bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of purchasing and supplier involvement on strategic purchasing and its impact on firm’s performance
Authors: Carr Amelia S. , Pearson John N.
Published: September 2002

The focus of this paper is on purchasing and supplier involvement in the firm. Using the resource‐base view of the firm, hypotheses are developed concerning purchasing/supplier involvement, strategic purchasing and firm’s financial performance. A model of the hypothesized relationships is offered and empirically tested using structural equation modeling. The model is tested using data collected in 1999. Each factor in the model is measured by a number of scale items. Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis, an overall fit of the model to the data is achieved. Both convergent and discriminate validity is demonstrated. The research findings reveal that the hypotheses tested in the model are supported. Purchasing/supplier involvement has a positive impact on strategic purchasing, and strategic purchasing has a positive impact on firm’s financial performance. The paper concludes with some research implications, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.
A decision support system for scheduling jobs on multi‐port dyeing machines
Authors: Saydam Cem , Cooper W. Douglas
Published: September 2002

In this paper we report the development and implementation of a decision support system to solve a complex scheduling system for a major apparel fabric company with annual sales of more than $2.5 billion. For the first phase of the problem, we developed a linear programming model to generate optimal machine loads. For the second phase, we designed a heuristic to minimize the delays that occur during the subsequent fabric roll selection and sequencing operations. Our system completely replaced tedious manual calculations with optimal machine loads, greatly improved the overall quality of their products, and produced unexpected benefits such as practically eliminating the high turnover of scheduling operators.
Extending product profiling through simulation
Authors: Swenseth Scott R. , Olson John R. , Southard Peter B.
Published: September 2002

Manufacturing strategy literature continues to be split between process and content. Content has continually evolved and more precise applications have been developed. Process has lagged behind because of the difficulty in conducting research in this area. Little has been developed since the introduction of the product profiling mechanism. This study presents a methodology that extends the product profiling technique, resulting in more appropriate content recommendations. Two case examples, one manufacturing operation and one service operation, are provided to demonstrate the improved performance of the product profile when combined with simulation. In both cases, problem symptoms caused the organization to seek help in scheduling operations. Cursory study clearly indicated that neither organization had a scheduling problem, but rather, an improper relationship between the marketing and operations functions of the organizations. In both cases, it was possible to demonstrate, with product profiling, the lack of coordination between the marketing and operating functions of the organizations. Product profiling alone, however, was not sufficient to convince either organization to implement proper solutions. When changes were supplemented with a graphical simulation analysis, both organizations agreed with the recommendations and began implementing change.
“The nurse satisfaction, service quality and nurse retention chain”
Authors: Newman Karin , Maylor Uvanney , Chansarkar Bal
Published: September 2002

This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study, based on interviews with over 130 nurses and midwives in four London Trust hospitals on: the main factors influencing nurse satisfaction and retention; empirical support for the robustness of a conceptual framework or model “the nurse satisfaction, service quality and nurse retention chain”; and some managerial considerations for recruitment and retention. The three main factors influencing job satisfaction were patients, the inherent characteristics of nursing and the nursing team; the two main sources of job dissatisfaction were staff shortages and poor management and amongst nurse retention strategies improving working conditions was more important than increased pay. For recruitment, as well as retention, improving the image and reputation of nursing along with improvements in work‐life balance were pre‐requisites for meeting the challenging target of an additional 20,000 nurses on the wards by 2004.
Management retention in the NHS
Authors: Scott Janet
Published: September 2002

High turnover amongst middle managers in organisations can lead to strategic instability as well as operational issues. Since the advent of the NHS internal market flatter management structures have led to middle managers being given more responsibilities along with larger spans of control. This has exacerbated the consequences of the high turnover found amongst service managers. This study examines the relationship between the length of time service managers wish to stay with their organisation, their participation in decision making in directorates, the feedback they receive and their perception of feeling valued. It outlines the findings from a small study and discusses the implications for health trusts.
Primary Care Trusts involving the community
Authors: Crowley Philip , Green Judith , Freake Debbie , Drinkwater Chris
Published: September 2002

Patient and user involvement is central to current government thinking on the NHS. More comprehensive approaches to organised community participation and community development have received less support and examples of effective and genuine participation in key areas such as primary care decision‐making are rare. The initiative described in this paper was established in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1995 to promote community participation in decision‐making about local health services. It has particular relevance to current concerns about addressing social exclusion and tackling health inequalities since it operates in an area of social disadvantage with a significant black and ethnic minority population (6 percent). This case study is based on an independent evaluation which used multiple research methods, including interviews, questionnaire surveys and direct observation, to assess the project’s practice and impact. Describes a community development approach to public participation. An emphasis on inclusive practices has facilitated meaningful involvement of minority groups such as ethnic minority residents and those with disabilities who tend to be marginalised in public debate. Argues that the project has made a significant impact on the ways in which local health services are planned and delivered.
Crime and society
Authors: Fadaei‐Tehrani Reza , Green Thomas M.
Published: September 2002

