bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving a Manufacturing Process Using Data‐Based Methods
Authors: Doganaksoy Necip , Hahn Gerald J.
Published: November 2013

Data‐based methods and simple graphical analyses can be used broadly to improve quality for manufacturing processes. We provide a case study dealing with the manufacture of stator bars used in electric power generation equipment. We describe the examination of existing data, capability and stability assessment, addressing measurement error, using the preceding evaluations to reduce deviations from target and variability, and subsequent statistical monitoring. Some concluding remarks deal briefly with various further topics, including the importance of a proactive approach. Takeaways and added comments, spread throughout the article, provide further elaboration on or beyond the case study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Nino Capability Index for Dynamic Process Capability Analysis
Authors: Lupo Toni
Published: November 2013

The process capability analysis is a crucial activity to evaluate if the process outcome meets the design specifications. Classically, such analysis is performed by verifying the in‐control condition of the process and evaluating suitable capability indices, by assuming the process in‐control steady‐state condition. However, the in‐control period of the process characterizes only a part of the system functioning cycle, the one with the lower defective rate. In particular, the system functioning cycle is also characterized by the out‐of‐control period, during which a greater defective rate is produced, and such increasing is not considered by the widely adopted capability indices. As consequence, the classical approaches to perform the process capability analysis involves an overestimation of the process capability level. For this reason, in order to overcome the previously described limitation, in the present paper it is proposed a new capability index based on the real defective rate of the process. Thus, such new index is able to estimate the real process capability level. Finally, in order to compare the new index to the conventional Cp capability index, a numerical comparison study related to a process capability analysis is carried out, and the related practical considerations are given. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General Systems Theory Completed Up by Dialectical Systems Theory
Authors: Zenko Zdenka , Rosi Bojan , Mulej Matjaz , Mlakar Tatjana , Mulej Nastja
Published: November 2013

Traditional sciences are narrowly specialized into selected viewpoints and parts of reality. This causes important insights and oversights that are supposed to be resolved by cybernetics and systems theory. The General Systems Theory fights over‐specialization; cybernetics grew from interdisciplinary cooperation practicing this fight. More holism and wholeness result. The Dialectical Systems Theory adds methodology to support attainment of requisite holism and wholeness by influencing human attributes and methods. This makes it universally applicable. Its applied method USOMID and De Bono's Six Thinking Hats are very close and can be combined. The new concepts of social responsibility exposing ‘interdependence and holistic approach’ apply a very comparable concept and are found helpful against the current crisis as a consequence of over‐specialization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IRES mediated translational regulation of p53 isoforms
Authors: Sharathchandra Arandkar , Katoch Aanchal , Das Saumitra
Published: November 2013

p53 is a well known tumor suppressor protein that plays a critical role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It has several isoforms which are produced by transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. p53 mRNA has been demonstrated to be translated into two isoforms, full‐length p53 (FL‐p53) and a truncated isoform ΔN‐p53 by the use of alternative translation initiation sites. The mechanism of translation regulation of these two isoforms was further elucidated by the discovery of IRES elements in the p53 mRNA. These two IRESs were shown to regulate the translation of p53 and ΔN‐p53 in a distinct cell‐cycle phase‐dependent manner. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulation of p53 IRES mediated translation and the role of cis and trans acting factors that influence expression of p53 isoforms. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:131–139. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1202

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

Translation > Translation Regulation
Convective diffusive mixing in concentration polarization: from Taylor dispersion to surface convection
Authors: Rubinstein I. , Zaltzman B.
Published: November 2013

We analyse the steady-state convection–diffusion mixing of a solute by a creeping circulatory flow in a long sealed rectangular two-dimensional channel with impermeable sidewalls and fixed different solute concentrations at the two opposite edges. Solution circulation is due to a constant velocity slip along the sidewalls and a back flow along the channel axis. This simple model distils the essence of circulation in concentration polarization of an electrolyte solution under a DC electric current in a micro-channel sealed by an ion-selective element (a nano-channel or a cation exchange membrane). It is observed that in the slow circulation regime (small$Pe$numbers) the solute flux through the channel is governed by the Taylor–Aris dispersion mechanism, i.e. the flux is driven by the cross-sectional average axial concentration gradient, whereas upon increase in$Pe$this mechanism fails. The general question addressed is where the system goes after the breakdown of the Taylor–Aris dispersion regime. In order to find out the answer, the following specific questions have to be addressed. (1) How does the Taylor–Aris dispersion mechanism break down upon increase in$Pe$? (2) Why does it break down? (3) What is the role of the channel aspect ratio in this breakdown? The answers to these questions are obtained through analysing a hierarchy of suitable auxiliary model problems, including the unidirectional zero discharge channel flow and the circulatory analogue of plane-parallel Couette flow, for which most of the analysis is done. They may be summarized as follows. Upon increase in circulation velocity, the Taylor–Aris dispersion mechanism fails due to the formation of lateral non-uniformities of longitudinal solute concentration gradient driving the dispersion flux. These non-uniformities accumulate in protrusion-like disturbances of the solute concentration (wall fingers) emerging near the channel sidewall at the flow exit from the edge. Wall fingers propagate along the sidewalls with increase in$Pe$and eventually reach the opposite channel edges, transforming into narrow surface convection layers. These layers, together with the edge diffusion layers, form a closed mass transport pattern carrying most of the mass flux through the channel with the bulk largely excluded from the transport. The formation of this pattern finalizes the transition from Taylor–Aris dispersion to the surface convection regime. For large circulation velocities, concentration distribution in the surface convection layers attains an oscillatory spiral structure reminiscent of thermal waves in heat conduction.
Steady approach of unsteady low-Reynolds-number flow past two rotating circular cylinders
Authors: Ueda Y. , Kida T. , Iguchi M.
Published: November 2013

