bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doping among high school students: findings from the French ESPAD survey
Authors: Shah Jalpa , Janssen Eric , Le Nézet Olivier , Spilka Stanislas
Published: May 2019

Background

The increasing use of doping by youth is a growing public health concern. The present study aimed to calculate robust estimates of the prevalence of doping among French high school students and study factors related to the use of licit vs. banned agents.

Methods

The European School Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), a nationally representative school-based survey, was distributed across France from April to May 2015, generating a final sample size of 6642 students. Multilevel modelling was used to examine covariates of doping to enhance athletic performance in sport in this population.

Results

Overall, 2.3% of students used banned agents, and 6.1% used licit and banned substances to improve athletic performance. Significant gender differences existed for both, with males more prone to doping than females. Our findings provide support for the existing gateway hypothesis that nutritional supplementation leads to doping banned agents. Multilevel modelling revealed the presence of both school and class-level influences on individual use of licit substances, vs. solely class-level factors impacting the use of banned agents, suggesting a strong peer-effect.

Conclusions

These findings support the need to engage in early doping prevention through high schools. Programmes should draw attention to the role of licit substances, including nutritional supplementation, in the progression to using banned agents and encompass the continuum of adolescent risk taking through a behaviour-based approach to doping prevention.
Population Genomic Signatures of Genetic Structure and Environmental Selection in the Catadromous Roughskin Sculpin Trachidermus fasciatus
Authors: Li Yu-Long , Xue Dong-Xiu , Zhang Bai-Dong , Liu Jin-Xian
Published: May 2019

Understanding the patterns of genetic diversity and adaptation across species’ range is crucial to assess its long-term persistence and determine appropriate conservation measures. The impacts of human activities on the genetic diversity and genetic adaptation to heterogeneous environments remain poorly understood in the marine realm. The roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus) is a small catadromous fish, and has been listed as a second-class state protected aquatic animal since 1988 in China. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of population genetic structuring and genetic adaptations to local environments, RAD tags were sequenced for 202 individuals in nine populations across the range of T. fasciatus in China. The pairwise FST values over 9,271 filtered SNPs were significant except that between Dongying and Weifang. All the genetic clustering analysis revealed significant population structure with high support for eight distinct genetic clusters. Both the minor allele frequency spectra and Ne estimations suggested extremely small Ne in some populations (e.g., Qinhuangdao, Rongcheng, Wendeng, and Qingdao), which might result from recent population bottleneck. The strong genetic structure can be partly attributed to genetic drift and habitat fragmentation, likely due to the anthropogenic activities. Annotations of candidate adaptive loci suggested that genes involved in metabolism, development, and osmoregulation were critical for adaptation to spatially heterogenous environment of local populations. In the context of anthropogenic activities and environmental change, results of the present population genomic work provided important contributions to the understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.
The History of Medicine Meets Labour History: Miners’ Bodies in the Age of Industrialization
Authors: Bluma Lars
Published: May 2019

This article presents a survey of new approaches in German labour history that deal with the history of the body. It argues that Foucault’s conceptual and historical understanding of biopolitics enables a profound rearticulation of the history of industrial work and the process of industrialization. The article addresses, however, not only the possibilities of biopolitics but also its limitations for a reconceptualization of labour history. The methodical and theoretical discussion is linked to concrete research into the body history of German coal mining in the Ruhr.
Cognitively Intact and Happy Life Expectancy in the United States
Authors: Bardo Anthony R , Lynch Scott M
Published: May 2019

Objectives

We examined the number of years to be lived with and without cognitive impairment and with high self-assessed quality of life (i.e., happiness) among a nationally representative sample of Americans aged 65 years and older. Two key questions are addressed: Can people have a high quality of life despite being cognitively impaired? Which is longer: happy life expectancy or cognitively intact life expectancy?

Method

Data from nine waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014) were used to estimate transition probabilities into and out of cognitively intact/impaired-un/happy states, as well as to death. Recently extended Bayesian multistate life table methods were used to estimate age-specific cognitively intact and happy life expectancy net of sex, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort.

Results

Happiness and cognitive impairment were shown to coexist in both the gross cross-tabulated data and in the life tables. Happy life expectancy is approximately 25% longer than cognitively intact life expectancy at age 65 years, and by age 85, happy life expectancy is roughly double cognitively intact life expectancy, on average.

