bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combatting Child Poverty in the Childhood Moratorium: A Representational Lens on Children’s Rights
Authors: Reynaert Didier , Formesyn Nicole , Roets Griet , Roose Rudi
Published: March 2023

The focus on ‘child poverty’ in policy, practice and academia (in industrialized countries) has increased significantly in recent years. This is in large part due to the increasing number of children growing up in poverty. Child poverty is generally considered as a violation of children’s rights, as they are recognized in the Convention on the Rights. In this chapter we discuss the issue of ‘child poverty’ in relation to children’s rights, relying on the work of Nancy Fraser. Fraser developed an understanding of social justice as ‘parity of participation’ that consists of three domains: redistribution, recognition and representation. In this contribution, we suggest that children in poverty are represented differently compared to their parents in poverty in claims for social justice. For children, demands for combatting child poverty appear within the ‘childhood moratorium’. The childhood moratorium can be considered as a separate and exclusive domain for children with social provisions such as the school, youth work and youth care. In this childhood moratorium, children are represented as the ‘victim of poverty’ and are thought of as the ‘deserving poor’. Consequently, investing in child care and education, for instance, is widely regarded as the best way to combat child poverty. In contrast, parents are represented as the ‘undeserving poor’, responsible for their own poverty situation and the poverty situation of their children. Therefore, activating measures are set up to compel parents to take responsibility. The distinction between the way in which children and parents are represented needs to be understood from a particular interpretation of children’s rights. Despite the fact that a child rights-based approach is set forward as an important frame of reference to combat child poverty, different interpretations can exist of such an approach, resulting in different ideas on the representation of children and parents. Based on in-depth interviews with 30 families living in poverty, we argue that a segregated approach of the representation of children and parents in poverty can be considered as a problem of ‘misrepresentation’. This injustice can have a negative impact on realizing children’s rights for children living in poverty. This is so because such an approach narrows thesocialproblem of poverty down to aneducationalproblem. Opposite to that is an approach of child poverty from a children’s rights perspective that connects both representational claims of children with representational claims of parents.
Child Figurations in Youth Climate Justice Activism: The Visual Rhetoric of the Fridays for Future on Instagram
Authors: Buhre Frida
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores how contemporary children and youth climate activists utilize or challenge dominant childhood figurations in climate change discourses. Through digital participant observation, I study the global online participatory culture of Fridays for Future communities on Instagram. What forms of visual rhetoric do grassroots activists use to gain visibility and what forms of childhood political subjectivities are represented? The analysis shows that the activists use various strategies to create visually dramatic images, ranging from humor to competence, from anger to joy, and from mass-demonstrations to artistically creative small-scale strikes. The chapter argues that such visual rhetoric is embedded with certain figurations for the children and youth activists such as (1) the child speaking truth to power, (2) the global mass of children and youth, (3) the competent and responsible children and youth, and (4) the humor and creativity of activism. I suggest that these figurations both make use of adultist perceptions of children and youth for strategic purposes and that they also challenge passive and futurist figurations of children in climate discourse by emphasizing the present power of children and youth.
Political Strategies of Self-representation: The Case of Young Afghan Migrants in Sweden
Authors: Josefsson Jonathan
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, I explore how children and youth make use of particularstrategies of self-representationto seek political representation. I do so by taking my point of departure in a group of young Afghan migrants in Sweden and their political mobilization for their right to residency permits. In dialogue with debates in political theory around democracy and representation, I examine how young political actors contest and recast dominant regimes of political representation to claim political space and a voice of their own. Focus is put on the ways in which various actors struggle over the authority to represent and give meaning to the interests, rights, and well-being of young migrants and how these processes of representing children and youth become politically productive. Four different strategies are identified and suggested to constitute a politics of self-representation:Rejecting previous forms of representation;establishing, shaping, and controlling political identity;creating political space;making opponents and allies. Based on these empirical observations, I argue that the mobilizations of young non-citizens against deportation reveal a critical dimension to the politics of childhood, namely, how the strategies of self-representation used by children and youth disrupt current legal and political orders and open up new avenues for political representation.
Children’s Participation in Their Right to Education: Learning from the Delhi High Court Cases, 1998–2001
Authors: Balagopalan Sarada
Published: March 2023

