bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steady and oscillatory flows generated by Eckart streaming in the two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard configuration
Authors: Henry D. , Vincent B. , Miralles S. , Botton V. , Ben Hadid H.
Published: November 2022

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the flows induced in a long two-dimensional cavity heated from below in the presence of streaming due to ultrasound acoustic waves emitted by a source. The problem is tackled by using performing spectral element codes, allowing continuation of steady solutions, bifurcation points and periodic cycles. For a given dimensionless source size, the governing parameters are the acoustic streaming parameter

$A$

which modulates the acoustic force generating the Eckart streaming and the Rayleigh number

${\textit {Ra}}$

which quantifies the buoyant force responsible for the convection. The streaming flow, which goes to the right along the horizontal axis and returns along the lower and upper boundaries, influences the instability thresholds, which are first strongly stabilized above the pure Rayleigh–Bénard threshold

${\textit {Ra}}_0$

when

$A$

is increased, before a destabilization to reach the pure streaming threshold

$A_c$

at

${\textit {Ra}}=0$

. The steady multi-roll convective flow generated without streaming is replaced by periodic waves when

$A$

is increased, forward waves for moderate

$A$

and backward waves for large

$A$

. The transition between these waves induces a specific dynamics involving steady flows, which has been elucidated. The waves also eventually disappear for a sufficient increase of the Rayleigh number, replaced by steady multi-roll flows hardly influenced by the streaming flow. A very rich dynamics is thus observed with the competition between the waves and the steady flows.
Recent jaguar records confirm the conservation value of the Baritú–Tariquía corridor between Argentina and Bolivia
Authors: Caruso Flavia , Perovic Pablo , De Angelo Carlos , Sillero-Zubiri Claudio
Published: November 2022

Effective transboundary corridors play a crucial role in jaguar Panthera onca conservation. Local residents reported jaguar sightings along the Baritú–Tariquía Biological Corridor, which prompted us to carry out this camera-trap survey. We surveyed an area of 1,243 km2 across the corridor to confirm jaguar presence. We used 50 single camera stations, with cameras placed c. 5 km apart. We placed the cameras along trails, streams and mountain ridges. We recorded jaguars at seven sites across the Corridor; at least three different individuals were identified. These records confirm the presence of the jaguar in the Baritú–Tariquía Biological Corridor between Argentina and Bolivia, a trans-frontier area of the Austral Yungas facing multiple threats but hosting one of the southernmost jaguar populations. Conservation efforts in border regions can promote collaboration and synergies between agencies and other conservation stakeholders, with important implications for wide-ranging predators such as jaguars and their habitats.
Injury-Related Emergency Medical Service Calls, Traffic Accidents, and Crime in Mexico City Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Melgoza Esmeralda , Beltrán-Sánchez Hiram , Vargas Bustamante Arturo
Published: November 2022

Introduction:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had detrimental impacts across multiple sectors of the Mexican health care system. The prehospital care system, however, remains largely under-studied. The first objective of this study was to calculate the monthly per capita rates of injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) during the early pandemic period (January 1 through June 30, 2020), while the second objective was to conduct these calculations at the borough-level for the same outcomes and time period. The third objective was to compare monthly per capita rates of injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) during the pre-pandemic (January 1 through June 30, 2019), early pandemic (January 1 through June 30, 2020), and later pandemic periods (January 1 through June 30, 2021).

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime at the state-level (Mexico City) and borough-levels. Monthly per capita rates were calculated using four datasets, including Mexico City’s Public Release 9-1-1 Emergency Calls, National Institute of Statistics and Geography’s (INEGI) Traffic Accidents Micro-Dataset, Mexico City’s Attorney General’s Office Crime Dataset, and Projections of the Population of the Municipalities of Mexico, 2015 to 2030. All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 17.0.

Results:

During the early pandemic period, injury-related 9-1-1 emergency calls, traffic accidents, and crime experienced similar trends in monthly per capita rates at the state-level and borough-levels. While the monthly per capita rates remained constant from January to March 2020, starting in March, there was a precipitous decrease across all three outcomes, although decline rates varied across boroughs. The monthly per capita rates across the three outcomes were higher during the pre-pandemic period compared to the early pandemic period. As the COVID-19 pandemic progressed, the monthly per capita rates during the later pandemic period increased across the three outcomes compared to the early pandemic period, although they did not reach pre-pandemic levels during the study period.

Conclusion:

The precipitous decline in injury-related 9-1-1 calls, traffic accidents, and crime in Mexico City occurred at the same time as the issuance of the first wave of public health orders in March 2020. The largest decrease across the three outcomes occurred one to two months post-issuance of the orders.
Russia’s Iconoclasms
Authors: Lachmann Renate
Published: November 2022

Two iconoclasms took place in twentieth-century Russian history: the iconoclasm after the October revolution, and the iconoclasm after the breakdown of the Soviet Union. These two (ideologically opposite) phases of iconoclastic actions (dismantling, destruction) were incited by programmes concerning the abolition of tsarist monuments of 1918 and met by controversial reactions to the removal of the statues of the former Soviet politicians in the 1990s. The revolutionary demolition of the symbols of the imperial past was executed in accordance with a clear-cut plan and included the erection of new monuments for outstanding communist activists. The official aim of the post-soviet removal of these monuments, to delete traces of a problematic past, was confronted with a revitalized communist ideology on the one hand and with the reaction of the Human Rights Organization Memorial on the other, which criticized the insufficient demolition of soviet symbols. This multifaceted situation is complicated by the reconstruction of destroyed pre-revolutionary monuments of Russian (predominantly religious) history.
Consequences of mixing and switching languages for retrieval and articulation
Authors: Gavino Maria Fernanda , Goldrick Matthew
Published: November 2022

