bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cancer stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD44+/CD24- phenotype and their prognosis impact in invasive ductal carcinoma
Authors: Rabinovich Iris , Sebastião Ana Paula Martins , Lima Rubens Silveira , Urban Cícero de Andrade , Junior Eduardo Schunemann , Anselmi Karina Furlan , Elifio-Esposito Selene , De Noronha Lucia , Moreno-Amaral Andréa Novais
Published: September 2018

Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease. The intrinsic molecular subtypes can explain the intertumoral heterogeneity and the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis can explain the intratumoral heterogeneity of this kind of tumor. CD44+/CD24- phenotype and ALDH1 expression are the major CSC markers described in invasive breast cancer. In the present study, 144 samples of invasive breast carcinoma, no special type were distributed in 15 tissue microarrays (TMA) and then evaluated for expression of the CD44+/CD24- phenotype and ALDH1 to understand the importance of these CSC markers and the clinical aspects of breast cancer. The samples were classified into four molecular subtypes according to clinicopathological criteria: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, and Basal-like. A statistical association was found between the molecular subtypes and the CSC markers, with HER2 the most frequent subtype for both markers. ALDH1 was also associated with other poor prognostic variables, such as a high histological grade and larger tumors, but it was not associated with the patients’ prognosis in this sample and nor was the CD44+/CD24- phenotype in a multivariate analysis. There are still many controversies about the role of these markers in breast cancer molecular subtypes. The identification of these populations of cells, through immunohistochemical markers, can help to better understand the CSC theory in clinical practice and, in the near future, contribute to developing new target therapies.
A note on o-minimal flows and the Ax–Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem for semi-abelian varieties over $\mathbb C$
Authors: Peterzil Ya'acov , Starchenko Sergei
Published: September 2018

In this short note we present an elementary proof of eorem 1.2 from [UY2], and also the Ax–Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem for abelian and semi-abelian varieties. The proof uses ideas of Pila, Ullmo, Yafaev, Zannier (see, e.g., [PZ]) and is based on basic properties of sets definable in o-minimal structures. It does not use the Pila–Wilkie counting theorem.
The Horn inequalities from a geometric point of view
Authors: Berline Nicole , Vergne Michèle , Walter Michael
Published: September 2018

We give an exposition of the Horn inequalities and their triple role characterizing tensor product invariants, eigenvalues of sums of Hermitian matrices, and intersections of Schubert varieties. We follow Belkale’s geometric method, but assume only basic representation theory and algebraic geometry, aiming for self-contained, concrete proofs. In particular, we do not assume the Littlewood–Richardson rule nor an a priori relation between intersections of Schubert cells and tensor product invariants. Our motivation is largely pedagogical, but the desire for concrete approaches is also motivated by current research in computational complexity theory and effective algorithms.
Vertical profiles of sub-3 nm particles over the boreal forest
Authors: Leino Katri , Lampilahti Janne , Poutanen Pyry , Väänänen Riikka , Manninen Antti , Buenrostro Mazon Stephany , Dada Lubna , Nikandrova Anna , Wimmer Daniela , Aalto Pasi P. , Ahonen Lauri R. , Enroth Joonas , Kangasluoma Juha , Keronen Petri , Korhonen Frans , Laakso Heikki , Matilainen Teemu , Siivola Erkki , Manninen Hanna E. , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This work presents airborne observations of sub-3 nm particles in the lower troposphere and investigates new particle formation (NPF) within an evolving boundary layer (BL). We studied particle concentrations together with supporting gas and meteorological data inside the planetary BL over a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The analysed data were collected during three flight measurement campaigns: May–June 2015, August 2015 and April–May 2017, including 27 morning and 26 afternoon vertical profiles. As a platform for the instrumentation, we used a Cessna 172 aircraft. The analysed flight data were collected horizontally within a 30-km distance from the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä and vertically from 100 metres above ground level up to 2700 m. The number concentration of 1.5–3 nm particles was observed to be, on average, the highest near the forest canopy top and to decrease with an increasing altitude during the mornings of NPF event days. This indicates that the precursor vapours emitted by the forest play a key role in NPF in Hyytiälä. During daytime, newly-formed particles were observed to grow in size and the particle population became more homogenous within the well-mixed BL in the afternoon. During undefined days in respect to NPF, we also detected an increase in concentrations of 1.5–3 nm particles in the morning but not their growth in size, which indicates an interrupted NPF process during these undefined days. Vertical mixing was typically stronger during the NPF event days than during the undefined or non-event days.
