bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraepithelial Elastic Fibers and Intracytoplasmic Glycogen: Diagnostic Aids in Differentiating Keratoacanthoma from Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: KING DON FRIDAY , BARR RONALD J.
Published: April 2006

A significant statistical difference was found between the incidence of intraepithelial elastic fibers in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma arising in actinic keratosis (P< 0.001). There was no significant difference when keratoacanthoma was compared to adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.13) and de novo squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.73). However, in keratoacanthoma intraepithelial elastic fibers were found in areas of pseudoepitheliomatous hyper‐plasia and in the central keratin plug, as well as in areas of infiltrating, peripheral keratinocytes. In adenoid squamous cell carcinoma and de novo squamous cell carcinoma, the intraepithelial elastic fibers were found only in areas of atypical epithelial cells at the margin of the neoplasm. Intracytoplasmic glycogen was found to be statistically more abundant in keratoacanthoma than in squamous cell carcinoma arising in actinic keratosis (P < 0.001), adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.001), and in de novo squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.001).
Clear Epidermal Cells: an Artifact
Authors: MEHREGAN AMIR H.
Published: April 2006

Individual epidermal cells with condensed pyknotic nuclei surrounded by a clear vesicular space and a rim of homogeneous cytoplasm were observed in various unrelated skin conditions. It is suggested that the appearance of these cells is most likely artifactual and due to factors such as occlusion, with resulting moisture in the intertriginous areas, or to other as yet unknown factors.
The Histopathologic Differentiation of Keratoacanthoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Authors: KERN WILLIAM H. , McCRAY MICHAEL K.
Published: April 2006

The classification of skin tumors as keratoacanthoma or squamous cell carcinoma may be difficult and, albeit rarely, lesions classified as keratoacanthoma do metastasize. In order to review the reproducibility of the pathologic classification, 100 keratoacanthomas and 100 squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were randomized and reclassified. In 81% of the keratoacanthomas and 86% of the squamous carcinomas the original diagnosis was confirmed. The presence or absence of 10 histologic criteria was recorded for all cases. Almost all of the confirmed keratoacanthomas had invaginating keratin‐filled craters with epidermal proliferation at the sides and the bottom of the lesion and significant atypia and mitotic activity was rare. Most of the confirmed squamous cell carcinomas showed considerable cellular anaplasia and pleomorphism and many displayed significant mitotic activity. It is concluded that a definite diagnosis of keratoacanthoma or squamous cell carcinoma can be made objectively on histologic grounds but that some tumors are atypical or borderline lesions which must be indicated in the pathologic report.
Bullous Eruption due to Ethchlorvynol
Authors: BRODIN MICHAEL B. , REDMOND WARREN J.
Published: April 2006

Ethchlorvynol induced drug eruptions are unusual. We present a case of such an eruption which was confirmed by obtaining blister fluid drug levels.
Ultrastructural Findings in Acute and Chronic Graft‐Vs‐Host Reaction of the Skin*
Authors: ROZMAN C. , MASCARÓ J. M. , GRAÑENA A. , PALOU J. , FELIU E. , CASTEL T.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of graft‐vs‐host reaction (GVHR) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were studied by transmission electron microscopy. One was observed only in the acute phase and the other, after a mild acute reaction, showed a chronic lichen planus‐like pattern. All types of skin damage described in experimental GVHR have been confirmed in both cases. Our findings indicate an involvement of aggressor lymphocytes against keratinocytes as the chief pathogenetic mechanism of the disease, even in its chronic form, although the participation of humoral factors in some phases of the disorder cannot be excluded. The participation of Langerhans cells and macrophages in the reaction could not be demonstrated in these cases.
Cutaneous Pathobiology Mediated by Chemotherapy
Authors: FRANCHIMONT C. , PIERARD G. E.
Published: April 2006

A histopathologic study of side effects of chemotherapy on normal skin was made by light microscopy and radioautography after incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Two psoriatic patients were studied after methotrexate treatment and one after polychemotherapy for an osteosarcoma 2–5 days after administration of methotrexate. Four biological effects can occur: cellular death, recruitment of cells from a resting phase into the cell cycle of proliferation, synchronization of cells in that cycle and blockage of cells in specific phases. Sub‐lethal signs and necrosis were recognized in the epidermis as vacuolar alterations, cytoplasmic inclusions, swelling of keratinocytes, apoptosis and dyskeratosis. Bullae resulted from epidermal necrolysis. The labelling index of normal looking keratinocytes was very high. Within capillaries, plump and hyperchromatic endothelial cells were increased in number, as was their labelling index. Fibroblasts and cells of the eccrine glands were also labelled in number. The number of labelled nuclei within these cell lines reflects the recruitment and synchronization in the cell cycle and the blockage in S phase.
Angioma Serpiginosum
Authors: KUMAKIRI MASANOBU , KATOH NAOKO , MIURA YUSHO
Published: April 2006

