bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of GATA3 immunohistochemistry for diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology specimens
Authors: Braxton David R. , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T.
Published: August 2014

Background

GATA3 as a diagnostic marker of metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology specimens has not been fully established.

Methods

Metastatic breast carcinoma was assessed for GATA3, mammaglobin, and GCDFP‐15 immunohistochemistry on cell blocks. GATA3 was scored by intensity (0, negative; 1, weakly positive; 2, moderately positive; 3, strongly positive), and area (0–100%). Mammaglobin (MMG) and GCDFP‐15 staining was scored qualitatively (positive vs. negative). Results were correlated with specimen type (fine‐needle aspiration vs. body fluid), breast prognostic markers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her‐2/Neu (Her2), and Ki67, and with each other. Statistical significance was determined by chi‐squared test and ANOVA for numerical variables. Alpha was set as 0.05. A total of 40 CB specimens containing metastatic breast carcinoma were studied.

Results

GATA3 was positive in 32 (80%) cases. All ER‐positive cases (n = 25) were positive for GATA3. Conversely, all GATA3‐negative cases (n = 8) were triple‐negative breast cancers. On qualitative univariate analysis, GATA3 was statistically associated with ER (P = 0.0001), and PR (P = 0.0468). GATA3 intensity was statistically associated with ER (P ≤ 0.0001), PR (P = 0.0157), Her2 (P = 0.0256), and cancer category (P = 0.0127). GATA3 staining was statistically associated with ER (P ≤ 0.0001), PR (P = 0.0160), Her2 (P = 0.0451), and cancer category (P = 0.0002). MMG and GCDFP‐15 were directly compared to GATA3 in 35 samples. The sensitivity was 86% for GATA3, 26% for MMG, and 14% for GCDFP‐15.

Conclusion

GATA3 is a more sensitive diagnostic marker of metastatic breast carcinoma in CB samples than MMG and GCDFP‐15. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:271–277. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, regulates cell proliferation in the adult zebrafish optic tectum
Authors: Dozawa Miki , Kono Hiromitsu , Sato Yuki , Ito Yoko , Tanaka Hideomi , Ohshima Toshio
Published: August 2014

Background: Valproic acid (VPA) has been used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Several reports have demonstrated that VPA functions as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. While VPA is known to cause teratogenic changes in the embryonic zebrafish brain, its effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) in both the embryonic and adult zebrafish are not well understood. Results: In this study, we observed a proliferative effect of VPA on NSCs in the embryonic hindbrain. In contrast, VPA reduced cell proliferation in the adult zebrafish optic tectum. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors showed a similar inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in the adult zebrafish optic tectum, suggesting that VPA reduces cell proliferation through HDAC inhibition. Cell cycle progression was also suppressed in the optic tectum of the adult zebrafish brain because of HDAC inhibition. Recent studies have demonstrated that HDAC inhibits the Notch signaling pathway; hence, adult zebrafish were treated with a Notch inhibitor. This increased the number of proliferating cells in the adult zebrafish optic tectum with down‐regulated expression of her4, a target of Notch signaling. Conclusions: These results suggest that VPA inhibits HDAC activity and upregulates Notch signaling to reduce cell proliferation in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 243:1401–1415, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenetic Cell Death and Phagocytosis in the Visual System of Vertebrates
Authors: Francisco‐Morcillo Javier , Bejarano‐Escobar Ruth , Rodríguez‐León Joaquín , Navascués Julio , Martín‐Partido Gervasio
Published: August 2014

Programmed cell death (PCD), together with cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell differentiation, is an essential process during development of the vertebrate nervous system. The visual system has been an excellent model on which to investigate the mechanisms involved in ontogenetic cell death. Several phases of PCD have been reported to occur during visual system ontogeny. During these phases, comparative analyses demonstrate that dying cells show similar but not identical spatiotemporally restricted patterns in different vertebrates. Additionally, the chronotopographical coincidence of PCD with the entry of specialized phagocytes in some regions of the developing vertebrate visual system suggests that factors released from degenerating cells are involved in the cell migration of macrophages and microglial cells. Contradicting this hypothesis however, in many cases the cell corpses generated during degeneration are rapidly phagocytosed by neighboring cells, such as neuroepithelial cells or Müller cells. In this review, we describe the occurrence and the sites of PCD during the morphogenesis and differentiation of the retina and optic pathways of different vertebrates, and discuss the possible relationship between PCD and phagocytes during ontogeny. Developmental Dynamics 243:1203–1225, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The fear of food measure: A novel measure for use in exposure therapy for eating disorders
Authors: Levinson Cheri A. , Byrne Meghan
Published: August 2014

Objective

Exposure therapy for mealtime anxiety has preliminarily been effective at increasing food intake and decreasing anxiety in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN). To enhance our knowledge of exposure therapy for AN researchers and clinicians need a comprehensive measure that assesses outcomes relevant to exposure therapy for AN.

Method

In the current four studies we developed Fear of Food Measure (FOFM) that assesses three cognitive and behavioral outcomes: trait anxiety about eating, food avoidance behaviors, and feared concerns related to eating.

