bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of “systemic” budesonide concentrations on in vitro allergen‐induced activation of blood mononuclear cells isolated from asthmatic patients
Authors: Oddera S. , Silvestri M. , Sacco O. , Lantero S. , Morelli M. C. , Rossi G. A.
Published: May 2007

Blood levels of inhaled corticosteroids are significantly lower than those measured in the lung, but their concentration could still have anti‐inflammatory effects. To determine whether budesonide, at concentrations similar to those obtained in blood after drug inhalation (10 −9 M), could downregulate the allergen‐induced activation of mononuclear cells, we studied 21 atopic patients, sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p). On blood mononuclear cells, isolated from these patients, incubated with Der p allergen extract and with or without budesonide, we evaluated: 1) the proliferative response of T cells; 2) the expression of two surface activation markers, the HLA‐DR antigens and the interleukin (IL)‐2 receptors; and 3) the release of cytokines known to modulate the allergic processes. Allergen‐induced T‐cell proliferation was associated with increased HLA‐DR antigen and IL‐2 receptor expression (P < 0.001), and with increased release of IL‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The addition of budesonide at the beginning of the cell cultures induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of T‐cell proliferation, still significant (P < 0.05) at the lowest concentrations tested (10 −9 and 10−10 M). A significant inhibitory effect on T‐cell proliferation was also present when budesonide (10 −9 M) was added to the cell cultures 3 or 5 days after the beginning of the cell cultures. In addition, budesonide 10−9 M significantly decreased the expression of IL‐2 receptors (P < 0.05), but not of HLA‐DR antigens, and significantly reduced the release of IL‐1β and GM‐CSF (JP < 0.05), but not of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α. Thus, the blood concentrations of budesonide, after drug inhalation, may exert some anti‐inflammatory effect, downregulating both “local” (through the bronchial circulation) and “systemic” allergen‐specific immune reactions.
IgG1 and IgG4 antibody responses to the dust mite Lepidoglyphus destructor in a naturally exposed farming population
Authors: Johansson E. , Härfast B. , Johansson S. G. O. , van Hage‐Hamsten M.
Published: May 2007

The natural humoral immune response to the dust mite Lepidoglyphus destructor was assessed by comparing the IgG1 and IgG4 responses elicited in allergic (n= 44) and healthy (n= 16) individuals in a farming population chronically exposed to this allergen. With the aid of an immunoblotting technique and ELISA, the sera were analyzed for anti‐L. destructor antibodies. While the majority of sera from the allergy group displayed several bands for both IgG1 and IgG4, the nonatopic healthy group was negative as analyzed in immunoblotting. When they were analyzed in ELISA, there was a significantly higher response in the allergy group than in the healthy group for IgG4, but not for IgG1. Taken together, these results imply that the immune system of individuals spared from allergic reactions to L. destructor not only lacks IgE antibodies but also seems largely to “ignore” these allergens/antigens despite exposure.
Skin‐prick‐test‐induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Novembre E. , Bernardini R. , Bertini G. , Massai G. , Vierucci A.
Published: May 2007

An anaphylactic reaction occurred in a 57‐year‐old man after a prick by prick test with fresh kiwi and in a 29‐year‐old man after prick tests with some species offish. Both patients had a history of anaphylaxis after ingestion of kiwi and fish, respectively. These cases suggest that, especially in patients with a history of anaphylaxis, all efforts should be made to minimize the risk of systemic reactions, and skin prick testing should be performed only in places equipped to treat anaphylaxis.
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled comparison of sodium cromoglycate and ketotifen in the treatment of childhood asthma
Authors: Croce J. , Negreiros E. B. , Mazzei J. A.M. , Isturiz G.
Published: May 2007

We compared three treatments: sodium cromoglycate 5 mg aerosol and placebo syrup (39 patients), placebo aerosol and ketotifen syrup (39 patients), and placebo aerosol and syrup (36 patients). The patients (mean age 11.7 years) had mostly allergic, moderately severe asthma. Treatments were added to current therapy (mostly bronchodilators only) for 3 months. Aerosols were taken four times daily and syrups twice daily. The following results were significant at a level of 5%. At the final clinic visit, the changes from baseline in lung function favored sodium cromoglycate over the other treatments. During month 3, sodium cromoglycate was superior to ketotifen for night symptoms, morning tightness, daytime symptoms, and cough. Bronchodilator use decreased more with sodium cromoglycate than ketotifen. Patients’ and clinicians’ overall opinions of treatment effectiveness favored sodium cromoglycate over ketotifen and placebo. In these patients, sodium cromoglycate was both effective and superior to ketotifen.
Positivity of patch tests in cutaneous reaction to aminocaproic acid: two case reports
Authors: González Gutiérrez M. L. , Esteban López M. I. , Ruíz Ruíz M. D.
Published: May 2007

We observed two cases of maculopapular eruption occurring 12–72 h after the administration of aminocaproic acid (ACA). Patch tests performed with ACA were positive. Clinical and allergologic patterns suggest the type IV mechanism of hypersensitivity. We present what we believe are the first two cases described of hypersensitivity to this drug.
Cry j I, a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, has pectate lyase enzyme activity
Authors: Taniguchi Y. , Ono A. , Sawatani M. , Nanba M. , Kohno K. , Usui M. , Kurimoto M. , Matuhasi T.
Published: May 2007

