bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex and the Self
Authors: Houlihan Amy E. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg , Yeh Hsiu-Chen , Reimer Rachel A. , Murry Velma M.
Published: December 2007

A 5-year longitudinal study of African American adolescents, aged 10 to 12 at Time 1, used the prototype/willingness (prototype) model to examine the (social) cognitive effects of the onset of sexual behavior on self-concept. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that becoming sexually active was related to favorable changes in adolescents' self-concepts and that this effect was moderated by gender. The effect was more pronounced among boys than girls. Positive self-concept, in turn, was related to subsequent risky sexual behavior. Sexual onset was also associated with positive changes in adolescents' images of the typical adolescent who has sex (i.e., sex prototype). This increase in prototype favorability marginally predicted subsequent willingness to have risky sex. In sum, sexual debut was related to increases in adolescents' self-concepts and risk cognitions, both of which predicted risky sexual behavior.
Nonprofit Board Role Ambiguity
Authors: Wright Bradley E. , Millesen Judith L.
Published: December 2007

This study investigates the degree to which nonprofit board volunteers understand their role and performance expectations in the organizations they govern. Using data collected from chief executives and board members, the authors first compare board member self-reports of role ambiguity with chief executive assessments of how well board members understand their roles. They then examine the antecedents and consequences of board role ambiguity, finding that training and feedback can decrease role ambiguity and that role ambiguity adversely affects board engagement.
Incorporating Policy Criteria in Spatial Analysis
Authors: Desai Anand , Greenbaum Robert T. , Kim Yushim
Published: December 2007

Although spatial analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become prevalent in the social and policy sciences, GIS and its mapmaking capability remains an underutilized tool among the decision support tools available to policy makers. Using a case study of Medicaid expenditure changes in Ohio, the authors demonstrate how spatial analysis and display can incorporate useful weights for policy makers. Through the use of dependence indices based upon the distributions of the affected recipients and service providers to weight the expenditures, the link between the effects of policy changes and the spatial distributions of these populations becomes clearer. The article argues that policy makers can be given a more appropriate picture of the potential local implications of statewide policy changes through the use of weights. Because of the power of maps to so starkly display these distributions, the article concludes with a caution that such tools should be used ethically with considered judgment.
Co-opting the Shareholder Value Movement: A Class Analytic Model of Share Repurchases
Authors: Brennan David M.
Published: December 2007

This paper investigates the relationship between labor, shareholders, and CEOs to reflect the simultaneous rise in share repurchases after 1980, the increasingly exploitative outcomes for labor, and the rise of CEO compensation. The paper finds that although institutional investors may have pressured firms to be more profitable, they were not powerful enough to appropriate all of the gains. Rather, capitalists (CEOs) have been able to partially co-opt the shareholder value movement at the expense of both labor and shareholders. Important components of this conclusion are the use of stock options and the benefits to capitalists for seemingly distributing funds to shareholders with share repurchases.
Cultural Values and Racial Identity Statuses Among Latino Students
Authors: Carter Robert T. , Yeh Christine J. , Mazzula Silvia L.
Published: December 2007

The authors investigated the content and structure of cultural value orientations associated with how cultural groups view relationships, time, nature, and activity in a group of 107 Latino college and graduate students. The study employed the Visible Racial Ethnic/Identity Attitude Scale and Intercultural Values Inventory. A regression analysis revealed racial identity status attitudes predict value orientation preferences of human nature as evil, lineal and collateral social relationships, and a belief in harmony with nature. Five repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed a mixed and good view of human nature, a sense of harmony with nature and a future preference. More complex preferences were found with respect to the activity and social relations orientations, reflecting a blending of Eurocentric and Latino cultural values.
The Influence of Parental Warmth and Control on Latino Adolescent Alcohol Use
Authors: Mogro-Wilson Cristina
Published: December 2007

Latino adolescent alcohol use is related to substance use, later life addiction, and other negative outcomes. The lack of knowledge on parenting and the parent-youth relationship in Latino families in the context of acculturation and its affects on alcohol use prompted this study. Secondary data analysis using the Add Health data set indicates that high amounts of parental control function positively for Latino families, contrary to some findings for non-Latinos. In addition, parental warmth significantly reduced alcohol use and also positively affected the parent-youth relationship which decreased alcohol use. When families spoke English at home, parental control decreased which lead to an increase in alcohol use. A critical examination of the implications for the cultural understanding of parental influences on adolescent alcohol use is discussed. Findings indicate that there are unique family mechanisms for Latino families that should be considered when developing intervention options.
Identity and Language
Authors: Bergman Mindy E. , Watrous-Rodriguez Kristen M. , Chalkley Katherine M.
Published: December 2007

