bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organogenesis of the juxta‐oral organ in mice
Authors: Ito Masataka , Nakashima Misako , Yoshioka Masahiko , Imaki Junko
Published: June 2009

The juxta‐oral organ is a bilateral organ in the mammalian bucca. It consists of epithelial cords with surrounding mesenchyme. It develops from embryonic oral epithelium, but its macroscopic morphology in mice is less studied and seems to be very different from that of humans. The juxta‐oral organ in mice extends more widely from the subcutaneous tissue of the mandible near the lateral fascia of the masseter to the submucosa of the soft palate. In this paper, we report that the mutant mouse allele Bmp7lacZ presented intense lacZ expression in the epithelial component of the juxta‐oral organ in its homo‐ and heterozygous states. The main aims of this study were to show that this mutant mouse allele is suitable for observing macroscopic structure of the juxta‐oral organ and to describe the development of this organ during embryonic and postnatal stages. Whole‐mount β‐gal staining of this strain of mouse showed that the juxta‐oral organ in mice appeared at E12.0 from oral epithelium and lost connection with it before E12.5. Then, the juxta‐oral organ extended anteriorly to the lateral fascia of the masseter and posteriorly to the submucosal layer of the soft palate via the orbit. The mature juxta‐oral organ had no connection to other epithelia such as those of the bucca and parotid duct. It persisted until adulthood and there seemed to be no tendency to regress. Transmission electron microscopy showed that each part of the juxta‐oral organ was an epithelial cord surrounded by a basement membrane and mesenchymal tissue.
Self‐concept and self‐esteem in developmental dyslexia
Authors: Humphrey Neil , Mullins Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

Self‐concept and self‐esteem in two groups of dyslexic children (mainstream placement and SpLD unit placement, total N=63) were examined. Interviews and a questionnaire (the SDQ‐1) were utilised, giving a mix of qualitative and quantitative data. Where appropriate, a control group of 57 children without learning difficulties was assimilated into the research design. The main findings were that the presence of dyslexia produced marked effects on the self‐concept and self‐esteem of children, although this was more apparent in the participants attending mainstream schools than those in SpLD units. The qualitative data revealed that children with dyslexia felt isolated and excluded in their schools, and that, typically, up to half were regularly teased or bullied. The findings were related to self‐concept and self‐esteem theory, and current educational practice. The limitations in terms of research design and analysis were also noted.
Special and mainstream school collaboration for the promotion of inclusion
Authors: Rose Richard , Coles Caroline
Published: June 2009

The Green Paper Excellence for All Children (DfEE, 1997) set out an agenda for the future of special needs provision which was further endorsed by Meeting Special Educational Needs: A Programme for Action (DfEE, 1998). Amongst the recommendations made within these documents was a reappraisal of the role of special schools to support increased opportunities for inclusion. This paper reports on research conducted in one English local education authority (LEA) to examine an approach to develop greater links between a special school and a number of mainstream schools, with the intention of enabling pupils with complex needs to be supported in mainstream classrooms. The research focused upon the procedures which had been developed to support pupils through a period of transition from segregated to mainstream education, and considered those conditions which had been created in order that inclusion might succeed.
Where have they gone? Issues in transition and progression for special school leavers
Authors: Dyson Alan , Meagher Nick , Robson Elaine
Published: June 2009

This paper reports on semi‐structured interviews with 76 former special school students now aged between 16 and 25. These young people were ‘disadvantaged’ rather than ‘disabled’ and many were experiencing ‘fractured’ transitions from school. Although they were more positive about their schools than similarly disadvantaged peers who had attended mainstream provision, they nonetheless raised concerns about the quality and usefulness of their experiences. On leaving school they had, in many cases, moved from one unsatisfactory activity to another, without any obvious signs of progression. They displayed a high level of purposefulness but lacked personal and social resources to support their progression within somewhat unsupportive structures. The paper argues that an exclusive focus on transition from school is inadequate and that young people may need support well after this point, possibly from the Connexions service. It also suggests that the notion of ‘resilience’ may have more to offer than traditional special education discourses.
The coping mechanisms of children with school refusal
Authors: Place Maurice , Hulsmeier Jessica , Davis Sue , Taylor Elizabeth
Published: June 2009

There are a variety of ways in which the children of today cope with the stresses of modern life. This paper examines the mechanisms used by a sample of children who had established school refusal and found their mechanisms of coping to be quite different from those of a control group. The findings raise the question as to whether there is a connection between social isolation and poor socialisation in the aetiology of school refusal, and suggest a possible mechanism by which such problems are compounded by enmeshed family relationships. This work also indicates that some protection against the need to refuse school can be gained by establishing good social relationships, focusing upon improving coping strategies and increasing the young person's sense of belonging.
Effects of a 6‐month infliximab treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Derdemezis Christos S. , Filippatos Theodosios D. , Voulgari Paraskevi V. , Tselepis Alexandros D. , Drosos Alexandros A. , Kiortsis Dimitrios N.
Published: June 2009

