bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hormone replacement therapy: time to move on?
Authors: Davey Dennis A
Published: June 2006

The risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) need to be put in perspective. In the analysis of clinical trials, emphasis is often placed on relative risks, statistical significance and 95% confidence intervals, whereas, from a clinical perspective, more may be gained from a consideration of the absolute and attributable risks of therapy. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences recommended that the frequency of adverse events be categorized as 'rare' if less than 1/1000 but more than 1/10,000, and as 'very rare' if less than 1/10,000. In the analyses of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the attributable risks were 'appreciable' (i.e. more than 1/1000) only in women aged over 70 years, with the exception of the risks of venous thromboembolism and stroke. The women in the WHI trial do not represent the relatively younger, healthy, postmenopausal women most commonly prescribed HRT, who are probably at much lower risk. Moreover, the WHI trial did not take into account the benefit of relief of menopausal symptoms, which is, for many women, paramount and outweighs the 'rare' long-term risks. Age may be a useful guide to risks and some simple guidelines for management, based on age, are suggested. Many women have been denied or have discontinued HRT because of the fear of risks, which may not have been put in perspective or fully understood. The care of postmenopausal women is not static, and sufficient has now been learned to enable each menopausal woman, with the help of her medical adviser, to come to a balanced and reasonable decision.
Phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Cassidy Aedín , Hooper Lee
Published: June 2006

The most extensively studied class of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, occur in soybeans and other legumes. Six systematic reviews have assessed the effects of soy isoflavones on lipid levels, and suggested that a diet supplemented with soy protein isolate (ISP) containing isoflavones reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by around 0.15 mmol/L, but without clear effects on triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, no review has suggested that purified soy isoflavones or soy protein without isoflavones (where the isoflavones have been removed by an alcohol wash) have statistically significant effects. It remains unclear which are the active components of soy. They may include soy protein which has not been denatured by alcohol wash, interaction of isoflavones within the intact soy matrix, or other compounds removed in the alcohol-extracted fraction. The reduction in total cholesterol may be greater in men than in postmenopausal women. There is little evidence that the effectiveness of soy varies with baseline serum lipid levels, or the amount of isoflavone or soy protein consumed. However, changes in triglycerides may be related to baseline levels. While there is no evidence of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on blood pressure, arterial compliance or oxidation of LDL cholesterol, there may be beneficial effects on endothelial function in postmenopausal women, and on homocysteine concentrations. There is little suggestion of adverse effects of soy or isoflavones at physiological doses, although those taking soy isoflavone supplements do appear to have higher levels of gastro intestinal and menstrual complaints. There have been no published trials on the effects of phytoestrogens on mortality or cardiovascular events, so studies currently rely on the above bio markers of risk. Most evidence relates to soy isoflavones, but there is some evidence for lignans. Further robust studies assessing the effects of whole soy foods on cardiovascular outcomes are needed.
Molecular pathology of epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Christie Michael , Oehler Martin K
Published: June 2006

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy and it most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women. Ninety per cent of ovarian cancers are derived from the ovarian surface epithelium and these neoplasms are classified into serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear-cell and transitional-cell types. The molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas is heterogeneous and involves various putative precursor lesions and multiple pathways of development. The most common subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma, is characterized by p53 mutations, and BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 dysfunction. It most likely arises from epithelium within inclusion cysts or from the surface of the ovary. In contrast, low-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by KRAS or BRAF mutations and appear to arise via an adenoma–borderline–carcinoma sequence. Similarly, mucinous carcinomas have KRAS mutations and probably develop via an adenoma–borderline–carcinoma sequence. Low-grade endometrioid carcinomas, however, are characterized by mutations in PTEN and CTNNB1, and microsatellite instability, and may arise from ovarian endometriosis or borderline endometrioid tumours. High-grade endometrioid carcinomas have similar changes to high-grade serous carcinomas. Clear-cell carcinomas are characterized by mutations of TGFbetaR2 and over-expression of HNF-1beta, and probably arise from ovarian endometriosis. The molecular changes in transitional-cell carcinomas of the ovary remain largely unknown. The identified molecular changes and pathways of development in epithelial ovarian cancer will facilitate the rationalized development of new diagnostic modalities and tailored therapies for this malignancy.
Memories of significant episodes in child psychotherapy: An autobiographical memory approach
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Boethius Siv Boalt , Svirsky Liv , Carlberg Gunnar
Published: June 2006