Results

In a community (N = 399) and undergraduate female sample (N = 203) the FOFM exhibited a good three‐factor structure and convergent and divergent validity. In a sample of women (N = 72) we showed that the anxiety about eating subscale significantly predicted in vivo food intake over and above other established predictors of eating (e.g., restraint). In a clinical sample diagnosed with an eating disorder (N = 41) we showed that anxiety about eating was associated with food intake and anxiety during an exposure meal and that all subscales of the FOFM significantly decreased over the course of a four‐session exposure intervention. Finally, we found that participants diagnosed with an eating disorder had higher levels of fear of food than did matched controls (N = 23).

Discussion

The FOFM is a psychometrically valid measure that can assess if patients are improving while undergoing exposure therapy and could be used to pinpoint problematic behaviors that can be addressed in exposure therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:271–283
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and efficacy on pediatric tumors of the glioma radiosensitizer KU60019
Authors: Vecchio Donatella , Daga Antonio , Carra Elisa , Marubbi Daniela , Raso Alessandro , Mascelli Samantha , Nozza Paolo , Garrè Maria Luisa , Pitto Francesca , Ravetti Jean Louis , Vagge Stefano , Corvò Renzo , Profumo Aldo , Baio Gabriella , Marcello Diana , Frosina Guido
Published: August 2014

We have recently reported that glioblastoma (GB)‐initiating cells (GIC) with low expression and/or mutation of TP53 and high expression of PI3K (“responder” genetic profile) can be effectively and safely radiosensitized by the ATM inhibitor KU60019. We report here on drug's diffusion and elimination from the animal body and brain, its effects on orthotopic GB and efficacy toward pediatric GIC. Healthy mice were infused by convection enhanced delivery (CED) with KU60019 and the drug kinetics followed by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Already at the end of CED, KU60019 had diffused from the injection site to the ipsilateral and, to a lower extent, controlateral hemisphere. After 24 hr, no drug could be detected all over the brain or in other organs, indicating rapid draining and excretion. After intraperitoneal injection, traces only of KU60019 could be detected in the brain, indicating inability to cross the brain–blood barrier. Consistent with the induction of cell cycle progression previously observed in vitro, KU60019 stimulated proliferation of orthotopic GB cells with the highest effect observed 96 hr after drug delivery. Adult GIC with high expression of TP53 and low expression of PI3K could be radiosensitized by KU60019, although less promptly than GIC bearing the “responder” profile. Consistent with the kinetics of proliferation induction, the highest radiosensitizing effect was observed 96 hr after delivery of KU60019 to GIC. Pediatric GIC could be similarly radiosensitized after exposure to KU60019. The results indicate that ATM inhibition may allow to radiosensitize a wide range of adult and pediatric high‐grade gliomas.
Solar photocatalytic oxidation of NO by electronspun TiO2/ZnO composite nanofiber mat for enhancing indoor air quality
Authors: Pei Carina Chun , Leung Wallace Woon‐Fong
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

There is a demand to develop nano‐photocatalyst that has better performance than existing TiO2 nanoparticles, which are difficult to separate and reuse.

RESULTS

Both TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO composite nanofibers prepared using sol–gel assisted electrospinning provided higher photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of NO than TiO2 nanoparticles of 100 nm. The nanopores formed between nano‐crystallites of nanofibers were found to increase both adsorption and activity of the photocatalyst. The TiO2/ZnO composite nanofiber photocatalyst has a lower band‐gap than TiO2 nanofibers, which favors photo‐electron generation, because introduction of ZnO causes charge imbalance and formation of unsaturated chemical bonds on the surface, increasing the catalyst surface oxygen vacancy and generation of the oxidation radicals, thereby increasing PCO. The efficiency of PCO under irradiation containing a full spectrum of wavelengths was optimized by adding 0.10 wt% of Zn to the TiO2 photocatalyst, and this optimal amount of added dopant was in accord with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. The activity of the nanofiber photocatalysts was improved by increasing the irradiation area and residence time; and optimized at a relative humidity of 50%.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that enhanced PCO of NO with photocatalyst nanofiber can be optimized under solar light irradiation. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristics of printing company workers newly diagnosed with occupational cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Kubo Shoji , Kinoshita Masahiko , Takemura Shigekazu , Tanaka Shogo , Shinkawa Hiroji , Nishioka Takayoshi , Hamano Genya , Ito Tokuji , Abue Makoto , Aoki Masaru , Nakagawa Kei , Unno Michiaki , Hijioka Susumu , Fujiyoshi Toshihisa , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Mizuguchi Toru , Shirabe Ken , Nishie Akihiro , Oda Yoshinao , Takenaka Kenji , Kobarai Tomonari , Hisano Terumasa , Saiura Akio , Numao Hiroshi , Toda Mayura , Kuwae Yuko , Nakanuma Yasuni , Endo Ginji
Published: August 2014

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma has been reported in workers exposed to chlorinated organic solvents and has consequently been classified as an occupational disease (occupational cholangiocarcinoma) by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of nine workers newly diagnosed with occupational cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

This study was a retrospective study conducted in 13 hospitals and three universities. Clinicopathological findings of nine occupational cholangiocarcinoma patients from seven printing companies in Japan were investigated and compared with 17 cholangiocarcinoma patients clustered in a single printing company in Osaka.

