bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air dispersal of respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the implication on hospital infection control
Authors: Wong Shuk-Ching , Chan Veronica Wing-Man , AuYeung Christine Ho-Yan , Chen Jonathan Hon-Kwan , Yip Cyril Chik-Yan , So Simon Yung-Chun , Li Xin , Lung David Christopher , Tsang Anita Man-Ching , To Kelvin Kai-Wang , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung
Published: July 2022

Background:

Air dispersal of respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 has not been systematically reported. The incidence and factors associated with air dispersal of respiratory viruses are largely unknown.

Methods:

We performed air sampling by collecting 72,000 L of air over 6 hours for pediatric and adolescent patients infected with parainfluenza virus 3 (PIF3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus. The patients were singly or 2-patient cohort isolated in airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) from December 3, 2021, to January 26, 2022. The viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and air samples were measured. Factors associated with air dispersal were investigated and analyzed.

Results:

Of 20 singly isolated patients with median age of 30 months (range, 3 months–15 years), 7 (35%) had air dispersal of the viruses compatible with their NPA results. These included 4 (40%) of 10 PIF3-infected patients, 2 (66%) of 3 RSV-infected patients, and 1 (50%) of 2 adenovirus-infected patients. The mean viral load in their room air sample was 1.58×103 copies/mL. Compared with 13 patients (65%) without air dispersal, these 7 patients had a significantly higher mean viral load in their NPA specimens (6.15×107 copies/mL vs 1.61×105 copies/mL; P < .001). Another 14 patients were placed in cohorts as 7 pairs infected with the same virus (PIF3, 2 pairs; RSV, 3 pairs; rhinovirus, 1 pair; and adenovirus, 1 pair) in double-bed AIIRs, all of which had air dispersal. The mean room air viral load in 2-patient cohorts was significantly higher than in rooms of singly isolated patients (1.02×104 copies/mL vs 1.58×103 copies/mL; P = .020).

Conclusion:

Air dispersal of common respiratory viruses may have infection prevention and public health implications.
New species of Liostracina Monke, 1903 (Trilobita, Cambrian) from Yunnan, China: complete holaspid exoskeleton and implications for higher level classification
Authors: Yang Xianfeng , Peng Shanchi , Babcock Loren E. , Zhu Xuejian , Liu Yu
Published: July 2022

The trilobite Liostracina has been recognized as important in taxonomic and stratigraphic studies for more than a century. Until now, the genus Liostracina and family Liostracinidae have been known from only incomplete holaspid material, a degree 2 meraspis, and protaspides. A new locality in the Longha Formation (Cambrian: Guzhangian) of southeastern Yunnan, China, yields a rich collection of articulated holaspid exoskeletons and disarticulated sclerites of a new species, Liostracina fuluensis n. sp. These specimens reveal thoracic and ventral morphology that was previously unknown for Liostracina; they demonstrate that it has a rostral plate plus rostral and connective sutures, rather than a ventral median suture on the cephalic doublure. This confirms a natant hypostomal condition for the genus. Holaspid exoskeletal features, combined with evidence of a non-asaphoid-type protaspis, indicate that Liostracina is neither a primitive trinucleoid nor a primitive asaphoid. The family Liostracinidae is excluded from the superfamily Trinucleoidea and the order Trinucleida and reassigned to the order Ptychopariida.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/48dcbe31-e25d-4657-8441-732d5ea2b49d
A relief with Mithraic scenes on a sarcophagus lid: iconographic and literary issues
Authors: Catenacci Carmine , Domenicucci Patrizio , Menozzi Oliva
Published: July 2022

During the excavations of the team of the University of Chieti in the area of Ain Hofra, in the East necropolis of Cyrene, several interesting sculptures were found in tombs A and C, also called the Tomb of the Sarcophagi and the Tomb of the Sculptures. In this paper a specific find from Tomb A is presented, as it is a rare example of a Mithraic relief from a private funerary context. The find has only previously been published for the translation and presentation of the inscription; however, an analysis and interpretation of the relief together with the inscription has never been tackled. The very fragmentary lid is made of white marble, presenting a very lively iconographic sequence of Mithraic schemata, in combination with a metrical inscription within a central tabula ansata. The find context is particularly monumental and is characterized by two Temple Tombs built in ashlar masonry located on the plateau of Ain Hofra overlooking the wadi (canyon) and the fertile terraces below. This multidisciplinary article looks at the iconographic elements, the epigraphic implications and the monumental context of the Mithraic reliefs.
Are scientists conflating zoonotic origin of pathogens with zoonosis to the detriment of understanding, disease prevention and management?
Authors: Kock Richard
Published: July 2022

