bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

The introduction explores the socio-economic, religious, and intellectual context of Caribbean slavery, in a frontier environment marked by demographic transformation. Slavery reflected on the understanding of society and the individual, and was understood through religious discourses and the heritage of antiquity. This book discusses, firstly, the importance to slavery of what French observers called condition; this can be illuminated through anthropological approaches, nuanced by acknowledging the transformative nature of slavery. Secondly, it explores what was new about corporeal labour in the plantation context. Thirdly, it discusses the use of strategies for purposes such as religious conversion or temporal gain, particularly the use of the script. This chapter highlights the fact that critics have focused little on the earliest Caribbean colonies and on the question of human labour. Interdisciplinary approaches from the fields of history, literature, and the social sciences are valuable, but a new approach is called for which both recognises what was shared in the thinking of colonial commentators, and what was heterogeneous in the strategies they used to obtain diverse forms of interest. The introduction ends by summarising the principal printed and manuscript sources analysed in this book.
Slave economies
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

Early modern French commentators saw slavery as a practice that was ubiquitous throughout the world, even threatening in its Islamic forms, and that was intimately associated with captivity. A further strand in creating the condition of the slave was made up of discourses of human difference. The site of the difference was very mobile; while there are hints of early proto-racial thinking at the turn of the eighteenth century, religion was one of various strands through which belonging and difference was conceptualised. Contrary to recent criticism, this chapter shows that representations of African slavery were based on ambiguous legal, commercial and societal foundations. Slavery was also justified by early capitalist rationale testifying to European confidence in production. Amerindian slavery was thought non-commercial and honour-based, and fascinated in depictions of the consumption of human beings. French accounts of the Caribbean slave economy illustrate the key strands of what the proprietorship of African slaves meant. The enslavement of baptised Africans was viewed with some diversity by ecclesiastics, with some questioning the principle of slavery, and some actively condoning it. Baptism was a powerful sacrament which implied levels of temporal belonging, but the coexistence of secular and spiritual planes could be complex or uneasy.
Tensions, order, and the body
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

Colonial commentators, aware of the impossibility of dominating the consciousness of slaves, testify to the use of auxiliary strategies to circumscribe them in place or time. Forms of surveillance were essential to power, but hint at exacerbated visibility in the plantation context. A scriptural, patristic and humanistic tradition furnished precedents for the discipline of slaves, but French commentators illustrate that limits to physical violence were prescribed for diverse reasons. Concerns about plantation security centred on the proportion of slave to settler, and on the illusory relationships between slaveowners and their slaves. It is in the script, hidden from the eyes of slaves, that one can find overt avowals of the risk they were thought to pose. There were interrogations about the sexual coercion of enslaved women. Colonial-era narratives also illustrate the use of strategies to control the bodies of slaves; some of these strategies testify to moral limits to the complete possession of other human beings.
Society and slaves
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

In the early colonies, alternative forms of society could be a source of anxiety. Religious and social cohesion was a concern in what was often an unmastered environment. Accounts of the early colonies reflect on the cohesion of a society made up of settlers and slaves. The self-interest of colonists could be acknowledged as problematic for public order, and the desires of slaves as disruptive to property. In practice, some property was ceded to slaves, and strategies were described to motivate slaves by granting comparative favour. Depictions of the uncultivated environment reflect anxieties about the proximity of unmastered spaces outside the colonies. There were also internal frontiers maintained by shared practices, such as hospitality and the consumption of alcohol. A number of testimonies about the maroon slaves illustrate concerns with culture and subversion, as well as the role of rumour in the early colonies. Further tensions in the colonies developed from desire, and related to questions surrounding marriage, manumission and métissage. Métissage, like manumission, was never considered outside distinct social contexts, and illustrates the instability within the slave society.
Trafficking in drugs and small arms
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

The carrying on of trade, both legal and illegal, between communities has been a fundamental feature of global economic relationships and an essential component of economic and social development. Modern-day trafficking is more than simply a reflection of an age old problem of illegal trade, because of the power of globalization. With Africa’s continuing integration into the global economy, the continent has becoming ever more vulnerable to the dark side of globalization that drives international trafficking. The challenge that the illicit trade in drugs and small arms brings to the continent is one far beyond the immediate impact of rising transnational criminal activity, but one that has broader implications for cross-cutting linkages to African security, stability and the future of African governance.
Resource conflict and the environment
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

