bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stigmata of Degeneration in the Viscera of General Paralytics and Normal Persons [Einige “innere” somatische Degenerationszeichen bei Paralytikern und Normalen, zugleich als Beitrag zur Anatomie und Anthropologie der Variationen an den innern Hauptorganen des Menschen]. (Allg. Zeit. f Psychiat., Bd. Iviii, H. 6.) Näcke, P.
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

Dr. Näcke has here supplemented his valuable and elaborate study of the external stigmata of degeneration in general paralytics by a study of the internal somatic stigmata. The investigation covered the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen. The subjects included 104 general paralytics and 108 normal subjects. The inquiry has been carried out with the care and thoroughness which always mark this investigator's work. He admits, however, the existence of an Achilles heel in his investigation. He was unable to carry out the inquiry on the normal subjects himself from lack of material, and this part of the work was undertaken by Professor Nauwerck, of Chemnitz. The material was so far as possible identical in racial and other respects, and everything was done to ensure, so far as possible, identity of method, but it is admitted that a small margin must be allowed for the varying personal idiosyncrasies of the two workers. It may be added that it seems fairly clear that such allowance cannot vitiate the main results reached.
Spontaneous Fractures in General Paralysis [Des Fractures spontanées dans la Paralysie générale].(XIII Cong, internat, de Méd., 1900, Sect, de Psychiai.) Lalannc, M.
Authors: Lord John R.
Published: August 2008

The author comments upon the rarity in general paralysis of spontaneous fractures, i. e. fractures arising from some slight cause, and out of all proportion to that cause,—when it is a known fact that in most maladies of the nervous system these fractures are comparatively common. When one remembers the deep and varied changes produced in the organism by general paralysis this is all the more remarkable.
Some Obscure Injuries following the Toxic Use of Alcohol (Quarterly Journal of Inebriety, October, 1901.) Crothers
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Crothers puts forward the thesis that in a certain number of cases the development of psychoses and of organic diseases of the nervous system is due to a single profound intoxication by alcohol. In some instances the symptoms of the nervous affection follow immediately on the intoxication; in others a considerable latent period intervenes. Puberty and late middle life are pointed out as times when intoxication is peculiarly liable to be followed by these paralcoholic disorders. The author believes that morbid inebriety appearing late in life has often this origin.
The Open Door and Bed Treatment in the Argentine Republic—the National Asylum at Lujan, Buenos Ayres [L'“Open-Door” et le Traitement au Lit dans la République Argentine—Colonie nationale d'Alié nés de Lujan, Province de Buénos-Aires], (XIIIe Cong, internat. de Méd., 1900, Sect. de Psychiat.) Gabred, D.
Authors: Lord John R.
Published: August 2008

The housing of the insane was doubtless one of the most interesting questions dealt with at the International Congress for Psychiatry in the year 1900.
Clinical Notes and Cases
Authors: Simpson Francis O.
Published: August 2008

Advanced calcification of the pericardium is a condition that is rarely met with in autopsies conducted upon the insane, and some points in the following case seem to render it worthy of being recorded.
The Value and Limits of Psychological Investigation in Psychiatry and Criminal Anthropology [Valore e limiti dell’ indagine psichologica negli studii psichiatrici e di anthropologia criminate]. (Il Manicomio, anno xvii, No. 3, 1901.) Del Greco
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this critical essay del Greco, developing views which he has put forward in earlier papers, argues against what would appear to be a current tendency in Italy to minimise the rôle of psychological inquiry in the study of insanity and crime.
4. ætiology of Insanity
Authors: Stoddart W. H. B.
Published: August 2008

In this paper the author endeavours to demonstrate the unsoundness of the prevailing opinion of polymorphism in the heredity of mental disease. He quotes Kirchhoff, Scholtz, and others, who hold the view that a child of parents mentally afflicted may, to a certain extent, be expected to suffer from some functional, nervous, or mental disorder; but that that child is not to be expected to suffer necessarily from the same form of mental disorder as its parents. Sioli believes that mania, melancholia, and circular insanity mutually replace one another in heredity. Kraepelin and Harbolla believe that the form of psychosis in the descendants is, in the majority of cases, similar to that observed in the ancestors.
The Sense of Smell in General Paralysis [Recherches expérimentales sur la sensibilité olfactive dans la paralysie générale]. (Rev. de Psychiat., February, 1802.) Toulouse and Vaschide
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

It has long been known that there is a tendency to loss of the sense of smell in general paralytics. A. Voisin, indeed, regarded this as one of the earliest signs, and therefore of diagnostic value. The present investigation was carried out at Villejuif, on twenty-eight women in various stages of the disease. The method was one which has been frequently used by Dr. Toulouse in previous investigations, and consists essentially in a graduated series of solutions of camphor, various precautions being taken to avoid fallacies. The difficulties in the present case were very great, and to avoid error the experiments were repeated many times.
Cerebral Syphilis simulating General Paralysis [Syphilis cérébrale simulant une paralysie générale] (Le Prog. Méd., Jan. 18th, 1902.) Brissaud et Vichin
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

