bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inner Areas as Spatial Labour Markets: a Critique of the Inner Area Studies
Authors: Cheshire Paul C.
Published: July 2007

After briefly sketching a suitable analytical framework for local labour markets the paper applies the analysis to the problems identified as peculiar to the inner city. It concludes that inner city labour market problems are not peculiar to such areas but result from the economics of urban structure compounded by general labour market deterioration.
The Analysis in English Structure Plans
Authors: Barras R. , Broadbent T.A.
Published: July 2007

The paper reviews current Structure Plan practice in England. It begins with an outline of the evolution of Structure Planning. The concepts used to assess planning practice are then described, and this is followed by a summary of the main results of a study of 20 plans. The conclusion suggests some improvements to the analytical base of Structure Planning.
In Defence of Shift-Share
Authors: Fothergill Stephen , Gudgin Graham
Published: July 2007

The paper argues that criticisms of shift-share techniques are insufficiently strong to affect its application to the analysis of regional growth in the United Kingdom. Evidence for the 11 British regions for 1952-75 is used to demonstrate the robustness of the technique in the context of differing levels of sectoral disaggregation and choice of base years and the technique is then extended to incorporate multiplier and linkage effects. Finally its utility is compared with that of analysis of variance techniques for standardising for industrial structure.
Industrial Mobility in the Turin Metropolitan Area, 1961-77
Authors: Ortona Guido , Santagata Walter
Published: July 2007

A survey of 410 plant relocations and branch plant creations in the Turin Metropolitan Area is used to formulate a model of the timing and spatial incidence of manufacturing change. Entrepreneurs' expectations about growth or decline are seen as determining the rate of anticipated movement but land use policies and the state of industrial relations may act as constraints on the process. The actual rates of movement over the period 1961-77 are regressed against a measure of entrepreneurial optimism or pessimism, the rate of change of national consumption and the rate of investment.
'Engineers of the Human Machine': The Social Practice of Council Housing Management in Glasgow, 1895-1939
Authors: Damer Seán
Published: July 2007

In a 1997 paper in Urban Studies, Clapham argued that Housing Studies could benefit from an injection of social constructionist research, as previous housing research had been driven by policy-makers. This paper rebuts this argument, demonstrating that such research has been carried out by sociologists of housing in Britain for some 30 years. The paper continues with a detailed example of such research, offering a case study of the housing management of the interwar (1924) Glasgow housing scheme of Hamiltonhill. Marrying constructionist and materialist theoretical perspectives, and drawing upon a wealth of empirical data, the paper demonstrates that the social practice of council housing management in interwar Glasgow was blatantly aimed at the social control of public-sector tenants, and that this social control was firmly located in contemporary class relationships and class ideology. The paper concludes that such a perspective has considerable potential for the analysis of current housing management practice.
Developing the Linguistic Turn in Urban Studies: Language, Context and Political Economy
Authors: Collins Chik
Published: July 2007

Imrie et al. argue that if urban studies is to avoid the problems associated with the linguistic turn in other fields, then it will be necessary to link an engagement with language to a critical political economy. The recent Special Issue of Urban Studies on "Discourse and Urban Change" has made a highly positive contribution in this respect. This paper attempts to contribute to the further development of this linguistic turn in urban studies. First, it offers some critical reflection on the recent Special Issue. Secondly, it proceeds to present a case study of opposition to the closure of shipyards on the River Clyde, Scotland, under the Conservative government of Edward Heath in 1971. In precipitating Heath's U-turn, this opposition had very significant consequences for Britain's urban areas. In understanding how this came about, however, a focus on language-use, linked to a critical political economy, is required.
Shanghai between State and Market in Urban Transformation
Authors: Han Sun Sheng
Published: July 2007

Economic liberalisation has brought fascinating changes to China's urban development by undermining state control and introducing market forces to economic decision-making, raising the fundamental question of what are the current roles of state and market in urban transformation. By using Shanghai as an example, this paper argues that the stereotype perception of rigid state intervention is no longer applicable towards an understanding of China's urban transformation. The same is true of the overwhelmingly described market influences. Rather, urban development in contemporary China is shaped by the interplay between state and market. The state plays the key role in determining the timing, the pace and the economic and spatial configuration of Shanghai's development, while the market is an indispensable part in central and local state decision-making. With the continuous reform and economic liberalisation, China is moving towards a small government and a sea of private enterprises. Whether and how the state remains in firm control, and how the state and market interact with each other in shaping China's urban transformation remains to be seen in the present century.
Listening to prayers: An analysis of prayers left in a country church in rural England
Authors: Siôn Tania Ap
Published: July 2007

This study builds on a long-established tradition within the psychology of religion concerned with the analysis and interpretation of prayer. Drawing on 917 prayer-cards left in one rural church over a sixteenth-month period, the analysis distinguishes between three aspects of intercessory and supplicatory prayer defined as reference, intention, and objective. Results of the analysis showed that only 4% of prayer requests had the prayer author as a key focus, and that there was a preference to pray for other people and for world or global issues (90%). Specific concrete issues were not included in 29% of prayer requests, but in the 71% of requests where concrete contexts were provided, 76% of these were concerned with illness, death, and conflict or disaster. Overall, there were more examples of secondary control (57%) than primary control (43%), and primary control was found more often in requests which had the prayer author as a key focus and in the categories of illness, growth, work, relationships, and general requests. These results give rise to a number of hypotheses regarding prayers authors’ perceptions of prayer and its purpose.
Happy are those who have left everything for my sake: An empirical enquiry among Anglican clergymen and clergywomen
Authors: Jones Susan H.
Published: July 2007

