bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsivity to Problem-Solving Skills Training in Mothers of Children With Cancer
Authors: Dolgin Michael J , Devine Katie A , Tzur-Bitan Dana , Askins Martha A , Fairclough Diane L , Katz Ernest R , Noll Robert B , Phipps Sean , Sahler Olle Jane Z
Published: November 2020

Objective 

Bright IDEAS (BI) is a problem-solving skills training (PSST) program that has been demonstrated in earlier randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be an effective and specific intervention for improving problem-solving skills and reducing negative affect in caregivers of children with cancer. The objectives of this study were to (a) offer an approach to defining meaningful treatment response and to determine the rates of responsivity to PSST; and (b) identify characteristics of PSST responders and nonresponders.

Methods 

Data from 154 mothers receiving the BI intervention were analyzed. Drawing on the literature on minimal clinically important differences, two criteria for determining responsivity were calculated for the primary outcome of problem-solving skills: (a) The reliable change index (RCI) based on group data, and; (b) The effect size (ES) of each participant’s pre/postintervention change score as a function of the group’s baseline SD.

Results 

Thirty-three percent of the sample met both responsivity criteria immediately posttreatment (39% at follow-up) and 38% (39% at follow-up) met neither. An additional 29% demonstrated a small or greater ES (≥ 0.2) but did not meet the RCI criteria, suggesting possible benefit. The single consistent predictor of responsivity was participants’ pretreatment problem-solving skills, with lower skills at baseline predicting greater improvement (p < .001).

Conclusions 

These findings highlight the need to go beyond group data in interpreting RCTs and to incorporate measures of meaningful treatment response. Our ability to predict and screen for meaningful treatment response is critical to more precise targeting, enhanced outcomes, and better resource allocation.
Speed Mentoring: An Effective & Efficient Path to Development of Mentor Relationships in a Military Obstetrics & Gynecology Residency
Authors: Eubanks Allison A , MacKinnon Rene M , Shay Kelly H , Criscione Lily T , Saunders Rhiana D
Published: November 2020

Introduction

With a deficit of effective military residency mentorships, a paucity of research on successful mentorship programs, and growing reports on innovative mentoring programs, we developed a “Speed Mentoring” event for the National Capital Consortium OBGYN Residency.

Materials and Methods

The development, implementation, and follow-up responses through participant surveys were designed as an institutional review board (IRB)-approved evidence-based quality improvement project at our institution. Our event coordinated mentorship opportunities between residents and faculty from a wide range of specialties, leadership roles, and research experiences. Residents were matched with faculty that aligned with self-identified goals. Surveys were distributed prior to the event and at follow-up intervals to demonstrate the lasting impact and areas for improvement.

Results

Prior to our first event, every resident reported by survey that they desired more mentorship opportunities. However, only 55% could identify a specific mentor, citing limited time and difficulty establishing a relationship. Immediately following the event, 90% of residents scheduled a follow-up with at least one mentor. Forty-seven percent of residents reported inspiration to initiate a new research project. Meanwhile, faculty felt valued and gained satisfaction by “giving back” to their profession. After 1 month, half of the residents and faculty had already conducted at least one meeting. At 3 months, 76% of meetings centered on research and 23% on quality improvement projects. Fifty-seven percent of participants reported future scheduled meetings. At 6 months, 75% of residents reported meaningful mentorship relationships.

Conclusions

After demonstrating a need for improved mentorship opportunities, we implemented an efficient way to foster mentorship while expanding resident involvement in research, QI projects, and fellowship applications. This “Speed Mentorship” program can be easily adapted to all residency programs.
External ear canal mycobiome of some rabbit breeds
Authors: Díaz Leyna , Castellá Gemma , Bragulat M Rosa , Martorell Jaume , Paytuví-Gallart Andreu , Sanseverino Walter , Cabañes F Javier
Published: November 2020

The genus Malassezia is part of the normal skin mycobiota of a wide range of warm-blooded animals. In this genus, M. cuniculi is the only species described from rabbits. However, Malassezia species are rarely studied in lagomorphs. In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples. Although no growth was observed in the cultured plates, cytological examination revealed the presence of round cells similar to those of Malassezia yeasts. For metagenomics analysis, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) was PCR amplified and the resulting reads were mapped against a custom-made cured database of 26S fungal sequences. NGS analysis revealed that Basidiomycota was the most abundant phylum in all the samples followed by Ascomycota. Malassezia was the most common genus presenting the highest abundance in the external ear canal. Malassezia phylotype 131 and M. cuniculi were the main sequences detected in the external auditory canal of rabbits. The study included both lop-eared and erect-eared rabbits and no differences were observed in the results when comparing both groups. This is the first attempt to study the external ear canal mycobiome of rabbits of different breeds using NGS.

