bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting composition of two biotite generations in the Lizhuang rare‐earth element deposit, Sichuan Province, Southwestern China
Authors: Shu Xiaochao , Liu Yan , Li Deliang
Published: June 2020

Biotite is an important silicate mineral that can be used to decipher the physicochemical attributes of magmatic or hydrothermal systems. The Lizhuang rare‐earth element (REE) deposit in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, formed from continuous magmatic‐hydrothermal processes is related to a Cenozoic carbonatite–syenite complex. Biotites are abundant in this deposit, which can be divided into two generations: generation I in intergrown with alkaline feldspar and aegirine‐augite and generation II in association with bastnäsite‐(Ce). We investigated chemical composition of the two biotite generations using electron‐microprobe(EMPA) and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (LA–ICP–MS) analyses to understand the development of REE mineralization. Generation I biotite has relatively high Al2O3 (10.2–12.4 wt%), TiO2 (0.49–1.85 wt%), and FeOtot (12.2–15.9 wt%), but low SiO2 (40.0–42.5 wt%) contents compared to generation II counterpart. These two generations of biotite also differ in some key trace elements. Specifically, generation I biotite has much higher concentrations of Sr (up to 234 ppm) and Ba (up to 20,796 ppm), but lower levels of Li (47.5–126 ppm) with respect to its generation II counterpart. When comparing Lizhuang biotites with those of other barren carbonatite complexes, we identified an unusual compositional trend in the generation II biotites termed as fluorphlogopite trend. This trend is marked by the continuous increase in the Mg content towards mineralization and, therefore, can serve as a diagnostic attribute in the determination of mineralized carbonatite complexes. Fluorine in biotite is an important parameter that can be used as a vector for REE exploration, because the generation II biotite presents much higher fluorine contents (2.20–4.06 wt%) than its generation I counterpart (0.87–1.59 wt%). The compositional data of the two biotite generations indicate a depletion of Fe and a progressive enrichment in Mg and F in the ore‐forming system during its evolutionary process. Physicochemical parameters estimated by biotite composition suggest that there is a trend of strongly decreasing temperature from the crystallization of generation I to generation II biotite. It is therefore concluded that temperature is a major factor favourable for REE mineralization in the Lizhuang deposit, particularly given related experimental studies. Taken together, we propose that biotite composition could serve as a proxy for REE mineralization processes and as a reliable index for REE routine exploration in a carbonatite‐related setting.
Cellular reactions in capillary and venous blood in northerners to a short‐term period in a climatic chamber
Authors: Dobrodeeva Liliya K. , Samodova Anna V. , Balashova Svetlana N.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose is a comparative study of the cellular reactions in capillary and venous blood in northerners under general hypothermia in a climatic chamber during different photoperiods. The authors examined 108 relatively healthy people (80 women and 28 men aged 21‐ to 50‐years old).

Methods

The study included determining the hemogram, neutrograms, monocytograms, lymphocytograms, and phagocytic activity neutrophil granulocytes, enzyme immunoassay, flow cytometry, indirect immunoperoxidase, bioluminescence, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body temperature in the ear canal and on the skin of the rear left side of the right hand of volunteers before the effect of general cooling in the room at an air temperature and after 5 minutes of exposure to cold air.

Results

It was established that total neutrophil count in venous blood was lower by 8.07% ± 0.41%, monocyte count by 51.32% ± 1.03%, and basophil count by 50.21% ± 1.24% than in capillary blood, but the lymphocyte count was higher by 25.23% ± 0.41% due to smaller forms that are known to be recirculating. After a 5‐minute period in a climatic chamber at −25°C in 27.53% of individuals during a polar night and in 16.51% volunteers during a polar day had elevated levels of neutrophils in the venous blood due to the increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α in blood and decrease in noradrenaline, adrenaline, and irisin.

Conclusion

The systematic effect of general cooling, especially during the polar night, leads to a reduction in reserve adaptability with the formation of neutropenia, deficiency of phagocytic defense, and functional insufficiency of T‐lymphocytes.
Inverse design of metasurface optical filters using deep neural network with high degrees of freedom
Authors: Han Xiao , Fan Ziyang , Liu Zeyang , Li Chao , Guo L. Jay
Published: June 2020

In order to obtain a metasurface structure capable of filtering light of a specific wavelength range in the visible band, the traditional methods usually traverse the space consisting of possible designs, searching for a potentially satisfactory structure by performing iterative calculations to solve Maxwell's equations. In this article, we propose a systematic method based on neural networks that can complete an inverse design process to solve the problem. Compared with the traditional methods, our method is much faster while competent to encompass a high degree of freedom to generate device structures, which can ensure that the spectra of generated structures resemble the desired ones.

