bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Central Poststroke Pain
Authors: Mulla Sohail M. , Wang Li , Khokhar Rabia , Izhar Zain , Agarwal Arnav , Couban Rachel , Buckley D. Norman , Moulin Dwight E. , Panju Akbar , Makosso-Kallyth Sun , Turan Alparslan , Montori Victor M. , Sessler Daniel I. , Thabane Lehana , Guyatt Gordon H. , Busse Jason W.
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose—

Central poststroke pain is a chronic neuropathic disorder that follows a stroke. Current research on its management is limited, and no review has evaluated all therapies for central poststroke pain.

Methods—

We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to evaluate therapies for central poststroke pain. We identified eligible trials, in any language, by systematic searches of AMED, CENTRAL, CINAHL, DARE, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, MEDLINE, and PsychINFO. Eligible trials (1) enrolled ≥10 patients with central poststroke pain; (2) randomly assigned them to an active therapy or a control arm; and (3) collected outcome data ≥14 days after treatment. Pairs of reviewers, independently and in duplicate, screened titles and abstracts of identified citations, reviewed full texts of potentially eligible trials, and extracted information from eligible studies. We used a modified Cochrane tool to evaluate risk of bias of eligible studies, and collected patient-important outcomes according to recommendations by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials. We conducted, when possible, random effects meta-analyses, and evaluated our certainty in treatment effects using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation System.

Results—

Eight eligible English language randomized controlled trials (459 patients) tested anticonvulsants, an antidepressant, an opioid antagonist, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and acupuncture. Results suggested that all therapies had little to no effect on pain and other patient-important outcomes. Our certainty in the treatment estimates ranged from very low to low.

Conclusions—

Our findings are inconsistent with major clinical practice guidelines; the available evidence suggests no beneficial effects of any therapies that researchers have evaluated in randomized controlled trials.
Ancient Greek Writing for Memory
Authors: Vatri Alessandro
Published: September 2015

Throughout antiquity memory played a central role in the production, publication, and transmission of texts. Greek mnemotechnics started developing as early as the 6th century bc and by the 2nd century bc memory established itself as a formal division of rhetoric. Techniques of memorization are described at length in ancient rhetorical or scientific works (such as Aristotle’s De memoria), or alluded to in literary works. The theory of mnemotechnics was concerned with how to learn virtually any text by heart, but there is no systematic discussion of what makes a text intrinsically easy to memorize, nor of how to compose in a memory-friendly manner. However, passing remarks scattered throughout ancient Greek texts show that some awareness existed that certain stylistic and structural features improve the memorability of texts. A systematic study of these primary sources reveals that (a) memorization was not regarded as specifically functional to oral performance alone, and (b) the Greek literary and technical writers consciously looked at the mnemonic advantage of stylistic and structural features only when they wanted to favour the memory of the audience, not that of the performer.
‘Priest’—‘Eparchy-arch’—‘Speaker of the ethnos’
Authors: Vitale Marco
Published: September 2015

In the Roman Eastern provinces, the concept and rituals of a province-wide imperial cult were based on a pre-existing tradition of Hellenistic ruler’s divinization and worship. But its formal mise en place was conformed to the new territorial framework of Roman administration: a gubernatorial provincia/ἐπαρχεία appears subdivided into several administrative sub-provinces that were likewise called provinciae/ἐπαρχεῖαι. The cities of almost all known eparchies in terms of sub-provinces formed koina responsible for the provincial imperial cult and the political representation of the provincials headed by priestly officials, such as bithyniarchai or ‘(high-)priests of the eparchy/-ies’, whose titles refer explicitly to the represented sub-province. The correlation between these koina and Roman territorial administration from almost all Eastern provinces demands more political functions of the koinon-officials than only priestly ones, as shown by the frequently combined titulatures.
One Fish, Two Fish, Bonito, Bluefish: Ancient Greek ἀµία and γοµφάριον
Authors: Lytle Ephraim
Published: September 2015

The Ancient Greek fish name ἀµία has been identified with the bonito since the Renaissance. I argue that this identification is wrong and that theamiacan only be another important species, the bluefish. The nameamiaeventually fell out of use and was replaced by another term, γοµφάριον, which has been similarly misidentified despite having survived into Modern Greek, only slightly changed, as a common name for the bluefish.
Argumentative Strategies in the ‘Platonic Section’ of Plutarch’s De Iside et Osiride (chapters 45-64)
Authors: Petrucci Federico M.
Published: September 2015

Plutarch’s De Iside et Osiride has been studied from several points of view. In this paper I set out to demonstrate first of all that the core of the work fully rests on Plato’s philosophy, since according to Plutarch’s methodological assumptions Plato had grasped the truth hidden behind the Isis myth. Then I shall focus on the argumentative structure of the work, highlighting its twofold nature. The De Iside is entirely structured as a philosophical zetema, whose apex rests on Plato’s doctrine. Finally, I will argue that the ‘Platonic section’ (45-64) is framed in a different way, its aim being to progressively deepen Plutarch’s underlying assumption: the notion of the dualistic nature of being.
Oriental reed warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis) nest defence behaviour towards brood parasites and nest predators
Authors: Li Donglai , Wei Hongwei , Zhang Zhengwang , Liang Wei , Stokke Bård G.
Published: September 2015

