bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomass Thermogravimetric Analysis: Uncertainty Determination Methodology and Sampling Maps Generation
Authors: Pazó Jose A. , Granada Enrique , Saavedra Ángeles , Eguía Pablo , Collazo Joaquín
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the determination of the maximum sampling error and confidence intervals of thermal properties obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TG), including moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content. The sampling procedure of the TG analysis was of particular interest and was conducted with care. The results of the present study were compared to those of a prompt analysis, and a correlation between the mean values and maximum sampling errors of the methods were not observed. In general, low and acceptable levels of uncertainty and error were obtained, demonstrating that the properties evaluated by TG analysis were representative of the overall fuel composition. The accurate determination of the thermal properties of biomass with precise confidence intervals is of particular interest in energetic biomass applications.
Learning from the Neighbors: Economic and Environmental Impacts from Intensive Shrimp Farming in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thuy T.H. , Ford Andrew
Published: July 2010

Intensive shrimp farming is a lucrative and highly risky business. Before entering this industry, most farmers spend time observing the operation of pilot farms. This stage is important to master essential techniques and judge the profitability and risk associated with shrimp farming. Learning is a complex process that leads to misconceptions about the nature of short-term and long-term risks. This paper uses computer simulation to illuminate the dynamic nature of the learning processes, land conversion, shrimp production and environmental contamination. The model is based on conditions of the Dai Hoa Loc Commune in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Initial simulations match statistical data by revealing the high risk: high initial profits from the pilot farms followed by conversion from rice land to shrimp farms. When rapid conversion occurs, the region is vulnerable to excessive accumulation of nutrients, a decline in shrimp yields and financial failure. In contrast, low stock densities deliver a lower profit which is insufficient to stimulate mass land conversion. The paper concludes with testing recovery strategies for farmers who have suffered the longer term impacts of high stocking density. Results show that yield recovery is possible by improving the channel and imposing regulatory control over stocking density.
The Genomic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship in the Family Iridoviridae
Authors: Eaton Heather E. , Ring Brooke A. , Brunetti Craig R.
Published: July 2010

The Iridoviridae family are large viruses (~120-200 nm) that contain a linear double-stranded DNA genome. The genomic size of Iridoviridae family members range from 105,903 bases encoding 97 open reading frames (ORFs) for frog virus 3 to 212,482 bases encoding 211 ORFs for Chilo iridescent virus. The family Iridoviridae is currently subdivided into five genera: Chloriridovirus, Iridovirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and Ranavirus. Iridoviruses have been found to infect invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, and fish. With such a diverse array of hosts, there is great diversity in gene content between different genera. To understand the origin of iridoviruses, we explored the phylogenetic relationship between individual iridoviruses and defined the core-set of genes shared by all members of the family. In order to further explore the evolutionary relationship between the Iridoviridae family repetitive sequences were identified and compared. Each genome was found to contain a set of unique repetitive sequences that could be used in future virus identification. Repeats common to more than one virus were also identified and changes in copy number between these repeats may provide a simple method to differentiate between very closely related virus strains. The results of this paper will be useful in identifying new iridoviruses and determining their relationship to other members of the family.
A narrow group of monophyletic Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) symbiont lineages are associated with multiple species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae): Implications for orchid diversity
Authors: Roche Sean A. , Carter Richard J. , Peakall Rod , Smith Leon M. , Whitehead Michael R. , Linde Celeste C.
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the study: The Orchidaceae is characterized by exceptional species diversity. Obligate orchid mycorrhizae are predicted to determine orchid distributions, and highly specific relationships between orchids and fungi may drive orchid diversification. In this study, mycorrhizal diversity was examined in the terrestrial, photosynthetic orchid genus Chiloglottis to test the hypothesis of mycorrhizal‐mediated diversification in the genus Chiloglottis. This orchid genus secures pollination by sexual deception, an obligate and highly specific pollination strategy. Here we asked whether the obligate orchid–fungal interactions are also specific.

• Methods: Two sequenced loci, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU), were used to identify fungal isolates and assess fungal species diversity. Symbiotic germination of two species Chiloglottis aff. jeanesii and C. valida were used to assess germination potential of isolates and confirm mycorrhizal association.

• Key results: Phylogenetic analyses revealed that six representative Chiloglottis species spanning a broad survey of the genus were all associated with a narrow group of monophyletic Tulasnella fungal lineages.