The long-time viscous flow about two identical rotating circular cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement is investigated using an adaptive numerical scheme based on the vortex method. The Stokes solution of the steady flow about the two-cylinder cluster produces a uniform stream in the far field, which is the so-called Jeffery’s paradox. The present work first addresses the validation of the vortex method for a low-Reynolds-number computation. The unsteady flow past an abruptly started purely rotating circular cylinder is therefore computed and compared with an exact solution to the Navier–Stokes equations. The steady state is then found to be obtained for $t\gg 1$ with ${\mathit{Re}}_{\omega } {r}^{2} \ll t$, where the characteristic length and velocity are respectively normalized with the radius ${a}_{1} $ of the circular cylinder and the circumferential velocity ${\Omega }_{1} {a}_{1} $. Then, the influence of the Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{\omega } = { a}_{1}^{2} {\Omega }_{1} / \nu $ about the two-cylinder cluster is investigated in the range $0. 125\leqslant {\mathit{Re}}_{\omega } \leqslant 40$. The convection influence forms a pair of circulations (called self-induced closed streamlines) ahead of the cylinders to alter the symmetry of the streamline whereas the low-Reynolds-number computation (${\mathit{Re}}_{\omega } = 0. 125$) reaches the steady regime in a proper inner domain. The self-induced closed streamline is formed at far field due to the boundary condition being zero at infinity. When the two-cylinder cluster is immersed in a uniform flow, which is equivalent to Jeffery’s solution, the streamline behaves like excellent Jeffery’s flow at ${\mathit{Re}}_{\omega } = 1. 25$ (although the drag force is almost zero). On the other hand, the influence of the gap spacing between the cylinders is also investigated and it is shown that there are two kinds of flow regimes including Jeffery’s flow. At a proper distance from the cylinders, the self-induced far-field velocity, which is almost equivalent to Jeffery’s solution, is successfully observed in a two-cylinder arrangement.
Dietary energy density and its association with the nutritional quality of the diet of children and teenagers
Authors: O'Connor Laura , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert
Published: November 2013

To examine the relationship between dietary energy density (DED) and the nutritional quality of the diet, using data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) and the National Teens' Food Survey (NTFS), two cross-sectional studies of food consumption were carried out between 2003 and 2006. Data from the NCFS and NTFS were used to examine the intakes of nutrients and foods among those with low- (NCFS <7·56, NTFS <7·65 kJ/g), medium- (NCFS 7·56–8·75, NTFS 7·66–8·85 kJ/g) and high-energy-dense diets (NCFS >8·75, NTFS >8·85 kJ/g). A 7-d food diary was used to collect food intake data from children (n 594) and teenagers (n 441). DED (kJ/g) was calculated including food alone and excluding beverages. Participants with lower DED consumed more food (weight) but not more energy. They also consumed less fat and added sugars and more protein, carbohydrates, starch and dietary fibre and had higher intakes of micronutrients. Participants with lower DED had food intake patterns that adhered more closely to food-based dietary guidelines. Low DED was associated with multiple individual indicators of a better nutritional quality of the diet, including higher intakes of dietary fibre and micronutrients and a generally better balance of macronutrients, as well as being associated with food intake patterns that were closer to healthy eating guidelines. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that a low DED may be an indicator of a better nutritional quality of the diet.
Coping Strategies, Emotional Distress and Quality of Life in Relatives of Patients With Severe Brain Injury in Denmark: One Year After Injury
Authors: Norup Anne , Siert Lars , Mortensen Erik Lykke
Published: November 2013

