bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organ-specific and tumor-size-dependent responses to sunitinib in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tsuchiya Norihiko , Yuasa Takeshi , Maita Shinya , Narita Shintaro , Inoue Takamitsu , Numakura Kazuyuki , Saito Mitsuru , Satoh Shigeru , Yonese Junji , Habuchi Tomonori
Published: March 2014

Background

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been used as standard therapy for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, information on factors predicting response to treatment with TKIs is lacking. This study aimed to assess the association between initial tumor size, involved organs, pre-treatment C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and reduction in tumor size in patients with clear cell RCC (CCRCC) treated with sunitinib.

Methods

Patients with advanced CCRCC with target lesions with a maximum diameter ≥ 10 mm treated with sunitinib were evaluated. The tumor diameter representing the best overall response was designated as the post-treatment tumor diameter.

Results

A total of 179 lesions in 38 patients were analyzed. Organ-specific analysis demonstrated that pre-treatment diameter of lung metastatic lesions had a moderate inverse association with percent reduction in post-treatment tumor diameter (R = 0.341). Lung lesions showed significantly greater percent reductions in diameter than liver and kidney lesions (P = 0.007 and 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, based on a CRP cut-off level of 2.0 mg/dl, mean tumor size reduction was significantly greater in patients with low CRP levels than in patients with high CRP levels in lesions with diameters < 20 mm (P = 0.002). CRP level had no effect on mean size reduction in lesions with a diameter ≥ 20 mm.

Conclusions

Patients with CCRCC with smaller lung metastatic lesions and lower CRP levels may achieve greater percent reductions in tumor size with sunitinib therapy than patients with extra-pulmonary lesions, large lung lesions, and/or higher CRP levels.
Childhood abuse is associated with methylation of multiple loci in adult DNA
Authors: Suderman Matthew , Borghol Nada , Pappas Jane J , Pinto Pereira Snehal M , Pembrey Marcus , Hertzman Clyde , Power Chris , Szyf Moshe
Published: March 2014

Background

Childhood abuse is associated with increased adult disease risk, suggesting that processes acting over the long-term, such as epigenetic regulation of gene activity, may be involved. DNA methylation is a critical mechanism in epigenetic regulation. We aimed to establish whether childhood abuse was associated with adult DNA methylation profiles.

Methods

In 40 males from the 1958 British Birth Cohort we compared genome-wide promoter DNA methylation in blood taken at 45y for those with, versus those without, childhood abuse (n = 12 vs 28). We analysed the promoter methylation of over 20,000 genes and 489 microRNAs, using MeDIP (methylated DNA immunoprecipitation) in triplicate.

Results

We found 997 differentially methylated gene promoters (311 hypermethylated and 686 hypomethylated) in association with childhood abuse and these promoters were enriched for genes involved in key cell signaling pathways related to transcriptional regulation and development. Using bisulfite-pyrosequencing, abuse-associated methylation (MeDIP) at the metalloproteinase gene,PM20D1, was validated and then replicated in an additional 27 males. Abuse-associated methylation was observed in 39 microRNAs; in 6 of these, the hypermethylated state was consistent with the hypomethylation of their downstream gene targets. Although distributed across the genome, the differentially methylated promoters associated with child abuse clustered in genome regions of at least one megabase. The observations for child abuse showed little overlap with methylation patterns associated with socioeconomic position.

Conclusions

Our observed genome-wide methylation profiles in adult DNA associated with childhood abuse justify the further exploration of epigenetic regulation as a mediating mechanism for long-term health outcomes.
Lack of validation of genetic variants associated with anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy response in rheumatoid arthritis: a genome-wide association study replication and meta-analysis
Authors: Márquez Ana , Ferreiro-Iglesias Aida , Dávila-Fajardo Cristina L , Montes Ariana , Pascual-Salcedo Dora , Perez-Pampin Eva , Moreno-Ramos Manuel J , García-Portales Rosa , Navarro Federico , Moreira Virginia , Magro César , Caliz Rafael , Ferrer Miguel Angel , Alegre-Sancho Juan José , Joven Beatriz , Carreira Patricia , Balsa Alejandro , Vasilopoulos Yiannis , Sarafidou Theologia , Cabeza-Barrera José , Narvaez Javier , Raya Enrique , Cañete Juan D , Fernández-Nebro Antonio , Ordóñez María del Carmen , de la Serna Arturo R , Magallares Berta , Gomez-Reino Juan J , González Antonio , Martín Javier
Published: March 2014

Introduction

In this study, our aim was to elucidate the role of four polymorphisms identified in a prior large genome-wide association study (GWAS) in which the investigators analyzed the responses of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). The authors of that study reported that the four genetic variants were significantly associated. However, none of the associations reached GWAS significance, and two subsequent studies failed to replicate these associations.