Results

Patient age at diagnosis was 31–57 years. Patients were exposed to 1,2‐dichloropropane and/or dichloromethane. Serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity was elevated in all patients. Regional dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts without tumor‐induced obstruction was observed in two patients. Four patients developed intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and five developed hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and/or intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct was observed in four patients with available operative or autopsy specimens.

Conclusions

Most of these patients with occupational cholangiocarcinoma exhibited typical findings, including high serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity, regional dilatation of the bile ducts, and precancerous lesions, similar to findings previously reported in 17 occupational cholangiocarcinoma patients in Osaka.
On the performance of microstrip antenna embedded in composite laminated substrates
Authors: Yang S. M. , Hung C.‐C.
Published: August 2014

Fiber‐reinforced composite structures can be tailored to desire mechanical properties and to embed microstrip antenna in aerospace applications. The electromagnetic characteristics of a microstrip antenna on isotropic and uniaxial substrates have been known, but that embedded in composite laminated substrates remain unavailable to date. This work aims at analyzing the performance of microstrip antenna embedded in composite laminated substrates by spectral domain analysis. Parameter studies are conducted to investigate the effects of the substrate's dielectric constants, the fiber directions (the orientation between the antenna and the laminate layers), and the stacking sequence on antenna's resonant frequency and radiation pattern. The antenna size when embedded in composite laminated substrates is larger than that when attached on isotropic substrates, or conversely, the resonant frequency will deviate lower if assuming the substrate as isotropic. The far‐field pattern in composite laminated substrates is more ‘directional’ than that in isotropic substrates. The antenna gain in the substrates of symmetric stacking with ±45° fiber direction is 20 dB better than that in isotropic substrates in some elevations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Design and Preparation of a Thermosensitive Poly(lysine ester‐diacetoxy tartaric acid) with Good Biocompatibility
Authors: Deng Heying , Fan Xueying , Wang Meng , Jiang Ting , Liu Hongmei , Wang Shuliang , Yin Ziming , Ma Xin , Di Yingying , Deng Kuilin
Published: August 2014

The non‐toxicity or good biocompatibility is an inevitable requirement for thermosensitive polymers because of their extensive biomedical applications. In this investigation, a facile and instructional guidance is developed for the molecular design of the thermosensitive polymeric material. A family of thermosensitive poly(lysine ester‐diacetoxy tartaric acid)s (PLEDT) with good biocompatibility is then designed and successfully prepared on the basis of natural lysine and tartaric acid. The structure of the monomers and polymers is systematically confirmed by Fourier transfrom IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The temperature‐dependent characteristics from UV data reveals that PLEDT shows a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of about 7–35 °C depending on the molecular weight, concentration, and the salt. Additionally, the high viability of HeLa cells by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay demonstrates no detectable cytotoxicity of PLEDT at all test concentrations up to 100 μg mL−1. In conclusion, the novel thermosensitive PLEDT with good biocompatibility can be a promising material in the biomedical field.

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High‐energy and smoothness asymptotic expansion of the scattering amplitude for the Dirac equation and application
Authors: Naumkin Ivan , Weder Ricardo
Published: August 2014

We obtain an explicit formula for the diagonal singularities of the scattering amplitude for the Dirac equation with short‐range electromagnetic potentials. Using this expansion we uniquely reconstruct an electric potential and magnetic field from the high‐energy limit of the scattering amplitude. Moreover, supposing that the electric potential and magnetic field are asymptotic sums of homogeneous terms we give the unique reconstruction procedure for these asymptotics from the scattering amplitude, known for some energy E. Furthermore, we prove that the set of the averaged scattering solutions to the Dirac equation is dense in the set of all solutions to the Dirac equation that are in L2(Ω), where Ω is any connected bounded open set in
with smooth boundary, and we show that if we know an electric potential and a magnetic field for
, then the scattering amplitude, given for some energy E, uniquely determines these electric potential and magnetic field everywhere in
. Combining this uniqueness result with the reconstruction procedure for the asymptotics of the electric potential and the magnetic field we show that the scattering amplitude, known for some E, uniquely determines a electric potential and a magnetic field, that are asymptotic sums of homogeneous terms, which converges to the electric potential and the magnetic field respectively. Moreover, we discuss the symmetries of the kernel of the scattering matrix, which follow from the parity, charge‐conjugation and time‐reversal transformations for the Dirac operator. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolymerization of n‐Butyl Methacrylate and D‐Limonene
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Dubé Marc Arnold
Published: August 2014