Lay Summary

In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples.
Mass–radius relation of intermediate-age disc super star clusters of M82
Authors: Cuevas-Otahola B , Mayya Y D , Puerari I , Rosa-González D
Published: November 2020

We present a complete set of structural parameters for a sample of 99 intermediate-age super star cluster (SSCs) in the disc of M82, and carry out a survival analysis using the semi-analytical cluster evolution code emacss. The parameters are based on the profile-fitting analysis carried out in previous work, with the mass-related quantities derived using a mass-to-light ratio for a constant age of 100 Myr. The SSCs follow a power-law mass function with an index α = 1.5, and a lognormal size function with a typical half-light radius, Rh = 4.3 pc, which is both comparable with the values for clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, rather than in giant spirals. The majority of the SSCs follow a power-law mass−radius relation with an index of b = 0.29 ± 0.05. A dynamical analysis of M82 SSCs using emacss suggests that 23 per cent of the clusters are tidally limited, with the rest undergoing expansion at present. Forward evolution of these clusters suggests that the majority would dissolve in ∼2 Gyr. However, a group of four massive compact clusters, and another group of five SSCs at relatively large galactocentric distances, are found to survive for a Hubble time. The model-predicted mass, Rh, μV, and core radius of these surviving SSCs at 12 Gyr are comparable with the corresponding values for the sample of Galactic globular clusters.
A semisupervised machine learning search for never-seen gravitational-wave sources
Authors: Marianer Tom , Poznanski Dovi , Prochaska J Xavier
Published: November 2020

By now, tens of gravitational-wave (GW) events have been detected by the LIGO and Virgo detectors. These GWs have all been emitted by compact binary coalescence, for which we have excellent predictive models. However, there might be other sources for which we do not have reliable models. Some are expected to exist but to be very rare (e.g. supernovae), while others may be totally unanticipated. So far, no unmodelled sources have been discovered, but the lack of models makes the search for such sources much more difficult and less sensitive. We present here a search for unmodelled GW signals using semisupervised machine learning. We apply deep learning and outlier detection algorithms to labelled spectrograms of GW strain data, and then search for spectrograms with anomalous patterns in public LIGO data. We searched ${\sim}13{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the coincident data from the first two observing runs. No candidates of GW signals were detected in the data analyzed. We evaluate the sensitivity of the search using simulated signals, we show that this search can detect spectrograms containing unusual or unexpected GW patterns, and we report the waveforms and amplitudes for which a $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ detection rate is achieved.
General polytropic hydrodynamic cylinder under self-gravity
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Lin Ming
Published: November 2020

For filamentary clouds on various scales obeying general polytropic (GP) equation of state, their hydrodynamic collapses, expansions, and shocks are investigated. Our cylindrical model is axisymmetric, infinitely long with axial uniformity and involves Newtonian gravity. For such GP cylinders, we explore various analytical and numerical similarity solutions. Based on a singular hydrostatic solution, we derive a quasi-static asymptotic dynamic solution approaching the axis. There, we also derive the asymptotic cylindrical free-fall solution for polytropic index γ ≤ 1 and show the absence of such solutions for γ > 1. We find new asymptotic solutions for expanding cylindrical central voids with no matter inside, and examine the asymptotic expansion solutions to higher orders far from the axis. We classify the sonic critical curve (SCC) into three (or five) types and analyse their properties. The asymptotic behaviors of the SCC towards the axis and infinity are examined. Examples are shown for solutions crossing the SCC twice with the global features of cylindrical envelope expansion or contraction with core collapses. We numerically construct new types of global similarity solutions with or without outgoing shocks. For γ > 1, a shock is necessary to connect the inner and outer parts. The collapse and fragmentation of massive filaments or strings may give clues and implications to the formations of chains of stellar objects, chains of black holes, chains of galaxies or even chains of galaxy clusters in proper astrophysical and cosmological contexts.
An enhanced slope in the transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-104b
Authors: Chen G , Pallé E , Parviainen H , Wang H , van Boekel R , Murgas F , Yan F , Béjar V J S , Casasayas-Barris N , Crouzet N , Esparza-Borges E , Fukui A , Garai Z , Kawauchi K , Kurita S , Kusakabe N , de Leon J P , Livingston J , Luque R , Madrigal-Aguado A , Mori M , Narita N , Nishiumi T , Oshagh M , Sánchez-Benavente M , Tamura M , Terada Y , Watanabe N
Published: November 2020

