bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ attitudes towards ethnic minority students: Effects of schools’ cultural diversity
Authors: Glock Sabine , Kovacs Carrie , Pit‐ten Cate Ineke
Published: September 2018

Background

Research exploring mechanisms driving inequalities in school systems has found that biased teacher judgements contribute to observed disadvantages for ethnic minority students. Teacher judgements may be driven by explicit and implicit attitudes.

Aims

The current research explored the effect of cultural diversity at schools (actual or imagined) on teachers’ attitudes towards ethnic minority students.

Samples

One hundred and five preservice teachers (90 female) with a mean age of 26.20 years (teaching experience: 57.55 weeks) participated in Study 1. Two hundred and thirty‐one teachers (159 female) with a mean age of 41.00 years (teaching experience: 12.92 years) participated in Study 2.

Method

Cultural diversity was operationalized via a fictive description of a school (Study 1) or via the actual proportion of ethnic minority students at the school (Study 2). An Implicit Association Test assessed implicit attitudes towards ethnic minority students. Explicit attitudes were assessed via questionnaire.

Results

Preservice teachers imagining a more culturally diverse school held more negative implicit attitudes towards ethnic minority students than those imagining a less diverse school. In contrast, in‐service teachers actually working in more diverse schools held less negative implicit attitudes towards minority students. Preservice teachers associated teaching in culturally diverse schools with increased effort, whereas in‐service teachers actually working in culturally diverse schools reported more enthusiasm towards teaching ethnic minority students.

Conclusions

This research shows the challenge and the negative stereotypes preservice teachers associate with culturally diverse schools, while in‐service teachers’ negative associations may be buffered by the actual experience of working with ethnic minority students.
Patient and physician preferences for first‐line treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma in Germany, France and the United Kingdom
Authors: Bröckelmann Paul J. , McMullen Suzanne , Wilson J Ben , Mueller Kerstin , Goring Sarah , Stamatoullas Aspasia , Zagadailov Erin , Gautam Ashish , Huebner Dirk , Dalal Mehul , Illidge Tim
Published: September 2018

First‐line treatments for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) include ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) and BEACOPPescalated (escalated dose bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone). To further improve overall outcomes, positron emission tomography‐driven strategies and ABVD or BEACOPP variants incorporating the antibody‐drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin (BV) or anti‐PD1 antibodies are under investigation in advanced‐stage patients. The present study aimed to elicit preferences for attributes associated with ABVD, BEACOPPescalated and BV‐AVD (BV, adriamycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) among patients and physicians. Cross‐sectional online discrete choice experiments were administered to HL patients (n = 381) and haematologists/oncologists (n = 357) in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Included attributes were progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the risk of neuropathy, lung damage, infertility and hospitalisation due to adverse events. Whereas 5‐year PFS and OS were the most important treatment attributes to patients, the relative importance of each attribute and preference weights for each level varied among physicians according to the description of the hypothetical patient for whom treatment was recommended. PFS and OS most strongly influenced physicians’ recommendations when considering young female patients who did not want children or young male patients. Infertility was more important to physicians’ treatment decision than PFS when considering young women with unknown fertility preferences, whereas hospitalisations due to adverse events played the largest role in treatment decisions for older patients.
Enigmatic ear stones: what we know about the functional role and evolution of fish otoliths
Authors: Schulz‐Mirbach Tanja , Ladich Friedrich , Plath Martin , Heß Martin
Published: September 2018

Otoliths in bony fishes play an important role in the senses of balance and hearing. Otolith mass and shape are, among others, likely to be decisive factors influencing otolith motion and thus ear functioning. Yet our knowledge of how exactly these factors influence otolith motion is incomplete. In addition, experimental studies directly investigating the function of otoliths in the inner ear are scarce and yield partly conflicting results. Herein, we discuss questions and hypotheses on how otolith mass and shape, and the relationship between the sensory epithelium and overlying otolith, influence otolith motion. We discuss (i) the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge regarding otolith function, (ii) gaps in knowledge that remain to be filled, and (iii) future approaches that may improve our understanding of the role of otoliths in ear functioning. We further link these functional questions to the evolution of solid teleost otoliths instead of numerous tiny otoconia as found in most other vertebrates. Until now, the selective forces and/or constraints driving the evolution of solid calcareous otoliths and their diversity in shape in teleosts are largely unknown. Based on a data set on the structure of otoliths and otoconia in more than 160 species covering the main vertebrate groups, we present a hypothetical framework for teleost otolith evolution. We suggest that the advent of solid otoliths may have initially been a selectively neutral ‘by‐product’ of other key innovations during teleost evolution. The teleost‐specific genome duplication event may have paved the way for diversification in otolith shape. Otolith shapes may have evolved along with the considerable diversity of, and improvements in, auditory abilities in teleost fishes. However, phenotypic plasticity may also play an important role in the creation of different otolith types, and different portions of the otolith may show different degrees of phenotypic plasticity. Future studies should thus adopt a phylogenetic perspective and apply comparative and methodologically integrative approaches, including fossil otoliths, when investigating otoconia/otolith evolution and their function in the inner ear.
Prematurity and cardiovascular risk at early adulthood
Authors: Sullivan Mary C. , Winchester Suzy Barcelos , Msall Michael E.
Published: September 2018

Background

Theories of early stress exposure and allostatic load offer a lifespan perspective to adult health after prematurity based on these early stressors affecting endocrine and metabolic systems. In this study, we examine cardiovascular and metabolic risk by comparing two groups of preterm infants who experienced a full spectrum of neonatal illness and a term‐born group at age 23.