The bulk free radical copolymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and D‐limonene is carried out at 80 °C using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. Low conversion experiments are conducted to estimate the copolymer reactivity ratios while full conversion runs are performed to verify the estimates and to achieve high monomer conversions. Reactivity ratios of r1 = 6.0957 and r2 = 0.0459 (1 = BMA, 2 = D‐limonene) are obtained using a nonlinear, error‐in‐variables method with the RREVM computer program. Full conversions and reasonably high molecular weights are achieved at high BMA feed concentrations. Achieving high conversion is limited by a degradative chain transfer mechanism due to the D‐limonene.
Correlative assessment of tumor microcirculation using contrast‐enhanced perfusion MRI and intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted MRI: is there a link between them?
Authors: Bisdas Sotirios , Braun Christian , Skardelly Marco , Schittenhelm Jens , Teo Tze Hern , Thng Choon Hua , Klose Uwe , Koh Tong San
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to correlate intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging with classical perfusion‐weighted MRI metrics in human gliomas. Parametric images for slow diffusion coefficient (D), fast diffusion coefficient (D*), and fractional perfusion‐related volume (f) in patients with high‐grade gliomas were generated. Maps of Fp (plasma flow), vp (vascular plasma volume), PS (permeability surface–area product), ve (extravascular, extracellular volume), E (extraction ratio), ke (influx ratio into the interstitium), and tc (vascular transit time) from dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) and dynamic susceptibility contrast‐enhanced (DSC) MRI were also generated. A region‐of‐interest analysis on the contralateral healthy white matter and on the tumor areas was performed and the extracted parameter values were tested for any significant differences among tumor grades or any correlations. Only f could be significantly correlated to DSC‐derived vp and tc in healthy brain tissue. Concerning the tumor regions, Fp was significantly positively correlated with D* and inversely correlated with f in DSC measurements. The D*, f, and f × D* values in the WHO grade III gliomas were non‐significantly different from those in the grade IV gliomas. There was a trend to significant negative correlations between f and PS as well as between f × D* and ke in DCE experiments. Presumably due to different theoretical background, tracer properties and modeling of the tumor vasculature in the IVIM theory, there is no clearly evident link between D*, f and DSC‐ and DCE‐derived metrics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Osteology of Cross‐bred Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus L. 1758) and the Implications for Ageing Chickens from Archaeological Sites
Authors: Thomas R. , Sadler P. , Cooper J.
Published: August 2014

We document the developmental osteology of a captive population of cross‐bred red junglefowl (Gallus gallus L. 1758) that were slaughtered at known ages from 6 days old until they reached maturity and explore the relationships that exist between bone size, maturity, body weight and sex. In doing so, we contribute to the body of knowledge concerning developmental osteology in domestic fowl, which has previously focussed upon ‘improved’ breeds. Comparison with archaeological material demonstrates that regression equations developed from the study population to determine age from bone length measurements are unreliable, even when samples with similar mean size for adult birds are compared. However, greater understanding of the maturity of domestic fowl more ‘primitive’ than most comparative material available for study is used to assist in the assignation of three age classes—chick, immature and adult—and thus facilitate more nuanced analyses of age‐at‐death patterns in faunal assemblages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STYLES OF POLICING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN STATES
Authors: Marenin Otwin
Published: August 2014

The notion that economic development in African states requires minimal levels of security has become widely accepted in the international development community. The first part of this essay explores the question of which types of security provision—professional all service policing or functionally specialized agencies—will have the greater impact on promoting and sustaining economic development. Reviewing the extant data and building on analyses by Jan van Dijk, I argue that functional policing styles and work, rather than full‐service policing work, are more important to address the major obstacle to economic development: grand corruption, organized crime, political violence, fraud and mismanagement by governments. The second part of the essay considers the experience of changing policing systems in Africa, which are composed of both functional and full‐ policing reforms. Despite sometimes substantial donor support, only South Africa and a few post‐conflict states (e.g. Sierra Leone and Liberia) have achieved some measure of success. Many of the political, social and economic contextual conditions that would support more substantive and sustainable police reforms are absent. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent cellulose fibers modified with cerium fluoride doped with terbium particles
Authors: Kulpinski Piotr , Erdman Aleksandra , Grzyb Tomasz , Lis Stefan
Published: August 2014

This article describes UV‐active cellulose fibers obtained by dry‐wet spinning method. The fibers have been formed from an 8% by weight cellulose solution in N‐methylomorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) modified by Ce0.85Tb0.15F3 nanocrystals. The modifier was synthesized by wet chemical method, coprecipitation approach. The host was chosen as the most promising one for the green emitting Tb3+ ions. Photoluminescent nanoparticles were introduced into the polymer matrix during the process of dissolving cellulose in NMMO. The modifier occurred in the form of white paste, consisting of luminescent nanoparticles dispersed in glycerine. The dependencies between the concentration of nanocrystals, emission intensity, and excitation energy of the final cellulosic luminescent products were examined by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The size and structure of Ce0.85Tb0.15F3 nanocrystals were studied by X‐ray powder diffraction analysis. The dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The real content of luminescent nanocrystals in the fibers was estimated as well. The influence of different concentrations of modifier particles (in the range from 0.5 to 5% by weight) on the mechanical properties of the fibers was determined. POLYM. COMPOS., 153–160, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Functional adaptation of presynaptic chemokine receptors in EAE mouse central nervous system
Authors: Di Prisco Silvia , Merega Elisa , Pittaluga Anna
Published: August 2014

