bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE HUMANOMICS OF A MUSLIM CONSUMER
Authors: Metwally M.M.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Although there is no Muslim country, at present, which can be called an Islamic economy, in the sense of following, in a strict fashion, the teachings of the Qur'an, the traditions of Prophet Muhammad and the practices of early Muslims, a majority of Muslim consumers would seem to hold to Islamic values and views regarding the disposal of their incomes. The aim of this paper is to throw some light on the effect of this behaviour on optimal consumption of a Muslim individual. The paper is divided into three sections. Section one briefly summarises the economic behaviour of a non‐religious (rational) consumer. Section two discusses the utility function of a Muslim consumer and highlights the differences between this function and that of a non‐Muslim consumer. Section three determines the conditions of optimum consumption of a Muslim consumer.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL AID GRANTING
Authors: Zeinelabdin Abdelrehman
Published: February 2008

Introduction The term “Aid” refers to all forms of aid granting, whether loans or grants, from governments and multinational financing agencies. Private capital movements are excluded. I would also exclude emergency relief aid associated with natural calamities such as famines, floods etc., because of its temporary nature. In an ethical context, two major issues then arise. What are the possible ethical and/or non‐ethical considerations determining the flow of aid? Second, what is actually the status of aid granting in the world today? Can we, then, trace or develop a systematic moral case for aid granting? This would essentially entail an enquiry into the motives and effects of aid. Taking into consideration that economics deals, in the final analysis, with the real world and real human beings, it would be difficult to assume that human sentiments, greediness, self‐interest and global consciousness and responsibility are neutral elements in determining one's economic behavior. In this particular case, that is aid, it seems reasonable to talk of a number of considerations governing its motives. Put differently then, one needs to enquire the issue at two levels:
CENTESIMO ANNO: THE SOCIAL ENCYCLICAL OF MAY 1991
Authors: Nitsch Thomas O.
Published: February 2008

Introduction On 15 May 1891 Pope Leo XIII issued what has become known as “the Great Social Encyclical”, Rerum Novarum: De Conditione Opificum; or, “Revolutionary Change: On the Condition of the Working Classes”. Forty years thereafter, Pope Pius XI issued the second GSE, Quadragesimo Anno: On the Restoration of the Social Order (15 May 1931); and, in a string of papal pronouncements (allocutions, encyclical epistles and letters, etc.) and related Vatican documents ranging from Pius XII's brief Sertum laetitiae (1 Nov. 1939) and Radio Address of Pentacost 1941 celebrating the 50th anniversary of RN, e.g. via John XXIII's Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris (1961; 1963), …, John Paul II's Laborem Exercens: On Human Work and Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: On Social Concern (1981; 1987), official “Social Catholicism” has continued to address itself to the so‐called “social question” over this near‐century. It is thus with some anticipation, and the prediction of a prominent US ordinary, that we await a major social encyclical letter on the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum, perhaps with the opening words and title, Centesimo Anno: On the Social Question Today.
EXCERPTS FROM THE KEYNOTE SPEECH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT — A WORKER'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: MacPherson Donald
Published: February 2008

“Sustainable Development”, as I understand it, is purported to be a more rational approach to enterprise planning, reconciling social and environmental concerns into the production process. To make this process work, it seems to me, it would take honesty, integrity, social awareness and caring by all participants in the endeavour. Based on knowledge gleaned from long and bitter experience, development — at least in Nova Scotia, has not a “snowball's chance in hell” of being sustainable.
EXPLORING STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF EXPORT MARKETING
Authors: Amine Lyn S. , Tamer Cavusgil S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction In approaching the field of export marketing, the practitioner and the academic researcher face the same dilemma — a host of unanswered questions about the “best” policy decision in any given situation. Each one looks for answers in different areas. The practitioner reflects on past experience, either within his own company or within his industry. He substitutes “hunches” and informed guesses where past experience is lacking, and works with the constant realization that his information will probably never be optimal. Satisficing is a way of life in the export business. Multiple market environments and geographic separation often render potentially useful information out‐of‐date by the time it is received and processed.
IMPACT OF EXPORT GROWTH EXPECTATIONS ON SMALLER FIRMS
Authors: Czinkota Michael R. , Ursic Michael L.
Published: February 2008

This article reports the findings of a survey of export attitudes and behavior of small‐ and medium‐sized U.S. manufacturing firms. Companies are differentiated according to their growth expectations and the behaviors of firms that have export growth expectations are compared to the behavior of firms that do not anticipate export growth. The authors suggest that the export growth expectations of a firm shape its behavior in terms of contact activities and its perceptions of export problems. Recommendations are made regarding the use and helpfulness of outside information sources.
THE USE OF PORTFOLIO MODELS FOR PRODUCTION RATIONALIZATION IN MULTINATIONAL FIRMS
Authors: Carapellotti Lawrence R. , Samiee Saeed
Published: February 2008

