bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repeated colonization, adaptive radiation and convergent evolution in the sheet‐weaving spiders (Linyphiidae) of the south Pacific Archipelago of Juan Fernandez
Authors: Arnedo Miquel A. , Hormiga Gustavo
Published: October 2020

We report on the colonization and diversification of linyphiid spiders in the Pacific oceanic archipelago of Juan Fernandez. About 50 spider species occur naturally in these islands, most of them endemic and about half of them are linyphiids. Linyphiidae includes no fewer than 15 species of Laminacauda and three of Neomaso (with several additional undescribed species in the latter genus), all of them single island endemics. There are three additional linyphiid endemic genera, two monotypic and one, Juanfernandezia, with two species. Unlike the rather uniform somatic morphology and small ground sheet webs of the continental Laminacauda and Neomaso species, the Juan Fernandez endemics exhibit morphological features and life history traits that are very rare or unknown in any other linyphiids. A multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis confirms at least five independent Juan Fernandez colonizations of Linyphiidae, two within the same genus, and three of which underwent subsequent local diversification. Different calibrations suggest alternative colonization timelines, some at odds with island ages, but all agree on similar diversification timings of the endemic lineages. Rare phenotypic traits (e.g. gigantism, massive chelicerae or elongated legs) evolved multiple times independently within the islands. Based on the remarkable levels of eco‐phenotypic differentiation in locally diversified species showing densely packed distributions, we propose that Laminacauda, and probably Neomaso, constitute a case of adaptive radiation.
Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web
Authors: Kallal Robert J. , Kulkarni Siddharth S. , Dimitrov Dimitar , Benavides Ligia R. , Arnedo Miquel A. , Giribet Gonzalo , Hormiga Gustavo
Published: October 2020

High throughput sequencing and phylogenomic analyses focusing on relationships among spiders have both reinforced and upturned long‐standing hypotheses. Likewise, the evolution of spider webs—perhaps their most emblematic attribute—is being understood in new ways. With a matrix including 272 spider species and close arachnid relatives, we analyze and evaluate the relationships among these lineages using a variety of orthology assessment methods, occupancy thresholds, tree inference methods and support metrics. Our analyses include families not previously sampled in transcriptomic analyses, such as Symphytognathidae, the only araneoid family absent in such prior works. We find support for the major established spider lineages, including Mygalomorphae, Araneomorphae, Synspermiata, Palpimanoidea, Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis Clade, as well as the uloborids, deinopids, oecobiids and hersiliids Grade. Resulting trees are evaluated using bootstrapping, Shimodaira–Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test, local posterior probabilities and concordance factors. Using structured Markov models to assess the evolution of spider webs while accounting for hierarchically nested traits, we find multiple convergent occurrences of the orb web across the spider tree‐of‐life. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive spider tree‐of‐life to date using transcriptomic data and use new methods to explore controversial issues of web evolution, including the origins and multiple losses of the orb web.
The comparison of two mealtime insulin dosing algorithms for high and low glycaemic index meals in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Erdal Busra , Caferoglu Zeynep , Hatipoglu Nihal
Published: October 2020

Aims

Postprandial glycaemic variability carries on being a clinical challenge in optimizing glucose control in type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the postprandial glycaemic effects of carbohydrate counting and food insulin index algorithms following the consumption of protein‐rich, high‐fat meals with different glycaemic index (GI) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

A randomized, single‐blind and crossover trial included 15 adolescents aged 14–18 years with type 1 diabetes. Participants consumed two different test meals with similar energy, macronutrients and food insulin index but the approximately twofold difference in GI, in random order on four consecutive mornings at their home. Insulin dose for high‐ and low‐GI test meals was determined by using the carbohydrate counting and food insulin index algorithms. Four‐hour postprandial glycaemia was assessed by the continuous glucose monitoring system.

Results

Compared with carbohydrate counting, the food insulin index algorithm significantly decreased peak glucose excursion (−57%, p = 0.02), incremental area under the curve (−65%, p = 0.02) and coefficient variation of blood glucose (−37%, p = 0.03) in the high‐GI meal, though there was no difference between the two algorithms in the low‐GI meal. The occurrence of hypoglycaemia did not significantly differ between insulin dosing algorithms for the high‐GI (p = 0.58) and low‐GI (p = 0.20) meals.

Conclusions

The food insulin index algorithm may be beneficial for postprandial glycaemic control after the consumption of high‐GI meals in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Monitoring equine ascarid and cyathostomin parasites: Evaluating health parameters under different treatment regimens
Authors: Nielsen Martin K. , Gee Erica K. , Hansen Alyse , Waghorn Tania , Bell Julie , Leathwick Dave M.
Published: October 2020

Background

Strongylid and ascarid parasites are omnipresent in equine stud farms, and ever‐increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance are challenging the industry with finding more sustainable and yet effective parasite control programs.

Objectives

To evaluate egg count levels, bodyweight and equine health under defined parasite control protocols in foals and mares at two Standardbred and two Thoroughbred stud farms.

Study design

Longitudinal randomised field trial.