The present study describes coping strategies in a sample of 37 relatives of patients with severe brain injury and analyses associations between coping strategies and symptoms of anxiety depression and health-related quality of life one year after injury. The participants used the strategies active coping and use of emotional support most frequently. Less used strategies were humour, substance use, behavioural disengagement and self-blame. The results suggest that use of the strategies positive reframing and acceptance was associated with less anxiety, depression and better health-related quality of life one year after injury, whereas the use of the coping strategy denial was associated with a poorer outcome in the relatives.
Sex and Gender as Factors in in Romantic Partnerships and Best Friendships
Authors: Machin Anna , Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2013

For the majority of people, two key non-kin figures form part of the central support clique that resides at the centre of their social network. These are the best friend and the romantic partner, and both play distinct roles which are of benefit to the individual concerned. However, while the romantic partner will always have been chosen in the context of the mating market, we do not know whether the selection of a best friend occurs within a similar market of competition and assessment. This study used real self-rated attribute data for participants and their best friends and romantic partners to explore: (1) whether best friendships operate within a mating market; (2) whether, once established, they show evidence for positive illusion, projection or competition; and (3) whether assortative mating is present. Further, we considered whether the sex of the best friend relative to the participant influences these results. We found that same-sex best friends have an acknowledged role linked to social connectedness and behaviour, that for same-sex best friends both male and female participants show evidence for homophily or projection rather than mate competition, that neither male nor female participants appear to view cross-sex best friends as potential mates, and that the evidence for ‘assortative mating’ is stronger within best friendships than romantic partnerships regardless of best friend sex. Our results imply that despite a culture of commitment and monogamy, male participants display behaviours within their romantic partnerships which suggest they are still active within the mating market. In contrast, for both sexes the best friendship is unaffected by the mating market and the stability and contentment that characterises best friendships is underpinned by a degree of similarity stronger than that within the romantic partnership.
Zinc intake and status in Australian vegetarians
Authors: Ball M. J. , Ackland M. L.
Published: November 2013

Vegetarians have a lower incidence of many chronic diseases than omnivores. However, vegetarian diets could potentially result in lower intakes of some minerals, particularly Zn. In a cross-sectional study, dietary Zn intake was measured using 12 d weighed records in ninety-nine vegetarians (ten vegans) aged 18–50 years and forty-nine age- and sex-matched omnivores. In men, the mean daily Zn intake and Zn density values were similar in omnivores, ovolactovegetarians and vegans, but in women they were significantly lower in vegetarians (mean intake 6·8 mgv. 8·4 mg in omnivores) and few achieved the recommended intake. Significantly more vegetarian than omnivorous women had a daily Zn intake < 6 mg (44 %v. 13 %). Mean serum Zn concentrations were similar in female omnivores and vegetarians, despite the differences in intake. However, omnivorous men had a lower mean serum Zn concentration (0·85 μg/mlv. 0·95 μg/ml) and more subjects had levels below the reference range of 0·72–1·44 μg/ml than ovolactovegetarians (P< 0·01). Overall more women than men had low Zn concentrations; and these women generally had intakes below 6 mg/d. There was a significant correlation between serum Zn concentration and dietary Zn density in vegetarians, especially females (P< 0·001), but not in omnivores. Ovolactovegetarians did not have a significantly greater risk of low Zn status than omnivores.
Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994–5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over
Authors: Bates C. J. , Prentice A. , Cole T. J. , van der Pols J. C. , Doyle W. , Finch S. , Smithers G. , Clarke P. C.
Published: November 2013

The aims of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey series are summarized, and the new National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over is explored, with particular emphasis on micronutrient intakes and status indices. Mean nutrient intakes were generally satisfactory for most micronutrients, but intakes of vitamin D, Mg, K and Cu were low. Intakes of vitamin D were far below the reference nutrient intake for people aged 65 years and over, and there was also biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency, for 8 % of free-living and 37 % of institution participants, attributed partly to limited exposure to sunlight. A substantial proportion of people living in institutions had inadequate biochemical status indices, notably for vitamin C, Fe and folate. Relationships between intake and status were close for vitamins. Mineral intakes did not correlate well with currently used status indices. Some intakes and indices, especially those of vitamin C, carotenoids, Na and K, were strongly correlated with socio-economic status and with north–south gradients in Britain. Future research challenges should address the functional and health significance of low intakes and sub-optimal biochemical indices for certain micronutrients, especially for people living in institutions; the shortcomings of mineral status indices especially as indicators of mineral intake; the social and geographical inequalities of micronutrient intakes and status, and why micronutrient status deteriorates with increasing age. The answers to these questions will help to define the characteristics of nutritional risk for older people in Britain, and to clarify future needs for education and intervention.
Growth, nitrogen fixation, respiration, and a nitrogen budget for cultures of a cosmopolitan diazotrophic endosymbiont (Teredinibacter turnerae) of shipworms
Authors: Horak Rachel E.A. , Montoya Joseph P.
Published: November 2013