To help setting boundaries to infectious disease aspects of One Health science, there is a need to define clearly meanings for terms commonly used to describe aspects of the science. The One Health High-Level Expert Panel, convened by the International Health Agencies, has now defined
One Health
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537 providing a basis for examining ontology of key terms frequently used in the
subject
area, in the past and in the future. For example, when describing pathogens of concern to humans, originating from animals, narratives in use are extremely loose and unspecific. This can lead to confusion on the role of animals in human infections (from genetic origins through to contemporary infection sources), and this can lead to inappropriate response or interventions, as well as mislead research priorities. From an ethical and welfare standpoint, misunderstanding of the role or significance of animal origins can also cause unnecessary persecution or destruction of animals, justified by perceived benefits of these actions to human health security. In this context, there has been a trend to emphasise the role of wildlife species as a source of human pathogens based seemingly on myth, speculation or assumption. The key terms for consideration for the question are as follows: emerging infection disease (of humans), zoonotic origin pathogens, zoonosis and zooanthroponosis. These terms have been more commonly in use since the last decades of the 20th Century, coincident with an apparent rise in novel human infectious viral diseases, such as HIV AIDs, Ebola Virus, human and zoonotic influenzas (H1N1, H5N1) and the coronaviruses. Language is fundamental in providing a logical framework for understanding and knowledge. For the new Science of One Health, this is the first step to ensuring clear research directions. We invite authors to explore the historic use of these terms and their ontologies and examine if they provide sufficient specificity to enable clear understanding and interpretation of disease origins and/or are adequate to communicate and scientifically describe the epidemiological role of animals in human disease occurrence. Examining how the evolution of language in science and communication might influence prioritisation for research on as well as prevention and response to infectious diseases will be a core element in answering this question.
Nutritional programming of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae by dietary vegetable oil: effects on growth performance, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity
Authors: Liu Yongtao , Yao Chuanwei , Cui Kun , Hao Tingting , Yin Zhaoyang , Xu Wenxuan , Huang Wenxing , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui
Published: July 2022

The nutritional status experienced in the early development of life plays a vital role in the long-term metabolic state of the individual, which is known as nutritional programming. The present study investigated the long-term effects of vegetable oil (VO) nutritional programming during the early life of large yellow croaker. First, larvae were fed either a fish oil (FO) diet or a VO diet for 30 d. Subsequently, under the same conditions, all fish were fed a commercial diet for 90 d and thereafter challenged with an FO or VO diet for 30 d. The results showed that growth performance was significantly lower in larvae fed the VO diet than in those in fed the FO diet in the stimulus phase. Notably, VO nutritional history fish showed lower levels of liver lipids liver total triglycerides and serum nonesterified free fatty acids than the FO nutritional history fish when juveniles were challenged with the VO diet, which was consistent with the expression of lipogenesis-related genes and proteins. Moreover, the VO nutritional history fish showed lower liver damage and higher antioxidant capacity than FO nutritional history fish when challenged with the VO diet. In summary, this study showed that a short VO stimulus during the early life stage of large yellow croaker, had a long-term effect on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant system. Specifically, VO nutritional programming had a positive effect on alleviating abnormal lipid deposition on the liver, liver damage, and the reduction of hepatic antioxidant capacity caused by a VO diet.
On homomorphisms into Weyl modules corresponding to partitions with two parts
Authors: Maliakas Mihalis , Stergiopoulou Dimitra-Dionysia
Published: July 2022

Let K be an infinite field of characteristic
$p>0$
and let
$\lambda, \mu$
be partitions, where
$\mu$
has two parts. We find sufficient arithmetic conditions on
$p, \lambda, \mu$
for the existence of a nonzero homomorphism
$\Delta(\lambda) \to \Delta (\mu)$
of Weyl modules for the general linear group
$GL_n(K)$
. Also, for each p we find sufficient conditions so that the corresponding homomorphism spaces have dimension at least 2.
Skin in the Game: Operating Growth, Firm Performance, and Future Stock Returns
Authors: Cao Sean Shun , Wang Zhe , Yeung P. Eric
Published: July 2022

Prior research documents that asset growth is negatively associated with future firm performance. In contrast, we show that growth financed by product market stakeholders (i.e., “operating growth”) is positively associated with future firm performance. Investors and security analysts underestimate the positive effects of operating growth on future performance, resulting in return predictability and overly pessimistic earnings forecasts for firms with high operating growth. Future stock returns largely concentrate around subsequent earnings announcements with declining magnitudes, consistent with the error-in-expectation explanation. Results from cross-sectional tests further support the hypothesis that operating growth signals high future performance but investors underreact to it.
From mining tool to tourist attraction: Cultural heritage as a materialised form of transformation in Svalbard society
Authors: Kotašková Eva
Published: July 2022

