bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
103 Mizzou Repro: Exploring short-form video communication on social media platforms to improve the reach of Extension
Authors: Thomas Jordan M , Bonacker Rachael C , Stoecklein Katy S , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Poock Scott E , Ellis Anita M , Bishop Brianne E
Published: December 2019

Extension is a vital component of the Land Grant mission, facilitating transfer of knowledge and technology to end users. However, traditional Extension publications, particularly print, reach an ever-shrinking audience. With each new generational transfer of farm management, decision-makers in animal agriculture are less familiar with Extension as an authoritative source of information. As a consequence, producers may be more likely to receive misinformation from less reliable yet more readily accessible sources online, such as forums, blogs, or social media posts. In an attempt to address this challenge, we have explored use of program-specific Extension communications through social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter). We hypothesized that video content in particular would result in significant viewership due to organic sharing behavior. Accounts were created using Mizzou Repro as branding, with content specifically focused on University of Missouri Extension efforts related to reproductive management of beef cattle. Videos are approximately 2 min (range 1.8 to 2.7 min) and are designed to communicate a single concept thoroughly but concisely. Scripts are prepared in advance, but videos feature a rotating speaker, typically a faculty member, graduate student, or Extension field specialist. To retain viewer interest for the full duration, videos incorporate changing camera angles, live animals, and graphs or figures. Of the platforms evaluated, content published on Facebook generated the most engagement (views, comments, and other interaction). Specifically, videos published to Facebook generated the most engagements as compared to other types of content such as photos or written text. In addition, we observed willingness of viewers to subscribe to future account posts, as well as significant interest from allied industry in sharing content with their audiences. Together, these observations suggest that social media videos and program-specific branding are effective tools to communicate Extension messages and build a long-term audience in the digital age.
260 Comparison of nutrients and in vitro degradability of ryegrass (Lolium Multiforum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) in central region of Turkey
Authors: Basalan Mehmet , Cetinkaya A Volkan
Published: December 2019

Study was conducted to determine the adaptability of ryegrass to the ration of ruminants in central region of Turkey. Both ryegrass and alfalfa were planted in Cankiri and Corum cities which are located in similar geographic and climatic conditions. Forage samples were obtained during second, third and fourth harvesting times. in each sample, dry matter (DM), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), crude cellulose (CS), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels were determined based on AOAC methods. Metabolizable Energy levels of both ryegrass and alfalfa were calculated. In vitro disappearance of dry matter was measured by incubation of dacron bags in rumen fluid for 72 hours in Ankom® daisy incubator and extent of disappearance were determined. Generalized linear model was applied to analyze data and means were separated by using LSD. Although dry matter levels were similar (P > 0,05), ash and fat levels were significantly higher in ryegrass than those in alfalfa (P < 0,05). Additionally, as it was expected, crude protein content of ryegrass was significantly lower than that of alfalfa (P < 0,05). NDF contents of both feeds were similar and ADF levels of alfalfa were slightly higher in only second harvest date. Metabolizable energy levels of ryegrass in all harvested times were statistically higher than those in all harvested dates in alfalfa (P < 0,05). DM disappearance of ryegrass was significantly higher than that of alfalfa (P < 0,05). In conclusion, ryegrass may have some advantages in regions with limited forage sources. Additionally it may be alternative or substitute to the traditional small grain forages. Further research needed to show those advantages of ryegrass in nutrients to extrapolate consumption preferences or performance of beef or dairy cattle.
269 Attempts to improve equine athletic performance via hypoxia-inducing techniques
Authors: Nielsen Brian D
Published: December 2019

Hypoxic conditions encountered at high altitudes result in potential adaptations such as increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and muscle mitochondrial function. However, living at high altitudes is not practical for many equine athletes. Unfortunately, many trainers have resorted to administering erythropoietin to stimulate red cell production or a large dose of cobalt which reportedly has a hypoxic-inducing effect. Both practices can result in serious health complications (including death) and are typically banned, with a testing threshold of 25 ppb for serum cobalt. Results from Spartan Equine Research confirmed that oral supplementation with 60X the 2007 NRC recommendation of cobalt resulted in serum concentration of 4.7 ppb – far below the testing threshold. These results suggest injectable cobalt, not dietary, is the source of concern. A means of inducing hypoxic effects in humans without living at altitude involves a “tent” covering a bed in which low oxygen concentrations are maintained while sleeping. Similar low-oxygen stalls have been designed for horses. Recent Spartan Equine Research failed to detect any improvement in racing performance in Thoroughbreds housed in such stalls. Challenges not experienced with human athletes were encountered relating to humidity and gases associated with urination and defecation within the airtight chamber – rendering such stalls of limited practicality and safety.
275 Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum grain with corn dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: carcass characteristics and sensory panel traits
Authors: Hodges Kade M , Kerth Chris R , Whitney Travis R , Ramsey Wesley S , Wall Kayley R , Hicks Zena M , Tucker Dylan H , Woerner Dale
Published: December 2019