Brood parasites and predators pose different threats to passerines that may favour the evolution of enemy-specific defence strategies. Furthermore, potential sex-specific variation in parental investment may be manifested in differences between male and female nest defence behaviour. We investigated these hypotheses in Oriental reed warblers (Acrocephalus orientalis), by recording sex- and stage-specific (nests with eggs or nestlings) responses to stuffed dummies placed at their nests. Warblers showed the highest level of aggression to the co-occurring parasite, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), colour morph (grey), but showed reluctance to mob or attack the co-occurring nest predator, the magpie (Pica pica). There was a sex difference in rate of body attacks towards rufous morph common cuckoo, sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (locally absent parasite and predator, respectively) and the spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) (locally present, harmless species), with females showing better ability to distinguish between these species than males.
Re-description of the slug-parasitic nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859 (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae)
Authors: Nermuť Jiří , Půža Vladimír , Mráček Zdeněk
Published: September 2015

Alloionema appendiculatumis a common juvenile parasite of many terrestrial molluscs. Its third-stage juveniles (dauers) invade the foot muscle of snails and slugs and develop into fourth-stage juveniles, which then leave the host. Later they mature and reproduce in the soil. A population ofA. appendiculatumwas isolated from infected individuals of the invasive slugArion vulgaris(= A. lusitanicus), collected in the city of České Budějovice, Czech Republic, and was designated as the AL strain. This nematode is also able to reproduce on pig kidney in laboratory culture. Our isolate was compared primarily with the description published by Mengert (1953) and in some aspects with the original description published by Schneider (1859). Insufficient morphology, morphometrics, phylogeny and an absence of pictorial material encouraged us to re-describe this frequent slug parasite and to add some new information on its life-cycle. The species is characterised by the absence, in adults, of ridges in the lateral fields. At this life stage the stoma is short, narrow and approximately twice as long as it is broad. Fourth-stage female juveniles produce a mucus-like substance from the phasmids. Males possess six pairs of papillae and a single inconspicuous papilla. The nematode has both parasitic and saprophytic life-cycles. Parasitic adults are bigger than the saprophytes and have a thick, digitate tail, whereas the smaller saprophytic generation has a filiform tail. The species is amphimictic, displaying a higher proportion of females, but males are frequent.
Nematode colonisation of artificial water-filled tree holes
Authors: Ptatscheck Christoph , Dümmer Birgit , Traunspurger Walter
Published: September 2015

Nematodes inhabiting artificial water-filled tree holes were monitored over 16 months by placing 300 plastic cups in four forest areas. For the first time we investigated the importance of forest soils for nematode dispersal and colonisation of tree holes. On average, 91% of the cups were settled by a total of 35 species (maximum 58 336 individuals 100 cm−2). They were dominated by the bacterial feeder Dolichorhabditis dolichura (32.4%) and the hyphal feeders Laimaphelenchus penardi (23.6%) and Laimaphelenchus sp. (13.4%); 84.4% had lengths < 0.75 mm and in only 6% of the water-filled tree holes were male nematodes found. None of the most common species was detected in the soils of the sampling sites. However, a meta-community analysis revealed a random turnover. The properties of the identified nematodes (small body size, anhydrobiosis, parthenogenesis) made them highly amenable to dispersal by wind and account for their rapid colonisation of a wide range of habitats.
Vertical and temporal distribution of free-living nematodes dwelling in two sandy-bed streams fed by helocrene springs
Authors: Traunspurger Walter , Threis Ilka , Majdi Nabil
Published: September 2015

We monitored for 1 year the sediment nematofauna of two headwater streams located near water resurgence from typical helocrene springs. Nematode community composition, benthic organic matter (BOM) and chlorophylla(BChl a) were assessed in two sediment layers (0-5 and 5-10 cm depth), providing insights into nematode vertical distribution. Globally, the density, diversity and functional richness of nematodes were lower in the upper sediments, although important amounts of BChl awere available there. The assemblages differed markedly between springs, with only 41 shared species from a total of 120 species, suggesting stochastic horizontal distribution even at small geographical scales (<5 km). Bacterial-feeding nematodes dominated in the upper sediments, whereas omnivorous, fungal- and plant-feeding nematodes thrived in the deeper sediments. Reproduction by the dominant algal-feeding species,Prodesmodora arctica, was detected in August. The substantial presence of juveniles throughout the year highlighted the importance of parthenogenetic reproduction.
Description of Atetylenchus minor n. sp. (Tylenchina: Tylenchidae) and data on two other species of the family
Authors: Yaghoubi Ali , Pourjam Ebrahim , Atighi Mohammad Reza , Pedram Majid
Published: September 2015

