bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of a Newly Designed Asymmetric Dorsal Gull Wing Flap for the Treatment of Postoperative Web Creep After Syndactyly Surgery
Authors: Yuan Xingang , Zhang Xuan , Fu Yuexian , Xiao Jun , Li Tianwu , Tian Xiaofei
Published: April 2021

Background

Web creep is the most common long-term complication requiring revision after syndactyly surgery; however, few methods have been reported. The aim of this study was to introduce a newly designed asymmetric dorsal gull wing flap to reconstruct web for the postoperative web creep.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for 20 patients from January 2016 to May 2019. Sex, age, original malformations, original surgical procedure, complications, time between the 2 operations, operation records, preoperative and postoperative photographs, and Withey score were reviewed.

Results

Eleven boys and 9 girls with average age of 60.65 ± 44.76 months underwent revision. Twenty-nine web spaces were affected (web creep, 12 cases; web creep and scar contracture, 17 cases). The original surgical procedure consisted of syndactyly separation in 15 cases, syndactyly separation with a full-thickness skin graft in 5 cases. There was 1 case of postoperative infection. All patients received an asymmetric dorsal gull wing flap and a zigzag incision, 15 patients received an additional full-thickness skin graft. The average time interval between the 2 operations was 34.60 ± 35.94 months. The follow-up time was 34.30 ± 20.73 months. No complications were noted, none of the patients redeveloped web creep. The median values for web creep, flexion-extension deformity, total Withey scores in the postoperative period were significantly lower than the preoperative values. The appearance and function of all digits were good.

Conclusions

The asymmetric dorsal gull wing flap is a good choice for web reconstruction when web creep is caused by syndactyly surgery.
Expanding the Utilization of Low-Dose Computed Tomography in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Based on Validated Practices Among Surgical Specialties
Authors: Lala Brittany , Shah Jinesh , Salvador Trina M. , Ricci Joseph A.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

As computed tomography (CT) usage increases, so have concerns over radiation-induced malignancy. To mitigate these risks, low-dose CT (LDCT) has emerged as a versatile alternative by other specialties, although its use in plastic surgery remains sparse. This study aimed to investigate validated uses of LDCT across surgical specialties and extrapolate these insights to expand its application for plastic surgeons.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using search terms “low dose CT” OR “low dose computed tomography” AND “surgery,” where the name of each surgical specialty was substituted for word “surgery” and each specialty term was searched separately in combination with the 2 CT terms. Data on radiation dose, outcomes, and level of evidence were collected. Validated surgical applications were correlated with similar procedures and diagnostic tests performed routinely by plastic surgeons to extrapolate potential applications for plastic surgeons.

Results

A total of 3505 articles were identified across surgical specialties, with 27 ultimately included. Depending on the application, use of LDCT led to a 25% to 97% reduction in radiation dose and all studies reported noninferior image quality and diagnostic capability compared with standard-dose CT. Potential identified uses included the following: evaluation of soft tissue infections, preoperative and postoperative management of facial and hand fractures, flap design, 3D modeling, and surgical planning.

Discussion

Low-dose CT is a valid imaging alternative to standard-dose CT. Expanded utilization in plastic surgery should be considered to minimize the iatrogenic effects of radiation and to promote patient safety without compromising outcomes.
Orbital Volumetric Analysis in Patients With Unicoronal Craniosynostosis
Authors: McKee Ryan M. , Carbullido M. Kristine , Ewing Emily , Kamel George N. , Ryan Justin , Zaldana-Flynn Michelle V. , Cronin Brendan J. , Lance Samuel H. , Gosman Amanda A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Unicoronal craniosynostosis is associated with orbital restriction and asymmetry. Surgical treatment aims to both correct the aesthetic deformity and prevent the development of ocular dysfunction. We used orbital quadrant and hemispheric volumetric analysis to assess orbital restriction and compare the effectiveness of distraction osteogenesis with anterior rotational cranial flap (DO) and bilateral fronto-orbital advancement and cranial vault remodeling (FOAR) with respect to the correction of orbital restriction in patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with a diagnosis of unicoronal craniosynostosis and treated with either DO or FOAR from 2000 to 2019 was performed. Preoperative and postoperative total orbital volumes, as well as quadrant and hemispheric volume ratios, were calculated from 3-dimensional head computed tomography scans. Selected preoperative and postoperative orbital measurements, including the maxillary length of the orbit (MLO; zygomaticofrontal suture to the top of zygomatic arch) and the sphenoid length of the orbit (SLO; the top of sphenoid suture to the top of zygomatic arch), were also obtained.

Results

Data were available for 28 patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis. Mean preoperative total orbital volume was significantly smaller on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side (10.94 vs 12.20 cm3, P = 0.04). Preoperative MLO and SLO were significantly longer on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side (MLO: 20.26 vs 17.75 mm, P < 0.001; SLO: 26.91 vs 24.93 mm, P = 0.01). Distraction osteogenesis and FOAR produced significantly different changes in orbital quadrant and/or hemispheric volume ratios on the nonsynostotic side but not on the synostotic side.