• Conclusions: The Chiloglottis–Tulasnella interaction appears to be the first known case of such a narrow symbiont association across a broadly surveyed orchid genus. It appears that the specific pollination system of Chiloglottis, rather than specific orchid–fungal interactions has been the key driving force in the diversification of the genus. These findings also indicate that plant groups with highly specific mycorrhizal partners can have a widespread distribution.
Systemic Therapies in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Emphasis on Targeted Therapies: The Rational Approach
Authors: Hirsh Vera
Published: July 2010

Historically, first-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been based on giving a limited number of cycles of chemotherapy to achieve tumour response or stable disease. Patients are then observed without active therapy until disease progresses, at which point, subsequent lines of therapy are given. In recent years, two new concepts have been introduced to the management of NSCLC: maintenance therapy and therapy with targeted agents. Maintenance therapy—with either a chemotherapeutic or biologic agent—is given immediately after first-line therapy to patients who have achieved tumour response or stable disease. Choice of therapy may include continuation of the agents included in the induction regimen or introduction of different agents (early second-line treatment) with the aim of preventing progression and prolonging progression-free survival. Targeted agents such as bevacizumab and erlotinib target critical molecular signalling pathways and provide several advantages over chemotherapy, including fewer toxicities and the possibility of a longer duration of therapy. This review examines the treatment options in all lines of therapy for metastatic nsclc, focusing particularly on targeted therapies that have been approved in the United States, Canada, or Europe.
AN APPROXIMATE RELIABILITY EVALUATION METHOD FOR IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION NETWORK PERFORMANCE
Authors: Shariat-Mohaymany Afshin , Babaei Mohsen
Published: July 2010

Considering the importance of maintaining network performance at desired levels under uncertainty, network reliability, as a new approach to assessing the performance of degradable urban transportation networks, has become increasingly developed in two recent decades. In this paper, a method for optimizing resource allocation to meet the required levels of transportation network reliability is proposed. The worked out method consists of two stages: at stage one, a method for computing the reliability of network connectivity based on the reliability of computing arc performance with an assumption that capacities are random variables for each arc is presented. These random variables are assumed to be conformed to especial probability density functions which can be modified through investing to improve the performance reliability of the arcs. At stage two, a mixed integer nonlinear programming model is developed to optimize resource allocation in the network. Numerical results are also provided in a simple network to demonstrate the capability of the employed method.
Safety and Antiviral Activity of JTK-652: A Novel HCV Infection Inhibitor
Authors: de Bruijne Joep , Bergmann Jilling F , Weegink Christine J , van Nieuwkerk Carin MJ , de Knegt Robert J , Komoda Yasumasa , van de Wetering de Rooij Jeroen J , van Vliet Andre , Jansen Peter LM , Molenkamp Richard , Schinkel Janke , Reesink Hendrik , Janssen Harry LA
Published: July 2010

Background

Standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is associated with suboptimal virological response rates and substantial side effects. This study describes the in vitro and in vivo development of JTK- 652, a novel pyrrolopyridazin-derived HCV infection inhibitor.

Methods

JTK-652 was evaluated in multiple cell lines using an in vitro HCV infection model consisting of HCV pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus bearing HCV E1/E2 envelope proteins. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of JTK-652 were tested in a randomized double- blind and placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers ( n=36) and chronic hepatitis C patients. A total of 10 HCV genotype-1-infected patients (treatment-naive [ n=2] and treatment-experienced [ n=8]) with HCV RNA>1x105IU/ml received an oral dose of 100 mg JTK-652 three times daily or placebo (8:2 ratio) for 4 weeks.

Results

JTK-652 showed potent inhibitory activity against HCV genotype 1a and 1b pseudotype viruses bearing HCV E1/E2 envelope proteins in HepG2 cells and in human primary hepatocytes. No significant clinical laboratory, vital sign, ECG or physical examination abnormalities were observed during the Phase I trial. JTK-652 was found to be well tolerated. No significant changes in HCV RNA levels compared with baseline were observed at the end of treatment.

Conclusions

Although results from the preclinical studies indicated that JTK-652 has well-established antiviral properties and a Phase I clinical trial has showed that JTK-652 was safe and well tolerated at a 100 mg three times daily dose level, plasma HCV RNA levels in chronically HCV- infected patients did not decrease during 28 days of dosing at a 100 mg three times daily dose level.
Geophysical investigation for the rehabilitation of a flood control embankment
Authors: Cardarelli E. , Cercato M. , Di Filippo G.
Published: July 2010

To comply with recently published seismic regulations and environmental standards, existing dams and embankments have to be evaluated for safety control, in addition to standard maintenance and repair, which is common practice for aging structures. In either case, engineering geophysics is almost the only viable option for investigating these structures and the underlying soil as a whole. In this contribution, electrical and seismic surveys are performed on an outdated flood control embankment that is expected to be put into service again. Integration of DC resistivity results with those of various seismic prospecting methods (seismic refraction, cross‐hole S‐wave and P‐wave tomography and surface wave analysis) is found to be successful for defining a clear physical representation of the entire structure. The low‐strain elastic properties (from seismic speeds of propagation) as well as the geometrical characteristics of the internal core of the dam and of the foundation soil serve as guidance for the rehabilitation intervention.
Biochemical Characterization of a Thiol-Activated, Oxidation Stable Keratinase fromBacillus pumilusKS12
Authors: Rajput Rinky , Sharma Richa , Gupta Rani
Published: July 2010

