip D. , Hanna Philip A. , Levenstien Mark A. , Grewal Raji P.
Published: July 2019

Background:Migraine is a common disorder most typically presenting as headache and often associated with vertigo and motion sickness. It is a genetically complex condition with multiple genes ultimately contributing to the predisposition and development of this episodic neurological disorder. We identified a large American family of 29 individuals of which 17 members suffered from at least one of these disorders, migraine, vertigo, or motion sickness. Many of these individuals suffered from several simultaneously. We hypothesized that vertigo and motion sickness may involve genes that are independent to those directly contributing to migraine susceptibility.Methods:Genome-wide linkage analysis performed using 400 microsatellite repeat markers spaced at 10 cM throughout the genome. The members of this family were phenotyped for each condition, migraine, vertigo, and motion sickness and analyzed separately. Statistical analysis was performed using two-point and multipoint linkage analysis employing a number of models including autosomal recessive or dominant patterns of inheritance with high and low genetic penetrance.Results:We identified a novel locus for migraine, 9q13-q22 (maximum two-point logarithm of odds [LOD] score-2.51). In addition, there are suggestive LOD scores that localize to different chromosomes for each phenotype; vertigo (chromosome 18, LOD score of 1.82) and motion sickness (chromosome 4, LOD score of 2.09).Conclusions:Our analysis supports our hypothesis that the migraine-associated vertigo and motion sickness may involve distinct susceptibility genes.
Onset of fully compressible convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell
Authors: Liu Shuang , Wan Zhen-Hua , Yan Rui , Sun Chao , Sun De-Jun
Published: July 2019

The onset of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell is studied by linear stability analysis based on the fully compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Compressibility is quantified by the number of density scale heights $N_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$, which measures the intensity of density stratification of the motionless, polytropic base state. The nearly adiabatic flow with polytropic index $n=1.499<n_{a}=1.5$ is considered, where $n_{a}$ is the adiabatic polytropic index. By investigating the stability of the base state with respect to the disturbance of specified wavenumber, the instability process is found to be sensitive to the Prandtl number $Pr$ and to $N_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$. For large $Pr$ and small $N_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$, the quasi-geostrophic columnar mode loses stability first; while for relatively small $Pr$ a new quasi-geostrophic compressible mode is identified, which becomes unstable first under strong density stratification. The inertial mode can also occur first for relatively small $Pr$ and a certain intensity of density stratification in the parameter range considered. Although the Rayleigh numbers $Ra$ for the onsets of the quasi-geostrophic compressible mode and columnar mode are different by several orders of magnitude, we find that they follow very similar scaling laws with the Taylor number. The critical $Ra$ for convection onset is found to be always positive, in contrast with previous results based on the widely used anelastic model that convection can occur at negative $Ra$. By evaluating the relative magnitude of the time derivative of density perturbation in the continuity equation, we show that the anelastic approximation in the present system cannot be applied in the small-$Ra$ and large-$N_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}$ regime.
Linear interaction of two-dimensional free-stream disturbances with an oblique shock wave
Authors: Huang Zhangfeng , Wang Huilin
Published: July 2019

The problem of interaction between disturbances and shock waves was solved by a theoretical approach called linear interaction analysis in the mid-twentieth century. More recently, great progress has been made in analysing shock–turbulence interactions by direct numerical simulation. However, an unsolved theoretical problem remains: What happens when no acoustic waves are stimulated behind the shock wave? The concept of a damped wave is introduced, which is a type of excited plane wave. Based on this, the dispersion and amplitude relationships between any incident plane wave and resulting stimulated waves are constructed analytically, systematically and comprehensively. The physical essence of damped waves and the existence of critical angles are clarified. It is demonstrated that a damped wave is a complex number space solution to the acoustic dispersion relationship under certain conditions. It acts as a bridge connecting fast and slow acoustic waves at the position where the $x$ component of the group velocity is zero. There are two critical angles that can excite fast and slow acoustic waves, which determine the conditions that stimulate a damped wave. Our results show good agreement with theoretical and simulation results. The contribution of each excited wave to the transmission coefficient is evaluated, the distribution of the transmission coefficient is analysed and application to an engineering wedge model is performed.
Wavelet-based adaptive delayed detached eddy simulations for wall-bounded compressible turbulent flows
Authors: Ge Xuan , Vasilyev Oleg V. , Hussaini M. Yousuff
Published: July 2019