The 20-item happiness scale proposed by the Eysenck Personality Profiler was completed by 1,148 Anglican clergymen and 523 Anglican clergywomen during their first year in ordained ministry. The data demonstrated that clergymen were neither more nor less happy than men in the general population, and that clergywomen were happier than women in the general population. These findings are discussed in the context of work-related satisfaction and overall well-being.
Social Recognition, Participation, and the Dynamic Between the Environment and Personal Factors of Students With Deafblindness
Authors: Möller Kerstin , Danermark Berth
Published: July 2007

The study describes environmental and personal factors that, from the student perspective, impede participation in education in secondary upper schools by students with postlingual deafblindness. The discussion is framed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. The researchers use the theory of social recognition as a theoretical tool in understanding the dynamics between personal factors and environment in the context of secondary upper-school education. Thirty-four students with deafblindness responded to a questionnaire; the survey's findings indicate experiences of barriers in the natural and social environments that restrict participation. Experience of considerateness—such as concern for the special requirements of students with deafblindness—and experience of the lack of considerateness are the most important factors. Negative roles adapted by some students for themselves may be interpreted as resulting from a lack of recognition, in the form of denigration or insults.
Vikings against Tuberculosis: The International Tuberculosis Campaign in India, 1948–1951
Authors: Brimnes Niels
Published: July 2007

Between 1947 and 1951 the Scandinavian-led International Tuberculosis Campaign tested more than 37 million children and adolescents for tuberculosis, and vaccinated more than 16 million with BCG vaccine. The campaign was an early example of an international health program, and it was generally seen as the largest medical campaign to date. It was born, however, as a Danish effort to create goodwill in war-ravaged Europe, and was extended outside Europe only because UNICEF in 1948 unexpectedly donated US $2 million specifically for BCG vaccination in areas outside Europe. As the campaign transformed from postwar relief to an international health program it was forced to make adaptations to different demographic, social, and cultural contexts. This created a tension between a scientific ideal of uniformity, on the one hand, and pragmatic flexibility on the other. Looking at the campaign in India, which was the most important non-European country in the campaign, this article analyzes three issues in more detail: the development of a simplified vaccination technique; the employment of lay-vaccinators; and whether the campaign in India was conceived as a short-term demonstration or a more extensive mass-vaccination effort.
Parsimony, Power, and Prescriptive Legislation: The Politics of Pauper Lunacy in Northamptonshire, 1845–1876
Authors: Smith Catherine
Published: July 2007

The Northampton General Lunatic Asylum opened in 1836 and was funded through local subscriptions. Unlike many other subscription asylums, it did not become a county asylum after the 1845 Lunacy Acts, but was registered as a charitable hospital. This article explores the dynamics that resulted in the Northamptonshire authorities' successfully evading their responsibility to build a county asylum. The loopholes in the supposedly mandatory legislation are examined, with the implications this had for the relationship between the Commissioners in Lunacy and the NGLA governors, as well as the conflict between the local magistrates and the NGLA governors that eventually forced Northamptonshire to conform and build its own specific county asylum in 1876.
Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in angiographically assessed coronary artery disease: evidence for gender interaction among Brazilians
Authors: Rios Domingos L.S. , D'Onofrio Lorenza O. , Cerqueira Caio C.S. , Bonfim-Silva Ricardo , Carvalho Heitor G. , Santos-Filho Ademar , Galvão-Castro Bernardo
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:874–8.
Global DNA methylation measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: analytical technique, reference values and determinants in healthy subjects
Authors: Kok Robert M. , Smith Desirée E.C. , Barto Rob , Spijkerman Annemieke M.W. , Teerlink Tom , Gellekink Henk J. , Jakobs Cornelis , Smulders Yvo M.
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:903–11.
Within-subject variation of plasma resistin levels over a 1-year period
Authors: Weikert Cornelia , Westphal Sabine , Luley Claus , Willich Stefan N. , Boeing Heiner , Pischon Tobias
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:899–902.
Proposal of a candidate international conventional reference measurement procedure for free thyroxine in serum
Authors: Thienpont International Federation of Clinica , Beastall Graham , Christofides Nicholas D. , Faix James D. , Ieiri Tamio , Jarrige Véronique , Miller W. Greg , Miller Richard , Nelson Jerald C. , Ronin Cathérine , Ross H. Alec , Rottmann Michael , Thijssen Jos H. , Toussaint Brigitte
Published: July 2007

In the present paper the IFCC WG-STFT recommends and provides the rationale to establish metrological traceability of serum free thyroxine (FT4) measurements to a candidate international conventional reference measurement procedure. It is proposed that this procedure be based on equilibrium dialysis combined with determination of thyroxine in the dialysate with a trueness-based reference measurement procedure. The measurand is thus operationally defined as “thyroxine in the dialysate from equilibrium dialysis of serum prepared under defined conditions”. With regard to the trueness-based reference measurement procedure, the WG-STFT recommends use of an isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/tandem MS) procedure for total thyroxine that has been optimized towards measurement at picomolar concentration levels and that is listed in the database of the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM). For calibration, the purified thyroxine material IRMM-468 (resulting from a project funded by the European Commission and recently submitted to the JCTLM) is proposed. The WG-STFT stresses that according to this recommendation it is a prerequisite to strictly adhere to the defined equilibrium dialysis procedure, whereas it is permissible to introduce variants in the ID-LC/tandem MS procedure.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:934–6.
Parallel feedforward and simplified adaptive control
Authors: Bar‐Kana Izhak
Published: July 2007

Simple adaptive control systems were recently shown to be globally stable and to maintain robustness in the presence of disturbances if the controlled plant is ‘almost strictly positive real’, namely, if there exists a positive definite static output feedback (unknown and not needed for implementation) such that the resulting closed‐loop transfer function is strictly positive real.