With several states in the majority world having passed legislation around free and compulsory education and millions of marginal children now enrolled in schools, the question of how we frame children’s participation in their right to education assumes considerable significance. By drawing together discussions around children’s representations, participation and educational equity, this chapter critically opens up the particular dynamic that has helped produce educational equity as a continually deferrable goal. It argues that the dominant representation of first-generation learners as economically marginal children is variously, and continually, leveraged to justify their presence within unequal and deeply segregated school spaces. To help problematize this narrative of assumed victimhood, the chapter discusses a set of court cases adjudicated in the Delhi High Court between 1997 and 2001. These cases not only highlight the state’s role in perpetuating existing inequalities but also draw attention to how these dominant representations had a deleterious effect on marginal children’s school experiences. By countering a simplistic narrative around school attendance as an adequate measure of children’s learning and participation in education, these Delhi High Court cases foreground marginal children’s primary identity as learners. They thus help expose how the current fuzziness around children’s participation in schooling has helped produce schooling as a critical compensatory technology that is no longer about guaranteeing educational equity.
“Children Without Childhood”: Representations of the Child-Soldier as an International Emergency
Authors: Tabak Jana
Published: March 2023

Considering the prevailing discourse about the child-soldier, whose most iconic figure is a poor, vulnerable, prepubescent, male African who carries a gun bigger than he is, this chapter investigates how child-soldiers are invariably framed as an essentially deviant and pathological child—and as such a threat to world security—in need of solution. Regardless of many historical examples of children’s participation in war, the child-soldier is assumed to be a new international emergency, an exception to the norm of the child, owing primarily to the outbreak of “new wars” in the post–Cold War era. The focus of this chapter turns to two main discourses that articulate and authorize the limits that (re)produce the child-soldier as an international problem, setting boundaries within which only certain subjects, narratives and responses are admitted: (1) the discourse of the law, that is, international legal standards that articulate children’s participation in war as something that is wrong and must be banned under international law; and (2) what I call the “discourse of the norm,” which is analyzed through the three contrasting images of the child-soldier as dangerous and disorderly, the hapless victim, and the redeemed hero, as identified by Myriam Denov (Child Soldiers: Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010). The discourse of the norm, in particular, makes visible child-soldiers as a pathology, excluding their aspects of disorder, dysfunction, and risk from the accepted boundaries of what is to be a child and its childhood. In this case, it is not only that children’s participation in wars is wrong, but it is absolutely abnormal once their childhood has been lost together with any semblance of the “civilized world.” At the end of the day, the logic of opposite extremes—to be a child-soldier is to be an innocent victim or to be a feared monster—operates to (re)produce children as targets of international intervention (or protection) with no chance of autonomous decision-making; child-soldiers are either the objects of exploitation or the objects of salvation.
Children’s Representation in the Transnational Mirror Maze
Authors: Hanson Karl
Published: March 2023

The chapter critically analyses the performances of children’s representation in the transnational political arena and engages with the questions: Who is representing children? Where are such representations enacted? It investigates two largely advertised transnational advocacy campaigns in favour of children’s human rights. The first concerns international advocacy around minimum age legislation for child soldiering, a campaign led by transnational advocacy networks that claim to represent children and young people’s rights and interests but in which children are hardly present. The second is about children and young people who have taken the lead to fight climate change via international legal procedures and who are backed up by large children’s rights entities. Both cases illustrate the tension between transnational approaches that favour a ‘global childhood’ and national and other interests at stake in childhood politics. Given their close connection with international policy making on children, childhood and children’s rights, transnational campaigns and entities exert a significant part of the transnational public power against which they are struggling. This makes it important to critically assess who is speaking on behalf of children and where their representation is being performed. To strengthen children’s representation in transnational matters it is important to investigate its complex and often confusing workings and extend internal democratic processes within transnational actors.
Deliberative Disobedience as a Strategy for Claiming Rights and Representation in the Family: The Case of Accra’s Street Children
Authors: Ofosu-Kusi Yaw
Published: March 2023

Representation as a cornerstone of liberal democracy enables representatives to speak on behalf of others; articulate their views and defend their interest when necessary. Children’s representation however is a challenging endeavour because they usually do not have voting rights or enforcement capacity to hold those who represent them accountable. In the domestic arena, for example, parents are commonly seen as legitimate representatives of their children because of a natural affiliation and propensity to speak for and defend their interests. However, in recent times, broader social and economic transformations in Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, especially social change, neoliberalism and globalization and their myriad consequences, have incapacitated some parents, while motivating their children to defy and deliberately disengage with their representation. This quest transforms the notions of rights and representation because by enabling children more space in decision-making it subverts the norms of representation. It is a slide from traditional acquiescence/obedience towards a self-representation that elevates children’s agency but subverts the authority of parents/adults, thus disrupting the traditional distribution of power. This is exemplified in the migration of children to the major cities of Ghana, especially Accra, in spite of protestations from their parents, to earn incomes for themselves and sometimes the family and in the process claim rights that enable them to chart their own courses of life. The context for this argument is the outcome of a programme of qualitative studies in Accra in the 2000s. It involved 102 boys and girls, aged between 8 and 17 years, who were interviewed, observed and encouraged to participate in photo-elicitation exercises.
East Central Europe Between the Colonial and the Postcolonial: A Critical Introduction
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Dorota , Huigen Siegfried
Published: March 2023

