bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal and social correlates of alcohol consumption among mid‐adolescents
Authors: Marsden John. , Boys Annabel. , Farrell Michael. , Stillwell Garry. , Hutchings Kevin. , Hillebrand Jennifer. , Griffiths Paul.
Published: October 2005

A prospective, cohort survey of 540 mid‐adolescent students was conducted to identify personal, family and social correlates of alcohol use. A structured questionnaire recorded alcohol involvement, other substance use, perceived parental alcohol use and related factors, alcohol‐related attitudes and beliefs, psychological well‐being, social and peer behaviours, and school conduct problems. Participants drank on 17.5 days in the past 3 months; on a typical drinking day they consumed 4.7 units, with 28.5% reported drinking six or more units. More frequent drinking was independently correlated with being male, perceiving that parents encouraged drinking, drinking without parental knowledge, drinking to alter mood, buying alcoholic beverages, spending more time with friends who drink, perceiving social pressure to drink, and being excluded from school and truanting. Parental discouragement for alcohol was related to more frequent drinking in females and less frequent drinking in males. Drinking more intensively was associated with use of cannabis, parental encouragement to drink, spending more time with friends who drink, school exclusion, and being in trouble with teachers. These results highlight multidimensional correlates of drinking during mid‐adolescence and underline the importance of addressing personal, family, peer, and school conduct factors in school‐based alcohol education programmes.
Guessing versus choosing – and seeing versus believing – in false belief tasks
Authors: Lohmann Heidemarie. , Carpenter Malinda. , Call Josep.
Published: October 2005

Three‐ and 4‐year‐old children were tested using videos of puppets in various versions of a theory of mind change‐of‐location situation, in order to answer several questions about what children are doing when they pass false belief tests. To investigate whether children were guessing or confidently choosing their answer to the test question, a condition in which children were forced to guess was also included, and measures of uncertainty were compared across conditions. To investigate whether children were using simpler strategies than an understanding of false belief to pass the test, we teased apart the seeing‐knowing confound in the traditional change‐of‐location task. We also investigated relations between children's performance on true and false belief tests. Results indicated that children appeared to be deliberately choosing, not guessing, in the false belief tasks. Children performed just as well whether the protagonist gained information about the object visually or verbally, indicating that children were not using a simple rule based on seeing to predict the protagonist's behaviour. A true belief condition was significantly easier for children than a false belief condition as long as it was of low processing demands. Children's success rate on the different versions of the standard false belief task was influenced by factors such as processing demands of the stories and the child's verbal abilities.
Cognitive aspects of change in drawings: A neo‐Piagetian theoretical account
Authors: Morra Sergio.
Published: October 2005

This study reconsiders a series of drawing tasks (Goodnow, 1978) in which children have to modify their stereotypical drawing of the human figure to represent a person in movement. Another task, in which children have to differentiate the drawing of a kangaroo from that of a person, is also considered. According to a neo‐Piagetian model of drawing development (Morra, 1995), it is hypothesized that three factors underlie children's ability to flexibly modify their drawings: (a) the amount of attentional resources (M capacity) that a child can use to activate task‐relevant figurative and operative schemes; (b) automatic activation of figurative schemes from perceptual input that can be obtained by presenting a model; and (c) activation of executive schemes that set appropriate goals and monitor performance, which can be obtained by manipulating contextual variables, such as task order. Three experiments (with a total of 645 participants in the age range from 5 to 9 years) tested successfully the theoretical predictions about the causal factors of drawing flexibility.
The impact of meaning and dimensionality on the accuracy of children's copying
Authors: Sheppard Elizabeth. , Ropar Danielle. , Mitchell Peter.
Published: October 2005

Studies of intellectual realism have shown that children aged 7 to 9 copy a line drawing of a cube less accurately than a non‐object pattern composed of the same lines (Phillips, Hobbs, & Pratt, 1978). However, it remains unclear whether performance is worse on the cube because it is a three‐dimensional representation, or because it is a meaningful object, or both. The accuracy with which twenty 7‐year‐old and twenty 9‐year‐old children reproduced 16 line drawings of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional objects and non‐objects was assessed. Older children copied all types of drawing more accurately than younger participants, and children of all ages copied two‐dimensional drawings more accurately than three‐dimensional. Meaningfulness interacted with dimensionality for ratings of drawing accuracy, assisting the copying of two‐dimensional drawings, but having no impact on the copying of three‐dimensional drawings. For an objective measure based on position, length, and orientation of line, meaningfulness interacted with age group, being beneficial for 7‐ but not 9‐year‐olds. Overall, the results imply that, contrary to previous suggestions, meaningfulness can actually be beneficial to copying.
The predictive validity of cognitive ability tests: A UK meta‐analysis
Authors: Bertua Cristina , Anderson Neil , Salgado Jesús F.
Published: October 2005

