bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Role of Nanoscale Strain Inhomogeneity on the Light Emission from InGaN Epilayers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2007)
Authors: de Sousa Pereira S. M. , O'Donnell K. P. , da Costa Alves E. J.
Published: January 2007

Pereira and co‐workers report on p. 37 that nanoscale strain inhomogeneity plays a fundamental role in the spectral properties of InGaN/GaN epilayers. For layers grown above a certain critical thickness, a strong and spatially varying strain profile accompanies a nonplanar surface morphology (as shown on the cover), which is associated with a transition from planar 2D to a Stranski–Krastanow‐like 2D/3D growth mode. Within this framework, apparently disparate experimental observations regarding structural and optical properties, previously reported for InGaN layers, are reconciled.

InGaN is the basis of a new generation of light‐emitting devices, with enormous technological potential; it is currently one of the most intensively studied semiconductor materials. It is generally accepted that compositional fluctuations resulting from phase segregation are the origin of the high luminescence efficiency of InGaN. Evidence to show that nanoscale strain inhomogeneity plays a fundamental role in determining the spectral properties of InGaN–GaN heterostructures is reported. For layers above a certain critical thickness, a strong spatially varying strain profile accompanies a nonplanar surface morphology, which is associated with a transition from a planar 2D to a Stranski–Krastanow‐like 2D–3D growth mode; the strong dependence of the critical thickness on the local InN content of the growing films drives a non‐linear growth instability. Within this framework, apparently disparate experimental observations regarding structural and optical properties, previously reported for InGaN layers, are reconciled by a simple phenomenological description.
Visualization of the flow of a fiber suspension through a sudden expansion using PET
Authors: Heath S. J. , Olson J. A. , Buckley K. R. , Lapi S. , Ruth T. J. , Martinez D. M.
Published: January 2007

The motion of 18F radioactively labeled papermaking fibers flowing through an axisymmetric 1:5 sudden expansion has been studied using positron emission tomography (PET). Various length fractions of a mechanical pulp were radioactively labeled and then introduced into a nonradioactive aqueous 0.4 wt. % (consistency) wood pulp suspension. Fully three‐dimensional (3‐D) images were reconstructed both upstream and downstream of the expansion plane for cases in which the upstream velocity U was set from 0.5 to 0.9 m/s (an approximate Reynolds number range of 7,000 to 13,000). Two distinct flow regimes were clearly identified. With U ∼ 0.5 m/s we find that the fiber suspension was not fluidized, and the tracer fibers passed through the expansion as a plug. No mixing was observed between the confined central jet and the static outer region. At larger velocities, we observed that the papermaking suspension was fully fluidized. Our results in this regime indicate that albeit fluidized, concentration inhomogeneities were evident. We find that a particle depletion zone was evident between the central jet, and the recirculating zone resulting from the inlet concentration profile formed in the upstream tube. Particle accumulation was observed in the vortices. No significant differences were observed between the different length tracer fibers. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Identification of neuropeptide Y cleavage products in human blood to improve metabolic stability
Authors: Khan Irfan Ullah , Reppich Regina , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: January 2007

Regulatory, receptor‐binding peptides are considered as the agents of choice for diagnostic imaging and therapy of cancers, because their receptors are overexpressed in various human cancer cells. It has been recently indicated that there is a putative role of NPY in breast tumors. The expression of the two best‐investigated NPY receptor subtypes, Y1 and Y2, in breast tissue shows predominant occurrence of the Y1 receptor subtype in tumors, whereas Y2 receptors are found in nonproliferative tissue. To investigate the usefulness of NPY analogs for tumor diagnosis and therapy, we investigated the metabolic stability of receptor‐selective NPY analogs in human blood plasma. NPY analogs were synthesized by Fmoc/t‐Bu solid‐phase strategy. Prior to the cleavage of peptides from the resin, they were labeled with 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (CF) either at the N‐terminus or at the side chain of Lys4. For the metabolic stability study, the digestion of peptides was monitored by HPLC and the cleavage products were identified by MALDI‐ToF mass spectrometry. The data showed that full‐length [Phe7, Pro34]NPY analogs, which show high binding affinity to Y1 receptors are enzymatically more stable than centrally truncated analogs, which show high binding affinity to Y2 receptors. Furthermore, the N‐terminally CF‐labeled Y1 and Y2 receptor‐selective peptides were found to be enzymatically more resistant than their counterparts containing the CF label at Lys4 side chain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 182–189, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Dynamic patterns of neurotrophin 3 expression in the postnatal mouse inner ear
Authors: Sugawara Mitsuru , Murtie Joshua C. , Stankovic Konstantina M. , Liberman M. Charles , Corfas Gabriel
Published: January 2007

