bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Compliance Demands in Government Benefit Programs Improves the Psychological Well-Being of Target Group Members
Authors: Baekgaard Martin , Mikkelsen Kim Sass , Madsen Jonas Krogh , Christensen Julian
Published: April 2021

State actions impact the lives of citizens in general and government benefit recipients in particular. However, little is known about whether experiences of psychological costs among benefit recipients can be relieved by reducing compliance demands in interactions with the state. Across three studies, we provide evidence that reducing demands causes relief. In a survey experiment, we show that psychological costs experienced by Danish unemployment insurance recipients change in response to information about actual reduced compliance demands. In two field studies, we exploit survey data collected around a sudden, exogenous shock (the COVID-19 lockdown of the Danish society in March 2020), which led to immediate reductions in compliance demands in Denmark’s active labor market policies. We test whether two groups of benefit recipients experienced reduced psychological costs in response to these sudden reductions in compliance demands imposed by the state. Across all studies, we find that the reduction of compliance demands is associated with an increased sense of autonomy, and in two of the three studies, it is associated with reduced stress. Overall, our findings suggest that psychological costs experienced by benefit recipients are indeed affected by state actions in the form of compliance demands.
Private Spirits, Public Lives: Sober Citizenship, Shame and Secret Drinking in Victorian Britain
Authors: Beckingham David
Published: April 2021

This article considers Victorian concerns about the rise of secret drinking amongst respectable women. These new, apparently dangerous, practices were blamed on licensed grocers and even railway station refreshment rooms. Understandings of different male and female natures went hand in glove with anxieties about the potential effects of drinking. That alcohol might be consumed in secret, at home, triggered concerns about the shameful state of womanhood and the risks for the domestic space and state of the family. This secrecy, and an apparent absence of reliable evidence as to the scale of the problem, is central to the methodological challenge and argument in this article. Using their knowledge of and putative responsibilities for the private sphere, women in the temperance movement organized against the grocer. The article analyses published accounts of women’s work in the Church of England Temperance Society, the British Women’s Temperance Association, and Women’s Total Abstinence Union. It argues that their efforts, rooted in private and domestic imperatives, tested the social and spatial reach of women’s reform work. Acting against the grocer helped women to articulate a distinctively public model of sober citizenship.
Molecular Parallelism Underlies Convergent Highland Adaptation of Maize Landraces
Authors: Wang Li , Josephs Emily B , Lee Kristin M , Roberts Lucas M , Rellán-Álvarez Rubén , Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey , Hufford Matthew B
Published: April 2021

Convergent phenotypic evolution provides some of the strongest evidence for adaptation. However, the extent to which recurrent phenotypic adaptation has arisen via parallelism at the molecular level remains unresolved, as does the evolutionary origin of alleles underlying such adaptation. Here, we investigate genetic mechanisms of convergent highland adaptation in maize landrace populations and evaluate the genetic sources of recurrently selected alleles. Population branch excess statistics reveal substantial evidence of parallel adaptation at the level of individual single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), genes, and pathways in four independent highland maize populations. The majority of convergently selected SNPs originated via migration from a single population, most likely in the Mesoamerican highlands, while standing variation introduced by ancient gene flow was also a contributor. Polygenic adaptation analyses of quantitative traits reveal that alleles affecting flowering time are significantly associated with elevation, indicating the flowering time pathway was targeted by highland adaptation. In addition, repeatedly selected genes were significantly enriched in the flowering time pathway, indicating their significance in adapting to highland conditions. Overall, our study system represents a promising model to study convergent evolution in plants with potential applications to crop adaptation across environmental gradients.
Role of Sex-Concordant Gene Expression in the Coevolution of Exaggerated Male and Female Genitalia in a Beetle Group
Authors: Nomura Shota , Fujisawa Tomochika , Sota Teiji
Published: April 2021