A large literature has shown that language context –mixing and switching between languages – impacts lexical access processes during bilingual speech production. Recent work has suggested parallel contextual effects of language context on the phonetic realization of speech sounds, consistent with interactions between lexical access and phonetic processes. In this pre-registered study, we directly examine the link between lexical access and phonetic processes in Spanish–English bilinguals using picture naming. Using automated acoustic analysis, we simultaneously gather measures of reaction time (indexing lexical access) and acoustic properties of the initial consonant and vowel (indexing phonetic processes) for the same speakers on the same trials. Across measures, we find consistent, robust effects of mixing and language dominance. In contrast, while switching effects are robust in reaction time measures, they are not detected in phonetic measures. These inconsistent effects suggest there are constraints on the degree of interaction between lexical access and phonetic processes.
The contributions of proficiency and semantics to the bilingual sentence superiority effect
Authors: Washington Portia N. , Wiley Robert W.
Published: November 2022

A long-standing question about bilingualism concerns which representations are shared across languages. Recent work has revealed a bilingual Sentence Superiority Effect (SSE) among French–English bilinguals reading mixed-language sentences: identification of target words is more accurate in syntactically grammatical than ungrammatical sentences. While this ability to connect words across the two languages has been attributed to a rapid parsing of shared syntactic representations, outstanding questions remain about the role of semantics. Here, we replicate the SSE in Spanish–English bilinguals (e.g., better identification of vacío in “my vaso is vacío” [my glass is empty] than “is vaso my vacío” [is glass my empty]). Importantly, we report evidence that semantics do contribute to word identification, but significantly less than syntax and only in the context of syntactically grammatical sentences. Moreover, the effect is moderated by language proficiency, further constraining the conditions under which shared cross-linguistic representations are rapidly accessed in the bilingual mind.
Raising the Bar: the Work of the Inns of Court Libraries
Authors: Dhillon Harpreet K.
Published: November 2022

This article has been written by Harpreet K. Dhillon, with contributions from colleagues at Gray's Inn Library, Inner Temple Library, Middle Temple Library and Lincoln's Inn's Library. During the course of the article, Harpreet looks at the way the four of Inns of Court libraries support barristers, though will use the term members interchangeably throughout. The Inns have their own histories, and the libraries function in their own unique ways, so the focus of this article are those key services provided by all the libraries and their relevance to the continuing work of Inn members. The article has been written using anecdotal evidence and contributions from all the library teams, concluding that the Inn libraries play a crucial and ongoing role in supporting the work of barristers, a role that evolves and will continue to do so alongside the legal profession's demands.
Supporting the Barrister Profession in Northern Ireland: 100 Years and Counting
Authors: Burns Niamh
Published: November 2022

This article by Niamh Burns, Senior Manager for Library & Member Support Services at the Bar of Northern Ireland, provides a brief overview of the history of the Bar of Northern Ireland and an explanation of the Bar Library model and the services it provides. She provides an insight into some of the current issues facing the barrister profession in Northern Ireland, then focuses on what the Bar of Northern Ireland's Library & Information Service is doing to support members of the Bar Library in meeting some of their challenges.
Social Preferences: Measuring Private, Public, and Group Preferences through Focus Groups
Authors: Lindsey Summer
Published: November 2022

How does the social nature of focus groups shape what researchers learn about preferences? This article delineates three preference types—private, publicly expressed, and group preferences—and introduces a new method for measuring each in a focus group setting. Original data on people’s preferences for punishing rape, wife beating, and theft across 80 focus groups in 20 villages in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo reveal clear differences across preference types, featuring more extreme punishment preferences in the public sphere. A within-subject experiment also shows that focus group discussions affect people’s private preferences by making them more extreme, which has ethical implications for researchers who use focus groups worldwide. The social nature of preferences observed in Democratic Republic of Congo underscores that scholars must adopt clear and transparent approaches to data comparison to learn about sensitive issues in the face of contested norms.
Thirty years of organic dairy in the United States: the influences of farms, the market and the organic regulation
Authors: Dimitri Carolyn , Nehring Richard
Published: November 2022

