bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To be or not to be focus adverbials?
Authors: De Cesare Anna-Maria
Published: February 2022

The goal of this study is to cast new light on one of the
main defining properties of focus adverbials, namely their
interaction with the focus structure of the sentence. Following the
framework known as Language into Act Theory, we
describe the interaction between It. anche and
focal information, considered in relation to the accomplishment of a
speech act. The results of a corpus-driven study of spontaneous
spoken Italian allow proposing a more detailed definition of focus
adverbials, which takes into account two layers of information
structure: the semantico-presuppositional layer and the
pragmatic-illocutionary layer. We claim that association with focus
is a stable feature of focus adverbials only in relation to the
first layer of information structure.
Solid/liquid interface evolution including seaweed morphology during directional solidification of Co-Sn alloys
Authors: Kang Jilong , Zhao Min
Published: February 2022

The directional solidification of Co–Sn alloys at 300 K/cm was performed systematically with particular attention to the uncommon ‘seaweed’ morphology observed in this system. As withdrawal velocity increased, the quenched solid/liquid interface of Co-20 at.-% Sn hypoeutectic transformed from a planar of α-Co/β-Co3Sn2 lamellar eutectic to dendritic α-Co + eutectic, and the planar interface of Co-24 at.-% Sn eutectic destabilised to cellular. As for Co-30 at.-% Sn hypereutectic, the planar interface transited to dendritic β-Co3Sn2 + eutectic and then to seaweed β-Co3Sn2 + eutectic. The increase of withdrawal velocity results in primary α-Co or β-Co3Sn2 phase growing ahead of the coupled eutectic, and the leading distance is gradually increased with withdrawal velocity. The spacing of the two tips of β-Co3Sn2 seaweed in the alloys followed a power law, [Formula: see text], and the tip splitting frequency versus growth velocity as the function of [Formula: see text].
Long-Term Buprenorphine Treatment for Kratom use Disorder: A Case Series
Authors: Broyan Viktoriya R. , Brar Jessica K. , Allgaier Tristen , Allgaier Jeffrey T.
Published: February 2022

Background: Opioid agonist therapy with buprenorphine is an effective, evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder. However, there has been increasing use of alternative substances which can still produce opioid-like effects. One of these substances is the herbal supplement kratom. The chemical composition of kratom, specifically mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, has partial mu-opioid receptor agonist and antagonist effects at the kappa- and delta-opioid receptors. Due to its addictive potential, accessibility, and legal status, there have been increasing cases of kratom use disorder (KUD). Thus, it is important to consider effective treatment options for this nontraditional substance. Methods: Twenty-eight patients self-identified kratom as their primary substance of use. Length of kratom use ranged between 1 month and 25 years, with an average daily kratom dose of 92 g/d. Nine patients were inducted on a buprenorphine/naloxone dose between 1 and 6 mg, 18 patients between 8 and 16 mg, and 1 patient at 20 mg. Three patients were stabilized on a dose at 4 mg, 23 patients between 8 and 16 mg, 1 patient at 18 mg, and 1 patient at 20 mg. Results: There was no correlation between stabilizing dose of buprenorphine/naloxone and past daily dose of kratom. As of March 2020, 20 of the 28 patients were still receiving outpatient buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Six patients were lost to follow-up due to missed appointments, 1 tapered down to 0.25 mg of buprenorphine/naloxone and self-discharged, and 1 moved out of town. The rest have remained in treatment from 5 to 22 months, with an average duration of 11 months. Of the 28 patients, 68%, 82%, and 82% had negative test results for mitragynine at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the largest case series exploring long-term buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for KUD. Our findings suggest buprenorphine/naloxone can be used as an effective treatment option for KUD.
Concerts, Bars, Parties, and Raves: Differential Risk for Drug use among High School Seniors According to Venue Attendance
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Rutherford Caroline , Cleland Charles M. , Keyes Katherine M.
Published: February 2022

Background: Nightlife attendance is an established risk factor for drug use, but studies have not focused on adolescent general population samples or compared risk according to type(s) of venues attended. We examined whether attendance of various types of venues was associated with drug use. Methods: Data were examined from an annual nationally representative survey of high school seniors in the US (2014–2019, N = 11,565). We determined whether past-year attendance of parties, concerts, bars or nightclubs, and raves or dance music events was associated with past-year drug use using mixed-effects logistic regression. Mall and movie attendance were examined as negative controls. Results: Compared to those who reported not attending specific venues, attending parties was associated with higher odds of using alcohol in particular (aOR = 5.03, 95% CI: 3.92–6.44). Attending concerts was associated with higher odds for use of alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and opioids. All drugs examined were concentrated among those who attend bars, nightclubs, raves, and dance parties. Rave or dance party attendance was associated with higher odds for use of ecstasy (aOR = 3.71, 95% CI: 2.50–5.50) and methamphetamine (aOR = 4.92, 95% CI: 2.43–9.96) in particular, and bar or nightclub attendance was associated with higher odds of use of cocaine (aOR = 6.49, 95% CI: 4.37–9.63), ecstasy (aOR = 6.49, 95% CI: 4.54–9.27), and methamphetamine (aOR = 5.49, 95% CI: 2.57–11.72) in particular. Attending movies was associated with lower odds for use of cocaine and nonmedical prescription stimulant use. Conclusion: We determined differential risk of drug use depending on types of venues attended by adolescents.
Flat metasurfaces with square supercells of

