bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin by sustentacular cells in mature olfactory neuroepithelium
Authors: Doyle Kharen L. , Khan Monaliza , Cunningham Anne M.
Published: August 2002

The intermediate filament protein nestin has been widely used as a marker for proliferating neural progenitor cells in the nervous system. The mammalian olfactory neuroepithelium is a region of the nervous system that robustly supports ongoing neurogenesis, yet where nestin has not been reported to mark proliferating progenitors. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined nestin expression in the mature olfactory neuroepithelium and found it to be tightly restricted to the basal compartment where the olfactory neuronal progenitor cell population resides. The pattern of nestin immunoreactivity was consistent with expression by the endfeet and inferior processes of sustentacular cells rather than basal cells. Using a bank of defined antibody markers, we confirmed nestin's pattern of distribution to be different from that of cytokeratin, vimentin, GBC‐1, GAP43, and carnosine. It was highly similar to the pattern of SUS‐4 immunoreactivity in the basal region of the neuroepithelium. Following surgical bulbectomy, nestin expression was up‐regulated and became evident in the cell bodies of sustentacular cells situated more apically in the neuroepithelium. We have shown nestin to be present in the basal region of the adult olfactory neuroepithelium in the zone that supports ongoing neurogenesis in the adult, but its expression is restricted to the inferior parts of sustentacular cells rather than the neuronal progenitor cells. Nestin may play a potential role in the migration of recently proliferated olfactory neurons on the scaffolding of sustentacular cells in a manner analogous to its proposed role in radial glia during embryonic development of the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:186–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonergic and octopaminergic systems in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (anomura, galatheidae)
Authors: Antonsen Brian L. , Paul Dorothy H.
Published: August 2002

Immunocytochemical mapping of serotonergic and octopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of the squat lobster Munida quadrispina reveal approximately 120 serotonin‐immunoreactive cell bodies (distributed throughout the neuromeres except in abdominal ganglion 5) and 48 octopamine‐immunoreactive cell bodies (in brain and thoracic neuromeres but none in the circumesophageal or abdominal ganglia). Immunopositive neuropils for both amines are distributed in multiple areas in each neuromere and overlap extensively. Serotonergic and octopaminergic neurons have extensive bilateral projections in abdominal ganglia, whereas the majority of projections in thoracic and subesophageal ganglia are unilateral (contralateral to soma). This difference correlates with typical differences between abdominal and thoracic motor system coordination. Processes of immunoreactive cells for both amines form extensive, peripheral, neurosecretory‐like structures. Serotonin seems to be released peripherally in more segments, and from more nerves per segment, than octopamine. M. quadrispina has fewer serotonergic and octopaminergic immunoreactive cells, in particular, fewer segmentally repeated cells, than other species studied to date. Nevertheless, the general organization of the aminergic systems is similar, and several aminergic cells have locations and morphologies that strongly suggest homology with identified aminergic cells in other crustaceans. Among these are segmentally repeated neurons that, in M. quadrispina, form serotonin‐immunopositive tubular structures in the thoracic hemiganglia innervating pereiopods 1–3 that are unlike anything reported previously for any species. Comparisons of immunocytochemical maps within one species and between species exhibiting different behaviors provide insights into possible sites of action, functional differences between, and evolution of biogenic aminergic systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:450–468, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the visual pathway is disrupted in mice with a targeted disruption of the calcium channel β3‐subunit gene
Authors: Cork R. John , Namkung Yoon , Shin Hee‐Sup , Mize R. Ranney
Published: August 2002

Refinement of the retinal pathways to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Long‐term depression (LTD) can also be induced in SC and LGN during the time at which these pathways are refined, and this LTD is partially dependent on NO and L‐type Ca2+ channel function. In an effort to determine whether NO‐mediated pathway refinement is also mediated by Ca2+ channel function, we have examined the refinement of the retinocollicular and retinogeniculate pathways in mice which lack the gene for the Ca2+ channel β3 subunit (CCKO) and which have significantly reduced L‐type Ca2+ currents. Injections of the anterograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B/HRP were made into one eye of these knockout animals and in wild‐type mice ages postnatal day (P) 13, P19, and P26. After 48 hours, mice were perfused and sections processed by using tetramethylbenzidine histochemistry. Labeling distribution in some animals was analyzed quantitatively. Obvious differences in the distribution of the ipsilateral retinocollicular pathway were observed at P15, with the pathway being more exuberant in CCKO mice. This difference was statistically significant. More subtle differences were seen at P21 and P28. Obvious differences were also seen in the contralateral retinogeniculate pathway which in CCKO mice filled most of the domain normally occupied by ipsilateral eye fibers. This difference was also statistically significant. We conclude that reduction in L‐type Ca2+ currents has an effect on axonal refinement similar to that which occurs in NO knockout mice, which supports the possibility that L‐type Ca2+ channel‐dependent LTD mediates NO‐dependent axonal refinement. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:177–191, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color formulation by fiber blending using the Stearns–Noechel model
Authors: Philips‐Invernizzi B. , Dupont D. , Jolly‐Desodt A.‐M. , Cazé C.
Published: August 2002

