bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupling technologies for Earth System Modelling
Authors: Valcke S. , Balaji V. , Craig A. , DeLuca C. , Dunlap R. , Ford R. W. , Jacob R. , Larson J. , O'Kuinghttons R. , Riley G. D. , Vertenstein M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. This paper presents a review of the software currently used in climate modelling in general and in CMIP5 in particular to couple the numerical codes representing the different components of the Earth system. The coupling technologies presented show common features, such as the ability to communicate and regrid data, but also offer different functions and implementations. Design characteristics of the different approaches are discussed as well as future challenges arising from the increasing complexity of scientific problems and computing platforms.
Local sensitivity analysis for compositional data with application to soil texture in hydrologic modelling
Authors: Loosvelt L. , Vernieuwe H. , Pauwels V. R. N. , De Baets B. , Verhoest N. E. C.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Compositional data, such as soil texture, are hard to deal with in the geosciences as standard statistical methods are often inappropriate to analyse this type of data. Especially in sensitivity analysis, the closed character of the data is often ignored. To that end, we developed a method to assess the local sensitivity of a model output w.r.t. a compositional model input. We adapted the finite difference technique such that the different parts of the input are perturbed simultaneously while the closed character of the data is preserved. We applied this method to a hydrologic model and assessed the sensitivity of the simulated soil moisture content to local changes in soil texture. Based on a high number of model runs, in which the soil texture was varied across the entire texture triangle, we identified zones of high sensitivity in the texture triangle. In such zones, the model output uncertainty induced by the discrepancy between the scale of measurement and the scale of model application, is advised to be reduced through additional data collection. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis provided more insight into the hydrologic model behaviour as it revealed how the model sensitivity is related to the shape of the soil moisture retention curve.
How Friendly are Family Friendly Policies?
Authors: Albrecht Gloria H.
Published: July 2012

In the last two decades the composition of the labor force in the United States has changed significantly. Today, most employees are mothers or fathers of children under eighteen in families where both parents are employed or where the employed parent is a single mother. This represents a reversal of the older family ideal in which a father worked to provide income and a mother performed the domestic work that sustained families. The practices of business and much of the attention of business ethicists have assumed the older ideal. However, the wage work of mothers raises serious concerns about how business should view their parent-employees. Business has responded with family friendly corporate policies. This article analyzes these policies in light of two particular values: The social equality of women and the well-being of families. Finding current policies inadequate to meet these values, this paper calls for renewed ethical attention to the issues of time demands on employees and just wages.
Exploring the Ethics and Economics of Global Labor Standards: A Challenge to Integrated Social Contract Theory
Authors: Hartman Laura P. , Shaw Bill , Stevenson Rodney
Published: July 2012

The challenge that confronts corporate decision-makers in connection with global labor conditions is often in identifying the standards by which they should govern themselves. In an effort to provide greater direction in the face of possible global cultural conflicts, ethicists Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee draw on social contract theory to develop a method for identifying basic human rights: Integrated Social Contract Theory (ISCT). In this paper, we apply ISCT to the challenge of global labor standards, attempting to identify labor rights that could serve as guides for corporations producing or outsourcing outside of their home country. In addition to identifying areas of universal agreement, we also examine whether ISCT is, in fact, a sufficient basis for determining worker rights; we seek to define the parameters of the “sweatshop” problem; we include the application and results of our ISCT analysis as applied to labor standards: the global labor rights hypernorms; and conclude that ISCT is sufficient only for rights that are universal. We also discuss whether market-driven decisions can identify the boundaries of labor rights, or at least assure that market outcomes are compatible with maintaining labor rights, in order to respond to the shortcomings of ISCT. We conclude with some comments on directions of analysis for labor rights determination.
Sweatshops and Respect for Persons
Authors: Arnold Denis G. , Bowie Norman E.
Published: July 2012

This article applies the Kantian doctrine of respect for persons to the problem of sweatshops. We argue that multinational enterprises are properly regarded as responsible for the practices of their subcontractors and suppliers. We then argue that multinational enterprises have the following duties in their off-shore manufacturing facilities: to ensure that local labor laws are followed; to refrain from coercion; to meet minimum safety standards; and to provide a living wage for employees. Finally, we consider and reply to the objection that improving health and safety conditions and providing a living wage will cause greater harm than good.
The Importance of Value Diversity in Corporate Life
Authors: Eastman Wayne , Santoro Michael
Published: July 2012