In the course of analyzing the partial amino acid sequences of Cry j I, a major allergen of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, we found a peptide fragment which has a significant homology to some pectate lyase isozymes secreted by plant pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, we investigated whether Cry j I has pectate lyase activity. Cry j I reacted with polygalacturonic acid, resulting in the release of unsaturated uronide products. The optimum temperature and pH for the reaction were 60–70°C and pH 10. The enzymatic reaction had an absolute Ca2+ ion requirement. These characteristics were very compatible with the character of the pectate lyase isozymes reported previously. These results clearly show that Cry j I has pectate lyase activity.
Platelet‐derived growth factor in asthma
Authors: Chanez P. , Vignola M. , Stenger R. , Vic P. , Michel F.B. , Bousquet J.
Published: May 2007

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) controls cellular growth, migration, and differentiation. It is secreted by various cell types, including macrophages, and participates in tissue repair and epithelial regeneration. PDGF may therefore be involved in airway remodeling in asthma. This study compared the immunoreactivity of PDGF and its receptors (Rα and Rβ) in bronchial biopsies and the levels of PDGF in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatics and control subjects. Bronchial biopsies were done in a subsegmental bronchus of 11 asthmatics and 11 control subjects by flexible bronchoscope. PDGF AA and BB, and PDGF receptors Rα and Rβ were studied with monoclonal antibodies and revealed by immunoperoxidase staining. The percentage of subjects presenting positive staining with PDGFs and its receptors was studied in the epithelium and submucosa. PDGF AA, AB, and BB were measured in BAL fluid of 18 asthmatics and 10 controls by specific ELISA. In biopsies, there was no significant difference between asthmatics and controls for PDGF AA, BB, PDGF‐Rα and R4bT (Fisher's exact test and Bonferroni's correction). Moreover, the levels of PDGF, AA, AB, and BB were similar in asthmatics and controls. This study does not support a role for PDGF in the repair processes of asthma.
Referral pattern to the allergist for hay fever in a health‐care system with open access to specialists
Authors: Francillon C. , Burnand B. , Frei Ph. , Duc J. , Lantin J. P. , Leimgruber A. , Pécoud A.
Published: May 2007

Little is known about referral patterns to the allergist for hay fever. In a system with open access to the specialist, we investigated the reasons for consulting an allergist in 126 patients who completed a questionnaire on their first visit. Both sexes were equally represented, the median age was 29 years, the duration of the disease and the duration of seasonal symptoms were 9 years and 10 weeks (median), respectively, and 54% of patients reported a history suggestive of asthma. The symptoms were highly variable; on average, 5.6 on a 10‐cm visual analog scale. Most of the patients (94%) had been treated for hay fever before. Only 30% were referred by another physician, the rest being self‐referred. The reasons for referral were investigated. The overall motivation to consult was related to symptom severity in 63% of the patients; 37% consulted for other reasons, including an expectation of greater “know‐how” on the part of the allergist concerning specific diagnosis, treatment, and advice or counseling. The stimulus triggering the consultation was clearly not related to symptoms or disease in 25% of the cases. We conclude from these data that many patients are clearly interested in benefiting from the professional skill of a fully trained allergist.
A low distribution volume as a determinant of efficacy and safety for histamine (H1 antagonists
Authors: Tillement Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2007

Tillement J‐P. A low distribution volume as a determinant of efficacy and safety for histamine (H1) antagonists.
Nonclassical clinical indications for H1‐receptor antagonists in dermatology
Authors: Juhlin L.
Published: May 2007

Juhlin L. Nonclassical clinical indications for H1‐receptor antagonists in dermatology.
Microenvironmental influences on inflammatory cell differentiation
Authors: Denburg J. A.
Published: May 2007

Airways inflammation involves accumulation of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, basophils and mast cells, which are derived from progenitors in marrow and blood. The inflamed tissue of the airways, through its structural (epithelium, stroma) and inflammatory cell components, produces an array of cytokines which can influence the differentiation of inflammatory cell progenitors. It is particular mechanism that we have investigated, showing that molecules such as GM‐CSF, G‐CSF, IL‐6, IL‐8 and SCF can be produced by airways epithelial cells and fibroblasts in quantities sufficient to induce hemopoietic events, either systemically or locally. Corticosteriods may act therapeutically, at least in part, to block inflammatory cell differentiation, and thus recruitment, into the allergic inflammatory process in the airways.
The severity of clinical symptoms in ragweed‐allergic patients is related to the extent of ragweed‐induced complement activation in their sera
Authors: Gönczi Zs. , Varga L. , Hidvégi T. , Schmidt B. , Pánya A. , Kókai M. , Füst G.
Published: May 2007

We have previously reported a correlation between the extent of ragweed allergen (RWA)‐induced in vitro serum complement activation and the symptom scores registered daily during the ragweed (RW)‐blooming season in RW‐allergic patients. The present study was performed in 22 15–17‐year‐old RW‐allergic adolescents. Serum samples were incubated with 100μ/ml RWA, and the generation of different complement activation products was measured by ELISA or RIA. Symptom scores were registered for 4 weeks during the RW‐blooming season. The patients were divided according to the extent (low or high) of the generation of complement activation products, and symptom scores registered in the two groups were compared by two‐way ANOVA. Significantly higher symptom scores were obtained in the high than in the low complement activation group (P values: 0.049 for C1rC1sC1inh, 0.022 for CSbBbP, 0.015 for C5b‐9, 0.0001 for C3a, and 0.0008 for C5a). Similar results were obtained at the measurement performed in the sera obtained from the same patients half a year before the season (P values: 0.022 for C3bBbP, and 0.005 for C5b‐9). These findings indicate that complement activation induced by the allergen may enhance the clinical symptoms of RW allergy.
IgE responses to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus native major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 during long‐term specific immunotherapy
Authors: Mastrandrea F. , Serio G. , Minardi A. , Coradduzza G. , Rossi N. , Scarcia G. , Maietta G. , Iacobelli A. , Lamanna C. , Tursi A.
Published: May 2007

