bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contracting repair young animals in personal subsidiary plots of the population
Authors: Zhichkin K , Nosov V , Zhichkina L , Andreev V , Mahanova T
Published: January 2020

In modern conditions, livestock production in the Samara region faces many difficulties. One of the main ones is the insufficient number of young stocks at large agricultural enterprises to ensure the growth of cattle. At the same time, another significant source of young growth — the household economy — is practically not in demand for these purposes. A significant number of cattle in this sector of agricultural production, high productivity allows us to consider personal subsidiary plots as a real alternative to the acquisition of young animals. The purpose of the work is to develop a contracting system for young cattle in private household plots to increase the number of livestock in agricultural enterprises. The proposed option involves the participation of government agencies, which should provide organizational and consulting support in solving integration, veterinary, financial issues. The creation of an integration system for providing agricultural organizations with young stocks of repair at the expense of the resources of private farms will give a new impetus to the development of this sector. Attraction of real state support in private farms, creation of a regional integrated structure based on the State Unitary Enterprise “Veles” will stimulate the development of this sector. The region is interested in increasing production in the dairy industry, as it provides less than 50% of its own demand for this type of agricultural product. In addition (at least in the early years of the system), the implementation of the proposed measures will allow more efficient use of budget funds, achieving a synergistic effect by reducing the actual purchase price of repair young animals by agricultural producers.
Manipulators adapted for automatic milking
Authors: Chekhunov O A , Martynov E A , Voronin V V , Yarovoy M N , Druzhinin R A
Published: January 2020

The paper provides a rationale for the relevance of automation in machine milking. It deals with the design and control algorithm of a mobile manipulator adapted for milking machines. The manipulator allows for a change in the milking routine, thus making it possible to regulate the amount of vacuum in a tea cup, subject to a current flow rate separately for each pair of mammary glands. The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies that indicate the way vacuum variations depend on the diameter of a metering orifice of a non-return valve, and how vacuum fluctuations in a teatcup chamber, as a spring-loaded valve opens, depend on the number of coils on a spring and its diameter. The results of a production check on a mobile milking manipulator are presented in the paper.
Revisiting the question of vitamin D enrichment of milk
Authors: Petrova A , Lapteva N , Laricheva K , Osipova M
Published: January 2020

The concept of food safety in Russia includes the task of achieving self-sufficiency in dairy products of high nutritional and biological value in accordance with scientific medical standards. The article is devoted to the scientific development of the formulation of vitamin D-enriched drinking milk. The research data are relevant due to the vitamin D deficiency in the diet of the population living in the North-Western region of Russia. The main reason why drinking milk was chosen as an object for vitamin D enrichment is the fact that dairy products occupy a significant place in the human diet, with 30-40% of the total energy value of food accounting for this particular group of products.
Organization of registration ensuring innovative development of branch of sheep breeding
Authors: Gorbacheva A S , Balashova N N , Chekrygina T A , Chernovanova N V , Yagupova E V , Vorontsova E S
Published: January 2020

Possible variants of innovative development in the sheep industry depending on the investment capacity of economic entities in the sphere of agro-industrial complex are considered in the article. The proposed procedure for the organization of synthetic and analytical accounting of costs and output of innovative production, as well as the reflection in the accounting system of sheep enterprises of the costs and revenues arising during the implementation of innovative development. The recommended proposals allow the use of accounting data for the preparation and adoption of management decisions in the system of innovative management and evaluate its effectiveness. The proposed setting of accounting support for innovative development most fully reflects the technological, organizational and economic features of innovative processes in sheep breeding.
Expanding the assortment of fermented beverages at small enterprises
Authors: Kolobaeva A A , Kotik O A , Sorokina I A , Ponomareva T V
Published: January 2020

The authors considered the possibility of expanding the assortment of fermented beverages in small beer production enterprises. As a new type of product, the production of kvass with plant extracts is proposed: pot marjoram, clary sage, lemongrass, Schisandra chinensis. Investigations of their physicochemical properties, aroma and antioxidant activity were carried out. It was noted that the highest content of antioxidants in the extracts of pot marjoram and Schisandra chinensis was 18.34 and 12.36 mg/dm 3. Fermentation of kvass wort was carried out with yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae of strains ICV D 254, EC-1118, 71B- 1122, V 116 at a temperature of 28 ° C within 9 hours. The result of the analysis of solids wort’s and acidity dynamics during the fermentation process is a recommendation the EC-1118 strain. Four kvass recipes with different functional orientations have been developed. During the research, the method of mathematical planning and statistical processing of the results was used. When optimizing the parameters, the influence of the fermentation temperature, the dosage of plant extracts and the dosage of yeast on the acidity of the wort is considered. It has been established that the dosage of plant extract has the greatest effect on the acidity of kvass.
The influence of adverse natural phenomena, anthropogenic factors on the efficiency of land users (regional aspect)
Authors: Chechin D I , Nedikova E V
Published: January 2020

The efficiency of land users depends on weather conditions, which significantly affect the results of agricultural production. Recently, there has also been a general trend of some natural phenomena unpredictability. It can worsen or negate the operating profits of land users in the agricultural production field, therefore it is essential to study the nature of negative natural phenomena typical for the Central Black Earth region.