2×2

dielectric disk quadrumers: tailoring the fine structure of toroidal mode local field
Authors: Dmitriev Victor , Zografopoulos Dimitrios C , Silva Santos Silvio Domingos , da Silva Barros Gabriel Felipe
Published: February 2022

We suggest and investigate a new all-dielectric flat metasurface based on high-index dielectric disks. The unit cell of the metasurface is a quadrumer of the disks providing excitation of quasi-dark toroidal dipole resonances. Four quadrumers are grouped in a supercell with the highest possible geometrical symmetry

C

4
v

. Using representation theory of groups and the symmetry adapted linear combination method, we show that in order to access the toroidal supermodes in the metasurface, one has firstly to break the symmetry of the quadrumer and then the symmetry of the unit supercell. We discuss also in detail different mechanisms of symmetry reduction. By reducing the unit supercell geometrical symmetry to the C

s
group, the metasurface can provide resonances with both toroidal and antitoroidal order. Full-wave and eigenfrequency simulations confirm the theoretical predictions. Finally, we discuss possible applications of the analyzed structures.
Quantitative laser diagnostics on trimethylindium pyrolysis and photolysis for functional nanoparticle growth
Authors: Samuelsson Per , Magnusson Martin H , Deppert Knut , Aldén Marcus , Li Zhongshan
Published: February 2022

We report on an optical investigation of the pyrolysis and photolysis of trimethylindium (TMIn) as a typical metalorganic precursor for functional nanowire growth, aiming at an in-depth understanding of the governing chemistry and optimization of aerosol-based (aerotaxy) and epitaxial growth processes. A flow reactor with special consideration given to optical access was built to provide the chemical environment for in situ optical measurements on the pyrolysis and photolysis of TMIn. By probing a resonant transition of the indium atom, high-resolution laser absorption and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to obtain the atomic indium concentration at different chosen conditions in a spatially and temporally resolved manner. The results indicate that quantitative measurements of indium atoms under growth conditions are feasible. A 213 nm pulsed laser was employed to induce photolytic dissociation of TMIn vapor under chosen conditions. The photolytic dissociation of TMIn vapor with an ultraviolet laser turns out to be a promising method in generating substantial chemical effects, indicated by the generation of visible clouds of indium particles, and high concentrations of indium atoms far beyond the pyrolytically generated amount.
Quantum information in holographic duality
Authors: Chen Bowen , Czech Bartłomiej , Wang Zi-Zhi
Published: February 2022

We give a pedagogical review of how concepts from quantum information theory build up the gravitational side of the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence. The review is self-contained in that it only presupposes knowledge of quantum mechanics and general relativity; other tools—including holographic duality itself—are introduced in the text. We have aimed to give researchers interested in entering this field a working knowledge sufficient for initiating original projects. The review begins with the laws of black hole thermodynamics, which form the basis of this subject, then introduces the Ryu–Takayanagi proposal, the Jafferis–Lewkowycz–Maldacena–Suh (JLMS) relation, and subregion duality. We discuss tensor networks as a visualization tool and analyze various network architectures in detail. Next, several modern concepts and techniques are discussed: Rényi entropies and the replica trick, differential entropy and kinematic space, modular Berry phases, modular minimal entropy, entanglement wedge cross-sections, bit threads, and others. We discuss the extent to which bulk geometries are fixed by boundary entanglement entropies, and analyze the relations such as the monogamy of mutual information, which boundary entanglement entropies must obey if a state has a semiclassical bulk dual. We close with a discussion of black holes, including holographic complexity, firewalls and the black hole information paradox, islands, and replica wormholes.
Control of vibration in a plate using active acoustic black holes
Authors: Hook K , Cheer J , Daley S
Published: February 2022

Acoustic black holes (ABHs) are structural features that can be embedded into plates to provide effective structural damping. However, the performance of an embedded ABH is limited by its size, which determines the ABH cut-on frequency. It is not always practicable to increase the size of an ABH to reduce its cut-on frequency, however, previous work has shown that active vibration control can instead be used to enhance the low frequency performance of an ABH beam termination. This paper presents an investigation into the potential performance benefits that can be achieved by implementing active control into an array of ABHs embedded in a plate, realising an array of active ABHs (AABHs). The potential performance advantage is investigated here through experimental investigations, where different configurations of passive and active control treatments are applied to both a plate with embedded ABHs and a constant thickness plate. The smart structures utilise piezoelectric patches to realise the control actuation and employ an active feedforward multichannel vibration control strategy that aims to minimise the structural response monitored by an array of accelerometers. The performance of each plate configuration is evaluated in terms of the attenuation in the structural response and the energy, or control effort required. The presented experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the constant thickness plate configuration, the AABHs provide considerable passive damping above the ABH cut-on frequency and significantly reduce the required control effort.
Conceptual design of reciprocating probes and material-testing manipulator for tokamak COMPASS Upgrade
Authors: Lukes S. , Horacek J. , Veselovsky V. , Vondracek P. , Sestak D. , Adamek J. , Weinzettl V. , Duran I.
Published: February 2022