In this introductory chapter, we propose a comparative model for studying the in-between location of East Central Europe on the cultural, historical, and political map of Europe. To construct this model, we make a critical survey of theoretical frameworks that have been deployed so far and claim that postcolonialism can be used as a hermeneutical device for situating East Central Europe on the global map of (colonial) modernity. Analysing the approaches developed in studies on the region, we discuss the shortcomings of using postcolonialism for claiming the postcolonial status for the region.
East Central Europe as a Historical and Conceptual Space: On the Production of Knowledge from an (Historical) Area Studies Perspective
Authors: Kraft Claudia
Published: March 2023

This chapter takes a historical look at the emergence and transformation of the concept of East Central Europe. In doing so, a dual perspective is adopted. On the one hand, it is necessary to ask for historical justifications for the specific state of the region’s “in-between-ness” at least since the early modern times. On the other hand, it will be reflected how the political and scholarly discourse about an imagined region, or a region characterised by socio-economic or political-institutional structures contributed to produce knowledge and to solidify the specific disciplinary take of “area studies.” The aim is to question the apparent aporia between structuralist essentialism and constructivist approaches and, above all, to work out to what extent East Central Europe can be used to produce theories for modern regional studies (instead of just being used as a testing ground for theories developed elsewhere). This seems to be even more important because the region, especially since the historical upheaval of 1989, has been placed in a perspective of catching up that assumes a linear temporality and does not do justice to the intrinsic value of East Central European spaces of experience.
Colonial Ambivalence and Its Aftermath: Colonialism and Anti-Colonialism in Independent Poland and Ireland
Authors: Healy Róisín
Published: March 2023

This chapter places the East Central European experience of colonialism within a broader European framework by comparing the cases of Poland and Ireland in the nineteenth century. Historians of Ireland have long argued for the colonial status of Ireland within the United Kingdom by reference to English and Scottish settlement, civilising discourse, economic neglect, and political subjugation. Historians of Poland have been slower to deem it colonial, as not all of these features were present in all three of the partitions. Recently, it has become clear that some Irish and Polish subjects were themselves implicated in colonial practices elsewhere, as ideologues, administrators, soldiers, settlers, teachers, and missionaries. Other Polish and Irish subjects were critical of colonialism, however, and expressed support for colonial subjects elsewhere. After independence, Poland and Ireland diverged, as Ireland made anti-colonialism state policy, whereas Poland toyed with the idea of acquiring colonies. Little valued as a distinct cultural and political entity, Ireland used anti-colonialism as a means of asserting the state’s relevance on the international stage. Conversely, Poland’s more recent experience of statehood and the historical dominance of ethnic Poles in the region encouraged its ambitions to become a Great Power and thus a colonial one.
The Unbearable Virtues of Backwardness: Mircea Eliade’s Conceptualisation of Colonialism and His Attraction to Romania’s Interwar Fascist Movement
Authors: Cârstocea Raul
Published: March 2023

This chapter addresses Mircea Eliade’s conceptualisation of the colonial experience and the ways in which it influenced his view of history, which in turn informed his studies of the sacred and the discipline of comparative religious studies to whose establishment he contributed significantly. I argue that his vision of colonialism, informing both his scientific work and his perception of the history and culture of Central and Eastern Europe, was reflective of the tension prompted by the epistemology of in-betweenness that Eliade (and other interwar Romanian intellectuals) developed as a response to Romania’s marginality, translating in practical terms in a conversion of its perceived “backwardness” into a virtue (albeit one that remained uncomfortable) and a weapon directed against Western cultural and political hegemony. As such, his epistemological stance corresponded on the one hand to Eliade’s genuine cultural pluralism, support for decolonisation, and appreciation of non-European cultures and the challenges they posed to European hegemony; and on the other led to his attraction to Romania’s native fascist movement, the “Legion of the Archangel Michael”. Studying the link between Eliade’s scholarship and his politics in light of his experience of colonialism in India draws attention to his broader understanding of Romania’s position within the global system, as well as to the parallels he drew between colonial scenarios and the historical legacies of countries in the region of Central and Eastern Europe, which he saw as also indelibly marked by their own experiences of empire.
Regained Landscapes: The Transfer of Power and Tradition in Polish Discourse of the Regained Territories
Authors: Siewior Kinga
Published: March 2023

