bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: July 2017

The introductory chapter defines the concept of political disgrace as it was understood under the Bourbon monarchy and sets out the principal themes of the book. Why was the rebellious French nobility of the early seventeenth century gradually persuaded to abandon a culture marked by rebellion and resistance to the crown and learn to submit to a simple royal command? It explores contemporary attitudes towards monarchy and its ideological and cultural foundations and the role of disgrace in the life of the court and wider noble society. It also discusses current historiographical debates, and argues that a study of political disgrace provides an ideal vehicle for demonstrating that Old Regime political culture far from being ossified was fluid and dynamic.
‘Sire, in the name of God, have pity on me’
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: July 2017

Disgrace was an intensely personal experience, the repudiation of a noble courtier or servant by a discontented sovereign, and yet for nearly a century after the outbreak of the wars of religion in 1560, it was as likely to be met by violence or an attempt at negotiation rather than obedience. This chapter charts the rise of a new model of a ‘perfect disgrace’, based on submission and obedience to royal commands by examining why nobles consciously rejected opportunities to take flight. It discusses the influence of Christian, Classical, and cultural models that helped to reshape noble responses to royal disfavour. It also sheds light on how individuals conceptualized disgrace, understood its causes, tried to make sense of it and sought, wherever possible, to escape from its clutches.
The Rules of the Game
Authors: Goodman Jessica
Published: July 2017

This chapter’s examination of the registers of the Comédie-Italienne provides more detailed context to Goldoni’s career at the Hôtel de Bourgogne by focusing specifically on the status of the author in this theatre. A detailed account of the payments made to the opéra-comique authors working alongside Goldoni illustrates his particular value to the troupe. This data modifies the straightforward vision of the Comédie-Italienne as a lucrative commercial venue; however, a consideration of relative timescales for payment also suggests that although payments there were often low, the theatre’s accessibility with respect to the Comédie-Française could nonetheless still make it attractive. Goldoni’s employment by the Italian troupe is posited as not only an attempt to address increasingly pressing economic concerns, as recent re-evaluations suggest, but also as part of a move by the theatre’s administration to re-enter an older logic of prestige and historical status.
Conclusion
Authors: Goodman Jessica
Published: July 2017