Three species of the family Tylenchidae, including one new and two known species, are described and illustrated. Atetylenchus minor n. sp. is characterised by its short body length of 633 (558-691) μm, MB = 45 (41-46), lateral field with four crenate incisures, stylet 12.0 (11.5-12.5) μm long, without distinct basal knobs but with swollen arms of the shaft at its base, V = 56.3 (53.7-59.3), absence of lateral vulval membranes, and conical tail 57 (51-62) μm long with a rounded tip. Morphological differences of the new species with four known species of the genus, namely A. abulbosus, A. graminus, A. amiri and A. metaporus, are discussed. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species using 1089 bp partial sequences of 18S rDNA revealed that the new species formed a clade with an unpublished species assigned to Psilenchus in Bayesian inference (BI) with low Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). This clade forms a sister clade to a major clade containing two species of Psilenchus and several belonolaim species and genera. The same result was achieved using maximum likelihood (ML) analysis. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies were also performed on two other species, Malenchus labiatus and Neothada cancellata, using 28S rDNA D2-D3 sequences. In the inferred Bayesian tree, M. labiatus formed a clade with other species of Malenchus with 28S information with maximal support (1.00 BPP), while N. cancellata formed a clade with Boleodorinae, again with maximal (1.00) BPP.
Theorizing Religion and the Role of Philosophy
Authors: Schilbrack Kevin
Published: September 2015

This paper is a response to Patrick Hart’s “Theory, Method, and Madness in Religious Studies,” and it argues that philosophy is presupposed and therefore ineliminable when theorizing religions.
The Spiritual Illusion: Redux
Authors: Herman Jonathan R.
Published: September 2015

In this response to Knut Melvær’s discussion of “The Spiritual Illusion: Constructive Steps Toward Rectification and Redescription,” I clarify some of the theoretical and methodological background that informed the original article, redress places where Melvær appears to have misread or miscast my positions, and offer some suggestions as to what may really be most at stake in this “spiritual” dispute.
The Earliest Manuscript of the Coptic Life of Aaron (British Library, Or. 7558 [89] [93] [150])
Authors: Dijkstra Jitse H.F. , van der Vliet Jacques
Published: September 2015

In this article, we offer a first edition of three papyrus fragments in Sahidic Coptic from the British Library (Or. 7558 [89] [93] [150]). They can be dated to the sixth or seventh century on palaeographical grounds and belong to the earliest known manuscript of the Coptic Life of Aaron. Since a complete manuscript of the text survives in a tenth-century paper codex, also preserved in the British Library (Or. 7029), the fragments enable us to compare the text of a Coptic hagiographical work as it was fairly close to the date of its composition, in this case probably the sixth century, with a much later version of the same text. A detailed analysis allows conclusions about both the reliability of the medieval witness and the nature of the changes that the text underwent in the course of its transmission.
Language Attitudes and Social Connotations in Jerome and Sidonius Apollinaris
Authors: Denecker Tim
Published: September 2015

Jerome of Stridon and Sidonius Apollinaris, two authors particularly sensitive to languages and linguistic differences, frequently evaluate the correctness, adequacy, and aesthetic qualities of ‘classical’ Latin on the one hand, and of ‘foreign’ or ‘barbarian’ languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, or ‘Germanic’) on the other. They also evaluate variation within the Latin language, mostly in a negative way. In this paper, I look at Jerome’s and Sidonius’ evaluative statements about languages and language varieties from the sociolinguistic perspective of language attitude research. I start by defining the concepts of ‘language attitude’ and ‘social connotations hypothesis’, and then proceed to the analysis of linguistic evaluations in Jerome’s and Sidonius’ works. In accordance with the social connotations hypothesis, I argue that these evaluations about languages or language varieties are strongly biased by the socio-cultural stereotypes the authors hold about the speakers of these languages or language varieties.
The Apple among the Trees: To Abraham (PBodmer 30) and the Apple at the Sacrifice of Isaac
Authors: Kalish Kevin J.
Published: September 2015

The poem from the Bodmer Papyrus (PBodmer 30) To Abraham contains a number of perplexing phrases and images—one in particular is the ambiguous word μῆλον, which appears in no other known text on the Sacrifice of Isaac. In this poem Abraham, in place of his son Isaac, chooses the μῆλον. I contribute to our understanding of how the poem works by demonstrating what μῆλον signifies in this context. I argue that the poem deliberately uses the ambiguous word μῆλον precisely because it can mean both sheep and apple. Moreover, when the apple is understood in the context of patristic interpretations of Song of Songs 2:3 (one of the few places μῆλον appears in the Septuagint), it becomes clear that the apple that Abraham chooses in place of his son points typologically to Christ and the meal Abraham prepares anticipates the Eucharist.
Benefiting from Wrongdoing and Sustaining Wrongful Harm
Authors: Barry Christian , Wiens David
Published: September 2015

