bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH IN PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Morel François M. M.
Published: August 2010

Microscopic algae can grow rapidly in natural waters that are extremely low in essential macro and micro nutrients. Yet, their nutrient uptake systems exhibit only mediocre nutrient affinities, the saturation constants being often 10–1000 times the (estimated) ambient concentrations. The large difference which exists between the saturation constants for growth (Ku) and short term uptake (Kp) are due to the acclimation capabilities of the organisms. Over the acclimation range, Ku, to Kp the algae can maintain maximum growth rate by modulating both their internal nutrient quotas (Q) and their maximum short term nutrient uptake rates (Pmax) in response to variations in external nutrient concentrations. The commonly assumed hyperbolic relationships for steady growth and uptake (viz “chemostat theory”) are coherent with a hyperbolic expression for short term uptake including a variable maximum (Pmax). The ratio of the saturation constants for growth and uptake is then directly related to the extreme in quotas and maximum uptake rates:

Kμ/Kρ= Qmin/Qmaxρmax/ρQmax.

This result is applicable even when the exact hyperbolic laws are not. Published data on Fe, Mn, P and N limitation in algae are generally in accord with the theory and demonstrate a wider acclimation range for trace than for major nutrients.
VALVE MORPHOGENESIS IN SURIRELLA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D. , Cohn Stan , Schmid Anna‐Maria M. , Tippit David H.
Published: August 2010

Valve morphogenesis in two Surirellae (S. ovalis Brebisson and S. robusta Ehrenberg) is described. Mitosis takes place at the broad end of the cell. After cleavage, a new Microtubule Center (MC) arises near each spindle pole and moves to the adjacent plasmalemma. Soon, a specific group of microtubules (MTs) extends from very near the MC around the periphery of the cell. Concurrently, the new tubular Silica Deposition Vesicle (SDV) grows around the periphery of the cell close to these MTs. A double rib of silica is rapidly formed inside the SDV; the space between the ribs becomes the raphe. Mitochondria line up along the MTs, and the SDV may be molded around these to create the canal raphe. Soon, the SDV expands in two directions to create the face and the mantle of the new valve. Meanwhile, each daughter nucleus, accompanied by the MC, moves to its interphase position at the center of the cell; this movement is colchicine‐sensitive. As in several other pennate diatoms, an interruption in the raphe of the mature valve coincides with the initial position of the MC. The canal raphe thickens rapidly around the mitochondria; a rudimentary raphe fiber may be associated with the creation of a tiny curvature at the inner raphe fissure. As the SDV expands in the large S. robusta, the daughter cell protoplasts slowly shrink by plasmolysis, thereby creating the complex curved surface of the new valve surmounted by the arching canal raphes which are now quite rigid. In S. ovalis, the daughter cell protoplasts remain appressed and therefore the new valve surface is basically flat.

The symmetry of Surirella is quite different from that of other pennate diatoms. However, the cytoplasmic events accompanying valve morphogenesis are similar in all important respects to those described in other raphid pennate diatoms, and clearly supports a naviculoid origin for this genus.
SHOULD RENAL NURSES BE AWARE OF WATER QUALITY?
Authors: Chamney Melissa , James Ray
Published: August 2010

Although traditionally considered the domain of the renal technologist, many units do not have technicians or may only have part‐time access to one. In these cases, it often falls to nursing staff to ensure that patients are dialysed safely. However, water quality is an area in which some nurses do not feel confident. This paper is aimed at providing information about the importance of appropriate water treatment, water testing and monitoring and the implications to the patient if the water is not checked appropriately in accordance with the guidelines.
Stock Market Reactions and Information Transfer Due to Financial Instability in the Life Insurance Industry
Authors: Avila Stephen M. , Eastman Kevin L. , Corbett Richard B. , Bratton1 John C.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: This study examines the stock market reactions and information transfer effects due to financial instability for four life insurance companies that eventually failed or were taken over by regulators. The four companies were First Executive Corporation, First Capital Holdings Corporation, Monarch Capital Corporation, and Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company. In general, significant negative capital market responses were found after a company released an announcement regarding financial instability. Information transfer effects of a negative announcement by one insurer were not found to have a significant impact on the other insurers. This study complements past studies of contagion effects within the insurance industry.
Sintering of Transparent Yttria Ceramics in Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Huang Yihua , Jiang Dongliang , Zhang Jingxian , Lin Qingling , Huang Zhengren
Published: August 2010