A novel wavelet-based adaptive delayed detached eddy simulation (W-DDES) approach for simulations of wall-bounded compressible turbulent flows is proposed. The new approach utilizes anisotropic wavelet-based mesh refinement and its effectiveness is demonstrated for flow simulations using the Spalart–Allmaras DDES model. A variable wavelet thresholding strategy blending two distinct thresholds for the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) regimes is used. A novel mesh adaptation on mean and fluctuating quantities with different wavelet threshold levels is proposed. The new strategy is more accurate and efficient compared to the adaptation on instantaneous quantities using a priori defined uniform thresholds. The effectiveness of the W-DDES method is demonstrated by comparing the results of the W-DDES simulations with results already available in the literature. Supersonic plane channel flow for two different configurations is tested as benchmark wall-bounded flows. Both the accuracy indicated by the threshold and efficiency in terms of degrees of freedom for the novel adaptation strategy are successfully gained compared with the wavelet-based adaptive LES method. Moreover, the newly proposed W-DDES resolves the typical log-layer match issue encountered in the conventional non-adaptive DDES method mainly due to the use of wavelet-based adaptive mesh refinement. The W-DDES capability for simulations of complex turbulent flows is validated by two other flow configurations – a subsonic channel flow with periodic hill constrictions and a supersonic flow over a compression ramp inducing the shock wave–turbulent boundary layer interaction. The current study serves as a crucial step towards construction of a unified wavelet-based adaptive hierarchical RANS/LES modelling framework, capable of performing simulations of varying fidelities from no-modelling direct numerical simulations to full-modelling RANS simulations.
New Neogene taxa of the tribe Chlamydini Teppner, 1922 (Pectinidae, Bivalvia) of southern South America
Authors: Santelli María B. , del Río Claudia J.
Published: July 2019

The Chilean species traditionally assigned to the genera Chlamys Röding, 1798 or Zygochlamys Ihering, 1907 are now placed in two new endemic South American taxa: Dietotenhosen n. gen. (middle Miocene–early middle Pliocene), to include the southeastern Pacific Ocean species D. hupeanus (Philippi, 1887) n. comb. and D. remondi (Philippi, 1887) n. comb., and Ckaraosippur n. gen. (earliest middle Miocene–Pliocene), for C. calderensis (Möricke, 1896) n. comb. (Chile) and C. camachoi n. sp. (Argentina). Both genera are the youngest survivors of the tribe Chlamydini in southern South America. None of them is related to the circumpolar genus Psychrochlamys Jonkers, 2003, and the previous proposal of the dispersal through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current for the species included herein in Dietotenhosen is rejected.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/61b4bb50-321f-4b78-9069-609178ef0817
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Analysis of 237NP in Environmental Samples
Authors: Guan Yongjing , Sun Shaohan , Wang Huijuan , Terrasi Filippo , Liu Zhiyong , Gialanella Lucio , Buompane Raffaele , Tandoh Joseph , He Xianwen
Published: July 2019

To determine the 237Np concentration originating from global fallout in the environment, samples were collected from Guangxi, south of China, and measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at CIRCE. Serials standard samples and environment samples were prepared and measured using 242Pu as a tracer. The result indicates that the detection limit of 237Np as low as 10–15 g can be obtained. The concentration of 237Np in the environmental samples is less than 49.09 pg/kg (i.e. 1.280 mBq/kg), and the most probable value of 237Np is approximately 20 pg/kg (i.e. 0.53 mBq/kg).
An evaluation of the validity of nutrition screening and assessment tools in patients admitted to a vascular surgery unit
Authors: Thomas Jolene , Kaambwa Billingsley , Delaney Christopher , Miller Michelle
Published: July 2019

Vascular surgery patients are nutritionally vulnerable. Various malnutrition screening and assessment tools are available; however, none has been developed or validated in vascular patients. The present study aimed to: (1) investigate the validity of four commonly administered malnutrition screening tools (Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Nutrition Risk Screen-2002 (NRS-2002) and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment – Short Form (MNA-SF) and an assessment tool (the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)) compared against a comprehensive dietitian’s assessment and (2) evaluate the ability of the instruments to predict outcomes. Vascular inpatients were screened using the four malnutrition screening tools and assessed using the PG-SGA. Each was assessed by a dietitian incorporating nutritional biochemistry, anthropometry and changes in dietary intake. Diagnostic accuracy, consistency and predictive ability were determined. A total of 322 (69·3 % male) patients participated, with 75 % having at least one parameter indicating nutritional deficits. No instrument achieved the a priori levels for sensitivity (14·9–52·5 %). Neither tool predicted EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level score. All tools except the MNA-SF were associated with length of stay (LOS); however, the direction varied with increased risk of malnutrition on the MUST and NRS-2002 being associated with shorter LOS (P=0·029 and 0·045) and the reverse with the MST and PG-SGA (P=0·005 and <0·001). The NRS-2002 was associated with increased risk of complications (P=0·039). The MST, NRS-2002 and PG-SGA were predictive of discharge to an institution (P=0·004, 0·005 and 0·003). The tools studied were unable to identify the high prevalence of undernutrition; hence, vascular disease-specific screening and/or assessment tools are warranted.
NATVRALES QVAESTIONES4APRAEF. 20 ANDEP. 34.2: APPROACHING THE CHRONOLOGY AND NON-FICTIONAL NATURE OF SENECA'SEPISTVLAE MORALES
Authors: Mollea Simone
Published: July 2019

