bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Performance Characteristics of Waterdrive Gas Reservoirs off the South-East Coast of Trinidad
Authors: Welsh C
Published: February 2021

Sustained production is needed to satisfy the contractual demands of both Trinidad's domestic and LNG markets. To unlock the value of existing fields on production, comprehending the case histories of produced water drive reservoirs is necessary.

This study analyses production, reservoir and well data to understand trends in 12 water drive gas reservoirs from production to abandonment. These reservoirs were produced by 16 wells, from 5 fields located off the South East coast of Trinidad.

From the analysis, relative permeability Corey exponents were matched to fractional flow curves in a numerical simulator. The Buckley-Leverett-Wedge (B-L-W) technique was applied to predict the flooding order of the reservoirs, but was not found to be reliable because of its inability to compensate for layering and thick reservoir intervals. Nevertheless, the shape of the relative permeability curves could be used in some cases to identify a general grain size distribution. The endpoint values of the water curves in particular were correlated with the water-wettabilities of the reservoirs.

It was discovered that Recovery Factor (RF) before Water Breakthrough (WBT) was better with the high production rate reservoirs. Meanwhile improvement in RF after WBT depended on having a higher initial gas column. The pre-WBT result may have been caused by successfully outrunning the aquifer. The effect of increasing aquifer size was to lower RFs.

Single well completion reservoirs' WGR profiles depended on completion orientation. Vertical completions experienced WBT between 80 and 85 percent RF compared to horizontal and deviated wells at greater than 95 percent RF.

At conditions close to abandonment by water-out, phenomena such as liquid loading and condensate blocking were prevalent in a few reservoirs based on production trending.

A study limitation that may have led to incorrect conclusions was the inability to keep all other variables constant whilst manipulating only one. This could be remedied by a study with a larger number of reservoirs.
The Performance Evaluation of Old Well after SRV in Ordos Basin Tight Oil Reservoir
Authors: Wang H. , Liao X. , Ye H. , Zhao X. , Liao C. , Chen X. , Li D. , Li Y.
Published: February 2021

The technology of Stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) has been the key technology for unconventional reservoir development, it can create fracture network in formation and increase the contact area between fracture surface and matrix, thus realizing the three-dimensional stimulation and enhancing single well productivity and ultimate recovery. In China, the Ordos Basin contains large areas of tight oil reservoir with the porosity of 2~12 % and permeability of 0.01~1 mD. The most used development mode is conventional fracturing and water flooding, which is different from the natural depletion mode in oversea, but the development effect is still unfavorable. The idea of SRV is proposed in nearly two years in Changqing Oilfield. SRV measures are implemented in some old wells in tight oil formation. It is a significant problem that should be solved urgently about how to evaluate the volume fracturing effect.

Based on the real cases of old wells with SRV measures, the microseismic monitoring is used to analyze the scale of formation stimulation and the complexity of fracture network after volume fracturing; the numerical well test and production data analysis (PDA) are selected to explain the well test data, to analyze the dynamic data, and to compare the changes of formation parameters, fluid parameters and plane streamlines before and after volume fracturing; then the interpretation results of well test with the dynamic of oil and water wells are combined to evaluate the stimulation results of old wells after SRV.

This paper has presented a set of screening criteria and an evaluation method of fracturing effect for old well with SRV in tight oil reservoir. It will be helpful to the selection of candidate well and volume fracturing operation in Ordos Basin tight oil reservoir.

It should be noted that the evaluation method mentioned in the paper can be expanded to volume stimulation effect evaluation in other unconventional reservoirs, such as tight gas, shale gas and so on.
Applications of Advance Downhole Fluid Analysis and Interval Pressure Transient Test for Improving Oil Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study from the East Cost of Trinidad
Authors: Paul S. , Tapia R. , Arias-Correa J.A.
Published: February 2021

Acquisition of reservoir information from exploration campaigns in offshore oil reservoirs is a continuous challenge in today's operations. Reservoir fluid properties and reservoir parameters characterization are fundamental for the accurate reservoir description for field planning and facilities design. With the aid of new technology, data of the highest quality can be obtained while the well is being drilled. This data is a key input to the development plans for the area.

For an exploration well in an offshore Trinidad and Tobago oil field, in a reservoir of mainly unconsolidated sandstones with medium oil, the main objective was to acquire early and quick identification of the oil prospect for planning appraisal wells. A wireline formation tester (WFT) dual-packer module was deployed to perform an interval pressure transient test (IPTT), also known as a mini-drillstem test (mini-DST), at the interval of interest for assessing key reservoir parameters such as vertical and horizontal permeability, damage skin, and reservoir pressure, among others, in the near-wellbore domain, in addition to fluid sampling.

Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) was performed to identify the reservoir fluid properties including oil and water fraction, fluid composition, gas/oil ratio, density, viscosity, fluorescence, reflectance, and resistivity at multiple depths in real time. Also, the real-time insitu fluid characterization allowed making decisions about where and when to take the samples in an optimal amount of time. Additionally, a single-probe wireline formation tester was used to take fluid samples and to obtain a single-point formation pressure, used for determining pressure gradient. DFA was combined with pressure profiles to improve the determination of zonal connectivity across the reservoir.

The combination of IPTT and real time DFA characterization was applied at multiple depths and resulted in an improved understanding of oil reservoir, as well as lessons learned about methodology and applications and recommendations for future operations.
Reservoir Evaluation Using Interval Pressure Transient Test in Appraisal Gas Wells, Offshore Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Bardal D. , Trim M. S. , Tapia R. , Arias-Correa J.A. , Baptista-Parra S.M.
Published: February 2021

Hydrocarbon exploration is a challenging, costly and high-risk investment and success often requires further drilling of one or more appraisal wells to acquire data of the highest quality for reservoir evaluation and characterization before development plans can be put in place. During the exploration and appraisal stages it is important to define the reservoir fluid properties and reservoir parameters to enable accurate economic assessments.

Three appraisal wells in two gas fields offshore Trinidad and Tobago were drilled in reservoir formations that are mainly unconsolidated sandstones with dry, biogenic gas. An extensive wireline logging program was planned which ranged from basic and advanced petrophysical logs to images and formation testers including the dual-packer module to perform interval pressure transient tests (IPTT) or ‘Mini-DSTs’ as these are also known.

This was the first time in Trinidad and Tobago that IPTTs were conducted on appraisal gas wells. Technical factors influencing the decision to use an IPTT as opposed to a full Drill Stem Test (DST) included access to data from existing full DST's acquired in a nearby offset wells and a specific need to target thin-bedded and laminated sands so as to evaluate them individually and to observe vertical interference or connectivity between sand units.

A combination of IPTT analysis and real-time downhole fluid characterization was applied to the appraisal wells which resulted in an improved understanding of the reservoir.

The IPTT planning, methodology and applications, along with insights on some of the challenges encountered during operations which included changes to drilling operations in order to achieve the planned formation evaluation are presented.
Downstream Refining and Petrochemicals Challenges - Future Configuration
Authors: Mohite S.D.
Published: February 2021

Precise predictions and solutions for tomorrow's needs are the key to building a growing, sustainable business. This requires a mixture of vision, strategic risk taking business model and investment in new technology.

Refining trends forecast is useful for predicting possible landscape, where in challenge would be to meet twice the energy levels from today with half the CO2 emissions by 2030. Increasing and diversification of world's energy supplies to support the population of over 8 billion then would be a mammoth task, given that the triangle of energy, food and water will be crucial.

Three fundamental factors that will influence and shape this setting are: Global products demand will rise by 1.1% - 1.3% annually by 2030 to over 115 million barrels per day, with marginal influence of crude oil prices;Reinforced legislation targeting reduction of GHG emissions, requiring improved clean transportation and bunker fuels - accounting 2/3rd of total demand and growth;Refining and Petrochemicals form the backbone of global economics and meeting demand with inevitable steady profitability is a major task possibly also using alternative unconventional sources.

In competitive context – innovation, operational excellence and implementation of robust strategies are critical for sustenance and growth. Project returns can however be enhanced by incorporating integration principles and model at the design stage itself. Whilst development pace of new technologies would accelerate which can radically alter business structure in certain geographies, question remains on what makes a successful project come to fruition.

The presentation discusses futuristic economic unlocking of value by application of technology models and best practices by utilizing various feed-stocks, including natural gas as a main competitor and maximum upgrading bottom-of-the-barrel. Besides, novel process designs and operational control would be squeezed as it is invariably the last fraction which is most difficult to remove!

This paper contains forward-looking scenario about global Refining strategy, Petrochemicals feed-stock cost advantages, technology diversification routes to maximize returns from cheaper sources, financial performance and economics, growth opportunities in various countries, sectors or markets, besides a focus on Europe and GCC regions and current projects in Kuwait. However, these involve uncertainty as they depend mainly on future circumstances like commercializing R&D, not all of which can be controlled or accurately predicted, hence are directional for investment decisions.
LNG Imports - A Strategic Choice for GCC Region
Authors: Mohite S.D.
Published: February 2021

Although Middle East region is blessed with 43% of global proven gas reserves equivalent at 80 trillion cubic meters, of which 50 % are in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, apart from the challenge of historic under-investment, regional gas endowments have been highly uneven and unique.

The region is responding to gas shortages by boosting supplies through a combination of E&P developments and imports. As per IEA, the current 240 billion cubic meters (BCM) demand is expected to rise to 300 BCM by 2020 and 600 BCM by 2030. About 90% of incremental energy demand for power generation would come from gas then.

Strategic investment will have to focus on creating large volumes of storage capacity as well as peak deliverability to cope with rising imports and power demand requirements.