Conclusions

Before correction, patients with unicoronal craniosynostosis have significantly smaller total orbital volumes on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side and significantly greater MLO and SLO on the synostotic side compared with the nonsynostotic side. There is no significant difference between DO and FOAR with regard to correcting the observed orbital restriction in these patients.
Efficacy of Infection Control Measures in Managing Outbreaks of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Burn Units
Authors: Wang Chunyang , Zhang Feng , Breland Andrew , Lineaweaver William C.
Published: April 2021

Background

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) pose a significant threat to severe burn victims and represents a clear epidemic hazard in burn units. Several infection control measures have been implemented to control and manage the outbreaks of MDRO. The efficiency of those measures, however, remains controversial and an area of debate. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of infection control measures and the necessity of closing burn units in dealing with MDRO outbreaks.

Methods

Peer-reviewed articles were identified using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, focusing on infection control measures to manage MDRO outbreaks in burn units.

Results

Twenty-one studies that reported MDRO outbreaks in burn units met the inclusion criteria. The outbreaks were successfully controlled with interventions in 17 units (81%), partially controlled in 1 unit (4.7%), and uncontrolled in 3 units (14.3%). Infection control measures were implemented by screening patient (19 units), screening health care worker (17 units), obtaining environmental cultures (16 units), providing ongoing staff education (13 units), cohort or isolation (17 units), preemptive barrier precautions (10 units), improving hand hygiene (15 units), and enhanced cleaning and environmental disinfection (17 units). Closure of burn units occurred in 8 units, with outbreaks controlled in 6 of the units (75%). The reasons for unit closure include decontamination (4 units; 50%), outbreak investigation (1 unit; 12.5%), and uncontrolled outbreaks (3 units; 37.5%). The incidence of infection was significantly decreased in 4 units after the closure but rose again after reopening in 1 of the units. In 3 units, the spread was halted by other control measures, including change of hydrotherapy facilities, identification of staff transmission, and unit structure remodeling.

Conclusions

Proper infection control measures play an important role in managing MDRO outbreaks in burn units. Temporary closure of burn units may be necessary to control the spread of nosocomial, and this option should be considered when other measures are ineffective.
Material properties of urethral stents for hypospadias repair
Authors: Jamdee Tawan , Foster Christopher , Rowe Courtney K. , Burke Kelly A.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Despite the prevalence of hypospadias surgery and the near ubiquitous use of postoperative urethral stents, there has been no evaluation of the material properties of commonly used choices. Our study sets out to close this gap with an evaluation and comparison of the material properties of four urethral stents commonly used after hypospadias surgery.

Study Design

Thermal analysis and mechanical analysis of the Zaontz Urethral Stent, the Firlit-Kluge Urethral Stent, the Koyle Diaper Stent, and the Bard Premature Infant Feeding Tube were performed.

Results

Thermal analysis shows that all four compositions tested are rubbery polymers at body temperature, with glass transition temperatures far below human body temperatures. The Zaontz and Koyle stents are thermoplastic elastomers with strong melting transitions above body temperature, but the Firlit-Kluge stent is completely amorphous at body temperature and is likely chemically cross-linked to generate the polymer network. The Bard feeding tube was by far the stiffest, with a Young’s Modulus of 14.0± 0.78 (compared to the Zaontz stent at 4.12 ± 0.56, the Firlit-Kluge stent at 4.92± 0.63, and the Koyle stent at 4.09± 0.49.) The Firlit-Kluge stent was the strongest, with 84.3± 2.83 MPa required to fracture it compared to the Zaontz stent at 65.5 ± 2.57, the Koyle stent at 66.8± 3.16, and then Bard feeding tube at 34.6± 1.89.

Discussion

While there is little information associating urethral stent type with outcomes after hypospadias surgery, material properties may account for findings of prior studies. Stiffer stents may contribute to decreased postoperative comfort, while a stent that is too soft and extensible may have issues with dislodgement, kinking and breaking.

Conclusion

This study provides a foundation for future work optimizing urethral stents, designing support for regenerative medicine applications, and improving hypospadias outcomes.
A Multidirectional Two-tube Method for Chemical Pleurodesis could improve distribution of the Sclerosing Agent within the Pleural Cavity
Authors: Campion Eoin , Mallah Saad I. , Azhar Maimoona , O’Keeffe Dara , Hameed Aamir
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) affects approximately 200,000 people in the United States per annum. Chemical pleurodesis is a recommended first line treatment in the management of MPE, however, success rates as low as 43% has been reported. A bedside chemical pleurodesis can cost up to $11,224 and an estimated inpatient annual expenditure of more than $5 billion in the US alone. This study aims to assess the distribution of the talc slurry within the pleural space using cadaveric models and to determine the force required to push the talc slurry though a 14 Fr chest tube.

