bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The appropriateness and physician compliance of platelet usage by a computerized transfusion decision support system in a medical center
Authors: Lin Yi‐Ching , Chang Chao‐Sung , Yeh Chi‐Jung , Wu Yung‐Chao
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: The prescribing of inappropriate platelet (PLT) transfusions is always a significant problem. A computerized transfusion decision support system (CTDSS) has been used in Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital since September 2004. In this study, the physician compliance and appropriateness of PLT usage after using the CTDSS were investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5887 PLT transfusion episodes between January and December 2008 were reviewed including the demographic data and the “true reason” for each transfusion practice. The pre‐ and posttransfusion PLT counts were retrieved. The physician compliance, the appropriateness of PLT usage, and the PLT increments after transfusion were investigated.

RESULTS: Physician compliance was 85.4%, and the appropriateness of PLT usage was 69.6%. The most commonly chosen indication from the CTDSS was “prophylactic use, PLT count ≤20 × 109/L.” The highest inappropriate order rate was from the emergency department. More than half of the inappropriate episodes were from the surgery unit. The inappropriate rates were significant in terms of both different order sources and functional units (p < 0.0001). The posttransfusion PLT counts increased in two‐thirds of the episodes, and most of them were with the pretransfusion PLT counts of less than 50 × 109/L.

CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, the PLT concentration is too low‐priced and this might cause the overuse of blood components. Under the global budget of National Health Insurance, preventing the overuse of blood components might serve as one of the mechanism to improve medical quality. The CTDSS should be more powerful and effective to intervene in the appropriateness of transfusion practice.
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes Perforates Hair of Adult Corpses in the Gaseous Period*
Authors: Filho Renato Evando M. , Sidrim José Júlio C. , Cordeiro Rossana de A. , Caetano Erica P. , Rocha Marcos Fabio G. , Brilhante Raimunda Sâmia N.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  Despite the substantial literature on mycology, there are still limited reports of the interaction between fungi and human hosts in the postmortem period. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro perforation test using Trichophyton mentagrophytes on hair from adult corpses in the postmortem period (gaseous period). The protocol was carried out with positive (prepubescent children’s hair) and negative controls (healthy adult hair) as well. One strain of Trichophyton rubrum was also used as a negative perforation control. Perforations were found in all the hair samples from corpses and prepubescent children after 12–14 days exposure to T. mentagrophytes and were absent in the hair samples of healthy adults. Furthermore, hair perforation was not observed with T. rubrum. Our preliminary findings suggest the use of T. mentagrophytes as a potential marker of the death interval in forensic science.
Assessment of Wear‐Related Features of the Kerf Wall from Saw Marks in Bone*†
Authors: Freas Laurel E.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  Analyses of saw marks in bone may yield important information about the class characteristics of saws used in postmortem dismemberments, yet little research has been directed at identifying saws’ individualizing characteristics. This study adds to existing saw mark analysis methodologies by examining wear‐related features of kerf walls using light‐ and environmental scanning electron microscopy. A crosscut saw and hacksaw were used to create sequences of 30 cuts in bone; these sequences reveal patterns of progressive loss of fine details of kerf wall morphology with increasing saw blade wear, because of the rounding of sharp points and edges. Nevertheless, diagnostic kerf wall features used to establish class characteristics persist despite these wear‐related changes. Unsuccessful attempts at statistical analysis of wear‐related changes, based on striae width and density, suggest these patterns are not readily quantifiable. Additionally, despite the scanning electron microscope’s superior imaging capabilities, it provided few practical, methodological gains over traditional light microscopy.
Growth of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) Maggots in a Morgue Cooler*
Authors: Thevan Kumara , Ahmad Abu Hassan , Md. Rawi Che Salmah , Singh Bhupinder
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  In estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) using maggots obtained during autopsy, the forensic entomologist makes decisions regarding the effects of low‐temperature storage of the body on the insects. In this case report, a corpse was found in an abandoned house in the residential area of Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia. The maggots were found to be alive inside the mouth of the deceased although the corpse had been in the morgue cooler for 12 days. The maggots were reared and identified as Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius). The emerged adult flies were kept as a stock colony, and the duration of development under the indoor fluctuating temperature regime was studied. The total duration of developmental process of this species was 9.5 ± 0.5 days, and the PMI estimated was 3.2 ± 0.6 days. This case report demonstrates the survival of Ch. megacephala maggots for 12 days and their growth inside the morgue cooler.
The endogenous rhythm of plasma melatonin and its regulation by light in the highveld mole‐rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae): a microphthalmic, seasonally breeding rodent
Authors: Gutjahr G. H. , van Rensburg L. Janse , Malpaux B. , Richter T. A. , Bennett N. C.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The day‐ and night‐time levels of plasma melatonin were measured in adult male and female highveld mole‐rats, Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae. This study aimed to assess whether melatonin secretion in this nocturnal, strictly subterranean but seasonally breeding rodent has a day‐night rhythm and whether that rhythm is circadian and can be modified by photoperiod. In experiment 1, a day‐night rhythm of plasma melatonin was found in all animals housed on a 12L:12D schedule, with significantly higher concentrations in the dark (D) compared with the light (L) phase. The increment of plasma melatonin concentration at night was the same on days 1 and 2 for animals in the control group and animals transferred to constant dark. The animals transferred to constant light substantially reduced the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm on day 2. This suggests that the endogenous melatonin rhythm in C. h. pretoriae has a circadian pattern, which can be synchronized by photoperiod and inhibited by exposure to light at night. In experiment 2, the concentration of plasma melatonin in animals kept under 14L:10D (long day, LD) conditions differed significantly from animals on 10L:14D (short day, SD). This finding supports the notion that C. h. pretoriae is sensitive to changes in day length.
Circadian rhythm entrainment with melatonin, melatonin receptor antagonist S22153 or their combination in mice exposed to constant light
Authors: Li X. M. , Beau J. , Delagrange P. , Mocaër E. , Lévi F.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The ability of daily melatonin and the melatonin receptor antagonist, S22153, to entrain circadian system function was investigated in mice with atypical melatonin rhythm. B6D2F1 mice were first synchronized to a LD 12:12 for ≈2 wk, then exposed to continuous light (LL) until study completion. After 10–18 days of LL exposure, mice received daily subcutaneous (s.c.) melatonin at a dose of 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg/day (exp. 1) or daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) S22153 (20 mg/kg/day) with or without melatonin (1 mg/kg/day, exp. 2) at subjective zeitgeber time (ZT) 10 for 19 days. Then all the mice were exposed to LL for another 10 days. Spectral analysis showed that initial LL lengthened the period of both rhythms by ≈1.5 hr as compared with LD 12:12. No entrainment of either rhythm was found in controls. Conversely, daily melatonin‐only, S22153‐only or their combination set the temperature and activity periods to ≈24 hr and produced a significant increase of the circadian amplitude of both rhythms as compared with controls. However, after treatment withdrawal, the dominant period lengthened to ≈25.5 hr in mice receiving either melatonin or S22153. On the contrary, the period remained close to 24 hr for the 10 days following withdrawal of combined S22153 and melatonin. Such sustained pharmacological resetting of circadian function could display therapeutic potential against external resynchronization resulting from defective photoperiodic entrainment.
VAN DUZER MEMORIAL ORATION: THE EFFECT OF ARMED CONFLICT ON CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Zipursky Alvin
Published: June 2010