We investigated by ELISA the IgE response to whole extract of the house‐dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and to the native major allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2, in sera from 18 adult patients (group A) with Dp‐allergic asthma before (t0) and 1, 2, 3, and 4 (t1–t4) years after subcutaneous specific immunotherapy (SIT). A qualitative reduction (P=0.05) of the IgE responses to Dp and Der p 2 was observed from t1 to t4, but a highly statistical significant decrease appeared at t3, (P < 0.01). With regard to Der p 1 IgE values, the immunotherapy induced a significant decrease (P < 0.01) at t3, but not before. In group A, the IgE responses to Der p 1 and Der p 2 were not correlated at t0 (rs=0.31; P= 0.2l) but were correlated at t3 (rs= 0.78; P=0.001). We also examined sera from 14 adult patients (group B, same SIT schedule as group A) who were without respiratory symptoms at the end of the third year (t3) of Dp SIT. At this time (t3), there were no significant differences in Der p 1 and Der p 2 IgE levels between group A and group B.
Reduction of the mite‐allergen reservoir within mattresses by vacuum‐cleaning. A comparison of three vacuum‐cleaning systems
Authors: Wickman M. , Paues S. , Emenius G.
Published: May 2007

Mattresses are considered to be the main source of house‐dust‐mite (HDM) allergen. This study aimed to investigate different types of vacuum cleaners for their ability to reduce this allergen reservoir. Three types of vacuum cleaners were examined: a conventional vacuum cleaner, a water‐trap cleaner, and a central vacuum cleaner. Cut out pieces of mattresses were analyzed for content of mite allergen after vacuum‐cleaning. Three polyester mattresses from the homes of three children were selected for the study. These three mattresses had earlier been found to be contaminated by group 1 HDM alhlergen (8–15 μg/g of dust). Each mattress was divided into three main sections, separated by a safety zone, and each main section was subdivided into four parts. The three main sections were cleaned by each vacuum‐cleaning system. Pieces 2–cm‐thick of the surface of the mattresses were cut out, and extracts were made to assess the amount of mite allergen still present after different intensities of vacuum‐cleaning. A considerable reduction in the level of mite allergen was found after using all three of the vacuum‐cleaning systems. Only 22% of the original mite‐allergen reservoir remained after intense vacuum‐cleaning. Since the number of mattresses in the investigation was low, and niche formations of group 1 HDM allergen within the mattresses were observed, the results must be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, allergen‐producing living dust mites were not affected by this method. However, intense vacuum‐cleaning seems to reduce considerably the level of the mattress‐bound mite‐allergen reservoir, a fact which may be important in mite‐allergic and mite‐exposed families.
Anaphylactic reactions to ingested carmine (E120)
Authors: Wüthrich B. , Kägi M. K. , Stücker W.
Published: May 2007

We report five cases of anaphylactic reaction to carmine (cochineal. E120) after patients drank an alcoholic beverage. By means of positive skin prick tests (SPT) and positive RAST to carmine, IgE‐mediated sensitization could be established. One nonalopic patient showed also a great amount of serum IgE antibodies to the carmine acid‐albumin conjugate. Due to its widespread use in the food and cosmetic industry, carmine should be tested in the allergy work‐up in case of allergic reactions after a drink or a meal.
Improvement of fruit allergenic extracts for immunoblotting experiments
Authors: Martínez A. , Fernández‐Rivas M. , Martínez J. , Palacios R.
Published: May 2007

A method based on ion‐exchange column chromatography to enhance the protein content of fruit allergenic extracts was found to help make the subsequent SDS‐PAGE immunoblotting assays possible; otherwise, they were difficult to achieve due to the high carbohydrate content. Fractionated extracts of apple, pear, and peach (peel and pulp) were obtained by anion‐exchange chromatography (Q‐SepharoseTM column), providing clear electrophoretic patterns which allowed IgE detection by enzymatic assays of the transferred membranes. This chromatographic method produced in one single step an enriched extract directly from the standard crude aqueous one, with an increment in the protein content of more than sixfold, on average; thus, it proved to be more suitable than the usual chemical fractionation procedures.
Allergic cross‐reactions between cat and pig serum albumin
Authors: Hilger C. , Kohnen M. , Grigioni F. , Lehners C. , Hentges F.
Published: May 2007

