bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of ‘Imperial Historiography’ in Rome
Authors: Mutschler Fritz-Heiner
Published: November 2023

Applied to Rome, the term ‘imperial’ is an ambivalent one. Thus, one could say that Rome became ‘imperial’ twice: for the first time, when it expanded its rule over ‘almost all the inhabited world’ so that after the destruction of Carthage (146 bc) ‘sea and land lay everywhere open to its sway’, for the second time when Augustus ended the civil wars which had disrupted the Roman republic and introduced a monarchical form of government (27 bc). First Rome became imperial by the establishment of its empire, later it became imperial by the establishment of an emperor. Historians think that both developments were not unrelated, since a worldwide empire could not for ever be ruled with the political system of a city-state. Be that as it may, starting with the last decades of the first century bc, Rome was ‘imperial’ both with respect to the expansion of its rule and to its form of government. It is the historical consciousness of this new ‘doubly imperial’ Rome that the present paper is concerned with.
Empire on the Brink Chinese Historiography in the Post-Han-Period
Authors: Mittag Achim , Min Ye
Published: November 2023

Heaven and earth were cut of from us, Spirits and men were equally grieved in heart. With these words, taken from his famous rhapsody ‘Lament for the South’ (‘Ai Jiangnan fu’) and ever since repeated in manifold variations, Yu Xin (513–81), poet and diplomat under the Liang dynasty (502–57), deplores the 549 fall of the Liang dynasty’s capital at Jiankang (modern Nanjing) into the hands of the rebellious general HouJing (503–52). In the course of the ensuing events, HouJing established a short-lived dynasty named ‘Han’, one of the numerous states in the post-Han period that evoked the glorious Han empire (206/202 bc–ad 220). At the same time, HouJing’s dynasty was the last dynasty carrying the name of Han for nearly 400 years to come.
Butt: ‘I Shuttm!’ (351.36– 355.09)
Authors: Fordham Finn
Published: November 2023

‘How Buckley Shot the Russian General’ is a story told over twenty pages in II.3 just after the midpoint of the novel (338 – 55). It is one of the densest pieces of writing in one of the densest darkest parts of one of the densest darkest novels, and so though there are several general readings of it, close commentaries are on the thin side. As Tindall remarked, ‘to identify all the allusions that clot the dialogue of Butt and Taff would require more space than at my disposal’.¹ Nevertheless I shall attempt that here, even if with just a fraction of it. Joyce had already completed the revisions to books I and III, had composed the Nightlessons chapter and another story for II.3 about a tailor and a sailor, when he began writing it early in 1937. He thought this signalled the closing stages of his composition, believing he could see the end in sight and wanting the whole book to be finished by February 1938. It was the last section of ‘Work in Progress’ to be published in transition, and is one extreme end of Joyce’s project of obscurification, before he surfaces to the relative light of Liffey’s closing monologue. But it was probably one of the stepping stones that Joyce had projected earlier; an advance party that would help him get across the whole thing. Joyce had toyed with Buckley as a structure in one of the earliest notebooks:
Revising Character: The Maggies and the Murphys
Authors: Fordham Finn
Published: November 2023

Every study of Finnegans Wake supplies something like a snapshot of a carnival, a map of a single path through what is a deep, dense forest. Whether tracing a theme or a plot, developing an argument or a theory, each study will pass along a line of allusions from one textual point to the next, limited in relation to the surrounding or intermediary spaces that remain unexplored. This study has taken local areas of the textual forest (about two per cent of the whole), and has microscopically traced how they expanded from their earliest emergence to their fully grown final form. There remain huge tracts of text whose growth can be explored, and there are different methods of observing textual transformation. The passages and the method I’ve chosen might appear to be strong on character: Shaun describes Shem’s project; a washerwoman describes ALP’s youthful encounter with a lustful cleric;
Kings Sargon and Sennacherib, Father and Son
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

At the time when Sennacherib became king of Assyria, inheriting his father’s throne in 704 bc, Midas, the legendary Phrygian king, whose touch turned all to gold, ruled in Gordion, and Hezekiah was king in Jerusalem. The Iliad and the Odyssey were at an advanced stage of composition, but may not have reached the form in which we now know them; and the Greek language had recently begun to be written in a script adapted from the Phoenician alphabet. In the cities of Cyprus, kings with Greek names ruled. Damascus, previously head of a very powerful kingdom literate in Aramaic, had come under direct rule from Assyria some thirty years earlier.
Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Son and Grandson of Sennacherib
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Who killed Sennacherib? To answer this question we cannot rely on the brief biblical account given in 2 Kings 19: 36, which lays the blame on the frustrated Arda-Mullissi and his brother, for it was written some time after Esarhaddon took the throne, when Judah (under Manasseh) was a faithful vassal of Assyria. Esarhaddon, the main beneWciary of the murder, possibly pushed by his forceful mother Naqia, was soon in a position to propagate whatever version of events he wanted. Good detective method should look with suspicion on him, and take care to see what evidence is genuine and trustworthy. The prime suspect is the one who beneWts most from the crime.
Ishtar-of-Nineveh and her Feasts
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