Armed conflict has occurred in many parts of the world for centuries and undoubtedly will occur in the future. In the past, combatants suffered; now the majority of suffering is by civilians. Children in these regions are denied the benefits of health care and normal nurturing both during and especially for prolonged periods after the conflict (when the health and social systems have been disrupted or are non‐existent). Their problems of health and development are major; problems for which the experience and knowledge of pediatrics and pediatric research could contribute. Yet, to date, the study of the health and development of children in war zones has not been a major priority of pediatric societies or of the large community of pediatric clinicians and researchers.

Recently the Programme for Global Pediatric Research has held meetings with representatives of agencies working in areas of armed conflict together with pediatric clinicians and researchers. They explored the health and developmental problems of children in war zones. Recommendations from those meetings highlighted the plight of mothers and children during conflict and in the period “after the shooting stops.” Child health and development is critically affected during these times. In many instances planning has been inadequate and both government and legal support have been deficient. This presentation will describe the health and developmental problems of children in zones of armed conflict and steps to be taken to alleviate these major problems.
ENGLISH COURTS' TREATMENT OF THE CHILDREN OF SAME‐SEX COUPLES
Authors: Cobb Stephen
Published: June 2010

This article reviews the historical approach of the English Courts to the children who are raised in same‐sex households; it discusses the very recent reformation of attitude of the courts, and of the legislators, to such family arrangements, and it examines the current attitude of the English Courts. The article considers how the courts have struggled historically to apply ordinary welfare principles in the different context of homosexual parenting, and discusses the complex inter‐play of family relationships when children are born into same‐sex families through donor insemination. The article discusses the ongoing challenges for the courts in dealing with cases of this kind.
STILL A PATCHWORK QUILT: A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF STATE LAWS REGARDING STEPPARENT RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Authors: Pollet Susan L.
Published: June 2010

This article surveys state laws regarding stepparents and stepchildren throughout the United States with regard to custody and visitation rights, child support obligations, adoption and inheritance rights. It provides background information, statistics and general definitions regarding stepparents, a review of some of the psychological and legal literature, information regarding websites and articles for the general public on the topic, and a description of the survey of the states nationwide. Finally, it provides some suggestions regarding future goals for the law in this arena.
BEST PRACTICES FOR MEDIATION TRAINING AND REGULATION: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Authors: Raines Susan , Hedeen Timothy , Barton Ansley Boyd
Published: June 2010

This article makes recommendations as to “Best Practices” for the training of mediators in court‐connected settings. The authors’ findings cover issues including the design of training programs, the importance of experiential learning through role‐plays, teaching methods for adult learners, class size and length, training ethical mediators, suggested trainer qualifications, and recommended regulatory practices for administrators. Data comes primarily from an assessment of mediation training and regulation in Florida, but the findings hold insights for court‐connected mediation programs throughout the United States. Additionally, the authors highlight the benefits of a collaborative assessment approach involving all stakeholder groups and facilitating smooth implementation of any needed changes.
Obesity Prevention Interventions for Middle School‐Age Children of Ethnic Minority: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Stevens Carol J.
Published: June 2010

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this study was to describe the current literature on interventions to reduce obesity in middle school‐age children of ethnic minority.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  A systematic review of the literature was conducted.