The conclusion suggests that Goldoni’s failure of branding in France stemmed not from his misunderstanding of the invitation to Paris, as critics argued for so long, but rather from his misunderstanding of where and how gloire could be created in his new context. Robbed by the Comédie-Italienne of the ability to publish and produce enduring works for future performance, he first focused his inflated hopes on the symbolic goal of the Comédie-Française, and only much later realized the need to provide more substantial lasting proof of his authorial status in France. It was then that he created his Mémoires, in which he invented the image of gloire that he hoped would endure. In the end, however, in the absence of a great body of work in France, Goldoni’s successful theatricalization of his own life was not enough to ensure that his version of his story survived.
Liabilities of Internet Users and Providers
Authors: Sartor Giovanni
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the connection between host providers’ liability and data protection, particularly the right to be forgotten. A conceptual analysis provides basic ideas including privacy, publicity, and neutrality. Subsequently, host providers’ immunities in EU law are compared with safe harbour provisions in US law. Data protection exceptionalism, namely, the view that providers’ immunities do not apply to violations of data protection, is critically considered. Knowledge of illegality of hosted content as a condition for providers’ liability is examined, focusing on how different understandings of this requirement may affect providers’ behaviour. The EU General Data Protection Regulation is then considered, addressing the way it defines the interface between data protection and the role/liabilities of providers. Finally, an analysis of the right to be forgotten is proposed, focusing on how the passage of time affects the legally relevant interests involved and on how sanctions are likely to affect the actions of host providers/users.
The First Developments of the National Census (1800–1830)
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses developments relating to the national census 1800–1830. The questionnaire of the 1800 census differed from that of 1790 as it classified white men and women into five classes by age: less than ten years old; ten to under sixteen; sixteen to twenty-six; twenty-six to forty-four; and over forty-five. No distinction by age was made for free blacks, who were thus counted only for the needs of apportionment, and not out of concern for collecting demographic information on this part of the population. The census of 1820 marked an initial break with the tradition begun in 1790, as marshals were told that beyond the enumeration they should ascertain in detail the circumstances of sex, color, age, condition of life: the names of heads and the characteristics of members of families, citizens or foreigners, and particularly the classes (including slaves) engaged in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures.
The Census of 1840
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses developments relating to the 1840 census. In the course of the 1810s, gazettes and popular almanacs full of numerical data appeared, and the teaching of arithmetic in the United States was transformed. Thus, statistical data and the capacity to understand them become indispensable to anyone who claimed to speak seriously about national affairs. The growing public interest in “moral statistics,” on the poor and disabled, was fed by the growth of the movement for public health reform. This trend was visible in the 1840 census, which was the first to be carried out under the direction of a “Superintendent of the Census” now with his own staff. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the politicization of the statistical debate on slavery and the defense of erroneous statistics on insanity among free blacks by pro-slavery politicians fighting abolitionism, as well as the rise of statistical experts.
The Slow Integration of Indians into US Population Statistics in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the integration of Native Americans into the US census. Since its creation, the census separated the inhabitants of the territory controlled by the United States into three broad categories: free (presumed white, citizens, and taxpayers); slaves (property, reduced by the calculation of apportionment); and Indians, pushed back to the margin of the territory and excluded from the census because they did not participate in any of the mechanisms on which it was based: not citizens, not taxpayers, and not property. With growing numbers of Indian living among the general population appearing in the census returns from 1850, the Census Office had to adapt, and to decide how to classify mixed people. The question was even more complex in the first and second American censuses of Alaska, in 1880 and 1890.
New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the “Mexican” Race
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses changes in racial categorization in the early twentieth century with respect to the US census. Whenever there was a question of the racial classification of new populations, whether in the continental United States or in the territories acquired since 1867, the census always relied on the principles and techniques developed since 1850 to distinguish blacks from whites. Chief among these was the principle of hypodescent, in more or less rigid forms. However, the early twentieth century saw change occurring in two directions: on the one hand, the racialization of a growing number of non-European immigrants and their descendants; on the other, the weakening of the distinctions between the descendants of European immigrants. The remainder of the chapter details the disappearance of the “mulatto” category and the introduction and forcible elimination of the “Mexican” category.
Ethnic Marketing of Population Statistics
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the Census Bureau’s external relations. It covers the publicity programs directed specifically toward ethnic groups; the agency’s use of marketing techniques for targeted campaigns and tools such as photography, films, and radio; the wide public outreach achieved by presidential proclamations announcing the date of each census; the positive experiences of census agents in the field; the agency’s provision of personal information to the FBI or to other government agencies despite the existence of confidentiality clauses; and the Census Bureau’s active participation in discrimination against and persecution of US residents via the deportation of Americans of Japanese origin after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Producer Preferences for Contracts on a Risky Bioenergy Crop
Authors: Krah Kwabena , Petrolia Daniel R , Williams Angelica , Coble Keith H , Harri Ardian , Rejesus Roderick M
Published: July 2017

We employ a choice experiment to examine producer preferences for contracts to produce a risky bioenergy crop. We develop a framework accounting for subjective risk preferences and perceptions, and heterogeneous status‐quo alternatives. Results indicate that price, biorefinery harvest, and establishment cost‐share have significant positive effects, whereas contract length has a negative effect. We also find evidence of significant heterogeneity in preferences for biorefinery harvest, yield insurance, and contract length. Incorporating subjective risk perception and risk preference information, as well as accounting for heterogeneous status quo alternatives improves overall model performance.
Network Connections and Salivary Testosterone Among Older U.S. Women: Social Modulation or Hormonal Causation?
Authors: Das Aniruddha
Published: July 2017

Objectives

This study examined potentially bidirectional connections of older U.S. women’s salivary testosterone with their social network connections.

Methods

Data were from the 2005–2006 and 2010–2011 waves of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP), a national probability sample of older U.S. adults. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models tested linkages of women’s testosterone with their social networks.

Results

Consistent with recent biological theory suggesting social modulation of hormones, a higher kin proportion in one’s egocentric (person-centered) network, arguably a stable compositional feature, negatively predicted women’s testosterone levels. In contrast, findings for tie strength were consistent with hormonal regulation of women’s sociality—with both perceived support from friends and family, and closeness to network members, negatively influenced by testosterone.