An extracellular keratinase fromBacillus pumilusKS12 was purified by DEAE ion exchange chromatography. It was a 45 kDa monomer as determined by SDS PAGE analysis. It was found to be an alkaline, serine protease with pH and temperature optima of 10 and 60C, respectively. It was thiol activated with two- and eight-fold enhancement in presence of 10 mM DTT andβ-mercaptoethanol, respectively. In addition, its activity was stimulated in the presence of various surfactants, detergents, and oxidizing agents where a nearly 2- to 3-fold enhancement was observed in presence ofH2O2andNaHClO3. It hydrolyzed broad range of complex substrates including feather keratin, haemoglobin, fibrin, casein,andα-keratin. Analysis of amidolytic activity revealed that it efficiently cleaved phenylalanine→leucine→alanine-p-nitroanilides. It also cleaved insulin B chain betweenVal2-Asn3,Leu6-Cys7andHis10-Leu11residues.
Changes in Physical Activity Involvement and Attitude to Physical Activity in a 16-Year Follow-Up Study among the Elderly
Authors: Päivi Mäkilä , Mirja Hirvensalo , Terttu Parkatti
Published: July 2010

We studied changes of physical activity among noninstitutionalized 65 years and older persons over a sixteen-year follow-up period. The focus of our interest was on changes in involvement, frequency, intensity, and various modes of physical activity. Furthermore, we studied changes in perceived importance, motives for, and obstacles to participation in physical activity. The results showed that the proportion of those reporting less frequent and intensive activities increased. Men were more active than women over the follow-up time (in 1988 , in 1996 , in 2004 ). The biggest difference at the end of the followup between men and women was found in participation in supervised exercise classes (39% and 14%, resp.). Most popular forms of physical activity were walking and calisthenics at home. Men undertook more modes of physical activity than women. The importance of physical activity declined during the followup in both gender groups but more among women than men. The most common obstacles to physical activity were poor health and lack of interest. The promotion of health maintained it's place as the most important reason for physical activity over the follow-up period.
Kinetics of Methylation by EcoP1I DNA Methyltransferase
Authors: Bheemanaik Shivakumara , Sistla Srivani , Krishnamurthy Vinita , Arathi Sampath , Desirazu Narasimha Rao
Published: July 2010

EcoP1I DNA MTase (M.EcoP1I), anN6-adenine MTase from bacteriophage P1, is a part of the EcoP1I restriction-modification (R-M) system which belongs to the Type III R-M system. It recognizes the sequence5'-AGACC-3'and methylates the internal adenine. M.EcoP1I requiresMg2+for the transfer of methyl groups to DNA. M.EcoP1I is shown to exist as dimer in solution, and even at high salt concentrations (0.5 M) the dimeric M.EcoP1I does not dissociate into monomers suggesting a strong interaction between the monomer subunits. Preincubation and isotope partitioning studies with M.EcoP1I indicate a kinetic mechanism where the duplex DNA binds first followed by AdoMet. Interestingly, M.EcoP1I methylates DNA substrates in the presence ofMn2+andCa2+other thanMg2+with varying affinities. Amino acid analysis and methylation assays in the presence of metal ions suggest that M.EcoP1I has indeed two metal ion-binding sites [I358D(x)n…ExK401andD600xDxD604motif]. EcoP1I DNA MTase catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups using a distributive mode of methylation on DNA containing more than one recognition site. A chemical modification of EcoP1I DNA MTase usingN-ethylmaleimide resulted in an irreversible inactivation of enzyme activity suggesting the possible role of cysteine residues in catalysis.
Use of Hypertonic Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration to Control Intracranial Hypertension in an End-Stage Renal Disease Patient
Authors: Rifkin Stephen I. , Malek Ali R. , Behrouz Reza
Published: July 2010

Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) using solutions designed to maintain hypernatremia is described in an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient with cerebral edema (CE) due to an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Hypernatremia was readily achieved and maintained without complication. CVVHDF should be considered as an alternative treatment option in ESRD patients with cerebral edema who require hypertonic saline therapy.
Causes of Mortality and Diseases in Farmed Deer in Switzerland
Authors: Sieber Veronika , Robert Nadia , Schybli Martina , Sager Heinz , Miserez Raymond , Engels Monika , Ryser-Degiorgis Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2010

To investigate diseases and causes of mortality in Swiss farmed deer, deer found dead or shot due to diseased condition between March 2003 and December 2004 were requested for a complete postmortem examination. One hundred and sixty-two animals were submitted. Perinatal mortality, necrobacillosis in 3 week to 6 month old deer, and endoparasitosis in 6 month to 2 year old deer were identified as the most important causes of loss, followed by ruminal acidosis, which was diagnosed in 22% of deer older than 1 year. Congenital malformations were observed in 15% of deer less than 6 months old. Reportable infectious diseases known as major problems in deer farming in other countries were rare (yersiniosis, malignant catarrhal fever) or not observed (tuberculosis, chronic wasting disease). Overall, the results indicate that the Swiss deer population does not present major health problems of concern for domestic animals.
Staging of Alzheimer's Pathology in Triple Transgenic Mice: A Light and Electron Microscopic Analysis
Authors: Oh Kwang-Jin , Perez Sylvia E. , Lagalwar Sarita , Vana Laurel , Binder Lester , Mufson Elliott J.
Published: July 2010