This is a case in which the diagnosis was for some time uncertain, and in which at one time the condition was almost characteristic of general paralysis. A man æt. 43 years, in a responsible position, had syphilis in 1897, and was treated. In 1898 he began to suffer from headaches on the left side, especially localised in the temporal and posterior parietal regions. On July 22nd he noticed that he had dimness of vision, scintillating scotoma, and developed an attack of Jacksonian epilepsy. The headache disappeared for a while, only to recur again, and on September 18th he had a right brachial aura, “mirror writing” was noticed by him, and ten minutes later he had a second epileptiform attack. He was ordered to Egypt. On November 10th, after temporary motor aphasia, he had a third fit. For the next four months he was pretty well (he was under treatment). On March 23rd, 1899, recurrence of temporary motor aphasia and a fourth fit. June 1st, auditory hallucinations followed by a fifth fit. After this he did not regain health as usual, disorder of speech persisted, and on July 10th he had a sixth fit. He returned to Paris, and four days later (July 14th) had a seventh fit. Ballet and Brissaud then saw him. His speech, twitching of the lips, trembling of the tongue, altered handwriting, unequal pupils—all strongly suggested general paralysis. On July 22nd paresis of the right upper limb occurred. Intra-muscular injections or biniodide of mercury were prescribed; the fits did not recur, and now supervened ocular troubles, which enabled his medical advisers to exclude once for all the diagnosis of general paralysis. Diplopia was followed by strabismus, and on October 15th there was complete paralysis of the sixth nerve on the right side, with slight ptosis of the upper lid and mydriasis. Partial paralysis of the third nerve was also present. There was also noticed right-sided twitching of the eye, slight facial paralysis, and deviation of the uvula to the left. The diagnosis appeared to be clearly cerebral syphilis: arteritis at the base, especially in the circle of Willis, associated with bulbo-pontine lesions.
Definition of Hysteria [Définition de l'hystérie]. (Rev. de l'hyp., Jan., 1902.) Babinski
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the large number of works dealing with the subject of hysteria, there is a great divergence of opinion concerning the nature of this neurosis. Babinski attributes this to the lack of a good definition. In the search for some characters which are common to all hysterical manifestations, and yet confined to hysteria, he draws special attention to these: the possibility of their being reproduced by suggestion with exactness in certain subjects, and that of their disappearance through the exclusive influence of persuasion. The word suggestion here used itself needs accurate definition. It must imply that the idea which one tries to insinuate to the hysterical patient is unreasonable, and should not be used in the sense of being synonymous with persuasion. The typical manifestations of hysteria major, the varieties of paralyses, contractures, anæsthesias, etc., are all of this kind; they can be exactly created by experimental suggestion. In addition they are all susceptible of disappearing under the exclusive influence of persuasion. On the other hand, the latter characteristic is not met with in other conditions. There is not another nervous affection, well defined and outside the limits of hysteria, which psychotherapy alone will cure; it may be of use, but not all-sufficient; the proof is that in cases of this kind persuasion does not lead to an immediate cure. The above relates to what Babinski calls primitive symptoms, which may occur without being preceded by other manifestations of hysteria. But he holds it legitimate to call also hysterical those disorders which, without exhibiting the characters of primitive symptoms, are yet closely allied to, and subordinate to them; but one must add to these the epithet secondary. The muscular atrophy of hysteria is a type of this kind. The definition proposed is—Hysteria is a psychical condition which renders the subject of it prone to auto-suggestion; it manifests itself principally by primitive symptoms and accessorily by certain secondary symptoms. That which characterises the primary symptoms is that it is possible to reproduce them in certain subjects by suggestion with rigorous exactitude, and to cause them to disappear by the exclusive influence of persuasion. That which characterises secondary symptoms is that they are closely subordinate to the primary symptoms.
Paroxysms of Anguish—Epilepsy and Hysteria [Paroxysmes d'angoisses —épilepsie et hystérie]. (Rev. de l'Hyp., Jan., 1902.) Raymond
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