A novel method is reported for the preparation of transparent polycrystalline yttria ceramics in oxygen atmosphere. Zirconia and other additives were added to control the grain growth. Pores can be eliminated clearly at a temperature <1650°C with the grain size around 1 μm. The grain growth kinetics and the mechanisms controlling grain growth were studied. Sintering in oxygen atmosphere is beneficial for making samples with a big size at low cost and avoiding the posttreatment of samples sintered in vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere.
Energy Transfer Sm3+→Eu3+ in Potential Red Phosphor (Ca, Ba)3(VO4)2:Sm3+, Eu3+ for Use in Organic Solar Cells and White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lin Han‐Yu , Fang Ying‐Chien , Chu Sheng‐Yuan
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates the energy transfer of Sm3+→Eu3+ in (Ca, Ba)3(VO4)2:Sm3+, Eu3+ phosphors. The multipolar mechanism of energy transfer (Sm3+→Eu3+) was found to be dipole–quadrupole. The energy transfer efficiency and possibility were calculated according to the emission intensity and lifetime of the energy donor Sm3+. With the addition of 2 mol% Sm3+ as the sensitizer, the integrated emission intensity of red (Ca0.901Ba0.099)2.82(VO4)2:0.12Eu3+ phosphor under 465 nm excitation was enhanced by 35%. The sensitization effect is realized when the excitation peak of (Ca0.901Ba0.099)2.82(VO4)2:0.12Eu3+ was extended from 465 to 405 nm. The (Ca, Ba)3(VO4)2:Sm3+, Eu3+ phosphors can down‐convert near‐UV and blue wavelength photons, located in the weakest absorption of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), to red‐emitting photons in the optimal absorption of CuPc. These results imply that the optimized (Ca0.89Ba0.099)2.82(VO4)2:0.02Sm3+, 0.12Eu3+ phosphor is a candidate for application to CuPc‐based solar cells and the white light‐emitting diode with a blue chip.
Preparation and Characterization of Pure‐Phase Co2Y Ferrite Powders via a Scalable Aqueous Coprecipitation Method
Authors: Daigle Andrew , DuPre' Eric , Geiler Anton , Chen Yajie , Parimi Pat V. , Vittoria Carmine , Harris Vincent G.
Published: August 2010

Aqueous chemical coprecipitation methods have been developed to produce large quantities, 12 g per batch, of pure‐phase Ba2Co2Fe12O22 Y‐type hexaferrite powders. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that sintering temperatures as low as 900°C were sufficient to produce a single‐phase Y‐type hexaferrite material. The method has also been shown to lend itself to efficient scale up, leading to large batch production. The growth of particles as a function of time and temperature in a single‐step sintering process, as opposed to multiple annealing and sintering processes required in conventional ceramic processing, was explored. Size and shape of particles have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, while the magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometry. Measured structural and magnetic properties are closely matched with those of bulk ceramic materials, indicating that the proposed approach may serve as a large‐scale, cost‐effective substitute to conventional ceramic processing of hexagonal ferrite materials.
High‐Temperature Stability of Lead Zinc Niobate: In Situ X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Shanahan James V.> , Kisi Erich H. , Forrester Jennifer S. , Goodshaw Heather J. , Zobec Jennifer S. , Phelan David
Published: August 2010

The thermal stability of the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN) upon heating was studied using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that single‐phase PZN is stable below 700°C, whereupon the first decomposition phase, the pyrochlore Pb1.83 Nb1.71Zn0.29O6.39 was observed. With the increasing temperature, the amount of pyrochlore increased until at 1100°C there is no PZN remaining. Pyrochlore formation was accompanied by the precipitation of ZnO above 800°C and after holding at 1100°C, the formation of Nb2ZnO6. Rietveld refinements based on the XRD patterns have allowed the relative phase proportions as well as the atomic site occupancies of the metal ions in PZN and the pyrochlore to be estimated. The Zn site occupancy within the perovskite PZN decreases upon heating in parallel with the pyrochlore formation. An elemental mass balance based on the XRD results shows that PZN decomposition is well under way before any Pb is lost from the sample. This indicates that Zn egress rather than Pb volatility is the determining factor in the instability of PZN, contrary to prior published work.
Morphological Analysis of Slip‐Cast Emulsion‐Templated Alumina Foams by Microfocus Computer Tomography
Authors: Neirinck Bram , Kerckhofs Greet , Wevers Martine , Van der Biest Omer , Vleugels Jef
Published: August 2010

Bulk alumina foams were generated by slip casting of suspensions combined with particle‐stabilized emulsion droplets as pore templates. Because of the volatile nature of the template, the green foams could be consolidated by sintering without a debinding step. The porous structure of the consolidated foams was analyzed nondestructively using image analysis of microfocus computer tomography (micro‐CT) data. The fraction of open and closed pores, as well as the pore sizes and pore size distributions, were calculated from the generated 3D micro‐CT datasets and correlated to the applied processing parameters. The anisotropy in the produced structures was assessed and elucidated by a detailed analysis of segmented tomography data. The results indicate that the width of the pore size distribution and the average macropore size, ranging from 225 to 136 μm, depend on the slip rheology. Any anisotropy caused in the structure was linked to the template preparation but is only present in a narrow zone near the bottom of the foams. Although the macroporosity (≥20 μm) was only 24%–31%, tomographic analysis showed that over 90% of these macropores were interconnected through ≥20‐μm‐diameter windows.
Role of Particle Sizes in Hydrogen Generation by the Reaction of Al with Water
Authors: Deng Zhen‐Yan , Zhu Li‐Li , Tang Ye‐Bin , Sakka Yoshio , Ye Jinhua , Xie Rong‐Jun
Published: August 2010

Four different‐sized pure Al powders were used to react with distilled water at 55°C in a low vacuum, and their effect on the reaction dynamics and hydrogen‐generation rate was investigated. It was found that the Al particle sizes not only affect the hydrogen‐generation rate but also affect the induction time for the beginning of the reaction. The induction time strongly depends on the Al particle sizes, which obviously increased with the Al particle sizes. The hydrogen‐generation rate increased with the decreasing Al particle sizes, because the small‐sized Al powder has a high surface area. Mechanism analyses revealed that the long induction time for the large Al particles probably originates from a long time for their H diffusion to reach a saturation concentration in the bulk Al metal. The reaction rate of Al with water could be qualitatively explained by a shrinking core model.
Studies on Vitamin B12 Retention Comparison of Retention Following Intramuscular Injection of Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxocobalamin
Authors: Hertz Henrik , Kristensen H. P. Østergaard , Hoff‐JØrgensen E.
Published: August 2010

While according to recent investigations cyanocobalamin (CN‐B12), so far the most commonly used vitamin B12 preparation, must be considered an “artificial product”, hydroxocobalamin (OH‐B12) is probably one of the forms of vitamin B12 which occurs naturally in the animal organism.