The age-related pathological cascade underlying intraneuronal tau formation in 3xTg-AD mice, which harbor the humanAPPSwe,PS1M126V, andTauP301Lgene mutations, remains unclear. At 3 weeks of age, AT180, Alz50, MC1, AT8, and PHF-1 intraneuronal immunoreactivity appeared in the amygdala and hippocampus and at later ages in the cortex of 3xTg-AD mice. AT8 and PHF-1 staining was fixation dependent in young mutant mice. 6E10 staining was seen at all ages. Fluorescent immunomicroscopy revealed CA1 neurons dual stained for 6E10 and Alz50 and single Alz50 immunoreactive neurons in the subiculum at 3 weeks and continuing to 20 months. Although electron microscopy confirmed intraneuronal cytoplasmic Alz50, AT8, and 6E10 reaction product in younger 3xTg-AD mice, straight filaments appeared at 23 months of age in female mice. The present data suggest that other age-related biochemical mechanisms in addition to early intraneuronal accumulation of 6E10 and tau underlie the formation of tau filaments in 3xTg-AD mice.
A Simple Procedure for Computing the Present Value of Non-Annual Damages
Authors: Anderson Gary A. , Barber Joel R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Agenda for Civil Justice Reform in America: The Quest for Mainstream Economics in Litigation
Authors: Olson Gerald W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Should Net Discount Rates Vary by Level of Earnings?
Authors: Franz Wolfgang W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Some New Approaches to the Estimation of Individualized Lost Earnings
Authors: Hannah Richard L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Wage Growth and Interest Rates Again: A Regression Model
Authors: Allman Phillip H.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Legal Framework for the Calculation of Damages in Commercial Litigation
Authors: Manley Donald H. , Reed Michael D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating Jury Compensation for Pain and Suffering in Product Liability Cases Involving Nonfatal Personal Injury
Authors: Rodgers Gregory B.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
1993 Survey: Qualifications, Ethics, and Procedures for Forensic Economics Practitioners
Authors: Adams John , Brookshire Michael , Slesnick Frank
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Intra-Year Discounting Assumptions and Bias in Lost Earnings Analysis: A Comment
Authors: Benich Joseph
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Significance of the Distinction Between a Life Annuity and An Annuity Certain for a Term Equal to Life Expectance: A Note
Authors: Fjeldsted Boyd L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
1993 Survey of NAFE Members: A Follow-Up Survey of Economic Methodology
Authors: Brookshire Michael , Slesnick Frank
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Converting From A Present Value Lump Sum To A Future Payment Stream
Authors: Brookshire Michael L. , Ireland Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Life Expectancies for Persons With Medical Risks
Authors: Slesnick Frank , Thornton Robert
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Intra-Year Discounting Made Easy: A Comment
Authors: Trout Robert R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Distributional Effects of Using A Before-Tax Standard In Damage Awards
Authors: Harris William G.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Selecting An Appropriate Model To Forecast Lost Future Earnings
Authors: Horvitz Sigmund A. , Nehs Robert M. , Stern Louis H.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Markov Process Model For Worklife Expectancies Of Smokers And Nonsmokers
Authors: Ciecka James , Goldman Jerry
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
In Defense Of The Application Of Hedonic Models To Wrongful Death And Personal Injury Litigation
Authors: Gilbert Roy F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Persistent Misapplication Of The “Hedonic Damages” Concept To Wrongful Death And Personal Injury Litigation
Authors: Havrilesky Thomas
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Valuation Of A Generic Child – The Investment Approach: A Comment
Authors: Boulier Bryan L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
A Valuation of a Generic Child – The Investment Approach: A Comment
Authors: Ireland Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Application of the Hedonic Damages Concept to Wrongful Death and Personal Injury Litigation: A Comment
Authors: Ireland Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Duration Of Employment In Wrongful Termination Cases
Authors: Trout Robert R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Calculating Present Value of Intra-Year Receipts: A Comment
Authors: Foster Robert D. , Ruth Richard L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
On Using PBGC Methodology To Evaluate Defined Benefit Pensions In Divorce Cases
Authors: Pepin Raymond A.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Using Modern Price Theory, Not Herfindahl-Hirschman For Antitrust Principles And Policies
Authors: Greenhut John G. , Greenhut M. L.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Cost Of Substitution Consumption Activities: A Comment
Authors: Ireland Thomas R.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Data of hydraulic properties of North East and North Central German soils
Authors: Schindler U. , Müller L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The paper presents a data base of soil physical and hydrological properties of North East and North Central German soils. Included are measured data of the soil water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function. Information on geo-reference, soil type and horizon are given. Soil hydraulic functions were measured with the evaporation method. The applied measurement technique is described and information to actual innovations and advanced technology is given. Additional soil physical data like particle size distribution, dry bulk density, organic matter content and other variables are presented. The data base includes original measurement results of 278 organic and of 497 mineral soil samples from 103 sites. The mineral soils cover a wide range of texture classes and dry bulk densities. The organic soils and samples represent different states of decomposition and mineralization. Furthermore hydraulic functions are included of soils anthropogenically altered by deep plough sand covering measures.
Uncertainties in climate change projections and regional downscaling in the tropical Andes: implications for water resources management
