bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and Belief in ESP: Towards a “Neuropsychology of Belief”
Authors: Brugger Peter , Gamma Alex , Muri René , Schafer Markus , Taylor Kirsten I.
Published: August 2011

30 right-handed subjects were given a lateralized tachistoscopic lexical-decision task. Subjects' belief in extrasensory perception (ESP) was assessed with a single six-point scale; 16 subjects were designated as believers in ESP and 14 subjects as nonbelievers. Believers in ESP did not exhibit a hemispheric asymmetry for the task while nonbelievers exhibited the expected right visual-field/left-hemisphere dominance documented in the literature. Believers' lack of asymmetry was not caused by an impaired left-hemisphere performance but rather by a significantly enhanced lexical-decision accuracy in the left visual field/right hemisphere compared to nonbelievers. These results are compatible with previous studies indicating a correlation between belief in ESP and a bias for right-hemisphere processing. Moreover, the results are relevant for a discussion of an association between paranormal beliefs and schizotypy: highly schizotypal individuals are not only particularly prone to believe in ESP but are also known to show an attenuation of hemispheric asymmetries in lateralized verbal tasks due to an enhanced contribution of the right hemisphere. We suggest that the neurological basis of delusion-like beliefs may involve a release of right-hemisphere function from left-hemisphere control and sketch the focus of research for a future “neuropsychology of belief.”
Coaching Preferences of High School Girl Volleyball Players
Authors: Hastie Peter A.
Published: August 2011

80 Australian and 100 Canadian high school girl volleyball players reported a significant difference by nationality on “democratic behavior” and by age, and by sex of the coach on “positive feedback” on Chelladurai and Saleh's Leadership Scale for Sports. No significant main effects were found between nationality groups, players' age, or sex of the coach on any of the other variables of the scale.
Tests of H0: ρ1 = 0 for Autocorrelation Estimators rF1 and rF2
Authors: Huitema Bradley E. , McKean Joseph W.
Published: August 2011

Two new tests of the hypothesis of no lag-1 autocorrelation in a time-series process, i.e., H0: ρ1 = 0, are presented for two reduced-bias autocorrelation estimators that were introduced by Huitema and McKean in 1994. The performance of the new tests, ZF1 and tF2, was evaluated using Monte Carlo methods. Both new tests were superior to the conventional Bartlett asymptotic test in the case of small and intermediate N; tF2 outperforms ZF1 substantially at small and intermediate values of N. The true probability of Type I error associated with test tF2 is exceedingly close to the nominal value for all values of α (.01, .05, and .10) and N (6—500) investigated. The tF2 test is also more powerful against positive values of ρ1 than are the Bartlett and ZF1 tests.
Stability of Personality Traits and Psychological Distress over Six Years
Authors: Sanderman Robbert , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: August 2011

Personality traits were quite stable over 6 yr. among 225 subjects from a community sample, wheteas psychological distress of initial testing could hardly explain scores 6 yr. later. Findings support the trait-state distinction of the measures under study, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire-30.
Region of Origin and Perceptions of Locations in Northern Ireland
Authors: Clinch Colette , Cornish Ian M.
Published: August 2011

The perceptions of locations by 27 Catholic and 23 Protestant undergraduates in Northern Ireland showed little positive bias toward home regions, contrary to other research.
Effect of Certain Task Characteristics on Performance of Two Neuropsychological Tests of Spatial Ability
Authors: Alfano Patricia L. , Michel George F.
Published: August 2011

Certain neuropsychological assessments of spatial ability assume that the processing of diagonality and nondiagonality of patterns is equivalent and that processing 2-D representations is equivalent to processing 3-D objects. The Stick Test and the Locomotor Maze Test also assume that successful performance requires the use of mental rotation. Normal adult subjects received either 2-D or 3-D versions of the Stick Test ( n = 45) or an unlabeled or labeled version of the maze test ( n = 25). Both tests used either nondiagonal or diagonal patterns. More errors were made on 2-D representations of sticks than on the 3-D sticks. Also, more errors occurred with the diagonal than with the orthogonal patterns on both tasks. When maze paths were labeled, fewer subjects made errors on the orthogonal paths than on the diagonal paths. Few subjects reported using mental rotation to perform these tasks. The performance of normal adults may violate the assumptions usually made about a test's measure of spatial ability.
Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Amirkhiabani Gholamali , Hendry Graham D.
Published: August 2011

The term ‘cognitive strategies’ is problematic and needs clarification. Although it has been used in various studies in psychology and education, there is little agreement as to what is meant by ‘cognitive strategy.’ There is no clear-cut differentiation in the literature between ‘cognitive strategies,’ ‘metacognition,’ ‘skills,’ ‘schemas,’ ‘tasks,’ and other related concepts. Some researchers assume that people know and are aware or conscious of what strategies they are using, while others emphasize involuntary and unconscious aspects of strategies. In this article, paradigms which are involved in studies of cognitive strategies are considered. Because use of this concept is problematic and vague, the study of cognition is less focused than is desirable, and important problems in the field are overlooked.
Exploring Relations among Perception, Action, and Knowledge Using Retrospective Verbal Reports
Authors: Toward Jeffrey I. , Kerr Robert
Published: August 2011