Discussion

Lack of cognitive impairment is not a necessary condition for happiness. In other words, people can have a high quality of life despite being cognitively impaired.
The impacts of decentralization on health system equity, efficiency and resilience: a realist synthesis of the evidence
Authors: Abimbola Seye , Baatiema Leonard , Bigdeli Maryam
Published: May 2019

One constant refrain in evaluations and reviews of decentralization is that the results are mixed. But given that decentralization is a complex intervention or phenomenon, what is more important is to generate evidence to inform implementation strategies. We therefore synthesized evidence from the literature to understand why, how and under what circumstances decentralization influences health system equity, efficiency and resilience. In doing this, we adopted the realist approach to evidence synthesis and included quantitative and qualitative studies in high-, low- and middle-income countries that assessed the the impact of decentralization on health systems. We searched the Medline and Embase databases via Ovid, and the Cochrane library of systematic reviews and included 51 studies with data from 25 countries. We identified three mechanisms through which decentralization impacts on health system equity, efficiency and resilience: ‘Voting with feet’ (reflecting how decentralization either exacerbates or assuages the existing patterns of inequities in the distribution of people, resources and outcomes in a jurisdiction); ‘Close to ground’ (reflecting how bringing governance closer to the people allows for use of local initiative, information, feedback, input and control); and ‘Watching the watchers’ (reflecting mutual accountability and support relations between multiple centres of governance which are multiplied by decentralization, involving governments at different levels and also community health committees and health boards). We also identified institutional, socio-economic and geographic contextual factors that influence each of these mechanisms. By moving beyond findings that the effects of decentralization on health systems and outcomes are mixed, this review presents mechanisms and contextual factors to which policymakers and implementers need to pay attention in their efforts to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impact of decentralized governance.
The Role of Water in Fast Plant Movements
Authors: Edwards J , Laskowski M , Baskin T I , Mitchell N , DeMeo B
Published: May 2019

Plants moved onto land ∼450 million years ago and faced their biggest challenge: living in a dry environment. Over the millennia plants have become masters of regulating water flow and the toolkit they have developed has been co-opted to effect rapid movements. Since plants are rooted, these fast movements are used to disperse reproductive propagules including spores, pollen, and seeds. We compare five plants to demonstrate three ways, used alone or in combination, that water powers rapid movements: the direct capture of the kinetic energy of a falling raindrop propels gemmae from the splash cups of the liverwort, Marchantia; the loss of water powers the explosive dispersal of the spores of Sphagnum moss; the alternate loss and gain of water in the bilayer of the elaters of Equisetum drive the walk, jump, and glide of spores; the gain of water in the inner layer of the arils of Oxalis drive the eversion of the aril that jettisons seeds from the capsule; and the buildup of turgor pressure in the petals and stamens of bunchberry dogwood (Cornus canadensis) explosively propels pollen. Each method is accompanied by morphological features, which facilitate water movement as a power source. The urn shaped splash cups of Marchantia allow dispersal of gemmae by multiple splashes. The air gun design of Sphagnum capsules results in a symmetrical impulse creating a vortex ring of spores. The elaters of Equisetum can unfurl while they are dropping from the plant, so that they capture updrafts and glide to new sites. The arils of Oxalis are designed like miniature toy “poppers.” Finally, in bunchberry, the softening of stamen filament tissue where it attaches to the anther allows them to function as miniature hinged catapults or trebuchets.
Multifunctional Structures and Multistructural Functions: Integration in the Evolution of Biomechanical Systems
Authors: Farina S C , Kane E A , Hernandez L P
Published: May 2019

Integration is an essential feature of complex biomechanical systems, with coordination and covariation occurring among and within structural components at time scales that vary from microseconds to deep evolutionary time. Integration has been suggested to both promote and constrain morphological evolution, and the effects of integration on the evolution of structure likely vary by system, clade, historical contingency, and time scale. In this introduction to the 2019 symposium “Multifunctional Structures and Multistructural Functions,” we discuss the role of integration among structures in the context of functional integration and multifunctionality. We highlight articles from this issue of Integrative and Comparative Biology that explore integration within and among kinematics, sensory and motor systems, physiological systems, developmental processes, morphometric dimensions, and biomechanical functions. From these myriad examples it is clear that integration can exist at multiple levels of organization that can interact with adjacent levels to result in complex patterns of structural and functional phenotypes. We conclude with a synthesis of major themes and potential future directions, particularly with respect to using multifunctionality, itself, as a trait in evolutionary analyses.
The genetic interplay between body mass index, breast size and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Ooi Brandon Nick Sern , Loh Huiwen , Ho Peh Joo , Milne Roger L , Giles Graham , Gao Chi , Kraft Peter , John Esther M , Swerdlow Anthony , Brenner Hermann , Wu Anna H , Haiman Christopher , Evans D Gareth , Zheng Wei , Fasching Peter A , Castelao Jose Esteban , Kwong Ava , Shen Xia , Czene Kamila , Hall Per , Dunning Alison , Easton Douglas , Hartman Mikael , Li Jingmei
Published: May 2019

Background

Evidence linking breast size to breast cancer risk has been inconsistent, and its interpretation is often hampered by confounding factors such as body mass index (BMI). Here, we used linkage disequilibrium score regression and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine the genetic associations between BMI, breast size and breast cancer risk.