The Central Black Earth Region is characterized by a high degree of reclamation and ploughing of lands. With the high ploughing of agricultural land in the region, the ecological potential of natural land protection has sharply decreased. This problem requires significant costs and public funding. Therefore, it is necessary to provide conditions for maintaining, and then improving the environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes and reliable soil protection from erosion processes. The conditions for addressing these issues are formed in the process of creating sustainable land use. In this case, local wind circulation is especially important. The analysis showed yearly average dominance of south-west (15.0%), south-east (14.3%) and west (13.7%) winds in the region, which means that the wind blows with a certain stability from all sides. Therefore, when establishing protective forest belts, it is necessary to take into account various aspects of the agro-ecological environment and climate. Protective forest belts and bush plantings are one of the main levers for controlling the microclimate formation of a given land use territory.
Forecasting methods for the total evapotranspiration of fodder crops in arid conditions of Kalmykia
Authors: Okonov M M , Bakinova T I , Jirgalova E A , Ubushaeva S V
Published: January 2020

In 1995-2015, in the dry steppe and semi-desert zones of the Caspian lowland, a series of experimental studies were conducted on brown and light chestnut soils to establish the total evapotranspiration of annual fodder crops using irrigated arable land. Four different methods were studied; the water balance method was used as a control one. The temperature coefficients of the total water consumption, as well as the coefficients of an air humidity deficit combined with the scale of biological time of vegetation were determined. Specified coefficients of water consumption were determined; they were differentiated depending on different conditions of mineral nutrition and the planned yield. For production conditions, biological and mathematical models of dependence have been developed in order to determine an optimal water regime in the arid zone. Based on the obtained experimental data, the convergence of the calculated values obtained by the bioclimatic and water balance methods was achieved. The planned crop yield was produced.
Normal stress effect on plastic yielding of notched metallic glass: a finite element simulation study
Authors: Zhong Wen , Ren Yanan , Hu Jing , Xiang Huiyu
Published: January 2020

The pressure or normal stress effect on the plastic yielding of metallic glasses (MGs) is still poorly understood due to their complex nature of deformation process. A knowledge on the internal stress distribution and evolution around the plastic shearing plane holds the key for understanding the above issue. In this study, we studied the plastic deformation process of a notched bulk metallic glass by finite element simulation using the von-Mises yielding criterion and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, respectively. The internal shear stress distribution and evolution on the notched shear plane was analyzed, and the yielding strength is extracted by averaging the shear stress on the shear plane. It was found that the plastic flow of MGs is greatly influenced by the pressure/normal stress effect as captured by Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion, and the strength extracted with the criterion agrees well with that obtained from experiments. The effect of pressure/normal stress on the plastic flow of MGs are also discussed from the mechanistic viewpoint. Our results may help for understanding the underlying origin for the pressure/normal stress effect on the plastic flow of MGs.
Microstructural characterization and evolution under high temperature oxidation of CoCrAlYTa-10%Al2O3 coating deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying
Authors: Shi Wei , Wu Yuping , Hong Sheng , Yang Weihua , Wei Zheng
Published: January 2020

The CoCrAlYTa-10%Al2O3 coating was fabricated on H13 steel substrate using high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. A detail characterization on the microstructures, element distribution and phase composition of the HVOF sprayed CoCrAlYTa-10%Al2O3 coating was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microstructural evolution and microhardness of the coating at different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the coating had a dense and uniform microstructure with a low porosity of 0.44%. The primary phases for the CoCrAlYTa-10%Al2O3 coating were identified as Co-based solid solution, Cr-based solid solution, Al2O3 phase and TaC particles. Compounds such as Cr7C3, Al13Co4 and aluminum-yttrium oxides Al5Y3O12 were also confirmed by TEM observation results. Owing to the rapidly cooling rates of the molten droplets, nano-crystalline phase was existed in the coating. The average microhardness of the coating was 640 HV0.1. Its high microhardness derived from the presence of certain volume fraction of hard Al2O3, Cr7C3 and TaC grains within the coating. After 1h of oxidation, oxides like CrO2 and Ta2O5 were formed when the coating exposed at the temperature up to 800 °C. At the temperature above 600 °C, the hardness of the coating remained at a high level (600 HV0.1). It possessed better high temperature softening resistance than H13 steel, indicated that the coating exhibited good mechanical properties at high temperature.
Facile preparation of porous activated carbon under ultrasonic assistance for the Methylene blue removal from aqueous environment: characterization, isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Eslami Hadi , Khosravi Rasoul , Miri Mohammad Reza , Gholami Abdollah , Ghahramani Esmail , Khosravi Afshin
Published: January 2020

