bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MENCERMATI KONSEP ISLAMISASI ILMU ISMAIL R FARUQI
Authors: Soleh A Khudori
Published: November 2015

The idea of al-Faruqi’s Islamization of knowledge is a respon to the negative impact arising from the advances of modern science, and a priori attitudes of Muslims to the progress of science. This idea is created based on 5 basic principles: the oneness of God, the unity of creation, the unity of truth, unity of life and the unity of human. The purpose of this movement are: to mould a scholar who is (1) expert in modern science, (2) expert in the treasure of Islamic science, (3) understands the relevance of Islam with modern science, (4) able to integrate Islamic sciences with modern science creatively, (5) directs the Islamic thoughts to the God's plan. Therefore, to achieve these purposes, Al- Faruqi makes 12 strategic moves which enable the student to: (1) be an expert in modern science, (2) analyzes modern science, (3) masters the Islamic sciences, (4) analyzes Islamic science, (5) understands the relevance of Islamic science to modern science, (6) be a critical analyst of modern science, (7) be a critical analyst of Islamic science, (8) Surveys the problems faced by Muslims, (9) surveys the problems faced by human, (10) be a creative synthesis, (11) writes the result of integration , (12) socialize.
KUASA PENGETAHUAN
Authors: Esha Muhammad In’am
Published: November 2015

This paper studies about the relationship between power and (the will to gain) knowledge. It reviews such key points as that every human being has modalities of knowledge whose function depends on his/her will and that human being has the will to power in addition to the will to know. Both wills are inseparable. Human beings cannot reach the power without knowledge; and knowledge cannot be reached without strong will and modality of power.

However, as this paper proposes, the will to power and the will to know are purposive; they are not without goal. In Islamic perspective, reaching a power is not for the power itself; rather, it should be directed to reach the ultimate goal of manifesting the ‘God values.’ Islam guides people toward the ‘ilahiyah power’ or ‘the Spirit of God’ as the ultimate goal of achieving power. As a result, the idea of power/knowledge should be completed by faith/power/knowledge relation.
Bahasa Al Quran dalam Perspektif Politik Kekuasaan
Authors: Muradi Ahmad
Published: November 2015

An interesting part of Quranic studies is sosio-culture of its Quran language.   It becomes notice when Arabic language was chosen as Koran language. The point of view of this study is the political power of Quraisy when Quraisy holding the power in Hijaz territory. The question is: What is the reason of Arabic language (Quraisy language) chosen as Koran language? Is there any relationship between Quraisy and political power Arabic language being chosen as Koran language?

Seeing in the historical aspect, the northern Arabic language being survive because is supported by political aspect and arabization. Based on the interaction of Arabic language (Quraisy) standard language (fusha) was appearing. Quraisy political system, although not reflects absolute power that forced another ethnic group, there is a relationship of power factor and why Arabic language chosen as Quran language.
MISTISISME SEBAGAI JEMBATAN MENUJU KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA
Authors: Wahidi Ahmad
Published: November 2015

In the history of religion and religious communities has resulted in monumental achievements and noble, which can still be seen today. Any civilization on earth would not be separated from the role of religion and religious people. Meanwhile, today's religious sentiments are often more easily ignited. Many bloody incidents and riots as motivated by understanding and actualization of religion by the religious community. Similarly, many political issues, economy, culture etc. are initially not religious issues suddenly by certain parties associated with religion, so the problem is getting bigger. In such a situation a comprehensive religious view is needed. Formalist-exoteric approach that has dominated the study of religion was not complete even further widened the gap between religious communities because more emphasis on the physical dimensions of these religious symbols. Approaches are possible and must be socialized and adopted is esoteric approach or see substansi of religion, because by looking subsatansi of religion will be able to eliminate the partition of the partition that limits their religious least in terms of his humanity or social relationships between people. One dimension that can be approached is esoteric mysticism, because every religion must have the dimensions of mysticism. And it turns out the substantive similarities of this dimension in any religion.
MODERNISASI POLA SISTEM PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN (Studi Kasus Pondok Pesantren Modern Daarul Fikri Mulyoagung Dau Malang)
Authors: Setiawan Eko
Published: November 2015

 Pesantren is a native Indonesian educational institutions that have a strong tradition of roots within the community. In the era of modernization or the advancement of science and technology today, pesantren education system to be maintained. The purpose of this study to determine the model of modernization of education pesantren, pesantren education plus minus modernization, modern pesantren patterns. In this study, a type of qualitative research which uses a case study model. Data collection techniques used participant observation, in-depth interviews, documentary studies, the data analysis process begins by reviewing all available data from various sources, namely interviews, observation, which has been written in the field notes, personal papers, official documents, images, etc. From the analysis, the authors conclude that the modernization undertaken Pesantren Daarul Fikri is very different from the other Islamic pesantren in Indonesia. Pesantren Daarul Fikri has imposed a very strict curriculum. Students must follow all the rules in regular education and obedient. The curriculum combines Daarul Fikri trying to learn classical tradition with modern style is embodied in both the teaching and learning system.
Muhammad sebagai pemimpin agama dan negara periode Makkah dan Madinah
Authors: Maulidah Ummu Zakiyah
Published: November 2015

