bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Up‐Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 6 Channel Expression by Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α in the Presence of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Furukawa Chisa , Fujii Naoko , Manabe Aya , Matsunaga Toshiyuki , Endo Satoshi , Hasegawa Hajime , Ito Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Masahiko , Yamazaki Yasuhiro , Ikari Akira
Published: December 2016

Anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) drugs such as erlotinib and gefitinib cause a side effect of hypomagnesemia, but chemotherapy to treat this has not yet been developed. The transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6) channel is involved in the reabsorption of Mg2+ in the renal tubule. We reported previously that the expression of TRPM6 is up‐regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in renal tubular epithelial NRK‐52E and HEK293 cells. EGF‐induced elevation of TRPM6 expression was inhibited by erlotinib, gefitinib, and lapatinib. We found that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) increases TRPM6 expression in the presence of erlotinib. Therefore, we investigated what molecules are involved in the up‐regulation of TRPM6 expression by TNF‐α. EGF increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (p‐ERK1/2), which were inhibited by erlotinib. TNF‐α did not change p‐ERK1/2 levels, but increased the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), which were blocked by the NF‐κB inhibitors BAY 11–7082 and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium. Similarly, luciferase reporter activity of human TRPM6 was increased by TNF‐α, which was blocked by NF‐κB inhibitors, and was inhibited by a mutation in the κB‐binding site in the proximal region of the TRPM6 promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that NF‐κB binds to the κB‐binding site, which was blocked by NF‐κB inhibitors. In the presence of erlotinib, TNF‐α increased Mg2+ influx, which was blocked by NF‐κB inhibitors. These results suggest that TNF‐α reverses the reduction in Mg2+ reabsorption caused by anti‐EGFR drugs. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2841–2850, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SIRT1‐SIRT3 Axis Regulates Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress and Etoposide
Authors: Carnevale Ilaria , Pellegrini Laura , D'Aquila Patrizia , Saladini Serena , Lococo Emanuela , Polletta Lucia , Vernucci Enza , Foglio Eleonora , Coppola Stefano , Sansone Luigi , Passarino Giuseppe , Bellizzi Dina , Russo Matteo A. , Fini Massimo , Tafani Marco
Published: December 2016

Sirtuins are conserved NAD+‐dependent deacylases. SIRT1 is a nuclear and cytoplasmic sirtuin involved in the control of histones a transcription factors function. SIRT3 is a mitochondrial protein, which regulates mitochondrial function. Although, both SIRT1 and SIRT3 have been implicated in resistance to cellular stress, the link between these two sirtuins has not been studied so far. Here we aimed to unravel: i) the role of SIRT1‐SIRT3 axis for cellular response to oxidative stress and DNA damage; ii) how mammalian cells modulate such SIRT1‐SIRT3 axis and which mechanisms are involved. Therefore, we analyzed the response to different stress stimuli in WT or SIRT1‐silenced cell lines. Our results demonstrate that SIRT1‐silenced cells are more resistant to H2O2 and etoposide treatment showing decreased ROS accumulation, γ‐H2AX phosphorylation, caspase‐3 activation and PARP cleavage. Interestingly, we observed that SIRT1‐silenced cells show an increased SIRT3 expression. To explore such a connection, we carried out luciferase assays on SIRT3 promoter demonstrating that SIRT1‐silencing increases SIRT3 promoter activity and that such an effect depends on the presence of SP1 and ZF5 recognition sequences on SIRT3 promoter. Afterwards, we performed co‐immunoprecipitation assays demonstrating that SIRT1 binds and deacetylates the transcription inhibitor ZF5 and that there is a decreased interaction between SP1 and ZF5 in SIRT1‐silenced cells. Therefore, we speculate that acetylated ZF5 cannot bind and sequester SP1 that is free, then, to increase SIRT3 transcription. In conclusion, we demonstrate that cells with low SIRT1 levels can maintain their resistance and survival by increasing SIRT3 expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1835–1844, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opposite Effects of Mechanical Action of Fluid Flow on Proangiogenic Factor Secretion From Human Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells With and Without Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bravo Beatriz , García de Durango Cira , González Álvaro , Gortázar Arancha R. , Santos Xavier , Forteza‐Vila Jerónimo , Vidal‐Vanaclocha Fernando
Published: December 2016