The analysis of retrospective verbal reports obtained from 40 undergraduate students who had completed both movement-velocity recognition and movement-velocity reproduction tasks suggested that one's knowledge base may influence the functioning of one's perceptual and motor abilities.
Computerized Consulting in Sport Psychology: Some Experiences with Youth Baseball, Softball, and Teeball
Authors: Burke Kevin L.
Published: August 2011

A variety of questions about youth in sports asked on a computer network were responded to by a sport consultant.
Loss of Reality Contact on the Rorschach: A Formal Analysis
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

Based on an analysis of the TRAUT system for scoring autisms, it was concluded that a loss of reality contact on the Rorschach is indicated by responses that do not comply with the demand characteristics of the blots themselves or entail relationships among blot areas counterindicated by the demands of external reality. It was postulated that these same two perceptual/cognitive errors could be used as markers to signal problems with reality testing as they are manifested on other projective techniques.
Association among Fitness Components, Anxiety, and Confidence following Aerobic Training in Aquarunning
Authors: Jambor Elizabeth A. , Rudisill Mary E. , Weekes Esther M. , Michaud Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of actual and perceived physiological and physical changes, i.e., VO2max, percent body fat, body weight, and perceived fitness change, to changes in anxiety and confidence were investigated. 15 adults volunteered to participate in an 8-wk. exercise program and 15 adults volunteered to be in a nonexercising control group. Physiological and physical measures (VO2max, percent body fat, body weight) were taken at Week 1 (pretest week) and Week 10 (posttest week) of the program. Each subject completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-II prior to and just after the 8-wk. training program. Cognitive and somatic anxiety scores significantly decreased for both groups over the 8-wk. period. Confidence scores did not change for either group. The physiological variable and the physical measures were significantly related to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, or confidence. It appears that both the aquarunning exercise and quiet rest sessions can be associated with anxiety within 8 wk.
Scores on Profile of Mood States of College Football Players from Nonscholarship and Scholarship Programs
Authors: Simpson Steve , Newby Robert W.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Profile of Mood States of football players from three small football programs ( ns = 85, 71, and 91) were compared. Scores of athletes from the two nonscholarship programs did not conform to the “iceberg profile,” differing mainly on Anger. These same players differed significantly from the scholarship athletes at a major college on all mood states. Mean total mood scores fell between those for major college scholarship athletes and high school athletes. Means for players associated with the small scholarship program more closely resembled means of major college athletes on both the individual mood states and the total mood score. The results supported the hypothesis that nonscholarship collegiate athletes differ in significant ways from those receiving scholarships.
Factor Structure of the Health Concerns Questionnaire in Elderly Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Nation Paul C. , Dush David M.
Published: August 2011

The factor structure and psychometric properties of the Health Concerns Questionnaire were evaluated in a sample of 133 elderly chronic pain outpatients. Reliability and validity data are presented for the HCQ total scores, 3 varimax rotated factors, and 3 content scales that distinguish endorsement of medically versus psychologically oriented items.
Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Intellectual Functioning with the Toni and Wisc—R
Authors: D'Amato Rik Carl , Lidiak Susan E. , Lassiter Kerry S.
Published: August 2011

Cognitive ability has long been conceptualized as having verbal and nonverbal components. In this study scores on the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence were correlated with those on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised for 74 subjects 6 to 15 years old which yielded Pearson values of 55 between the Verbal Scale standard scores and the nonverbal test and 58 with the Performance Scale standard scores and TONI intelligence quotients. Although the TONI has been presented as a nonverbal instrument, the correlations did not support such a view.
Physical Education Teachers' Behaviors as Related to Pupils' Psychosocial Development in Curricular and Extracurricular Settings
Authors: Smith Matthew D. , Aicinena Steven J. , Steffen Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether teachers' behaviors related to pupils' psychosocial development would differ when physical education teachers taught curricular physical education lessons and when they coached extracurricular school teams. Subjects were 22 physical education teachers who taught and coached basketball in northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. One physical education lesson on basketball and one basketball practice were videotaped for each subject. These tapes were then coded for frequency of teachers' reactive and spontaneous behaviors with the Coaching Behavior Assessment System. A one-way analysis of variance test indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the rates teachers used all behaviors during lessons and practices. Hotelling-Lawley trace tests and subsequent repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that teachers provided significantly higher rates of punitive mistake-contingent technical instruction, general technical instruction, and general encouragement during extracurricular practices and used a significantly higher rate of behaviors aimed at keeping control during curricular lessons. Unlike previous research on skill-related behaviors, the results did not indicate that teachers' performance suffered dramatically during curricular lessons when compared with performance in extracurricular practices.
Participation in Adventure-Based Activities and Self-Concepts of College Men and Women
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Shows David , DiNucci James M.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 18 students (8 women, 10 men) enrolled in a semester-long adventure-education class and 32 (17 women, 15 men) enrolled in a general health class were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to assess the effect of participation in adventure-based activities on self-concept. Using analysis of covariance, with the pretest scores as the covariate, significant differences were found between the two groups on total self-concept and on subscale scores of Physical self, Social self, and Behavior subscales for men, with the scores of the adventure-education class being significantly higher than those of the control group. Significantly higher scores were found for women in the adventure-education class on total self-concept and on subscale scores than on the Physical self and Personal self scales.
Effects of Positive and Negative Music on Performance of a Karate Drill
Authors: Ferguson Albert R. , Carbonneau Michael R. , Chambliss Catherine
Published: August 2011