Wood-boring bivalves (Bivalvia, family Teredinidae), also known as shipworms, host dinitrogen-fixing and cellulolytic symbiotic bacteria in gill bacteriocytes, which may be a necessary adaptation to a wooden diet. Although oxygen (O2) inhibits nitrogenase in other species, symbionts are able to fix nitrogen (N) within the gill tissue and provide newly fixed N to the host shipworm. The recent direct evidence of new N incorporation into the host tissue indicates that there are potentially complex nutrient cycles in this symbiosis and uninvestigated controls upon these cycles.To elucidate the mechanisms of this unique N2-fixing symbiosis and determine whether symbionts can excrete newly fixed N, we measured rates of growth, N2-fixation, respiration, and inorganic N content for the cultivated symbiontTeredinibacter turnerae(γ-proteobacteria, strain T7901) under a range of headspace O2conditions. In all conditions, headspace O2did not affect maximum specific N2-fixation and respiration activity, but did influence the rate and timing of growth. These results are consistent with the development of microaerobic conditions through an oxygen gradient in the culture medium, which facilitates N2-fixation and growth. The medium accumulated a small amount of NH4+, which represented 0.5–2.5% of the total N fixed by the culture. We constructed a simple N budget forT. turneraeto assess the role of the major known N sources and sinks. The N budget was not closed, indicating that new N is allocated to currently unidentified sinks, which may include excreted dissolved organic nitrogen.
Sarcocystisspecies in red deer revisited: with a re-description of two known species asSarcocystis elongatan. sp. andSarcocystis truncatan. sp. based on mitochondrialcox1sequences
Authors: GJERDE BJØRN
Published: November 2013

In a previous investigation, fiveSarcocystisspecies were described from Norwegian red deer and believed to be conspecific with species occurring in either reindeer or moose based on sarcocyst morphology and nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA unit. The aim of the present study was to characterize numerous isolates of these sarcocyst types at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) in order to corroborate or refute previous species designations ofSarcocystisin red deer. TheSarcocystis tarandi- andSarcocystis rangiferi-like taxa in red deer and reindeer, respectively, were thoroughly compared by sequencing 14–27 isolates of each type. Sequence comparisons revealed four distinct sequence types, which by phylogenetic analyses were placed in four monophyletic groups according to host origin, and they were therefore considered to represent four separate species. The two taxa of this type in red deer were namedSarcocystis elongataandSarcocystis truncata, respectively. Sequencing of many isolates ofSarcocystis hjortiandSarcocystis ovalisfrom red deer and moose confirmed that these species occur in both hosts. A revised description of the two new species is given and the current knowledge concerning all sixSarcocystisspecies in red deer is reviewed.
Risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis in Leicestershire – poor adherence to treatment remains an important cause of resistance
Authors: PRITCHARD A. J. , HAYWARD A. C. , MONK P. N. , NEAL K. R.
Published: November 2013

In the light of rising numbers of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United Kingdom, the problem of anti-tubercular drug resistance remains a significant concern. Drug resistant TB cases are more difficult and costly to treat, and require appropriate treatment and control mechanisms. This matched case control study aimed to investigate risk factors for resistance in Leicestershire, using data for laboratory isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified from 1993 to 1998. Each case, defined as culture positive laboratory isolates resistant to at least one first-line drug, was matched to four fully sensitive controls on age, sex and ethnic group. Twenty-three cases and 81 controls were included in the analysis. Drug resistance in Leicestershire was found to be associated with poor adherence to treatment (OR 4·8, 95% CI 1·6–14·4, P=0·005) and with previous TB (OR 3·7, 95% CI 1·2–11·8, P=0·022). These findings emphasize the need to provide support to patients taking treatment in order to maximize adherence.
State, Territorial, and Local Health Departments’ Reporting of Partnership Strength Before and After the H1N1 Response
Authors: Kun Karen E. , Zimmerman John , Rose Dale A. , Rubel Stephanie
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Research has shown that partnerships between public health agencies, service providers, and other key stakeholders can expand resources and facilitate focus on community health issues more effectively than can any agency or organization acting alone. There is, however, little empirical evidence drawn from actual public health emergency responses to support this claim. The US response to novel influenza A (H1N1) virus provided the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the opportunity to explore whether, and the extent to which, state, local and territorial health departments strengthened partnerships with key partner agencies and sectors.

Methods

Participants included the CDC Public Health Emergency Response (PHER) grantees comprised of 62 state, territorial and local health departments. PHER grantees completed an assessment instrument in May 2011, including questions asking them to rate their partnership strength (on a four-point ordinal scale) with six types of partners before and after the H1N1 response. Grantees additionally reported if and how PHER funding contributed to enhancing the strength of these partnerships.

