bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iconographie de la Bactriane Proto-historique
Authors: Amiet Pierre
Published: January 2007

La Bactriane ne fut longtemps connue que comme un territoire limité an nord par l'Oxus, que les Perses avaient tiré de la préhistoire en l'annexant à leur empire, et dont les antécédents échappaient presque totalement. Or en 1966, les autorités afghanes récupérèrent pour le Musée de Kabul un “trésor” de vases d'or et d'argent qui aurait été trouvé fortuitement par des paysans. Il présentait l'intérêt de révéler des contacts inattendus avec la Mésopotamie du IIIe millénaire. Il aurait été trouvé au nord de Kabul, à l'est de la rivière Qunduz-ab, près de la ville de Baghlan. Curieusement, deux noms différents furent attribués au lieu de leur découverte: soit Khosh Tapa, soit Fullol, au point que l'on peut se demander s'il ne s'agirait pas de deux sites différents. Et comme les fouilles effectuées immédiatement ne donnèrent absolument rien, pas même des tessons, la question peut se poser de savoir si les paysans n'auraient pas délibérément trompé les enquêteurs sur l'origine réelle du trésor. En effet, quelques années plus tard, d'autres vases précieux apparaissaient, mais comme cela est bien plus normal, mêlés au matériel très varié mis au jour pas les clandestins, et cette fois dans une région bien déterminée: dans les nécropoles voisines et contemporaines des grandes installations explorées par les archéologues soviétiques dans la plaine de Balkh, en Bactriane occidentale. Les plus importantes de ces installations sont celles du site n° 3 de l'oasis de Dashly-tépé, datées initialement du milieu du IIe millénaire, mais qui pourraient avoir été fondées déjà dans la seconde moitié du IIIie.
Bel-epuš and Tammaritu
Authors: Leichty Erle
Published: January 2007

In 1965 Richard D. Barnett, then keeper of Western Asiatic Antiquities at the British Museum, asked me to undertake the compilation of a catalogue of the Sippar collection of cuneiform tablets in the British Museum. This collection, containing more than 30,000 tablets, was obtained by Rassam and others towards the end of the last century and at the beginning of this one. Most of the Sippar collection consists of economic texts from the Neo-Babylonian period. However some texts from other periods and other genres and even texts from other sites are included. Since 1965 I have spent almost every summer working on the Sippar catalogue. The project is now drawing to a close and the resulting catalogue will appear soon in three volumes. It seems only fitting that I use this opportunity to honour Richard D. Barnett by publishing a most interesting text from the Sippar collection.

The text published below is a deposition by a man named Bel-epuš in which he divides all of his worldly goods between his wife and his servants. The reasons he may have had for writing this deposition are suggested below.
An Ancient Scribal Error and its Modern Consequences: the date of the Nimrud Slab Inscription No. 1
Authors: Tadmor Hayim
Published: January 2007

Any attempt to reconstruct the proper chronological sequence of the military achievements of Tiglath-pileser III is greatly hampered by the fragmentary state of his annals uncovered during the century of excavations at Nimrud. Only portions of the text incised on sculptured stone slabs and designed to decorate the monarch's newly built palace have survived. Naturally, this deficiency has greatly enhanced the value of the non-annalistic records of Tiglath-pileser, namely the “summary” (or “display”) inscriptions written on stone slabs and clay tablets. Composed – like the annals – towards the very close of his reign, the texts of this genre relate the military exploits according to a geographical rather than strictly chronological sequence. The enumeration of the conquered lands usually adheres to a set order: it begins with the South (=Babylonia), proceeds to the East (=Namri and Media), then to the North (=Urartu and Ulluba), and concludes with the West (=from North Syria to the border of Egypt).
Eight New Fragments of Diogenes of Oenoanda
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

All but one of the previously unpublished fragments of Diogenes' inscription presented in this article were discovered at Oenoanda by members of a British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara team in the summer of 1977. The exception is NF 108, which (see under NF 108, Discovery) was recorded by an Austrian epigraphist a mere seventy-five summers earlier.

In 1977 the aims were to carry forward the topographical and epigraphical survey begun in 1974 and continued in 1975 and (in a very limited way) 1976, to study the architecture of the city, and to make plans for a major excavation of the site. The work was again carried out with the kind permission and encouragement of the Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüǧü in Ankara and with generous financial support from the British Academy, and it is a pleasure to express sincere gratitude to both bodies.

The members of the team were: Mr. A. S. Hall (Director), Mr. R. P. Harper (Assistant Director), Dr. J. J. Coulton, Dr. R. J. Ling, Dr. Lesley Ling, and three student-members of the Department of Land Surveying, North-East London Polytechnic—Messrs. David Chapman, Simon Dykes, and David Howarth. The representative of the Turkish Government, as in 1974 and 1976, was Bay Osman Özbek.
Metal Resources in Ancient Anatolia
Authors: De Jesus Prentiss S.
Published: January 2007

The rich metal deposits of Anatolia have been, for archaeologists and historians, a matter of much confusion. Small wonder, when we discover that the reporting of the basic geological data through the years has been altered, interpreted and reinterpreted to the extent that the picture no longer resembles its original form. Particularly lacking in the archaeological literature on Anatolian metal resources is an up-to-date account of the metalliferous deposits available in antiquity. Although a number of attempts have been made to give an over-all view of Anatolia's ore deposits, much of the potentially useful data is published in geological journals which, unfortunately, have been routinely ignored for their archaeological importance.