We present the optical transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-104b based on one transit observed by the blue and red channels of the Double Spectrograph (DBSP) at the Palomar 200-inch telescope and 14 transits observed by the MuSCAT2 four-channel imager at the 1.52-m Telescopio Carlos Sánchez. We also analyse 45 additional K2 transits, after correcting for the flux contamination from a companion star. Together with the transit light curves acquired by DBSP and MuSCAT2, we are able to revise the system parameters and orbital ephemeris, confirming that no transit timing variations exist. Our DBSP and MuSCAT2 combined transmission spectrum reveals an enhanced slope at wavelengths shorter than 630 nm and suggests the presence of a cloud deck at longer wavelengths. While the Bayesian spectral retrieval analyses favour a hazy atmosphere, stellar spot contamination cannot be completely ruled out. Further evidence, from transmission spectroscopy and detailed characterization of the host star’s activity, is required to distinguish the physical origin of the enhanced slope.
The Use of Antiplatelet Agents and Heparin in the 24-Hour Postintravenous Alteplase Window for Neurointervention
Authors: Binning Mandy J , Maxwell Christina R , McAree Michael , Veznedaroglu Erol , Felbaum Daniel R , Arthur Adam , Goyal Nitin , Wolfe Stacey Q , Tschoe Christine , Crowley R Webster , Levy Elad , Vakharia Kunal , Rai Hamid H , Pandey Aditya S , Daou Badih J , Tawk Rabih G , Ringer Andrew J , Liebman Kenneth M ,   on behalf of the Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG)
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Intravenous (IV) alteplase with mechanical thrombectomy has been found to be superior to alteplase alone in select patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion. Current guidelines discourage the use of antiplatelet agents or heparin for 24 h following alteplase. However, their use is often necessary in certain circumstances during thrombectomy procedures.

OBJECTIVE

To study the safety and outcomes in patients who received blood thinning medications for thrombectomy after IV Tissue-Type plasminogen activator (tPA).

METHODS

This is a multicenter retrospective review of the use of antiplatelet agents and/or heparin in patients within 24 h following tPA administration. Patient demographics, comorbidities, bleeding complications, and discharge outcomes were collected.

RESULTS

A series of 88 patients at 9 centers received antiplatelet medications and/or heparin anticoagulation following IV alteplase for revascularization procedures requiring stenting. The mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission was 14.6. Reasons for use of a stent included internal carotid artery occlusion in 74% of patients. Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b-3 revascularization was accomplished in 90% of patients. The rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was 8%; this was not significantly different than the sICH rate for a matched group of patients not receiving antiplatelets or heparin during the same time frame. Functional independence at 90 d (modified Rankin Scale 0-2) was seen in 57.8% of patients. All-cause mortality was 12%.

CONCLUSION

The use of antiplatelet agents and heparin for stroke interventions following IV alteplase appears to be safe without significant increased risk of hemorrhagic complications in this group of patients when compared to control data and randomized controlled trials.
How Properties Hold Together in Substances
Authors: Earley, Joseph E.sr.
Published: November 2020

A main aim of chemical research is to understand how the characteristic properties of specific chemical substances relate to the composition and to the structure of those materials. Such investigations assume a broad consensus regarding basic aspects of chemistry. Philosophers generally regard widespread agreement on basic principles as a remote goal, not something already achieved. They do not agree on how properties stay together in ordinary objects. Some follow John Locke [1632–1704] and maintain that properties of entities inhere in substrates. The item that this approach considers to underlie characteristics is often called “a bare particular” (Sider 2006). However, others reject this understanding and hold that substances are bundles of properties—an approach advocated by David Hume [1711–1776]. Some supporters of Hume’s theory hold that entities are collections of “tropes” (property-instances) held together in a “compresence relationship” (Simons 1994). Recently several authors have pointed out the importance of “structures” for the coherence of substances, but serious questions have been raised about those proposals. Philosophers generally use a time-independent (synchronic) approach and do not consider how chemists understand properties of chemical substances and of dynamic networks of chemical reactions. This chapter aims to clarify how current chemical understanding relates to aspects of contemporary philosophy. The first section introduces philosophical debates, the second considers properties of chemical systems, the third part deals with theories of wholes and parts, the fourth segment argues that closure grounds properties of coherences, the fifth section introduces structural realism (SR), the sixth part considers contextual emergence and concludes that dynamic structures of processes may qualify as determinants (“causes”) of specific outcomes, and the final section suggests that ordinary items are based on closure of relationships among constituents additionally determined by selection for integration into more-extensive coherences. Ruth Garrett Millikan discussed the concept of substance in philosophy: . . . Substances . . . are whatever one can learn from given only one or a few encounters, various skills or information that will apply to other encounters. . . . Further, this possibility must be grounded in some kind of natural necessity. . . . The function of a substance concept is to make possible this sort of learning and use of knowledge for a specific substance. . . . (Millikan 2000, 33)
Natural Kinds in Chemistry
Authors: Hendry Robin Findlay
Published: November 2020

