bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Phosphorus Compounds and Their Effects in Sediments of an Eutrophic Chaohu Lake, China
Authors: Wenqiang Zhang , Baoqing Shan , Hong Zhang , Wenzhong Tang
Published: June 2014

Surface sediments and sediment cores in a shallow eutrophic lake, Chaohu Lake, were analyzed by 31P‐NMR to reveal the phosphorus (P) species and their effects on upper water quality. Total P (TP) in the NaOH‐EDTA extracts was dominated by inorganic phosphate (Pi), with higher levels being observed in the heavily eutrophic western lake (79.1 ± 1.7%) than in the eastern lake (68.1 ± 2.4%). These findings were opposite to those for organic phosphorus (Po). Pi (ortho‐phosphate and pyrophosphate) and Po (phosphonates, ortho‐phosphate monoesters and phospholipids, DNA) were detected in the NaOH‐EDTA extracts of the sediments by 31P‐NMR. The majority of Po consisted of ortho‐phosphate monoesters (80.2 ± 2.7%). For sediment cores, the contents of phospholipids and DNA declined more rapidly than that of ortho‐phosphate monoesters and pyrophosphate as sediment depth increased, with these compounds primarily occurring in the top 10 cm of sediment. The positive relationship between Po in sediment and TP in the water showed that Po compounds in the sediment would be released to the water. These compounds of Po will be mineralized to Pi and potentially bioavailable for recycling to surface water, supporting further growth of aquatic organisms and leading to algal blooms.
Control of Cyanobacterial Blooms via Synergistic Effects of Pulmonates and Submerged Plants
Authors: Zhang Junqian , Xie Zhicai , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Zhi
Published: June 2014

Control of cyanobacterial blooms remains a major challenge in the restoration and management of eutrophic waters. In this study, a synergistic approach of snails and submerged plants was used for controlling cyanobacterial blooms in a series of simulated experiments. Individual and/or combined effects of a pulmonate (Radix swinhoei) and a submerged plant (Potamogeton lucens) on cyanobacterial blooms were determined. The effect of R. swinhoei on the cyanobacterial decrements was not obvious but inversely increased nutrient concentration. However, aquatic plants had certain effects reflected by decreased concentrations in chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and the potassium permanganate index to 31.5, 17.9, 48.6 and 21.1%, respectively, after a ten days experimental period. Furthermore, when snails and plants were combined, these ratios disproportionately reached 76.2, 51.4, 55.6 and 31.6%, respectively. Results confirmed that use of a combination of snails and submerged plants to eliminate cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic waters may be a helpful tool in eutrophication control.
Phospholipids improve selectivity and sensitivity of carbon electrodes: Determination of pesticide Paraquat
Authors: Švecová Hana , Součková Jitka , Pyszková Michaela , Svítková Jana , Labuda Ján , Skopalová Jana , Barták Petr
Published: June 2014

Cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy were used for the investigation of properties and permeability of asolectin phospholipid layer and its influence on the voltammetric response of carbon electrodes. Permeability of the layer was tested using two electrochemically active compounds – paraquat as an example of lipophilic pesticide and copper sulphate as an example of hydrophilic substance. The phospholipid layer has suppressed the current response of copper ions effectively even in their large excess to paraquat. By contrast, the current response of lipophilic substance paraquat was almost unaffected by the phospholipid layer. As a result, the slope of calibration straightline for the copper ions was 14‐times lower at the modified electrode than at bare electrode. On the contrary, the slope of calibration curve for paraquat was almost the same at modified electrode compared to bare electrode. Unmodified (CPE) and phospholipid modified (LMCPE) carbon paste electrode were applied to the determination of paraquat by adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. Detection limits 0.8 and 0.2 µmol/L were obtained from the calibration dependencies for CPE and LMCPE, respectively. SPE was used for preconcentration of paraquat from model water samples and the recovery of the whole procedure was higher than 92%.

Practical applications: Improvement in both selectivity and sensitivity to lipophilic pesticide paraquat was observed after modification of the glassy carbon electrode and carbon paste electrode with soybean phospholipids (asolectin). The approach can be used for increasing of sensitivity of analytical methods, for development of electrochemical sensors as well as in research of phospholipid aggregates and its properties.

Improvement in both selectivity and sensitivity to lipophilic pesticide paraquat was observed after modification of the glassy carbon electrode and carbon paste electrode with soybean phospholipids (asolectin).
Effect of organic cultivation of Picual and Hojiblanca olive varieties on the quality of virgin olive oil at four ripening stages
Authors: Jimenez Brigida , Sánchez‐Ortiz Araceli , Lorenzo Maria Luisa , Rivas Ana
Published: June 2014

In recent years, there has been a remarkable development of organic agriculture worldwide, including in olive cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional quality of virgin olive oils extracted from two of the most widespread olive varieties in Spain (Picual and Hojiblanca) at different olive‐ripening stages, grown using organic or conventional methods. The results of this study showed significant differences in the acidity, oxidative stability, tocopherol contents, fatty acid composition and phenol contents of oils from organically and conventionally cultivated olives. However, the variety and the maturity stage of the olives had a greater effect on the physico‐chemical and nutritional parameters than whether the cultivation method was organic or conventional. Due to the growing interest in organic olive oil in the national and international markets, more studies that analyse the effect of organic cultivation on the quality of olive oil are required.

