bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loop Representation of Wigner’s Little Groups
Authors: Başkal Sibel , Kim Young , Noz Marilyn
Published: June 2017

Wigner’s little groups are the subgroups of the Lorentz group whose transformations leave the momentum of a given particle invariant. They thus define the internal space-time symmetries of relativistic particles. These symmetries take different mathematical forms for massive and for massless particles. However, it is shown possible to construct one unified representation using a graphical description. This graphical approach allows us to describe vividly parity, time reversal, and charge conjugation of the internal symmetry groups. As for the language of group theory, the two-by-two representation is used throughout the paper. While this two-by-two representation is for spin-1/2 particles, it is shown possible to construct the representations for spin-0 particles, spin-1 particles, as well as for higher-spin particles, for both massive and massless cases. It is shown also that the four-by-four Dirac matrices constitute a two-by-two representation of Wigner’s little group.
Treated Greywater Reuse for Hydroponic Lettuce Production in a Green Wall System: Quantitative Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Eregno Fasil , Moges Melesse , Heistad Arve
Published: June 2017

The scarcity and pollution of freshwater are extremely crucial issues today, and the expansion of water reuse has been considered as an option to reduce its impact. This study aims to assess the efficiency of an integrated greywater treatment system and hydroponic lettuce production as a part of a green wall structure, and to evaluate the health risk associated with the production and consumption of lettuce through a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and a chemical health risk assessment. The study was conducted based on the unique configuration of a source separation system; an on-site greywater treatment system; a green wall structure as a polishing step; and hydroponic lettuce production in the green wall structure. The final effluent from the system was used to grow three lettuce varieties by adding urine as a nutrient solution. Both water samples and plant biomass were collected and tested for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and heavy metals contamination. The system has gained a cumulative 5.1 log10 reduction of E. coli in the final effluent and no E. coli found in the plant biomass. The estimated annual infection risk for Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Norovirus was 10−6–10−8, 10−8–10−10, and 10−10–10−11 respectively. These results indicate that the system attained the health-based targets, 10−6 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year. Similarly, the health risk index (HRI) and targeted hazard quotient (THQ) results did not exceed the permissible level, thus the chemical health risk concern was insignificant.
On the Origin of the Hard X-Ray Excess of High-Synchrotron-Peaked BL Lac Object Mrk 421
Authors: Chen Liang
Published: June 2017

For the first time, Kataoka & Stawarz reported a clear detection of a hard X-ray excess, above

, in the high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac object Mrk 421. We find that this feature may not be produced by the low-energy part of the same electron population that produced the Fermi/LAT γ-ray. Because of that, it is required that the power-law electron energy go down to

, which predicts a very strong radio emission (radio flux larger than the observed), even considering the synchrotron self-absorption effect. We investigate the possibility of this excess being produced from the spine/layer jet structure, which has been clearly detected in Mrk 421. We find that (1) similar to one-zone modeling, the spine emissions provide good modeling of the broadband spectral energy distribution, except for the hard X-ray excess; and (2) the hard X-ray excess can be well represented by the synchrotron photons (from the layer) being inverse Compton scattered by the spine electrons.
De l’émergence de la fonction éducative au métier d’éducateur spécialisé, un regard historique
Authors: Lepage Dominique
Published: June 2017

Si la naissance du métier d’éducateur spécialisé est située historiquement pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la création du diplôme d’État attendra 1967. Toutefois, les fonctions d’accueil, de protection, de soin et d’éducation qu’il recouvre l’ont précédé depuis des siècles. Un regard historique sur la prise en compte des plus vulnérables nous permettra de distinguer, à travers les figures des frères convers, des gardiens, des « infirmières-institutrices », des nourrices ou des contremaîtres, quelques invariants qui demeurent. Et s’ils demeurent, c’est qu’ils fondent ce qu’est un éducateur spécialisé.
Éduquer : de l’impossible à l’empêchement…
Authors: Laye Serge
Published: June 2017

À partir de la référence freudienne quant à l’impossibilité de la fonction éducative, nous développerons la thèse que nous sommes passés, par la somme de protocoles et d’aménagements techniques, à un empêchement du cœur de la relation entretenue avec les personnes que nous prenons en charge. L’orientation psychanalytique des institutions et la psychanalyse personnelle des acteurs de ce champ permettent d’envisager une issue. La dimension éthique de nos actes prend là toute son importance.
Profession : éducatrice
Authors: Calamy Denise
Published: June 2017

À l’heure de la « jubilation », comme on dit en Espagne, terme beaucoup plus sympathique, pour qualifier la retraite, il semblerait généreux d’oser le récit d’une carrière d’éducatrice spécialisée, afin de transmettre. Au tournant des années 1980, plusieurs facteurs, du désir d’engagement politique et citoyen à des explications plus intimes, permettent de mieux appréhender les motivations premières de l’envie d’exercer ce métier. Engagement humain, savoirs, attitude professionnelle, la pratique éducative semblerait s’accorder avec une démarche artisanale. Si des contraintes pèsent sur le secteur de l’action sociale et de l’éducation spécialisée, elles ne peuvent en aucune façon remettre en cause la part d’humanité indispensable qui nourrit ce métier d’éducateurtrice.
Bon qu’à ça
Authors: Boutonnier Julien
Published: June 2017