Some moral theorists argue that innocent beneficiaries of wrongdoing may have special remedial duties to address the hardships suffered by the victims of the wrongdoing. These arguments generally aim to simply motivate the idea that being a beneficiary can provide an independent ground for charging agents with remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing. Consequently, they have neglected contexts in which it is implausible to charge beneficiaries with remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing, thereby failing to explore the limits of the benefiting relation in detail. Our aim in this article is to identify a criterion to distinguish contexts in which innocent beneficiaries plausibly bear remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing from those in which they do not. We argue that innocent beneficiaries incur special duties to the victims of wrongdoing (qua beneficiary) if and only if receiving and retaining the benefits sustains wrongful harm. We develop this criterion by identifying and explicating two general modes of sustaining wrongful harm. We also show that our criterion offers a general explanation for why some innocent beneficiaries incur a special duty to the victims of wrongdoing while others do not. By sustaining wrongful harm, beneficiaries-with-duties contribute to wrongful harm, and we ordinarily have relatively stringent moral requirements against contributing to wrongful harm. On our account, innocently benefiting from wrongdoing per se does not generate duties to the victims of wrongdoing. Rather, beneficiaries acquire such duties because their receipt and retention of the benefits of wrongdoing contribute to the persistence of the wrongful harm suffered by the victim. We conclude by showing that our proposed criterion also illuminates why there can be reasonable disagreement about whether beneficiaries have a duty to victims in some social contexts.
The Mystery of Moral Perception
Authors: Crow Daniel
Published: September 2015

Accounts of non-naturalist moral perception have been advertised as an empiricist-friendly epistemological alternative to moral rationalism. I argue that these accounts of moral perception conceal a core commitment of rationalism—to substantive a priori justification—and embody its most objectionable feature—namely, “mysteriousness.” Thus, accounts of non-naturalist moral perception do not amount to an interesting alternative to moral rationalism.
‘Recover it From the Facts as We Know Them’
Authors: Jubb Robert
Published: September 2015

In Andrea Sangiovanni’s words, practice-dependent theorists hold that “[t]he content, scope, and justification of a conception of [a given value] depends on the structure and form of the practices that the conception is intended to govern”. They have tended to present this as methodologically innovative, but here I point to the similarities between the methodological commitments of contemporary practice-dependent theorists and others, particularly P. F. Strawson in his Freedom and Resentment and Bernard Williams in general. I suggest that by looking at what Strawson and Williams did, we can add to the reasons for adopting one form or another of practice-dependence. The internal complexity of the practices we hope our principles will govern may require it. However, this defence of practice-dependence also puts pressure on self-identified practice-dependence theorists, suggesting that they need to do more work to justify the interpretations of the practices their theories rely on.
Drunk and in the Mood: Affect and Judgment
Authors: Moller Dan
Published: September 2015

This paper spells out the following line of thought: (A) How much we care about various things is in constant flux, even as the world remains as it was. Internal affective shifts due to changes in mood, arousal-states or even hunger cause us to be more or less concerned about something. (B) Further, there often isn't any fact of the matter about how much we ought to care about something. As I argue, it isn't the case that there are prudential or moral norms that fix how worried we should be about every state of affairs in the world. (C) And this suggests that what we should do, both prudentially and morally, is often subject to our affective shifts, at least if how much we (permissibly) care about something is an important element of practical reasoning.
Preferring a Genetically-Related Child
Authors: Rulli Tina
Published: September 2015

Millions of children worldwide could benefit from adoption. One could argue that prospective parents have a pro tanto duty to adopt rather than create children. For the sake of argument, I assume there is such a duty and focus on a pressing objection to it. Prospective parents may prefer that their children are genetically related to them. I examine eight reasons prospective parents have for preferring genetic children: for parent-child physical resemblance, for family resemblance, for psychological similarity, for the sake of love, to achieve a kind of immortality, for the genetic connection itself, to be a procreator, and to experience pregnancy. I argue that, with the possible exception of the pregnancy desire, these reasons fail to defeat a duty to adopt a child rather than create one, even assuming that we do have some leeway to favor our own interests.
Moral Perception and the Contents of Experience
Authors: Werner Preston J.
Published: September 2015

I defend the thesis that at least some moral properties can be part of the contents of experience. I argue for this claim using acontrast argument, a type of argument commonly found in the literature on the philosophy of perception. I first appeal to psychological research on what I call emotionally empathetic dysfunctional individuals (eedis) to establish a phenomenal contrast betweeneedis and normal individuals in some moral situations. I then argue that the best explanation for this contrast, assuming non-skeptical moral realism, is thatbadnessis represented in the normal individual’s experience but not in theeedi’s experience. I consider and reject four alternative explanations of the contrast.
Antokolskii’s Inquisition
Authors: Ayzenberg Shimshon
Published: September 2015