Results

Sixty-one PHER grantees (61/62, 98%) completed the assessment instrument's partnerships section. PHER grantees reported that their partnerships with retail pharmacies were most strengthened (mean increase = 1.11 (on a four-point ordinal scale), SD = .82). This was followed by schools (K-12) (mean increase = .90, SD = .58); private medical providers (mean increase = .81, SD = .68); immunization authorities (mean increase = .80, SD = .61); main education authorities (mean increase = .75, SD = .68); and businesses (mean increase = .74, SD = .61). Mean PHER grantee increases in the strength of each partner type were statistically significant for all partner types (P < .01). Grantees reported that PHER funding contributed to enhancing the strength of their partnerships with schools most frequently (46/46, 100%), and businesses least frequently (31/37, 83.8%).

Conclusions

This inquiry provides evidence that state, territorial, and local health department partnerships with key sectors, agencies, and programs were strengthened after the H1N1 response. It further demonstrates that the CDC's PHER funding contributed to the health departments’ reports of increased partnership strength.

KunK, ZimmermanJ, RoseD, RubelS. State, territorial, and local health departments’ reporting of partnership strength before and after the H1N1 response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-6.
Compulsivity, impulsivity, and the DSM-5 process
Authors: Berlin Gregory S. , Hollander Eric
Published: November 2013

Compulsivity and impulsivity are cross-cutting, dimensional symptom domains that span traditional diagnostic boundaries. We examine compulsivity and impulsivity from several perspectives and present implications for these symptom domains as they relate to classification. We describe compulsivity and impulsivity as general concepts, from the perspectives of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) Research Planning Agenda, and from the DSM-5 workgroups, literature reviews, and field trials. Finally, we detail alternative modes of classification for compulsivity and impulsivity in line with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).
Differential impairment in recognition of emotion across different media in people with severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: MCDONALD SKYE , SAUNDERS JENNIFER CLARE
Published: November 2013

Recent evidence suggests that there may be dissociable systems for recognizing emotional expressions from different media including audio and visual channels, and stillversusmoving displays. In this study, 34 adults with severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and 28 adults without brain injuries were assessed for their capacity to recognize emotional expressions from dynamic audiovisual displays, conversational tone alone, moving facial displays, and still photographs. The TBI group were significantly impaired in their interpretation of both audio and audiovisual displays. In addition, eight of the 34 were significantly impaired in their capacity to recognize still facial expressions. In contrast, only one individual was impaired in the recognition of moving visual displays. Information processing speed was not found to play a significant role in producing problems with dynamic emotional expression. Instead the results suggest that visual moving displays may enlist different brain systems to those engaged with still displays, for example, the parietal cortices. Problems with the processing of affective prosody, while present, were not clearly related to other emotion processing problems. While this may attest to the independence of the auditory affective system, it may also reflect problems with the dual demands of listening to conversational meaning and affective tone. (JINS, 2005,11, 392–399.)
Fabrication of 3-D Hollow Metallic Probes Designed for Plasmonic Field Enhancement
Authors: Park I.-Y. , Lee D. , Choi J. , Han C. , Ahn S. , Kim S.-W.
Published: November 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Attachment Organization in Suicide Prevention Research
Authors: Venta Amanda , Sharp Carla
Published: November 2013

Background: Identifying risk factors for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB) is essential among adolescents in whom SRTB remain a leading cause of death. Although many risk factors have already been identified, influential theories now suggest that the domain of interpersonal relationships may play a critical role in the emergence of SRTB. Because attachment has long been seen as the foundation of interpersonal functioning, we suggest that attachment insecurity warrants attention as a risk factor for SRTB. Aims: This study sought to explore relations between attachment organization and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm in an inpatient adolescent sample, controlling for demographic and psychopathological covariates. Method: We recruited 194 adolescents from an inpatient unit and assigned them to one of four attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or disorganized attachment). Interview and self-report measures were used to create four variables reflecting the presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the last year, single lifetime suicide attempt, multiple lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm. Results: Chi-square and regression analyses did not reveal significant relations between attachment organization and SRTB, although findings did confirm previously established relations between psychopathology and SRTB, such that internalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt and externalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm. Conclusion: The severity of this sample and methodological differences from previous studies may explain the nonsignificant findings. Nonsignificant findings may indicate that the relation between attachment organization and SRTB is moderated by other factors that should be explored in future research.
Rising Youth Suicide and the Changing Cultural Context in South Korea
Authors: Park B. C. Ben , Soo Im Jeong , Strother Ratcliff Kathryn
Published: November 2013