Materials and Methods

The force required to administer the talc slurry through a 14 Fr chest tube was tested using a Zwick/Roelle Z005 mechanical tester. Talc slurry distribution within the pleural cavity was assessed by direct visualisation following administration to the cadaveric models using single and multidirectional two-tube methods.

Results

Maximum force required to push the talc slurry though a 14 Fr chest tube was 11.36 N +/- 2.79 N. Distribution of the talc slurry within the pleural cavity was found to be poor with a single tube method. Multidirectional two-tube method of administration showed more even distribution.

Conclusion

The experimental multidirectional two-tube method results in wider distribution of the talc slurry within the pleural cavity and could further improve success rate of the talc pleurodesis.
Neighbourhood characteristics associated with the geographic variation in laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in Ontario, Canada: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Watson Tristan , Kwong Jeffrey C. , Kornas Kathy , Mishra Sharmistha , Rosella Laura C.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

There is limited information on the role of individual- and neighbourhood-level characteristics in explaining the geographic variation in the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) between regions. This study quantified the magnitude of the variation in COVID-19 rates between neighbourhoods in Ontario, Canada, and examined the extent to which neighbourhood-level differences are explained by census-based neighbourhood measures, after adjusting for individual-level covariates (i.e., age, sex, and chronic conditions).

Methods

We conducted a multilevel population-based study of individuals nested within neighbourhoods. COVID-19 laboratory testing data were obtained from a centralized laboratory database and linked to health-administrative data. The median rate ratio and the variance partition coefficient were used to quantify the magnitude of the neighbourhood-level characteristics on the variation of COVID-19 rates.

Results

The unadjusted median rate ratio for the between-neighbourhood variation in COVID-19 was 2.22. In the fully adjusted regression models, the individual- and neighbourhood-level covariates accounted for about 44% of the variation in COVID-19 between neighbourhoods, with 43% attributable to neighbourhood-level census-based characteristics.

Conclusion

Neighbourhood-level characteristics could explain almost half of the observed geographic variation in COVID-19. Understanding how neighbourhood-level characteristics influence COVID-19 rates can support jurisdictions in creating effective and equitable intervention strategies.
Chained structure of dimeric F1-like ATPase inMycoplasma mobilegliding machinery
Authors: Toyonaga Takuma , Kato Takayuki , Kawamoto Akihiro , Kodera Noriyuki , Hamaguchi Tasuku , Tahara Yuhei O , Ando Toshio , Namba Keiichi , Miyata Makoto
Published: April 2021

Mycoplasma mobile, a fish pathogen, exhibits gliding motility using ATP hydrolysis on solid surfaces, including animal cells. The gliding machinery can be divided into surface and internal structures. The internal structure of the motor is composed of 28 so-called ‘chains’ that are each comprised of 17 repeating protein units called ‘particles’. These proteins include homologs of the catalytic α- and β-subunits of F1-ATPase. In this study, we isolated the particles and determined their structures using negative-staining electron microscopy and high-speed atomic force microscopy. The isolated particles were composed of five proteins, MMOBs 1660 (α-subunit homolog), 1670 (β-subunit homolog), 1630, 1620, and 4530, and showed ATP hydrolyzing activity. The 2D structure, with dimensions of 35 and 26 nm, showed a hexameric ring dimer about 12 nm in diameter, resembling F1-ATPase catalytic (αβ)3. We isolated the F1-like ATPase unit, which is composed of MMOBs 1660, 1670, and 1630. Furthermore, we isolated the chain and analyzed the 3D structure, showing that dimers of mushroom-like structures resembling F1-ATPase were connected and aligned along the dimer axis at 31 nm intervals. An atomic model of F1-ATPase catalytic (αβ)3fromBacillusPS3 was successfully fitted to each hexameric ring of the mushroom-like structure. These results suggest that the motor forM. mobilegliding shares an evolutionary origin with F1-ATPase. Based on the obtained structure, we propose possible force transmission processes in the gliding mechanism.

IMPORTANCE

F1Fo- ATPase, a rotary ATPase, is widespread in the membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and converts ATP energy with a proton motive force across the membrane by its physical rotation. Homologous protein complexes play roles in ion and protein transport.Mycoplasma mobile, a pathogenic bacterium, was recently suggested to have a special motility system evolutionarily derived from F1-ATPase. The present study isolated the protein complex fromMycoplasmacells and supported this conclusion by clarifying the detailed structures containing common and novel features as F1-ATPase relatives.
Imputation strategies for missing baseline neurological assessment covariates after traumatic brain injury: A CENTER-TBI study
Authors: Ercole Ari , Dixit Abhishek , Nelson David W , Zeiler Frederick A , Nieboer Daan , Bouamra Omar , Menon David K , Maas Andrew IR , Dijkland Simone A , Lingsma Hester F , Wilson Lindsay , Lecky Fiona , Steyerberg Ewout ,   CENTER-TBI Investigators and Participants
Published: April 2021