This article suggests the use of portfolio models to facilitate the production rationalization process in multinational firms. The degree to which portfolio planning is adopted will ultimately be determined by the perception of potential benefits within the individual firms. Adopting an ongoing production rationalization policy will enable decision makers to regularly and systematically raise questions about their firms' global outlook. In today's highly competitive multinational markets, this approach can greatly facilitate the MNC and should replace intuitive approaches.
THE CORPORATE ENVIRONMENT FOR MARKETING MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING BUDGETING
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

One of the greatest gaps in our knowledge of how marketing decisions for domestic and international operations are made relates to the impact of the organisational setting in which most decision‐making takes place. While the concept of the marketing environment — all those impinging forces in the international marketplace outside the firm — is familiar, this article introduces and makes use of the idea of the corporate environment — the organisational forces and conditions surrounding the marketing decision maker. This corporate environment includes such elements as organisational climate, organisational power and politics, and the use and manipulation of information within organisations. The corporate environment provides a way of explaining and understanding some marketing decisions which do not conform to the “rational” models of economics and management science. In particular this is illustrated by re‐examining the fundamental question of the determination of marketing budgets.
THE IMPACT OF CUSTOMER SERVICE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
Authors: Marr Norman E.
Published: February 2008

In the world of Physical Distribution the identification of customer needs and the measurement of their relative importance has in the past been ignored. This paper investigates this theme and concludes it is of paramount importance for would‐be suppliers to obtain the view‐points of their prospective customers.
EXPORTING TO SAUDI‐ARABIA: THE POWER OF THE “MADE‐IN” LABEL
Authors: Yavas Ugur , Tuncalp Secil
Published: February 2008

Consumer susceptibility to country of origin effects has been demonstrated in the past. Formulation of a successful export marketing strategy for Saudi Arabia can be assisted by gaining insight into how the Saudi consumers view a particular “made‐in” label. This study examines Saudi consumers' attitudes toward a “made‐in UK” label. The authors also discuss several strategies that can be used to promote the “made‐in UK” label in Saudi Arabia.
CHINESE TRADE: MORE RELIANCE ON THE CAPITALIST BLOCK
Authors: Alam Iqbal Badar , Shane Haider Nacqvi S
Published: February 2008

China is the most populous country of the world having a total population of 1010 million at the end of 1981. A few decades ago she was considered to be one of the backward economies of the Third World, but the result of zealous and concerted efforts has been China's emergence as a major trading power among the developing countries. The major trading partners of China belong to the capitalist block — Japan, the USA, West Germany, the UK and Hong Kong. In some areas China has now outplaced Japan in the race to capture international markets.
SOME THOUGHTS ON CONSUMERISM IN DEVELOPED AND LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Authors: Kaynak Erdener
Published: February 2008

When one looks at the marketing literature, consumerism activity is treated as a developed country phenomenon. The reason for this is partially attributable to a complete lack of appropriate conceptual and methodological frameworks to study consumerism issues across cultures and nations, specifically in less‐developed countries. The purpose of this article is to develop working propositions to study consumerism in multiple environments. Consumerism issues in developed versus LDC environments are discussed and their implications for international trade and marketing are elucidated. The influences that various socio‐economic, governmental and cultural environments have upon consumerism are also examined.
INTERNATIONALIZATION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF U.S. TRADE: 1970 TO 1981
Authors: Green Robert T.
Published: February 2008

U.S. trade has undergone considerable change since 1970. The decade of the 1970s witnessed the dollar go from strength to weakness and then start back to its current strong position. That decade also contained the energy crisis with its resulting consequences for the world economy. This paper presents the shifts which occurred in the nature of U.S. international trade between 1970 and 1981. It first considers the shifts in the countries to which this nation exports its products and the countries from which it obtains its imports. The paper then describes the changes which have occurred in the specific product categories which are exported and imported; which products have gained and lost the greatest share of U.S. exports and imports. The findings of the study imply that U.S. firms are becoming more internationalized in orientation and more diversified in the nature of their imports and exports.
A EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMALL EXPORTING AND NON‐EXPORTING US FIRMS
Authors: Yaprak Attila
Published: February 2008

Introduction Perhaps the most significant economic transformation within the last three decades has been the internationalization of business. From the modest levels of the 1950s, the volume of world trade has exploded to over $2 trillion, and the sales of foreign affiliates of US firms have reached $500 billion by 1983 (Terpstra 1983). Yet, even in the light of accelerated efforts to further stimulate US exporters (e.g., the Export Trading Company Act of 1982), a recent Dunn and Bradstreet survey showed that less than 1% of the US firms had engaged in exporting in 1982 (Trade Marks, 1983). Similarly, the International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce has lamented that only 5% of all US manufacturers will have engaged in export marketing in 1984.
THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Authors: Terpstra Vern
Published: February 2008