Chemical substances such as gold and water provide paradigm examples of natural kinds: They are so central to philosophical discussions on the topic that they often provide the grounds for quite general philosophical claims—in particular that natural kinds must be hierarchical, discrete, and independent of interests. In this chapter I will argue that chemistry in fact undermines such claims. In what follows I will (i) introduce the main kinds of chemical kinds, namely chemical substances and microstructural species; (ii) critically examine some general criteria for being a natural kind in the light of how they apply to chemical kinds; and finally (iii) present two broad theories of how chemical substances are individuated. The primary purpose of this article is to bring scientific detail and sophistication to a topic—natural kinds—which has a long but not always honorable history in philosophy, but chemists can also learn something from these discussions. Chemistry is in the business of making general claims about substances, a fact which is embodied in the periodic table, as well as in the systems of nomenclature and classification published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). At several points in the history of their subject, chemists appear to have faced choices about which general categories should appear in these systems. Understanding why these choices were made, and the alternatives rejected, gives us an insight into whether chemistry might have developed differently. This is central to understanding why chemistry looks the way it does today. So, what are the chemical kinds? Chemists study the structure and behavior of substances such as gold, water and benzene, and also of microscopic species such as gold atoms, and water and benzene molecules. They group together higher kinds of substances: groups of elements such as the halogens and alkali metals, broader groups of elements such as the metals, and classes of compounds that share either an elemental component (e.g., chlorides), a microstructural feature (e.g., carboxylic acids), or merely a pattern of chemical reactivity (e.g., acids).
African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era
Authors: Brown Jeannette E.
Published: November 2020

This is the second of two books about African-American female chemists. The first book (African-American Women Chemists, 2011) focused on the early pioneers--women chemists from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Act. African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era focuses on contemporary women who have benefited from the Civil Rights Act and are now working as chemists or chemical engineers. This book was produced by taking the oral history of women who are leaders in their field and who wanted to tell the world how they suceeded. It features eighteen amazing women in this book and each of them has a claim to fame, despite hiding in plain sight. These women reveal the history of their lives from youth to adult. Overall, Jeannette Brown aims to inspire women and minorities to pursue careers in the sciences, as evidenced by the successful career paths of the women that came before them.
Numerical Adventures with Geochemical Cycles
Authors: Walker James C. G.
Published: November 2020

The dynamic, evolving Earth, and the mathematical representation of its geochemical changes are the subject of this timely, helpful handbook. Global warming, changes in the ocean, and the effects of fossil fuel combustion are just a few of the phenomena that make the development of geochemical models critical. But what computational methods will help to accurately carry out this task? This new text teaches the methodology of computational simulation of environmental change. The author presents interesting applications of his methods to describe the response of the ocean and atmosphere to the infusion of pollutants, the effect of evaporation on seawater composition, climate change, and many other aspects of the Earth's evolving ecosystem. He also presents simple approaches for solving non-linear systems, calculating isotope ratios, and dealing with chains of identical reservoirs. With creative programs that can be executed on any personal computer, Walker offers earth scientists the techniques necessary to address the key problems in their field.
Environmental Assessment from a Neuropsychological Perspective
Authors: Küller Rikard
Published: November 2020

Environmental assessment is closely related to the impact environments make on people. Places that induce anxiety and stress in childhood may be regarded with dismay later in life. The relationship between people and their environments may be conceived in physiological, psychological, or ethnological terms, or, which is often the case, by concepts borrowed from these three fields simultaneously. The description of the relationship can be kept either at a molecular or a molar level. The former may be exemplified by the effect of noise on blood pressure, while the latter may be the home's impact on the developing child. The present chapter constitutes an attempt to formulate a model at the molar level of human-environment interaction, largely based on knowledge from the neuropsychological discipline. For the sake of clarity I will first discuss some of the basic concepts employed in contemporary model building in neuropsychology. I will then suggest that these concepts may be brought together into what I have called the basic emotional process. I will support this construct by results from previous research on emotion, and also demonstrate the remarkable congruence between the physiological and semantic branches of this research. Using the emotional process as a focus, a model of human-environment interaction will be proposed, which describes how the person may feel and act under the influence of the physical and social environment, mediated by his or her individual reaction tendencies. The presentation will be illustrated by reference to field studies and experiments carried out by our group since the mid-1960s. Ample use will also be made of studies carried out elsewhere. However, the chapter does not, in the conventional sense, constitute a review of the existing literature on environmental assessment. Instead, it presents one view on assessment, which naturally leads to a specific organization of the existing evidence. One advantage of the proposed model is that it has the capacity to incorporate recent findings of the neurosciences in a detailed and precise way. The model may also be developed and tested further in this direction. Another advantage is that the model has proven to be a useful tool in the environmental design process.
Fluid Physics in Geology
Authors: Furbish David Jon
Published: November 2020

