bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Epidemiology, Education, and Organizing for Environmental Justice: Community Health Effects of Industrial Hog Operations
Authors: Wing Steve , Horton Rachel Avery , Muhammad Naeema , Grant Gary R. , Tajik Mansoureh , Thu Kendall
Published: June 2008

The environmental justice movement has stimulated community-driven research about the living and working conditions of people of color and low-income communities. We describe an epidemiological study designed to link research with community education and organizing for social justice. In eastern North Carolina, high-density industrial swine production occurs in communities of low-income people and people of color. We investigated relationships between the resulting pollution and the health and quality of life of the hog operations’ neighbors. A repeat-measures longitudinal design, community involvement in data collection, and integration of qualitative and quantitative research methods helped promote data quality while providing opportunities for community education and organizing. Research could affect policy through its findings and its mobilization of communities.
A Randomized Controlled Trial for Reducing Risks for Sexually Transmitted Infections Through Enhanced Patient-Based Partner Notification
Authors: Wilson Tracey E. , Hogben Matthew , Malka Edmond S. , Liddon Nicole , McCormack William M. , Rubin Steve R. , Augenbraun Michael A.
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We sought to assess the effectiveness of approaches targeting improved sexually transmitted infection (STI) sexual partner notification through patient referral.

Methods. From January 2002 through December 2004, 600 patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis were recruited from STI clinics and randomly assigned to either a standard-of-care group or a group that was counseled at the time of diagnosis and given additional follow-up contact. Participants completed an interview at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months and were checked at 6 months for gonorrhea or chlamydial infection via nucleic acid amplification testing of urine.

Results. Program participants were more likely to report sexual partner notification at 1 month (86% control, 92% intervention; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 3.0) and were more likely to report no unprotected sexual intercourse at 6 months (38% control, 48% intervention; AOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.1). Gonorrhea or chlamydial infection was detected in 6% of intervention and 11% of control participants at follow-up (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.1, 4.1), with greatest benefits seen among men (for gender interaction, P = .03).

Conclusions. This patient-based sexual partner notification program can help reduce risks for subsequent STIs among urban, minority patients presenting for care at STI clinics.
The Role of Neighborhood Environment and Risk of Intimate Partner Femicide in a Large Urban Area
Authors: Frye Victoria , Galea Sandro , Tracy Melissa , Bucciarelli Angela , Putnam Sara , Wilt Susan
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the contribution of neighborhood-level factors indicative of social disorganization, including educational and occupational attainment, immigrant concentration, physical disorder, and social cohesion, to the likelihood of intimate partner femicide (IPF) while taking into account known neighborhood- and individual-level IPF risk factors.

Methods. We used medical examiner data on 1861 femicide victims between 1990 and 1999 and archival information on 59 neighborhoods in New York City to conduct a multilevel case–control analysis.

Results. After controlling for neighborhood-level income, we found that no neighborhood factors were significantly associated with IPF risk, as compared with risk of non–IPF and risk of femicide from unknown perpetrators, above and beyond the contributions of individual-level factors. The strongest predictors of IPF were foreign country of birth and young age.

Conclusions. IPF victims were nearly twice as likely as non-IPF victims to be foreign born; by contrast, there was little neighborhood-level heterogeneity with respect to IPF risk. Further research is needed to identify neighborhood characteristics that uniquely influence risk of IPF to guide community-level interventions.
The Power and the Promise: Working With Communities to Analyze Data, Interpret Findings, and Get to Outcomes
Authors: Cashman Suzanne B. , Adeky Sarah , Allen Alex J. , Corburn Jason , Israel Barbara A. , Montaño Jaime , Rafelito Alvin , Rhodes Scott D. , Swanston Samara , Wallerstein Nina , Eng Eugenia
Published: June 2008

Although the intent of community-based participatory research (CBPR) is to include community voices in all phases of a research initiative, community partners appear less frequently engaged in data analysis and interpretation than in other research phases. Using 4 brief case studies, each with a different data collection methodology, we provide examples of how community members participated in data analysis, interpretation, or both, thereby strengthening community capacity and providing unique insight. The roles and skills of the community and academic partners were different from but complementary to each other. We suggest that including community partners in data analysis and interpretation, while lengthening project time, enriches insights and findings and consequently should be a focus of the next generation of CBPR initiatives.
Changes in Motorcycle-Related Head Injury Deaths, Hospitalizations, and Hospital Charges Following Repeal of Pennsylvania’s Mandatory Motorcycle Helmet Law
Authors: Mertz Kristen J. , Weiss Harold B.
Published: June 2008

To evaluate the 2003 repeal of Pennsylvania’s motorcycle helmet law, we assessed changes in helmet use and compared motorcycle-related head injuries with non-head injuries from 2001–2002 to 2004–2005. Helmet use among riders in crashes decreased from 82% to 58%. Head injury deaths increased 66%; nonhead injury deaths increased 25%. Motorcycle-related head injury hospitalizations increased 78% compared with 28% for nonhead injury hospitalizations. Helmet law repeals jeopardize motorcycle riders. Until repeals are reversed, states need voluntary strategies to increase helmet use.
Adverse Event Detection in Drug Development: Recommendations and Obligations Beyond Phase 3
Authors: Berlin Jesse A. , Glasser Susan C. , Ellenberg Susan S.
Published: June 2008

Premarketing studies of drugs, although large enough to demonstrate efficacy and detect common adverse events, cannot reliably detect an increased incidence of rare adverse events or events with significant latency. For most drugs, only about 500 to 3000 participants are studied, for relatively short durations, before a drug is marketed. Systems for assessment of postmarketing adverse events include spontaneous reports, computerized claims or medical record databases, and formal postmarketing studies.