Donaldson and Dunfee (1999) suggest in a brief discussion that a manager may in some cases rely on his or her own values in making organizational decisions. Our paper examines the role of diversity in values in an organizational context. Our central contention is that value diversity among managers, employees, and other stakeholders on dimensions such as prudence-boldness, clarity-flexibility, and rigor-mercy is highly useful for an organization. We introduce nontechnical models of individual and board decision-making in which value diversity cuts across group interests that would otherwise control the decision. In these models, decision-makers who are influenced by values such as prudence or boldness as well as by their group interests are more likely to avoid suboptimal decisions, because their weaker but not their more intense group interests are likely to be overridden by their cross-cutting value inclinations.
Are Director Equity Policies Exclusionary?
Authors: Daily Catherine M. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines two recent trends relative to boards of directors’ compensation, and their potential incompatibility. There has been some progress in increasing board diversity, specifically the inclusion of women and minorities on boards. The increasing trend requiring directors to hold/purchase equity as a requirement of board membership may seriously compromise further improvements in diversifying boards. Also, an increasing number of companies compensate directors partially or fully in stock grants and options. These compensation policies may be exclusionary, especially for women and minorities, impacting the quality of boardroom discussions and decisions. This study systematically examines whether corporations requiring director equity are exclusionary toward women and minority directors. Contrary to being exclusionary, companies with director stock requirements and annual stock awards have greater representation by women and minorities on their board. Moreover, larger companies are both more likely to have such policies and have higher proportions of women and minorities on the board.
The Effects of Context on Trust in Firm-Stakeholder Relationships: The Institutional Environment, Trust Creation, and Firm Performance
Authors: Wicks Andrew C. , Berman Shawn L.
Published: July 2012

Recent work on the subject speaks to the importance trust has for firm performance (e.g., Hagen and Choe, 1999; Hill, 1995). Yet little work has been done to show how context affects the ability of firms to create trust in relationships with key stakeholders. This paper looks at how the institutional environment may affect the performance of different strategies for managing firm-stakeholder relationships, and in turn, how this affects firm performance. The authors put forward propositions that build on these theoretical insights and offer prospects for future empirical work.
The Fragile Structure of Free-Market Society
Authors: Dubbink Wim
Published: July 2012

In this article thinking on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is compared with the dominant political theory of the market: the neoclassical theory. The comparison shows that thinking on CSR fundamentally collides with that theory. For example, their respective normative views on man are incompatible, as are their respective views on the modus operandi of the market. Given that CSR is desirable it follows that a new political theory of the market is needed. This article suggests some initial steps toward developing that new political theory of the market. For example, it defends the proposition that the neoclassical idea of the market as a harmonic sphere must be replaced by the idea of the market as a fragile system.
Future Generations and Business Ethics
Authors: Jeurissen Ronald , Keijzers Gerard
Published: July 2012

Companies have a share in our common responsibility to future generations. Hitherto, this responsibility has been all but neglected in the business ethics literature. This paper intends to make up for that omission. A strong case for our moral responsibility to future generations can be established on the grounds of moral rights theory, utilitarianism and justice theory. The paper analyses two practical cases in environmental policy, in order to come to grips with the complicated ethical issues involved in the responsibility to future generations. The cases deal with the management of finite energy sources and of vulnerable resources of biodiversity. The ethical issues involved in these cases have an important bearing on business ethics: future generations should be included among the stakeholders of the firm. The paper concludes with a plea to institutionalize a “third arena” for debate and deliberation on the protection of the interests of future generations, next to the arenas of the government and the market. Companies should participate in this third arena, led by a participatory ethics.
The Ethics of Mentoring
Authors: Moberg Dennis J. , Velasquez Manuel
Published: July 2012

Mentoring is an age-old process that continues to be practiced in most contemporary organizations. Although mentors are often heralded as virtuous agents of essential continuity, mentoring commonly results in serious dysfunctions. Not only do mentors too often exclude people different from themselves, but also the people they mentor are frequently abused in the process. Based on the conception of mentor as a quasi-professional, this paper lays out the ethical responsibilities of both parties in the mentoring process.
Getting to the Bottom of “Triple Bottom Line”
Authors: Norman Wayne , MacDonald Chris
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we examine critically the notion of “Triple Bottom Line” accounting. We begin by asking just what it is that supporters of the Triple Bottom Line idea advocate, and attempt to distil specific, assessable claims from the vague, diverse, and sometimes contradictory uses of the Triple Bottom Line rhetoric. We then use these claims as a basis upon which to argue (a) that what is sound about the idea of a Triple Bottom Line is not novel, and (b) that what is novel about the idea is not sound. We argue on both conceptual and practical grounds that the Triple Bottom Line is an unhelpful addition to current discussions of corporate social responsibility. Finally, we argue that the Triple Bottom Line paradigm cannot be rescued simply by attenuating its claims: the rhetoric is badly misleading, and may in fact provide a smokescreen behind which firms can avoid truly effective social and environmental reporting and performance.
The Imperfect Nature of Corporate Responsibilities to Stakeholders
Authors: Lea David
Published: July 2012

