bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MASTER: AN INTELLIGENT ONTOLOGY-BASED MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR SIGHTSEER
Authors: LAM TOBY H. W. , LIU JAMES N. K. , LEE RAYMOND S. T.
Published: June 2009

Recently, semantic web has received substantial attention from the research community. Semantic web aims to provide a new framework that can enable knowledge sharing and reusing. Semantic web is a collection of web technologies that include a number of markup languages such as RDF, OWL and RDFS. These markup languages are used for modeling a domain ontology. By using ontology to model resources, humans and computers (software agents) can have a consensus on the resource structure. The use of these technologies allows the creation of a more effective web search system. In this paper, we modeled travel domain ontology by using Web Ontology Language (OWL). Instead of inviting an expert to model the ontology, we created the travel ontology by collecting and analyzing the structural information from a number of travel related websites. Besides, we implemented an intelligent ontology-based Multi-Agent System for sighTseER (MASTER), which is constructed by using semantic web technologies. MASTER integrates Global Positioning System (GPS), ontology and agent technologies to support location awareness for providing the precise navigation and classify the tourist information for the users. The system was tested on 30 novice users. 83% of the users felt that the system can help tourists find tourist information in Hong Kong.
Intelligent Noise Removal from EMG Signal Using Focused Time-Lagged Recurrent Neural Network
Authors: Kale S. N. , Dudul S. V.
Published: June 2009

Electromyography (EMG) signals can be used for clinical/biomedical application and modern human computer interaction. EMG signals acquire noise while traveling through tissue, inherent noise in electronics equipment, ambient noise, and so forth. ANN approach is studied for reduction of noise in EMG signal. In this paper, it is shown that Focused Time-Lagged Recurrent Neural Network (FTLRNN) can elegantly solve to reduce the noise from EMG signal. After rigorous computer simulations, authors developed an optimal FTLRNN model, which removes the noise from the EMG signal. Results show that the proposed optimal FTLRNN model has an MSE (Mean Square Error) as low as 0.000067 and 0.000048, correlation coefficient as high as 0.99950 and 0.99939 for noise signal and EMG signal, respectively, when validated on the test dataset. It is also noticed that the output of the estimated FTLRNN model closely follows the real one. This network is indeed robust as EMG signal tolerates the noise variance from 0.1 to 0.4 for uniform noise and 0.30 for Gaussian noise. It is clear that the training of the network is independent of specific partitioning of dataset. It is seen that the performance of the proposed FTLRNN model clearly outperforms the best Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function NN (RBF) models. The simple NN model such as the FTLRNN with single-hidden layer can be employed to remove noise from EMG signal.
Experienced Poor Lighting Contributes to the Seasonal Fluctuations in Weight and Appetite That Relate to the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Grimaldi Sharon , Englund Ani , Partonen Timo , Haukka Jari , Pirkola Sami , Reunanen Antti , Aromaa Arpo , Lönnqvist Jouko
Published: June 2009

We tested which environmental, social, lifestyle, and health related factors of the individual contribute to the seasonal variations in mood and behavior and whether these influence the risks of the metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder, both conditions having a high prevalence in industrialized populations. 5480 individuals, representative of the general population aged 30 and over in Finland, were assessed for metabolic syndrome using the ATP-III criteria, gave a self-report of seasonal variations in mood and behavior, and were interviewed for mood, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders using the DSM-IV criteria. The seasonal variations in mood and behavior have a metabolic factor composed of weight and appetite, and greater loadings on this factor increased the risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio of 1.18, 95% confidence interval of 1.10 to 1.26). Self-reports of lighting experienced as poor at home contributed to scores on the metabolic factor (t=4.20,P<.0001). Lighting conditions and their dynamics may serve as a measure for intervention in order to influence the seasonal metabolic signals and in the end to prevent the metabolic syndrome.
Valuation for an American Continuous-Installment Put Option on Bond under Vasicek Interest Rate Model
Authors: Huang Guoan , Deng Guohe , Huang Lihong
Published: June 2009

The valuation for an American continuous-installment put option on zero-coupon bond is considered by Kim's equations under a single factor model of the short-term interest rate, which follows the famous Vasicek model. In term
of the price of this option, integral representations of both the optimal stopping and exercise boundaries are derived. A numerical method is used to approximate the optimal stopping and exercise boundaries by quadrature formulas. Numerical results and discussions are provided.
Closed Fuel Cycle and Minor Actinide Multirecycling in a Gas‐Cooled Fast Reactor
Authors: van Rooijen W. F. G. , Kloosterman J. L.
Published: June 2009

