bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the performance, simulation, design, and construction of a closed solar swimming pool in Kirkuk city
Authors: Abed Fayadh , Ali Hussein Hayder Mohammed , Bayraktar Nursan
Published: September 2023

Indoor swimming pools are sports or entertainment facilities that require substantial energy to heat the pool water and maintain a comfortable atmosphere in compliance with international standards. However, traditional methods of heating swimming pools using fuels or electricity often result in high operational costs and environmental pollution. To address these challenges, solar water heating has emerged as the most significant and environmentally friendly technology. Consequently, the construction of solar-powered swimming pools has become a prominent issue, drawing considerable attention from governments worldwide. Solar energy is currently being utilized in various applications, with water heating in residential settings being one of the most popular ones. Iraq, known for its high solar energy potential, stands to benefit greatly from adopting and designing solar swimming pools. The proposed design incorporates essential components such as the swimming pool, pump, filter, control valves, and the solar collector. This study explores the influence of flow rate on the solar collector's performance and its relationship with pool size under varying weather conditions in Kirkuk city. The month of February, characterized by lower solar radiation intensity and air temperature, was selected for the investigation. This study provides insights into heating indoor swimming pools using solar energy, examining the types of solar collectors, filters, and pumps involved. By offering guidance in the system design process, our research can be instrumental in facilitating the installation of such systems.
Шарлотта Мурчисон — женщина, сделавшая мужа великим. К 235-летию со дня рождения, "Природа"
Authors: Ульяхин А.В.
Published: September 2023

Шарлотта Мурчисон была женой известного британского геолога и палеонтолога, сэра Родерика Импи Мурчисона. Во многом благодаря влиянию своей супруги, увлекающейся естественными науками, Мурчисон однажды определил для себя карьеру ученого.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Livelihood Index among Millet Farmers Associated with Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Senthamizh R. , Nirmala L. , Jegadeesan M. , Velusamy R. , Ramakrishnan K. , Prabakaran K.
Published: September 2023

This study conducted in 2022 across the Sedapatti, Thirumangalam, and Usilampatti Blocks of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, aimed to explore the Livelihood Index among Millet Farmers associated with Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs). Employing a sample size of 120 respondents through a proportionate random selection procedure, data collection was facilitated via structured personal interviews. The study unveiled that a majority of respondents (68.33%) exhibited a medium level of livelihood, characterized by access to all five capitals - Natural Capital, Physical Capital, Human Capital, Social Capital, and Financial Capital. Moreover, 19.16% reported a high level of livelihood, while 12.05% experienced a low level, This distribution underscores the varying degrees of resource accessibility among the surveyed individuals, shedding light on the diversity of livelihood conditions within the studied population. The study's findings emphasize that the elevated livelihoods of millet farmers and members of Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) are strongly linked to their access to natural capital resources. It becomes evident that there is a notable requirement for improvement, particularly concerning financial capital, followed by social capital and human capital. The enhancement of these aspects holds the potential to empower respondents to efficiently harness the available capitals, thus fostering sustainable livelihoods. This suggests that strategic efforts towards bolstering financial resources, social networks, and individual capabilities are key to optimizing livelihood outcomes in the context of millet farming and FPO engagement.
Studies on Genetic Variability, Correlation Analysis in Mithipagal (Momordica charantia var. muricata) Genotypes
Authors: Agalya P. , Vethamoni P. Irene , Pazhanivelan S. , Praneetha S. , Haripriya S.
Published: September 2023

