bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First integrals and exact solutions of the SIRI and tuberculosis models
Authors: Naz R. , Mahomed K. S. , Naeem I.
Published: March 2016

The first integrals and exact solutions of mathematical models of epidemiology: a susceptible‐infected‐recovered‐infected (SIRI) model and a tuberculosis model with demographic growth are analyzed. These models are represented by systems of first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and this system is replaced by one which contains a second‐order ordinary differential equation. The partial Lagrangian approach is then utilized to derive the first integrals of these models. Several cases arise. Then, we utilize the derived first integrals to construct exact solutions for the models under investigation and determine new solutions. The dynamic properties of these models are studied too. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Modeling of Acrylic Acid Copolymerization in an Aqueous Solution: A Modular, Integrated Approach
Authors: Meimaroglou Dimitrios , Chevrel Marie‐Claire , Hoppe Sandrine , Durand Alain , Falk Laurent , Wilson James , Ferlin Patrick
Published: March 2016

A complete mathematical model of the free‐radical copolymerization of acrylic acid in an aqueous solution, taking place in a pilot‐scale tubular reactor equipped with static mixers, is presented. The developed kinetic/reactor model is numerically integrated in terms of a coupled deterministic–stochastic numerical approach that combines the advantages of speed, efficiency, and increased predictive capabilities. A series of experimental measurements on the monomer conversion and the molecular weight characteristics of the produced copolymer, under a wide range of process conditions, are used for the identification of the kinetic model parameters while a thorough analysis of the compositional characteristics of the produced copolymers is also carried out in terms of a series of bivariate distributed properties.

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Modeling of the Methyl Methacrylate Atom Transfer Radical Suspension Polymerization Process: Polymerization and Particle Kinetics
Authors: Xie Le , Luo Zheng‐Hong
Published: March 2016

In this work, a mathematical model is developed to characterize the batch atom transfer radical suspension polymerization (batch suspension ATRP). For the first time, the morphological and molecular properties of particles, as well as their dynamics in methyl methacrylate ATRP can be simultaneously simulated by solving the model that consists of ATRP kinetic equations, moment equations, a phase equilibrium equation for calculating equilibrium monomer distributions in various phases, and a particle population balance model. The proposed model is verified using the open experimental data. Based on the verified model, two key operating factors including the ratios of monomer to initiator and water to monomer are studied in order to investigate the batch suspension ATRP kinetics. In addition, the model is also used to predict the droplet/particle size distribution. The effects of breakage rate, coalescence rate, and agitation speed on the droplet volume density distribution and the Sauter mean diameter are discussed in details. The simulated results demonstrate that the coupled model can describe the batch suspension ATRP kinetics and its droplet kinetics.

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Simultaneous multislice imaging in dynamic cardiac MRI at 7T using parallel transmission
Authors: Schmitter Sebastian , Moeller Steen , Wu Xiaoping , Auerbach Edward J. , Metzger Gregory J. , Van de Moortele Pierre‐François , Uğurbil Kâmil
Published: March 2016

Purpose

Cardiac MRI at 7T suffers from contrast heterogeneity that can be mitigated with parallel transmission (pTX) and, when performed during breath‐hold, from a limited number of slices that can be multiplied with multiband (MB) radiofrequency pulses by simultaneous excitation of multiple slices (SMS). The goal of this study was to apply both approaches simultaneously.

Methods

Using a 16‐channel transmit/receive body coil, pTX SMS was applied with/without CAIPIRINHA with a modified gradient echo cine sequence. Different calibration schemes were investigated for the slice‐GRAPPA reconstruction kernels as a function of the cardiac cycle.

Results

Excellent slice separation for MB = 2 was achieved with CAIPIRINHA, with slice leakage values below 3% for 99% of all voxels. A critical finding of this study was the variation of the MB leakage factor in the heart by as much as 30% throughout the cardiac cycle, which was reduced greatly when reconstruction kernels were calibrated on multiple cardiac phases. Acceptable results were still obtained when applying further acceleration with MB = 3 in combination with in‐plane GRAPPA. In one case, two‐spoke pulses were compared with one‐spoke pulses, resulting as expected in improved homogeneity.

Conclusion

pTX SMS imaging at 7T can address contrast heterogeneity while allowing larger slice coverage in cardiac MRI performed under breath‐hold. Magn Reson Med 77:1010–1020, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Fabrication and characterization of biopolymer nanocomposites from natural resource materials
Authors: Ramesan M.T. , Surya K.
Published: March 2016

