bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Discovery and Saving of the Tournai Font at the Collegiate Church of Saint-Vincent, Soignies, Belgium
Authors: Drake C S
Published: April 2011

In 1991 the author completed research for his dissertation on the twelfth-century Tournai fonts for a Master's degree in Art History at the University of Essex. Based on this research, his first published article sought to update the paper by our Fellow G C Dunning. In 1997, during his research for The Romanesque Fonts of Northern Europe and Scandinavia, the author discovered and published further information about the products of the Tournai School. Among the fonts listed in the author's 1993 paper were the ‘fragments’ at Soignies, known to be built into the fabric of the church. Late in 2003 his attention was drawn to a monograph published by the Chapter Museum of the collegiate church of Saint-Vincent, Soignies (about 16km south west of Brussels), detailing the recovery, conservation and subsequent display of the font bowl. This article has been pieced together from the three sections of that monograph and we are indebted to the Museum, and to the scholars whose articles make up the monograph, for permission to use their material and a selection of their illustrations.
Et in Arcadia? The Problems with Ruins
Authors: Evans Dai Morgan
Published: April 2011

The value of ‘the Ruin’ as a stimulus to reflection on the past and the passage of time was well recognized in the eighteenth and into the nineteenth centuries.1 An essential part of the organic, and therefore changing, ethos of the ruin was that it should be associated with whatever natural vegetation was appropriate and in a state of decay. This is summed up by the Revd William Gilpin's statement in 1786: ‘A Ruin is a sacred thing. Rooted for ages in the soil; assimilated to it and become, as it were, part of it; we consider it as a work of nature, rather than of art'.2 In 1982 David Watkin further concluded that a constant feature of the Picturesque is the subordination of architectural to associational values, which leads to the evocative powers of ruins and also the insistence that architecture is seen as part of its environment.3 Following this approach the ruin is thus seen as in decay (ruined), softened by vegetation and an integral part of its wider environment.
The Celtic Warrior Fibula
Authors: Stead I. M. , Meeks N. D.
Published: April 2011

In 1960 and 1961 Ole Klindt-Jensen published two short notes about a golden statuette of a Celtic warrior, soldered to a fine brooch. He was convinced that the warrior did not belong to the brooch, and thought that they had been combined fairly recently. J. M. de Navarro added a comment to the 1961 note, concluding: ‘My impression (from photographs only) is that the brooch might date from the fourth century BC and the figure not before the latter half of the third or the second century BC, i.e. that it was added later.’ Klindt-Jensen's notes were accompanied by plates, and at the same time another photograph was published on the front cover ofCelticum, volume I. A decade later the brooch was shown at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, and at the Hayward Gallery, London, as item no. 35 in the Early Celtic Art exhibition held in 1970. The catalogue entry was based on Klindt-Jensen's note, but no photograph was published. In the mid 1970s R. M. Rowlett prepared a paper on the authenticity of the brooch, including metal analyses and a comparison of its proportions with those of some La Tène II brooches: Rowlett considered that the figure of the warrior was contemporary with the rest of the brooch, which he accepted as an authentic antiquity. His paper was eventually published about twenty years later.
A Decorated Shield-Boss from the River Trent, near Ratcliffe-on-Soar
Authors: Watkin Jeffrey , Stead Ian , Hook Duncan , Palmer Susan
Published: April 2011

Part of an Iron Age shield has recently been identified amongst the collection of Leamington Spa Art Gallery and Museum, Warwickshire, adding another example to the corpus of Iron Age shields recently published in this journal. The newly recognized remains are in three parts and were recorded in the museum's accessions register as ‘3 pieces of horse armour’. These pieces were re-identified as the boss, spine and terminal discs of an Iron Age shield in the course of a project carried out between September 1992 and March 1994 to fully document and record on a computer database the whole of the museum's collection. Leamington Spa Art Gallery and Museum is managed by Warwick District Council and the three pieces have the accession numbers M1092.1928.1–3.
Contacts between the Late Roman Empire and North-Central Europe
Authors: Bursche Aleksander
Published: April 2011

The concept of Central Europe is understood here to cover the geographical centre of the European continent (i.e. the territory between the Elbe, Bug and Neman rivers, that is, eastern Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia and Lithuania), formerly treated in much of the English-speaking world as ‘Eastern Europe’. In the past six years, however, this area has been moving closer to the West. This paper shall concentrate on the region north of the Carpathian mountains, particularly the Vistula river-basin and Scandinavia (without Norway), in other words the territory round the Baltic Sea.
Social Pretensions in Architecture and Ancestry: Hall House, Sawbridge, Warwickshire and the Andrewe Family
Authors: Alcock N. W. , Woodfield C. T. Paul
Published: April 2011