Language is an important marker of identity. Guided by social identity theory and using a grounded theory approach, this study examined how languages are chosen and shape experiences in the workplace. Results suggest that language use is influenced by both external (norms, business needs) and internal (identity, language comfort) processes. Furthermore, speaking Spanish in the workplace has both positive (inclusion, camaraderie) and negative effects (exclusion, harassment, discrimination), with many more negative effects reported by our participants. Speaking Spanish appears to mark the speaker as an outsider. Together, our results indicate that language use is an important choice, personally and professionally, for employees and plays an important role in the way individuals are treated in the workplace.
Intractable Gelastic Seizures During Infancy: Ictal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Demonstrating Epileptiform Activity Within the Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Authors: Shahar Eli , Goldsher Dorit , Genizi Jacob , Ravid Sarit , Keidar Zohar
Published: December 2007

Gelastic seizures comprise a very rare form of epilepsy. They present with recurrent bursts of laughter voices without mirth and are most commonly associated with the evolution of a hypothalamic hamartoma. The purpose of this article is to describe the second reported ictal fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography study in a unique case of an infant with intractable gelastic seizures since the neonatal period associated with a hypothalamic hamartoma. The patient presented at 4 months old with recurrent, almost persistent, gelastic seizures consisting of laughter bouts without mirth. The seizures were noticeable at the first week of life and increased in frequency to last up to 12 hours, namely status gelasticus. These gelastic fits were accompanied with focal motor seizures, including unilateral right-eye blinking and mouth twitching. Developmental mile-stones were intact for age. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cortex demonstrated a large hypothalamic hamartoma within the third ventricle, hampering cerebrovascular fluid drainage of the lateral ventricles. An electroencephalography was nondiagnostic. Ictal fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography demonstrated a large circumscribed hypermetabolic region within the location of the hypothalamic hamartoma, representing localized intense epileptiform activity. The infant became instantly free of all seizure types given minute doses of oral benzodiazepine (clonazepam) and remains completely controlled after 12 months. Her overall development remains intact. This ictal fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography is the second reported study verifying that the main source of the epileptic activity inducing gelastic seizures originates from the hypothalamic hamartoma itself; therefore, a complementary fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography study should be considered in any patient presenting with intractable gelastic seizures, especially in those associated with hypothalamic hamartoma, in order to localize the region of epileptiform activity amenable to surgical resection if intensive drug therapy fails.
Reasons Underlying Treatment Preference
Authors: Cochran Bryan N. , Pruitt Larry , Fukuda Seiya , Zoellner Lori A. , Feeny Norah C.
Published: December 2007

Very little is known about what factors influence women's treatment preferences after a sexual assault. To learn more about these factors, data were collected from 273 women who read a standard “if this happened to you, what would you do” scenario describing a sexual assault and subsequent trauma-related psychiatric symptoms. After reading standardized treatment options for a pharmacotherapy (sertraline) and a psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral treatment), participants made a hypothetical treatment choice and reported the main reasons for their choice. Women often cited reasons surrounding the effectiveness of a treatment as the primary reason for their treatment preference, suggesting potential masking of symptoms with the medication and more logical, long-lasting effects with the psychotherapy. Other common reasons underlying treatment preference were wariness of the medication and positive feelings about talking in psychotherapy. Better understanding factors that influence treatment preference may aid in refining psychoeducation materials regarding the psychological consequences of sexual assault and their treatment for the lay public and in helping clinicians further tailor their discussion of treatment alternatives for these women.
Does More Health Care Improve Health Among Older Adults? A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Golberstein Ezra , Liang Jersey , Quiñones Ana , Wolinsky Fredric D.
Published: December 2007

Objectives: This research assesses the association of health services use with subsequent physical health among older Americans, adjusting for the confounding between health care use and prior health. Method: Longitudinal data are from the Survey on Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). Linear and logistic regressions are used to model the linkages between medical care use and health outcomes, including self-rated health, functional limitations, and mortality. Results: There is limited evidence that increased health care use is correlated with improved subsequent health. Increased use of medical care is largely associated with poorer health outcomes. Moreover, there are no significant interaction effects of health care use and baseline health on Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, despite the existence of a significant but very small interaction effect on self-rated health. Conclusions: The findings have implications for the quality of care delivered by the American health care system.
Family Ties, Physical Health, and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Ryan Andrea Kay , Willits Fern K.
Published: December 2007

Objectives: This study assesses the impact of number and quality of family ties on the health and well-being of elderly people. Method: Measures of the quantity and quality of family ties, adjusting for gender, education, and income, were correlated with the self-rating of health and well-being of a sample of 534 married parents between 68 and 73 years of age. Results: The quality of an individual's relationships with spouse, children, and other family members was associated with personal feelings of well-being, but the quantity of such associations had little impact on either physical or psychological health. Discussion: Researchers and those working with elderly people should not assume that the presence of family members necessarily implies that social support affecting physical health and well-being will be forthcoming.
Sexual Behavior in Later Life
Authors: DeLamater John , Moorman Sara M.
Published: December 2007