Methods

Summary-level genotype data from 23andMe, Inc (breast size, n = 33 790), the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (breast cancer risk, n = 228 951) and the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (BMI, n = 183 507) were used for our analyses. In assessing causal relationships, four complementary MR techniques [inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, weighted mode and MR-Egger regression] were used to test the robustness of the results.

Results

The genetic correlation (rg) estimated between BMI and breast size was high (rg = 0.50, P = 3.89x10−43). All MR methods provided consistent evidence that higher genetically predicted BMI was associated with larger breast size [odds ratio (ORIVW): 2.06 (1.80–2.35), P = 1.38x10−26] and lower overall breast cancer risk [ORIVW: 0.81 (0.74–0.89), P = 9.44x10−6]. No evidence of a relationship between genetically predicted breast size and breast cancer risk was found except when using the weighted median and weighted mode methods, and only with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative risk. There was no evidence of reverse causality in any of the analyses conducted (P > 0.050).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a potential positive causal association between BMI and breast size and a potential negative causal association between BMI and breast cancer risk. We found no clear evidence for a direct relationship between breast size and breast cancer risk.
An Obstacle for Higher Regularity of Geodesics in the Space of Kähler Potentials
Authors: Hu Jingchen
Published: May 2019

In this paper we address the following question regarding the regularity of geodesics in the space of Kähler potentials. Given a geodesic that is highly regular, and has smooth boundary value, can we expect that it is actually smooth? We construct an example to show that the answer to the question is “no”.
Local cell coordination does not alter individual cell migration during collective migration but does impact cellular exchange events
Authors: Slater Benjamin , Ng Edwin , McGuigan Alison P
Published: May 2019

Coordinated cell re-organization is critical to ensure correct tissue morphogenesis for a number of important embryonic and tissue repair events, however the mechanisms that govern cells coordination during collective movements, particularly in situations where cells are spatially restricted by their neighbours, are not well understood. Here we assessed cell re-organization in monolayers of retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19) to determine if cells that coordinate with their neighbours exhibit differential migration properties to non-coordinating cells and participate differently in local cell re-organization of the tissue sheet. From global tracking analysis, we determined that the movement profiles of cells were indistinguishable regardless of whether or not they were a part of multicellular streams. Using high magnification live imaging of cell membranes, we also characterized the localized geometry and organization of a monolayer (cell area, number of nearest neighbours, aspect ratio, internal cell angles) during cell re-organization in both streaming and non-streaming regions. Consistent with our global migration analysis, we observed no differences in cell sheet geometry and organization in streaming versus non-streaming regions. We did however observe that cells executed T1-like transitions to exchange position within the space-limited monolayer and that exchange events consistently involved at least one non-streaming cell. Our data suggests a model in which cell movement within the sheet is limited by neighbour exchange events and likely cells transition between streaming and non-streaming regimes to facilitate these neighbour exchange events while maintaining the integrity of the sheet.
The State of Speech in HCI: Trends, Themes and Challenges
Authors: Clark Leigh , Doyle Philip , Garaialde Diego , Gilmartin Emer , Schlögl Stephan , Edlund Jens , Aylett Matthew , Cabral João , Munteanu Cosmin , Edwards Justin , R Cowan Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Speech interfaces are growing in popularity. Through a review of 99 research papers this work maps the trends, themes, findings and methods of empirical research on speech interfaces in the field of human–computer interaction (HCI). We find that studies are usability/theory-focused or explore wider system experiences, evaluating Wizard of Oz, prototypes or developed systems. Measuring task and interaction was common, as was using self-report questionnaires to measure concepts like usability and user attitudes. A thematic analysis of the research found that speech HCI work focuses on nine key topics: system speech production, design insight, modality comparison, experiences with interactive voice response systems, assistive technology and accessibility, user speech production, using speech technology for development, peoples’ experiences with intelligent personal assistants and how user memory affects speech interface interaction. From these insights we identify gaps and challenges in speech research, notably taking into account technological advancements, the need to develop theories of speech interface interaction, grow critical mass in this domain, increase design work and expand research from single to multiple user interaction contexts so as to reflect current use contexts. We also highlight the need to improve measure reliability, validity and consistency, in the wild deployment and reduce barriers to building fully functional speech interfaces for research.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Most papers focused on usability/theory-based or wider system experience research with a focus on Wizard of Oz and developed systems Questionnaires on usability and user attitudes often used but few were reliable or validated Thematic analysis showed nine primary research topics Challenges identified in theoretical approaches and design guidelines, engaging with technological advances, multiple user and in the wild contexts, critical research mass and barriers to building speech interfaces
A systematic review of the genetic mechanisms of dolutegravir resistance
Authors: Rhee Soo-Yon , Grant Philip M , Tzou Philip L , Barrow Geoffrey , Harrigan P Richard , Ioannidis John P A , Shafer Robert W
Published: May 2019

Background

Characterizing the mutations selected by the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir and their effects on susceptibility is essential for identifying viruses less likely to respond to dolutegravir therapy and for monitoring persons with virological failure (VF) on dolutegravir therapy.