In this study, child psychotherapists (N =31) were asked to retrieve emotionally valenced therapy episodes by using an autobiographical memory approach, with cue words to elicit specific therapy episodes (e.g. irritated, ashamed, loving, and elated). One group of teachers for the disabled (N =10) and one group of music therapists (N =9) were also tested and served as comparison groups. Results showed that all participants were able to retrieve memories of episodes. When asked to rate each memory, negative memories were returned to less often, and overall positive memories were rated as more easy to recall and more vivid. Memories derived from positive cue words were also judged to have a more positive compared with negative importance for outcome. Surprisingly, memories derived from the cue word irritated were seen as having more positive than negative importance for outcome. Finally, we checked memory specificity for each memory derived. A high degree of specificity was found overall (72–88%). In conclusion, cue words might be a useful way to generate specific memories of therapy episodes in future research.
The effectiveness of one session of therapy using a single‐session therapy approach for children and adolescents with mental health problems
Authors: Perkins Ruth
Published: June 2006

This study applied a solution‐focused single session therapy (SST) approach to all clients presenting to an urban child and adolescent mental health clinic over 14 months. The effectiveness of a single 2‐hour assessment and treatment session in treating mental health problems was investigated using parent, teacher and clinician outcome measures. Teachers reported low levels of psychopathology at intake with no significant change 1 month after treatment. However, using parent and clinician measures, clinical levels of psychopathology were found at intake, with significant improvement 1 month after a single session of treatment. The effect sizes for these improvements measured medium to large, demonstrating observable improvement of clinical significance from the 1 session of SST treatment. Respondents reported 95% satisfaction with service. The study adds weight to the argument that a solution‐focused SST approach can be effective for the treatment of children and adolescents with mental health problems. It recommends SST as the initial choice of treatment for these clients.
From the repression of contents to the rules of the (narrative) self: A present‐day cognitive view of the Freudian phenomenon of repressed contents
Authors: Talvitie Vesa , Tiitinen Hannu
Published: June 2006

In psychoanalysis, it is commonly thought that ideas (desires, fears, etc.) may be repressed, and that they can be made conscious. In this article, we shall apply cognitive viewpoints and assert that ideas do not exist in the unconscious as ‘ready made’, and thus repressed ideas cannot be ‘brought’ into consciousness. We suggest that the contents of consciousness are formed by processes on four levels: (1) unconscious brain processes, (2) the level of consciousness, (3) the level of self‐consciousness, and (4) the level of narrative self‐consciousness. From this point of view, the absence (or repression) of certain contents appears to be due to the missing of processes on Levels 1 – 4. Consequently, repressed contents appear in consciousness when appropriate processes take place. When studied in terms of our four‐level model, repression may be treated as part of the study of the self. By applying the viewpoint of the self to the phenomenon of repression, the danger of the homunculus problem can be avoided. It also becomes apparent that certain fundamental problems met in the study of the self are the ones that Freud tried to solve in his meta‐psychological writings.
Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: Relationship between anxiety symptoms and therapy
Authors: Naeem Farooq , Kingdon David , Turkington Douglas
Published: June 2006

Aims. To explore the relationship between symptoms of anxiety and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in patients with schizophrenia

Design. Separate subanalyses of two randomized controlled trials comparing CBT for schizophrenia against befriending in the London Newcastle (LN) study, and against treatment as usual in the insight into schizophrenia (IS) study.

Main outcome measures. Assessment of anxiety symptoms using the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA) derived from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), at baseline, end of therapy and follow‐up.

Results. In both studies, anxiety symptoms positively correlated with overall psychopathology, hallucinations and depression. In the LN study, patients with persecutory delusions and with distress due to akathisia and incapacity due to abnormal movements scored significantly higher on the BSA. In the IS study, anxiety scores were also positively correlated with; delusions, negative symptoms, relationship problems and problems with activities of daily living, living conditions, occupation and activities. Both subanalyses showed CBT had beneficial effects on anxiety symptoms compared with the control groups. Overall prognosis was found to be better in those with low anxiety in the LN study.

Conclusions. CBT improves anxiety symptoms in psychosis. We did not find an association between anxiety symptoms at baseline and outcome of cognitive therapy in this group of patients with schizophrenia.
The Role of Aesthetic Judgments in Psychotherapy
Authors: Callender John S
Published: June 2006

This paper describes the nature of aesthetic judgments and the justifications that underpin these, with a particular focus on the theory of aesthetics set out by Kant in the Critique of Judgment. It argues that judgments of self often take the form of aesthetic judgments, that such judgments are prevalent in the psychotherapeutic discourse, and that this has major implications for the type of dialogue that is required in therapy. Such a dialogue shares many of the characteristics of art criticism, but may be supported by scientific empiricism. Recent research on the interaction between emotion and cognition is reviewed and implications for therapeutic change are discussed. The paper concludes that aesthetic philosophy provides a common ground for emotion, cognition, ethics, and a sense of the meaningfulness of life.
Freud as an 'Evolutionary Psychiatrist' and the Foundations of a Freudian Philosophy
Authors: Block Andreas de
Published: June 2006