Resource conflict and environmental degradation are in reality two-sides of the same security challenge coin. Both address the issue of natural resource abundance and scarcity and how societies deal with these challenges and their implications, but from vastly different perspectives. While the first addresses access and control over existing natural resources in terms of resource competition, the second addresses the environmental impact of declining or the misuse of resources. Regardless of the perspective, however, both present a serious threat to African peace and stability through their ability to generate and sustain violent conflict, fuel corruption or undermine governance. Moreover, some of these types of conflicts are the most difficult to resolve given the life or death nature of the stakes involved for individuals and entire communities.
‘The most dangerous thing in England’? Detection, deviance and disability in Richard Marsh’s Judith Lee stories
Authors: Vuohelainen Minna
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the adventures of Richard Marsh’s female detective and lip-reader Judith Lee (1911–16). The short-story series offers a powerful example of the cross-fertilisation of the genres of detective, Gothic, New-Woman and science fiction through Marsh’s ambivalent construction of his protagonist as a potentially progenerate being with seemingly supernatural communication skills. Lee is a liminal heroine who is simultaneously resistant to and complicit with the normalising taxonomies of gender, sexuality, ethnicity and class commonly associated with detective fiction. However, while the stories’ conformist position as scientifically minded crime fiction is complicated by their apparent tolerance of deviance, Lee’s expertise as a teacher of the deaf undermines counter-hegemonic readings because her profession aims to ‘cure’ a disability, deafness. Lee’s adventures show how popular fiction synthesised disparate discursive frameworks drawing on criminology, eugenics, science, communications technology and psychical research.
Decadent aesthetics and Richard Marsh’s The Mystery of Philip Bennion’s Death
Authors: Orrells Daniel
Published: September 2018

Richard Marsh’s fiction made a significant contribution to the arguments that circulated during the 1890s about aesthetics and the commodification of culture. The plots of sensational popular novels and the sights and sounds of the music hall were all deemed unworthy, addiction-inducing forces by cultural commentators at the time. This chapter focuses on The Mystery of Philip Bennion’s Death (1892/1897), a murder-mystery novel in which a work of art – a poisoned Renaissance cabinet – apparently kills its owner, a collector of curios: the dangers of art could hardly be more pressing. Marsh’s novel looks back on a century of writers who have associated fine art with crime, from De Quincey’s provocation that murder could be a fine art to Pater’s and Wilde’s interest in the aesthetics of transgression and the entertaining nature of murder. This chapter explores how Marsh's writing was at the heart of 1890s debates about collecting, aestheticism and decadence.
‘Some have it from Birth, Some by Disposition’:1 Foolishness in Medieval German Literature
Authors: Dillig Janina
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines depictions of fools in Middle High German literature to demonstrate that the medieval idea of folly is more complex than a simple opposition to reason, and to ascertain if there are notions of intellectual disability in the German Middle Ages. To understand medieval ideas of foolishness, this chapter explores the difference between ‘will fool’ and ‘natural fool’ as depicted by Konrad von Megenberg in the 14th century. This medieval differentiation is then tracked through several different Middle High German texts, including the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach and the Middle High German stories Die halbe Birne and Des Mönches Not.
The language of gesture: Untimely bodies and contemporary performance
Authors: Davies Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the medieval interests of two twenty-first century pieces of art: Elizabeth Price’s immersive video installation, The Woolworths Choir of 1979 (2012), and Michael Landy’s Saints Alive (2013). Both of these works turn to medieval culture in order to examine the untimeliness of the body and this chapter traces their sources and explores how their work speaks with, and to, medieval representations of the body. It contextualises Price and Landy’s work with explorations of medieval effigies and the Middle English poem St Erkenwald. The methodology of this chapter is informed by Aby Warburg’s work on gesture in early modern art and interrogates moments of contact and communication across time.
Has not reason been abused as well as religion? Matthew Tindal and the Scriptures
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns the sources of the triune Christian God’s revealed truth about himself and his creation. In particular, it anatomizes the debates over ‘deism’ between Waterland and Matthew Tindal, The Tindal-Waterland debate was not simply about how God could be known but about God’s relation to and scope of action within his creation. In Waterland’s defence of the Bible’s truth, he argued for a radically transcendent God, one who could do whatever he wanted; whenever and wherever he wanted; and for reasons that might be wholly inscrutable to human beings. To Tindal, this was an irrational — and, hence, an immoral — argument. This chapter explains why Tindal and Waterland argued as they did. Locating their dispute within eighteenth-century debates over deism, this chapter also shows how Waterland worked out his thinking about Tindal’s Christianity as Old as the Creation (1730) in the margins of his own copy of the work. His initial objections focused on the threat Tindal’s work posed to the nation’s morality. In Scripture Vindicated, though, Waterland confronted what he took to be the underlying hermeneutical challenges posed by Tindal’s work.
Conversing … with the ancients: Rome and the Bible
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