Seven cases of angioma serpiginosum were examined in our clinic during a period of 15 years. A histological study performed in six of them revealed an increased number of ectatic capillaries in the dermal papillae. One of the cases, a 31‐year‐old woman, was studied by electron microscopy. The dilated capillaries consisted of endothelial cells, pericytes and veil cells. Walls of capillaries showed a heavy precipitation of fine fibrillar material admixed with collagen fibers. Most vessel walls were composed of two layers. The inner layer consisted of fine fibrillar material and the outer layer consisted of bundles of collagen fibers of about 40 nm in diameter. Characteristic findings in the endothelial cells were the formation of accessory lumen or slit‐like protrusion of lumen into the endothelial lining. It appears that angioma serpiginosum is not a simple telangiectasia of preexisting vessels but represents a type of capillary nevus, which has a tendency to manifest itself in the form of capillary dilation and proliferation.
Rhodamin B Stain for Keratin: Evaluation of its Specificity and its Application in Dermal Pathology
Authors: PINKUS HERMANN , MEHREGAN AMIR H. , RAHBARI HOMAYOON , KROBOCK ELAINE
Published: April 2006

We used Rhodamin B stain in sections of normal skin, benign and malignant epithelial tumors and dermatoses. Keratin staining was uneven and showed variation in different lesions. While tricho‐hyalin of the anagen hair follicle stained with intensity, keratohyalin granules failed to show similar reaction.
Deposits of Immunoglobulin and Complement in Psoriatic Lesions
Authors: ULLMAN S. , HALBERG P. , HENTZER B.
Published: April 2006

Biopsy specimens from 43 patients with psoriasis were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Deposits of complement C3 and/or immunoglobulins were seen in the vessel walls and/or in the dermal‐epidermal junction of all of 21 patients with pustular psoriasis, acute guttate psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy and erythroderma. Similar deposits were seen in nine out of 22 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Deposits were found in clinically uninvolved skin in only one of 37 patients. The results might suggest that the deposition of immune complexes in the vessel walls are of importance for the development of psoriatic lesions.
Leiomyosarcoma of the Dartos Muscle
Authors: Flotte Thomas J. , Bell Debra A. , Sidhu Gurdip S. , Plair Cassius M.
Published: April 2006

Smooth muscle is seen in the skin in three locations, the arrectores pilorum muscles, the wall of vessels and the specialized muscles in genital skin (the dartos, vulvar, and rnamillary muscles of the scrotum, labia majora, and the breast, respectively). We report a case of a leiomyosarcoma of the dartos muscle in a 57‐year‐old man. The histological features of this tumor are similar to the previously reported cases of leiomyosareomas of the skin thought to originate in arrectores pilorum muscles and the wall of vessels.
Schwann Cell Features in Neurotropic Melanoma
Authors: Warner Thomas F. C. S. , Hafez Gholam R. , Finch Robert E. , Brandenberg James H.
Published: April 2006

Schwann cell features were found on ultrastructural examination of a neurotropic melanoma (de novo type) of the lip. A neurotropic pattern of growth was retained in metastatic tumors in lymph nodes and lung. Melanin was not demonstrable in extra‐epidermal tumor cells.
Darter's Keratosis Follicularis: An Ultrastructural Study During and After Topical Treatment with Retinoic Acid Alone or in Combination with 5‐Fluorouracil*
Authors: De Panfilis G. , Manara G. C. , Ferrari C. , Tedeschi F. , Allegro F.
Published: April 2006

An ointment containing 0.05% retinoic acid (RA) was applied to the anterior surface of the chest in a patient suffering from Darier's keratosis follicularis. A mixture of two ointments containing equal amounts of 5% 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and 0.05% RA was used on the dorsum of the same patient. Biopsies were taken 30 days and 70 days after treatment started. Retinoic acid gave rise to an initial disorganisation of desmosomes; the “corps ronds” and “grains” disappeared, the lacunae gradually decreased in size, and the epidermis was practically normal when the clinical manifestations of the skin had disappeared. The damage induced with the RA + 5‐FU mixture was more serious, but when the skin lesions relapsed they did so later and in a less severe way than the recurrences observed after treatment with RA alone.
Juvenile Elastoma (Weidman)
Authors: Ledoux‐Corbusier M. , Achten G. , De Dobbeleer G.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of juvenile elastoma (nevus elasticus in disseminated tumors) were histologically and ultrastructurally investigated. The predominant components of this disseminated dysembryoplasia are abnormal elastic fibers. Both cases showed numerous large elastic fibers with an abundant background matrix. The elastic microfibrils were replaced by granular material. In one case, most of the abnormal elastic units remained isolated without forming elastic fibers.
Demonstration in situ of “T” Cells and “T” Cell Subsets in Lichen Planus using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: McMillan Euan M. , Martin Douglas , Wasik Rose , Everett Mark Allen
Published: April 2006

This report describes the in situ demonstration of “T” lymphocytes and “T” lymphocyte subsets in tissue sections using a case of lichen planus as a model. The technique utilized is the indirect immunoperoxidase method with monoclonal antibodies to “T” cells and “T” cell subsets. In the case examined a predominance of helper “T” cells was found. The potential application of this method in the immunopathology of skin and internal organs is discussed.
Perforating Calcinosis Cutis Presenting as Milia
Authors: Eng Ana M. , Mandrea Eugene
Published: April 2006

Two children with unusual milia‐Iike lesions on the pubic and groin area were found to have idiopathic perforating calcinosis cutis. The inconspicuous clinical appearance may escape detection unless a biopsy is performed.
Melanocytic involvement in giant axonal neuropathy
Authors: Bonerandi J. J. , Gambarelli D. , Livet M. O. , Toga M.
Published: April 2006

The skin of a patient with giant axonal neuropathy was studied by light and electron microscopy. Enlarged melanocytes protruded into the papillary dermis. An increased number of microfilaments (100 A), which accumulated in rounded or irregular clusters was the main pathological feature. Melanosomes and melanisation were normal.