This article presents an evaluation of the global marketplace and contemporary changes. The author offers observations and insights in the areas of dynamic world geography and internationalisation of business. Numerous examples are given for the arguments and a number of implications are offered.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL MODE OF ENTRY ANALYSIS
Authors: Goodnow James D
Published: February 2008

Theories on international trade and investment as well as those relating the nature of the product to the length of the channel suggest that mode of entry decisions should result from the analysis of a wide variety of factors. The purpose of this article is to show how such theories might be related to practice through the development of decision support tools. Emphasis is given to a microcomputer software package developed to aid international mode of entry assessment.
PRICE‐QUALITY RELATIONSHIP AND TRADE BARRIERS
Authors: Johansson Johny K , Erickson Gary
Published: February 2008

This paper presents some rather complicated empirical work employing econometric modelling to demonstrate the validity of a quite simple proposition: the use of a product's price as an indicator of quality is only justified when the market is free of trade barriers and other imperfections. It demonstrates that individuals are well aware of this fact, making use of price as a quality indicator only where trade barriers have not distorted prices. Thus, it is not possible to make very strong generalisations about the existence of a universal price‐quality relationship. The managerial implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
A STUDY OF PLANNING FOR EXPORT OPERATIONS
Authors: Walters Peter G
Published: February 2008

The paper focuses on an area where little research has been undertaken, namely export planning activity. Using a definition of planning as a one‐cycle process, attention is focused on the propensity of a sample of forest products exporters to undertake certain planning activities and on differences between planners and non‐planners. It was found that exporting was generally unplanned in the survey firms, and that the propensity to plan increased with size and the relative significance of export sales. Other variables, such as management commitment to exporting and the establishment of some export structure, also appeared to play a major role in accounting for planning activity.
COMPARATIVE CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL BUYING PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Thorelli Hans B
Published: February 2008

This is a very special issue of the International Marketing Review. It is, in effect, a sampler of the symposium on comparative research held under the auspices of Division 23, Consumer Psychology, of the American Psychological Association and the College of Business Administration of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu December 1984. The purpose of the issue is to emphasize five points, namely that:
MATERIALISM AND STATUS APPEALS IN JAPANESE AND US PRINT ADVERTISING
Authors: Belk Russell W , Pollay Richard W
Published: February 2008

Content analyses of US and Japanese magazine advertisements featuring products and services in a home setting reveal several significant differences over time and support hypotheses based on comparative cultural values and economic conditions. As expected, recent Japanese advertising has increasingly emphasised status to a much greater degree than recent US advertising, and recent US advertising has continued to emphasise personal efficacy to a much greater degree than does Japanese advertising. Both cultures are found to use materialistic themes in their advertisements.
GENERALISATIONS FROM A CROSS‐NATIONAL STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL BUYING PROCESS
Authors: Banting Peter M , Ford David , Gross Andrew C , Holmes George
Published: February 2008

This article focuses on one key aspect of industrial buying behaviour, namely the buying process itself. Using a common questionnaire, a large sample of respondents in Australia, Canada, the UK and the US were interviewed by mail from two sectors, the paper and pulp and chemical and allied products industries. The similarity of results between the different industries and the countries — as well as similarities between this and previous surveys in the UK and US — allows generalisations to be made about the respective involvement of corporate departments in the purchase process for equipment, materials and components.
SUPPLIER CHOICE STRATEGIES IN INDUSTRIALISED NATIONS
Authors: Woodside Arch G , Wilson Elizabeth J
Published: February 2008

The hypothesis is supported that substantial similarities exist in supplier choice strategies across industrialised nations. The nine studies reviewed indicate that a four‐step process is common to the majority of capital goods purchases and purchases of component parts and raw materials in some European countries and the United States
BEATING FOOD SHORTAGES: A CALL FOR CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Greer Thomas V.
Published: February 2008

Co‐operation among multinational food corporations, public health agencies and charities to combat food shortages and inadequate nutrition is worthy of serious, objective consideration. Unfortunately, there is some suspicion, hostility, and lack of understanding among different parties. The private sector has valuable expertise and a customer/client orientation that is usually missing elsewhere. Several interventions and difficulties are discussed. Present and potential products, product development, and promotion are considered. It is concluded that significant amounts of responsible co‐operation are vital and possible.
WHY DEVELOPING SOCIETIES NEED MARKETING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: February 2008

This article proposes a conceptual framework and a research methodology for transferring marketing technology to developing countries to address important societal problems. The methodology developed by the author is described and illustrated with an empirical investigation. Guidelines for implementation of this methodology in developing countries are also provided.
INTERNATIONAL BARTER AND COUNTERTRADE
Authors: Huszagh Sandra M. , Huszagh Fredrick W.
Published: February 2008