Mechanical forces, hypoxia, and oxidative stress contribute to skin renewal, perfusion, and wound healing, but how are they regulating subcutaneous adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) in the inflammatory microenvironment associated to skin repair and disorders is unknown. In this study, ASCs were isolated from lipoaspirate samples from plastic surgery patients, primary cultured and their differentiation and secretion of a panel of cytokines with pronounced effects on skin repair and angiogenesis were studied under mechanical stimulation by intermittent fluid flow, 1% hypoxia and oxidative stress by glutathione (GSH) depletion with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment. Mechanical action of fluid flow did not alter mesenchymal phenotype of CD90+/CD29+/CD44+/CD34−/CD106−/CD45−ASCs; however, it remarkably induced ASC secretion of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration‐stimulating factors. Multiplex Luminex assay further confirmed an increased secretion of VEGF, G‐CSF, HGF, Leptin, IL‐8, PDGF‐BB, Angiopoietin‐2, and Follistatin from mechanically‐stimulated ASCs via cyclooxygenase‐2. Consistent with this mechanism, GSH depletion and hypoxia also increased ASC secretion of VEGF, IL‐8, leptin, Angiopoitein‐2, and PDGF‐BB. However, mechanical action of fluid flow abrogated VEGF and HUVEC migration‐stimulating activity from GSH‐depleted and hypoxic ASCs. Conversely, GSH depletion and hypoxia abrogated VEGF and HUVEC migration‐stimulating activity from mechano‐stimulated ASCs. Although mechanical action of fluid flow, hypoxia, and GSH‐depletion had independent proangiogenic‐stimulating activity on ASCs, mechanical stimulation had opposite effects on proangiogenic factor secretion from ASCs with and without oxidative stress. These data uncover the role of hypoxia and endogenous redox balance during the proangiogenic response of ASCs and other mesenchymal‐derived cell types to mechanical action of interstitial fluid flow. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2158–2167, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dysbiosis and Disease: Many Unknown Ends, Is It Time to Formulate Guidelines for Dysbiosis Research?
Authors: Veeranki Sudhakar , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: December 2016

Dysbiosis has been implicated in modulation of disease and treatment outcome. It also has been linked to the reproducibility concerns. However, research community needs guidelines on animal models and dysbiosis research to tackle the complexities associated with it. There is a necessity for multi‐disciplinary collaborative approach in setting up certain guidelines to hasten the dysbiosis research in a hassle‐free manner. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2929–2930, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
S100A1 and S100B: Calcium Sensors at the Cross‐Roads of Multiple Chondrogenic Pathways
Authors: Diaz‐Romero José , Nesic Dobrila
Published: December 2016

The S100 protein family comprises more than 20 members of small calcium binding proteins operating as Ca2 +‐activated switches that interact and modulate the activity of a large number of targets. S100A1 and S100B, two members of this family, have been recently associated with the differentiation status of human articular chondrocytes. Both proteins are homogeneously expressed in all cartilage zones, their expression decreases during chondrocyte dedifferentiation, and can be induced under conditions promoting redifferentiation. Although S100 proteins have a broad range of extra‐ and intracellular roles, functional studies of S100 proteins expressed in chondrocytes have focused on their extracellular roles linked to catabolic processes. The intracellular roles of S100A1 and S100B in chondrocytes remain largely unexplored, yet the few studies addressing their intracellular activity point toward potentially important functions in chondrocyte biology. This review summarizes reported intracellular S100A1 and S100B regulatory functions described in other cell types that could be also involved in the regulation of chondrogenic processes in cartilage. Potential roles of S100A1 and S100B in the TGF‐β‐SMAD, the cAMP–PKA–CREB, and the PI3K‐AKT pathways, Ca2+ homeostasis, cytoskeleton dynamics, the calcineurin‐NFAT pathway, interactions with the p53 family, and the Hippo pathway are examined in the context of chondrocyte biology. Based on the plethora of interactions of S100A1 and S100B with different molecular partners playing essential roles in chondrocyte biology, and the staggering complexity and ubiquity of cross‐talk among these partners, we hypothesize that these S100 proteins play fundamental roles in the spatial and temporal regulation of chondrogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1979–1987, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model‐Based Dose Selection for Intravaginal Ring Formulations Releasing Anastrozole and Levonorgestrel Intended for the Treatment of Endometriosis Symptoms
Authors: Reinecke Isabel , Schultze‐Mosgau Marcus‐Hillert , Nave Rüdiger , Schmitz Heinz , Ploeger Bart A.
Published: December 2016

Pharmacokinetics (PK) of anastrozole (ATZ) and levonorgestrel (LNG) released from an intravaginal ring (IVR) intended to treat endometriosis symptoms were characterized, and the exposure‐response relationship focusing on the development of large ovarian follicle‐like structures was investigated by modeling and simulation to support dose selection for further studies. A population PK analysis and simulations were performed for ATZ and LNG based on clinical phase 1 study data from 66 healthy women. A PK/PD model was developed to predict the probability of a maximum follicle size ≥30 mm and the potential contribution of ATZ beside the known LNG effects. Population PK models for ATZ and LNG were established where the interaction of LNG with sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) as well as a stimulating effect of estradiol on SHBG were considered. Furthermore, simulations showed that doses of 40 μg/d LNG combined with 300, 600, or 1050 μg/d ATZ reached anticipated exposure levels for both drugs, facilitating selection of ATZ and LNG doses in the phase 2 dose‐finding study. The main driver for the effect on maximum follicle size appears to be unbound LNG exposure. A 50% probability of maximum follicle size ≥30 mm was estimated for 40 μg/d LNG based on the exposure‐response analysis. ATZ in the dose range investigated does not increase the risk for ovarian cysts as occurs with LNG at a dose that does not inhibit ovulation.
Marine Mollusk‐Derived Agents with Antiproliferative Activity as Promising Anticancer Agents to Overcome Chemotherapy Resistance
Authors: Ciavatta Maria Letizia , Lefranc Florence , Carbone Marianna , Mollo Ernesto , Gavagnin Margherita , Betancourt Tania , Dasari Ramesh , Kornienko Alexander , Kiss Robert
Published: December 2016