The present investigation was carried out in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the “Genetic variability and correlation analysis in Mithipagal (Momordica charantia var. muricata) genotypes”. Observations on vine length, days to male flower inflorescence, days to female flower inflorescence, node of first male flower appearance, node of first female flower appearance, sex ratio, number of fruits per vine, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, number of seeds per fruit, yield per vine, ascorbic acid, protein content, iron content and total soluble solids were recorded. Variability and correlation analysis among genotypes were examined. The results, showed that yield per plant had high positive and high significant correlation with fruit weight, fruit girth, number of seeds per fruit, vine length and fruit length. High genotypic co-efficients of variation (GCV) were found for fruit yield per vine, fruit weight, TSS, fruit length, vine length, fruit girth, node of first female flower, number of fruits per vine, number of seeds per fruit, iron, protein content when genetic characteristics were taken into account, However low GCV was found for days to the first male and female flowering. Phenotypic variants were always greater than genotypic variances. For traits such asyield per vine, fruit weight, TSS, fruit length, vine length, fruit girth, number of fruits per vine, number of. seeds per fruit, node of first male flower appearance, node of first female flower appearance, sex ratio, vitamin C, protein, iron content high heritability was found together with high genetic advance in percent of mean, indicating that these features are under additive gene control and hence selection for genetic improvement would be successful. Node of first male flower appearance showed low heritability combined with low genetic advance as a percentage of the mean indicating that non-additive gene effects were involved in the expression of this trait and hence selection for such a trait could not be beneficial. The knowledge of these statistical factors would be useful in identifying genotypes with greater yield potential that might be used in the improvement of mithipagal.
Effect of Abiotic Factors on Population Fluctuation of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Chickpea
Authors: Singh Bhupendra , Singh Hem , Singh Gaje , Singh D. V. , Singh Ramesh
Published: September 2023

The field experiment was conducted to determine the population fluctuation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larval population in relation to abiotic factors on chickpea for two seasons during (Rabi, 2021-22) at Crop Research Centre (CRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. The present study revealed that the Gram pod borer larval population were first observed from 50th and 51th standard meteorological week till harvesting the crop i.e. 15th standard meteorological week during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. The highest peak larval population (4.20 and 3.80 larvae per plant) was observed in 12th and 11th standard meteorological week during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. The data recorded were subjected to correlation with various meteorological parameters on population fluctuation of H. armigera on chickpea.

The correlation analysis showed that both minimum and maximum temperature were positively correlated during both years. Relative humidity of both morning and evening showed negative correlation with population of gram pod borer. However, the larval population showed non-significant negative correlation with rainfall both seasons during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23. The information generated in present investigation may be used for the insect pest prediction and sustainable management strategies of H. armigera (Hubner) in chickpea crop.
Constraints Experienced by the Paddy Farmers in Three Agroclimatic Zones of Telangana State, India
Authors: Rani Akula Latha , Naik V. Ravinder , Reddy M. Jagan Mohan , Sagar G. E. CH. Vidya , Chary D. Srinivasa
Published: September 2023

The present investigation was conducted during 2021-22 to assess the constraints experienced by the paddy farmers in three agroclimatic zones of farming sustainability in Telangana state. Findings revealed that, constraints such as high cost of seed varieties (I), lack of knowledge and skill for determining economic threshold level of pests and diseases (II), labour scarcity due to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (I), labour scarcity during peak operations (II), insufficient finance with farmers (I), high rental charges for farm machinery (II), lack of new technologies and uneconomically viable solutions for residue management (I), lack of knowledge about input management (II), lack of information about government schemes  (I), lack of information about recent pest-management strategies (II) were the first and second priority constraints under ecological, social, economical, technical and institutional dimensions respectively. Accordingly, Government organisations, NGO’s, ATMA, KVK’s, DAATC’s, SAU’s should look after certain issues such as providing seeds at affordable cost , Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme must give prioritize to agricultural field operations along with other activities, crop loan must be sanctioned to every farmer by considering crop yield assurance and bring out new technologies like happy seeder to remove residues but also allows the farmer to seed the new crop without involving manual labour, which saves time and money for the farmers. Extension education functionaries and line departments experts must use the Situation Based Extension with Participatory Approach (SBEA) in order to effectively overcome constraints and get feedback, which act as source for ATMA action plans to implement at grass root level.
Assessment of Physico – Chemical Properties of Soil under Different Eco Systems of Gwalior Region
Authors: Appala Sai Ganesh Kumar , Gautam Sandip Kumar , Meetei Thounaojam Thomas , Singh Nivedita
Published: September 2023

This investigation was carried out on the different ecosystem of Gwalior region, ITM university Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. The experiment was planned in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replication and seven selected ecosystem viz. T1-Neem area, T2- Aonla area, T3- Duck house, T4- CRC-1, T5- CRC-2, T6- Polyhouse and T7- Pond area. The results of the experiment revealed that the physical properties of the soil such as bulk density, porosity, soil texture of the soil improved with addition of organic matter likewise in duck house we found that organic matter of area was very as compared to another area at both surface and subsurface soil depth. The bulk density was lowest recorded at surface and sub surface soil in duck house and pond area respectively over the Aonla and neem area. The available N, P, and K was highest recorded in the Duck house treatments as compare to Aonla and neem area both surface and subsurface soil, respectively. The chemical properties of the soil such as organic carbon, available N, P, K and soil exchangeable Ca and Mg was highest recorded in the duck house due to the presence of high organic matter and pH in normal range which provide the available form of nutrient.
Standardization of Rose Flower Propagation by Improving the Climatic Conditions in India
Authors: Nehra M. K. , Ali Gulfam , Singh Joginder
Published: September 2023