In the context of socio-economic transformation of Svalbard, from a place dominated by the coal mining industry to a nature-based tourism destination, the article focuses on how this transformation is co-created with material objects of coal mining remnants. These seemingly marginal, insignificant or even out-of-place remnants of coal mining activity (such as rusty barrels or collapsing infrastructure) have become, by law, a protected part of the Svalbard environment, a cultural heritage. Based on the relational (more-than-human) ethnography of guided tours, the analysis shows that this transformation is co-creating the characteristics of both the past of coal mining and the present notion of wilderness. It demonstrates the process not only as a transformation of interpretations, knowledge and values but also as a transformation of relations with non-human components of the environment. Rather contextual than linear shifts in a biography of the objects, together with the temporality of the objects and their porous character, play a significant role in the Svalbard’s transformation into a nature-based tourism destination.
A text of Shalmaneser I from Üçtepe and the location of Šinamu
Authors: Genç Bülent , MacGinnis John
Published: July 2022

This article presents a newly discovered cuneiform text from the site of Üçtepe in Diyarbakır province in southeastern Turkey. The text bears a previously unknown inscription of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser I. While incomplete, it never-theless gives the most extensive lists of the conquests of Shalmaneser I yet known, including a number of previously unattested toponyms. This is in itself an important contribution to the historical documentation of the Middle Assyrian period. Furthermore, the fact that the text was written to record Shalmaneser’s rebuilding of the city wall of Sinamu allows us to propose that Üçtepe is to be identified with the site of ancient Šinamu, known to have been an important centre from the late third millennium BC and subsequently a regional capital in the provincial system of the Middle Assyrian empire. This is a significant advance on our previous understanding of the historical geography of the region. These issues are discussed in the context of the Middle Assyrian occupation of the Upper Tigris and the results of the archaeological exploration of recent decades.
A review of mechanical model, structure, and prospect for long-distance pipeline pig and robot
Authors: Zhao Jianguo , Wang Ju , Liu Qingyou , Luo Xu , Dong Xuecheng
Published: July 2022

The safety and reliability of robots are very important for the inspection in a long-distance pipeline used for the oil and gas transportation. In this paper, the long-distance pipeline pig and robots (LDPPRs) are classified into two categories, which are velocity-uncontrollable type and velocity-controllable type. Among them, the velocity control of velocity-controllable LDPPR has three ways, which are friction resistance, driving force, and self-running. Meanwhile, the mechanical models of the motion of the LDPPRs are classified into the dynamic model of the velocity-uncontrollable LDPPRs, velocity-controllable LDPPRs, and vibration, and the contact mechanics model between the rubber barrel and the pipe wall. In addition, the anti-stuck technologies, the inspection technologies, and the location technologies are investigated and analyzed. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide a concise reference for the development and research directions, as well as the design of the LDPPRs.
English loanword use in Greek online women's magazines
Authors: Tatsioka Zoi
Published: July 2022

Owing to the extensive spread of English around the globe, English words have penetrated the lexicon of many languages. Modern Greek has been no exception as various English loanwords are used daily by its native speakers. The present paper discusses the use of English loanwords on the Greek web and more specifically in three online women's magazines. The focus, however, is not on all types of borrowings, but solely on what Myers–Scotton (2002: 239) calls core borrowings, which are defined as ‘words that more or less duplicate already existing words in the L1’. Essentially, core borrowings do not serve genuine communicative needs as they do not fill any lexical gaps in the speakers’ native language (Bybee, 2015). Nonetheless, they are borrowed as a result of the cultural pressure exerted by the more prestigious and dominant donor language (Myers–Scotton, 2006). On the other hand, cultural borrowings are words used for new objects and concepts for which there is no equivalent in the recipient language. It should also be noted that the loanwords examined in this paper have not been morphologically or orthographically assimilated into the Modern Greek language, but maintain their distinctive foreign features.
Test–retest reliability of the Cost for Patients Questionnaire
Authors: Poder Thomas G. , Coulibaly Lucien P. , Hassan Abakar Idriss , Conombo Blanchard , Laberge Maude
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To investigate the test–retest reliability of the Costs for Patients Questionnaire (CoPaQ).

Methods

Through an online survey, individuals were invited to participate in a two-step study to assess the test–retest reliability of the CoPaQ. Participants to the first step were invited to complete the questionnaire a second time 2 weeks after. Reliability was assessed by calculating Cohen’s Kappa coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for discrete and continuous data, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was carried out.

Results

From a total of 1,200 participants who completed the first test, 403 completed the second test. The ICC varied from −0.00 to 0.98 with poor, moderate, good, and excellent results. The Kappa coefficients varied from −0.004 to 0.65 and were poor, slight, fair, moderate, and substantial. The sensitivity analysis showed the median value of ICC and Kappa coefficients for each category before and after the outliers’ exclusion. The median value of ICC changed from 0.30 (before) to 0.70 (after), and from 0.12 (before) to 0.04 (after), respectively, for each category. The median value of the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient increased from 0.44 (before) to 0.46 (after) and decreased from 0.32 (before) to 0.30 (after), respectively.