Three new in-vessel manipulators are designed and built for the new COMPASS Upgrade tokamak with uniquely high vessel temperature (250–500 °C) and heat flux density (perpendicular to divertor surface q
⊥ ∼ 80 MW/m2 and q
∥ ∼ GW/m2 at separatrix), which challenges the edge plasma diagnostics. Here we show their detailed engineering designs supported by heat conduction and mechanical models. Deep reciprocation of electrostatic probes near the separatrix should be possible by optimizing older concepts in (a) the head and probe geometry, (b) strongly increasing the deceleration up to 100× gravity by springs and strengthening the manipulator mechanical structure. One reciprocates close to the region of edge plasma influx (the outer midplane), the other at the plasma sink (between the outer divertor strike point and X-point), for studying the plasma divertor (impurity-seeded) detachment and liquid metal vapor transport. Both probe heads are equipped with a set of ball-pen and Langmuir probes, measuring reliably and extremely fast (10−6 s) local (1 mm resolution) plasma potential, density, electron temperature and heat flux and even ion temperature with 10−5 s resolution. The divertor manipulator (without reciprocation) will place various material test targets at the outer divertor. Unique will be its capability to increase 15× the surface heat flux with respect to the surrounding tungsten tiles just by controllable surface inclination of the test targets. We plan to test liquid metal targets where such inclined surface was found critical to achieve the desired mode with lithium vapor shielding. Even in the conservative expected performance of COMPASS Upgrade, we predict to reach and survive the EU DEMO relevant heat fluxes.
RGD-incorporated biomimetic cryogels for hyaline cartilage regeneration
Authors: Koh Rachel H , Kim Jisoo , Kim Seung Hyun L , Hwang Nathaniel S
Published: February 2022

Maintaining the integrity of articular cartilage is paramount to joint health and function. Under constant mechanical stress, articular cartilage is prone to injury that often extends to the underlying subchondral bone. In this study, we incorporated arginine–aspartate–glycine (RGD) peptide into chondroitin sulfate-based cryogel for hyaline cartilage regeneration. Known to promote cell adhesion and proliferation, RGD peptide is a double-edged sword for cartilage regeneration. Depending on the peptide availability in the microenvironment, RGD may aid in redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes by mimicking physiological cell-matrix interaction or inhibit chondrogenic phenotype via excessive cell spreading. Here, we observed an increase in chondrogenic phenotype with RGD concentration. The group containing the highest RGD concentration (3 mM; RGD group) experienced a 24-fold increase in COL2 expression in the 1st week of in vitro culture and formed native cartilage-resembling ectopic tissue in vivo. No sign of dedifferentiation (COL1) was observed in all groups. Within the concentration range tested (0–3 mM RGD), RGD promotes chondrocyte redifferentiation after monolayer expansion and thus, formation of hyaline cartilage tissue.
Nanocasting of fibrous morphology on a substrate for long-term propagation of human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Li Sisi , Yoshioka Momoko , Li Junjun , Liu Li , Ye Shixin , Kamei Ken-ichiro , Chen Yong
Published: February 2022

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be self-renewed for many generations on nanofibrous substrates. Herein, a casting method is developed to replicate the nanofibrous morphology into a thin layer of polymethylsiloxane (PDMS). The template is obtained by electrospinning and chemical crosslinking of gelatin nanofibers on a glass slide. The replicas of the template are surface-functionalized by gelatin and used for propagation of hiPSCs over tenth generations. The performance of the propagated hiPSCs is checked by immunofluorescence imaging, flowcytometry, and RT-PCR, confirming the practicability of this method. The results are also compared to those obtained using electrospun nanofiber substrates. Inherently, the PDMS replica is of low stiffness and can be reproduced easily. Compared to other patterning techniques, casting is more flexible and cost-effective, suggesting that this method might find applications in cell-based assays that rely on stringent consideration of both substrate stiffness and surface morphology.
Unmasking the impunity of illegal deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: a call for enforcement and accountability
Authors: Coelho-Junior Marcondes G , Valdiones Ana P , Shimbo Julia Z , Silgueiro Vinicius , Rosa Marcos , Marques Carolina Del Lama , Oliveira Magaly , Araújo Suely , Azevedo Tasso
Published: February 2022