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Hyperspectral characterization of re‐epithelialization in an in vitro wound model
Authors: Bjorgan Asgeir , Pukstad Brita S. , Randeberg Lise L.
Published: June 2020

In vitro wound models are useful for research on wound re‐epithelialization. Hyperspectral imaging represents a non‐destructive alternative to histology analysis for detection of re‐epithelialization. This study aims to characterize the main optical behavior of a wound model in order to enable development of detection algorithms. K‐Means clustering and agglomerative analysis were used to group spatial regions based on the spectral behavior, and an inverse photon transport model was used to explain differences in optical properties. Six samples of the wound model were prepared from human tissue and followed over 22 days. Re‐epithelialization occurred at a mean rate of 0.24 mm2/day after day 8 to 10. Suppression of wound spectral features was the main feature characterizing re‐epithelialized and intact tissue. Modeling the photon transport through a diffuse layer placed on top of wound tissue properties reproduced the spectral behavior. The missing top layer represented by wounds is thus optically detectable using hyperspectral imaging.
Screening for abnormal glycosylation in a cohort of adult liver disease patients
Authors: Jansen Jos C. , van Hoek Bart , Metselaar Herold J. , van den Berg Aad P. , Zijlstra Fokje , Huijben Karin , van Scherpenzeel Monique , Drenth Joost P. H. , Lefeber Dirk J.
Published: June 2020

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly expanding group of rare genetic defects in glycosylation. In a novel CDG subgroup of vacuolar‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) assembly defects, various degrees of hepatic injury have been described, including end‐stage liver disease. However, the CDG diagnostic workflow can be complex as liver disease per se may be associated with abnormal glycosylation. Therefore, we collected serum samples of patients with a wide range of liver pathology to study the performance and yield of two CDG screening methods. Our aim was to identify glycosylation patterns that could help to differentiate between primary and secondary glycosylation defects in liver disease. To this end, we analyzed serum samples of 1042 adult liver disease patients. This cohort consisted of 567 liver transplant candidates and 475 chronic liver disease patients. Our workflow consisted of screening for abnormal glycosylation by transferrin isoelectric focusing (tIEF), followed by in‐depth analysis of the abnormal samples with quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QTOF‐MS). Screening with tIEF resulted in identification of 247 (26%) abnormal samples. QTOF‐MS analysis of 110 of those did not reveal glycosylation abnormalities comparable with those seen in V‐ATPase assembly factor defects. However, two patients presented with isolated sialylation deficiency. Fucosylation was significantly increased in liver transplant candidates compared to healthy controls and patients with chronic liver disease. In conclusion, a significant percentage of patients with liver disease presented with abnormal CDG screening results. However, the glycosylation pattern was not indicative for a V‐ATPase assembly factor defect. Advanced glycoanalytical techniques assist in the dissection of secondary and primary glycosylation defects.
Establishing management zones of soil sulfur and micronutrients for sustainable crop production
Authors: Behera Sanjib Kumar , Shukla Arvind Kumar , Prakash Chandra , Tripathi Ajay , Kumar Anil , Trivedi Vivek
Published: June 2020

Deficiency of nutrients in agricultural soils of the world is one of the major factors of soil degradation. The deficiency of nutrients especially sulfur (S) and micronutrients in different soils affect global crop production. Delineation of soil management zones (MZs), by understanding spatial distribution of soil parameters, could be an efficient way for devising strategies for effective nutrient management and sustainable crop production. In this study, we aimed at creation of soil MZs for ameliorating S and micronutrients deficiencies in the Narmada River basin (NRB), an important agricultural area of central India. We collected 5,984 geo‐referenced top layer (0–15 cm) soil samples from the NRB, India, and analyzed for soil acidity (soil‐water suspension), electrical conductivity (soil‐water suspension), soil organic carbon (Walkley and Black carbon), phyto‐available S (0.15% calcium chloride [CaCl2] extractable), and phyto‐available (diethylene triamine penta acetic acid extractable) micronutrients namely zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B) (hot‐water‐soluble). The values of studied soil parameters varied widely with coefficient of variation values ranging from 11.0 to 74.9%. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant correlations among the soil parameters. Geostatistical analysis revealed exponential, pentaspherical, K‐Bessel, and circular best‐fit semi‐variogram models for different soil parameters with moderate to strong spatial dependence. About 41.2, 78.6, 10.1, 2.70, and 32.6% of the area of the NRB had a deficit concentration of phyto‐available S, Zn, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively. The principal component analysis and fuzzy c‐means clustering produced five MZs. The produced MZ maps could be utilized for prioritization of nutrients supply and adoption of zone‐specific soil nutrient management strategies in order to achieve sustainable crop production in the NRB of India.
Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Anion‐Trapping Boron Moieties via One‐Step Synthesis for Symmetrical Supercapacitors
Authors: Ma Longli , Jin Mengyuan , Yan Chaojing , Guo Hao , Ma Xiaohua
Published: June 2020

A novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) which is based on new synthesized boron‐containing monomer, benzyl methacrylate, 1 m LiClO4/N,N‐dimethylformamidel liquid electrolyte solution is prepared through a one‐step synthesis method. The boron‐containing GPE (B‐GPE) not only displays excellent mechanical behavior, favorable thermal stability, but also exhibits an outstanding ionic conductivity of 2.33 mS cm−1 at room temperature owing to the presence of anion‐trapping boron sites. The lithium ion transference in this gel polymer film at ambient temperature is 0.60. Furthermore, the symmetrical supercapacitor which is fabricated with B‐GPE as electrolyte and reduced graphene oxide as electrode demonstrates a broad potential window of 2.3 V. The specific capacitance of symmetrical B‐GPE supercapacitors retains 90% after 3000 charge–discharge cycles at current density of 1 A g−1.
Synthesis and curing properties of castor oil‐based triglycidyl ether epoxy resin
Authors: Fu Qinghe , Tan Jihuai , Han Changhao , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Fu Bo , Wang Fang , Zhu Xinbao
Published: June 2020