Freud's philosophical anthropology is in fact little more than an amplified psychiatry. For Freud, the human being is in essence a sick animal. In this paper, I discuss the possibility of founding this "anthropological turn" on evolutionary biology. On the one hand, it is shown that Freud's own attempted "evolutionary psychiatry" failed because of his very limited knowledge of Darwinism and his awe for Haeckel and Lamarck. On the other hand, I argue that more recent attempts to reconcile psychoanalysis and evolutionary biology do not always provide a solid biological foundation for the Freudian philosophical project, despite the fact that they are—from a Darwinian point of view—tenable. This is so because, generally speaking, these theories consider psychopathologies either as adaptations or as accidental disorders, and not as inevitable but dysfunctional parts of human nature, like Freud did.
Insect Bite–Induced Hypersensitivity and the SCRATCH Principles: A New Approach to Papular Urticaria
Authors: Hernandez Raquel G. , Cohen Bernard A.
Published: June 2006

Insect bites and the associated hypersensitivity reactions known as papular urticaria account for a significant number of all referrals from pediatricians and dermatologists to our pediatric dermatology clinic. Unfortunately, children affected by these eruptions are frequently misdiagnosed and often subject to expensive evaluations including invasive and unnecessary procedures. Here we review the course of 4 children with the typical physical findings and natural history of these reactions. On the basis of our clinical findings and experience with this patient population, we propose a set of principles (termed “SCRATCH”) as clinical features to aid clinicians in making an early and accurate clinical diagnosis. We conclude that a more appropriate term for future study and diagnosis of this entity is insect bite–induced hypersensitivity.
A GIS-based infrastructure management system for municipalities
Authors: Ferreira A. J. L. , Santos Duarte A. dos
Published: June 2006

The infrastructure departments of the Portuguese municipalities must make great efforts in beginning or continuing to use advanced information technology tools to increase institutional productivity and effectiveness in managing infrastructure. At present, they use or are beginning to use independent management systems for each type of infrastructure, such as road pavements, bridges, signs, water pipelines, sewer pipelines, or parks. In the future, they need to begin development of an integrated infrastructure management system (IMS). This paper focuses on the issues and needs that emerged from studies in Portugal involving the implementation of transportation management systems in local municipalities. The functions of various participating divisions inside a municipal department are introduced and discussed. The issues and needs that must be fully understood and considered in the development of an integrated IMS are identified. Doing so involves determining and standardising an effective base linear referencing system, standardising data terminology, determining the shared data needs of the several divisions inside a department, and developing a comprehensive database design with special attention given to the types of data analysis functions performed by each division. The paper also describes the application of the integrated IMS in road maintenance management, road safety management and sewer network management using the same base linear referencing system.
Stone paving for heavier traffic loads
Authors: McHale M. J.
Published: June 2006

Contrary to public belief, engineers and architects have limited data on the structural behaviour of stone paving that is subject to the movement of modernday traffic. This paper presents a brief history of stone paving and the reasons for its current revival. Recent research studies aimed at both improving understanding of stone paving and obtaining more cost-effective design and construction are described. The current availability of design guidance and engineering standards is reviewed. Lessons from recently completed schemes are used to complement existing guidance in preparing designs, developing specifications and improving construction. The key issues covered include: the need to marry visual and structural requirements; novel designs; factors that increase the risk of failure; and training and aftercare. The paper concludes that successful engineering of stone paving requires careful planning. The risk of failure can be considerable if certain key factors are not considered. In particular, the basic principles of constructing stone paving need to be understood by stone layers. Traditional laying techniques are not appropriate for schemes that accommodate heavy loads. In terms of aftercare, the paper highlights the need for regular inspections to identify early-life defects, and describes a technique that can be used to improve levels of skid and slip resistance without affecting the visual appearance of the stone surface.
Using planning agreements to fund transport infrastructure
Authors: Lane R. , Wells J.
Published: June 2006

The use of planning agreements to provide funding for transport improvements required to support development proposals is discussed. The legislation and Government guidance referred to applies to England, but there is similar legislation and guidance applicable to Scotland and Wales. Planning policies since the late 1980s have required developments to be accessible by non-car modes of transport as well as by private vehicles and planning agreements are thus usually used to secure improvements to all transport modes. Planning agreements have been in use since the early 1970s and many agreements have secured highway improvements. These have usually been for single large-scale developments. Securing improvements needed to meet the cumulative impact of a number of developments has not been very successful with the result that many developments cause an impact but the necessary transport infrastructure has to be provided by the transport authorities. New Government advice issued in 2005 has made it clear that standard charges and pooling funding from several developments for the provision of transport infrastructure is acceptable. Some methods have been developed and are reviewed in the paper. Compared with the standard charge methods that have been developed for the provision of open space and educational facilities those for transport lag well behind. The result of this is that much needed funding for transport is not being collected.
Portsmouth's pioneering highways management contract, UK
Authors: Finch A.
Published: June 2006