Methods

A total of 93 foals were enrolled and split into two treatment groups, and 99 mares were enrolled and assigned to three treatment groups. All horses underwent a health examination, and episodes of colic or diarrhoea were recorded at each faecal collection date. Bodyweights were assessed using a weight tape, and mares were body condition scored. Group A foals (FA) were dewormed at 2 and 5 months of age with a fenbendazole/ivermectin/praziquantel product, while group B foals (FB) were dewormed on a monthly basis, alternating between the above‐mentioned product and an oxfendazole/pyrantel embonate product. Group A mares (MA) were dewormed twice with fenbendazole/ivermectin/praziquantel, group B mares (MB) were dewormed with the same product, when egg counts exceeded 300 strongylid eggs per gram, and group C mares (MC) were dewormed every 2 months, alternating between the two products. Health data were collected monthly for 6 months (foals) and bimonthly for 13 months (mares). Data were analysed with mixed linear models and interpreted at the α = 0.05 significance level.

Results

There were no significant bodyweight differences between foal groups, but MA mares were significantly lighter than the other two groups. Very few health incidents were recorded. Foals in group FA had significantly higher ascarid and strongylid egg counts, whereas no significant differences were observed between mare groups.

Main limitations

Study duration limited to one season.

Conclusions

Anthelmintic treatment intensity was lowered from the traditional intensive regimes without measurable negative health consequences for mares and foals.
Potential treatment of keloid pathogenesis with follistatin 288 by blocking the activin molecular pathway
Authors: Ham Seungmin , Harrison Craig , de Kretser David , Wallace Euan M. , Southwick Graeme , Temple‐Smith Peter
Published: October 2020

Keloids are benign tumours caused by abnormal wound healing driven by increased expression of cytokines, including activin A. This study compared effects of activins on normal and keloid‐derived human dermal fibroblasts and investigated a novel treatment for keloids using follistatin. Normal skin and keloid tissue samples from 11 patients were used to develop primary fibroblast cultures, which were compared in terms of their histology and relevant gene (qRT‐PCR and RNAseq) and protein (ELISA) expression. Activin A (INHBA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene expression were significantly upregulated in keloid fibroblasts, as was activin A protein expression in cell lysates and culture medium. Activator protein 1 inhibitor (SR11302) significantly decreased INHBA and CTGF expression in keloid fibroblasts and a single treatment of follistatin over 5 days significantly inhibited activin and various matrix‐related genes in keloid fibroblasts when compared to controls. Follistatin, by binding activin A, suppressed CTGF expression suggesting a novel therapeutic role in managing keloids and perhaps other fibrotic diseases.
Dyadic Relationships between a Surviving Parent and Children in Widowed Families: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Jiao Keyuan , Chow Amy Y.M. , Chen Chuqian
Published: October 2020

The death of a family member affects not only individual family members but also their relationships and interactions. Grief has been studied mostly as an intrapersonal experience. Adopting the family perspective, this systematic scoping review focused on parent–child relationships in widowed families so as to identify what is already known on this topic and the research gaps for future study. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Four databases (Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed, and CINAHL Plus) were searched. Search terms were combinations of two concepts: (1) loss of a parent (20 terms) and (2) parent–child (eight terms). 5,419 studies were identified during the search, of which 36 studies were included in the review following two rounds of screening. Four research themes emerged, and the aggregated findings were identified: (a) The surviving parent and children are likely to become closer following the loss of a parent, while other relevant factors need to be taken into account; (b) Better parent–child relationships play a protective role in children’s adjustment to loss; (c) The surviving parent and children’s adjustment to loss are interdependent; (d) Through parenting, communication style, coping strategy, and other attributes, the surviving parent can influence their children’s adjustment. Gender and age differences were identified in parent–child relationships. The findings further justify the importance of a family perspective when conducting research and practice on bereavement. Several research gaps were identified. Existing studies paid insufficient attention to children’s agency and bidirectional relationships, and the interaction process and its role underlying parent–child bidirectional causality. A conceptual framework of parent–child relationships in widowed families is proposed based on these findings.
p53 immunohistochemical analysis of fusion‐positive uterine sarcomas
Authors: Mohammad Nissreen , Stewart Colin J R , Chiang Sarah , Turashvili Gulisa , Dickson Brendan C , Ng Tony L , Köbel Martin , McCluggage W Glenn , Croce Sabrina , Lee Cheng‐Han
Published: October 2020

Aims

Uterine sarcomas can be grouped into tumours with pathognomonic genetic fusions such as low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS), high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS), and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT), and tumours lacking genetic fusions such as leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS). Members of the latter group frequently harbour TP53 mutations. The aim of this study was to evaluate TP53 mutations by the use of immunohistochemistry in fusion‐positive uterine sarcomas.

