bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual-frequency modulation quartz crystal tuning fork–enhanced laser spectroscopy
Authors: Xu Linguang , Liu Ningwu , Zhou Shen , Zhang Lei , Yu Benli , Fischer Horst , Li Jingsong
Published: February 2020

An innovative trace gas-sensing technique utilizing a single quartz crystal tuning fork (QCTF) based on a photoelectric detector and dual-frequency modulation technique was demonstrated for the first time for simultaneous multi-species detection. Instead of traditional semiconductor detectors and lock-in amplifier, we utilized the piezoelectric effect and resonant effect of the QCTF to measure the light intensity. A fast signal analysis method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is proposed for overlapping signal extraction. To explore the capabilities of this technique, a gas-sensing system based on two lasers having center emission wavelength of 1.653 µm (a DFB laser diode in the near-IR) and 7.66 µm (an EC QCL in the mid-IR) is successfully demonstrated for simultaneous CH4 spectroscopy measurements. The results indicate a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficients of 1.33×10−9 cm−1W·Hz−1/2 at 1.653 µm and 2.20×10−10 cm−1W·Hz−1/2 at 7.66 µm, were achieved. This proposed sensor architecture has the advantages of easier optical alignment, lower cost, and a compactness compared to the design of a conventional TDLAS sensor using multiple semiconductor detectors for laser signal collection. The proposed technique can also be expanded to common QEPAS technique with multi-frequency modulation for multiple species detection simultaneously.
Coupled edge modes supported by a microwave metasurface
Authors: de Pineda J. D. , Hibbins A. P. , Sambles J. R.
Published: February 2020

Microwave metasurfaces comprising overlapping layers of circular patches arranged in a hexagonal array are found to support edge modes akin to edge plasmons. The coupling of these edge modes across small gaps between two such arrays is explored. This phenomenon, well known at optical frequencies, is verified here for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, at microwave frequencies.
Dual-loss-modulated Q-switched Tm:Ca(Gd,Lu)AlO4 laser using AOM and a MoS2 nanosheet
Authors: Niu Ziqun , Feng Tianli , Pan Zhongben , Yang Kejian , Li Tao , Zhao Jia , Zhao Shengzhi , Li Guiqiu , Li Dechun , Qiao Wenchao , Chu Hongwei , Wang XiaoMei , Gao Kong
Published: February 2020

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was employed to fabricate a two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanosheet and the related characteristics were measured. By using a new crystal Tm:Ca(Gd,Lu)AlO4 as laser medium, a laser-diode (LD) pumped dual-loss-modulated Q-switched laser with AOM and a MoS2 nanosheet was first presented as far as we know. The minimum pulse duration of 82 ns and the maximum peak power of 589 W were obtained under the modulation rate of 3 kHz. In comparison with the singly Q-switched laser with AOM or MoS2, the dual-loss-modulated Q-switched laser could generate shorter pulse width and higher peak power. The maximum compression ratio of pulse duration was 9.85 and the highest enhancement factor of peak power was 123. The experimental results hit a conclusion that 2D MoS2 nanosheet is potential in pulse laser at ∼2 µm and dual-loss-modulated Q-switching operation can compress the pulse duration and improve the peak power.
Pengaruh Kadar Protein Susu Formula terhadap Status Gizi Lebih Usia 3 hingga 5 bulan
Authors: Retnowati Noor Anggrainy , Lestari Endang Dewi , Harsono Ganung
Published: February 2020

Latar belakang. Ibu berkerja dan merasa ASI tidak mencukupi kebutuhan menjadi alasan di kalangan masyarakarat pemberiaan susu formula difortifikasi zat besi sebagai pengganti ASI. Data statistik Surakarta, prevalensi wanita bekerja meningkat dan mempengaruhi pemberiaan ASI eksklusif. Pemberiaan protein awal kehidupan yang berlebih berdampak gizi lebih. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar protein terhadap status gizi.Metode. Penelitian merupakan studi potong lintang. Subjek berusia 3 sampai 5 bulan di Posyandu Kecamatan Banjarsari, Laweyan dan Jebres antara April hingga Oktober 2018. Hubungan antar variabel dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square dan uji regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil. Uji regresi logistic multivariat menunjukkan kadar protein, frekuensi pemberiaan >12 kali/hari dan ukuran botol >180 ml berpengaruh terhadap gizi lebih. Kesimpulan. Status gizi lebih pada usia 3 hingga 5 bulan dipengaruhi kadar protein, frekuensi pemberiaan susu, dan ukuran botol.
Notas sobre a participação partidária das comunistas no Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues Theófilo Machado
Published: February 2020

Há no estado da arte da historiografia que relaciona política e mulheres no Brasil ainda uma lacuna. Um determinado grupo de mulheres teve participação ativa na construção democrática do país durante o século XX, mas não obteve a mesma atenção por parte da literatura na construção de sua identidade e do seu direito à memória. Trata-se das mulheres comunistas, ou seja, aquelas que se organizaram ao longo da história no Partido Comunista do Brasil. A hipótese do presente artigo é a de que a recente autoidentificação do PCdoB como o “Partido das Mulheres”, como veremos na última seção do artigo, não faz parte da gênese do partido na década de 20, mas sim de uma construção histórica que tem início em fins da década de 40 e que ganha maior fôlego na Nova República, quando o PCdoB passa a ser, proporcionalmente, o partido com maior representação de mulheres em sua bancada parlamentar.
Algorithms and Rhetorical Inquiry: The Case of the 2008 Financial Collapse
Authors: Reyes G. Mitchell
Published: February 2020