Background: South Korean society faces a serious challenge in the increasing rates of youth suicidal behavior. There is a need both to gain a better understanding of the causes of this behavior and to develop strategies for responding to this critical public health issue. Aims: This article analyzes how psychological, sociopsychological, and subcultural factors influence suicidal proneness among Korean youth as well as makes suggestions for developing social policies that could reduce Korean youth suicidal behaviors. Method: Correlation and multivariate regression analyses on suicide proneness and depression were employed using a sample of 172 South Korean youths (aged 18–24) selected from the 2009 General Social Survey collected through face-to-face interviews. Results: Young people’s suicidal proneness is associated with depression, a tolerant attitude toward suicide, strained family relations, living in rural areas, being female, and being closely related to survivors of suicide or potential suicides. Conclusion: The findings from this study reveal the significance of social and cultural factors as influences on recent youth suicidal behavior in Korea. The analysis suggests that the underlying risk factors of suicidal behavior are embedded in the changing social and cultural context of Korean society. Thus, suicide prevention efforts should involve more than merely treating any underlying psychiatric disorders.
Niche specialization of novel Thaumarchaeota to oxic and hypoxic acidic geothermal springs of Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Beam Jacob P , Jay Zackary J , Kozubal Mark A , Inskeep William P
Published: November 2013

Novel lineages of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are endemic to thermal habitats, and may exhibit physiological capabilities that are not yet observed in members of this phylum. The primary goals of this study were to conduct detailed phylogenetic and functional analyses of metagenome sequence assemblies of two different thaumarchaeal populations found in high-temperature (65–72 °C), acidic (pH∼3) iron oxide and sulfur sediment environments of Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Metabolic reconstruction was coupled with detailed geochemical measurements of each geothermal habitat and reverse-transcriptase PCR to confirm the in situ activity of these populations. Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal and housekeeping proteins place these archaea near the root of the thaumarchaeal branch. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that these populations are chemoorganotrophic and couple growth with the reduction of oxygen or nitrate in iron oxide habitats, or sulfur in hypoxic sulfur sediments. The iron oxide population has the potential for growth via the oxidation of sulfide to sulfate using a novel reverse sulfate reduction pathway. Possible carbon sources include aromatic compounds (for example, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate), complex carbohydrates (for example, starch), oligopeptides and amino acids. Both populations contain a type III ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase used for carbon dioxide fixation or adenosine monophosphate salvage. No evidence for the oxidation of ammonia was obtained from de novo sequence assemblies. Our results show that thermoacidophilic Thaumarchaeota from oxic iron mats and hypoxic sulfur sediments exhibit different respiratory machinery depending on the presence of oxygen versus sulfide, represent deeply rooted lineages within the phylum Thaumarchaeota and are endemic to numerous sites in YNP.
Top-down controls on bacterial community structure: microbial network analysis of bacteria, T4-like viruses and protists
Authors: Chow Cheryl-Emiliane T , Kim Diane Y , Sachdeva Rohan , Caron David A , Fuhrman Jed A
Published: November 2013

Characterizing ecological relationships between viruses, bacteria and protists in the ocean are critical to understanding ecosystem function, yet these relationships are infrequently investigated together. We evaluated these relationships through microbial association network analysis of samples collected approximately monthly from March 2008 to January 2011 in the surface ocean (0–5 m) at the San Pedro Ocean Time series station. Bacterial, T4-like myoviral and protistan communities were described by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of the gene encoding the major capsid protein (g23) and 18S ribosomal DNA, respectively. Concurrent shifts in community structure suggested similar timing of responses to environmental and biological parameters. We linked T4-like myoviral, bacterial and protistan operational taxonomic units by local similarity correlations, which were then visualized as association networks. Network links (correlations) potentially represent synergistic and antagonistic relationships such as viral lysis, grazing, competition or other interactions. We found that virus–bacteria relationships were more cross-linked than protist–bacteria relationships, suggestive of increased taxonomic specificity in virus–bacteria relationships. We also found that 80% of bacterial–protist and 74% of bacterial–viral correlations were positive, with the latter suggesting that at monthly and seasonal timescales, viruses may be following their hosts more often than controlling host abundance.
Movement patterns of Tenebrio beetles demonstrate empirically that correlated-random-walks have similitude with a Lévy walk
Authors: Reynolds Andy M. , Leprêtre Lisa , Bohan David A.
Published: November 2013

Correlated random walks are the dominant conceptual framework for modelling and interpreting organism movement patterns. Recent years have witnessed a stream of high profile publications reporting that many organisms perform Lévy walks; movement patterns that seemingly stand apart from the correlated random walk paradigm because they are discrete and scale-free rather than continuous and scale-finite. Our new study of the movement patterns of Tenebriomolitor beetles in unchanging, featureless arenas provides the first empirical support for a remarkable and deep theoretical synthesis that unites correlated random walks and Lévy walks. It demonstrates that the two models are complementary rather than competing descriptions of movement pattern data and shows that correlated random walks are a part of the Lévy walk family. It follows from this that vast numbers of Lévy walkers could be hiding in plain sight.
A molecular rotor for measuring viscosity in plasma membranes of live cells
Authors: López-Duarte Ismael , Vu Thanh Truc , Izquierdo M. Angeles , Bull James A. , Kuimova Marina K.
Published: November 2013

