bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soviet Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: A Case Study
Authors: Jönsson Christer
Published: March 2007

Jönsson, C. Soviet Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: A Case Study. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 129-148.

The article discusses the relationship between external and internal factors in shaping Soviet foreign policy on the basis of a case study of Soviet behavior in the nuclear test ban negotiations 1958-63. Observed changes in Soviet behavior in these negotiations are related to 'internal bargaining' on the test ban issue between pro-treaty and anti- treaty 'groupings' within the USSR. Changes in Soviet negotiating behavior at Geneva are found to be correlated with changes in the success and influence of the different groupings. This case study indicates that neither external nor domestic factors alone, but rather the complex interplay between the two, can account for Soviet foreign policy behavior. International and domestic events can both be regarded as necessary but not sufficient conditions in explaining Soviet behavior in the test ban negotiations.
Explaining Foreign Policy Attitudes: The Case of Danish Attitudes toward America
Authors: Hansen Peter
Published: March 2007

Hansen, P. Explaining Foreign Policy Attitudes: the Case of Danish Attitudes toward America. Cooperation and Conflict, XII, 1977, 149-170.

The article discusses and evaluates the present state of approaches to the study of foreign policy attitudes. Noting the prevalence of single-factor studies at only one of several possible levels of analysis, the article emphasizes the need for more com prehensive analytic models, integrating various levels of analysis and different variable categories. Drawing upon an analytical framework of this nature, Danish attitudes toward America are analyzed from a variety of theoretical perspectives utilizing mea sures of personality disposition, socio-economic status, party preference, as well as other factors. Comparing attitudes toward America with attitudes toward the Third World and toward the Soviet Union shows how these foreign policy attitude aspects are related differently to the different categories of explanatory variables included in the analytical framework.
Norway — the Not So Reluctant Ally
Authors: Lodgaard Sverre , Gleditsch Nils Petter
Published: March 2007

The article examines the Norwegian policies of peacetime arms restraint, in particular base policy and nuclear policy. Officially, these policies are presented as unilateral arms control measures. Two alternative interpretations are emphasized by the present authors. First, the base and nuclear policies are the result of political compromises at the domestic level. Second, they are largely based on military convenience. A few issues from the field of nuclear weapons are examined in depth, notably: (1) nuclear weapons in transit in Norwegian harbours, and (2) military navigation and communi cation stations on Norwegian soil.
Human Rights - the Property of the Nation State or a Concern for the International Community? A Study of the Soviet Positions Concerning UN Protection of Civil and Political Rights since 1975
Authors: Bergesen Helge Ole
Published: March 2007

Bergesen, H. O. Human Rights - the Property of the Nation State or a Concern for the International Community? A Study of the Soviet Positions Concerning UN Protection of Civil and Political Rights since 1975. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 239-254.

The paper analyzes Soviet policy - in general and in concrete cases - as regards the role of UN bodies in the protection of civil and political human rights. The empirical analysis shows that the main Soviet concern is to hinder any development in the direction of independent UN investigations into violations of human rights in specific countries and subsequent UN action to restore respect for those rights. However, the USSR is not opposed to UN bodies expressing their opinion about the human rights situation in specific countries, since resolutions do not unleash an unpredictable machinery of impartial fact-finding. The USSR clearly considers civil and political rights a state property. International organizations, like UN bodies, do not even have the right to inquire into a state's dealings with this property.
Prediction and Foreign Policy Heritage
Authors: Stenelo Lars-Göran
Published: March 2007

Stenelo, L.-G. Prediction and Foreign Pclicy Heritage. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 3-17.

The author attempts to demonstrate that certain modes of prediction may have a conservat ory and stabilizing effect on the foreign policy of a state, and cause the foreign policy actor to accept the political heritage from previous generations of decision-makers. U.S. Vietnam policy is used as an illustrative case. The hereditary mechanisms treated are strategic evaluation systems, historical analogies, and theories such as the U.S. Domino Theory and Aggression Theory. It seems possible to discern a chain of hereditary links with the strategic evaluation systems maintaining a unifying function. Theories are less sensitive to disturbance and hence more capable of survival than single historical analogies.
Natural Gas: New Dimensions of Norwegian Foreign Policy
Authors: Saeter Martin
Published: March 2007

Saeter, M. Natural Gas: New Dimensions of Norwegian Foreign Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 139-150.