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) appear to have increased plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. These adipokines may be implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (ΤNF‐α) is a potential modulator of adipokines. The effects of long‐term anti‐TNF treatment on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 6‐month anti‐TNF treatment (infliximab) on leptin and adiponectin plasma levels in RA patients. Thirty women with RA were included in the study. Patients with diabetes mellitus, any endocrine disorder or receiving any hypolipidemic or antidiabetic medication were not included. Thirty healthy age‐ and body mass index‐matched women served as controls. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured with enzyme immunoassay methods prior to and after the 6‐month treatment with infliximab. Mean age and disease duration of patients were 51.8 ± 14.4 and 12.2 ± 6.7 years, respectively. Body weight did not change significantly over the 6‐month period. Plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin were higher in patients than controls and did not change significantly after 6‐month treatment. Interestingly, in the tertile of patients with the highest baseline adiponectin concentrations, adiponectin levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Infliximab treatment did not change plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin after 6‐month treatment in the whole study population. However, a reduction of adiponectin levels was observed in patients with higher baseline adiponectin levels.
Learning theories and interprofessional education: a user’s guide
Authors: Hean Sarah , Craddock Deborah , O’Halloran Cath
Published: June 2009

There is increasing interest in the theoretical underpinning of interprofessional education (IPE) and writers in this field are drawing on a wide range of disciplines for theories that have utility in IPE. While this has undoubtedly enriched the research literature, for the educational practitioner, whose aim is to develop and deliver an IPE curriculum that has sound theoretical underpinnings, this plethora of theories has become a confusing, and un‐navigable quagmire. This article aims to provide a compass for those educational practitioners by presenting a framework that summarizes key learning theories used in IPE and the relationship between them. The study reviews key contemporary learning theories from the wider field of education used in IPE and the explicit applications of these theories in the IPE literature to either curriculum design or programme evaluation. Through presenting a broad overview and summary framework, the study clarifies the way in which learning theories can aid IPE curriculum development and evaluation. It also highlights areas where future theoretical development in the IPE field is required.
Sovereign Risk in the Classical Gold Standard Era*
Authors: GAI PRASANNA , CAMERON GAVIN , YONG TAN KANG
Published: June 2009

This paper reassesses the determinants of sovereign bond yields during the classical gold standard period (1872–1913) using the pooled mean group methodology. We find that, rather than lowering risk premia directly, membership of the gold standard hastened the convergence of sovereign bond spreads to their long‐run equilibrium levels. Our results also suggest that investors looked beyond the gold standard to country‐specific fundamental factors when pricing and differentiating sovereign risk.
Long‐term use of felbamate: Clinical outcomes and effect of age and concomitant antiepileptic drug use on its clearance
Authors: White James R. , Leppik Ilo E. , Beattie Jeanne L. , Walczak Thaddeus S. , Tran Teresa A. , Rarick John O. , Vaher Paul
Published: June 2009

Purpose:  To determine the effects of long‐term use of felbamate (FBM) on weight, complete blood count, liver function tests, and seizure control, and also to determine the effect of age on FBM clearance.

Methods:  A computerized prospective database was used to identify all subjects who had FBM listed as one of their antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during their most recent clinic visit. Medical records from each patient were then reviewed for inclusion criteria [treatment >2 years, FBM initiated at the study clinic, data for pre‐FBM (Time‐1; T1), one‐year exposure to FBM (Time‐2; T2), and the latest visit (Time‐3; T3)]. Clinical information was abstracted from clinic charts.

Results:  Seventy‐seven patients (F = 41, M = 36; ages 10–69 years) met entry criteria. Mean treatment time was 7.4 years, with the longest 20.3 years. Significant weight loss (mean 5.1 kg; p < 0.001) occurred from T1 to T2, but weight was regained by T3. No clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters occurred. Older age was associated with a significant decrease in FBM clearance (p = 0.01). Significant reduction in generalized tonic–clonic seizures was seen at both T2 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p < 0.001) compared with seizure frequency at T1.

Discussion:  Our results suggest that long‐term FBM use is associated with persistent decrease of seizures and no clinically significant changes in major laboratory parameters. Older age correlated with reduced apparent clearance of FBM. The patient population described in this study were long‐term users of FBM who were continuing to use the drug, and thus this study does not constitute an “intent to treat” study.
Long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus: A tertiary referral center study
Authors: Ristić Aleksandar J. , Sokić Dragoslav V. , Trajković Goran , Janković Slavko , Vojvodić Nikola M. , Baščarević Vladimir , Popović Ljubica M.
Published: June 2009

Purpose:  To determine long‐term survival in patients with status epilepticus (SE).

Methods:  We prospectively followed patients admitted for the first (69.6%) or recursive episode of SE between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1997 at the Institute of Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia, until death or study termination (December 31, 2006). Data were obtained for cause of death; etiology of SE—acute symptomatic (AS), progressive symptomatic (PS), remote symptomatic (RS), and idiopathic/cryptogenic (I/C); presence of epilepsy; and reoccurrence of SE. Standardized mortality rate (SMR), survival, and regression analysis were used.

