bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of hydroxyapatite in soils using calcium citrate and sodium phosphate for control of strontium migration
Authors: Moore Robert C. , Sanchez Charles , Holt Kathleen , Zhang Pengchu , Xu Huifang , Choppin Gregory R.
Published: December 2004

90Sr contamination is a major problem at several U.S. sites. At some sites, 90Sr has migrated deep underground making site remediation difficult. In this paper, we describe a novel method for precipitation of hydroxyapatite, a strong sorbent for 90Sr, in soil. The method is based on mixing a solution of calcium citrate and sodium phosphate in soil. As the indigenous soil microorganisms mineralize the citrate, the calcium is released and forms hydroxyapatite. Soil, taken from the Albuquerque desert, was treated with a sodium phosphate solution or a sodium phosphate/calcium citrate solution. TEM and EDS were used to identify hydroxyapatite with CO3
2- substitutions, with a formula of (Ca4.8Na0.2)[(PO4)2.8(CO3)0.2](OH), in the soil treated with the sodium phosphate/calcium citrate solution. Untreated and treated soils were used in batch sorption experiments for Sr uptake. Average Sr uptake was 19.5, 77.0 and 94.7% for the untreated soil, soil treated with sodium phosphate, and soil with apatite, respectively. In desorption experiments, the untreated soil, phosphate treated soil and apatite treated soil released an average of 34.2, 28.8 and 4.8% respectively. The results indicate the potential of forming apatite in soil using soluble reagents for retardation of radionuclide migration.
Influence of humic substances on the63Ni migration through crushed rock media
Authors: Tanaka Tadao , Sakamoto Y. , Mukai M. , Maeda T. , Nakayama S.
Published: December 2004

Column experiments were performed to study effects of humic acid on the mobility of63Ni(II) through crushed granite media. The63Ni concentration passing the column increased with increasing the concentration of humic acid. The migration behavior of63Ni, either retarded or non-retarded, could not be simulated by the widely-accepted, instantaneous equilibrium sorption model. The rate limited transformation model, taking into account non-equilibrium complexation of63Ni with humic acid facilitates the description of the observed migration behavior of63Ni.
U, Th, Eu and colloid mobility in a granite fracture under near-natural flow conditions
Authors: Schäfer Thorsten , Geckeis Horst , Bouby Muriel , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: December 2004

Laboratory core migration experiments were performed in a granite fracture from the Grimsel Test Site (GTS, central Swiss Alps). The flow velocity was varied (46 m yr-1, 94 m yr-1, 187 m yr-1) and solutions with 10-6 mol L-1 U(VI), 10-8 mol L-1 Th(IV) and 10-8 mol L-1 Eu(III) without (cocktail I) and with addition of 2 mgL-1 bentonite colloids (cocktail II) have been injected. Results are compared with those obtained in a field study at the GTS. Flow field-flow fractionation and ultrafiltration measurements show that U(VI) is not colloid borne, different from Th(IV) and Eu(III) which are associated with colloids in both spiked natural groundwaters with and without bentonite colloid addition. The partly unretarded U(VI) migration observed at short contact times (1-2 h) diminished under near-natural groundwater velocities (∼46 m yr-1) and only a weak retardation (R
f=19.5) could be observed. Furthermore, the U(VI) mass recovery decreased with increasing contact time and was as expected unaffected by bentonite colloid addition. A groundwater colloid mediated Th(IV)/Eu(III) migration without bentonite colloid addition could be confirmed in the core experiments but only at fast groundwater flow rates. Experiments at a water flow rate of 94 m yr-1 with cocktail II demonstrated a partially bentonite colloid facilitated transport of Th(IV) and Eu(III) with 27% and 37% mass recovery, respectively. At long tracer residence times in the flow field, no breakthrough of colloidal Th(IV)/Eu(III) could be observed in both runs, indicating the strong dependence of reaction kinetics on their mobility. Reference colloid experiments using fluorescence dye labeled carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (25 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm) revealed in general a higher recovery of smaller colloid size classes increasing with groundwater velocity. Additionally, an earlier peak arrival time of colloids and colloid-associated Th(IV) and Eu(III) was observed with respect to the conservative tracer 3H in all experiments due to pore-size or charge exclusion effects. In general, the colloid recoveries found in the laboratory core experiments are lower than those obtained in the field studies. The decrease of colloid mobility with increasing residence time suggests the occurrence of colloid attachment to the rock surfaces even under the colloid stabilizing groundwater conditions.
In-situ diffusion of HTO, 22Na+, Cs+ and I- in Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory
Authors: Van Loon Luc R. , Wersin P. , Soler J. M. , Eikenberg J. , Gimmi Th. , Hernán P. , Dewonck S. , Savoye S.
Published: December 2004