Discussion

Rather than being a static and exogenous biological factor, older women’s testosterone levels seem partly an outcome of their social context. Implications for sexual health and hormone therapy are discussed. However, this androgen also influences dimensions of their intimate networks critical to successful aging. Findings suggest the need for social scientists to engage with the neuroendocrine literature, which offers suggestions on linkages of hormones with specific network patterns.
Reducing retrospective patterns in stock assessment and impacts on management performance
Authors: Szuwalski Cody S , Ianelli James N , Punt André E
Published: July 2017

Retrospective patterns are consistent directional changes in assessment estimates of biomass in a given year when additional years of data are added to an assessment, and have been identified for a number of exploited marine stocks. Retrospective patterns are sometimes reduced by allowing population processes to vary over time in an assessment, but it is unclear how this practice influences management performance. We simulated stocks in which retrospective patterns were induced by forcing natural mortality, selectivity, or growth to vary over time. We then evaluated the impacts of reducing retrospective patterns by allowing population processes to vary in the assessment. In general, allowing selectivity, natural mortality, and growth to vary in the assessment decreased the magnitude of retrospective patterns in estimated spawning biomass, regardless of whether the true time-varying process was allowed to vary. However, the resulting reference points and management advice were sometimes drastically in error when a process other than the true time-varying process was allowed to vary, and these errors resulted in under-utilizing or over-exploiting the stock. Given the potential for error, identifying the important population processes that vary over time when addressing retrospective patterns should be a priority when providing management advice and may require increased longitudinal life history studies.
Development of a minipig physical phantom from CT data
Authors: Park Sooyeun , Lee Pilsoo , Ha Wi-Ho , Kim Han Sung , Park Byeong Ryong , Kim Jae Seok , Shim Sehwan , Park Sunhoo , Kim Young-su , Kim Chan Hyeong , Jin Young-Woo
Published: July 2017

Quantification of pathological progression of radiation-induced injury is essential in development of treatment methods, and a proper animal model is necessary for relevant radiological and medical studies. A minipig is a current animal model selected because of its similarities to humans in anatomy and pathology. In the present study, a minipig physical phantom was developed using computed tomography (CT) data. For dosimetry purposes, the minipig physical phantom was constructed on a slice-by-slice basis, with an array of holes to accommodate dosimeters. The phantom is constituted of three major organs, i.e. bone, lung, and remaining soft tissue, and the organs are clearly distinguishable on each 20-mm-thick axial slice. The quality of the tissue-equivalent (TE) substitutes was analyzed in terms of the atomic compositions and Hounsfield units (HUs). The density (in g/cm3) and effective atomic number of TE substitutes for the bone, lung, and soft tissue are 1.4 and 7.9, 0.5 and 10.0, and 1.0 and 5.9, respectively. Although the TE substitutes have slightly different physical properties, we think the phantom is acceptable because the HU values of the TE substitutes lie in the HU range of real tissues.
Circumbinary discs from tidal disruption events
Authors: Coughlin Eric R. , Armitage Philip J.
Published: July 2017

Tidal disruption events, which occur when a star is shredded by the tidal field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), provide a means of fuelling black hole accretion. Here we show, using a combination of three-body orbit integrations and hydrodynamic simulations, that these events are also capable of generating circumbinary rings of gas around tight SMBH binaries with small mass ratios. Depending on the thermodynamics, these rings can either fragment into clumps that orbit the binary, or evolve into a gaseous circumbinary disc. We argue that tidal disruptions provide a direct means of generating circumbinary discs around SMBH binaries and, more generally, can replenish the reservoir of gas on very small scales in galactic nuclei.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Temporalis Muscle: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ros de San Pedro Javier , Cuartero Pérez Beatriz , Ferri Ñíguez Belén , Villanueva San Vicente Víctor
Published: July 2017