The chemical investigation of marine mollusks has led to the isolation of a wide variety of bioactive metabolites, which evolved in marine organisms as favorable adaptations to survive in different environments. Most of them are derived from food sources, but they can be also biosynthesized de novo by the mollusks themselves, or produced by symbionts. Consequently, the isolated compounds cannot be strictly considered as “chemotaxonomic markers” for the different molluscan species. However, the chemical investigation of this phylum has provided many compounds of interest as potential anticancer drugs that assume particular importance in the light of the growing literature on cancer biology and chemotherapy. The current review highlights the diversity of chemical structures, mechanisms of action, and, most importantly, the potential of mollusk‐derived metabolites as anticancer agents, including those biosynthesized by mollusks and those of dietary origin. After the discussion of dolastatins and kahalalides, compounds previously studied in clinical trials, the review covers potentially promising anticancer agents, which are grouped based on their structural type and include terpenes, steroids, peptides, polyketides and nitrogen‐containing compounds. The “promise” of a mollusk‐derived natural product as an anticancer agent is evaluated on the basis of its ability to target biological characteristics of cancer cells responsible for poor treatment outcomes. These characteristics include high antiproliferative potency against cancer cellsin vitro, preferential inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells over normal ones, mechanism of action via nonapoptotic signaling pathways, circumvention of multidrug resistance phenotype, and high activityin vivo, among others. The review also includes sections on the targeted delivery of mollusk‐derived anticancer agents and solutions to their procurement in quantity.
Animated Activity Questionnaire (AAQ), a new method of self‐reporting activity limitations in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis: Comparisons with observation by spouses for construct validity
Authors: Peter W.F. , Dagfinrud H.S. , Østerås N. , Terwee C.B.
Published: December 2016

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the construct validity of the Animated Activity Questionnaire (AAQ) for measuring activity limitations of patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis (HKOA).

Design

In a psychometric design, data from HKOA patients and their spouses in Norway and the Netherlands were collected independently of each other, using the AAQ, the Function of Daily Living (FDL) subscale from the Hip disability or Knee injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Scale (H/KOOS) and the Numerical Rating Scale for pain (NRS‐pain). By showing standardized animations on a computer, the AAQ minimizes the influence of the patient's own frame of reference. Therefore, we expected a strong correlation (≥ 0.6) for the AAQ, between patients and spouses. By contrast, we expected a moderate correlation (0.3–0.6) between patients and spouses on the H/KOOS and the NRS‐pain. Analyses were carried out by partial correlations.

Results

In total, 29 Norwegian and 30 Dutch patients with HKOA and their spouses participated. A high correlation between patient and spouse scores on the AAQ (r = 0.61) was confirmed, but the correlations between patient and spouses scores on the H/KOOS FDL subscale (0.55) and NRS‐pain (0.64) were higher than expected, indicating that spouses may have insight not only into the observed activity limitations of the patient (as measured by the AAQ), but also into patients' subjectively perceived activity limitations (as measured by written questionnaires).

Conclusions

The construct validity of the AAQ was supported by a high correlation between patients' and spouses' scores. Our hypothesis that spouses are less influenced by patients' subjective frame of reference in responding to self‐report questionnaires may not be correct.
The role of enjoyment in exercise for people with arthritis: Four different viewpoints from a Q‐methodology study
Authors: Kibblewhite Julia R. , Hegarty Roisin S. M. , Stebbings Simon , Treharne Gareth J.
Published: December 2016

Purpose

There is limited research on the role of enjoyment of exercise among people with arthritis. The aim of the present study was to determine distinct viewpoints on exercise held by people with arthritis, and how enjoyment features in these viewpoints.

Methods

A Q‐methodology study was conducted, which involved two interviews with people with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis or ankylosing spondylitis (aged 20–85 years). In the first interviews, 11 participants helped to create the Q‐set, a set of statements reflecting a range of existing views on exercising. In the second interviews, 12 participants (nine of the 11 from the first interviews and three others) ranked the Q‐set on a forced quasi‐normal distribution of agreement. A Q‐method factor analysis was carried out to determine groupings of participants with similar views on exercise.

Results

Four groupings were discovered, and defined in terms of rankings of statements and illustrative quotes from the ranking procedure. The first grouping had all changed their exercise habits after diagnosis with arthritis. The second grouping had a shared enjoyment for walking to stay healthy. The third grouping's viewpoints focused on knowledge about how much exercise they should carry out. The fourth grouping shared a sense of importance of being responsible for their health by exercising.

Conclusion

These findings provide information about the role that enjoyment plays in motivating people with arthritis to exercise, although enjoyment of exercise was not expressed by all participants. People with arthritis who share these viewpoints on exercise enjoyment may require different forms of advice regarding feasible and enjoyable exercise.
Population‐level decline in BMI and systolic blood pressure following mass HIV treatment: Evidence from rural KwaZulu‐Natal
Authors: Geldsetzer Pascal , Feigl Andrea B. , Tanser Frank , Gareta Dickman , Pillay Deenan , Bärnighausen Till
Published: December 2016

Objective

Clinic‐based studies have shown that patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gain weight after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aimed to determine whether the scale‐up of ART was associated with a population‐level increase in body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) in a community with high HIV and obesity prevalence.

