bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Pericyclic Key Reactions in Biological Systems and Biomimetic Syntheses. ‐ A Review
Authors: PINDUR U.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
Authors: BUSCHOW K. H. J. , FEIJEN F. H. , DE KORT K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Deamidation and Isoaspartate Formation in Model Synthetic Peptides: The Effects of Sequence and Solution Environment
Authors: BRENNAN T. V. , CLARKE S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Catalysts with Microcalorimetry
Authors: ANDERSEN P. J. , KUNG H. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Structure of Buckminsterfullerene Compounds
Authors: BIRKETT P. R. , CRANE J. D. , HITCHCOCK P. B. , KROTO H. W. , MEIDINE M. F. , TAYLOR R. , WALTON D. R. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Derivatization: Microscale Tests for the Presence of Common Functional Groups in Carotenoids
Authors: EUGSTER C. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Circular Dichroism
Authors: BUCHECKER R. , NOACK K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Crystallographic Studies
Authors: MO F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Approach: Identification and Structure Elucidation of Carotenoids
Authors: LIAAEN‐JENSEN S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ruthenium‐to‐Platinum Interactions in η6,η1 NCN‐Pincer Arene Heterobimetallic Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Bonnet Sylvestre , Siegler Maxime A. , van Lenthe Joop H. , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , van Koten Gerard , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M.
Published: August 2010

A series of η6,η1‐heterobimetallic complexes have been prepared in which a [Ru(η6‐arene)(C5R5)]+ fragment (R = H or Me) and an η1‐NCN‐pincer platinum fragment are combined within the same molecule. In complexes [2]+ and [3]+, the ruthenium and platinum centers are η6 and η1 coordinated, respectively, to the same arene ring, whereas in [4A]+ and [5A]+ they are coordinated to two different arene rings that are linked with a covalent bond ([4A]+) or an ethyl bridge ([5A]+). Upon changing the organic manifold between both metal centers, very strong ([2]+) to very weak ([5A]+) ruthenium‐to‐platinum interactions are obtained. Experimentally, X‐ray crystal structures show an increaing steric hindrance when the Ru–Pt distance diminishes, and electrochemical and 195Pt NMR spectroscopic studies show a decreasing electron density on platinum from [5A]+ to [2]+. Theoretical DFT calculations were undertaken, which show an increasing charge on platinum from [5A]+ to [2]+. Our theoretical analysis shows that the particularly strong ruthenium‐to‐platinum electronic interactions in [2]+ and [3]+ do not come from binding of ruthenium to platinum, but from the pincer Cipso sharing its electron density between both metal centers, which decreases the σ donation to platinum, and from increased backdonation of the platinum d electrons into the π system of the arene ring.
Solution Route to PbSe Films with Enhanced Thermoelectric Transport Properties
Authors: Sun Zhengliang , Liufu Shengcong , Chen Xihong , Chen Lidong
Published: August 2010

Thermoelectric (TE) PbSe thin films, assembled by nanoparticles (100–400 nm), were synthesized by a facile solution route. Results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed the high compactness of the PbSe films with highly crystallized nanoparticles. Electrical transport properties including low resistivity (0.01 Ω cm), high Seebeck coefficient (324 μVK–1), and high carrier mobility (195 cm2V–1S–1) of the PbSe films at 300 K are superior to those of films synthesized by other solution routes and comparable with those of films prepared by vacuum‐based methods. The PbSe films exhibit a maximum thermoelectric power factor (31.5 μWcm–1 K–1) at 440 K, which is larger than that of the bulk PbSe by 57 %, making the assembled PbSe films promising TE films.
Immunotoxicity of pyrethroid metabolites in an in vitro model
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhao Meirong , Jin Meiqing , Xu Chao , Wang Cui , Liu Weiping
Published: August 2010

Risk assessment of man-made chemicals such as pesticides are mainly focused on parent compounds, and relatively little is known about their metabolites, especially with regard to target organ damages such as immunotoxicity. In the present study, the immunotoxicity of five synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) and three common metabolites was evaluated using an in vitro model by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cytoflow, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell viability and apoptosis assays showed that both SPs and their metabolites possessed cytotoxicity to the monocytic cells. The aldehyde and acid derivatives were more effective than the other compounds at cytotoxicity, with inhibition of cell viability by 56.8 and 50.6% at 10−5 mol L−1, and induction of 8.52 and 8.81% cell apoptosis, respectively. Exposure to SPs and their metabolites also led to changes in the secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) and interleukins (ILs), and again the metabolites showed stronger effects than the parent compounds. The aldehyde derivative upregulated IL-12p70 level by 1.87-fold, and the alcohol and acid derivative increased the secretion of TNF α 5.88 and 7.96-fold, relative to the control group. In the in vitro model, the common metabolites of SPs clearly exerted greater immunotoxic effects to monocytes than the intact parent compounds. Results from the present study suggested the need for considering metabolites in achieving more comprehensive health risk assessment of man-made chemicals, including target organ toxicities such as immunotoxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2505–2510. © 2010 SETAC
Development of a new toxic-unit model for the bioassessment of metals in streams
Authors: Schmidt Travis S. , Clements William H. , Mitchell Katharine A. , Church Stanley E. , Wanty Richard B. , Fey David L. , Verplanck Philip L. , San Juan Carma A.
Published: August 2010