A meta‐analysis on the validity of tests of general mental ability (GMA) and specific cognitive abilities for predicting job performance and training success in the UK was conducted. An extensive literature search resulted in a database of 283 independent samples with job performance as the criterion (N=13,262), and 223 with training success as the criterion (N=75,311). Primary studies were also coded by occupational group, resulting in seven main groups (clerical, engineer, professional, driver, operator, manager, and sales), and by type of specific ability test (verbal, numerical, perceptual, and spatial). Results indicate that GMA and specific ability tests are valid predictors of both job performance and training success, with operational validities in the magnitude of .5–.6. Minor differences between these UK findings and previous US meta‐analyses are reported. As expected, operational validities were moderated by occupational group, with occupational families possessing greater job complexity demonstrating higher operational validities between cognitive tests and job performance and training success. Implications for the practical use of tests of GMA and specific cognitive abilities in the context of UK selection practices are discussed in conclusion.
When do multiple dimensions of procedural justice predict agreement to publicly endorse your employer in recruitment advertisements?
Authors: Posthuma Richard A. , Campion Michael A.
Published: October 2005

This field study linked multiple dimensions of procedural justice to working nurses' (N=198) agreement to permit their names to appear in recruiting advertisements for their employer. Using a longitudinal design, surveys were completed at two different times. After controlling for differences in gender, tenure, job involvement, and distributive justice; nurses who perceived higher procedural justice of work schedules and work assignments were more likely to permit their names to appear in recruitment advertisements. Unlike prior research that found high procedural justice offset the negative impact of low distributive justice, in this study high procedural justice interacted with high distributive justice to produce a positive organizational citizenship behaviour.
The role of sexual interests and situational factors on rapists' modus operandi: Implications for offender profiling
Authors: Beauregard Eric , Lussier Patrick , Proulx Jean
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Although it has often been suggested that there is a direct relationship between an individual's sexual interests and behaviours exhibited during the crime they commit, few studies have investigated this question empirically. The purpose of the present study was thus to examine the role of sexual interests and situational factors as to their possible relationship to three components of rapists' modus operandi: (a) the level of organization of the offence, (b) the level of force used by the offender, and (c) the level of injury inflicted on the victim during the sexual assault.

Methods. This study is based on a sample of 118 offenders who sexually assaulted a female aged 16 or over. All participants were assessed phallometrically and through the CQSA, a computerized questionnaire. Data were analysed using multiple regression analyses.

Results. Our findings showed links between sexual interests, situational factors, and rapists' modus operandi. Firstly, individuals demonstrating a greater sexual interest in nonsexual violence showed a higher level of organization in the modus operandi. Secondly, alcohol consumption prior to the offence was related to a higher level of coercion. Finally, a negative emotional state prior to the crime was related to a high level of injury inflicted on the victim.

Conclusions. Despite the fact that several authors postulated a direct link between the offender's sexual interests and his behaviour at the crime scene, our results only partially support this hypothesis. Moreover, our results partly support the fact that crime scene behaviour is related to offenders' personal characteristics, challenging an assumption of criminal profiling. We still believe that the modus operandi is related to offenders' personal attributes. It is, however, dynamic and may fluctuate due to certain situational factors related to offenders and victims. Future studies should take into account situational factors related to offenders and their victims.
Police officers' perceptions of older eyewitnesses
Authors: Wright Allison M. , Holliday Robyn E.
Published: October 2005

Purpose. This study examined United Kingdom police officers' perceptions about older witnesses (>60 years) and their thoughts about employing the cognitive interview (CI) with this group.

Method. A questionnaire was used to assess officers' opinions about current interviewing protocols for older witnesses, including the CI, and to explore the challenges involved with interviewing older witnesses.

Results. Over half of the officers surveyed perceived older witnesses to be less reliable and less thorough than younger witnesses. Many officers lacked confidence in dealing with the emotional distress and memory loss often displayed by older witnesses and victims. Several officers stated they were inadequately trained and had insufficient time to devote to interviewing in general. Moreover, the number of officers who considered the CI to be helpful with older witnesses was roughly equivalent to the number of officers who believed it was not.

Conclusions. These results suggest that police officers, like mock jurors, consider older adult witnesses and victims to be less reliable and thorough than younger adult witnesses. Furthermore, the results indicate that many officers are not always satisfied with their interviews of older witnesses and victims. Implications for officer training are discussed.
When is an intervening line‐up most likely to affect eyewitness identification accuracy?
Authors: Pezdek Kathy , Blandon‐Gitlin Iris
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Intervening line‐ups affect identification accuracy in subsequent line‐ups. We conducted 3 experiments to investigate the conditions under which viewing multiple line‐ups is more likely to affect eyewitness identification accuracy.

Method. In each of the 3 experiments, a forensically relevant factor known to affect the accuracy of face recognition memory was manipulated to assess how the factor impacted the suggestive influence of an intervening line‐up on eyewitness identification accuracy in a subsequent test line‐up. These factors were (a) in Experiment 1, same‐race versus cross race target faces, (b) in Experiment 2, whether the intervening line‐up occurred on the day of the presentation phase (close to presentation) or 1 month later on the day of the subsequent test line‐up (far from presentation), and (c) in Experiment 3, whether the target face was presented for 10 seconds or 60 seconds.