In this study, nanocomposites of cashew tree gum (CTG) encapsulated nano‐magnetite (Fe3O4) was prepared and characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), magnetic and conductivity measurements. The characteristic absorption peaks in FTIR and UV–vis spectra of CTG was found to be shifted to higher wave numbers in CTG/Fe3O4 composite, which is due to the intermolecular interaction between nanoparticles and the CTG. The XRD patterns indicated that amorphous region of gum was decreased by the addition of metal oxide nanoparticles. SEM images show that nano‐Fe3O4 was uniformly dispersed in the cashew gum segments. DSC analysis revealed that the glass transition temperature and melting behavior of composites were higher than those of the pure gum. TGA results indicated that the thermal decomposition temperature of the composite increases with the increase in concentration of metal oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic properties studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer indicate that electromagnetism of CTG/Fe3O4 nanocomposites were superparamagnetic. The values of saturation of magnetization (Ms) and remanence (Mr) increases, while the coercivity (Hc) decreased with increase in Fe3O4 content in the composite. The AC electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites was significantly increased with the increase in Fe3O4 content in the nanocomposite. Due to the ordered structure of polymer composite, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) of nanocomposites were also increased with increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E66–E73, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Red blood cell abnormalities and the pathogenesis of anemia in end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Georgatzakou Hara T. , Antonelou Marianna H. , Papassideri Issidora S. , Kriebardis Anastasios G.
Published: March 2016

Anemia is the most common hematologic complication in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation. Uremic toxins severely affect RBC lifespan; however, the implicated molecular pathways are poorly understood. Moreover, current management of anemia in ESRD is controversial due to the “anemia paradox” phenomenon, which underlines the need for a more individualized approach to therapy. RBCs imprint the adverse effects of uremic, inflammatory, and oxidative stresses in a context of structural and functional deterioration that is associated with RBC removal signaling and morbidity risk. RBCs circulate in hostile plasma by raising elegant homeostatic defenses. Variability in primary defect, co‐morbidity, and therapeutic approaches add complexity to the pathophysiological background of the anemic ESRD patient. Several blood components have been suggested as biomarkers of anemia‐related morbidity and mortality risk in ESRD. However, a holistic view of blood cell and plasma modifications through integrated omics approaches and high‐throughput studies might assist the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies that will target the underlying pathophysiologic processes of ESRD anemia.
Rotameric preferences of a protein spin label at edge‐strand β‐sheet sites
Authors: Cunningham Timothy F. , Pornsuwan Soraya , Horne W. Seth , Saxena Sunil
Published: March 2016

Protein spin labeling to yield the nitroxide‐based R1 side chain is a powerful method to measure protein dynamics and structure by electron spin resonance. However, R1 measurements are complicated by the flexibility of the side chain. While analysis approaches for solvent‐exposed α‐helical environment have been developed to partially account for flexibility, similar work in β‐sheets is lacking. The goal of this study is to provide the first essential steps for understanding the conformational preferences of R1 within edge β‐strands using X‐ray crystallography and double electron electron resonance (DEER) distance measurements. Crystal structures yielded seven rotamers for a non‐hydrogen‐bonded site and three rotamers for a hydrogen‐bonded site. The observed rotamers indicate contextual differences in R1 conformational preferences compared to other solvent‐exposed environments. For the DEER measurements, each strand site was paired with the same α‐helical site elsewhere on the protein. The most probable distance observed by DEER is rationalized based on the rotamers observed in the crystal structure. Additionally, the appropriateness of common molecular modeling methods that account for R1 conformational preferences are assessed for the β‐sheet environment. These results show that interpretation of R1 behavior in β‐sheets is difficult and indicate further development is needed for these computational methods to correctly relate DEER distances to protein structure at edge β‐strand sites.
Cardiovascular Safety of Oral p‐Synephrine (Bitter Orange) in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Cross‐over Clinical Trial
Authors: Shara Mohd , Stohs Sidney J. , Mukattash Tareq L.
Published: March 2016

Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p‐synephrine are widely consumed in combination with multiple herbal ingredients for weight management and sports performance. p‐Synephrine is also present in juices and foods derived from a variety of Citrus species. Questions exist regarding the safety of p‐synephrine because of structural similarities with other biogenic amines. This study assessed the cardiovascular (stimulatory) effects of bitter orange extract (49‐mg p‐synephrine) given to 18 healthy subjects (nine men and nine women) in a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Heart rates, blood pressures, and electrocardiograms were determined at baseline, 30, 60, 90 min, 2, 4 , 6, and 8 h. Blood samples were drawn at baseline, 2 h and 8 h for serum chemistries, blood cell counts, and p‐synephrine and caffeine levels. No significant changes occurred in electrocardiograms, heart rates, systolic blood pressure, blood chemistries, or blood cell counts at any time point in either control or p‐synephrine treated group. A small (4.5 mmHg) decrease in diastolic blood pressure occurred in the p‐synephrine treated group at 60 min. No adverse effects were reported. Caffeine ingestion varied markedly among the participants. p‐Synephrine does not act as a stimulant at the dose used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptanalysis of a certificateless aggregate signature scheme with efficient verification
Authors: Shen Han , Chen Jianhua , Shen Jian , He Debiao
Published: March 2016