Results:  A total of 120 of 750 patients with an episode of SE (15.9%) died in the 30‐day period following SE. Data for 207 of 630 (32.8%) surviving patients (35.7% with initial SE) were available at the end of follow‐up [median 12 years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.1–12.8]. SMR was significantly increased (SMR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.32–2.41). There were 46 deaths (22.2%): 15 of 65 in the AS, 20 of 29 in the PS, 6 of 29 in the RS, and 5 of 75 in the I/C groups. Five‐year survival rate was lowest in the PS (45%) compared to AS (91%), RS (87%), and I/C (99%) groups. The following characteristics increased long‐term risk for mortality: older age [Exp(B) 1.05, 95% CI 1.029–1.072], PS and AS etiology [Exp(B) 15.6, 95% CI 5.8–41.6; 3.3, 95% CI 1.2–9.1], presence of epilepsy [Exp(B) 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.3], and initial SE [Exp(B) 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–4.4].

Discussion:  Approximately one of five patients die within 12 years after an episode of SE. Symptomatic SE (PS and AS), initial SE, age, and presence of epilepsy are associated with long‐term increased risk of death.
Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography: Novel Aspects on an Emerging Ablation Technique
Authors: SIKLÓDY CLAUDIA HERRERA , MINNERS JAN , ALLGEIER MARTIN , ALLGEIER HANS‐JÜRGEN , JANDER NIKOLAUS , WEBER REINHOLD , SCHIEBELING‐RÖMER JOCHEN , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , KALUSCHE DIETRICH , ARENTZ THOMAS
Published: June 2009

Background:
Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation using a balloon‐mounted cryoablation system is a new technology for the percutaneous treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows real‐time visualization of cryoballoon positioning and successful vein occlusion via color Doppler. We hypothesized that PV mechanical occlusion monitored with TEE could predict effective electrical isolation.

Methods:
We studied 124 PVs in 30 patients. Under continuous TEE assessment, a cryoballoon was placed in the antrum of each PV aiming for complete PV occlusion as documented by color Doppler. At the end of the procedure, PV electrical isolation was evaluated using a circumferential mapping catheter.

Results:
Of the 124 PVs studied, 123 (99.2%) could be visualized by TEE: the antrum was completely visualized in 80 of them (64.5%), partially in 36 (29.0%), and only disappearance of proximal flow could be observed in the remaining 7 PVs (5.7%). Vein occlusion could be achieved in 111 of the 123 (90.2%) visualized PVs. Postinterventional mapping demonstrated electrical isolation in 109 of 111 occluded PVs (positive predictive value 98.2%) and only in 1 of 12 nonoccluded PVs (negative predictive value 91.7%, P < 0.001). After a mean follow‐up of 7.4 ± 3.7 months, 73.3% of patients remained in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic drugs.

Conclusion:
Color Doppler documented PV occlusion during cryoballoon ablation can predict effective electrical isolation.
Association of Transseptal Punctures with Isolated Migraine Aura in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: CHILUKURI KARUNA , SINHA SUNIL , BERGER RONALD , MARINE JOSEPH E. , CHENG ALAN , NAZARIAN SAMAN , SCHERR DANIEL , SPRAGG DAVID , CALKINS HUGH , HENRIKSON CHARLES A.
Published: June 2009

Background:
Transseptal catheterization (TSC) is performed during catheter ablation involving the lefthand side of the heart. TSC causes a transient iatrogenic atrial septal defect that can predispose patients to migraine episodes. However, isolated migraine aura episodes in patients undergoing TSC have not been described.

Methods:
Five hundred seventy‐one procedures involving TSC were performed over a 3‐year duration. Of these, 3 patients presented with visual symptoms in the first month after the procedure. One patient underwent a TSC during catheter ablation of left‐sided accessory pathway and 2 patients underwent TSC during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Results:
The incidence of migraine aura in this patient population was 0.5%. In the first week after the procedure, all 3 patients experienced transient reversible visual symptoms of scintillating scotoma consistent with migraine aura. None of the patients had an associated headache. The workup for stroke or transient ischemic attack was negative. All the patients recovered completely within 1 hour of symptom onset and did not have any sequelae.

Conclusion:
This study reports for the first time the incidence and outcomes of isolated migraine aura in patients undergoing electrophysiology procedures involving TSC. For post‐TSC patients who present with atypical neurologic symptoms, especially “scintillating scotoma,” once transient ischemic attack or other neurologic event has been ruled out, an aura associated with the TSC should be entertained as a possible diagnosis. Electrophysiologists who perform TSC, need to be aware of this phenomenon and can reassure the patients of the transient and benign nature.
Effective Management of ICD Patient Psychosocial Issues and Patient Critical Events
Authors: SEARS SAMUEL F. , MATCHETT MELISSA , CONTI JAMIE B.
Published: June 2009

