bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloud based Vehicle Tracking System
Authors: Kiran N. Chitra , Pandey Subham Kumar , Abdalla Mohamed Amir Ahmed , Suresh Suhas , Abdalla Mutaman Amir Ahmed
Published: August 2021

Vehicle tracking is beneficial for a variety of purposes, including personal vehicle security, public transit systems, fleet management, and more. Furthermore, the number of automobiles on the road is predicted to increase considerably internationally. As a result, a cloud-based vehicle tracking system based on the Global Positioning System (GPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modem, and the Raspberry Pi processor board is being developed with the goal of allowing customers to easily and conveniently find their automobiles. The GPS and GSM modules in the tracking system are used to readily find the user's vehicle. The GPS module is used to track the vehicle's location using information such as latitude and longitude. These values are sent to the user through SMS using a GSM modem. Alcohol consumption is detected with the MQ-3 Alcohol sensor. The user can monitor the sensor data via the thingspeak channel. The latitude and longitude coordinates, as well as a webpage to plot the exact position of the vehicle, will be supplied to the user by e-mail. The Raspberry Pi processor board receives the data and outputs the result. The hardware prototype for a cloud-based vehicle tracking system is shown in this study. The GPS receiver module, GSM module, I2C Protocol, Raspberry Pi board, camera, and MQ-3 alcohol sensor are the system's primary hardware devices.
LA EDUCACION INCLUSIVA. UNA REFLEXIÓN PEDAGÓGICA MAS ALLA DE LAS AUDIENCIAS
Authors: Alcuria Reyes Mercedes de la Caridad , Ravelo Valdés Meibys Laura , Rodríguez Karla Hernández , Bedoya Lorena Laffita
Published: August 2021

En las últimas décadas, congresos y múltiples reuniones de carácter multidisciplinar sirvieron de marco a la configuración y evaluación de las políticas nacionales acerca de la inclusión social y la educación inclusiva. Pedagogos de todo el mundo se unen en la lucha por el respeto a la diversidad, la integración social y la inclusión educativa. Más allá de los encuentros y desencuentros de estos años, aún queda mucho por hacer. Con el propósito de aportar al análisis actual desde la práctica, se organizó un proyecto de investigación en el que se entrecruza la información recopilada mediante observaciones, entrevistas grupos de discusión y el planteamiento teórico que sirve de marco a la concreción de la inclusión en las prácticas educativas cienfuegueras. El interés de esta comunicación rebaza la crítica; es, ante todo, una llamada de atención de cuanto queda aún por hacer la escuela, la familia y los líderes comunitarios cuando se trata de inclusión socioeducativa. El compromiso de las autoras está anclado en su actividad como psicopedagogas encargadas de la orientación educativa en función de los objetivos estatales y los compromisos asumidos en el cumplimento de los objetivos de la Agenda 2030.
La orientación profesional en adolecentes: diagnóstico de necesidades
Authors: Hernández Delgado Marcia
Published: August 2021

Uno de los aspectos más importantes en el proceso de formación de la personalidad lo constituye la orientación profesional que se realiza desde edades tempranas. Sin embargo las acciones que se realizan en este sentido, se expresan en las particularidades de las influencias y la manera en que se deja estructurada las condiciones para que tenga lugar se le adjudica a la actividad profesional futura en el proyecto de vida. En este marco en la adolescencia, por su condición de periodo de tránsito, el sistema de ayudas y apoyos que encierra la orientación profesional es también multifactorial; por tanto, identificar esas particularidades resulta el objetivo esencial del proceso educativo. Aportar a este tipo de análisis es el objetivo de este artículo. Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico, a través de la puesta en práctica de un grupo de discusión y entrevistas semiestructurada en una muestra intencional de adolescentes de 8vo grado. En el análisis de la información se confirmaron las fallas que se presentan en la orientación profesional de los adolescentes, la necesidad de ser potenciada y la importancia de priorizar la preparación de los docentes para que puedan desarrollar este proceso como parte de su actividad educativa.
Aplicación Web progresiva para la adopción de mascotas empleando la tecnología Angular-Ionic & CodeIgniter
Authors: Usca Farinango Danny , Ávila Pesantez Diego , Figueras Benítez George , Rosero Miranda Raúl
Published: August 2021

En la actualidad, una aplicación web progresiva permite la ejecución de su código en cualquier navegador compatible con los estándares de universalidad. En este sentido, este trabajo desarrolla una aplicación multiplataforma dedicada a la adopción y rescate de mascotas para la corporación “LADRA”. En el desarrollo del aplicativo web y móvil se aplicó la metodología ágil SCRUM con ayuda de los frameworks Angular-Ionic y CodeIgniter basados en TypeScript y PHP respectivamente. Además, de un plan de pruebas definido en TestLink, que garantizó la creación de un software eficiente. Para evaluar la calidad del producto software se utilizó la métrica de Usabilidad, definida en la norma ISO/IEC 25010, aplicando una encuesta basada en el cuestionario USE de Arnold Lund; logrando medir las subcaracterísticas de inteligibilidad, operabilidad y estética. Al realizar un análisis descriptivo e inferencial se obtuvo valores positivos en la medición, dando como resultado que el aplicativo web tiene una interfaz agradable, útil, fácil de usar, satisface los requerimientos funcionales planteados y ahorra tiempo de proceso, siendo más productivos.
An Investigation of Distance Teaching: Perceptions, Practices and Perspectives
Authors:   Faculty of foreign languages.University of Mostaganem,Algeria, Melouka Dr. Ziani
Published: August 2021