Conclusions

Test–retest reliability results indicated that the CoPaQ has a moderate reliability in terms of ICC and Kappa coefficients. The moderate reliability observed gives additional support for the applicability of this tool in economic evaluations of health interventions. Additional studies including on other properties and a cultural adaptation could further enhance the use of the tool.
Information about conservation status is more important than species appearance in the species preferences of potential conservation donors
Authors: Papworth Sarah , Curtin Polly
Published: July 2022

There are huge differences in the conservation support and attention received by different species, perhaps because of human preferences for specific aesthetic traits, such as body size and colouring. If there are such inherent human preferences, then new flagship species should be aesthetically similar to existing successful flagship species and conservation campaigns should not feature less attractive species. However, cultural preconceptions about species and the covariance of traits make it difficult to determine the role of aesthetic traits. Both of these problems can be overcome with imaginary animals. If preferences for certain species traits are inherent in the human psyche, then the same preferences should be found in both real and imaginary animals. Using an online survey with US participants, we find that aesthetic traits are associated with preferences for real but not imaginary animals. For both real and imaginary animals, small and declining populations are preferred. We therefore suggest that organizations should not reject potential flagship species based on appearance. Consistent preferences for poor conservation status and the ability to use our results to predict donations to real animal species suggest that conservation support for specific species could be encouraged if organizations communicate information regarding population sizes and trends.
Re-braiding the Strands of Life through Community Rehabilitation, Home Care, and Informal Support: A Longitudinal Collective Case Study
Authors: Zawaly Kathleen , Ripat Jacquie , Guse Lorna , Katz Alan , Edwards Jeanette , Sibley Kathryn M.
Published: July 2022

Limited research exists on the experiences of older adults participating in community rehabilitation. Our longitudinal, collective case study explored older adults’ experiences while they engaged in community rehabilitation and home care services, as well as family caregivers’ concurrent experiences. Drawing on interpretive description, we inductively analysed interview data gathered at three points over 3–6 months from six family dyads. Questions focused on activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living and other meaningful activities affected by changes in the older adult’s health. From our thematic analysis, three themes emerged: (a) Centring community rehabilitation and home care services around the older adult and family; (b) Understanding the intricate interface of formal and informal supports; and (c) Supporting the meaningful aspects of life. Our findings suggest a metaphor of re-braiding, a reconfiguration of activities that requires increased integration of formal and informal supports within home care and community rehabilitation.
The general psychopathology factor (p) from adolescence to adulthood: Exploring the developmental trajectories ofpusing a multi-method approach
Authors: Choate Alexandria M. , Bornovalova Marina A. , Hipwell Alison E. , Chung Tammy , Stepp Stephanie D.
Published: July 2022

Considerable attention has been directed towards studying co-occurring psychopathology through the lens of a general factor (p-factor). However, the developmental trajectory and stability of thep-factor have yet to be fully understood. The present study examined the explanatory power of dynamic mutualism theory – an alternative framework that suggests thep-factor is a product of lower-level symptom interactions that strengthen throughout development. Data were drawn from a population-based sample of girls (N= 2450) who reported on the severity of internalizing and externalizing problems each year from age 14 to age 21. Predictions of dynamic mutualism were tested using three distinct complementary statistical approaches including: longitudinal bifactor models, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs), and network models. Across methods, study results document preliminary support for mutualistic processes in the development of co-occurring psychopathology (that is captured inp). Findings emphasize the importance of exploring alternative frameworks and methods for better understanding thep-factor and its development.
Mid-term follow-up by speckle tracking and cardiac MRI of children post-transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects
Authors: El-Sisi Amal Mahmoud , Abdallah Ahmed Mohamed , Behairy Noha Hossam El-dien , Morgan Dalia Saber , Ramadan Ahmed , Hegazy Ranya , Gado Ahmed , Hodeib Mahmoud
Published: July 2022

This is a case–control study of our experience of mid-term follow-up of 40 children who had a transcatheter closure of very large atrial septal defects group (1). All cases had an atrial septal defect device size more than 1.5 times their weight, a ratio considered a contraindication for trans catheter closure (TCC) in some previous reports. The aim of this study is to report the outcomes and mid-term follow-up of transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects using two-dimensional conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, and four-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, and as such to compare results of same echocardiographic examination of age-matched control group of 40 healthy children group (2). Cardiac MRI was performed on cases group (1) only to detect right ventricle and left ventricle volumes and function and early signs of complications. There was no difference between cases and matched healthy controls in terms of the assessment of left ventricle and right ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, and four-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between four-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac MRI in their respective assessment of both left ventricle and right ventricle volumes and function. We also detected no complications by echo or by cardiac MRI after a median follow-up period of 2 years and recorded a complete remodelling of right ventricle volumes in all children studied. This points to the safety and efficiency of transcatheter closure of large atrial septal defects in children on mid-term follow-up.
Common arterial trunk in functionally univentricular hearts: a case series
Authors: Elhedai Huzeifa , Yong Sanfui , Chaudhari Milind , Botha Phil , Miller Paul , Stumper Oliver
Published: July 2022

Introduction:

The association of a univentricular heart defect with common arterial trunk is extremely rare. There is a lack of population-based outcome studies reported in the literature.