Inversely modeling homogeneous H2SO4-H2O nucleation rate in
exhaust-related conditions
Authors: Olin Miska , Alanen Jenni , Palmroth Marja R. T. , Rönkkö Topi , Dal Maso Miikka
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Homogeneous sulfuric acid-water nucleation rate in conditions related to vehicle exhaust was measured and modeled. The measurements were performed by evaporating pure sulfuric acid and water liquids and by diluting and cooling the sample vapor with a sampling system mimicking the dilution process occurring in a real-world driving situation. The nucleation rate inside the measurement system was modeled inversely using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and the aerosol dynamics code, CFD-TUTMAM (Tampere University of Technology Modal Aerosol Model for CFD). The nucleation exponents for the concentrations of sulfuric acid and water and for the saturation vapor pressure of sulfuric acid were found to be 1.9 ± 0.1, 0.50 ± 0.05, and 0.75 ± 0.05, respectively. With these exponents, nucleation rate can be expressed with a function of the concentrations of sulfuric acid and water and of temperature. Results imply that the nucleation process of volatile nanoparticles in real vehicle exhaust cannot be fully explained by sulfuric acid; instead, it is likely that other compounds, e.g., hydrocarbons, are involved as well. In general, the obtained nucleation rate function can be used to examine the nucleation mechanisms occurring in exhaust from different combustion sources (internal combustion engines, power plant boilers, etc.) or in the atmosphere and, furthermore, to improve air quality models.
Aliphatic Carbonyl Compounds (C8–C26) in Wintertime Atmospheric Aerosol in London, UK
Authors: Lyu Ruihe , Alam Mohammed Salim , Stark Christopher , Xu Ruixin , Shi Zongbo , Feng Yinchang , Harrison Roy M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Three groups of aliphatic carbonyl compounds, the n-alkanals (C8–C20), n-alkan-2-ones (C8–C26) and n-alkan-3-ones (C8–C19) were measured in air samples collected in London from January–April 2017. Four sites were sampled including two roof-top background sites, one ground-level urban background site and a street canyon location on Marylebone Road in central London. The n-alkanals showed the highest concentrations followed by the n-alkan-2-ones and the n-alkan-3-ones, the latter having appreciably lower concentrations. It seems likely that all compound groups have both primary and secondary sources and these are considered in the light of published laboratory work on the oxidation products of high molecular weight n-alkanes. All compound groups show relatively low correlation with black carbon and NOx in the background air of London, but in street canyon air heavily impacted by vehicle emissions, stronger correlations emerge especially for the n-alkanals. It appears that vehicle exhaust is likely to be a major contributor for concentrations of the n-alkanals whereas it is a much smaller contributor to the n-alkan-2-ones and n-alkan-3-ones. Other primary sources such as cooking may be significant but were not evaluated. It seems likely that there is also a significant contribution from photo-oxidation of n-alkanes and this would be consistent with the much higher abundance of the n-alkan-2-ones relative to the n-alkan-3-ones if the formation mechanism were to be through oxidation of condensed phase alkanes. Vapour-particle partitioning fitted the Pankow model well for the n-alkan-2-ones but less well for the other compound groups, although somewhat stronger relationships were seen at the Marylebone Road site than at the background sites.
Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado using horizontal path-integrated column measurements
Authors: Waxman Eleanor M. , Cossel Kevin C. , Giorgetta Fabrizio , Truong Gar-Wing , Swann William C. , Coddington Ian , Newbury Nathan R.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We performed seven and a half weeks of path-integrated concentration measurements of CO2, CH4, H2O, and HDO over the city of Boulder, Colorado. An open-path dual-comb spectrometer simultaneously measured time-resolved data across a reference path, located near the mountains to the west of the city, and across an over-city path that intersected two-thirds of the city, including two major commuter arteries. By comparing the measured concentrations over the two paths when the wind is primarily out of the west, we observe daytime CO2 enhancements over the city. We then use a Gaussian plume model to estimate city emissions of on-road CO2 as (6.9 ± 1.8) × 105 metric tons (MT) CO2/year, compared to the city bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory for the on-road vehicle sector of 4.5 × 105 MT CO2/year. The two values nearly agree to within the quoted uncertainty, which does not include additional systematic uncertainty associated in the temporal and spatial scaling of the given measurements to annual city-wide emissions. Finally, we discuss experimental modifications that could lead to improved estimates.