Arteriovenous malformations of the temporalis muscle (TM-AVMs) are rare lesions commonly considered as a variant of scalp AVMs. A study was designed in order to analyze TM-AVMs features and to confirm them as a certain entity different from scalp AVMs. Seven TM-AVMs cases (5 from literature plus 2 from our database) were studied. Clinical, epidemiological, radiological, and therapeutic data were analyzed and compared to common scalp AVMs features. All TM-AVMs presented as large soft tumor-like masses on the temporal region (mean diameter: 6 cm). Pain was referred in half of cases, while overlying cutaneous stigmas were described only once. No masticatory malfunction was reported. TM-AVMs tend to appear in young patients (mean: 29 yr), commonly as longstanding and slow-evolving lesions (mean evolution time before diagnosis: 5 yr). All cases displayed a diffuse slow-flow blush on angiogram. All TM-AVMs were completely located within the TM, with no involvement of scalp or bone. The pathological analysis of all cases demonstrated the presence of striate muscular bundles intermingled with fairly mature arterial and venous vessels. No clearly distorted vessel was found within the TM-AVMs. Surgery was performed for all cases with complete removal. Preoperative embolization was done in 4 cases to reduce blood loss during surgery. No clinical/radiological recurrence was reported. Opposite to TM-AVMs, scalp AVMs commonly present as high-flow lesions with no evident tumor mass, mainly located in the subcutaneous tissue. TM-AVMs present clearly distinct features compared to scalp AVMs, for which they should be considered as a certain pathological entity and not as a variant of scalp AVMs.
Secondary Analyses With Large-Scale Data in Deaf Education Research
Authors: Garberoglio Carrie Lou
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses how secondary analyses conducted with large-scale federal data sets offer a way of capturing national samples of the diverse population of deaf students, as well as important features that need to be considered when generalizing findings to practice. The author’s work with federal large-scale data sets has largely focused on an exploration of individual and systemic factors that influence postsecondary outcomes for deaf individuals. Large-scale data sets offer unique opportunities to efficiently test hypotheses and empirically address long-standing assumptions in the field through the use of large sample sizes that bring researchers closer to true representations of the heterogeneity in the Deaf community. Specific examples are shared that highlight some successes and challenges in this approach, and how researchers can best utilize large-scale data sets to conduct secondary analyses in their own work with deaf populations.
Large-Scale Survey Design in Deaf Education Research
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie W.
Published: July 2017

Large-scale surveys are an appealing research design option for those wishing to collect data from many participants dispersed across different settings. This chapter describes several critical issues that must be considered when developing and conducting large-scale surveys in deaf education: aligning with a theoretical rationale, considering sample characteristics and potential confounds, piloting study measures, and developing an analysis plan. The chapter provides examples of ways to capture the heterogeneous demographics inherent within deaf education, ranging from individual characteristics such as identity, language use, and professional experience to educational setting characteristics such as program models and available accommodations. The chapter provides recommendations for how to instill trust and be mindful of participant fatigue during the recruitment process. The chapter ends with strategies for making survey recruitment materials, test directions, and items accessible for a diverse study population.
Single-Case Design
Authors: Antia Shirin D. , Guardino Caroline , Cannon Joanna E.
Published: July 2017

Key features of single-case design (SCD) research are presented and reviewed, including AB, withdrawal (ABAB), multiple-baseline, multiple-treatment, and comparative designs. Validity and reliability of these research designs are defined. The relevance and feasibility of using SCD research to build an evidence base of instructional strategies is discussed. Studies within the field of deaf education are examined and analyzed to demonstrate the variety of ways that SCD research can be implemented in the field. Recommendations regarding replication, collaboration, and generalization are noted to encourage researchers to implement SCD studies to advance the field.
Gilds as Incubators for Citizenship
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A.
Published: July 2017

Gilds had come to be a major force in the city by the late fourteenth century. The major gilds dominated the city government. Gilds served as educators of apprentices on civic behaviors and rituals, as well as in the trades. Participating in gild governance groomed men for civic service. The election of wardens was similar to that of civic office holders, as were the rituals of subordination to the wardens. The gild courts maintained oversight of members’ behavior and the quality of the goods produced. Distinctive liveries were an important indicator of members’ status in the gild. Those of the highest status wore the gild’s gown, whereas those of lesser status wore only the hood. The gowns were worn on civic occasions but also for the funerals of members, for banquets, and for processions on the feast day of the gild.
Introduction
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

Foundings have long captured the political imagination and continue to be a pervasive element of contemporary politics as statesmen, citizens, and new social movements wage many a political battle through appeals to shared origins, Founding Fathers, and foundational principles. Despite their ubiquity in democratic politics, rarely do we stop to examine this notion. Reviewing the uses of this term in contemporary political and constitutional discourse, I introduce the problem addressed by this book: the dominant vision of founding as an authoritative binding origin. The introduction explicates the problems with this view and makes the case for why it is important to reconsider it. Against this view, the book will offer an alternative vision centered on the disaggregation of foundings from originary authority. The introduction outlines this vision and how it will be developed throughout the book, explicating the use of cases that complicate the relationship between foundings and origins.
Device and Composition in the Greek Epic Cycle
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: July 2017