Recent studies indicate that neurotrophin 3 (NT3) may be important for the maintenance and function of the adult inner ear, but the pattern of postnatal NT3 expression in this organ has not been characterized. We used a reporter mouse in which cells expressing NT3 also express β‐galactosidase, allowing for their histochemical visualization, to determine the pattern of NT3 expression in cochlear and vestibular organs. We analyzed animals from birth (P0) to adult (P135). At P0, NT3 was strongly expressed in supporting cells and hair cells of all vestibular and cochlear sense organs, Reissner's membrane, saccular membrane, and the dark cells adjacent to canal organs. With increasing age, staining disappeared in most cell types but remained relatively high in inner hair cells (IHCs) and to a lesser extent in IHC supporting cells. In the cochlea, by P0 there is a longitudinal gradient (apex > base) that persists into adulthood. In vestibular maculae, staining gradients are: striolar > extrastriolar regions and supporting cells > hair cells. By P135, cochlear staining is restricted to IHCs and their supporting cells, with stronger expression in the apex than the base. By the same age, in the vestibular organs, NT3 expression is weak and restricted to saccular and utricular supporting cells. These results suggest that NT3 might play a long‐term role in the maintenance and functioning of the adult auditory and vestibular systems and that supporting cells are the main source of this factor in the adult. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:30–37, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Highly Stereoselective Divergent Synthesis of Bicyclic Models of Photoreactive Sesquiterpene Lactones
Authors: Fuchs Sébastien , Berl Valérie , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2007

Sesquiterpene lactones are natural stereochemically pure compounds, which show a number of biological activities. In order to study the reactivity of sesquiterpene lactones in biological systems, we describe herein the asymmetric synthesis of a simple model, the α‐methylene‐hexahydrobenzofuranone 1, which includes the α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone moiety and presents all the different possible ring junctions. Enantioselectivity was obtained by asymmetric palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution, and diastereoselectivity was achieved by iodolactonization. This strategy afforded the different lactones with an enantiomeric excess of >98 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Approaches to Cyclopropazulenes: Transannular Aldol Reactions of Some Derivatives of 1,10‐Dibromobicyclo[8.1.0]undecane‐3,8‐dione
Authors: Payne Alan D. , Skelton Brian W. , Wege Dieter , White Allan H.
Published: January 2007

This paper describes synthetic approaches to potential precursors to cyclopropazulenes, a novel class of nonbenzenoid cycloproparenes. The acid‐catalysed transannular aldol reaction of 1,10‐dibromobicyclo[8.1.0]undecane‐3,8‐dione (10) gives a single ketol 13 possessing the cyclopropane moiety fused to the five‐membered ring. Similar behaviour is observed in the aldol reaction of 27, a benzo‐fused analogue of 10. In the transannular aldol reaction of dione 45, the epoxy bridge forces the reaction in the desired sense to give a ring system (47 and 48) in which the cyclopropane ring is fused to the seven‐membered ring. The α,β‐unsaturated ketone 47 was elaborated into the benzofulvene derivative 51 but conversion of this into the benzocyclopropazulene 58 by overall deoxygenation and debromination could not be achieved. The diones used in this study were generally obtained in good yield by ozonolysis of an appropriate cyclic alkene. In the case of 1a,9a‐dibromo‐1a,2,3,8,9,9a‐hexahydro‐1H‐cycloprop[b]anthracene (26), an alkene possessing methylene groups that are both allylic and benzylic, ozone effected overall dehydrogenation instead of cleavage of the alkene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas with an unusual sonographic appearance
Authors: Wang Ruei‐Fang , Chou Yi‐Hong , Hwang Jen‐I , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Chen Siew‐Peng , Chiang Jen‐Huey , Tsay Shy‐Haw , Chang Cheng‐Yen
Published: January 2007

We present a case of primary pancreatic small cell carcinoma with an unusual sonographic feature. A 75‐year‐old woman presented with poor appetite and weight loss. Abdominal sonographic examination revealed a diffusely enlarged pancreas with relative increased echogenicity and smooth contour. CT also confirmed the diffuse infiltrative pattern of the tumor. The diagnosis was confirmed via sonographically guided biopsy. The tumor was composed of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm infiltrating the pancreatic tissue, consistent with small cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Primary pancreatic small cell carcinoma rarely presents as the diffuse infiltrating type. These unusual sonographic features must be differentiated from other pancreatic tumors presenting as diffuse pancreatic enlargement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Ribot, Binet, and the emergence from the anthropological shadow
Authors: Staum Martin S.
Published: January 2007

In the drive to establish a naturalistic psychology in France, anthropological assumptions about a hierarchy of physically determined racial groups with inherent psychological characteristics and about the nearly insurmountable retardation of primitive cultures permeated the work of the founder of French empirical psychology, Théodule Ribot. Assumptions about the correlation of brain mass and head size with intelligence affected Alfred Binet. The rise of sociology and challenges to existing theories of inheritance led Ribot to surrender fitfully some hereditarian assumptions. Binet's experimental caution and contemporary critiques of anthropometry tempered, but did not fully extinguish, his enthusiasm for psychophysical correlations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Change‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior: effects of work environment characteristics and intervening psychological processes
Authors: Choi Jin Nam
Published: January 2007