That architecture makes social statements is obvious in grand buildings from Norman castles to country houses. In smaller houses, such statements are often muted by our ignorance of their historical context and their date. This paper examines a small but sophisticated medieval house in which the combination of precise dating and informative documentation surmounts simple architectural analysis, to reveal something of its social importance to the family who built it. In the early nineteenth century, the status of Hall House, Sawbridge, was the lowest possible. It belonged to the Sawbridge Overseers of the Poor and was rented to families receiving parish support; later it became farm labourers' cottages. Most of the stages in the decline of the elegant medieval house to this lowly state can be documented, and links established to the only family in fifteenth-century Sawbridge with pretensions to sophistication. These clues lead to the identification of John Andrewe as the builder of Hall House in 1449, and to the recognition of it as a concrete expression of a family pride that was also being fostered by the invention of a distinguished ancestry.
A Neglected Henrician Decorative Ceiling
Authors: String Tatiana C.
Published: April 2011

Surprisingly little attention has been paid by scholars of Henry VIII to the heraldic ceiling of the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace (fig. 1). Study of its decoration has fallen somewhere in between surveys of Tudor architecture and painting. In this article specific problems relating to the ceiling will be addressed: when it was made, the iconography, the reasons for the iconography, the visual source of the ceiling and how it was transmitted, and who made it. The ceiling warrants attention because its programme of Henrician heraldry is a key to the understanding of the political iconography of the Royal Supremacy. In addition, the ceiling's dependence on a contemporary Italian architectural treatise for its design is unusual for its time.
Archaeologists, Architectural Historians and the Planning Process: Whose Agenda?
Authors: Pugh-Smith John
Published: April 2011

This paper looks at the issue of archaeological remains as a constraint to development within the modern land-use planning system. It examines the application of current national policy guidance found in Planning Policy Guidance Notes PPG15 and PPG16. It also discusses a number of issues raised by the current practices of professional archaeologists (and architectural historians involved with archaeological issues) within the development control process. It concludes that their increased professional involvement requires, in turn, a greater responsibility by those individuals, as expert witnesses, to ensure not only for the content of their letters and written reports but also for the consequences of their recommendations, which all have increasing significance, legally as well as commercially. Furthermore, if quality and reasonableness are to be maintained in balance then the relevant professional bodies will need to review, more carefully, their professional practices and responsibilities.
The Promotion and Demotion of Whole Relics
Authors: Spurrell Mark
Published: April 2011

There are indications that some whole relics of saints in England, who had never been canonized officially, were subjected to a change in status during the Middle Ages, being demoted and sometimes promoted again. Some of these demotions follow the fourth Lateran Council of 1215 when it was decreed that relics newly found could not be venerated without papal permission. In this article a few of these cases are examined, in particular those of St William of Norwich, St Amphibalus and his companions at St Albans, and the Venerable Bede at Durham; and in the light of these, the movements of the relics of St Swithun and St Birinus at Winchester are also examined. The site of the last resting place of St William of Norwich is discussed in an Appendix.
Offa's Dyke: Pattern and Purpose
Authors: Hill David
Published: April 2011

The great eighth-century earthwork on the frontier of Wales and England has been known for at least eleven hundred years as Offa's Dyke. Research into this work has been dominated by the need to find, or explain, the ‘missing’ stretches of the Dyke. The interpretation presented here is based on the known earthwork and does not involve the need to explain away any perceived gaps.
King Henry VIII: Performer, Connoisseur and Composer of Music
Authors: Blezzard Judith , Palmer Frances
Published: April 2011

King Henry VIII's court provided a musically rich and diverse environment, in which the King was apparently an active participant, although care is needed in interpreting evidence for this. He played instruments, sang and composed music, promoted its performance and learning, and employed numerous English and foreign musicians as well as maintaining an accomplished Chapel Royal. Evidence from the Inventory of 1547 points to him having possessed various musical instruments and books possibly containing music. Many of the latter were for Chapel Royal use. Henry VIII's compositions raise questions about originality, technique and means of performance. Editorial treatment of his music has been influenced by the perceptions and expectations of later commentators and musicians.
‘The Cabals of a Few Designing Members’: The Presidency of Martin Folkes, PRS and the Society's First Charter
Authors: Haycock David Boyd
Published: April 2011

This short paper examines the presidency of Martin Folkes (1690–1754) and the events surrounding the incorporation of the Society by a Royal Charter from George II in 1751. Folkes was also president of the Royal Society of London, and a small number of Antiquaries feared that incorporation was a plot hatched by ‘a few designing members’ either to line their own pockets or to subsume their society into its older, wealthier rival. Folkes in turn was a controversial figure, renowned f or his irreligious beliefs and satirized for his poor government of the Royal Society.
A Newly Identified Figure of the Virgin from a Late Anglo-Saxon Rood at Great Hale, Lincolnshire
Authors: Everson Paul , Stocker David
Published: April 2011

During survey and recording work undertaken by the authors for the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture project in Lincolnshire between 1984 and 1991, over 375 stones were analysed and some hundred or so new discoveries are reported in the final publication. The most important conclusions drawn by the volume relate to the identification, for the first time, of groups of Anglo-Scandinavian funerary monuments and to conclusions regarding political and ecclesiastical affiliations which can be drawn from their distribution patterns. This note seeks to bring to wider attention, however, a single find of greater importance to art-historical studies of the late Anglo-Saxon period, and one which stands to one side of our more general conclusions regarding Anglo-Scandinavian politics and religion in the East Midlands.
A Note on the Hutton Conyers Charter and Related Fenland Manuscript
Authors: Binski Paul
Published: April 2011