The US organic milk food system has several interesting characteristics. The product has been enthusiastically embraced by consumers, resulting in increased retail sales of organic milk. The processing sector is oligopolistic, with three dominant firms. At the farm level, the definition and enforcement of regulations relating to access to pasture and transitioning livestock have been the subject of controversy and slow to change to meet the needs of the sector. This paper uses two sources of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data (Agricultural Resource Management Survey and Organic Survey) and other evidence to trace changes in the discourse about organic dairy, the market, processing and farm sector, along with the evolution of the regulation. Concern over inconsistencies in the language and enforcement of the regulation at the farm level continued throughout the 30-year period. We find evidence of strong and continued growth of the organic dairy sector at the farm level, among all regions of the US. The amount of pasture available per cow increased as the access to outdoor rules tightened. In 2016 many dairies failed to meet the 30% threshold for feed from grazing. Another key finding, which may underlie the internal debates, is that the profitability of large-scale organic dairies in the West substantially increased in 2016. The organic dairies in other regions did not experience this improvement, although their profitability remained similar to prior years. While there is evidence of problems with the regulation, we note that the structure of the processing sector is an important but overlooked dimension. Thus, additional research into the farmer–processor relationship is needed to improve our understanding of the dynamics of the organic dairy farm sector.
Experimental evidence for temporal uncoupling of brain Aβ deposition and neurodegenerative sequelae
Authors: Rother Christine , Uhlmann Ruth E. , Müller Stephan A. , Schelle Juliane , Skodras Angelos , Obermüller Ulrike , Häsler Lisa M. , Lambert Marius , Baumann Frank , Xu Ying , Bergmann Carina , Salvadori Giulia , Loos Maarten , Brzak Irena , Shimshek Derya , Neumann Ulf ,   Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, Walker Lary C. , Schultz Stephanie A. , Chhatwal Jasmeer P. , Kaeser Stephan A. , Lichtenthaler Stefan F. , Staufenbiel Matthias , Jucker Mathias
Published: November 2022

Brain Aβ deposition is a key early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer´s disease (AD), but the long presymptomatic phase and poor correlation between Aβ deposition and clinical symptoms remain puzzling. To elucidate the dependency of downstream pathologies on Aβ, we analyzed the trajectories of cerebral Aβ accumulation, Aβ seeding activity, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in the CSF (a biomarker of neurodegeneration) in Aβ-precursor protein transgenic mice. We find that Aβ deposition increases linearly until it reaches an apparent plateau at a late age, while Aβ seeding activity increases more rapidly and reaches a plateau earlier, coinciding with the onset of a robust increase of CSF NfL. Short-term inhibition of Aβ generation in amyloid-laden mice reduced Aβ deposition and associated glial changes, but failed to reduce Aβ seeding activity, and CSF NfL continued to increase although at a slower pace. When short-term or long-term inhibition of Aβ generation was started at pre-amyloid stages, CSF NfL did not increase despite some Aβ deposition, microglial activation, and robust brain Aβ seeding activity. A dissociation of Aβ load and CSF NfL trajectories was also found in familial AD, consistent with the view that Aβ aggregation is not kinetically coupled to neurotoxicity. Rather, neurodegeneration starts when Aβ seeding activity is saturated and before Aβ deposition reaches critical (half-maximal) levels, a phenomenon reminiscent of the two pathogenic phases in prion disease.
Integrated rupture mechanics for slow slip events and earthquakes
Authors: Weng Huihui , Ampuero Jean-Paul
Published: November 2022

Slow slip events occur worldwide and could trigger devastating earthquakes, yet it is still debated whether their moment-duration scaling is linear or cubic and a fundamental model unifying slow and fast earthquakes is still lacking. Here, we show that the rupture propagation of simulated slow and fast earthquakes can be predicted by a newly-developed three-dimensional theory of dynamic fracture mechanics accounting for finite rupture width, an essential ingredient missing in previous theories. The complete spectrum of rupture speeds is controlled by the ratio of fracture energy to energy release rate. Shear stress heterogeneity can produce a cubic scaling on a single fault while effective normal stress variability produces a linear scaling on a population of faults, which reconciles the debated scaling relations. This model provides a new framework to explain how slow slip might lead to earthquakes and opens new avenues for seismic hazard assessment integrating seismological, laboratory and theoretical developments.
Genomic basis of the giga-chromosomes and giga-genome of tree peony Paeonia ostii
Authors: Yuan Junhui , Jiang Sanjie , Jian Jianbo , Liu Mingyu , Yue Zhen , Xu Jiabao , Li Juan , Xu Chunyan , Lin Lihong , Jing Yi , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Chen Haixin , Zhang Linjuan , Fu Tao , Yu Shuiyan , Wu Zhangyan , Zhang Ying , Wang Chongzhi , Zhang Xiao , Huang Liangbo , Wang Hongqi , Hong Deyuan , Chen Xiao-Ya , Hu Yonghong
Published: November 2022

Tree peony (Paeonia ostii) is an economically important ornamental plant native to China. It is also notable for its seed oil, which is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid (ALA). Here, we report chromosome-level genome assembly (12.28 Gb) ofP. ostii. In contrast to monocots with giant genomes, tree peony does not appear to have undergone lineage-specific whole-genome duplication. Instead, explosive LTR expansion in the intergenic regions within a short period (~ two million years) may have contributed to the formation of its giga-genome. In addition, expansion of five types of histone encoding genes may have helped maintain the giga-chromosomes. Further, we conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 448 accessions and show expansion and high expression of several genes in the key nodes of fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, includingSAD,FAD2andFAD3, may function in high level of ALAs synthesis in tree peony seeds. Moreover, by comparing with cultivated tree peony (P. suffruticosa), we show that ectopic expression of class A geneAP1and reduced expression of class C geneAGmay contribute to the formation of petaloid stamens. Genomic resources reported in this study will be valuable for studying chromosome/genome evolution and tree peony breeding.
Mapping the planet’s critical natural assets
Authors: Chaplin-Kramer Rebecca , Neugarten Rachel A. , Sharp Richard P. , Collins Pamela M. , Polasky Stephen , Hole David , Schuster Richard , Strimas-Mackey Matthew , Mulligan Mark , Brandon Carter , Diaz Sandra , Fluet-Chouinard Etienne , Gorenflo L. J. , Johnson Justin A. , Kennedy Christina M. , Keys Patrick W. , Longley-Wood Kate , McIntyre Peter B. , Noon Monica , Pascual Unai , Reidy Liermann Catherine , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Schmidt-Traub Guido , Shaw M. Rebecca , Spalding Mark , Turner Will R. , van Soesbergen Arnout , Watson Reg A.
Published: November 2022