After observing a patient allergic to cat dander and pork but devoid of other allergies, we prospectively screened patients known to be allergic to cat for a second sensitization to pork. After collecting the sera of 10 young patients found to contain specific IgE to cat dander and pork, we undertook this study to detect the possible cross‐reactive allergen, define its molecular characteristics, and evaluate its clinical relevance. Through immunoblotting techniques, cat and porcine serum albumin were found to be jointly recognized molecules. These findings were further analyzed by specific anti‐albumin IgE titrations and cross‐inhibition experiments. Cat serum albumin cDNA was obtained from cat liver, and the corresponding amino acid sequence was deduced and compared to the known porcine and human serum albumin sequences. Inhibition experiments showed that the spectrum of IgE reactivity to cat serum albumin completely contained IgE reactivity to porcine serum albumin, suggesting that sensitization to cat was the primary event. In two cohorts of cat‐allergic persons, the frequency of sensitization to cat serum albumin was found to lie between 14% and 23%. Sensitization to porcine albumin was found to lie between 3% and 10%. About 1/3 of these persons are likely to experience allergic symptoms in relation to pork consumption. Sensitization to cat serum albumin should be considered a useful marker of possible cross‐sensitization not only to porcine serum albumin but also to other mammalian serum albumins.
Onset of action in the nasal antihistaminic effect of cetirizine and loratadine in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Frossard N. , Lacronique J. , Melac M. , Benabdesselam O. , Braun J.‐J. , Glasser N. , Pauli G.
Published: May 2007

Several studies have compared the cutaneous efficacy of cetirizine and loratadine and their onset of action. We assessed the nasal effect of these two antihistamines in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover, placebo‐controlled trial in order to compare objectively their efficacy and onset of action in the noses of patients with allergic rhinitis. Nasal challenge was performed by nebulization of increasing doubling doses of histamine (0, 0.04‐1.28 mg/nostril) in 12 patients (eight men, four women, aged 22‐39 years). Nasal airway resistance (NAR) was measured by posterior rhinomanometry either 1.5 h or 4 h after intake of cetirizine (10 mg), loratadine (10 mg), or placebo. Baseline NAR was identical between all study days (2.60‐2.88 cmH2O·1−1·s). One and a half hours after intake, the increase in NAR induced by histamine was significantly reduced by both cetirizine and loratadine in contrast to placebo. However, with cetirizine the nasal obstruction was significantly lower than with loratadine (P<0.05). Four hours after intake, a similar inhibition of the nasal obstruction caused by histamine was observed with both cetirizine and loratadine (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study found cetirizine and loratadine to have similar nasal efficacy at therapeutic dosage 4 h after intake, whereas cetirizine was more effective than loratadine 1.5 h after intake. In agreement with the results observed in the skin, our study suggests a more rapid onset of action of cetirizine in the nose in allergic rhinitis.
House‐dust mite allergen Der p 1: amount or concentration?
Authors: Doull I. J. M. , Bright J. , Yogeswaran P. , Howarth P. H.
Published: May 2007

There is a lack of consensus as to the best way to quantify settled house‐dust mite Der p 1 allergen from planar and nonplanar surfaces. To investigate the most appropriate measure of settled house‐dust mite Der p 1 allergen, we determined the relationship between Der p 1 allergen content and collected dust weight from planar‐surface (mattress) and nonplanar‐surface (living‐room) samples in 58 homes. There was a direct relationship between Der p 1 content and dust weight for both planar‐surface (mattress, n=217) samples (r=0.50, P<0.0001) and nonplanar‐surface (living‐room, n=48) samples (r=0.61, P<0.0001). Correction for the surface area of the planar surface (mattress) vacuum‐cleaned resulted in no additional benefit. We conclude that expression of Der p 1 level per weight of collected dust appears to be the best method for both planar and nonplanar surfaces.
A preceding airway reaction to one allergen may lead to priming of the airway responses to another allergen
Authors: Koh Y. Y. , Choi J.W. , Lee M.H. , Sun Y. H. , Lee S. I. , Lee S. Y. , Oh J. W.
Published: May 2007

This study aimed to determine whether a preceding airway response to one allergen leads to priming of the airway responses to another allergen. Twelve asthmatic children who had positive prick tests to two allergens, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D.p.) and German cockroach (CR), participated in a randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study. We performed two consecutive inhalation challenges, D.p. challenge being followed 48 h later by CR challenge. The effect of initial (D.p.) challenge on the early and late airway responses to the subsequent (CR) challenge (CR2) was examined by comparing the responses with those to CR challenge preceded by sham challenge (CR1). The geometric mean PD20 of CR allergen in the CR2 was 2.8 BU (breath unit) (range of 1 SD; 0.77‐10.4), which was 12.0‐fold less than that (33.7 BU, 10.8‐105.2) in the CR1. The administration of a 6.1–fold less dose (8.9 BU, 2.7‐28.8) in the CR2 than hi the CR1 (54.5 BU, 44.1‐69.3) provoked a similar degree of late‐phase reactions (18.7±7.3% vs 15.8 ± 9.6%). Our data indicated that the early‐ and late‐phase reactions to CR challenge were augmented by the preceding reaction to D.p. This suggests that a preceding airway response to one allergen may lead to priming, with enhancement of the early and late airway responses to the subsequent challenge with another allergen.
Allergenicity of the pollen of Pistacia
Authors: Keynan N. , Tamir R. , Waisel Y. , Reshef A. , Spitz E. , Shomer‐Ilan A. , Geller‐Bernstein C.
Published: May 2007