To what extent the character and actions of Ishtar-of-Nineveh correspond to those of Esther in the Hebrew story, and whether similarities imply a direct connection or are coincidental, require investigation. Biblical Esther is ostensibly a mortal heroine whose name is a Hebrew form of Akkadian Ishtar, the name of the goddess. But the word iˇstar can mean simply ‘goddess’ as a generic term, and can take a plural form, iˇstara¯te, ‘goddesses, ishtars’. So the first task is to find out which of the many Mesopotamian Ishtars she is, and how to distinguish between the different goddesses who bear the same name.
The Material Book
Authors: Jowett John
Published: November 2023

Investigations of how Shakespeare’s plays were written and pre-pared for the theatre deal with lost manuscripts and proceed largely by inference. In considering Shakespeare’s plays in print, one can access the immediate objects in question, and situate them within perhaps the best-documented industrial practice in early modern England. The printed editions of plays that appeared in London bookshops during and shortly after his life are primary evidence for the study of Shakespeare, and the basis for the editions in regular use today. The present chapter will focus on a single play, Troilus and Cressida. It will reconstruct the preparation and printing of the 1609 Quarto. But the value of Troilus and Cressida as the chosen example is that bibliographical features of both the Quarto and Folio texts provide intriguing evidence as to the publishers’ larger strategies in issuing these books. This chapter will therefore encompass both the manufacture of physical objects and the position of those objects in the marketplace of print.
Texts for Readers
Authors: Jowett John
Published: November 2023

We have seen in the previous chapters how the text assumes the form it does in manuscripts, in early printed books, and in modern editions. At the other end of the process that the text enacts lies the reader, as implied addressee, as bearer of cultural value, and as actualization of the market in which the book as a commodity circulates. For the main purpose of this study, it is the book as a material object that actualizes the text, from the publication of play quartos in Shakespeare’s time to the preparation of critical editions today. Most readers still experience Shakespeare through the medium of print, and use modern-spelling editions. The present study has therefore made extensive reference to the intellectual foundations, procedures, and problems entailed in critical editing, to enable its readers to understand the ways in which it both does and does not represent the text of Shakespeare. But it has also identified what might be called the realm of the reader within the edited text. Modern spelling and punctuation, and enhanced stage directions, are two areas where editing addresses the readers’ interests rather than the actual foundations of the text.
Rising from obscurity, 1599–1642
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), lord protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was the second son of Robert Cromwell (d. 1617) and his wife, Elizabeth Steward (d. 1654); he was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 and was baptized in St John’s Church there four days later. He was named after his father’s elder brother, Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hinchingbrooke and of Ramsey, who almost certainly stood as his godfather.
Lord Protector, 1653–1658
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

This time there was no great delay. Lambert had been preparing for this moment and stepped forward with a fully formed paper constitution, the ‘Instrument of government’, very clearly based on The Heads of Proposals of 1647. Senior members of the council of officers, including Cromwell, had already considered a draft of the ‘Instrument’, and Cromwell himself had insisted that the elected head of government should not be called king. But they were taken by surprise by the events of 12 December and over the next three days continued to refine the document in a series of long, tense, and inconclusive meetings. When Cromwell was formally sworn in as head of state on 15 December some passages of the ‘Instrument’ were not agreed, and had to be mumbled so as to be inaudible to the ambassadors and others present.
Disillusionment and death
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

Cromwell’s attempts to realize his vision of a godly reformed nation abandoning the things of the flesh for the things of the spirit were constantly frustrated by those he was constrained to work with and through. He was frustrated with the council, which used its power under the ‘Instrument’ to remove far more of those returned to parliament than he wished, both in 1654 and in 1656. He was very reluctant to follow their insistence in the summer of 1656 that a parliament be called earlier than necessary. He was much more disillusioned by the failure of both parliaments to keep their eye on the task of providing the legislative framework for a reformation of manners, and by their interference with the rights of those who wished to exercise freedom of conscience outside the church.
Conclusion: God’s true servant
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

Recognizable for what? Cromwell was not a great thinker. In 1638 he told his young cousin that ‘if here I may serve my God either by my doing or by my suffering, I shall be most glad’ (Letters and Speeches, 1904, letter 2, 13 October 1638). It was his motto and his epitaph. He did not enjoy power. It was thrust upon him. He was not especially intelligent, and was quite unintellectual, lacking a deep understanding of law, of the classics, of theology. He had a deep sense of being propelled by God into leading his people towards a promised land. He had an imperfect sense of what the promised land would look like, and only a magpie instinct for picking up the latest bright and shiny idea of how to make the next move towards it.
Henry VIII
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
Upbringing and inheritance, 1491–1514
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

