bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Detection of Duplex DNA Using Intercalation‐Triggered Decomplexation of Ferrocene with β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Takenaka Hirotomo , Sato Shinobu , Takenaka Shigeori
Published: July 2013

The redox peak of ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide used as a threading intercalator shifted positively due to the formation of its complex with β‐cyclodextrin. This complex collapsed upon the addition of double‐stranded DNA, and its redox potential shifted negatively. This behavior was applied for the homogenous detection of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product from Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is important for the diagnosis of periodontal disease, and its quantitative detection was achieved with a detection limit of 2.7 nM.
Treatment of dyehouse effluents using sequential combinations of electrochemical oxidation, membrane separation, and activated sludge
Authors: Tunçal Tolga , Kaygusuz Tolga
Published: July 2013

Reducing water demand in textile sector is one of the important environmental concerns. In this study, individual and combined effects of selected operational parameters on a full‐scale electrochemical oxidation (ECO) process treating dyehouse effluent were investigated experimentally. Combinations of variables including current density, wastewater pH, and conductivity resulting in maximum color removal efficiency were determined using the Box‐Behnken design method. In addition to color removal, variations in wastewater organic composition before and after ECO were also examined critically. Removal and/or generation of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before and after ECO were investigated under variable operational conditions. Treatability of ECO effluent using conventional activated sludge process was investigated by both full‐scale monitoring studies and batch‐scale nitrification tests. Toxicity impact of raw, ozonized, and electrochemically treated wastewaters on nitrifiers were also determined and compared. Water reuse and salt recovery alternatives were assessed by full‐scale tests in a pilot plant which is composed of nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and activated sludge processes. Advantages and disadvantages of applying ECO process as a pretreatment prior to membrane‐based or biological methods were critically evaluated. The average flux values of NF and RO membranes without ECO were 39 ± 2 and 19.5 ± 1 L m−2 h−1, respectively. The average flux values of NF and RO membranes without ECO were 39 ± 2 and 19.5 ± 1 L m−2 h−1, respectively. The permeability of the membranes for raw dyehouse effluent (without ECO) were estimated to be 6.0 ± 11 and 0.73 ± 0.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 Another important observation was formation of some PAHs including naphthalene, acenaphtylene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene as a function of operational conditions maintained in ECO process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 472–481, 2014
The genetic and neuroanatomical basis of social dysfunction: Lessons from neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Pride Natalie A. , Korgaonkar Mayuresh S. , Barton Belinda , Payne Jonathan M. , Vucic Steve , North Kathryn N.
Published: July 2013

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic condition associated with cognitive and social dysfunction as well as abnormal brain structure. The pathophysiology underlying social dysfunction in NF1 is poorly understood. Here, we investigate for the first time whether there is a broad deficit of social cognition in NF1 and explore the neural correlates for these deficits. Twenty‐nine adults with NF1 and 30 controls were administered an ecologically based test of social cognition, The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), to identify deficits in emotion recognition and sarcasm detection. We employed voxel‐based morphometry in a subset of NF1 patients (n = 16) and 16 additional controls to examine the neural correlates of these deficits. Results indicated that adults with NF1 were impaired in their ability to understand paradoxical sarcasm and their capacity to recognize emotion, particularly anger. TASIT performance was not associated with measures of attention, visuospatial skills or executive function. Relative to controls, gray matter (GM) volume within the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) was decreased, after controlling for total brain volume. Decreased volume in this region was significantly associated with social cognitive deficits in adults with NF1. We conclude that patients with NF1 are at high risk for a social cognitive deficit and provide evidence for a neuroanatomical basis for this deficit; GM volumetric reductions in the right STG. These findings improve our understanding of the nature of social interaction impairments in NF1 and add to the growing body of literature indicating the STG as a critical brain region for social cognition. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2372–2382, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes after primary chemoradiotherapy for N3 (>6 cm) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after an FDG‐PET‐‐guided neck management policy
Authors: Adams Gerard , Porceddu Sandro V. , Pryor David I. , Panizza Benedict , Foote Matthew , Rowan Ann , Burmeister Bryan
Published: July 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess whether a positron emission tomography (PET)‐directed policy remains appropriate for managing neck nodes (N3; >6 cm) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

All patients with N3 (>6 cm) HNSCC treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) at our institution between 2005 and 2012 were included in the analysis. Patients underwent PET assessment before and 12 weeks after CRT. Neck dissections were performed for PET‐avid residual nodal abnormalities after complete response at the primary site. Rate of isolated nodal failure (INF) was the primary outcome.

Results

Median follow‐up from diagnosis for 33 patients was 30 months (range, 6−76 months). INF occurred in 2 patients (6%) with neck dissections performed in 4 cases (12%). First failure was predominantly distant metastatic (10; 30%).