This study evaluates the quality characteristics of virgin olive oils extracted from two of the most widespread olive varieties in Spain (Picual and Hojiblanca) at different olive‐ripening stages, grown using organic or conventional methods. The results showed significant differences in the acidity, oxidative stability, tocopherol contents, fatty acid composition and phenol contents of oils from organically and conventionally cultivated olives.
Bidirectional behavior of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Dolatshahi Kiarash M. , Aref Amjad J. , Yekrangnia Mohammad
Published: June 2014

Most of the studies related to the modeling of masonry structures have by far investigated either the in‐plane (IP) or the out‐of‐plane (OP) behavior of walls. However, seismic loads mostly impose simultaneous IP and OP demands on load‐bearing or shear masonry walls. Thus, there is a need to reconsider design equations of unreinforced masonry walls by taking into account bidirectional effects. The intent of this study is to investigate the bidirectional behavior of an unreinforced masonry wall with a typical aspect ratio under different displacement‐controlled loading directions making use of finite element analysis. For this purpose, the numerical procedure is first validated against the results of the tests on walls with different failure modes conducted by the authors. Afterward, the response of the wall systems is evaluated with increasing top displacement having different orientations. A set of 19 monotonic and three cyclic loading analyses are performed, and the results are discussed in terms of the variation of failure modes and load–displacement diagrams. Moreover, the results of wall capacity in each loading condition are compared with those of the ASCE41‐06 formulations. The results indicate that the direction of the resultant force, vectorial summation of IP and OP forces, of the wall is initially proportional to the ratio of stiffness in the IP and the OP directions. However, with the increase of damage, the resultant force direction inclines towards the wall's longitudinal direction regardless of the direction of the imposed displacement. Finally, recommendations are made for applicability of ASCE41‐06 formulations under different bidirectional loading conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired development of intrinsic connectivity networks in children with medically intractable localization‐related epilepsy
Authors: Ibrahim George M. , Morgan Benjamin R. , Lee Wayne , Smith Mary Lou , Donner Elizabeth J. , Wang Frank , Beers Craig A. , Federico Paolo , Taylor Margot J. , Doesburg Sam M. , Rutka James T. , Carter Snead O.
Published: June 2014

Typical childhood development is characterized by the emergence of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) by way of internetwork segregation and intranetwork integration. The impact of childhood epilepsy on the maturation of ICNs is, however, poorly understood. The developmental trajectory of ICNs in 26 children (8–17 years) with localization‐related epilepsy and 28 propensity‐score matched controls was evaluated using graph theoretical analysis of whole brain connectomes from resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Children with epilepsy demonstrated impaired development of regional hubs in nodes of the salience and default mode networks (DMN). Seed‐based connectivity and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed significantly decreased intranetwork connections, and greater internetwork connectivity in children with epilepsy compared to controls. Significant interactions were identified between epilepsy duration and the expected developmental trajectory of ICNs, indicating that prolonged epilepsy may cause progressive alternations in large‐scale networks throughout childhood. DMN integration was also associated with better working memory, whereas internetwork segregation was associated with higher full‐scale intelligence quotient scores. Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed the thalamus, hippocampus, and caudate were weaker hubs in children with secondarily generalized seizures, relative to other patient subgroups. Our findings underscore that epilepsy interferes with the developmental trajectory of brain networks underlying cognition, providing evidence supporting the early treatment of affected children. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5686–5700, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unconscious thought and deliberation without attention: A miracle or a mirage?
Authors: Custers Euge`ne J. F. M.
Published: June 2014

None
Gendered specialities during medical education: a literature review
Authors: Alers Margret , Van Leerdam Lotte , Dielissen Patrick , Lagro-Janssen Antoine
Published: June 2014

The careers of male and female physicians indicate gender differences, whereas in medical education a feminization is occurring. Our review aims to specify gender-related speciality preferences during medical education. A literature search on gender differences in medical students’ speciality preferences was conducted in PubMed, Eric, Embase and Social Abstracts, and reference lists from January 2000 to June 2013. Study quality was assessed by critical appraisal. Our search yielded 741 hits and included 14, mostly cross-sectional, studies originating from various countries. No cohort studies were found. Throughout medical education, surgery is predominantly preferred by men and gynaecology, paediatrics and general practice by women. Internal medicine was pursued by both genders. The extent of gender-specific speciality preferences seemed related to the male-to-female ratio in the study population. When a population contained more male students gynaecology seemed even more preferred by women, while in a more feminine population, men more highly preferred surgery. Internationally, throughout medical education, gender-related speciality preferences are apparent. The extent might be influenced by the male-to-female ratio of a study population. Further research of the role of gender in career considerations of medical students on the future workforce is necessary.
Positive topological entropy for monotone recurrence relations
Authors: GUO LI , MIAO XUE-QING , WANG YA-NAN , QIN WEN-XIN
Published: June 2014