We briefly review the strengths and limitations of each. Postmarketing surveillance is essential for developing a full understanding of the balance between benefits and adverse effects. More work is needed in analysis of data from spontaneous reports of adverse effects and automated databases, design of ad hoc studies, and design of economically feasible large randomized studies.
Building and Maintaining Trust in a Community-Based Participatory Research Partnership
Authors: Christopher Suzanne , Watts Vanessa , McCormick Alma Knows His Gun , Young Sara
Published: June 2008

Although intervention research is vital to eliminating health disparities, many groups with health disparities have had negative research experiences, leading to an understandable distrust of researchers and the research process. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches seek to reverse this pattern by building trust between community members and researchers. We highlight strategies for building and maintaining trust from an American Indian CBPR project and focus on 2 levels of trust building and maintaining: (1) between university and community partners and (2) between the initial project team and the larger community. This article was cowritten by community and academic partners; by offering the voices of community partners, it provides a novel and distinctive contribution to the CBPR literature.
The Influence of Educational Attainment on Depression and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Eaton William W. , Golden Sherita Hill , Ding Yulan
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We investigated the association between major depressive disorder and type 2 diabetes, whether that association is explained by health behaviors, and whether it is influenced by educational attainment.

Methods. We used discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models to determine the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with depression in a 23-year population-based cohort study.

Results. Major depressive disorder was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]=1.62) after we controlled for age, gender, race, education, smoking status, alcohol use, social network size, and antidepressant use. This association was more pronounced after we controlled for body mass index, family history, and health behaviors (HR=2.04; 95% confidence interval=1.09, 3.81). In stratified analyses, the risk associated with major depressive disorder was elevated among those with 12 or fewer years of education compared with those with at least some education beyond high school.

Conclusions. The risk of type 2 diabetes associated with major depressive disorder persists over the life course and is independent of the effects of health behaviors, body mass index, and family history. Education is an important moderator of this association.
Individually Randomized Group Treatment Trials: A Critical Appraisal of Frequently Used Design and Analytic Approaches
Authors: Pals Sherri L. , Murray David M. , Alfano Catherine M. , Shadish William R. , Hannan Peter J. , Baker William L.
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We reviewed published individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trials to assess researchers’ awareness of within-group correlation and determine whether appropriate design and analytic methods were used to test for treatment effectiveness.

Methods. We assessed sample size and analytic methods in IRGT trials published in 6 public health and behavioral health journals between 2002 and 2006.

Results. Our review included 34 articles; in 32 (94.1%) of these articles, inappropriate analytic methods were used. In only 1 article did the researchers claim that expected intraclass correlations (ICCs) were taken into account in sample size estimation; in most articles, sample size was not mentioned or ICCs were ignored in the reported calculations.

Conclusions. Trials in which individuals are randomly assigned to study conditions and treatments administered in groups may induce within-group correlation, violating the assumption of independence underlying commonly used statistical methods. Methods that take expected ICCs into account should be used in reexamining past studies and planning future studies to ensure that interventions are not judged effective solely on the basis of statistical artifacts. We strongly encourage investigators to report ICCs from IRGT trials and describe study characteristics clearly to aid these efforts.
Screening Experiments and the Use of Fractional Factorial Designs in Behavioral Intervention Research
Authors: Nair Vijay , Strecher Victor , Fagerlin Angela , Ubel Peter , Resnicow Kenneth , Murphy Susan , Little Roderick , Chakraborty Bibhas , Zhang Aijun
Published: June 2008

Health behavior intervention studies have focused primarily on comparing new programs and existing programs via randomized controlled trials. However, numbers of possible components (factors) are increasing dramatically as a result of developments in science and technology (e.g., Web-based surveys). These changes dictate the need for alternative methods that can screen and quickly identify a large set of potentially important treatment components.

We have developed and implemented a multiphase experimentation strategy for accomplishing this goal. We describe the screening phase of this strategy and the use of fractional factorial designs (FFDs) in studying several components economically. We then use 2 ongoing behavioral intervention projects to illustrate the usefulness of FFDs. FFDs should be supplemented with follow-up experiments in the refining phase so any critical assumptions about interactions can be verified.
Impact of Tobacco Control Policies and Mass Media Campaigns on Monthly Adult Smoking Prevalence
Authors: Wakefield Melanie A. , Durkin Sarah , Spittal Matthew J. , Siahpush Mohammad , Scollo Michelle , Simpson Julie A. , Chapman Simon , White Victoria , Hill David
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We sought to assess the impact of several tobacco control policies and televised antismoking advertising on adult smoking prevalence.