Powdered Peganum Harmala activated carbon (PPAC) was synthesized by a new activation method using ultrasonic waves (with a frequency of 37 KHz for 1 h) after carbonization and application to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. In this experiment, the characteristics of the PPAC were examined through BET, FESEM, and FTIR spectrum. The effects of the initial pH (2–12), the adsorbent’s dose (0.5–4 g L−1), reaction time (2–80 min), initial concentration of the dye (50–300 mg l−1), mixing rate (0–300 rpm), and the solution’s temperature (10 °C–50 °C) in adsorption process were investigated. The results indicated that ultrasonic waves have the significant effect on the carbon activating process. BET analysis indicated that the specific surface area of PPAC before activation was 0.776 m2 g−1 and had increased to 442.14 m2 g−1 following activation by ultrasonic waves. FESEM images showed that significant elevation of the porosity level and development of numerous pores in the activated carbon. FTIR analysis indicates that following the activation, –OH groups have been developed onto the PPAC surfaces. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were well fitted by the Freundlich and pseudo-second order model. Investigation of thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption process of MB by PPAC is spontaneous, endothermic, and physical.
Network analyses in microbiome based on high-throughput multi-omics data
Authors: Liu Zhaoqian , Ma Anjun , Mathé Ewy , Merling Marlena , Ma Qin , Liu Bingqiang
Published: January 2020

Together with various hosts and environments, ubiquitous microbes interact closely with each other forming an intertwined system or community. Of interest, shifts of the relationships between microbes and their hosts or environments are associated with critical diseases and ecological changes. While advances in high-throughput Omics technologies offer a great opportunity for understanding the structures and functions of microbiome, it is still challenging to analyse and interpret the omics data. Specifically, the heterogeneity and diversity of microbial communities, compounded with the large size of the datasets, impose a tremendous challenge to mechanistically elucidate the complex communities. Fortunately, network analyses provide an efficient way to tackle this problem, and several network approaches have been proposed to improve this understanding recently. Here, we systemically illustrate these network theories that have been used in biological and biomedical research. Then, we review existing network modelling methods of microbial studies at multiple layers from metagenomics to metabolomics and further to multi-omics. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of present studies and provide a perspective for further directions in support of the understanding of microbial communities.
BAlaS: fast, interactive and accessible computational alanine-scanning using BudeAlaScan
Authors: Wood Christopher W , Ibarra Amaurys A , Bartlett Gail J , Wilson Andrew J , Woolfson Derek N , Sessions Richard B
Published: January 2020

Motivation

In experimental protein engineering, alanine-scanning mutagenesis involves the replacement of selected residues with alanine to determine the energetic contribution of each side chain to forming an interaction. For example, it is often used to study protein–protein interactions. However, such experiments can be time-consuming and costly, which has led to the development of programmes for performing computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis (CASM) to guide experiments. While programmes are available for this, there is a need for a real-time web application that is accessible to non-expert users.

Results

Here, we present BAlaS, an interactive web application for performing CASM via BudeAlaScan and visualizing its results. BAlaS is interactive and intuitive to use. Results are displayed directly in the browser for the structure being interrogated enabling their rapid inspection. BAlaS has broad applications in areas, such as drug discovery and protein-interface design.

Availability and implementation

BAlaS works on all modern browsers and is available through the following website: https://balas.app. The project is open source, distributed using an MIT license and is available on GitHub (https://github.com/wells-wood-research/balas).
Devastating Gynecological Infections in Women with STAT3 Deficiency
Authors: Redor Alexis , Danion François , Parize Perrine , Chandesris Olivia , Dbjay Jonathan , Duréault Amélie , Le Guenno Guillaume , Cazorla Celine , Vergnon-Miszczycha Delphine , Bats Anne Sophie , Bodemer Christine , Hoarau Cyrille , Charlier Caroline , Mahlaoui Nizar , Lecuit Marc , Lanternier Fanny , Lortholary Olivier
Published: January 2020

We provide the first description of a series of 9 severe gynecological infections (mastitis and pelvic cellulitis) occurring in the French national cohort of women with STAT3 deficiency. Each episode had unique features in terms of clinical presentation, microbial documentation, location, treatment duration, and related persistent esthetic damage.
The Rationale for a Mandatory Antibiotic Stewardship Rotation During Residency: What Worked, What Needs More Work
Authors: Laguio-Vila Maryrose , Lesho Emil P
Published: January 2020