The main object of the present study was to elucidate the difference in retention following intramuscular injection of CN‐B12 and OH‐B12, among other things with a view to the applicability of OH‐B12 in the treatment of pernicious anaemia.

After i. m. injection of about 1 mg CN‐B12 and OH‐B12, normal subjects excreted within 24 hours about 80 per cent and about 25 per cent, respectively, in the urine. This corresponds a retention of about 20 per cent CN‐B12 compared with about 75 per cent OH‐B12.

The serum concentrations about 1 hour after the injection were approximately the same whether CN‐B12 or OH‐B12 was given. Thereafter, the concentration of CN‐B12 fell far more rapidly than that of OH‐B12, so that during the subsequent 48 hours the OH‐B12 concentration was 3–6 times higher than the CN‐B12 concentration.

Dialysis experiments showed that OH‐B12 passes far more slowly through a cellophane membrane than does CN‐B12, and that OH‐B12 is bound to the serum proteins in far greater quantities than is CN‐B12. The amount of bound, i. e. non‐dialysable, CN‐B12 increased only slightly with increasing total concentration, while the amount of bound OH‐B12 increased proportionally, making up about two‐thirds of the total concentration.

These two factors – greater binding to the serum proteins and slower diffusion of non‐bound OH‐B12 – reduce glomerular filtration and must be considered the main explanation why far less of injected OH‐B12 than of injected CN‐B12 is lost in the urine.

It is concluded that owing to its excellent retention in the organism – without addition of absorption‐retarding substances – hydroxocobalamin (OH‐B12) must be particularly suited for the treatment of pernicious anaemia and other B12 deficiencies, all the more so as OH‐B12 is presumably a physiological vitamin B12.

In maintenance therapy, 1 mg hydroxocobalamin i. m. every 3 months should be sufficient.
Serum Copper in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Jensen K. BjØrn , Thorling E. B. , Andersen C. J.
Published: August 2010

The study comprises observations of Se.Cu changes in 29 patients with Hodgkin's disease during treatment with cancertherapeutics and roentgen. It appears that these alterations follow the clinical condition closely, and that they can be used in the evaluation of the therapeutic effect. The alterations are often pronounced and appear early, often they are the first indications of effect. Consequenetly, the Se.Cu determination will be of prognostic value in the treatment. Favourable effect of the applied therapy, with improvement of the clinical condition, is always accompanied by a decrease in Se.Cu. Absence of a fall in Se.Cu during treatment seems definitely to indicate resistance to treatment. Increase in Se.Cu is as a rule accompanied by an aggravation of the patient's condition and by activation of the disease.
Adenosine Diphosphate Induced Thrombosis in Hypothyroid Rats
Authors: Chandler A. B. , Nordöy A.
Published: August 2010

ADP‐induced thrombi in hypothyroid rats are more stable than in normal animals. The persistance of the thrombi is thought to be due to a slow rate of inactivation of ADP.
Chlorambucil Treatment in the Cold Agglutinin Syndrome
Authors: Olesen H.
Published: August 2010

A patient with a typical cold agglutinin syndrome has been treated with chlorambucil.

This treatment decreased the plasma γ1M‐globulins by 4 to 5 per cent of total protein, the plasma cold agglutinins to about one fourth, and reduced the thermal amplitude of the cold agglutinins by 3.0° C.
The Interpretation of Autoradiograms, Especially when Using Tritium as a Tracer
Authors: Levi Hilde
Published: August 2010

The possibilities and principal limitations of the autoradiographic method and, hence, the interpretation of autoradiograms especially when using tritium as a tracer are discussed. A number of problems are described which require an increasingly complex evaluation of autoradiographic data. Moreover, the response of photographic emulsions to beta particles from C‐14 and tritium, respectively, is compared and it is shown that, with extremely soft radiation, proportionality between the degree of labelling of the source and the autoradiographic effect is limited to a narrow interval.
Fluorescence of Erythrocytes after a Chemical Conversion of Haemoglobin
Authors: Jørgensen Jan R.
Published: August 2010

The auto‐fluorescence of erythrocytes is very weak and erythrocytes are not stained by ordinarily used fluorochromes (as e.g. acridin‐orange). Within the haemoglobin molecule some of the conjugated double bonds of haematoporphyrin are bound to Fe‐atoms, whereby the ability of haematoporphyrin to fluoresce ceases. Heller showed (1916) that it was possible to split of the Fe‐atoms from haemoglobin by means of strong acids without destroying the porphyrin ring or the fluorescence. In this report is described how this method was used to get erythrocytes to fluoresce