Methods

Of the 215 infants recruited at birth, 84% participated at age 23. The cohort included 45 full‐term (FT), 24 healthy preterm (HPT), and 111 sick preterm (SPT) infants. Socio‐economic status was equivalent across groups. Cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes were as follows: blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose and lipid profiles, weight, waist–hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI). Clinical and subclinical ranges were compared across neonatal groups and gender.

Results

At age 23, the HPT and SPT groups had higher systolic BP compared with the FT group. The SPT group had lower weight compared with the FT and HPT groups. No group differences were found on diastolic BP, glucose, total cholesterol, high‐density lipids, low‐density lipids, triglycerides, BMI, or WHR. Preterm males had more systolic hypertension and low high‐density lipids than FT males. Former preterm males and females had high WHR ratios and BMI at 23 years. Subclinical prehypertensive rates were highest for the HPT female group, followed by the SPT females. Only one (4.2%) HPT adult male was clinically diabetic.

Conclusions

As young adults, HPT and SPT infants had early indicators of cardiovascular risk but no indicators of metabolic risk. There is utility in using clinical and subclinical ranges to identify early cardiovascular risk in early adulthood.
An international multicentre prospective audit of elective rectal cancer surgery; operative approach versus outcome, including transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME)
Authors:   The 2017 European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) collaborating group
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) has rapidly emerged as a novel approach for rectal cancer surgery. Safety profiles are still emerging and more comparative data is urgently needed. This study aimed to compare indications and short‐term outcomes of TaTME, open, laparoscopic, and robotic TME internationally.

Methods

A pre‐planned analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) 2017 audit was performed. Patients undergoing elective total mesorectal excision (TME) for malignancy between 1 January 2017 and 15 March 2017 by any operative approach were included. The primary outcome measure was anastomotic leak.

Results

Of 2579 included patients, 76.2% (1966/2579) underwent TME with restorative anastomosis of which 19.9% (312/1966) had a minimally invasive approach (laparoscopic or robotic) which included a transanal component (TaTME). Overall, 9.0% (175/1951, 15 missing outcome data) of patients suffered an anastomotic leak. On univariate analysis both laparoscopic TaTME (OR 1.61, 1.02–2.48, P = 0.04) and robotic TaTME (OR 3.05, 1.10–7.34, P = 0.02) were associated with a higher risk of anastomotic leak than non‐transanal laparoscopic TME. However this association was lost in the mixed‐effects model controlling for patient and disease factors (OR 1.23, 0.77–1.97, P = 0.39 and OR 2.11, 0.79–5.62, P = 0.14 respectively), whilst low rectal anastomosis (OR 2.72, 1.55–4.77, P < 0.001) and male gender (OR 2.29, 1.52–3.44, P < 0.001) remained strongly associated. The overall positive circumferential margin resection rate was 4.0%, which varied between operative approaches: laparoscopic 3.2%, transanal 3.8%, open 4.7%, robotic 1%.

Conclusion

This contemporaneous international snapshot shows that uptake of the TaTME approach is widespread and is associated with surgically and pathologically acceptable results.
Laparoscopic vs open resection of pT4 colon cancer: a propensity score analysis of 94 patients
Authors: Yang X. , Zhong M.‐E. , Xiao Y. , Zhang G.‐n. , Xu L. , Lu J. , Lin G. , Qiu H. , Wu B.
Published: September 2018

Aim

Our aim was to compare short‐ and long‐term oncological outcomes between laparoscopic and open colectomy in T4 colon cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed oncological outcomes of 94 patients who underwent surgery between December 2010 and December 2016 for pT4 colon cancer, with propensity score matching. All patients were treated with curative intent, by either laparoscopic or open en bloc resection.

Results

The conversion rate in the laparoscopic group was 17.0%. Blood loss, time to flatus and postoperative hospitalization were significantly less in the laparoscopic group. Postoperative morbidity and mortality within 30 days did not significantly differ between the two groups. R0 resection rates and lymph node harvests were similar between the two groups. At 5 years, laparoscopic outcomes were not inferior to open outcomes (overall survival 56.8% vs 50.2%, P = 0.250; disease‐free survival 59.7% vs 41.7%, P = 0.06).

