bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrogenesis and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wiese Signe , Voiosu Andrei , Hove Jens D. , Danielsen Karen V. , Voiosu Theodor , Grønbæk Henning , Møller Holger Jon , Genovese Federica , Reese‐Petersen Alexander Lynge , Mookerjee Rajeshwar P. , Clemmesen Jens Otto , Gøtze Jens Peter , Andersen Ove , Møller Søren , Bendtsen Flemming
Published: June 2020

Background

Fibrogenesis and inflammation contribute to the progression of cirrhosis. However, it is unknown if these processes also contribute to the development of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM). Novel magnetic resonance imaging with quantification of the extracellular volume (ECV) provides an estimate of the fibrotic remodelling in the liver and heart.

Aim

To investigate the relationship between liver and cardiac ECV in cirrhosis and their association with collagen turnover and inflammation.

Methods

A prospective study of 52 patients with cirrhosis and 14 healthy controls. All patients underwent contrast‐enhanced MRI with T1‐mapping and quantification of myocardial and liver ECV, biochemical assessments of collagen turnover (PRO‐C3, PRO‐C5, PRO‐C6, collagen type IV degradation fragment, collagen type V degradation fragment, LG1M) and inflammation (TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐18, SDF1α, sCD163, sMR, soluble macrophage mannose receptor).

Results

Myocardial and liver ECV were increased in patients compared with healthy controls (myocardial ECV 31.2 ± 5.5% vs 27.4 ± 2.9%, P = 0.037; liver ECV 44.1 ± 9.6% vs 33.7 ± 6.7%, P < 0.001). Myocardial ECV correlated strongly with liver ECV (r = 0.48, P = 0.001) and biomarkers of collagen formation and inflammation (P < 0.005). Similarly, liver ECV correlated with biomarkers of collagen formation and inflammation (P < 0.003). In a multivariate analysis, liver ECV was predicted by biomarkers of collagen formation (PRO‐C3 and PRO‐C6), whereas myocardial ECV was predicted by biomarkers of collagen formation (PRO‐C6) and inflammation (IL‐6 and sMR).

Conclusion

Structural myocardial changes seem closely related to liver fibrosis in patients with cirrhosis. The strong associations with biomarkers of collagen formation and inflammation provide new insight into the role of inflammation and fibrogenesis in the development of structural cardiac abnormalities, potentially leading to CCM.
Increased risk of permanent stoma in Crohn’s disease associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: a case‐control study
Authors: Dumont Louis‐Marie , Landman Cécilia , Sokol Harry , Beaugerie Laurent , Cosnes Jacques , Seksik Philippe , Guégan Sarah ,   CD‐HS Study Group
Published: June 2020

Background

Crohn's disease (CD) and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, induce similar inflammatory lesions of the groin and gluteal area. Both diseases are characterised by an inadequate immune response to commensal bacteria in genetically predisposed subjects and can be associated.

Aim

To assess whether HS was associated with clinical and prognostic factors in CD.

Methods

A retrospective case‐control study included 4645 patients with CD referred to Saint‐Antoine Hospital gastroenterology tertiary care centre between 2003 and 2016. Matching variables were sex, age, age and the presence of perianal lesions at CD diagnosis, follow‐up quality. HS was confirmed by dermatological examination; location, phenotype and severity (Hurley staging) were recorded.

Results

Hidradenitis suppurativa prevalence was 0.95% (44 cases); 80% of patients displayed Hurley stage II or III disease. CD preceded HS in 70% of cases with a median interval of 9 years (IQR 5.25‐12.75). CD with HS was more active (56% vs 40% years with active disease, P < 0.001) and required more anti‐TNF agents (39% vs 23% years spent with anti‐TNF treatment, P < 0.001) than CD without HS. HS was associated with a higher risk of permanent stoma, 16.8% (IQR 7.5‐33.3) vs 2.5% (IQR 0.8‐7.4) in the control group (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis confirmed HS as independent risk factor for permanent stoma (odds ratio 6.19; 95% CI, 2.30‐38.33; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Hidradenitis suppurativa is associated with worse CD prognosis, more active disease and increased risk of permanent stoma, despite a higher use of anti‐TNF agents.
Being genealogical in digital geographies
Authors: Leszczynski Agnieszka
Published: June 2020

In this intervention, I trace the genealogies of the recent heralding of digital geographies as a boundary object for scholarship and scholars foregrounding the digital in geography. Building off of previous efforts to be technopositional in digital geographies, I make an entreaty for further being genealogical by attuning to the insider/outsider positionalities that have informed this particular endeavour of intellectual community‐making in Anglo‐American geography. While genealogy is not an exercise in historical narration, it works against dehistorical narratives of digital technologies and of the disciplinary frameworks within which they are engaged, destabilizes technopositional privileges, and has the potential to engender more inclusive digital geography futures.
Technology Matters: BlueIce – using a smartphone app to beat adolescent self‐harm
Authors: Tingley Jessica , Greenhalgh Isobel , Stallard Paul
Published: June 2020

Despite the recent proliferation of mental health apps, few have directly focused on the prevention of self‐harm. The available apps are described and the limited, although encouraging, outcome data are summarised. The design, content and initial outcome of the only app developed specifically for adolescents, BlueIce, is presented.
The perspectives of young people on barriers to and facilitators of bicycle helmet and booster seat use
Authors: Piotrowski Caroline C. , Warda Lynne , Pankratz Curt , Dubberley Kate , Russell Kelly , Assam Harriet , Carevic Mateja
Published: June 2020

Background

Mandatory bicycle helmet and booster seat laws for children are now common across Canada and the United States. Previous research has found that despite legislation, child compliance is often low. Our objectives were to identify and compare children's perspectives on barriers to and facilitators of their use of bicycle helmets and booster seats.