Ultrafine Particulate Matter Source Contributions across the Continental United States
Authors: Venecek Melissa A. , Yu Xin , Kleeman Michael J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The regional concentration of airborne ultrafine particulate matter mass (Dp < 0.1 µm; PM0.1) was predicted with 4 km resolution in 39 cities across the United States during summer time air pollution episodes. Calculations were performed using a regional chemical transport model with 4 km spatial resolution operating on the National Emissions Inventory created by the US EPA. Measured source profiles for particle size and composition between 0.01–10 µm were used to translate PM total mass to PM0.1. PM0.1 concentrations exceeded 2 µg m-3 during summer pollution episodes in major urban regions across the US including Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Houston, Miami, and New York. PM0.1 spatial gradients were sharper than PM2.5 spatial gradients due to the dominance of primary aerosol in PM0.1. Artificial source tags were used to track contributions to primary PM0.1 and PM2.5 from fifteen source categories. As expected, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles made significant contributions to regional PM0.1 in all 39 cities even though peak contributions within 0.3 km of the roadway were not resolved by the 4 km grid cells. Food cooking also made significant contributions to PM0.1 in all cities but biomass combustion was only important in locations impacted by summer wildfires. Aviation was a significant source of PM0.1 in cities that had airports within their urban footprints. Industrial sources including cement manufacturing, process heating, steel foundries, and paper & pulp processing impacted their immediate vicinity but did not significantly contribute to PM0.1 concentrations in any of the target 39 cities. Natural gas combustion made significant contributions to PM0.1 concentrations due to the widespread use of this fuel for electricity generation, industrial applications, residential, and commercial use. The major sources of primary PM0.1 and PM2.5 were notably different in many cities. Future epidemiological studies may be able to differentiate PM0.1 and PM2.5 health effects by contrasting cities with different ratios of PM0.1 / PM2.5. In the current study, cities with higher PM0.1 / PM2.5 ratios include Houston TX, Los Angeles CA, Birmingham AL, Charlotte NC, and Bakersfield CA. Cities with lower PM0.1 to PM2.5 ratios include Lake Charles LA, Baton Rouge LA, St. Louis MO, Baltimore MD, and Washington DC.
A new method to infer the size, number density, and charge of mesospheric dust from its in situ collection by the DUSTY probe
Authors: Havnes Ove , Antonsen Tarjei , Baumgarten Gerd , Hartquist Thomas W. , Biebricher Alexander , Fredriksen Åshild , Friedrich Martin , Hedin Jonas
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We present a new extended method of analyzing measurements of mesospheric dust made with DUSTY rocket-borne Faraday cup probes. It yields the variation of fundamental dust parameters through a mesospheric cloud with an unrivalled altitude resolution down to 10 cm or less. A DUSTY probe was the first probe which unambiguously detected charged dust/aerosol particles in the Earth's mesosphere. DUSTY excluded the ambient plasma by various biased grids, which however allowed dust particles with radii above a few nanometer to enter, and it measured the flux of charged dust particles. The flux measurements directly yielded the total ambient dust charge density. We extend the analysis of DUSTY data by using the impact currents on its main grid and the bottom plate as before, together with a dust charging model and a secondary charge production model, to allow the determination of fundamental parameters, such as dust radius, charge number and total dust density. We demonstrate the utility of the new analysis technique by considering observations made with the DUSTY probes during the MAXIDUSTY rocket campaign in June–July 2016 and comparing the results with those of other instruments (Lidar and photometer) also used in the campaign.
Drivers of future seasonal cycle changes in oceanic pCO2
Authors: Gallego M. Angeles , Timmermann Axel , Friedrich Tobias , Zeebe Richard E.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Recent
observation-based results show that the seasonal amplitude of surface ocean
partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) has been increasing
on average at a rate of 2–3 µatm per decade
(Landschützer et al., 2018). Future increases in pCO2 seasonality
are expected, as marine CO2 concentration ([CO2])
will increase in response to increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions
(McNeil and Sasse, 2016). Here we use seven different global coupled
atmosphere–ocean–carbon cycle–ecosystem model simulations conducted as
part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to study
future projections of the pCO2 annual cycle amplitude and to
elucidate the causes of its amplification. We find that for the RCP8.5
emission scenario the seasonal amplitude (climatological maximum minus
minimum) of upper ocean pCO2 will increase by a factor of
1.5 to 3 over the next 60–80 years. To understand the drivers and mechanisms
that control the pCO2 seasonal amplification we develop a
complete analytical Taylor expansion of pCO2 seasonality in
terms of its four drivers: dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total
alkalinity (TA), temperature (T), and salinity (S). Using this linear
approximation we show that the DIC and T terms are the dominant
contributors to the total change in pCO2 seasonality. To
first order, their future intensification can be traced back to a doubling of
the annual mean pCO2, which enhances DIC and alters the
ocean carbonate chemistry. Regional differences in the projected seasonal
cycle amplitude are generated by spatially varying sensitivity terms. The
subtropical and equatorial regions (40∘ S–40∘ N) will
experience a ≈30–80 µatm increase in seasonal cycle
amplitude almost exclusively due to a larger background CO2
concentration that amplifies the T seasonal effect on solubility. This
mechanism is further reinforced by an overall increase in the seasonal cycle
of T as a result of stronger ocean stratification and a projected shoaling
of mean mixed layer depths. The Southern Ocean will experience a seasonal
cycle amplification of ≈90–120 µatm in response to the
mean pCO2-driven change in the mean DIC contribution and to
a lesser extent to the T contribution. However, a decrease in the DIC
seasonal cycle amplitude somewhat counteracts this regional amplification
mechanism.
