bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapy of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using the Velumount® Palatal Device
Authors: Tschopp Kurt , Thomaser Esther Genoveva , Staub Cristina
Published: May 2009

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of the Velumount® device. Methods: In a prospective cohort study 40 patients were examined with and without Velumount. The apnea-hypopnea index and average esophageal pressure were measured using nocturnal manometry of the upper airways, combined with respiratory polygraphy. The snoring index (1–10) and daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Results: Using Velumount the snoring index was reduced from on average 8.4 (SD ± 1.3) to 3.7 (SD ± 2.5), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score from on average 7.9 (SD ± 4.4) to 3.8 (SD ± 3.4) and esophageal pressure from on average 14.8 cm H2O (SD ± 6.7) to 11.2 cm H2O (SD ± 6.4). In patients (n = 25) with obstructive sleep apnea, the average apnea-hypopnea index was 24.3 (SD ± 10.1) without and 13.6 (SD ± 12.2) with Velumount. All changes were highly significant. Conclusions: TheVelumount device is effective for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The effect is similar to that reported from uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
Antioxidant Activity of Calendula officinalis Extract: Inhibitory Effects on Chemiluminescence of Human Neutrophil Bursts and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Braga Pier Carlo , Dal Sasso Monica , Culici Maria , Spallino Alessandra , Falchi Mario , Bertelli Aldo , Morelli Roberto , Lo Scalzo Roberto
Published: May 2009

There is growing interest in natural chemical compounds from aromatic, spicy, medicinal and other plants with antioxidant properties in order to find new sources of compounds inactivating free radicals generated by metabolic pathways within body tissue and cells, mainly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) whose overregulated recruitment and activation generate a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to an imbalance of redox homeostasis and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine whether a propylene glycol extract of Calendula officinalis interferes with ROS and RNS during the PMN respiratory bursts, and to establish the lowest concentration at which it still exerts antioxidant activity by means of luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was also used in order to confirm the activity of the C. officinalis extract. The C. officinalis extract exerted its anti-ROS and anti-RNS activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant effects being observed at even very low concentrations: 0.20 μg/ml without L-arginine, 0.10 μg/ml when L-arginine was added to the test with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and 0.05 μg/ml when it was added to the test with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The EPR study confirmed these findings, 0.20 μg/ml being the lowest concentration of C. officinalis extract that significantly reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. These findings are interesting for improving the antioxidant network and restoring the redox balance in human cells with plant-derived molecules as well as extending the possibility of antagonizing the oxidative stress generated in living organisms when the balance is in favor of free radicals as a result of the depletion of cell antioxidants.
Feasibility of Buprenorphine Maintenance Therapy Programs in the Ukraine: First Promising Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Schaub Michael , Subata Emilis , Chtenguelov Victor , Weiler Gundo , Uchtenhagen Ambros
Published: May 2009

Background: Opiate substitution therapy (OST) in the Ukraine was not provided until 2004. As part of the introduction of OST, the first feasibility study was conducted in 2007. Six clinics in 6 cities were involved in providing OST and collecting data. Methods: A total of 151 opiate-dependent patients were given buprenorphine as a substitute, and a survey of substance use, HIV transmission risks, and legal and social status was conducted at baseline and at 6 and 12-month follow-up. Results: Illegal substance use and illegal activities and incomes were highly reduced, whereas employment rates and psychiatric problems improved. Retention was comparatively high (79.5%) after 12 months. No significant adverse events were reported. Conclusion: A successful implementation of OST in the Ukraine is feasible.
Hunger and Mood during Extended Fasting Are Dependent on the GNB3 C825T Polymorphism
Authors: Michalsen Andreas , Frey Ulrich H. , Merse Stefanie , Siffert Winfried , Dobos Gustav J.
Published: May 2009

Background/Aims: The 825T allele of the G protein β3-subunit gene (GNB3) is a thrifty genotype associated with an increased risk for obesity. We aimed to determine whether the 825T allele is modifying the subjective response to extended fasting. Methods: We genotyped 108 subjects who underwent an 8-day modified medical fasting treatment [total energy intake <350 kcal (1465 kJ)/day] for the GNB3 C825T polymorphism. Perceived hunger and mood were recorded daily by self-rating visual analogue scales. Results: Whereas weight loss was not dependent on genotype, both mood and hunger were significantly associated with genotype, with homozygous CC genotype carriers having best mood (p = 0.004) and least hunger (p = 0.036) during fasting compared to TT genotype carriers. Conclusions: Pronounced mental discomfort during fasting in 825T allele carriers might partly explain their increased risk for obesity. The strong association between the subjective response to fasting with GNB3 genotypes indicates a role of the gene in the behavioural regulation of food intake, which should be further considered in nutritional intervention studies.
Feasibility of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) in Epidemiological Surveys and Comparability with Standard World Health Organization Criteria
Authors: Braga M.M. , Oliveira L.B. , Bonini G.A.V.C. , Bönecker M. , Mendes F.M.
Published: May 2009