Methods

The four polymorphisms (rs12081765, rs1532269, rs17301249 and rs7305646) were genotyped in a total of 634 TNFi-treated RA patients of Spanish Caucasian origin. Four outcomes were evaluated: changes in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) after 6 and 12 months of treatment and classification according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria at the same time points. Association with DAS28 changes was assessed by linear regression using an additive genetic model. Contingency tables of genotype and allele frequencies between EULAR responder and nonresponder patients were compared. In addition, we combined our data with those of previously reported studies in a meta-analysis including 2,998 RA patients.

Results

None of the four genetic variants showed an association with response to TNFi in any of the four outcomes analyzed in our Spanish patients. In addition, only rs1532269 yielded a suggestive association (P = 0.0033) with the response to TNFi when available data from previous studies were combined in the meta-analysis.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the rs12081765, rs1532269, rs17301249 and rs7305646 genetic variants do not have a role as genetic predictors of TNFi treatment outcomes.
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: mostly safe, but do benefits outweigh risks?
Authors: Scales Damon C , Cuthbertson Brian H
Published: March 2014

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomies have become one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the ICU, and are believed to offer a variety of advantages over open tracheostomies, including increased convenience. Recent publications have established that the risk of fatal complications related to the procedure is low. However, clinicians must still weigh these risks against expected but largely unproven benefits. More research is needed to establish the indications for the procedure, including the optimal patient selection and timing during a course of mechanical ventilation. Such studies should also seek to improve our ability to accurately identify which patients will require prolonged mechanical ventilation, and to quantify the potential benefits of tracheostomy compared with prolonged translaryngeal intubation.
Mast cell histamine promotes the immunoregulatory activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells
Authors: Martin Rebecca K , Saleem Sheinei J , Folgosa Lauren , Zellner Hannah B , Damle Sheela R , Nguyen Giang-Kim T , Ryan John J , Bear Harry D , Irani Anne-Marie , Conrad Daniel H
Published: March 2014

It has been shown recently that MCs are required for differential regulation of the immune response by granulocytic versus monocytic MDSCs. Granulocytic MDSCs promoted parasite clearance, whereas monocytic MDSCs enhanced tumor progression; both activities were abrogated in MC-deficient mice. Herein, we demonstrate that the lack of MCs also influences MDSC trafficking. Preferential trafficking to the liver was not seen in MC-deficient mice. In addition, evidence that the MC mediator histamine was important in MDSC trafficking and activation is also shown. MDSCs express HR1–3. Blockade of these receptors by HR1 or HR2 antagonists reversed the histamine enhancement of MDSC survival and proliferation observed in cell culture. In addition, histamine differentially influenced Arg1 and iNOS gene expression in MDSCs and greatly enhanced IL-4 and IL-13 message, especially in granulocytic MDSCs. Evidence that histamine influenced activity seen in vitro translated to in vivo when HR1 and HR2 antagonists blocked the effect of MDSCs on parasite expulsion and tumor metastasis. All of these data support the MDSC-mediated promotion of Th2 immunity, leading to the suggestion that allergic-prone individuals would have elevated MDSC levels. This was directly demonstrated by looking at the relative MDSC levels in allergic versus control patients. Monocytic MDSCs trended higher, whereas granulocytic MDSCs were increased significantly in allergic patients. Taken together, our studies indicate that MCs and MC-released histamine are critical for MDSC-mediated immune regulation, and this interaction should be taken into consideration for therapeutic interventions that target MDSCs.
The Arf family G protein Arl1 is required for secretory granule biogenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Torres Isabel L. , Rosa-Ferreira Cláudia , Munro Sean
Published: March 2014

The small G protein Arf like 1 (Arl1) is found at the Golgi apparatus, and in the GTP-bound form it recruits to the Golgi several effectors including GRIP-domain containing coiled-coil proteins, and the Arf1 exchange factors Big1/2. To investigate the role of Arl1, we have characterised a loss of function mutant of the Drosophila Arl1 orthologue. The gene is essential, and examination of clones of cells lacking Arl1 shows that it is required for recruitment of three of the four GRIP domain golgins to the Golgi, with dGCC185 being less dependent on Arl1. At a functional level, Arl1 is essential for formation of secretory granules in the larval salivary gland. When Arl1 is missing, the Golgi are still present but there is a dispersal of AP-1, a clathrin adaptor that requires Arf1 for its membrane recruitment and which is known to be required for secretory granule biogenesis. Arl1 does not appear to be required for AP-1 recruitment in all tissues, suggesting that it is critically required to enhance Arf1 activation at the trans-Golgi in particular tissues.
The three-dimensional structure of the cytostome-cytopharinx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes
Authors: Alcantara Carolina de L. , Vidal Juliana C. , de Souza Wanderley , Cunha-e-Silva Narcisa L.
Published: March 2014