Conclusion

The laparoscopic approach is safe and feasible for pathologically confirmed T4 colon cancer. It results in a faster postoperative recovery.
Thinking About the Opposite of What Is Said: Counterfactual Conditionals and Symbolic or Alternate Simulations of Negation
Authors: Espino Orlando , Byrne Ruth M. J.
Published: September 2018

When people understand a counterfactual such as “if the flowers had been roses, the trees would have been orange trees,” they think about the conjecture, “there were roses and orange trees,” and they also think about its opposite, the presupposed facts. We test whether people think about the opposite by representing alternates, for example, “poppies and apple trees,” or whether models can contain symbols, for example, “no roses and no orange trees.” We report the discovery of an inference‐to‐alternates effect—a tendency to make an affirmative inference that refers to an alternate even from a negative minor premise, for example, “there were no orange trees, therefore there were poppies.” Nine experiments show the inference‐to‐alternates effect occurs in a binary context, but not a multiple context, and for direct and indirect reference; it can be induced and reduced by prior experience with similar inferences, and it also occurs for indicative conditionals. The results have implications for theories of counterfactual conditionals, and of negation.
THE TURKISH CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
Authors: Abbasoğlu Osman F. , İmrohoroğlu Ayşe , Kabukçuoğlu Ayşe
Published: September 2018

During the 2011–2015 period, Turkey's current account deficit as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) was one of the largest among the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries. In this paper, we examine if this deficit can be considered optimal using the Engel and Rogers's approach. In this framework, the current account of a country is determined by the expected discounted present value of its future share of world GDP relative to its current share. A country whose income is anticipated to rise relative to the rest of the world is expected to borrow now and run a current account deficit. Our findings suggest that Turkey's current account deficit in 2015 may be considered optimal if the Turkish economy's share in the world economy could continue to grow at rates similar to the past or to the predictions from professional forecasts. The same approach, however, indicates that the current account deficit in 2011, at its peak, was unlikely to be optimal. (JELF32, F41, F43)
WHO QUITS NEXT? FIRM GROWTH IN GROWING ECONOMIES
Authors: Caunedo Julieta , Yurdagul Emircan
Published: September 2018

We document novel facts about the relationship between aggregate growth and firm dynamics using a large set of countries. We argue that firm employment patterns are not necessarily informative about cross‐country differences in aggregate growth because they are induced by changes in the productivity of a firm relative to others. In contrast, aggregate growth is linked to average firm‐level productivity growth and firm age. We formalize this intuition through a tractable model of endogenous aggregate growth and firm dynamics where firms realize positive returns to investment with some probability. We find that cross‐country disparities in this probability can account for two‐thirds of the variation in aggregate growth. (JEL D21, D22, E23, O4)
Plant diversity in Oceanic archipelagos: realistic patterns emulated by an agent‐based computer simulation
Authors: Jõks Madli , Pärtel Meelis
Published: September 2018

Although islands as natural laboratories have held the attention of scientists for centuries, they continue to offer new study questions, especially in the context of the current biodiversity crisis. To date, habitat diversity on islands and spatial configuration of archipelagos have received less attention than classical island area and isolation. Moreover, in the field where experiments are impossible, correlative methods have dominated, despite the call for more mechanistic approaches. We developed an agent‐based computer simulation to study the effect of habitat diversity and archipelago configuration on plant species richness and composition in five archipelagos worldwide (Hawaii, Galapagos, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Azores) and compared simulated diversity patterns to the empirical data. Habitat diversity proved to be an important factor to achieve realistic simulation results in all five archipelagos, whereas spatial structure of archipelagos was important in more elongated archipelagos. In most cases, simulation results correlate stronger with spermatophyte than with pteridophyte data, which we suggest can be attributed to the different dispersal and evolution rates of the two species groups. Correlation strength between simulated and observed diversity also varied among archipelagos, suggesting that geological and biogeographic histories of archipelagos have affected the species richness and composition on the islands. Our study demonstrates that a relatively simple computer simulation involving just a few essential processes can largely emulate patterns of archipelagic species richness and composition and serve as a powerful additional method to complement empirical approaches.
How we treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: A consensus statement of the Canadian PNH Network and review of the national registry
Authors: Patriquin Christopher J. , Kiss Thomas , Caplan Stephen , Chin‐Yee Ian , Grewal Kuljit , Grossman Jennifer , Larratt Loree , Marceau Daniele , Nevill Tom , Sutherland D. Robert , Wells Richard A. , Leber Brian
Published: September 2018