Methods. We used a population survey in which smoking prevalence was measured each month from 1995 through 2006. Time-series analysis assessed the effect on smoking prevalence of televised antismoking advertising (with gross audience rating points [GRPs] per month), cigarette costliness, monthly sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion, and smoke-free restaurant laws.

Results. Increases in cigarette costliness and exposure to tobacco control media campaigns significantly reduced smoking prevalence. We found a 0.3-percentage-point reduction in smoking prevalence by either exposing the population to televised antismoking ads an average of almost 4 times per month (390 GRPs) or by increasing the costliness of a pack of cigarettes by 0.03% of gross average weekly earnings. Monthly sales of NRT and bupropion, exposure to NRT advertising, and smoke-free restaurant laws had no detectable impact on smoking prevalence.

Conclusions. Increases in the real price of cigarettes and tobacco control mass media campaigns broadcast at sufficient exposure levels and at regular intervals are critical for reducing population smoking prevalence.
Embracing Chaos and Complexity: A Quantum Change for Public Health
Authors: Resnicow Kenneth , Page Scott E.
Published: June 2008

Public health research and practice have been guided by a cognitive, rational paradigm where inputs produce linear, predictable changes in outputs. However, the conceptual and statistical assumptions underlying this paradigm may be flawed. In particular, this perspective does not adequately account for nonlinear and quantum influences on human behavior. We propose that health behavior change is better understood through the lens of chaos theory and complex adaptive systems. Key relevant principles include that behavior change (1) is often a quantum event; (2) can resemble a chaotic process that is sensitive to initial conditions, highly variable, and difficult to predict; and (3) occurs within a complex adaptive system with multiple components, where results are often greater than the sum of their parts.
Strain, Differential Association, and Coercion: Insights from the Criminology Literature on Causes of Accountant's Misconduct
Authors: Donegan James J. , Ganon Michele W.
Published: June 2008

This paper introduces to the accounting literature two prominent criminology theories, strain and differential association, as possible explanations for criminal behavior by accountants and applies a recent integration of the two, coercion theory, to three recent financial statement frauds. We argue that understanding and preventing fraudulent accounting can be furthered by placing the phenomenon within the context of criminology research, which supports both individual and group-level explanations for white-collar crime. We also suggest that the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) moved too quickly in adopting Cressey's fraud triangle as the explanatory model for financial fraud in Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99. Our analysis, although exploratory in nature, suggests that examining financial statement fraud through the lens provided by criminology theory may provide new insights into its causes as well as tools for detection and prevention. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications.
Use of Flowable Composites for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding
Authors: Ryou Dong-Bum , Park Hyo-Sang , Kim Kyo-Han , Kwon Tae-Yub
Published: June 2008

Objective: To test the bonding characteristics of four flowable composites for orthodontic bracket bonding.

Materials and Methods: Metal brackets were bonded to acid-etched human enamel using four flowable composites (Grandio Flow, GF; UniFil Flow, UF; UniFil LoFlo Plus, UL; and DenFil Flow, DF), an orthodontic bonding system (Transbond XT, TX), and a restorative composite (Filtek Z250, FZ). After 24 hours of storage in water at 37°C, a shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assessed. In addition, the flow and flexural strength of the materials were examined.

Results: The SBS for the flowable composites ranged between 7.2 and 8.3 MPa, and TX showed a significantly higher value (mean 10.9 MPa). The flowable composites also demonstrated a significantly superior flowability, yet inferior flexural strength (except for DF) than TX and FZ. Two flowable composites (GF and UL) produced significantly higher ARI scores than TX and FZ, which represented a larger resin remnant on the enamel surfaces after debonding.

Conclusion: When considering the SBS and ARI scores obtained in this study, flowable composites with no intermediate bonding resin could be conveniently applied for orthodontic bracket bonding.
Condition-Specific Impacts on Quality of Life Attributed to Malocclusion by Adolescents with Normal Occlusion and Class I, II and III Malocclusion
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Sheiham Aubrey , de Oliveira Cesar Messias
Published: June 2008

Objective: To compare the prevalence, intensity, and extent of condition-specific oral impacts on quality of life attributed to malocclusion by Brazilian adolescents with normal occlusion and those with Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion.

Materials and Methods: Four groups of 55 adolescents were configured such that each group represented normal occlusion, as well as Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion. No radiographs were taken. Adolescents aged 15 to 16 years were selected from those attending all secondary schools in Bauru (Sao Paulo, Brazil). The Oral Impacts on Daily Performances index was used to collect data on condition-specific impacts (CSIs) attributed to malocclusion. The prevalence, as well as the intensity and extent, of CSIs was compared among the four groups with the use of Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively.

Results: Groups were comparable according to sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of CSI was significantly different between groups (P = .039). Class II and III malocclusion groups reported a higher prevalence of CSI than those with normal occlusion and Class I malocclusion. However, the intensity and extent of CSI were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions: The prevalence, but not the intensity and extent, of CSIs attributed to malocclusion differed among groups with different malocclusions. The present findings support the concept that malocclusion has physical, psychological, and social effects on quality of life.
Failure Analysis: Enamel Fracture after Debonding Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Chen Chen-Sheng , Hsu Ming-Lun , Chang Kin-Di , Kuang Shou-Hsin , Chen Ping-Ting , Gung Yih-Wen
Published: June 2008

Objective: To determine the location and size of enamel fracture (EF) when debonding a bracket.

Materials and Methods: Tests on actual EF situations were conducted in different debonding load modes (tension, shear, and torsion) via mechanical testing, finite element model (FEM) analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Through these simultaneous analyses of the relationships among debonding load modes, value/distribution of stress, and actual enamel fracture location/size, an investigation was undertaken to explore the complex failure mode during enamel fracture after debonding of an orthodontic bracket.

Results: The EF usually was located in the area where the force was exerted during various loading modes. The tensile, shear, and torsion debonding modes produce EF sizes and incidences with no significant differences. Findings on FEM matched the mechanical testing and SEM results.

Conclusions: The EF locations coincided with the areas where the tensile, shear, or torsion force was exerted. Therefore, the dentist should give extra care and attention to these specific areas of enamel after debonding. The sizes and incidences of EF produced by these three debonding modes showed no significant difference. Thus, clinically, when the sizes and incidences of produced EF are considered, it should not matter which of these three exerting forces is used to debond a bracket.
Temperature Effects on the Forces, Moments and Moment to Force Ratio of Nickel-Titanium and TMA Symmetrical T-loops
Authors: Lim Yeen , Quick Andrew , Swain Michael , Herbison Peter
Published: June 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that temperature has no effect on the force, moment, and moment to force ratio (M:F) of nickel-titanium (NiTi) and titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) T-loops.

Materials and Methods: Twelve symmetrical T-loops were constructed from NiTi and TMA rectangular wires (N = 24). For each material, four specimens had 30° preactivation bent into the legs, four had 15°, and the remainder no preactivation. The specimens were mounted on a custom stand incorporating a force and a moment transducer housed in an insulated oven in which the temperature was varied from 10°C to 50°C in 10° increments (±0.5°C). The loops were opened in 1-mm increments to a maximum of 8 mm and allowed to return to the rest position. Forces and moments were recorded at each interval; from this, the M:F was calculated. Mixed-model statistical analysis was used to detect differences between mean results of material type, preactivation, and temperature.

Results: Temperature significantly influenced the forces and moments (P < .000) produced by NiTi closing loops, with values increasing as the temperature increased. The M:F ratios of NiTi loops were less affected, with no significant changes with temperature for the 15° and 30° preactivation loops, although some change was noted for the non-preactivated loops. TMA wires showed significance for some force measurements, but were generally not influenced by temperature.

Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Temperature significantly affected the forces and moments produced by NiTi T-loops, though these changes generally do not affect the overall M:F ratio.
Periodontal Parameters in Different Dentofacial Vertical Patterns
Authors: Al-Zo'ubi Ibraheem A. , Hammad Mohammad M. , Abu Alhaija Elham S. J.
Published: June 2008

Objective: To assess periodontal parameters in a Jordanian population in individuals with three different facial types.

Materials and Methods: Forty-five dental students (ages 20–26 years) with short, average, and long face heights were divided into three equal groups. The plaque index, gingival index, gingival thickness, width of keratinized gingiva, and width of attached gingiva were measured in each group. Occlusal factors, including the dynamic occlusion and the presence or absence of premature contacts were recorded. Differences among the three groups were assessed using Student's t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.

Results: No differences were present in the plaque index, gingival index, gingival attachment, width of attached and keratinized gingiva and gingival thickness between the subjects in the three groups studied. None of the subjects in the long face group had canine guidance dynamic occlusion.

Conclusions: There were no differences in the periodontal parameters between the different dentofacial vertical patterns, but there was a difference in the canine guidance dynamic occlusion.
Osteoprotegerin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid under Long-term Continuous Orthodontic Force Application
Authors: Toygar Hilal Uslu , Kircelli Beyza Hancioglu , Bulut Sule , Sezgin Nurzen , Tasdelen Bahar
Published: June 2008

Objective: To investigate the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during tooth movement.

Materials and Methods: Twelve patients (13–17 years of age) requiring canine distalization participated in the study. GCF sampling was done at baseline, 1 hour, 24 hours, 168 hours, 1 month, and 3 months from the distal sites of the test and with control teeth after the application of mechanical stress. OPG concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: OPG concentrations in distal sites of the test teeth were decreased in a time-dependent manner. Decreasing is significant when compared with the baseline measurements (P = .038). Variability was detected in the levels of OPG concentration in the distal sites of the control tooth throughout the experimental period.

Conclusion: OPG is one of the key mediators responsible for alveolar bone remodeling during tooth movement.
Tooth Size Discrepancies among Different Malocclusions in a Japanese Orthodontic Population
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Abe Ryota , Kuroki Hiroo , Oka Kenji , Shimooka Shohachi
Published: June 2008

Objective: To identify the possible sex differences in anterior and overall tooth size ratios and to evaluate whether any differences exist in tooth size ratios and distributions of subjects with clinically significant tooth size discrepancies among Angle Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion groups with the corresponding skeletal characteristics in a Japanese population.

Materials and Methods: Each malocclusion group comprised 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). The mesiodistal width from first molar to first molar was measured on each pretreatment cast to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital calipers, and the anterior and overall ratios were calculated. Student's t-test, Welch t-test, analysis of variance, and χ2-test were performed for statistical analysis.

Results: No statistically significant sex differences were found in anterior or overall ratio in any group. No significant differences in anterior or overall ratios were found among the malocclusion groups. No significant differences were found between the distributions of subjects with clinically significant tooth size discrepancies, categorized by the Bolton standard deviation definition and by the actual amount of change calculated for tooth size correction in millimeters, among the malocclusion groups except for the mandibular correction for the overall ratio between Class I and Class III subjects.

Conclusion: Bolton's values can be used with confidence for the typical Japanese orthodontic population. The use of the actual millimeters of correction for the tooth size ratios could help orthodontists avoid underestimating the prevalence of clinically significant tooth size discrepancies.
Effects of Microgrooves on the Success Rate and Soft Tissue Adaptation of Orthodontic Miniscrews
Authors: Kim Tae-Woo , Baek Seung-Hak , Kim Jong-Wan , Chang Young-Il
Published: June 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effect of microgrooves on orthodontic miniscrews in terms of success rate and soft tissue adaptation in animal experiments.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of a non-microgroove (NMG) group and a microgroove group (MG; 50 μm pitch and 10 μm depth microgroove on the upper surface of the miniscrew). Miniscrews of 1.6 mm diameter and 6.0 mm length were placed into beagle dogs. Histomorphometric analysis in each group focused on bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone area (BA) of pressure and tension sides. Independent and paired t-tests were completed for statistical analysis.

Results: The success rate was found to be higher in the MG group than in the NMG group. The MG group showed significantly higher BIC on the pressure side when compared with the NMG group (P < .01). Although the NMG group showed significantly lower BIC on the pressure side than on the tension side at the upper side of the miniscrew (P < .01), the MG group revealed no significant differences between BIC on pressure and tension sides. The MG group generally exhibited perpendicular or circular alignment of the gingival connective tissue fiber with the miniscrew; the NMG group showed parallel alignment.

Conclusions: The orthodontic load may affect bone remodeling on the pressure side of the miniscrew and may affect stability. The microgroove could exert some positive effects on soft tissue adaptation and bone healing.
Effects of High-Intensity Curing Lights on Microleakage under Bonded Lingual Retainers
Authors: Baysal Asli , Uysal Tancan , Ulker Mustafa , Usumez Serdar
Published: June 2008

Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity light curing units (light-emitting diode [LED] and plasma arc curing [PAC]) on the microleakage of flexible spiral wire retainers (FSWRs) at the composite/enamel and composite/wire interfaces.

Materials and Methods: Forty-five human mandibular incisor teeth were separated into three groups of 15 teeth. Multistranded PentaOne wire of .0215 inch diameter was bonded to enamel and was cured with three different light curing units: a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) unit and two high-intensity units (ie, LED and PAC). A conventional halogen light served as the control. Samples were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsine, and sectioned. Transverse sections were evaluated under a stereomicroscope and were scored for microleakage for the composite/enamel and composite/wire interfaces. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with Bonferroni correction.

Results: Little or no microleakage was detected at the composite/enamel interface of the FSWR cured with three different light sources. However, at the composite/wire interface, statistically significant differences were found between the QTH (mean, 1.10 ± 1.05 mm) and high-intensity curing units. The PAC resulted in the greatest amount of microleakage (mean, 2.63 ± 1.49 mm), whereas no statistically significant difference was noted between the PAC and the LED (mean, 2.35 ± 1.28 mm).

Conclusion: High-intensity light curing units show statistically significant microleakage at the composite/wire interface and therefore may not be safe for use in bonding FSWRs.
Enamel Cracks and Ceramic Bracket Failure during Debonding In Vitro
Authors: Bishara Samir E. , Ostby Adam Wade , Laffoon John , Warren John J.
Published: June 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no difference in bracket failure characteristics is noted when use of a new ceramic bracket debonding instrument is compared with the use of conventional pliers.

Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In group 1, Clarity collapsible ceramic brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were debonded with the use of conventional Utility/Weingart (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) pliers. In group 2, Clarity brackets were debonded with a new Debonding Instrument (3M Unitek). For all teeth, the same bracket bonding system was used. Following debonding, teeth and brackets were examined under 10× magnification for assessment of bracket failure (fracture) and of residual adhesive on the enamel surface. Enamel surfaces were visualized with transillumination prior to bonding and after removal of the residual adhesive, so the effect of the debonding forces could be determined.

Results: The results of Adhesive Remnant Index comparisons indicated that a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 8.73; P = .013) in bond failure patterns was apparent when the two groups were compared. Brackets debonded with the new instrument showed a greater tendency for the adhesive to be removed from the tooth during debonding.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Although the incidence of enamel damage following debonding was similar in the two groups, the use of the new Debonding Instrument decreased the incidence of bracket fracture.
12-Month Self-Ligating Bracket Failure Rate with a Self-Etching Primer
Authors: Elekdag-Turk Selma , Cakmak Fethiye , Isci Devrim , Turk Tamer
Published: June 2008

Objective: To compare the clinical performance of a self-etching primer (SEP) with a conventional two-step etch and primer method (CM).

Materials and Methods: Study subjects were 39 patients with a mean age of 15 years 7 months. Six hundred and eighty-eight brackets were bonded by one operator with a split-mouth design, using Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer or a conventional two-step etch and primer (Transbond XT). The survival rate of the brackets was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Bracket survival distributions with respect to bonding procedure, dental arch, type of tooth (incisor, canine, and premolar) and patients' gender were compared using the log-rank test. Bond failure interface was determined using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).

Results: The bond failure rates of SEP and CM were 4.7% and 1.7%, respectively. A significant difference was found between the bonding procedures using the log-rank test (P < .05). Furthermore, canine and premolar teeth displayed a lower survival rate than incisor teeth (P < .05). Survival rates did not show significant differences between the upper and lower dental arches and patients' gender (P > .05). No significant difference was observed for ARI scores (P > .05).

Conclusion: These findings indicate that the SEP (Transbond Plus) can be effectively used to bond orthodontic brackets.
An Adolescent Patient with Multiple Impacted Teeth
Authors: Tanaka Eiji , Kawazoe Aki , Nakamura Saika , Ito Goshi , Hirose Naoto , Tanne Yuki , Kawai Nobuhiko , Tanimoto Kotaro , Tanne Kazuo
Published: June 2008

Multiple impacted permanent teeth is uncommon and rarely reported in the literature. This article reports the treatment of an adolescent patient with multiple impacted teeth without systemic disease. A 9-year 2-month-old boy complained of a delay of eruption of the first molars. All first molars were unerupted, and the left deciduous second molar was a submerged tooth. The panoramic radiograph showed all permanent teeth except the incisors were unerupted and, especially for the first molars, spontaneous eruption was not expected. His medical history was uneventful. A lingual arch appliance and a segmental arch were placed on the mandibular and maxillary dentitions, respectively, to guide eruption of the impacted first molars. After traction of the first molars, eruption of the impacted lower premolars was induced. Furthermore, at 15 years the impacted mandibular second molars were also positioned properly by use of the lingual arch with auxiliary wires. After achieving traction of the impacted teeth, tooth alignment was initiated using multibracket appliances after the bilateral extraction of the second premolars. After 22 months of treatment with multibracket appliances, an acceptable occlusion was achieved with a Class I molar relationship. After 2 years of retention an acceptable occlusion was maintained without any relapse in the occlusion. Since a delay in the treatment of impacted teeth may induce secondary problems such as root dilacerations and ankylosis, it is highly recommended to perform early treatment of multiple impacted teeth during adolescence.
Exendin-4 Stimulation of Cyclin A2 in β-Cell Proliferation
Authors: Song Woo-Jin , Schreiber Weston E. , Zhong Enhong , Liu Fei-Fei , Kornfeld Benjamin D. , Wondisford Fredric E. , Hussain Mehboob A.
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—β-Cell proliferation is an important mechanism underlying β-cell mass adaptation to metabolic demands. We have examined effects, in particular those mediated through intracellular cAMP signaling, of the incretin hormone analog exendin-4 on cell cycle regulation in β-cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Changes in islet protein levels of cyclins and of two critical cell cycle regulators cyclin kinase inhibitor p27 and S-phase kinase–associated protein 2 (Skp2) were assessed in mice treated with exendin-4 and in a mouse model with specific upregulation of nuclear cAMP signaling exhibiting increased β-cell proliferation (CBP-S436A mouse). Because cyclin A2 was stimulated by cAMP, we assessed the role of cylcin A2 in cell cycle progression in Min6 and isolated islet β-cells.

RESULTS—Mice treated with exendin-4 showed increased β-cell proliferation, elevated islet protein levels of cyclin A2 with unchanged D-type cyclins, elevated PDX-1 and Skp2 levels, and reduced p27 levels. Exendin-4 stimulated cyclin A2 promoter activity via the cAMP–cAMP response element binding protein pathway. CBP-S436A islets exhibited elevated cyclin A2, reduced p27, and no changes in D-type cyclins, PDX-1, or Skp2. In cultured islets, exendin-4 increased cyclin A2 and Skp2 and reduced p27. Cyclin A2 overexpression in primary islets increased proliferation and reduced p27. In Min6 cells, cyclin A2 knockdown prevented exendin-4–stimulated proliferation. PDX-1 knockdown reduced exendin-4–stimulated cAMP synthesis and cyclin A2 transcription.

CONCLUSIONS—Cyclin A2 is required for β-cell proliferation, exendin-4 stimulates cyclin A2 expression via the cAMP pathway, and exendin-4 stimulation of cAMP requires PDX-1.
The Common P446L Polymorphism in GCKR Inversely Modulates Fasting Glucose and Triglyceride Levels and Reduces Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the DESIR Prospective General French Population
Authors: Vaxillaire Martine , Cavalcanti-Proença Christine , Dechaume Aurélie , Tichet Jean , Marre Michel , Balkau Beverley , Froguel Philippe ,   for the DESIR Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE— Hepatic glucokinase (GCK) is a key regulator of glucose storage and disposal in the liver, where its activity is competitively modulated, with respect to glucose, by binding to glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) in the presence of fructose 6-phosphate. Genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetes identified GCKR as a potential locus for modulating triglyceride levels. We evaluated, in a general French population, the contribution of the GCKR rs1260326-P446L polymorphism to quantitative metabolic parameters and to dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Genotype effects of rs1260326 were studied in 4,833 participants from the prospective DESIR (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome) cohort both at inclusion and using the measurements at follow-up.

RESULTS— The minor T-allele of rs1260326 was strongly associated with lower fasting glucose (−1.43% per T-allele; P = 8 × 10−13) and fasting insulin levels (−4.23%; P = 3 × 10−7), lower homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (−5.69%; P = 1 × 10−8), and, conversely, higher triglyceride levels (3.41%; P = 1 × 10−4) during the 9-year study. These effects relate to a lower risk of hyperglycemia (odds ratio [OR] 0.79 [95% CI 0.70–0.88]; P = 4 × 10−5) and of incident cases during the study (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83 [0.74–0.95]; P = 0.005). Moreover, an additive effect of GCKR rs1260326(T) and GCK (−30G) alleles conferred lower fasting glycemia (P = 1 × 10−13), insulinemia (P = 5 × 10−6), and hyperglycemia risk (P = 1 × 10−6).

CONCLUSIONS— GCKR-L446 carriers are protected against type 2 diabetes despite higher triglyceride levels and risk of dyslipidemia, which suggests a potential molecular mechanism by which these two components of the metabolic syndrome can be dissociated.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
Authors: DeAngelis Anthony M. , Heinrich Garrett , Dai Tong , Bowman Thomas A. , Patel Payal R. , Lee Sang Jun , Hong Eun-Gyoung , Jung Dae Young , Assmann Anke , Kulkarni Rohit N. , Kim Jason K. , Najjar Sonia M.
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—Liver-specific inactivation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) by a dominant-negative transgene (l-SACC1 mice) impaired insulin clearance, caused insulin resistance, and increased hepatic lipogenesis. To discern whether this phenotype reflects a physiological function of CEACAM1 rather than the effect of the dominant-negative transgene, we characterized the metabolic phenotype of mice with null mutation of the Ceacam1 gene (Cc1−/−).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Mice were originally generated on a mixed C57BL/6x129sv genetic background and then backcrossed 12 times onto the C57BL/6 background. More than 70 male mice of each of the Cc1−/− and wild-type Cc1+/+ groups were subjected to metabolic analyses, including insulin tolerance, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, insulin secretion in response to glucose, and determination of fasting serum insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels.

RESULTS—Like l-SACC1, Cc1−/− mice exhibited impairment of insulin clearance and hyperinsulinemia, which caused insulin resistance beginning at 2 months of age, when the mutation was maintained on a mixed C57BL/6x129sv background, but not until 5–6 months of age on a homogeneous inbred C57BL/6 genetic background. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that the inbred Cc1−/− mice developed insulin resistance primarily in liver. Despite substantial expression of CEACAM1 in pancreatic β-cells, insulin secretion in response to glucose in vivo and in isolated islets was normal in Cc1−/− mice (inbred and outbred strains).

CONCLUSIONS—Intact insulin secretion in response to glucose and impairment of insulin clearance in l-SACC1 and Cc1−/− mice suggest that the principal role of CEACAM1 in insulin action is to mediate insulin clearance in liver.
Beneficial Effects of Insulin on Glycemic Control and β-Cell Function in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes With Severe Hyperglycemia After Short-Term Intensive Insulin Therapy
Authors: Chen Harn-Shen , Wu Tzu-En , Jap Tjin-Shing , Hsiao Li-Chuan , Lee Shen-Hung , Lin Hong-Da
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate whether treatment with insulin is advantageous compared with oral antidiabetes agents in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with severe hyperglycemia after short-term intensive insulin therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with severe hyperglycemia were hospitalized and treated with intensive insulin injections for 10–14 days. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed after intensive insulin treatment. After discharge, the patients were randomized to receive either insulin injections or oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) for further management. The OGTT was repeated 6 months later, and β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were evaluated again. These subjects were continually followed up for another 6 months to evaluate their long-term glycemic control.

RESULTS—At the 6th month of the study, the A1C level was significantly lower in the insulin group than in the OAD group (6.33 ± 0.70% vs. 7.50 ± 1.50%; P = 0.002). During the follow-up visit, the A1C level was still better in the insulin group (6.78 ± 1.21% vs. 7.84 ± 1.74%; P = 0.009). All parameters regarding β-cell function measured in the OGTT were improved significantly in both groups after 6 months of treatment. Compared with the OAD group, the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index, insulin area under the curve, and insulinogenic index were better in the insulin group.

CONCLUSIONS—A 6-month course of insulin therapy, compared with OAD treatment, could more effectively achieve adequate glycemic control and significant improvement of β-cell function in new-onset type 2 diabetic patients with severe hyperglycemia.
Coincidence of a Novel KCNJ11 Missense Variant R365H With a Paternally Inherited 6q24 Duplication in a Patient With Transient Neonatal Diabetes
Authors: Staník Juraj , Lethby Mark , Flanagan Sarah E. , Gašperíková Daniela , Milošovičová Beata , Lever Margaret , Bullman Hilary , Zubcevic Lejla , Hattersley Andrew T. , Ellard Sian , Ashcroft Frances M. , Klimeš Iwar
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—Neonatal diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders with diabetes manifestation in the first 6 months of life. The most common etiology in permanent neonatal diabetes is mutations of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel subunits; in transient neonatal diabetes, chromosome 6q24 abnormalities are the most common cause.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We report a sporadic case of diabetes without ketoacidosis diagnosed on the fourth day of life.

RESULTS—Analysis of the KCNJ11 gene found a novel R365H mutation in the proband and her unaffected father. The functional analysis did not support pathogenicity of this variant. When the patient's diabetes remitted in the seventh month of life, the 6q24 region was analyzed and a paternally inherited duplication was identified.

CONCLUSIONS—Our case reports a coincidental novel KCNJ11 variant in a patient with transient neonatal diabetes due to a 6q24 duplication, illustrating the difficulty in testing neonates before the clinical course of neonatal diabetes is known.
Retrospective Assessment of Islet Cell Autoantibodies in Pancreas Organ Donors
Authors: Diamantopoulos Stavros , Allende Gloria , Ferreira Joseph M. , Ciancio Gaetano , Burke George W. , Pugliese Alberto
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—Of deceased pancreas donors, 3–4% may have autoantibodies (AAb) to pancreatic islet cell antigens; these autoantibodies are well-established markers of type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether donor AAb positivity could affect the outcome of pancreas transplantation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We retrospectively tested AAb in 135 donors whose pancreata and kidneys were transplanted in type 1 diabetes patients. We measured AAb to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-AAb), the tyrosine-phosphatase-like protein IA2 (IA2-AAb), and insulin (insulin-AAb). We then evaluated pancreas transplant outcome data.

RESULTS—Four of 135 (2.96%) donors were AAb positive: three donors had GAD-AAb, and one donor had insulin-AAb. Their respective recipients became insulin independent on follow-up. Three of the four recipients had normal, insulin-producing grafts 3–5.8 years after transplant. The recipient of the insulin-AAb–positive donor pancreas developed chronic rejection following discontinuation of immunosuppression 3.3 years after transplant.

CONCLUSIONS—Single AAb positivity did not affect the outcome of pancreas transplantation in our study.
Dietary Patterns and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Nettleton Jennifer A. , Steffen Lyn M. , Ni Hanyu , Liu Kiang , Jacobs David R.
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—We characterized dietary patterns and their relation to incident type 2 diabetes in 5,011 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—White, black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults, aged 45–84 years and free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, completed food frequency questionnaires at baseline (2000–2002). Incident type 2 diabetes was defined at three follow-up exams (2002–2003, 2004–2005, and 2005–2007) as fasting glucose >126 mg/dl, self-reported type 2 diabetes, or use of diabetes medication. Two types of dietary patterns were studied: four empirically derived (principal components analysis) and one author-defined (low-risk food pattern) as the weighted sum of whole grains, vegetables, nuts/seeds, low-fat dairy, coffee (positively weighted), red meat, processed meat, high-fat dairy, and soda (negatively weighted).

RESULTS—The empirically derived dietary pattern characterized by high intake of tomatoes, beans, refined grains, high-fat dairy, and red meat was associated with an 18% greater risk (hazard ratio per 1-score SD 1.18 [95% CI 1.06–1.32]; Ptrend = 0.004), whereas the empirically derived dietary pattern characterized by high intake of whole grains, fruit, nuts/seeds, green leafy vegetables, and low-fat dairy was associated with a 15% lower diabetes risk (0.85 [0.76–0.95]; Ptrend = 0.005). The low-risk food pattern was also inversely associated with diabetes risk (0.87 [0.81–0.99]; Ptrend = 0.04). Individual component food groups were not independently associated with diabetes risk. Associations were not modified by sex or race/ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS—Multiple food groups collectively influence type 2 diabetes risk beyond that of the individual food groups themselves.