Statistical models for outcome prediction are central to traumatic brain injury research and critical to baseline risk adjustment. Glasgow coma score (GCS) and pupil reactivity are crucial co-variates in all such models but may be measured at multiple time points between the time of injury and hospital and are subject to a variable degree of unreliability and/or missingness. Imputation of missing data may be undertaken using full multiple imputation or by simple substitution of measurements from other time points. However it is unknown which strategy is best or which time points are more predictive. We evaluated the pseudo-R2of logistic regression models (dichotomous survival) and proportional odds models (Glasgow Outcome Score-extended) using different imputation strategies from data from the The Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. Substitution strategies were easy to implement, achieved low levels of missingness (<<10%) and could outperform multiple imputation without the need for computationally costly calculations and pooling multiple final models. Model performance was sensitive to imputation strategy although this was small in absolute terms and clinical relevance. A strategy of using the emergency department discharge assessments and working back in time when these were missing generally performed well. Full multiple imputation had the advantage of preserving time-dependence in the models: The pre-hospital assessments were found to be relatively unreliable predictors of survival or outcome. The predictive performance of later assessments was model-dependent. In conclusion, simple substitution strategies for imputing baseline GCS and pupil response can perform well and may be a simple alternative to full multiple imputation in many cases.
Novel pre-clinical model for CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder
Authors: Serrano Rita J. , Lee Clara , Bryson-Richardson Robert J. , Sztal Tamar E.
Published: April 2021

Cyclin-dependent kinase-like-5 (CDKL5) Deficiency Disorder (CDD) is a severe X-linked neurodegenerative disease characterized by early-onset epileptic seizures, low muscle tone, progressive intellectual disability, severe motor function and visual impairment. CDD affects approximately 1 in 60,000 live births with many patients dying by early adulthood. For many patients, quality of life is significantly reduced due to the severity of their neurological symptoms and functional impairment. There are no effective therapies for CDD with current treatments focusing on improving symptoms rather than addressing the underlying causes of the disorder. Zebrafish offer a number of unique advantages for high-throughput pre-clinical evaluation of potential therapies for human neurological diseases including CDD. In particular, the large number of zebrafish that can be produced, together with the possibilities forin vivoimaging and genetic manipulation, allows for the detailed assessment of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic discovery. We have characterised a loss of function zebrafish model for CDD, containing a nonsense mutation incdkl5.cdkl5mutant zebrafish display defects in neuronal patterning, microcephaly, and reduced muscle function caused by impaired muscle innervation. This study provides a powerful vertebrate model to investigate CDD disease pathophysiology and allow high-throughput screening for effective therapies.
Knockdown ofPHYTOENE DESATURASEin the field dodder,Cuscuta campestris, by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing
Authors: Dyer Steven , Weir Ryan , Manesiotis Panagiotis , Dalzell Johnathan J.
Published: April 2021

Cuscuta campestrisis a globally distributed obligate holoparasitic plant, and economically important crop pest. There is an urgent need for safe and effective new herbicides to controlCuscutaspp. PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) is a biosynthetic enzyme within the carotenoid synthesis pathway, which is a target for several commercially available herbicides. The low transpiration rate ofC. campestrisresults in sub-optimal translocation of PDS-targeting herbicides throughout the parasite, and resistance to these herbicides, and others, should be anticipated. Here we demonstrate that RNA interference (RNAi) can effectively reduce the expression ofPDSinC. campestris. Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is capable of inducingPDSknockdown inC. campestris, when Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) is used to deliver aPDS-specific sequence through the host plantArabidopsis thaliana. This leads to a reduction in the accumulation of beta carotene, which is synthesised from phytoene, and significantly reduced growth ofC. campestris. We hypothesise that secondary amplification and spread ofPDSdouble-stranded RNA withinC. campestrismay circumvent the translocation limitations of other xylem and phloem-spread PDS-specific herbicides. These data demonstrate for the first time that VIGS can be used for reverse genetics interrogation of theC. campestrisgenome.
Noise-augmented directional clustering of genetic association data identifies distinct mechanisms underlying obesity
Authors: Grant Andrew J. , Gill Dipender , Kirk Paul D. W. , Burgess Stephen
Published: April 2021