From a corpus of Greek epics known in antiquity as the “Epic Cycle,” six poems dealt with the same Trojan War mythology as the Homeric poems. Though they are now lost, these poems were much read and much discussed in ancient times, not only for their content but for their mysterious relationship with the more famous works attributed to Homer. This study shows that these lost poems belonged, compositionally, to essentially the same tradition as the Homeric poems. It demonstrates that various compositional devices well-known from the Homeric epics were also fundamental to the narrative construction of these later works. Yet while the “cyclic” poets constructed their works using the same traditional devices as Homer, they used these to different ends and with different results. The essential difference between cyclic and Homeric epics lies not in the fundamental building blocks from which they are constructed, but in the scale of these components relative to the overall construction of poems. This sheds important light on the early history of epic as a genre, since it is likely that these devices originally developed to provide large-scale structure to shorter poems and have been put to quite different use in the composition of the monumental Homeric epics. This study includes many new suggestions about the overall form of lost cyclic epics and about the meaning and context of the few surviving verse fragments.
Catalogue and Catalogic
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues for the prevalence and importance of catalogues in the poems of the Cycle, discussed in light of several new studies of the epic catalogue. Some inset narratives discussed in chapter 1 are revisited relative to their likely catalogic format (Cypria, Nostoi). The chapter includes discussion of the Catalogue of Trojan allies mentioned by Proclus as furnishing the end of the Cypria as well as a hypothetical catalogue of the heroes in the wooden horse (Little Iliad) and catalogues recounting distribution of spoils after the sack of Troy (Little Iliad, Ilioupersis), to which several fragments may be assigned. “Catalogic” narrative passages include the recruitment of Achaean heroes in the Cypria and description of the final battle for Troy in the Little Iliad and Ilioupersis.
China’s Unbalanced Growth
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

Most observers have criticized China’s growth model as internally unbalanced, defined by its exceptionally low share of consumption to GDP and commensurately high share of investment in GDP, and externally unbalanced in generating huge trade surpluses mirrored by large trade deficits in the United States and Europe. Many theories have been advanced to explain China’s “twin” imbalances. They focus on distorted prices and excessive savings, but none have highlighted the critical role of urbanization and labor migration. China’s internal imbalances can be seen as the byproduct of a generally successful urbanization-cum-industrialization process rather than a risk. If the diagnosis is wrong, then the resulting policy prescriptions also warrant questioning. With appropriate structural reforms to increase productivity and a more efficient urbanization process, rebalancing will eventually occur without the need to artificially prop up personal consumption.
China’s Foreign Investment in the United States and European Union
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

Ongoing negotiations of bilateral investment treaties between China and the United States and European Union serve as the primary means for both sides to engage in economic policy discussions. Many believe that US firms are investing a lot in China, although the amounts have been modest in comparison with the flows between China and the European Union. This is largely due to the composition of their respective trade with each other and not just political sensitivities. Both the United States and the European Union are confronting China with concerns about its restrictive investment practices, pressures for technology transfer, and intellectual property theft at a time when China seeks to become more innovative by moving up the technology ladder. China complains about being subjected to excessive scrutiny by agencies such as the Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States. Views differ significantly, making it difficult to reach agreement on policy options.
The Foundations of Individuals’ Generalized Social Trust
Authors: Dinesen Peter Thisted , Bekkers René
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews the literature on the causes of individuals’ generalized social trust (trust in unknown others) from a wide range of social science disciplines. The chapter structures the review around two broad classes of explanations: dispositional explanations (trust as a disposition) and experiential explanations (trust as a response to individual experiences). Both have been examined in a number of related lines of research, which are reviewed and critically discussed in the chapter. Specific attention is paid to the potential for drawing causal inference—based on the nature of the data employed, and the methods used—in the studies reviewed.
How Trust in Social Dilemmas Evolves with Age
Authors: Kocher Martin G.
Published: July 2017

While trust and trustworthiness provide a fundamental foundation for human relationships, little is known about how trusting and trustworthy behavior in social dilemmas is related to age and aging. A few papers use data from surveys such as the World Values Survey to address a potential connection between trust and age. This chapter mainly focuses on trusting and trustworthy behavior elicited with the use of the seminal trust game and with games implementing a similar incentivized interaction structure. The results suggest that trust and trustworthiness increase with young age until adolescence. Trustworthiness reaches the level of adults at an earlier age (at around 15-16 years of age) than trusting behavior (around adulthood). Survey results differ from incentivized experiments when it comes to a potential development of trust in adulthood. The former indicate a steady rise in trust levels at a small rate when becoming older, whereas the latter show a decline, starting at an age of about 60 years.
Trust and Cooperation
Authors: Thöni Christian
Published: July 2017