Having lost a legal battle with Richard Bentley, Conyers Middleton went to Rome for a year and a half during the mid 1720s. During his time in Italy, Middleton developed a view of Christian antiquity at odds with the mainstream orthodox one. This chapter examines both the evolution of Middleton’s stance orthodoxy to heterodoxy and the perceptions and consequences of that evolution. It considers the arguments of his Letter from Rome (1729), highlighting their latently heterodox implications. It shows how the Letter from Rome’s latent heterodoxy became manifest in Middleton’s Letter to Dr Waterland (1730). Finally, it details the ways that his attacks on Daniel Waterland destroyed his relationship with his first patron — Edward Harley, second earl of Oxford — and permanently damaged his career prospects.
Factions, seditions and schismatical principles: Puritans and Dissenters
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter anatomizes the dispute between Zachary Grey and Dissenting historians like Daniel Neal who together mined the recent English past for ammunition in eighteenth-century religious and political fights. It locates these historical debates within efforts during the 1730s to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts. It then charts the development of Grey’s take on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English history. It shows that while the seventeenth-century wars of religion were over, their causes and lessons remained contested. Precisely because the causes and lessons of those wars were not settled, polemical divinity retained practical political value. The chapter also uses Zachary Grey’s anti-Dissenting historical scholarship further to consider the economic realities of polemical divinity. While religious works continued to dominate booksellers’ catalogues, they had to be pitched and packaged in ways that were marketable. Grey’s anti-Neal tracts were hardly profitable. The chapter concludes by examining a work of English historical scholarship that was financially successful: Zachary Grey’s scholarly edition of Samuel Butler’s Hudibras.
Neither a slave nor a tyrant: Church and state reimagined
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter anatomizes Warburton’s theory of church-state relations. It details the competing theories of church-state relations against which he situated his Alliance between Church and Stat (1736)e. It turns next to consider the marginal notes to his copy of Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, a work which exposed the breakdown of the religious and political order in mid-seventeenth-century England. The chapter concludes with a consideration of Warburton’s Alliance, highlighting the ways that he thought his conception of church and state might prevent a reversion to the previous century’s religio-political breakdown.
A due degree of zeal: enthusiasm and Methodism
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter is about anti-Methodism and focuses especially on Warburton’s Doctrine of Grace (1763). Firstly, it reveals how Warburton’s engagement with George Whitefield’s Journals; with John Byrom’s work on enthusiasm; and with Daniel Neal’s History of the Puritans shaped and sharpened his thinking about Methodism. Secondly, it anatomizes the argument of a long anti-Methodist manuscript — The True Methodist — that Warburton wrote during the mid 1750s, yet never published. Finally, it shows how Warburton reworked the True Methodist’s anti-Methodist arguments in his Doctrine of Grace. Running through all of Warburton’s thinking on Methodism, from Methodism’s emergence in the late 1730s until the end of his life, was a fear of enthusiasm. Precisely what constituted enthusiasm was up for debate during the eighteenth century. Yet while enthusiasm was a labile term during the eighteenth century, it was almost always associated with the disordered religious and political life of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. This chapter shows how and why contemporaries made that association.
Sport and modernism in the visual arts in Europe, c.1909-39
Authors: Vere Bernard
Published: September 2018

This book highlights sport as a key inspiration for an international range of modernist artists. With sport attracting large crowds, being written about in the press, filmed and broadcast, and with its top stars enjoying celebrity status, sport has claims to be the most pervasive cultural form of the early twentieth century. Modernist artists recognised sport’s importance in their writings and production. This book examines a diverse set of paintings, photographic works, films, buildings, and writings from artists in France, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union to establish the international appeal of the theme while acknowledging local and stylistic differences in its interpretation. From the fascination with the racing cyclist in paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Lyonel Feininger and Jean Metzinger, to the designs for stadiums in fascist Italy and the Soviet Union, the works examined are compelling both in visual and ideological terms. Encompassing studies of many avant-garde movements, including Italian futurism, cubism, German expressionism, Le Corbusier’s architecture, Soviet constructivism, Italian rationalism and the Bauhaus, this book interrogates the ways in which sport and modernism interconnect.
Adversarial modernisms: the spectacle of boxing and the geometry of tennis
Authors: Vere Bernard
Published: September 2018

The second chapter deals with two individual sports. Boxing and tennis might appear strange bedfellows, but as well as being primarily individual sports, they are also united by their transatlantic nature. The flamboyant figures of boxer Jack Johnson and tennis player Suzanne Lenglen were famous on both sides of the Atlantic. Johnson lived it up in nightclubs in both Paris and London, Lenglen played host to American film stars on the French Riviera. Boxing’s Americanism is traced in the writings and life of Cravan that culminated in the fight against Johnson in Barcelona, which is then refracted through the fascination of American journal The Soil for both boxing and Cravan. Tennis was particularly associated with modernist architecture, with players featuring in books written by Le Corbusier, Adolf Behne and Sigfried Giedion. It was also a rare example of a sport where the women’s game attracted as much, if not more, attention than that of the men. This, I contend, caused problems for Le Corbusier, who preferred to concentrate on the geometrical court and the anonymous male players that he includes in his Urbanisme, rather than the glamour and fashion of Lenglen, a woman dressed by the couturier Jean Patou and who served as an inspiration for a Jean Cocteau piece for the Ballets Russes.
Oval balls and cubist players: French paintings of rugby
Authors: Vere Bernard
Published: September 2018