Methods

Eleven focus groups were conducted with a total of 76 children; five groups of children between the ages of 4 and 8 years discussed booster seats and bicycle helmets, and six groups of children between the ages of 9 and 13 years discussed bicycle helmets. Efforts were made to include diverse participants from a variety of ethno‐cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Results

Poor fit and physical discomfort were most often described as barriers to bicycle helmet use. Helmet appearance was a barrier for some children but acted as a facilitator for others. Booster seat facilitators included convenient features such as drink cup holders and being able to sit higher up in order to have a better view, while barriers included fear of being teased, and wanting to feel and be seen as more mature by wearing a seatbelt only.

Conclusions

The main barriers to usage of bicycle helmets and booster seats identified by young people were modifiable and fit within a theory of planned behaviour framework that includes subjective norms, child attitudes towards safety equipment and perceived behavioural control of its usage. Recommendations were made regarding how these elements can be utilized in future injury prevention campaigns.
Radiographic assessment of proximal surface carious lesion progression in Chilean young adults
Authors: Phillips Melania , Bernabé Eduardo , Mustakis Alexandra
Published: June 2020

Objective

To investigate the rate and associations of interproximal carious lesion progression.

Methods

Retrospective data were analysed from 125 young adults (age range: 18‐29 years) with repeated bitewing radiographs collected over a 6‐year period. Participants were submitted to different protocols of radiographic examination frequency. Transitions from outer enamel to outer dentine (OE‐to‐OD) and from outer dentine to dentine (OD‐to‐D) were selected because of their clinical relevance. Factors associated with each transition were assessed in Cox regression models.

Results

One hundred seven (85.6%) and 52 (41.6%) participants experienced OE‐to‐OD and OD‐to‐D transitions, respectively. In addition, 16.8% of 537 eligible surfaces progressed from OE‐to‐OD whereas 59.4% of 128 eligible surfaces progressed from OD‐to‐D. Incidence rates were 6.6 and 44.1 per 100 tooth surface‐years, respectively. Mean survival time for OE‐to‐OD transition was 6.4 years (95% confidence interval: 6.0‐6.9) and the median survival time for OD‐to‐D transition was 1.6 years (95%CI: 1.3‐1.7). In adjusted Cox regression models, location in the lower jaw (hazard ratio: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.21‐0.57) was inversely associated with OE‐to‐OD progression. In addition, proximal DMFS at baseline (HR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.87‐0.99) and location in the lower jaw (HR: 0.51; 95%CI: 0.26‐0.99) were inversely associated with OD‐to‐D progression.

Conclusions

This group of Chilean young adults has a high progression rate of proximal caries lesions. Location of the caries lesion and proximal DMFS were the only factors associated with caries progression.
States of curiosity and interest enhance memory differently in adolescents and in children
Authors: Fandakova Yana , Gruber Matthias J.
Published: June 2020

Curiosity – broadly defined as the desire to acquire new information – enhances learning and memory in adults. In addition, interest in the information (i.e., when the information is processed) can also facilitate later memory. To date, it is not known how states of pre‐information curiosity and post‐information interest enhance memory in childhood and adolescence. We used a trivia paradigm in which children and adolescents (N = 60, 10–14 years) encoded trivia questions and answers associated with high or low curiosity. States of high pre‐answer curiosity enhanced later memory for trivia answers in both children and adolescents. However, higher positive post‐answer interest enhanced memory for trivia answers beyond the effects of curiosity more strongly in adolescents than in children. These results suggest that curiosity and interest have positive effects on learning and memory in childhood and adolescence, but might need to be harnessed in differential ways across child development to optimize learning.
Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae feeding on agro‐industrial by‐products
Authors: Chia Shaphan Y. , Tanga Chrysantus M. , Osuga Isaac M. , Cheseto Xavier , Ekesi Sunday , Dicke Marcel , van Loon Joop J.A.
Published: June 2020