Patterns of soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in grassland ecosystems across China
Authors: Feng Jiguang , Wang Jingsheng , Song Yanjun , Zhu Biao
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs), a key process in the terrestrial carbon
cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54
measurements of annual Rs and 171 estimates of Q10 value
(the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China.
We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in
five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow
steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm, tropical
grassland. Results showed that the mean (±SE) annual
Rs was 582.0±57.9 g C m−2 yr−1 across Chinese
grasslands. Annual Rs significantly differed among grassland
types, and was positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean
annual precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon
content, and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with soil pH (p<0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary
factor controlling the variation of annual Rs among grassland
types. Based on the overall data across Chinese grasslands, the Q10
values ranged from 1.03 to 8.13, with a mean (±SE) of 2.60±0.08. Moreover, the Q10 values varied largely within and among
grassland types and soil temperature measurement depths. Among grassland
types, the highest Q10 derived by soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm
occurred in alpine grasslands. In addition, the seasonal variation of soil
respiration in Chinese grasslands generally cannot be explained well by soil
temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Overall, our findings suggest that
the combined factors of soil temperature and moisture would better predict
soil respiration in arid and semi-arid regions, highlight the importance of
precipitation in controlling soil respiration in grasslands, and imply that
alpine grasslands in China might release more carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere under climate warming.
A time-stepping scheme to simulate leaf area index, phenology, and gross primary production across deciduous broadleaf forests in eastern United States
Authors: Xin Qinchuan , Dai Yongjiu , Liu Xiaoping
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Terrestrial plants play a key role in regulating the exchange of energy and materials between the land surface and the atmosphere. Robust terrestrial biosphere models that simulate both time series of leaf dynamics and canopy photosynthesis are required to understand the vegetation-climate interactions. This study proposes a time stepping scheme to simulate leaf area index (LAI), phenology, and gross primary production (GPP) simultaneously via only climate variables based on an ecological assumption that plants allocate leaf biomass till an environment could sustain to maximize photosynthetic reproduction. The method establishes a linear function between the steady-state LAI and the corresponding GPP, which is used to track the suitability of environmental conditions for plant photosynthesis, and applies the MOD17 algorithm to form simultaneous equations together, which can be solved numerically. To account for the time lag in plant responses of leaf allocation to environment variation, a time stepping scheme is developed to simulate the LAI time series based on the solved steady-state LAI. The simulated LAI time series is then used to derive the timing of key phenophases and simulate canopy GPP with the MOD17 algorithm. The developed method is applied to deciduous broadleaf forests in eastern United States and has found to perform well on simulating canopy LAI and GPP at the site scale as evaluated using both flux tower and satellite data. The method could also capture the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation LAI and phenology across eastern United States as compared with satellite observations. The developed time-stepping scheme provides a simplified and improved version of our previous modeling approach and forms a potential basis for regional to global applications in future studies.
Diatom-oxygen isotopic record from high-altitude Petit Lake (2200 m a.s.l) in the Mediterranean Alps: shedding light on a climatic pulse
Authors: Cartier Rosine , Sylvestre Florence , Paillès Christine , Sonzogni Corinne , Couapel Martine , Alexandre Anne , Mazur Jean-Charles , Brisset Elodie , Miramont Cécile , Guiter Frédéric
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The 4.2 kyrs event, used as a marker of holocene stratigraphy, has been described as a rapid climate change in the northern hemisphere triggering droughts in the Mediterranean region. However, the severity and geographical extent of this event are still the subject of investigation considering the small number of palaeoclimatic records for this time period, and the presence of contrasted climatic expressions between areas. At Petit Lake (France, Mediterranean Alps, 2200 m a.s.l) a multiproxy study of Holocene lake sediments has revealed major changes in erosion processes and phytoplanktonic assemblages in the lake ecosystem around 4200 cal. BP. According to pollen analysis, deforestation is unlikely to be the main explanation of environmental changes as the watershed was covered by open vegetation for the duration of the study period. To test the implication of climate, our study presents an analysis of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in diatoms describing hydrological modalities during the 4.2 kyrs event in the Mediterranean Alps. The highest values of δ18Odiatom occur from 4400 to 3900 cal. BP and are interpreted as an increase in water evaporation and/or a decrease in freshwater inputs to the lake system. Changes in water balance might have been associated with a change in precipitation sources towards a greater influence of precipitation coming from the Mediterranean area. These results are concomitant to an increase in erosion in the watershed and high representation of very low-dispersal pollen in the sediments suggesting the presence of intense runoff. This new isotopic record together with previously-published proxy-data, allows us to describe the 4.2 kyrs event at Petit Lake as an increase in Mediterranean climate influences in the region, amounting to a general dry period punctuated by episodes of intense runoff occurring on the catchment slopes.