The diffusion properties of the Opalinus Clay were studied in the underground research laboratory at Mont Terri (Canton Jura, Switzerland) and the results were compared with diffusion data measured in the laboratory on small-scale samples. The diffusion of HTO, 22Na+, Cs+ and I- were investigated for a period of 10 months. The diffusion equipment used in the field experiment was designed in such a way that a solution of tracers was circulated through a sintered metal screen placed at the end of a borehole drilled in the formation. The concentration decrease caused by the diffusion of tracers into the rock could be followed with time and allowed first estimations of the effective diffusion coefficient. After 10 months, the diffusion zone was overcored and the tracer profiles measured. From these profiles, effective diffusion coefficients and rock capacity factors could be extracted by applying a two-dimensional transport model including diffusion and sorption. The simulations were done with the reactive transport code CRUNCH. In addition, results obtained from through-diffusion experiments on small-sized samples with HTO, 36Cl- and 22Na+ are presented and compared with the in situ data. In all cases, excellent agreement between the two data sets exists. Results for Cs+ indicated five times higher diffusion rates relative to HTO. Corresponding laboratory diffusion measurements are still lacking. However, our Cs+ data are in qualitative agreement with through-diffusion data for Callovo–Oxfordian argillite rock samples, which also indicate significantly higher effective diffusivities for Cs+ relative to HTO.
Solubility constraints on uranium concentrations in groundwaters of the Tono uranium deposit, Japan
Authors: Iwatsuki T. , Arthur R. , Ota K. , Metcalfe R.
Published: December 2004

A key concept underpinning most safety assessments of geological disposal systems for high-level nuclear wastes is that the maximum aqueous concentrations of actinide elements released from the waste will be limited by the solubility of the corresponding tetravalent oxide or hydrous oxide. The validity of this concept for U is evaluated in the present study using hydrochemical and mineralogical data from the Tono uranium (U) deposit in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. In addition, the long-term stability of U mineralization in the Tono deposit is assessed in terms of plausible range of U solubilities in paleogroundwaters migrating through the deposit.

A thermodynamic evaluation of the aqueous-speciation and solubility behaviour of U indicates that U concentrations in the coexisting groundwaters greatly exceed the solubility of both uraninite [UO2(c)] and coffinite [USiO4(c)]. The dissolved U concentrations appear instead to be controlled by the solubility of amorphous hydrous U(IV) oxide [UO2(am)], which is metastable with respect to uraninite. Mineralogical and microbiological investigations suggest that pH–Ehconditions similar to those observed presently in groundwaters of the lower Toki Lignite-bearing Formation (pH≈8-10;Eh≈-250--410 mV) have been buffered, possibly since the present geological structure formed about 5-0.7 Ma, by microbial sulphate reduction and precipitation/dissolution of calcite. If so, corresponding U concentrations controlled by UO2(am) solubility are calculated to have been in the range of 10-6.1and 10-8.7mol kg-1depending on the possible environmental conditions,i.e.,Eh, pH and carbonate concentration.
Mobility of uranium in tertiary argillaceous sediments – a natural analogue study
Authors: Noseck Ulrich , Brasser Thomas , Rajlich Petr , Laciok Ales , Hercik Mirek
Published: December 2004

The aim of the Natural Analogue study at Ruprechtov site (CZ) is to investigate the potential mobility of uranium in tertiary argillaceous sediments under representative long-term conditions. Such sediments often build up the overburden of host rocks for deep geological waste repositories. The Ruprechtov site represents a tertiary basin with argillized volcano-detritic sediments, which is surrounded by granite and underlain by kaolin and granite. U-enrichment mainly occurs in distinct layers of limited thickness on top of the kaolin close to aquiferous horizons and the clay-lignite seams. After a general survey of the site a new set of drillings has been sunk in 2002 in order to investigate the hydraulic, geological and chemical conditions of the area, including detailed investigations of kaolin and granite.

Based on actual results new conceptual models for geological evolution and uranium transport pathways at Ruprechtov site have been developed. There is now strong evidence that U-migration at the site is mainly determined by three different processes: a) diffusion through kaolin, b) advection via fault zones across the kaolin and c) advection through aquiferous layers at the interface kaolin/Tertiary. Uranium source is the so-called Erzgebirgs- (Krušné hory) granite, underlying the Tertiary and kaolin and outcropping at the margins of the Tertiary basin.
Towards a common thermodynamic database for speciation models
Authors: van der Lee Jan , Lomenech Claire
Published: December 2004

Bio-geochemical speciation models and reactive transport models are reaching an operational stage, allowing simulation of complex dynamic experiments and description of field observations. For decades, the main focus has been on model performance but at present, the availability and reliability of thermodynamic data is the limiting factor of the models. Thermodynamic models applied to real and complex geochemical systems require much more extended thermodynamic databases with many minerals, colloidal phases, humic and fulvic acids, cementitious phases and (dissolved) organic complexing agents. Here we propose a methodological approach to achieve, ultimately, a common, operational database including the reactions and constants of these phases. Provided they are coherent with the general thermodynamic laws, sorption reactions are included as well. We therefore focus on sorption reactions and parameter values associated with specific sorption models. The case of sorption on goethite has been used to illustrate the way the methodology handles the problem of inconsistency and data quality.
Geochemically derived non-gaseous radionuclide source term for the Asse salt mine – assessment for the use of a Mg(OH)2-based backfill material
Authors: Metz Volker , Schüßler W. , Kienzler B. , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: December 2004