Blending colored fibers consists of combing fibers together many times in order to obtain a homogeneous color by intimate mixing. If a reflectance curve is to be reproduced, the required proportions of colored fibers are evaluated by trial and error. Two formulas have been introduced to model such a means of blending. This article deals with the first one, published by Stearns and Noechel in 1944, and is limited to cotton fibers and bichromatic blends. The Stearns–Noechel formula is used either in its classical form or in various modified forms. Modifications relate to the constant defined by Stearns and Noechel being thought of as varying with blended (target) color, blending colors (components), or wavelength. Statistical analysis has revealed that a new use of the 1944 formula is possible provided the constant is made linearly dependent on wavelength. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 100–107, 2002; DOI 10.1002/col.10028
Abnormal cervicovaginal smears due to endometriosis: A continuing problem
Authors: Lundeen Sarah J. , Horwitz Charles A. , Larson Carol J. , Stanley Michael W.
Published: August 2002

Endometriosis may be challenging when identified on cervicovaginal smears (CVS), leading to an incorrect interpretation of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), or atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) including adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Awareness of cervical endometriosis, particularly in predisposed patients, is crucial for a correct diagnosis. While cervical endometriosis has been reported to be a diagnostic pitfall of glandular abnormalities, its characteristic features are still not well‐established. This may partially be attributed to the varied cytomorphologic features endometriosis shows, depending on menstrual cycle hormonal changes. We describe our experience with three examples where CVS were interpreted as either AGUS or HSIL, which led to a hysterectomy in 2 of 3 patients. Cervical endometriosis needs to be considered with other well‐known benign conditions that mimic glandular abnormalities, including cervicitis, tubal metaplasia, lower uterine segment sampling, and microglandular hyperplasia. Published series and our own experience lead us to suggest that these smears will continue to present diagnostic difficulties. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:35–40. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a primary ectopic meningioma
Authors: Hameed Arif , Gokden Murat , Hanna Ehab Y.
Published: August 2002

Meningiomas are benign tumors derived from arachnoid cells. Most commonly an intracranial lesion, meningiomas may be found extracranially in various anatomic sites. A 23‐yr‐old white female presented with left‐sided palpable mass located submucosally in the floor of the mouth. CT scan revealed no evidence of mass elsewhere in the head and neck region. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed loose and cohesive cellular fragments with lobular growth pattern and uniform round or ovoid cells. The diagnosis of low‐grade salivary gland neoplasm, not further classified, was made. The tumor was locally excised. The differential diagnoses of an extracranial meningioma and pleomorphic adenoma were discussed at the frozen section. Based on light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic (EM) findings, the final diagnosis of an ectopic meningioma was rendered. Ectopic meningiomas may pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians and cytopathologists. It is easily forgotten in the list of differential diagnosis at an ectopic site. Primary ectopic meningioma in a region containing salivary gland(s) may mimic benign and low‐grade malignant salivary gland tumors in FNAC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:297–300. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the classification of leprosy
Authors: Rao I. Satish , Singh M.K. , Gupta S. Datta , Pandhi R.K. , Kapila Kusum
Published: August 2002

The role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of benign skin lesions has been restricted primarily to the evaluation of bacteriologic and morphologic indices in leprosy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of FNAC in the diagnosis and classification of lepromatous lesions. Aspirates of 94 newly diagnosed cases of leprosy were studied, and the bacterial load was determined by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen (ZN) stain. A skin biopsy was taken from the same site at the same sitting. Frozen and paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and ZN stains were examined from the biopsy specimen. In 61 of 94 cases (64.9%), the aspirates were satisfactory. Both diagnosis and classification of leprosy were possible in 40 of these 61 cases; the rest of the aspirates showed nonspecific chronic inflammation. The 39 cases of leprosy where a biopsy was available from the same site were classified on FNAC into tuberculoid (TT and BT), lepromatous (LL and BL), and midborderline (BB) subtypes. Taking the histologic diagnosis and Ridley‐Jopling classification to be the gold standard, a strong concordance in tuberculoid leprosy cases (18 of 20 cases, 90%) and in lepromatous cases (15 of 16 cases, 93.7%) was observed. Midborderline cases of leprosy posed a problem, and a correct cytohistological correlation was observed in only one of the three cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:317–321, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of rapid auditory processing abilities to early language development: Evidence from converging methodologies
Authors: Benasich April A. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Choudhury Naseem , Leppänen Paavo H. T.
Published: August 2002

