bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual and Neighborhood Factors Associated With Functional Mobility and Falls in Elderly Residents of São Paulo, Brazil: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Nascimento Carla Ferreira do , Duarte Yeda Aparecida Oliveira , Lebrão Maria Lúcia , Chiavegatto Filho Alexandre Dias Porto
Published: September 2016

Objective: To identify socioeconomic and contextual factors associated with functional mobility and falls in elderly residents of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: We used data from the Health, Well-Being, and Aging ( Saúde, Bem-estare Envelhecimento [SABE]) Study. The dependent variables were falling in the last year and functional mobility impairment. Individual (marital status, race, education, and perception of income sufficiency) and contextual (green area and violence) factors were analyzed by multilevel logistic models. Results: Having 8 or more years of schooling was a protective factor for mobility impairment. Neighborhoods with moderate homicide rate were associated with higher odds of falling. Moderate green spaces were associated with higher odds of falling and lower odds to have mobility impairment for individuals 80 years and older. Discussion: Our findings support the concern that neighborhood characteristics are associated with falls and mobility impairment. Strategies to prevent these outcomes should consider contextual aspects.
Comparison of hybrid polyimide films with silica and organosilica obtained via sol–gel process
Authors: Tao Yao , Zheng Feng , Chen Zhao , Chen Shuangshuang , Lu Xuemin , Lu Qinghua
Published: September 2016

A series of polyimide/silica (PI–S) and polyimide/organosilica (PI–OS) hybrid films were prepared via a sol–gel process from mixtures of poly(amic acid) (PAA) and tetraethoxysilane or a silane coupling agent in solution. The PAA was synthesized from bis-(3-phthalyl anhydride) ether and 1,4-bis (4-aminophenoxy) benzene. The hybrid films were produced via an imidization reaction to form silica particles or a silica network in a polymer matrix through a programmed heating process. The derived films were characterized and compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile testing, contact angle measurements, moisture absorption measurements, and dielectric property analysis. Both the PI–S and PI–OS hybrid matrixes showed strong regularity with the increasing silica content and greatly improved thermal stability and mechanical properties. Among them, the PI–OS hybrid films possessed superior interphase interactions and were found to have better physicochemical properties.
Experimental study on the characteristics of axisymmetric cavity actuated supersonic flow
Authors: Jeyakumar S , Assis Shan M , Jayaraman K
Published: September 2016

The effective means of air fuel mixing and flame holding can be achieved by incorporating cavity in supersonic combustor. Understanding the complex flow field of cavity flow is essential for the design of supersonic combustor. An attempt is made to understand the characteristics of supersonic flow past axisymmetric cavity, and a series of nonreacting experiments are carried out in a blow-down type supersonic flow facility. The facility consists of a supersonic nozzle, issues a flow Mach number of 1.80 into a circular cross sectional supersonic combustor in which axisymmetric cavity is placed. Cavity of two consecutive aft wall angles is the key parameter for the study. The performance of the cavity is investigated based on the static pressure measurement, momentum flux distribution at the exit plane of the combustor, and the stagnation pressure loss of the flow. Wall static pressure distribution revealed that pressure increases with decrease in the secondary aft wall angle below 45° due to stronger recompression of shear layers. Moreover, decreasing primary aft wall angle provides a uniform mixing profile along with decrease in stagnation pressure loss across the combustor.
The Long Reach of Nurturing Family Environments
Authors: Waldinger Robert J. , Schulz Marc S.
Published: September 2016

Does the warmth of children’s family environments predict the quality of their intimate relationships at the other end of the life span? Using data collected prospectively on 81 men from adolescence through the eighth and ninth decades of life, this study tested the hypotheses that warmer relationships with parents in childhood predict greater security of attachment to intimate partners in late life, and that this link is mediated in part by the degree to which individuals in midlife rely on emotion-regulatory styles that facilitate or inhibit close relationship connections. Findings supported this mediational model, showing a positive link between more nurturing family environments in childhood and greater security of attachment to spouses more than 60 years later. This link was partially mediated by reliance on more engaging and less distorting styles of emotion regulation in midlife. The findings underscore the far-reaching influence of childhood environment on well-being in adulthood.
A coupled thermo- hydro-mechanical simulation of reservoir CO2 enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Elyasi Ayub , Goshtasbi Kamran , Hashemolhosseini Hamid
Published: September 2016