Algorithms have never been more influential, yet our collective understanding of how they transform massive networks of cultural power has not kept pace. This is especially true when it comes to economic algorithms, which operate as black boxes largely inaccessible to the majority of citizens whose worlds they continuously reshape. This essay offers a rhetorical approach to reading algorithms—not only to challenge the positivism and mathematical realism that naïvely apotheosizes algorithms and algorithmic culture but more importantly to become critical informants, scholars who can open up these black boxes for fellow citizens, examine the hidden assumptions therein, and study how they actively transform our social-material worlds. The essay’s exemplar is the 2008 financial crisis and a little-known algorithm called the Li Guassian copula, which played a major role in the spread of subprime mortgages. I argue that this copula puts on spectacular display the power of algorithms as principles of composition—actants that materially expand our social collectives even as they marginalize human agency and practical judgment with forms of technological rationality that, in the case of the Li copula, concentrated the networks of structured finance around a single decision apparatus, rendering those networks both larger and, contra conventional wisdom, more fragile.
The Transposition of International Criminal Law Concepts Into National Jurisdictions: The Case of Genocide
Authors: Girard Marie-Hélène
Published: February 2020

This article discusses preliminary findings of a study on the transposition of the legal concept of genocide into 131 national jurisdictions. The specificities of this transposition into national criminal systems, as well as those related to the international legal definition of genocide, are described in the first part. The communicative situations in which the concept of genocide has been transposed are then examined in order to show their scope and breadth, and to which extent they contribute to the transformation of the concept of genocide. Trends related to the object of transformation in the definition and their effect on meaning are subsequently outlined. The findings point to a situation where, despite having been the object of multiple consensus at the international level, the concept of genocide has been transformed by the vast array of domestic legal languages and legal systems into which it has been transposed and thereby reinforce the relation between the configuration of the language and law, and the difficulty of translation.
Facing Translation Errors at International Organizations: What Corrigenda Reveal About Correction Processes and their Implications for Translation Quality
Authors: Ramos Fernando Prieto
Published: February 2020

Corrigenda issued by international organizations provide a most relevant source for the analysis of translation errors and what they reveal about institutional translation quality control and correction processes. This study examines corrigenda published in three settings (the European Union institutions involved in law-making, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization) in three years over a decade: 2005, 2010 and 2015. It reviews the procedures used to introduce translation corrections in these institutions before presenting the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of translation-triggered corrigenda in two target languages, French and Spanish, per setting, year, genre, error type and severity. A distinction is made between content reformulation corrections and minor formal corrections for the comparison of diachronic changes and semantic impact levels of corrected errors between the institutions considered. The findings confirm that minor formal errors may have meaning-distorting effects that are as serious as content reformulation errors; when this is not the case, they rarely trigger single-correction corrigenda. The UN recourse to “reissues for technical reasons” for translation corrections and the growing number of corrigenda to EU legal acts and their implications for translation quality assurance and legal certainty are further contextualized and discussed drawing on both corpus analysis and consultations with institutional informants.
Komisja Wspólna Rządu i Samorządu Terytorialnego – w stronę upodmiotowienia samorządu terytorialnego
Authors: Przedańska Justyna , Szwast Michał
Published: February 2020

Komisja Wspólna Rządu i Samorządu Terytorialnego funkcjonuje już od ponad 25 lat. Jest to instytucja, która z założenia miała mieć charakter opiniodawczo-doradczy, stanowiąc swoisty instrument dialogu między władzą rządową a samorządem terytorialnym. Praktyka ostatnich czterech lat pokazuje jednak, że władza centralna zmarginalizowała rolę Komisji Wspólnej, pomijając ją zupełnie w procesie legislacyjnym – zdecydowana większość zmian dotyczących kompetencji władz samorządowych była wprowadzano poprzez projekty poselskie, które nie wymagają opinii Komisji Wspólnej. W prezentowanym artykule autorzy proponują szeroko zakrojoną reformę mającą na celu upodmiotowienie samorządu terytorialnego poprzez upodmiotowienie Komisji Wspólnej. Podstawowymi jej postulatami są: wyposażenie Komisji Wspólnej w prawo inicjatywy ustawodawczej, prawo do występowania z wnioskiem do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego oraz wprowadzenie grupowej inicjatywy ustawodawczej dla organów stanowiących jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.
Odrębności ustrojowe gmin uzdrowiskowych
Authors: Woźniak Marta
Published: February 2020