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), bio‐convert organic side streams into high‐quality biomass, the composition of which largely depends on the side stream used. In the present study, BSF larvae were reared on feed substrates composed of dried brewers’ spent grains, each supplemented with either water, waste brewer’s yeast, or a mixture of waste brewer’s yeast and cane molasses to obtain 12 different substrates: barley/water, barley/yeast, barley/yeast/molasses, malted barley/water, malted barley/yeast, malted barley/yeast/molasses, malted corn/water, malted corn/yeast, malted corn/yeast/molasses, sorghum‐barley/water, sorghum‐barley/yeast, and sorghum‐barley/yeast/molasses. The crude protein, fat, ash, and mineral contents of the BSF larvae fed each feed substrate were quantified by chemical analyses. The effect of substrate, supplementation, and their interaction on crude protein, fat, and ash contents of BSF larval body composition was significant. Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium were the most abundant macrominerals in the larvae and their concentrations differed significantly among substrates. These findings provide important information to support the use of BSF larval meal as potential new source of nutrient‐rich and sustainable animal feed ingredients to substitute expensive and scarce protein sources such as fishmeal and soya bean meal.
Exploring the Structure of Teachers’ Emotional Labor in the Classroom: A Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis
Authors: Wang Hui , Hall Nathan C. , Chiu Ming Ming , Goetz Thomas , Gogol Katarzyna
Published: June 2020

This study tests whether teachers’ emotional labor in classroom settings is optimally conceptualized according to the type of emotional labor strategy involved (genuinely expressing, hiding, and faking emotions), the specific type of emotion being performed in class (e.g., enjoyment vs. pride vs. anxiety), or both strategy type and emotion type. Multitrait–multimethod analyses of 1,086 Canadian teachers’ survey responses showed teachers’ responses to emotional labor items to be most reliably differentiated according to both specific types of emotional labor strategies as well as the valence of the emotion being performed. Findings were largely consistent with common “display rules” encouraging expression of positive emotions and hiding of negative emotions by teachers in classroom settings. Results further showed teachers’ emotional labor strategies for negative emotions to be particularly contingent on the specific discrete emotion involved, highlighting the complexity of expressing negative emotions as a behavior management strategy.
Exploring the Impact of Rater Effects on Person Fit in Rater‐Mediated Assessments
Authors: Wind Stefanie A.
Published: June 2020

Researchers have documented the impact of rater effects, or raters’ tendencies to give different ratings than would be expected given examinee achievement levels, in performance assessments. However, the degree to which rater effects influence person fit, or the reasonableness of test‐takers’ achievement estimates given their response patterns, has not been investigated. In rater‐mediated assessments, person fit reflects the reasonableness of rater judgments of individual test‐takers’ achievement over components of the assessment. This study illustrates an approach to visualizing and evaluating person fit in assessments that involve rater judgment using rater‐mediated person response functions (rm‐PRFs). The rm‐PRF approach allows analysts to consider the impact of rater effects on person fit in order to identify individual test‐takers for whom the assessment results may not have a straightforward interpretation. A simulation study is used to evaluate the impact of rater effects on person fit. Results indicate that rater effects can compromise the interpretation and use of performance assessment results for individual test‐takers. Recommendations are presented that call researchers and practitioners to supplement routine psychometric analyses for performance assessments (e.g., rater reliability checks) with rm‐PRFs to identify students whose ratings may have compromised interpretations as a result of rater effects, person misfit, or both.
Structure–function studies of galectin‐14, an important effector molecule in embryology
Authors: Si Yunlong , Li Yuying , Yang Tong , Li Xumin , Ayala Gabriela Jaramillo , Mayo Kevin H. , Tai Guihua , Su Jiyong , Zhou Yifa
Published: June 2020

The expression of prototype galectin‐14 (Gal‐14) in human placenta is higher than any other galectin, suggesting that it may play a role in fetal development and regulation of immune tolerance during pregnancy. Here, we solved the crystal structure of dimeric Gal‐14 and found that its global fold is significantly different from that of other galectins with two β‐strands (S5 and S6) extending from one monomer and contributing to the carbohydrate‐binding domain of the other. The hemagglutination assay showed that this lectin could induce agglutination of chicken erythrocytes, even though lactose could not inhibit Gal‐14‐induced agglutination activity. Calorimetry indicates that lactose does not interact with this lectin. Compared to galectin‐1, galectin‐3, and galectin‐8, Gal‐14 has two key amino acids (a histidine and an arginine) in the normally conserved, canonical sugar‐binding site, which are substituted by glutamine (Gln53) and histidine (His57), thus likely explaining why lactose binding to this lectin is very weak. Lactose was observed in the ligand‐binding site of one Gal‐14 structure, most likely because ligand binding is weak and crystals were allowed to grow over a long period of time in the presence of lactose. We also found that EGFP‐tagged Gal‐14 is primarily localized within the nucleus of different cell types. In addition, Gal‐14 colocalized with c‐Rel (a member of NF‐κB family) in HeLa cells. These findings indicate that Gal‐14 might regulate signal transduction pathways through NF‐κB hubs. Overall, the present study provides impetus for further research into the function of Gal‐14 in embryology.
The global diversity and distribution of lizard clutch sizes
Authors: Meiri Shai , Avila Luciano , Bauer Aaron M. , Chapple David G. , Das Indraneil , Doan Tiffany M. , Doughty Paul , Ellis Ryan , Grismer Lee , Kraus Fred , Morando Mariana , Oliver Paul , Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Ribeiro‐Junior Marco Antonio , Shea Glenn , Torres‐Carvajal Omar , Slavenko Alex , Roll Uri
Published: June 2020

Aim

Clutch size is a key life‐history trait. In lizards, it ranges over two orders of magnitude. The global drivers of spatial and phylogenetic variation in clutch have been extensively studied in birds, but such tests in other organisms are lacking. To test the generality of latitudinal gradients in clutch size, and their putative drivers, we present the first global‐scale analysis of clutch sizes across lizard taxa.