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematologic disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis, thrombophilia, and marrow failure. Its phenotype is due to absent or reduced expression of GPI‐linked complement regulators and subsequent sensitivity of hematopoietic cells to complement‐mediated damage and lysis. Introduction of the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab drastically improved outcomes in PNH patients; however, despite this improvement, there remain several challenges faced by PNH patients and physicians who care for them. One of the most important is increasing awareness of the heterogeneity with which patients can present, which can lead to significant delays in recognition. Data from the Canadian PNH Registry are presented to demonstrate the variety of presenting symptoms. In Canada, geography precludes consolidation of care to just a few centers, so management is distributed across academic hospitals, linked together as the Canadian PNH Network. The Network over the last several years has developed educational programs and clinical checklists and has worked to standardize access to diagnostics across the country. Herein, we address some of the common diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced by PNH physicians and give our recommendations. Gaps in knowledge are also addressed, and where appropriate, consensus opinion is provided.
Difference in the generalization of response tolerance across views between the anterior and posterior part of the inferotemporal cortex
Authors: Okamura Jun‐ya , Uemura Koki , Saruwatari Shintaro , Wang Gang
Published: September 2018

The inferotemporal cortex consists of an anterior (cytoarchitectonic area TE) and a posterior (area TEO) part, which together constitute the final areas of the ventral visual stream, which is critical for object discrimination. Area TE receives dense projections from area TEO. We have previously identified a response tolerance in the cells in area TE in monkeys to a range of viewing angles after object discrimination at each of several views. To investigate the contribution of area TEO to the establishment of such a response tolerance in area TE, we conducted electrophysiological recordings of the responses of the single cells in area TEO after performance saturation of object discrimination at several independent views, without any association across views, and compared them with those obtained from the TE cells. The cells in area TEO showed responses to the experienced object views, but not to nearby views. Comparisons of the tunings of the TE and TEO cells to different viewing angles for the same object sets in the same animal showed that cells in area TEO had a significantly narrower tuning width, whereas the response tolerance was usually observed in the TE cells across viewing angles up to 60°. Our findings revealed a significant difference in the representation of the object views between areas TE and TEO, and suggested that such a representation in area TE may be completed through neuronal mechanisms within area TE, which is not a property of the earlier stages of the ventral visual stream.
Activation of the neural pathway from the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the central amygdala induces anxiety‐like behaviors
Authors: Yamauchi Naoki , Takahashi Daiki , Sugimura Yae K. , Kato Fusao , Amano Taiju , Minami Masabumi
Published: September 2018

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the central amygdala (CeA) comprise a forebrain unit that has been described as the “extended amygdala”. These two nuclei send dense projections to each other and have been implicated in the regulation of negative emotional states, including anxiety and fear. The present study employed an optogenetic technique to examine whether stimulation of CeA‐projecting dorsolateral BNST (dlBNST) neuron terminals would influence anxiety‐like behaviors in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Photostimulation of CeA‐projecting dlBNST neuron terminals produced anxiogenic effects in an elevated plus maze test. This finding is inconsistent with previous reports showing that optogenetic stimulation of BNST neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) produces anxiolytic rather than anxiogenic effects. To address this issue, electrophysiological analyses were conducted to characterize dlBNST neurons projecting to the CeA, LH, and VTA. dlBNST neurons can be electrophysiologically classified into three distinct cell types (types I–III) according to their responses to depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current injections. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings revealed that more than 60% of the CeA‐projecting dlBNST neurons were type II, whereas approximately 80% of the LH‐ and VTA‐projecting dlBNST neurons were type III. These electrophysiological results will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of BNST neurons during the regulation of anxiety‐like behaviors.
Aesthetic freedom and democratic ethical life: A Hegelian account of the relationship between aesthetics and democratic politics
Authors: Schaub Jörg
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a novel Hegelian view of the relationship between aesthetics and democratic politics. My account avoids the drawbacks associated with approaches, such as Rancière's, that reconceive all of the political in aesthetic terms or, like Rockhill's, reduce the aesthetic to art. Instead, I maintain that the aesthetic is best understood as a distinct recognition relationship of individual freedom. My argument proceeds by highlighting shortcomings of Honneth's account of democratic Sittlichkeit and then addressing these impasses by integrating aesthetic freedom into the picture. The first two steps of my argument concern the fact that the form of life outlined by Honneth aspires to be a form of free life, yet his account of democratic Sittlichkeit gives rise to two dimensions of unfreedom. The first problem of unfreedom pertains to the scope of freedom. The relationships of freedom incorporated into Honneth's account fail to turn given social roles into the subject matter of a sufficiently unrestricted practice of freedom. The second problem of freedom concerns conformism. In a final step, I complete my argument that Honneth's account is unsatisfactory and incomplete by showing that aesthetic freedom is socially valid and thus ought to form part of our accounts of democratic ethical life.
Organisational Ambidexterity in the UK Financial Services: A Corporate Level Perspective
Authors: Costanzo Laura A.
Published: September 2018

This paper fills theoretical gaps in the scholarly discourse of organisational ambidexterity (OA) by focusing on the concepts of balanced dimension (BD) and combined dimension (CD) of OA. Through a qualitative cross‐comparative case study method it investigates BD/CD at corporate level within the dynamic and competitive UK financial services sector. The study brings greater clarity on the construct of OA and its use in real practice. It shows that forms of OA, CD and BD, are influenced by the firm's strategic choice in specific market segments. Niche players pursuing focused differentiation attain a CD, whereas large players pursuing cost leadership attain a BD of ambidexterity. Exploitation‐exploration efforts are triggered by sets of firm's contingencies that are distinctive to each dimension. Resource flexibility moderates the attainment of desirable ambidexterity's dimensions in contexts of munificent resources. At the corporate level, managers’ long tenure facilitates OA. Theoretical and practical implications are offered.
Organizational Learning of Absorptive Capacity and Innovation: Does Leadership Matter?
Authors: Darwish Tamer K. , Zeng Jing , Rezaei Zadeh Mohammad , Haak‐Saheem Washika
Published: September 2018

Following the process‐based definition of absorptive capacity, this study seeks to explore the mediating role of transformational and transactional leadership styles in the relationship between the three learning processes of absorptive capacity and innovation. Based on a survey in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it was found that transformational leadership mediates the relationship between exploratory and transformational learning processes and innovation. It was also found that transactional leadership did not mediate the relationship between the internal exploitative learning process and innovation. While several researchers have noted a need to develop a better theoretical understanding of the mechanisms explaining the interplay between absorptive capacity and innovation, we provide theoretical explanations of the underlying mechanism and further offer explanations as to why some firms are better able to convert external knowledge into strategic innovations when compared with others. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are delineated.
Boundary Spanners in the Orchestration of Resources: Global–local Complementarities in Action
Authors: Mérindol Valérie , Versailles David W.
Published: September 2018

This research focuses on managerial roles and practices in the local–global deployment of the orchestration of resources. We aim at understanding how local and global managers contribute to ‘sensing', ‘seizing' and ‘reconfiguring' in a transnational firm. We offer an exploratory, explanatory and theory‐building case study and an abductive method grounded in the microfoundations of managerial activities. The field research develops inside THALES business units. We obtain two main conclusions that are consistent with our abductive method: we characterize how the boundary‐spanning function serves the orchestration of resources and highlight the importance of team and network boundary‐spanning modalities. We identify the complementarities between local and global boundary spanners, and we show that rules create the framework suited to empowering the dynamics of team or network boundary spanning at the local and global levels.
Correlation between Apolipoprotein E genotype and brain metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Canosa A. , Pagani M. , Brunetti M. , Barberis M. , Iazzolino B. , Ilardi A. , Cammarosano S. , Manera U. , Moglia C. , Calvo A. , Cistaro A. , Chiò A.
Published: September 2018

Background and purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the metabolic correlates of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to investigate the role of ε2 as a risk factor for cognitive impairment.

Methods

A total of 159 ALS cases underwent APOE and ALS‐related genes analysis, neuropsychological assessment and cerebral 18F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography. The APOE genotype was regressed against whole brain metabolism as assessed by 18F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography, with age, sex, education, type of onset and C9orf72 status as covariates.

Results

Brain metabolism was significantly positively correlated with APOE genotype from ε2/ε2 to ε3/ε4 in the left prefrontal [Brodmann area (BA) 10], orbitofrontal (BAs 11, 45, 47) and anterior cingulate (BA 32) cortices. There was a tendency to a relative hypometabolism going towards the ε2/ε2 extreme.

Conclusions

We found a highly significant, relatively lower metabolism in association with the ε2 allele in extra‐motor areas typically affected in frontotemporal dementia (left prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices), strengthening the finding of a role of ε2 as a risk factor for cognitive impairment in ALS. Our data suggested a link between cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration.
Revision of the tryphonine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of a beech sawfly, Fagineura crenativora Vikberg & Zinovjev (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae)
Authors: Watanabe Kyohei , Taniwaki Tooru , Kasparyan Dmitri R.
Published: September 2018

The tryphonine parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of a serious pest of beech trees, Fagineura crenativora Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), are reviewed. Three species, Cteniscus (Cteniscus) fagineurae sp. nov., Eridolius tanzawanus sp. nov. and Exyston elongatus sp. nov., are described. Key to main koinobiont parasitoids of F. crenativora is given.
Stable isotope analysis reveals the importance of plant‐based diets for tropical ant‐mimicking spiders
Authors: Hyodo Fujio , Yamasaki Takeshi , Iwasa Takuya , Itioka Takao , Endo Tomoji , Hashimoto Yoshiaki
Published: September 2018

Ant‐mimicking spiders are a well‐known example of Batesian mimicry. Earlier studies have proposed that plant‐based diets (e.g. extrafloral nectar) are an important food source for ant‐mimicking spiders. However, it is still unclear whether the plant‐based diets are a main food source or supplementary energy source to the spiders. To examine the feeding habits, we measured stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios (δ15N and δ13C) of ant‐mimicking spiders (six species of Myrmarachne; one species of Agorius, Salticidae; and two species of Corinnidae) collected from a tropical rain forest in Malaysia and a dry evergreen forest in Thailand. We also investigated the isotopic signatures of several ant species sampled from the two forests for comparison. In general, the ant‐mimicking spiders had relatively low δ15N values, which were comparable to those of the nectar‐feeding and omnivorous ants. The δ15N values of the ant‐mimicking spiders differed significantly among the species: some species (e.g. Myrmarachne sp. H and Myrmarachne sp. 2) showed δ15N values similar to those of the nectar‐feeding ants, whereas the δ15N values of others (e.g. Myrmarachne maxillosa and Myrmarachne malayana) were close to those of the omnivorous ants. The δ13C values of the ant‐mimicking spiders did not differ significantly among the species, but tended to be similar to those of the nectar‐ and honeydew‐feeding ants rather than the predatory ants. These results indicate that plant‐based diets are important for the nutrition of ant‐mimicking spiders and suggest that the importance would differ among the ant‐mimicking spider species.
Credit union business models
Authors: Stowe David L. , Stowe John D.
Published: September 2018

Credit union decisions on how funds are raised and invested and what services to provide are guided by their business models and should be reflected by credit union financial statements. We use cluster analysis to group credit unions using common size financial statement variables such that the financial statements are similar within credit union groups and distinct across groups. This allows the assignment of credit unions to groups by knowing their essential elements but without predefining the groups. In this paper, we present six credit union strategic groups differentiated from each other by their asset‐liability management choices and the services they provide members. Identifying the various credit union groups provides a clearer picture of their business models and the economic roles that different credit unions play.
Regional anesthesia with epinephrine‐containing lidocaine reduces pericatheter bleeding after tunneled hemodialysis catheter placement
Authors: Mutlu Ilhan Nahit , Kocak Burak , Baykara Ulusan Melis , Ulusan Kivilcim , Cakir Mehmet Semih , Kilickesmez Ozgur
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Pericatheter bleeding (PB) following tunneled hemodialysis catheter (THC) placement is a common phenomenon. In addition to complicating securement of the THC, the PB may loosen the adhesive catheter dressing and delay wound healing. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether epinephrine‐containing local anesthetics rather than plain ones reduce superficial PB after THC placement.

Methods: The study was based on the retrospective analysis of the prospectively gathered data. Forty‐six patients receiving local analgesia during THC placement were randomly assigned in a double‐blind manner to two groups according to local anesthetic mixtures used (n =22 to prilocaine group [group 1]; n =24 to epinephrine‐containing lidocaine group [group 2]). Presence or absence of PB after the THC placement was evaluated. Differences between groups with and without controlling other variables were statistically analyzed.

Findings: Epinephrine‐containing lidocaine (group 2) significantly reduced PB in comparison with prilocaine, P = 0.003. Use of epinephrine‐containing lidocaine (group 2) was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of PB (Odds ratio = 0.017). Meanwhile, use of prilocaine (group 1) had 59.7 times higher odds in the likelihood of PB after THC placement. Lower rate of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in group 2 patients after 5 minutes of injections was also noted, P = 0.008. Epinephrine‐containing lidocaine was well tolerated and caused no significant cardiovascular disturbance.

Discussion: Local infiltration of epinephrine‐containing lidocaine instead of plain local anesthetics during THC insertion may reduce superficial PB and improve patient comfort.
“Mere Auxiliaries to the Movement”1: How Intellectual Biography Obscures Marx's and Engels's Gendered Political Partnerships
Authors: Carver Terrell
Published: September 2018

Four women have been conventionally framed as wives and/or mistresses and/or sexual partners in the biographical reception of Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) as heterosexual men. These women were Jenny Marx (née von Westphalen) (1814–1881), Helene Demuth (“Lenchen”) (1820–1890), Mary Burns (1821–1863), and Lydia Burns (1827–1878). How exactly they appear in the few contemporary texts and rare images that survive is less interesting than the determination of subsequent biographers of the two “great men” to make these women fit a familiar genre, namely intellectual biography. An analysis of Marx–Engels biographies shows how this masculinized genre enforces an incuriosity that makes gendered political partnerships unthinkable and therefore invisible. By contrast, a positive interest in these women, which rethinks what a gendered political partnership is or could be, results in a significantly different view of the two men. As historical figures, they shift from being individualized or paired‐with‐each‐other “great thinkers” to communist/socialist activists working in and through everyday spaces and material practices. Their pamphlets, articles, and books thus appear more as immediate political interventions and less as timeless theorizing or as the raw material for such intellectualizing reconstructions.
The “Beloved and Deplored” Memory of Harriet Taylor Mill: Rethinking Gender and Intellectual Labor in the Canon
Authors: Philips Menaka
Published: September 2018