The ability to process two or more rapidly presented, successive, auditory stimuli is believed to underlie successful language acquisition. Likewise, deficits in rapid auditory processing of both verbal and nonverbal stimuli are characteristic of individuals with developmental language disorders such as Specific Language Impairment. Auditory processing abilities are well developed in infancy, and thus such deficits should be detectable in infants. In the studies presented here, converging methodologies are used to examine such abilities in infants with and without a family history of language disorder. Behavioral measures, including assessments of infant information processing, and an EEG/event‐related potential (ERP) paradigm are used concurrently. Results suggest that rapid auditory processing skills differ as a function of family history and are predictive of later language outcome. Further, these paradigms may prove to be sensitive tools for identifying children with poor processing skills in infancy and thus at a higher risk for developing a language disorder. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 278–292, 2002 DOI 10.1002/dev.10032
Developmental changes in responsivity to threat are stimulus‐specific in rats
Authors: Wiedenmayer Christoph P. , Barr Gordon A.
Published: August 2002

During early ontogeny, stimuli that pose a threat to an animal change. Unrelated adult male rats may kill young rats, but infanticide ends around weaning. Predation, on the other hand, may increase during early ontogeny when rats begin to extend their activity range. We investigated the developmental course of two defensive responses, immobility and analgesia, in young rats exposed to an adult male rat or to predator cues. Preweaning 14‐day‐old rats became immobile and analgesic when exposed to the male and showed immobility but not analgesia when exposed to cat odor. On Day 26, around weaning, the presence of the male rat no longer induced immobility and analgesia whereas cat odor produced higher levels of immobility and analgesia compared to control and male‐exposed animals. This developmental change in responsivity may reflect the differences in the risk of being harmed by a male or a cat during different periods of ontogeny. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 1–7, 2001
Cloning and expression of three zebrafish roundabout homologs suggest roles in axon guidance and cell migration
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Soo , Ray Russell , Chien Chi‐Bin
Published: August 2002

We report the cloning and expression patterns of three novel zebrafish Roundabout homologs. The Roundabout (robo) gene encodes a transmembrane receptor that is essential for axon guidance in Drosophila and Robo family members have been implicated in cell migration. Analysis of extracellular domains and conserved cytoplasmic motifs shows that zebrafish Robo1 and Robo2 are orthologs of mammalian Robo1 and Robo2, respectively, while zebrafish Robo3 is likely to be an ortholog of mouse Rig‐1. The three zebrafish robos are expressed in distinct but overlapping patterns during embryogenesis. They are highly expressed in the developing nervous system, including the olfactory system, visual system, hindbrain, cranial ganglia, spinal cord, and posterior lateral line primordium. They are also expressed in several nonneuronal tissues, including somites and fin buds. The timing and patterns of expression suggest roles for zebrafish robos in axon guidance and cell migration. Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LI‐cadherin gene expression during mouse intestinal development
Authors: Angres Brigitte , Kim Lana , Jung René , Gessner Reinhard , Tauber Rudolf
Published: August 2002

LI‐cadherin (Liver‐Intestine cadherin) is a member of a subclass (7‐D cadherins) within the cadherin superfamily. Although its cellular function as a cell–cell adhesion molecule has been demonstrated in cell culture studies, its physiological function still needs to be explored in the intact organism. After isolating the cDNA for mouse LI‐cadherin, we generated specific antibodies against the overexpressed protein and studied its expression pattern in adult mouse tissues and mouse embryos. The mouse LI‐cadherin sequence is 91% identical to the sequence of rat LI‐cadherin and exhibits the same structural features described for rat LI‐cadherin. In mouse adult tissue, LI‐cadherin is expressed in the intestine and in small amounts in the spleen. In contrast to rat, Mouse LI‐cadherin was not expressed in liver. During mouse embryogenesis, LI‐cadherin expression begins at embryonic day 12.5. With the exception of transient expression in the urogenital sinus and the common bile duct on day 13.5, LI‐cadherin was found exclusively in the intestinal epithelium. Its expression coincides with the formation of intestinal villi, a developmental stage that includes major tissue remodeling, growth, and differentiation. LI‐cadherin is expressed along the entire anterior–posterior axis of the developing intestine as well as along the entire villus axis once villi begin to form. LI‐cadherin occupies all cell surfaces of the deeper layers of the epithelium, distributing to basolateral surfaces only in the cells of the outer epithelial layer. LI‐cadherin was found to be always co‐expressed with E‐cadherin. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
zic Gene expression marks anteroposterior pattern in the presumptive neurectoderm of the zebrafish gastrula
Authors: Grinblat Yevgenya , Sive Hazel
Published: August 2002

Anteroposterior (A/P) patterning of the vertebrate neurectoderm begins early during development. In vitro explant assays have been used to show that an A/P subdivision of the zebrafish neurectoderm is in place by early gastrulation. However, no direct markers of this subdivision had been described. We report isolation of two members of the zic gene family, zic2 and zic3, which mark distinct regions in the developing nervous system. zic3 is expressed in early gastrula embryos in a posterior domain, directly demonstrating that A/P pattern is present in the future neurectoderm by this stage. Analysis of mutants in genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) shows that dorsal restriction of zic3 expression requires intact BMP function, and that posterior restriction of zic3 expression is regulated independently of BMP signaling. These data show an early subdivision of the A/P axis in the presumptive neurectoderm. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish admp is required to restrict the size of the organizer and to promote posterior and ventral development
Authors: Lele Zsolt , Nowak Matthias , Hammerschmidt Matthias
Published: August 2002

Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and their roles during early dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate embryo are well understood. The role and regulation of a more distant member of this family, the anti‐dorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp), however, are less clear. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of zebrafish admp. Unlike other bmps, admp is exclusively expressed on the dorsal side. Expression starts at blastula stages in the region of the organizer, giving rise to anterior neuroectoderm and axial mesoderm. During the course of gastrulation, both the neuroectodermal and the mesodermal admp transcripts vanish in an anterior‐posterior wave. The maintenance of admp expression is positively influenced by Nodal signaling and by Bozozok (Boz), an organizer‐promoting homeodomain protein acting as a repressor of early bmp2b expression. Despite the positive effect of boz on admp expression, Boz and Admp have rather opposite effects on zebrafish patterning, as revealed in gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments. Upon overexpression, admp has Bmp‐like activities causing a smaller organizer and enhanced ventral specification, very similar to the phenotype caused by the loss of boz function in mutant embryos. Antisense‐based admp knockdown, on the other side, leads to an enlarged organizer and impaired ventral and posterior development, as observed in embryos after boz overexpression. This finding indicates that admp is required for the development of embryonic structures normally suppressed by organizer activities. The seeming discrepancy between the regulative and functional relationship of boz and admp is discussed, and models are proposed according to which Admp might be part of a negative feedback loop to pattern and confine the organizer region. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total energy expenditure as measured by doubly‐labeled water in outpatients with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Kotler Lisa A. , Devlin Michael J. , Matthews Dwight E. , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study measured total energy expenditure (TEE) in symptomatic outpatient women with bulimia nervosa and normal controls. The study aimed to test the conceptual model of bulimia nervosa as an illness characterized by a physiological state of starvation, despite normal weight.

Method

Total fat and fat‐free mass were measured using hydrodensitometry and total energy expenditure was assessed via the doubly‐labeled water method, in nine normal weight outpatient females with DSM‐III‐R bulimia nervosa and ten healthy female controls.

Results

Patients and controls were similar in age, body mass index, weight, lean body mass, and levels of exercise and general activity. Patients had an average baseline binge frequency of 14.7 episodes per week and purge frequency of 16.8 times per week, and had been ill for an average of 11.9 years. Group mean TEE did not differ between patients and controls (patients 2380 ± 482 kcal/day, controls 2368 ± 515 kcal day). Observed TEE in the bulimic subjects did not differ significantly from TEE predicted on the basis of data from the controls.

Discussion

This finding of normal TEE in symptomatic outpatients with bulimia nervosa is consistent with a previous study that found no difference in TEE in a sample of symptomatic inpatients with bulimia nervosa. These data suggest that the energy conserving metabolic adaptations characteristic of semi‐starvation do not occur in patients with bulimia nervosa. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 470–476, 2001.
Neuroticism and conscientiousness as predictors of emotional, external, and restrained eating behaviors
Authors: Heaven Patrick C.L. , Mulligan Kathryn , Merrilees Robyn , Woods Teneille , Fairooz Yasmeen
Published: August 2002

Objective

We investigated the extent to which different forms of eating behavior as assessed by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire are related to facets of the Big Five personality domains.

Method

Respondents were 167 psychology students (126 females and 41 males) who volunteered for the study.

Results

Body mass index (BMI) and gender had significant main effects on eating behaviors. These results were moderated by a significant BMI × Gender interaction on emotional eating. Eating behaviors were significantly related to the personality facets associated with Neuroticism and Conscientiousness.

Discussion

The results are discussed with reference to previous research on eating behaviors and the nature of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 161–166, 2001.
Analysis of temperature distributions generated by square array applicator composed of coaxial‐slot antennas for hyperthermia
Authors: Saito Kazuyuki , Nakayama Osamu , Hamada Lira , Ito Koichi
Published: August 2002

Hyperthermia is a cancer treatment that seeks to destroy cancer cells by heating. The authors have carried out analysis of coaxial‐slot antennas as a hyperthermia heating device that uses microwaves. For characteristic evaluations of the hyperthermia heating device, the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) as a value proportional to the square of the electric field near the antenna has been used widely. However, since hyperthermia seeks to heat cancer cells, it is desirable to know the temperature distributions inside actual biological bodies. In this paper, by means of the FDTD method, the SAR distribution around a coaxial‐slot antenna in a biological body is computed. By solving the biological thermal transport equation with the SAR distribution as the heating source, the temperature distributions inside the biological body are computed. It is found that a hot spot can be generated due to the low thermal conductivity of the fat layer even if the coaxial‐slot antenna used is an insertion‐type antenna. As an application of this simulation, the temperature distributions are studied when the feed power of the antenna is on–off controlled. It is found that the uniformity of the temperature distribution inside the body is improved and the hot spot in the fat layer can be reduced. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(11): 20–29, 2001
Studies on mammary carcinogenesis induced by a heterocyclic amine, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine, in mice and rats
Authors: Nagao Minako , Ushijima Toshikazu , Watanabe Naoko , Okochi Eriko , Ochiai Masako , Nakagama Hitoshi , Sugimura Takashi
Published: August 2002