Theories of crime and delinquency tend to be discipline‐specific and are dominated by psychological, sociological, and economic approaches. The focus of this article will be on an economic approach to understanding criminal behavior and the design of effective policies for dealing with the problem of criminal activity. From an economic perspective, crime is rational behavior, a choice that is made by people in deciding how best to spend their time. In making the choice, individuals consider the benefits and costs of using their time in different ways: working legally, working illegally, or not working at all. This article examines the correlations between economic variables and a broad measure of crime, the property crime rate. The results reveal that even a very parsimonious model, which includes the poverty rate, gross domestic product, and drug seizures, can explain nearly 75 percent of the variation in the crime rate over an 18‐year period.
Inventions, capitalist wealth and liberal think
Authors: Wellington Donald C.
Published: September 2002

The essay, “inventions, capitalist wealth and liberal think” is a philosophical discourse. It points out a similarity between aristocratic and capitalist wealth. Both arise out of the receipt of producer surplus. The sources of producer surplus are somewhat different. For the aristocracy, the source was largely land whereas inventions are more significant for capitalist wealth. Wealth gives power, which can be exercised in different ways and yield different social and political outcomes. One particularly noteworthy offshoot is the ideology that is devised to defend and rationalize wealth and its usages. The ideology that serves capitalist wealth is quite unique and varied in nature, and is not as mutually consistent as might be expected.
Corporate information, institutional culture and knowledge management: a UK university library perspective
Authors: McManus Damien , Loughridge Brendan
Published: September 2002

Based on the results of a small‐scale pilot interview‐based survey of senior information professionals working in the academic community in the UK, this paper reviews some of the reasons why knowledge management is apparently so unpopular in universities. Those interviewed were a Pro‐Vice‐Chancellor and Librarian (Communications and Information Technology), a Director of Information Strategy and University Librarian, a Director of Information Services and University Librarian, two University Librarians, an Information Strategies Co‐ordinator at a major public funding body in higher education, and the Head of Information Services at a multinational law firm. Corporate culture and organisational structure are found to be major factors affecting perceptions of the relevance of knowledge management programmes and projects.
Public accountability in Hong Kong higher education
Authors: Pounder J.S.
Published: September 2002

Calls for public accountability in higher education are widespread and higher educational organizations are under pressure to demonstrate “value for money” performance. Organizational self‐assessment is one response to the pressure for public accountability but self‐assessment exercises thus far have largely relied on criteria that are both subjective and untested. This paper describes a Hong Kong study that attempted to produce more objective assessment criteria through the development of organizational self‐assessment scales for Hong Kong higher educational organizations. A modified version of the behaviourally anchored rating scales (BARS) procedure resulted in four organizational effectiveness scales capable of producing valid and reliable ratings for higher educational organizations in Hong Kong. The nature of the scales highlighted human resource management issues that are current in Hong Kong higher education and are likely to be relevant to other higher education systems that, in common with Hong Kong, rely largely on public funding.
Quality control circles in the Veterans Administration hospital
Authors: Canel Cem , Kadipasaoglu Sukran
Published: September 2002

In response to residents’ reports of inefficiencies in the Veterans Administration (VA) system, a temporary task force of quality control circles was implemented at a VA hospital. A total of 25 internal medicine residents, on rotation at the VA, were subdivided into four groups. Each group was presented with a different problem, given the components and constraints of the problem, and asked to identify possible solutions. Program results were submitted to the hospital administration. Efforts are now being made to improve the working environment for medical residents.
The impact of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 on Medicare in the USA: the fallout continues
Authors: Rivers Patrick A. , Tsai Kai‐Li
Published: September 2002

Although the United States Congress has attempted to ameliorate some of the adverse impacts of the Balanced Budget Act through the 1999 Balanced Budget Refinement Act, the final results of the reforms to Medicare remain to be seen. This article provides an update and examines the impacts of the Balanced Budget Act on health providers and medical education. The authors also discuss the implications of these impacts for further policy adjustment.
An empirical investigation of the effectiveness of contemporary managerial philosophies in a hospital operational setting
Authors: Yasin Mahmoud M. , Zimmerer Linda W. , Miller Phillip , Zimmerer Thomas W.
Published: September 2002