The cytostome-cytopharinx complex is the main site of endocytosis of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Little is known about the detailed morphology of this remarkable structure. We used serial electron tomography and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct the entire complex, including the surrounding cytoskeleton and vesicles. Focusing on cells that had taken up gold-labeled tracers, we produced 3D snapshots of the process of endocytosis. The cytostome cytoskeleton was composed of two microtubule sets: a triplet that started underneath the cytostome membrane and a quartet that originated underneath the flagellar pocket membrane and followed the preoral ridge before reaching the cytopharinx. The two sets accompanied the cytopharinx forming a ‘gutter’ and leaving a microtubule-free side, where vesicles were found associated. Cargo was unevenly distributed along the lumen of the cytopharinx, forming clusters. The cytopharinx was slightly longer in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, although it did not reach post nuclear region due to a bend in its path. Therefore, the cytopharinx is a dynamic structure, undergoing remodeling, likely associated with endocytic activity and the preparation for cell division.
Maintenance of stereocilia and apical junctional complexes by Cdc42 in cochlear hair cells
Authors: Ueyama Takehiko , Sakaguchi Hirofumi , Nakamura Takashi , Goto Akihiro , Morioka Shigefumi , Shimizu Aya , Nakao Kazuki , Hishikawa Yoshitaka , Ninoyu Yuzuru , Kassai Hidetoshi , Suetsugu Shiro , Koji Takehiko , Fritzsch Bernd , Yonemura Shigenobu , Hisa Yasuo , Matsuda Michiyuki , Aiba Atsu , Saito Naoaki
Published: March 2014

Cdc42 is a key regulator of dynamic actin organization. However, little is known about how Cdc42-dependent actin regulation influences steady-state actin structures in differentiated epithelia. We employed inner ear hair cell (HC)-specific conditional knockout to analyze the role of Cdc42 in HCs possessing highly elaborate stable actin protrusions (stereocilia). HCs of Atoh1–Cre;Cdc42flox/flox mice developed normally but progressively degenerated after maturation, resulting in progressive hearing loss particularly at high frequencies. Cochlear HC degeneration was more robust in inner HCs than in outer HCs, and began as stereocilia fusion and depletion, accompanied by a thinning and waving circumferential actin belt at apical junctional complexes (AJCs). Adenovirus-encoded GFP-Cdc42 expression in HCs and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging of HCs from transgenic mice expressing Cdc42-FRET biosensor indicated Cdc42 presence/activation at stereociliary membranes and AJCs in cochlear HCs. Cdc42-knockdown in MDCK cells produced phenotypes similar to those of Cdc42-deleted HCs, including abnormal microvilli, disrupted AJCs, and downregulated actin-turnover represented by enhanced phospho-cofilin levels. Thus, Cdc42 influenced maintenance of stable actin structures through elaborate tuning of actin-turnover and maintained function and viability of cochlear HCs.
Cesium Adsorption by Synthetic Todorokite-Type Manganese Oxides
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Makita Yoji , Sonoda Akinari
Published: March 2014

Synthetic todorokite-type manganese oxides containing magnesium (todorokite(Mg)), calcium (todorokite(Ca)), and iron-doped todorokite containing magnesium (Fe-todorokite(Mg)) were treated with acid solutions to obtain protonated todorokite(Mg-H), todorokite(Ca-H), and Fe-todorokite(Mg-H), respectively, and studied for cesium adsorption from the aqueous solutions. The cesium adsorption rate was slow to attain equilibrium in 24 h at pH 4.4–5.5 (uncontrolled); the adsorptive capacities were 0.50 mmol g−1 for todorokite(Mg-H), 0.49 mmol g−1 for todorokite(Ca-H), and 0.27 mmol g−1 for Fe-todorokite(Mg-H). The cesium adsorptive capacity was significantly dependent on pH, increasing with increase in pH. A partial substitution of Mn by Fe (7.2 wt %) in the framework of todorokite greatly decreased the cesium adsorptive capacity compared to metal-undoped todorokite. The distribution coefficient Kd values of the protonated materials for Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ at 1.0 mmol dm−3 in acidic pH showed that the materials preferred Cs+ over other cations. Both todorokite(Mg-H) and todorokite(Ca-H) were effective for cesium adsorption completely (ca. 100%) from drinking water intentionally contaminated with 0.1 mmol dm−3 CsCl at solution-to-solid ratio of 0.1–1.0 dm3 g−1.
Effects of Variogram Characteristics of Coal Permeability on CBM Production: A Case Study in Southeast Qinshui Basin, China
Authors: Zhou Fengde , Yao Guangqing , Wang Jianzhong
Published: March 2014