The Asse salt mine was used as a test site for radioactive waste disposal from 1967 to 1978. Low- and intermediate-level waste forms (LLW/ILW) were emplaced, containing a total radionuclide inventory of 3×1015Bq, estimated for reference date January 1, 2005. It is expected that MgCl2-rich brine will enter the emplacement rooms and react with the cemented waste products. Possible microbal degradation of organic waste components in MgCl2-rich brine could produce significant quantities of CO2, resulting in an acidification and consequently in an increase of element solubilities. Application of buffering backfill materials is discussed for closure of the mine. Selection of backfill materials is based on geochemical modeling taking into account the corrosion of the cemented LLW/ILW and degradation of organic waste components. In the present study the evolving geochemical milieu and respective solubilities of Am, Np, Pu, U, Th, Tc, Sr, Cs and I were modeled for each emplacement room. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to selectively verify the modeling predictions.

Geochemical modeling leads to the conclusion that Portland cement, a Mg(OH)2-based material and crushed salt can be used in different combinations as backfill materials. According to the predictions Mg(OH)2-based backfill material controls the pH and concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon within ranges that are favorable with respect to actinide solubilities. A source term for radioelements and fission products is derived from a comparison of the respective solubilities and the radionuclide inventories. Calculated solubilities of Th, Pu and U are lower than their inventories. These are controlled by the thermodynamic solubility therefore. Maximum solution concentrations of all other elements are controlled by their inventory.
Simulation of remediation alternatives for a137Cs contaminated soil
Authors: Bea Sergio A. , Carrera Jesús , Soler J. M. , Ayora Carlos , Saaltink Maarten
Published: December 2004

We analyze remediation alternatives for a soil contaminated with137Cs, which sorbs strongly to clay aggregates where water flux is negligible. The mobile portion of the soil (macropores) retains little water and cesium. Some of the remediation alternatives involve infiltration of seawater enriched with KCl, to promote mobilization of Cs through exchange with K. Therefore, a fully coupled reactive transport model is used to test these alternatives. We conclude that flushing is a viable alternative, provided that some recommendations, derived from the modelling exercise are followed. These include high rate periodic infiltration and draining, as well as performing infiltration from independent cells to limit the effect of preferential flowpaths.
Reactive transport modelling of a spent fuel repository in a stiff clay formation considering excavation damaged zones
Authors: De Windt Laurent , Pellegrini Delphine , van der Lee Jan
Published: December 2004

The near-field evolution of a spent fuel disposal in a deep stiff clay formation is studied with the coupled chemistry-transport code HYTEC. The study gives an example that such models can be currently used for geometries (2D and 3D) and time scales (100000 y) relevant for performance assessment. The repository consists of short tunnels with MX80 bentonite barriers and cementitious materials for mechanical support. Cesium, iodine and uranium are released from the waste packages considering instant release fractions and congruent dissolution of the fuel pellets. The calculations are carried out with special focus on the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) comparing diffusion process and different advection scenarios in this zone. Cement represents a source of alkaline perturbations but, under the pure diffusion scenario, the alteration of the multi-barrier system remains limited. The presence of the EDZ does not significantly modify radionuclide migration in the pure diffusion case. The advection scenarios, even with very slow flow velocities, illustrate the possibility of preferential pathways through the EDZ for iodine but show almost no effect on the alkaline plume and cesium migration.
AC and DC Conductivity in Nano- and Microcrystalline Li2O : B2O3 Composites: Experimental Results and Theoretical Models
Authors: Indris Sylvio , Heitjans Paul , Ulrich Markus , Bunde Armin
Published: December 2004

We report on impedance measurements of nano- and microcrystalline composites of the Li ion conductor Li2O and the ionic insulator B2O3 as well as their interpretation in the frame of percolation models. In the experimental part, besides the dc conductivity and its dependence on composition and temperature (i.e. its activation energy) also the ac conductivity and its dependence on composition, temperature and frequency (i.e. the conductivity exponent) are presented. Striking differences between the nanocrystalline and the corresponding microcrystalline composites were found. Deviations of the ac from the dc results can be explained by the fact that the experiments probe ion dynamics on different time and thus length scales. In the theoretical part, a continuum percolation model, a brick-layer type bond percolation approach and a Voronoi construction are alternatively used to model the dc behaviour. Based merely on the largely different volume fractions of the interfaces between ionic conductor and insulator grains in the nano- and microcrystalline composites, good overall agreement with the experimental dc results is obtained. The high critical insulator content above which the experimental conductivity vanishes in the nanocrystalline composites suggests the presence of an additional Li diffusion passageway of nanometer length in the interface between nanocrystalline insulator grains.
Commodified Kin: Death, Mourning, and Competing Claims on the Bodies of Organ Donors in the United States
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: December 2004