We associate the topological entropy of monotone recurrence relations with the Aubry–Mather theory. If there exists an interval$[{\it\rho}_{0},{\it\rho}_{1}]$such that, for each${\it\omega}\in ({\it\rho}_{0},{\it\rho}_{1})$, all Birkhoff minimizers with rotation number${\it\omega}$do not form a foliation, then the diffeomorphism on the high-dimensional cylinder defined via the monotone recurrence relation has positive topological entropy.
Family ownership logic: Framing the core characteristics of family businesses
Authors: Brundin Ethel , Samuelsson Emilia Florin , Melin Leif
Published: June 2014

In this article we show how specific family business logic shapes managerial practices. Based on empirical material from 20 case studies of family ownership governance, our study identifies seven core characteristics of family ownership logic. These include active, visible and persistent ownership with few owners, relatively stable strategic development encompassing multiple ownership goals, autonomy towards capital markets, and a strong identification and emotional bonding with the business. By considering the family business context, we find managerial practices that are prevalent in the majority of businesses around the world and that have implications for ownership research. It is concluded that by taking the logic of ownership into consideration when studying family businesses, researchers in this field can contribute to the growing literature on sociocultural and behavioural factors in corporate governance relations.
Risk factors forEscherichia coliO157 shedding and super-shedding by dairy heifers at pasture
Authors: WILLIAMS K. J. , WARD M. P. , DHUNGYEL O. P. , HALL E. J. S.
Published: June 2014

We undertook a longitudinal study within a cohort of 52 dairy heifers maintained under constant management systems and sampled weekly to investigate a comprehensive range of risk factors which may influence shedding or super-shedding ofE. coliO157 (detected by direct faecal culture and immunomagnetic separation).E. coliO157 was detected from 416/933 (44·6%) samples (faeces and recto-anal mucosal swabs) and 32 (3·4%) samples enumerated at >10000 c.f.u./g. Weekly point prevalence ranged from 9·4% to 94·3%. Higher temperature (P < 0·001), rainfall (P = 0·02), relative humidity (P < 0·001), pasture growth (P = 0·013) and body score (P = 0·029) were positively associated with increased shedding. Higher rainfall (P < 0·001), hide contamination (P = 0·002) and increased faecal consistency (P = 0·023) were positively associated with super-shedding. Increased solar exposure had a negative effect on both shedding and super-shedding within bivariate analyses but in the final multivariate model for shedding demonstrated a positive effect (P = 0·017). Results suggest that environmental factors are important inE. coliO157 shedding in cattle.
Towards EU Negotiations: A Moment of Opportunity for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo?
Authors: Matache Margareta , Bhabha Jacqueline , Bronsther Carrie
Published: June 2014

In the context of an ongoing Kosovo Government agenda promoting European Union accession, this paper examines the impact of two transitions – the post-conflict period and the current EU dialogue and negotiations – on the country’s Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities. The paper discusses the social and political dynamics of these two transitions and how they affect the status of the minority communities. It examines the role of intergovernmental and non-profit organizations in advancing protection measures (e.g. by pressing for the elimination of school segregation) and accelerating implementation of important infrastructure projects (as a prelude to national scale up). The paper compares the standards invoked by the Kosovar Government to those used by other European countries in the prelude to accession. It considers whether the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian political leadership are effectively leveraging the political momentum attached to the protection of minority rights, given that this is a central precondition for EU accession. The paper concludes that the current moment offers a unique window of opportunity to the minority communities, but one that will be squandered if minority community divisions and sectional interests continue, as at present, to compound EU policy implementation failures and thereby impede the path towards a multicultural Kosovo. By contrast, the minority community leadership could take advantage of the Kosovar Government’s interest in demonstrating its future membership bona fides by making a determined and joint effort to press for substantive minority rights protections through a unified platform. The paper suggests examples for development of such a platform.
Correlates of Generalized Trust among Turkish and Greek Cypriots: Evidence from the European Values Survey Data
Authors: Yucel Deniz , Ekici Tufan
Published: June 2014

Using the most recent wave of European Values Survey (EVS) data, this study explores the correlates of generalized trust by comparing Turkish and Greek communities living on the island of Cyprus. The results suggest that, besides confidence in institutions, there are different determinants of trust for each Cypriot community. In comparing Greek and Turkish Cypriots, the results suggest that being married, being older, having an urban residence, being in better health, and participating more in voluntary organizations are correlated with higher levels of generalized trust among Turkish Cypriots, whereas Greek Cypriots who are natives and who have more life satisfaction have higher levels of generalized trust. This study makes a significant contribution by being the first empirical study to test generalized trust among both communities living in the island of Cyprus.
Why Institutions Matter: From Economic Development to Development Economics
Authors: Marinescu Cosmin
Published: June 2014