Fluid Physics in Geology is aimed at geology students who are interested in understanding fluid behavior and motion in the context of a wide variety of geological problems, and who wish to pursue related work in fluid physics. The book provides an introductory treatment of the physical and dynamical behaviors of fluids by focusing first on how fluids behave in a general way, then looking more specifically at how they are involved in certain geological processes. The text is written so students may concentrate on the sections that are most relevant to their own needs. Helpful problems following each chapter illustrate applications of the material to realistic problems involving groundwater flows, magma dynamics, open-channel flows, and thermal convection. Fluid Physics in Geology is ideal for graduate courses in all areas of geology, including hydrology, geomorphology, sedimentology, and petrology.
An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Bedi H. S. , Hardiker V. M.
Published: November 2020

This book is an indispensable guide to the methods used by nearly all major weather forecast centers in the United States, England, Japan, India, France, and Australia. Designed for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, the book provides an introduction to global spectral modeling. It begins with an introduction to elementary finite-difference methods and moves on towards the gradual description of sophisticated dynamical and physical models in spherical coordinates. Topics include computational aspects of the spectral transform method, the planetary boundary layer physics, the physics of precipitation processes in large-scale models, the radiative transfer including effects of diagnostic clouds and diurnal cycle, the surface energy balance over land and ocean, and the treatment of mountains. The discussion of model initialization includes the treatment of normal modes and physical processes, and the concluding chapter covers the spectral energetics as a diagnostic tool for model evaluation.
Principles of CASE Tool Integration
Authors: Brown Alan W. , Carney David J. , Morris Edwin J. , Smith Dennis B. , Zarrella Paul F.
Published: November 2020

Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools typically support individual users in the automation of a set of tasks within a software development process. Such tools have helped organizations in their efforts to develop better software within budget and time constraints. However, many organizations are failing to take full advantage of CASE technology as they struggle to make coordinated use of collections of tools, often obtained at different times from different vendors. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the CASE tool integration problem, and describes practical approaches that can be used with current CASE technology to help your organization take greater advantage of integrated CASE.
Stress and Deformation
Authors: Oertel Gerhard
Published: November 2020

Students of geology who may have only a modest background in mathematics need to become familiar with the theories of stress, strain, and other tensor quantities, so that they can follow, and apply to their own research, developments in modern, quantitative geology. This book, based on a course taught by the author at UCLA, can provide the proper introduction. Included throughout the eight chapters are 136 complex problems, advancing from vector algebra in standard and subscript notations, to the mathematical description of finite strain and its compounding and decomposition. Fully worked solutions to the problems make up the largest part of the book. With their help, students can monitor their progress, and geologists will be able to utilize subscript and matrix notations and formulate and solve tensor problems on their own. The book can be successfully used by anyone with some training in calculus and the rudiments of differential equations.
Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Yung Yuk L. , DeMore William B.
Published: November 2020

Eleven planetary atmospheres are included for detailed study in this reference/text, four for the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), four for the small bodies (Io, Titan, Triton, and Pluto), and three for the terrestrial planets (Mars, Venus, and Earth). The authors have carried out a comprehensive survey of the principal chemical cycles that control the present composition and past history of planetary atmospheres, using the database provided by recent spacecraft missions supplemented by Earth-based observations.
Ground-based Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Sassen Kenneth , Mace Gerald
Published: November 2020