Three epoxy resins castor oil glycidyl ether (COGE), epoxidized castor oil glycidyl ether (ECOGE) and hydrogenated castor oil glycidyl ether (HCOGE) have been synthesized based on castor oil through a mild epoxidation reaction. The research on curing performance shows that the modified products could improve the toughness of traditional epoxy resins remarkably. Moreover, when adding a small amount of products into traditional epoxy resin E‐51, the mechanical properties of the cured products were also significantly improved. Specifically, by blending ECOGE into E‐51 at a ratio of 5%, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance of the cured product were improved by 27.5%, 33.9%, and 39.7%, respectively, from 64.03 MPa, 3.15% and 11.37 MPa to 81.61 MPa, 4.4%, and 15.22 MPa. DMA illustrated that after incorporating, the crosslinking density of the cured product increase, but the glass transition temperatures were reduced by more than 20°C compared with E‐51. SEM showed that COGE and ECOGE caused the cured products to exhibit tough fracture. TGA explained that the initial decomposition temperatures of the mixed systems reduced, but the high temperature resistance of the cured products improved. The design strategy based on castor oil highlights a sustainable avenue for preparing cost‐effective and high‐efficiency epoxy resins.
Spatial Characterization of the Human Centrosome Proteome Opens Up New Horizons for a Small but Versatile Organelle
Authors: Danielsson Frida , Mahdessian Diana , Axelsson Ulrika , Sullivan Devin , Uhlén Mathias , Andersen Jens S. , Thul Peter J. , Lundberg Emma
Published: June 2020

After a century of research, the human centrosome continues to fascinate. Based on immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, an extensive inventory of the protein components of the human centrosome, and the centriolar satellites, with the important contribution of over 300 novel proteins localizing to these compartments is presented. A network of candidate centrosome proteins involved in ubiquitination, including six interaction partners of the Kelch‐like protein 21, and an additional network of protein phosphatases, together supporting the suggested role of the centrosome as an interactive hub for cell signaling, is identified. Analysis of multi‐localization across cellular organelles analyzed within the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) project shows how multi‐localizing proteins are particularly overrepresented in centriolar satellites, supporting the dynamic nature and wide range of functions for this compartment. In summary, the spatial dissection of the human centrosome and centriolar satellites described here provides a comprehensive knowledgebase for further exploration of their proteomes.
Physiotherapy in children hospitalized with traumatic brain injury in a South African tertiary paediatric hospital
Authors: Corten Lieselotte , van As Arjan Bastiaan , Rahim Sameer , Kleinsmith Jason , Kleyn Andrew , Kwinana Tia , Ndaba Nandi , Sillito Emma , Smith Jammi Tiffany , Williams Nikita , Figaji Anthony
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Physical impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may limit participation in daily living. Physiotherapy could assist in managing these limitations, however, there is a paucity of literature on the physiotherapy management of children in the acute phase of TBI.

Objectives

To describe the characteristics, course and outcome of children hospitalized with TBI, with specific reference to the role of physiotherapy.

Methods

A retrospective folder review of all children (n = 130, median 5.37 years [IQR 1.88–7.88]) admitted in 2016 with a primary diagnosis of TBI was conducted at a tertiary paediatric hospital.

Results

Most cases presented with mild TBI (66.2%). The most common cranial manifestation of the TBI was brain bleeds (80%) and most occurred as a result of road traffic accidents (50%, including both pedestrian and motor vehicle accidents).

Physiotherapy was administered in 35 cases (26.9%), with functional interventions, such as mobilizations out of bed, the most common form of therapy (71.4%). Children involved in road traffic accidents, presenting with severe diffuse TBI, resulting in altered tone and coordination problems, admitted to intensive care, monitored with an intracranial pressure or Licox monitor, and receiving occupational therapy and/or been followed up by dieticians, were more likely to receive physiotherapy.

The duration of hospitalization (median 4 days [IQR 2–9]) was associated with infections, severity of TBI, presence of an intracranial monitoring, and parietal lobe injury.