Carcass and sensory panel traits were evaluated in Dorper ram lambs (n = 46) fed feedlot diets where cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain were replaced with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In a randomized design study, lambs were individually fed ad libitum 70.9% concentrate diets for 61 d in individual pens. The positive control diet (CNTL) contained CSM, sorghum grain, and other concentrates, but no DDGS. Four treatment diets were similar to CNTL, but did not contain CSM. Corn DDGS replaced 0% (0DDGS), 33% (33DDGS), 66% (66DDGS) or 100% (100DDGS) of the sorghum grain in the treatment diets. Lambs fed CNTL were contrasted to those fed 0DDGS and linear and quadratic effects were evaluated within the four treatment diets. At 48-h postmortem, the longissimus thoracis was removed from the carcass, frozen, thawed, cooked, and evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Lambs fed CNTL had greater (P ≤ 0.03) hot carcass weight (HCW) and ribeye area (REA) than lambs fed 0DDGS. As DDGS incrementally replaced sorghum grain, HCW and flank fat quadratically increased (P ≤ .05), marbling linearly decreased (P = 0.03), ribeye area tended to linearly increase (P = 0.06), and skeletal maturity tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.06). No differences in sensory characteristics were observed (P ≥ 0.06) between lambs fed CNTL or 0DDGS. As DDGS incrementally replaced sorghum grain, juiciness linearly increased (P = 0.03), cook loss quadratically increased (P = 0.05), lamb flavor identity tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.09) and certain flavor attributes quadratically increased (brown, roasted, umami; P ≤ 0.03), quadratically decreased (metallic; P = 0.004), or linearly increased (bloody; P = 0.003). Results indicated that carcass and sensory characteristics are not negatively affected (some are enhanced) when DDGS replaces CSM and sorghum grain in Dorper lamb feedlot diets.
132 Short-term and long-term intake of high-level pea fiber specifically affects the bacterial community and metabolites in the cecum of pigs
Authors: Luo Yuheng , Chen Hong , Yu Bing , He Jun , Zheng Ping , Mao Xiangbing , Luo Junqiu , Huang Zhiqing , Chen Daiwen
Published: December 2019

Current study was conducted to investigate the influence of short-term and long-term feeding of high-level pea-hull fiber (PF) on the bacterial community and metabolites in the cecum of pigs. A total of 50 healthy weaned Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (7.2 ± 0.5 kg) were selected and randomly allocated in two groups with 5 replicates (5 piglets per replicate) in each group. Pigs in control group were given basal diets. For pigs in another group, expanded corn in the basal diet was replaced by PF at 10%, 20% or 30% for the post-weaning period (from weaning to 30 d post-weaning), growing period (30–90 d post-weaning), and finishing period (90–160 d post-weaning), respectively. At the end of the first and the last period, one pig from each replicate was sacrificed and the cecal digesta was collected immediately. Results showed that: 1) short-term or long-term intake of high-level PF had no significant effect on the ADFI and ADG of the pigs (P > 0.05), but the F/G was significantly decreased in the long-term fed pigs (P < 0.05). 2) The long-term feeding of PF significantly increased the concentration of cecal volatile fatty acids and decreased the ratio of propionate (P < 0.05). 3) Compared with control group, the ratio of phylum Firmicutes in the cecum of piglets with short-term feeding of PF was reduced by 5.6%, with an increase of Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas (BPP), Enterococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (P < 0.05). While in the cecum of pigs with long-term feeding of PF, the ratio of phylum Bacteroidetes was increased by 4.8%, with an increase of D. desulfuricans (P < 0.01) and a decrease of BPP, Helicobacter-Flexispira-Wollinella, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Clostridium cluster I (P < 0.05). Results indicate that bacteria in the hindgut of pigs can rapidly response to the high-level PF in the diet.
90 Effect of supplemental threonine on growth performance of pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium and fed high fiber diets
Authors: Wellington Michael , Agyekum Atta K , Hamonic Kimberley , Htoo John K , Kessel Andrew Van , Columbus Daniel
Published: December 2019

