bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer and flow characteristics of flow boiling of CO2‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes
Authors: Ono Takashi , Gao Lei , Honda Tomohiro
Published: February 2010

Experiments were carried out on the flow pattern, heat transfer, and pressure drop of flow boiling of pure CO2 and CO2‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes. The smooth tube is a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3.76 mm. The micro‐fin tube is a copper tube with a mean inner diameter of 3.75 mm. The experiments were carried out at mass velocities from 100 to 500 kg/(m2·s), saturation temperature of 10 °C, and the circulation ratio of lubricating oil (PAG) was from 0 to 1.0 mass%. Flow pattern observations mainly showed slug and wavy flow for the smooth tube, but annular flow for the micro‐fin tube. Compared with the flow patterns in the case of pure CO2, an increase in frequency of slug occurrence in the slug flow region, and a decrease in the quantity of liquid at the top of the tube in the annular flow region were observed in the case of CO2‐oil mixtures. With pure CO2, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by nucleate boiling in the low vapor quality region, and the heat transfer coefficients for the micro‐fin tube were higher than those of the smooth tube. With CO2‐oil mixtures, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by convective evaporation, especially in the high vapor quality region. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient decreased significantly when the oil circulation ratio was larger than 0.1 mass%. For the pressure drop characteristics, in the case of pure CO2, the homogeneous flow model agreed with the experimental results within ±30% for the smooth tube. The pressure drops of the micro‐fin tube were 0–70% higher than those predicted with the homogeneous flow model, and the pressure drops increased for the high oil circulation ratio and high vapor quality conditions. The increases in the pressure drops were considered to be due to the increase in the thickness of the oil film and the decrease in the effective flow cross‐sectional area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20287
Anodic oxidized nanotubular titanium implants enhance bone morphogenetic protein‐2 delivery
Authors: Bae In‐Ho , Yun Kwi‐Dug , Kim Hyun‐Seung , Jeong Byung‐Chul , Lim Hyun‐Pil , Park Sang‐Won , Lee Kwang‐Min , Lim Young‐Chai , Lee Kyung‐Ku , Yang Yunzhi , Koh Jeong‐Tae
Published: February 2010

Implant failure has been attributed to loosening of an implant from the host bone possibly due to poor osseointegration. One promising strategy for improving osseointegration is to develop a functional implant surface that promotes osteoblast differentiation. In this study, a titanium (Ti) surface was functionalized by an anodic oxidation process and was loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2). The following four groups of Ti surfaces were prepared: machined (M), anodized machined (MA), resorbable blast medium (RBM), and anodized RBM (RBMA). The surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The results showed that a Ti oxide layer (TiO2) was observed in the anodized surfaces in the form of nanotubes, ∼100 nm in diameter and 500 nm in length. The hydrophilic properties of the anodized surfaces were significantly improved. The adsorbed rhBMP‐2 loaded on the nonanodized surfaces and lyophilized showed spherical particle morphology. However, the adsorbed rhBMP‐2 showed a dispersed pattern over the anodized surfaces. The velocity of the rhBMP‐2 released from the surfaces was measured to determine if the anodized surface can improve in delivery efficiency. The results showed that the release velocity of the rhBMP‐2 from the anodized surfaces was sustained when compared with that of the nonanodized surfaces. In addition, the rhBMP‐2 released from the surface was found to be bioactive according to the alkaline phosphatase activity and the level of calcium mineral deposition. These results suggest that the TiO2 nanotubular structure formed by anodizing is a promising configuration for sustained rhBMP‐2 delivery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Microfluidic enhancement of intramedullary pressure increases interstitial fluid flow and inhibits bone loss in hindlimb suspended mice
Authors: Kwon Ronald Y , Meays Diana R , Tang W Joyce , Frangos John A
Published: February 2010

Interstitial fluid flow (IFF) has been widely hypothesized to mediate skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading. Although a large body of in vitro evidence has demonstrated that fluid flow stimulates osteogenic and antiresorptive responses in bone cells, there is much less in vivo evidence that IFF mediates loading-induced skeletal adaptation. This is due in large part to the challenges associated with decoupling IFF from matrix strain. In this study we describe a novel microfluidic system for generating dynamic intramedullary pressure (ImP) and IFF within the femurs of alert mice. By quantifying fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within individual lacunae, we show that microfluidic generation of dynamic ImP significantly increases IFF within the lacunocanalicular system. In addition, we demonstrate that dynamic pressure loading of the intramedullary compartment for 3 minutes per day significantly eliminates losses in trabecular and cortical bone mineral density in hindlimb suspended mice, enhances trabecular and cortical structural integrity, and increases endosteal bone formation rate. Unlike previously developed modalities for enhancing IFF in vivo, this is the first model that allows direct and dynamic modulation of ImP and skeletal IFF within mice. Given the large number of genetic tools for manipulating the mouse genome, this model is expected to serve as a powerful investigative tool in elucidating the role of IFF in skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading and molecular mechanisms mediating this process. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
House dust mite extract activates apical Cl− channels through protease‐activated receptor 2 in human airway epithelia
Authors: Cho Hyung‐Ju , Choi Jae Young , Yang Yu‐Mi , Hong Jeong Hee , Kim Chang‐Hoon , Gee Heon Young , Lee Hyun Jae , Shin Dong Min , Yoon Joo‐Heon
Published: February 2010