A similar increase of microfilaments was seen in axons and Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This suggests that this metabolic, probably inborn and genetic disorder, does not only affect the nervous system but also the whole microfilament system (cytoskeleton).
Superficial fibrous tumors in childhood
Authors: Mehregan Amir H.
Published: April 2006

A review is made of superficial fibrous tumors of childhood and differences between the pattern of fibrous tumor proliferation in children and adults are discussed. The fibrous tumors that occur specifically in childhood and infancy include recurring digital fibrous tumor, juvenile aponeurotic fibroma (cartilage analogue of fibromatosis), juvenile hyalin fibromatosis, fibrous hamartoma of infancy, congenital fibromatosis and fibromatosis colli (Torticollis). Palmoplantar fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma may appear in all ages. Dupuytren contracture, however, is not usually observed early in life. Similarly, the histiocytomas and dermatofibromas which are the most common fibrous tumors af adults are extremely rare in childhood.
Onychomycosis (trichophyton mentagrophytes) A scanning electron microscopic observation
Authors: Meyer J. CH. , Grundmann H.‐P. , Schnyder U. W.
Published: April 2006

Nails from four patients, infected with dermatophytes, were investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to gain insight into the spatial arrangements of the dermatophytes within the nail. Fungal hyphae could he detected in nails of all four patients. A toenail from one patient infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes was more extensively studied and the results are presented in this paper. Light microscopic observations with bright field illumination and Nomarski interference contrast confirmed the dermatophytic infection. Fungal hyphae found with the SEM distally on the ventral part of the toenail showed typical T. mentagrophytes structures and the comparison with cultured material clearly demonstrated the correspondence in morphology and size. Besides the fine structural morphology of the invasion of fungal hyphae into the nail plate between the horny cells and/or directly into corneocytes, “lunnel”‐like holes were observed in paraffin embedded sections after removal of the paraffin. Scanning electron microscopy, with its enormous focal depth, yielded far more information than light microscopic techniques about the three dimensional behavior of dermatophytes in the nail.
T cell nature of exocytic and dermal lymphoid cells in atrophic parapsoriasis demonstrated by monoclonal Leu 1 and affinity isolated antibodies
Authors: Mcmillan Euan M. , Wasik Rose , Martin Douglas , Everett Mark Allen
Published: April 2006

Tissues from atrophic large plaque parapsoriasis were examined using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique with a monoclonal T cell antibody as primary antibody, and affinity isolated peroxidase conjugated goat anti‐mouse IgG as second stage antibody.

The “T” cell nature of the dermal infiltrate and of single exocytic epidermal lymphocytes was demonstrated. The results obtained suggest that the method utilized will be useful for the demonstration of lymphoid cell subpopulations in a variety of cutaneous disorders in which a lymphocytic infiltrate forms a significant component of the histopathology observed. This technique also has the potential of providing information on the topographic localization and differentiation of lymphocytes within the various levels of the skin. Certain technical manipulations which may result in an improvement in the quality of results obtained are also discussed.
Blue rubber‐bleb nevus syndrome with Masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Kumakiri Masanobu , Fukaya Tohru , Miura Yusho
Published: April 2006

A 14‐year‐old Japanese male showed numerous small cutaneous hemangiomas and severe anemia produced by internal hemorrhages from intestinal hemangiomas. Histological studies revealed ectatic vessels lined by a single layer of endothelial cells. Six hemangiomas, with fibrous walls of variable thickness, showed characteristics of vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma (Masson) in an organizing thrombus. Electron microscopy confirmed that the dilated cavities, were lined by a layer of flattened endothelial cells, surrounded by a few pericytes and/or smooth muscle cells. No appreciable abnormalities were found in the blood vessels located in the clinically normal skin.

A few amyloid deposits in the subepidermal connective tissue were also observed.
The localization of immune complexes in epidermis and upper dermis: Electron microscopic studies on reversed passive Arthus reaction
Authors: Kohda Mamoru , Ueki Hiroaki
Published: April 2006

A reversed passive Arthus reaction was induced in guinea pigs using horseradish peroxidase as antigen. An electron microscopic study on the cutaneous localization of the immune complexes was performed applying a peroxidase reaction. Precipitates of immune complexes were found within the walls of small blood vessels and among the collagen bundles in the dermis. The adherence of immune complexes to numerous eosinophils was observed and some of immune complexes were phagocytosed by neutrophils. The adherence of immune complexes to fibroblasts and the deposits of immune complexes in some areas of the basement membrane zone, especially in the zona diffusa, were found in the upper dermis and in the papillae. In the lower layers of the epidermis, we observed immune complexes adhering to the cell membranes of keratinocytes.
Tumor promotion by regenerative epidermal hyperplasia in mouse skin
Authors: Argyris Thomas S.
Published: April 2006

Chemically induced epidermal carcinogenesis is usually divided into two stages: initiation, which involves the conversion of epidermal cells into latent neoplastic cells; and promotion, which allows the expression of this neoplastic change. One of the characteristics of promotion is the transformation of the normal epidermis into a hyperplastic epidermis.