Conclusion

The rate of INF remains low when following a PET‐directed neck management policy after definitive CRT for N3 (>6 cm) HNSCC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1200–1206, 2014
Presence and composition of cathinone derivatives in drug samples taken from a Drug Test Service in Spain (2010–2012)
Authors: Caudevilla‐Gálligo Fernando , Ventura Mireia , Indave Ruiz Blanca Iciar , Fornís Iván
Published: July 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the presence and composition of cathinone derivatives (CDs) in drug samples analyzed at a Drug Testing Service.

Material and methods

Data provided by the Drug Testing Service at Energy Control (a Spanish organization working in risk reduction among recreational drug users) were obtained from samples delivered as, or containing CDs, between January 2010 and June 2012. Specimens were identified by combining thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry.

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐seven (3.8%) of the 6199 samples were delivered as, or contained CDs. 22 different CDs were detected, alone or in different combinations. Methylone (24.9%), mephedrone (24.5%), 4‐methylethcathinone (9.28%), and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (6.8%) were the most common CDs. These substances were also found in 80 (1.3%) of 6042 samples delivered allegedly containing drugs different from CDs (such as 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamines, ketamine…).

Conclusions

Cathinone derivatives were markedly present in the Spanish drug market during the studied period. There is no evidence to conclude that use of CDs will become widespread or relevant for public health, but the phenomenon must be followed, as the potential risks of these new drugs of abuse are substantial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recreational use of 1‐(2‐naphthyl)‐2‐(1‐pyrrolidinyl)‐1‐pentanone hydrochloride (NRG‐1), 6‐(2‐aminopropyl) benzofuran (Benzofury/ 6‐APB) and NRG‐2 with review of available evidence‐based literature
Authors: Jebadurai Jeshoor , Schifano Fabrizio , Deluca Paolo
Published: July 2013

Objective

This study aimed to review the available evidence‐based literature on novel psychoactive substances and to inform health care professionals.

Methods

Internet searches were carried out using Google and Yahoo by using specific key words. For each set of key words, the first 100 websites identified by Google and Yahoo were fully assessed, together with a further 5% of random samples selected by research randomizer of the remaining websites. Thus, a list of unique web forums was identified, and qualitative information was extracted. Available evidence‐based literature were reviewed along with a user's experimentation with mephedrone, NRG‐1, NRG‐2 and Benzofury.

Results

It showed that when a substance (mephedrone) became controlled, the vendors aggressively promote the sale of other new compounds (NRG‐1, NRG‐2, Benzofury) to attract vulnerable adults. The characteristics, toxicity and suggested management of these new compounds (NRG‐1, NRG‐2, Benzofury) are discussed.

Conclusions

The arrival of hundreds of novel psychoactive substances for sale online has raised a number of public health and legal issues. Although evidence‐based literature remains limited, few studies identified that most products do not contain the ingredients as advertised. Better levels of international cooperation and rapid share of available information may be needed to tackle this emerging problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐aided (in silico) approaches in the mode‐of‐action analysis and safety assessment of Ostarine and 4‐methylamphetamine
Authors: Mohd Fauzi Fazlin , Koutsoukas Alexios , Cunningham Andrew , Gallegos Ana , Sedefov Roumen , Bender Andreas
Published: July 2013

Objective

This study exemplifies computer‐aided (in silico) approaches in assessing the risks of new psychoactive substances emerging in the European Union. In this work, we (i) consider the potential of Ostarine exhibiting psychoactivity and (ii) anticipate potential activities and toxicities of 4‐methylamphetamine.

Method

The approach, termed in silico target prediction, suggests potential protein targets modulated by compounds given their chemical structure. This is achieved by first establishing the associations between chemical structure and protein targets using data from the bioactivity database, ChEMBL, via the use of two different computational algorithms. On the basis of the associations, protein targets and consequently the mode of action of novel compounds were predicted.

Results

For Ostarine, none of the targets anticipated are currently known to elicit psychoactivity. Furthermore, Ostarine is unlikely to cross the blood–brain barrier to reach relevant target sites on the basis of its physicochemical properties. For 4‐methylamphetamine, toxicities were anticipated, that is, serotonin syndrome (based on the prediction of SERT) and other effects similar to related substances, that is, methamphetamine.