When Mark Antokolskii published his autobiography in a major St. Petersburg monthly, Vestnik Evropy [“The Herald of Europe”] in autumn 1887, it was during unprecedented state anti-Semitism in Tsarist Russia. The autobiography celebrates the liberal culture in St. Petersburg of the 1860s, when he grew into an artist as a student at the Imperial Academy of Art. The translated excerpt below describes how Antokolskii came to make the clay model of the relief, “The Raid of the Inquisition on the Jews during Passover,” as a product of his own search for beauty in art. In the short introduction, I explain that although this specific piece remained unfinished to the end of his life, its artistic concept was the philosophical undercurrent of his artistic creativity and placed his conception of Jewish identity at the very heart of his art.
Molecular phylogeny of the Taeniapterini (Diptera: Micropezidae) using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, with a reclassification of the genus Taeniaptera Macquart
Authors: Jackson Morgan D. , Marshall Stephen A. , Skevington Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2015

DNA molecular data are used to generate a phylogeny for the micropezid subfamily Taeniapterinae. Thirty-two taeniapterine species were sampled, including 10 of the 20 New World genera recognized by Steyskal, as well as one genus formerly treated as a synonym of Poecilotylus Hennig (Hemichaeta Steyskal). Five species from the Micropezinae were included as outgroups. A total DNA dataset of 4705 bp, including mitochondrial genes (12S and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI)) and nuclear coding genes (wingless and CAD), was analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The genus Taeniaptera Macquart was found to be non-monophyletic with respect to the remainder of the Taeniapterini analysed here. Taeniaptera is restricted to the Taeniaptera trivittata Macquart species group, Mitromyia Cresson is resurrected to contain the Taeniaptera grata (Wulp) species group, and Paragrallomyia Hendel is resurrected to contain most species previously considered Taeniaptera. Poecilotylus is recognized as a paraphyletic group awaiting further research.
Antisymmetric male genitalia in Western Australian populations of Mecyclothorax punctipennis (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini)
Authors: Liebherr James K. , Will Kipling W.
Published: September 2015

Western Australian populations ofMecyclothorax punctipennis(MacLeay) exhibit chiral polymorphism for male genitalic asymmetry. The plesiomorphic genitalic enantiomorph, wherein the male aedeagal median lobe is left side superior when retracted in the abdomen, is rotated 180° to a right side superior position in 23% of males from Western Australia. Conversely, population samples from eastern Australia are monomorphic for the plesiomorphic left side superior condition. Western Australian population samples are significantly heterogeneous for the percentages of chirally reversed males, with right side superior frequencies ranging 0–58%. Conversely, asymmetry of theM. punctipennisfemale reproductive tract, wherein the apex of the bursa copulatrix is distally expanded toward the right side of the individual, is shown to be monomorphic within the species. Based on the vast disparity in frequencies of left versus right enantiomorphs among populations of Western AustralianM. punctipennis, we hypothesize that population demographic factors related to very small population size and differential gene sampling via genetic drift could interact to establish populations fixed for the novel form. When such chiral genitalic substitutions are coupled with speciation, subsequent diversification stemming from that common ancestor would result in monophyletic lineages characterized by genitalic inversion. This hypothesis is corroborated by the sporadic occurrences of individual males with chirally inverted genitalia throughout the Carabidae, and the known occurrence of eight carabid taxa — individual species to diverse lineages — that are monomorphically characterized by male genitalic inversion.
The earliest and most oriental Calvertiellidae unearthed (Palaeodictyoptera; Late Carboniferous; China)
Authors: Fu Ying , Béthoux Olivier , Yang Qiang , Ren Dong
Published: September 2015

We report the discovery of a new Calvertiellidae from the Xiaheyan locality (Namurian, early Late Carboniferous; Tupo Formation; China), namelyXiaheyanella ortagen. et sp. n. Besides representing both the most ancient and the most oriental occurrences for the family, the new species exhibits a derived wing venation pattern, especially if compared to the putative palaeodictyopteran cousins of the family. This discovery shows that, by the early Late Carboniferous, many insect lineages of moderate importance (i.e., considered at the familial level or below) already had a widespread distribution, and that derived conditions already accumulated. This concurs with the view that insects had already experienced a long evolutionary history by that time, remaining to be documented.
Four Potential Meanings of Double Negation
Authors: Neuhaus Laura
Published: September 2015

The figurative use of double negations (not uninteresting, not unhappy) has been described by linguists and rhetoricians with regards to the rhetorical figure litotes. Both mitigation and strengthening have been proposed as aims of litotes (Horn, 1989; Krifka, 2007; van der Wouden, 1996). An analysis of the construction nicht un-adjective (not un-adj.) on the basis of German corpora leads to a coherent system of pragmatic functions for this sort of double negations. The construction can function as denial, potential presumption denial, mitigation or understatement. Nevertheless, litotes exemplifies the “indeterminate nature of figurative meaning” as suggested by Colston/Gibbs (2012: 259) in their dynamical systems approach. It is argued that a clear-cut line between literal and figurative meaning cannot be ascertained for these constructions. Still, contextual signals such as correction, associative particles or conventionalisation of use can help to identify different meanings as primary.
Effect of Temporal Frequency Spectra of Flicker on Time Perception: Behavioral Testing and Simulations Using a Striatal Beat Frequency Model
Authors: Hashimoto Yuki , Yotsumoto Yuko
Published: September 2015

