bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Outcomes of a Movement Disorder Society‐Sponsored Peer Reviewing Education and Mentoring Program
Authors: Di Luca Daniel G. , Kirby Alana E. , Goetz Christopher G.
Published: March 2022

Background

Effective dissemination of scientific results depends on competent peer reviewers. Participating as a reviewer is important for academic advancement, although no formal training in peer review has existed in the movement disorders field.

Objectives

To report the design, implementation, and outcomes of a Peer Reviewing Education and Mentoring Program.

Methods

We enrolled 10 participants in a 1‐year mentored program with didactic training followed by two peer reviews with feedback from a senior mentor. Outcomes measures were an objective skills assessment and subjective questionnaire.

Results

Participants were diverse in gender, age, and background. All participants were deemed competent reviewers by their mentors upon completion. Objective skills improved after didactic training and self‐assessment increased significantly after program completion (19.5 [12–25] to 29 [25–30], P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This dedicated program helped participants gain competence and confidence in the peer review process. We plan to continue the program while improving educational methods and assessments. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
On the convergence of solving a nonlinear Volterra‐type integral equation for surface divergence based on surface thermal information
Authors: Li Tianyi , Szeri Andrew J. , Shen Lian
Published: March 2022

We analyze a nonlinear integral equation for calculating free‐surface divergence that was proposed by Szeri (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012312). When given the temperature and heat flux at a free surface, the surface divergence can be calculated through a nonlinear singular Volterra‐type integral equation. The two given functions in the integral equation satisfy auxiliary conditions through a higher dimensional partial differential equation. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the integral equation. We also prove the local linear convergence of the corresponding Picard iteration method for solving the integral equation when the surface heat flux is a real‐analytic function of time. The rate of convergence is derived explicitly, which depends on the function of surface heat flux. Numerical examples are provided to validate the convergence performance.
The role of request precision and perceived efficacy in increasing charitable donations
Authors: Hershberger Edmund , Hair Michael
Published: March 2022

Nonprofit organizations often rely on fundraising appeals to generate sufficient revenue to cover their charitable activities and operating expenses, and managers seek to optimize donations by refining how these appeals are worded. The current research examines three factors affecting the persuasiveness of fundraising appeals: precision of ask strings, provision of efficacy information, and donors' prior giving behavior. We predict higher donation amounts when fundraising appeals include precise ask strings and efficacy information (H1), with this effect manifesting primarily among new donors (H2). For Study 1, we recruited 193 participants on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Respondents were presented with a fundraising appeal including either precise or round ask strings, with or without an efficacy statement. For Study 2, we conducted a field study with a real local charity, sending fundraising appeals to 507 prospective donors. All respondents saw efficacy statements, along with either precise or round ask strings; donors were coded as new or repeat. The main dependent variable in both studies was donation amount, which was analyzed using two‐way ANOVA. In Study 1, precise ask strings yielded higher donations than round ask strings when efficacy information was provided, supporting H1. In Study 2, this effect held only among new donors, in support of H2. Our results demonstrate how very specific solicitations, combined with information about how funds will be used, can increase the yield of fundraising campaigns. Critically, since these effects are stronger among new donors, managers should employ them selectively. As only three factors were considered in our studies, future work should explore boundary conditions and covariates.
Development of rigid amorphous fraction in cold‐crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene films confined near the nanoscale: Novel analysis via ellipsometry
Authors: Chen Boran , Torkelson John M.
Published: March 2022

Rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) thin films was studied as a function of crystalline fraction (CF). In contrast to bulk sPS, confined films yield close‐to‐amorphous sPS, thus allowing for a complete description of RAF development. To study thin‐film samples, we developed an ellipsometry‐based method to quantify CF and RAF. Maximum crystallinity was thickness dependent, indicating a strong effect of near‐nanoscale confinement on CF. ~360‐nm‐thick spin‐coated films were isothermally cold crystallized to tune CF from 1% to a maximum of 12%. Combining RAF characterized at low CF here by ellipsometry with results from an earlier differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)‐based study on bulk sPS with higher CF, a complete picture was obtained of RAF development as a function of CF in cold‐crystallized sPS. RAF increases from ~4% at 1% CF to ~16% for 10% < CF < 25%; above 25% CF, RAF decreases monotonically with increasing CF, reaching ~7% at a maximum 50% CF. Specific RAF (=RAF/CF) decreases with increasing CF, consistent with increasing crystal perfection with isothermal cold crystallization. This ellipsometry method can be an important tool for evaluating RAF, mobile amorphous fraction (MAF), and CF in semi‐crystalline polymer films and for studying confinement effects on RAF, MAF, and CF.
Identifying and quantifying sources of temporal and spatial uncertainty in assessing salmonid responses to watershed‐scale restoration
Authors: Rogers Mark , Selker John , Peterson James , Arismendi Ivan
Published: March 2022