Barter and countertrade will be significant trade tools throughout the 1980s. Presently confronted by saturated established markets and debt‐burdened new markets, firms of all sizes in all industry sectors must evaluate these trading approaches. This paper describes the forms of barter and countertrade, products typically traded, markets served, and objectives advanced by each form. The intent is to explore opportunities and problems accompanying each form, so that managers can assess the utilities of these transactions to their firms' international marketing strategies.
COUNTERTRADE: THE ASIA‐PACIFIC DIMENSION
Authors: Wills James , Jacobs Laurence , Palia Aspy
Published: February 2008

The Asia‐Pacific region, one of the world's fastest growing markets is experiencing wide and growing use of countertrade. This paper explores some of the factors leading to increased use of countertrade deals in the Asia‐Pacific market. Recent examples of countertrade transactions in the region are reviewed and the implications for management are explored.
JAPANESE MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY AT WORK: KOMATSU vs. CATERPILLAR
Authors: Taylor Sims J.
Published: February 2008

Elaborating on the positions of two key players in the global earthmoving and construction industry, this article discusses the Japanese market entry strategies. Also discussed are alternative strategies for retaliation against Japanese competition.
ORGANIZATIONAL ADAPTATION TO INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Authors: Buatsi Seth N.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the nature and extent of organisational adaptation of international marketing involvement. The domestic and international marketing strategies of firms are compared. The results demonstrate significant differences between the domestic and international marketing operations of firms, including the product market strategies and the commitment of human resources.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN NIGERIA
Authors: Chidomere Rowland C.
Published: February 2008

The growth in the number of marketing firms emphasising international perspectives in both their philosophy and scope of operations points to the need for additional studies focused on marketing practices in other nations. A knowledge of the nature of the relationship between marketing structure, marketing practices, and the environment in which the marketing institution operates is essential. This article reports on a research study which assesses the relationship between the size of household appliance distributors in Nigeria, and the economic, technological, and socio‐cultural environment. It also examines how the existing relationship could explain the marketing practices.
UNDERSTANDING AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS
Authors: Huszagh Sandra M. , Huszagh Fredrick W.
Published: February 2008

The agricultural sector is a critical component of the world's economy and society. Its long‐term health depends heavily upon international transfers driven by comparative advantages. This article's basic theorem is that effective export programmes must be simultaneously founded on grass‐roots political support, economic comparative advantage, and domestic vertical development. The mechanics for establishing broad‐based political support are addressed first, followed by criteria for targeting to international markets with the most favourable demand and government incentives. Finally, the evolutionary aspects of comparative advantage are discussed in the context of long‐term economic and political support from producers, processors and related technology suppliers involved in targeted export strategies.
WEST EUROPEAN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE US
Authors: Tesar George
Published: February 2008

Research suggests that the small‐ and medium‐sized Western European firms interested in direct investment in the United States are reluctant to co‐operate with state governments in formulating investment decisions. Research findings in the Upper Mid‐west indicate that the primary motivation of these firms to invest in the Upper Mid‐west is to shelter capital. The amount of importance the individual state governments place on reverse direct investment politicises the entire process of solicitation of potential direct investors. As a result, the small‐ and medium‐sized Western European firms tend to seek direct investment assistance from professional private sources.
DEFENCE‐RELATED EXPORT CONTROLS AND US FOREIGN TRADE
Authors: Benson Sumner
Published: February 2008

The United States and its major trading partners prohibit export to the Soviet bloc of products and technologies that are readily convertible to military power. These controls affect international marketers less in the Eighties than they did in the Seventies. The best prospects for overall growth in Western trade now lie with the newly industrialising countries of Asia. Moreover, Soviet markets remain open for agriculture and many mid‐level technologies. Because most advanced technologies have military as well as civilian applications, defence‐related export controls probably will remain at their present level. However, it is possible that these controls might be reduced out of a general frustration with the US trading position in the world.
CORPORATE RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIAL POLICY
Authors: Sarathy Ravi , Rabino Samuel
Published: February 2008

Industrial policy as practiced by the Japanese is aimed at creating comparative advantage for its industry. This article emphasises Japan's integrated approach to industrial policy. Examples of the application of industrial policy to specific industries are presented. The importance of incorporating the effects of such industrial policies for an analysis of competition in international markets is highlighted. Then, some appropriate strategic countermeasures to such industrial targeting are discussed.
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL SEGMENTATION
Authors: Kale Sudhir H. , Sudharshan D.
Published: February 2008

The proposed approach to international segmentation capitalises on the inherent similarities across groups of consumers in different countries. By making the customers and not countries the basis of a firm's international marketing strategy, this approach not only facilitates increased consumer orientation, but also offers the potential to optimise the profits of a multinational firm at a global level.
STANDARDISATION OF MARKETING STRATEGY BY MULTINATIONALS
Authors: Rau Pradeep A. , Preble John F.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an analysis of the current debate on “global marketing” and the degree to which multinational firms can standardise their marketing practices across countries. World markets are getting increasingly homogenised but the authors contend that the framework and associated propositions generated in the paper could help multinational firms determine the degree of standardisation that is possible in different markets.
INTERACTION AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETING: AN INVESTMENT PROCESS
Authors: Turnbull Peter W.
Published: February 2008