Sustaining the organisms, ecosystems and processes that underpin human wellbeing is necessary to achieve sustainable development. Here we define critical natural assets as the natural and semi-natural ecosystems that provide 90% of the total current magnitude of 14 types of nature’s contributions to people (NCP), and we map the global locations of these critical natural assets at 2 km resolution. Critical natural assets for maintaining local-scale NCP (12 of the 14 NCP) account for 30% of total global land area and 24% of national territorial waters, while 44% of land area is required to also maintain two global-scale NCP (carbon storage and moisture recycling). These areas overlap substantially with cultural diversity (areas containing 96% of global languages) and biodiversity (covering area requirements for 73% of birds and 66% of mammals). At least 87% of the world’s population live in the areas benefitting from critical natural assets for local-scale NCP, while only 16% live on the lands containing these assets. Many of the NCP mapped here are left out of international agreements focused on conserving species or mitigating climate change, yet this analysis shows that explicitly prioritizing critical natural assets and the NCP they provide could simultaneously advance development, climate and conservation goals.
Impact of depressed state on attention and language processing during news broadcasts: EEG analysis and machine learning approach
Authors: Fuseda Kohei , Watanabe Hiroki , Matsumoto Atsushi , Saito Junpei , Naruse Yasushi , Ihara Aya S.
Published: November 2022

While information enriches daily life, it can also sometimes have a negative impact, depending on an individual’s mental state. We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from depressed and non-depressed individuals classified based on the Beck Depression Inventory-II score while they listened to news to clarify differences in their attention to affective information and the impact of attentional bias on language processing. Results showed that depressed individuals are characterized by delayed attention to positive news and require a more increased load on language processing. The feasibility of detecting a depressed state using these EEG characteristics was evaluated by classifying individuals as depressed and non-depressed individuals. The area under the curve in the models trained by the EEG features used was 0.73. This result shows that individuals’ mental states may be assessed based on EEG measured during daily activities like listening to news.
Potentials of synthetic hexaploid wheats to improve drought tolerance
Authors: Mokhtari Niloofar , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Mirlohi Aghafakhr
Published: November 2022

Synthetic hexaploid wheat-derived lines (SHW-DL) offers new hope for breeders to restore genes lost during the evolutionary bottleneck. The study of adaptability, variation, and the possibility of selection in SHW-DL for drought tolerance is poorly understood in arid environments. The potential of 184 SHW-DL and their variation for agro-morphological traits were assessed under normal and water stress conditions for 2 years. The mean values of grain yield (YLD) varied from 683.9 g/m2 (water stress) to 992.1 g/m2 (normal conditions). Grain yield decreased by 64 and 71% under water stress in the two growing seasons. High genotypic variation was found for measured traits and drought tolerance. Heritability ranged from 19 (harvest index) to 47% (spike length), whereas grain yield indicated a moderate heritability (32%). Using the assessment of the interrelationship of traits, hectoliter (a quality trait) was correlated with drought tolerance and stability indices. Therefore, it can be considered as an important trait to select drought tolerant genotypes. In the following, the priority of yield components entering the regression model was different in two moisture conditions suggesting different strategies in indirect selection programs to improve yield. Spike m−2 and grain spike−1 indirectly and negatively affected yield through thousand-grain weight (TGW) under normal and water stress conditions, respectively. Furthermore, SHW-DL compared to ordinary wheat were significantly superior in terms of early maturity, dwarfing, yield, TGW, stem diameter, and harvest index. Overall, our findings suggest that SHW-DL are a valuable source for improving wheat yield and drought tolerance, and indirect selection might be possible to improve these complex traits.
Analysis and estimation of cross-flow heat exchanger fouling in phosphoric acid concentration plant using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)
Authors: Jradi Rania , Marvillet Christophe , Jeday Mohamed Razak
Published: November 2022

The production of phosphoric acid by dehydrated process leads to the precipitation of unwanted insoluble salts promoting thus the crystallization fouling build-up on heat transfer surfaces of the exchangers. During the acid concentration operation, the presence of fouling in heat exchangers results in reducing the performance of this equipment, in terms of heat transfer, while increasing energy losses and damaging the apparatus. To mitigate these adverse effects of fouling, it is necessary to forecast the thermal resistance of fouling to schedule and perform exchanger cleaning. In this context, artificial neural network and response surface methodology were used to estimate thermal resistance of fouling in a cross-flow heat exchanger by using the operating data of the concentration loop. The absolute average relative deviations, mean squared errors, root mean squared errors and correlation coefficients were used as indicators error between the experimental and estimated values for both methods. The best fitted model derived from response surface methodology method was second order polynomial while the best architecture topology, for the artificial neural network method, consists of three layers: input layer with six input variables, hidden layer with six hidden neurons and an output layer with single output variable. The interactive influences of operating parameters which have significant effects on the fouling resistance were illustrated in detail. The value of correlation coefficient for the output parameter from the response surface methodology is 0.9976, indicating that the response surface methodology as an assessment methodology in estimating fouling resistance is more feasible compared with the artificial neural network approach.
Insilico prediction and functional analysis of nonsynonymous SNPs in human CTLA4 gene
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Iqbal Talha , Hashmi Sakina , Ghani Uzma , Bhatti Attya
Published: November 2022