Clustering genetic variants based on their associations with different traits can provide insight into their underlying biological mechanisms. Existing clustering approaches typically group variants based on the similarity of their association estimates for various traits. We present a new procedure for clustering variants based on their proportional associations with different traits, which is more reflective of the underlying mechanisms to which they relate. The method is based on a mixture model approach for directional clustering and includes a noise cluster that provides robustness to outliers. The procedure performs well across a range of simulation scenarios. In an applied setting, clustering genetic variants associated with body mass index generates groups reflective of distinct biological pathways. Mendelian randomization analyses support that the clusters vary in their effect on coronary heart disease, including one cluster that represents elevated body mass index with a favourable metabolic profile and reduced coronary heart disease risk. Analysis of the biological pathways underlying this cluster identifies inflammation as playing a key role in mediating the effects of increased body mass index on coronary heart disease.
Evolution of quantitative trait locus hotspots in yeast species
Authors: Peltier Emilien , Bibi-Triki Sabrina , Dutreux Fabien , Caradec Claudia , Friedrich Anne , Llorente Bertrand , Schacherer Joseph
Published: April 2021

Dissecting the genetic basis of complex trait remains a real challenge. The budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas become a model organism for studying quantitative traits, successfully increasing our knowledge in many aspects. However, the exploration of the genotype-phenotype relationship in non-model yeast species could provide a deeper insight into the genetic basis of complex traits. Here, we have studied this relationship in theLachancea waltiispecies which diverged from theS. cerevisiaelineage prior to the whole-genome duplication. By performing linkage mapping analyses in this species, we identified 86 quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth fitness in a large number of conditions. The distribution of these loci across the genome has revealed two major QTL hotspots. A first hotspot corresponds to a general fitness QTL, impacting a wide range of conditions. By contrast, the second hotspot highlighted a fitness trade-off with a disadvantageous allele for drug-free conditions which proved to be advantageous in the presence of several drugs. Finally, the comparison of the detected QTL inL. waltiiwith those which had been previously identified for the same traits in a closely related species,Lachancea kluyveri, clearly revealed the absence of interspecific conservation of these loci. Altogether, our results expand our knowledge on the variation of the QTL landscape across different yeast species.
Alternative transmission patterns in independently acquired nutritional co-symbionts of Dictyopharidae planthoppers
Authors: Michalik Anna , Franco Diego C. , Kobiałka Michał , Szklarzewicz Teresa , Stroiński Adam , Łukasik Piotr
Published: April 2021

Sap-sucking hemipterans host specialized, heritable microorganisms that supplement their unbalanced diet with essential nutrients. These microbes show unusual features that provide a unique perspective on the evolution of life but have not been systematically studied. Here, we combine microscopy with high-throughput sequencing to revisit 80-year-old reports on the diversity of symbiont transmission modes in a broadly distributed planthopper family Dictyopharidae. We show that in all species examined, the ancestral nutritional endosymbiontsSulciaandVidaniaare complemented by co-primary symbionts, eitherArsenophonusorSodalis, acquired several times independently by different host lineages. Like in other obligate sap-feeders, the ancestral symbionts produce essential amino acids, whereas co-primary symbionts contribute to the biosynthesis of B vitamins. These symbionts reside within separate bacteriomes within the abdominal cavity, although in females,Vidaniaalso occupies bacteriocytes in the rectal organ. Notably, the symbionts are transmitted from mothers to offspring in two alternative ways. In most examined species, all nutritional symbionts simultaneously infect the posterior end of the full-grown (vitellogenic) oocytes and next gather in their perivitelline space. In contrast, in other species,Sodaliscolonizes the cytoplasm of the anterior pole of young (previtellogenic) oocytes forming a cluster separate from the “symbiont ball” formed by late-invadingSulciaandVidania. Our data add to evidence on frequent replacements of gammaproteobacterial symbionts combined with the relative functional stability of the nutritional functions during the evolution of sap-feeding insects, and show how newly-arriving microbes may utilize different strategies to establish long-term heritable symbiosis.

Significance statement

Sup-sucking hemipterans host ancient heritable microorganisms that supplement their unbalanced diet with essential nutrients, and which have repeatedly been complemented or replaced by other microorganisms. They need to be reliably transmitted to subsequent generations through the reproductive system, and often they end up using the same route as the ancient symbionts. We show for the first time that in a single family of planthoppers, the complementing symbionts that have established infections independently utilize different transmission strategies, one of them novel, with the transmission of different microbes separated spatially and temporarily. These data show how newly-arriving microbes may utilize different strategies to establish long-term heritable symbiosis.
Uncertainty in population estimates: a meta-analysis for petrels
Authors: Bird Jeremy P. , Woodworth Bradley K. , Fuller Richard A. , Shaw Justine D. S.
Published: April 2021

Population estimates are commonly generated and used in conservation science. All estimates carry inherent uncertainty, but little attention has been given to when and how this uncertainty limits their use. This requires an understanding of the specific purposes for which population estimates are intended, an assessment of the level of uncertainty each purpose can tolerate, and information on current uncertainty.

We conducted a review and meta-analysis for a widespread group of seabirds, the petrels, to better understand how and why population estimates are being used. Globally petrels are highly threatened, and aspects of their ecology make them difficult to survey, introducing high levels of uncertainty into population estimates.

We found that by far the most common intended use of population estimates was to inform status and trend assessments, while less common uses were trialling methods to improve estimates, and assessing threat impacts and conservation outcomes.