Although athletes frequently report using music while training or before an event, laboratory studies have not detected a beneficial effect, so the influence of positive and negative music on performance of a selected karate drill was investigated in this double-blind study using 14 volunteers from two Shotokan karate schools. Each subject performed a preselected drill three times following positive and negative music and white noise in a random order. Performance of the drill was rated on a 7-item, 5-point scale by 2 raters. Differences among conditions were assessed via a within-subjects t test for paired scores. The subjects' self-evaluation of their performance was also examined. Enhancement of performance for both types of music over white noise was significant.
Mental Imagery, Relaxation, and Accuracy of Basketball Foul Shooting
Authors: Lamirand Michelle , Rainey David
Published: August 2011

18 female college basketball players were pretested on foul shooting, alternately assigned to relaxation or mental imagery training, and posttested after 4 training sessions over 3 weeks. Analysis of covariance indicated that the predicted improvement of the imagery group did not occur. The relaxation group was marginally superior at posttest
Effects of Learning Modalities on Melodic and Rhythmic Retention and on Vocal Pitch-Matching by Preschool Children
Authors: Persellin Diane Cummings
Published: August 2011

To assess whether melodic and rhythmic retention as well as pitch-matching ability could be improved through use of learning modalities, 61 children ages 4 and 5 years were presented music instruction in one of four ways, visually (seeing visual aids with the music), auditorily (singing and listening), kinesthetically (moving to music), or through multimodal presentations. Analysis indicated that preschool children receiving the auditory and multimodal treatments scored significantly higher on both the melodic and rhythmic posttests than on pretests. Children receiving kinesthetic treatment scored significantly lower on both the melodic and rhythmic posttests than the other three classes. Further, children in the auditory and multimodal classes matched pitch significantly better at posttest than children in either the visual or kinesthetic classes.
Gaze during Speaking as Related to Shyness
Authors: Iizuka Yuichi
Published: August 2011

32 shy and 32 nonshy women were selected from a population of Japanese junior college students on the basis of their responses to the Trait Shyness Scale. This study manipulated shyness (shy and nonshy), interviewers' gaze (high amount of gaze and low amount of gaze), and interviewers' sex in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Subjects were randomly assigned to eight groups and interviewed by one of two male or two female confederates. Two trained judges recorded duration of gaze and speech through a one-way mirror and watching videotaped records. Analysis showed that for the interviewer in the high gaze condition the self-reported shy women gazed less while speaking than the nonshy women.
Multidimensional Locus of Control and Attitudes toward Mental Illness
Authors: Morrison M. , de Man A. F. , Drumheller A.
Published: August 2011

University students (55 women and 37 men) participated in a study of the relationship between multidimensional locus of control and attitudes toward mental illness as measured by the five factors of the Opinions About Mental Illness scale. Semipartial correlations suggested that scores on multidimensional locus of control were related to scores on three of the five factors but that the pattern of relationships is subject to gender differences.
Factor Analysis and Reliability of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire
Authors: Atienza Francisco , Balaguer Isabel , Garcia-Merita Maria Luisa
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this work was to analyze the factor structure, estimate reliability of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire of Hall and Pongrac, and examine differences between men and women on factor scores. The results for 63 men and 47 women supported the bifactorial structure and reliability of this self-report and its adequacy in comparisons of visual and kinesthetic imagery scores.
The Kansas Wildlife Scales: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Cable Ted
Published: August 2011

The Kansas Wildlife Scales were developed to assess the attitudes of Kansans toward the preservation of wildlife and their habitats. 550 computer-assisted telephone interviews were analyzed to estimate the internal consistency of the scales. Cronbach alphas for the Threats to Wildlife and Balancing Human and Wildlife Needs scales were both 0.77. Evidence for the face and construct validity were included.
Visuospatial Functions in Patients with Spasmodic Torticollis
Authors: Leplow Bernd , Tübinger Christine S
Published: August 2011