The Generation IV International Forum has identified the Gas‐Cooled
Fast Reactor (GCFR) as one of the reactor concepts for future deployment. The GCFR targets sustainability, which is achieved by the use of a closed nuclear fuel cycle where only fission products are discharged to a repository; all Heavy Metal isotopes are to be recycled in the reactor. In this paper, an overview is presented of recent results obtained
in the study of the closed fuel cycle and the influence of the addition of
extra Minor Actinide (MA) isotopes from existing LWR stockpiles. In
the presented work, up to 10% of the fuel was homogeneously replaced
by an MA‐mixture. The results are that addition of MA increases the
potential of obtaining a closed fuel cycle. Reactivity coefficients generally
decrease with increasing MA content. Addition of MA reduces
the reactivity swing and allows very long irradiation intervals up to 10% FIMA with a small reactivity swing. Multirecycling studies show that a 600 MWth GCFR can transmute the MA from several PWRs. By a
careful choice of the MA‐fraction in the fuel, the reactivity of the fuel
can be tuned to obtain a preset multiplication factor at end of cycle.
Preliminary decay heat calculations show that the presence of MA in the
fuel significantly increases the decay heat for time periods relevant to
accidents (104–105 s after shutdown). The paper ends with some recommendations
for future research in this promising area of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Medical Thoracoscopy Performed Using a Flexible Bronchoscope Inserted through a Chest Tube under Local Anesthesia
Authors: Yokoyama Toshinobu , Toda Reiko , Tomioka Ryusuke , Aizawa Hisamichi
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives. Many cases of pleural effusion can remain undiagnosed following thoracentesis. We evaluated our own technique for performing thoracoscopy under local anesthesia using a 32 Fr chest tube and a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope without a rigid thoracoscope for the diagnosis, inspection, and management of patients with pleurisy. Methods. Seven patients with pleural effusion who underwent thoracoscopy under local anesthesia using a 32 Fr chest tube and a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope were retrospectively studied. Results. Thoracoscopy was safely performed in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusion in all cases. The visualization of the pleura, diaphragm, and lung using this instrumentation was excellent in comparison to that normally obtained during surgical thoracoscopy. A forceps biopsy of the pleura or diaphragm could therefore be easily and effectively performed. Conclusion. This technique is considered to have clinical utility as a diagnostic tool for pleurisy; furthermore, this method is safe, effective and inexpensive, not only for surgeons but also for physicians.
Quark‐Nova Explosion inside a Collapsar: Application to Gamma Ray Bursts
Authors: Ouyed Rachid , Leahy Denis , Staff Jan , Niebergal Brian
Published: June 2009

If a quark‐nova occurs inside a collapsar, the interaction between the quark‐nova ejecta (relativistic iron‐rich chunks) and the collapsar envelope leads to features indicative of those observed in Gamma Ray Bursts. The quark‐nova ejecta collides with the stellar envelope creating an outward moving cap (Γ∼ 1–10) above the polar funnel. Prompt gamma‐ray burst emission from internal shocks in relativistic jets (following accretion onto the quark star) becomes visible after the cap becomes optically thin. Model features include (i) precursor activity (optical, X‐ray, γ‐ray), (ii) prompt γ‐ray emission, and (iii) afterglow emission. We discuss SN‐less long duration GRBs, short hard GRBs (including association and nonassociation with star forming regions), dark GRBs, the energetic X‐ray flares detected in Swift GRBs, and the near‐simultaneous optical and γ‐ray prompt emission observed in GRBs in the context of our model.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of a Silver‐Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite
Authors: Díaz Marcos , Barba Flora , Miranda Miriam , Guitián Francisco , Torrecillas Ramón , Moya José S.
Published: June 2009

A silver‐hydroxyapatite nanocomposite has been obtained by a colloidal chemical route and subsequent reduction process in H2/Ar atmosphere at 350∘C. This material has been characterized by TEM, XRD, and UV‐Visible spectroscopy, showing the silver nanoparticles (∼65 nm) supported onto the HA particles (∼130 nm) surface without a high degree of agglomeration. The bactericidal effect against common Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria has been also investigated. The results indicated a high antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococcus and Escherichia coli, so this material can be a promising antimicrobial biomaterial for implant and reconstructive surgery applications.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Ebstein's Anomaly in a 60-Year-Old Man
Authors: Palmerini Elisabetta , Federici Duccio , Del Pasqua Alessia , Bernazzali Sonia , Lisi Matteo , Chiavarelli Mario , Mondillo Sergio
Published: June 2009

We present an echocardiographic evaluation of an elderly man affected with Ebstein's anomaly. In the natural history of this congenital disease only 5% of patients survive beyond the fifth decade. The patient presented severe right heart failure and he was refered to our institution for heart transplantation.
LiDAR Forest Inventory with Single-Tree, Double-, and Single-Phase Procedures
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Evans David L.
Published: June 2009

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data at 0.5–2 m postings were used with double-sample, stratified procedures involving single-tree relationships in mixed, and single species stands to yield sampling errors ranging from % to %. LiDAR samples were selected with focal filter procedures and heights computed from interpolated canopy and DEM surfaces. Tree dbh and height data were obtained at various ratios of LiDAR, ground samples for DGPS located ground plots. Dbh-height and ground-LiDAR height models were used to predict dbh and compute Phase 2 estimates of basal area and volume. Phase 1 estimates were computed using the species probability distribution from ground plots in each strata. Phase 2 estimates were computed by randomly assigning LiDAR heights to species groups using a Monte Carlo simulation for each ground plot. There was no statistical difference between volume estimates from 0.5 m and 1 m LiDAR densities. Volume estimates from single-phase LiDAR procedures utilizing existing tree attributes and height bias relationships were obtained with sampling errors of 1.8% to 5.5%.
Near‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond/Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Ohmagari Shinya , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi , Nagano Akira , AL-Riyami Sausan , Ohtani Ryota , Setoyama Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Eiichi , Nagayama Kunihito
Published: June 2009