Despite significant investments in watershed‐scale restoration projects, evaluation of their impacts on salmonids is often limited by inadequate experimental design. This project aimed to strengthen study designs by identifying and quantifying sources of temporal and spatial uncertainty while assessing population‐level salmonid responses in Before‐After‐Control‐Impact (BACI) restoration experiments. To evaluate sources of temporal uncertainty, meta‐analysis of 32 annual BACI experiments from the Pacific Northwest, USA was conducted. Experimental error was determined to be a function of the total temporal variation of both restoration and control salmonid population metrics and the degree of covariation, or synchrony, between these metrics (r2 = 1). However, synchrony was both weak ( = 0.18) and unrelated to experimental error (r = 0.01) while temporal variability was found to account for 91% of this error. Because synchrony did not reduce experimental error, we conclude that BACI designs will not normally exhibit greater power over uncontrolled Before‐After (BA) designs. To evaluate spatial uncertainty, hierarchical BACI designs were simulated. It was found that spatial variability of hypothetical steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth values within watersheds can cause mis‐estimation of the restoration effect and reduce power. While hierarchical BACI designs can examine both reach and watershed‐scale restoration effects simultaneously, due to probable mis‐estimation of the restoration effect size, these scales should be examined separately. Paired‐reach designs such as Extensive Post‐Treatment (EPT) provide powerful replicated local‐scale restoration experiments, which can build understanding of restoration‐ecological mechanisms. Knowledge gained from reach‐scale experiments should then be implemented on watershed‐scales and monitored within a non‐hierarchical framework.
Three‐Dimensional Porous Carbon Materials from Coix lacryma‐jobi L. Shells for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Liu Lian , Zheng Hong , Wu Wenjie , Zhang Yurun , Wang Qin , Yang Liu , Yin Haiyan , Lu Wei , Wang Shuya , Yang Xian
Published: March 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) porous carbon materials are widely concerned because of their excellent electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Herein, a new porous Coix lacryma‐jobi L. shells‐based carbon (CSC) is prepared by carbonization and activation for super‐capacitors. The obtained CSC‐3 (CSC‐x, x: KOH/CSC mass ratio) possesses abundant porous structures, some functional groups with nitrogen and oxygen atoms, and good electrochemical performance. When the mass ratio of KOH to CSC is 3 : 1, the obtained CSC‐3 has the largest specific surface area (SSA, 1191.7 m2 g−1). Besides the material exhibits good electrochemical capability in the three‐electrode system with 6 m KOH aqueous electrolyte, such as desirable specific capacitance (at 0.5 A g−1, the specific capacitance is 413.5 F g−1), ideal rate performance (from 0.5 A g−1 to 10 A g−1, the specific capacitance retention rate is 70.86 %) and long cycle life (the specific capacitance only reduced by 2.47 % after 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1). Assembled symmetric supercapacitor (CSC‐3//CSC‐3) shows gratifying energy density (11.58 Wh Kg−1 at the power density of 324.93 W Kg−1 in 6 m KOH aqueous electrolyte and 14.67 Wh Kg−1 at 474.93 W Kg−1 in 1 m Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte). This work provides possibility of utilizing waste Coix lacryma‐jobi L. shells to produce low‐cost and high‐performance super‐capacitor electrode materials for sustainable electrochemical energy storage.
Facile Syntheses of Physically Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogels and Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Enhancing Water Absorbency and Adsorption of Sappan Wood Dye
Authors: Nuisin Roongkan , Siripongpreda Tatiya , Watcharamul Supawin , Siralertmukul Krisana , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: March 2022

This study was focused on a facile synthesis and comprehensive characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based hydrogel and their potential absorption. CMC reacted with AlIII as an ionic crosslinker to produce physical hydrogels with better gel strength but gave a low water absorption (WAC). To elucidate this question, we fabricated both the CMC hydrogel and its nanocomposite hydrogel incorporating nano‐size calcium carbonate (NCC) particles using a two‐step process. The AlIII‐ crosslinked CMC hydrogel was subsequently filled with NCC particles to give CMC/NCC nanocomposite hydrogels. The CMC/NCC1 hydrogel with NCC 1 %wv−1 gave a three‐fold higher equilibrium WAC. To achieve an insight structure‐property‐function relation, CMC hydrogels were characterized for physically crosslinking interaction. FT‐IR confirmed that AlIII ion reacts with the negative charges of carboxylate groups on the CMC chains to form the network structure via bidentate coordination. XPS data of the CMC hydrogels agreed well with the spectroscopic data. The resonance peaks of the C−O of substituent groups−CH2COO− were shifted upward to 177.9 ppm due to the incorporation of NCC. The higher chain flexibility (low tanδ) in CMC/NCC hydrogel with NCC 1 %wv−1 produced the higher WAC than did the composite hydrogel with NCC 5 %wv−1 adding. The CMC hydrogels were explored whether they are promisingly sustainable adsorbent for dye adsorption from Sappan wood extract while its CMC/NCC hydrogel rendered for better water absorption. Morphological studies revealed that NCC particles distributed mostly on the CMC surfaces to produce nanostructured composites with some particles penetrating through hydrogel pores. The specific surface areas of the CMC hydrogel increased with NCC amounts with lower WACs due to gel stiffness. The CMC hydrogels were confirmed as a promisingly sustainable adsorbent for dye adsorption from Sappan wood extract while its CMC/NCC hydrogel rendered for better water absorption which should be applicable for the dye concentration before CMC hydrogel dye adsorption.
High Amylose Corn Starch Gels – A Molecular Investigation of the Network Constituting Polymers
Authors: Ulbrich Marco , Scholz Fanni , Flöter Eckhard
Published: March 2022