Conclusion

From the two case studies, we showed that in silico target prediction appears to have potential in assessing new psychoactive compounds where experimental data are scarce. The applicability domain of target predictions when applied to psychoactive compounds needs to be established in future work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural management impacts on groundwater: simulations of existing and alternative management options in Peninsular India
Authors: Dourte Daniel R. , Shukla Sanjay , Haman Dorota Z. , Reddy M. Devender , Devi M. Uma , Mani Adusumilli
Published: July 2013

Understanding the principal causes and possible solutions for groundwater depletion in India is important for its water security, especially as it relates to agriculture. A study was conducted in an agricultural watershed in Andhra Pradesh, India to assess the impacts on groundwater of current and alternative agricultural management. Hydrological simulations were used as follows: (1) to evaluate the recharge benefits of water‐harvesting tillage through a modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and (2) to predict the groundwater response to changing extent and irrigation management of rice growing areas. The Green–Ampt infiltration routine was modified in SWAT was modified to represent water‐harvesting tillage using maximum depression storage parameter. Water‐harvesting tillage in rainfed croplands was shown to increase basin‐scale groundwater recharge by 3% and decrease run‐off by 43% compared with existing conventional tillage. The groundwater balance (recharge minus irrigation withdrawals), negative 11 mm/year under existing management changed to positive (18–45 mm/year) when rice growing areas or irrigation depths were reduced. Groundwater balance was sensitive to changes in rice cropland management, meaning even small changes in rice cropland management had large impacts on groundwater availability. The modified SWAT was capable of representing tillage management of varying maximum depression storage, and tillage for water‐harvesting was shown to be a potentially important strategy for producers to enhance infiltration and groundwater recharge, especially in semi‐arid regions where rainfall may be becoming increasingly variable. This enhanced SWAT could be used to evaluate the landscape‐scale impacts of alternative tillage management in other regions that are working to develop strategies for reducing groundwater depletion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in the susceptibility of humic acids from the sediments of water reservoirs to oxidation
Authors: Cieślewicz Joanna
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, structures of pigment‐origin affect the susceptibility of humic acids (HAs) to oxidation, with the primary focus on derivatives of chlorophyll. The sediment samples were collected from lakes with different catchment management, and the Szczecin Lagoon, which is the estuary of the Odra River. HAs were extracted from sediments using 0.5 M NaOH solution. Sediments differed in their contents of total organic carbon (3.8–456.0 g kg−1) and total nitrogen (0.8–33.7 g kg−1). HAs extracted from sediments were characterized by the highly diverse composition of chemical elements and spectrometric properties regarding the visible‐light spectrum and ultraviolet radiation. HAs extracted from the sediments of lakes situated in the Chodzież and Wałcz Lake Districts (ChWLD) with forest catchment areas, were most susceptible to oxidation, indicating that the processes that occur during oxidation are affected by the content of pigment‐originated structures (the derivatives of chlorophyll) in the molecules of HAs. These structures are relatively resistant to oxidation, because they are present in the spectra of alkaline solutions of HAs after oxidation. The conducted studies also proved that the susceptibility of HAs of sediment origin to oxidation cannot be interpreted in the standard way applied to values obtained for soil HAs.
Nurturing Citizens: Secure Attachment and Democratic Citizenship
Authors: MacKenzie Murdoch C.
Published: July 2013

Attachment research has been concerned with social policy issues as well as with individual pathology and dysfunction. This paper applies attachment theory to the large populations addressed by sociology and political science. It argues that modern citizenship requires qualities similar to those found in securely attached adults. It proposes an approach that links the development of adult citizenship behaviours with infant attachment style and the child's induction into the family's construction of reality. Discussion of the implications of this approach and proposals for future research complete the paper.
Working with Contact Father Families: Insights from Therapy
Authors: Campbell Rosemary C. , Pike Lisbeth T.
Published: July 2013

The incidence of marital and relationship breakdown, in particular where children are involved, continues to increase across Australia. For the contact father, the psychological and emotional effects of separation are often experienced concurrently with many practical matters and can raise issues such as dealing with loss, identity development and constructive role restructuring. The adjustment period can also expose an increasing need to move on in developmental terms. This paper describes the effects of relationship or marital breakdown and ongoing adjustment issues upon those contact fathers who have not initiated separation, who have physically left the family home and in doing so, have left their children behind with the mother.

The paper also considers the psychological and therapeutic implications for working with this often marginalised group of clients. A working model which addresses various coping styles is presented.
ANZJFT Symposium: What are the Core Learnings of Family Therapy?
Authors: Larner Glenn , Lobsinger Chris , Arnstein Malise , Perlesz Amaryll , McNatty Bruce , James Kerrie , Brown Jenny , Holmes Sophie
Published: July 2013

Five experienced Australian and New Zealand family therapists and trainers seek to answer the question: ‘What key concepts and core learnings should be part of any family therapy training course?’ They debate the usefulness of making ‘shopping lists’ of core concepts, the importance of considering trainers' and trainees' contexts in the formation of their values and perspectives, and the distinctive role of Family of Origin work in training, clarifying central themes. Three experienced trainers respond to the issues raised.
Therapy and Ecology: Viewing the Natural World Through Systemic Lenses
Authors: Casey Des
Published: July 2013