In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopolysaccharide independently, but not additively, increased the threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition. The current study investigated whether supplementing Thr to meet high DF and systemic immune challenge requirements would maintain performance of pigs exposed to an enteric immune challenge when fed high DF. A total of 128 pigs (22.6 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment; 4 pigs/pen) for 28 d. Treatments were low fiber (LF; 13% total DF) or high fiber (HF; 20% total DF) diets with standard (STD; 0.65% SID) or supplemental (SUP; 0.78% SID) Thr. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium (2.3 × 109 CFU/ml). Blood samples and rectal swabs were obtained and rectal temperature recorded to determine clinical responses and Salmonella shedding. On d 7 post-inoculation, 1 pig/pen was euthanized and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and digesta (ileum, cecum, and colon) were sampled to assess Salmonella colonization and translocation. Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 0, 7, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Rectal temperature increased (P < 0.05) 24 h post-inoculation and remained elevated at d 6. Serum albumin concentration decreased (P < 0.05), whereas haptoglobin concentration increased (P < 0.05) post-inoculation. Fiber and Thr had no effect (P > 0.05) on Salmonella count in ileum and cecum. Supplemental Thr increased (P < 0.05) growth performance in LF- and HF-fed challenged pigs. However, performance of supplemented HF challenged pigs was less than (P < 0.05) supplemented LF challenged pigs. These results suggest that Thr supplemented to meet requirements for high DF and systemic immune challenge was not sufficient to maintain growth performance of pigs fed HF diets and challenged with an enteric pathogen.
283 Ordered logistic regression analyze the effect of elements in serum and seminal plasma on abnormal sperm rate in boars
Authors: wu Yinghui , Wang chao , Peng Jian
Published: December 2019

Poor sperm morphology decrease sow litter size and the economic profitability of breeding herds. Our previous results revealed elements in serum and seminal plasma, such as copper, iron, and lead affects abnormal sperm rate (ABR) in boars. In this study, sperm morphology and elements in serum and seminal plasma of 385 boars were analyzed using CASA and ICP-MS, respectively from June to August in 2016. Multivariate ordered logistic regression model, which includes variables of boar breed, age, serum and seminal plasma elements was used to identify the influence degree of elements on ABR. The degree of ABR was classified grade 0: < 10%, grade 1: 10–20%, and grade 2: > 20%. Results showed ABR was influenced by boar breed, serum Cu and Fe, and seminal Pb contents (P < 0.0001). Yorkshire boars (OR: 0.321; CI: 0.187 to 0.551) and Landrace boars (OR: 0.224; CI: 0.135 to 0.371) had lower ABR than Duroc boars. Boars with serum Cu ≤2.0 mg/L had lower ABR than those with serum Cu ≥2.5 mg/L (OR: 0.483; CI: 0.281 to 0.830). ABR of boars with serum Fe ≤ 1.0mg/L was greater than that of boars with serum Fe 1.5 mg/L (OR: 2.213; CI: 1.188 to 4.120). In addition, boars with seminal plasma Pb 0 μg/L had lower ABR than those with seminal Pb ≥ 10 μg/L (OR: 0.362; CI: 0.174 to 0.757). In conclusion, Duroc boars had more risk of ABR compared with Yorkshire and Landrace boars. The decrease of seminal plasma Pb and serum Cu, and increased of serum Fe content can decrease ABR in boars.
285 Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil improves growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Heugten Eric van , Martinez Gabriela , McComb Alejandra , Koutsos Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Insect-derived protein and lipid sources are sustainable, alternative ingredients for the feed industry. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of increasing levels of supplemental black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil on growth performance and serological and hematological indices in nursery pigs. Newly weaned, 21-day old pigs (n = 192; BW=6.9±0.15 kg) were randomly assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen; 12 replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6% supplemental BSFL oil (mainly contained C12:0, C18:2, C16:0, C18:1, and C14:0 at 36.9, 17.3, 14.6, 13.1, and 9.8 g/100 g of lipid, respectively), replacing equal amounts of corn oil. Dietary treatments were fed in 3 dietary phases (14, 11, and 15 d for Phase 1 to 3, respectively). Supplementation of BSFL oil linearly increased BW (P ≤ 0.052) on d 14, 21, 25, 33, and 40 (final BW of 27.83, 27.62, 28.84, and 28.44 kg, respectively) and ADG during Phase 1 (P = 0.017), 2 (P = 0.055), and overall (P = 0.048; 523, 518, 548, and 539 g/d). Gain:feed was improved linearly during Phase 1 (P = 0.001) and 2 (P = 0.049), but ADFI was not affected (P > 0.36). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P > 0.18) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, or creatine phosphokinase, but linearly increased (P < 0.001) serum cholesterol. White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not affected (P > 0.17) by BSFL oil, but platelet count tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082). All serological and hematological analytical results were within normal expected ranges. In conclusion, BSFL oil is a promising, high energy feed ingredient that can be successfully fed to nursery pigs, while improving their growth performance.
286 Effects of dietary peroxidized lipids and antioxidant supplementation in the drinking water on growth, oxidative and immune status of newly weaned piglets
Authors: Silva-Guillen Ysenia Victoria , Martinez Gabriela , Arellano Consuelo , Heugten Eric van
Published: December 2019