Cases shown at the Clinique of the Salpêtrière.
Judicial Condemnations of Unrecognised Lunatics [Les aliénés devant les tribunaux]. (Rev. de Psychiat., March, 1902.) Pactet
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In this critical review the author, by reference to some of the recent literature on the subject, illustrates the frequency with which persons suffering from mental disease are committed to prison for criminal acts. A number of personal observations (referring chiefly to general paralytics) are quoted to the same effect. To prevent such miscarriages of justice the author suggests that all persons accused of criminal offences should be submitted to examination by an alienist; and he quotes the opinion of Dr. Paul Gamier—an exceptionally competent judge in the matter—as to the practicability of such a plan, at all events in large centres of population. The author also advocates the Belgian system of frequent examinations of prisoners by alienist inspectors, and recommends certain modifications in the French procedure of expertise in criminal cases.
On Diminished Responsibility [Sulla responsabilità diminuita]. (Riv. mens. di Psyehiat. forense, Jan., 1902.) Penta
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The doctrine of the partial responsibility of the insane for criminal acts is taken, Penta points out, in a different sense by lawyers and by alienists. The former interpret it as meaning that an insane person, no matter how insane he may be, is to be held in some measure accountable for his conduct unless it can be shown to depend logically on his delusions. The alienists, on the other hand, would apply the doctrine to cases of slight or early insanity, putting forward the mental condition as a plea in mitigation of punishment. In either sense the doctrine is fallacious. The mind is a unity, a synthesis, and not a mere aggregate, and the idea of spheres of mind, one sane and the other diseased, is quite untenable. And further, the fallacy is a very mischievous one. It would combine the maximum of harm to the insane person with the minimum of protection to society; the degree and not the nature of the social reaction would be changed, so that the insane culprit would be subjected to penal discipline instead of to medical treatment; and his time of restraint would be shortened so that he would have increased opportunities for wrongdoing. The doctrine is, in fact, a feeble and useless compromise in the struggle between tradition and science. In the present state of that struggle the proper attitude of the alienist is to confine himself to indicating the mental condition of the criminal without entering into the metaphysical question of “responsibility.” If forced to deal with that question he will do wisely to hold fast to the choice between absolute responsibility and absolute irresponsibility.
A Statistical Contribution to the Pathology of Insanity
Authors: Greenlees T. Duncan
Published: August 2008

An inquiry into the condition of the various organs of those dying insane cannot fail to be of interest to those who believe that mental disease and physical disorders are, in the majority of cases, closely associated.
Medico-Psychological Statistics: the Desirability of Definition and Correlation with a View to Collective Study
Authors: Bond C. Hubert
Published: August 2008

In many, the very word “statistics” rouses a feeling of distinct repugnance or distrust. Repugnance, because not a few people dislike this method of expressing information, which indeed is not to be wondered at, bearing in mind that the study of statistics is now a science in itself, and requires considerable training to appreciate. Distrust, because it must be confessed that deplorably misleading statistics have been frequently and unblushingly set forth; this being either the result of ignorance of certain statistical laws and fallacies, or owing to a proneness possessed by some to be carried away by an apparently happy “working hypothesis,” and to then endeavour to make statistics support their theory.
Observations on the Neuroglia Cell and its Processes
Authors: Leeper R. R.
Published: August 2008

I wish to-day to direct the members' attention to the neuroglia cell and its processes, although time does not permit me to do more than refer in the briefest manner to the present state of knowledge respecting the subtle relationship of the changes of these glia cells to insanity.
The Relation of Mental Symptoms to Bodily Disease, and their Treatment
Authors: Raw Nathan
Published: August 2008

During the last few years great importance has been attached to the consideration of the treatment of those patients who, though not permanently insane, presented mental symptoms requiring immediate and active treatment. Physicians who are brought into contact with large numbers of cases of bodily disease are generally agreed that many of them exhibit mental symptoms concurrently with their bodily illness which are entirely due to the disease itself, such as the initial delirium of pneumonia or the profound depression of influenza.
A Case of Cysticercus Celluslosó Causing Insanity
Authors: Black R. Sinclair
Published: August 2008

Tænia solium is common enough in this country in man, but its cystic stage is, I think, met with very infrequently; that is the reason I bring this short paper before the meeting in order to elucidate whether cases of the following kind are met with in any frequency in South Africa.
Theory of Obsession [Sur la th´orie de l'obsession]. (Arch. de Neur., No. 76, April, 1902.) Arnaud
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

In the discussion of obsession the point at issue has been especially the relative importance of the intellectual and the emotional element. Recent experiments apparently establish that organic modifications (muscular or vaso-motor) are anterior to the affective state, and therefore to the idea, and not consecutive.
The Suppression of Salts of Chlorine from the Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy by Bromides [La diète hypochlorinée dans le traitement bromique de l'épilepsie] (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 4, April, 1902.) Cappelletti and D'Orméa
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

The authors give the results of their treatment of epileptics by the method suggested by Richet and Toulouse, according to whom diminution of the excess of chlorides present in the organism favours the curative action of bromide salts in epilepsy without disturbing appreciably the normal physiological metabolism. They experimented on twenty patients, eleven men and nine women, who were taking from 45 to 120 grains of bromide per diem. Chlorine was suppressed from the diet. They noted the number of crises during the six months preceding this special treatment, during the forty days of treatment, and during the two months following. A brief history of each case is given. No objection to the treatment occurred on the part of the patients. Their general conclusions may be thus summarised:
The Case of an Unrecognised Degenerate punished by the Law
Authors: Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