The recent article in this journal by J. Yakar is another of the attempts to interpret the movements of Anatolian peoples with respect to the natural resources of the land, in this case metal resources. However, Yakar's article draws on much out-dated information, and he is a victim of the often rash convictions of Forbes. As a corrective, let us focus on the basic geological data. Yakar suggests that the metal resources of the West and Southwest were the main impetus behind Hittite involvement in the region.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 4 Latin Inscriptions from Ladik and Sinop
Authors: French D. H.
Published: January 2007

This short note is here presented as an illustration not only of the material which will be published in the final volumes but also of the aims and methods of the R.E.C.A.M. work.

Four inscriptions form the core of this article. Two are from the area of Ladik (now renamed Halicı), the ancient Laodiceia Combusta; both are unpublished. The remaining two are from Sinop, the ancient Sinope; one has been published previously, the other is a new, unpublished fragment of a known inscription. The full text of these two Sinop documents can now be significantly revised. Of the two Ladik inscriptions, one was seen in the course of my researches on the milestones of Asia Minor (CIL XVII fasc. 5); the other came to light amongst the papers left to the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara by Professor W. M. Calder.

I am grateful to the Ministry of Culture, General-Directorate of Antiquities and Museums for permission to publish this material.
Kubaba at Karkamiš and Elsewhere
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

Twenty years ago Laroche set forth in a definitive article the evidence for the goddess Kubaba as the ancient oriental prototype of the goddess transmitted to the classical world as Kubelē or Kubēbē. Little enough new information on Kubaba has appeared since then. However, in the course of writing the entry “Kubaba” for the Reallexikon der Assyriologie, I felt that a detailed examination of the passages of the Hieroglyphic Luwian texts which refer to this goddess would be desirable, especially in order to take into account recent advances in our understanding of that script and language. What follows then is transliterations and translations of all Hieroglyphic Luwian references to Kubaba (except for uninformative fragments) and elucidatory notes. This study supplies the texts to the relevant section of Laroche's masterly sketch.
Four Latin Inscriptions From Satala
Authors: French D. H. , Summerly J. R.
Published: January 2007

Recent work, published in Anatolian Studies and other journals, has drawn attention to the site of Satala, the modern Sadak (in the province of Gümüşhane, district of Kelkit, map Erzincan 116-p). The importance of Satala is self-evident but the impending loss of Samosata, the base of the legio XVI Flavia Firma, has increased the archaeological value of the remaining two legionary centres, Melitene and Satala. It is to be hoped that further work at Sadak will augment the four texts presented here.

The following inscriptions were recorded in Sadak village in 1981, at the house of Ahmet Yegin, who had brought them from a field across the valley to the north of the village outside the area of the Roman fortress. On the testimony of the owner and the other villagers, all the gravestones came from the same ancient cemetery and were found in situ. No others have since come to light (by 31. xii. 1982).
Sites and Strongholds of Northern Lydia
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: January 2007

A remote mountainous region of Lydia, rarely visited and hardly known to history, contains antiquities which form the subject of the present study. This was an area where classical culture was slow to penetrate, but when it did take root, it produced a remarkable number of inscriptions which are comprised in an exemplary modern corpus. The inscriptions illustrate conditions in Hellenistic and especially Roman times, with only an occasional glimpse into later ages. Their relative abundance has made the country better known to epigraphists than others, but remains of a different kind, worthy of a closer examination, also exist. Some of these are Hellenistic, but most are late, reaching far beyond the bounds of classical Antiquity, yet by their nature illustrating the change and decline which that culture underwent in this corner of Lydia.
Zur Entstehung Phrygischer Felsdenkmäler
Authors: Işik von Fahri
Published: January 2007

Mitwirkend am Sturz des hethitischen Großreichs am Beginn des 12.Jhs. v.Chr. brach ein kriegerischer, thrakischer Volksstamm fünfzig Jahre vor der Regierung des Tiglatplesers I in die Geschichte Altanatoliens am oberen Tigris ein; dann schweigen die Quellen mehrere Jahrhunderte, bis diese “Muschki-Leute” mit ihrem Heerführer “Mita” in den assyrischen Annalen diesmal gegen Sargon II und im Kerngebiet von Hatti, zwischen dem Halys- und Sangariosbogen, als eine starke politische Einheit wieder auftauchen. Sie nannten sich Phryger; und genauso wie ihre Geschichte liegt fast für fünf Jahrhunderte auch ihre Kunst, die unter den blühenden Hochkulturen Altanatoliens einen besonderen Platz einnimmt, noch im Dunkeln. Dennoch ist eine derartig plötzliche Wiedererscheinung eines Volkes als eine den Urartäern im Osten ebenbürtige Großmacht Anatoliens und im Höhepunkt ihres kulturellen Lebens ohne Vergangenheit nicht faßbar; so dürfte die Groß-Phrygien schaffende Treibkraft nicht nur politisch sondern auch archäologisch in den “dunklen Jahrhunderten” vom 12. bis zum 8.Jh. v.Chr. im schöpferisch fruchtbaren Boden ihrer neuen Heimat verwurzelt gewesen sein, denn sie haben aus ihrem alten balkanischen Herkunftland nichts Eigenständiges mitgebracht, was der Entstehung und späteren Entwicklung der phrygischen Kunst zugrunde liegen konnte.
The Campaign of Cn. Manlius Vulso in Asia Minor
Authors: Grainger John D.
Published: January 2007

