bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synopsis der Gattung Rhizogonium (Musci, Rhizogoniaceae)
Authors: Frahm Jan- Peter , Borchardt Peter , Schramm Michaell , Sonntag Matthias
Published: August 2015

All species of rhe genus Rhizogonium are keyed out, described and illustrated. Rhizogonium sublimbatum Crum is regarded as synonymous with Rh. novae-hollandiae.
Bryophytes of Uganda, 6. New and additional records, 3.
Authors: O’Shea B. J. , Wigginton M. J. , Bruggeman-Nannega M. A. , Hedenäs L. , Matcham H. W. , Frahm J.-P. , Porley R. D. , Ellis L. T. , Watling M. C. , Bates J. E. , Vána J.
Published: August 2015

12 hepatics and 32 mosses are reported new to Uganda, 1 moss being also new to Africa, and 1 liverwort new to mainland Africa. Ectropothecium plumigerum (Broth.) Hedenäs is a new combination (basionym: Isopterygium plumigerum Broth.) with a new synonym Taxicaulis plumirameus Müll.Hal. nom. nud., and Taxiphyllum maniae (Renauld & Paris) M. Fleisch. is a new synonym of Taxiphyllum taxirameum (Mitt.) M.Fleisch. Three mosses are removed from the Uganda list.
A review of Gammiella Broth. in Africa, with a range extension to the East African islands and southern Africa

Authors: O’Shea Brian J.
Published: August 2015

Gammiella ceylonensis (Broth. in Herzog) W.R.Buck & B.C.Tan is the only species of the genus in Africa. Clastobryella pusilla (Thér.) Wijk & Margad., recorded from Madagascar, the only member of the genus still recorded on the moss checklist for Africa, is a synonym of Gammiella ceylonensis. Clastobryella foliicola P.de la Varde is not a synonym of Gammiella ceylonensis but probably an Ectropothecium, thus removing the only west African record for Gammiella. An extension of range into South Africa is also noted, so Gammiella is now known from east and southern Africa and Madagascar.
Gertrudiella validinervis (Herz.) Broth. (Pottiaceae, Musci), un nuevo registro para la flora briológica de Argentina

Authors: Schiavone María M. , Suárez Guillermo M.
Published: August 2015

Gertrudiella validinervis (Herz.)Broth. (Pottiaceae, Musci) is new record for the bryological flora of Argentina. Gertrudiella validinervis (Herz.) Broth. are plants with strong central strand and hyalodermis present in the stem; acute leaves with base sheathing, costa with one stereid band and a multilayered cylinder of thick-walled guide cells. Laminal cells are medially bulging ventrally and flat dorsally but marginally bulging on both sides in several rows. This monotypic genus is registered for the first time for Argentina. The original description is completed with sporophytic characters.
Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata)
Authors: Colli Guarino R. , Hoogmoed Marinus S. , Cannatella David C. , Cassimiro JOSÉ , Gomes Jerriane Oliveira , Ghellere JosÉ Mário , Gomes Jerriane Oliveira , Ghellere JosÉ Mário , Nunes Pedro M. Sales , Pellegrino Kátia C. M. , Salerno Patricia , SOUZA Sergio MARQUES DE , Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut
Published: August 2015

We describe a new genus and two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards based on specimens collected from Brazilian Amazonia, mostly in the "arc of deforestation". The new genus is easily distinguished from other Gymnophthalmidae by having very wide, smooth, and imbricate nuchals, arranged in two longitudinal and 6–10 transverse rows from nape to brachium level, followed by much narrower, strongly keeled, lanceolate, and mucronate scales. It also differs from all other Gymnophthalmidae, except Iphisa, by the presence of two longitudinal rows of ventrals. The new genus differs from Iphisa by having two pairs of enlarged chinshields (one in Iphisa); posterior dorsal scales lanceolate, strongly keeled and not arranged in longitudinal rows (dorsals broad, smooth and forming two longitudinal rows), and lateral scales keeled (smooth). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data indicate the new species form a clade that is most closely related to Iphisa. We also address several nomenclatural issues and present a revised classification of Gymnophthalmidae.
Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters
Authors: YANG CAITING , LIU AN , XU YUSEN , XU YUAN , FAN XINPENG , AL-FARRAJ SALEH A. , NI BING , GU FUKANG
Published: August 2015