Re-examining the 4.2 ka BP event in foraminifer isotope records from the Indus River delta in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Giesche Alena , Staubwasser Michael , Petrie Cameron A. , Hodell David A.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The plains of northwest South Asia receive rainfall during both the Indian Summer (June–September) and Winter (December–March) Monsoon. Researchers have long attempted to deconstruct the influence of both precipitation regimes in paleoclimate records, in order to better understand regional climatic drivers and their potential impact on human populations. The Mid–Late Holocene transition between 5.3–3.3 ka BP is of particular interest in this region because it spans the period of the Indus Civilization from its early development to eventual transformation. The oxygen isotope record of the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber from the northeast Arabian Sea provided evidence for an abrupt decrease in rainfall and reduction in Indus River discharge at 4.2 ka BP, which the authors linked to the decline of the urban phase of the Indus Civilization (Staubwasser et al., 2003). Given the importance of this study, we used the same core (63KA) to replicate the oxygen isotope profiles of a larger size fraction of G. ruber than measured previously and, in addition, we measured two other foraminifer species at decadal resolution over the interval from 5.4 to 3.0 ka BP. By selecting both thermocline-dwelling (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei) and shallow-dwelling (Globigerinoides sacculifer) species, we provide enhanced detail of the climatic changes that occurred over this crucial time interval. We found evidence for a period of increased surface water mixing, which we suggest was related to a strengthened winter monsoon with a peak intensity over 200 years from 4.5 to 4.3 ka BP. The time of greatest change occurred at 4.1 ka BP when both the summer and winter monsoon weakened, resulting in a reduction in rainfall in the Indus region. The earliest phase of the Mature Harappan period coincided with the period of inferred stronger winter monsoon between 4.5–4.3 ka BP, whereas the end of the urbanized phase followed the decrease in both the summer and winter monsoon strength by 4.1 ka BP. Our findings provide evidence that the initial growth of large Indus urban centers was coincident with increased winter rainfall, whereas the contraction of urbanism and change in subsistence strategies followed a reduction in rainfall of both seasons.
The AlborEX dataset: sampling of submesoscale features in the
Alboran Sea
Authors: Troupin Charles , Pascual Ananda , Ruiz Simón , Olita Antonio , Casas Benjamín , Margirier Félix , Poulain Pierre-Marie , Notarstefano Giulio , Torner Marc , Fernández Juan Gabriel , Rújula Miquel Àngel , Muñoz Cristian , Allen John T. , Mahadevan Amala , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: September 2018

Abstract. AlborEX (Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of a multi-platform, multi-disciplinary experiment carried out in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea) between May 25 and 31, 2014. The observational component of AlborEx aimed to sample the physical and biogeochemical properties of oceanographic features present along an intense frontal zone, with a particular interest in the vertical motions in its vicinity. To this end, the mission included 1 research vessel (66 profiles), 2 underwater gliders (adding up 554 profiles), 3 profiling floats and 25 surface drifters. Near real-time ADCP velocities were collected nightly and during the CTD sections. All of the profiling floats acquired temperature and conductivity profiles, while the Provor-bio float also measured oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations, colored dissolved organic matter, backscattering at 700 nm, downwelling irradiance at 380, 410, 490 nm, and photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR). In the context of mesoscale and submesoscale interactions, the AlborEX dataset constitutes a particularly valuable source of information to infer mechanisms, evaluate vertical transport and establish relationships between the thermal and haline structures and the biogeochemical variable evolution, in a region characterised by strong horizontal gradients provoked by the confluence of Atlantic and Mediterranean Waters, thanks to its multi-platform, multi-disciplinary nature. The most recent version of the dataset is available at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328238.
FAME (v1.0): a simple module to simulate the effect of planktonic foraminifer species-specific habitat on their oxygen isotopic content
Authors: Roche Didier M. , Waelbroeck Claire , Metcalfe Brett , Caley Thibaut
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 ratio recorded in fossil planktonic
foraminifer shells has been used for over 50 years in many geoscience
applications. However, different planktonic foraminifer species generally
yield distinct signals, as a consequence of their specific living habitats in
the water column and along the year. This complexity is usually not taken
into account in model–data integration studies. To overcome this
shortcoming, we developed the Foraminifers As Modeled Entities (FAME) module.
The module predicts the presence or absence of commonly used planktonic
foraminifers and their oxygen-18 values. It is only forced by hydrographic
data and uses a very limited number of parameters, almost all derived from
culture experiments. FAME performance is evaluated using the Multiproxy Approach
for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean surface (MARGO) Late Holocene
planktonic foraminifer calcite oxygen-18 and abundance datasets. The
application of FAME to a simple cooling scenario demonstrates its utility to
predict changes in planktonic foraminifer oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 ratio in
response to changing climatic conditions.
The atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA-4.0gmdd
Authors: Sander Rolf , Baumgaertner Andreas , Cabrera David , Frank Franziska , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Gromov Sergey , Harder Hartwig , Huijnen Vincent , Jöckel Patrick , Karydis Vlassis A. , Niemeyer Kyle E. , Pozzer Andrea , Riede Hella , Schultz Martin G. , Taraborrelli Domenico , Tauer Sebastian
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We present version 4.0gmdd of the atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA which now includes a number of new features: (i) skeletal mechanism reduction, (ii) the MOM chemical mechanism for volatile organic compounds, (iii) an option to include reactions from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and other chemical mechanisms, (iv) updated isotope tagging, and (v) improved and new photolysis modules (JVAL, RADJIMT, DISSOC). Further, when MECCA is connected to a global model, the new feature of coexisting multiple chemistry mechanisms (PolyMECCA/CHEMGLUE) can be used. Additional changes have been implemented to make the code more user-friendly and to facilitate the analysis of the model results. Like earlier versions, CAABA/MECCA-4.0gmdd is a community model published under the GNU General Public License.
Moored observations of mesoscale features in the Cape Basin: characteristics and local impacts on water mass distributions
Authors: Kersalé Marion , Lamont Tarron , Speich Sabrina , Terre Thierry , Laxenaire Remi , Roberts Mike J. , van den Berg Marcel A. , Ansorge Isabelle J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The eastern side of the South Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation Basin-wide Array (SAMBA) along 34.5° S is used to assess the nonlinear, mesoscale dynamics of the Cape Basin. This array presently consists of current meter moorings and bottom mounted Current and Pressure recording Inverted Echo Sounders (CPIES) deployed across the continental slope. These data, available from September 2014 to December 2015, combined with satellite altimetry allow us to investigate the characteristics and the impact of mesoscale dynamics on local water mass distribution and cross-validate the different data sets. We demonstrate that the moorings are affected by the complex dynamics of the Cape Basin involving Agulhas rings, cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic eddies from the Agulhas Bank and the South Benguela upwelling front and filaments. Our analyses show that exchange of water masses happens through the advection of water by mesoscale eddies but also via wide water mass intrusions engendered by the existence of intense dipoles. These complex dynamics induce strong intra-seasonal upper-ocean velocity variations and water mass exchanges between the shelf and the open ocean but also across the subantarctic and subtropical waters. This work presents the first independent observations comparison between full-depth moorings and CPIES data sets within the eastern South Atlantic region that gives some evidence of eastern boundary buoyancy anomalies associated with migrating eddies. It also highlights the need to continuously sample the full water depth as inter-basin exchanges occur intermittently and affect the whole water column.
The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills
Authors: Röhrs Johannes , Dagestad Knut-Frode , Asbjørnsen Helene , Nordam Tor , Skancke Jørgen , Jones Cathleen E. , Brekke Camilla
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms of marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3D-development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open source trajectory framework OpenDrift1. These encompass the wave-entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Vertical mixing of oil between the surface slick and entrained oil is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions. 1 https://github.com/opendrift/opendrift
Multidecadal variability in seasonal mean sea level along the North
Sea coast
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Gerkema Theo
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Seasonal deviations from annual-mean sea level in the North Sea region show a large low-frequency component with substantial variability at decadal and multi-decadal time scales. In this study, we quantify low-frequency seasonal variations from annual-mean sea level and look for drivers of this variability. The amplitude, as well as the temporal evolution of this multi-decadal variability shows substantial variations over the North Sea region, and this spatial pattern is similar to the well-known pattern of the influence of winds and pressure changes on sea level on higher frequencies. The largest low-frequency signals are found in the German Bight and along the Norwegian coast. We find that the variability is much stronger in winter and autumn than in other seasons, and that this winter and autumn variability is predominantly driven by wind and sea-level pressure anomalies which have their cause in large-scale atmospheric patterns. For the spring and summer seasons, only a small fraction of the observed variability can be explained by local and large-scale atmospheric changes. Large-scale atmospheric patterns have been derived from a principal component analysis of sea-level pressure. The first principal component of sea-level pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean, which is linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), explains the largest fraction of winter-mean variability for most stations, while for some stations, the variability consists of a combination of multiple principal components. The low-frequency variability in season-mean sea level can manifest itself as trends in short records of seasonal sea level. For multiple stations around the North Sea, running-mean 40-year trends for autumn and winter sea level often exceed the long-term trends in annual mean sea level, while for spring and summer, the seasonal trends have a similar order of magnitude as the annual-mean trends. Removing the variability explained by atmospheric variability vastly reduces the seasonal trends, especially in winter and autumn.