Currently, Dubai and Kuwait import LNG through floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) projects. At first these imports were seasonal (i.e. summer demand for electricity for air conditioning) and on a spot or short-term basis. Now, demand extends into all but the winter months and soon demand will be year round.

The expansion of FSRU in Kuwait in to a permanent facility would increase capacity from 500 MMSCF/d to 3 BCF/d in two phases. This 11.0 million ton per annum (MMTPA) Kuwaiti LNG project under phase-I, is likely to replace the country's FSRU by 2020, mainly to replace the fuel oil firing in power plants.

Abu Dhabi is developing a 8.7 MMTPA project in the Emirate of Fujairah on the Indian Ocean outside the Strait of Hormuz. Depending on supply-demand dynamics, Abu Dhabi may be both an importer and exporter of LNG, possibly relying on gas from the Shah and Bab fields. Bahrain has plans to develop 3.6 MMPTA shore-based import facility.

Oman has combined Oman LNG and Qalhat LNG projects for integrated benefits, is developing unconventional gas reserves and would reduce gas subsidies to improve the demand equilibrium. Yemen continues to export LNG but has interruptions because of security issues.

While Qatar gains geo-political benefits from its broader LNG export customers, with plans to expand its LNG capacity further, the possibility of it supplying gas to its neighbors is remote. Whereas, Saudi Arabia is better dedicated to its oil-field development, has realized benefits of developing and commercializing its gas fields, for both power and job generation.

In view of the above, LNG thus remains a strategic choice for GCC countries mainly due to: Most environment-friendly and efficient option for rapidly escalating power demand at ~ 8% p.a.Techno-economics favoring fuel mix of LSFO and LNG for power and industries, instead of crude and dieselRefinery-Petrochemical integration becomes a more viable optionLimitations on geo-technical and geo-political contentious issues on developing non-associated gas fieldsChallenges on speeding up trade and strengthening exchange of power using 2009-set GCC grid, at full capacitySlow diversification into high-profile renewable power projects and its bold initiatives
A New Wave of Illumination -ISS OBC Acquisition in the Columbus Basin
Authors: Rampersad T. , Cegna A. , Steiner C , Kommedal J.
Published: February 2021

The Independent Simultaneous Source (ISS) seismic acquisition in the southern Columbus Basin conducted by WesternGeco for BPTT is in the early stages of seismic processing. Early results are already revealing improved imaging and structural interpretations.

Improvements in imaging and depth conversion are compelling, largely the result of full azimuths, longer azimuths, higher fold, lower frequency content and P/Z recording. Because of these factors the resultant OBC data leads to improved velocity model building utilizing BP's Full Waveform Inversion, FWI, techniques.

In a field wide comparison done in the southern part of the basin the OBC image provided marked increases in the following over the heritage streamer data; Fault clarity, where reflector terminations and linkages are much clearer.Reflector continuity, especially in the deeper (greater than 12,000 ft. depths). This improvement seen throughout the dataset is most noticeable below shallow gas accumulations and in areas next to platforms previously only covered by lower fold data. Seismic sequences are also now more interpretable.Flat-spot detection where previous identification was unknown.Early results also point to improved spatial positioning of reflectors under shallow gas accumulations and, in the depth migrated volumes, the removal of the sag due to incorrect velocity fields.

This paper illustrates comparisons in the Columbus Basin between the new OBC data and heritage streamer data in support of the above claims of improved image and depth positioning.
Optimized Shale Resource Development: Balance Between Technology and Economic Considerations
Authors: Ahmed U.
Published: February 2021

Shale resource development technology is being improved and optimized over the last decade as the industry has seen a sharp rise in production and IP rates in North America and most recently from Europe and Australia while initial activities are on the rise in Latin America, Middle East and China. Despite such improvements, if one takes a closer look at the performance of the wells, one will find that not all wells are producing commercially and for that matter even wells that are producing commercially not all hydraulic fracture stages are contributing. This scenario is further compounded with the fact that unconventional resource development has a narrow profit margin for the E&P operators and in turn for the service industry. The industry needs to focus on the balance between efficient deployment of fit-for-purpose technology with strict economics in mind.

This conundrum potentially suggests that when dealing with shale resource one is faced with sweet spot identification in a basin / field and at the same time moving away from geometric (say every 250 ft.) selection of hydraulic fracture stages and placing stages where appropriate from a productivity point of view.

This paper documents certain well defined criterion used to identify the sweet spot location within a field / basin for the optimal well placement. We further document the vital formation / zone characteristic related information that can define the placement for hydraulic fracture stages and thus move away from the arbitrary geometric placement. Such an optimized plan can allow placement of productive wells and frac stages and thereby enhancing productivity and reducing well drilling and stimulation expenses. The key is effective cost reduction.

