bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm Larvae on Collards with Insect Viruses and Bacillus Thvringiensis Formulations, 1984
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Young Janet M.
Published: March 2022

On 11 Jul collards were direct seeded in Norfolk “A” loomy sand in 4 row plots 20 ft long. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 1 of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Since the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) do not infect the imported cahbageworm all of the micrisporidian and virus treated rows also had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus applied so that damage primarily from cabbage looper could be assessed. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 14, 21, 28 Aug and 5 Sep and on 11 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows:(1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; (2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; (3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; (4) 26-50 damage = most leaves with holes; and (5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
European Corn Borer Control in Snap Beans, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted at Bancroft, WI on 3 Jun '85 in 3 blocks 10 rows × 240 ft. Each block consisted of 19 treatments and 2 untreated checks each 10 rows × 10 ft. European corn borer (ECB) eggs (ca. 350 eggs/plot) were pinned to the center 20 plants at 28, 25, 18 and 14 days before harvest (dbh) (pre-bud, bud, 10% bloom, and full bloom, respectively) in individual rows for each egg placement date. Insecticide treatments were applied 18 dbh (full bloom/no pods) with a 10 ft boom (20 gpa, 2.5 mph, 25 psi, 8002 Tee Jet tips on 20 in centers) perpendicular to the rows. At harvest 20 plants from each egg infestation date in each insecticide treatment were evaluated for the number of stems and/or pods damaged and the number of ECB in the stem or pods. Larvae were saved for instar determination, beans per plant were counted, and the sieve size of the beans was determined to gauge maturity. The design allowed the evaluation of the influence of infestation date and crop development of insecticide effectiveness. Damaged pods could only result from ECB moving from the stems to the pods after the insecticide treatment.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control on Snap Beans, 1985
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted on May 13 at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, Virginia. Each plot consisted of a single, 30-ft row bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows (3-ft row spacing). Treatements were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer with 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row delivering 75 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Spray applications were made on 21, 28, Jun 5, and 12, Jul. Evaluation criteria consisted of counting the number of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae per 6 ft of row.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 15 Jul. Plots consisted of a single r ow 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 centered over the row calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 3 Sep and 12 Sep. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (26 Sep), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 17 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at ieast 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 2 Oct).
Efficacy of Ammo on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Worms, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft long, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18 to 24-inch interplant spacing on 16 Apr ’81. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Ammo was applied at 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 lb ai/acre on 26 May, 3, 10, 17, and 24 Jun, and 1,8, 14, and 20 Jul using a nozzle system mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The insecticide was applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET hollow-cone nozzles positioned with 1 nozzle above and 1 on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were irrigated as necessary with sprinklers providing 0.38 acre-inches/irrigation. Overall efficacy was determined by the % of uncontaminated/undamaged heads in lots of 20 examined. The number of insects present was determined from 10 heads taken at random from the middle of the plots 2 days after the final application. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Thrips Palmi on Cantaloupes, 1985
Authors: Schreiner Ilse
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupes were planted 18 Dec ’84 in Inarajan in plots consisting of two 9 m rows, 1.2 m apart. Plots were 2 m apart. Six hills were planted in each row at even spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were sprayed to the drip point with insecticides with a backpack sprayer twice a week beginning 15 Jan. Once a week, all plots were sprayed with Benlate (1 tsp/gal) to prevent downy mildew. Sticker, Triton B-1956 was applied with all treatments. It was observed that the naturally occurring thrips infestation was very low, so on 12 Feb all plots were artificially infested with thrips. Five heavily infested cucumber leaves were placed within the foliage of each plot. On 19 Mar thrips were sampled by randomly selecting 20 tips per plot, removing the tenth leaf from the tip and counting the thrips. All yields were harvested.
Carrot Weevil Control on Carrot, 1985
Authors: Woodson W. David , Edelson Jonathan V.
Published: March 2022

‘Long Imperator 58’ carrots were direct-seeded into 2 row beds on 40-inch centers on 1 Apr at the Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta. Annex, Mercedes Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 blocks and 8 treatments. Plots were 4 beds wide by 20 ft long. Insecticides were applied on 1 Aug, 14 Aug, 4 Sep and 20 Sep with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 2 mph and a boom pressure of 40 psi. TX4 nozzles ca 10 inches above the plants were used to apply the insecticides at a rate of 10 gal per acre. Control plots were not sprayed. Ten carrots from the center 2 beds of each plot were checked on 26 Jul and 21 Aug while 20 per plot were checked on 27 Sep. Carrot roots and foliage were examined for larval feeding damage, unhatched eggs, hatched eggs and larvae.
Leafminer Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Grafius E. , Hayden J. , Ingerson-Mahar J.
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted in a severely infested field of celery near Hudsonville MI (Ottawa Co.). Adult populations were in excess of 500 per 50 sweeps and flies were present on nearly every new leaf. Defoliation exceeded 80% (only new growth was free of mines). Plots were 3 rows by 25 ft, arranged linearly along the eastern border of the field, 3 replications per treatment, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied to the center row of each plot on 10 Sep and 17 Sep ’85 with a CO2 hand sprayer with a single nozzle over the row at 50 gpa and 30 psi. New leaflets without visible mines (10 per plot) were randomly sampled immediately after treatment, as soon as the spray had dried. The leaflets were placed in plastic bags, returned to the laboratory and kept at room temperature. Larvae and pupae were counted 9 and 13 days after collection and were retained in screen-covered vials for assessment of adult emergence. Older leaflets were also randomly collected immediately after treatment (10 per plot) and returned to the laboratory for evaluation. Larvae and pupae were counted 6 days after collection and retained in vials. Numbers of emerged adults were recorded 20 days after collection. 8 days after the 2nd application, 3 plants were randomly selected from each plot. For each plant, the terminal leaflet from each of the newest 3 stalks was collected, number of visible mines recorded and larval and adult emergence measured, as before. The oldest of these 3 stalks was generally the same age as stalks sampled as “new growth without mines” at the beginning of the study. Several had already had their terminal leaflets removed during the earlier sampling. All pupae were retained for several weeks to allow time for emergence of parasitoids.
Control of Fall Armyworms on Late Season Sweet Corn with Whorl Treatments, 1985.
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert
Published: March 2022

This study utilized ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn planted on the Henry Murphy Farm, Derry, NH on 15 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-foot row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied to the whorls on 23 Jul. Sprays were applied using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand. Evaluation of the percentage of whorls injured by FAW was made on 30 Jul.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 14 Jul ’85 so that ear formation coincided with expected peak European corn borer (ECB) and initial corn earworm (CEW) activity. Twenty-six chemical treatments and 2 stratified untreated checks were replicated in 4 randomized complete blocks 75 ft × 134 rows. Each treatment consisted of 4 rows. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All treatments were applied with a Hagie Hiboy (20 gpa, 3 mph, 25 psi, boom with 8002 Tee Jet tips on 19-inch centers). The plot design was to compare rate and interval effects of potential commercial insecticides when treatment dates were adjusted to light trap catches, adult/eggs monitoring in the plot area, and heat unit accumulations during the late whorl to 16 days before harvest treatment period. At harvest, 25 ears from each replicate were evaluated for damage: “clean” (no yellow kernels eaten), “tip”, “side”, and “tip & side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of ECB and/or CEW in the early (E), mid (M), or late (L) instar stage.
Apple, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 34-year-old trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (ca 8 gal per tree). We used a randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 29 May, 5 and 19 Jun, 2, 16 and 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Rosy apple (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (GAA), woolly apple aphid (WAA), and Japanese beetle (JAP) infestations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. Major direct fruit insect damage was evaluated by randomly picking a minimum of 2 bushels of fruit per tree on 25 Sep and evaluating damage by specific insects.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 6 May at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were two 20-ft rows (42-inch spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Six sprays (9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 Jul) were applied during silking to each side of each treated row with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 nozzles. Final volume was 40 gpa. Plots were harvested 22 Jul and ears were categorized as follows: cull, CEW damage beyond the apical inch; acceptable damage, CEW damage confined to the apical inch; and non-damaged. Treatment effectiveness was compared on % non-damaged ears, % marketable ears (non-damaged + acceptable), % culled ears and damage index. The damage index was calculated where 1 = cull, 2 = acceptable and 3 = non-damaged.
Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 15 Jun at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount MN. Treatments were 1 row, 50 ft long, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were spaced at 7 to 8-inch intervals within rows, 30 inches apart. Twenty-five first ins tar ECB were placed on the silks of all ears in all treatments on 13 Aug. Experimental treatments were separated by 1 row of corn, untreated and not artificially infested with ECB. Insecticidal sprays were applied 3 times, 12, 21, and 27 Aug, to the silk area of the ears. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre at 35 psi. Granular treatments were hand applied by “shaker” in a 12-inch band over the silks. Evaluations were made 16 Sep by scoring 25 randomly selected ears per plot for presence of live ECB larvae or ECB damage to the ear.
Apple, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 3 single-tree replicates: 1 Golden Delicious, 1 Jonathan, and 1 Stayman. The trees were 34 yr old and spaced 40 ft by 40 ft. Treatments were completely randomized and applied with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 29 May, 5 and 20 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul and 1 and 15 Aug. All sprays contained Cyprex 65WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH), green apple aphid (GAA), woolly apple aphid (WAA), and Japanese beetle (JAP) infestations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree.
Control of Onion Thrips, Seeded Onions, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1985
Authors: Epsky Nancy D. , Capinera John L.
Published: March 2022

Onions, cv Brown Beauty, were seeded 2-3 Apr in a field under furrow irrigation at the Colorado State Univ Bay Farm in Fort Collins, Colorado (Larimer Co.). Plots were 8 × 30 ft and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 hand sprayer delivering 48 gal/acre at 30 psi or were broadcast (Diazinon). Initial application of all insecticides in the test was made 31 Jul (Trial #1). Additional applications, made if mean number of thrips exceeded 10 per plant over all 4 replications in prespray counts, were 20 Aug (Trial #2) and 28 Aug (Trial #3). Evaluations, made by counting the number of nymphs and adults on 10 plants in each plot, were: Trial #1-31 Jul (prespray), 2 Aug (2 day), and 7 Aug (7 day); Trial #2-16 Aug (prespray), 23 Aug (2 day); Trial #3-23 Aug (prespray), 30 Aug (2 day). Percent control was adjusted based on prespray counts in both treatment and control plots. There was no insecticide application prior to the test.
Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Onion sets were transplanted on 3 Jun at the Entomology Vegetable Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 4-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 3-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles/row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 psi was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug. Evaluations were made at 6 and 13 days posttreatment by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, putting plants in a Berlese for 48 h, and counting the thrips in the collecting jars with a microscope.
Fruit Pest Control, Cherry Peppers, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Cherry peppers were transplanted 17 May near Benson, NC. Terraclor 75W was applied in transplant water. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 84 inch centers replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operated at 60 psi to deliver 80 gal water per acre. Plots were artificially infested with ECB egg masses on 31 Jul. Three egg masses were placed on each plant. Treatments were applied 5, 27 Jul, 3, 9, 15, and 22 Aug. Fruit was harvested and evaluated for infestation 10, 23 Jul, 6,21, and 27 Aug.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1985
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1984. The planting dates were 21 May ’85 for the systemic experiment and 22 May, for the foliar experiment. In each experiment the 3-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces ca. 75 g each were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha weeks of 8 and 15 Jul, 2242 g/ha weeks of 22, 29 Jul, 12, 19 and 26 Aug) and 1 application of Ridomil 2E (1.17 1/ha 31 Jul). Soil applications of insecticides were made with a modified Gandy applicator just prior to planting or as a sidedressing after emergence. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rain fall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 11.2, 13.8 and 6.1 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.6, 19.5 and 17.2°C.
Wireworm Control on Potato, Moxee, WA, 1984
Authors: Toba H. H. , Powell D. M.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 8 Mar, 5 wireworms were found in 25 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole diggger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 12 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after aplication. On 20 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 14 Jun, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots in Test 1 only were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control. All plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediatley after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 3-4 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes, 1985
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 30-31 May, at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount MN. The field had been in alfalfa the previous 3 years. The soil type is a Waukegan silt loam. Treatments were 2 rows, 100 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with 6 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with a planter inounted granular applicator. For treatments in which 2 insecticides were used in combination, 1 was applied with the planter empty of seed, and the second applied when planting. Every third plot was an untreated control. Twice during the season, 16 Jul and 8 Aug, the experimental block was sprayed with Pydrin, 2.4E, at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre, to control potato leafhopper. One row was harvested from each plot on 19 Oct. The potatoes were washed, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treated plot was calculated as a % reduction in wireworm damage relative to the combined means of the untreated controls in the same replication.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 11 Jul at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 50 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5).Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates included 15, 22, 29 Aug and 6, 12, 19, 26 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzels per row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23- 25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 × 11 inch trays/replicate from 21 Aug through 1 Oct, inclusive. On 2 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea), external damage (primarily S. exigua) and K. lycopersicella.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes, 1985
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted no-till in 25-foot rows on 15 May ’85 with a 2-row Holland transplanter equipped with a chisel in front of each planter shoe. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreat guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance beween plants within the row was 12 inches. Transplanting was made in overwintered rye. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 7, 27 Jun; 3, 18 and 23 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults and larvae/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded Yields were taken on 6 Aug from a 10-ft section of row.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1985
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 3 Apr, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft wide by 8-inch high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomzied complete blocks design. Treatments were applied 19, 26 Apr, 3, 10, 17, 25, 31 May and 7 Jun with a 2.5-gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 20-100 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On 14 Jun, the numbers of small (less than 0.5 inch in length) and large (0.5 inch or longer) leaf mines were counted in a 1-minute visual search of each plot. The no. of undamaged fruit and the no. of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae (principally the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer)) or stink bugs were totaled over a single harvest taken on 17 Jun. The % of undamaged and damaged fruit were calculated and transformed arcsine (%) (.01) prior to analysis. Data are presented in the original scale.
Alfalfa Seed, Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Arnett W. Harold
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a commercial field of seed alfalfa at Lovelock, NV. Spray treatments were applied with a field plot sprayer calibrated to apply 20.9 gpa at 35 psi to paired blocks of alfalfa 44 ft × 100 ft. Untreated blocks of the same size were located on each side of the treated blocks. Located in the center of the treated blocks was a leafcutting bee domicile which contained ca. 50 thousand nesting bees. Following cessation of pollinator activity treatments were applied late evening Jul 16. Three samples consisting of 10 sweeps each were taken from each treated and untreated block at 3, 7, and 14 days posttreatment. Night counts of nesting leafcutting bees were made pre- and posttreatment in the domiciles within the treated area and one outside the treatment area. Observations of bee activity and presence of dead bees were made in each domicile daily following treatment. Forging bees (both honey and leafcutting) were counted fore noon each day in yard wide transects across each treated and untreated block.
Control of Alfalfa Insects in Iowa (Early Season), 1985
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Pedigo L. P. , Higley L. G. , Lasack P. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 20 × 40 ft were established in a 2-yr-old stand on the Ankeny Research Farm near the city limits of Ankeny, IA. Eighteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on May 9 ’85 with a Suzuki LT-125 4-wheel all terrain cycle equipped with a 20-foot boom. The CO2 charged (31 psi) boom was ca. 18 inches from the foliage and fitted with 12 brass 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Ground speed was 3.9 mph delivering 12 gal of final solution per acre. Plants were in stage 3 (early bud) and ca. 23 inches tall. Weather conditions at application time were partly cloudy, winds 0-4 mph, temperature 65-75 degrees F, and ca. 70% RH. A standard 15-inch sweepnet was used to take 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 2 days before treatment and 1, 4, and 7 days posttreatment. No phytotoxicity was observed in any plot.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control, Johnstown, CO, 1985
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Weissling Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a third-year, furrow-irrigated stand of alfalfa on May 21 ’85. Crop height was 1.5 ft. Plots were 12 × 18 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 26 gal/acre at 30 psi through 4 nozzles (8006) mounted on a 6-ft boom.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control in Tennessee, 1985
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in a 3-yr-old stand of alfalfa at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill, TN. Furadan and Imidan were included as standards. Sixteen treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 18 × 20 ft with a 6-ft alley between blocks. Insecticides were applied on 9 Apr using a CO2-powered boom sprayer mounted on bicycle wheels at the rate of 25 gal/acre. Sampling consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps with a 15-inch insect net from each plot. Pretreatment means were 19 alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) per 5 sweeps with a 63% tip infestation. Posttreatment samples were taken at weekly intervals for 4 wk. A 5 × 20-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 10 May. Subsamples were dried for dry weight determinations.
Control of an Alfalfa Insect Complex, 1985
Authors: Wedberg John L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied May 17 ’85 with a tractor-drawn sprayer equippe. with 8003 Tee Jet nozzles delivering 23 gal/acre at 30 psi of pressure. Plots were 17 ft wide by 50 ft long and replicated 4 times. Plots wert evaluated by taking 10 pendulum-style net sweeps on the dates indicated and counting all economic insect pests found.
Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper and Green Cloverworm Control in Louisiana, 1985
Authors: Wilson Howard K. , Quisenberry Sharron S. , Marshall J. Gregg
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 1-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa on the Dee Lee Agricultural Experiment Station near Alexandria, LA. Treatments were applied during the vegetative growth stage. Plots were 6.4 m by 9.1 m arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on Sept 4 with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to 18.94 gpa and 36 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 2.1-m boom. Weather conditions during treatment application were 30.6°C with <8 kph wind. Precipitation during the test period amounted to 3.68 cm. Samples were obtained at pretreatment and 3, 7 and 14 days posttreatment with a 38.1-cm diam net by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Each sample was bagged and frozen for latter separation and counting.
Apple, Petal-Fall vs Pink Test, 1985
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth , Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

A 15-year-old orchard located at the Rutgers Fruit Research & Development Center, Cream Ridge, NJ was used in this test. Sprays were applied to 3 single-tree replicates of ‘Red Delicious’ arranged in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree; 300 GPA) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a hand-gun and operated at 200 psi. Spray dates were 11 Apr (P) and 30 Apr (PF). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. European red mite estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate, brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting mobile mites. Sampling methods for insects listed in the table are as follows: EASF = no. of EASF damaged fruit/3 minute count; AA = avg no. of AA/terminal/tree (20 terminals counted); RAA = no. of RAA colonies/tree; STLM = no. of STLM mines/3 minute count; WALHa = no. of WALH nymphs and adults/3 minute count; WALHb = no. of WALH damaged leaves/3 minute count; Stethorus = no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 minute count; Russet = % russet/fruit (100 fruit evaluated). Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × Y], where MD1 = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to × + 1, or arcsin (x) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In tables, numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (alpha = 0.05, DMRT).
First Generation European Corn Borer Control in Southeast Pennsylvania, 1985
Authors: Starner Van R. , Grice Todd A. , Pryor T. W. (Bill)
Published: March 2022

This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Marty Greenleaf of Green Acre Farms near Kirkwood, PA in southeastern Lancaster County. A 4-acre field, which was corn in 1984, was no-till planted on 30-inch centers with ‘Todd M75’ field corn on 26 Apr ‘85 with Counter 15G soil insecticide at 8 lb/acre When corn was at the 7 to 9-leaf stage (38-inch extended leaf height), scouting for first generation ECB “shot-hole” feeding damage (20 consecutive plants in each of 5 randomly selected areas of the field) indicated that 41% of the plants were infested. Larvae were first and second instar with an average 2.0 larvae/plant. In addition fresh egg masses were found on several plants. On 6 Jun ‘85 Lorsban 15G at 6.5 lb/acre (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied using a small-plot Gandy air-spred granular applicator (compliments of Gandy Corp) pulled behind a tractor. Granules were applied directly over the whorls with 3 rows treated the length of the field and 3 adjacent rows treated in the return trip across the field. This exact procedure was replicated 3 times in the field (totalling about 0.7-0.8 treated acres). Treated strips were separated by 6-row non-treated strips. On 10-11 Jul ‘85 the treatments were evaluated by dissecting 10 plants (5 consecutive plants from each of 2 rows) from 3 random sample sites within each treated strip and 3 non-treated strips, and counting the no. of live corn borer larvae and empty tunnels caused by borer feeding. A yield evaluation was made on 25 Sep ‘85 by commercially harvesting, with the farmer‘s 6-row combine, the entire length of each treated strip and each adjacent non-treated “check” strip. Grain from each strip was weighed separately (using a weigh wagon furnished by Dow Chemical), and % moisture was determined with a moisture tester.
Control of Stalk Borer and Hop Vine Borer, 1985
Authors: Wedberg John L.
Published: March 2022

Pre- and postemergence applications of Pydrin 2.4EC were applied to a grass covered ditch and 4 adjacent rows of corn with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 8004 Teejet nozzles delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi of pressure at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Experiment Station. The corn plots were planted 3 May in rows on 30-inch centers arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The pre-emergence treatment was applied 7 May, followed by post-emergence treatment on 29 May. Dry weather following planting prolonged emergence and contributed to the uneven plant stand and height present in the plots.
Insecticide Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Gary Debra , Lorenz Gus , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

Small plot field studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS and Greenwood, MS to measure the efficacy of various insecticides in control of spider mites on cotton. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 2 rows (38 inch rows) by 50 ft with 1 buffer row between plots at Stoneville. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles. Applications were made on 6 Jun, 6 and 16 Jul. Plots were evaluated on 2, 11 and 19 Jul by examining 25 upper leaves in each plot for number of spider mites.
Early Season Insecticide Study, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. , Bell M. , Reed J. , Gary D.
Published: March 2022

The relative efficacy of 6 insecticide treatments was evaluated at Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS, in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied by high clearance tractors with 2 Teejet 4X nozzles/row aplying 6.5 gal/acre. Spray applications were begun at the 4th true leaf stage and reapplied on schedule for 6 applications ending after the 9 Jul application. Two treatments were included as maintenance treatments and were applied only once. Plants were scouted weekly by the whole plant method for Heliothis spp., boll weevil, plant bugs, and related damage. Plots were 4 rows (38-inch centers) by 50 ft with 2 untreated rows between plots. All plots were oversprayed with Lorsban at 0.05 lb/acre 15 Jul for aphid control. Aphids were scouted for 11 and 25 Jul in lower middle and upper regions of the plants by estimating aphids/leaf as 0, 1-5, 6-15, 16-25, and >25 for 10 leaves per replicate. Mean aphids per leaf were calculated from field data. There were no statistical differences in aphid numbers between levels within treatments and data were pooled. A center row of each plot was harvested mechanically 19 Sep.
Apple, Chemical Control of Codling Moth, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for their ability to provide seasonal control of codling moth. This test was conducted in a 15-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. All materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Two applications were made against first generation. IGR materials (first 5 listed) were applied at 75 degree days (9 May) after first moth was detected in pheromone traps. The second application was applied 21 days after the first (1 Jun). Guthion and Guthion-Dimilin combination were timed to coincide with predicted 3% egg hatch or 250 degree days following first moth (23 May). The second application was 21 days following the first (13 Jun). There was not a second application of the Guthion-Dimilin combination. One application was made against second generation, timed at 1000 and 1450 degree days after first moth for IGR’s and OP’s, respectively. Dimilin alone was applied against second generation in the plot which received the Guthion-Dimilin combination in first generation. All fruit on each tree were examined after first generation and at harvest. The number of damaged fruit from each tree was recorded. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and numbers of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths. Mites were sampled from mid-Jun through mid-Sep. Ten leaves were collected from each tree (total 50 leaves per treatment) and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and mites counted under a dissecting microscope. Mites densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.
The Effect of Early Season Applications of Temik Soil Treatments and Orthene Seed Treatments, 1985
Authors: Ratchford Kevin
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots that were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 75 ft long. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Seed and soil treatments were applied at planting on 6 May with a John Deere 7100 series planter equipped with granular applicators. The Orthene 80SP seed treatment was prepared prior to planting using 6.4 oz/cwt seed. All plots received an infurrow treatment of Terraclor Super-X fungicide (0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre). Foliar insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with two X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Early season foliar treatments were initiated at pinhead square stage and applied 5 times (21 and 27 Jun and 3 and 10 Jul. Sweep net data were collected by making 25 sweeps/plot on 20 and 26 Jun and 3 and 8 Jul. Heliothis and boll weevil damage was assessed on 15 Jul by pulling 25 squares/plot. All plots were oversprayed with Capture 2EC 0.04 lb (AI)/acre for major pest control on 15, 25 and 31 Jul, 19 and 28 Aug and 6 Sep. The test was defoliated with Def (6) 1.2 pt/acre on 13 Sep., Four rows from each plot were mechanically harvested on 20 Sep and 8 Oct. Yields were converted to lb sc/acre.
Large Plot Evaluation of Larvin and Ammo for Control of Heliothis on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H.
Published: March 2022

A large plot field study Was conducted on a commercial farm near Rosenberg, TX, to evaluate the effectiveness of Ammo and Larvin for control of Heliothis spp. on irrigated Cotton. The treatments were compared in 38-row by 1000-ft plots of cotton planted on 40 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a Paired block design. Beginning ca. 20 days past first-bloom, aerial applications of each treatment were made on 2 and 7 Jul. Efficacy of the Insecticides was evaluated by inspecting: (1) the terminals of 25 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of Heliothis spp. larvae and 2) 25 randomly chosen squares and bolls in each plot for the presence of damage from Heliothis spp. and/or boll weevil. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays, M. Sanguinipes, Bozeman, Montana, 1977-1984
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Candidate grasshopper insecticide were routinely tested under conditions of confidence that prohibited disclosure of chemical structure and bioassay results. This report summarizes tests conducted during the winters of 1977-1984 with insecticides that once were but no longer are subject to such confidence agreements. The bioassays utilized 4th or 5th stage nymphs from a permanent nondiapause laboratory colony maintained at this station. The basic diet consisted ot greenhouse grown Balbo rye seedlings and commercial wheat bran. The candidate materials were tested on a microgram (active)/gram body weight basis. The nymphs were weighed as a group to obtain the average weight per grasshopper. Topical application consisted of a 1-microliter droplet of insecticide dissolved in acetone applied to the dorsal surface of the 3rd or 4th abdominal segment. Oral application consisted of applying a l-/ii droplet of prepared solution to a 0.25 inch dia lettuce disc. After the solvent had evaporated, the disc was placed into a small tube containing J grasshopper. After the disc was eaten, or the topical droplet had evaporated from the abdomen, 10 grasshoppers for each dose were placed into a larger tube with their regular diet. Preliminary screening established a rough dosage mortality curve but candidates which gave less than 30% mortality after 72 h exposure to 40.000 µg/g for topical, or 200.0 µg/g for oral tests (about 1/4 as toxic as the malathion standard reference) wen eliminated from further testing. The remaining candidates were tested further at 4 dosage levels calculated to give roughly 20, 40, 60, and 805 mortality at 72 h after treatment. Four replicates per dosage were averaged and the LD values were determined by probit analysis.
Laboratory Tests on Grasshoppers with Thuringiensin, B-Exotoxin of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1985
Authors: Valovage W. D.
Published: March 2022

Thurin-giensin was tested on third-instar nymphs and adults of 2 economically important grasshopper species. Sunflower seedlings, 15-30 cm tall, planted 6 to a flat, were sprayed to runoff with the appropriate concentration of thuringiensin mixed with water. For controls, water only was sprayed on the plants. Laboratory-reared grasshoppers were held without food 24 h before testing. The tests were conducted in a greenhouse with cages measuring 30 cm on a side. Nymphs and adults were placed in separate cages. Untreated foliage was placed in cages where treated foliage was entirely consumed. Mortality counts were taken daily for 20 days, but only 15-day mortality is reported for nymphs, and 20-day mortality for adults. Chi-square tests were used to compare each treatment with the control.
Control of Redheaded Pasture Cockchafer in Pasture, 1983
Authors: Berg G. N. , Williams P.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were tested on a well grazed, non-irrigated perennial ryegrass/subterranean clover based pasture against the root-feeding scarab larvae of the redheaded pasture cockchafter at Ellerslie, Victoria, Australia. The soil type at the site is a moderately acidic (pH 5.4 to 5.6) grey-brown clay loam. Treatments consisted of 3 × 3.7-m plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. A 2-m wide untreated buffer separated each plot. Spray applications were made with a Drake and Fletcher mistifier at a rate equivalent to 273 liter of water per ha at 275 kPa with flat fan nozzles. Granular applications were made by mixing the granules for each plot with approximately 0.5 kg of fine sand to ensure even hand spreading. Treatments were applied on Apr 27 when the pasture was 1 to 2 cm high. Counts of live and dead cockchafer larvae were made by removing and hand sorting 3 randomly selected 19 × 19 × 15 cm deep volumes of soil from each plot at each sampling time.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland with Carbosulfan, 1980
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

The 4EC formulation of carbosulfan was applied in 1980 to 10-acre plots in 30-foot swaths with a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, AL) mounted on a ¾ ton 4-wheel-drive truck. Three dosages were applied, each in 8 fluid oz of water per acre, and were compared to a standard ULV treatment of 8 fluid oz of 95% technical malathion plus an untreated. All treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied Jun 24 and 25, 9 miles NE of Melville, MT. The species listed above comprised 41, 25, 23, 4, 3, and 1.6 percent of the infestation, respectively, with 72% being adults. Three other species comprised less than 1.0 percent each of the infestation. Pretreatment densities ranged from 2.6 to 6.5/sq yd. Mortality was determined at 1,3, and 7 days posttreatment by counting with a pointer the number of grasshoppers in 50 estimated 1 sq yd quadrats per plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Biotype E Greenbugs on Grain Sorghum, 1984
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in t dryland field of sorghum at the Garden City Branch Experiment Station, Garden City, KS. Eleven insecticide treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 times in randomized complete blocks separated by 0.9-m alleys. Individual plots included 4 rows 7.5 m long spaced 76 cm apart. Insecticides were applied 27 Jul to sorghum (late boot stage) as foliar broadcast sprays using a backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer equipped with Gone Jet hollow-cone sprayer nozzles (TX6). Applications were made at an operating pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2, which delivered 165.5 liters of finished formulation/ha. Air temp at treatment was 20°C and wind velocity recorded at 9.7 km/h from the SW. Total rainfall from treatment to the ast posttreatment count was 3.48 cm. Treatments were evaluated by visually counting live greenbugs on 4 plants randomly selected in each plot m 26 Jul (pretreatment), 30 Jul, 3 Aug, and 10 Aug. Yield estimates were obtained 10 Oct by hand harvesting 6 m of row from each of the center 2 rows of each plot. Samples were threshed, weighed, and yields adjusted to 12.5% moisture.