The atomic bonding configuration of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)/hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a‐C:H) films prepared by pulsed laser ablation of graphite in a hydrogen atmosphere was examined by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The measured spectra were decomposed with simple component spectra, and they were analyzed in detail. As compared to the a‐C:H films deposited at room substrate‐temperature, the UNCD/a‐C:H and nonhydrogenated amorphous carbon (a‐C) films deposited at a substrate‐temperature of 550∘C exhibited enhanced π∗ and σ∗C ≡ C peaks. At the elevated substrate‐temperature, the π∗ and σ∗C ≡ C bonds formation is enhanced while the σ∗C–H and σ∗C–C bonds formation is suppressed. The UNCD/a‐C:H film showed a larger σ∗C–C peak than the a‐C film deposited at the same elevated substrate‐temperature in vacuum. We believe that the intense σ∗C–C peak is evidently responsible for UNCD crystallites existence in the film.
On the Momentum Fluxes Associated with Mountain Waves in Directionally Sheared Flows
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Miranda Pedro M. A.
Published: June 2009

The direct impact of mountain waves on the atmospheric circulation is due to the deposition of wave momentum at critical levels, or levels where the waves break. The first process is treated analytically in this study within the framework of linear theory. The variation of the momentum flux with height is investigated for relatively large shears, extending the authors’ previous calculations of the surface gravity wave drag to the whole atmosphere. A Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation is used to treat inviscid, steady, nonrotating, hydrostatic flow with directional shear over a circular mesoscale mountain, for generic wind profiles. This approximation must be extended to third order to obtain momentum flux expressions that are accurate to second order. Since the momentum flux only varies because of wave filtering by critical levels, the application of contour integration techniques enables it to be expressed in terms of simple 1D integrals. On the other hand, the momentum flux divergence (which corresponds to the force on the atmosphere that must be represented in gravity wave drag parameterizations) is given in closed analytical form. The momentum flux expressions are tested for idealized wind profiles, where they become a function of the Richardson number (Ri). These expressions tend, for high Ri, to results by previous authors, where wind profile effects on the surface drag were neglected and critical levels acted as perfect absorbers. The linear results are compared with linear and nonlinear numerical simulations, showing a considerable improvement upon corresponding results derived for higher Ri.
The central Kenya peralkaline province: a unique assemblage of magmatic systems
Authors: Macdonald R. , Bagiński B.
Published: June 2009

The review focuses on the evolution of five contiguous peralkaline salic complexes in the south-central Kenya Rift Valley, stressing new developments of general significance to peralkaline magmatism. The complexes have evolved dominantly by combinations of fractional crystallization and magma mixing; volatile-melt interactions, remobilization of plutonic rocks and crystal mushes, and carbonate-silicate liquid immiscibility have been additional petrogenetic processes. Geochemical and experimental studies have shown that pantelleritic magmas can be generated by fractional crystallization of trachyte and high-silica rhyolite. Melts of comenditic composition were also formed by fractionation of trachyte but also locally by partial meltingof syenites. Studies of apparent partition coefficients have provided some of the first data on element distribution between phenocrysts and peralkaline silicic melts. Compositional zonation has been ubiquitous in the complexes, probably a result of the very low viscosity of the magmas.
The crystal structure and chemistry of mereheadite
Authors: Krivovichev S. V. , Turner R. , RumseY M. , Siidra O. I. , Kirk C. A.
Published: June 2009

The crystal structure of mereheadite (monoclinic, Cm, a = 17.372(1), b = 27.9419(19), c = 10.6661(6) Å, β = 93.152(5)°, V = 5169.6(5) Å3) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.058 for 6279 unique observed reflections. The structure consists of alternating Pb–O/OH blocks and Pb–Cl sheets oriented parallel toth e (201) plane and belongs toth e 1:1 type of lead oxide halides with PbO blocks. It contains 30 symmetrically independent Pb positions, 28 of which belong to the PbO blocks, whilst two positions (Pb12 and Pb16) are located within the tetragonal sheets of the Cl– anions. Mereheadite is thus the first naturally occurring lead oxychloride mineral with inter-layer Pb ions. The coordination configurations of the Pb atoms of the PbO blocks are distorted versions of the square antiprism. In one half of the coordination hemisphere, they are coordinated by hard O2– and OH– anions whose number varies from three to four, whereas the other coordination hemisphere invariably consists of four soft Cl– anions located at the vertices of a distorted square. The Pb12 and Pb16 atoms in between the PbO blocks have an almost planar square coordination of four Cl– anions. These PbCl4 squares are complemented by triangular TO3 groups (T = B, C) so that a sevenfold coordination is achieved. The Pb–O/OH block in mereheadite can be obtained from the ideal PbO block by the following list of procedures: (1) removal of some PbO4 groups that results in the formation of square-shaped vacancies; (2) insertion of TO3 groups into these vacancies; (3) removal of some Pb atoms (that correspond to the Pb1A and Pb2A sites), thus transforming coordination of associated O sites from tetrahedral OPb4 tot riangular OHPb3; and (4) replacement of two O2– anions by one OH– anion with twofold coordination; this results in formation of the 1×2 elongated rectangular vacancy. The structural formula that can be derived on the basis of the results of single-crystal structure determination is Pb47O24(OH)13Cl25(BO3)2(CO3). Welch et al. (1998) proposed the formula Pb2O(OH)Cl for mereheadite, which assumes that neither borate nor carbonate is an essential constituent of mereheadite and their presence in the mineral is due to disordered replacements of Cl– anions. However, our study demonstrates that this is not the case, as BO3 and CO3 groups have well-defined structural positions confined in the vacancies of the Pb–O/OH blocks and are therefore essential constituents. Our results also show that mereheadite is not a polymorph of blixite, but is in fact related to symesite. Symesite thus becomes the baseline member of a group of structurallyrelated minerals.
Description and crystal structure of a new mineral – plimerite, ZnFe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 – the Zn-analogue of rockbridgeite and frondelite, from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Elliott P. , Kolitsch U. , Giester G. , Libowitzky E. , McCammon C. , Pring A. , Birch W. D. , Brugger J.
Published: June 2009

