bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of passenger vessels design in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia for public transportation
Authors: Utami S D , Haripamudya H , Kurniawan S B
Published: September 2020

Globalization had increased global economic activity, including production, trade and distribution activities in developing countries, especially in Asia. The increasing of trade traffic and cargo transportation in archipelago country like Indonesia, requires the utilization of sea lanes. This study was aimed to present the suitability of ship design to be passengers transportation in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The proposed design should be in accordance with the conditions of Berau which has 6 districts crossed by the river which still lack of transportation facilities. This research proposed an optimal ship design that can be used as a reference for renewable ships in Berau waters. This study produced a watershed design analysis concept as part of the reference and boundary dimensions of the ship. The obtained main size of the ship using linear regression method was total length of 12.5 meters, 3 meters wide, 1.5 meters high, and 0.6 meters full of water. Resistance analysis using the Savitsky method showed the engine capacity of 2x150 pk with a service speed of 25 knots. Maximum speed of 30 knots with a distance of 57.32 mill can be reached with 2 hours service speed and 1 hour 40 minutes at a maximum speed of 30 knots with the resistance value 12.8 kN. The total estimated budget for the production of this ship was Rp 1.773.656.800. This design may be adopted as an integrated reference for the procurement of transportation facilities for passenger ships, especially in the Berau river.
Risk Assessment of Subsea pipeline using standard DNVGL-RP-F107
Authors: Waskito R , Artana K B , Pratiwi E
Published: September 2020

To avoid fuel scarcity, exploitation activities must be carried out to meet the needs of oil in Indonesia. In the process of oil exploitation, facilities are needed to carry out a fluid transfer system from one place to another. One way to carry out the process of fluid transfer at an offshore location is the use of an underwater piping system. However, in the transfer of fluid from one place to another there is a danger that can cause failures in the pipeline system. For example, if an underwater gas pipeline is in the shipping lanes, international and national vessels, there is a possibility of danger that could occur due to a third party. In making this thesis the risk assessment is assessed using the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard. Based on the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard, hazards that may occur in underwater gas pipelines are hazards caused by falling or dropped anchors, anchored dragged pipes and destroyed ship (ship sinking). In risk assessment using the DNVGL-RP-F107 standard, the consequence analysis conducted refers to the damage to the subsea pipeline. After getting the analysis results from the index values that have been made, proceed with making a risk representation using the Risk Matrix. Pipelines that have been evaluated and representations in the risk matrix are in the ALARP zone (as low as reasonably practical) and in acceptable zone.
Evaluation of Fuzzy Method to determine probability of failure compared with RBI analysis for pressure vessel in oil and gas company
Authors: Laurent C , Dinariyana A A B , Priyanta D
Published: September 2020

Maintenance activities conduct to manage and preserve assets integrity. Risk assessment is used to develop interval inspection hence, maintenance strategy can arrange perfectly. On the other hand, prescriptive inspection is still used as the main consideration to determine the inspection schedule. The consequence is an ineffective inspection activity. Past expert judgement was a major consideration in resulting prescriptive schedule which probably has not been reassessed and updated at present. A quantitative assessment can cover the probability and consequence of failure through a detailed assessment. The assessment takes time to be developed which complex systems and formulas are adjusted to the actual condition. Somehow, this task might be conducted by an external party who has expert knowledge. Therefore, within this schedule vacancy, any deterioration might occur in the system. A qualitative assessment can be done to estimate risk. Local engineers, who have basic knowledge of corrosion and other damage factors, can do the qualitative assessment. The result shall update the previous prescriptive methods. In processing qualitative assessment, fuzzy methods are chosen due to their ability to cover linguistic tasks and numerical value. In this paper, fuzzy logic was used to determine the probability of failure of equipment. The result was compared to API 581 RBI assessment. At the latter, risk value from both methods was evaluated to determine the inspection interval. Both types of equipment have close results from inspection interval calculation. Mostly, the inspection interval from the fuzzy method was earlier than RBI methods. From this calculation, the fuzzy results can be used as an estimation for the local engineer’s consideration to determine any inspection based on qualitative assessment. If the result compared with an 8-years prescriptive inspection interval, inspection interval from qualitative assessment earlier conducted. It means asset integrity could be maintained more precisely. The equipment is pressure vessels in the utility area to support the boiler system from an Indonesian oil and gas company.
An implementation of Three-Dimensional Multi-Component Mooring Line Dynamics Model for Multi-Leg mooring line configuration
Authors: Hermawan Y A , Furukawa Y
Published: September 2020