To get the better quality flowers, the agricultural / Horticultural practices have to be applied at proper time and in proper way. In the present investigation the planting time of rose root-stock was standardized alongwith the way of planting in the soil beds. Planting time was taken as January, February and March because plants are very sensitive to the temperature, photo period and the air moisture. Any deviation in then even a week or a fortnight may affect yield and quality of flowers in ease of flowering plants. Another important factor in plant growth is soil, where root established and moride nourishment to the plant. In this experiment, the rose cuttings were planted on ridges, flat beds. and in polythene bags. The observations recorded showed that cuttings when planted on ridges and in flat bed yielded better flower and good plant growth. February was found to be suitable time for the better and quicker growth time.
Impact of Edaphic Parameters on the Natural Regeneration of Terminalia chebula Retz. across Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: M. A. Shakith , Chanda Subhajit , Butola J. S. , Vempally Prashanth , Bijlwan Vikas , Chiluveri Murari , Chandra Manoj
Published: September 2023

The study aims to identify the impacts of edaphic parameters on the natural regeneration of Terminalia chebula Retz. in the Garhwal Himalaya region. The study is designed as an analytical study based on observation of the edaphic and ecological parameters. It is a backward-direction study to observe the impact of the selected parameters on natural regeneration. The study has been done in the Department of Forestry & Natural Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Tehri, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, between February to April 2022. The study was performed by using simple random sampling for data collection and standard published methods for testing the edaphic parameters. After that statistical inference and impact of the edaphic parameters on natural regeneration of Terminalia chebula Retz. has been drawn by using multiple correlation. The study concluded that the selected sites across the Garhwal Himalayas can be considered as 'good natural regeneration spots' for Terminalia chebula Retz. An intricate harmony observed between the prevailing soil conditions and the growth characteristics of this particular plant species.
Improving Health Care Quality Measurement to Combat Clinician Burnout
Authors: DiGiorgio Anthony M. , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Miller Brian J.
Published: September 2023

This Viewpoint explores a critical source of administrative burden and physician frustration—the explosive growth of health care quality metrics—and how improving these metrics could combat clinician burnout.
Weighted Lottery to Equitably Allocate Scarce Supply of COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: McCreary Erin K. , Essien Utibe R. , Chang Chung-Chou H. , Butler Rachel A. , Pathak Parag , Sönmez Tayfun , Ünver M. Utku , Steiner Ashley , Chrisman Maddie , Angus Derek C. , White Douglas B.
Published: September 2023

Importance

Equitable allocation of scarce medications is an important health policy goal. There are few data about attempts to achieve equitable allocation in the community setting.

Objective

To describe the development and use of a weighted lottery to allocate a scarce supply of tixagevimab with cilgavimab as preexposure prophylaxis to COVID-19 for immunocompromised individuals and examine whether this promoted equitable allocation to disadvantaged populations.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This quality improvement study analyzed a weighted lottery process from December 8, 2021, to February 23, 2022, that assigned twice the odds of drug allocation of 450 tixagevimab with cilgavimab doses to individuals residing in highly disadvantaged neighborhoods according to the US Area Deprivation Index (ADI) in a 35-hospital system in Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland. In all, 10 834 individuals were eligible for the lottery. Weighted lottery results were compared with 10 000 simulated unweighted lotteries in the same cohort performed after drug allocation occurred.

Main Outcomes

Proportion of individuals from disadvantaged neighborhoods and Black individuals who were allocated and received tixagevimab with cilgavimab.