Two toxic-unit models that estimate the toxicity of trace-metal mixtures to benthic communities were compared. The chronic criterion accumulation ratio (CCAR), a modification of biotic ligand model (BLM) outputs for use as a toxic-unit model, accounts for the modifying and competitive influences of major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, H+), anions (HCO-3, Cl2−3, S2−) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in determining the free metal ion available for accumulation on the biotic ligand. The cumulative criterion unit (CCU) model, an empirical statistical model of trace-metal toxicity, considers only the ameliorative properties of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (hardness) in determining the toxicity of total dissolved trace metals. Differences in the contribution of a metal (e.g., Cu, Cd, Zn) to toxic units as determined by CCAR or CCU were observed and attributed to how each model incorporates the influences of DOC, pH, and alkalinity. Akaike information criteria demonstrate that CCAR is an improved predictor of benthic macroinvertebrate community metrics as compared with CCU. Piecewise models depict great declines (thresholds) in benthic macroinvertebrate communities at CCAR of 1 or more, while negative changes in benthic communities were detected at a CCAR of less than 1. We observed a 7% reduction in total taxa richness and a 43% decrease in Heptageniid abundance between background (CCAR = 0.1) and the threshold of chronic toxicity on the basis of continuous chronic criteria (CCAR = 1). In this first application of the BLM as a toxic-unit model, we found it superior to CCU. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2432–2442. © 2010 SETAC
Interaction between an organic dye in water and sand packs in a flume system
Authors: Nome Rene A. , Souza Aloisio J. , Nome Carlos A. , Souza Bruno S. , Nome Faruk , Fiedler Haidi D.
Published: August 2010

The sorption kinetics of methylene blue (MB), a standard compound in the American Society for Testing and Materials tests, on natural sand in a batch system at a reciprocal shaking speed of 120 rpm is fast, with equilibrium and surface coverage attained in minutes. When the same experiment is carried out in a recirculating flume, adsorption is much slower, with lifetimes increasing up to several months in the flume. Sorption retardation is dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the dye and on the depth of penetration of the MB layer in sand. The experimental results suggest that, in field experiments, formation of thin films dramatically inhibits the sorption kinetics and, in a closed system, such as a lake or reservoir, contaminants will remain in the water column for long periods, with very slow penetration in the sediment layer. In rivers, the contaminant will travel farther with less penetration into the sediment layer, compared to more static systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2426–2431. © 2010 SETAC
Effect of specimen geometry on tensile strength of cortical bone
Authors: Feng Liang , Jasiuk Iwona
Published: August 2010

We investigate the effect of specimen geometry on the ultimate tensile strength of cortical bone measured by a tensile test. This article is motivated by the fact that there is no clear consensus in the literature on a suitable specimen shape for cortical bone testing. We consider three commonly used tensile test specimen shapes: strip, dumbbell with sharp junctions, and dumbbell with rounded junctions. We conduct this study computationally, using a finite element method, and experimentally by testing porcine femurs. Our results show that local stress concentration factors in the specimen lead to reduced values in the measured tensile strength. The higher the stress concentrations are, the lower is the measured strength. We find that the strip specimens are not a good choice due to high stress concentrations. For the same reason, dumbbell specimens with sharp junctions between the grip and gage sections should also be avoided. The dumbbell shaped tensile test specimens with an arc transition and a maximized radius of fillet are a better choice because such geometry lowers stress concentrations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The effect of amphiphilic siloxane oligomers on fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis
Authors: Lynam Emily C. , Xie Yan , Loli Bree , Dargaville Tim R. , Leavesley David I. , George Graeme A. , Upton Zee
Published: August 2010