This study evaluated the feasibility of using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) in epidemiological surveys and compared ICDAS with WHO criteria. Two hundred and fifty-two children (36–59 months old) in Amparo, Brazil, were each examined by 2 examiners using ICDAS-II or WHO criteria. Dmf-t, dmf-s, caries prevalence and examination time were calculated using both systems. ICDAS-II was comparable to standard criteria when the cut-off point was score 3. Examination by ICDAS-II took twice as long as by WHO criteria. In conclusion, ICDAS-II, besides providing information on non-cavitated caries lesions, can generate data comparable to previous surveys which used WHO criteria.
Reexamination of Caries and Fluorosis Experience of Children in an Area of Jamaica with Relatively High Fluorosis Prevalence
Authors: Meyer-Lueckel H. , Bitter K. , Hopfenmuller W. , Paris S.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to reexamine in 2006 caries and fluorosis experience among 5- to 6- and 11- to 12-year-olds (n = 789) in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica, an area found to have a high prevalence of dental fluorosis in 1999. Mean (± SD) dmft/DMFT scores were 2.4 ± 3.1 (n = 275) and 2.2 ± 2.3 (n = 133), fluorosis prevalence (tooth surface index of dental fluorosis >0) of upper central incisors was 67% (n = 109) and 39% (n = 132) among 6- and 12-year-olds, respectively. Results indicate slightly reduced caries experience for 6-year-olds compared to 1999. Fluorosis prevalence was high particularly in 6-year-olds. Thus, risks and benefits from use of fluorides from multiple sources should be monitored carefully.
Comparison of the Effects of TiF4 and NaF Solutions at pH 1.2 and 3.5 on Enamel Erosion in vitro
Authors: Wiegand A. , Waldheim E. , Sener B. , Magalhães A.C. , Attin T.
Published: May 2009

This study aimed to analyse and compare the protective effect of buffered (pH 3.5) and native (pH 1.2) TiF4 in comparison with NaF solutions on enamel erosion. Bovine samples were pretreated with 1.50% TiF4 or 2.02% NaF (both 0.48 M F) solutions, each at a pH of 1.2 and 3.5. The control group received no fluoride pretreatment. Twenty samples per group were eroded with HCl (pH 2.6) for 10 × 60 s. Erosion was either investigated by profilometry (n = 10) or by determination of calcium release into the acid (n = 10). Additionally, the elemental surface composition was quantified by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy in fluoridated but not eroded samples (6 samples per group). Scanning electron microscopy was performed prior and after erosion (2 samples per group). Cumulative enamel loss (μm) and calcium release (nmol/mm2) were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. The Ti and F surface composition was analysed by one-way ANOVA separately for each element. Only TiF4 at pH 1.2 reduced enamel surface loss significantly. Calcium release was significantly reduced by TiF4 and NaF at pH 1.2, but not by the solutions at pH 3.5. Samples pretreated with TiF4 at pH 1.2 showed a significant increase in Ti, while NaF increased F concentration significantly. Only TiF4 at pH 1.2 induced the formation of a glaze-like layer, which was still present after erosion. Enamel erosion can be significantly reduced by TiF4 at pH 1.2 but not at pH 3.5. TiF4 at pH 1.2 was more effective in protecting against enamel erosion than NaF.
Sensitivity of DCSR3/GAPDH Ratio Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR in the Rapid Prenatal Diagnosis for Down Syndrome
Authors: Helmy Sanaa M.H. , Ismail Somaya , Bassiouni Randa , Gaber Khaled R.
Published: May 2009

Background: Down syndrome, the most common birth defect, is caused by trisomy 21. The aim of this study was to investigate whether quantitative real-time PCR can be used as a sensitive technique for prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Methods: We used a quantitative real-time PCR technique to measure the gene dosage of the Down syndrome critical region (DSCR3) by calculating the ratio of DSCR3 to GAPDH using standard curves. Sex-determining region Y was simultaneously detected by real-time PCR to identify the sex of the fetus. Results: The DSCR3/GAPDH ratio of the trisomy 21 fetus samples and that of normal controls was 0.72 ± 0.34 and 0.54 ± 0.18, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, there was no significant difference in the DSCR3/GAPDH ratio between the fetal and peripheral blood DNA samples of trisomy 21 fetuses and those of normal controls.
Proteinuria-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction Is Strain Dependent
Authors: Ulu Nadir , Schoemaker Regien G. , Henning Robert H. , Buikema Hendrik , Teerlink Tom , Zijlstra Freek J. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , van Gilst Wiek H. , Navis Gerjan
Published: May 2009