The coalbed methane (CBM) resources of China are located mainly in 9 basins, Ordos, Qinshui, Jungar, Diandongqianxi, Erlian, Tuha, Tarim, Tianshan and Hailaer. Qinshui Basin, one of the richest CBM basins in China, has boosted its annual CBM production to 3×109 m3 (106 Bcf). The coal seams in Qinshui Basin are significant with high gas content but strong heterogeneous permeabilities ranging from 0.1 to 10 mD. This paper investigates the effects of spatial distribution characteristics of coal permeability on CBM production. The study area is the South Shizhuang CBM district, Southeast of Qinshui Basin. The distributions of porosity, ash content, coal density and gas content of the coal seam are generated using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with only one realisation because this paper only justifies the effects of coal permeability on CBM production. The permeabilities of 17 wells are determined by matching these wells' water and gas production with bottom-hole pressure as constraint. Then, the distributions of coal permeabilities are generated using SGS with a commercial simulator. The history matched permeabilities range from 1.5 to 12 mD with average of 2.9 mD of the 17 wells. Eight variogram models are used to build the distributions of permeability. The cumulative gas productions of two different well-spacing cases, 300 m and 2000 m, are compared. There are 20 realisations of permeability for each of the eight models. The results show that historical matching can be used to obtain the porosity multipliers and the permeabilities in wells. The major direction of variogram has less effect on the uncertainty of field CBM production than variogram range. The effects of variogram range on the uncertainty of CBM production are positive for the case with short well spacing and vice versa for the case with long well spacing.
Compositional Characteristics of Sulfur-Containing Compounds in High Sulfur Coals
Authors: Zhao Qiaojing , Tang Yuegang , Li Weiwei , Wang Shaoqing , Deng Xiujie , Yu Xiaolei
Published: March 2014

The geochemistry of high-organic-sulfur coals of different ranks from three coalfields in China, Chenxi, Hunan Province, Guiding, Guizhou Province, and Hedong, Shanxi Province have been studied using Soxhlet extraction, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The random vitrinite reflectances of Chenxi, Guiding, and Hedong coals are 0.77%, 1.29% and 1.41%, respectively. Organic sulfur contents, on dry and ash-free basis, are 10.06%, 10.26% and 3.51%, respectively. The So/St ratio is 95%, 93% and 87%, respectively. Three types of sulfur-containing compounds were identified in coals, dibenzothiophene series, benzonaphthothiophene series, and benzobisbenzothiophene series. No benzobisbenzothiophene series was identified in the Guiding and Hedong coal. As the coal rank of a sample increased, so did the content of dibenzothiophene series; in contrast, the benzonaphthothiophene series showed a decreasing trend. The substituent group was mainly methyl. The coal-forming environments, organic sulfur contents and coal rank all played an important role in the types of organic sulfur-containing compounds.
Waste Heat Utilization in Natural Gas Pipeline Compression Stations by an Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Yilmazoglu M. Zeki , Amirabedin Ehsan , Shotorban Babak
Published: March 2014

Utilizing compressors, natural gas compression stations (NGCS) supply the required pressure to transport the natural gas in pipelines. This study proposes to utilize the waste heat of gas turbines (GT), employed in these stations, to produce shaft power for compressors. A NGCS coupled to an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is simulated by THERMOFLEX in this study. Ten different working fluids are compared against each other in the ORC to select a working fluid with the highest possible efficiency and obtainable power, and lowest possible environmental impacts. According to the results, n-Pentane is selected to be the working fluid, as compared to others, it better meets these criteria. The effects of the variation of the ambient temperature and the condenser pressure on the net power of the cycle working with n-Pentane are investigated in details. It was found that the utilization of waste heat in NGCS by an ORC can improve the energy efficiency and generates electricity for near rural areas.
The Feasibility Study of Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Kijal, Malaysia: The New Alternative Energy Source Exploration in Malaysia
Authors: Albani A. , Ibrahim M.Z. , Yong K.H.
Published: March 2014

Nowadays, many countries have been endeavoring to explore and exploit the offshore wind energy in terms of solving the problem of limitations of onshore wind energy. Wind energy is one of potential alternative for generating electricity in Malaysia. The offshore wind speed is better compared to onshore, so there is more potential contribution by offshore wind power in terms of electricity generation. This paper provides a summary of the offshore wind resources of the Kijal, Malaysia by analyzing the QuikSCAT satellite data which is available and can be downloaded from the WindPRO application. Based on these datasets, wind resources are assessed, and economical efficiency is evaluated by means of the expected capacity factor. Research was conducted using WindPRO and WAsP software to assess the potential of wind energy along the South China Sea in Kijal, Terengganu. Seven models of the wind turbines with different rated power; 110kW, 225kW, 275kW, 600kW, 850kW, 1000kW and 1250kW are taken for energy and economic feasibility analyses. The wind turbine with rated power 850 kW was indicated as the best wind turbine for installation in Kijal based on its best capacity factor, 26.8% In economical aspect, Malaysia does not have Feed in Tariff (FiT) rates for offshore wind projects, thus the range of predicted FiT rates, RM 0.30 to RM 2.00 were tested by using Net Present Value (NPV) and Payback Period (PBP) calculation. Finally, the conducive FiT rates for wind projects with secured investment were identified and the rates were in range RM 0.80 to RM 1.38. The overall results suggest that the wind energy has a bright future for use as an alternative source for generating electricity in Kijal, Malaysia.
Compressional and Shear Wave Pre-Stack Analysis of Gas-Hydrate Resources in the Makran Accretionary Prism
Authors: Salehi Ehsan , Javaherian Abdolrahim , Pour Majid Ataee , Khah Nasser Keshavarz Faraj , Khoshdel Hossein
Published: March 2014