The case here dealt with is that of a man æt. 35, now a patient at Carmarthen Asylum, formerly a ferryman. He was admitted from prison, where he was undergoing a sentence of twelve calendar months with hard labour, having been convicted at the assizes of unlawfully attempting to have carnal knowledge of a girl under thirteen years. He was imprisoned on March 24th, 1902; the trial was on May 30th, and he was removed to the asylum on July 1st, symptoms of certifiable insanity having been first observed by the medical officer to the prison on June 26th. The total term of imprisonment was therefore rather over three months.
Lunacy and the Law
Authors: Wood T. Outterson
Published: August 2008

It augurs well for the success of the action taken by the Conjoint Committee of the British Medical Association and this Association with regard to the amendment of the Lunacy Law, to enable cases of recent (incipient) insanity to be legally treated in private care, without being certified as lunatics, that the Lord Chancellor inserted into his proposed Lunacy Bill a clause to meet our requirements, in the very terms I advocated at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association in 1896.
Further Clinical Observations in Cases of Acute Mania, particularly Adolescent Mania
Authors: Bruce Lewis C.
Published: August 2008

Following up my observations made upon the blood of patients suffering from acute continuous mania read before this Association at the autumn meeting, I have been able to observe three cases of acute continuous mania in adults which relapsed while in the asylum. The results of the first series of observations were that in every case of acute continuous mania there existed a leucocytosis which persisted after recovery indefinitely. I advanced the theory that this leucocytosis was a protective leucocytosis. In the three patients who relapsed the leucocytosis was found to have fallen to below 13,000 per c.mm. of blood, instead of being nearer 20,000 per c.mm. of blood, which is characteristic of the recovered cases of mania. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes averaged 60 per cent, in two of these patients, and 47 per cent, in the third. In one of these patients the attack passed off in two days, and the leucocytosis at once rose to 25,000 per c.mm. of blood. The other two patients passed into a definite second attack, and their leucocytes averaged 15,000 to 16,000 per c.mm. of blood, with a polymorphonuclear percentage of 60 or below 60. The fact that the leucocytosis fell in each patient at the commencement of the attack, and rose at once in the patient who recovered from the relapse, strengthens the hypothesis that acute continuous mania is an infective disorder, and that immunity from maniacal attacks rests upon the resistive power of the individual patient. This hypothesis receives further support from the fact that there exists in the blood of patients suffering from acute mania a specific agglutinin. During the month of November a patient suffering from acute mania was admitted to Murthly. The patient was so ill that I did not think she would live many days. I isolated from the blood a very small coccus, which was a pure growth, but, as the patient was exhausted, I regarded the organism as a terminal infection. The patient improved, however, and three weeks later I tested the agglutinative power of her serum upon this organism in a dilution of 1 in 30. Agglutination was complete in three hours, while the serum of a member of the staff in a dilution of 1 in 20 produced no action in twenty hours. Since then I have made fifty agglutination tests with this organism. Only ten of these cases, however, have been pure cases of continuous mania. Eight gave a decided definite agglutination, one was doubtful, and the tenth—one of the patients above noted, who relapsed—gave no reaction. No “control” serum ever gave a reaction, nor did the serum of these patients suffering from mania agglutinate other organisms. The agglutinin in the blood was therefore a specific agglutinin.
Anatomical Note on a Case of Deformity of the Right Upper Extremity in an Insane Patient [Nota anatomica sopra un caso di deformità all’ arto superiore destro osservata in un frenastenico]. (Arch. di Psichiat., vol. xxiii, fasc. 6.) Pianetta
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

In vol. xxi of the Archivio (1900) the author published a note on some cases of morphological anomalies of the extremities in the insane; and in the present paper he records the result of an autopsy on one of these patients—an hereditary degenerate with partial syndactylism of the right hand. Several anomalies were found in the bones of the hand and in the muscles of the forearm. The osseous abnormalities were most notable in the second phalanges; in two fingers (index and middle) that phalanx was absent; in the ring and little fingers it was rudimentary, and in the latter it was partially blended with the ungual phalanx. The ungual phalanges of the index and middle fingers were united, and bore a single nail. The os magnum and unciform bone were blended. The rest of the hand skeleton was normal. The muscles of the hand and forearm were all somewhat atrophic. Their most important anomalies were the absence of the extensor indicis and of the tendon of the flexor sublimis digitorum to the little finger, and a reversal of the ordinary arrangement of the flexor tendons, the deep flexor being perforated by the tendons of the superficial muscle.
Two Cases of Polyneuritic Mental Confusion [Deux cas de confusion mentale polynévritique]. (Bull, de la Soc. de Mid. Ment. de Belgique, Feb., 1903.) Crocq
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