Objectives: This research tests the influences of age, biological, and psychosocial factors on sexual expression in later life. Method: The American Association of Retired Persons Modern Maturity Sexuality Survey collected data on diagnosed illnesses, treated illnesses, sexual desire, sexual attitudes, partner circumstances, and sexual behavior from 1,384 persons ages 45 and older. Ordered logistic regression models estimate the associations of age, biological, and psychosocial factors with the frequency of five sexual behaviors. Results: Diagnosed illnesses and treatments are generally unrelated to frequency of sexual activity. Sexual attitudes are related to frequency of partnered behavior and sexual desire is related to frequency of masturbation among both women and men. Satisfaction with the physical relationship with a partner is strongly related to behavior. Age remains significant after all other factors are controlled. Discussion: The authors conclude that the nature of sexual expression in later life reflects the interplay of body, mind, and social context.
Changes Over 4 Years in Health, Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Valuation of Life
Authors: Moss Miriam S. , Hoffman Christine J. , Mossey Jana , Rovine Michael
Published: December 2007

Objectives: This longitudinal study explores how the relationship between changes in physical health and changes in valuation of life (VOL) may be affected by changes in quality of life and in mental health. Method: 335 community residents older than age 70 were interviewed over a 4-year period. Analysis used correlation and regression models. Results: The association between changes in health and changes in VOL was of little significance when quality of life and mental health mediators came into the picture. Discussion: It is important for practitioners and clinicians to recognize that the way many old persons view their time use and their psychological well-being may be more salient than their physical health as old persons consider the value of their lives. As Lawton and colleagues suggested,“health is not the only determinant of VOL and decrement not the only direction of change.”
A Longitudinal Investigation of Fear of Falling, Fear of Pain, and Activity Avoidance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Martin Ronald R. , Sharpe Donald , Lints Amanda C. , McCreary Donald R. , Asmundson Gordon J. G.
Published: December 2007

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the role of fear of falling, fear of pain, and associated activity avoidance in the prediction of pain and falls. Method: A 6-month longitudinal study of older community-dwelling adults. Results: The authors found that fear of falling is a better predictor of falls than is activity avoidance. Moreover, fear of pain did not predict future pain-related avoidance or future pain in the sample of seniors. Discussion: The findings confirm the ability of fear of falling to predict falls but challenge preexisting models developed to account for the relationship between falls and fear. The findings also suggest limits on the generalizability of fear—avoidance models of pain. The authors conclude by suggesting mechanisms that could account for the relationship of fears with falls and pain. Unlike previous conceptualizations, these mechanisms do not rely on activity avoidance as an explanation.
Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Function in Latin American Elders
Authors: Alvarado Beatriz Eugenia , Guerra Ricardo O. , Zunzunegui Maria Victoria
Published: December 2007

Objective: The authors examined the contribution of life-course exposures to gender differences in mobility in later life. Method: Data originate from a survey of persons aged 60 and older living in six Latin American and Caribbean cities ( n = 10,661). Lower extremity limitations (LEL) were defined as the presence of three or more reported difficulties with five activities: lifting and carrying 10 lb, walking several blocks, climbing a flight of stairs, kneeling/ stooping/crouching, and getting up from a chair. Data were pooled after testing homogeneity of effects across cities. A multivariate model was fitted using logistic regression analysis. Complete data analyses were performed on 8,166 (72%) participants. Results: Prevalence of LEL varies across cities (9.3—23.7% in men, 23.3—42.9% in women). Intervening life-course and health factors explained a small proportion of the gender difference in LEL (odds ratio = 2.39; 95% confidence interval = 2.04—2.79). Childhood hunger was predictive of LEL in women, and a stronger association between depression and LEL was found in men than in women. Little education and insufficient income were associated with LEL for both men and women. Discussion: Life-course exposures predict mobility, but further research is needed to identify intervening factors relating gender to mobility in old age.
Transcultural Stress Factors of Japanese Mothers Living in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ozeki Nobuko
Published: December 2007

The aim of this study was to describe the stressors experienced by Japanese mothers living in the United Kingdom. An ethnomethodological design was used by means of an openended, in-depth interview. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 Japanese mothers living in the United Kingdom. Analysis was performed using the KJ (Kawakito Jiro) method, equivalent to content analysis and data reduction. The main stressors were participation in the small hierarchical society of the Japanese business climate, isolation, language and cultural barriers, and raising Japanese children in a British cultural context. Unsatisfactory experiences of childbirth, child rearing, and contacts with medical services were reported. Recognizing cultural differences and the difficulties that may be experienced by Japanese clients is a first step. Resources may be provided to help these clients widen their social contacts and improve communication with providers of health care and education for their children.
The Lived Experience of Haitian Older Adults' Integration Into a Senior Center in Southeast Florida
Authors: McCaffrey Ruth
Published: December 2007