Results

Of the 10 834 eligible individuals, 1800 (16.6%) were from disadvantaged neighborhoods and 767 (7.1%) were Black. Mean (SD) age was 62.9 (18.8) years, and 5471 (50.5%) were women. A higher proportion of individuals from disadvantaged neighborhoods was allocated the drug in the ADI-weighted lottery compared with the unweighted lottery (29.1% vs 16.6%; P < .001). The proportion of Black individuals allocated the drug was greater in the weighted lottery (9.1% vs 7.1%; P < .001). Among the 450 individuals allocated tixagevimab with cilgavimab in the ADI-weighted lottery, similar proportions of individuals from disadvantaged neighborhoods accepted the allocation and received the drug compared with those from other neighborhoods (27.5% vs 27.9%; P = .93). However, Black individuals allocated the drug were less likely to receive it compared with White individuals (3 of 41 [7.3%] vs 118 of 402 [29.4%]; P = .003).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this quality improvement study suggest an ADI-weighted lottery process to allocate scarce resources is feasible in a large health system and resulted in more drug allocation to and receipt of drug by individuals who reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Although the ADI-weighted lottery also resulted in more drug allocation to Black individuals compared with an unweighted process, they were less likely to accept allocation and receive it compared with White individuals. Further strategies are needed to ensure that Black individuals receive scarce medications allocated.
Effect of Laser Printing Mode on Surface Topography, Microstructure, and Corrosion Property of Additive‐Manufactured NiTi Alloy
Authors: Liu Xin , Gu Dongdong , Yuan Luhao , Zhang Han , Wang Rui , Sun Jianfeng
Published: September 2023

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an emerging metal additive manufacturing method that can pave a pathway for manufacturing NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) with high performance. Considering the unique characterizations of LPBF process, the position and sequence of laser irradiation are different under different laser scanning modes, which will affect the performance of as‐built samples. Herein, four different chessboard sizes are utilized to fabricate NiTi parts. The surface quality and relative density first increase and then decrease with the increasing chessboard size, obtaining the optimal surface roughness of 9.95 μm and relative density of 99.7%, respectively, at a chessboard size of 5 mm. As the chessboard size increases, the more pronounced precipitation of Ni4Ti3 with a higher quantity induces a strengthening effect, leading to a higher microhardness value of ≈290 HV0.2 at a chessboard size of 9 mm. The electrochemical test shows a better corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential of 0.101 V and a corrosion current density of 1.670 × 10−5 A cm−2 at a chessboard size of 5 mm. The corrosion mechanism is further revealed. This work emphasizes the importance of chessboard size as a reference for optimizing the process of additive‐manufactured NiTi SMAs.
Field Risk Evaluation of Liquid Metal Interconnects in Microelectronics Applications
Authors: Meyyappan Karumbu , Murtagian Gregorio , Tadayon Pooya , Ouvarov-Bancalero Valery , Wickboldt Lloyd Kemp
Published: September 2023

Gallium is one of the most desirable, yet less known, interconnects considered in the semiconductor industry. Good electrical conductivity and high stretchability of the liquid metal makes it very attractive for many applications. It allows components to be assembled or disaggregated like Lego blocks without any external forces or energy. The focus of this article is to shed light on intrinsic reliability degradation mechanisms for components that use liquid metal interconnects. As a starting reference to field reliability risk evaluations, the authors focus on common/controlled use conditions. Environments studied include standard test evaluation procedures like thermal aging (sustained exposure to high temperature over time), thermal cycling, current carrying capability, and finally functional product life cycle testing. Studies reveal that the interconnect has very distinct failure mechanisms and unique advantageous/disadvantageous over existing interconnects. Fundamental knowledge gained in this study is expected to help 1) drive future architectures, 2) material/design changes to address any limitations, and 3) finally new qualification methods/standards that account for the unique failure mechanisms.
Alternative Local Melting‐Solidification of Suspended Nanoparticles for Heterostructure Formation Enabled by Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Shakeri Mohammad Sadegh , Swiatkowska‐Warkocka Zaneta , Polit Oliwia , Itina Tatiana , Maximenko Alexey , Depciuch Joanna , Gurgul Jacek , Mitura‐Nowak Marzena , Perzanowski Marcin , Dziedzic Andrzej , Nęcki Jarosław
Published: September 2023

