bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF RYLE’S TUBE FIXATION (PARTHA’S TECHNIQUE) FOR CONVENIENT INTRAOPERATIVE USE
Authors: E ARUN THILAK , S PARTHASARATHY
Published: October 2020

Dear sir,

Nasogastric tube (Ryle’s tube) insertion is one of the commonest ward procedures done for different indications. During selected surgical procedures, the insertion of such tubes is done in the preoperative ward. There are lot of reported difficulties during insertion in the intraoperative period.1 The Ryle’s tube is inserted in the classical manner but usually adjusted to enable the surgeon to do the gut surgery. The tube is usually fixed to the nose by a plaster wound round the tube. This technique is usually difficult to unwound if there is a need to reposition. In surgical and medical wards, the necessity for repositioning is not very significant. But during the intraoperative period, the surgeons always prefer to move the tube here and there to make the operative field better. This in turn causes much discomfort to the attending anaesthesiologist if the plaster is stuck in a traditional way.  Hence, we propose a novel technique of fixation wherein we get the advantages of avoiding accidental removal but with the ease of frequent positional adjustment. A sixty-five-year-old male came for upper Gastro-intestinal surgery. The Ryle’s tube was inserted in the ward and fixed as given in fig 1. To adjust the position after removal of the plaster becomes a herculean task. Its more difficult to adjust the plaster with gloved hands. The plaster was removed before induction and fixed as described below. The first plaster (P1 in fig 2) was vertical and fixed the tube to the nose in a vertical fashion. The portion of the plaster which sticks to the tube should be around 50 % of the plaster length. Usually there is a small gap between the attachment of the tube and the nose. The next or the second plaster (P2 in fig 2) was transverse which fixed the vertical plaster to the nose. The transverse plaster never touched the Ryle’s tube. (Fig 2) If we need to adjust the position, the plasters can be easily loosened to adjust and fix again. The portion of the plaster in the gap can be lifted to loosen. There is no need for changing the plasters. Many a time, the surgeons may ask for repeated changes of position during the surgery. Hence this Partha’s technique of fixation suits repeated unfastening and regluing. There are reports of lost Ryle’s tubes2 after fixation in the wards. Lorente3 in his study of intensive care patients, found an incidence of accidental removal of Ryle’s tube as 4.48%. A single plaster use may be a cause of malposition. An extensive search of the literature did not reveal fixation techniques with their pros and cons. We have been using this technique for many years so far with minimal problems.  This report is limited to the fact that it is not used much with no comparative studies to know its advantages and disadvantages.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTS
Authors: BHUSAL SHUSHIL , SHARMA KHAGA RAJ
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Methods: The plant secondary metabolites were extracted through cold percolation using methanol (MeOH) as a solvent. The MeOH extract was further fractionated in different solvents in increasing order of polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The antibacterial activity was studied by agar well diffusion method.

Results: The antioxidant potential IC50 was found 43.13, 104.83, and 200.11 μg/ml for ethyl acetate (EtOAc), MeOH, and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts, respectively. The EtOAc fraction showed the potent antioxidant with IC50 43.13 μg/ml compared to the standard ascorbic acid 58.76 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by MeOH extract against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) zone of inhibition was 18 mm and 17 mm, for chloroform extracts 15 mm and 13 mm, and for EtOAc fraction 11 mm against Bacillus subtilis. The highest dilution that yielded no single bacteria colony on the nutrient agar plates for Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus of MeOH extract was found 0.39 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, for chloroform extract 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml and EtOAc fraction against Bacillus subtilis was 12.50 mg/ml as minimum bactericidal concentration.

Conclusion: The plant extracts showed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results support for using the G. glabra in bacterial infection which provides partial scientific validation for using the plant against bacterial infections.
Objective: Antifungal activity of total ethanolic extract and fractions of Usnea varieties were proved against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus nigricans fungi. Methods: To perform the study of relative antifungal activity (AFR), flu
Authors: GACHA DAYANNA CABRA , OSPINA LUIS POMBO , PALACIOS JANETH ARIAS , AGUIRRE OSCAR RODRÍGUEZ
Published: October 2020

Objective: Antifungal activity of total ethanolic extract and fractions of Usnea varieties were proved against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus nigricans fungi.

Methods: To perform the study of relative antifungal activity (AFR), fluconazole and ketoconazole were used as standards. The inhibition coefficient 50 (IC50) for each extract and the fractions was determined.

Results: It was established that the highest activity was presented by the acetone fraction with a value of 58.53. In the study of antifungal activity, the fraction that presented the best activity against P. digitatum was ethanolic with a value of 44.33, while for R. nigricans was petrol extract, with a value of 75.35 and finally for A. niger was the total extract with a value of 35.48.