In 1887 Korsakoff described polyneuritic psychosis as a special morbid entity, particularly characterised by amnesic disorders. Another name which he gave to this condition was toxæmic (psychical) cerebropathy. He recognised two varieties—one slight, characterised by amnesia affecting recent events; another severe, with marked amnesia accompanied by false reminiscences and delusions. This view has since been severely criticised by Babinski, Chaslin, Séglas, Ballet, etc., who maintain that practically this psychosis of Korsakoff is only a form of mental confusion, and in the two conditions one finds identical amnesic disorders.
New Contribution to the Study of Post-operative Psychoses [Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des psychoses post-opératoires]. (Arch. de Neurol., 1903, No. 87.) Picqué and Briaud
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

The authors restrict the denomination of post-operative psychoses to delusional disorders which occur in the sphere of ideation alone; so that neurasthenia, for example, following upon an operation, is excluded. They also exclude delusional states directly due to toxæmia, which are transitory and differ in their symptoms and treatment—just as puerperal insanity differs from the transitory puerperal delirium arising from septicaemia. They admit, however, that the line of demarcation between these two groups of cases may be hard to draw. Moreover, as has been pointed out by Magnan, we may have a febrile or toxæmic delirium superposed upon a true psychosis. Hereditary predisposition is a marked feature in post-operative insanity, so much so that one may deny the possibility of an operation alone causing a psychosis in a healthy subject; at the same time this is no argument for rejecting this class of cases. Gynæcological operations are not more likely to cause post operative insanity than other operations; the confusion with simple neurasthenia has led to this opinion. The symptoms of post-operative insanity are most variable, and have furnished some justification for denying its existence as a separate form; moreover, in cases where general paralysis and other well-defined psychoses have supervened (or appeared to) upon an operation, we must attribute the occurrence to a mere coincidence. The variation in symptoms, or in the character of the psychosis, arises from the variability in the mental conformation of the patient and the varying predisposition—the all-important factor. The nature of the operation itself is another factor to be considered. The prognosis varies considerably as well as the treatment.
On the Treatment of Epilepsy by the Toulouse-Richet Method. (Psychiat., Neurol. Wochenschr., Feb. 28th, 1903.) Halmi and Bargaras
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

The authors draw attention to the continuous arising of new remedies for and new methods of cure in epilepsy, and the as constant disappointment of our hopes which further trials of the new agents bring. In particular they make reference to the combined opium and bromide cure of Flechsig, which later developments and several recorded cases of death whilst under the treatment have brought into discredit. They point out that the epileptic seizures may, for various reasons, disappear for long periods—two to twenty-nine years, as the more recent statements of Sinkler make clear,—and the futility, therefore, of the attempts to demonstrate the curative value of drugs by observations extending over periods of three to four months, or at the most one year. In spite of these objections, however, they determined to make trial of the Toulouse-Richet method, so strongly had it been recommended.
Pseudo-epilepsies and the Relief of Some Forms by Thyroid. (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., Oct., 1902.) Browning
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

The following are some of Dr. Browning's conclusions: 1. “In the young there occurs a class of cases characterised by recurrent attacks of heterogeneous type, and that may conveniently be called pseudo-epilepsy.”
The Presidential Address, delivered at the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in London on July 16th, 1903
Authors: White Ernest W.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—In commencing the work of the office to which you have elected me, I desire to convey to you my sense of the honour conferred and of the responsibility which this honour entails. In heartily thanking you, I assure you it will be my constant care to maintain impartially the rights of members and the freedom of debate. While checking exuberant verbosity, I shall endeavour to encourage useful discussion and to expedite business at all our meetings, and shall look to you for the support which is necessary to preserve intact the dignity and privileges of the Chair.
Female Nursing of Male Patients in Asylums
Authors: Turnbull A. R.
Published: August 2008

The question of utilising female nursing to a greater extent than formerly in the care of male patients in asylums has roused much interest of late years, and has been brought under the consideration of the Association on several occasions. In advocating the adoption of this form of nursing one is apt to give the impression that the method is something entirely new as applied to asylum patients. But that is not intended, for in reality the system has existed to some degree for a long time; and it is only the question of the advantages of extending it, and making it much more systematic and complete, that is now raised. In some places on the Continent it has been in use for a number of years, and is developed to a greater extent than is usual in this country. In April last I had an opportunity, in company with Sir John Sibbald, formerly Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland, Dr. Fraser, Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland, and Dr. Robertson, medical superintendent of the Stirling District Asylum, of visiting two institutions in Holland and seeing the method in practice; and I now venture to submit some notes, not by any means exhaustive, of what was observed there, and to make these, and my own further experience of the system at the Fife Asylum since 1896, when I had the privilege of reading a paper descriptive of it at the annual meeting of the Association, the basis of my remarks at this time.
Twelve Cases of “Korsakow's Disease” in Women
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