Adequate fluid secretion from airway mucosa is essential for maintaining mucociliary clearance, and fluid hypersecretion is a prominent feature of inflammatory airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis. House dust mite extract (HDM) has been reported to activate protease‐activated receptors (PARs), which play various roles in airway epithelia. However, the role of HDM in regulating ion transporters and fluid secretion has not been investigated. We examined the effect of HDM on ion transport in human primary nasal epithelial cells. The Ca2+‐sensitive dye Fura2‐AM was used to determine intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by means of spectrofluorometry in human normal nasal epithelial cells (NHNE). Short‐circuit current (Isc) was measured using Ussing chambers. Fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa was observed by optical measurement. HDM extract (10 µg/Ml) effectively cleaved the PAR‐2 peptide and induced an increase of [Ca2+]i that was abolished by desensitization with trypsin, but not with thrombin. Apical application of HDM‐induced Isc sensitive to both a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor and a Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel (CaCC) inhibitor. HDM extract also stimulated fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa. HDM extract activated PAR‐2 and apical Cl− secretion via CaCC and CFTR, and HDM‐induced fluid secretion in porcine airway mucosa. Our results suggest a role for PAR‐2 in mucociliary clearance and fluid hypersecretion of airway mucosa in response to air‐borne allergens such as HDM. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 1254–1263, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fumonisin detection and analysis of potential fumonisin‐producing Fusarium spp. in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in Zhejiang Province of China
Authors: Wang Jiansheng , Wang Xiaoping , Zhou Ying , Du Liangcheng , Wang Qiaomei
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by a number of Fusarium species, including several pathogens of asparagus plants. China is one of the largest asparagus producers in the world. In this study, we analysed the contamination of fumonisins and fumonisin‐producing fungi in asparagus spear samples from Zhejiang Province, the major asparagus production province in China.

RESULTS: The asparagus did not contain a detectable level of fumonisins. However, the recovery of Fusarium in asparagus was 72.7%, including F. proliferatum (40.9%), F. oxysporum (22.7%), F. acuminatum (4.55%) and F. equesti (4.55%). A multiplex PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS), translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF), and key biosynthetic genes FUM1 and FUM8, was used to simultaneously determine the identity and the biosynthetic ability of the fungal isolates. Fungal isolates containing the FUM genes also produced fumonisins in cultures, ranging from 28 to 4204 µg g−1. F. proliferatum was the only fumonisin‐producing Fusarium species in asparagus.

CONCLUSION: Although no fumonisin contamination was detected in asparagus in the current survey, we found that the majority of samples contained Fusarium spp. Because F. proliferatum is a high fumonisin‐producing species, potential health risks for human consumption of asparagus exist, if the appropriate environmental conditions are present for this fungus. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
R&D and Tobin's q in an emerging financial market: the case of the Athens Stock Exchange
Authors: Parcharidis Efstathios G. , Varsakelis Nikos C.
Published: February 2010

This paper aims at providing further evidence on the consequences of R&D investment on Tobin's q for firms publicly traded in an emerging financial market. Panel data methodology is applied using data for the manufacturing and computer firms listed in the Athens Stock Exchange, a market classified as emerging by the major securities analysts, for the period 1996–2004. The empirical findings show first, that the Greek firms' R&D investment effect on the market value of a firm is consistent with other US and European studies. Second, the impact of the R&D investment on the market value is higher for small firms. The findings of this paper may have significant industrial and technological policy implications for other emerging markets sharing similar characteristics to Greece. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eurasian Polities as Hybrid Regimes: The Case of Putin's Russia
Authors: Hale Henry E.
Published: February 2010

Most Eurasian countries’ political systems are not accurately described as some version of either democracy or authoritarianism. Nor does it advance social science to study each of these countries’ political systems as being completely unique, sharing no significant commonalities with those of other countries. Instead, it is more fruitful to understand many Eurasian countries as a type of hybrid regime, a system that combines important elements of both democracy and autocracy in some way. One of the most important features of Eurasia's hybrid regimes, one that is shared by many hybrid regimes worldwide, is that they combine contested elections with pervasive political clientelism. Political developments in these countries can thus be usefully understood as machine politics, and the development of political systems can be understood as processes of rearranging the components of the machines in different ways. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through an in-depth study of the Russian Federation. It is argued that Russian political development under Putin is best understood not as “authoritarianization” but as a process in which Russia transitioned from a system of “competing pyramids” of machine power to a “single-pyramid” system, a system dominated by one large political machine. It turns out that in single-pyramid systems that preserve contested elections, as does Russia, public opinion matters more than in typical authoritarian regimes.
The status of English in Dubai
Authors: Randall Mick , Samimi Mohammad Amir
Published: February 2010