The morphology and infraciliature of the four hypotrichous ciliates; Rigidohymena inquieta (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2011, Pattersoniella vitiphila Foissner, 1987, Notohymena australis Foissner & O’ Donoghue, 1990, and Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis (Foissner, 1995) Foissner, 2004, collected from east China, were investigated by using live observation and protargol impregnation method. An improved diagnosis for R. inquieta was supplied based on descriptions of present and previous populations. New morphology and morphogenesis information based on Chinese populations of another three hypotrichids were also supplemented. The Small-subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of the four species were characterized and their phylogenetic positions were revealed by means of Bayesian inference and Maximum-likelihood analysis. The analyses shows that R. inquieta clusters with other members of the subfamily Stylonychinae, which confirms the monophyly of the subfamily and verified R. inquieta as a separated species from R. candens though it differs from others mainly by body size. C. (C.) australis occupying the basal position of the clade which contains cyrtohymenids and some other groups, declines the idea of separating Cyrtohymena into two subgenus. Notohymena australis and China population of Pattersoniella vitiphila respectively clustering with their congeners correspond well with the systematics revealed by morphological similarities.
A new species of Deutonura (Collembola: Neanuridae: Neanurinae) from Algeria, with revised diagnosis of the genus and key to western Palaearctic species
Authors: DEHARVENG LOUIS , MOULOUD SALAH AIT , BEDOS ANNE
Published: August 2015

Deutonura adriani sp. nov. is described from the region of Tizi-Ouzou (Algeria). The species is morphologically similar to D. deficiens deficiens Deharveng, 1979 from southwestern France, differing by not having De3 chaetae integrated into the dorso-external tubercle on abdominal tergites I and II. The genus Deutonura is re-diagnosed and a key to its Western Palaearctic species is provided.
Taxonomy of 'Euconnus complex'. Part IV. Review of Euconnus subgenus Rhomboconnus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: August 2015

Morphological structures of the type species of Euconnus (Rhomboconnus Franz) are described and illustrated, and compared with those of Euconnus s. str. Rhomboconnus, although showing several peculiar character states (e.g., rudimentary or lacking basal elytral foveae) is maintained as a subgenus of Euconnus, and its revised diagnosis is given. Two species currently placed in Rhomboconnus, E. perplexus Franz (Venezuela) and E. trianguliceps Franz (Ecuador) are redescribed. A surprising and striking similarity of the aedeagus of Rhomboconnus to that of Plaumanniola Costa Lima (Plaumanniolini) is discussed as yet another structural evidence supporting a previously postulated close relationship between the enigmatic Plaumanniolini and the 'Euconnus complex'.
The rare mantis shrimp Areosquilla indica (Hansen, 1976) (Crustacea, Stomatopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef: first Australian records of the genus and species
Authors: AHYONG SHANE T. , WASSENBERG THEODORE J.
Published: August 2015

The rare mantis shrimp genus Areosquilla is recorded from Australia for the first time based on nine specimens of A. indica (Hansen, 1926) collected from the Great Barrier Reef. Morphological variation beyond that observed in previous accounts is reported. The present record and other recent discoveries bring the Australian stomatopod fauna to 152 species and 68 genera.
New species and first records of Macunahyphes Dias, Salles & Molineri, 2005 (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Bahia state, Brazil
Authors: ALMEIDA EVERLIN , MARIANO RODOLFO
Published: August 2015

A new species of Macunahyphes Dias, Salles & Molineri (Leptohyphidae) is described based on male imagos collected in the Michelin Ecological Reserve, Igrapiúna, Bahia state, Brazil, located in a preserved area of Atlantic Forest. The male of the new species can be distinguished from all congeners by the shape of the penes, which have a pair of unusual spines, and are elongated with lateral hook-shaped projections distributed from the base to the middle region. This new species represents the first record for the genus from Bahia State.
Multipoint Monin–Obukhov Similarity and Its Application to Turbulence Spectra in the Convective Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Tong Chenning , Nguyen Khuong X.
Published: August 2015

A generalized Monin–Obukhov similarity hypothesis for the atmospheric surface layer is proposed. It employs the Monin–Obukhov length as a length scale in both the horizontal and vertical directions, in contrast to the original Monin–Obukhov similarity. Therefore, the horizontal turbulence scales, which are contained in multipoint statistics, must be explicitly included. The similarity hypothesis is formulated for the joint probability density function (JPDF) of multipoint velocity and temperature differences and is termed the multipoint Monin–Obukhov similarity (MMO). In MMO, the nondimensional JPDF in the surface layer depends on the separation vectors and the heights from the ground, both nondimensionalized by the Monin–Obukhov length. A key aspect of MMO is that at heights much smaller than the absolute value of the Monin–Obukhov length, both shear and buoyancy can be important. As an application, MMO is used to predict the two-dimensional horizontal turbulence spectra in the convective surface layer. It predicts a two-layer structure with three scaling ranges. Comparisons of the predicted spectra with those obtained using high-resolution large-eddy simulations show general agreement, supporting MMO. Within MMO, full similarity is only achieved for multipoint statistics, while similarity properties (or a lack thereof) for one-point statistics (the original Monin–Obukhov similarity) can be derived from those of multipoint statistics. MMO provides a new framework for analyzing the turbulence statistics and for understanding the dynamics in the atmospheric surface layer.
Boreal Winter MJO Teleconnection in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 with the Unified Convection Parameterization
Authors: Yoo Changhyun , Park Sungsu , Kim Daehyun , Yoon Jin-Ho , Kim Hye-Mi
Published: August 2015