Fifteen years ago the late Professor Korsakow described an assemblage of symptoms met with most frequently amongst chronic alcoholics. He claimed that they represented a distinct disease, which he termed polyneuritic psychosis, and later cerebropathia psychica toxæmica. The cardinal features of this affection, according to him, were, besides the polyneuritis, amnesia and pseudo-reminiscence. We in England, perhaps wisely, are slow to accept new diseases; but as now a large amount of literature has accumulated around “Korsakow's disease” from physicians in all parts of Europe, it may be of interest to give an account of twelve cases among women which I have met with presenting the symptoms of this affection.
Notes on the Treatment of Acute Cases
Authors: Leeper R. R.
Published: August 2008

If we trouble ourselves to look back and study the treatment of insane persons in olden times, we cannot but be struck by the fact that our forefathers regarded insanity as a disease which needed active treatment, and it generally received such at their hands; and that, however much the weird and sudden outbursts of religious frenzies, sudden seizures, and mad impulses were regarded as evidences of demoniacal possession, or God-inspired action, the patients so affected, and rendered conspicuous by their conduct, received at the hands of their fellow-creatures treatment which, however curative in intention, must have tended rather to elimination than recovery, and in this respect differed little from that meted out to the physical illnesses, wounds, and accidents of the patients of bygone times.
Notes on a Case of Graves' Disease with Mania
Authors: Grieves J. P.
Published: August 2008

The following case is one of chronic Graves' disease suddenly taking on an acute form with mania and resulting in death in fourteen days, with pyrexia during the last week, there being no pulmonary or other complications.
Hamlet: A Psychological Study
Authors: J. C. B.
Published: August 2008

All critical study of Hamlet must be psychological, and as there are few subjects which have been more closely studied, and more copiously written upon, than this magnificent drama, criticism upon it may seem to be exhausted. But human nature itself is still more trite; yet, study it profoundly as we can, criticise and speculise upon it as we may, much will ever be left outside the largest grasp of those minds who undertake to elucidate so much of it as they can comprehend. Hamlet is human nature, or at least a wide range of it, and no amount of criticism can exhaust the wealth of this magnificent store-house. It invites and evades criticism. Its mysterious profundity fascinates the attention; its infinite variety and its hidden meanings deny exhaustive analysis. Some leavings of treasure will always be discoverable to those who seek for it in an earnest and reverent spirit. Probably no two minds can ever contemplate Hamlet from exactly the same point of view, as no two men can ever regard human life under exactly the same aspect. Hence all truthful criticism of this great drama is not only various as mind itself, but is apt to become reflective of the critic. The strong sense of Johnson, the subtle insight of Coleridge, the fervid eloquence of Hazlitt, the discriminating tact of Schlegel, are nowhere more evident than in their treatment of this mighty monument of human intellect. Every man who has learned to think, and has dared to question the inward monitor, has seen some part of the character of Hamlet reflected in his own bosom.
On the use of Caution Cards in Asylums
Authors: Marnan J.
Published: August 2008

For a considerable period before the now practically universal system of caution cards was adopted in our asylums, other methods had to be resorted to in order that special attention should be given to suicidal patients. In the earlier established asylums, when the various duties, clerical and otherwise, of both medical officers and attendants were less mapped out for them, when, in addition, the number of patients was very much less, the then existing verbal caution was in general use, and was considered fairly efficient.
General Paralysis and Crime
Authors: Baker John
Published: August 2008

Before the invasion of established general paralysis there is a prodromal stage, which ranges within wide limits as to its scope and duration. The clinical manifestations are many and various, and are symptomatic of either a rapid, or of a slow and insidious disintegration of the intellectual, moral, and affective life. Of all the prodromata, failure and decay of the moral sense are the most important, and are exemplified by acts of omission and commission against law, order, and propriety. The disease attacks all classes, and as the friends cannot nicely discriminate the changes in character, and are apt to look upon them as temporary aberrations, the disturbance to the social fabric caused by these sporadic displays of moral perversion is not inconsiderable. The nature and extent of the disharmony and distress occasioned by these moral lapses depend largely on the social standing, occupation, and opportunities of the diseased individual, and desolate homes, widespread ruin, and unenviable publicity often follow in the train of the predominant imaginative conceptions. The larger ambition may lead to wild speculation, the bolder schemes to fraud. Sobriety is turned into drunkenness, and sexual excitement may result in rape and acts of indecency. If thwarted or opposed, destructiveness or violence may ensue, but in this direction serious consequences are comparatively seldom associated with the expansive prodromata. The budding paralytic of this type is rarely vindictive; although easily roused to anger, he is easily calmed. Being, in his own estimation, so superior mentally and physically to his fellow-men, he can afford to pity and forgive.
The Psychology of Hallucination
Authors: Stoddart W. H. B.
Published: August 2008