Multi-component mooring line (MCML) system is widely used and expected to be escalated for deep water mooring operation since it has several advantages comparing with conventional mooring line. The modelling of MCML involving its dynamic effects is strongly required to predict the dynamic behaviours of the mooring line precisely. In this paper, a proposed three-dimensional dynamics model of MCML system is presented and implemented to single point multi-leg mooring line configuration operated in deep water condition. An extending three-dimensional lumped mass method is elaborated to develop the model while the combination of Manoeuvring Modelling Group (MMG) and conventional floating body motion equations is used to perform simultaneous motion between floating structure and mooring lines. The simultaneous motion is performed with respect to wind, wave, and current. The motion of the floating structure and mooring line as well as mooring line tension can be analysed properly by using the presented model. The simulation results of the model show reasonable results for both floating structure and mooring line.
Differences in Performance Characteristics Among Four High-Throughput Assays for the Detection of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Using a Common Set of Patient Samples
Authors: Manthei David M , Whalen Jason F , Schroeder Lee F , Sinay Anthony M , Li Shih-Hon , Valdez Riccardo , Giacherio Donald A , Gherasim Carmen
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Serologic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has experienced a changing landscape of available assays coupled with uncertainty surrounding performance characteristics. Studies are needed to directly compare multiple commercially available assays.

Methods

Residual serum samples were identified based on SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, clinical test results, and collection dates. Serum samples were analyzed using assays from four different manufacturers: DiaSorin anti–SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG, EUROIMMUN anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA, Roche Elecsys anti–SARS-CoV-2, and Siemens SARS-CoV-2 Total antibody assays.

Results

Samples from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR–positive patients became increasingly positive as time from symptom onset increased. For patients with latest sample 14 or more days after symptom onset, sensitivities reached 93.1% to 96.6%, 98.3%, and 96.6% for EUROIMMUN, Roche, and Siemens assays, respectively, which were superior to the DiaSorin assay at 87.7%. The specificity of Roche and Siemens assays was 100% and superior to DiaSorin and EUROIMMUN assays, which ranged from 96.1% to 97.0% and 86.3% to 96.4%, respectively.

Conclusions

Laboratories should be aware of the advantages and limitations of serology testing options for SARS-CoV-2. The specificity and sensitivity achieved by the Roche and Siemens assays would be acceptable for testing in lower-prevalence regions and have the potential of orthogonal testing advantages if used in combination.
In Their Own Words: Paul Ehrlich
Authors: Verdier James M
Published: September 2020

In Their Own Words chronicles the stories of scientists who have made great contributions to their fields. These short histories provide our readers a way to learn from and share their experiences. Each month, we will publish in the pages of BioScience and on our podcast, BioScience Talks (http://bioscienceaibs.libsyn.com), the results of these conversations. This history is with Paul Ehrlich, president of the Center for Conservation Biology and Bing Professor of Population Studies Emeritus at Stanford University. He is also a past president of AIBS.

Note: Both the text and audio versions have been edited for clarity and length.
Acetyl-leucine slows disease progression in lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Kaya Ecem , Smith David A , Smith Claire , Morris Lauren , Bremova-Ertl Tatiana , Cortina-Borja Mario , Fineran Paul , Morten Karl J , Poulton Joanna , Boland Barry , Spencer John , Strupp Michael , Platt Frances M
Published: September 2020