The method of amplitude-variation-with-angle (AVA) inversion was applied to estimate hydrate and gas saturations along bottom simulating reflector (BSR) at the Makran Accretionary Prism, Iran. Two AVA approximations were used to calculate their corresponding AVA attributes were compared to each other. To investigate the accuracy of each attribute and measure its probable deviation from actual values, the AVA inversion was first applied to 30 sets of synthetic models. Synthetic results showed that uncertainties involved in two input parameters of inversion, density/velocity relation and Vs/Vp, causes an error in the estimated attributes which result in unrealistic estimations of hydrate and gas saturations. To diminish the adverse impact of this uncertainty on the field data, a simulated annealing (SA) approach was suggested to derive the Vs/Vp in a number of locations. These values were then interpolated to provide a model of estimated Vs/Vp in other locations. Quantification of hydrate and gas saturations was based on a correlation between the AVA inverted attributes and the rock physics derived attributes (RPDA). The RPDAs were generated using the effective medium theory (EMT) rock physics modeling applied on models with assumed input parameters such as lithology and porosity. Corresponding saturations of the nearest RPDA to a pair of AVA inverted attributes were considered as the hydrate and gas saturation for that specific location. The quantification assessment indicated 11%, 14% and 15% hydrate saturations in the vicinity of the BSR for locations with low, intermediate and high post-stacked amplitude, respectively. The saturation of the free gas was also estimated as less than 1%, 2% and 3% with the same order as above, respectively.
Resource Potential Assessment of Series of Strata with Few Drilled Wells in the Huizhou Sag, the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Jiang Zhenglong , Zhu Junzhan , Wei Shiping , Liu Baolin
Published: March 2014

Huizhou sag is located in the depression zone in the north of the Pearl River Mouth basin. In recent years, great progress has been made in the exploration focused on the deep Paleogene, opening up new areas of exploration and necessitating the evaluation of both the hydrocarbon generation potential and the exploration potential of the Paleogene. The Enping Formation and the Wenchang Formation have become new exploration series of strata. The research utilizes paleotectonic recovery, sequence stratigraphy analysis, basic parameter prediction of hydrocarbon source rock and basin modeling, as well as other techniques. It is carried out to examine the tectonic inversion effect of the Huidong low uplift, the sedimentary facies of the Wenchang Formation, hydrocarbon source rock thickness and organic carbon content in the series of strata that have not been extensively drilled, with the calculation of both the hydrocarbon generation intensity and amount from the source rock. It is considered that: (1) after sedimentation, the Wenchang Formation suffers from tectonic inversion and severe uplift and denudation, especially the Huidong low uplift, changing the sedimentary pattern; (2) during the sedimentation of the Wenchang Formation, LF13 low-lying to Huizhou 14 low-lying is at the center of the lake basin, dominated by deep lake – semi-deep lake facies, with hydrocarbon source rock developing; (3) in total, 659.46×108 t of hydrocarbon is generated in Huizhou sag, with total oil and gas resources with the Wenchang Formation as source rock at about 34.3232×108 t; (4) comparing with the parameters and results of the previous resources assessment and considering the exploration practices in the area, it is believed that the deep part of Huizhou sag still has great exploration potential as a sag with large amount of remaining oil and gas resources in Zhu I depression.
Prediction of the Broadband Noise Radiated from a Fan Rotor of a High-Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engine: Cruise Condition
Authors: El-Sayed Ahmed F. , Kamal Radwan M. , Ahmed Hamdy A.
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study is the prediction of the broadband noise generated by the fan rotor of a high bypass ratio turbofan engine at cruise condition. A numerical investigation of the unsteady aerodynamics of a fan rotor was described, with emphasis on acoustics. Three case studies were examined; namely, design point, a chocked point, and a near surge point. It was found that, the dominant broadband noise mechanisms are due to, interaction of turbulence of the incoming flow with the engine casing and nose, interaction of the turbulent boundary layers on the rotor blades with their trailing edges, and interaction of the rotating blade with the turbulence in the incoming flow. The most important noise source was the interaction of the turbulent boundary layers on the rotor blades with their trailing edges. Chocked case scored the highest noise level as it has the maximum turbulent kinetic energy levels, maximum mass flow rate and thus maximum relative Mach number. Near-surge case has the lowest noise level except at the lower part of the suction side of the rotor where the reverse flow and vortices caused higher levels of noise.
Systems Optimization for the Technology Route to the Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Resources in China
Authors: Zhao Guohao , Zhao Yushan , Liu Hehua , Lin Tao
Published: March 2014

Coal is one of the most important sources of energy in the world. While coal makes an important contribution to economic and social development, its environmental impact has been a challenge. As demand for energy continues to rise, especially in developing countries like China, it is imperative to research ways to efficiently and effectively explore and utilize coal resources. In this paper, the system optimization of the technological route for the comprehensive utilization of coal was identified, and suggestions proposed for the administration of the most efficient utilization of coal resources.
Environmental Impact and Energy Production: Evaluation of Biochar Application on Taiwanese Set-Aside Land
Authors: Kung Chih-Chun , McCarl Bruce A. , Chen Chi-Chung , Cao Xiaoyong
Published: March 2014