Reports of antibiotic stewardship (AS) integration into the > 1000 United States internal medicine and family practice residency core curricula are scarce, but residents value such training. To help address this gap, and the projected shortage of physicians with training for establishing and leading an AS program (ASP), we describe the rationale for, and the output and shortcomings of, a dedicated AS rotation. Residents critically review, in real-time, inpatient antibiotic orders, provide feedback to the prescribers, learn the mechanics and requirements of an ASP, and complete a preliminary quality improvement project. Program evaluations are uniformly positive, noting limited opportunities otherwise to clarify optimal antibiotic choices or discuss antibiotics in depth. Nine posters at national conferences and 1 publication have roots in this rotation. Three alumni matriculated to accredited US infectious diseases fellowships. We invite others to join us in calling for more AS training opportunities during residency.
Comparison of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban for effectiveness and safety in atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Rutherford Ole-Christian W , Jonasson Christian , Ghanima Waleed , Söderdahl Fabian , Halvorsen Sigrun
Published: January 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in routine clinical practice.

Methods and results

Using nationwide registries in Norway from January 2013 to December 2017, we established a cohort of 52 476 new users of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with AF. Users of individual NOACs were matched 1:1 on the propensity score to create three pairwise-matched cohorts: dabigatran vs. rivaroxaban (20 504 patients), dabigatran vs. apixaban (20 826 patients), and rivaroxaban vs. apixaban (27 398 patients). Hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of stroke or SE and major bleeding were estimated. In the propensity-matched comparisons of the risk of stroke or SE, the HRs were 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–1.02] for dabigatran vs. rivaroxaban, 0.88 (95% CI 0.75–1.02) for dabigatran vs. apixaban, and 1.00 (95% CI 0.89–1.14) for apixaban vs. rivaroxaban. For the risk of major bleeding, the HRs were 0.75 (95% CI 0.64–0.88) for dabigatran vs. rivaroxaban, 1.03 (95% CI 0.85–1.24) for dabigatran vs. apixaban, and 0.79 (95% CI 0.68–0.91) for apixaban vs. rivaroxaban.

Conclusion

In this nationwide study of patients with AF in Norway, we found no statistically significant differences in risk of stroke or SE in propensity-matched comparisons between dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. However, dabigatran and apixaban were both associated with significantly lower risk of major bleeding compared with rivaroxaban.
Rulers or Rules? International Law, Elite Cues and Public Opinion
Authors: Strezhnev Anton , Simmons Beth A , Kim Matthew D
Published: January 2020

One of the mechanisms by which international law can shape domestic politics is through its effects on public opinion. However, a growing number of national leaders have begun to advocate policies that ignore or even deny international law constraints. This article investigates whether international law messages can still shift public opinion even in the face of countervailing elite cues. It reports results from survey experiments conducted in three countries – the USA, Australia and India – which examined attitudes on a highly salient domestic political issue: restrictions on refugee admissions. In each experimental vignette, respondents were asked about their opinion on a proposed or ongoing restrictive refugee policy that was endorsed by the government but also likely contravened international refugee law. Respondents were randomly exposed to messages highlighting the policy’s illegality and/or elite endorsement. The results show that, on average, the international law messages had a small but significant persuasive effect in reducing support for the restrictive policy, at most 10 percentage points. Surprisingly, there was no evidence that the countervailing elite endorsement was a significant moderator of this effect. However, in the case of the USA and among Republican co-partisans of the president, the elite endorsement independently increased respondents’ beliefs that the restriction was legal under international law while having no effect on support for the policy. The results suggest that cues from domestic elites do not strictly trump those from international sources and that, despite cues about national leaders’ policy advocacy, international law can affect the attitudes of some voters even on an issue as heavily politicized as refugee policy.
Intergenerational Class Mobility among Men and Women in Europe: Gender Differences or Gender Similarities?
Authors: Bukodi Erzsébet , Paskov Marii
Published: January 2020

In this article, we address two inter-related questions. Are there gender differences in the level and the pattern of intergenerational class mobility? If so, do these differences show up in a uniform fashion in Europe? To answer these questions, we use a newly constructed comparative data set that allows us to examine how far differences between men and women in absolute and relative mobility can still be characterized in the same way as in the last decades of the 20th century. We also examine the effects of women’s heterogeneity in terms of labour market attachment on their class mobility. Our results show that in most countries, women are more likely than men to be found in different class positions to those of their parents’. But we point out that the reasons for this might be quite different in the West and in the East. As regards relative mobility chances, we are able to underwrite the dominant finding of past research that women display greater social fluidity than men only in a certain group of countries. In most countries, we do not find any systematic and uniform gender difference between men and women in the level of their relative mobility rates. But, we do find significant and systematic gender differences in the pattern of relative rates: women’s class mobility appears to be more impeded by hierarchical barriers than by the propensity for class inheritance. And, in this regard, our findings point to a large degree of commonality across European countries.
A new solution method for a class of large dimension rank-two nonconvex programs
Authors: Cambini Riccardo , Venturi Irene
Published: January 2020