One of the unanswered questions about epidermal tumor promotion is whether the epidermal hyperplasia that characterizes promoted skin is simply a regenerative epidermal hyperplasia resulting from damage produced by the promoter. The opinion currently held is that the epidermal hyperplasia produced by tumor promoters is not simply a regenerative epidermal hyperplasia and possesses characteristics which a regenerative hyperplasia does not have, enabling it to evolve into an epidermal neoplasm.

The purpose of this review is to present recent evidence which strongly suggests that promoter induced hyperplasia is a regenerative hyperplasia. Two principal lines of evidence arc reviewed. The first demonstrates that an epidermal regenerative hyperplasia repeatedly produced by wounding or abrasion can promote epidermal carcinogenesis in the initiated skin of mice. The second line of evidence demonstrates that the epidermal hyperplasia produced by the application of 12‐O‐tetradccanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), the most powerful and widely used promoter of skin carcinogenesis, is preceded by damage to the epidermis. This strongly suggests that the epidermal hyperplasia which ensues is a regenerative hyperplasia.

The review concludes that during epidermal tumor promotion there is a chronic regenerative epidermal hyperplasia, and that there is no evidence for any other necessary factors during tumor promotion in appropriately initiated mouse skin.
The nature of melanoma. A critical review
Authors: McGovern V. J.
Published: April 2006

The main object of this review was to examine the various histogenetic types of melanoma in order to determine their nature. Nodular melanoma and superficial spreading melanoma differ in the more rapid growth of the former. For tumors of equal depth of invasion in patients of the same sex, the prognoses are similar. Clinical features with prognostic significance are sex, age, and site of the lesion. Women have a decided superiority in survival up to the age of about 50 years when their superiority declines. Survival rates for men also decline after the age of 50 years but to a lesser degree. Melanomas of the extremities have a better prognosis than melanomas of the axial regions. The histological feature of most prognostic significance is depth of invasion (thickness). Ulceration is partly bound to thickness of the lesion, but has an augmentative effect of its own which is related to rate of growth. Thin lesions with or without regression are often associated with meta‐stases.

Melanomas arising in Hutchinson's melanotic freckle have a better prognosis than nodular or superficial spreading melanoma but there has not been any series large enough for definitive markers with prognostic significance lo be determined. A similar state pertains in palmar, plantar and subungual melanomas.

The initial surgical approach in nodular and superficial melanoma should be based upon the thickness of the tumour, site of the tumour, and sex of the patient. The current classification of malignant melanoma is unsatisfactory. Melanoma arising in Hutchinson's melanotic freckle seems to be a distinct entity. Melanomas of other histogenetic types would be best classified according to site.
Histopathological evaluation of cocaine‐induced skin lesions in the rat
Authors: Bruckner James V. , Jiang W. D. , Ho Beng T. , Levy Barnet M.
Published: April 2006

A series of experiments was performed to characterize the nature of local tissue reactions to cocaine. The time‐course of tissue injury was assessed over a 21‐day period by gross and microscopic examination of the skin of rats administered 0.1–2.0% cocaine hydrochloride by i.e. or s.c. injection. Pronounced blanching, progressively severe hemorrhage, delayed extravasation of Evans blue dye, and eventual scar formation were seen grossly at injection sites. Marked engorgement of blood vessels, small hemorrhagic foci, and hyalinization of scattered muscle bundles of the pannieulus carnosus were apparent microscopically at 15 min post‐injection. Subsequent changes during (he next 3 h included progressively severe hemorrhage and loss of muscle bundles, degeneration of hair follicles and necrosis of the vascular endothelium and epidermis. Healing of cocaine‐induced lesions, as monitored for 21 days, was relatively rapid and complete. A hyperplastic epidermis covered formerly ulcerated areas by 6 days. Destroyed cellular structures in the derm is were replaced by collagen. Since cocaine's local tissue toxicity has been ascribed to vasoconstriction, the toxic potential of cocaine was contrasted with that of a potent vasoconstrictor, epinephrine (EPI). Although 0.1% EPI produced greater vasoconstriction than did cocaine, s.c. injection of EPI did not result in skin damage. The slight acidity of cocaine hydrochloride solutions appeared to be of little consequence, since s.c. injection of pH 5 and 6 saline had little effect on tissues. Our results suggest that cocaine is directly cytotoxic, though ischemia resulting from vascular injury and vasoconstriction may contribute to the local tissue injury caused by the drug.
Malignant lymphoma of the skin: a review of recent advances in diagnosis and classification
Authors: Holbert James M. , Hesney Thomas McC. C
Published: April 2006

“The histopathological changes and clinical disorders associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the skin have generated more confusion among dermatologists and pathologists than virtually any other area of cutaneous disease”. Clark et al. (1974)
Extramaminary Paget's disease in fibroepithelioma of Pinkus
Authors: Warner Thomas F. C. S. , Burges John H. , Mohs Frederick E.
Published: April 2006