Visuospatial functions were studied in 18 patients with spasmodic torticollis and 18 matched controls. Subjects were examined with respect to their judgement of the subjective vertical, personal and extrapersonal orientation, the discrimination of left and right, the ability to judge angles and distances, and a drawing task. Patients showed marked deficits in extrapersonal orientation and atypical displacement errors to the right when requested to set the subjective vertical. Results were largely independent of the clinical characteristics of the disease. The pattern of results was attributed to a subtle attention deficit underlying complex measures of visuospatial functions. This may reflect a discrete dysfunction of the striatal-frontal circuits at least in a subgroup of patients.
Belief in Paranormal Phenomena and An External Locus of Control
Authors: Allen Jodi , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 51 college students, beliefs in paranormal phenomena were associated with scores on a measure of belief in an external locus of control.
Shifting Attention in a Rapid Visual Search Paradigm
Authors: Hsieh Shulan , Allport Alan
Published: August 2011

A method is introduced for studying shifts of attention in semantic space, testing 56 subjects in four experiments on a semantic monitoring task based on rapid, serial, visually presented (RSVP) word-sequences. Following a cue to shift attention, accuracy of semantic monitoring drops abruptly to a low level, then gradually recovers to reach preshift levels over successive stimuli in the RSVP sequence. Using this method, we compared two kinds of criterion-shifts, one requiring a set-reversal (‘reversal shifts’), the other involving a shift between orthogonally defined categories (‘orthogonal shifts’); no differences were found. We have also examined the difference in a shift between two different processing domains (semantic vs typographic) compared with a shift of criterion within the same processing domain. The results showed no differences for within- vs between-domain shifts. Finally, we studied the time-course of a semantic attention shift. Execution of a semantic shift did not follow an internally controlled time-course but was a direct function of the rate of stimulus presentation. No evidence was found for the operation of a ‘supervisory attentional system’ independent of external stimulus triggering.
Sequential Optimum Selection: A Categorical Alternative to Discriminant Analysis for Conducting Research in Assessment
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Young Glenn R. , Patty Charles E.
Published: August 2011

Sequential Optimum Selection, SOS, a nonparametric computer-assisted alternative to discriminant analysis, was introduced and explicated. SOS is an iterative procedure that develops ongoing decision rules for discriminating among groups, successively expunging frequency distributions or classes until all cases are accounted for. In three illustrative comparisons using clinical assessment data, SOS proved competitive with discriminant analysis in terms of over-all hit rates for parsimonious extraction of meaningful variables. Further, in one demonstration using parametric data, SOS held up better on cross-validation, While discriminant analysis will, in most cases, yield better discrimination than SOS, the latter does not make parametric assumptions and should therefore be considered a viable alternative as an exploratory procedure.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXVII. Increased Geomagnetic Activity and Decreased Pleasantness of Spontaneous Narratives for Percipients but Not Agents
Authors: Churchill David R. , Persinger M. A. , Thomas Alex W.
Published: August 2011

A total of 48 adults were tested in 24 separate pairs either during the morning (10:00 A.M.) or evening (10:00 P.M.). One member of each pair was instructed to record (write) impressions and descriptions of 8 different art pieces (5 min. each). At the same time the other member of the pair sat in a comfortable chair within an acoustic chamber in another room and wrote an ongoing narrative. The evaluation and activity dimensions of the words that composed the narratives were scored by the Whissell Dictionary of Affect in Language. The increased global geomagnetic activity two days before the experiments was significantly associated ( rhos about 0.60) with the use of more unpleasant words for people who sat in the quiet chamber only. Implications for the hypothesis of affective concordance between emotionally bonded human beings and its role in episodes of potentially veridical telepathic experiences are discussed.
Hand Differences and Reported Intensity of Nociceptive Stimuli
Authors: Long D. Adam
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis tested in the present study was that subjects would report higher intensity of heat-pain sensation for the left hand than for the right given right-brain dominance for negative emotion and tactual sensitivity. Low, medium, and high temperatures (42°, 45°, and 48° C, respectively) were presented to 20 healthy subjects' left and right forearms, wrists, and backs of hands. Using a modified magnitude-estimation scale, subjects rated the intensity of “heat-discomfort” that they felt following each 5-sec. stimulus presentation. Mean magnitude estimations for the left-and right-hand responses to high, medium, and low heat were analyzed using a 2 × 3 totally within-subjects analysis of variance. No significant differences between the right and left hands were observed for intensity of pain perception.
Microgenetic Styles of Regulation in Schizophrenia
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Del Monaco Emilia , Rocchi Maria Teresa , Pezzarossa Bianca
Published: August 2011