The third chapter deals with the wholesale importation of a British team sport, rugby, into France. Led by Baron de Coubertin, the founder of the Olympics, who was the referee in the first French championship, its adoption by the French was a self-conscious response to defeat in the Franco–Prussian War. Choosing rugby over the more proletarian soccer, an haute-bourgeois and aristocratic elite played rugby at Paris’ most exclusive clubs, a moment reimagined by Henri Rousseau. But rugby could not be confined to these environs for long, and by the time of Delaunay’s The Cardiff Team, with its press photograph source, the sport was included alongside aeroplanes, the Eiffel Tower and advertising as a cipher of all that was modern in the Paris of 1913. Also on view at that year’s Salon des Indépendants was another picture of rugby, The Football Players, cementing the sport as a theme for salon cubism. During the First World War, rugby was celebrated by French nationalists as a sport that had trained its participants to become heroes on the battlefield. This, I surmise, is what led André Lhote to produce his cubist paintings of rugby during and after the conflict.
The church as sacred space in Middle English literature and culture
Authors: Varnam Laura
Published: September 2018

The church as sacred space places the reader at the heart of medieval religious life, standing inside the church with the medieval laity in order to ask what the church meant to them and why. It examines the church as a building, idea, and community, and explores the ways in which the sanctity of the church was crucial to its place at the centre of lay devotion and parish life. At a time when the parish church was facing competition for lay attention, and dissenting movements such as Lollardy were challenging the relevance of the material church, the book examines what was at stake in discussions of sanctity and its manifestations. Exploring a range of Middle English literature alongside liturgy, architecture, and material culture, the book explores the ways in which the sanctity of the church was constructed and maintained for the edification of the laity. Drawing on a wide range of contemporary theoretical approaches, the book offers a reading of the church as continually produced and negotiated by the rituals, performances, and practices of its lay communities, who were constantly being asked to attend to its material form, visual decorations, and significance. The meaning of the church was a dominant question in late-medieval religious culture and this book provides an invaluable context for students and academics working on lay religious experience and canonical Middle English texts.
The church consecration ceremony and the construction of sacred space
Authors: Varnam Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the ritual for church consecration and the paradigm that it sets up for the construction and interpretation of sacred space. The performance of the liturgical ritual unites building, community, and scripture, purifying and consecrating the space as an ideal location for the communal worship of God. The chapter establishes key practices for the creation and maintenance of sacred space, including procession, purification, and the consecration of liturgical objects, and examines the continued relevance of the consecration ceremony for the identity of the parish community, in evidence from dedication sermons.
The Book of the Foundation of St Bartholomew’s Church: Consecration, restoration, and translation
Authors: Varnam Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the production and promotion of sacred space in the Middle English church foundation legend, The Book of the Foundation of St Bartholomew’s Church. The first half of the chapter explores the renewed relevance of the original twelfth-century Latin text, translated into Middle English during the restoration of St Bartholomew the Great, and shows how the text’s catalogue of miracles reinvigorates the sanctity of the church at an important moment in its history. The second half of the chapter examines the text’s representation of the foundation of the church and the characteristics of sanctity established by the miracles and by the text itself. Finally, the chapter shows how the text places St Bartholomew’s at the centre of a competitive map of Christendom in which the church is more than a match for its sacred neighbours, both in London and further afield.
Sacred and profane: Pastoral care in the parish church
Authors: Varnam Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the profane challenge posed by lay misbehaviour and sacrilege in the church paradoxically strengthens sacred space. Sermon exempla from the literature of pastoral care (e.g. Mirk’s Festial, Mannyng’s Handlyng Synne) show how devils and demons assist in the cleansing of the church from profane contamination and the chapter argues for the integral relationship between violence and the sacred, focusing on the punishment of sinners and on the sacrificial blood of Christ, depicted in lyrics and wall paintings. The chapter reassesses the relationship between church art and sermon exempla and argues for a symbiotic relationship that presents the material church and its devotional objects as living, breathing actors in the drama of salvation. The performance of narrative exempla animates the visual depictions of angels, devils, and saints in the church who come to life to protect and fight for their sacred spaces.
Creating character
Authors: Ifill Helena
Published: September 2018

This book explores the range of ways in which the two leading sensation authors of the 1860s, Mary Elizabeth Braddon and Wilkie Collins, engaged with nineteenth-century ideas about how the personality is formed and the extent to which it can be influenced either by the subject or by others.
Innovative readings of Braddon’s and Collins’s sensation novels – some of them canonical, others less well-known – demonstrate how they reflect, employ, and challenge Victorian theories of heredity, degeneration, willpower, inherent constitution, education, insanity, upbringing and social circumstance. Far from presenting a reductive depiction of ‘nature’ versus ‘nurture’, Braddon and Collins show the creation of character to be a complex interplay of internal and external factors that are as much reliant on chance as on the efforts of the people who try to exert control over an individual’s development. Their works raise challenging questions about responsibility and self-determinism and, as the analyses of these texts reveals, demonstrate an acute awareness that the way in which character formation is understood fundamentally influences the way people (both in fiction and reality) are perceived, judged and treated.
Drawing on material from a variety of genres, including Victorian medical textbooks, scientific and sociological treatises, specialist and popular periodical literature, Creating character shows how sensation authors situated themselves at the intersections of established and developing, conservative and radical, learned and sensationalist thought about how identity could be made and modified.
Introduction
Authors: Ifill Helena
Published: September 2018