The clinical management of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) patients involves successful medical and psychosocial care to reduce mortality and morbidity. Desirable quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial outcomes for ICD patients are achievable for a majority of ICD patients. Patient critical events, such as ICD shocks or ICD recalls, may occur that can dramatically alter the course of patient adjustment if not properly managed. Continuing care strategies that attend to patient critical events as they emerge may improve the psychosocial adjustment and improve the return to optimal daily functioning for ICD patients. This paper reviews QoL and psychosocial outcomes for ICD patients, patient critical events, and clinical implications for patient care. Patient critical events discussed in this paper include perioperative education, ICD shock events, device recalls, and end of life. The clinical management strategies for each of these patient critical events are suggested including patient education, psychosocial information provision, activity prescriptions, recall planning, and shock planning.
Predatory response of Xylocoris flavipes to bruchid pests of stored food legumes
Authors: Sing Sharlene E. , Arbogast Richard T.
Published: June 2009

Biological control may provide an affordable and sustainable option for reducing losses to pest Bruchidae in stored food legumes, a crucial source of human dietary protein. Previous investigations have focused primarily on the role of parasitism in bruchid biological control, while the potential of generalist predators has been comparatively unexplored. The true bug Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) exhibited a Type II functional response to the majority of cosmopolitan bruchid species evaluated when data were fit to Holling's disc equation. A negative correlation was detected between mean pest species body weight and rate of predation. The rate of attack on adult prey was quite low but fairly consistent, with the larger‐sized female predators generally more effective. The eggs and neonate larvae of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) were the only accessible immature stages among all prey species examined; predation on A. obtectus eggs and larvae was higher than on any adult bruchids. Mean predator kill of A. obtectus immature stages was 40 first instars or 10–20 eggs per 24‐h interval. Further investigation of the biological control potential of X. flavipes against pest Bruchidae is merited due to the predator's ability to kill adult stages of all prey species evaluated.
Impact of insecticidal proteins expressed in transgenic plants on bumblebee microcolonies
Authors: Babendreier Dirk , Reichhart Birgit , Romeis Jörg , Bigler Franz
Published: June 2009

In order to assess the risk that insecticidal transgenic plants may pose for bumblebees, we tested whether Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers are able to detect insecticidal proteins dissolved in sucrose solution and whether consumption of these proteins will affect survival and offspring production. Feeders containing either Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab), Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), or Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) were offered to bumblebee colonies at low (0.01% wt/vol for SBTI and GNA, 0.001% for Cry1Ab) and high concentrations (0.1% for SBTI and GNA, 0.01% for Cry1Ab) together with a control (pure sucrose solution) in a glasshouse chamber. No difference was found in the number of visits and the duration of visits among the different concentrations for each of the insecticidal proteins, indicating that bumblebees do not discriminate the compounds. To investigate the impact of the different insecticidal proteins on B. terrestris, microcolonies were established by placing three newly emerged bumblebee workers in wooden boxes. Within a few days, a hierarchy in each microcolony was established and the dominant worker developed its ovaries and laid haploid eggs. Bumblebees were fed with Cry1Ab (0.01%), SBTI, or GNA (both at 0.01 and 0.1%) dissolved in sucrose solution and also fed mixed floral pollen for a maximum period of 80 days. Additionally, microcolonies with three drones each were established to measure individual bee longevity. While the Cry1Ab did not affect microcolony performance, the consumption of SBTI and especially GNA affected survival of B. terrestris workers and drones and caused a significant reduction in the number of offspring. The use of microcolonies appears to be well‐suited to measure lethal and sublethal effects of insecticidal proteins expressed in transgenic plants on bumblebees.
Regional assessment of Helicoverpa zea populations on cotton and non‐cotton crop hosts
Authors: Jackson R.E. , Bradley J.R. , Van Duyn J. , Leonard B.R. , Allen K.C. , Luttrell R. , Ruberson J. , Adamczyk J. , Gore J. , Hardee D.D. , Voth R. , Sivasupramaniam S. , Mullins J.W. , Head G.
Published: June 2009

Selection pressure on bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvaceae), that produces one or more Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) proteins is reduced by plantings of non‐Bt refuge cotton that produce non‐selected individuals. However, the contributions of non‐Bt, non‐cotton crop hosts to the overall effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton have not been estimated. A 2‐year, season‐long study was conducted in five US cotton‐producing states to assess the spatial and temporal population dynamics and host use of H. zea. Helicoverpa zea larval estimates in commercial crop fields demonstrated that non‐cotton crop hosts, such as maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae), peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), collectively support much larger larval populations than cotton throughout the season. Larval populations were almost entirely restricted to maize in the middle part of the season (June and portions of July), and were observed in non‐cotton crop hosts more frequently and typically in larger numbers than in cotton during the period when production would be expected in cotton (July and August). Numbers of H. zea larvae produced in replicated strip trials containing various crop hosts paralleled production estimates from commercial fields. In contrast, the number of H. zea adults captured in pheromone traps at interfaces of fields of Bt cotton and various crop hosts rarely varied among interfaces, except in instances where maize was highly attractive. With the exception of this early season influence of maize, moth numbers were not related to local larval production. These data demonstrate that H. zea adults move extensively from their natal host origins. Therefore, non‐cotton crop hosts, and even relatively distant hosts, contribute significantly to effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton. The results presented here demonstrate that substantial natural refuge is present for Bt‐resistance management of H. zea throughout the mid‐South and Southeast portions of the US cotton belt.
Comparison between polymerase chain reaction‐based and checkerboard DNA hybridization techniques for microbial assessment of subgingival plaque samples
Authors: Haffajee Anne D. , Yaskell Tina , Torresyap Gay , Teles Ricardo , Socransky Sigmund S.
Published: June 2009