Differences in IgE binding and skin responses to pollen extracts of four species of Pistacia, and some immunochemical characteristics of this pollen were investigated. The incidence of positive SPT among atopic patients varied between 31.5%to the pollen extracts of P. vera and 24.6% to P. palaestina. The antigens are located on the exine of the grains as well as in their cytoplasm. Some of the antigens are common to all four species, whereas others seem to be specific. Cross‐reactivity was found among the four species of Pistacia and between them and Schinus terebintifolious. Five conspicuous IgE‐binding bands were observed in the immunoblots of the four examined species, the bands of 49, 57, 64, 68, and 79 kDa. The 36–37‐kDa band of P. lentiscus and the 60‐ and 84‐kDa bands of P. atlantica and P. vera were also noticeable. As the flowering seasons of Pistacia and Schinus do not overlap, the patients are exposed to such pollen for more than 4 months a year. Apparently, Pistacia pollen is a major source of allergy.
The natural course of allergic rhinitis during 12 years of follow‐up
Authors: Danielsson J. , Jessen M.
Published: May 2007

As symptoms of allergic rhinitis are generally thought to disappear with increasing age, we decided to follow up our allergic rhinitis patients to ascertain whether their disease had regressed or progressed, and whether they had developed respiratory symptoms. At our department, between 1979 and 1982, allergic rhinitis was diagnosed in 108 patients. In 1993, 82 of the patients (40 women, 42 men; mean age 36 years), none of whom had received immunotherapy, answered a questionnaire concerning the status of their allergic rhinitis, and any development of the disease during the interim. Of the 82 patients, one was free of allergic symptoms and 39% had become better; symptoms were unchanged in 39% of cases, and worse in 21%. Six percent had suffered from asthma at presentation, 6% had developed asthma in the interim, and 34% reported other lower airways symptoms. Neither sex nor age at diagnosis was a determinant of the course of allergic rhinitis. Thus, in contrast to findings in other studies, the severity of allergic rhinitis seems to have increased among our patients.
Nasal biopsy is superior to nasal smear for finding eosinophils in nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Ingels K. , Durdurez J.‐P. , Cuvelier C. , van Cauwenberge P.
Published: May 2007

The presence of eosinophils was compared in nasal biopsy and smear. Thirty‐two nonallergic rhinitis patients, of whom six had nasal polyps, were included in the study. The specimens were studied light‐microscopically after staining with hematoxylin‐eosin. The association between the presence of polyps and the finding of eosinophils in the biopsy specimens proved to be significant. Ten normal subjects served as controls. It was far more simple to detect eosinophils in the biopsy samples than in the nasal smears. When we considered biopsies with at least four eosinophils in four fields as hypereosinophilic, our group of patients contained 25% nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) patients.
Domestic mites from an acarologic perspective
Authors: Spieksma F. Th. M.
Published: May 2007

Knowledge of the taxonomic, physiologic, biologic, and ecologic characteristics of allergenic domestic mites contributes to the understanding of the causation of many cases of allergic asthma, and to the measures to be taken to control excessive mite occurrence in homes. Domestic mites, i.e., the combined group of storage mites living in the home environment and of pyroglyphid house‐dust mites, belong to the subclass of the acari. This comprises also many other mites of medical and economic importance, together with thousands of free‐living mites. Because of some species‐specific properties of their allergenic products, it is important that the producing mite is always correctly identified. In spite of their small size (approx. 0.5 mm), domestic mites have well‐developed and elaborate systems of respiration, digestion, and water balance, enabling them to live and survive in the various habitats of the home environment. Knowledge of the effects of the various and changing ecologic conditions in the home environment is helpful in developing strategies to prevent the establishment and growth of large populations of allergenic domestic mites.
Anti‐Candida albicans IgE and IgG subclasses in sera of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
Authors: Roig E. , Malo J. L. , Montplaisir S.
Published: May 2007

We performed immunoblotting experiments to determine specific IgE and IgG subclass responses to Candida albicans antigens in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) patients. This is a first report describing C. albicans antigens recognized by serum IgE and IgG subclasses of ABPA patients sensitized to that yeast. Among the various antigens reacting with serum IgE, a 43‐kDa component was recognized by all seven patients and can be considered a major antigen of C. albicans for this particular group of patients. By comparison, only 20% of a group of asthmatic atopics (25 patients) and 10% of a group of normal controls (10 subjects) were 43‐kDa positive. Multiple banding patterns, revealing no major antigen, were observed for all four IgG subclasses except for IgG1 in one case. In particular, the 43‐kDa component was not always recognized by all the patients. Furthermore, oral or inhaled steroid treatment appears to have no impact on the specific IgE immunopatterns obtained. Using immunoelectron‐microscopy, we localized IgE‐binding primarily in the mannoprotein‐containing layers of the C. albicans cell wall. In conclusion, C. albicans‐IgE and IgG subclasses may participate in the physiopathology of ABPA by exacerbating pulmonary infiltrates (IgE) and inducing eosinophil‐mediated inflammatory reaction (IgG1, IgG3).
“Latex‐fruit syndrome”: frequency of cross‐reacting IgE antibodies
Authors: Brehler R. , Theissen U. , Mohr C. , Luger T.
Published: May 2007