The paper illustrates the well placement optimization process through a combination of seismic attribute analysis combined with petrophysical and geochemical analysis via core and geophysical log measurements. The hydraulic fracture stage placement relies on the need to understand existing natural fracture system through geophysical log measurements and the interaction between the created hydraulic bi-wing tensile fracture and the surrounding shear fractures.

The paper concludes by presenting examples from three basins demonstrating the practical application of the methodology.
Dynamic Integration of DTS Data for Hydraulically Fractured Reservoir Characterization with the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Tarrahi M. , Gildin E. , Moreno J. , Gonzales S.
Published: February 2021

The deployment of fiber-optic-based distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in hydraulically fractured wells has enabled us to observe the dynamic temperature profile along the wellbore during treatment, flow back and production not only as a postprocessing step but also in real-time monitoring applications of the hydraulic fracturing process. Fracture initiation points, vertical coverage and number of created fractures can be identified by DTS data. However, to evaluate the well performance, optimize future treatments and better understand fracture modeling, additional accurate quantitative information such as fracture conductivity and geometries need to be inferred from DTS data. In this study, we propose to set up a stochastic inverse problem to infer hydraulic fracture characteristics such as fracture conductivity and geometries by integrating real-time DTS monitoring data. We develop a synthetic non-isothermal simulation model containing a horizontal well with multi-stage transverse hydraulic fractures amenable for realist real-time DTS data. We also provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of different fracture and reservoir parameters in the monitored temperature data by means of sensitivity analysis. To estimate the hydraulic fracture characteristics, we employ the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), an ensemble based sequential model updating method, to assimilate DTS data. The EnKF enables us to perform quantitative fracture characterization and automatic history matching. The EnKF also offers several advantages for this application, including the ensemble formulation for uncertainty assessment, convenient gradient-free implementation, and the flexibility to incorporate additional monitoring data types.

Examples are presented to illustrate the suitability of the EnKF-based fracture characterization for the inversion of DTS data to infer fracture geometries and conductivity. We demonstrate that by means of the EnKF we can identify accurately fracture halflength and fracture permeability from temperature inversion.
Intervention fidelity and its determinants of focused antenatal care package implementation, in South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia.  
Authors: Tessema Asressie Molla , Gebeyehu Abebaw , Mekonnen Solomon , Alemu Kassahun , Tigabu Zemene
Published: February 2021

Background: Home and community-based implementation of focused antenatal care intervention packages have significantly reduced neonatal mortality particularly in resource constrained settings. However, due to evidence-practice gaps, thousands of neonates are still losing their lives every day mostly from preventable causes. This study aimed to assess focused antenatal care package intervention fidelity and its determinant factors in South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed and a total of 898 women who gave birth in the last six months prior to data collection were included. Also 16 health extension workers working in health posts and 10 health posts for facility audits were included. Interviews and self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from mothers and health extension workers. Facility audits were used to assess availability and functionality of drugs and supplies in the health posts to provide focused antenatal care. Mothers were asked whether or not the required level of care was provided. Health extension workers were provided self-administered questionnaires to assess socio-demographic characteristics, reception of training, facilitation strategies and ability to classify danger signs. Multilevel linear regression analysis was performed to identify individual and organizational levels factors influencing focused antenatal care package intervention fidelity. Results: Overall weighted average focused antenatal care package intervention fidelity (implemented as intended/planned) was 49.8% (95% CI: 47.7 – 51.8); of which 55.1% was implemented by health extension workers and 44.9% by skilled providers (nurses, midwives, health officers or medical doctors). Overall antenatal care coverage, irrespective of frequency, was 83.7% (95% CI: 81.3–86.1); 35.0% (95% CI: of 31.6 – 38.4) of them received at least four antenatal visits and 46 (6.1%, 95% CI: 4.4 - 7.8) received all recommended components of focused antenatal care. Previous pregnancy-related medical problems, paternal education, and implementation of supportive/facilitation strategies were found to be significant factors enhancing focused antenatal care package intervention fidelity.Conclusion: Focused antenatal care package intervention fidelity in the study area was low; this may imply that stagnation of neonatal mortality reduction might be partly due to the low level of focused antenatal care fidelity. Improving implementation of facilitation strategies is highly required to contribute in neonatal mortality reduction.
Kilka uwag na temat twórczości Krzysztofa Boguszewskiego
Authors: Stankiewicz Aleksander
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY

The article deals with the artistic activity of Krzysztof Aleksander Boguszewski (d. 1635), nobleman, spiritual and painter, active in Poznań in years 1624–1635. In the past, scholars tried to do all they could to expand his oeuvre by resorting to imprecise comparisons or overinterpretation of his works. Also, they wanted to found style of his paintings in works of Herman Han. In the light of documents, it is sure that Boguszewski was not the imitator or even pupil of Han. He probably learned to paint in confraternity of painters in Lublin or Lwów. In fact, we can only proof his signature in one existing work – The entry of St. Martin into Amiens from 1628, originally from Cistercian church in Paradyż, but today exposed in Poznań cathedral. Other paintings from Paradyż Abbey, like The Heavenly Jerusalem (1628?), The Immaculate Conception (1628?) and St. Paul (1628?) and effigies of St. Mary from church in Otorów and Biechów (1632) we can include in the works of Boguszewski using the compare method. The other painting attributed by scholars to artist are fundamentally different. The iconography of his works from Paradyż were projected by the Cistercian abbot, Marek Łętowski (d. 1629). His conception for Boguszewski works was based on the instructions of Church intellectualist, like Carlo Borromeo or Gabriele Paleotti. It is very probably, that the painter, who became a priest in parish church of St. Adalbert in Poznań in 1630, was personally involved in the idea of artists working for the reform of the Church after the council of Trent.
Fundacje sakralne wojewody wołyńskiego Seweryna Józefa Rzewuskiego (po 1694–1755)
Authors: Rolska Irena
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY

Seweryn Józef Rzewuski was the son of Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski (1662–1728), grand crown hetman and Belz voivode, and Ludwika Eleonora Kunicka (coat of arms: Bończa; d. 1749). He was the older brother of Wacław Piotr Rzewuski (1706–1779), grand crown hetman and castellan of Cracow. The main house of Seweryn Józef and Antonia from the Potocki Rzewuski was the castle in Olesko. Before 1745 the voivode carried out renovation works at the castle, decorating it with stuccos and sculptures. The main building Rzewuski founded was the church and Capuchin monastery located below the castle. The single-nave church has a double-span nave enclosed by two rows of lower, rectangular-shaped side chapels linked by narrow passages. The church has an austere, flat facade with one portal on the axis, typical for Polish Capuchin architecture. Monastery buildings were located on the northern side of the church. The wings of the monastery surrounded a rectangular inner viridary, uncommon for Capuchin monasteries. The monastery in Olesko was one of the most magnificent Polish Capuchin monasteries. Seweryn Józef and Antonina Rzewuski revered the blessed John of Dukla. This was manifested by their decision to found the building of a column dedicated to Blessed John of Dukla in Lviv in 1736. The Rzewuski kept good relations with the Greek Catholics from Chełm and the Chełm starosty. Rzewuski founded baroque side-altars for the orthodox church in Kanie, which are now in the local parish church. He was also one of the initiators of the coronation of the icon of Our Lady of Chełm. Seweryn Józef Rzewuski inherited Łęczna (1737), and as the city’s owner he began renovating the parish church of Saint Mary Magdalene, rebuilding the burned city hall, two market squares and establishing a third one. Rzewuski founded two new, baroque altars for the church. Two side-altars, the pulpit, baptismal font and two altars in side chapels remain until this day. The remains of the programme, that can be found on the altars, indicate a close link between the passion and eucharistic worship. In 1745 Seweryn Józef finished building and decorating a small, single-navechurch in Łuszczów. All aforementioned buildings and art founded by Seweryn Józef Rzewuski, except from the column dedicated to the blessed John of Dukla in Lviv, were located on territories which belonged to the voivode.
Hic manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi, czyli o kontynuacji programu ideowego Sali Rycerskiej Zamku Królewskiego w litografii Franciszka Kosteckiego
Authors: Jakubowski Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The article refers to the ways in which the iconographic programme of the Knight’s Hall from the Royal Castle in Warsaw was portrayed in 19th-century graphics. The ideas devised by King Stanisław August in the spirit of the Enlightenment were extended by Franciszek Kostecki in lithography from 1819-1831. It depicts the apotheosis of Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Kościuszko and Prince Józef Poniatowski, and was complemented with a quotation from Virgil’s Aeneid. The subsequent graphics were mainly executed in the workshops of Louis Letronne (c. 1821) and Józef Swoboda (published in Lviv in 1863). The last echo of extending the ideas of heroic leaders and the pantheon of national heroes is the painting by Jerzy Kossak ‘On the threshold of eternity’ from 1935 which depicts Józef Piłsudski entering Wawel Cathedral, and Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko welcoming him there on the stairs.
Dydaktyka historii sztuki na UKSW - refleksje praktyka dotyczące metodyki kształcenia
Authors: Lewińska Beata
Published: February 2021

Dydaktyka historii sztuki w Instytucie Historii Sztuki Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego jest przedmiotem edukacji od 2001 roku. Konieczność wprowadzenia tego typu zajęć była determinowana chęcią włączenia praktycznych elementów do programu studiów w historii sztuki, co otworzyło nowe możliwości dla studentów na rynku pracy. Historia sztuki jest nauczana w szkołach artystycznych od II wojny światowej, a od 2005 roku jest przedmiotem egzaminu gimnazjalnego. W 2008 r. Ministerstwo Edukacji wprowadziło historię sztuki do szkół średnich jako dodatkowy przedmiot. Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego był pierwszą uczelnią w Polsce, na której wprowadzono dydaktykę i metodologię nauczania historii sztuki. Dzięki realizacji tych zajęć wraz z przedmiotami pedagogicznymi i psychologicznymi, uczniowie historii sztuki zdobywają kwalifikacje pedagogiczne i podejmują pracę w szkołach. W tym artykule przedstawiono również programy nauczania i metody ich prowadzenia.