Par ce témoignage, l’auteur a tenté de problématiser son engagement dans le métier d’éducateur spécialisé. Il s’agit de mettre en avant les conflits et les paradoxes à l’œuvre dans le choix et l’exercice de cette profession, sachant que, loin de chercher à résoudre ces tensions, il conviendrait de s’appuyer dessus pour proposer un accueil authentique, fondé toutefois sur des techniques repérées, aux personnes en situation de fragilité.
Place de l’éducateur(trice) spécialisé(e) dans un atelier d’art-thérapie
Authors: Bonnefis Rauscher Nelly
Published: June 2017

La place de l’éducateur(trice) spécialisé(e) dans le cadre d’un atelier d’art-thérapie peut être assimilée à celle d’un passeur. Il est celui qui garantit le lien entre l’atelier et le projet de l’enfant dans l’institution. Le cadre de l’atelier lui permet de soutenir l’expression singulière de chaque participant au plus près de ses problématiques. Il est témoin du fait que la médiation artistique s’offre à chacun comme une aventure humaine dont l’enjeu sera le soulagement d’une souffrance de l’enfant, la régression d’une difficulté et peut-être la transformation de son rapport au monde.
Éduc/ortho à l’école des dys
Authors: Coppeaux Catherine , Valverde Christine
Published: June 2017

Témoignage de deux orthophonistes travaillant auprès d’enfants présentant des troubles sévères et durables du langage oral, cet article illustre notre vision de la fonction d’éducateur au sein de l’équipe. Sans certitude, nous apportons nos réflexions sur la complémentarité et les limites de nos interventions respectives auprès d’enfants scolarisés dans une classe annexée en milieu scolaire ordinaire.
Au « corps » de la relation : articulation des métiers d’éducateur et de psychomotricien
Authors: Szczepanski Claire
Published: June 2017

Témoignage d’une psychomotricienne, travaillant depuis neuf ans au sein de différentes structures médicosociales, cet article a pour but d’amener une conception, personnelle et donc subjective, du lien entre le métier d’éducateur et celui de psychomotricien, dans leurs complémentarités comme dans leurs limites, à partir d’un éclairage théorico-clinique.
Éducateur et militant… est-ce encore possible ?
Authors: Thomas Arthur
Published: June 2017

Jeune diplômé et à l’aune de son tout nouveau parcours professionnel, l’auteur questionne ses trois ans de formation d’éducateur spécialisé et interroge l’avenir de son métier, notamment dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance. La prise de distance que permet l’écrit autorise une réflexion sur la dimension politique que recouvre la relation accompagnant-accompagné.
Des anciens enfants et adolescent(e)s enrichissent la pensée sur la pratique éducative
Authors: Pépin Marie-Claude , Roucoules Alain
Published: June 2017

Les paroles et les récits des gamins passés en institution dessinent en après-coup le portrait en pied d’un éducateur subvertissant les limites de l’avant et de l’après, du dedans et du dehors, de la norme et du pathologique pour, au final, faire rejaillir la vie là où elle semblait n’être plus. En clair, de leurs propos jaillit la figure d’un éducateur vécu comme un bien commun.
Rétrospectives… perspectives
Authors: Ladsous Jacques
Published: June 2017

De l’espoir né de la Résistance aux volontés successives de réglementation d’un métier, l’éducation spécialisée a sans doute épuisé en cours de route ses élans de créativité fondés sur une approche humaniste de l’homme. Pour autant, rien n’est moins sûr que le déclin souvent annoncé d’un métier que de jeunes professionnels s’emploient à faire revivre avec beaucoup d’enthousiasme.
Éléments pour une pratique du soin relationnel en accueil de jour gériatrique
Authors: Gaborit Dominique
Published: June 2017

En positionnant le patient comme un sujet acteur et en mobilisant son potentiel, les professionnels en gériatrie soutiennent le processus d’individuation du patient. Ainsi le soin au quotidien peut-il aider celui-ci à prendre conscience de soi et à se projeter dans un devenir. Le soin est ici à considérer, par le biais du geste infirmier, comme une présence attentive et lucide qui confère au lieu sa valeur d’espace d’accueil. Dans un tel contexte confiant, une attitude affirmative parvient à se mettre en place par laquelle s’exprime la face singulière de la créativité dans le soin.
Le Seigneur des Anneaux comme support de communication familiale
Authors: Sellès Bénédicte
Published: June 2017

Conciliant ma passion pour le cinéma et la psychologie, j’aborde dans ce texte ma saga favorite sous un angle psychologique. Mon mémoire de master 1 porte sur les films comme médiateurs thérapeutiques. Il me paraît judicieux d’expliquer les vertus thérapeutiques et le rôle de support de communication qu’ont eu des films spécifiques au sein de ma propre famille, en me permettant de parler de moi indirectement. Cette saga en particulier abonde d’images visuelles aux significations multiples, et dont la richesse symbolique permet à chacun de s’approprier et d’interpréter les messages des films à sa convenance.
Éléments pour une approche client dans un service médicosocial
Authors: Grégoire Arnaud , Dos Santos Catherine , Sánchez Sánchez Carlos Raúl
Published: June 2017