This paper is an attempt to show in an intuitive way how to use parallel feedforward and the stabilizability properties of systems in order to satisfy the ‘almost positivity’ condition. The feedforward configuration may be stationary, if some prior knowledge is given, or adaptive, in general.

This way, simple adaptive controllers can be implemented in a large number of complex control systems, without requiring the order of the plant or the pole excess as prior knowledge
Rheological behavior of a polymer melt under the impact of a vibration force field
Authors: Zeng Guang‐sheng , Qu Jin‐ping
Published: July 2007

A model for the molecular motion of a polymer melt under the impact of a vibration force field was developed. From complicated theory deduction, an expression of the relaxation time and dynamic apparent viscosity were obtained. The effect of a vibration frequency and amplitude on the melt's dynamic apparent viscosity is explained in terms of shear‐thinning and untie‐tangle criteria. The model is supplemented by a calculation sample and experiment, which show that dynamic apparent viscosity of a melt will tend to decrease as the vibration frequency or amplitude increases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Steady flow simulation of a polymer‐diluent solution through an abrupt axisymmetric contraction using internally consistent rheological scaling
Authors: Shukla Shunahshep , Koelling Kurt W.
Published: July 2007

In this work, a new methodology is developed that describes the viscoelastic scaling of a polymer‐physical foaming agent (PFA) solution in a detailed and internally consistent manner. The approach is new in that while previous researchers have largely focused on scaling down experimentally obtained high pressure polymer‐PFA solution viscosity data onto a master curve for the viscosity of the undiluted polymer melt at a reference temperature and atmospheric pressure, we have generated the shear viscosity data required for our simulations by systematically scaling up the viscosity values obtained from measurements on a pure polymer melt to the desired temperature, pressure, and concentration values characterizing the flow. Simulations have been run for the flow of a polymer‐PFA solution through an extrusion foaming die with an abrupt axisymmetric contraction and good qualitative agreement is obtained with experimental pressure drop measurements obtained previously in our laboratory. The pressure drop rates and temperature rise rates have been estimated at the surface of incipient nucleation. Because of the short residence times in the die for the microcellular foaming process, approximating the flow through the die as a single phase flow in our simulations still gives useful insights into the dynamics of the flow. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Zur Zwillingsbildung in MgZn2
Authors: Paufler P. , Schulze G. E. R.
Published: July 2007

An der Laves‐Phase MgZn2 wurde nach Basisgleitung Zwillingsbildung der Form {1121} {0001} und seltener {1011} {0001} beobachtet. Das erste Gesetz kann man sich durch gekoppelte Versetzungsbewegung in der {0001}‐Ebene entstanden denken. Dabei werden, abgesehen von einer kleinen Grenzschicht, wie beim gewöhnlichen Gleitvorgang nur Bindungen in der Gleitebene gestört. Bei komplizierten Atomanordnungen könnte dies zu einer Bevorzugung gegenüber Mechanismen kleinerer Schiebung führen.

Für Orientierungsbestimmungen werden die zugehörigen Transformationsmatrizen angegeben.

Bei Kristallzüchtungsversuchen traten Wachstumszwillinge vom Typ {1126} [1121] {11124} [2243] auf.
Züchtung und Eigenschaften von Mangan‐, Kobalt‐und Zinkmanganatkristallen
Authors: Petzold D. R.
Published: July 2007

Crystals of the manganates of manganese, cobalt, zinc have been grown from a flux solution of PbO‐PbF2 by slow cooling. Their lattice constants are compared with dates of sintered products (from literature). It resulted by comparison of the densities obtained by X‐ray and by pycnometer that the deficit of oxygen is caused by anionic vacancies in the lattice.
Band gap of triglycine selenate, triglycine fluorine beryllate, triglycine sulfate and its variation under γ‐irradiation
Authors: Sirota N. N. , Korina R. V.
Published: July 2007

The band gap for three ferroelectrics (triglycine selenate, triglycine fluorine berryllate and triglycine sulfate) is determined using an optic method. A shift of self‐absorption edge towards longer wave lengths is observed when exposed to irradiation by γ rays with a dosage of ∽ (2 ÷ 7) · 107 r as well as corresponding decrease of band gap. The observed changes are connected with the chemical nature of the studied substances.
Conditions of Formation of Calcite Crystals of Tabular and Acute Rhombohedral Habits
Authors: Kirov G. K. , Vesselinov I. , Cherneva Z.
Published: July 2007

Calcite crystals are grown under pure conditions by the method of counterdiffusion of calcium and carbonate ions in water. An extension of the diffusion method is used making possible the crystallization of calcite in a medium containing calcium or carbonate ions in excess of their stoichiometric amounts in calcite. Calcite crystals grown in the presence of an excess of Ca2+ ions exhibit an elongated habit determined by the prevailing development of some of the acute negative rhombohedra φ. {0221}, θ. {0441} or π. {0881}, whereas with an excess of CO ions the habit varies from thick ‐to fine‐tabular due to the considerable development of the pinacoid (c {0001}). The habit of crystals grown in a medium in which both ions are approximately in stoichiometric amounts or in which the excess of one of them frequently alternates with an excess of the other, is determined by the supersaturation and varies from basic rhombohedron to acute rhombohedron m. {4041}.

