bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shorter night‐time sleep duration and later sleep timing from infancy to adolescence
Authors: Manitsa Ifigeneia , Gregory Alice M. , Broome Matthew R. , Bagshaw Andrew P. , Marwaha Steven , Morales‐Muñoz Isabel
Published: May 2024

Background

Here, we (a) examined the trajectories of night‐time sleep duration, bedtime and midpoint of night‐time sleep (MPS) from infancy to adolescence, and (b) explored perinatal risk factors for persistent poor sleep health.

Methods

This study used data from 12,962 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Parent or self‐reported night‐time sleep duration, bedtime and wake‐up time were collected from questionnaires at 6, 18 and 30 months, and at 3.5, 4–5, 5–6, 6–7, 9, 11 and 15–16 years. Child's sex, birth weight, gestational age, health and temperament, together with mother's family adversity index (FAI), age at birth, prenatal socioeconomic status and postnatal anxiety and depression, were included as risk factors for persistent poor sleep health. Latent class growth analyses were applied first to detect trajectories of night‐time sleep duration, bedtime and MPS, and we then applied logistic regressions for the longitudinal associations between risk factors and persistent poor sleep health domains.

Results

We obtained four trajectories for each of the three sleep domains. In particular, we identified a trajectory characterized by persistent shorter sleep, a trajectory of persistent later bedtime and a trajectory of persistent later MPS. Two risk factors were associated with the three poor sleep health domains: higher FAI with increased risk of persistent shorter sleep (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.11–1.30, p < .001), persistent later bedtime (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.19–1.39, p < .001) and persistent later MPS (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.22–1.38, p < .001); and higher maternal socioeconomic status with reduced risk of persistent shorter sleep (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–1.00, p = .048), persistent later bedtime (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p < .001) and persistent later MPS (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–0.99, p < .001).

Conclusions

We detected trajectories of persistent poor sleep health (i.e. shorter sleep duration, later bedtime and later MPS) from infancy to adolescence, and specific perinatal risk factors linked to persistent poor sleep health domains.
Proton pump inhibitors associated with severe COVID‐19 among two‐dose but not three‐dose vaccine recipients
Authors: Cheung Ka Shing , Yan Vincent K C , Ye Xuxiao , Hung Ivan F N , Chan Esther W , Leung Wai K
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the risk of COVID‐19 among non‐vaccinated subjects via various mechanisms, including gut dysbiosis. We aimed to investigate whether PPIs also affect the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 among vaccine recipients.

Methods

This was a territory‐wide cohort study of 3 272 286 vaccine recipients (aged ≥ 18 years) of ≥ 2 doses of either BNT162b2 or CoronaVac. Exclusion criteria included prior gastrointestinal surgery, immunocompromised status, and prior COVID‐19. The primary outcome was COVID‐19, and secondary outcomes included COVID‐19‐related hospitalization and severe infection (composite of intensive care unit admission, ventilatory support, and/or death). Covariates include age, sex, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, comorbidities, and concomitant medication use. Subjects were followed from index date (first dose of vaccination) until outcome occurrence, death, additional dose of vaccination, or March 31, 2022. Exposure was pre‐vaccination PPI use (any prescription within 90 days before the index date). Propensity score (PS) matching and a Poisson regression model were used to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) of outcomes with PPI use.

Results

Among 439 154 PS‐matched two‐dose vaccine recipients (mean age: 65.3 years; male: 45.7%) with a median follow‐up of 6.8 months (interquartile range: 2.6–7.9), PPI exposure was associated with a higher risk of COVID‐19 (aIRR: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.05–1.10), hospitalization (aIRR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08–1.33), and severe infection (aIRR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.24–1.98). Among 188 360 PS‐matched three‐dose vaccine recipients (mean age: 62.5 years; male: 49.0%; median follow‐up: 9.1 months [interquartile range: 8.0–10.9]), PPIs were associated with higher infection risk (aIRR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.08–1.15) but not other outcomes.

Conclusions

Although PPI use was associated with a higher COVID‐19 risk, severe infection was limited to two‐dose but not three‐dose vaccine recipients.
Assessing the prevalence of Beers medication utilization in the Medicare Part D population in 2020
Authors: Borrelli Eric P.
Published: May 2024

Background

Medication utilization has been increasing in the U.S. year‐over‐year for several decades. As older adults take more medications, there is a higher risk of them being exposed to drug–drug or drug‐disease interactions. The American Geriatrics Society in 2019 updated their Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) Use in Older Adults. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of utilization of medications included in the 2019 Beers Criteria.

Methods

An analysis was conducted using the Medicare Part D Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use File for calendar‐year 2020. Medications identified in the 2019 Beers Criteria were applied to the analysis. Two categories of medications were assessed: (1) “Avoid” and (2) “Use With Caution.”