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of vitamin E (VitE) and phytogenic compounds (PHYTO) in drinking water on performance, oxidative stress, and immune status of weaned piglets fed peroxidized lipids. In a 35-day study, 21-d old weaned piglets (n = 96; 6.10±0.64 kg BW) were assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 24 pens (4 pigs/pen; 6 replications/treatment). Diets contained either 6% human-grade soybean oil or 6% soybean oil which was peroxidized for 12 d at 80°C with constant air flow at 50 L/min (initial peroxide value, anisidine value, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal concentrations were 4.1 vs. 141.6 meq/kg, 1.7 vs. 106, < 5 vs. 99 mg/kg, and 8 vs. 720 mg/kg for control and peroxidized oil, respectively). Pigs fed peroxidized lipids received drinking water without (control) or with supplemental VitE (100 IU/L d-α-tocopherol) or PHYTO (60 µL/L from d 1–7; 30 µL/L from d 8–35). Pigs fed control diet received control water only. Overall, peroxidized lipids decreased (P < 0.001) BW (18.20 vs. 21.55 kg) and ADG (347 vs. 441 g/day), and tended to decrease ADFI (P = 0.14; 537 vs. 617 g/day) and G:F (P = 0.07; 645 vs. 715 g/kg). Peroxidation decreased serum vitamin E (P = 0.03) which could be restored (P = 0.01) by VitE in the water, but not PHYTO. Serum concentrations of interferon-γ, interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL2, IL4, IL-6, IL10, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and total antioxidant capacity were not impacted by treatments (P > 0.05). Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was reduced (P = 0.001) with feeding peroxidized lipids and this was not altered by supplemental antioxidants (P = 0.45). Peroxidized lipids clearly reduced growth performance, which did not appear to be related to oxidative stress markers or immune-regulatory cytokines. The negative effects of peroxidized lipids could not be improved by vitamin E or PHYTO supplemented in drinking water.
288 Se deficiency aggravates AFB1-induced immunotoxicity in chick spleen via regulating six selenoprotein and redox/inflammation/apoptotic signaling
Authors: Zhao Ling , Feng Yue , Deng Jiang , Zhang Ni-Ya , Sun Lv-hui
Published: December 2019

This study was designed to reveal the underlying mechanism of Se-mediated protection against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced splenic injury in broilers. Four groups of day-old Cobb male broilers (n = 5 cages/diet, 6 chicks/cage) were arranged in a 3-wk 2×2 factorial design trial that fed a Se-deficient, corn and soy–based diet (BD, 36 μg Se/kg) or the BD + 1.0 mg AFB1/kg, 0.3 mg Se/kg, or 1.0 mg AFB1/kg with 0.3 mg Se/kg (as 2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid). Serum and spleen were collected at wk 3 to assay for histology, cytokines, redox status, and selected inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes and proteins, and selenogenome. Dietary AFB1 induced the growth retardation and spleen injury, decreasing (P < 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, and serum interleukin-1β, increasing (P < 0.05) spleen index and serum interleukin-6, and reduced the splenic lymphocyte number and white pulp region and histiocyte proliferation in Se adequate groups. However, Se deficiency aggravated (P < 0.05) these AFB1-induced changes. Moreover, Se deficiency decreased (P < 0.05) splenic glutathione peroxidases (GPX) activities and glutathione concentration in AFB1 exposed groups. Furthermore, Se deficiency also upregulated (P < 0.05) the antimicrobial (beta defensin 1 and 2) and apoptotic (Caspase 3 and Caspase 9) genes but downregulated (P < 0.05) antiapoptotic (B-cell lymphoma 2) and inflammatory (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B) genes at mRNA and(or) protein levels in AFB1 supplementation groups. Additionally, Se deficiency downregulated (P < 0.05) GPX3, thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD 1), GPX4 and selenoprotein (SELENO) S and upregulated (P < 0.05) SELENOT and SELENOU in spleen in AFB1 administered groups. In conclusions, dietary Se deficiency aggravated AFB1-induced spleen injury in chicks, partially through the regulation of the oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic signaling and six selenoproteins (Supported in part by Chinese Natural Science Foundation Projects 31772636 and 31501987).
359 Occurrence of mycotoxins in 2018 us corn-based feed ingredients
Authors: Gott Paige N , Hendel Erika G , Curry Shelby M , Hofstetter Ursula , Murugesan G Raj
Published: December 2019

Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2018 US corn harvest including corn grain, corn silage and corn by-product feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn and corn silage samples marked as 2018 harvest from feed mills, livestock producers, and integrators and corn DDGS and other by-products from mid-August 2018 through January 2019 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain increased in 2018 versus 2017, returning to over two toxins per sample as in 2016. Mean B-Trich level (ppb) is elevated in 2018 from 2017. Although ZEN contamination does not differ from prior years, prevalence increased to 45% from 25% in 2017. Co-contamination in corn by-product feeds is steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich is higher than the 2017 crop, while FUM contamination is similar to 2017. ZEN levels in 2018 by-products are the highest seen in the past three years. Corn silage has increased in mean toxin count per sample and contamination levels of B-Trich and ZEN in 2018 versus 2017. Prevalence of B-trich has remained constant from year to year, while both ZEN and FUM prevalence have increased from 2017 to 2018. Preliminary results of the 2018 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2016 crop with continued concerns for co-contamination.
356 Meal feeding compared with continuous feeding enhances insulin and amino acid signaling to translation initiation in skeletal muscle of pigs
Authors: Davis Teresa A , El-Kadi Samer , Suryawan Agus , Fiorotto Marta
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Meal feeding enhances skeletal muscle protein synthesis and lean growth more than continuous feeding in piglets. This enhanced muscle protein synthesis with meal feeding is associated with increased activation of mTORC1-dependent translation initiation. The mechanism underlying this response is unknown. We aimed to identify insulin and amino acid signaling components involved in the enhanced lean growth that results from meal feeding vs. continuous feeding in term-born pigs. Methods: Newborn piglets were fed for 21 d an equal amount of sow milk replacer (12.8 g protein and 155 kcal/(kg BW.d)) by gastrostomy tube either as intermittent bolus meals every 4 h (MEAL) or by continuous infusion (CON). After 21 d, gastrocnemius muscle was collected from CON, and before (MEAL-0) or 60 min after a meal (MEAL-60). Components of the insulin and amino acid signaling pathways up- and downstream of mTORC1 that regulate protein translation were measured. Results: Phosphorylation of AKT and TCS2 was greater in MEAL-60 than in MEAL-0 and CON (P < 0.05). The association of Sestrin2 with GATOR2 was similar in CON and MEAL-0 but was lower in MEAL-60 (P < 0.05). The abundances of RagA-mTOR, RagC-mTOR, and Rheb-mTOR, but not CASTOR1-GATOR2, complexes were higher in MEAL-60 than in CON and MEAL-0 (P < 0.05). The phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1 was higher in MEAL-60 than CON and MEAL-0 (P < 0.05). The abundances of Sestrin2, GATOR2, CASTOR1, RagA, RagC, and Rheb and the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, eEF2, ERK1/2 and AMPK were unaffected by treatments. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the enhanced rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and lean growth with meal feeding compared with continuous feeding are due to the enhanced activation of both insulin and amino acid signaling pathways that result in the greater stimulation of translation initiation. Support: NIH HD085573, USDA CRIS 6250-51000-055, NIH HD072891, USDA NIFA 2013-67015-20438.
361 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat pretreated corn whole stillage
Authors: Bogota Kevin S Jerez , Woyengo Tofuko A , Gibbons William
Published: December 2019

Pre-treatment of whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with heat can improve digestibility of the resulting DDGS by pigs. A study was conducted to identify optimal conditions (time and temperature) for heat pre-treatment of corn WS. Six samples of WS from different sources were divided into 13 sub-samples to give a total of 78 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to 13 sub-samples from each source (1 sub-sample/treatment). The treatments were untreated WS, and WS that was pre-treated (70 psi) for 10, 20, or 30 minutes and at 100, 120, 140, or 160 °C in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. Sub-samples were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in fermented solutions was also measured. Pre-treatment time and temperature did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), and total gas and VFA production. Pre-treatment time did not affect total gas and VFA production. The IVDDM for untreated WS was 73.4%. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear and quadratic increase in IVDDM by 11%. Response surface analysis indicated that maximum IVDDM resulted from relatively long pre-treatment times (20–30 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. An increase in pre-treatment temperature from 100 to 160 °C resulted in linear increase in total gas production by 13%; maximum total gas production resulted from relatively short pre-treatment times (10–20 mins) and highest pre-treatment temperature. Total VFA production was unaffected by pre-treatment time. In conclusion, in vitro digestibility and fermentability of WS was improved by heat pre-treatment. Optimal conditions for pre-treatment of WS for combined improved digestibility and fermentability were 160 °C and 20 mins.
366 Efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of deoxynivalenol
Authors: Holanda D M , Kim S W
Published: December 2019

The efficacy of mycotoxin deactivators on health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs (27 d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were housed individually and assigned to 5 treatments for 34 d subdivided into 3 phases: NC (no added deoxynivalenol); PC (deoxynivalenol at 2 mg/kg); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants based product, 0.2%). Blood was taken at d 14 and 34. Intestinal mucosa was taken at d 34. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced (P < 0.05) ADG in P3. Pigs fed CYC had greater (P < 0.05) ADG during overall period, ADFI during P3, and gain/feed during P2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced (P < 0.05) BUN/creatinine and tended to reduce (P = 0.088) BUN. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater (P = 0.059) AST than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC (P = 0.083) and CYB (P = 0.068) tended to have lower serum CPK than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower (P < 0.05) BUN/creatinine than PC. Deoxynivalenol tended to increase (P = 0.068) malondialdehydes and decrease (P = 0.072) glutathione in jejunal mucosa. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehydes, whereas pigs fed CYB had greater (P < 0.05) glutathione and tended to have lower (P = 0.079) jejunal IgA than PC. Pigs fed CYC (P = 0.066) and CYE (P = 0.099) tended to have lower jejunal IL8 than PC. In conclusion, deoxynivalenol compromised growth performance and intestinal health. The mycotoxin deactivators could enhance intestinal health of pigs fed diets with deoxynivalenol without affecting liver function.
139 Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics: Nutrient-gene interactions in humans and animals
Authors: Simopoulos Artemis P
Published: December 2019

Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids to which their genes were programmed to respond. Studies on gene-nutrient interactions using methods from molecular biology and genetics have clearly shown that there are genetic differences in the population, as well as differences in the frequency of genetic variations that interact with diet and influence the growth and development of humans and animals, as well as overall health and chronic disease. Nutrigenetics refers to studies on the role of genetic variants and their response to diet. For example, persons with genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids have different levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) based on the type of genetic variant in the Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2). At the same level of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) a person with a genetic variant that increases the activity of the FADS1 will have a higher AA in the red cell membrane phospholipids and a higher risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease. Nutrigenomics refers to how nutrients (diets) influence the expression of genes. For example, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA decrease the expression of inflammatory genes and as a result decrease the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, through studies on Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics nutritional science stands at its “golden threshold” where personalized nutrition is the future, to improve an individual’s health.
297 Awardee Talk - Metabolites in stem cell differentiation and fetal development
Authors: Du Min
Published: December 2019

Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, describes the impacts of maternal nutrition and other physiological stresses on fetal development, which alters the trajectory of development with persistent effects on offspring productivity and health. During fetal development, stem and progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into muscle cells, adipocytes and other cell types, which are regulated by epigenetic changes in key developmental genes regulating cell lineage commitments. Key metabolites including a-ketoglutarate (aKG), acetyl-CoA, and S-adenosylmethionine, are cofactors or donors needed for catalyzing epigenetic modifications, regulating stem cell differentiation. Both aKG and acetyl-CoA are metabolites in Kreb’s cycle, and we found that aKG is critically required for stem cell differentiation through promoting ten-eleven translocation dioxygenase (TET)-dependent DNA demethylation and histone demethylations. Besides, aKG is a cofactor for hydroxylation of proline residues of proteins, including the hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which destabilizes HIF and inhibits HIF signaling and angiogenesis. Furthermore, aKG is required for proline hydroxylation of collagen to regulate crosslinking and fibrogenesis. As a result, aKG availability has profound impacts of stem cell differentiation and fetal development. Through glutaminolysis, glutamine is converted to aKG, while AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cellular metabolism, regulates mitochondriogenesis and aKG production via the Kreb’s cycle. Consistently, mitochondriogenesis and oxidative metabolic transition is indispensable for stem cell differentiation. In summary, maternal nutrition and physiological conditions affect metabolites available for stem cell differentiation during fetal development, which has long-term effects on the performance of offspring.
298 Effects of parity on late gestational uterine blood flow and hemodynamics in beef cattle
Authors: Meyer Allison M , Duncan Natalie B , Stoecklein Katy S , Stephenson Emma L
Published: December 2019

To determine parity effects on late gestational uteroplacental blood flow, uterine artery hemodynamics were measured in 13 primiparous and 11 multiparous (parity 3 and 4) non-lactating, fall-calving crossbred females beginning 109 d prepartum. Females were nutritionally managed as one group to meet or exceed nutrient requirements. Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography of the both uterine arteries was conducted 3 to 6 times per female across late gestation, ending at approximately 20 d prepartum. Data were analyzed with parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), day prior to calving, and their interaction in the model; day was a repeated effect. Dam BW was greater (P < 0.001) for multiparous than primiparous females, and increased (P = 0.004) as gestation progressed. Calf birth weight was unaffected (P = 0.87) by parity. The parity x day interaction tended to affect (P = 0.06) ipsilateral uterine artery blood flow (L/min), where multiparous cows had a greater increase per day. Total and contralateral uterine artery blood flow were unaffected (P ≥ 0.11) by parity, but increased (P < 0.001) with day of gestation. When expressed relative to dam BW, total and contralateral blood flow were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in primiparous than multiparous females; ipsilateral blood flow was unaffected (P ≥ 0.13) by parity, however. Ipsilateral pulsatility index and both resistance indices were unaffected (P ≥ 0.28) by parity and day, but day tended to affect (P = 0.07) contralateral pulsatility index. Parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.11) cross-sectional area, mean velocity, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity of either uterine artery, but all increased (P < 0.001) as gestation progressed. Heart rate was greater (P = 0.03) in primiparous than multiparous females. Data suggest that uterine artery blood flow and heart rate may be altered in primiparous females, even when birth weight is unaffected by parity.
383 Effect of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance
Authors: Perry George A , Perkins Stephanie , Northrop Emmalee , Rich Jerica , Epperson Kaitlin , Mayes Sarah , Wright Cody , Russell Jason
Published: December 2019