Over the past fifty years systems theory has had a significant influence on numerous disciplines. Ecology and some models of therapy have integrated these systemic ideas, thereby opening up new meanings and new ways of responding respectively to environmental concerns and to emotional distress. Parallels can be drawn between how the two disciplines have developed systemic ideas and applied them for the purpose of change, and each has a contribution to make to the other. Systemic therapy has developed tools of inquiry that can assist in raising awareness of environmental issues. Ecology, in its turn, challenges therapy to include an ecological context in its understanding of the human condition.
‘Leaving Well Alone’: A Conversation with Tom Paterson
Authors: Contos Anastasia
Published: July 2013

Prominent Melbourne therapist and teacher Tom Paterson is interviewed by his former student, Anastasia Contos. Tom ranges over the whole history of family therapy in Australia, discusses training (his own and that of students now), the state of family therapy, the influences upon his therapy and teaching, and his approach to working with couples.
A Buddhist Middle Way Approach in Therapy
Authors: O'Donoghue Mark
Published: July 2013

For many years I have been practising Buddhist meditation in my personal life. In this article, I present one way in which Buddhism has influenced my work. People who seek counselling often swing between two unsustainable or unsatisfactory alternatives, for example being ‘full on’ or doing nothing. Polarisations that trap people can be lived, remembered or imagined. Buddhism proposes the middle way as a path out of these extremes. I present ways to deconstruct dichotomies, allowing people to find more effective alternatives. I show how to actualise a ‘middle way’ approach that is appropriate to Western therapy. I will also examine times when a middle way is not an ethically acceptable response.
Mainstreaming Intellectual Disability into the History of Family Therapy
Authors: Rhodes Paul
Published: July 2013

Family therapy prides itself on working with marginalised populations but its interest in intellectual disability has been relatively limited. Since their development in the late 1970s and early 1980s, specialised behavioural models have dominated clinical practice with this population. The aim of this paper is to tell a story of exceptions to this rule and to invite generic family therapists to include this population in the mainstream of their work.
2002 Journal Award to David Epston
Authors: Flaskas Carmel
Published: July 2013

A highlight of the Hobart Conference was Carmel Flaskas' presentation of the 2002 Journal Award to David Epston. David was unable to be present in person, but sent a written response. Carmel's citation, and David's response, are printed below.
Persons and Hypotheses: The Use of the Therapist in the Hypothesising Process
Authors: Bertrando Paolo , Toffanetti Dario
Published: July 2013

Although hypothesising has been strongly criticised by postmodern and narrative theorists, it plays a major role in any therapy. This article aims to investigate the hypothesising process, first revisiting the concept of hypothesis in semiotics and Schön's theory of the professions, then examining some features of hypothesising within systemic therapy. The article takes into account the relationship between hypotheses and therapists' basic theories, to arrive, finally, at an examination of the role of the person (both therapist and client) in shaping hypotheses within the therapeutic interaction.
Fundamentals of Theory and Practice Revisited; The Mutiny and the Bounty: The Place of Milan Ideas Today
Authors: Campbell David
Published: July 2013

The author traces the development of the Milan approach from the beginning, through the split into two teams in 1980, and subsequent developments in theory and application. He identifies possible unrecognised or undeclared influences of Milan in other family therapy approaches.
High Conflict Family Court Cases: Working for the Child's Best Interests
Authors: Read Lorraine
Published: July 2013

High levels of parental conflict in separated families can have a devastating impact on children and their development. This paper describes the challenges inherent in the notion of ‘the best interests of the child’ in high conflict cases. It proposes an ethical framework which can guide family therapy work through the labyrinth of adult interest towards solutions which promote the interests of these children. A case example illustrates how this framework is put into clinical practice.
Resolving the Therapy Culture Wars by the Pragmatic Case Study Method
Authors: Fishman Daniel B.
Published: July 2013

Is there a therapy research paradigm that is suited to the models of clinicians who do not use a CBT approach? This article says yes, and describes that alternative: the collection into an organised database of systematic, ‘pragmatic case studies’ conducted by individual therapists. A review of this paradigm reveals that it can also serve the needs of CBT clinicians and researchers who, it turns out, are actually closet case‐study advocates.
Observing the Rites of Autonomy, Distancing the Prospects for ‘The Spiritual’
Authors: Furlong Mark
Published: July 2013

We are acculturated to believe each healthy person is a firmly bordered republic, a kind of self‐sufficient island. With its associated values entitlement and self‐determination, this assumption has become an internalised schema within which individuals — and many therapists — evaluate personal competence and adjustment. Whilst acknowledging that an expectation of autonomy might encourage ambition and empowerment, the injunction ‘be autonomous’ may also bring with it a number of unintended consequences. These include the promotion of experiences of isolation and incompleteness, experiences that many find uncomfortable and which may come to be associated with an emerging desire for what might be called ‘the spiritual’. A question then arises: might an expectation of personal autonomy on the one hand prompt a yearning for spiritual experience yet, on the other, diminish the prospects of such an experience by marginalising the possibilities of personal and interpersonal connectedness? After developing this argument, I offer preliminary ideas to assist practitioners to envisage how the ‘secularly spiritual’ might be imagined and invoked within everyday therapeutic practice.
The Common Factors that Connect all Approaches to Family Therapy
Authors: Fraser Barbara
Published: July 2013