Recently, Chen et al. proposed a certificateless aggregate signature scheme with efficient verification. They claimed that their scheme could resist attacks of Type I adversary and Type II adversary. Unfortunately, we present a universal attack to demonstrate that their scheme cannot provide unforgeability. The adversary in the proposed attack can forge a legal signature on any message without any users' secret information. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of ancient Korean pigments by surface analytical techniques
Authors: Kim Minjung , Lee Jihye , Doh Jung‐Mann , Ahn Heesook , Kim Hae Dong , Yang Yimin , Lee Yeonhee
Published: March 2016

The identification of pigments applied in ancient paintings is of great importance for art conservation and history. In this work, pigment samples from the 19th century Korean Buddhist painting (taenghwa) at the Hwangnyongsa temple were analyzed using two analytical techniques: portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Portable XRF was used to obtain elemental information about the pigments applied in the Korean guardian Buddhist painting. The XRF results revealed the characteristic elements in the pigments that were commonly used in that period. The qualitative and non‐destructive XRF analyses of pigment layers of the Buddhist painting were compared with results obtained using the micro‐destructive ToF‐SIMS technique. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of the pigments showed characteristic elemental peaks such as Pb+, Cu+, Hg+, Al+, and hydrocarbon ions for the white, green, red, blue, and black areas in the positive ion mode and CO3−, OH−, S−, Cl−, and CnH− in the negative ion mode, respectively. The XRF and ToF‐SIMS results show that the white, green, and red areas in the Buddhist painting were painted with lead white, malachite, atacamite, cinnabar, and mars red as single or mixed pigments. Smalt and carbon were used to depict the blue and black areas in the Buddhist painting, respectively. ToF‐SIMS combined with complementary methods such as portable XRF provides important information about ancient painting materials on a sub‐micrometer scale. Therefore, by combining these complementary techniques, a thorough characterization of each pigment can be obtained, allowing for a proper strategy for the restoration process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nano‐sepiolite on rheological properties and filtration loss of water‐based drilling fluids
Authors: Abdo J. , AL‐Sharji H. , Hassan E.
Published: March 2016

This work deals with the synthesis of nano‐sepiolite (NSP) and its evaluations as potential drilling fluids (DF) additive for improvement of DF rheological properties and filtration loss. Results show that addition of NSP to the base drilling fluids stabilized its rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point) and improved its gel strength at normal and increased temperature and pressure. The effect of NSP on fluid loss was also investigated, and results show that NSP stabilized and improved fluid loss for both normal and high pressure and temperature conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular prevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiDNAin goats’ milk and seroprevalence in Northwest Tunisia
Authors: Amairia Safa , Rouatbi Mariem , Rjeibi Mohamed R. , Nouasri Hanen , Sassi Limam , Mhadhbi Moez , Gharbi Mohamed
Published: March 2016

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis with high impact on human and animal health. Consumption of unpasteurized milk is a risk factor of human toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence ofT. gondiiin goats’ milk in Northwest of Tunisia (Jendouba Governorate). A total number of 77 blood samples were collected from six herds were screened with a commercialELISAkit forT. gondiiantibodies. For the same goats’ samples, a nestedPCRwas performed to detectT. gondiiDNAin milk. The seroprevalence ofT. gondiiinfection was 31.2% (±0.05) while the molecular prevalence of this parasite in milk was estimated to 7.8% (±0.03). A very low value of kappa showed that there is not agreement between seroprevalence and parasite prevalence in milk. These results suggest that the consumption of raw milk from naturally infected goats is a potential source of human infection. An extension programme should be implemented to decrease related to goats’ raw milk consumption.
Enhanced dispersion of nanoclays in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Xie Gaoyi , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie , He Wentao , Tian Qin , Xu Dinghong , Xu Guomin
Published: March 2016

Nanoclays were prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a medium, and then blended with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via conventional melt blending processing. The structure and morphology of nanoclays were investigated using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that, compared with the original organically modified layer silicates, smaller nanoclay tactoids and individual platelets morphology could be obtained after they were processed by scCO2, indicating scCO2 processing could enhance exfoliation of nanoclays. WAXD and transmission electron microscopy measurements were used to evaluate the dispersion of nanoclays in the nanocomposites. The results indicated the conventional blending extrusion processing could help to improve the dispersion of nanoclays, and the nanocomposites containing scCO2 pretreated nanoclays formed a looser clay stack and an improved intercalation structure, compared with those containing as‐received nanoclays. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were also studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis, and the results showed that crystallization rate, crystallinity, and storage modulus of the well‐dispersed nanocomposites containing scCO2 pretreated nanoclays were increased, compared with the neat PET and nanocomposites containing as‐received nanoclays or nanoclays prepared by conventional organomodification process in water. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:E58–E67, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Behavior and risk probabilities of deer stand falls among Wisconsin hunters
Authors: Holsman Robert H. , Dhuey Brian J. , Petchenik Jordan B. , Van Wormer Jeffrey J. , Lohr Jessica Rees , Kaner Natalie
Published: March 2016