Styles of adaptation to the Stroop task were studied with the Serial Color-Word Test among 50 schizophrenic patients and 50 sex- and age-matched clinical controls. Measures of linear (R) and nonlinear change (V) in reading times were derived for each of the five interference trials. Schizophrenia was significantly characterized by (1) a high sum of nonlinear change, (2) the Cumulative-Dissociative pattern (high R and high V), (3) concomitantly high secondary Vs (V of the 5 Rs and V of the 5 Vs), and (4) Cumulative-Dissociative secondary patterns (gradual increase of both linear and nonlinear change on both the 5 Rs and the 5 Vs).
A Study of Cognitive Loading in Dual-Coding Theory
Authors: Ishii Harue , Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: August 2011

15 university students were engaged m a task of recalling sentences with and without figures. Analysis of the number recalled indicated that cognitive loading for sentences with figures was more effective than for recall of sentences without figures.
Intellectually Gifted Elementary Students' Perceptions of Leadership
Authors: Riley Tracy L. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: August 2011

To study the self-perceptions of leadership held by intellectually gifted elementary students in Grades 4 through 6 the Leadership Strengths Indicator was administered to 21 girls and 13 boys. Significant differences favoring the girls were found on two of the cluster scales (V, Sympathetic and VII, Conscienrious) and the total score.
Melancholia: A Defense Mechanism Test Study
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Cimino Cristiana , Saya Anna , Ciani Nicola
Published: August 2011

The defensive organization of Melancholia was explored with a tachistoscopic percept-genetic technique, the Defense Mechanism Test. A sample of 20 women inpatients with a DSM-III—R diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode or Major Depression, Melancholic Type was contrasted with a matched group of depressed outpatients and a matched group of nonclinical subjects. Signs of introaggression on the hero, statue-repression, and stereotypy significantly characterized melancholic patients. The latter were discriminated from depressed outpatients as showing more signs of stereotypy and of discontinuity. Mask-disguise defenses were typically endorsed by Bipolar melancholic patients and significantly differentiated them from Unipolar melancholic patients. One type of stereotypy (regarding wrong age attributes of the central figure) successfully predicted a poor response to antidepressive therapy. Relevant modifications of the current Defense Mechanism Test coding criteria for stereotypy are proposed.
Perceptions of Satisfaction with Communication and Self-Rated Competence in Dating Relationships
Authors: Prisbell Marshall
Published: August 2011

139 undergraduate students' self-rated perceptions of competence influenced their perceived satisfaction with communication in their daring relationships. Two components of competence, e.g., social confirmation and social experience, contributed to these perceptions.
Generalization Effects from Instruction of Kindergartners on Classification and Seriation
Authors: Malabonga Valerie , Pasnak Robert , Hendricks Charlene
Published: August 2011

Kindergartners who were lagging behind their classmates in cognitive development were given either of two forms of instruction during the fall semester. One group was instructed in classification and seriation; the other was trained in letters, numbers, shapes, colors, arts, science, and arithmetic. Delayed posttest scores showed that the first group generalized significantly better than the second on classification problems but not necessarily on seriation problems when test problems were substantially different from training problems.
A Thermal Perception Scale for Use during Resting Exposure to Cold Air
Authors: Glickman-Weiss E. L. , Hearon C. M. , Nelson A. G. , Robertson R. J.
Published: August 2011

The present investigation introduces a thermal perception scale (TS) for use during protracted resting cold exposure. The scale contains categories ranging consecutively from 0, i.e., Nothing at all, to 10, i.e., Very, very cold. Eight Caucasian men were randomly exposed to ambient air in a climatically controlled environmental chamber of 8°, 12°, and 27° C for 120 min. on 3 separate occasions and monitored for rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (T̄sk), ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2). The terminal perceptual categories were anchored for 8 subjects and a standard set of instructions was presented prior to each trial. The anchor Temperature was the room air in the anteroom which was 27° C, representing 0, i.e., “Nothing at all,” to extend the scale so that subsequent judgments on the scale were expressed in relation to this category. In addition, the subjects were also asked to imagine the coldest that they have ever experienced and this was designed to anchor “Very, very cold.” The relations between scale scores and the thermoregulatory variables were examined wirh a simple linear regression and coefficients of correlation and determination for each subject. High coefficients of determination between T̄sk, VO2, and VE indicated that, for individual subjects, the scores on the scale were related to VE, T̄sk, and VO2. High reliability coefficients for TS were also reported. In addition, the ratings and VO2 relation tended to be similar between subjects. Therefore, this scale appears to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring the perception of cold when at rest in air.
EMG and Cardiovascular Responses to Emotionally Provocative Photographs and Text
Authors: Livesay Jerry R. , Porter Tiffany
Published: August 2011