Muhammad was born in Mecca between AD 570 and 580 in the Banu Hashims,a reputable family of Quraysh. In Mecca, Muhammad is portrayed as a privatecitizen, as he had to limit himself and adapt his behavior to face the situationduring jahiliyyah era. While, in Medina he governed the community and guidedthem in religious life. His arrival in Medina has significant contribution towardhis role as political leader. His power in this city had protected himself and hisfollowers from violent opposition of the Quraysh. The doctrines he employedin politics were inseparable from the religious values rooted from the Quran.Through his innovation and skillful diplomacy, he had converted the peopleof Mecca and Medina into brighter Arab civilization. Such a positive changereflected his monumental accomplishment for the people.Muhammad lahir di kota Makkah antara tahun 570 sampai 580 Masehi dikeluarga Bani Hasyim, suku Quraisy terkemuka di Arab. Di kota Makkah,Muhammad dianggap sebagai masyarakat biasa, sebab ia harus membatasidirinya dan menyesuaikan prilakunya dalam menghadapi keadaan yangterjadi pada zaman jahiliyyah. Sedangkan di Madinah, ia dianggap sebagaipemimpin masyarakat dan menjadi pembimbing umat dalam hidup beragama.Kedatangannya di Madinah juga memberikan konstribusi besar pada perannyasebagai pemimpin politik. Kekuasaan di kota ini sangat membantu dirinya danpara pengikutnya dari kerasnya kelompok oposisi Quraisy. Doktin-doktrin yangdigunakan Muhammad dalam dunia politik juga tidak lepas dari nilai-nilaiagama yang bersumber dari al Quran. Dengan kreatifitas dan inovasinya dalammemimpin, Muhammad mampu mengarahkan masyarakat Makkah dan Madinah menuju kebangkitan peradaban bangsa Arab yang lebih cemerlang.Kondisi yang semakin membaik tersebut, tidak lain merupakan sebuah karyadan jasa monumental yang telah diukir oleh Muhammad untuk umatnya.
Peran Universitas Islam Negeri Ar raniry dalam membangun Karakter Masyarakat Aceh yang berperadaban
Authors: Saleh Fauzi
Published: November 2015

The frequency of conflicts in society today is higher and inevitable. In fact, themultidimensional crisis should no longer occur due to the prolonged constructof the nation experience. The basic problems deal with the identity degradationand character crisis. Thus, the nation and character building should be a coredevelopment in paving the way towards civilized society. As the capital region,Aceh has a rich heritage treasures characters (turats) that become the forgottenwisdom. Axiologically, exploring turats will make a positive contribution toestablish the community character. This agenda must necessarily be carriedout by an institution with sufficient capability and capacity. UIN Ar Raniry,as the heart of Acehnese with its human resources, is supposed to be involvedin the onset process of the wisdom embryos. This engagement would be donegradually and continually from the planning to partaking in the communitythrough appropriate and accurate approaches.Frekuensi konflik dalam masyarakat semakin tinggi dan tak terhindarkan.Padahal, dengan tempaan pengalaman hidup berbangsa yang sangat lamakrisis multidimensi ini seharusnya tidak perlu lagi terjadi. Persoalan mendasaryang melatarbelakanginya adalah degradasi jati diri dan krisis karakter. Makapembangunan karakter diri dan bangsa harus menjadi inti pembangunandalam meretas jalan menuju masyarakat yang berperadaban. Sebagai daerahmodal, Aceh memiliki khazanah yang kaya berupa warisan karakter (turats)yang merupakan kearifan lokal yang terlupakan. Secara aksiologis, penggalianturats ini akan memberikan kontribusi positif dalam rangka membangunkarakter masyarakat. Agenda besar ini tentu harus dijalankan oleh lembagayang memiliki kapabilitas dan kapasitas yang memadai. UIN Ar Raniry sebagaijantung warga Aceh dengan sumber daya manusia yang dimilikinya sudahseharusnya terlibat dalam proses melahirkan embrio kearifan yang dimaksud.Keterlibatan ini tentu dilakukan secara gradual dan berkelanjutan mulai dariperencanaan hingga akhirnya terjun dalam masyarakat melalui pendekatanyang tepat dan akurat.
PENDIDIKAN PEACE BUILDING DI PESANTREN: SEBUAH UPAYA MENCEGAH RADIKALISASI
Authors: Fitriani Laily
Published: November 2015