The name of Conyers is most readily associated with the magnificent falchion, perhaps once belonging to Richard, Earl of Cornwall as King of the Romans, used until 1860 by the Conyers family as a sword of tenure of their lands at Sockburn from the Bishop of Durham, and now in the possession of the Cathedral. Another neglected work of some interest is linked to this Yorkshire family: a decorated charter, dated 27 October 1320, licensing by letters patent the alienation in mortmain by Robert of Conyers of lands in Hutton Conyers, near Ripon, to a chaplain for the daily celebration of divine service in the chapel of St John the Baptist at Hutton Conyers. The value of decorated charters in providing dated or datable evidence for illumination has been recognized by Elizabeth Danbury, who first published an illustration of the Hutton Conyers charter.
A Silver Punchbowl at the Society of Antiquaries
Authors: Meager Richard , Hopkins John , Cowell M R
Published: April 2011

In 1916 Horace Sandars, FSA offered to the Cocked Hats (a small dining club within the Society of Antiquaries) a replacement silver punchbowl. Interesting speculations about the origin of this bowl have been made over the years, and this Note seeks to find a truth behind the rumours. I include with grateful thanks information from John Hopkins, FSA, who has worked previously on this subject.
The West Portal in the Porch at Higham Ferrers: A Problem of Interpretation
Authors: Henderson G. D. S.
Published: April 2011

The thirteenth-century west portal of Higham Ferrers Church, Northamptonshire, despite its rural setting, has claims to represent international and metropolitan taste in its ornament and general layout. The sculptured portal was originally part of a larger decorative and iconographic scheme, the coherence of which was drastically impaired in the rebuilding of the west porch, tower, and spire in the 1630s. Fragments of what seem likely to have been major sculptural groups were then built into the westface of the tower. Thefigurescenes, framed in medallions, which fill the left and rightportion of the tympanum of the portal are among the best preserved thirteenth-century sculptures in England, but the identification of the individual scenes is fraught with difficulty nor is it easy to judge the level at which the sculptures were intended to communicate. Contemporary illustrated Psalters, designed for personal devotional use, may provide the key, but curious symptoms of seventeenth-century interference also require interpretation.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Robbins R. M.
Published: April 2011

At Our Anniversary Meeting, or birthday party, this venerable Society celebrates St George's Day on the nearest convenient date for the 239th time since its royal charter was granted by Letters Patent in November 1751. We meet, after the formal but not unimportant business has been disposed of, to do three things: to witness and applaud the presentation of medals in recognition of valuable services to archaeology; to pass in quick review some of the outstanding features of the Society's year just past; and to allow the President to make observations on some more general matter that he thinks deserves the attention of the Fellowship. First, then, to our medallists.
The Typology of Early Medieval Shrines—A Previously Misidentified ‘Tomb-Shrine’ Panel from Winchester Cathedral
Authors: Crook John
Published: April 2011

After a short, general review of medieval shrine types, a particular category is defined and examined: ‘tomb-shrines’: which were a form of shrine-base with round, window-like openings, constructed over the pre-existing grave of a saint. The archaeological and documentary evidence (including evidence from drawings and painted glass) for tomb-shrines is examined, and the few extant structures are described and discussed. In the light of these findings an important fragment of thirteenth-century Purbeck work from Winchester Cathedral is reassessed: it is argued that it derived from the tomb-of St Swithun. This stood on the site of the saint's original grave until the Reformation, and was a focus of veneration that was as important as the main reliquary behind the high altar within the cathedral itself.
The Prehistoric Hinterland of Maiden Castle
Authors: Lawson Andrew J.
Published: April 2011

Maiden Castle, situated 3km south-west of the centre of Dorchester, Dorset, is probably the best known Iron Age hillfort in Britain. Excavations by Sir Mortimer Wheeler were published by the Society of Antiquaries in 1943, and although he may have considered this report as incomplete his vivid interpretations caught the public imagination so that the results have found their way into archaeological texts and children's history books alike. The vast number of well preserved monuments close to Maiden Castle are also well known and have been carefully catalogued (RCHM 1970; Woodward 1991). However, the many excavations undertaken by the Trust for Wessex Archaeology in the area since 1984 have revealed an unprecedented variety of sites which allows a comprehensive picture of prehistoric land use to be created, placing Maiden Castle in a uniquely researched archaeological context (fig. 1).
The Continental Affiliations of Two Palaeolithic Engraved Bones Found in England
Authors: Sieveking Ann
Published: April 2011