The new realities of the healthcare marketplace are forcing healthcare decision makers to implement innovative operational philosophies, techniques, and tools that were proven in other industries to enhance the effectiveness of their organization. This study examines the acceptance and effectiveness of these philosophies, techniques, and tools in a hospital operational setting. The impact of implementation on operational and strategic outcomes is examined for 108 hospitals. Overall, the results of this study appear to indicate that certain quality improvement philosophies, techniques, and tools have been successful when applied in a hospital operational setting.
Assessment of facilities management process capability: a NHS facilities case study
Authors: Amaratunga Dilanthi , Haigh Richard , Sarshar Marjan , Baldry David
Published: September 2002

Describes a process to assess facilities management (FM) process capabilities: the structured process improvement for construction environments – facilities management (SPICE FM) approach. The SPICE FM framework is a method that FM organisations can use to monitor continuously and subsequently improve their performance. The SPICE FM framework is being tested in a series of case studies to ensure that its outputs are appropriate to the FM sector and of value in the real world. Documents the outcomes of a study undertaken at a facilities directorate of a healthcare NHS trust, in searching its applicability within the NHS. Further describes the study methodology and the key activities undertaken and reviews the key communication and management processes that are in place to support the implementation of the strategic FM objectives within the specific NHS facilities directorate.
The European Commission and SME support mechanisms for e‐business
Authors: Peet Steven , Brindley Clare , Ritchie Bob
Published: September 2002

This paper explores and validates the premise that European small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are less advanced in their adoption of e‐business than their US counterparts. The authors then examine the efforts of the European Information Society Project Office (ECISPO) in encouraging and informing SMEs by using the Internet as an educational, informational and networking tool. The methods employed by the ECISPO are evaluated against an information processing model. The authors then question the validity/usefulness of the site usage statistics which are provided in an aggregated format. The paper concludes that the full interactivity of the Web is being underutilised as an informational tool and proposes an e‐business adoption model for the SME sector. The paper also concludes that site usage statistics need to be presented in a disaggregated form to enable more detailed analysis to be performed.
Doing business in China – the modern German experience
Authors: Parnell Martin Francis
Published: September 2002

This paper examines German trade and investment structures in relation to China, establishing for the 1990s: a severe trade imbalance, with stagnating German exports and sharply rising imports; it also establishes, despite occasionally substantial increases in contracted investment, a general pattern of steep decline in realized German investment. These findings contrast markedly with official surveys of German business opinions which seem to yield a very positive frame of mind by German businessmen regarding their business activity in China. Both grounds for disillusionment and success factors for foreign (German) business in China are explored, phenomena which are possibly shaping German conformance to the wider, distinct and apparently inexorable trend away from joint ventures towards wholly foreign‐owned enterprises. Regardless of such developments, Germany is a key business partner for China, not least because of its readiness to share sensitive high‐technology as, for example, in the field of environmental protection.
Consumer demand for online food retailing: is it really a supply side issue?
Authors: Morganosky Michelle A. , Cude Brenda J.
Published: September 2002

In this paper we analyze consumer demand for and acceptance of online food retailing using longitudinal data collected in three studies (1998, 1999, and 2001). Information reported is from online food shoppers in ten US markets. Comparisons of results from each of the three studies is presented and change patterns identified. We conclude by recommending that researchers shift their attention toward addressing some of the more troublesome supply side issues of the online food retailing equation.
Switching to electronic stores: consumer characteristics and the perception of shopping benefits
Authors: Roy Dholakia Ruby , Uusitalo Outi
Published: September 2002

The shift from physical (brick and mortar) stores and hard copy catalog stores toward electronic stores (e‐tailing) may be seen as a continuous innovation building on past changes brought about by in‐home shopping methods such as catalog, TV and direct mail. Why are e‐tailers then having such difficulty retaining their customers? In this paper, we examine the influence of consumer characteristics on perception of shopping benefits associated with electronic and physical shopping. Based on a mail survey of upscale US households, the empirical study finds the two shopping formats to be clearly different from each other in terms of perceived shopping benefits. The data supports the influence of individual characteristics (such as age, household income and family composition) as well as past behaviors on the shopping benefits associated with the two modes of shopping.
Increasing the cost efficiency of e‐fulfilment using shared reception boxes
Authors: Punakivi Mikko , Tanskanen Kari
Published: September 2002