The introduction provides an overview of the intertwined strands which run through Creating character. Sensation fiction is introduced as a genre which was itself seen by Victorian literary critics as a negative determinant which could corrupt readers, and which both Victorian and modern critics have identified as predominantly concerned with plotting rather than characterisation. Contrastingly, I argue that sensation fiction is in fact very concerned with the creation of character and is sensitive to the varied ways in which the personality can be formed, modified and corrupted; the emphasis on plot is in fact an acknowledgement of the many uncontrollable factors which can dictate the course of a person’s life. Next, the relevant contextual background of ongoing scientific, medical and educational debates is explained, ranging from early theories of moral management, through Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859) and onwards to the development of degenerationist and eugenicist thought. Recurring topics of criminality, insanity and education are also introduced here, as are the theories of some of the prominent Victorian medical people whose work is drawn on extensively in future chapters. The Introduction ends with a summary of what the reader can expect in the rest of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Ifill Helena
Published: September 2018

The whole character of the man then as we find him may be said to have been built up by the following processes. He comes into the world as an infant, with a nervous system in a comparatively undeveloped state. This nervous system as it exists in infancy is the result of the combination of the two original constitutions of its parents, plus the effects of their life-experience upon them; life-experience meaning the modifications effected in the original constitution by the whole circumstances of the whole existence of the individual. And having come into the world thus constituted, the man’s character is modified again by circumstances as he also grows from infancy to manhood, and the final result is ...
Misogynistic peers, masculinity, and bystander intervention for sexual aggression: Is it really just “locker‐room talk?”
Authors: Leone Ruschelle M. , Parrott Dominic J.
Published: September 2018

The present study utilized a laboratory paradigm to examine the extent to which bystander behavior for sexual aggression is independently and jointly influenced by situational misogynistic peer norms and men's adherence to hegemonic male norms. Participants were a racially diverse college sample of self‐identified heterosexual men (N = 104) between the ages of 18–35. Men completed a measure of hegemonic masculinity and engaged in a laboratory paradigm in which they and three male confederates watched a female confederate, who reported a strong dislike of sexual content in the media, view a sexually explicit film which they could stop at any time. Prior to the woman viewing the film, participants were randomly assigned to a peer norm manipulation wherein the male confederates set a misogynistic or ambiguous norm. Results indicated the presence of a misogynistic peer norm decreased the likelihood and speed of intervention. Among men exposed to misogynistic, compared to ambiguous, peer norms, men who strongly endorsed the status male role norm were less likely to display prosocial bystander behavior. Findings indicate that exposure to peers who sexually objectify and disrespect women decreases prosocial bystander intervention. Further, these findings provide evidence that misogynistic peer norms heighten men's adherence to a hegemonic masculinity that men should attain social status, thereby deterring bystander behavior for sexual aggression.
Native ancestry is associated with optic neuritis and age of onset in hispanics with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Amezcua Lilyana , Beecham Ashley H. , Delgado Silvia R. , Chinea Angel , Burnett Margaret , Manrique Clara Patricia , Gomez Refujia , Comabella Manuel , Montalban Xavier , Ortega Melissa , Tornes Leticia , Lund Brett T. , Islam Talat , Conti David , Oksenberg Jorge R. , McCauley Jacob L.
Published: September 2018

Background and Objective

Hispanics with multiple sclerosis (MS) present younger and more often with optic neuritis (ON) as compared to Whites in the western United States. Regional differences related to Hispanic genetic admixture could be responsible. We investigated the association between global genetic ancestry and ON and age at onset of MS in Hispanics.

Methods

Data were obtained for 1033 self‐identified Hispanics with MS from four MS‐based registries from four academic institutions across the United States January 2016–April 2017. Multivariate regression models, utilizing genetic ancestry estimates for Native American (NA), African, and European ancestry, were used to assess the relationship between genetic ancestry and ON presentation and age of MS onset, defined as age at first symptom.

Results

Genetic ancestry and ON proportions varied by region where NA ancestry and ON proportions were highest among Hispanics in the southwestern United States (40% vs. 19% overall for NA and 38% vs. 25% overall for ON). A strong inverse correlation was observed between NA and European ancestry (r = −0.83). ON presentation was associated with younger age of onset (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99; P = 7.80 × 10−03) and increased NA ancestry (OR: 2.35 for the highest versus the lowest quartile of NA ancestry; 95% CI: 1.35–4.10; P = 2.60 × 10−03). Younger age of onset was found to be associated with a higher proportion NA (Beta: −5.58; P = 3.49 × 10−02) and African ancestry (Beta: −10.07; P = 1.39 × 10−03).