Pondok pesantren menerapkan prinsip tasamuh (toleran), tawasuth wal i’tidal (sederhana), tawazun (penuh pertimbangan) dan ukhuwah (persaudaraan). Peran pesantren sangat strategis dalam mentransformasikan budaya damai melalui pendidikan peace building.
 Fenomena radikalisme yang berujung pada aksi kekerasan kemungkinan di tahun-tahun mendatang akan terus menjadi ancaman sekaligus tantangan toleransi agama-agama di Indonesia. Karenanya, menghadirkan pemahaman keagamaan anti kekerasan dengan segenap nilai-nilai kearifan pendidikan kepesantrenan barangkali sebuah upaya untuk membangun kesadaran normatif teologis dan juga kesadaran sosial, dimana kita hidup di tengah masyarakat yang plural dari segi agama, budaya, etnis, dan berbagai keragaman sosial lainnya
METODE ISTINBAT HUKUM ZAKAT PROFESI PERSPEKTIF YUSUF AL-QARDAWI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN OBJEK ZAKAT DI INDONESIA
Authors: Aziz Muhammad , Sholikah Sholikah
Published: November 2015

One object of charity which to this day is still debated Islamic jurist is zakat profession. There are many things that cause zakat profession are legally without a strong foundation in Islamic legal tradition, including; existence of zakat profession has never been practiced by the Prophet at the time he was still alive, it makes the existence of this zakat profession be considered ahistorical in Islamic law. Even NU, which is listed as a major Islamic organizations, have not decided the concept of zakat profession that has become the lifestyle of the upper middle-class Muslims in Indonesia. Other facts show that the practice of this profession charity raised in Indonesia after the emergence of Yusuf al-Qardlawi book entitled fiqh al-zakah, which is one of the points of study is obligatory zakat for Muslims profession. So the facts mentioned above, this study is important to do.

Therefore, the wishes expressed in this study are; how the method istinbath charity law profession perspective of Yusuf al-Qardawi? And what are the implications of these ideas to the output object development of zakat in Indonesia?

This study concluded that, the method used by Yusuf al-Qardawi in beristinbath to determine the basis of the profession zakat is obligatory for every Muslim is qiyas method, provided that: Maqis 'alaih it is charity gold and silver; ‘illat it is growing (al-nama'); legal obligation for the profession zakat worth with gold-silver or gold as mandatory alms-silver; and his charity far'u profession. While the implications arising from the results of istinbath method as mentioned above for object development of zakat in Indonesia is, that the object of zakat in Indonesia, which was originally based solely on the object based charity that conventional classical fiqh (gold-silver zakat, agricultural-crops, animals etc.), toward the object charity in the field of occupations and professions that grow and thrive in the modern era, such commissioners, advocates, public accountants etc.
A meta‐analysis of zooplankton functional traits influencing ecosystem function
Authors: Hébert Marie‐Pier , Beisner Beatrix E. , Maranger Roxane
Published: November 2015

The use of functional traits to characterize community composition has been proposed as a more effective way to link community structure to ecosystem functioning. Organismal morphology, body stoichiometry, and physiology can be readily linked to large‐scale ecosystem processes through functional traits that inform on interspecific and species‐environment interactions; yet such effect traits are still poorly included in trait‐based approaches. Given their key trophic position in aquatic ecosystems, individual zooplankton affect energy fluxes and elemental processing. We compiled a large database of zooplankton traits contributing to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling and examined the effect of classification and habitat (marine vs. freshwater) on trait relationships. Respiration and nutrient excretion rates followed mass‐dependent scaling in both habitats, with exponents ranging from 0.70 to 0.90. Our analyses revealed surprising differences in allometry and respiration between habitats, with freshwater species having lower length‐specific mass and three times higher mass‐specific respiration rates. These differences in traits point to implications for ecological strategies as well as overall carbon storage and fluxes based on habitat type. Our synthesis quantifies multiple trait relationships and links organisms to ecosystem processes they influence, enabling a more complete integration of aquatic community ecology and biogeochemistry through the promising use of effect traits.
Approximate Analytical-Pressure Studies on Dual-Porosity Reservoirs With Stress-Sensitive Permeability
Authors: Wang Shuhua , Ma Mingxu , Ding Wei , Lin Menglu , Chen Shengnan
Published: November 2015

Pressure-transient analysis in dual-porosity media is commonly studied by assuming a constant reservoir permeability. Such an assumption can result in significant errors when estimating pressure behavior and production rate of naturally fractured reservoirs as fracture permeability decreases during the production. At present, there is still a lack of analytical pressure-transient studies in naturally fractured reservoirs while taking stress-sensitive fracture permeability into account.

In this study, an approximate analytical model is proposed to investigate the pressure behavior and production rate in the naturally fractured reservoirs. This model assumes that fracture permeability is a function of both permeability modulus and pressure difference. The pressure-dependent fracture system is coupled with matrix system with an unsteady-state exchange flow rate. A nonlinear diffusivity equation in fracture system is developed and solved by Pedrosa's transformation and a perturbation technique with zero-order approximation. A total of six solutions in the Laplace space are presented for two inner-boundary conditions and three outer-boundary conditions. Finally, pressure behavior and production rate are studied for both infinite and finite reservoirs.