Venous blood was collected with acid dextrose citrate as anti‐coagulant and diluted by saline to get a 10 per cent suspension of erythrocytes. Smears prepared of this suspension were dried and fixed in aethanol for 10 min. One drop of 20 per cent HCl was placed on the glass slide and covered with a coverslip. The slides were examined using a Reichert Binolux fluorescence microscope (primary filter: Erreger filter BG 12/3 mm; secondary filter GG 9/1 mm + OG 1/1.5 mm; dark field condensor). After ultraviolet illumination in about 15 seconds all the erythrocytes showed a vivid red fluorescence while all the leucocytes and thrombocytes showed no fluorescence at all

The method is suitable to detect traces of haemoglobin and can be used to show the remaining quantity of haemoglobin by preparing erythrocyte ghosts

The method can also be used to show the existence of erythrocytes containing haemoglobin of an abnormal type, if haemoglobin‐A can be removed. We have demonstrated foetal erythrocytes in a mixture of foetal and adult erythrocytes by preparing the smears with Kleihauer et al.'s acid elution (1957) after fixation. Further investigations of this application of the method will be published.
Adhesiveness to Glass and Phagocytic Activity of Neutrophilic Leukocytes in Myeloproliferative Diseases
Authors: Brandt Lars
Published: August 2010

In chronic myeloid leukaemia the adhesiveness of mature neutrophilic leukocytes to an approximately standardized glass bead column and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils are abnormally low. The distribution of neutrophils with different power of phagocytosis has been investigated in 6 cases of CML. The increasing number of white blood cells characteristic of aggravation of the disease is accompanied by an increasing part of mature neutrophils with low phagocytic activity. Neutrophils with high phagocytic activity do not change their number to any extent in different stages of CML. Nor does this number seem to be significantly higher in CML than in normals. Neutrophils in 3 cases of polycythaemia vera with leukocytosis, 1 case of thrombocythaemia with leukocytosis and 2 cases of 32P‐treated polycythaemia vera with signs of acute leukaemia had a high phagocytic activity. One case of myeloproliferative disorder originally diagnosed as polycythaemia vera with certain later signs of CML had a phagocytic pattern similar to that seen in typical cases of CML.
The Serum Vitamin B12 Concentration in the General Population
Authors: Kilpatrick G. S. , Withey J. L.
Published: August 2010

The serum vitamin B12 concentration was estimated in a random sample of two communities; an industrial and an agricultural one. A total of 890 people were studied. The frequency distribution of serum vitamin B12 concentration shows that the range of values is wide and that the serum vitamin B12 level falls with increasing age. For general purposes the results of this study may be summarised by standardising at age 50 years, using the regression coefficient — 1.254 μμg per ml per year of age, which summarises the gradient with age over the whole age range studied. Thus the adjusted means and standard errors, 255.2 ± 5.45 μμg per ml for the industrial men and 262 ± 10.06 μμg per ml for the women, compare closely with the agricultural community where the figures for the men are 260 ± 9.52 and for the women 272 ± 8.45 μμg per ml.
Methaemoglobin Reduction: Studies Using Galactose as Substrate
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Collins Zeola
Published: August 2010

The effectiveness of galactose as a substrate for methaemoglobin reduction in human red cells has been investigated. The rate of methaemoglobin reduction has been found to depend on the concentration of galactose up to levels of 0.5 M. Methylene blue, which markedly accelerated methaemoglobin reduction when glucose was a substrate, only minimally accelerated methaemoglobin reduction with a galactose substrate. Pre‐incubation with high concentrations of galactose did not inhibit methaemoglobin reduction in the presence of glucose and methylene blue. No inhibition of G‐6‐PD activity was observed with very high concentrations of Gal‐1‐P, glucose‐1‐P, or galactose, even at low concentrations of G‐6‐P. Several possibilities are presented to explain the lack of stimulation of methaemoglobin reduction by methylene blue when galactose is the substrate: 1) inhibition of methylene blue‐stimulated methaemoglobin reduction by galactose or its metabolites; 2) inability of the red cell to metabolize very low concentrations of glucose‐6‐phosphate by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway; and 3) that β‐glucose‐6‐phosphate is not an important product of galactose metabolism. In the latter case, which appears the most likely, a previously undescribed pathway of carbohydrate metabolism must exist in the human erythrocyte. It is suggested that this pathway may represent the direct conversion of α G‐6‐P to fructose‐6‐phosphate, by‐passing the hexose monophosphate pathway, which requires β G‐6‐P as substrate.
The Rate of Platelet Aggregation in Haemorrhagic Disease and Thrombosis
Authors: OZENBERG M. C. R. , FlRKIN B. G.
Published: August 2010

The degree of platelet aggregation in healthy subjects, haemorrhagic disease and thrombosis has been studied by means of two techniques. Firstly, using a small cone in cone viscometer at high rates of shear, an artificial in vitro thrombus was obtained which represents aggregation of platelets during the process of coagulation. Secondly, a turbidiometric method measuring the fall in optical density during aggregation of platelets was used to record the rate of platelet cohesion in the presence of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin. There was rough correlation between the effects of thrombin and ADP on the rate of aggregation in various normal subjects suggesting that the mechanism in the presence of these two substances was similar. The rate of platelet aggregation was observed weekly in ten normal females and no change occurred at the onset of menstruation. Platelet aggregation was found normal in factor VIII deficiency, factor IX deficiency, moderate factor VII deficiency, hypofibrinogenaemia as well as in patients on phenindione or heparin. Impaired aggregation was due to a specific platelet defect in some leukaemias, reticuloses, uraemia as well as two cases of Glanzmann's disease.