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie odrębności ustrojowych gmin uzdrowiskowych w Polsce. Aby to uczynić rozważania osadzono w perspektywie rozwoju ustawodawstwa uzdrowiskowego, którego początki sięgają 1922 roku, ale trzon rozważań dotyczy aktualnego stanu prawnego. W artykule wskazano, że gmina uzdrowiskowa jest gminą o dualnym modelu ustrojowoprawnym: standardowym i specjalnym. Odrębności dotyczą kilku zagadnień: obszaru i nazwy, zadań i opłaty uzdrowiskowej, komisji uzdrowiskowej, statutu oraz nadzoru. Wynikają one ze szczególnego charakteru tych gmin, zdeterminowanego występowaniem zadań publicznych, związanych z prowadzeniem lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego. W zakończeniu stwierdzono, że są dwa filary gminy uzdrowiskowej: surowcowy, opierający się na konieczności zapewnienia bardzo dobrych warunków sanitarnych i środowiskowych miejscowości i ludzki, który stanowią turyści. Aby prawidłowo zarządzać tymi filarami ustawodawca zdecydował o odrębnym statusie ustrojowoprawnym tych gmin.
Change – social and personal: Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant for the study of present-day change in global higher education
Authors: Joseph C. Hermanowicz
Published: February 2020

The present work represents an extrapolation of W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki’s study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, on behalf of the development of sociological theory. The article focuses on careers and institutions in higher education. The curriculum vitae serves as the novel human document by which to investigate both social and personal change. Academic careers are studied by virtue of their objective and subjective dimensions. Objectively, the institution of education is revealed through the shifting expectations that govern work in academia in specific historical times (indicated by the cohort in which academics earned their Ph.D.s) and in specific socially bound places (indicated by the type of university in which academics work). Major social change in education is likely to spell personal change for the way in which people subjectively experience the contemporary academic career. The data come from U.S.-based academics; parallel transformational changes are observable globally. The global change discussed in the work centres on the diffusion and institutionalization of the research role. The sources and consequences of this change are problematic. Akin to Thomas and Znaniecki’s larger analytic aims, patterns of change are used inductively to formulate theory: the paper culminates by postulating a theory of increasing tendencies in the way knowledge is produced in higher education institutions throughout the world.
Profesor Andrzej Kwilecki (1928-2019)
Authors: Marek Ziółkowski
Published: February 2020

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Odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza członków organów dyscyplinarnych jako przesłanka objęcia ich obowiązkowym ubezpieczeniem odpowiedzialności cywilnej. Uwagi na tle projektu ustawy Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce
Authors: Nizioł Krystyna
Published: February 2020

Members of disciplinary bodies (disciplinary ombudsmen and members of disci plinary commissions) are at risk of being held liable for compensatory damages arising in connection with their duties (i.e. for procedural failures in disciplinary proceedings). The lack of regulations concerning the liability for compensation by the members of disciplinary bodies is also a factor which is unfavourable for those who suffered damage as a result of disciplinary proceedings. As can be seen from the resolution of the Supreme Court of 27 September 2012 analysed in this study, for procedural violations committed in the course of discipli nary proceedings, members of disciplinary bodies are personally liable, jointly and severally with the higher education institution in which they are employed. The conclusions of the analysis of the case law therefore also point to the need to address this problem in a systematic manner. This objective has been partially achieved in the draft of the new Act on Higher Education and Science, which includes for the first time a provision on the optional coverage of members of disciplinary bodies with a third party liability insurance. Nevertheless, it could be argued that this regulation ought to be improved by introducing a compulsory third party liability insurance of members of disciplinary bodies, specifying, preferably in the imple- menting regulation, the minimum amount guaranteed, and elements such as the scope of the third party insurance and the date of commencement of the insurance cover (e.g. the day preceding the commencement of the function of disciplinary ombudsman or member of a disciplinary committee). Such a solution is supported by the analysis of regulations concerning obligatory third party insurance applica- ble to selected professions which has been carried out in the present study. In the case of these professions, the solution that was applied is the one that clarifies the regulations related to the obligatory third party insurance covering the performance of these professions.
Populist Political Movement Sme rodina – Boris Kollár (We Are a Family – Boris Kollár)
Authors: Školkay Andrej , Žúborová Viera
Published: February 2020

This is an exploratory study of populist political movement Sme rodina – Boris Kollár (We Are a Family – Boris Kollár, since November 2019 only Sme rodina). The paper first locates this movement into a lose concept/sui generis family of political parties (the niche party), arguing in contrast to some typologies that this is primarily protest populist party presenting some niche issues, and only secondarily, an entrepreneurial party. The paper also answers the question why this party is considered as being populist by many political and non-political actors and analysts. The paper also suggests that there is actually non-existent, but assumed direct correlation between the support for this party and the decline in the standard of living, as sometimes presented in public discourse. In contrast, it is suggested here that there may be stronger links between relative poverty, feeling of being abandoned by political elites/parties, and low educational levels. Moreover, there played an important role previous knowledge (celebrity status) of the party leader who was often presented and discussed in tabloid media. For this reason, many young females voted for this party. The party also managed to raise a widely perceived problematic issue that was seen as not tackled sufficiently or at all by the previous governments and other competing political parties (the niche or salient issue).
Education and science as a soft power tool in Slovakia and V4 countries
Authors: Čajka Peter
Published: February 2020