The last few decades have seen a significant growth of economists’ interest in studying institutions. They are generally preoccupied with explaining institutions using instruments that are specific for an economist, and especially with discerning the significance of institutions for both economic development and development economics. Therefore, the integration of institutions into economic theory is an essential step in our continuous attempt to refine and improve scientific explanations. The neoclassical theory of economic growth only identifies the conditions needed for material production growth, such as capital accumulation and technical progress. In order to explain ‘why’ people save, invest, learn and seek useful knowledge, special attention must also be paid to institutional and value systems.
The Cellie Coping Kit for Sickle Cell Disease: Initial Acceptability and Feasibility
Authors: Marsac Meghan L. , Klingbeil Olivia G. , Hildenbrand Aimee K. , Alderfer Melissa A. , Kassam-Adams Nancy , Smith-Whitley Kim , Barakat Lamia P.
Published: June 2014

Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its treatment can place physical and psychosocial strain on children and their families, underlining the need for behavioral and emotional support. Much of SCD is often managed at home, which may prevent children from obtaining supportive services from medical and psychosocial teams. Children with SCD report a restricted number of coping strategies specific to managing SCD, and they may benefit from education on adaptive coping. To address this unmet need, a coping tool for children with cancer (Cellie Cancer Coping Kit) was adapted for children with SCD. The Cellie Coping Kit for SCD (Cellie Coping Kit) includes a stuffed “Cellie” toy, coping cards for children, and a book for caregivers. This study sought to assess the acceptability and feasibility of an intervention using the Cellie Coping Kit. Fifteen children with SCD (ages 6–14) and their caregivers participated in a baseline assessment including semistructured interviews to examine SCD-related stressors and coping strategies. Next, families received a brief introduction to the Cellie Coping Kit and were provided with a kit to use independently over the next 4 weeks before completing a follow-up assessment. Results indicated strong intervention acceptability overall. Although families reported using and learning information and skills from the Cellie Coping Kit, several challenges were identified (e.g., child’s living situation, busy schedules). The Cellie Coping Kit is a promising tool to support children with SCD and their families. Future research should examine whether use of the Cellie Coping Kit affects behavioral change and improved health outcomes.
Metals and (metallo)proteins identification in vitreous humor focusing on post-mortem biochemistry
Authors: Santos Júnior Júlio César , Mollo Filho Pedro Carlos , Felice Guidugli Ruggero Bernardo , Eberlin Marcos Nogueira , Pessôa Gustavo de Souza , da Silva Elidiane Gomes , Arruda Marco Aurélio Zezzi , Höehr Nelci Fenalti
Published: June 2014

Evaluation of metals and (metallo)proteins in vitreous humor samples at different post-mortem intervals.
Rapid analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in tap water and drinks by ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Ji Yu , Du Zhenxia , Zhang Haojie , Zhang Yun
Published: June 2014

A novel rapid analytical method for the determination of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – nabumetone, ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac – in tap water and drinks is presented.
Survival, differentiation, and migration of high-purity mouse embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor motor neurons in fibrin scaffolds after sub-acute spinal cord injury
Authors: McCreedy D. A. , Wilems T. S. , Xu H. , Butts J. C. , Brown C. R. , Smith A. W. , Sakiyama-Elbert S. E.
Published: June 2014

Purification of stem cell cultures improves the interaction with tissue engineered fibrin scaffolds and reduces the potentially tumorigenic cell population.
4-Halogeno-sydnones for fast strain promoted cycloaddition with bicyclo-[6.1.0]-nonyne
Authors: Plougastel Lucie , Koniev Oleksandr , Specklin Simon , Decuypere Elodie , Créminon Christophe , Buisson David-Alexandre , Wagner Alain , Kolodych Sergii , Taran Frédéric
Published: June 2014

4-Halogeno-sydnones were found to be efficient dipole partners for the strain promoted click reaction with bicyclo-[6.1.0]-nonyne. This bioorthogonal reaction has been applied to protein labeling.
Stepwise π-extension of meso-alkylidenyl porphyrins through sequential 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and redox reactions
Authors: Park Dowoo , Jeong Seung Doo , Ishida Masatoshi , Lee Chang-Hee
Published: June 2014

Novel pi-extended,meso-malonylidene porphyrins have been synthesized in high yields by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with the azomethine ylide.
Anion sensing by small molecules and molecular ensembles
Authors: Gale Philip A. , Caltagirone Claudia
Published: June 2014

This Tutorial Review provides a short survey of anion sensing by small molecule anion receptors, molecular ensembles and chemodosimeters.
Metal ion-exchanged zeolites as solid acid catalysts for the green synthesis of nopol from Prins reaction
Authors: Marakatti Vijaykumar S. , Halgeri Anand B. , Shanbhag Ganapati V.
Published: June 2014

The application of metal ion-exchanged zeolites as highly active and selective catalysts for the synthesis of nopol from the Prins reaction of β-pinene is reported.
Rational design of a new fluorescent ‘ON/OFF’ xanthene dye for phosphate detection in live cells
Authors: Martínez-Peragón A. , Miguel D. , Orte A. , Mota A. J. , Ruedas-Rama M. J. , Justicia J. , Alvarez-Pez J. M. , Cuerva J. M. , Crovetto L.
Published: June 2014