Acetyl-dl-leucine is a derivative of the branched chain amino acid leucine. In observational clinical studies, acetyl-dl-leucine improved symptoms of ataxia, in particular in patients with the lysosomal storage disorder, Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Here, we investigated acetyl-dl-leucine and its enantiomers acetyl-l-leucine and acetyl-d-leucine in symptomatic Npc1−/− mice and observed improvement in ataxia with both individual enantiomers and acetyl-dl-leucine. When acetyl-dl-leucine and acetyl-l-leucine were administered pre-symptomatically to Npc1−/− mice, both treatments delayed disease progression and extended life span, whereas acetyl-d-leucine did not. These data are consistent with acetyl-l-leucine being the neuroprotective enantiomer. Altered glucose and antioxidant metabolism were implicated as one of the potential mechanisms of action of the l-enantiomer in Npc1−/− mice. When the standard of care drug miglustat and acetyl-dl-leucine were used in combination significant synergy resulted. In agreement with these pre-clinical data, when Niemann-Pick disease type C1 patients were evaluated after 12 months of acetyl-dl-leucine treatment, rates of disease progression were slowed, with stabilization or improvement in multiple neurological domains. A beneficial effect of acetyl-dl-leucine on gait was also observed in this study in a mouse model of GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease) and in Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease patients in individual-cases of off-label-use. Taken together, we have identified an unanticipated neuroprotective effect of acetyl-l-leucine and underlying mechanisms of action in lysosomal storage diseases, supporting its further evaluation in clinical trials in lysosomal disorders.
Pulmonary Disease Is Associated With Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1c Infection: A Cross-sectional Survey in Remote Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Einsiedel Lloyd , Pham Hai , Talukder Mohammad Radwanur R , Liddle Joel , Taylor Kerry , Wilson Kim , Jersmann Hubertus , Gessain Antoine , Woodman Richard , Kaldor John
Published: September 2020

Background

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype c is endemic to central Australia. We report the first large-scale, community-based, health survey of HTLV-1 and its disease associations in this setting.

Methods

Aboriginal community residents aged >2 years in 7 remote communities were invited to do a health survey that included a questionnaire, spirometry, and clinical examination by a physician blinded to HTLV-1 status, clinical records, and spirometry results. Blood was drawn for HTLV-1 serology and proviral load (PVL). Pulmonary disease was assessed clinically and spirometrically and, where records were available, radiologically after the clinical assessment. Associations between specific diseases and HTLV-1 status were determined using logistic regression, adjusting for available confounders.

Results

Overall, 579 residents (164 children aged 3–17 years; 415 adults) were examined (37.7% of the estimated resident population). HTLV-1 prevalences for children and adults were 6.1% and 39.3%, respectively. No associations were found between HTLV-1 and any assessed clinical condition among children. Chronic pulmonary disease and gait abnormalities were more common among adults with HTLV-1 infection. Adjusted odds ratios among participants with PVL ≥1000 per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes were 7.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.67–18.74; P < .001), 9.81 (95% CI, 3.52–27.35; P < .001), and 14.4 (95% CI, 4.99–41.69; P < .001) for clinically defined chronic pulmonary disease, moderate-severe expiratory airflow limitation, and radiologically determined bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis, respectively, and 5.21 (95% CI, 1.50–18.07; P = .009) for gait abnormalities.

Conclusions

In the first study of HTLV-1 disease associations based on community recruitment and blinded assessment, HTLV-1 infection was strongly associated with pulmonary disease and gait abnormalities.
The Influence of Co-Occurring Substance Use on the Effectiveness of Opiate Treatment Programs According to Intervention Type
Authors: Blondino Courtney T , Gormley Mirinda Ann , Taylor DaShaunda D H , Lowery Elizabeth , Clifford James S , Burkart Benjamin , Graves Whitney C , Lu Juan , Prom-Wormley Elizabeth C
Published: September 2020

This systematic review describes the influence of co-occurring substance use on the effectiveness of opiate treatment programs. MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, PsychINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from database inception to November 28, 2018, to identify eligible opioid treatment studies in the United States that assessed the relationship between co-occurring substance use and treatment outcome (i.e., opioid abstinence and treatment retention). A total of 34 eligible studies were included. Overall, co-occurring substance use was associated with negative treatment outcomes regardless of intervention type. However, patterns varied by substance and intervention type. In particular, co-occurring use of cocaine or marijuana with opioids was associated with reduced treatment retention and opioid abstinence regardless of intervention type. Co-occurring use of amphetamines, compared with no use or reduced use of amphetamines, decreased treatment retention. Co-occurring use of alcohol was both positively and negatively associated with treatment outcomes. One study reported a significant positive association between sedative use and opioid abstinence. Generally, findings suggest that combined interventions reported better health outcomes compared with pharmacological or behavioral intervention studies alone. The findings of this review emphasize the need to comprehensively study and address co-occurring substance use to improve opiate treatment programs.
Assessing tree crown volume—a review
Authors: Zhu Zihui , Kleinn Christoph , Nölke Nils
Published: September 2020