Previous studies on the psychophysiology of human emotion have repeatedly shown general and occasionally specific facial EMG (μv) and covert cardiovascular response relationships to emotionally provocative photographs. Less clear are the relationships between psychophysiological response indices measured during the silent reading of emotionally charged versus emotionally neutral text. In this study, 12 adult subjects were presented two emotionally loaded color and black-and-white photographs and two brief newspaper articles, one emotionally charged and the other emotionally neutral in content. Each independent stimulus was presented for 1 min., preceded by a rest according to a multiple baseline-reversal design. Subjects evaluated each pictorial and textual stimulus condition according to adjective dimensions on 7-point rating scales. Mean values for corrugator supercilii EMG (μv), upper trapezius EMG (μv), surface temperature (°F), and heart rate (bpm) measured by finger photoplethysmography were measured during each rest and test period. Significant increases in the subjects' mean corrugator supercilii EMG (μv) measures were observed during all color and black-and-white photograph presentations for both emotional and neutral content. As predicted, the subjects' mean corrugator supercilii EMG (μv) measures increased significantly while silently reading text with an obvious unpleasant emotional tone. A significant positive relationship was observed between the subjects' mean ratings and mean corrugator EMG (μv) difference values for the emotionally loaded color photographs.
Psychological Differences in Amateur and Competitive Skiers
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A. , Di Rosa Antonio E.
Published: August 2011

The mean personality scores based on responses to the Adjective Check List by 28 competitive skiers were compared with those for 32 amateurs to evaluate psychological characteristics of both groups (ages ranged from 18 to 26 years). Analysis gave significant differences only for six of 37 scales. In comparison with amateurs, competitors showed more need for achievement, dominance, endurance, exhibition, self-confidence and a more positive Ideal Self.
Covert Orienting of Attention Controls Vigilance Decrement at Low Event Rate
Authors: Bahri Toufik
Published: August 2011

Factors controlling sustained visual orienting were investigated by combining the paradigms of covert orienting and vigilance. Analysis suggests a close relationship between orienting of attention and vigilance which is dependent on the event rare during the vigilance task. At a low event rate both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of orienting are found. Vigilance decrement is related to the accumulation of inhibition over time, supporting Posner, et al.'s 1984 theory. Invalid cues reduce the decrement. At a high event rate, however, neither facilitation nor inhibition effects are reliable, and vigilance decrement is relared to limitations of the allocation of attentional capacity, supporting Parasuraman's multifactorial theory. The results suggest that facilitation and inhibition caused by orienting are important opposing mechanisms in visual attention, allowing the nervous system to control the distribution of attention both over visual space and over time.
Self-Efficacy in Mathematics, Attitudes, and Achievement of Boys and Girls from Restricted Samples in Two Countries
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: August 2011

A Saskatchewan sample of 191 (99 boys and 92 girls) and a Western Australian sample of 134 (49 boys and 85 girls) Grade 12 students were administered the Mathematics Achievement Test, Mathematics Self-efficacy Scale, and Mathematics Attitude Inventory. Total scores on two derived parallel forms of the Mathematics Achievement Test, three subscales of the Mathematics Self-efficacy Scale (daily, problems, and courses), and two derived attitude measures of the Mathematics Attitude Inventory, analyzed in a 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance design with gender and locale as the fixed factors, as expected, showed effects for gender, locale, and their interaction were significant. These results are related to the previous reports on these variables; instructional and theoretical implications are discussed.
Visual Evoked Potentials of Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Vision
Authors: Sugita Yoichi
Published: August 2011

During the course of the adaptation to left-right reversed vision, visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured for a light flash presented on either side of a fixation. The VEP amplitudes and latencies changed drastically as the adaptation progressed. The time course of the change was quite different between occipital scalp loci. These results indicate that the adaptation to the optical distortion takes place even in the relatively early stage of the visual information processing.
Motor Performance in Aphasia and Ideomotor Apraxia
Authors: Motomura Naoyasu
Published: August 2011

Motor performance in 11 patients with ideomotor apraxia, 11 with aphasia without such apraxia, and 11 normal controls was compared. These three groups were matched on age, sex, education, severity of aphasia, intelligence, and size of lesion. Measures of aiming, tapping, line-following, and steadiness developed by Schoppe in 1974 were used. Both apraxic and aphasic groups showed difficulties with motor performance, and the data of the apraxic group were poorer than those of the aphasic group. These results were consistent with Liepmann's theory.
School Uniforms and Person Perception
Authors: Behling Dorothy
Published: August 2011

For this study of perceived behavior and academic ability in a secondary school setting, four clothing styles including two styles of school uniforms were photographed and manipulated. 270 students and 20 teachers from a public high school and a private school, in which uniforms are required, participated. A repeated-measures analysis of variance as well as a Tukey's test were used for data analysis. Independent variables were sex of the model, school, and style of clothing. Dependent variables were perception of behavior, scholastic achievement, and scholastic potential. Perception of school-related behavior and scholastic ability of the models dressed in four styles of clothing varied significantly by style of dress. There were also significant effects for sex of the model and status (teacher vs student) of the perceiver. Results were similar for the two schools in that a school uniform positively affected the perception of academic abilities and school-related behavior of the clothed models for students and teachers.
Experience of Loss and Subsequent Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 24 famous suicides, early loss was found in six, typically from death of the father during latency.
Adaptation of Chinese Design in Western Contemporary Dress
Authors: Chen Hut-Ping , Shanley Lisa A.
Published: August 2011