In cortical synaptosomes of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice at the early stage of disease (13 days post immunization, d.p.i.), the Regulated upon Activation Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES, CCL5)‐mediated control of [3H]D‐aspartate ([3H]D‐ASP) exocytosis elicited by a mild depolarizing stimulus (12 mM KCl) shifted from inhibition to facilitation. By using selective antagonists for the chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, 3, and 5 subtypes, we found that the pharmacological profile of the receptor(s) accounting for CCL5‐mediated effect was unaltered when compared to control. Inasmuch, CCR protein expression was unaltered. This studies was not extended at 21 d.p.i. since, at this stage, CCL5 failed to affect [3H]D‐ASP exocytosis. At 13 d.p.i., the expression of CCR proteins was largely conserved when compared to control. In spinal cord synaptosomes of EAE mice at 21 d.p.i., when presynaptic defects became evident, the [3H]D‐ASP exocytosis elicited by 15 mM KCl was significantly increased when compared to control and it was significantly potentiated by 1 nM CCL5. The antagonist pharmacological profile and the western blot analysis of the CCR proteins unveiled that the receptor repertoire involved was unmodified. Differently from controls, however, the CCR1 antagonist BX513 efficiently inhibited on its own [3H]D‐ASP exocytosis suggesting that this receptor could have adopted an active conformation. Altogether, our observations favor the use of CCR antagonists to the cure of neurological symptoms in patients suffering from demyelinating syndrome. Synapse 68:529–535, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joint optimization of spectrum sensing and accessing in multiuser multiple‐input single‐output cognitive networks
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Yuen Chau
Published: August 2014

In this paper, a joint spectrum sensing and accessing optimization framework for a multiuser cognitive network is proposed to significantly improve spectrum efficiency. For such a cognitive network, there are two important and limited resources that should be distributed in a comprehensive manner, namely feedback bits and time duration. First, regarding the feedback bits, there are two components: sensing component (used to convey various users' sensing results) and accessing component (used to feedback channel state information). A large sensing component can support more users to perform cooperative sensing, which results in high sensing precision. However, a large accessing component is preferred as well, as it has a direct impact on the performance in the multiuser cognitive network when multi‐antenna technique, such as zero‐forcing beamforming, is utilized. Second, the tradeoff of sensing and accessing duration in a transmission interval needs to be determined, so that the sum transmission rate is optimized while satisfying the interference constraint. In addition, the aforementioned two resources are interrelated and inversive under some conditions. Specifically, sensing time can be saved by utilizing more sensing feedback bits for a given performance objective. Hence, the resources should be allocation in a jointly manner. Based on the joint optimization framework and the intrinsic relationship between the two resources, we propose two joint resource allocation schemes by maximizing the average sum transmission rate in a multiuser multi‐antenna cognitive network. Simulation results show that, by adopting the joint resource allocation schemes, obvious performance gain can be obtained over the traditional fixed strategies.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic bases and clinical manifestations of coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) deficiency
Authors: Desbats Maria Andrea , Lunardi Giada , Doimo Mara , Trevisson Eva , Salviati Leonardo
Published: August 2014

Coenzyme Q10is a remarkable lipid involved in many cellular processes such as energy production through the mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC), beta‐oxidation of fatty acids, and pyrimidine biosynthesis, but it is also one of the main cellular antioxidants. Its biosynthesis is still incompletely characterized and requires at least 15 genes. Mutations in eight of them (PDSS1, PDSS2, COQ2, COQ4, COQ6, ADCK3, ADCK4,andCOQ9) cause primary CoQ10deficiency, a heterogeneous group of disorders with variable age of onset (from birth to the seventh decade) and associated clinical phenotypes, ranging from a fatal multisystem disease to isolated steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) or isolated central nervous system disease. The pathogenesis is complex and related to the different functions of CoQ10. It involves defective ATP production and oxidative stress, but also an impairment of pyrimidine biosynthesis and increased apoptosis. CoQ10deficiency can also be observed in patients with defects unrelated to CoQ10biosynthesis, such as RC defects, multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and ataxia and oculomotor apraxia.

Patients with both primary and secondary deficiencies benefit from high‐dose oral supplementation with CoQ10. In primary forms treatment can stop the progression of both SRNS and encephalopathy, hence the critical importance of a prompt diagnosis. Treatment may be beneficial also for secondary forms, although with less striking results.