Results

In 2020, 56 million prescriptions were dispensed to Medicare patients 65 years and older that are recommended to be avoided without exception (4.7% of all prescriptions) totaling $957 million in medication costs. The most utilized medication classes in this category were benzodiazepines (25,949,994 prescriptions), “Z‐drugs” (6,204,909 prescriptions), long‐acting sulfonylureas (5,306,577 prescriptions), 1st‐generation antihistamines (5,049,289 prescriptions), and tricyclic antidepressants (4,190,062 prescriptions). Additionally, 135 million prescriptions were dispensed to Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older for medications which the Beers Criteria states to use caution (11.3% of all prescriptions) exceeding $2.85 billion in medication costs. The most utilized medications for this category were diuretics (74,599,126 prescriptions), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (30,033,121 prescriptions), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (11,858,968 prescriptions), tramadol (11,450,878 prescriptions), and mirtazapine (5,737,304 prescriptions).

Conclusion

Even with the existence of the AGS Beers Criteria for PIM Use in Older Adults and its continued updated versions, 16% of medications dispensed to Medicare Part D were potentially inappropriate. Future studies are needed to assess if this has led to worsened outcomes among older adults who utilized these PIM.
Granulomatous meningoencephalitis and blindness associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in a senile female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: dos Santos Daniel Oliveira , de Paula Nayara Ferreira , de Carvalho Thaynara Parente , dos Reis de Souza Lucas , Tinoco Herlandes Penha , Coelho Carlyle Mendes , Sousa Ana Augusta , Filho Paulo Martins Soares , Ferreira Luciana Rabello , da Paixão Tatiane Alves , Oliveira Ayisa Rodrigues , Santos Renato Lima
Published: May 2024

A 40‐year old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) developed hyporexia, weight loss, followed by progressive and complete blindness. Tomography demonstrated an intracranial mass in the rostroventral brain involving the optic chiasm, with a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasm. However, histopathology revealed a granulomatous meningoencephalitis, and tissue samples tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fracture resistance of chairside CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate occlusal veneer with various designs after mechanical aging
Authors: Jurado Carlos A , Tsujimoto Akimasa , Molisani Joseph , Fu Chin‐Chuan , Sadid‐Zadeh Ramtin
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study evaluated the fracture resistance of chairside computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) lithium disilicate crown, onlay, and non‐anatomical occlusal veneer (A‐OV) with and without margin fabricated.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐four CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate restorations were designed as (1) complete coverage crown (CCC); (2) A‐OV with margin; (3) non‐A‐OV with margin (NA‐OV‐M); and (4) non‐A‐OV without margin (NA‐OV‐NM), 16 of each. Restorations were crystallized and adhesively luted to resin dies using resin cement. Specimens were then subjected to 400,000 cycles of chewing in a mastication simulator. A universal testing machine was used to apply a compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min to the long axis of the tooth with a stainless‐steel sphere until fracture occurred. One‐way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests were used to assess the impact of preparation design on the fracture load of CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate restorations.

Results

The highest fracture load was recorded for CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate indirect restorations for non‐A‐OVs preparation with margin (2549 ± 428 N) and onlay (2549 ± 293 N) and the lowest fracture load was recorded for CCCs (2389 ± 428 N); however, there was no significant (p = 0.640) between groups.

Conclusions

CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate restorations fabricated for anatomical and non‐A‐OV preparation display a fracture resistance similar to CCCs. Conservative partial coverage restorations may be considered an acceptable approach for posterior teeth.
Trajectories of peer victimization among left‐behind children in rural China: The role of positive school climate
Authors: Xiao Jiale , Su Shaobing , Lin Danhua
Published: May 2024

Left‐behind children are likely to experience peer victimization, which can have detrimental consequences in their developmental outcomes. Yet, limited longitudinal research have examined peer victimization trajectories over time or the factors associated with left‐behind children in China. The purpose of the present study was to examine what, if any, distinct trajectories of peer victimization exist among left‐behind children and whether these trajectories are related to school climate, left‐behind status, and their interactions. Participants were 853 Chinese left‐behind children (Mage = 14.25, SD = 2.39; 43.4% girls) who participated in a four‐wave longitudinal study conducted in rural China. Participants reported school climate (indexed by safety and order, acceptance and support, equality and fairness, autonomy and cooperation) at T1 and peer victimization across T1 to T4 spanning 2 years. Latent class growth analyses identified four peer victimization trajectories, including a stably low‐decreasing group, a moderate‐decreasing group, a high‐decreasing group, and an increasing group. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that children who perceived more positive school climate were more likely to exhibit a stably low‐decreasing trajectory compared to the other three groups. In addition, among left‐behind children who perceived more positive school climate, children with single‐parent migrating were more likely to be members of the stably low‐decreasing group as compared to those with both‐parent migrating. Peer victimization among left‐behind children is a concern especially for those who were left behind by both parents and perceived less positive school climate. Targeted school‐based interventions and services focused on reducing peer victimization and improving school climate are needed for left‐behind children, especially those with both‐parent migrating.
Extended wakefulness alters the relationship between EEG oscillations and performance in a sustained attention task
Authors: Snipes Sophia , Meier Elias , Accascina Simon , Huber Reto
Published: May 2024