Background: Proteinuria-associated endothelial dysfunction (ED) is assumed to play a main role in the cardiovascular morbidity in proteinuric patients. However, the connection between proteinuria and systemic endothelial function is not clear yet. Therefore, we studied aortic endothelial function in Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) and fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) inbred rat strains with genetic proteinuria to determine the specific impact of proteinuria on the development of ED. Methods: Proteinuria, cardiac function, systemic blood pressure, plasma lipid profiles, aortic endothelial function, plasma levels of cyclo-oxygenase products and dimethylarginines were investigated in 26-week-old inbred rat strains with (MWF and FHH) and without [Lewis (LEW) rats] proteinuric renal disease. Results: The endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly reduced in MWF (p < 0.05 vs. LEW or FHH). The plasma thromboxane B2, prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E2 levels were higher in MWF (p < 0.05 vs. LEW or FHH), whereas the 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α level was comparable in all groups. The arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio was highest in MWF. Conclusions: This study differentiates common risk factors for ED in renal disease. Despite clear-cut proteinuria, FHH rats were devoid of changes in aortic endothelial function, indicating that some other deleterious factors must accompany proteinuria in order for ED to ensue. Further exploration of this model may serve to dissect mechanistical pathways and guide the development of protective strategies in the vascular damage of renal disease.
Community-Based Participatory Research From the Margin to the Mainstream
Authors: Horowitz Carol R. , Robinson Mimsie , Seifer Sarena
Published: May 2009

Despite an increasing arsenal of effective treatments, there are mounting challenges in developing strategies that prevent and control cardiovascular diseases, and that can be sustained and scaled to meet the needs of those most vulnerable to their impact. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an approach to conducting research by equitably partnering researchers and those directly affected by and knowledgeable of the local circumstances that impact health. To inform research design, implementation and dissemination, this approach challenges academic and community partners to invest in team building, share resources, and mutually exchange ideas and expertise. CBPR has led to a deeper understanding of the myriad factors influencing health and illness, a stream of ideas and innovations, and there are expanding opportunities for funding and academic advancement. To maximize the chance that CBPR will lead to tangible, lasting health benefits for communities, researchers will need to balance rigorous research with routine adoption of its conduct in ways that respectfully, productively and equally involve local partners. If successful, lessons learned should inform policy and inspire structural changes in healthcare systems and in communities.
Systematic Investigation of Time Windows for Adverse Event Data Mining for Recently Approved Drugs
Authors: Hochberg Alan M. , Hauben Manfred , Pearson Ronald K. , O'Hara Donald J. , Reisinger Stephanie J.
Published: May 2009

The optimum timing of drug safety data mining for a new drug is uncertain. The objective of this study was to compare cumulative data mining versus mining with sliding time windows. Adverse Event Reporting System data (2001–2005) were studied for 27 drugs. A literature database was used to evaluate signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) from an urn model data‐mining algorithm. Data mining was applied cumulatively and with sliding time windows from 1 to 4 years in width. Time from SDR generation to the appearance of a publication describing the corresponding adverse event was calculated. Cumulative data mining and 1‐ to 2‐year sliding windows produced the most SDRs for recently approved drugs. In the first postmarketing year, data mining produced SDRs an average of 800 days in advance of publications regarding the corresponding drug‐event combination. However, this timing advantage reduced to zero by year 4. The optimum window width for sliding windows should increase with time on the market. Data mining may be most useful for early signal detection during the first 3 years of a drug's postmarketing life. Beyond that, it may be most useful for supporting or weakening hypotheses.
Phase I Study of Oral Lenalidomide in Patients With Refractory Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Dahut William L. , Aragon‐Ching Jeanny B. , Woo Sukyung , Tohnya Tanyifor M. , Gulley James L. , Arlen Philip M. , Wright John J. , Ventiz Jurgen , Figg William D.
Published: May 2009

Objectives of this study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose and to characterize the side effect profile and pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Patients were treated on a modified Fibronacci dose escalation scheme with an oral daily dose of lenalidomide. A total of 45 patients with 8 different tumor types were accrued. Doses administered included 5, 10, and 20 mg continuous daily doses, every 28 days (n = 15), later modified to intermittent doses of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mg, with a 21 days‐on and 7 days‐off schedule, due to observed side effects. Lenalidomide exhibited a linear pharmacokinetics over a wide range of doses with the mean half‐life of 3.9 hours. The renal function affected lenalidomide clearance, resulting in 50% reduction in patients with mild renal impairment compared with patients with normal function (CL/F = 243 mL/min). Stable disease was documented in 12 of 44 evaluable patients, of whom 9 patients had prostate cancer. Most frequent grade 1 and 2 toxicities included fatigue, nausea, pruritus/rash, neutropenia, and neuropathy. Grade 3/4 events were predominantly hematologic. Lenalidomide was well tolerated up to a 35‐mg/d intermittent dosing schedule at doses higher than previously indicated for hematologic malignancies.
Preparing Special Education Mentors Using Classroom Artifacts as a Vehicle for Learning About Teaching
Authors: Parker-Katz Michelle , Tejero Hughes Marie
Published: May 2009