It is undeniable that the form of Seneca'sEpistulae Moraleswe currently read is a work of literature, literature being here defined as a piece of work the author intended to publish. What Seneca claims inEp. 21.3–5 is clear evidence of this:

exemplum Epicuri referam. cum Idomeneo scriberet et illum a uita speciosa ad fidelem stabilemque gloriam reuocaret, regiae tunc potentiae ministrum et magna tractantem, ‘si gloria’ inquit ‘tangeris, notiorem te epistulae meae facient quam omnia ista quae colis et propter quae coleris’. […] quod Epicurus amico suo potuit promittere, hoc tibi promitto, Lucili: habebo apud posteros gratiam, possum mecum duratura nomina educere.
LOOKING EDGEWAYS. PURSUING ACROSTICS IN OVID AND VIRGIL
Authors: Robinson Matthew
Published: July 2019

What follows is an experiment in reading practice. I propose that we read some key passages of theAeneidand theMetamorphosesin the active pursuit of acrostics and telestics, just as we have been accustomed to read them in the active pursuit of allusions and intertexts; and that we do so with the same willingness to make sense of what we find. The measure of success of this reading practice will be the extent to which our understanding of these familiar and well-studied texts can be usefully enriched by our interpretation of our discoveries (or rediscoveries). These will include an undiscovered authorial signature NASO in the ‘second proem’ of theMetamorphoses; an unnoticed self-referential response to Horace with NITIDO at the centre of Ovid's epic and a similarly self-referential AVSVM at the centre of Virgil's epic; in theAeneidwe will also find glances to Aratus with LEPTE and an Aratean anagram on Aeneas’ shield; and two new acrostics connecting Dido, Ajax and Lavinia.
The Troubled Knot: Tying Church Discipline to ‘Christian Marriage’ in African Contexts
Authors: SNOW JENNIFER C.
Published: July 2019

This article examines the historic discourse on public discipline around sexuality in the African context and its ascendancy, through missionary emphasis on Christian marriage, across multiple denominations and cultural locations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Foreign missionaries and African leaders struggled with abuses of discipline and were aware of the inequity of discipline globally. Public discipline was extremely uncommon at this time in North Atlantic contexts, but became a foundational aspect of African Christian life.
Neural signatures of conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Suarez-Jimenez Benjamin , Albajes-Eizagirre Anton , Lazarov Amit , Zhu Xi , Harrison Ben J. , Radua Joaquim , Neria Yuval , Fullana Miquel A.
Published: July 2019

Background

Establishing neurobiological markers of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is essential to aid in diagnosis and treatment development. Fear processing deficits are central to PTSD, and their neural signatures may be used as such markers.

Methods

Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of seven Pavlovian fear conditioning fMRI studies comparing 156 patients with PTSD and 148 trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using seed-basedd-mapping, to contrast neural correlates of experimental phases, namely conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall.

Results

Patients with PTSD, as compared to TEHCs, exhibited increased activation in the anterior hippocampus (extending to the amygdala) and medial prefrontal cortex during conditioning; in the anterior hippocampus-amygdala regions during extinction learning; and in the anterior hippocampus-amygdala and medial prefrontal areas during extinction recall. Yet, patients with PTSD have shown an overall decreased activation in the thalamus during all phases in this meta-analysis.

Conclusion

Findings from this metanalysis suggest that PTSD is characterized by increased activation in areas related to salience and threat, and lower activation in the thalamus, a key relay hub between subcortical areas. If replicated, these fear network alterations may serve as objective diagnostic markers for PTSD, and potential targets for novel treatment development, including pharmacological and brain stimulation interventions. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether these observed network alteration in PTSD are the cause or the consequence of PTSD.
Do neighborhood social processes moderate the etiology of youth conduct problems?
Authors: Burt S. Alexandra , Clark D. Angus , Pearson Amber L. , Klump Kelly L. , Neiderhiser Jenae M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Prior work has robustly suggested that social processes in the neighborhood (i.e. informal social control, social cohesion, norms) influence child conduct problems (CP) and related outcomes, but has yet to consider how these community-level influences interact with individual-level genetic risk for CP. The current study sought to do just this, evaluating neighborhood-level social processes as etiologic moderators of child CP for the first time.

Methods

We made use of two nested samples of child and adolescent twins within the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR): 5649 families who participated in in the Michigan Twins Project (MTP) and 1013 families who participated in the Twin Study of Behavioral and Emotional Development (TBED-C). The neighborhood social processes of informal social control, social cohesion, and norms were assessed using neighborhood sampling techniques, in which residents of each twin family's neighborhood reported on the social processes in their neighborhood. Standard biometric GxE analyses evaluated the extent to which they moderated the etiology of CP.

Results

The ‘no moderation’ model provided the best fit to the data in nearly all cases, arguing against neighborhood social processes as etiologic moderators of youth CP.

Conclusions

The neighborhood social processes evaluated here do not appear to exert their effects on child CP via etiologic moderation. The documented links between neighborhood social processes and child CP are thus likely to reflect a different etiologic process. Possibilities include environmental main effects of neighborhood social processes on child CP, or genotype-environment correlations.