Trace minerals are known to play important roles in early embryo development. The study objective was to determine effects of trace mineral source on heifer reproductive performance. Over two years, beef heifers (n = 130) were randomly assigned to two pens and two treatments, within each pen, based on breed, age, and BW. From weaning through the breeding season, all heifers were individually fed a basal diet of grass hay, corn silage, and a supplement pellet (soybean hulls, dried distiller’s grains plus solubles, minerals, vitamins and monensin). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, and Zn were supplemented with either complexed sources (Availa-4) or inorganic sources (Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychlorides; Intellibond C, M, and Z) and Co as CoSO4. Blood samples were collected bi-weekly, and a reproductive tract score (RTS) was collected 30 d prior to breeding to determine pubertal status. All animals were synchronized and artificially inseminated (AI). Pregnancy status was determined by lymphocyte gene expression on d 17, 19, and 21; by circulating concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) on d 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28; and by transrectal ultrasonography on d 30 and 60 after AI. Embryonic loss was defined as when a previously pregnant animal was subsequently diagnosed not pregnant. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Puberty (P = 0.44), pelvic area (P = 0.74), RTS (P = 0.49), and estrus expression (P = 0.82) were not influenced by treatment. There was no effect of treatment (P = 0.37) or treatment by time (P = 0.19) on pregnancy, but there was a weak tendency (P = 0.13) for decreased embryonic loss among heifers supplemented with complexed trace minerals (27±6%) compared to inorganic minerals (38±6%). In summary, source of trace mineral did not affect puberty, RTS, pelvic area, or overall pregnancy success, but feeding complexed trace minerals tended to increase embryo survival from d 17 to 60.
152 Effects of mineral supplementation on performance and serum mineral status in beef steers grazing annual ryegrass
Authors: Rivera J D , Vann Rhonda C
Published: December 2019

Thirty six crossbred (predominantly English with some Bos indicus influence) beef steers (initial BW 264.8 + 35.8 kg) were blocked by BW and used in a completely random design to examine the effects of mineral supplementation on performance and serum mineral status in beef cattle grazing annual ryegrass pastures for 84 d. All cattle were withheld from mineral for approximately 60 d prior to the initiation of the study and were allowed to graze dormant bahiagrass pastures (Paspalum notatum), and also had access to bahiagrass hay. On d -1, cattle were weighed and stratified by BW into Light (n = 6 pastures) and Heavy (n = 4 pastures) blocks and returned to their dormant warm season pasture. On d 0, cattle were weighed, a 10 mL blood sample was collected for serum mineral status and cattle were moved to their respective 1.2 ha annual ryegrass treatment pastures. Treatments were randomly assigned to pasture and consisted of CON (no complete mineral supplementation), or MIN (free choice access to a complete beef mineral.) Cattle grazed annual ryegrass for 84 d, after which a final BW was collected as well as a second 10 mL blood sample. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with weight block a random effect and treatment a fixed effect and pasture was the experimental unit. Supplementing MIN tended (P = 0.06) to increase total weight gain at d 84 and increased (P = 0.01) ADG (1.61 vs. 1.67 kg/d for CON and MIN, respectively). Additionally, feeding MIN resulted in increased serum Co, Zn, and Se (P = 0.01) but resulted in no differences in serum Fe and Cu (P > 0.10). Feeding MIN resulted in greater performance and increased some serum mineral levels, however the lack of response in serum Cu to MIN bears further examination.
158 Comparison of different presynch-based synchronization protocols in postpartum dairy cattle
Authors: SHAHZAD Abid Hussain , Abbas Shaista , Khan Iahtisham , safdar raafia , Abbas Ali , Murtaza Ali
Published: December 2019

