bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chemiexcitation of the Chemiluminescence of Lophine Peroxide Anions via a Partially Cyclic Transition State
Authors: Lu Gonghao , Wada Jun , Kimoto Takashi , Iga Hiroshi , Nishigawa Hideki , Kimura Masaru , Hu Zhizhi
Published: December 2013

It was shown that acyclic intermediates play a role in the chemiexcitation of the chemiluminescence (CL) of lophine peroxides in addition to the dioxetane intermediates. Because the CL efficiencies of position‐isomers (R)‐9 and (R)‐10, which theoretically give the common dioxetane intermediate, were different, the different CL efficiencies are attributable to the CL mechanism involving a partially cyclic transition structure at the chemiexcitation step.
Planetary dune analogues: a special issue on integrating models, remote sensing and field data
Authors: Bishop Mark A.
Published: December 2013

This article reports on the Special Issue of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms dedicated to planetary dune analogues and the advances that have been made through the integration of remote sensing and terrestrial field data to better model and understand aeolian systems. The 11 articles presented demonstrate a spectrum of analytical techniques that are employed to investigate ripples, dunes, draa and ergs across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Nine of the papers involve innovative research about aeolian bedforms and processes, while the final two papers are examples of how vast quantities of data may be organized and scrutinized using a GIScience approach. Based on these 11 papers and the many abstracts archived in a series of three planetary dunes workshops at the Lunar Planetary Institute (http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/abstracts.shtml; LPI Contributions 1403, 1552, and 1673) it is evident that there exists diverse and complementary approaches to the comparative study of landforms and processes for terrestrial and extra‐terrestrial aeolian landscapes that is driven by a vibrant international community of scientists and educators that engage in the cross‐fertilization of ideas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Omega‐3 fatty acid biomarkers and subsequent depressive symptoms
Authors: Persons Jane E. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Ammann Eric M. , Coryell William H. , Espeland Mark A. , Harris William S. , Manson JoAnn E. , Fiedorowicz Jess G.
Published: December 2013

Objective

We sought to determine the relationship between the omega‐3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes (RBC), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and baseline and new‐onset depressive symptoms in post‐menopausal women. We secondarily sought to characterize the association between dietary omega‐3 fatty acid intake and depressive symptomatology.

Methods

Study participants included 7086 members of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (aged 63–81 years) who had an assessment of RBC omega‐3 fatty acid concentrations at the baseline screening visit. Depressive symptoms at baseline and follow‐up were characterized using the Burnam eight‐item scale for depressive disorders (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale/Diagnostic Interview Schedule short form) and secondarily additionally inferred by antidepressant medication use.

Results

In multivariable‐adjusted models, our primary exposure, RBC DHA + EPA, was not related to depressive symptoms by any measure at baseline or follow‐up, nor were RBC total omega‐3, DHA, or EPA (all p > 0.2). In contrast, dietary intake of omega‐3 was positively associated with depressive symptoms at baseline (adjusted odds ratio 1.082, 95% confidence interval 1.004–1.166; p = 0.04 for dietary DHA + EPA and Burnam score ≥0.06), although this generally did not persist at follow‐up.

Conclusion

No relationship between RBC omega‐3 levels and subsequent depressive symptoms was evident, and associations between dietary omega‐3 and depressive symptoms were variable. Biomarkers of omega‐3 status do not appear to be related to risk of new depression in post‐menopausal women. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing WTP Values of Different Types of QALY Gain Elicited from the General Public
Authors: Pennington Mark , Baker Rachel , Brouwer Werner , Mason Helen , Hansen Dorte Gyrd , Robinson Angela , Donaldson Cam ,   the EuroVaQ Team
Published: December 2013

Background

The appropriate thresholds for decisions on the cost‐effectiveness of medical interventions remain controversial, especially in ‘end‐of‐life’ situations. Evidence of the values placed on different types of health gain by the general public is limited.

Methods

Across nine European countries, 17 657 people were presented with different hypothetical health scenarios each involving a gain of one quality adjusted life year (QALY) and asked about their willingness to pay (WTP) for that gain. The questions included quality of life (QoL) enhancing and life extending health gains, and a scenario where respondents faced imminent, premature death.

Results

The mean WTP values for a one‐QALY gain composed of QoL improvements were modest (PPP$11 000). When comparing QALY gains obtained in the near future, the valuation of life extension exceeded the valuation of QoL enhancing gains (mean WTP PPP$19 000 for a scenario in which a coma is avoided). The mean WTP values were higher still when respondents faced imminent, premature death (PPP$29 000).

Conclusions

Evidence from the largest survey on the value of health gains by the general public indicated a higher value for life extending gains compared with QoL enhancing gains. A further modest premium may be indicated for life extension when facing imminent, premature death. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncologic results of the surgical salvage of recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a multicentric retrospective series: Emerging role of supracricoid partial laryngectomy
Authors: de Vincentiis Marco , De Virgilio Armando , Bussu Francesco , Gallus Roberto , Gallo Andrea , Bastanza Giovanni , Parrilla Claudio , Greco Antonio , Galli Jacopo , Turchetta Rosaria , Almadori Giovanni , Pagliuca Giulio , Valentini Vincenzo , Paludetti Gaetano
Published: December 2013

Background

Several studies in the last decade evaluated conservative surgical procedures and, in particular, supracricoid operations as an alternative to total laryngectomy for the salvage of recurrences of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after a first attempt of organ preservation.