Ten heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that are produced by heating amino acids, proteins, or proteinaceous food such as fish and meat were examined for carcinogenicity in rats and mice. Three of them, 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), 2‐amino‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (MeIQ), and 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), have been shown to induce mammary cancer in female F344 and/or SD rats, but none of the HCAs induced mammary cancer in CDF1 mice. This report reviews our recent studies on mammary carcinogenesis of PhIP in various strains of mice and on the roles of genomic instability in the rat mammary carcinogenesis of PhIP. We demonstrated that the survival time from mammary adenocarcinomas was shorter in PhIP‐treated BALB/c mice than that in the untreated control, and with a significantly higher incidence in the C.B‐17 strain of mice compared with that of the control. To clarify mechanisms of mammary carcinogenesis, we examined genomic instability in rat mammary cancer induced by PhIP. Mammary cancers were induced in F344 × SD F1 rats harboring the lacI transgene, and two cell lines were established from two adenocarcinomas. They showed a greater than 10‐fold higher frequency of spontaneous mutations than that of the primary culture of normal mammary epithelial cells, in the lacI transgene and the hprt endogenous gene during cell replication. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that almost all types of mutations were increased, with a remarkable increase of A:T → C:G mutation. This genomic instability was not attributed either to alterations of mismatch‐repair enzymes or to p53. These mutational characteristics were also observed in the original tumors. Single‐nucleotide instability (SNI) might be implicated in the mammary cancer induced by PhIP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:158–164, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel DNA repair alkyltransferase from Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kanugula Sreenivas , Pegg Anthony E.
Published: August 2002

O6‐Alkylguanine DNA‐alkyltransferase (AGT) is a widely distributed DNA repair protein that protects living organisms from endogenous and exogenous alkylation damage to DNA at the O6‐position of guanine. The search of the C. elegans genome database for an AGT protein revealed the presence of a protein (cAGT‐2) with some similarity to known AGTs in addition to the easily recognized cAGT‐1 protein. The predicted protein sequence of cAGT‐2 contains the amino acid sequence –ProCysHisPro– at the presumed active site of the protein, whereas all other known AGTs have –ProCysHisArg–. A truncated version of the cAGT‐2 protein was expressed in E. coli. This purified recombinant protein was able to repair O6‐methylguanine and O4‐methylthymine adducts in DNA in vitro and also reacted with the bulky benzyl adduct in O6‐benzylguanine. This fragment of cAGT‐2 (104 amino acids) is the smallest protein possessing AGT activity yet described. The full‐length cAGT‐2 protein (274 amino acids) totally lacks the N‐terminal domain present in all other known AGTs but has a long C‐terminal extension that has significant homology to histone 1C. Expression of cAGT‐2 in an E. coli strain lacking endogenous AGT activity provided modest but statistically significant resistance to the toxicity of N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine, confirming that cAGT‐2 is an alkyltransferase. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:235–243, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constituents of the essential oil of cnidium officinale Makino, a Korean medicinal plant
Authors: Choi Hyang‐Sook , Kim Mie‐Soon Lee , Sawamura Masayoshi
Published: August 2002

The volatile flavour constituents of chunkung (Cnidium officinale Makino), isolated by simultaneous steam distillation–extraction, were investigated by capillary GC and GC–MS. Chunkung is a perennial plant of the Family Umbelliferae. This plant is characterized by its conspicuous oriental flavour and contains a copious amount of phthalides in the essential oil. Chunkung is one of the important folk medicines for counteracting a variety of diseases, and is particularly used as a traditional oriental medicine in the treatment of female genital inflammatory diseases. Sixty‐eight volatile flavour constituents, which make up 95.7% of the total volatile content of the oil, were detected in chunkung essential oil, which contained 25 hydrocarbons (15.9%), eight aldehydes (0.7%), 13 alcohols (11.5%), three ketones (0.5%), nine esters (1.4%), three oxides (0.4%), one acid (trace), five phthalides (64.8%) and one miscellaneous component (0.1%). cis‐Butylidene phthalide (33.2%) was the most abundant component followed by 3‐butyl phthalide (21.1%), cis‐3‐isobutylidene phthalide (10.1%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (8.5%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery risk and the hedging role of options
Authors: Lien Donald , Wong Kit Pong
Published: August 2002