During drowsiness, maintaining consistent attention becomes difficult, leading to behavioural lapses. Bursts of oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) might predict such lapses, given that alpha bursts increase during inattention and theta bursts increase with time spent awake. Paradoxically, however, alpha bursts decrease with time awake and theta bursts increase during focussed attention and cognitive tasks. Therefore, we investigated to what extent theta and alpha bursts predicted performance in a sustained attention task, either when well rested (baseline, BL) or following 20 h of extended wakefulness (EW). High‐density EEG was measured in 18 young adults, and the timing of bursts was related to trial outcomes (fast, slow, and lapse trials). To increase the likelihood of lapses, the task was performed under soporific conditions. Against expectations, alpha bursts were more likely before fast trials and less likely before lapses at baseline, although the effect was substantially reduced during extended wakefulness. Theta bursts showed no significant relationship to behavioural outcome either at baseline or extended wakefulness. However, following exploratory analyses, we found that large‐amplitude theta and alpha bursts were more likely to be followed by lapse trials during extended wakefulness but not baseline. In summary, alpha bursts during baseline anticipated better trial outcomes, whereas large‐amplitude theta and alpha bursts during extended wakefulness anticipated worse outcomes. Therefore, neither theta nor alpha bursts maintain a consistent relationship with behaviour under different levels of overall vigilance.
The Impact of Ritual Participation on Perceived Moral Objectivity: A Longitudinal Investigation of the U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Chvaja Radim
Published: May 2024

How people perceive morality plays a crucial role in their behavior and moral decision making. However, we have little understanding of the factors that drive the perception of morality as objectively existing. This study examines the impact of religion, specifically religious rituals, in promoting the perception of morality as objective. I analyzed two waves (2003, 2013) of the National Study of Youth and Religion to test whether religious participation during respondents’ adolescence predicted their perceived moral objectivity 10 years later. Moreover, I estimated the difference in effects for those who anchored moral decision making on religious and secular grounds. Ritual participation in 2003 was positively associated with moral objectivity in 2013. This association was stronger for respondents who grounded their morality in religion and who had powerful religious experience. The results point to the essential role of adolescence period in forming moral views.
Pharmacokinetics of oral clonazepam in growing commercial pigs (Sus scrofa domestica)
Authors: Hampton Chiara E. , Kleine Stephanie A. , Smith Joe S. , Mulon Pierre‐Yves , Smith Christopher K. , Shanks Gregory A. , Vanecek Lucille Ruth , Seddighi Reza , Cox Sherry
Published: May 2024

Clonazepam causes sedation and psychomotor impairment in people. Due to similarities between people and swine in response to benzodiazepines, clonazepam may represent a viable option to produce mild‐to‐moderate tranquillization in pigs. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg) of clonazepam in eight healthy, growing commercial cross pigs. Serial plasma samples were collected at baseline and up to 96 h after administration. Plasma concentrations were quantified using reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and compartment models were fit to time–concentration data. A one‐compartment first‐order model best fits the data. Maximum plasma concentration was 99.5 ng/mL, and time to maximum concentration was 3.4 h. Elimination half‐life was 7.3 h, mean residence time 7.4 h, and apparent volume of distribution 5.7 L/kg. Achieved plasma concentrations exceeded those associated with psychomotor impairment in people although pharmacodynamic effects have not been investigated in pigs. A simulated oral regimen consisting of 0.35 mg/kg administered every 8 h to pigs would achieve plasma concentrations above 32 ng/mL which are shown to produce psychomotor impairment in people. Further studies to test the clinical efficacy of these dosages in commercial and miniature pigs are warranted.
Impacts of Involving Young Learners in Mind, Brain, and Education Research
Authors: Gosavi Radhika S. , Toomarian Elizabeth Y.
Published: May 2024

As the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) continues to grow, MBE researchers have begun expanding the scope of their investigations and approaches. One such development is the establishment of collaborative partnership with young learners, both to inform research practices and to develop student‐researchers. We explore how middle school students (ages 12 to 14 years) engage in MBE research through an assistantship program, initiated through a unique research‐practice partnership that embeds MBE researchers and an electrophysiology laboratory into a school. In this program, student‐researchers learn about experimental methods, assist with university research protocols, and drive independent projects. Here, we detail this program and report on its impact from both the teacher and student‐researcher perspectives. Overall, we find that daily involvement in scientific research aids the holistic development of student‐researchers by fostering academic and nonacademic skills that may transcend formal learning environments.
Linguistic threat: Vote choice, linguistic cues and support for official bilingualism in Quebec
Authors: Brie Evelyne , Ouellet Catherine , Bodet Marc André , Laflamme Lydia
Published: May 2024