Methods

The clinical records of 68 consecutive patients primarily treated by irradiation or endoscopic surgery and surgically salvaged by total laryngectomy or supracricoid partial laryngectomy in 2 large university hospitals in Italy from 2004 to 2010 were reviewed.

Results

The survival was not affected by the primary treatment or by salvage modality. The only parameter always keeping a prognostic value is the involvement of resection margins of salvage surgery. Patients with early relapse seem to have a worse prognosis than patients with a delayed relapse (p = .05 at Cox multivariate analysis and p = .048 at Wilcoxon test for overall survival [OS] from the primary treatment).

Conclusion

Supracricoid operations, if the indications are careful, can prove reliable salvage procedures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 84–91, 2015
Regioselective Synthesis of 5‐(2‐Cyanoethyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2‐carboxylates by Formal [3+3] Cyclocondensations of 1,3‐Bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]buta‐ 1,3‐dienes
Authors: Bendrath Franziska , Abilov Zharylkasyn A. , Falodun Abiodun , Hein Martin , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: December 2013

5‐(2‐Cyanoethyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2‐carboxylates were prepared by regioselective formal [3+3] cyclocondensations of 1,3‐bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]buta‐1,3‐dienes.
Two New Indole Alkaloids from Emmenopterys henryi
Authors: Wu Xing‐De , Wang Lei , He Juan , Li Xing‐Yao , Dong Liao‐Bin , Gong Xun , Gao Xiu , Song Liu‐Dong , Li Yan , Peng Li‐Yan , Zhao Qin‐Shi
Published: December 2013

Two new indole alkaloids, 5‐oxodolichantoside (1) and deglycocadambine (2), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Emmenopterys henryi, together with four known indole alkaloids and five known iridoids. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, and confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. This is the first report on the isolation of indole alkaloids from this species. The indole alkaloids were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer lines.
Diterpenoids from the Wood of Cunninghamia konishii
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chang , Li Yen‐Cheng , Chiu Hsi‐Lin , Cheng Wei‐Yi , Hong Yong‐Han , Sung Ping‐Jyun , Kuo Ching‐Chuan , Wu Bor‐Tsang , Kuo Yueh‐Hsiung
Published: December 2013

Investigation of the wood of Cunninghamia konishii resulted in the isolation and characterization of one new abietane diterpenoid, (6α,7β)‐7,8‐epoxy‐6‐hydroxyabieta‐9(11),13‐dien‐12‐one (1), and two new labdane diterpenoids, (12R)‐12‐hydroxylabda‐8(17),13(16),14‐trien‐19‐oic acid (2) and (12R)‐12‐hydroxylabda‐8(17),13(16),14‐trien‐18‐oic acid (3). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data.
Niels Bohr (1885–1962): On the Wing of a Butterfly, Johann J. Balmer (1825–1898)
Authors: Wayne Craig G.
Published: December 2013

By the year 1913, a number of revolutionary events had begun to transform the landscape of physics. In 1900, Max Planck (1858–1947) had proposed that energy radiated in quanta or packets. The announcement of the photoelectric effect in 1905 by an unassuming Swiss patent worker by the name of Albert Einstein (1879–1955) clearly implicated that light energy, or the photon, later coined by Gilbert N. Lewis (1875–1946) in 1926, was also quantized and showed unprecedented particle‐like properties. More startling was the discovery by Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) who demonstrated that the atom consisted of a hard positive center surrounded by electrons. Niels Bohr (1885–1962), then a young postgraduate, was deeply involved in understanding the structure of the atom. He needed physical or experimental evidence to substantiate his intuitive ideas. Ironically, that evidence had already been published in the year of his birth by Johann J. Balmer (1825–1898), a Swiss mathematics teacher at a secondary school for girls.
Pediatric Pharmacodynamics of Midazolam Oral Syrup
Authors: Marshall James , Rodarte Alex , Blumer Jeffrey , Khoo Ko‐Chin , Akbari Bardia , Kearns Gregory
Published: December 2013