Methods:

The hospital records, echocardiographic and other imaging modality data, outpatients’ records, operation notes, and other electronic data were reviewed. Patients were reviewed, and the final outcomes of surgery were observed.

Results:

Six cases (two males) with common arterial trunk presented over a 30-year period. Five had a complete unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (83%) and one (17%) had tricuspid atresia associated with common arterial trunk. All had antenatal diagnosis. Two cases (33%) were excluded from initial surgical palliation due to Trisomy 21 in one and severe truncal valve regurgitation in one. Initial surgical palliation was performed in four cases (67%) at median age of 31 days (2–60) and consisted of disconnection and reconstruction of the pulmonary arteries and establishing controlled pulmonary blood flow. There were no early deaths. Conversion to cavopulmonary shunt was not possible in two due to severe airway problems in one and pulmonary arteries anatomy in one. They died at 11 and 16 months, respectively. Two patients (33%) underwent cavopulmonary shunt with 1 (17%) being alive at 18 months – 12 months after cavopulmonary shunt. The second patient proceeded to Fontan completion at 19 months but required catheter takedown 3 months later and died 3.5 years later.

Conclusions:

Univentricular hearts with common arterial trunk carry extremely poor short- to medium-term outcomes. This should inform antenatal and postnatal counselling and decision-making.
The Graduate Student Caucus: A Model for Peer Support
Authors: Meehan Elizabeth , Albert Eleanor , McQueen Shannon , Syed Anum
Published: July 2022

Graduate students are primarily socialized into the political science profession in departments, with networks of peers and informal mentors providing crucial sources of support. This article describes one model of departmental professional socialization that the authors have led—the Graduate Student Caucus—which can improve graduate students’ day-to-day lived experiences. In this model, a small cross-cohort group of students is elected for a year-long term to develop professional and social programming for graduate students and to assist them in navigating university bureaucracy, teaching and research responsibilities, and the job market. The Caucus also regularly compiles and presents student concerns to their department administrators to steer the program’s direction. We describe the structure of the Caucus and its activities to highlight the benefits of this model and its adaptability to other institutional settings. Governance mechanisms like a Caucus cultivate trust, boost confidence, and demystify the “hidden curriculum” in the profession.
Subject, Soul and Person in Kant: Questions for Katharina Kraus
Authors: Tolley Clinton
Published: July 2022

Kraus’s book is a rich and systematic examination of Kant’s account of the different dimensions of the metaphysics, epistemology and phenomenology of the ‘self’ that pertains to human subjectivity. Here I explore some of the different meanings that Kraus associates with the term ‘self’ on Kant’s behalf, asking for further clarification as to her interpretation of the terms ‘subject’ (‘the I’), ‘soul’ and ‘person’, in particular. I also raise some critical questions concerning Kraus’s account of the nature and limitations of the ‘real’ use of the concept of the soul in particular, in light of passages throughout the Critical period in which Kant seems to allow for a relatively unproblematic application of the term to whatever being it is that possesses the various psychical faculties – a being which he also seems to allow is an object of experience (and hence cognition).
A Neuro-Symbolic ASP Pipeline for Visual Question Answering
Authors: EITER THOMAS , HIGUERA NELSON , OETSCH JOHANNES , PRITZ MICHAEL
Published: July 2022

We present a neuro-symbolic visual question answering (VQA) pipeline for CLEVR, which is a well-known dataset that consists of pictures showing scenes with objects and questions related to them. Our pipeline covers (i) training neural networks for object classification and bounding-box prediction of the CLEVR scenes, (ii) statistical analysis on the distribution of prediction values of the neural networks to determine a threshold for high-confidence predictions, and (iii) a translation of CLEVR questions and network predictions that pass confidence thresholds into logic programmes so that we can compute the answers using an answer-set programming solver. By exploiting choice rules, we consider deterministic and non-deterministic scene encodings. Our experiments show that the non-deterministic scene encoding achieves good results even if the neural networks are trained rather poorly in comparison with the deterministic approach. This is important for building robust VQA systems if network predictions are less-than perfect. Furthermore, we show that restricting non-determinism to reasonable choices allows for more efficient implementations in comparison with related neuro-symbolic approaches without losing much accuracy.
A Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscope of All Trades
Authors: Finzel Lukas , Reuss Matthias
Published: July 2022