The unanimity of opinion on the purposes and methods of the military expedition led by Cn. Manlius Vulso into Asia Minor in 189 B.C. arouses suspicion. Investigation shows a process of repetition of phrase and attitude traceable to the ancient sources, without any serious consideration of actual events. Thus Livy quotes a hostile description of Manlius as “a mercenary consul” who had conducted “a private piratical expedition” (38.45.8). Scullard, in more than one account, allows that he had “reduced to submission the Galatians… but he marred this necessary piece of police work by his cruelty and avarice”, and in it he “acquired a staggering amount of booty and money by systematic extortion and warfare”. This wholesale swallowing of the Livian account without any critical investigation is repeated by Errington, who has it that Manlius led “a major plundering expedition… primarily directed against the Gauls (Galatians), who had supported Antiochos, though he also passed through northern Caria, Lycia and Pisidia”.
A Pilgrim Flask of Anatolian Origin from Late Byzantine/Early Ummayyad Jerusalem
Authors: Maeir Aren M. , Strauss Yael
Published: January 2007

A large scale archaeological excavation was commenced in 1989, as part of the “Mamilla Project”, an urban re-development project carried out in the area to the west of Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, Israel (Fig. 2). During the course of the first (1989) season, several complexes of buildings dating from the Late Byzantine and Early Ummayad periods were discovered. These buildings were part of the extra-mural quarters of Jerusalem at the time, and for the most part, were industrial and mercantile in nature.

In area A2 of the excavations (Fig. 3), a row of shops was discovered. Of particular interest was the shop comprised of rooms L164 and L153, which contained several different types of installations, including what appeared to be washing basins and a bread-oven (Pl. XXXV (a)). In this shop a large collection of diverse finds was discovered, including a sizeable amount of local and imported pottery, coins, glass and additional small finds. This assemblage was securely dated to the mid-seventh century CE, i.e. the terminal Byzantine period and the incipient stages of the Ummayad dynasty.
The Treaty with Ulmi-Tešub
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

The treaty of a Hittite king, whose name is lost, with Ulmi-Tešub, king of Tarhuntassa (KBo. IV 10 +KUBXL 69 + 1548/u,CTH106) is a complex and problematic document. Published as a hand-copy by Forrer in 1920, no modern edition of the text has yet appeared in print. It contains an unusually full description of the boundaries of Ulmi-Tešub's vassal kingdom, and in order to provide a sound basis for the reconstruction of Hittite political geography I contributed a translation of the boundary description and of most of the other clauses to John Garstang's bookThe Geography of the Hittite Empirein 1959. J. Lorenz, a student of Marburg University, prepared an edition in 1986 as a dissertation, but this has remained unpublished. The same is true of a similar edition prepared in 1989 for the University of Amsterdam by T. van den Hout, though this is understood to have gone to press. Dr. van den Hout, however, has published his views on this treaty in some detail in an article “A Chronology of the Tarhuntassa Treaties” inJCS41 (1989), 100–14, where he introduces the text in his first sentence as “KBo4 10 (CTH106), the treaty between Tudhaliya IV and Ulmi-Tešub, king of Tarhuntassa”.
Then and Now: a Medieval Visit to the Castle of al-Rāwandān recalled
Authors: Morray David
Published: January 2007

In the topographical introduction to his biographical dictionary of people connected with the city of Aleppo, the seventh/thirteenth century north Syrian writer Kamāl al-Dīn ‘Umar b. Aḥmad Ibn al-‘Adīm includes a brief gazetteer entry on the castle of al-Rāwandān (present-day Revanda Kalesi), situated north of Aleppo on the way to ‘Ayn Tāb (modern Gaziantep):

“It is a small castle on the top of a high hill, isolated in its situation. Neither mangonels nor arrows can reach it. At the foot of the hill there is a small settlement (rabaḍ). It is one of the strongest castles, and most favoured spots. A valley runs north and west of the castle, making for a fosse. It contains a permanent river.”
The Aqueduct at Amasya in Pontus
Authors: Oliver  , Nicholson Caroline
Published: January 2007

Amasya, wrote a visitor at the turn of this century, is “the most picturesque town of all Anatolia, the Baghdad of Rûm”. Another called the city “l'Oxford de l'Anatolie”. One of its principal charms is the River Iris, the Yeşil Irmak, which runs through the town. Beautiful but not potable: “Tokat dumps in it, Amasya drinks it” is a Turkish proverb at least as old as Evliye Çelebi, who visited the town in the first half of the seventeenth century.