Amazon deforestation has been growing since 2012 and more recently under record rates. In fact, a new wave of rainforest destruction is on, challenging environmental agencies and policymakers. Political negligence has boosted deforestation in the Amazon, when coupled with deforestation drives that we already know about, as well as exempting environmental offenders and clearing the way to major infrastructure projects, in addition to weakening environmental agencies and command and control policies. In this letter, we share perspectives on the dynamics of deforestation alerts in the Brazilian Amazon and the action of public enforcement agencies, to draw attention to the urgency of supporting these entities for resuming the fight against deforestation. Our results reveal the few enforcement actions on deforestation alerts (1.3%) by the major environmental agency from the federal government. When compared with state government agencies, our in-depth case study showed a higher number of enforcement actions, promoting accountability for illegal deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. It is evident that budget cuts for federal environmental agencies and changes in enforcement procedures have jeopardized actions to combat illegal deforestation. Our analysis calls for federal agencies to resume their powers, and for state agencies to recognize their role in environmental reinforcement and assigning liability. In the end, we list five key factors for reestablishing enforcement actions by public agencies for fighting deforestation and improving dissuasive effects.
The Used of Attractants From Coffee at Various Heights Traps to Control Coffee Berry Borer and Quality Test of Coffee Berry
Authors: Tobing M C , Sinaga S C T , Bintang  , Widihastuty  , Pramayudi N
Published: February 2022

The coffee plant is a commodity that is widely grown in Toba Regency, Province of North Sumatera. Coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is an essential pest in coffee plants which can reduce the quantity and quality of coffee fruit up to 50%. This research was to study the use of attractants derived from extract coffee bean and outer skin (pericarp) at various height traps to control CBB in Parsaoran Sibisa Village, Lumban Julu District, Toba Regency. This research method uses a factorial randomized block design with two treatments and three replications. For the first factor is the type of attractants (aqua-des, coffee beans and pericarp). The second factor is the height of the trap (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 m). The results showed that the interaction of attactant type and trap height had no significant effect, but the attractiveness of coffee beans significantly affected CBB population trapped. The attractant of coffee beans caught 16.40 adults, 6.57 adults pericarp and 0.04 adults of distilled water. The best trap height is at 0.5 m with 8.50 adults followed by a height of 1.0 m and 1.5 m each with 8.28 adults and 6.24 adults.
Control of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) with entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Siswanto  , Rismayani
Published: February 2022

One way to control H.hampei is to use biological agents in the form of entomopathogens. This study aims to determine the effect of applying pathogenic fungi B.bassiana and L.lecaniii on population development and attack of the coffee berry borer. The test was carried out by spraying pathogenic fungi on several stalks of infected coffee cherries which were covered with gauze cages and on several sample plants that were left open. The treatments tested were a solution of the fungus B.bassiana and the fungus L.lecanii with a concentration (1 x 108/l water), as well as controls. Observations were made on borer attacks before and after treatment until harvest by counting the number of healthy coffee cherries and infected cherries. The results showed that in treatment with L.lecanii, the development of the number of holed cherry (attacked) by CBB pests decreased, while healthy cherry (unattacked) showed an increasing trend. Likewise with the treatment using B.bassiana showed a decrease in the number of cherries damaged and an increase in healthy cherry. In control, the number of cherries damaged by CBB pests appeared to be stable or tended to increase.
Ganoderma stem rot disease mapping and the chemical and biological characters of endemic lands
Authors: Eris D D , Widiastuti H , Suharyanto  , Panjaitan K , Taniwiryono D
Published: February 2022

Basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma is threatening the palm oil industry. Information on the distribution of Ganoderma in the land is an important aspect to maintain oil palm production by a replanting activity. This study aimed to determine the distribution of the disease in the areas and characterized the chemical and biological properties of the soil. The research was conducted at Laras field, PTPN IV, Simalungun, North Sumatera, with a covered area of 200 Ha that consists of 13 blocks. The disease mapping was carried out by observing Ganoderma disease symptoms incidence of each area. The soil samples were analyzed for the content of C-organic, Cu, and pH. The total bacterial and fungal populations such as N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria were also analyzed from the soil samples. The results showed that areas with low disease incidence were blocks 94A, 94B, and 94C which covering of 55 Ha. In these blocks, consecutively the remaining healthy stands were 47, 48, and 53 trees from 130 trees per ha. The organic matter content in the soil of the blocks ranged from 0.7-1.3% (<2%), ranging from 1.2-4.4% for Cu, 107cfu/g soil for the total bacterial population, and 104colony/g soil for the fungi.
IPM on organic estate crops: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Rizal M , Trisilawati O , Mardiningsih T L , Rohimatun  , Maris P
Published: February 2022

An obstacle in Indonesian crop estate products marketing abroad is the contamination of chemical pesticide residues and heavy metals. Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) and organic certification on estate crops are applied to meet consumer demands for healthier, quality, and safer products. Seventy-four of the 2351 certified organic products registered at Competence Authority of Organic Food, MOA, are primary and processed products from 12 estate crops commodities, i.e. cashew, cinnamon, citronella, coffee, cocoa, coconut, kapok, palm sugar, nutmeg, pepper, tea, and vanilla. In the organic certification process, pest control is carried out integrated by combining various environmentally-friendly control components, available in the garden environment, and/or organic certified commercial biopesticides, no synthetic chemical pesticides. Farmers’ experience has shown that plant pests are relatively easy to control, while plant diseases with high damage intensity and fast spreading were difficult to control and plants must be eradicated. Therefore, a more innovative integrated pest control technology is needed to carry out organic certification in estate crops.
The estimation of nutrient content using multispectral image analysis in palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
Authors: Budiman R , Seminar K B , Sudradjat
Published: February 2022

Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. 50% -70% of operational costs and around 25% of total production costs in oil palm plantations are only for fertilizer. The requirements for effective fertilizer management are meeting plant nutrition requirements and preventing nutrient deficiencies. This study aims to estimate the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients contained in palm oil trees using multispectral cameras taken with drones. The method used was divided into data preparation and leaf sampling and taking pictures with drones. Second, pre-data processing, the things that are done was photo stitching, georeferencing and digitizing the land and oil palm canopy. Third, the data analysis stage found the correlation between nutrition and image analysis using regression analysis with the backward method. The results of this study are that the nitrogen model has correctness of 95.11%, the phosphorus model has correctness of 95.38%, and the potassium model has correctness of 88.65%.
Protein hydrolysates enhance germination and early growth of maize and sugarcane
Authors: Fitriyah F , Kresnawaty I , Santoso D
Published: February 2022

Protein hydrolysates have been reported as a plant biostimulant due to their activity like phytohormones. This research aimed to study protein hydrolysate’s effect on the germination and growth of maize and sugarcane. Chicken feather meal (TB) and trash fish meal (TI) based protein hydrolysates were tested their ability to promote rooting and shooting in the early growth of maize and sugarcane, following an adequately dipping. In the maize bioassay, seeds were soaked for 1 hour in aquadest and 10 ppm of TB and TI hydrolysates in three replicates. Shoots and roots length were measured 5 days after germination. In the sugarcane assay, setts having a single bud on top and bottom stalk of PSJT-941 were grown in a polybag. The experiment was performed in eight treatments and 10 replicates, comprising setts from top and bottom, followed by 5, 10, and 30 minutes dipping in 20 ppm of TB hydrolysate. The setts soaked in aquadest was the negative control. Maize treated with TB hydrolysate had the highest shoots and roots length, while sugarcane setts from the top stalk soaked for 30 minutes in the TB hydrolysates showed germination in all replications besides the best in rooting and number of shoots.
Fruit and seed variation of wild nutmeg (Myristica schefferi Warb.) in South Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Wahyuni S , Susilowati M , Bakri A , Bermawie N
Published: February 2022

Several species of the genus Myristica are found in Indonesia, one of which is Aceh wild nutmeg (M. Schefferi Warb). This study aims to identify fruit and seed variations and chemical compounds that might be potential for further use. The research was carried out at a hilly area in Lubuk Arang Village, South Aceh in the year 2017. There is a high variation of the 42 trees observed in yield, fruit, seed, and mace weight, meanwhile low variation in flesh thickness. Plant size, leaves, fruits, and seeds are bigger than other types of nutmeg. In general, the fruit shape was round to ovate with greenish when young and brownish-green in ripe fruit. The seed shape was rounded to oval with dark brown color when mature. Mace net covered the seed with an orange color when mature. Flesh fruit, mace, and seeds were not aromatic. The main chemical compound of seed ethanol extract analyzed using GCMS was Otobaine, Heptaleno (1,2-C) Furan 1-3H)-one-3,3-dimethoxy6,7,9,11-tetramethyl-, Palmitic acid, and Austrobailignan-6, while in mace were Dihydrojasmone, Otobaine, Palmitic acid, cis- Vasenic acid, and Austrobailignan. Cluster analysis of 42 trees based on fruit and seed characters, separated into three groups with a similarity of around 50%.
Combining ability and heterosis of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) resistance to bacterial wilt
Authors: Basuki S , Suhara C , Supriyono  , Mahayu W M
Published: February 2022

Bacterial wilt is one of the main diseases of tobacco, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. One of the best approaches to control this pathogen is developing tobacco-resistant varieties. Combining ability analysis can be used to preliminarily identify the advantages and disadvantages of cross combinations and parents in earlier generations. The study aimed to estimate combining ability and heterosis of tobacco lines to bacterial wilt. Six tobacco genotypes were crossed in diallelic mating design to produce 15 F1‘s. These F1‘s and their parents were inoculated with the pathogen in the glasshouse condition based on Huang and Allen’s method. The experiment used Random Block Design with three replications. The analysis of combining ability was estimated following Griffing’s method-II and model-I, which is as described by Singh and Chaudhary. The analysis revealed that both additive and dominant genes controlled the resistance to R. solanacearum. The cross between NtJU and NtSP1 genotypes could generate F1 hybrid varieties that have more resistance to bacterial wilt. Tobacco genotype Nt_U2 showed a significant and negative value of general combining ability. Therefore, it can be used as a donor parent in the tobacco breeding program to generate resistant wilt tobacco varieties.
The effect of fertilizer to production of neera dwarf coconut
Authors: Matana YR , Rindengan B , Novarianto H , Tulalo M , Manaroinsong E. , Kumaunang J
Published: February 2022