A new fluorescein derivative with ON/OFF features, 9-[1-(4-tert-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)]-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one (Granada Green,GG), was designed and synthesised.
Tautomerisation of thymine acts against the Hückel 4N + 2 rule. The effect of metal ions and H-bond complexations on the electronic structure of thymine
Authors: Stasyuk Olga A. , Szatylowicz Halina , Krygowski Tadeusz M.
Published: June 2014

Not necessarily the π-electron delocalization is responsible for the stability of thymine tautomers.
Anisotropic hierarchical porous hydrogels with unique water loss/absorption and mechanical properties
Authors: Zhao Di , Zhu Jintang , Zhu Zhongcheng , Song Guoshan , Wang Huiliang
Published: June 2014

Anisotropic hierarchical porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) hydrogels show unidirectional solution diffusion, fast water loss/absorption and linear tensile stress–strain curves.
Recent advances on ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy in the chemical sciences
Authors: Chen L. X. , Zhang X. , Shelby M. L.
Published: June 2014

Molecular snapshots obtained by ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy reveal new insight into fundamental reaction mechanisms at single electron and atomic levels.
New multifunctional phenanthroimidazole–phosphine oxide hybrids for high-performance red, green and blue electroluminescent devices
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Shipan , Wei Jinbei , Chen Shanyong , Liu Dong , Liu Yu , Wang Yue
Published: June 2014

Two novel fluorescent materials containing phenanthroimidazole/diphenylphosphine oxide possessing bipolar charge-transporting property have been used not only as emitters to fabricate high-performance deep-blue OLEDs, but also as hosts to fabricate highly efficient green and red PhOLEDs.
Relationships between main-chain chirality and photophysical properties in chiral conjugated polymers
Authors: Zheng Chao , An Zhongfu , Nakai Yosuke , Tsuboi Taiju , Wang Yang , Shi Huifang , Chen Runfeng , Li Huanhuan , Ji Yimu , Li Junfeng , Huang Wei
Published: June 2014

The different effects of binaphthyl enantiomers on the photophysical properties of chiral conjugated polymers were observed and analyzed for chiro-optic investigations.
Adaptor protein complexes and intracellular transport
Authors: Park Sang Yoon , Guo Xiaoli
Published: June 2014

The AP (adaptor protein) complexes are heterotetrameric protein complexes that mediate intracellular membrane trafficking along endocytic and secretory transport pathways. There are five different AP complexes: AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are clathrin-associated complexes; whereas AP-4 and AP-5 are not. These five AP complexes localize to different intracellular compartments and mediate membrane trafficking in distinct pathways. They recognize and concentrate cargo proteins into vesicular carriers that mediate transport from a donor membrane to a target organellar membrane. AP complexes play important roles in maintaining the normal physiological function of eukaryotic cells. Dysfunction of AP complexes has been implicated in a variety of inherited disorders, including: MEDNIK (mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, peripheral neuropathy, ichthyosis and keratodermia) syndrome, Fried syndrome, HPS (Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome) and HSP (hereditary spastic paraplegia).
Adaptive non‐backstepping fuzzy tracking control for a class of multiple‐input–multiple‐output pure‐feedback systems with unknown dead‐zones
Authors: Wang Rui , Yu Fu Sheng , Wang Jia Yin
Published: June 2014

In this study, the authors present a novel adaptive non‐back‐stepping alleviating computation tracking control algorithm for a class of MIMO pure‐feedback systems with unknown dead‐zone inputs. Based on the introduced new state variables and coordinate transforms, the pure‐feedback form is converted into a normal form where back‐stepping scheme is not necessary. Owing to the unavailability of the new states, the tracking control problem is changed from a state‐feedback one to an output‐feedback one. Therefore, observers need to be designed to estimate the indirect un‐measurable states. In the controller and observer design procedure, the control method is based on non‐back‐stepping scheme and for each subsystem only three adaptive adjusted parameters are needed to be updated on‐line. Thus, different from the back‐stepping‐based ones, this new algorithm can not only alleviate on‐line computation burden but also can considerably simplify the control procedure. According to Lyapunov stable analysis methods, the bounded of all the signals in the closed‐loop system can be guaranteed and the tracking error is proven to converge to a small neighbourhood of the origin. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this proposed approach.
Copper oxide nanoplatelets and nanoflowers: facile synthesis and catalytic activity in oxidative degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Liao Jinyun , Li Hao , Zhang Xibin , Xiao Dinshu
Published: June 2014