The relationship between microstructural features and mechanical strength of aqueous starch gels is investigated. The gels are prepared by systematic variation of the factors starch type (high amylose [AM] corn starches [HACS] having about 50 and 70% w/w AM; HACS‐50/‐70), starch concentration (6 and 9% w/w) and storage time (1 and 14 days). The gel matrices are separated by means of a centrifugation method, and two phases are obtained account for the dissolved starch (liquid phase) and the network constituting starch (swollen phase). Subsequently, the latter starch fraction is partially digested using two amylases (AMY) and in combination with pullulanase (PUL) [α‐AMY, α‐AMY‐PUL, β‐AMY, β‐AMY‐PUL], too. The starch samples (dissolved and network constituting) and the degradation products (polysaccharides after partial enzymatic hydrolysis) are characterized molecularly by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC)‐techniques, and amounts and molecular properties of specific fractions and molecule segments, respectively, are determined. A clear correlation between the specific involvement and contribution of the starch polymers (e.g., absolute amount, state, function) in the gel network and the mechanical gel strength is found. Particularly, the starch's AM content and the polymer concentration of the gel are evident as controlling factors in developing the gel's firmness.
Transcriptome‐wide association and prediction for carotenoids and tocochromanols in fresh sweet corn kernels
Authors: Hershberger Jenna , Tanaka Ryokei , Wood Joshua C. , Kaczmar Nicholas , Wu Di , Hamilton John P. , DellaPenna Dean , Buell C. Robin , Gore Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn (Zea maysL.) is consistently one of the most highly consumed vegetables in the United States, providing a valuable opportunity to increase nutrient intake through biofortification. Significant variation for carotenoid (provitamin A, lutein, zeaxanthin) and tocochromanol (vitamin E, antioxidants) levels is present in temperate sweet corn germplasm, yet previous genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of these traits have been limited by low statistical power and mapping resolution. Here, we employed a high‐quality transcriptomic dataset collected from fresh sweet corn kernels to conduct transcriptome‐wide association studies (TWAS) and transcriptome prediction studies for 39 carotenoid and tocochromanol traits. In agreement with previous GWAS findings, TWAS detected significant associations for four causal genes,β‐carotene hydroxylase(crtRB1),lycopene epsilon cyclase(lcyE),γ‐tocopherol methyltransferase(vte4), andhomogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase(hggt1) on a transcriptome‐wide level. Pathway‐level analysis revealed additional associations fordeoxy‐xylulose synthase2(dxs2),diphosphocytidyl methyl erythritol synthase2(dmes2),cytidine methyl kinase1(cmk1), andgeranylgeranyl hydrogenase1(ggh1), of which,dmes2,cmk1, andggh1have not previously been identified through maize association studies. Evaluation of prediction models incorporating genome‐wide markers and transcriptome‐wide abundances revealed a trait‐dependent benefit to the inclusion of both genomic and transcriptomic data over solely genomic data, but both transcriptome‐ and genome‐wide datasets outperformed a priori candidate gene‐targeted prediction models for most traits. Altogether, this study represents an important step toward understanding the role of regulatory variation in the accumulation of vitamins in fresh sweet corn kernels.
Simple fence modification increases land movement prospects for freshwater turtles on floodplains
Authors: Waltham Nathan J. , Schaffer Jason , Walker Sophie , Perry Justin , Nordberg Eric
Published: March 2022

Installing conservation fences to prohibit feral animal access to wetlands can become a barrier for non‐target species of interest. We collected 161 turtles (Chelodina rugosa, Emydura subglobosa worrelli, Myuchelys latisternum) from twenty floodplain and riverine wetlands during post‐wet (June–August) and late‐dry season (November–December) surveys (2015–2018) in northern Australia. Wetlands were fenced (150 × 150 mm square, 1.05 m high wire mesh) or unfenced around the wet perimeter. Ninety‐seven percent of individuals caught in either fenced or unfenced wetlands had a shell carapace width greater than mesh width, of these 44 (46%) were captured inside fenced wetlands, while 50 were caught in unfenced wetlands. The remaining 35 turtles were smaller than 150 mm and would likely pass easily through fence mesh. Sixty‐five turtles partook in a fencing manipulative experiment. Turtles with carapace widths wider than mesh often successfully escaped through fences by lifting one side of their shell and passing diagonally through the mesh. In a second experiment where a piece of vertical wire (1500 × 300 mm) was removed, turtles located ‘gates' after prospecting and fitting through meshing areas that were too small to pass. Ninety‐two percent of turtles were able to locate and pass through gates, while 8% failed to locate a gate after 2 h. Gates applied every 4 m showed an 83% passage rate, every 2 m was 91%, and every 1 m was 100%. Combing field and manipulative experiments revealed that large turtles will prospect and move along a fence until they find suitable passage, which has important consequences when considering that gates could be easily retrofitted to existing sites, as well in new fencing programs, which has enormous positive conservation benefits for turtles in an already challenging and changing floodplain environment.
Balancing Opportunities and Constraints: The Experiences of Internal Migrant Women in Tirana
Authors: Danaj Ermira
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the trajectories of those participants who migrated internally to Tirana for reasons other than education. The data draws from interviews conducted with eight women, the majority of whom had already married when Communism collapsed. These women provide distinctive insights as they stand on the verge of and link the late communist years with the post-communist period. The narratives of the following eight women are discussed and analysed at length in this chapter.
The non-chiral intermediate Heisenberg ferromagnet equation
Authors: Berntson Bjorn K. , Klabbers Rob , Langmann Edwin
Published: March 2022