The formation of hypertrophic scars (HSF) is a frequent medical outcome of wound repair and often requires further therapy with treatments such as silicone gel sheets (SGS) or apoptosis‐inducing agents, including bleomycin. Although widely used, knowledge regarding SGS and their mode of action is limited. Preliminary research has shown that small amounts of amphiphilic silicone present in SGS have the ability to move into skin during treatment. We demonstrate herein that a commercially available analogue of these amphiphilic siloxane species, the rake copolymer GP226, decreases collagen synthesis on exposure to cultures of fibroblasts derived from HSF. By size exclusion chromatography, GP226 was found to be a mixture of siloxane species, containing five fractions of different molecular weight. By studies of collagen production, cell viability and proliferation, it was revealed that a low molecular weight fraction (fraction IV) was the most active, reducing the number of viable cells present after treatment and thereby reducing collagen production as a result. On exposure of fraction IV to human keratinocytes, viability and proliferation were also significantly affected. HSF undergoing apoptosis after application of fraction IV were also detected via real‐time microscopy and by using the TUNEL assay. Taken together, these data suggests that these amphiphilic siloxanes could be potential non‐invasive substitutes to apoptotic‐inducing chemical agents that are currently used as scar treatments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Soft tissue adaptation to modified titanium surfaces
Authors: Lee Shermin , Goh Bee Tin , Wolke Joop , Tideman Henk , Stoelinga Paul , Jansen John
Published: August 2010

Surface modification of titanium alloy implants to enhance soft tissue adherence is important to minimize soft tissue dehiscence. This study aimed to confirm if a dual acid etched “Osseotite®” titanium surface contributes to soft tissue adherence in muscle. It also aims to explore if a radio frequency magnetron sputtered hydroxyapatite (HA)/bioglass (BG) coating can serve this purpose and provides soft tissue adherence in mucosal tissue. The study was carried out in 18 Macaca fascicularis animals, 14 Osseotite® coated Ti6Al4V bullets inserted intramuscularly and 12 HA/BG coated Ti6Al4V plates inserted into the submucosa. These were compared with machined Ti6Al4V surfaces as controls. The histological and histomorphometrical results revealed that no significant difference existed in muscle tissue response between machined and Osseotite® surfaces. On the other hand, the HA/BG coated submucosal plates showed statistically significant differences with a thinner capsule quantity (p < 0.0001), an increased capsule quality (p < 0.0001) and interface quality score (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the deposited HA/BG coatings facilitated soft tissue (mucosa) adaptation at 1 month of implant installation, whereas the acid etched Osseotite® surface did not enhance muscular adaptation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in poly‐D,L‐lactic acid coatings on porous titanium implants conducts bone formation
Authors: Jensen Thomas , Jakobsen Thomas , Baas Jørgen , Nygaard Jens V. , Dolatshahi‐Pirouz Alireza , Hovgaard Mads B. , Foss Morten , Bünger Cody , Besenbacher Flemming , Søballe Kjeld
Published: August 2010

It is well established in the field of biomaterials that hydroxyapatite (HA) may provide interesting osteoconductive properties. In this study, we investigated the osseointegrational effect of a 50/50 vol % composite of HA nanoparticles and poly‐D,L‐lactic acid (PDLLA) coated on model titanium bone implants in an in vivo animal model. The aim is to evaluate how the addition of HA to PDLLA may improve the bone formation and initial fixation of the implant. Two titanium implants coated with the PDLLA/HA composite and pure PDLLA, respectively, were implanted bilaterally in proximal part of humeri with a 2‐mm peri‐implant gap in 10 sheep. After 12 weeks, the remains of the coatings were present on 20.3 and 19.8% of PDLLA/HA composite‐ and PDLLA‐coated implants, respectively. It was observed that newly formed bone (39.3%) and fibrous tissue (58.3%) had replaced the PDLLA/HA composite, whereas pure PDLLA was replaced almost completely by fibrous tissue (96.2%). Consequently, the PDLLA/HA composite‐coated implants were better fixated as confirmed by push‐out tests. Using quantification of peri‐implant tissue and implant fixation as parameters, the present findings, therefore, clearly reveal that the addition of nanoparticulate HA to a PDLLA coating on titanium implants increases osseointegration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Core/shell microspheres via coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization for sequential and parallel release of drugs
Authors: Nie Hemin , Dong Zhenguo , Arifin Davis Yohanes , Hu Yong , Wang Chi‐Hwa
Published: August 2010