Carbon dioxide sequestration is an effective mechanism for enhanced oil recovery. In a carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery project, the temperature of the injected carbon dioxide is usually considerably lower than the formation temperature. The heat transfer between the injected fluid, reservoir fluids, and rock has to be investigated in order to test the viability of the target formation to act as an effective enhanced oil recovery unit and to optimize the process. Simulation of carbon dioxide injection based on a suitable modeling is very important for explaining the fluid flow behavior of carbon dioxide in a reservoir. Geomechanical aspects between fluids and carbonate rocks can change porosity and permeability during carbon dioxide flooding which may significantly impact well injectivity, reservoir integrity, and oil recovery. This article presents development of a simulator using implementation of a program (FORTRAN 90 interface code) for coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in multiphase reservoir modeling. The simulator is denoted ECLIPSE-ABAQUS, because it utilizes two established computer codes, ECLIPSE and ABAQUS, which are linked and jointly executed for analysis of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes. The capabilities of the ECLIPSE-ABAQUS simulator are demonstrated on a complex coupled problems related to injection of carbon dioxide in an oil reservoir. The coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of the reservoir showed that the reservoir production rate/total and production time in the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation is more than the uncoupled one. Also permeability and porosity changes in the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation are different from the coupled hydro-mechanical simulation. Furthermore, the Finite Element Method analysis showed no sign of plastic strain under production and carbon dioxide injection scenarios in any part of the reservoir.
Associations between two measures of music aptitude: Are the IMMA and the AMMA significantly correlated in a sample of 9- to 13-year-old children?
Authors: Degé Franziska , Patscheke Hanne , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to correlate musical aptitude scores derived from two tests based on the same structural model for musical aptitude in a sample of 9- to 13-year-old children. We controlled for the influences of socioeconomic status (SES; measured by parents’ education), the amount of music lessons, and general cognitive abilities (i.e., IQ). The sample comprised 89 (46 girls) 9- to 13-year-old children. We applied two different tests by Edwin Gordon: Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation (IMMA) and Advanced Measures of Music Audiation (AMMA) to measure musical aptitude. As control variables, IQ, socioeconomic status, and amount of music training were assessed. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the total score of the IMMA together with the control variables could not predict the total score of the AMMA. Furthermore, regression models for each of the subtests were also not significant. With respect to the control variables, we revealed an association between the IMMA and socioeconomic status as well as amount of music training. We conclude that even tests that are based on the same structural model of musical aptitude were not associated significantly. This might indicate problems of validity. Additionally, it seems to be difficult to assess musical aptitude independently of influences from music training and SES. Ultimately, this may support the notion that we still need valid musical aptitude tests for this particular age group.
The Challenges of Participant Photography: A Critical Reflection on Methodology and Ethics in Two Cultural Contexts
Authors: Murray Linda , Nash Meredith
Published: September 2016

Photovoice and photo-elicitation are two common methods of participant photography used in health research. Although participatory photography has many benefits, this critical reflection provides fellow researchers with insights into the methodological and ethical challenges faced when using such methods. In this article, we critically reflect on two studies that used participatory photography in different cultural contexts. The first study used photo-elicitation to investigate mothers’ experiences of infant settling in central Vietnam. The second study used photovoice to explore pregnant embodiment in Australia. Following a discussion of the literature and a detailed overview of the two studies, we examine the methodological challenges in using participant photography before, during and after each study. This is followed by a discussion of ethical concerns that arose in relation to the burden of participation, confidentiality, consent, and the photographing of families and children. To conclude, we highlight implications for using participatory photography in other settings.
Transfer learning by prototype generation in continuous spaces
Authors: Munoz de Cote Enrique , Garcia Esteban O. , Morales Eduardo F.
Published: September 2016

In machine learning, learning a task is expensive (many training samples are needed) and it is therefore of general interest to be able to reuse knowledge across tasks. This is the case in aerial robotics applications, where an autonomous aerial robot cannot interact with the environment hazard free. Prototype generation is a well known technique commonly used in supervised learning to help reduce the number of samples needed to learn a task. However, little is known about how such techniques can be used in a reinforcement learning task. In this work we propose an algorithm that, in order to learn a new (target) task, first generates new samples—prototypes—based on samples acquired previously in a known (source) task. The proposed approach uses Gaussian processes to learn a continuous multidimensional transition function, rendering the method capable of reasoning directly in continuous (states and actions) domains. We base the prototype generation on a careful selection of a subset of samples from the source task (based on known filtering techniques) and transforming such samples using the (little) knowledge acquired in the target task. Our experimental evidence gathered in known reinforcement learning benchmark tasks, as well as a challenging quadcopter to helicopter transfer task, suggests that prototype generation is feasible and, furthermore, that the filtering technique used is not as important as a correct transformation model.
Toward a theory of subcultural mosaic: Fragmentation into and within subcultures
Authors: Ulusoy Emre , Fırat Fuat A.
Published: September 2016

