bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POTENCY OF PURIFIED TUBERCULIN DETERMINED BY THE SHOCK METHOD ON HAMSTERS
Authors: JESPERSEN ANDR.
Published: August 2010

Two lots of purified protein derivative of tuberculin with different potencies determined by skin tests on guinea pigs, were examined for their capacity to induce shock in hamsters sensitized with BCG. Groups of hamsters were injected with varying doses of a highly potent strain of BCG grown in Dubos fluid medium. 4–5 weeks later two groups of animals sensitized with corresponding doses were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg of each lot of tuberculin. 12 of the 20 hamsters given the strong tuberculin died, while all those given the weak tuberculin survived. An attempt was made to evaluate the mutual potency of the two lots of tuberculin by injecting groups of sensitized animals with 1 mg strong or 4 mg weak tuberculin. The difference in the number of deaths from shock in the two groups was not significant.
TRANSFER FACTOR, SARCOIDOSIS AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Platz P. , Grob P. J. , Jensson V. , Lorenzen I. , Thomsen M.
Published: August 2010

A 27‐year‐old man with disseminated sarcoidosis was treated with repeated injections of Transfer Factor. Grossly abnormal immunological in vitro parameters were normalized, but in spite of these changes the clinical condition deteriorated.
GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN MAN
Authors: Hellum Kjell B. , Solberg Claus O.
Published: August 2010

The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye and the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 141 patients with bacterial infections and 141 controls have been examined and related to granulocyte morphology. In 115 patients (82 per cent), the NBT reduction capacity was higher than in any control. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated more often in patients with high than low NBT reduction capacity. In 49 patients (35 per cent), the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils was lower than in any control. Thirty‐eight patients (78 per cent) with impaired bactericidal activity had 25 per cent or more peripheral juvenile neutrophils as compared with only 12 (13 per cent) out of 92 patients with normal activity. Vacuolization of the cytoplasm and/or toxic granulation of the neutrophils were demonstrated in 28 patients (57 per cent) in whom the granulocyte function was reduced and in 26 patients (28 per cent) in whom function was normal. Within wide limits, the NBT reduction capacity increased with diminishing bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Eighteen patients died of infection; 12 had reduced bactericidal activity. Defects in neutrophil granulocyte function caused by bacterial infection may contribute to a fatal outcome of the disease.
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF BACTERIOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Bratlid Dag
Published: August 2010

A new procedure for spectrophotometric determination of bacteriolytic activity in biological fluids is described. The method uses Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells as substrate. By inactivation of the sample through pre‐incubation in ice‐water, a large number of samples can be prepared and analysed simultaneously. The necessity of performing the whole analysis in the photometer for one sample at the time is thus eliminated. By measuring the increase in transmission at 570 nm after incubation of the samples at 37 C a relatively long reaction time and wide concentration range is obtained. This makes the results quite precise and reproducible. The method has been used to determine the bacteriolytic activity in serum of healthy adults. Men have significantly higher levels than women.
IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE TO HAPTEN CONJUGATED SEPHAROSE
Authors: Koskimies Saija
Published: August 2010

Mice were injected intraperitoneally with Sepharose 4B beads coupled with hapten NIP, and their anti‐NIP response was studied by counting antibody forming cells and determining serum titers. Mice responded well to doses of 0.7 ml of packed beads but 0.3 and 1.2 doses induced much weaker responses. Anti‐NIP titers in recipients of 0.7 ml of the antigen lasted nearly constant for at least 7 weeks. Both T cell status of the recipient and use of adjuvant had an effect on the response. Antigen without adjuvant induced primarily IgM antibodies in normal mice, but IgM and IgG in nude mice. When Hemophilus pertussis or polyacrylic acid was used as adjuvant both normal and nude mice produced IgM and IgG antibodies, and normal mice produced in addition IgA antibodies.
ISOTOPE‐LABELLED α‐AMINO‐ISOBUTYRIC ACID AS AN INDICATOR IN CYTOTOXICITY TESTS
Authors: Lyberg Torstein
Published: August 2010

The effect of rabbit antisera on the uptake and release of α‐amino‐isobutyric acid (AIBA) in LS‐ and P‐388 cells was investigated. In the presence of homologous antiserum and complement, the uptake of AIBA was inhibited. In the absence of complement, no effect of antiserum was seen. Using prelabelled cells, the efflux of AIBA was greatly accelerated in the presence of antiserum and complement. The AIBA‐uptake method was compared with the trypan blue exclusion test and the 51Cr release technique. The AIBA‐uptake method was more sensitive in quantitative cytotoxic studies.
MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE REACTIONS BETWEEN PARENTAL CELLS IN PREGNANCY AND PUERPERIUM
Authors: Herva Elja , Jouppila Pentti
Published: August 2010

Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells, inhibition of these reactions with maternal serum, and cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum were studied in 36 couples through pregnancy and puerperium. Average MLC reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells were not significantly different, nor did the MLC responses of maternal cells clearly differ from those of other cells in their time‐course kinetics. However, the response of maternal cells to paternal cells was weaker than to control cells in 15 of 18 couples studied during the first week postpartum; this may suggest some specific alteration in maternal immunity to paternal antigens. The sera of pregnant women suppressed MLC reactions. This suppressive effect disappeared during the first week postpartum, whereafter only about 20 per cent of the sera studied caused clear inhibition of MLC reactions. Nine per cent of the postpartum sera studied contained cytotoxic antibodies against paternal cells.
THE FINDING THAT SECRETORY COMPONENT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH γ‐GLUTAMYLTRANSPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Lindh E. , Björk I.
Published: August 2010

The γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity of human milk was concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. On gel chromatography of the dissolved precipitate, the activity was eluted in the high‐molecular‐weight fraction containing secretory IgA, while no activity appeared in the eluate at the position of free secretory component. Various antisera were added to portions of the pool of active fractions. No change of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity was obtained with antisera against either IgA, secretory IgA or secretory component, while a large reduction of activity was seen with anti‐human colostrum. Finally, purified free secretory component, secretory IgA and in vitro complexes between secretory component and IgA dimers were shown to be inactive in the γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase assay, both in the absence and presence of zinc ions. Thus secretory component, either when free or bound to IgA, does not exhibit γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity, and therefore cannot function as such an enzyme in the transport of IgA across mucous membranes, as has been suggested previously.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON NORMAL, STIMULATED AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVATED MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Bennedsen J. , Riisgaard S. , Rhodes J. M. , Larsen S. Olesen
Published: August 2010

The intracellular generation time of Listeria monocytogenes is increased in monolayers of PE macrophages from mice immunized with BCG, listeria and T.A.B. vaccine as compared with monolayers of PE macrophages from normal mice stimulated intraperitoneally with proteose‐peptone. Thus non‐specifically stimulated and immunologically activated macrophages, although sharing several other characteristics, differ in their capacity to control intracellular bacterial infection.
THERMOSTABLE NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE ANTIGENS EXAMINED BY A BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION TEST
Authors: Angelsen Guri Eggset , Mæland Johan
Published: August 2010

Rabbit antisera against three different N. gonorrhoeae isolates agglutinated heated gonococci (1007°C, 2 h) before and after treatment with periodate or pronase, but this was not the case with gonococci exposed to the combined action of the reagents. All agglutinins could be removed by absorption of antiserum with untreated or heat‐treated gonococci or with a heat extract of the bacteria. Antiserum absorbed with the lipopolysaccharide still agglutinated the heated gonococci both before and after exposure of the bacteria to periodate or pronase. The results of cross‐absorption experiments indicated strain variation of thermostable antigenic determinants involved in the agglutination reaction.
MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE REACTIONS AT DELIVERY AND IN THE PUERPERIUM: EFFECTS OF PARITY, HLA ANTIGENS AND MATERNAL SERUM
Authors: Herva Elja , Tiilikainen Anja
Published: August 2010

Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between maternal and related neonatal cells at delivery, and maternal and paternal cells about a week after delivery, and the effect of maternal serum and HLA antigens on these reactions were studied in 11 families with primiparous or secundi‐parous mothers and in 13 families with multiparous mothers (six or more pregnancies). Weak or absent MLC response of the mother to her infant was observed in one‐third of primiparous and secundiparous mothers and in one‐half of multiparous mothers. In some cases the non‐reactivity could be due to genetic similarity, i.e. HLA or HLA‐D identity between the mother and her infant. In other cases, this was obviously not a valid explanation and no apparent reason for the non‐reactivity was found. The MLC suppressing effect of maternal serum on MLC reactions at delivery and about a week later was not correlated with the strength of maternal‐neonatal MLC reaction. Four of the ten sera from multiparous mothers studied a week after delivery had an inhibitory effect of 50 per cent or more on MLC reactions involving stimulatory paternal cells. Responding paternal cells and other MLC combinations were also inhibited to varying degrees. None of the sera of primiparous and secundiparous mothers had an equally strong MLC inhibiting effect.
LIMITING FACTORS IN BACTERIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS BY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Björkstén B. , Peterson P. K. , Verhoef J. , Quie P. G.
Published: August 2010

Limiting factors in neutrophil phagocytosis were studied using a sensitive assay by which attachment, ingestion and intracellular killing of bacteria could be separated. Phagocytosis was found to be limited by the attachment capacity of neutrophils. Ingestion and intracellular killing proceeded at a constant rate proportional to the number of bacteria attached to the neutrophils.
LOCAL LYMPH NODE RESPONSE IN RATS TO ALLOGENEIC STIMULUS: ANALYSIS OF THE IN VITRO RESPONDING CELLS
Authors: Heron Iver , Meyer Henning
Published: August 2010

Parental strain rats were immunized in the footpads by FI hybrid spleen cells. The draining lymph nodes were removed during the first 10 days after immunization and tested for mitogen responsiveness. Cell fractionation was performed by removal of macrophages, surface Ig positive, and F(c)‐, and C3‐receptor carrying lymphocytes. The depleted suspensions were tested in MLC to test the effect of lymphocyte subpopulations on the accelerated MLC response profile exhibited by the immune lymph node cells. Overall increase in mitogen stimulation was observed, but stimulation indices were slightly reduced as compared to non‐immunized cells. Removal of phagocytic cells gave some increase in MLC response which was most pronounced when responder cells were tested during the first days after immunization. Depletion for non‐T lymphocytes resulted in lowering of non‐stimulated responder cell 14C uptake, whereas the specific accelerated MLC profile was unaltered or tended to improve acceleration. It is concluded from indirect evidence that T lymphocytes are the cell type responsible for the altered MLC kinetics, but that macrophages and non‐T cells modify the response.
FREEZING OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES IV. In vitro and in vivo responses of T‐cells
Authors: Hem Einar
Published: August 2010