In ancient times the city would seem to have taken its water from a source in the neighbouring hills. It was carried along an aqueduct cut, for the most part, into the face of the cliffs which form the side of the river valley south and west of the town and on the right bank of the river (Fig. 1). The castle of Amasya, on the left bank, had its own arrangements for water supply described by the geographer Strabo, a native of the city, and these should not be confused with the aqueduct on the right bank.
A Seal Impression from el-Qiṭār/Til-Abnu (Syria)
Authors: Archi Alfonso
Published: January 2007

The seal rolled on the six sides of the envelope containing a legal document found at el-Qiṭār (Pls. XXXV–XXXVI), on the west bank of the Euphrates some 33 km. downstream from Tell Ahmar, has its best parallels in the imprints of the Hittite seals from Ugarit and Emar of the thirteenth century B.C.

The scene is framed above and below by a border à guilloche. To the left is the Weather-god, standing on two triangles representing mountains, which do not seem to be marked with a scale pattern as in Yaz. 64.

The god wears a beard and his hair falls in a long pigtail down his back to his waist. He is wearing a short kilt and probably a shirt which leaves his arms bare. On his head he wears a tiara with horns, and a curved sword hangs from his waist, with the tip pointing downward and with the usual half-moon pommel. In his right hand, raised behind his head, he brandishes an axe. Behind his back, beneath the pigtail, is a filling motif (cf. SBo II no. 229). His raised left arm reaches out in front, and on the fist rests the god's symbol: TONITRUS, L 199, to the right of which is a star.
Some Byzantine bronze objects from Beycesultan
Authors: Wright G. R. H.
Published: January 2007

The British Institute excavations carried out during the 1950s at Beycesultan by the head-waters of the Meander near modern Çivril (figs 1-3) may not now be of great moment in scholarly enquiry. The overriding reason for this is, of course, that no epigraphic material of any description came to hand. The excavations are, however, of note in connection with the progress and development of field archaeology - its aims and methods. They must be about the last large-scale Middle East excavations planned and executed according to traditional ideas of work whereby what constituted material for the archaeological record was taken for granted, and was reckoned such that it could be controlled by one or two experienced men in charge: both during the field work and in its publication. In this fashion, the Beycesultan excavations were fortunate. They were under the joint control of Seton Lloyd and James Mellart (fig 4). At that stage Seton Lloyd had been active for 25 years in directing a variety of important excavations in the Middle East (both in Iraq and Turkey), and was, by training, a talented architect. James Mellart, on the other hand, had already crammed into three or four years of intensive excavation and surveying work the accumulated expertise and confidence to assess in a most penetrating way broad regional issues as manifested in objects (‘finds’). Indeed a great deal of what became standard practice in the later 1950s and 60s evolved from his example. This combination of talents and energies was thus a highly favourable one and carried the work through to a very successful conclusion.
Frank Calvert, Henry Austen Layard and Heinrich Schliemann
Authors: Arentzen Wout
Published: January 2007

Within the past few years not a little has been written about the relationship between Heinrich Schliemann and Frank Calvert (see, for example, Traill, Calder 1986; Traill 1995; Robinson 1994; 1995; Allen 1999). The central thesis of these studies is that Schliemann mistreated Calvert in every possible way, not only financially, but also intellectually. For instance, ‘Schliemann's egotism and false claims have robbed Calvert of his proper place in the history of archaeology’ (Traill 1984).

Such statements give the impression that Calvert was a better scholar than Schliemann and that there is still a good deal in his work, as there is in that of Schliemann, which can help us. From the above interpretation by Traill one could almost believe that it is a distinct loss that Calvert has become nothing but a footnote in the works of Schliemann and that it is high time for a revaluation. Robinson is the most ardent exponent of this attempted revision. She is of the view that the world was duped by Schliemann, and that everything would have been done much better by Calvert. If truth be spoken, Schliemann has robbed us of the knowledge that Calvert would have given.
Tarkasnawa King of Mira ‘Tarkondemos’, Boǧazköy sealings and Karabel
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

The historical geography of Anatolia in the period sourced by the Boǧazköy texts (Middle-Late Bronze Age) has proved an on-going problem since they first became available, and nowhere was this more acutely felt than in southern and western Anatolia, generally acknowledged as the site of the Arzawa lands, also probably the Lukka lands. A major advance has been registered since the mid-1980s, with the publication and interpretation of the Hieroglyphic inscription of Tudhaliya IV from Yalburt, and the Cuneiform treaty on the Bronze Tablet of the same king. These two documents have established that the later territory of Rough Cilicia constituted the Late Bronze Age kingdom of Tarhuntassa with its western border at Perge in Pamphylia, and that the Lukka lands did indeed occupy all of (or more than) classical Lycia in the south-west. These recognitions, by establishing the geography of the south and south-west, correspondingly reduced the areas of uncertainty in the west.