Super-resolution microscopy gives researchers invaluable opportunities and continues to make great strides in terms of performance and applicability. Clever developments in stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy have pushed the doors open wider for many applications. Here, we discuss three examples: first, how time-resolved detection unlocks new information; then, live-cell imaging enabled by intelligent illumination schemes; and finally, deep tissue imaging with dynamic aberration correction. As an outlook, we examine MINFLUX as an approach for molecular resolution with fluorescence.
Magistrates marching in the streets: making and debating judicial independence and the rule of law in Benin
Authors: Kolloch Annalena
Published: July 2022

Since 2012, judges and prosecutors in Benin have repeatedly protested against political interference and demanded compliance with their statutorily guaranteed independence. In 2014 and 2017, magistrates demonstrated in their judicial robes in the streets, protesting against the government's bill to deprive them of their right to strike and other freedoms. Benin has been described as a ‘success story of democracy’ (Stroh and Never, 2006, p. 1) and even as a ‘model democracy’ (cf. Kohnert, 1996, p. 78; Magnusson, 2001, p. 211; Bierschenk, 2009) since its peaceful transition to democratic conditions and its participation in a national conference in 1990/91. So why were magistrates in Benin demonstrating in the streets for the first time in the history of their profession? Based on fieldwork in Benin in 2009 and 2015 and archival research in 2017 in France, my paper analyses the change in the style of interactions between parts of the executive and parts of the judiciary in the history of the profession – a change from political negotiation to confrontation. Through their strikes and industrial action, magistrates fought for judicial independence; yet, at the same time they constructed legality and strengthened democracy because their actions emphasised the rule of law. My paper also considers the specifics of their strikes in the context of other striking civil servants. When magistrates, as bureaucrats, become politically active, it marks a transformation in their self-conception, as they are usually reserved and withdraw themselves from political and public spheres.
The Psychometric Properties of the Christian Nationalism Scale
Authors: Davis Nicholas T.
Published: July 2022

A growing body of research connects Christian nationalism—a preference for a religiously conservative political regime—to social and political beliefs. This paper raises questions about the validity of a popular scale used to measure those attitudes. I begin by exploring the factor structure of the six-item Christian nationalism index. I then show how semi-supervised machine learning can be used to illustrate classification problems within that scale. Finally, I demonstrate that this index performs poorly at the interval level, a combination of measurement error and the sorting out of religious and political preferences. These attitudes have become so bound up in conventional politics that they often exhibit athresholdrather than alinearrelationship to political preferences. I conclude with an appeal for care in matching theory to empirics: Christian nationalism is a prominent political theology, but research must grapple with the limitations of prevailing measurement tools when operationalizing it.
Judicial Review at the Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal
Authors: PANGALANGAN Raul C.
Published: July 2022

International organizations create independent administrative tribunals to decide employment disputes that jurisdictional immunities place beyond the reach of national courts. The Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal's express mandate is to enforce the terms of employment of staff members but, in discharging that function, it has not hesitated to review the validity of those terms and strike down those that contravene the Bank's basic legal documents and “general principles of law”. This paper reviews how this power of judicial review emerged in the case law of the Tribunal, and what it has meant for both the institutional autonomy of international organizations and the fair treatment of staff members.
Evaluations of alternative herbicides to glyphosate for wilding pine control during forestry site preparation in the southeastern United States
Authors: Clabo David C. , Dickens E. David
Published: July 2022

Control of southern pine species that easily establish from seed, such as loblolly pine and slash pine (wilding pines), has historically been achieved economically through the use of prescribed fire or application of glyphosate or glyphosate and saflufenacil during site preparation. Currently, alternatives to glyphosate are being investigated for wilding pine control because of health and safety concerns over glyphosate reported by some organizations. Two exploratory studies in the Coastal Plain Region of Georgia investigated the potential of several herbicides for wilding pine control with 0.56 to 0.70 kg ha−1 of 0.9-kg ae imazapyr included in all herbicide treatments. Application timings for Study 1 were July and September (n = 8 treatments per timing), whereas Study 2 took place in July and early November (n = 4 treatments per timing). In Study 1, various rates of choline triclopyr, ester triclopyr, fluroxypyr, aminopyralid + florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and aminopyralid + triclopyr were tested, while two treatments contained glyphosate. Study 2 investigated mixtures containing flumioxazin, glufosinate, and triclopyr. Results for Study 1 revealed that the two treatments containing glyphosate had the greatest percent loblolly pine control after 120 d (87.5% and 88.6% control, respectively), while the next best control was offered by a treatment containing imazapyr plus 3.36 kg ha−1 choline triclopyr (52.6% control). July treatments offered better control than September treatments, but the efficacy of September treatments may have been impacted by a severe drought. In Study 2, treatments applied during early November that contained imazapyr and glufosinate or imazapyr, glufosinate, and flumioxazin resulted in 100% control of mixed loblolly and slash pine seedlings and saplings. All November treatments offered better control than July treatments in Study 2. Promising results from Study 2 suggest that glufosinate may warrant additional study for use in forestry site preparation as an alternative to glyphosate to control wilding pines.
Intercropping sweet corn with summer savory to increase weed suppression and yield
Authors: Naderi Ruhollah , Bijani Farzad , Weyl Philip S. R. , Mueller-Schaerer Heinz
Published: July 2022