In this paper, I specifically consider the issue of corporate governance and normative stakeholder theory. In doing so, I argue that stakeholder theory and responsibilities to non-shareholder constituencies can be made more intelligible by reference to Kant’s conception of perfect and imperfect duties. I draw upon Onora O’Neill’s (1996) work, Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructivist Account of Practical Reasoning. In her text O’Neill underlines a number of relevant issues including: the integration of particularist and universalist accounts of morality; the priority of obligations over rights; the importance of the distinction between imperfect and perfect duties; and the relation between the virtues and imperfect duties. On the basis of the foregoing analysis, the paper argues that business ethicists should avoid recommending the institutionalising of stakeholder responsibilities in terms of legally defined sets of stakeholder rights. Instead, we should regard stakeholder responsibilities as uniformalised imperfect duties. Conceiving responsibilities to all stakeholder groups in this manner, allows the firm the freedom to perfect these duties in ways appropriate to cultural and societal setting, and in accordance with the capacity to do so.
Looking for Answers in All the Wrong Places
Authors: Spurgin Earl W.
Published: July 2012

In recent years, many business ethicists have raised problems with the “ethics pays” credo. Despite these problems, many continue to hold it. I argue that support for the credo leads business ethicists away from a potentially fruitful approach found in Hume’s moral philosophy. I begin by demonstrating that attempts to support the credo fail because proponents are trying to provide an answer to the “Why be moral?” question that is based on rational self-interest. Then, I show that Hume’s sentiments-based moral theory provides an alternative to the credo that points toward a more fruitful approach to business ethics. Along the way, I examine a recent social contract alternative to the credo that, despite many appealing features, is less effective than is the Humean alternative. Finally, I develop a Humean approach to business ethics and demonstrate why it is a desirable alternative that business ethicists should explore.
The Altruists’ Dilemma
Authors: Grant Colin
Published: July 2012

The claim of neutrality made on behalf of “The Prisoner’s Dilemma” has been re-enforced by Kay Mathiesen’s creation of “The Altruist’s Dilemma.” That this represents a neutral variation on “The Prisoner’s Dilemma” is compromised, however, by the failure of “The Altruist’s Dilemma” to deal with altruism in a full sense. The difference illustrates how, in contrast to its professed neutrality, “The Prisoner’s Dilemma” involves very definite views of humanity and the nature of life itself. This is confirmed by Mathiesen’s misreading of O. Henry’s “The Gift of the Magi.”
The Structural Origins of Conflicts of Interest in the Accounting Profession
Authors: Boyd Colin
Published: July 2012

This paper describes the professional ethical context behind the failure of Arthur Andersen’s audit of Enron. It is argued that the evolution of extreme industrial concentration in the accounting profession, and the subsequent unrestrained diversification of the “Big Five” accounting firms were the sources of multiple conflicts of interest that were unresolved by the time of the Enron debacle. In the post-Enron era, the problems of commercial conflicts of interest and of highly concentrated power in the profession remain important issues.

Accountancy is believed by its practitioners to be a profession, not a commercial venture. (Magill, Previts, and Robinson 1998: 4)
The Philosophy and Rhetoric of Auditor Independence Concepts
Authors: Reiter Sara Ann , Williams Paul F.
Published: July 2012

This paper analyzes the rhetoric surrounding the profession’s presentations of auditor independence. We trace the evolution of the character of the auditor from Professional Man in the early years of the twentieth century to the more public and abstract figures of Judicial Man and Economic Man. The changing character of the auditor in the profession’s narratives of legitimation reflects changes in the role of auditing, in the economic environment, and in the values of American society. Economic man is a self-interested and shallow character who offered the auditing profession little protection against involvement in corporate scandals. In the wake of recent accounting scandals, the profession is calling for a return to the character of Professional Man to restore trust in audits and the financial markets.

We also analyze the philosophical bases of the metaphors surrounding auditor independence. These metaphors, particularly the metaphor of independence as separation, create problems in conceptualizing independence concepts. How can you discuss appropriate relationships when your basic concept is one of separation, or no relationship? On the other hand, relational concepts of independence are also flawed if they are not based on a firm moral foundation. We suggest how the profession can act to rebuild its moral foundation through recognition of collective responsibility.
Innovative Stakeholder Relations: When “Ethics Pays” (and When it Doesn’t)
Authors: Harting Troy R. , Harmeling Susan S. , Venkataraman S.
Published: July 2012

Business ethicists are eager to connect the ethical treatment of stakeholders with financial rewards. However, little attention has been paid to the cultural and industry context that influences how stakeholders are regarded by the firm, and how innovative strategies for engaging stakeholders can help a firm outperform its competitors. By reconnecting stakeholder theory to its roots in the field of strategy, we provide a framework for understanding the dynamic interplay between stakeholder relationships, innovation, and competitive advantage. The result is a set of testable propositions aimed at better characterizing when and how “ethics pays” (Paine 2003).
The Virtue of Courage in Entrepreneurship: Engaging the Catholic Social Tradition and the Life-Cycle of the Business
Authors: Naughton Michael J. , Cornwall Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2012