Rat lymph node lymphocytes have been frozen‐thawed with 10 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotectant. The present study shows that these cells respond well in T‐cell functional assays, such as stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, as responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and in the local graft‐versus‐host assay. The magnitude of the responses obtained with frozen‐thawed cells was some 70–80 per cent of corresponding fresh cells.
B‐ AND T‐CELLS AND INTRACELLULAR Ig‐SYNTHESIS OF PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES IN CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND/OR PREVIOUS ADENO‐TONSILLECTOMY
Authors: ØStergaard Poul Aabel
Published: August 2010

Studies of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum, the number of circulating T‐ and B‐cells, and the number of Ig‐containing blast cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro were performed in children who had been found previously to have low IgA levels in serum and saliva. The first group comprises 24 children with tonsillectomy performed approximately 31/2 years earlier, among whom several cases of atopic diseases had been found. In these children, low IgA levels were found continuously, while the numbers of B‐ and T‐cells and the number of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE‐containing blast cells were within normal levels. The second group comprises 28 children with recurrent and chronic respiratory infections, which often preceded attacks of asthma. Very low IgA levels were found in these children associated with a decreased number of T‐cells, increased numbers of lymphocytes with membrane bound IgA and IgE and an increased number of IgE‐containing blast cells. The third group comprises 20 children with severe extrinsic asthma, In these children, slightly decreased levels of IgA and low levels of IgM were found. Furthermore, the number of circulating T‐cells was reduced and, in addition, an increased number of lymphocytes with surface IgE was observed.
DEMONSTRATION OF SEPARATE RECEPTORS FOR HUMAN IgA AND IgG IN GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI TYPE
Authors: SCHALÉN CLAËS , CHRISTENSEN POUL , GRUBB ANDERS , SAMUELSSON GUNILLA , SVENSSON MAJ‐LIS
Published: August 2010

The alkaline extract of group A streptococci type 4 was separated by electrophoresis and diffused against 27 normal human sera. One of the precipitates appeared with 85% of the sera. Addition of purified IgA myeloma protein or sera containing IgA M‐components to the extract changed the electrophoretic mobility of the precipitate anodically. Purified IgG Fc‐fragments or sera containing IgG M‐component did not affect the mobility of the precipitate. It was concluded that this precipitate contained the streptococcal receptor for human IgA. A non‐precipitating IgG Fc‐receptor, with agglutinating capacity for cells coated with human IgG1 but not IgG3, was localized by preparative electrophoresis to the same electrophoretic region as the IgA receptor. The mobility of the IgG receptor remained unaltered on addition of IgA myeloma protein permitting a separation of the two receptors by preparative electrophoresis. The receptors were distinct from the group specific carbohydrate, peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid. No M antigen or opacity factor were demonstrated in the extract.
THE CELLULAR REACTION IN NORMAL AND TUMOUR‐BEARING MICE FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL GLUCAN INJECTION
Authors: OLSTAD R. , SELJELID R.
Published: August 2010

The effect of a single intraperitoneal injection of yeast glucan in C3D2 mice was studied. The optimal dose for the induction of a cellular exudate was 0.4 mg/kg, producing 17.6 times 106 cells on day 7 after injection. The number of T‐cells, B‐cells and macrophages in this exudate was analysed by the use of morphology, immunofluorescence and the non‐specific esterase staining. An increase in both T‐cells, B‐cells and macrophages was found after glucan injection. There was an 8‐fold increase in macrophages, but the increase lasted only 14 days. The increase in T‐cells was smaller, but lasted at least 35 days. The effect of pretreatment with glucan on the development of an inoculated syngeneic methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma was studied. No effect on tumour take could be demonstrated, but differences in T‐cell, B‐cell and macrophage content of the developing tumour were found. A striking feature was a prolonged increase in tumour T‐cell content.
DEGRADATION OF NON‐OPSONIZED 32P‐LABELLED E. COLI BY UNSTIMULATED MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: ROLLAG HALVOR
Published: August 2010

Five hours after the ingestion of non‐opsonized E. coli by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. 60–70 per cent of the bacteria were killed, estimated as decrease in colony forming units. When employing 32P‐labelled E. coli, 50–60 per cent of the radioactivity was released to the medium by the macrophages during the same period of time. The mean number of visually‐counted bacteria per macrophage was constant in the post‐ingestive period. The macrophages killed the bacteria without early destruction. The release of radioactivity seemed to reflect the degradation of bacteria in the macrophages.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODY RESPONSE AGAINST HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: DAHLBERG TERESA , BRANEFORS PAULA
Published: August 2010

Rabbits were used in a study of the bactericidal (BC) antibody response against capsulated Haemophilus influenzae of types a and b and their respective non‐capsulated variant strains. Previously described methods, complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination, were used for comparison. A bactericidal antibody response was demonstrable within a week after the primary immunization against capsulated as well as non‐capsulated bacteria. After the hyperimmunization course the BC titres against non‐capsulated bacteria were about 1:4,000, while the BC titres against the capsulated – types a and b–strains reached levels of no less than 1:130,000. Samples of separated hyperimmune sera showed BC activity in IgM‐ as well as IgG‐containing fractions, whereas the BC activity of primary response samples was demonstrable mainly in IgM‐containing fractions. The BC effect on non‐capsulated bacteria of primary response samples were more heat labile than those obtained after hyperimmunization. In immune sera a crossreactive BC activity was demonstrable on non‐capsulated bacteria, the titre being 32–64‐fold lower than that of the homologous activity.
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGENS DEMONSTRATED BY CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: SCHÜTTEN HANS JØRGEN , MOGENSEN HANS HENRIK , LIND KLAUS
Published: August 2010