Low-rank problems are nonlinear minimization problems in which the objective function, by means of a suitable linear transformation of the variables, depends on very few variables. These problems often arise in quantitative management science applications, for example, in location models, transportation problems, production planning, data envelopment analysis and multiobjective programs. They are usually approached by means of outer approximation, branch and bound, branch and select and optimal level solution methods. The paper studies, from both a theoretical and an algorithmic point of view, a class of large-dimension rank-two nonconvex problems having a polyhedral feasible region and $f(x)=\phi (c^Tx+c_0,d^Tx+d_0)$ as the objective function. The proposed solution algorithm unifies a new partitioning method, an outer approximation approach and a mixed method. The results of a computational test are provided to compare these three approaches with the optimal level solutions method. In particular, the new partitioning method performs very well in solving large problems.
A qualitative study of zoonotic risk factors among rural communities in southern China
Authors: Li Hong-Ying , Zhu Guang-Jian , Zhang Yun-Zhi , Zhang Li-Biao , Hagan Emily A , Martinez Stephanie , Chmura Aleksei A , Francisco Leilani , Tai Hina , Miller Maureen , Daszak Peter
Published: January 2020

Background

Strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in southern China, where pathogens with zoonotic potential are known to circulate in wild animal populations. However, the risk factors leading to emergence are poorly understood, which presents a challenge in developing appropriate mitigation strategies for local communities.

Methods

Residents in rural communities of Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces were recruited and enrolled in this study. Data were collected through ethnographic interviews and field observations, and thematically coded and analysed to identify both risk and protective factors for zoonotic disease emergence at the individual, community and policy levels.

Results

Eighty-eight ethnographic interviews and 55 field observations were conducted at nine selected sites. Frequent human–animal interactions and low levels of environmental biosecurity in local communities were identified as risks for zoonotic disease emergence. Policies and programmes existing in the communities provide opportunities for zoonotic risk mitigation.

Conclusions

This study explored the relationship among zoonotic risk and human behaviour, environment and policies in rural communities in southern China. It identifies key behavioural risk factors that can be targeted for development of tailored risk-mitigation strategies to reduce the threat of novel zoonoses.
Translating Hygge: A Danish Design Myth and Its Anglophone Appropriation
Authors: Breunig Malene , Kallestrup Shona
Published: January 2020

Hygge, the lifestyling trend that offers a path to ‘authentic’ Danish contentment, is one of the more curious instances of cultural translation in recent years, both semantically and in terms of how an everyday Danish concept has been transformed by London publishing houses into a marketable commodity. Despite the widespread international popular success of the phenomenon, hygge has received little academic attention. What is particularly lacking is an analysis of the cultural transferral of the concept, of the rather different set of meanings constructed by the remodelling of hygge by English-speaking commentators. This article proposes that design history can offer a helpful framework for this kind of understanding. By approaching the case of hygge as a ‘mythology’ in the Barthian sense, we will argue that the concept builds upon the legacy of the mythologies imprinted on Anglophone societies by the branding of Scandinavian Design since the 1950s. Highlighting the links between such myths and the manufactured British version of hygge, we will posit that the meaning of hygge—the way it operates as a sign in British culture today—is dependent upon longstanding structures of understanding.
Volatile Essential Oils Can Be Used to Improve the Efficacy of Heat Treatments Targeting the Western Drywood Termite: Evidence from a Laboratory Study
Authors: Perry Daniel T , Choe Dong-Hwan
Published: January 2020

Use of heated air to create lethal temperatures within infested wood serves as a nonchemical treatment option against western drywood termites, Incisitermes minor (Hagen). When treating a whole or large portion of the structure, however, the presence of hard-to-heat areas (structural heat sinks) and potential risk of damaging heat-sensitive items are recognized as important challenges. To address these challenges, we tested if the incorporation of a volatile essential oil would increase the overall efficacy of heat treatments against the drywood termites. To choose an essential oil for use, we tested the volatile action of several candidate compounds against individual termites using a fumigant toxicity assay. As a proof-of-concept experiment, field-collected termites were housed in small wooden arenas and subsequently subjected to 2-h heat treatment at various air temperatures within a gas chromatography oven. A simulated heat sink and essential oil treatment was also included in the experimental design. Analyses of lethal temperatures (LTemp50 and LTemp99 values), probabilities of mortality, and survivorship data over time suggested that 1) the presence of a heat sink significantly increased the minimum air temperature needed for complete kill of the termites and 2) the volatile essential oil added at the site of a heat sink effectively counteracted the impact of the heat sink. The use of volatile essential oils makes it possible to effectively kill drywood termites even in areas which might not reach lethal temperatures (~50°C), potentially improving the overall efficacy of heat treatments while reducing the risk of heat damage.
Distribution, Phenology, and Overwintering Survival of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in Urban and Grove Habitats in North Florida
Authors: Martini Xavier , Malfa Kathi , Stelinski Lukasz L , Iriarte Fanny B , Paret Mathews L
Published: January 2020