Tree crown volume is a fundamental tree characteristic. It correlates to forest biomass production and most relevant ecosystem and environmental functions, such as carbon sequestration and air pollution reduction. When researching these relationships, it is necessary to clearly define and then quantify tree crown variables in a both accurate and operational manner. In this paper, we review the reported literature on the assessment of tree crown volume. First, we compile the varying definitions of crown volume and other tree crown variables that may be used as inputs to quantify crown volume. Then, we examine the data sources for quantifying these variables, including field measurements, terrestrial photographs, aerial photographs and laser scanning. Furthermore, we compare the published approaches on translating these crown variable measurements into tree crown volume. These approaches include the approximation of simple geometric solids, approaches of computational geometry and voxelization. We also compare the reported accuracies and major challenges of these approaches. From this literature review, the reader may craft a suitable approach for the assessment of crown volume.
5. The Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter deals with questions on the range of actions or types of procedure provided for under the TFEU (ex-European Community (EC) Treaty). These are the actions under Arts 258–60, 263, 265, 267, 268, 277, and 340 TFEU. The questions range from a straightforward consideration on the procedure of each action to the difficulties for applicants in these actions: the setting of difficult problem questions on the procedural aspects to questions requiring a consideration of more than one action. The chapter concludes with a general question on the overall range and effectiveness of remedies for individuals in the EU legal order. A mixture of essay and problem-type questions is provided.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Land Law
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. This chapter gives students advice on the skills for success in land law exams. It includes tips on what to do during the module, how to tackle the revision period, and tips for the exam room, as well as advice on the structure and approach to problem questions. It gives advice which starts from the moment the module begins advising on the best way to approach learning and understanding land law and suggests how to get the best out of your lectures and tutorials or seminars.
2. Definition of Land and Finders’ Titles
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about the definition of land and finders’ titles. It considers the application of the Treasure Act 1996; the difference between fixtures and chattels and the legal implications of those differences; the definition of land; the meaning and application of the Latin maxims: cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos (‘the owner of the land owns everything up to the sky and down to the centre of the earth’) and quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit (‘whatever is attached to the land becomes part of the land’); the nature of property rights at common law; the relative nature of property rights; possession as font of title for finders; and title to registered land.
5. Registered Land
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents questions on registered land under the Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 and deal with all aspects of registrable interests and two categories of interest which are not registrable substantively, which include minor (registrable interests that can be protected by the entry of a notice on the register), and overriding interests (a list of which is contained in Schedule 3, LRA 2002), alongside the mirror principle.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Equity and Trusts Law
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. This chapter gives students advice on skills for success in equity and trusts exams. It includes tips on what to do during the module, the revision period and in the exam room, as well as advice on the structure and approach to problem questions.
14. Equitable Remedies
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on equitable remedies.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Criminal Law
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the nature and complexities of the criminal law and the common features of all crimes such as actus reus, mens rea, and the defences. It outlines some techniques for achieving success in criminal law examinations. The chapter notes that to achieve success it is important to exercise good study skills from the outset and learn how to manage your time well. Relevance and structure are vital. Planning answers carefully, and providing critical analysis of the issues raised are essential.
5. Sexual Offences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on sexual offences and suggested answers. Students should be aware of the key provisions of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, and the presumptions as to consent contained in ss 75 and 76 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The concept of reasonable belief is central to this topic. The Act sought to remedy problems in the old law relating to consent and created a new definition of rape, as well as shifting the responsibility for obtaining consent to the defendant in some circumstances.
7. Defences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions focusing on the defences. The chapter covers the mental defences of insanity, automatism, and intoxication, as well as the compulsion defences of duress, necessity, and self-defence. Defences affecting the mental element can be quite similar, and there is considerable overlap. Therefore, questions on these defences need to be tackled technically and logically. The test for duress is tighter than in the past, and there is considerable debate over whether the defence of necessity exists at all.
9. Mixed Questions
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on mixed topics. The styles adopted for criminal law examination questions can vary enormously. Some examiners will set problem questions that focus largely on one area, others will set mixed questions which cut right across the syllabus. A mixed question requires knowledge of a wide variety of often unrelated topics. There are some classic combinations such as sexual offences and offences against the person or murder/manslaughter, but candidates should be aware that some topics, such as defences and actus reus and mens rea are pervasive. Mixed questions will generally be of two types: (i) where candidates have to cover a vast number of issues briefly; (ii) where candidates need to cover some issues briefly, but others in some depth. This chapter presents examples of mixed questions and suggested answers. Some typical areas for combination are presented.
1. Introduction
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