CuO nanostructures with controlled morphology have received a great deal of attention on account of their interesting physicochemical properties and wide applications in different areas. In this reported study, CuO nanoplatelets and CuO nanoflowers assembled by nanoplatelets were synthesised by a facile hydrothermal approach. It was found that the as‐prepared CuO samples exhibited higher catalytic activity than the recently reported CuO nanostructures in the oxidative degradation of methylene blue with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, it was revealed that CuO nanoflowers display higher intrinsic catalytic activity than CuO nanoplatelets, which may result from their special three‐dimensional nanostructures.
Imagined democracy? Nation-building and elections in Central Asia
Authors: Beacháin Donnacha Ó , Kevlihan Rob
Published: June 2014

Is an imagined democracy more important than actual democracy for nation-building purposes? After 20 years of independence, Central Asian countries present a mixed bag of strong and weak states, consolidated and fragmented nations. The equation of nation and state and the construction of genuine nation states remains an elusive goal in all of post-Soviet Central Asia. This paper examines the role that electoral politics has played in nation-state formation. We argue that electoral processes have been central to attempted nation-state building processes as part of efforts to legitimize authoritarian regimes; paradoxically in those few countries where (for brief periods) partial democratization actually occurred, elections contributed, at least in the short term, to nation-state fragmentation.
Conductance and block of hair-cell mechanotransducer channels in transmembrane channel–like protein mutants
Authors: Beurg Maryline , Kim Kyunghee X. , Fettiplace Robert
Published: June 2014

Transmembrane channel–like (TMC) proteins TMC1 and TMC2 are crucial to the function of the mechanotransducer (MT) channel of inner ear hair cells, but their precise function has been controversial. To provide more insight, we characterized single MT channels in cochlear hair cells from wild-type mice and mice with mutations in Tmc1, Tmc2, or both. Channels were recorded in whole-cell mode after tip link destruction with BAPTA or after attenuating the MT current with GsMTx-4, a peptide toxin we found to block the channels with high affinity. In both cases, the MT channels in outer hair cells (OHCs) of wild-type mice displayed a tonotopic gradient in conductance, with channels from the cochlear base having a conductance (110 pS) nearly twice that of those at the apex (62 pS). This gradient was absent, with channels at both cochlear locations having similar small conductances, with two different Tmc1 mutations. The conductance of MT channels in inner hair cells was invariant with cochlear location but, as in OHCs, was reduced in either Tmc1 mutant. The gradient of OHC conductance also disappeared in Tmc1/Tmc2 double mutants, in which a mechanically sensitive current could be activated by anomalous negative displacements of the hair bundle. This “reversed stimulus–polarity” current was seen with two different Tmc1/Tmc2 double mutants, and with Tmc1/Tmc2/Tmc3 triple mutants, and had a pharmacological sensitivity comparable to that of native MT currents for most antagonists, except dihydrostreptomycin, for which the affinity was less, and for curare, which exhibited incomplete block. The existence in the Tmc1/Tmc2 double mutants of MT channels with most properties resembling those of wild-type channels indicates that proteins other than TMCs must be part of the channel pore. We suggest that an external vestibule of the MT channel may partly account for the channel’s large unitary conductance, high Ca2+ permeability, and pharmacological profile, and that this vestibule is disrupted in Tmc mutants.
International Financialization and the Systemic Approach to International Financing for Development
Authors: Garcia‐Arias Jorge
Published: June 2014

This article is divided into three parts. The first section analyzes some narratives of international financialization and shows how the most relevant element of this process from the developing world's perspective (i.e. international financial liberalization) has generated significant costs for all of these economies. The second section analyzes why the element that would theoretically provide the most important advantage in terms of international financialization for the developing world (i.e. the establishment of a substantial, stable and predictable system of financing for development) has not been put into practice. Finally, the article analyzes the connection between the two issues (international financialization and international financing for development) in the context of a center–periphery financialization model, and establishes the need for its wholesale reform. This article goes on to propose the modification of some of the central elements of the international financialization process in the dimension most closely linked to development, and the adoption of a systemic approach to international financing for development (SAIFfD).
CYP2D6‐Inhibiting Drugs and the Increased Risk of Fall‐Related Injuries Due to Newly Initiated Opioid Treatment – ASwedish, Register‐Based Case‐Crossover Study
Authors: Möller Jette , Laflamme Lucie , Söderberg Löfdal Karin
Published: June 2014

It has been shown that newly initiated opioid therapy increases the risk of fall‐related injuries. Yet, it remains to be determined whether drug–drug interactions can affect this negative effect, for instance with drugs inhibiting cytochromeP4502D6 (CYP2D6) that metabolizes codeine and also has a partial effect on tramadol and oxycodone. Our aim was to investigate howCYP2D6‐inhibiting drugs contribute to explaining the risk of fall‐related injuries for newly initiated opioid treatments with codeine, tramadol or oxycodone. Data from aSwedish national case‐cross over study were revisited. This study identified a total of 167,257 fall‐related injuries leading to hospitalization that occurred between 1May 2006 and 31December 2009 and linked information about dispensed drugs to them. Use of newly dispensed opioids in the 28 days before fall‐related injury with and withoutCYP2D6‐inhibiting drugs was compared with an earlier control period. For codeine, there was a two‐times increased risk with concomitantCYP2D6‐inhibiting drug use (OR, 1.76; 95%CI1.40–2.20) and a three‐times risk increase without (OR, 3.17; 95%CI2.88–3.50). For tramadol, the risks were doubled whenCYP2D6‐inhibiting drugs were used (OR, 2.19; 95%CI1.84–2.60) and tripled without their use (OR, 3.04; 95%CI2.82–3.27). The risks were about the same for oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl and buprenorphine irrespective ofCYP2D6‐inhibiting drug use. In newly initiated opioid therapies, drug–drug interactions from concomitant use ofCYP2D6‐inhibiting drugs are associated with a lower risk of fall‐related injury for codeine and tramadol that undergo metabolism viaCYP2D6, but not for other opioids.
The effectiveness of online instructional videos in the acquisition and demonstration of cognitive, affective and psychomotor rehabilitation skills
Authors: Cooper Darren , Higgins Steve
Published: June 2014