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has attracted major research effort for the last two decades. The vast majority of studies of OCB have been devoted to affiliative forms of such behavior including interpersonal helping, courtesy, and compliance, which are intended to maintain and reinforce the status quo. The present study attends to another form of OCB that challenges the status quo through suggestions for constructive changes in work methods, processes, and policies. This study identifies a set of workplace characteristics that predict change‐oriented OCB. Multi‐level analyses of large‐scale longitudinal data showed that strong vision and innovative climate predicted change‐oriented OCB via both individual‐ and cross‐level processes. These contextual influences were mediated by two intervening variables: psychological empowerment and felt responsibility for change. The results suggest that change‐oriented OCB is significantly predicted by only organizational characteristics. Group‐level dynamics may be less important for understanding challenging types of OCB than for affiliative types such as helping or compliance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local application of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐2 on bone repair: A dose–escalation prospective trial on patients with osteotomy
Authors: Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Jingushi Seiya , Izumi Toshihiro , Fukunaga Masao , Matsushita Takashi , Nakamura Takashi , Mizuno Kosaku , Nakamura Toshitaka , Nakamura Kozo
Published: January 2007

Based on preclinical evidence in animal models, the present study examined the clinical efficacy and safety of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐2 (rhFGF‐2) to accelerate bone repair in a dose‐escalation prospective trial. One of three dosages (200, 400 or 800 µg) of rhFGF‐2 in a biodegradable gelatin hydrogel was injected during surgery into the osteotomy site of 59 knee osteoarthritis patients undergoing high tibial osteotomy, and 57 of them were monitored for 16 weeks. The rhFGF‐2 dose dependently increased the percentage of patients with radiographic bone union, and decreased the average time needed for such union. The percentages of patients with an absence of pain and full‐weight bearing were also greater in the higher dosage groups than in the low dosage group, especially in the clinically critical periods 6, 8, and 10 weeks. Neither blood chemistries nor clinical adverse events were associated with the rhFGF‐2 dosages. We therefore conclude that the rhFGF‐2 in gelatin hydrogel dose dependently accelerated radiographic bone union of a surgical osteotomy with a safety profile at least at the dosages used, suggesting the clinical efficacy of this agent for bone repair. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:480–487, 2007
Expanding the enantioselectivity of the gas‐chromatographic chiral stationary phase Chirasil‐Val‐C11 by doping it with octakis(3‐O‐butanoyl‐2,6‐di‐O‐n‐pentyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Levkin Pavel A. , Levkina Anna , Czesla Harri , Nazzi Samuele , Schurig Volker
Published: January 2007

Combination of the enantioselective properties of the two versatile gas‐chromatographic chiral stationary phases (CSPs) octakis(3‐O‐butanoyl‐2,6‐di‐O‐n‐pentyl)‐γ‐CD (Lipodex E) 1 and L‐valine‐diamide‐based CSP Chirasil‐Val‐C11 2 has been realized by doping the chiral polymer 2 with the nonpolymeric selector 1. The resulting mixed‐mode CSP Chirasil‐Val(γ‐Dex) 3 was found to have a greatly improved enantioselectivity toward proline and aspartic acid (as N‐trifluoroacetyl ethyl or methyl esters) in comparison to the single‐mode CSP 2. The presence of the CD selector in 3 extended the scope of gas‐chromatographic enantioseparations achievable on 2 to underivatized alcohols, terpenes, and other chiral compounds that are exclusively enantioseparated on 1.
A comprehensive kinetic mechanism for CO, CH2O, and CH3OH combustion
Authors: Li Juan , Zhao Zhenwei , Kazakov Andrei , Chaos Marcos , Dryer Frederick L. , Scire James J.
Published: January 2007

New experimental profiles of stable species concentrations are reported for formaldehyde oxidation in a variable pressure flow reactor at initial temperatures of 850–950 K and at constant pressures ranging from 1.5 to 6.0 atm. These data, along with other data published in the literature and a previous comprehensive chemical kinetic model for methanol oxidation, are used to hierarchically develop an updated mechanism for CO/H2O/H2/O2, CH2O, and CH3OH oxidation. Important modifications include recent revisions for the hydrogen–oxygen submechanism (Li et al., Int J Chem Kinet 2004, 36, 565), an updated submechanism for methanol reactions, and kinetic and thermochemical parameter modifications based upon recently published information. New rate constant correlations are recommended for CO + OH = CO2 + H (R23) and HCO + M = H + CO + M (R24), motivated by a new identification of the temperatures over which these rate constants most affect laminar flame speed predictions (Zhao et al., Int J Chem Kinet 2005, 37, 282). The new weighted least‐squares fit of literature experimental data for (R23) yields k23 = 2.23 × 105T1.89exp(583/T) cm3/mol/s and reflects significantly lower rate constant values at low and intermediate temperatures in comparison to another recently recommended correlation and theoretical predictions. The weighted least‐squares fit of literature results for (R24) yields k24 = 4.75 × 1011T0.66exp(−7485/T) cm3/mol/s, which predicts values within uncertainties of both prior and new (Friedrichs et al., Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002, 4, 5778; DeSain et al., Chem Phys Lett 2001, 347, 79) measurements. Use of either of the data correlations reported in Friedrichs et al. (2002) and DeSain et al. (2001) for this reaction significantly degrades laminar flame speed predictions for oxygenated fuels as well as for other hydrocarbons. The present C1/O2 mechanism compares favorably against a wide range of experimental conditions for laminar premixed flame speed, shock tube ignition delay, and flow reactor species time history data at each level of hierarchical development. Very good agreement of the model predictions with all of the experimental measurements is demonstrated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 109–136, 2007
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Liver Transplant Candidates†
Authors: Roberts Neil D. , Arguedas Miguel R. , Fallon Michael B.
Published: January 2007