The CTLA4 receptor is an immune checkpoint involved in the downregulation of T cells. Polymorphisms in this gene have been found to be associated with different diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and autoimmune Addison's disease. Therefore, the identification of polymorphisms that have an effect on the structure and function of CTLA4 gene is important. Here we identified the most damaging missense or non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) that might be crucial for the structure and function of CTLA4 using different bioinformatics tools. These in silico tools included SIFT, PROVEAN, PhD-SNP, PolyPhen-2 followed by MutPred2, I-Mutant 2.0 and ConSurf. The protein structures were predicted using Phyre2 and I-TASSER, while the gene–gene interactions were predicted by GeneMANIA and STRING. Our study identified three damaging missense SNPs rs1553657429, rs1559591863 and rs778534474 in coding region of CTLA4 gene. Among these SNPs the rs1553657429 showed a loss of potential phosphorylation site and was found to be highly conserved. The prediction of gene–gene interaction showed the interaction of CTlA4 with other genes and its importance in different pathways. This investigation of damaging nsSNPs can be considered in future while studying CTLA4 related diseases and can be of great importance in precision medicine.
Shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from leaf and petiole explants of endangered Euryodendron excelsum
Authors: Xiong Yuping , Chen Shuangyan , Wu Teng , Wu Kunlin , Li Yuan , Zhang Xinhua , da Silva Jaime A. Teixeira , Zeng Songjun , Ma Guohua
Published: November 2022

Euryodendron excelsum H.T. Chang is a rare and endangered woody plant endemic to China. It is very important to conserve and propagate this species from extinction. In this study, leaves and petioles from the axillary shoots in vitro were used as explants to culture on the different plant growth regulator (PGR) woody plant medium (WPM) and establish an efficient shoot proliferation and plant regeneration system. WPM supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D induced callus dedifferentiated into buds and somatic embryos on various media,including PGR-free WPM. However, only adventitious shoots formed on WPM with 1.0 mg/L of cytokinins such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN) or thidiazuron (TDZ). When another cytokinin, zeatin, was used, somatic embryos were induced directly from From cut surface of these explants. Adventitious roots could be induced from both explants on WPM with 1.0 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Somatic embryos cultured in PGR-free WPM or WPM with 0.2 mg/L NAA developed roots. Plantlets derived from somatic embryos were transferred to a peat: sand (1:1, v/v) substrate, and showed survival rates of 64.3% at 30 days and 54.6% at 90 days. Callus clumps with adventitious shoot buds that were transferred to WPM containing 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA generated a mean 3.3 multiple shoots. Callus-derived shoots regenerated and rooted successfully (100%) on agar-free vermiculite-based WPM with 0.5 μM NAA after 30 d. Plantlets transplanted to peat soil: vermiculite (1:1, v/v) displayed the highest survival (96.7%) after three months.
Optimization of complex engineering problems using modified sine cosine algorithm
Authors: Shang Chao , Zhou Ting-ting , Liu Shuai
Published: November 2022

In this article, a modified version of the Sine Cosine algorithm (MSCA) is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Based on the Sine Cosine algorithm (SCA), the position update formula of SCA is redefined to increase the convergence speed, then the Levy random walk mutation strategy is adopted to improve the population diversity. In order to verify the performance of MSCA, 24 well-known classical benchmark problems and IEEE CEC2017 test suites were introduced, and by comparing MSCA with several popular methods, it is demonstrated that MSCA has good convergence and robustness. Finally, MSCA is used to address six complex engineering design problems, demonstrating the engineering utility of the algorithm.
Risk assessment of oxidative stress and multiple toxicity induced by Etoxazole
Authors: Macar Oksal , Kalefetoğlu Macar Tuğçe , Çavuşoğlu Kültiğin , Yalçın Emine
Published: November 2022