We present an integrated and more nuanced analysis of the observed tendency toward eclectic, fragmented, and paradoxical subcultures in contemporary society. Through a critical ethnographic approach, we investigate the factors contributing to the motives that impel people to seek subcultural membership, which leads to fragmentation. We interview people who are avid participants of music-based subcultures. Findings reveal that subcultural antagonism and identity politics are the two factors guiding fragmentation into subcultures in contemporary society. People seek solace in membership in multiple subcultures since each subculture provides a distinct escape from different oppressions perceived in the mainstream. This cultivates the impetus for fragmentation within subcultures. Subcultural fragmentation is voluntary, resistive, and subversive. The constant fragmentation and the multiplicity and fluidity of subcultural memberships give rise to what we call a radical subcultural mosaic referring to eclectic subcultural affiliation and composite subcultural memberships fermenting presentational discourses of resistance. Members of the radical subcultural mosaic seek agency and collectivity, creativity in heterogeneity, and propose novel alternative modes of living.
A critical approach to sustainable fashion: Practices of clothing designers in the Kallio neighborhood of Helsinki
Authors: Gurova Olga , Morozova Daria
Published: September 2016

This article takes the idea of a critical approach to sustainable fashion and applies it to the practices of clothing designers and seamstresses in the Kallio neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland. These practices are described by the umbrella term “sustainable fashion.” The main questions are how do clothing designers and seamstresses practice sustainable fashion, what challenges do they face, and how do they interpret these challenges. The article offers an empirical definition of “sustainable fashion,” discusses innovative practices of sustainable fashion design in an urban context, considers the tensions within this production concept, and examines ways in which designers address and resolve such tensions. The article contributes to the discussion of a critical approach to fashion, sustainability, and entrepreneurialism in contemporary urban culture.
Effects of a Voice Interface on Mirror Check Decrements in Older and Younger Multitasking Drivers
Authors: Sawyer Ben D. , Lee Joonbum , Dobres Jonathan , Mehler Bruce , Coughlin Joseph F. , Reimer Bryan
Published: September 2016

Older drivers comprise an undue percentage of roadway crashes and fatalities, and existing data implicates decrements to situational awareness as one factor. Although forward attention in older drivers is well studied, rearward attention for this population is little explored. What evidence exists has suggested reduced mirror checks, especially under conditions of multitasking. Voice-enabled in-vehicle systems may represent a partial solution, requiring fewer resources and freeing drivers for behavior which maintains better rearward attention. The present study asked participants to drive on a highway in an instrumented vehicle under conditions of baseline driving, manual radio tuning, and radio tuning assisted by a voice-enabled interface. Results indicate that multitasking greatly reduced mirror checks for all groups. Older participants devoted a greater amount of time to mirror checks than younger participants when just driving, but dropped to levels similar to younger drivers while multitasking. Voice-enabled radio tuning was associated with reduced decrements in mirror checks for all age groups. Discussion centers around this new understanding of differing attentional patterns across lifespan, as well as the impact of voice-enabled interface.
Evaluation of an EEG/Electro-dermal Hybrid Device to Ascertain a User’s Attentional State
Authors: Davies Simon R.H. , Mistry Urmila , Millen Laura , Skrypchuk Lee , Braithwaite Jim
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an alleged EEG amplifier’s, the Freer Logic BodyWave, ability to record EEG by comparing its signals to those recorded at the same time by a proven EEG amplifier, the Emotiv EPOC+. The BodyWave’s circuitry is similar to that of an Electro-dermal Activity meter and alleges to record surface-EEG from a limb of the user. The EPOC+ has been proven in previous studies to record signals of high-enough quality to be used in research, whilst the BodyWave is unproven. In order to compare their recordings, both EEGs were worn simultaneously whilst different stimuli induced various brain states. 15 participants were recruited and each subjected to two different experimental paradigms meant to induce increased attention and increased relaxation. Both headsets achieved a classification accuracy well above chance when differentiating between the attention and relaxation tasks. Further testing provided evidence that data from the alpha and beta frequency bands was contributing the most to the classifier’s accuracy. However the total lack of correlation between the signals of the two devices strongly implies that the BodyWave is not measuring EEG. Despite this these results show that in some cases it can be used in place of an EEG to perform a similar function. It also proved to be much more robust against muscle artefacts compared to the EPOC+.
Evaluation of Flight Deck Procedures Used in the Designation of Traffic for Tailored Collision Avoidance Logic
Authors: Ludvigsen Jennifer , Estes Steven , Helleberg John
Published: September 2016

The Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XO) allows a pilot to select traffic for tailored collision avoidance advisories during simultaneous approaches to parallel runways. In the study reviewed in this paper, pilots evaluated ACAS XO procedures during a series of simulated approaches and departures. Half of the pilots were given the traffic to select by Air Traffic Control (ATC), while the remaining pilots had to determine the appropriate traffic to select on their own. Pilots who received the traffic from ATC selected targets more quickly and earlier in the approach. Pilots felt the process was easy and the workload was operationally acceptable. Analysis showed that earlier selection increased the utility of ACAS XO and was preferred by pilots as it allowed the crew to complete the procedure in a lower workload phase of flight.
The Role of Operationally Distinct Options in Supporting Joint Human-Automation Planning
Authors: Depass Beth , Roth Emilie , Scott Ronald , Harter Jonathan , Wampler Jeffrey
Published: September 2016

We describe a prototype cognitive work aid for airlift mission allocation and scheduling. A key design challenge was how to generate and visualize multiple operationally distinct options to broaden the set of alternative plans that Mission Planners consider, increasing overall efficiency and effectiveness of the mission planning organization. We first describe the distributed nature of the mission planning domain, where key considerations arise across different organizational boundaries, come in over time and dynamically change. We describe techniques we developed for generating and displaying multiple operationally distinct mission planning solutions, to facilitate contingency planning and collaboration across organizatinal boundaries. This work is part of a longer term program to develop and demonstrate concrete techniques for more effective joint cognitive systems.
Application of a System-Wide Trust Strategy when Supervising Multiple Autonomous Agents
Authors: Walliser James C. , de Visser Ewart J. , Shaw Tyler H.
Published: September 2016

When interacting with complex systems, the manner in which an operator trusts automation influences system performance. Recent studies have demonstrated that people tend to apply trust broadly rather than exhibiting specific trust in each component of the system in a calibrated manner (e.g. Keller & Rice, 2010). While this System–Wide Trust effect has been established for basic situations such as judging gauges, it has not been studied in realistic settings such as collaboration with autonomous agents in a multi-agent system. This study utilized a multiple UAV control simulation, to explore how people apply trust in multi autonomous agents in a supervisory control setting. Participants interacted with four UAVs that utilized automated target recognition (ATR) systems to identify targets as enemy or friendly. When one of the autonomous agents was inaccurate and performance information was provided, participants were 1) less accurate, 2) more likely to verify the ATR’s determination, 3) spent more time verifying images, and 4) rated the other systems as less trustworthy even though they were 100% correct. These findings support previous work that demonstrated the prevalence of system-wide trust and expand the conditions in which system-wide trust strategies are applied. This work suggests that multi-agent systems should provide carefully designed cues and training to mitigate the system-wide trust effect.
How Analysts Think
Authors: Wong B.L. William , Kodagoda Neesha
Published: September 2016

In this paper we present our observations of how seven criminal intelligence analysts use inference making and storytelling to create explanations. Adapting the Critical Decision Method, we observe they engage in a process of anchoring to gain traction and initiate further inquires; they engage in a laddering process, where they develop explanations to extend or elaborate their ideas that create bridges to new understanding; and they complement their anchoring and laddering activities by associative questioning to discover what other associations exists. These un-intended associations can lead to insights, or generate new patterns recognisable by intuition. We envisage a better understanding of how analyst think and reason might help design software that encourages insight.
Modeling Knowledge Using a Crowd Of Experts
Authors: Pfaff Mark S. , Drury Jill L. , Klein Gary L.
Published: September 2016

This paper describes a series of methodological enhancements made to the model-building method in DESIM (Descriptive to Executable Simulation Modeling), which is a participatory modeling technique that converts qualitative models drawn from subject-matter experts into quantitative models that can be used for decision support. The knowledge elicitation methods of three studies are reviewed and evaluated in terms of the quality of the models they produced and their ability to generate actionable information for decision makers. The results, which can be applied across other participatory modeling techniques, demonstrate the practical impacts of different knowledge elicitation strategies for modeling expert knowledge, including the time and cost of acquiring qualified experts and the level of hands-on involvement of experts in model building.
How users adjust trust in automation
Authors: Yang X. Jessie , Wickens Christopher D. , Hölttä-Otto Katja
Published: September 2016

The present study examined how users adjusted their trust towards an automated decision aid. Results revealed that a valid recommendation of the decision aid increases whereas an invalid one reduces trust in automation. The magnitude of trust decrement is greater than that of trust increment. More importantly, this study showed that trust adjustment is not benchmarked strictly against predetermined objective criteria, that is, the decision aid’s recommendation quality. Rather, users’ ability of performing a task themselves and final task outcomes moderate the effects of recommendation quality. A valid recommendation is less appreciated if users are more capable of completing a task by themselves. An invalid recommendation is less penalized if the final task performance is not harmed, as if the invalid recommendation is “forgiven” to a certain degree.
Characterizing Mission and User Context for Proactive Decision Support
Authors: Brown Joanna , Fusion Boston , Bruni Sylvain , Bennett Joseph , Fournelle Connie , Hanna Christopher , Lucia Lisa , Ward Danielle , Woodward Benjamin
Published: September 2016