Henry VIII (1491–1547), king of England and Ireland, was the second surviving son of Henry VII (1457–1509) and his wife, Elizabeth (1466–1503), eldest child of Edward IV. He was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491 and baptized in the church of the Observant friars there, by Richard Fox, then bishop of Exeter.
New ideas and a new minister, 1530–1532
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

In the latter part of 1530 a dramatic change comes over the king’s Great Matter. For example, in October Henry instructed his agents at Rome to deny the right of the pope to con- sider Katherine’s appeal because ‘in [our kingdom] we are supreme and so rule that we recognise no superior … and he who acknowledges no superior has the power to prohibit all appeals by his subjects’ (State Papers, Henry VIII, 7.262). In January 1531 words became action.
Establishing the royal supremacy, 1533–1540
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

For the remainder of the decade English policy abroad and at home was dominated by the need to defend the supremacy Henry had asserted, and the implications this had for the succession to his throne. The potential for international danger was obvious. Henry’s attack on the unity of western Christendom positively challenged the pope to retaliate, while the insult to Katherine and Mary, the emperor’s relatives, offered Charles V every incentive to take up the cross on behalf of the holy father.
The royal magnificence: images and reality
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

In 1546 Henry did not go bankrupt as Charles V and François I did on more than one occasion, but he died in debt. However, against this had to be set his enormous accumulated wealth. The remarkable inventory made after his death lists nearly 20,000 items. The tone is set by the first, his gold crown weighing nearly 7 lb and adorned with some 340 precious stones. His gold and silver candlesticks alone weighed a quarter of a ton; he had hundreds of tapestries; thousands of yards of cloth of gold were in store, ready to make into his elaborately ornamented costumes.
Just Going Round To The Shop
Authors: Kohn Marek
Published: November 2023

The kitchen is in full steam; pans hiss and spoons clatter, plates are slapped onto trays and sauces marshalled; the parent animating all these objects leansacross and opens the breadbin—which, being empty, stops the cavalcade in its tracks. She steps out to reach for her coat, then pauses again; instead, she calls to summon her child, causing a hiatus in another sphere of activity, whose clattering, marshalling, and animating constitute the equally busy domain of play. She hands him some coins and sends him out, down the street and across the road to the shops.
Fresh Ideas
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we looked at some of the key ideas from the Middle East, India, and the countries around the Mediterranean, that were eventually absorbed into the mathematics of western Europe: in arithmetic, a ten-digit number system with place value and efficient algorithms for calculation, and some rudimentary number theory; in geometry, a rich but fragmentary legacy of theorems about plane and solid figures, together with a formal and deductive method of working from definitions and axioms; in algebra, techniques for solving quadratic equations.
Early Number Theory
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Number theory is concerned with the most basic elements of mathematics, the natural numbers, yet it also presents some of the most intractable problems. One of the most famous is Fermat’s ‘last theorem’, which was concise enough to write down in a margin but took almost 400 years to prove. Many other claims about the natural numbers are equally simple to state, but even an approach to a proof still remains elusive. Most of modern number theory is beyond the scope of this book, and this Chapterno more than touches upon its beginnings.
Functions
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The concept of a function, now so central to mathematics, emerged only slowly from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards. In this Chapter we will see how and why it changed, from the first published definition in 1706, to the modern formal definition that was in place by the late nineteenth century. In the central section of this Chapter we will also see how mid eighteenth-century mathematicians, Euler in particular, recognized the close connections between circular and logarithmic functions, but moved steadily away from the older geometric definitions towards a unified theory based on algebraic manipulation of infinite series.
The Eighteenth Century Confronts Job
Authors: Schwarzbach Bertram Eugene
Published: November 2023