A phenomenological design using interviews of 16 Haitian older adults was undertaken to better understand the lived experience of older Haitians as they integrated into an established senior center. Responses to the questions were recorded and transcribed. Two themes emerged: (a) a feeling of being accepted into a new community and (b) hope for a good life in their new homeland. Although older adults who are recent immigrants have a harder time assimilating into a new culture than younger persons, programs can be developed to make this transition easier.
The Use of Internet Cancer Support Groups by Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Im Eun-Ok , Chee Wonshik
Published: December 2007

Recent studies have indicated that Internet Cancer Support Groups (ICSGs) tend to serve highly educated, high-income Whites at an early stage of cancer. Why do very few ethnic minority cancer patients, especially ethnic minority women, participate in ICSGs? In this article, the possible answers to this question are explored through a literature review from a feminist perspective. The potential reasons identified through the review include (a) gender and ethnic differences in attitudes toward ICSGs, (b) gender and ethnic differences in need for help, and (c) gender- and ethnic-specific contexts. Based on the discussion, implications for future research are proposed.
Predictors of Narghile (Water-Pipe) Smoking in a Sample of American Arab Yemeni Adolescents
Authors: Baker Omar G. , Rice Virginia
Published: December 2007

To explore the predictors of water-pipe smoking among American Arab Yemeni adolescents, a descriptive correlational design was used, and regression models representing the proposed relationships in the study were tested from a convenience sample of 297 adolescents who attended a teen health clinic and two high schools. The participants completed five measures. Fourteen hypotheses were tested. Experimentation with tobacco was found to be significant in predicting narghile smoking. Tobacco use prevention and cessation interventions for this population can be focused on targeting the family and peer units, from which their identity is likely derived.
Challenges and Approaches to Newcomer Health Research
Authors: Ogilvie Linda D. , Burgess-Pinto Elizabeth , Caufield Catherine
Published: December 2007

Newcomers include immigrants, refugees, or asylum seekers. Approaches to research in newcomer populations include consideration of the insider–outsider status of the researcher(s), sample selection and recruitment strategies, and attention to language barriers. Potential research participants need to be identified, approached, and made to feel safe before, during, and after participation in research. Interpersonal relationships need to be negotiated with awareness of potential power imbalances, institutional discrimination, and trauma associated with premigration, migration, and settlement experiences. Embedded within these approaches should be awareness of the need to ensure the cultural safety of research participants through implementation of culturally competent research strategies.
Factors That Influence Critical Care Nurses' Intentions to Provide Culturally Congruent Care to Arab Muslims
Authors: Marrone Stephen R.
Published: December 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among critical care nurses' attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions to provide culturally congruent care to Arab Muslims. The provision of culturally congruent care is contingent on understanding nurses' motivational influences for providing culture care. Significant relationships among critical care nurses' behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, intentions, and demographic variables supported the need for culture-specific debriefing sessions, underscored the importance of collaborative practice and interdisciplinary learning models, and established an evidence-based foundation for the design of culturally informed approaches to nursing education and service.
Transcultural Nursing Society Position Statement on Human Rights
Authors: Miller June E. , Leininger Madeleine , Leuning Cheryl , Pacquiao Dula , Andrews Margaret , Ludwig-Beymer Patti , Papadopoulos Irena
Published: December 2007

In 2006, the Transcultural Nursing Society created a business plan with a firm commitment to social change and the support of human rights. One of the primary goals of the plan was to seek recognition from the United Nations as a Human Rights Organization. As a first step in articulating this goal, the board of trustees of TCNS tasked a small group of Transcultural Nursing Scholars to develop a position statement. This article is the culmination of the collaborative task force's efforts to define how TCNS seeks the fulfillment of human rights for people of all cultures worldwide.
A Poor Prognosis: Guide or Misleading?
Authors: Wijnia Jan W. , Corstiaensen Inno J. P. M.
Published: December 2007

Patients admitted to a palliative care unit have a limited life expectancy. Sometimes, however, the accuracy of the prognosis is compromised by atypical progress of a disease or incorrect assumptions. If a predicted short life expectancy proves to be longer, the increased need of care may result in chronic admission and in a significantly reduced quality of life. A given poor prognosis may be mistakenly adhered to and might lead to insufficient diagnostic procedures or treatment. However, palliative care requires a patient-oriented and active approach. To be aware of possible incomplete diagnostics is an important step in preventing adverse consequences of a wrong prognosis.
Walking Habits in Elderly Widows
Authors: Grimby Agneta , Johansson Åsa K. , Sundh Valter , Grimby Gunnar
Published: December 2007