In 1997 I was fortunately able to establish the reading of the Hieroglyphic inscription attached to the long-known Karabel relief, which lies inland from Izmir in a pass across the Tmolos range between Ephesos and Sardis. This can be shown to give the name of Tarkasnawa, King of Mira, and those of his father and grandfather, also kings of Mira but with names of uncertain reading. This is the same king known from his silver seal (referred to as ‘Tarkondemos' from an early and incorrect identification), and impressions of other seals of his have more recently been found at Boǧazköy. Clearly he was an important historical figure.
Dams, reservoirs and irrigation channels of the Van plain in the period of the Urartian kingdom
Authors: Belli Oktay
Published: January 2007

The citadel of Van (Tushpa) was the main settlement of the Urartian kingdom, which dominated the regions of eastern Anatolia, Caucasia and northwestern Iran between the ninth and sixth centuries BC. Lake Van borders the site on the west, while to the south is the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains, stretching east to west and reaching 3000-3500m in height. These steep mountains, rising like a natural wall between the Urartian city and its greatest enemy the Assyrian kingdom to the south, provided an advantageous defensive feature. The capital city Tushpa, which is 1.5km east of Lake Van, and the Van plain itself are bordered on the east by the 3200m high Erek mountain. Erek mountain surrounds the east of the plain like a crescent, halting the cold winds as well as providing the water supply for agriculture in the Van plain from its rich water sources. Although the soil of the Van plain, which is 1750m above sea level, is agriculturally fertile, for many crops it is barely possible to conduct successful agriculture without irrigation. The Van plain, 9km wide and 17km long, is poor in water resources, as is well known. The water sources around Erek mountain, amongst the richest in the east Anatolian region, were used effectively in the period of the Urartian kingdom for the first time. Almost all the irrigation structures built on and around Erek mountain were built in order to irrigate the Van plain to the east of Lake Van. Most of the constructed dams and reservoirs, totalling more than ten, are still in use today, with minor restoration, despite being more than 2,700 years old. If we consider that few irrigation facilities were constructed at other water sources in the east Anatolian region, it underlines the importance of these water sources at Erek mountain and its slopes for the plain of Van. It seems that the rich water sources around Erek mountain constituted another positive condition for the foundation of the capital city of the Urartian kingdom in the Van plain.
The Achaemenid painted pottery of Hasanlu IIIA
Authors: Dyson Robert H.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents data on the painted pottery of Hasanlu II/IIIA from an analysis of field records. The excavation programme at Tepe Hasanlu was carried out between 1956 and 1977 for the University of Pennsylvania Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Archaeological Service of Iran. Period II/IIIA, the final pre-Islamic occupation of the site, dates to the Late Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic period. The painted pottery includes Western Triangle Ware, Cream-slipped Bichrome Ware, Brown-line Ware, and Classic Triangle Ware.

Site and sequence

Hasanlu is one of several large Iron Age mounds in the Qadar River valley at the southern end of Lake Urmia in western Azerbaijan, Iran. It consists of a central Citadel Mound (25m above the plain and about 200m in diameter) surrounded by an Outer Town. It was occupied from about 5500 BC to about 280 BC and again in Islamic times.
The Origins of the Urartians in the light of the Van/Karagündüz excavations
Authors: Sevin Veli
Published: January 2007

The Urartian Kingdom, as is well known, played a major power role on the stage of history in eastern Anatolia in the second half of the ninth century BC and remained powerful until the second half of the seventh century BC. With their highly advanced architectural traditions and organised state structure, the Urartians take their place among the most exciting civilisations of the first half of the first millennium BC in the Near East.

Extensive detailed research and publication has been carried out on Urartian civilisation for over a hundred years, but the origin and dynamics of the development of this civilisation are still obscure. The Assyrian annals, which start from the 13th century BC, are at present the only source for understanding the early periods. These records were intended as propaganda and their accuracy is in many instances thus questionable.
Troy in recent perspective
Authors: Easton D.F. , Hawkins J.D. , Sherratt A.G. , Sherratt E.S.
Published: January 2007

The historic series of excavations of Hisarlik-Troy have been continued over the last 15 years by a collaboration between teams from the universities of Tübingen and Cincinnati with fruitful results. Over the year 2001 however the director, Manfred Korfmann, attracted sharp criticism from colleagues, largely through the medium of the press, for his methods and publications. He was accused of exaggerating the importance of the site in the Late Bronze Age, particularly as a political capital and trading centre of Anatolia, and more specifically of unduly inflating the results of his investigations of the lower city. A symposium was convened by the University of Tübingen in February 2002 with a view to discussing these criticisms and the defence in an academic atmosphere. The four authors of this article attended the Tübingen symposium. After listening to the contributions it seemed to us that an assessment of the issues from our respective view-points would be timely: thus a detailed consideration of the archaeological questions, a review of the notable recent progress in Hittite sources firming up the historical geography of western Anatolia, and an evaluation of Troy's position in Late Bronze Age trade. In all these areas we conclude that the criticisms of Korfmann are themselves considerably exaggerated.
Pollen sequences from the city of Sagalassos (Pisidia, southwest Turkey)
Authors: Vermoere Marleen , Six Simon , Poblome Jeroen , Degryse Patrick , Paulissen Etienne , Waelkens Marc , Smets Erik
Published: January 2007