I've developed a sort of working document that proposes what family therapists do (on the basis of what they know and value, i.e. competency). I think that if we're talking about a national identity, we could also identify our shared competencies in the way that social workers and social welfare workers did in the mid‐1990s. This compilation is adapted from Sprenkle, Blow & Dickey, 1999; Miller, Duncan & Johnson, 2000; Walsh, 1998; Seaburn, Landau‐Stanton & Horwitz, 1995.
In the Right Place at The Right Time: An Interview with Brian Stagoll
Authors: Cornwell Max , Stagoll Brian
Published: July 2013

Few in Australia have done more than Brian Stagoll to develop and critique a local family therapy within an international context, to define its political and intellectual challenges, and to give the field organisational substance. He has been at the centre of Australian family therapy for more than two decades, as both creator and iconoclast. Brian is a psychiatrist who has always pursued social justice and community health initiatives along with a busy life as a therapist, and is a keen reader of history, politics, philosophy and literature. He was a co‐founder of our annual conferences. He co‐founded and organised the Williams Road Summer Schools in the 1980s. He was a co‐founder of this journal, its first Associate Editor and book review editor. He has contributed some of our most significant papers, as well as publishing elsewhere nationally and internationally. He was influential as a Board member and later as President. He is an Honorary Life Member of VAFT, which he co‐founded, and in 2001 he received — in his home city of Melbourne — the Journal Award for outstanding contributions to family therapy.
The way we were in 1983; Le Tour de Moonee Ponds Family Health Centre (by Appointment to the Queen)
Authors: Roberts Liz
Published: July 2013

In this paper, originally presented at the Sydney Family Therapy Conference in 1983, the author satirised the state of family therapy in Australia at the time, with its awe of overseas gurus, and in so doing mirrored some of our distinctive contributions to world culture. In her epilogue, the author briefly describes subsequent life events which have made her, twenty years later, a very different person, and a very different therapist as well.
Research into Practice/Practice into Research; How a Practice‐based Research Network Might Work
Authors: Campbell Alistair
Published: July 2013

Last issue, I wrote some more about Practice Based Research Networks as a model that could be followed for applied clinical research in family therapy settings. What I would like to do now is to choose an area of interest and show how it might be worked up into a PBRN. This is necessarily going to be a limited example because at this stage there is a ‘network’ of one — I am effectively talking to myself right at the moment — but it will still serve as a demonstration.
A personal View of our History to 1988: Family Therapy in Australia
Authors: Quadrio Carolyn
Published: July 2013

Written in 1998, this paper is my perspective on the history of Family Therapy in Australia. It is written from my position as one who has been privileged to be a part of that history and to have my own professional and personal development intertwined with it. The perspective I offer here is entirely my own.
A view from 1991: Crisis: Home‐Based Family Therapy
Authors: Fuller Andrew
Published: July 2013

Originally prepared for publication in 1991, but now appearing for the first time, this article discusses home‐based family therapy in the context of families experiencing psychiatric crises. Strategies of engagement, interventions and safety issues related to this form of family therapy are outlined. The advantages of home‐based family therapy in terms of direct observation and intervention and the minimisation of the need to transfer learning are discussed. Reflecting from the perspective of the present, the author notes with regret that most crisis teams today do little more than gatekeeping; a great opportunity for effective home‐based treatment appears to have been lost.
Parental Grief and Serious Mental Illness: A Narrative
Authors: Ozgul Salih
Published: July 2013

Serious mental illness is associated with substantial personal and interpersonal distress and life disruption for the sufferer and for his/her family. A common response to having and caring for a family member with a serious mental illness is feeling loss and grief. This paper presents a representative narrative that attempts to capture the essence of the experience as conveyed by 22 parents of adult children with a serious mental illness. The implication of the narrative is examined.
Family Therapy Practitioners Researching the Reactions of Practitioners to an Outcome Measure
Authors: Stratton Peter , McGovern Marie , Wetherell Annette , Farrington Carol
Published: July 2013

Family therapy is under increasing pressure to use ‘objective’ measures of effectiveness, but there are strong voices in the field objecting to such research. The primary objective of this project was to investigate the acceptability and perceived potential usefulness of a short self‐report questionnaire. A secondary objective was to explore the viability of conducting such research by a group of practitioners who would collaborate primarily through emails. Nine experienced family therapists were interviewed as they worked through the 16 items of a pilot version of the SCORE questionnaire. The recorded interviews were analysed using Template Analysis. The SCORE was found to be generally acceptable for use with clients but the exercise generated information on a variety of concerns about the content of the measure. Beyond its potential as an outcome measure there was considerable interest in how it could be used therapeutically. The operation of the Practitioner Research Network proved functional but indicated some of the difficulties that such networks might encounter.
Evidence‐Based Treatment
Authors: MacKenzie Colin Murdoch
Published: July 2013