The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is present in 15–20% of patients with cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) evaluation. Both preoperative and post-OLT mortality is increased in HPS patients particularly when hypoxemia is severe. Screening for HPS could enhance detection of OLT candidates with sufficient hypoxemia to merit higher priority for transplant and thereby decrease mortality. However, the cost-effectiveness of such an approach has not been assessed. Our objective was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis from a third-party payer's perspective of screening for HPS in liver OLT candidates. The costs and outcomes of 3 different strategies were compared: (1) no screening, (2) screening patients with a validated dyspnea questionnaire, and (3) screening all patients with pulse oximetry. Arterial blood gas analyses and contrast echocardiography were performed in patients with dyspnea or a pulse oximetry (SpO2) ≤97% to define the presence of HPS. A Markov model was constructed simulating the natural history of cirrhosis in a cohort of patients 50 years old over a time horizon of their remaining life expectancy. Transition probabilities were obtained from published data available through Medline and U.S. vital statistics. Costs represented Medicare reimbursement data at our institution. Costs and health effects were discounted at a 3% annual rate. No screening was associated with a total cost of $291,898 and a life expectancy of 11.131 years. Screening with pulse oximetry was associated with a cost of $299,719 and a life expectancy of 12.27 years. Screening patients with the dyspnea-fatigue index was associated with a cost and life expectancy of $300,278 and 12.28 years, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of screening with pulse oximetry (compared to no screening) was $6,867 per life year gained, whereas that of the dyspnea-fatigue index (compared to pulse oximetry) was $55,900 per life year gained. The cost-effectiveness of screening depended on the prevalence and severity of HPS, and the choice of screening strategy was dependent on the sensitivity of the screening modality. In conclusion, screening for HPS, especially with pulse oximetry, is a cost-effective strategy that improves survival in transplant candidates predominantly by targeting the transplant to the subgroup of patients most likely to benefit. The utility of screening depends on the prevalence and severity of HPS in the target population. Liver Transpl, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Ulnar nerve repair by end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy on the median nerve with interposition of a vein: An experimental study
Authors: Manasseri Benedetto , Raimondo Stefania , Geuna Stefano , Risitano Giovanni , D'alcontres Francesco Stagno
Published: January 2007

Our study used a rat animal model to verify that Schwann cell migration, collateral axonal sprouting, and regeneration were not hindered by interposition of a 10‐mm vein segment between the distal stump of the transected ulnar nerve and the donor median nerve in end‐to‐side reconstruction. Reconstructed nerves were withdrawn at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after surgery, then analyzed by confocal laser microscopy after immunolabeling with anti‐neurofilament‐200 kD (an axonal marker) and anti‐S100 (a glial marker) antibodies. Results are reported at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after surgery. Our observations indicate that chemotactic factors that stimulate end‐to‐side nerve regeneration can exert their action at this distance. These findings suggest a possible clinical application for this surgical technique in cases when the severed nerve stump is far from the potential donor nerve. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Secondary structure length as a determinant of folding rate of proteins with two‐ and three‐state kinetics
Authors: Huang Ji‐Tao , Cheng Jin‐Pei , Chen Hui
Published: January 2007

We present a simple method for determining the folding rates of two‐ and three‐state proteins from the number of residues in their secondary structures (secondary structure length). The method is based on the hypothesis that two‐ and three‐state foldings share a common pattern. Three‐state proteins first condense into metastable intermediates, subsequent forming of α‐helices, turns, and β‐sheets at slow rate‐limiting step. The folding rate of such proteins anticorrelate with the length of these β‐secondary structures. It is also assumed that in two‐state folding, rapidly folded α‐helices and turns may facilitate formation of fleeting unobservable “intermediates” and thus show two‐state behavior. There is an inverse relationship between the folding rate and the length of β‐sheets and loops. Our study achieves 94.0 and 88.1% correlations with folding rates determined experimentally for 21 three‐ and 38 two‐state proteins, respectively, suggesting that protein‐folding rates are determined by the secondary structure length. The kinetic kinds are selected on the basis of a competitive formation of hydrophobic collapse and α‐structure in early intermediates. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulatory processes and population cyclicity in laboratory populations of Anagasta kühniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) IV. The sequential steps in the behavioral process of host finding and parasitization by the entomophagous parasite, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Matsumoto B. M. , Huffaker C. B.
Published: January 2007

The sequential steps in the behavioral process of a California stock of the entomophagous parasite, Venturia canescens (Grav.), parasitizing Anagasta kühniella (Zeller) was studied.

