bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Turn in the Regional Development Strategies of an Arctic Region, Case Finnish Lapland
Authors: Mettiainen Ilona
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Natural areas and resources form the basis for many regional economies in the Arctic. Natural conditions, including climate, have been considered stable on human timescales and taken as starting points in regional development work – until recently. During the past few years the notion of a changing climate with various ecological and socio-economic impacts has made its way also to regional development strategies. Despite the common perception of climate change as completely devastating for the whole Arctic, the effects can be regionally differentiated.

This article discusses regional development related strategic planning as a forum and tool for addressing climate change. This is carried out by empirically examining the emergence of climate change as an important trend or factor in the development programmes of one region in the Arctic, Finnish Lapland, mid-1990s onwards. The review sets a background for the ways how climate change is thought to affect Lapland’s economy and society in the future, as presented in the region’s recently published Climate Change Strategy 2030. Climate change, nowadays regarded as an important trend affecting the region’s future, is expected to bring along new opportunities for Lapland and change the strategic position of the region to a more favourable one also in wider political and economic sense.

Regional development related strategic planning can, in some politicoadministrational cultures such as in Finland, serve well as a context for climate change adaptation, but the task to promote regional development can lead to less emphasis on global environmental concern and more on ensuring the auspicious development in the region.
The Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement: Text, Framing and Logics
Authors: Wood-Donnelly Corine
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The 2011 ‘Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic’ (henceforth SAR Agreement) is the first instrument of hard law produced by the eight states of the Arctic Council. While the agreement ostensibly addresses search and rescue related issues for the Arctic region, it is capable of being understood in a variety of legal, political and cultural contexts. Three elements are teased out in particular – the SAR Agreement as a legal policy document, as indicative of evolving Arctic international relations, and as indicative of particular geopolitical logics. As the paper concludes, however, the SAR Agreement has not been entirely free of political intrigue.
The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and International Whaling Commission – Conservation or Preservation – Can the Gordian Knot be Cut (or Untangled)?
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article analyses the developments in the implementation of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. It first considers the historical background of the Convention and discusses the shortcomings of the Whaling Convention; then focuses on how various types of whaling covered by the Convention developed according to the changes in attitudes of states – parties to the Whaling Convention along the development of international law and international environmental law. The article covers the developments in commercial whaling; aboriginal (subsistence) whaling; and scientific whaling. It emphasises conflicts between the state-parties to the Convention and also in this context analysis the role of the International Whaling Commission. The complex and conflicting issues concerning whaling are not only of legal but political, cultural and ethical nature. Therefore, it appears that that there is no easy solution to existing conflicts in the near future, as the states appear to be intransigent in their views on all types of whaling, especially scientific whaling and the possibility of the resumption of commercial whaling.
Both Muslim and European? An Inquiry into the Case of the Muslim Community in Lithuania
Authors: Račius Egdūnas
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The article analyses the Lithuanian case as an example of Muslim presence in North-Eastern Europe. The theoretical foundation of the article is Nira Yuval-Davis’ ideas found in her 2006 article “Belonging and the politics of belonging.” Nira Yuval-Davis’ outline of “an analytical framework for the study of belonging and the politics of belonging”1 has been instrumentalised in the present research on narratives of belonging and inclusion of Lithuania’s autochthonous Muslim community, the Lithuanian Tatars. Employing historical evidence and current legal framework of the governance of religion, interviews with Tatar community leaders, opinion polls and media reports, the article not only illuminates the position which the Muslim Tatar community currently occupies in Lithuania but also the place of the broader “Muslim question” in the national discourse.
Transformations of the Secular and the ‘Muslim Question’. Revisiting the Historical Coincidence of Depillarisation and the Institutionalisation of Islam in The Netherlands
Authors: Bracke Sarah
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article revisits the ‘historical coincidence’ of the process of ‘depillarisation’ and the institutionalisation of Islam in the Netherlands. It critically considers the established Dutch narrative of pillarisation, i.e. the organisation of the social body along confessional or sectarian lines, and the way in which this historical formation of Dutch secularism is mobilised within contemporary discussions about multiculturalism. This article further explores how depillarisation accounts figure within ‘the Muslim question’ in the Netherlands. While acknowledging that depillarisation is a multidimensional concept, it engages the argument that, on a structural level, Muslim claims of recognition and institutionalisation vis-à-vis the Dutch state were crucial for the process of depillarisation. The article thus reverses the suggestion that Muslims arrived ‘too late’ in an already depillarized society, and draws attention to the constitutive role of Muslims in the ongoing process of nation-building and secularism in the Netherlands.
Reflecting Inward and Looking Outward
Authors: Clark E. Eugene
Published: February 2014