Pressure behavior and production rate from the models with and without stress-sensitive permeability are compared. It is found that, for an infinite reservoir with a constant-flow-rate boundary condition, if permeability modulus is 0.1, dimensionless pressure difference at the well bottom from the model with fracture-permeability sensitivity is 80% higher than that of the constant fracture-permeability model at a dimensionless time of 106. Such difference can be as high as 216% if permeability modulus increases to 0.15. On the contrary, for the infinite reservoirs with a constant-pressure boundary, the constant fracture-permeability model tends to overestimate the flow rate at wellbore and cumulative production. The proposed model not only provides an analytical and quantitative method to investigate the effects of fracture-permeability sensitivity on reservoir-pressure distribution and production, but it also can be applied to build up analysis of well test data from stress-sensitive formations.
Rheological Characteristics of CMHPG Crosslinked with New Zirconium and Dual Crosslinkers
Authors: Sokhanvarian Khatere , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. , Harper Thomas L.
Published: November 2015

Polymer crosslinked solutions support many beneficial applications in the oil industry, such as water shutoff and hydraulic fracturing. These techniques pose challenges, and, in order to reach a favorable result, high quality gels are required.

This study investigates the effectiveness of four zirconium-based, one aluminum-based, and one aluminum-zirconium-based crosslinkers that can be functional over a wide pH range (3.8 to 10) in crosslinking CMHPG (Carboxymethylhydroxypropylguar). Zirconium chemistry in aqueous solutions is quite complicated. Zirconium is prone to hydrolysis and readily polymerizes. It is highly sensitive to pH, temperature, and ionic strength. A high viscosity gel is a function of and a combination of the correct selection of crosslinkers, buffer systems, pH, polymer loadings, crosslinker concentrations, and temperatures. Not only do the type of ligands attached to the zirconium impact gel performance, but also the order of addition and reaction temperatures. Thus, two very similar crosslinkers can display very different performances.

This research further investigates the effects on gel formation of specific crosslinker concentrations (0.7 to 1.3 gpt) in a pH environment of 3.8 to 10.8. After forming a gel, the impacts of temperatures at 60 to 121°C (140 to 250°F) and the varying shear rates on the viscosity of formed gels were tested. The viscosity of crosslinked CMHPG using the crosslinker at a low pH (3.8) remained above 1,000 cp after 60 minutes at 60°C (140°F) and 10 s−1. Increasing the shear rate to 170 s−1 caused the viscosity to decrease to 300 cp. However, the viscosity stabilized at 300 cp for almost 40 minutes. At a low pH (3.8), delay curves were developed for the gelling process. The fast crosslinking reaction has always been a limitation of crosslinkers at high pH; however, the new aluminum-zirconium dual crosslinker in this study overcame this shortcoming. The optimum crosslinked gel was tested for proppant-carrying purposes along with the static leakoff tests. The results also revealed gel proppant-suspending capabilities and acceptable leakoff rates.

Extensive lab research undergirds a successful field treatment, and these results indicate that a high viscosity at high shear rates cannot be used to interpret the particle settling properties of a crosslinked gel. In addition, the chemistry of crosslinkers is very important as this study reveals that a viscosity buildup delay at a high pH, which has always been a shortcoming, is possible through the right choice of crosslinkers.
Application of a Novel Temporary Blocking Agent in Refracturing
Authors: Xue Shijie , Zhang Zhiyong , Wu Guotao , Wang Yongxian , Wu Jun , Xu Jianhua
Published: November 2015

A novel temporary blocking and A novel temporary blocking agent used as diverting/re-orientation agent in refracturing was introduced in this paper[1]. Laboratory results and field application show that the agent can effectively improve the refracturing well production[2].

The temporary blocking agents include two types, fiber and granular shape. The diverting/re-orientation mechanism is that the fiber agent firstly bridge in the original old fractures, then the granular agent can further accumulate on the shaped bridge in the fracture. And the granular agent can form effective plugging because it is deformable and expandable. Then the new fractures can initiate and propagate along a new path where the direction of in-situ stress has altered after the long-term production from the old hydraulic fracture. Thus the well production can increase because the fracture extend into new oil drainage area. Both of the temporary blocking agents can be completely degraded and the degradation time is controllable, which will bring minimum damage to the formation.

Laboratory results show that by "bridging and plugging" the temporary blocking agents can effectively block the old hydraulic fracture. The blocking strength can be up to 40MPa. The main factors affecting temporary blocking strength include the agent volume, size, adding timing, adding speed and manner, etc. These factors can be optimized according to the blocking requirements in fracturing designs. Field case study show that the agents can effectively "bridge and plugging" the old fracture, then the new fracture initiation can be observed obviously. Meanwhile, the production of re-fractured well increased significantly, which is much better than the previous refracturing treatment results in the same oilfield.