Location

Global.

Time period

Recent.

Major taxa studied

Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria).

Methods

We analysed clutch‐size data for over 3,900 lizard species, using phylogenetic generalized least‐square regression to study the relationships between clutch sizes and environmental (temperature, precipitation, seasonality, primary productivity, insularity) and ecological factors (body mass, insularity, activity times, and microhabitat use).

Results

Larger clutches are laid at higher latitudes and in more productive and seasonal environments. Insular taxa lay smaller clutches on average. Temperature and precipitation per se are unrelated to clutch sizes. In Africa, patterns differ from those on other continents. Lineages laying small fixed clutches are restricted to low latitudes.

Main conclusions

We suggest that the constraint imposed by a short activity season, coupled with abundant resources, is the main driver of large‐clutch evolution at high latitudes and in highly seasonal regions. We hypothesize that such conditions – which are unsuitable for species constrained to laying multiple small clutches – may limit the distribution of fixed‐clutch taxa.
miR‐142‐5p and miR‐130a‐3p regulate pulmonary macrophage polarization and asthma airway remodeling
Authors: Shi Jianting , Chen Ming , Ouyang Lihua , Wang Qiujie , Guo Yimin , Huang Linjie , Jiang Shanping
Published: June 2020

Macrophages are key regulators of the development and progression of asthma, facilitating deleterious airway remodeling in affected patients. Immune cell function is tightly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), but how these miRNAs impact macrophage‐mediated airway remodeling in the context of asthma remains to be determined. In this study, we utilized an ovalbumin (OVA)‐based murine model of asthma to evaluate the importance of miRNAs within these macrophages. We found that macrophages from mice that had been sensitized with and exposed to OVA expressed higher levels of M2‐like phenotypic markers and exhibited significantly altered expression of both miR‐142‐5p and miR‐130a‐3p. When these isolated pulmonary macrophages were cultured in vitro, we determined that transfecting them with miR‐142‐5p antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or miR‐130a‐3p mimics was sufficient to inhibit the ability of interleukin‐4 to induce M2 cytokine production. We additionally confirmed the in vivo relevance of these miRNAs in a Ccr2−/− murine model system mimicking asthma. Specifically, we determined that transfecting monocytes with miR‐142‐5p ASO and/or miR‐130a‐3p mimics was sufficient to disrupt the ability of these cells to promote airway remodeling. As such, these findings reveal that miR‐142‐5p and miR‐130a‐3p dysregulation are important factors governing the polarization of macrophages and associated airway remodeling in OVA‐sensitized mice.
Object exploration during the transition to sitting: A study of infants at heightened risk for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Jarvis Erin N. , West Kelsey L. , Iverson Jana M.
Published: June 2020

Learning to sit promotes infants' object exploration because it offers increased access to objects and an improved position for exploration (e.g., ). Infants at heightened risk (HR) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit delays in sitting and differences in object exploration. However, little is known about the association between sitting and object exploration among HR infants. We examined changes in object exploration as HR infants (N = 19) and comparison infants with no family history of ASD (Low Risk; LR; N = 23) gained experience sitting independently. Infants were observed monthly from 2.5 months until 1 month after the onset of independent sitting. At 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, infants completed standardized developmental assessments, and HR infants were assessed for ASD symptoms at 36 months. Although HR infants began sitting later than LR infants, both groups increased time spent grasping, shaking, banging, and mouthing objects as they gained sitting experience. Groups only differed in time spent actively mouthing objects, with LR infants showing a greater increase in active mouthing than HR infants. Findings suggest that HR infants experience a similar progression of object exploration across sitting development, but on a delayed time scale.
Preoperative Noninvasive Cardiac Testing in Older Adults with Hip Fracture: A Multi‐Site Study
Authors: Sinvani Liron , Mendelson Daniel A. , Sharma Ankita , Nouryan Christian N. , Fishbein Joanna S. , Qiu Michael G. , Zeltser Roman , Makaryus Amgad N. , Wolf‐Klein Gisele P.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

For older adults with acute hip fracture, use of preoperative noninvasive cardiac testing may lead to delays in surgery, thereby contributing to worse outcomes. Our study objective was to evaluate the preoperative use of pharmacologic stress testing and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in older adults hospitalized with hip fracture.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review.

SETTING

Seven hospitals (three tertiary, four community) within a large health system.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients, aged 65 years and older, hospitalized with hip fracture (n = 1,079; mean age = 84.2 years; 75% female; 82% white; 36% married).

MEASUREMENTS

Data were extracted from electronic medical records. The study evaluated associations between patient factors as well as clinical outcomes (time to surgery [TTS], length of stay [LOS], and in‐hospital mortality) and the use of preoperative noninvasive cardiac testing (pharmacologic stress tests or TTE). Descriptive statistics were calculated. Cox regression was performed for both TTS and LOS (evaluated as time‐dependent variable); logistic regression was used for in‐hospital mortality.