RESULTS.  A total of eight studies matched the inclusion criteria. Findings support personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that contribute to obesity in children, yet results for ethnic minorities were inconclusive.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Obesity research suggests that there is merit in addressing specific factors. This review highlights the absence of prevention interventions for middle school‐age children, particularly of ethnic decent.
Phylogeographic relationships of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Li Min , Xi Li , Fan Zhong‐Hua , Hua Ji‐Meng , Niu Chun‐Jing , Li Chun‐Xuan , Bu Wen‐Jun
Published: June 2010

Abstract  The sequences of 16S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes from nine field collections (seven provinces in China: Guangxi, Hubei, Guangdong, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, and also southern and northern part of Iran), plus the sequences of Africa, Europe, Americas and Japan obtained form GenBank were used to re‐analyse the genetic variation in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus). The phylogeographic re‐analysis by using four algorithms (NJ, MP, ML and Bayesian) showed three main lineages. The Iranian haplotypes fell into lineage II formed from Europe and America, rather than in lineage III from Asia; the Chinese haplotypes fell into the Asian clade. Our results suggested that African and non‐African gene pools have been isolated since the Miocene era with the molecular clock calibrations for Heteroptera mtDNA, and not since the Pliocene as mentioned previously. The corresponding age of the separation of the eastern and western Asia clades is estimated to be 4.0–1.6 million years ago, coinciding with the Pliocene–Pleistocene epoch and with acute rising events in the Tibet Plateau locates in the western China, which may have formed the barriers observed today.
Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci from Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lavandero Blas , Dominguez Marcos
Published: June 2010

Abstract  Nine novel microsatellite markers are presented for Aphelinus mali, a parasitoid of the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum. Loci were characterized for 28 individuals from a single orchard in central Chile. Seven loci were polymorphic within A. mali (3–6 alleles per locus; observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.04 to 0.57) and are therefore useful for population genetic studies within this species.
SENSORY AND SEMANTIC LANGUAGE MODEL FOR RED APPLES
Authors: SWAHN JOHAN , ÖSTRÖM ÅSA , LARSSON ULF , GUSTAFSSON INGA‐BRITT
Published: June 2010

This study (1) examines the sensory attributes of a large group of red apples and compares consumer perceptions of them with those of a trained sensory panel; and (2) uses a sensory semantic frame classification to analyze the vocabulary used. Descriptive analysis was carried out with the trained panel, while a simplified version of the repertory grid method was used for one‐to‐one interviews with consumers. The perceptions expressed by the consumers correlated quite well with the terminology used by the trained panel, and the two groups used many identical words when describing the apples' texture, flavor and taste according to partial least squares regression. A sensory semantic frame was constructed based on the vocabulary used by the two groups. The combination of sensory and semantic analysis could be one way of extracting valuable words for use in contexts such as product description for marketing purposes in retail stores.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

To increase and optimize consumer experiences of fruits and vegetables, it is crucial to use the proper words, both informatively and esthetically, to express these sense experiences. Often, however, it can be difficult to describe the taste, flavor, scent and texture of the food we eat. An agreed‐on sensory and semantic language for apples, for example, could be valuable for effective communication in retail stores, to improve selling statistics, consumption and consumer quality awareness.

The key outcome of the study is that the perceptions of the trained panel and the consumers were quite similar, and that the combination of sensory and semantic methodology could be a valuable tool to create sensory characteristics of products to be used in effective marketing communication in grocery retail stores. Future research could investigate consumer decision‐making in relation to sensory and semantic description labels in retail grocery stores.
Formative Geographies of Belonging in White Australia: Constructing the National Self and Other in Parliamentary Debate, 1901
Authors: KAMP ALANNA
Published: June 2010