Aim: To compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with subsequent reverse hybridization (micro‐IDent test) and checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization for the identification of 13 bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples.

Material and Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were taken using paper points and curettes from two sites each with pocket depth <4, 4–6 and >6 mm at baseline and 3 months in 25 periodontitis subjects and two sites in 25 periodontally healthy subjects. Samples were analysed for their content of 13 bacterial species using both assays. Similarities for each species between techniques were determined using regression analysis. Differences between health and periodontitis were determined using the Mann–Whitney test.

Results: Three hundred and fifty samples were evaluated using both techniques. Regression analysis indicated that 10/13 test species showed significant positive correlations between the counts determined by checkerboard analysis and levels determined by the PCR‐based test after adjusting for 13 comparisons. The highest rank correlations of 0.58, 0.49 and 0.46 were seen for Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Eubacterium nodatum, respectively (p<0.0001). Both tests could distinguish samples from healthy and periodontitis subjects.

Conclusion: Detection patterns of 10/13 test species in subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis and healthy subjects were similar using the two molecular techniques.
Increased HIF‐1 alpha immunostaining in psoriasis compared to psoriasiform dermatitides
Authors: Ioannou Maria , Sourli Fani , Mylonis Ilias , Barbanis Sotirios , Papamichali Rodula , Kouvaras Evangelos , Zafiriou Efterpi , Siomou Paraskevi , Klimi Eleni , Simos George , Roussaki‐Schulze Aggeliki‐Victoria , Koukoulis George
Published: June 2009

Background: Expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) alpha can be linked to inflammation through reciprocal interactions with several cytokines. This finding is in accordance with the previously noted HIF‐1 alpha overexpression in psoriatic lesional keratinocytes.

Methods: In this study we have employed a carefully selected panel of antibodies and quantitative morphometric analysis to compare HIF‐1 alpha immunoreactivity in psoriatic biopsy samples vs. that in samples obtained from psoriasiform dermatitides.

Results: We found statistically significant HIF‐1 alpha overexpression in psoriasis. Furthermore, we observed a previously unreported preferential localization of immunoreactive keratinocytes in the immediate vicinity of inflamed and elongated papillae. This pattern of immunoreactivity may partially account for the observed increase of HIF‐1 alpha immunostaining in psoriasis.

Conclusions: Overall, our findings imply that possible novel therapeutic intervention(s) on the HIF‐1 alpha pathway may offer another approach in controlling the inflammatory activity of psoriatic lesions.
Cytogenetics of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Manola Kalliopi N.
Published: June 2009

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease accounting for 15–20% of all childhood acute leukemias, while it is responsible for more than half of the leukemic deaths in these patients. This article focuses on the significance of cytogenetic analysis in pediatric AML supporting the importance of cytogenetic analysis in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, follow‐up and treatment selection in childhood AML. It reviews in detail the types and frequencies of most common chromosomal aberrations, their molecular background, their correlation with French American British (FAB) subtypes and age distribution and their prognostic relevance. It also summarizes some less frequent or rare chromosome aberrations in which the prognostic classification has not been determined yet owning to the small number of patients and the variable treatment modalities used in different study groups. Furthermore, it discusses the association of specific chromosome rearrangements with prenatal exposure to carcinogenic agents or therapeutic agents and highlights the ongoing and future research on pediatric AML in the evolving field of Cytogenetics.
Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in children
Authors: Ruottinen Soile , Rönnemaa Tapani , Niinikoski Harri , Lagström Hanna , Saarinen Maiju , Pahkala Katja , Kaitosaari Tuuli , Viikari Jorma , Simell Olli
Published: June 2009

Aim:  To study the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids in children, and influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype (apoE) on the association.

Subjects/methods:  A total of 644 children from a prospective, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial (STRIP) participated in this longitudinal study at age 5 (n = 644), 7 (n = 585) and 9 (n = 550) years. ApoE phenotype, fasting triglyceride, total, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and 4‐day food records were analysed.