Taiwan imports more than 99% of her energy and suffers from climate change effects such as rising ocean level. Therefore, energy insecurity and GHG emissions offset are two serious problems facing Taiwan. This paper examines the possibilities for domestic bioenergy production in Taiwan utilizing set-aside land. Three bioenergy alternatives are examined: Pyrolysis-based bioelectricity, conventional bioelectricity and ethanol. We examine the comparative economics and choices among these alternatives under current Taiwanese agricultural system policies and also under altered energy and greenhouse gas/carbon prices. Biochar, produced from pyrolysis, is also investigated for different uses: whether it is best used as an energy source and/or a soil amendment. The study employs modified Taiwanese Agricultural Sector Model (TASM) to simulate the effects of the alternatives in the face of energy and greenhouse gases prices. Results show that ethanol production is chosen under current conditions but that this is replaced by pyrolysis-based bioelectricity when the GHG price is high. The results also indicate that Taiwan's energy security can be enhanced by domestic bioenergy production and up to1.59% of total GHG emissions can be offset.
The Scientific Method in Contemporary (Climate) Research
Authors: Stallinga Peter , Khmelinskii Igor
Published: March 2014

In this work contemporary climate ideas are analyzed in the light of the Scientific Method developed through the ages. The conclusion is that science was not used in this subject.
The Economic and Environmental Impact of Applying Minimum Energy Performance Standards to the Residential Refrigerators in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mokheimer Esmail M. A.
Published: March 2014

The main purpose of this article is to present the results of an investigation on the economic and environmental impacts of applying Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) to the residential refrigerators in Saudi Arabia. The results are based on literature and market surveys conducted for this purpose. The energy consumption of different types of refrigerators in common use in Saudi Arabia were calculated and compared with those pertinent to the most energy efficient refrigerators that comply with the MEPS proposed by the Saudi Standards Organization (SASO) as well as that comply with Energy Star Standards. The possible energy savings over the next 20 years are estimated to range between 36.6 and 70.74 TWh depending on the scenario adopted to implement and enforce a MEPS program in Saudi Arabia. The associated possible reduction in carbon dioxide emission ranged between 22.24 and 42.97 million tonnes and results from avoiding burning an equivalent amount of crude oil that would have been burned to produce the saved energy. The amount of saved oil ranged between 61 and 117.92 million barrels of oil which worth an amount ranges between $ 6.77 and $ 13.09 billion.
A Survey on the Use of GIS and Data Standards in Archaeology
Authors: De Roo Berdien , Bourgeois Jean , De Maeyer Philippe
Published: March 2014

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been used in various archaeological projects. However, the archaeological data particularities (three-dimensionality, temporal dimension, imperfection) hamper the exhaustive application. A 3D or 4D (3D + time) GIS that is specifically tailored to archaeology may accordingly be beneficial. To develop such a system, a human-centred design, which considers the needs and viewpoints of the users in a four stage, iterative design cycle can be used. This paper focusses on the first two stages, the context of use description and the specification of the user requirements, by means of a user survey and so, does not address the proper design. The survey results clarify the widespread use of GIS in archaeology and the relatively high rate of expertise. Users require storing both raw and interpreted data, handling multiple temporal categories and imperfection. Furthermore, the use of data standards and metadata is limited and has to be encouraged.
Settlement's Dynamics in Western Sicily between VIII E IV Sec. B.C. A Geographic Information System to Research
Authors: Muratore Sebastiano
Published: March 2014

Terms and technologies that would be not comprehensible to the archaeologists of the past are now widely spreading inside landscape archaeology fields, beginning from those sites where the enormous proportion of picked data and the continuous overlap of the layers makes difficult to understand what happened. In this context, the use of the GIS (Geographical Information System) has known a remarkable success, according to the increasing necessity to archive, elaborate and analyze the great quantity of archaeological data coming from surveys, as in the case of Iato and Belìce river valleys (Sicily).
Modelling Archaeological and Geospatial Information for Burial Site Prediction, Identification and Management
Authors: Balla Aikaterini , Pavlogeorgatos Gerasimos , Tsiafakis Despoina , Pavlidis George
Published: March 2014

The application of technologies in humanities and specifically in Archaeology over the past recent years has yielded important expertise that can be successfully exploited by both Archaeological Research and Cultural Heritage Management. This study presents a general methodology for designing, developing and implementing predictive modelling for identifying sites of archaeological interest. The methodology is based on documented archaeological data and geographical factors, geospatial analysis and predictive modelling into one consistent workflow. The model was tested extensively and was validated using a commonly used predictive gain. The results and the evaluation of the model proved the efficiency of its predictive ability in providing answers to a series of questions related to Archaeological Research issues and Cultural Heritage Management.
Mapping of Building Materials and Consevation Interventions Using GIS: The Case of Sarantapicho Acropolis and Erimokastro Acropolis in Rhodes
Authors: Delegou E. T. , Tsilimantou E. , Oikonomopoulou E. , Sayas J. , Ioannidis C. , Moropoulou A.
Published: March 2014