Walking habits were studied in 3 groups of elderly widows. The average walking time per week was calculated from interviews or questionnaires. There was in a small studied group a tendency for walking time to be lower at 3 and 12 months after loss than at 4 or 5 years. An increased odds ratio was demonstrated in larger groups of widows for walking less than 120 minutes per week in those who “did not feel healthy,” or who had “musculoskeletal health problems,” or “cardiovascular health problems.” Widows from a population-based study also showed increased odds ratio for not walking as long with “lack of friends” and “not being active in associations.” This was not found in married women from the population study. Our results indicate that newly bereaved women may reduce their physical activity, and that the change in exercise habits may be associated with reduced perception of being healthy and a decreased social network.
Social Cognitive Career Theory and Subjective Well-Being in the Context of Work
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Brown Steve D.
Published: December 2007

Subjective well-being has often been studied as a context-free construct, reflecting overall life satisfaction and characteristic levels of positive affect and negative affect. But there has also been much interest in domain-specific aspects of subjective well-being, such as job satisfaction. The authors provide a brief overview of the two primary conceptual approaches to the study of well-being in psychology and consider job satisfaction in relation to one of them (the hedonic approach). They then describe a newly developed social cognitive model that is designed to capture the interplay among multiple (e.g., affective, cognitive, behavioral, social) sources of job satisfaction. The model's potential implications for career assessment and intervention are also considered.
Career Self-Efficacy and Personality: Linking Career Confidence and the Healthy Personality
Authors: Borgen Fred H. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2007

This article extends recent work on the relationship between personality and career self-efficacy by examining relationships across two new inventories with scales for identifying human strengths. The Healthy Personality Inventory (HPI) has 17 content scales tapping an array of positive personality measures. The CAPA Confidence Inventory (CCI) has 6 broad, 27 basic, and 6 engagement styles measures of career self-efficacy. In a sample of college students, hypothesized correlations between personality and self-efficacy were generally confirmed. A number of unexpected relationships also were found, such as the HPI Creative scale predicting social and enterprising confidence. These inventories show promise for continued research, theory development, and assessment practice.
From Theory of Work Adjustment to Person–Environment Correspondence Counseling: Vocational Psychology as Positive Psychology
Authors: Eggerth Donald E.
Published: December 2007

This article argues that vocational psychology is, and has been, positive psychology. It provides an overview of the theory of work adjustment (TWA), one of the most robust and best validated theories in vocational psychology. It also provides an introduction to person-environment-correspondence (PEC) counseling, an extension of the TWA concepts and dynamics into the realm of general counseling. Linkages are made between the extensive TWA literature and current conceptualizations regarding well-being. In particular, TWA is related to the work of Moos, Ryan and Deci, and Walsh. Although PEC has yet to generate the research base of TWA, it is argued that, given the similarities between TWA and PEC, one might reasonably expect that many of the connections between TWA and well-being would also generalize to PEC. In addition, it is argued that PEC offers a counseling model that is in keeping with the broader philosophical orientation of positive psychology.
Correction of the Bleeding Time With Lyophilized Platelet Infusions in Dogs on Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Bode Arthur P. , Lust Robert M. , Read Marjorie S. , Fischer Thomas H.
Published: December 2007

Lyophilized canine platelets were infused in a single large bolus dose into splenectomized dogs after 2 hours' perfusion on cardiopulmonary bypass to test their possible efficacy in restoring hemostasis after compromise of platelet function. The vessel bleeding time (VBT) was monitored by venipuncture of the exposed jugular vein. During cardiopulmonary bypass, platelet counts fell quickly and the VBTs became prolonged over baseline. Infusion of lyophilized platelets reconstituted in normal saline occurred just before or immediately after weaning from the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. The results showed consistent and persistent lowering of the VBTs by the infused lyophilized platelets. Controls showed continuously prolonged VBTs. The weighted average VBT in infused subjects was significantly lower than the average in controls: 3 minutes 10 seconds versus 6 minutes 59 seconds, respectively ( t test, P = .01). These results in this setting indicate the possible effectiveness of similar human lyophilized platelet preparations in reducing postoperative bleeding in open heart surgery.
Alterations of von Willebrand Factor and Ristocetin Cofactor Activity During Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kalyoncu Umut , Dizdar Omer , Erkan Duman Ali , Karadag Omer , Tufan Abdurrahman , Yucel Orhan , Tayfur Oyku , Sen Didem , Ulger Zekeriya , Kepez Alper , Kocabas Ugur , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim
Published: December 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity, which are well-known markers of endothelial function, in atrial fibrillation (AF) with or without mitral stenosis (MS). Forty-two patients (16 patients with MS and AF [MS(+)AF(+)], 13 patients with nonvalvular AF [MS(−)AF(+)], and 13 patients with MS and sinus rhythm [MS(+)AF(−)]) were included. Von Willebrand factor antigen levels and ristocetin cofactor activities in all participants were assessed. Overall, von Willebrand factor antigen levels and ristocetin cofactor activities in the AF(+) patients were higher than in the AF(−) patients ( P = .003 and P = .002, respectively). Von Willebrand factor antigen levels and ristocetin cofactor activities in the 3 groups were found to be different ( P = .012 and P = .01, respectively). Von Willebrand factor antigen levels were similar between the MS(+)AF(+) and MS(−)AF(+) groups and were higher than that of the MS(+)AF(−) group. Ristocetin cofactor activity in the MS(−)AF(+) group was significantly higher than in the other 2 groups. The ristocetin cofactor activity and von Willebrand factor antigen levels were significantly higher in diabetic or hypertensive patients than in nondiabetic or normotensive patients. According to the results of this study, circulating von Willebrand factor antigen levels and plasma ristocetin cofactor activities are affected by the presence of AF, MS, and associated comorbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension. Further studies are needed to assess the role of von Willebrand factor antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity in predicting vascular thrombotic events in AF, MS, systemic hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
In Vitro Simulation of Thrombolysis Inhibition
Authors: Stief Thomas W.
Published: December 2007