Conclusions: Comparing the values obtained from the extract and the different fractions resulted in the dichloromethane fraction showing the best values.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2 INFECTION
Authors: DEWI VALENTINA TJANDRA , LAKSMIDEWI ANAK AGUNG AYU PUTRI , AYU SUDIARIANI KETUT
Published: October 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread throughout the world and becomes a global pandemic. Various studies are still ongoing to be able to understand this viral infection in terms of symptomatology, transmission, pathogenesis, its treatment, and prevention. In addition to respiratory symptoms that are commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections, there are many reports of symptoms appearing in other organ systems with one of them being neurological manifestation. The neurological manifestations involve not only the central and peripheral nervous systems but also there was also a suspicion that the potential invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system might be able to take part in the occurrence of respiratory failure that is found in patients with COVID-19. The continuity of the study and the awareness of medical personnel from various fields of science must be increased to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring optimal treatment for patients.
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF COVID-19 – A REVIEW
Authors: CHERUMANALIL JEEJA MATHUMMEL , THAYYIL JAYAKRISHNAN
Published: October 2020

Now the world stands in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with its early origin from Wuhan city in China. It has evolved into a global pandemic resulting into a significant burden to the human race. As per WHO, on July 31, 2020, there were 170 million cases reported all over the world, with 6.73 lakhs deaths. There is no effective treatment so far discovered for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV2. Many pharmacological agents/therapies are being used or considered for treatment. In many countries, physicians are giving COVID-19 patients treatment that has not been approved for this disease. They are treating patients using medications outside their indicated, approved uses and without study protocols, with little scientific evidence. At present, there is no evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that any potential therapy improves outcomes in patients with COVID-19. There are no clinical trial data supporting any prophylactic therapy. Along with Solidarity trial, many active clinical treatment trials are underway. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding major proposed treatments, repurposed or experimental, for COVID-19 and provides a summary of current clinical experience and treatment guidance for this pandemic novel coronavirus.
MANIFESTATION OF BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY IN THE WORKERS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS GASES AT THE GASIFICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE POWER PLANTS OF KOSOVO
Authors: ISLAMI PELLUMB , BOZALIJA ADNAN , ISLAMI HILMI
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of indoor air pollution on workers and the effects of discharged gases, such as CO, CO2, NO2, O3, SO2, NH3, and PM, on the manifestation of bronchial reactivity during the process of gasification at the power plants in Kastriot, Kosovo.

Methods: Parameters of lung function were determined using body plethysmography. Airway resistance (Raw) and intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV) were measured; based on these values, specific airway resistance (SRaw) and specific airway conductance were calculated.

Results: The study was performed in two groups: the control group and the experimental group. The control group consisted of 32 healthy people, whereas the experimental group consisted of 55 workers of the gasification department of the power plants in Kastriot, Kosovo. The results of this study indicated that the mean value of SRaw significantly increased in the experimental group (p<0.05) compared to the control group (p>0.1). This study also showed that smoking is in favor of the negative effects of air pollution at the premises of the gasification department (p<0.01). Measurements of the respiratory systems were made before and following provocation with histamine–aerosol (1 mg/ml) in the control and experimental groups. Changes between these two groups following this provocation with histamine–aerosol were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01).

Conclusion: Although air pollution requires time to cause a respiratory pathology, it permanently affects the manifestation of bronchial reactivity. This finding suggests that the real situation of these workers exposed to air pollution during the process of gasification poses a serious risk to their health and particularly to normal respiratory function.
VALIDATION OF A BIOANALYTICAL REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATION OF NYSTATIN IN AN ANIMAL MODEL AFTER INTRANASAL IN SITU GEL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: MARZUKA KAZI , MOHAMED HASSAN DEHGHAN
Published: October 2020

Objective: The aim of the study was to develop and validate a bioanalytical reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the estimation of nystatin in rat plasma after intranasal administration.

Methods: The reversed-phase HPLC system was equipped with a Luna C18 column, the mobile system comprised of methanol, water, and dimethylformamide (55:30:15) and the flow rate was set at 0.9 ml/min.

Results: The elution time for nystatin was 4.096±0.025 min. The calibration curves constructed in rat plasma were linear from 0.25 to 50 μg/ml. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.25 μg/ml. The standards for accuracy and precision of the intra- and inter-day variation studies were in the acceptable ranges as per the FDA guidelines.

Conclusion: The LOQ value determined by the proposed method was noted to be satisfactory for inspecting the plasma pharmacokinetics of nystatin in rats’ post-administration of a nasal in situ gelling liquid crystalline precursor formulation in an in vivo study.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF EXTRACTS FROM THE ROOT BARK OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA (AIT.) R. BR. HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT FROM BURKINA FASO
Authors: SOMBIÉ ERNEST NOGMA , OUÉDRAOGO NOUFOU , HILOU ADAMA
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in vitro of Calotropis procera root bark.