Recent research into last mile e‐grocery logistics has revealed that goods reception mode is one of the key issues for the operational efficiency of home deliveries. Hitherto, the research has considered home delivery concepts using attended reception and concepts enabling unattended reception based on customer‐specific reception boxes and delivery boxes. Customer‐specific reception boxes are installed in the consumer’s home yard or garage, while delivery boxes are insulated boxes that are returned to the retailer. Focuses on a third possible concept for unattended deliveries, namely shared reception boxes. Due to shared usage, the utilisation level of the facility is higher than in the case of customer‐specific unattended reception concepts. Analyses the operational cost levels of home delivery concepts using both attended and unattended reception, using real point‐of‐sales data and vehicle routing tools. The results show that transportation costs using the shared reception box concept are 55‐66 per cent lower in comparison with the current standard concept with attended reception and two‐hour delivery time windows. On the basis of our analysis, the cost reduction alone justifies the two‐to‐five‐year payback period of the investment required, even if there is only a fairly small number of deliveries per day. Surprisingly, the payback period is longer when customer density increases.
Research agenda for e‐business logistics based on professional opinions
Authors: Auramo Jaana , Aminoff Anna , Punakivi Mikko
Published: September 2002

This study investigated what should be the major research and development areas regarding the logistics of electronic business. The method of study consisted of five elements: the creation of a preliminary e‐logistics vision; focus interviews of e‐business and logistics experts, identification and categorisation of the key R&D topics, a panel workshop to critically analyse the preliminary findings and prioritise the R&D topics, and formulation of a research agenda to guide future research work in the field of e‐business logistics. The two‐phased process, where the interviews were followed by the workshop, enabled the evaluation and prioritisation of the preliminary findings. The requirements of e‐business on the national logistics infrastructure were found to be one of the focus research areas. According to the study, integrated supply network structure with suitable visibility and usage of real‐time data transfer is another area of great importance. Research and development of new logistics service concepts should also be promoted as well as research on the effects and possibilities of using new product data management and product identification methods.
A comparative study of three different SCM approaches
Authors: Meenakshi Sundaram R. , Mehta Sameer G.
Published: September 2002

A comparative study of three different approaches on a hypothetical supply chain model is presented. The three approaches investigated are: independent; semi‐integrated; and integrated. In the independent approach, it is assumed that decisions are made independently at three different levels. Decisions are assumed to be made at two different levels in the semi‐integrated approach. In the integrated approach, all decisions are assumed to be made at a single level.
Improving materials management effectiveness
Authors: Caridi M. , Cigolini R.
Published: September 2002

This research provides a literature review in the field of uncertainty dampening methods for manufacturing systems, and proposes a new model to improve materials management effectiveness in materials requirements planning environments. The literature review gives rise to a classification framework of the models along nine structural dimensions that refer to the safety buffer treatment, the environmental characteristics and the type of approach. On the basis of the classification framework, the proposed model provides guidelines for approaching the problem of dimensioning, positioning and managing safety stocks against demand uncertainty. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been tested by comparing it to the traditional approach, through a computer‐based simulation.
Measuring supply chain agility in the virtual organization
Authors: Margaret Weber Mary
Published: September 2002

The need for increased flexibility in responding to market demand is driving a heightened interest in virtual, or agile organizations. However, agile response in the supply chain may not always be necessary and may not always be a better alternative than more traditional organizational structures. The model proposed in this paper provides a means of measuring both the need for agility and how agile an organization actually is. This is accomplished through the use of a hierarchical model that details with increasing specificity sources and levels of variance in the supply chain. As the ability to control specified variances increase, the need for agility decreases.
A multi‐dimensional empirical exploration of technology investment, coordination and firm performance
Authors: Ross Anthony
Published: September 2002

As economic activities span the supply chain boundary, the effective use of technology as the medium for coordination (or integration) among and within organizations has received much attention. In the US manufacturing sector, IT usage is increasingly becoming a source of sustained competitiveness and an opportunity for improvement. And there is a growing demand to achieve conflicting performance objectives (revenue versus profitability versus efficiency, for example). This article explores the relationships between information technology investment, performance, and productivity. While management should continue to evaluate IT investments by any practical means that satisfies company needs, the development of IT competencies and investment policies so as to optimize the firm’s performance seems to be a worthwhile goal. Our empirical findings clearly suggest that IT investment has a positive impact on market performance as a result of better coordination in the value chain, but that larger investments do not seem to lead to higher financial performance. Additionally, coordination productivity seems to benefit from increased investment by reducing, say, working capital requirements. Given the diversity of firms represented, we conclude that the way in which these firms compete may also have a direct influence on the extent of IT investment and competencies.
Improving electronics manufacturing supply chain agility through outsourcing
Authors: Mason Scott J. , Cole Michael H. , Ulrey Brian T. , Yan Li
Published: September 2002