Plimerite, ideally Zn (PO4)3(OH)5, is a new mineral from the Block 14 Opencut, Broken Hill, New SouthWales. It occurs as pale-green to dark-olive-green, almost black, acicular to prismatic and bladed crystals up to 0.5 mm long and as hemispherical aggregates of radiating acicular crystals up to 3 mm across. Crystals are elongated along [001] and the principal form observed is {100} with minor {010} and {001}. The mineral is associated with hinsdalite-plumbogummite, pyromorphite, libethenite, brochantite, malachite, tsumebite and strengite. Plimerite is translucent with a pale-greyish-green streak and a vitreous lustre. It shows an excellent cleavage parallel to {100} and {010} and distinct cleavage parallel to {001}. It is brittle, has an uneven fracture, a Mohs’ hardness of 3.5–4, D(meas.) = 3.67(5) g/cm3 and D(calc.) = 3.62 g/cm3 (for the empirical formula). Optically, it is biaxial negative with α = 1.756(5), β = 1.764(4), γ = 1.767(4) and 2V(calc.) of –63º; pleochroism is X pale-greenish-brown, Y pale-brown, Z pale-bluish-green; absorption Z > X > Y; optical orientation XYZ = cab. Plimerite is orthorhombic, space group Bbmm, unit-cell parameters: a = 13.865(3) Å, b = 16.798(3) Å, c = 5.151(10) Å, V = 1187.0(4) Å3 (single-crystal data) and Z = 4. Strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d (A˚ ), I, hkl]: 4.638, (50), (111); 3.388, (50), (041); 3.369, (55), (131); 3.168, (100), (132); 2.753, (60), (115); 2.575, (90), (200); 2.414, (75), (220); 2.400, (50), (221); 1.957, (40), (225). Electron microprobe analysis yielded (wt.%): PbO 0.36, CaO 0.17, ZnO 20.17, MnO 0.02, Fe2O3 29.82, FeO 2.98, Al2O3 4.48, P2O5 32.37, As2O5 0.09, H2O (calc) 6.84, total 97.30 (Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy). The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 17 oxygens is Ca0.02Pb0.01Zn1.68Al0.60P3.09As0.01O17.00H5.15. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R1 index of 6.41% for 1332 observed reflections from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα radiation, CCD area detector). The structure of plimerite is isotypic with that of rockbridgeite and is based on face-sharing trimers of (Mϕ6) octahedra which link by sharing edges to form chains, that extend in the b-direction. Chains link to clusters comprising pairs of corner-sharing (Mϕ6) octahedra that link to PO4 tetrahedra forming sheets parallel to (001). The sheets link via octahedra and tetrahedra corners into a heteropolyhedral framework structure. The mineral name honours Professor Ian Plimer for his contributions to the study of the geology of ore deposits.
Preferred ion diffusion pathways and activation energies for Ag in the crystal structure of stephanite, Ag5SbS4
Authors: Leitl M. , Pfitzner A. , Bindi L.
Published: June 2009

The crystal structure of stephanite fromthe type locality, Freiberg District, Saxony, Germany, was
refined in the space group Cmc21, up to a final R index of 0.0427. Unit-cell parameters are:
a 7.8329(6) Å, b 12.458(1) Å, c 8.5272(7) Å, V 832.1(1) Å3; Z = 4. The previously reported structural
model is confirmed, but a higher-precision refinement was achieved herein by the introduction of thirdorder
non-harmonic Gram-Charlier tensors for one Ag atom. In the structure of stephanite, Sb forms
isolated SbS3 pyramids, which typically occur in sulphosalts, and Ag occupies sites with coordination
ranging fromtriangular to almost tetrahedral. Both the Sb–S and Ag–S bond distances closely match
the values commonly observed in the structures of other Ag sulphosalts and sulphides.

The use of non-harmonic parameters for Ag allowed a better description of the electron density related to Ag, which is usually difficult to refine in good ionic conductors. A careful analysis of the energy barriers between the Ag sites defines preferred ion-diffusion pathways within the crystal structure of stephanite. The diffusion of Ag ions occurs preferentially along the sites Ag1 and Ag2, giving rise to two-dimensional nets of Ag atoms in which the ion conduction probably takes place.
The mineralogy of efflorescence on As calciner buildings in SW England
Authors: Power M. R. , Pirrie D. , Camm G. S. , Andersen J. C. Ø.
Published: June 2009

Arsenic is a very common by-product of the processing of Cu, Au and polymetallic ores worldwide, where the ore is roasted (calcined) to remove volatile elements. In southwest England, a diverse range of As-mineral species occur as efflorescent secondary mineral growths on historic calciner buildings. Gypsum occurs as abundant dendritic growths comprising either interlocking blades or tabular crystals. Ca-arsenate minerals are locally very abundant as white colloform masses. Positively identified Ca arsenates include pharmacolite, weilite and haidingerite. Other secondary minerals include arsenolite, scorodite, bukovskyite and an As-bearing potassium alum, together with a wide variety of unidentified minerals, including an Al-As-S phase and As-rich F-bearing phases. Gypsum contains As concentrations up to ~7 wt.%. Efflorescent growth at sites exposed to the prevailing weather systems is less abundant than at sheltered sites. This is interpreted as being due to ‘pressure washing’ of exposed sites by driving rain. Successive concentric growths of gypsum and Ca arsenate on masonry are interpreted as being the result of seasonal crystallization.