Effective decision support must operate within the proper context view, satisfying potentially complex task demands and fluctuating user capabilities, in support of an overall mission. In response to this need, we are developing an integrated system called Info-Cognitive Proactive Decision Support (InfoCog). InfoCog combines two different perspectives essential for proactive decision support: a data-centered representation of the mission information space and a user-centered representation of the human decision space. InfoCog overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of today’s decision support systems that adopt only the information or human decision spaces. We present here a method to characterize the mission information space using a hierarchical probabilistic model combined with multiple hypothesis management. For user characterization, we have developed a user-centric task and cognitive evaluation model. We then combine these complementary perspectives of the current context with predictive capabilities from the mission and user models to anticipate and proactively support future information needs.
Agent Reasoning Transparency’s Effect on Operator Workload
Authors: Wright Julia L. , Chen Jessie Y.C. , Barnes Michael J. , Hancock Peter A.
Published: September 2016

We examined how varying the transparency of agent reasoning affected operator workload in a route selection task, and how the differing measures of workload compared in assessing and understanding cognitive workload. Participants guided a three-vehicle convoy safely through a simulated environment of which they had a limited amount of information, while maintaining communication with command and monitoring their surroundings for threats. The intelligent route-planning agent assessed potential threats and suggested changes to the convoy route as needed. Each participant was assigned to one of three agent reasoning transparency conditions. Contrary to our hypothesis, NASA-TLX Global workload measures indicated that workload decreased slightly as access to agent reasoning increased. However, psychophysical measures of workload disagreed with NASA-TLX global results. Comparison of individual NASA-TLX workload factors with the psychophysical measures indicated that performance satisfaction was highest in the intermediary transparency condition, and the addition of ambiguous information in the highest transparency condition increased effort and resulted in increased complacent behavior. Recommendations for future workload analysis are offered.
Multiple Systemic Contributors versus Root Cause
Authors: Walker Katherine E. , Woods David D. , Rayo Michael F.
Published: September 2016

In 2013 NASA nearly drowned an astronaut during an Extravehicular Activity (EVA 23) on the International Space Station due to spacesuit water leakage. Indicators of trouble on the preceding EVA (22) were discounted. NASA carried out an investigation of the near miss event that is a sample of how root cause analysis is carried out in actual organizations (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2013). This paper contrasts the root cause analysis with a new analysis the authors carried out that captures how multiple systemic contributors combined to create the conditions that led up to the near miss. The new analysis illustrates the original finding from the late 1980s that accidents arise from multiple factors each necessary but only jointly sufficient (Reason, 1990; Woods, 1990; Cook, 2000; Woods, Dekker, Cook, Johannesen, & Sarter, 2010). Many of these contributors are system factors that have been present (latent) in the organization for some time prior to the specific sequence of events. In other words, the accidents arose from organizational or systemic factors (Reason, 1997). In contrast, the traditional root cause analysis focuses on the human roles closest to the adverse event and only raises systemic issues in terms of vague generalities that are difficult to address in systemic improvements (Dekker, 2014; Woods et al., 2010). The paper provides this contrast for two purposes. The first goal of this paper is to provide a concrete technique and diagram for identifying systemic contributors to adverse events (Systemic Contributors Analysis and Diagram or SCAD). The second goal is to highlight how the current practice of root cause analysis is unable to come to grips with systemic issues, misses the interactions between contributors, and misses emergent system properties. Using this systemic technique reveals that adverse events are very often due to production pressure at the blunt end, not human error at the sharp end of systems.
Linguistic Estimations of Human Attributes
Authors: LaVergne David , Tiferes Judith , Jenkins Michael , Gross Geoff , Bisantz Ann
Published: September 2016