Herein, it is demonstrated that coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization can be used for the fabrication of microspheres with distinct core/shell structure. This allows the encapsulation of two different types of drugs in different compartments in one single step. In Group A, we prepared microspheres in which the core and the shell contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, respectively. In contrast, in Group B, the opposite is prepared. While the former can be achieved by using amphiphilic polymers in aqueous environment, the latter is difficult to be prepared. The release patterns of the two groups are significantly different. The release of drugs from Group A microspheres is rather sequential, whereas group B microspheres release drugs in a parallel (co‐release) manner. Nevertheless, in both groups, we found that the release of drugs can be easily tailored by altering outer/inner flow ratios. These findings present the advantages and possible application of this multi‐drug release system in chemotherapy. Moreover, cell culture experiments have been performed to testify the performances of different microspheres in cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis in vitro. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Enhancement of capillary and cellular ingrowth in ePTFE implants with a proangiogenic recombinant construct derived from fibronectin
Authors: Wijelath Errol , Kohler Ted R. , Murray Jacqueline , Namekata Mayumi , Yagi Mayumi , Sobel Michael
Published: August 2010

Based on our discoveries of a unique, synergistic interplay between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and specific domains of the matrix protein fibronectin (FN), we used recombinant technology to create a new protein construct derived from the cell‐binding and VEGF‐binding domains of FN. We wished to test the hypothesis that this prototype recombinant FN (rFN) protein would enhance cellular and capillary ingrowth in vivo into expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) implants. ePTFE disks of high porosity (60 micron internodal distance) were embedded with fibrin gel and heparin, with/without mixtures of VEGF and rFN and were implanted subcutaneously in rats. Control implants embedded with fibrin glue and heparin alone showed an average of 8.5% (±0.51% standard error mean (SEM)) cellular ingrowth. The addition of either VEGF or rFN caused a modest but significant increase in cellular ingrowth (12.7 ± 1% and 11.8 ± 0.98%, respectively, p < 0.004). However, the combination of rFN/VEGF/heparin dramatically increased cellular ingrowth (27.6 ± 1.62%, p < 0.001), compared with all other treatments. Quantification of capillary ingrowth yielded the same pattern. These results suggest that the incorporation of such biological modulators into cardiovascular implants could offer new strategies for the design of a ready‐made small diameter prosthetic graft with enhanced capacity for neovascularization and endothelialization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The impact of plasma rich in growth factors on clinical and biological factors involved in healing processes after third molar extraction
Authors: Mozzati Marco , Martinasso Germana , Pol Renato , Polastri Carolina , Cristiano Antonio , Muzio Giuliana , Canuto Rosa
Published: August 2010

Extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar is a common surgical procedure, although it still leads to several postoperative symptoms and complications. The study assessed the efficacy of autologous plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in the healing process by checking the difference of tissue cytokines and other healing factors produced by the mucosa after extraction between sites treated with PRGF and control sites and, at the same time, by evaluating the clinical efficacy of PRGF in terms of reduced pain and facial swelling. This study was a split‐mouth study, in which the patient becomes his/her own control, to eliminate any individual response differences toward PRGF treatment. The parameters regarding inflammation and subsequent wound healing were all significantly higher at PRGF sites than at control sites. The increase at PRGF sites of the two proinflammatory cytokines evaluated, interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6, was accompanied by the increase of two anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β. Furthermore, IL‐1β and IL‐6 induce fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, important events in wound healing. Postoperative pain and the swelling, measured at all experimental times, were reduced in the presence of PRGF. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Long term in vitro biostability of segmented polyisobutylene‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes
Authors: Cozzens David , Ojha Umaprasana , Kulkarni Pallavi , Faust Rudolf , Desai Shrojal
Published: August 2010

Long term in vitro biostability of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) containing mixed polyisobutylene (PIB)/poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segment was studied under accelerated conditions in 20% H2O2 solution containing 0.1M CoCl2 at 50°C to predict resistance to metal ion oxidative degradation (MIO) in vivo. The PIB‐based TPUs showed significant oxidative stability as compared to the commercial controls Pellethane™ 2363‐55D and 2363‐80A. After 12 weeks in vitro the PIB‐PTMO TPUs with 10–20% PTMO in the soft segment showed 6–10% weight loss whereas the Pellethane™ TPUs degraded completely in about 9 weeks. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the degradation of Pellethane™ samples via MIO by the loss of the ∼1110 cm−1 aliphatic COC stretching peak height attributed to chain scission, and the appearance of a new peak at ∼1174 cm−1 attributed to crosslinking. No such changes were apparent in the spectra of the PIB‐based TPUs. The PIB‐based TPUs exhibited 10–30% drop in tensile strength compared to 100% for the Pellethane™ TPUs after 12 weeks. The molecular weight of the PIB‐based TPUs decreased slightly (10–15%) at 12 weeks. The Pellethane™ TPUs showed a dramatic decrease in Mn and an increase in low molecular weight degradation product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed severe cracking in the Pellethane™ samples after 2 weeks, whereas the PIB‐based TPUs exhibited a continuous surface morphology. The weight loss, tensile, and SEM data correlate well with each other and indicate excellent biostability of these materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Suppression of anoikis by collagen coating of interconnected macroporous nanometric carbonated hydroxyapatite/agarose scaffolds
Authors: Alcaide María , Serrano María‐Concepción , Roman Jesús , Cabañas María‐Victoria , Peña Juan , Sánchez‐Zapardiel Elena , Vallet‐Regí María , Portolés María‐Teresa
Published: August 2010