The relationship between nationally unified calls for immigration restriction in the White Australia period and the emergence of an imagined national identity has been the focus of much valuable historical research. Through the method of content analysis, a geographical lens was used to re‐examine the Commonwealth Parliamentary debates regarding the development of theImmigration Restriction Act 1901and to provide empirical support to the existing scholarship. The content analysis provided statistical evidence for the ways in which immigration restriction in this specific historical context was legitimised and rationalised by social constructions that reproduced racisms. Constructions of the Self and the Other were fundamental in defining exclusion and inclusion during the White Australia era. The national Self was complexly defined by overlapping constructions of the Self as Australian, British (racially and culturally) and White. This is indicative of the tensions and negotiations between national interests and cultural, historical and ‘racial’ ties to Britain at the time. Additionally, content analysis provided nuanced insight into the ways in which the designation of inherent (and diametrically opposing) racial attributes to the White Self and non‐White Other justified the ways in which ‘they’ were different from ‘us’. In this way the Other was characterised as an intrinsic threat to the development of the nation and the wellbeing of its peoples. ‘We’, on the other hand, were integral to the development of White Australia.
Enlarging the Scope of Cell‐Penetrating Prenylated Peptides to Include Farnesylated ‘CAAX’ Box Sequences and Diverse Cell Types
Authors: Ochocki Joshua D. , Igbavboa Urule , Gibson Wood W. , Wattenberg Elizabeth V. , Distefano Mark D.
Published: June 2010

Protein prenylation is a posttranslational modification that is present in a large number of proteins; it has been proposed to be responsible for membrane association and protein–protein interactions, which contribute to its role in signal transduction pathways. Research has been aimed at inhibiting prenylation with farnesyltransferase inhibitors based on the finding that the farnesylated protein Ras is implicated in 30% of human cancers. Despite numerous studies on the enzymology of prenylation in vitro, many questions remain about the process of prenylation as it occurs in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of a series of farnesylated peptides that contain sequences recognized by protein farnesyltransferase. Using a combination of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that these peptides enter a variety of different cell types. A related peptide where the farnesyl group has been replaced by a disulfide‐linked decyl group is also shown to be able to efficiently enter cells. These results highlight the applicability of these peptides as a platform for further study of protein prenylation and subsequent processing in live cells.
MAIN FACTORS CONTROLLING THE COMPOSITIONAL VARIABILITY OF SEEPAGE OILS FROM TRUJILLO STATE, WESTERN VENEZUELA
Authors: Galarraga F. , Urbani F. , Escobar M. , Márquez G. , Martínez M. , Tocco R.
Published: June 2010

The organic geochemistry of eighteen samples of seepage oils from Trujillo State, Western Venezuela, was investigated. These oils are probably derived from the predominantly marine Cretaceous La Luna Formation which is near peak maturity for oil generation. A range of biomarkers (n‐alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, phenanthrene and alkyl‐phenanthrenes, as well as dibenzothiophene and alkyl‐dibenzothiophenes) were analysed by gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).

The seepage oils have been modified as a result of water washing and biodegradation. A first group of samples were slightly biodegraded with the partial loss of n‐ and iso‐alkanes. Other samples fall into two groups: those that are moderately degraded, with partial depletion of acyclic isoprenoids; and those that are severely altered, as indicated by the partial or total absence of hopanes.

One objective of this work was to evaluate the factors influencing the compositional differences of the three samples sets. In‐situ measurements, together with the interpretation of the geochemical data, suggest that diverse factors were responsible for these variations. These included different degrees of alteration due to biodegradation and water washing, as well as differences in flow rate towards the surface.
Consensus statement by otorhinolaryngologists and pathologists on the diagnosis and management of laryngeal dysplasia
Authors: Mehanna H. , Paleri V. , Robson A. , Wight R. , Helliwell T.
Published: June 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 170–176
Creating and maintaining oral health for dependent people in institutional settings
Authors: Glassman Paul , Subar Paul
Published: June 2010

The absolute number and percentage of the population of dependent individuals in institutional settings are growing dramatically in the United States. The current dominant office‐based oral health delivery system is not adequately addressing the oral health needs of these populations and is unlikely to do so in the future.

There are multiple challenges in providing oral health services for dependent people in institutional settings. To achieve improvements in the oral health of these populations, we must change the education of oral health professionals, educate staff in institutional settings about oral health, integrate oral health activities into general health and social service systems, use existing oral health professionals in new ways in community settings, develop new categories of oral health professionals, and reform oral health delivery and reimbursement systems.

Developing new models of oral health services for dependent individuals in institutional settings may provide an opportunity to create a new paradigm of care based on integration of oral health services with general health and social services with an emphasis on prevention and health promotion activities.
Envisioning success: the future of the oral health care delivery system in the United States
Authors: Garcia Raul I. , Inge Ronald E. , Niessen Linda , DePaola Dominick P.
Published: June 2010

The elimination of oral health disparities in the US will require enhancing access to oral health care services. The workshop convened in 2009 by the Institute of Medicine on the “US Oral Health Workforce in the Coming Decade” highlighted both the current workforce's failure to meet the nation's needs as well as the promising opportunities presented by various workforce strategies to significantly enhance access and improve oral health outcomes. In this article, we have briefly reviewed and expanded on the contributions in this special issue of the Journal of Public Health Dentistry, with the goal of identifying common themes and providing a framework for evaluation. There are several key areas where change is critically needed in order to ensure successful implementation of any new workforce models. These areas include a) the public and private financing of dental care, b) the dental educational system, and c) state and federal policies.
Trend analysis of diabetic prevalence and incidence in a rural area of South Korea between 2003–2008
Authors: Jeong Ji Yun , Kim Jung‐Guk , Kim Bo‐Wan , Moon Seong Su , Kim Hye‐Soon , Park Keun‐Gyu , Won Kyu Chang , Lee Hyoung Woo , Yoon Ji Sung , Shon Ho‐Sang , Lee Ji Hyun , Jung Eui‐Dal , Park Mi Young , Chun Byung‐Yeol , Kim Keon‐Yeop , Hwang Tae‐Yoon , Lee Mi‐Young , Lee In‐Kyu
Published: June 2010

Aims/Introduction:  This study determined the change in prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes over a period of 5 years in South Korea. The incidence of diabetes and prediabetes and risk factors associated with the development of diabetes were also investigated.