Hyperfibrinolysis is a serious clinical complication. The inhibitory concentrations 50% of antifibrinolytics were analyzed in the microtiter plate clot lysis assay, using 50 µL of plasma clots, 10 µL of antifibrinolytic drug, 10 µL of 354 IU/mL (final) urokinase, 4.46 µg/mL (final) tissue-type plasminogen activator or 0.6 mg/mL plasmin, and 50 µL of pooled normal plasma as clot supernatant. The inhibitory concentrations 50% of lysine against urokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator is 2.0 or 4.2 mM, against ε-amino-caproic acid 0.7 or 1.5 mM, against tranexamic acid 0.03 or 0.17 mM, respectively. The inhibitory concentrations 50% of lysine, ε-amino-caproic acid, or tranexamic acid against plasmin is 7.4, 0.4, or 0.04 mM. The inhibitory concentrations 50% of aprotinin against urokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator is about 60 KIU/mL, against plasmin 19 KIU/mL. Lysine might be a new antifibrinolytic drug with a clinically interesting rapid pharmacokinetic. This data help correct dosing of antifibrinolytics to patients with hyperfibrinolysis.
Pulmonary Embolism in Medical Patients: An Autopsy-Based Study
Authors: Kakkar Nandita , Vasishta Rakesh K.
Published: December 2007

Pulmonary embolism, though treatable, is a devastating disease and an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. In all, 1000 autopsies were reviewed in adult medical patients. The overall incidence of pulmonary embolism in adult medical autopsies was 15.9% (159/1000). The incidence of pulmonary embolism contributing significantly to the death of the patients (groups 1 and 2) is 126/1000 (12.6%). Thus, pulmonary embolism very significantly contributed to death in 126/159 (79.24%) of group 1 and 2 patients. Pulmonary embolism affected a younger population as 79.87% of the overall patients, 66.67% of the fatal cases (group 1) and 73% of combined group 1 and 2 cases were below the age of 50 years. Sepsis was the primary diagnosis in 32% of total and in 42% of fatal cases. Hence, pulmonary embolism is considered as an important cause of death in patients admitted to the medical wards. It affects a younger population in India and needs to be tackled appropriately.
Portal and Mesenteric Vein Thromboses in a Patient With Prothrombin G20210 Mutation, Elevated Lipoprotein (a), and High Factor VIII
Authors: Jana Hirmerova , Vaclav Liska , Hynek Mirka , Zdenek Chudacek , Vladislav Treska
Published: December 2007

A 65-year-old man was examined for abdominal pain. Portal and mesenteric vein thromboses were described by ultrasound and computed tomography. No local cause was found. The patient had a positive history of venous thromboembolism. Thrombophilia workup revealed prothrombin G20210A mutation (heterozygous), C677T mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (homozygous), elevated level of lipoprotein (a), and high level of coagulation factor VIII. Anticoagulation was started and planned for a long-term duration. The etiology of portal vein thrombosis is often multifactorial, with various combinations of systemic factors (inherited or acquired prothrombotic conditions) and local precipitating factors (inflammation, injury to the portal venous system, cancer of the abdominal organs, cirrhosis). The reported prevalence of hypercoagulable states in patients with portal vein thrombosis has been very heterogeneous so far. Some authors support a role of the prothrombin G20210A mutation. In the reported patient, this mutation was revealed in a combination with other hypercoagulable states.
Inflammatory and Hemostatic Activation in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Untch Brian R. , Jeske Walter P. , Schwartz Jeffrey , Botkin Sally , Prechel Margaret , Walenga Jeanine M. , Bakhos Mamdouh
Published: December 2007