The figurative and schematic designs on two pieces of decorated bone from Creswell, Derbyshire are related to motifs used in later Magdalenian portable art in south-western and northern France, and are assigned to a period between 11,000–12,000 years ago on grounds of design and environmental evidence. One piece, that from Robin Hood's Cave, which is carefully engraved with complex motifs on both sides, shows handling traces indicating carriage over a period of time by one or more individuals. As the late Glacial Hunters at Creswell are thought to be nomadic, and the cave to have been inhabited only in the Summer months, the piece may have been made elsewhere and carried to Derbyshire, possibly from the continent.
A Bog Body and its Shoes from Amcotts, Lincolnshire
Authors: Turner R. C. , Rhodes M.
Published: April 2011

An Investigation into the original documentary records of a bog body found near Amcotts, Lincolnshire, led to the rediscovery of a shoe which had been taken from the body in 1747. Not only is this one of the few surviving artefacts to have been found with a British bog body, but it is apparently also the first shoe, recovered by excavation, to have been subsequently preserved in an antiquarian collection. Moreover, recent advances in footwear studies have enabled this shoe and hence the body to be dated. Its late Roman origin is highly relevant to the ongoing controversy concerning the date and cause of death of the bodies from Lindow Moss and elsewhere in Britain.
A Fragment of a Reliquary Casket from Gwytherin, North Wales
Authors: Edwards Nancy , Hulse Tristan Gray
Published: April 2011

A Drawing By The Antiquarian Edward Lhuyd or one of his assistants, which was made some time before the completion of his Parochialia c. 1699, was recently located in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (fig. 1). It shows a triangular-section wooden box decorated with metal mounts and is captioned Arch Gwenfrewi yn eglwys Gwytherin yn swydh Ddimbech (‘the shrine of Gwenfrewi [i.e. Winefride] in the church of Gwytherin Denbighshire’). This drawing, together with other illustrations of the shrine, and a discussion of its ornament, affinities and dating were subsequently published in an article in this journal. The shrine was thought to have been finally destroyed in the mid-nineteenth century, perhaps when the old church at Gwytherin was demolished in 1867. But in June 1991, while the above article was in press, a piece of wood was discovered by Tristan Gray Hulse in the presbytery attached to St Winefride's Catholic Church in Holywell (Flintshire), which includes the site of the famous holy well bearing her name. The fragment was wrapped in brown paper and labelled in faded black ink ‘From the wooden chest at Gwytherin supposed to have contained body of St Winifrede’. Enough survives for the piece to be identified securely as a fragment of one of the gable ends from the shrine of Gwenfrewi as illustrated in the Bodleian manuscript.
A French Source of the Lord Marshal's Roll (1295–6)
Authors: Brault Gerard J.
Published: April 2011

The only surviving manuscript of the Lord Marshal's Roll (LM) is preserved in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries of London (MS 664, vol. 3, fols 19–25 [Roll 15]; Wagner 1950, 38). The original was no doubt in poor condition when this copy, a Hatton-Dugdale facsimile, was executed c. 1640. Many shields are defective, often showing silver instead of gold (e.g., LM 59, 60, 64, 68, 71, 73, 79, 82, 87, 304; similarly, silver instead of vair, LM 127, 331, 463, 554), omitting charges (LM 58, 90, 103, 434 (see below), 585), and reversing tinctures (LM 322). Other shields are blank and/or bear no caption. In spite of these and other flaws, LM remains one of the most important rolls of arms of the reign of Edward I (1272–1307).2 It is one of the lengthiest rolls of the period—588 entries—and although some captions are garbled, most of the identifying names are quite legible. Also, LM was composed at a time of crisis for Edward I (1294–8) and on the eve of the war against the Scots (1296–1307) to which several later rolls bear witness (Prestwich 1988, 401–35; 469–516).
The Medieval Roof of Marwell Hall, Hampshire
Authors: Crook John
Published: April 2011

Marwell Hall Hampshire (fig. I), N. G. Ref. SU 508217, stands in the middle of the well known Zoological Park, and now serves as the main administrative building of Marwell Preservation Trust. Until a few years ago, it was supposed that the house dated originally from the reign of Elizabeth I, though it had clearly been extensively refashioned in Tudor-Gothick style in the early nineteenth century; indeed Sir Nikolaus Pevsner (Pevsner and Lloyd 1967, 331) considered that the house had been completely built in the latter period.
The Literary Context of The Wall-Painting at Idsworth, Hampshire
Authors: Deighton Alan
Published: April 2011

The fourteenth-century wall-painting in the church of St Hubert, Idsworth, Hampshire, have attracted repeated attention since their initial discovery in 1864. This is, of course, partly a reflection of their artistic quality—both E. W. Tristram (1955, 89) and David Lloyd (Pevsner and Lloyd 1967, 307) referred to their liveliness and vigour and the exceptional quality of their design—but clearly also reflects the difficulties art historians have found in providing a convincing interpretation of their iconographic programme.
The Venetian Sala Del Gran Consiglio and its Fourteenth-Century Decoration
Authors: Martindale Andrew
Published: April 2011