Falls from elevated hunting platforms have replaced firearm accidents as the largest source of hunting‐related injuries and deaths in the United States. Our study applied participation and behavior data from 2 statewide hunter surveys conducted in 2013, current license purchasing data, and an audit of medical records between 2009 and 2013 in the north‐central region of Wisconsin to generate annual and cumulative risk probabilities of being injured in a fall. Although archery hunting of deer (Odocoileus sp.) attracts fewer participants than firearm season, risk exposure is 4.5 times greater because of season length. Overall, the average risk probability for serious injury was 1 out of 71 through 25 years of hunting participation. The most avid deer hunters—those who hunt during archery and firearm seasons over a lifetime—incur a 1‐in‐20 chance of being injured falling from a deer stand. Our results support agency decisions to require safety education for new hunters. However, increased efforts are needed to get existing hunters to purchase and consistently utilize body harnesses and climbing equipment while using deer stands. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Quantifying Intraoperative Workloads Across the Surgical Team Roles: Room for Better Balance?
Authors: Yu Denny , Lowndes Bethany , Thiels Cornelius , Bingener Juliane , Abdelrahman Amro , Lyons Rebecca , Hallbeck Susan
Published: March 2016

Background

Surgical performance, provider health, and patient safety can be compromised when workload demands exceed individual capability on the surgical team. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare intraoperative workload among surgical team members.

Methods

Observations were conducted for an entire surgical day for 33 participating surgeons and their surgical team at one medical institution. Workload (mental, physical, case complexity, distractions, and case difficulty) was measured for each surgical team member using questions from validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses were performed with a mixed effects model.

Results

A total of 192 surgical team members participated in 78 operative cases, and 344 questionnaires were collected. Procedures with high surgeon mental and physical workload included endovascular and gastric surgeries, respectively. Ratings did not differ significantly among surgeons and residents, but scrub nurses physical demand ratings were 14–22 (out of 100) points lower than the surgeons, residents, and surgical assistants. Residents reported the highest mental workload, averaging 19–24 points higher than surgical assistants, scrub nurses, and circulating nurses. Mental and physical demands exceeded 50 points 28–45 % of the time for surgeons and residents. Workload did not differ between minimally invasive and open techniques.

Conclusion

The workload questionnaires are an effective tool for quantifying intraoperative workload across the surgical team to ensure mental and physical demands do not exceed thresholds where performance may decrease and injury risk increase. This tool has the potential to measure the safety of current procedures and drive design of workload interventions.
The Use of Kits in the Analysis of Tissue Lipids Requires Validation
Authors: Rider T. , LeBoeuf R. C. , Tso Patrick , Jandacek R. J.
Published: March 2016

The ready availability and ease of use of kits for the measurement of serum lipids has greatly facilitated these measurements. In many cases it would be convenient to use these kits in the determination of lipid concentrations in tissues. The successful application of serum kits in tissue analysis requires that two important issues be considered. First, the solvent system for the extraction of the lipids and the solvent used for analysis by the kit must be compatible with the reactions in the kit. Second, the concentration range in the analyzed solution must be within the range for which the kit is used. We report here that lipids in liver and adipose tissues may be significantly underestimated by the use of some kits. We recommend that the use of kits for tissue analysis of lipids be validated for the specific analysis.
13‐Hydroxy‐9Z,15Z‐Octadecadienoic Acid Production by Recombinant Cells Expressing Lactobacillus acidophilus 13‐Hydratase
Authors: Kang Woo‐Ri , Park Chul‐Soon , Shin Kyung‐Chul , Kim Kyoung‐Rok , Oh Deok‐Kun
Published: March 2016

Recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing linoleate 13‐hydratase from Lactobacillus acidophilus were permeabilized by treating with 0.2 M NaCl. The optimal conditions for the production of 13‐hydroxy‐9,15(Z,Z)‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HODE) from α‐linolenic acid by permeabilized recombinant cells were pH 6.0, 40 °C, 7.5 % (v/v) methanol, 60 g/l permeabilized cells, and 15 g/l α‐linolenic acid. Under these conditions, permeabilized cells produced 7.5 g/l 13‐HODE after 6 h, with a conversion yield of 50 % (w/w) and a volumetric productivity of 1.25 g/l/h. These values were 161 and 160 % of those obtained by nonpermeabilized cells, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the process optimization for the biotechnological production of 13‐HODE.
A quantitative understanding of microRNA‐ mediated competing endogenous RNA regulation
Authors: Yuan Ye , Ren Xinying , Xie Zhen , Wang Xiaowo
Published: March 2016

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays key roles in post‐transcriptional regulations. Recently, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis has been proposed that miRNA targets could communicate and regulate each other through titrating shared miRNAs, which provides a new layer of gene regulation. Though a number of ceRNAs playing biological functions have been identified, the ceRNA hypothesis remains controversial. Recent experimental and theoretical studies argued that the modulation of a single RNA species could hardly change the expression level of competing miRNA targets through ceRNA effect under normal physiological conditions. Here, we reviewed a common framework to model miRNA regulations, and summarized the current theoretical and experimental studies for quantitative understanding ceRNA effect. By revisiting a coarse‐grained ceRNA model, we proposed that network topology could significantly influence the competing effect and ceRNA regulation at protein level could be much stronger than that at RNA level. We also provided a conditional independent binding equation to describe miRNA relative repression on different target, which could be applied to quantify siRNA off‐target effect.
Remarks on the application of two-dimensional shape factors under severe wear conditions
Authors: Pintaude Giuseppe , Coseglio Mario
Published: March 2016