The present study is an investiagtion of distance teaching as an alternative to in-person classes during a lockdown. The study aims at unveiling the teachers and students’ perceptions and attitudes towards e-teaching/learning during a pandemic crisis. As an alternative to face -to face interviews with the teachers and the students because of the sanitary conditions, the tools have been adapted to existing conditions. To obtain data, two tools have been used online, a semi- structured interview with (n 51) master students and a lickert scale questionnaire for (n 18) teachers in the department of English in the university Abdelhamid Ibn Badis in Algeria.Findings revealed the reluctance in the exclusive use of distance teaching by the majority of teachers and the students. The great majority of them also prefers in person classes.This is justified by technical difficulties, lack of comprehension, poor internet flow and a lack of training.
Fabrication of Mambong Pottery by Using Slip Casting Method
Authors: Termizi A.I.A. , Mohamed J.J.
Published: August 2021

Mambong pottery in Kuala Krai, Kelantan is one of the types of potteries in Malaysia other than Sayong, Terenang and Sarawak pottery. Mambong pottery was being made by traditional technique like pinching and throwing. In this research, Mambong pottery was made by using slip casting method. This method used porous mould which can absorb the water content from the clay slip. Different composition of water and clay was used and its effect on product properties was investigated. Samples with different composition of water and clay were labelled as 50C50W, 60C40W, 70C30W and 80C20W samples with addition of 0.7% of sodium silicate, Na2SiO3. The samples were characterized by its specific gravity (S.G.) of clay slip, drying and firing linear shrinkage, density and porosity and strength of the clay samples. Finding from this research showed that 70C30W sample is the optimum composition in fabricating pottery by using slip casting among other samples.
A Brief Review on Recent Development of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Razak S. A. , Nordin N. N. , Sulaiman M. A. , Yusoff M. , Masri M. N.
Published: August 2021

Development of carbon nanotubes was done by several methods like arc discharge, laser ablation, silane solution, flame synthesis method but the standard or famous technique using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD is one of the approaches to develop CNT, due to easy control of the reaction course and high purity of the obtained materials. Various type of CVD present like thermal CVD, plasma enhanced CVD, or microwave plasma CVD. These kinds of types give the different advantage and drawbacks to the production of CNT and its preparations.
Synthesis and Effect of Al2O3 Added in Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide YBa2Cu3O? by Solid State Reaction Method
Authors: Arlina A. , Karim Y. , Chen S.K. , Halim S.A. , Awang Kechik M.M.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this research was synthesize YBa2Cu3O? (YBCO) and to study the effect of Al2O3 additions at x= 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 1.50 and 3.50 wt.%. The samples were investigated through Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). All samples prepared by solid state reaction method with calcination process at 900°C and sintering process at 950°C. The TGA analysis indicated weight loss was complete at 910°C. XRD patterns showed the orthorhombic structure with lattice parameters a=3.821 Å, b= 3.880 Å and c= 11.663 Å, respectively. The Al2O3 added samples did not show any new peak however the sharpness and broadening peaks was changed. The crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated from the width of the selected peak and half maximum. The size is slowly increased by increasing the Al2O3 addition. These result indicated that addition does not affect on the structure but the crystallite sizes increase affect the morphology images
Properties and Characterization of Starch as a Natural Binder: A Brief Overview
Authors: Mohd N.A. , Amini M.H.M. , Masri M.N.
Published: August 2021

This paper was reviewed about the properties and characterization of starch as a natural binders. Starch is one of the most abundant organic compounds and applied as a binder. The efficiency of binder are affected by the characteristic and properties of starch. The characteristics of starch are determined by the biological origin. Starch is composed of D-glucose in polysaccharides and it was isolated from leaves, stems, tubers, seeds, and roots of higher plants where it serves as an energy reserve. This review concentrates the several types of characterization which are structural properties, morphology properties, viscosity and functional group of starch. The X-ray diffraction result shows that the relative crystallinity decreased for modified starch compared with native starch while scanning electron microscope shows the modified starch slightly has rough surface compared with native starch. Nowadays, the concern on eco-environmental issues is increasing and this review has shown that starch is eco-environmental friendly binder that can be used in various application.
Preliminary Study of Microwave Irradiation Towards Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Biomass
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Iqbal , Mat Rasat Mohd Sukhairi , Mohamed Soid Shahril Nizam , Mohamed Mazlan , Rizman Zairi Ismael , Mohd Amini Mohd Hazim
Published: August 2021