The authors examine a project that focuses on preparing special educators to mentor preservice teachers throughout their preparation program, instead of mostly at the end of their program. Through use of classroom literacy artifacts, mentors are prepared in how to guide novices as they transition through coursework and into classroom practice. Fifteen mentors participate in the yearlong project and have regular interactions with preservice teachers through campus field advisories. Responses regarding the selection, preparation, and discussion of the artifact are collected. Findings indicate that mentors can select and use artifacts that illustrate teaching complexities. Also, pre-service teachers value the discussions surrounding the artifacts and say it helped them learn about teaching students with disabilities. Although helpful as a way to focus on learning to teach students with disabilities, the artifact is still only a resource. Key to its usefulness is work with mentors to help them select, plan, and discuss the artifact.
Gene therapy with human and mouse T-cell receptors mediates cancer regression and targets normal tissues expressing cognate antigen
Authors: Johnson Laura A. , Morgan Richard A. , Dudley Mark E. , Cassard Lydie , Yang James C. , Hughes Marybeth S. , Kammula Udai S. , Royal Richard E. , Sherry Richard M. , Wunderlich John R. , Lee Chyi-Chia R. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Schwarz Susan L. , Cogdill Alexandria P. , Bishop Rachel J. , Kim Hung , Brewer Carmen C. , Rudy Susan F. , VanWaes Carter , Davis Jeremy L. , Mathur Aarti , Ripley Robert T. , Nathan Debbie A. , Laurencot Carolyn M. , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: May 2009

Gene therapy of human cancer using genetically engineered lymphocytes is dependent on the identification of highly reactive T-cell receptors (TCRs) with antitumor activity. We immunized transgenic mice and also conducted high-throughput screening of human lymphocytes to generate TCRs highly reactive to melanoma/melanocyte antigens. Genes encoding these TCRs were engineered into retroviral vectors and used to transduce autologous peripheral lymphocytes administered to 36 patients with metastatic melanoma. Transduced patient lymphocytes were CD45RA− and CD45RO+ after ex vivo expansion. After infusion, the persisting cells displayed a CD45RA+ and CD45RO− phenotype. Gene-engineered cells persisted at high levels in the blood of all patients 1 month after treatment, responding patients with higher ex vivo antitumor reactivity than nonresponders. Objective cancer regressions were seen in 30% and 19% of patients who received the human or mouse TCR, respectively. However, patients exhibited destruction of normal melanocytes in the skin, eye, and ear, and sometimes required local steroid administration to treat uveitis and hearing loss. Thus, T cells expressing highly reactive TCRs mediate cancer regression in humans and target rare cognate–antigen-containing cells throughout the body, a finding with important implications for the gene therapy of cancer. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as NCI-07-C-0174 and NCI-07-C-0175.
William Smellie and Enlightenment Anti-Anthropocentrism
Authors: Wolloch Nathaniel
Published: May 2009

This article examines the anti-anthropocentric views of the eighteenth-century Scottish natural philosopher William Smellie, in particular in comparison with the predominant anthropocentric ethic of the human mastery of nature more common during the Enlightenment. Smellie's views on this issue, and their importance for understanding some key aspects of eighteenth-century cosmology, are outlined, as is also their relevance for understanding the history of modern anthropocentrism in general.
Representations of the Social Order in The Gentleman's Magazine, 1785-1815
Authors: Stafford William
Published: May 2009

This essay studies the issues of The Gentleman's Magazine from 1785 to 1715, selecting those years because of the common view that society and a class system crystalized following the French Revolution. Rather than view society from an economist's or a Marxist's perspective, I am concerned with how London society, during this period, viewed itself. The data demonstrate different ranks, although what constitutes a gentleman remains flexible, with various people in the middling orders capable of ascending to a gentleman's status. While class separations and a disdain for the lowly rabble were clearly apparent, there was no sense that the rabble might become organized under the leadership of a significant section of the elite. Nor did the magazine did envisage a society chronically riven by class conflict, certainly not a clash between a middle and an upper class, and on balance, even the poor were depicted as loyal. The comfortable impression was given that the overwhelming majority of the elite—from aristocracy down to respectable traders and gentlemen farmer—was cemented together by gentlemanly solidarity and loyalty to king and constitution. There was no sense of an antagonism between trade and commerce, and the criteria for gentility that the magazine proposed were sufficiently numerous, and of such a nature, as to open the door to determined and aspiring traders and lesser professionals. The Gentleman's Magazine's synthesis of a hierarchical model with a generous dichotomous one offered its readers an alternative to imagining a middle class.
Establishing Public Health Security in a Postwar Iraq: Constitutional Obstacles and Lessons for Other Federalizing States
Authors: Wilson Kumanan , Fidler David P. , McDougall Christopher W. , Lazar Harvey
Published: May 2009

The public health consequences of the conflict in Iraq will likely continue after the violence has subsided. Reestablishing public health security will require large investments in infrastructure and the creation of effective systems of governance. On the question of governance, the allocation of powers in the new constitution of Iraq is critical. Given the ease with which public health threats cross borders, the constitution needs to grant to the federal government the legal authority to manage such threats and simultaneously meet international requirements. Unfortunately, the draft constitution does not accomplish this objective. If politically possible, the constitution should be amended to provide the federal government with this authority. If not possible, the Iraqi federal government would have two options. It could attempt to use alternative constitutional powers, such as national security powers. This option would be contentious and the results uncertain. Alternatively, the federal government could attempt to establish collaborative relationships with regional governments. Residual sectarian tensions create potential problems for this option, however. Reflecting on the Iraqi situation, we conclude that other federalizing countries emerging from conflict should ensure that their constitutions provide the federal government with the necessary authority to manage threats to public health security effectively.
The Landscape in 2009: A Conversation with Bruce C. Vladeck
Authors: Birnbaum Michael
Published: May 2009