Didactics of art history at the Institute of Art History at the University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński has been the subject of education since 2001. The need to introduce this type of classes was determined by the desire to include practical elements in the study program in the history of art, which will open up new opportunities for the students in the labor market. The history of art has been taught in art schools since the Second World War, and since 2005 it has been the subject of the secondary school certificate examination. In 2008, Ministry of Education introduced the history of art to secondary schools as an additional subject. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University was the first university in Poland where didactics and methodology for teaching art history was introduced. Thanks to the implementation of these classes along with pedagogical and psychological subjects, students of art history obtain pedagogical qualifications and take up work in schools. This article also introduces the teaching programs and methods of their conduct.
Relacja z sesji naukowej: Sztuka w służbie Wazów
Authors: Olszewska Magdalena
Published: February 2021

Relacja z sesji naukowej nt.: Sztuka w służbie Wazów, która odbyła się 4 marca 2019 r. w Sali Koncertowej Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie. Na sesji referaty wygłosili m.in. pracownicy IHS Wydziału Nauk Historycznych UKSW w Warszawie: dr Artur Badach i prof. dr hab. Jakub Pokora.
Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej ku czci ks. prof. Janusza St. Pasierba i uroczystości wręczenia nagrody Jego imienia
Authors: Skrodzka Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej ku czci ks. prof. Janusza St. Pasierba i uroczystości wręczenia nagrody Jego imienia. Spotkanie odbyło się 6 grudnia 2018 r. na Uniwersytecie Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego. Jego organizatorem był Instytut Historii Sztuki UKSW wspólnie z Katedrą Literatury Współczesnej Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych tegoż Uniwersytetu.
A Preliminary Degradation Pathology of Rangeland Declines Near Opuwo in the Kunene, Namibia: The Tragedy of Disrupting Traditional Commons Management
Authors: Pringle Hugh
Published: February 2021

The Kunene in far north-western Namibia is widely recognised as having amongst the most widely and severely degraded rangelands (de Klerk, 2004; Joubert et al., 2008), yet this was not always the case. In many communal areas, major episodes of degradation have only occurred for the first time in recent decades. The degradation is not many decades old and yet it is seen as obvious support for the concept of the tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968). This simplistic, convenient interpretation of change is strongly dissonant with what I have observed first hand. What has gone wrong and can this inform us about rangeland rehydration and repair? I draw on experiences from a small number of communities with whom I worked and learnt to piece together what has gone wrong. I also suggest cause for optimism of rangeland revival in the Kunene when the fundamental, root causes are addressed with clear community ownership and leadership based on local, people-centred problem solving. The major challenges are cultural, social, administrative and perhaps economic. They are not lack of knowledge regarding scientific rangeland management although the latter needs adaptive attention in a new, socially engineered human context.
Regulatory aspects of Impurity profiling
Authors: Gogna Kunal
Published: February 2021

Quality, safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals play an important role in drug therapy. The safety attribute of drug is established by its pharmacological or toxicological profile along with adverse effects caused by impurities in bulk and dosage form. Impurities present in drug often possess undesired pharmacological or toxicological effects which outweighs the benefits of drug therapy. Recently, many impurity cases have been reported for e.g. NDMA (N-nitroso dimethylamine) impurity in drug product Ranitidine. This may be due to inappropriate follow of impurity related regulatory guidelines or critical voids in regulatory control of impurities or may be lack of appropriate analytical technique for impurity detection. Moreover, in June 2007, EMA became aware of contamination of Viracept® tablets. It was detected with presence of ethyl mesylate impurity, a known genotoxic substance in Nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept®). Due to this, the product was recalled from EU market.

An impure drug is devoid of safety, quality and efficacy and can lead to adverse events. So, drugs of required quality standards should reach the market for patient’s safety. Therefore it is important and becomes mandatory to submit impurity data related to isolation, identification, qualification and control of impurities to respective regulatory authorities. This article is an attempt to deliver comprehensive understanding related to various attributes and details about impurity profiling in context with regulatory guidelines along with detail description of impurity data submission to regulatory authority for drug substance (API) to get market approval. This article also focus on ICH impurity guidelines ,sources, classification and quality control of impurities.
Regulatory response to pandemics in a developing country- the case of COVID-19 and the Ghana food and drugs authority (Ghana FDA)
Authors: Darko Delese Afia Amoakoa , Agyekumwaa Boateng Olivia
Published: February 2021