Une approche client introduite dans les relations avec les usagers d’un service médicosocial améliore-t-elle nos pratiques ? Est-elle perceptible par nos parties prenantes (proches, autorités de tarification, etc.) ? Apporte-t-elle une forme de réponse aux demandes actuelles de personnalisation, de continuité de parcours, d’inclusion, de désinstitutionnalisation ? Pour y répondre, un outil original d’analyse du parcours des usagers-clients issu du marketing des services est présenté, testé dans un service pour enfants déficients visuels et discuté.
RETRACTED: Hydrodynamic Simulation of an Orbital Shaking Test for the Degradation Assessment of Blood-Contact Biomedical Coatings
Authors: Dong Zuo Syuan , Chou Chau Chang , Yeh Chi Hsio , Pan Yu Heng
Published: June 2017

Biomedical coatings are used to promote the wear resistance and the biocompatibility of a mechanical heart valve (MHV). An orbital shaking test was proposed to assess the durability of the coatings by the amount of eroded material due to the surrounding fluid. However, the shaker’s rotating conditions and the corresponding physiological condition was still lack of understanding. This study implemented numerical simulations by establishing a fluid dynamic model to evaluate the intensity of the shear stress under various rotating speed and diameter of the shaker. The results are valuable to conduct in vitro tests for estimating the performance of biomedical coatings under real hemodynamic conditions and can be applied to other fluid-contact implants.
Decolonisation and renewed racism: A challenge and opportunity for reconciliation?
Authors: Thesnaar Christoffel H.
Published: June 2017

The university campuses across South Africa have recently been challenged by significantstudent protests concerning issues such as the abolishment of study fees, aspects ofdecolonisation and language policies, to name but a few. This contribution will briefly reflecton these challenges by engaging with the narrative of decolonisation. An area of particularfocus is whether reconciliation is still relevant within the current South African context, giventhe nature of the issues driving the university protests. This contribution will attempt toprovide some recommendation for public theologians to engage with these challenges in aresponsible way in their endeavour to be advocates for sustainable peace and reconciliation.
On a Singular Integral of Christ–Journé Type with Homogeneous Kernel
Authors: Ding Yong , Lai Xudong
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we prove that the singular integral defined by

is bounded on Lp() for 1 < p < ∞ and is of weak type (1,1), where Ω ∈ L log+ L() and , with a ∈ L∞() satisfying some restricted conditions.
Particularités et limites des vaccins en parasitologie vétérinaire
Authors: Bourdoiseau Gilles
Published: June 2017

Chez l’homme et les animaux domestiques, les maladies parasitaires dues à des champignons, des protozoaires, des helminthes et des arthropodes constituent un défi majeur car elles sont à l’origine d’une mortalité parfois élevée (paludisme), de pertes économiques considérables et parfois sources de parasitoses zoonotiques. Malheureusement, la thérapeutique actuelle est parfois inadaptée ou inefficace à cause de l’émergence de la chimiorésistance. De nombreuses publications mettent en avant des vaccins efficaces contre la leishmaniose et une babésiose canine, une teigne bovine, la toxoplasmose ovine, les coccidioses aviaires et des tiques de bovins ; malheureusement en dépit de ces nombreuses publications, peu de vaccins parviennent à la commercialisation. La médecine humaine et vétérinaire a besoin aujourd’hui d’une stratégie de recherche efficace pour la mise au point de vaccins dirigés contre des parasitoses majeures et/ou zoonotiques.
Nouvelles stratégies d’innovations vaccinales et leurs application en médecine vétérinaire
Authors: Charreyre Catherine , Audonnet Jean-Christophe Francis
Published: June 2017

New strategies for innovative vaccination and their applications in veterinary medecine.

For the last 100 years, vaccination has had a tremendous positive impact on the health of humans and animals. Looking at the recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms, and taking into account the possibility to combine several different solutions, we will see how vaccine antigens can be optimally presented to the immune system. We will describe how to better trigger and stimulate the immune defenses in the host, using new formulations or different strategies for the route and schedule of administration of vaccination programs. We will examine whether possible applications could be implemented in veterinary medicine, and how the veterinarian in the twentyfirst century should be the central figure at the heart of the “ One Health” network.
Aethina tumida, ou petit coléoptère de la ruche : nouveau danger « parasite » de la colonie
Authors: Boucher Samuel
Published: June 2017

Aethina tumida or small hive beetle : a new danger “parasite” of the bee colony.