Using deep learning for Digital Soil Mapping
Authors: Padarian José , Minasny Budiman , McBratney Alex B.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Digital soil mapping has been widely used as a cost-effective method for generating soil maps. However, current DSM data representation rarely incorporates contextual information of the landscape. DSM models are usually calibrated using point observations intersected with spatially corresponding point covariates. Here, we demonstrate the use of the convolutional neural network model that incorporates contextual information surrounding an observation to significantly improve the prediction accuracy over conventional DSM models. We describe a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that takes inputs as images of covariates and explores spatial contextual information by finding non-linear local spatial relationships of neighbouring pixels. Unique features of the proposed model include: input represented as 3D stack of images, data augmentation to reduce overfitting, and simultaneously predicting multiple outputs. Using a soil mapping example in Chile, the CNN model was trained to simultaneously predict soil organic carbon at multiples depths across the country. The results showed the CNN model reduced the error by 30 % compared with conventional techniques that only used point information of covariates. In the example of country-wide mapping at 100 m resolution, the neighbourhood size from 3 to 9 pixels is more effective than at a point location and larger neighbourhood sizes. In addition, the CNN model produces less prediction uncertainty and it is able to predict soil carbon at deeper soil layers more accurately. Because the CNN model takes covariate represented as images, it offers a simple and effective framework for future DSM models.
I second that emoji: The standards, structures, and social production of emoji
Authors: Berard Bethany
Published: September 2018

How does an emoji come to be? In 2010 emoji character sets were incorporated into Unicode Standard 6 which allowed “picture characters” to become standardized alongside text-based characters. The technical standardization allowed emoji to be used across devices, operating systems, and Internet platforms, producing a technical codification that made it easier for emoji to circulate widely. This paper provides a brief history of emoji, focusing on the technical standardization that demarcates emoji as unique from emoticons or other pictographic or iconographic formats, and examines the factors Unicode delineates as key for emoji inclusion and exclusion, and who ultimately decides whether an emoji will be created.
Cultural literacy in the empire of emoji signs: Who is crying with joy?
Authors: Freedman Alisa
Published: September 2018

Unicode emoji, originating in Japan but expanded through worldwide usage, is a means to assess how the globalization of Japanese popular culture promotes cultural literacy and awareness of multiculturalism. Emoji reveal discrimination and diversity within cultures, but emoji alone are “unreadable.” They need to be used together with established modes of expression to avoid misunderstandings. Literature, as one of the most intentional and nuanced forms of language, provides insight into this lesson. I propose a semiotic reading of emoji inspired by Roland Barthes and posit his Empire of signs (L’Empire des signes) as an analogy for the incorporation of Japanese emoji into world languages and literatures. To test this theoretical application of emoji, I analyze the findings of “Emoji Literature Translation Contests” held in my university courses.
Emoji at MoMA: Considering the 'original emoji' as art
Authors: Lee SooJin
Published: September 2018

>In 2016, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York announced that it had acquired for its permanent collection the original set of 176 emoji characters developed in 1999 by Japan’s telecommunication provider NTT DoCoMo. MoMA also organized an exhibition of the emoji in the museum’s lobby with the title “The Original Emoji, by Shigetaka Kurita,” thus highlighting its historical significance and the role of the designer. This paper explores new and critical yet under-discussed issues surrounding MoMA’s acquisition and exhibition of the first emoji set. What happens when emoji enters an art museum? What can the MoMA’s accession and exhibition of emoji tell us about emoji, about art, and about the relationship between them? I will examine the discourses on the MoMA’s emoji accession, which reveal two positions against the emoji as art: a conservative view that emoji is not art and thus should not be in the museum and a revisionist effort to frame the emoji as a design innovation rather than as art. But I draw attention to the MoMA’s exhibition of the emoji, which I analyze as a materialized display of the originally virtual characters. Using textual and aesthetic analyses together with theories of art, I argue the emoji at MoMA is art.
Inciting anger through Facebook reactions in Belgium: The use of emoji and related vernacular expressions in racist discourse
Authors: Matamoros-Fernández Ariadna
Published: September 2018

This article uses the concept of ‘platformed racism‘ to explore the tension between how platforms afford and govern emoji, and how users appropriate them to engage in racist discourse. The paper takes the example of Belgian far-right political party Vlaams Belang’s use of Facebook Reactions to spread anger, and how audiences responded to this call by posting more emoji to express rage and engage in long-running racist tropes. Emoji are central elements of social media and its practices, and represent an opportunity to investigate the material politics of platforms and to explore their role in racist discourse.
O Quarteto de Cordas no 8 (1944) de Villa-Lobos: neoclassicismo e invenção
Authors:   ECA-USP, Salles Paulo de Tarso
Published: September 2018

A estrutura formal dos quatro movimentos do Quarteto de Cordas nº 8 (1944) de Heitor Villa-Lobos revela sua preocupação com o reaproveitamento das formas clássicas (forma-sonata, andante, minueto/ scherzo e rondó-sonata) em função da linguagem harmônica pós-tonal desenvolvida pelo compositor ao longo dos anos 1920. Este estudo investiga a correlação entre harmonia e forma interpretando as analogias aparentemente feitas por Villa-Lobos para emular os pontos de articulação formal no classicismo. O emprego de estruturas peculiares de acordes, com recorrência de simetria intervalar ao invés da tonalidade tradicional, levou à aplicação de ferramentas derivadas da teoria dos conjuntos, mais adequada a esta abordagem.