The emergence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has demonstrated the challenge of a single infection to health systems across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020, pointing at the time to the over 118,000 cases of the coronavirus illness in over 110 countries around the world and the sustained risk of further global spread. Congruent to this declaration by the WHO, countries were expected to accelerate their individual efforts amidst striking the right balance between protecting health and preventing economic or social disruption. In response to the pandemic, regulatory authorities of food and drugs in various countries are also recognizing the new demands and obligations that the pandemic has brought and taking measures to meet them and provide the much-needed support.  The Ghana Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) has taken various accelerated actions to meet the local demands in managing COVID-19. The regulatory interventions not only aim to facilitate the authorization of medicines and health technologies, sensitize the public on disease prevention and ensure the uninterrupted availability of medical and food supplies but also seek to inspire and boost local industrial potential. The Ghana FDA’s efforts are multifaceted and include propping the Drug Supply Chain, expeditious testing of essential COVID-19 medicines, facilitating efforts at COVID-19 test kit evaluation, active post market surveillance and public sensitization on preventive measures. The outcomes of the FDA response have informed ample opportunities that can be leveraged on now and beyond the pandemic and sensitized the Authority on the need to simulate possible emergencies and be better prepared in future happenings.
Drug Registration requirements for Pharmaceuticals in Emerging markets
Authors: Singam Sri Lakshmi Sowjanya Reddy , Yetukuri Koushik , Nadendla Rama Rao
Published: February 2021

Registration of pharmaceutical drug products in emerging market is maximum worrying task. Although the requirements are harmonized in regulated international locations by way of CTD (Common technical document) submitting, yet others have considerable diversity in necessities. International conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) has brought regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industries of US, Japan and Europe collectively for various factors of drug registration. But there is no such harmonized guideline for rising marketplace besides Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) where harmonization exists in clusters with their mutual situation. Quality, Safety and Efficacy information has significance importance in dossier registration. Pharmaceutical Industries has to conform with regulatory requirement in Emerging market and for betterment of public Health and protection. The business importance of markets is increasing globally. It is important for pharmaceutical enterprise to address the regulatory necessities for betterment of public and to ensure their place in the marketplace. The review additionally explains a short approximately extraordinary regulatory requirement for Registration of drug product in Emerging market and comparative data for registration of dossier software in Emerging marketplace.
A Review on Pongamia pinnata (L.): Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties
Authors: Fugare Akshay G. , Shete Rajkumar V. , Adak Vishal S. , G. Krishna Murthy
Published: February 2021

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is one of many plants with different medicinal properties where all its components have been used in the treatment and prevention of many forms of ailments in many countries as traditional medicine. The plant extract shows anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, anti-plasmodial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperammonic, anti-lipoxidative, anti-oxidant and analgesic activities. For gums, teeth and ulcers, roots are used for cleaning. For bleeding piles, bark is used internally. Traditionally, different parts of the P. pinnata  plant are said to be used to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, rheumatism, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gonorrhea and leprosy, to name a few. Oil is a source of biodiesel, an alternative, sustainable, nutritious and non-pollutant. The present Knowledge of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities according to parts of the Pongamia pinnata plant is discussed in this study.

Keywords: Fabaceae, Pongamia pinnata, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological properties.
Hydrodynamically Balanced System: A Review
Authors: Yadav Pawankumar H , Kardile Dipak P , Deshmukh Madhuri T , Shete Rajkumar V.
Published: February 2021

The most suitable drug delivery route is oral delivery due to its easily administration, patient adherence/ patient capacitance etc. Several approaches have been made for maximizing the G.R.T such as high-density system, floating system, swelling & expanding system and mucoadhesive & bio adhesive system etc. the main motive of reviewing the article is to focus on the mechanism of HBS system, classification with new system such as raft forming system and hollow microsphere, its application, marketed preparation and evaluation study. The procedure of gastric emptying is a complex and may leads to uncertainty for in vivo performance of the DDS. To prevent this type of complex formation and uncertainty, hard work has been done to expand the retention time of DDS for half of the day. The FDDS are beneficial in such process.

Keywords: HBS system, GRDDS, gastric residence time (G.R.T), raft forming systems, floating formulations, evaluation study.
Formulation development and characterization of in-situ gel of Rizatriptan Benzoate for intranasal delivery
Authors: Thakkar Jalaram H , Prajapati Shailesh T.
Published: February 2021

The present investigation was aimed to formulate and characterize ion-activated in-situ gel loaded with Rizatriptan Benzoate (RIZ) for intranasal administration for brain targeting. The gel was further optimized for process and formulation parameters by using 32 factorial design. The optimized batch having the concentrations of gellan gum and HPMC E15 LV 33.83 mg and 9.6 mg respectively. Gel strength and mucoadhesive strength of the optimized formulation were found to be 32.54 sec and 2580.50 dynes/cm2 respectively. Moreover, improved in-vitro and ex-vivo release profile of in-situ gel were observed in comparison to drug solution. In a nutshell, the developed formulation holds a great promise in overcoming the limitation associated with currently marketed RIZ formulations and illustrates the potential use of ion-activated in-situ gel to administer the drug by nasal route for brain targeting.