An association between allergies to latex proteins and to various foods has been reported and confirmed by RAST and immunoblotting inhibition. However, no significant data had been collected on the frequency of specific IgE antibodies to fruits in these patients and the frequency of a history of fruit intolerance. Serum samples of 136 patients with well‐documented, clinically relevant, immediate‐type hypersensitivity against latex proteins were analyzed for IgE antibodies against a panel of different fruits. Patient history of food intolerance was documented by a standardized questionnaire. Fruit‐specific IgE antibodies were detected in 69.1% of serum samples. Cross‐reacting IgE antibodies recognizing latex and fruit allergens (papaya, avocado, banana, chestnut, passion fruit, fig, melon, mango, kiwi, pineapple, peach, and tomato) were demonstrated by RAST‐inhibition tests. Of our patients, 42.6% reported allergic symptoms after ingestion of these fruits and a total of 112 intolerance reactions were recorded. However, fruit‐specific IgE antibodies were detected only in serum samples from 32.1% of the patients who perceived symptoms due to these fruits. Thus, serologic tests seem to be of low significance for prediction of food allergy in latex‐allergic patients.
Demonstration of the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) on Langerhans' cells of diseased nasal mucosa
Authors: Haas N. , Hamann K. , Grabbe J. , Niehus J. , Kunkel G. , Kolde G. , Czarnetzki B. M.
Published: May 2007

Haas N, Hamann K, Grabbe J, Niehus J, Kunkel G, Kolde G, Czarnetzki M. Demonstration of the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) on Langerhans' cells of diseased nasal mucosa.

Langerhans' cells in the skin have recently been shown to bind IgE molecules via the high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI). Using two highly specific antibodies against the antibody‐binding α‐chain of this receptor, 29C6 and 6F7, we demonstrate by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy that Langerhans' cells of diseased nasal mucosa can express the FcɛRI. Tissue sections from hyperplastic nasal conchae and nasal polyps of atopic and nonatopic patients have shown no basic differences in epithelial FcɛRII‐bearing cells. Only a few cells expressed the low‐affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRII) (Tül antibody) in some sections. These findings suggest that Langerhans' cells play an important role in the induction of transepithelial IgE‐mediated allergy and in the mediation of inflammation of the nasal mucosa via their FcɛRI.
Immunohistochemical analysis of late local skin reactions during rush venom immunotherapy.
Authors: Jung C. M. , Funk A. , Rakoski J. , Ring J.
Published: May 2007

During rush venom immunotherapy (VIT), about 65% of patients develop large local reactions (LLR) at the application site that last for at least 24 h. However, LLR subside during long‐term treatment. To learn more about the provenance of infiltrating cells in late, local skin reactions during VIT, we analyzed the skin infiltrates of 23 Hymenoptera venom (HV)‐allergic patients. Punch biopsies were obtained 24 h after s.c. injection of HV allergens from 23 HV‐allergic patients and five nonallergic controls. Seven patients did not show LLR at the beginning of VIT. Ten patients had LLR when the dose of HV allergens was increased. Six patients showed reduced LLR after long‐term treatment. Immunoenzymatic labeling of the cryostat sections with a panel of monoclonal antibodies was performed by the APAAP method. S.c. application of HV allergens induced a perivascular and periadnexial cutaneous mononuclear cell infiltrate consisting mainly of CD4+, CD45RO+, and HLA‐DR+ cells in patients without clinically apparent LLR. In contrast, LLR were associated with a significant increase in total cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD11c+ cells, EG2+ cells, NP57+cells, HLA‐DR+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, CD45RA+ cells, CD23+ cells, and CD25+ cells (P < 0.001). Decreased LLR after long‐term VIT was correlated with a significantly reduced recruitment of CD4+ cells, EG2+ cells, and CD23+ cells as compared to LLR in the course of dose increases (P<0.05), whereas the number of CD8+ cells, CD11c+ cells, NP57+ cells, and CD25+ cells remained high. Our data suggest that s.c. injections of HV allergens attract CD4+ helper T cells, of both the naive (CD45RA+) and memory (CD45RO+) phenotypes, to the allergen application site. LLR represent delayed allergic rather than toxic reactions to HV components and might be relevant to the development of clinical protection during VIT.
Differences in skin‐prick and patch‐test reactivity are related to the heterogeneity of atopic eczema in infants
Authors: Kekki O. M. , Turjanmaa K. , Isolauri E.
Published: May 2007

Current data indicate an obvious relation between food allergy and atopic eczema in infants. However, diagnostic methods for food allergy need to be supplemented. The objective was to study the relevance of food patch testing in the detection of food allergy in correlation with oral food challenge and skin prick tests in atopic infants. Infants with atopic eczema (n = 113) aged 2–24 months were studied. Each patient was subjected to double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, or open cow's milk challenge, and skin prick and patch tests. Polysensitization, as judged from skin test results, was common in patients with atopic eczema (79/113). Cow's milk challenge was positive in 54/113 infants; reactions were immediate in 36/54 and delayed in 18/54. Immediate‐type reactions were associated with skin prick test positivity and delayed reactions with patch test positivity. Altogether 26% of the cow's milk‐allergic infants were detected by patch testing only. Patch testing improved the accuracy of skin testing in the diagnosis of food allergy in infants with atopic eczema, but it needs to be standardized. Polysensitization appears to be more common than generally believed among infants with atopic eczema.
Effects of relaxation on the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP)
Authors: Zachariae R. , Jørgensen M. M. , Christensen S. , Bjerring P.
Published: May 2007

Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to the experimental allergen diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) were measured in four groups, which either trained (+) or did not train in relaxation (−) during the sensitization and/or the challenge phase. All groups consisted of high and low hypnotic susceptible subjects. While there were no differences in erythema, the mean induration of the group which trained in relaxation in both the sensitization and the challenge phase (+/+) was significantly greater than that of the group which trained in relaxation in the challenge phase only (−/+). Significant correlations were found between induration and hypnotic susceptibility scores, and between induration and degree of perceived relaxation during challenge. High hypnotic susceptible subjects experienced a higher degree of perceived relaxation and exhibited greater indurative and erythematous DTH reactions to DCP than low hypnotic susceptible subjects in all four experimental conditions. Though the mediating mechanisms remain unclear, our results suggest that relaxation may affect the DTH reaction, and support previous findings of higher psychophysiologic reactivity of high hypnotic susceptible subjects.
Priming and inducing effects of interleukin‐3 on histamine release from cord‐blood basophils
Authors: Miadonna A. , Salmaso C. , Di Marco M. P. , Pugni L , Milazzo N. , Tedeschi A. , Marini A.
Published: May 2007

The effects of inlerleukin‐3 (IL‐3) on histamine release from cord and adult blood basophils were evaluated. Leukocyte suspensions, obtained from adult patients with respiratory allergy (n= 15), normal adult subjects (n= 15), and neonates with (n= 15) and without (n= 19) atopic disposition, were stimulated with anti‐IgE, fMLP, and IL‐3. IgE‐mediated histamine release was significantly higher in adult patients, either allergic or normal, than in neonates with or without atopic disposition. A trend toward higher fMLP‐induced histamine release was found in allergic adult subjects. IL‐3 had a weak direct histamine‐releasing activity in allergic adult subjects and in neonates, but not in normal adult donors. A significant enhancing effect of IL‐3 on histamine release induced by anti‐IgE was observed in neonates with and without atopic disposition and in normal adult subjects, but not in atopic adult patients. IL‐3 exerted a priming effect also when basophils were stimulated with fMLP, without any significant difference between neonates and adult subjects. Passive sensitization with IgE‐rich serum resulted in a significant increase in anti‐IgE‐induced, but not in IL‐3–induced, histamine release from cord‐blood basophils. In conclusion, IL‐3 primes cord‐blood as well as adult blood basophils for a consecutive anti‐IgE‐ or fMLP‐induced histamine release, and its activity is not limited by the low density of membrane IgE in cord‐blood basophils.
A prospective safety‐monitoring study of immunotherapy in mite‐allergy patients with mass‐units‐standardized extract
Authors: de la Cuesta C. González , Feijoo R. , Rico P.
Published: May 2007

González de la Cuesta C, Feijoo R, Rico P. A prospective safety‐monitoring study of immunotherapy in mite‐allergy patients with mass‐units‐standardized extract.

To determine the tolerance of an allergen extract standardized in mass units, we closely monitored the side‐effects, during the buildup phase of immunotherapy treatment, in 88 patients with well‐documented respiratory allergy to house‐dust mite ‘Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus’. Thirty‐four patients ‘38.6%’ suffered from moderate perennial rhinitis, and 54 had mild to moderate bronchial asthma ‘61.4%’. For the desensitizing treatment, we used a depot extract adsorbed in aluminum hydroxide of D. pteronyssinus‘Pangramin® Depot UM’, biologically standardized and having the major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 quantified in micrograms. A total of 1244 doses were administered. All patients except one ‘98.9%’ reached the expected maximum dose of 4 μg Der p 1. Only five patients suffered mild adverse reactions ‘5.7%’. All adverse reactions except one appeared to be related to the vial of maximum concentration: vial III ‘4 μg Der p 1’. Considering the number of patients who had adverse reactions and the frequency of adverse reactions per dose, we found no significant differences between rhinitis and asthma sufferers. We think that immunotherapy in doses of 4 μg Der p 1 and 2 μg Der p 2 is well tolerated and should not be avoided in mildly to moderately asthmatic patients when treating house‐dust mite allergy.
Occupational allergy caused by Dianthus caryophillus, Gypsophila paniculata, and Lilium longiflorum
Authors: Vidal C. , Polo F.
Published: May 2007

Background Occupational allergy to ornamental flowers is seldom reported. Methods We report a case of a 35‐year‐old male flower supplier who developed IgE‐mediated allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with nasal polyps, and contact urticaria and dermatitis after handling Gypsophila paniculata, Dianthus caryophiUtis. and Lilium longiflortim.

Results Studies revealed the presence of positive immediate skin prick tests. Rubbing tests were positive to G. paniculata and D. caryophillus. Serum specific IgE was detected against G. paniculata and L. longiflorum. In IgE immunoblot, two IgE‐binding bands (15 and 17 kDa) were obtained against D. caryophillus, and two different bands (19 and 22 kDa) were visible against L. longiflorttm.