The use of two-dimensional shape parameters to characterize abrasive particles is a potential approach to express their angularity. Nevertheless, in sliding abrasion, especially in pin abrasion testing, these descriptors could not be suitable for characterizing severe wear of engineering materials such as steels and cast irons. This work compares the applicability of two-dimensional shape parameters in describing severe wear of metals in recent pin abrasion tests with cases where they could have been correlated with the wear rates. Considering these aspects, this work puts in evidence the importance of clogging occurrence and the coated paper structure for a carefully application of shape parameters. In addition, it is proposed a possible relation between the shape parameters and one of the components of the abrasion factor.
The recovery rate for retail and commercial customers in Germany: a look at collateral and its adjusted market values
Authors: Ingermann Peter-Hendrik , Hesse Frederik , Bélorgey Christian , Pfingsten Andreas
Published: March 2016

Based on a unique data set of 909 defaulted retail and commercial (self-employed and SMEs) credit customers in Germany, whose original loans were made by 123 different banks, our article confirms a significant positive influence of collateral, and of amicable agreements between the debtor and the bank (redemption), on the recovery rate [1 − loss given default (LGD)]. In a further analysis of collateral, systematic biases between the realized market price and the expected market values of real estate are revealed, even though the appraisal reports should have already considered all factors influencing the value. Using valuations that were adjusted for these recognized biases, we can increase the explanatory power of the underlying models. Moreover, we compare these models to models that apply, as is common practice in the banking industry, flat haircuts to collateral values and show the superior performance of our proposed approach.
CAEP 2015 Academic Symposium: Leadership within the emergency medicine academic community and beyond
Authors: Sinclair Doug , Worthington James R. , Joubert Gary , Holroyd Brian R. , Stempien James , Letovsky Eric , Rutledge Tim , LeBlanc Constance , Pitters Carrol , McCallum Andrew , Carr Brendan , Gerace Rocco , Stiell Ian G. , Artz Jennifer D. , Christenson Jim
Published: March 2016

Objectives

A panel of emergency medicine (EM) leaders endeavoured to define the key elements of leadership and its models, as well as to formulate consensus recommendations to build and strengthen academic leadership in the Canadian EM community in the areas of mentorship, education, and resources.

Methods

The expert panel comprised EM leaders from across Canada and met regularly by teleconference over the course of 9 months. From the breadth of backgrounds and experience, as well as a literature review and the development of a leadership video series, broad themes for recommendations around the building and strengthening of EM leadership were presented at the CAEP 2015 Academic Symposium held in Edmonton, Alberta. Feedback from the attendees (about 80 emergency physicians interested in leadership) was sought. Subsequently, draft recommendations were developed by the panel through attendee feedback, further review of the leadership video series, and expert opinion. The recommendations were distributed to the CAEP Academic Section for further feedback and updated by consensus of the expert panel.

Results

The methods informed the panel who framed recommendations around four themes: 1) leadership preparation and training, 2) self-reflection/emotional intelligence, 3) academic leadership skills, and 4) gender balance in academic EM leadership. The recommendations aimed to support and nurture the next generation of academic EM leaders in Canada and included leadership mentors, availability of formal educational courses/programs in leadership, self-directed education of aspiring leaders, creation of a Canadian subgroup with the AACEM/SAEM Chair Development Program, and gender balance in leadership roles.

Conclusions

These recommendations serve as a roadmap for all EM leaders (and aspiring leaders) to build on their success, inspire their colleagues, and foster the next generation of Canadian EM academic leaders.
Addition of a dairy fraction rich in milk fat globule membrane to a high-saturated fat meal reduces the postprandial insulinaemic and inflammatory response in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Demmer Elieke , Van Loan Marta D. , Rivera Nancy , Rogers Tara S. , Gertz Erik R. , German J. Bruce , Smilowitz Jennifer T. , Zivkovic Angela M.
Published: March 2016