In Canada, federal institutions must provide governmental services to all citizens in the country's two official languages: French and English. This paper uses a survey experiment to test exposure to written English as a determinant of support for official bilingualism in the French‐speaking province of Quebec. The data emanate from an exit poll conducted in two Quebec electoral districts during the 2019 Canadian federal elections (n = 430). Results suggest the existence of heterogeneous experimental effects depending on vote choice. Indeed, Bloc Québécois voters—the federal party most strongly supportive of linguistic rights—are disproportionately supportive of institutional bilingualism when randomly exposed to written English on the survey questionnaire. These results are robust to the inclusion of socio‐demographic and attitudinal control variables, including support for Quebec independence. Our paper bolsters causal claims about the contextual determinants of in‐group favouritism and cultural threat in divided societies.
Seed pretreatment with brassinosteroids stimulates sunflower immunity against parasitic weed (Orobanche cumana) infection
Authors: Zhang Na , Ali Skhawat , Huang Qian , Yang Chong , Ali Basharat , Chen Weiqi , Zhang Kangni , Ali Sharafat , Ulhassan Zaid , Zhou Weijun
Published: May 2024

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana) negatively affects sunflower, causing severe yield losses, and thus, there is a need to control O. cumana infestation. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in plant growth and provide resilience to weed infection. This study aims to evaluate the mechanisms by which BRs ameliorate O. cumana infection in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Seeds were pretreated with BRs (1, 10, and 100 nM) and O. cumana inoculation for 4 weeks under soil conditions. O. cumana infection significantly reduced plant growth traits, photosynthesis, endogenous BRs and regulated the plant defence (POX, GST), BRs signalling (BAK1, BSK1 to BSK4) and synthesis (BRI1, BR6OX2) genes. O. cumana also elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyl radical (OH−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•–) in leaves/roots by 77/112, 63/103, 56/97 and 54/89%, as well as caused ultrastructural cellular damages in both leaves and roots. In response, plants activated a few enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and reduced glutathione but were unable to stimulate the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. The addition of BRs (especially at 10 nM) notably recovered the ultrastructural cellular damages, lowered the production of oxidative stress, activated the key enzymatic antioxidants and induced the phenolic and lignin contents. The downregulation in the particular genes by BRs is attributed to the increased resilience of sunflower via a susceptible reaction. In a nutshell, BRs notably enhanced the sunflower resistance to O. cumana infection by escalating the plant immunity responses, inducing systemic acquired resistance, reducing oxidative or cellular damages, and modulating the expression of BR synthesis or signalling genes.
GhTKPR1_8 functions to inhibit anther dehiscence and reduce pollen viability in cotton
Authors: Chen Lingling , Hao Juxin , Qiao Kaikai , Wang Ningna , Ma Lina , Wang Zhe , Wang Jin , Pu Xiaoyan , Fan Shuli , Ma Qifeng
Published: May 2024

Sporopollenin, as the main component of the pollen exine, is a highly resistant polymer that provides structural integrity under unfavourable environmental conditions. Tetraketone α‐pyrone reductase 1 (TKPR1) is essential for sporopollenin formation, catalyzing the reduction of tetraketone carbonyl to hydroxylated α‐pyrone. The functional role of TKPR1 in male sterility has been reported in flowering plants such as maize, rice, and Arabidopsis. However, the molecular cloning and functional characterization of TKPR1 in cotton remain unaddressed. In this study, we identified 68 TKPR1s from four cotton species, categorized into three clades. Transcriptomics and RT‐qPCR demonstrated that GhTKPR1_8 exhibited typical expression patterns in the tetrad stage of the anther. GhTKPR1_8 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, ABORTED MICROSPORES (GhAMS) transcriptionally activated GhTKPR1_8 as indicated by luciferase complementation tests. GhTKPR1_8‐knockdown inhibited anther dehiscence and reduced pollen viability in cotton. Additionally, overexpression of GhTKPR1_8 in the attkpr1 mutant restored its male sterile phenotype. This study offers novel insights into the investigation of TKPR1 in cotton while providing genetic resources for studying male sterility.
Genome‐wide characterization of cytochrome P450 genes reveals the potential roles in fruit ripening and response to cold stress in tomato
Authors: Tang Mingjia , Zhang Wenjing , Lin Rui , Li Lan , He Liqun , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Yanhong
Published: May 2024