Already in the Middle Ages, in times of the first universities, education was an important source of knowledge and social status. Nowadays, education, together with its quality and level of teaching, is used as a means of pursuing national interests abroad, as well as influencing local elites, and sometimes even a larger population. High level and good quality of education is one of factors contributing to the relationship between states. The role of education as regards international prestige and the position of individual states has risen in recent years chiefly due to major changes in the global economy and a corresponding shift of values, values which have become important for the modernization of societies. Thus, education has become increasingly important, especially due to the growing significance of knowledge in the globalized world. Education has become an increasingly important factor in international relations and it translates into the soft power of a state.
Odpowiedzialne rodzicielstwo według papieża Pawła VI we współczesnym nauczaniu moralnym Kościoła
Authors: Bohdanowicz Andrzej
Published: February 2020

Aspekty odpowiedzialnego rodzicielstwa, na które zwraca uwagę papież Paweł VI w encyklice Humanae vitae, stanowią ciekawą propozycję we współczesnym przepowiadaniu Dobrej Nowiny o małżeństwie i rodzinie. Podkreślenie ścisłego związku miłości z prokreacją może być także dzisiaj światłem w dialogu z niepłodnymi małżonkami. Sama prokreacja powinna być postrzegana jako owoc miłości małżeńskiej. Stwierdzenie, że przekazywanie życia znajduje swe przedłużenie przede wszystkim w dziele wychowania, nie ogranicza się tylko do perspektyw doczesności, lecz ma odniesienie do wiecznego przeznaczenia ludzkiego. Wskazane przez papieża treści należy jednak umieć przekazać językiem zrozumiałym dla młodego człowieka, wykorzystując także całą współczesną wiedzę z zakresu antropologii personalistycznej oraz innych nauk o człowieku. Tylko wówczas nauczanie Kościoła o odpowiedzialnym rodzicielstwie będzie ważnym elementem nowej ewangelizacji.
Nabożeństwo majowe jako przejaw duchowości maryjnej w nauczaniu św. Zygmunta Szczęsnego Felińskiego
Authors: Samsel Adam
Published: February 2020

Święty Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, arcybiskup warszawski w latach 1862-1863, wpisuje  się w szereg niezliczonej rzeszy Polaków, należących do grona wielkich czcicieli Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Doceniał on znaczenie kultu maryjnego dla  religijnego i moralnego odrodzenia każdego człowieka oraz całego polskiego narodu, dlatego propagował i upowszechnił nabożeństwo majowe. Od jego czasów datuje się piękny zwyczaj śpiewania litanii loretańskiej w domach rodzinnych, przy polnych kapliczkach i przydrożnych krzyżach.W początkowym etapie wprowadzania nabożeństwa majowego ważną jego częścią było głoszone przez kapłana słowo Boże. Łaski przepowiadania z mocą udziela Pan tym wszystkim, którzy ściśle się z Nim zjednoczyli i żyją życiem Chrystusowym. Feliński często powoływał się na przykład Maryi, nadając jej różne imiona. To nieustanne wychwalanie Maryi, życie z imieniem Maryi na ustach, miało zaprowadzić wiernych na wyżyny świętości. Nabożeństwo ma się odbywać z wystawieniem Najświętszego Sakramentu. Trwanie przed Najświętszym Sakramentem pozwala przylgnąć do Chrystusa oraz rozwinąć w duszy ludzkiej życie nadprzyrodzone.
Między ograniczonością ludzką a prawem Bożym. Duszpasterstwo miłosierdzia w sytuacjach nieregularnych
Authors: Polak Mieczysław
Published: February 2020

Adhortacja apostolska papieża Franciszka Amoris laetitia formułuje szereg wskazań dotyczących duszpasterstwa rodzin. Dotyczą one także tak zwanych małżeńskich sytuacji nieregularnych. Jedną z głównych zasad duszpasterstwa w takich sytuacjach jest odpowiedzialność za człowieka, za jego duchowy rozwój. Ta odpowiedzialność wymaga dobrego rozeznania duszpasterskiego różnorodnych sytuacji oraz towarzyszenia na drogach duchowego rozwoju. Niniejszy artykuł postuluje przyjęcie paradygmatu miłosierdzia jako zasady właściwej dla tego rodzaju duszpasterstwa.
Prawda (o) płci – odkrywana czy tworzona?
Authors: Olczyk Maciej
Published: February 2020

Prawda nigdy nie przestanie fascynować człowieka, gdyż przeczuwa on, że jest ona gwarantem wolności. Tylko w świetle prawdy (przez prawdziwe poznani) można stwierdzić, że jest się autentycznie wolnym. Zarówno doświadczenie empiryczne jak i ludzka intuicja potwierdzają ewangeliczną maksymę o wolności płynącej z poznania prawdy: „Poznacie prawdę a prawda was wyzwoli” (J 8,32). W artykule autor poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie o „prawdę płci”. Odpowiedź na to pytanie jest bardzo ważna zwłaszcza w kontekście ideologii gender. Czy istnieją jedynie kulturowe interpretacje płci, czy też istnieje „prawda płci” jak coś wpisanego w naturę osoby, coś uprzedniego wobec ludzkiego poznania i ludzkiej woli? Pytamy zatem, czy prawda płci jest odkrywana czy może, jak twierdzą niektórzy, tworzona?
Pojęcie prawdy we współczesnej etyce prawniczej
Authors: Czachorowski Marek
Published: February 2020