This title is borrowed from Frank E. Manuel who, in his The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods, had the idea, inspired perhaps by Jean Seznec’s earlier study, of describing the failure – our judgement – of the scholars and philosophers of a century that was notoriously insensitive to religion to understand the religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans, even though they knew classical mythology intimately, since the Ovid and Virgil of their school days. This failure is both unsurprising and paradoxical. If one characterizes the eighteenth century, as popular treatments always do, by those of its writers who were most antagonistic to the religion of their society and especially to its institutional forms: Voltaire, Diderot, d’Alembert, La Mettrie, d’Holbach, Thomas Paine and, at the very end of the century, by the Jacobins who tried to dechristianize France in 1793, one would expect them to be sufficiently detached from Christianity to give the pagans a fair and even searching hearing. In fact, these philosophers and activists were not the only expression of the Enlightenment, any characterization of which would be incomplete were Newton, Leonhard Euler and Albrecht von Haller among the scientists, and Dryden, Robert Lowth, Marie Huber, John Wesley and the Swedenborgians among the writers and philosophers excluded or merely neglected. And yet Manuel’s paradox applied to the conventionally religious writers as well as to the more iconoclastic philosophers, albeit rather differently. The former should at least have understood something about the religious experience and quest that could be projected upon the pagans, but their Christian religious experience did not prove helpful. No one in Manuel’s survey nor in our reading of texts with which he dealt superficially or not at all really appreciated the ancient Greeks’ and Romans’ religious experience, or the role of the gods in the social and political life of Greece, Rome and their colonies. Generally religious eighteenth-century historians, like theologians of earlier periods, attempted to squeeze the pagan gods
Pacific Islands Writing
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. The first book of its kind, Pacific Islands Writing offers a broad-ranging introduction to the postcolonial literatures of the Pacific region. Drawing upon metaphors of oceanic voyaging, Michelle Keown takes the reader on a discursive journey through a variety of literary and cultural contexts in the Pacific, exploring the Indigenous literatures of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, and also investigating a range of European or Western writing about the Pacific, from the adventure fictions of Herman Melville, R. L. Stevenson, and Jack London to the Päkehä (European) settler literatures of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The book explores the relevance of ‘international’ postcolonial theoretical paradigms to a reading of Pacific literatures, but it also offers a region-specific analysis of key authors and texts, drawing upon Indigenous Pacific literary theories, and sketching in some of the key socio-historical trajectories that have inflected Pacific writing. Well-established Indigenous Pacific authors such as Albert Wendt, Witi Ihimaera, Alan Duff, and Patricia Grace are considered alongside emerging writers such as Sia Figiel, Caroline Sinavaiana-Gabbard, and Dan Taulapapa McMullin. The book focuses primarily upon Pacific literature in English – the language used by the majority of Pacific writers - but also breaks new ground in examining the growing corpus of francophone and hispanophone writing in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Easter Island/Rapa Nui.
Europeans in the Pacific
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

‘Simply by sailing in a new direction / You could enlarge the world’. So wrote New Zealand poet Allen Curnow in ‘Landfall in Unknown Seas’, a poetic meditation on the 1642 ‘discovery’ of New Zealand by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman (Bornholdt et al. (eds.) 1997: 401). Tasman’s abortive voyage (see section 2.3 below) was made at a time when relatively little was known about the Pacific region: the Spanish, who led the first European expedition to Oceania in 1521, had annexed Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, but abandoned plans to expand further into the Pacific. Tasman’s endeavours added little to European knowledge of the region, and it was not until the late eighteenth century that the geographical contours of the Pacific were decisively established (by British explorer James Cook).
Orality, Textuality, and Memory: The Language of Pacific Literatures
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

This chapter departs from the broadly chronological focus of previous chapters in order to explore the importance of oral literary traditions to contemporary Pacific literatures. It begins with an overview of the transition from orality to print in Pacific cultures, exploring the interchange between Indigenous, colonial, and contact languages during the colonial period, and offering stylistic analyses of the ways in which Pacific writers incorporate vocabulary and grammatical features from colonial contact languages (such as Melanesian Pidgin, Hawai’i Creole English, and Fiji Hindi) into their work.
‘Mutilated towards alignment?’: Prometheus On His Crag and the ‘Cambridge School’ of anthropology
Authors: Zajko Vanda
Published: November 2023

The defiance of the chained Prometheus reverberates within literary history, articulating the tension between overwhelming despair and equally remorseless hope, between the existence, as Hughes articulates it in the second Prometheus poem, ‘That cannot be otherwise And could not have been otherwise And never can be otherwise’ and the promise of rehabilitation and rebirth. The Titan who, in the remotest of pasts, gave fire to humankind in open rebellion against Zeus and was punished everlastingly for his action, has continued to be called upon in various moments when, in the words of Tony Harrison, ‘history moves in directions where deffance and unfreedom cry for help.
Between monarchy and democracy; neo-classicism and the laureate poetry of Ted Hughes
Authors: Rees Roger
Published: November 2023

In about 1954 Ted Hughes wrote for his sister-in-law Joan a charming dialogue between Elizabeth I and Elizabeth II—the apparition of an elderly Elizabeth I joins her young namesake at the fireside of Windsor Castle library, and they have an animated conversation about the inffuence a monarch could effect on the relationship between individuals and their society.1 Characterization is strong, the writing effcient.
Passion in extremis in Ted Hughes’s Tales from Ovid
Authors: Tatham Anne-Marie
Published: November 2023