A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to explore the effects on weed growth and crop productivity of intercropping sweet corn with summer savory. Five cropping patterns were set up: sweet corn alone (16 seeds m−2, in rows, 75 cm apart), summer savory alone (40 seeds m−2, broadcasted), and three intercropping ratios of 75% sweet corn, 25% summer savory (75%C:25%S), 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, of plant densities used in respective monocultures. When intercropping, weed biomass decreased as the proportion of summer savory increased, with a reduction of 48%, 61%, and 70 % in 75%C:25%S, 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, respectively, compared to sweet corn alone. In parallel, sweet corn yield was higher under intercropping compared to its monoculture and increased as the proportion of summer savory decreased, with yield increases compared to corn monoculture of 38%, 32%, and 15% in the first year and 48%, 23%, and 14 % in the second year in 75%C:25%S, 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, respectively. However, the intercropping pattern had the opposite effect on summer savory yield, with a significant reduction in yield with an increasing ratio of sweet corn. Our results indicate that intercropping sweet corn with summer savory can increase both weed suppression and yield of sweet corn compared to crop monoculture.
Prüfungsangst
Authors: Fehm Lydia , Fydrich Thomas , Sommer Klara
Published: July 2022

Prüfungsängste sind weit verbreitet und ziehen in der Mehrzahl der Fälle keine weitreichenden Beeinträchtigungen oder Belastungen nach sich. Manchmal sind Prüfungsängste jedoch so stark ausgeprägt und anhaltend vorhanden, dass sie im Rahmen einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung thematisiert werden müssen – sei es als primäres Anliegen oder als zusätzliches Problem bei einem anderen Behandlungsanliegen. Die Neubearbeitung des Bandes stellt Informationen zur Symptomatik und Häufigkeit von Prüfungsangst bereit und berichtet den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zu Entstehungsbedingungen und Erklärungsmodellen. Weiterhin finden sich ausführliche Hinweise zur Diagnostik sowie vielfältige Anregungen zur praktischen Arbeit mit betroffenen Personen.
Das therapeutische Vorgehen orientiert sich an verschiedenen möglichen Aspekten der Symptomatik und kann durch das modularisierte Vorgehen an die heterogenen Problembilder der betroffenen Personen angepasst werden. Alle Module sind der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie zuzuordnen. Entsprechend finden sich neben verschiedenen Strategien zum Lernen, zum Zeitmanagement und zur Vorbereitung einer Prüfung auch kognitive Techniken zum Umgang mit hinderlichen Gedanken, Entspannungstechniken sowie das Verfahren der systematischen Desensibilisierung. Die Neuauflage des Bandes informiert über aktuelle Entwicklungen bei der Behandlung von Prüfungsängsten und geht hierbei auch auf neuere therapeutische Ansätze, z.B. imaginative und achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen, ein.
Coral Reef Exposure to Damaging Tropical Cyclone Waves in a Warming Climate
Authors: Dixon Adele M. , Puotinen Marji , Ramsay Hamish A. , Beger Maria
Published: July 2022

Tropical cyclones generate large waves that physically damage coral communities and are commonly cited as a worsening threat to coral reefs under climate change. However, beyond projections of ocean basin‐scale changes in cyclone intensity, the other determinants of future coral reef damage such as cyclone size and duration remain uncertain. Here, we determine the extent to which downscaled cyclones represent observed cyclone characteristics that influence wave damage to Australian coral reef regions. We then investigate mid‐century (2040–2060) and end of century (2080–2100) downscaled tracks to assess whether cyclone characteristics will change with future warming under a high‐emissions scenario. We find that spatial uncertainties in downscaled cyclogenesis and track positions limit estimates of reef damage for individual coral reefs and regions. Further, the models are unable to reproduce the most reef damaging cyclones for any of the regions. The downscaled tracks capture observed cyclone characteristics, such as size, impacting the Great Barrier Reef well, but perform poorly for the Northern Territory, with mixed performance for the Coral Sea and Western Australia. We find no clear evidence that cyclones will cause more damage to Australian coral reef regions in the future, at least based on the climate models and downscaling approach examined here. There is increasing interest in using tropical cyclone projections to assess future coral reef exposure to damaging waves. We recommend caution when interpreting such projections due to large uncertainty in the mechanisms that influence reef damaging tropical cyclone characteristics and how these will change with future warming.
Evidence for Fluctuating Wind in Shaping an Ancient Martian Dune Field: The Stimson Formation at the Greenheugh Pediment, Gale Crater
Authors: Banham Steven G. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Bedford Candice C. , Edgar Lauren A. , Bryk Alex B. , Dietrich William E. , Fedo Christopher M. , Williams Rebecca M. , Caravaca Gwénaël , Barnes Robert , Paar Gerhard , Ortner Thomas , Vasavada Ashwin R.
Published: July 2022