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability, influences weather and climate in the extratropics through atmospheric teleconnection. In this study, two simulations using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5)—one with the default shallow and deep convection schemes and the other with the unified convection scheme (UNICON)—are employed to examine the impacts of cumulus parameterizations on the simulation of the boreal wintertime MJO teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere. It is demonstrated that the UNICON substantially improves the MJO teleconnection. When the UNICON is employed, the simulated circulation anomalies associated with the MJO better resemble the observed counterpart, compared to the simulation with the default convection schemes. Quantitatively, the pattern correlation for the 300-hPa geopotential height anomalies between the simulations and observation increases from 0.07 for the default schemes to 0.54 for the UNICON. These circulation anomalies associated with the MJO further help to enhance the surface air temperature and precipitation anomalies over North America, although room for improvement is still evident. Initial value calculations suggest that the realistic MJO teleconnection with the UNICON is not due to the changes in the background wind, but rather primarily to the improved tropical convective heating associated with the MJO.
Deep Ocean Temperature Measurement with an Uncertainty of 0.7 mK
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Nakano Toshiya , Tamba Jun , Widiatmo Januarius V. , Yamazawa Kazuaki , Ozawa Satoshi , Kawano Takeshi
Published: August 2015

The uncertainty of deep ocean temperature (~1°C) measurement was evaluated. The time drifts of six deep ocean standards thermometers were examined based on laboratory calibrations as performed by the manufacturer in triple point of water (TPW) cells and gallium-melting-point (GaMP) cells. The time drifts ranged from −0.11 to 0.14 mK yr−1. Three of the six thermometers were evaluated at the National Metrology Institute of Japan in five TPW cells and a GaMP cell, and the temperature readings agreed with the realized temperature of the national standard cells of Japan within ±0.14 and ±0.41 mK for TPW and GaMP, respectively. The pressure sensitivities of the deep ocean standards thermometers were estimated by comparison with conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) thermometers in the deep ocean, and no notable difference was detected. Pressure sensitivities of the two CTD thermometers were examined by laboratory tests, and the results suggest that the deep ocean standards thermometers have no pressure sensitivity, at least up to 65 MPa. The position and attitude motion of the CTD system can affect temperature and salinity data quality. The overall expanded uncertainty of the deep ocean temperature measurement (up to 65 MPa) by the CTD thermometer calibrated in reference to the deep ocean standards thermometer is estimated to be 0.7 mK.
Acoustic Correlate of Vocal Effort in Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Eadie Tanya L. , Stepp Cara E.
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

This study characterized the relationship between relative fundamental frequency (RFF) and listeners' perceptions of vocal effort and overall spasmodic dysphonia severity in the voices of 19 individuals with adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Methods:

Twenty inexperienced listeners evaluated the vocal effort and overall severity of voices using visual analog scales. The squared correlation coefficients (R2) between average vocal effort and overall severity and RFF measures were calculated as a function of the number of acoustic instances used for the RFF estimate (from 1 to 9, of a total of 9 voiced-voiceless-voiced instances).

Results:

Increases in the number of acoustic instances used for the RFF average led to increases in the variance predicted by the RFF at the first cycle of voicing onset (onset RFF) in the perceptual measures; the use of 6 or more instances resulted in a stable estimate. The variance predicted by the onset RFF for vocal effort (R2 range, 0.06 to 0.43) was higher than that for overall severity (R2 range, 0.06 to 0.35). The offset RFF was not related to the perceptual measures, irrespective of the sample size.

Conclusions:

This study indicates that onset RFF measures are related to perceived vocal effort in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia. These results have implications for measuring outcomes in this population.
Is There an Age Limit for Cochlear Implantation?
Authors: Sanchez-Cuadrado Isabel , Lassaletta Luis , Perez-Mora Rosa Maria , Zernotti Mario , Di Gregorio Maria Fernanda , Boccio Carlos , Gavilán Javier
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

We evaluated the quality of life following cochlear implantation in elderly postlingually deaf adults.

Methods:

Data were studied concerning demographics and audiometric evaluation in postlingually deaf adults at least 60 years of age who underwent cochlear implantation in 3 institutions. The Glasgow Benefit Inventory was used to quantify the quality of life. The patients were divided into 2 groups (those less than 70 years of age and those at least 70 years of age), and the results were also compared to those of younger adult cochlear implant recipients (less than 60 years of age).

Results:

Eighty-one patients were included in this study. The mean age at implantation was 68 years (range, 60 to 82 years). Cochlear implantation significantly improved the patients' audiometric outcomes (pure tone average and speech perception; p < 0.05). The Glasgow Benefit Inventory showed a benefit overall (+36) and on the individual subscales (+49, +20, and +1). The difference in quality of life was not significant between those less than 70 and those at least 70 years of age (p = 0.90). The results were similar to those of younger postlingually deaf implant recipients.