Since 1998, Portsmouth City Council (PCC) has been acutely aware that the condition of its highway stock was in decline through lack of investment. Acknowledging that the highway is a universal service used by all residents and visitors, and is key to the future prosperity of the city, PCC looked to identify a better way of delivering a highway maintenance service. Ahead of its time, PCC developed an asset management approach to highways maintenance by defining service standards and levels, and developing an innovative road and footway condition index. An evaluation of options was undertaken prior to selecting the private finance initiative (PFI) route as the mechanism to address the identified maintenance backlog and for funding the long-term future of highway management in the city. The Department for Transport has described this pathfinder project as ‘a pioneering and innovative way of procuring better road maintenance’. After a lengthy procurement process this pathfinder project was granted £121m of PFI credits, and the contract was signed on 30 July 2004. A short six-month mobilisation period followed, with full-service commencement on 31 January 2005. The contract is proving to be an outstanding success, acknowledged by positive comments from both residents and the local media. It has seen a step-change in not only the volume of maintenance work undertaken in the city but also in the profile of the service corporately, nationally and internationally.
Delivering well-maintained highways
Authors: Kendrick M. , Taggart A.
Published: June 2006

The highway network is the largest and most visible community asset for which local authorities are responsible. It is used daily by the majority of people and is fundamental to the economic, social and environmental wellbeing of the community. It helps to shape the character and quality of the local areas that it serves and makes an important contribution to wider local authority priorities, including regeneration, social inclusion, community safety, education and health. In order to fulfil its potential it is crucial that the highway network is maintained. Increasing traffic growth has brought increasingly widespread recognition of the importance of highway maintenance and the high value placed on it by users. However, this importance has not generally been reflected in levels of investment, and public concern has been increasing about the implications of this for safety and journey reliability. Recent increases in investment have been welcome but a sustained long-term programme that is efficiently managed and supported by effective technical and management systems is required.

The 2005 edition of Well-maintained Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Maintenance Management, together with the updated Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management and the new Management of Highway Structures: A Code of Practice, provide the basis for these technical and management systems with detailed guidance on standards and procedures. The codes, so far as possible, seek to harmonise approaches in all parts of the UK and between national and local roads, support the new requirements for asset management and link national and local transport policies. For the first time, the code of practice for well-maintained highways includes the management of public rights of way as part of the highway asset.

This paper summarises the key features of the code, highlighting areas considered to be of particular importance. Copies of all codes can be viewed on the website of the UK Roads Liaison Group ( www.ukroadsliaisongroup.org ).
Alfalfa Yield and Soil Phosphorus Increased with Topdressed Granular Compared with Fluid Phosphorus Fertilizer
Authors: Ottman Michael J. , Thompson Thomas L. , Doerge Thomas A.
Published: June 2006

Fluid P fertilizers are commonly applied to established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) despite their higher cost compared to granular forms. The objectives of this experiment were to compare effects of fluid and granular P fertilizer on alfalfa yield, and availability and movement of P in the soil. The P fertilizers compared were fluid ammonium polyphosphate (APP, 10–34–0) applied in irrigation water and granular monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11–52–0) topdressed and incorporated by flood irrigation on a calcareous soil at Maricopa, AZ. Fertilizer P was applied each December at rates of 1, 2, 3, and 5 g P m−2. The soil was sampled about 1 mo later. In the first four cuttings of the first year, hay yields were 1358 g m−2 for APP and 1501 g m−2 for MAP. No differences in yield due to P source were measured in the remaining four cuttings of the first year, or in any cutting the second or third year. In the surface soil (0–7.6 cm), the bicarbonate‐extractable soil P averaged 4.4 mg kg−1 for APP and 7.1 for MAP. The depth of movement of the fertilizers was similar except in the first year where MAP moved deeper into the soil profile than APP. In this study, the higher cost of fluid APP compared with granular MAP was not recovered by increased yield. However, at low P rates, water‐run APP may be more economical than topdressed MAP due to its low application cost.
A Survey of Soil Attributes in North Dakota by Landscape Position
Authors: Franzen D. W. , Nanna T. , Norvell W. A.
Published: June 2006