In his Autobiography, John Stuart Mill tells us that though his conviction regarding the equality of the sexes was a result of his earliest engagements with political subjects, it remained an abstract idea before his relationship with Harriet Taylor (later Taylor Mill) began. Crediting her as the author of “all that was best” in his writings, Mill's praise of his wife has not been well received by many of his readers, and scholars have long questioned her capacities as an intellectual and as a political thinker. I argue that such doubts reflect a narrow standard for adjudicating Taylor Mill's intellectual worth, and what counts as intellectual labor more broadly. Examining Taylor Mill's own writings in fact illuminates and challenges the gendering practices that have sustained scholarly interrogations of Taylor Mill and of her relationship to JS Mill. I make this case first by drawing attention to her “experiential politics” as a credible source of intellectual scholarship, and second by raising questions about the gendered aspects of how intellectual labor has been defined and evaluated in studies of the canon.
Advance selling of new products considering retailers’ learning
Authors: Zeng Chenhang
Published: September 2018

When a retailer launches a new product, the lack of information on market size and consumer valuation lead to yield uncertainty for the retailer concerning demand and therefore lead to risks in production. Under advance selling, the pre‐orders may signal the future demand for the retailer, which helps to reduce demand uncertainty. This paper studies the retailer's optimal advance selling price and production quantity in a two‐period model where the demand uncertainty comes from both the market size and the distribution of consumer valuations. We characterize the conditions under which the retailer adopts advance selling and perform comparative statics analysis of the equilibrium.
Effects of different solvents on total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents of Clitoria ternatea L. petal and their anti‐cholesterol oxidation capabilities
Authors: López Prado Adriana S. , Shen Yixiao , Ardoin Ryan , Osorio Luis F. , Cardona Jorge , Xu Zhimin , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: September 2018

Clitoria ternatea (CT) petals have a high content of polyphenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, which protect against lipid oxidation. This research evaluated total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of CT extracts obtained using distilled water, methanol, and/or water‐methanol combination (1:1) solvents after 6, 12 and 24 h soaking times. The predominant bioactive compounds of CT petals were kaempferol 3‐neohesperidoside (462.63 mg per 100 g), caffeoylmalic acid (137.59 mg per 100 g), and kaempferol 3‐(2G‐rhamnosylrutinoside) (129.28 mg per 100 g). The capacity of each solvent‐type extract obtained from 6 h soaking time to inhibit cholesterol oxidation was determined after 24 and 48 h in an emulsion model. At 6 h soaking time, the combination‐solvent yielded an extract with the highest anthocyanin content (63.9 μg mL−1) and inhibited 89.8% of 7‐ketocholesterol production in emulsion, compared to the control. This study demonstrated that CT petal extracts can enhance health benefits and lengthen shelf life of emulsion‐type products.
Beyond 2D: 3D bioprinting for skin regeneration
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Yihui , Yao Bin , Hu Tian , Li Zhao , Huang Sha , Fu Xiaobing
Published: September 2018

Essential cellular functions that are present in tissues are missed by two‐dimensional (2D) cell monolayer culture. It certainly limits their potential to predict the cellular responses of real organisms. Engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome current limitations. For example, establishing a three‐dimensional (3D)‐based matrix is motivated by the need to mimic the functions of living tissues, which will have a strong impact on regenerative medicine. However, as a novel approach, it requires the development of new standard protocols to increase the efficiency of clinical translation. In this review, we summarised the various aspects of requirements related to well‐suited 3D bioprinting techniques for skin regeneration and discussed how to overcome current bottlenecks and propel these therapies into the clinic.
Association of vitiligo with hospitalization for mental health disorders in US adults
Authors: Patel K.R. , Singam V. , Rastogi S. , Lee H.H. , Silverberg N.B. , Silverberg J.I.
Published: September 2018

Background

Vitiligo has a complex bidirectional relationship with mental health (MH) disturbances. However, little is known about the relationship between vitiligo and MH emergencies.

Objective

To examine the associations of vitiligo and MH hospitalizations in the United States.

Methods

Data from the 2002 to 2012 National Inpatient Sample were analysed, including a ~20% sample of all US hospitalizations (n = 87 053 155 children and adults). Prevalence of hospitalization for MH disorders, their length of stay (LOS) and cost of care were determined for those with vitiligo compared to those without vitiligo.

Results

Hospitalization for MH disorders occurred more commonly in those with vitiligo compared to those without vitiligo (4.17% vs. 2.18%). In multivariable logistic regression models, vitiligo was associated with higher odds of admission for any MH disorder [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.69 (1.61–1.78)], including 14 of 15 MH disorders examined. Associated MH disorders included anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, suicidal risk, personality disorder, ADD/ADHD and conduct disorder, substance use disorder, childhood and adolescent psychiatric illnesses, alcohol‐related disorders, adjustment disorders, developmental disorders, impulse control disorders, history of mental health disorders and miscellaneous mental health disorders. Vitiligo patients hospitalized with any MH disorder had higher geometric‐mean (95% confidence interval) cost of inpatient care [$10 992 ($10 477–$11 507) vs. $10 082 ($9728–$10 435)] and LOS [5.6 (5.3–5.8) vs. 4.8 (4.6–4.9); P < 0.0001] compared to those without vitiligo, with $10.5 million excess annual costs from hospitalization with MH disorders in persons with vitiligo.