The mean coefficient of variation for published estimates was 0.17 (SD = 0.14), with no evidence that uncertainty has been reduced through time. As a consequence of this high uncertainty, when we simulated declines equivalent to thresholds commonly used to trigger management, only 5% of studies could detect significant differences between population estimates collected 10 years apart for populations declining at a rate of 30% over three generations.

Reporting of uncertainty was variable with no dispersion statistics reported with 38% of population estimates and most not reporting key underlying parameters: nest numbers/density and nest occupancy. We also found no correlation between population estimates and either island size, body size or species threat status—potential predictors of uncertainty.

Synthesis and applications—Key recommendations for managers are to be mindful of uncertainty in past population estimates if aiming to collect contemporary estimates for comparison, to report uncertainty clearly for new estimates, and to give careful consideration to whether a proposed estimate is likely to achieve the requisite level of certainty for the investment in its generation to be warranted. We recommend a practitioner-based Value of Information assessment to confirm where there is value in reducing uncertainty.
Immersive virtual prism adaptation therapy with depth-sensing camera: A feasibility study with functional near-infrared spectroscopy in healthy adults
Authors: Cho Sungmin , Kim Won-Seok , Park Jihong , Lee Seung Hyun , Lee Jongseung , Han Cheol E. , Paik Nam-Jong
Published: April 2021

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is common after stroke and associated with poor functional recovery. Prism adaptation (PA) is one of the most supported modality able to ameliorate USN but underapplied due to several issues. Using immersive virtual reality and depth-sensing camera, we developed the virtual prism adaptation therapy (VPAT) to overcome the limitations in conventional PA. In this study, we investigated whether VPAT can induce behavioral adaptations and which cortical area is most significantly activated. Fourteen healthy subjects participated in this study. The experiment consisted of four sequential phases (pre-VAPT, VPAT-10°, VPAT-20°, and post-VPAT) with functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings. Each phase consisted of alternating target pointing and resting (or clicking) blocks. To find out the most significantly activated area during pointing in different phases (VPAT-10°, VPAT-20°, and Post-VPAT) in contrast to pointing during the pre-VPAT phase, we analyzed changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration during pointing. The pointing errors of the virtual hand deviated to the right-side during early pointing blocks in the VPAT-10° and VPAT-20° phases. There was a left-side deviation of the real hand to the target in the post-VPAT phase. The most significantly activated channels were all located in the right hemisphere, and possible corresponding cortical areas included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal eye field. In conclusion, VPAT may induce behavioral adaptation with modulation of the dorsal attentional network. Future clinical trials using multiple sessions of a high degree of rightward deviation VPAT over a more extended period are required in stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect.
Raman imaging and statistical methods for analysis various type of human brain tumor
Authors: Kopec M. , Błaszczyk M. , Radek M. , Abramczyk H.
Published: April 2021

Spectroscopic methods provide information on the spatial localization of biochemical components based on the analysis of vibrational spectra. Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging can be used to analyze various types of human brain tissue. The objective of this study is employment of Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging to evaluate the Raman biomarkers to distinguish tumor types. We have demonstrated that bands characteristic for carotenoids (1156 cm−1, 1520 cm−1), proteins (1004 cm−1), fatty acids (1444 cm−1, 1655 cm−1) and cytochrome (1585 cm−1) can be used as universal biomarkers to distinguish aggressiveness in human brain tumor. The sensitivity and specificity obtained from PLS-DA have been over 85%. Only for pituitary adenoma the specificity is lower and takes equal 46%. The presented results confirm the potential applications of vibrational spectroscopy methods in oncological diagnostics.
Quantitative analysis of spore shapes improves identification of fungi
Authors: Ordynets Alexander , Keßler Sarah , Langer Ewald
Published: April 2021

Morphology of organisms is an important source of evidence for biodiversity assessment, taxonomic decisions, and understanding of evolution. Shape information about zoological and botanical objects is often treated quantitatively and in this form improves species identification. In studies of fungi, quantitative shape analysis was almost ignored. The disseminated propagules of fungi, the spores, are crucial for their taxonomy – currently in the form of linear measurements or subjectively defined shape categories. It remains unclear how much quantifying spore shape information can improve species identification. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that shape, as a richer source of information, overperforms size when performing automated identification of fungal species. We used the fungi of the genusSubulicystidium(Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) as a study object. We analysed 2D spore shape data via elliptic Fourier and Principal Component analyses. With flexible discriminant analysis, we achieved a slightly higher species identification success rate for shape predictors (61.5%) than for size predictors (59.1%). However, we achieved the highest rate for a combination of both (64.7%). We conclude that quantifying fungal spore shapes is worth the effort. We provide an open access protocol which, we hope, will stimulate a broader use of quantitative shape analysis in fungal taxonomy. We also discuss the challenges of such analyses that are specific to fungal spores.
Treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis with Milteforan™inducesLeishmania infantumresistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B
Authors: Gonçalves Gustavo , Campos Monique Paiva , Gonçalves Alessandra Silva , Soares Medeiros Lia Carolina , Figueiredo Fabiano Borges
Published: April 2021