This chapter advises on how to approach the subject of Public Law and deal with typical exam questions. Public law differs from the other compulsory law subjects in that much is not really law at all, and therefore calls for different skills in the student. To understand public law properly it helps to have some knowledge of current affairs and politics. Public Law is sometimes called constitutional and administrative law, because it looks at both the constitution of the country and the law that regulates the administration. The chapter contains advice on how to answer a problem question using Issue, Relevant Law, Application to the Facts, and Conclusion (IRAC) and how to answer an essay question using Point, Evidence, and Argument (PEA). Preparation for examinations is also covered. When writing an essay, it is best for students to do a rough plan first, listing the main points that they intend to cover. For a problem question, they might also include a list of the main cases. In this subject, it is important to remember that there is no right answer to an exam question, but there is a right way to approach it.
2. Constitutions: the nature and sources of the United Kingdom constitution
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter considers the constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) and Northern Ireland. The questions deal with issues such as whether a written constitution would make a great improvement to the UK system of government; the purpose of constitutional conventions; Dicey’s theory of the rule of law; the meaning of ‘separation of powers’; and its role in the constitutional arrangements of the UK and devolution or federalism.
3. Prime Minister and Cabinet
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter presents issues relating to the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The sample questions given here deal with issues such as the extent to which the UK has moved from a system of Cabinet government to a system of Prime Ministerial government; collective ministerial responsibility; and how the convention of individual ministerial responsibility operates in relation to departmental error.
10. Administrative law: judicial review
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is about judicial review. This is the means by which the citizen can use the courts to ensure that a public body obeys the law. The questions in the chapter deal with issues such as the erratic development of administrative law; the procedure to apply for judicial review; the right to apply (locus standi), procedural ultra vires; natural justice; and substantive ultra vires.
4. Domestic abuse
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on domestic abuse and its causes, along with a number of relevant civil law and criminal law remedies. It explains non-molestation orders under the Family Law Act 1996 before turning to a discussion of breach of an order as a contempt of court. It also considers occupation orders, which regulate the occupation of property, along with various categories of applicant who can seek them. Finally, the chapter examines protection available to parties who are not associated persons under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997.
9. International parent–child abduction
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on child abduction whereby a parent takes a child out of England and Wales. It looks at two forms of parent–child abduction—removal without consent, and retention once consent has expired—and considers methods of preventing child abduction, including port alerts and court orders. The chapter also discusses the role of the International Child Abduction and Contact Unit (ICACU) in the recovery of an abducted child under the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985, as long as the child is in a country that is signatory to the Hague Convention 1980, Hague Convention 1996, or European Convention. It concludes by considering extradition of the guilty parent to England and Wales.
1. The basis of criminal liability
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses what criminal liability is and is not about; the meaning of burden of proof; and the reform of criminal law. The study of criminal law is the study of liability. It is not about whether a person can be charged with a crime, or what sentence he may face if convicted, but rather it deals with whether a person is innocent or guilty of an offence (ie whether or not he can be convicted). The burden of proof means the requirement on a party to adduce sufficient evidence to persuade the fact-finder (the magistrates or the jury), to a standard set by law, that a particular fact is true.
14. Defences I
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the defences of age, insanity, automatism, intoxication, and mistake. If D is under the age of ten, he is deemed incapable of criminal liability. Insanity is where D proves he had a disease of mind which caused a defect of reason so that D did not know the nature and quality of his act or that it was wrong. Non-insane automatism is an assertion by D that the prosecution cannot prove the actus reus of the offence because D was not in control of his muscular movements. Intoxication rarely succeeds as a defence. Involuntary intoxication is a defence if D does not form mens rea. Voluntary intoxication is a defence only if D is charged with a specific intent crime and D did not form mens rea. Mistake is a defence provided the mistake prevents D forming mens rea.
3. Preliminary rulings: Article 267 TFEU
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Article 267 TFEU (ex Article 234 EC) gives the Court of Justice jurisdiction to deliver preliminary rulings on the validity and interpretation of EU law. The primary purpose of Article 267 is to ensure that EU law has the same meaning and effect in all the Member States. Where it considers a decision on a question of EU law is necessary to enable it to give judgment, any court may refer that question to the Court of Justice (the discretion to refer). Where a question of EU law is raised before a national court of last resort, that court must refer it to the Court of Justice (the obligation to refer).
7. Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide and receive services