In this study, torrefaction via microwave irradiation was introduced towards oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) samples. The samples of 10 g was fed into the quartz type crucible inside the microwave with the power input limit to 385 W. Continous nitrogen up to 50 ml/min were induced and promoted the non oxidative atmosphere in the closed crucible. This proved the increased of energy properties as high 23.6 MJ/kg for torrefied samples comparable to raw 14.8 MJ/kg. On the result of proximate analysis, fixed carbon shows the increase trends whereby the volatile matter decreased. Torrefaction has been found to improve the energy properties of oil palm EFB biomass as a fuel.
Preliminary Study on Properties of Small Diameter Wild Acacia mangium Species as Potential Biomass Energy Sources
Authors: Mat Rasat Mohd Sukhairi , Ahmad Muhammad Iqbal , Mohamad Amini Mohd Hazim , Wahab Razak , Elham Puad , Jamaludin Mohd Hafiz , Mohd Amin Mohamad Faiz , Abdullah Nor Hakimin
Published: August 2021

Currently, the primary energy supply in Malaysia is dominant by non-renewable energy sources such oil, natural gas and coal which contributed to the scarcity of these sources and occurrence of global warming. This phenomenon raises the public concerns to diversify the energy sources to sustain energy availability. To address these predicaments, biomass sources is among the prominent alternative energy sources since it is renewable and possesses minimal harms to the environment. Thus, the woody plant with high growth rate and high energy content that can be used to serve as potential biomass energy sources. In this study, small diameter (5-8cm) of wild Acacia mangium species have been determined and compared accordingly three (3) different portions (bottom, middle and top) and two (2) different particle sizes (0.5 and 1.5mm). The analysis conducted to determine the properties of raw material of Acacia mangium as biomass energy sources were proximate, physical and energy content properties. The result obtained for the energy content analysis of small diameter wild Acacia mangium has a mean calorific value range from 16.35 to 18.35MJ/kg between portions and particle sizes. In order to determine the effect of portions and particle sizes on each of the proximate, physical and energy content properties, two-way ANOVA was performed. It shows that both the portions and particle sizes have significant effect on calorific value (energy content) of small diameter wild Acacia mangium at 99% of confidence level. In a nutshell, the biomass energy properties of small diameter wild Acacia mangium with different portions and particle sizes were being determined.
La santé et la maladie dans la pensée de Georges Canguilhem et d’Oliver Sacks
Authors: Moinat Frédéric
Published: August 2021

Cet article a pour but de montrer la proximité importante de deux auteurs, a priori très différents, au sujet de la question de la santé et de la maladie : Georges Canguilhem et Oliver Sacks. Ils se sont tous deux efforcés de critiquer une conception naturaliste et objectiviste de la santé et de la maladie, le premier en forgeant et en travaillant le concept de norme vitale, le deuxième en décrivant des patients atteints de troubles neurologiques. Ils se rejoignent pour soutenir que la maladie n’est pas une réalité antinaturelle ou aberrante, mais une façon de vivre, une forme d’équilibre physiologique. Toutefois, leurs façons de concevoir la santé vont s’avérer très différentes, pour ne pas dire antinomiques. Canguilhem se reconnaît très influencé par Nieztsche : la santé, c’est la grande santé, la capacité à surmonter les maladies et les épreuves. Il s’ensuit un dualisme entre les héros de la grande santé et la vie plus faible et plus fragile de tous les autres, un dualisme que Sacks remet radicalement en cause lorsqu’il montre que la maladie est aussi une expérience qui nous ouvre à des possibilités nouvelles. Le dialogue qui peut s’ouvrir entre ces deux penseurs permet de problématiser des enjeux essentiels de la question de la santé et de la maladie.
EL PRINCIPIO DE PROPORCIONALIDAD EN LA RESTAURACIÓN URBANÍSTICA ¿UN CABALLO DE TROYA EN LA SEGURIDAD JURÍDICA
Authors: CONDE ANTEQUERA JESÚS
Published: August 2021

La trascendencia de la actividad urbanística no deja lugar a dudas
sobre la necesidad de la intervención administrativa disciplinaria. Pero tal intervención
ha de estar orientada por los principios que informan la actuación administrativa,
de los que, concretamente, resaltamos ahora los de legalidad, seguridad
jurídica y proporcionalidad. La aplicación del principio de proporcionalidad
en el ámbito restaurador urbanístico puede servir para dotar de racionalidad y justicia
a la actuación administrativa frente a la estricta aplicación de la norma y dar
solución a situaciones complejas en la práctica, pero es necesaria una mejor regulación
de los supuestos y requisitos para su aplicación a fin de evitar que la seguridad
jurídica se vea resentida y que sea utilizado como instrumento para justificar
ilegalidades.

Hirigintza-jardueraren garrantziak argi erakusten du administrazioaren
diziplinazko esku-hartzea beharrezkoa dela. Baina esku-hartze hori administrazioaren
jardueraren berri ematen duten printzipioek bideratu behar dute.
Printzipioon artean legaltasunekoak, segurtasun juridikokoak eta proportzionaltasunekoak
nabarmenduko ditugu jarraian. Proportzionaltasun printzipioa hirigintzako
zaharberritze arloan aplikatzeak balio dezake administrazioaren jarduera
arrazionaltasunez eta justiziaz hornitzeko arauaren aplikazio zorrotzen aurrean,
baita praktikan konplexuak diren egoerak konpontzeko ere. Baina beharrezkoa da
hori aplikatzeko suposizioak eta eskakizunak hobeto arautzea, segurtasun juridikoa
ez dadin ahuldu eta ez dadin erabili legez kontrako jarduerak justifikatzeko tresna
gisa.