To characterize hemostatic differences imposed by 2 common cardiac surgeries, the authors studied patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization by off-pump (n = 13) or cardiopulmonary bypass on-pump (n = 26) technique. Blood samples collected to 4 days post-surgery were evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant inflammatory response occurred in both the groups after surgery shown by increased interleukin cytokines and C-reactive protein; however, levels peaked lower and hours later in the off-pump group. Platelets (P-selectin; platelet-leukocyte complexes) and leukocytes (CD11b) were activated only in on-pump patients. Thrombin generation was enhanced in both groups after surgery. Only in the on-pump patients, the thrombin-antithrombin complex, pro-thrombin fragment 1.2, and thrombomodulin (vascular integrity) decreased intraoperatively. Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were greater in the on-pump patients. Off-pump surgery may place patients at higher risk of postoperative hypercoagulability because of normal platelet function, intraoperative thrombin generation, less fibrinolytic activity, and lack of vascular protection.
Elevated Levels of Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 Indicate High Risk of Thrombosis
Authors: Ota Satoshi , Wada Hideo , Abe Yasunori , Yamada Eri , Sakaguchi Akane , Nishioka Junji , Hatada Tsuyoshi , Ishikura Ken , Yamada Norikazu , Sudo Akihiro , Uchida Atsumasa , Nobori Tsutomu
Published: December 2007

Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) is considered to be useful for diagnosis of thrombosis. However, the evidence for a diagnosis of thrombosis by F1 + 2 is still not well established. The plasma concentrations of F1 + 2, soluble fibrin, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin complex were measured in 694 patients suspected of having thrombosis and then were correlated with thrombosis. Plasma concentrations of F1 + 2, soluble fibrin, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin complex were significantly higher in patients with thrombosis, compared with patients without thrombosis. When cutoff values of more than 300 pmol/L for F1 + 2 were used for the diagnosis, more than 50% of the patients were thus found to have thrombosis. The findings showed that F1 + 2, soluble fibrin, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin complex have similar diagnostic ability. The plasma concentration of F1 + 2 closely was well correlated with thrombin-antithrombin complex, soluble fibrin, and D-dimer. Finally, F1 + 2 is one of the most useful parameters for the diagnosis of thrombosis.
Fatal Giant Aortic Thrombus Presenting With Pulmonary Edema in a Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Sari Ibrahim , Davutoglu Vedat , Bayram Nazan , Soydinc Serdar
Published: December 2007

Thrombus formation in a morphologically normal a aorta is a very rare event. A 50-year-old man with a his- s tory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pre- e sented to the emergency department with pulmonary C edema. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardio- t graphy revealed a highly mobile, pedunculated floating c thrombus in the descending thoracic aorta 3-4 cm dis- t tal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. The orig- t inal lumen of the aorta was almost obliterated by the thrombus. The aortic wall was free of any atheroma. Thrombolytic treatment was administered, but 3 hours d after starting streptokinase, he developed sudden and severe low-back pain accompanied by loss of lower-extremity pulses which were patent on admission. Cardiopulmonary arrest developed within an hour and the patient died despite resuscitation. The potential causes of aortic thrombus, the clinical spectrum that the patients may present, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options are discussed.
Thrombophilia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Patients with Osteonecrosis: Is There a Real Connection? The First Case-Control Study
Authors: de Larrañaga Gabriela , Bottaro Edgardo , Martinuzzo Marta , Figueroa Raúl , Iglesias Varela María Luisa , Perés Wingeyer Silvia , Forastiero Ricardo , Adamczuk Yolanda , Corti Marcelo , Puga Liliana , Benetucci Jorge
Published: December 2007

Several reports have described an increased incidence of osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus—infected patients (HIV+), but the cause has not been established. The association between thrombophilia and osteonecrosis in HIV+ was studied. A case-control study in HIV+, 19 cases and 38 controls, was designed. Magnetic resonance imaging was made in both groups to confirm or exclude hip osteonecrosis. The extensive tests of thrombophilia were measured, and the clinical data were recorded, nadir of CD4+ cell count and well-known risk factors for osteonecrosis. Thrombophilia has been frequently found both in patients with and without osteonecrosis (thrombophilia, 68.4% vs 60.5%), but no specific thrombophilia tests were significantly associated with osteonecrosis. A low nadir of CD4+ (<60 cells/μL) and corticoid use were significantly ( P < .05) associated with osteonecrosis. In multivariate analysis, only nadir of CD4+ <60 cells/μL remained a predictor of osteonecrosis (odds ratio = 7.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-29.82, P = .005). Thrombophilia might have a limited role in the development of osteonecrosis in HIV+. Nadir of CD4+ <60 cells/μL and corticoid use were main factors.
Hospitalization and Emergent Care Risk Assessment
Authors: Anderson Donna , Backaler Margaret
Published: December 2007