Two pollen sequences from the Classical city of Sagalassos (Pisidia, southwest Turkey) show that the hills just north of the city were forested during the main occupation period of the city (late Hellenistic to early Byzantine). They demonstrate that there was a mixed needle-leaved forest ofPinus, Cedrus libaniandAbies cilicica. The platform on which the city sat was already deforested, as is indicated by the presence of pollen from various light demanding herbs. Furthermore, there is evidence that grapevines (Vitis) were cultivated, indicating that much of the land below the city was already exploited for agricultural purposes. Walnut trees were also cultivated near the city. It is probable that suburban farmsteads were present close to the city. The pollen sequences show that man-made deposits from high altitudes may contain important information on the former natural and cultural vegetation of mountain sites in Anatolia. Archaeologists and palynologists should draw more attention to these pollen rich man-made contexts.
Intrapartum Stillbirths in Hospital Unrelated to Uteroplacental Vascular Insufficiency
Authors: Burke Christopher J. , Tannenberg A. E. T.
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of intrapartum asphyxia and its relationship to placental abnormalities. Twenty intrapartum fetal death autopsies carried out over a 10-year period in one hospital pathology department associated with a large obstetric unit were reviewed. All the intrapartum fetal deaths occurred in the hospital, while the mothers were being monitored during and after labor. On morphologic grounds, all the fetal deaths were thought to be caused by intrapartum asphyxia. Seven of the intrapartum fetal deaths were associated with intrauterine infection causing funisitis, and in 6 of these cases, chorioamnionitis was present as well. Two cases were caused by placental abruption, and 1 case was caused by cord compression. In 8 of the 10 remaining cases in which the placenta was examined, a minor placental abnormality was detected in only 1 case. Five of the 10 cases had a mild astrocytosis in the intracerebral periventricular white matter, suggestive of intrauterine ischemia at least 12 hours before death. Five of the 10 cases were thought by the delivering obstetrician to have umbilical cord abnormalities. The main conclusions from this study are that, except in cases of intrauterine infection, placental vascular abnormalities are unlikely to be associated with intrapartum asphyxia leading to fetal death during labor. The number of cases with umbilical cord abnormalities raises the possibility that cord accidents may be a significant cause of intrapartum stillbirth.
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome: Autopsy Findings with Special Emphasis on Hypopituitarism and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hoffman William H. , Lee Jeffrey R. , Kovacs Kalman , Chen Harold , Yaghmai Farivar
Published: January 2007

We present the 1st autopsy findings of a child who had Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) and hypopituitarism. The patient died of acute bronchopneumonia at the age of 4 years. The autopsy revealed a small undescended pituitary that contained a glial hamartoma and a small rim of adenohypopysial cells, which were minimally reactive immunohistologically only for growth hormone. We review the literature with regard to other cases of JBS and hypopituitarism and pituitary function. The need for evaluating pituitary function in all patients with JBS is stressed. At the time of his death, our patient had no clinical evidence of pancreatic exocrine deficiency, and the histology of the pancreas revealed a normal number of acini; however, the acinar cells had an immature appearance. The microlobules were separated by loose fibrous tissue, and there was extensive periductal fibrosis. The spectrum of the pathognomic feature of congenital pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in JBS is discussed.
Molecular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vascular Development
Authors: Galambos Csaba , DeMello Daphne E.
Published: January 2007

In this era of rapidly advancing vascular biology research, a vast array of growth factors and signaling molecules have been recognized as key players in the mechanisms that control lung vascular development. In the lung, vascular development is a complex, multistep process that includes specialization of primitive cells to vascular progenitors; formation of primitive vascular networks; remodeling with local regression and branching; specialization toward arteries, veins, and lymphatics; stabilization of vessels by matrix production and recruitment of supporting cells; and maintenance of the vascular structure. This complex, highly organized process requires exquisite orchestration of the regulatory activity of multiple molecules in a specific temporospatial order. Most of these molecules are members of 3 major growth factor families that have been recently identified. They are the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, and ephrin families. Understanding the functional reach of several members of these growth factor families is integral to an appreciation of the etiology and pathogenesis of developmental lung vascular disorders affecting newborns. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular bases of lung vascular development and some of the pulmonary diseases resulting from aberrant vascular growth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, congenital cystic pulmonary disorders, congenital pulmonary hemangiomatosis, and lung hypoplasia.
Laminar fate of cortical GABAergic interneurons is dependent on both birthdate and phenotype
Authors: Rymar Vladimir V. , Sadikot Abbas F.
Published: January 2007