Land surveys of soil attributes can provide valuable information on the geographic distribution of important soil attributes and summarize the levels found. Landscape position can have a major influence on soil attributes. Consideration of field landscape variables in selecting sampling locations and interpreting results, even in large‐scale surveys, should help to reduce unexplained variability in many soil attributes. We report the results of a survey of selected soil attributes in agricultural fields across North Dakota at sites selected within each field by landscape position. Our objective was to determine if this sampling design might contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of soil attributes. Soils from two or three fields within each of the 53 counties of North Dakota were sampled in 1996. Within each field, three samples of surface soil (0–15 cm) were obtained. One sample was collected from an upland position, one from a slope, and one from a depression. Each field was georeferenced using a differentially corrected GPS receiver. The samples were analyzed for DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)‐extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd; water soluble B and Se; and soil pH. Mapping and analysis showed distinct regional patterns of all soil factors. Some soil attributes, including pH and extractable Zn, Cu, and Cd, exhibited a strong relationship to field landscape position, while soluble B and Se were less related. The results suggest that separating field sampling locations into upland, sloping, and depressional areas will reduce the confounding effects of field landscape position on larger‐scale spatial trends in soil attributes.
Tillage System Effects on Competition between Barley and Sterile Oat
Authors: Dhima K. , Vasilakoglou I. , Lithourgidis A. , Papadopoulou S. , Eleftherohorinos I.
Published: June 2006

The short‐term effect of three tillage systems [minimum (MT), reduced (RT), and conventional (CT)] on growth and yield components of two six‐row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Athinaida’ and ‘Plaisant’) in presence or absence of sterile oat (Avena sterilis L.) was studied in northern Greece during the 2003–2004 (Yr 1) and 2004–2005 (Yr 2) growing seasons. Sterile oat was controlled using a postemergence (POST) application of imazamethabenz {(±)‐2‐[4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl]‐4(and 5)‐methylbenzoic acid (3:2)} at the early tillering stage of barley. The competitive ability of both barley cultivars against sterile oat was similar. Sterile oat total fresh weight and stem number were less in CT compared to those in RT and MT in Yr 1, a wet growing season, but were greater in Yr 2, a dry growing season. Barley grain yield was greatest and not affected by tillage in Yr 1 whereas in Yr 2, overall yield was lower and MT reduced grain yield by 14% compared to yield in RT and CT treatments. Furthermore, averaged across tillage system and barley cultivar, total weight, ear number, and grain yield of barley grown with sterile oat interference was lower by 10 to 33%, 16 to 45%, and 20 to 38%, respectively, to that of barley grown where sterile oat was controlled. These results indicate that both barley cultivars had satisfactory competitive ability against sterile oat and minimum or reduced tillage systems could be viable as short‐term alternative management systems for barley production.
Optimizing Seeding Rates for Winter Cereal Grains and Frost‐Seeded Red Clover Intercrops
Authors: Blaser Brock C. , Gibson Lance R. , Singer Jeremy W. , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: June 2006

Growing winter cereal grain/forage legume intercrops can provide multiple benefits to cropping systems in the North Central USA. Intercropping red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with winter cereal grains can provide forage and a green manure crop. Seeding rate recommendations for sole crops may not optimize intercrop system productivity if interactions exist. This study was conducted during the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 growing seasons to determine optimum cereal grain and red clover forage seeding rates for maximum returns using partial budget analyses. In March, red clover was frost‐seeded at 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 seeds m−2 into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeded at 100, 200, 300, and 400 seeds m−2 the previous October. Triticale and wheat maximized returns at seeding rates of 300 and 400 seeds m−2. No cereal grain by red clover seeding rate interactions were detected for red clover dry matter production (DM). Red clover plant densities after cereal grain harvest were 10 to 22% of the original seeding rates. Red clover DM production and return was maximized at 3.49 Mg ha−1 with 900 seeds m−2 in 2003 and 6.67 Mg ha−1 with 1200 seeds m−2 in 2004. Winter cereal/red clover intercrops in the North Central USA can maximize return using a cereal grain seeding rate between 300 and 400 seeds m−2 and red clover seeding rates between 900 and 1200 seeds m−2
Foliar Boron Application Improves Seed Set, Seed Yield, and Seed Quality of Alfalfa
Authors: Dordas Christos
Published: June 2006

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops worldwide because of its good forage quality and high adaptability. Seed yield is generally considered to be of secondary importance and is characterized by fluctuating yields with often poor seed yield and seed quality. A field study was conducted to determine if foliar B applications during anthesis increase seed set, seed yield, yield components, and improves seed quality in alfalfa. Boron solutions were applied at four rates (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg B L−1) to field plots exhibiting no vegetative symptoms of B deficiency. Foliar B application increased the percent of pods formed per inflorescence by up to 52% compared with the control and there was no statistical significant difference between the three rates of B. The seed yield was increased by an average of 37 % compared with the control during the 2 yr and in both locations. Moreover foliar application with B improved seed germination and increased seed vigor which was increased by 27% in 2003 and up to 19% in 2004 compared with the untreated control. The 400 mg B L−1 treatment was found to have a positive response in most characteristics. The results obtained here suggest that the critical B levels for alfalfa used for forage production is below that for seed production and foliar B application can improve the seed yield and seed quality of alfalfa grown for seed production.
Beyond Little Britain
Authors: Abley Ian
Published: June 2006