Recently, Asian immigrants have become the largest of the minority groups in some areas of the United States. Increased contact with people from other cultures often influences consumers' behavior. For this reason, it may be important for some firms to adjust their marketing direction to suit the unique shopping behavior of ethnic groups The purpose of this study required adapting Chinese style characteristics into Western contemporary dress. The objectives of the study were to examine whether ethnic identity and cultural experiences influenced subjects' evaluation of Chinese design adapted to contemporary garments. 43 Chinese women and 43 non-Chinese women were shown 4 garments ranging from no ethnic influence to traditional Chinese dress. Increased cultural contact did indeed influence subjects' evaluation of the garments, but ethnic identity was not significantly related to subjects' evaluations of the garments.
Further Research on the Accuracy of Students' Self-Reported Grade Point Averages, Sat Scores, and Course Grades
Authors: Frucgt Veronique G. , Cook Gail Lynn
Published: August 2011

Previous research indicates that, although students' self-reported and actual GPAs and SAT scores are correlated, on average, students overestimate these data. This study extended prior research by surveying 132 mostly upper-level students and by including other information (grades in selected prior course work). Our results provide further evidence that students overestimate their past academic achievements.
Effects of Multiple Sclerosis on Physical and Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Decker Thomas W. , Decker Barbara B.
Published: August 2011

Significant impairment was measured across the board in the physical, psychosocial, and daily living functions of 24 multiple sclerosis patients. These findings support the need of MS patients for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary treatment approach to all areas affected by MS.
Sport Psychology in China
Authors: Kirkby Robert J. , Lui Ji
Published: August 2011

Although psychology has been established in China since 1920, sport psychology as an organized discipline is only a decade old. Psychology departments are found in only five of China's approximately 1100 tertiary educational institutions. Although sport psychology in not taught in any of the psychology departments, it is taught within at least 50 departments of physical education. Unlike the Western world where much of the focus of sport psychology is on exercise, in China the concentration is restricted mainly to sporting activities. An analysis of three major Chinese journals in 1992 showed that 24 papers in sport psychology had been published (versus 18 papers in cognition and perception, the next most frequent area). This indicated that, in terms of number of publications, sport was the most researched area of Chinese psychology.
Reaction Force and EMG Analyses of Wheelchair Transfers
Authors: Wang Y. Tai , Kim Chang K. , Ford H. T. , Ford H. T.
Published: August 2011

To examine how reaction forces and muscle activity change when transferring from a wheelchair to three different heights, six male able-bodied college students were tested. Analysis indicated that transferring to a lower seat position generated a greater vertical reaction force and required more muscle effort from triceps and posterior deltoid muscles. Transferring to a higher seat position resulted in a shift of the friction force from the anterior-posterior to the medial-lateral direction, and more biceps muscle effort was needed to perform the up-rightward movement. Transferring to a seat at the same height required less muscle effort from the upper extremities.
Participation in a Wellness Course and Attitude toward Physical Education
Authors: Moode F. Michael , Finkenberg Mel E.
Published: August 2011

70 women and 46 men enrolled in a college physical education course emphasizing concepts of wellness were administered the Attitude Toward Physical Activity Inventory at the beginning and end of a semester. Gender differences at the end of the semester were obtained on Social Experience, Health and Fitness, Aesthetic Experience, and Ascetic Experience, with the scores for men significantly higher than those for women. When comparing scores of students required to participate in the course with those of students electing to, no significant differences were found. Scores by gender showed significant differences on Ascetic Experience by men, with scores of noneducation majors significantly higher than those of education majors. Significantly higher scores at Time 2 for women on Health and Fitness and for men on Ascetic Experience were obtained.
Ultradian Rhythms in Task Performance, Self-Evaluation, and EEG Activity
Authors: Hayashi Mitsuo , Sato Kayo , Hori Tadao
Published: August 2011

Many studies have shown the existence of cycles of approximately 90 to 100 minutes (corresponding to Kleitman's basic rest-activity cycle) and several hours (‘slow ultradian rhythm’ cycles). EEG power spectra, mood, performance, and self-evaluation of performance were measured every 15 minutes for 9 hours for 10 male university students. Principal component analysis was applied to extracted ultradian fluctuations in EEG activity, task performance, and the subjective variables. The analysis indicated that two common temporal fluctuations were present, one in the behavioral and subjective variables, and the other in EEG activity. Spectral analysis indicated that the former fluctuated at a rate of 12 cycles per day (corresponding to basic rest-activity cycle), and the latter was comprised of both a slower (6 cycles per day) and a faster (10 to 18 cycles per day) cycle, thereby supporting the multioscillator hypothesis of ultradian rhythm.
Drawing Designs from Memory in Dementia
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: August 2011