When a visually presented stimulus flickers, the perceived stimulus duration exceeds the actual duration. This effect is called ‘time dilation’. On the basis of recent electrophysiological findings, we hypothesized that this flicker induced time dilation is caused by distortions of the internal clock, which is composed of many oscillators with many intrinsic vibration frequencies. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted behavioral experiments and a neural simulation. In the behavioral experiments, we measured flicker induced time dilation at various flicker frequencies. The stimulus was either a steadily presented patch or a flickering patch. The temporal frequency spectrum of the flickering patch was either single peaked at 10.9, 15, or 30 Hz, peaked with a narrow band at 8–12 or 12–16 Hz, or peaked with broad band at 4–30 Hz. Time dilation was observed with 10.9 Hz, 15 Hz, 30 Hz, or 8–12 Hz flickers, but not with 12–16 Hz or 4–30 Hz flickers. These results indicate that both the peak frequency and the width of the frequency distribution contribute to time dilation. To explain our behavioral results in the context of a physiological model, we proposed a model that combined the Striatal Beat Frequency Model and neural entrainment. The simulation successfully predicted the effect of flicker frequency locality and frequency specificity on time dilation, as observed in the behavioral experiments.
Inside the Judicial Mind: Exploring Judicial Methodology in the Mixed Legal System of Quebec
Authors: Jukier Rosalie
Published: September 2015

This article explores judicial methodology in the mixed legal system of Quebec and examines, in particular, how the nature of its legal system as a mixed legal system influences the judicial methodology of its judges, especially with respect to the de facto use of precedent. Features of the mixity, including the institutional setting of Quebec courts as courts of inherent jurisdiction, the nature of Quebec’s civil justice system and procedural law, as well as the judicial role and the effect of a supreme precedential authority (in the Supreme Court of Canada) are examined in turn as influential factors.
Music-to-Color Associations of Single-Line Piano Melodies in Non-synesthetes
Authors: Palmer Stephen E. , Langlois Thomas A. , Schloss Karen B.
Published: September 2015

Prior research has shown that non-synesthetes’ color associations to classical orchestral music are strongly mediated by emotion. The present study examines similar cross-modal music-to-color associations for much better controlled musical stimuli: 64 single-line piano melodies that were generated from four basic melodies by Mozart, whose global musical parameters were manipulated in tempo (slow/fast), note-density (sparse/dense), mode (major/minor) and pitch-height (low/high). Participants first chose the three colors (from 37) that they judged to be most consistent with (and, later, the three that were most inconsistent with) the music they were hearing. They later rated each melody and each color for the strength of its association along four emotional dimensions:happy/sad,agitated/calm,angry/not-angryandstrong/weak. The cross-modal choices showed that faster music in the major mode was associated with lighter, more saturated, yellower (warmer) colors than slower music in the minor mode. These results replicate and extend those of Palmeret al.(2013,Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.110, 8836–8841) with more precisely controlled musical stimuli. Further results replicated strong evidence for emotional mediation of these cross-modal associations, in that the emotional ratings of the melodies were very highly correlated with the emotional associations of the colors chosen as going best/worst with the melodies ( forhappy/sad,strong/weak,angry/not-angryandagitated/calm, respectively). The results are discussed in terms of common emotional associations forming a cross-modal bridge between highly disparate sensory inputs.
Audio-Visual, Visuo-Tactile and Audio-Tactile Correspondences in Preschoolers
Authors: Nava Elena , Grassi Massimo , Turati Chiara
Published: September 2015

Interest in crossmodal correspondences has recently seen a renaissance thanks to numerous studies in human adults. Yet, still very little is known about crossmodal correspondences in children, particularly in sensory pairings other than audition and vision. In the current study, we investigated whether 4–5-year-old children match auditory pitch to the spatial motion of visual objects (audio-visual condition). In addition, we investigated whether this correspondence extends to touch, i.e., whether children also match auditory pitch to the spatial motion of touch (audio-tactile condition) and the spatial motion of visual objects to touch (visuo-tactile condition). In two experiments, two different groups of children were asked to indicate which of two stimuli fitted best with a centrally located third stimulus (Experiment 1), or to report whether two presented stimuli fitted together well (Experiment 2). We found sensitivity to the congruency of all of the sensory pairings only in Experiment 2, suggesting that only under specific circumstances can these correspondences be observed. Our results suggest that pitch–height correspondences for audio-visual and audio-tactile combinations may still be weak in preschool children, and speculate that this could be due to immature linguistic and auditory cues that are still developing at age five.
When Sandpaper Is ‘Kiki’ and Satin Is ‘Bouba’: an Exploration of the Associations Between Words, Emotional States, and the Tactile Attributes of Everyday Materials
Authors: Etzi Roberta , Spence Charles , Zampini Massimiliano , Gallace Alberto
Published: September 2015