Etoxazole is among the systemic pesticides with acaricidal and insecticidal characteristics. This paper reports the first evaluation of the toxic effects of Etoxazole on Allium cepa L. Etoxazole solutions were applied to three groups formed from A. cepa bulbs at 0.125 mL/L, 0.25 mL/L and 0.5 mL/L doses, respectively. The control group was treated with tap water throughout the experimental period. The toxic effects of Etoxazole became more apparent as the dose of Etoxazole was increased. The growth-limiting effect was most pronounced in the highest dose group with approximately 29%, 70% and 58.5% reductions in germination percentage, root elongation and weight gain, respectively. The genotoxic effect of Etoxazole was most severe in the 0.5 mL/L dose group. In this group, the mitotic index decreased by 30% compared to the control group, while the micronucleus frequency increased to 45.3 ± 3.74. The most observed aberrations were fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, reverse polarization and nucleus with vacuoles. The malondialdehyde level showed a gradual increase with increasing Etoxazole doses and reached 2.7 times that of the control group in the 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole applied group. Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities increased in the groups exposed to 0.125 mL/L and 0.25 mL/L Etoxazole with dose dependence and decreased abruptly in the group treated with 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole. Etoxazole triggered meristematic cell damages, such as epidermis cell damage, thickening of cortex cell walls, flattened cell nucleus and indistinct transmission tissue. Considering the versatile toxicity induced by Etoxazole, we announce that this chemical has the potential to cause serious damage to non-target organisms. It should be noted that the higher the dose of exposure, the more severe the level of damage. This study will be an important reminder to limit the indiscriminate use of this highly risky agrochemical.
The pathogenicity comparison of Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 and GI.2 strains in China by using relative quantitative assay
Authors: Tu Teng , Zhou You , Jiang Dike , Pang Maonan , Wu Xulong , Yao Xueping , Luo Yan , Yang Zexiao , Ren Meishen , Wang Yin
Published: November 2022

Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 belongs to Lagovirus in the Caliciviridae family. GI.1 causes an acute, septic, and highly lethal disease in rabbits. Lagovirus europaeus GI.2, a new variant of GI.1, has caused explosive mortality in rabbits of all ages in Sichuan Province, China. To explore the differences in pathogenicity of rabbits infected with GI.1/GI.2, we investigated the virulence and disease progression of a naturally occurring GI.1/GI.2 in 4-week-old, 13-week-old, and 25-week-old New Zealand White laboratory rabbits after GI.1/GI.2 infection. Objective measures of disease progression were recorded using continuous body-temperature monitoring. We observed the kittens were infected with GI.2 during the most urgent course of the disease, and GI.1 was not lethal to kittens. We found that the target organ of both GI.1 and GI.2 was the liver, but the disease course of the two viruses was differed. Our study enriches the research on the pathogenicity of GI.1 and GI.2 under the same conditions.
Nanoarchitectonics of Congo red dye to biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots for highly sensitive Fe3+ and ferritin detection
Authors: Kathiravan Arunkumar , Thulasi Sekar , Smith Trevor A. , Ashokkumar Muthupandian , Asha Jhonsi Mariadoss
Published: November 2022

In this work, we have meticulously tuned the carcinogenic Congo red dye to environmentally benign fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) by adopting a typical hydrothermal method without any additives.
Simultaneously improving O2 adsorption and activation for H2O2 photogeneration on K-doped-carbon nitride
Authors: Li Zehao , Chen Yufei
Published: November 2022

Owing to the simultaneously improved O2 adsorption and activation, modified PCN presents excellent O2 adsorption from air and photocatalytic H2O2 production activity in the atmosphere without blowing O2.
Modulating the structural topologies from star-shape to cross-shape for Co–Dy heterometallic complexes with slow magnetic relaxation behavior
Authors: Wang Hui-Sheng , Yu Chun-Fang , Ye Si-Qi , Chen Yong , Liu Xueru , Wu Yanfang , Zhou Pengfei , Zhang Yi-Quan
Published: November 2022

A star-like CoIII2DyIII2 complex (1) and a cross-shaped CoII/III–Dy complex (2) have been obtained, in which 1 exhibits double magnetic relaxation behavior, while 2 only shows slow magnetic relaxation signals.
Relationship between the electron-transfer coefficients of the oxygen reduction reaction estimated from the Gibbs free energy of activation and the Butler–Volmer equation
Authors: Maurya Rajan , Das Rubul , Tripathi Anand Kumar , Neergat Manoj
Published: November 2022

The electron-transfer coefficient (α) estimated from the Butler–Volmer equation (electrochemical kinetics) and that obtained from the potential-dependent Gibbs free energy of formation of the activated complex (ΔG#) for an electrocatalytic reaction are different.
Development of cost-effective and long-lasting integrated technology for H2S control from sludge in wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Hao Tianwei , Zeng Jiajia , Pan Jianyu , Huang Wenzhuo , Kong Zhe , Sun Jianliang
Published: November 2022

Integrated aeration-oxidant and glutaraldehyde-oxidant were cost-effective. Integrated glutaraldehyde-oxidant and oxidant-Fe2O3 had a long-lasting performance. Efficient H2S control was achieved via synergistic pathways.
Hybrid nanomaterial inks for printed resistive temperature sensors with tunable properties to maximize sensitivity
Authors: Tursunniyaz Muhammadeziz , Agarwal Vasvi , Meredith Anna , Andrews Joseph
Published: November 2022

Flexible resistive temperature sensors with tunable temperature coefficient of resistance and sensitivity fabricated by aerosol jet printing with hybrid nanomaterial inks.
Mo doping and Se vacancy engineering for boosting electrocatalytic water oxidation by regulating the electronic structure of self-supported Co9Se8@NiSe
Authors: Tian Lin , Chen Zhenyang , Wang Tingjian , Cao Ming , Lu Xinhua , Cheng Wenjing , He Changchun , Wang Ju , Li Zhao
Published: November 2022