In his introduction to Tales from Ovid (1997), Ted Hughes places passion at the centre of Ovid’s work: Above all, Ovid was interested in passion. Or rather, in what a passion feels like to the one possessed by it. Not just ordinary passion either, but human passion in extremis—passion where it combusts, or levitates, or mutates into an experience of the supernatural.
Ted Hughes: Allusion and Poetic Language
Authors: Silk Michael
Published: November 2023

Ted Hughes’s late collection, Birthday Letters, contains, among many notable poems, one called ‘The Rabbit Catcher’. This looks back to a poem of the same title by Hughes’s first wife, Sylvia Plath, written in the remarkable period of creative activity near the end of her life, in May 1962. Plath’s poem:1 It was a place of force— The wind gagging my mouth with my own blown hair, Tearing off my voice, and the sea Blinding me with its lights, the lives of the dead Unreeling in it, spreading like oil.
The Hughes Version: Commercial Considerations and Dramatic Imagination
Authors: Marshall Hallie
Published: November 2023

Ted Hughes wrote dramatic verse his entire career. While he found some measure of early success in writing dramatic verse for the radio, and for the BBC in particular, he had little success in writing for the stage.1 Peter Hall, in his letter of rejection for Difficulties of a Bridegroom, a symbolic play based on alchemical concepts, wrote: ‘Symbolic drama simply has to have a concrete basis, and this I don’t believe has. It is a series of fascinating theatrical images which weary by their dexterity.
Introduction
Authors: Revermann Martin , Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

This book is, above all, a gift for a man who has given us so much. On August 2nd 2008 Oliver Taplin will turn sixty-five. And soon after, he will retire from the University in which he has worked since 1968 and which he entered as an undergraduate as a Foundation Scholar of Corpus Christi College in 1962. We offer him this volume in celebration of more than four decades of achievement.
The Odyssey as Performance Poetry
Authors: Murray Oswyn
Published: November 2023

Twenty years ago, in 1987, Oliver Taplin and Beaty Rubens made their tour of Greece for the BBC Radio 4 programme, An Odyssey round Odysseus. I was their historical adviser, and introduced them to Emporio on Chios, Lefkandi and Eretria, Old Smyrna, the stinking open sewer under a flyover near Izmir that is all that is left of the river Meles beside (or from) which Homer was born, and other historical Homeric sites; we travelled together for a fortnight, while I acted as gooseberry to the burgeoning romance between the two lovers. In the course of this odyssey Oliver and I had many discussions about our conflicting views of Homeric performance. Oliver published his theory many years ago as Homeric Soundings (1992). Here at last is my response to our ongoing discussion, which I dedicate to Oliver and Beaty, in memory of conversations which started in the great-eighth century megaron on the top of the windy hill of Ayios Elias at Emporio on Chios, with a pair of eagles circling overhead.
Star Choruses: Eleusis, Orphism, and New Musical Imagery and Dance*
Authors: Csapo Eric
Published: November 2023

A dozen years have passed since Albert Henrichs gave a full description of a remarkable change in the imagery of tragic choral odes. Henrichs found a large increase in choral self-reference (i.e. choruses talking about their own performance) in the last decades of the fifth century, and especially in the late plays of Euripides. Henrichs fortunately did not limit his study to selfreference: late choruses also speak much more of other choruses dancing (a phenomenon he termed ‘choral projection’.) The fact is that late and especially late Euripidean choruses describe music and dance (whether their own or that of others) surprisingly often, and, when they do, this music or dance has a distinctly, usually expressly, Dionysiac quality, or if not Dionysiac, at least cultic. With the observation that choral lyric reveals (one might say ‘conspicuously advertises’) a conscious connection with Dionysiac ritual, Henrichs put a rather strong case for Euripides’ religious commitment: ‘Far from suppressing Dionysus, as Nietzsche claimed, Euripides takes advantage of every conceivable dimension of the god and deserves to rank as the most Dionysiac of the three tragedians.’
Putting Performance into Focus
Authors: Revermann Martin , Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

Recognition through tokens, according to Aristotle in the Poetics, is the most artless kind of anagnôrisis. Reliance on a birth mark, a scar, or a necklace as a device to trigger recognition usually reflects an uninventive author, incapable of creating a more artful dramatic narrative. For Aristotle this is not only an aesthetic judgement, but also a matter of technical classification. Artless tokens are to be understood as his poetic equivalents of the inartificial proofs (π?τε?< αΛ τεχνοι) described in the Rhetoric, i.e. ‘proofs which have not been furnished by ourselves but were already in existence’, of which Aristotle gives the three ancient courtroom examples of witnesses, tortures, and contracts. It is perhaps paradoxical, therefore, that the conjunction of anagnôrisis and tokens in the classical period produced masterpieces of τEχ?η fully equal to our honorand. These tokens of Greek glyptics may fall outside Aristotle’s remit, but they are (as I hope to show here) certainly artful and poetic, and (in particular) dramatic.
What Coleridge Saw
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