W artykule wskazuje się powody, z uwagi na które w etyce pojęcie prawdy znajduje kluczowe miejsce. Dobro moralne to bowiem dobro człowieka jako człowieka, a zatem musi odpowiadać jego rozumności jako zdolności do poznania prawdy o rzeczywistości. Niektóre koncepcje współczesnej etyki prawniczej wprost lub pośrednio odrzucają te model etyki, przechodząc na pozycje subiektywizmu etycznego i zastępując etykę etologią (teorią ludzkich przekonań moralnych).
Trudne pojednanie w Rwandzie
Authors: Stelmach Dawid
Published: February 2020

Rwanda kojarzona jest z tragedią ludobójstwa w 1994 roku, jednak ostatnio staje się przykładem odbudowy kraju i rozwoju gospodarki. W kontekście przebaczenia i pojednania kraj ciągle jest na drodze do pełnego pojednania. Ksiądz Janvier Gasore SAC, opisuje swoją historię przebaczenia i pojednania, jak zmierzył się trudną rzeczywistością swojej wioski, gdzie zginęła prawie cała jego rodzina, oraz jak niósł pomoc więźniom z Gikondo. Pojednanie w życiu księdza Janviera Gasore SAC, dokonuje się w konkretnych sytuacjach życiowych podczas spotkania z ofiarami i oprawcami. Metodą na udane pojednanie jest zastosowanie przebaczenia i zaniechania odwetu, proponowane przez Kosciół katolicki. W ten sposób zatrzymuje się dalszą eskalację zła i zaczyna się inaczej patrzeć na drugiego człowieka, który jeszcze niedawno był moim wrogiem. Istotnym novum świadectwa księdza Janviera Gasore jest fakt, że Gacaca- ludowe trubunały które osądzaly winnych ludobójstwa istniały wcześniej niż w 2001 roku. Powstanie pierwszych Gacacy było z błogosławienstwem Kościoła katolickiego, przy dużej rezerwie władz państwowych. Dopiero po 2001 roku władze państwowe przejmują ten pomysł na uporanie się z koniecznością powszechnego osądzenia winnych ludobójstwa. Nigdzie wcześniej w literaturze przedmiotu nie można było znaleźć wzmianki o istnieniu Gacacy przez 2001 rokiem. Innym ważnym elementem świadectwa jest wspomnienie o męczennikach spośród ludzi Kościoła. Obecnie częściej podkreśla się marginalny udział księży w ludobójstwie, pomijając meczeńśtwo 250 duchownych Koscioła katolickiego. Najczęściej ginęli w obronie niewinnych ludzi.
Biblijne fundamenty encykliki Humanae vitae
Authors: Nawrot Janusz
Published: February 2020

50 lat po opublikowaniu encykliki Humanae vitae, nawet w łonie samego Kościoła wybuchł ostry spór o jej zasadność. Został on następnie rozszerzony o możliwość kierowania życiem wierzących przez magisterium Kościoła oraz granice wolności wyboru człowieka życia według uznanych przez niego zasad. Dokument jest świadectwem zarówno odpowiedzialności papieża wobec Chrystusa i świata za niezmienność prawd nauczanych przez Kościół, jak i odważnego podjęcia tematów seksualnego pożycia małżonków w dobie ogólnego rozluźnienia lub zanego­wania kryteriów moralnych stojących na straży nierozerwalności związku małżeńskiego. Nie dziwi, że papież sięgnął po nieliczne wprawdzie, lecz znamienne teksty biblijne, by uzasadnić wagę podejmowanych zagadnień oraz ich trwałość w odniesieniu do życia poszczególnych wie­rzących. Poniższy artykuł próbuje wykazać, że dobór tekstów Pisma Świętego nie tylko nie był przypadkowy, lecz całkowicie uzasadnia trudne do zaakceptowania przez współczesną mental­ność prawdy poruszane w encyklice. Ze względu na ograniczone rozmiary pracy poruszone zostaną tylko te cytaty, które ukazują głębię zakotwiczenia tekstu encykliki w prawdach wy­ni­kających z nieomylnego słowa Bożego, co posiada niemały wpływ na uzasadnienie jej niena­ruszalności w kwestiach moral­nych szeroko pojmowanej ludzkiej płcio­wości w świetle nau­czania Kościoła.
Humanae vitae: una encíclica profética
Authors: Sarmiento Augusto
Published: February 2020

Fifty years that went by since the promulgation of Humanae vitae underline its prophetic importance and meaning. The rejection of the encyclical was associated –as already denounced by Paul VI (HV, 17) – with the loss of truth concerning human love and life, the negation of human person, and the domination of the powerful over the weak.This article reflects on some aspects that render this encyclical prophetic and offers several indispensable keys for its reading, namely, an adequate anthropological vision and a correct interpretation of the Magisterium’s competence in the Church with regard to issues concerning natural morality.
Wpływ zjawisk ekonomicznych na zaburzenia procesów informowania o działaniu i skuteczności antykoncepcji hormonalnej
Authors: Zimniewicz Natalia
Published: February 2020