The author analyses the foreign policy aspects of Norwegian natural gas policy in a regional European perspective. The focus is on the development of a regional West European pipeline gas supply system as part of a more wide-ranging economic and political cooperation of a long-term character. Because the main sources of such a gas supply system are Norway, the Soviet Union, and Algeria, and because huge pipelines from these countries to Western Europe constitute the concrete basis of the system, there are important political considerations involved. Especially the prospect of bring ing gas by pipeline through Sweden to the Continent brings the interface of East West, Nordic, and West European dimensions into focus. Finally, possibilities for Norwegian-Soviet energy cooperation are discussed.
The Brandt Report as a Development Strategy
Authors: Pedersen Vita Søgaard , Gebert Peter
Published: March 2007

Søgaard Pedersen, V. and Gebert, P. The Brandt Report as a Development Strategy. Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 41-57.

This article deals with the proposal by the first Brandt Report for a development strategy for the Third World. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of the Brandt Com mission's recommendations for international and national reforms on the statement about interdependence and mutual interests.

The analysis of the development strategy has been carried out in order to examine whether the recommendations of the Brandt Report are sufficient to fulfil its goals. One point is that interdependence as a conception is inadequate for understanding the complex international relations and the underlying dynamics. The statement about the existence of mutual interests is partly too inaccurate and partly exaggerated. The central element in the development model of the Brandt Report is an export-oriented industrialization, which has to be combined with a strategy for solving the Basic Needs of the populations. From our point of view, which is based on a Marxist analysis, it is not likely that this model could solve the development problems of most developing countries. One of the major problems is that the Brandt Report does not deal with the problem of political power.
Europe Between the Superpowers: an All-European Model for the End of the 20th Century
Authors: Knudsen Baard Bredrup
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is systemic change in Europe: structural transformation which affects East-West relations at four levels: Atlantic, Western European, Eastern European, and all-European. The durability of the present status of Europe split between the two superpowers is drawn into question. Dynamic processes in the context of a widespread desire for a new 'political Europe', particularly in terms of 'historical normalization' between Western and Eastern Europe (excluding the Soviet Union as a separate entity) will contribute to structural change in European-American and European-Soviet relations. The ideal of a restructured 'organic' Europe is seen as especially prominent among the 'successor generation' in Western as well as in Eastern Europe. The process of systemic transformation is discussed in terms of three models: strictly 'bipolar' Europe in the 1950s, the considerably altered situation in the early 1980s, and a 'prescriptive' all-European model for the end of the 20th century, as a viable 'structure of peace'. Key concepts in these models are 'balance' and 'symmetry'.
Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review
Authors: Uhlin Anders
Published: March 2007

Uhlin, A. Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 231-247.

The primary aim of this research note is to present an inventory of propositions and findings concerning TNCs as global political actors. As a framework for this analysis I will classify the literature into three main groups and some subgroups. The three main theoretical schools compared are liberal theory, mercantilist theory and theories of imperialism. Several aspects of the autonomy and power of TNCs, as proponents of different theoretical schools see it, are analysed. The domain and scope of TNC power are discussed and several power bases are listed. Constraints that prevent the potential power of TNCs from being implemented are discussed and TNC instruments for exercising power are listed as well. The scope of the theoretical perspectives used to study TNCs varies. There is need for a synthesis between the actor-oriented liberal approaches and the structural and system-oriented theories of imperialism.
Economic Recovery versus Containment: The Anglo-American Controversy over East—West Trade, 1947-51
Authors: Sørensen Vibeke
Published: March 2007

Sørensen, V. Economic Recovery versus Containment: The Anglo-American Con troversy over East-West Trade, 1947-51. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 69- 97.

The article examines the Anglo-American controversy over economic warfare between 1947 and 1951, and aims to show that Britain's rejection of economic warfare as strategy for the containment of the Soviet Union was directly connected to the British economy's dependency on east-west trade and that the acceptance of economic warfare in 1950/51 was not part of the changed security preferences which led to British rearmament in August 1950, but a consequence of the American Congress's decision in 1951 to link military aid directly to east-west trade. As such, the article's conclusions tend to support Adler-Karlsson's (1968) classical argument that considerations for economic and military aid determined Western Europe's acceptance of economic warfare between 1950 and 1953/54. However, the article also shows that the US administration's leverage with respect to Britain and Western Europe was significantly constrained by considerations for the NATO Alliance and the US international economic regime and that it was the administration's attempt to defend its discretionary powers over foreign aid against an increasingly hostile Congress which was responsible for the administration's coercion of its most important NATO partner in 1951. Thus, the article concludes that the use of economic sanctions in 1950/51 should not be seen as a re-assessment of the utility of coercion as an option for US policy, but as a historical accident of the McCarthy years which confirms the political liability of coercion as an instrument for US international power in the post-war period.
Jonson, L. Soviet Policy towards Sweden and the Region of Northern Europe under Gorbachev. Cooperation and Conflict, XXV, 1990, 1-19
Authors: Jonson Lena
Published: March 2007