In this study, the authors evaluate the pharmacodynamics, safety, and acceptability of a new cherry‐flavored oral syrup formulation of midazolam. This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, dose‐ranging clinical trial of oral midazolam was conducted at seven U.S. health care institutions focused on pediatric clinical pharmacology research (i.e., the PPRU Network). Pediatric patients (n = 85, ages 6 months through 15 years) underwent invasive procedures and were randomized to a single oral dose of midazolam syrup (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg). Patient taste acceptability of midazolam syrup was evaluated at the time of oral administration. Pharmacodynamic measurements included (1) sedation score using a 5‐point scale at baseline and 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐minute postdose intervals and (2) anxiety score using a 4‐point scale at the time of separation from caretakers and, when applicable, at the time of mask anesthetic induction. Midazolam and α‐hydroxymidazolam plasma concentrations were measured at all pharmacodynamic measurement time points. Adverse events were monitored continuously during the study. Most patients (99%) accepted the syrup without difficulty. Satisfactory sedation was achieved within 30 minutes by 81% of patients. The anxiety score at the time of caretaker separation and mask anesthetic induction was satisfactory for 87% and 91 % of patients, respectively. A significant linear relationship between plasma drug concentration and maximal sedation score, but not anxiety score, was observed. The occurrence of adverse events was consistent with the known safety profile of midazolam. The most commonly reported adverse events were hiccoughing, hypoxemia, nausea, and emesis. It was concluded that a new oral syrup formulation of midazolam, 0.25 to 1.0 mg/kg, effectively induced rapid‐onset, dose‐related, adequate, and safe sedation and anxiolysis in pediatric patients who underwent operative procedures. Sedative effects were related to plasma concentrations of both midazolam and the primary metabolite, α‐hydroxymidazolam. Oral midazolam, 1.0 mg/kg, administered within 30 minutes of the expected procedure or anesthetic induction should provide safe and effective sedation to a majority of children ages 6 months to 16 years.
Absence of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction of Levetiracetam with Phenytoin in Patients with Epilepsy Determined by New Technique
Authors: Browne T. R. , Szabo G. K. , Leppik I. E. , Josephs E. , Paz J. , Baltes E. , Jensen C. M.
Published: December 2013

Levetiracetam has recently been approved as an adjunctive medication for partial seizures and frequently will be added to Phenytoin. The objective of this study was to determine the presence or absence of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction of levetiracetam with phenytoin. A stable isotope tracer technique using deuterium‐labeled (D10) phenytoin and high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (rather than mass spectrometric detection) was employed. Tracer doses of D10‐phenytoin were administered IV before and 12 weeks after adding levetiracetam to the regimen of 6 subjects on phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy. Blood was collected for 96 hours after each infusion. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for phenytoin: Cmax, Cmin, Cave, AUC, CL, t1/2, VD, and free (nonprotein bound) fraction. The ratio and the 90% confidence interval of the ratio of log‐transformed mean values for phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters before (denominator) and after (numerator) adding levetiracetam all fell within the range of 0.85 to 1.17 (two one‐sided test). The authors conclude that the addition of levetiracetam did not bring about clinically important changes in phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters and that it is not necessary to change the phenytoin dosing rate when levetiracetam is added to phenytoin.
Extravascular Administration of Interferon Alfa‐N3 Increases Serum Exposure and 2–5(A) Synthetase Activity
Authors: Sturgill Marc G. , Rashidbaigi Abbas , Liao Mei‐June , Zhao Xiao‐Xia , Hua Ji , Trout Richard , Knill James R. , Grasing Kenneth W.
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic response, and safety of single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SQ) doses of interferon alfa‐n3. Six healthy adults received 10 million units of IV, IM, and SQ interferon alfa‐n3 in a randomized three‐period crossover fashion. Serum interferon alfa‐n3 concentrations and 2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5[A] synthetase) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined after each dose. Extravascular administration significantly increased mean serum interferon alfa‐n3 AUC values (1152 ± 214, 944 ± 209, and 576 ± 188 U·h/mL, p < 0.001, with SQ, IM, and IV administration, respectively) and 2–5(A) synthetase activity at 36 and 48 hours after dosing. Mild to moderate flu‐like symptoms were reported by all 6 subjects, with no route‐related difference in type or incidence. Interferon alfa‐n3 is generally well tolerated by the IV, IM, and SQ routes, with IM and SQ administration maximizing serum exposure and 2–5(A) synthetase activity.
Award Winner in the Young Investigator Category, 2014 Society for Biomaterials Annual Meeting and Exposition, Denver, Colorado, April 16–19, 2014: Periodically perforated core–shell collagen biomaterials balance cell infiltration, bioactivity, and mechanical properties
Authors: Caliari Steven R. , Mozdzen Laura C. , Armitage Oliver , Oyen Michelle L. , Harley Brendan A. C.
Published: December 2013