Known since the end of the 19th century, the small hive beetle Aethina tumida, originating from Africa, was not present on the European territory before 2004. As of September 2014, it arrived in Italy, in the region of Calabria and in Sicily. He would have arrived on Mauritius now. The predatory parasite creates damage in the hive, spoils the colony, leaving little chance of survival, but does not attack the adult bees themselves. The insect destroys the frames, eats the eggs of the bees, the honey, the waxes, the bread of bees. It damages cells that see their honey flow and ferment. It does not cause disease. The parasite can perform, depending on the environmental conditions, from 1 to 6 cycles per year. Regular visual observation of the hive and its contents makes it possible to detect or suspect the parasite. A detection technique using corrugated plastic traps exists. The beetles, fleeing light and the bees, take refuge there. In case of detection, suspicious samples should be sent by the veterinarian to the national reference laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. In case of contamination, the entire apiary must be destroyed by burning hives and frames after spraying an insecticide in all the hives. The area containing the hives must be cleared of small beetle larvae. The soil that shelters the larvae undergoes a mechanical and chemical treatment. In countries already contaminated, there are means of control to reduce the population of pests in the hive (traps, predators ...).
Future threat to boreal ecosystem health from wildfire air pollution
Authors: Yue Xu , Strada Susanna , Unger Nadine
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Biomass burning is an important source of tropospheric ozone (O3) and aerosols. These air pollutants can affect vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake (for O3) and light scattering (for aerosols). Climate change will significantly increase wildfire activity in boreal North America by the midcentury, while little is known about the impacts of enhanced emissions on the terrestrial carbon budget. Here, combining site-level and satellite observations and a carbon-chemistry-climate model, we estimate the impacts of fire emitted O3 and aerosols on net primary productivity (NPP) over boreal North America. Fire emissions are calculated based on an ensemble projection from 13 climate models. In the present day, wildfire enhances surface O3 by 2 ppbv (7 %) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm by 0.03 (26 %) in the summer. By midcentury, boreal area burned is predicted to increase by 66 %, contributing more O3 (13 %) and aerosols (37 %). Fire O3 causes negligible impacts on NPP because ambient O3 concentration is far below the damage threshold of 40 ppbv. Fire aerosols reduce surface solar radiation but enhance atmospheric absorption, resulting in enhanced air stability and intensified regional drought. The domain of this drying is confined to the North in the present day, but extends southward by 2050 due to increased fire emissions. Consequently, wildfire aerosols enhance NPP by 72 Tg C yr-1 in the present day but decrease NPP by 118 Tg C yr-1 in the future, mainly because of the soil moisture perturbations. Our results suggest that future wildfire may accelerate boreal carbon loss, not only through direct emissions, but also through the biophysical impacts of fire aerosols.
Spatiotemporal response of the water cycle to land use conversions in a typical hilly-gully basin on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Qiu Linjing , Wu Yiping , Wang Lijing , Lei Xiaohui , Liao Weihong , Hui Ying , Meng Xianyong
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The hydrological effects of the ‘Grain for Green’ project (GFGP) on the Loess Plateau have been largely debated due to the complexity of the water system and its multiple driving factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of the hydrological cycle to the GFGP measures based on a case study of the Yanhe basin, a typical hilly-gully area on the Loess Plateau of China. First, we analyzed the land use and land cover (LULC) changes from 1990 to 2010. Then, we evaluated the effects of LULC changes and sloping land conversion on the main hydrological components in the basin considering the land surface characteristics and climate impacts. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for this analysis. The results indicated that farmland exhibited a decreasing trend declining from 40.2 % of the basin area in 1990 to 17.6 % in 2010, and the woodland and grassland areas correspondingly increased due to the implementation of the GFGP in the basin. Due to land use changes from 1990 to 2010, surface runoff and the water yield exhibited decreasing trends, whereas evapotranspiration (ET) increased, resulting in a persistent decrease in soil water. Additionally, converting cropland areas with slopes ≥ 15° or > 25° to grassland and woodland had negative effects on surface runoff, the water yield and soil water and a positive effect on ET. The magnitudes of the hydrological effects generated by sloping cropland to woodland conversion were greater than those for sloping cropland to grassland conversion. These results suggest that the expansive revegetation of sloping land could reduce runoff generation, particularly in woodland areas, but these effects could reduce the soil water volume in the region. Overall, this study can be used to improve sustainable land use planning and water resource management on the Loess Plateau in China.
El sector no lucrativo en el marco de la nueva era tecnológica: el desafío del Crowdfunding social en España. Análisis del caso de la asociación Alba Pérez, lucha contra el cáncer infantil
Authors: Sajardo Moreno Antonia , Gil Ibáñez Marta , Pérez Sempere Salvador
Published: June 2017

Los albores del siglo XXI se presentan a las economías y las sociedades en el marco de un desafiante doble cambio de paradigma. Uno, alentado por el neoliberalismo gobernante en gran parte del mundo avanzado, que ha provocado que la propia sociedad admita la arresponsabilidad de las estructuras gobernantes en la prestación de los servicios que componen el Estado del bienestar. Otro, tecnológico, que ha cambiado el modo en que la sociedad se informa, se comunica y se relaciona. Frente a estas dos realidades la sociedad civil ha tomado conciencia de su papel transformador e impulsor de cambios, así como de las crecientes necesidades de atención social que han surgido en este principio de siglo, lo imprescindible de atenderlas y como no, su necesidad de financiación. Es en este ámbito en el que toma una relevancia especial la aplicación de estrategias de comunicación y marketing fundamentadas en la nueva realidad tecnológica en la búsqueda de soluciones alternativas que den viabilidad a proyectos concretos. Se analiza, en el presente artículo, el caso de la Asociación Alba Pérez de lucha contra el cáncer infantil, y la utilización que realiza de las herramientas sociales que internet proporciona, para construir y dinamizar una comunidad, los alberos, comprometida con la causa que defiende la Asociación y dispuesta a facilitar recursos para la consecución de su objetivo. En este contexto analizaremos la dinámica operativa de las herramientas del crowdfunding y de Marketing y comunicación, así como sus factores de éxito. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer un ejemplo de buenas prácticas en el desarrollo de técnicas de fundraising, como es el crowdfunding, que permita al Sector No Lucrativo trazar de acuerdo a su realidad, recursos y objetivos destronando así el mito de la necesidad absoluta de financiación pública, en el cumplimiento de su misión.
Urban Green Development Planning Opportunities and Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Bamenda City, Cameroon
Authors: Kimengsi Jude Ndzifon , Fogwe Zephania Nji
Published: June 2017