Three dimensional interconnected macroporous (pore diameter: 600–800 μm) hydroxyapatite/agarose disks have been evaluated in this study as potential bone regeneration scaffolds. With this purpose, the adhesion and proliferation of human Saos‐2 osteoblasts on this biomaterial were analyzed. As an index of cell function, the following parameters were measured: cell morphology, viability, cell size/complexity, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The existence of anoikis induced by inappropriate contacts between the cell and the scaffold has been detected by scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. The intracellular nitric oxide content has been also measured as potential inducer of anoikis. The positive effects of previous scaffold coating with type I collagen on osteoblast adhesion as well as the collagen protection against anoikis have been demonstrated in this study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
In vitro osteoblast‐like cell proliferation on nano‐hydroxyapatite coatings with different morphologies on a titanium‐niobium shape memory alloy
Authors: Xiong Jianyu , Li Yuncang , Hodgson Peter D. , Wen Cui'e
Published: August 2010

The morphology of nanomaterials significantly affects their physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the present study, nano‐hydroxyapatite coatings with different morphologies were produced on the surface of a titanium‐niobium shape memory alloy via a hydrothermal process. The effect of the nano‐hydroxyapatite coatings on the in vitro proliferation of SaOS‐2 osteoblast‐like cells was investigated. Factors including crystallinity, surface micro‐roughness, and surface energy of the nano‐hydroxyapatite coatings were discussed. Results show that in vitro proliferation of the osteoblast‐like cells was significantly enhanced on the nano‐hydroxyapatite‐coated titanium‐niobium alloy compared to the titanium‐niobium alloy without coating. The cell numbers on the nano‐hydroxyapatite‐coated titanium‐niobium alloy changed consistently with the surface energy of the hydroxyapatite coatings. This study suggests that surface energy as a characteristic parameter influencing the in vitro proliferation of osteoblast‐like cells was predominant over the crystallinity and surface micro‐roughness of the nano‐hydroxyapatite coatings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Biofilm formation and composition on different implant materials in vivo
Authors: Al‐Ahmad A. , Wiedmann‐Al‐Ahmad M. , Faust J. , Bächle M. , Follo M. , Wolkewitz M. , Hannig C. , Hellwig E. , Carvalho C. , Kohal R.
Published: August 2010

Biofilm formation was evaluated on the following titanium and zirconia implants in vivo: machined titanium (Ti‐m), modified titanium (TiUnite®), modified zirconia (ZiUnite®), machined alumina‐toughened zirconia (ATZ‐m), sandblasted alumina‐toughened zirconia (ATZ‐s), and machined zirconia (TZP‐A‐m). Bovine enamel slabs were used as controls. Surface morphologies were examined by atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface wettability was also determined. Twelve healthy volunteers wore a splint system with the tested materials. After 3 and 5 days the materials were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The levels of Streptococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Fusobacteriaum nucleatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii were quantitatively determined. The biofim thickness was found to be between 19.78 and 36.73 μm after 3 days and between 26.11 and 32.43 μm after 5 days. With the exception of Ti‐m the biofilm thickness after 3 days was correlated with surface roughness. In addition to Streptococcus spp. as the main component of the biofilm (11.23–25.30%), F. nucleatum, A. naeslundii, and Veillonella spp. were also detected. No significant differences in biofilm composition on the implant surfaces could be observed. In total, the influence of roughness and material on biofilm formation was compensated by biofilm maturation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Impactability and time‐dependent mechanical properties of porous titanium particles for application in impaction grafting
Authors: Walschot L. H. B. , Schreurs B. W. , Buma P. , Verdonschot N.
Published: August 2010