Temporal fluctuations of wind strength and direction can influence aeolian bedform morphology and orientation, which can be encoded into the architecture of aeolian deposits. These strata represent a direct record of atmospheric processes and can be used to understand ancient Martian atmospheric processes as well as those on Earth. The strata can: give insight to ancient atmospheric circulation, how the atmosphere evolved in response to global changes in habitability, and how ancient processes differ from modern processes. The Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment (Gale crater) records evidence of fluctuating wind across multiple temporal scales. The strata can be subdivided into three intervals–Gleann Beag, Ladder, and Edinburgh intervals. Internally, the intervals record changes of dune morphology and orientation, correlatable to wind fluctuations at multiple temporal scales. The basal Gleann Beag interval comprises compound cross‐strata, deposited by oblique compound dunes. These dunes record a bimodal wind regime, resulting in net sediment transport toward the north. The Ladder interval records a reversal of sediment transport to the south, where straight‐crested simple‐dunes shaped by a seasonally variable winds formed. Finally, the Edinburgh interval records sediment transport to the west, where a unimodal wind formed sinuous‐crested simple dunes. These observations demonstrate active and variable atmospheric circulation in Gale crater during the accumulation of the Stimson dune field, at multiple temporal scales from seasonally driven winds to much longer time‐frames, during the Hesperian. These observations can be used to further understand ancient atmospheric conditions and processes, at a high temporal resolution on Mars.
Mapping Current and Future Seawater Desalination Plants Globally Using Species Distribution Models
Authors: Ai Zhipin , Ishihama Fumiko , Hanasaki Naota
Published: July 2022

Desalinized seawater is a vital freshwater source for regions with coastal water scarcity. Mapping seawater desalination plants enables a spatially detailed water resource assessment. Here, which is the first of its kind, we investigated the potential application of species distribution models (SDMs), which are widely used in ecology, to predict the global spatial distribution of seawater desalination plants. Two regression SDMs, a generalized linear model and a generalized additive model, along with two machine learning SDMs, a random forest model and a generalized boosted regression model, were trained and tested using the cross‐validation method at 0.5°. For each SDM, we considered four explanatory variables: aridity, distance to coastline, gross domestic product per capita, and annual domestic and industrial water withdrawal. Our results showed that machine learning SDMs had a relatively strong performance in capturing the historical locations of seawater desalination plants. We then mapped the future distribution of seawater desalination plants under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Our predictions showed that the number of predicted locations of seawater desalination plants increased by 31%, 47%, 55%, 57% in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090, respectively, relative to 2014. The largest increase occurred under SSP3_RCP7.0, while the lowest increase was found under SSP1_RCP2.6, which is mainly determined by the differences in the volume of annual domestic and industrial water withdrawal. Our study provides an insight into how SDMs can be used to predict the geographic locations of water management facilities.
Self‐Aeration of Supercritical Water Flow Rushing Down Artificial Vegetated Stepped Chutes
Authors: Wang Hang , Bai Zhongtian , Bai Ruidi , Liu Shanjun
Published: July 2022

Vegetation flow is commonly studied for subcritical flow motions, while in supercritical flow, the presence of vegetation often leads to enhancement of flow self‐aeration, which would in turn alter the flow hydraulics and water‐plant interaction. This paper presents an experimental investigation of aerated water flow cascading down a vegetated stepped chute. The 21.8° sloping chute is equipped with a 12‐m‐long uniformly stepped invert section. The 0.12‐m‐high steps have grate‐shaped rough top surface covered by 0.07‐m‐high flexible artificial plants, and three vegetation densities are tested in skimming flows, in addition to the reference cases of smooth steps and rough steps covered by bare grate only. The air‐water flow properties and free‐surface fluctuations are systematically measured from the upstream clear‐water region to the downstream fully developed aerated region. The experiment results demonstrate that, compared to a man‐made concrete stepped chute, the presence of vegetation cover on the steps reduces the overall self‐aeration and unsteady fluctuating motions of the flow, while it enhances the dissipation of the flow kinetic energy. The present finding also suggests that the modification to flow aeration and energy loss in the vegetated flow over macrostep‐shaped roughness is dependent on the flow regime which is primarily determined by the flow rate for a given slope and step‐induced macroroughness height.