Results:  An increase in the total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% (percentage of total daily energy intake) associated with a decrease in HDL cholesterol by 0.006 mmol/L (p < 0.001) when adjusted for saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, age, gender, body mass index and STRIP study group. The inverse association between total carbohydrate intake and HDL cholesterol was evident in children with apoE3 (p < 0.001) or apoE4 (p < 0.001), but not in those with apoE2 (p = 0.78). An increase in total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% increased triglycerides by 0.02 mmol/L (p < 0.001) independently of apoE phenotype, while 1 E% increase in sucrose intake increased triglycerides by 0.01 mmol/L (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Carbohydrate intake has a relatively small effect on serum lipids in children. Children with the apoE3 or E4 but not with E2 phenotype show reduction in HDL cholesterol with increasing carbohydrate intake indicating that genetic and environmental factors interact with children’s lipoprotein metabolism.
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SENSORY TYPICALITY JUDGMENTS
Authors: PERRIN LUCIE , PAGÈS JEROME
Published: June 2009

The present paper described a global methodology studying typicality, in several steps (the first step conditioning the following ones), (1) to ensure the existence of an agreement in typicality judgments between the local wine experts; (2) to link typicality with the appellation membership; (3) to determine the relation between typicality and the global image of the product space; and finally, (4) to characterize the specificity of the wines judged as the most representative. This methodology was applied to two different sets of appellations (white wines and red wines sets) from the Central Loire Valley region in France. The results obtained differed according to the product space studied: an agreement between the typicality judgments was only observed for the red wines product space. The appellation and typicality constituted strong elements in the red wine space structure and it was possible to translate typicality of the red wines product space in terms of sensory characteristics.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Evaluating the sensory specificities of wines from a given category, such as an appellation, is of strategic interest for the wine industry. The production factors induce a great sensory diversity within the appellations, which leads to a problem of representativeness: the appellation membership is thus not sufficient to determine the sensory specificities of a given appellation and has to be distinguished from typicality. For a full vision, typicality needs to be studied through typicality judgments, global image of the product space and characterization. This paper proposes a global methodology for both the data collection and data treatment, including analysis of variance models, linking and synthesis methods. The example suggests that the existence of sensory typicality needs to be checked in all wine appellations where typicality is considered as a quality criterion. It would be thereafter possible to study sensory typicality and to translate it in terms of sensory characteristics.
Pharmacophore Identification and Validation Study of CK2 Inhibitors Using CoMFA/CoMSIA
Authors: Morshed Mohammad Neaz , Muddassar Muhammad , Pasha Farhan Ahmad , Cho Seung Joo
Published: June 2009

Protein kinase CK2, also known as casein kinase‐2, has been found to be involved in cell growth, proliferation and suppression of apoptosis, which is related to human cancers. The series of compounds were identified as casein kinase‐2 inhibitors and their inhibitory activities are a function of a variation of their structures. The current study deals with the pharmacophore identification and, accordingly, the three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship model development using Pharmacophore Alignment and Scoring Engine. Several hypotheses were developed for the molecular alignments. On the basis of statistical values, the best‐fitted model was identified and the same alignment was used for 3D‐QSAR using comparative molecular field analysis/comparative molecular similarity index analysis. Both the CoMFA (R 2CV = 0.58, R 2 = 0.82 and r 2pred = 0.62) and the comparative molecular similarity index analysis (R 2CV = 0.74, R 2 = 0.98 and r 2pred = 0.81) gave reasonable results. Besides pharmacophore‐based alignment, the maximum common substructure‐based alignment was also used for the comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity index analysis. The pharmacophore‐based alignment was more prominent and it has provided important information for the modelling of potent inhibitors. The overall study implies that a highly positive and bulky group with H‐bond donating property is desirable around the nitrogen atom adjacent to the pyrrolidine ring.
The Male Is Not Like the Female (Q 3:36): The Question of Gender Egalitarianism in the Qur’?n
Authors: Bauer Karen
Published: June 2009

Notions of justice and gender egalitarianism are central to the debates on the status of women in the Qur’an today; however authors differ in their definitions of the terms of justice and egalitarianism. Some argue that egalitarianism is located in the spiritual realm, while marital hierarchies are natural. Others interpret the text to embody egalitarianism in all realms. A third group holds complete equality as an ideal, but admits to the text's hierarchical elements. This article examines these scholarly debates, and addresses the question of whether the Qur’an treats men and women equally. I propose that gender equality is not a central concern of the Qur’?n.
Aleksandr Dugin's Neo‐Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe1
Authors: Shekhovtsov Anton
Published: June 2009