World urban areas are increasingly dabbling with the triple challenge of pollution, congestion and environmental degradation. The quest for sanity and healthy urban living led to the introduction of urban green space initiatives. Green space has become primordial in urban areas as it enhances public health, recreation, amenities and property values through its location, accessibility, proximity and serviceability. In a bid to develop an urban green space in Bamenda, the City Council identified the Bamenda escarpment in 2011 for protection. This was followed by a Green City Initiative now captioned the Green City Project. The Bamenda City Council partnering with the UN-Habitat and the Dordrecht/Gorinchem City Councils of the Netherlands seeks to implement an urban greening project with major focus to map out potential areas for creating parks in Bamenda. This project which is a novelty in the rapidly changing urban landscape of Cameroon seeks to contribute to building a green economy that enhances nature, environmental protection and at the same time offers economic and social benefits to its citizens. In this study, we examine the opportunities and challenges of urban greening in Bamenda. Some 50 inhabitants around the escarpment were purposively sampled while council authorities and other stakeholders were interviewed in the Bamenda I municipality in order to assess the opportunities, challenges and prospects for the project. This was complemented by secondary data obtained from the Bamenda City Council. The conclusion drawn is that the initiative will provide opportunities for employment, generate revenue for the City Council and prevent uncontrolled city sprawl against the backdrop of the relatively unstable nature of the foothills (due to mass wasting processes) and land use competition, largely driven by population growth and the daunting task of relocating prior users. We therefore argue in favour of the effective application of urban development policies to restrict encroachment around the area and to engage in slope stabilization where necessary.
Better Minds, Better Morals: A Procedural Guide to Better Judgment
Authors: Schaefer G. Owen , Savulescu Julian
Published: June 2017

Making more moral decisions—an uncontroversial goal, if ever there was one. But how are we to go about it? In this article, we offer a practical guide on ways to promote good judgment in our personal and professional lives. We do this not by outlining what the good life consists in or which values we should accept. We must all decide for ourselves what is good and bad, right and wrong. Rather, we offer a theory of procedural reliability: a set of dimensions of thought that are generally conducive to good moral reasoning. The best way to ensure that we make the right choices is to ensure that the procedures we are employing are sound and reliable. We identify four broad categories of judgment to be targeted—cognitive, self-management, motivational, and interpersonal. Specific factors within each category are further delineated, with a total of fourteen factors to be discussed. For each, we will go through the reasons it generally leads to more morally reliable decision making, how various thinkers have historically addressed the topic, and the insights of recent research that can offer new ways to promote good reasoning. The result is a wide-ranging survey that contains practical advice on how to make better choices. Finally, we relate this to the project of transhumanism and prudential decision making. We argue that transhumans will employ better moral procedures. We also argue that the same virtues will enable us to take better control of our own lives, enhancing our responsibility and enabling us to lead better lives from a prudential perspective.
El Territorio como una Construcción Cultural: Entre realidades y significaciones
Authors: Velásquez Hernández José Ramon
Published: June 2017

Está investigación se propone interpretar las diferentes concepciones teóricas sobre el desarrollo que se han venido planteando a lo largo de las discusiones sobre el territorio. Para la realización de este trabajo fue necesario, una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, de manera que el mismo tiene un carácter documental, acompañado con algunas observaciones empíricas en algunos contextos rurales de Nicaragua. El territorio no es más que una construcción social y cultural, cada espacio se produce y se reproduce a partir de las dinámicas propias impulsadas por procesos históricos, políticos, económicos y culturales, cada uno se construye en base a dos dimensiones: la realidad y la necesidad. Cabe señalar que cada territorio es dinámico y por consiguiente están en constante mutación, lo que indica que sus significados experimentan también una constante variación. Cada individuo y cada organización social generan un espacio, construye un territorio, además que impulsa procesos de transformación en los mismos. Es en el territorio donde se construye una cultura, una forma de vida, una cosmovisión, en donde se articulan un conjunto de instituciones sociales que configuran y reconfiguran dialécticamente el mismo.
Externalidades de la producción de carne bovina en Nicaragua
Authors: Juárez Juárez Darwin
Published: June 2017

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados parciales de la investigación “Externalidades, medio ambiente y política económica en Nicaragua”. La investigación se inscribe dentro del Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Económicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2011 - 2016), la cual consistió en determinar la posible relación entre las externalidades del mercado asociadas a los cuatro principales rubros históricos de exportación de Nicaragua, sus impactos sobre el medio ambiente y posibles riesgos para actividades económicas emergentes. Los resultados revelaron que el modelo agroexportador, además de generar grandes externalidades negativas, se ha fortalecido acompañado de severos impactos ambientales adversos. En el caso particular de la producción tradicional de carne bovina, debido a la fuerte expansión de este rubro, incentivada por los precios FOB de exportación, se ha convertido en un factor determinante principal de la deforestación y en una importante fuente de emisiones de metano, uno de los más potentes gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que inciden en el cambio climático global atribuible a causas antropogénicas.
Desarrollo Sostenible: Concepto y Evolución del Paradigma
Authors: Ambrogui Román Rosario
Published: June 2017