Results. In each experiment, factors associated with poorer memory for the target face led to a greater suggestive influence of the intervening line‐up on identification accuracy in the subsequent line‐up, evidenced by lower hit rates and higher false‐alarm rates.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that the problem of decreased identification accuracy following the viewing of an intervening photograph is especially of concern when memory for the perpetrator is likely to be poor. Implications of these findings for interpreting line‐up results in the courtroom are discussed.
Statement validity assessment: Inter‐rater reliability of criteria‐based content analysis in the mock‐crime paradigm
Authors: Gödert Heinz Werner , Gamer Matthias , Rill Hans‐Georg , Vossel Gerhard
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The inter‐rater reliability of criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) – the main component of statement validity assessment (SVA) – was investigated in a mock‐crime study. The study also addressed the issue of the adequacy of diverse statistical indices of reliability. Furthermore, CBCA's effectiveness in distinguishing between true and false statements was analysed.

Methods. Three raters were trained in CBCA. Subsequently, they analysed transcripts of 102 statements referring to a simulated theft of money. Some of the statements were based on experience and some were confabulated. The raters used 4‐point scales, respectively, to judge the degree to which 18 of the 19 CBCA criteria were fulfilled in each statement.

Results. The analysis of rater judgment distributions revealed that, with judgments of individual raters varying only slightly across transcripts, the weighted kappa coefficient, the product‐moment correlation, and the intra‐class correlation were inadequate indices of reliability. The Finn‐coefficient and percentage agreement, which were calculated as indices independent of rater judgment distributions, were sufficiently high with respect to 17 of the 18 assessed criteria. CBCA differentiated significantly between truthful and fabricated accounts.

Conclusions. The inter‐rater reliability of CBCA achieved in the present study was satisfactory both, if considered absolutely, and as compared with other empirical findings. This suggests that CBCA can be utilized in the mock‐crime paradigm with a sufficient degree of reliability.
Adherence to an exercise prescription scheme: The role of expectations, self‐efficacy, stage of change and psychological well‐being
Authors: Jones Fiona. , Harris Peter. , Waller Hilary. , Coggins Adrian.
Published: October 2005

Objectives Poor rates of adherence to exercise prescription schemes present a potential barrier to the goal of increasing physical activity in patient samples. This study investigated the role of participant expectations, self‐efficacy, stage of change and psychological well‐being in adherence to a 12‐week course of gym based exercise. It also aimed to assess the impact of failure to adhere on self‐efficacy and psychological well‐being.

Method The 119 participants, referred by their medical practitioner for a course of exercise, completed questionnaires at the start of the course and 77 went on to complete second questionnaires. Objective measures included a range of physiological measures based on gym assessments.

Results Participants typically had high expectations of the scheme. Those who completed the course had more modest expectations of change and came closer to achieving these expected changes than those who dropped out. Initial stage of change and self‐efficacy did not discriminate between the two groups. While self‐efficacy improved over the scheme for completers, it tended to deteriorate for drop‐outs. GHQ scores also failed to improve over time for drop‐outs.

Conclusion Overly optimistic expectations of inexperienced exercisers may lead to disappointment and attrition. Interventions to ensure realistic expectations might increase success and prevent potential negative effects of failure.
Individual differences in male body‐image: An examination of self‐objectification in recreational body builders
Authors: Hallsworth Lisa. , Wade Tracey. , Tiggemann Marika.
Published: October 2005

Objectives Male bodybuilders have been found previously to have higher levels of disordered eating and body‐image disturbance than do other men. This study investigated whether objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) could be used to explain these observed differences in male body‐image.

Design A cross‐sectional, self‐report design was used.

Methods Three samples of men were recruited: bodybuilders (N = 31), weightlifters (N = 17), and non‐athletic controls (N = 35). Participants completed a questionnaire containing measures of self‐objectification, self‐surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, and four outcomes: body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, bulimia, and depression.

Results As predicted, bodybuilders had significantly higher levels of self‐objectification than weightlifters and controls, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity than controls. Overall, the relationships between self‐objectification and the outcome variables, and self‐surveillance and the outcome variables, were mediated by appearance anxiety.