Cold hardy citrus is an emerging industry in north Florida. However, it is under the threat of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing. Distribution and phenology of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama), the vector of CLas, was investigated over a 2-year sampling period in north Florida. Diaphorina citri was only found in backyard and ornamental citrus along the Gulf of Mexico, and was not observed in cultivated citrus groves during the 2 years (2017–2018) of the survey. Diaphorina citri population peaks occurred approximately 2 mo later than in central Florida with major population peaks occurring in July. The number of D. citri adults was significantly higher on CLas infected than uninfected citrus trees, whereas more nymphs were found on uninfected trees. Most D. citri were negative for CLas except in Franklin county where both infected trees and psyllids were found. We were able to find adult D. citri during all winter months, despite temperatures as low as −5.5°C. During two consecutive winters, we conducted experiments to determine D. citri cold hardiness by caging D. citri under ambient conditions in mid-November and assessing survivors in the following spring. In 2018, approximately 21%, of D. citri adults survived overwintering whereas 16% survived in 2019 despite lower temperature in 2018 than in 2019. As we are at the earliest stage of HLB infestation, management of D. citri and CLas in north Florida should focus on removal of CLas-infected trees to reduce the reservoir of pathogen.
Adequacy evaluation of the annual colonoscopic surveillance and individual difference of disease phenotypes in Lynch syndrome
Authors: Taniguchi Fumitaka , Tanakaya Kohji , Sugano Kokichi , Akagi Kiwamu , Ishida Hideyuki , Nagahisa Seiichi , Nishimura Seitaro , Une Yuta , Kimura Yuji , Watanabe Megumi , Utsumi Masashi , Aoki Hideki
Published: January 2020

Background

Regular endoscopic surveillance for Lynch syndrome is reported to reduce colorectal cancer (CRC)-related mortality. However, the appropriate surveillance intervals are still unclear. We evaluated the adequacy of annual colonoscopy and investigated the differences in tumor occurrence rates between individual patients.

Methods

In total, 25 patients with Lynch syndrome who underwent colonoscopic surveillance between 2007 and 2016 at the Iwakuni Clinical Center were included. We retrospectively investigated the surveillance frequency and the clinical features associated with tumor development.

Results

Colonoscopic surveillance was performed every 397 days on average. A total of 101 tumors, including 8 intramucosal carcinomas and 15 carcinomas, were observed within the study period. Annual colonoscopy detected six malignancies, including a carcinoma requiring surgery. Tumor incidence was associated with tumor existence in the initial colonoscopies (P = 0.018). Patients with a tumor occurrence rate of 0.4 tumors per year during our observation period were significantly more likely to have malignancies detected during regular surveillance than patients who had a lower occurrence rate (P < 0.001). Malignancy occurrence rate was strongly associated with tumor occurrence rate (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.44).

Conclusions

Annual colonoscopic surveillance for Lynch syndrome patients was effective in reducing the risk of CRC progression, but was insufficient to completely avoid surgery. Because the tumor occurrence rate differed substantially between individuals, more intensive surveillance was required for high-risk patients.
Differences in Responses to Urbanization Between Invasive Mosquitoes, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus, in Their Native Range, Japan
Authors: Mogi Motoyoshi , Armbruster Peter A , Tuno Nobuko
Published: January 2020

The Asian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), have invaded North America, Europe, and other regions since the late 20th century. In invasive ranges, Ae. albopictus has well been recognized as urban, domestic species, whereas views about the macrohabitats of Ae. j. japonicus are inconsistent. Previous reports in Japan suggest the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolises. However, container-mosquito larvae have not been inspected simultaneously for various macro and microhabitats in metropolises in Japan. The current study in Fukuoka City, a metropolis in southwest Japan, confirmed the absence of Ae. j. japonicus irrespective of macrohabitats (temples with graveyards, shrines, public graveyards, cultivated bamboo groves, and urban forests, all within the area densely inhabited by humans) and microhabitats (container types). In contrast, Ae. albopictus was dominant throughout the macro and microhabitats except forest tree holes rich with competitive species. Past records indicate the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolitan Fukuoka within the last 70 yr. Based on careful examination of available evidence, we concluded that 1) both species benefit from human-made environments with artificial containers free from competitors, 2) Ae. j. japonicus disappeared due to hot, dry summer conditions facilitated by urban heat-island effects and a decrease in favored mammal hosts, and 3) Ae. albopictus has proliferated with higher tolerance to hot, dry climate and a wider blood-feeding host-range including humans. This difference is important for efficient control of each species as well as predicting and preventing the expansion into new distribution ranges.
Toxicity of Thiamethoxam on Field-Collected Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From Different Regions of Turkey
Authors: Arserim Suha K , Çetin Hüseyin , Yetişmiş Kardelen , Omondi Zeph Nelson , Özbel Yusuf
Published: January 2020