Plant cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily, the largest enzyme metabolism family, has been identified in many species and plays a vital role in plant development and stress response via secondary metabolite biosynthesis. A comprehensive identification and functional investigation of CYPs in tomato plants would contribute to deeper understanding of their biological significance. In this study, 268 tomato CYP genes were identified and found to be unevenly located on 12 chromosomes. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, these 268 SlCYPs were classed into two distinct clades (A‐type and non‐A‐type) and nine clans, including 48 families. Moreover, 67 tandem and 22 WGD (whole genome duplication)/segmental duplication events were detected, of which 12 SlCYP genes experienced both WGD/segmental and tandem duplication events, indicating that tandem duplication plays a major role in the expansion of the SlCYP family. Besides, 48 pairs containing 41 SlCYP and 44 AtCYP genes were orthologous, while 216 orthologous pairs were obtained between tomato and potato. The expression level of all SlCYP genes in tomato tissues at different development stages was analyzed, and most expressed SlCYPs showed a tissue‐specific pattern. Meanwhile, 143 differentially expressed SlCYPs were identified under cold stress. Furthermore, the RT‐qPCR results indicated that SlCYPs may be involved in fruit ripening and cold tolerance in tomato seedlings. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional characteristics of SlCYPs, which can be utilized for further investigation of fruit metabolic pathways and cold tolerance in tomato.
A genome‐wide genetic association study reveals SNPs significantly associated with environmental variables and specific leaf area in European beech
Authors: Müller Markus , Leuschner Christoph , Weithmann Greta , Weigel Robert , Banzragch Bat‐Enerel , Steiner Wilfried , Gailing Oliver
Published: May 2024

European beech is negatively affected by climate change and a further growth decline is predicted for large parts of its distribution range. Despite the importance of this species, little is known about its genetic adaptation and especially the genetic basis of its physiological traits. Here, we used genotyping by sequencing to identify SNPs in 43 German European beech populations growing under different environmental conditions. In total, 28 of these populations were located along a precipitation and temperature gradient in northern Germany, and single tree‐based hydraulic and morphological traits were available. We obtained a set of 13,493 high‐quality SNPs that were used for environmental and SNP‐trait association analysis. In total, 22 SNPs were identified that were significantly associated with environmental variables or specific leaf area (SLA). Several SNPs were located in genes related to stress response. The majority of the significant SNPs were located in non‐coding (intergenic and intronic) regions. These may be in linkage disequilibrium with the causative coding or regulatory regions. Our study gives insights into the genetic basis of abiotic adaptation in European beech, and provides genetic resources that can be used in future studies on this species. Besides clear patterns of local adaptation to environmental conditions of the investigated populations, the analyzed morphological and hydraulic traits explained most of the explainable genetic variation. Thus, they could successfully be altered in tree breeding programs, which may help to increase the adaptation of European beech to changing environmental conditions in the future.
The tax revenue implication of trade liberalisation in sub‐Saharan Africa: Some new evidence
Authors: Kassim Olanrewaju
Published: May 2024

Despite the advent of trade liberalisation, trade taxes still remain a key source of tax revenues in sub‐Saharan Africa. Further trade reforms in the form of the African Continental Free Trade Area could, however, hinder output growth in the region if these reforms lead to a decline in total tax revenues. Motivated by this conundrum, this paper investigates the impact of trade liberalisation on tax revenues across a panel of sub‐Saharan African countries. The results indicate that trade liberalisation is associated with an increase in total tax revenues. Also, the reduction of import and export duties significantly increases and decreases domestic and trade tax revenues, respectively. In addition, greater urbanisation is associated with an increase in total tax revenues, while inflation decreases tax revenues.
Novel MRI and histopathological findings in a young Bullmastiff cross dog with mitochondrial fission encephalopathy
Authors: Suiter Emma , Baiker Kerstin , Kaczmarska Adriana , Christen Matthias , Leeb Tosso , Ororbia Alejandro , Anselmi Carlo , Minguez Juan , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo
Published: May 2024

A 9‐month‐old male Bullmastiff cross dog was presented with a history of progressive proprioceptive ataxia and behavior changes. Neuroanatomical localization was multifocal with forebrain and vestibulo‐cerebellum involvement. MRI identified moderate diffuse cerebral sulci widening, dilation of the ventricular system, and rounded, well‐defined, bilaterally symmetrical T2W, FLAIR, and T2* hyperintense intra‐axial lesions affecting the olivary nuclei. Histopathological examination was indicative of a primary mitochondrial disorder. This was confirmed following genetic analysis which identified mitochondrial fission encephalopathy with a homozygous frameshift variant in the MFF gene. This case report documents diagnostic imaging and histopathological findings not previously reported in dogs affected with mitochondrial fission encephalopathy, suggesting a different selective regional vulnerability of the neurons.
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Regulated and Unregulated Emissions of a Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Krishnamoorthi M. , Singh Harsimran , Agarwal Avinash Kumar
Published: May 2024