When Gorbachev took over in March 1985 the relationship between the USSR and neutral Sweden was worse than it had been for many years. How did a normalization come about between the two countries? How has Soviet policy towards Sweden and the North European region (the Nordic countries and northern waters) changed since Gorbachev came to power? Soviet policy will be examined here with regard to verbal behaviour — how Soviet observers publicly describe the political situation — as well as with regard to non-verbal military and diplomatic behaviour. In the first section Soviet policy towards Sweden is presented. The normalization of Soviet-Swedish relations as well as the changes in Soviet policy since then will be analysed. The second section deals with Soviet views on the security policy pattern of the region. This is followed by a section in which Soviet policy towards the North European region is analysed. Also included is an analysis of Soviet behaviour and of Soviet assessments of armament and superpower tension in the region. In the final section some conclusions are drawn concerning Soviet policy under Gorbachev. The normalization process between the two countries started before Gorbachev came to power. In 1986, however, he started a diplomatic offensive to improve bilateral relations with the Nordic countries. He failed to address the main issue, namely, the strategic confrontation between the superpowers. Soviet images of an American threat in the North European area, in contrast to the Central European scene, do not point to any likely policy changes in the near future. Soviet policy in the region remains contradictory — a function, perhaps, of Soviet politics being in a state of flux.
Rittberger, V. and Zürn, M. Regime Theory: Findings from the Study of "East-West Regimes". Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 165-183
Authors: Rittberger Volker , Zürn Michael
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the institutionalization of conflict management in specific issue areas through international regimes. Regime analysis is usually carried out within a model of international relations emphasizing (i) the ubiquity of conflicts, i.e. incompatible differences in positions as regards an object of contention, (ii) the plurality of motivations driving international politics, and (iii) the varying role of norms guiding international behavior. Against this common background regime analysts have achieved consensus on some important issues but some weaknesses remain. One of them concerns the lack of integration of different hypotheses about regime formation stemming from different approaches. Thus, the explanatory power of the various approaches is examined by confronting them with the evidence from the case studies carried out in a multi-year project on "East-West Regimes". A focus on deviant cases suggests that using a conflict typology allows for the development of conditional hypotheses which provides first hints about an appropriate way of integrating hypotheses on regime formation. Another weakness of regime analysis concerns the lack of evidence supporting the claim that international regimes do matter. Yet, in this article it is shown that international regimes have fostered peace in Europe. This supports the "neo-institutional" interpretation of the stable OECD peace. Democracy may be a sufficient condition for the absence of war between liberal democracies. However, a really stable peace presupposes a web of regulated conflict management across issue areas. This conclusion is reached by arguing that East—West regimes have been resilient against deterioration in the overall relationship and facilitated conflict resolution to some extent.
PLAN your Public Relations Program
Authors: Bliss Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Every hotel man worth his salt is an able public relations technician. He has to be; no enterprise benefits more from good public relations than the hotel, and none suffers so severely from bad. But a serious weakness of more than one hotel manager is the fact that he is a better day-to-day public relations performer than he is a planner.

There may be some question down on the farm as to which comes first: the hen or the egg. But in public relations there is no question that the plan comes ahead of the program.

The purpose of this article is to discuss some long-range thinking essential to good public re lations-the solid foundations of planning on which solid performance can build a hotel's repu tation to full advantage.-RLB
Turkey: Redeveloping Tourism
Authors: Baki Al'æddin
Published: March 2007

Long a destination for scholars, adventurers, and the privileged few, Turkey is now encouraging visits from an expanding tourist market. Its attractions include its archæological treasures, miles of unspoiled beaches, and a sun-drenched climate
Graduate Education: The Next Frontier
Authors: Evans Michael R.
Published: March 2007

The '90s will be the decade of graduate education in hospitality-education programs. Here are some thoughts on how to structure an effective graduate-education program
Tear Down the Walls?
Authors: Reasons Charles E. , Kaplan Russell L.
Published: March 2007