RESULTS

Although 34.3% (n = 370) had a preoperative TTE, .7% (n = 8) underwent a nuclear stress test and none had a dobutamine stress echocardiogram. Median TTS was 1.1 days (IQR [interquartile range] = .8‐1.8 days), median LOS was 5.3 days (IQR = 4.2‐7.2 days), and in‐hospital mortality was 3% (n = 32).

Patients admitted to the medical service had 3.5 times greater odds of undergoing a TTE compared with those on the orthopedic service (P < .001). Community hospitals had almost three times greater odds of preoperative TTE than tertiary centers (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, preoperative TTE was significantly associated with increased TTS (P < .001). No difference in mortality was found between patients with and without a preoperative TTE.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the high rate of TTE in preoperative assessment of older adults with acute hip fracture. Given the association between TTE and longer TTS, further studies must clarify the role of preoperative TTE in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1690‐1697, 2020.
Professional framing and emotional stability modulate facial appearance biases in nursing students
Authors: Fino Edita , Di Campli Serena , Patrignani Giulia , Mazzetti Michela
Published: June 2020

Aim

Providing the same standard of care to all patients alike, regardless of race, gender, age or any other irrelevant characteristic is imperative in the healthcare profession. In this study we examined whether and to what extent unintentional evaluations based on facial appearance of others affect nursing students' readiness to approach them and provide nursing care.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to July 2019. Nursing students (N = 160) enrolled in the Nursing Degree Course of School of Medicine of Bologna University, completed a self‐report questionnaire assessing personality traits and evaluated photographs of trustworthy, untrustworthy and neutral‐looking male and female faces, while indicating their own approach behavior in a series of social interaction and caretaking scenarios.

Results

Trustworthy faces elicited a higher approach readiness than untrustworthy and neutral ones across scenarios. Nonetheless, the nursing care scenario facilitated the approach toward others perceived as untrustworthy. Emotional stability trait further enhanced the approach of untrustworthy‐looking others and provision of impartial care.

Conclusion

Present findings suggest that facial appearance bias among nursing students may be downregulated by activating cognitive representations of their professional role as future caretakers and their caretaking motivation. This speaks of the need to integrate as early as possible into existing nursing education programs simulation scenarios aimed to increase emotional awareness and model nursing students' future relational and caring skills.
Pre‐ and post‐synaptic modulation by GABAB receptors of rat neuroendocrine dopamine neurones
Authors: Ammari Rachida , Broberger Christian
Published: June 2020

The secretion of prolactin from the pituitary is negatively controlled by tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurones. The electrical properties of TIDA cells have recently been identified as a modulatory target of neurotransmitters and hormones in the lactotrophic axis. The role of the GABAB receptor in this control has received little attention, yet is of particular interest because it may act as a TIDA neurone autoreceptor. Here, this issue was explored in a spontaneously active rat TIDA in vitro slice preparation using whole‐cell recordings. Application of the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, dose‐dependently slowed down or abolished the network oscillations typical of this preparation. Pharmacological manipulations identify the underlying mechanism as an outward current mediated by G‐protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying K+‐like channels. In addition to this postsynaptic modulation, we describe a presynaptic modulation where GABAB receptors restrain the release of glutamate and GABA onto TIDA neurones. Our data identify both pre‐ and postsynaptic modulation of TIDA neurones by GABAB receptors that may play a role in the neuronal network control of pituitary prolactin secretion and lactation.
A longitudinal examination of the interplay between personality vulnerability and need‐based experiences in adolescents' depressive symptoms
Authors: Vandenkerckhove Beatrijs , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Brenning Katrijn , Boncquet Michiel , Flamant Nele , Luyten Patrick , Soenens Bart
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine the interplay between the personality vulnerability dimensions of self‐criticism and dependency and experienced satisfaction or frustration of the basic psychological needs in relation to adolescents' depressive symptoms. In doing so, we investigated both indirect associations between personality and depressive symptoms (through need‐based experiences) and interactions between personality and need‐based experiences (i.e., moderation).

Method

A total of 149 adolescents (52% female, Mage = 15.20 years at initial assessment, SD = 3.09) participated in this three‐wave longitudinal study with 6‐month intervals. At each wave, adolescents reported on their personality, need‐based experiences, and depressive symptoms.

Results

Multilevel analyses showed that dependency and self‐criticism related to experiences of need frustration and depressive symptoms at both the between‐person level (i.e., the level of interindividual differences) and the within‐person level (i.e., the level of intraindividual change). In turn, need frustration was related to adolescents' depressive symptoms at both levels of analysis. Personality did not significantly moderate the associations between the psychological needs and depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

The results suggest that self‐criticism and dependency are related to experiences of psychological need frustration and depressive symptoms at the level of both interindividual differences and within person‐change.
Duopoly, court politics and the Danish core executive
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W. , Salomonsen Heidi H.
Published: June 2020