Authors: Buytaert W. , Vuille M. , Dewulf A. , Urrutia R. , Karmalkar A. , Célleri R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Climate change is expected to have a large impact on water resources worldwide. A major problem in assessing the potential impact of a changing climate on these resources is the difference in spatial scale between available climate change projections and water resources management. Regional climate models (RCMs) are often used for the spatial disaggregation of the outputs of global circulation models. However, RCMs are time-intensive to run and typically only a small number of model runs is available for a certain region of interest. This paper investigates the value of the improved representation of local climate processes by a regional climate model for water resources management in the tropical Andes of Ecuador. This region has a complex hydrology and its water resources are under pressure. Compared to the IPCC AR4 model ensemble, the regional climate model PRECIS does indeed capture local gradients better than global models, but locally the model is prone to large discrepancies between observed and modelled precipitation. It is concluded that a further increase in resolution is necessary to represent local gradients properly. Furthermore, to assess the uncertainty in downscaling, an ensemble of regional climate models should be implemented. Finally, translating the climate variables to streamflow using a hydrological model constitutes a smaller but not negligible source of uncertainty.
A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat
Authors: Mekonnen M. M. , Hoekstra A. Y.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The aim of this study is to estimate the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat in a spatially-explicit way, both from a production and consumption perspective. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of the crop at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat production is estimated for each grid cell. We have used the water footprint and virtual water flow assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. The global wheat production in the period 1996–2005 required about 108 billion cubic meters of water per year. The major portion of this water (70%) comes from green water, about 19% comes from blue water, and the remaining 11% is grey water. The global average water footprint of wheat per ton of crop was 1830 m3/ton. About 18% of the water footprint related to the production of wheat is meant not for domestic consumption but for export. About 55% of the virtual water export comes from the USA, Canada and Australia alone. For the period 1996–2005, the global average water saving from international trade in wheat products was 65 Gm3/yr. A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of wheat production is observed in the Ganges and Indus river basins, which are known for their water stress problems. The two basins alone account for about 47% of the blue water footprint related to global wheat production. About 93% of the water footprint of wheat consumption in Japan lies in other countries, particularly the USA, Australia and Canada. In Italy, with an average wheat consumption of 150 kg/yr per person, more than two times the word average, about 44% of the total water footprint related to this wheat consumption lies outside Italy. The major part of this external water footprint of Italy lies in France and the USA.
A consistent set of trans-basin floods in Germany between 1952–2002
Authors: Uhlemann S. , Thieken A. H. , Merz B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Floods that affect many sites simultaneously can pose great challenges in the co-ordination of flood disaster management actions, as well as for the insurance and re-insurance industry, since this type of flooding leads to an accumulation of losses and the risk assessment needs to be extended to a concept representing the spatial risk of flooding. The assessment of the accumulated risk, especially over large domains, requires an analysis of the spatial and temporal coherence of flooding. For Germany the extent of spatial dependence of flooding is largely unknown and no systematic analysis has been performed so far. In this paper, we present a methodology that is capable of capturing the simultaneous occurrence of flooding using multiple series of mean daily discharge. For the first time we present a complete and consistent set of trans-basin floods in Germany for the period between 1952 and 2002. Each flood is characterised by a specific value for the timing, the location and the magnitude of discharges within the entire river network. We propose a measure for quantifying the overall event severity considering both the heterogeneous spatial extent as well as the locally varying magnitudes of a trans-basin flood. In total, we identify 80 trans-basin floods in the entire time period. The set is dominated by events that were recorded in the hydrological winter (64%); 36% occurred during the summer months. 32 events affected more than one third of the entire river network. These most severe events are predominantly winter events. Dividing the study period into two sub-periods, we find an increase in the percentage of winter events from 58% in the first to 70.5% in the second sub-period. Accordingly, we find a significant increase in the number of extreme trans-basin floods in the second sub-period. A natural extension of this study is the quantification of the spatial and temporal dependencies in a multivariate framework. This framework needs to be supported by a flood typology based on the analysis of the physical processes relevant in the genesis of trans-basin floods.
Cryogenic and non-cryogenic pool calcites reflect alternating permafrost and interglacial periods (Breitscheid-Erdbach Cave, Germany)
Authors: Richter D. K. , Meissner P. , Immenhauser A. , Schulte U. , Dorsten I.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Weichselian cryogenic calcites collected in what is referred to as the "Rätselhalle" of the Breitscheid-Erdbach Cave were structurally classified as rhombohedral crystal and spherulitic crystal sinters. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of these precipitates corresponds to those of known cryogenic calcites of slow genesis of Central European caves (δ13C=+0.6 and −7.3‰; δ18O=−6.9 to −18.0‰). The variant carbon and oxygen isotope pattern differing between different caves is attributed to cave specific ventilation. Particularly, Breitscheid cryogenic calcites reflect mean levels of cave ventilation. By petrographic and geochemical comparisons of Weichselian cryogenic calcite with recent to sub-recent precipitates as well as Weichselian non-cryogenic calcites of the same locality, a model for the precipitation of these calcites is proposed. While the recent and sub-recent pool-calcites isotopically match the geochemistry of interglacial speleothems (stalagmites, etc.), isotope ratios of Weichselian non-cryogenic pool-calcites reflect cooler conditions. Weichselian cryogenic calcites show a trend towards 18O-depleted values with higher carbon isotope ratios reflecting slow freezing of the precipitating solution. In essence, the isotope geochemistry of the Weichselian calcites reflects the climate history changing from overall initial permafrost (glacial) conditions to an interglacial and subsequently to renewed permafrost conditions. The last stage then grades into the present-day warm period. Judging from the data compiled here, the last permafrost stage is followed by only one interglacial. During this interglacial, the cave ice melted and non-cryogenic Weichselian calcite precipitates were deposited on the cave ground or on fallen blocks, respectively.
Community based learning and civic engagement: Informal learning among adult volunteers in community organizations
Authors: Mündel Karsten , Schugurensky Daniel
Published: July 2010