Understanding both current and historicalmining and mineralprocessing methods is criticalin the evaluation of the potential impact on the modern environment. In particular, due to the abundance of As-bearing minerals in a wide range of ore types, many buildings worldwide are potentially significantly contaminated with As even though few are directly related to As production or handling. Characterizing the secondary As mineralspecies present at mine and mineralprocessing sites is critical in understanding the potentialheal th risk these sites might pose.
Mavlyanovite, Mn5Si3: a new mineral species from a lamproite diatreme, Chatkal Ridge, Uzbekistan
Authors: Yusupov R. G. , Stanley C. J. , Welch M. D. , Spratt J. , Cressey G. , Rumsey M. S. , Seltmann R. , Igamberdiev E.
Published: June 2009

Mavlyanovite, ideally Mn5Si3, is a new mineral from a lamproite diatreme close to the upper reaches of the Koshmansay river, Chatkal ridge, Uzbekistan. It occurs together with unnamed manganese siliciphosphide and manganese silicicarbide minerals in round to ovoid segregations, up to 10 cm in diameter, in volcanic glass. Segregations of hexagonal prismatic mavlyanovite up to 1–2 mm occur in interstices in the matrix and tiny inclusions (1–2 μm) of alabandite and khamrabaevite occur within mavlyanovite. It is opaque with a metallic lustre, has a dark-grey streak, is brittle with a conchoidal fracture and a near-perfect basal cleavage. VHN100 is 1029–1098 kg/mm2 (Mohs hardness ~7). In plane-polarized reflected light, mavlyanovite is a pale-brownish-grey against the accompanying unnamed manganese silicicarbide (white). Reflectance values and colour data are tabulated. Average results of 19 electronmicroprobe analyses give Mn70.84, Fe 6.12, Si 22.57, Ti 0.15, P 0.18, total 99.86 wt.% leading to an empirical formula of (Mn4.66Fe0.40)5.06(Si2.91Ti0.01P0.02)2.94 based on8 a.p.f.u. The calculated density is 6.06 g/cm3, (on the basis of the empirical formula and unit-cell parameters from the structure determination). Mavlyanovite is hexagonal (P63/mcm) with a 6.8971(7), c 4.8075(4) Å, V 198.05(3) Å3 and Z = 2. The structure has been determined and refined to R1 = 0.017, wR2 = 0.044, GoF = 1.16. Mavlyanovite is the naturally-occurring analogue of synthetic Mn5Si3 which is the parent aristotype structure of the Nowotny intermetallic phases studied extensively by the material-science community. It is also the Mn-dominant analogue of xifengite Fe5Si3. The mineral name honours Academician Gani Arifkhanovich Mavlyanov (1910–1988), for his contributions to the understanding of the geology of Uzbekistan.
Aschamalmite (Pb6Bi2S9): crystal structure and ordering scheme for Pb and Bi atoms)
Authors: Callegari A. M. , Boiocchi M.
Published: June 2009

The first single-crystal structure refinement of aschamalmite (Pb6Bi2S9) from Susa Valley (Piedmont, Italy) is reported. The mineral is monoclinic, C2/m, a = 13.719(1) Å, b = 4.132(1) Å, c = 31.419(3) Å, β = 90.94(1)º, V = 1 780.8(4) A ˚3, Z = 4. The Pb6Bi2S9 compound crystallizes also in an orthorhombic form as heyrovskyite (Cmcm) and our study is focused on understanding the reason leading to a change in symmetry. The aschamalmite structure forms because of ordering between Pb and Bi on the margins of the two octahedral layers that are symmetrically equivalent in heyrovskyite. The two alternate set of octahedral slabs are not related by a crystallographic mirror plane and the symmetry decreases to monoclinic. The cation ordering couples opposite sequences of Pb and Bi octahedra at the margins of slabs. In particular,the succession [Me4A]Bi-[Me5A]Pb-[Me4A]Bi-[Me5A]Pb faced to the series [Me4B]Pb- [Me5B]Bi-[Me4B]Pb-[Me5B]Bi occurs in about 70% of the unit-cells of the crystal,while the contrary sequence ([Me4A]Pb-[Me5A]Bi-[Me4A]Pb-[Me5A]Bi faced to [Me4B]Bi-[Me5B]Pb-[Me4B]Bi-[Me5B]Pb) occurs in the remaining unit-cells. The marginal octahedra have ideal populations (a.p.f.u.): [Me4A]1.40Bi+0.60Pb, [Me4B]1.40Pb+0.60Bi, [Me5A]1.40Pb+0.60Bi, [Me5B]1.40Bi+0.60Pb,in agreement with our structurerefinement results.