The interaction approach to studying international marketing activities of industrial firms is now an established research stream. Initiated by a team of European researchers, the interaction approach focuses on the process of managing interactions between supplier and customer units. In this article, the author elaborates on the features of the interaction approach and illustrates it using a company case study. Based upon the discussion, a number of managerial implications are offered regarding international market development.
COMPARING MARKETING OPERATIONS OF AUTONOMOUS SUBSIDIARIES
Authors: Diamantopoulos A. , Schlegelmilch B.B.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an empirical study of the marketing practices of 23 subsidiary companies of a large US multinational, operating worldwide on a decentralised basis. Cluster analysis is used to derive four different classifications of companies, reflecting economic, cultural and competitive characteristics of their environment as well as organisational variables. Subsequently, these classifications are used to explore potential differences in terms of a number of salient marketing variables, with particular emphasis on promotional activities. Contrary to a priori expectations, no systematic differences in marketing practice could be identified among the autonomous subsidiaries, irrespective of the classification system used.
THE CHINESE LOOK TO WORLD MARKETS
Authors: Terpstra Vern
Published: February 2008

Only in recent years has China been concerned about participating in the world economy. Thus far her international marketing has been limited in volume and elementary in nature. Currently China is relying primarily on her foreign partners and customers to do her international marketing as she lacks the know‐how and contacts to do an effective job herself. This will change as China moves down the learning curve. Indeed, China could become a major international marketing power before the end of this century if economic liberalisation is not stopped or reversed.
A METHOD FOR MODELLING CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
Authors: Hooley Graham J. , Shipley David , Krieger Nathalie
Published: February 2008

The influence of country of origin on consumer attitudes and evaluations of product and service offerings is becoming increasingly important as competition in the international marketplace intensifies. This paper proposes a methodological approach to uncover and better understand the effects of country of origin images. Two distinct product categories (a durable product and a fast moving consumer good) are examined to illustrate the use of such an approach followed by a brief discussion of managerial implications.
EVALUATING CROSS‐NATIONAL SALES PROMOTION STRATEGY: AN AUDIT APPROACH
Authors: Foxman Ellen R. , Tansuhaj Patriya S. , Wong John K.
Published: February 2008

Sales promotion is an important element of marketing communication strategy which accounts for more promotional expenditures than advertising in some countries. However, sales promotion has been generally ignored by researchers. This article briefly reviews the criteria used in the US to evaluate sales promotions and these criteria are found inadequate to guide the formulation of sales promotion internationally. Environmental sensitivity factors are identified which are overlooked in domestic sales promotions and an audit approach to planning and evaluating cross‐national sales promotion strategy is presented.
DETERMINANTS OF LDC MANDATED COUNTERTRADE
Authors: Okoroafo Sam C.
Published: February 2008

The increased use of government imposed countertrade (mandated countertrade) by developing nations (LDCs) to meet their economic goals has been of particular concern to international executives. Frequently, countertrade can be mandated by LDCs on transactions even with their long‐time trading partners. Firms therefore need to anticipate actions of their LDC trading partners to be competitive in the global market place. Inadequate preparation can result in repercussions such as exclusion from specific deals, to exclusion from a particular country‐market.
ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COUPLED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES IN ARBITRARY SPACE DIMENSIONS PLUS TIME
Authors: MOCK MICHAEL S.
Published: February 2008

We consider the numerical simulation of coupled semiconductor devices, as arising for example in integrated circuits. The devices are assumed to be described by a well‐known system of partial differential equations, describing the evolution of the carrier densities and electrostatic potential. It is well‐known that this system of equations exhibits a serious “stiffness” problem which complicates the application of numerical methods. Furthermore, if the number of space dimensions in the device models exceeds one, the application of implicit time‐differencing leads to a prohibitively complex discrete system to be solved at each time step. This paper presents a generalization of some earlier work, in which a method is proposed which avoids this difficulty, and which is applicable to device models with any number of space dimensions. In this procedure, the internal computations are performed separately for each device, and each of the internal arrays is completed separately. Thus the computation is essentially reduced to the solution of a series of discrete linear second‐order elliptic systems.
REPORT ON THE SHORT COURSE HELD IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE NASECODE II CONFERENCE
Authors: De MEYER K.M.
Published: February 2008

In the Numerical Analysis of Semiconductor Devices a lot of problems arise in the fields of numerical analysis, semiconductor physics, technology and device electronics. Indicating what the problems are and which tools could be used was the main objective of the Short Course held in association with the NASECODE II Conference. The Lecture Notes of this Short Course are contained in and the Proceedings of the NASECODE II Conference in.
ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF FINITE ELEMENT‐BOUNDARY ELEMENT COUPLING IN FIELD PROBLEMS
Authors: KAGAWA Yukio , MURAI Tadakuni , KITAGAMI Shinji
Published: February 2008