Volunteers develop instrumental and interpersonal skills through their work with community organizations, a form of learning that could be deepened and expanded with intentional reflection.
Maintaining a steady fire: Sustaining adults' commitment to community based learning
Authors: Reed Susan C. , Marienau Catherine
Published: July 2010

Adults' engagement in community based learning offers new perspectives on persistent issues, future research questions, and priorities for action—leading toward deepened commitment to civic engagement.
Non‐fatal construction industry fall‐related injuries treated in US emergency departments, 1998–2005
Authors: Shishlov Kirill S. , Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Myers Douglas J. , Lipscomb Hester J.
Published: July 2010

Background

There is a growing recognition that common occupational injury surveillance systems in the US fail to reflect true injury risk; this failure limits efforts to accurately monitor efforts to prevent work‐related injuries on a national level.

Methods

Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS‐Work) were used to describe fall‐related injuries treated in US emergency departments among workers in the construction industry (1998–2005). These data do not require workers' compensation as the payer in order to be classified as work‐related.

Results

Based on NEISS‐Work estimates, a total of 555,700 (95% confidence interval (CI): 390,700–720,800) non‐fatal work‐related injuries among workers in the construction industry were the result of a fall, resulting in an annual rate of 70 (95% CI: 49–91) per 10,000 full‐time equivalents. Younger workers had higher rates of falls, whereas older workers were more likely to suffer serious injuries. The majority of the injuries (70%) were precipitated by falls to a lower level from roofs, ladders, and scaffolding.

Conclusions

The patterns of fall‐related injuries identified in these data are consistent with other reports. In contrast to the declining rates of falls requiring days away from work reported through the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, construction industry fall‐related injury rates estimated through NEISS‐Work remained unchanged from 1998 to 2005 providing another perspective on this serious cause of morbidity in the construction industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:128–135, 2011. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Refinement of causative genes in monosomy 1p36 through clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization of small interstitial deletions
Authors: Rosenfeld Jill A. , Crolla John A. , Tomkins Susan , Bader Patricia , Morrow Bernice , Gorski Jerome , Troxell Robin , Forster‐Gibson Cynthia , Cilliers Deirdre , Hislop R. Gordon , Lamb Allen , Torchia Beth , Ballif Blake C. , Shaffer Lisa G.
Published: July 2010

Monosomy 1p36 is the most common terminal deletion syndrome seen in humans, occurring in ∼1 in 5,000 live births. Common features include mental retardation, characteristic dysmorphic features, hypotonia, seizures, hearing loss, heart defects, cardiomyopathy, and behavior abnormalities. Similar phenotypes are seen among patients with a variety of deletion sizes, including terminal and interstitial deletions, complex rearrangements, and unbalanced translocations. Consequently, critical regions harboring causative genes for each of these features have been difficult to identify. Here we report on five individuals with 200–823 kb overlapping deletions of proximal 1p36.33, four of which are apparently de novo. They present with features of monosomy 1p36, including developmental delay and mental retardation, dysmorphic features, hypotonia, behavioral abnormalities including hyperphagia, and seizures. The smallest region of deletion overlap is 174 kb and contains five genes; these genes are likely candidates for some of the phenotypic features in monosomy 1p36. Other genes deleted in a subset of the patients likely play a contributory role in the phenotypes, including GABRD and seizures, PRKCZ and neurologic features, and SKI and dysmorphic and neurologic features. Characterization of small deletions is important for narrowing critical intervals and for the identification of causative or candidate genes for features of monosomy 1p36 syndrome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular characterization of a large family with an interstitial 15q11q13 duplication
Authors: Piard Juliette , Philippe Christophe , Marvier Marie , Beneteau Claire , Roth Virginie , Valduga Mylène , Béri Mylène , Bonnet Céline , Grégoire Marie‐José , Jonveaux Philippe , Leheup Bruno
Published: July 2010