The paper examines the problematic understanding of “risk” in entrepreneurial literature that locates courage in either the loss or gain of having or in the difficulty and hardship of the doing. We argue in this paper that what is lost in this vernacular view of courage is a deeper notion of the subjective dimension of work and the social need of society. Grounded within the Catholic social and moral tradition, we find a richer notion of courage, which in part corrects and rounds out the insufficient description of the vernacular understanding of courage in entrepreneurship. What we also find in this account of the virtues and subjective dimension of work is greater explanatory power of what happens to the entrepreneur in the work that he or she does. The end result of this analysis is a more spiritual, ethical and social understanding of entrepreneurship.
Globalization, Interconnectedness, and Wal-Mart the Bully - The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First CenturyL. Friedman Thomas New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005; 488 pages, $27.30 hardcover, ISBN 0-374-29288-4
Authors: Collins Denis
Published: July 2012

Assume that I am starting a business in Madison, Wisconsin, producing desks for professors,” I tell my students at the beginning of a lecture about Marxism. “I ask the Business School dean how much he paid for his current inventory of worn-out desks. The actual price was $500. How much does he tell me?”

“Four hundred fifty dollars!” a student shouts from the back of the room.
Cross-Sector Alliance Learning and Effectiveness of Voluntary Codes of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Arya Bindu , Salk Jane E.
Published: July 2012

Firms and industries increasingly subscribe to voluntary codes of conduct. These self-regulatory governance systems can be effective in establishing a more sustainable and inclusive global economy. However, these codes can also be largely symbolic, reactive measures to quell public criticism. Cross-sector alliances (between for-profit and nonprofit actors) present a learning platform for infusing participants with greater incentives to be socially responsible. They can provide multinationals new capabilities that allow them to more closely ally social responsibility with economic performance. This paper examines learning facilitators in cross-sector alliances that enrich corporate understanding of stakeholder concerns. It suggests that these organizational learning experiments can translate into globally responsible practices and processes that improve the content and effectiveness of voluntary corporate codes.
A Human Rights Approach to Developing Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations
Authors: Campbell Tom
Published: July 2012

The criticism that voluntary codes of conduct are ineffective can be met by giving greater centrality to human rights in such codes. Provided the human rights obligations of multinational corporations are interpreted as moral obligations specifically tailored to the situation of multinational corporations, this could serve to bring powerful moral force to bear on MNCs and could provide a legitimating basis for NGO monitoring and persuasion. Approached in this way the human rights obligations of MNCs can be taken to include support for political as well as economic rights. This will go some way towards filling the regulatory gap created by the difficulty of controlling the activities of corporations operating globally. However, such a proposal will require a measure of ‘meta-regulation’ whereby the operations of MNCs are legally required to be sufficiently transparent to create the conditions for effective external moral scrutiny
Online Brands and Trademark Conflicts: A Hegelian Perspective
Authors: Spinello Richard A.
Published: July 2012

The Internet presents opportunities for corporations to efficiently build their brands online and to enhance their global reach. But there are threats as well as opportunities, since anti-branding and free-riding activities are easier in cyberspace. One such threat is the unauthorized incorporation of a trademark into a domain name. This can lead to trademark dilution and cause consumer confusion. But some users claim a right to use these trademarks for the purpose of parody or criticism. Underlying these trademark conflicts is the familiar tension between property rights and free speech rights. While some trademark scholars are reluctant to consider a trademark as property, we find strong support for the property paradigm in Hegel’s philosophy. Assuming that a trademark is an earned property right, we propose that a trademark owner should be allowed to control the permutations of its trademark incorporated into domain names unless a reasonable person would not confuse that domain name with the company’s mark. But we also conclude that there must be latitude to employ a domain name for negative editorial comment, so long as the source and purpose of that domain name is plainly apparent.
Up From Flatland: Business Ethics in the Age of Divergence
Authors: Hasnas John
Published: July 2012

The corporate scandals of the past few years have brought renewed attention to the problem of curtailing dishonest and fraudulent business practices, a problem on which strategic, ethical, and law enforcement interests should be aligned. Unfortunately, several features of federal criminal law and federal law enforcement policy have driven a wedge into this alignment, forcing managers to choose between their ethical obligations and their obligation to obey the law or aid law enforcement. In this article, I examine the nature and implications of the growing divergence between managers’ ethical and legal obligations. After describing the traditional approach to business ethics analysis, I identify the features of federal criminal law and law enforcement policy that are responsible for the divergence and show how they are undermining the efficacy of the traditional approach. I illustrate this effect with the issue of workplace confidentiality. I then argue that the traditional approach must be reformed to give explicit recognition to the legal dimension of normative analysis, and demonstrate how such a reformed approach would function by applying it to three illustrative issues—organizational justice, privacy, and ethical auditing—and supplying a case study—KPMG's allegedly abusive tax shelters.
The Ethics of Price Gouging
Authors: Zwolinski Matt
Published: July 2012