Methods and results

We performed p53 immunohistochemical staining on 124 uterine sarcomas harbouring genetic fusions and 38 fusion‐negative LMSs and UUSs. These included 41 HGESSs with YWHAE, BCOR and BCORL1 fusions/rearrangements, 13 IMTs with ALK fusion, 12 sarcomas with NTRK1/3 fusion, three sarcomas with PDGFB fusion, and 55 LGESSs with JAZF1, SUZ12 and PHF1 fusions/rearrangements. All HGESSs, LGESSs, IMTs and sarcomas with PDGFB fusion showed wild‐type p53 expression. Among NTRK1/3‐positive sarcomas, a TPR–NTRK1‐positive sarcoma with nuclear pleomorphism showed mutation‐type p53 expression. The remaining 11 NTRK1/3‐positive sarcomas showed wild‐type p53 expression, except for the subclonal p53 mutation‐type staining in a minor pleomorphic focus of an NTRK3‐positive sarcoma. Twenty‐one of 27 (78%) LMSs and six of nine (67%) UUSs showed mutation‐type p53 expression.

Conclusion

p53 immunohistochemistry may be considered in the initial work‐up of a uterine sarcoma, as mutation‐type staining would make a fusion‐positive sarcoma very unlikely. Mutation‐type p53 expression, however, can be seen in a small subset of NTRK1/3‐positive sarcomas showing pleomorphic round/ovoid cell histology, which may represent a mechanism of progression in these tumours.
Peer support worker training: Results of the evaluation of the Experienced Involvement training programme in Switzerland and Germany
Authors: Hegedüs Anna , Burr Christian , Pfluger Viviane , Sieg Daniel , Nienaber André , Schulz Michael
Published: October 2020

The ‘Experienced Involvement’ (EX‐IN) training programme prepares and certifies individuals who have experienced mental health problems to work as peer support workers and to support others challenged by similar conditions. We aimed to assess the impact of the EX‐IN training on hope, self‐efficacy, introspection, stigma resistance, personal recovery, health‐related quality of life and employment in participants. Data was collected using standardized assessment instruments before the training started (t1) and upon course completion (t2). Data from 103 participants who participated in both measurement times were included into data analysis. Participants significantly improved their recovery, stigma resistance and introspection during the EX‐IN training. In addition, a significant higher proportion of participants were employed at t2. Participants whose last inpatient stay was 0–1 year before the start of the EX‐IN training showed significantly lower levels of stigma resistance, and self‐efficacy at t1 than participants with two or more years since the last inpatient stay. There were no significant changes in mean values over time, or in the mean values at t2 between the two groups. EX‐IN training has a positive influence on the handling of stigma, on one's recovery path and introspection. This indicates that EX‐IN training has a therapeutic effect on the participants. EX‐IN training seems to meet the challenges of peer support work. Therefore, the training can be recommended as preparation for working as a peer support worker as well as an intervention to improve one´s recovery process.
Functional genetic variant of HSD17B12 in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway predicts the outcome of colorectal cancer
Authors: Lin Yu , Meng Yixuan , Zhang Jinying , Ma Ling , Jiang Lu , Zhang Yi , Yuan Ming , Ren Anjing , Zhu Weiyou , Li Shuwei , Shu Yongqian , Du Mulong , Zhu Lingjun
Published: October 2020

Fatty acids are involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, genetic effects of fatty acid biosynthesis pathway on CRC outcome are unclear. Cox regression model was used to evaluate genetic effects on CRC overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), accompanied by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Differential expression analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, dual‐luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were performed to explore the genetically biological mechanism. The rs10838164 C>T in HSD17B12 was significantly associated with an increased risk of death and progression of CRC (OS, HR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.40‐3.22, P = 4.03 × 10−4; PFS, HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.11‐2.44, P = 1.35 × 10−2), of which T allele could increase HSD17B12 expression (P = 1.78 × 10−11). Subsequently, the functional experiments indicated that rs10838164 T allele could not only enhance the binding affinity of transcription factor YY1 to HSD17B12 region harbouring rs10838164 but also promote the transcriptional activity of HSD17B12, which was significantly up‐regulated in colorectal tumour tissues. Our findings suggest that genetic variants in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway play an important role in CRC outcome.
Commentary: Time to reconceptualize ASD? comments on Happe and Frith (2020) and Sonuga‐Barke (2020)
Authors: Levy Yonata
Published: October 2020

Happe and Frith (2020) list seven changes in the concept of autism that have taken place since the 80s when autism became the focus of clinical concerns and research interests. These dramatic changes, supported by additional research results, have not convinced Sonuga‐Barke (2020) that a Kuhnian revolution in psychiatric nosology may be at our front door. This commentary will discuss this conclusion, calling on ASD researchers to re‐evaluate the benefits of a paradigm shift in the nosology of ASD.
Deletion of Golgi protein 73 delayed hepatocyte proliferation of mouse in the early stages of liver regeneration
Authors: Wang Jianwen , Ning Jing , Qian Xiangjun , Zhang Ting , Yao Mingjie , Wang Jie , Chen Xiangmei , Lu Fengmin
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim

Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is a transmembrane protein that can promote the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the roles of GP73 in the proliferation of non‐malignant hepatocytes have rarely been investigated.

Methods

The wild‐type (GP73+/+) and GP73 gene knockout mice (GP73−/−) were subject to 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) to explore the involvement of GP73 in liver regeneration.