A pronounced disjunction characterizes symbolic constructions of the cadaveric donor body in the United States, where procurement professionals and surviving donor kin vie with one another in their desires to honor this unusual category of the dead. Of special concern is the medicalized commodification of donor bodies, a process that shapes both their social worth and emotional value. Among professionals, metaphorical thinking is key: death and body fragmentation are cloaked in ecological imagery that stresses renewal and rebirth. Such objectification also obscures the origins of transplantable organs, renders individual donors anonymous, and silences kin who mourn their dead. In response, donor kin have grown increasingly assertive, generating alternative public mortuary forms that exclude professional mediators. In so doing, they challenge the medical assumption that anonymity is central to transplantation's continued success. Through donor quilts and Web cemeteries, they proclaim the personal identities of donors who, at times, may speak beyond the grave, offering critiques of donation as a socio‐medical process in the United States,[organ transplantation, medical technology, body parts, commodification, United States]
Thinking Temporally or Modernizing Anthropology
Authors: Donham Donald L.
Published: December 2004

Recent changes within social and cultural anthropology have made history a key issue, but in this essay I argue that the field has yet to develop the resources that are required to deal with temporality. This point is made through an extended examination of Jean and John Comaroffs work on Christianity and colonialism in southern Africa. Arguably, the Comaroffs read history backward and then present its unfolding as a kind of inexorable logic. In doing so, they homogenize missionary and Tswana "cultures" and attribute agency to abstractions rather than to people acting in particular material contexts. In contrast, I argue for a narrative approach to historical anthropological explanation. The emergent qualities of events—and the variable ways in which capitalism, hegemony, Protestantism, and vernacular modernisms relate—require narrative for explanation, narrative that encompasses within itself the narratives of social actors themselves, [historical anthropology, narrative, the modern, South Africa]
Hosay Trinidad
Authors: Brennan Dallas
Published: December 2004

Hosay Trinidad. 1998. 45 minutes, 50 seconds, color. film by John Bishop and Frank J. Korom. with support of the Smithsonian Institution Center of Folklife and Cultural Heritage. For more information, contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472; (617) 926‐0491; docued@der.org.
Social Patterns in Pre‐Classic Mesoamerica
Authors: Herth Kenneth G.
Published: December 2004

Social Patterns in Pre‐Classic Mesoamerica. David C. Grove and Rosemary A. Joyce. eds. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1999. 336 pp.
The Archaeology of Solvieux: An Upper Palaeolithic Open Air Site in France
Authors: White Randall
Published: December 2004

The Archaeology of Solvieux: An Upper Palaeolithic Open Air Site in France. James Sackett. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Archaeology, 1999. 420 pp.
Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus
Authors: Dewar Robert
Published: December 2004

Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus. Alan H. Simmons and Associates. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. 381 pp.
Language and Culture
Authors: LeSourd Philip S.
Published: December 2004

Language and Culture. David L. Shaul and N. Louanna Furbee. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998. 305 pp.
The Law of the Lifegivers: The Domestication of Desire
Authors: Masquelier Adeline
Published: December 2004

The Law of the Lifegivers: The Domestication of Desire. René Devisch and Claude Brodeur. Langhorne, PA: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999. 268 pp.
Cities and Citizenship
Authors: Peterson Jeff D.
Published: December 2004

Cities and Citizenship. James Holston. ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999. 260 pp.
Myth and Religion in Mircea Eliade
Authors: Caldwell Sarah
Published: December 2004

Myth and Religion in Mircea Eliade. Douglas Allen. Levittown, PA: Taylor and Francis, Inc., 1998. 375 pp.
Cultural Differences and Urban Spatial Forms: Elements of Boundedness in an Accra Community
Authors: Pellow Deborah
Published: December 2004

In this article, I expand on Coquery‐Vidrovitch's observation (1991) that to understand each African urban milieu, we must view it as more than a fusion of European, American, or traditional culture. Rather, we must see each African city as unique, that is, in fact, internally differentiated, containing a multitude of enclaves that vary one from another in their respective social, physical, and architectural spatial forms. I focus on one community in Accra known as Sabon Zongo. Founded by migrant Hausa from northern Nigeria almost a century ago, it is neither typically southern Ghanaian nor Hausa, having adapted to a mixed cultural milieu. Laid out by the British as part of their town plan, its manner of growth has blurred the original scheme. I examine a number of components that define the uniqueness of this particular urban community, including physical delineations (within Sabon Zongo and between it and the city at large), local knowledge, the landscape, the infrastructure, market and street trade, and centripetal socio‐spatial structures such as the family compound. [Ghana, zongo, social‐spatial linkage]
Metropolitanism and the Transformation of Urban Space in Nineteenth‐Century Colonial Metropoles
Authors: Rotenberg Robert
Published: December 2004