Price gouging occurs when, in the wake of an emergency, sellers of a certain necessary goods sharply raise their prices beyond the level needed to cover increased costs. Most people think that price gouging is immoral, and most states have laws rendering the practice a civil or criminal offense. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the philosophic issues surrounding price gouging, and to argue that the common moral condemnation of it is largely mistaken. I will make this argument in three steps, by rebutting three widely held beliefs about the ethics of price gouging: 1) that laws prohibiting price gouging are morally justified, 2) that price gouging is morally impermissible behavior, even if it ought not be illegal, and 3) that price gouging reflects poorly on the moral character of those who engage in it, even if the act itself is not morally impermissible.
The Uses and Abuses of Agency Theory
Authors: Heath Joseph
Published: July 2012

The use of agency theory remains highly controversial among business ethicists. While some regard it as an essential tool for analyzing and understanding the recent spate of corporate ethics scandals, others argue that these scandals might not even have occurred had it not been for the widespread teaching of agency theory in business schools. This paper presents a qualified defense of agency theory against these charges, first by identifying the theoretical commitments that are essential to the theory (in order to distinguish between agency theory itself and certain incorrect interpretations that have been widely promulgated), and second, by specifying more clearly the different ways that agency theory can be used to analyze relations within the firm. The recommendation that follows from this analysis is that agency theory be used as a critical-diagnostic tool, to identify the points at which both firms and markets will be vulnerable to breakdown in the absence of moral constraint.
Principles of Managerial Moral Responsibility
Authors: Soule Edward , Hedahl Marcus , Dienhart John
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to formulate and defend a set of moral principles applicable to management. Our motivation is twofold: 1) to increase the coherence and utility of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT); and 2) to initiate an alternative stream of business ethics research. To those ends, we specify what counts as adequate guidance in navigating the ethical terrain of business. In doing so, a key element of ISCT, Substantive Hypernorms, is found to be flawed beyond repair. So we propose and defend a remedy:prima faciemoral principles. After delineating the appropriate criteria and format for such principles, we formulate, explain, and defend five of them. We conclude with a brief comment on future research possibilities.
Making Sense of Whistle-Blowing's Antecedents: Learning from Research on Identity and Ethics Programs
Authors: Vadera Abhijeet K. , Aguilera Ruth V. , Caza Brianna B.
Published: July 2012

Despite a significant increase in whistle-blowing practices in work organizations, we know little about what differentiates whistle-blowers from those who observe a wrongdoing but chose not to report it. In this review article, we first highlight the arenas in which research on whistle-blowing has produced inconsistent results and those in which the findings have been consistent. Second, we propose that the adoption of an identity approach will help clarify the inconsistent findings and extend prior work on individual-level motives behind whistle-blowing. Third, we argue that the integration of the whistle-blowing research with that on ethics programs will aid in systematically expanding our understanding of the situational antecedents of whistle-blowing. We conclude our review by discussing new theoretical and methodological arenas of research in the domain of whistle-blowing.
Stem Cell Network: World's First Stem Cell Network Remains True to Mission
Authors: Lyall Drew
Published: July 2012

The Stem Cell Network (SCN), established in 2001 as part of Canada's Networks of Centres of Excellence program, supports leading-edge projects that translate research discoveries into new and better treatments for millions of patients in Canada and around the world. Drew Lyall, executive director of the SCN, discusses the organization's mission and accomplishments.
Don't Let Your Control System Control You
Authors: Magda Mark
Published: July 2012

This article discusses some simple guidelines to follow to ensure that control valves operate optimally and provide years of trouble‐free service.
Strategies Help Employees Cope With Change
Authors: West Rebecca F.
Published: July 2012

Water utilities face a continuous wave of change that affects employee morale and productivity. Understanding the “people side” of organizational change can be challenging. This article offers a few strategies that can help.
What Should I Know About Membrane Integrity Testing to Comply With LT2ESWTR?
Authors: Liu Charles
Published: July 2012

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published the Long‐Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) more than six years ago. To comply with the rule, many utilities have chosen low‐pressure membranes ‐ microfiltration and ultrafiltration ‐ which are effective for pathogen removal as long as membrane integrity is intact. However, membrane integrity must be verified. This article sums up the basics of membrane integrity testing in 10 questions and answers.
Safety by the Numbers
Authors: Ryan Dan
Published: July 2012

When “safety” and “numbers” are mentioned in the workplace, people automatically start thinking about the number and costs of work‐related injuries, as well as the unnecessary pain and suffering that accompany them. Workplace safety can't be overlooked. Unsafe practices and conditions can jeopardize workers, equipment, service, and an organization's finances. As companies and communities struggle to make ends meet, investing in safety is an easy way to protect employees and avoid the direct and indirect costs of injuries.
La stratification des matières scolaires chez les enseignants du primaire au Québec: évolution ou stabilité des représentations depuis 1981
Authors: Lenoir Yves , Larose François , Grenon Vincent , Hasni Abdelkrim
Published: July 2012