After his arrival in England, Coleridge was eager to put his new knowledge of art to use in a series of lectures, and he immediately started making plans to do so. There was, as it turned out, an opportunity at hand. In a letter to Sara Coleridge of 16 September 1806, he wrote: ‘I have had an application from the R. Institution for a Course of Lectures, which I am much disposed to accept, both for money and reputation & My purpose is to divide my time steadily between my [‘]Reflections moral and political grounded on Information obtained during two years resident in Italy and the Mediterranean’: and the Lectures on the Principles common to all the Fine Arts’ (CL 2: 1181).
Introduction: The Return of Classics
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

This volume offers an eclectic account of engagement with the literatures of Greece and Rome by some contemporary poets writing in English. It includes both pieces by poets themselves, reflecting on their own use of classical texts, and analyses of these and other living poets (and of one no longer alive) by scholars of classical reception, showing how such poetic interactions work in detail and reflecting on some broader intellectual and cultural contexts. This introduction sets out a contextualizing sketch of the re-emergence of classical literary texts as a significant source for poetry in English since 1960 as a context for the pieces in this book.
The Argippaei (Herodotus 4. 23) in Belfast
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

Herodotus’ information about the peoples of Scythia derives from the Arimaspea, a poem by the shaman, Aristeas of Proconnesus (Hdt. 4.14.3). Everyone who has read book four of Herodotus remembers the Argippaei, who are bald from birth, both men and women. They have snub noses and long chins (or perhaps long beards) and speak their own language, although they wear Scythian dress (Hdt. 4.23.1–5): Up to this point the territory of the Scythians I have been describing is all level and deep-soiled, but from here on it is stony and rough. After traversing a great deal of the rough terrain, the foothills of high mountains are inhabited by men said to be all bald from birth, both men and women alike, with snub noses and long chins (long beards?), speaking their own language, but wearing Scythian dress, and living from trees. The tree from which they live is called Ponticum, about the size of a fig-tree: it bears a fruit the size of a bean, but with a kernel.
Introduction: ‘Many things untouch’d: Browne at 400
Authors: Barbour Reid , Preston Claire
Published: November 2023

It is a paradox worthy of one of Browne’s own meditations on memory and authority that he should be among the most influential of writers in the history of English literature, and yet be one whose works have for some time been largely relegated by the academy to the category of literary curiosity. The roll-call of his admirers and imitators is hardly less impressive than that of Shakespeare or Milton; it includes John Dryden, Robert Boyle, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Virginia Woolf, J. B. Priestley, Jorge Luis Borges, Javier Maria´s, Bruce Chatwin, Roberto Calasso, Mario Praz, William Styron, and W. G. Sebald.
The Laudian Idiot
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: November 2023

In Achsah Guibbory’s words, Religio Medici comes ‘discomfortingly close to the controversial positions of the Laudians’. She is certainly right, and not the first to note the proximity. Yet one does not find Browne’s name in recent historical scholarship on Laudianism, which is surprisingly thin and, as Guibbory’s dis-comfort suggests, still surprisingly hostile to Laud, who remains cast as the ‘evil counsellor’ whose authoritarian rigidity and intolerance ‘cost the king his crown’.
‘Wonders of the Invisible World’: The Trial of the Lowestoft Witches
Authors: Silver Victoria
Published: November 2023

Lastly, wee are not Magisteriall in opinions, nor have wee Dictator-like obtruded our conceptions, but in the humility of Enquiries or disquisitions, have only proposed them unto more ocular discerners. And therefore opinions are free, and open it is for any to think or declare the contrary. And wee shall so farre encourage contradiction, as to promise no disturbance, or reoppose any Penne, that shall Fallaciously or captiously refute us, that shall onely lay hold of our lapses, single out digressions, Corollaries, or ornamentall conceptions to evidence his own in as indifferent truths.
Brownean Motion: Conversation within Pseudodoxia Epidemica’s ‘Sober Circumference of Knowledge’
Authors: West William N
Published: November 2023

Seventeenth-century readers approached Thomas Browne as an encyclopedic polymath with wide-ranging opinions of general interest in science and religion. But for much of the twentieth century, Browne was read principally as a prose stylist, often with the unstated assumptions that the style was the man, and also perhaps that the reader was the author—learned, tasteful, tolerant, and exceptional.
Auxiliary θє́λω
Authors: Lee John A L
Published: November 2023

The future tense in Modern Greek is formed with Łæ subjunctive, as for example, θɑϒρɑˊϕω. This form of expression has its origin in a periphrasis with θє́λω. The ultimate base is θє́λω infinitive, with θє́λω in its original meaning ‘wish to ’, which evolves into an expression of simple futurity. The development is parallel to that in many languages, among them of course English, in which futurity is expressed by an auxiliary that originally meant ‘wish/want ‘; or to put it in terms of grammaticalization, the lexical item ‘wish/want ‘ has evolved along the cline of grammaticality to a grammatical function, namely, to express futurity. The detailed history of the development in the Byzantine period is not the concern of this paper and will be touched on only briefy. It is more complicated than one might have expected, and debate continues on the details.
Authorial Revision of Linguistic Style in Greek Papyrus Letters and Petitions (ad i–iv)
Authors: Luiselli R
Published: November 2023

‘No utterance is such that its author cannotcare what it sounds like. ‘1. In the written language such care is primarily a feature of literary composition but may also affect the linguistic form of ephemeral texts relating to daily life. In petitioning government officials and other authorities, as well as in writing letters on private affairs, Greek-speaking individuals within the Roman empire seem on occasion to have been no less willing than modern westerners to subject their own written compositions to stylistic revision. Drawing on letters and drafts of petitions penned on papyrus in the first four centuries of the Christian era, this essay sets out to discuss the phenomenon of self-correction in Greek documentary prose as evidence for awareness of style among the educated e´lites in Egypt.
Greek Papyri and Graeco-Latin Hybrid Compounds*
Authors: Filos Panagiotis
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the contacts between Greek and Latin have attracted renewed interest. The links between the two classical languages had long been viewed from a primarily descriptive and historical point of view. The emphasis is now on examining two interacting linguistic systems, with the focus of current research moving from the more traditional and better-studied fields (phonology, morphology, lexical borrowings, etc.) into new, or almost new, areas such as syntax, sociolinguistics (bilingualism, code-switching, etc.), and other related areas.
Greek Fictional Letters
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

The book explores a relatively unfamiliar and under-appreciated area of Greek literature, imaginary letters written between about 100 BC and 500 AD. They are imaginary or fictional either because both writer and recipient are invented, or because they are attributed to real historical characters. In the latter group, the real authors are unknown, whereas we know at least the names of those in the first group. Letter writing, real and fictional, was an important activity in this period, which was also the time that the sophists or professional rhetoricians were very influential in the political and educational life particularly of the Greek east. Many of our authors clearly were sophists practising their skills, especially in character portrayal. This selection opens a window on an attractive, lively, and often amusing area in the history of Greek prose. All the letters are translated, and the commentaries provide both grammatical help and background information.
Alciphron
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

It was useful for us that the sea became smooth and calm today. For when the storm continued into the third day, the north winds blowing furiously from the headlands over the sea, the deep rippling and turning black, and the foam flowering on the water’s surface, as the waves of the sea broke against each other-here they dashed against the rocks, there they swelled up within themselves before breaking in spray-there was no possibility of work at all. We took over the little huts along the shore, and collecting a few chips of wood which the shipwrights had recently left after cutting down the oaks, we lit a fire with them and relieved ourselves of the bit­ter cold. This fourth day that has come is a ‘halcyon’, I think (you can judge by the clear sky), and it has given us a wealth of good things all at once.
Anacharsis
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

The Greeks are wise men, yet in no way are they wiser than barbarians. For the gods have not deprived barbarians of knowing how to recognize the good. You can prove this by examining us with words to see if we have noble thoughts, and putting us to the test, whether our words harmonize with our deeds and whether we are like those who live good lives. But do not let monumental columns and bodily adornment impede correct judgement. For different people adorn their bodies differently according to their ancestral customs. The symptoms of stupidity-and likewise of good sense-are the same for barbarians and for Greeks. Now, because Anacharsis came to your door wishing to become your friend, you declined, replying that I should form friendship in my own land. But if someone offered you a Spartan dog, you would n ‘t tell that man to take the dog first to Sparta and give it to you there. When shall we ever be friends with each other if every one speaks like this? This does not seem to me the right attitude, Solon, you wise Athenian. I have a strong urge to come back to your door, not with the same request as before, but to find out what your theory about friendship really means.
Socrates
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

I am told that you are in Thebes, and have caught up with Proxenus as he was setting off to Cyrus in Asia. Whether this venture of yours will turn out well God knows, as some people here are already trying to criticize it. They say it is not right for Athenians to help Cyrus, through whose support the Spartans deprived them of their power, nor should Athenians fight for the very man who subdued them in war. So as there has been a change in the political situation, I should not ‘ be surprised if some people of their own accord try to denounce you. In fact, the more splendidly I see things going to turn out over there, the more vigorously I think these people will assail you: I know the nature of some of them all too well. 2. But now we have set ourselves to do this, we must be true men, remembering all the other things we used to say about virtue, and in particular considering ‘Shame not the race of your fathers ‘ to be one of the finest utterances of the Poet. You must know that warfare has most need of these two qualities, endurance and indifference to riches. Through the latter we are dear to our own associates; through endurance we are formidable to our adversaries. You have your own examples of both qualities.
Socratics
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