Soluble Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigens were analysed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. At least 15 precipitation arcs were developed between the soluble antigens and rabbit anti‐Mycoplasma pneumoniae hyperimmune sera. Sera from Mycoplasma pneumoniae infected patients formed precipitation arcs which were identified with those formed by a chloroform‐methanol extract of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Low concentrations of human antibodies, not detectable in a complement fixation test, were found to react with these antigens. The antigens were shown to cross‐react with antigens of Mycoplasma neurolyticum. Emphasis was placed on the technical development of the crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the analysis of immune‐precipitable antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
SPECIFIC DETECTION OF DIFFERENT PLASMA PROTEINS IN GEL FILTRATION FRACTIONS BY SOLID PHASE ENZYMEIMMUNOASSAY (EIA)
Authors: VILJANEN MATTI K.
Published: August 2010

An enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) is described enabling sensitive and specific immunodetection of different proteins in analytical and preparative fractionation of biological mixtures. The method is based on the ability of polystyrene to bind proteins and polypeptides. Commercially available rabbit antisera are used combined with the use of commercial alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti‐rabbit‐IgG antibodies. The good assortment of rabbit antisera available makes possible identification of hundreds of proteins in biological samples by the present method.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HUMAN EFFUSION MACROPHAGES FROM PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT AND BENIGN DISEASE
Authors: HAMMERSTRØM JENS
Published: August 2010

Human effusion macrophages isolated from the pleural or ascitic effusions of 14 patients with malignant or benign disease usually inhibited methyl‐3H‐thymidine incorporation in an adherent human tumour cell line (NHIK 3025) when the macrophages were challenged with target cells immediately after isolation. The cytostatic activity disappeared when the macrophages were cultured for 18 hours in vitro before target cell challenge. The presence of endotoxin (LPS) or Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) during the macrophage‐target cell interaction induced a small enhancement of the macrophage‐mediated cytostatic activity. Preincubation of macrophages with Cp or Cp‐induced lymphokine supernatants for 2–18 hours before target cell challenge induced increased cytostatic activity in the macrophage cultures. Adherent (NHIK 3025) or non‐adherent (K‐562) human tumour cells prelabelled with methyl‐3H‐thymidine, when added to freshly isolated macrophages, were lysed in a slowly progressive manner. The cytolytic activity to K‐562 cells was enhanced by increasing macrophage density in the cultures, and by incubating the macrophages for 2 hours with lymphokine supernatants before target cell challenge. Morphological observations indicated that K‐562 cells adhered to macrophage membranes, with lysis proceeding extracellularily.
IN VITRO RESPONSE TO CORYNEBACTERIUM PARVUM OF HUMAN EFFUSION LYMPHOCYTES ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT AND BENIGN DISEASE
Authors: HAMMERSTRØM JENS
Published: August 2010

Non‐adherent effusion cells (EC), mostly lymphocytes, were isolated from the pleural effusions of 8 patients with malignant and 7 patients with benign disease. Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) induced increased methyl‐3H‐thymidine (methyl‐3‐TdR) incorporation in EC cultures,. but the response was lower than that usually found with autologous or allogeneic normal human blood lymphocytes. Experiments with highly purified effusion lymphocytes indicated that the response to Cp was influenced by the presence of adherent cells, probably macrophages. Normal human monocytes incubated in vitro with supernatants of unstimulated EC cultures expressed slightly increased ability to suppress methyl‐3H‐TdR‐incorporation in a human tumour cell line. Supernatants of Cp‐stimulated EC induced a further increase in monocyte‐mediated cytostatic activity. Cell‐free effusion fluid from 8 patients were largely inactive when tested for induction of monocyte‐mediated cytostatic activity in the same system. and the effusion fluid reduced monocyte methyl‐3H‐TdR‐incorporation in vitro. Thus, Cp seems to be able to induce DNA‐synthesis and release of mononuclear phagocyte‐activating lymphokines in human effusion lymphocytes.
NON‐ANTIBODY COMPONENTS IN HUMAN MILK INHIBIT ESCHERICHIA COLI HEAT LABILE ENTEROTOXIN MEASURED BY AN ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: OTNAESS ANNE‐BRIT , HALVORSEN SVERRE
Published: August 2010

Milk from >11 Norwegian women was fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography. The milk samples inhibited the binding of heat labile E. coli enterotoxin to antibodies coated on microtiterplates in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Inhibiting activity was not detected when the toxin was measured in an adrenal cell assay. The inhibiting activity was of a non‐immunoglobulin nature with an apparent molecular weight of > 400000 in gel filtration experiments.
IgG AND OTHER PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CARCINOMAS AND CANCER‐FREE TISSUE FROM THE SAME ORGANS
Authors: WESENBERG FINN , TÖNDER OLAV
Published: August 2010