Kiedy papież Paweł VI w encyklice Humanae vitae odrzucił poparcie dla nowych produktów antykoncepcji hormonalnej, wzbudziło to niezrozumienie w wielu kręgach, także wewnątrz Kościoła katolickiego. Po latach wychodzą jednak na jaw nowe fakty, których znaczenie rozumie się dziś lepiej niż przed laty. W 1965 roku zmieniono definicję ciąży na taką, która ukrywa wczesnoporonny charakter tych substancji. Na podstawie współczesnych badań okazuje się, że przez ponad 50 lat oszukiwano opinię publiczną na temat prawdziwego działania antykoncepcji hormonalnej. Zamęt informacyjny w przestrzeni publicznej wokół tej sprawy jest ogromny.Badanie przeprowadzone w Polskim społeczeństwie przez Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej w 20014 roku wykazało ogromną nieświadomość Polaków na temat prawdziwego działania antykoncepcji hormonalnej. Okazuje się, że doprowadzono do milionów wczesnych poronień bez zgody i wiedzy kobiet. Zrealizowały to liczne grupy interesu zainteresowane finansowo tym, aby prawda nie była powszechnie znana. Do środowisk biorących udział w tym oszustwie należą czołowi przedstawiciele mediów mainstreamowych, lekarzy ginekologów, farmaceutów, środowisk akademickich, działaczy politycznych, społecznych, ludzi związanych ze światem kultury i przemysłem rozrywkowym.Konieczne są zmiany w prawie, które będą chronić obywateli przed nieuczciwymi praktykami rynkowymi w zakresie konfliktu interesów i korupcji.
Universal Pharmacare in Canada: A Prescription for Equity in Healthcare
Authors: Hajizadeh Mohammad , Edmonds Sterling
Published: February 2020

Despite progressive universal drug coverage and pharmaceutical policies found in other countries, Canada remains the only developed nation with a publicly funded healthcare system that does not include universal coverage for prescription drugs. In the absence of a national pharmacare plan, a province may choose to cover a specific sub-population for certain drugs. Although different provinces have individually attempted to extend coverage to certain subpopulations within their jurisdictions, out-of-pocket expenses on drugs and pharmaceutical products (OPEDP) accounts for a large proportion of out-of-pocket health expenses (OPHE) that are catastrophic in nature. Pharmaceutical drug coverage is a major source of public scrutiny among politicians and policy-makers in Canada. In this editorial, we focus on social inequalities in the burden of OPEDP in Canada. Prescription drugs are inconsistently covered under patchworks of public insurance coverage, and this inconsistency represents a major source of inequity of healthcare financing. Residents of certain provinces, rural households and Canadians from poorer households are more likely to be affected by this inequity and suffer disproportionately higher proportions of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenses on drugs and pharmaceutical products (COPEDP). Universal pharmacare would reduce COPEDP and promote a more equitable healthcare system in Canada.
Intrinsic Excitability Increase in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells after Delay Eye-Blink Conditioning in Mice
Authors: Titley Heather K. , Watkins Gabrielle V. , Lin Carmen , Weiss Craig , McCarthy Michael , Disterhoft John F. , Hansel Christian
Published: February 2020

Cerebellar-based learning is thought to rely on synaptic plasticity, particularly at synaptic inputs to Purkinje cells. Recently, however, other complementary mechanisms have been identified. Intrinsic plasticity is one such mechanism, and depends in part on the downregulation of calcium-dependent SK-type K+channels, which contribute to a medium-slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP) after spike bursts, regulating membrane excitability. In the hippocampus, intrinsic plasticity plays a role in trace eye-blink conditioning; however, corresponding excitability changes in the cerebellum in associative learning, such as in trace or delay eye-blink conditioning, are less well studied. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices prepared from male mice ∼48 h after they learned a delay eye-blink conditioning task. Over a period of repeated training sessions, mice received either paired trials of a tone coterminating with a periorbital shock (conditioning) or trials in which these stimuli were randomly presented in an unpaired manner (pseudoconditioning). Purkinje cells from conditioned mice show a significantly reduced AHP after trains of parallel fiber stimuli and after climbing fiber evoked complex spikes. The number of spikelets in the complex spike waveform is increased after conditioning. Moreover, we find that SK-dependent intrinsic plasticity is occluded in conditioned, but not pseudoconditioned mice. These findings show that excitability is enhanced in Purkinje cells after delay eye-blink conditioning, and point toward a downregulation of SK channels as a potential underlying mechanism. The observation that this learning effect lasts at least up to 2 d after training shows that intrinsic plasticity regulates excitability in the long term.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPlasticity of membrane excitability (“intrinsic plasticity”) has been observed in invertebrate and vertebrate neurons, coinduced with synaptic plasticity or in isolation. Although the cellular phenomenon per se is well established, it remains unclear what role intrinsic plasticity plays in learning and if it even persists long enough to serve functions in engram physiology beyond aiding synaptic plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that cerebellar Purkinje cells upregulate excitability in delay eye-blink conditioning, a form of motor learning. This plasticity is observed 48 h after training and alters synaptically evoked spike firing and integrative properties of these neurons. These findings show that intrinsic plasticity enhances the spike firing output of Purkinje cells and persists over the course of days.
Energetic Assessment of an Electronic and a Thermostatic Expansion Valve for a Variable Capacity Compressor
Authors: Orhan Ekren
Published: February 2020