Most of the empirical research on the role of trust as a determinant for economic prosperity relies on survey measured indicators for trust. In this chapter I discuss a number of studies providing micro-foundations of the link between survey measured trust and cooperative behavior in controlled experiments. The results suggest that the most frequently used survey item on trust correlates with a preference for making the trusting move. In contrast, a survey item on fairness is a strong predictor for a person's expectations about the other's trustworthiness. Applied to a cross-cultural perspective I discuss the radius of trust problem and investigate the role of in-group and out-group trust. In a repeated public goods game I find that out-group trust predicts cooperation in the first round of the game, whereas towards the end of the game in-group trust seems to gain importance.
The Future of Organizational Trust Research
Authors: De Jong Bart A. , Kroon David P. , Schilke Oliver
Published: July 2017

This chapter contributes to defining a common research agenda on organizational trust, first by content-analyzing scholarly recommendations for future research published between 2007 and 2011 across 347 articles and 58 social science journals and second by reviewing the latest developments in trust research published between 2012 and 2015 across 111 articles and 31 top-tier management journals. This content analysis of scholarly recommendations yields an emergent organizing framework that offers systematic insight into the trust community’s beliefs about how the field should move forward, while the review of the latest developments in the field provide insight into whether these recommendations have recently been followed up on, or whether research has developed in previously unanticipated directions. The chapter concludes with suggestions on how individual researchers and the trust community as a whole can use and build on these findings to help advance the field.
Individualism-Collectivism, the Rule of Law, and General Trust
Authors: Yamagishi Toshio
Published: July 2017

In the absence of legal protection, people establish collectivist social orders by forming strong ties with closely related individuals. When legal institutions which safeguard people’s rights outside closed relationships do not function, the need for mutual protection within a network of strong ties increases. Individualistic pursuits of opportunities outside the security of closed relationships requires universalistic legal protection. The rule of law thus promotes individualistic social orders that free people from dependence on such networks of strong ties to survive. This chapter proposes that in societies where the rule of law is deeply established, general trust encourages opportunity-seeking activities mediated by weak ties. Macro-level data show a positive correlation between general trust and the national mean individualism score. Furthermore, the degree of a nation’s political stability is positively linked to general trust in countries with a firm rule of law, but not in countries with a weak one.
Improving Outcomes in the Trust Game
Authors: Bohnet Iris , Herrmann Benedikt , Paryavi Maliheh , Tran Anh , Zeckhauser Richard
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines how people in Oman, the United States, and Vietnam deal with trust situations. It offers two trust-fostering mechanisms—a mitigation-based approach (“insurance”), decreasing the principal’s cost of betrayal, and a prevention-based approach (“bonus”), increasing the agent’s benefits of trustworthiness. What choices principals make were measured, as well as how agents respond to them and how both parties’ behaviors compare to a situation where insurance or bonus was assigned by chance. About two-thirds of our principals prefer the safety of the insurance mechanism and about one-third prefer sending a bonus, making themselves vulnerable to the agent. This vulnerability pays off by tripling the likelihood of trustworthiness compared to when insurance is chosen. Still, when a bonus is chosen, only about half of the agents reward trust. This fraction is insufficient to make the principals whole. In terms of expected payoffs principals would be better off with insurance.
Trust in African Villages
Authors: Hofman Paul , Bulte Erwin , Voors Maarten
Published: July 2017

This chapter studies the correlates of trust and trustworthiness for a population of African smallholder farmers. Using experimental and survey data from 1,289 subjects in 86 communities in Sierra Leone, the study finds that the number of tokens sent in a trust game is smaller than amounts typically sent in other contexts. Levels of trustworthiness, as measured by the number of tokens sent back in the trust game, are comparable. The chapter also shows that trust and trustworthiness are correlated with certain social preferences, beliefs, and village context variables. This calls into question what is exactly measured by the trust game.
Ontology
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between scientific and philosophical approaches to ontology, with the aim of clarifying what it means to engage in the project of scientific ontology. It introduces the most influential conceptions of ontology to emerge in the history of philosophy of science. These include deflationary views, which redescribe talk of ontology in terms of other things, as well as views which, conversely, take ontology at face value as an inquiry seeking knowledge of what there is in the world—a world whose existence is independent of the thoughts one may have concerning it. It is argued that the sciences do not yield ontologies until and unless they are interpreted, which requires some recourse to philosophical thinking, and that case studies of science cannot by themselves settle disputes about how these interpretations should go.
Dispositions
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan
Published: July 2017

Armed with the framework for thinking about naturalized metaphysics given in the previous chapters, this chapter turns to a case study in the metaphysics of science. By considering a case in some detail, various aspects of the prior framework are exemplified in a concrete way. The example considered comes from a popular arena of discussion in contemporary metaphysics of science: the attribution of a specific kind of property, dispositional properties, in giving interpretations of scientific work and practices such as explanation. The appeal to dispositional properties represents a case study of how some have attempted to use scientific knowledge and practice as a starting point or inspiration for ontological theorizing—one in which answers to certain questions, such as what stands in need of explanation and what is genuinely explanatorily powerful, figure centrally.
The Nature and Provenance of Epistemic Stances
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan
Published: July 2017

The second of two forms of ontological uncertainty, previously introduced, is explored in detail. This form of uncertainty concerns the contention that not only is ontological commitment something that varies between individuals with different, prior, philosophical commitments in the form of different epistemic stances, but some such differences are irresolvable in principle. The deflationary stance and the two stances most relevant to disputes about this form of uncertainty—the empiricist and metaphysical stances—are considered. The view that the stance one adopts is subject to a kind of choice, thus constituting a form of epistemic voluntarism, is elaborated. Crucial to this view is a description and defense of “permissive” norms of rationality for ontological belief, according to which more than one but not all possible stances are rationally acceptable.
Dimensions of the American Art Market
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Chapter 2 discusses the long evolution of the market for American art in a brief synopsis of key developments along the way. It explains the early marketing of American art, the romance of collectors with Old Masters, the shift in art education of Americans to Europe (especially Paris and Munich) and the ultimate development of a “unique” American art at the turn of the nineteenth century—involving the mix of European modernism with American influences of the “ashcan” artists and the American modernism sponsored by Alfred Stieglitz. Finally, the shift from pre–World War II art to abstract expressionism and contemporary styles is explained as the result of politics in the postwar period. The chapter includes dichotomized lists of eighty prominent American artists—those born prior to 1900 and those born 1900 through 1960.
The Irresistible Rise of the AKP
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

The spectacular rise of the AKP occurred as the military was losing its influence over civilian politics; this offered a unique opportunity for a new political party with Islamic origins to form a government and stay there. For a time the AKP performed well on many levels, with significant improvements in public health, transportation, public services, the economy and the rise of a new middle class, all symptoms of success. This chapter charts and accounts for the rise of the AKP from its Islamic origins during the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, and explains how the party navigated through the complex web of Turkish politics from the origins of the Milli Gorus movement to its difficulties and controversies while in government, winning election after election despite obstacles including opposition from the military and a split with the Gulen movement.
Superposition
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

We observe surprising phenomena when beams of matter interfere in more or less familiar circumstances. By applying its mathematical models we can successfully use quantum theory to make sense of what we observe: overlapping of beams is modeled by adding mathematical objects we associate with each. I explain the models and show how they may be used to predict these observations: five principles summarize this modeling technique. We can use it to say not what is happening to the beams of matter but only what we should expect if we make measurements on them. To arrive at an acceptable formulation we must either say exactly what a measurement is or eliminate the term ‘measurement’ from quantum theory.
Causation and Locality
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

By moving to the context of relativistic space-time structure, this chapter completes the argument of Chapter 4 that we can use quantum theory locally to explain correlations that violate Bell inequalities with no instantaneous action at a distance. Chance here must be relativized not just to time but to a space-time point, so that an event may have more than one chance at the same time—it may even be certain relative to one space-time point but ‘at the same time’ completely uncertain relative to another. This renders Bell’s principle of Local Causality either inapplicable or intuitively unmotivated. Counterfactual dependence between the outcomes of measurements on systems assigned an entangled state is not causal since neither outcome is subject to intervention: but it may still be appealed to in a non-causal explanation of one in terms of the other.
Introduction
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

This chapter has three parts. The first provides background on the Chichewa language, including a discussion of dialect variation, basis for the standard language, and the classification of the language within the Bantu language family. The second part surveys phonological issues that will be taken up in the book. The third part provides an introduction to the goals and structure of the book, including discussion of sources of data and previous work on the language.
Segmental Phonology: Vowels
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of the Chichewa vowel phoneme inventory and its relation to the Proto-Bantu vowel inventory. The distribution of vowels in different morphological and phonological positions in the word is taken up next. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of Bantu vowel height harmony (VHH), a process that conditions the possible vowel combinations in stems in Chichewa as in many Bantu languages. Data from a range of morphological and phonological contexts is provided to show that vowel harmony patterns in Chichewa fit Hyman’s (1999b) characterization of “canonical” Bantu VHH. Accounting for vowel harmony—and in particular Bantu VHH—has played an important role in the development of phonological theories of the representation and assimilation of vocalic properties from the 1980s to the present (Hyman 2003d). For this reason, the chapter takes up three different theoretical approaches to Bantu VHH in some detail.
Grammatical Tone Patterns of Affirmative Main Clause Verbs
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