A technique combining finite elements and boundary elements is promising for unbounded field problems. A hypothetical boundary is assumed in the unbounded domain, and the usual finite element method is applied to the inner region, while the boundary element method is applied to the outer infinite region. On the coupling boundary, therefore, both potential and flux must be compatible. In the finite element method, the flux is defined as the derivative of the potential for which a trial function is defined. In the boundary element method, on the other hand, the same polynomial function is chosen for the potential and the flux. Thus, the compatibility cannot be satisfied unless a special device is considered. In the present paper, several compatibility conditions are discussed concerning the total flux or energy flow continuity across the coupling boundary. Some numerical examples of Poisson and Helmholtz problems are demonstrated.
A POINT BASIS FOR MULTIVARIABLE PIECEWISE LINEAR INTERPOLATION AND DESIGN CENTERING
Authors: HACHTEL G.D. , DIRECTOR S.W.
Published: February 2008

Results are given which establish a computational foundation for simplicial approximation and design centering of a convex body. A simplicial polyhedron is used to approximate the convex body and the “design center”, i.e. the point inside the body furthest in some norm from its exterior, is approximated by the point in the polyhedron furthest from its exterior. A point representation of the polyhedron is used, so that there is no necessity for computing or storing the faces of the approximation. Since in N space there can be factorially more faces than points, we are able to achieve significant efficiencies in both operation count and storage requirements, compared to previously reported methods. We give results for the 2 norm and the max norm, and demonstrate that our new method is operable in the nonconvex case, and can handle a mixed basis of faces and points as well.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF AN INITIAL‐VALUE PROBLEM FOR A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE
Authors: PEN‐YU KUO
Published: February 2008

Many works have been written on numerical simulation in semiconductor device theory. In this paper we consider the following problem:
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE EQUATIONS
Authors: MARKOWICH Peter A.
Published: February 2008

We present a qualitative analysis of the fundamental static semiconductor device equations which is based on singular perturbation theory. By appropriate scaling the semiconductor device equations are reformulated as singularly perturbed elliptic system (the Laplacian in Poisson's equation is multiplied by a small parameter ?2, the so‐called singular perturbation parameter). Physically the singular perturbation parameter is identified with the square of the normed minimal Debye length of the device under consideration. Using matched asymptotic expansions for small A we characterize the behaviour of the solutions locally at pn junctions, Schottky contacts and oxide‐semiconductor interfaces and demonstrate the occurrence of exponential internal/boundary layers at these surfaces. The derivatives of the solutions blow up within these layer regions (as ?2 decreases) and they remain bounded away from the layers. We demonstrate that the solutions of the ‘zero‐space charge approximation’ are close to the solutions of the ‘full’ semiconductor problem (when ? is small) away from layer regions and derive a second‐order ordinary differential equation which (when subjected to appropriate boundary/interface conditions) ‘describes’ the solutions within layer regions.
SIMULATION OF SOLAR CELLS USING THE BOUNDARY‐ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: DE VISSCHERE P.
Published: February 2008

Under low level injection conditions, two‐dimensional modeling of many types of solar cells can be done on the basis of the simple diffusion equation. The general semiconductor equations must only be considered in a small space charge layer. Here they can be solved in a quasi‐one‐dimensional way and reduced to a, usually nonlinear, boundary condition for the diffusion equation. The resulting boundary‐value problem is then solved using the boundary‐element method, which proves to be a natural choice for this kind of problem.
MAPPING OF INTERNAL DISTRIBUTIONS ONTO A LUMPED ELEMENT NETWORK FOR CMOS LATCH‐UP SIMULATION
Authors: WERNER C. , HARTER J. , TAKACS D. , WIEDER A.W.
Published: February 2008

An efficient device simulation method is presented, which has been derived from mapping the results of a complete two‐dimensional (2‐D) analysis onto an equivalent lumped element network. The method is currently being used to predict latch‐up sensitivities of CMOS process design.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL PROCESS SIMULATION USING A QUADRATIC FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION
Authors: COLLARD D. , DECARPIGNY J.N.
Published: February 2008

The finite element method is used to solve the non‐linear diffusion equation, taking account of the interaction between impurities due to self‐induced electric field and charged vacancies effects, and of various boundary conditions (evaporation, segregation, oxidation growth…). An incomplete implicit scheme gives the solution of the temporal equation deduced from a quadratic space discretization. The temporal and spatial problems being proved to be quite independent, specific locally refined meshes are developed. The quadratic shape functions allow the use of evolutive mesh for the oxidation simulation without profile degradation. Two realistic industrial steps are described to demonstrate the efficiency of the code.
A SIMPLE INFINITE ELEMENT
Authors: PISSANETZKY SERGIO
Published: February 2008