The defect in aggregation in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia and fibrinolysis appeared to be due to a plasma factor. Our present method of study did not reveal any abnormality in two cases of von Willebrand's disease and appear insensitive to lack of “Anti‐Willebrand factor”.

The study of patients with arterial or venous thrombosis produced values wholly within the normal range and no evidence for a state of “increased tendency to aggregation” was obtained.
Inhibition of Fibrinolytic and Thromboplastic Activity by Trasylol®
Authors: AMRIS C. J.
Published: August 2010

Trasylol has strong inhibiting effect on the fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic and pro‐teolytic activity of plasmin. It also delays and inhibits the thrombin and thrombo‐plastin generation in vitro. Also the activity of preformed thromboplastin is inhibited whereas the thrombin‐fibrinogen reaction is unaffected by Trasylol. Clinical studies of patients with fibrinolysis, hypercoagulability and suspected intravascular coagulation indicate that the antithromboplastic effect of Trasylol also is effective in vivo. The combined antifibrinolytic and antithromboplastic effect of Trasylol may be a new aspect of great importance in the treatment and prophylaxis of induced haemostatic disorders.
Drug‐Induced Malabsorption of Vitamin B12
Authors: PALVA I. P. , HEINIVAARA O.
Published: August 2010

The present paper describes dialysis tests of rat stomach and bowel extract to show the effect of PAS on the various stages of vitamin B12 absorption. According to the results, PAS does not inhibit the formation of IF nor interfere with the binding of vitamin B12 to the IF that has formed. Nor does PAS inhibit origination of the “releasing factor” in the wall of the rat intestine. The “releasing factor” releases B12 from the IF complex also in the presence of PAS. This finding supports the view that the PAS‐induced malabsorption of vitamin B12 is based on inhibition of the enzyme system by means of which B12 normally penetrates the bowel wall.
March Haemoglobinuria
Authors: BALCERZAK STANLEY P. , WHEBY MUNSEY S. , GOLER DAVID , CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: August 2010

Studies on a patient with march haemoglobinuria suggest that in such subjects abnormal haemolysis takes place with ordinary physical activity. The resulting low haemoglobin binding capacity of the plasma allows haemoglobinuria to occur at a relatively low level of plasma haemoglobin. Some support is offered for the concept that the haemolysis occurs as the result of an extra‐erythrocytic defect.
Effect of Intermittent Hypoxia on Regeneration of Haemopoiesis in Rats Treated with Cyclophosphamide or Total Body Irradiation
Authors: Høst Herman
Published: August 2010

Effects of intermittent hypoxia on regeneration of haemopoiesis in rats treated with cyclophosphamide or total body irradiation are described. The rats were exposed to a gas mixture consisting of 10 per cent oxygen and 90 per cent nitrogen within half‐an‐hour after treatment. The exposure to hypoxia lasted for SV2 hours daily. The irradiated and cyclophosphamide treated animals differed markedly in their response to hypoxia. Thus, in the cyclophosphamide treated animals hypoxia induced a steady increase in red cell production following the initial stop in erythropoiesis caused by the treatment. In contrast, in the irradiated rats recovery was more slow and furthermore, a second failure of erythropoiesis occurred during recovery. This second failure of red cell production coincided with the second failure of the myelopoiesis in the same animals. Although total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide treatment caused initially about the same extent of marrow hypoplasia, the present results indicate that irradiation caused more damage to the stem cells than did cyclophosphamide.
Circulating Anticoagulant in a Haemophiliac (Evidence for Antibody Nature)
Authors: Svejgård Arne
Published: August 2010

A case of haemophilia A with a circulating anticoagulant is reported. The anticoagulant arose during the management after dental extractions. In agreement with findings by other authors, the anticoagulant was localized to the 7‐S‐(gamma‐G)‐globulins and possibly also to the 19‐S‐(gamma‐M)‐globulins. This localization and the observed zone phenomenon in the reaction between anticoagulant and AHG are further arguments for considering these anticoagulants as antibodies.
Studies on the Development of Cancer Anaemia in Humans
Authors: LOCKNER D.
Published: August 2010

A number of haematological parameters were studied in more than 100 patients with different lesions of the uterine cervix: cancer, cancer in situ, praecancerous changes and benign erosions (controls).

Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte number decreased in the cancer patients, MCH, MCHC and MCV remained unchanged. Serum iron concentration and plasma iron half time decreased, whereas plasma iron transport rate (PIT) increased. The cancer patients showed furthermore an increase of plasma volume, but unchanged erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin mass related to body weight; iron binding capacity showed a slight decrease. Erythrocyte copper decreased in cancer patients, plasma copper being unchanged; the white cell counts were unchanged except for an increase in the band cells.

Patients with cancer in situ showed decreased plasma iron half time and serum iron concentration, PIT was increased as was the absolute reticulocyte number. All other values remaining unchanged.

Patients with praecancerous lesions did not differ from controls except for an increase of Fe59 incorporation into erythrocytes.