The results are discussed in the light of some of the existing theoretical ideas on the influence of admixtures on habit. It is shown that the order of morphological importance which can be derived on the basis of various extensions of Bravais' law agrees neither with the experimental results nor with the observations in nature. The particular habits observed in experiments, tabular and acute rhombohedral, are exactly those which Kalb had included in his morphogenetic order of calcite crystals as first and fifth habit types. Since they are the result of specific conditions in the medium they ought to deviate from the general order. The remaining three habit types, therefore, will determine the habit variations of calcite due to the decrease of supersaturation.
Elektronenstrahl‐Mikroanalyse einiger Minerale aus dem System Cu12As4S13‐Cu12Sb4S13
Authors: Morawiec H. , Kubica L.
Published: July 2007

Folgendes wurde festgestellt: Bei den durch Zonarbau gekennzeichneten Mineralien treten Kupfer, Arsen, Antimon, Zink, Eisen und Schwefel als Komponenten auf. Es besteht eine gegenseitige Substituierung von Arsen und Antimon sowie auch von Kupfer, Zink und Eisen.

Die einzelnen Zonen sind hinsichtlich der Mengenzusammensetzung Bestandteile der isomorphen Tetraedrit‐Tennantit‐Reihe und können mit der Formel (Cu, Zn, Fe)12 (Sb, As)4S13 beschrieben werden. Die quantitative Zusammensetzung ändert sich an der Zonengrenze sprunghaft.
On the Mechanism of Crystal Growth from Undercooled Melts
Authors: Gutzow I. , Razpopov A. , Pancheva E. , Kaischew R.
Published: July 2007

The mechanism of crystal growth from undercooled melts is studied experimentally by means of a simple capillary technique. Thymol and Na2S2O3 · 5 H2O are used as model substances. Dislocation‐free crystal faces of these compounds are obtained by continuous growth in the capillary or by prolonged annealing under appropriate conditions. Two‐dimensional mechanism of growth was experimentally verified on such perfect crystal planes. The conditions under which the surface nuclation mechanism operates are described accounting for the supersaturation, the influence of impurities etc. Transition from two‐dimensional into spiral growth of purposedly defected crystal faces is demonstrated and investigated. The mechanism of formation of perfect crystals is discussed and further experimental evidence on the possibility of two‐dimensional growth from melts is given.
Epitaxy of Cd on muscovite
Authors: Dobbert P. , Neumann H.‐G.
Published: July 2007

Cd is deposited on air cleaved and annealed muscovite. The Cd films were seeded by Ag. Then Cd grows epitaxially with its (0001)‐planes parallel to the (001)‐plane of muscovite.
The cation distributions in the spinel phases of the mixed vanadium oxides LiZnx V2‐xO4 and LiMgx V2‐xO4
Authors: Pollert Emil
Published: July 2007

Cation distributions and values of the oxygen parameter in the spinel phases of mixed vanadium oxides with the general formula LixMeV2–xO4, where Me is Zn or Mg, respectively, were studied by X‐ray diffraction measurements. The distribution of cations on the sublattices in the zinc series can be expressed by the formula Li1–x–δ Znx Vδ [Lix+δ V2–x‐δ] and for the magnesium series by the formula Li1–δ Vδ [Liδ Mgx V2–x‐δ]. For the zinc series a general uniform increase of the oxygen parameter was determined. The substitution of magnesium ions leads to an anomal course of this parameter, which is possible to explain by substitution of magnesium ions on intersticial sites. The results are discussed using the values of the Madelung energy. The recently observed tetragonal deformation of the spinel lattice for the bulk composition Li Mg0.375 V1.625 O4 is explained by a cooperative Jahn Teller effect of V4+ ions.
Non‐stoichiometry of apatites at high temperatures
Authors: Arends J. , Schuthof J. , Flim G. J.
Published: July 2007

Schottky defects in apatites are formed by a decomposition reaction at temperatures in excess of 1000°K. In this investigation thermogravimetrie experiments on fluorapatite single crystals and powders have been carried out in the temperature range 1000–1600°K. Relative weightlosses of 1.2 × 10−3 per hour corresponding to Ca/P decreases of 0.0002 per hour have been observed at 1675°K. In the temperature range studied the number of vacancy triplets formed per second is in the order of 1018. The activation energy (1.15 eV) involved indicates that dislocations might play an important role in the decomposition process.
Crystal size distribution in precipitates
Authors: Dunning W. J.
Published: July 2007

After a short introduction on the principles of nucleation and growth – here especially considering defect crystals – particle size distribution in precipitates is discussed. At first batch crystallization is referred to briefly. The situation in stirred continuous tank crystallizers is investigated in detail. Size distribution is considered in dependence on steady state flow rates of the reacting solutions, residence time of crystals in the tank, resulting in an exponential equation for the number of crystals per unit volume: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ n\left(r \right) = \frac{{\dot n_0 }}{{f\left(s \right)}}e^ - \frac{{vr}}{{V \cdot f\left(s \right)}} $\end{document}. With two and more tanks in series size distribution additionally becomes dependent on the difference of the supersaturations, of the occurrence of nucleation, and of the residence time of crystals in the various tanks. Equations for the size distribution are given for special conditions with two and more tanks in series.
Phasenbildung in Ni/Si‐Schichten
Authors: Beck U. , Neumann H.‐G. , Becherer G.
Published: July 2007