In this paper, I argue that the nineteenth‐century movement of "metropolitanism" was a transnational attempt to rebuild and re‐imagine cities in a bourgeois image and through a capitalist process of investment. This movement began with the attempt by wealthy residents of imperial metropoles to remake their cities in ways that created greater social distance between themselves and their colonies—both external and internal. I explore how a discourse with specific urban content can engender a movement that revolutionizes people's view of the city. The analysis points toward a revitalization of this movement in the present moment of global transformations, suggesting that the reshaping of urban social organization and urban institutions through transnational processes is not new. [urban, metropolitanism, colonialism, housing, architecture]
Supply‐Side Sushi: Commodity, Market, and the Global City
Authors: Bestor Theodore C.
Published: December 2004

Urban anthropology has been simultaneously challenged and transformed as forces of globalization—variously defined in economic, political, social, and cultural terms—have been theorized as "de‐territorializing" many social processes and trends formerly regarded as characteristic of urban places. Against a seemingly dis‐placed cityscape of global flows of capital, commerce, commodity, and culture, this paper examines the reconfiguration of spatially and temporally dispersed relationships among labor, commodities, and cultural influence within an international seafood trade that centers on Tokyo's Tsukiji seafood market, and the local specificity of both market and place within a globalized urban setting.[Tokyo, markets, food culture, globalization]
Deferred Harvests: The Transition from Hunting to Animal Husbandry
Authors: Alvard Michael S. , Kuznar Lawrence
Published: December 2004

We defineanimal husbandryas prey conservation. Conservation is rare among extant hunters and only likely to occur when prey are highly valued, private goods. The long‐term discounted deferred returns from husbandry must also be greater than the short‐term returns from hunting. We compare the returns from hunting and husbanding strategies as a function of prey body size. Returns from husbanding are estimated using a maximum sustainable yield (MSY) model. Following Charnov (1993), allometric analyses show that the MSY is nearly independent of prey body size. The opportunity costs of husbanding are measured as prey standing biomass times the discount rate. Since standing biomass scales positively with body size, the opportunity costs of husbanding are greater for larger animals. An evolutionary discount rate is estimated following Rogers (1994) to be between 2.4% and 6%. Using these values, the prey body size for which hunting and meat‐only husbanding provide the same return is approximately 40kg. Animals greater than 40kg are predicted to be hunted,[animal husbandry, evolutionary ecology, allometry, hunting, Neolithic transition]
The Moral Economy of Water: Equity and Antiquity in the Andean Commons
Authors: Trawick Paul
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on irrigation and water use in a community in the Peruvian Andes, one of numerous villages in the region where these activities are carried out in an unusual way. The practices and principles that make up this tradition, defining the rights and duties of community members in making use of the resource most vital for life, are identified and evaluated based on comparative ethnographic research. It is argued that they provide a highly effective way of managing a scarce and fluctuating resource that is held in common, an older Andean tradition that may have been adopted by the Incas and endorsed as an official policy—all of which might help to account for its wide distribution in the region today. In this particular case, the principles help to create an extraordinary kind of community, a transparent and equitable one in which a basic material symmetry or proportionality is expressed at many levels. This symmetry is closely related to other basic commonalities among community members, but of particular interest are its effects on social solidarity and cooperation and its association with a strong sense of ethnic identity. The implications of this tradition for solving contemporary problems in water management are also briefly discussed, [sociocultural anthropology, irrigation, Andes, common‐property]
Evaluating Five Models of Human Colonization
Authors: Moore John H.
Published: December 2004

Five patterns for the human colonization of unoccupied regions are tested for viability by the use of a new stochastic band simulation program, called ETHNOPOP ©, that incorporates four demographic variables: (1) sex ratio at birth, (2) distribution of sibships, (3) maternal risk of giving birth, and (4) risk of death; as well as three cultural variables: (1) marriage choice, (2) polygyny, and (3) marriage pool. It was discovered that small colonizing bands initially undergo a Stochastic Crisis because of a demographic version of the Sewall Wright Effect, followed most often by a Malthusian Takeoff in population size if fertility rates are high enough. Of the models tested, it was discovered that the "string of pearls" model, in which bands are arrayed along a stream or coastline, is the most viable colonizing pattern, and that the "outpost" model, in which a band has no contiguous bands, and the "beachhead" model, in which a group of bands are clustered against a body of water, should be subsumed under the "pulse" model, in which successive waves of colonists enter a previously unoccupied area,[colonization, modeling, simulation, sex ratio, fertility]
WHEN: A Conversation about Culture
Authors: Borofsky Robert , Barth Fredrik , Shweder Richard A. , Rodseth Lars , Stolzenberg Nomi Maya
Published: December 2004