Cirrus clouds have only recently been recognized as having a significant influence on weather and climate through their impact on the radiative energy budget of the atmosphere. In addition, the unique difficulties presented by the study of cirrus put them on the “back burner” of atmospheric research for much of the twentieth century. Foremost, because they inhabit the frigid upper troposphere, their inaccessibility has hampered intensive research. Other factors have included a lack of in situ instrumentation to effectively sample the clouds and environment, and basic uncertainties in the underlying physics of ice cloud formation, growth, and maintenance. Cloud systems that produced precipitation, severe weather, or hazards to aviation were deemed more worthy of research support until the mid- 1980s. Beginning at this time, however, major field research programs such as the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program) Regional Experiment (FIRE; Cox et al. 1987), International Cirrus Experiment (ICE; Raschke et al. 1990), Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS; Platt et al. 1994), and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program (Stokes and Schwartz 1994) have concentrated on cirrus cloud research, relying heavily on ground-based remote sensing observations combined with research aircraft. What has caused this change in research emphasis is an appreciation for the potentially significant role that cirrus play in maintaining the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system (Liou 1986). As climate change issues were treated more seriously, it was recognized that the effects, or feedbacks, of extensive high-level ice clouds in response to global warming could be pivotal. This fortunately came at a time when new generations of meteorological instrumentation were becoming available. Beginning in the early 1970s, major advancements were made in the fields of numerical cloud modeling and cloud measurements using aircraft probes, satellite multispectral imaging, and remote sensing with lidar, short-wavelength radar, and radiometers, all greatly facilitating cirrus research. Each of these experimental approaches have their advantages and drawbacks, and it should also be noted that a successful cloud modeling effort relies on field data for establishing boundary conditions and providing case studies for validation. Although the technologies created for in situ aircraft measurements can clearly provide unique knowledge of cirrus cloud thermodynamic and microphysical properties (Dowling and Radke 1990), available probes may suffer from limitations in their response to the wide range of cirrus particles and actually sample a rather small volume of cloud during any mission.
Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Dyall Kenneth G. , Faegri Knut
Published: November 2020

This book provides an introduction to the essentials of relativistic effects in quantum chemistry, and a reference work that collects all the major developments in this field. It is designed for the graduate student and the computational chemist with a good background in nonrelativistic theory. In addition to explaining the necessary theory in detail, at a level that the non-expert and the student should readily be able to follow, the book discusses the implementation of the theory and practicalities of its use in calculations. After a brief introduction to classical relativity and electromagnetism, the Dirac equation is presented, and its symmetry, atomic solutions, and interpretation are explored. Four-component molecular methods are then developed: self-consistent field theory and the use of basis sets, double-group and time-reversal symmetry, correlation methods, molecular properties, and an overview of relativistic density functional theory. The emphases in this section are on the basics of relativistic theory and how relativistic theory differs from nonrelativistic theory. Approximate methods are treated next, starting with spin separation in the Dirac equation, and proceeding to the Foldy-Wouthuysen, Douglas-Kroll, and related transformations, Breit-Pauli and direct perturbation theory, regular approximations, matrix approximations, and pseudopotential and model potential methods. For each of these approximations, one-electron operators and many-electron methods are developed, spin-free and spin-orbit operators are presented, and the calculation of electric and magnetic properties is discussed. The treatment of spin-orbit effects with correlation rounds off the presentation of approximate methods. The book concludes with a discussion of the qualitative changes in the picture of structure and bonding that arise from the inclusion of relativity.
The Nature of Design
Authors: Orr David W.
Published: November 2020

The environmental movement has often been accused of being overly negative--trying to stop "progress." The Nature of Design, on the other hand, is about starting things, specifically an ecological design revolution that changes how we provide food, shelter, energy, materials, and livelihood, and how we deal with waste. Ecological design is an emerging field that aims to recalibrate what humans do in the world according to how the world works as a biophysical system. Design in this sense is a large concept having to do as much with politics and ethics as with buildings and technology. The book begins by describing the scope of design, comparing it to the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Subsequent chapters describe barriers to a design revolution inherent in our misuse of language, the clockspeed of technological society, and shortsighted politics. Orr goes on to describe the critical role educational institutions might play in fostering design intelligence and what he calls "a higher order of heroism." Appropriately, the book ends on themes of charity, wilderness, and the rights of children. Astute yet broadly appealing, The Nature of Design combines theory, practicality, and a call to action.
Adherence to Treatment Demands
Authors: Rapoff Michael A. , McGrath Ann M.
Published: November 2020

Given the life-threatening nature of cancer, one might expect that children with cancer and their parents would be especially vigilant about following prescribed medical treatments. As illustrated in this chapter, this is not always the case (Partridge, Avorn, Wang, & Winer, 2002). Nonadherence can potentially lead to outright treatment failure, relapse, compromised outcomes, bone marrow transplant failures, or resistance to drugs such as antibiotics (Rapoff, 1999). The purpose of this chapter is to (a) review treatment demands on children with acute leukemia (the most common childhood cancer) and their families to understand better the complex behavioral requirements associated with medical treatments; (b) review studies that have investigated the extent of nonadherence to treatments for pediatric cancer, primarily leukemia; (c) examine factors predictive of adherence; (d) describe strategies for assessing adherence; (e) provide suggestions for improving adherence; and (f) suggest future directions to advance the field of adherence research in pediatric oncology. Strategies for improving adherence were gleaned from the pediatric medical adherence literature on other chronic diseases because we could not find a single adherence intervention study involving children with cancer. Acute leukemia is the most common malignancy in children (Ries et al., 1999). The specific etiology of childhood leukemia is unknown, but the causes appear to be multifactorial. Some of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia include exposure to ionizing radiation or certain drugs (e.g., benzene), certain chromosome abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), and congenital or acquired immune deficiencies (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus infection) (Golub & Arceci, 2002; Margolin, Steuber, & Poplack, 2002). The incidence of acute leukemia is 3–4 per 100,000 white children, and approximately 3,000 children will develop acute leukemia in the United States within a given year (Ries et al., 1999). The hallmark of leukemia is bone marrow failure. The bone marrow makes red blood cells, which carry oxygen; white cells, which fight infections; and platelets, which help blood clot. Children with acute leukemia commonly present with pallor and fatigue (secondary to anemia), fever and infections (caused by reduced normal white cells), and excess bruising and bleeding (secondary to low platelets).
Making Progress: Disaster Narratives and the Art of Optimism in Modern America
Authors: Rozario Kevin
Published: November 2020