Eluates of different tissues were prepared at 56°C using a continuous flow technique. More IgG and other serum proteins were found in liver tissue from patients with non‐malignant diseases than in liver tissue from healthy control individuals. Cancer‐free liver tissue from patients with carcinomas was similar to that of patients with non‐malignant diseases, but liver metastases contained twice the amount of IgG. No differences were found between non‐perfused carcinomas of the kidney and cancer‐free renal tissue, whereas more IgG was present in perfused carcinomas of the kidney than in cancer‐free renal tissue. Most eluates of the malignant tissues and of the cancer‐free renal tissue showed a reduced ratio of albumin to IgG compared to that of serum or extracts, indicating a binding of IgG to antigens and/or receptors.
IMMUNOADSORBENT ISOLATION OF ANTIGENS FROM THE CULTURE MEDIUM OF IN VITRO CULTIVATEDPLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Authors: JEPSEN S. , ANDERSEN B. JYDING
Published: August 2010

Immunoadsorbent technique was used for isolation of soluble antigens from the culture medium of in vitro grown P. falciparum. Two antigens were isolated and shown to be immunochemically identical to 2 antigens present in plasma from West Africans with P. falciparum parasitaemia. Evidence is provided that 1 of the antigens is an amphiphilic antigen of the S‐class.
THE HEALING OF FROG HEART LESIONS INDUCED BY ISOPROTERENOL INJECTIONS
Authors: CARLSTEN A. , ERICSON L. E. , POUPA O.
Published: August 2010

Isoproterenol (IPR) induces myocardial lesions in R. pipiens, adapted to + 25 °C, but not to + 8 °C. The spontaneous healing of these lesions in the form of ventricular wall aneurysms occurs during the first three weeks after IPR, and the ultrastructure of the myocardial cells is fully restored from the fourth week after IPR. Leukocytes, adhering to the lacunar endothelium and including phagocytic vacuoles, appear 8–15 days after IPR. Severely altered heart muscle cells then contain myelin figures or a pyknotic nucleus. In the acute stage of the IPR‐lesions, heart muscle preparations from the ventricular wall show a very lowered resistance towards cyanide anoxia as judged from the isometric force decay. During the seven weeks of observation after IPR the resistance to cyanide anoxia is continuously improved almost to normal values. Thus restoration of structure and function occurs in parallel.
IN SITU ANALYSIS OF THE INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATES IN COLON CARCINOMAS AND IN THE NORMAL COLON WALL
Authors: SVENNEVIG J.‐L. , LUNDE O. C. , HOLTER J.
Published: August 2010

Inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and polymorphonucleated cells) forming infiltrates in the stroma of ten colon carcinomas were analysed in situ and compared with the cells of the normal colon wall. The cancer stroma contained a larger proportion of lymphocytes, while the number of IgA‐containing plasma cells was markedly reduced compared to the normal colon mucosa from the resection edge. In both tissues the number of macrophages was much higher than the study of H & E stained routine preparations would suggest. The peritumoural cell infiltrates consisted of 47% lymphocytes, 19% plasma cells, 15% macrophages (including monocytes) and 5% granulated mast cells, while 15% of all inflammatory cells were polymorphonucleated (PMN). Necrotic areas of the tumours were dominated by a larger number of PMN and macrophages. Compared to the normal colon wall, the significant differences in cell composition and the accumulation of mononuclear cells (MC) at the cancer borders indicate that populations of cells are selectively attracted to the tumour site, although the factors responsible for the local cell reaction in cancer are still unknown.
DEMONSTRATION OF HEAT‐LABILE ANTIGEN(S) OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS ASSOCIATED WITH NON‐HOMOGENEOUS IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING
Authors: SCHWAN ANNA , DANIELSSON DAN , FORSUM URBAN
Published: August 2010

Rabbit hyperimmune sera against nine Bacteroides fragilis strains were tested in indirect immunofluorescence against homologous and heterologous formalin and heat‐treated bacterial cells. Strain‐specific heat‐stable and heat‐labile antigens were demonstrated as well as many cross‐reactive ones. Besides these findings a striking non‐homogeneous fluorescence was noted, inasmuch as varying numbers of the bacterial cells were stained while others were not. Results of absorption experiments indicated that the reactive antigens were heat‐labile. Non‐homogeneous fluorescence was also demonstrated with sera from patients with clinically significant Bacteroides fragilis infections.
IMMUNO‐HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF MYOGLOBIN IN HUMAN MUSCLE TISSUE AND EMBRYONAL AND ALVEOLAR RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR , SEIDAL TOMAS , KARLSSON KARIN
Published: August 2010

An immuno‐histochemical investigation of the presence and localization of myoglobin was performed on cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue and on 9 embryonal and 9 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, utilizing an immunoperoxidase technique. Cardiac muscle fibres were evenly stained whereas staining of skeletal muscle fibres varied, giving a mosaic‐like pattern. Of the fixatives used (4 percent formaldehyde, 4 percent paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde‐glutaraldehyde, and Bouin's fixative), 4 percent formaldehyde gave the most prominent staining; short fixation‐time slightly increased the staining intensity. All the 9 embryonal and 9 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas contained positively‐stained tumour cells. The number of cells positively‐stained and the intensity of the staining varied with differentiation: the most differentiated rhabdomyoblasts stained most intensely. However, also many poorly‐differentiated tumour cells in highly cellular areas were positive. Myoglobin is considered a suitable marker of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, thus the method used in this study may be valuable in the diagnosis.
IgM ANTIBODY TO THE HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN IN ACUTE HEPATITIS DETERMINED BY SPRIA ‐ DIAGNOSTIC VALUE
Authors: WIDELL ANDERS , HANSSON BENGT GÖRAN , LÖFGREN BENGT , MOESTRUP TORKIL , NORKRANS GUNNAR , JOHNSSON TORSTEN , NORDENFELT ERIK
Published: August 2010