Methods

We systematically reviewed dolutegravir resistance studies to identify mutations emerging under dolutegravir selection pressure, the effect of INSTI resistance mutations on in vitro dolutegravir susceptibility, and the virological efficacy of dolutegravir in antiretroviral-experienced persons.

Results and conclusions

We analysed 14 studies describing 84 in vitro passage experiments, 26 studies describing 63 persons developing VF plus INSTI resistance mutations on a dolutegravir-containing regimen, 41 studies describing dolutegravir susceptibility results, and 22 clinical trials and 16 cohort studies of dolutegravir-containing regimens. The most common INSTI resistance mutations in persons with VF on a dolutegravir-containing regimen were R263K, G118R, N155H and Q148H/R, with R263K and G118R predominating in previously INSTI-naive persons. R263K reduced dolutegravir susceptibility ∼2-fold. G118R generally reduced dolutegravir susceptibility >5-fold. The highest levels of reduced susceptibility occurred in viruses containing Q148 mutations in combination with G140 and/or E138 mutations. Dolutegravir two-drug regimens were highly effective for first-line therapy and for virologically suppressed persons provided dolutegravir’s companion drug was fully active. Dolutegravir three-drug regimens were highly effective for salvage therapy in INSTI-naive persons provided one or more of dolutegravir’s companion drugs was fully active. However, dolutegravir monotherapy in virologically suppressed persons and functional dolutegravir monotherapy in persons with active viral replication were associated with a non-trivial risk of VF plus INSTI resistance mutations.
Omadacycline as a promising new agent for the treatment of infections with Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Bax Hannelore I , de Vogel Corné P , Mouton Johan W , de Steenwinkel Jurriaan E M
Published: May 2019

Background

Despite intensive treatment regimens, the outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infections is extremely poor and thus novel treatment regimens are needed. Although tigecycline seems to be one of the best options currently available, its long-term use is hampered by severe toxic side effects as well as the need for intravenous administration and the relatively high concentrations required for efficacy.

Objectives

To assess the in vitro activity of omadacycline against M. abscessus and compare it with the activity of tigecycline.

Methods

The concentration- and time-dependent killing capacities of omadacycline and tigecycline against M. abscessus subspecies abscessus were determined using a time–kill kinetics assay. Time–kill curves as well as concentration–effect curves were generated.

Results

Time–kill curves showed strong concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity for both omadacycline and tigecycline. Omadacycline showed inhibition of mycobacterial growth at 4 mg/L and mycobacterial killing at concentrations ≥16 mg/L. Tigecycline showed mycobacterial killing at concentrations ≥4 mg/L, achieving elimination at concentrations ≥16 mg/L. The concentration–effect curves after 7 days of exposure showed stasis, 1 log mycobacterial killing and 2 log mycobacterial killing at 3.3, 4.0 and 4.8 mg/L for omadacycline and 2.2, 2.7 and 3.4 mg/L for tigecycline, respectively.

Conclusions

The results of this in vitro study on omadacycline activity, together with its favourable (pharmacokinetic) properties, suggest that omadacycline is a potential new agent for the treatment of M. abscessus infections.
Spatial and temporal genetic diversity of the Texas kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator (Rodentia: Heteromyidae)
Authors: Pfau Russell S , Goetze Jim R , Martin Robert E , Matocha Kenneth G , Nelson Allan D
Published: May 2019

The Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) is listed as a threatened species in Texas because of its scarcity and small geographic range. We assessed patterns of genetic diversity in D. elator that could affect extinction risk or influence management decisions. Specific objectives included: 1) document levels of genetic diversity, 2) document the degree and patterns of genetic divergence among localities, and 3) compare levels of genetic diversity between different time periods at the same locality. Portions of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA; control region, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and cytochrome b) were sequenced and nuclear microsatellites were examined. Low mtDNA diversity was observed, which could be explained by an historical, species-wide genetic bottleneck. In contrast, microsatellites exhibited ample variation, and analyses were conducted using data from 11 loci and four populations (designated Quanah, Iowa Park, Vernon, and Harrold). Allelic diversity and heterozygosity were similar between populations and temporal samples. Estimates of effective population size (Ne) ranged from 5 to 856, depending on method and population, with Iowa Park showing consistently lower values than Quanah. All methods addressing population structure indicated that the Iowa Park population was divergent from the others, with Vernon and Harrold showing a somewhat intermediate relationship but with a closer affiliation with Quanah than Iowa Park, despite their closer proximity to Iowa Park. This pattern did not conform to isolation by distance, thus genetic drift appears to have played a greater role than gene flow in establishing genetic structure. There was much less difference between temporal samples compared to geographic samples, indicating that genetic drift has had only minimal impacts in shifting allelic frequencies over the time periods examined (17–36 years).
Effects of human-induced disturbances and weather on herbivore movement
Authors: Leclerc Martin , Tarroux Arnaud , Fauchald Per , Stien Audun , Tveraa Torkild , St-Laurent Martin-Hugues
Published: May 2019

Human-caused habitat disturbances and climate change are leading threats to biodiversity. Studying the impacts of human activities on wildlife from a behavioral perspective is a relevant starting point to understand the mechanisms underlying population and species resistance and resilience to disturbances. In this study, we assessed the effects of weather (temperature and precipitation), habitat disturbances (roads and clearcuts), and natural habitat types on the space use patterns of a threatened boreal population of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). An extensive data set of 288,665 relocations from 50 adult females outfitted with GPS collars over 7 years in the boreal forest of Québec, Canada was used to evaluate residency time in natural and disturbed habitats for five distinct biologically defined periods. The most parsimonious linear mixed-effects model for each period showed that individuals stayed longer in more natural habitat types. During calving and summer, residency time decreased with increasing road density, whereas residency time decreased with increasing temperature during winter and spring. We found no evidence of a synergistic effect between daily weather and human disturbances on movement behavior of caribou, but consider their respective influence as additive. We also showed large individual variation in residency time, except during the calving period. Lower individual variation in residency time during calving may be explained by strong evolutionary constraints on behavior faced by females to ensure protection and survival of their offspring. Based on our results, we suggest keeping large patches of suitable and roadless habitat for caribou to favor the spacing-out antipredator strategy exhibited by females during calving. By tracking individuals over several complete annual cycles, we showed variation in the effects of daily weather and human disturbances on residency time across biological periods. Our study highlights that the inclusion of daily weather variables helps better understand space-use patterns of a threatened species.
Temporal Stability and Prognostic Biomarker Potential of the Prostate Cancer Urine miRNA Transcriptome
Authors: Jeon Jouhyun , Olkhov-Mitsel Ekaterina , Xie Honglei , Yao Cindy Q , Zhao Fang , Jahangiri Sahar , Cuizon Carmelle , Scarcello Seville , Jeyapala Renu , Watson John D , Fraser Michael , Ray Jessica , Commisso Kristina , Loblaw Andrew , Fleshner Neil E , Bristow Robert G , Downes Michelle , Vesprini Danny , Liu Stanley , Bapat Bharati , Boutros Paul C
Published: May 2019

Background

The development of noninvasive tests for the early detection of aggressive prostate tumors is a major unmet clinical need. miRNAs are promising noninvasive biomarkers: they play essential roles in tumorigenesis, are stable under diverse analytical conditions, and can be detected in body fluids.

Methods

We measured the longitudinal stability of 673 miRNAs by collecting serial urine samples from 10 patients with localized prostate cancer. We then measured temporally stable miRNAs in an independent training cohort (n = 99) and created a biomarker predictive of Gleason grade using machine-learning techniques. Finally, we validated this biomarker in an independent validation cohort (n = 40).

Results

We found that each individual has a specific urine miRNA fingerprint. These fingerprints are temporally stable and associated with specific biological functions. We identified seven miRNAs that were stable over time within individual patients and integrated them with machine-learning techniques to create a novel biomarker for prostate cancer that overcomes interindividual variability. Our urine biomarker robustly identified high-risk patients and achieved similar accuracy as tissue-based prognostic markers (area under the receiver operating characteristic = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.69 to 0.76 in the training cohort, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.55 to 0.92 in the validation cohort).

Conclusions

These data highlight the importance of quantifying intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity in biomarker development. This noninvasive biomarker may usefully supplement invasive or expensive radiologic- and tissue-based assays.
A Primer on Mixed Methods for Pediatric Researchers
Authors: Wu Yelena P , Deatrick Janet A , McQuaid Elizabeth L , Thompson Deborah
Published: May 2019

Objective

To provide a primer on conducting and analyzing mixed methods research studies, and to provide guidance on the write-up of mixed methods research.