As the philosopher Martin Heidegger once revealed, there are etymological affinities linking the words building, dwelling, and thinking. The history of language, in this instance, teaches a profound lesson: that building is never simply a technical exercise, never solely a question of shelter, but also inevitably a forum for dwelling on life; it is nothing less, in many respects, than a form of thinking. Louis Sullivan famously described the architect as “a poet who uses not words but building materials as a medium of expression.”Certainly, when we build we are telling stories about the world, sculpting the cultural landscape even as we remold the physical one. But if buildings tell stories, it is also true that stories make buildings. When offices, stores, and homes are suddenly and unexpectedly annihilated, it is necessary not only to manufacture new material structures but also to repair torn cultural fabrics and damaged psyches. With this in mind, I propose to explore the relationship between the rebuilding of cities with mortar and bricks and the rebuilding of cultural environments with words and images in the aftermath of great urban disasters—a double process neatly caught in the twin meanings of the word reconstruction as “remaking” and as “retelling.” The reconstruction of events in our minds, the stories we hear and tell about disasters, the way we see and imagine destruction—all of these things have a decisive bearing on how we reconstruct damaged buildings, neighborhoods, or cities. Construction, in this sense, is always cultural. We cannot build what we cannot imagine. We create worlds with words. We build stories with stories. Certainly we cannot build with any confidence or ambition without some faith in the future. So when we consider the extraordinary endurance of American cities over the past couple of centuries when confronting fires, floods, earthquakes, and wars, one of our tasks must be to ask how people have perceived and described the disasters that have befallen them. In this chapter, I will examine the role of disaster writings and what I amcalling a “narrative imagination” in helping Americans to conceive of disasters as instruments of progress, and I will argue that this expectation has contributed greatly to this nation’s renowned resilience in the face of natural disasters.
Cyborg Agonistes: Disaster and Reconstruction in the Digital Electronic Era
Authors: Mitchell William J. , Townsend Anthony M.
Published: November 2020

Palma Nova near Venice, with its famous star-shaped fortifications, is a city of two tales. You can read complementary narratives from the plan. One tale is of enclosure. The walls, as in other ancient, medieval, and Renaissance cities, protected the concentrations of assets and settled populations within from nomadic bandits and mobile armies without. In addition, as Lewis Mumford cogently put it, “[T]he power of massed numbers in itself gave the city a superiority over the thinly populated widely scattered villages, and served as an incentive to further growth.” Density and defended walls provided safety, economic vitality, and long-term resilience. At the extreme, under siege, the gates were closed, soldiers manned the battlements, and the city became selfcontained for the duration. To attack it, one needed some technology to breach the defensive perimeter—Joshua’s trumpet, Achilles’ wooden horse, Francesco di Giorgio’s tunnel beneath the walls of Castel Nuovo, a battering ram, or a siege engine. The second tale is of connection. The central piazza, surrounded by public buildings, is both the focus of the internal street network and the local hub of a road network that extends through the gates and out into the countryside, linking the city to others. The piazza is—like the server of a local Internet service provider (ISP)—a node at which nearby and larger communities are connected. When the gates are open, the city functions as a crossroads rather than as a sealed enclosure, a place of interaction rather than one of exclusion. Urban history is, from one perspective, a struggle of these narratives for dominance. Eventually, the network won. Mumford associated this victory with the rise of capitalism—a new constellation of economic forces that “favored expansion and dispersal in every direction, from overseas colonization to the building up of new industries, whose technological improvements simply canceled out all medieval restrictions.” For cities, “[T]he demolition of their urban walls was both practical and symbolic.” Superficially, modern Manhattan resembles a scaled-up version of Palma Nova; it is a regularized street grid, surrounded by water, and accessed by a limited number of bridges and tunnels.
Russia's Unknown Agriculture
Authors: Pallot Judith , Nefedova Tat'yana
Published: November 2020