Meals high in SFA, particularly palmitate, are associated with postprandial inflammation and insulin resistance. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has anti-inflammatory properties that may attenuate the negative effects of SFA-rich meals. Our objective was to examine the postprandial metabolic and inflammatory response to a high-fat meal composed of palm oil (PO) compared with PO with an added dairy fraction rich in MFGM (PO+MFGM) in overweight and obese men and women (n 36) in a randomised, double-blinded, cross-over trial. Participants consumed two isoenergetic high-fat meals composed of a smoothie enriched with PO with v. without a cream-derived complex milk lipid fraction ( dairy fraction rich in MFGM) separated by a washout of 1–2 weeks. Serum cytokines, adhesion molecules, cortisol and markers of inflammation were measured at fasting, and at 1, 3 and 6 h postprandially. Glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were analysed in plasma. Consumption of the PO + MFGM v. PO meal resulted in lower total cholesterol (P = 0·021), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0·046), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (P = 0·005) and insulin (P = 0·005) incremental AUC, and increased IL-10 (P = 0·013). Individuals with high baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (≥3 mg/l, n 17) had higher (P = 0·030) insulin at 1 h after the PO meal than individuals with CRP concentrations <3 mg/l (n 19). The addition of MFGM attenuated this difference between CRP groups. The addition of a dairy fraction rich in MFGM attenuated the negative effects of a high-SFA meal by reducing postprandial cholesterol, inflammatory markers and insulin response in overweight and obese individuals, particularly in those with elevated CRP.
Description, measurement and evaluation of tertiary-education food environments
Authors: Roy R. , Hebden L. , Kelly B. , De Gois T. , Ferrone E. M. , Samrout M. , Vermont S. , Allman-Farinelli M.
Published: March 2016

Obesity in young adults is an increasing health problem in Australia and many other countries. Evidence-based information is needed to guide interventions that reduce the obesity-promoting elements in tertiary-education environments. In a food environmental audit survey, 252 outlets were audited across seven institutions: three universities and four technical and further education institutions campuses. A scoring instrument called the food environment-quality index was developed and used to assess all food outlets on these campuses. Information was collated on the availability, accessibility and promotion of foods and beverages and a composite score (maximum score=148; higher score indicates healthier outlets) was calculated. Each outlet and the overall campus were ranked into tertiles based on their ‘healthiness’. Differences in median scores for each outcome measure were compared between institutions and outlet types using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe’s testing, χ2 tests, Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Binomial logistic regressions were used to compare the proportion of healthy v. unhealthy food categories across different types of outlets. Overall, the most frequently available items were sugar-sweetened beverages (20 % of all food/drink items) followed by chocolates (12 %), high-energy (>600 kJ/serve) foods (10 %), chips (10 %) and confectionery (10 %). Healthy food and beverages were observed to be less available, accessible and promoted than unhealthy options. The median score across all outlets was 72 (interquartile range=7). Tertiary-education food environments are dominated by high-energy, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. Interventions to decrease availability, accessibility and promotion of unhealthy foods are needed.
An Argument Against Slavery in theRepublic
Authors: GONDA JOSEPH
Published: March 2016

The Republiccontains: (1) an implicit argument that slavery is unjust, (2) a bar against Greeks having Greek slaves that (3) allows barbarian slaves. The scholarship has failed to notice the first, that the second is a performative addressed to Greeks, and mistakes the third as explicit. Four passages are examined: (1) a catalogue of a Greek city’s social classes (433d1–5); (2) a bar against Greek slaves, asserting the continuation of barbarian slavery (469b5–71c3); (3) an assertion that the Best City can exist at any time and any place (499c7–d1); and (4) a passage asserting the injustice of enslavement (615a6–b6).
Identification of yield limiting phenological phases of oats to improve crop management
Authors: FINNAN J. M. , SPINK J.
Published: March 2016

The optimization of management practices for oats is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the critical phenological phases at which management should be focussed. The objective of the present review was to identify the yield-limiting phases in the growth of the oat crop in order to optimize management and to maximize yield. The methodology employed was to identify characteristics associated with either the pre-anthesis grain number determination phase or with the post-anthesis grain filling phase. Characteristics associated with the pre-anthesis phase were identified as a positive linear relationship between yield and grain number, in addition to insensitivity of grain weight to changes in assimilate supply. Characteristics associated with the post-anthesis grain filling phase were identified as an absence of a relationship between yield and sink size (grain number) and changes in grain weight in response to changes in assimilate supply. Data was taken from published literature. Yields of both winter- and spring-sown hulled oats increased linearly with grain number showing a strong influence of grain number on yield. Grain weight of both winter- and spring-hulled oats, however, decreased with increasing grain number suggesting that competition for assimilates may exist at high grain number. Further evidence of the influence of assimilate supply on grain yield was obtained from several studies which showed that yield increased with leaf area duration as well as from studies where grain weight was found to decrease after reductions in assimilate supply per grain, whereas grain weight increased when assimilate supply to grain was increased. Oat crops also feature a grain abortion mechanism when assimilate supply is constrained. Yield of naked oats increased with grain number before reaching a plateau, a trend which suggests source limitation at high grain numbers. The available evidence suggests that yield is primarily determined by grain number determination but that grain yield is also potentially limited by assimilate availability in the post-anthesis period. It is recommended that crop management strategies for oats should aim both to increase grain number in the pre-anthesis period but also prolong the grain filling period after anthesis. Such a post-anthesis strategy should both reduce the possibility of yield being limited by assimilate availability and compensate for the production of smaller grains at higher grain numbers.
Morph-specific habitat and sex distribution in the caridean shrimpHippolyte obliquimanus
Authors: Duarte Rafael C. , Flores Augusto A.V.
Published: March 2016