The chapter discusses colonial strategies underlying landscape representations of the Regained Territories in the literature of the Polish People’s Republic. These regions, incorporated into Poland after 1945, were at the centre of Polish (and socialist) spatial imaginary, functioning as a mythical place of the origin of Polish statehood and a space of utopian fantasies of a new socialist society, established through state-driven settlement. Foreign landscape, in fact marked by German influence, was to be “recovered” or, rather more accurately, “repossessed,” in practice—Polonised/colonised. Hence, I discern here mechanisms of aestheticisation (ideologisation) of the landscape that oscillated around two basic categories: (1) populartopoiofterra nulliusand (2) the specific poetics of familiarity, developed by Jan Bułhak (one of the most influential founders of Polish modern photography) in his pre-war works from the Eastern Borderlands (Kresy)—the space of centuries-old Polish expansion. In the analytical part of the chapter, I focus on how the Eastern Borderlands landscape migrates into western spaces and new ideological and literary contexts, as well as on how Eastern Borderlands colonial tradition functions here as a template for “domestication” of a new Western Borderland.
Critical Understanding of Civic Statistics: Engaging with Important Contexts, Texts, and Opinion Questions
Authors: Gal Iddo
Published: March 2023

This chapter aims to support teachers and lecturers interested in developing students’ statistical literacy in general and critical understanding of Civic Statistics in particular. The chapter provides practical advice regarding task design and development of activities that encourage critical analysis of statistical texts (such as in the news media or publications of official statistics agencies). Key topics include: analysis of the nature of ‘context knowledge’ and what are ‘meaningful and important’ contexts that are worthy of attention when teaching for understanding of Civic Statistics; ways to bring ‘meaningful and important’ contexts and texts about them (e.g., from newspapers or digital media) into the classroom and to make sure students understand them; ideas about question-posing and designing suitable tasks about these meaningful and important contexts, in particular how to shape ‘opinion questions’ that can elicit students’ critical reading, reflective thinking, and communication of thoughtful opinions; and ideas about the dispositions and habits of mind (e.g., critical stance, ability to ask ‘worry questions’) and skills (e.g., reading comprehension, critical interpretation) we want students to internalized and be able to activate when engaging statistical messages. Based on the guidelines and examples regarding these topics, the chapter discusses implications and recommendations for curriculum design and for teaching and teachers working both at the high-school, college, and adult education contexts, in mathematics education, statistics and data science education, and related STEM disciplines.
Implementing Civic Statistics in Business Education: Technology in Small and Large Classrooms
Authors: Kovacs Peter , Kazar Klara , Kuruczleki Eva
Published: March 2023

Introducing Civic Statistics is of high importance in business education as its multidisciplinary nature helps students to develop complex and critical thinking and also to link different areas of their studies. In this chapter we share our hands-on experiences on the implementation of Civic Statistics both in large and small classrooms and highlight the differences between the techniques and topics employed in different circumstances. The study materials developed include topics such as the ageing society, poverty and income inequality, social and business networks and even financial literacy, the implementation of which will be discussed in detail in this chapter. The challenges of introducing Civic Statistics in a small or a large classroom in business education are different, and both are described here. In general, we received positive feedback from students: the social themes explored facilitated increased engagement and participation, and students welcomed the topics and tools—even though they are rather unusual compared to their ‘ordinary’ statistics classes.
Implementing Civic Statistics: An Agenda for Action
Authors: Gal Iddo , Ridgway Jim , Nicholson James , Engel Joachim
Published: March 2023

The first three chapters of this book have identified societal demands for understanding Civic Statistics (Chap. 1), described specific features of the statistical and mathematical information citizens receive about civic issues (Chap. 2), and mapped out the facets and tools (skills, knowledge, mental and motivational tools) needed to critically understand such statistical and mathematical information about society (Chap. 3). The present chapter examines issues that are essential for promoting necessary changes in the teaching and learning of Civic Statistics, which are needed for empowering citizens to engage with and analyze data sources and data-informed reasoning about burning issues in society, and critically interpret messages related to Civic Statistics encountered in the news media, social networks and related digital sources. The chapter first provides further illustrations of activities or tasks pertaining to Civic Statistics and shows how to analyse task demands in terms of the facets and tools they require. Then, general questions are examined regarding the all-important alignment of the features of Civic Statistics and their demands with curriculum plans and learning goals, classroom teaching practices, and assessment methods. We provide some guidelines for developing assessment items relevant to Civic Statistics. Finally, the chapter presents six broad recommendations related to changes in systemic issues that can promote attention to and critical understanding of Civic Statistics, at the school and university levels, and which can improve effective instruction and assessment in this regard, within mathematics education, statistics and data science education, and related disciplines.
Seeing Dynamic Data Visualizations in Action: Gapminder Tools
Authors: Kovacs Peter , Kazar Klara , Kuruczleki Eva
Published: March 2023