Risk identification has been identified as an essential best practice and the first step to building an organizational foundation for an acute care hospitalization (ACH) reduction program. This article focuses on the importance of identifying those at most risk for rehospitalization and/or emergent care. In an attempt to demonstrate the variation in approaches to ACH reduction and risk identification, the experiences of two home care agencies representing two distinct regions of the United States—California and Pennsylvania—are included. These agencies share risk assessment development/implementation strategies, lessons learned, and outcomes from the implementation of this best practice.
Using Telehealth to Avoid Urgent Care and Hospitalization
Authors: Chetney Rhonda
Published: December 2007

Telehealth and technology will be necessary for home health agencies to care for the avalanche of patients that will need care at home over the next 10 years. Without these tools, agencies will struggle with meeting the ever-increasing acuity of the patients that we see. The nursing shortage will simultaneously be getting worse as the population of people needing home care rises. Hospitals are already under pressure to control capacity whether through reducing soft admissions or by discharging patients sooner. Telehealth can help agencies change patient behaviors. The immediate feedback that patients receive regarding their health status helps them improve their self-care and make a healthier choice in their lifestyle. This article depicts the success that can be achieved at an agency when telehealth is utilized to improve patient outcomes.
Exploring Customer Loyalty Following Service Recovery
Authors: DeWitt Tom , Nguyen Doan T. , Marshall Roger
Published: December 2007

Existing research shows that loyalty is a function of customer perceptions of trust following service recovery. The authors propose a cognitive appraisal model that portrays trust and emotions as key mediators in the relationship between perceived justice and customer loyalty. A structural equation model was used to test the conceptual model. The findings support the conjecture that emotions and trust have important mediating roles during the service recovery process. Furthermore, while existing research has focused primarily on negative emotion, the authors' model adopts a two-dimensional view of emotion (positive and negative emotions), and the results support the inclusion of both dimensions. Overall, the empirical support for the proposed model has important managerial implications for effective relationship management. By understanding the important mediating roles of trust and emotion, service employees can deliver more effective service recovery strategies and thereby enhance customer loyalty.
Perceived Service Quality and Customer Trust
Authors: Eisingerich Andreas B. , Bell Simon J.
Published: December 2007

The authors show that investments in enhancing customers' service knowledge strengthen customer trust in an organization and thus can act as an important service differentiator. Customer education initiatives, however, also affect the impact of perceived service quality on customer trust. Successful marketers should be aware of the dynamic relationships between customer education, expertise, and service quality in managing customers' attitudes toward firms. Using data collected from customers of a global financial services firm, this study modeled the multifaceted impact of customer education initiatives on the relationship between service quality and trust. The findings suggest that customer education affects the relative importance of technical and functional service quality for building customer trust in a firm. Research implications point to new business opportunities for service differentiation and relationship marketing.
The Effect of the Servicescape on Service Workers
Authors: Parish Janet Turner , Berry Leonard L. , Shun Yin Lam
Published: December 2007

Although studies have provided evidence that characteristics of the physical environment (servicescape) affect employees' attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction), these studies were limited in the scope of the characteristics they examined. Furthermore, they did not delineate the processes through which (a) the servicescape affects the attitudes and (b) the attitudes generate outcomes beneficial to service firms. Specifically, this research considered the effects of three elements of the servicescape (pleasantness, safety, and convenience) upon service workers' job stress and job satisfaction and, subsequently, their commitment to the organization and referral intentions. The authors developed a model to embody these processes and tested this model by conducting a quasi-experiment with longitudinal data from nurses working in a hospital that added a new wing to its existing facility. Their analysis of responses from the nurses supports the model, and they suggest implications for service firms in managing the servicescape.
The Changing Hitting Performance Profile in Major League Baseball, 1966-2006
Authors: Sommers Paul M.
Published: December 2007

The career batting profile of a regular starting major league ballplayer typically rises, at least up to a point, and then falls as skills diminish with age. The career batting profiles are derived for all regular starting players in the National and American Leagues for each of five different years: 1966, 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006. The profiles have changed dramatically since the 1960s, with arguably stronger ballplayers reaching a higher peak several years after the batting average reached a peak for regulars in 1966. The profiles for 2006 show what might be early manifestations of baseball's tougher steroids policy.
The Solicitor General's Amicus Curiae Strategies in the Supreme Court
Authors: Nicholson Chris , Collins Paul M.
Published: December 2007

Scholars have devoted a great deal of research to investigating the role and influence of the U.S. solicitor general (SG) as amicus curiae in the Supreme Court. Yet, we know little about the SG's decision to file an amicus brief and how this relates to the SG's success on the merits. We fill this void by examining legal, political, and administrative factors that affect the SG's decision to participate as amicus curiae. We subject our hypotheses to empirical testing using data on the 1953 to 1999 Supreme Court terms by linking the SG's decision to file an amicus brief to the SG's ultimate success on the merits, employing a Heckman-style selection model. We find that the SG's decision to file an amicus brief is influenced by legal, political, and administrative considerations, suggesting that the SG is best viewed through the incorporation of a variety of theoretical perspectives.