Polymorphism may allow individuals to expand habitat use through morph-specific resource demands. However, the underlying mechanisms maintaining different morphotypes in nature are difficult to identify. We sampled populations of the shrimpHippolyte obliquimanusin the macroalgaeSargassum furcatumandGalaxaura marginatato examine morph-specific distribution patterns, population structure and female reproductive output, as an initial step to understand polymorphism in this species. Two main colour morphotypes were identified: homogeneous shrimps (H), which change their colour, mostly from pink to greenish-brown tones, and striped translucent shrimps (ST), whose colour remain unaltered. Distribution of individuals between habitats was clearly morph-specific. H shrimps occupied colour-matching substrates, mainlySargassum, where they can attain large densities, and ST individuals were evenly distributed in both algae. Brood production and size-fecundity relationships were similar between morphs and habitats, suggesting these are relatively fixed traits in the population. However, sex proportions, defined as the male to female ratio, were different between morphs and macroalgae. H shrimps were chiefly females (1:2.04) and ST shrimps mostly males (1:0.30). Given the likely polygynic pure-search mating system inH. obliquimanus, the female-biased sex ratio observed inSargassumis apparently more advantageous than the Mendelian proportion found inGalaxaurahabitat. Clustering on vegetated habitat, the female-biased H morph may be relatively cryptic and sedentary, compared with the male-biased ST morph which apparently combines a more neutral camouflage strategy to a generalized habitat use. Altogether, results suggest that selection for sex-specific traits favours the maintenance of polymorphism inH. obliquimanus.
Remains of non-pollen-palynomorphs – tardigrades from Spitsbergen found during pollen analyses
Authors: Jankovská Vlasta , Roszkowska Milena , Kaczmarek Łukasz
Published: March 2016

Pollen- and non-pollen-palynomorphs (NPP) analytical studies of the northwestern part of Spitsbergen were conducted between 1988 and 1991. As well as pollen from local native flora and more dispersed species, some well preserved remains of tardigrada exuvia, buccal tubes and eggs were found. This study reviewed the remains of at least six tardigrade taxa reported:Dactylobiotus ambiguous, Paramacrobiotus richtersigroup,Richtersius coronifer, Macrobiotus hufelandigroup,Macrobiotus peterseniandMinibiotuscf.intermedius, which are reassessed and determined more accurately. These findings provide some new insights into the past environmental conditions and changes for Spitsbergen. Based on the present research it can be concluded that tardigrade remains are frequent NPP elements of pollen analyses from lake, peat bogs and detritus sub-fossil sediment cores, at least in polar regions. It can also be stated that tardigrades can be considered indicators in further palaeontological studies helping to reconstruct past environmental conditions (for example humidity) for some regions. However, the knowledge of tardigrades in these types of analyses is still rather poor.
Misspelling “Buddha”: The officially commissioned Tibetan Aparimitāyur-nāma mahāyāna-sūtras from Dunhuang and the study of Old Tibetan orthography
Authors: Dotson Brandon
Published: March 2016

Drawing on the archival study of over 1,600 copies of the Tibetan Aparimitāyur-nāma mahāyāna-sūtra (Tib.: Tshe dpag du myed pa'i mdo) produced in Dunhuang from the 820s to the 840s and now kept in the British Library, this article sheds light on the orthographic norms of Middle Old Tibetan writing. Based on editors' corrections, and on a corpus of nearly 200 transcribed explicits, the article compares the orthographic norms of this group of sutras with those of other dated Old Tibetan manuscripts and inscriptions. It proposes that among the most important markers for dating Old Tibetan writing are the increased use in the tenth century of the ’i(s) form of the genitive and ergative particles as a separate syllable, and the relative absence of the tu form of the terminative particle in Middle Old Tibetan writing. Additionally, the study offers suggestions concerning the development of the various forms of Tibetan case particles.
Even “Bigger Gods” developed amongst the pastoralist followers of Moses and Mohammed: Consistent with uncertainty and disadvantage, but not prosocality
Authors: Dutton Edward , Madison Guy
Published: March 2016

The gods of monotheistic religions, which began amongst pastoralists and defeated exiles, are closer to Big Gods than those associated with ancient city-based polities. The development of Big Gods is contingent upon a need to reduce uncertainty and negative feelings in combination with a relatively high level of prosociality, rather than a need to induce or assess prosociality.
Non-trivial solutions of local and non-local Neumann boundary-value problems
Authors: Infante Gennaro , Pietramala Paolamaria , F. Tojo F. Adrián
Published: March 2016