In this study, a chiller system with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) and a thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) were compared from an energy saving view under variable and fixed speed compressor. The experimental chiller system under study has a variable speed scroll compressor, EEV and TXV, air cooled condenser and auxiliary equipments. The R134a was used in the compressor as a refrigerant. Although in variable speed chiller systems usually EEVs are used, in this study a TXV was also used to compare its performance. The results of the experimental studies show that the chiller system with EEV has 30% lower superheat value and 6% lower power consumption than the chiller system with TXV under variable speed operation. From the fixed speed compressor view, the chiller system with TXV performs 1.7% lower superheat value than the chiller system with EEV and, the chiller system with EEV has 8.5% higher compressor power consumption than TXV.
Beyond the Moral Domain: The Normative Sense Among the Chinese
Authors: Berniūnas Renatas , Silius Vytis , Dranseika Vilius
Published: February 2020

In this paper we report a study on how different types of normatively relevant transgressions are evaluated by Chinese participants. We hypothesized that, given the continuing influences of Confucian worldview on contemporary Chinese societies, the Chinese will not make a distinction between moral (daode) and conventional norms of cultured behavior (wenming). Our results indicate that Chinese participants expressed a strong normative conviction not only towards harmful and unfair actions, usually subsumed under the moral domain in Western literature, but also towards violations of what would be widely accepted as conventional (or cultural) norms. Similarly, Chinese participants expressed a strong normative conviction towards violations of the traditional Chinese value of family reverence (xiao), thus further supporting our general thesis. Moreover, results indicate that, overall, explicit consi­derations of wenming (unculturedness) emerged as the best predictor of a normative conviction response among the Chinese. Though considerations of harm and fairness also emerged as significant predictors of normative conviction response. The results are discussed in the light of recent debates about the moral/conventional distinction and the scope of morality.
Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Azagba Sunday , Manzione Lauren , Shan Lingpeng , King Jessica
Published: February 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Identifying trends in smoking behaviors among youth cigarette smokers could inform youth policy and interventions.

METHODS:

Using 2011–2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey data, logistic/linear regressions were used to analyze trends in smoking frequency, intensity, age of first cigarette use, and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use frequency among current smokers. Stratified analyses were conducted among male, female, middle school, and high school students and race and ethnicity subgroups separately.

RESULTS:

From 2011 to 2018, there was a decrease in smoking ≥10 days (50.0% to 38.3%), ≥20 days (37.2% to 26.3%), and 30 days (26.6% to 18.2%) among current smokers. Smoking prevalence decreased among male, female, high school, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic other students. Overall, light smoking (≤5 cigarettes per day [CPDs]) increased (76.6% to 82.7%), and moderate smoking (6–10 CPDs) decreased (10.7% to 8.3%). Trends in light, moderate, and heavy smoking varied by demographic groups. Age at first cigarette use increased among female (12.28 to 13.29), high school (12.91 to 13.18), and non-Hispanic other students (11.64 to 12.83) and decreased among male students (12.90 to 12.57). From 2014 to 2018, there was an increase in e-cigarette use frequency for ≥10 days (20.8% to 40.9%), ≥20 days (13.5% to 31.7%), and all 30 days (9.3% to 22%).

CONCLUSIONS:

From 2011 to 2018, current youth cigarette smokers smoked fewer days and fewer CPDs, and age of first cigarette use increased. However, over time, male youth smoked more heavily and started smoking earlier. E-cigarette use increased from 2014 to 2018. Differences by demographic characteristics can inform future research and interventions.
Lipids peroxidation of wood plants seedlings under the volatile organic compounds action
Authors: Tyulkova E. G. , Avdashkova L. P.
Published: February 2020

One of the criteria for plant adaptation to the volatile organic compounds action can be the lipid peroxidation intensity processes as a result of destructive oxidative processes ratio and the plants activity antioxidant protection. In this regard, the aim of the study was a comparative study of volatile various doses organic compounds effect (o-xylol, benz(a)pyrene, butyl acetate) on the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in woody plants seedlings under specified experimental conditions. The results of an experiment on processing leaf blades of urban environments woody plants seedlings with volatile hydrocarbons and their mixture indicate that the effect of o-xylol, butyl acetate and a mixture of butyl acetate and o-xylol on the malonic dialdehyde content in drooping birch Betula pendula Roth. during the first days after exposure, it was manifested in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, whereas after three days of the experiment, the plant response in this case was expressed as a decrease in the content of MDA and the intensity of the lipid peroxidation process. Benz(a)pyrene in drooping birch caused a higher content of MDA three days after treatment. In the pyramidal poplar, the character of o-xylol influence and a butyl acetate and o-xylol mixture over the experiment course was similar to the drooping birch and was expressed in the lipid peroxidation products accumulation one day after treatment. Benz(a)pyrene was the cause of the increased malondialdehyde content one day after treatment, butyl acetate – after three days of the experiment. The combined processing of birch seedlings leaf blades with a butyl acetate and o-xylol mixture made it possible for these compounds to enhance each other's toxic effect compared to their action alone, with the exception of o-xylol three days after treatment with the mixture in the maximum dose. In pyramidal poplar, unlike birch, suspended butyl acetate in the mixture weakened the o-xylol toxic effect in comparison with its effect in the form of a single solution, and o-xylol weakened the effect of butyl acetate. In general, in the studied wood seedlings, the most potent compounds one cluster in the processes of membrane lipid peroxidation compared with the control can include benz(a)pyrene (in birch), butyl acetate and a mixture of butyl acetate and o-xylol (at the poplar pyramidal).
Hydrological and hydrobotanic typology of the lake of North-Steppe Dnieper region
Authors: Roshchyna N. O. , Baranovski B. O.
Published: February 2020