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is caused byLeishmania infantumin the Americas. Since the use of Milteforam™ was authorized to treat canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil in 2017, there has also been fear of the emergence of parasites resistant to this drug and, through cross-resistance mechanisms, to meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. Additionally, the literature shows that acquisition of resistance is followed by increased parasite fitness, with higher rates of proliferation, infectivity and metacyclogenesis, which are determining factors for parasite virulence. In this context, this study aims to analyze the impact of treating a dog with Milteforan™ on the generation of parasites resistant to miltefosine, meglumine antimoniate, and amphotericin B. To this end,in vitrosusceptibility tests were conducted against these drugs with T0 (parasites isolated from the dog before treatment with Milteforan™), T1 (after one course of treatment), and T2 (after two courses of treatment) isolates. The rates of cell proliferation, infectivity, and metacyclogenesis of the isolates were also evaluated. The results indicate a gradual increase in parasite resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B with increasing the number of treatment courses. A trend increase in the metacyclogenesis rate of the parasites was also observed as drug resistance increased. Therefore, treatment of CVL with Milteforan™ induces resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B as well as changes in parasite fitness, and may have an impact on animal and human public health.
Quest for the Allmitey: Potential ofPronematus ubiquitus(Acari: Iolinidae) as a biocontrol agent againstTetranychus urticaeandTetranychus evansi(Acari: Tetranychidae) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.)
Authors: Van de Velde Viktor , Duarte Marcus V. A. , Benavente Alfredo , Vangansbeke Dominiek , Wäckers Felix , De Clercq Patrick
Published: April 2021

The spider mitesTetranychus evansiBaker & Pritchard andTetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae) are key tomato pests worldwide. Biological control of spider mites using phytoseiid predatory mites remains challenging. The glandular trichomes on the tomato leaves and stem severely hamper the movement and establishment of the predatory mites. As a result, smaller predatory mites, able to thrive under the sticky heads of the glandular trichomes, have gained much interest. As some iolinid predatory mites were reported to feed on spider mites, we investigated the potential ofPronematus ubiquitusMcGregor to control bothT. urticaeandT. evansion tomato plants. On whole tomato plants,P. ubiquituswas able to suppress populations ofT. urticae, but not ofT. evansi. Based on the marginal number of spider mites killed in laboratory trials, the observed biocontrol effect on full tomato plants might not be due to direct predation but to a plant-mediated indirect impact. The oviposition ofT. urticaewas found to be significantly lower on tomato leaflets pre-exposed toP. ubiquitusas compared to non-exposed leaflets. The oviposition rate ofT. evansiwas not affected by previous exposure of the tomato host plant toP. ubiquitus. We demonstrated thatP. ubiquitusreduces the population growth ofT. urticaeon tomato plants. Further large-scale field trials need to confirm the findings of the present study.
A Positive Regulatory Feedback Loop Between EKLF/ KLF1 and TAL1/SCL Sustaining the Erythropoiesis
Authors: Hung Chun-Hao , Huang Yu-Szu , Lee Tung-Liang , Yang Kang-Chung , Shyu Yu-Chiau , Wen Shau-Ching , Lu Mu-Jie , Yuan Shinsheng , Shen Che-Kun James
Published: April 2021

The erythroid Krüppel-like factor EKLF/KLF1 is a hematopoietic transcription factor binding to CACCC DNA motif and participating in the regulation of erythroid differentiation. With combined use of microarray-based gene expression profiling and promoter-based ChIP-chip assay of E14.5 fetal liver cells from wild type (WT) and EKLF-knockout (Eklf−/−) mouse embryos, we have identified the pathways and direct target genes activated or repressed by EKLF. This genome-wide study together with molecular/cellular analysis of mouse erythroleukemic cells (MEL) indicate that among the downstream direct target genes of EKLF isTal1/Scl.Tal1/Sclencodes another DNA-binding hematopoietic transcription factor TAL1/SCL known to be anEklfactivator and essential for definitive erythroid differentiation. Further identification of the authenticTallgene promoter in combination within vivogenomic footprinting approach and DNA reporter assay demonstrate that EKLF activatesTallgene through binding to a specific CACCC motif located in its promoter. These data establish the existence of a previously unknow positive regulatory feedback loop between two DNA-binding hematopoietic transcription factors that sustains the mammalian erythropoiesis.
Natural variations in reproductive timing of brood size and X-chromosome nondisjunction inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lim Jiseon , Kim Jun , Lee Junho
Published: April 2021