Some sexual traits, including genitalia, have undergone coevolutionary diversification toward exaggerated states in both sexes among closely related species, but the underlying genetic mechanisms that allow correlated character evolution between the sexes are poorly understood. Here, we studied interspecific differences in gene expression timing profiles involved in the correlated evolution of corresponding male and female genital parts in three species of ground beetle in Carabus (Ohomopterus). The male and female genital parts maintain morphological matching, whereas large interspecific variation in genital part size has occurred in the genital coevolution between the sexes toward exaggeration. We analyzed differences in gene expression involved in the interspecific differences in genital morphology using whole transcriptome data from genital tissues during genital morphogenesis. We found that the gene expression variance attributed to sex was negligible for the majority of differentially expressed genes, thus exhibiting sex-concordant expression, although large variances were attributed to stage and species differences. For each sex, we obtained co-expression gene networks and hub genes from differentially expressed genes between species that might be involved in interspecific differences in genital morphology. These gene networks were common to both sexes, and both sex-discordant and sex-concordant gene expression were likely involved in species-specific genital morphology. In particular, the gene expression related to exaggerated genital size showed no significant intersexual differences, implying that the genital sizes in both sexes are controlled by the same gene network with sex-concordant expression patterns, thereby facilitating the coevolution of exaggerated genitalia between the sexes while maintaining intersexual matching.
Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp10 bound to nsp14-ExoN domain reveals an exoribonuclease with both structural and functional integrity
Authors: Lin Sheng , Chen Hua , Chen Zimin , Yang Fanli , Ye Fei , Zheng Yue , Yang Jing , Lin Xi , Sun Honglu , Wang Lingling , Wen Ao , Dong Haohao , Xiao Qingjie , Deng Dong , Cao Yu , Lu Guangwen
Published: April 2021

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection has posed unprecedented threat to global public health. The virus-encoded non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) is a bi-functional enzyme consisting of an exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain and a methyltransferase (MTase) domain and plays a pivotal role in viral replication. Here, we report the structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14-ExoN domain bound to its co-factor nsp10 and show that, compared to the SARS-CoV nsp10/nsp14-full-length complex, SARS-CoV-2 nsp14-ExoN retains an integral exoribonuclease fold and preserves an active configuration in the catalytic center. Analysis of the nsp10/nsp14-ExoN interface reveals a footprint in nsp10 extensively overlapping with that observed in the nsp10/nsp16 structure. A marked difference in the co-factor when engaging nsp14 and nsp16 lies in helix-α1′, which is further experimentally ascertained to be involved in nsp14-binding but not in nsp16-engagement. Finally, we also show that nsp10/nsp14-ExoN is enzymatically active despite the absence of nsp14-MTase domain. These data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 nsp10/nsp14-ExoN functions as an exoribonuclease with both structural and functional integrity.
ModFOLD8: accurate global and local quality estimates for 3D protein models
Authors: McGuffin Liam J , Aldowsari Fahd M F , Alharbi Shuaa M A , Adiyaman Recep
Published: April 2021

Methods for estimating the quality of 3D models of proteins are vital tools for driving the acceptance and utility of predicted tertiary structures by the wider bioscience community. Here we describe the significant major updates to ModFOLD, which has maintained its position as a leading server for the prediction of global and local quality of 3D protein models, over the past decade (>20 000 unique external users). ModFOLD8 is the latest version of the server, which combines the strengths of multiple pure-single and quasi-single model methods. Improvements have been made to the web server interface and there has been successive increases in prediction accuracy, which were achieved through integration of newly developed scoring methods and advanced deep learning-based residue contact predictions. Each version of the ModFOLD server has been independently blind tested in the biennial CASP experiments, as well as being continuously evaluated via the CAMEO project. In CASP13 and CASP14, the ModFOLD7 and ModFOLD8 variants ranked among the top 10 quality estimation methods according to almost every official analysis. Prior to CASP14, ModFOLD8 was also applied for the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 protein models as part of CASP Commons 2020 initiative. The ModFOLD8 server is freely available at: https://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/ModFOLD/.
CeLaVi: an interactive cell lineage visualization tool
Authors: Salvador-Martínez Irepan , Grillo Marco , Averof Michalis , Telford Maximilian J
Published: April 2021

Recent innovations in genetics and imaging are providing the means to reconstruct cell lineages, either by tracking cell divisions using live microscopy, or by deducing the history of cells using molecular recorders. A cell lineage on its own, however, is simply a description of cell divisions as branching events. A major goal of current research is to integrate this description of cell relationships with information about the spatial distribution and identities of the cells those divisions produce. Visualizing, interpreting and exploring these complex data in an intuitive manner requires the development of new tools. Here we present CeLaVi, a web-based visualization tool that allows users to navigate and interact with a representation of cell lineages, whilst simultaneously visualizing the spatial distribution, identities and properties of cells. CeLaVi’s principal functions include the ability to explore and manipulate the cell lineage tree; to visualise the spatial distribution of cell clones at different depths of the tree; to colour cells in the 3D viewer based on lineage relationships; to visualise various cell qualities on the 3D viewer (e.g. gene expression, cell type) and to annotate selected cells/clones. All these capabilities are demonstrated with four different example data sets. CeLaVi is available at http://www.celavi.pro.
SynLeGG: analysis and visualization of multiomics data for discovery of cancer ‘Achilles Heels’ and gene function relationships
Authors: Wappett Mark , Harris Adam , Lubbock Alexander L R , Lobb Ian , McDade Simon , Overton Ian M
Published: April 2021