Conclusion

This is the first study in South Africa investigating standard physiotherapy care in children admitted with TBI. Physiotherapy was provided in a small portion of children and appeared to be well tolerated. However, due to the limited information recorded in the physiotherapy notes, results of this study need to be confirmed in larger, more well‐documented studies before generalizations can be made.
Surface characterization of functional iron–gallium alloys annealed under different conditions
Authors: Kawamata Toru , Shinoda Kozo , Sugiyama Kazumasa , Suzuki Shigeru
Published: June 2020

Fe–Ga alloys are functional magnetostrictive materials, which are promising for application in actuators and sensors. Because surface properties of these alloys such as corrosion resistance are important in technological applications, it is required to characterize the chemical composition and state of the surface of these alloys, which depend on annealing conditions. In this study, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were used to characterize surface layers formed on the Fe–Ga alloys annealed under different atmospheric conditions. The XAS spectra of the annealed sample showed that the amount of gallium in the surface layers increased due to annealing, whereas the XAS spectra of the as‐polished alloys revealed that the amounts of iron and gallium arise from the bulk composition. The XAS spectra of the alloys annealed in argon–hydrogen with residual oxygen showed that gallium is increased for its preferential oxidation. SIMS depth profile also showed the enrichment of gallium on the surface and the inhomogeneous distribution of iron on the surface layers.
Catalytic Activity of Azido‐Bridged Dinuclear Cu(II)‐Hydrazone Coordination Compound in Green Click Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Bikas Rahman , Krawczyk Marta S. , Lis Tadeusz
Published: June 2020

Azido bridged dinuclear Cu(II) coordination compound, [Cu2(L)2(μ‐N3)2] (1), was synthesized by the reaction of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, NaN3 and tridentate NNO‐donor hydrazone ligand, (E)‐2‐cyano‐N′‐(1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl))(HL), with 2 : 2 : 3 molar ratios in methanol. The obtained compound was characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, TGA analysis and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. There is a good agreement between structural and spectroscopic properties of the obtained compound which indicated the ligand is coordinated to the metal ion as mononegative ligand in the iminol form. The obtained compound was used as catalyst in green click synthesis of β‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles through azide‐alkyne‐epoxide cycloaddition reaction. The catalytic reactions were carried out in water as a green solvent and the effect of temperature on the activity and selectivity of the catalytic system was investigated. The catalytic studies indicated that azido‐bridged Cu(II)‐hydrazone coordination compound is an active catalyst for green synthesis of β‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles in mild condition.
Bioeconomy as Climate Action: How ready are African Countries?
Authors: Oguntuase Oluwaseun James , Adu Oluwatosin Benedict
Published: June 2020

Bioeconomy is a new perspective for fighting climate change. Africa is warming faster than the global average, and climate change remains a major threat on the continent for coming decades. The development of sustainable bioeconomy is extremely important in Africa to accelerate mitigation and adaptation to climate change. However, this concept is not well diffused on the continent. The objective of this chapter is to present the current state of bioeconomy in Africa and the readiness of the member countries to adopt bioeconomy as climate action, with particular attention to the state of production determinants of a bioeconomy. The main factors and trends (both positive and negative), relating to building strategic capacity towards employing bioeconomy for climate action on the continent, are outlined. The findings and recommendations will assist both the academia and policymakers in Africa to integrate bioeconomy into their national and regional climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and action plans.
Nicht nur wehrlose Sündenböcke! Schuldvermeidungsstrategien internationaler Organisationen
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Zangl Bernhard
Published: June 2020

Wie reagieren internationale Organisationen (IOs) auf Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten? Oftmals werden in der Forschung IOs im Falle von gescheiterten Politiken als gute Sündenböcke für die Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten gesehen, weil sie sich kaum zu Wehr setzen müssen, können oder wollen. Demgegenüber argumentieren wir, dass IO-RepräsentantInnen versuchen, IOs in der Öffentlichkeit nicht als Schuldige für gescheiterte Politiken dastehen zu lassen. IOs sind deshalb keine passiven „blame taker“, sondern aktive „blame avoider“. In manchen Fällen sind sie zwar bereit, die Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten zuignorieren, doch in anderen Fällen versuchen sie ihre Verantwortung zuverschleiernoder sogar die Mitgliedstaaten zuattackieren. Um dies zu erklären, entwickeln wir eine Theorie der Schuldvermeidung von IOs, gemäß derer die Autorität einer IO bestimmt, welche Schuldvermeidungsstrategie ihre RepräsentantInnen einschlagen. Je nachdem, ob eine IO im betreffenden Politikfeld Autorität intergouvernemental, supranational oder hybrid ausübt, wird sie auf Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten durch Strategien des Ignorierens, Verschleierns oder Attackierens reagieren. Wir demonstrieren die Plausibilität unserer Theorie mithilfe einer Medieninhaltsanalyse der Verantwortungsattributionen der Europäischen Kommission für drei umstrittene EU-Migrationspolitiken. Wir tragen damit zum besseren Verständnis der öffentlichen Schuldvermeidungsstrategien von IOs bei.
Pointwise multipliers of Musielak–Orlicz spaces and factorization
Authors: Leśnik Karol , Tomaszewski Jakub
Published: June 2020

We prove that the space of pointwise multipliers between two distinct Musielak–Orlicz spaces is another Musielak–Orlicz space and the function defining it is given by an appropriately generalized Legendre transform. In particular, we obtain characterization of pointwise multipliers between Nakano spaces. We also discuss factorization problem for Musielak–Orlicz spaces and exhibit some differences between Orlicz and Musielak–Orlicz cases.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
Authors: Coulman Karen D. , Blazeby Jane M.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

This review describes the latest evidence for the impact of bariatric surgery on health-related quality of life (HRQL).