Basing their findings on four years of research during which they studied rural districts drawn from a variety of contrasting regions of European Russia, the authors discuss the place of rural households in Russia's agri-food production system. They show that far from being solely concerned with 'survival' household plots in contemporary Russia are increasingly used to produce crops and livestock products for the market. In the book they describe the rich variety of forms that small and independent farming takes today from highly localised clusters of cucumber or tomato producers to specialization in crop or animal husbandry at a higher spatial scale or associated with particular ethnic groups. The authors systematically examine the influence on past and present practices of distance and the environment, the state of the large farm sector, local customs, and ethnicity on what households produce and how they produce it often using case studies of people they have met (plot holders, farmers, local officials) to illustrate their point. They criticise the tendency of the household production to be treated as the agricultural 'Other' in post-Soviet Russia and argue with the right incentives it has the potential for further development.
Karst in Southeast Asia
Authors: Gillieson David
Published: November 2020

Flying over the patchwork quilt of land uses that comprise Southeast Asia, one often sees extensive tracts of rugged topography with plateaux pitted with depressions, deep gorges, rivers arising at the bases of mountains, and towers arising from alluviated plains. These are the karst lands, formed on limestone bedrock and subject to the solutional erosion of that bedrock above and below ground. With a total area of about 400 000 km2, Southeast Asia contains some of the more extensive karst regions in the world. Many of these karst areas are of high relief with spectacular arrays of tower and cone karst. Many have now been inscribed on the World Heritage list in recognition of their unique geomorphology and biology. They are scattered throughout the islands of the Malay archipelago as well as the adjoining fringe of the Asian mainland. Karst is found in Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, and Papua New Guinea. Geologically the carbonate rocks hosting karst range in age from Cambrian to Quaternary, a span of about 500 million years (Letouzey, Sage, and Muller 1988). Over that time limestone solution and other landscape processes have produced an array of karst landforms including towers, cones, plateaux, and dolines, underlain by extensive cave systems. There have also been strong external influences of tectonism, eustatic, and climatic change. Today human modification of karst processes and landforms is proceeding at a rapid pace. Despite their characterization as the ‘botanical hothouse extreme’ (Jennings 1985) the karstlands of Southeast Asia are most diverse, reflecting the influence of varied geology, uplift history, eustatic change, and climates past and present. Karst landscapes range in elevation from sea level to nearly 4000 m, and comprise extensive plateaux with dolines, tower karst, cone karst, and lowlying swampy terrain. The carbonate rocks on which they have formed range widely in age, and can be soft and impure or hard and crystalline. Many areas have been wholly or partially blanketed by volcanic ash during their evolution.
Thailand at the Margins
Authors: Glassman Jim
Published: November 2020

Jim Glassman addresses the role of the state in the industrial transformation of what was, before the economic crisis of 1997-98, one of Southeast Asia's fastest growing economies. Analyzing the Cold War period, the period of the economic boom, as well as the economic crisis and its political aftershock, Thailand at the Margins recasts the story of the Thai state's post-World War II development performance by focusing on uneven industrialization and the interaction between internationalization and the transformation of Thai labor.
Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: November 2020

Since its publication in 1982, the Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan has become the main reference work for the archaeology of Afghanistan, and the standard sites and monuments record for the region; archaeological sites are now referred to under their Gazetteer catalogue number as routine in academic literature, and the volume has become a key text for developing research in the area. This revised and updated edition has been significantly expanded to incorporate new field-work and discoveries, as well as older field-work more recently published, and presents new cases of synthesis and unpublished material from private archives. New discoveries include the Rabatak inscription detailing the genealogy of the Kushan kings, a huge archive of Bactrian documents, Aramaic documents from Balkh on the last days of the Persian empire, a new Greek inscription from Kandahar, two tons of coins from Mir Zakah, a Sasanian relief of Shapur at Rag-i Bibi, a Buddhist monastic 'city' at Kharwar, new discoveries of Buddhist art at Mes Aynak and Tepe Narenj, and a newly revealed city at the Minaret of Jam. With over 1500 catalogue entries, supplemented with concordance material, site plans, drawings, and detailed maps prepared from satellite imagery, the Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan: Revised Edition is the most comprehensive reference work on the archaeology and monuments of the region ever undertaken. Cataloguing all recorded sites and monuments from the earliest times to the Timurid period, this volume will be an invaluable contribution to the renewed interest in Afghanistan's cultural heritage and an essential resource for students and researchers.