The use of instructional videos to teach clinical skills is an ever growing area of e‐learning based upon observational learning that is cited as one of the most basic yet powerful learning strategies. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of online instructional videos for the acquisition and demonstration of cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills among undergraduate students, throughout formative assessments with two different durations of instructional videos. The research suggests that the use of videos to support traditional learning should be encouraged. While a conclusive evidence—base for their usage has not yet been established they are a medium which is likely to benefit a proportion of a cohort, and it is very unlikely that they will be harmful to students' learning.
Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Poland—the NATPOL 2011 Study
Authors: Rutkowski M. , Bandosz P. , Czupryniak L. , Gaciong Z. , Solnica B. , Jasiel‐Wojculewicz H. , Wyrzykowski B. , Pencina M. J. , Zdrojewski T.
Published: June 2014

Aims

The aim of the analysis was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Poland.

Methods

A questionnaire survey on a representative sample of 2411 Polish adults, complemented by blood pressure, anthropometric and fasting plasma glucose measurements. The research was part of the national cross‐sectional NATPOL 2011 Study. Diabetes was assessed as self‐reported (diagnosed) or screened (fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7 mmol/l, based on one blood draw).

Results

Total prevalence of diabetes in 2011 was 6.7% (95% CI 5.6–7.9); 6.4% (95% CI 5.0–8.0) in women and 7.0% (95% CI 5.4–8.8) in men and did not change from 2002 (6.8%, 95% CI 95% CI 5.8–7.9). Over one quarter of individuals with diabetes were not aware of having the condition. Obesity, arterial hypertension and male gender were strong predictors of screened diabetes. Total prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in the surveyed population was 15.6% (95% CI 14.0–17.2).

Conclusions

The prevalence of diabetes in Poland is similar to that observed in other European populations and has not changed over the last decade. The fact that every fourth person with diabetes is unaware of the disease creates important opportunities for screening and detection of the disease.
Use of stem cells in equine musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Watts A. E.
Published: June 2014

Stem cell therapies for musculoskeletal disorders are becoming commonplace in the horse. In order to decipher the many options available for stem cell therapy and interpret results of accumulating experimental and clinical data, practitioners should have a basic understanding of stem cells.
Genomic additive and dominance variance of milk performance traits
Authors: Wittenburg D. , Melzer N. , Reinsch N.
Published: June 2014

Milk performance traits are likely influenced by both additive and non‐additive (e.g. dominance) genetic effects. Genetic variation can be partitioned using genomic information. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic variance components of production and milk component traits (e.g. acetone, fatty acids), which are particularly important for milk processing or which can provide information on the health status of cows. A genomic relationship approach was applied to phenotypic and genetic information of 1295 Holstein cows for estimating additive genetic and dominance variance components. Most of the 17 investigated traits were mainly affected by additive genetic effects, but protein content and casein content also showed a significant contribution of dominance. The ratio of dominance to additive variance was estimated as 0.64 for protein content and 0.56 for casein content. This ratio was highest for SCS (1.36) although dominance was not significant. Dominance effects were negligible in other moderately heritable milk traits.
Distinct evolutionary histories of lowland biota on Italian and Balkan peninsulas revealed by the phylogeography of Arundo plinii (Poaceae)
Authors: Hardion Laurent , Baumel Alex , Verlaque Régine , Vila Bruno
Published: June 2014

Aim

Although recognized as hotspots of biodiversity, Mediterranean peninsulas have been poorly studied with regard to the evolutionary legacy of Quaternary environmental changes for endemic lowland biota. Using the phylogeography of the lowland Arundo plinii Turra (Poaceae), we evaluated two hypotheses regarding the genetic structure of southern European species, that there is: (H1) a decrease in regional genetic diversity with increasing latitude induced by past contractions towards southern refugia; and (H2) a strong differentiation between isolated refugia without a latitudinal gradient in genetic diversity.

Location

Italian and Balkan peninsulas, Mediterranean Basin.

Methods

Arundo plinii from 59 localities across six geographical areas was analysed for three genetic markers: (1) five intergenic spacers (4590 bp) of plastid DNA, investigated by molecular dating and phylogeographical analyses; (2) six primer pairs (852 fragments) of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, analysed as indices of genetic structure and diversity; and (3) chromosome counts regarding the prevalence of polyploidy in the genus Arundo.