Ian Abley juxtaposes the demise of big architecture in ‘Little Britain’ with the ideas of the Metabolist movement in Japan, which grasped the potential of the large scale to ‘reflect dynamic reality’.
Fumihiko Maki
Authors: Taylor Jennifer
Published: June 2006

The Japanese Pritzker Prize winning architect Fumihiko Maki is credited with coining the term ‘megastructure’. Here, Jennifer Taylor describes how he has refined it, and defined a specific way of handling urban megacompositions that he calls ‘group form’, over the course of a career spanning more than four decades.
Standing Tall in the Estuary
Authors: Nicholson Natasha , Charlick Pamela
Published: June 2006

Accompanied by the guest‐editors of this issue, Natasha Nicholson and Pamela Charlick take an exhilarating ride beyond the Thames Estuary, off the coast of Herne Bay, on Bayblast, the rigid hull inflatable boat (RHIB) ‐ a trip that takes in the impressive Kentish Flats wind farm, under construction, and the Maunsell Forts. With substantial‐scale projects already nestled in the estuary, new possibilities for architectural interpretation can be thrown up for the Thames Gateway flood plain. However, what potential contribution might the wind farm also make to the area in terms of power generation?
Mega‐Rural: Made in Sunderland
Authors: Schwinge Jonathan
Published: June 2006

Jonathan Schwinge anticipates habitation spheres, manufactured like ships from vast modular subassemblies. Floated from covered yards on pontoons, they are airlifted for segmental delivery anywhere in the world by fleets of high‐capacity freight airships from the leading civilian and military logistics companies. A new market, perhaps, for old shipyards, like Pallion shipyard in Jonathan's family home town of Sunderland.
Triumph and Tragedy on the Home Front
Authors: Pawley Martin
Published: June 2006

The history of the prefabricated is one of complete ‘nonperformance’ for the most renowned designs, produced by the most famous architects. Here, Martin Pawley reviews The Prefabricated Home by Colin Davies and explains how Davies' text reconciles the production failure of seminal works such as Buckminster Fuller's Wichita House and Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses with the Second World War's prefab boom.
Prefabricating Memory Lane: Whatever Happened to Systems?
Authors: McKean John
Published: June 2006

Three decades after his first involvement with an issue of 4 on systems buildings, John McKean, Professor of Architecture at the University of Brighton, revisits the subject. He concludes that, despite the ensuing years, architects still have much to learn about the mass production of buildings.
Designer Volumetric at IKEA Prices
Authors: Abley Ian
Published: June 2006

Volumetric construction is too associated with ‘affordable’ housing for rent by registered social landlords, or ‘microflats’ for sale to underpaid ‘key workers’. Kisho Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower, in Tokyo, of 1972, is well known, but it was never intended as a main residence, and provided an extra room in the city. Architects interested in volumetric construction might well be designing gorgeous macroflats and spacious houses, developing the functionality of such buildings, while aiming to bring down costs through repetition. However, Ian Abley believes their efforts will continue to be frustrated by the need for site‐specific planning approvals, and the cost of developable land in restricted supply.
What's Wrong with This Approach, Comrades?
Authors: Flowers Bee
Published: June 2006

Though strenuously avoiding the ‘Modernist’ and ‘International Style’ labels, postwar USSR, along with its Western counterparts, plunged headlong into a system‐building programme. Today, Russians know of virtually no other form of housing and, as photographer Bee Flowers observes, the construction sector continues to produce ever larger buildings, for no apparent reason other than habit.
Biomimicry versus Humanism
Authors: Kaplinsky Joe
Published: June 2006

Joe Kaplinsky takes issue with ‘biomimicry’ and the idea that nature rather than mechanical solutions is the key to unlocking architecture. He argues that biological language and analogies diminish the real achievement of designers. He calls for a humanist sense of what architecture and engineering mean in the world.
Eero Saarinen and the Manufacturing Model
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: June 2006

Jayne Merkel, board member of AD and the author of an authoratitive new book on Eero Saarinen, describes how Saarinen did much to advance the design of mass‐producible architecture in an era of postwar optimism. She traces both the roots of Saarinen's approach and describes how it sits alongside his carefully crafted expressionistic work, such as the TWA Terminal at JFK.
Cedric Price: From the ‘Brain Drain’ to the ‘Knowledge Economy’
Authors: Mathews Stanley
Published: June 2006

Stanley Mathews looks at Cedric Price's Fun Palace and Potteries Thinkbelt as polemics addressing the changing economic and social character of postwar Britain moving into a period of deindustrialisation, with the expansion of higher education, and the emergence of information technology.
Waltropolis: City in a Box
Authors: Andersen Emily , DeOld Geoff , Hoelker Corey
Published: June 2006

Reyner Banham now seems premature in declaring the megastructure dead in the early 1970s. Here, theboxtank (Emily Andersen, Geoff DeOld and Corey Hoelker), a collaborative blog about big‐box urbanism and retail, considers the latent architectural possibilities of the now global phenomenon of space enclosing industrially clad megasheds ‐ the potential of which was never underestimated by Cedric Price or Martin Pawley.
Interchange Now
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: June 2006

Not for them was the Modernism of neat, smooth, regular solids, notes Banham. ‘The younger megastructuralists clearly saw technology as a visually wild rich mess of piping and wiring and struts and catwalks and bristling radar antennae and supplementary fuel tanks and landing‐pads all carried in exposed lattice frames, NASA‐style. Much of this intellectual underpinning for this picturesque view of advanced technology came, directly or otherwise, from the writings and projects of the Futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia, in spite of the fact that he had been dead since 1916.’