This polemic argues that evidence‐based treatment is only one important consideration when deciding a therapeutic program. The exclusive use of evidence‐based therapy would be detrimental to the development of better psychotherapy. Evidence‐based therapy has an important part to play in the future of psychotherapy. It employs scientific and statistical procedures rigorously. This article is not intended to argue against its use, only to point to the dangers of an evidence‐based dictatorship in which financial and insurance imperatives will force us into using such therapies exclusively. This situation would stifle creativity and the individuality of both the therapist and the client.
Multiple contextual control over non‐arbitrary relational responding and a preliminary model of pragmatic verbal analysis
Authors: Stewart Ian , Barrett Kate , McHugh Louise , Barnes‐Holmes Dermot , O'Hora Denis
Published: July 2013

The aims of the current study were (i) to explore the flexibility and generalizability of non‐arbitrary relational contextual control in human participants and (ii) to provide a simple empirical model of pragmatic verbal analysis, a key element in the relational frame theory approach to problem solving. Participants were trained to respond to abstract shapes as cues for responding in accordance with non‐arbitrary relations of sameness, difference and opposition. Next, sameness, difference and opposition relational responding was brought under additional contextual control by arbitrary B1–B3 stimuli, such that, depending on the B stimulus presented, relational responding was applied to one of three distinct physical dimensions of multidimensional shapes. Equivalence training and testing was then provided such that participants showed derived relations between the B stimuli and three novel arbitrary C stimuli. Two additional cues were then trained such that they occasioned comparative (more/less) relations. A final test showed that the C stimuli exerted contextual control over physical dimensions in the novel context of more/less/same non‐arbitrary relational responding. These findings provide a simple, preliminary model of pragmatic verbal analysis.
Sea level variations during snowball Earth formation and evolution: 2. The influence of Earth's rotation
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Peltier W. Richard
Published: July 2013

Preliminary analyses are described of the influence of snowball Earth formation on the rotational state of the Earth as well as its feedback onto relative sea level. We demonstrate that a sufficiently large excess ellipticity of the Earth as might be expected to arise due to the mantle convection process acts to stabilize the rotational axis significantly so that the associated relative sea level change would be negligible. If no such excess ellipticity were characteristic of Neoproterozoic time, then increasing the thickness of the elastic lithosphere significantly promotes true polar wander (TPW) and the associated relative sea level change. On the contrary, increasing the viscosity of the lower mantle has an equally significant but opposite effect. TPW due to ice sheets formation for the 720 Ma and 570 Ma continental configurations (approximate Marinoan) can reach more than 5° and 10° in 10 Myr for viscosity model VM5a, and the associated maximum relative sea level changes at this time reach 26 m and 49 m, respectively. However, if a 1°/Myr TPW due to the action of the mantle convection process is assumed to be superimposed, then these values increase to 70 m and 101 m respectively. Compared to the analyses in which rotational influence is entirely neglected, the probability density distribution of freeboard values obtained here is almost the same except that the tails of the distribution are broadened, making it more difficult to accurately infer continental ice volume during snowball Earth events from observed freeboard changes.
Gulf Stream eddy characteristics in a high‐resolution ocean model
Authors: Kang Dujuan , Curchitser Enrique N.
Published: July 2013

A detailed statistical study of the mesoscale eddy activity in the Gulf Stream (GS) region is performed based on a high‐resolution multidecadal regional ocean model hindcast. An eddy detection and tracking method that can be used to capture eddy features from large datasets is presented. This method is applied to the 50 year model hindcast within a domain with the most energetic eddy activity along the GS. Detection results are then analyzed to investigate the kinematic properties and temporal variability of GS mesoscale eddies. The studied kinematic properties include the eddy size, duration, intensity, propagation, and spatial distribution. On average, cyclonic eddies are smaller in size but more energetic and remain coherent longer than anticyclonic ones. Cyclonic eddies generally travel further from the generation sites and have a strong tendency for westward propagation with a small equatorward deflection. Anticyclonic eddies remain near their generation locations and tend to propagate northward. The temporal evolution of eddy properties for long‐lived eddies (lifetime >90 days) is also examined. For both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, the size increases rapidly to their maximum value within the first 20 days at which point they begin to slowly decay. In terms of intensity, cyclonic eddies show a quasi‐linear decay while the anticyclonic ones reach a quasi‐steady state after 3–4 months of a more rapid decay. Finally, the seasonal variability of the GS mesoscale eddies is explored. In autumn and winter, both types of eddies are more numerous and larger but less intense, while in spring they are more intense but less numerous and generally smaller. Several possible mechanisms, including the wind stress, thermal forcing, and topographic influence, are considered to explain the seasonal cycle of eddy variability.
Background error covariance estimation for atmospheric CO2 data assimilation
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek , Engelen Richard J. , Kawa Stephan R. , Sweeney Colm , Michalak Anna M.
Published: July 2013