The highly competitive electronics manufacturing marketplace demands that suppliers provide low‐cost, high‐quality products to their customers in a timely fashion. Shortened product life cycles and increasingly global competition have caused traditional manufacturers to focus on their company core competencies, such as product design and development, choosing to outsource the actual manufacturing of their products to contract manufacturers. Although the decision to outsource can have both positive and adverse effects on key areas of the manufacturing supply chain, one positive effect is that the manufacturer’s supply chain agility is increased. Outsourcing has caused an increase in the amount of information that is shared between supply chain partners. As a result, a greater reliance on suppliers and alliance partners has become essential for company survival. We examine the ways in which contract manufacturing has increased the agility of the electronics manufacturing supply chain.
Disaster‐preparedness of health maintenance organizations
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Kakoli
Published: September 2002

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are becoming increasingly dependent on health management information systems (HMISs) for their effective functioning. Because of this reliance, HMOs must use disaster recovery planning to safeguard their HMIS assets from natural as well as man‐made disasters. This article assesses the HMIS environment and identifies the state of practice by HMOs as it pertains to HMIS disaster preparedness.
Interpretation of subjective ratings: some fundamental aspects
Authors: Lloyd D.W. , Wilson H.
Published: September 2002

The use of subjective scores and rankings has become familiar in the context of hazard assessment and risk analysis in health and safety. Less familiar, however, are the mathematical fundamentals that underpin these techniques; a lack in understanding of these fundamentals might lead to the methods being incorrectly applied or to the results being incorrectly interpreted. The paper reviews the fundamental mathematical assumptions made in using subjective measures and the consequences for their interpretation.
The provision of education and training for health care professionals through the medium of the Internet
Authors: Beer Martin , Green Sharon , Armitt Gillian , van Bruggen Johanna , Daniels Ramon , Ghyselen Ludo , Sandqvist Jan , Sixsmith Andrew
Published: September 2002

Describes a new and experimental initiative to provide Internet‐based courses to student and professional occupational therapists in four centres in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Sweden. The basis of this collaborative Occupational Therapy Internet School (OTIS) is the concept of the “Virtual College”. The aim is to support and facilitate the whole range of educational activities within a remote electronic environment. A major feature of the course organisation is the adoption of a problem‐based approach in which students will collaborate internationally to propose effective intervention in given case study scenarios. Outlines the rationale for OTIS, the content and structure of the courseware, the technical specification of the system and evaluation criteria. In addition to the more conventional Web‐based learning facilities generally offered, a number of agent‐based approaches are being adopted to assist in the management of the course by ensuring the proper delivery of course materials and to assist the functioning of project groups.
Academic and scholarly discussion lists
Authors: Hundie Kebede
Published: September 2002

Electronic mail (e‐mail) has become one of the most indispensable means of communication of our times. One of its applications is discussion lists. The paper looks at discussion lists in general and academic discussion lists in particular. It further highlights some very important directories of discussion lists, including both electronic and print versions, pertaining, but not limited, to academic and scholarly discussion lists.
The relationship between employee initiatives and occupational expertise throughout the career in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Heijden Beatrice I.J.M.
Published: September 2002

The present study describes the relationship between three individual predictor variables and the degree of occupational expertise of middle and higher‐level employees in three different career stages working in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Occupational expertise is operationalised by means of five dimensions, i.e. knowledge, meta‐cognitive knowledge, skills, social recognition and growth and flexibility. The predictors in question are: the degree of participation in social networks, the degree of participation in training and development programmes and the degree of initiatives that are taken by the individual employee. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 233 higher‐level employees and 217 direct supervisors.
Career management issues of female business expatriates
Authors: Selmer Jan , Leung Alicia S.M.
Published: September 2002

Few studies have delved into career management issues of women on foreign assignments, especially compared to male expatriates. Therefore, a large‐scale mail survey was directed towards Western female and male business expatriates in the same host location. Controlling for the effects of differences in the demographic background of the gender groups, we found that female business expatriates could less often meet their career goals within their corporation than their male counterparts. There was also a tentative indication that women may regard their expatriation as a less useful career move than men. Implications of these findings for globalizing firms, female executives and future research are discussed.
Financial analysis of the Swedish 3G licensees
Authors: Björkdahl Joakim , Bohlin Erik
Published: September 2002

There are many different opinions on the prospects of UMTS or 3G mobile telephone systems. Our paper investigates the financial consequences of the implementation of UMTS on mobile operators. Our analysis is limited to the Swedish market, and we analyse the Swedish 3G licensees with a financial model, which shows annual cash flows, net present values (NPV), breakeven, paybacks and sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that there will be a substantial profit problem. One of the reasons for the lack of profitability is the increased competition. The market size will set limits to the profits. Besides, the operators’ cost will increase and we do not believe that the average revenue per user will increase much more from today’s level.
Central points of control and surveillance on a “decentralized” Net
Authors: Demont‐Heinrich Christof
Published: September 2002