Michael Birnbaum interviews Bruce C. Vladeck about the landscape for national health reform in 2009. Vladeck, who worked under President Clinton directing Medicare and Medicaid as administrator of the Health Care Financing Administration, discusses some of the challenges and opportunities facing the Obama administration. By comparing the current political and economic environments with those he faced while working in the Clinton administration, Vladeck argues that this time around America might be ready for pragmatic reforms leading toward universal coverage. He explores the future of employer-based coverage; problems and solutions for America's aging workforce; poor customer service in Medicare; the “Medicaid Stigma”; the promise of immigration; and the trade-offs between access, quality, and cost in the American system. Finally, Vladeck offers a silver lining to the current economic catastrophe. As he sees it, common sense and results may be taking the place of ideology in policy making and policy analysis: “The intellectual hegemony of neoclassical economics has been blown out of the water.”
Selective Conversion of Glycerol into 1,2-Propanediol at Ambient Hydrogen Pressure
Authors: Sato Satoshi , Akiyama Masaki , Inui Kanichiro , Yokota Masahiro
Published: May 2009

The vapor-phase reaction of glycerol was performed over a copper–alumina catalyst at ambient hydrogen pressure. Glycerol was converted into 1,2-propanediol (PDO) through dehydration–hydrogenation via hydroxyacetone (HA). We also found that 1,2-PDO was produced at the selectivity higher than 93 mol % in hydrogen flow at gradient temperatures: the dehydrogenation into HA was catalyzed at around 180–200 °C, while the following hydrogenation into 1,2-PDO was catalyzed by Cu–alumina catalyst at around 145–160 °C.
Synthesis of Thiol-capped Gold Nanoparticles with Organometallic Reagents as a New Class of Reducing Agent
Authors: Sugie Atsushi , Hatta Tomomi , Kanie Kiyoshi , Muramatsu Atsushi , Mori Atsunori
Published: May 2009

The reaction of chloroauric(III) acid and dodecanethiol with THF solution of 2-propylmagnesium bromide furnishes thiol-capped gold nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles are spherical and exhibit average diameter of 5.5±0.61 nm. Synthesis of the nanoparticles are also carried out by using other Grignard reagents and organometallic reagents.
An Eco-friendly, Convenient, and Practical Conversion of Arylamines to Oxazolidinones
Authors: Gong Hang , Yang Nian-Fa , Deng Guo-Jun , Xu Guang-Yi
Published: May 2009

A one-step procedure for efficient synthesis of oxazolidinone only using ethylene carbonate and arylamines in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) was developed. In most cases, moderate to high yield of products were obtained. This reaction can be considered a carbon dioxide fixation reaction since ethylene carbonate was synthesized via reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon dioxide.
One-pot Tandem Synthesis of a Coumarin/Naphthoquinone Monoimine-based Oxazabicycle and Its Fluorescence Redox-switching Properties
Authors: Lai Jiun-Ting , Lin Chun-Han , Yang Yu-Ju , Yang Ding-Yah
Published: May 2009

A coumarin/naphthoquinone monoimine-fused oxazabicyclic derivative was designed, synthesized, and characterized in a one-pot tandem reaction and its fluorescence redox switch properties were investigated. The coumarin emission of the synthesized oxazabicycle is completely quenched by the naphthoquinone monoimine moiety, the corresponding reduced aminonaphthalenol resulted in a moderate increase of the emission intensity. The reduced aminonaphthalenol can be reverted to the original nonfluorescence compound via DDQ oxidation. A reversible, fluorescence switch that can be chemically turned ON and OFF through the control of the redox state of the naphthoquinone monoimine moiety is demonstrated.
Charge Carrier Transport Properties of Biphenyl Liquid Crystals with a Dimer Structure
Authors: Wu Jiang , Usui Takayuki , Ohno Akira , Hanna Jun-ichi
Published: May 2009

In order to have better understanding design of liquid crystalline molecules as organic semiconductors, we synthesized a series of biphenyl liquid crystals with a dimer structure such as 1,8-bis[4-(4′-butylbiphenyl)]octane (4BP8BP4) and 1,8-bis[4-(4′-octylbiphenyl)]octane (8BP8BP8) as a model material, and characterized their phase-transition behaviors and charge-transport properties. These biphenyl dimers exhibited smectic B (SmBhex) phase at higher temperatures and higher mobility, i.e., 5–6×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 that does not depend on temperature, compared with that of a corresponding monomer, 4-octyl-4′-butylbiphenyl (8BP4). We discuss the present result in a framework of disorder in the liquid crystal phase for an organic semiconductor.
Net Analyte Preprocessing: A New and Versatile Multivariate Calibration Technique. Analysis of Mixtures of Rubber Antioxidants by NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Boschetti Carlos E. , Olivieri Alejandro C.
Published: May 2009