In this review we will focus on CoQ10biosynthesis in humans, on the genetic defects and the specific clinical phenotypes associated with CoQ10deficiency, and on the diagnostic strategies for these conditions.
Distinctive Lipid Composition of the Copepod Limnocalanus macrurus with a High Abundance of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Hiltunen Minna , Strandberg Ursula , Keinänen Markku , Taipale Sami , Kankaala Paula
Published: August 2014

We studied the copepod Limnocalanus macrurus for seasonal variation in the composition of fatty acids, wax esters and sterols in large boreal lakes, where it occurs as a glacial‐relict. Vast wax ester reserves of Limnocalanus were accumulated in a period of only two months, and comprised mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty alcohols. In winter, the mobilization of wax esters was selective, and the proportion of long‐chain polyunsaturated wax esters declined first. PUFA accounted for >50 % of all fatty acids throughout the year reaching up to ca. 65 % during late summer and fall. Long‐chain PUFA 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 together comprised 17–40 % of all fatty acids. The rarely reported C24 and C26 very‐long‐chain PUFA (VLC‐PUFA) comprised 6.2 ± 3.4 % of all fatty acids in August and 2.1 ± 1.7 % in September. The VLC‐PUFA are presumably synthesized by Limnocalanus from shorter chain‐length precursors because they were not found in the potential food sources. We hypothesize that these VLC‐PUFA help Limnocalanus to maximize lipid reserves when food is abundant. Sterol content of Limnocalanus, consisting ca. 90 % of cholesterol, did not show great seasonal variation. As a lipid‐rich copepod with high abundance of PUFA, Limnocalanus is excellent quality food for fish. The VLC‐PUFA were also detected in planktivorous fish, suggesting that these compounds can be used as a trophic marker indicating feeding on Limnocalanus.
Influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability of dual phase steels
Authors: Zhou Le-yu , Zhang Dan , Liu Ya-zheng
Published: August 2014

Uniaxial tension tests and hole-expansion tests were carried out to determine the influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and stretch-flangeability of conventional dual-phase steels. Compared to 0.03wt% silicon, the addition of 1.08wt% silicon induced the formation of finer ferrite grains (6.8 μm) and a higher carbon content of martensite (C
m ≈ 0.32wt%). As the silicon level increased, the initial strain-hardening rate (n value) and the uniform elongation increased, whereas the yield strength, yield ratio, and stretch-flangeability decreased. The microstructures were observed after hole-expansion tests. The results showed that low carbon content martensite (C
m ≈ 0.19wt%) can easily deform in coordination with ferrite. The relationship between the mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability indicated that the steel with large post-uniform elongation has good stretch-flangeability due to a closer plastic incompatibility of the ferrite and martensite phases, which can effectively delay the production and decohesion of microvoids.
Collaborative Consumption, Sozialkapital und Quartier. Eine Annäherung
Authors: Schnur Olaf , Günter Henning
Published: August 2014

Both, neighbourhoods and Collaborative Consumption (sometimes also referred to as Sharing Economy or New Economy), are the loci of interest in current scientific and political discussions that oscillate between the global and the local. This article aims to link the concepts’ potential procedural similarities more closely than has been done so far. Both of these concepts consider societal problems and potentials to be affecting the micro level; they form a part of the currently undergoing local shift. In order to explore this potential in more detail, we will present a typology of different platforms of Collaborative Consumption that takes into consideration both, social capital and relevant characteristics of a neighbourhood. Based on this analysis, we will argue that many of these platforms, despite their emphasis on neighbourly relationships, don’t necessarily foster an accumulation of social capital within neighbourhoods. However, there is one distinguished type, we define it as “the autotelic-oriented one”, which can potentially have a positive impact on neighbourhood development. Only this type enables the accumulation of social capital, attempts to overcome socio-economic barriers and provides reciprocity mechanisms for the exchange of favours. This type could be fruitful for neighbourhoods and should be taken into account more seriously by researchers and professionals in this field. We will argue that Collaborative Consumption can hence result in a “neighbourhood 2.0” – a community that is complementarily strengthened through web-based services.
The respiratory chains of four strains of the alkaliphilic Bacillus clausii
Authors: Abbrescia A. , Martino P.L. , Panelli D. , Sardanelli A.M. , Papa S. , Alifano P. , Palese L.L. , Gaballo A.
Published: August 2014

A comparative analysis of terminal respiratory enzymes has been performed on four strains of Bacillus clausii used for preparation of a European probiotic. These four strains originated most probably from a common ancestor through early selection of stable clones for industrial propagation. They exhibit a low level of intra‐specific diversity and a high degree of genomic conservation, making them an attractive model to study the different bioenergetics behaviors of alkaliphilic bacilli. The analysis of the different bioenergetics responses has been carried out revealing striking differences among the strains. Two out of the four strains have shown a functional redundancy of the terminal part of the respiratory chain. The biochemical data correlate with the expression level of the mRNA of cytochrome c oxidase and quinol oxidase genes (heme‐copper type). The consequences of these different bioenergetics behaviors are also discussed.
Perinatal undernutrition increases meal size and neuronal activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract in response to feeding stimulation in adult rats
Authors: Lira Lívia A. , Almeida Larissa C.A. , da Silva Amanda A.M. , Cavalcante Taisy C.F. , de Melo Diogo D.C.B. , de Souza Julliet A. , Campina Renata C.F. , de Souza Sandra L.
Published: August 2014