Qualitative linguistic data provides unique, valuable information that can only come from human observers. Data fusion systems find it challenging to incorporate this “soft data” as they are primarily designed to analyze quantitative, hard-sensor data with consistent formats and qualified error characteristics. This research investigates how people produce linguistic descriptions of human physical attributes. Thirty participants were asked to describe seven actors’ ages, heights, and weights in two naturalistic video scenes, using both numeric estimates and linguistic descriptors. Results showed that not only were a large number of linguistic descriptors used, but they were also used inconsistently. Only 10% of the 189 unique terms produced were used by four or more participants. Especially for height and weight, we found that linguistic terms are poor devices for transmitting estimated values due to the large and overlapping ranges of numeric estimates associated with each term. Future work should attempt to better define the boundaries of inclusion for more frequently used terms and to create a controlled language lexicon to gauge whether or not that improves the precision of natural language terms.
Using Human Factors to Establish Occupant Task Lists for Office Building Simulations
Authors: Kalvelage Kelly , Dorneich Michael C.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this research is to establish an in-depth understanding of task-related occupant behaviors to serve as the basis for the design of an occupant-building interaction interface. Building simulations are frequently used to design buildings and predict energy performance. Yet, all of these assumptions are related to occupant behavior and interactions with the building. In an occupant-controlled environment, an understanding of the occupant decision-making process must be represented in the simulation task lists. Current task lists assume general occupant behaviors based on averages, and lack the details required for this understanding. This paper looks to strike a balance between simplicity and complexity in the generation of task lists to establish a process for developing an understanding of occupant behavior at a greater level of detail than current practice. A contextual task analysis questionnaire characterizes occupant behavior to provide the link between the building, occupant, and task. Generation of a sample task list demonstrates how a detailed understanding of task-related occupant behaviors can be effectively used as the basis of an occupant-building control scheme.
A Practical Tool for Ambient Illumination Comparisons at Dusk/Dawn
Authors: Lam Hilary , Gani Sayf , Mawson Randy , Young Jason , Potma Erin
Published: September 2016

Nighttime visibility is an important consideration in collision reconstruction and personal injury investigation. Decreased contrast in low ambient lighting conditions can greatly affect human perception and response. Because ambient lighting levels change rapidly at dawn and dusk, forensic investigators must have an accurate knowledge of the time of day and the cloud conditions at the time of the incident before initiating a nighttime visibility assessment. Previously, human factors experts attempting re-enactments at dawn or dusk have had to wait for sky conditions that match those at the time of the incident, making the investigation of those cases extremely difficult, if not unfeasible. In this study, an ambient illumination equivalency tool has been developed based on a database of time-lapse light meter readings collected by the authors. This new tool can be used to facilitate nighttime visibility assessments on any day by providing a time adjustment factor to account for the changes in ambient illuminance due to differences in the cloud conditions between the day of the incident and the day of the re-enactment.
Effects of Vocal and Instrumental Music on Running
Authors: Dorris Audrey E. , Quesada Peter M. , Saleem Jason J.
Published: September 2016

This study tested the effects of listening to fast vocal music, fast instrumental music, and no music on nine runners’ distance, average speed, average and maximum heart rate, stride length, and perceived exertion. The data collected during this study revealed music had an effect on maximum heart rate, perceived body tiredness, and perceived mood. This study supports the following conclusions: (1) to lower one’s maximum heart rate, one should listen to instrumental music rather than vocal music; and (2) to reduce the feeling of tiredness while running, one should listen to instrumental music rather than no music. The study also demonstrated that listening to vocal music rather than instrumental music improved runners’ moods. Further research should be conducted to investigate other factors and trends and their potential application to running performance.
The Cognitive Task of Medication Reconciliation - Clinicians’ Approaches to the Arrangement of Medical Condition and Medication History Information
Authors: Bitan Yuval , Parmet Yisrael , Greenfield Geva , Teng Shelly , Nunnally Mark
Published: September 2016

We report the results of a study which aims to improve our understanding of how clinicians make sense of medication and disease information (medical reconciliation), performed by clinicians in a major US hospital. A card sorting simulation experiment running on an Android tablet was utilized to record the steps taken by 130 clinicians to reconcile and better understand the clinical information they received about a simulated patient. Evaluating the order in which the clinicians processed the information shows that most clinicians sorted medical condition information before medication history. Clinicians use diverse strategies to arrange the information. This study allows us to expend our understanding of the cognitive task of medication reconciliation, adding to the knowledge that might assist in data presentation in future medical information software. Such an understanding has the potential to provide clinicians with better tools to capture and reconcile clinical information which may ultimately improve patient safety.
Tablet-Based Frailty Assessments in Emergency Care for Older Adults
Authors: Tong Tiffany , Chignell Mark , Tierney Mary C. , Sirois Marie-Josée , Goldstein Judah , Émond Marcel , Rockwood Kenneth , Lee Jacques
Published: September 2016

The rise in aging populations worldwide places a focus on shifting healthcare needs to match changing demographics. Older adults have a higher risk of becoming frail and losing functional abilities (e.g., walking and bathing) as well as the ability to perform daily activities such as shopping and cooking. Providing care and appropriate interventions to assist older adults with frailty is contingent upon identifying these individuals through effective screening. Frailty is often characterized by self-reports of exhaustion, weakness, slowing, and low physical activity. Older adults at risk of becoming frail often enter the healthcare system through emergency services (e.g., calling 911 or presenting at an emergency department), and screening should target these entry points. This paper discusses the design process, and usability findings associated with a tablet-based battery of frailty measures for assessing functional and cognitive states in elderly adults while being admitted to emergency care. This research is focusing on the use of digital technologies as a medium for physical and mental frailty assessment in emergency care. A diverse group of healthcare users is envisaged including paramedics, physicians, and research personnel, as well as end-users such as elderly patients and their caregivers. We describe the development and usability of the tablet-based frailty assessment system and we report on the concurrent validity of frailty measures.
Fatigue in float nurses
Authors: Dykstra Jessica G. , Sendelbach Danielle , Steege Linsey M.
Published: September 2016