Materials and Methods:  The Dalseong population‐based cohort survey recruited 1806 subjects who were over 20‐years‐old in 2003. Five years later, 1287 of the original subjects were re‐evaluated and 187 new subjects were added to the study. All participants completed a questionnaire, were given a physical examination, and provided blood samples for analysis including 2 h oral glucose tolerances.

Results:  Age‐adjusted prevalence of diabetes rose from 6.7% in 2003 to 9.1% in 2008. The prevalence of prediabetes also increased from 18.5% in 2003 to 28.4% in 2008. The incidence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were 18.3 per 1000 person‐years and 55.4 per 1000 person‐years, respectively. The development of diabetes was associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (odds ratio [OR] 5.661), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (OR: 6.013), age (OR 1.013), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (OR 1.513). After excluding the IFG and IGT, systolic blood pressure (OR 1.023), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP; OR 1.097), triglyceride (OR 1.002) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (OR 1.696) were statistically significant risk factors in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions:  A significant rise in the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was observed between 2003 and 2008. In addition, this study newly demonstrated that waist‐to‐hip ratio and hsCRP were associated with the development of diabetes after adjusting for several confounding factors. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00045.x, 2010)
Rotordynamic Forces Acting on Three-Bladed Inducer Under Supersynchronous/Synchronous Rotating Cavitation
Authors: Yoshida Yoshiki , Eguchi Masato , Motomura Taiichi , Uchiumi Masaharu , Kure Hirotaka , Maruta Yoshiyulki
Published: June 2010

Asymmetric cavitation, in which cavity lengths are unequal on each blade, is known as a source of cavitation induced shaft vibration in turbomachinery. To investigate the relationship of the uneven cavity length and rotordynamic force in a cavitating inducer with three blades, we conducted two experiments. In one, the growth of cavity unevenness at the inception of synchronous rotating cavitation in cryogenic flow was observed, and in the other, the rotordynamic fluid forces in water were examined by using a rotordynamic test stand with active magnetic bearings. Rotordynamic performances were obtained within a wide range of cavitation numbers, and whirl/shaft speed ratios included supersynchronous/synchronous rotating cavitation. These experimental results indicate that the shaft vibration due to the rotating cavitation is one type of self-excited vibrations arising from the coupling of cavitation instability and rotordynamics.
Unsteady Cavitation at the Tongue of the Volute of a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Bachert Rudolf , Stoffel Bernd , Dular Matevž
Published: June 2010

The paper deals with unsteady effects of cavitation at the tongue of the volute of a centrifugal pump. For the investigations parts of the volute casing, including the tongue and the hub of the impeller, were made of acrylic glass. Experiments were carried out at a flow rate above optimal value (slight overload) and at 3% head drop conditions. In this operating point there was no cavitation present in the impeller of the pump, hence, the whole 3% head drop resulted from cavitation on the tongue of the volute. By use of particle image velocimetry combined with special fluorescent particles it was possible to obtain information about the velocity field outside and inside the cavitating zone. An additional camera provided information about the location and extent of cavitation. The results imply that cloud cavitation similar to the one seen on single hydrofoils appears on the tongue. Periodical evolution of cavitation structures, from incipient to developed, with cavitation cloud shedding, is seen during each passing of a blade. The Results imply that greater consideration should be given to the possibility of cavitation appearance on the tongue of the volute as it is possible that this cavitation location alone causes the 3% head drop. Moreover, the appearance of unsteady cavitation in a higher-pressure region, such as the volute of the pump, can cause severe erosion to the solid surfaces.
Maximum Spread of Droplet on Solid Surface: Low Reynolds and Weber Numbers
Authors: Li Ri , Ashgriz Nasser , Chandra Sanjeev
Published: June 2010

This theoretical study proposes an analytical model to predict the maximum spread of single droplets on solid surfaces with zero or low Weber and Reynolds numbers. The spreading droplet is assumed as a spherical cap considering low impact velocities. Three spreading states are considered, which include equilibrium spread, maximum spontaneous spread, and maximum spread. Energy conservation is applied to the droplet as a control volume. The model equation contains two viscous dissipation terms, each of which has a defined coefficient. One term is for viscous dissipation in spontaneous spreading and the other one is for viscous dissipation of the initial kinetic energy of the droplet. The new model satisfies the fundamental physics of drop-surface interaction and can be used for droplets impacting on solid surfaces with or without initial kinetic energy.
A Numerical Investigation of the Constant-Velocity Volute Design Approach as Applied to the Single Blade Impeller Pump
Authors: de Souza Brian , Niven Andrew , McEvoy Richard
Published: June 2010