Although the psychology of hallucination does not enter largely into the literature of this country, it may be gathered from the writings of our English psychologists that most of them recognise in hallucinations, illusions, percepts, and ideas a family resemblance; but the points of dissimilarity among these processes have not, in my opinion, received their due measure of consideration. I propose, therefore, to describe the ordinary psychology of these processes, drawing especial attention to their points of dissimilarity; and I will endeavour to show that, while their resemblance is mainly psychological, their difference is mainly physiological.
Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function
Authors: Campbell Alfred W.
Published: August 2008

At the Annual Meeting of this Association held at Liverpool two years ago I had the pleasure of giving an account of the work which I was then doing, on the medullated nerve-fibres of the cortex cerebri, and I endeavoured to demonstrate that a comprehensive study of the form and arrangement of these constituents in the normal adult condition afforded a useful guide to precise localisation of function.
Kinds of Insanity
Authors: Mercier Chas.
Published: August 2008

In the last number of this JOURNAL, I gave reasons for concluding that the table of forms of insanity, suggested by the Statistical Committee, was unsatisfactory, and suggested a new classification of cases of insanity to be substituted for their arrangement. Certain objections that are likely to be taken to the classification that I have proposed are worth considering, and would have prolonged the previous communication to an unwieldy length if embodied therein; I propose, therefore, to consider them now.
Amentia and Dementia: A Clinico-pathological Study
Authors: Bolton Joseph Shaw
Published: August 2008

The following paper consists of further instalments of a research which has been conducted by the author for several years and which deals with the general pathology of mental disease from both clinical and pathological standpoints. The essential bases of a scientific general classification of mental diseases are a morbid anatomy and a general pathology. Before the latter problem could be successfully attacked a prolonged study of the structure and mode of development of the cell-layers of the cortex was necessary. This was commenced by a lengthy investigation of the region of the cortex concerned with the special sense of vision, and a paper on this subject was published in 1900.(1) This paper dealt, by the method of micrometric examination, with the general histology of the regions of the cortex cerebri concerned in the immediate reception (projection centre) and the elaboration (lower associational centre) of visual impressions; and the research resulted in the exact localisation of the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex. This region was described by the author as the “visuo-sensory” area, and to the surrounding area of visual association he applied the term “visuo-psychic.(2) The results obtained from this study of the cortical areas concerned with one special sense were considered sufficient for the purposes of the research, and the region of the cortex cerebri which occupies a higher plane in the hierarchy of cerebral function than those concerned with sensory reception and elaboration was then taken into consideration. Before, however, it was possible to apply the same method to the region of the cortex cerebri concerned in higher association and the general orderly co-ordination of psychic processes, it was first necessary to satisfactorily determine the particular part of the cortex which possesses these functions, as this is the subject of grave dispute on the part of different authors.(3)
Adolescent Insanity: A Protest against the Use of the Term “Dementia Præcox.”
Authors: McConaghey J. C.
Published: August 2008

Kahlbaum in 1863 described a form of mental disease occurring at puberty and rapidly terminating in dementia; this he called “hebephrenia.” In 1874 the same author described the condition known as “katatonia” or the “insanity of rigidity.” These terms do not appear to have been adopted till 1891, when Pick, under the heading of “dementia præcox,” described cases, including hebephrenia, characterised by maniacal symptoms followed by melancholia and rapid deterioration. This term has now been extended by Kraepelin to include the “hebephrenia” and “katatonia” of Kahlbaum, together with certain forms of paranoia which undergo early deterioration.
Morison Lectures.—Lecture V.
Authors: Macpherson John
Published: August 2008

In the second lecture I discussed the distribution of the neuroses throughout the various races of mankind, but the subject was necessarily curtailed for want of time and space. It would not, I believe, be a difficult task to prove that no race of man is free from very extensive affection by epilepsy or hysteria or many other nervous affections regarding which we have but an imperfect account When we come to inquire into the similar prevalence of insanity, however, the evidence is much more negative, and although there is no race of men who are known to be free from it, yet on the whole travellers are in too many instances silent. In many instances it is evident that the subject does not interest them, while in still other instances they simply say that they saw no insane people. Hence has arisen the mistaken idea that insanity is a product of civilisation and that it is rare or unknown among savage or barbarous people. I have taken the trouble to collect numerous references from the writings of travellers on this subject, and I shall read a few of them for the purpose of showing the unfounded nature of the belief which has arisen on this question. Dr. Felkin informs me that he has seen in all some thirty to forty lunatics on the White Nile. He also saw some maniacs chained. He was the first to tell me a curious fact, of which I have since had confirmation from other sources, viz., that the type of insanity among the African natives is different from that in Europe. The prevailing form of mania is a short acute kind, lasting only a day or two, during which the sufferer is driven away to the woods or voluntarily runs away, returning again in a few days apparently restored in mind. Idiocy was very common in his experience and so was suicide. Thompson, in his book Through Massailand, states that he found insanity very common. The myths and folk stories of the people are full of reference to it. Those affected by lunacy are driven away from the habitation of sane people or are otherwise isolated. He also found idiocy very common, especially among the dwarfs and albinoes, the latter of whom were numerous, and about the prevalence of mental defect among them there was no doubt. In a book entitled The Indian Tribes of the United States, edited by Francis S. Drake, reference is made to an Oregon Indian woman who appeared to be demented: “She sang in a wild manner, and would offer to the spectators all the little articles she possessed, scarifying herself in a horrid manner if anyone refused to accept her presents. She seemed to be an object of pity to the Indians, who allowed her to do as she pleased.” Captain Cook, in his Voyages, referring to the South Sea Islanders, says: “We met with two instances of persons of disordered mind, the one a man at Owyhee and the other a woman at Oneheeow. It appeared from the particular attention and respect paid to them that the opinion of their being inspired by the Divinity, which obtains among most of the nations of the East, is also received here” (in the Pacific).
Some Points connected with Tuberculosis in Asylums
Authors: Menzies W. F.
Published: August 2008