This novel temporary blocking agents and diverting/re-orientating technology provides effective means which can enhance the controllability, success rate and effectiveness of the refracturing.
Value Optimisation of Future Coal Seam Gas Field Developments Using Horizontal Wells
Authors: Xu Nicola , Weatherstone Petrina , Alam Naureen , Lin Xuejun
Published: November 2015

The Spring Gully coal seam gas field of the Bowen Basin in Queensland, Australia has historically been developed using vertical wells that have been stimulated by either cavitation or hydraulic fracturing of the Bandanna coal measures. However, as the field development expands into lower reservoir quality in the fringe area of the field, there has been a shift to applying horizontal well designs with the objective of increasing economic return and minimizing environmental footprint.

Surface to inseam (SIS pairs) have been successfully implemented in Queensland low permeability Permian coal seam gas fields. Four Surface-to-Inseam (SIS) well pairs (horizontal wells intercepting vertical producers) were drilled in Spring Gully in 2012 and 2013. Production performances of these pilot horizontal wells show improvement when compared to offset vertical wells. In order to understand the more complex fluid flow mechanism a detailed multi-segment horizontal well (MSW) fine scale simulation model was built to calibrate rate and pressure performance. Following the pilot well performance study, a large scale development optimisation exercise including spacing, pattern, orientation and well design was carried out on all future development regions. This work when coupled with a risk quantification exercise has provided an informed view on the cost benefit of applying this optimised horizontal well development in Spring Gully.

One of the unique challenges in implementing optimised SIS horizontal wells in the Spring Gully field is the undulating topography with very steep, narrow ridgelines that are bounded by cliffs and very deep and generally inaccessible valleys. Therefore during early planning phase, the operator, Origin on behalf of Australia Pacific LNG applied practical compromise between subsurface and surface objectives in order to achieve the greatest overall value
Mechanical Interaction of Multiple 3D Fractures Propagation for Network Fracturing
Authors: Sun Zhiyu , Liu Changyin , Huang Zhiwen , Zhang Rusheng
Published: November 2015

Multiple cluster perforations are typically used for multi-stage hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells with casing hole completion to create multiple fractures in any single stage. Due to the mechanical interaction of fractures, the local principal stresses field may alter, which affects the fracture complexity. To optimize the network fracturing design, 3D multiple fractures propagation, stress distribution and fracture mechanics need to be well considered.

Firstly, The geometry model for Fuling shale gas formation has been Established, with A depth varying initial in-situ stresses, pore pressure and permeability defined. Then, a linear Drucker-Prager model with hardening is chosen for the rock, while the casing is linear elastic. Based on damage initiation of quadratic nominal stress criterion and damage evolution of B-K critical energy release rate criterion, the tensile and shear mixed mode fracture model consists of the mechanical behavior of the fracture itself and the behavior of the fluid that enters and leaks through the fracture surfaces.

Through the selection of general purpose finite element code ABAQUS, the multiple 3D fractures propagation process and stress interferences between fractures have been modeled. The results illustrate that mechanical interaction exists between any pairs of fractures, which greatly influences the stress distribution and the geometries and widths of the fractures. Induced stress increase is stronger in magnitude and influences larger region for the minimum horizontal stress than for the maximum horizontal stress. Spacing of perforation clusters and net pressures are two important factors for the successful application of network fracturing. It is possible that the cumulative interaction effect of several fractures could neutralize the stress anisotropy in the formation to enhance the fracture complexity. Taking advantage of the altered stress in the rock for a base case with three fractures, an adequate range of perforation clusters spacing and net pressure are determined for the network fracturing of horizontal wells in Fuling shale gas reservoir, and the treatment design is optimized accordingly.

This numerical procedure combined with the post-fracture production rate is also used to evaluate the efficiency of network fracturing for multi-stage fractured horizontal wells in Fuling formation, which can be served as a guidance to optimize the treatment design not only for Fuling but for other shale gas and tight gas reservoirs.
A New Improved Shale Correction for Pulsed-Neutron Measurements
Authors: McIlroy Chris , Quirein John , Mekic Natasa , Guo Weijun
Published: November 2015

The addition of a third detector to pulsed-neutron tools (PNT) enabled a new measurement, saturation gate (SATG), which is sensitive to gas vs. fluid. The saturation calculation was originally created using a single mineral model of clean sandstone in which it worked well. Sandstone formations typically have some shale content and as the shale content increased, the gas saturation algorithm undercalled gas saturation. An updated two mineral model, taking into account both sandstone and shale, is needed to accurately calculate gas saturation in shaley-sandstone environments.