Mo doping and Se vacancy engineering synergistically boost electrocatalytic water oxidation.
Laser induced trace doping of Pd on Ru nanoparticles for an efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst
Authors: Guo Ziang , Zhu Liye , Liu Xuan , Zhang Ran , Zhu Tiying , Jiang Nan , Zhao Yan , Jiang Yijian
Published: November 2022

The trace Pd-doped Ru NPs were made by liquid-phase laser ablation and exhibit efficient HER catalytic performance. This work improves understanding of metal doping by experimental and theoretical analysis, which may promote laser-driven applications.
Cationic pair substitution in LaAlO3:Mn4+ for octahedral-tilting-dependent zero-phonon line
Authors: Li Siyuan , Zhang Chenyu , Zhu Qi , Li Ji-Guang
Published: November 2022

Cationic pair substitution induces tunable ZPL emission of Mn4+ in LaAlO3:Mn4+, and the ZPL emission exhibits an octahedral-tilting dependent behavior.
Atomically dispersed copper catalysts for highly selective CO2reduction
Authors: Yun Ruirui , Zhang Beibei , Shi Changsong , Xu Ruiming , Mao Junjie , Wang Zhaoxu
Published: November 2022

Support substrates play important roles in the catalysis process.
Supramolecular vesicle engineering by regulating the assembly of shape-persistent aromatic-hydrazone macrocycles
Authors: Deng He , Gong Guanfei , Lv Siheng , Chen Yi , Zhao Qi , Liu Shanshan , Chen Shigui , Wang Lu
Published: November 2022

The size of supramolecular vesicles is manipulated by regulating the assembly of macrocycles with different mono- or bi-pyridinium salts.
Co,N-doped carbon sheets prepared by a facile method as high-efficiency oxygen reduction catalysts
Authors: Zhang Wei , Pei Supeng , Xu Kangwei , Han Zhiyue , Ma Jialu , Zhang Yingge , Liu Guipeng , Xu Xiaojun
Published: November 2022

The Co,N-doped carbon sheets as high-efficiency ORR catalysts were prepared by a facile process.
Microfluidic dual picoinjection based encapsulation of hemoglobin in alginate microcapsules reinforced by a poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Ahmed Husnain , Khan Essa Ahsan , Stokke Bjørn Torger
Published: November 2022

Hemoglobin encapsulation inside polysaccharide hydrogels of similar size as RBC is realized using a dual picoinjection microfluidic device, for further evaluation as a possible artificial oxygen carrier.
Analysis of aerodynamic and aeroacoustics of full scale landing gear
Authors: TIAN Siyuan , YU Peixun , BAI Junqiang , REN Xiaofeng , BAO Anyu , HAN Xiao
Published: November 2022

The aerodynamic noise of a landing gear is an important source of airframe noise. The analysis of its noise characteristics plays an important role in the design of a low-noise landing gear. Based on the FL-52 acoustic wind tunnel test technology, the coupled scale adaptive model and the acoustic disturbance equation, the results on aerodynamic noise of a full-scale landing gear model are analyzed. The high-fidelity model includes transverse strut, torsion arm, piston rod, wheel and other parts. The characteristics of static pressure distribution, power spectrum density of pulsating pressure, aerodynamic noise source distribution and directivity of overall sound pressure level are analyzed. The noise characteristics of the far-field microphone are compared with the local microphone installed in the wheel cavity. In this way, we characterize the directivity of pure tone in the wheel cavity and understand its contribution to the far-field noise. The results show that the aerodynamic noise of the landing gear can be quantified accurately by the hybrid numerical method. The pure tone has two frequencies inside and outside the wheel of the landing gear: 560 Hz and 960 Hz. The peak of the loudest sound pressure level reaches 136 dB, and the pure tone radiates to the surface of the non-separation area of the wheel of the landing gear. However, the wall pressure spectrum of the points located in the turbulence region shows a wide-frequency characteristic, and there is no obvious pure tone. From the point of view of the far-field noise directivity, the forward noise of the landing gear is larger than the rear noise, and there is a small overall sound pressure level area at the points of 65 and 110 degrees respectively. When the monitoring points are far away, the far-field noise of the landing gear shows the characteristics of wide frequency, and no obvious pure tone appears. The method can provide the technical support for predicting the aeroacoustics of a landing gear and designing a low-noise land gear.
Study on tolerance control of flying-wing layout vectored thrust UAV
Authors: CHEN Zhuoying , CHEN Huaimin , WANG Yongkang
Published: November 2022

The flying-wing layout vectored thrust UAV often uses multiple sets of aerodynamic rudder surfaces and vector nozzles to jointly generate the required control force and torque, which belongs to a typical overdrive system. Multiple sets of rudder surfaces give UAV a higher redundancy configuration, but also result in multiplying the rudder surface failure rate. Especially for the statically unstable flying-wing UAV in lateral direction, the moment imbalance caused by the failure of the executive rudder will seriously affect the flight safety. Therefore, this paper takes the failure of elevator and rudder damage as an example, and proposes a kind of control distribution method of aerodynamic-based control and vectored thrust as auxiliary. The binary vector deflection mechanism is used to generate vector thrust, compensate damaged actuator mechanism rudder effect, release the control margin of the rudder actuator, and restore the maneuverability of the aircraft. Under the failure of the aerodynamic rudder actuator damage, the stable control UAV is realized.
Design of adaptive flight control law for center of gravity and mass variation and HIL real-time simulation verification
Authors: LI Yu , LIU Xiaoxiong , HUANG Wei , LI Kecheng , MING Ruichen , ZHANG Weiguo
Published: November 2022