Objectives were to evaluate three timed AI presynch-based synchronization protocols in lactating Holstein-Frisian cattle. Lactating cows (n = 207) were randomly divided into one of the three treatments: 1)PG-PG-Ovsynch (n = 71), cows were subjected to PG(PGF2α;i.m) at 11-d apart. On 11d post 2nd PG shot, standard Ovsynch (GnRH PG–GnRH) was introduced, 2) G7G-Ovsynch(n = 59), PGF2α-2d-GnRH-7d-Ovsynch, 3) Ovsynch-Ovsynch(n = 67), Ovsynch-7d-Ovsynch. Progesterone profile was measured on d30 and d60 post TAI. For monitoring of ovarian status ultrasonography was done at 1st GnRH, PG and 2nd GnRH of the breeding protocol. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d30, 60 and 90 post TAI and pregnancy loss was also on d60 and 90 post TAI. Pregnancy data was analyzed using Chi-square test and plasma P4 profile by ANOVA in SAS. Ovulatory follicle diameter (mean± SD) was 15.02±1.05 in PG-PG-Ovsynch, 15.41±1.28 in G7G-Ovsynch and 15.23±1.23 in Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.167). Plasma P4 profile (ng/mL;Mean±SD) on d30 post TAI was 6.46±1.54,7.07±1.19 and in 6.65±1.40 PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch groups, respectively (P = 0.08). On d60 post TAI, P4 profile was recorded to be 7.35±1.16,8.06±1.27 and 7.81±0.91 in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G Ovsynch and Ovsynch Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.005). Pregnancy rate on day 30 was 50.70(36/71), 58.20(39/67) and 52.50(31/59) in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.88). Similarly,PR on d60 and d90 post TAI was 46.50(33/71):43.70(31/71), 55.20(37/67): 53.70(36/67) and 50.80(30/59):47.50(28/59) in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch groups (P = 0.84:0.78), respectively. Pregnancy loss on d60 post TAI was 8.30,5.0 and 3.20% in PG-PG-Ovsynch, G7G-Ovsynch and Ovsynch-Ovsynch, respectively (P = 0.69). Although statistically non-significant (P = 0.73), overall pregnancy loss on d90 post TAI was also numerically higher in PG-PG-Ovsynch(14.0%) protocol as compared to G7G-Ovsynch (8.30%) and Ovsynch-Ovsynch (9.70%). We concluded that G7G-Ovsynch protocol has resulted in increased PR, P4 profile in comparison with PG-PG-Ovsynch and Ovsynch Ovsynch. Similarly, reduced pregnancy loss,ease and economics makes G7G-Ovsynch as a protocol of choice for improved reproductive management in postpartum dairy cows.
388 Bayou Beef: A random effects model of crustacean waste as a feedstock
Authors: Burrell Taylor , Wood Shelby L , Cherry Nichole M , Muir James P , Smith William B
Published: December 2019

It is important for researchers, as progressive producers, to consider human enterprise wastes as one of the next steps in feedstuff investigation. In an effort to reuse a seemingly useless and disposable component of one of America’s most enjoyed aquatic delicacies, our objective was to determine the nutritive value of crawfish and shrimp shells in relation to ruminant nutrition. These discarded items were collected from local events and sorted into four different groups: crawfish heads, crawfish tails, shrimp shells, and shrimp tails. Crawfish and shrimp wastes were tested independent of each other. These groups were dried at 55°C for 72 h and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Samples were subjected to a batch-culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assay. A separate set of samples (1 mm) were assayed for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL; inclusive of residual ash). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Crawfish heads were assayed to contain 26.2% NDF, 13.4% ADF, and 1.0% ADL, while crawfish tails contained 23.7% NDF, 16.3% ADF, and 1.1% ADL. Crawfish heads and tails did not differ in IVTD (P = 0.48) or in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD; P = 0.13; 76.7 vs. 77.2% and 86.8 vs. 91.0%, respectively). Shrimp shells contained 36.1% NDF, 26.9% ADF, and 4.1% ADL, whereas shrimp tails contained 29.1% NDF, 17.9% ADF, and 0.7% ADL. Shrimp tails had greater (P < 0.01) IVTD (74.2 vs. 66.4%) but lesser (P = 0.01) IVNDFD than shrimp shells (80.6 vs. 85.0%). Results are interpreted to mean that crustacean waste may represent a suitable prospective feedstuff for further evaluation.
400 Relationship between fecal microbiota and enteral methane emissions of dairy cows
Authors: Plaizier Jan C , Kotz Allan , Khafipour Khafipour
Published: December 2019

Relationships between enteral methane emissions and abundances of bacterial taxa in the feces of dairy cows were determined to assess if these abundances can be used to predict these emissions. Six mature non-lactating Holstein dairy cows on diets with forage (alfalfa/grass hay) to grain ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 were used during 5-wk experimental periods in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square Design. Dietary NDF and starch concentrations ranged from 38.7 to 56.0 % DM and from 0.5 to 19.5 % DM among diets, respectively. Methane outputs were measured using an open-hood calorimetric system during two 24 h periods on two separate days during the fifth week of experimental periods. Daily methane emissions ranged from 288.5 to 588.5 L/d among cows and diets, and averaged 413.4 L/d. Feces were sampled twice daily on the days preceding methane measurements. Compositions of the microbiota in feces were determined using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing. Linear regression models were developed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS to determine the relationships between daily methane emissions (L/d) and the abundances of bacterial taxa in feces (%). Relative abundances of taxa that were significantly correlated with methane emissions and that were present in at least 30% of feces samples were included in the initial model. Abundances with a significance level greater than 0.25 were stepwise removed from the model. Taxa with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.75) were not placed together in models. The final model included the abundances of 6 bacterial families in the feces, and had an R2, CV, and root MSE values of 0.92, 4.93, and 20.2, respectively. These results suggest that enteral methane emissions can be predicted from the bacterial composition of the feces. However, model validation with different data sets and diets is needed.