Two methods are being introduced to correct for the shaley-sand effect. The first method uses a crossplot technique of sandstone to shale SATG data vs. the volume of shale and corrects the shale affected points back to the sandstone fan. The second method creates two fans: one for 100% sandstone and the other for 50% shale, and the fans are moved to fit the data. The first method results in a straightforward ratio of the change in SATG to the change in shale volume to plug into the correction while the second method is both more intuitive in context and interpretative in practice. The shale is modeled using a mixture of 50% illite clay and 50% quartz. Depending on the mineralogical composition of the shale, other fans could be constructed.

Two tight-gas shaley-sand examples are used to compare the gas saturation response using both the single (no shale correction) and shaley-sand mineral models. Results show the updated model enhances accuracy of gas saturation in shaley-sand environments.

Previous pulsed-neutron sigma and carbon-oxygen saturations had limitations. Sigma-based saturation can calculate both gas vs. water and oil vs. water saturation but is limited to high salinity formations in which the dynamic range is large. Carbon-oxygen-based saturations are not affected by salinity but only work for oil vs. water saturation. SATG saturation fills a void for gas vs. fluid saturation in low, mixed, or unknown formation water salinities.
An Accelerated Immersive Capability Development in Unconventional Shale Resource
Authors: Biron Azaumi , Befus Robert Alexander , Stannard James , Navarette Mike , Singh Seemant , Salahudin Sharifudin
Published: November 2015

The unconventional revolution in North America has attracted large investments from national oil companies (NOCs) and international oil companies (IOCs) eager to gain knowledge and add profitable unconventional resources to their asset portfolios. A key element of realizing this goal is the rapid and effective development of in-house technical personnel to support the effort. In 2008, a major NOC in Asia began its unconventional quest with an initial entry into a coal seam gas (CSG) opportunity in Australia, followed by investments in shale gas plays in the prolific Canadian North Montney area. To develop the much needed in-house capability, the NOC partnered with a major service provider to develop and deliver training programs to prepare its geoscientists and engineers to work within the unconventional division.

Previous efforts by the NOC to develop in-house unconventional capabilities were hampered by a lack of data specific to their joint-venture shale assets. The newly established Unconventional Division had recently acquired an interest in Canadian Unconventional assets, and challenged the joint team to design a capability development program that would utilize this data, deliver practical experience, and build critical staff knowledge, in less than 6 months. The NOC agreed to provide data from their Canadian asset to enable the development of an accelerated, immersive program.

The redesigned 10-week program used a source rock reservoir development workflow that incorporated a geoscience and engineering software suite to enable participants to review the field data and evaluate optimization opportunities. The goal-oriented tasks were to evaluate the project areas and develop the in-place gas resource to reach plateau production.

The program was conducted entirely in Kuala Lumpur at the service provider's offices between September 8 and November 20, 2014, with development plan results presented to the NOC's management in Kuala Lumpur and Calgary. This paper presents the program development, challenges encountered through the preparation and deployment, final outcomes, and lessons learned.
Impact of Multistage Fracturing on Tight Gas Recovery from Saudi Arabian High Pressure High Temperature Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Al-Kanaan Adnan , Al-Anazi Hamoud , Kayumov Rifath , Al-Jalal Ziad
Published: November 2015

Multistage fracturing technique has considerably improved gas production from tight gas reservoirs all over the world. Well production is one of the main determining factors to assess the success of a fracturing treatment. In this paper, numerous vertical and horizontal wells drilled in the high pressure high temperature heterogeneous reservoirs have been evaluated to confirm effectiveness of stimulation treatments and benefits derived from the use of novel technologies. Among many variables that were analyzed include drilling, completion, and stimulation parameters such as well azimuth, completion types, fluid characteristics, acid strength, etc.

A database for stimulated wells was created and various parameters have been grouped and assessed to provide correlation and understand the effectiveness of fracture treatments and optimize development plan. Correlations were drawn using the Pearson correlation coefficient equation to compute data trend and ensure good quality data. Numerous, very useful plots are constructed and presented that show the different trends of the variables evaluated and how they affect production rate.

Analyses results indicate that use of real-time geomechanics is important to predict reservoir pressure and mud weight as wells are laterally drilled in the preferred minimum in-situ stress (σmin) direction. This is because when wells are drilled along σmin, they tend to become more unstable due to the higher stress acting on the wellbore. Accuracy in predicting stresses and pressures are keys to the drilling of such wells. The completion assemblies were selected between open hole multistage and plug and perforation cased hole approaches based of reservoir properties and hole conditions. The impact on production performance by using of non-damaging low gel loading fracturing fluids, high strength proppants, and optimal fluid and acid volumes have been demonstrated using actual field examples. The paper also illustrates the use of novel fracturing approach such as channel fracturing and its impact on sustained gas production in tight gas and making low productivity wells commercial.
Economic and Operational Analysis of Systematically Deploying New Technologies in Two US Unconventional Plays
Authors: Van Sickle S.. , Galloway J.. , McClellan C.. , Snyder D..
Published: November 2015

An operator working in the STACK and Mississippi Lime plays of the Mid-Continent region in the United States is developing its acreage with the use of open hole multistage (OHMS) completion systems. This paper will detail new technologies and advancements that are providing enhanced economic benefits and enabling the operator to unlock the full potential of the targeted formations.