The probable site populations for pure heyrovskyite have been proposed,as well as the reasons that prevent the formation of a completely ordered monoclinic phase.
The thermal equation of state of (Fe0.86Mg0.07Mn0.07)3Al2Si3O12 almandine
Authors: Fan Dawei W. , G. Zhou Wenge , Liu Congqiang Q. , Liu Yonggang G. , Wan Fang , Xing Yinsuo S. , Liu Jing , Bai Ligang G. , Xie Hongsen S.
Published: June 2009

In situ X-raydiffraction measurements on almandine, (Fe0.86Mg0.07Mn0.07)3Al2Si3O12, were performed using a heating diamond-anvil cell instrument with synchrotron radiation at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facilityup to 27.7 GPa and 533 K. The pressure-volume-temperature data were fitted to a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The isothermal bulk modulus of K0 = 177±2 GPa, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of (∂K/∂T)P= –0.032±0.016 GPaK–1 and a thermal expansion coefficient (α0) of (3.1±0.7)×10–5 K–1 were obtained. This is the first time that the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus of almandine has been determined at high pressure and high temperature. Combining these results with previous results, the compositional dependence of the bulk modulus, thermal expansion, and temperature derivative of the bulk modulus are discussed.
Connectedness at infinity of complete Kähler manifolds
Authors: Li Peter , Wang Jiaping
Published: June 2009

One of the main purposes of this paper is to prove that on a complete K\"ahler
manifold of dimension $m$, if the holomorphic bisectional curvature is bounded
from below by -1 and the minimum spectrum $\lambda_1(M) \ge m^2$, then it must
either be connected at infinity or isometric to ${\Bbb R} \times N$ with a specialized metric, with $N$ being compact. Generalizations
to complete K\"ahler manifolds satisfying a weighted Poincar\'e inequality are also being considered.
Koszul divisors on moduli spaces of curves
Authors: Farkas Gavril
Published: June 2009

Given a moduli space, how can one construct the ``best'' (in the sense of
higher dimensional algebraic geometry) effective divisor on it? We show that,
at least in the case of the moduli space of curves, the answer is provided by
the Koszul divisor defined in terms of the syzygies of the parameterized
objects. In this paper, we find a formula for the slopes of all Koszul divisors
on $\overline{{\cal M}}_g$. In particular, we obtain the first infinite series of
counterexamples to the Harris-Morrison Slope Conjecture and we prove the
Maximal Rank Conjecture in the case when the Brill-Noether number of the
corresponding linear series equals~$0$. We also find shorter proofs for the
formulas of the class of the Brill-Noether and Gieseker-Petri divisors.
Finally, we improve most of Logan's results on the Kodaira dimension of the
moduli spaces $\overline{{\cal M}}_{g, n}$ of pointed stable curves.
Restricted volumes and base loci of linear series
Authors: Ein Lawrence , Lazarsfeld Robert , Mustaţă Mircea , Nakamaye Michael , Popa Mihnea
Published: June 2009

We introduce and study the restricted volume of a divisor along a subvariety.
Our main result is a description of the irreducible components of the augmented
base locus by the vanishing of the restricted volume.
Weight decompositions on étale fundamental groups
Authors: Pridham J. P.
Published: June 2009

Let $X_0$ be a smooth or proper variety defined over a finite field $k$, and
let $X$ be the base extension of $X_0$ to the algebraic closure $\bar{k}$. The
geometric \'etale fundamental group $\pi_1(X,\bar{x})$ of $X$ is a normal
subgroup of the Weil group, so conjugation gives it a Weil action. For $l$ not
dividing the characteristic of $k$, we consider the pro-${\Bbb Q}_l$-algebraic
completion of $\pi_1(X,\bar{x})$ as a nonabelian Weil representation.
Lafforgue's Theorem and Deligne's Weil II theorems imply that this affine
group scheme is mixed, in the sense that its structure sheaf is a mixed Weil
representation. When $X$ is smooth, weight restrictions apply, affecting the
possibilities for the structure of this group. This gives new examples of
groups which cannot arise as \'etale fundamental groups of smooth varieties.
Characterizing integers among rational numbers with a universal-existential formula
Authors: Poonen Bjorn
Published: June 2009

We prove that ${\Bbb Z}$ in definable in ${\Bbb Q}$ by a formula with two universal
quantifiers followed by seven existential quantifiers. It follows that there
is no algorithm for deciding, given an algebraic family of ${\Bbb Q}$-morphisms,
whether there exists one that is surjective on rational points. We also give a
formula, again with universal quantifiers followed by existential quantifiers,
that in any number field defines the ring of integers.
On the density of unnormalized Tamagawa numbers of orthogonal groups, II
Authors: Hayasaka Norihiko , Yukie Akihiko
Published: June 2009

This is the second part of a series of three papers. In this series of papers,
we determine the density of unnormalized Tamagawa numbers of projective special
orthogonal groups defined over a fixed number field. In this part, we determine
local constants at infinite places which appear in the density theorem and
prove the density theorem when the number of variables $n$ is odd. For that
purpose we make a Dirichlet series whose coefficients are unnormalized Tamagawa
numbers of projective special orthogonal groups and prove that it is rather
simple when $n$ is odd.
Multiparameter Riesz commutators
Authors: Lacey Michael T. , Petermichl Stefanie , Pipher Jill C. , Wick Brett D.
Published: June 2009

It is shown that product BMO of S.-Y. A. Chang and R. Fefferman, defined on
the space ${\Bbb R}^{d_1}\otimes \cdots \otimes {\Bbb R} ^{d_t}$, can be
characterized by the multiparameter commutators of Riesz transforms. This
extends a classical one-parameter result of R. Coifman, R. Rochberg, and
G. Weiss, and at the same time extends the work of M. Lacey and S. Ferguson
and M. Lacey and E. Terwilleger, on multiparameter commutators with Hilbert
transforms.
Choerilus of Samos' Lament ( SH 317) and the Revitalization of Epic
Authors: MacFarlane Kelly A.
Published: June 2009

Choerilus of Samos' epic poem, Persica ( SH ), opens with a lament on the current state of poetry ( SH 317). Scholars have misread this lament as a genuine expression of dismay on the part of a poet who is disillusioned with poetry and who thinks that the time for poetry has passed. Choerilus' lament is not sincere but rather a rhetorical device in which the poet draws attention to the problems found in contemporary poetry, problems which he then overcomes with his new style of poetry, namely, historical epic.
The "Reassurance of Fratricide" in the Aeneid
Authors: Pogorzelski Randall J.
Published: June 2009