This article is devoted to the typology of lakes of the North-Steppe Dnieper. In developing the typology of lakes, the parameters were taken into account: landscape location, hydro-chemical and hydro-biological characteristics and the degree of their anthropogenic transformation. The data presented are based on the processing of stationary and route research materials from 1998 to 2018 on the lakes of river valleys: Dnieper, Samara, and Orel. Hydrological indicators are analyzed according to the literature, cartographic and archival data of the Dneprodiprovodkhoz Institute and the Biology Research Institute of Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University. Floristic studies were carried out using general botanical methods of collection and herbarization, and in the study of typical aquatic flora - special hydro-botanical methods. Geo-botanical studies were carried out according to geo-botanical and special hydro-botanical methods. The article presents the hydrological and hydro-botanical features of the lakes of the valley of a large river (Dnieper) and medium rivers (Samara, Orel). Lakes are located exclusively in valley-terrace landscapes in the northern part of the steppe zone of Ukraine. Despite this, based on cartographic materials, we proposed zoning of the territory of the lakes of the North-Steppe Dnieper according to the criteria: their location in lake regions, in various landscapes and the degree of anthropogenic transformation. The following districts and subareas were identified: Dnieper Lake District (Dnieper floodplain lake subarea with slight flooding of the floodplain, Dnieper Lake subarea of floodplain terraces, Dievsky floodplain lake subarea); Samara Lake District (Lake Subarea of Samara Coniferous forest, Lake Subarea of Estuary part of Samara); Orel Lake District. Lakes are located in various physical and geographical conditions of the floodplain, arena and third saline terrace. The typology of the lakes of the North-Steppe Dnieper basin was developed on the basis of regionalization of the location of the lakes, distribution according to the ecological and topographic profile, hydrological, hydro-chemical regimes, degree and nature of overgrowing. 11 types of lakes are identified based on the above criteria. 6 types were identified for the valley of a large river: floodplain lakes (3 types) with a long-flow regime, lakes of the second (sandy) terrace (2 types) and highly mineralized lakes of the third (saline) terrace. 5 types were identified for the valleys of middle rivers: floodplain lakes (3 types) with an episodic short-burial regime, lakes of the second (sandy) terrace (low-mineralized) and excessively mineralized lakes of the third (saline) terrace.
Continuality and dyscretivity of soils for fields: applied consequences for agriculture
Authors: Medvedev V. V.
Published: February 2020

The continuality is considered as the fundamental feature of a soil cover consisting gradual change of its properties in space, synchronized with changes of soil factors formation, and dyscretivity is mainly artificial the introduced category caused by classification appreciably various genetic and agritechnologic divisions. The soil cover is studied basically as continual and is very weak as a discrete body, especially if it to consider at an original average hierarchical level (mean spatial heterogeneity of many soil properties within the limits of polypedon, or, in a context of present article, – fields of a crop rotation). Certainly, it brakes successful development of representations about a soil horizontal structure and, as consequence, practical appendices of heterogeneity to precise agriculture. Zonal systems of agriculture are based on an environment of a zone and in essence reflect average continual features of a soil cover. Precise systems are under construction on the basis of dyscretivity of a soil cover – new soil borders which are used for allocation of soil contours within the limits of a field for differentiation of ways and intensity of tillage, dozes of  fertilizers application and chemical ameliorants. In article attempt to use the established representations about spatial features of soil properties for improvement of modern practice of agriculture, especially precise agriculture, including ways of a finding of the area of contours of a field with different parameters of fertility are made. As objects 6 fields are used, three from which are located to Polesye, two – in Forest-Steppe and one – in Steppe. Use of principles of precise agriculture and inspection of display soil properties of fields on a regular grid has allowed to divide fields into contours with three levels of fertility, one of which is characterized by properties optimum or close to them, that allows to refuse (or it is essential to reduce) from application of tillage, fertilizer or chemical ameliorants. Precise agriculture – perspective soil – and energy saving the system reflecting heterogeneity of a field of a crop rotation, should replace traditional zonal systems of agriculture. Thus, on the basis of research of various displays of heterogeneity - continual when properties of soil in space change gradually, synchronously to factors of soil formation, and discrete  when properties of soil  change in the limits of small areas necessity of introduction of new borders for the soil cover, based on horizontal studying of soil properties, – morphological, physical, physic-mechanical and others is proposed. By means of borders the configuration of industrial working sites for the differentiated application of agritechnological operations is proved.