Russian political thinker and, by his own words, geopolitician, Aleksandr Dugin, represents a comparatively new trend in the radical Russian nationalist thought. In the course of the 1990s, he introduced his own doctrine that was called Neo‐Eurasianism. Despite the supposed reference to the interwar political movement of Eurasianists, Dugin's Neo‐Eurasian nationalism was rooted in the political and cultural philosophy of the European New Right. Neo‐Eurasianism is based on a quasi‐geopolitical theory that juxtaposes the ‘Atlanticist New World Order’ (principally the US and the UK) against the Russia‐oriented ‘New Eurasian Order’. According to Dugin, the ‘Atlanticist Order’ is a homogenizing force that dilutes national and cultural diversity that is a core value for Eurasia. Taken for granted, Eurasia is perceived to suffer from a ‘severe ethnic, biological and spiritual’ crisis and is to undergo an ‘organic cultural‐ethnic process’ under the leadership of Russia that will secure the preservation of Eurasian nations and their cultural traditions. Neo‐Eurasianism, sacralized by Dugin and his followers in the form of a political religion, provides a clear break from narrow nationalism toward the New Right ethopluralist model. Many Neo‐Eurasian themes find a broad response among Russian high‐ranking politicians, philosophers, scores of university students, as well as numerous avant‐garde artists and musicians. Already by the end of the 1990s, Neo‐Eurasianism took on a respectable, academic guise and was drawn in to ‘scientifically’ support some anti‐American and anti‐British rhetoric of the Russian government.
Religious Environmentalism in the West. I: A Focus on Christianity
Authors: Douglas Steve
Published: June 2009

This article surveys the phenomenon of Christian religious environmentalism in the West. It defines religious environmentalism, and explores its nature and forms, its origins and its evolution. Factors associated with its ongoing growth and heightened public and scholarly profile of the phenomenon are briefly discussed, including the emergence of collaboration between religious and secular environmentalism. The state of the associated scholarly literature is summarised.
Politics and Religion in Japan
Authors: Starrs Roy
Published: June 2009

The relation between church and state, or religion and politics, has always been an uncomfortably close one in Japan, but it is only in recent years that this relationship has been seen as problematical, both from a political and a religious perspective. This article surveys two major areas of contention in particular: the present Japanese government's apparent attempts to revive an Emperor‐centered State Shinto, and the lively recent debates over the role of Buddhism, especially of ‘fascist Zen’, in the Asia–Pacific War. I also consider the political implications of the new movement of so‐called ‘Critical Buddhism’, as well as of the ‘religious violence’ practiced by the Aum Shinriky? ‘doomsday cult’.
The Effects of an Olmesartan Medoxomil–Based Treatment Algorithm on 24‐Hour Blood Pressure Levels in Elderly Patients Aged 65 and Older
Authors: Kereiakes Dean J. , Neutel Joel , Stoakes Kathy A. , Waverczak William F. , Xu Jianbo , Shojaee Ali , Dubiel Robert
Published: June 2009

This study examined the effect of olmesartan medoxomil (OM) ± hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on mean 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure, mean seated cuff (Se) blood pressure (BP), and SeBP goal achievement in elderly (65 years and older) patients with hypertension. After a 2‐ to 3‐week placebo run‐in period, patients received OM 20 mg, up‐titrated to OM 40 mg, and then added HCTZ 12.5  mg to 25 mg in a stepwise manner at 3‐week intervals if SeBP remained ≥120/70 mm Hg. The primary end point was change from baseline in mean 24‐hour ambulatory systolic BP. At study end, mean 24‐hour ambulatory BP had decreased by 25.7/12.3 mm Hg (n=150) and mean SeBP by 25.4/10.5 mm Hg (n=176; all P<.00001 vs baseline). Drug‐related treatment‐emergent adverse events, most commonly dizziness (3.4%), hypotension (2.2%), and headache (1.1%), were observed in 11.8% of patients. An OM‐based treatment algorithm effectively lowers BP in an elderly patient population throughout the 24‐hour dosing interval without compromising tolerability.
Performance Assessment of Rain Gardens1
Authors: Asleson Brooke C. , Nestingen Rebecca S. , Gulliver John S. , Hozalski Raymond M. , Nieber John L.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The most widely used approach for evaluating the performance of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) such as rain gardens is monitoring, but this approach can involve a long time period to observe a sufficient number and variety of storm events, a high level of effort, and unavoidable uncertainty. In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation of three approaches for performance assessment of rain gardens: visual inspection, infiltration rate testing, and synthetic drawdown testing. Twelve rain gardens in Minnesota underwent visual inspection, with four determined to be nonfunctional based on one or more of the following criteria: (1) presence of ponded water, (2) presence of hydric soils, (3) presence of emergent (wetland) vegetation, and (4) failing vegetation. It is believed that these rain gardens failed due to a lack of maintenance. For the remaining eight rain gardens, an infiltrometer was used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the soil surface at several locations throughout each basin in what is termed infiltration rate testing. The median Ksat values for the rain gardens ranged from 3 to 72 cm/h. Synthetic drawdown testing was performed on three rain gardens by filling the basins with water to capacity where possible and recording water level over time. The observed drain times for two of those rain gardens were in good agreement with predictions based on the median of the infiltrometer measurements. The observed drain time for the third rain garden was much greater than predicted due to the presence of a restrictive soil layer beneath the topsoil. The assessment approaches developed in this research should prove useful for determining whether the construction of the rain garden was performed properly, a rain garden is functioning properly, and for developing maintenance tasks and schedules.
Dietary fiber improves lipid homeostasis and modulates adipocytokines in hamsters
Authors: HUNG Shao‐Ching , BARTLEY Glenn , YOUNG Scott Andrew , ALBERS David Robert , DIELMAN Demetrius Richard , ANDERSON William Henry Kerr , YOKOYAMA Wallace
Published: June 2009

Background:  The hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects of various natural and semisynthetic dietary fibers have been studied for their potential use in the prevention and improvement of metabolic syndrome. Of these dietary fibers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been shown to lower plasma cholesterol and reduce weight gain. However, the underlying mechanisms are not known. In the present study, we examined associations between plasma adipocytokine levels and both lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity after HPMC intake in golden Syrian hamsters. In addition, endogenous adiponectin from hamster plasma was purified and characterized.