Virgil's Aeneid naturalizes Italian unity by projecting it onto the ancient past. By representing the Latin War as a civil war, the Aeneid asserts that the ancient inhabitants of Italy, although temporarily and tragically divided, have always formed a natural unit. The ideology of unified Italy overwrites the historical Roman conquest of the peninsula. Although representations of civil war and poignant descriptions of the deaths of Aeneas' Italian enemies might seem to threaten the idea of tota Italia , the poem uses mourning for Italian deaths, like that of Lausus, to infuse the image of unified Italy with emotional force.
How Not to Do History: Xerxes in Herodotus' Histories
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: June 2009

While Herodotus does not offer us an explicit reflection on the usefulness of his work, references of his characters to their own past imply a commentary on how (not) to use the past. This article suggests a metahistorical reading of the Persian Council Scene and of Xerxes. Through correspondences with the authorial narrative, the historical arguments employed by Xerxes, Artabanus, and Mardonius reveal the usefulness of the Histories as well as the limits of history as magistra vitae . Furthermore, Xerxes' attempts to record his own deeds shed light on an aspect of writing history that distinguishes Herodotus from Thucydides.
Latin Secondary Education: Costs and Benefits
Authors: Pagán Victoria
Published: June 2009

Potential high school Latin teachers face a variety of obstacles, but they also stand to gain from earning state certification. Administrators and program coordinators likewise face serious obstacles to operating a Latin teacher training program. Potential Latin teachers can maximize their options by seeking dual certification; the profession however, must also do its part to support the training of high school Latin teachers. In the face of prestige demands leveled by college and university administrators, classicists must vigorously assert the value of Latin secondary education and the training of future teachers.
Gendered Spaces in Ovid's Heroides
Authors: Bolton M. Catherine
Published: June 2009

The Roman woman traditionally inhabited the private space of the house. The women in the single Heroides, as letter-writers, are confined to this internal space. The few women who do manage to surmount the boundaries of the house do not find freedom and adventure, but even more extreme boundaries. Those who leave even the land behind are transformed into transgressive figures, morally and sexually. Ovid demonstrates that the physical world outside of the domus is gendered, and that this gendered space becomes a moral marker for a woman's sexual identity.
The Political Aspects of the German Witch Hunts
Authors: Dillinger Johannes
Published: June 2009

This essay examines how the complex political structure of the early modern German empire influenced witch
hunting. Various legal jurisdictions and juridical structures could either promote or prevent rampant witch hunts from
developing. Above all, the fractured political state of the empire allowed for opportunities for witch hunting to arise.
Urban Witch Trials
Authors: Roeck Bernd
Published: June 2009

This essay compares witchcraft beliefs and witch-hunting structures in urban areas of the early modern German
empire and rural areas. It concludes that, although urban witch hunts certainly did occur, overall witchcraft and the
persecution of witches was a predominantly rural phenomenon.
Witchcraft Studies from the Perspective of Women’s and Gender History: A Report on Recent Research
Authors: Opitz-Belakhal Claudia
Published: June 2009

This essay examines how the rise of women's studies and women's history in academia since the 1970s has
influenced research on witchcraft and witch hunting. It also examines how more recent developments in gender
history, including serious attention to the historical construction of masculinity, has affected scholarship on witchcraft.
Prelude: Early Witch-Hunting in Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Stokes Laura
Published: June 2009

This essay explores the earliest full-blown witch hunts in central Europe, in lands around the western Alps. It explores
the trials, and the early demonological literature that the trials produced, as well as potential causes and future lines
of inquiry.
Policy Adoption in North Carolina and Tennessee: A Comparative Case Study of Lottery Beneficiaries
Authors: Ness Erik C. , Mistretta Molly A.
Published: June 2009

This study analyzes the policy process through which two states determined education beneficiary programs of newly adopted state lotteries. Tennessee, in 2003, followed the regional pattern of allocating all lottery proceeds to merit-based college scholarships. North Carolina, in 2005, bucked this trend by allotting no lottery revenue for merit aid. This comparative case study draws on extensive interview and archival data to test the explanatory power of a revised multiple streams model. Our findings indicate that both stable characteristics, such as government structure and intra-state policy trends, and anarchical influences, such as the timing and strategies of policy entrepreneurs, matter most.
Compulsivity in mouse strains homologous with chromosomes 7p and 15q linked to obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Kas Martien J.H. , Gelegen Cigdem , van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Westenberg Herman G.M. , Deforce Dieter , Denys Damiaan
Published: June 2009

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions. The core symptom of OCD is compulsivity, the inability to stop thinking or acting when you want to, despite being aware of the uselessness of the content or the adverse consequences. To initiate a systematic search for genetic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of compulsivity, a panel of chromosome substitution (CS) strains, derived from mice that suppress (C57BL/6J strain) or maintain (A/J strain) high levels of repetitive wheel running during 2 hr of daily limited food access, was screened for this compulsive behavior. Following the genetic screen, we found linkage between compulsive wheel running and mouse chromosomes 2, 6, and 7 that show overlap with recently identified human linkage regions for OCD on chromosomes 7p and 15q. In the overlapping (human/mouse) genomic region, the CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2) gene was tested in a human case–control study. An initial exploration in OCD cases versus controls failed to detect an association between four‐candidate CRH2R SNP's within this homologous linkage region and OCD. Genetic fine mapping of compulsivity in mice provides new opportunities to reveal mechanisms underlying this significant psychiatric trait. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sterile pyuria in a population of wild white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Beaman Barbara A. , Hesemeyer Wyatt J. , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Savini Tommaso , Reichard Ulrich H.
Published: June 2009