Pioneering work indicates that the final position of neurons in specific layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex is determined primarily by birthdate. Glutamatergic projection neurons are born in the cortical proliferative zones of the dorsal telencephalon, and follow an “inside‐out” neurogenesis gradient: later‐born cohorts migrate radially past earlier‐born neurons to populate more superficial layers. GABAergic interneurons, the major source of cortical inhibition, comprise a heterogeneous population and are produced in proliferative zones of the ventral telencephalon. Mechanisms by which interneuron subclasses find appropriate layer‐specific cortical addresses remain largely unexplored. Major cortical interneuron subclasses can be identified based on expression of distinct calcium‐binding proteins including parvalbumin, calretinin, or calbindin. We determined whether cortical layer‐patterning of interneurons is dependent on phenotype. Parvalbumin‐positive interneurons populate cortical layers with an inside‐out gradient, and birthdate is isochronous to projection neurons in the same layers. In contrast, another major GABAergic subtype, labeled using calretinin, populates the cerebral cortex using an opposite “outside‐in” gradient, heterochronous to neighboring neurons. In addition to birthdate, phenotype is also a determinant of cortical patterning. Discovery of a cortical subpopulation that does not follow the well‐established inside‐out gradient has important implications for mechanisms of layer formation in the cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:369–380, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of neurotrophin‐4/5 in regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings at the early stage
Authors: Jabbar Shahiqul , Harada Fumiko , Aita Megumi , Ohishi Megumi , Saito Isao , Kawano Yoshiro , Suzuki Akiko , Nozawa‐Inoue Kayoko , Maeda Takeyasu
Published: January 2007

Little is known about the role of neurotrophin‐4/5 (NT‐4/5) in the regeneration of mechanoreceptors. Therefore, the present study examined the regeneration process of Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament in nt‐4/5‐deficient and wildtype mice following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and by computer‐assisted quantitative image analysis. Furthermore, rescue experiments by a continuous administration of recombinant NT‐4/5 were performed and analyzed quantitatively. At postoperative day 3 (PO 3d), almost all PGP 9.5‐positive neural elements had disappeared; they began to appear in both types of animals at PO 7d. At PO 10d, almost all nerve fibers showed a beaded appearance, with fewer ramifications in both types of mice. Although the regeneration proceeded in the wildtype, a major population of the periodontal Ruffini endings continued to display smooth outlines at PO 28d in the nt‐4/5 homozygous mice. The reduction ratio of neural density reached a maximum at PO 3d, decreased at PO 10d, and later showed a plateau. In a rescue experiment, an administration of NT‐4/5 showed an acceleration of nerve regeneration in the homozygous mice. These findings indicate that the nt‐4/5‐depletion causes a delay in the regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings, but the delay is shortened by an exogenous administration of NT‐4/5. Combined with our previous findings of bdnf‐deficient mice (Harada et al. [2003] Arch Histol Cytol 66:183–194), these morphological and numerical data suggest that multiple neurotrophins such as NT‐4/5 and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play roles in their regeneration in a stage‐specific manner. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:400–412, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regionalized expression of ADAM13 during chicken embryonic development
Authors: Lin Juntang , Redies Christoph , Luo Jiankai
Published: January 2007

ADAMs are a family of membrane proteins possessing a disintegrin domain and a metalloprotease domain, which have functions in cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix adhesion, and protein shedding, respectively. ADAMs are involved in morphogenesis and tissue formation during embryonic development. In the present study, chicken ADAM13 was cloned and identified, and its expression was investigated by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization during chicken embryonic development. Our results show that ADAM13 expression is temporally and spatially regulated in chicken embryos. At early developmental stages, ADAM13 is expressed in the head mesenchyme, which later develops into the craniofacial skeleton, in the branchial arches, and in the meninges surrounding the brain. Furthermore, ADAM13 mRNA was also detected in several tissues and organs, such as the somites and their derived muscles, the meninges surrounding the spinal cord, the dorsal aorta, the developing kidney, and several digestive organs. Developmental Dynamics 236:862–870, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient retrieval of the thermo‐acoustic flame transfer function from a linearized CFD simulation of a turbulent flame
Authors: van Kampen J. F. , Kok J. B. W. , van der Meer Th. H.
Published: January 2007

The stability of thermo‐acoustic pressure oscillations in a lean premixed methane‐fired generic gas turbine combustor is investigated. A key element in predicting the acoustically unstable operating conditions of the combustor is the flame transfer function. This function represents the dynamic relationship between a fluctuation in the combustor inlet conditions and the flame's acoustic response. A transient numerical experiment involving spectral analysis in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is usually conducted to predict the flame transfer function. An important drawback of this spectral method application to numerical simulations is the required computational effort. A much faster and more accurate method to calculate the transfer function is derived in this paper by using a most important basic assumption: the fluctuations must be small enough for the system to behave linear. This alternative method, which is called the linear coefficient method, uses a linear representation of the unsteady equations describing the CFD problem. This linearization is applied around a steady‐state solution of the problem, where it can consequently describe the dynamics of the system. Finally, the flame transfer function can be calculated from this linear representation. The advantage of this approach is that one only needs a steady‐state solution and linearization of the unsteady equations for calculating a dynamic transfer function, i.e. no time‐consuming transient simulations are necessary anymore. Nevertheless, as a consequence of the large number of degrees of freedom in a CFD problem, an extra order reduction step needs to be performed prior to calculating the transfer function from the linear representation. Still, the linear coefficient method shows a significant gain in both speed and accuracy when calculating the transfer function from the linear representation as compared to a spectral analysis‐based calculation. Hence, this method gives a major improvement to the application of the flame transfer function as a thermo‐acoustic design tool. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a boundary condition for pressure‐driven laminar flow of incompressible fluids
Authors: Barth William L. , Carey Graham F.
Published: January 2007

