bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representational Measurement Theory
Authors: Luce R. Duncan , Suppes Patrick
Published: November 2003

This chapter focuses on empirical structures, with an ordering attribute, leading to numerical or geometric representations. A historical sketch of physical, behavioral, and social science measurement until 1950 is followed by modern approaches to representational measurement in the behavioral sciences. Among these structures are: difference, additive conjoint, averaging, and non‐additive concatenation and conjoint structures. Derived measurement is described by distributive linkages between two structures with a common attribute and is exemplified by physical, utility, and psychophysical examples. Two mathematical results are needed in each case: theexistenceof structure‐preserving numerical representations and theiruniqueness. The latter has been analyzed generically. Using these ideas, models of magnitude estimation and production are summarized.

The nature of axiomatization is discussed in terms of types of logical languages, the role of certain second‐order axioms, and issues of consistency and independence of axioms. Important results about the impossibility of simple axiomatizations of classes of finite structures are described along with mention of some problems.
Neural Network Modeling
Authors: Levine Daniel S.
Published: November 2003

This chapter reviews major examples of neural network models relevant to several areas of psychology. These include sensory processes, including short‐term memory, preattentive vision, attention, and code development; control of individual movements and movement sequences; classical and operant conditioning, and reinforcement learning; involvement of several brain areas in cognitive‐emotional interactions; categorization and classification; decision making; language understanding; reasoning and analogy; mental and cognitive disorders; and a few areas of social psychology. One simple example is given of the process of generating equations for a neural network model, with the terms of the equations being motivated by the psychological operations those terms describe.
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , DiMatteo M. Robin
Published: November 2003

The cumulation of evidence in psychology and in related disciplines has, in the past, proceeded in a narrative, nonquantitative fashion. Meta‐analysis, the quantitative summarizing of research domains, has emerged as a more systematic, more replicable, and more rigorous approach to the cumulation of evidence. We provide a brief history of meta‐analysis, going back nearly a hundred years, and we show the relation of meta‐analysis to various views of replication. We review common criticisms of meta‐analysis and describe a number of obvious, and a number of not‐so obvious, benefits of meta‐analysis.

Effect size estimation lies at the heart of meta‐analytic procedures, and we describe their importance, their computation, and their practical interpretation. We also describe procedures designed to minimize errors in thinking about effect sizes.

A major goal of this chapter is to aid in the preparation of meta‐analytic reviews, and we describe what should be included in the introduction, the methods, results, and discussion sections, and the nature of essential appendices. Special attention is given to the results section in which we provide detailed information on the presentation of descriptive, inferential, and interpretive data.
Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Myung In Jae , Pitt Mark A.
Published: November 2003

The psychological sciences are dominated by verbal theories of behavior in which the functional and structural properties of the hypothesized mental construct are presented at a fairly gross level. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to take the scientific enterprise a step further and develop more formal, quantitative descriptions and explanations of the phenomenon of interest. This chapter provides an introductory overview of how to take this step, using reaction time models of cognitive aging as a running example. We begin by surveying the types of mathematical models that are in use in the discipline. This is followed by a discussion of central issues in the construction and evaluation of a quantitative model, such as model specificity, falsifiability, parameter estimation, and multiple forms of goodness‐of‐fit testing. The next section presents quantitative methods of choosing among competing mathematical models. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of ancillary issues that all modelers should be aware of.
Electrophysiology of Attention
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Alho Kimmo , Schröger Erich
Published: November 2003

This chapter describes how auditory and visual attention can be studied using event‐related potentials (ERPs). In audition, the mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the ERP elicited by any discriminable change in an auditory stimulus stream, provides an excellent index of attention‐independent auditory processing: MMN data convincingly show that accurate central sound representations emerge even in the absence of attention. ERPs also index the two principal brain mechanisms that are involved in involuntary attention switch to unattended auditory stimulation, with the N1 component being related to attention switch to sound onset and the MMN as well as P3a components reflecting attention switch to sound change. Furthermore, the newly discovered reorienting negativity (RON) component seems to be related to the focusing of attention to task‐relevant aspects of stimulation following distraction. The processing negativity (PN), in turn, provides an on‐line index of auditory selective attention. In the visual modality, several ERP components are modulated by selective attention, the earliest effect being caused by visuo‐spatial attention which even affected the P1 generated in extrastriate cortex with a onset latency of about 70 ms post‐stimulus. The subsequent N1 component may also tap into attentional functions and, in addition, slow, PN‐type of selection negativities and positivities can be obtained, depending on the selection criteria (e.g., color or form) and the attentional demands.
On the Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enyne Cyclization
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Haufe Patrick , Rivas Nass Andreas
Published: November 2003

Several chiral ligands were tested in the enantioselective rhodium‐catalyzed enyne cyclization, but none gave results comparable to the BINAP ligand. Among the tested catalyst precursors the soon to be commercially available [(COD)Rh(H2O)2]CF3SO3 complex is an interesting alternative to the [(COD)RhCl]2 because it did not need the activation with silver ions. A new stereogenic and 1,2‐disubstituted double bond was formed in the product 12, the latter was proved to have an (E)‐configuration. A new product, the 1,3‐diene 16 was observed at higher temperatures. In the presence of an (E)‐configurated double bond in the starting material, the reaction completely failed.
Novel Use of SelectfluorTM for the Synthesis of cis‐Fused Pyrano‐ and Furanotetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Sunitha V. , Reddy K. S.
Published: November 2003

Aryl imines formed in situ from aryl aldehydes and aromatic amines undergo smooth [4+2] cycloaddition reactions with cyclic enol ethers such as 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran and 2,3‐dihydrofuran in the presence of 10 mol % SelectfluorTM in acetonitrile at room temperature to afford pyrano‐ and furanotetrahydroquinoline derivatives in excellent yields with high endo‐selectivity.
Mannich‐Type Reactions Catalyzed by Neutral Salts in Water
Authors: Loncaric Catherine , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shū
Published: November 2003

Mannich‐type reactions of imines with silicon enolates were found to be catalyzed by neutral salts such as sodium triflate in water as a suspension medium. Unusual kinetic behavior indicates that the presence of the Mannich adduct facilitates the rate of its formation.
Catalytic Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Aliphatic Olefins with Reusable Resin‐Osmium Tetroxide
Authors: Choudary Boyapati M. , Jyothi Karangula , Madhi Sateesh , Lakshmi Kantam M.
Published: November 2003

Asymmetric dihydroxylation of aliphatic olefins to chiral diols with good yields and ees by a heterogeneous Resin‐OsO4 catalyst using ferricyanide as cooxidant is disclosed for the first time. The catalyst was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused for several times without significant loss of activity.
Gespannte Heterocyclen in der Radikalchemie
Authors: Gansäuer Andreas , Lauterbach Thorsten , Narayan Sanjay
Published: November 2003

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist die Zahl der Anwendungen von Radikalen in der Synthese durch die Einführung effizienter Ketten‐ und Elektronentransfer‐Reaktionen sprunghaft angestiegen. Insbesondere gespannte Heterocyclen haben sich als nützliche und leicht zugängliche Radikalvorstufen erwiesen. Die Erzeugung von Carbinylradikalen der Heterocyclen hat viele elegante Anwendungen von Heteroatom‐zentrierten Radikalen ermöglicht, z. B. β‐Fragmentierungen, Cyclisierungen und intramolekulare Wasserstoffatomabstraktionen. Mit aromatischen Radikalanionen gelingt der direkte Elektronentransfer auf gespannte Heterocyclen. Die folgende Ringöffnung vereint die Vorzüge von metallorganischer Chemie und Radikalchemie bei der Synthese funktionalisierter Organolithiumreagentien. Epoxide werden mit hoher Regioselektivität durch stöchiometrische oder katalytische Mengen an Titanocen(III)‐Reagentien zu β‐Titanoxyradikalen geöffnet. Dadurch sind zahlreiche neue Anwendungen in der Naturstoffsynthese denkbar.
Atomic Layer Deposition Chemistry: Recent Developments and Future Challenges
Authors: Leskelä Markku , Ritala Mikko
Published: November 2003

New materials, namely high‐k (high‐permittivity) dielectrics to replace SiO2, Cu to replace Al, and barrier materials for Cu, are revolutionizing modern integrated circuits. These materials must be deposited as very thin films on structured surfaces. The self‐limiting growth mechanism characteristic to atomic layer deposition (ALD) facilitates the control of film thickness at the atomic level and allows deposition on large and complex surfaces. These features make ALD a very promising technique for future integrated circuits. Recent ALD research has mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics. Chemistry, in particular the selection of suitable precursor combinations, is the key issue in ALD; many interesting results have been obtained by smart chemistry. ALD is also likely to find applications in other areas, such as magnetic recording heads, optics, demanding protective coatings, and micro‐electromechanical systems, provided that cost‐effective processes can be found for the materials required.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of 4‐Pyrrolidinylthio Carbapenems: Containing Heteroaromatics as a Side Chain
Authors: Cho Han‐Won , Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Ju‐Shin , Lee Soo‐Chul , Choi Jung‐Hoon , Cho Jung‐Hyuck
Published: November 2003

The synthesis of a new series of 2‐alkyl‐4‐pyrrolidinylthio‐b‐methylcarbapenems containing the substituted heteroaromatic moieties is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activities against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria were tested. The effect of substituents on the nitrogen atoms at heteroaromatic rings was investigated. Particular compounds (14 b, 14 c) containing 3‐methyl‐ and 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazolethio substituted moiety showed the most potent antibacterial activity.
Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationship of Di‐(3, 8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) Diquaternary Ammonium Salts as Unique Analgesics
Authors: Liu Hong , Cheng Tie‐Ming , Zhang Hong‐Mei , Li Run‐Tao
Published: November 2003

Based on the structure characteristics of the lead compounds, 1, 1′ octanedioyl‐4, 4′‐dimethyl‐4, 4′‐dibenzyl dipiperazinium dibromide (2) and 3, 8‐disubstituted‐3, 8‐diazabicyclo [3.2.1]octanes (DBO), di‐(3, 8‐diazabicyclo [3.2.1]octane) diquaternary ammonium salts 3 a—c were designed and synthesized through a highly practical procedure. Target compounds 3 a—c and the hydrochloride salts of their precursors 10 a—c were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic and sedative activities. Interestingly, the introduction of an endoethylenic bridge in the piperazine of lead compound 2 causes loss of the analgesic activity and increases the toxicity dramatically. This result shows that the flexible conformation of piperazine in compound 2 is favorable for interaction with the receptor, and the quaternization of compounds 10 a—c is the main reason for the toxicity increase.
D2 Dopaminergic and 5‐HT1A Serotonergic Activity of 2‐(1‐Naphthyl)ethyl‐ and 2‐(2‐Naphthyl)ethyl Amines
Authors: Šukalović V. , Roglić G. , Husinec S. , Kostić‐Rajaćić S. , Andrić D. , Šošakić Vukić
Published: November 2003

Several tertiary 2‐phenylethyl, 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl and 2‐(2‐naphthyl)ethyl amines were synthesized and their binding affinities for dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin 5‐HT1A receptors evaluated in radioligand binding assays. All compounds were inactive in D1 dopamine radioligand binding assay. The 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl analogues expressed a low but significant binding affinity for the D2 and moderate one for the 5‐HT1A receptor subtypes. Most of the remaining compounds expressed binding affinity at the 5‐HT1A receptor subtype but were inactive in D2 receptor binding assay. Based on these results and considering the chemical characteristics of the compounds synthesized and evaluated for dopaminergic and serotonergic activity throughout the present study it can be concluded that hydrophobic type of interaction (stacking or edge‐to‐face) plays a significant role in the formation of receptor‐ligand complexes of 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl amines. This structural motive can be applied to design and synthesize new, more potent dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands by slight chemical modifications.
Synthesis and evaluation of derivatives of leucine enkephalin as potential affinity labels for δ opioid receptors
Authors: Choi Heekyung , Murray Thomas F. , Aldrich Jane V.
Published: November 2003

As part of an effort to develop peptide‐based affinity labels for opioid receptors, [Leu5]enkephalin (LeuEnk) and DTLET (Tyr–D‐Thr–Gly–Phe–Leu–Thr), potent agonists for δ receptors, were selected as the parent peptides for further modification. The affinity label derivatives were prepared using standard Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis in conjunction with Fmoc–Phe(p‐NHAlloc) (Fmoc: 9‐flourenylmethoxycarbonyl;) and selective modification of the p‐amino group on this residue. The electrophilic isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide groups were introduced into the para position of Phe4; the corresponding free amine‐containing peptides were also prepared for comparison. The pure peptides were evaluated in radioligand binding assays using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing δ and μ opioid receptors. Modification of Phe4 in LeuEnk and DTLET significantly decreased δ‐receptor binding affinity (40 to >2,000‐fold). Among the synthesized analogues, [Phe(p‐NH2)4]DTLET showed the highest δ‐receptor binding affinity (IC50 = 39 nM) and enhanced selectivity for δ receptors compared to DTLET while other derivatives exhibited much lower δ receptor affinity. The differences in affinities between the two series of analogues and between the derivatives of LeuEnk and N,N‐dibenzyl[Leu5]Enk reported previously suggest subtle differences in interactions of Phe4 with δ receptors depending on other modifications in the sequences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 552–557, 2003
Rare‐Earth‐Compound Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Fullerene‐Like Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Wang Xun , Li Yadong
Published: November 2003

Various low‐dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanosheets, and fullerene‐like nanoparticles have been selectively synthesized from rare‐earth compounds (hydroxides, fluorides) based on a facile hydrothermal method. The subsequent dehydration, sulfidation, and fluoridation processes lead to the formation of rare‐earth oxide, oxysulfide, and oxyhalide nanostructures, which can be functionalized further by doping with other rare‐earth ions or by coating with metal nanoparticles. Owing to the interesting combination of novel nanostructures and functional compounds, these nanostructures can be expected to bring new opportunities in the vast research areas of and application in biology, catalysts, and optoelectronic devices.
From Rare Gas Atoms to Fullerenes: Spherical Aromaticity Studied From the Point of View of Atomic Structure Theory
Authors: Reiher Markus , Hirsch Andreas
Published: November 2003