This article surveys future trends impacting corporate governance research and practice. These trends, which will impact all countries, but to varying degrees, include a movement towards unifying the diverse theories, models and language deployed in corporate governance research so that we can have a sounder epistemological base from which to advance our knowledge. Also discussed are the impact of technology on corporate governance research; the move to more inclusive and interdisciplinary models; a greater emphasis on Asian models of corporate governance; the impact of soft law; continued emphasis on the role of corporate governance in achieving sustainable growth and development; corporate governance within the context of new forms of capitalism and new institutional frameworks; a greater focus on comparative law and transnational models; and finally, an increased demand for evidence- based outcomes.
Essentially Oxymoronic Concepts
Authors: Neuwirth Rostam J.
Published: February 2014

Can someone be guilty and innocent, or an act be lawful and unlawful, at the same time? Or is it possible to express something which is at the same time “stupid” and “smart”? As a matter of fact, the present paper argues that these things are not only possible but also happen nowadays more frequently as there is currently a rise in the formulation and usage of what I term “essentially oxymoronic concepts” in various scientific discourses and public debates as well as in daily conversations. These concepts are used to describe and analyse a wide range of increasingly complex phenomena that are caused by, inter alia, a general perception of an acceleration of change framed in a system delimited by apparently antagonistic concepts. The article first explores the potential impact of these concepts on legal science and their relevance for it. Then it advocates the idea that – in contrast to essentially contested concepts – essentially oxymoronic concepts elevate conflicts from the external and interpersonal to the internal and intrapersonal level of the mind.
Two new species of the plant bug genus Sejanus Distant from Japan (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Leucophoropterini), inhabiting urbanized environments or gardens
Authors: Yasunaga Tomohide , Ishikawa Tadashi , Ito Motomi
Published: February 2014

Two new species of the plant bug genus Sejanus Distant, S. komabanus and S. vivaricolus, are described from Japan, with information on their ecology. Both species are recently confirmed within urbanized environments, including the university campus in the Tokyo metropolis, and gardens and residential quarters in Kyushu. They are considered to have been widespread originally, but their populations are now fragmented and can survive only in some restricted campuses and artificial zones where traditional vegetation is partly preserved. A checklist with known distribution and a revised key are provided for proper recognition and identification of the Japanese Sejanus species.
“In the west, they laughed at him:” The mocking realists of the Babylonian Talmud
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: February 2014

In the present article I examine the rhetorical function of the phrase “in the west [the Land of Israel], they laughed at him/it” found in dialectical halakhic contexts in the Babylonian Talmud. I argue that the literary motif of “mocking westerners” allows Babylonian rabbinic authors/redactors to voice reservations about the nominalist or anti-realist orientation of some rabbinic legal interpretation as seen in the use of legal fictions, contrary-to-fact presumptions and judgments, a high degree of intentionalism, and acontextual interpretive techniques. The ability of Babylonian rabbinic authors/redactors to depict the rabbis’ nominalist approach as the object of mockery by various external and, in this case, internal others indicates a high degree of rabbinic self-awareness regarding legal interpretative assumptions and methods. The paper concludes by suggesting that rabbinic nominalism flows from a distinctive and somewhat scandalous rabbinic understanding of divine law—one that self-consciously rejects an ideal of divine law that assumes its truth and verisimilitude.
Two Burials of 430 B.C. in Daphne, Athens: Their Topography, and the Profession of the So-Called ‘Poet’ in Tomb 2
Authors: Lygouri-Tolia Eutychia
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The two tombs discussed in a series of articles in GRMS 1, including the so-called ‘Tomb of the Poet’ belong to the cemetery of the demos Alopeke, which bordered both sides of a street, the Astiki Odos, which led from the Diomeia gate to Sounion and the Laureotike with its mining industry. Several other tombs were uncovered along this street, which coincides in many parts with the modern Odos Vouliagmenis. The grave gifts of the alleged poet are very unusual and call for explanation. Nearly all the items shown in teaching-scenes on the famous Duris kylix can also be found in Tomb 2. Perhaps, then, the young person buried in Tomb 2 was not a poet but a teacher. But questions about the age, sex and family relationship of the two deceased persons and reason for their deaths remain open and can only be answered by DNA-Analysis of the skeletons.
The Musical Culture of the Western Greeks, according to Epigraphical Evidence
Authors: Perrot Sylvain
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Inscriptions concerning musicians in and from Magna Graecia illuminate the musical life of the Western Greeks. There are chronological restrictions; all the inscriptions were written in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, none in Archaic and Classical times. We shall consider resemblances and differences between them and those of mainland Greece and Asia Minor, and relationships between Magna Graecia and Rome. Many inscriptions are honorific decrees for victors in local and Panhellenic musical contests, notably at Delphi. Others are lists of participants, whose commonest musical specialisms were also, perhaps, the most popular. Some reveal the functions of musicians in sanctuaries. Funerary inscriptions, not always evoking the music of the elites, mention composers as well as performers, identifying their gender, age and social status. Some are in verse, elucidating the Western Greeks’ conception of µουσική itself, and their poetic techniques for expressing on a stone the feelings of a musical soul.
Negotiating ‘His Master’s Voice’: Gramophone Music and Cosmopolitan Modernity in British Malaya in the 1930s and Early 1940s
Authors:   Tan Sooi Beng
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The label ‘His Master’s Voice’ (HMV) dominated the recording technology, production and distribution of 78 rpm discs in British Malaya in the 1930s and early 1940s. By analysing thelagu Melayuwhich formed a large part of the repertoire recorded by HMV, this article shows that musicians were able to decentre colonial hegemony by combining Anglo-American popular music idioms with Malay and other foreign musical elements. The new hybrid music with texts about progress was a vehicle for disseminating a form of national culturalism that advocated vernacular modernity, rooted cosmopolitanism, inclusiveness, and a broader sense of Malayness.
Colloquium 1: On The Decline Of Political Virtue In Republic 8-9
Authors: Ausland Hayden W.
Published: February 2014