Methods:  Hamsters were treated with HPMC (2% and 4% in a high‐fat diet) or 2% or 4% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; control diet) for 8 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, leptin, and hepatic lipid levels were assessed using standard techniques.

Results:  After 8 weeks of feeding, plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hamsters fed the 4% HPMC‐supplemented diet were significantly lower than in hamsters fed the control diet. Moreover, a significant increase in adiponectin levels and a decrease in leptin levels were observed in hamsters fed the 4% HPMC‐supplemented diet. Hamster adiponectin was found to be comprised of 244 amino acid residues with an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa, consistent with the adiponectin reported in other species.

Conclusions:  Reductions in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were correlated with a decrease in plasma leptin and an increase in adiponectin. These results suggest that adipocytokines are regulated by HPMC and may play a pivotal role in the hypocholesterolemic effect.
Increase of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin‐6 in the aqueous humour of patients with macular oedema and central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Noma Hidetaka , Funatsu Hideharu , Mimura Tatsuya , Harino Seiyo , Sone Takashi , Hori Sadao
Published: June 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 646–651

Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) influence macular oedema in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Methods:  Sixteen consecutive patients with unilateral CRVO and macular oedema were studied, along with eight age‐ and sex‐matched patients without ischaemic ocular disease. Retinal ischaemia was evaluated from capillary non‐perfusion on fluorescein angiography. Macular oedema was examined by optical coherence tomography. Aqueous humour (AH) samples were obtained during combined pars plana vitrectomy and cataract surgery, and were examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:  Aqueous levels of VEGF and IL‐6 were significantly elevated in patients compared with controls (p = 0.0142 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Aqueous levels of both molecules were significantly higher in patients with ischaemia than in those without ischaemia (p = 0.0026 and p = 0.0487, respectively). Furthermore, AH levels of VEGF and IL‐6 were correlated with the severity of macular oedema (ρ = 0.7265, p = 0.0049, ρ = 0.5324, and p = 0.0392, respectively).

Conclusions:  Both VEGF and IL‐6 were elevated in the AH of patients with macular oedema and ischaemic CRVO, suggesting that these molecules may be related to the increase in vascular permeability in such patients.
The Etiology of Social Change
Authors: Carley Kathleen M. , Martin Michael K. , Hirshman Brian R.
Published: June 2009

A fundamental aspect of human beings is that they learn. The process of learning and what is learned are impacted by a number of factors, both cognitive and social; that is, humans are boundedly rational. Cognitive and social limitations interact, making it difficult to reason about how to provide information to impact what humans know, believe, and do. Herein, we use a multi‐agent dynamic‐network simulation system, Construct, to conduct such reasoning. In particular, we ask, What media should be used to provide information to most impact what people know, believe, and do, given diverse social structures? All simulated agents are boundedly rational both at the cognitive and social level, and so are subject to factors such as literacy, education, and the breadth of their social network. We find that there is no one most effective intervention; rather, to be effective, messages and the media used to spread the message need to be selected for the population being addressed. Typically, a multimedia campaign is critical.
Clinical Efficacy of α 1‐blocker Naftopidil in Patients with Overactive Bladder Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: KAKIZAKI Hidehiro , TANAKA Hiroshi , MITSUI Takahiko , NONOMURA Katsuya
Published: June 2009

Objectives: We evaluated the clinical efficacy of α1‐blocker naftopidil in patients with overactive bladder associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods: A total of 29 patients (range 50–83 years of age, mean 66.7 years) who had severe storage symptoms associated with BPH were studied. The inclusion criteria were (i) a total of seven or more points in storage symptom scores (frequency, urgency and nocturia) of the International Prostate Symptom Score (I‐PSS) and (ii) a quality of life (QOL) index of two or more. Subjective (I‐PSS and QOL index) and objective (uroflowmetry, post‐void residual and filling cystometry) parameters were evaluated before and 3 months after treatment with naftopidil.

Results: Total I‐PSS significantly decreased after treatment, with significant improvement of both storage and voiding symptoms scores and QOL index. Improvement of QOL index was most correlated with the reduction of storage symptoms scores. In nine patients who had involuntary detrusor contractions during filling cystometry before treatment, bladder volume at first desire to void significantly increased (from a mean of 174 to 260 mL), and involuntary detrusor contractions disappeared in three patients after treatment.

Conclusion: Naftopidil improves not only voiding symptoms, but also storage symptoms associated with BPH, and is effective for improving bladder storage function in patients with detrusor overactivity.