During the early periods of development, i.e., gestation and lactation, the influences of stimulus such as undernutrition can lead to several behavioural and morphofunctional damages to organs and systems in general, including pathways and structures that control energy balance and feeding behaviour. Although a large body of evidences have shown the effects of this stimulus on structures such as hypothalamus, only few studies have directed their attention to the long‐term effects of undernutrition on the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of early undernutrition on the NTS and control of food intake in adulthood. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the diet offered to the dams during gestation and lactation: control group (C, diet containing 17% casein) or isocaloric low‐protein group (LP, diet containing 8% casein). On 35 or 180 days, we evaluated the rats' body weight, food intake, behavioural satiety sequence and c‐Fos protein expression in the NTS in response to food stimulus. Based on these assessments, it was found that perinatal undernutrition promoted an increase in food intake and the number of activated cells in rostral and, mainly, medial NTS in response to food stimulation in adulthood. These results indicated that the NTS is a structure particularly vulnerable to the influences of nutritional manipulation in the early stages of development with effects on food control in adulthood.
The thermodynamic approach to multifractal analysis
Authors: CLIMENHAGA VAUGHN
Published: August 2014

Most results in multifractal analysis are obtained using either a thermodynamic approach based on the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states or an orbit-gluing approach based on some version of the specification property. A general framework incorporating the most important multifractal spectra was introduced by Barreira and Saussol, who used the thermodynamic approach to establish the multifractal formalism in the uniformly hyperbolic setting, unifying many existing results. We extend this framework to apply to a broad class of non-uniformly hyperbolic systems, including examples with phase transitions, and obtain new results for a number of examples that have already been studied using the orbit-gluing approach. We compare the thermodynamic and orbit-gluing approaches and give a survey of many of the multifractal results in the literature.
Cohomology of fiber bunched cocycles over hyperbolic systems
Authors: SADOVSKAYA VICTORIA
Published: August 2014

We consider Hölder continuous fiber bunched $\text{GL}(d,\mathbb{R})$-valued cocycles over an Anosov diffeomorphism. We show that two such cocycles are Hölder continuously cohomologous if they have equal periodic data, and prove a result for cocycles with conjugate periodic data. We obtain a corollary for cohomology between any constant cocycle and its small perturbation. The fiber bunching condition means that non-conformality of the cocycle is dominated by the expansion and contraction in the base. We show that this condition can be established based on the periodic data. Some important examples of cocycles come from the differential of a diffeomorphism and its restrictions to invariant sub-bundles. We discuss an application of our results to the question of whether an Anosov diffeomorphism is smoothly conjugate to a $C^{1}$-small perturbation. We also establish Hölder continuity of a measurable conjugacy between a fiber bunched cocycle and a uniformly quasiconformal one. Our main results also hold for cocycles with values in a closed subgroup of $\text{GL}(d,\mathbb{R})$, for cocycles over hyperbolic sets and shifts of finite type, and for linear cocycles on a non-trivial vector bundle.
Purely infinite -algebras associated to étale groupoids
Authors: BROWN JONATHAN , CLARK LISA ORLOFF , SIERAKOWSKI ADAM
Published: August 2014

Let$G$be a Hausdorff, étale groupoid that is minimal and topologically principal. We show that$C_{r}^{\ast }(G)$is purely infinite simple if and only if all the non-zero positive elements of$C_{0}(G^{(0)})$are infinite in$C_{r}^{\ast }(G)$. If$G$is a Hausdorff, ample groupoid, then we show that$C_{r}^{\ast }(G)$is purely infinite simple if and only if every non-zero projection in$C_{0}(G^{(0)})$is infinite in$C_{r}^{\ast }(G)$. We then show how this result applies to$k$-graph$C^{\ast }$-algebras. Finally, we investigate strongly purely infinite groupoid$C^{\ast }$-algebras.
Large deviation principles of one-dimensional maps for Hölder continuous potentials
Authors: LI HUAIBIN
Published: August 2014

We show some level-2 large deviation principles for real and complex one-dimensional maps satisfying a weak form of hyperbolicity. More precisely, we prove a large deviation principle for the distribution of iterated preimages, periodic points, and Birkhoff averages.
Anthocyanins from fruit juices improve the antioxidant status of healthy young female volunteers without affecting anti-inflammatory parameters: results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over ANTHONIA (ANTHOcyanins in Nutrition Investigation Alliance) study
Authors: Kuntz Sabine , Kunz Clemens , Herrmann Johannes , Borsch Christian H. , Abel Georg , Fröhling Bettina , Dietrich Helmut , Rudloff Silvia
Published: August 2014

Anthocyanins (ACN) can exert beneficial health effects not only through their antioxidative potential but also through modulation of inflammatory parameters that play a major role in CVD. A randomised cross-over study was carried out to investigate the effects of ACN-rich beverage ingestion on oxidation- and inflammation-related parameters in thirty healthy female volunteers. The participants consumed 330 ml of beverages (placebo, juice and smoothie with 8·9 (sd0·3), 983·7 (sd37) and 840·9 (sd10) mg/l ACN, respectively) over 14 d. Before and after each intervention, blood and 24 h urine samples were collected. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities increased significantly after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P< 0·001), whereas after placebo juice ingestion no increase could be observed. Plasma glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte SOD activities were not affected. An increase in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity could also be observed after juice (P< 0·001) and smoothie (P< 0·01) ingestion. The plasma and urinary concentrations of malondialdehyde decreased after ACN-rich beverage ingestion (P< 0·001), whereas those of 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine as well as inflammation-related parameters (IL-2, -6, -8 and -10, C-reactive peptide, soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and soluble cell adhesion molecules) were not affected. Thus, ingestion of ACN-rich beverages improves antioxidant enzyme activities and plasma antioxidant capacity, thus protecting the body against oxidative stress, a hallmark of ongoing atherosclerosis.
Prenatal vitamin D3supplementation suppresses LL-37 peptide expression inex vivoactivated neonatal macrophages but not their killing capacity
Authors: Raqib Rubhana , Ly Anna , Akhtar Evana , Mily Akhirunnesa , Perumal Nandita , Al-Mahmud Abdullah , Rekha Rokeya Sultana , Baqui Abdullah Hel , Roth Daniel E.
Published: August 2014

