bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting printed circuit board parameters using swarm intelligence to minimize crosstalk between adjacent tracks
Authors: Al Salameh M. S. H. , Ababneh M. M.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to provide a numerical tool for designers in order to help reduce the unwanted coupling between nearby transmission lines on printed circuit boards. This is accomplished using particle swarm optimization technique, where the coupling factor between adjacent lines is used as the fitness function. The coupling factor is computed based on conformal mapping equations of capacitances for even and odd modes of different types of transmission lines, including microstrip and strip lines. Anisotropic, isotropic, asymmetric, and symmetric coupled lines are considered. The S‐parameters of the optimized and unoptimized configurations are computed from the conformal mapping equations and also using the full‐wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, which is based on the method of moments, where an agreement can be observed between the two results. Different examples are presented here that show the effectiveness of this method in reducing the coupling factor. A Matlab program is written to harness particle swarm optimization to find optimum solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining pathways for modulation of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall by extratropical tropospheric temperature pattern
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Rajeevan M. , Kshirsagar S. R.
Published: February 2014

In this article, role of extratropical circulation features in modulating Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is examined. Principal component (PC) analysis of extratropical tropospheric temperature data of the monsoon season for 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 years was performed separately. Analysis revealed that a PC (PC 3) of the first period and two PCs (PC 2 and PC 6) of the second period had significant correlation with the ISMR. Composite geopotential height anomaly of middle and upper troposphere, for the dates when extratropical tropospheric temperature anomaly pattern was similar to that of Eigen Vector of the PC 3 of the first period and PC 6 of the second period, highlighted presence of standing waves in the extratropics. These waves had trough over northwestern/northern parts of the Indian subcontinent and adjoining extratropics and ridge eastwards. Such circulation anomaly pattern of the extratropics apparently reduced the north‐south tropospheric temperature gradient required for good monsoon flow. This led to weak monsoon currents, resulting subdued ISMR activity during the period. This pathway of interaction of the extratropical circulation anomalies and the ISMR was reported by earlier studies also. Composite geopotential height anomaly of the middle and upper troposphere, for the dates when extratropical tropospheric temperature anomaly pattern was similar to that of Eigen Vector of the PC 2 (explaining larger variance of the temperature data) of the second period also depicted presence of standing waves. These waves were of relatively large amplitude and wavelength and were located at more northern latitudes. The configurations had warm high/ridge with centre over higher latitudes to the north of India and cold low/trough eastwards. Further analysis highlighted a new pathway of modulation of the ISMR by the extratropical circulation anomalies with above features.
Statistical evaluation of CMIP5 climate change model simulations for the Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: February 2014

This study compares Climate Research Unit version 3 reference observations in the period 1980–2009 with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Five (CMIP5)‐simulated climate patterns and trends over the Ethiopian highlands (7–14N, 36–40E) using the rcp6 scenario. Three metrics are used in a stepwise statistical evaluation: (1) mean annual cycle of area‐averaged rainfall (R) and maximum temperature (Tx), (2) spatial pattern of R and Tx over Ethiopia and (3) interannual (1.5–6 years) R and Tx variability. Those models passing the first step by simulating a unimodal annual cycle reaching 28 °C in March–May and 9 mm day−1 in July–August are then evaluated for their ability to represent the cool, wet ‘island’ pattern over the highest elevation. Finally, the models' ability to follow observed area‐averaged R and Tx anomalies from 1980 to 2009 is analysed by correlation. The stepwise metrics are designed to improve confidence in the use of CMIP5 models for future resource management and development planning across the Ethiopian highlands. The models with optimal performance in the most categories include the HAD, CCSM and GFDL.
Histomorphochemical comparison of microfracture as a first‐line and a salvage procedure: Is microfracture still a viable option for knee cartilage repair in a salvage situation?
Authors: Truong Minh‐Dung , Chung Jun Young , Kim Young Jick , Jin Long Hao , Kim Byoung Ju , Choi Byung Hyune , Min Byoung‐Hyun
Published: February 2014

Microfracture is considered as the first‐line procedure for knee cartilage repair, but the results of microfracture seem less predictable and rather controversial in a salvage situation. Thus, the purpose of the study was to histomorphochemically compare microfracture as a salvage procedure with microfracture as a first‐line procedure in a rabbit model. We hypothesized that microfracture in a salvage situation would result in histomorphochemically inferior cartilage repair compared to microfracture as a first‐line procedure, and the inferiority would be attributed to less migration of reparable marrow cells to the defect due to destruction of microarchitecture of the subchondral bone. Thirty‐six New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: (i) untreated full‐thickness chondral defect, (ii) single microfracture treatment (first microfracture group), and (iii) repeated microfracture in 8 weeks after the first procedure (second microfracture group). In each group, rabbits were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks, and osteochondral specimens at the repair sites were obtained for histomorphochemical analysis. Results showed that microfracture as a salvage procedure resulted in overall inferior cartilage repair histomorphochemically compared with microfracture as a first‐line procedure, which correlated with deteriorative changes in the quality of underlying subchondral bone rather than intrinsic incapability to recruit the reparative cells in the defect area. In conclusion, although a comparable number of reparable cells and a mechanically weakened subchondral bone are anticipated, more study is necessary to clearly determine when a microfracture should be performed in a situation. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:802–810, 2014.
Strong association between smoking and the risk of revision in a cohort study of patients with metal‐on‐metal total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Lübbeke Anne , Rothman Kenneth J. , Garavaglia Guido , Barea Christophe , Christofilopoulos Panayiotis , Stern Richard , Hoffmeyer Pierre
Published: February 2014