Achilles’ heel relationships arise when the status of one gene exposes a cell's vulnerability to perturbation of a second gene, such as chemical inhibition, providing therapeutic opportunities for precision oncology. SynLeGG (www.overton-lab.uk/synlegg) identifies and visualizes mutually exclusive loss signatures in ‘omics data to enable discovery of genetic dependency relationships (GDRs) across 783 cancer cell lines and 30 tissues. While there is significant focus on genetic approaches, transcriptome data has advantages for investigation of GDRs and remains relatively underexplored. SynLeGG depends upon the MultiSEp algorithm for unsupervised assignment of cell lines into gene expression clusters, which provide the basis for analysis of CRISPR scores and mutational status in order to propose candidate GDRs. Benchmarking against SynLethDB demonstrates favourable performance for MultiSEp against competing approaches, finding significantly higher area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic curve and between 2.8-fold to 8.5-fold greater coverage. In addition to pan-cancer analysis, SynLeGG offers investigation of tissue-specific GDRs and recovers established relationships, including synthetic lethality for SMARCA2 with SMARCA4. Proteomics, Gene Ontology, protein-protein interactions and paralogue information are provided to assist interpretation and candidate drug target prioritization. SynLeGG predictions are significantly enriched in dependencies validated by a recently published CRISPR screen.
Single-cell transcriptome and genome analyses of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Cui Yueli , Li Chao , Jiang Zhenhuan , Zhang Shu , Li Qingqing , Liu Xixi , Zhou Yuan , Li Runting , Wei Liudong , Li Lianwang , Zhang Qi , Wen Lu , Tang Fuchou , Zhou Dabiao
Published: April 2021

Background

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the second most common intracranial tumor. We lacked a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of these tumors.

Methods

We performed high-precision single-cell RNA sequencing for 2679 individual cells obtained from 23 surgically resected samples of the major subtypes of PitNETs from 21 patients. We also performed single-cell multi-omics sequencing for 238 cells from 5 patients.

Results

Unsupervised clustering analysis distinguished all tumor subtypes, which was in accordance with the classification based on immunohistochemistry and provided additional information. We identified 3 normal endocrine cell types: somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and gonadotrophs. Comparisons of tumor and matched normal cells showed that differentially expressed genes of gonadotroph tumors were predominantly downregulated, while those of somatotroph and lactotroph tumors were mainly upregulated. We identified novel tumor-related genes, such as AMIGO2, ZFP36, BTG1, and DLG5. Tumors expressing multiple hormone genes showed little transcriptomic heterogeneity. Furthermore, single-cell multi-omics analysis demonstrated that the tumor had a relatively uniform pattern of genome with slight heterogeneity in copy number variations.

Conclusions

Our single-cell transcriptome and single-cell multi-omics analyses provide novel insights into the characteristics and heterogeneity of these complex neoplasms for the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Household saving, health, and healthcare utilization in Japan
Authors: Alzuabi Raslan , Brown Sarah , Gray Daniel , Harris Mark N , Spencer Christopher
Published: April 2021

We explore the effects of health and healthcare utilization on household saving and financial portfolios using data from the Japanese Household Panel Survey and the Keio Household Panel Survey. Poor psychological well-being is found to be associated with lower levels of savings and smaller financial portfolios, whereas associations with poor physical health are largely absent. Significantly, our findings do not support the hypothesis that poorer physical health is associated with savings accumulation. In contrast, healthcare utilization in the form of hospital visits, hospitalization, and health screening is associated with greater savings and larger financial portfolios. This suggests that healthcare-based incentives to accumulate savings and financial wealth are related to channels associated with investment in health.
A Written Constitution: A Case Not Made
Authors: Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: April 2021

Whether the UK needs a written constitution is a staple of British constitutional debates. Over the years, the fault lines have shifted from whether to incorporate a Bill of Rights to much deeper disagreement with respect to the people and the central power of the state. In this article I neither endorse the conservative case against a written constitution nor argue for the existing constitution to be codified. Instead, I first assess the content of various proposals for a written constitution. I then problematise the process of constitution making by asking not whether the UK constitution should be codified, but by relating the constitution to the people as the authors and to the state as its object.
Intraoperative Seizure Detection During Active Resection of Glioblastoma Through a Novel Hollow Circular Electrocorticography Array
Authors: Domingo Ricardo A , Vivas-Buitrago Tito , De Biase Gaetano , Middlebrooks Erik H , Bechtle Perry S , Sabsevitz David S , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Tatum William O
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Data supporting the use of electrocorticography (ECoG) monitoring during electrical stimulation in awake craniotomies for resection of supratentorial neoplasms is robust, but its applicability during active resection is often limited by the inability to keep the array in place. Given the known survival benefit of gross total resection in glioma surgery, novel approaches to surgical monitoring are warranted to maximize safe resection and optimize surgical outcomes in patients with glioblastoma.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 68-yr-old right-handed woman presented to the emergency department with confusion. Imaging studies revealed a bifrontal intra-axial brain lesion. She underwent a left-sided awake craniotomy procedure with cortical and subcortical mapping. During surgical resection, multiple electrographic seizures were detected on continuous ECoG monitoring with a customized 22-channel high-density hollow circular array. She remained without clinical evidence of seizures at 3 mo after surgery.