Cet article fait état de l'évolution, de 1981 à 1998, des représentations sociales d'enseignants québécois du primaire relatives à la hiérarchisation des matières scolaires qui forment le curriculum de l'enseignement primaire. Les résultats, qui découlent plus particulièrement de trois recherches menées durant les années quatre-vingt-dix, montrent l'existence d'une forte stratification des matières scolaires où le français et les mathématiques occupent une position hégémonique, quel que soit l'angle d'approche considéré: l'importance des matières scolaires, la distinction entre matières de base et matières secondaires, le temps d'enseignement, la complémentarité entre les matières scolaires. L'existence d'une relation entre la hiérarchisation des matières et les conceptions sociales de la formation d'un élève du primaire est alors mise en évidence.
Analyse de l'efficacité d'interventions sur le transfert des apprentissages en mathématiques
Authors: Presseau1 Annie
Published: July 2012

L'étude, qui se fonde sur un cadre théorique sociocognitiviste, cerne le rôle d'interventions sur le transfert des apprentissages en mathématiques en identifiant sur quelles opérations cognitives elles influent. Cette recherche exploratoire, qui est de type expérience formatrice, emprunte à l'étude de cas et au protocole expérimental. Les résultats font ressortir que les deux participants ont effectué relativement peu de transferts, surtout explicites, et ce, malgré les interventions posées. Certaines explications et propositions d'interventions propices au transfert sont néanmoins dégagées de la recherche.
Fécondité différentielle des immigrants et des natifs : Québec, 1976-1996
Authors: Tossou * Ayéko A.
Published: July 2012

Cet article vise principalement à mesurer la fécondité relative des immigrantes par rapport à celle des natives, au Québec, entre 1976 et 1996. Il montre que la fécondité des immigrantes est nettement plus élevée. Il établit aussi qu’au cours de cette période, la partie de la région métropolitaine de recensement (RMR) de Montréal située en dehors de l’île de Montréal et de Laval forme une « ceinture » de forte fécondité relative autour du noyau urbain central. Dans ce noyau central, les niveaux d’indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) des natives sont très faibles (1,1 à 1,2), atteignant environ la moitié de ceux des immigrantes (2,2 à 2,8). L’apport net de celles-ci à la fécondité totale observée est, en moyenne, de 0,1 point d’ISF pour le Québec et pour la RMR de Montréal, contre 0,3 point pour l’île de Montréal, où les immigrants sont plus concentrés. Cet apport additionnel vaut en moyenne 5, 9, et 18 pour cent de l’ISF total respectif dans chacune de ces trois régions.
L’approche néo-institutionnaliste en science politique : unité ou diversité?
Authors: Lecours André
Published: July 2012

Cet article est une introduction à ce numéro spécial sur le néo-institutionnalisme. Il accomplit trois tâches. Tout d’abord, il contextualise l’émergence du néo-institutionnalisme dans la trajectoire de la science politique, principalement américaine. Dans ce contexte, il explique que cette approche est divisée en trois branches (historique, du choix rationnel et sociologique) dont il présente les variantes internes. Ensuite, il mesure l’étendue et l’importance des différences entre ces trois branches tout en discutant des conséquences de cette diversité. Ici, l’article suggère qu’une synthèse serait difficile et que l’hétérogénéité de l’approche ne devrait pas être vue comme une faiblesse. En dernier lieu, le texte présente les articles du numéro.
Ancien et nouvel institutionnalisme dans l’étude de la politique contestataire
Authors: Giugni Marco
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’intéresse à l’institutionnalisme dans l’étude de la politique contestataire. Nous faisons une distinction entre un ancien institutionnalisme qui met l’accent avant tout sur le rôle des institutions politiques et des opportunités institutionnelles (accès au système politique, configuration du pouvoir, stratégies des autorités, etc.), d’un côté, et un nouvel institutionnalisme qui se propose de réintroduire la notion de culture ainsi que les aspects discursifs des opportunités politiques, de l’autre. Le néo-institutionnalisme permet ainsi de combiner les facteurs politico-institutionnels et culturels dans l’étude de la politique contestataire. Un bref exemple portant sur la mobilisation politique des migrants illustre les avantages heuristiques de cette approche et de son corollaire méthodologique, soit l’analyse des revendications politiques dans l’espace public.
L’héritage institutionnaliste de la science politique au Canada anglais*
Authors: Smith Miriam
Published: July 2012

L’article explore la tradition institutionnaliste du Canada anglais et présente un bref historique de sa montée et de son développement à la lumière de documents clés propres à différentes périodes historiques. L’article compare l’évolution de cette tradition au Canada anglais à celle qui s’est manifestée dans le cadre plus large de l’institutionnalisme historique en politique comparée. On y fait valoir que l’institutionnalisme du Canada anglais constitue une riche tradition, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à ses dimensions descriptive et normative. L’institutionnalisme du Canada anglais s’est articulé autour du remaniement de l’État canadien dans le cadre des défis posés par le problème de l’« unité nationale ». À l’heure actuelle, les ouvrages continuent d’être axés sur la dimension descriptive de ce courant, bien que l’institutionnalisme historique en tant que programme intellectuel exerce une influence considérable dans le domaine de l’étude des politiques.
TERUSB III: A System Description
Authors: Raventós De Castro Dolores
Published: July 2012