We report the viscosity imaging of the plasma membrane of live cells using a new targeted BODIPY-based molecular rotor.
Substrate integrated waveguide filter with embedded mixed source–load coupling
Authors: Xu Z.Q. , Wang P. , Qian K.W. , Tian Z.
Published: November 2013

A compact substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filter with an improved stopband using multilayer embedded mixed coupling (MC) is presented. By implementing MC into the input/output SIW, the filter not only exhibits good rejection for the upper stopband, owing to an additional controllable transmission zero, but also has a miniature size of 18 × 12 mm2 by profiting from its low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic structure. An experimental second‐order filter with three TZs has been designed and fabricated. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones.
Double dual slope multiplier‐cum‐divider
Authors: Selvam K.C.
Published: November 2013

A novel type of analogue multiplier‐cum‐divider is described. A square waveform of period T which is proportional to V2/V1, where V2 and V1 are the two input applied voltages, is generated. Another input voltage V3 is integrated during the period T. The peak value of the integrated output is V2V3/V1.
Size reduction technique for slot antenna
Authors: Sung Y.
Published: November 2013

A novel ground plane with a meander line is proposed for the design of a compact slot antenna. By using this new design, size reduction for the slot antenna can be realised. By embedding a meander line into the ground plane of the slot, it is observed that the resonant frequency of the slot antenna significantly decreases, which can lead to a large size reduction for fixed‐frequency operation. In this case, the measured bandwidth of the proposed antenna is comparable with that of the reference antenna.
Combined three monopoles for GPS/WLAN/GSM/WCDMA/LTE application
Authors: Jeong S. , Ren Y.‐J. , Warden J. , Lee C.S.
Published: November 2013

A novel compact antenna is designed on a low‐loss ceramic material to support multiband operation as well as to reduce the antenna size. Three monopole antennas with a single feed are designed and combined for wireless device applications, occupying only 10 × 10 × 3 mm3. Structurally, orthogonal placement of the three monopoles provides a relatively simple design process. Across the entire bands of interest, it is shown that more than 50% of the incident energy radiates into free space. Detailed analysis and measurement results are presented.
Metal mount RFID tag antenna excited by integrated loop/IC module
Authors: Quiroz R. , Laheurte J.‐M.
Published: November 2013

A simple topology is described for radio frequency identification (RFID) tags mountable on metal surfaces. The tag is built around a commercial UHF RFID module combining an IC and a coupling loop. The module is placed in the neighbourhood of a slot which is used both to couple the energy from the module to the patch‐like antenna and to miniaturise the tag. A read range of almost 4 m is obtained in the 865–868 MHz band with a 1.6 mm low‐cost FR4 substrate.
Design of comb reflection frequency selective surface for interference reduction in corridors of buildings
Authors: Davenport C.J. , Rigelsford J.M.
Published: November 2013

A periodic comb reflection frequency selective surface (CR‐FSS) is presented for reducing interference caused by the propagation of signals via corridors. The novel CR‐FSS has been designed to reduce the power of the forward scattered signal and increase the backscatter. For a specified comb period and angle of incidence, the direct forward scatter of the CR‐FSS can be reduced by 5–15 dB and the backscatter increased by 10–15 dB over a frequency range of 10.8–13.5 GHz for a vertically polarised signal and 10.8–17 GHz for the horizontal polarisation. The CR‐FSS is thus shown to be effective for both vertically and horizontally polarised signals. Comb period and angle of incidence are chosen to satisfy the conditions of Bragg's Law to provide a maximum backscatter at 10.8 GHz. By installing this novel surface in corridors, interference between multiple neighbouring transmitters can be reduced.
Outage probability analysis for a cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay network with single and multi‐relay selection
Authors: Chen Gaojie , Alnatouh Ousama , Chambers Jonathon
Published: November 2013

The authors evaluate the outage probability of a cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay network with cooperation between certain secondary users, chosen by single and multi‐relay (two and four) selection, based on the underlay approach, which requires adherence to an interference constraint on the primary user. The relay selection is performed either on the basis of a max‐min strategy or one based on maximising exactly the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio. To realise the relay selection schemes within the secondary networks, a predetermined threshold for the power of the received signal in the primary receiver is assumed. To assess the performance advantage of adding additional secondary relays, we obtain analytical expressions for the probability density function and cumulative density function of the received SNR and thereby provide closed form and near closed form expressions for outage probability over Rayleigh frequency flat fading channels. In particular, the authors present lower and upper bound expressions for outage probability and then provide a new exact expression for outage probability. These analytical results are verified by numerical simulation.
Adaptive transmission policy over Rayleigh fading channels for cooperative networks with limited feedback
Authors: Lee Dong Heon , Jeon Wha Sook , Choi Kae Won , Jeong Dong Geun
Published: November 2013