This paper is intended as a contribution to a wider study of medieval secular decoration; but its starting point is the Doge's Palace in Venice. The medieval decoration of that palace has never received the direct and minute attention devoted to the magnificent decorations of later centuries. That is not to say that the original schemes have been entirely neglected; but they tend to be subordinated to discussions of the ‘Venetian Renaissance’ and to problems associated with the emergence of the ‘Myth of Venice’. Central to the present discussion is, of course, theSala del Gran Consiglio, one of the largest chambers in medieval Europe with its various themes of Majesty, History and Ruler Portraits. The essence of that imagery is still present in the late sixteenth-century decorations installed after the disastrous fire of 1577.
Anniversary Address 2001
Authors: Jervis Simon Swynfen
Published: April 2011

Long Presidential tenure can go to the head, and sitting on this Chair your President has sometimes wondered how he may appear to Fellows and guests. The extreme images are Laurence Olivier as Richard III, writhing malevolently and misshapenly on his throne, and Reynolds's ‘Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse’, shown at the Royal Academy in 1784 and now in Dulwich College Art Gallery, in which the actress has adopted an imposing, even monumental, Michelangelesque pose, which she claimed to have invented. But I am fairly certain that these theatric tableaux are not true to life, and that the reality is closer to the somewhat tentative, inconsequential and ephemeral image of Lord Leicester, later Lord Townshend, who served as President for twenty-seven years, two centuries ago, long before a normal seven-year limit was introduced in 1876, to be replaced by the present five-year limit in 1906, as shown in the caricature which the Society purchased last year. At least your President is spared the humiliation of wearing the cocked hat, which threatens to drown Lord Leicester.
John the Baptist and the Agnus Dei: Ruthwell (and Bewcastle) Revisited
Authors: Hawkes Jane , Ó Carragéain Éamonn , Trench-Jellicoe Ross
Published: April 2011

The identity of the figure with a lamb carved on the upper stone of the Anglo-Saxon cross at Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, was interpreted by Paul Meyvaert (in 1982 and 1992), as an apocalyptic image of the Deity instead of John the Baptist. Close inspection of the panel, however, makes it difficult to accept such an explanation. Instead, an adaptation of the early Christian images of the Baptist is proposed, and it is argued that the details of the panel are best understood in the light of the introduction of the Agnus Dei chant into the Mass by Pope Sergius I (687–701), and of biblical commentary which saw the Baptist himself as an apocalyptic figure associated with the Lamb, the paschal sacrifice, commemorated each day in the Mass.
The North Portal of Durham Cathedral and the Problem of ‘Sanctuary’ in Medieval Britain
Authors: McAleer J Philip
Published: April 2011

A small room (which has since been destroyed) located over the north portal of Durham Cathedral has been explained as a watching-room for fugitives fleeing to seek sanctuary at the cathedral that housed the shrine of one of England's pre-eminent saints, Cuthbert. The source behind this identification is an account of the customs of Durham written only c 1593. There is no earlier documentary evidence indicating a function for this room. An examination of the customs and traditions of sanctuary, some aspects of which were unique to England in the Middle Ages, suggests that there was no need for such a supposed watching-room. A search for parallels, especially among cathedral and abbey churches from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, produces no conclusive evidence for the function of similar but larger rooms located over strongly projecting porches sheltering lateral entrances to naves. Although a function as a watching-room may be doubted more than firmly disproved, it can nonetheless be suggested that the room was more likely constructed for a liturgical purpose such as some aspect of the ritual surrounding the arrival of the bishop and his entrance into his church.
The Archaeology of Cane Sugar Production: A Survey of Twenty years of Research in Cyprus
Authors: von Wartburg Marie-Louise
Published: April 2011

The first research project in medieval industrial archaeology in Cyprus originated with the investigation of the Lusignan cane sugar production centre at Kouklia (Stavros Project); it became an incentive for the exploration of the establishments of the Hospitallers at Kolossi and the Cornaro family at Episkopi. Excavations at Kouklia-Stavros (1980–82 and 1987–91) recovered a sophisticated structure of milling and refining installations, and revealed new economic and technological aspects of this important, but thus far hardly explored industry of the island in Lusignan and Venetian times. The wealth of new information gained made it possible to understand for the first time thoroughly how Levantine cane sugar refineries actually worked. The contextual approach of the Stavros Project, interrelating archaeological evidence and written information, suggests further interesting research topics such as the repercussions of the sugar industry on social structure, settlement patterns, and environment, or the transfer of the methods and technology of sugar production from Islamic lands to the western Mediterranean, and finally to the Americas.
Le Yaudet, Ploulec'h, Côtes d'Armor, Brittany. An Interim Report on the Excavations of 1991–4
Authors: Cunliffe Barry , Galliou Patrick
Published: April 2011