In host‐habitat finding, food media infested with hosts were very attractive to the parasites.

Host finding was not covered in detail in this paper as it is presented in subsequent papers. Briefly, in all experiments host density was the most influential factor affecting the efficiency of the parasite.

When three age stages of the host were exposed to a parasite, all tests showed that the large, last instar larvae was the preferred age stage but it was not the most suitable (when parasitized) for successful parasite development. Small larvae were less preferred but more suitable for parasite development when accepted.
Statistical characteristics of the density‐independent population fluctuation and the evaluation of density‐dependence and regulation in animal populations
Authors: Kuno Eizi
Published: January 2007

In this study it was proved that the “density‐independent population” shows the following characteristics if the analysis is made using time‐series samples:

The slope b in the density‐on‐density regression between successive developmental stages has a general tendency to become smaller than 1, though the bias approaches zero if one or more of the following three conditions are satisfied: (a) the data cover a large number of generations, (b) the variance of the rate of population change for the period concerned is small relative to that for the residual period in a whole generation, and (c) the population has a distinct trend to either increase or decrease over generations.

The variance for the generation‐to‐generation population fluctuation increases continually as the number of generations is increased, even if the population has no inherent trend to increase or decrease. For a fixed number of generations, however, the variance remains constant among different developmental stages.

On the basis of these theoretical results, a modified method for detecting density‐dependence from time‐series samples was presented, together with a new, tentative technique of variance analysis to evaluate the regulation of numbers directly. The results of applying these methods to some sets of data from both hypothetical and actual populations illustrated their validity for use in population studies.
Textural and physical properties of north American stick margarines
Authors: deMan L. , Postmus E. , deMan J. M.
Published: January 2007

Compression of cylindrical samples was found to be a sensitive method in detecting differences in textural attributes in stick margarines. Constant speed penetration by a probe was the second most sensitive method, while American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) cone penetrometer was the least sensitive method. Canola margarines were significantly harder than soybean margarines. Solid fat content in the product is related to its texture only to a certain extent. The nature of the crystal network is also of importance. To estimate the solids in the final product by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance it is best to use the AOCS cooling method with a tempering step at 25°C. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) cooling method results in much higher values.
Rapid detection of argemone oil in rapeseed/mustard oils with a pressurized mini‐column
Authors: Sashidhar R. B. , Sudershan R. V. , Bhat V. Ramesh
Published: January 2007

A simple, rapid, reliable and economical method for the detection of argemone oil contamination in edible oils was developed. The method employs a commonly available glass syringe which is tightly packed with certain adsorbents. Sanguinarine which is used as an index of argemone oil contamination in edible oils is detected as a compact golden yellow fluorescent band under long wave UV light after chromatographic development. The pressurized mini‐column (PMC) method is capable of detecting sanguinarine contamination at a 500 ppb level.
Effect of soybean pretreatment on the color quality of soybean oil
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Lin Woan‐Meei
Published: January 2007

Color reversion in soybean oil can be prevented by reducting the enzyme activity of soybeans before cracking and flaking. Soybean oil extracted from steamed, intact soybeans (18% moisture) had lower Rm (max. red) values in RBD oil, higher amounts of γ‐tocopherol, plus its isomers, in both crude and RBD oil, and also higher amounts of hydratable phosphatides in crude oil than those in the oils from the same beans without steam treatment. For soybean pretreatments, a toasting process is less effective than the steaming process for the inhibition of color reversion of soybean oil. To prevent the occurrence of color reversion in RBD soybean oil, the amount of γ‐tocopherol and γ‐TED (5‐[tocopheryloxy]‐γ‐tocopherol) should be above 550 ppm in crude oil.
Syntheses of 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxyalkyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphates and their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko
Published: January 2007

A series of new phosphate type of amphoterics having a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group as a hydrocarbon chain, 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxyalkyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphates (alkyl[R]:dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl), was synthesized and their physicochemical properties—isoelectric point, critical micelle concentration (CMCs), occupied area/molecule at interface and the change of free energy of micellization—and antimicrobial properties were investigated in comparison with those of sodium 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates. It was found that the CMCs and the occupied areas were observed to decrease due to a phosphobetaine moiety and a 2‐hydroxyethyl group. Solution properties of the binary system of SDS/2‐(N‐2‐hydroxytetradecyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate in aqueous solutions were studied in terms of surface tension and pH value. On the other hand, it was observed that the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxyhexadecyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate against fungi were smaller than those of chlorhexidine digluconate.
Ultralow oil‐water IFTs using neutralized oxidized hydrocarbons as surfactants
Authors: Huang Hongdu , Donnellan W. H. , Jones J. H.
Published: January 2007