Citizens need sophisticated ways of thinking in order to understand complex, real social and economic phenomena and to interpret relationships among social and business data correctly. Huge amounts of data, data sources and visualization tools provide an opportunity to illustrate complex relations within real data. At the same time, the misuse of these tools can lead to misinterpretations and in turn perhaps to poor decision making. The Gapminder Foundation has developed several visualization tools (using bubble charts, trend lines, ranks, maps, etc.) in order to facilitate the exploration of complex relationships between variables, to rank countries, and to explore things such as time series, age distributions and income distributions. The goals of this chapter are to: show these different tools in action in classes exploring poverty and the ageing society; to describe their advantages and disadvantages; and to compare.
Inclusive Fitness: A Scientific Revolution
Authors: Rodrigues António M. M. , Gardner Andy
Published: March 2023

Proponents of the “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis” argue that the current state of evolutionary biology departs from what was established in Modern Synthesis to such a degree that a new synthesis is needed. They present a “laundry list” of complaints concerning the core focus and assumptions of the Modern Synthesis and argue that the perspective of evolutionary biology must be shifted and these core assumptions relaxed in order to incorporate a plethora of new evolutionary factors. However, we contend that this revolution is already well underway, in the form of the inclusive-fitness research programme. We provide an overview of the inclusive-fitness revolution, charting its origins, explaining its core concepts and outlook, and describing the ways in which it has developed into a fully fledged and extraordinarily productive programme of scientific research. We then consider the apparently neglected processes and perspectives from an inclusive-fitness viewpoint. We conclude that progress in evolutionary theory is facilitated by focusing research attention on areas where there is a relatively poor fit between theoretical predictions and empirical observations, rather than complexifying models in pursuit of extra realism for its own sake.
The Organism in Evolutionary Explanation: From Early Twentieth Century to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
Authors: Baedke Jan , Fábregas-Tejeda Alejandro
Published: March 2023

In recent years there have been a number of calls for integrating developmental and organismal phenomena into evolutionary theory. This so-called Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) argues that evolutionary theory should not primarily explain certain evolutionary phenomena by highlighting genes and populations but organisms instead, in particular how their development and behavior biases and drives evolutionary change. Here, we offer a new historiography that focuses less on the differences between the EES and the Modern Synthesis but seeks to provide a better understanding about which theoretical and explanatory traditions the organism-centered framework of the EES draws on. This concerns especially three currently resurfacing explanatory roles granted to organisms in evolution: organisms should allow (1) contextualizing parts in development, especially genes, (2) focusing on reciprocal organism-environment relations (in contrast to, e.g., gene-environment interactions), and (3) understand the role of agency in evolution. Through this analysis, we show that the EES advances a revival of older explanatory roles granted to the organism in evolutionary research, which became marginalized in the second half of the twentieth century. This new perspective helps to re-center contemporary theoretical debates towards relevant questions of explanatory standards in evolutionary biology.
Excavation Simulations and Cutting Tool Wear
Authors: Brackmann Lukas , Röttger Arne , Bui Hoang-Giang , Butt Sahir , Hoormazdi Golnaz , Leon Bal Abdiel Ramon , Priebe Sebastian , Wingender Dennis , Yang Hongwei , Balzani Daniel , Hackl Klaus , Meschke Günther , Mueller Inka , Renner Jörg
Published: March 2023

The mechanized tunnel construction is carried out by tunnel boring machines, in which the soil in front of the working face is removed, and the tunnel lining is carried out with shotcrete or the setting of segments and their back injection. Advancements in this field aim towards increase of the excavation efficiency and increase of the tool lifetime, especially in rock-dominated grounds. The latter is achieved by understanding the wear mechanisms abrasion and surface-fatigue, and by knowledge of the microstructure-property relation of the utilized materials. Improvements for tool concepts are derived, based on experiments and simulations. A key parameter towards efficient rock excavation is the shape of the cutting edge of the utilized disc cutters. Sharp cutting edges have proven to generate higher rock excavation rates compared to blunt ones. The compressive strength of the utilized steel has to be high, to inhibit plastic deformation and thereby to maintain sharp cutting edges. This requirement competes with the demand for toughness, which is necessary to avoid crack-growth in the case of cyclic loading. Solutions for this contradiction lie in specially designed multiphase microstructures, containing both hard particles and ductile microstructural constituents. Besides adapting the alloying concept, these required microstructures and the associated properties can be adjusted by specific heat-treatments.
Between Integration and Dissociation: Intra-European Immigrants’ Life Experiences in Romania
Authors: Voicu Bogdan , Croitoru Alin
Published: March 2023