Interpretation

Ethnic differences associated with genetic admixture could influence clinical presentation in Hispanics with MS; underscoring the importance of considering genetic substructure in future clinical, genetic, and epigenetic studies in Hispanics.
Detection of Flares by Decrease in Physical Activity, Collected Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Rheumatoid Arthritis or Axial Spondyloarthritis: An Application of Machine Learning Analyses in Rheumatology
Authors: Gossec Laure , Guyard Frédéric , Leroy Didier , Lafargue Thomas , Seiler Michel , Jacquemin Charlotte , Molto Anna , Sellam Jérémie , Foltz Violaine , Gandjbakhch Frédérique , Hudry Christophe , Mitrovic Stéphane , Fautrel Bruno , Servy Hervé
Published: September 2018

Objective

Flares in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) may influence physical activity. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinally the association between patient‐reported flares and activity‐tracker–provided steps per minute, using machine learning.

Methods

This prospective observational study (ActConnect) included patients with definite RA or axial SpA. For a 3‐month time period, physical activity was assessed continuously by number of steps/minute, using a consumer grade activity tracker, and flares were self‐assessed weekly. Machine‐learning techniques were applied to the data set. After intrapatient normalization of the physical activity data, multiclass Bayesian methods were used to calculate sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of the machine‐generated models of physical activity in order to predict patient‐reported flares.

Results

Overall, 155 patients (1,339 weekly flare assessments and 224,952 hours of physical activity assessments) were analyzed. The mean ± SD age for patients with RA (n = 82) was 48.9 ± 12.6 years and was 41.2 ± 10.3 years for those with axial SpA (n = 73). The mean ± SD disease duration was 10.5 ± 8.8 years for patients with RA and 10.8 ± 9.1 years for those with axial SpA. Fourteen patients with RA (17.1%) and 41 patients with axial SpA (56.2%) were male. Disease was well‐controlled (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints mean ± SD 2.2 ± 1.2; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index score mean ± SD 3.1 ± 2.0), but flares were frequent (22.7% of all weekly assessments). The model generated by machine learning performed well against patient‐reported flares (mean sensitivity 96% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 94–97%], mean specificity 97% [95% CI 96–97%], mean positive predictive value 91% [95% CI 88–96%], and negative predictive value 99% [95% CI 98–100%]). Sensitivity analyses were confirmatory.

Conclusion

Although these pilot findings will have to be confirmed, the correct detection of flares by machine‐learning processing of activity tracker data provides a framework for future studies of remote‐control monitoring of disease activity, with great precision and minimal patient burden.
Incorporation of Terbium into a Microalga Leads to Magnetotactic Swimmers
Authors: Santomauro Giulia , Singh Ajay Vikram , Park Byung‐Wook , Mohammadrahimi Mohammadreza , Erkoc Pelin , Goering Eberhard , Schütz Gisela , Sitti Metin , Bill Joachim
Published: September 2018

Swimming microorganisms have been shown to be useful for the propulsion of microrobotic devices due to their self‐powered motion. Up to now, mainly bacteria, e.g., magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), are investigated as biohybrid microrobots. But biocompatibility studies of MTB regarding medical utilizations are still lacking. Moreover, MTB require special culture conditions for their stability, which also might limit their usage for biomedical applications. Herein, a cytocompatible, highly motile microswimmer is presented from a microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which has the capacity to carry large loads. C. reinhardtii cells are magnetized by incorporating terbium. The following analyses reveal an induced magnetic moment of a magnetized C. reinhardtii cell of 1.6 × 10−11 emu, comparable to its counterparts used as magnetotactic microrobots. The magnetized algae are able to align to the field lines of an applied uniform magnetic field, guiding them to swim in a directional motion. In addition, C. reinhardtii cells and human cells show mutual biocompatibility, indicating that the algae cells are noncytotoxic. Furthermore, the magnetized microalgae reported here are easy to track in the human body by luminescence imaging tools due to their innate autofluorescence performance and photoluminescence of the incorporated Tb3+. Thus, terbium‐incorporated microalgae are promising candidates for magnetically steerable biohybrid microrobots.
Experimental Investigation of the Frequency‐Dependent Performance of Thermoplastic‐Compatible Piezoceramic Modules (TPM)
Authors: Weber Tony , Winkler Anja , Gude Maik
Published: September 2018