A solid phase radio‐immunoassay (SPRIA) was developed for the detection of anti‐HBc IgM. The assay proved sensitive and easy to perform and rheumatoid factor did not affect the test results. Anti‐HBc IgM titres were followed in consecutive samples from 15 patients after uncomplicated acute hepatitis B. In the acute phase the anti‐HBc IgM titres ranged from 10‐5 to 10‐7 (mean 10‐6.4). One year after onset of disease ten of the 15 had titres below 10‐4 and between two and three years after onset most patients had titres 10‐3. Anti‐HBc IgM titres were determined in six episodes of acute hepatitis B, all HBsAg negative but anti‐HBc positive in the first samples obtained (within 8 days) and developing anti‐HBs during convalescense. Acute phase anti‐HBc IgM titres in these patients ranged between 10‐5.5 and 10‐7 (mean 10‐6.5) and were thus identical with HBsAg positive cases. When acute phase sera from 168 episodes of acute hepatitis primarily classified as non‐A, non‐B, were tested for anti‐HBc IgM titres above 10‐5, sera from 13 episodes were positive and in seven of these hepatitis B diagnosis could be confirmed by rising anti‐HBs titres in convalescense. Sera from four of the 13 patients contained HBeAg, which was thus demonstrated in the absence of HBsAg. The results show that testing for anti‐HBc IgM is important for a true non‐A, non‐B diagnosis.
SERTOLI CELL TUMOUR COMBINED WITH LACK OF EPIDIDYMIS IN A BULL
Authors: BLOM ERIK , CHRISTENSEN N. O.
Published: August 2010

A case of a Sertoli cell tumour in one testis of an 11½1/2‐year‐old bull of the Red Danish breed is described. Ipsilaterally segmental aplasia of the Wolffian duct practically with aplasia of the epididymis occurred. The bull had served normally in an AI society until at the age of 11 years he acquired impaired semen quality. The tumour showed both a diffuse and a whirly palisade‐forming pattern, and did not metastasize. The possible connection of the two abnormalities is discussed with respect to a recently published case in a newborn bull calf.
THE FETAL ARTERIAL VASCULATURE IN PLACENTAS OF INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: BJÖRK O.
Published: August 2010

Seventeen placentas from insulin‐dependent diabetic women and ten placentas from non‐diabetics were studied with angiography. The fresh placentas were injected in both umbilical arteries with barium sulphate suspension. After fixation in formaldehyde, the placentas were X‐rayed, intact and after being sliced in 0.8 cm slices. There were two clearly distinguishable types of intracotyledonary arteries. Type A is long, narrow and usually runs in the prriphery of the cotyledon; type B is wider and usually runs towards the centre of a cotyledon. The cotyledons were classified according to the distribution of these two types of arteries. Type I contained only A‐arteries and Type II. both A‐ and B‐arteries or only B‐arteries. Twelve per cent of the cotyledons in the control group belonged to Type I, but in the diabetes group 29 per cent. One block of tissue from every placenta was examined histologically to check that the contrast medium filled the stem villus vessels but not the capillaries in the peripheral villi. The histological sections in both groups were compared. Endarteritis appeared to be a feature of the diabetes placenta. The angiographic findings were compared with results of previous direct light microscopical studies. A high percentage of hypovascular villi was found in placentas with a high number of Type I cotyledons.
CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES, LIQUOID AND LEUKOCYTE EXTRACT MODULATE THE BINDING OF IgG TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL Fc‐RECEPTORS
Authors: GINSBURG ISAAC , CHRISTENSEN POUL , ELIASSON INGVAR , SCHALÉN CLAËS
Published: August 2010

Various polyelectrolytes were investigated regarding their capacity to inhibit the binding of human IgG to Fc‐receptors on group A streptococci, type M1. Of cationic substances, protamine and arginine‐rich histone inhibited significantly, while lysine‐rich histone, concanavalin A, lysozyme, polymyxin B, ribonuclease and tuftsin did not. Of anionic materials, liquoid was inhibitory, in contrast to chondroitin sulphate, dextran sulphate, DNA and heparin. Washing experiments showed that the inhibition was caused by binding of the polyelectrolytes to the streptococci. The finding that heated IgG inhibited the binding of histone to the streptococci also indicated a close relation between the binding sites for these compounds. Diffusion‐in‐gel experiments with alkaline extract of M1 demonstrated that the substances blocking the IgG Fc‐receptor were bound to polyglycerophosphate, suggesting that the inhibition of the IgG uptake was due to interaction with lipoteichoic acid. Leukocyte and platelet extracts could modify the binding of IgG, probably by an enzymatic digestion of the receptors. The arginine‐rich histone was also capable of inhibiting the binding of IgG to type M15 group A streptococci and to one group G strain. However, the polyelectrolytes had no effect on the binding of IgG to Staphylococcus aureus or of IgA to type 4 group A streptococci.
PROPERTIES OF THE SERUM FACTOR INVOLVED IN THE PRECIPITATION REACTION WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS CAPITIS
Authors: OSLAND ARVE
Published: August 2010

The serum factor was precipitated by both Rivanol® and ammonium sulphate, and it bound to both DEAE‐cellulose and Blue‐Sepharose CL‐6B from which it subsequently could be eluted. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that the serum factor had ai‐mobility, and isoelectric focusing indicated an apparent isoelectric point of 5.2. Purification by ultracentrifugation, followed by agarose chromatography, showed that the serum factor is present in the high density lipoprotein fraction of serum.
GENETIC LINKAGE BETWEEN SEROGROUP SPECIFICITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: BYGDEMAN SOLGUN , BÄCKMAN MARIANNE , DANIELSSON DAN , NORGREN MARI
Published: August 2010