Methods: Anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of root bark of C. procera and its fractions were evaluated on lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase (XO). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by trapping the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by the reducing power ferric reducing antioxidant power. Inhibitory powers of lipid peroxidation and of degradation of D-deoxyribose as well as the contents of phenolic and triterpene compounds were also evaluated.

Results: Ethanolic extract showed interesting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Butanol fraction which is one of richest fractions for flavonoids (17.38±0.13 mg EQ/10 g extracts) showed the best percentages for inhibitions of XO (60.14±4.89%), degradation of D-deoxyribose (81.04±0.77%), and the DPPH radical (71.43±6.35%). Dichloromethane fraction which is the richest in triterpenes (1067.02±5.77 mg UAE/g extracts) showed the best percentages for inhibitions of lipoxygenase (56.45±1.15%) and of lipid peroxidation (82.45±0.73%). Ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions, respectively, showed the best activities of inhibiting H2O2 (75.38±0.76%) and for iron-reducing capacity (23.51±1.69 mg EAA/g extracts).

Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. procera root bark and its fractions, their particular the butanol and dichloromethane one, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which could prevent or attenuate liver injury and its complications.
La educación médica desde el enfoque de la salud basado en derechos humanos
Authors: Vázquez Martínez Francisco Domingo , Sánchez Mejorada Fernández Jorge , Delgado Domínguez Carolina , Luzanía Valerio Manuel Salvador
Published: October 2020

Introducción: El enfoque de la salud basado en derechos humanos (ESBDH) postula que la formación deficiente y las condiciones laborales desfavorables de los recursos humanos para la salud no solo dificulta la protección del derecho a la salud, sino que puede ser, paradójicamente, una fuente importante de violaciones al mismo. ¿Los programas de formación de médicos especialistas pueden violentar su derecho a la educación y al trabajo digno?Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los médicos residentes sobre el respeto a su derecho a la educación y al trabajo digno.Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, realizado en una universidad pública de México a una muestra no aleatoria de 605 médicos residentes. Se aplicó de manera anónima, confidencial y voluntaria un cuestionario tipo Likert para valorar la opinión de los residentes sobre el respeto a sus derechos a la educación y al trabajo digno; integrado por 32 ítems (Alfa de Cronbach = 0.931). Se presentan frecuencias simples y, como medidas de resumen, la evaluación global del respeto al derecho, el porcentaje de manifestación de sucesos favorables y desfavorables y el puntaje obtenido por cada ítem.Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 29.5 años (± 2.9), 58% hombres, 78.5% solteros y 79% sin hijos. 80% de los encuestados trabajó más de 80 horas a la semana. 65% de los residentes eran de primer y segundo años. La mayoría de los residentes (87%) considera que hubo un respeto medio o mayor a sus derechos. La evaluación global del respeto fue 57%. El porcentaje de manifestación de sucesos favorables fue de 55% y los sucesos desfavorables o violatorios a los derechos tuvieron una manifestación de 36%.Conclusiones: A la luz del enfoque de la salud basado en derechos humanos debe revisarse el actual sistema de formación de médicos especialistas.
Aportes para el estudio del Teatro Libre de Buenos Aires (1944-1947)
Authors: Fukelman María
Published: October 2020

El teatro independiente surgió en Buenos Aires a principios de la década de los años treinta como un modo de producir y de concebir el teatro que pretendió renovar la escena nacional de tres maneras: se diferenció del teatro que ponía los objetivos económicos por delante de los artísticos; se propuso realizar un teatro de alta calidad estética; careció de fines lucrativos. En este sentido, se constituyó como una práctica colectiva y contestataria, oponiéndose al statu quo del teatro de aquellos años e impulsando una organización anticapitalista, pero también heterogénea, ya que se mostró como un entramado complejo y rico en su diversidad. De acuerdo con esto, abordaré el estudio de un caso particular: el Teatro Libre de Buenos Aires, creado en 1944 por Roberto Pérez Castro.
Analisa Rekayasa Ulang Proses Bisnis Pada UD. Top Stiker
Authors: Aprilitasari Dewi , Nuryasin Ilyas , Setyaning Nastiti Vinna Rahmayanti
Published: October 2020