Although prisons have been repeatedly exposed for their inherent de grading and dehumanizing effects, their survival suggests that they are fulfilling four important manifest functions, in varying degrees: (1) reformation, (2) incapacitation, (3) retribution, and (4) deterrence. More significant are eleven latent functions serving various interests and needs: (1) maintenance of a crime school, (2) politicization, (3) self- enhancement, (4) provision of jobs, (5) satisfaction of authoritarian needs, (6) slave labor, (7) reduction of unemployment rates, (8) scientific research, (9) do-gooderism, (10) safety valve for racial tensions, and (11) birth control. These latent functions, largely unintended and generally unrecognized, suggest that abolition of the prison may not be as assured as some reformers suppose.
California Research at the Crossroads
Authors: Martinson Robert
Published: March 2007

Palmer's critique of "What Works?" is a strong defense of what was best in the California tradition of "recidivism only" research; it is also a stubborn refusal to take the step forward from that kind of thinking to the era of "social planning" re search.

The primary reason for the impact of "What Works?" is the extraordinary gap between the claims of success made by proponents of various treatments and the reality revealed by good research.

Palmer bases his critique on grounds of research methods. In doing so, he makes an interpretation error by construing as "studies" the "efforts" Martinson mentions in his conclusion. In fact, "effort" represents an independent variable category; this use of the term does not justify Palmer's statement that Martinson inaccurately described individual studies, whose results had been favorable or partially favorable, as being few and isolated exceptions. The table in which Palmer tabulates 48 per cent of the research studies as having at least partially positive results is meaningless; it includes findings from studies of "interventions" as dissimilar as probation placement and castration. Palmer does not understand the difficulties of summarizing a body of research findings. The problem lies in drawing together often conflicting findings from individual studies which differ in the degree of reliance that can be placed on their conclusions. It is essential to weigh the evi dence and not merely count the studies. The real conclusion of "What Works?" is that the addition of isolated treatment elements to a system in which a given flow of offenders has generated a gross rate of recidivism has very little effect in changing this rate of recidivism.

To continue the search for treatment that will reduce the recidivism rate of the "middle base expectancy" group or that will show differential effects for that group is to become trapped in a dead end. The essence of the new "social plan ning" epoch is a change in the dependent variable from recidivism to the crime rate (combined with cost). The public does not care whether a program will demonstrate that the experimental group shows a lower recidivism rate than a con trol group; rather, it wants to know whether the program re duced the overall crime rate. To ask "which methods work best for which types of offenders and under what conditions or in what types of settings" is to impose the narrowest of questions on the search for knowledge. The economists, too, do not live in Palmer's world of "types" of offenders. To them, recidivism is an aspect o f occupational choice strength ened by the atrophy of skills and opportunity for legitimate work that occurs during a stay in prison.

The aim of future research will be to create the knowledge needed to reduce crime. It must combine the analytical skills of the economist, the jurisprudence of the lawyer, the sociol ogy of the life span, and the analysis of systems. Traditional "evaluation" will play a modest but declining role.
Program Evaluation in Correction
Authors: Gibbons Don C. , Lebowitz Barry D. , Blake Gerald F.
Published: March 2007

The recent increase in demands for correctional program evaluation, along with a technical literature on the subject, is reviewed. This paper argues that the first step in program evaluation often focuses on specification of the nature of the intervention effort to be assessed, including identification of its theoretical rationale. Evaluation research then proceeds to determine whether the program actually dealt with the offenders for whom it was intended, whether it delivered the appropriate services to them, and whether it had any impact on them. A good deal of research innovativeness is required in the evaluation of non-experimental correctional efforts.
Concern with Theory in Correctional Evaluation Research
Authors: Glaser Daniel
Published: March 2007

If correctional evaluation research is to contribute to the accumulation of practical knowledge, it should be designed to test abstract behavioral science principles that explain why a particular type of program should change the future conduct of a specific category of clientele. Focus on such theory leads to nontraditional types of sampling, designed to apply principles to only those cases for which they are relevant rather than to whatever mix one happens to encounter at a particular setting at one moment in its history.