Occupational fatigue in registered nurses (RNs) is associated with decreased nurse performance and job satisfaction, in addition to high burnout rates, increased work-related injuries and medication errors. With an ongoing emphasis on hospital safety, understanding nurse fatigue is essential. Previous studies have helped to quantify fatigue levels in RNs and identify sources of fatigue that span the work system. In order to explore unit-based factors that contribute to fatigue, we interviewed ten float nursing staff, who move between units within a hospital, about the sources of their fatigue, and the effects of unit factors on fatigue and coping. Sources of fatigue identified by float nurses include switching units multiple times during a shift, patient assignments and unit culture. Participants identified unit-specific factors that support nurse coping with fatigue including: teamwork, communication, and respect. These findings lead to recommendations for future studies and development of fatigue risk management systems in nursing.
Tactile Situation Awareness System
Authors: Rupert Angus H. , Lawson Ben D. , Basso Jared E.
Published: September 2016

Recent system development efforts have been made concerning a Tactile Situation Awareness System (TSAS). TSAS is a garment containing vibrotactile stimulators that provide aircraft flight control feedback to the torso. TSAS is intended to improve human factors during flight by reducing workload, increasing situation awareness, and reducing the likelihood of brownout mishaps. During simulation and flight tests, pilots using TSAS have demonstrated the ability to non-visually hover helicopters, while consistently reporting reduced workload and increased situation awareness. The current effort enlarged the surface area of the garment to extend the capability beyond hovering to include complete forward flight control (pitch and roll) so that the technology could be transitioned to the helicopter pilot community and effect a reduction of brownout mishaps. The following describes the delivery of this new suite of capabilities, including the cueing garments, avionics interfaces, and software compatible with military helicopter platforms.
Cross-sectional Analysis of Whole Body Vibration Exposures and Health Status among Long-haul Truck Drivers
Authors: Kim Jeong Ho , Zigman Monica , Dennerlein Jack T , Johnson Peter W
Published: September 2016

Exposure to whole body vibration (WBV) is known to be associated with various adverse health outcomes among professional truck drivers. As a part of a randomized controlled trial, this study evaluated WBV exposures and various health outcomes from 96 professional truck drivers. The WBV was measured and analyzed per International Standards Organization (ISO) 2631-1 and 2631-5 WBV standards. This study also measured self-reported regional body pain (10-point scale), low back disability (the Oswestry Disability Index), and physical/mental health (the Short Form 12-item Health Survey). Lastly, this study evaluated associations between the WBV exposure and various health outcomes. The results showed that the predominant z-axis weighted average vibration [A(8)] measure (Mean ± SE: 0.35 ± 0.01 m/s2) was below the ISO and European Union (EU) daily exposure action limits (0.5 m/s2) whereas the vibration dose value [VDV(8)] measure (12.2 ± 0.3 m/s1.75) was above the ISO and EU daily exposure action limit (9.1 m/s1.75). Self-reported low back pain (LBP) was the most prevalent adverse musculoskeletal outcome reported (72.5%) with average LBP score of 2.9 (SD: 2.0). The SF-12 health scores showed that truck drivers’ physical health status was lower than the average US population (p’s < 0.04). Moreover, the Spearman’s correlations ( rs ) between the WBV parameters and health outcomes indicated that A(8) measures were associated with LBP ( rs = 0.31; r = 0.05) and SF-12 physical composite score ( rs = −0.39; r = 0.02); however VDV(8) was not associated with any of the health outcomes. The study findings indicates that although the impulsive exposures [VDV(8)] were more prominent, the continuous, average vibration [A(8)] appears to be more strongly associated with injury risks. This finding supports the practice of EU countries using A(8) as one of the primary measures for characterizing daily WBV exposures but also complements many other studies indicating that the current EU daily action limit value of 0.50 m/s2 for WBV may be too high.
Panel Discussion In Honor of Dr Tom Waters The NIOSH Lifting Equation - Part I
Authors: Fox Robert R. , Maynard Wayne S. , Kapellusch Jay M. , Allread W. Gary , Potvin Jim , Fernandez Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2016