The subject of tuberculosis in asylums is by no means a new one. On the contrary, many have written upon it, probably long before Dr. Clouston, forty-two years ago, published his well-known remarks. It would be neither profitable nor desirable to enter here upon a discussion of the individual views expressed from time to time, but for many interesting and instructive observations it is only necessary to turn to the papers presented to this Association of recent years by Drs. Crookshank, Blair, France, Weatherly, Drapes, and others. This being so, you will not expect to hear anything new from me; in fact, I do not think I can lay claim to a single original observation; but as no one paper deals with any large portion of the procedure to be observed in combating the spread of tuberculosis in our asylums, and as my attention has, for the last nine or ten years, been directed to the problem of how to reduce the death rate without any great expenditure of money, I have thought it well to introduce a discussion rather on the actual details of procedure than on the principles involved, in order to stimulate the expression of opinions of all sorts; for it is evident that there are many equally good and efficient ways of arriving at the object which every asylum medical officer desires.
The Provision of Suitable Accommodation for the Various Forms of Insanity
Authors: Rhodes John Milsom
Published: August 2008

“I Never saw anything like the English people,” remarked a foreign expert to me at an International Congress; “they have the best institutions for public assistance in the world, but they never have a word of praise for their own asylums: on the contrary, they are always criticising them.” My reply was: “Is it not because we are always criticising our institutions and trying to remedy their faults that they are the best in the world?” Our friends across the channel appear to be very much of the same opinion as the expert. They praise our asylums as being better and costing less than the French; specially do they praise the administration of them; the character of the attendants in our asylums as compared with their own comes in for warm commendation; even our lunacy law is—mirable dictu!—described as plus simple que chez nous. If it is, then the French lunacy law is decidedly complex; for it does appear to me monstrous that while under our present law we have only three medical inspectors for 100,000 patients under the care of the Lunacy Commissioners, we should have two for the care of less than 1000 Chancery patients, two thirds of whom are in asylums and therefore already under the care of the Lunacy Commissioners. The system is wrong, and in my opinion it is a mistake to place one class of cases suffering from mental disease under one authority, another class also suffering from mental disease under a second authority, and a third class of cases under the Local Government Board, for that is what our present system amounts to.
The Necessity for State Interference on behalf of the Imbecile
Authors: Rainsford F. E.
Published: August 2008

The few remarks which I have to make in dealing with the subject of this paper are only fragmentary, and are intended merely to direct your attention to the subject, and to elicit a resolution embodying your views which can be sent on to the authorities responsible for the government of Ireland.
Multiple Lipomata in General Paralysis
Authors: Norman Conolly
Published: August 2008

The following case presents certain points of interest. The extreme prominence of pain crises in the beginning is unusual. Suicidal tendencies in general paralysis are sufficiently uncommon to be noteworthy, though they are by no means as uncommon as is generally supposed. The same may be said of delusions of conjugal infidelity. Finally, multiple lipomata occurring in this disease have not, as far as I am aware, attracted the notice of any English author.
The David Lewis Manchester Epileptic Colony
Authors: McDougall Alan
Published: August 2008

The David Lewis Colony is one of the latest results of the sympathy for the epileptic spread, if not originated, by Pastor von Bodelschwingh, of Bielefeld.
Alcoholism, Crime, and Insanity
Authors: Lewis W. Bevan
Published: August 2008

Possibly the title superscribed to this short article may prove misleading; if so, I must crave your indulgence, as the subject to which perhaps such a title is more applicable could scarcely be done justice to within the short limits of time allotted us. I merely wish to skim over the surface of this question of alcoholism and indicate some special features which have appealed to my interest in this connection, prefacing my remarks on the geographical distribution of alcoholism and insanity with a cursory review of the physiological action of alcohol upon heatformation and its effects on those centres presumably operant in muscular sense discrimination.