Results

After PHx, a significant increase of GP73 expression was observed in GP73+/+ mouse liver. Noticeably, promoted recovery of liver mass was observed in GP73−/− mouse at Day 1 after PHx, as showed by the liver/body weight ratio. RNA sequencing revealed that genes relevant to cell cycle and inflammation response in the residual liver tissues were severely suppressed with the deletion of GP73, particularly the inactivation of NF‐κB signal pathway in early phase of liver regeneration. In line with this, we do see the downregulation of cell cycle‐related protein including cyclin D1, p‐cyclin D1, β‐catenin, as well as interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, CCl2, and CXCl10. In contrast, activation of mTOR signaling pathway was documented, accompanied with the histological hypertrophy of hepatocytes in GP73−/− mouse.

Conclusions

Golgi protein 73 deletion leads to delayed response of liver regeneration and inflammation in the early stages of liver regeneration after PHx.
Effects of potato resistant starch intake on insulin sensitivity, related metabolic markers and appetite ratings in men and women at risk for type 2 diabetes: a pilot cross‐over randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sanders L. M. , Dicklin M. R. , Palacios O. M. , Maki C. E. , Wilcox M. L. , Maki K. C.
Published: October 2020

Background

The intake of certain types of resistant starch (RS) has been associated in some studies with increased whole‐body insulin sensitivity. This randomised, cross‐over pilot trial evaluated the effect of consuming cooked, then chilled potatoes, a source of RS, compared to isoenergetic, carbohydrate (CHO)‐containing control foods, on insulin sensitivity and related markers.

Methods

Nineteen adults with body mass index 27.0‐39.9 kg m−2 consumed 300 g day−1 RS‐enriched potatoes (approximately two potatoes; ~18 g RS) or CHO‐based control foods, as part of lunch, evening and snack meals, over a 24‐h period. After an overnight fast, insulin sensitivity, CHO metabolism markers, free fatty acids, breath hydrogen levels and appetite were assessed for up to 5 h after the intake of a standard breakfast. The primary endpoint was insulin sensitivity, assessed with the Matsuda index. P < 0.05 (one‐sided) was considered statistically significant.

Results

Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the potato and control conditions. The potato intervention resulted in higher postprandial breath hydrogen (P = 0.037), lower postprandial free fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.039) and lower fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.043) compared to the control condition. Fullness ratings were significantly lower after potato versus control (P = 0.002). No other significant effects were observed; however, there was a trend toward lower fasting insulin (P = 0.077) in the potato versus the control condition.

Conclusions

The results of this pilot study suggest RS‐enriched potatoes may have a favourable impact on carbohydrate metabolism and support the view that additional research in a larger study sample is warranted.
Association of diet with left ventricular wall thickness, troponin I and IGF‐1 in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: van Hoek Ingrid , Hodgkiss‐Geere Hannah , Bode Elizabeth F. , Hamilton‐Elliott Julie , Mõtsküla Paul , Palermo Valentina , Pereira Yolanda Martinez , Culshaw Geoff J. , Laxalde Jeremy , Dukes‐McEwan Joanna
Published: October 2020

Background

Cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (sHCM) have elevated serum insulin and serum amyloid A concentrations correlating with the degree of cardiac hypertrophy. Diet might affect these and other cardiac variables.

Objective

Evaluate the effect of a complete, balanced diet with restricted starch and supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) on echocardiographic variables and cardiac biomarkers in cats with sHCM.

Animals

Forty‐four client‐owned cats with sHCM.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, multicenter study enrolled cats with end‐diastole interventricular septum thickness (IVSd) or left ventricular wall thickness (LVWd) ≥6 mm, or both. Nonsedated, fasted cats were examined at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of Test (restricted starch and EPA + DHA supplements) (n = 23) or Control (unrestricted starch without EPA + DHA supplementation) (n = 21) diet. Assessments included auscultation, body weight, body condition score, echocardiography and blood analysis. Linear and generalized mixed models analyzed diet, time and diet * time interactions (5% significance level).

Results

No differences between diet groups were significant for any variable at any timepoint. There were significant decreases in the Test but not Control group in maximum IVSd (P = .03), maximum LVWd (P = .02) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels (P = .04) after 12 months, and in ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (P = .001) after 6 months; effect sizes (95% confidence interval) were 0.53 (0.09; 0.99), 0.63 (0.18; 1.09), 0.61 (0.16; 1.07), and 0.37 (−0.06; 0.8), respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Cats with sHCM fed Test diet had significant decreases in echocardiographic variables of sHCM and in cTnI and IGF‐1.
Postpartum urinary retention: Absolute risk prediction model
Authors: Barba Marta , Frigerio Matteo , Manodoro Stefano , Bernasconi Davide P. , Cola Alice , Palmieri Stefania , Fumagalli Simona , Vergani Patrizia
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the incidence and assess clinical factors that can predict the occurrence of postpartum urinary retention (PPUR).