The NIOSH Lifting Equation, specifically the 1991 Revised Lifting Equation or RLE (Waters et al., 1993) is used worldwide by occupational ergonomists, industrial engineers and safety specialists to assess and (re)design manual lifting tasks and industrial systems that involve either single or repetitive lifting. Since the initial publication of the RLE, there have been a number of published studies on its usability, effectiveness and validation. The purpose of this panel discussion will be to critically review these RLE-related studies and examine implications of applying the RLE in various occupational settings and working populations. The first of four presentations will summarize recent epidemiological studies that have quantified exposure-response relationships between the RLE and incidence of low-back pain-related care and medication use issues, and discuss the RLE implications for job surveillance, intervention, and design approaches. The second presentation discusses practical relevance of the RLE and issues surrounding its sensitivity and specificity in correctly identifying hazardous lifting tasks. The third presentation will critically examine the conservativeness of the recommended weight limit derived from RLE by comparing the output of the RLE with the output from the specific biomechanical, psychophysical and physiological criteria utilized in its initial development of the lifting equation. Although application of the RLE has exponentially grown since its inception, the final presentation explores its feasibility in applying it to a non-US work force. The primary audience for this session will be occupational ergonomists who utilize the NIOSH equation for job assessment and (re)design, although the discussion should be of interest to researchers as well. The overall goal of this Part 1 symposium is to provide RLE users with some practical suggestions and recommendations.
Preventing our Caregivers from Becoming Patients – Challenges, Successes, and Trends Faced by Hospital Risk Managers and Ergonomists
Authors: Wiggermann Neal , Hallbeck Susan , James Tamara , Kumpar Dee , Williamson Robert , Wolf Laurie
Published: September 2016

Healthcare workers suffer musculoskeletal disorders at rates that exceed most other industries. Despite this, many healthcare facilities do not follow best practices that are proven to reduce risk of injury. This discussion panel will explore the reasons for why the healthcare industry struggles to prevent injuries and will outline successful strategies for protecting workers. The panelists are leaders and advisors for large medical systems and their specialties include ergonomics, safe patient handling, and patient safety. The panelists relate the critical challenges faced when preventing caregiver injuries. Such challenges include underreporting of staff injuries, lack of funding or administrative support, and inability to sell the connections among caregiver safety, caregiver productivity, and patient safety. The panelists also share success stories of when they have achieved positive change and explain the strategies that were effective. Practitioners should gain new insights for implementing successful change, and researchers will be exposed to new and important research questions.
Full Shift Physical Activity among Reforestation Hand Planters
Authors: Granzow Robert , Schall Mark C. , Smidt Mathew
Published: September 2016

Reforestation in the Southeastern United States is predominantly accomplished through the use of hand planting methods. A high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain has been reported among reforestation hand planters. This feasibility study aimed to characterize the intensity of physical activity using inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the upper arms, trunk, and waist of ten reforestation hand planters during full shift work. Results indicated that participants spent the majority (>50%) of their time performing moderate, vigorous, or very vigorous levels of physical activity. Exposure estimates among planters exceed many other occupations that commonly report a high prevalence of musculoskeletal health outcomes, including healthcare and construction workers. Additional research into the working demands of reforestation hand planters is warranted.
Obesity Research in Occupational Safety and Health
Authors: Sangachin Mahboobeh Ghesmaty , Cavuoto Lora A.
Published: September 2016

Obesity is an emerging health problem among the workforce. This review examined the published literature in the last decade presented in prominent human factors and occupational safety and health journals to map out the current state of the research and direct future work. Overall, 44 studies were identified, out of which 27% focused on general effects of obesity on work performance, disability or occupational injury and 73% studied hypotheses regarding the effect of obesity on functional capacity, balance and performance of specific tasks. While over 90% of general studies suggest some significant adverse effect, only ~47% of specific studies report such results. While obesity co- occurs with chronic conditions such as diabetes or cardio-respiratory issues, laboratory based studies which exclude subjects with comorbidities may fail to fully manifest obesity effects. With only four studies identified that investigated an interaction of obesity with other personal or job-related health risks, future research in this regard is warranted.
A Process for Usability Testing of Lifesaving Equipment
Authors: Porter William , Kosmoski Carin , Fernando Rohan
Published: September 2016

Usability for any product, and especially for a lifesaving device, is critical in that the users will be interacting with the device in a highly stressful and complex environment. This study examined self- contained breathing apparatus (SCBAs) and conducted a usability assessment of these SCBAs with refill stations as it pertains to mine escape. Data was collected examining three usability topic areas (effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction) and eight constructs within these topic areas (completeness, accuracy, time requirements, overall satisfaction, discomfort, ease of use, system performance, and user preference). This paper documents the usability framework adopted and the methodology used to answer the research questions of the study and includes sample results and discussion. The methodology presented can be modified and used to test other lifesaving technologies to compare the usability of the devices and to estimate the ability of the devices to function as expected in a lifesaving situation.