This article applies the ideas of the core executive and court politics to Danish coalition and minority governments. It asks two questions. Do these ideas travel beyond their Westminster origins? What are the dilemmas confronting the Danish executive and its court politics? The analysis is based on documentary sources and 22 elite interviews with cabinet ministers and permanent secretaries. It identifies a duopoly of Prime Minister and Minister of Finance as a distinctive variety of court politics. It identifies the key dilemmas confronted by the Danish executive; namely trust, political support and politicization. It concludes that court politics provides unique insights into the workings of Danish government. The article is a contribution to the comparative analysis of the court politics of governing elites. It shows that the focus on court politics is not only useful for majoritarian Westminster systems but also for the analysis of consensual parliamentary democracies.
Algal affinity and possible life cycle of the early Cambrian acritarch Yurtusia uniformis from South China
Authors: Shang Xiaodong , Liu Pengju , Moczydłowska Małgorzata , Yang Ben
Published: June 2020

Abundant, well‐preserved specimens of spheroidal organic‐walled microfossil Yurtusia uniformis are reported from the basal Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation in the Changyang area of Hubei Province, South China. Thin and hollow processes extend between the double walls of the vesicle. The single to multiple internal bodies within the vesicle cavity are observed in the genus for the first time, representing reproductive structures (dividing daughter cells). A small circular perforation may occur on the vesicle wall to release the internal bodies. Morphological analyses of specimens preserved at various life stages reveal that processes gradually became longer as the vesicle grew in size. The internal bodies (daughter cells) underwent several successive divisions within the vesicle, which was accompanied by the simultaneous growth of both vesicle and processes. The regular growth of cells, formation and release of daughter cells, and the remarkable morphological similarity between extant algae and the studied microfossils suggest that Yurtusia uniformis is probably a green microalga that may be closely related to the Trebouxiophyceae or even Chlorellales (Chlorophyta). The growth and reproductive mode of individuals indicates that Y. uniformis is an actively growing vegetative cell of microalgae, rather than a metabolically inert cyst or resting spore. A life cycle involving vegetative growth and asexual reproduction is proposed for Y. uniformis on the basis of the life histories of modern chlorophytes. The multiple internal cells may represent autospores produced by a mature autosporangium during asexual reproduction, which subsequently developed into separate young vegetative cells after their release from the opened autosporangium.
Comparison of tissue Doppler imaging and conventional echocardiography to discriminate rejection from non‐rejection after pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Lunze Fatima I. , Singh Tajinder P. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Molloy Meaghan A. , Blume Elizabeth D. , Berger Felix , Colan Steven D.
Published: June 2020

TDI is considered superior to conventional echocardiography for detecting changes in graft function during rejection in adults but has not demonstrated after pediatric OHT. We retrospectively analyzed echocardiograms performed within 24 hours of biopsy in 122 recipients with median age of 8.7 years. Using biopsy findings as the gold standard, we compared paired rejection and non‐rejection echocardiograms using each patient as their own control. We included pairs of LV dimensions, FS, volumes, mass, mass/volume, sphericity, wall stress, SSI, SVI, and TDI velocities in this comparison. C‐statistic was used to assess discrimination for individual echo variables and combinations of variables. Overall, 647 non‐rejection and 24 rejection biopsy‐echo pairs were identified. There was a significant decline in TDI velocities and their Z‐scores during rejection but not in conventional variables (P ≤ .005). The variable that best discriminated rejection from non‐rejection was LV S′, with C‐statistic = 0.93. Conventional echo variables performed less well with C‐statistic range 0.65‐0.67 for LV EF, shortening fraction, and mass. TDI is superior to conventional echocardiography measures for discriminating rejection from non‐rejection. The use of newer non‐invasive parameters to detect myocardial dysfunction and shifting the paradigm of rejection surveillance to detection of non‐rejection together provide a promising approach to reducing the need for biopsy in pediatric heart recipients.
General attributes and practice of ecological restoration in Arizona and California, U.S.A., revealed by restoration stakeholder surveys
Authors: Li Yue M. , Gornish Elise S.
Published: June 2020

Ecological restoration has become increasingly important in conservation. Yet, synthesized statistics are scarce with respect to essential characteristics of restoration activities. We surveyed restoration stakeholders in the U.S. states of Arizona and California to evaluate key attributes in restoration activities including ecosystems of focus, goals, size, cost, duration, and the prevalence of recommended restoration practices. We also examined how some of the attributes varied with size of restoration, ecosystem type, and state identity. While enhancing biodiversity and increasing plant cover were common goals in the two states, restoration in California also focused more on wildlife habitat re‐establishment and weed control. Restoration in Arizona was implemented more in arid/semiarid systems, larger in size, shorter in duration, used more passive restoration, spent more on equipment, and was less likely to source plants from native plant nurseries. Labor was the most expensive restoration component regardless of state identity and ecosystem type. Per unit area cost of restoration decreased with increasing size of restoration. Yet, the decline in this cost was more strongly explained by moving from mesic to arid/semiarid ecosystems. Duration of restoration projects increased with size of restoration and in more mesic ecosystems. Overall, restoration in mesic ecosystems, compared to arid/semiarid systems, was smaller in size, higher in cost, and longer in duration. These results confirmed that ecological and socio‐political conditions impact restoration goals and practice, with implications of how research can further support practitioners to achieve restoration success under practical constraints revealed by these results.
Systematic review of outcome parameters following treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg
Authors: Vogels Sanne , Ritchie Ewan D. , van Dongen Thijs T. C. F. , Scheltinga Marc R. M. , Zimmermann Wes O. , Hoencamp Rigo
Published: June 2020

Objective

Surgery is the gold standard in the management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower extremity, although recent studies also reported success following gait retraining. Outcome parameters are diverse, and reporting is not standardized. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the current evidence regarding treatment outcome of CECS in the lower leg.