PPUR is a puerperal condition defined as the inability to void over 6 hours after birth or after catheter removal in case of cesarean section, requiring catheterization. Lack of prompt diagnosis of this condition may lead to severe sequelae, including infection, chronic voiding difficulties, and renal failure.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed all deliveries from January 2011 to December 2017 in a single Italian university hospital. We used multivariate logistic regression to develop a predictive score for PPUR.

Results

By multivariate logistic regression, our analysis shows as minor (odds ratio [OR] < 2) risk factors for PPUR: non‐Caucasian ethnicity (OR = 1.46, CI = 1.05‐2.03), nulliparity (OR = 1.47, CI = 1.01‐2.14), body mass index (BMI) at the end of the pregnancy <30 kg/m2 (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.10‐2.17). On the other hand, epidural analgesia (OR = 3.93, CI = 2.96‐5.22), meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (OR = 2.07, CI = 1.54‐2.77), nonoperative vaginal birth vs cesarean section (OR = 6.25, CI = 2.16‐18.13), vacuum extraction vs cesarean section (OR = 8.80, CI = 2.86‐27.01), pushing stage ≥60 minutes (OR = 3.00,CI = 2.26‐3.97), and perineal tear (OR = 2.87, CI = 1.86‐4.43) proved to be major (OR > 2) risk factors for PPUR.

Using our final model (area under curve = 0.84), we created a nomogram for PPUR absolute risk calculation. Specifically, a 116‐point cutoff might be used to identify high‐risk patients who deserve more intensive micturition monitoring.

Conclusions

Our study identified non‐Caucasian ethnicity, nulliparity, and a BMI <30 kg/m2 at the end of the pregnancy as minor and epidural analgesia, meconium‐stained amniotic fluid, vaginal nonoperative birth, vacuum extraction, pushing stage ≥60 minutes, and perineal tear as major independent risk factors for PPUR.
Host sensing and signal transduction during Toxoplasma stage conversion
Authors: Augusto Leonardo , Wek Ronald C. , Sullivan William J.
Published: October 2020

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects nucleated cells in virtually all warm‐blooded vertebrates, including one‐third of the human population. While immunocompetent hosts do not typically show symptoms of acute infection, parasites are retained in latent tissue cysts that can be reactivated upon immune suppression, potentially damaging key organ systems. Toxoplasma has a multistage life cycle that is intimately linked to environmental stresses and host signals. As this protozoan pathogen is transmitted between multiple hosts and tissues, it evaluates these external signals to appropriately differentiate into distinct life cycle stages, such as the transition from its replicative stage (tachyzoite) to the latent stage (bradyzoite) that persists as tissue cysts. Additionally, in the gut of its definitive host, felines, Toxoplasma converts into gametocytes that produce infectious oocysts (sporozoites) that are expelled into the environment. In this review, we highlight recent advances that have illuminated the interfaces between Toxoplasma and host and how these interactions control parasite stage conversion. Mechanisms underlying these stage transitions are important targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at thwarting parasite transmission and pathogenesis.
A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato
Authors: Wang Chenchen , Gao Hongjuan , Chu Zhaohui , Ji Changquan , Xu Yang , Cao Weilin , Zhou Shumei , Song Yunzhi , Liu Hongmei , Zhu Changxiang
Published: October 2020

Nonspecific lipidtransfer proteins (nsLTPs), which are small, cysteine‐rich proteins, belong to the pathogenesis‐related protein family, and several of them act as positive regulators during plant disease resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these proteins in plant immune responses are unclear. In this study, a typical nsLTP gene, StLTP10, was identified and functionally analysed in potato. StLTP10 expression was significantly induced by Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight in potato, and defence‐related phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Characterization of StLTP10‐overexpressing and knockdown lines indicated that StLTP10 positively regulates plant resistance to P. infestans. This resistance was coupled with enhanced expression of reactive oxygen species scavenging‐ and defence‐related genes. Furthermore, we identified that StLTP10 physically interacts with ABA receptor PYL4 and affects its subcellular localization. These two proteins work together to regulate stomatal closure during pathogen infection. Interestingly, we also found that wound‐induced protein kinase interacts with StLTP10 and positively regulates its protein abundance. Taken together, our results provide insight into the role of StLTP10 in resistance to P. infestans and suggest candidates to enhance broad‐spectrum resistance to pathogens in potato.
Heavy shackles: The experience of symptom distress and coping behaviors of Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Han Wenwen , Peng Xin , Qu Danhua , Yang Yuhang , Li Kun
Published: October 2020

People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exhibit various symptoms, some of which can negatively affect their daily lives. Thus, they may adopt coping behaviors to improve their condition. This qualitative descriptive study investigated symptom distress and coping behaviors among 19 Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using individual, semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews. We identified the following three themes for the patients' symptom distress: distressing symptoms, inescapable imprisonment, and no choice other than being a burden to the family. The various coping behaviors of the patients were categorized into the following three themes: struggle during the medical treatment process, careful maintenance of daily life, and coping with negative emotions. Although all patients experienced physical and psychological distress, they displayed a strong desire to improve their lives and health. By recognizing the patients' symptom distress and coping behaviors, tailored interventions could be developed to improve the quality of their lives.
Effects of stress‐related peptides on chloride secretion in the mouse proximal colon
Authors: Liu Sumei , Karo Aaron , Agterberg Sita , Hua Howard , Bhargava Aditi
Published: October 2020

Background

Stress increases intestinal secretion and exacerbates symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Peripherally derived corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) is known to mediate stress‐induced intestinal secretion, presumably by activation of CRF1 receptors in the gut. The present study aimed to ascertain the role of CRF2 activation in intestinal secretion by three other members of CRF peptide family, urocortin (UCN) 1–3, in wild type (WT) and CRF2 knockout (Crhr2−/−) mice.