This research was conducted at the Pandu Experimental Garden (KP) from April until June 2015, North Sulawesi. The research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design. The first factors were the kinds Dwarf coconut (A),Tebing Tinggi dwarf (GTT), Bali Yellow Dwarf (GKB), Nias Yellow Dwarf (GKN), Raja Dwarf (GRA), and Salak Dwarf (GSK). The second factors are the doses of fertilization (B), without fertilizer, urea 500 g + SP36 375 g + Potassium Chloride 750 g + Kieserite 100 g, urea 750 g + SP 36 562,5 g + Potassium Chloride 1125 g + Kieserite 150 g and organic fertilizer. Each experimental unit was replicated three times, so that total is sixty. Parameters observed are volume of neera, the number of bunches tapped and duration of tapping, brix, and rendement of neera. The results showed that among five Dwarf coconuts tested, coconut GTT, GKB, GKN, and GSK can be considered as a source of raw material for making sugar. The total of sap produced varies depending on the kinds of dwarf coconut and the dose of fertilizer.
Developing sustainable production of patchouli oil in Kolaka, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia: a problem-solving approach
Authors: Wahyudi A , Ermiati E , Sujianto S , Maslahah N
Published: February 2022

Patchouli oil is an essential oil extracted from the patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth), widely cultivated by farmers in Kolaka District, South East Sulawesi Province, as intercrop or monoculture farming. This research aimed to search for probable solutions to the problems faced by farmers in developing sustainable patchouli oil production. The research was conducted in Kolaka, South East Sulawesi, in May-June 2021 using problem-solving approach. The snowball method was used to select the key informants consisting of farmers, distillers, and extension workers. The primary data was obtained through online interviews. The problems and probable solutions identified in the cultivation and distillation of patchouli consisted of the soil problems that could be overcome through the right and balanced fertilization; the scarcity of certified seed, the government should initiate the production; the synthetic chemical weed and disease control that can be replaced by application of mechanical weed and integrated disease control; and herbage immaturity by conducting gradual harvesting according to plant maturity and capacity of distillation equipment. It is suggested to utilize a stainless kettle in the distillation and farmers’ organizations can provide a soft loan when farmers need cash and the patchouli oil price is low to delay selling.
The changes in chemical properties of coffee during roasting: A review
Authors: Tarigan E B , Wardiana E , Hilmi Y S , Komarudin N A
Published: February 2022

Due to its chemical compounds, coffee has a good taste, pleasant aroma, stimulant effect, and health benefits. Roasting is a critical process to develop a good flavor and cup quality of the coffee brew. This article reviews the coffee chemical reaction proceeds during roasting, evaluates the roasted degree by physic and chemical approach and biochemical changes. The articles were compiled from ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Out of all of the collected papers, 40 articles were covered in this paper. The initial process of roasting is water content evaporating and continuously is followed by roasting phase including pyrolysis, Maillard reaction and caramelization. The roasted coffee degree is determined by visual, weight loss, acidity, and pop beans sound. The bioactive compounds of coffee such as chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline affect brewed coffee’s cup quality. Chlorogenic acid and trigonelline significantly decrease during the roasting process. However, caffein is quite stable during roasting. The roasted coffee performs a function in the consumers’ health since in vitro and in vivo analysis present that bronze roasted espresso has the most powerful activity as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
Coating formula containing clove oil suppresses Aspergillus flavus growth on unshelled nutmeg seeds
Authors: Rahayuningsih S , Hardiyanti S , Florina D , Supriadi  , Sembiring BS , Wijaya R
Published: February 2022

Aflatoxin contamination has become a constraint on nutmeg. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of clove oil coating formula to suppressAspergillus flavusgrowth on unshelled nutmeg. Clove oil, Curcuma oil, and coconut shell liquid smoke were evaluated for their fungicidal action onA. flavusand formulated the best one with powder carriers. The seeds were pre-treated with gelatin solution (1%) to improve coating adhesiveness, sprayed withA. flavusconidia, and incubated in humid conditions. Clove oil showed the strongest fungicidal action onA. flavusand was formulated (10%) with MgO, CaSO4, and CaO (1:1:1) powder. The coating formula could inhibitA. flavusgrowth, butA. flavusstill colonized the seed’s inner part. The coating formula did not affect the seed’s water content, ranging from 9.8-10.22%. Pre-coating the unshelled source with gelatin solution (1%) improved the formula’s coverage on the seed surface. The coating was more resistant after mechanical impact by falling from a 30 cm high. The amount of coating formula for treating 1000 unshelled seeds (11.75 kg) was approximately 2.8 kg. The coating formula of clove oil mix with carrier powder minimizedA. flavuscontamination of nutmeg shells.
Assessing the performance of global thermostat adjustment in commercial buildings for load shifting demand response
Authors: Keskar Aditya , Lei Shunbo , Webb Taylor , Nagy Sarah , Hiskens Ian A , Mathieu Johanna L , Johnson Jeremiah X
Published: February 2022