Aims: Impaction grafting with bone particles is a successful technique to restore bone stock loss during hip revision surgery. Allograft shortage is expected within the near future. This study investigates the feasibility of porous titanium particles (TiP) to replace bone particles (BoP) and to compare mechanical properties of TiP and a commercially available porous ceramic bone graft extender (CeP). Impactability and time‐dependent mechanical properties (stability and stiffness during physiologic loading (0.1–2.5 MPa)) were assessed by standardized impaction and a confined compression test. Loaded samples were used for particle release analysis. Findings: TiP were more impactable than BoP and created a stable, highly entangled macroporous construct. CeP were crushed during impaction, resulting in non‐cohesive specimens of small ceramic particles. TiP showed very little deformation at the end of physiological loading. Impacted TiP were stiffer than BoP but more elastic than CeP. TiP generated a low volume of microparticles (0.2% of original TiP weight) with a bimodal size distribution (diameter range, 7–2000 (m). Conclusion: TiP are impactable and create a stable, elastic and highly entangled, macroporous layer. Further in‐vitro testing and biological studies are warranted to verify whether the promising results are maintained with THA reconstructions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Bone properties surrounding hydroxyapatite‐coated custom osseous integrated dental implants
Authors: Baker M. I. , Eberhardt A. W. , Martin D. M. , McGwin G. , Lemons J. E.
Published: August 2010

Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite or HA) coatings have been applied to Custom Osseous Integrated Implants (COIIs) to improve the quality of the bone‐implant integration, yet little is known concerning the biomechanical properties of bone surrounding the HA‐coated implants in humans over the long term. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mechanical and histomorphometric properties of the bone along the implant interface. Specimens were prepared from three similar mandibular implants that were functional in three female patients for about 11 years. Histomorphometric analyses showed bone‐implant contact averaging 75% for all specimens. Area coverage of residual HA‐coating ranged from 52 to 70%. When compared with previous studies, these results show a relatively high percentage of residual HA after a decade in vivo. Nanoindentation showed similar average values of hardness and modulus (p = 0.53 and p = 0.56, respectively) comparing bone adjacent to residual HA‐coating and regions where the coating was absent. The elastic modulus was significantly lower for bone near the bone‐implant interface (<200 μm) as compared with bone distant (>1000 μm) from the interface (p = 0.05), thereby reflecting different properties of the bone near these interfaces. Backscattered electron imaging showed darker gray levels which indicated decreased mineral content in bone adjacent to the implant, consistent with the nanoindentation results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Hebrew Deuteronomistic and Early Chinese Confucian Historiography: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Gálik Marián
Published: August 2010

Judged from typological perspective, bothSamuel 1and2andKings 1and2from the Bible andZuo Zhuan左传 (The Commentary of Zuo) are parallels in historical and literary development, even without any direct or indirect contact between approximately 1050–586 BCE in ancient Israel and Judah, and the Chunqiu Period (722–481 BCE) in China. They are two of the three oldest “narrative histories” (the Hebrew Deuteronomistic written in the 6thcent. BCE,The Historiesin the 5thcent. BCE, andZuo Zhuanfrom the 4thcent. BCE). This paper analyzes these two “histories” from the similar and different “sacred continua” in Israel, Judah and China; and also from the “divine kingship,” the “mandate of Heaven,” “theocracy,” the concept of God among ancient Hebrews and the concurrent concept ofShangdi上帝,Di帝 orTian天 and ethical principles among the Chinese. These works are “narrative histories,” both are vivid, detailed, written in an extremely dense, but also rhetorical style. They all used divination, dream interpretation, persuasive speeches and descriptions of wars. Both are didactic, not always following “historical truth.” They are works of great historical and literary value.
Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods
Authors: Cai Liang
Published: August 2010

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon? Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.
Reexamining the Abolitionist Movement against Prostitution in Shanghai after 1949
Authors: Ruan Qinghua
Published: August 2010

In 1951, the government of Shanghai announced a movement to abolish prostitution. At that moment, the number of public brothels had already declined dramatically and the government took this opportunity to forcefully portray the favorable image that they had thoroughly rooted out “the poisons of the old society.” Then, in 1958, the city government announced the rehabilitation of prostitutes was complete because more and more women were becoming prostitutes in this “new society.” In a “new society,” this phenomenon composed a threat to the government’s ideology. Therefore, the new government started a campaign of labor reeducation or threw women in jail under the charge of being a vagrant and announced that the system of prostitution which had its base in the old society was now thoroughly eradicated. It was very difficult for these women who were taken in and rehabilitated to assimilate into society; when they were finally settled, the local government and the local populace were asked to continue to “supervise and reform them.” Thus, the women who had no way to become new people under socialism became “old elements” in the new society.
Optical Properties of GaSb Nanofibers
Authors: Zhou Xiuli , Guo Wei , Perez-Bergquist Alejandro G , Wei Qiangmin , Chen Yanbin , Sun Kai , Wang Lumin
Published: August 2010