Methods

Mucosal/submucosal preparations from proximal colon of WT and Crhr2−/− mice of both sexes were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of short‐circuit current (Isc) as an indicator of ion secretion.

Key Results

Male mice demonstrated a significantly higher baseline Isc than female in both WT and Crhr2−/− genotypes. CRF and UCN1‐3 (1 μM) caused greater increases in colonic Isc (ΔIsc) in male than female. Colonic Isc response to the selective CRF1 agonist, stressin1, was similar in both sexes. In male mice, the selective CRF2 agonists (UCN2 and UCN3) caused significantly greater ΔIsc than CRF and stressin1. UCN2‐ and UCN3‐evoked ΔISC was significantly reduced in preparations pretreated with the selective CRF2 antagonist antisauvagine‐30 and in Crhr2−/− mice. The prosecretory effects of urocortins were due to increases in Cl− secretion and involved enteric neurons and mast cells.

Conclusions and Inference

The findings revealed sex differences in baseline colonic secretion and responses to stress‐related peptides. CRF2 receptors play a more prominent role in colonic secretion in male mice. The greater baseline secretion and responses to UCNs may contribute to the higher prevalence of diarrhea‐predominant IBS in males.
Mucosal pathogenesis in gastro‐esophageal reflux disease
Authors: Ustaoglu Ahsen , Nguyen Anh , Spechler Stuart , Sifrim Daniel , Souza Rhonda , Woodland Philip
Published: October 2020

Background

Despite gastro‐esophageal reflux disease affecting up to 20% of Western populations, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its most troublesome symptom: heartburn. Recent findings have unveiled the role of components of the esophageal mucosa in the pathogenesis of GERD including sensory nociceptive nerves and inflammatory mediators. Erosive esophagitis was long believed to develop as a result of acid injury at the esophageal lumen, but novel concepts suggest the generation of reflux‐induced esophageal injury as a result of cytokine‐mediated inflammation. Moreover, the localization and characterization of mucosal afferent nerves vary between GERD phenotypes and could explain the heterogeneity of symptom perception between patients who experience similar levels of acid reflux.

Purpose

The purpose of this review is to consider the crosstalk of different factors of the esophageal mucosa in the pathogenesis of GERD, with a particular focus on mucosal innervation and molecular basis of acid‐induced cytokine response. We discuss the current understanding of the mucosal response to acid injury, the nociceptive role of acid‐sensitive receptors expressed in the esophageal mucosa, and the role of esophageal epithelial cells in initiating the onset of erosive esophagitis.
Remove or retain: ecosystem effects of woody encroachment and removal are linked to plant structural and functional traits
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Ding Jingyi
Published: October 2020

The impacts of woody encroachment and removal on ecosystems are highly variable and are thought to be related to the traits of the individual woody species. Decisions on whether to remove or to retain woody plants are hampered by a lack of empirical evidence of the relationship between woody traits and the ecosystem consequences of their removal or retention.

We used a global meta‐analysis of 149 ecosystem attributes from 172 woody species to evaluate the relative effects of woody plant traits and abiotic environmental variables on the ecosystem consequences of woody encroachment and removal.

The ecosystem consequences were closely related to woody plant traits. For example, encroachment of plants characterized by high structural traits (e.g. tall, mixed tap and fibrous roots) reduced ecosystem composition, while removal of plants characterized by high functional traits (e.g. nitrogen fixing, deciduous) reduced ecosystem function. Structural and functional traits of woody plants mainly regulated soil stability during woody encroachment and herbaceous cover after woody removal. Conversely, environmental conditions mainly affected herbaceous cover under encroachment and soil stability under removal scenarios.

We demonstrate that the ecosystem consequences of encroachment and removal are closely linked to the structural and functional traits of the target woody species. Furthermore, biotic (woody plant traits) and abiotic (climate, soils) factors have different impacts on regulating trade‐offs between ecosystem responses under these two management scenarios. Our study provides empirical support for management decisions on whether to retain or remove different woody taxa under various environments across the globe.
The effect of simultaneous dual‐focus integration on the global flash multifocal electroretinogram in the human eye
Authors: Fung Mavis M Y , Choi Kai Yip , Chan Henry H L
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To investigate the effect of simultaneous dual‐focus (DF) on retinal activities measured by global flash multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG).