Rekayasa ulang digunakan untuk mengindentifikasi, menganalisa, dan mendesain ulang proses   bisnis   inti   perusahaan/organisasi   bertujuan   mencapai   peningkatan   dramatis  pada pengukuran kinerja penting seperti biaya, kualitas, layanan dan kecepatan. Pencapaian dilakukan rekayasa ulang yaitu mendukung lebih sebuah misi perusahaan dan mengurangi biaya. UD. Top Stiker adalah salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang aksesoris telepon genggam, alat tulis   dan   kantor  dansepeda  motor   yang   saat   ini   sedang  berkembang,   sehingga  perlu meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan semakin baik. Namun proses bisnis di UD. Top Stiker belum berjalan  dengan  baik  dan  memiliki  permasalahan  yang  dapat  mengganggu  jalannya  kegiatan operasional UD. Top Stiker. Menggunakan metode BPR dan analisis SWOT untuk menghasilkan strategi alternatif dan BPMN untuk pemodelan proses bisnis. Penelitian yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, observasi, wawancara dan memberikan kuesioner kepada pemilik UD. Top Stiker. Hasil akhir penelitian ini yang diperoleh adalah sebuah rekomendasi mendesain ulang proses bisnis dengan mengurangi beberapa tahapan proses dari 18  tahapan  proses  menjadi  13  tahapan  proses  sehingga  menjadi  lebih  cepa  dan  sederhana.Sedangkan IFAS faktor kekuatan bernilai 1,55 dan faktor kelemahan bernilai 1,75, untuk EFAS faktor peluang bernilai 1,7 dan faktor ancaman bernilai 1,45.
Computer Vision and Spectral Analysis Technologies for Non-Invasive Plant Studying
Authors: Proshkin Yuriy A.
Published: October 2020

Computer vision and spectral analysis of digital images are technologies that allow the use of automated and robotic systems for non-invasive plant studying, production and harvesting of agricultural products, phenotyping and selection of new plant species. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the application of modern digital non-invasive methods of plant research using computer (technical) vision and prospects for their implementation. (Materials and methods) Authors have reviewed the works on the use of non-invasive methods for obtaining information about the state of plants. The article presents classification and analyze of the collected materials according to the criteria for collecting and analyzing digital data, the scope of application and prospects for implementation. Authors used the methods of a systematic approach to the research problem. (Results and discussion) The article presents the main directions of using computer vision systems and digital image analysis. The use of computer vision technologies in plant phenotyping and selection reduces the labor cost of research, allowing the formation of digital databases with a clear structure and classification by morphological features. It was found that the introduction of neural networks in the process of digital image processing increases the accuracy of plant recognition up to 99.9 percent, and infectious diseases up to 80 percent on average. (Conclusions) The article shows that in studies using hyperspectral optical cameras and sensors are used cameras with an optical range from 400 to 1000 nanometers, and in rare cases, hyperspectral camera systems with a total coverage of the optical range from 350 to 2000 nanometers. These optical systems are mainly installed on unmanned aerial vehicles to determine vegetation indices, foci of infection and the fertility of agricultural fields. It was found that computer vision systems with hyperspectral cameras could be used in conjunction with fluorescent plant markers, which makes it possible to solve complex problems of crop recognition without involving computational resources.
Design of a Laboratory Electro-hydraulic Installation for Water Disinfection
Authors: Belov Aleksandr A.
Published: October 2020

Electrohydraulic effect is used in various fields of industry and agriculture: for cleaning metal casting forms, cleaning pipes of power boilers, treatment of heating radiators, soil treatment and water disinfection. Existing technical means for water disinfection with high-voltage discharges are expensive, cumbersome and untransportable. Currently used installations use an operating voltage of 10-50 kilovolts, capacitors designed for a voltage of no more than 100 kilovolts, with a capacity of 0.025 microfarads. Water disinfection according to the conducted research can be carried out with a voltage of 10 kilovolts. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing and manufacturing a laboratory electrohydraulic installation for water disinfection, which has a technical novelty in terms of mobility and compactness for implementing a method of water disinfection at a voltage of no more than 10 kilovolts. (Materials and methods) During the research, next materials, equipment and devices were used: power supply; transformer; capacitor; forming gap; working body; shunt resistance. (Results and discussion) The principle of the electrohydraulic effect, which is a consequence of the occurrence of electrohydraulic shocks between high-voltage electrodes placed in a liquid, is the basis for the development and manufacture of the installation. Authors developed a structural diagram of a laboratory electrohydraulic unit for water disinfection. The article presents an experimental sample of a laboratory installation for water disinfection, which has a technical novelty in terms of mobility and compactness for implementing a method for water disinfection at a voltage of no more than 10 kilovolts. The installation consists of a power supply unit FA-5-1/300W, a high-voltage step-up transformer TDKS32-04, a capacitor K75-29A (16 kilovolts, 1 microfarad), forming a gap of metal balls with a diameter of 18 millimeters, a plastic working body made of ABS material, a shunt resistance of 1 kilohm. (Conclusions) They article shows the scientific and practical significance of the research results: a technical means for water disinfection, providing the possibility of conducting experimental laboratory studies of the electrohydraulic effect at a voltage of no more than 10 kilovolts.
The Initial Requirements for the Heat Exchanger for Gathering Phase Transition Energy
Authors: Vasil’ev Aleksey N. , Ershova Irina G. , Poruchikov Dmitriy V. , Ershov Mikhail A.
Published: October 2020