In any data assimilation framework, the background error covariance statistics play the critical role of filtering the observed information and determining the quality of the analysis. For atmospheric CO2 data assimilation, however, the background errors cannot be prescribed via traditional forecast or ensemble‐based techniques as these fail to account for the uncertainties in the carbon emissions and uptake, or for the errors associated with the CO2 transport model. We propose an approach where the differences between two modeled CO2 concentration fields, based on different but plausible CO2 flux distributions and atmospheric transport models, are used as a proxy for the statistics of the background errors. The resulting error statistics: (1) vary regionally and seasonally to better capture the uncertainty in the background CO2 field, and (2) have a positive impact on the analysis estimates by allowing observations to adjust predictions over large areas. A state‐of‐the‐art four‐dimensional variational (4D‐VAR) system developed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to illustrate the impact of the proposed approach for characterizing background error statistics on atmospheric CO2 concentration estimates. Observations from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite “IBUKI” (GOSAT) are assimilated into the ECMWF 4D‐VAR system along with meteorological variables, using both the new error statistics and those based on a traditional forecast‐based technique. Evaluation of the four‐dimensional CO2 fields against independent CO2 observations confirms that the performance of the data assimilation system improves substantially in the summer, when significant variability and uncertainty in the fluxes are present.
Correlated lightning mapping array and radar observations of the initial stages of three sequentially triggered Florida lightning discharges
Authors: Hill J. D. , Pilkey J. , Uman M. A. , Jordan D. M. , Rison W. , Krebhiel P. R. , I Biggerstaff M. , Hyland P. , Blakeslee R.
Published: July 2013

Correlated Lightning Mapping Array and vertical‐scan radar images are presented for three rocket‐and‐wire triggered lightning flashes that occurred sequentially within 17 min in the presence of a decaying multicellular convective storm system over north‐central Florida. The initial stage (IS) of each flash propagated generally vertically to the altitude of the 0°C melting level, about 5 km, and then subsequently propagated for many kilometers horizontally along the melting level contour. Radar images suggest that the propagation paths of the IS channels below and above the melting level were heavily influenced by precipitation gradients. Flash UF 11‐24 exhibited a 12.6 km unbranched IS channel, the longest unbranched channel observed in the study by a factor of three. During flash UF 11‐25 (119 ms following the cessation of the measured IS current at ground and prior to the first return stroke), a natural cloud‐to‐ground discharge, perhaps induced by the IS, initiated between 2.5 and 4 km altitude and struck ground 5 to 7 km from the launching facility. The IS of flash UF 11‐26 propagated upward through a descending precipitation packet and apparently induced a naturally appearing bi‐level intracloud discharge via an upward‐negative leader that initiated within the IS breakdown region 3.5 km from the launching facility. The upward‐negative leader propagated from 5.6 to 9.3 km altitude in a time of 11 ms. The electrical current measured at ground during the IS of flash UF 11‐26 exhibited a 57 ms polarity reversal, transferring 19 C of positive charge to ground.
Synthesis of a Novel Triheterocyclic Framework via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of a Nitrile Oxide with Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole‐3(2H)‐ones
Authors: Li Xiaofang , Zheng Aiting , Liu Bin , Yu Xianyong , Yi Pinggui
Published: July 2013

A novel series of (9Z)‐9‐arylmethylidene‐3‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)‐5,6‐dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[2′,3′:2,3]imidazo [1,2‐d][1,2,4]oxadiazol‐8(9H)‐one derivatives were prepared in moderate yields by the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of a nitrile oxide with (2Z)‐2‐arylmethylidene‐5,6‐dihydroimidazo [2,1‐b][1,3]thiazol‐3(2H)‐ones. The reaction site of the dipolarphile is the C═N of imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole rather than the expected C═C of the arylmethylidene. The product structures were characterized thoroughly by IR, MS, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The results indicate that this reaction proceeds with chemoselectivity and regioselectivity.
Digitally enhanced thin layer chromatography: further development and some applications in isotopic chemistry
Authors: Manthorpe Daniel P. , Lockley William J. S.
Published: July 2013

Improvements to thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis can be made easily and cheaply by the application of digital colour photography and image analysis. The combined technique, digitally enhanced TLC (DE‐TLC), is applicable to the accurate quantification of analytes in mixtures, to reaction monitoring and to other typical uses of TLC. Examples are given of the application of digitally enhanced TLC to: the deuteromethylations of theophylline to [methyl−2H3]caffeine and of umbelliferone to [2H3]7‐methoxycoumarin; the selection of tertiary amine bases in deuterodechlorination reactions; stoichiometry optimisation in the borodeuteride reduction of quinizarin (1,4‐dihydroxyanthraquinone) and to the assessment of xanthophyll yields in Lepidium sativum seedlings grown in deuterated media.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic approaches for chordoma: An immunohistochemical and functional analysis
Authors: Scheipl Susanne , Lohberger Birgit , Rinner Beate , Froehlich Elke Verena , Beham Alfred , Quehenberger Franz , Lazáry Aron , Pal Varga Peter , Haybaeck Johannes , Leithner Andreas , Liegl Bernadette
Published: July 2013