El Eco desarrollo es el nuevo paradigma que apunta hacia la sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental que permita satisfacer las necesidades presentes y futuras, este nuevo concepto paso por un proceso de evolución hasta llegar al concepto integral como nueva forma de desarrollo, en Nicaragua se ha retomado esta conceptualización y se ha incluido como la base de los planes de desarrollo de país, se ha hecho el esfuerzo de construir un marco legal para institucionalizar la estrategia de sostenibilidad, se ha intentado valorar económicamente los servicios eco sistémicos para crear un flujo de cuantificación monetaria que permita la reproducción de los mismos, pero falta todavía dar el salto en la incorporación de esta nueva forma de capital :  El capital natural, en la estructura económica del país, de visualizar las interrelaciones de él con todas las otras formas de capital y determinar los stock y flujos de los recurso naturales dentro de la dinámica económica, social y ambiental.
Epistemología y metodología, una reflexión sobre Unidad, División, Tecnología y Conocimiento
Authors: López Mario Ramón
Published: June 2017

El ensayo reflexiona sobre epistemología y metodología en las ciencias económicas, abordando los conceptos de ciencia, orden división tecnología y conocimiento.  Se ha utilizado la investigación documental para la construcción del ensayo y la reflexión crítica. De dicha reflexión surge el reconocimiento que la relación entre conceptos desde la epistemología de las ciencias económicas es un terreno vivo no libre de sesgos. Se concluye brevemente que las ideas conceptos y epístemas permean en los sistemas de universitarios cuando los marcos conceptuales son lineales y estrechos y se limitan considerar la tecnología igual al término técnica sin tomar en cuenta el rol del conocimiento y la organización y sin considerar que la tecnología esta imbuida o incrustada en los productos. Este modo de pensar y arraigo se manifiesta en los procesos de educación y aprendizaje con el uso de un paradigma que segmenta, crea la ilusión de división y resquebraja la unidad entre sujeto y objeto. Esto es así por el desarrollo epistemológica de las ciencias económicas al separar objeto del sujeto, al ver la tecnología como algo dado.
Surgical Techniques for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Measured Resection, Gap Balancing, and Hybrid
Authors: Sheth Neil P. , Husain Adeel , Nelson Charles Lenwood
Published: June 2017

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is effective in managing end-stage degenerative joint disease. Achieving favorable clinical outcomes is predicated on proper implant alignment, sizing, and rotation as well as adequate soft-tissue balancing. Modern TKA implants are designed to address the fundamental needs of attaining stability in both flexion and extension and of optimizing patellar tracking. Measured resection and gap balancing are the two different techniques used to implant the TKA components used today. Both techniques have been validated as durable and successful, and each has unique advantages and disadvantages. A hybrid technique has been developed that combines the benefits of measured resection and gap balancing and minimizes the limitations associated with both techniques. This hybrid approach has the potential for achieving improved TKA kinematics and refined surgical technique.
Developing family practice research: recommendations for young researchers from a resource-limited country
Authors: Anastasaki Marilena , Lionis Christos
Published: June 2017

Znaczenie badań w praktyce lekarza rodzinnego zostało powszechnie uznane przez czołowe organizacje międzynarodowe i uważane jest za podstawowy element poprawy jakości opieki zdrowotnej. Lekarze specjalizujący się w medycynie rodzinnej będący u progu swojej kariery naukowej często napotykają znaczne trudności związane z brakiem szkoleń, zasobów i umiejętności. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie doświadczeń zdobytych w kraju o ograniczonych zasobach oraz przekazanie praktycznych wskazówek młodym naukowcom, aby zwiększyć ich kompetencje badawcze poprzez poszerzenie sieci kontaktów zawodowych, wykorzystanie źródeł finansowania i skuteczne prezentowanie wyników badań opinii publicznej oraz międzynarodowej społeczności naukowej. Młodzi naukowcy z praktyk lekarzy rodzinnych, zwłaszcza pracujący w warunkach niskich zasobów, mogą napotkać wiele różnych przeszkód od początku swojej kariery, a działania na rzecz zwiększenia potencjału badawczego są niezbędne na całym świecie, aby pomóc im złagodzić te bariery. Mimo potencjalnych trudności, wielu młodych naukowców może to osiągnąć. W oparciu o nasze doświadczenie w dziedzinie badań i wiedzę zdobytą w tworzeniu udanej sieci badań w zakresie praktyki rodzinnej w kraju o niskich zasobach staraliśmy się zaproponować praktyczne zalecenia mające na celu zwiększenie konkurencyjności osobistej i potencjału młodych badaczy praktyk rodzinnych. Nie można jednak zapominać, że pasja i entuzjazm będą zawsze kluczowymi czynnikami poprawiającymi opiekę zdrowotną na całym świecie.
A Highly Specific, Fully Validated Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide Analysis Using Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Acikkol Munevver , Ozdemir Ali Acar , Anilanmert Beril , Mirsal Hasan
Published: June 2017