Especially due the background of highly automated processes within the processing of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) structures with thermoplastic matrix systems, a wide field of functionally integrative lightweight construction solutions ready for mass production is developed. Furthermore, the layered texture in combination with the specific heating processes of the semi‐finished products enable a material‐homogeneous integration of flat sensors, respectively, actuators into such structures. Due to this, the development of functional elements which are tailored to process is of increasingly importance to generate a significant additional benefit for this material class. The developed thermoplastic‐compatible piezoceramic modules (TPM) are applicable for adhesive‐free integration into fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic structures within the forming process, which is realized by hot‐stamping or thermoforming. On the one hand such active composite parts is used for material integrated sensorial tasks, for example, for condition or structural health monitoring. On the other hand, actuator applications such as natural frequency manipulation or structural morphing are conceivable as application fields. The paper reports on the manufacturing process of TPM and the major‐signal behavior driven by the use of different functional layers using piezoactive fiber composites, respectively, piezoelectrical wafer material. In addition, the frequency‐dependent performance of the defined TPM is compared to commercially available flat transducers like Macro Fiber Composites (MFC, Smart Material GmbH) and DuraAct (PI Ceramic GmbH) actuators by means of voltage‐strain behavior driven by high‐voltage excitation at frequencies of 5, 50, and 500 Hz. Therefore, the use of an adapted high‐speed digital image correlation method is been applied. The aims of the investigations are to proof the functionality of novel TPM and to demonstrate the performance compared to common flat piezo transducers.
Stereolithography of SiOC Polymer‐Derived Ceramics Filled with SiC Micronwhiskers
Authors: Brinckmann Stephan A. , Patra Niranjan , Yao Jia , Ware Taylor H. , Frick Carl P. , Fertig Ray S.
Published: September 2018

Due to complicated manufacturing methods and lack of machinability, the use of engineering ceramics is limited by the manufacturing processes used to fabricate parts with intricate geometries. The 3D printing of polymers that can be pyrolyzed into functional ceramics has recently been used to significantly expand the range of geometries that can be manufactured, but large shrinkage during pyrolysis has the potential to lead to cracking. In this work, a method to additively manufacture particle‐reinforced ceramic matrix composites is described. Specifically, stereolithography is used to crosslink a resin comprised of acrylate and vinyl‐functionalized siloxane oligomers with dispersed SiC whiskers. After crosslinking, the part is pyrolyzed to amorphous SiOC while the SiC whiskers remain unaffected. Composite ceramics shrink 37% while unreinforced parts shrink 42%; this significant reduction in shrinkage improves part stability. Importantly, these ceramic matrix composites contain no visible porosity nor cracking on the microstructural level. With the introduction of SiC, hardness increases from 10.8 to 12.1 GPa and density decreases from 2.99 to 2.86 g cm−3. Finally, printed ceramic porous structures, gears, and components for turbine blades are demonstrated. Applying stereolithographic techniques to ceramic matrix composites, this work may improve processing and properties of ceramics for applications that require complex geometries.
Plant‐Based Modular Building Blocks for “Green” Electronic Skins
Authors: Wang Lili , Wang Kang , Lou Zheng , Jiang Kai , Shen Guozhen
Published: September 2018

Electronic skins (e‐skins) are a hot research topic with applications in many areas of modern science. Considering the economic viability and sustainability of devices for practical applications, green devices are currently in high demand because they are safe, sustainable, and efficient wearable systems. With natural hierarchical and fiber‐shape structures and biological activities, plants are earth‐abundant sustainable materials and are excellent “green” candidates to prepare electrodes for e‐skins. This review covers recent progress in the use of natural plants for e‐skins and highlights their advantages and main functions, for example, biodegradation, mechanical matching, and physical interactions. It is also discussed how the versatility of these materials can further advance next‐generation, sustainable, flexible e‐skins and the integration of such devices into living environments, which would enable practical application of these systems. Finally, challenges for employing plant materials in green e‐skins are addressed.
Ultranarrow Bandwidth Organic Photodiodes by Exchange Narrowing in Merocyanine H‐ and J‐Aggregate Excitonic Systems
Authors: Liess Andreas , Arjona‐Esteban Alhama , Kudzus Astrid , Albert Julius , Krause Ana‐Maria , Lv Aifeng , Stolte Matthias , Meerholz Klaus , Würthner Frank
Published: September 2018

Ultranarrowband organic photodiodes (OPDs) are demonstrated for thin film solid state materials composed of tightly packed dipolar merocyanine dyes. For these dyes the packing arrangement can be controlled by the bulkiness of the donor substituent, leading to either strong H‐ or strong J‐type exciton coupling in the interesting blue (H‐aggregate) and NIR (J‐aggregate) spectral ranges. Both bands are shown to arise from one single exciton band according to fluorescence measurements and are not just a mere consequence of different polymorphs within the same thin film. By fabrication of organic thin‐film transistors, these dyes are demonstrated to exhibit hole transport behavior in spin‐coated thin films. Moreover, when used as organic photodiodes in planar heterojunctions with C60 fullerene, they show wavelength‐selective photocurrents in the solid state with maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 11% and ultranarrow bandwidths down to 30 nm. Thereby, narrowing the linewidths of optoelectronic functional materials by exciton coupling provides a powerful approach to produce ultranarrowband organic photodiodes.
Bi2S3–Tween 20 Nanodots Loading PI3K Inhibitor, LY294002, for Mild Photothermal Therapy of LoVo Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Song Li , Dong Xinghua , Zhu Shuang , Zhang Chunfang , Yin Wenyan , Zhang Xiao , Liu Xiangfeng , Gu Zhanjun
Published: September 2018