In previous works statistically significant differences were demonstrated in antibiotic susceptibility between gonococcal strains of the recently described W serogroups, W I, W II and W III, respectively. Strains of serogroup W I were almost always sensitive to penicillin and other antibiotics while those of the W II and W III serogroups showed a higher incidence of decreased susceptibility. Transformation experiments were therefore undertaken with an antibiotic sensitive serogroup W I gonococcal strain as recipient and a multi‐resistant W II strain as DNA‐donor. Transformants, with increased resistance to penicillin and several other antibiotics as compared with the recipient, acquired the same serogroup specificity as the W II donor. With one of these W II transformants as donor and the sensitive W I strain as recipient all transformants acquired the same antibiotic susceptibility pattern as well as the same serogroup as the donor. SDS‐PAGE, performed on sarkosyl extracted outer membrane proteins from donor, recipient and some transformants, showed an increase in the molecular weight of the Protein I of the outer membrane of the W II transformants as compared with that of the recipient strain. In rocket‐line and crossed‐line Immunoelectrophoresis the W II transformants could not be distinguished from the W II donor strain. A genetic linkage between antibiotic multi‐resistance and serogroup W II specificity was thus shown. This is in agreement with the demonstrated higher incidence of W II strains with increased antibiotic resistance as compared with that of serogroup W I strains.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE NUCLEUS OF A HUMAN EPITHELIAL CELL LINE EXPOSED TO CYTOTOXIC AGENTS
Authors: REE K. , RUGSTAD H. E. , BAKKA A.
Published: August 2010

An established human epithelial cell line was exposed to cytotoxic doses of photo‐activated 8‐methoxy psoralen (PUVA) and to cadmium (Cd++) and the cells' nuclear ultrastructure were compared with controls. PUVA and Cd++ have some common biological features. Both substances induced nuclear indentations and cytoplasmic invaginations, while only PUVA caused an increase in nuclear bodies. After cadmium exposure, clusters of large‐sized perichromatin granules (PG) were seen as well as an increase in chromatin margination. After PUVA, an increase in singularly distributed PGs was observed. The nuclear envelope was not affected by PUVA while Cd caused extensive disruption of this membrane. A strain of the epithelial cell line was made resistant to 100 μmol Cd/1 and its nuclear ultrastructure was examined. An increase in chromatin margination was seen compared with its parent line. When this Cd resistant cell strain was exposed to 200 μmol Cd/1 no ultrastructural changes took place. An attempt to produce a PUVA resistant epithelial cell strain was unsuccessful. Some functional aspects of the different morphological parameters observed are discussed.
A SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF PULMONARY ADENOCARCINOMA WITH HISTOLOGICAL CORRELATION
Authors: RAINIO PEKKA , SUTINEN SEPPO , VÄÄNÄNEN RAIJA
Published: August 2010

The three‐dimensional growth pattern and cell shape and surface of 26 adenocarcinomas of the lung were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The prevailing subtype according to the WHO histological classification, grade of differentiation and secretion of mucosubstances were determined by light microscopy, the tumour cells being further characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The series included 5 acinar, 12 papillary, 1 bronchiolo‐alveolar and 8 solid subtypes of adenocarcinoma. Out of these 5 acinar, 9 papillary and 1 bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinomas were well or moderately, and 1 solid carcinoma was moderately differentiated. One acinar, 2 papillary and 7 solid carcinomas were poorly differentiated. All tumours secreted mucosubstances, which in the solid carcinomas occurred as intracytoplasmic vacuoles. In acinar adenocarcinomas there were columnar tumour cells surrounded by fibrotic stroma. In the papillary and bronchiolo‐alveolar subtypes the tumour cells formed papillary nodules along the alveolar walls while the solid subtype showed no organized structures. The tumour cells were mostly cylindrical or club‐shaped in well and moderately differentiated and spherical in less differentiated neoplasms. In well differentiated papillary carcinomas the tumour cells were tightly attached to each other, whereas many moderately and all poorly differentiated carcinomas had broad intercellular spaces. Tumour cells with microvilli occurred more often in the acinar, papillary and bronchiolo‐alveolar subtypes, which were mostly well or moderately differentiated, than in the mostly poorly differentiated solid subtype of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, which often had a rough apical surface with microridges. In conclusion the three‐dimensional growth pattern corresponded fairly well with the prevailing histological subtype and the surface structure of cancer cells seemed to reflect the grade of differentiation in pulmonary adenocarcinomas.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND SOME SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM LEPTOTRICHIA BUCCALIS
Authors: BIRKELAND N. K. , HOFSTAD T.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted with aqueous phenol from Leptotrichia buccalis strains L11, ATCC 14201 and ATCC 19616. Virtually all the LPS was found in the water phase. LPS could also be extracted with phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether, but not with cold trichloroacetic acid. All LPS preparations contained D‐glycero‐D‐manno‐heptose, galactose, glucose, glucosamin, n‐dodecanoate, 3‐hydroxy‐n‐tetradecanoate and phosphorus. In addition LPS from L11 contained 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate and an unidentified aldose. LPS from Lll was serologically distinct from LPS of ATCC 14201 and ATCC 19616. LPS from the two latter strains crossreacted.
THE N/F AND OXI/FERM SYSTEMS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF OXIDATIVE‐FERMENTATIVE GRAM‐NEGATIVE RODS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: DIBB WILLIAM L. , DIGRANES ASBJØRN , KJELLEVOLD VIBECKE ASPHAUG
Published: August 2010