For decades now culture has been a topic anthropologists argue about: WHAT it does or does not mean, IF it should or should not constitute a central concept of the discipline. This essay steps outside these arguments to rephrase the issue and our approach to it. It explores WHEN it makes sense to use the cultural concept: Should we proceed inductively or deductively in constructing connections between the concept and our data? And instead of assertions by one author, it utilizes a debate format to collectively raise possibilities to ponder,[culture, induction, deduction, anthropological analysis]
The Passion of Franz Boas
Authors: Lewis Herbert S.
Published: December 2004

The reputation of Franz Boas as a scientist declined in the decades after his death in 1942, but his reputation as a champion of human rights and an opponent of racism remained intact. More recently, however, some writers have questioned the sincerity, the results, and the political implications of his anthropology and his work against racism and ethnocentrism. Others have been critical of his relations with colleagues and students such as Ella Deloria and Zora Neale Hurston. In this essay I discuss some of these claims and present a more positive view. Franz Boas was passionately and consistently concerned about human rights and individual liberty, freedom of inquiry and speech, equality of opportunity, and the defeat of prejudice and chauvinism. He struggled for a lifetime to advance a science that would serve humanity, and he was as much of a humanitarian in private as he was in public. [Boas, political struggles, human relations]
The Connecting Sea: History, Anthropology, and the Mediterranean
Authors: Driessen Henk
Published: December 2004

The Corrupting Sea:. Study of Mediterranean History. Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. 761 pp.

Mediterranean:. Cultural Landscape. Predrag Matvejević. Michael Henry Heim. trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 218 pp.

. Mediterranean Society. An Abridgment in One Volume. Shlomo D. Goitein. Jacob Lassner. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 503 pp.
"Our" Anthropology of Technoscience?
Authors: Hakken David
Published: December 2004

The Machine in Me: An Anthropologist Sits among Computer Engineers. Gary Downey. New York: Routledge, 1998. 288 pp.

Cyborg Babies: From Techno‐Sex to Techno‐Tots. Robbie Davis‐Floyd and Joseph Dumit. eds. New York: Routledge, 1998. 358 pp.

Modest_Witness. Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse™. Feminism and Technoscience. Donna Haraway. New York: Routledge, 1996 361 pp.

Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in. Digital World. Stefan Helmreich. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 314 pp.
The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond
Authors: Schortman Edward
Published: December 2004

The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond. Michelle Hegmon. ed. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000.467 pp.
Ants for Breakfast: Archaeological Adventures among the Kalinga
Authors: Griffin P. Bion
Published: December 2004

Ants for Breakfast: Archaeological Adventures among the Kalinga. James Skibo. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.178 pp.
Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: December 2004

Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior. Christopher Boehm. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.292 pp.
Lawrence of Arabia: A Film's Anthropology
Authors: Conway‐Long Don
Published: December 2004

Lawrence of Arabia:. Film's Anthropology. Steven C. Caton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.301 pp.
The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations; Incorporating the Familiar: An Investigation into Legal Sensibilities in Nunavik
Authors: Fiske Jo‐Anne
Published: December 2004

The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law and First Nations. Dara Culhane. Burnaby, BC. Talon Books, 1998.406 pp.

Incorporating the Familiar: An Investigation into Legal Sensibilities in Nunavik. Susan G. Drummond. Montreal, Quebec: McGill‐Queen's University Press, 1997.189 pp.
The European Family: An Historico‐Anthropological Essay
Authors: Gilliland Mary Kay
Published: December 2004

The European Family: An Historico‐Anthropological Essay. Jack Goody. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.209 pp.
Lady Friends: Hawaiian Ways and the Ties That Define
Authors: Modell Judith S.
Published: December 2004

Lady Friends: Hawaiian Ways and the Ties That Define. Karen L. Ito. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. 176 pp.
Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry
Authors: Messinger Seth D.
Published: December 2004

Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. T. M. Luhrmann. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.337 pp.
Lushootseed Culture and the Shamanic Odyssey; An Anchored Radiance
Authors: Thom Brian
Published: December 2004

Lushootseed Culture and the Shamanic Odyssey; An Anchored Radiance. Jay Miller. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.185 pp.
Managing the Historic Rural Landscape; Managing Historic Sites and Buildings: Reconciling Presentation and Preservation
Authors: Hardesty Donald
Published: December 2004

Managing the Historic Rural Landscape. Jane Grenville. ed. New York: Routledge, 1999.179 pp.