A transition from Arabic to English as a lingua franca. The developing economies of the Gulf states have relied heavily on expatriate labor at all levels to support the spectacular development which has taken place over the last 50 years; so much so, that in most of the Emirates expatriates outnumber locals. Nowhere is this more true than in the UAE, and in Dubai in particular. This situation has had fundamental socio-linguistic implications, one of which is the emergence of English as a lingua franca at all levels of the society. As is the case in Singapore, where English has replaced Malay as the lingua franca over the last 50 years, English in Dubai is replacing Arabic. This paper discusses this situation in general and looks in particular at the language needs and attitudes towards English amongst government employees in the police force. It uses data collected as part of a needs analysis survey which was conducted to determine the learners' needs, expectations, aspirations, and feelings towards English language learning which can illuminate its role as a lingua franca in the UAE. The data was collected from regular commissioned and non-commissioned police officers and cadets enrolled in courses in Dubai Police Academy as well as on-duty police officers from various police departments, divisions, and sections in Dubai. The data is discussed in relation to wider socio-linguistic issues within the UAE.
Journey to Work: James Cook's Transatlantic Voyages in the Grenville 1764–1767
Authors: Huxtable George , Jackson Ian
Published: February 2010

James Cook's expeditious crossings of the north Atlantic each year, 1764–7, are discussed, in the light of modern advice that direct westerly passages are impractical for a sailing vessel.
The Compact Network RTK Method: An Effective Solution to Reduce GNSS Temporal and Spatial Decorrelation Error
Authors: Park Byungwoon , Kee Changdon
Published: February 2010

This paper proposes a method that combines compact real-time kinematic (RTK) and reference station (RS) networking techniques, and shows that this approach can reduce both the temporal and spatial decorrelation error. The compact RTK method compatibility with all the conventional network RTK systems, i.e., Master-Auxiliary Concept (MAC), Virtual Reference Stations (VRS), and Flächen-Korrektur Parameter (FKP), is examined theoretically in this paper. To prove that the compact RTK approach is not only valid, but also helpful to the network RTK system, a field test was held using one hour of Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) data logged every second from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). No matter which network RTK method is applied, the Compact Network RTK approach resolves the ambiguity of the carrier phase in 10–40 s and determines position with 6–7 cm horizontal and 7–8 cm vertical error (95%) in a 100 by 100 km region. Moreover, the Compact Network RTK approach enables network RTK service providers to reduce the data-link bandwidth for correction messages to 5–700 bps (bit/s) down from several thousand bps, currently 9600 bps of GPRS/GSM, without a severe degradation of accuracy.
OVER-DOING THINGS WITH WORDS IN 1862: PRETENSE AND PLAIN TRUTH IN WILKIE COLLINS'S NO NAME
Authors: Bisla Sundeep
Published: February 2010

In Walter C. Phillips's Classic Study of 1919, Dickens, Reade, and Collins, Sensation Novelists: A Study in the Conditions and Theories of Novel Writing in Victorian England, there comes an instant when the critic believes himself to have caught the last of his novelists in a moment of artlessness. Remarking on the comforting and seemingly-conformist opening of Wilkie Collins's No Name, Phillips comments that “in the early sixties . . . the popular drift toward realism – stories of domestic life – had compelled some modification of Collins's . . . original melodramatic scheme” (133). Collins's predilection for artfulness is well-established. Rejecting his suggestions for an earlier foreshadowing of the Dr. Manette subplot in A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens comments in October 1859, “I do not positively say that the point you put, might not have been done in your manner; but I have a very strong conviction that it would have been overdone in that manner.” He goes on to characterize Collins's suggested revision as potentially off-putting for the readership because it would inevitably be discovered and the situation consequently judged “too elaborately trapped, baited, and prepared” (Letters 9: 127). This essay is in a sense an exploration of the special utility inherent in Collins's elaborately prepared traps for the reader. The elaborate plan can sometimes go places, make certain philosophical critiques, that the accommodative plot cannot. Collins was not known to be a writer who changed course easily in the face of criticism. Thus, it is surprising to find Phillips, as well as other literary critics, taking his opening in No Name seriously and as a sort of conservative retreat on Collins's part. But traps being what they are, that is, made to be fallen into, Phillips's misunderstanding is understandable. The opening of No Name does most assuredly invite such an interpretation. I will be arguing here, however, that, far from attempting to accommodate a newly emergent popular Victorian domestic taste, and pulling back from a previous subversive stance, Collins especially in his opening but also throughout his non-canonical masterpiece is actually covertly attacking that taste at its very foundations.
SEXUALITY'S UNCERTAIN HISTORY: OR, “NARRATIVE DISJUNCTION” INDANIEL DERONDA
Authors: Toise David W.
Published: February 2010