Production of heat power equipment and provision of agricultural production facilities with it is less than 40 percent, so it is important to conduct research on the development of domestic heat exchange equipment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing the initial requirements for the heat exchanger of an experimental installation in order to gather the energy of the water-ice phase transition for its manufacture. (Materials and methods) Authors conduct patent search on the websites of the World Intellectual Property Organization, Rospatent, Google patents, the European Patent Office and the Eurasian Patent Organization. The article presents drawings using the COMPASS-3D V17 graphic editor. (Results and discussion) The article presents an energy-saving system for maintaining the microclimate of an agricultural facility using a heat pump. It was found that the thermal and physical parameters of the coolant (freezing point, thermal conductivity, solubility of salt, density) as water and salt solutions of various concentrations, as well as electrical and physical parameters (permittivity, tangent of the dielectric loss angle, electrical conductivity, temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity) change during external electrophysical treatment (exposure to an electric field, including electric freezing), magnetic field (including alternating magnetic field in the ultrahigh frequency range, low-frequency magnetic field, weak infra-low frequency magnetic field). (Conclusions) The energy-saving, eco-friendly heat exchange equipment with a heat pump unit is designed to maintain the microclimate of agricultural facilities. The article presents the initial requirements for the heat exchanger of the experimental installation for obtaining the energy of the water-ice phase transition, which will allow producing an experimental sample. Authors have developed a scheme for a heat exchanger of an experimental sample of heat exchange equipment with a heat pump unit for gathering energy of the water-ice phase transition.
Technological Methods of Assessing the Maturity of Tomatoes
Authors: Abdelhamid Makhmud A. , Sudnik Yuriy A.
Published: October 2020

Tomato maturity is one of the most important indicators related to determining its quality. The maturity assessment of tomatoes is necessary to determine the timing of fruit harvesting, optimize storage conditions, forecast storage periods, export, and more. Over the past three decades, researchers have developed a number of methods for evaluating the quality and sorting of tomato fruits. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in providing an overview of the technological methods used to measure the maturity of tomatoes. (Materials and methods) The article presents methods (spectral, hyperspectral imaging, luminescent, laser, technical vision, and others) for non-destructive assessment of the quality of tomato fruits. (Results and discussion) It was found that the main drawback of the described devices is that only a small part of the fetal surface is controlled by photodetectors. It was pointed out that most of the flow reflected from the fruit, and therefore information about the color of its surface is lost, bypassing the photodetectors and being absorbed by the walls of the camera. Authors found that the quality of fraction selection can be improved if several spectral sections are filtered out from the rays reflected from the fruit. It was found that with the three or more sections, designs of photometric systems are significantly complicated, since there is a need to have a large number of optical receivers. (Conclusions) The article proposes a technology for measuring the maturity of tomatoes using the luminescent method, which is less time-consuming and more accurate than methods for determining the maturity of tomatoes by their color. Authors found that this technology allows to separate tomatoes with any color according to the maturity. The article shows that the considered method makes it possible to divide tomatoes more efficiently by maturity, taking into account their internal structure.
Long Noncoding RNA MALAT1 and Regulation of the Antioxidant Defense System in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Radhakrishnan Rakesh , Kowluru Renu A.
Published: October 2020

The retina experiences increased oxidative stress in diabetes, and the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, which is critical in regulating many antioxidant genes, is decreased. The nuclear movement/transcriptional activity of Nrf2 is mediated by its intracellular inhibitor Keap1, and retinal Keap1 levels are increased in diabetes. Gene expression is also regulated by long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs). Our aim was to investigate the role of LncRNA MALAT1 in the regulation of Keap1-Nrf2-antioxidant defense in diabetic retinopathy. LncRNA MALAT1 expression (quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, and RNA sequencing), its interactions with Keap1 (FACS), Keap1-Nrf2 interactions, and transcription of the antioxidant response genes (immunofluorescence and nuclear RNA sequencing) were investigated in retinal endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Glucose increased LncRNA MALAT1 levels by increasing Sp1 transcription factor binding at its promoter. Downregulation of LncRNA MALAT1 by its siRNA prevented glucose-induced increase in Keap1 and facilitated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and antioxidant gene transcription. Retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and human donors with diabetic retinopathy also presented similar increases in LncRNA MALAT1 and its interactions with Keap1 and decreases in Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense genes. Thus, LncRNA MALAT1, via Keap1-Nrf2, regulates antioxidant defense in diabetic retinopathy. Inhibition of LncRNA MALAT1 has potential to protect the retina from oxidative damage and to prevent or slow down diabetic retinopathy.
Genetic Loci and Physiologic Pathways Involved in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Implicated Through Clustering
Authors: Powe Camille E. , Udler Miriam S. , Hsu Sarah , Allard Catherine , Kuang Alan , Manning Alisa K. , Perron Patrice , Bouchard Luigi , Lowe William L. , Scholtens Denise , Florez Jose C. , Hivert Marie-France
Published: October 2020