CONCLUSION

We report a unique case of serial electrographic seizures detected during continuous intraoperative ECoG monitoring during active surgical resection of a glioblastoma using a novel circular hollow array during an awake craniotomy. The use of continuous ECoG monitoring during active resection may provide additional data, with potential influence in outcomes for patients undergoing resection of high-grade glial neoplasms.
Depth Electrode Guided Anterior Insulectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Mandel Mauricio , Lamsam Layton , Farooque Pue , Spencer Dennis , Damisah Eyiyemisi
Published: April 2021

The insula is well established as an epileptogenic area.
1
Insular epilepsy surgery demands precise anatomic knowledge
2-4
and tailored removal of the epileptic zone with careful neuromonitoring.
5
We present an operative video illustrating an intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) depth electrode guided anterior insulectomy.

 We report a 17-yr-old right-handed woman with a 4-yr history of medically refractory epilepsy. The patient reported daily nocturnal ictal vocalization preceded by an indescribable feeling. Preoperative evaluation was suggestive of a right frontal-temporal onset, but the noninvasive results were discordant. She underwent a combined intracranial EEG study with a frontal-parietal grid, with strips and depth electrodes covering the entire right hemisphere. Epileptiform activity was observed in contact 6 of the anterior insula electrode. The patient consented to the procedure and to the publication of her images.

 A right anterior insulectomy was performed. First, a portion of the frontal operculum was resected and neuronavigation was used for the initial insula localization. However, due to unreliable neuronavigation (ie, brain shift), the medial and anterior borders of the insular resection were guided by the depth electrode reference. The patient was discharged 3 d after surgery with no neurological deficits and remains seizure free.

 We demonstrate that depth electrode guided insular surgery is a safe and precise technique, leading to an optimal outcome.
Fair Housing
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

By regularly acting out racialized organizational routines and interpreting ostensibly neutral routines through the lens of racist ideas comprising the racist market rubric, real estate professionals separate people and neighborhoods by race. In doing so, these race and racism brokers ensure that the most housing market opportunities and resources are reserved for White individuals and neighborhoods. Their actions exclude individuals and neighborhoods of color from such opportunities. This chapter describes the author’s policy recommendations for interrupting such housing market racism. These recommendations are directed toward governmental, real estate, and fair housing agencies and organizations rather than toward individual professionals. Broadly, the chapter’s recommendations focus on how to monitor housing market professionals (particularly housing developers and appraisers), prosecute violations of fair housing law, and directly intervene in organizational routines that implicitly or explicitly enable racist interpretations of individuals and neighborhoods. These recommendations return to the fundamental point of this book: Racial segregation is not a natural or neutral feature of urban landscapes.
Introduction
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the entrepreneurship-as-networking perspective. The authors argue that a focus on the social-interactive aspects and action orientation of entrepreneurship is needed. They contribute an integrated account in which the entrepreneur’s agency is combined with a greater emphasis on the social environment. The importance of social relations and the associated interactions between entrepreneurs and their environment give insight into key entrepreneurial processes. These are (a) the origins of opportunities, (b) how entrepreneurs access resources and subsequently mobilize and deploy them, and (c) the ways entrepreneurs build legitimacy, facilitating them to act on perceived new combinations and thereby exploit their potential.
Legitimizing through entrepreneurial networking
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents an entrepreneurship-as-networking perspective on new venture legitimacy. New ventures are more likely to survive and perform when various audiences and stakeholders perceive their activities as legitimate. This is especially true when new ventures are pursuing something novel and innovative. Therefore, it is crucial for new ventures to gain legitimacy. In this chapter, viewing legitimacy predominantly as a process and concurrently distinguishing processes related to types of legitimacy, the authors theorize how entrepreneurs incorporate various audiences and their judgments into their active networking, thus shaping the legitimacy process. The interactions between various audiences and the entrepreneur take form through different legitimacy strategies—that is, identity-seeking strategies, associative strategies, and networking strategies—resulting in legitimacy judgments by audiences. Under conditions of high uncertainty, the legitimacy judgment as the outcome of the social interactions is co-created by audiences and entrepreneurs and is diffused outside local networks to the broader society through distributed brokerage.
Distributive and Relational Equality
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