In between writingMiddlemarch(1872) and her final novel,Daniel Deronda(1876), George Eliot recorded in her notebook that she wanted her fiction to explore “great turning points” in history by depicting “in detail” not only “the various steps by which a political or social change was reached” but also “the pathos, the heroism often accompanying the decay and final struggle of old systems, which has not had its share of tragic commemoration” (Essays402). Indeed, by writingDaniel Deronda, the only one of her novels set in her contemporary moment, Eliot seems intent on examining shifts, presumably incomplete ones, taking place during her life. The incomplete nature of change may be echoed in the novel's unusual bifurcation: famously, its two plots address the title character, Daniel Deronda, who searches for a way to serve humanity, and Gwendolen Harleth, a beautiful woman who must address the narcissism she has been encouraged to develop. Deronda's story traces his gradual discovery and acceptance of his Jewish heritage, while Gwendolen has a story line that is only indirectly related to Deronda: she suffers in a tragic marriage and only partially comes to terms with the position of femininity in late Victorian England. Many readers hope, or simply expect, that the two stories will be joined in Daniel and Gwendolen's romance and marriage. Dismayed, however, by a double plot where Deronda and Gwendolen have separate trajectories and endings without marriage, readers and critics have frequently commented on the plot's structural problems, often noting “the narrative disjunction” that is one of the novel's most prominent features (Levine 421).
“TO HELP THE NATION TO SAVE ITS SOUL”: MUSEUM PURPOSES IN JAMES'STHE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA
Authors: Schwartz John Pedro
Published: February 2010

In a 1927 lecture the Directorof the British Museum Sir Frederic Kenyon countered the futurist leader F. T. Marinetti's calls for the destruction of museums by arguing that “in times of upheaval . . . salvation is to be found in adherence to tradition” rather than in “break[ing] loose from” it. Kenyon explained the museum's role in promoting this salvation:

A visit to a museum will not by itself quench a revolution. It would have been useless to invite thepétroleusesof the Commune to an official lecture in the Egyptian Gallery at the Louvre; but if they had been brought up to respect the past, there might have been a revolution withoutpétroleuses. Every form of instruction or experience which teaches men to link their lives with the past makes for stability and ordered progress. Hence the value of history and hence also the value of those institutions which teach history informally and without tears. (24–25)

This is perhaps the most explicit statement of the British Museum's ideological function in early twentieth-century museum discourse. The museum acts as an ideological state apparatus that calls out to museum-goers to identify with, rather than agitate against, the social order symbolized in the “examples of great men” and the “monuments of the past” (23–24). Though not without critics, much of the new museology since the 1980s draws on this historical record and poststructuralist theory to argue that the modern museum operates as a site for the reflection or reinforcement of existing power relations. Critics have associated the museum, for example, with racism and sexism (Haraway), with classism (Bourdieu and Darbel), with imperialism and colonialism (Barringer and Flynn), with mechanisms of social control (Sherman and Rogoff), and with the consecration of state authority (Duncan and Wallach). Whereas Kenyon's defense of the museum suggests a reactionary position, the cultural destruction he combats amounts to a revolutionary act, whether accomplished by the “gay incendiaries with charred fingers” exhorted by Marinetti in his movement-founding manifesto of 1909 or thecommunardesaccused of torching the French capital during thesemaine sanglantein 1871 (43). For cultural destruction is inescapably political, as Antonio Gramsci argued in “Marinetti the Revolutionary” (1916). The Italian theorist and political activist identified the futurist discourse against the museum and the aesthetic tradition it perpetuates with the Marxist task of destroying “spiritual hierarchies, prejudices, idols and ossified traditions” to make way for the creation of a new, proletarian civilization (Gramsci 215).
ELISABETH JERICHAU-BAUMANN, “EGYPT 1870”
Authors: Kuehn Julia
Published: February 2010

Elisabeth Baumann was born in Warsaw in 1819 to a German mapmaker, Philip Adolph Baumann, and his German wife, Johanne Frederikke Reyer. Her early training took her to Berlin and, from 1838, to the Düsseldorf Academy of Art, a leading one in its day. According to Hans Christian Andersen, who would later write a biography of his friend Elisabeth, the famous German painter Peter von Cornelius much admired Baumann's paintings, and speaking of them he declared, “She is the only real man in the Düsseldorf school,” which was doubtlessly meant as a compliment (see Andersen, qtd. in Von Folsach 83). In Düsseldorf, Baumann was influenced by the prevailing realist trend of the Academy but added to it an idealistic and sensuous quality that would become her distinctive mark. After the completion of her training in 1845, Baumann went to Rome where she met the Danish sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau, one of the outstanding talents of his time, whom she married a year later. The couple settled in Denmark in 1849 (although Jerichau-Baumann kept a studio in Rome) as Jens Adolf became a professor at, and later President of, the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
BROGEDE REJSEBILLEDER (MOTLEY IMAGES OF TRAVEL) BY ELISABETH JERICHAU-BAUMANN, “EGYPT 1870”
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Ragnheiður
Published: February 2010