Fibroepithelioma and extramammary Paget's disease are uncommon lesions A perianal fibroepithelioma that harbored Paget cells occurred in a 39‐year‐old man who suffered rectal and urinary incontinence following spinal injury. It is the first such case reported. An origin of the Paget cells and cells of the fibroepithelioma from a common stem cell is suggested.
Common and plantar warts with trichilemmal keratinization‐like keratinizing process: a possible existence of pseudo‐trichilemmal keratinization
Authors: Kimura Shunji , Komatsu Takehiko , Ohyama Katsumi
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐one common and five plantar warts were investigated histopathologically and electron microscopically in order to reveal whether or not these warts keratinize in a fashion similar or identical to trichilemmal keratinization(TK). Histopathologically, parts of 12 of 31 common, and 3 of 5 plantar warts, exhibited varying keratinization similarities to TK. The most similar case showed changes almost identical to intrinsic TK. Electron microscopy revealed uneven and somewhat interdigitating borders between the keratinized and the keratinizing cells, with a few ladder‐like membrane coating granules. It is postulated that there may be TK or TK‐like keratinizalion without any relationship to the outer root‐sheath of the hair follicle. We propose the concept of pseudo‐TK to distinguish this type of keratinization from intrinsic TK.
Immunohistochemistry in cutaneous pathology
Authors: Thivolet J. , Faure M.
Published: April 2006

Since the first demonstration of skin antibodies in sera of pemphigus patients by IF (Beutner & Jordon 1964), the scope of skin diseases in which immunologic findings may be of interest has enormously enlarged and dermatology remains one of the leading clinical specialities applying IHC in both diagnosis and research. Immunohistological techniques and, to a lesser degree, immunocytological techniques, have been developed to include not only IF, but also immunoenzymatic methods. Even if not all immunological findings may be disease specific and diagnostic, immunohistological techniques have become a very useful tool for studying skin biopsies in connection with serological methods. Their importance could be increased with rapid development to a new field: the study of normal skin constituents; e.g. Ag, collagen, keratin, with the help of specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Lindeberg H. , Jepsen F. L.
Published: April 2006

126 basal cell carcinomas from 7 patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were examined histologically and ‐using a scoring system ‐ compared with 54 solitary basal cell carcinomas. The solid subtype formed 78.9% of all tumors in the head and neck region and 48.9% of those located elsewhere. A broader spectrum of histological subtypes was noticed in tumors from patients with the syndrome. As multiple, keratizing odontogenic and epidermal cysts are often seen in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome it was interesting to see that multiple keratinizing cysts within skin tumors were recorded more often in this group.
Cutaneous focal mucinosis with spontaneous healing
Authors: Suhonen R. , Niemi K.‐M.
Published: April 2006

A case of extensive cutaneous local mucinosis is described. The patient had insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus with complications in the peripheral circulation. No thyroid abnormality was found. The diagnosis was confirmed by typical clinical appearance, by light and electron microscopy. Shortly after the biopsies were taken, clinical healing became evident — a phenomenon which was clearly seen at the ultramicroscopic level. On the basis of the present case, supported by sparse evidence from the literature, it seems probable that cutaneous focal mucinosis does not present a real neoplasm, but a reactive condition with a possibility of spontaneous healing.
Colloid and elastic fibre: ultrastructural study on the histogenesis of colloid milium
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Hashimoto K.
Published: April 2006

Tissues peripheral to well‐developed papules of colloid milium were chosen for biopsy and electron microscopy examination. Evidence was presented that colloid is derived from elastic fibres through sequential degenerative changes. In the upper to middle dermis of the peripheral tissue, a number of abnormal masses in the vicinity of small colloid depositions were observed. Ultrastructurally, those abnormal masses were degenerating elastic fibres in which “electron‐dense layers” of normal elastic fibre increased in amount, although their electron density diminished. Electron‐light layers were gradually diminished in quantity. Degenerated elastic fibres finally became granulo‐fibrillar and were indistinguishable from colloid. Many fibrils which closely resembled 10 nm tubular microfibrils of normal elastic fibre were observed in the granulo‐fibrillar substance. Since one stage of the degeneration of elastic fibre which eventually leads to the formation of colloid milium was very similar to that of actinic elastosis, a direct role of sunlight in the formation of colloid milium is suggested.
Alternariasis: infrastructure of skin granuloma
Authors: Bouklond A.
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural investigation of dermal altenariasis has complemented previous studies. Alternaria tennis was seen to be profusely present within the cytoplasm of multinucleate giant cells. Healthy elements were characterized by a thick, electron‐lucent wall, ovoid osmiophilic inclusions and a poorly defined nucleus. Homogenous liquefaction and granular degeneration represented various types and steps of degradation; the wall subsisted for a while before collapsing and breaking into pieces. Penetration of the giant cell's cytoplasm within hollow lubes was observed.
Ultrastructure of hypertrophic hemangioma
Authors: Tani M. , Kaibuchi S. , Murata Y. , Kumano K.
Published: April 2006

A hypertrophic hemangioma of a 6‐month‐old girl was studied electron‐microscopically. Hypertrophic hemangioma is characterized by few patent vessels, high cellularity, local aggressiveness, occasional mitotic figures and frequent recurrence alter operation. The ultrastructural examination showed the tumor to be composed of three types of cells: endothelial cells, pericytes and phagocytic fibroblasts.
Human psoriatic skin lesions improve with local hyperthermia: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Imayama S. , Urabe H.
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopy of psoriatic skin prior to and after local hyperthermia revealed both temporary and gradual changes following treatment. The former occurred almost simultaneously with initiation of hyperthermia, and were characterized by an intracellular edema, the aggregation of tonofibrils in the basal half of the epidermis and an amorphous substance in the epidermal interspaces. The latter occurred during the course of treatment and were represented by narrowing of the intercellular spaces, a decrease in the number of mitochondria and free ribosomes, and an increased number of desmosomes and tonofibrils, with a consequent increase of keratohyaline granules. No such abnormal cells and structures were found in this study, as were observed in PUVA therapy.
Acute disseminated histiocytosis‐X: in situ immunophenotyping with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Bos J. D. , Sillevis Smitt J. H. , Krieg S. R. , Bakker P. M. , Vos G. D. , van Zaane D. J.
Published: April 2006

The proliferating skin cells in a case of acute disseminated histiocytosis‐X (Abt‐Letterer‐Siwe disease) confirmed by electron microscopy, were characterized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies using an immunoperoxidase technique. The “histiocytes” were found to stain with OKT‐6 (anti‐T6) and anti‐HLA‐DR antibodies. Unexpectedly, slight staining was also observed with Leu 3a (anti‐T4) and OKM‐1. A proliferative process of T4, T6, HLA‐DR, OKM‐1 positive Langerhans' cells has not yet been described and may be specific for histiocytosis‐X.
Immunohistologic study of cellular populations of histiocytofibromas („dermatofibromas”)
Authors: Kanitakis J. , Schmitt D. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

Histiocytofibromas (HF) are benign tumours of the skin, the cellular composition of which is not yet known with certainly. The immunohistologic characteristics of 5 lesions were studied by using monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence method. All tumours were found to contain HLA‐DR(+) cells, and, to a minor degree, OKM1(+) cells, OKT6(+) cells were present in the epidermis overlying the tumours; however in the HP1 themselves, no OKT6(+) cells were found. The presence of HLA‐DR(+) and OKM1(+) cells demonstrates that HF contain cells bearing antigenic characteristics of histiocytes but not of Langerhans'cells, and we feel that the term “histiocytofibroma” is a more accurate designation for these lesions than “dermatofibroma”.
Scanning electron microscopy of skin replicas showing demodectic infestation of the pilosebaceous follicle
Authors: Kairinen E. O. , Kaszynski E.
Published: April 2006

Demodex folliculorum infestation of human pilosebaceous follicles was revealed by scanning electron microscopy of skin replicas. This is presented as a non‐invasive alternative to biopsies in studying superficial dermatological conditions.
Electron microscopy of composite and intranuclear keratohyalin granules in geographic tongue of psoriasis
Authors: Kanerva L. , Hietanen J.
Published: April 2006

Composite and intranuclear keratohyalin granules were observed in an electron‐microscopic study of geographic tongue of psoriasis. The significance of intranuclear keratohyalin is not known, but it seems to he related to the disturbed proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes in psoriasis.
Perforating lichen planus
Authors: Hanau D. , Sengel D.
Published: April 2006

We describe a case of perforating lichen planus. The foreign material eliminated by this path appears to be represented by the numerous hyaline bodies present at the base of the perforation. This unusual variant may be added to the many variants of lichen planus previously described: atrophic, hypertrophic. planopilaris, bullous etc…
Proliferating trichilemmal cyst: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Miyairi H. , Takahashi S. , Morohashi M.
Published: April 2006

A 73‐year‐old woman had a walnut‐sized tumor in I he occipital region for 10 year. The growth consisted of multiple small and large cystic epithelial masses. The cyst wall exhibited trichilemmal keratinization. Numerous squamous eddies as well as many glycogen‐rich cells were present in the cyst wall. Some small round keratohyalin granules were observed in the cells below the horny layer. The desmosomes and masses of lipid droplets were seen in the horny layer. The findings described above are similar to those observed in the follicular isthmus and the follicular infundibulum. Other interesting findings include the presence of intranuclear inclusions of tonofilament‐like material and/or keratohyalin‐like granules within the cells near the mid‐layer of the cyst wall.
Ultrastructural and histochemical analysis of thready material in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Authors: Yamamura T. , Sano S.
Published: April 2006

The components of the thready material in skin lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, recessive Type I, were analysed. Immunoelectron microscopic observation revealed the presence of fibrinogen in the thready material. Part of the fine fibrils in the thready material was sensitive to collagenase. The thready material was also stained by ruthenium red. These results suggest that the thready material is composed at least of fibrinogen, collagenous protein and glycoprotein.
The use of improved ruthenium red staining for the ultrastructural detection of proteoglycan aggregates in normal skin and Lichen myxoedematosus
Authors: Ishii M. , Furukawa M. , Okada M. , Hamada T.
Published: April 2006

Improved ruthenium red staining has been applied to normal human skin and lichen myxoedematosus skin lesions for the detection of the fine structure proteoglycan aggregates. In 4 samples of normal skin and in a patient with lichen myxoedematosus, the typical fine ultrastructures of proteoglycan aggregates, i.e., many short irregularly‐curled filaments of varying lengths attached to long and rather straight filaments of hyaluronic acid were shown. Although lichen myxoedematosus is thought o be due to the faulty formation of proteoglycan aggregates, we suggest a different view, that this improved method of ruthenium red staining is useful for the detection of proteoglycan aggregates, and provides a better preparation for electron microscopy.
Wells'syndrome: is there collagen damage in the flame figures?
Authors: Stern J. B. , Sbel H. J. , Rotchford J. P.
Published: April 2006

Flame figures are a characteristic histologic feature of Wells'syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis). In this light and electron microscopic study, the ultrastructure of flame figures is described. Collagen fibers were encrusted with free eosinophil granules. No collagen damage was found. Flame figures most probably represent a transient result of unusual eosinophil activity.
Cellular differentiation of basal cell carcinoma studied with fluorescent lectins and cytokeratin antibodies
Authors: Kariniemi A.‐L. , Holthöufer H. , Vartio T. , Virtanen I.
Published: April 2006

The expression of cellular glycoconjugates and cytokeratin polypeptides in 8 basal cell carcinomas (BCC) was studied using fluorochrome‐coupled lectins and different keratin‐antibodies. Peanut agglutinin and Wistaria floribunda agglutinin, binding to all layers of normal human epidermis, also stained all cells in the basal cell carcinomas. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, which in normal epidermis binds only to the basal cells, gave a mottled staining pattern in most of the tumors. Instead, Ulex europaeus I agglutinin and soybean agglutinin, which in normal epidermis only bind to the spinous and granular cell layers, did not stain tumor cells in basal cell carcinomas. Rabbit antibodies to human 43–50kD epidermal keratin polypeptides and 2 monoclonal cytokeratin antibodies, PKK1 reacting only with follicular epithelium, and PKK2 reacting also with the basal epidermal cells, brightly stained all cells of the basal cell carcinomas studied, whereas antibodies to human 60–67kD epidermal keratin polypeptides did not bind to the carcinoma cells. The results suggest that the cells in basal cell carcinomas resemble epidermal basal cells both by their glycoconjugate pattern and keratin expression. However, the tumor cells also express cytokeratins, which can be found only in the follicular epithelium, but not in normal interfollicular epidermis.
Blue naevus associated with trichoepithelioma: a report of two cases
Authors: Newton J. A. , McGibbon D. H.
Published: April 2006

Naevocellular naovi may show considerable histological variation and have often been shown to contain other ectodermal elements, as well as cells of melanocytic origin. Blue naevi are also thought to be of melanocytic origin, and in this report we describe two blue naevi in which trichoepitheliomatous elements were seen. The aetiological implications of this observation are discussed.
Eosinophils in the cellular infiltrate of granuloma annulare
Authors: Silverman R A. , Rabinowitz A. D.
Published: April 2006

Eosinophils have been described in the infiltrates of granuloma annulare. but their frequency, distribution and extent are not well documented. We found eosinophils in 18/45 (40%) cases of granuloma annulare, without significant variation relating to histologic sub‐pattern. Eosinophils were seen in over half the cases of deep granuloma annulare and in over one‐third of the cases of superficial granuloma annulare. This study demonstrates the lack of specificity of eosinophils in differentiating superficial granuloma annulare from deep granuloma annulare, granuloma annulare from necrobiosis lipoidica, and granuloma annulare from occasional clinical simulants which histologically show eosinophils, such as arthropod bite reactions.
Delineation of nevus cell nests in inflammatory infiltrates by immunohistochemical staining for the presence of S100 protein
Authors: Phnneys N. S. , Mayoral F. , Barnhill R. , Ziegels‐Weissman J. , Nadji M.
Published: April 2006

Fifteen halo nevi were stained for the presence of S100 protein by an unlabelled antibody peroxidase‐antiperoxidase method. SUM) protein was clearly identifiable within nevus cell nests in the inflammatory infiltrate. The presence of this substance helped to identify nevus cells in dense inflammatory infiltrates and confirm the histologic diagnosis of halo nevus.
Cutaneous ‘bronchogenic’ cyst
Authors: Van Der Putte S.C.J. , Toonsra J.
Published: April 2006

A case of a congenital ‘bronchogenic’ cyst of the skin over the right scapula of a 4‐year‐old boy is reported. The continuity of its epithelial lining with the epidermis and its appendages is stressed and the consequences of this relationship for current theories about the pathogenesis of cutaneous ciliated cysts are discussed.
The histology and immunopathology of dermographism
Authors: Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Twelve patients with dermographism were studied by histological examination. Six spontaneous lesion showed perivascular lymphocytosis. Biopsy of 6 induced lesions showed neutrophiles at 15–30 min and lymphocytes at 1 h or more. One patient biopsied both at 15 min and 2 h showed both microscopic pictures successively. Immunofluorescence of spontaneous or induced lesions in 5 patients was not significant. Studies of T cell subsets of an induced lesion at 30 min showed a moderate number of T helper cells. Mast cell and eosinophile changes were not important These studies of dermographism imply successive changes with time in perivascular cellular pathology.
Vasitis nodosa and spermatic granuloma of the skin: an histologic study of a rare complication of vasectomy
Authors: Balogh K. , Argenyi Z. B.
Published: April 2006

A 29‐year‐old man noticed localized painful swelling of the scrotal skin alter elective vasectomy. The lesion was excised and its histologic examination revealed a diffuse inflammatory, partly granulomatous infiltrate with numerous tubular structures in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. These ductules were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells and contained spermatozoa. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells and hisliocytes, but also contained spermatozoa and a few spermatic granulomas. These changes were the sequelae of a vasocutaneous adhesion and fistula; the duclules were the result of epithelial regeneration from the vas deferens and the inflammation with spermatic granulomas was due to extra‐vasated spermatozoa.
Heritable metabolic storage diseases
Authors: Gebhart W.
Published: April 2006

During the last decade, examinations of skin biopsies have gained increasing importance in the search for a better understanding and facilitated diagnosis of metabolic storage diseases. In addition to biochemical and tissue culture techniques, light‐and electron‐microscopic investigations have been recommended in a number of such disorders (1–6). There arc, however, a large number of different and in homogenous conditions to be identified in this group. At present, approximately 300 diseases can be identified as inborn errors of metabolism by the determination of a biochemically well‐established underlying defect. Moreover, a yet undertermined number of pathological conditions is accompanied by the deposition of more or less defined storage materials in cutaneous tissue elements. II appears, therefore, premature to propose a systematic dermatopathology of metabolic storage diseases and the following contribution should be understood as an attempt to indicate possibilities and chances by quoting some representative examples.
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma and small‐cell malignant lymphoma of the skin
Authors: Wick M. R. , Kaye V. N. , Sibley R. K. , Tyler R. , Frizzura G.
Published: April 2006

In selected instances, primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (PCNEC) and small‐cell malignant lymphoma (SGML) of the skin may display similar clinical presentations and microscopic appearances, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. We applied monoclonal antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), la antigen, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) to 31 cases of PCNEC and J2 of small‐cell lymphoma cutis, using a combined PAP and ABC procedure, to determine whether or not such stains were capable of separating the two neoplasms. All cases og SCML were reactive for LCA, while this determinants was not seen in any example of PCNEC. Anti‐la antigen labelled 11 of 12 cases of SGML, and also failed to stain neuroendocrine carcinomas. Lastly, EMA was observed in 25 of 31 cases of PCNEC, but it was found in one lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma as well. Bayes'univariate statistical analysis of these data indicates that anti‐LCA, anti‐EMA. and anti‐la antigen arc capable of discriminating between the tumors in question, with anti‐LCA being the most effective.
The significance of an IgM band at the dermoepidermal junction
Authors: Wojnarowska F. , Bhogal B. , Black M. M.
Published: April 2006

We studied 190 patients with an (gM hand at the dermo‐epidermal junction demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. In 55% of patients the final diagnosis was lupus erythematosus, 49% discoid lupus erythematosus, and 6% systemic lupus erythematosus. In 45% of patients the presence of an IgM hand was associated with a number of other diagnoses. The finding of an IgM band at the dermoepidermal junction in a cutaneous biopsy is not sufficient evidence to make a diagnosis of lupus erythematosus without supporting clinical, histological and serological evidence.
Palisading cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma
Authors: Schwob V. S. , Cruz D. J. Santa
Published: April 2006

We report 6 cases of an unusual variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma in which nuclear palisading is a prominent feature. The lesions were equally distributed between males and females with a widely variable age range. Half of the cases occurred on the digits. Histopathologically, the lesions were characterized by areas of nuclear palisading with formation of Verocay‐like bodies in addition to the more typical features of the “fibrous” variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma. The differential diagnostic features between these lesions and those of other tumors in which nuclear palisading is seen are discussed.
Tinea infection histologically simulating eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
Authors: Kuo T.‐T. , Chen S.‐Y. , Chan H.‐L.
Published: April 2006

A biopsy taken from an annular eruption on the thigh of an infant boy showed features of Ofuji's eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, yet fungal hyphae were demonstrated in the lesion. This ease is reported to illustrate that tinea infection can simulate eosinophilic pustular folliculitis histologically.
A freeze‐fracture study of the enteropathy associated with dermatitis herpetiformis: a comparative investigation with coeliac disease
Authors: Contini D. , Torti A. , Monti M. , Caputo R. , Gasparini G. , Vecchi M. , De Franchis R.
Published: April 2006

Jejunal biopsies from patients with either dermatitis herpetiformis or coeliac disease were freeze‐fractured and compared with normal jejunal biopsies. The intestinal mucosa of the normal biopsies showed a normal structure, with well‐developed and tightly packed microvilli; in dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease degenerative changes of the intestrial mucosa occurred. These changes appeared to be segmented in dermatitis herpetiformis and diffuse in coeliac disease. Emphasis is placed on changes in the tight junctional net at the base of the microvilli, which could represent cellular damage related to increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules in these diseases. An interpretative hypothesis for these observations is presented.
Documented evolution of a solar lentigo into a solitary lichen planus‐like keratosis
Authors: Goldenhersh M. A. , Barnhill R. L. , Rosenbaum H. M. , Stenn K. S.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this communication is to report the evolution of a solar (senile) lentigo into a solitary lichen planus‐like keratosis (SLPLK). This case is unique because this evolution was documented by biopsies taken from the same lesion nearly 5 years apart. The pathogenesis of SLPLK is discussed.