Methods

Thirty adults were recruited for mfERG measurement under three conditions: in‐focus (i.e., no defocus), +2.50 D DF and +7.50 D DF, administered using single vision contact lenses and DF lenses. The direct component (DC) and the induced component (IC) of the mfERG were pooled into central macular (0–8°), para‐macular (8–18°) and peri‐macular (18–30°) regions, and then compared across the three conditions using two‐way, repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Simultaneous DF had a significant effect on the IC amplitude, which was significantly stronger under +7.50 D DF (p < 0.01) than for the in‐focus condition, which was mostly derived from the central and para‐macular regions. No significant effect was observed for the +2.50 D DF condition.

Conclusion

Under the effect of relatively strong simultaneous DF integration, the retina showed an enhanced retinal response, which originated from the inner retina. Compared with the peri‐macular region, central and para‐macular responses appeared to be enhanced.
LBBAP in patients with normal intrinsic QRS duration: Electrical and mechanical characteristics
Authors: Wang Shaoxian , Lan Rongfang , Zhang Ning , Zheng Jia , Gao Yuan , Bai Jian , Wu Xiang , Xu Xinyue , Wang Tianqi , Xu Wei
Published: October 2020

Background

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is an innovative pacing technology, which needs further study.

Methods

Seventy LBBAP patients with intrinsic QRS duration (QRSd) less than 120 ms were consecutively enrolled in our center. According to whether the left bundle branch potential (LBBp) was recorded or not, the patients were divided into the potential positive group (LBBAP+) and the potential negative group (LBBAP−). Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters were used to evaluate electrical and mechanical characteristics. Lead parameters and complications were followed‐up.

Results

There were 52 patients in LBBAP+ and 18 patients in LBBAP−. The QRSd and the left ventricular activation time (LVAT) were wider after LBBAP. QRSd showed no significant difference between LBBAP+ and LBBAP−. LVAT was significantly shorter in LBBAP+ than in LBBAP−. Frontal QRS axis shifted leftward and the V1 morphologies changed after LBBAP. QRS axis and V1 morphologies showed no significant differences between two groups. Paced R‐wave transition moved forward compared with intrinsic R‐wave transition in both groups. Peak systolic strain of left ventricle (LVPSS) increased, and peak systolic dispersion of left ventricle (LVPSD) did not change significantly after LBBAP. Systolic and diastolic function as well as mechanical synchronism had no significant differences between two groups. LBBAP had great pacing parameters.

Conclusion

LBBAP changes electrical and mechanical characteristics and has good safety in patients with normal intrinsic QRSd. LBBAP+ and LBBAP− show no significant differences in mechanical synchronization and interventricular electrical synchronization. The LBBAP+ shows better left ventricular electrical synchronicity.
Challenges and Opportunities Facing Pediatric Anesthesia Providers in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (LMICs), India
Authors: Dave Nandini , Varghese Elsa , Jacob Rebecca
Published: October 2020

India is a vast, populous country with a huge variability in the standards of health care. While the cities have state of the art hospitals with trained doctors, rural areas where most of the population lives, have a severe shortage of resources. Children form nearly 40% of India's population, and there is a great demand for pediatric surgical and anesthesia services. Specialty training in pediatric anesthesia, however, is still in its infancy, with the majority of children being administered anesthesia by general anesthesiologists. This review discusses the reasons behind India's ailing healthcare system and the shortage of qualified pediatric anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists face multiple challenges in their daily work including inadequate infrastructure, paucity of medications and working equipment, nonavailability of trained help, and poor remuneration. All these factors contribute to work‐related stress. On the other hand, the dearth of anesthesiologists offers ample opportunities to serve the underserved, improve the safety and quality of perioperative care in the rural areas, and improve the self‐image of the anesthesiologist. A paucity of data regarding anesthesia, surgery, and work‐related issues makes writing an article like this very difficult. However, it highlights the need for professional bodies to take note of these facts and play an active role in encouraging documentation, data collection, and improving standards of teaching and practice.
Dexmedetomidine leading to profound bradycardia in a pediatric liver transplant recipient
Authors: Banc‐Husu Anna M. , Badke Colleen M. , Sanchez‐Pinto Lazaro Nelson , Alonso Estella M.
Published: October 2020

Dexmedetomidine, an α2‐agonist, is used in the PICU for its sedative properties as it minimally affects respiratory status. However, hemodynamic instability is one of its known side effects. There is limited published experience with its use in pediatric liver transplant. We present a case of a 9‐month‐old infant who received a deceased donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia and received an IV dexmedetomidine infusion for sedation starting at 20 hours post‐operatively. The patient received an IV bolus of 0.08 mcg/kg followed by an increase to 1 mcg/kg/hour. She was also receiving a fentanyl infusion for sedation at the time of dexmedetomidine initiation. Approximately 3 hours after initiation, she developed bradycardia as low as 30 beats‐per‐minute with an associated sinus pause of 7 seconds. She was given chest compressions by the bedside nurse briefly before arousing and becoming agitated. Evaluation of other etiologies for the patient's bradycardia was unrevealing. Thus, bradycardia was attributed to dexmedetomidine therapy which was discontinued without recurrence. Hemodynamic instability, specifically bradycardia, is known to occur with dexmedetomidine administration. As this medication is primarily metabolized by the liver, its use immediately after transplantation, when liver function is still recovering, may be associated with an increased risk of side effects. Understanding risk factors for bradycardia and hemodynamic instability early after liver transplantation, particularly with dexmedetomidine, is critical to allow clinicians to identify the patients for higher risk for dexmedetomidine side effects.
A brief positive psychological intervention prior to a potentially stressful task facilitates more challenge‐like cardiovascular reactivity in high trait anxious individuals
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Andreas R. , Rominger Christian , Weber Bernhard , Aluani Isabella
Published: October 2020