Efficiently leveraging new sources of flexibility is critical to mitigating load balancing challenges posed by variable renewable resources. The thermal inertia of commercial buildings allows us to shift their power consumption on minute to hourly timescales to provide demand response (DR) to the grid while maintaining occupant comfort. Global thermostat adjustment (GTA) provides a readily available and scalable approach for implementing load shifting DR using commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, since it leverages the inherent sophistication of modern building automation systems. However, there is an incomplete understanding of GTA’s performance for this purpose and its impact on building systems and occupant comfort. In this paper, we explore the performance of GTA by analyzing results from nearly nine hundred experiments on eight university campus buildings in Michigan and North Carolina. Using GTA, we manipulate each building’s thermostat setpoints causing the building to shift its power consumption with respect to its baseline. We quantify the magnitude of HVAC power response, energy use of HVAC subsystems, and impact on occupant comfort. Finally, we connect our experimental results with power system operation using an optimization model that coordinates GTA actions across a large collection of grid-interactive efficient buildings to reduce high ramp rates on the grid and mitigate renewable energy curtailment. Overall, our work finds that the impacts on HVAC subsystems are often complex, and may result in additional energy being consumed by fans and terminal reheat. These effects must be considered when using GTA for load shifting. Additionally, we demonstrate that occupant comfort, as assessed by indoor temperature and humidity, can be maintained during GTA events. From a societal perspective, our modeling work finds that the additional renewable energy that can be integrated through the use of GTA strategies eclipses any additional energy consumed by buildings.
Fully exploiting SNP arrays: a systematic review on the tools to extract underlying genomic structure
Authors: Balagué-Dobón Laura , Cáceres Alejandro , González Juan R
Published: February 2022

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of genomic variation and the most accessible to genotype in large cohorts. However, they individually explain a small proportion of phenotypic differences between individuals. Ancestry, collective SNP effects, structural variants, somatic mutations or even differences in historic recombination can potentially explain a high percentage of genomic divergence. These genetic differences can be infrequent or laborious to characterize; however, many of them leave distinctive marks on the SNPs across the genome allowing their study in large population samples. Consequently, several methods have been developed over the last decade to detect and analyze different genomic structures using SNP arrays, to complement genome-wide association studies and determine the contribution of these structures to explain the phenotypic differences between individuals. We present an up-to-date collection of available bioinformatics tools that can be used to extract relevant genomic information from SNP array data including population structure and ancestry; polygenic risk scores; identity-by-descent fragments; linkage disequilibrium; heritability and structural variants such as inversions, copy number variants, genetic mosaicisms and recombination histories. From a systematic review of recently published applications of the methods, we describe the main characteristics of R packages, command-line tools and desktop applications, both free and commercial, to help make the most of a large amount of publicly available SNP data.
Assessment of human microbiota stability across longitudinal samples using iteratively growing-partitioned clustering
Authors: Sánchez-Sánchez Pedro , Santonja Francisco J , Benítez-Páez Alfonso
Published: February 2022

Microbiome research is advancing rapidly, and every new study should definitively be based on updated methods, trends and milestones in this field to avoid the wrong interpretation of results. Most human microbiota surveys rely on data captured from snapshots—single data points from subjects—and have permitted uncovering the recognized interindividual variability and major covariates of such microbial communities. Currently, changes in individualized microbiota profiles are under the spotlight to serve as robust predictors of clinical outcomes (e.g. weight loss via dietary interventions) and disease anticipation. Therefore, novel methods are needed to provide robust evaluation of longitudinal series of microbiota data with the aim of assessing intrapersonally short-term to long-term microbiota changes likely linked to health and disease states. Consequently, we developed microbiota STability ASsessment via Iterative cluStering (μSTASIS)—a multifunction R package to evaluate individual-centered microbiota stability. μSTASIS targets the recognized interindividual variability inherent to microbiota data to stress the tight relationships observed among and characteristic of longitudinal samples derived from a single individual via iteratively growing-partitioned clustering. The algorithms and functions implemented in this framework deal properly with the sparse and compositional nature of microbiota data. Moreover, the resulting metric is intuitive and independent of beta diversity distance methods and correlation coefficients, thus estimating stability for each microbiota sample rather than giving nonconsensus magnitudes that are difficult to interpret within and between datasets. Our method is freely available under GPL-3 licensing. We demonstrate its utility by assessing gut microbiota stability from three independent studies published previously with multiple longitudinal series of multivariate data and respective metadata.
blitzGSEA: efficient computation of gene set enrichment analysis through gamma distribution approximation
Authors: Lachmann Alexander , Xie Zhuorui , Ma’ayan Avi
Published: February 2022

Motivation

The identification of pathways and biological processes from differential gene expression is central for interpretation of data collected by transcriptomics assays. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) is the most commonly used algorithm to calculate the significance of the relevancy of an annotated gene set with a differential expression signature. To compute significance, GSEA implements permutation tests which are slow and inaccurate for comparing many differential expression signatures to thousands of annotated gene sets.