Two commercial systems, the Flow N/F System and the Roche Oxi/Ferm Tube for identification of oxidative‐fermentative Gram‐negative rods were compared. Both systems were easy to use, but several reactions in both kits were sometimes difficult to interpret. Of 53 reference strains, 70 per cent were identified correctly by the N/F System, whereas the Oxi/Ferm Tube identified 43 per cent. Incorrect identities were obtained in 9 per cent and 26 per cent of cases by the N/F and Oxi/Ferm kits respectively. The remaining isolates required additional tests for definite identification. Of 67 clinical isolates, 27 per cent were identified differently by the 2 systems and only 30 per cent were in complete agreement. The N/F System should be of considerable use to the routine clinical laboratory for the identification of this group of organisms. The Oxi/Ferm Tube requires additional tests frequently and seems to be less accurate in our hands than the N/F System.
EFFECT OF BETA‐INTERFERON ON IN VITRO SPREADING OF MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: ROLLAG HALVOR , DEGREÉ MIKLOS
Published: August 2010

The influence of a homologous toa‐interferon preparation (MuIFN‐β) on in vitro adherence and the early and late phase of spreading of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) was tested. MPM from mice pre‐treated with 2 × 104 U of MuIFN‐β did not differ in ability to adhere to a glass surface, compared to controls. However, when the early phase of MPM spreading was tested, the percentage of spreading cells from mice injected with MuIFN‐β or Newcastle disease virus was almost doubled as compared to MPM from control mice. To assay the late phase of MPM spreading, MPM from unstimulated mice were seeded on glass surfaces and cultivated with or without MuIFN‐β for 1‐24 hours. MuIFN‐β enhanced the spreading of MPM with maximal difference 3‐5 hours after seeding. The effect was dose‐dependent up to 102U per ml of MuIFN‐β The effect was also species ‐ specific and neutralized by addition of anti‐MuIFN‐β globulin. Morphometric measurements of the spreading of MPM indicated that after 24 hours of MuIFN‐β treatment the mean area occupied was 50 per cent larger than that of controls.
ISOLATION BY GEL FILTRATION AND ION‐EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY OF A CARBOHYDRATE‐RICH LPS FROM PHENOL‐WATER EXTRACTS OF LEPTOTRICHIA BUCCALIS STRAIN L11
Authors: BIRKELAND N. K. , HOFSTAD T.
Published: August 2010

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Leptotrichia buccalis LI 1 not sedimentable by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 × g was isolated, using gel filtration and ion‐exchange chromatography. The final preparations were similar to the corresponding sedimented fraction, both serologically and with respect to the qualitative chemical composition, but had a far higher neutral sugar: fatty acid ratio (about 20:1) than the sedimented LPS (about 0.7:1).
IDENTIFICATION OF GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST
Authors: Svarva Per Leiv , Mceland Johan A.
Published: August 2010

An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the identification of G. vaginalis was evaluated using rabbit antiserum to the reference G. vaginalis strain ATCC 14018. All except one of 206 clinical isolates showed reactivity in the IFAT. No reactivity was observed when bacteria of other species were examined. The IFAT could be used to detect G. vaginalis in smears of vaginal fluid samples. The data confirm that the IFAT is valuable in the detection and identification of G. vaginalis.
HLAMYDIAL SECRETORY IgA ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN MILK
Authors: Skaug Kjell , Otnæss Anne‐Brit , ørstavik Ivar , Jerve Fridtjof
Published: August 2010

Colostrum from 10 of 30 randomly chosen women contained IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis as shown by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a single‐antigen immunofluorescence test. Specific colostral IgA was present only in seropositive women. In addition, chlamydial‐specific IgA was also detected in milk from 5 of 6 women who were shown to harbour C. trachomatis in the lower genital tract during delivery. There was a close correlation between chlamydial‐specific IgA and the chlamydial secretory immunoglobulin titres in colostrum and milk samples but not between chlamydial IgA titres and the total secretory IgA content. No agreement was observed between the specific IgA antibodies in milk and corresponding serum samples. It is suggested that chlamydial‐specific IgA in milk is induced by genital infections.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE TUMOUR CYTOTOXICITY OF NORMAL, STIMULATED AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVATED MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Hansen J. GrØNdahl , Bennedsen J. , Rhodes J. M. , Larsen S. Olesen
Published: August 2010

Peritoneal macrophages (Mø) from mice injected with proteose‐peptone (P), thioglycollate (T) medium or BCG and from mice undergoing a graft versus host (GVH) reaction were tested for their cytotoxicity towards three murine tumour cell lines. The ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lymphokines to increase cytotoxicity was also studied. TMø were only slightly cytotoxic and this cytotoxicity was not enhanced by LPS and lymphokines. PMø showed the same degree of cytotoxicity as TMø, but this could be enhanced by LPS and lymphokines. Resident macrophages (RMø) sometimes resembled TMø and sometimes PMø. BCGMø were highly cytotoxic and could not be further activated by LPS and lymphokines. GVHMø were moderately cytotoxic but could not be further activated by LPS and lymphokines in contrast to the Mø from hybrid controls.