Abstract

We present and solve a soliton equation which we call the non-chiral intermediate Heisenberg ferromagnet (ncIHF) equation. This equation, which depends on a parameter δ > 0, describes the time evolution of two coupled spin densities propagating on the real line, and in the limit δ → ∞ it reduces to two decoupled half-wave maps (HWM) equations of opposite chirality. We show that the ncIHF equation is related to the A-type hyperbolic spin Calogero-Moser (CM) system in two distinct ways: (i) it is obtained as a particular continuum limit of an Inozemtsev-type spin chain related to this CM system, (ii) it has multi-soliton solutions obtained by a spin-pole ansatz and with parameters satisfying the equations of motion of a complexified version of this CM system. The integrability of the ncIHF equation is shown by constructing a Lax pair. We also propose a periodic variant of the ncIHF equation related to the A-type elliptic spin CM system.
What about investors? ESG analyses as tools for ethics-based AI auditing
Authors: Minkkinen Matti , Niukkanen Anniina , Mäntymäki Matti
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) governance and auditing promise to bridge the gap between AI ethics principles and the responsible use of AI systems, but they require assessment mechanisms and metrics. Effective AI governance is not only about legal compliance; organizations can strive to go beyond legal requirements by proactively considering the risks inherent in their AI systems. In the past decade, investors have become increasingly active in advancing corporate social responsibility and sustainability practices. Including nonfinancial information related to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues in investment analyses has become mainstream practice among investors. However, the AI auditing literature is mostly silent on the role of investors. The current study addresses two research questions: (1) how companies’ responsible use of AI is included in ESG investment analyses and (2) what connections can be found between principles of responsible AI and ESG ranking criteria. We conducted a series of expert interviews and analyzed the data using thematic analysis. Awareness of AI issues, measuring AI impacts, and governing AI processes emerged as the three main themes in the analysis. The findings indicate that AI is still a relatively unknown topic for investors, and taking the responsible use of AI into account in ESG analyses is not an established practice. However, AI is recognized as a potentially material issue for various industries and companies, indicating that its incorporation into ESG evaluations may be justified. There is a need for standardized metrics for AI responsibility, while critical bottlenecks and asymmetrical knowledge relations must be tackled.
Nonlinear continuum mechanics of thick hyperelastic sandwich beams using various shear deformable beam theories
Authors: Khaniki Hossein B. , Ghayesh Mergen H. , Chin Rey , Hussain Shahid
Published: March 2022

In this study, the time-dependent mechanics of multilayered thick hyperelastic beams are investigated for the first time using five different types of shear deformation models for modelling the beam (i.e. the Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko, third-order, trigonometric and exponential shear deformable models), together with the von Kármán geometrical nonlinearity and Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic strain energy density. The laminated hyperelastic beam is assumed to be resting on a nonlinear foundation and undergoing a time-dependent external force. The coupled highly nonlinear hyperelastic equations of motion are obtained by considering the longitudinal, transverse and rotation motions and are solved using a dynamic equilibrium technique. Both the linear and nonlinear time-dependent mechanics of the structure are analysed for clamped–clamped and pinned–pinned boundaries, and the impact of considering the shear effect using different shear deformation theories is discussed in detail. The influence of layering, each layer’s thickness, hyperelastic material positioning and many other parameters on the nonlinear frequency response is analysed, and it is shown that the resonance position, maximum amplitude, coupled motion and natural frequencies vary significantly for various hyperelastic and layer properties. The results of this study should be useful when studying layered soft structures, such as multilayer plastic packaging and laminated tubes, as well as modelling layered soft tissues.
A new analytical approach to investigate the influence of wood extracts on the curing properties of phenol-resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF) adhesives
Authors: Özparpucu Merve , Windeisen-Holzhauser Elisabeth , Wegener Gerd , Richter Klaus
Published: March 2022