Urinalysis is an emerging method for monitoring the health and energy balance of wild primates. Here, we report the first urinalysis of wild gibbons. We used multi‐reagent test strips to monitor the health status of 52 individual white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) inhabiting Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Most urinary reference values were within normal ranges; however, regardless of age‐ and sex‐class or monthly fruit productivity, we found unexpectedly high rates of urinary leukocytes (50% and 90% of individuals in 2001–2003 and 2006, respectively). In contrast to previous studies of African apes, this finding is coupled with the near absence of urinary nitrites, demonstrating pervasive levels of sterile pyuria. This result is the first reported case of sterile pyuria in a population of wild primates. The etiology of human sterile pyuria is diverse, but in all cases it is diagnostic of systemic inflammation. We discuss the potential causes of sterile pyuria in the gibbons of Khao Yai. Am. J. Primatol. 71:880–883, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cycloadditionen in der Totalsynthese von Sporolid B
Authors: Li Pengfei , Menche Dirk
Published: June 2009

Ringschlüsse: Eine aktuelle Totalsynthese von Sporolid B durch Nicolaou et al. enthält zwei gewagte Cycloadditionen: Eine regioselektive [2+2+2]‐Cycloaddition liefert den halogenierten Arenring, eine [4+2]‐Cyclisierung mit einem ortho‐Chinon den Dioxanring und den Makrocyclus – ein für die Synthese komplexer Zielstrukturen attraktiver Ansatz.

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Photochemistry of Organic Compounds.From Concepts to Practice. Postgraduate Chemistry Series. Von Petr Klán und Jakob Wirz.
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G.
Published: June 2009

John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2009. 582 S., Broschur, 49.90 €.—ISBN 978‐1405161732

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Innentitelbild: Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework (Angew. Chem. 26/2009)
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: June 2009

Das chemische Schalten des Magnetismus in zwei Richtungen wurde in einem mikroporösen Koordinationspolymer mit Spin‐Crossover‐Einheiten beobachtet. M. Ohba, J. A. Real, S. Kitagawa und Mitarbeiter stellten in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4861 ff. magnetische Messungen vor, die belegen, dass die meisten Gastmoleküle einen Übergang des Netzwerks vom diamagnetischen Low‐Spin‐ (rot) in den paramagnetischen High‐Spin‐Zustand (gelb) bewirken. Allein CS2 stabilisiert den Low‐Spin‐Zustand. Die induzierten Spinzustände werden auch nach Freisetzung der Gastspezies beibehalten.

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Quantitative Assessment of Nanoparticle Single Crystallinity: Palladium‐Catalyzed Splitting of Polycrystalline Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Lee Myounghoon , Kim Youngki , Huh Jiyoung , Kim Heonjo , Kim Minsik , Kim Taekhoon , Phan Vu Ngoc , Lee Young‐Boo , Yi Gi‐Ra , Haam Seungjoo , Lee Kwangyeol
Published: June 2009

Crystal gazing: A simple Pd‐catalyzed site‐specific nanoetching method was developed to visualize the polycrystalline nature of Fe3O4 (see picture), Fe2O3, MnFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and MnO nanoparticle systems. The technique relies on the very fast etching speed of the grain interface within bi‐ or polycrystalline nanocrystals.

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Photochemistry of Organic Compounds.From Concepts to Practice. Postgraduate Chemistry Series. By Petr Klán and Jakob Wirz.
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G.
Published: June 2009

John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2009. 582 pp., softcover € 49.90.—ISBN 978‐1405161732

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Inside Cover: Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26/2009)
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: June 2009

Bidirectional chemo‐switching of magnetism occurs in a microporous coordination polymer containing spin‐crossover subunits, as described by M. Ohba, J. A. Real, S. Kitagawa, and co‐workers in their Communication on page 4767 ff. In situ magnetic measurements reveal that most guest molecules transform the framework spin state from diamagnetic low spin (red) to paramagnetic high spin (yellow), whereas the guest CS2 stabilizes the low‐spin state. These induced spin states are retained as a memory effect after the release of the guest.

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Properties and morphology of poly(lactic acid)/soy protein isolate blends
Authors: Fang Kun , Wang Biaobing , Sheng Kuichuan , Sun Xiuzhi Susan
Published: June 2009

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/soy protein isolate (SPI) blends with and without modifier were melt compounded in a intensive mixer. Tensile strength of PLA/SPI simple blends decreased more than pure PLA because the dispersed SPI granules acted as the stress concentration; tensile strength was improved by loading of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). At 0.5 wt % NaHSO3 loading, the blend gave 43.9 MPa of tensile strength. Blends containing both methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and NaHSO3 displayed a significant improvement in tensile strength, which increased by 38% at 4 wt % MDI, compared with the PLA/SPI/NaHSO3 blend. The scanning electron microscopic observation demonstrated that incorporating NaHSO3 and MDI improved compatibility between PLA and SPI. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that SPI induced and accelerated cold crystallization of PLA in the blends, which was also affected by the presence of NaHSO3 and MDI. The PLA/SPI blend containing both NaHSO3 and MDI displayed higher water resistance than the PLA/SPI/NaHSO3 blend. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009