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses upon Article 49 TFEU and the Freedom of establishment and Article 56 TFEU and the Freedom to provide services. The chapter explores the meaning and scope of the concepts including application to both natural and legal persons alongside an analysis of the content of rights afforded and the equal treatment provisions therein. Consideration is also given to derogations to the freedoms on the grounds of public policy, public security, and public health (Articles 52 and 62 TFEU) and the official authority exception within Articles 51 and 62.
1. The history and development of equity
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the development of equity. Equity tackles injustice caused by a strict application of common law rules or unconscionable behaviour. Equity was originally dispensed by the King. However, this was soon delegated to the Lord Chancellor and the Court of Chancery. Equity and the common law were originally administered by separate court systems that coexisted uneasily until the Earl of Oxford’s Case (1615), when the King held that equity prevailed over the common law in the event of a conflict. The administration of equity and the common law was unified by the Judicature Acts 1873–75, meaning that all judges could apply both equitable and common law rules and responses.
12. Remedies for breach of trust
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. When property is held on trust, arising expressly or implied by law, any breach of the trustee/fiduciary obligation will lead to a remedy. This chapter explains the personal and proprietary remedies available to the claimant. A personal claim is one made against the trustee/fiduciary personally; it is not based upon the recipient having the property in their possession. A proprietary claim is based upon the defendant having the property or its replacement in their possession and being required to return it, or its substitute, to the claimant. The claimant, after identifying the breach, will often have the choice of which claim to make and there may be more than one possible remedy.
8. Members’ remedies
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the three principal remedies provided by law to members of a company: the derivative claim under Pt 11 of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006); the unfair prejudice remedy under Pt 30 of the CA 2006; and the petition for winding up the company under s 122 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986).
8. Adverse possession
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the concept of adverse possession. An owner of an estate in land (paper owner) is under no obligation to make use of that land; mere neglect will not end ownership. However, where that land is adversely possessed by another for the required period, the paper owner will lose his title to the land. Through his acts of adverse possession, the adverse possessor acquires a better title to the land than the paper owner. This is so even if such acts stem from an initial wrong, such as a trespass.
12. Easements and profits
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses easements. An easement gives either a positive or, less often, a negative right of use over land of another (the servient land), which must be seen to benefit a dominant piece of land. A right that is capable of being an easement will only become an easement where it has been acquired by one of the recognised methods of acquisition. Easements may arise through express or implied acquisition. Implied acquisition may arise by virtue of necessity, common intention, operation of s 62 Law of Property Act (LPA) 1925 or under the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows (although the latter two methods will not operate in a reservation scenario). Alternatively, an easement may have been acquired out of long use, known as prescription, of which there are three modes: common law, lost modern grant, and the Prescription Act 1832. An easement can be either legal or equitable in status, depending upon which formalities have been satisfied. The status of an easement will determine the relevant rules governing the enforcement of that interest against a third party.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Company Law
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter provides advice on exams and exam questions in company law to ensure you are best prepared for your assessment, including guidance on how to approach essay and problem questions. It provides lots of important tips for exam success, covering both your preparation for the exam, and your approach to the exam itself. The well-known approaches of IRAC (Issue, Rule, Apply, Conclude) to problem questions and PEA (Point, Explain, Analysis) to essay writing are reviewed.
3. The Corporate Constitution
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter discusses the company’s constitution, which can be a popular area for examination questions. The chapter focuses on the company’s articles of association, considering in particular alteration of the articles and the legal effect of the articles (the ‘statutory contract’). The chapter also considers shareholder agreements, which are often used as a supplement to the company’s constitution.
5. Directors’ Duties
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines the very important topic of directors’ duties. The chapter considers the main duties, as codified in the Companies Act 2006, including: the duty to act within powers (the proper purposes rule); the duty to promote the success of the company; the duty to exercise independent judgment; the duty to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence; the duty to avoid conflicts of interest; and the duty to disclose an interest in a proposed transaction with the company. Related areas such as substantial property transactions and liability for breach are considered. This chapter considers who is a ‘director’, examining the concepts of de facto and shadow directors and how far they owe duties to the company.
12. Mixed Topic Questions
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter looks at mixed topic questions and provides four example questions and suggested answers. The questions require the consideration of a variety of topics, including: directors’ duties, shareholder remedies, derivative claims, unfair prejudice, de facto and shadow directors, corporate personality, lifting/piercing the veil of incorporation, pre-incorporation contracts, wrongful trading, disqualification, and the articles of association.
Where do the children play? An objective analysis of children’s use of green space
Authors: Freeman Nadia , Gage Ryan , Chambers Tim , Blaschke Paul , Cook Hera , Stanley James , Pearson Amber , Smith Moira , Barr Michelle , Signal Louise
Published: September 2020