The political teaching of the Republic is rooted in its peculiar use in book 4 of what would later be canonized as the four cardinal virtues. Socrates’ account of four deficient political regimes in Republic 8-9 is framed as an examination of four kinds of vice, and so may be read as a study of the political consequences of a serial loss of these same virtues. Socrates’ colorful description of the inferior regimes and their corresponding human types confirms that Plato has represented generational changes occasioning transitions in regime-types as just such a gradual breakdown of virtue as a whole. The particular virtues provide the main fourfold scheme underlying the seemingly historical logic of political decline, while realistic touches and psychological explanation supplement rather than determine the overall scheme. Close literary attention is necessary to bring out this character of Socrates’ analysis of political degeneration.
Colloquium 2: Two Stages Of Early Greek Cosmology
Authors: Graham Daniel W.
Published: February 2014

It is generally held that Presocratic cosmologies are sui generis and unique to their authors. If, however, a division is made between sixth-century and fifthcentury BC cosmologies, some salient differences emerge. For instance, heavenly bodies in sixth-century cosmologies tend to be light, ephemeral, fed by vapors, and located above the earth; those in fifth-century cosmologies tend to be heavy, permanent, heated by friction, and to travel below the earth. The earlier cosmologies seem to embody a meteorological model of astronomy, the latter a lithic model. The change in models can be accounted for on the basis of Parmenides’ discovery that the moon is illuminated by the sun and hence is a spherical, permanent, opaque or earthy body. This insight generated empirical evidence to confirm itself and rendered obsolete earlier cosmologies.
Colloquium 7: Plotinus’s Socratic Intellectualism
Authors: Berg Robbert Van Den
Published: February 2014

The Platonic tradition offered Plotinus two, possibly conflicting, explanations of why people do wrong: the Socratic intellectualism of the Protagoras and the Timaeus and the account of the akratic soul in the Republic. In this paper I argue that Plotinus tacitly rejects akrasia, because it suggests that the superior part of the soul is overcome by inferior parts. It thus sits ill with Plotinus’s doctrine of the impassive soul. He prefers Socratic intellectualism instead. Socratic intellectualism holds that all wrongdoing is due to ignorance and hence occurs involuntarily. Plotinus understands ignorance in this context as the failure of the embodied soul to fully actualize its powers, in particular its knowledge of the Forms. This knowledge is needed in order to correctly evaluate our desires that stir us into action. These desires arise spontaneously from the body and hence they occur involuntarily.
The Information-Processing Model of Timing (Treisman, 1963): Its Sources and Further Development
Authors: Treisman Michel
Published: February 2014

The paper ‘Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “internal clock” ’, published in Psychological Monographs: General and Applied in 1963 introduced an information-processing model of timing (IPMT) that has received some attention in relation to research on time perception. The present article discusses how the model came to be constructed, and briefly reviews its further development in my laboratory, and what its investigation has revealed about time perception and timing to date.
Preliminaries to the Critical Edition of the Judeo-Italian Translation of the Siddur
Authors: Ryzhik Michael
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article analyzes five translations of the siddur (‘prayer book’) into Judeo-Italian. Three of the versions are manuscripts from the 15th century, one is the printed 1506 Fano edition, and the last is a manuscript from the 17th century. A common tradition underlies all of these translations and has much in common with Judeo-Provençal translations; this likely represents an ancient Judeo-Romance tradition of translation, which expresses itself differently in each manuscript. The 17th-century translation displays northern linguistic features; it is more Toscanized and normalized than the four other translations and has lost many typical traits of “classical” Judeo-Italian. The 15th-century translations also differ from one another in their spelling, phonology, morphology, vocabulary, and syntax. The main reason for this great variety seems to be the fact that the common old tradition prescribed only the general lines of translation. The biblical passages such as the Shema‘ Israel, are translated in a much more standardized way, but these passages nevertheless retain peculiarities. It therefore seems that a synoptic edition rather than a critical one must be made, in order to describe and analyze the different variations of the Judeo-Italian translations.
Auditory Coding of Human Movement Kinematics
Authors: Vinken Pia M. , Kröger Daniela , Fehse Ursula , Schmitz Gerd , Brock Heike , Effenberg Alfred O.
Published: February 2014