The chapter begins with a brief background section introducing what is meant by grammatical tone patterns in Bantu languages. Eight different grammatical tone patterns can be identified for affirmative main clause verbs, representing eighteen inflections. The tone patterns for all eighteen inflections are illustrated and discussed in detail in the core eight sections of the chapter. The tone patterns of high-toned extensions and Object Markers are also illustrated and analyzed. The concluding section takes up some analytical issues raised by grammatical tone, including the accentual properties of the tone patterns, the abstract relationship between the source of the high tone patterns and the target syllables for tone realization, and how the grammatical tone patterns of Chichewa could have led to the skewing, in the synchronic verb system, toward toneless stems.
Prosodic Morphology
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

Studies of Bantu languages like Chichewa have contributed to two core areas of prosodic morphology: minimality and reduplication. The first section of this chapter provides evidence for a disyllabic minimality constraint on Prosodic Words in Chichewa. The next sections turn to nominal and verbal reduplication. The reduplication patterns are illustrated in detail. As they have received some attention in the theoretical literature, issues raised by the reduplication patterns are reviewed, including a discussion of the reduplicative tone patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the disyllabic syndrome in Chichewa.
A Kantian Critique of Transparency
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: July 2017

Many contemporary philosophers have defended the ‘transparency’ thesis: How a subject answers the question of whether she believes that p is not by an inner glance; rather, that question is answered in the same way as the question of the truth of p. Several proponents (most prominently Gareth Evans) suggest that they take some of their inspiration for the thesis from Kant. By contrast, this chapter argues that Kant would have opposed the transparency thesis. His investigations into the necessary conditions for cognition show that only a self-conscious subject could have a belief. In that case, the base step for self-ascription, belief about the world, must already involve self-consciousness. Kant does not (at least at his better moments) think that subjects understand themselves as thinkers or believers through inner glances, but through engaging in rational thought.
From War to Peace
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The danger of war on the Hochrhein was heightened by a long-standing feud between a Habsburg vassal, Bilgeri von Heudorf, and the Swiss associated member Schaffhausen, Differences emerged between the Swiss cantons over their designs north of the Rhine, but Archduke Sigismund’s mortgaging most of western lands to Burgundy thwarted any expansion. The restoration of the lands in 1474 led to the Perpetual Accord which guaranteed good-neighbourly relations and required that any mutual military aid be on a cash basis only. Nevertheless, this alliance of convenience provided for the four Austrian ‘Forest Towns’ on the Hochrhein be open to the Swiss in any emergency.
The Romandie
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The Romandie lay at the intersection of international trade routes from Italy over the alpine passes (controlled by Savoy) and north-westwards over the Jura mountains into the Franche-Comté and onwards to France and the Low Countries, though the pre-eminence of the Genevan fairs was challenged by Lyon. Western Switzerland was heavily reliant upon grain from Alsace and above all salt from the brine pits of the Franche-Comté (essential in cattle-rearing, dairying and cheese-making). The Vaud, on the northern littoral of Lake Geneva was agriculturally fertile (especially viticulture, while Lakes Geneva and Neuchâtel were important sources of fish. Yet the Vaud had few urban centres of importance, barring Lausanne and Geneva, while many new town foundations of 13th/14th century subsequently disappeared.
The Year of the French
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Bern remained reluctant to offer Geneva active support, a city which, apart from its Protestantism, lay beyond Bern’s geographical orbit. It feared reprisals from the Catholic cantons, and wished to remain on good terms with Fribourg. Above all, it feared France’s designs upon Savoy, including Geneva, which stretched back to the 1510s. French spies were scouting Geneva’s hinterland from early 1535. In November a small army under François Verey attempted to relieve Geneva, almost certainly under French instructions: Verey promised Geneva the French king’s protection. The most Bern did was to threaten to cancel its long-standing Burgrecht with Savoy. But there was popular support in Bern for intervention. The death of the duke of Milan in November rekindled French ambitions in Italy, imperilling Savoy.