This paper focuses on the complex nature of privacy and freedom of speech issues as they arise at the ISP. It addresses these critical issues by way of an examination of multiple specific contemporary examples and legal cases. Also discussed are a number of different approaches to more clearly define the status of the ISP and its multi‐faceted functions. Finally, some of the possible implications of various proposals for regulatory and legal schemes are examined. The author concludes that ultimately any such scheme must foreground the integral role that the ISP plays with respect to fundamental privacy and free speech rights on the Internet.
Preparing for North‐South Korean telecommunication integration
Authors: Taek Kim Sang
Published: September 2002

A framework is presented for the analysis of policy issues which may occur after North‐South Korea reunification. Possible national objectives are first stated, and then policy measures are presented and discussed for the accomplishment of these objectives. Discussion of the framework will focus on regulatory subjects including entry regulation, price regulation, fair competition and relations with foreign firms.
Inhibition of human muscle sympathetic activity by sensory stimulation
Authors: Donadio Vincenzo , Kallio Mika , Karlsson Tomas , Nordin Magnus , Wallin B. Gunnar
Published: September 2002

Surprising sensory stimuli causing arousal are known to evoke short‐lasting activation of human sympathetic activity in skin but not in muscle nerves; anecdotal observations suggest that there may even be an inhibition of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). To test this hypothesis we recorded multiunit MSNA in the peroneal nerve in 19 subjects aged 19–71 years, while sensory stimuli, consisting of either an electrical skin stimulus to a finger or a visual flash, were delivered repeatedly with intervals of approximately 20 s. The stimuli were given either 200 or 400 ms after the R wave of the electrocardiogram. Dummy stimuli, consisting of trigger pulses without sensory stimulation served as controls. Electrical skin resistance reductions were monitored from the palm of a hand as electrodermal signs of arousal‐induced cutaneous sympathetic activity. On a group basis both types of sensory stimuli attenuated the amplitude of one or two bursts of MSNA, while no such effects occurred after dummy stimuli. Individually, the inhibition was evoked by at least one stimulus modality or delay in 16 subjects whereas in three subjects no significant inhibition occurred. Skin resistance responses were evoked in all subjects. Some subjects responded to one, others to both stimulus modalities, and electrical stimuli were more effective than visual stimuli in causing MSNA inhibition as well as skin resistance reduction. On the other hand, electrodermal signs of arousal were equally common in subjects with and without inhibitory responses. We suggest that the MSNA inhibition evoked by sensory stimuli is an arousal effect which varies markedly between individuals.
Interindividual differences in sympathetic and effector responses to arousal in humans
Authors: Donadio Vincenzo , Karlsson Tomas , Elam Mikael , Wallin B. Gunnar
Published: September 2002

Surprising sensory stimuli have been found to attenuate one or two sympathetic discharges in human muscle nerves of some, but not all subjects, an effect suggested to be due to arousal. The aims of the present study were: (1) to provide evidence for or against an arousal mechanism by searching for evidence of habituation, and (2) to investigate if the presence or absence of inhibitory response is reproducible. To this end we recorded peroneal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), electrocardiogram (ECG), finger blood pressure and changes of skin electrical resistance in 17 awake healthy subjects, while sensory stimuli consisting of five electrical pulses were delivered to a finger. The electrical pulses were triggered on five consecutive R waves of the ECG after a delay of 200 ms. Dummy stimuli, consisting of five trigger pulses without electrical pulses were used as controls, and the interval between two successive stimuli (real or dummy) was 30 s. On a group basis, the stimuli attenuated two initial and one late MSNA bursts. On an individual basis, significant attenuation of one or two initial bursts occurred in eight subjects, whereas in nine subjects there was no significant inhibition. In nine subjects the experiments were repeated once and in three subjects they were repeated twice. The effects on MSNA were reproducible in 11 of the12 subjects. In the group of subjects without significant MSNA inhibition the stimuli induced a small, transient increase in mean blood pressure, which was not present in the group with significant MSNA inhibition. Heart rate did not change in either group. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect on MSNA of five repeated electrical pulses to a finger is largely similar to that previously shown for one pulse, i.e. there is rapid habituation of the response, compatible with an arousal‐induced effect. The inhibitory responsiveness shows marked interindividual differences, which are reproducible over several months and associated with different effects on blood pressure.
Functional coupling of calcineurin and protein kinase A in mouse ventricular myocytes
Authors: Santana L. F. , Chase E. G. , Votaw V. S. , Nelson Mark T. , Greven R.
Published: September 2002