A highly specific and selective analytical method using LC/MS/MS for the quantitative determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in urine was developed and fully validated. Since the determination of EtG in urine may be possible days after the elimination of alcohol, it is an indication
of alcohol use in alcohol treatment programs and antemortem and postmortem toxicological investigations. Propyl glucuronide (PrG), which increased the selectivity of the method, was used as an internal standard. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, intraday
and interday precision, and recovery. The analyte and PrG in the SPE cleaned up extract were separated on a 150 mm C18 column in 3.3 min with high resolution. The rest of the peaks from the matrix were eluted in 9.0 min. The LOD was 90.8 ng/mL and the LOQ was calculated using the
EURACHEM method as 185.0 ng/mL. The intraday and the intermediate precision of the method was calculated using analysis of variance and confirmed with calculation of HorRat values, which were found within acceptable limits. The method provided a reliable solution for monitoring patients under
alcohol addiction treatment and was successfully applied to real samples.
Electrochemical Determination of Brilliant Blue and Tartrazine Based on an Ionic Liquid-Modified Expanded Graphite Paste Electrode
Authors: Wang Wenchang , Chen Ye , Zhang Jing , Wang Xue , Chen Zhidong
Published: June 2017

A sensitive electrochemical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Brilliant Blue (BB) and tartrazine (Tz) using an ionic liquid-modified expanded graphite paste electrode (IL-EGPE). The IL-EGPE was prepared by mixing ionic liquid-expanded graphite composite (IL-EG) with solid paraffin. Compared with the EGPE, the IL-EGPE remarkably enhanced the electrocatalytic oxidation signals of BB and Tz. Under optimal experimental conditions, the designed IL-EGPE exhibited wide linear responses to BB and Tz ranging from 5.0 × 10–9 to 4.0 × 10–6 M and 1.0 × 10–8 to 1.0 × 10–6 M, respectively. The detection limits for BB and Tz were 2.0 × 10–9 M (1.6 ng/mL) and 3.3 × 10–9 M (1.8 ng/mL) at an S/N of 3, respectively. This electrode showed good reproducibility, stability, and reusability. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of BB and Tz in a soft drink with satisfactory results.
Evaluation of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold Count Plate for the Enumeration of Yeast and Mold in Food: Collaborative Study, First Action 2014.05
Authors: Bird Patrick , Flannery Jonathan , Crowley Erin , Agin James , Goins David , Jechorek Robert
Published: June 2017

The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Rapid Yeast and Mold (RYM) Count Plate is a simple, ready-to-use chromogenic culture method for the rapid detection and enumeration of yeast and mold in food products. The 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method was compared to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA BAM) Chapter 18, Yeasts, Molds and Mycotoxins and the ISO 21527:2008 Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs—Horizontal Method for the Enumeration for Yeast and Molds – Part 1: Colony Count Technique in Products with Water Activity Greater Than 0.95 and Part 2: Colony Count Technique in Products with Water Activity Less Than or Equal to 0.95 reference methods for raw almonds and raw frozen ground beef patties (77% lean). The 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method was evaluated using a paired study design in a multi-laboratory collaborative study following the current AOAC Validation Guidelines. Three target contamination levels (low, 10–100 CFU/g; medium, 100–1000 CFU/g; high 1000–10 000 CFU/g) as well as an uninoculated control level (0 CFU/g) were evaluated for each matrix. Samples evaluated by the 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method were prepared in duplicate and incubated at both 25°C and 28°C. Plates at both temperatures were enumerated after 48 and 60 h of incubation. No significant difference was observed between the 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method and the FDA BAM or ISO 21527 reference methods for each contamination level. No statistical differences were observed between samples analyzed by the 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method (at either 25°C or 28°C) and the reference methods. No statistical significant differences were observed between enumeration of colonies at 48 and 60 h on the 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate method and the reference methods.
Characterization of Microbial Signatures From Advanced Treated Wastewater Biofilms
Authors: Leddy Menu B. , Hasan Nur A. , Subramanian Poorani , Heberling Colin , Cotruvo Joseph , Colwell Rita R.
Published: June 2017

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and metagenomics were used to identify microbial communities in biofilms of microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in an advanced water purification facility (AWPF) that treats municipal wastewater to produce potable quality water. Secondary treated wastewater effluent is the source of influent to the AWPF treatment train and was also characterized by NGS. Results show low bacterial diversity in biofilms obtained from the feed‐side surfaces of MF and RO membranes. Microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the RO biofilm were compared with those of the MF and influent, revealing lower abundance of bacterial species and ARGs in the RO biofilm than in the other samples. Opportunistic pathogens were detected in all samples; however, indicator bacteria, viruses, and bacteriophages were not detected in the RO biofilm. It is concluded that NGS has great potential for improved detection and characterization of microbial communities in biofilms that form on AWPF MF and RO membranes.
USE OF IR SPECTROSCOPY FOR STUDY OF STRUCTURE OF LOW-MODULUS ZEOLITES
Authors: Kul’pina Yuliya N. , Prokof’ev Valery Yu. , Gordina Natalia E. , Khmylova Olga E. , Petukhova Nina V. , Gazakhova Sevil I.
Published: June 2017