In addition, organizational theory must be applied and tested to see whether—in the social, psychological, and political context where a program is studied—the clients have the experience that the behavioral science theory assumes the program is giving them.
Objections to S. 1382
Authors: Black Charles L.
Published: March 2007

[In May 1978, Professor Black submitted to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary a statement of his views on S. 1382, the bill to establish criteria for the death penalty under federal law. This article is substantially Black's statement to the Senate committee, with the addition of footnotes as necessary or as may be useful to the reader.—Ed.]
Alternative Models for Urban School District Organization
Authors: Andes John
Published: March 2007

In this article the author describes the basic existing models of , urban school district organization. Several alternative organizational models, which could be implemented, are developed. Two of the models are developed using the pluralistic theory of organization. John Andes is Associate Professor of Education at West Virginia University, located in Morgantown, West Virginia.
An Organizational Contingency Theory for Education
Authors: Derr C. Brooklyn , Gabarro John J.
Published: March 2007

The authors describe a theory of organization developed by Lawrence and Lorsch which related organizational differentiation and integration to environmental demands. Several studies which have attempted to employ the theory in school settings are discussed and the paper describes some of the promises and problems asso ciated with and implications for using the theory in educational organizations. In particular, the authors discuss applications of the concepts for studying urban school systems as complex organiza tions. C. Brooklyn Derr is an Assistant Professor and Research Associate at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. John J. Gabarro is an Assistant Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.
School Structure, Leadership Quality and Teacher Satisfaction
Authors: Grassie McCrae C. , Carss Brian W.
Published: March 2007

The relationships between teachers' perceptions of the structural char acteristics of their schools, the leadership quality of their principals, and the extent of the satisfaction they express with their work and their col leagues are examined. The results as displayed by two groups of teachers, one of which attaches a high, and the other a low, degree of importance to the professional value, belief in knowledge and theory suggest that action taken to increase the satisfaction of one group may decrease the satisfaction of the other.
A Study of Professors of Educational Administration: A Summary
Authors: Campbell Roald F. , Newell L. Jackson
Published: March 2007

The academic field of educational administration is assumed to have changed substantially in the last two decades. Yet until this study was completed, little was known about the professors who fill its ranks. The research, sponsored by the University Council for EducationalAdministration, was conducted by Roald F. Camp bell, Fawcett Professor of Educational Administration at The Ohio State University, and L. Jackson Newell, Associate Director of the University Council for Educational Administration.
Reward Structures in the Public High School
Authors: Spuck Dennis W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between eight categories of rewards available to teachers in high schools and teacher behaviors of absenteeism, recruitment and retention. Findings emphasize the importance of intrinsic motivators in professional organizations and suggest basic differences in motivational patterns between profes sional and production oriented organizations. Dennis W. Spuck is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administration at the Uni versity of Wisconsin-Madison.
Application of Management by Objectives in a University Setting: an Exploratory Study of Faculty Reactions
Authors: Shetty Y.K. , Carlisle Howard M.
Published: March 2007

The study aimed at exploring the applicability of Management B y Objectives (MBO) within a university setting shows that positive changes in understanding organizational goals and expectations, performance, communication, inter personal relationships, and other benefits appear to be associated with the MBO program. In addition to being partially influenced by organizational variables, such as professional rank, tenure, and the length of service, MBO success seems to be an administrative phenomena strongly influenced by implementa tion processes. Y. K. Shetty is Associate Professor of Business Administration and Howard M. Carlisle is Head, Department of Business Administration, College of Business, Utah State University.
Influentials in State Policymaking for the Public Schools
Authors: Mazzoni Tim L. , Campbell Roald F.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of the Educational Governance Project. A comparative study was conducted of educational policy systems addressing itself to two major issues: (1) a determination of the influential actors in the process through which the states establish public school policy and (2) the factors that account for state-by-state variation in the policymaking influence of a particu lar actor. The Project was directed by Roald F. Campbell and Tim L. Mazzoni, Jr.
The Individual in Organization: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Griffiths Daniel E.
Published: March 2007

(This paper was presented as the Walter D. Cocking Lecture at the annual meeting of the National Conference of Professors of Educa tional Administration [NCPEA] held at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in August, 1976. Permission to publish the lecture as an article in the EAQ was granted by the NCPEA through its Secretary- Treasurer, Professor Michael P. Thomas, Jr. Members of the EAQ Editorial Board and staff acknowledge with appreciation the courtesy extended by the NCPEA in allowing the EAQ to make this Cocking Lecture available to its readers. -eds. )
A Test of Expectancy Work Motivation Theory in Educational Organizations
Authors: Miskel Cecil , DeFrain Jo Ann , Wilcox Kay
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the independent effects of expec tancy work motivation, the allied concepts of central life interests and voluntarism, and personal and environmental variables on two dependent variables. Strong support was found for the prediction of teacher job satisfaction. Less support was found for the prediction of perceived performance.
Contributing to the Harms of Racial Isolation: Analysis of Requests for Teacher Transfers in a Large Urban School District
Authors: Bruno James E. , Doscher Mary-Lynn
Published: March 2007