We examined the role of the Ca2+‐regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin in controlling Ca2+ signalling in mouse ventricular myocytes. Membrane currents and voltage were measured in single myocytes using the patch‐clamp technique. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicators fluo‐4 or fura‐2 using a confocal or epifluorescence microscope. Inhibition of calcineurin with cyclosporin A (CsA, 100 nm) or the calcineurin auto‐inhibitory peptide (CiP, 100 μM), increased the amplitude and rate of decay of the evoked [Ca2+]i transient and also prolonged the action potential (AP) of ventricular myocytes to a similar extent. The effects of CsA (100 nm) and 100 μM CiP on the [Ca2+]i transient and AP were not additive. Calcineurin inhibition did not modify the K+ currents responsible for repolarisation of the mouse ventricle. Instead, inhibition of calcineurin increased the amplitude of the Ca2+ current (ICa) and the evoked calcium transient normalized to the ICa. Calcium sparks, which underlie the [Ca2+]i transient, had a higher frequency and amplitude, suggesting an elevation of SR calcium load. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) prevented the effects of calcineurin inhibition, indicating that calcineurin opposes the actions of PKA. Finally, immunofluorescence images suggest that calcineurin and PKA co‐localize near the T‐tubules of ventricular myocytes. We propose that calcineurin and PKA are co‐localized to control Ca2+ influx through calcium channels and calcium release through ryanodine receptors.
Interactions of adenosine, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in hypoxia‐induced vasodilatation: in vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Ray Clare J. , Abbas Mark R. , Coney Andrew M. , Marshall Janice M.
Published: September 2002

Adenosine, prostaglandins (PG) and nitric oxide (NO) have all been implicated in hypoxia‐evoked vasodilatation. We investigated whether their actions are interdependent. In anaesthetised rats, the PG synthesis inhibitors diclofenac or indomethacin reduced muscle vasodilatation evoked by systemic hypoxia or adenosine, but not that evoked by iloprost, a stable analogue of prostacyclin (PGI2), or by an NO donor. After diclofenac, the A1 receptor agonist CCPA evoked no vasodilatation: we previously showed that A1, but not A2A, receptors mediate the hypoxia‐induced muscle vasodilatation. Further, in freshly excised rat aorta, adenosine evoked a release of NO, detected with an NO‐sensitive electrode, that was abolished by NO synthesis inhibition, or endothelium removal, and reduced by ≈50 % by the A1 antagonist DPCPX, the remainder being attenuated by the A2A antagonist ZM241385. Diclofenac reduced adenosine‐evoked NO release by ≈50 % under control conditions, abolished that evoked in the presence of ZM241385, but did not affect that evoked in the presence of DPCPX. Adenosine‐evoked NO release was also abolished by the adenyl cyclase inhibitor 2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine, while dose‐dependent NO release was evoked by iloprost. Finally, stimulation of A1, but not A2A, receptors caused a release of PGI2 from rat aorta, assessed by radioimmunoassay of its stable metabolite, 6‐keto PGF1α, that was abolished by diclofenac. These results suggest that during systemic hypoxia, adenosine acts on endothelial A1 receptors to increase PG synthesis, thereby generating cAMP, which increases the synthesis and release of NO and causes muscle vasodilatation. This pathway may be important in other situations involving these autocoids.
Adenosine release in nucleus tractus solitarii does not appear to mediate hypoxia‐induced respiratory depression in rats
Authors: Gourine Alexander V. , Llaudet Enrique , Thomas Teresa , Dale Nicholas , Spyer K. Michael
Published: September 2002

The time course of adenosine release in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) during acute systemic hypoxia was investigated in the anaesthetised rat by means of amperometric enzymatic sensors. It was found that acute hypoxia induced a significant delayed increase in adenosine level (reaching levels as high as 5 μM) in the NTS and that hypoxia‐induced release of adenosine was similar at various regions of the NTS along its rostro‐caudal axis. Significantly smaller or no increases in adenosine levels at all in response to hypoxia were observed in the VLM. The increase in adenosine level in the NTS occurred during reoxygenation after the termination of the hypoxic challenge and was accompanied by a smaller increase in inosine concentration. At the dorsal surface of the brainstem, only release of inosine was detected following acute hypoxia. Addition of the ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase inhibitor α,β‐methylene ADP (200 μM) to the dorsal surface of the brainstem completely abolished the signal evoked by hypoxia, suggesting that the inosine arose from adenosine that was produced in the extracellular space by the prior release of ATP. This study indicates that following systemic hypoxia, adenosine levels in the NTS increase to a significantly greater extent than in the VLM. However, the increase in adenosine concentration in the NTS occurs too late to be responsible for the hypoxia‐induced depression of the respiratory activity.
A 2 week routine stretching programme did not prevent contraction‐induced injury in mouse muscle
Authors: Black Jonathon D. J. , Freeman Marcus , Stevens E. Don
Published: September 2002

Most athletes stretch as part of their training regimen and it is commonly believed that this practice prevents muscle injury. We tested this belief using an animal model, in situ mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. One lower hindlimb was slowly stretched for 1 min on alternate days for 12 days; the other leg served as a control. The mouse was lightly anaesthetized during the stretching protocol (isofluorane). Both legs were tested in situ by measuring maximum isometric force and maximum work before and after an eccentric contraction that was designed to cause a contraction‐induced injury. The difference between a contraction before and after (i.e. the deficit) was used as a measure of damage caused by the eccentric contraction. There was a threshold for force deficit at a peak to peak eccentric excursion amplitude of 19.5 % (i.e. Lo± 9.75 %, where Lo is muscle length at peak isometric force). There was a significant increase in force deficit, work deficit, and curve shift with an increase in eccentric excursion amplitude above the threshold. There was no statistical difference in the force deficit, work deficit, or curve shift between the stretched leg and the control leg (P > 0.05). A routine stretching programme, at least at the intensities employed in this experiment, did not prevent contraction‐induced injury in the in situ mouse EDL muscle.
Multiple Deletions of the Osmolyte Transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC of
Listeria monocytogenes
Affect Virulence and Growth at High Osmolarity
Authors: Wemekamp-Kamphuis Henrike H. , Wouters Jeroen A. , Sleator Roy D. , Gahan Cormac G. M. , Hill Colin , Abee Tjakko
Published: September 2002

The success of
Listeria monocytogenes
as a food-borne pathogen owes much to its ability to survive a variety of stresses, both in the food environment and, after ingestion, within the animal host. Growth at high salt concentrations is attributed mainly to the accumulation of organic solutes such as glycine betaine and carnitine. We characterized
L. monocytogenes
LO28 strains with single, double, and triple deletions in the osmolyte transport systems BetL, Gbu, and OpuC. When single deletion mutants were tested, Gbu was found to have the most drastic effect on the rate of growth in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth with 6% added NaCl. The highest reduction in growth rate was found for the triple mutant LO28BCG (Δ
betL
Δ
opuC
Δ
gbu
), although the mutant was still capable of growth under these adverse conditions. In addition, we analyzed the growth and survival of this triple mutant in an animal (murine) model. LO28BCG showed a significant reduction in its ability to cause systemic infection following peroral coinoculation with the wild-type parent. Altering OpuC alone resulted in similar effects (R. D. Sleator, J. Wouters, C. G. M. Gahan, T. Abee, and C. Hill, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2692-2698, 2001), leading to the assumption that OpuC may play an important role in listerial pathogenesis. Analysis of the accumulation of osmolytes revealed that betaine is accumulated up to 300 μmol/g (dry weight) when grown in BHI broth plus 6% NaCl whereas no carnitine accumulation could be detected. Radiolabeled-betaine uptake studies revealed an inability of BGSOE (Δ
betL
Δ
gbu
) and LO28BCG to transport betaine. Indeed, for LO28BCG, no accumulated betaine was found, but carnitine was accumulated in this strain up to 600 μmol/g (dry weight) of cells, indicating the presence of a possible fourth osmolyte transporter.
Fourier-Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy, a Novel and Rapid Tool for Identification of Yeasts
Authors: Wenning Mareike , Seiler Herbert , Scherer Siegfried
Published: September 2002

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy was used in this study to identify yeasts. Cells were grown to microcolonies of 70 to 250 μm in diameter and transferred from the agar plate by replica stamping to an IR-transparent ZnSe carrier. IR spectra of the replicas on the carrier were recorded using an IR microscope coupled to an IR spectrometer, and identification was performed by comparison to reference spectra. The method was tested by using small model libraries comprising reference spectra of 45 strains from 9 genera and 13 species, recorded with both FT-IR microspectroscopy and FT-IR macrospectroscopy. The results show that identification by FT-IR microspectroscopy is equivalent to that achieved by FT-IR macrospectroscopy but the time-consuming isolation of the organisms prior to identification is not necessary. Therefore, this method also provides a rapid tool to analyze mixed populations. Furthermore, identification of 21
Debaryomyces hansenii
and 9
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
strains resulted in 92% correct identification at the strain level for
S. cerevisiae
and 91% for
D. hansenii
, which demonstrates that the resolution power of FT-IR microspectroscopy may also be used for yeast typing at the strain level.