Orthopedic tissue engineering requires biomaterials with robust mechanics as well as adequate porosity and permeability to support cell motility, proliferation, and new extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. While collagen–glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds have been developed for a range of tissue engineering applications, they exhibit poor mechanical properties. Building on previous work in our lab that described composite CG biomaterials containing a porous scaffold core and nonporous CG membrane shell inspired by mechanically efficient core–shell composites in nature, this study explores an approach to improve cellular infiltration and metabolic health within these core–shell composites. We use indentation analyses to demonstrate that CG membranes, while less permeable than porous CG scaffolds, show similar permeability to dense materials such as small intestine submucosa (SIS). We also describe a simple method to fabricate CG membranes with organized arrays of microscale perforations. We demonstrate that perforated membranes support improved tenocyte migration into CG scaffolds, and that migration is enhanced by platelet‐derived growth factor BB‐mediated chemotaxis. CG core–shell composites fabricated with perforated membranes display scaffold‐membrane integration with significantly improved tensile properties compared to scaffolds without membrane shells. Finally, we show that perforated membrane‐scaffold composites support sustained tenocyte metabolic activity as well as improved cell infiltration and reduced expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α compared to composites with nonperforated membranes. These results will guide the design of improved biomaterials for tendon repair that are mechanically competent while also supporting infiltration of exogenous cells and other extrinsic mediators of wound healing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 917–927, 2014.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of platelet‐rich plasma on nucleus pulposus cells with response of TNF‐α and IL‐1
Authors: Kim Ho‐Joong , Yeom Jin S. , Koh Yong‐Gon , Yeo Jee‐Eun , Kang Kyoung‐Tak , Kang Young‐Mi , Chang Bong‐Soon , Lee Choon‐Ki
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effect of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) with collagen matrix on human nucleus pulposus (NP) cell in response to pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1). NP cells from human disks were cultured in a monolayer and maintained in the collagen matrix prior to the addition of recombinant human IL‐1 and TNF‐α. After applying IL‐1 and TNF‐α, PRP prepared by using a commercially available platelet concentration system was added. The response was investigated using real‐time PCR for mRNA expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3), and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). The combination of IL‐1β and TNF‐α led to decrease of matrix synthesis gene expression such as collagen type II and aggrecan and increase of the degradation gene expression of COX‐2 and MMP‐3, compared to the control. Consecutive PRP exposure significantly recovered the down‐regulated gene expression of collagen type II and aggrecan and significantly reduced the increased MMP‐3 and COX‐2 gene expression, compared to that of control groups with pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The administration of PRP with collagen matrix markedly suppressed cytokine‐induced pro‐inflammatory degrading enzymes and mediators in the NP cell. It also rescued gene expression concerning matrix synthesis, thereby stabilizing NP cell differentiation. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:551–556, 2014.
Treatment utilization and surgical outcome of ampullary and duodenal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shaib Walid L. , Sharma Rahul , Brutcher Edith , Kim Sungjin , Maithel Shishir K. , Chen Zhengjia , Kooby David A. , Kauh John , Landry Jerome , El‐Rayes Bassel F.
Published: December 2013

Background

Ampullary (AMP‐A) and duodenal adenocarcinomas (DA) are rare tumors. The literature regarding treatment and outcome is very limited. The objective of this project is to compare the outcomes of AMP‐A and DA.

Methods

The records for AMP‐A and DA patients between July 1995 and July 2012 at Emory University were reviewed for demographics, pathology, treatment, and survival. Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log‐rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to estimate the adjusted effect of AMP‐A versus DA on overall survival (OS).

Results

Ninety‐five AMP‐A and 66 DA patients were identified. No significant difference between patients with DA and AMP‐A was observed for age, gender, or grade. DA presented with larger tumors and higher stages. Treatment included surgery, surgery followed by adjuvant therapy or chemotherapy alone. No OS difference was observed when controlled for stage. AMP‐A was sub‐classified into intestinal (IAMP), pancreaticobiliary (PBAMP), and unspecified types. IAMP tended to present at a higher grade (P = 0.045) than PBAMP. No OS difference between the IAMP and PBAMP was observed.

Conclusions

After accounting for stage, OS was not significantly different for AMP‐A and DA patients. There was no OS difference comparing PBAMP with IAMP. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:556–560. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative three‐dimensional assessment of port‐wine stain clearance after laser treatments
Authors: Frigerio Alice , Bhama Prabhat K. , Tan Oon T.
Published: December 2013

Background and Objectives

Outcomes analysis of laser treatment for port‐wine stains (PWS) has been hampered by the lack of an objective measure of surface area and volume; moreover, treatment success is often gauged by clinician subjective assessment. Three‐dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been applied in several medical disciplines to quantify surface changes, with promising results. We hypothesized that 3D surface imaging could be used to objectively measure changes in area and volume of PWS following laser treatment.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients with PWS treated over a 20‐month time period. Area and volume of the lesions were measured using 3dMD photogrammetric software (3dMD; Atlanta, GA) before and after a series of sequential pulsed dye laser and/or alexandrite laser treatments.

Results

Fifty‐five patients with 59 PWS were included in the study. The initial average measured area was 45.6 cm2; final average measured area decreased to 34.6 cm2 (P < 0.001). The average volume change was 1.20 ml for all PWS included in the study and 1.90 ml for lesions that received at least five laser treatments within the study period.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional photography demonstrated area and volume changes in patients with PWS after laser treatments. Future studies to determine if statistically significant changes correlate with clinically appreciable changes are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:633–638, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fabrication of Novel Reduction‐Sensitive Gene Vectors Based on Three‐Armed Peptides
Authors: Lei Qi , Sun Yun‐Xia , Chen Si , Qin Si‐Yong , Jia Hui‐Zhen , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: December 2013