Hundreds of common genetic variants acting through distinguishable physiologic pathways influence the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is unknown to what extent the physiology underlying gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is distinct from that underlying T2D. In this study of >5,000 pregnant women from three cohorts, we aimed to identify physiologically related groups of maternal variants associated with GDM using two complementary approaches that were based on Bayesian nonnegative matrix factorization (bNMF) clustering. First, we tested five bNMF clusters of maternal T2D-associated variants grouped on the basis of physiology outside of pregnancy for association with GDM. We found that cluster polygenic scores representing genetic determinants of reduced β-cell function and abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism were associated with GDM; these clusters were not associated with infant birth weight. Second, we derived bNMF clusters of maternal variants on the basis of pregnancy physiology and tested these clusters for association with GDM. We identified a cluster that was strongly associated with GDM as well as associated with higher infant birth weight. The effect size for this cluster’s association with GDM appeared greater than that for T2D. Our findings imply that the genetic and physiologic pathways that lead to GDM differ, at least in part, from those that lead to T2D.
Análisis morfológico, dietario y molecular de heces recolectadas en la Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua para la identificación del lobo de páramo (Lycalopex culpaeus, Molina 1782).
Authors: Sandoval Morejón Elizabeth Dayana , Jarrín- Porras Estefany , Llumiquinga Erika , Paredes-Machado Cristina , Heredia Mayra , Chávez - Larrea María Augusta , Segovia - Salcedo María Claudia
Published: October 2020

El estudio de los hábitos alimenticios del lobo de páramo (Lycalopex culpaeus) es importante para entender su comportamiento y establecer medidas de conservación y manejo de esta especie, especialmente cuando comparte territorio con asentamientos humanos. Estudios a partir del análisis de heces fecales de fauna silvestre permiten un acercamiento no invasivo a los hábitos alimenticios del animal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar el análisis morfológico y dietario de heces recolectadas en la Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua (RGP) para la identificación del lobo de páramo (L. culpaeus), ademásde llevar a cabo un análisis molecular complementario para confirmar dicha identificación. Se recolectaron 32 muestras de heces durante agosto de 2015, en la RGP y se realizó un análisis morfológico evaluando contenido, forma y lugar de recogida. En el análisis de la dieta las muestras fecales se disgregaron para recuperar restos de alimentos. Para el análisis molecular se procedió a la extracción de ADN siguiendo el método 2CTAB/CAI estandarizado para lobo de páramo, cuyas muestras posteriormente fueron amplificadas por PCR simple utilizando primers del gen cytb (citocromo b) específico para el género Lycalopex. Se identificaron plantas de la familia Poceae, con un 26 % del total de la alimentación, mamíferos pequeños (18 %) como roedores del género Microryzomys, Rhipidomys, Reithrrodontomys y Olygorizomys, aves, insectos, plásticos y carroña, siendo la mayoría de los animales parte de la fauna habitual en la RGP. En este estudio se determinó que el lobo de páramo es un organismo oportunista y su dieta varía según las condiciones del hábitat en el que se encuentre, además, no es el principal responsable de la disminución de aves domésticas que habitan en la reserva. De las seis muestras seleccionadas para el análisis molecular, sólo de cuatro muestras se logró extraer ADN con una pureza promedio de 1.78. En el análisis por PCR no se logró amplificar el fragmento cytb del citocromo b para la identificación de lobo de páramo.
Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, DER, ROA, dan Pajak Penghasilan terhadap Praktik Income Smoothing
Authors: Mahendra Putu Rian , Jati I Ketut
Published: October 2020

Income smoothing is one of the ways the company management manipulates earnings information. This research uses panel data from manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) in the period from 2013 to 2017 to analyze the effect between cash holding, firm size, growth, dividend payout ratio, and leverage to income smoothing. This results of this study are that companies size has a significant negative effect, debt to equity ratio doesn’t have a significant effect to income smoothing, return on asset and income tax have a positive and significant effect to income smoothing.

Keywords: Income Smoothing; Company Size; Debt To Equity Ratio; Return On Asset; Income.
Pengaruh Dewan Direksi, Komisaris Non Independen, dan Kepemilikan Manajerial pada Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur di BEI
Authors: Dany Yadnyapawita I Made , Aryista Dewi Ayu
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Board of Directors, Non Independent Commissioners, and Managerial Ownership to Manufacturing Company Performance on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research was conducted at food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2014-2018. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression to determine the relationship between more than two variables. Based on the results of the study stated the Board of Directors statistically has no significant effect to company performance (ROA). Non independent commissioners statistically has no effect to company performance (ROA), Managerial ownership has no statistically significant effect to company performance (ROA).