Surfactants that may be suitable for application in enhanced oil recovery have been produced from C22 and C26 paraffinic and naphthenic petroleum fractions by a two‐step process. The hydrocarbon feed stocks were first oxidized in the vapor‐phase, followed by neutralization of the oxidized products with aqueous alkali. As a result, dilute solutions of organic acid salts were produced that achieved ultralow (<10−2 dyne/cm) interfacial tensions against a synthetic oil. Surfactant solutions that exhibited the lowest interfacial tensions (IFTs) were prepared from neutralizations that used low concentrations of sodium hydroxide rather than sodium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, or sodium carbonate. Neutralizations that used sodium silicate or sodium carbonate resulted in surfactant solutions having IFT profiles that were less sensitive to the electrolyte concentration. When sodium hydroxide was combined with either sodium silicate or sodium tripolyphosphate in the neutralizations, solutions having intermediate IFT properties were produced. The amount of alkali used in the neutralizations was observed to affect the IFT properties of the resultant surfactant solution. The electrolyte concentration at which the minimum IFT occurred was inversely related to the pH of the surfactant solution. For surfactant solutions of common pH prepared from different concentrations of oxidized product, the minimum IFTs all occurred at the same concentration of electrolyte. Surfactant solutions remained interfacially active even in the presence of significant concentrations of calcium chloride. One pore volume of a solution containing only about 1% of active surfactant recovered 42.0% of the residual oil in a tertiary core‐flood experiment.
The determination of glycerine in polyol mixtures by paper chromatography
Authors: Smullin Charles F. , Hartmann Ludwig , Stetzler Ray S.
Published: January 2007

Paper chromatography has been found to be a very satisfactory method for the separation of glycerine from hexitols, pentitols, tetritols, and glycols. After separation of the glycerine on paper the glycerine is eluted from the indicated zone with water. The formaldehyde, which is a product of periodic acid oxidation, is determined colorimetrically. A suggested procedure and the results of the analyses of standard glycerine and polyhydric alcohol mixtures are presented in this paper. The results indicate that the glycerine content of the mixtures (glycerine content ranging from 15% to 100% glycerine) may be determined with an average relative precision of 0.7% and with an average recovery of 101.0%.
Preparation of pure palmitic acid and a by‐product plasticizer from cottonseed oil
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L.
Published: January 2007

A laboratory process has been developed which permits the isolation of a highly purified palmitic acid from cottonseed acids through the recrystallization of its cyclohexylamine salt from acetone and subsequent regeneration of the acid. The by‐product, predominantly cyclohexylamine salts of the unsaturated fatty acids, can be modified and converted to morpholides which have shown promise as vinyl plasticizers. The morpholine salts can be obtained as a direct byproduct by the use of an appropriate mixture of cyclohexylamine and morpholine with the composite acid. By using an amount of cyclohexylamine closely equivalent to the saturated fatty acid content and sufficient morpholine to make up the residual neutralization equivalent of the composite cottonseed acids, the saturated acids can be isolated as cyclohexylamine salts. The stripped mother liquor will consist essentially of the morpholine salts of the unsaturated acids. Pure palmitic acid is obtained by recrystallization of the cyclohexylamine salts. The complete process is applicable to fatty acids from other natural glyceridic oils in which the dominant saturated acid bears a ratio to the other saturated acids closely paralleling that in cottonseed oil. The process is not operable with partially hydrogenated oils.
Isolation and characterization of insect attractant lipids
Authors: Jacobson Martin
Published: January 2007

Isolation and characterization of the naturally occurring sex attractants of the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori), gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), cotton leafworm (Prodenia litura), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), an introduced pine sawfly (Diprion similis), and mating attractants of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) are discussed.
The synthesis and some surface active properties of alkylthioalkyl and alkoxyalkyl sulfates
Authors: Livingston J. R. , Drogin Robert
Published: January 2007

A series of sodium alkylthio‐ and alkoxyalkyl sulfates was prepared to determine the effect of the presence, position and nature of the heteroatom on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface activity and detergency of a surfactant. All of the compounds were linear and contained a total of 16 carbon atoms. Hexadecyl‐1‐sulfate was used as the reference compound.

Insertion of either a sulfur or oxygen atom into the hydrocarbon chain raised the CMC. In the oxygen series, the apparent trend was to a higher CMC as the oxygen atom was moved further away from the sulfate group whereas no trend was observed in the thioether series.

The surface activity of hexadecyl‐1‐sulfate was higher than either the ether or thioether series. The further the heteroatom from the sulfate group, the lower was the surface activity. This trend was more pronounced in the oxyether series.

All hetero‐substituted compounds were generally inferior to hexadecyl sulfate in detergency.

Hydration of the oxygen atom in the oxyethers, but not the sulfur atom in the thioethers is proposed as the explanation for the observed trends.
Flavor evaluation of natural soybean oils of high and low linolenate content
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , McConnell D. G. , Cowan J. C. , Cartter J. L. , Collins F. I.
Published: January 2007

Three varieties of soybeans, Crest, Grant, and Hawkeye, were processed in the laboratory to obtain edible oils containing 10.4, 9.4, and 5.2% linolenate, respectively. Taste panel evaluations were significantly in favor of low‐linolenate soybean oils. Both high‐ and low‐linolenate oils gave the typical off‐flavors of aged soybean oil. Flavor results indicate that the linolenate content of soybean oil will probably have to be reduced below 5% to achieve a significant quality improvement in commercially processed oils. Soybean oils of excellent quality can be prepared by laboratory processing procedures.
Lipid class and fatty acid composition of intact peripheral nerve and during wallerian degeneration
Authors: Berry J. F. , Cevallos W. H. , Wade R. R.
Published: January 2007

Lipid extracts from normal cat, chicken, and beef sciatic nerve were fractionated into their components by combinations of silicic acid, Florisil, DEAE‐cellulose, or silicic acid‐silicate column chromatography.