The clinical significance of an interstitial duplication of chromosome 15q11q13 is still not well documented. This abnormality has been associated with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and varying degrees of mental retardation. The clinical variability appears to be influenced by the parental origin of the duplication. We present here the clinical evaluation and psychological assessment of the largest reported family with 12 carriers on three generations. Patients exhibit mental retardation, motor and visuo‐motor skills impairments and adaptive functioning deficit without formal diagnosis of autism. There appeared to be evidence in the family of reduced penetrance in duplication of paternal origin. This familial 15q11q13 duplication was precisely investigated by cytogenetic and molecular techniques including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), PCR analysis of microsatellite markers, array‐comparative genomic hybridization analysis (Array‐CGH) and semi‐quantitative methylation‐sensitive PCR. Results showed an inherited 15q11q13 duplication of maternal origin in 10 patients and of paternal origin in the remaining two. The size of the duplicated area was around 6 Mb with breakpoints in accordance with those previously reported. This report extends the clinical spectrum of the 15q11q13 duplication, and we recommend the investigation of 15q11q13 duplication not only in subjects with autistic spectrum disorder but also in patients with low normal intelligence and dyspraxia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanocomposites‐based polyolefins as alternative to improve barrier properties
Authors: Carvalho J. W. C. , Sarantópoulos C. , Innocentini‐Mei L. H.
Published: July 2010

This work investigates the influence of some ammonium quaternary compounds as coupling agent in polyethylene/clay nanocomposites to improve the performance of polyethylene used as packaging barrier material. The 3 wt % of vermiculite used as a nanofiller was added to linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and to linear low‐density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (LLDPE‐g‐MA). The analysis results revealed that the influence of both the clay exfoliation in a polymer matrix and the coupling agents on the barrier properties were significant. Among the coupling agents used, cetylpropyldimethylammonium chloride yielded the best result for vermiculite exfoliation. A reduction of up to 18% in the oxygen‐permeability coefficient was observed in the nanocompounds with exfoliated vermiculite. The nanocomposite produced with vermiculite did not prove to be efficient as a moisture barrier against according to the analysis performed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The microencapsulation of terbinafine via in situ polymerization of melamine‐formaldehyde and their application to cotton fabric
Authors: Erkan Gökhan , Sariişik Merih , Pazarlioğlu Nurdan Kaşikara
Published: July 2010

In this study an antifungal pharmaceutical agent, terbinafine, was microencapsulated by using in situ polymerization. The polymerization was carried out at four mole ratio level and preparations were applied to the 100% cotton fabric. X‐ray diffractometry, DSC, FTIR, BET, contact angle measurements, particle size distribution and imaging techniques were performed. Best results were obtained in the case of 8 : 1 mole ratio. Strength of microcapsule applied fabrics to washing and fungus were also determined. After 25 washing cycle, microcapsules were still in the fabric and had antifungal properties against A. niger. Antifungal strength against T. rubrum was observed up to 15 washing cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene‐co‐naphthalimide)s for use as proton exchange membranes
Authors: Zhang Feng , Li Nanwen , Zhang Suobo
Published: July 2010

A series of novel sulfonated poly(arylene‐co‐naphthalimide)s (SPPIs) were synthesized by Ni(0) catalytic coupling of sodium‐(2,5‐dichlorobenzoyl)benzenesulfonate and a naphthalimide dichloride comprising benzophenone groups at the meta‐position of the imido groups. These materials were to be used as proton exchange membranes. Viscosity measurements revealed that the as‐synthesized SPPI copolymers possessed high‐molecular weights. Flexible and tough membranes of considerable mechanical strength were obtained by solution casting after which the electrolyte properties of the polymers were intensively investigated. In boiling water, a low water swelling ratio of less than 10% was found, as characterized by dimensional stability testing; a result superior to that for Nafion 117 (i.e., 21.5 %). Hydrolytic testing indicated that the SPPIs displayed an excellent hydrolytic stability, and in addition, their corresponding membranes demonstrated higher proton conductivities than those of Nafion 117, especially at elevated temperatures. The SPPI‐80 membrane presented the highest conductivity of 0.302 S cm−1 for an IEC of 2.35 mequiv g−1 at 100°C, which was much higher than the corresponding value of Nafion 117 (0.178 S cm−1, at 100°C). A combination of a low methanol crossover with excellent thermo‐oxidative properties indicated that the SPPI membranes were good candidate materials for proton exchange membranes in fuel cell applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Lessons to be learned from the history of anatomical teaching in the United States: The example of the University of Michigan
Authors: Hildebrandt Sabine
Published: July 2010