Although visual perception is dominant on motor perception, control and learning, auditory information can enhance and modulate perceptual as well as motor processes in a multifaceted manner. During last decades new methods of auditory augmentation had been developed with movement sonification as one of the most recent approaches expanding auditory movement information also to usually mute phases of movement. Despite general evidence on the effectiveness of movement sonification in different fields of applied research there is nearly no empirical proof on how sonification of gross motor human movement should be configured to achieve information rich sound sequences. Such lack of empirical proof is given for (a) the selection of suitable movement features as well as for (b) effective kinetic–acoustical mapping patterns and for (c) the number of regarded dimensions of sonification. In this study we explore the informational content of artificialacoustical kinematicsin terms of a kinematic movement sonification using an intermodal discrimination paradigm. In a repeated measure design we analysed discrimination rates of six everyday upper limb actions to evaluate the effectiveness of seven different kinds of kinematic–acoustical mappings as well as short term learning effects. The kinematics of the upper limb actions were calculated based on inertial motion sensor data and transformed into seven different sonifications. Sound sequences were randomly presented to participants and discrimination rates as well as confidence of choice were analysed. Data indicate an instantaneous comprehensibility of the artificial movement acoustics as well as short term learning effects. No differences between different dimensional encodings became evident thus indicating a high efficiency for intermodal pattern discrimination for the acoustically coded velocity distribution of the actions. Taken together movement information related to continuous kinematic parameters can be transformed into the auditory domain. Additionally, pattern based action discrimination is obviously not restricted to the visual modality. Artificial acoustical kinematics might be used to supplement and/or substitute visual motion perception in sports and motor rehabilitation.
Ottoman Intermediaries in the 18th Century: Analysis of a “dirty trade”
Authors: van den Boogert Maurits H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

According to Bernard Lewis, the Ottomans considered dealing with Westerners “the dirtiest trade of all”, the mediation in which they were happy to leave to Ottoman non-Muslims. In the study of Christian and Jewish ‘dragomans’ their contacts with Europeans tend to be emphasized, but almost all of them only worked for a particular embassy or consulate part-time—if they were in active service at all. This article will highlight the various other socio-economic activities of non-Muslim protégés of European consulates in the pre-modern period, with case studies from Aleppo. These additional enterprises, which have escaped scholarly attention until now, also show that the protégés had and generally kept close ties with their local confessional community and did not “Westernize” nearly as much as it is often assumed.
Palinotaxonomy of Passiflora section Xerogona (Passifloraceae)
Authors: Milward-de-Azevedo Michaele Alvim , De Souza Fabiana Carvalho , Gonçalves-Esteves Vania , Kinoshita Luiza Sumiko
Published: February 2014

Passiflora sect. Xerogona is a tropical and subtropical group comprising 14 species that occur in tropical and Atlantic forest domains throughout Latin America. The section is characterized by herbaceous vines bearing leaves without petiole glands or bracts, leaf blades without ocelli, and capsular fruits. The pollen grains of 13 species of this section were acetolysed and subsequently measured, described, and photographed. The taxa have large or medium sized pollen grains that are isopolar, prolate spheroidal, prolate, oblate spheroidal, spherical or subprolate, 12-colpate, 12-colporate or 6-colporate, 3 or 6 mesocolpium, with the presence or absence of an operculum, pseudoperculum, and secondary operculum, and with exineheteroreticulate. A key to the species based on pollinic data is presented, demonstrating that pollinic characteristics are important in the taxonomy of Passiflora.
A new species of Tiwaripotamon Bott, 1970, from northern Vietnam, with notes on T. vietnamicum (Dang & Ho, 2002) and T. edostilus Ng & Yeo, 2001 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae)
Authors: SHIH HSI-TE , DO VAN TU
Published: February 2014

A new species of potamid freshwater crab, Tiwaripotamon vixuyenense sp. nov., is described from caves in Ha Giang, northern Vietnam. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by a suite of characters, including the relatively small epibranchial tooth, more slender ambulatory legs and a proportionately stout male first gonopod. Molecular data using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) supports its placement as a new species. The molecular data also supports the inclusion of another species, Geothelphusa vietnamica Dang & Ho, 2002, from Ninh Binh, south of Hanoi, Vietnam in Tiwaripotamon Bott, 1970. The live coloration of T. vietnamicum and T. edostilus Ng & Yeo, 2001 is provided to help field identification.
Seven new Spanish species of the genus Synaldis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) with mesoscutal pit
Authors: PERIS–FELIPO FRANCISCO JAVIER , PAPP JENO , BELOKOBYLSKIJ SERGEY A. , JIMÉNEZ–PEYDRÓ RICARDO
Published: February 2014