A new multivariate calibration technique called net analyte preprocessing is introduced for the study of mixtures by near infrared spectroscopy. It involves the construction of a space spanned by all sources of variability except one component (or reference property). Both the data matrix and the unknown sample spectrum are preprocessed through a projection orthogonal to the latter space, yielding a set of net analyte signals appropriate for quantifying a particular mixture component. The construction of the net analyte space is carried out using a certain number of spectral factors, which can be estimated by cross-validation. Advantages of the presently discussed method include the estimation of figures of merit (sensitivity, selectivity and limit of determination) and the presentation of data in a useful pseudounivariate mode. An example involving the successful analysis of mixtures of the two rubber antioxidants tris-(nonylphenyl)-phosphite and 4,6-bis-(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol is described, and compared with classical techniques such as principal component regression and partial least-squares.
True Accuracy of near Infrared Spectroscopy and its Dependence on Precision of Reference Data
Authors: Sørensen L.K.
Published: May 2009

A more precise estimate of the accuracy of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is obtained when the measured standard errors of cross validation ( SECV) and prediction ( SEP) are corrected for imprecision of the reference data. The significance of correction increases with increasing imprecision of reference data. Very high precision of reference data obtained through replicate analyses under reproducibility conditions may not be the optimal goal for the development of calibration equations. In a situation of limited resources, the precision of the reference data should be related to the obtainable accuracy of the spectroscopic system. Investigation of several routine applications based on the partial least-squares (PLS) regression technique showed that increased precision of calibration data only resulted in marginal improvements in true accuracy if the total standard error of reference results from the beginning was less than the estimated true accuracy of the corresponding NIR calibration.
Use of near Infrared Spectroscopy to Predict Lignin Content in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Pines
Authors: Hodge G.R. , Woodbridge W.C.
Published: May 2009

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict lignin content for trees from five species of tropical and sub-tropical pines ( Pinus caribaea, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) grown in Brazil and Colombia. Breast height disks were taken from 174 trees and wedges from the disks were sectioned to sample juvenile and mature wood. The sections were ground into woodmeal and NIR reflectance spectra were measured on both unextracted woodmeal and woodmeal with extractives removed. Klason lignin content was measured on the woodmeal samples and partial least squares were used to fit calibration equations to predict lignin content from the reflectance spectra. Good prediction models were obtained regardless of which data set (i.e. combinations of species and regions) was used for the model calibration. A model using reflectance spectra for woodmeal with extractives removed and combining data for all species across both regions had an R2 of 0.90 and standard error of cross-validation of 0.43% lignin for the calibration data set and an R2 = 0.91 and standard error of 0.40% for the validation data set. Calibration equations developed using only Brazilian or Colombian data were tested on the other data set. Predictions were very good, with prediction R2 ranging from 0.83 to 0.90 and standard errors of prediction from 0.43 to 0.54% lignin.
Correlates of HIV-1 viral suppression in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Jordan M R , La H , Nguyen H D , Sheehan H , Lien T T M , Duong D V , Hellinger J , Wanke C , Tang A M
Published: May 2009

Injection drug users bear the burden of HIV in Vietnam and are a focus of national treatment programmes. To date, determinants of successful therapy in this population are unknown. Substance use and clinical correlates of viral suppression were studied in 100 HIV-1-infected drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least six months in Hanoi, Vietnam. The mean age of the cohort was 29.9 + 4.9 years; all were men. A majority of patients (73%) achieved viral suppression (HIV-RNA <1000 copies/mL). Correlates of viral suppression include self-reported ≥95% adherence ( P < 0.01) and current use of trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole ( P < 0.01); current or ever diagnosed with tuberculosis was associated with viral non-suppression ( P = 0.006). Tobacco use was prevalent (84%), and surprisingly 48% of patients reported active drug use; neither was associated with viral non-suppression. This is the first study to document successful ART treatment in a population of Vietnamese drug users; rates of viral suppression are comparable to other international populations. The 28% of patients without HIV-1 suppression highlight the need for adherence promotion, risk reduction programmes, and population-based surveillance strategies for assessing the emergence of HIV drug resistance in settings where access to viral load and drug resistance testing is limited.
Problems in measuring diffuse X-ray scattering
Authors: Welberry T. Richard , Goossens Darren J. , Heerdegen Aidan P. , Lee Peter L.
Published: May 2009

Problems encountered in making measurements of diffuse X-ray scattering are discussed. These generally arise from the need to measure very weak scattering in the presence of very strong scattering (Bragg peaks) using multi-detectors of various kinds. The problems are not confined to synchrotron experiments but may even occur using a tube source in the home laboratory. Specific details are given of experiments using 80.725 keV X-rays and a mar345 Image Plate detector on the 1-ID beamline of XOR at the Advanced Photon Source. In these a severe ‘blooming’ artefact which occurred around some strong Bragg peaks was traced to fluorescence from a steel mounting plate in the detector when strong Bragg peaks were incident. Algorithms developed to remove these artefacts from the data are described.
Stacking disorder: the hexagonal polymorph of tris(bicyclo[2.1.1]hexeno)benzene and related examples
Authors: Bürgi Hans-Beat , Hostettler Marc , Birkedal Henrik , Schwarzenbach Dieter
Published: May 2009