Over the last decade, scientists working on the topic of multisensory integration, as well as designers and marketers involved in trying to understand consumer behavior, have become increasingly interested in the non-arbitrary associations (e.g., sound symbolism) between different sensorial attributes of the stimuli they work with. Nevertheless, to date, little research in this area has investigated the presence of these crossmodal correspondences in the tactile evaluation of everyday materials. Here, we explore the presence and nature of the associations between tactile sensations, the sound of non-words, and people’s emotional states. Samples of cotton, satin, tinfoil, sandpaper, and abrasive sponge, were stroked along the participants’ forearm at the speed of 5 cm/s. Participants evaluated the materials along several dimensions, comprising scales anchored by pairs of non-words (e.g., Kiki/Bouba) and adjectives (e.g., ugly/beautiful). The results revealed that smoother textures were associated with non-words made up of round-shaped sounds (e.g., Maluma), whereas rougher textures were more strongly associated with sharp-transient sounds (e.g., Takete). The results also revealed the presence of a number of correspondences between tactile surfaces and adjectives related to visual and auditory attributes. For example, smooth textures were associated with features evoked by words such as ‘bright’ and ‘quiet’; by contrast, the rougher textures were associated with adjectives such as ‘dim’ and ‘loud’. The textures were also found to be associated with a number of emotional labels. Taken together, these results further our understanding of crossmodal correspondences involving the tactile modality and provide interesting insights in the applied field of design and marketing.
‘Striking a Sour Note’: Assessing the Influence of Consonant and Dissonant Music on Taste Perception
Authors: Wang Qian (Janice) , Spence Charles
Published: September 2015

We report two experiments designed to investigate the consequences of manipulating the harmonic content of background music on taste perception. The participants in the present study evaluated samples of mixed fruit juice whilst listening to soundtracks that had either been harmonised with consonant or dissonant musical intervals. Each sample of juice was rated on three computer-based scales: One scale was anchored with the words sour and sweet, while the other two scales involved hedonic ratings of the music and of the juice. The results of an internet-based pre-test revealed that participants reliably associated the consonant soundtracks with sweetness and the dissonant soundtracks with sourness. The results of the on-site experiments demonstrated that participants rated the juices as tasting significantly sweeter in the consonant than in the dissonant music condition, irrespective of the melody or instrumentation that were evaluated. These results therefore provide empirical support for the claim that the crossmodal correspondence between a higher level musical attribute (namely, harmony) and basic taste can be used to modify the evaluation of the taste of a drink.
Chara nikolskae, a new name for Chara elliptica Nikolskaja (1984) non Fritzsche (1924) and Aclistochara elliptica (Fritzsche) comb. nov. (Characeae)
Authors: Doweld Alexander Borisovitch
Published: September 2015

The fossil species Chara elliptica Nikolskaja (1984: 1092) was established on the gyrogonite remains from the Holocene sediments of Majkara (Kazakhstan, Central Asia). However, according to Art. 53.1 of ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) this name is illegitimate because of the existence of an overlooked earlier homonym, Chara elliptica Fritzsche (1924: 93) which was originally described from the earlier Cretaceous (Campanian) deposits of Tres Cruces and Negra Muerta, Province Jujuy, North Argentina (South America). Due to the creation of the International Fossil Plant Names Index with listing of all fossil plant and algal species, the fact of the homonymy between fossil species was solidly established (IFPNI, 2014-).
Gymnopus trabzonensis sp. nov. (Omphalotaceae) and Tricholoma virgatum var. fulvoumbonatum var. nov. (Tricholomataceae), two new white-spored agarics from Turkey
Authors: Vizzini Alfredo , Antonin Vladimir , Sesli Ertugrul , Contu Marco
Published: September 2015

Gymnopus trabzonensis (section Impudici) and Tricholoma virgatum var. fulvoumbonatum (section Tricholoma) from Turkey are described as new taxa based on both morphological and molecular characters. Colour photographs of fresh basidiomata and of the main micromorphological features are provided.
New species in Diplusodon (Lythraceae) from Brazil
Authors: Cavalcanti Taciana Barbosa
Published: September 2015

Six new Diplusodon species from Brazil are described, illustrated and compared with related species. They include Diplusodon rotatus, a novelty from savannas with rocky soils of Maranhão state, D. stellatus, D. venosus and D. vittatus from the mountains of Goiás state, D. verruculosus from the campos rupestres mountains of Minas Gerais state, and D. xiphodon from campos rupestres mountains of Bahia.
A type study and emended description of Haslea wawrikae (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: STERRENBURG FRITHJOF A.S. , HINZ FRIEDEL , Hargraves Paul E
Published: September 2015

Type slides and the last remnant of the type sample of Haslea wawrikae were examined in LM and SEM. An emended diagnosis is presented, one new finding being that the transverse bars of the basal layer on either side of the raphe are offset—the bars on the one side aligning with the areolar foramina on the other. The species is confirmed (SEM) to have a fully developed raphe and the valve structure characterising Haslea species: an internal “grate-like” basal layer and an external tegumental layer with continuous longitudinal fissures. An erroneous identification of H. wawrikae was traced in the literature and the existence of similar, but non-conspecific, species is suspected.
Organisational culture and cultural change: A network perspective
Authors: Whelan Chad
Published: September 2015