Chordomas are rare malignancies of the axial skeleton. Therapy is mainly restricted to surgery. This study investigates histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as potential therapeutics for chordomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the HDAC 1–6 antibodies on 50 chordoma samples (34 primary tumors, 16 recurrences) from 44 patients (27 male, 17 female). Pan‐HDAC‐inhibitors Vorinostat (SAHA), Panobinostat (LBH‐589), and Belinostat (PXD101) were tested for their efficacy in the chordoma cell line MUG‐Chor1 via Western blot, cell cycle analysis, caspase 3/7 activity (MUG‐Chor1, UCh‐1), cleaved caspase‐3, and PARP cleavage. p‐Values below 0.05 were considered significant. IHC was negative for HDAC1, positive for HDAC2 in most (n = 36; 72%), and for HDACs 3–6 in all specimens available (n = 43; 86%). HDAC6 expression was strongest. SAHA and LBH‐589, but not PXD101 caused a significant increase of G2/M phase cells and of cleaved caspase‐3 (p = 0.0003, and p = 0.0014 after 72 h, respectively), and a peak of caspase 3/7 activity. PARP cleavage confirmed apoptosis. The presented chordoma series expressed HDACs 2–6 with strongest expression of HDAC6. SAHA and LBH‐589 significantly increased apoptosis and changed cell cycle distribution in vitro. HDAC‐inhibitors should be further evaluated as therapeutic options for chordoma. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1999–2005, 2013
Physical modification of palm kernel meal improved available carbohydrate, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility in economic freshwater fish
Authors: Thongprajukaew Karun , Yawang Pinya , Dudae Lateepah , Bilanglod Husna , Dumrongrittamatt Terdtoon , Tantikitti Chutima , Kovitvadhi Uthaiwan
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Unavailable carbohydrates are an important limiting factor for utilization of palm kernel meal (PKM) as aquafeed ingredients. The aim of this study was to improve available carbohydrate from PKM. Different physical modifications including water soaking, microwave irradiation, gamma irradiation and electron beam, were investigated in relation to chemical composition, physicochemical properties and in vitro carbohydrate digestibility using digestive enzymes from economic freshwater fish.

RESULTS

Modified methods had significant (P < 0.05) effects on chemical composition by decreasing crude fiber and increasing available carbohydrates. Improvements in physicochemical properties of PKM, such as water solubility, microstructure, relative crystallinity and lignocellulosic spectra, were mainly achieved by soaking and microwave irradiation. Carbohydrate digestibility varied among the physical modifications tested (P < 0.05) and three fish species had different abilities to digest PKM. Soaking was the appropriate modification for increasing carbohydrate digestion specifically in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), whereas either soaking or microwave irradiation was effective for striped snakehead (Channa striata). For walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), carbohydrate digestibility was similar among raw, soaked and microwave‐irradiated PKM.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that soaking and microwave irradiation could be practical methods for altering appropriate physicochemical properties of PKM as well as increasing carbohydrate digestibility in select economic freshwater fish. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Does the spicing step affect the quality and drying behaviour of traditional kaddid, a Tunisian cured meat?
Authors: Chabbouh Meriem , Sahli Ali , Bellagha Sihem
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

The effects of spicing on the physicochemical and microbial characteristics and drying behaviour of kaddid, a Tunisian dry‐cured meat, were studied. In addition, the quality characteristics of traditional sun‐dried kaddid and processed convective‐dried kaddid were compared.

RESULTS

Spicing had no significant effect on the pH and water activity of brined beef meat at 21% (w/w), but it reduced the product water and salt contents. Effects of spicing on brined meat microbial flora were the appearance of sulfito‐reducer bacteria, an increase in total mesophilic aerobic flora (+15%) and staphylococci (+26%) and a decrease in faecal coliforms (−23%). The salted beef meat sorption behaviour was affected by spicing. Besides, spicing increased the kaddid drying rate, allowing a significant decrease in the drying process time (−33%). Traditional and processed kaddid presented comparable microbial characteristics. Both drying methods led to a reduction in the number of total mesophilic aerobic flora in unspiced and spiced kaddid and of faecal coliforms in spiced kaddid.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that spicing, as a step in kaddid meat processing to enhance the final product flavour, caused changes in the salted meat physicochemical and microbial characteristics and accelerated the drying rate. Convective drying at 30 °C is recommended to produce kaddid having the same characteristics as the traditional product. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry