bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Power of Incremental Outcomes: How Small Victories and Defeats Affect Social Movement Organizations
Authors: Gupta Devashree
Published: April 2020

This article examines how incremental outcomes—gains and losses that stop short of decisive victory or defeat—influence movement organizations, particularly in terms of the public financial support they enjoy and the amount of money they subsequently allocate to programmatic expenses. Drawing on data from the US anti-death penalty movement, I find that small gains and losses significantly influence support and spending patterns. Movement success initially increases both financial contributions and programmatic spending, but over time, decreases both. Moreover, the particular effect is mediated by the type of venue in which the outcome takes place: formal institutions produce different rates of increase and decline than informal ones. These differences have important implications for movement organizations' choice of venue in which they make their claims while emphasizing the importance of considering incremental outcomes not only as end products of contention, but as inputs that are consequential for future movement development.
Disentangling Protest Cycles: An Event-History Analysis of New Social Movements in Western Europe
Authors: Jung Jai
Published: April 2020

The theory of protest cycles has informed us that the external political environment and the internal competition among social movement organizations are distinct elements leading to the emergence, development, and decline of popular protest. This theory, however, has not been examined systematically. I conduct an event-history analysis to test and refine the theory of protest cycles using a well-known new social movement event dataset. While proposing a general way of operationalizing the core concepts in social movement studies, I show that political opportunity only matters during the initial phase of social movement mobilization, rather than throughout the movement's lifespan. What explains declining frequencies of protest occurrence during the demobilization phase is the joint effect of two internal factors: the institutionalization of social movements and the growing violence during protests.
Casing Political Consumerism
Authors: Haydu Jeffrey , Kadanoff David
Published: April 2020

In this article, we consider some of the ways in which the literature on political consumerism distinguishes this type of activism from social movements of the past. We then use three old and three recent U.S. examples of mobilization focused on food to highlight variations across cases—old and new—in how consumption-based identities are politicized and in how these movements are organized. We recommend using these variations in analytical properties, rather than broadly defined temporal periods, as the starting point for sorting and comparing cases of political consumerism.
Epistemic Boomerang: Expert Policy Advice As Leverage in the Campaign Against Transgenic Maize in Mexico
Authors: Kinchy Abby
Published: April 2020

This article introduces the term "epistemic boomerang" to describe a distinctive pattern of activism in which activists, frustrated by exclusion from national politics, attempt to mobilize expert advice in support of social goals. Using expertise as leverage can be a desirable option for activists when political authorities favor technocratic decision making. Epistemic boomerang formation is possible when expert organizations encourage citizen participation in agenda setting and spaces are made for encounters between experts and activists. These processes are evident in the contentious politics of genetically engineered maize in Mexico. In this case, maize producers and community activists mobilized to confront an expert advisory group assembled by the tri-national Commission for Environmental Cooperation. As a result, the values and perspectives of many of the protesters were conveyed in the expert report and recommendations. This article examines the political outcomes of this epistemic boomerang and considers its implications for the study of social movements.
Mobilizing Emotions to Elect Women: The Symbolic Meaning of Minnesota'S First Woman Supreme Court Justice
Authors: Kenney Sally
Published: April 2020

Rosalie Wahl's appointment to the Minnesota Supreme Court and her subsequent election reveals how emotions make events historical, how they signal symbolic meanings, and how they mobilize social movements. The treatment of political women in the 1970s engendered the emotions that Wahl's appointment and campaign surfaced. Relegating women party activists to the role of chore doers rather than decision makers humiliated them. Homemakers felt discarded and downwardly mobile after divorce. Exclusion and discrimination stung women lawyers. Feminism surfaced the powerful emotions of anger, exhilaration, solidarity, and hope that women would break down barriers. By deconstructing the rhetorical arguments of Wahl's speeches, interviewing participants in the campaigns, reading the letters that Minnesotans sent to Wahl, and examining my own emotional reactions, I uncover the emotional dimensions of these events. Understanding what catalyzed intense emotional identifications and what this historical event symbolized to participants facilitates theorizing gender as a social process and understanding why other women first to hold public office or first women candidacies generally do not become historical events.
Violent Protest and Heterogeneous Diffusion Processes: The Spread of U.S. Racial Rioting From 1964 to 1971
Authors: Myers Daniel
Published: April 2020

This analysis of the diffusion of racial rioting in the United States applies recently developed extensions of event history analysis to the spread of rioting from 1964 to 1971. Contrary to early analyses of riot diffusion, the results demonstrate that diffusion is a critical force behind the pattern of rioting. The analysis identifies several types of diffusion in the riot cycle, demonstrating that contagious influence from riots decays over time, is mitigated by geographic distance, and is conditional on riot severity. Methodologically, the analysis produces extensions of prior event-history diffusion models that facilitate their use with collective violence and protest data. for comments on earlier drafts, Gregg Carter for providing his riot data, and Victoria Myers for assistance locating and retrieving original data.
Soliciting Elites: The Framing Activities of the United Negro College Fund
Authors: Wooten Melissa
Published: April 2020

Framing is widely recognized as an effective tool for resource mobilization, and much attention has been devoted to understanding the use of frames to mobilize participants. Less attention has been devoted to the use of frames to solicit wealthy donors despite knowledge that resource mobilization often includes this task as well. In this article, the case of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is used to analyze framing designed to elicit financial support from wealthy constituents. A frame analysis of the UNCF's mobilizing efforts between 1944 and 1954 is performed using qualitative data and methods. Findings indicate that soliciting support from wealthy constituents requires framing movement activity as though it will not lead to widespread change, even if logic or history suggest otherwise.
Asymmetry in Protest Control? Comparing Protest Policing Patterns in Montreal, Toronto, And Vancouver, 1998-2004
Authors: Rafail Patrick
Published: April 2020

Scholars have argued that since the 1960s, protest policing in Western democracies has moved toward emphasizing cooperative relationships with challenging groups. This evolution is referred to as the negotiated management model of protest control. Much of the literature that informs this perspective is based on either analyses of a limited subset of demonstrations or from national-level observation. Few studies have examined whether negotiated management practices hold at city levels. This research examines city-level protest policing using 1,152 demonstrations occurring between 1998 and 2004 in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, Canada. Bayesian logistic regression models are estimated using arrests as the response variable. The main findings suggest that only protestor premobilization and the police use of force are uniformly related to arrests; that there is considerable variation across cities; and that the larger pattern of results is not consistent with negotiated management practices.
Brokerage, Miscibility, and the Spread of Contention
Authors: Vasi Ion
Published: April 2020

Social movement researchers recognize the importance of brokerage for the spread of contentious politics. This study proposes a new classification of brokerage and identifies the main types of brokers depending on the subgroups to which actors belong and on the subgroups' miscibility. It also introduces the "diffusion and scale-shift paradox": contention spreads more quickly when brokers connect few groups and when they connect groups that are highly miscible; yet, contention cannot spread widely if brokers do not connect diverse groups and groups with low miscibility. The empirical analysis compares the spread of contention on the issues of peace and civil liberties. Results support the scale-shift paradox—they show that contention on civil liberties diffused to more municipalities and shifted upwards to more states mainly because civil liberty activists built bridges between groups that were at opposite ends of the ideological spectrum and outside the progressive community.
Brokers in Action: Transnational Coalitions and Trade Agreements in the Americas
Authors: von Bülow Marisa
Published: April 2020

This article contributes to the literature on social movements and on transnational collective action by analyzing the roles of brokers in processes of coalition building. Brokerage is defined as bridging initiatives that link actors that are separated by geographical distance, lack of trust, lack of resources, or because they are unaware of each others' existence. This study is based on network data and qualitative research about networks of challengers of trade agreements in the Americas in the past two decades. Findings suggest there are different types of mediating roles and tasks that specific actors are expected to play in enduring coalitions. The experiences of Mexican and Brazilian brokers show that the roles of translators and coordinators are more easily accomplished and sustained through time than the roles of articulators and representatives. Paradoxically, it is when mediating skills are most needed that they seem to be hardest to accomplish.
"Making Her Own Way": The Individualization of First-Wave Feminism, 1910-1930
Authors: Faupel Alison , Werum Regina
Published: April 2020

Scholars of the women's movement often postulate that it dissipated after winning suffrage in 1920, but empirical studies about the movement's post-victory transformation remain scarce. We use the first wave of the women's movement to explore the conditions under which movement frames change during periods of decline. Drawing on political opportunity theory, we hypothesize that waning political and cultural opportunities for collective action should lead to a rise in individualist frames. To that end, we examine how a prominent movement organization's use of collectivist versus individualist frames changed over time. We conducted a systematic analysis of 1,735 articles from the feminist publication The Woman's Journal, spanning the pre- and post-suffrage period (1910-1930). Our analyses generally support the political opportunity framework, suggesting that trends towards individualization emerge during periods of diminishing political and cultural opportunities, which in turn challenge movements' ability to galvanize constituents for collective goals.
Saying "Enough": Authoritarianism and Egypt's Kefaya Movement
Authors: Clarke Killian
Published: April 2020

How do reform-oriented social movements in authoritarian states get off the ground? I argue that authoritarian regimes can actually facilitate social movement mobilization by making it easier for movement leaders to form opposition coalitions. When authoritarian states experience a political opening, certain structural aspects of these regimes will ease the process of coalition formation. I describe three ways in which these states facilitate mobilization: (1) they offer a straightforward set of least-common-denominator goals; (2) they establish incentives for existing organizations to get involved; and (3) they enhance the role of protest events in building cohesion. To make my case, I analyze the Egyptian Kefaya movement, a social movement whose diverse members had never meaningfully worked together before and whose nine months of sustained street protests defied expectations that it would collapse under regime repression.
May Day Demonstrations in Five European Countries
Authors: Peterson Abby , Wahlström Mattias , Wennerhag Magnus , Christancho Camilo , Sabucedo José-Manuel
Published: April 2020

In this article, we argue that there is an element of rituality in all political demonstrations. This rituality can be either primarily oriented toward the past and designed to consolidate the configuration of political power—hence official—or oriented towards the future and focused on challenging existing power structures—hence oppositional. We apply this conceptual framework in a comparison of May Day demonstrations in Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in 2010. The demonstrations display significant differences in terms of officiality and oppositionality. Our study provides strong evidence that these differences cannot be explained solely—if at all—by stable elements of the national political opportunity structures. Instead, differences in degrees of oppositionality and officiality among May Day demonstrations should be primarily understood in terms of cultural traditions in combination with volatile factors such as the political orientation of the incumbent government and the level of grievances.
Collective Identity and the Subjective Terrain of Political Opportunities: Movement Dissension over Participation in Party Politics
Authors: Shriver Thomas , Adams Alison
Published: April 2020

Extant research emphasizes the ways in which collective identity is negotiated within broader political and economic opportunity structures. However, the interplay between collective identity and the subjective nature of opportunities has been largely unexplored. We address this gap in the literature by delineating how conflicting perceptions of salient political opportunities can fuel animosity and threaten movement identity. We draw from a unique qualitative dataset on the Czech environmental movement collected over a ten-year span. In 2002, a group of movement leaders circulated a manifesto urging environmentalists to stage a coup d'état of the Czech Green Party. Controversy erupted as some activists felt that the rallying call violated their longstanding independence from party politics. Our findings reveal that the movement's collective identity ultimately became fragmented as a result of activists' dissonant perceptions of this opportunity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for social movement research.
Lawyering for Social Change: Pro Bono Publico, Cause Lawyering, and the Social Movement Society
Authors: Boutcher Steven
Published: April 2020

Over the past few decades, large law firms have increasingly integrated social movement causes and organizations into their pro bono practices. In this article, I examine the field of pro bono representation and examine the various types of organizations and social movement causes that receive large-firm representation. I find that large firms represent a range of social movement issues and that this shift has increased over time. My findings support the "social movement society" thesis that movements have increasingly become integrated within mainstream institutions and have expanded to include new constituencies and claims. However, I also find that large firms channel their resources toward some issue domains over others, indicating uneven representation across the contemporary pro bono field.
Motherhood and Opportunities for Activism Before and After the Czech Velvet Revolution
Authors: Shriver Thomas , Adams Alison , Einwohner Rachel
Published: April 2020

Extant social movement research emphasizes the nexus of gender and opportunity structures in a variety of contexts, yet little work has examined how gender mediates the effects of structural opportunities on activism over time. We advance the existing literature by examining environmental activism framed around motherhood in pre- and post-revolutionary Czech Republic. Our analysis draws from rich qualitative data, collected over a ten-year span, which highlight temporal changes in mother activism in these two distinct eras. Contrary to expectation, gendered opportunities for mother activists expanded during the repressive era of the communist regime and contracted following the 1989 velvet revolution. We show how and why these dynamics occurred, and conclude by discussing implications for future social movement research on gender and gendered opportunities.
The Dilemmas of Social Movement Identity and the Case of the Voice of the Faithful
Authors: Ewick Patricia , Steinberg Marc
Published: April 2020

This article focuses on the dilemmic nature of identity for challengers within organizations and on their emergent responses. It is based on ethnographic research of one affiliate of Voice of the Faithful, a group of Catholics that formed in the wake of the clergy sexual abuse crisis. The abiding faith of the group and their commitment to change the church created a dilemma that encapsulates the central question of this article: how do challengers pursuing change of an institution balance commitment and critique, mainstream membership and otherness? Internal challengers manage these dilemmas by rescripting existing stories and telling novel ones to navigate group boundaries and formulate new understandings of their individual and collective pasts, presents, and futures. We trace the ways in which challengers work through contradictions and ambiguity in their emergent identities. This provides an opportunity to explore the existential dimensions of collective identity and focus on the processual nature of storytelling.
Does Framing Matter? Institutional Constraints on Framing in Two Cases of Intrastate Violence
Authors: Brown Gustav
Published: April 2020

A popular current within frame theory holds that frames are more likely to "succeed" when they align with dominant representations of the political environment. These "master frames" are conceptualized as either endogenous to the protest cycle or as products of the political opportunity structure. In contrast, this article utilizes two cases of intrastate violence in 1990s Indonesia—"ethnic" violence in the province of West Kalimantan and "religious" violence in the city of Ambon—to show how long-term institutional processes constrain framing. Local institutions shaped both the perceived relevance of specific cleavages and the organizational resources available to frame articulators—each key to framing outcomes. How the resultant frames aligned with the institutional (religious) cleavage at the level of the state then shaped the alliances available to relevant actors. This suggests the need to reposition framing as a fundamentally institutional process, and as institutionally constrained on multiple levels of social organization.
The Transnational Flow of Tactical Dispositions: The Chinese Democracy Movement and Falun Gong
Authors: Junker Andrew
Published: April 2020

This article examines the tactical repertoires of two diaspora-based Chinese protest movements; the Chinese democracy movement and the Falun Gong, a religious community that has been banned in China since 1999. Data, which were collected and coded using quantitative narrative analysis (QNA) software, take the form of inventories of tactics used by each movement. In spite of general contextual similarity in political opportunity and context faced by both movements, the inventory data reveal that each movement had its own overarching "tactical disposition," which is understood as a relational pattern between challengers, publics, and authorities. Findings also suggest that the tactical dispositions of the movements initially formed in China and then migrated to diaspora, where they influenced further tactical decision making. The durability of tactical dispositions across such disparate political settings (e.g., China/North America) points to the role of within-group culture in shaping how movements respond to protest opportunities in transnational contexts.
Mobilizing Interracial Solidarity: A Comparison of The 1919 and 1937 Steel Industry Labor Organizing Drives
Authors: Brown Cliff , Brueggemann John
Published: April 2020

We examine working-class race relations during two steel industry unionization efforts: the 1919 AFL drive and the 1937 CIO drive. Racial conflict divided steel workers in 1919 but interracial labor solidarity prevailed in 1937. We contrast the two drives using event-structure analysis (ESA) to highlight the imputed causal connections in our argument. Comparison of the 1919 and 1937 cases suggests that three developments were necessary for interracial solidarity in steel. First, industrial unions had to replace craft unions, which promoted class-oriented organizing strategies. Second, interracial solidarity required an easing of split labor market conditions. Third, unions had to incorporate concrete strategies to recruit black workers. In both cases, state actions and economic conditions mediated the impact of these factors on interracial organizing.
The Rise and Demise of the Dutch Extreme Right: Discursive Opportunities and Support for the Center Democrats in the 1990s
Authors: Muis Jasper
Published: April 2020

This article seeks to explain why the Dutch extreme-right party, Center Democrats (CD), never succeeded in breaking out of its marginal position. It argues that, in addition to analyzing fluctuations in electoral support, scholars should also examine the degree to which extreme-right parties are able to express their views in the mass media. Supply-side explanations are extended by showing that discursive political opportunities need to be openly acknowledged and debated publicly to become relevant. Relying on longitudinal data derived from political claims analysis and opinion polls, this article demonstrates that negative public reactions significantly eroded the electoral attractiveness of the extreme-right party. In contrast, when one's goal is to achieve mass media access, the results reveal that any publicity is favorable publicity. Public criticism enhanced the CD's access to the public debate. Also, rising support in opinion polls led to more public claim making. Remarkably, however, the extreme right party did not increase its electoral support when it made itself more prominently heard in the mass media. Thus, the CD appeared trapped in a spiral of discursive weakness.
The Complexity of Decline: Explaining the Marginalization of the East German Women's Movement
Authors: Kamenitsa Lynn
Published: April 2020

The case of the East German women's movement is used to examine a understudied and undertheorized area of social movement research, movement decline. The political marginalization of this movement in 1990, only a few months after its promising beginning, can best be explained by integrating three fundamental concepts in social movement theory: political opportunity, mobilizing structures, and framing processes. Based on the analysis of movement documents and forty interviews with women's movement activists, it is demonstrated that none of these approaches by itself is sufficient to explain the decline of the East German women's movement. Instead, the symbiotic interrelationships among political opportunities, framing, and mobilizing structures are crucial to understanding movement decline. The analysis identifies key dimensions on which these three factors interact, and suggests that they can be used to explain other cases of movement decline, particularly in political transitions.
Is the Political Personal? Everyday Behaviors as Forms of Environmental Movement Participation
Authors: Pichardo Almanzar Nelson , Sullivan-Catlin Heather , Deane Glenn
Published: April 2020

Most studies of behaviors associated with social movements focus on activists and are limited to conventional forms of social movement participation (e.g. movement organization membership and event participation). We argue for an expansion of the forms of movement participation beyond those carried out by activists to include the everyday behaviors of the general public. We examine five behaviors (conserving water, gasoline, energy, and purchasing products made from recycled materials, and purchasing such products when they are more expensive) and explore whether they are being carried out as expression of social movement adherence. Using data from a telephone survey conducted by The University at Albany's Center for Social and Demographic Analysis we explore this issue. Factoring in stated motivations for actions taken and employing continuation-ratio logistic regressions examining the relationship between forms of social movement participation (conventional vs. everyday) and movement identity, we found strong support for conceptualizing everyday behaviors as sites of social movement participation. Significant (though varying) percentages of individuals reported environmental motivations for their everyday behaviors. Additionally, results indicate that self-reported environmentalist identity is associated with both conventional movement and everyday behaviors, although the relationship with everyday behaviors is more complex. We argue that the relationship between personal identity and everyday behaviors is in part governed by the inconvenience associated with the behavior as well as the presence of alternate motivations for engaging in the behavior.
Transnational Structures and Protest: Linking Theories and Assessing Evidence
Authors: Maney Gregory
Published: April 2020

Despite the burgeoning literature on globalization, the effects of transnational processes on collective action remain under-theorized. Linking concepts from world-system, dependency, and international relations theories with political process theory, I generate sixteen propositions about transnational structural sources of protest. Five facets of political opportunity structure are examined: institutional access, unstable political alignments, divided elites, influential allies, and repression. Drawing from a wide range of sources, I then assess the validity of each proposition. The available evidence indicates that cyclical phases in the capitalist world economy, economic and political dependency, and competition and conflict among states significantly affect dimensions of political opportunity.
Cued to Coerce or Coercing Cues? An Exploration of Dissident Rhetoric and its Relationship to Political Repression
Authors: Davenport Christian , Eads Marci
Published: April 2020

This article explores whether and how state repression is influenced by a social movement organization's rhetoric; and, conversely, if dissident rhetoric is responsive to authorities' repressive efforts. These relationships are examined with data generated from several newspapers within the Bay area, across 253 weeks from 1969 to 1973, concerning rhetoric of the Black Panther Party (BPP) as well as police and court repression directed against the Panther organization. The results of the statistical analysis are mixed. Several aspects of BPP rhetoric increase both police and court-ordered repression, albeit at different magnitudes and lags. Moreover, results disclose that only police repression influences the discussion of particular topics in the Panther newspaper—the same topics that induce protest policing (again, across different lags). The analysis complements existing research on the conflict-repression nexus, but it also forces us to consider state-dissident interactions in a more comprehensive manner.
Framing, Political Opportunities, and Civic Mobilization in The Eastern European Revolutions: A Case Study of Poland's Freedom and Peace Movement
Authors: Kenney Padraic
Published: April 2020

Scholarship on the revolutions of 1989 has failed to take into account the role social movements played in civic mobilization in the late communist period. This is in part due to shortcomings in the theory of political opportunities as applied to repressive regimes. Through a case study of the Freedom and Peace movement, prominent in Poland between 1985 and 1989, this article shows how such a movement needed to create its own opportunities. Its emergence and ability to mobilize cannot be explained within the widely accepted model of political opportunity structures. Attention is directed instead to three movement strategies: exploiting opportunities within the underground opposition; reframing state repression as a motivation for activism; and choosing issues, such as resistance to the draft and environmental protest, which exposed weaknesses in the communist regime and thus lowered the perceived risks of participation.
Environmental Campaigns Against Mining in Australia and The Philippines
Authors: Doyle Timothy
Published: April 2020

With so much academic attention accorded to the features of globalization, it is often uncritically accepted that environmental campaigns are also becoming more global. While there is no doubt that the national agendas of mainstream environmentalism are challenged by the perception that ecological issues are simultaneously local and transnational, the extent of this transnational greening tends to be exaggerated. Southern and Northern movements pursue vastly different campaigns and use different ideologies to justify their actions and strategies. This article reviews environmental campaigns in two countries, Australia and the Philippines, against the Western Mining Corporation. Both campaigns were directed at one particular mine in each country: in Australia, an underground copper and uranium mine at Roxby Downs in the state of South Australia; in the Philippines, an open-pit copper mine at Tampakan in the southern island of Mindanao. Although Southern and Northern green movements share elements of environmental discourse and identity, a close examination of these protest campaigns highlights the fundamental differences between Southern and Northern movements
A Place Of Their Own? Women Organizers In The Maquilas Of Nicaragua And Mexico
Authors: Bandy Joe , Mendez Jennifer
Published: April 2020

This article compares women workers' movements in Nicaragua and Northern Mexico that have mobilized in opposition to the abuses occurring within export-processing zones (EPZs). We examine the opportunities and obstacles that such movements have faced as they seek social change via national and transnational coalitions. Our focus on gender tensions within transnational labor movements illustrates how power relations fracture the space of transnational civil society and constrain opposition to neoliberalism. Women's labor movements in both contexts confront highly gendered national and transnational political spaces, stemming in part from the hegemonic association of women with private space and men with public space. Significant differences in the opportunities for resistance emerging from local and national dynamics in Nicaragua and Mexico demonstrate that the realm of the so-called global cannot be understood as abstracted from historically situated localities.
Families, Fields, And Fighting For Land: The Spatial Dynamics Of Contention In Rural Brazil
Authors: Wolford Wendy
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes the formation of the largest grassroots social movement in Brazilian history: the Movement of Rural Landless Workers (MST). In movement literature and academic discourse, MST's formation has been consistently attributed to three factors— agricultural restructuring, political transition, and religious organization. These three factors form what I call an "Official Genesis Story." I argue that although the Official Genesis Story fits together well at the macro level, it cannot explain who decided to join MST or why, because the story does not locate acts of resistance in either people or place. A comparison of MST members in two different regions of Brazil shows how the spatial constitution of production and reproduction informed individual decisions to join MST. By geographically situating the official story, we uncover the contentious actors behind the contentious actions.
Getting Out The Vote: Women'S Democratic Political Mobilization In Ghana
Authors: Fallon Kathleen
Published: April 2020

Although the mobilization of women in Latin America prior to and during the transition to democracy has been well-studied, the mobilization of women in sub-Saharan Africa during this transition has received little attention. Yet, the study of women's mobilization within an emerging democratic state of sub-Saharan Africa would provide insight into how women may renegotiate their position in relation to transforming political structures, and how they may work to redefine their own rights. This article analyzes the case of Ghana to examine the mobilization ofwomen in sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, multivariate analyses of a survey of 621 women and in-depth interviews with thirty-three members of women's organizations are used to explore whether women's organizations are attempting to mobilize women to participate in the formal political process during the transition to democracy, and, if so, whether their efforts are successful. The results indicate that women's organizations view the electoral process as a means to mobilize women, that they have attempted to mobilize women to participate in elections, and that their mobilization efforts influenced the political behavior of women. Implications of these findings for our understanding of women's mobilization in sub-Saharan Africa in comparison to those in Latin America are discussed.
Explaining Suffrage Mobilization: Balance, Neutralization, and Range in Collective Action Frames, 1892–1919
Authors: Hewitt Lyndi , McCammon Holly
Published: April 2020

Growing evidence points to the pivotal role of framing processes in the mobilization of social movements. Our study contributes to framing theory by drawing on data from state-level woman suffrage movements in the U.S. to provide a systematic comparison of the mobilizing capacities of different collective action frames. Specifically, we examine the differential impact of the justice, societal reform, and home protection frames. Rather than assuming that all frames deployed by movements contribute equally to successful mobilization, we distinguish between effective and ineffective frames. Results of cross-sectional time series analyses suggest that the use of the reform frame positively influenced membership growth in state suffrage organizations, while the use of the justice and home protection frames had no effect. We conclude that there are three key determinants of a frame's mobilizing capacity: a balanced (i.e., culturally resonant and oppositional) message, the range of issues addressed, and the effective neutralization of counterframes
Event Analysis of Claim Making in Mexico: How are Social Protests Transformed into Political Protests?
Authors: Wada Takeshi
Published: April 2020

Why do citizens demand certain kinds of citizenship rights rather than another in a given context? This article extends the idea of political and cultural opportunities to Mexico's authoritarian context to explore why Mexicans, who had prioritized social rights over other rights, came to emphasize political rights in a context of neoliberalism. In particular, I ask how this transformation from social protests to political protests happened when neither political nor cultural opportunities appeared to be conducive to it? I gathered 1174 episodes of popular protests between 1964 and 2000 from Mexican newspapers and employed a quantitative event analysis to examine discursive aspects of claims making. In the neoliberal period, demands for social rights and material issues were made increasingly in conjunction with demands for political rights. Mexicans came to realize that their everyday needs and redistributive demands would not be satisfied without dealing with undemocratic political system. It is this change in people's recognition that pushed political claims making to the forefront of popular contention in Mexico.
The Moral Politics of Argentine Crowds
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: April 2020

Based on archival research and ethnographic fieldwork, this article reconstructs protesters' actions, collective beliefs, and shared self-understandings during two recent contentious episodes in contemporary Argentina, the 1993 Santiagazo and the 1996 pueblada in Cutral-co. Drawing upon E.P. Thompson's and J. Scott's notion of moral economy, the anaysis dissects the crowds' beliefs as to what are right and wrong political practices. The notion of moral politics, it is argued, calls for simultaneous attention to the content of protesters' beliefs, to their origin, and to their impact on the course of the events.
The Addition of Hyaluronic Acid into Platelet-Rich Fibrin Lysate in Restoration of Senescent Human Dermal Fibroblasts Activities
Authors: Azyenela Rika , Julianto Indah , Wirohadidjojo Yohanes Widodo
Published: April 2020

Senescent human dermal fibroblasts had reduced capacity in proliferation and collagen synthesis. It is due to unresponsiveness against transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulation. Either platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)-lysate or hyaluronic acid (HA) can restore TGF-β1 signaling pathway.

To determine whether HA addition to PRF lysate has a better activity than PRF-lysate alone in restoring senescent human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) activities.

HDF isolated from six different human skins was divided into normal HDFs and senescent HDFs which are induced by serum starvation. The senescent groups were then given 50% PRF-lysate and various levels of HA. Amelioration of TGF-β1 signaling was measured by cellular proliferation index and collagen deposition. 

Addition of HA into PRF-lysate resulted in a significant increase in proliferation index and collagen deposition index than PRF-lysate alone. The best level of HA for this mixture ranged from 20.83 mM to 41.67 mM. HA in PRF lysate is an excellent candidate material for treating clinical signs related to senescent human dermal fibroblasts.

 

Ethical permission: This experiment had gain approval from the local ethical committee, Ref: KE/FK/471/EC/2016 dated 17-05-2016.
Morphological Identification, Species Composition and Distribution of Mosquitoes in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan
Authors: Nour Mai M. , Aboud Mariam Atta Elmannan , Ali Nahla Osman Mohamed
Published: April 2020

Mosquitoes are a large diverse group of insects, with members being most important as vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is crucial to the control of the mosquito-borne diseases. This study was designed to provide baseline data on the species composition and distribution of members of the Anophelines and Culicines genera in ten selected localities in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan. Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to select collection sites. Adult mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) from randomly selected houses in Allia, Alnsr, Alskahdeed, Almrabie, Alshati, Althwrat, Alraba, Block 26, Block 32 and Khadugli in Kosti region during September 2014-August 2015. The Anophelines and Culicines mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Two Anopheles species and three Culex species were morphologically identified. These were An. gambiae s.s.; An. pharoensis; Cx. quinquefasciatus; Cx. univittatus and Cx. pipiens. This is the first report of An. pharoensis in the study area. The Highest mosquito abundance was observed in the September followed by October, while the lowest mosquito abundance was in July. An. gambiae s.s and Cx. quinquefasciatus were the predominant species which has importance as they indicate the presence of Malaria and arboviral infections in the study areas; respectively. These findings are of importance in the planning and implementation of vector control strategy in the Kosti region, White Nile state.
The Linkage between Institutional Changes and Food Security in Mtwara Region, Tanzania
Authors: Shole Robert N. , Kayunze Kim A.
Published: April 2020

This study focuses on the linkage between institutional changes and food security in Mtwara region. Institutional changes in terms of increase numbers of financial, commercial, hospitalizes, education, infrastructures and improved moral and altitudes of farmers have a direct relation with food availability and accessibility. Both formal and informal institutions have potentials to help improvement of food availability and accessibility. However, despite institutions dealing with food security having changed in Mtwara, food security is low. The fundamental question is which one among these institutions, has high impact on food security.This study sought to determine the linkage between institutional changes and food security in Mtwara region. The specific objectives of the study were to identify institutions existing and their functions at household level, analyze various sources of food grains and states of food security at the household level in Mtwara region, and assess the linkages between institutional changes and food security. Structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion and Oral interview had been useful for collecting primary information in which the best recorded interviewees were analyzed supplemented by documentaries (text and photography). Findings revealed that financial institutions and education have high impact on food security in the study area. Generally, this study concluded that banks, SACCOS, traditions (moral, attitudes, beliefs), and roadshave slightly difference effect on food security. Since 2010these institutions had been increased and improved and have a direct relation with food security.It is recommended that the, government and other stakeholders should create true transformation in rural people to provide them decent jobs, good living conditions, and different opportunities in order to maintain youth to stay in rural area for maximizing the food production. Further studies should be done on the factors influencing people to stay in rural areas in which agricultural activities are being done.
Structural Analysis of NaYF4 Solution Processed Nanoparticles for Hela Cell Studies
Authors: Mosiori Cliff Orori , Maera John.
Published: April 2020

The NaYF4 nanoparticles were prepared and analyzed. Its structural analysis confirmed the formation of nanocrystals of desired sizes and spectral properties that can be incorporated into Hela cell studies. The internalization of NaYF4 nanoparticles in HeLa cells was determined at different nanoparticles concentrations and for incubation periods from 3 to 24 hours using various techniques. The images revealed a redistribution of nanoparticles inside the cell that increased with incubation time, concentration levels, and depended on the presence of the transfection factor. The study identified factors responsible for effective endocytosis of the NaYF4 nanoparticles to HeLa cells. Thus this procedure or method could be applied to investigate a wide range of future “smart” theranostic agents that may result in be very promising fluorescent probes for imaging real-time cellular dynamics.
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and physiotherapy: direction through a case report
Authors: Sudarshan Shobhalakshmi , Rodrigues Diana , Kar Ankita , Vineeth Shwetha
Published: April 2020

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is an uncommon but debilitating condition of the facial skeleton. The condition may be acute or chronic. Acute TMJ dislocation is common in clinical practice and has been managed easily with manual reduction. Chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation is a challenging situation to manage. In this article, we discuss a case referred by the department of oral medicine for conservative management of the recurrent dislocating TMJ. This case was managed conservatively using physical therapy as the first line of management. At the end of the intervention the patient was pain free and had achieved normal function of the TMJ.
A peculiar case of cancer en cuirasse in adenocarcinoma rectum
Authors: Gupta Parul , Nigam Ashish , Dhull Anil K. , Mittal Arpit
Published: April 2020

Cancer en cuirasse in a case of primary adenocarcinoma rectum is an exceedingly rare phenomenon which is scarcely seen in isolated case reports only. It is a specific morphological variant of cutaneous metastasis characterised by diffuse induration and oedema of cutis which is studded with carcinomatous lesions. Cutaneous metastases often occur in elderly individuals in their sixth decade or later. Herein we present a case of carcinoma en cuirasse arising in a young female who was operated for adenocarcinoma rectum.
The status, challenges and opportunities of civil registration and vital statistics in Ethiopia: a systematic review
Authors: Gizaw Muluneh E.
Published: April 2020

While civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) plays prominent roles to improve public sector management, i.e., the economic, social and political issues of a population, its adoption has not been yet without challenges and is still in its infant stage in most developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study reviews various literatures and studies made by different researchers and institutions related to the status, challenges and opportunities of CRVS in Ethiopia. Even though, CRVS has got a national recognition before hundred years in the country, the directives and rules are not issued for implementation. According to the findings, Ethiopia is among the countries that have not yet installed CRVS systems in both national and regional levels successfully. It is challenged by infrastructure, capacity building and lack of awareness among the population on the benefits of the system. The status of civil registration and vital statistics is in the lowest rank in Ethiopia. Recently, the aid agencies and the government has been giving special attention to scale up its performance in different parts of the country.

 
An overview of scalp dermatoses in a tertiary care institute
Authors: Aravamuthan Ramesh , Vadivelu Sampath , Arumugam Shabari , J. Mukesh Mithran
Published: April 2020

Background: The scalp is unique among skin areas in humans, with high follicular density and high rate of sebum production which though providing thermal insulation also creates an environment conducive to superficial mycotic infections and parasitic infestations. As there is a paucity of studies on scalp dermatoses in the Indian and Western literature, a clinical study of these scalp dermatoses can unravel the common clinico-epidemiological manifestations in our population.

Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months. All the patients reporting to our department were evaluated for entry into the study and patients having scalp lesions were enrolled. A detailed clinical history and a thorough scalp examination were performed.

Results: The incidence of scalp dermatoses is more among adolescents and early adulthood with a male to female ratio 1.8:1. 57% of patients had lesions exclusive to scalp. Scalp was the initial site of presentation in 54.6% of cases who had generalized lesions. Itching (n=107; 53.5%) is the commonest presenting complaint. Among the scalp sites, parietal area was involved the most (73%). The most common dermatoses were psoriasis (21.5%) followed by alopecia areata (11.5%).

Conclusions: The scalp dermatoses have significant psychological impact affecting the social profile of the patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Indian study on scalp dermatoses involving all age groups which gives a precise clinical insight into scalp dermatoses.