Descriptions of seven new species of the alysiine genus Synaldis having mesoscutal pit from Spain are given: Synaldis berbegalae sp. nov., S. falcoi sp. nov., S. gilaberti sp. nov., S. jujisae sp. nov., S. lozanoae sp. nov., S. martinezae sp. nov., and S. navarroae sp. nov.
Is AMOC More Predictable than North Atlantic Heat Content?
Authors: Branstator Grant , Teng Haiyan
Published: February 2014

Predictability properties of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are measured and compared to those of the upper-500-m heat content in the North Atlantic based on control simulations from nine comprehensive coupled climate models. By estimating the rate at which perfect predictions from initially similar states diverge, the authors find the prediction range at which initialization loses its potential to have a positive impact on predictions. For the annual-mean AMOC, this range varies substantially from one model to another, but on average, it is about a decade. For eight of the models, this range is less than the corresponding range for heat content. For 5- and 10-yr averages, predictability is substantially greater than for annual means for both fields, but the enhancement is more for AMOC; indeed, for the averaged fields, AMOC is more predictable than heat content. Also, there are spatial patterns of AMOC that have especially high predictability. For the most predictable of these patterns, AMOC retains predictability for more than two decades in a typical model. These patterns are associated with heat content fluctuations that also have above-average predictability, which suggests that AMOC may have a positive influence on the predictability of heat content for these special structures.
Constructing a Merged Cloud–Precipitation Radar Dataset for Tropical Convective Clouds during the DYNAMO/AMIE Experiment at Addu Atoll
Authors: Feng Zhe , McFarlane Sally A. , Schumacher Courtney , Ellis Scott , Comstock Jennifer , Bharadwaj Nitin
Published: February 2014

To improve understanding of the convective processes key to the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) initiation, the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) MJO Investigation Experiment (AMIE) collected 4 months of observations from three radars—the S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol), the C-band Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching Radar (SMART-R), and Ka-band ARM zenith radar (KAZR)—along with radiosonde and comprehensive surface meteorological instruments on Addu Atoll, Maldives, in the tropical Indian Ocean. One DYNAMO/AMIE hypothesis suggests that the evolution of shallow and congestus cloud populations is essential to the initiation of the MJO. This study focuses on evaluating the ability of these three radars to document the full spectrum of cloud populations and to construct a merged cloud–precipitation radar dataset that can be used to test this hypothesis. Comparisons between collocated observations from the three radars show that KAZR provides the only reliable estimate of shallow clouds, while S-Pol/SMART-R can reasonably detect congestus within the 30–50-km range in addition to precipitating deep clouds. On the other hand, KAZR underestimates cloud-top heights due to rainfall attenuation in ~34% of the precipitating clouds, and an empirical method to correct KAZR cloud-top height bias is proposed. Finally, a merged KAZR–S-Pol dataset is produced to provide improved cloud-top height estimates, total hydrometeor microphysics, and radiative heating rate retrievals. With this dataset the full spectrum of tropical convective clouds during DYNAMO/AMIE can be reliably constructed and, together with complimentary radiosonde data, it can be used to study the role of shallow and congestus clouds in the initiation of the MJO.
Accuracy of Florida Current Volume Transport Measurements at 27°N Using Multiple Observational Techniques
Authors: Garcia Rigoberto F. , Meinen Christopher S.
Published: February 2014

For more than 30 years, the volume transport of the Florida Current at 27°N has been regularly estimated both via voltage measurements on a submarine cable and using ship-based measurements of horizontal velocity at nine historical stations across the Florida Straits. A comparison of three different observational systems is presented, including a detailed evaluation of observational accuracy and precision. The three systems examined are dropsonde (free-falling float), lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP), and submarine cable. The accuracy of the Florida Current transport calculation from dropsonde sections, which can be determined from first principles with existing data, is shown to be 0.8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Side-by-side comparisons between dropsonde and LADCP measurements are used to show that the LADCP-based transport estimates are accurate to within 1.3 Sv. Dropsonde data are often used to set the absolute mean cable transport estimate, so some care is required in establishing the absolute accuracy of the cable measurements. Used together, the dropsonde and LADCP sections can be used to evaluate the absolute accuracy and precision of the cable measurements. These comparisons suggest the daily cable observations are accurate to within 1.7 Sv, and analysis of the decorrelation time scales for the errors suggests that annual transport averages from the cable are accurate to within 0.3 Sv. The implications of these accuracy estimates for long-term observation of the Florida Current are discussed in the context of maintaining this key climate record.
The Effect of Atmospheric Water Vapor Content on the Performance of Future Wide-Swath Ocean Altimetry Measurement
Authors: Ubelmann Clement , Fu Lee-Lueng , Brown Shannon , Peral Eva , Esteban-Fernandez Daniel
Published: February 2014