Material and Methods

A literature search and systematic analysis were performed according to the PRISMA criteria. Studies reporting on outcome following treatment of lower leg CECS were included.

Results

A total of 68 reports fulfilled study criteria (n =; 3783; age range 12‐70 year; 7:4 male‐to‐female ratio). Conservative interventions such as gait retraining (n =; 2) and botulinum injection (n =; 1) decreased ICP ( =; 68 mm Hg to =; 32 mm Hg) and resulted in a 47% (±42%) rate of satisfaction and a 50% (±45%) rate of return to physical activity. Fasciotomy significantly decreased ICP ( =; 76 mm Hg to  =; 24 mm Hg) and was associated with an 85% (±13%) rate of satisfaction and an 80% (±17%) rate of return to activity. Return to activity was significantly more often achieved (P < .01) in surgically treated patients, except in one study favoring gait retraining in army personnel.

Conclusion

Surgical treatment of CECS in the lower leg results in higher rates of satisfaction and return to activity, compared to conservative treatment. However, the number of studies is limited and the level of evidence is low. Randomized controlled trials with multiple treatment arms and standardized outcome parameters are needed.
Psychology's eugenic history and the invention of intellectual disability
Authors: Ilyes Emese
Published: June 2020

Intellectual disability is a severely understudied topic within psychology. It is rarely woven into the curriculum of mainstream psychology departments and often left for other disciplines to address. Despite this neglect within the field, historical figures within psychology helped invent and shaped the category of intellectual disability. In order to understand the depth of dehumanization experienced by those labeled as intellectually disabled, it is vital to trace the history of the category within psychology. This article offers a critical history of “intellectual disability” as an institutional category in the United States to better understand the outcome of a recent court case that considered the possibility of a sexual relationship between a man labeled as intellectually disabled and a woman who does not carry this label. To fully appreciate the meaning of the court case that concluded without ever engaging the man whose wellbeing it presumably concerned, psychology must be held accountable for its past and current entanglements with the eugenic project.
Punitive welfare reform and claimant mental health: The impact of benefit sanctions on anxiety and depression
Authors: Williams Evan
Published: June 2020

Internationally, policymakers assume that sanctioning claimants of unemployment benefits will engender both improved employment outcomes and wider positive effects. A growing evidence‐base challenges these expectations, though additional insight is needed from large‐scale longitudinal research. This article contributes by conducting a quantitative investigation into the mental health impacts of benefit sanctions. To do so, it focuses on a recent period in UK sanctions policy in which rates of sanctions varied markedly and their length was substantially increased. Using quarterly panel data for local authorities in England (Q3 2010–Q4 2014) and fixed effects models that control for important confounders, the analysis provides robust evidence that Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) sanctions lead to increases in self‐reported anxiety and depression. Evidence of this adverse impact is particularly clear following the increase in the length of sanctions in October 2012. The results have important implications for contemporary social security policy, which is underpinned by a similarly punitive sanctions regime. Whilst additional individual‐level research is needed to fully consider the causal relationships in operation, the findings support a precautionary approach that should seek to minimise the harm associated with sanctions. This implies taking steps to reduce both the severity and frequency of applied sanctions.
The novel HLA‐C*07:02:01:97 allele identified in a Chang tribal individual from Nagaland, North‐East India
Authors: Keppen Chenole , Sharma Akanksha , Khamo Vinotsole , Gautam Shashi Kapoor , Kanga Uma
Published: June 2020

Two nucleotide changes in the 3′‐UTR of HLA‐C*07:02:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA‐C*07:02:01:97.
Traffic transformer: Capturing the continuity and periodicity of time series for traffic forecasting
Authors: Cai Ling , Janowicz Krzysztof , Mai Gengchen , Yan Bo , Zhu Rui
Published: June 2020

Traffic forecasting is a challenging problem due to the complexity of jointly modeling spatio‐temporal dependencies at different scales. Recently, several hybrid deep learning models have been developed to capture such dependencies. These approaches typically utilize convolutional neural networks or graph neural networks (GNNs) to model spatial dependency and leverage recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to learn temporal dependency. However, RNNs are only able to capture sequential information in the time series, while being incapable of modeling their periodicity (e.g., weekly patterns). Moreover, RNNs are difficult to parallelize, making training and prediction less efficient. In this work we propose a novel deep learning architecture called Traffic Transformer to capture the continuity and periodicity of time series and to model spatial dependency. Our work takes inspiration from Google’s Transformer framework for machine translation. We conduct extensive experiments on two real‐world traffic data sets, and the results demonstrate that our model outperforms baseline models by a substantial margin.
The N‐terminal zinc finger of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 is critical in defining its functional properties by determining the level of homodimerization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Park Sungjin , Ding Shi‐You
Published: June 2020

Primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) containing CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1), CESA3 and one of four CESA6‐like proteins in Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that the CESA6‐like proteins occupy the same position in the CSC, but their underlying selection mechanism remains unclear. We produced a chimeric CESA5 by replacing its N‐terminal zinc finger with its CESA6 counterpart to investigate the consequences for its homodimerization, a crucial step in forming higher‐order structures during assembly of the CSC. We found that the mutant phenotypes of prc1‐1, a cesa6 null mutant, were rescued by the chimeric CESA5, and became comparable to the wild type (WT) and prc1‐1 complemented by WT CESA6 in regard to plant growth, cellulose content, cellulose microfibril organization, CSC dynamics and subcellular localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were employed to evaluate pairwise interactions between the N‐terminal regions of CESA1, CESA3, CESA5, CESA6 and the chimeric CESA5. We verified that the chimeric CESA5 explicitly interacted with all the other CESA partners, comparable to CESA6, whereas interaction between CESA5 with itself was significantly weaker than that of all other CESA pairs. Our findings suggest that the homodimerization of CESA6 through its N‐terminal zinc finger is critical in defining its functional properties, and possibly determines its intrinsic roles in facilitating higher‐order structures in CSCs.
The Chimonanthus salicifolius genome provides insight into magnoliid evolution and flavonoid biosynthesis
Authors: Lv Qundan , Qiu Jie , Liu Jie , Li Zheng , Zhang Wenting , Wang Qin , Fang Jie , Pan Junjie , Chen Zhengdao , Cheng Wenliang , Barker Michael S. , Huang Xuehui , Wei Xin , Cheng Kejun
Published: June 2020

Chimonanthus salicifolius, a member of the Calycanthaceae of magnoliids, is one of the most famous medicinal plants in Eastern China. Here, we report a chromosome‐level genome assembly of C. salicifolius, comprising 820.1 Mb of genomic sequence with a contig N50 of 2.3 Mb and containing 36 651 annotated protein‐coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that magnoliids were sister to the eudicots. Two rounds of ancient whole‐genome duplication were inferred in the C. salicifolious genome. One is shared by Calycanthaceae after its divergence with Lauraceae, and the other is in the ancestry of Magnoliales and Laurales. Notably, long genes with > 20 kb in length were much more prevalent in the magnoliid genomes compared with other angiosperms, which could be caused by the length expansion of introns inserted by transposon elements. Homologous genes within the flavonoid pathway for C. salicifolius were identified, and correlation of the gene expression and the contents of flavonoid metabolites revealed potential critical genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis. This study not only provides an additional whole‐genome sequence from the magnoliids, but also opens the door to functional genomic research and molecular breeding of C. salicifolius.
THE AMAZING PLACENTA: EVOLUTION AND LIFELINE TO HUMANNESS
Authors: Finlay Graeme
Published: June 2020

The placenta arose during mammalian evolution, which is recent in evolutionary terms. Genetic changes underlying placental development remain identifiable by the new science of comparative genomics (approximately post‐2000). Randomly arising features of genomes including endogenous retroviruses and transposable elements have provided structural genes and gene‐regulatory motifs responsible for innovations in placental biology. Stochastic genetic events indeed contribute to new functionality. Theologically, random mutations are part of the strategy by which the divine purpose for humanity is attained. Placental function critically underlies human brain development, and suboptimal function, associated with environmental conditions and maternal distress, contributes to mental health deficits in the offspring. Many enter life with handicaps arising from contingent events in utero, mandating understanding, compassion, and socioemotional support, imperatives native to moral including biblical values. The extended period of development afforded by placentation enables prenatal parenting, with implications for sensitive and devoted parental commitment.
MORAL DECISIONS ABOUT HUMAN GERM‐LINE MODIFICATION
Authors: Adams Roger R.
Published: June 2020

Technologies for human germ‐line modification may soon enable humanity to create new types of human beings. Decisions about use of this power entail an unprecedented combination of difficulties: the stakes are immense, the unknowns are daunting, and moral principles are called into question. Evolved morality is not a sure basis for these decisions, both because of its inherent imperfections and because genetic engineering could eventually change humans’ innate cognitive mechanisms. Nevertheless, consensus is needed on moral values relevant to germ‐line modification. These values could be based on characteristics of human beings that would remain constant regardless of revised genomes.
A DEFENSE OF BUDDHISM, MEDITATION, AND FREE WILL: A THEORY OF MENTAL FREEDOM
Authors: Repetti Rick
Published: June 2020

This is my response to the criticisms of Gregg Caruso, David Cummiskey, and Karin Meyers, in their roles as members of the “Author Meets Critics” panel devoted to my book, Buddhism, Meditation, and Free Will: A Theory of Mental Freedom at the 2019 annual meeting of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association, organized by Christian Coseru. Caruso's main objection is that I am not sufficiently attentive to details of opposing arguments in Western philosophy, and Cummiskey's and Meyers’ objections, similarly, are that I am insufficiently attentive to details of Buddhism. I argue that all such objections, however putatively correct, do not rise to the level of objections that actually undermine my account of mental freedom.