Methods

A question and answer format is used to provide an overview of mixed methods research study designs, tasks and considerations related to conducting and analyzing mixed methods studies, and recommendations for the write-up of results for mixed methods studies.

Results

Individuals who conduct mixed methods research are encouraged to delineate the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods features of the research and how these features fit with the overall study questions. Research teams will benefit from including individuals with expertise in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research. Data integration should be a central component to the analysis and write-up of mixed methods research.

Conclusions

Increasing the use of mixed methods research in the field of pediatric psychology will contribute to advances in observational studies with children and families, intervention development and evaluation, and creation of new tools and assessments that aim to optimize child and family health outcomes.
Paratexts and the Reception History of the Apocalypse
Authors: Allen Garrick V
Published: May 2019

Biblical scholarship usually engages with reconstructed texts without taking into account the form and material culture of the manuscripts that transmit the texts used in reconstruction. This article examines the influence of paratexts on biblical studies and reception history, using the book of Revelation as a test case, in an effort to rediscover the significance of transmission for comprehending the ways in which past reading communities engaged their scriptural traditions. The liminal features of manuscripts that are often ignored in modern editions are an integral part of the artefact that influence and shape a text’s reading. This study argues that paratexts represent an underdeveloped resource for reception history, insofar as the relationship between text and paratext is rarely taken into consideration by modern interpreters. Material culture, textual transmission, reception history, and exegesis are integrally linked processes.
Affordable, Reliable Dual-Platform Approach to Quantitating Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Platelets in Platelet Components
Authors: Noulsri Egarit , Lerdwana Surada
Published: May 2019

Objective

To compare the number of phosphatidylserine (PS)–exposing platelets obtained using the dual-platform approach and bead-based flow cytometry.

Methods

Platelets were enumerated using the ADVIA 2010i instrument (Siemens AG). The numbers and percentages of PS-exposing platelets in 175 platelet products were determined using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton, Dickinson and Company) and counting beads.

Results

Our results showed good correlation (r2 = 0.96; P <.001) between the PS-exposing platelets obtained using counting beads and the dual-platform approach. The results of Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of +46,449 cells per µL and a limit of agreement (LOA) from −197,863 to 290,762 cells per µL. Also, 8 measurements (5.0%) revealed a number of PS-exposing platelets outside the LOA ranges. Further, 21 measurements (12.0%) revealed greater than 2-fold changes in the number of PS-exposing platelets.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the dual-platform approach is affordable and reliable for quantitating PS-exposing platelets as part of monitoring the quality of platelet products.
Provincial dissemination of HEARTSMAP, an emergency department psychosocial assessment and disposition decision tool for children and youth
Authors: Koopmans Erica , Black Tyler , Newton Amanda , Dhugga Gurm , Karduri Naveen , Doan Quynh
Published: May 2019

Background

This article describes the provincial dissemination of HEARTSMAP, an evidence-based emergency department (ED) psychosocial assessment and disposition decision tool for clinician use with children and youth.

Methods

HEARTSMAP was disseminated in partnership with local, child and youth mental health teams, as part of a quality improvement initiative implemented in British Columbia EDs. The target audience of education sessions were clinicians working in ED settings responsible for paediatric psychosocial assessments. We used the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of HEARTSMAP dissemination, analyzing data from session evaluation forms and online tool data.

Results

Education sessions reached 475 attendees, in 52 of 95 British Columbia EDs. HEARTSMAP training was well received by clinicians with 96% describing effective content including increased comfort in conducting paediatric psychosocial assessments and confidence in disposition planning after training. Clinicians identified unclear processes and lack of local resources as the main barriers to implementation. One-third of the attendees expressed willingness to use the tool, and 27% of registered clinicians have used the tool postimplementation.

Conclusions

Our approach reached and effectively trained clinicians from over half of the province’s EDs to use HEARTSMAP for emergency paediatric psychosocial assessments. For some, this provided greater comfort and confidence for these assessments and the following disposition decisions. This evaluation provides valuable insights on training clinicians to use a paediatric mental health tool within diverse ED settings and emphasized the need for ongoing support and institutional engagement to facilitate local, infrastructural, and operational processes for adoption and maintenance, postdissemination.
Multiomic Analysis of Zebrafish Models of Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning With Different Severity
Authors: Piña Benjamin , Ziv Tamar , Faria Melissa , Ben-Lulu Shani , Prats Eva , II Mark A Arick , Gómez-Canela Cristian , García-Reyero Natàlia , Admon Arie , Raldúa Demetrio
Published: May 2019