Amorphous GaSb nanofibers were obtained by ion beam irradiation of bulk GaSb single-crystal wafers, resulting in fibers with diameters of ~20 nm. The Raman spectra and photoluminescence (PL) of the ion irradiation-induced nanofibers before and after annealing were studied. Results show that the Raman intensity of the GaSb LO phonon mode decreased after ion beam irradiation as a result of the formation of the amorphous nanofibers. A new mode is observed at ~155 cm-1 both from the unannealed and annealed GaSb nanofiber samples related to the A1g mode of Sb–Sb bond vibration. Room temperature PL measurements of the annealed nanofibers present a wide feature band at ~1.4–1.6 eV. The room temperature PL properties of the irradiated samples presents a large blue shift compared to bulk GaSb. Annealed nanofibers and annealed nanofibers with Au nanodots present two different PL peaks (400 and 540 nm), both of which may originate from Ga or O vacancies in GaO. The enhanced PL and new band characteristics in nanostructured GaSb suggest that the nanostructured fibers may have unique applications in optoelectronic devices.
Biocompatibility of Graphene Oxide
Authors: Wang Kan , Ruan Jing , Song Hua , Zhang Jiali , Wo Yan , Guo Shouwu , Cui Daxiang
Published: August 2010

Herein, we report the effects of graphene oxides on human fibroblast cells and mice with the aim of investigating graphene oxides' biocompatibility. The graphene oxides were prepared by the modified Hummers method and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The human fibroblast cells were cultured with different doses of graphene oxides for day 1 to day 5. Thirty mice divided into three test groups (low, middle, high dose) and one control group were injected with 0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 mg graphene oxides, respectively, and were raised for 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days, respectively. Results showed that the water-soluble graphene oxides were successfully prepared; graphene oxides with dose less than 20 μg/mL did not exhibit toxicity to human fibroblast cells, and the dose of more than 50 μg/mL exhibits obvious cytotoxicity such as decreasing cell adhesion, inducing cell apoptosis, entering into lysosomes, mitochondrion, endoplasm, and cell nucleus. Graphene oxides under low dose (0.1 mg) and middle dose (0.25 mg) did not exhibit obvious toxicity to mice and under high dose (0.4 mg) exhibited chronic toxicity, such as 4/9 mice death and lung granuloma formation, mainly located in lung, liver, spleen, and kidney, almost could not be cleaned by kidney. In conclusion, graphene oxides exhibit dose-dependent toxicity to cells and animals, such as inducing cell apoptosis and lung granuloma formation, and cannot be cleaned by kidney. When graphene oxides are explored for in vivo applications in animal or human body, its biocompatibility must be considered.
Unifying divergence bounding and locality awareness in replicated systems with vector-field consistency
Authors: Veiga Luís , Negrão André , Santos Nuno , Ferreira Paulo
Published: August 2010

Data replication is a very relevant technique for improving performance, availability, and scalability. These are requirements of many applications such as multiplayer distributed games, cooperative software tools, etc. However, consistency of the replicated shared state is hard to ensure. Current consistency models and middleware systems lack the required adaptability and efficiency. Thus, developing such robust applications is still a daunting task.

We propose a new consistency model, named Vector-Field Consistency (VFC) that unifies (i) several forms of consistency enforcement and a multidimensional criteria (time, sequence, and value) to limit replica divergence with (ii) techniques based on locality-awareness (w.r.t. players position).

Based on the VFC model, we propose a generic meta-architecture that can be easily instantiated both to centralized and (dynamically) partitioned architectures: (i) a single central server in which the VFC algorithm runs or (ii) a set of servers in which each one is responsible for a slice of the data being shared. The first approach is clearly more adapted to ad hoc networks of resource-constrained devices, while the second, being more scalable, is well adapted to large-scale networks. We developed and evaluated two prototypes of VFC (for ad hoc and large-scale networks) with very good performance results.
Relativistic effects on the collisionless–collisional transition of the filamentation instability in fast ignition
Authors: FIORE M. , FIÚZA F. , MARTI M. , FONSECA R. A. , SILVA L. O.
Published: August 2010

Relativistic collisional effects on the filamentation instability are analytically and numerically investigated by comparing collisionless and collisional scenarios for a fast ignition (FI) configuration. The theoretical kinetic model, including warm species and space charge effects, predicts the preferential formation of larger filaments and the inhibition/enhancement of the instability when collisions are accounted for. These collisional effects are qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed by 1D and 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, also providing a physical picture for the inhibition/enhancement regime due to collisions, based on the electron beam slowdown. By plugging typical FI parameters in the dispersion relation, the theoretical model predicts significant growth rates of the instability deep inside the FI target, thus showing the potential role of the filamentation instability as a mechanism for energy deposition into the pellet core.
Spatial variability models of CO2 emissions from soils colonized by grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and moss (Sanionia uncinata) in Admiralty Bay, King George Island
Authors: Mendonça Eduardo de Sá , La Scala Newton , Panosso Alan Rodrigo , Simas Felipe N.B. , Schaefer Carlos E.G.R.
Published: August 2010