Correlational analysis of performance on 22 neuropsychological tests by 58 patients with presumed dementia of the Alzheimer type and 58 with presumed multi-infarct dementia suggested that drawing designs from memory in dementia assesses visual-perceptual, constructional, and executive abilities more than memory.
Directional Biases in Adults' Performance on a Multiple-Choice Water-Level Task
Authors: Amponsah Benjamin , Krekling Sturla
Published: August 2011

Performance data on the water-level task were collected on a multiple-choice test requiring 417 adult subjects to choose the one item that represented the waterline of still water in a tilted vessel. Except for the item showing the waterline horizontal, waterlines were drawn oriented ± 8°, ± 16°, ± 24°, and ± 32° referenced to the horizontal. Analyses of errors from 284 subjects who did not achieve a perfect test score showed that 73% of all errors were made on negatively signed items. Further, among subjects who erred on all trials ( n = 128), the majority were remarkably systematic in making their errors, consistently (six out of six trials) choosing items with a negative sign (56%) or items with a positive sign (13%). The predominant negative directional bias suggests that most adult subjects who completely lack an adequate understanding of the invariant horizontality of water were basing their choices on the belief that water tends to climb obliquely towards the brim of the tilted vessel.
Interests: Psychology's Blind Spot?
Authors: Kilby Richard W.
Published: August 2011

It is suggested that interests have been taken for granted by psychologists and deserve recognirion because they are important in our lives. Different types of interests have different natures and origins and this brief report is limited to intellectual interests. They are described as combining two uniquely human activities—an ever-reaching-out intellect and an emotional coloring which is giving them significance. A consequence is that new interest, with its motivation, is being produced spontaneously and regularly. A number of specific interest-influencing determinants are mentioned and exemplified with brief reports on the interests of some biological and anthropological scientists.
Note on the Influence of Distribution Shape on Nonparametric Tests
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: August 2011

The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and other nonparametric tests based on rank randomization are distribution-free with respect to the probability of Type I errors; however, they are not distribution-free with respect to the probability of Type II errors and power to detect differences. Various shapes of nonnormal distributions substantially reduce the power of nonparametric tests. However, these densities influence parametric counterparts such as t and F to an even greater extent so nonparametric methods acquire an advantage by comparison.
Anosmia in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Solomon Gary S.
Published: August 2011

Ten patients with probable Alzheimer Dementia underwent a brief evaluation of cranial nerve I function, with 90% showing varying degrees of anosmia. The potential usefulness of olfactory assessment in the evaluation of Alzheimer Disease is discussed.
Matching the Cognitive Styles of Management Students and Teachers: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Allinson Christopher W. , Hayes John , Davis Ann
Published: August 2011

Research suggested that matching the cognitive styles of students and teachers may improve students' learning. Although this preliminary study of 35 Management undergraduates and their 2 teachers provided little evidence for this, it did have implications for the design of proposed research.
Facilitation Effect of Contextual Preexposure on the Freezing of Rats
Authors: Takigasaki Takashi
Published: August 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of contextual preexposure on the freezing of rats. 45 albino rats were first placed in an experimental chamber for 5 min. without electric shock (contextual preexposure) for a few days (0, 3, 5, 10, or 15 days). Then they received a shock (1 mA, 2 sec.) for 6 consecutive days. After receiving one shock, the rats which had been contextually preexposed for some days froze more frequently than the rats which had not experienced contextual preexposure. The contextual preexposure facilitated the conditional freezing of rats following one-trial context-shock conditioning; however, there were no differences in freezing between them after receiving more than two shocks. It seems that a few conditioning trials overcame the facilitating effect of contextual preexposure.
Trained Motor Imitation by Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus)
Authors: Bauer Gordon B. , Johnson Christine M.
Published: August 2011

Each of two bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, was trained to mimic a set of behaviors on command. They were tested on transfer of the mimic command to a set of familiar behaviors which they had not previously been commanded to mimic. They were similarly tested on two novel behaviors. One dolphin demonstrated complete mimicry of 5 of 11 familiar behaviors; the other dolphin mimicked 1 of 9 behaviors. None of the mimicked behaviors was exhibited to an inappropriate model, suggesting that performance was not due to chance. Neither dolphin imitated the novel behaviors.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Satisfaction with Life Scale
Authors: Shevlin M. E. , Bunting B. P.
Published: August 2011

The dimensionality of the Satisfaction With Life Scale was assessed by a single-factor confirmatory factor analysis. The data were consistent with the model, indicating that the scale measures a single construct.