Considering the influence of the center of gravity (CG) and mass variations on flight dynamics, a nonlinear L1 adaptive control approach is presented in this paper and applied to design a flight controller to achieve the aim of improving the robustness of the flight system against sudden changes in the CG. Based on L1 adaptive control, this approach introduces a feedback linearization strategy to eliminate the known nonlinear dynamics of the aircraft and realize the rapid decoupling of the aircraft states. The nonlinear L1 adaptive control also addresses the problem of insufficient robustness in conventional L1 adaptive control due to overcoming its own known nonlinearities, and then improves the robustness to external disturbances. Additionally, the modified piecewise constant is employed to design the adaptive law to improve the estimation accuracy. Finally, the control performance and robustness of the designed flight control law are verified in the hardware in the loop (HIL) flight control semi-physical experimental platform. Experimental results indicate that the nonlinear L1 adaptive flight control law has strong robustness, which can effectively overcome the disturbance of the CG and mass sudden variations. Moreover, the designed controller takes into account the transient performance while ensuring the steady-state performance of the aircraft with CG change.
End-to-end UAV obstacle avoidance decision based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: ZHANG Yunyan , WEI Yao , LIU Hao , YANG Yao
Published: November 2022

Aiming at the problem that the traditional UAV obstacle avoidance algorithm needs to build offline three-dimensional maps, discontinuous speed control and limited speed direction selection, we study the end-to-end obstacle avoidance decision method of UAV continuous action output based on DDPG(deep deterministic policy gradient) deep reinforcement learning algorithm. Firstly, an end-to-end decision control model based on DDPG algorithm is established. The model can output continuous control variables, namely UAV obstacle avoidance actions, according to the continuous state information perceived. Secondly, the training verification is carried out on the platform of UE4 + Airsim. The results show that the model can realize the end-to-end UAV obstacle avoidance decision. Finally, the 3DVFH(three dimensional vector field histogram) obstacle avoidance algorithm model with the same data source is compared and analyzed. The experiment shows that DDPG algorithm has better optimization effect on the obstacle avoidance trajectory of UAV.
Analysis and cleaning of attachments on compressor blades
Authors: JIANG Yongjian , LIU Jindou , ZHANG Sirui , ZHANG Xiaohua , LI Baoqing , YU Jinlu
Published: November 2022

对涡轴发动机压气机叶片附着物进行分析, 根据附着物特征研究了针对性的清洗介质并进行了实验验证, 为压气机性能恢复奠定了基础。采用扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、红外光谱等方法对压气机叶片附着物进行分析, 结果表明压气机导流叶片和静子叶片附着物的颗粒状态、元素含量、有机物类型等特征存在明显区别。利用分析得到的附着物特征提出了新型的水基微乳型清洗介质, 实验表明新型清洗剂对压气机附着物的清洗效果良好。对清洗剂的金属材料腐蚀性能进行验证, 实验表明新型清洗剂具有良好的缓蚀性能。
Construction method of vertebral body geometric shape statistical model fused curvature features
Authors: HUI Yu , WU Junsheng , TANG Jiyong , ZHANG Jing , HUANG Wei
Published: November 2022

现有医学样本库缺乏不同年龄段脊椎的几何形态统计模型, 因此建立一个精度较高、定位准确的椎体几何形态统计模型库就显得迫在眉睫。提出一种基于融合曲率特征的椎体三维几何统计模型构建方法, 根据曲率特征对人体腰椎三维重建模型进行识别和定位, 输出各模型的样本矩阵; 用优化的ICP算法对样本矩阵进行对齐与配准; 用PCA对样本模型进行配准训练, 组成统计模型样本库。
Imaging in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Toy Dennis , Siegel Mark D. , Rubinowitz Ami N.
Published: November 2022

Radiology plays an important role in the management of the most seriously ill patients in the hospital. Over the years, continued advances in imaging technology have contributed to an improvement in patient care. However, even with such advances, the portable chest radiograph (CXR) remains one of the most commonly requested radiographic examinations. While they provide valuable information, CXRs remain relatively insensitive at revealing abnormalities and are often nonspecific. Chest computed tomography (CT) can display findings that are occult on CXR and is particularly useful at identifying and characterizing pleural effusions, detecting barotrauma including small pneumothoraces, distinguishing pneumonia from atelectasis, and revealing unsuspected or additional abnormalities which could result in increased morbidity and mortality if left untreated. CT pulmonary angiography is the modality of choice in the evaluation of pulmonary emboli which can complicate the hospital course of the ICU patient. This article will provide guidance for interpretation of CXR and thoracic CT images, discuss some of the invasive devices routinely used, and review the radiologic manifestations of common pathologic disease states encountered in ICU patients. In addition, imaging findings and complications of more specific clinical scenarios in which the incidence has increased in the ICU setting, such as patients who are immunocompromised, have interstitial lung disease, or COVID-19, will also be discussed. Communication between the radiologist and intensivist, particularly on complicated cases, is important to help increase diagnostic accuracy and leads to an improvement in the management of the most critically ill patients.