The promontory site of Le Yaudet, on the north coast of Brittany, was occupied from the Bronze Age to the present day, at various stages during this period sharing in maritime exchange systems linking Brittany to Britain. In the Late Iron Age the site, of some 6ha, was surrounded by stone and rubble defences the main cross-promontory defence being of murus gallicus type. The defences are of at least two phases, the later probably dating to the time of Caesar. Occupation continued and in the late third century AD a new wall was built around the defensive circuit at a time when similar coastal sites on both sides of the Channel were being defended. On one site, agricultural activity of the early medieval period was followed by village development in the eleventh century. The present village is a shrunken remnant of the earlier, more extensive settlement.
Westminster Abbey: Archaeological Recording at the West End of the Church
Authors: Tatton-Brown Tim
Published: April 2011

Recent recording work on the masonry of the West Front of Westminster Abbey is here described. The later medieval documentary evidence for the rebuilding of the western half of the nave (in the fourteenth, fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries) is also re-assessed and a new architectural history for the whole of the west end of the Abbey church is proposed. It is also suggested that the core of the lower fifty feet of the western towers dates from the twelfth century, and that the western porch and lower windows in the tower were added in about 1340.
A Bailiff's List and Chronicle from Worcester
Authors: MacCulloch Diarmaid , Hughes Pat
Published: April 2011

This is an edition of an important and largely unpublished sixteenth-century chronicle from Worcester. The chronicle forms five folios in a manuscript volume of miscellaneous collections and memoranda completed in the early seventeenth century by John Steynor of Worcester. The volume is among the former episcopal estate papers taken over by the Church Commissioners and then lodged at St Helen's Record Office in Worcester. It is structured as a list of the annually-elected pair of senior and junior bailiffs of the city of Worcester from 1483 to 1578; to this list, annalistic entries have been added, within the framework of the city bailiffs' year of office from September to September. In its present form the chronicle is a copy of the early seventeenth century, all in the same hand. The section of the book which contains the chronicle is numbered from fol. 151, although only thirty-seven folios precede this section in its present format.
Christological Personal Seals and Christocentric Devotion in Later Medieval England and Wales
Authors: New Elizabeth A
Published: April 2011

The study of British personal seals, particularly those that are non-armorial, is oneof the n neglected areas of sigillographie research; these seals, however, provide the widest range of desi and the largest number of extant examples in the entire field. This paper focuses upon one aspee such seals, the Christological designs and legends used on them, and integrates them into the broa area of the study of late medieval Christocentric devotion in order to demonstrate both the rich source of new material provided by personal seals, and the way in which they can add to understanding of more general issues of a historical period.
Early Tudor Canopywork at the Hospital of St Cross, Winchester
Authors: Smith Angela , Riall Nicholas
Published: April 2011

A fascinating example of early sixteenth-century carving is preserved in the church of the Hospital of St Cross, near Winchester, in the form of three sections of wooden frieze. The frieze is carved with a profusion of Renaissance imagery that has until now received little attention. The carved imagery of the frieze will be examined here in detail for the first time, along with its association with Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester 1501–28. The relationship between the imagery of the frieze and the decorative detail in other works associated with Fox will be discussed and its similarities to French models. A traditional dating of the frieze to 1525 or thereabouts will be challenged in favour of an earlier date and its likely association with stallwork discussed.
Privacy, Display and Over Extension: Walter Strickland's Rebuilding of Sizergh
Authors: Goodall Ian
Published: April 2011

Sizergh– known as Sizergh Hall from the seventeenth century, and renamed Sizergh Castle in the mid-nineteenth century– has been the seat of the Strickland f amily for over seven hundred years. Although it has a medieval core, the house as it exists today is substantially the work of Walter Strickland (1516–69) who, in the mid- 1550s, initiated a comprehensive rebuilding programme, which more than trebled it in size. The enlarged house, built around three sides of a courtyard, reflected, in its rooms and their disposition, the concern for privacy and segregation that characterized the age. The fitting-out of the interior with high-quality panelling, ceilings and furnishings was incomplete on Walter's death, but was continued by his family over the next two or three generations. The house was altered and subdivided during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but much of the integrity of the mid-sixteenth-century building still survives.
Vegetius'S ‘De Re Militari’: The Triumph of Mediocrity
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: April 2011

Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Vegetius was regarded as the most authoritative writer on Roman military institutions in particular and upon war in general. His appeal was both historical and practical; his anti-mercenary fervour impressed Italian humanists in the fifteenth century,- his aphoristic wisdom was incorporated by Machiavelli into his own work and was, in turn, further disseminated by the many military writers who fell wider Machiavelli's spell. Nevertheless, Vegetius's reputation was increasingly under threat. The accumulation and publication of materials relating to modern warfare and to technologies unknown to the ancients was developing apace, and even writers who believed that classical military institutions remained relevant to modern warfare now had at their disposal a range of ancient authors largely unknown in the Middle Ages. Scholars were becoming simultaneously more aware of Vegetius's shortcomings and more sophisticated in their handling of historical sources. Yet, despite this, Vegetius enjoyed hisgreatest (though short-lived) triumph early in the seventeenth century when he was translated, paraphrased and illustrated by Johann von Wallhausen as an indispensable source forall practical military men.1
A Fragment of Medieval Painting Discovered Next to St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield
Authors: Spooner Jane
Published: April 2011

In 1985, excavations by the Department of Urban Archaeology in Kinghorn Street, adjacent to St Bartholomew the Great, resulted in the discovery of one of the most important pieces of medieval painting to have been found in the City of London (colour plate 1).