Recent Findings

The impact of bariatric surgery on HRQL is less well-understood than its clinical effectiveness on weight and co-morbidities. Poor-quality study design and different HRQL measures challenge systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Available limited evidence suggests that physical aspects of HRQL may improve more than mental health aspects of HRQL after bariatric surgery, reaching maximal benefits 1–2 years post-surgery. Comparative HRQL analyses between bariatric procedures cannot be made due to a lack of randomised data. Qualitative research highlights the tensions patients experience after bariatric surgery, which provides insights to observed changes in HRQL.

Standardized HRQL measures are being developed and agreed to improve future evidence synthesis. Two multi-centre randomised trials of bariatric surgical procedures including detailed HRQL assessment are in progress. It is hoped that the combination of comparative high-quality HRQL data and information from qualitative studies will provide new insights into patient well-being and health after bariatric surgery.
Network-theoretic modeling of complex activity using UK online sex advertisements
Authors: Kejriwal Mayank , Gu Yao
Published: June 2020

Online sex has become a fast-growing business in both developing and developed network, with advertisements of (not necessarily unique) individuals numbering in the hundreds of millions across different Web portals. One such major hub of sex advertisement activity, before it was shut down by US federal agencies, was backpage.com. The backpage.com website was a classifieds-advertising portal that had become the largest marketplace for buying and selling sex by the time that federal law enforcement agencies seized it in April 2018. Since then, investigations have been actively underway. However, the data (which has recently been made available to us for research on UK Backpage) also offers valuable insights into the nature of the online sex business, including complex properties that can be best studied using network science. One of the challenges, however, is a rigorous modeling of the data as a network, since the primary data are web advertisements and metadata (backend database) on accounts that posted that ad. In this article, we conduct an empirical study of an important sample of the online sex marketplace using UK backpage, including presenting a methodology for constructing simple ‘activity networks’ that define some notion of real-world collaboration or connection between two entities (in our case, at the level of ad-posting accounts) and then studying the properties of these networks. We gather a set of insights into a domain that has not been studied at scale, let alone a national level, but that is continuing to be a growing social problem for many countries.
CODING IN GRAPHS AND LINEAR ORDERINGS
Authors: KNIGHT JULIA F. , SOSKOVA ALEXANDRA A. , VATEV STEFAN V.
Published: June 2020

There is a Turing computable embedding
$\Phi $
of directed graphs
$\mathcal {A}$
in undirected graphs (see [15]). Moreover, there is a fixed tuple of formulas that give a uniform effective interpretation; i.e., for all directed graphs
$\mathcal {A}$
, these formulas interpret
$\mathcal {A}$
in
$\Phi (\mathcal {A})$
. It follows that
$\mathcal {A}$
is Medvedev reducible to
$\Phi (\mathcal {A})$
uniformly; i.e.,
$\mathcal {A}\leq _s\Phi (\mathcal {A})$
with a fixed Turing operator that serves for all
$\mathcal {A}$
. We observe that there is a graph G that is not Medvedev reducible to any linear ordering. Hence, G is not effectively interpreted in any linear ordering. Similarly, there is a graph that is not interpreted in any linear ordering using computable
$\Sigma _2$
formulas. Any graph can be interpreted in a linear ordering using computable
$\Sigma _3$
formulas. Friedman and Stanley [4] gave a Turing computable embedding L of directed graphs in linear orderings. We show that there is no fixed tuple of
$L_{\omega _1\omega }$
-formulas that, for all G, interpret the input graph G in the output linear ordering
$L(G)$
. Harrison-Trainor and Montalbán [7] have also shown this, by a quite different proof.
amator concordiae, ornator patriae. The Latinisation of Punic titles in early imperial Lepcis Magna
Authors: Barron Caroline
Published: June 2020

The translation of so-called ‘honorific’ titles from Punic to Latin, and their deployment in a number of public monumental inscriptions in Lepcis Magna, have often been promoted as evidence for successful Romanisation in the cities of Tripolitania. Titles such asamator concordiaeandornator patriaehave been understood as affirmations that the local Lepcitan community had engaged with Augustan ideological concepts and were using them to demonstrate loyalty and support for the principate. This paper argues that a more likely influence on the translation of the titles into Latin came from the notions ofphiliaexhibited by the Greek-speaking communities of the eastern Mediterranean in their interactions with Rome.
Parallel probabilities
Authors: George Glyn
Published: June 2020

After several years of teaching an introduction to probability and statistics for engineering degree students, my attention has been captured by some variations on the familiar general addition law of probability. Network analysis of components connected in parallel is one of many applications.
STOCHASTIC POTENTIALS OF INTERMITTENT MAPS
Authors: LI HUAIBIN
Published: June 2020

Consider an intermittent map $f_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}}:[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$ and a Hölder continuous potential $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}:[0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$. We show that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ is stochastic for $f_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}}$ if and only if the topological pressure $P(f_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D711})$ satisfies $P(f_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D711})-\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(0)>0$. As a consequence, for each $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}>0$ sufficiently small, the set of Hölder continuous potentials of exponent $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ that are not stochastic for $f_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}}$ has nonempty interior in the space of all such potentials.
North East London coronavirus disease 2019 protocol for diagnostics in two-week wait head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Warner E , Scholfield D W , Adams A , Richards P , Ali S , Ahmed J , Ghufoor K
Published: June 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic requires urgent modification to existing head and neck cancer diagnosis and management practices. A protocol was established that utilises risk stratification, early investigation prior to clinical review and a reduction in aerosol generating procedures to lessen the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 spread.