Multiple delivery specifications exist on nearly all commodity futures contracts. Sellers typically are
allowed to deliver any of several grades of the underlying commodity and at any of several locations. On the
delivery day, the futures price as such needs not converge to the spot price of the par‐delivery grade at
the par‐delivery location, thereby imposing an additional delivery risk on hedgers. This article derives
the optimal hedging strategy for a risk‐averse hedger in the presence of delivery risk. In particular, it
is shown that the hedger optimally uses options on futures for hedging purposes. This article provides a
rationale for the hedging role of options when futures markets allow for multiple delivery specifications.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:339–354, 2002
t(1;3)(p36;p21) is a recurring therapy‐related translocation
Authors: Sato Yuko , Izumi Tohru , Kanamori Hirakazu , Davis Elizabeth M. , Miura Yasusada , Larson Richard A. , Le Beau Michelle M. , Ozawa Keiya , Rowley Janet D.
Published: August 2002

Chromosome bands 1p36 and 3p21 are known to be recurring breakpoints in therapy‐related (t‐) leukemia. We identified a recurring translocation, t(1;3)(p36;p21), in eight patients with various hematologic malignancies: three patients with ALL, one with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in accelerated phase (AP), two with MDS, and two with AML(M3). Five of the eight patients had a history of chemotherapy, including alkylating agents in three, before the translocation was detected. In two of these five patients, the t(1;3)(p36;p21) emerged only at relapse or in the accelerated phase of CML. The karyotypes of the patients were complex, including −7 and structural abnormalities of 5q, 6q, 7q, 9p, and 11q23. Survival time varied among patients (25 days to more than 16 years). Using FISH with 13 1p35–36 cosmid probes (tel—FB12–CA5–G7–FD2–CB1–ED8–FD9–G32–AE3–G50–AD8–GG4–G43—cen), we delineated the 1p36 breakpoint in two patients with MDS and ALL as lying between FB12 and FD2 (between BAC47P3 and PAC963K15), with a small deletion near the breakpoint in both cases. In the patient with MDS, there was also a deletion at 3p21.3, as detected with the cosmid probe cosNRL9. The results of the present study suggest that t(1;3)(p36;p21) in hematologic diseases is associated with prior exposure to mutagens, including alkylating agents. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of ribosomal RNA genes in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Fonatsch Christa , Nowotny Hadwiga , Pittermann‐Höcker Elisabeth , Streubel Berthold , Jäger Ulrich , Valent Peter , Büchner Thomas , Lechner Klaus
Published: August 2002

Gene amplification is a relatively rare event in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Double minutes (dmin) and homogeneously staining regions are well established phenomena as cytogenetic correlates of gene amplification. Recently, however, two additional mechanisms leading to gene amplification, i.e., segmental jumping translocations and formation of ring chromosomes, have been described. We report four patients with AML, in whom bone marrow cells exhibited amplifications of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in the form of ring chromosomes or a hsr. In two patients, the MLL gene, and in one patient the CBFA2 gene were shown to be co‐amplified with rRNA genes. In two of the four patients, multiple copies of alpha‐satellite sequences of the centromeres 13 and 21, respectively, were also demonstrated. In three of the four patients, the clinical course was very aggressive, leading to death within 2–8 months. In these three patients, complex karyotype abnormalities were found, whereas the karyotype of Patient 4 was characterized only by supernumerary ring 21 chromosomes of different sizes and a trisomy 8 in half of the metaphases. Modes of origin and clinical significance of the amplification of rRNA genes are discussed. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dbest1, a drosophila homolog of human bestrophin, is not required for viability or photoreceptor integrity
Authors: Tavsanli Beril C. , Pappu Kartik S. , Mehta Sunil Q. , Mardon Graeme
Published: August 2002

Summary: Best macular dystrophy (BMD) is an autosomal dominant human disease characterized by macular degeneration with juvenile onset (OMIM 153700). The disease is most often associated with mutations in Bestrophin, which encodes a novel protein with four putative transmembrane domains. However, complete loss‐of‐function mutations in Bestrophin have not been reported in humans or mice. We have identified three homologs of human Bestrophin in the Drosophila genome (dbest1‐3). The protein products of these three genes share significant homology to a 364 amino acid N‐terminal domain of human Bestrophin. We used P‐element mutagenesis to delete dbest1, which encodes a protein with the highest amino acid similarity to Bestrophin. Three independent dbest1 mutants were recovered from the mutagenesis screen. Homozygous null mutations in dbest1 do not significantly alter the viability or fertility of mutant flies. Moreover, dbest1 mutants have normal photoreceptor morphology and function. genesis 31:130–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful targeting of mouse Y chromosome genes using a site‐directed insertion vector
Authors: Rohozinski Jan , Agoulnik Alexander I. , Boettger‐Tong Holly L. , Bishop Colin E.
Published: August 2002