Measurement of sea surface height (SSH) over a finite swath along satellite tracks has been planned for future space missions. The effect of water vapor in the troposphere on the delay of radar signal must be corrected for in the SSH measurement. The efficacy of a nadir-looking radiometer that has been the approach for conventional altimetry is examined in the study. The focus is placed on the cross-track variability of water vapor that is not measured by the nadir-looking radiometer. Simulations of the 2D field of water vapor were performed by spectral analysis of existing radiometer data. The residual error from the application of the correction made by a nadir-looking radiometer was computed over the global ocean and compared to the SSH signal estimated from satellite altimeter data. Global maps of the signal-to-error ratio (the square root of spectral variance at wavelengths shorter than 500 km) were created, showing values of 20–50 in the regions of high SSH variability of the boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and 3–5 in the regions of low SSH variability in the tropics. Improvement in the correction by using a two-beam radiometer looking off nadir for measuring the slope of the cross-track variability was also explored, leading to a reduction of the error to below 1 cm at wavelengths of 10–500 km.
Critical buckling strength prediction of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymeric composite columns
Authors: GangaRao Hota VS , Blandford Mathew M
Published: February 2014

Glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites are unique and unlike conventional construction materials (steel, timber, concrete), inadequate design standards are holding back the high volume use of fiber reinforced polymer composites in construction. To alleviate part of this difficulty, this paper investigates several column failure prediction models. Composite material properties were developed by testing coupons and 0.30 m long components under compression. Furthermore, a strain energy density failure model developed at West Virginia University in tension and bending was extended to axial compression, predicting the critical buckling load within 10% of experimental failure for different column lengths tested (1.83 m, 2.60 m, 2.75 m, 3.05 m). In conjunction with failure analyses, load–deflection effects enhanced by eccentricity due to loading and initial out-of-straightness were also investigated. The current research found that the preliminary design limit of column height ( h/220) is acceptable under axial loads; however, manufacturing related imperfection limit state of h/700 is slightly low.
Public Opinion Regarding Crime, Criminal Justice, and Related Topics
Authors: Toch Hans , Maguire Kathleen
Published: February 2014

Forty years ago, Michael J. Hindelang delineated some ways in which public opinion surveys have explored issues related to crime and criminal justice, and pointed out how trends over time could be of interest, and differences in responses among demographic subgroups could be revealing. In this article, we update some of the trends Hindelang alluded to, and revisit some of the response differences he enumerated. In particular, we add support to Hindelang’s hypothesis that the opinions of non-White respondents can reflect consistent awareness of bias in the operation of the system (such as in the application of the death penalty and with respect to interceptions of citizens by police). Age differences in opinions concerning deviant behavior also show attitudinal consistency, particularly in the permissive stance of the youngest age group and the relatively extreme conservatism of “50+” respondents. Finally, with respect to the prospect of victimization, there is a consistent and substantial disparity in the perspectives of men and women. Demographic differences of this kind retain their salience where overall public opinion evolves (as it does with respect to the legalization of marijuana) and where there is negligible change over time (as there is with regard to the death penalty). However, new differences can emerge along the way, as they have in recent polarization along political and ideological lines.
Looking Back to Move Forward
Authors: Sullivan Christopher J. , McGloin Jean Marie
Published: February 2014

When Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency was first published, criminology was in the midst of an important research stream on the measurement of offending. This never solidified into a strong subdiscipline akin to psychometrics, however. After briefly discussing the goals of measurement and how they correspond to the explanation of criminal events and behavior, the authors consider how the prevailing methodological paradigm, which relies heavily on analysis of a limited number of data sets via variable-based regression techniques, may constrain measurement progress on the whole. In doing so, they highlight the imbalance between the growing sophistication of analytic models and the relative stagnation of the employed data sets and measures. The article then provides some examples of exceptions to this broad trend—both in terms of data collection and measurement techniques. Finally, the authors consider basic lessons drawn from these innovative approaches to measurement.
Notes on Moral Theology: Authority in the Church
Authors: Hoose Bernard
Published: February 2014

[In section one of Notes on Moral Theology the author shows how a number of writers have argued that the weight of magisterial authority varies in accordance with the strength of the link between revelation and the teachings in question. Some have also pointed to the need to see the whole Church as a community of moral discourse in which dissent (or disagreement) plays an essential role in the pursuit of truth. Without changes in the structures that inhibit proper discourse, teachings can be (and sometimes are) merely imposed, even on members of the hierarchy.]
Moral Theology in Latin America
Authors: Brackley Dean , Schubeck Thomas L.
Published: February 2014