I departed hospitable Athens on the first of February, the city of Pallas Athena glowing in the evening sun. My Greek Palace-servant Spiro had taken me to Piraeus in a Vienna-cart, where my numerous belongings were stored. It was the last minute to still be able to reach the ship, and steam could already be seen as we came closer to Piraeus. I am not the most punctual person, but when it is really necessary I can be on time. This time, however, it was a close call. Instead of being able to pack my own things, like other people of my standing, with my own hands or with my servants’, two of the most loveable and highly regarded people appeared on my threshold. The lady wore Turkish spectacles in front of her lovely eyes, the gentleman smiled warmly. And who were the lady and the gentleman? No less than His Royal Highness King George of Greece and his majesty's lovely Queen! “Mrs. Jerichau, you will not be ready, can we help? Here is a hairbrush and there is a silk ribbon you are forgetting, and your sketch book.” All this was put into the luggage, along with many pleasurable things “for the children.” These small things were later unpacked in Copenhagen with much enjoyment and laughter. At the same time, the carpenter was waiting who still had to box up my recently finished paintings. Truly, he had to wait, and Mrs. Jerichau tip-toed from the innermost rooms to the entrance hall, away from the swelling suitcases, which seemed to be filled up more and more as if by fairies, while the owner ran away from them towards the carpenter outside, and again away from the carpenter – a Greek who only poorly understood her, and who had even poorer understanding of how to pack pictures. Because he had not brought with him enough of the boards made in the King's palace, he had to make do with thin wooden bars such as one uses when sending chickens to the market. Out between the bars, the beautiful “Girl from Hymettus” and her companion, the “Shepherd on the Acropolis,” peeked. Finally, everything was ready, Mrs. Jerichau made as deep a curtsey as she was capable of, and thanked [her guests and helpers] from the bottom of her heart, but secretly did not believe that she would manage to reach the boat in time.
Causes of tropical Atlantic paleo‐salinity variation during periods of reduced AMOC
Authors: Wan Xiuquan , Chang Ping , Schmidt Matthew W.
Published: February 2010

During periods of reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) associated with a freshening of northern North Atlantic surface water, paleo proxy records indicate a corresponding surface salinity increase over the entire tropical Atlantic. Although latitudinal‐shifts in the mean position of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) can explain certain features of the paleo salinity reconstructions, this mechanism does not offer an explanation for the reconstructed basin‐wide paleo‐salinity response to AMOC change. Here, we present new results from general circulation model simulations that suggest the sea surface salinity (SSS) increase in the tropical north Atlantic during periods of weakened AMOC is mainly controlled by the atmospheric response to the North Atlantic cooling, while the oceanic teleconnection contributes to increased SSS over the equatorial and south tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Managing Multiple Parameter Sets in SBML
Authors: Bergmann Frank
Published: February 2010

This document describes the elements of a SBML annotation, for storing multiple parameter sets in an SBML model. A user might wish to store different parameter sets that exhibit interesting behavior of computational models. One common example would be to store parameter values for steady states, or even oscillating regimes.
Recent operation status of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex H− ion source
Authors: Oguri H. , Ueno A. , Ikegami K. , Namekawa Y. , Ohkoshi K.
Published: February 2010

A cesium-free H− ion source driven with a LaB6 filament is being operated at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex for approximately three years without any serious trouble. In the beam commissioning or supply runs, the ion source has been operated in two different modes such as low current mode of 5 mA and high current mode of 30 mA. The total interruption time during the runs due to the ion source failure is approximately 50 h, which correspond to the ion source availability of 99%. After a long-term operation, the surface of the filament and the plasma electrode become discolored with dark partially. The result of surface analysis with field emission scanning electron microscope showed that most of the dark material is formed with boron. At the beam test performed in the interval of the run, we demonstrated that the H− current increased by miniaturizing the LaB6 filament.
Role of metastable atoms in the propagation of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge jets
Authors: Li Qing , Zhu Xi-Ming , Li Jiang-Tao , Pu Yi-Kang
Published: February 2010

In the experiment of plasma jets generated in a tube dielectric barrier discharge configuration, three distinguishable modes, namely, laminar, transition, and turbulent jet modes, have been identified. Flows of helium, neon, and argon gases shared the hydrodynamic law when their plasma jets spraying into ambient air of atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Aiming to reveal the basic processes, we propose that plasma jet length is mainly determined by reactions involving metastable atoms. These processes are responsible for the variation in plasma jet length versus gas flow rate and working gas species. To investigate this proposal in detail, we have obtained three significant experimental results, i.e., (1) the plasma jet lengths of helium, neon, and argon are different; (2) the plasma jet length of krypton slightly changes with gas flow rate, with three modes indistinguishable; and (3) there are large differences between optical emission spectra of helium, neon, argon, and krypton flow gases. These observations are in good agreement with our proposal.
Probing the oxygen environment in UO22+ by solid-state O17 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and relativistic density functional calculations
Authors: Cho Herman , de Jong Wibe A. , Soderquist Chuck Z.
Published: February 2010