Although various types of photothermal agents are developed for photothermal cancer therapy, relatively few photothermal agents exhibit high tumor inhibition rate under relatively mild conditions. Herein, a multifunctional Bi2S3–Tween 20 nanoplatform loaded with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 is designed as a novel photothermal agent for inhibitor and photothermal synergistic therapy of tumors under mild photothermal therapy conditions. The LY294002 of PI3K inhibitor, after being loaded by Bi2S3–Tween 20 nanodots, exhibits greatly increased drug utilization and reduced side effects on normal tissues. In vivo, Bi2S3–Tween 20@LY294002 upon near‐infrared 808 nm laser irradiation shows potent antitumor activity under relatively mild conditions (power density: 0.6 W cm−2). Moreover, the mechanism studies also demonstrate that Bi2S3–Tween 20@LY294002 potently kills LoVo cancer cells under low‐power near‐infrared light irradiation, by downregulating the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) so as to increase the sensitivity of tumor cell hyperthermia and activating BAX/BAK‐regulated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The results demonstrate that the newly synthesized multifunctional nanoplatform paves a new avenue for accurate therapy of photothermal‐resistant cancer.
Highly Sensitive Broadband Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Photodetectors Enhanced by Separated Graphene Nanosheets
Authors: Cai Baofang , Su Yanjie , Tao Zejun , Hu Jing , Zou Cheng , Yang Zhi , Zhang Yafei
Published: September 2018

Single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/graphene Schottky junctions have great potential for high‐performance all‐carbon photodetector due to their excellent optical and electronic properties and efficient charge transfer. However, the further improvement of device performance is limited by the low absorption of ultrathin SWCNTs and large dark current of continuous graphene nanosheets. Here a proof‐of‐concept photodetector is reported using SWCNT/separated graphene (SGR) hybrid networks. The device is sensitive to a broadband wavelength from visible light to near‐infrared light (405–1064 nm), showing an extremely high photoresponsivity of >3000 A W−1, a fast response speed of 44 µs, and high photoconductive gain of ≈4 × 106. Furthermore, the results demonstrate first the charge transfer dynamics at the planar SWCNT/SGR Schottky junctions by combining Raman spectra with current–voltage curves. The architecture strategy opens a new general route to fabricate ultrahigh‐performance photodetectors based on SWCNT/SGR hybrids or other semiconductor/graphene hybrids.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of 1‐Benzoazepine Carbonitriles from o‐Alkynylanilines via 7‐endo‐dig Annulation and Cyanation
Authors: Dhandabani Ganesh Kumar , Mutra Mohana Reddy , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: September 2018

We herein report a three‐component, one‐pot cascade reaction involving an imination/annulation/cyanation sequence for the synthesis of 1‐benzoazepine carbonitrile derivatives using readily available o‐alkynylanilines, cyclic ketones and trimethylsilyl cyanide. This regio‐ and stereoselective reaction was achieved by combining palladium(II) trifluoroacetate and copper(II) acetate in dimethyl sulfoxide. The important features of this method include a broad substrate scope, the use of trimethylsilyl cyanide as a cyanating agent, the formation of two C−C bonds and one C−N bond, mild reaction conditions and good product yields.

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D2O Labeling to measure active biosynthesis of natural products in medicinal plants
Authors: Nett Ryan S. , Guan Xin , Smith Kevin , Faust Ann Marie , Sattely Elizabeth S. , Fischer Curt R.
Published: September 2018

Plant natural products have served as a prominent source of medicines throughout human history and are still used today as clinically approved pharmaceuticals. However, many medicinal plants that produce useful compounds are slow growing or recalcitrant to cultivation, making it difficult to investigate the underlying genetic/enzymatic machinery responsible for biosynthesis. To better understand the metabolism of bioactive natural products in slow‐growing medicinal plants, we used D2O labeling and LC–MS‐based metabolomics to explore the biosynthesis of medically relevant alkaloids in three plant species. Our results provide evidence for sites of active biosynthesis for these alkaloids and demonstrate that D2O labeling can be used as a general method to determine sites of active secondary metabolism over relatively short‐timescales. We anticipate that these results will facilitate discovery of complete metabolic pathways for plant natural products of medicinal importance, especially for approaches that rely upon transcriptomics and knowledge of active metabolism to identify biosynthetic enzymes. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 64: 4319–4330, 2018