Conclusions

Persons with vitiligo had increased hospitalization for multiple MH disorders, which were associated with a considerable cost burden.
Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe chronic plaque psoriasis: pooled analysis of week 16 data from three randomized controlled trials
Authors: Blauvelt A. , Reich K. , Lebwohl M. , Burge D. , Arendt C. , Peterson L. , Drew J. , Rolleri R. , Gottlieb A.B.
Published: September 2018

Background

Certolizumab pegol, an Fc‐free, PEGylated, anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) biologic, has demonstrated favourable results in three ongoing, phase 3, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trials in adults with psoriasis.

Objective

Data were pooled from the ongoing trials to investigate efficacy in selected subgroups and add precision to estimates of treatment effects during the initial 16 weeks of treatment.

Methods

In each trial, patients ≥18 years with moderate‐to‐severe chronic plaque psoriasis for ≥6 months were randomized to receive certolizumab 400 mg, certolizumab 200 mg or placebo every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Coprimary endpoints for the pooled analysis were responder rates at Week 16, defined as ≥75% reduction in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI 75) and physician global assessment (PGA) of 0/1 (‘clear’/‘almost clear’ with ≥2‐category improvement). Safety was assessed by treatment‐emergent adverse events.

Results

A total of 850 patients treated with certolizumab 400 mg (N = 342), certolizumab 200 mg (N = 351) or placebo (N = 157) were included in the pooled analysis. At Week 16, PASI 75 and PGA 0/1 responder rates were 80.1% and 63.7% in the certolizumab 400 mg group, 74.5% and 54.6% in the certolizumab 200 mg group, and 7.5% and 2.8% in the placebo group (P < 0.0001 for each dose versus placebo). In patients with and without prior biologic therapy, both doses of certolizumab resulted in substantially higher responder rates versus placebo. The incidence of adverse events was generally similar between the 400 mg and placebo groups, and somewhat lower in the 200 mg group versus placebo. No new safety signals were identified.

Conclusion

Certolizumab pegol 400 mg or 200 mg every 2 weeks for 16 weeks was associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in signs and symptoms of psoriasis in patients with and without prior biologic therapy, and a safety profile consistent with the anti‐TNF class in psoriasis.
The vertical distributions and spawning site choices of red and yellow bluefin killifish Lucania goodei colour morphs
Authors: Chang Chia‐Hao , Schult Jessica E. , Sanders Jonathan , Liu Shih‐Hui , Fuller Rebecca C.
Published: September 2018

A genetic colour polymorphism is present in bluefin killifish Lucania goodei, where red and yellow anal‐fin morphs coexist in clear springs, but the source of balancing selection is unknown. In a field study, vertical distributions did not differ between the morphs and there was little evidence that light environments differed qualitatively over the 200 cm at which fish were collected. A greenhouse study showed that both morphs preferred to spawn at shallow depths and hence vertical distribution and spawning site choice are unlikely to explain the maintenance of the colour polymorphism.
Is resource partitioning the key? The role of intra‐interspecific variation in coexistence among five small endemic fish species (Characidae) in subtropical rivers
Authors: Neves Mayara P. , Da Silva Jislaine C. , Baumgartner Dirceu , Baumgartner Gilmar , Delariva Rosilene L.
Published: September 2018

This study focused on intra and interspecific variations in the diet of small species in the Pelotas River, upper Uruguay River ecoregion. We tested the hypothesis that five small characids coexist via resource partitioning. Samplings were performed quarterly between August 2013 and May 2014 at 14 sites in the Pelotas River basin, using gillnets of different mesh sizes, seines, cast nets and electrofishing. In this study, the contents of 1,253 stomachs were analysed from Astyanax dissensus, A. paris, A. saguazu, A. xiru and Bryconamericus patriciae. The main food resources consumed were aquatic insects, leaves, seeds and detritus. There were significant seasonal intra and interspecific variations in the use of food resources by the five species. Permutational analysis of multivariate dispersions results indicated significant differences in individual intraspecific variability between the sampled periods, with the highest values found in November and February because of an increase in allochthonous resources (leaves and seeds). Besides this, significant differences in the proportions of consumption of allochthonous and autochthonous were observed. The trophic niche breadth was significantly different among the species, such that in August, the species had narrower niche breadths. In the other periods, the highest niche breadth values were due to an increase in the consumption of allochthonous items. Diet overlap was low (< 0.4) between 62% of the species pairs. The small characid species showed pronounced changes in resource use and intra and interspecific variations indicating resource partitioning. These factors appear to be essential in species interactions and for coexistence.