This chapter develops the expressive perspective on justice on which the overall argument of the book for liberal relational equality is based. It shows that the way social and political institutions treat individuals and groups is of irreducible importance to justice, and that this consideration cannot be satisfactorily accounted for by more traditional distributive theories of egalitarian justice, which focus on according individuals equal shares of justice-relevant goods; paradigmatically goods such as resources, (opportunity for welfare), or basic capabilities. It makes a case for the special relevance for justice of the attitudes expressed by institutions in the treatment of those subject to their power, as that expression constitutes its meaning. That meaning is particularly salient where the treatment gives rise to, or shores up, power and status hierarchies between different individuals and groups.
Social Status, Self-Respect, and Opportunity
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

This chapter extends the requirements of liberal relational egalitarianism by way of an account of esteem-based norms of social status, analysing three kinds of injustices that such norms can engender or constitute. First, they can enable or aggravate domination. Second, they can harm self-respect. However, a closer analysis of self-respect and its crucial role for individual autonomy reveals that not all inegalitarian status norms can be classified as threats to self-respect without threatening precisely that role. Third, they can be unjust simply by depriving individuals of significant social opportunities, because losing such opportunities due to norm-coordinated, self-sustaining disesteem by others is a threat to one’s equal standing in social cooperation not present when they are foreclosed in other ways. This is an independent rationale for combating these norms which is fully accessible to liberals, and does better at capturing the distinct evil of status hierarchy than rival views.
Parents’ Expectations of Religious Congregations
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy
Published: April 2021

Church leaders, youth ministers, and volunteers are likely curious about the extent to which parents find congregations useful in transmitting religious beliefs and behaviors. This chapter explores how parents use religious congregations to transmit religious belief. The chapter discusses why parents tend to feel that they, rather than their congregations, are primarily responsible for passing on religious faith. Many parents select their congregations for fairly practical reasons, they have a lot of confidence in their own understanding of religion, and they want to be involved in all aspects of their child’s life, including religious development. This chapter also unpacks what parents see as the most valuable contributions that congregations provide for their children. These include the congregation’s role in providing religious education, making religion fun for their children, and transmitting cultural traditions.
Beginning
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

Through personal narrative, this chapter details the author’s experience of first becoming aware that something was not right with his body. This experience leads to visiting his primary care doctor who tells him that she is concerned about the possibility of his having Parkinson’s disease and then refers the author to a neurologist who is a movement disorder specialist. He is examined by this neurologist, who says, “What worries me is that I think you are in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease,” but who wants the author to have a brain scan that will confirm the clinical diagnosis given his young age and subtle symptoms. The author leaves his office, drives home, and informs his wife that this doctor thinks he have Parkinson’s disease. Here begins his new life as a person with Parkinson’s (PwP).
Lobster Fisheries
Authors: Wahle Richard A. , Linnane Adrian J. , Harrington Amalia M.
Published: April 2021