Conclusions . Bodybuilding is associated with outcomes that suggest it may not result in greater overall health for men. It was concluded that objectification theory provides a useful framework for examining body‐image differences in men.
The impact of threatening information about pain on coping and pain tolerance
Authors: Jackson Todd. , Pope Laurie. , Nagasaka Takeo. , Fritch April. , Iezzi Tony. , Chen Hong.
Published: October 2005

This study examined the impact of threatening information on coping and pain tolerance in a healthy adult sample. Prior to engaging in a Cold Pressor Test (CPT), 121 college students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a threat condition in which they read an orienting passage warning them about symptoms and consequences of frostbite (pain as a signal for nociception), a reassurance condition in which they read an orienting passage about the safety of the CPT (pain independent of nociception), or a control condition in which no orienting passage was read before the experimental task. Only 15.6% of participants in the threat group completed the CPT to its 4‐minute duration, compared with 55.6% in the reassurance group and 45.2% of those in the control group. Even though groups did not differ on level of reported pain, threatened participants catastrophized more about the pain and reported less use of cognitive coping strategies (reinterpreting pain sensations, ignoring pain, diverting attention away from pain to other experiences, and using coping self‐statements) than other respondents. A path analysis indicated that the relation between threat and pain tolerance was fully mediated by catastrophizing and cognitive coping. Together, findings suggest that pain appraised as threatening contributes to a specific pattern of coping responses associated with a reduced capacity to bear pain.
Clinical significance and patients' perceived change in four sessions of brief psychodynamic intervention: Characteristics of early responders
Authors: Beretta Véronique , de Roten Yves , Drapeau Martin , Kramer Ueli , Favre Nathalie , Despland Jean‐Nicolas
Published: October 2005

This study investigatedTingey, Lambert, Burlingame, and Hansen's (1996)extension ofJacobson, Follette and Revenstorf's (1984)proposal for assessing clinical significance. Seventy (N=70) outpatients with/without Cluster C personality disorders treated with a brief psychodynamic intervention (BDI) were included in the study. Results showed that 33% of patients demonstrated clinically significant change on the Global Severity Index. Patients who improved reported more perceived subjective change, greater satisfaction with the treatment, and greater improvement on the Social Adjustment Scale than patients who did not improve (60%) or deteriorated (7%). Further analyses showed that clinical significance achieved in a four session ultra‐brief therapy is associated with patient characteristics such as co‐morbid personality disorders, level of defensive functioning, and specific interpersonal problems. Results were maintained at 3 month and 6 month follow‐ups. Findings are discussed in reference to Howard's suggestions on remoralization and remission.
From soap opera to science: Towards gaining access to the psychopaths who live amongst us
Authors: Kirkman Christine A.
Published: October 2005

This idiographic and essentially exploratory study examined the unique experiences of 20 women who had been victimized within the context of heterosexual relationships with a male partner who was rated as having the characteristics associated with psychopathy.

An integrated approach, using questionnaires, and biographical and narrative data, was utilized. The experimental group consisted of 20 women who had partnered males rated by the women on the Hare P‐SCAN (Hare & Herve, 1999) as having many or most of the features of psychopathy. As this was the first reported use of the Hare P‐SCAN to provide partner ratings, norms for scorings on this assessment tool were obtained from ratings provided by a control group of a random sample of 100 women who had completed the Hare P‐SCAN and provided ratings for their last male partner. Four two‐tailed independent samples t tests were conducted to test for significant differences in scorings between the two groups. Following screening, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the experimental group, that is, 20 women who had partnered males with psychopathic traits.

The four independent samples t test showed that significant differences occurred between the ratings of male partners by women in the experimental group and ratings provided by the control group. Narrative data, generated from written accounts and interviews with women in the experimental group, was successful in clarifying the manner in which males with the personality traits which define psychopathy managed the heterosexual relationship and the nature and patterns of the abusive behaviours which occurred in this context.
Stability of attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance and their relationships with the five‐factor model and the psychobiological model of personality
Authors: Picardi Angelo , Caroppo Emanuele , Toni Alessandro , Bitetti Daniela , Di Maria Giuseppe
Published: October 2005

Objectives. The stability of attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance and their relationship with influential personality models are issues worth further investigation. Studying discriminant validity with respect to aspects of personality deemed as prevalently heritable, such as temperament, is particularly important. Our aims were to examine the stability of attachment dimensions and to study their relationship with psychological distress, the Big Five factors, and temperament and character dimensions.

Methods. The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire, the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Zung depression scale (ZDS), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI‐125), and the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) were administered to 222 undergraduate and graduate students. After 1 month, 115 participants completed again the ECR, the STAI, and the ZDS.

Results. Attachment‐related anxiety was modestly correlated with depression and anxiety, while attachment‐related avoidance was modestly correlated with depression. The test–retest reliability of ECR scores was high. Changes in attachment‐related anxiety were not related to changes in depression or anxiety, and changes in attachment‐related avoidance were modestly correlated with changes in depression. In separate multiple regression models also including gender and age, attachment‐related anxiety was correlated with harm avoidance, reward dependence, low novelty seeking, low self‐directedness and low cooperativeness; low energy/extraversion and low emotional stability; attachment‐related avoidance was correlated with low reward dependence and tended to be correlated with low self‐directedness.

Conclusions. These findings corroborate the reliability and the convergent and discriminant validity of the ECR, and support the notion that the attachment dimensions are only modestly related to psychological distress and are not redundant with constructs developed within influential personality models such as the five‐factor model and the psychobiological model.
A New NMR Microtechnique
Authors: Haynes Louis V. , Sazavsky Charles D.
Published: October 2005

A new microtechnique has been developed which is particularly suited for running microsamples in sealed capillary tubes. The capillary holder, a modified coaxial cell, simplifies the operation by eliminating the cumbersome use of capillary positioning devices. In cases where an external lock is used, the lock material can be permanently sealed between the walls of the coaxial tubes. Gas chromatography fractions can be collected directly in the capillary tubes. Consequently, sample transfer is eliminated and the possibility of sample loss and contamination is reduced. Excellent NMR spectra can be obtained in a single scan experiment from as little as 1 mg of sample. By using a time average computer in conjunction with the microtechnique and averaging for 100 scans, a good spectrum from 100 µg is possible.
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Proteins
Authors: Lauterbur Paul C.
Published: October 2005

Although 13C has a natural abundance of only 1.1% and gives inherently much weaker nuclear magnetic resonance signals than does does 1H, it has been found that 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of aqueous solutions of naturally occurring proteins can be observed. A spectrum of hen's egg white lysozyme, an enzyme of molecular weight approximately 14 300, containing 129 amino acid residues, has been partially analyzed by comparison with a computer—simulated spectrum.
Pulse Shape Discrimination with Organic Liquid Scintillator Solutions
Authors: Horrocks Donald L.
Published: October 2005

The source of the delayed fluorescence by triplet—triplet interactions is discussed as the basis of the technique of differentiating between particles of different specific ionizations. The variation in the relative intensity of delayed fluorescence (called the slow component of scintillation) is correlated with the type of ionizing radiation. The decay times of the prompt and slow components do not depend upon the type of ionizing particle. The slow component in liquid scintillator solutions free of dissolved gases (especially oxygen) has a decay time of about 250 × 10−9 sec. Liquid scintillator solutions with pulse shape discrimination properties have been used to measure neutrons (proton recoils) in the presence of gamma rays (Compton scattered electrons). They have also been demonstrated as able to measure the relative activities of alpha particles and fission fragments from a fission source in the presence of gamma and beta background.
Some Spectra-Structure Correlations of Ketones in the 400–200 cm−1 Region
Authors: Doolittle R. E.
Published: October 2005

The far ir spectra of some aliphatic ketones were recorded and analyzed. It is possible to differentiate between isomers by means of their far ir spectra.
The Emission Spectrographic Carrier-Distillation Determination of Traces of Lead, Bismuth, and Tin in Nickel-Base Alloys
Authors: Atwell M. G. , Golden G. S.
Published: October 2005

A carrier-distillation dc arc emission spectrographic procedure is described for the determination of 0.5 to 20 ppm of lead, bismuth, and tin in nickel-base alloys. After conversion to an oxide, the sample is mixed with AgCl—LiF carrier and excited with 12 A current for 33 sec. Nickel oxide synthetic standards may be used. The coefficients of variation are less than 10%.
Spectrographic Determination of Fluorine in Standard Rocks
Authors: Schoenfeld I.
Published: October 2005

The dc spectrochemical method based on the emission of CaF bands has been adapted to the determination of fluorine in standard rocks. The main difficulty of the spectrochemical method, namely, the need to prepare suitable working standards for each sample, was circumvented by using the single addition method. In the excitation step the problem arising from the difference in the volatility of Ca and F, which results in nonuniform supply of these elements to the arc, was overcome by burning the samples in the Stallwood jet. The coefficient of variation for a single determination is about 15%. The results for 10 standard rocks are presented and compared with previously published data.
Infrared and Electronic Absorption Spectra of Isoquinoline
Authors: Amma R. Ammini , Thakur S. N. , Nair K. P. R.
Published: October 2005

The ir spectrum of isoquinoline has been investigated in the region 700–4000 cm−1. The observed frequencies have been correlated to the Raman frequencies and assigned to different modes of vibrations. The electronic absorption spectrum of the molecule has also been recorded in vapor phase in the region 2900–3200 Å. The system has been assigned to n–π* transition with the electronic origin at 31 984 cm−1. A vibrational analysis for the system is proposed.
Determination of Atmospheric Trace Elements by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Hwang Jae Y. , Feldman Fredric J.
Published: October 2005

Trace metallic elements of Cr, Ni, Mn, and Cu in the atmospheric samples were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Organic membranes coupled with a low volume air sampler were utilized to collect air samples since conventional glass fiber filters were found to be unsuitable for this purpose. A new sample preparation technique and flame conditions were discussed to improve the accuracy of the analysis.
NMR Instrumentation since the Varian A-60
Authors: Bible Roy H.
Published: October 2005

The introduction of the Varian A-60 NMR spectrometer in 1961 made possible the routine utilization of this tremendously important technique in many laboratories. At that time there were, however, a number of difficulties with both the A-60 and the NMR technique itself. The major instrumental developments which have been made in an effort to solve these problems are discussed in this review. A tabulation of the characteristics of the presently available commercial instruments is given.
Spectrochemical Method for the Analysis of Miscellaneous Materials
Authors: Gabler R. C. , Peterson M. J.
Published: October 2005

A spectrochemical method was developed for the analysis of solid waste products and other miscellaneous inorganic materials. Copper oxide and graphite are employed as diluents, and excitation is by means of a sustaining ac arc in a controlled atmosphere for the determination of minor and trace elements. A complementary procedure using spark excitation of a rotating pellet prepared from the same material as used for the arc method provides for the determination of major constituent elements. Relative standard deviations are about ±10% and the accuracy is in the same range. The methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of iron and steel, aluminum, zinc, lead, and copper alloys, fly ash, fume deposits, and silicates.
Divergence Errors in Raman Depolarization Measurements of Liquids in Capillary Cells
Authors: Scherer James R. , Bailey G. F.
Published: October 2005

The source of errors in depolarization measurements using laser excitation and their dependence on monochromator, image magnification, and cell geometry is considered. Two common ways of measuring these ratios are considered, and the extent of the expected divergence errors in capillary cells is calculated for the 90° scattering geometry. It is shown that the ratio ρn determined by rotating the laser polarization from perpendicular to parallel to the scattering direction is subject to errors which limit its usefulness for highly polarized lines but is acceptable for depolarized lines. Use of an analyzer gives depolarization ratios ρs with the highest accuracy.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Ferrophosphorus and Slag from the Electric-Reduction Furnace Manufacture of Elemental Phosphorus
Authors: Yelinek F. M. , Graffeo A. J. , Carroll R. L.
Published: October 2005

X-ray fluorescence analysis has been applied to the determination of Si, P, and Fe in the ferrophosphorus and slag which are by-products in the manufacture of elemental phosphorus by reduction of phosphate rock in the electric furnace. Accuracy comparable to chemical analysis is obtained in a considerably shorter time, a factor important in production control.
Determination of Carbon in Steels Using a Direct Reading Spectrometer and a Single Calibration Curve
Authors: Clarke Kelvin A.
Published: October 2005

This paper describes a method for the determination of carbon content of all grades of steel, utilizing a modern direct reading emission spectrometer and a single calibration curve. The normal errors present when applying steels such as Hadfield's manganese steel and chromium bearing stainless steels to a curve prepared from plain carbon low alloy standard, were investigated and found to be entirely dependent upon the manganese and chromium contents of the sample. The coefficient of variation, after correction for manganese and chromium, was found to be 2% at the 2.0% carbon level increasing to 3.7% at the 0.030% carbon level in extra low carbon stainless steels.
Spectroscopic Monitoring of High Pressure Effects on Trioxane
Authors: Brasch J. W. , Melveger A. J. , Lippincott E. R. , Hamann S. D.
Published: October 2005

Infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy techniques have been used to prove a solid—solid phase transition in trioxane under high pressure. Spectral data indicate that a change in molecular conformation from C3 v to D3 h, may also be involved.
Efficiency of Sample Transport from the Electrode Cavity to the Excitation Zone of Gas-Stabilized dc Arcs for Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Boumans P. W. J. M. , Maessen F. J. M. J.
Published: October 2005

The transfer of atomized material from the electrode cavity to the discharge region of a dc arc is quantitatively defined in terms of the efficiency with which elements enter the excitation region. Equations inherent in the determination of efficiencies from spectral-line intensities are given. Relative efficiencies were experimentally determined for a synthetic silicate sample containing some 20 test elements as trace or minor constituents. The elements were selected according to volatility and carbide forming properties. The influences of the following variables on the efficiency were investigated: (a) type of element, (b) preliminary fusion of test sample with lithium metaborate, (c) dilution of test sample with lithium carbonate or lithium fluoride, (d) two different types of Stallwood-jet devices for arc stabilization and control of atmosphere, (e) the composition of the stabilizing gas, viz., the oxygen content of an oxygen—argon gas mixture, and (f) the flow rate of the stabilizing gas.
Spectroscopic Measurements of Temperature in Radiating Two-Phase Streams
Authors: Adams J. M.
Published: October 2005

A determination of the temperature of both phases within a particle-laden cloud is obtained from the emission spectrum of such a cloud or flame. This technique, called the spectral comparison method, accounts for the effect of scattering by the particle cloud through measurements of effective particle size and number density used with the Mie theory. The method has been used successfully for the measurement of gas and condensed phase temperatures in small flames, and in the chamber and exhaust plume of small rocket motors.
Measurement of the Temperature and Partial Pressure of a Uranium Plasma
Authors: Schneider R. T. , Randol A. G. , Shipman G. R.
Published: October 2005

The generation of a high-pressure uranium plasma is described. Determinations of temperature, uranium-II, and electron pressure are performed. The Boltzmann plot technique and the single-line, relative-intensity method are used. Radial distributions of the measured quantities across the plasma are given. Plasma temperature as a function of power input and pressure is measured. These temperatures range between 7900 and 10 300 K. Uranium partial pressures between 0.1 and 1.0 atm are deduced.
Mass Spectrometry—Selected Topics
Authors: Reed R. I. , Robertson D. H.
Published: October 2005

A general survey is made of the field of mass spectrometry with special emphasis on those aspects considered important (a) because of extensive literature references and/or (b) by prospect for future development. These aspects include instrumentation, correlation studies, data storage, automation, and special types of spectra.
The Determination of Thorium in Rare Earths by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
Authors: Persiani C. , Cosgrove J. F.
Published: October 2005

A method for the radiometric nondestructive determination of thorium in rare earths using multichannel gamma-ray spectrometry is described. Radioactive secular equilibrium is discussed relative to the method. Results obtained are compared to other analytical techniques.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Infrared Lasers in Air Pollution Research and Monitoring
Authors: Hanst Philip L.
Published: October 2005

The use of spectroscopic methods in the analysis of the atmosphere is discussed. The special advantages of infrared vibration-rotation spectra for identification and measurement of air pollutants are emphasized. The capabilities of lasers in atmospheric work are reviewed, with particular attention being given to proposed methods of detecting pollutants by absorption of selected ir laser lines. Some commentary is presented on current and future atmospheric studies.
Barium and Strontium Determination in Biological Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Miro Milagros , Sutton Doris C.
Published: October 2005

Ashed samples of diet, excreta, soft tissue, and bone were measured for trace amounts of stable barium and strontium by atomic absorption spectroscopy after classical chemical separation and anion exchange chromatography. Barium, strontium, and calcium were separated from silica by dehydration, the alkali metals by phosphate collection, and magnesium, the transition metals, and phosphate by nitrate precipitation. Barium was separated from strontium and calcium by absorption on Bio-Rad AG 1-X8 (100–200 mesh) anion exchange resin in methanol—nitric acid mixed solvent. Barium-133 and strontium-85 tracers were added to the samples to correct radio-metrically for losses during the chemical method. Atomic absorption measurements for barium and strontium were made at the resonance lines of 5536 and 4607 Å, with nitrous oxide—acetylene and air—acetylene flames, respectively. Radiometric yields of barium-133 and strontium-85 ranged between 85%–95% and 75%–99%, respectively, with an average coefficient of variation of 5%–6%.
Infrared Determination of Inorganic Nitrates by the Pellet Technique; Infrared Determination of Two Inorganic Nitrates in the Presence of Each other
Authors: Chasan David E. , Norwitz George
Published: October 2005

The quantitative determination of inorganic nitrates by the pellet technique was investigated. Methods are described for the determination of sodium, potassium, barium, and strontium nitrates. In these methods the nitrate is weighed into a small tared mortar, 300 mg of potassium bromide is added, the pellet is formed, and absorbances are determined at the appropriate peak. The peaks recommended for sodium, potassium, barium, and strontium nitrates are 836, 825, 730, and 737 cm−1, respectively. Methods are also proposed for the determination of two nitrates in the presence of each other. For the analysis of a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate, measurements are made for sodium nitrate at 836 cm−1 and for potassium nitrate at 825 cm−1. For the analysis of a mixture of barium nitrate and strontium nitrate, measurements are made for barium nitrate at 730 cm−1 and for strontium nitrate at 737 cm−1. The methods for the determination of two nitrates can be used down to a ratio of 1 to 20. For lesser ratios the errors are rather large. Sulfates do not interfere with any of the procedures.
The Aging of Solder Standards
Authors: Glade G. H. , Post H. R.
Published: October 2005

Standards, used for process control, x-ray fluorescent analysis of solder, age in a manner which changes their analytical values. If uncontrolled, erroneous analyses result when newly prepared samples are analyzed using aged standards. This error can be as much as 1 wt% after eight months aging. The change in the standards is metallurgical and has an effect analogous to that of particle size on the x-ray intensities from the standards.
Point-to-Plane Determination of Magnesium in Ductile Iron
Authors: Boyd John R.
Published: October 2005

Difficulty had been encountered in the determination of magnesium in ductile iron by point to plane methods because tiny eruptions in the burn caused irregularities and non-reproducible results on the vacuum spectrometer. Investigation showed that magnesium sulfide, formed from treatment magnesium and residual sulfur, floating slowly upward, was the probable cause. A teaspout ladle was used and, after pouring the molten iron into a can-like hand ladle lined with fireclay for the sample, gave iron free of these defects.
A Simple, Evacuable, Double-Beam Infrared Hot Cell Assembly
Authors: Wilson H. W.
Published: October 2005

A common 10-cm Pyrex infrared gas phase cell can be heated to a temperature of about 250°C under a vacuum of 10−4 Torr if the crystal windows are sealed to the cell body with silicone rubber. A double-beam, forced-air circulation chamber or oven has been designed and constructed so that such cells can be used to obtain compensated high-temperature infrared spectra. The temperatures of both the sample and reference cells are essentially identical since the forced circulation in the oven achieves a thermal homogeneity over the whole interior of the oven. The temperatures of the cells may be raised or lowered relatively rapidly without damage.
Spectroscopic Properties of Some Metal Complexes of Gossypol
Authors: Ramaswamy H. N. , O'Connor R. T.
Published: October 2005

The spectroscopic properties of a number of important metal—gossypol complexes have been studied and compared with those of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehydes. Gossypol and its derivatives exhibit three bands, α, β, and p. The α- and β-bands are assigned to π → π* transitions and the p-band to electronic transition from highest-occupied to lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital. In the complexes, the α-band is shifted to longer wavelengths and the p-band disappears. The infrared spectra of gossypol exhibits a strong band at 6.1 μ (C—O stretching); but in the complexes, this band disappears and a new band at 5.7 μ appears. The infrared data on 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-anthranilic acid indicates that carbonyl groups are involved in a salt-type linkage (dimer) with copper atoms. Electronic absorption spectra of several Schiff-base complexes of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, in conjunction with magnetic susceptibility data, are evaluated to draw conclusions on the structure of gossypol complexes.
Far-Infrared and Raman Spectra of Ammonium Fluoride and Ammonium Fluoride—d4
Authors: Durig J. R. , Antion D. J.
Published: October 2005

The far-infrared spectra of thin films of NH4F and ND4F and the Raman spectra of polycrystalline samples of both compounds have been recorded at −170°C. Two low-frequency lattice vibrations were observed in each spectrum and these have been assigned as optical translations on the basis of their isotopic shift factors. Librational modes were not observed in any of the spectra.
Measurement of Magnetic Circular Dichroism on a Modified Spectropolarimeter
Authors: Abu-Shumays A. , Duffield J. J.
Published: October 2005

The phenomenon of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) is briefly reviewed. An apparatus for MCD measurements, based on a modified spectropolarimeter and using a superconducting magnet, is described. Use of the apparatus for determining MCD spectra of some inorganic, organic, and biochemical materials is illustrated. Areas of application of MCD as a physical tool in research and analysis are also outlined.
Infrared Spectrum of Potassium Oxalate Monohydrate at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature
Authors: Tomar V. S. , Bist H. D. , Khandelwal D. P.
Published: October 2005

The ir spectrum of K2C2O4. H2O is reported at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). On the basis of present work and earlier Raman studies, the frequencies at 3400, 3250, 1615, 1600, 1577, 1487, 1311, 902, 780, 605, 522, 449, 353, and 305 cm−1 have been assigned to the fundamental internal modes of C2O4 and H2O groups. In addition, the wagging and rocking modes of bonded water have been assigned unambiguously at 737 and 646 cm−1, respectively. Compared with the spectrum at room temperature, the spectral changes on cooling to LNT are as follows: (1) The bands at 522 and 1311 cm−1 each show splitting into two bands; (2) the librational modes of crystalline H2O show considerable increase in peak intensities accompanied by sharpening and a shift of about +20 cm−1; and (3) among the internal modes of H2O the symmetric stretching mode at 3250 cm−1 shows greater enhancement than the other two modes.
Measurement of Relative Quantum Yields of Strongly Absorbing Solutions
Authors: Gill James E.
Published: October 2005

Formulas are derived which enable one to measure relative fluorescence quantum yields of strongly absorbing solutions. Relative fluorescence yield data are presented for quinine in N/10 H2SO4 at four different concentrations, demonstrating that the formulas are correct to within ±3% for sample absorbances ranging from 1.36 to 0.017. The heart of these formulas, an expression giving the fraction of incident light absorbed behind the entrance slit of the emission monochromator, is presented in graphical form.
Application of Laser-Excited Raman Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry. IV. A Skeletal Frequency Correlation for Pinane-Type Molecules
Authors: Freeman Stanley K. , Mayo D. W.
Published: October 2005

An examination of 13 pinanes indicates that the pinane ring system can be characterized by a pattern of seven Raman bands in the spectral region between 1100 and 350 cm−1.
Parameters Involved in the Spectroscopic Monitoring of Atmospheric Contaminants in the Tungsten—Inert Gas Arc Process
Authors: Grove E. L. , Loseke W. A.
Published: October 2005

The parameters involved in the spectral monitoring of atmospheric contaminants in the tungsten–helium arc process were studied under welding conditions. An internal standard was necessary because small variations in arc length, current, condition of metal surface, alloy, the portion of the arc in the aperture, etc. resulted in relatively large variations in spectral response, proportionally much greater than for those same parameters in conventional low current–graphite electrode spectroscopy. Only the argon line internal standard was satisfactory. Warping of the work metal caused the arc to change in space, so a side arm mount for the torch was designed to carry the entrance optics. The high and varying background that resulted from electrode reflections, glowing oxide particulate, focus on hot metal, and possible radiation from the electrode tip required the use of a rotating circular wedge to oscillate the emission lines across the exit slits. Alternating current electronics amplified the difference in signal levels.