Keywords: Board Of Directors; Independent Commissioners; Managerial Ownership; Company Performance.
Keberagaman Gender Dewan Komisaris dan Direksi terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan
Authors: Thoomaszen Sinye Polani , Hidayat Widi
Published: October 2020

This study examined the influence of board gender diversity on the firm performance.the research sample use property and health companies listed in Indonesia stock exchange 2015-2018. total 30 companies. use quantitative methodology with panel regression data analysis techniques were used in this study. The results showed that the gender diversity of the board of commissioners did not have a positive effect on company performance (H1 was rejected) while the gender diversity of the board of directors had a negative effect on company performance (H2 rejected). SIZE and ID control variables also showed significant effect on company performance. For further research it is recommended to use two other methods such as Dummy or gender proportion to measure gender diversity so that the results can be compared, as well as more research data.

Keywords: Board Gender Diversity; Firm Performance; Size; Independen Director.
Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja dan Gaya Kepemimpinan pada Efektivitas SPI Bank X Denpasar
Authors: Gimbara Gintar , Ramantha I Wayan
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education level, work experience and leadership style on the effectiveness of the internal control system. This research was conducted at Bank X Denpasar City. The number of samples taken was 35 employees, with saturated sample technique. Data collection is done by distributing questionnaires. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that the level of education, work experience and leadership style partially have a positive effect on the effectiveness of the Bank X Denpasar internal control system. Supervision of the internal control system is important to have a high level of education in order to increase the ability to conduct supervision in an effort to increase the effectiveness of the internal control system.

Keywords: Level of education; Work experience; Leadership Style; Effectiveness of the Internal Control System.
Pengaruh Risk Profile, Earnings, dan Capital terhadap Profitabilitas Perbankan di BEI Tahun 2016-2018
Authors: Yunita Gusti Agung Putu Dian , Wirawati Ni Gusti Putu
Published: October 2020

Banks as financial intermediaries are important financial institutions for economic activities in a country. It is important for banks to have good financial performance. Bank performance is reflected in each banks financial statements or published banking reports, taking into account the banks profitability. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of loan to deposit ratio (LDR), non performing loan (NPL), operational efficiency ratio, net interest margin (NIM), and capital adequacy ratio (CAR). This research was conducted at the Foreign Exchange National Private Commercial Bank listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2018. Sample taken were 22 companies with a total of 66 research sample, through non-probability methods with purposive sampling technique. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression. The results shows that LDR and NPL did not affect on profitability. While operational efficiency ratio, NIM, and CAR significant affect on the profitability.

Keywords: LDR; NPL; Operational Efficiency Ratio; NIM; CAR.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Hutang dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Makanan dan Minuman
Authors: Pranata Eka Putra I Putu , Pande Dwiana Putra I Made
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of profitability, debt, and company size on the value of food and beverage companies. This research was conducted in all food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2015-2018 period, amounting to 13 sample companies. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling and data analysis techniques in this study used multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the analysis conducted, it was found that profitability, debt, and company size had a positive effect on firm value.

Keywords: Profitability; Debt; Company Size; The Value Of The Company.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengelolaan Keuangan Usaha Kecil Menengah dan Implikasinya terhadap Good Governance
Authors: Pituringsih Endar , Asmony Thatok , Basuki Prayitno
Published: October 2020

The study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of organizational commitment, accounting information systems and human resource capacity on Small Medium Enterprise (SME) financial management and the influence of SME financial management on good governance. The study was conducted on SMEs in West Lombok Regency.  various regions in West Lombok Regency The results of the study indicate that organizational commitment does not significantly influence financial management Information technology and HR competencies significantly influence financial management and financial management significantly influence good governance.

Keywords: Commitment; Competent; Technology; Financial Management; Good Governance.
Study Etnografi pada Proses Penetapan Harga Belis di Rote Ndao
Authors: Tukan Viktor Maria Akbar Soratomo , Sawarjuwono Tjiptohadi
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study is to uncover the process of determining the price of belis in Rote Ndao and the meaning of the price of the belis tradition. This research uses Rosenberg's self-esteem theory approach. This research is qualitative using an ethnographic approach. This study also uses data obtained from interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the price-setting process is not different from the accounting price-setting process, because there are a variety of different factors. Researchers find four meanings of price. First, price as a form of appreciation. Second, price is a form of bonding. Third, price is a form of thanks. Fourth, price is a form of woman's selling price. Prices are not always seen based on material and numbers. Price has a different meaning from the point of view of the Rote Ndao.