To address the inherent barriers of gene transfection, two reduction‐sensitive branched polypeptides (RBPs) are synthesized and explored as novel non‐viral gene vectors. The introduced disulfide linkages in RBPs facilitate glutathione‐triggered intracellular gene release and reduce polymer degradation‐induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the highly branched architecture concurrently realizes multivalency for strong DNA binding and elicits conformational flexibility for tight DNA compacting, which are beneficial for cellular entry. To increase the endosomal escape of plasmid DNA, pH‐sensitive histidyl residues are incorporated into RBPs to improve buffer capacity in an acidic environment. In vitro study demonstrates that RBPs can efficiently mediate the DNA transfection and avoid apparent cytotoxicity in HeLa and COS7. The present gene delivery system offers a simple and flexible approach to fabricate microenvironment‐specific branched gene vectors for gene therapy.
Adducts of nitrogenous ligands with rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates and tetraformamidinate: NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations
Authors: Cmoch Piotr , Głaszczka Rafał , Jaźwiński Jarosław , Kamieński Bohdan , Senkara Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

Complexation of tetrakis(μ2‐N,N'‐diphenylformamidinato‐N,N')‐di‐rhodium(II) with ligands containing nitrile, isonitrile, amine, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate functional groups has been studied in liquid and solid phases using 1H, 13C and 15N NMR, 13C and 15N cross polarisation–magic angle spinning NMR, and absorption spectroscopy in the visible range. The complexation was monitored using various NMR physicochemical parameters, such as chemical shifts, longitudinal relaxation times T1, and NOE enhancements. Rhodium(II) tetraformamidinate selectively bonded only unbranched amine (propan‐1‐amine), pentanenitrile, and (1‐isocyanoethyl)benzene. No complexation occurred in the case of ligands having hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate functional groups, and more expanded amine molecules such as butan‐2‐amine and 1‐azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Such features were opposite to those observed in rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates, forming adducts with all kind of ligands. Special attention was focused on the analysis of Δδ parameters, defined as a chemical shift difference between signal in adduct and corresponding signal in free ligand. In the case of 1H NMR, Δδ values were either negative in adducts of rhodium(II) tetraformamidinate or positive in adducts of rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates. Experimental findings were supported by density functional theory molecular modelling and gauge independent atomic orbitals chemical shift calculations. The calculation of chemical shifts combined with scaling procedure allowed to reproduce qualitatively Δδ parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control of monopedal jumping movements
Authors: Koch Michael W. , Leyendecker Sigrid
Published: December 2013

The optimal control of human locomotion requires simulation techniques which handle the contact's establishing and releasing between the foot and the ground. The investigated contact formulation covers the theory of perfectly plastic contacts, which means, that during the contact phase the foot is fixed at the ground by a spherical joint. The optimal control problem is solved by a direct transcription method transforming it into a constrained optimisation problem. The applied mechanical integrator is based on a discrete constrained version of the Lagrange‐d'Alembert principle, which yields a symplectic momentum preserving method. To guarantee the structure preservation and the geometrical correctness, we solve the non‐smooth problem including the computation of the contact configuration, time and force, in contrast to relying on a smooth approximation of the contact problem via a penalty potential. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐temperature clean preparation of poly(lactic acid) foams by combining ethyl lactate and supercritical CO2: correlation between processing and foam pore structure
Authors: Salerno Aurelio , Domingo Concepción
Published: December 2013

This study reports the low‐temperature and clean fabrication of porous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through solid‐state foaming using various mixtures of ethyl lactate (EL) and supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as the blowing agent. Results showed that adding a small amount of EL (up to 0.2% molar fraction) to scCO2 enhanced the plasticizing effect of the blowing agent mixture. As a direct consequence, at an operating temperature of 35 °C, PLA foams could be manufactured with homogeneous morphology, density as low as 0.09 ± 0.01 g cm−3, mean pore sizes up to 519.0 ± 205.0 µm and pore densities in the range 2.0 × 105 to 3.4 × 108 pores cm−3. Conversely, at a temperature of 40 °C, an increase of plasticizer concentration in the blowing agent mixture up to 0.2% promoted the crystallization of the polymer during sorption stage and, consequently, foaming was slightly reduced. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanochemically induced cross‐dimerizations of nitrosobenzenes. Kinetics and solid‐state isotope effects
Authors: Maganjić Ana , Šolić Ivan , Milovac Srđan , Halasz Ivan , Biljan Ivana , Vančik Hrvoj
Published: December 2013

Mechanical treatment (milling) of crystals of aromatic nitroso dimers (azodioxides) induces their dissociation and cross‐dimerizations. The mechanisms of these processes are discussed on the basis of kinetic studies and the solid‐state 15 N kinetic isotope effect, which is measured for the first time. By comparison with analogous processes in cocrystals and in melts, it appears that the reactions follow similar mechanism in which the surface deformations play the crucial role. The system can also be used as a model for a more general conceptual study of solid‐state reaction mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic Growth of Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles in Bioanalysis
Authors: Pavlov Valeri
Published: December 2013