The constitutent fatty acids of total lipid extracts and of individual lipid classes were qualitatively and quantitatively determined as their methyl esters by gas chromatography.

These methods were also applied to lipid extracts from cat sciatic nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration at 8, 16, 32, and 96 days after section and to chicken sciatic nerve undergoing demyelination due to organophosphate poisoning.

All fatty acids were markedly decreased in the total lipids of cat sciatic nerve at 96 days after section and most of these were decreased at 32 days. As early as 8 days after section 16:0, 16:1, 18:2, 20:0, and 20:4 showed decreases, while 18:0, 18:1, 22:1, 22:5, 22:6, and 24:1 did not begin to show decreases until 16 days after section. The decreases in fatty acids were considered to be due to increased catabolism, decreased synthesis, or increased removal of fatty acids from nervous tissue. The fatty acid content of the total lipids of chicken nerve undergoing demyelination resembled that of cat sciatic nerve between 16 and 32 days after section.

Myelin lipids, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) began to decrease as early as 8 days after section in cat sciatic nerve. Phosphatidyl serine (PS) also decreased at this time. Cholesterol, lecithin, and ethanolamine plasmalogen did not begin to decrease until 16 days after section and phosphatidyl inositol (PI) did not decrease until 32 days after section. Triglycerides decreased markedly at 8 days after section gradually returning to normal by 96 days. This was accompanied by a transient increase in free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Cholesterol esters and lysolecithin increased markedly at 8 days after section and were higher than normal levels even at 96 days after section.

In chicken sciatic nerve undergoing demyelination after organophosphate poisoning, cerebroside was the only myelin lipid which decreased in amt, while cholesterol esters and diglycerides increased.

Sphingomyelin and cerebrosides containing 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:0, 22:0, 23:0, 24:0, 24:1 seemed to be most susceptible to degradation or interference in synthesis in degenerating nerve. For the most part, these fatty acids were observed to increase in cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and, in some instances, triglycerides.

The changes in various lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids are discussed in relation to various cellular changes which accompany degeneration.
Kinetic studies of detergency. III. Dependence of the duprȳ mechanism on surface tension
Authors: Bourne M. C. , Jennings W. G.
Published: January 2007

The kinetics of the removal of thin films of pure radioactive tristearin from a stainless steel surface by detergent solutions in a circulation cleaning system were used to study the effect of the surface tension of the detergent solution on the Duprȳ mechanism and the flow mechanism.

Lowering the surface tension reduced the effectiveness of the Duprȳ mechanism for both species 1 soil and species 2 soil, as expected. Lowering the surface tension increased the efficiency of the flow mechanism for both species of soil, but, at the present time, it is not known how much of the increase can be ascribed to the lowered surface tension, and how much is due to the increased concn of the surfactant that was used to lower surface tension.
Reactions of methoxy hydroperoxides derived from methyl oleate. Catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Awl R. A. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Yield improvements in carbonyl compounds obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of methyl oleate ozonolysis products have been achieved by use of catalyst poisons and by the proper choice of catalyst support. Byproduct dimethyl azelate formation with palladium on charcoal was about 20% in the absence of a poison; 10%, with sodium acetate present in the support; 8%, with triethyl amine in solution. Palladium on calcium carbonate‐lead acetate gave about 7%, palladium on zine oxide with pyridine or lead acetate present gave 9%. The literature is reviewed on the catalytic hydrogenation of methoxy hydroperoxides derived from ozonolyses in methanol.
Adsorptive bleaching and molecular distillation of menhaden oil
Authors: Gauglitz E. J. , Gruger E. H.
Published: January 2007

Some of the major barriers to wide acceptance of fish oils as sources of polyunsaturated triglycerides, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives have been the problems associated with color, odor, flavor, and other impurities. Adsorptive bleaching and molecular distillation were investigated as methods to obtain natural triglycerides from menhaden oil that do not have undesirable flavors and odors. Results of these studies have shown that certain activated clays will satisfactorily reduce the color of commercial menhaden oil but will not remove the odor and flavor. Molecular distillation was found to be more effective in improving the odor and flavor of the oil than adsorptive bleaching with activated clays but somewhat less effective in reducing the color. When used jointly with bleaching, molecular distillation yields menhaden oil of high quality, suitable for use both in animal and human nutrition and in medical research. Spectral data in the 400舑700 mƁ range were used to evaluate the success of the refining process.
Precise ultramicro determination of steroid hormones by combined TLC and GLC analysis
Authors: Vandenheuvel F. A. , Hinderks G. J. , Nixon J. C.
Published: January 2007

The migration of steroid hormones on TLC plates is predictable on the basis of the number of double bonds and carbonyl and hydroxyl groups they contain. Developed plates can therefore be divided into zones or bands corresponding to well‐defined classes of steroids. Steroids can be eluted from the adsorbent quantitatively and without contamination. The eluate from each zone contains a mixture which is much simpler than the original one.

The conversion of OH‐containing steroids to trimethylsilyl ether (TMS) derivatives is quantitative; it is complete after 3 hr by the described technic. All TMS derivatives are very stable in CS2 solution. Whether or not they contain OH groups, steroids other than corticosteroids are stable under the present GLC conditions after treatment with TMS reagents. With amts of injected sample increasing from 0 to 0.2 Ɓg, a small apparent increase in specific response is observed with some steroids. This effect is reproducible. The use of calibration curves obtained with an internal standard (5ॅ‐pregnane) leads to accurate analyses of mixtures with injections containing 25 nanograms (0.025 Ɓg) of individual steroid. Values obtained from single trials fall 95% of the time within 2% of the mean.

Peak elution time of each compound is accurately predictable on the basis of number, position, and stereoconfiguration of functional groups.

An integrated TLC‐GLC method of analysis based on these findings is outlined.
Trace elements in edible fats. IX. Influence of demetalization on the oxidative and flavor stabilities of soybean oil
Authors: Vioque A. , Gutierrez R. , Albi M. A. , Nosti N.
Published: January 2007

Crude and degummed soybean oils were demetalized by passing through columns packed with cation exchange resins. These oils were refined, bleached, deodorized and compared with untreated oils for oxidative and flavor stabilities. Treatment of oils with resin lowered metal content and increased stability as measured by oxidative and sensory tests.
Chlorine‐stable machine dishwashing products
Authors: Kaneko T. M. , Schmolka I. R. , Compton J. W.
Published: January 2007

The increasing use of active chlorinecontaining compounds in machine dishwashing has led to the need for chlorine‐stable, low foaming detergent formulations. To avoid oxidative degradation of nonionic surfactant and simultaneous loss of available chlorine, a new basic formulation process has been devised. This obviates the need for modifying nonionic surfactants. The process requires a preferred order of addition and the use of tetrasodium pyrophosphate builder as an integral part of the composition. The detergent product is free‐flowing, granular, readily soluble and exhibits no tendency to cake on storage. A suggested machine dishwashing formulation is given, and data are presented which show good chlorine stability and excellent dishwashing performance.
Elimination of aflatoxins from peanut meal
Authors: Dollear F. G. , Mann G. E. , Codifer L. P. , Gardner H. K. , Koltun S. P. , Vix H. L. E.
Published: January 2007

Peanut meal containing aflatoxins was heat treated in the presence of moisture and chemicals to reduce the aflatoxin content. Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats. Weight gains for animals receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin‐free meal. The treated meals, however, had somewhat reduced protein efficiency ratios, as indicated by rat feeding tests. Complete elimination of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut meal was achieved by extraction with a 90% acetone‐10% water (w/w) solvent system. The extracted aflatoxin‐free peanut meal gave good growth in the duckling and rat feeding tests, and had a relatively high protein efficiency ratio.
Hydrolytic, reductive and pyrolytic decomposition of selected ozonolysis products. Water as an ozonization medium
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Moore D. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Hydrolytic, reductive and pyrolytic decompositions of ozonolysis products formed in water were surveyed as potential preparative routes to aldehydes. Water is an effective ozonolysis medium and reacts with the transient zwitterion formed during ozonolysis in the same manner as participating solvents. Reductive decomposition proved to be superior to either hydrolytic or pyrolytic decomposition for the preparation of aldehydes. Pyrolytic decomposition, as carried out in the injection port of a gas chromatograph, gave varying amounts and types of products depending upon the type of ozonolysis product used. Interconversion of the various types of ozonolysis products, including ozonides, methoxy hydroperoxides, acetoxy hydroperoxides and hydroxy hydroperoxides, does not occur except under acid catalysis.
The use of animal fats in poultry feeds
Authors: Sunde M. L.
Published: January 2007

White grease, prime tallow, and soybean oil have been fed to chicks and to turkey poults at the levels of 2.2 to 5.0%. No consistent improvement in growth has been observed with chickens. A slight improvement was noted with turkeys with prime tallow. However feed utilization was improved when the various levels of fat were fed to either chickens or turkey poults. The addition of fat to poultry feeds reduces the amount of dust and improves the texture and color of the feed.
The value of fat as a feedstuff
Authors: Rice E. E. , Mone P. E. , Gray R. E. , Holleman R. G. , Beuk J. F.
Published: January 2007

Fats are nutritious; they improve physical characteristics of feeds, and they have shown their value when used in practical tests. They present manufacturing problems, but they also sometimes contribute to the ease and efficiency of feed mixing. If their prices remain within the range which the feed industry can afford, fats should become common feedstuffs and should be used in large volume.