Organisational culture is a complex and heavily contested concept. Not only is it difficult to define what organisational culture is, but it is also very difficult to analyse how it guides and constrains behaviour, and whether and how organisational cultures change. The central argument of this article is that organisational networks can effect cultural change and that the terms ‘structural’ and ‘relational’, which are commonly used to conceptualise the properties of networks, may also provide a useful conceptual framework for understanding cultural change. While there has been some attention directed to the effects of organisational culture for networks, there has been very little attention placed on the potential for networks to shape organisational culture. Based on a detailed qualitative study of networks in the field of ‘high’ policing in Australia, the article draws on interviews with senior members of police and security agencies to explore organisational culture and cultural change. The article puts forward a network perspective on cultural change and aims to advance our knowledge of how security nodes can experience cultural change as they work together in and through networks.
Interpreting process data of wet pressing process. Part 2: Verification with real values
Authors: Bergmann Jana , Dörmann Hans , Lange Rüdiger
Published: September 2015

For the analysis of the wet pressing process, which was presented in the first part of this paper, a theoretical approach was chosen. This enabled the pre-definition of three quality-related priorities which now will be considered in detail in the second part. For further analysis, real process data, recorded in an early phase of the process implementation, are used. The challenge is that in this process status, the availability of data is limited or the data sets are incomplete. Supported by the theoretical approach, an easier interpretation of the process data, and in case of ambiguous issues, an accelerated decision making is expected. The objective is to show that this combination is suitable for the process analysis in an early production phase.
When Political Will Is Not Enough
Authors: Steadman Henry J. , Morrissey Joseph P. , Parker Travis W.
Published: September 2015

This article describes a project that generated the recommendations of a panel of experts regarding the jail as a venue for the delivery of behavioral health care services. The project was a component of the MacArthur Foundation’s Safety and Justice Challenge initiative, which seeks to address over-incarceration by changing the way jails are conceptualized and used. The recommendations were grounded largely in the sequential intercept model that rests on two core principles: minimize the inappropriate penetration of persons with mental illness into the criminal justice system and recognize that the community is the unit of analysis to address criminal justice–mental health problems successfully. Other topics presented in the context of the initiative included bringing the community to scale, jail diversion, the limits of jail responsibility, and the Affordable Care Act’s role in providing insurance coverage for detainees.
Relationships between pediatric obesity and maternal emotional states and attitudes
Authors: Akay Aynur Pekcanlar , Ozturk Yesim , Avcil Sibel Nur , Kavurma Canem , Tufan Evren
Published: September 2015

Objective

The goal of this study was to investigate depression and anxiety levels of mothers whose child (7–11 years) and adolescent (12–18 years) offspring had obesity, as well as those mothers’ attitudes toward their children and their family relationships.

Method

This is a cross-sectional, case–control study of 100 dyads. All mothers completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, and the Family Assessment Device.

Results

Maternal state anxiety in the group with obesity was significantly higher than controls ( p = 0.03). As measured by Family Assessment Device, affective involvement ( p = 0.05) and behavior control ( p = 0.00) scores were significantly higher for those with obesity. Obesity and adolescence have independent effects on maternal state anxiety; affective involvement domain of family function is affected by both obesity and its interaction with adolescence, while behavior control domain is singularly affected by obesity.

Conclusions

Our results may demonstrate that, for the mothers of children who have obesity, this condition may have an adverse effect on their lives and their family relationships. Pediatric obesity and developmental stage of offspring may have different effects on maternally reported psychometric variables. Cross-sectional design may hinder causal explanations. Further studies with longitudinal designs are needed.
The relationships between perceived parenting style, learning motivation, friendship satisfaction, and the addictive use of smartphones with elementary school students of South Korea: Using multivariate latent growth modeling
Authors: Bae Sung Man
Published: September 2015

We examined how perceived parenting style, friendship satisfaction, and academic motivation influence the addictive use of smartphones longitudinally. We utilized the panel data (from 2010–2012) of Korean children and youth panel survey of the National Youth Policy Institute. Data were collected from 2,376 individuals in the first year (boys: 1,241, girls: 1,135), 2264 individuals in the second year (boys: 1,180, girls: 1,084), and 2,218 individuals in the third year (boys: 1,167, girls: 1,051). Results of the multivariate latent growth modeling indicated that higher democratic parenting (warmth, supervisory, and rational explanation) was related to lower addictive use of smartphones. And, the more perceived democratic parenting was high, the more academic motivation and friendship satisfaction were high. Also, friendship satisfaction and academic motivation negatively influenced the addictive use of smartphones; the more friendship satisfaction and academic motivation increased rapidly over time, the more the addictive use of smartphones decreased over time. These results imply that affective and supervisory parenting can positively impact peer relationship and learning motivation, and the satisfaction of peer relationship and academic motivation can be protective factors for the addictive use of smartphones.