Keywords: Belis; Pricing;  Meaning The Price; Ethnography.
Kebijakan Pajak Indonesia Menanggapi Krisis COVID-19: Manfaat bagi Wajib Pajak
Authors: Padyanoor Aswin
Published: October 2020

The economy has changed dramatically since the COVID-19 outbreak began. The impact that occurred in Indonesia was almost on all fronts, and the Government continued to issue policies due to this impact. Tax policies that are designed to provide incentives for affected taxpayers are expected to increase economic growth. This research was conducted to map 14 Tax Policies in three Regulations issued by the Government based on the objective of reducing the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach obtained. Then perform data analysis using three stages of analysis techniques in the form of data collection, data reduction, and concluding. The results of the study state that Indonesia has issued a policy to help taxpayers who are affected by COVID-19. Benefits for taxpayers, namely a reduction in rates to an exemption from income tax, the goal is that the economy which has stopped moving up becomes stable.

Keywords: Tax Incentives; Tax Policy; Taxpayers.
Perbandingan Reaksi Pasar di AS, China dan Indonesia terhadap Perundingan Perang Dagang AS-China
Authors: Da Costa Giovaninho Ferreira , Sukartha I Made
Published: October 2020

This study aims to examine the market reaction in the American, Chinese, and Indonesian stock markets about the announcement of the results of the US-China trade war negotiations. The events of the trade war negotiations took place on 10-11 October 2019. This research used the event study method and the purposive sampling method. The population in this study consisted of Dow 30, SSE 50 and LQ45 stock indices with a total sample of 123 companies. The study used Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) as a variable which was data from the Dow 30, SSE 50, and LQ45 stock indices during the event window. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that there was a market reaction on the American, Chinese, and Indonesian stock markets on the announcement of the results of the US-China trade war negotiations. So there is information content for the event. The results also showed that there were differences in reactions between the American, Chinese, and Indonesian stock markets on the announcement of the results of the US-China trade war negotiations.

Keywords: Market Reaction; Cumulative Abnormal Return; Trade War Negotiations.
Pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan, Pengetahuan Perpajakan dan Perhitungan Tarif Pajak pada Kepatuhan Pajak Mahasiswa Pelaku UMKM
Authors: Suardana Komang Putra , Gayatri Gayatri
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study is to study the interaction of tax socialization, tax knowledge, and calculation of tax rates at the level of tax collection of students as SMEs. This research was conducted at the Accounting Study Program of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, using a saturated sample. Where the number of samples in this study were 30 people, namely the entire population of accounting studies program students in 2016 and 2017 who have a business producing samples. The sample selection method uses a purposive sampling technique. The analysis technique used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results found that taxation socialization, tax knowledge, and calculation of tax rates at the level of tax participation of students as SMEs.

Keywords: Socialization; Knowledge; Rates;  Tax Compliance.
Pengaruh Partisipasi Anggaran, Komitmen Organisasi, Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Asimetri Informasi pada Budgetary Slack Hotel Berbintang
Authors: Palupi Devia Galuh , Sari Maria Mediatrix Ratna
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of budgetary participation, organizational commitment, transformational leadership style, and information asymmetry on budgetary slack in the 5-Star Hotel in the Nusa Dua Region. The population used was as many as 18 5-star hotels in the Nusa Dua area with a sample of 73 lower and middle level managers using purposive sampling methods and data analysis techniques used were multiple linear regression. Based on the results of this study, it was found that budgetary participation and information asymmetry had a positive effect on budgetary slack, while organizational commitment and transformational leadership style negatively affected budgetary slack in the 5-Star Hotel in the Nusa Dua Region.

Keywords: Participation; Commitment; Transformational; Asymmetry; Slack.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Kepemilikan Asing pada Pengungkapan CSR
Authors: Elma Kardiyanti Ni Kadek , Ngurah Bagus Dwirandra A. A.
Published: October 2020

CSR Disclosure is accountability of company management to stakeholders. Profitability and Company Size is influence CSR disclosure because it is a form of positive signal to stakeholders. Finally, foreign ownership is considered as a party that has awareness of CSR disclosures. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of profitability, company size, and foreign ownership on CSR disclosures for the period of 2016 - 2018, with a sample of 84 companies. Testing using Multiple Linear Regression and Classic Asumption Test. The test results show that the profitability and size of the company have a positive and significant effect on CSR disclosure. However, foreign ownership has no effect on CSR disclosure.

Keywords: Probability; Company Size; Foreign Ownership; CSR Disclosure.
Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Pengungkapan Lingkungan, dan Kinerja Lingkungan pada Nilai Perusahaan
Authors: Wirawati Ni Gusti Putu , Dwija Putri I  Gusti Ayu Made Asri , Badera I Dewa Nyoman
Published: October 2020

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the influence of company size, leverage, environmental disclosure, and environmental performance on the value of the company in the LQ45 Index Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2014-2018 period. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques using the Multiple Linear Regression test. The results of this study indicate that company size and environmental disclosure have a negative and not significant effect on firm value. This means that the size of the company does not affect the value of the company. Leverage and environmental performance have a positive and significant effect on firm value. This means that the better the environmental performance achieved by the company, the higher the value of the company.

Keywords: Company Size; Leverage; Environmental Disclosure; Environmental Performance; The Value Of The Company.