Ni‐bedampfte amorphe Si‐Schichten werden während des Temperns im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß im Verlauf des Diffusionsprozesses in Abhängigkeit vom Ni‐Anteil and der Schicht acht Phasen gebildet werden. Generell entstehen zunächst metallarme Verbindungen. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde geschlossen, daß die Phasenumwandlungen kinetisch und nicht thermodynamisch bedingt sind.
Ein Beitrag zur quantitativen Auswertung von Reflexionselektronenbeugungsdiagrammen dünner, texturierter Schichten mit Hilfe photographischer Äquidensiten
Authors: Schützler H.‐P. , Pätz W.
Published: July 2007

Es wird die Kristallitverkippung von texturierten dünnen Schichten quantitativ aus Reflexionselektronenbeugungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Dazu wird die Methode der photographischen Äquidensitometrie verwendet.
Measuring and Calculating Heat of Crystallisation
Authors: Rychlý R. , Nývlt J.
Published: July 2007

The paper deals with problems and methods of the determination of crystallisation heat values either by direct measuring or by calculating based on solubility and activity data or on concentration dependences of differential dissolution heat. A table of hitherto published values of heat of crystallisation from aqueous solutions is presented.
Kinetics of Polymorphous Transformations of Anodic Alumina
Authors: Sirota N. N. , Shokhina G. N.
Published: July 2007

Experimental kinetic curves of anodic alumina isothermal transformations in the temperature 800–1200°C are given. The mechanism of transformation and the structure of transformation intermediate and end products are discussed. One‐half period curves of monotropic isothermal transformation of amorphous anodic alumina in metastable γ‐, δ‐, and stable α‐phases are given.
The Precipitation of Alkaline‐Earth Metal Carbonate Powders from Aqueous Solution. Crystal Numbers and Final Sizes
Authors: Packter A. , Uppaladini S. C.
Published: July 2007

The precipitations of magnesium carbonate trihydrate, basic magnesium carbonate and calcium, strontium and barium carbonates was studied from equivalent solutions of concentrations from 0.0005 M to 1M, at pHs from 10 to 7, by optical microscopy and other methods. Crystal growth started after induction periods: the precipitations of the more sparingly‐soluble metal carbonates — mainly studied at medium to high supersaturation — were homogeneously nucleated while the magnesium carbonate trihydrate precipitations — studied at low supersaturations at pH ≦ 7.6 — were heterogeneously nucleated. The crystal forms and numbers of the final precipitates depended on the type and numbers of nuclei (and crystallites) formed during the induction periods. Crystal numbers generally increased with increasing initial mean metal carbonate concentration according to the relation N = N1CMCO3β; β was 3 for the metal carbonate precipitations and β was 4 for the basic magnesium carbonate precipitations. N1 values increased in the order basic MgCO3 (at pH ≧ 9), or MgCO3 · 3H2O (at pH ≦ 7.6) < CaCO3 < SrCO3 < BaCO3. The final crystal lengths then generally decreased, from maximum values, with increasing initial concentration according to the relation lfin = l1/Cγ, where γ was 0.7 and 1.0. For precipitation at any concentration and pH, smaller crystal sizes were generally obtained in precipitates from solutions of the metal carbonate of lower solubility.
The Molecular and Crystal Structure of Bis‐Dimethyl Pentamethine Cyanine Perchlorate, C9H17N2Cl04
Authors: Sieber K. , Kutschabsky L. , Kulpe S.
Published: July 2007

Bis‐dimethyl pentamethine cyanine perchlorate crystallizes in the space groupP(21/c) with the lattice constantsa= 6.230 Å;b= 14.970 Å;c= 14.005 Å; β = 83.54°. The carboncarbon bonds show the bond length compensation, typical of polymethines, towards a partial double bond (1.39 Å) between formally sp2‐hybridized C atoms. The two CN bond lengths (mean value 1.32 Å) similarly correspond to partial NC double bonds. The CN bond lengths to the methyl carbon atoms (mean value 1.45 Å) correspond to normal CN single bonds. The size of the bond lengths confirms the assumption as to the characteristic features of the π electron system of such polymethines. The valence angles at the carbon atoms of the pentamethine chain clearly alternate and deviate systemically from 120°. This is also observed in other structures of a similar type. The bond lengths determined by experiment are compared with different π bond orders calculated on the basis of quantum chemistry. Here approximate agreement becomes apparent between all MO calculations and the results of the X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The perchlorate tetrahedra show disorder‐like behaviour in their crystal structure. The pentamethine chains approach each other as far as the contact spacing of 3.5 to 3.7 Å between unsaturated compounds and form two‐dimensional extended aggregates (“masonry” aggregation) within the crystal lattice.
Messung Realstrukturinduzierter Doppelbrechung in kubischen kristallen
Authors: Dietrich B.
Published: July 2007

Von SQUIRE und ZAMECKI wurde eine polarisationsoptische Apparatur zu vergleichenden Untersuchungen realstrukturinduzierter Spannungsdoppelbrechung benutzt. Für Proben, die aus verschieden doppelbrechenden Bereichen bestehen, wird der quantitative Zusammenhang des Meßsignals mit Mittelwerten der Spannungsdoppelbrechung hergeleitet.
The crystallization of cadmium germanates in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Duderov N. G. , Demianets L. N. , Lobachev A. N.
Published: July 2007

The crystallization in GeO2‐NaCl‐H2O, CdO‐NaOH(NaCl)–H2O. CdO–GeO2–H2O, CdO–GeO2–NaOH (NaCl)–H2O systems investigated under hydrothermal conditions depending on the initial ratio of CdO and GeO2 oxides in starting material and solvent concentration. Single crystals of six Cd‐germanates and five accessory compounds are obtained. The influence of the mineralizer on Cd‐germanates crystallization and the chemism of the interaction of the charge components and the solvent are discussed.
Liquid phase epitaxy of AlxGa1–xAs‐GaAs heterostructures
Authors: Alferov Zh. I. , Andreyev V. M. , Konnikov S. G. , Larionov V. R. , Shelovanova G. N.
Published: July 2007

This paper is concerned with the investigation of the peculiarities of the application of liquid phase epitaxy for obtaining multilayer structures with heterojunctions in the AlAs–GaAs system. Segregational depletion of Al in liquid and in solid phases is characteristic of this system. It is proved that supercooling of the substrate and numerous inclusions of Al allow to decrease this segregational depletion of Al and to obtain layers of nearly constant composition up to 600 μm in thickness.