Phase formation by pulsed laser irradiation of suspended nanoparticles has recently been introduced as a promising synthesis technique for heterostructures. The main challenge still lingers regarding the exact mechanism of particle formation due to the non‐equilibrium kinetic by‐products resulting from the localized alternative, fast, high‐temperature nature of the process. Here, the authors analyze the bond breaking/formation of copper or copper (II) interfaces with ethanol during the absorption of pulses for Cu‐CuO‐Cu2O formation applicable as an electrocatalyst in ethanol oxidation fuel cells. This study includes but is not limited to, a comprehensive discussion of the interaction between nano‐laser pulses and suspension for practical control of the synthesis process. The observed exponential and logarithmic changes in the content of heterostructures for the CuO‐ethanol and Cu‐ethanol samples irradiated with different fluences are interpreted as the dominant role of physical and chemical reactions, respectively, during the pulsed laser irradiation of suspensions synthesis. It is also shown that the local interface between dissociated ethanol and the molten sphere is responsible for the oxidative/reductive interactions resulting in the formation of catalytic‐augmented Cu3+ by‐product, thanks to the reactive bond force field molecular dynamics studies confirmed by ab‐initio calculations and experimental observations.
Nerve Visualization using Phenoxazine‐Based Near‐Infrared Fluorophores to Guide Prostatectomy
Authors: Wang Lei G. , Montaño Antonio R. , Masillati Anas M. , Jones Jocelyn A. , Barth Connor W. , Combs Jason R. , Kumarapeli Sashini Udeshika , Shams Nourhan A. , van den Berg Nynke S. , Antaris Alexander L. , Galvis S. N. , McDowall Ian , Rizvi Syed Zaki Husain , Alani Adam W. G. , Sorger Jonathan M. , Gibbs Summer L.
Published: September 2023

Fluorescence‐guided surgery (FGS) is poised to revolutionize surgical medicine through near‐infrared (NIR) fluorophores for tissue‐ and disease‐specific contrast. Clinical open and laparoscopic FGS vision systems operate nearly exclusively at NIR wavelengths. However, tissue‐specific NIR contrast agents compatible with clinically available imaging systems are lacking, leaving nerve tissue identification during prostatectomy a persistent challenge. Here, it is shown that combining drug‐like molecular design concepts and fluorophore chemistry enabled the production of a library of NIR phenoxazine‐based fluorophores for intraoperative nerve‐specific imaging. The lead candidate readily delineated prostatic nerves in the canine and iliac plexus in the swine using the clinical da Vinci Surgical System that has been popularized for minimally invasive prostatectomy procedures. These results demonstrate the feasibility of molecular engineering of NIR nerve‐binding fluorophores for ready integration into the existing surgical workflow, paving the path for clinical translation to reduce morbidity from nerve injury for prostate cancer patients.
Regulating Lewis Acid‐Base Interactions to Enhance Stability of Tin Oxide for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Huishu , Du Yi , Fang Song , Chen Xi , Li Xiabing , Guo Yang , Gu Bangkai , Lu Hao
Published: September 2023

Perovskite solar cells are an attractive technology for renewable energy production. However, stability issues with the electron transport layer (ETL), particularly the colloidal tin oxide (SnO2) solution, can impact cell efficiency. In this study, a novel acidization treatment is introduced to reactivate long‐time stored SnO2 solutions, which previously led to low‐efficiency perovskite solar cells. The acidization treatment results in enhanced conductivity of the SnO2 layer, improved perovskite film quality, and ultimately increased efficiency. These findings show that a 1‐month stored SnO2 solution treated with acetic acid produces a device with a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.9%, compared to 13.5% efficiency without treatment. With the addition of PEAI, the champion efficiency of the acetic acid‐treated device is 22.3%. This study provides a simple and effective engineering approach to fabricating high‐performance and stable ETLs for perovskite solar cells.
Sustainable Robots 4D Printing
Authors: Soleimanzadeh Hesam , Rolfe Bernard , Bodaghi Mahdi , Jamalabadi Marzieh , Zhang Xiang , Zolfagharian Ali
Published: September 2023

Nature frequently serves as an inspiration for modern robotics innovations that emphasize secure human–machine interaction. However, the advantages of increased automation and digital technology integration conflict with the global environmental objectives. Accordingly, biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a range of intelligent applications. Biodegradability provides soft robotics with an extraordinary functional advantage for operations involving intelligent shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. Soft robot fabrication using conventional manufacturing techniques is inflexible, time‐consuming, and labor‐intensive. Recent advances in 3D and 4D printing of soft materials and multi‐materials have become the key to enabling the direct manufacture of soft robotics with complex designs and functions. This review comprises a detailed survey of 3D and 4D printing advances in biodegradable soft sensors and actuators (BSSA), which serve as the most prominent parts of each robotic system. In addition, a concise overview of biodegradable materials for the fabrication of 3D‐printed flexible devices with medical along with industrial applications is provided. A complete summary of current additive manufacturing techniques for BSSA is discussed in depth. Moreover, the concept of biodegradable 4D‐printed soft actuators and sensors and biohybrid soft robots is reviewed.
Toward digitally screening and profiling AD: A GAMLSS approach of MemTrax in China
Authors: Liu Wanwan , Yu Ling , Deng Qiuqiong , Li Yunrong , Lu Peiwen , Yang Jie , Chen Fei , Li Feng , Zhou Xianbo , Bergeron Michael F. , Ashford John Wesson , Xu Qun
Published: September 2023