In this study, the interactions between a phenol–formaldehyde resorcinol (PRF) adhesive and water-extractable wood constituents were investigated using combined in-situ FTIR spectroscopy and rheology analysis for a simultaneous examination of the progress of chemical reactions and coherent changes in rheological properties during adhesive curing. Complementary evolved gas analysis and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) were performed to detect differences in the final crosslinking and chemical composition of the cured adhesive, respectively. The rheological and chemical analysis results correlated with the tensile shear strength of wood-PRF assemblies. The results showed that adhesive curing was significantly affected by the presence of acidic wood extractives. In particular, the acidic extractives of chestnut wood led to a delay in the resin curing and less final crosslinking of the cured adhesive. This was most likely caused by a reduction in the catalytic effect of the base-catalyzed curing of the adhesive rather than by direct chemical reactions between the extracts and adhesive. These findings can be useful for adapting the resin formulation to the chemistry of acidic wood species.
Avelumab in paediatric patients with refractory or relapsed solid tumours: dose-escalation results from an open-label, single-arm, phase 1/2 trial
Authors: Loeb David M. , Lee Ji Won , Morgenstern Daniel A. , Samson Yvan , Uyttebroeck Anne , Lyu Chuhl Joo , Van Damme An , Nysom Karsten , Macy Margaret E. , Zorzi Alexandra P. , Xiong Julia , Pollert Petra , Joerg Ingrid , Vugmeyster Yulia , Ruisi Mary , Kang Hyoung Jin
Published: March 2022

Background

We report dose-escalation results from an open-label, phase 1/2 trial evaluating avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in paediatric patients with refractory/relapsed solid tumours.

Methods

In phase 1, patients aged < 18 years with solid (including central nervous system [CNS]) tumours for which standard therapy did not exist or had failed were enrolled in sequential cohorts of 3–6 patients. Patients received avelumab 10 or 20 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks. Primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs).

Results

At data cut-off (27 July 2021), 21 patients aged 3–17 years had received avelumab 10 mg/kg (n = 6) or 20 mg/kg (n = 15). One patient had three events that were classified as a DLT (fatigue with hemiparesis and muscular weakness associated with pseudoprogression; 20 mg/kg cohort). Grade ≥ 3 AEs occurred in five (83%) and 11 (73%) patients in the 10 and 20 mg/kg cohorts, respectively, and were treatment-related in one patient (7%; grade 3 [DLT]) in the 20 mg/kg cohort. Avelumab exposure in paediatric patients receiving 20 mg/kg dosing, but not 10 mg/kg, was comparable or higher compared with approved adult dosing (10 mg/kg or 800 mg flat dose). No objective responses were observed. Four patients with CNS tumours (20 mg/kg cohort) achieved stable disease, which was ongoing in two patients with astrocytoma at cut-off (for 24.7 and 30.3 months).

Conclusion

In paediatric patients with refractory/relapsed solid tumours, avelumab monotherapy showed a safety profile consistent with previous adult studies, but clinical benefits were limited.
Artificial intelligence software available for medical devices: surgical phase recognition in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Shinozuka Ken’ichi , Turuda Sayaka , Fujinaga Atsuro , Nakanuma Hiroaki , Kawamura Masahiro , Matsunobu Yusuke , Tanaka Yuki , Kamiyama Toshiya , Ebe Kohei , Endo Yuichi , Etoh Tsuyoshi , Inomata Masafumi , Tokuyasu Tatsushi
Published: March 2022

Background

Surgical process modeling automatically identifies surgical phases, and further improvement in recognition accuracy is expected with deep learning. Surgical tool or time series information has been used to improve the recognition accuracy of a model. However, it is difficult to collect this information continuously intraoperatively. The present study aimed to develop a deep convolution neural network (CNN) model that correctly identifies the surgical phase during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods

We divided LC into six surgical phases (P1–P6) and one redundant phase (P0). We prepared 115 LC videos and converted them to image frames at 3 fps. Three experienced doctors labeled the surgical phases in all image frames. Our deep CNN model was trained with 106 of the 115 annotation datasets and was evaluated with the remaining datasets. By depending on both the prediction probability and frequency for a certain period, we aimed for highly accurate surgical phase recognition in the operation room.

Results

Nine full LC videos were converted into image frames and were fed to our deep CNN model. The average accuracy, precision, and recall were 0.970, 0.855, and 0.863, respectively.

Conclusion

The deep learning CNN model in this study successfully identified both the six surgical phases and the redundant phase, P0, which may increase the versatility of the surgical process recognition model for clinical use. We believe that this model can be used in artificial intelligence for medical devices. The degree of recognition accuracy is expected to improve with developments in advanced deep learning algorithms.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the biomechanical properties of the human dura mater applicable in computational human head models
Authors: Pearcy Quinton , Tomlinson Joanna , Niestrawska Justyna A. , Möbius Dustin , Zhang Ming , Zwirner Johann
Published: March 2022