[Over the past several years, Latin American moral theology, in which liberation theology and its ethics play a prominent role, has been creatively developing its method and content in response to social and cultural changes. While many have incorporated the personalist approach of postconciliar moral theology, it is from the perspective of the victims that they have been addressing issues in bioethics, ecology, cultural transformation, feminist ethics, human rights, and especially the economy. Most now locate solidarity at the center of their ethic.]
The Exodus in the Christian Bible: The Case for “Figural” Reading
Authors: Clifford Richard J.
Published: February 2014

[Many Christians find the Christian Bible, comprised of the Old and New Testament, diffuse, lacking unity, and therefore difficult to use in systematic theology. Yet the Bible itself uses a powerful organizing principle that spans both testaments and unites them, namely the Exodus in its dual aspects of liberation and formation. There are three Exodus moments. Exodus I is the thirteenth-century B.C.E. foundational event. Exodus II is its sixth-century renewal. Exodus III is the first-century C.E. climactic renewal of Israel by Jesus.]
Recovering The Gifts of the Holy Spirit in Moral Theology
Authors: Bouchard Charles E.
Published: February 2014

[The gifts of the Holy Spirit played a major role in the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. For a variety of theological and ecclesial reasons, they were largely ignored after the Council of Trent. A review of theological and literary interest in the gifts in the first half of the 20th century shows that they are essential to an adequate moral anthropology and that they provide a corrective to excessively rational and naturalistic approaches to the moral life.]
Heritage And Discovery: A Framework for Moral Theology
Authors: Crysdale Cynthia S. W.
Published: February 2014

[In an effort to clarify foundational categories for moral theology, the author explores several polarities that have often been woven into discussions of moral formation. The first issue she addresses concerns the roles of socialization and autonomy, tradition and innovation, “heritage” and “discovery” in moral development. These principles of change are seen to be complementary rather than contradictory. She then engages the question of the distortion of development through sin, exploring the dialectic of authenticity and inauthenticity. Finally, she applies these categories and relations to the unfolding of moral theology with the Christian tradition, elucidating implications for Christian ethics today.]
Catherine Mowry Lacugna's Contribution to Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Groppe Elizabeth T.
Published: February 2014

[Catherine Mowry LaCugna's God for Us: The Trinity and Christian Life (1991) constitutes a paradigm shift in present-day trinitarian theology. LaCugna was convinced that the standard paradigm of the economic and immanent Trinity was fraught with a variety of limitations. She offered as an alternative framework the principle of the inseparability of theologia and oikonomia, and within this structure she developed a relational ontology of persons-in-communion. Her approach is a major contribution to the present renewal of the doctrine of the Trinity.]
The Theological Notes and the Interpretation of Doctrine
Authors: Ernst Harold E.
Published: February 2014

[The author first examines the application of the qualificatio theologica or theological norm as an aid to doctrinal interpretation in Catholic neo-Scholastic theology. He then explores the emergence of related interpretive questions at Vatican II, particularly with regard to two sections of Lumen gentium. His examination suggests a hermeneutical principle for interpreting the documents of Vatican II, namely the importance of being attentive to the nature of the council as a transitional event in Catholic theology. His study also highlights the continuing need for a consistent method of qualifying doctrinal statements.]
The Catholic Church and the Other Religious Paths: Rejecting Nothing that is True and Holy
Authors: Fredericks James
Published: February 2014

[Catholic thinking about other religious traditions has continued to develop rapidly since the Second Vatican Council. The author discusses the impact of conciliar texts, the thought of John Paul II, the “pluralist” and “regnocentric” theologies of religion, and the practice of interreligious dialogue on Catholic views of other religious paths. The multiple issues selected for discussion reflect the controversy surrounding the declaration Dominus Iesus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.]
Jewish Understandings of the Religious Other
Authors: Langer Ruth
Published: February 2014

[That Judaism is specifically the religion of one people, Israel, shapes its entire discourse about the religious other. Halakhah (Jewish law) defines permitted interactions between Jews and non-Jews, thus setting the parameters for the traditional Jewish theology of the “other.” Applying biblical concerns, Jews are absolutely prohibited from any activity that might generate idolatrous behavior by any human. Rabbinic halakhah expands this discussion to permitted positive interactions with those who obey God's laws for all human civilization, the seven Noahide laws which include a prohibition of idolatry. For non-Jews, fulfillment of these laws is the prerequisite for salvation. The author offers a preliminary analysis of these traditional categories of discourse about identity and their theological implications. She also suggests ways that this may be modified in light of new directions in Jewish-Christian relations.]
Knowledge of Allah and the Islamic View of Other Religions
Authors: Huda Qamar-ul
Published: February 2014