Methods

Two-week wait referrals were stratified into low, intermediate and high risk. Low risk patients were referred back to primary care with advice; intermediate and high risk patients underwent investigation. Clinical encounters and aerosol generating procedures were minimised. A combined diagnostic and therapeutic surgical approach was undertaken where possible.

Results

Forty-one patients were used to assess feasibility. Thirty-one per cent were low risk, 35 per cent were intermediate and 33 per cent were high risk. Thirty-three per cent were discharged with no imaging.

Conclusion

Implementing this protocol reduces the future burden on tertiary services, by empowering primary care physicians to re-refer low risk patients. The protocol is applicable across the UK and avoids diagnostic delay.
Performing civilisational narratives in East Asia: Asian values, multiple modernities, and the politics of economic development
Authors: Lee Yong Wook
Published: June 2020

This article aims to uncover the socially constructed normative foundation for the alternative East Asian economic development paradigm to neoliberalism in the context of civilisational politics. The question I seek to address is why East Asian states make value claims when promoting their alternative method of economic development. In addressing this question, I make two interrelated arguments. First, I argue that the politics of Asian values can be understood as another case of non-Western society's struggle to demonstrate multiple paths to modernity. Second, on a deeper level, I show that the discourse and narratives on Asian values is part of civilisation politics aimed to recalibrate the place of East Asia in a world consisting of the civilised and the uncivilised, a divide that still remains today in various forms following European expansion in the nineteenth century. In so doing, I shed light on the performative power of ‘the standard of civilisation’, which naturalises the temporal and sequential hierarchy of civilisational identities in world politics. On the basis of this article's findings, I draw out implications of a recalibrated East Asia for the ideas of hierarchy and progress in world politics.
Ultrastructural Changes in Rabbit Cornea After Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Granule Injection
Authors: Swedo John L. , Rowsey J. J. , Nisbet R. M. , Watson John H. L.
Published: June 2020

This study was initiated to examine the collagenolytic potential of the lysosomal collagenase within polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) granules when injected into normal rabbit corneas. The significance of this study is in the determination of the role that PMNL granules may play in the pathogenesis of corneal ulcerations. It has been shown that collagenolytic activity is demonstrated in corneas only when PMNLs are present, but it has not been shown that PMNLs are in anyway involved in the pathogenesis of corneal ulceration.
Pituitary Follicular Cells: Their Origin, Possible Function and Fate
Authors: Horvath E. , Kovacs K. , Penz G. , Ezrin C.
Published: June 2020

Follicular structures, in the rat pituitary, composed of cells joined by junctional complexes and possessing few organelles and few, if any, secretory granules, were first described by Farquhar in 1957. Cells of the same description have since been observed in several species including man. The importance of these cells, however, remains obscure. While studying human pituitary glands, we have observed wide variations in the fine structure of follicular cells which may lead to a better understanding of their morphogenesis and significance.
Ultrastructure of Two Cases of Anaplastic Giant Cell Tumor of the Human Thyroid Gland
Authors: J.M. Gaal , E. Horvath , K. Kovacs
Published: June 2020

Two cases of anaplastic giant cell tumor of the thyroid have "been studied by light and electron microscopy in order to shed light on its morphogenesis. The tumors were removed by surgery from 67 and 75 year old women respectively.

By light microscopy the tumors corresponded to anaplastic giant cell tumor of the thyroid, exhibiting marked pleomorphism, numerous mitotic figures, and foci of necrosis.

Electron microscopy revealed that the tumors were composed of cells varying in size and morphology (Fig.1.). The nuclei were large and multilobulated; bizarre forms, occupying a considerable part of the cells, were not infrequent. Nucleoli were large and dense. The mitochondria were not numerous. They were rod shaped or elongated with widely spaced transverse cristae and moderately electron dense matrix. Spherulated, swollen forms were also observed. The rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was abundant in many cells. It consisted of parallel membranes with numerous ribosomes studded on their external aspects.
An Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Hemorrhage Induced by Rattlesnake Venom
Authors: Ownby Charlotte L. , Kainer Robert A. , Tu Anthony T.
Published: June 2020

One of the significant changes induced by the injection of rattlesnake (Crotalidae) venom is hemorrhage. Since crotaline antivenin does not prevent such local tissue damage, a more effective treatment of snakebite is needed. To aid in the development of such a treatment the pathogenesis of venom-induced hemorrhae was investigated.