When confronted with stress, anxious individuals tend to evaluate the demands of an upcoming encounter as higher than the available resources, thus, indicating threat evaluations. Conversely, evaluating available resources as higher than the demands signals challenge. Both types of evaluations have been related to specific cardiovascular response patterns with higher cardiac output relative to peripheral resistance indicating challenge and higher peripheral resistance relative to cardiac output signaling threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether a brief positive psychological exercise (best possible selves intervention) prior to a potentially stress‐evoking task shifted the cardiovascular profile in trait anxious individuals from a threat to a challenge type. We randomly assigned 74 participants to either a best possible selves or a control exercise prior to performing a sing a song stress task and assessed their level of trait anxiety. Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were continuously recorded through baseline, preparation, stress task, and recovery, respectively, as well as self‐reported affect. Trait anxiety was related to higher CO in the best possible selves group and lower CO in the control group. While high trait anxious individuals in the control group showed increasing TPR reactivity, they exhibited a nonsignificant change in the best possible selves group. Moreover, in the latter group a stress‐related decrease in positive affect in high trait anxious participants was prevented. Findings suggest that concentrating on strengths and positive assets prior to a potentially stressful encounter could trigger a more adaptive coping in trait anxious individuals.
Cavity construction by reintroduced populations of Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Dryobates borealis)
Authors: Meyer Robert T. , Cox James A.
Published: October 2020

Although species reintroduction attempts are now common, monitoring of reintroduction attempts rarely extends beyond initial population establishment. This short timespan likely fails to document long‐term population stability, subtle changes in behavior, and the potentially larger effects that some reintroduced species may have on other species. The Red‐cockaded Woodpecker (RCW; Dryobates borealis) is an important habitat specialist and ecosystem engineer that excavates cavities in living trees. Excavation of natural RCW cavities can take years to complete, but they also persist for many years and are used by many other species. We quantified characteristics of cavity trees excavated by RCWs (n = 44) in two populations that were reintroduced to unoccupied areas more than 10 years earlier. We measured features associated with heartwood rot and used generalized linear mixed effects regression to determine whether these features differed for trees selected for cavity excavation compared with random neighboring trees. We also assessed population trends for cavity‐nesting species that commonly used RCW cavities on one of the sites. Height of first live limb was the only factor distinguishing natural RCW cavity trees from control trees. Four of six cavity‐nesting species monitored increased significantly following RCW establishment. The increases may relate to the many natural and artificial cavities created during the reintroduction effort. Future reintroductions of the RCW should lead to successful natural cavity excavation if sufficiently large trees with smaller live crowns are present. Future efforts may also benefit the broader community of cavity‐nesting birds.
Testing the effect of restoration‐focused silviculture on oak regeneration and groundlayer plant communities in urban–exurban oak woodlands
Authors: Pastick Jillian , Maurer Deborah , Fahey Robert T.
Published: October 2020

Throughout their global range, oak‐dominated ecosystems have undergone state changes in stand structure and composition. Land managers face an especially acute challenge in restoring oak ecosystems and promoting oak regeneration in urban–exurban areas, where high‐intensity silvicultural treatments are often not feasible. To investigate low‐intensity management alternatives which could be widely applied in urban–exurban forests, a large‐scale adaptive management experiment was implemented in Lake County, IL, in 2012. Five canopy manipulation treatments of varying intensity, timing, and spatial aggregation were replicated across three study areas and oak seedlings were under‐planted into treatment units following management. Responses of understory light environment, shrub and groundlayer plant communities, and survival and growth of underplanted oak seedlings were evaluated. Understory light availability, canopy openness, total groundlayer plant cover, and groundlayer species diversity all differed among treatments. However, although understory light availability was significantly increased by canopy manipulation, groundlayer communities and oak seedling survival and growth did not differ among treatments. High overall seedling survival rates suggest current conditions are amenable to oak regeneration, but long‐term monitoring will be needed to assess the potential for seedlings to transition to the sapling and canopy layers. Early results demonstrate that canopy‐focused silvicultural treatments can affect the understory light environment and, to some degree, groundlayer plant communities. However, underplanting of oak seedlings paired with subcanopy thinning may be sufficient to restore an oak seedling layer, and (when necessary or preferred) canopy manipulation could potentially be deferred until later in the restoration timeline to promote oak recruitment.