On cite d'abord dans l'ordre chronologique les sept phases du développement du TERUSB III puis, on élabore sur chacun des 4 niveaux d'implantation des systèmes TIS avant d'expliquer la fonction de chaque sous-système du TERUSB III. Ensuite, la version 1.0 du TERUSB III est décrite à l'aide de quelques options disponibles dans le menu principal et certains aspects étudiés pour l'élaboration de la prochaine version sont exposés. On mentionne enfin des emplois possibles du système et ses applications nationales et internationales.
Des pratiques novatrices pour la prévention du suicide au Québec : un défi de société
Authors: Mishara Brian L.
Published: July 2012

Le suicide est un problème différent et particulier. C’est un événement rare et multi-déterminé qui soulève à la fois des questions déontologiques et pratiques en recherche tout en constituant un événement désastreux consciemment choisi par les victimes. Chacune de ses caractéristiques pose des défis et représente des occasions intéressantes d’innovation. Cet article décrit la spécificité de la problématique du suicide et explique le peu d’innovation dans la prévention du suicide au Québec. À titre d’exemple, quelques pistes possibles d’innovation en suicidologie sont proposées. Il existe au Québec de nombreuses possibilités en matière de prévention du suicide. L’auteur estime que le moment est venu de créer plus de projets novateurs au lieu de continuer à répéter ce qui a déjà été fait (effectuer des recherches sur des variables déjà étudiées et monter des projets traditionnels).
La psychiatrie sous influence
Authors: Mallette Louise
Published: July 2012

L’histoire de la folie et de la psychiatrie a témoigné de l’influence socioculturelle dans la conception, l’étiologie, l’expression et le traitement des souffrances psychiques. Après un bref survol historique, l’auteur porte son attention sur les conditions sociales, politiques et économiques contemporaines et leur influence sur le fait psychiatrique. La prépondérance des valeurs économiques et des « processus économétriques » qui pénètrent de plus en plus l’organisation de l’État, de ses institutions et de la science, favorise l’uniformisation et la fragmentation des conceptions et des traitements. Les théories organiciste et mécaniciste des troubles psychiques ainsi que le traitement des symptômes sans égard à la subjectivité humaine et au social occupent de plus en plus le champ clinique. En conclusion, l’auteur rappelle les dimensions considérées comme les plus déterminantes de changement et de mieux-être des personnes utilisatrices de services de santé mentale.
Ouverture ostentatoire à la diversité et cosmopolitisme
Authors: Fridman Viviana , Ollivier Michèle
Published: July 2012

Ce texte vise à cerner certains des enjeux du discours actuel sur la diversité. Notre première piste de recherche est que la valorisation de l’éclectisme et du cosmopolitisme culturels, que nous appelons plus précisément l’ouverture ostentatoire à la diversité, s’inscrit dans un univers discursif plus large, fondé sur un ensemble hiérarchisé d’oppositions dont les manifestations traversent l’ensemble de la vie sociale : ce qui est différent, ouvert, éclectique, cosmopolite, branché et donc désirable se trouve opposé à l’unitaire, à l’homogène, au fermé, au rétrograde et donc à l’indésirable. Notre deuxième piste de recherche est que l’accentuation symbolique de ces oppositions produit dans différents champs des effets remarquablement similaires. Dans l’univers du goût, l’ouverture ostentatoire à la diversité fonctionne comme capital culturel, au sens bourdieusien d’un trait culturel largement reconnu comme désirable mais dont les conditions d’appropriation sont inégalement distribuées. Dans le domaine politique, le discours de l’ouverture à la diversité est déployé par des groupes — classes, nations, ethnies — différemment situés dans des rapports de pouvoir pour légitimer leurs propres pratiques et dévaloriser celles de groupes avec lesquels ils sont en tension.
Le passage à des goûts omnivores : notions, faits et perspectives1
Authors: Peterson Richard A.
Published: July 2012