Soil CO2 emission is an important part of the terrestrial carbon cycling and is influenced by several factors, such as type and distribution of vegetation. In this work we evaluated the spatial variability of soil CO2 emission in terrestrial ecosystems of maritime Antarctica, under two contrasting vegetation covers: 1) grass areas of Deschampsia antarctica Desv., and 2) moss carpets of Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske. Highest mean emission was obtained for the Deschampsia (4.13 μmol m-2 s-1) developed on organic-rich soil with a strong penguin influence. The overall results indicate that soil temperature is not directly related to the spatial pattern of soil CO2 emission at the sites studied. Emission adjusted models were Gaussian and exponential with ranges varying from 1.3 to 2.8 m, depending on the studied site and vegetation cover.
The Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus: An Anglican Juridical Perspective
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: August 2010

The Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus represents the latest, and perhaps one of the most controversial, developments in Anglican and Roman Catholic relations. The Apostolic Constitution is the juridical means by which Anglicans dissatisfied with recent initiatives in the Anglican Communion may enter as groups into full communion with Rome. It provides for the erection of ordinariates, a category equivalent to dioceses but one which is not elaborated in the Latin Code of Canon Law 1983. This article describes responses to the Apostolic Constitution, from the hostile to the welcoming, evaluates the provisions of the Apostolic Constitution, particularly those which effect integration of the faithful into the Latin church and those which allow for the continuation of elements of their former traditions, and evaluates the ways in which the laws of Anglican churches may be employed either to hinder or to help the departure of those seeking entry to an ordinariate.
Relating Time and Causality in Interactive Distributed Systems
Authors: Broy Manfred
Published: August 2010

For digital interactive distributed systems, the timing of their events and the causality between their events are key issues. In real-time applications of embedded software systems, timing properties are essential, such as the response times of reactions depending on the precise timing of the input events. In a highly abstract view, a digital system can be represented by a set of events annotated by their timing. Sets of timed events labeled by actions represent the observations about systems. An essential property that helps to understand distributed interactive systems and a way to reason about their event flow is causality. Causality addresses the questions under which conditions certain events must, may or must not happen. Causality addresses the logical dependencies between the events in systems. Strictly speaking, causality reflects the logical essence in the event and action flow of systems. Causality is closely related to time. In particular, we study in the following the relationship between causality and the timing of input and output events, as well as its relationship to the granularity of time. We deal, in particular, with the problem of time abstraction and the precise timing of events. We show how causality and time form the basis of inductive reasoning, in particular in the case of dependencies in communication cycles (‘feedback’) and how we can work with time in models of distributed systems with a flexible choice of local clocks and local timing.
How nurture can shape preferences: an experimental study on risk preferences of Vietnamese fishers
Authors: NGUYEN QUANG
Published: August 2010

We combined field experiment and household survey data to investigate whether working in a risky occupation such as fishing makes fishers less risk averse than people in other occupations. The unique characteristic of Vietnam's fisheries enables us to solve the endogeneity problem of occupational choice usually found in this kind of study. We used prospect theory as the main analytical framework and developed a practical procedure to simultaneously estimate the parameters of the utility function under prospect theory. The key finding is that working in a fishery makes economic agents less risk averse than others.
Visualization of the failure of quartz under quasi‐static and dynamic compression
Authors: Kimberley J. , Ramesh K. T. , Barnouin O. S.
Published: August 2010

Quasi‐static and dynamic compression experiments were performed on natural α quartz single crystal specimens at strain rates ranging from 10−3 to 103 s−1 using a high‐speed camera for visualization of failure. In one set of experiments, the specimens were compressed until catastrophic failure occurred, shattering the specimen into many small pieces. The results of the experiments show little strain rate dependence of the compressive strength of quartz for the range of strain rates applied in this study. In a second set of experiments, referred to here as interrupted compression, the specimens were compressed to a stress level of about half of the failure strength and then unloaded. For times up to when the peak load is achieved, images of the specimen recorded during the experiment show no crack initiation or propagation. However, in these experiments, the growth of large planar cracks was observed during (and only during) the unloading phase. The real‐time visualization demonstrated that behavior of failure during unloading occurs in both the quasi‐static and dynamic interrupted compression experiments. The crystallographic indices of the failure planes were identified to be of the and families, indicating cleavage failure on the positive and negative rhombohedral surfaces, respectively.