We prove new results on the existence, non-existence, localization and multiplicity of non-trivial solutions for perturbed Hammerstein integral equations. Our approach is topological and relies on the classical fixed-point index. Some of the criteria involve a comparison with the spectral radius of some related linear operators. We apply our results to some boundary-value problems with local and non-local boundary conditions of Neumann type. We illustrate in some examples the methodologies used.
Marginalized Unscented Quaternion Estimator for Integrated INS/GPS
Authors: Li Fangneng , Chang Lubin , Hu Baiqing , Li Kailong
Published: March 2016

The UnScented QUaternion Estimator (USQUE) has been approved as a promising substitute for the extended Kalman filter when applied in the Standard Inertial Navigation Equations (SINE)-based inertial navigation system/global positioning system integration. However, the expensive computational burden makes it untenable in real time applications. In this paper, a computationally efficient filtering algorithm called Marginalised USQUE (MUSQUE) is derived by embedding the Marginalised Unscented Transformation (MUT) that is applicable to nonlinear systems with a linear substructure into the widely used USQUE. The contributions of the MUSQUE developed here are twofold. Firstly, the SINE are reconstructed to be only nonlinear in the attitude quaternion while linear in velocity and position, which makes the MUT potentially applicable in the USQUE. Secondly, the quaternion and generalised Rodrigues parameter-based sigma points are propagated simultaneously in the MUSQUE to deal with the dimensional mismatching hierarchy of the USQUE. Compared with the USQUE the number of sigma points can be decreased substantially, thereby making the applied MUSQUE computationally tenable. The experimental results show that the proposed MUSQUE has nearly identical performance with the USQUE but with much reduced computational burden.
A contact problem for viscoelastic bodies with inertial effects and unilateral boundary constraints
Authors: SCALA RICCARDO , SCHIMPERNA GIULIO
Published: March 2016

We consider a viscoelastic body occupying a smooth bounded domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^3$ under the effect of a volumic traction force g. The macroscopic displacement vector from the equilibrium configuration is denoted by u. Inertial effects are considered; hence, the equation for u contains the second-order term utt. On a part ΓD of the boundary of Ω, the body is fixed and no displacement may occur; on a second part ΓN ⊂ ∂Ω, the body can move freely; on a third portion ΓC ⊂ ∂Ω, the body is in adhesive contact with a solid support. The boundary forces acting on ΓC due to the action of elastic stresses are responsible for delamination, i.e., progressive failure of adhesive bonds. This phenomenon is mathematically represented by a non-linear ordinary differential equation settled on ΓC and describing the evolution of the delamination order parameter z. Following the lines of a new approach outlined in Bonetti et al. (2015, arXiv:1503.01911) and based on duality methods in Sobolev–Bochner spaces, we define a suitable concept of weak solution to the resulting system of partial differential equations. Correspondingly, we prove an existence result on finite-time intervals of arbitrary length.
Solena amplexicaulis (Cucurbitaceae) flower surface wax influencing attraction of a generalist insect herbivore, Aulacophora foveicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Karmakar Amarnath , Barik Anandamay
Published: March 2016

Aulacophora foveicollisLucas causes economic losses to creeping cucumber [Solena amplexicaulis(Lam.) Gandhi] growers in India and Bangladesh because adults feed on the leaves and flowers causing death of the plant. The insect is a generalist herbivore as it also causes damage to pumpkin, bottle gourd, sponge-gourd and gac fruit production by feeding on leaves and flowers of these plants. At present, insects are controlled with insecticides, which are harmful to human health and the environment. We studied the behavioural responses of adultA. foveicollisto flower surface waxes and synthetic compounds mimicking flower surface waxes to determine their potential for monitoring this pest. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analyses ofS. amplexicaulisflower (50 g) surface waxes indicated presence of 17.9 and 3.1 mg alkanes and free fatty acids, respectively. Seventeenn-alkanes fromn-C15ton-C34and 16 free fatty acids from C10:0 to C22:0 were detected in the flower surface waxes. Heptacosane was predominant amongn-alkanes representing 2748.1 µg; whereas, pentadecanoic acid was the major fatty acid accounting for 466.6 µg.Aulacophora foveicolliswere attracted to the flower surface waxes at concentrations of 4 to 8 μg/ml, as demonstrated by a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. Using a dose response bioassay, the insect was shown to be attracted to individual synthetic pentadecane, heptacosane, nonacosane, undecanoic acid and nonadecanoic acid at 0.70, 0.70, 1.20, 1.60 and 1.40 µg/ml, respectively. The insect displayed highest attraction to a synthetic mixture of 0.70, 1.23, 0.77, 0.84, 0.94 and 0.74 µg/ml of pentadecane, heptacosane, nonacosane, undecanoic acid, lauric acid and nonadecanoic acid, respectively, and hence, this combination might be used for insect pest management such as in baited traps.
Radio evidence for binary super massive black holes
Authors: Ekers R. D.
Published: March 2016

I present examples of radio AGN with binary nuclei which provide the direct radio evidence for binary Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH) driving the AGN activity. There is also other evidence for distorted radio morphology and periodic variability which may indicate the presence of a second (inactive) SMBH. Finally I enumerate a number of possible radio tracers for the binary SMBH merger events.