Many harms of racial isolation are addressed in court proceedings on school desegregation. Although thefocus of these harms has traditionally been on students in schools and school districts (racial and ethnic percentages), increasing attention is now being given to teachers (staff stabillty, quality, absenteeism, and experience). The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of teacher transfer requests, using Markov analysis to model mathematically the possible flow of teachers within a large urban district. The findings reveal a potential "flight" of teachers away from minority populated inner-city schools. District transfer policies which leave such patterns unchecked may svell contribute to the harms of racial isolation.
A Study of Networks Among Professional Staffs in Secondary Schools
Authors: Cusick Philip A.
Published: March 2007

What is the network of interactions among the staff of secondary schools and how does that network affect the curriculum? Field methods were used to answer these questions in two large comprehensive secondary schools in a metropolitan area. The term "network" was divided into parts: the first a field, denoting the ego-centered set of relations around an individual or group; the second, a network, or the sum of all the interactions of a certain kind in a certain place. The concluding model drawn from the description contains three parts. The first part is a teacher's individual and ego- centered field from which he orshe constructs an approach to students and teaching; the second is a set of relationships between the teacher and some particular students who respond to and justify that teacher's approach; and the third is the network or sum of all these fragmented approaches to teaching and students. The curriculum of a school is composed of the sum of all these disparate fields of individual teachers. Implications of a fragmented and personalized curriculum are examined by the author.
Bureaucratic Structure in Schools: A Refinement and Synthesis in Measurement
Authors: Sousa David A. , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

The Hall and Aston approaches to the measurement of bureaucratic structure are reviewed and contrasted, and are used as the bases of an empirical investigation of 55 secondary schools. A synthesis of the results from the use of the two approaches led to the identification of four underlying dimensions of school structure.
Us political discourse and US media1
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

The United States is reputed to have freedom of the media and yet there are so few signs of that precious commodity. In a country with essentially three political currents (right wing, extreme right and fascist right) one would not expect anything but a right wing bias. However, the problem is more the all-over bias also shared by much of the rather marginal US left: 'the way the issues are cut'. In this article, some of the current US political discourses are analyzed. Not simply out of fascination, but out of major concern about the way in which many sophisticated theories and books on discourse analysis nowadays only seem to be heading for literary criticism, with texts and sub-texts for their own sake, in the same sacrificial spirit as the former generation of text analists were sacrificed on the altar of significance levels. The obvious exception is formed by those figthing for a subjugated discourse, the women, the blacks, the suppressed of all kinds (often referred to as "minorities" although together they are the clear majority). The implications of authors' own position (discourse control = power = politics and discourse critique = power struggle = counterpolitics) are briefly discussed.
Politics and press: A content analysis of health news in South Africa
Authors: Nimbark Ashakant , Davis Catherine
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of two South African newspapers was undertaken to determine the extent to which health-related news items would reveal the nature and process of social change in South Africa today. Data was collected from the Star and the Sowetan over a period of sixteen months, from 26 November 1985 through 31 March 1987, a period characterized by intense black opposition to apartheid and by correspondingly increased government repression and censorship. The results show that, press restrictions notwithstand ing, news related to the health sector revealed much about life and change in South Africa today. Interestingly, censorship had little effect on the number and content of the health news in the paper written for the black community, the Sowetan. In the Star, however, the number of health articles actually increased with increasing censorship, but the proportion of those articles related to apartheid and social change decreased. The study thus focuses on the effects of political restrictions on health-related news in two important South African newspapers.
Computer Communications in Cross-Border Coalition-Building North American NGO Networking Against NAFTA
Authors: Frederick Howard H.
Published: March 2007

This article begins by outlining John Locke's concept of global civil society and how it is embodied in the global non-governmental movements for peace, human rights, social justice, and environmental preservation and sustainability. The article then summarizes the role that new globe-girdling communications technologies are now playing within the NGO movements and describes the emergence of one global computer network known as the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) which links more than 15.000 NGO computers in 95 countries. As one case in this dramatic trend, the paper then examines North American Free Trade Agreement, a market- and government-imposed plan to unite the economies of Mexico, the United States, and Canada.
Diffusion of movable type in China and Europe: Why were there two fates?
Authors: Zhou He
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the different diffusion patterns of movable type in China and Europe by using a synthetic framework that investigates these factors: 1) motives of the early inventors; 2) characteristics and motives of the early adopters; 3) technological differences; and 4) cultural, economic and social environment. After examining a wide range of secondary evidence, it concludes that although personal motives and technological differences did play an important role in the initial diffusion of moveable type, it was the cultural, economic and social factors that determined the different fates of movable type at the two ends of Eurasia.
People's Daily, China and Japan: A narrative analysis
Authors: Wanning Sun
Published: March 2007