I have given Euphron the Megarian six measures of barley, eight drachmas, and a new tunic, to see you through the win ter. Please accept them, and know that Euclides and Terpsion are eminently good and true men, and well-disposed to you as well as Socrates. And whenever the children want to come to us, don ’t stop them: it’s not far to come to Megara. Enough of all your weeping, my good friend: it will do you no good, and maybe even some harm. Remember what Socrates used to say and try to be guided by his character and his words; for constant grieving will do the utmost damage both to yourself and to the children. For they are, as it were, nestlings of Socrates, and we must not only nurture them, but also try to preserve ourselves on their account. If you or I or anyone else, who is concerned for Socrates ‘ children now he is dead, should die, they will suffer wrong being deprived of anyone to help and support them on a comparable basis. That is why you must try to live for their sakes, and you can ‘t do this without allowing yourself the essentials for living.
The Social and Cultural Formation of Roman Medicine
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The multiple strands of the historical record furnish an impressive array of persons and institutions to whom individuals in the Roman imperial world might turn if they deemed their state of health or somatic functioning to be in need of attention.
Conclusion: Medicine and the Making of Roman Women
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Relations between women and medicine in the Roman imperial era were, therefore, manifold and complex. There certainly were female medical practitioners operating in this world: ranging from old women who continued folk medical traditions in the villages of the empire, through midwives whose expertise might be acquired in more varied ways, and whose activities might extend far beyond childbirth, to those who claimed (or had claimed for them) something still more general and prestigious, indeed that they were female physicians.
Reinscribing the Muse: Greek Drama and the Discourse of Inspired Creativity
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene
Published: November 2023

What happened to the Muse in the fifth-century Athenian City, when the lone ‘inspired’ bard gave place to the whole pageant of actors, masks, and costumes captivating the public gaze in the midst of lavish festivals and large-scale, communal celebrations? Did the emergence of dramatic poetry render the functions of the archaic Muse(s) obsolete? This chapter argues that within the context of fifth-century perfor mances the Muse’s presence can still be intensely felt, for Drama as a genre has reinscribed and reamalgamated important attributes tradi tionally attached to her. Much less of a ‘real life’ entity than her archaic predecessor, the classical Muse operates now on the level of metaphor and figurative discourse, reshaped and reappropriated by the performa tive frame of fifth-century Athenian culture.
Iambus XII
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

Iambi XI I and XIII form a pair at the end of the Book. This assumes: (i) that Iambus XII I is the last piece of the collection; and (ii) that XII and XIII are purposefully placed at the end of a carefully designed poetic whole. Both these points will be argued in the Conclusion. .Meanwhile, I proceed on the hypothesis that this is a collection arranged by its author.
Iambus XIII
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

T’here are66lines, more or less complete. Line I is quoted in Dieg. IX 32, and several times in the grammatical tradition.1 The main witness is POxy. IO I I fol. VI. The recto contains lines 2-33, the verso 34-66. The sequence recterverso is suggested by fol. vn.1 There is no other external evidence to confirm this, but it is plausible on internal grounds. An attack preserved on the recto (down to 22) precedes the poet’s defence (on the lower half of the recto, continuing on the verso). In particular, the sarcastic quotation of the critic’s words (11-14) by the poet (64-6) confirms this sequence.
Epilogue: Some Trends in Recent Work on Athenian Law and Society
Authors: Golden Mark
Published: November 2023

This book provides evidence for how much the study of Greek law has changed since the days when scholars seemed to be ‘operating in a world ... hermetically sealed against outside developments’ (D. Cohen 1989: 82). It is not just the subject alone, the intersection of law and social status. We should note too the wide range of interests of those taking part.
Introduction
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W
Published: November 2023

In his study of the role of imperial Quaestors in the making of late Roman law, as first among a number of ‘large issues’ Tony Honore asks, ‘In what way did law shape the later empire?’1 This is a very good question, and can lead to an even broader question, ‘In what way did law shape-not just the Roman Empire-but Late Antiquity as a whole?’ For Late Antiquity (c.260-640) was a crucial transitional period. It saw the gradual replacement of Mediterranean classical society, government, and religion by a strictly western European, Christian society that eventually would culminate in the modern-day western European states. It also marked a crossroads where the post-Roman eastern Byzantine world diverged from the post-Roman western medieval world and the post-Roman eastern Islamic world.