Schenker’s Fließender Gesang and the Concept of Melodic Fluency
Authors:   University Paris-Sorbonne, Meeùs Nicolas
Published: September 2018

The concept of melodic fluency is considered today an important one in Schenkerian theory. William Pastille (1990:71-72) shows that this notion, first presented in the first volume of Counterpoint, initiated the development of the Ursatz concept. The knowledge of the principle of melodic fluency, he adds, affords two abilities: “the ability to uncover long-range melodic motions and the ability to reveal underlying contrapuntal patterns”, which “became the mainstays of his analytical approach.” Allen Cadwallader and William Pastille (1992:120) confirm that Schenker “formally introduced” the concept of melodic fluency in Counterpoint I, and define it as “essentially a name for good voice leading in strict counterpoint”. William Rothstein, who defines Schenker’s concept of melodic fluency as a “stepwise continuity in the upper voice” (1991:292), makes it an essential element of his description of “implied tones”, when a conjunct tone is implied in an apparently leaping melodic line.
Apocalipsis media. Disección, regeneración y reparación: agentes para la fabricación de sistemas zombis lúdicos-tecnocráticos
Authors: Pastor Marina , Mañas Moises
Published: September 2018

Partiendo de la idea de juego como agente de relación, planteamos en este texto el estudio e interpretación de la relación y resoluciones que subyacen entre términos como los de disección, regeneración y reparación, que operan a manera de elementos partícipes en la fabricación de sistemas interactivos. También abordamos la relación de estos con la obsolescencia tecnológica como un modelo para la construcción de escenarios idóneos en la creación de sistemas lúdicos atemporales, que utilizan el concepto tecnocrático de resolución de problemas en pro de conseguir de manera lúdica, y desde la acción social, la resurrección de valores para la mediación y la creación artística visual.

De este modo, si la presencia del juego permite rehacer, cuestionar e interpretar la realidad reelaborándola en el pensamiento estético, y aproximándola a la experiencia social cotidiana compartida, la zombificación es un modo de hacer frente a la obsolescencia planificada desde una micropolítica lúdica, para incidir en una teoría de los medios de carácter práctico, ético y estético, conformando una cultura de los medios más ecológica. Proponemos que la reutilización lúdica es una dinámica importante en la cultura contemporánea, a la que añade una dimensión reflexiva y crítica, que es especialmente relevante dentro del contexto de los residuos electrónicos. En ella, la arqueología de los medios, convertida en anarqueología, puede funcionar como una metodología artística que se inserta en la tradición de la apropiación, el collage, la remezcla de medios materiales y conceptos. Se trata de excavar en narrativas y medios materiales de tal modo que se produzca en una nueva economía política de los medios.
Book review of Gefühle im Prozess der Migration. Transkulturelle Narrationen zwischen Zugehörigkeit und Distanzierung by Yvonne Albrecht (Wiesbaden: Springer VS. 2017)
Authors: Verbalyte Monika
Published: September 2018

The newly published doctoral thesis of Yvonne Albrecht “Feelings in the Migration Process. Transcultural Narrations between Belonging and Distance” is a must-have for those who are interested in the nexus between migration and emotion. Apart from the pleasurable read, it is a seminal analysis on the subject still lacking academic attention. The main research question is what opportunities of handling their emotions migrants choose in order to be able to act in the challenging context of the arrival country. The innovativeness of this research rests in particular in the non-pathologizing look at the ways migrants deal with their emotions: It focuses not only on the negative aspects of emotion regulation, its failures and migrants’ suffering, but also sees possibilities of autonomous and creative ways to handle emotions in the context of new expectations and requirements to their behavior.
Managing Negative Emotions in Online Collaborative Learning. A multimodal approach to solving technical difficulties
Authors: Belli Simone
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to identify how participants manage technical difficulties during online collaborative learning. We analyze the participation framework in a corpus composed of 30 hours of online collaborative learning among students of an Andean university, their professor, and international experts. The internet-based IT platform used was ZOOM. We present a multimodal interaction of verbal and body language in collaborative activity for the analysis of moment-by-moment evolving social interaction. Also using conversation analysis, we focus on the ways in which participants interact with their words and their non-lexical expression. Thanks to this methodology, we describe the moment-by-moment interactional work performed in collaborative activity.

We have observed how technical difficulties generate social unrest and negative emotions shared among participants. In many cases, these difficulties generate conflicts between participants. We describe how negative emotions are shown in mixed contexts, and how users solved these during online collaborative learning. This study contributes to previous knowledge on the importance of multimodal interaction in displaying engagement and organizing courses of action in meeting settings by analyzing the multimodal construction of one specific situation, that is, a conflict caused by technical issues and managed between users.