The geometric documentation of characteristic parts of the walls of the Sarantapicho Acropolis and Erimokastro Acropolis in Rhodes, Greece, in accordance with GIS modeling and analysis operations are utilized to accomplish the mapping of building materials, decay patterns and conservation interventions of both investigated sites. Ortho-rectified images as base-maps and the building materials and decay data, comprised the spatial and attribute data sets. Building materials and decay data were collected after the application of non-destructive testing and evaluation techniques in situ and analytical techniques in lab after sampling. The result was the development of thematic maps of building materials and decay. Moreover, using geoprocessing analysis the thematic map of conservation interventions was produced incorporating attribute data from both building materials and decay themes. This multidisciplinary approach provides the basis for the compatibility assessment of conservation interventions (whenever applied) and for monitoring of the preservation state of building materials, contributing decisively to the sustainable protection of both investigated sites.
From Paper to Digital, and Point to Polygon — The Application of GIS in a National Body of Survey and Record
Authors: McKeague Peter , Cowley David
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the development and current use of GIS in the work of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS). As the national body of survey and record for Scotland, many areas of RCAHMS work make extensive use of GIS, from coordinating field recording and desk-based mapping, to management of extensive datasets. The impact of digital technologies on both recording and presenting the field archaeology of Scotland are explored. Examples of current practice are presented, concluding with a discussion of challenges, including INSPIRE, and the need to develop spatial data standards for cultural heritage, in the present and for the future.
Quantitative Assessment of Mutant Allele Burden in Solid Tumors by Semiconductor-Based Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Portier Bryce P. , Kanagal-Shamanna Rashmi , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Singh Rajesh , Routbort Mark J. , Handal Brian , Reddy Neelima , Barkoh Bedia A. , Zuo Zhuang , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Aldape Kenneth , Patel Keyur P.
Published: March 2014

Objectives:

Identification of tumor-specific somatic mutations has had a significant impact on both disease diagnosis and therapy selection. The ability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to provide a quantitative assessment of mutant allele burden, in numerous target genes in a single assay, provides a significant advantage over conventional qualitative genotyping platforms.

Methods:

We assessed the quantitative capability of NGS and a primer extension–based matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight (PE-MALDI) assay and directly correlated NGS mutant allele burden determination to morphologic assessment of tumor percentage in H&E-stained slides.

Results:

Our results show a 100% concordance between NGS and PE-MALDI in mutant allele detection and a significant correlation between NGS and PE-MALDI for determining mutant allele burden when mutant allele burden is 10% or more.

Conclusions:

NGS-based mutation screening provides a quantitative assessment comparable to that of PE-MALDI. In addition, NGS also allows for a high degree of multiplexing and uses nanogram quantities of DNA, thereby preserving precious material for future analysis. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that H&E-based morphologic assessment of tumor burden does not correlate to actual tumor mutant allele burden frequency.
Network co-operation as a source of competitiveness in medium-sized Finnish sawmills
Authors: Toppinen Anne , Lähtinen Katja , Leskinen Leena , Österman Niklas
Published: March 2014

In the Finnish sawmill industry, inter-firm collaboration has often been brought up as a means of creating a competitive edge in global markets by achieving economies of scale. According to the resource-based view (RBV), a firm can evaluate its current or potential partners by considering firm-level collaboration as a portfolio of complementary strategic resources. The specific focus of the study is on examining the types and forms of sawmill co-operation, how the co-operation emerged and which firm-specific resources are mainly related to co-operation. Based upon this, we can see how the managers of medium-sized sawmills perceive network co-operation as facilitating the achievement of a sustainable competitive advantage. The empirical data for this study were collected by interviewing 16 managers and employees in medium-sized non-integrated sawmills, a joint-venture marketing company and other co-operative partners. The findings of the study show that meaningful and beneficial co-operation partnerships exist in the Finnish sawmilling industry, but the sawmill managers do not perceive this collaboration as a strategic resource. The marketing company was the only firm in this study that relied on its co-operative networks in seeking a sustainable competitive advantage. To make more of co-operative partnerships, the principles of co-operative networking should be understood better in the sawmilling industry in order to know what to expect from co-operation. Furthermore, the managers should have the courage to engage in more extensive co-operation in order for strategic rents to materialize. Since the selection of the right partners is fundamental, further studies could be conducted on the reasons behind failed or terminated co-operative arrangements to gather further empirical knowledge in this subject area.
Mycorrhization, establishment and growth of outplanted Picea abies seedlings produced under different cultivation systems
Authors: Menkis Audrius , Bakys Remigijus , Lygis Vaidotas , Vasaitis Rimvydas
Published: March 2014