Infinite elements provide one of the most attractive alternatives for dealing with differential equations in unbounded domains. The region where loads, sources, inhomogeneities and anisotropics exist is modelled by finite elements and the far, uniform region is represented by infinite elements. We propose a new infinite element which can represent any type of decay towards infinity. The element is so simple that explicit expressions can be obtained for the element matrix in many cases, yet large improvements in the accuracy of the solution are obtained as compared with the truncated mesh. Explicit expressions are in fact given for the Laplace equation and 1/rn decay. The element is conforming with linear triangles and bilinear quadrilaterals in two dimensions. The element can be used with any standard finite‐element program without having to modify the shape function library or the numerical quadrature library of the program. The structure or bandwidth of the stiffness matrix of the finite portion of the mesh is not modified when the infinite elements are used. An example problem is solved and the solution found to be better than several other methods in common usage. The proposed method is thus highly recommended.
THE USE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN THE DESIGN OF ANTENNA PATTERNS WITH PRESCRIBED NULLS AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS
Authors: OWEN PETER , MASON J.C.
Published: February 2008

A linear programming method has been used to design antenna array patterns that suppress interference from certain directions. The method is particularly useful since any degree of suppression can be specified. It is not necessary to impose exact nulls onto the pattern, although this can be done if desired. Moreover, by constraining real excitations to lie in the interval [‐1, 1], a pattern is obtained in which the majority of excitations remain at the quiescent value of unity. The method can be modified in principle to incorporate any other appropriate linear equality or inequality constraints on the pattern or the excitations. A detailed description of the method is given and several illustrative examples are included.
STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FABRICATION YIELD OF MULTI‐COMPONENT LOGIC CIRCUITS
Authors: SPREVAK D. , FERGUSON R.S.
Published: February 2008

A statistical model is used as the basis of a rapid, simple and precise method of predicting the fabrication yield of multi‐component logic circuits. The method is based on the statistical behaviour of the individual circuit components.
INTEGRAL SURFACES FOR HYPERBOLIC ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH IMPULSES
Authors: HRISTOVA S.G. , BAINOV D.D.
Published: February 2008

The paper considers integral surfaces of systems of differential equations with impulse perturbations at fixed moments of time. Sufficient conditions have been obtained for the existence of integral surfaces with definite properties and the behaviour of the solutions has been studied with initial conditions outside these surfaces.
CUT‐OFF FREQUENCIES OF QUAD‐RIDGED WAVEGUIDES USED IN THE DESIGN OF MICROWAVE CIRCULAR‐POLARISERS
Authors: DALY P.
Published: February 2008

In microwave radio‐frequency technology, the design of broadband circular polarisers involves the use of waveguides having different propagation velocities for two orthogonal, linearly‐polarised modes. To achieve this aim, square ridged waveguides with dielectric inserts may be employed to disturb the symmetry of the dual linear polarisations. The computation of the cut‐off frequencies of the structure is achieved by the use of a finite‐element method which makes full use of powerful pre‐ and post‐processing techniques.
APPLICATION OF THE FINITE‐ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF POWER LOSSES IN A SYSTEM OF TWO SOLID CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTORS PLACED IN A SENUSOIDALLY VARYING TRANSVERSE FIELD
Authors: GASIORSKI A.K.
Published: February 2008

The paper presents a numerical version of a method which makes it possible to calculate any quasi‐stationary two‐dimensional field in non‐ferromagnetic conductors of limited cross‐sections for unknown boundary conditions on the conductor surfaces. The principle of the method depends on the application of a finite‐element network within the current region and the method of variable division within the no‐current region. The conditions of the continuity of the vector potential and the continuity of the tangential component of the magnetic induction vector are considered in the form of functions defined by the Bubnov‐Galerkin method. Since the separation of the variables is used in the region without current, it is easy to satisfy the conditions at infinity for different types of input. The shapes of the conductors in the current region are, on the other hand, illustrated by discretization by means of the finite element method. An example of the application of the method for two‐dimensional analysis of power losses in two thick solid circular conductors placed in a sinusoidally varying transverse field is presented. Plots of power losses were drawn based on numerical computation.
METHOD OF CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION FOR THE FINITE‐ELEMENT SOLUTION OF AXISYMMETRIC EXTERIOR‐FIELD PROBLEMS
Authors: WONG S.H. , CIRIC I.R.
Published: February 2008