The authors propose an adaptive transmission scheme for cooperative communication networks. The cooperative network with the proposed scheme chooses the transmission rate and decides to involve the relay in transmission, adapting to the channel state estimated from limited feedback information (e.g. positive/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) feedback). Considering that the limited feedback information provides only partial knowledge about the actual channel states, the authors design a decision‐making algorithm on cooperative transmission by using a partially observable Markov decision process framework. The simulation results show that, when the feedback overhead is taken into account, the proposed scheme outperforms even the scheme with which the states of all relevant channels are estimated and fed back.
Selective harmonic elimination in multi‐level inverter with zig‐zag connection transformers
Authors: Young Chung‐Ming , Wu Sheng‐Feng
Published: November 2013

This study applies the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to determine the switching angles for a multi‐level inverter that cooperated with specially connected transformers. With the ability of directly controlling harmonics, the SHE technique has the adaptability to associate with apparatus which are congenitally immune to specific harmonics, such as the zig‐zag connection transformers. In this study, the two sets of primary windings of the transformers are supplied by two six‐switch full‐bridge inverters with 30 electrical degrees phase shift. Harmonics with orders other than 12h ± 1 (h is positive integral) will not appear in the output voltages in the secondary side of the transformer because they are prohibited by the transformers. Then, the SHE technique with half‐wave symmetry is employed to eliminate some selected harmonics with orders equal to 12h ± 1, and adjusts the amplitude of the fundamental. This study obtains a set of precise switching angles through offline calculation over a wide range of modulation indices. A digital signal processor is used to implement online calculation of the switching angles by an approximate method derived from the precise solutions. Some selected analysis and experimental results are demonstrated in this paper. A 4 kW prototype is built to verify the validity of the proposed system.
Selective harmonic mitigation‐pulse‐width modulation technique with variable DC‐link voltages in single and three‐phase cascaded H‐bridge inverters
Authors: Moeini Amirhossein , Iman‐Eini Hossein , Bakhshizadeh Mohamadkazem
Published: November 2013

There are different modulation techniques that can be used in medium‐voltage and high‐power electronic converters, but a few of them provide high efficiency and satisfy power quality requirements. This study presents a modified selective harmonic mitigation pulse‐width modulation (SHM‐PWM) technique which employs variable DC‐link voltages as a degree of freedom in cascaded H‐bridge (CHB) inverters. This degree of freedom increases the range of acceptable modulation indices, reduces the number of switching transitions and increases the number of harmonics that can be removed in selective harmonic elimination (SHE) (or SHM) techniques. Hence, in addition to efficiency improvement, a huge number of harmonics can be mitigated in AC side of the converter. Using this approach, triplen harmonics can be restricted to standard limits, in single‐phase inverters. In addition, the proposed SHM‐PWM approach employs the least number of switching transitions in a fundamental period to limit the specific number of harmonics compared to the alternative SHE or SHM techniques. In this study, the requirements of two well‐known grid codes EN 50160 and CIGRE WG 36‐05 are well satisfied and the validity of proposed method is verified by several simulations and experiments on a seven‐level CHB inverter in single‐phase and three‐phase operating modes.
Review of predictive control methods to improve the input current of an indirect matrix converter
Authors: Rivera Marco , Rojas Christian , Wilson Alan , Rodriguez Jose , Espinoza Jose , Baier Carlos , Muñoz Javier
Published: November 2013

The experimental implementation and performance analysis of control techniques applied to an indirect matrix converter are presented here, to improve the input current behaviour under resonances and harmonics distortions. The control strategies are based on model predictive control, which uses the commutation state of the converter in the subsequent sampling time, according to an optimisation algorithm given by a simple cost function and the discrete system model. Experimental results with a laboratory prototype are provided in order to validate the different control schemes, and the effects of a distorted source voltage and filter resonance are analysed.
Voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation for islanded microgrid inverters
Authors: Liu Quanwei , Tao Yong , Liu Xunhao , Deng Yan , He Xiangning
Published: November 2013

Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are usually used for all kinds of distributed generation interfaces in a microgrid. It is the microgrid's superiority to power the local loads continuously when the utility fails. When in islanded mode, the voltage and frequency of the microgrid are determined by the VSIs; therefore the power quality can be deteriorated under unbalanced and non‐linear loads. A voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation strategy for the VSIs in islanded microgrid is proposed in this study. This method is implemented in a single synchronous reference frame (SRF) and is responsible for both the voltage unbalance and harmonic compensation. Furthermore, the virtual impedance loop is modified to improve the compensation effect. The impedance model of the VSI is built to explain the compensation ability of the proposed strategy. The whole control system mainly includes power droop controllers, a modified virtual impedance loop and inner SRF‐based voltage unbalance and harmonics compensators. The proposed strategy is demonstrated in detail and validated with simulations and experiments.