Accurate biomechanical properties of the human dura mater are required for computational models and to fabricate artificial substitutes for transplantation and surgical training purposes. Here, a systematic literature review was performed to summarize the biomechanical properties of the human dura mater that are reported in the literature. Furthermore, anthropometric data, information regarding the mechanically tested samples, and specifications with respect to the used mechanical testing setup were extracted. A meta-analysis was performed to obtain the pooled mean estimate for the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at maximum force. A total of 17 studies were deemed eligible, which focused on human cranial and spinal dura mater in 13 and 4 cases, respectively. Pooled mean estimates for the elastic modulus (n = 448), the ultimate tensile strength (n = 448), and the strain at maximum force (n = 431) of 68.1 MPa, 7.3 MPa and 14.4% were observed for native cranial dura mater. Gaps in the literature related to the extracted data were identified and future directions for mechanical characterizations of human dura mater were formulated. The main conclusion is that the most commonly used elastic modulus value of 31.5 MPa for the simulation of the human cranial dura mater in computational head models is likely an underestimation and an oversimplification given the morphological diversity of the tissue in different brain regions. Based on the here provided meta-analysis, a stiffer linear elastic modulus of 68 MPa was observed instead. However, further experimental data are essential to confirm its validity.
An efficient line-based approach for resolving merge conflicts in XMI-based models
Authors: de la Vega Alfonso , Kolovos Dimitris
Published: March 2022

Conflicts in software artefacts can appear during collaborative development through version control systems. When these conflicts happen in XMI models, the conflict sections generated by diff programs break the XMI serialisation and compromise the ability to use model editors that assume well-formedness of this serialisation. While these conflict sections already mark the conflicting lines of the model, current tools for conflict resolution in models ignore them and instead load the different versions of a model from the repository, over which they perform a full and costly comparison that re-identifies the conflicts. We present a novel approach that prevents this repetition of work by directly parsing XMI-based models with conflict sections, which allows for a targeted analysis of only the lines of the model that have been detected to be in conflict by the version control system. We have implemented this approach in the Peacemaker tool, which can load XMI models with conflict sections, compute and display conflicts at the model level, and provide appropriate resolution actions. Compared with state-of-the-art model comparison tools with support for conflict resolution, Peacemaker is able to identify the vast majority of conflicts in models while reducing the required time by up to 60%. The small subset of non-identified conflicts does not introduce issues into the models, e.g. there is no loss of model information, and the resulting models after line-merging these conflicts conform to their metamodels.
Dynamically Incoherent Surface Endomorphisms
Authors: Hall Layne , Hammerlindl Andy
Published: March 2022

We explicitly construct a dynamically incoherent partially hyperbolic endomorphisms of $${{\,\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}\,}}^2$$

T

2

in the homotopy class of any linear expanding map with integer eigenvalues. These examples exhibit branching of centre curves along countably many circles, and thus exhibit a form of coherence that has not been observed for invertible systems.
Effect of slow release nitrogenous fertilizers and biochar on growth, physiology, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower under arid climate
Authors: Waqar Muhammad , Habib-ur-Rahman Muhammad , Hasnain Muhammad Usama , Iqbal Shahid , Ghaffar Abdul , Iqbal Rashid , Hussain Muhammad Iftikhar , Sabagh Ayman EL
Published: March 2022

Sunflower plants need nitrogen consistently and in higher amount for optimum growth and development. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sunflower crop is low due to various nitrogen (N) losses. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the advanced strategies to minimize N losses and also improve sunflower productivity under arid climatic conditions. A field trial was conducted with four slow release nitrogenous fertilizers [SRNF (bacterial, neem, and sulfur-coated urea and N loaded biochar)] and three N levels (100% = 148 kg N ha−1, 80% = 118 kg N ha−1, and 60% = 89 kg N ha−1) of recommended application (100%) for sunflower crop under arid climatic conditions. Results showed that neem-coated urea at 148 kg N ha−1 significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g m−2 d−1) at 60–75 days after sowing (DAS); leaf area index (2.12, 3.62, 5.97, and 3.00) at 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS; and total dry matter (14.27, 26.29, 122.67, 410, and 604.33 g m−2) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Furthermore, higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 µmol m−2 s−1), transpiration rate (3.66 mmol s−1), and leaf stomatal conductance (0.39 mol m−2 s−1) were recorded for the same treatment. Similarly, neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha−1), biological yield (9000 kg ha−1), and harvest index (25.8%) of the sunflower crop. Among various N fertilizers, neem-coated urea showed maximum NUE (20.20 kg achene yield kg−1 N applied) in comparison to other slow release N fertilizers. Similarly, nitrogen increment N60 showed maximum NUE (22.40 kg grain yield kg−1 N applied) in comparison to N80 and N100. In conclusion, neem-coated urea with 100% and 80% of recommended N would be recommended for farmers to get better sunflower productivity with sustainable production and to reduce the environmental nitrogen losses.
Feasibility of identifying plasma donors with high measles neutralizing antibody concentrations for the use of producing a measles hyperimmune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis
Authors: Lackner Cornelia , Karbiener Michael , Faltner Lukas , Farcet Maria R. , Kreil Thomas R.
Published: March 2022