The finite‐element method can be used for an approximate solution of axisymmetric exterior‐field problems by truncating the unbounded domain, or by applying various techniques of coupling a finite region of interest with the remaining far region, which is properly modelled. In this paper, we propose the solution of axisymmetric exterior‐field problems by using the standard finite‐element method in a bounded, transformed domain obtained by conformal mapping from the original, unbounded one. The transformed functionals have very simple expressions and the exact transforms of the original boundary conditions are used in the transformed domain. Consequently no approximation is introduced in the proposed method and improvements in the accuracy of the solution are obtained as compared with several other methods in common usage, especially with the truncated mesh technique. A few example problems are solved and the presented method is found to be simple and computationally highly efficient. It is particularly recommended for problems with material inhomogeneities and anisotropies within large regions.
A PROGRAM FOR SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHS
Authors: MIDGLEY D. , RICHARDSON
Published: February 2008

Signal flow graphs for networks of electronic systems are often reduced to transfer functions by Mason's theorem. An interactive software package is presented to make this process fully automated. The nodes are numbered. Input to the program specifies the transmittance between node pairs, first noting the start‐node‐number followed by that of the destination‐node. Transmittances are represented either as real numbers or as a string of characters. With real transmittances the output of the program takes the form of a numerator and a denominator of the transfer function, each as a real number. With character‐string transmittances the numerator and denominator of the output are available both as strings and as arrays of products of prime numbers, where each prime number has uniquely represented an input character string.
PROJECTIVE METHODS FOR LAPLACIAN FIELDS
Authors: RATNAJEEVAN H. HOOLE S. , CENDES Z.J.
Published: February 2008

Non‐divergent and irrotational projection operators are proposed and implemented in a FORTRAN program for the direct vector solution of Laplacian electric and magnetic fields, using finite element approximations. It is shown that this approach, in addition to giving continuous electric and magnetic fields, yields far more accurate results compared to the regular potential formulations. Some properties of the matrices are derived.
OPTIMISATION OF PARAMETERS IN POWER SYSTEM STABILISERS CONSIDERING EXCITER SATURATION NONLINEARITY
Authors: HSU Yuan‐Yih
Published: February 2008

In this paper we consider the design of a power system stabiliser using the least‐integral‐square‐error algorithm. Describing function technique is employed to take the nonlinearity of exciter saturation into account. Results, obtained from the digital simulation of a sample power system, show that the proposed power system stabiliser can greatly improve the dynamic stability of the power system.
APPLICATION OF LIAPUNOV'S FUNCTIONS FOR STUDYING THE BOUNDEDNESS OF SOLUTIONS OF SYSTEMS WITH IMPULSES
Authors: HRISTOVA S.G. , BAINOV D.D.
Published: February 2008

In the paper piecewise continuous analogues of Liapunov's functions have been introduced for systems of differential equations with impulses. They serve to study the problems for uniqueness, continuity and boundedness of the solutions of nonlinear systems with impulses. The asymptotic behaviour of the bounded solutions has also been considered.
INVERSION TRANSFORMATION FOR THE FINITE‐ELEMENT SOLUTION OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL EXTERIOR‐FIELD PROBLEMS
Authors: CIRIC I.R. , WONG S.H.
Published: February 2008

A simple and efficient method for the finite‐element solution of three‐dimensional unbounded region field problems is presented in this paper. The proposed technique consists of a global mapping of the original unbounded region onto a bounded domain by applying a standard inversion transformation to the spatial coordinates. Same numerical values of the potential function are assigned to the transformed points. The functional associated to the field problem, which incorporates the boundary conditions, has the same structure in the transformed domain as that in the original one. This allows the implementation of the standard finite‐element method in the bounded transformed domain. The finite‐element solution is obtained on the basis of a complete discretization of the bounded, transformed domain by standard finite elements, with no approximate assumption made for the behaviour of the field at infinity, other than that introduced by the finite‐element idealization. This leads to improved accuracy of the numerical results, compared to those obtained in the original region, for the same number of nodes. Application to three test problems illustrates the high efficiency of the proposed method in terms of both accuracy and computational effort. The technique presented is particularly recommended for exterior‐field problems in the presence of material inhomogeneities and anisotropies.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF HALL EFFECT IN SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: KAMEDA Etsumasa , KAGAWA Yukio
Published: February 2008

Materials with anisotropic conductivity are frequently used as sensors in electrical industries. In this paper, an anisotropic conductivity tensor to express Hall effect in n‐type semiconductors is derived and its steady‐current field is solved using the finite element method. Some numerical examples are given and comparison with measured data is discussed.
MULTI‐DIMENSIONAL DISCRETIZATION SCHEME FOR THE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Authors: RUDAN M. , ODEH F.
Published: February 2008

A discretization technique is proposed for the multi‐dimensional, steady‐state hydrodynamic model of semiconductor devices, and a derivation of the model's appropriate boundary conditions is given. The model includes the complete balance equations for charge, momentum and energy, coupled with Poisson's equation, thus accounting for both diffusion and convection phenomena. The technique, like the Scharfetter—Gummel scheme for the simpler drift‐diffusion model, provides an efficient method for solving the hydrodynamic equations, allowing for a more detailed investigation of carrier dynamics in semiconductor devices.