Thus far the ability to predict who will develop early failure following the insertion of a metal‐on‐metal (MoM) bearing has been very limited. Our objective was to assess the effect of smoking on failure rates in patients with MoM bearing, compared with patients with ceramic‐on‐polyethylene (CoP) bearing. From a prospective hospital‐based registry we included all primary THAs operated upon between 1/2001 and 12/2011 with MoM or CoP bearings of the same cup design and head size (28 mm). We compared revision rates through 10/2013 classified by smoking status and type of bearing. We included 1,964 patients (median age 71, 57% women), 663 with MoM and 1,301 with CoP bearing. Mean follow‐up was 6.9 years (range 1.8–12.8). Revisions were required for 56 THAs. In patients with MoM bearing the adjusted incidence rate of revision among ever‐smokers was four times greater than among never‐smokers (95% CI 1.4–10.9). Among those with CoP bearing, the rate ratio was only 1.3 (95% CI 0.6–2.5). We found a strong association between smoking and increased failure of MoM THAs. In contrast, the association was weak for patients with CoP bearing. Smoking might be a trigger or an effect amplifier for adverse reactions to metal debris from MoM bearings. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:762–768, 2014.
Gold in the Alhambra: study of materials, technologies, and decay processes on decorative gilded plasterwork
Authors: de la Torre‐López Maria Jose , Dominguez‐Vidal Ana , Campos‐Suñol Maria Jose , Rubio‐Domene Ramon , Schade Ulrich , Ayora‐Cañada Maria Jose
Published: February 2014

A complete study of the decayed gilded decorations of the stalactite vaults in the Hall of the Kings in the Alhambra complex (Granada, Spain) has been carried out for the first time. Preliminary investigations were carried out in situ using a portable Raman spectrometer and enabled the identification of tin (II) oxide in the black areas nearby the golden flakes. This suggested the presence of an altered tin foil. Then, a comprehensive characterization of these decorations was achieved through the use of complementary nondestructive techniques working on microsamples. Two main metallic structures were identified by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy: (1) a thin (1–2 µm) gold leaf (probably original), and (2) redecorations with a laminated structure formed by a gold leaf placed over a thicker (10–15 µm) tin foil. Synchrotron Fourier‐transform infrared microspectroscopy revealed the use of proteinaceous glue to fix the gold leaf directly on the plasterwork, whereas in the case of the laminated structures, either glue or a natural resin was found. Raman microspectroscopy provided insight into the main decay processes affecting the gildings: the detachment of the metals due to the alteration of the organic materials employed as adhesives (forming calcium oxalates) and the oxidation of the tin foil. In addition, two technologies of false gilding have been encountered. One was based on a tin foil tinted to look like gold by means of a varnish (composed of a drying oil and a natural resin), and the second was made up with a tin–copper alloy (bronze) that appears severely degraded to copper oxalate and tin (II) oxide, as revealed by Raman microspectroscopy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of productivity and processing method on physicochemical characteristics of white button mushrooms in Brazil
Authors: Zied Diego Cunha , Penachio Sara Maciel , Dias Eustáquio Souza , de Almeida Minhoni Marli Teixeira , Ferraz Rafael Augusto , Vieites Rogério Lopes
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

The white button mushroom is the edible fungus most commonly cultivated and commercialized in Brazil and worldwide. This work assesses the productivity of the different strains ABI 07/06 and ABI 06/05 of Agaricus bisporus grown under the conditions normally employed by growers in the southeast of Brazil, and the influence of four different chemical conservation methods on the physicochemical characteristics and storage properties of the fruit bodies.

RESULTS

The productivities of strains ABI 07/06 and ABI 06/05 of white button mushrooms were found to be comparable. The colorimetric characteristics and chemical compositions (fat, fiber and protein contents) of the mushroom strains were similar, and these parameters were not influenced significantly by the conservation processes. Texture was negatively affected by all processing methods employed.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that chemical methods of processing mushrooms were not fully effective and novel alternative technologies should be considered by mushroom processors in Brazil. Some methods of mushroom storage using chemicals such as sodium metabisulfite are harmful to the human organism, so processing using autoclaving may be the best form of conservation of canned mushrooms. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Castanea spp. buds as a phytochemical source for herbal preparations: botanical fingerprint for nutraceutical identification and functional food standardisation
Authors: Donno Dario , Beccaro Gabriele Loris , Mellano Maria Gabriella , Bonvegna Luca , Bounous Giancarlo
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Many plant species may be used for the production of herbal preparations containing phytochemicals with significant antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacities and health benefits: Castanea spp. is among the most commonly used herbal medicines. The aim of this research was to perform an analytical study of chestnut bud preparations, in order to identify and quantify the main bioactive compounds, and to obtain a specific chemical fingerprint to evaluate the single class contribution to the herbal preparation phytocomplex. The analyses were performed using a high‐performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector.