A new technique of crystallization of structures from a limited volume of melt with the change of solutions by way of compulsory squeezing out of the foregoing solution by the following one is put forward with the view to perfect the planarity of multilayer structures with abrupt heterojunctions and to improve the complete change of solutions on a substrate.

The results of the study of various methods of controlling the value and direction of the Al concentration gradient are listed.

It has been proved that structures with fluent increase of Al concentration during the crystallization process and also structures with alteration in the gradient direction of Al concentration may be obtained by way of artificial slowing down or acceleration of the process of mixing up solutions of various compositions.
O− centre formation in YAG crystals doped with rare earth ions
Authors: Kvapil Jiří , Kvapil Josef , Perner Bohumil
Published: July 2007

Colour changes of YAG crystals doped with rare earth ions and annealed in hydrogen, oxygen, vacuum or argon are described. The influence of UV irradiation is also given. Some crystals were further doped with Ca, Sr, Ba, or Cr, respectively. Yellow or brown colouring of the crystals is attributed to the O− centre formation which causes an increase of the absorption peak at 395–410 nm. Most intensive colouring showed the crystals containing a combination of Yb or Eu with Nd or Cr after oxygen annealing followed by UV irradiation.
Einfluß der Oberflächenbearbeitung auf die Röntgenstrahl‐Totalreflexionsprofile
Authors: Brümmer O. , Höche H. R.
Published: July 2007

Bei der Totalreflexion von Röntgenstrahlen an realen Oberflächen tritt eine Verbreiterung des einfallenden Röntgenstrahlbündels auf. Diese Verbreiterung ist eine sehr empfindliche und experimentell leicht erfaßbare Größe, mit der die Qualität lichtoptisch spiegelnder Oberflächen charakterisiert werden kann.
Recrystallization rates at periodic temperature changes
Authors: Vacek V. , Žáček S. , Horsák I.
Published: July 2007

This paper gives account of earlier published data on total rates of recrystallization. In the theoretical part, a simple model of recrystallization at oscillating temperature is presented. This model is evaluated for selected special cases. The resulting rate of recrystallization is compared with experimental data obtained in a laboratory double crystallizer.
Abscheidung dünner Siliziumschichten durch Zersetzung eines Siliziumtetrahlorid‐Wasserstoff‐Gemisches in einer Hochfrequenz‐Glimmentladung
Authors: Klaus M. , Hecht G. , Burgemeister D. , Andexel H.‐J.
Published: July 2007

Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebene Verfahren gestattet es, dünne Siliziumschichten durch Zersetzung eines SiCl4/H2‐Gemisches in einer HF‐Glimmentladung auf verschiedenen Substratmaterialien abzuscheiden. In Abhängigkeit von den Wachstumsparametern und den verwendeten Substraten entstehen amorphe, polykristalline oder auch gute einkristalline Si‐Schichten. Durch Gasphasenätzung in der Versuchsapparatur lassen sich einkristalline Si‐Substrate unterschiedlicher Orientierung so vorbehandeln, daß sie für nachfolgende Epitaxie als Unterlage dienen können.
Zur Versetzungsbildung an Ritzen auf einkristallinen Silizium‐Oberflächen
Authors: Kirscht F.‐G. , Richter H. , Baehr R. , Hansch C. , Brocke H.‐D.
Published: July 2007

Definiert geritzte (111)‐Scheiben wurden bei 850 °C und 1000 °C getempert und mittels Strukturätzen, Röntgentopographie und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Versetzungsanordnung und dem erzeugenden Verspannungszustand diskutiert. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Beobachtungen lassen sich interpretieren, wenn man eine Reaktion unter Bildung von Lomer‐Versetzungen annimmt.
Strukturuntersuchung an aufgedampften mit Aluminium modifizierten Nickel/Chrom‐schichten
Authors: Schippel E.
Published: July 2007

Der TK des elektrischen Widerstands von aufgedampften niederohmigen Ni/Cr‐Schichten wird durch Modifizierung der Schicht mit Aluminium auf Werte um Null gesenkt. Nach den Ergebnissen der röntgenographischen und der Elektronenbeugungsuntersuchungen treten in der ternären Legierungsschicht vier Phasen auf, die α‐Phasen (Cr), die β‐Phase (NiAl), die γ‐Physe (Ni) und die γ′‐Phase (Ni3Al), die in der ungetemperten Widerstandsschicht einen sehr unvollkommenen Ordnungs‐ und Ausbildungszustand haben. Die kleinsten Werte für den TK zeigen diejenigen Schichten, in denen entsprechend der Zusammensetzung die β‐Phase entstehen kann.
Zum Einsatz der quantitativen Lichtmikroskopie bei der Versetzungsdichtebestimmung von GaAs‐〈100〉‐Kristallen
Authors: Richter H. , Fröhlich H.
Published: July 2007