Immune globulin (IG) is administered as measles postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in people with primary immunodeficiency disorders or individuals not eligible for live virus vaccination. However, measles virus (MeV) neutralizing antibody (nAb) levels in plasma for fractionation and IG products fractionated thereof have declined. Here, the feasibility of producing a measles hyperimmune globulin (HIG) for PEP of high-risk individuals was investigated. Plasma samples (n = 384) were selected based on donor self-identification for previous MeV infection or vaccination, to determine the MeV-nAb content and compare it to the potency of plasma pools (n = 13) from the current IG manufacture. Convalescent donors have higher mean MeV-nAb concentrations (3.9 IU/mL) than vaccinated donors (2.5 IU/mL), as previously reported. However, their selection would only result in a 1.4-fold elevated nAb concentration compared to current plasma pools, which is not sufficient for HIG production. Interestingly, thirty-two donors (8%) had a MeV-nAb concentration of ≥ 8 IU/mL. The selective use of these plasma donations would result in sixfold higher plasma pool concentrations, which should permit the manufacture of the measles HIG. Further, the longitudinal analysis of a subset of individuals who repeatedly donated plasma at a high frequency revealed only a minor decline (~ 30%) of MeV-nAb levels. Repeat donations of such high-potency donors would thus facilitate the production of the measles HIG. Due to its markedly raised MeV-nAb concentration compared to standard IG, such preparation could significantly shorten infusion time and thus improve the treatment experience for both physicians and patients, especially infants.
The development of school and sports task values among adolescent athletes: The role of gender
Authors: Viljaranta Jaana , Aunola Kaisa , Tolvanen Asko , Ryba Tatiana V.
Published: March 2022

Successfully integrating elite sports with education requires motivation to commit oneself to both domains. This study examines the development of and gender differences in adolescent athletes’ task values for school and sports across the upper secondary school years. A total of 391 adolescents (aged 15–16 at the beginning of the study) were followed four times during sports upper secondary school. The participating student athletes were recruited from six sports upper secondary schools in Finland, which offer equal competitive sport opportunities for both genders. The results showed that school- and sports- task values are strongly related to each other. Males valued school less than females at the beginning of upper secondary school, and this gender difference remained, and also strengthened across years. No gender differences in sports-related task values were found. The findings indicate that females may be more committed to integrating elite sports and education than males due to their higher valuing of school.
In Between New Public Management and Network Governance in Austria, Finland and Scotland: Potential Conflicts in Autonomy Understandings of Governments and Universities
Authors: Stransky-Can Kajetan
Published: March 2022

The political science doctoral thesis project is focussing on comparing university policies with the background of different welfare state types: Austria as a conservative-corporatist, Finland as a social democratic and Scotland as a liberal welfare state. As universities are pre-constitutional entities, it seems to be legitimate to search for fit from welfare state policy-making with the practices of university steering. Here, I will present paradigm evidence of top-down-oriented New Public Management (NPM) and bottom-up-formed Network Governance (NG) at a macro-level, i.e. governance by the state. The paradigms connect with the theme of institutional autonomy, which differentiates into an academic, a financial, an organisational and a staffing aspect. As a result, I propose the following hypothesis for the cases of Austria, Finland and Scotland: NPM is present, but not dominant in higher education (HE) policies. More likely, NPM and NG appear simultaneously within the university policies of Austria, Finland and Scotland. How do these paradigms transfer within the institutions? In this article, a concept for this transfer of action in horizontal autonomy to actors in vertical autonomy through communication and through management committees’ interplay elaborates and, additionally, hypotheses formulate. The extent of the space for alternative paradigms to join the paradigm transfer game, for example, for Epistemic Governance (EG), might be larger, the higher the regulative density of university policies is. The borders of every paradigm in university policy, however, constitute with (a) strong welfare state traditions for governance and (b) strong university traditions for steering. Conservative-corporatist welfare state tradition as in Austria shows an inclination for university policy governance to be control-oriented, whereas social democratic welfare state tradition as in Finland relies on trust in university policy formulation (and implementation). It has to remain open how the liberal welfare state of Scotland would classify.
Hydrogeochemistry of fluoride-enriched groundwater in Khaled-Abad basin, semi-arid region of Central Iran
Authors: Pazand Kaveh , Aghavali Nasrin
Published: March 2022

Due to the decrease in rainfall in Iran and the lack of water consumption, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the country, groundwater is of special importance as the only source of water in these areas. Groundwater samples were sampled from 28 wells stations and observe turned, to determination the fluoride value in groundwater of the Khaled-Abad basin. The variation in the quantity of fluoride in groundwater samples is adjustment from 0.3 to 8.6 mg/l and an average value is 2.8 mg/l. Generally, 75% of the samples contained fluoride concentrations more than the drinking water standard. The outcomes of this study infer that basement rocks embody epidote, biotite and apatite and the principal supply of fluoride inside the region's groundwater sources is weathering of those minerals.
The Impacts of Sports Schools on Holistic Athlete Development: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
Authors: Thompson Ffion , Rongen Fieke , Cowburn Ian , Till Kevin
Published: March 2022

Background

To understand the multiple and wide-ranging impacts of intensified youth sport, the need for a holistic approach to athlete development has recently been advocated. Sports schools are an increasingly popular operationalisation of intensified youth sport, aiming to offer an optimal environment for holistic development by combining sport and education. Yet, no study has systematically explored the impacts associated with sports schools.