We prove in Theorem 1 a new relationship between the stress, pressure, velocity, and mean curvature for embedded surfaces in incompressible viscous flows. This is then used to define a corresponding modified pressure boundary condition for flow of Newtonian and generalized Newtonian fluids. These results agree with an intuitive notion of the flow physics but apparently have not previously been shown rigorously. We describe some of the implementation issues for inflow and outflow boundaries in this context and give details for a penalty treatment of the associated tangential velocity constraint. This is then implemented and applied in high‐resolution 3D benchmark calculations for a representative generalized viscosity model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 chemokine gene variant in blood donors and chronic myelogenous leukemia patients
Authors: de Oliveira Carlos Eduardo Coral , de Oliveira Cavassin Gabriela Gonçalves , de Lourdes Perim Aparecida , Nasser Thiago Franco , de Oliveira Karen Brajão , Fungaro Maria Helena Pelegrinelli , do Val Carneiro Juliana Laino , Watanabe Maria Angelica Ehara
Published: January 2007

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disorder that originates from a pluripotent stem cell expressing the bcr‐abl oncogene. It is characterized by an abnormal release of the expanded, malignant stem cell clone from the bone marrow into the circulation. The stromal cell derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) gene contains a common polymorphism, termed SDF1‐3′A, in an evolutionarily conserved segment of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). In this work the SDF‐1 genotypes of 25 patients (9–82 years old) who had been clinically and hematologically diagnosed with CML were compared with those of 60 healthy donors. In addition, the nature of bcr‐abl hybrid mRNA and the association between demographic and hematological parameters were analyzed in cells from 12 CML patients (five women and seven men). All patients underwent blood collection during the chronic phase of disease after they received chemotherapy. b3a2 mRNA was detected in samples from eight of the CML patients and b2a2 mRNA was observed in four cases. An association between basophils and hemoglobin parameters was observed in that hemoglobin levels were higher in b2a2‐expressing patients, and mean basophil levels were higher in patients expressing b3a2. Four of the CML patients (16%) were homozygous for 3′A allele. Of the patients who showed the presence of bcr‐abl transcripts (N = 12), three presented the wt/wt genotype and nine were SDF1‐3′A carriers. Three of the latter were homozygous for this mutation. It is possible that the bcr‐abl fusion gene and the SDF1 genotype for 3′A allele have important implications for the pathogenesis of CML. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:49–54, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilization of hantavirus antibody results generated over a five‐year period to develop an improved serologic algorithm for detecting acute Sin Nombre hantavirus infection
Authors: Prince Harry E. , Su Xin , Hogrefe Wayne R.
Published: January 2007

In the United States most cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are caused by the Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and are typically identified by serology. The goal of this study was to assess the performance of our hantavirus serologic testing algorithm by reviewing results generated over five years. Sera were screened for pan‐hantavirus immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Screen IgG+ sera were then tested by immunoblot for SNV glycoprotein‐specific IgG, and screen IgM+ sera were tested for SNV‐specific IgM using an ELISA that measured differential reactivity to SNV and Seoul nucleocapsid proteins. Although only 13% of sera were positive in one or both screening assays, 85% of screen+sera lacked SNV antibodies. Nearly all (97%) screen IgM−IgG+ samples lacked SNV IgG, and 90% of screen IgM+IgG− samples lacked SNV IgM. However, SNV IgM testing of screen IgM+IgG− samples appears to be necessary, since this test identified nine of 37 patients with acute HPS (based on clinical feedback). A screen IgM+IgG+ result was a good predictor of SNV antibody detection and acute HPS. These findings were used to design a modified algorithm that identified all 37 patients with acute HPS, but reduced the number of specimens that required SNV antibody testing by 42%. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:7–13, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chylomicron accelerates C3 tick‐over by regulating the role of Factor H, leading to overproduction of acylation stimulating protein
Authors: Fujita Takayuki , Fujioka Takayuki , Murakami Tetsuo , Satomura Atsushi , Fuke Yoshinobu , Matsumoto Koichi
Published: January 2007

Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is a fragment of the third component of complement (C3) that is generated in the presence of chylomicron, and plays a role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol by transporting free fatty acids into adipocytes. However, the precise mechanism of ASP generation, especially the role of chylomicron in ASP generation, is unknown. We examined the mechanism through which chylomicron induces ASP generation. Ultracentrifugationally separated chylomicron was incubated with normal human serum (NHS) under various conditions, and the amounts of complement activation products and ASP in the incubation mixture were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Upon incubation of NHS with various amounts of chylomicron for 120 min, ASP was generated in a dose‐dependent manner. The time course of the production of ASP was similar to the time course of the C3 tick‐over phenomenon that occurred by depletion of factor H from the serum. The complement activation induced by chylomicron was different from the usual complement activation that occurs under the regulation of factor H and factor I with respect to the time course and the amount of ASP produced. Our results indicate that chylomicron accelerates C3 tick‐over by regulating the role of factor H, leading to the overproduction of ASP. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:14–23, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.