Reproductive timing underlies self-sperm production and X-chromosome nondisjunction rate inCaenorhabditis elegans. These traits can be measured as brood size and male-production rate, and brood size decreases and male-production rate increases as worms age. These phenotypic changes occur simultaneously; however, whether these changes share common underlying genetic architectures still remains unclear. To enhance our understanding of reproductive timing inC. elegans, we measured and compared these two reproductive timing-related traits of 96 wild strains during early, late and total reproductive periods. We found that the two traits exhibited natural phenotypic variation with few outliers and a similar reproductive timing pattern as previous reports. The brood size and the male-production rate were not genetically correlated, implying that they might have different genetic architectures and that meiosis quality can be maintained despite increased progeny-production in the late reproductive period caused by more self-sperm. We also identified loci and candidate genetic variants significantly associated with male-production rate in the late and total reproductive periods. Our results provide an insight into life history traits in wildC. elegansstrains.
Rare morph Lake Malawi mbuna cichlids benefit from reduced aggression from con- and hetero-specifics
Authors: Tyers Alexandra M. , Cooke Gavan M. , Turner George F.
Published: April 2021

Balancing selection is important for the maintenance of polymorphism as it can prevent either fixation of one morph through directional selection or genetic drift, or speciation by disruptive selection. Polychromatism can be maintained if the fitness of alternative morphs depends on the relative frequency in a population. In aggressive species, negative frequency-dependent antagonism can prevent an increase in the frequency of rare morphs as they would only benefit from increased fitness while they are rare. Heterospecific aggression is common in nature and has the potential to contribute to rare morph advantage. Here we carry out field observations and laboratory aggression experiments with mbuna cichlids from Lake Malawi, to investigate the role of con- and heterospecific aggression in the maintenance of polychromatism and identify benefits to rare mores which are likely to result from reduced aggression. Within species we found that males and females bias aggression towards their own morph, adding to the evidence that inherent own-morph aggression biases can contribute to balancing selection. Over-representation of rare morph territory owners may be influenced by two factors; higher tolerance of different morph individuals as neighbours, and ability of rare morphs to spend more time feeding. Reduced aggression to rare morph individuals by heterospecifics may also contribute to rare morph advantage.
Field microenvironments regulate crop diel transcript and metabolite rhythms
Authors: Dantas Luíza Lane Barros , Dourado Maíra Marins , de Lima Natalia Oliveira , Cavaçana Natale , Nishiyama Milton Yutaka , Souza Glaucia Mendes , Carneiro Monalisa Sampaio , Caldana Camila , Hotta Carlos Takeshi
Published: April 2021

Most research in plant chronobiology was done in laboratory conditions. However, they usually fail to mimic natural conditions and their slight fluctuations, highlighting or obfuscating rhythmicity. High-density crops, such as sugarcane (Saccharumhybrid), generate field microenvironments with specific light and temperature due to mutual shading.

We measured the metabolic and transcriptional rhythms in the leaves of 4-month-old (4 mo) and 9 mo sugarcane grown in the field. Most of the assayed rhythms in 9 mo sugarcane peaked >1 h later than in 4 mo sugarcane, including rhythms of the circadian clock gene,LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL(LHY).

We hypothesized that older sugarcane perceives dawn later than younger sugarcane due to self-shading. As a test, we measuredLHYrhythms in plants on the east and the west side of a field. We also tested if a wooden wall built between lines of sugarcane changed their rhythms. TheLHYpeak was delayed in the plants in the west of the field or beyond the wall; both shaded at dawn.

We conclude that plants in the same field may have different phases due to field microenvironments, impacting important agronomical traits, such as flowering time, stalk weight and number.
Stopping a Continuous Movement: A Novel Approach to Investigating Motor Control
Authors: Schultz Kelsey E. , Denning Dominique , Hufnagel Vanessa , Swann Nicole
Published: April 2021

Flexible, adaptive behavior is critically dependent on inhibitory control. For example, if you suddenly notice you are about to step on a tack and would prefer not to, the ability to halt your ongoing movement is critical. To address limitations in existing approaches for studying your ability to rapidly terminate your movement (“stopping”), we developed a novel stop task. This task requires termination of ongoing motor programs, provides a direct measure of SSRT, and allows for comparison of the same behavior (stopping) in conditions that elicit either prepared or reactive inhibitory control. Here, we present and evaluate our novel Continuous Movement Stop Task (CMST). We examined several versions of the task in a total of 49 participants. Our data reveal that the CMST is effectively able to dissociate stopping behavior between the planned and unplanned conditions. Additionally, within the subset of participants for which we measured speed, we found that participants initiated stopping (with respect to the stop signal) significantly earlier on planned stop compared to unplanned stop trials. Finally, participants took longer to arrive at full motor arrest (i.e. SSRT) following stop initiation on planned than on unplanned stop trials. This novel task design will enable a more precise quantification of stopping behavior and, in conjunction with neuroscientific methods, could provide more rigorous characterization of brain networks underlying stopping.