In forest nurseries seedlings are commonly produced using different cultivation systems which may have a profound effect on the extent of root colonisation by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and, consequently, on subsequent performance of the outplanted seedlings under field conditions. In this study, we compare effects of bare-root and containerised cultivation systems on mycorrhization, establishment and growth of nursery-produced Picea abies. One hectare experimental plantation was established on poor fertility sandy site. In total, 1250 seedlings of each treatment were planted in rows as ten individual replicates. The results of this study showed that production of P. abies seedlings using containerised system can yield abundant ECM colonisation of seedling roots and significantly improve seedling survival in the field. Some reduction in height increment may occur during the first years as a possible cost for support of ECMs. Study demonstrated that selection of proper cultivation system might result in similar or higher mycorrhization and survival rates of outplanted seedlings than achieved by expensive and laborious artificial mycorrhization.
Survival, height growth and damages of Siberian (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and Dahurian (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) larch provenances in field trials located in southern and northern Finland
Authors: Lukkarinen Antti , Ruotsalainen Seppo , Nikkanen Teijo , Peltola Heli
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to analyse differences in the survival and height growth of, as well as damages to Siberian (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and Dahurian (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) larch provenances over four growing seasons in field trials established in 2006 in southern (Punkaharju) and northern Finland (Kivalo). In this context, the study also investigated if the geographical and climatic conditions of the origin of the provenance could explain the differences between the provenances. The study material consisted of 20 Russian Siberian and Dahurian larch provenances and five seed sources from Finland (4) and Russia (1) as comparison lots. It was found that the Finnish seed sources of Siberian larch survived well in both the Kivalo and Punkaharju trials. Five northern latitude Russian provenances, of which one was Dahurian and the remainder were Siberian larches, had the highest survival in Kivalo. However, the differences observed in survival between provenances were only significant (p < 0.05) in Kivalo. Regardless of the trial, the differences, however, in height growth were significant and large between provenances. The southern Dahurian larches had a superior height growth in Punkaharju. The northern Dahurian larch provenance from Magadan (59Â°50â²N, 150Â°40â²E) had the largest height growth in Kivalo, among some northern Siberian larches. Damages were diverse, though Dahurian larches had less mammal damage than the Siberian larches. In general, the differences between provenances were not significant. Latitude and altitude best explained the differences between provenances, but also mean temperature, temperature sum and continentality index affected them (p < 0.05).
Carbon stocks in managed conifer forests in northern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hunt Shelley , Gordon Andrew , Morris Dave
Published: March 2014

Carbon pools and net primary productivity (aboveground) were measured in managed stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), ranging in age from 10 to 53 years, in the Lake Nipigon area of northern Ontario. Organic carbon in the forest floor and surface mineral soil (top 15 cm) ranged from 13 to 46 Mg C ha and 10 to 29 Mg C ha, respectively. Carbon in aboveground tree biomass ranged from 11 to 74 Mg C ha in crop trees, and 0 to 11 Mg C ha in non-crop trees. Coarse woody debris (downed woody debris and snags) contained between 1 and 17 Mg C ha. Understory vegetation rarely represented more than 1% of total ecosystem carbon accumulation, but was responsible for a larger proportion of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). Rates of ANPP (expressed as carbon) ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 Mg C ha y. Carbon stocks in managed stands were compared with published values from similarly aged fire-origin stands in the North American boreal region. Carbon stocks in our study stands generally exceeded those in unmanaged fire-origin stands of the same age, due to larger tree and forest floor carbon pools.-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
Foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of Scots pine in drained mires in Finland
Authors: Moilanen Mikko , Saarinen Markku , Silfverberg Klaus
Published: March 2014

An imbalanced nutrient status in Scots pine stands on drained mires is primarily a consequence of excess nitrogen (N) in relation to mineral nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In this study, the variation of foliar N, P, and K concentrations relative to some site and environmental characteristics was examined. Foliar nutrient concentrations were determined on needle samples collected from mires representing different drainage ages, site types, geographical locations and annual weather conditions. In the overall data (n = 971 samples in 333 stands) the foliar N concentration varied between 6.7 and 24.2 mg g, the P concentration between 0.83 and 2.32 mg g, and the K concentration between 2.22 and 6.23 mg g. The original (pre-drainage) mire site type proved to be an important factor in explaining the nutrient status of the trees: on originally forested sites, the nutrient balance (N versus K; N versus P) was mostly adequate, whereas on sparsely forested and treeless sites, K deficiency was common. N deficiency was the most common in forested ânitrogen-poorâ sites, while P and K deficiencies were more common in originally treeless or sparsely forested ânitrogen richâ sites, where the nutrient imbalance was also the greatest. Over the whole data, 29% of the cases were diagnosed to be N-deficient, 51% P-deficient, and 25% K-deficient. The foliar N concentration increased with increasing temperature sum. The foliar K concentration decreased with increasing depth of the peat layer. On former treeless or sparsely forested sites, foliar K decreased slightly with increasing drainage age. In contrast, on thin-peated sites the foliar P concentration increased with increasing drainage age. The climate conditions (location), the original site type of the mire and peat thickness should be taken into account when planning silvicultural measures on mires drained for forestry.-1-1-1