The operator holds one of the largest acreage positions in the Mid-Continent region and in 2014 had operated or participated in approximately 170 horizontal wells. This operator approached its development with the goal of reducing completion costs; bringing completion costs in line with estimated completion costs; reducing health, safety and environment (HSE) exposure, while reducing cycle time; and preserving estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of its assets. Some of the new technologies and advancements to achieve these goals include: changing core completion methods, radioactive tracers, dissolvable balls, high-rate water stimulation, extended reach laterals, microseismic analysis, water-soluble tracers, oil-soluble tracers, stage spacing and statistical analyses.

These new technologies and advancements adopted by implementing OHMS completion systems provided the operator with significant cost savings when compared to previous wells completed in the region using cemented liner plug-and-perf techniques. Lessons learned from each well were applied to future wells and the operator realized further cost savings as it continued development of the region using OHMS completion systems. These cost reductions were achieved while preserving the EUR of the assets, increasing the economic viability of the operations.

The technologies, methods and procedures will be presented in this paper to help paint a picture of how this particular operator is leading the way in reducing completion costs and increasing reserves. The details provided will show how OHMS technology is a cost-effective option for operators drilling and completing horizontal wells in the Mid-Continent region of the United States and provide strategies that can be applied in other formations around the world.
Quantifying Pore Size Distribution Effect on Gas in Place and Recovery Using SLD-PR EOS for Multiple-Components Shale Gas Reservoir
Authors: Tolbert Brandon T. , Wu Xingru
Published: November 2015

When a shale gas reservoir is being developed, two fundamental questions need to be answered: (1) how much gas is in place and (2) how much gas can be produced when reservoir is depleted to a specific pressure. This paper examines the pore size distribution impact on gas volume in place during reservoir depletion. A calculation procedure for a multiple component system will be presented with an illustration using Barnett core mercury injection data.

Literature suggests that a monolayer adsorption model is not sufficient for shale gas reservoirs with multiple components in volumetric calculations. In this paper, we propose to use the cylindrical Simplified Local Density model with Peng-Robinson Equation of State (SLD-PR EOS) to solve the local hydrocarbon density distribution for gas in micro-and meso-pores. The integration of the local density over the pore width yields an average density. Pore size distribution (PSD) data such as mercury injection provide the pore volume contribution of different pore radii. Coupling the pore volume distribution with the calculated average density, we calculate the gas in place due to pressurization and adsorption under different pressures. The recovery from the shale reservoir is determined by repeating the process at different pressures. Because of the high non-linearity of the SLD-PR EOS, a trust-region optimization algorithm has been used to solve the local density profile.

Pore size distribution has a tremendous impact on the gas storage capacity of a shale formation. Results from this study reveal that neglecting PSD can yield more than 40% errors for original gas in place (OGIP) calculation. Incremental pore volume is modeled with a Log-Gamma distribution for the Barnett field. OGIP sensitivities to the distribution parameters are also investigated. For the same porosity under the same ambient pressure and temperature, more small pores indicate more gas in place. Therfore under the same depletion process, more recovery can be expected from small pores. This paper utilizes MICP data for a Barnett gas shale core sample to demonstrate the calculation procedure for implementing core data, fluid characterization, and SLD -PR EOS modeling to calculate original gas in place.

This paper has the following two novel points: (1) An improved OGIP calculation procedure for multicomponent gas shales is proposed using the cylindrical form of the SLD-PR EOS model and MICP data from core samples; (2) PSD has a tremendous influence on OGIP values in shale formations because of the presence of micropores and neglecting PSD can yield significant errors in OGIP values.
The Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity of Coal Permeability and Interconnection of Adjacent Seams
Authors: Gray Ian
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this work was to develop a method by which the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of permeability of coal seams and other reservoirs could be rapidly determined at exploration stage. As inhomogeneity can only be determined by multiple tests and anisotropy can only be found by some form of interference test, the intention was to develop an efficient combination of the two.

This was achieved by using drill stem testing (DST) multiple seams in a single borehole followed by the installation of pressure transducers in the coal seams. Another hole was then drilled and DST tested and the transient response in the transducers measured. This was again followed by transducer installation and the drilling of another hole which was then DST tested. Also tested was the interconnection of seams across thin mudstones and a tuff band. The transducer installation was accomplished using cemented in transducers with the cement being displaced in the vicinity of the transducer to establish connectivity with the formation.

The results of the work showed that in the test site inhomogeneity dominated over anisotropy and that the interburden between the seams was highly impermeable. Reliable permeability measurements were achieved by analysing transients of less than 6 kPa (0.86 psi) from a pre and main flow DST.