Discovered in two halves, the painted stone had been reused in a sixteenth- or seventeenth-century well construction immediately to the east of the church. The curved right edge of the stone probably derives from this secondary usage. When found, the two pieces were covered in lime mortar, to which, unfortunately, some of the paint layer transferred. The fragment is now in the Museum of London, where the two halves have been rejoined and other conservation work has been undertaken.
Cogidubnus Revisited
Authors: Coates Richard
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to address a philological point which is of greater complexity than has been assumed by previous writers on the topic, namely the possible emendation of a restored Romano-Celtic name in a famous inscription from Chichester, Sussex (TUB I.91J. This also requires the weighing-up of alternatives for its interpretation and for the emendation and interpretation of apparently related names in other sources. I conclude guardedly, on the balance of probabilities, that the emendation can be shown to be justified, but only if we accept that the name involved is probably not British. Instead, it may be Continental Celtic.
The Archaeology of Personal Security: Metal-Detector Finds of Early Modern Letter-Combination Padlocks
Authors: Gaimster David
Published: April 2011

Three recent finds of keyless letter-combination locks reflect the growth in the need for personal security during the early modern period. Although geographically distant from each other, the fact that the three padlocks in question share many of the same distinguishing characteristics is indicative of their manufacture by a single specialist producer. Alternatively, one manufacturer may have sold blanks to traders who personalized the lock once they found a buyer, in which case the locks are the work of two manufacturers — a maker and a finisher — which implies a widespread network of professional and casual makers within the locksmithing trade.
Two Documented Hoards Of Treasure
Authors: Painter Kenneth S. , Künzl Ernst
Published: April 2011

There has been much discussion by archaeologists in recent years of the reasons for which ancient hoards may have been deposited and not recovered. There is an apparently clear Roman definition of treasure in the Digest: Thesaurus est vetus quaedam depositio pecuniae, cuius non extat memoria ut iam dominum non habeat. There have been increasing difficulties, however, in interpreting this statement and the versions of it which have been incorporated into modern law. In England and Wales, for example, the uncertainties have even led to a replacement of the medieval law of Treasure Trove with a Treasure Act more suited to present-day conditions. In spite of the fact that most discoveries of treasure were made by chance, without adequate records, much of the argument revolves round the details of the deposits, from which attempts are made to infer the motives of those who made them. This speculation cannot be supported by direct evidence, and so, because our own particular interest is in hoards of Roman silver plate, we felt that it might be helpful first to review briefly some of the ancient documentary evidence for hoards of silver plate which the owner intended to recover, from literature and papyri, and then to publish two such hoards with detailed documentation, one from England in the seventeenth century and one from Germany in the twentieth century, which reveal some of the motives, hopes, actions and accidents which actually occur in such circumstances.
Stone Circles, Oval Settings and Henges in South-west Wales and Beyond
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Wainwright Geoffrey , Constant Vanessa , Staelens Yvette , Stocks Anna , Wainwright Judith
Published: April 2011

Topographical and geophysical surveys carried out in August 2002 at three monuments in the Preseli Hills of Pembrokeshire are reported: Bedd Arthur, Gors Fawr and Meini Gwyr. Previously unrecorded features were revealed at all three sites, most spectacularly at Meini Gwyr which, from the evidence of geophysical survey, appears to be a multi-phase monument that includes a double pit-circle, hengi-form monument and embanked enclosure with an internal stone circle. Comparisons are made with plans prepared by Flinders Petrie in 1926, published here for the first time. A viewshed analysis of the surveyed sites and others of similar kind in the area allows an appreciation of landscape setting and intervisibility. It is suggested that the stone circles are sited in relation to upland stone sources. All the monuments considered here are compared with contemporary structures recorded elsewhere in the British Isles. It is concluded that while the stone circles and oval setting fit comfortably within a distribution pattern that extends across most of the British Isles, the later phases of Meini Gwyr at least belong to a more localized tradition of monument building focused on the Irish Sea region.
The Archaeology of Beirut: A Report on Work in the Insula of the House of the Fountains
Authors: Perring Dominic , Reynolds Paul , Thorpe Reuben
Published: April 2011

This insula, which lay on the western margin of the earlier Iron Age city, was uncovered during post-war reconstruction work carried out in Beirut during 1994–6. Laid out in the Hellenistic period, the insula was filled out with a series of small courtyard houses after the Roman annexation. A public portico was added along a main street in the second quarter of the second century, before a period of relative inactivity. The district was revived and rebuilt in the middle of the fourth century and was home to a series of handsome town houses in the fifth century, before being devastated by earthquake in AD 551. The site was then left derelict until the early nineteenth century. This interim report sets these findings within their broader historical and archaeological context, as well as summarizing the results of recent work on the site's ceramics and stratigraphy.
An English Romanesque Mount and Three Ninth-Century Strap-Ends
Authors: Jewell Richard
Published: April 2011