Results

Chloroplast DNA and AFLP both described a gradient of genetic diversity in Italy, from the highest values in Sicily to uniform genetic clusters in northern Italy, versus relatively high genetic diversities in both northern and southern parts of the Balkans. Moreover, they supported a strong genetic differentiation between the two peninsulas, despite the distinction of one admixed genotype located in Croatia. Polyploid events were detected in northern and southern margins of the species' distribution.

Main conclusions

The results support distinct Pleistocene evolutionary histories for A. plinii within the two peninsulas. In Italy, this species probably persisted mainly in southern regions (Calabria and Sicily) during the Pleistocene glaciations, leading to the more recent formation of the northern populations. Conversely, the Balkan populations probably persisted at different latitudes during the Pleistocene, as illustrated by the conservation of equivalent genetic diversities in both the northern and southern Balkans.
Historical biogeography of the predominantly Australian plant family Goodeniaceae
Authors: Jabaily Rachel S. , Shepherd Kelly A. , Gardner Andrew G. , Gustafsson Mats H. G. , Howarth Dianella G. , Motley Timothy J.
Published: June 2014

Aim

The plant family Goodeniaceae includes 12 genera, largely restricted to Australia. They are a diverse and conspicuous element of the country's ecosystems and an important clade to consider in the effort to reconstruct the historical biogeography of this continent. We used a time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny to perform ancestral‐area reconstructions for the family, in order to: (1) determine its area of origin; (2) test whether vicariance played a role in the history of lineages occupying the south‐western and south‐eastern regions; (3) trace diversification processes in the central arid zone; and (4) trace potential eastward dispersals into the Pacific.

Location

Australia and the Pacific.

Methods

We employed a previously published molecular dataset to develop a time‐calibrated phylogeny for the Goodeniaceae using beast 1.6.1 with both primary and secondary node calibrations. Ancestral areas were reconstructed via both dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) and statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA).

Results

The Goodeniaceae split from Asteraceae + Calyceraceae c. 78 Ma, with the divergence of the Lechenaultia, Anthotium and Dampiera (LAD) clade from the remainder of the family c. 67 Ma. Although the geographical origin of the family is equivocal, the LAD clade originated in south‐western Australia, and the remainder of the family, especially Goodenia s.l., probably originated in the central Eremaean zone. The majority of Goodenia cladogenesis events occurred during the Miocene, with expansions to the north, south‐east and south‐west. The crown radiation of Scaevola s.l. occurred later, during the second half of the Miocene, and has involved several recent extra‐Australian dispersals into the Pacific.

Main conclusions

Although it is unclear where in Australia the family originated, our results support a south‐western origin for the LAD clade and considerable diversification of some clades within Goodenia s.l. and Scaevola s.l. in that zone. A relative paucity of mid‐Miocene sister relationships between south‐western and south‐eastern lineages suggests that the occupants of these regions were not affected by contemporary vicariance events. Instead, our results suggest that the aridifying Eremaean zone was an important source and sink for lineages, especially in Goodenia s.l. Dispersal is inferred for the extra‐Australian lineages due to their recent origins.
Current infant feeding practices and impact on growth in babies during the second half of infancy
Authors: Bandara T. , Hettiarachchi M. , Liyanage C. , Amarasena S.
Published: June 2014

Background

Sri Lanka has made remarkable improvements in health, social and educational indices. However, child malnutrition exists as a significant health problem. Infant feeding indicators have not reached expected levels and improvements are partly constrained by a lack of data. The present study aimed to determine current infant feeding practices and their impact on growth among 6–12‐month‐old infants.

Methods

The study comprised a descriptive cross‐sectional investigation conducted in randomly selected (n = 7) Public Health Midwife areas in Galle, Sri Lanka. An interviewer‐administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on sociodemographics and infant feeding. Mothers (n = 515) attending well‐baby clinics were recruited on voluntary and consecutive basis. Infants' body weights and lengths were measured using standard procedures.

Results

Exclusive breastfeeding rate for first 6 months was 49.0%. In total, 42.6% infants (219 out of 515) were given rice as first weaning food, followed by salt (58.6%) and sugar (42.3%). Oil had been introduced to 84.9% of infants by the end of 12 months. Most infants (over 71%) were given dairy products, whereas 62.3% were being fed various liquid foods using bottles. The introduction of commercial infant cereals, chocolates, plain tea, ice cream and deep fried snacks was noted. Age‐specific body weight and length were not achieved by 30.5% and 29.5% of infants, respectively. Weight for length was not achieved by 25.5% of the infants. Delayed achievements of motor milestones were observed. Mothers’ knowledge scores on basic nutrients were low.

Conclusions

Complementary feeding indices of the study group were not satisfactory. Maternal and child healthcare personnel need to identify causative factors for inappropriate feeding with a view to improve the complementary feeding patterns.