In the recent past, the application of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) has gained attention in analytical chemistry for various advantages over other analytical tools. Most frequently nanoparticles are extensively employed as labels in optical and electrochemical assays. They also are utilized as scaffolds for assembling of small molecules and macromolecules. The conventional approach consists of synthesis and modification of nanoparticles with recognition elements followed by their application to an analytical assay. Another approach relies on the synthesis of nanoparticles in situ triggered by a recognition event. The enzymatic synthesis of NPs in situ allows to address shortcomings related with the nonspecific adsorption of pre‐synthesized NPs on surfaces and improve significantly the signal to noise ratio improving significantly sensitivity of analytical assays. This review deals with conventional and unconventional applications of metal and semiconductor to analytical chemistry.
Three‐dimensional Structural Analysis Approach for Aging Composite Solid Propellant Grains
Authors: Deng Bin , Xie Yan , Tang Guo Jin
Published: December 2013

The viscoelastic aging behavior of composite solid propellant grains is studied by a three‐dimensional thermoviscoelastic constitutive model with aging evolution, in which the crosslinking degree is taken as an aging variable. The resulting viscoelastic constitutive equations are numerically discretized into incremental form by integration algorithms, and the stress‐updating method is presented according to incremental law. Subsequently, the Abaqus‐based user material subroutine and its structural analysis module are constructed and validated through typical examples. Studies show that the results of structural analysis have high accuracy and are in well agreement with each other. The designed analysis module presents an effective aging‐mechanical analysis platform for further lifespan estimation of solid rocket motors.
Lipolytic Activity of Svetol®, a Decaffeinated Green Coffee Bean Extract
Authors: Flanagan John , Bily Antoine , Rolland Yohan , Roller Marc
Published: December 2013

The beneficial health effects of chlorogenic acids (CGAs), major components of coffee beans, are well known and have been attributed to multiple mechanisms of action. However, the lipolytic activity of CGAs does not appear to have been reported. We studied the effects of varying concentrations of Svetol®, a decaffeinated green coffee bean extract enriched in CGAs, on the liberation of free fatty acids from human adipocytes following short‐term (2 h) and long‐term (192 h) exposure. The results showed that although lipolytic activity observed following short‐term incubation could be tentatively linked to residual caffeine traces in the sample, longer‐term exposure clearly showed the effects of Svetol® on release of free fatty acids, and this effect was not due to caffeine. The results of this study provide a further mechanism by which to explain the long‐term health benefits of CGAs and Svetol®. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching of EBV cycles between latent and lytic states
Authors: Murata Takayuki , Tsurumi Tatsuya
Published: December 2013

The EBV is a human gamma‐herpesvirus that is associated with a variety of neoplasms. Upon primary infection, it transiently runs a short lytic program and then predominantly establishes latent infection. Only a small percentage of infected cells switch from the latent stage into the lytic cycle and produce progeny viruses. Although EBV in cancer cells is mostly in the latent state, the lytic cycle of the virus is also expected to play a pivotal role in development and maintenance of tumors because of its association with secretion of cytokines or growth factors. Moreover, if efficient artificial induction of lytic replication could somehow be achieved, development of oncolytic therapy for EBV‐positive cancers would be conceivable. Thus, understanding the switching mechanism is of essential importance. Reactivation of the virus from latency is dependent on expression of the viral BZLF1 protein. The BZLF1 promoter (Zp) normally exhibits only low basal activity but is activated in response to chemical or biological inducers, such as 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate, calcium ionophore, or histone deacetylase inhibitors. Transcription from the Zp is regulated by the balance between active and suppressive epigenetic histone marks, including histone acetylation, histone H3 Lysine 4 trimethylation and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, being mediated by multiple transcription factors, such as myocyte enhancer factor 2, specificity protein 1, and zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox. This review will focus on such molecular mechanisms by which the EBV lytic switch is controlled and discuss the physiological significance of the switching for oncogenesis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative selection using orthogonal regression techniques
Authors: Turnbull Bradley , Ghosal Subhashis , Zhang Hao Helen
Published: December 2013

High dimensional data are nowadays encountered in various branches of science. Variable selection techniques play a key role in analyzing high dimensional data. Generally two approaches for variable selection in the high dimensional data setting are considered—forward selection methods and penalization methods. In the former, variables are introduced in the model one at a time depending on their ability to explain variation and the procedure is terminated at some stage following some stopping rule. In penalization techniques such as the least absolute selection and shrinkage operator (LASSO), as optimization procedure is carried out with an added carefully chosen penalty function, so that the solutions have a sparse structure. Recently, the idea of penalized forward selection has been introduced. The motivation comes from the fact that the penalization techniques like the LASSO give rise to closed form expressions when used in one dimension, just like the least squares estimator. Hence one can repeat such a procedure in a forward selection setting until it converges. The resulting procedure selects sparser models than comparable methods without compromising on predictive power. However, when the regressor is high dimensional, it is typical that many predictors are highly correlated. We show that in such situations, it is possible to improve stability and computational efficiency of the procedure further by introducing an orthogonalization step. At each selection step, variables potentially available to be selected in the model are screened on the basis of their correlation with variables already in the model, thus preventing unnecessary duplication. The new strategy, called the Selection Technique in Orthogonalized Regression Models (STORM), turns out to be extremely successful in reducing the model dimension further and also leads to improved predicting power. We also consider an aggressive version of the STORM, where a potential predictor will be permanently removed from further consideration if its regression coefficient is estimated as zero at any stage. We shall carry out a detailed simulation study to compare the newly proposed method with existing ones and analyze a real dataset. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2013
Probing starch–iodine interaction by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Du Xiongwei , An Hongjie , Liu Zhongdong , Yang Hongshun , Wei Lijuan
Published: December 2013

We explored the interaction of iodine with three crystalline type starches, corn, potato, and sweet potato starches using atomic force microscopy. Results revealed that starch molecules aggregated through interaction with iodine solution as well as iodine vapor. Detailed fine structures such as networks, chains, and super‐helical structures were found in iodide solution tests. The nanostructures formed due to iodine adsorption could help to understand the formation and properties of the starch–iodine complex. SCANNING 36:394–400, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research in culture and psychology: past lessons and future challenges
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Na Jinkyung
Published: December 2013

Since the dawn of psychology as a science, conceptual and methodological questions have accompanied research at the intersection of culture and psychology. We review some of these questions using two dominant concepts—independent versus interdependent social orientation and analytic versus holistic cognitive style. Studying the relationship between culture and psychology can be difficult due to sampling restrictions and response biases. Since these challenges have been mastered, a wealth of research has accumulated on how culture influences cognition, emotion, and the self. Building on this work, we outline a set of new challenges for culture and psychology. Such challenges include questions about conceptual clarity, within‐cultural and subcultural variations (e.g., variations due to social class), differentiation and integration of processes at the group versus individual level of analysis, modeling of how cultural processes unfold over time, and integration of insights from etic and emic methodological approaches. We review emerging work addressing these challenges, proposing that future research on culture and psychology is more exciting than ever. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:1–14. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1267

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Genes and Environment

Psychology > Theory and Methods

Neuroscience > Cognition
Saphenous venipuncture for field collection of blood from least chipmunks
Authors: Flaherty Elizabeth A. , Noakes Andi G. , Ben‐David Merav
Published: December 2013

During a study of least chipmunks (Tamias minimus), we successfully collected whole blood from 166 individuals via venipuncture of the saphenous vein. This method allowed us to collect quantities of blood suitable for various blood analyses and resulted in minimal and localized tissue damage from the puncture. Recapture rate within trapping sessions during the year we used saphenous venipuncture (2010) was similar to that in years when we did not collect blood (2006, 2008, 2009, and 2011). In addition, recaptured individuals showed full wound healing within 24 hr of blood collection. Based on our experience, we recommend saphenous venipuncture for field research over other methods commonly used for collection from small mammals, including bleeding from the retro‐orbital sinus and tail clipping, because of reduced discomfort and injury to the animal, rapid healing at the puncture site, and the limited influence on recapture and survival. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Octahedral Tin(IV) Complexes of the Chalcogen‐Centered Ligands [EC(PPh2S)2]2– (E = S, Se)
Authors: Thirumoorthi Ramalingam , Chivers Tristram
Published: December 2013

The metathetical reactions between SnBr4 and Li2[E'C(PPh2E)2] in toluene produce the homoleptic tin(IV) complexes Sn[E′C(PPh2E)2]2 [E = E′ = S (1b); E = S, E′ = Se (1c)], which were isolated as red crystals and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The metrical parameters of these octahedral complexes are compared with those of the all‐selenium analog Sn[E′C(PPh2E)2]2 (E = E′ = Se, 1a), which was prepared previously by a different route.
Coherence phenomena between initial and final state radiation in a dense QCD medium
Authors: Armesto Néstor , Ma Hao , Martínez Mauricio , Mehtar-Tani Yacine , Salgado Carlos A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract

In this work we investigate medium modifications to the interference pattern between initial and final state radiation. We compute single gluon production off a highly energetic parton that undergoes a hard scattering and subsequently crosses a dense QCD medium of finite size. We extend our previous studies obtained at first order in opacity by providing general results for multiple soft scatterings and their specific formulation within the harmonic oscillator approximation. We show that there is a gradual onset of decoherence between the initial and final state radiation due to multiple scatterings, that opens the phase space for large angle emissions. By examining the multiplicity of produced gluons, we observe a potentially large double logarithmic enhancement for dense media and small opening angles. This result points to a possible modification of the evolution equations due to a QCD medium of finite size. We briefly comment on the phenomenological consequences of this setup in high-energy nuclear collisions.
When up brings you down: The effects of imagined vertical movements on motivation, performance, and consumer behavior
Authors: Ostinelli Massimiliano , Luna David , Ringberg Torsten
Published: December 2013

Previous embodied cognition research suggests that “up” is associated with positivity (e.g., good, divine), whereas “down” is associated with negativity (e.g., bad, evil). We focus on the effect of vertical movements on consumer behavior and go beyond investigating mere affective associations of verticality. In five studies, we provide evidence that the mental simulation of vertical movements has counterintuitive effects on behavior—that is, imagining moving up hampers motivation and performance by boosting self‐worth. A pilot study shows that the imagination of vertical movements affects self‐worth. Studies 1, 2 and 3 show that imagining upward movements (e.g., taking an elevator ride up or taking off in an airplane) diminishes motivation as well as performance. Studies 4 and 5 show that imagining moving upward (downward) makes people feel better (worse) about themselves which, in turn, decreases (increases) their motivation to succeed on a subsequent task, hence worsening (improving) performance. This occurs independently of respondents' mood.
Die Therapie der Parkinson-Erkrankung
Authors: Baumann Christian R. , Waldvogel Daniel
Published: December 2013

Die Parkinson-Erkrankung gehört zu den häufigsten neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen und umfasst sowohl motorische als auch nicht-motorische Symptome. Die symptomatische Therapie dieser Erkrankung ist in den letzten Jahren vielfältiger geworden: Nebst den klassischen medikamentösen Therapiestrategien, die vorwiegend das dopaminerge System beeinflussen, und der Physiotherapie für die motorischen Symptome stehen heute in vielen Ländern zusätzlich operative Eskalationstherapien zur Verfügung. Andererseits beeinträchtigen die nicht-motorischen Symptome der Erkrankung viele Patienten signifikant und bedürfen ebenfalls einer adäquaten Behandlung.
Lagebedingter Plagiocephalus im Säuglingsalter: Diagnose und Behandlung
Authors: Gautschi Oliver P. , Rilliet Benedict , Schaller Karl , Jenny Benoît
Published: December 2013

Als lagebedingter Plagiocephalus wird eine Asymmetrie der Kopfform im Säuglingsalter bezeichnet. International propagierte Empfehlungen «Kinder nicht mehr in Bauchlage schlafen zu lassen», um dem plötzlichen Kindstod vorzubeugen, haben zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Inzidenz geführt. Ein lagebedingter Plagiocephalus ist nach Ausschluss einer unter Umständen operativ zu behandelnden Kraniosynostose, ein rein kosmetisches Problem. Auch ohne Therapie ist die weitere Entwicklung meistens positiv. Mittlere und auch ausgeprägte Kopfdeformitäten können, bei rechtzeitiger Erkennung und Therapiebeginn, in der Regel immer mittels konservativer Therapie, bestehend aus Positionsbehandlung, physiotherapeutischer und/oder osteopathischer Therapie, sowie gegebenenfalls einer Helmbehandlung zufriedenstellend behandelt werden.
«Is there a doctor on board?» – Rechtliches zur ärztlichen Hilfeleistung in Notfallsituationen in der Freizeit
Authors: Lindner Christina , Lindner Gregor , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K.
Published: December 2013

Medizinische Notfälle im Flugverkehr sind keine Seltenheit. Häufig stellt sich in diesen Situationen die Frage, ob Ärzte zu erster Hilfe verpflichtet sind und ob deren Unterlassung rechtliche Konsequenzen haben kann. Die allgemeine Pflicht, Notleidenden zu helfen, trifft jedermann, nicht nur Ärzte. Wer dieser Pflicht nicht nachkommt, kann wegen Unterlassung der Nothilfe gem. Art. 128 Strafgesetzbuch zu Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder Geldstrafe verurteilt werden. Die gesetzlichen Berufspflichten und das Standesrecht sehen eine erweiterte Hilfeleistungspflicht für Ärzte in dringenden Fällen vor. Obschon aus der Ausführung einer Rechtspflicht resultierend, können im Zuge der ersten Hilfe unterlaufene Behandlungsfehler zu zivilrechtlichen Schadenersatzansprüchen führen – auch von nicht-schweizerischen Patienten, und zwar nach deren nationalem Recht.
Twenty-Five Years of Research on Violence in Digital Games and Aggression
Authors: Elson Malte , Ferguson Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

Violence in digital games has been a source of controversy in the scientific community and general public. Over two decades of research have examined this issue. However, much of this research has been undercut by methodological limitations and ideological statements that go beyond what scientific evidence could support. We review 25 years of experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and meta-analytical research in this field. Empirical evidence regarding the impact of violent digital games on player aggression is, at best, mixed and cannot support unambiguous claims that such games are harmful or represent a public health crisis. Rather, indulgence in such claims risked damage to the credibility of games effects research, credibility which can only be restored through better empirical research and more conservative and careful statements by scholars. We encourage the field to engage in a responsible dialog and constructive debate that could continue to be enriching and invigorating.
Restoring the Spirit of Fair Play in the Debate About Violent Video Games
Authors: Krahé Barbara
Published: December 2013

This commentary argues that, rather than providing an “exhaustive review,” Elson and Ferguson (2013) discuss a selective sample of empirical studies on violent video game use which corroborate their claim that there is no systematic evidence for a link between violent video game play and aggression. In evaluating the evidence, the authors portray a biased picture of the current state of knowledge about media violence effects. They fail to distinguish between aggression and violence and between everyday and clinical forms of aggression. Furthermore, they misrepresent key constructs, such as mediation, moderation, and external validity, to discredit methodologies used to assess aggression and media violence use. The paper moves the debate backward rather than forward, falling behind existing meta-analytic studies that consider a much wider and more balanced range of studies.