Although traditional departments of anatomy are vanishing from medical school rosters, anatomical education still remains an important part of the professional training of physicians. It is of some interest to examine whether history can teach us anything about how to reform modern anatomy. Are there lessons to be learned from the history of anatomical teaching in the United States that can help in the formulation of contents and purposes of a new anatomy? This question is explored by a review of US anatomical teaching with special reference to Franklin Paine Mall and the University of Michigan Medical School. An historical perspective reveals that there is a tradition of US anatomical teaching and research that is characterized by a zeal for reform and innovation, scientific endeavor, and active, student‐driven learning. Further, there is a tradition of high standards in anatomical teaching through the teachers' engagement in scientific anatomy and of adaptability to new requirements. These traditional strengths can inform the innovation of modern anatomy in terms of its two duties—its duty to anatomy as a science and its duty toward anatomical education. Anat Sci Educ 3:202–212, 2010 © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Aqueous Extract of the Pericarp of Sapindus trifoliatus Fruits: A Novel ‘Green’ Catalyst for the Aldimine Synthesis
Authors: Pore Santosh , Rashinkar Gajanan , Mote Kavita , Salunkhe Rajeshri
Published: July 2010

The catalytic efficiency in organic synthesis of the aqueous extract of the pericarp of Sapindus trifoliatus fruits was evaluated. The synthesis of a series of aldimines from aromatic aldehydes and amines was successfully catalyzed by the extract, whereas aromatic ketones and amines did not yield ketimines under comparable reaction conditions, indicating the chemoselective catalysis of the extract. The catalytic activity of the extract is due to saponins, which have a common structural skeleton containing a pentacyclic triterpenoid part substituted with different carbohydrate side chains. The mild conditions, high yields, and short reaction times not only make this protocol a valuable alternative to the conventional methods, but it also becomes significant under the roof of environmentally greener and safer processes.
Intraspecific Variability of the Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides ssp. rigida from Iran
Authors: Sonboli Ali , Atri Morteza , Shafiei Sedighe
Published: July 2010

Hydrodistillated essential oils of Ziziphora clinopodioides ssp. rigida from nine populations of the Lashgardar protected region (Hamedan Province, Iran) were analyzed by using GC and GC/MS techniques to determine the intraspecific chemical variability. Altogether, 39 compounds were identified in the oils, and a relatively high variation in their contents was found. The main constituents of the essential oils were pulegone (0.7–44.5%), 1,8‐cineole (2.1–26.0%), neomenthol (2.5–22.5%), 4‐terpineol (0.0–9.9%), 1‐terpineol (0.0–13.2%), neomenthyl acetate (0.0–7.1%), and piperitenone (0.0–5.4%). For the determination of the chemotypes and the intraspecific chemical variability, the essential oil components were subjected to cluster analysis (CA). The five different chemotypes characterized were Chemotype I (pulegone/neomenthol), Chemotype II (pulegone), Chemotype III (pulegone/1,8‐cineole), Chemotype IV (neomenthol), and Chemotype V (1,8‐cineole/4‐terpineol).
Conformational Structure and Energetics of 2‐Methylphenyl(2′‐methoxyphenyl)iodonium Chloride: Evidence for Solution Clusters
Authors: Lee Yong‐Sok , Hodošček Milan , Chun Joong‐Hyun , Pike Victor W.
Published: July 2010

Diaryliodonium salts allow the efficient incorporation of cyclotron‐produced [18F]fluoride ions into electron‐rich and electron‐deficient arenes to provide potential radiotracers for molecular imaging in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). This process (ArI+Ar′+18F−→Ar18F+Ar′I) is still not well understood mechanistically. To better understand this and similar reactions, it would be valuable to understand the structures of diaryliodonium salts in organic media, where the reactions are typically conducted. In this endeavor, the X‐ray structure of a representative iodonium salt, 2‐methylphenyl(2′‐methoxyphenyl)iodonium chloride (1), was determined. Our X‐ray structure analysis showed 1 to have the conformational M–P dimer as the unit cell with hypervalent iodine as a stereogenic center in each conformer. With the ab initio replica path method we constructed the inversion path between the two enantiomers of 1, thereby revealing two additional pairs of enantiomers that are likely to undergo fast interconversion in solution. Also LC–MS of 1 showed the presence of dimeric and tetrameric anion‐bridged clusters in weak organic solution. This observation is consistent with the energetics of 1, both as monomeric and dimeric forms in MeCN, calculated at the B3LYP/DGDZVP level. These evidences of the existence of dimeric and higher order clusters of 1 in solution are relevant to achieve a deeper general understanding of the mechanism and outcome of reactions of diaryliodonium salts in organic media with nucleophiles, such as the [18F]fluoride ion.