Increasingly visible migrant communities that coexist within transnational spaces (Vertovec, 2009) are part of a contemporary world marked by a changing political approach to immigration, in which integration is the key word. The vagueness of the term (Schinkel, 2017) is compensated by the potential benefits derived from its usage. Given its multidimensionality (Harder et al., 2018; Voicu & Vlase, 2014), integration allows observing a liquid migration. The term was developed in relation to intra-European migration (Engbersen, 2018), to stress the encapsulation of such spatial movement into a more complex set of social changes, and to stress the flexibility of migration itself. Such fluidity implies a series of temporary states in the personal life, that is appropriate for the case of high-skilled intra-European migrants.
EU Citizenship: A Tool for Integration?
Authors: Goodman Sara Wallace
Published: March 2023

European Union citizenship conveys important rights and opportunities to the almost 450 million citizens of EU Member States. European citizens are first and foremost citizens of their respective member states, but EU citizenship is designed to complement national citizenship, enabling individuals to move and live across the EU, participate in the political life of the EU, and exercise meaningful rights (e.g., diplomatic and consular protection in third countries). For instance, EU citizenship enables participation in local elections of an individual’s their country of residence (independent of national citizenship), as well as vote for members of the European Parliament. Voting in these types of elections promises to increase the political legitimacy of the EU and, in principle, diminish the democratic deficit of this supranational institution. And through political participation that builds political legitimacy, EU citizens push this institution toward an “ever closer Union.”
Ideas of Integration in Citizenship Laws and Citizenship Acquisition Procedures in Belgium and the UK
Authors: Sredanovic Djordje
Published: March 2023

The sociological study of formal citizenship has been strongly shaped by Brubaker’s (1992) analysis of citizenship legislation in France and Germany. Brubaker’s intuition was that citizenship laws express the conceptions of membership hold by governments and administrations, if not the society at large (although the author dissociated himself from the simplifications that subdivided nations in “ethnic” and “civic” – Brubaker, 1999).
Becoming Dutch at What Cost? Increasing Application Fees and Naturalisation Rates of EU Immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Peters Floris , Falcke Swantje , Vink Maarten
Published: March 2023

In Europe there is substantial variation in the costs associated with applying for citizenship both between countries and over time. Yet how the costs of applying for citizenship affect naturalisation rates among immigrants remains remarkably understudied. In the Netherlands, application fees increased markedly in recent years from 336 euro in 2003 to 901 euro in 2020 for a single application, with significant hikes in the fee in 2010 and 2011. While simultaneous policy changes in civic integration requirements for long-term residence obfuscated the effects of higher fees and likely resulted in higher naturalisation rates among non-EU immigrants, we expect that for EU immigrants increased fees directly affected the cost-benefit calculation of applying for citizenship. Hence, in this chapter, we analyse naturalisation rates among EU immigrants in the context of increasing application fees by using longitudinal microdata from administrative registers on the complete immigrant population between 2007 and 2014. We use a two-step identification strategy. First, we apply a single-difference regression, based on a fixed-effects model, to investigate immigrant naturalisation rates in conjunction with increased application costs. We subsequently explore impact heterogeneity by household income and use a double-difference regression, based on a difference-in-differences model, to test whether the relevance of the fee increase is conditioned by income groups. Results show that increased fees are associated with an overall declining trend in naturalisation rates, especially for immigrants from low-income households. The impact of the fee increase for low-income migrants is comparable in magnitude to the relevance of having a low rather than high level of education for the propensity to naturalise. These results contribute to existing research on economic requirements for immigrant naturalisation and highlight the disproportionate consequences of high application fees.
Citizenship and Naturalisation for Migrants in the UK After Brexit
Authors: Fernández-Reino Mariña , Sumption Madeleine
Published: March 2023