This article is a narrative analysis of the People's Daily's coverage of Sino-Japanese relationship since 1978. The point of departure for this article is that propaganda in China can be better understood in the context of Chinese foreign policies news. It argues that criticism of Chinese media needs to avoid a reductionist approach of quantitative content analysis. Studying propaganda as narrative forms and strategies rather than as bias and distortions allows us to delve deeper into the processes by which events are transformed into politically potent symbols.
Mass media in transition in Central Asia
Authors: Brown Jeff L.
Published: March 2007

This paper compares the development of mass media in the republics of Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan) in the post-Soviet period, examining the reasons why Gorbachev's glasnost did not take root in Central Asia and reviewing significant events related to media in each republic since independence. While current leaders cite the threat of interethnic conflict as justification for restricting the press, other factors go farther to explain media's dependence on government, including the high value placed on stability in society; the persistent Soviet legacy, which involves a view of the press as political communication; and the present economic crisis.
Illegal pharmaceutical advertising in China
Authors: Chan Kara K.W.
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of 83 pharmaceutical commercials broadcast in national and local channels in China was conducted. The official Regulations on pharmaceutical advertisements were itemized and adopted as evaluation criteria to determine whether the commercial was illegal. Over 50 percent of the sampled drug commercials were found illegal, among which 29 percent omitted the official drug code and 19 percent did not carry the physician's advice. Under 5 percent of the commercial contained illegal claims such as no side effect. Three percent featured images of medical institutes, medical professions and patients. Non-compliance of regulations was probably due to ineffective advertising censorship system, unclear definition of pharmaceutical products and inadequate knowledge of the advertising personnel.
Foreign press corps as an indicator of international news interest
Authors: Cohen Yoel
Published: March 2007

The article examines the geographic distribution of foreign press corps around the world as a means of measure the newsworthiness of foreign countries. The media of all regions of the world have their largest contingents of foreign correspondents in the U.S. and Western Europe, reflecting that elitism is a major determinant of foreign news reporting. A secondary determinant is 'proximity' to foreign states - whether expressed in geographical, political, economic or cultural terms. A tendency to appoint foreign correspondents within their own region was particularly noteworthy in the Asian, Central American and South American media.
Partisanship and professionalism: Hong Kong journalists in transition
Authors: Lee Chin-Chuan , Chen Chi-Hsien , Man Chan Joseph , Siu-Nam Lee Paul
Published: March 2007

Media partisanship and professionalism constitute substrata of the same ideological space. We conceptualize media ideology at epistemological ( weltanschauung) and method ological (practical and operative) levels. Based on a survey we found that epistemologically, media ideology exerts a substantial albeit uneven influence on Hong Kong journalists in the way they view the political transition now under way and the media role in it. At the method ological level, journalists tend to endorse the abstract goals of professional norms but diverge on the concrete ways and means of achieving those goals.
Exercise promotion for patients with significant medical problems
Authors: Chambers Ruth , Chambers Christopher , Campbell Ian
Published: March 2007

The study aimed to determine the effects of three methods of exercise pro motion on the medium-term exercise behaviour and perceived health status (SF-36) of patients with significant medical problems, by a four-arm ran domised controlled trial of unsolicited exercise advice, individual exercise assessments and follow-up exercise sessions. A total of 386 (85 per cent) and 324 (71 per cent) patients responded to initial and follow-up mailings respectively. Fifty per cent of subjects attended for exercise assessment, of which 58 per cent completed four exercise sessions. Results showed encour aging trends for improved exercise behaviour and perceived health status in subjects allocated to the health promotion groups.
Improving oral health for all: focusing on determinants and conditions
Authors: Sheiham Aubrey
Published: March 2007