This process was quick to implement and therefore of low cost. The number of measurements achieved was higher than would have come from a conventional interference test. The multiple boreholes in which flow took place avoided the problem of a conventional interference test, with a single producing hole, which may have been located in a geologically unusual setting.
Minimizing Environmental Pollution while Conserving Oil During Sour Heavy Oil Well Testing - A Novel Approach
Authors: Al-ibrahim Abdullah , Al-Bader Haifa , Razzaq Abdul , Packirisamy S.. , Sagar Vidya , Manimaran A.. , Ibrahim Anwar , Al-Ateeq Abdulla
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Scope

To reduce flaring of produced hydrocarbon during well testing operations in order to protect the environment, comply with safety regulations and conserve oil.

Methods, Procedures, Process

During well-testing operations the produced hydrocarbon is usually flared in the open flare pit. As per the existing company's HSE procedures, flaring during well testing is considered as a safe option. However, flaring activities needs to be minimized or eliminated as some wells are located in environmentally sensitive areas which are close to farms, Highways or camping area. Due to location constraints the flaring should be minimized to the possible extent. As the well is exploratory, the well was not connected yet to the production facility. The only means of oil transportation will be by using road tankers, for that the H2S concentration in oil needs to be reduced to a permissible limit.

The heavy oil well to be tested contains H2S concentration upto 22 %(220,000 ppm) in gas. A novel process was initiated to eliminate/minimize flaring during well testing operations. H2S scavenger technology was selected for field trial to convert the produced sour liquid to be suitable for transportation through vacuum tankers to the nearest production facility. Accordingly H2S scavenger chemical was arranged and well test surface layout was modified with additional chemical dosing points. After separating the gas from oil using surge tank and separator dosed H2S Scavenger into oil line. This exercise resulted in ensuring that the H2S concentration in treated oil is at a permissible limit and the oil is suitable to be transported using road tankers.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

Field trail was implemented in sour heavy oil well to evaluate the feasibility of using H2S scavenger chemical to mitigate/minimize high H2S concentration in the produced fluid. Two heavy oil wells (17-200 API) were tested with this process and H2S content in oil was reduced to almost 15 ppm. Achieved economical H2S scavenger treatment cost of $18/bbl for reducing H2S in oil from 600 ppm to 15 ppm. Oil flaring was eliminated and only small quantity of the produced sour gas(0.001mmscfd) was flared safely through flare stack. Approximately 5,500 bbls of crude oil were produced from an exploratory well and safely transported by road tankers to nearby production facility during two weeks of testing period. For the first time in Kuwait an exploratory sour heavy oil well was successfully tested without flaring oil.

Novel/Additional Information

The innovative solution of using H2S Scavenger during testing the sour well had eliminated flaring of crude oil which avoided environmental pollution and conserved the produced oil. This success proves that sour heavy oil wells can be tested safely without flaring oil and paves the way for implementing this novel concept in future applications.
Modeling and Simultaneous History-Matching of Multiple WAG Coreflood Experiments at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Duchenne S. , de Loubens R. , Petitfrere M. , Joubert T.
Published: November 2015

Good prediction of the performance of water-alternating-gas (WAG) processes relies on the proper estimation of three-phase relative permeabilities and their hysteresis with injection cycles. This is often a lengthy and expensive procedure requiring the numerical interpretation of several WAG corefloods, usually performed at reservoir conditions.

In this paper, we propose an automated procedure based on multi-experiment optimization, leading to a consistent set of three-phase hysteresis parameters for all available experimental data. We apply it to two near-miscible WAG coreflood experiments that differ in the number and length of their injection cycles (long slugs versus short slugs). Both experiments were performed at reservoir conditions on a horizontal sandstone core, with light oil from a West African field and below minimum miscibility pressure. These experiments were carried out using extensive monitoring, including material balance at standard and reservoir conditions, full compositional analysis of liquids and gas produced at standard conditions, differential pressure measurements across the core and three-phase in situ saturations using a dual energy X-ray scanner.

History-matching results were obtained by coupling our optimization tool with an in-house research reservoir simulator (IHRRS), combining an advanced EoS-based equilibrium relaxation model with a three-phase relative permeability hysteresis model. Optimization was performed with the Nelder-Mead algorithm, using a relatively large number (>10) of fitting parameters to model the relative permeability functions and their hysteresis. Multiple sets of parameters were easily obtained to match each experiment individually, suggesting that the history-matching of a single experiment is poorly constrained. As expected, muti-experiment optimization led to a better constrained but more challenging problem to solve; yet all available data could be matched reasonably well with a common set of parameters and several acceptable solutions were found.

By providing a more robust estimation of three-phase hysteresis parameters, the proposed method increases the reliability of our simulation-based interpretations, necessary to evaluate the stakes of a WAG project.