Managing Historic Sites and Buildings: Reconciling Presentation and Preservation. Gill Chitty and David Baker. eds. New York: Routledge, 1999.193 pp.
Nature and Culture in the Andes
Authors: Zimmerer Karl
Published: December 2004

Nature and Culture in the Andes. Daniel W. Gade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.302 pp.
“Writing in the Margins”: Brazilian Hip‐Hop as an Educational Project
Authors: PARDUE DEREK
Published: December 2004

Hip‐hop culture's force as part of globalization in the fields of economics, popular aesthetics, and identity politics has been well documented. However, its articulation to educational practices has received less attention. This article draws upon fieldwork conducted in 1999 and 2002 in a youth correctional facility to analyze how state institutional practices mediate hip‐hop's educational project in São Paulo, Brazil. This analysis historicizes culture and education as they pertain to popular culture and the state in urban Brazil, and evaluates hip‐hop's pedagogical force in the local workshop setting.
To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California
Authors: Hall Matt
Published: December 2004

To Make. Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California Richard Sawyer. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996.
The Stigma of New Guinea — Reflections of Anthropology and Anthropologists
Authors: Iamo Warilea
Published: December 2004

This examination of Margaret Mead, by an anthropologist from Papua New Guinea, whose people have been the focus of Dr. Mead's research, provides a sorely needed indigenous viewpoint that will benefit western anthropologists.

Rising scholars in Papua New Buinea regard Margaret Mead's published studies, and those of most western anthropologists, as being more a reflection of western culture than of the people under study. The distortions created by anthropologists have stripped the indigenous people of their dignity and right to determine their own future.
Research Trends in the Study of Chinese Cities: A Review Essay
Authors: Jankowiak William
Published: December 2004

FOUR THEMES ARE evident in the studies of urban China (Taiwan, Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China) over the last thirty years: the relationship between state policy and economic development; the urbanization and transformation of Chinese society; socialism's impact on the urban infrastructure; and, more recently; the effect of market reforms on urban stratification, family composition and organization, and forms of cultural expression. This essay presents a bibliography of writings on urban China (1949–1998). Much of this literature is drawn from disciplines other than anthropology and is relatively recent, (51 percent or n=143 out of 240 were published in the last eight years). The essay also discusses the thematic topics and more recent writings representative of research in the field. [China, cities, market reform, social change]
The Making of Bamana Sculpture: Creativity and Gender
Authors: Mark Peter
Published: December 2004

The Making of Bamana Sculpture: Creativity and Gender, SARAH C. BRETT‐SMITH. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. RES Monographs on Anthropology and Aesthetics, xx. 352 pp. 60 b/w illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $95.00 (cloth).
Great Excavations: Tales of Early Southwestern Archaeology, 1888‐1939
Authors: Schaafsma Curtis F.
Published: December 2004

Great Excavations: Tales of Early Southwestern Archaeology, 1888‐1939. Melinda Elliot. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1995. Distributed by the University of Washington Press, xvii. 251 pp. 136 b/w photos, map, notes, bibliography, index. $40.00 (cloth), $20.00 (paper).
The Role of Hypoxia-Induced Factors in Tumor Progression
Authors: Vaupel Peter
Published: December 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Describe hypoxia-induced mechanisms for cell survival. Discuss hypoxia-induced gene expression. Relate hypoxia and glucose metabolism.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit atCME.TheOncologist.com

Hypoxia is a common characteristic of locally advanced solid tumors that has been associated with diminished therapeutic response and, more recently, with malignant progression, that is, an increasing probability of recurrence, locoregional spread, and distant metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates that the effect of hypoxia on malignant progression is mediated by a series of hypoxia-induced proteomic and genomic changes activating angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, and other processes that enable tumor cells to survive or escape their oxygendeficient environment. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a major regulator of tumor cell adaptation to hypoxic stress. Tumor cells with proteomic and genomic changes favoring survival under hypoxic conditions will proliferate, thereby further aggravating the hypoxia. The selection and expansion of new (and more aggressive) clones, which eventually become the dominant tumor cell type, lead to the establishment of a vicious circle of hypoxia and malignant progression.
The Erythropoietin Receptor and Its Expression in Tumor Cells and Other Tissues
Authors: Farrell Francis , Lee Adrian
Published: December 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Describe the structure of the erythropoietin receptor. Describe the function of the erythropoietin receptor. Describe the distributions of erythropoietin receptors in normal and tumor tissues.

Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit atCME.TheOncologist.com

Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, stimulating growth, preventing apoptosis, and promoting differentiation of red blood cell progenitors. The EPO receptor belongs to the cytokine receptor superfamily. Although the primary role of EPO is the regulation of red blood cell production, EPO and its receptor have been localized to several nonhematopoietic tissues and cells, including the central nervous system (CNS), endothelial cells, solid tumors, the liver, and the uterus. The presence of EPO receptors and the possibility of EPO signaling in these tissues and cells have led to numerous studies of the effects of EPO at these sites. In particular, expression of EPO and the EPO receptor in cancer cells has generated much interest because of concern that administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to patients with breast and other cancer cells expressing the EPO receptor may promote tumor growth via the induction of cell proliferation or angiogenesis. However, evidence supporting a growth-promoting effect has been inconclusive. Moreover, several preclinical studies have shown a beneficial effect of EPO on delaying tumor growth. Further, it is conceivable that increased expression of EPO could reduce tumor hypoxia and ameliorate the deleterious effects of hypoxia on tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. On the other hand, EPO has also been shown to produce an angiogenic effect in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. However, there is no evidence that these effects occur in vivo to promote tumor growth. EPO and EPO receptors are expressed in neural tissue, and they are upregulated there by hypoxia. Animal studies have shown that administration of epoetin alfa (an rHuEPO) reduces tissue injury due to ischemic stroke, blunt trauma, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These findings suggest that epoetin alfa may provide a therapeutic benefit in patients with stroke, trauma, epilepsy, and other CNS-related disorders. Clearly, further study of EPO and the EPO receptor in nonhematopoietic tissue is warranted to determine the potential therapeutic usefulness of rHuEPO as well as to determine the signaling pathway responsible for its effect in vivo.
Tumor Hypoxia: Causative Factors, Compensatory Mechanisms, and Cellular Response
Authors: Vaupel Peter , Harrison Louis
Published: December 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Explain the effect of hypoxia on resistance to treatment. Describe the causes of tumor hypoxia. Characterize cellular response to hypoxia.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of locally advanced solid tumors resulting from an imbalance between oxygen (O2) supply and consumption. Major causative factors of tumor hypoxia are abnormal structure and function of the microvessels supplying the tumor, increased diffusion distances between the nutritive blood vessels and the tumor cells, and reduced O2 transport capacity of the blood due to the presence of disease- or treatment-related anemia. Tumor hypoxia is a therapeutic concern since it can reduce the effectiveness of radiotherapy, some O2-dependent cytotoxic agents, and photodynamic therapy. Tumor hypoxia can also negatively impact therapeutic outcome by inducing changes in the proteome and genome of neoplastic cells that further survival and malignant progression by enabling the cells to overcome nutritive deprivation or to escape their hostile environment. The selection and clonal expansion of these favorably altered cells further aggravate tumor hypoxia and support a vicious circle of increasing hypoxia and malignant progression while concurrently promoting the development of more treatment-resistant disease. This pattern of malignant progression, coupled with the demonstration of a relationship between falling hemoglobin level and worsening tumor oxygenation, highlights the need for effective treatment of anemia as one approach for correcting anemic hypoxia in tumors, and in so doing, possibly improving therapeutic response.
rHuEPO and Treatment Outcomes: The Preclinical Experience
Authors: Ludwig Heinz
Published: December 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Discuss some of the animal model systems that have been used to understand the effects of erythropoietin on cancer treatment. Describe the effects of hypoxia on treatment end points in animal model systems. Discuss our evolving understanding of the effects of erythropoietin on the immune system.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit atCME.TheOncologist.com

The presence of hypoxic areas is a common feature of solid tumors and has been associated with decreased sensitivity of the tumors to radiation therapy and oxygen-dependent chemotherapeutic agents, as well as worsened outcomes, including survival. Anemia is also common in cancer patients and is believed to contribute to tumor hypoxia. Thus, the rationale exists for administering recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin alfa) in an effort to increase hemoglobin levels, correct anemia, and thereby possibly increase the sensitivity of tumors to standard cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes. The results of several preclinical studies that examined the impact of anemia prevention by rHuEPO on tumor sensitivity to radiation therapy in rodent models of cancer showed that induction of anemia increased hypoxia in tumor cells and that correction of anemia with rHuEPO could improve tumor oxygenation. Further studies in rodent models showed significantly delayed tumor growth in both irradiated mice and irradiated rats treated with rHuEPO. In those studies, the increased radiosensitivity observed was believed to be due to improved tumor oxygenation following the correction of anemia. Similarly, enhancements in chemosensitivity were found in rHuEPO-treated rodent models. In the chemosensitivity studies, as in the radiosensitivity studies, the therapeutic benefit obtained was believed to reflect improved tumor oxygenation subsequent to an rHuEPO-related increase in oxygen availability. One study evaluated the potential biologic effects of epoetin alfa on tumor progression using murine myeloma models (MOPC-315 and 5T33 MM). Treatment of MOPC-315 tumor-bearing mice with epoetin alfa induced complete tumor regression in 30%–60% of mice. Regression was found to be tumor specific, and the effect of epoetin alfa was shown to be T-cell mediated. Additionally, epoetin alfa administration prolonged survival and reduced morbidity and mortality in the 5T33 MM tumor model. Those investigators suggested that epoetin alfa may have antitumor activity in addition to its hematopoietic effects. Overall, these preclinical findings suggest that correction of anemia by rHuEPO can increase tumor sensitivity to both radiation therapy and chemotherapy and that epoetin alfa may exert an immunomodulatory effect in multiple myeloma.