A combined theoretical and solid-state O17 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of the electronic structure of the uranyl ion UO22+ in (NH4)4UO2(CO3)3 and rutherfordine (UO2CO3) is presented, the former representing a system with a hydrogen-bonding environment around the uranyl oxygens and the latter exemplifying a uranyl environment without hydrogens. Relativistic density functional calculations reveal unique features of the U–O covalent bond, including the finding of O17 chemical shift anisotropies that are among the largest for oxygen ever reported (>1200 ppm). Computational results for the oxygen electric field gradient tensor are found to be consistently larger in magnitude than experimental solid-state O17 NMR measurements in a 7.05 T magnetic field indicate. A modified version of the Solomon theory of the two-spin echo amplitude for a spin-5/2 nucleus is developed and applied to the analysis of the O17 echo signal of U O1722+.
Optical-active phonons in A3Fe2B″O9 (A=Ca, Sr; B″=Te, W) double perovskites
Authors: Silva E. N. , Guedes I. , Ayala A. P. , López C. A. , Augsburger M. S. , Viola M. del C. , Pedregosa J. C.
Published: February 2010

Raman scattering and infrared transmittance techniques are used to investigate the phonons of the Sr3Fe2TeO9 (SFTO), Sr3Fe2WO9 (SFWO), and Ca3Fe2WO9 (CFWO) double perovskites at 300 K. While SFTO and SFWO crystallize in a tetragonal structure belonging to the I4/m space with two formulas per unit cell (Z=2), CFWO crystallizes in a monoclinic structure belonging to the space group P21/n with Z=2. The observed spectra are very similar to that of the prototype cubic (Fm3¯m) double perovskite, indicating that both the tetragonal and monoclinic structures result from small distortions of the cubic cell. The assignment of the optical phonons follows that given for the prototype Fm3¯m double perovskites.
First-principles study on the electronic and optical properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric crystal
Authors: Zeng Min , Or Siu Wing , Chan Helen Lai Wa
Published: February 2010

First-principles calculation is used to study the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) lead-free piezoelectric crystal. The band structure calculation reveals that NBT has a direct band gap of 2.1 eV. The calculated imaginary part of dielectric function indicates interband transition mainly from O 2p valence bands to Ti 3d and Bi 6p conduction bands in the low-energy region. The calculated absorption spectrum is in agreement with the available experimental data. Based on the fit of the result of optical abruption spectrum, the optical band gap is estimated to be 3.03 eV. Other optical constants, such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, energy-loss spectrum, and reflectivity are discussed in details. Those found show that NBT has the potential applications in optoelectrics.
Numerical modeling of Large Plasma Device Alfvén wave experiments using AstroGK
Authors: Nielson Kevin D. , Howes Gregory G. , Tatsuno Tomoya , Numata Ryusuke , Dorland William
Published: February 2010

Collisions between counterpropagating Alfvén waves represent the fundamental building block of plasma turbulence, a phenomenon of great importance to a wide variety of fields, from space physics and astrophysics to controlled magnetic fusion. Proposed experiments to study Alfvén wave collisions on the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) [W. Gekelman, H. Pfister, Z. Lucky, J. Bamber, D. Leneman, and J. Maggs, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2875 (1991)] at the University of California, Los Angeles, will benefit significantly from numerical modeling capable of reproducing not only the linear dispersive effects of kinetic and inertial Alfvén waves, but also the nonlinear evolution of the Alfvénic turbulence. This paper presents a comparison of linear simulation results using the astrophysical gyrokinetics code, AstroGK, to the measured linear properties of kinetic and inertial Alfvén waves in the LAPD plasma. Results demonstrate that: (1) finite frequency effects due to the ion cyclotron resonance do not prevent satisfactory modeling of the LAPD plasma using gyrokinetic theory; and (2) an advanced collision operator, recently implemented in AstroGK, enables the code to successfully reproduce the collisionally enhanced damping rates of linear waves measured in recent LAPD experiments. These tests justify the use of AstroGK in the modeling of LAPD Alfvén wave experiments and suggest that AstroGK will be a valuable tool in modeling the nonlinear evolution of proposed Alfvén wave collision experiments.
A mechanism of Marangoni instability in evaporating thin liquid films due to soluble surfactant
Authors: Yiantsios Stergios G. , Higgins Brian G.
Published: February 2010