In cancer thus a normochromic normocyte dilution anaemia with increased erythropoiesis is found. Cancer in situ is connected with signs of an increased erythropoietic effort only, but no anaemia is found. Praecancerous lesions behave as controls.
The Reactivity of Human Cord Lymphocytes in Mixed Cell Cultures
Authors: LAMVIK J. O.
Published: August 2010

Mixed cultures containing lymphocytes from human cord blood and from adult donor blood were studied. A higher degree of blastoid transformation of the lymphocytes was found in mixed cord lymphocyte cultures than in mixed adult lymphocyte cultures. There was a positive correlation between the immaturity of the cord blood samples, judged from the number of erythroblasts in the cord blood smears, and the reactivity on mixed cord/adult lymphocyte cultures.
Screening for Irregular Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: DYBKJÆR ESBEN
Published: August 2010

A commercially prepared antibody screening system, Selectogen®, is now available in Denmark.

A total of 291 selected sera underwent extended antibody studies by means of the Selectogen procedure and the routine methods of the blood grouping laboratory in Arhus. One hundred and thirty three sera contained irregular antibodies which could be analyzed in detail with respect to sensitivity of the methods used.

The comparison showed the value of the two‐stage papain technique in studies aimed at revealing the presence of weak irregular antibodies. The Selectogen albumin technique was not found to be a satisfactory substitute for the enzyme technique. Good results were obtained by using the Selectogen albumin indirect Coombs technique, but even that could not replace the enzyme technique, particularly not in the demonstration of weak Rhesus or Lewis antibodies.
Factors Influencing the Lysis of Artificial Thrombi by Urokinase
Authors: Ogston D. , Ogston C. M.
Published: August 2010

The urokinase‐induced lysis of artificial thrombi increased as their fibrin content rose. The plasminogen concentration of the plasma from which they were made also influenced their subsequent lysis.

The presence of plasma outside the thrombi contributed to their lysis only when the thrombi were small.

No relationship was found between the lysis of artificial thrombi by urokinase and their solubility in 1 per cent monochloroacetic‐acid.

The platelet content of the blood from which the thrombi were made did not influence the lysis of their fibrin component.
‘Radial Segmentation’ of the Nuclei in Lymphocytes and Other Blood Cells Induced by Some Anticoagulants
Authors: Norberg Bo , Söderström Nils
Published: August 2010

The term radial segmentation (RS) is applied to a characteristic nuclear deformation, occurring in vivo in many neoplastic and leukaemic cells but often also as an in vitro artefact in different conditions. The authors were able to quantitate this phenomenon and study the influence of heparine, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, and sodium oxalate on the formation rate of RS nuclei in vitro. It was concluded that each of these substances had its own pattern of influence on RS formation. Under specified conditions, RS in oxalated blood was reversible after recalcification. The formation rate of RS nuclei was most rapid and constant in oxalated blood, which thus forms a suitable basis for further quantitative studies of the effect of other substances on this phenomenon.
Acquired Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption
Authors: Hippe Erik
Published: August 2010

A 44‐year‐old woman underwent extirpation of a reticulum cell sarcoma in the right anxilla 10 years previously, followed by local roentgen treatment. Subsequently, the patient was irradiated because of enlarged lymph nodes in the left axilla and in the abdomen. Because of megalocytic anaemia and normal serum iron, the patient was given three injections of liver extract, whereupon the haemoglobin values rose to normal levels. An impaired absorption of vitamin B12 was demonstrated which did not improve on intrinsic factor. Otherwise, no hitherto known causes of the reduced vitamin B12 absorption could be found, in particular no other malabsorption symptoms were present. When normal intestinal juice was given concurrently, vitamin B12 was absorbed normally, which indicates that the patient lacks a factor in her intestinal juice which is of importance for a normal absorption of vitamin B12. The underlying mechanism of the biochemical defect in the vitamin B12 absorption is difcussed.
The Effect of Dietary Folate Deficiency on the Synthesis of Methylcobalamin in the Chick
Authors: Lindstrand K. , Anderson B. B. , Cowan J. D. , Coates M. E. , Hoffbrand A. V.
Published: August 2010

The ratio of liver methylcobalamin to total liver vitamin B12 was estimated in a group of one‐week‐old chicks fed a folate‐free diet, and a group of three‐week‐old chicks fed a diet of insufficient folate content to allow normal growth but sufficient to delay mortality. The ratio in these groups was compared with those in control chicks fed a diet of adequate folate content.

The ratio of liver methylcobalamin/total liver B12 was significantly lower in the one‐week‐old chicks fed a folate‐free diet, than in their controls, but the ratios in the three‐week‐old chicks fed a diet of limited folate content and their controls were similar.

The significance of these findings is assessed and possible explanations for the inconsistency between the findings in the two folate deficient groups are discussed.
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Tuberculosis
Authors: Markkanen T. , Levanto A. , Sallinen V. , Virtanen & S.
Published: August 2010

The present investigation covered 231 tuberculous patients, 200 healthy control subjects and 65 patients of a medical ward.

The folate levels in serum and whole blood proved to be lower among the tuberculous than in the control group. Oral folate clearance tests gave an abnormal result for two‐fifths of the tuberculous patients examined. Over half the number of the patients whose bone marrow was examined showed various degrees of intermediate megaloblastic changes, though none had such pronounced megaloblastic changes as are common in vitamin B12 deficiency. The patients who had mild or obvious megaloblastic changes in bone marrow also showed lower serum folate levels than those whose bone marrow was normal showed only minimal changes. The serum folate levels, however, varied considerably within all the groups of bone marrow types. The part played by antituberculous drugs (PAS‐INH) in the folate deficiency requires continued study. The serum levels of vitamin B12 in tuberculous patients were within the normal range.
Response of the Bone Marrow of the Vitamin E‐Deficient Rabbit to Coenzyme Q and Vitamin E
Authors: Ludwig Frederic C. , Elashoff Robert M. , Smith Jack L. , Scholler Jean , Farley Thomas M. , Folkers Karl
Published: August 2010

The effect of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and of α‐tocopherol on the haemopoietic tissues of dystrophic rabbits on a vitamin E‐deficient diet has been studied. Animals receiving this diet supplemented with α‐tocopherol were still significantly subnormal compared with the pellet controls. The diet had a significantly depressive effect on bone marrow cell maturation and on myeloid precursor cell supply as well as on the growth rate. Both hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and α‐tocopherol elicited a limited biological response in the bone marrow at the dose level administered. Neither therapy produced a haematological response corresponding to the cellular levels found in the pellet control group.