Swiss-Webster white mice were injected intramuscularly with Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. Two minutes after the injection, muscle tissue was obtained by bioosy from the thigh and fixed in 6% glutaraldehyde in Milloniq's phosphate buffer (DH 7.4, 2 hrs., 4°C). After post-fixation in 2% osmium tetroxide in Milloniq's phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 1hr., 4°C) the tissue was dehydrated routinely in ethanol and embedded in Epon 812. The thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate in methanol and lead citrate then observed with either a Zeiss EM 9A or an Hitachi HS-8 electron microscope.
Molecular Packing in Two Fab’ Crystals
Authors: Labaw L. W.
Published: June 2020

Fab’ fragments (approximately 50,000 MW) from a pepsin digestion of a mouse myeloma immunoglobulin with phosphorylcholine-binding activity crystallize in a hexagonal and a cubic structure in the same crystallizing solution. An EM study of stained crystal sections, together with the preliminary X-ray data, can be used to deduce the approximate positions of the Fab’ molecules in these crystals.
Ultrastructure of Ameloblasts and Enamel in Shark Teeth
Authors: Kemp N. E.
Published: June 2020

In a previous study of amelogenesis in Carcharhinus menisorrah it was demonstrated that enamel crystallites develop within hollow enamel fibrils (tubules), as in mammalian teeth. The long controversy over the origin of the organic matrix of shark tooth enamel has stimulated this investigation of the fine structure of ameloblasts in C. menisorrah and in two other shark species, Triaenodon obesus and Negapri on brevirostris. Tooth tissue of the first two species was collected at Eniwetok Marine Biological Laboratory, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands; that of Negaprion was donated by Dr. I. Kaufman Arenberg, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, who obtained it at the Lerner Marine Laboratory, Bimini, Bahamas. Jaw fragments containing single files of teeth were fixed in phosphate- or cacodylatebuffered glutaraldehyde, postfixed in buffered 1% OSO4 and processed for embedding in epon. Sections were cut with a diamond knife on an LKB Ultratome and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. They were examined with an RCA EMU-3E electron microscope.
Organized Cell Wall Biogenesis in Oocystis
Authors: Montezinos David , Brown R. Malcolm
Published: June 2020

Patterned arrays of cellulosic microfibrils are found in the secondary cell wall of Oocystis apiculata W. West. Although mechanisms for the biogenesis of the organized cell wall have not yet ben elucidated, roles for the plasma membrane and microtubules in wall production have been suggested. Continuing Study of Oocystis has provided new data on the complex process of organized cell wall biogenesis.
Ultrastructural Aspects of Cell Wall Biogenesis and Cell Elongation
Authors: Heyn Anton N.J.
Published: June 2020

Ultrastructural studies have been made with fast growing coleoptiles of Avena, of the behavior of cell organelles and of the structure of the cell wall in connection with problems of cell wall biogenesis and cell elongation.

Membrane-bounded vesicles of various types are transmitted through the plasmalemma by a process of exocytosis in which masses of vesicles are surrounded in the cytoplasm by a membrane probably originated from collapsed vesicle membranes. This common membrane fuses with the plasmalemma, and the membranebounded vesicles are subsequently deposited through an opening of increasing size at the point of fusion,into the periplasmic space. Some of the vesicles may then loose their membranes but most are incorporated surrounded by their membranes, into the cell wall. By this process cell wall substances and enzymes may be transported together in great masses into the growing cell wall.
Cytochemical Localization of Enzymes Involved in Scale Biogenesis
Authors: Romanovicz Dwight , Brown R. Malcolm
Published: June 2020

Interpretation of data from cytochemical enzyme localization is often difficult because the exact nature of the product synthesized at the site of enzyme activity is unknown. However, in the marine haptophyte,Pleurochrysis, the correlation of chemical, ultras truetural, and cytochemical data results in precise morphological localization of wall biogenesis, increasing the information gained from enzyme localization.
Replication of Wet Objects and Cells
Authors: Basu S. , Parsons D. F.
Published: June 2020

We are approaching the invasiveness of cancer cells from the studies of their wet surface morphology which should distinguish them from their normal counterparts. In this report attempts have been made to provide physical basis and background work to a wet replication method with a differentially pumped hydration chamber (Fig. 1) (1,2), to apply this knowledge for obtaining replica of some specimens of known features (e.g. polystyrene latex) and finally to realize more specific problems and to improvize new methods and instrumentation for their rectification. In principle, the evaporant molecules penetrate through a pair of apertures (250, 350μ), through water vapors and is, then, deposited on the specimen. An intermediate chamber between the apertures is pumped independently of the high vacuum system. The size of the apertures is sufficiently small so that full saturated water vapor pressure is maintained near the specimen.
Improved Recognition and Quantitation of Oncornaviruses Using Modified Pointed Beem Capsules
Authors: Stephens R. , Traul K. , Lowry G. , Woolf D. , Lelek J.
Published: June 2020

Since the review on virus quantitation by Sharp (1965), interest has increased in developing more accurate methods to recognize and quantitate oncornaviruses. The available quantitation procedures (Sharp 1949, Williams and Backus 1949, Kellenberger and Arber 1957), including the negative staining technique introduced by Monroe and Brandt (1970), present problems of virus recognition, especially under the following conditions: 1. highly pleomorphic particles; 2. low numbers of viral particles; 3. mycoplasmal contamination and 4. large amounts of cell debris. To improve accuracy in particle counting and particle recognition, an embedding method using pointed Beem capsules was developed.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Female Reproductive Tract of Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Norton W. N. , Vinson S. B. , Thurston E. L.
Published: June 2020

The immune system of insects, which combats metazoan organisms, functions through haemocytic encapsulation. It is still unclear as to the exact mechanism by which insect parasitoids successfully escape encapsulation while within their habitual host; however, it is apparent that the nature of the parasitoid egg surface is of importance.