Summary: Gene targeting via homologous recombination in mouse ES cells is now a routine method for addressing gene function in vivo. Several hundred genes mapping to all autosomes and the X chromosome have been mutated and analyzed in this way. In contrast, despite repeated attempts in several laboratories, including our own, there have been no reports of successful targeting of mouse Y chromosome genes. We show here that this problem can be overcome through the use of insertional targeting, rather than the usual replacement strategy. Using this method we have successfully targeted the mouse Y located Dby (dead box Y) and Eif2s3y (elongation initiation factor) genes. In addition, as Y chromosome genes are transcribed in ES cells, successful targeting and disruption of gene expression can be easily confirmed by RTPCR analysis of selected clones. genesis 32:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An X‐linked GFP transgene reveals unexpected paternal X‐chromosome activity in trophoblastic giant cells of the mouse placenta
Authors: Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina , Cox Liza L. , Tam Patrick P.L. , Nagy Andras
Published: August 2002

Summary: A GFP transgene has been integrated on the proximal part of the mouse X chromosome just distal of Timp and Syn1. During development, this X‐linked GFP transgene exhibits widespread green fluorescence throughout the embryonic and adult life of male mice but displays mosaic expression in tissues as a result of X‐inactivation in females. In living female embryos, inactivation of the transgene is imprinted in extraembryonic regions and random in the embryo proper, demonstrating that this reporter is behaving in a similar fashion to the majority of X‐linked loci, and so provides a vital readout of X chromosome activity. This is observation is further supported in T16H/X female mice harboring the GFP transgene on the normal X chromosome where reporter inactivation is observed in somatic cells. The differential expression of GFP activity facilitates fluorescence activated cell sorting for the purification of GFP+ vs. GFP‐ cells from female embryonic tissues, thereby allowing access to populations of cells that have kept active a particular X chromosome. By tracking the activity of this X‐linked GFP transgene, we discovered that the primary and secondary giant cells of the X/X placenta maintain an active paternal copy of this transgene on the presumed silenced paternal X‐chromosome. This finding implies that the imprint on the paternal X chromosome may be relaxed in these trophectodermal derivatives. genesis 29:133–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The winged helix/forkhead transcription factor Foxq1 regulates differentiation of hair in satin mice
Authors: Hong Hee‐Kyung , Noveroske Janice K. , Headon Denis J. , Liu Tong , Sy Man‐Sun , Justice Monica J. , Chakravarti Aravinda
Published: August 2002

Summary: Satin (sa) homozygous mice have a silky coat with high sheen arising from structurally abnormal medulla cells and defects in differentiation of the hair shaft. We demonstrate that the winged helix/forkhead transcription factor, Foxq1 (Forkhead box, subclass q, member 1) is mutant in sa mice. An intragenic deletion was identified in the radiation‐induced satin mutant of the SB/Le inbred strain; a second allele, identified by an N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, has a missense mutation in the conserved winged helix DNA‐binding domain. Homozygous mutants of the two alleles are indistinguishable. We show that Foxq1 is expressed during embryogenesis and exhibits a tissue‐restricted expression pattern in adult tissues. The hair defects appear to be restricted to the inner structures of the hair; consequently, Foxq1 has a unique and distinct function involved in differentiation and development of the hair shaft. Despite an otherwise healthy appearance, satin mice have been reported to exhibit suppressed NK‐cell function and alloimmune cytotoxic T‐cell function. We show instead that the immune defects are attributable to genetic background differences. genesis 29:163–171, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisialoganglioside GT1b induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons: Role of microglia
Authors: Ryu Jae K. , Shin Won H. , Kim Jean , Joe Eun H. , Lee Yong B. , Cho Kyung G. , Oh Young J. , Kim Seung U. , Jin Byung K.
Published: August 2002

We recently showed that trisialoganglioside (GT1b) induces cell death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures (Chung et al., Neuroreport 12:611–614, 2001). The present study examines the in vivo neurotoxic effects of GT1b on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of Sprague‐Dawley rats. Seven days after GT1b injection into the SN, immunocytochemical staining of SN tissue revealed death of nigral neurons, including dopaminergic neurons. Additional immunostaining using OX‐42 and OX‐6 antibodies showed that GT1b‐activated microglia were present in the SN where degeneration of nigral neurons was found. Western blot analysis and double‐labeled immunohistochemistry showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was expressed in the SN, where its levels were maximal at 8 h post‐GT1b injection, and that iNOS was localized exclusively within microglia. GT1b‐induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SN was partially inhibited by NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, an NOS inhibitor. Our results indicate that in vivo neurotoxicity of GT1b against nigral dopaminergic neurons is at least in part mediated by nitric oxide released from activated microglia. Because GT1b exists abundantly in central nervous system neuronal membranes, our data support the hypothesis that immune‐mediated events triggered by endogenous compounds such as GT1b could contribute to the initiation and/or the progression of dopaminergic neuronal cell death that occurs in Parkinson's disease. GLIA 38:15–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes of tau protein and mRNA in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes
Authors: Gorath Michaela , Stahnke Thomas , Mronga Thomas , Goldbaum Olaf , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane
Published: August 2002