Keywords: In-situ gel, Rizatriptan benzoate, Ion-activated, Gellan gum, HPMC E15 LV, Brain delivery, Migraine
A concise review on preparation methods used for the development of solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Matta Vasu Deva Reddy
Published: February 2021

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are in submicron size range nanoparticles and are made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials (mainly composed of lipids and surfactants) capable of incorporating both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. SLNs are also considered as substitute to other colloidal drug systems, also used as controlled systems and targeted delivery. SLNs can be considered as an alternative for oral drug delivery vehicle to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs, associated reduction of drug toxicity and stability of drug in both GIT and plasma. There are different techniques used for the preparation of SLNs. Generally, the preparation of SLNs and any other nanoparticle system necessitates a dispersed system as precursor; otherwise particles are produced through the use of a particular instrumentation. This review provides the summary on the techniques or methods used for the development of SLNs of poorly water soluble drugs for improved drug delivery.

Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, controlled delivery, precursor, techniques.
Improvement of Physicochemical and Solubility of Dipyridamole by Cocrystallization Technology
Authors: Gawade Ashwini , Kuchekar Ashwin , Boldhane Sanjay , Baheti Akshay
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to develop a pH-independent release formulation of dipyridamole (DP) by the combined use of pH-modifier technology and cocrystal technology tartaric acid (TA) was selected as an appropriate pH-modifier in terms of improving physicochemical properties and dissolution behavior of DP under neutral conditions. Molecular docking method was used to identify the suitable conformer.  Upon optimization of the ratio of TA to DP (molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) was prepared by a solvent assisted griding method. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that formation of DP-TA co crystals supported by supported by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Spectroscopic analysis suggested that there might be inter-molecular interaction among DP and TA resulting in pH independent dissolution behavior of drug substance. The study confirmed the selection of proper coformer and exhibited enhanced physicochemical, solubility and stability of the Dipyridamole cocrystals. Hence, based upon results it revealed that cocrystallization helps in improving the physicochemical properties of the API.
Keywords: Dipyridamole, Coformer, Molecular docking, Radar chart, solvent assisted griding, Cocrystals
An Evaluation of Medication Adherence to Antidiabetic Drugs: A Prospective Study
Authors: John Nimmy N , Arjun V J , DAVID DARATH , Doddayya H.
Published: February 2021

Adherence to prescribed medication is an imperative issue which can be directly linked with the management of diabetes mellitus. WHO identifies poor adherence is the most significant cause of uncontrolled blood sugar level. A prospective observational study was conducted in in-patients admitted to general medicine department diagnosed with diabetes mellitus from September 2019 to February 2020. Data was collected from case sheets of patients for age, gender, and socio- economic data. Informed consent was obtained from patients or bystanders before study. Direct interview was conducted with patients using standardized questionnaire known as MMAS-8. Patient’s adherence to medications was assessed using scores obtained from the adherence scale. Among 100 in-patients 62 (62%) patients were male and 38 (38%) patients were female. Most of the patients had low adherence among both genders. Patients under age group of 41-60 years were more (58%) in which 46% had low adherence. It was observed that, married patients were more with low adherence (58%) followed by unmarried. When taking account of education of the patient, graduates and above were only 22 patients (22%) but most of them (16% ) had moderate/high adherence. Education of the patients had a significant positive correlation (i.e., p value = 0.0000002) between low adherence and high adherence of patients. This study showed that the adherence to anti-diabetic medications in diabetic patients were very less. It needs to be continuously evaluated in order to reduce complications and improve quality of life of patients.

Keywords: Medication adherence, MMAS-8, Uncontrolled diabetes
An Overview on Biomaterials: Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Naidu Nikita A , Wadher Kamlesh , Umekar Milind
Published: February 2021

The development of biomaterials have existed from around half a century and manifest its use in different fields. Biomaterials are used in living creature body, looking on its biocompatibility nature. In recent years, advances of biomaterials are showing a marked presence in the fast growing fields of pharmaceuticals and medicines. According to their availability, different types of biomaterials like metal, ceramic, polymer and their composites are used for several purpose in the body. In this review article, types of biomaterials have been discussed with their advantages, disadvantages and recent applications in the pharmaceutical field such as implants used to mimic the structure and function of tissues, dental implants, wound healing, cell regeneration, regenerative medicines, delivery of drugs and different organ regeneration. Organ regeneration leading to replacement of organs such as heart, trachea and lungs etc. by use of specific biomaterials have been reported with the diagnosis of diseases and its treatment.