Conclusions:

Elderly cochlear implant users experience an improvement in their quality of life, with outcomes similar to those achieved in younger adults. Particular attention must be paid to the possibility of age-related conditions in the elderly that may increase the risks of surgery.
‘Graduate Blues’: Considering the Effects of Inverted Symbolic Violence on Underemployed Middle Class Graduates
Authors: Burke Ciaran
Published: August 2015

The understanding of social reproduction, from a Bourdieusian perspective, is that the dominant typically reproduce their position in social space through various apparatus, such as the education system, to the detriment of the dominated group, who are unable to leave their own position, characterised by inequality and suffering. A key tool in achieving social reproduction is the process of symbolic violence; however, this article considers the effects of inverted symbolic violence. By following the trajectories of two middle class university graduates, this article will demonstrate the detrimental effect inverted symbolic violence has on their graduate employment trajectories. Respondents are depicted as having inflated subjective expectations incompatible with current objective realities within the labour market, resulting in a relatively downward, or unsuccessful, trajectory.
‘Trembling and groaning depart’
Authors: French Anna
Published: August 2015

Recent Church of England discussions have debated the appropriateness of mentioning the devil during baptism. Asking godparents to shun Satan and his works on behalf of the newly baptized may, it has been suggested, confuse members of the congregation. This article explores these issues, arguing that controversies surrounding the role of the devil at the font are not new. Protestant Reformers in the sixteenth century were similarly wary of mentioning his name or misleading spectators. For early modern theologians, the issue was less about ‘putting off’ those sitting in pews and more about avoiding the implication that baptism was a magical seal that would protect the participant from the devil’s works without question. This article will consider contemporary and early modern disputes surrounding the devil and baptism.
Value Pluralism and the Usefulness of Philosophical Theory for Public Administration
Authors: Overeem Patrick , Verhoef Jelle
Published: August 2015

Taking stock of the DSF debate on value pluralism, this final contribution offers some (for now) concluding thoughts. It considers to which extent the original criticisms of the use of value pluralism by Spicer and Wagenaar can be maintained and which nuances should be added. Next, it discusses the use of philosophical concepts such as value pluralism for understanding administrative practice and developing administrative theory. It concludes this use can be considerable, provided such concepts are treated with sufficient carefulness.
Introduction: The Study of the Use of the Old Testament in the New
Authors: Allen David M.
Published: August 2015

The study of the use of the Old Testament in the New (OT/NT) is a developing sub-discipline within the realm of biblical studies. This article seeks to offer an introduction to some of the recent developments within OT/NT scholarship and to consider some of the presenting issues and questions that have arisen lately within the sub-discipline. In particular, it draws attention to four key areas: the context(s) of the citation, interpretative and exegetical techniques, citational text form, intertextuality.
Messianic Servant or the End of Israel’s Exilic Curses? Isaiah 53.4 in Matthew 8.17
Authors: Watts Rikk
Published: August 2015

Contrary to previous suggestions, the use of Isa. 53.4 in Mt. 8.17 does not derive from a desire to portray Jesus either as Isaiah’s ‘suffering servant’ or as Israel’s unexpectedly compassionate Davidic messianic king. It comes instead from the gospel writer’s conviction that the signal characteristic of Jesus’ early ministry – his healing of all who came to him (Mt. 4.23-25; 8.16) – must have divine and therefore scriptural warrant. The only scriptural text that speaks of healing in such comprehensive and eschatological terms is Isa. 53.4. Since Matthew’s use of Isaiah elsewhere indicates that he is aware of a verse’s larger context, his deliberate truncation of Isa. 53.4 and his translation choices strongly suggest that for him Jesus’ divinely authoritative healings (cf. Mt. 9.8) constitute the inauguration, in Jesus’ own lifetime, of Yahweh’s long-promised removal of covenant curses upon his rebellious and exiled people (Deut. 28.59-61).
Body Composition Tools for Assessment of Adult Malnutrition at the Bedside
Authors: Earthman Carrie P.
Published: August 2015

Because of the key role played by the body's lean tissue reserves (of which skeletal muscle is a major component) in the response to injury and illness, its maintenance is of central importance to nutrition status. With the recent development of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition diagnostic framework for malnutrition, the loss of muscle mass has been recognized as one of the defining criteria. Objective methods to evaluate muscle loss in individuals with acute and chronic illness are needed. Bioimpedance and ultrasound techniques are currently the best options for the clinical setting; however, additional research is needed to investigate how best to optimize measurements and minimize error and to establish if these techniques (and which specific approaches) can uniquely contribute to the assessment of malnutrition, beyond more subjective evaluation methods. In this tutorial, key concepts and statistical methods used in the validation of bedside methods to assess lean tissue compartments are discussed. Body composition assessment methods that are most widely available for practice and research in the clinical setting are presented, and clinical cases are used to illustrate how the clinician might use bioimpedance and/or ultrasound as a tool to assess nutrition status at the bedside. Future research needs regarding malnutrition assessment are identified.
Honor Thy Parents
Authors: Santoro Maya S. , Van Liew Charles , Holloway Breanna , McKinnon Symone , Little Timothy , Cronan Terry A.
Published: August 2015

The present study explores patterns of parity and disparity in the effect of filial responsibility on health-related evaluations and caregiving decisions. Participants who identified as White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander read a vignette about an older man needing medical care. They were asked to imagine that they were the man’s son and answer questions regarding their likelihood of hiring a health care advocate (HCA) for services related to the father’s care. A multigroup (ethnicity) path analysis was performed, and an intercept invariant multigroup model fits the data best. Direct and indirect effect estimation showed that filial responsibility mediated the relationship between both the perceived severity of the father’s medical condition and the perceived need for medical assistance and the likelihood of hiring an HCA only for White and Hispanic participants, albeit differently. The findings demonstrate that culture and ethnicity affect health evaluations and caregiving decision making.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Perilymph Fistulas without Hearing Loss
Authors: Singleton George T.
Published: August 2015

In 1978, I reported on the diagnostic criteria and therapy based on the treatment of 34 cases of perilymph fistula. Of that group, 20 patients had no hearing loss associated with the fistula. Since that time, an additional 30 cases of fistula—15 without hearing loss—have been seen and treated operatively. The 30 significant variables of history and physical findings identified in the first study were statistically reviewed, along with a new finding that seems highly significant. Twenty‐three of the 26 new cases so evaluated had a positive “eyes‐closed turning test” (staggering when turning to the side of the lesion after walking with eyes closed). A further finding has been the presence of an abnormally placed round window membrane, in most cases involving the round window. The total operative population of fistulas, both those with and without hearing loss, is reviewed to identify the operative technique best suited for each window and the graft material most likely to succeed. Perichondrium is the choice tissue for graft material, except for very small fistulas at the annular ligament. The graft must be held firmly in place, with either a prosthesis or appropriate packing, carefully avoiding adhesions between the round window and the tympanic membrane.
Aspiration and Nasogastric Intubation
Authors: Alessi David M. , Berci George
Published: August 2015

Routine use of nasogastric tubes in major surgery is associated with unwarranted risks of aspiration through at least three mechanisms: (1) hypersalivation—allowing pooling of secretions in the hypopharynx, (2) a depressed cough reflex, which is often associated with nasogastric intubation, and (3) various laryngeal and pharyngeal abnormalities that are frequently caused by nasogastric tubes, leading to an inability to handle secretions and protect the airway. Using indirect cinelaryngoscopy, we can accurately document these mechanisms; three representative cases are presented here. Aspiration associated with nasogastric intubation is a newly described but potentially serious complication. Routine use of nasogastric intubation should be abandoned, except when the clinical situation warrants it.
Complications of Hyperbaric Oxygen in the Treatment of Head and Neck Disease
Authors: Giebfried Joseph W. , Lawson William , Biller Hugh F.
Published: August 2015

Hyperbaric oxygen has been advocated in the treatment of many head and neck diseases. Reports of such treatments have described eustachian tube dysfunction as the only complication. A review of patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen for head and neck diseases at The Mount Sinai Medical Center revealed serious complications, which Included seizure, stroke, and myocardial infarction. In addition, follow‐up study of these patients demonstrated that 11 patients treated for radiation‐induced necrosis had an undiagnosed recurrence of cancer.
Steroid Hormone Receptors in Laryngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Virolainen Erkki , Tuohimaa Pekka , Aitasalo Kalle , Kyttä Jyrki , Vanharanta‐Hiltunen Riitta
Published: August 2015

The larynx has long been shown to be a target organ for androgenic steroids in both women and men, and specific androgen receptors have been determined in normal laryngeal mucosa and in laryngeal carcinoma tissue. In this study, samples from 21 primary laryngeal carcinomas, from 4 recurrent laryngeal carcinomas and from 1 cervical metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma were obtained at the time of surgery to assay specific androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors. Specific androgen receptors were found in 8 samples (31%). The level of receptors varied from 1.7 femtomoles (fmol) per milligram to 7.3 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Detectable levels of specific estrogen receptors were found in 18 samples (69%) and progesterone receptors in 8 of the 15 samples studied (53%). There was no apparent correspondence with donors’ sex, since samples from both females and males contained all kinds of receptors. We know that antiestrogen inhibits the growth of squamous carcinoma cells lines positive for estrogen receptors in vitro and that this effect is reversible with the appropriate hormone. Thus, the relatively high percentage of estrogen and progesterone receptors found in laryngeal carcinoma tissue may open new aspects in the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma with antihormones.
Stapedectomy for the Home Temporal Bone Dissection Laboratory
Authors: Farrior Jay B.
Published: August 2015

During the last 15 years, there has been a steady decline in the number of stapedectomies performed. Suggestions have been made to limit the residents’ training in stapes surgery as well as to determine who is qualified to perform stapedectomies.1 It is well recognized that the skills and precision required for a stapedectomy are different from those used in chronic ear surgery and, if these precise techniques are not used on a regular basis, one will lose the dexterity required for this operation. A technique has been developed that enables the resident or infrequent operator to improve his skills with stapedectomy in the laboratory, prior to being confronted with a patient. It should help to improve the residents’ surgical experience as well as maintain the surgical skills required for this operation.
Implementing the ANSI Z 136.3 Laser Safety Standard in the Medical Environment
Authors: Ossoff Robert H.
Published: August 2015

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is an organization comprising several committees of expert volunteers who have traditionally determined the industry consensus standards in various fields. The existing federal legislation and the suggested state laser‐safety regulation are based on the 1980 ANSI Standard, “For the Safe Use of Lasers.”1 It was quickly recognized that the safety needs of the industrial and medical environments differed sufficiently to prompt the American National Standards Institute to form a committee to write a new set of standards for “Laser Safety in the Health Care Environment” (ANSI Z 136.3). This standard will apply not only to hospitals but also to offices, clinics, and anywhere else that the laser is used for medical purposes. This paper will outline this important laser‐safety standard and describe in detail how best to implement it in the environment in which the otolaryngologist—head and neck surgeon practices.
Repair of Motor Nerve Defects: Comparison of Suture and Fibrin Adhesive Techniques
Authors: Nishihira Shigeki , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: August 2015

Two groups of rats were used to evaluate the results of nerve repair using fibrin tissue adhesive. In one group of 10 rats, a simple neurotomy of the sciatic nerve was performed. In the second group of 10 rats, a 1‐cm segment of sciatic nerve was excised bilaterally and used as an autogenous nerve graft. The neurotomy and the nerve graft were repaired on one side by microsurgical suture technique using 10‐0 nylon suture. The opposite side was repaired using fibrin adhesive. The results of the repair were assessed at 12 weeks. Functional assessment of nerve regeneration was performed in those rats with intact repair sites. Nerve‐muscle twitch strengths were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between nerves repaired using suture and fibrin adhesive; however, compound active potential parameters were significantly better in nerve grafts repaired using suture technique (p < 0.05).
Tracheal Reconstruction Using Irradiated Homologous Grafts in Rabbits
Authors: Zalzal George H. , Barber Colin S. , Chandra Roma
Published: August 2015

Management of tracheal stenosis Is troublesome and challenging. Numerous techniques have been used in the past with varying success. The technique of irradiated homograft tracheal cartilage transplantation shows promise for the future in the area of tracheal reconstruction.
Results of Surgical Treatment for Menière's Disease
Authors: Jennings Richard P. , Reams Carl L. , Jacobson John , Cole James M.
Published: August 2015

In 1985 the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium established revised guidelines for reporting treatment results for Menière's disease. Since then little Information regarding the newly adapted criteria and their effects on the evaluation process has appeared. Thus we compared the results of different surgical procedures for Menière's disease using both the 1985 and 1972 guidelines. One hundred nine surgical procedures from 1969 to 1985 were reviewed. Six different surgical procedures were evaluated: The Cody‐Tack, cochleosacculotomy, endolymphatic mastoid shunt, endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt, translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section, and transcanal labyrinthectomy. Results show that 68% of patients who had a Cody‐Tack procedure continued to have vertiginous episodes in the same freguency postoperatively. Hearing was worse in 17 of these 25 patients. Of the patients who had a eochleosacculotomy, most had significant control of their vertiginous symptoms, but 10 patients had greater than 10 dB hearing loss postoperatively. Patients who had an endolymphatic mastoid shunt performed had better results when the 1972 guldllnes were applied. In this group, the 1985 guidelines indicate that only 35% of the patients had significant relief of their vertiginous symptoms and 47% had hearing loss greater than 10 dB postoperatively. Six of the seven patients who underwent an endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt obtained significant relief of their vertiginous episodes, but hearing loss was more than 10 dB In four patients. Those patients who had either a labyrinthectomy or a translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section had relief of their vertiginous episodes. We conclude that the new guidelines appear to be superior to the 1972 guidelines for reporting results for the treatment of Menière's disease.
Restriction Fragment Mapping of Nontypable Hoemophilus Influenzae: A New Tool to Study This Middle Ear Pathogen
Authors: Bernstein Joel M. , Dryja Diane M. , Loos Bruno G. , Dickinson Douglas P.
Published: August 2015

Isolates of nontypable haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) recovered from paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and middle ear (ME) fluid cultures performed simultaneously on seven children with otitis media with effusion (OME) were studied by analysis of the restriction fragment patterns produced from total genomic DNA. This method provides a sensitive measure of the genetic similarities between strains. In the seven pairs examined, the NP and ME strains were indistinguishable from one another, whereas each pair was distinct from the other, except for two siblings in whom all four strains were identical. This information provides evidence that the pathogenesis of OME caused by NTHI involves spread of the bacteria from NP to the ME. Analysis of paired NP and ME isolates from three children with recurrent OME caused by NTHI indicated that the second episode was caused by the reinfection with a different strain rather than persistence and reemergence of the first strain. Finally, DNA analysis of strains from two siblings with concurrent OME suggested that person‐to‐person transmission of NTHI can occur among children. These findings suggest that at any one time the NTHI population in the NP is relatively homogenous, at least at the time of acute upper respiratory disease. Our observation that the strains present at the second episode of otitis media were different than the strains present in the first episode is consistent with strain replacement in the NP. Restriction fragment mapping analysis of genomic DNA of NTHI could provide a powerful tool for investigating the rate of turnover of the NTHI population in the NP.
Lectin Binding Characteristics of Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Feinmesser Raphael , Freeman Jeremy L. , Noyek Arnold , Van Nostrand Peter
Published: August 2015

Previous reports have shown specific binding characteristics of peanut lectin to a variety of lymphatic and epithelial tumors. This study demonstrates the presence of lectin binding sites on cell membrane of laryngeal cancer cells, but not on adjacent normal epithelial linings. It also demonstrates the presence of glycoconjugates responsible for lectin adherence in fetal larynges. The Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen is a glycoprotein structure participating in the structure of the MN blood group antigen. It is also the structure that binds the peanut agglutinin. Perhaps this antigen, which we found on fetal larynges as well as on malignant laryngeal epithelial lining, is another oncodevelopmental antigen.
Accuracy and Cost‐Effectiveness of Preoperative Isotope and Ultrasound Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Summers Gordon W. , Dodge David L. , Kammer Huldrick
Published: August 2015

A total of 54 patients underwent surgical exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism from 1980 to 1988. Beginning in November 1984 nearly all patients were evaluated with preoperative radionuclide and ultrasound imaging studies. Ultrasound correctly localized 76% of the adenomas removed at surgery, whereas the success rate with radionuclide imaging was 74%. Localization of hyperplastic glands was less successful with the use of either technique. Correct preoperative localization studies in cases of single adenoma reduced the operative time an average of 32 minutes when compared with those cases with no localization studies. Cost‐effectiveness was studied based on current charges for operating room time, anesthesia, and the preoperative localization studies. An average cost savings of $124 per case was achieved when results of both localization studies were correct. These localization studies are quick, noninvasive, relatively inexpensive, and associated with no morbidity. Because it is possible to reduce operative time and overall costs, we recommend that radionuclide and ultrasound studies be routinely used in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
The Fate of the Non‐Operated Ear in Otosclerosis
Authors: Willis Rory
Published: August 2015

Records of 300 consecutive patients who had only one ear operated on by stapedectomy and who received long‐term followup were studied. These cases came from 3036 stapedectomy operations performed between January 1961 and April 1969. In general, the two ears behaved the same: If a “flat” sensorineural loss occurred in one ear, it was likely to develop in the other. Similarly, if one ear developed a high‐tone loss, the other would do likewise. With the exception of acute fistula, there is no suggestion that the operation of stapedectomy predisposes an ear to late sensorineural problems. Patients with bone‐conduction thresholds that are depressed at all frequencies when first examined should be advised that progressive sensorineural hearing loss may occur later in both ears. Accordingly, the benefit gained by stapedectomy may ultimately need to be supplemented by hearing aids. This study also revealed that a patient with clinical conductive otosclerosis in only one ear at first presentation had only a 50% chance of long‐term benefit from stapedectomy.
Repair of Nasal Septal Perforations with Tragal Cartilage and Perichondrium Grafts
Authors: Eviatar Abraham , Myssiorek David
Published: August 2015

Indications for repair of nasal septum perforations include excessive crusting, recurrent bleeding, whistling, and pain. Large subtotal perforations usually are less symptomatic, but smaller defects (less than 1 cm) may need repair. Tragal cartilage with perichondrium autograft was used to repair these perforations. After the septal defect was debrided, this free graft was harvested and used to fill the defect. This technique was attempted in ten patients with septal perforations, none secondary to systemic Illnesses. Nine of these patients had successful closure of their perforations.
Elicited imitation as a measure of second language proficiency: A narrative review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yan Xun , Maeda Yukiko , Lv Jing , Ginther April
Published: August 2015

Elicited imitation (EI) has been widely used to examine second language (L2) proficiency and development and was an especially popular method in the 1970s and early 1980s. However, as the field embraced more communicative approaches to both instruction and assessment, the use of EI diminished, and the construct-related validity of EI scores as a representation of language proficiency was called into question. Current uses of EI, while not discounting the importance of communicative activities and assessments, tend to focus on the importance of processing and automaticity. This study presents a systematic review of EI in an effort to clarify the construct and usefulness of EI tasks in L2 research.

The review underwent two phases: a narrative review and a meta-analysis. We surveyed 76 theoretical and empirical studies from 1970 to 2014, to investigate the use of EI in particular with respect to the research/assessment context and task features. The results of the narrative review provided a theoretical basis for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis utilized 24 independent effect sizes based on 1089 participants obtained from 21 studies. To investigate evidence of construct-related validity for EI, we examined the following: (1) the ability of EI scores to distinguish speakers across proficiency levels; (2) correlations between scores on EI and other measures of language proficiency; and (3) key task features that moderate the sensitivity of EI.

Results of the review demonstrate that EI tasks vary greatly in terms of task features; however, EI tasks in general have a strong ability to discriminate between speakers across proficiency levels (Hedges’ g = 1.34). Additionally, construct, sentence length, and scoring method were identified as moderators for the sensitivity of EI. Findings of this study provide supportive construct-related validity evidence for EI as a measure of L2 proficiency and inform appropriate EI task development and administration in L2 research and assessment.
Alternative Organizing and (In)Visibility
Authors: Jensen Peter R. , Meisenbach Rebecca J.
Published: August 2015

Amid recent attention to alternative and hidden organizations, empirical studies have thus far tended to focus on large, well-known organizations in contrast to lesser known, local, and partially hidden organizations. Organizations that hide face several advantages and disadvantages, and this article seeks to examine how one nonprofit organization manages the benefits and obstacles of being partially hidden. Using ethnographic field methods and semi-structured interviews, we analyze how one homeless shelter’s visibility fluctuates in relation to its goals. We argue that by operating as a shadowed or shaded organization, this shelter is resisting trends toward organizational transparency that are especially powerful in the nonprofit sector. The findings highlight how the organization manages tensions of (in)visibility to maintain autonomy, while still securing support from external organizations. The results have implications not only for studying hidden organizations, but also for alternative and nonprofit theorizing.
Enicostemma littorale prevents tumor formation in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Rajasekaran D , Manoharan S , Prabhakar MM , Manimaran A
Published: August 2015

Oral cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and India has recorded the highest annual incidence of oral cancer in comparison with other countries. Altered lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status along with defect in detoxification cascade have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers including oral cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemopreventive potential of ethanolic extract of Enicostemma littorale leaves (ElELet) in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumor was developed in the buccal pouches of male golden Syrian hamsters by painting with 0.5% DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. We observed 100% tumor formation with increase in tumor volume and tumor burden in the hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Imbalance in phase I (cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5) and phase II (glutathione reductase, glutathione- S-transferase, glutathione, and Deoxythymidine-diaphorase (DT)-diaphorase) detoxification agents and lipid peroxidation by-products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins E and C) status was noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of ElELet at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight to hamsters treated with DMBA significantly prevented both precancerous and cancerous lesions in the oral cavity. ElELet modulated the status of phase I and II detoxification agents and antioxidants in favor of the suppression of oral carcinogenesis. This study thus suggests that E. littorale might have inhibited the oral carcinogenesis in DMBA-treated hamsters through its antioxidant potential. The present findings are also substantiated by histological studies during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis.
The Effects of Police Satisfaction on Fear of Crime in a Semirural Setting
Authors: Lytle Daniel J. , Randa Ryan
Published: August 2015

This study examines the relationship between citizen’s police satisfaction and fear of crime. Fear of crime and police satisfaction are often studied in major cities and in separate analyses. Our study contributes to and adds updated context to the existing literature by examining the impact of these variables in a small semirural city. Multivariate analyses revealed that police satisfaction and fear of crime were related and that lower levels of police satisfaction were associated with higher levels of fear. Results also indicated that women, older individuals, and those who perceive greater levels of physical disorder had greater levels of fear. The data used for this project were collected via telephone survey. The implications of these methods and findings are also discussed.
Measurement Equivalence of the K6 Scale
Authors: Kim Giyeon , DeCoster Jamie , Bryant Ami N. , Ford Katy L.
Published: August 2015

This study examined the measurement equivalence of the K6 across diverse racial/ethnic and linguistic groups in the U.S. differential item functioning analyses using item response theory were conducted among 44,846 U.S. adults drawn from the California Health Interview Survey. Results show that four items (“nervous,” “restless,” “depressed,” and “everything an effort”) varied significantly across races/ethnicities and four items (“nervous,” “hopeless,” “restless,” and “depressed”) varied significantly across languages. In additional effect size analyses designed to separate effects of race/ethnicity from language, the structure of the White English group was substantially different from both the Hispanic/Latino English group and Hispanic/Latino Spanish group, whereas the Hispanic/Latino Spanish group was not different from the Hispanic/Latino English group. The findings suggest that there was evident measurement nonequivalence in the K6 among racially/ethnically and linguistically diverse adults and that the observed nonequivalence in the K6 appears to be driven by language rather than race/ethnicity.
A traction contact problem governed by hemivariational inequalities for a mixed formulation of Stokes equation
Authors: Sluzalec T
Published: August 2015

In this paper the traction contact problems for Stokes equation are discussed and the Stokes equation is considered in a mixed formulation. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution for a mixed formulation of Stokes equation with traction contact. The traction contact is described by subdifferential boundary conditions. For this problem we present a variational formulation in a form of a hemivariational inequality for the velocity field.