This contribution addresses volute design as applied to single-blade-impeller pumps. Traditionally, volute design for multiblade impeller pumps has been carried out using either the constant-velocity or constant-swirl methodologies. Here, the constant velocity approach was investigated in order to determine whether or not it was appropriate for single-blade-impeller pumps, and whether the theoretical formulation would agree with numerically calculated data. In a numerical approach, three volutes were designed of the constant velocity type with design velocities of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.20 Cref. The performance of all three volutes was calculated using transient, three-dimensional, viscous numerical simulations, using the commercially available ANSYS CFX-11.0 code, over a range of flowrates 0.55<Qd<1.44. Analysis of the velocity distributions within the volutes was carried out by means of equispaced radially distributed planes on which the average circumferential velocity was calculated over full impeller rotations. The development of the initial constant velocity volute design (1.0 Cref) required the use of a somewhat arbitrary setting of the recirculation mass flowrate Qrc=0.35Qd. However in subsequent designs, a new iterative approach was developed, in which the velocity and mass flow distribution results from the numerical simulations were looped back into the design procedure, and an updated recirculation mass flowrate was obtained. These steps were then repeated until the desired constant velocity volute designs were obtained. The results of the investigation confirmed the strongly transient velocity pressure pulsation generated by the single blade impeller. When analyzed using average velocity measurements across an entire impeller revolution, clear agreement was seen between the velocity distributions predicted theoretically and calculated numerically for each of the constant velocity volutes. As expected, at flowrates above the dutypoint, the flow was seen to accelerate through the volute in all cases, while below the dutypoint, decelerating flow was observed. Examination of the hydraulic performance curves showed that an increase in the volute constant velocity design value led to a steeper head-flow curve. Further, increasing the design velocity provided for a higher overall hydraulic efficiency and a more peaked efficiency-flow curve.
PIV Measurements and CFD Computations of Secondary Flow in a Centrifugal Pump Impeller
Authors: Westra R. W. , Broersma L. , van Andel K. , Kruyt N. P.
Published: June 2010

Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry measurements and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses have been performed on the steady velocity field inside the shrouded impeller of a low specific-speed centrifugal pump operating with a vaneless diffuser. Flow rates ranging from 80% to 120% of the design flow rate are considered in detail. It is observed from the velocity measurements that secondary flows occur. These flows result in the formation of regions of low velocity near the intersection of blade suction side and shroud. The extent of this jet-wake structure decreases with increasing flow rate. Velocity fields have also been computed from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model using a commercial CFD code. For the considered flow rates, the qualitative agreement between measured and computed velocity profiles is very good. Overall, the average relative difference between these velocity profiles is around 5%. Additional CFD computations have been performed to assess the influence of Reynolds number and the shape of the inlet velocity profile on the computed velocity fields. It is found that the influence of Reynolds number is mild. The shape of the inlet profile has only a weak effect at the shroud.
Safety and Antithrombotic Efficacy of Moderate Platelet Count Reduction by Thrombopoietin Inhibition in Primates
Authors: Tucker Erik I. , Marzec Ulla M. , Berny Michelle A. , Hurst Sawan , Bunting Stuart , McCarty Owen J. T. , Gruber András , Hanson Stephen R.
Published: June 2010

Inhibition of platelet production safely reduces blood clot formation without increasing bleeding side effects in baboons.
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute: The Intersection of Science and Health Care
Authors: Clancy Carolyn , Collins Francis S.
Published: June 2010

The General Accountability Office is accepting Letters of Nomination through 30 June 2010 for the Board of Governors of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.
Sinking Prostate Cancer from Under the Sea
Authors: Alumkal Joshi
Published: June 2010

A marine extract that inhibits transactivation of the androgen receptor’s amino-terminal domain leads to prostate cancer regression.
Quelling a Shock to the System
Authors: Cheng Elaine
Published: June 2010

Interleukin-33 attenuates sepsis by promoting neutrophil migration to the site of infection and facilitating bacterial clearance.
Geotechnics of nonsegregating oil sand tailings
Authors: Caughill D.L. , Morgenstern N.R. , Scott J.D.
Published: June 2010