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are the vectors of human and canine leishmaniasis, sand fly fever, and other arboviruses and bacteria. The control of sand flies is recommended by World Health Organization throughout the world. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of field-collected sand flies against thiamethoxam in Turkey. The adult sand flies collected were from five different locations in three provinces; Yeşilöz and Büyükpınar districts in Antalya province, Develi district in Kayseri province, and Üçpınar and Bayındırlık districts in Manisa province. They were investigated using two different doses (0.125 and 0.25 g ai/m2) of thiamethoxam under laboratory conditions. After 1-h exposure, all sand flies were found highly susceptible to thiamethoxam and both test doses caused 100% mortality after 24 h. Considering the KDT50 time, flies collected from Yeşilöz district in Antalya province were found to be most sensitive and flies collected from Üçpınar district in Manisa province were found as the most resistance to thiamethoxam. The results show that Turkish sand flies were highly susceptible to thiamethoxam and it can be used for the control of sand flies in the field.
Changes in niche differentiation and environmental filtering over a hydric stress gradient
Authors: Martínez-Blancas Alejandra , Martorell Carlos
Published: January 2020

Aims

Diversity in communities is determined by species’ ability to coexist with each other and to overcome environmental stress that may act as an environmental filter. Niche differentiation (ND) results in stronger intra- than interspecific competition and promotes coexistence. Because stress affects interactions, the strength of ND may change along stress gradients. A greater diversity of plant growth forms has been observed in stressful habitats, such as deserts and alpine regions, suggesting greater ND when stress is strong. We tested the hypothesis that niche differences and environmental filters become stronger with stress.

Methods

In a semiarid grassland in southern Mexico, we sowed six annual species in the field along a hydric stress gradient. Plants were grown alone (without interactions), with conspecific neighbors (intraspecific interactions) or with heterospecific neighbors (interspecific interactions). We analyzed how the ratio of intra- to interspecific competition changed along the gradient to assess how water availability determines the strength of ND. We also determined if hydric stress represented an environmental filter.

Important Findings

We observed stronger intra- than interspecific competition, especially where hydric stress was greater. Thus, we found ND in at least some portion of the gradient for all but one species. Some species were hindered by stress, but others were favored by it perhaps because it eliminates soil pathogens. Although strong ND was slightly more frequent with stress, our species sample was small and there were exceptions to the general pattern, so further research is needed to establish if this is a widespread phenomenon in nature.
The Kindness of Strangers: Single Mothers and the Politics of Friendship in Interwar Cape Town
Authors: Jackson Will
Published: January 2020

Just as a friend is often defined as somebody we like, friendship is thought of as a social, moral, and emotional good. The aura of friendship is in its virtue. But the meaning of friendship depends on who claims it and who the person appears to be whom they describe as their friend. This essay investigates the meaning of friendship in the lives of single mothers in South Africa between the two world wars. The context is Cape Town, where single mothers classified as “white” or “European” attracted the attention of the state. In case records pertaining to the 1913 Children’s Welfare Act, the meaning of friendship was contested between magistrates, police detectives, welfare workers, and single mothers themselves. The struggle over how a case should be resolved was to a great extent a struggle over the meaning of friendship. To the authorities, “friends” were a disturbing presence in the lives of single mothers. While the image of healthy, secure, and stable colonial family units was articulated around the relationship between a mother and a child, it was underwritten by the taken-for-granted presence of a male provider. Analyzing cases where men were in various ways absent forces our emphasis away from the normative standards that guided child welfare work and into the messier social realities against which those standards were applied.
A multi-labelled sequent calculus for Topo-Logic
Authors: Shillito Ian
Published: January 2020

We present a labelled sequent calculus for a trimodal epistemic logic exhibitied in Baltag et al. (2017, Logic, Rationality, and Interaction, pp. 330–346), an extension of the so called ‘Topo-Logic’. To the best of our knowledge, our calculus is the first proof-calculus for this logic. This calculus is obtained via an adaptation of the label technique by internalizing a semantics over topological spaces. This internalization leads to the generation of two kinds of labels in our calculus and the labelling of formulae by pairs of labels. These novelties give tools to provide a simple calculus that is intuitively connected to the semantics. We prove that this calculus enjoys many structural properties such as admissibility of cut, admissibility of contraction and invertibility of its rules. Finally, we exhibit a proof search strategy for our calculus that allows us to prove completeness in a direct way by the extraction of a countermodel from a failure of proof. To define this strategy, we design a tool for controlling the generation of labels in the construction of a search tree, although the termination of this strategy is still open.
Preoperative assessment
Authors: Lambert Barry
Published: January 2020