An ultrastructural study of the female reproductive tract of the ichneumonid parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis, reveals that oogenesis seems to occur in a manner similar to that of other polytrophic insects. As the developing oocyte passes down the ovariole, it receives nutrients and cytoplasmic organelles from accompanying nurse cells. Follicular cells also exhibit a close relationship with the oocyte (Fig. 1) and a re considered essential for vitelline and chorion synthesis.
Bacterial-Mucosal Cell Junctional Complexes
Authors: Wagner Roger C.
Published: June 2020

Bacteria exhibit the ability to adhere to the apical surfaces of intestinal mucosal cells. These attachments either precede invasion of the intestinal wall by the bacteria with accompanying inflammation and degeneration of the mucosa or represent permanent anchoring sites where the bacteria never totally penetrate the mucosal cells.

Endemic gram negative bacteria were found attached to the surface of mucosal cells lining the walls of crypts in the rat colon. The bacteria did not intrude deeper than 0.5 urn into the mucosal cells and no degenerative alterations were detectable in the mucosal lining.
Endotoxin Alteration of the Mucopolysaccharide Blood Vessel Coating in Rats
Authors: Philpott D. E. , Takahashi A.
Published: June 2020

Two month, eight month and two year old rats were treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg of E. Coli endotoxin I. P. The eight month old rats proved most resistant to the endotoxin. During fixation the aorta, carotid artery, basil arartery of the brain, coronary vessels of the heart, inner surfaces of the heart chambers, heart and skeletal muscle, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, retina, trachae, intestine, salivary gland, adrenal gland and gingiva were treated with ruthenium red or alcian blue to preserve the mucopolysaccharide (MPS) coating. Five, 8 and 24 hrs of endotoxin treatment produced increasingly marked capillary damage, disappearance of the MPS coating, edema, destruction of endothelial cells and damage to the basement membrane in the liver, kidney and lung.
Electron Diffraction Study of Wet Phospholipid Bilayers
Authors: Hui S. W. , Parsons D. F. , Cowden M.
Published: June 2020

The development of hydration stages for electron microscopes has made electron diffraction a very useful technique in the study of biological membranes in its natural state. We applied this technique to study the structure of a single bilayer of wet dipalmitoyl lecithin. By varying the temperature and percentage saturation of the hydration stage, the molecular packing of the bilayers may be measured as a function of these parameters.
Fine Structural Studies on the Scolex of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda)
Authors: Specian R. D. , Allison V. F. , Ubelaker J. E.
Published: June 2020

Although the scolex is the major area of contact between a cestode and its host, most fine structural studies have concentrated on the rest of the body. Davey and Breckenridge postulated, from histochemical data, that neurosecretory cells were present in the scolex of Hymenolepis diminuta. Such cells have been suggested to function in affecting growth and maturation of the strobila. Since a previous study by Rothman failed to determine such cells, the present study was undertaken.

Specimens were collected from previously infected laboratory rats, fixed in paraformaldehyde, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Maraglas. Sections were examined on the Hitachi HU11B-2 transmission electron microscope.
Quantitative Aspects of Hepatocyte Fine Structure in Human Liver Compared with Rat Liver
Authors: Budd G. C. , Mattimoe S. A.
Published: June 2020

The fractional volumes of each major organelle and inclusion in hepatocytes of biopsied human liver were estimated by combining stereological techniques with electron microscopy. The data obtained from 4 needle and surgical biopsy specimens from patients with normal histology according to the pathological report, were compared with similar analyses of the livers of 8 adult male rats.
New Methods for the Ultrastructural Demonstration of Oxidoreductase Enzymes
Authors: Shannon W. Allen , Hoshino Yoshinobu , Seligman Arnold M.
Published: June 2020

The ultrastructural localization of 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHS-DH), β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (βHB-DH) and α-hydroxybutyrate oxidase (αHB-O) is demonstrated in various rat tissues via nonosmiophilic tetrazolium salt, 2-(2’-benzothiazolyl)-5-styryl-3-(4’-phthalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride (BSPT)(1), reduction to osmiophilic formazan (Fig. 1).
Subcellular Localization of “B” Apoprotein of Plasma Lipoproteins in Rat Liver
Authors: Ann Alexander Cheryl , Hamilton Robert L. , Havel Richard J.
Published: June 2020

The B apoprotein is thought to be essential for the synthesis and secretion of triglyceriderich lipoproteins from mammalian liver. Antibodies were prepared against rat low density lipoproteins (LDL, density 1.025-1.045) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). By Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis, the major determinant shared by these antisera had the characteristics of the B apoprotein. Fab fragments were prepared by the method of Porter and conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by the two step method of Avrameas and Ternynck. Male Long-Evans rats (250-300 gm) were fasted overnight, anesthetized with Brevital (Lilly), and perfused through the portal vein with fresh 4% formaldehyde in 0.135 M sodium phosphate buffer.