RESULTS

Castanea spp. was identified as a rich source of anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant compounds: the observed analytical fingerprint demonstrated that these bud preparations represent a rich source of bioactive compounds (104.77 ± 1.14 g kg−1 FW) in relation to different genotypes, specific sampling sites and several phenological stages.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the observed analytical fingerprint can be considered an important tool for assessing the chemical composition and bioactivities of the chestnut‐derived products, considering the Castanea genus as a new source of natural health‐promoting compounds. This study allowed the development of an effective tool for quality control by fingerprinting the bud preparation in order to develop a new generation of standardised preparations. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanoscale engineering of photo aligning Cibacron Brilliant Yellow
Authors: Hegde Gurumurthy , A. R. Yuvaraj , Yusoff Mashitah M. , Chigrinov Vladimir G.
Published: February 2014

Photoalignment properties on commercially available textile dye Cibacron Brilliant Yellow exhibit excellent alignment quality. Thin layer of solid films (about 20–100 nm in thickness) shows high thermal and photo stability. Excellent surface energy values (both azimuthal and polar) were achieved. The distinguished alignment properties of this dye extend the field of the sulfuric azo dyes effective for photoalignment. An attractive feature of this dye is its low curing temperature, which is essential for plastic substrates to use it as flexible devices.
Clinical impact of biopsy method on the quality of surgical management in melanoma
Authors: Kaiser Sameer , Vassell Rashida , Pinckney Richard G. , Holmes Todd E. , James Ted A.
Published: February 2014

Background and Objectives

Though guidelines recommend excisional biopsy for diagnosing melanoma, partial biopsy techniques are commonly performed, risking underestimation of Breslow depth and altering surgical management. Biopsy choice patterns by specialty and subsequent impact on surgical management was examined.

Methods

Retrospective review of the University of Vermont Cancer Registry. All patients with a single, primary cutaneous melanoma from 1/02 to 6/12 analyzed.

Results

Among 853 lesions analyzed, 606 had Breslow depth <1 mm. Dermatologists perform 62.6% of biopsies, favoring shave biopsies; surgeons favor excisional biopsies (48%), and primary care doctors favor punch biopsies (44.8%), (P < 0.001). Final Breslow depth was upstaged in 107 (12.5%); however, only 23 of 488 partial biopsies (4.7%) displayed a discrepancy great enough to change surgical recommendations (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship with presence of ulceration, regression, high Clark level, or high mitotic index.

Conclusions

Partial biopsy techniques are commonly performed in diagnosing melanoma; especially among dermatologists, who perform the majority of biopsies. Though partial biopsies were less accurate in determining Breslow thickness; they rarely alter recommendations for surgical management. Predictive features could not be determined to identify the few cases where a Breslow discrepancy was clinically relevant. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:775–779. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of flavor enhancers in milk powder by one‐step sample preparation and two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Ma Jing , Zhang Bing , Wang Yunan , Hou Xiaofang , He Langchong
Published: February 2014

Maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin are important food additives as flavor enhancers. To quantify the four additives in milk powder, a novel 2D liquid chromatographic (2DLC) method was developed in this article. In such a 2DLC system, the target fractions eluted from the first dimensional column (C4) are stored onto the trapping column (C8) for subsequent analysis; after that, they were switched into the second dimensional column (C18) by a two‐position six‐port switching valve. A one‐step sample preparation method was used prior to 2DLC chromatographic analysis, which was easy and convenient. After optimization of all experimental parameters, the new method was validated in terms of linearity, LODs, and LOQs, intra‐ and interday precision, and accuracy. A conventional single‐dimensional liquid chromatographic method was also proposed in this work for comparison. In order to evaluate the applicability of the new 2DLC method, five brands of commercial milk powder samples (n = 8) were analyzed. Vanillin and ethyl vanillin were detected in two samples, respectively. It is showed that the 2DLC method is effective in quality control programs of milk powder products.
Rapid determination of globin chains in red blood cells by capillary electrophoresis using INSTCoated fused‐silica capillary
Authors: Tůma Petr
Published: February 2014

A laboratory‐made INSTCoated fused‐silica capillary has been newly used for CE separation of four mixtures of proteins in sodium phosphate BGEs at pH 3.0 and 2.5, respectively. The obtained separation efficiencies range from 145 000 theoretical plates per meter for myoglobin to 1 216 000 m−1 for lysozyme. A total of 49–89% of the number of theoretical plates was obtained in a commercial polyvinyl alcohol coated capillary compared to the INSTCoated capillary under the same experimental conditions, 0–86% was obtained in a laboratory polyacrylamide‐coated capillary, and only 0–6% was obtained in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary. The RSD values for the intraday repeatability for an INSTCoated capillary were 0.1–1.0% (migration time) and 0.3–2.4% (peak area); RSD values for the interday repeatability in the same capillary are 0.6–1.4% (migration time) and 2.4–5.5% (peak area); RSD values for interday repeatability between different capillaries equaled 1.7–2.1% (migration time) and 2.8–10.9% (peak area). The INSTCoated capillary has been further used for rapid determination of globin chains isolated from red blood cells. A separation of α and β chains prepared from adult blood has been completed in 3 min with a peak resolution of 1.3, and the separation of α and Gγ chains prepared from newborn blood took 3 min with a peak resolution of 3.6.
Anterior nasal resistance in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Sin Sanghun , Wootton David M. , McDonough Joseph M. , Nandalike Kiran , Arens Raanan
Published: February 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate nasal resistance in obese children with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), study the correlation between nasal resistance and severity of OSAS using the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), and examine the association of gender and body mass index (BMI) with this measurement.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

Active anterior rhinomanometry was used to determine anterior nasal resistance (aNR) during wakefulness in the supine position during tidal breathing. Thirty obese children with OSAS (aged 13.8 ± 2.6 years, BMI z score 2.6 ± 0.4) and 32 matched obese controls (aged 13.6 ± 2.3 years, BMI z score 2.4 ± 0.4), were studied. Unpaired t tests and Spearman correlation were performed.

Results

The OSAS group had significantly higher aNR than the non‐OSAS group during inspiration (P = .012) and expiration (P = .003). A significant correlation between inspiratory aNR and AHI was found for the OSAS group (r = 0.39, P = .04). The aNR did not correlate with BMI z score or with either gender.

Conclusions

We noted a higher aNR in obese children with OSAS as compared to obese controls, and the aNR on inspiration correlated significantly with AHI. These findings suggest that a causal or augmentative effect of high inspiratory aNR may exist for obese children who exhibit OSAS.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 124:2640–2644, 2014
Donor-specific alloantibodies are associated with fibrosis progression after liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus–infected patients
Authors: O'Leary Jacqueline G. , Kaneku Hugo , Jennings Linda , Susskind Brian M. , Terasaki Paul I. , Klintmalm Göran B.
Published: February 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) fibrosis progression after liver transplantation (LT) is accelerated in comparison with fibrosis progression before transplantation. The vast majority of the risk factors for fibrosis progression after LT are not modifiable. With the goal of identifying modifiable risk factors for fibrosis progression, we evaluated the impact of preformed and de novo donor-specific human leukocyte antigen alloantibodies (DSAs) on fibrosis progression after LT in HCV-viremic patients. After blinding, we analyzed all 507 HCV-viremic patients who underwent primary LT from January 2000 to May 2009 and had pretransplant and posttransplant samples available for analysis (86% of the total) for preformed and de novo class I and class II DSAs with a mean fluorescence intensity ≥ 5000 with single-antigen bead technology. Fibrosis was assessed on the basis of indication and protocol liver biopsies; compliance with protocol liver biopsies at 1, 2, and 5 years was ≥80%. Preformed class I DSAs [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.44, P = 0.04] and class II DSAs (HR = 1.86, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of progression to stage 2-4 fibrosis, and de novo DSAs (HR = 1.41, P = 0.07) had borderline significance. In addition, preformed class I DSAs (HR = 1.63, P = 0.03) and class II DSAs (HR = 1.72, P = 0.03) were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of death. In conclusion, after we controlled for donor and recipient characteristics in multivariate modeling, DSAs were independently associated with fibrosis progression and death after LT in HCV-viremic patients. Liver Transpl 20:655-663, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Parameter Study on the Preparation of UV Depth‐Cured Chemically Resistant Polysulfone‐Based Membranes
Authors: Strużyńska‐Piron Izabela , Loccufier Johan , Vanmaele Luc , Vankelecom Ivo F. J.
Published: February 2014

Polysulfone‐based membranes with excellent chemical resistance and a wet thickness up to 200 μm are obtained via UV curing of unmodified polymers after careful tuning of the photoinitiating system and the crosslinker structure. Combinations of photoinitiator and crosslinker are studied in depth, followed by a characterization of the formed macromolecular structure. The performance of the resulting membranes is then evaluated through long‐term immersion in solvents. Classical depth‐curing acyl phosphine oxide‐based photoinitiators in combination with a pentaacrylate crosslinker are found to be the optimal system.

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A Novel DCTN1 mutation with late‐onset parkinsonism and frontotemporal atrophy
Authors: Araki Eiichi , Tsuboi Yoshio , Daechsel Justus , Milnerwood Austen , Vilarino‐Guell Carles , Fujii Naoki , Mishima Takayasu , Oka Takayuki , Hara Hideo , Fukae Jiro , Farrer Matthew J.
Published: February 2014

Background

Depression, parkinsonism, and hypoventilation (Perry syndrome) or familial motor neuron disease have been linked to mutations in dynactin P150Glued (DCTN1).

Methods

We employed genealogic, clinical, neurologic, and MRI investigations, as well as analysis of genes implicated in parkinsonism. Cellular transfection, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation analysis of wild‐type (WT) and mutant DCTN1 were also performed.

Results

A novel heterozygous mutation, DCTN1 c.156T>G, encoding p.Phe52Leu, segregates with parkinsonism in a Japanese family. The substitution was not observed in affected probands with familial parkinsonism or control subjects and is evolutionarily conserved. In contrast to Perry syndrome, affected carriers have late‐onset disease and slower progression, with frontotemporal atrophy revealed by MRI. In vitro studies suggest the mutant protein has impaired microtubule binding, compared to WT dynactin p150Glued.

Conclusions

DCTN1 mutations may contribute to disparate neurodegenerative diagnoses, including familial motor neuron disease, parkinsonism, and frontotemporal atrophy, and further studies of dynactin‐mediated cargo transport may prove insightful. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Association of the c.385C>A (p.Pro129Thr) polymorphism of the fatty acid amide hydrolase gene with anorexia nervosa in the Japanese population
Authors: Ando Tetsuya , Tamura Naho , Mera Takashi , Morita Chihiro , Takei Michiko , Nakamoto Chiemi , Koide Masanori , Hotta Mari , Naruo Tetsuro , Kawai Keisuke , Nakahara Toshihiro , Yamaguchi Chikara , Nagata Toshihiko , Ookuma Kazuyoshi , Okamoto Yuri , Yamanaka Takao , Kiriike Nobuo , Ichimaru Yuhei , Ishikawa Toshio , Komaki Gen ,   The Japanese Genetic Research Group For Eating Disorders
Published: February 2014

The functional c.385C>A single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene, one of the major degrading enzymes of endocannabinoids, is reportedly associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). We genotyped the c.385C>A SNP (rs324420) in 762 lifetime AN and 605 control participants in Japan. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of c.385C>A between the AN and control groups. The minor 385A allele was less frequent in the AN participants than in the controls (allele‐wise, odds ratio = 0.799, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.653–0.976, P = 0.028). When the cases were subdivided into lifetime restricting subtype AN and AN with a history of binge eating or purging, only the restricting AN group exhibited a significant association (allele‐wise, odds ratio = 0.717, 95% CI 0.557–0.922, P = 0.0094). Our results suggest that having the minor 385A allele of the FAAH gene may be protective against AN, especially restricting AN. This finding supports the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in susceptibility to AN.
Bovine embryo survival under oxidative‐stress conditions is associated with activity of the NRF2‐mediated oxidative‐stress‐response pathway
Authors: Amin Ahmed , Gad Ahmed , Salilew‐Wondim Dessie , Prastowo Sigit , Held Eva , Hoelker Michael , Rings Franca , Tholen Ernst , Neuhoff Christiane , Looft Christian , Schellander Karl , Tesfaye Dawit
Published: February 2014

In present study, we sought to examine the ability of preimplantation bovine embryos to activate the NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (NRF2)‐mediated oxidative‐stress response under an oxidative stress environment. In vitro 2‐, 4‐, 8‐, 16‐cell‐, and blastocyst‐stage embryos were cultured under low (5%) or high (20%) oxygen levels. The expression of NRF2, KEAP1 (NRF2 inhibitor), antioxidants downstream of NRF2, and genes associated with embryo metabolism were analyzed between the embryo groups using real‐time quantitative PCR. NRF2 and KEAP1 protein abundance, mitochondrial activity, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also investigated in blastocysts of varying competence that were derived from high‐ or low‐oxygen levels. The expression levels of NRF2 and its downstream antioxidant genes were higher in 8‐cell, 16‐cell, and blastocyst stages under high oxygen tension, whereas KEAP1 expression was down‐regulated under the same conditions. Higher expression of NRF2 and lower ROS levels were detected in early (competent) blastocysts compared to their late (noncompetent) counterparts in both oxygen‐tension groups. Similarly, higher levels of active nuclear NRF2 protein were detected in competent blastocysts compared to their noncompetent counterparts. Thus, the survival and developmental competence of embryos cultured under oxidative stress are associated with activity of the NRF2‐mediated oxidative stress response pathway during bovine pre‐implantation embryo development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 497–513, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of eccentric versus concentric exercise training on mitochondrial function
Authors: Isner‐Horobeti Marie‐Eve , Rasseneur Laurence , Lonsdorfer‐Wolf Evelyne , Dufour Stéphane Pascal , Doutreleau Stéphane , Bouitbir Jamal , Zoll Joffrey , Kapchinsky Sophia , Geny Bernard , Daussin Frédéric Nicolas , Burelle Yan , Richard Ruddy
Published: February 2014

Introduction: The effect of eccentric (ECC) versus concentric (CON) training on metabolic properties in skeletal muscle is understood poorly. We determined the responses in oxidative capacity and mitochondrial H2O2 production after eccentric (ECC) versus concentric (CON) training performed at similar mechanical power. Methods: Forty‐eight rats performed 5‐ or 20‐day eccentric (ECC) or concentric (CON) training programs. Mitochondrial respiration, H2O2 production, citrate synthase activity (CS), and skeletal muscle damage were assessed in gastrocnemius (GAS), soleus (SOL) and vastus intermedius (VI) muscles. Results: Maximal mitochondrial respiration improved only after 20 days of concentric (CON) training in GAS and SOL. H2O2 production increased specifically after 20 days of eccentric ECC training in VI. Skeletal muscle damage occurred transiently in VI after 5 days of ECC training. Conclusions: Twenty days of ECC versus CON training performed at similar mechanical power output do not increase skeletal muscle oxidative capacities, but it elevates mitochondrial H2O2 production in VI, presumably linked to transient muscle damage. Muscle Nerve 50: 803–811, 2014
Non‐invasive isometric force measurement of plantar flexors in rats
Authors: Chawla Aditya , Spinner Robert J. , Torres Lizardi Michael , Yaszemski Michael J. , Windebank Anthony J. , Wang Huan
Published: February 2014

Introduction: Isometric muscle force measurement is a sensitive marker for motor function recovery in rat nerve repair models. Current methods of eliciting maximal isometric force with nerve stimulation cannot provide longitudinal data.Methods: We developed a novel method for measuring isometric muscle force with a device designed to allow minimally invasive nerve stimulation and measurement of plantar flexion force. This indirectly elicited muscle force was compared with muscle force elicited by direct muscle stimulation in 3 surgical models.Results: The force measured after sciatic nerve transection and repair followed a parabolic trend. There was a postinjury decrease in force that continued until postoperative day 42, after which the force increased with time, indicating muscle reinnervation.Conclusions: This approach can track longitudinal changes in force in the most common animal model for studies of clinically relevant problems in the peripheral nerve field.Muscle Nerve50: 812–821, 2014
Mutations in riboflavin transporter present with severe sensory loss and deafness in childhood
Authors: Srour Myriam , Putorti Maria Lisa , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Bolduc Véronique , Shevell Michael Israel ,   FORGE Canada Consortium, Poulin Chantal , O'ferrall Erin , Buhas Daniela , Majewski Jacek , Brais Bernard
Published: February 2014

Introduction: We have identified a large consanguineous Lebanese family with 5 individuals with severe childhood‐onset recessive sensory loss associated with deafness and variable optic atrophy. Methods: Autozygosity mapping was performed in all affected individuals, followed by whole‐exome sequencing (WES) in 2 individuals. Results: WES identified a homozygous missense mutation (c.916G>A, p.G306R) in the cerebral riboflavin transporter SLC52A2, recently shown to cause Brown‐Vialetto‐Van‐Laere syndrome (BVVLS), which is considered primarily a motor neuronopathy. Our patients have a phenotype distinct from BVVLS, characterized by severe progressive sensory loss mainly affecting vibration and proprioception that evolves to include sensorineural hearing loss in childhood, variable degrees of optic atrophy, and marked upper extremity weakness and atrophy. Treatment of 3 patients with 400 mg/day riboflavin over 3 months produced definite clinical improvement. Conclusions: Mutations in SLC52A2 result in a recognizable phenotype distinct from BVVLS. Early recognition of this disorder is critical, given its potential treatability. Muscle Nerve 50: 775–779, 2014
The effect of sacral neuromodulation on pudendal nerve function and female sexual function
Authors: Parnell Brent A. , Howard James F. , Geller Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2014

Aims

To quantify changes in pudendal nerve function with sacral neuromodulation (SNM). To understand the relationship of pudendal nerve function to SNM treatment response for overactive bladder. To assess the relationship between female sexual function and pudendal nerve function after SNM.

Methods

Women undergoing SNM between January 2010 and May 2011 were enrolled. Baseline pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (PNTML) were measured bilaterally. Subjects underwent peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE) prior to SNM therapy. PNTML was measured at 1 and 6 weeks after sacral neuromodulator implant. Women who did not undergo permanent implantation were reassessed at the end of the 1‐week PNE testing phase. Pelvic floor and sexual function questionnaires were administered at baseline and follow‐up to assess pelvic floor and sexual function.

Results

Of 34 women enrolled, 31 were evaluated. Mean age was 67.4 ± 14.2 years with 29/34 (85.3%) treated for refractory overactive bladder. Thirty of 31 (96.7%) went on to a permanent implant. PNE success rate was 73.5% (25/33). Mean PNTML changed from 2.74 ± 0.52 msec at baseline to 2.57 ± 0.50 msec at 6 weeks postop (P = 0.198). Baseline amplitude remained stable at 1 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks PISQ‐12 scores showed improved sexual function (P = 0.034) and PFDI‐20 and PFIQ‐7 scores showed improved pelvic floor, colorectal and urinary symptoms (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Women with refractory overactive bladder and non‐obstructive urinary retention have abnormal pudendal nerve function, which showed a non‐significant trend toward improvement after SNM. Sexually active women undergoing sacral neuromodulation experienced improvement in sexual function. Quality of life improved due to improvement in urinary and colorectal function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:456–460, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects
Authors: Engeli Stefan , Lehmann Anne‐Christin , Kaminski Jana , Haas Verena , Janke Jürgen , Zoerner Alexander A. , Luft Friedrich C. , Tsikas Dimitrios , Jordan Jens
Published: February 2014

Objective

Endocannabinoid system (ECS) activation promotes obesity‐associated metabolic disease. Increased dietary fat intake increases blood endocannabinoids and alters adipose and skeletal muscle ECS gene expression in human.

Methods

Two weeks isocaloric low‐ (LFD) and high‐fat diets (HFD) in obese (n = 12) and normal‐weight (n = 17) subjects in a randomized cross‐over study were compared. Blood endocannabinoids were measured in the fasting condition and after food intake using mass spectrometry. Adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression was determined using real‐time RT‐PCR.

Results

Baseline fasting plasma endocannabinoids were similar with both diets. Anandamide decreased similarly with high‐ or low‐fat test meals in both groups. Baseline arachidonoylglycerol plasma concentrations were similar between groups and diets, and unresponsive to eating. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, DAGL‐α mRNA was upregulated and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) mRNAs were down‐regulated in obese subjects, but the diets had no influence. In contrast, the HFD produced pronounced reductions in skeletal muscle CB1‐R and MAGL mRNA expression, whereas obesity did not affect muscular gene expression.

Conclusions

Weight‐neutral changes in dietary fat intake cannot explain excessive endocannabinoid availability in human obesity. Obesity and dietary fat intake affect ECS gene expression in a tissue‐specific manner.
Combined effect of transition metal phosphide (MxPy, M = Ni, Co, and Cu) and intumescent flame retardant system on polypropylene
Authors: Zhou Keqing , Jiang Saihua , Wang Bibo , Shi Yongqian , Liu Jiajia , Hong Ningning , Hu Yuan , Gui Zhou
Published: February 2014

In this paper, three typical transition metal phosphide nanocrystallines (MxPy, M = Ni, Co, and Cu) were synthesized by a novel hydrothermal method, and their structures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Then they were used as synergistic agents with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to improve the fire safety of polypropylene (PP). Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) results indicated that the introduction of these synergists could improve the thermal stability and char yields of the PP/IFR system. The addition of 2 wt.% Ni12P5 and Co2P increased the limiting oxygen index values of the PP/IFR system significantly from 28% to 36% and 34%, respectively, and the system could reach V‐0 rating. The cone calorimeter test results revealed that the combination of transition metal phosphide nanocrystallines and IFR system could result in excellent flame retardancy. The incorporation of these synergists into IFR led to a remarkable influence on charring of PP composites as revealed by TGA and cone data. The morphological structure of char residue proved that the addition of transition metal phosphide nanocrystallines was capable of forming a compact and homogeneous char on the surface, which turned out to be of most importance for the flame retardancy. Thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry results indicated that the flame retardant mechanism of PP/IFR/MxPy (M = Ni, Co, and Cu) system was in the condensed phase rather than in the gas phase. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Brief: (Mis)splicing in disease
Authors: Pedrotti Simona , Cooper Thomas A
Published: February 2014

Splicing of pre‐mRNAs is a crucial step in the gene expression pathway. Disruption of splicing has been linked to the pathogenesis of several human diseases and is particularly widespread in cancer. Recently, a number of mutations affecting genes of the core spliceosome machinery have been identified in haematological malignancies, yet the effect of such mutations on RNA splicing is unclear. A better understanding of how mis‐splicing contributes to malignancies may provide diagnostic or prognostic information and new drug targets for therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IFNγ‐responsiveness of endothelial cells leads to efficient angiostasis in tumours involving down‐regulation of Dll4
Authors: Deng Jingjing , Liu Xiaoman , Rong Lijie , Ni Chen , Li Xiao , Yang Wei , Lu Yu , Yan Xiyun , Qin Chuan , Zhang Lianfeng , Qin Zhihai
Published: February 2014

Although IFNγ is regarded as a key cytokine in angiostatic response, our poor understanding of its effective cellular target drastically limits its clinical trials against angiogenesis‐related disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of IFNγ on endothelial cells (ECs) and possible molecular mechanisms in angiostasis. By employing Tie2IFNγR mice, in which IFNγR expression was reconstituted under the control of Tie2 promoter in IFNγR‐deficient mice, we found that the response of ECs to IFNγ was highly effective in inhibiting blood supply and retarding tumour growth. Interestingly, the expression of IFNγR on Tie2− cells did not inhibit, but promoted tumour growth in control wild‐type mice. Mechanism studies showed that IFNγ reacting on ECs down‐regulated the delta‐like ligand 4 (Dll4)/Notch signalling pathway. Accordingly, overexpression of Dll4 in human ECs diminished the effect of IFNγ on ECs. This study demonstrates that the action of IFNγ on ECs, but not other cells, is highly effective for tumour angiostasis, which involves down‐regulating Dll4. It provides insights for EC‐targeted angiostatic therapy in treating angiogenesis‐associated disorders in the clinic. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Analysis of Boeravinones in the Roots of Boerhaavia Diffusa by UPLC/PDA
Authors: Bairwa Khemraj , Srivastava Amit , Jachak Sanjay Madhukar
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Boerhaavia diffusa is a perennial herb belonging to Nyctaginaceae. Various classes of chemical constituents such as phenolics (boeravinones), terpenoids and organic acids have been reported in B. diffusa roots. As boeravinones have been proposed as putative active constituents for the anti‐cancer, spasmolytic and anti‐inflammatory activities exhibited by B. diffusa extracts, it is worthwhile developing and validating an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for analysis of boeravinones in B. diffusa roots.

Objective

To develop and validate a simple, accurate, robust and rapid UPLC analytical method for quality control of B. diffusa roots.

Methods

Samples for analysis were prepared by refluxing powdered root material with methanol for 2 h. The extracts were concentrated, dried and stored at –20°C until their use. A UPLC with photodiode array (PDA) method was developed and validated for the quantification of boeravinones in the roots of B. diffusa. The separation of boeravinones was achieved using a BEH Shield C18‐column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) with gradient elution of methanol and water (0.1% acetic acid), at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and detection was carried out at λmax 273 nm.