Organophosphorus compounds are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. Acute organophosphorus poisoning (acute OPP) affects 3 million people, with 300 000 deaths annually worldwide. Severe acute OPP effects include overstimulation of cholinergic neurons, seizures, status epilepticus, and finally, brain damage. In a previous study, we developed 3 different chemical models of acute OPP in zebrafish larvae. To elucidate the complex pathophysiological pathways related to acute OPP, we used integrative omics (proteomic, transcriptomics, and metabolomics) on these 3 animal models. Our results show that these stochastic, apparently disparate morphological phenotypes can result from almost linear concentration-response variations in molecular levels. Results from the multiomics analysis strongly suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress might play a central role in the pathophysiology of severe acute OPP, emphasizing the urgent need of further research on this molecular pathway. Endoplasmic reticulum stress could be an important therapeutic target to be included in the treatment of patients with severe acute OPP.
Disease and Yield Response of a Stem-rot-resistant and -Susceptible Peanut Cultivar under Varying Fungicide Inputs
Authors: Standish J. R. , Culbreath A. K. , Branch W. D. , Brenneman T. B.
Published: May 2019

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) producers rely on costly fungicide programs to manage stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Planting disease-resistant cultivars could increase profits by allowing for the deployment of less-expensive, lower-input fungicide programs. Field experiments were conducted to characterize stem rot and early and late leaf spot (caused by Passalora arachidicola and Nothopassalora personata, respectively), yield, and overall profitability of cultivars Georgia-06G (stem-rot-susceptible) and Georgia-12Y (stem-rot-resistant) as influenced by seven commercial fungicide programs. Stem rot incidence was consistently lower on Georgia-12Y for all fungicides when compared with Georgia-06G and was lowest for both cultivars in plots treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole. Leaf spot severity was similar for both the resistant and susceptible cultivars, and the greatest reduction occurred in plots treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole. Fungicide programs gave similar yield and net return on Georgia-12Y; however, plots of Georgia-06G treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole had the greatest yield and net return. Yields and economic return from the highest level of fungicide inputs on Georgia-06G were numerically less than those of Georgia-12Y treated with only chlorothalonil. These results show the value of fungicides in peanut disease management with susceptible cultivars, as well as the benefits of planting stem-rot-resistant cultivars in high-risk situations.
Effect of Promotion via Social Media on Access of Articles in an Academic Medical Journal: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Widmer R. Jay , Mandrekar Jay , Ward Angelina , Aase Lee A. , Lanier William L. , Timimi Farris K. , Gerber Thomas C.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

To study the effect of a planned social media promotion strategy on access of online articles in an established academic medical journal.

Method

This was a single-masked, randomized controlled trial using articles published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, a large-circulation general/internal medicine journal. Articles published during the months of October, November, and December 2015 (n = 68) were randomized to social media promotion (SoMe) using Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn or to no social media promotion (NoSoMe), for 30 days (beginning with the date of online article publication). Journal website visits and full-text article downloads were compared for 0–30 and 31–60 days following online publication between SoMe versus NoSoMe using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Results

Website access of articles from 0 to 30 days was significantly higher in the SoMe group (n = 34) compared with the NoSoMe group (n = 34): 1,070 median downloads versus 265, P < .001. Similarly, full-text article downloads from 0–30 days were significantly higher in the SoMe group: 1,042 median downloads versus 142, P < .001. Compared with the NoSoMe articles, articles randomized to SoMe received a greater number of website visits via Twitter (90 vs 1), Facebook (526 vs 2.5), and LinkedIn (31.5 vs 0)—all P < .001.

Conclusions

Articles randomized to SoMe were more widely accessed compared with those without social media promotion. These findings show a possible role, benefit, and need for further study of a carefully planned social media promotion strategy in an academic medical journal.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Value of Massage Therapy in a Pediatric Hospice
Authors: Egeli Deetria , Bainbridge Lesley , Miller Tanice , Potts James
Published: May 2019

Canuck Place Children’s Hospice in Vancouver, Canada, has been hosting a massage therapy practicum within the hospice since 2011. The practicum is delivered by upper-level massage therapy students who are supervised by a registered massage therapist and clinical instructor through West Coast College of Massage Therapy. This study aimed to explore clinicians’ perspectives on the value of providing massage therapy to support children in hospice care, their families, and staff. The research participants (n = 6) comprised Canuck Place clinicians who have experience with the massage therapy practicum. In this descriptive phenomenological inquiry, semistructured interviews and thematic analysis were used. The findings demonstrated that Canuck Place clinicians valued the massage therapy practicum for its practical support in terms of creating access to massage therapy and self-care in the hospice. Massage therapy was also valued for supporting physical wellness (injury prevention/maintenance and symptom management) and psychosocial wellness (supporting dignity, interconnection, intraconnection, and rest/relaxation and providing a source of comfort/nurturing). This study is the first to explore clinicians’ perceptions of massage therapy within a pediatric hospice and contributes to understanding massage therapy’s potential role in the support of children, families, and staff within a hospice setting.
Using REDCap to Facilitate Web-Based Therapeutic Intervention Research
Authors: Crane Stacey , Comer Robert Skipworth , Arenson Andrew D. , Draucker Claire
Published: May 2019

Background

Limited guidelines to assist nurse researchers who use web-based interventions are available. Nurses must develop the supporting technology enabling participants to complete study activities and collected data while maintaining data security and participant confidentiality.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe how the authors used advanced Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) functionality to support the data management infrastructure of an interactive, web-based therapeutic intervention.