Appreciating Futurism, Robert Stewart of YRM looks at prospects for the modularisation of megastructural transport projects, having been engaged in the vast and largely subterranean development of Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport, London. He argues for a flexible architecture in the service of mobility.
Evelyn Road, Silvertown, Niall McLaughlin Architects
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: June 2006

Bruce Stewart describes how the industrial landscape of Silvertown in east London became a design generator for a housing scheme, which benefits from a treatment that is particular to its site and, in so doing, adds to the fabric of the area.
Appraising, researching and conceptualizing criminal thinking: a personal view
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D.
Published: June 2006

Background It is argued that current interest in the concept of criminal thinking has its roots in traditional theories of criminology and criminal justice such as Sutherland's differential association model, neutralization theory, and Yochelson and Samenow's criminal personality.

Aim The purpose of this paper is to briefly review and summarize theory, research, and practice on criminal thinking as it relates to the author's work in this area.

Conclusions Three self‐report inventories – the Criminal Sentiments Scale (CSS), the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS), and the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA); three principal areas of research – criminal thinking as a predictor of criminal behaviour, offence as a moderator of criminal thinking, and changes in criminal thinking leading to changes in criminal behaviour; and a general theory of criminal thinking are briefly reviewed in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delinquency and the profile of offences among depressed and non‐depressed adolescents
Authors: RITAKALLIO MINNA , KALTIALA‐HEINO RIITTAKERTTU , KIVIVUORI JANNE , LUUKKAALA TIINA , RIMPELÄ MATTI
Published: June 2006

Background Depression has previously been found to be closely connected to adolescent delinquency, but little is known about how depression is related to different types of delinquency.

Aim To investigate patterns of criminal behaviour according to depression among repeatedly delinquent adolescents.

Method The sample was 14‐ to 16‐year‐old repeatedly delinquent adolescents (n 3679) taking part in the Finnish School Health Promotion Study, surveyed for versatility and specialization of delinquency in relation to depression.

Results Patterns of criminal behaviour differed between depressed and non‐depressed delinquent adolescents. The delinquent behaviour of depressed adolescents was more versatile than that of non‐depressed adolescents who mainly specialized in one offence type. Non‐depressed delinquent boys had most often specialized in violence. Most depressed delinquent boys had committed a variety of offences, but among those who did specialize the specialist category was violent offences. Non‐depressed delinquent girls had specialized in shoplifting. Among depressed delinquent girls vandalism was the most typical offence.

Conclusion Differences in the delinquent behaviour of depressed and non‐depressed delinquent adolescents suggest the value of including clinical assessment, and treatment for some, in an appropriately comprehensive pattern of management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in older adults
Authors: Kiblawi Fuad M. , Sommer Robert J. , Levchuck Sean G.
Published: June 2006

Objectives:

Comparing results of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in older and younger patient cohorts.

Background:

The literature pertaining to stroke and PFO has focused on patients <55 years of age.

Methods:

Between March 2000 and December 2003, 456 consecutive stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (14.2–91.1 years, mean 51.4 ± 15.5) underwent successful closure of PFO with a CardioSEAL Septal Occluder by one operator at five hospitals. Of the 456 patients, 184 (40.4%) were >55years of age at the time of the procedure (mean 66.9 ± 8.3 years) and comprise the subject group (OLDER). The remaining 272 patients (mean 41.1 ± 7.7) comprise thecontrol group (YOUNGER). Data were collected prospectively in a registry type format.

Results:

Minor procedural complications were comparable: 7/184 (3.8%) OLDER vs. 12/272 (4.4%) YOUNGER (P = NS). In the follow‐up period (1–45 months, mean = 17.8 ± 11.1), there was no significant difference in the rate of recurrent stroke/TIA, headaches, or late unrelated death. Forty OLDER patients and 47 YOUNGER developed new onset atrial arrhythmia (P = NS). The incidence of new onset atrial fibrillation (AF), however, was significantly higher in OLDER (14/40 OLDER and only 2/47 YOUNGER, P < 0.025). All patients who were in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) before the procedure are in NSR at last follow‐up.