Animals on the vitamin E‐deficient diet disclosed typical muscular lesions. Both hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and α‐tocopherol had a beneficial effect on these muscular lesions.

It is considered that the biological activity of α‐tocopherol is directly that of an antioxidant protecting the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and that of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 is essentially substitution for coenzyme Q10.
Liver B12 in Subjects With and Without Vitamin B12 Deficiency. A Quantitative and Qualitative Study
Authors: Ståhlberg K. G. , Radner S. , Nordén Å.
Published: August 2010

In six subjects with normal serum‐B12 level the liver B12 was about 1 μg per gram liver tissue wet weight. In the livers of eleven subjects with B12 deficiency the B12 content was only one fourth to one fiftieth of the normal amount. Methyl‐B12, deoxyadenosyl‐B12 and hydroxo‐B12 were demonstrated in control livers by the chromatographic‐bioautographic technique. Deoxyadenosyl‐B12 was the major component. The liver methyl‐B12/deoxyadenosyl‐B12 quotient was increased in four of seven subjects with vitamin B12‐deficiency.
An Improved Method for Quantitative Estimation of Nucleated Cells in The Bone‐Marrow of Guinea Pigs by Using Liver Extract
Authors: Mäkitalo‐Bäckström Ulla
Published: August 2010

Total counts of nucleated cells per μl bone‐marrow were determined in suspensions containing cell‐free liver extract and in suspensions without liver extract. The presence of liver extract caused a significantly higher cell count which increased with increasing amount of liver extract. The differences were not an effect of dilution nor were they caused by mitosis. No attempt was made to determine the optimal proportions of liver extract to suspension of cells, or the active component of liver extract. Bacteria or their products seemed not to be the possible cause of the increase in cell count. No formation of cell aggregates of importance was demonstrated in 20 minutes. It thus seems that the differences in the total count of cells is due to splitting of cell aggregates by a factor in liver extract. By adding cell‐free liver extract it thus seems possible to split aggregates of cells, and obtain a more correct count of cells in suspensions of bone‐marrow.
Methodological Problems in Testing of Platelet Adhesiveness
Authors: Cronberg Stig
Published: August 2010

Various methods for testing platelet adhesiveness are discussed. A mathematical approach has demonstrated that the interstitial volume in a column with equal‐sized, spherical glass beads is not dependent on the size of the glass beads. The total surface is inversely proportional to the radius of the glass beads. Other parameters such as the mean circumference of the glass beads in a cross‐section of a column and the mean thickness of fluid can be calculated.

Experiments with columns of various lengths and breadths, contact times, rates of flow, sampling times, size and nature of glass beads have been performed. The results stress the importance of the contact time of the platelets, while other parameters will slightly modify the effects. By fractionating sampling an enhancing principle of platelet adhesiveness was found in many experiments. Further investigations suggested that this was probably due to an accumulation of the R‐factor of Hellem, later demonstrated by him and collaborators as ADP.
Inhibition of the Thrombin‐Fibrinogen Reaction by Heparin and Purified Cofactor
Authors: Abildgaard U.
Published: August 2010

The inhibition of the thrombin‐fibrinogen reaction was studied by recording the appearance of N‐terminal glycine. The reaction was progressively inhibited by heparin and purified human cofactor. No immediate effect could be demonstrated Thrombin activity was not restored following neutralization of heparin with protamine. The inhibition was therefore apparently due to ‘progressive’ inactivation of thrombin. The thrombin half life was approximately inversely proportional to the cofactor concentration. As compared to inactivation by cofactor alone, heparin (0.1 I.U./ml.) increased the inactivation rate about 20 times. Consequently, an inhibition could be demonstrated at much higher thrombin concentrations than with cofactor alone. α1‐glucoprotein counteracted the inhibition, but calcium had no effect. The inhibition decreased as the pH and ionic strength was increased. The inhibition increased as the temperature was increased from 17° to 37° C.
Aggregation of Human Platelets by Bovine Platelet Fibrinogen
Authors: Solum Nils Olav
Published: August 2010

Aggregation of human platelets by addition of purified bovine platelet fibrinogen is described. Bovine plasma fibrinogen showed the same but much weaker effect. Human fibrinogen produced no aggregation. No absolute requirement for divalent cations or plasma proteins could be demonstrated. The aggregation of washed platelets appeared monophasic whereas in platelet‐rich plasma it was usually biphasic. The use of inhibitors of ADP‐induced platelet aggregation, inhibition of intracellular ATP‐production, enzyme‐catalyzed removal of ADP, and direct determinations of ADP in the medium showed the second phase to be mediated by ADP released from the platelets whereas the first phase was nearly independant of ADP. While the ability of platelet fibrinogen to aggregate platelets and to clot with thrombin were otherwise intimately interconnected, some aggregation activity remained after heat‐denaturation of the platelet fibrinogen.
Homozygous Hereditary Elliptocytosis as the Cause of Haemolytic Anemia in Infancy
Authors: Nielsen J. A. , Strunk K. W.
Published: August 2010

Two fatal cases of severe anaemia in infancy with ellpitocytosis in a Danish family are described. The severe progression of the disease is due to homozygosity for the gene for elliptocytosis. A statistical analysis of the pedigree shows linkage between the gene for elliptocytosis and the Rh‐genes.