This chapter covers the preoperative assessment of children. It gives general guidance on how to communicate with patients and their families. There is a detailed section on history taking, examination, and routine investigations. The management of common issues that present just prior to surgery, e.g. upper respiratory tract infections, infectious diseases, and the innocent heart murmur, are discussed. The controversy of immunization and anaesthesia, and the requirements for pregnancy testing and DVT prophylaxis, are discussed. Finally, the different forms of premedication are described.
Preoperative preparation
Authors: Lambert Barry , Masip Nuria
Published: January 2020

This chapter covers the preparation of the child and carers for general anaesthesia. It starts with a review of the developmental stages of childhood, and how the child can be expected to behave. Thereafter, preoperative methods to decrease anxiety are discussed, including the involvement of play therapist and psychologist. The fasting of children is reviewed and both standard and liberal guidelines provided. Consent for general anaesthesia as pertains to English law is described, followed by a concise overview of safeguarding. Details regarding the various forms of topical anaesthesia are also provided.
Intraoperative care
Authors: Masip Nuria
Published: January 2020

Maintenance of anaesthesia can be achieved by inhaled volatile agents, continuous infusion of intravenous drugs (TIVA), or a combination of both techniques. During anaesthetic maintenance, it is important to ensure normovolaemia, taking into account pre-existing deficits and ongoing losses during surgery. In certain cases, special considerations regarding intraoperative blood glucose control should be taken (e.g. neonates). In specific situations, blood transfusion of red cells or other blood components may be necessary. Anaesthetists must be prepared to manage intraoperative problems such as hypoxia, airway obstruction, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hypotension, massive haemorrhage, dysrhythmias, anaphylaxis, hypothermia, hyperthermia, and malignant hyperthermia. This chapter provides a simple and focused approach to dealing with these issues.
Regional anaesthesia
Authors: Roberts Steve
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides information on the general aspects of providing regional anaesthesia for paediatric surgery, from preoperative assessment to the performance of a wide variety of peripheral and central techniques. Along with the common limb blocks, newer blocks (e.g. TAP and Pecs blocks) are also described. For the majority of techniques considered in this chapter, the use of ultrasound to facilitate nerve location is described. The provision of a peripheral nerve block catheter to provide prolonged analgesia is increasingly popular, and the reader should have a good understanding of the basic principles of this method after reading this section. Local anaesthetic toxicity is a life-threatening event, and this chapter ensures the reader is up to date with its management.
ENT surgery
Authors: Thomas Kate
Published: January 2020

This chapter covers the basic ENT procedures that anaesthetists will be faced with in a general hospital as day cases (e.g. tonsillectomy and grommets) through to the more specialized operations delivered by tertiary centres (e.g. EXIT procedure). ENT lists are often challenging high-turnover lists where the airway is often shared with the surgeon; it is therefore imperative that the anaesthetist have an excellent understanding of airway management and communicate effectively with the surgeon.
Resuscitation
Authors: Murphy Pete , Stibbards Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter covers resuscitation management and is based on the 2015 Resuscitation Council (UK) guidelines (so it is important that the reader ensure there have been no changes to the guidelines since the publication of this book). The presentation and management of the choking child is described. Thereafter, dysrhythmia management and basic, advanced, and neonatal resuscitation are described. Finally, the management of the hypothermic drowned child is discussed. A list of emergency drugs and their doses is provided for quick reference.
Personal Reflection on Board Leadership and Ethical Decision-Making
Authors: Geiger Jennifer
Published: January 2020

Leadership experiences provide opportunities for personal growth and increased self-efficacy. A single lens for reflection about service to AMTA via the Board of Directors is presented, recognizing myriad experiences with volunteer leadership. The 2019 Code of Ethics empowers individual responsibility, serves as a guide for ethical decision-making, and provides hindsight for personal reflection.
Successful Treatment of Acute Prostatitis Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli With Tigecycline Monotherapy
Authors: Lo Priore Elia , Livermore David M , Buetti Niccolo , Jent Philipp , Pelzer Niklas , Casanova Carlo , Furrer Hansjakob , Babouee Flury Baharak
Published: January 2020

We present a successful treatment, with tigecycline monotherapy, of acute prostatitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli harboring an NDM-1 carbapemenase along with a CMY-2 cephalosporinase and a TEM ESBL.