Oligodendrocytes elaborate an extensive network of multibranched processes and flat membranous sheets. Microtubules (MT) participate in the elaboration and stabilization of myelin‐forming processes and are essential for cellular sorting processes. Microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) are involved in the regulation and stabilization of the dynamic MT network. It has been shown previously that oligodendrocytes express the MAP tau, a phosphoprotein most abundant in neurons of the CNS. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time that oligodendrocytes contain all six tau isoforms, and that tau mRNA and protein expression is developmentally regulated. Immunoblot analysis reveals that tau protein is more abundant, and mature isoforms are more prominent at later stages of development. During the first week of culture maturation, a marked decrease in phosphorylation is observable. Using an RT‐PCR approach, we can show that oligodendrocytes express small amounts of exon 3 containing isoforms and that during culture maturation, tau mRNA splice products with 3 MT‐binding domains (3R) decrease and mRNA with 4 MT‐binding domains (4R) increase. In situ hybridization study demonstrates that tau mRNA is present in precursor cells and in mature oligodendrocytes. Tau mRNA is actively transported into the cellular processes, is specifically present in the primary and some of the secondary processes, enriched at the turning and branching points and the growing tips, and often appears as small patches. Hence, localized tau translation at specific sites in the cellular extensions might contribute to the regulation of MT stability during process formation, early axonal contact establishment, and myelination. GLIA 36:89–101, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring the opinions of memory clinic users: patients, relatives and general practitioners
Authors: van Hout H. P. J. , Vernooij‐Dassen M. J. F. J. , Hoefnagels W. H. L. , Grol R. P. T. M.
Published: August 2002

Background

The opinions of memory clinic users are important to assess the value of memory clinics.

Objective

To measure the quality of care of an outpatient memory clinic for the elderly as perceived by patients, their relatives and general practitioners (GPs).

Methods

An observational study was conducted to measure the opinions of the users of a typical outpatient memory clinic. Opinions on five aspects were measured: (1) communication of the results, (2) provision of diagnostic information, (3) attitude of the clinicians, (4) usefulness of the medical assessment, and (5) information and advice to relatives. Patients and relatives were both interviewed with a dementia care satisfaction questionnaire. The GPs' opinions were derived with a self‐constructed questionnaire.

Results

On 105 consecutive assessments, 101 opinions of GPs, 81 of caregivers and 31 of patients were recorded. Positive opinions were recorded on the way the results were communicated, the usefulness of the assessment and attitude of the clinicians. In contrast to GPs and relatives, patients were less positive about the clarity of the diagnostic information received. Both relatives and GPs were negative on information and advice to relatives.

Conclusions

Patients, caregivers and GPs had positive opinions about the diagnostic value of the memory clinic. Quality improvement could focus on the clarity of the diagnostic information for patients and on better advice to relatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of EEG electrodes on the BOLD fMRI signal
Authors: Bonmassar Giorgio , Hadjikhani Nouchine , Ives John R. , Hinton Denise , Belliveau John W.
Published: August 2002

Measurement of the EEG during fMRI scanning can give rise to image distortions due to magnetic susceptibility, eddy currents or chemical shift artifacts caused by certain types of EEG electrodes, cream, leads, or amplifiers. Two different creams were tested using MRS and T2* measurements, and we found that the one with higher water content was superior. This study introduces an index that quantifies the influence of EEG equipment on the BOLD fMRI signal. This index can also be used more generally to measure the changes in the fMRI signal due to the presence of any type of device inside (or outside) of the field of view (e.g., with fMRI and diffuse optical tomography, infrared imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, ultrasound imaging, etc.). Quantitative noise measurements are hampered by the normal variability of functional activation within the same subject and by the different slice profiles obtained when inserting a subject multiple times inside a MR imaging system. Our measurements account for these problems by using a matched filtering of cortical surface maps of functional activations. The results demonstrate that the BOLD signal is not influenced by the presence of EEG electrodes when using a properly constructed MRI compatible recording cap. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:108–115, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An international survey of the use and effectiveness of modern manufacturing practices
Authors: Clegg C. W. , Wall T. D. , Pepper K. , Stride C. , Woods D. , Morrison D. , Cordery J. , Couchman P. , Badham R. , Kuenzler C. , Grote G. , Ide W. , Takahashi M. , Kogi K.
Published: August 2002

We describe a survey of the use and effectiveness of 12 manufacturing practices. The survey was administered to a random, stratified sample of companies with 150 or more employees in the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Switzerland, yielding a total sample of 898 companies. We report findings on the extent of use of the practices, when they were introduced, their predicted future use, their effectiveness, and the correlates of their use and effectiveness. The data are examined for differences by country of location and country of ownership, as well as by industrial sector. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.