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) mode engines are characterized by partially premixed charge combustion, leading to significant and simultaneous reductions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions. However, gasoline compression ignition engine operation suffers from a limited operating window. Air preheating and low-research octane number fuels are required to improve the engine performance. This experimental study used a blend of 70% (v/v) gasoline and 30% diesel as test fuel in a direct injection medium-duty compression ignition engine. Experiments were carried out at 5- and 10-bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) engine loads at 1500–2500 rpm engine speeds using a triple injection strategy (two pilots and one main injection) for all test conditions. The combustion phasing was kept constant with respect to crank angle to produce a high power output. The investigations examined engine performance and regulated and unregulated emissions. The test engine was initially operated in conventional diesel combustion mode with diesel for baseline data generation. Gasoline compression ignition mode operation demonstrated a remarkable 16% increase in the brake thermal efficiency and a substantial reduction of 65% in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to the baseline conventional diesel combustion mode. The GCI engine exhaust showed higher concentrations of regulated emissions, namely hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and unregulated trace emissions, such as methane, acetylene, toluene, inorganic gaseous species, and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Uncertainty Quantification of Process-Property-Structure Linkage for Fused Filament Fabrication Parts
Authors: Zhang Yongjie , Moon Seung Ki
Published: May 2024

Due to the nature of additive manufacturing (AM), design and manufacturing are deeply coupled. Toolpaths are defined based on the part geometry, and in turn, these toolpaths can influence the bonding between adjacent toolpaths, especially for fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. In FFF, bonding between adjacent rasters is critical to the FFF part mechanical strength. The bonding is driven by factors such as thermal history and a deposition strategy, which are dictated by the geometry of a part and process parameters. In this research, a data-driven physics-based methodology is proposed to predict the mechanical properties of FFF parts using Bayesian inference. In the proposed methodology, geometry and variance in process parameters are used to quantify uncertainties in the mechanical properties. Empirical data derived from the mesostructure of specimens are utilized to generate priors of predictors. Hamilton Monte Carlo is then used to sample the posterior distribution. Subsequently, random draw from posterior predictive distribution is performed, and the results are validated against empirical data to establish the accuracy of the proposed methodology. The proposed methodology can provide more accurate prediction of the mechanical properties by considering the influence of geometry, process parameters and uncertainty in AM process.
Estimation of Multiple Contact Conductances in a Silicon-Indium-Silicon Stack
Authors: Woodbury Keith A. , Cutler Grant , Najafi Hamidreza , Kota Maya
Published: May 2024

This report documents evaluation of simultaneous estimation of multiple interfacial heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) using transient measurements from an experiment designed for steady-state operation. The design of a mirror system for directing X-rays under cryogenic conditions requires knowledge of the interfacial HTC (contact conductance) between silicon and indium. An experimental apparatus was constructed to measure temperatures in a stack of five 7.62-mm thick pucks of silicon separated by 0.1-mm thick sheets of indium, which is operated under cryogenic temperatures in vacuum. Multiple pucks and interfaces are incorporated into the apparatus to allow evaluation of HTCs for surfaces of different roughness from a single experiment. Analysis of the sensitivity of each of the measured temperatures to each of the unknown HTCs reveals lack of linear independence of these sensitivities and suggests the recovery of the HTCs will be challenging. Artificially noised “data” were created from two different computational models by solving for temperatures and adding random Gaussian noise with a specified standard deviation. These data are subsequently analyzed using two different iterative parameter estimation methods: a Levenberg scheme and a Tikhonov iterative scheme. The required sensitivity matrix is computed using forward finite difference approximations. The results for the heat transfer coefficients for this model problem suggest that coefficients cannot be estimated independently, but the ratios relative to one of the unknowns can be recovered.
Machine Learning-Based Resilience Modeling and Assessment of High Consequence Systems Under Uncertainty
Authors: Liu Cong , Wang Fengjun , Xie Chaoyang
Published: May 2024

This study proposes a theoretical model and assessment method for the resilience of high consequence system (HCS), addressing the risk assessment and decision-making needs in critical system engineering activities. By analyzing various resilience theories in different domains and considering the characteristics of risk decision-making for HCS, a comprehensive theoretical model for the resilience of HCS is developed. This model considers the operational capability under normal environment (consisting of reliability and maintainability) and the safety capability under abnormal environment (consisting of resistance and emergence response ability). A case study is conducted on a spent fuel transportation packaging system, where the sealing performance after sealing ring aging is regarded as the reliability of the system and calculated using reliability methods, and impact resistance after impact is regard as resistance the impact safety of the packaging system is assessed using finite element analysis and surrogate modeling methods. The surrogate model fits the deformation output results of finite elements. Maintainability and emergency response ability are also essential elements of the resilience model for HCS facing exceptional events. The resilience variation of the spent fuel transportation packaging system is computed under the uncertainty of yielding stress of buffer material. The resilience of the packaging system is evaluated for different buffer thicknesses. The system's resilience decreases with higher uncertainty in the yielding stress of the buffer material, while it increases with thicker buffer materials. The improvement of emergency rescue ability will also lead to the improvement of system resilience.
Effects of Impact Energy and Aspect Ratio on the Motion of Particle Clouds in Stagnant Water
Authors: Sabershahraki Maliheh , Azimi Amir H.
Published: May 2024

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of impact energy and other initial controlling parameters on the motion of particle clouds in stagnant water. Experiments were performed for two median sand diameters of D50 = 0.52 mm and 0.74 mm and nozzle diameters of do = 6 mm and 8 mm. Sand masses were converted to an equivalent pipe length with the same diameter as the nozzle, Lo, and a wide range of aspect ratios, Lo/do, between 2 and 93 was tested. The impact energy of sand particles was controlled by the release height of sand particles, and it was quantified by the nondimensional release height, η, ranging from 1 to 21.5. It was found that particle clouds with higher impact energy had smaller concentration and velocity decay rates. This indicated that by increasing the release height, the momentum transfer between sand particles and the ambient water decreases. The time-series of instantaneous sand velocity were used to determine velocity fluctuations and turbulence intensity of sand particles, and a direct correlation was found between sand velocity fluctuations and aspect ratio in particle clouds. The effects of impact energy on the anatomy of the resulted particle clouds were examined in this study. It was found that the cloud width increased dramatically when the impact energy of sand particles with high aspect ratios (i.e., Lo/do > 39) increased. Furthermore, the dispersion of sand particle began earlier as the kinetic energy of sand particles increased at the water surface.
Novel amide-based deep eutectic solvent electrolytes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: He Jia Qi , Ju Dian Chun , Zou Wen Kai , Lv Tian Yi , Chen Chun Yu , Li Hui , Zhuang Yi , Li Bo Wen
Published: May 2024

The electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) directly affect their performance, safety, and reliability. However, existing electrolytes are still limited in terms of safety, performance, and environmental friendliness, constraining further development and application of LIBs. Herein, novel electrolytes based on a deep eutectic solvent consisting of LiTFSI [lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide] and DMA(N,N'-dimethylacetamide) were developed for LIBs. The results from thermogravimetry analysis, infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering, UV-visible NIR diffuse reflectance, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemistry all showed safe, nonflammable, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly electrolytes with good thermal stability, enhanced electrochemical stability, and excellent lithium-ion conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed electrolytes with rapid transport of lithium ions and stable electrochemical interface formation. The electrolytes showed good compatibility with the LiFePO4 cathode, effectively protecting the structure of the LiFePO4 electrode. The first discharge capacity of LiTFSI-DMA deep eutectic electrolyte reached as high as 156.6 mAh g−1, with a discharge capacity after 365 cycles at 1C current density reaching 142.6 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention rate of more than 91%. Overall, LiTFSI-DMA deep eutectic electrolytes with superior performance and compatibility have the potential as high-performance nonflammable electrolytes for improved LIBs.
Atomic structure of a NbTiN/AlN/NbTiN Josephson junction grown by molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Supple Edwin , Richardson Christopher J. K. , Gorman Brian P.
Published: May 2024

Nanometer-scale crystallographic structure and orientation of a NbTiN/AlN/NbTiN device stack grown via plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire are reported. Structure, orientation, interface roughness, and thickness are investigated using correlative four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT). This work finds NbTiN that is rock salt structured and highly oriented toward ⟨111⟩ with rotations about that axis corresponding to step edges in the c-plane sapphire with a myriad of twin boundaries that exhibit nanoscale spacing. The wurtzite (0001) AlN film grown on (111) NbTiN exhibits nm-scale changes in the thickness resulting in pinhole shorts across the barrier junction. The NbTiN overlayer grown on AlN is polycrystalline, randomly oriented, and highly strained. APT was also used to determine local changes in chemistry within the superconductor and dielectric. Deviation from both intended cation:cation and cation:anion ratios are observed. The results from conventional and nanoscale metrology highlight the challenges of engineering nitride trilayer heterostructures in material systems with complicated and understudied phase space.
Design principle of gradient elastic modulus transition layer via substrate mechanical property
Authors: Sun Linfan , Ren Yi , Si Biao , Zhou Yanwen
Published: May 2024

The differences in properties between ceramic coatings and their alloy substrates are the main factor that affects the adhesion between the coating and the substrate. Therefore, it is necessary to design a transition layer between them. Gradient elastic modulus CrN (G-CrN) coatings with various thicknesses of the gradient elastic modulus transition layers (G-layer) were prepared on Ti6Al4 V titanium alloy (TC4) and W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel (W6) substrates by varying the reactive flows using the hot-wire plasma-enhanced magnetron sputtering technique. The results showed that the elastic modulus difference (ΔE) between W6 and the G-CrN coatings was smaller than that between G-CrN and TC4. The large ΔE resulted in an asynchrony of TC4’s plastic deformation and G-CrN’s elastic deformation, leading to a large interfacial tensile stress and surface strain under an impact load, and therefore poor G-CrN/TC4 adhesion. A thick G-layer, up to 0.9 μm, effectively compensated for the deformation asynchrony, and the G-CrN/TC4 adhesion improved to 80 N. The CrN/W6 adhesion remained excellent, beyond 100 N for G-CrN/W6 with a 0.2−0.9 μm thickness of the G-layers, because its ΔE was small and the deformation asynchrony was reduced. The mechanism of the poor coating-substrate adhesion was attributed to the deformation asynchrony caused by the large coating-substrate ΔE, which can be improved by a reasonably thick G-layer.
Augmented Basking in Reflected Glory? A Case Study of Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Sport Fans’ Augmented Reality Filters
Authors: Tao Jingyue , Brown-Devlin Natalie , Forbes Ali
Published: May 2024

Among all the innovative applications of immersive technologies in the sport industry, augmented reality (AR) has demanded more scholarly attention. Particularly, using AR face filters that layer computer-generated visual effects over the physical world on mobile devices became a valued marketing tactic that brands employed to attract fans. Yet, limited empirical evidence has explored the effect of AR on sport fans’ digital fandom. Through an online quasi-experiment (N = 250) following a 2022 FIFA World Cup match between the U.S. and U.K. soccer (e.g., association football) teams, data suggest an important role of BIRGing (basking in reflected glory) in influencing fans’ AR filter use. Specifically, fans with a stronger tendency to bask in reflected glory elicited a higher perception of affiliation and enjoyment, which tended to be more likely to use AR. These effects were heightened when fans’ team identification was higher and they believed their team performed better. Theoretical and practical implications were addressed accordingly.
Shuttle Time for Seniors: The Impact of 8-Week Structured Badminton Training on Markers of Healthy Aging and Evaluation of Lived Experiences—A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Tallis Jason , Richardson Darren , Shelley Sharn P. , Clarke Neil , Morris Rhys O. , Noon Mark , Duncan Michael J. , Eyre Emma L.J.
Published: May 2024

Background/Objectives: Engagement in sport offers the potential for improved physical and psychological well-being and has been shown to be beneficial for promoting healthy aging. Opportunities for older adults to (re)engage with sport are limited by a paucity of age-appropriate introductory sports intervention programs. As such, the study evaluated the efficacy of a newly designed 8-week badminton training program (Shuttle Time for Seniors) on markers of healthy aging and the lived experiences of participation. Methods: Forty-three older adults assigned to a control (N = 20) or intervention group (N = 23) completed pre–post assessment of physical and cognitive function, self-efficacy for exercise, and well-being. Focus groups were conducted for program evaluation and to understand barriers and enablers to sustained participation. Results: Those in the intervention group increased upper body strength, aerobic fitness, coincidence anticipation time, and self-efficacy for exercise. Objectively improved physical and cognitive functions were corroborated by perceived benefits indicated in thematic analysis. Shuttle Time for Seniors was perceived as appropriate for the population, where the age-appropriate opportunity to participate with likeminded people of similar ability was a primary motivator to engagement. Despite willingness to continue playing, lack of badminton infrastructure was a primary barrier to continued engagement. Conclusion: Shuttle Time for Seniors offered an important opportunity for older adults to (re)engage with badminton, where the physical and psychosocial benefits of group-based badminton improved facets important to healthy aging. Significance/Implications: Age-appropriate introductory intervention programs provide opportunity for older adults to (re)engage with sport. However, important barriers to long-term engagement need to be addressed from a whole systems perspective.
Could ceftriaxone be a viable alternative to penicillin for the treatment of ocular syphilis?
Authors: Gu Xin , Lu Haikong , Yang Yilan , Zhu Lin , Shi Mei , Guan Zhifang , Ni Liyan , Peng Ruirui , Zhao Wei , Wu Juan , Qi Tengfei , Zhou Pingyu
Published: May 2024

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of ceftriaxone with that of aqueous crystalline penicillin G in treating ocular syphilis. We conducted a retrospective study from 2010 to 2021. Syphilis patients were administered either ceftriaxone (2 g intravenously daily for 14 days) or aqueous crystalline penicillin G [4 million units (MU) intravenously every 4 h for 14 days] as therapeutic interventions. Subsequently, we utilized these two groups to assess the serological results, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and visual acuity at time intervals spanning 3 to 6 months post-treatment. A total of 205 patients were included, with 34 assigned to the ceftriaxone group and 171 to the penicillin group. The median age of patients was 56 years, with an interquartile range of 49–62 years, and 137 of them (66.8%) were male. Between 3 and 6 months after treatment, 13 patients (38.2%) in the ceftriaxone group and 82 patients (48.0%) in the penicillin group demonstrated effective treatment based on the clinical and laboratory parameters. The crude odds ratio (OR) was 0.672 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.316–1.428,
P
= 0.301), indicating no significant difference in effectiveness between the two groups. Thirty patients (17.5%) in the penicillin group and six patients (17.6%) in the ceftriaxone group did not experience successful outcomes. Notably, no serious adverse effects were reported in both the groups. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of ceftriaxone and aqueous crystalline penicillin G in treating ocular syphilis. The administration of ceftriaxone without requiring hospitalization presents a convenient and safe alternative treatment option for ocular syphilis.