In film coating and other applications involving thin liquid films, surfactants are typically employed to suppress the usually undesirable instabilities driven by surface phenomena. Yet, in the present study a mechanism of Marangoni instability in evaporating thin films is presented and analyzed, which has its origin on the effects of a soluble surfactant. As the film thins due to evaporation, thickness perturbations lead to surfactant concentration perturbations, which in turn drive film motion and tend to enhance uneven drying. A thin-film analysis is applied and evolution equations for the film thickness and the surfactant concentration are derived and analyzed by the techniques of linear stability and numerical simulation. In the linear analysis a nonautonomous system is obtained for the film thickness and surfactant concentration perturbations, which shows that the instability will manifest itself provided that an appropriate Marangoni number is relatively large and the surfactant solubility in the bulk is large as well. On the other hand, low solubility in the bulk, diffusion, and the effect of surfactant on interfacial mobility through the surface viscosity are found to suppress disturbance growth. Direct numerical simulations of the full nonlinear evolution equations confirm those results and add to the picture obtained for the physical system behavior. Estimates of the relevant dimensionless parameters suggest that the conditions for instability may be met in relatively thick films, on the order of tens of microns, for which the effects of molecular forces and disjoining pressure are not dominant. Moreover, the stabilizing effects of diffusion and interfacial mobility are not likely to become significant unless the films are much thinner, i.e., on the order of 1 μm or below.
Partitioning phase preference for secondary organic aerosol in an urban atmosphere
Authors: Chang Wayne L. , Griffin Robert J. , Dabdub Donald
Published: February 2010

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) comprises a significant portion of atmospheric particular matter. The impact of particular matter on both human health and global climate has long been recognized. Despite its importance, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the formation and evolution of SOA in the atmosphere. This study uses a modeling approach to understand the preferred partitioning behavior of SOA species into aqueous or organic condensed phases. More specifically, this work uses statistical analyses of approximately 24,000 data values for each variable from a state of the art 3D airshed model. Spatial and temporal distributions of fractions of SOA residing in the aqueous phase (fAQ) in the South Coast Air Basin of California are presented. Typical values of fAQ within the basin near the surface range from 5 to 80%. Results show that the likelihood of large fAQ values is inversely proportional to the total SOA loading. Analysis of various meteorological parameters indicates that large fAQ values are predicted because modeled aqueous-phase SOA formation is less sensitive than that of organic-phase SOA to atmospheric conditions that are not conducive to SOA formation. There is a diurnal variation of fAQ near the surface: It tends to be larger during daytime hours than during nighttime hours. Results also indicate that the largest fAQ values are simulated in layers above ground level at night. In summary, one must consider SOA in both organic and aqueous phases for proper regional and global SOA budget estimation.
The effects of breastfeeding on cognitive and neurological development of children at 9 years
Authors: Holme A. , MacArthur C. , Lancashire R.
Published: February 2010

Background  The effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development in the child remains controversial. The commonly observed association between breastfeeding and higher intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in children may result from the numerous confounding factors in this complex relationship. The aim of this study was to examine whether breastfeeding is associated with later differences in children's cognitive and neurological development.

Methods  Secondary analysis from a 9‐year follow‐up study of children of 982 smokers recruited to a randomized controlled trial of anti‐smoking education in pregnancy in a maternity hospital between November 1981 and October 1982; and all ex‐smokers and a random 25% sample of non‐smokers during the same period (total 1853 women). Cognitive and neurological development of children was assessed by psychologists in schools using the British Ability Scales and Quick Neurological Screening Test (QNST). Data on breastfeeding and factors relevant to child development were drawn from interviews with mothers at home. Main outcome measures were IQ and QNST scores.

Results  A total of 1218 (66%) children were followed up. In total, 61.6% of children were breastfed, median duration being 12 weeks. Before adjustment, breastfeeding was significantly associated with higher total, verbal and visual IQ scores in children, and increasing duration was significantly correlated with IQ scores. Total IQ was 5.49 points higher in breastfed children (P≤ 0.001), but became non‐significant after adjustment. Total IQ scores were most strongly associated with maternal education, maternal age, parity, housing and chronic childhood illness. Breastfeeding was significantly associated with better QNST scores on bivariate analysis but not after adjustment. QNST scores were most strongly associated with maternal education and the child's sex.

Conclusions  Breastfeeding was not associated with any crude IQ advantage or difference in neurological soft signs in children at 9 years. The greater IQ score associated with breastfeeding is accounted for by confounding, with maternal and socio‐economic characteristics particularly important.
Spaces of social inclusion and belonging for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hall E.
Published: February 2010

People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have been defined as ‘socially excluded’ and policies of ‘social inclusion’ invoked to counter this through a focus on paid work and independent living. For many people with IDs this is either not desired or not possible, and as a result many have sought out alternative spaces and activities of inclusion. The paper provides a critique of social exclusion and inclusion, and then goes onto examine (using two case studies) the ways in which people with IDs develop feelings of attachment and belonging within artistic spaces. The paper concludes that not only do these spaces provide mostly positive outcomes for individual people, but also have a potential role in ‘reinscribing’ the social and cultural understanding of people with IDs.
Modern and ancient DNA reveal recent partial replacement of caribou in the southwest Yukon
Authors: KUHN TYLER S. , MCFARLANE KERI A. , GROVES PAMELA , MOOERS ARNE Ø. , SHAPIRO BETH
Published: February 2010