Results

Here, we present blitzGSEA, an algorithm that is based on the same running sum statistic as GSEA, but instead of performing permutations, blitzGSEA approximates the enrichment score probabilities based on Gamma distributions. blitzGSEA achieves significant improvement in performance compared with prior GSEA implementations, while approximating small P-values more accurately.

Availability and implementation

The data, a python package, together with all source code, and a detailed user guide are available from GitHub at: https://github.com/MaayanLab/blitzgsea.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
‘Tightness’, autonomy and release: The anticipated pains of release and life licencing
Authors: Rennie Ailie , Crewe Ben
Published: February 2022

This article explores how men serving mandatory life sentences in England and Wales anticipate life after release and the imposition of a life licence. It reports the various ways that lifers feared licencing as being exceedingly ‘tight’ and restrictive, sometimes resulting in them retreating from release altogether. At the same time, some participants reported a motivation to embrace the ‘tightness’ of their impending licence conditions, and use penal power as a means of structuring life on release. Whether they resisted or embraced penal intervention, all participants altered their aspirations to what seemed achievable upon release when subject to numerous conditions. Specifically, the article argues that the anticipation of a particular mode of penal power has a material effect on lifers’ approach to release.
Brain susceptibility imaging provides valuable in vivo insights into cerebellar diseases, but biological interpretations remain elusive
Authors: Harding Ian H. , Ward Phillip G. D.
Published: February 2022

This scientific commentary relates to: ‘Quantitative susceptibility mapping reveals alterations of dentate nuclei in common types of degenerative cerebellar ataxias’ by Deistung et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab306).
Epileptic discharges initiate from brain areas with elevated accumulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors
Authors: Miyazaki Tomoyuki , Takayama Yutaro , Iwasaki Masaki , Hatano Mai , Nakajima Waki , Ikegaya Naoki , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Tsuchimoto Shohei , Kato Hiroki , Takahashi Takuya
Published: February 2022

Presurgical identification of the epileptogenic zone is a critical determinant of seizure control following surgical resection in epilepsy. Excitatory glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor is a major component of neurotransmission. Although elevated α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor levels are observed in surgically resected brain areas of patients with epilepsy, it remains unclear whether increased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor-mediated currents initiate epileptic discharges. We have recently developed the first PET tracer for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor, [11C]K-2, to visualize and quantify the density of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors in living human brains. Here, we detected elevated [11C]K-2 uptake in the epileptogenic temporal lobe of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain areas with high [11C]K-2 uptake are closely colocalized with the location of equivalent current dipoles estimated by magnetoencephalography or with seizure onset zones detected by intracranial electroencephalogram. These results suggest that epileptic discharges initiate from brain areas with increased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, providing a biological basis for epileptic discharges and an additional non-invasive option to identify the epileptogenic zone in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Sustained expression of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein promotes p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) signaling to drive precancerous lesions to invasive cervical cancer
Authors: Lin Zhongmin , Zhao Yu , Li Qijia , Ci Xingyuan , Ye Xiaoxian , Chen Guorong , Tu Quanmei , Feng Weixu , Jiang Pengfei , Zhu Shanli , Xue Xiangyang , Saunders Nicholas A , Zhang Lifang , Zhu Xueqiong , Zhao Kong-Nan
Published: February 2022

Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncogene plays the most important role in cervical cancer. However, whether E7 oncoprotein is continuously expressed, associated with AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) signaling to trigger cervical carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we explored first if HPV16 E7 oncoprotein could be detected in clinical biopsies and is sustainedly expressed, and then investigated how this oncoprotein interacted with AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) signaling in cancer progression. We used ZHPV16E7384 affibody to detect E7 expression in HPV16-positive cervical cancer biopsies and animal tumors by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results showed that ZHPV16E7384 affibody had intense and specific staining for E7 oncoprotein in the detected specimen. The E7 oncoprotein was continuously expressed to correspond with the development of precancerous lesions to invasive cervical cancer. IHC staining also revealed that AKT, p-AKT(Ser473), Src and p-Src(Tyr527) proteins were expressed in both patient biopsies and animal tumors, with the highest levels of p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) present in invasive cancer. Furthermore, siRNA experiments revealed that HPV16 E7 knockdown significantly impaired expression of p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) in both HPV16 E7-positive cancer cells and transformed cells. In addition, transient expression of HPV16 E7 protein promoted significantly expression of p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) in primary human keratinocytes. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation analysis proved that HPV 16 E7 protein interacted reciprocally with p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527). In conclusion, we demonstrate that HPV16 E7 oncoprotein is continuously expressed to promote expression of p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) leading to drive the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. Our data provide a novel insight that HPV16 E7 activates p-AKT(Ser473)/p-Src(Tyr527) to establish a mechanistic link between the oncogene and the AKT/Src signaling to trigger cervical carcinogenesis.