Cet article porte sur la transformation radicale que subit la construction du capital culturel. En1950, une personne de statut élevé se reconnaissait à son goût pour les arts et à son dédain pour les divertissements populaires, et de telles dispositions méritaient l’appellation populaire de « snobisme intellectuel ». Peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés à l’hégémonie du snobisme intellectuel avant la publication par Pierre Bourdieu deLa Distinction. Au cours des dernières décennies, des chercheurs ont testé la théorie de Bourdieu dans un certain nombre de pays afin de voir si elle s’appliquait au-delà de la France des années1960. Leurs travaux montrent que le capital culturel est de plus en plus perçu comme une aptitude à apprécier l’esthétisme propre à une vaste gamme de formes culturelles, qui englobent les arts mais aussi toute une série d’expressions populaires et folkloriques, et ils ont donné à cette aptitude le nom d’« omnivorité ». Nous étudions ici les causes de l’apparition de l’omnivorité, son lieu social ainsi que sa répartition temporelle et géographique dans les sociétés. Nous analysons également les avantages d’autres méthodes de mesure de l’omnivorité et de son contraire, soit les nombreux types d’« univorité », depuis les individus isolés au bas de l’échelle sociale jusqu’aux snobs intellectuels.
Goût et culture de masse : l’exemple du sport
Authors: Ohl Fabien
Published: July 2012

On ne peut pas traiter du goût de la même façon dans une période de relative rareté des consommations et dans une situation d’abondance de l’offre, d’impact significatif des médias et d’influence croissante du marketing. C’est pourquoi l’article propose, en s’appuyant sur des exemples pris dans les consommations liées au sport, une analyse critique de la modélisation du goût proposée par P. Bourdieu. En effet, les liens entre habitus, goûts et consommation sont plus incertains. La massification de la consommation et la diversification des expériences sociales ont transformé les modes de construction sociale des goûts. Ce nouveau contexte de consommation invite à débattre de l’explication du goût comme expression d’une culture de classe. Si la culture de masse ne supprime pas les hiérarchies des goûts et les dominations sociales, elle nous invite à les repenser.
La relation enseignant-parents d’un enfant d’une autre culture sous l’angle du rapport à l’altérité
Authors: Audet Geneviève
Published: July 2012

En ancrant notre réflexion sur une analyse de récits de pratique qui ont permis à des enseignants de maternelle de reconstruire leur expérience de l’interculturel en classe, nous sommes à même de poser un regard de l’intérieur sur la relation entre ces enseignants et les parents d’un enfant d’une autre culture, sous l’angle du rapport à l’Autre que cette relation permet d’instaurer entre l’enfant et l’enseignant. Est ainsi discutée la nécessité, pour les enseignants, d’une zone de pouvoir et d’une compétence à agir auprès de l’enfant d’une autre culture qui seraient reconnues par les parents.
Familles et écoles dans un monde de diversité : au-delà des malentendus
Authors: Changkakoti Nilima , Akkari Abdeljalil
Published: July 2012

Dans le cadre plus large des relations familles-écoles, cet article aborde la problématique des rapports entre l’école et des parents porteurs de cultures différentes de celle qui inspire la forme scolaire à laquelle leurs enfants sont confrontés. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous référer à des recherches effectuées dans des contextes renvoyant à différentes conceptions de la mission de l’école et différentes visions de l’intégration des gens venus d’ailleurs : les États-Unis, le Canada (Québec), la France et la Suisse. L’article éclaire l’importance, pour la famille et l’école, de construire des relations fortes.
Éducation à la citoyenneté et démocratie délibérative en classe d’histoire : dangers et précautions
Authors: Lefrançois David , Éthier2 Marc-André
Published: July 2012

Selon le curriculum québécois, au secondaire, la classe d’histoire formera les citoyens aux démarches et opérations de la pensée historique, leur permettant de prendre l’initiative de délibérations publiques sur des questions sociales, politiques ou économiques qui les touchent, et d’y participer de façon égale, critique et effective. L’article soulève deux problèmes, l’élitisme et la dictature de la majorité, souvent induits par la transposition interne de la démocratie délibérative, qui cimentent ou perpétuent les inégalités que la délibération doit pourtant résorber ; il étudie des précautions à prendre contre ces dangers.
Technological Self-Help and Equality in Cyberspace
Authors: Chandler Jennifer A.
Published: July 2012

New technologies challenge the law in many ways, for example, they extend one’s capacity to harm others and to defend oneself from harm by others. These changes require the law to decide whether we have legal rights to be free from those harms, and whether we may react against those harms extrajudicially through some form of self-help (e.g., self-defence or defence of third parties) or whether we must resort to legal mechanisms alone. These questions have been challenging to answer in the cyberspace context, where new interests and new harms have emerged. The legal limits on permissible self-defence have historically been a function of necessity and proportionality to the threat.

However, this article argues that case law and historical commentary reveal that equality between individuals is also an important policy issue underlying the limits on self-defence. The use of technologies in self-defence brings the question of equality to the fore since technologies may sometimes neutralize an inequality in strength between an attacker and a defender. A legal approach that limits resort to technological tools in self-defence would ratify and preserve that inequality.

However, the relationship between technology and human equality is complex, and this article proposes an analytical structure for understanding it. The objective is to understand which technologies promote equality while imposing the least social costs when used in self-defence. The article proposes principles (including explicit consideration of the effects on equality) for setting limits on technological self-help, and illustrates their use by applying them to several forms of cyberspace counter-strikes against hackers, phishers, spammers, and peer-to-peer networks.