Green space is important for health, yet, objective research on children’s use of green space is sparse. This study aimed to objectively assess children’s use of green space in both public and private settings during their summer leisure time, using wearable cameras. Images from cameras worn by 74 children were analysed for green space use over 4 days. Children spent an average of ∼1/10 h of leisure time in green space in the summer months, were physically active 68%, and with others 85%, of the time. Green spaces are important places for children’s health because they are places they frequent and places where they are physically active and socialize. Wearable cameras provide an effective method for objective assessment of green space use.
Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancy Induced by Daily Application of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches: Phase II Study in Japanese Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Nishibe Hironori , Tateno Amane , Sakayori Takeshi , Yamamoto Masahiro , Kim WooChan , Kakuyama Hiroyoshi , Okubo Yoshiro
Published: September 2020

Background

Transdermal antipsychotic patch formulations offer potential benefits, including improved adherence. This study investigated the striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy with daily blonanserin transdermal patch application.

Methods

This open-label, phase II study enrolled 18 Japanese outpatients (20 to <65 years) with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria; total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score <120 at screening) treated with blonanserin 8-mg or 16-mg tablets. Patients continued tablets for 2–4 weeks at their current dose and were then assigned to once-daily blonanserin patches (10/20/40/60/80 mg daily) for 2–4 weeks based on the oral dose. [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography scanning determined blonanserin striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy (primary endpoint). Secondary endpoints included assessment of receptor occupancy by dose, changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness-Severity scores, patient attitudes towards adherence, and patch adhesiveness.

Results

Of 18 patients who started the blonanserin tablet treatment period, 14 patients completed treatment. Mean D2 receptor occupancy for blonanserin tablets 8 mg/d (59.2%, n = 5) and 16 mg/d (66.3%, n = 9) was within the values for blonanserin patches: 10 mg/d (33.3%, n = 3), 20 mg/d (29.9%, n = 2), 40 mg/d (61.2%, n = 3), 60 mg/d (59.0%, n = 3), and 80 mg/d (69.9%, n = 3). Occupancy generally increased with increasing blonanserin dose for both formulations with the half maximal receptor occupancy for tablets and patches associated with doses of 6.9 mg/d and 31.9 mg/d, respectively. Diurnal variability in occupancy was lower during transdermal patch treatment than during tablet treatment. Blonanserin transdermal patches were well tolerated with no major safety concerns.

Conclusions

Blonanserin patches (40/80 mg/d) have lower diurnal variability in occupancy than blonanserin tablets (8/16 mg/d), and patches at doses of 40 mg/d and 80 mg/d appear to be a suitable alternative for blonanserin tablets at doses of 8 mg/d and 16 mg/d, respectively. Blonanserin patches represent a potential new treatment option for patients with schizophrenia.

Trial registry

JAPIC Clinical Trials Information registry (www.clinicaltrials.jp; JapicCTI-No: JapicCTI-121914).
𝒲-Algebras Associated With Centralizers in Type A
Authors: Molev A I
Published: September 2020

We introduce a new family of affine $\mathcal{W}$-algebras $\mathcal{W}^{k}(\mathfrak{a})$ associated with the centralizers of arbitrary nilpotent elements in $\mathfrak{gl}_N$. We define them by using a version of the BRST (Becchi, Rouet, Stora and Tyutin) complex of the quantum Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction. A family of free generators of $\mathcal{W}^{k}(\mathfrak{a})$ is produced in an explicit form. We also give an analogue of the Fateev–Lukyanov realization for the new $\mathcal{W}$-algebras by applying a Miura-type map.