Methods

The data management infrastructure for the WISER (Writing to Improve Self-in-Relationships) intervention pilot study consisted of two components: a website for presentation of the intervention and participant account management and a REDCap project for data capture and storage. The REDCap application programming interface connected these two components using HTML links and data exchanges.

Results

We completed an initial pilot study of WISER with 14 participants using the REDCap-based infrastructure. Minimal technical difficulties were encountered.

Discussion

REDCap is cost-effective, is readily available, and, through its advanced functionality, is able to facilitate confidential, secure interactions with participants, robust data management, and seamless participant progression in web-based intervention research.
A Retrospective Case-Control Study to Identify Predictors of Unplanned Admission to Pediatric Intensive Care Within 24 Hours of Hospitalization*
Authors: Krmpotic Kristina , Lobos Anna-Theresa , Chan Jason , Toppozini Christina , McGahern Candice , Momoli Franco , Plint Amy C.
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

To identify the clinical findings available at the time of hospitalization from the emergency department that are associated with deterioration within 24 hours.

Design:

A retrospective case-control study.

Setting:

A pediatric hospital in Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Patients:

Children less than 18 years old who were hospitalized via the emergency department between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012. Cases (n = 98) had an unplanned admission to the PICU or unexpected death on the hospital ward within 24 hours of hospitalization and controls (n = 196) did not.

Interventions:

None.

Main Results:

Ninety-eight children (53% boys; mean age 63.2 mo) required early unplanned admission to the PICU. Multivariable conditional logistic regression resulted in a model with five predictors reaching statistical significance: higher triage acuity score (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.7–10.2), tachypnea in the emergency department (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.8–11.8), tachycardia in the emergency department (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.5), PICU consultation in the emergency department (odds ratio, 8.0; 95% CI, 1.1–57.7), and admission to a ward not typical for age and/or diagnosis (odds ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7–11.6).

Conclusions:

We have identified risk factors that should be included as potential predictor variables in future large, prospective studies to derive and validate a weighted scoring system to identify hospitalized children at high risk of early clinical deterioration.
Etiologies and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis at a Tertiary PICU
Authors: Dao Dyda , Xoay Tran D. , Galeano Belinda K. , Phuc Phan H. , Ouellette Yves
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

To assess the etiologies and outcomes of patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the PICU.

Design:

Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting:

A single PICU at a pediatric tertiary hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Patients:

Pediatric patients meeting the criteria for secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Between June 2017 and May 2018, 25 consecutive patients with a mean (sd) age of 23.3 months (21.6 mo) were included. Collected variables included etiologies of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and clinical and laboratory findings at admission. The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score at admission was calculated. Outcomes were death and multiple organ dysfunction. The severity of multiple organ dysfunction was assessed by the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction 2 score. The mean (sd) Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 predicted mortality rate was 5.6% (7.6%). Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus coinfections (60%) were the most common suspected etiology of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Other etiologies included Epstein-Barr virus sole infections (20%), cytomegalovirus sole infections (16%), and one unknown cause (4%). Multiple organ dysfunction (excluding hematologic failure) was found in 22 patients (88%) with death occurring in 14 patients (56%). The mean (sd) Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction 2 predicted mortality rate among patients with multiple organ dysfunction was 11.9% (11.2%). Despite having lower Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 predicted mortality rates at admission, Epstein-Barr virus-cytomegalovirus coinfection cases with multiple organ dysfunction had slightly greater Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction 2 predicted mortality rates than Epstein-Barr virus sole infection cases with multiple organ dysfunction: 12.2% (10.5%) versus 11.3% (11.0%). However, these rates were lower than cytomegalovirus sole infection cases with multiple organ dysfunction (14.4% [16.3%]). Area under the curve values for Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction 2 were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.52–0.95) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.52–1.00), respectively, suggesting that both scales were fair to good at predicting mortality.

Conclusions:

Viral infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus-cytomegalovirus coinfections, were a common cause of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The implication of these coinfections on the clinical course of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis needs to be delineated.