Conclusions TTiese findings suggest an IgE‐mediated reaction as the mechanism responsible for the respiratory and cutaneous symptoms of the patient. No similar eases of allergy to D. caryophillus and L. longiflorum have been previously reported.
IgE antibodies specific for carbohydrates in a patient allergic to gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal)
Authors: Fötisch K. , Fäh J. , Wüthrich B. , Altmann F. , Haustein D. , Vieths S.
Published: May 2007

The present study deals with the detailed investigation of the IgE antibody response of a gum arabic‐allergic patient. The patient showed multiple serologic and skin test sensitizations to a range of pollen, other inhalants and foods, and bee venom, and to the recombinant allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2. Moreover, the patient's serum reacted strongly to gum‐arabic extract. The NaIO4‐treated and thus deglycosylated extract showed no binding to IgE. In contrast, removal of the protein backbone by basic hydrolysis did not deplete the IgE reactivity. Therefore, it is concluded that the gum arabic‐specific IgE antibodies of this patient were mainly directed against the carbohydrate fraction of this material. In IgE‐inhibition assays, cross‐reactions occurred in the range of 60% between gum arabic and known immunogenic A‐glycans containing o(l‐3‐linked fucose. Since the inhibition graphs were not parallel and the inhibition was not complete with heterologue antigens, the cross‐reacting epitopes of gum arabic appeared to be different from the latter well‐known cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD). Inhibition may have been caused by a partial immunologic identity of the investigated carbohydrate moieties. A strong IgE response to the fucose‐containing glycan from bromelain was measured in a glycan ELISA that utilizes purified glycopeptides at the solid phase. This response, which may explain the multiple sensitizations without clinical significance diagnosed in the patient, could originate from inhalation of pollen, which is known to contain similar glycans, or from occupational sensitization during work as a baker and confectioner. Since the gum‐arabic protein showed only very weak participation in the IgE reactivity, the clinical symptoms of the patient caused by gum arabic may be attributed to carbohydrate epitopes. Due to the repetitive polysaccharide sequence of gum arabic, several epitopes for the cross‐linking of IgE should exist.
Systemic T‐cell unresponsiveness during rush bee‐venom immunotherapy
Authors: Segura J. A. , Assenmacher M. , Irsch J. , Hunzelmann N. , Radbruch A.
Published: May 2007

By rush bee‐venom immunotherapy, subjects reacting allergically to the venom can be effectively anergized, although the mechanism of action is not known. Here we analyzed the systemic effects of rush desensitization on the T cells of allergic patients. In most patients, we found reduced frequencies of T cells recalled to express CD69 and the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, as compared with normal donors. These frequencies are progressively reduced during immunotherapy. The frequency of cells expressing IL‐2 does not change. A few patients show a different response to immunotherapy: frequencies of cells expressing CD69, IL‐4, or IFN‐γ do not change, and remain similar to those of normal donors. However, the frequency of cells able to express IL‐2 is increased. The analysis of cytokine expression in CD45RO* vs CD45RO' T‐cell populations revealed differences between normal and allergic donors. In allergic patients, higher frequencies of IL‐4‐ and IFN‐γ‐expressing cells among the CD45RO subpopulation were found than in normal donors. This situation is not modified by immunotherapy. The results reveal a certain degree of heterogeneity in the response of allergic patients to bee‐venom rush immunotherapy; however, all are clearly differentiated from normal controls as judged by cytokine expression of CD45RO T cells. In most allergic patients, a considerable percentage of TTi cells become unresponsive to mitogenic stimulation, and may be responsible for the desensitization itself
In‐house reference (IHR) preparation of Candida albicans allergen extract A standardized extraction procedure
Authors: Savolainen J. , Kalimo K. , Einarsson R. , Koivikko A. , Viander M. , Terho E. O.
Published: May 2007

A standardized, controlled procedure for preparation of an in‐house reference (IHR) preparation of an allergen extract of Candida albicans is described. The procedure, based on previous studies of allergens of C albicans, is designed to yield a maximum of allergens in optimum extraction conditions and to provide a reference preparation for further extract production. The SDS‐PAGE. igE‐immunoblotting, and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) analyses showed that the procedure is reproducible with acceptable batch‐to‐batch variation. The variation in the content of the most important allergens, namely, proteins with molecular weights of 46,29, and 27 kDa in the pooled final batches, is acceptable (coeff. of variation <15%), although in the intermediate batches of different strains, the coefficient of variation may occasionally exceed 20%. A comparison with other C. albicans allergen preparations used in our previous studies is also presented. The resulting extract can be used as a reference in further extract production and also in experimental in vitro and in vivo studies.
Effect of seasonal exposure to pollen on nonspecific interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, and interferon‐gamma in vitro release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with pollinosis
Authors: Muñoz‐Bellido F. J. , Monteseirin F. J. , Escribano M. M. , Delgado J. , Velázquez E. , Conde J.
Published: May 2007

The immune response to environmental allergens depends on both genetic and environmental factors. Allergen exposure triggers the activation of allergen‐specific Th2 cells in allergic patients, as well as increased Th2‐type cytokine mRNA expression and eosinophil recruitment. Nevertheless, different patterns of release of cytokines could explain the heterogeneity of atopic response. In our study, 25 patients with pollinosis and 15 healthy donors were selected to characterize their release of Th2 (interleukin [IL]‐4 and IL‐5) and Thi (interferon‐gamma [IFN‐y]) cytokines, both during and outside the pollen season. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and controls were isolated, cultured in the presence of phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐ acetate plus ionomycine, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and cytokine release was assessed by titration in the supernatants. Both IL‐4 and IL‐5 showed higher levels during than outside the pollen season in pollinic patients (P<0.05) after nonspecific stimuli, whereas IFN‐y levels were significantly lower during than outside the pollen season only after culture with PHA. Significant differences were not observed in the control group. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that release of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pollinosis depends on environmental exposure to sensitizing pollens, and that influence can be revealed by in vitro nonspecific stimulation. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity in results suggests that the use of mitogens to assess Thl/Th2 dominance may need careful evaluation.