Conclusions:

Older patients should not be excluded from PFO closure. The procedure seems as safe and effective in preventing recurrent stroke in the older, as in the younger population. Older patients seem more prone to developing AF. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental efficacy of an everolimus eluting cobalt chromium stent
Authors: Carter Andrew J. , Brodeur Anastasia , Collingwood Robin , Ross Sarah , Gibson Lori , Wang Chi‐An , Haller Scott , Coleman Leslie , Virmani Renu
Published: June 2006

Introduction: Rapamycin and its analogs are now being coated on different stent platforms, using different polymer matrices to prevent restenosis by impairing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Methods: We evaluated the feasibility and compared the efficacy of biostable polymeric everolimus and sirolimus (CYPHER®, Cordis) eluting stents in a porcine coronary model. Cobalt chromium balloon expandable stents (ML VISION®, Guidant) were coated with a polymer containing everolimus (190 μg/cm2). Twelve pigs underwent placement of 36 oversized sirolimus (n = 12), everolimus (n = 12), and bare metal (cobalt chromium, n = 12) stents in the coronary arteries. Results: At day 28, vessel injury scores were low (<0.25) and similar between each of the three test groups. The mean neointimal thickness was significantly lower in the everolimus‐ (0.13 ± 0.07 mm, P = 0.02) and sirolimus‐eluting stents (0.13 ± 0.08 mm, P = 0.04) versus the bare metal stents (0.20 ± 0.07 mm). The mean percent area stenosis was similar for the everolimus‐eluting stents [(20.8 ± 6.9)%] and the sirolimus‐eluting stents [(20.8 ± 7.6)%], and each was significantly less than that of bare metal stents [(26.1 ± 7.8)%, P = 0.05]. Conclusion: Stent‐based delivery of sirolimus and everolimus delivered via durable polymeric matrices are equally effective in the suppression of neointimal formation at day 28 in the porcine coronary model. Further study is necessary to document dose response and long‐term comparative effects of these drug‐eluting stents. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restenosis after stenting of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Is there a rationale for the use of drug‐eluting stents?
Authors: Zeller Thomas , Rastan Aljoscha , Rothenpieler Uwe , Müller Christian
Published: June 2006

Percutaneous stent‐angioplasty has become an accepted therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) because of higher acute and long‐term success rates compared with balloon angioplasty alone. Restenosis rates after successful renal stent placement vary from 6 to 20% and depend mainly on the definition of restenosis and the vessel diameter of the renal artery or stent. We recommend that restenosis should be defined as >70%. The safety and efficacy of drug‐eluting stents for the treatment of RAS is poorly defined. The currently partially published GREAT study (Palmaz Genesis peripheral stainless steel balloon expandable stent: comparing a sirolimus‐coated vs. a bare stent in REnal Artery Treatment) examined the effect of a sirolimus‐coated stent on restenosis rate in 102 patients and found a relative risk reduction of angiographic binary in‐stent restenosis by 50% (7% versus 14%, P = ns). Given the lack of outcome data, the considerable expenses associated with drug‐eluting stents, morbidity, and cost associated with prolonged dual antithrombotic therapy, the use of drug‐eluting stents in RAS should be restricted to clinical trials. This is a review on restenosis rate following renal stenting, its definition, and the potential use for implantation of a drug‐eluting stent in RAS, which so far for this indication is not yet commercially available. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of an activity‐based costing system in a pharmaceutical drug discovery environment
Authors: Coulie Bernard , De Decker Nadine , Maes Vic , Roodhooft Filip
Published: June 2006

Research and Development investments in the pharmaceutical industry are continuously increasing, resulting in mounting pressure to improve efficiency in terms of output versus cost. Overall, traditional cost accounting methods do not improve effectiveness of pharmaceutical development activities. In drug discovery, cost control is often not based on any objectively measured data. This study describes the design and implementation of an activity‐based costing (ABC) system related to drug discovery activities in a large pharmaceutical company. Both the theoretical model adapted to the specifics of drug discovery as well as the outcome of the data collection during one quarter are described. The methodological approach is based on a two‐step allocation process: allocation of resource costs to the actual processes (activities) using these costs based on resource drivers, and allocation of activity costs to the cost objects (projects) based on activity drivers. Activity‐based management (ABM) has been applied to the collected data. ABM refers to the entire set of actions and decisions that can be taken with activity‐based cost information. Major and unexpected cost differences per project were observed. Causes for these cost differences are project stage, project type, activity type, complexity of the project, number of employees involved, and type of molecular target. The cause analysis on cost differences guides management decisions such as strategic project portfolio management based on project cost, benchmarking, identifying value‐adding versus non‐value‐adding activities, outsourcing, and budgeting decisions. In conclusion, the ABC methodology secures cost and time reductions, guides project prioritization decisions, and improves cost effectiveness. Drug Dev. Res. 67:107–118, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.