The characteristic features of molecules like polyhedra and fullerenes, which follow the 2(N+1)2 rule of spherical aromaticity, can be related to energetically stable closed‐shell configurations of (pseudo‐)atoms. This unifying view relies on a thought experiment, which produces a polyhedron in a two‐step process and which can, in turn, relate the electronic configuration of any spherical polyhedron to the one of a corresponding closed‐shell atom. In the first step, the electronic ground‐state configuration is identified. In the second step, a group theoretical analysis can be carried out; this relates the spherically symmetric atomic orbitals to the molecular orbitals classified according to the irreducible representations of the point group of the polyhedron under consideration. This procedure explains and justifies the pseudo‐l classification of molecular orbitals, which is the basis of the 2(N+1)2 rule. For the transition from the electronic configuration of the rare gas Eka‐Rn (Uuo) to the icosahedral fullerene C202+, we show how a change in the ground‐state configuration leads to the phenomenologically found 2(N+1)2 rule for spherically aromatic fullerenes.
Shape‐persistency and Molecular Function in Heteromacrocycles: Creation of Heteroarenecyclynes and Arene–Azaarenecyclynes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Yoshida Zen‐ichi
Published: November 2003

On the basis of our concept that the introduction of heteroatoms and shape‐persistency into the π‐macrocycles should bring forth striking functions or properties, heteroarenecyclynes (such as oxaarenecyclynes and thiaarenecyclynes) with semi‐shape‐persistent structure, and arene–azaarenecyclynes with shape‐persistent structure have been prepared. Their novel functions and characteristic properties are disclosed. Noteworthy is that heteroarenecyclynes include C60 to provide a Saturn‐type complex with a N2 binding function. A simple member of the oxaarenecyclyne compounds undergoes the AgI‐induced cyclization leading to the quantitative formation of strongly luminescent perylene derivative. Arene–azaarenecyclynes are versatile compounds. For example, they exhibit intense luminescence in spite of the meta‐bonding structure, providing the circular luminophore. Also they serve as receptors for special metal, organic, and inorganic substrates. The observed molecular functions are valuable for scientific and practical application.
Single and multiple metachronous osteosarcoma tumors after therapy
Authors: Jaffe Norman , Pearson Peggy , Yasko Alan W. , Lin Patrick , Herzog Cynthia , Raymond Kevin
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to determine the incidence, clinical and pathologic characteristics, and outcome of patients with conventional osteosarcoma who developed metachronous tumors after treatment for the primary tumor and prevention of pulmonary metastases.

METHODS

The medical records of 270 pediatric patients (younger than age 18 years) were reviewed. The prevention and absence of pulmonary metastases was confirmed by chest radiographs and computerized scans of the lungs. Radionuclide bone scans were used to confirm the absence of skeletal metastases.

RESULTS

Eleven patients with metachronous tumors were identified. Index primary tumors involved the femur (n = 8), the tibia (n = 2), and the radius (n = 1). Single metachronous tumors developed in the femur (n = 6), in the humerus (n = 1), and multifocal in multiple bones (n = 4). Two patients later developed second metachronous tumors. The interval between identification of the primary tumor to development of the single metachronous tumors varied from 11 months to 78 months and from 12 months to 42 months for synchronous multifocal tumors. Metachronous tumors were treated with single‐agent cisplatin or ifosfamide. Only 1 patient experienced > 90% tumor necrosis. Pulmonary metastases were not detected in 10 of 11 patients at the time metachronous tumors were discovered. In the 11th patient, synchronous pulmonary metastasis with the metachronous tumor was noted. Three patients had a prior history of bilateral retinoblastoma. The Li–Fraumeni syndrome may have been present in another patient. Six patients died. Five patients have survived for 20+ to 50+ months after the appearance, treatment, and resection of metachronous tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

With improvement in the cure rate, metachronous osteosarcoma should be recognized as an important sequela in long‐term survivors. The etiology of this disease is unknown. Speculation rests on a skeletal multicentric origin, which includes an inherited predisposition to develop osteosarcoma in retinoblastoma and in the Li–Fraumeni syndrome. Meticulous follow‐up is required to permit early detection and successful therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Sequential interleukin 3 and granulocyte‐macrophage–colony stimulating factor therapy in patients with bone marrow failure with long‐term follow‐up of responses
Authors: Wu Hillary H. , Talpaz Moshe , Champlin Richard E. , Pilat Susan R. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Interleukin‐3 (IL‐3) and granulocyte‐macrophage–colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) have synergistic, hematopoietic growth‐promoting activity in preclinical studies. Because of the paucity of effective therapies for patients with chronic bone marrow failure states, the authors studied the biologic activity of sequential IL‐3/GM‐CSF in such patients.

METHODS

IL‐3 was given subcutaneously for 5 days (at escalating doses of 0.15 μg/kg, 0.3 μg/kg, 0.6 μg/kg, 1.2 μg/kg, 2.5 μg/kg, 5.0 μg/kg, 10.0 μg/kg, or 15.0 μg/kg per day), and GM‐CSF for was given subcutaneously for 9 days (at a dose of 5 μg/kg per day; Phase I 3 + 3 design) followed by 14 days of rest (total, 2 courses), then maintenance therapy.

RESULTS

The majority of 38 evaluable patients had aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Most patients (79%) had neutrophil responses. Ten patients (26%), all of whom were treated with IL‐3 doses ≥ 1.2 μg/kg per day, had platelet responses, with a median increase of 132 × 109/L (range, 41–180 × 109/L) over baseline in responders. Six patients (16%) had trilineage recovery, which could be durable (the longest ongoing at 6.5 years after therapy completion). The most common toxicities were low‐grade fever, headache, and fatigue. The maximum tolerated doses were IL‐3 at 10 μg/kg per day and GM‐CSF at 5 μg/kg per day.

CONCLUSIONS

Sequential IL‐3/GM‐CSF effectively raised blood counts in some patients with bone marrow failure at doses that were tolerated well. These results indicate that early‐acting growth factors can induce durable, multilineage responses in a subset of individuals with bone marrow failure. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Imatinib mesylate causes hypopigmentation in the skin
Authors: Tsao Anne S. , Kantarjian Hagop , Cortes Jorge , O'Brien Susan , Talpaz Moshe
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the BCR‐ABL protein in CML, c‐kit (KIT) and platelet‐derived growth factor receptors. In clinical trials with imatinib mesylate, common side effects of nausea, emesis, diarrhea, periorbital edema, fluid retention, and myelosuppression have been documented.

METHODS

In this case series, the authors describe unique clinical findings of skin hypopigmentation in six patients with CML who were treated with imatinib mesylate.

RESULTS

Most patients developed onset of skin hypopigmentation within the first month of treatment and all of the patients experienced additional drug toxicity. Despite patient susceptibility to toxicity, the presence of hypopigmentation did not appear to predict leukemic cell response or clinical outcome. All six patients established a hematologic response but only two patients had a complete cytogenetic response. Imatinib mesylate induced hypopigmentation also appeared to be reversible and potentially dose related.

CONCLUSION

Skin hypopigmentation is a benign side effect from imatinib mesylate treatment that appears to be reversible upon discontinuation or dose reduction. Several lines of evidence have previously reported that KIT and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) have a regulatory role in melanocyte development and survival, suggesting a rational mechanism of action for imatinib mesylate in the pathogenesis of hypopigmentation. The signal transduction mechanism currently is believed to involve SCF ligand binding of KIT and downstream activation of MAP kinase (Erk‐2). Microphthalmia (Mi), a basic helix‐loop‐helix leucine zipper (bHLHZip) transcription factor, is phosphorylated by MAP kinase at a serine residue (S73). Once phosphorylated, Mi transactivates the tyrosine pigmentation gene promoter and affects pigment production. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the presenting features and outcome of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Nasti Guglielmo , Martellotta Ferdinando , Berretta Massimiliano , Mena Maurizio , Fasan Marco , Di Perri Giovanni , Talamini Renato , Pagano Gabriella , Montroni Maria , Cinelli Roberta , Vaccher Emanuela , D'Arminio Monforte Antonella , Tirelli Umberto
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on clinical characteristics of presentation and the natural history of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in patients already receiving HAART at the time of KS diagnosis.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing epidemiologic, clinical, and outcome data for 160 patients who were naive to HAART at the time of KS diagnosis (KS‐naive) with the corresponding data for 51 patients already receiving HAART at the time of KS diagnosis (KS‐HAART). The analysis included all patients with a diagnosis of KS since January 1996 within two Italian cohorts of patients with human immunodeficiency virus.

RESULTS

Immunologic and virologic status at the time of KS diagnosis were significantly more favorable in the KS‐HAART group than in the KS‐naive group. The frequency of cutaneous involvement was similar in both groups, but cutaneous disease was more indolent among KS‐HAART patients, with 1 anatomic site of involvement in 9 patients (21%) and less than 10 lesions in 26 patients (60%), compared with 16 patients (12%; P = 0.06) and 47 patients (34%; P = 0.01), respectively, in the KS‐naive group. A smaller proportion of KS‐HAART patients presented with visceral disease (24% vs. 39%; P = 0.06); in particular, gastrointestinal tract involvement was significantly less frequent among KS‐HAART patients (14%) compared with KS‐naive patients (28%; P = 0.05). Median survival was not reached in either group, and the 3‐year survival rates of KS‐HAART patients (64%) and KS‐naive patients (78%) were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from the current study indicate that KS exhibits a less aggressive presentation in patients already receiving HAART compared with patients who are naive to HAART at KS diagnosis. Natural history and outcome do not appear to be influenced by the initiation of HAART before development of KS. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Implicit enthalpy formulation of phase‐change problems on unstructured grid
Authors: Caldwell J. , Date A. W.
Published: November 2003

This paper presents an implicit finite‐volume enthalpy formulation of the multidimensional phase‐change problems involving a unique phase‐change temperature. The derived formulation provides a simple method for local tracking of interface using the enthalpy variable on both structured as well as unstructured grids in a novel way. Results of economic computations of previously published problems are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved version of DYNAMIC‐Q for simulation‐based optimization using response surface gradients and an adaptive trust region
Authors: Craig K. J. , Stander Nielen
Published: November 2003

This paper proposes an improvement on the DYNAMIC‐Q method for optimization of applications requiring expensive and (often) noisy numerical simulations for function evaluations. The original DYNAMIC‐Q method requires the selection of a step size and a move limit by the user. For noisy responses, the success of the original method depends on the correct choice of step size and move limit. The improved version uses the adaptive trust region features of an existing successive response surface method (SRSM) algorithm to replace the selection of the step size and move limit with one parameter, the initial trust region size. For the testing of the new method, DYNAMIC‐Q(RSG), an arbitrary selection from the well‐known Hock and Schittkowski problems as well as a non‐linear structural engineering problem are used. It is shown that for problems where the gradient information is reliable, the original DYNAMIC‐Q method is superior as expected. However, where noisy responses cause inaccurate and unreliable gradient information, the SRSM and DYNAMIC‐Q(RSG) methods are proven to be more robust with SRSM superior in its ability to converge more stably. The performance of DYNAMIC‐Q(RSG) is encouraging as it maintains the robustness and minimum user input of SRSM, but has faster convergence for analytical problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Can services lead to radical eco‐efficiency improvements? – a review of the debate and evidence
Authors: Heiskanen Eva , Jalas Mikko
Published: November 2003

Eco‐efficient services, or sustainable product–service systems, are a popular topic in discussions on sustainability and eco‐efficiency. In these discussions, ‘service’ actually refers to many different things. It may refer to the role of the service sector in the economy, or to a new business strategy, or to the service (utility) provided by a product. Furthermore, the discussion on eco‐efficient services has been linked to concepts such as the ‘new’, ‘experience’ or ‘customized’ economy. The article analyses the central arguments and evidence put forth in the discussion on eco‐efficient services. The findings address questions occupying policy‐makers, managers and researchers: how relevant are eco‐efficient services in environmental management, and what might be the next steps in exploring their potential? Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Adaptive zone routing protocol forad hocnetwork nodes with non‐uniform mobilities
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Jacob Lillykutty
Published: November 2003

In recent years, a variety of new routing protocols for mobilead hocwireless NETworks (MANETs) have been developed. Performance evaluation and comparison of many of these routing protocols have been performed using detailed simulation models. Zone routing protocol (ZRP) is one of these routing protocols, which is a hybrid routing protocol that proactively maintains routing information for a local neighbourhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. The studies on ZRP have assumed homogeneous scenarios where all mobile nodes have uniform mobility and are statistically identical, lacking the studies on heterogeneous scenarios where mobile nodes move with non‐uniform mobilities in the same network. In this paper, we study the performance of ZRP in such scenarios. We propose an efficient scheme for ZRP to adapt to the non‐uniform mobilities scenario and study its performance for different mobility scenarios, network loads and network sizes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD8+ T cell‐mediated suppression of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in activated human macrophages
Authors: Brookes Roger H. , Pathan Ansar A. , McShane Helen , Hensmann Meike , Price David A. , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: November 2003

Animal models of tuberculosis point to a protective role for MHC class I‐restricted CD8+ T cells, yet it is unclear how these cells protect or whether such findings extend to humans. Here we report that macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rapidly process and present an early secreted antigenic target (ESAT‐6)‐specific HLA class I‐restricted CD8+ T cell epitope. When cocultured with CD8+ T cells restricted through classical HLA class I molecules the growth of bacilli within macrophages is significantly impaired after 7 days. Thisslow antimycobacterial activity did not correlate with macrophage lysis but required cell contact. We also found that inhibitors of apoptosis either had no effect or augmented the CD8‐mediated suppressive activity, suggesting that an activation signal might be involved. Indeed we show that CD8+ T cells were able to activate macrophages through receptors that include CD95 (Fas). Consistent with these findings the CD8‐mediated suppression of mycobacterial growth was partially reversed by Fas blockade. These data identify a previously unrecognized CD8+ T cell‐mediated mechanismused to control an intracellular infection of macrophages.
Maintenance of B lymphocyte‐related clones in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Colombo Monica , Dono Mariella , Gazzola Paola , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Mancardi Gianluigi , Ferrarini Manlio
Published: November 2003

A longitudinal study of Ig V gene segments utilized by B cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was carried out using RT‐PCR methodologies. One patient with a relapsing‐remitting (RR)‐MS was investigated at onset and at relapse, 1 year later. A patient with secondary‐progressive (SP)‐MS was tested 9 and 13 years after disease onset. Sequenceanalyses of VHDJH segments bearing VH3 and VH4 that were obtained from Cγ cDNA genes demonstrated a substantial proportion of shared clones in the samples taken at different times; these clones were identical or closely related, i.e. had the same third complementary determining region (CDR) of the H chain variable region gene (HCDR3) with different mutations in the VH segment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that in MS patients there is a strong selective pressure, which could be exerted by antigen (or autoantigen) stimulation, for the maintenance and partial diversification of certain VHDJH Cγ sequences.
Inflammatory pathogenesis of snake venom metalloproteinase‐induced skin necrosis
Authors: Laing Gavin David , Clissa Patricia Bianca , Theakston Robert David Geoffrey , Moura‐da‐Silva Ana Maria , Taylor Mark John
Published: November 2003

Local tissue damage, characterized by edema, hemorrhage and necrosis, is a common consequence of envenoming by many vipers. We have investigated the contribution of inflammatory responses induced by the venom metalloproteinase jararhagin (isolated from Bothrops jararaca venom) in the development of these lesions. Local venom effects (edema, hemorrhage and necrosis) were inducedexperimentally in knockout mice deficient in the TNF receptors TNFR1 or TNFR2, IL‐1βR, IL‐6 and iNOS. Jararhagin‐induced dermal necrosis was abolished in mice deficient in the TNF receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2, and the same activity was significantly reduced in IL‐6–/– mice. There was no significant difference in edema and hemorrhage activities following jararhagin insult between knockout and WT strains, indicating that these local venom metalloproteinase‐induced effects are independent of these pro‐inflammatory mediators. The contribution of both TNF receptors and IL‐6 in local tissue necrosis raises important therapeutic issues regarding the treatment of local envenoming.
Characterization of the Surface Electrode Reaction in the Presence of Uniform Interaction: The Case of Mo(VI) Reduction in the Presence of Phenanthroline and an Excess of Fulvic Acids
Authors: Quentel François , Mirčeski Valentin
Published: November 2003

Surface electrode reactions involving lateral uniform interactions between adsorbed species is studied by means of square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). Interactions are represented by the interaction product aΘ, were a is the Frumkin interaction parameter (a is positive for attraction and negative for repulsion forces) and Θ is the surface coverage. The properties of the SW voltammetric response enable detection of interactions and recognition of the type of interaction forces by a simple procedure. The influence of the interactions on the apparent electrochemical reversibility of the surface electrode reaction is studied in detail. Utilizing “quasireversible maximum” the simple methodology for estimation of the standard redox rate constant without knowing the exact value of the interaction product aΘ is developed. Theoretical predictions are illustrated and confirmed by experiments with Mo(VI) in the presence of phenantroline and an excess of fulvic acids.
Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L., Maradol variety) fruit
Authors: Pino Jorge A. , Almora Karina , Marbot Rolando
Published: November 2003

Volatile compounds were isolated from fresh papaya fruit by simultaneous steam distillation‐solvent extraction according to Likens–Nickerson. Compounds were identiﬁed by capillary GC–MS and sensorially characterized by snifﬁng GC. One hundred and sixty‐six compounds were identiﬁed in the aroma concentrate, of which 77 were identiﬁed for the ﬁrst time as papaya volatiles. Among the identiﬁed compounds, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and 1‐butanol were found to be the major components. The esters of lower fatty acids were considered to contribute much to the typical papaya ﬂavour. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil analysis of Teucrium libanitis and T. turredanum by GC and GC–MS
Authors: Blázquez M. Amparo , Pérez Isabel , Boira Herminio
Published: November 2003

The chemical composition of the six essential oils obtained from Teucrium libanitis and Teucrium turredanum collected at different localities was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Fifty‐three constituents were identiﬁed. The oil of T. libanitis is characterized by the monoterpene α‐pinene (9.9–21.2%) and the sesquiterpene δ‐cadinene (5.3–9.7%), while that of T. turredanum had a higher content of sesquiterpenoids: β‐caryophyllene (15.6–32.6%), α‐humulene (4.7–10.1%) and β‐bisabolol (6.4–8.3%), and a lower percentage of monoterpenoids (<1%). A multivariate procedure (hierarchical clustering) for detecting natural grouping established that T. libanitis and T. turredanum constitute two independent taxa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition and chemical variability of the bark oil of Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon from Madagascar
Authors: Cavalli Jean‐François , Tomi Félix , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Casanova Joseph
Published: November 2003

A commercial sample of Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon from Madagascar was repeatedly chromatographed and the combined analysis of all the fractions by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR led to the identiﬁcation of 114 components. The major constituents were (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (9.3%), α‐copaene (7.7%), α‐selinene (5.8%), δ‐cadinene (4.9%), β‐selinene (4.5%), α‐humulene (3.3%) and β‐bisabolene (2.8%). Analysis of ﬁve other commercial samples conﬁrmed the pre‐eminence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and exhibited a variation in the contents of the main components: ishwarane (1.0–17.4%), (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (1.3–12.5%), α‐copaene (4.9–11.0%), β‐elemene (0.2–9.6%) and α‐selinene (1.1–9.4%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjustment for competing risk in kin‐cohort estimation
Authors: Chatterjee Nilanjan , Hartge Patricia , Wacholder Sholom
Published: November 2003

Kin‐cohort design can be used to study the effect of a genetic mutation on the risk of multiple events, using the same study. In this design, the outcome data consist of the event history of the relatives of a sample of genotyped subjects. Existing methods for kin‐cohort estimation allow estimation of the risk of one event at a time with the assumption that the censoring events are unrelated to the genetic mutation under study. These methods, however, may produce biased estimates of risk when multiple events are related to the genetic mutation, and follow‐up of some of the events may be censored by the onset of other events. Using a competing risk framework to address this problem, we show that cause‐specific hazard functions for carriers and noncarriers are identifiable from kin‐cohort data. For estimation, we propose an extension of a composite‐likelihood approach we described previously. We illustrate the use of the proposed method for estimation of the risk of ovarian cancer from BRCA1/2 mutations in the absence of breast cancer, based on data from the Washington Ashkenazi Kin‐Cohort Study. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation method, based on simulated data that were generated following the setup of the Washington Ashkenazi Study.Genet Epidemiol25:303–313. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of ribavirin, levovirin and viramidine on liver toxicological gene expression in rats
Authors: Fang Che , Srivastava Pramod , Lin Chin‐chung
Published: November 2003