The importance of town-planning activity is beyond doubt about
the need of the disciplinary administrative intervention. But that intervention has
to be directed by the principles which rule the administrative action, among which,
we specifically highlight the principle of legality, legal certainty and proportionality.
The application of the principle of proportionality in the town-planning urban
sphere can be suitable for providing the administrative action with rationality and
fairness against the strict application of the norm and so give answer to complex
situations, but it is necessary a better regulation of the facts and conditions for its
application so as to avoid to damage legal certainty and that it is used as a tool for
justifying illegalities.
Application of the modified ant colony algorithm for solving the problem of scheduling of distributed enterprises
Authors: Bukhovtsev Danil D.
Published: August 2021

The task of scheduling of distributed enterprises is to assign tasks to geographically remote enterprises and to determine a convenient work schedule for each of the enterprises. The goal of solving this problem is to minimize the total production time at all enterprises. This article is the first step towards solving the scheduling problem using different versions of the ant colony algorithm: the classic ant colony algorithm, the ant colony system algorithm, and the modified ant colony algorithm.
ALGUMAS DIFICULDADES DA INFLUÊNCIA CLIMÁTICA NO VÔLEI DE PRAIA NA CIDADE DE MARATAÍZES – ES
Authors: Santos de Oliveira Weverton
Published: August 2021

Neste artigo, vou dar ênfase na influência do Vento no Vôlei de Praia, além de mostrar algumas dificuldades encontradas no treinamento do vôlei de praia na cidade de Marataízes – ES, devido a grande influência climática, que vão oferecer uma base metodológica para adolescentes que com os treinos e adaptações ao clima poderão realizar a prática esportiva melhor, no vento, na chuva e com os olhos exposto aos raios solares, além de incrementar o artigo com alguns princípios do treinamento esportivo como: Conceitos, Definições, Possíveis Aplicações e Novos Olhares sobre o Vôlei de Praia em Marataízes/ES. Não posso falar sobre Vôlei de praia e a influência climática sem abordar neste trabalho também os principais objetivos dos Princípios do Treinamento Esportivo, seus conceitos e definições, e possíveis aplicações sob novas perspectivas, já que a pesquisa foi realizada através de uma coleta de conteúdo e revisão de literatura. Sobre o modelo de estudo, esse artigo pode ser tipificado como descritivo, qualitativo, tendo a análise de conteúdo o seu procedimento e característica principal. Atualmente, o vôlei de praia é um esporte muito praticado no Brasil, e tem uma grande legião de apaixonados e adeptos em cada canto do País. Isso ocorre devido à grande facilidade de ser praticado, por ter uma sensação de liberdade, além de não ter barreiras sociais e conta com grandes ídolos nacionais. Estimular  atividade física em adolescentes e promover o pleno desenvolvimento físico e mental a cultura corporal de movimento utilizando a modalidade de Vôlei de Praia.
Statistical approach for analyzing the transient reliability of boiler System using CAS Mathematica
Authors: Bahl Yakshi , Garg Tarun Kumar
Published: August 2021

The focal point of this manuscript is to address the reliability analysis of Boiler unit in the Thermal power plant driven from coal. It is made up of six subunits laid out in series and parallel manner, alongwith some standby units. The system under consideration is modelled in transient state aided by Markov birth-death process and CAS Mathematica is deployed to solve the resulting complicated system of probabilistic equations arising out of 8 working states.
Consumer Behaviour: A Comparison of Patanjali and Baidyanath Products
Authors: Bansal Monika , Mehra Yogieta S , Rana Nisha
Published: August 2021

Brand image plays a significant role in decision making by consumers. Brand image is considered as one of the important variable along with other variables which affects the buying behaviour. Present study attempted to understand the effect of consumers’ perception about a brand, analyse customers’ loyalty towards a brand and identify important factors influencing customers’ buying behaviour. Main focus was to compare two major companies viz., Patanjali and Baidyanath through a primary survey.
PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ÜNİVERSİTE SINAVINA HAZIRLANAN BİREYLERDE STRESLE BAŞA ÇIKMA
Authors: TİMİSİ Yesim , İŞÖZEN Hakan
Published: August 2021

Araştırmanın temel amacı, pandemi sürecinde üniversite giriş sınavına hazırlanan bireylerde stresle başa çıkmanın incelenmesidir. Ayrıca araştırmada stresle başa çıkmanın bazı demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı araştırılmıştır.

Araştırma yöntemi olarak ilişkisel tarama kullanılmıştır. 17-19 yaş aralığındaki 255’i kadın (%69.9) 110’u erkek (%30.1), toplam 365 kişiden oluşan katılımcılara çevrimiçi olarak Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca demografik verilerin yer aldığı Kişisel Bilgi Formu doldurtulmuştur. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) paket programında çözümlenmiştir. Tüm analizlerde anlamlılık düzeyi 0,05 olarak belirlenmiştir.

SBÇÖ en yüksek puanı 115 olup, bu araştırmada katılımcıların ortalaması 79.73±11.509 (Min=29.00; Maks=103.00) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Katılımcıların %69.33 oranında stresle başa çıkabildiklerini yordamaktadır. Katılımcıların cinsiyetleri, yaş grupları, eğitim durumları, okul türlerine göre stresle başa çıkma arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamaktadır. Ancak 12.sınıfta okuyan katılımcıların kaçınma alt ölçeği medyan puanı, mezun olan katılımcıların medyan puanına göre yüksek bulunmuştur.

Hayatlarının kritik bir döneminde bulunan üniversite sınavına hazırlanan bireylerin pandemi sürecinde stresörlerle başa çıkma yollarının ortaya konulması ve başa çıkma düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, gelecek çalışmalara kaynak olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Literatür incleğinde bu yaş grubuna ilişkin yapılan çalışmaların az sayıda olması da araştırmanın önemini artırmaktadır.
Characterisation of the microbial communities present in an anaerobic baffled reactor utilising molecular techniques
Authors:   , Lalbahadur Tharnija
Published: August 2021

The provision of safe and sanitary water is a constitutional right and above all, a necessity of life. As a result of the rapid urbanisation and the past policies of apartheid, a large population of South Africa dwell in informal settlements, where there is very little hope of development, as the government does not possess the resources that are necessary for a full-scale sanitation programme. Therefore, on-site treatments have been considered to provide sanitation in these dense peri-urban areas. The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one such sanitation system. This reactor utilises the phenomenon of anaerobic digestion to degrade substrates. One of the major disadvantages of any anaerobic treatment processes is the extreme sensitivity of the bacterial communities, thus inducing slow recovery rates following toxic shocks. Therefore, an understanding of these microbial consortia is essential to effectively control, operate and optimise the anaerobic reactor. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and DNA sequencing techniques were applied to determine the microbial consortium, as well as their reactions to daily operating conditions. With an understanding of these populations and their responses to perturbations within the system, it is possible to construct an anaerobic system that is successful in its treatment of domestic wastewater. In situ hybridizations were conducted for three operating periods, each characterised by specific flow rates. Results showed Eubacterial population dominance over the Archaeal population throughout both of the operating periods investigated. However, these cells cumulatively consisted of 50% of the total biomass fraction, as determined by DAPI staining. Group-probes utilised revealed a high concentration of fermentative acidogenic bacteria, which lead to a decrease in the pH values. It was noted that the ABR did not separate the acidogenic and methanogenic phases, as expected. Therefore, the decrease in pH further inhibited the proliferation of Archaeal acetoclastic methanogens, which were not present in the second operating period. DNA sequencing results revealed the occurrence of the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium and Methanococcus genera and confirmed the presence of Methanosarcina. Sequencing of the bacterial DNA confirmed the presence of the low G+ C Gram Positives (Streptococcus), the high G+C Gram Positives (Propionibacterium) and the sulfate reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio vulgaris). However, justifications were highly subjective due to a lack of supportive analytical data, such as acetate, volatile fatty acids and methane concentrations. Despite this, findings served to add valuable information, providing details on the specific microbial groups associated with ABR treatment processes.
Comparative analysis of genetically modified maize by implementation of a half-seed extraction technique
Authors:   , Pienaar Fernando
Published: August 2021

The development of transgenic plants resulted in the need to utilize the various molecular methods (e.g., ELISA, real - time PCR etc.) for the detection or analysis of the presence or absence of a specific trait in a particular plant (Bt in this study). The overall aim of this study was to optimize a half – seed extraction technique as part of a laboratory protocol for transgenic maize plants and to explore the possibility of using the following molecular techniques: horizontal isoelectric focusing, real - time PCR and ELISA, as methods for detection of the Bt trait for incorporation into the half – seed extraction protocol.
Production of enzymes for application on animal feeds
Authors:   , Godana Busiswa
Published: August 2021

Ruminants diets in most developing countries are based on fibrous feeds, mainly mature pastures and crop residues. These feeds are unbalanced and particularly deficient in protein, minerals and vitamins and are highly lignified with low digestibility. These characteristics result in low intake and productivity and only approximately 40% of energy in forage becomes available to the animal. Enzymes can be used as biological tool to enhance digestion through the action of cellulase, hemicellulase and lignase enzymes resulting in improved meat, milk and wool production. The development of feed additives holds great promise for the improvement of livestock growth and yield for both large commercial and smaller subsistence farmers. The aim of this study was to develop optimal media for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes (laccases, xylanases, and cellulases) and to evaluate the application of these enzymes to improve the nutritional digestibility of high fibre feedstocks, such as veld grass.
The Founding of NAFE and its Future
Authors: Specter Marvin M.
Published: August 2021

How NAFE came to be
Forensic Analysis of Building Design and Construction Defects
Authors: Jenson Theodore B.
Published: August 2021

Upon first accepting an appointment, the forensic engineer must make a preliminary and thorough determination, analyzing all the known and available facts pertaining to the dispute. Early decisions and the advice given to attorneys can have a vital effect on the direction of the litigation and influence the forensic engineers position in the litigation. The purpose of this early analysis and research is to formulate responsibility and fault. Whether the forensic engineer is engaged before or after filing of the lawsuit is irrelevant, as the same careful analysis of the facts and conditions apply.
The Forensic Engineer and the Delay Claim
Authors: Hohns H. Murray
Published: August 2021

All things change it seems and the Delay Claim too is changing. Ive had the opportunity to participate in and observe Delay Claims for almost twenty years and can see some trends which are of interest and note to the Forensic Engineer. In the past several years, the construction industry has become highly litigious and this has led more lawyers and engineers to enter the claims practice. The slow down in construction over the past several years has also led to a fair number of do-it-yourself contractor claimants. All these folks practicing new trades tend to generate more claims and disputes. Recently I have heard people say the delay claim business has been more sophisticated. This is a word our society uses to front for what is simply bad taste in entertainment, literature, hosts of other things and recently many delay claims. I believe an experts most important attribute is integrity and that brings me to three points I want to make to this distinguished group. They are
Simultaneous Multiple Points of Origin: Incendiary of Electrical?
Authors: Dixon Harry S.
Published: August 2021

Speaking simply the question raised by the title is, Was this fire set by an arsonist, or was it caused by an electrical malfunction or failure? A restriction is that this fire has simultaneous multiple points of origin. The simultaneity and the multiplicity of points of origin can be illustrated by postulating a fire in a room. If at each electrical outlet on a common circuit there is much burning with longer duration of char than at other and if each of the outlets have an indicated equal duration by char measurements, then we have an indicated situation of simultaneous and multiple points of origin. Such a situation might give rise to a tort case where arson was given as a defense.
Engineer Experts - The Attorneys Viewpoint
Authors: Worrall Douglas G.
Published: August 2021

It has been said that attorneys are totally and wonderfully ignorant - and thus are fully dependent upon the witnesses, the records, and the experts to provide them with the wherewithal to present their case for decision. The witnesses and records are taken as they exist - the expert, however, provides the attorneys an opportunity to sift and analyze the facts and come to a clear understanding of the case. Litigation today is often complex or at least involves a subtle nuance beyond the ken of the layman. To meet the complexities or nuances, the attorney must be able to utilize the assistance of that group of people generically known as experts, people having special skills and knowledge, gained through education and experience, which skills and knowledge are relevant to the subject matter at hand. The good attorney will attempt to analyze his case at an early stage to ascertain what, if any, expert assistance is needed. The task is to define the type of expert to be used. The
Enhancing CAD For The Forensic Engineer
Authors: Manning Lindley
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to inform the Academy of an application of computer graphics that has been successful in the court room and which has the potential for extension to many related needs of the forensic engineer. An additional purpose is to examine the possibility of cooperation within the Academy to make a broad database and selection of equipment available to the members. Attentive engineers of today are well aware of the growing use and impact of computer-aided drafting, design and analysis in a wide variety of industries. In our field, we are aware of large analysis programs which have been used with success in court, for example the CRASH series. The authors forensic engineering partnership has developed ways to utilize the more widely available drafting systems to inexpensively fill the gap between photographic evidence and full engineering drawings. We have also found that CAD drawings appear to have more impact in court than hand done drawings. In some cases
The Use of Iridium 192 Radiography for Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Witter Robert E.
Published: August 2021

Various techniques are available to the forensic engineer for examination of evidence or artifacts associated with a forensic engagement. These techniques fall into four broad categories
Limitations of the A.A.S.H.T.O. Formula for Braking Distance
Authors: Anderson Jack W.
Published: August 2021

Working on a case involving an out of control race car travelling up a steep bank, I came to realize that the familiar AASHTO formula for braking distance is an approximation that introduces significant error when applied to steeper slopes. I am sure the originators of this formula were well aware of its shortcomings, and I do not intend to be critical of their efforts. But I think those who use it should be aware of its limitations, particularly forensic engineers who could get blind-sided.
A Case For The Jack of All Trades
Authors: Cox William A.
Published: August 2021

I have enjoyed practicing Engineering on the same basis that a family Doctor practices medicine. I have found that maintaining a healthy interest in a broad band of what we have become accustomed to considering as Fields of Engineering that I am not as bored with my work, and I am able to maintain a more innovative approach to problems.
Concrete Spalling in Fires as an Indicator of Accelerants and of Arson
Authors: Coltharp William M.
Published: August 2021

Technical fire investigation is, at this state in its development, perhaps more of an art than science. The non-technical investigator relies almost exclusively upon his prior experience and the experience of his peers as well as that technical information which the scientific and engineering community can translate into understandable and useable terms. The engineer, on the other hand, engaged in technical fire investigation relies not only upon experience but also his training in related scientific fields such as thermodynamics, propertiesof materials, statics and dynamics. For both the technical and nontechnical fire investigator, relatively great importance is placed on a body ofknowledge which may be communicated only verbally or at best in written generalities. Only occasionally does the engineering investigator encounterspecific technical experiments and theoretical models which relate directly to the art which he practices.
Some Fundamental Electrical Concepts in Locating the Cause and Origin of a Fire
Authors: Rothschild Louis I.
Published: August 2021

The origination of a fire requires a source of energy convertible into heat and the availability of a quantity of flammable material. Electricity is an energy source generally available in most buildings; accordingly, the involvement of electricity is usually considered in determining a fires cause and origin. In most occurrences, only a limited number of simple electrical concepts are employed; then, if satisfactory answers regarding an electrical cause and origin for the fire are not apparent, more complex electrical phenomena can be considered.
It Can Be the Little Things That Count
Authors: Haynes Russell R.
Published: August 2021

Many technical cases may depend on finding a small, seemingly unimportant fact or circumstance. The small things or subtle facts frequently are the key to the investigation. They are often buried in statements, theories, or a myriad of physical evidence and are overlooked by the parties involved. Six cases are cited in which small, singular items or facts typically overlooked by the pseudo experts and legal counsel were found. Those overlooked facts were the key to their cases. Many cases undertaken by the forensic engineer require gathering many facts and then analyzing the data in conjunction with codes and standards, good engineering practice, and state and federal laws. Then the forensic engineer renders a professional opinion based on his analysis of the information. On occasion, however, our opinions which are based on statements, depositions, drawings, photographs, and test results can be proven or negated by one small piece of evidence-the little thing-that is the key.
Would a Warning Have Prevented the Accident?
Authors: Gibson-Harris Sheree
Published: August 2021

After products liability tort reform has run its course, and the insurance crisis has been resolved, manufacturers will still be held responsible for defective products that fail prematurely causing injury, property damage and commercial loss. This products liability responsibility has two aspects which should be clearly distinguished by forensic engineers. The first, has little to do with recent developments in products liability law and simply involves a forensic engineers understanding of the more traditional factors that result in safe, quality products, through the establishment within the company of sound management, design and manufacturing practices. The second aspect of effective accident investigation, litigation or consulting with industry, demands an understanding of the concepts and trends in products liability case law as it relates to the product safety and liability responsibility of manufacturers. The following paper describes some of the concepts of products l
Forensic Engineering Investigation Of A Gas Pipeline Condensate Explosion Due to Static Electricity
Authors: Wernicke James C.
Published: August 2021

The forensic engineer is often called upon to investigate fires and explosions. Frequently, the ignition source for these incidents is readily attributable to an open flame, electric short, chemical reaction or other easily identified cause. In I some cases, however, no obvious mechanism can be found and the forensic engineer must consider the possibility of static electric discharge. The available literature on static electricity is limited and difficult to find. The following incident description and investigation results are intended to provide the reader an understanding of how a static electric charge can be generated, discharged and prevented. Since static electric conditions are difficult to recreate and calculate after an incident, the forensic engineer must use deductive logic to determine the existence of the charge. The following example of this process is based upon an actual incident with some modifications which are made to protect the identity of the actual partie
Forensic Engineering Analysis of Slips and Falls
Authors: Anderson James D.
Published: August 2021

Litigation of slip and fall accidents is a risk if it goes to a jury. That is what the author often says to clients. When we started in forensic engineering we never intended to work in this field, but it is an area that involves our background in design, safety, and mechanical engineering. The problem for us as forensic engineers is to accurately explain the evidence, our technical analysis and our opinion relative to the accident-first to the client attorney or insurance company, and then to a jury. This paper primarily addresses the forensic engineers approach to the analysis of the evidence obtained in slip and fall accidents. The first step, which seems to be the most difficult, is obtaining adequate and proper evidence.
Forensic Engineering Analysis of Gross Maximum Price Costs
Authors: Zemsky Calvin L.
Published: August 2021

A Gross Maximum Price Contract (G.M.P.) is a COST OF THE WORK PLUS A FEE contract in which the Developer and the Contractor agree that a project will be built for an estimated cost. This type of contract is used when the Developer and the Contractor recognize that the plans and specifications are not complete, but the plans do represent the project enough so that the Contractor and the Developer are confident that the Contractor can complete the project for the contract sum. A G.M.P. Contract is almost always used in a fast track project. G.M.P. Contracts are usually SCOPE CONTRACTS; that is the Developer and the Contractor agree on what the SCOPE of the contract will be. This SCOPE is explained in general and specific terns in the preamble to the contract. G.M.P. Contracts normally contain five (5) parts. These are
Investigative Techniques for Structural Failures
Authors: Zetlin Lev
Published: August 2021

Brutus said the he came to bury Caesar not to praise him. Burial always sounds morbid while praise is exciting. So does a talk about safety - which involves structural failures - seems to be less pleasant to hear than a talk about engineering design and creativity. However, if you really think about it, we can learn a lot from failures to improve our design capability. I have been involved in creative engineering design for over four decades, and I have designed many noted structures. In the last 10 or 15 years I have also investigated hundreds of structural failures, many of them major, with numerous loss of human lives, such as the Hyatt Regency Skywalk in Kansas City, Wiow Island Power Plant Cooling Tower, the Mianus Bridge, on Rt. 95 in Connecticut, LAmbiance Towers in Bridgeport, Conn., etc. To determine the cause of failure thoroughly and to substantiate the conclusion is a task which may require the mobilization of the entire arsenal of the available engineering knowledg
Forensic Geotechnical Engineering Case Studies
Authors: Rendon-Herrero Oswald
Published: August 2021

When foundations and earth structures fail, it is usually the result of excessive settlement and/or shear failure of the soil which bears them. The cause may sometimes be readily discernible or obvious; however, like the foundation itself, the answer is often deeply buried and can be discerned only by examining the technical data and project documents. A comprehensive geoforensic engineering investigation can usually determine the cause and the party responsible for the failure. This generally entails a thorough examination of many forms of documents and information, visits to the site, sampling and testing of soils, interviews with pertinent individuals, and meetings with the client and their attorneys. In some situations, however, success in determining the cause in an efficient and timely fashion is highly dependent on the geoforensic engineers education, experience, judgment, thoroughness, and Sherlock- Holmes-like ability to identify the weak link in the problem. The geofo
The Plumbing Engineer as a Forensic Engineer
Authors: Saltzberg Edward W.
Published: August 2021

Knowledgeable and qualified plumbing engineers working as forensic engineers have a significant benefit to offer the legal profession. Those persons who are qualified to perform in a forensic engineering capacity can have a professionally challenging and rewarding future.
The Development of Seat Belts and an Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Current Designs
Authors: Wheeler Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2021

Front seat, rear seat, lap only and combination lap/shoulder belt restraints are analyzed for their effectiveness in injury mitigation. The question arises, have seat belt designs satisfactorily progressed over the years and can the performance of some current design features be improved? This paper reviews the history of seat belt development and the performance of some current design features. Specific interest is paid to 1) type 1 lap belt performance as seen in most rear seats and, 2) the current shoulder harness tension eliminator, window shade/comfort feature, in U.S. domestic automobiles, This paper reviews some case examples where seat belt design and performance in these areas can be significantly improved. Installation requirements of rear seat shoulder belts have recently been addressed by NHTSA. The tension-eliminator or window shade/comfort feature introduces slack into the system. The effect of slack on the performance of a lap/ shoulder belt system is examined
The Forensic Engineer Examines Instruction Manuals Subtitle: When All Else Fails ...
Authors: Reynolds Charles P.
Published: August 2021

When does the instruction manual usually get its first reading? To quote the oft used phrase - when all else fails. Was the failure one where the product would not work or could not be properly assembled? If that is the limit of the failure, the user and manufacturer are fortunate indeed. Those of us who are involved in the investigation of product liability matters have frequent need to examine the instruction manuals relating to the products. One purpose for reading the instruction manual is to find out how the manufacturer intended the product to be used, and the correct way to use it. More importantly, the forensic engineer must evaluate the instruction manual from a standpoint of adequacy. The failure to read or follow instructions can often result in a catastrophe, causing severe injury or fatality. The manufacturer of the product is in the best position to know about the hazards, and to instruct in the use of the product in the safest possible manner.
Analisis Perbandingan Kualitas Jaringan 4G LTE Operator X Dan Y Di Wilayah Kampus Utama UMSU
Authors: Evalina Noorly
Published: August 2021

A technology appears, namely Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE can provide data transfer speeds of up to 100 Mbps on the downlink side and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. The growth in the number of telecommunication service users in Medan City has caused a decline in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a drive test, it can be seen the areas where there is signal strength of a network which aims to improve the signal quality of a network. Benchmark (comparison) of 4G LTE operator service quality is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing the network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus. The overall throughput value of operator X is only 0> 3 Mbps, while operator Y is 0> 30 Mbps. The very low throughput value is caused by high traffic users during the day, where the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus is actively studying and many students use data services. That way, people can find out the causes of the internet speed problems they feel when using the internet during the day.
Perancangan Dan Pembuatan Alat Pengontrol Lampu Menggunakan Internet Of Things (IOT) Berbasis Arduino Uno
Authors: Meyliana Henni
Published: August 2021

The internet has also been attached to smartphones. Smartphone is a device capable of developing the Internet of Things (IoT). Smartphones function to connect to an internet network that is equipped with features in the form of sensors. In using IoT as a network infrastructure tool, it will be able to control and monitor a predetermined device in the form of an Arduino Uno. Arduino does not function as a microcontroller development that is connected to the internet, so that it can make it easier to use lights in everyday life. The open source operating system on an Android smartphone can be used as a material for designing a lamp controller using the internet of thins (IoT) based on Arduino Uno (Atmega328 microcontroller) and a relay as a switch. Therefore, in testing the tool using Arduino which has a time lag of 1 minute. For the use of the Arduino Uno program, a time delay of 5 seconds is also provided, while waiting for the serial command to move from one relay to another.