A morphological difference between the heterozygous and the homozygous elliptocytosis is shown to be that the longest diameter of the erythrocytes is significantly shorter in homozygotes than in heterozygotes.

The similarity between the heredity in elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, and sickle cell anaemia is shown.

Following splenectomy the haemolysis in propositus is compensated.
A Modification of The Technique for 51Cr‐Labelling of Blood Platelets Giving Increased Circulating Platelet Radioactivity
Authors: Abrahamsen Arne Foss
Published: August 2010

The influence of temperature, pH, incubation medium, and incubation time on the uptake of 51Cr by platelets was studied. The uptake of 51Cr proceeded for at least 4 hours, most rapid in a modified Ringer solution. The rate of uptake increased with temperature up to 37° C., with platelet number up to 1–2 times 106/μl. and with concentration of 51Cr, but was reduced by a surface‐active agent Triton WR 1339.

Based on these observations, a modified technique for 51Cr‐labelling of platelets is presented. Provided the platelet count is normal, removal of only 120 ml. of blood from the patient is necessary. Even in severe thrombocytopenia, survival of autologous platelets can be estimated by the present method.
A New Type of Inclusion Bodies in Lymphocytes
Authors: HOVIG T. , JEREMIC M. , STAVEM P.
Published: August 2010

Inclusion bodies could be demonstrated in about 8 per cent of circulating lymphocytes from a female, age 70, suffering from chronic rheumatoid arthritis and leukopenia. By light microscopy the inclusions, which measured about 1 to 4 μ. in diameter, gave a reddish‐purple colour with May‐Grünwald Giemsa stain. They were faintly stained with Sudan black or PAS, but were not stained with Toluidine blue, Feulgen, or Methyl green pyronine. By electron microscopy bundles of tubules localized in cytoplasmic vacuoles or in the cytoplasmic matrix could be demonstrated. The outer diameter of each single tubule was approximately 420 Å, and the diameter of its surrounding membrane was 140 Å. The single tubule or bundles of tubules were often coiled. The mitochondria were sometimes arranged along the periphery of the inclusions.

Similar inclusions were not found in other members of the patient's family, and it is suggested that the inclusions are related to the disease(s) and/or treatment of the patient.
Thrombin Inhibitory Activity of Fractions Obtained by Gel Filtration of Antithrombin III Deficient Plasma
Authors: ABILDGAARD U. , EGEBERG O.
Published: August 2010

Two fractions with thrombin inhibitory activity of a progressive type were obtained by gel filtration of plasma from patients with congenital deficiency of antithrombin III and from normal controls. The fractions corresponded to α2‐macroglobulin and antithrombin III. The thrombin inhibitory activity of the α2‐macroglobulin of the patients was not lower than normal.
IgD‐Myelomatosis. Report of a Case
Authors: DAMMACCO FRANCO , BONOMO LORENZO
Published: August 2010

A case of IgD‐myeloma is described. Severe renal failure and chronic biliary disease were the main clinical features. The serum electrophoretic pattern exhibited a narrow‐banded myelomatous protein migrating in the fast gammaglobulin region, and an additional, rudimentary spike with gamma‐2 mobility. Bence Jones protein was detected in both serum and urine of the patient. The main M‐component was identified by immuno‐electrophoresis as belonging to the newly recognized IgD class.

Light chain antigenic determinants of both the myeloma protein and the urinary Bence Jones protein were of type kappa.

Relationships between chronic biliary‐tract disease and monoclonal gammapathies are briefly discussed. Moreover, the interest of the diclonal serological abnormality, resembling the IgD‐IgG type gammapathy, is emphasized.
Carbohydrates in Erythrocyte Stroma: I. Concentration of Hexoses and Hexosamines in acid Hydrolysates of Human, Bovine, Pig and Horse Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Relander Arvo
Published: August 2010

The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of hexose and hexosamine components in the mucosaccharide fraction of red cell stroma were found to be 2 N HCl at 92° C. for 3 hours. The hydrolysate of stroma was converted by concentration, neutralization and ion exchange technique to a form in which the hexose and hexosamine components could be assertained. By determining the recovery and standard deviation the methods were found reproduceable. The normal values of total aldohexose, galactose, glucose and hexosamine concentrations were determined in stroma in about 20 cases of each of the following species: human, bovine, pig, and horse. The stroma was divided into two parts with a chloro‐form‐methanol mixture (2:1) and the hexose and hexosamine concentrations in each part were determined. Pig stroma, contrary to that of the other species, had markedly more hexoses in the lipid fraction than in the stroma residue fraction. The content of glucose in both fractions was the same in human stroma, but there were more hexoses and hexosamines in the stroma residue fraction. The hexosamine content in the lipid extract fraction of horse and human stroma was very low.