Methods

A household survey was conducted in rural KwaZulu‐Natal before ART scale‐up (in 2004) and when ART coverage had reached 25% (in 2010). Anthropometric data was linked with HIV surveillance data.

Results

Mean BMI decreased in women from 29.9 to 29.1 kg/m2 (P = 0.002) and in men from 24.2 to 23.0 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). Similarly, overweight and obesity prevalence declined significantly in both sexes. Mean systolic BP decreased from 123.0 to 118.2 mm Hg (P < 0.001) among women and 128.4 to 123.2 mm Hg (P < 0·001) among men.

Conclusions

Large‐scale ART provision is likely to have caused a decline in BMI at the population level, because ART has improved the survival of those with substantial HIV‐related weight loss. The ART scale‐up may have created an unexpected opportunity to sustain population‐level weight loss in communities with high HIV and obesity prevalence though targeted lifestyle and nutrition interventions.
Association of a gain‐of‐function variant in LGR4 with central obesity
Authors: Zou Yaoyu , Ning Tinglu , Shi Juan , Chen Maopei , Ding Lin , Huang Ya , Kauderer Sophie , Xu Min , Cui Bin , Bi Yufang , Liu Simin , Hong Jie , Liu Ruixin , Ning Guang , Wang Jiqiu
Published: December 2016

Objective

To determine the relationship of the gain‐of‐function variant A750T in leucine‐rich repeat containing G protein‐coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) with central obesity and related metabolic phenotypes.

Methods

The LGR4 A750T (c.2248 G > A) variant was detected by Sanger sequencing in a discovery young population and a validation community‐based population with obesity from eastern China. Fat indices determined by anthropometry and computed tomography scans and clinical biochemical measurements were collected for association analysis.

Results

LGR4 A750T was significantly correlated with waist circumference (P = 0.030) and waist‐to‐height ratio (P < 0.001) in the young cohort (N = 594) and with waist‐to‐hip ratio (P = 0.013) in the community population (N = 1067). Combined analysis showed a significant correlation of the variant with waist circumference (P < 0.001) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (P = 0.021). Moreover, the variant had a remarkable correlation with abdominal visceral fat area (P = 0.004) and was associated with 2‐h plasma insulin (P = 0.009) and the Matsuda index (P = 0.027) after an oral glucose tolerance test in young subjects with obesity.

Conclusions

The LGR4 A750T variant may contribute to central obesity characterized by abdominal visceral fat accumulation.
SO(8) fermion dynamical symmetry and quantum hall states for graphene in a strong magnetic field
Authors: Guidry Mike
Published: December 2016

Strongly‐correlated graphene quantum Hall states are described in terms of an SO(8) fermion dynamical symmetry that has pairing as well as particle–hole generators. The SU(4) symmetry of graphene quantum Hall ferromagnetism is recovered as one limit, but the full SO(8) symmetry gives analytical many‐body solutions for a rich set of additional states exhibiting spontaneously‐broken symmetry. A generalized coherent states solution is obtained that is equivalent to Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory constrained by symmetry, and exhibits the interplay between competing collective degrees of freedom in determining the ground state.
Nanometric diamond delta doping with boron
Authors: Butler James E. , Vikharev Anatoly , Gorbachev Alexei , Lobaev Mikhail , Muchnikov Anatoly , Radischev Dmitry , Isaev Vladimir , Chernov Valerii , Bogdanov Sergey , Drozdov Mikail , Demidov Evgeniy , Surovegina Ekaterina , Shashkin Vladimir , Davydov Albert , Tan Haiyan , Meshi Louisa , Pakpour‐Tabrizi Alexander C. , Hicks Marie‐Laure , Jackman Richard B.
Published: December 2016

Diamond is desired for active semiconducting device because of it high carrier mobility, high voltage breakdown resistance, and high thermal diffusivity. Exploiting diamond as a semiconductor is hampered by the lack of shallow dopants to create sufficient electronic carriers at room temperature. In this work, nanometer thick, heavily boron doped epitaxial diamond ‘delta doped’ layers have been grown on ultra smooth diamond surfaces which demonstrate p type conduction with enhanced Hall mobilities of up to 120 cm2/Vs and sheet carrier concentrations to 6 × 1013 cm–2, thus enabling a new class of active diamond electronic devices. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Imaging Surface Recombination Velocities of Grain Boundaries in Multicrystalline Silicon Wafers via Photoluminescence
Authors: Sio Hang Cheong , Phang Sieu Pheng , Macdonald Daniel
Published: December 2016

We present a method for determining the effective surface recombination velocity (SGB) of grain boundaries in silicon wafers, based on the photoluminescence contrast of the grain boundary and numerical modeling of the luminescence signal. It is found that in single‐side passivated wafers, the luminescence contrast of a grain boundary is insensitive to lifetime variations in the neighboring grains, and hence can be directly correlated to SGB. In combination with pattern recognition methods to locate the grain boundaries, this allows the SGB of every grain boundary within a photoluminescence image to be explicitly determined and imaged.
Effect of Ferrite Lattice Vacancies on Creep Rate of the Steel X20CrMoV121 in the Range 763–913 K
Authors: Vodopivec Franc , Kafexhiu Fevzi , Žužek Borut
Published: December 2016