Das Prinzip der Linearanalyse mit dem EPIQUANT ist für die metallographische Messung der Versetzungsdichte von GaAs‐〈100〉‐Kristallen anwendbar. Die linearanalytischen Meßdaten werden unter Verwendung von mathematisch‐statistischen Beziehungen in Flächendaten umgerechnet. Für große Versetzungsdichten ergibt die Registrierung des Schnittlängenanteils NLE der Versetzungsätzgruben genauere Meßwerte gegenüber der Anzahl NE der von der Meßlinie geschnittenen Versetzungsätzgruben.
Positronenannihilationsuntersuchungen zur Elektronenstruktur des Systems Pd1–xAgxHnunter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Kristallbaufehlern
Authors: Brümmer Otto , Dlubek Günter
Published: July 2007

Aus Winkelkorrelationsmessungen am System Pd1–xAgxHnund an Pd1–xAgx‐Legierungen sowohl nach der H‐Desorption als auch in den Zuständen rekristallisiert und deformiert werden die folgenden Schlußfolgerungen gezogen: Die beobachtete Änderung der Winkelkorrelationskurve von PdH0,65im Vergleich zu Pd wird durch Kristallbaufehler verursacht, die bei der H‐Absorption entstehen. Für Pd0,80Ag0,20H0,43und Pd0,60Ag0,40H0,20wird solch ein Verformungseffekt nicht beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse für die Legierungen können mit Hilfe der Bandstrukturberechnungen von SWITENDICKerklärt werden.
Causes of the formation of etch pits of different size and morphology on {100} faces of CsI crystals
Authors: Sangwal K. , Sizova N. L. , Urusovskaya A. A.
Published: July 2007

Causes of the formation of dislocation etch pits of different shape and size on {100} faces of cesium iodide crystals by an etchant composed from 25–35 mg/1 CuCl2 · 2 H2O in 96% ethanol are studied. It is shown that one of the reasons of the change in the morphology of etch pits is the segregation of excessive iodine at dislocations.
On the kinetic of crystallization of zinc oxalate (II). Determination of the specific surface energy at the crystal solution interface by kinetic studies
Authors: Kirkova E. , Djarova M.
Published: July 2007

An apparatus based on turbidimetry was constructed for studying the kinetics of crystallization of sparingly soluble salts. The kinetics of crystallization of zinc oxalate was investigated at various supersaturations and pHs of the medium. The specific surface energy at the crystal‐solution interface was determined from the induction periods of the S‐shaped curves by means of the classical theory of nucleation. The calculations were made using the slope of the logarithmic dependence of I or τ, respectively, on supersaturation (equations 1 and 2) and the critical supersaturation which was also determined on the basis of kinetic data. Various values of σ were found for the different supersaturations. Different values for this quantity were also obtained when supersaturation was presented by the concentration ratio (S = C/C0) or by the ratio of the product of the two ions concentrations in the supersaturated solution to that in the saturated one (S = ab/Lp). These σ values were lower than those obtained using the critical supersaturations at the two different solution pHs. For the present it is impossible to give a definite explanation of the results obtained. The experiments for determining the specific surface energy at the crystal‐solution interface will be continued.
Über die röntgenographische Analyse der mittleren quadratischen Atomverschiebungen in einigen Halbleiterkristallen
Authors: Bublik V. T. , Gorelik S. S.
Published: July 2007

Im Temperaturgebiet 100 K — 1000 K wurden an Einkristallen des Ge und halbleitender Verbindungen des Typs AIIIBV, AIIBVI und AIVBVI röntgenographische Messungen des Debye‐Waller‐Faktors durchgeführt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden die mittleren quadratischen Atomverschiebungen 〈u2〉 und die Debye‐Temperatur ΘM berechnet. Beide Parameter werden im Hinblick auf den Einfluß der Temperatur, den Einfluß von Punktdefekten und bei den Verbindungen auch von Stöchiometrieabweichungen auf die thermischen Gitterschwingungen diskutiert. Abschließend werden einige Betrachtungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen den Größen 〈u2〉 bzw. ΘM und den Aktivierungsenergien der Leerstellenbildung und der Diffusion in den untersuchten Materialien mitgeteilt.
Influence of the morphology of voids in lithium fluoride on the Kinetics of their disappearance
Authors: Nenow D. , Gueleva S.
Published: July 2007

The morphology of voids in LiF single crystals is investigated using optical and electron microscope methods. – A difference in the growth and disappearance morphology is shown – the initial sharp corners and edges get truncated during the disappearance. – Kinetic studies on the disappearance of isometric voids were performed at a high temperature. The results show susceptible difference with the theoretical results for a void with sharp corners and edges.
The growth of single crystals of langbeinites Rb2Cd2(SO4)3, Tl2Cd2(SO4)3, K2Co2(SO4)3, and their phase transitions
Authors: Březina B. , Fousková A.
Published: July 2007

Single crystals of dicadmium dirubidium sulphate and dicadmium dithallium sulphate have been grown from non‐stoichiometric aqueous solutions by various methods. Optical and thermal properties in the vicinity of their phase transitions have been studied. Polycrystalline samples of dicobalt dipotassium sulphate have been prepared using Bridgman method. Optical and specific heat measurements have shown a new phase transition at −148°C.
A study of phase equilibria and heterojunctions in Ga–In–As–Sb quaternary system
Authors: Dolginov L. M. , Eliseev P. G. , Lapshin A. N. , Milvidskii M. G.
Published: July 2007