PURPOSES

To establish a normative range of MemTrax (MTx) metrics in the Chinese population.

METHODS

The correct response percentage (MTx‐%C) and mean response time (MTx‐RT) were obtained and the composite scores (MTx‐Cp) calculated. Generalized additive models for location, shape and scale (GAMLSS) were applied to create percentile curves and evaluate goodness of fit, and the speed‐accuracy trade‐off was investigated.

RESULTS

26,633 subjects, including 13,771 (51.71%) men participated in this study. Age‐ and education‐specific percentiles of the metrics were generated. Q tests and worm plots indicated adequate fit for models of MTx‐RT and MTx‐Cp. Models of MTx‐%C for the low and intermediate education fit acceptably, but not well enough for a high level of education. A significant speed‐accuracy trade‐off was observed for MTx‐%C from 72 to 94.

CONCLUSIONS

GAMLSS is a reliable method to generate smoothed age‐ and education‐specific percentile curves of MTx metrics, which may be adopted for mass screening and follow‐ups addressing Alzheimer's disease or other cognitive diseases.

Highlights

GAMLSS was applied to establish nonlinear percentile curves of cognitive decline.

Subjects with a high level of education demonstrate a later onset and slower decline of cognition.

Speed‐accuracy trade‐off effects were observed in a subgroup with moderate accuracy.

MemTrax can be used as a mass‐screen instrument for active cognition health management advice.
Nanomedicine‐Enabled Chemical Regulation of Reactive X Species for Versatile Disease Treatments
Authors: Dai Xinyue , Xie Yujie , Feng Wei , Chen Yu
Published: September 2023

Reactive X species (RXS), encompassing elements such as O, N, C, S, Se, Cl, Br, I, and H, play vital roles in cell biology and physiological function, impacting cellular signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and disease processes. The redox unbalance of RXS is firmly implicated in an assortment of physiological and pathological disorders, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the intricate nature and multifactorial dependence of RXS pose challenges in comprehending and precisely modulating their biological behavior. Nanomaterials with distinct characteristics and biofunctions offer promising avenues for generating or scavenging RXS to maintain redox homeostasis and advance disease therapy. This minireview provides a tutorial summary of the relevant chemistry and specific mechanisms governing different RXS, focusing on cellular metabolic regulation, stress responses, and the role of nanomedicine in RXS generation and elimination. The challenges associated with chemically regulating RXS for diverse disease treatments are further discussed along with the future prospects, aiming to facilitate the clinical translation of RXS‐based nanomedicine and open new avenues for improved therapeutic interventions.
Selectivity Control in the Direct CO Esterification over Pd@UiO‐66: The Pd Location Matters
Authors: Hu Shuaishuai , Xie Chenfan , Xu Yu‐Ping , Chen Xuelu , Gao Ming‐Liang , Wang He , Yang Weijie , Xu Zhong‐Ning , Guo Guo‐Cong , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: September 2023

The selectivity control of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) in the direct CO esterification with methyl nitrite toward dimethyl oxalate (DMO) or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) remains a grand challenge. Herein, Pd NPs are incorporated into isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely UiO‐66‐X (X=‐H, ‐NO2, ‐NH2), affording Pd@UiO‐66‐X, which unexpectedly exhibit high selectivity (up to 99 %) to DMC and regulated activity in the direct CO esterification. In sharp contrast, the Pd NPs supported on the MOF, yielding Pd/UiO‐66, displays high selectivity (89 %) to DMO as always reported with Pd NPs. Both experimental and DFT calculation results prove that the Pd location relative to UiO‐66 gives rise to discriminated microenvironment of different amounts of interface between Zr‐oxo clusters and Pd NPs in Pd@UiO‐66 and Pd/UiO‐66, resulting in their distinctly different selectivity. This is an unprecedented finding on the production of DMC by Pd NPs, which was previously achieved by Pd(II) only, in the direct CO esterification.
Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Au1Ag Single‐Atom Alloy Modified ZnO with Oxygen and Water Vapor: Synergy of Gold and Silver
Authors: Wang Yuxiong , Hong Guang , Zhang Yaoyu , Liu Yue , Cen Wanglai , Wang Lianzhou , Wu Zhongbiao
Published: September 2023