This note discusses several recent English finds of early medieval ornamental metalwork shown at the Society of Antiquaries on 16 May 2002: most notably, a Romanesque mount with open-work foliate decoration having clear parallels with Norman and Anglo-Norman ornament of c 1100–25. Four ninth-century Anglo-Saxon strapends are also described and illustrated, two of which have decorative features with links to contemporary larger-scale works but rarer within the corpus of strap-ends; the other two being unusual examples of East Anglian niello and silver-wire inlay.
A Seventeenth-century Portrait Miniature of Charles II as Prince of Wales?
Authors: Rickard Mark A
Published: April 2011

This small portrait miniature emerged in the sale, by an anonymous vendor, of part of the contents of a country house near Stamford, in Lincolnshire, on 16 February 2002. The image is painted in watercolour on a pale carnation ground with a support of either card or vellum and is in good condition with only one marginal abrasion. To the right of the miniature, against the pale blue background and parallel to the boy's left shoulder, is the monogram of ‘G’ above ‘I’. The frame is an oval seventeenth-century silver locket with a flat back measuring 33mm × 28mm. The convex glass is held in place by a gold band, and attached to the back is a gold loop secured by a thin flat plate, which is possibly a later addition.
The Building and other Works of Patrick, 1st Earl of Strathmore at Glamis, 1671–1695
Authors: Apted M. R.
Published: April 2011

The Glamis Book of Record, compiled by Patrick 1st Earl of Strathmore between the years 1685 and 1689, contains, in addition to more mundane material, the Earl's autobiography. This, combined with other documents preserved in the charter room at Glamis, provides a remarkably detailed account of the Earl's building and other works at Glamis between the years 1671 and 1689, a short but crucial period in the long history of the castle.

In 1671 the castle, then little more than an empty shell, consisted of a massive tower-house, with additions and alterations mostly dating to the first few years of the century, attached to an east wing of earlier date. The single access crossed an encircling ditch and reached the entrance through a walled courtyard containing a miscellaneous collection of buildings, some possibly a good deal older than the castle itself.

The Earl, who was his own architect, began by drawing up a scheme for all his proposed improvements, which he then executed in stages over the years as circumstances allowed. The existing approach was replaced by an avenue with a series of ornamented gateways. The buildings in front of the castle were cleared away and replaced by an inner and outer courtyard with gardens and a bowling green, while necessary outbuildings were sited in a separate courtyard at the back of the castle. The existing east wing was matched by a new west wing to provide a symmetrical façade and the available accommodation increased by an addition to the east wing and extensions to the back of the tower-house, including a rectangular stair tower and three storeys of rooms with a chapel on the topmost floor.

Although the principal building works were carried out by local masons underthe Earl's instruction, the interior was decorated where appropriate by immigrant craftsmen of high standing. Thus, by the time the Earl died in 1695, he had converted a largely derelict, haphazard assemblage of buildings into a well-planned and seemly mansion environed with gardens and wholly appropriate to a Scottish gentleman of the period.
The New Palace Yard and Its Fountains: Excavations in the Palace of Westminster 1972-4
Authors: Horsman Valerie , Davison Brian
Published: April 2011

Excavations in the New Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster, between 1972–4, have illuminated the development of this historic site on the northern periphery of the medieval palace. The Yard was first laid out in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century over previously marshy land at the edge of Thorney Island. In the central area of the Yard, part of the foundation of a magnificent fountain, known historically as the Great Conduit was found. Built in the mid-fifteenth century, the conduit formed a major landmark until its demolition some two hundred years later. Preserved within its foundation were the fragmentary redeposited remains of a high quality fountain of polished Purbeck marble, dated to the late twelfth century. Due to the enormous scale of the building works significant environmental evidence was recovered allowing elucidation of the topographical development of this important site, from the prehistoric period to the creation of the Yard in the late thirteenth century.

This paper is published with the aid of a grant from the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.
Many More Iron Age Shields from Britain
Authors: Stead I. M.
Published: April 2011

Two recent discoveries have added greatly to our knowledge of Iron Age shields in Britain. First, the Chertsey Shield, unique in the Celtic world in being made entirely of bronze. Second, a collection of miniature shields of a shape hitherto unknown. Bindings from full-size shields of this shape had been found previously, but were not correctly identified until the miniatures provided the clue. Now it seems that these distinctive hide-shaped shields were one of the most common forms used by British warriors. At least thirty-eight examples—including twenty-three miniatures—have now been added to the corpus of Iron Age shields from Britain.
Faithful Unto Death: the Tomb Slab of Sir William Neville and Sir John Clanvowe, Constantinople 1391
Authors: Düll Siegrid , Luttrell Anthony , Keen Maurice
Published: April 2011

An inscribed marble (figs, 1, 2), until now in the Byzantine collection of the Archaeological Museum at Istanbul, recorded two English knights, Sir William Neville and Sir John Clanvowe, who died in Galata outside Constantinople in 1391.