A brief description of the low-modulus zeolites structure is given. Constructions of "building" units were discussed. Namely, the structures of TO4 tetrahedron, a simple four-membered ring (S4R), a double four-membered ring (D4R), a simple six-membered ring (S6R), a double six-membered ring (D6R), α-cell and β-cell were described in details. IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the structure of zeolites. The types of interatomic bonds vibrations (stretching and deformation) were represented. The reasons of the absorption bands appearance in the IR spectra were described. The literature data for IR spectroscopy studies of zeolites structure were summarized. The ranges of localization of absorption bands on IR spectra for aluminosilicate frameworks as well as for OH groups and molecular water were identified. The absorption bands which correspond to the stretching and deformation vibrations of TO4, S4R, D4R, S6R and D6R were revealed. The examples of X-ray patterns and infrared spectra for the LTA and SOD samples were given. These samples were prepared from mixtures of metakaolin and sodium hydroxide with an atomic ratio Si: Al equals to 1: 1 and 1: 1⅓ using mechanochemical activation or ultrasonic treatment and calcined at various temperatures. It was shown that in the IR spectrum of SOD, absorption bands of TO4 and S4R were distinctly identified. The effect of mechanochemical and ultrasonic treatment of raw ingredients on the intensity of absorption bands was established. Also, the change in the IR spectrum of the LTA zeolite after calcination was demonstrated. It was found that with increasing calcination temperature, the intensity of the absorption bands of S4R, D4R decreases, which indicates the destruction of the zeolite framework.For citation:Kul’pina Yu.N., Prokof’ev V.Yu., Gordina N.E., Khmylova O.E., Petukhova N.V., Gazakhova S.I. Use of ir spectroscopy for study of structure of low-modulus zeolites. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 44-50.
ESTIMATION OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE OF SOME NITROGEN-CONTAINING ALKYLARYL-SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS AND THEIR REACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Babaev Elbay R.
Published: June 2017

The paper describes the results of the research of some N-containing 2,6-di-a-methylbenzylphenols as antioxidants, antimicrobial and antiwear additives to the lubricating oils. In the model reactions of oxidation of hydrocarbons it has been earlier shown the efficiency of some nitrogen-containing derivatives of α-methylbenzyl-substituted phenols. As it can be seen from the results of research of mechanism of inhibiting action  of three 4-N-substituted aminomethyl-2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenols they have  approximate antiradical efficiency, К7=6-6.5.104 l/mol×s (60 °С), exceeding К7 of ionol (2.2·104 l/mol×s). The stoichiometric inhibition coefficients are f=2-2.6. 2,6-di-α-methylbenzyl-4-diethylaminomethylphenol has the highest reactivity and high catalytic factor. The same conclusion can be drawn from the results of quantum chemical calculations. To confirm the found regularities, they were tested in lubricating oils as antioxidants. Antimicrobial properties of the investigated compounds were studied in the composition of vaseline oil. The synthesized aminomethyl derivatives of 2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenol at a concentration of 0.5-1% ensure the stability of the vaseline oil to biodeterioration, show antimicrobial, more antifungal activity. These compounds show better efficiency than the biocide used in practice - sodium pentachlorophenolate. The lubricating properties of the test compounds were evaluated by the wear spot diameter (Dw) on Four-Ball Wear Test Machine in accordance with RF State Standard 9490-75. Investigations of antiwear properties have shown that these compounds, along with antioxidant properties, have also lubricating properties. They are better than the known additive for the similar purpose - tricresyl phosphate in anti-wear efficiency. The analysis of interrelations of kinetic indicators (rate constant, stoichiometric coefficients), obtained in the model reactions of inhibition of hydrocarbons oxidation with quantum chemical parameters of inhibitors molecular structure (enthalpy, electron population, dipole moment) antioxidant and anti microbial properties of compounds in vaseline oil has been conducted..For citation:Babaev E.R. Estimation of interrelation between structure of some nitrogen-containing alkylaryl-substituted phenols and their reactivity and functional properties. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 51-56
THEORETICAL STUDY OF GRANULATION KINETICS IN A BATCH FLUIDIZED BED
Authors: Mitrofanov Andrey V. , Mizonov Vadim E. , Tannous Katia , Ovchinnikov Lev N.
Published: June 2017

The objective of the study is to build a simple but informative model to estimate qualitatively the influence of process parameters on granulation kinetics in a batch fluidized bed. A Markov chain approach is used to build the model. The height of fluidized bed reactor is separated into a certain number of perfectly mixed cells, and two parallel chains of such cells are introduced: one chain for original particles and another chain for already granulated particles. The particles can move stochastically along their chains and transit from one chain to another due to their size enlargement during granulation. It is supposed that the granulation itself occurs only in the cell of original particles where a binder suspension is supplied to. The volume of suspension, which enters the cell during the time step, is spread over the original particles that can be covered by the suspension up to their desired size. These particles transit to the neighboring cell of another chain for already granulated particles. Then the both sorts of particles move along their chains according to corresponding matrices of transition probabilities. This “could” model can be easily combined with the Markov chain model of drying in fluidized bed developed in our previous works. The numerical experiments with the developed model allowed qualitative estimating the influence of the process parameters on the granulation kinetics. The existence of the optimum superficial gas velocity that provides the maximum rate of granulation is shown. For citation:Mitrofanov A.V., Mizonov V.E., Tannous K., Ovchinnikov L.N. Theoretical study of granulation kinetics in a batch fluidized bed. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 81-87