While immigration has played a major role in public debate in the UK over the past twenty years, citizenship and naturalisation have received much less attention. Polling data have suggested that the UK public is broadly supportive of the idea of giving long-term migrants the opportunity to become UK citizens (British Future, 2020). The UK Home Office, in its 2019 Indicators of Integration Framework, described citizenship as an “important bedrock to the integration of any individual in a society” (Ndofor-Tah et al., 2019: 18). Indeed, there is some evidence that becoming a citizen has a positive impact on economic and social integration. For example, the OECD (2011) found that naturalisation was associated with labour market outcomes of many groups of foreign nationals in France, Germany, Sweden and the United States, particularly for the most disadvantaged. Studies from Switzerland and Germany have also shown positive social and economic impacts of naturalisation (Hainmueller et al., 2017; Gathmann & Keller, 2018; but see also Bartram, 2019); and that those who naturalise increase their attachment to British Identity (Bartram, 2021).
Immigrant Economic Rights in the European Union
Authors: Alarian Hannah M.
Published: March 2023

Economic rights in many EU member states no longer distinguish between citizens to non-EU immigrants. How do these non-EU immigrants respond to expansive economic rights? This chapter argues that providing rights below citizenship improves the psychological, political, and social lives of non-EU immigrants within the EU. Combining cross-national surveys with policy indicators, I find that immigrant access to the labour market and social assistance are powerful tools for immigrant integration both above and below citizenship. Specifically, immigrants with equal opportunities to citizens in the labour market appear more satisfied with democracy, government, and their lives overall. Further I find immigrants who are eligible to receive welfare assistance without incurring additional penalties for future citizenship are more likely to naturalize. Together these findings suggest policy inclusion can perpetuate future immigrant integration, providing a clear policy agenda for EU member states committed to promoting non-EU immigrant integration.
Migrants, New Citizens, Co-Citizens and Citizens by Adoption – Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales
Authors: Wisthaler Verena
Published: March 2023

Relying on a structured comparison of the various Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties (SNRPs) in the Basque Country (Spain), Corsica (France), South Tyrol (Italy), and Scotland and Wales (UK) I show that these parties engage, through processes of ‘othering’, in the creation of a hierarchy of diversities, differentiating between markers of diversity based on the perceived proximity of immigrants to the collective identity of the in-group, as well as their constructed distance to the identity of the state in which the minority region is situated. Hence, the construction of ‘wanted’ and ‘unwanted’ migrants and, in the long run, ‘wanted’ and ‘unwanted’ citizens, reflects the perceived potential of newcomers to strengthen the SNRPs’ vision of the territory, their nationalist mobilization and their nation-building project, which then becomes the salient criterion for the inclusion or exclusion of migrants into the construction of regional citizenship.
Intercultural Citizenship in the Making: Public Space and Belonging in Discriminatory Environments
Authors: Zapata-Barrero Ricard , Hellgren Zenia
Published: March 2023

Public space is essential to foster a sense of belonging among immigrants and racialized groups. This is especially true for groups who are still framed as different in relation to an abstract but taken-for-granted notion of we-ness that remains strongly connected to colonial thinking (Mayblin & Turner, 2021), according to which people perceived as white and western represent the norm in European societies. In this chapter we assume that there is an interrelation between the concepts of discrimination and interculturalism that is essential for the life conditions of immigrants and racialized groups. On the one hand, ethnic discrimination constitutes an impediment for the fulfilment of interculturalist policy goals, while on the other hand, interculturalism, understood as a strategy promoting contact among people from different backgrounds, including nationals, may potentially constitute a fruitful political and discursive tool to combat discrimination (Hellgren & Zapata-Barrero, 2022). In this chapter we defend that intercultural citizenship is a useful conceptual framework to analytically examine how such belonging could be constructed in multiethnic urban neighbourhoods, understanding multiplicity of linkages across ethnic divides as a key element. For such multiple ways of understanding contact (including formal/informal, conventional/unconventional, and also nonverbal communication, body language, eye contact, gestures and even silence (Samovar et al., 2015) to fulfil the conditions of citizenship-making and developing a sense of belonging need to take place under conditions of equality and power-sharing or be discrimination-free. We contend therefore that these people-to-place linkages in diversity settings are even more important than the probably more traditional people-to-people linkages that usually define interculturalism (Zapata-Barrero, 2017). For instance, migrants tend to use open public spaces, community gardens, and parks to gather and congregate in ways that are reminiscent of their home country, transforming the parks of their adoptive community into familiar spaces, creating an “autotopography” that links their daily practices and life experiences to a deep sense of place (Agyeman, 2017).
“In London, I Am a European Citizen”: Brexit, Emotions, and the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Sigona Nando , Godin Marie
Published: March 2023