Objectives

The aims of this mixed method systematic review were to (1) determine the characteristics and features of sports schools; (2) identify the methods used to evaluate sports school impacts, and (3) evaluate the positive and negative holistic athlete development impacts associated with sports school programme involvement.

Methods

Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, eight electronic databases were searched until the final return in February 2021. Forty-six articles satisfied the inclusion criteria, were analysed thematically, and synthesised using a narrative approach. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.

Results

Findings indicated (1) sports school student-athletes receive considerable support in terms of academic and athletic services, more intensified training and competition schedules with high-level training partners, but regularly miss school; (2) multiple methods have been used to evaluate student-athlete impacts, making comparison across studies and developing consensus on the impacts of sports schools difficult; and (3) there are a multitude of immediate, short- and long-term positive and negative impacts associated with the academic/vocational, athletic/physical, psychosocial and psychological development of sports school student-athletes.

Conclusions

This study is the first to systematically review the research literature to understand the impacts associated with sports schools in terms of holistic athlete development. Practitioners should be aware that they can promote (positive) and negate (negative) health impacts through the design of an appropriate learning environment that simultaneously balances multiple training, academic, psychosocial and psychological factors that can be challenging for youth athletes. We recommend that practitioners aim to design and implement monitoring and evaluation tools that assess the holistic development of student-athletes within their sports schools to ensure they are promoting all-round and healthy youth athlete development.
Self-Assembly MXene-rGO/CoNi Film with Massive Continuous Heterointerfaces and Enhanced Magnetic Coupling for Superior Microwave Absorber
Authors: Li Xiao , Wu Zhengchen , You Wenbin , Yang Liting , Che Renchao
Published: March 2022

MXene, as a rising star of two-dimensional (2D) materials, has been widely applied in fields of microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding to cope with the arrival of the 5G era. However, challenges arise due to the excessively high permittivity and the difficulty of surface modification of few-layered MXenes severely, which infect the microwave absorption performance. Herein, for the first time, a carefully designed and optimized electrostatic self-assembly strategy to fabricate magnetized MXene-rGO/CoNi film was reported. Inside the synthesized composite film, rGO nanosheets decorated with highly dispersed CoNi nanoparticles are interclacted into MXene layers, which effectively suppresses the originally self-restacked of MXene nanosheets, resulting in a reduction of high permittivity. In addition, owing to the strong magnetic coupling between the magnetic FeCo alloy nanoparticles on the rGO substrate, the entire MXene-rGO/CoNi film exhibits a strong magnetic loss capability. Moreover, the local dielectric polarized fields exist at the continuous hetero-interfaces between 2D MXene and rGO further improve the capacity of microwave loss. Hence, the synthesized composite film exhibits excellent microwave absorption property with a maximum reflection loss value of − 54.1 dB at 13.28 GHz. The electromagnetic synergy strategy is expected to guide future exploration of high-efficiency MXene-based microwave absorption materials.
Sinn und Nutzen des Präeklampsiescreenings im 1. Trimenon
Authors: Stern Christina , Pertl Barbara
Published: March 2022

Die Präeklampsie (PE) ist eine Systemerkrankung der Schwangerschaft und Teil des Spektrums der plazentaassoziierten Schwangerschaftserkrankungen. Sie ist durch einen neu aufgetretenen Bluthochdruck und eine weitere Organmanifestation, wie z. B. Proteinurie oder andere, bzw. pathologisch erhöhte PE-spezifische Markersysteme definiert. Entsprechend dem Manifestationszeitpunkt werden frühe und späte Formen unterschieden, welchen auch eine unterschiedliche Pathogenese zugrunde liegt. Insbesondere die frühen Formen können mit schweren Verläufen und Frühgeburtlichkeit einhergehen und sind, über die unmittelbaren peripartalen Komplikationen hinaus, auch mit einer erheblichen Langzeitmorbidität für Mutter und Kind assoziiert. Der PE-Screening-Test, der im ersten Trimenon durchgeführt wird, berechnet die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten einer PE und wird aus dem A‑priori-Risiko aus mütterlichen Anamnesedaten sowie aus biophysikalischen (mittlerer arterieller Druck und Farbdoppler der Arteriae uterinae) und biochemischen Parametern („pregnancy-associated plasma protein A“, PAPP‑A, und „placental growth factor“, PLGF) errechnet. Diese Screeningmethode wurde für verschiedene Populationen validiert und von der International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) als effektivstes Instrument zur Identifikation von Risikopatientinnen anerkannt. Niedrig dosiertes Aspirin, d. h. 75–150 mg einmal täglich zur abendlichen Einnahme spätestens ab der 16. SSW, ist derzeit als einzig effektive Maßnahme zur Prävention der PE etabliert und bewirkt eine signifikante Risikoreduktion. Das PE-Screening ermöglicht nicht nur, Risikopatientinnen sehr früh in der Schwangerschaft (vor dem Auftreten klinischer Zeichen) zu identifizieren, sondern auch, durch die Gabe niedrig dosierten Aspirins eine nachweislich risikosenkende, prophylaktische Maßnahme einzuleiten.