Lobster fisheries represent some of the most iconic and valuable fisheries in the world. This chapter provides an overview of the commercial species of lobster in the families Palinuridae, Nephropidae, and Scyllaridae, commonly known as spiny, clawed, and slipper lobsters, respectively. Together, in 2015 these fisheries comprised about 14% of the economic value of crustacean fisheries globally. While the clawed lobster fisheries rank as the world’s most productive lobster fisheries, the spiny and slipper lobster fisheries are by far the most diverse. Notably, the clawed lobsters of the genera Homarus and Nephrops of the cool, temperate North Atlantic dominate world lobster production, whereas fisheries for the spiny lobster genera Panulirus, Palinurus, and Jasus and two slipper lobster genera, Thenus and Scyllarides, span much of the world’s tropical and warm temperate coastal zones. The review starts with a description of the distinguishing features of the biology and life history of the three families, including a geographic overview of their fisheries and how they are managed. Then discussed are the challenges confronting lobster fishing industries, fishery managers, and scientists in a changing ecosystem and global economy. The chapter closes by identifying directions for future research to address these challenges. Although space precludes an exhaustive review of all 27 commercial lobster fisheries recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), consistent and compelling themes emerge across the well-studied fisheries. Where long-term fisheries and environmental data time series have accumulated, it is evident that the geographic ranges of the productive segments of the fisheries are shifting poleward, forcing fishery scientists to reconsider long-held assumptions of stationarity common in stock assessment. These changes, in concert with the sometimes unpredictable forces of a global economy, have become a driving force for new innovations in the business and management of lobster fisheries.
Friends, Secrets, and Lies
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines children’s theory of mind and how it can affect children’s, and adults’, lives. A key window on all of this is children’s understanding, achieved in the preschool years, that people can be ignorant and mistaken. Voluminous “false-belief” studies in countries worldwide illuminate this. Moreover, children’s achievement of these theory-of-mind milestones impacts their friendships or friendlessness. And being friendless can have disastrous consequences for a child’s social and academic life that can continue into adulthood. As well as acquiring friends and avoiding friendlessness, theory-of-mind advances impact a child’s ability to keep secrets, to inform and deceive others, and to persuade and argue—all skills vital to a person’s social well-being. Ultimately, young children who best understand false beliefs are not only better liars, secret keepers, and persuaders but also better accepted by their peers.
Putting the Theory in Theory of Mind
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the development of a theory of mind. Compared to computers, humans are poor at data mining. Instead, humans are terrific at creating an overarching theory to explain the facts and then using that theory to make sense of new details that arise. This way of thinking, called everyday theoretical thinking, goes far beyond data mining. People’s basic theory building proceeds from the theory-of-mind skills they learn as babies and young children. If theorizing explains how children accumulate their ideas, then children’s theory-of-mind developments should show three signature features of scientific theory development: Developing theories of mind should unfold in a progression of steps; the changes should grow from evidence, so different experiences can yield different sequences of understanding; and prior knowledge should not only constrain but also facilitate later learning.
The Baby Boom
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

When and how do theory-of-mind understandings begin? This chapter assesses infants’ social understanding. Babies are not the mindless beings scientists and philosophers once thought them. Even in the first year of infancy, they have remarkable knowledge about their social worlds. This is not something babies gain innately. Instead, among their innate abilities is an extraordinary predisposition to learn, especially about their social worlds. Before age two, the end of infancy, children have a foundation for all the social development that is to come, setting the stage for the massive growth in social understanding seen in preschoolers. Like their preschool siblings, infants learn by careful observation and by putting pieces together.
Chimps, Dogs, and Us
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses how animal studies are a crucial way to discover what makes people, and our theories of mind, uniquely human. Chimpanzee social understanding falls far short of human children’s. Nevertheless, people’s human theory of mind reflects beginnings owed to nonhuman ancestors. At the same time, human theory of mind is distinctive. It is broad, impacting almost all of human cognition and social interaction. It is fundamentally developmental, requiring more and more advanced mind-reading insights over an entire human life. It is also helpful and communicative. Even infants deploy their social–cognitive insights to help, communicate with, and learn about others. As such, while people sprang from animal ancestors, it is their advanced, rapidly developing social understanding that makes them uniquely human.
Hi, Robot
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on children’s perception of and interaction with robots. In this way, it follows from Chapter 8 and its focus on understanding of extraordinary minds. Every year, robots become a larger part of adults’ and children’s lives. They are designed to play games, answer questions, read stories, and even watch children unsupervised. Current research suggests that robots might be effective in these roles for young children but less so with older ones. Because robots play an expanding role in children’s lives, we need an expanding research program to understand child–robot interactions for children in a wide range of ages. The chapter overviews emerging research beginning to study this. It also outlines future studies needed to examine children’s learning from robots, along with the complex relationship between children’s perceptions of robots, experiences with robots, how they treat them, and how those interactions impact children’s social development and their interactions with others.
Stories, Theories, Minds
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter sums up theory of mind by focusing on our human love of stories. All stories involve narratives, and all narratives involve situations and actions linked together by minds. Characters in fiction chart complicated paths and spin myriad thoughts. Yet people understand and identify with them easily. Theory of mind allows this to happen. Without the underpinning of mind, authors could not write fiction and readers could not understand it. Authors create credible fictional characters by fabricating for them wants, thoughts, feelings, plans, hopes, preferences, and actions that satisfy or thwart their intentions—all characteristics within the framework of ordinary theory of mind. This is why stories cannot be completely fictional. They must be based on an everyday psychology that a reader can understand or else there is nothing they can relate to.
Preliminaries
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan
Published: April 2021