Vitamin D has regulatory effects on innate immunity. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of prenatal vitamin D3(vitD3) supplementation on neonatal innate immunity in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial by evaluating cathelicidin (LL-37) expression and the killing capacity of macrophages. Healthy pregnant women (n129) attending a clinic in Dhaka were randomised to receive either a weekly oral dose of 0·875 mg vitD3or placebo starting from 26 weeks of gestation up to delivery. Serum, plasma and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were obtained from the cord blood. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was measured in serum. MDM were stimulated with or without Toll-like-receptor 4 ligand (TLR4L). Innate immune function was assessed by measuring LL-37 peptide levels in the culture supernatant of MDM by ELISA, LL-37 transcript levels by quantitative PCR, andex vivobactericidal capacity of MDM. vitD3supplementation did not increase LL-37 peptide levels in plasma or in the extracellular fluid of macrophages with or without TLR4L induction. However, stimulated intracellular LL-37 expression (ratio of stimulated:unstimulated MDM) was significantly reduced in the vitamin D groupv. placebo (P= 0·02). Multivariate-adjusted analyses showed that intracellular LL-37 peptide concentration from stimulated MDM was inversely associated with 25(OH)D concentration in serum (P= 0·03). TLR4L stimulation increased the bactericidal capacity of MDM compared with the unstimulated ones (P= 0·01); however, there was no difference in killing capacity between the two groups. A weekly dose of 0·875 mg vitD3to healthy pregnant women suppressed the intracellular LL-37 peptide stores of activated macrophages, but did not significantly affect theex vivobactericidal capacity of cord blood MDM.
The role of bushmeat in a West African agricultural landscape
Authors: Alexander Justine Shanti , McNamara James , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Oppong James , Milner-Gulland E.J.
Published: August 2014

There is little information on the changing role of bushmeat hunting in the agricultural areas of West Africa. We assessed the status and role of bushmeat hunting and rural consumption in three communities in Ghana, through household surveys (n = 250), and interviews with hunters (n = 69), eatery owners (n = 18) and bushmeat traders (n = 3). Hunting was embedded within dynamic livelihood strategies, with two broad categories of hunters identified: a large group who targeted pests on their own farms using traps, and a smaller group of professional hunters. The professional hunters included a group of young men who hunted with dogs, and another group of older firearm hunters who tended to be members of Hunters’ Associations. All professional hunters reported a decline in bushmeat availability and expressed concerns about the viability of hunting as a livelihood. The frequency of consumption of bushmeat increased with distance from the region's main urban centre, Kumasi, but bushmeat was not found to be a major component of the diet in any of the villages. Few men self-identified as hunters, although bushmeat hunting continued to play an important role in the rural economy, primarily for crop protection. Conservation efforts need to consider the full spectrum of hunting behaviours. Specific measures should target forest-based hunters, who are more likely to damage forest ecosystems than crop pest hunters but also show more concern for the sustainability of hunting, and commitment to hunting as an institution.
Towards malaria microscopy at the point-of-contact: an assessment of the diagnostic performance of the Newton Nm1 microscope in Uganda
Authors: STOTHARD J. RUSSELL , NABATTE BETTY , SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO JOSE C. , KABATEREINE NARCIS B.
Published: August 2014

Malaria microscopy in sub-Saharan Africa is often restricted by access to light microscopes. To address this gap, a novel portable inverted monocular microscope, the Newton Nm1, was designed and is now commercially available. Its diagnostic performance was assessed in a blinded-slide trial at ×1000 (oil) of Giemsa-stained thick blood films against a conventional microscope as undertaken by four Ugandan Ministry of Health technicians. With the Newton Nm1, diagnostic performance was: sensitivity 93·5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78·6–99·2%), specificity 100·0% (95% CI 82·4–100·0%), positive predictive value 100·0% (95% CI 88·1–100·0%) and negative predictive value 90·5% (95% CI 69·6–98·8%). Discordance was due to a systematic error underestimating parasitaemia by ~45%; when counting Plasmodium parasites against 200 white blood cells, blood films with low parasitaemia (i.e. <100 μL−1 of blood) could be overlooked and misclassified. By contrast, specificity was excellent with no false positives encountered. Whilst proven useful, especially in resource-poor environments, it is still unclear how we can ensure the uptake of the Newton Nm1 within sub-Saharan Africa.