The present method of oil sands tailings disposal results in a tailings pond with a fine tailings zone that will take many decades to consolidate fully. The fine tailings accumulate as a result of the segregating characteristics of the tailings stream. Nonsegregating mixes of total tailings are desirable to prevent or greatly reduce the formation of a fine tailings zone. This study investigated the use of lime and sulphuric acid to prevent segregation of the tailings stream. Two batches of Syncrude tailings were tested. These averaged 48 and 55% solids and 17% fines (< 44 μm). The hindered settling and consolidation properties of nonsegregating mixes were determined using large-diameter standpipe and slurry consolidation cells. Nonsegregating mixes were achieved by adding 600–800 ppm CaO, based on total weight, or 7.5–10 mL/L of 10% H2SO4, based on the total volume of tailings. Predictions of field performance using a finite strain consolidation program indicate that a deposition rate of up to 20 m/year of treated total tailings is possible, depending upon the simultaneous degree of consolidation desired. The discovery of nonsegregating mixes with sufficient self-draining capability opens many options to address this important waste-management problem. Key words : oil sand tailings, nonsegregating, hindered settling, consolidation, permeability, laboratory.
A note on vertical cuts in homogeneous soils
Authors: Singh D.N. , Basudhar P.K.
Published: June 2010

In this note, the modified Lysmer method based on discrete elements and nonlinear programming technique has been extended to study the stability of a vertical cut in both homogeneous cohesive and cohesive–frictional soils to obtain lower bound solutions. For saturated clays under undrained condition, the calculated stability number (3.69) is closer to the upper bound value (3.78) than the lower bound value (3.64) reported in the literature until now. For cohesive–frictional soils, the obtained lower bound limit load compares well with that using a finite-element elastoplastic solution. Key words : lower bound, vertical cut, cohesive soils, stability number, discrete element, nonlinear programming.
A suggested method for estimating setbacks from the crests of slopes on the Interior Plains in Alberta
Authors: Lugt J.S. de , Thomson S. , Cruden D.M.
Published: June 2010

A method of estimating safe setbacks from the crests of river valley slopes in Alberta was evaluated for 39 slopes, of which eight are presented to illustrate the method and assess its reliability. The slope at each site is compared with angles of nearby stable, abandoned slopes with similar geology. An abandoned slope is a slope not being eroded by a river at present. The terrain behind the valley crest is often level. However, if the terrain rises or falls away from the crest, the setback should be corrected by a simply determined factor. Setbacks include an allowance for lateral river erosion, though this component is difficult to determine precisely. Ideally, site-specific rates of erosion should be determined and then applied to the model. In the eight cases discussed, no damage would have occurred had the structures been built behind the setback guideline. The suggested method for determining setbacks appears to be a prudent guideline for development along valley crests. The crests of slopes that have reached their ultimate angle are available for development with a small setback. For any slope that has not attained its ultimate angle, the setback represents land that is not available for development without detailed geotechnical analyses and remedial work. Key words : setback, slope, landslide, abandoned slope, angle of ultimate stability.
PUISEUX POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS FOR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
Authors: AROCA FUENSANTA , ILARDI GIOVANNA , LÓPEZ DE MEDRANO LUCÍA
Published: June 2010

We give an algorithm to compute term-by-term multivariate Puiseux series expansions of series arising as local parametrizations of zeroes of systems of algebraic equations at singular points. The algorithm is an extension of Newton's method for plane algebraic curves, replacing the Newton polygon by the tropical variety of the ideal generated by the system. As a corollary we deduce a property of tropical varieties of quasi-ordinary singularities.
PSEUDODUALITY IN SUPERSYMMETRIC SIGMA MODELS
Authors: SARISAMAN MUSTAFA
Published: June 2010

We study the pseudoduality transformation in supersymmetric sigma models. We generalize the classical construction of pseudoduality transformation to supersymmetric case. We perform this both by component expansion method on manifold [Formula: see text] and by orthonormal coframe method on manifold [Formula: see text]. The component expansion method yields the result that pseudoduality tranformation is not invertible at all points and occurs from all points on one manifold to only one point where Riemann normal coordinates are valid on the second manifold. Torsion of the sigma model on [Formula: see text] must vanish while it is nonvanishing on [Formula: see text], and curvatures of the manifolds must be constant and the same. In the case of super-WZW sigma models, pseudoduality equations result in three different pseudoduality conditions; identity, chiral and antichiral pseudoduality.
SEPARABILITY OF GRAVITATIONAL PERTURBATION IN GENERALIZED KERR–NUT–DE SITTER SPACE–TIME
Authors: OOTA TAKESHI , YASUI YUKINORI
Published: June 2010

Generalized Kerr–NUT–de Sitter space–time is the most general space–time which admits a rank-2 closed conformal Killing–Yano tensor. It contains the higher-dimensional Kerr–de Sitter black holes with partially equal angular momenta. We study the separability of gravitational perturbations in the generalized Kerr–NUT–de Sitter space–time. We show that a certain type of tensor perturbations admits the separation of variables. The linearized perturbation equations for the Einstein condition are transformed into the ordinary differential equations of Fuchs type.
BIANCHI TYPE-I STRING DUST COSMOLOGICAL MODELS IN LYRA GEOMETRY
Authors: BALI RAJ , GUPTA LOKESH KUMAR
Published: June 2010