X-ray diffractograms of tris(bicyclo[2.1.1]hexeno)benzene, crystallized at the interface between a benzene solution and a layer of acetonitrile, show hexagonal symmetry and streaks of diffuse scattering along c*. The heavily faulted layer stacking is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of a systematic protocol. This protocol requires partitioning the crystal structure into layers in such a way that pairs of adjacent layers may be stacked in different, but geometrically equivalent ways, which are dictated by the layer group symmetry. This approach is shown to provide a consistent alternative for analysis of a number of related cases provided the layers are defined on the basis of geometrical criteria rather than chemical intuition.
Diffuse scattering from microstructures and mesostructures
Authors: Hayward Stuart A. , Salje Ekhard K. H.
Published: May 2009

Mesoscopic features, such as thick twin walls, surface relaxations, or haloes around metamict regions in crystals have a lengthscale of the order of 1–100 Å. Such features are studied experimentally using diffuse scattering signals; either between pairs of twin-related Bragg peaks (for twin walls) or around Bragg peaks (for features such as metamict haloes). Study of such features by X-ray diffraction has a number of advantages over the use of electron microscopy, many related to the reduced need for invasive sample preparation. The weak intensity of diffraction from mesostructures requires careful attention to experimental design, either using extremely strong incident radiation, or optimised collection geometry. Measurements of twin wall widths in a range of ferroelastic and co-elastic materials and minerals and their temperature dependence are reviewed, and found to be consistent with theoretical predictions and the results of other experimental methods. Determination of the size of metamict regions in zircon from diffuse scattering agree with the results of microscopy experiments.
Mutation Accumulation, Soft Selection and the Middle-Class Neighborhood
Authors: Moorad Jacob A , Hall David W
Published: May 2009

The “middle-class neighborhood” is a breeding design intended to allow new mutations to accumulate by lessening the effects of purifying selection through the elimination of among-line fitness variation. We show that this design effectively applies soft selection to the experimental population, potentially causing biased estimates of mutational effects if social effects contribute to fitness.
Evolutionary Strata in a Small Mating-Type-Specific Region of the Smut Fungus Microbotryum violaceum
Authors: Votintseva Antonina A , Filatov Dmitry A
Published: May 2009

DNA sequence analysis and genetic mapping of loci from mating-type-specific chromosomes of the smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum demonstrated that the nonrecombining mating-type-specific region in this species comprises ∼25% (∼1 Mb) of the chromosome length. Divergence between homologous mating-type-linked genes in this region varies between 0 and 8.6%, resembling the evolutionary strata of vertebrate and plant sex chromosomes.
Stress Response and Posttransport Survival of Hybrid Striped Bass Transported with or without Clove Oil
Authors: Sink Todd D , Neal J Wesley
Published: May 2009

A study was undertaken to determine whether stress responses and associated mortality in hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) during and after transport could be mitigated by use of anesthesia with low concentrations of clove oil (10 μL/L of water) during transport. Stress indicators, including plasma cortisol, glucose, chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca++) concentrations, were determined for hybrid striped bass sampled (1) initially from ponds, (2) after seining (45 min), (3) immediately after a 3-h transport, and (4) at 24 h posttransport (recovery); these values were compared with those of captive control fish. Fish anesthetized with clove oil during transport exhibited prolonged elevation of cortisol concentrations (124.3 ± 13.2 ng/mL, mean ± SE) at 24 h posttransport, while fish not exposed to anesthetic during transport recovered rapidly (to 34.1 ± 13.3 ng/mL) within 24 h. Plasma glucose concentrations in hybrid striped bass exposed to clove oil during transport were significantly (α = 0.05, P < 0.05) elevated (135.1 ± 5.6 mg/dL) immediately after transport and then decreased by 24 h posttransport (84.3 ± 3.4 mg/dL) compared with the 24-h posttransport level for fish transported without anesthetic (101.0 ± 5.0 mg/dL). Plasma electrolyte (Na+, Cl−, and K+) concentrations indicated that osmoregulatory distress occurred after transport in hybrid striped bass transported with clove oil, while electrolyte changes were less severe in fish transported without anesthesia. No hydromineral imbalance occurred based upon plasma Ca++ concentrations in either treatment. High mortality occurred within 7 d posttransport in both treatment groups but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between the treatments. Observed mortality was primarily, if not entirely, due to Flavobacterium columnare infection. Hybrid striped bass transported during light clove oil sedation took longer to recover and exhibited no improved survival or disease resistance compared with fish transported without anesthesia. No potential benefit of transporting hybrid striped bass under anesthesia induced by clove oil is evident.
An apparatus for the plastic limit and workability of soils
Authors: Barnes G. E.
Published: May 2009