This chapter lays the foundation for the remainder of the book. It provides a brief historical overview of the most central figures in the Buddhist epistemological tradition and emphasizes the importance of two figures in particular, Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. The chapter additionally provides an overview of several of the most important terms and concepts that are employed within Buddhist epistemological treatises. In particular, an extensive discussion is provided of the notion of a pramāṇa, which is the most important concept in all of Buddhist epistemology. Multiple different understandings of the term pramāṇa are elucidated, including those of a pramāṇa as an “instrument of knowledge” and as an “episode of knowledge.”
The Beatles and Their Fans
Authors: Frontani Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on the Beatles’ transition from an English sensation to an international phenomenon during the fall and winter of 1963–1964, with particular attention to British and American media’s construction of the Beatles’ image and their evolving fan base during that period. On its surface, due to Capitol Records’ and the American media’s initial dependence on British sources, the Beatles’ image appeared to have been exported to the United States with little change. Yet in American media, the band’s image was stripped of much of the class-based resonance so important in the British context, and because of the Beatles’ teen-idol status, Capitol and the American press extricated their image from the intimations of sex, drugs, and violence found in Liverpool’s “rave” culture.. What was left was an ebullient ideal, a celebration of youth that carried the Beatles through the touring years and beyond.
Female Athletes in the Late Hellenistic and Roman Greek World
Authors: Tsouvala Georgia
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a synthesis and analysis of the epigraphic, literary, and artistic evidence of women’s participation in athletic events and venues following the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 bce and during the early Roman Empire. In conjunction with the literary sources, the epigraphic and artistic record makes clear that women participated in athletics, although it appears that their competitions did not always receive the attention that their male counterparts did. Some of them participated in multiple festivals over a period of years in footraces and mousike contests, while others engaged in the more “masculine” competitions of the pyrrhic dance, hunting, and wrestling. These were women whom we should not expect to transition from doing the chores at the mother’s house to winning at Panhellenic games without some kind of regular training, and who regularly attended and became members of the gymnasium and the palaestra.
Cybertime
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

Adversaries are advantaged in many ways when conducting cyberattacks. These advantages are often the result of the posture of the digital health defenders, in particular, the ability, or lack of the ability, of defenders to meet attacks in the time frame in which they evolve. In this chapter, the components of a cyberattack are explored, as are organizational approaches to reduce the response time to attacks through risk management. Defensive and resilience strategies that negate threat speed and optimize time are described. Organizations are directed toward engaging in organizational risk management; in part, they are directed to prioritize protection of critical data. Additionally, IT best practices and workforce development are promoted as part of the health clinic of the future.
Case Studies
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

The last decade has seen the emergence of cyberthreat and cybercrime against health care. Notable attacks have been driven by activists, cyber criminals and those seeking to sow chaos and fear. In this chapter the WannaCry cyberattack, the attack on Boston Children’s Hospital in 2014, and the recent wave of ransomware attacks against health care are detailed as case studies and opportunities for learning. Despite these and similar events, health care has yet to fully recognize and properly address cyberthreat; therefore, patients and providers remain at risk. Cybersecurity must come out of the basement information technology (IT) offices and into the boardroom as an essential organizational priority if health care wishes to continue to digitize its offerings.
Parody and the Role of Song in Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

This chapter deals with the 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. As Monty Python’s first full-length film, Holy Grail combines the sketch comedy style of the troupe with a loose interpretation of Arthurian legend. Although chock-full of anachronisms and outright mockery, Monty Python’s version of Arthurian legend nonetheless represents a valuable addition to the retellings of the story in the twentieth century. While the literature on the Holy Grail offers a foundation for considering the film as an adaptation of Arthurian legend, little work has been done on the film’s music and how it enhances the story. This chapter will emphasize the role of the music, especially the songs written by Neil Innes, arguing that they not only provide atmosphere but augment the narrative (such as it is). In this way, this chapter will also lay the groundwork for examining Holy Grail as the basis for Eric Idle’s later musical, Spamalot.
Human Flourishing
Authors: Messer Neil G.
Published: April 2021

This chapter outlines one Christian theological account of human flourishing, with its roots in the Reformed Protestant tradition, but also drawing on other Christian traditions and disciplinary perspectives. Human flourishing is understood as the fulfillment of God’s good purposes for human creatures and (following the Reformed theologian Karl Barth) includes the dimensions of relationship with God, relationships with others, living a physically embodied and integrated life, and living out a particular vocation in a particular place and time. This theological account of flourishing is brought into dialogue with current social-scientific models of well-being, particularly hedonic and eudaimonic models, and points of agreement and critique are identified. Finally, the chapter suggests a few ways in which this theological account might have practical implications for the measurement and promotion of well-being or human flourishing.
The Comprehensive Measure of Meaning
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey A , VanderWeele Tyler J.
Published: April 2021