Bianchi type-I string cosmological models with time dependent gauge function (β) within the framework of Lyra geometry is presented. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we assume that the eigenvalue [Formula: see text] of shear tensor [Formula: see text] is proportional to the expansion (θ). This leads to A = (BC)nwhere A, B, C are metric potential and n is a constant. The physical and geometrical aspects of the model are discussed in detail. In a special case, the behavior of the model in terms of cosmic time t for [Formula: see text] is also discussed.
SEARCHING FOR THE QUARK–DIQUARK SYSTEMATICS OF BARYONS COMPOSED BY LIGHT QUARKS q = u, d
Authors: ANISOVICH A. V. , ANISOVICH V. V. , MATVEEV M. A. , NIKONOV V. A. , SARANTSEV A. V. , VULFS T. O.
Published: June 2010

Supposing quark–diquark structure of baryons, we look for systematics of baryons composed of light quarks (q = u, d). We systematize baryons using the notion of two diquarks: (i) axial–vector state, [Formula: see text], with the spin SD = 1 and isospin ID = 1 and (ii) scalar one, [Formula: see text], with the spin SD = 0 and isospin ID = 0. We consider several schemes for the composed baryons: (1) with different diquark masses, [Formula: see text], (2) with [Formula: see text] and overlapping [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] states (resonances), (3) with/without SU(6) constraints for low-lying states (with quark–diquark orbital momenta L = 0). In the high-mass region, the model predicts several baryon resonances at M ~ 2.0–2.9 GeV . Moreover, the model gives us the double pole structure (i.e. two poles with the same Re M but different Im M) in many amplitudes at masses M ≳ 2.0 GeV . We see also that for description of low-lying baryons (with L = 0), the SU(6) constraint is needed.
THE SPECTRUM OF SCALAR FLUCTUATIONS OF A BOUNCING UNIVERSE
Authors: CAMPISTA M. , NOVELLO M. , SALIM J. M.
Published: June 2010

In the last years, the idea of the existence of a collapsing phase previous to the actual expanding one has attracted attention in many different contexts (being very active!). There are many reasons for this, which concerns the standard model and its difficulties in dealing with a singularity which — in the words of the creator of general relativity — means the failure of the equations of general relativity to represent the gravitational field in those regions of extraordinary high curvature. However, we would like to point out just one: the possibility of deciding the existence of such primordial collapsing phase by observational tests due to the inprint it could be left in the inhomogeneous structure that constitutes the actual distribution of galaxies and cluster of galaxies. In this vein, the purpose of the present work is to analyze a particular bouncing universe and the evolution of small perturbations. To realize such analysis when the geometry has a bouncing (that is, the associated Hubble parameter — that measures the rate of the velocity of the expansion through [Formula: see text] — has a zero) the standard Lifshitz–Bardeen–Mukhanov variables/method is not the best one. Instead, we use the most well-behaved standard quasi-Maxwellian equations of perturbation introduced by Hawking and developed by Ellis et al. and Novello et al.
LOCAL FREE-FALL TEMPERATURE OF A RN–AdS BLACK HOLE
Authors: KIM YONG-WAN , CHOI JAEDONG , PARK YOUNG-JAI
Published: June 2010

We use the global embedding Minkowski space geometries of a (3+1)-dimensional curved Reissner–Nordström (RN)–AdS black hole space–time into a (5+2)-dimensional flat space–time to define a proper local temperature, which remains finite at the event horizon, for freely falling observers outside a static black hole. Our extended results include the known limiting cases of the RN, Schwarzschild–AdS and Schwarzschild black holes.
Neurological Channelopathies
Authors: Kullmann Dimitri M.
Published: June 2010

Inherited ion channel mutations can affect the entire nervous system. Many cause paroxysmal disturbances of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve or skeletal muscle function, with normal neurological development and function in between attacks. To fully understand how mutations of ion channel genes cause disease, we need to know the normal location and function of the channel subunit, consequences of the mutation for biogenesis and biophysical properties, and possible compensatory changes in other channels that contribute to cell or circuit excitability. Animal models of monogenic channelopathies increasingly help our understanding. An important challenge for the future is to determine how more subtle derangements of ion channel function, which arise from the interaction of genetic and environmental influences, contribute to common paroxysomal disorders, including idiopathic epilepsy and migraine, that share features with rare monogenic channelopathies.
Error Correction, Sensory Prediction, and Adaptation in Motor Control
Authors: Shadmehr Reza , Smith Maurice A. , Krakauer John W.
Published: June 2010

Motor control is the study of how organisms make accurate goal-directed movements. Here we consider two problems that the motor system must solve in order to achieve such control. The first problem is that sensory feedback is noisy and delayed, which can make movements inaccurate and unstable. The second problem is that the relationship between a motor command and the movement it produces is variable, as the body and the environment can both change. A solution is to build adaptive internal models of the body and the world. The predictions of these internal models, called forward models because they transform motor commands into sensory consequences, can be used to both produce a lifetime of calibrated movements, and to improve the ability of the sensory system to estimate the state of the body and the world around it. Forward models are only useful if they produce unbiased predictions. Evidence shows that forward models remain calibrated through motor adaptation: learning driven by sensory prediction errors.