The phase diagram of the Ga–In–As–Sb quaternary system has been determined experimentally and also has been treated on the base of thermodynamic calculations. The liquidus data were obtained by DTA and solidus data were determined using electron microprobe analysis on LPE‐layers of GaxIn1–xAsySb1–y on GaSb and InAs substrates. Isolattice‐parameter heterostructures prepared on these substrates were free of mismatch dislocations and suitable for application to light‐emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers.
Golddekoration von Silbereinkristallen, ermöglicht durch Ionenbeschuß
Authors: Marinov M.
Published: July 2007

Die Oberflächenstruktur von Silbereinkristallen wurde mit Hilfe der Golddekorationsmethode unter gleichzeitigem Ionenbeschuß untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Dichte des dekorierenden Stoffes bei einer bestimmten Intensität des Ionenbombardements stark von der Dichte der aktiven Stellen und von der kristallographischen Orientierung der Kristalloberfläche abhängt. Dadurch entsteht eine zusätzliche Möglichkeit zur selektiven Dekoration von aktiven Stellen. Bei der Dekoration unter starkem Ionenbeschuß und einer größeren Aufdampfrate des dekorierenden Stoffes erhält man eine „negative”︁ Dekoration, d. h. es werden Bereiche und Stellen der Kristalloberfläche sichtbar gemacht, auf welcher die Prozesse der Keimbildung und des weiteren Wachstums der Kriställchen gehemmt oder vollständig verhindert sind.
EPR‐spectrum of irradiated potassium dichromate single crystals
Authors: Alybakov A. A. , Gubanova V. A. , Tojchiev N.
Published: July 2007

EPR‐spectra of X‐irradiated potassium dichromate crystals are studied at various temperatures from RT to LNT. The most intensive lines are interpreted as due to radicals CrO43− (A‐lines) and CrO3− (C‐lines), resulting from Cr2O7 owing to X‐irradiation. Hyperfine structure of C‐line, due to interaction of unpaired electron with Cr53 nucleus, occurs at low temperatures, and new unobserved earlier Q‐lines appear near‐by C‐line. The spectrum may be described by usual spin Hamiltonian for S = 1/2 with following parameters: for A‐line gz = 1.9841, gy = 1.9685, gx = 1.9592; for C‐line gz = 1.9148, gy = 1.9671, gx = 1.9886, |Az| = 30.53 · 10−4 cm−1, |Ax| = 10.62 · 10−4 cm−1, |Ay| = 6.62 · 10−4 cm−1.
Solid solution with fluorite structure in the CaF2 ‐ LaF3 system
Authors: Švantner M. , Mariani E. , Fedorov P. P. , Sobolev B. P.
Published: July 2007

The phase equilibrium of fluorite Ca1−xLaxF2+x solid solutions in the CaF2 ‐ LaF3 system is investigated by means of DTA and X‐ray analysis. The phase diagram of his system is of eutectic type with limited solid solutions with the structure of components. The eutectic coordinates are 1311°C and 58 mole% of LaF3. The saturation line of fluorite solid solution has an anomalous S‐shape. The elementary cell parameter of this solution has been approximated by the parabolic equation a = ao + 0.597x + + 0.134x2, where ao = 5.46295 Å denotes the parameter of CaF2 elementary cell.

Both dc/from 20 to 450°C/and ac/from 450 to 600°C/electrical conductivities were measured at concentrations covering almost whole region of the Ca1−xLaxF2+x solid solution formation. They are characterized by increasing conductivity and decreasing activation energy with increasing LaF3 concentrations. In samples with x > 0, 11 an increase of electrical conductivity due to aging was observed.
On the significance of surface tension driven flow in floating zone melting experiments
Authors: Barthel J. , Eichler K. , Jurisch M. , Löser W.
Published: July 2007

The predominance of the surface tension driven (Marangoni) flow over the buoyancy driven free convection for small zone lengths in electron beam floating zone melting of doped molybdenum rods is pointed out. The observed different patterns of microsegregation and the critical conditions of their occurrence, i.e. B‐cores below a critical zone length of lc = 3.5 mm and B‐striations above this value, are shown to be in qualitative agreements with theoretical predictions made from convection models.
Kerr Effect Studies in Liquid Crystalline Substances
Authors: Hauser A. , Schädler U. , Demus D.
Published: July 2007

The static and dynamic pretransitional behaviour was investigated by the electric Kerr effect in three nematic substances above the clearing point. The measured Kerr constants exceed that of nitrobenzene by more than a factor of 50…︁ 80 which are due mainly to pretransition phenomena and the strong dipole moments of the compounds. A formula is given for the calculation of the Kerr constant. The latent heat at the nematic‐isotropic phase transition calculated from the temperature dependence of the Kerr constant by means of the Landau theory is in good agreement with the experimental values. Size and relaxation behaviour of pseudonematic domains are determined by Kerr effect measurements.
On the Description of Symmetry of OD Structures (I) OD Groupoid Family, Parameters, Stacking
Authors: Fichtner K.
Published: July 2007

The relations between the groupoid of partial symmetry operations of an OD structure and the description of the symmetry of this structure by an OD groupoid family as well as parameters and the stacking of layers are discussed. Proposals are suggested for some changes in the symbols of the OD groupoid families in order to simplify and unify these symbols.
Side Entry Specimen Stages
Authors: Swann P. R.
Published: July 2007

The basic concepts involved in the design of side entry specimen devices for performing in‐situ experiments are discussed. Examples of several working specimen stage designs are shown in which common experimental variables such as tilting, heating, cooling, straining and atmosphere control are used in various combinations.