The long‐term persistence of forest‐dwelling caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) will probably be determined by management and conservation decisions. Understanding the evolutionary relationships between modern caribou herds, and how these relationships have changed through time will provide key information for the design of appropriate management strategies. To explore these relationships, we amplified microsatellite and mitochondrial markers from modern caribou from across the Southern Yukon, Canada, as well as mitochondrial DNA from Holocene specimens recovered from alpine ice patches in the same region. Our analyses identify a genetically distinct group of caribou composed of herds from the Southern Lakes region that may warrant special management consideration. We also identify a partial genetic replacement event occurring 1000 years before present, coincident with the deposition of the White River tephra and the Medieval Warm Period. These results suggest that, in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate variability, maintaining the ability of caribou herds to expand in numbers and range may be more important than protecting the survival of any individual, isolated sedentary forest‐dwelling herd.
‘THE LAW OF STORMS’: EUROPEAN AND INDIGENOUS RESPONSES TO NATURAL DISASTERS IN COLONIAL INDIA, c. 1800–1850
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: February 2010

Focusing on collective response to storms and floods in early colonial India, the paper explores obstacles to successful disaster response with one example related to meteorology of cyclones and the other the use of embankments. In both these examples, there was an attempt to build public‐private partnerships, which succeeded in the case of weather prediction and failed in river embankment. The failure is explained by two factors. Coordination and contracting were costly when the private partners had variable capacities and interests. Furthermore, whereas meteorology predicted nature, embankments interfered with nature, an intervention which carried social and economic costs.
MARKET RESPONSES TO CLIMATE STRESS: RICE IN JAVA IN THE 1930S
Authors: Van Der Eng Pierre
Published: February 2010

Do markets in less‐developed countries abate consequences of climate stress? Using changes in regional rice prices across the 19 regions in Java, Indonesia, during 1935–40, this paper will assess how rice markets responded to variations in rainfall, which is an important factor in rice production. It finds that rice markets were highly integrated across Java. The El Niño‐induced episodes of lower than usual rainfall in 1935 and 1940 did not have a negative effect on levels and variations in regional rice prices, nor did they have adverse consequences for the supply of rice. Adaptive responses of firms specialising in the trade of rice are argued to have mitigated regional deficiencies in food production caused by climate stress.
Open innovation in the automotive industry
Authors: Ili Serhan , Albers Albert , Miller Sebastian
Published: February 2010

Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) have historically invested in their own research and development (R&D) to boost their innovativeness. Because of an increasing innovation and cost pressure, the automotive industry needs to look outside their own boundaries to escape from this productivity dilemma. While there is a tendency to look outside for external sources to increase the innovativeness, there are hardly any external paths to market outside the current business yet. Our study shows that Open Innovation proves to be more adequate in the attempt to achieve a better R&D productivity for companies in the automotive industry than a closed innovation model.
KENOSIS AND EMERGENCE: A THEOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: McCall Bradford
Published: February 2010

Emergence, a hot topic of discussion for the last several years, has implications not only for the study of science but also for theology. I survey Philip Clayton's bookMind & Emergence, drawing from it and applying some of its philosophical principles to a theological interpretation of emergence. This theological interpretation is supplemented by a brief examination of relevant biblical usages of the termkenosis.From this exploration of kenosis, I assert that the Spirit is kenotically poured into creation, which onsets the long and laborious process of prebiotic evolution, leading to biological evolution toward increasing complexity. The complexification of matter, then, has its ontological origin in and through the agency of the Spirit of God. As such, the concept ofcreatio continua, continuing creation, is defended. The Spirit enables emergence by endowing creation and creatures with the ability to unfold by apparent natural processes according to their own inherent potentialities and possibilities. This essay contributes to a systematic theology of creation by constructing a theological synthesis between kenosis and emergence.
Relation between objectively measured feeding competence and nutrition in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Troughton K E V , Hill A E
Published: February 2010

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of undernutrition in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to determine the relation with feeding ability. Ninety children with CP from special needs schools were examined. Undernutrition was diagnosed on one or more of the following criteria: weight <2nd centile, triceps or subscapular skinfold measurement < 3rd centile, mid‐arm circumference <5th centile. Feeding competence was scored with respect to seven specific oromotor tasks using the Multidisciplinary Feeding Profile. Thirty‐six participants (40%) had diplegia, 29 (33%) quadriplegia, 13 (14%) hemiplegia, and 12 participants (13%) had dyskinetic CP. Age ranged from 2.6 to 18.7 years (mean 10.8 years). Forty‐six percent (41 of 90) were undernourished. In all aspects of feeding, those undernourished had lower feeding competence scores compared to adequately nourished children (p<0.002). Each modality of feeding competence correlated significantly to the centiles of weight, triceps or subscapular skinfold measurement and mid‐arm circumference (p<0.02). A positive association of weight, triceps skinfold measurement, and mid‐arm circumference with chewing ability was present independent of other feeding modalities (p<0.05). Undernutrition was common in this group and was associated with poorer feeding ability.