Results

The UPLC method developed showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9999), accuracy and precision.

Conclusion

The UPLC method developed provided a selective, sensitive and rapid analytical method for the quantification of boeravinones in B. diffusa roots. All the validation parameters were found to be within the permissible limits as per International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical model for the bulk polymerization of styrene chemically initiated by sequential and total decomposition of the trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide
Authors: Berkenwald Emilio , Spies Cecilia , Morales Graciela , Estenoz Diana
Published: February 2014

This work experimentally and theoretically investigates the use of the symmetrical cyclic trifunctional initiator diethyl ketone triperoxide (DEKTP) in the bulk polymerization of styrene (St). The study focused on temperatures of 150 to 200°C, considering chemical initiation by both sequential and total decomposition reactions. The experimental work consisted of a series of isothermal batch polymerizations at higher temperatures, 150 and 200°C, with an initiator concentration of 0.01 mol/L. The mathematical model is based on a kinetic mechanism that includes thermal and chemical initiation (both sequential and total decomposition reactions), propagation, transfer to monomer, termination by combination and re‐initiation reactions. Experimental and theoretical results show that the decomposition mechanism of the initiator is modified by the reaction temperature and can be modeled as a set of two parallel reactions with different temperature dependences. The developed mathematical model simulates the bulk polymerization of St in the presence of DEKTP for a wide temperature range (120–200°C). It was found that due to these two decomposition mechanisms, the system may behave as a “dead‐end” polymerization system above a certain temperature, yielding low molecular weights and a limiting conversion value. Simulation results indicate the value of this temperature to be about 185°C. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:145–155, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of sulphanilic acid–dithiooxamide–formaldehyde terpolymer resin for adsorption of nickel ions from waste water
Authors: Abdelwahab N.A. , Helaly F.M.
Published: February 2014

A new chelating terpolymer resin of sulphanilic acid–dithiooxamide–formaldehyde (SDTOF) was synthesized. Dithiooxamide–formaldehyde (DTOF) was prepared by the reaction of dithiooxamide and formaldehyde. These resins were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Chelating resins beads were applied for adsorption of nickel (II) ions by batch and column techniques. Sorption experiments were performed by varying pH, agitation time, sorbent dosage and initial concentration of nickel (II) ion solution. SDTOF and DTOF resins showed adsorption capacity of 188.3 and 99.8 mg g−1, respectively. Nickel adsorption isotherms data were fitted to Langmuir isotherm. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption process followed pseudosecond‐order rate model. Desorption of Ni(II) ions was done using 0.1 M HCl, HNO3, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid solutions. The reusability of SDTOF and DTOF resins for the removal of Ni(II) ions was also determined after 10 sorption−desorption cycles. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:163–172, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Band gap tuning of narrow‐polydispersity two‐dimensional conductive polymers with electroactive side‐chains
Authors: Yang Yi‐Lung , Lee Yi‐Huan , Lee Yu‐Ping , Chiang Chi‐Ju , Hsu Fong‐Yu , Hsu Wei‐Chun , Leung Man‐kit , Wang Leeyih , Dai Chi‐An , Ohta Yoshihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: February 2014

A series of two‐dimensional donor–acceptor–donor (D1–A(D2)) type of conducting polymers (CPs) all with electroactive bulky side chain structure has been designed, synthesized, and investigated by introducing the donor–acceptor (D1–A) thiophene–quinoxaline moiety in the main chain alongside and additional donor and hole transporting units in the side chain. All the UV‐vis spectra of the 2D polymers, PTPQT, PFPQT, and PCPQT, each with triphenylamine, fluorene, and carbazole units as the D2 side chain, possess strong intramolecular charge transfer absorption, thus resulting in better light harvesting. Their optical and electronic properties were thoroughly explored experimentally and computationally. The effect of molecular weight of the narrow polydispersity polymers on their optoelectronic property was studied in detail. In summary, the 2‐D CPs show potential for use as an active material in optoelectronic devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1217–1227
The Cellular Interactions of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles: Effect of PEGylation on Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Soenen Stefaan J. , Manshian Bella B. , Abdelmonem Abuelmagd M. , Montenegro José‐María , Tan Sisareuth , Balcaen Lieve , Vanhaecke Frank , Brisson Alain R. , Parak Wolfgang J. , De Smedt Stefaan C. , Braeckmans Kevin
Published: February 2014

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is frequently used to coat various medical nanoparticles (NPs). As PEG is known to minimize NP interactions with biological specimens, the question remains whether PEGylated NPs are intrinsically less toxic or whether this is caused by reduced NP uptake. In the present work, the effect of gold NP PEGylation on uptake by three cell types is compared and evaluated the effect on cell viability, oxidative stress, cell morphology, and functionality using a multiparametric methodology. The data reveal that PEGylation affects cellular NP uptake in a cell‐type‐dependent manner and influences toxicity by different mechanisms. At similar intracellular NP numbers, PEGylated NPs are found to yield higher levels of cell death, mostly by induction of oxidative stress. These findings reveal that PEGylation significantly reduces NP uptake, but that at similar functional (= cell‐associated) NP levels, non‐PEGylated NPs are better tolerated by the cells.