London hosts by far the largest population of non-national EU citizens in Europe. It is also home to roughly one-third of the entire EU citizen population living in the UK. London’s population changed rapidly following EU enlargement in the 2000s in terms of its size, the variety and number of nationalities it hosts, and its socio-demographic profile (Lessard-Phillips & Sigona, 2018). These changes have intensified and shaped the process of ‘diversification of diversity’ captured in the late 2000s by anthropologist Steve Vertovec in his seminal work on superdiversity (Vertovec, 2007). Despite Britain’s exit from the EU, its new geopolitical orientation (towards a more ‘Global Britain’) and the new immigration regime that has come to replace the EU’s freedom of movement, this diversification process has continued. For example, between 2016 and 2020, live births among EU mothers in London have roughly stayed the same - only marginally declined from 17.52 to 17.18 per cent of the total number of live births in London, with Poland, Romania, Germany and Lithuania among the top 10 countries of birth for non-UK mothers in the city (ONS, 2021; see also Lessard-Phillips & Sigona, 2019).
Present-Day Migration in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Flows and Migration Dynamics
Authors: Capaldi Mark P.
Published: March 2023

The proportion of people’s movement within Southeast Asia continues to rise with the UN estimating there are over ten million international migrants in the region. The causes of migration are varied and may be due to economic inequalities, environmental degradation, violent conflicts and other forms of human rights violations. Many of the richer countries in the region (where 96% of the region’s migrants are found) depend on human mobility to fill low-wage jobs in agriculture, tourism, construction, domestic help and their plight has been thrust into the spotlight by the COVID-19 pandemic. Forced, irregular and mixed migratory flows are all key trends in Southeast Asia. This chapter aims to explore the dynamics of these mixed migration flows by taking a theoretical approach to analysing migration in the region. The chapter concludes by assessing the effectiveness of existing policies and mechanisms in Southeast Asia in order to provide recommendations for a more rights-based regional approach to migration.
The Refugees Vanish: Rohingya Movement, Emergency’s Temporality and Violence of the Indonesian Humanitarian Border
Authors: Azis Avyanthi
Published: March 2023

This chapter calls for more sustained attention to Rohingya movement as an ontological activity that has largely been observed in episodic manner. Subsumed into the limited temporality of emergency, Indonesia’s response to Rohingya boat people has led to an emergent humanitarian border, from which refugees are escaping. Drawing on local media reports, the analysis problematises the recurring arrivals/subsequent disappearances of Rohingya refugees from Aceh (2015–2021), and examines the material and ideational configurations of the violent border assemblage as it becomes entrenched through current regulation. While Indonesia appears to shift closer to international refugee protection norms, the repetition of its bordering practices against the Rohingya raises questions about rescue, and how it potentially entails delimitation of refugee’s futures.
Forgotten Stateless Vietnamese in Thailand
Authors: Napaumporn Bongkot
Published: March 2023

Migration of Vietnamese to Thailand is not recent. Thailand has accommodated Vietnamese fleeing violence, political upheavals and religious oppression for over 350 years. Among these Vietnamese, some were able to be integrated into Thai society, others managed to return to their motherland and many rebuilt their lives in a third country. Due to problems between Thailand and Viet Nam that stemmed largely from ideological antagonism characteristic of the Cold War, the Vietnamese refugees fleeing conflicts during that time faced the most difficulties while in Thailand. Their existence and issues surrounding them including their belonging had been politicised throughout. National security was deployed to legitimise restrictions of the group. Their children, even though born and brought up in Thailand, were unable to acquire Thai nationality. Although policies toward this population had been significantly improved since 1992, it took years to resolve their problem. While many remain in Thailand, some tried their luck to move irregularly to seek a better life in other countries such as Japan. There, they ended up living in limbo because of their illegal entry and unsolved statelessness status.
Citizenship and Legal Status in Healthcare: Access of Non-citizens in the ASEAN: A Comparative Case Study of Thailand and Malaysia
Authors: Verghis Sharuna
Published: March 2023

The international movement of people through voluntary migration and forced displacement in the ASEAN is driven by economic inequalities within and between countries, and political and ethnic conflict. Using case examples of Malaysia and Thailand which espouse the neoliberal model of migration and development, and which are both guided by concerns of national security and economic efficiency in healthcare, this chapter appraises their contrasting models of health systems in the way healthcare access of migrant populations is conceptualised. Examining this issue from a comparative foundation and exploring the entitlement of a range of non-citizens to healthcare through the lens of documentation status, citizenship, and moral deservingness, this chapter demonstrates how borders move within national boundaries as neoliberal policies influence the normative frameworks underpinning health systems and the access of non-citizens to healthcare.