An apparatus is described that replicates Atterberg's rolling technique for the determination of the plastic limit of soils by detecting the brittle–plastic transition. There is much less operator interference, and judgement of the crumbling condition is practically eliminated. In addition, by means of a loading device, stresses are applied during rolling, the diameter is measured for each rolling traverse, and plots of stress against strain are derived. The workability or toughness of the soil is determined as the product of stress and strain, or work/unit volume, for soil threads prepared at moisture contents ranging from near the sticky limit through the workable plastic region to the brittle state. From the results an abrupt brittle–plastic transition is found, allowing the plastic limit to be defined as the moisture content at this transition. Good relationships between toughness and moisture content are obtained, from which the maximum toughness Tmax at the plastic limit can be derived together with other potentially useful properties such as the toughness limit wT, the moisture content at zero toughness, the toughness coefficients TC, the gradients of the relationships, the toughness index, the workability index and the stiffness transition.
Peeking at ecosystem stability: making use of a natural disturbance experiment to analyze resistance and resilience
Authors: Bruelheide Helge , Luginbühl Ute
Published: May 2009

To determine which factors contribute most to the stability of species composition in a beech forest after profound disturbance, we made use of a natural experiment caused by a severe windthrow that occurred at a permanent monitoring site in an old beech forest in Lower Saxony (Germany). The floristic composition was recorded for the succeeding five years after the disturbance and used to derive measures of resistance and resilience for plots as well as for individual species.

Due to the existence of previously established randomly distributed permanent plots, we had precise information of the pre‐disturbance state, including initial cover of the herb layer, species richness, and species composition. Variables describing the floristic change, resistance, and resilience were derived from correspondence analysis allowing for partitioning the effects of variation among plots from those of temporal change. We asked to which degree these variables could be predicted by pre‐disturbance state and disturbance intensity.

We found that both the pre‐disturbance state and the disturbance intensity were good predictors for floristic change and resistance, while they failed to predict resilience. Among the descriptors of the pre‐disturbance state the initial cover of the herb layer turned out to be a useful predictor, which is explained by a high vegetation cover buffering against losses and preventing establishment of newcomers. In contrast, species number neither showed a relationship to floristic change nor to resistance. Putative positive effects of species number on stability according to the insurance hypothesis might have been counterbalanced by a disruption of niche complementarity in species‐rich communities. Among the descriptors of disturbance intensity, the loss in canopy cover and the change in photosynthetically active radiation after the storm were equally good predictors for the change in floristic composition and resistance. The analysis of the responses of single species on initial vegetation cover and disturbance intensity revealed that a wide range of different mechanisms were involved. Resistance and resilience did not depend on the presence of particular species or on specific traits.
Comparing niche‐ and process‐based models to reduce prediction uncertainty in species range shifts under climate change
Authors: Morin Xavier , Thuiller Wilfried
Published: May 2009

Obtaining reliable predictions of species range shifts under climate change is a crucial challenge for ecologists and stakeholders. At the continental scale, niche‐based models have been widely used in the last 10 years to predict the potential impacts of climate change on species distributions all over the world, although these models do not include any mechanistic relationships. In contrast, species‐specific, process‐based predictions remain scarce at the continental scale. This is regrettable because to secure relevant and accurate predictions it is always desirable to compare predictions derived from different kinds of models applied independently to the same set of species and using the same raw data. Here we compare predictions of range shifts under climate change scenarios for 2100 derived from niche‐based models with those of a process‐based model for 15 North American boreal and temperate tree species. A general pattern emerged from our comparisons: niche‐based models tend to predict a stronger level of extinction and a greater proportion of colonization than the process‐based model. This result likely arises because niche‐based models do not take phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation into account. Nevertheless, as the two kinds of models rely on different assumptions, their complementarity is revealed by common findings. Both modeling approaches highlight a major potential limitation on species tracking their climatic niche because of migration constraints and identify similar zones where species extirpation is likely. Such convergent predictions from models built on very different principles provide a useful way to offset uncertainties at the continental scale. This study shows that the use in concert of both approaches with their own caveats and advantages is crucial to obtain more robust results and that comparisons among models are needed in the near future to gain accuracy regarding predictions of range shifts under climate change.
Sensitivity of tropical seabirds to El Niño precursors
Authors: Devney Carol A. , Short Michael , Congdon Bradley C.
Published: May 2009

Intense El Niño events severely impact seabird populations, often months in advance of peak temperature anomalies. The trophic mechanisms responsible for these impacts are unknown but are assumed to operate at seasonal scales and to be linked to ocean productivity changes. Precursors to El Niño events include changes in both sea‐surface temperature and the depth of the 20°C thermocline. Foraging piscivorous seabirds are known to be sensitive to both thermocline depth and sea‐surface temperature change, but the potential influence of these phenomena on breeding dynamics is unknown. Using 18 years of data on three seabirds of the western tropical Pacific, we show that pelagic seabird breeding participation is directly and independently related to changes in both surface chlorophyll concentration and thermocline depth that occur well in advance of El Niño generated sea‐surface temperature anomalies. In contrast, breeding in an inshore foraging species is not correlated with any environmental/biological parameters investigated. These findings demonstrate that El Niño related phenomena do not affect seabird prey dynamics solely via productivity shifts at seasonal scales, nor in similar ways across different seabird foraging guilds. Our results also suggest that population declines observed in the western tropical Pacific may be directly related to the frequency and intensity of El Niño anomalies over the study period.