[One way to submit oneself to the will of the divine is to contemplate the revelations of the Qur'ân. For Muslims, it is God manifested in human speech and for centuries Muslims have attempted to study the surface and hidden meanings of the Qur'ân in order to know more of Allâh's presence. The author explores how Muslims have used their sacred scripture, the customs of the Prophet Muhammad, and various mystical teachings to become closer to God. The process of knowing God meant being tolerant to other religions, especially to Christians and Jews who are understood as believers of the same God. The issue of pluralism and tolerance of others in Islam is examined to illustrate the complexities of religious ideas of exclusivity.]
Buddhist Perspectives on Truth in other Religions: Past and Present
Authors: Makransky John
Published: February 2014

[Recent Vatican documents affirm a unique salvific efficacy for the Catholic Church by establishing its representations of the Absolute as uniquely close to the Absolute. But what is the human problem necessitating salvation? Buddhist traditions have defined that problem as the human tendency to absolutize and cling to representations, in daily life and in religious reflection. The author traces the history of Buddhist perspectives on other religions in light of that central concern, concluding with a suggestion toward a Buddhist theology of religions that avoids relativism without privileging any particular representation of the Absolute.]
Hippolytus and the Apostolic Tradition: Recent Research and Commentary
Authors: Baldovin John F.
Published: February 2014

[One of the most important sources for reconstructing early Christian liturgy has been the Apostolic Tradition attributed to Hippolytus, a Roman presbyter, anti-pope, and martyr of the early third century. In this study the author reviews recent scholarly investigation and commentary on this significant document and concludes that it cannot be securely attributed to a single author nor can its contents be assigned with any certainty to Rome in the third century.]
Augustine's de Trinitate and Lonergan's Realms of Meaning
Authors: Ormerod Neil
Published: February 2014

[After reviewing various proposals concerning the structure of Augustine's De Trinitate, the author presents a structural analysis of that work using the notion of “realms of meaning” found in Bernard Lonergan's Method in Theology. It suggests that Augustine's treatise comprises four distinct sections which present an account of the Trinity from the perspective of a biblically informed common sense (Books 1–4); of theory (Books 5–7); of interiority (Books 8–11); and finally of transcendence (Books 12–15).]
A Youthful Community: Theological and Ministerial Challenges
Authors: Riebe-Estrella Gary
Published: February 2014

[The Latino/a community in the U.S. is the youngest in the nation. Ministry to this youthful community demands that attention be paid to the acculturation process taking place among Latinos/as and its effect on their religious worldview. While it is true that Latinos/as, especially the youth, are accomodating in many ways to the values of the dominant culture in the United States, still their religiosity, birthed out of the peculiar circumstances of the Conquest, continues to play a unique role in the identity of Latino/a Catholics. Effective ministry will need to develop new strategies that acknowledge shifting values yet respect the resilience of popular religion.]
Mestiza Spirituality: Community, Ritual, and Justice
Authors: Rodriguez Jeanette
Published: February 2014

[The author explores the wealth and complexity that mestiza consciousness and spirituality contribute to the theological enterprise. The mestiza consciousness is grounded in community and promoted through ritual. A sense of justice is passed on through this communal spirituality that acknowledges the diversity of creation and its constant process of becoming. Latina culture, religion, and spirituality are so integrated that to try to define spirituality separated from culture would be a false dichotomy and would do a disservice to the Latino community.]
Imagenes de Dios en el Camino: Retablos, Ex-Votos, Milagritos, and Murals
Authors: Pineda Ana Maria
Published: February 2014

[The author examines the importance of the ancient arts of retablos, ex-votos, and milagros. She suggests how border crossings from Latin America to the United States may be producing new sources and expressions of spirituality and art for Latinos/as living in the United States. This spirituality is deeply rooted in ancient Meso-america and in the subsequent encounter with Christianity.]
When Magisterium Becomes Imperium: Peter Damian on the Accountability of Bishops for Scandal
Authors: Anderson C. Colt
Published: February 2014

[Archbishop Daniel Pilarczyk of Cincinnati has appropriately criticized the attempt to judge by today's standards those bishops who in the past routinely reassigned clerical sexual predators to other parishes. This article explores whether our theological tradition points to standards according to which the bishops could be held accountable. Drawing primarily on the theology of the Doctor of Reform, St. Peter Damian, the study demonstrates how an improper understanding of magisterial authority creates the conditions for scandal, and, secondly, suggests a strategy for reestablishing magisterial credibility.]
Remembering Rosa Parks: Recognizing a Contemporary Prophetic Act
Authors: Bush Randall K.
Published: February 2014

[As the United States prepares to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 1955 act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks, it is critical that any false emphases and flawed cultural myths associated with that December day be challenged and corrected. By exploring some of the historical-political, social, and personal influences that encouraged Parks's refusal to move from her bus seat, it is possible to recognize in her deed the markings of a true prophetic act.]