Psychological researchers have advanced several instruments to measure meaning. Philosophers have debated the objective versus subjective status of meaning in life and on the global versus individual or personal aspects of meaning. In this chapter, the authors make use of an emerging consensus in the psychology literature concerning a tripartite structure of meaning as cognitive coherence, affective significance, and motivational direction. They enrich this understanding with important philosophical distinctions to distinguish subdomains within this tripartite understanding. The authors use relevant philosophical distinctions to classify existing measurement items into a seven-fold structure intended to more comprehensively assess an individual’s sense of meaning. The proposed measure, with three items in each subdomain drawn from previous scales, constitutes what is put forward as the Comprehensive Measure of Meaning to hopefully enrich the empirical research on the assessment of, and on the causes and effects of, having a sense of meaning.
Advancing the Science of Well-Being
Authors: Ryff Carol D. , Boylan Jennifer Morozink , Kirsch Julie A.
Published: April 2021

We question use of the term “well-being” to encompass notably distinct phenomena (objective indicators of socioeconomic status and health, subjective indicators of psychological experience) and dispute characterization of the field of well-being as relatively new. We also call for greater interplay between government surveys and multiuse cohort studies, both of which increasingly focus on well-being. The MIDUS study is presented as an example of how to negotiate distinct disciplinary priorities in broad-based studies of well-being and health, including those that take context seriously. We conclude with explanations for why we do not endorse any of the measurement recommendations (single-item measures, 4- to 6-item measures, multi-item assessments) put forth in the preceding chapter, arguing that the ultra-short assessments ignore extensive prior science documenting the complex, multifaceted nature of well-being, while the proposed longer assessment (Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving) suffers from multiple problems including a questionable conceptual foundation, inadequate evidence of validity and reliability, and highly redundant items.
The Next Adaptation?
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the research that shows that totally selfish behavior is the exception, not the rule. It examines the innate human tendencies and capacities that exist for cooperation between people, in contrast to the competitiveness that previous evolutionary psychology has suggested is the norm. However, the research is ambivalent about the future of such cooperation. It suggests that although socially and biologically humans have evolved for cooperation, so far it appears to be mainly with the people they perceive as their “own” group, and only gradually with other groups. The chapter looks at the question of whether we are asking too much of our biosocial histories that we should willingly expand our circles of concern to include the increasing refugee and migration movements that are changing the diverse nature of our societies. If we need to do this, how can it be done?
Reviving the Heartland
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

This chapter documents the mission of American ecumenist Stewart Winfield Herman, Jr., in occupied Germany and surveys the American ecumenical effort to spiritually remake the defeated nation in America’s image. It argues that Herman and other leading American ecumenists sought to reform the German churches along American and ecumenical lines in order to establish a new Christian order across the Atlantic. It also shows that the occupation ultimately yielded a spiritual quagmire within the German Protestant church and the transatlantic ecumenical movement, one shaped by fierce historical divisions and animosities. A deep-seated suspicion toward American spiritual activism and imperialism likewise inspired fierce German opposition to American spiritual reforms. Nonetheless, American Protestants still drew inspiration from the occupation to launch much broader spiritual interventions across the entire European continent.
Sonic Mapping and Critical Citizenship
Authors: Dillane Aileen , Langlois Tony
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the methodological and ideological challenges and opportunities faced in an urban soundscapes project based in the small, multicultural, and post-industrial city of Limerick, Ireland, which is currently undergoing a process of urban “regeneration” following decades of challenges (high unemployment rates, rapid demographic shifts brought about by global migration, social disenfranchisement in marginalized neighborhoods, gangland criminality, and considerable stigmatization by the national media). Facilitated by an interdisciplinary team involving ethnomusicologists, urban sociologists, and information technology specialists, the project combines ethnographic approaches from urban ethnomusicology (Hemetek & Reyes 2007, Jurková 2012) with mapping practices from soundscape studies (Murray-Schafer 1977), through an evocation of “critical citizenship” (Nell et al. 2012), in order to generate a soundscapes model that has the individual as a networked, social being and creative critical citizen at its core. LimerickSoundscapes invites participants from a wide range of backgrounds, sourced through pre-existing routes and pathways (Finnegan 1989—including clubs, charities, educational organizations, and societies—to engage in basic sound recording training on small, handheld devices. These sonic flaneurs or “citizen collectors” make short recordings of the sounds of their city, which are shared on an interactive website. For the ethnomusicologists on the research team two tensions emerge. The first is around the research model, which makes collectors critical collaborators that has implications for the open, creative, and participatory process by having an underpinning social activist agenda. The second relates to stepping outside the bounds of musicking (Small 1998) and how that changes the more traditional role of the ethnomusicologist. The chapter teases out these challenges and performs a preliminary evaluation on the efficacy of the project.