On the exploration of alternative spatial representation for land models; a vector-based setup for the Variable Infiltration Capacity model
Authors: Gharari Shervan , Clark Martyn 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Land models are increasingly used as the backbone of the terrestrial hydrology as they cover a wide range of processes (from rainfall/runoff processes to carbon cycle). The recent improvements in high-resolution spatial data set including detailed digital elevation models, DEMs, and land cover and soil type maps are encouraging the modelers to set up the land surface models at the highest resolution possible. However, this high-resolution setup does not often coincide with rigorous model diagnostics and also the &amp;#8220;optimal&amp;#8221; spatial representation based on the context of modeling (e.g. streamflow). A model can be seen as a tool to interpolate or extrapolate our knowledge in time and space and therefore it remains an important aspect of land surface modeling to which level the spatial heterogeneity can be represented in a model so that the states and fluxes &amp;#8220;improve&amp;#8221; given the context of modeling. The representation of spatial data in our models has important implications including (1) removing the unnecessarily computational burden from model setups which in turn results in better assessment of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the parameters on a less computational expensive model. (2) Proper corresponding between the communications of spatial variability while avoiding overconfidence in the nature of model response on illogically smallest units.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, in contrast to the often used grid-based model setup, we use the concept of vector-based group response units (GRUs) for setting up the Variable Infiltration Capacity, the VIC model, and vector-based MizuRoute routing scheme. We explore the added information by stepwise inclusion of more detailed spatial data and higher resolution forcing data while the vector-based routing setup remains identical for each of the configurations. Using this flexible workflow we explore three major questions:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;1- How the performance of model changes in the calibration mode for various configuration of spatial heterogeneity representation and forcing resolution given the context of modeling, for example, streamflow simulations or snow water equivalent spatial pattern?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2- How well a simplified version of a more complex model in spatial representation can reproduce its own simulation? The answer to this question will provide us with iso-performing model setups, configurations of forcing distribution and spatial heterogeneity representation, and the possible loss in the performance metric given the context of modeling under the simplification decisions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;3- How the model performs across various configurations of spatial data and forcing resolutions with a given set of so-called physically parameters that are often considered to be identical for GRUs with the same physical characteristics, soil, vegetation type, elevation zone, slope and aspect, varies?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our findings indicate that the optimal spatial representation in the context of modeling, streamflow, for example, may very well be much less computationally demanding than the model setup that contains all the details with the highest resolution of the data. In a complementary attempt, it is shown that the often good performing parameter sets are able to reproduce good performing simulation in comparison to the model setup with the highest model resolution.&lt;/p&gt;