The difference of the experimental and the calculated creep rates of the steel grade X20CrMoV121 with M23C6 particles in temperature range 763–913 K was examined in terms of temperature, iron self‐diffusion rate, glide stress, and number of ferrite lattice vacancies. The Ashby‐Hornbogen creep equation is modified by adding a parameter that represents the effect of number of lattice vacancies; consequently, the difference of the experimental and the calculated creep rates is diminish to the level of average particles size assessment accuracy.
Recycling Carbonaceous Industrial/Commercial Waste as a Carbon Resource in Iron and Steelmaking
Authors: Mansuri Irshad , Khanna Rita , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: December 2016

Carbon bearing industrial/commercial waste is difficult to recycle and a significant fraction is generally landfilled. With an aim to utilize such waste as carbon resources for iron and steelmaking, high temperature pyrolysis investigations are carried out on three waste polymers: waste CDs (compact discs), carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), and Bakelite. These materials are heat treated in the temperature range 1000–1550 °C for 15 min in argon atmosphere and are subsequently quenched. Detailed structural and compositional characterization is carried out on recovered chars using a variety of analytical techniques: LECO, X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and BET surface area measurements. Significant differences are observed in various chars recovered from these three waste polymers under investigation. With carbon contents in chars from 65 to 98%, surface areas from 2.2 to 274 m2 g−1 and structural order from amorphous to graphitic, these chars present a wide spectrum of carbon characteristics. These properties are evaluated toward their utilization during lower temperature carburization of iron.
Influence of propeller slipstream on vortex flow field over a typical micro air vehicle
Authors: Sudhakar S. , Chandankumar A. , Venkatakrishnan L.
Published: December 2016

An experimental study has been carried out to explore the effect of propeller-induced slipstream on the vortex flow field on a fixed-wing Micro Air Vehicle (MAV). Experiments were conducted at a freestream velocity of 10 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number based on a root chord of about 1.6 × 105. Surface flow topology on the surface of the MAV wing at propeller-off and propeller-on conditions was captured using surface oil flow visualisation at four angles of incidence. The mean off-body flow over the MAV was documented in the four spanwise planes at different chord position using Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technique at angle-of-attack of 24° for both conditions. The oil flow visualisation showed minimal differences in flow patterns for propeller-off and propeller-on conditions at 10° and 15° incidence. The small asymmetry between port and starboard side observed at 20° during the propeller-off condition became significantly pronounced at 24°. The fuselage stub which is necessary for housing the motor of the propeller was seen to have a significant effect on the flow symmetry at large incidences that can occur when the MAV encounters sudden vertical gusts. Switching on the propeller restored the symmetry at both incidences. SPIV measurements were carried out at the incidence of 24° which exhibited the highest asymmetry. The off-body data shows the re-establishment of symmetry during propeller-on condition owing to the increase in the magnitude of spanwise and vertical velocities as a result of the propeller slipstream. The findings emphasise the importance of considering the propeller flow and design of the motor housing while evaluating the aerodynamics of low-aspect-ratio MAVs.
Donaldsonian Themes: A Commentary
Authors: Donaldson Thomas
Published: December 2016

The articles in the special issue ofBusiness Ethics Quarterly(2015), “Normative Business Ethics in a Global Economy: New Directions on Donaldsonian Themes,” were written by a set of outstanding scholars: Margaret M. Blair, Joseph P. Gaspar, Nien-hê Hsieh, Peter L. Jennings, Marietta Peytcheva, Andreas Georg Scherer, Amy J. Sepinwall, Andrew Stark, Danielle E. Warren, and Manuel Velasquez. In this commentary I reply to my colleagues, arranging my reply around the following themes: 1) the corporate moral agent; 2) the idea of a social contract for business; 3) managing ethics within corporations; and 4) values in business. I discuss each in turn. However, I reflect first on my idiosyncratic approach to business ethics.
Clostridium difficile in an Urban, University-Affiliated Long-Term Acute-Care Hospital
Authors: Jacob Jerry , Wu Jingwei , Han Jennifer , Nelson Deborah B.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVES

To describe the characteristics and impact of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in a long-term acute-care hospital (LTACH).

DESIGN

Retrospective matched cohort study.

SETTING

A 38-bed, urban, university-affiliated LTACH.

METHODS

The characteristics of LTACH-onset CDI were assessed among patients hospitalized between July 2008 and October 2015. Patients with CDI were matched to concurrently hospitalized patients without a diagnosis of CDI. Severe CDI was defined as CDI with 2 or more of the following criteria: age ≥65 years, serum creatinine ≥2 mg/dL, or peripheral leukocyte count ≥20,000 cells/μL. A conditional Poisson regression model was developed to determine characteristics associated with a composite primary outcome of 30-day readmission to an acute-care hospital, or mortality.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of CDI was 21.4 cases per 10,000 patient days, with 27% of infections classified as severe. Patients with CDI had a mean age of 70 years (SD, 14 years), a mean Charlson comorbidity index of 3.6 (SD, 2.0), a median length of stay of 33 days (interquartile range [IQR], 24–45 days), and a median time between admission and CDI diagnosis of 16 days (IQR, 9–23 days). The most commonly prescribed antibiotic preceding a CDI diagnosis was a cephalosporin, with median duration of 8 days (IQR, 4–14 days). In multivariate analysis, CDI was not significantly associated with the primary outcome (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.59–1.58).

CONCLUSIONS

Incidence of CDI in an urban, university-affiliated LTACH was high. Future research should focus on infection prevention measures to decrease the burden of CDI in this complex patient population.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:294–299
Toward approximating non-local dynamics in single-point pressure–strain correlation closures
Authors: Mishra Aashwin A. , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: December 2016

A key hurdle in turbulence modelling is the closure for the pressure–strain correlation. Herein, the challenge stems from the fact that the non-local dynamics due to pressure cannot be comprehensively incorporated in a single-point closure expression. In this article, we analyse different aspects of the dynamics due to pressure for their amenability with the single-point modelling framework. Based on this, an approach is proposed that incorporates a set of pragmatic compromises in the form and the scope of the model to augment the degree of non-local dynamics that may be approximated by a single-point pressure strain correlation model. Thence, this framework is utilized to formulate an illustrative model. The predictions of this model are compared to numerical and experimental data and contrasted against other established closures over a range of homogeneous flows, under diverse conditions. Finally, the regions of validity in anisotropy space for this illustrative model are delineated using the process realizability criteria for different flows.
A model for confined vortex rings with elliptical-core vorticity distribution
Authors: Danaila Ionut , Kaplanski Felix , Sazhin Sergei S.
Published: December 2016

We present a new model for an axisymmetric vortex ring confined in a tube. The model takes into account the elliptical (elongated) shape of the vortex ring core and thus extends our previous model (Danaila et al. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 774, 2015, pp. 267–297) derived for vortex rings with quasi-circular cores. The new model offers a more accurate description of the deformation of the vortex ring core, induced by the lateral wall, and a better approximation of the translational velocity of the vortex ring, compared with the previous model. The main ingredients of the model are the following: the description of the vorticity distribution in the vortex ring is based on the previous model of unconfined elliptical-core vortex rings (Kaplanski et al. Phys. Fluids, vol. 24, 2012, 033101); Brasseur’s approach (Brasseur, NASA Tech. Rep. JIAA TR-26, 1979) is then applied to derive a wall-induced correction for the Stokes streamfunction of the confined vortex ring flow. We derive closed formulae for the flow streamfunction and vorticity distributions. An asymptotic expression for the long-time evolution of the drift velocity of the vortex ring as a function of the ellipticity parameter is also derived. The predictions of the model are shown to be in agreement with direct numerical simulations of confined vortex rings generated by a piston–cylinder mechanism. The predictions of the model support the recently suggested heuristic relation (Krieg & Mohseni Trans. ASME J. Fluids Engng, vol. 135, 2013, 124501) between the energy and circulation of vortex rings with converging radial velocity. A new procedure for fitting experimental and numerical data with the predictions of the model is described. This opens the way for applying the model to realistic confined vortex rings in various applications including those in internal combustion engines.
Nusselt numbers for Poiseuille flow over isoflux parallel ridges accounting for meniscus curvature
Authors: Kirk Toby L. , Hodes Marc , Papageorgiou Demetrios T.
Published: December 2016

We investigate forced convection in a parallel-plate-geometry microchannel with superhydrophobic walls consisting of a periodic array of ridges aligned parallel to the direction of a Poiseuille flow. In the dewetted (Cassie) state, the liquid contacts the channel walls only at the tips of the ridges, where we apply a constant-heat-flux boundary condition. The subsequent hydrodynamic and thermal problems within the liquid are then analysed accounting for curvature of the liquid–gas interface (meniscus) using boundary perturbation, assuming a small deflection from flat. The effects of this surface deformation on both the effective hydrodynamic slip length and the Nusselt number are computed analytically in the form of eigenfunction expansions, reducing the problem to a set of dual series equations for the expansion coefficients which must, in general, be solved numerically. The Nusselt number quantifies the convective heat transfer, the results for which are completely captured in a single figure, presented as a function of channel geometry at each order in the perturbation. Asymptotic solutions for channel heights large compared with the ridge period are compared with numerical solutions of the dual series equations. The asymptotic slip length expressions are shown to consist of only two terms, with all other terms exponentially small. As a result, these expressions are accurate even for heights as low as half the ridge period, and hence are useful for engineering applications.
New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America
Authors: Frederickson Joseph A. , Cifelli Richard L.
Published: December 2016

Ceratodontid lungfishes are generally rare, poorly represented elements of North America’s Mesozoic ecosystems, with previously known maximum diversity in the Late Jurassic. Herein we describe four new species of the form genusCeratodus, from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, considerably expanding fossil representation of post-Triassic dipnoans in North America. To model taxonomic and morphologic diversity, we adopt a four-fold system of phenetically based species groups, named for exemplars from the Morrison Formation.Ceratodus kirklandin. sp. (Potamoceratodus guentherigroup) andC.kempaen. sp. (C.frazierigroup) represent a hitherto unsampled time interval, the Valanginian.Ceratodus nirumbeen. sp. andC.molossusn. sp. extend the temporal ranges of theC.fossanovumandC.robustusgroups upward to the Albian and Cenomanian, respectively. These new occurrences show that ceratodontids maintained their highest diversity from the Late Jurassic through the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian), an interval of ~60 Myr. The existing record suggests that some of the later (mid-Cretaceous) ceratodontids may have been tolerant of salt water; to date, there is no evidence that they aestivated. Only a few occurrences are known from horizons younger than Cenomanian. Demise of ceratodontids appears to be part of a broader pattern of turnover that occurred at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in North America.
The first Neogene record ofZygolophodon(Mammalia, Proboscidea) in Thailand: implications for the mammutid evolution and dispersal in Southeast Asia
Authors: Duangkrayom Jaroon , Wang Shi-Qi , Deng Tao , Jintasakul Pratueng
Published: December 2016

Lower and upper third molars of a proboscidean from the Tha Chang sand pits, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeastern Thailand, show a zygodont pattern. The crescentoids are less well developed than those of the type specimen ofZygolophodon gobiensisbut similar to those of late Miocene specimens from south China assigned toZ.lufengensisandZ.chinjiensis. On the other hand, the loph(id)s are less oblique and the zygodont crests are less well developed than inZ.lufengensisandZ.chinjiensis. However, it is difficult to erect a new species for these specimens because their anterior loph(id)s are so deeply worn that the morphology of the conelets on these loph(id)s is unclear. Thus, we identify the specimens asZygolophodonsp.Zygolophodonis known from lower and middle Miocene sediments in Africa while they are usually dated to the early–late Miocene in Europe, South Asia such as Pakistan, and Central and North China. Based on its apparent grade of dental evolution, the new material ofZygolophodonfrom Thailand is probably late Miocene in age. In addition, this discovery is the first record of a zygodont proboscidean in Southeast Asia.
Impact of enriched environment on production of tau, amyloid precursor protein and, amyloid-β peptide in high-fat and high-sucrose-fed rats
Authors: Selvi Yavuz , Gergerlioglu Hasan Serdar , Akbaba Nursel , Oz Mehmet , Kandeger Ali , Demir Enver Ahmet , Yerlikaya Fatma Humeyra , Nurullahoglu-Atalik Kismet Esra
Published: December 2016

Objective

The Western-type diet is associated with an elevated risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other milder forms of cognitive impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the environmental enrichment on amyloid and tau pathology in high-fat and high-sucrose-fed rats.

Methods

In total, 40 adult male rats were categorised into two main groups according to their housing conditions: enriched environment (EE, n=16) and standard housing condition (n=24). The groups were further divided into five subgroups that received standard diet, high-fat diet, and high-sucrose diet. We performed the analysis of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) (1–40), Aβ(1–42), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and tau levels in the hippocampus of rats that were maintained under standard housing conditions or exposed to an EE.

Results

The EE decreased the Aβ(1–40), Aβ(1–42), APP, and tau levels in high-fat and high-sucrose-fed rats.

Conclusion

This observation shows that EE may rescue diet-induced amyloid and tau pathology.
DO MATURE INNOVATION PLATFORMS MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT? A META-ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES
Authors: SCHUT MARC , CADILHON JEAN-JOSEPH , MISIKO MICHAEL , DROR IDDO
Published: December 2016

Innovation Platforms (IPs) have become a popular vehicle in agricultural research for development (AR4D). The IP promise is that integrating scientific and local knowledge results in innovations that can have impact at scale. Many studies have uncovered how IPs work in various countries, value chains and themes. The conclusion is clear: IPs generate enthusiasm and can bring together stakeholders to effectively address specific problems and achieve ‘local’ impact. However, few studies focus on ‘mature’ IPs and whether or not these achieve impact at a ‘higher’ scale: address systems trade-offs to guide decision making, focus on integration of multiple commodities, reach a large number of beneficiaries and learn from their failures. This study evaluates the impact of mature IPs in AR4D by analysing the success factors of eight case studies across three continents. Although we found pockets of IP success and impact, these were rarely achieved at scale. We therefore critically question the use of IPs as a technology dissemination and scaling mechanism in AR4D programs that aim to benefit the livelihoods of many farmers in developing countries. Nevertheless, we do find that IPs can fulfil an important role in AR4D. If the IP processes are truly demand-driven, participatory and based on collective investment and action, they have the ability to bring together committed stakeholders, and result in innovations that are technically sound, locally adapted, economically feasible for farmers, and socially, culturally and politically acceptable. Several of our cases show that if these IPs are firmly embedded in other public and private extension mechanisms and networks, they can allow the technologies or other types of innovations to scale out beyond the original IP scope, geographical focus or target audience. We see a need for more rigorous, accurate and continuous measurement of IP performance which can contribute to adaptive management of IPs, better understanding of ‘what works’ in terms of process design and facilitation, as well as to cost-benefit analysis of IPs as compared to other approaches that aim to contribute to agricultural development.
Magnetic field amplification in turbulent astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Federrath Christoph
Published: December 2016

Magnetic fields play an important role in astrophysical accretion discs and in the interstellar and intergalactic medium. They drive jets, suppress fragmentation in star-forming clouds and can have a significant impact on the accretion rate of stars. However, the exact amplification mechanisms of cosmic magnetic fields remain relatively poorly understood. Here, I start by reviewing recent advances in the numerical and theoretical modelling of the turbulent dynamo, which may explain the origin of galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields. While dynamo action was previously investigated in great detail for incompressible plasmas, I here place particular emphasis on highly compressible astrophysical plasmas, which are characterised by strong density fluctuations and shocks, such as the interstellar medium. I find that dynamo action works not only in subsonic plasmas, but also in highly supersonic, compressible plasmas, as well as for low and high magnetic Prandtl numbers. I further present new numerical simulations from which I determine the growth of the turbulent (un-ordered) magnetic field component ($B_{turb}$) in the presence of weak and strong guide fields ($B_{0}$). I vary $B_{0}$ over five orders of magnitude and find that the dependence of $B_{turb}$ on $B_{0}$ is relatively weak, and can be explained with a simple theoretical model in which the turbulence provides the energy to amplify $B_{turb}$. Finally, I discuss some important implications of magnetic fields for the structure of accretion discs, the launching of jets and the star-formation rate of interstellar clouds.
The impact of instrumental music learning on attainment at age 16: a pilot study
Authors: Hallam Susan , Rogers Kevin
Published: December 2016

There is increasing international evidence that playing a musical instrument has a positive impact on attainment at school but little research has been undertaken in the UK. This study addresses this drawing on data on attainment at age 11 and 16 relating to 608 students, 115 of whom played a musical instrument. The findings showed that the young people playing an instrument showed greater progress and better academic outcomes than those not playing with the greatest impact for those playing the longest. The findings are considered in relation to the possible reasons for this, and the implications for education.
Music education and global fiscal questions
Authors: Fautley Martin , Murphy Regina
Published: December 2016

Music education is a worldwide activity. Gatherings and conferences where music educators from around the globe meet together are always interesting arenas, with as many discussions going on in the various watering holes near the conference venue as take place in the sessions themselves. But what we actually mean by music education often becomes an absorbing topic in its own right, and one we have discussed previously in these editorials (inter alia Fautley & Murphy, 2015). Differences are not just about matters of delivery, however; they also reflect often complicated local contexts and histories. They are at once philosophical, concerned with policy, concerned with curriculum, with progression, with assessment, with delivery, with modality, with jurisdictional requirements, and with regulations. All this makes for an interesting subject base.
IDEALIZATION, JUSTICE, AND THE FORM OF PRACTICAL REASON
Authors: Hope Simon
Published: December 2016

Current debates about ideal theory and idealization in modern moral and political philosophy do not typically scrutinize the form of reflection itself. This is an unfortunate oversight: assumptions about the form of reflection shape the positions defended in those debates. I argue that the appropriate form of reflection on the nature and justification of standards of justice and morality is the form of practical reason. I further argue that the form of practical reason cannot support many of the idealizations typically deployed in modern moral and political philosophy.
FEASIBILITY: INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE
Authors: Stemplowska Zofia
Published: December 2016

This essay offers an account of feasible actions. It criticizes the conditional
account of feasibility and offers instead what I call the constrained account of
feasibility. The constrained account is superior, I argue, on account of how it
deals with the problem of motivational failure to act and with collective
action. According to the constrained account, roughly put, an action is feasible
when the agent or agents performing it know how to perform it and are
appropriately responsive to incentives. The essay shows that some collective
requirements for action that appear feasible are not in fact feasible.
WHAT “REALISTIC UTOPIAS” ARE — AND AREN’T
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: December 2016

Political theory is not a purely theoretical enterprise; it is intended to be practical and action-guiding. To perform this role, the requirements of political theory must be possible, and the standard of possibility it employs must be appropriate to the political domain. Because human beings vary in their capacity for morality and justice, a reasonably just society, as Rawls understands it, must not be expected. Despite his concerns to the contrary, the possibility of a just polity is not needed to ward off resignation and cynicism. There is a principled path between a politics of complacency that thwarts feasible progress and a politics of utopian aspiration that ends by inflicting harm in the name of doing good.
CONFESSIONS OF A UTOPOPHOBE
Authors: Huemer Michael
Published: December 2016

Ideal theorists in political philosophy seek to describe a perfect political society, and to evaluate political principles by reference to their consequences in a world where everyone complies with the principles. I argue that ideal theory is not needed to set goals for practical inquiries, nor to define justice, nor to enable rankings of injustices. Nor is it useful to theorize about very different kinds of society that might occur in the far future. Ideal theory tempts us to make each of three kinds of error: it tempts us to propose norms that no specific agent can act on, to posit crazy exaggerations of moral virtues, and to place too much trust in abstract philosophical reasoning. A better approach to normative questions is to rely on analogical arguments starting from uncontroversial intuitions about concrete scenarios.
THE COMMONWEALTH OF BEES: ON THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF JUSTICE-THROUGH-ETHOS
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2016

Some understand utopia as an ideal society in which everyone would be thoroughly informed by a moral ethos: all would always act on their pure conscientious judgments about justice, and so it would never be necessary to provide incentives for them to act as justice requires. In this essay I argue that such a society is impossible. A society of purely conscientiously just agents would be unable to achieve real justice. This is the Paradox of Pure Conscientiousness. This paradox, I argue, can only be overcome when individuals are prepared to depart from their own pure, conscientious, judgments of justice.