The ribavirin/interferon‐α combination is currently the standard therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C. However, ribavirin causes hemolytic anemia as a signiﬁcant side‐effect. Levovirin, an l‐enantiomer of ribavirin, possesses similar immunomodulatory activity to ribavirin but lacks direct antiviral activity or hemolytic anemia. Viramidine is a liver‐targeting prodrug of ribavirin with much less potential for hemolytic anemia. The aim of the present study is to proﬁle the hepatic toxicological gene response to ribavirin, levovirin and viramidine. Rats were dosed orally with 120 mg kg−1 day−1 of ribavirin and viramidine and 2000 mg kg−1 day−1 of levovirin for 8 days. Ribavirin did not cause any signiﬁcant change (> threefold) in gene expression as analyzed by the Affymetrix GeneChip technique. Levovirin decreased the mRNA level of CYP7A1 by fourfold but did not affect the expression of CYP27/CYP7B1 that functions as an alternative pathway for cholesterol metabolism. Viramidine down‐regulated both expressed sequence tag 233569 and heat shock protein 86 genes threefold. The changes at mRNA level of these genes were conﬁrmed by the reverse transcription competitive polymerase chain reaction technique. None of the compounds changed the liver/body weight ratio, the major cytochrome P‐450 protein levels or enzyme activities. The data indicated that a high dose of ribavirin, levovirin or viramidine did not cause signiﬁcant change at the transcription level of most of the liver toxicological genes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane over TiO2 nanoparticles by molecular oxygen under mild conditions
Authors: Li Xinyong , Chen Guohua , Po‐Lock Yue , Kutal Charles
Published: November 2003

The structure, physical characteristics and photocatalytic selective oxidation properties of nanometer‐size TiO2 particles produced by a sol–gel method were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photocatalytic selective oxidation measurements. Analysis of the XRD results shows that sol–gel‐produced TiO2 nanoparticles have the anatase structure at annealing temperatures ≤973 K, that the rutile structure begins to emerge at annealing temperatures ≥973 K and the particles have the pure rutile structure at 1023 K. DRS indicates that the obtained TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit a blue shift with decreasing crystallite size. Analysis of the XPS results shows that the TiO2 nanoparticles have a lot of oxygen vacancies. The EPR spectrum of TiO2 at 77 K is composed of a strong isotropic EPR Surface‐Ti3+ signal(I) at g = 1.926 and a weak broad Bulk‐Ti3+ signal (II) at g = 1.987. Quantitative EPR indicates that both signals show a size and temperature dependence. Photocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane into cyclohexanol with high selectivity and activity has been obtained by activation of molecular oxygen over sol–gel‐produced TiO2 nanoparticles under mild conditions in dry solvent, which reveals that the quantum size effect and surface state effect of nanoparticles are key points for governing the selective photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic oxidation mechanism under dry solvent is different from that in aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of Fe‐, Sb‐, Bi‐ and Al‐impregnated silica catalysts using rice husk silica as a support for Friedel–Crafts benzylation of arenes
Authors: Shinde Ajit B , Shrigadi Nilesh B , Samant Shriniwas D
Published: November 2003

The milling by‐product of rice, rice husk, constitutes a major waste of the agricultural industry. It is mainly used as a fuel additive for various purposes, leaving behind residual ash which is rich in silica (Biogenic silica). In the present project, rice husk silica was impregnated with Fe3+, Sb3+, Bi3+ and Al3+ from both their aqueous and organic solutions. The resultant catalysts were activated at 120 °C and 550 °C and used for the Friedel–Crafts benzylation of benzene using benzyl chloride. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fixed bed modelling for acid dye adsorption onto activated carbon
Authors: Lee Vinci KC , Porter John F , McKay Gordon
Published: November 2003

The adsorption of three separate acid dyes onto activated carbon has been studied using fixed bed adsorption. A film‐pore diffusion model was developed and applied to the experimental breakthrough curve data. A sensitivity analysis showed that pore diffusion was the dominant mass transport mechanism. Pore diffusion coefficients were determined by an optimization routine with a minimization of the sum of errors squared. The external mass transfer coefficients were sensitive to the external fluid dynamic parameters, such as liquid flow rate and mean particle size. These fluid dynamic parameters did not affect the effective diffusion coefficient. The effective diffusion coefficient was not affected by changes in the fluid dynamic parameters but did change with differing initial dye concentrations. This may be due to a contribution from surface diffusion to the effective diffusion coefficient. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry