Early Infection Incidence and Risk of Acute Leukemia Development Among Mexican Children
Authors: Sepúlveda-Robles Omar , Flores-Lujano Janet , Núñez-Enríquez Juan Carlos , Jiménez-Hernández Elva , Duarte-Rodríguez David Aldebarán , Martín-Trejo Jorge Alfonso , Espinoza-Hernández Laura Eugenia , García-Jiménez Xochiketzalli , Paredes-Aguilera Rogelio , Dosta-Herrera Juan José , Mondragón-García Javier Anastacio , Valdés-Guzmán Heriberto , Mejía-Pérez Laura , Espinoza-Anrubio Gilberto , Paz-Bribiesca María Minerva , Salcedo-Lozada Perla , Landa-García Rodolfo Ángel , Ramírez-Colorado Rosario , Hernández-Mora Luis , Santamaría-Ascencio Marlene , López-Loyola Anselmo , Godoy-Esquivel Arturo Hermilo , García-López Luis Ramiro , Anguiano-Ávalos Alison Ireri , Mora-Rico Karina , Castañeda-Echevarría Alejandro , Rodríguez-Jiménez Roberto , Cibrian-Cruz José Alberto , Cárdenas-Cardos Rocío , Altamirano-García Martha Beatriz , Sánchez-Ruiz Martin , Rivera-Luna Roberto , Rodríguez-Villalobos Luis Rodolfo , Hernández-Pérez Francisco , Olvera-Durán Jaime Ángel , García-Cortés Luis Rey , Torres-Nava José Refugio , De Ita Marlon , Medina-Sanson Aurora , Mata-Rocha Minerva , Peñaloza-Gonzalez José Gabriel , Espinosa-Elizondo Rosa Martha , Flores-Villegas Luz Victoria , Amador-Sanchez Raquel , Orozco-Ruiz Darío , Pérez-Saldívar Maria Luisa , Velázquez-Aviña Martha Margarita , Merino-Pasaye Laura Elizabeth , Solís-Labastida Karina Anastacia , González-Ávila Ana Itamar , Santillán-Juárez Jessica Denisse , Bekker-Méndez Vilma Carolina , Jiménez-Morales Silvia , Rangel-López Angélica , Arellano-Galindo José , Meléndez-Zajgla Jorge , Rosas-Vargas Haydeé , Mejía-Aranguré Juan Manuel 
Published: February 2025

Background: The few epidemiologic studies of infection exposure in early life and acute leukemia (AL) risk in Latino children have yielded inconsistent results, suggesting a possible effect of ethnicity. Here, we examined the correlation between infection exposure and acute leukemia risk in children from Mexico City—One of the biggest Latino cities worldwide. Methods: This study included 1455 Mexican children diagnosed with de novo AL (2002–2016), and 1455 control individuals frequency-matched by age and health institution. The AL population included acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Pre-B ALL, and acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate direct and indirect proxies of infection in children or their mothers. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections during the child’s first year of life were a risk factor for AL (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.48–5.15), including ALL (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.67–5.89) and Pre-B (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.63–5.96). Mother’s infections before and during pregnancy were protective factors against AL (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.47–0.64; and OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.52–0.72, respectively). These associations included ALL and Pre-B. In contrast, only mothers’ infections before pregnancy and respiratory tract infections were protective factors against AML (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33–0.62; and OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37–0.68, respectively). Conclusions: Infections during the first year of life were associated with AL development in children of Mexico City. Additionally, mothers’ exposure to respiratory tract infections before and during pregnancy reduced the AL risk in this Latino population.