An important aspect of the policies to reduce inequalities is the shift in focus towards conditions of living from the earlier emphasis on changing individuals. This paper addresses the pressing question of which oral health promotion and prevention approaches dental workers should adopt to improving oral health for all. The paper outlines a critique of lifestyle approaches, and argu ments are presented that lifestyle is an expression of the social and cultural circumstances that condition and constrain behaviour in addition to the per sonal decisions the individual may make. Three approaches to oral health promotion are suggested: a population rather than individual approach; a common risk factor approach and multidisciplinary working. By adopting a whole-population health promotion, common-risk/health-factor approach and integrating oral health with general health policies, policies to promote oral health should become more effective and efficient. What is more, oral health will cease to be marginalised. Dentists must become team members in advocacy and education with other organisations, including public-sector and community organisations.
Community health development on a Bristol housing estate: A review of a local project ten years on
Authors: Ewles Linda , Harris Wendy , Roberts Einir , Shepherd Mike
Published: March 2007

This article reflects on ten years of a community health project - the Hartcliffe Health and Environment Action Group - on a housing estate in south Bristol, an area of high health need. We look at trends in health indicators over the ten years; data problems mean that only tentative conclusions can be drawn, but these are useful for understanding the social and health context of the work. We identify key factors which contribute to the success of the Group, and problems and tensions we experience. We discuss what has been achieved and the effect on the local community, concluding that we can assess effect in terms of activities and short term outputs but not in terms of quantifiable health outcomes. Our conclusions are that community health development projects such as this one can make a contribution to the wider agenda of reducing health inequalities and social exclusion, provided that key principles of community development are adhered to, and that there is basic core funding and stability.
Did Health Improvement Programmes improve in their first two years?
Authors: Abbott Stephen , Gillam Stephen
Published: March 2007

Objective This study sought to track the development of Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs) from 1999 to 2000.

Design A documentary analysis of pairs of HImPs produced by 26 health authorities in 1999 and 2000.

Method A structured analytic tool was devised, based on government guidance on the content of HImPs.

Results HImPs have become longer, and include more priorities. Health promotion and public health priorities are less commonly chosen than those with a disease focus, particularly those in 'Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation'. There has been a decrease in the quantity of supporting data provided (health needs assessment, financial resources, existing services), and the role of Primary Care Groups and Trusts (PCG/Ts) is not given central emphasis. There is an increase in target-setting and in clarification about roles and responsibilities among partners, and commitment to the principle of public consultation about the local National Health Service (NHS).

Conclusion Although the scope of HImPs has broadened, and some components are now presented in more detail, it is not clear that these documents embody more achievable strategies. With so many priorities requiring attention, it seems likely that politically important issues (such as waiting lists) will take precedence over the promotion of population health.
Informed consent - who knows? Results of a hospital audit project
Authors: Ferguson D.J.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly patients are seeking more information about medical procedures and their risks, and as a profession we must act on this. Despite recent guidance from the Department of Health and British Medical Association (BMA), obtaining consent for surgical procedures is still thought to be sub-optimal. An audit of the consent procedure at a District General Hospital is presented here. The aim is to establish who is obtaining the consent of the patient and what is being said to the patient prior to them consenting. The results show that in most cases it is the House Surgeon taking the consent. The discussion that takes place with the patient about their procedure does not reach a standard that is set by the Consultants within the same hospital. Based on this audit the author proposes additional measures designed to achieve a higher standard of informed consent and a more consistent approach to it.
Expanding European perspectives on health promotion
Authors: Davies John Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Health promotion has grown rapidly over recent decades to provide a distinctive perspective to maintaining and improving health. Much of its development has occurred on the international stage with initial impetus from the World Health Organization. More recently the European Commission (EC) through its DG SANCO has initiated its own health promotion approach throughout the countries of the European Union (EU). In parallel with this development, the EU has also encouraged the growth of common approaches to higher education policy and practice. These two converging trends are described and discussed in this article, with specific reference to the EUMAHP Project, funded by the EC, to develop a Masters Programme in Health Promotion across all member states of the EU.
Health promotion specialists and the multidisciplinary public health agenda: Implications for postgraduate education
Authors: Scriven Angela
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify the postgraduate educational needs of health promotion specialists that have emerged as a result of recent public health policy induced changes to roles and functions.

Design A questionnaire survey that combines closed and open-ended questions to generate quantitative and qualitative data.

Setting A national study with respondents drawn from health promotion services across England.

Methods A total of 222 health promotion specialist from a wide geographical spread responded to a postal survey which asked them to map out their current competencies against the draft National Standards for Specialist Practice in Public Health and to state their education and training needs.

Results Education and training needs are in line with public health specialist rather than health promotion functions and encompass management and health assessment competencies.

Conclusion Health promotion specialists are experiencing a range of policy-induced changes that are impacting on their remits. Their needs relating to education and training in strategic public health specialist roles have challenging implications for postgraduate educational provision.