C−H dissociation and C−C coupling are two key steps in converting CH4 into multi‐carbon compounds. Here we report a synergy of Au and Ag to greatly promote C2H6 formation over Au1Ag single‐atom alloy nanoparticles (Au1Ag NPs)‐modified ZnO catalyst via photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane (POCM) with O2 and H2O. Atomically dispersed Au in Au1Ag NPs effectively promotes the dissociation of O2 and H2O into *OOH, promoting C−H activation of CH4 on the photogenerated O− to form *CH3. Electron‐deficient Au single atoms, as hopping ladders, also facilitate the migration of electron donor *CH3 from ZnO to Au1Ag NPs. Finally, *CH3 coupling can readily occur on Ag atoms of Au1Ag NPs. An excellent C2H6 yield of 14.0 mmol g−1 h−1 with a selectivity of 79 % and an apparent quantum yield of 14.6 % at 350 nm is obtained via POCM with O2 and H2O, which is at least two times that of the photocatalytic system. The bimetallic synergistic strategy offers guidance for future catalyst design for POCM with O2 and H2O.
Hexaazatriphenylene‐Based Two‐Dimensional Conductive Covalent Organic Framework with Anisotropic Charge Transfer
Authors: Kim Seong‐Wook , Jung Hyeonjung , Okyay Mahmut Sait , Noh Hyuk‐Jun , Chung Sein , Kim Young Hyun , Jeon Jong‐Pil , Wong Bryan M. , Cho Kilwon , Seo Jeong‐Min , Yoo Jung‐Woo , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: September 2023

The development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with efficient charge transport is of immense interest for applications in optoelectronic devices. To enhance COF charge transport properties, electroactive building blocks and dopants can be used to induce extended conduction channels. However, understanding their intricate interplay remains challenging. We designed and synthesized a tailor‐made COF structure with electroactive hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) core units and planar dioxin (D) linkages, denoted as HD‐COF. With the support of theoretical calculations, we found that the HAT units in the HD‐COF induce strong, eclipsed π–π stacking. The unique stacking of HAT units and the weak in‐plane conjugation of dioxin linkages leads to efficient anisotropic charge transport. We fabricated HD‐COF films to minimize the grain boundary effect of bulk COFs, which resulted in enhanced conductivity. As a result, the HD‐COF films showed an electrical conductivity as high as 1.25 S cm−1 after doping with tris(4‐bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate.
Shaping information and knowledge on climate change technologies: A cross‐country qualitative analysis of carbon capture and storage results on Google search
Authors: Rowland Jussara , López‐Asensio Sergi , Bagci Ataberk , Delicado Ana , Prades Ana
Published: September 2023

Commercial search engines play a central role in shaping, defining, and promoting the information people have access to in contemporary societies. This is particularly true when it comes to emergent technologies, for which there is often limited available information in legacy media and other sources, thus having a strong bearing on public perceptions. In this article, we focus on how the Google search engine promotes information on carbon capture and storage (CCS). We explore how Google's ranking parameters and interface shape the information people access when searching for CCS through a qualitative analysis comparing the results in three countries (France, Spain, and Portugal). We focus on the content of the first search engine result pages (SERP) and consider both Google's ranking criteria and the content and format of promoted sources. The study reveals Google's influence in highlighting Wikipedia pages, Q&A‐formatted sources, and prioritizing online specialized media and private corporations. Additionally, we observe country‐specific variations in terms of actors and types of content, reflecting the level of interest and investment in the topic at the national level. These findings underscore the significant role of search engine mediations in shaping public perceptions and knowledge about emergent climate change technologies.
Redox‐Active Organic Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Ding Wei , Xiao Luyi , Lv Li‐Ping , Wang Yong
Published: September 2023

Due to their prominent power density, supercapacitors carve out a niche among all the energy storage systems. However, it is also well known that the energy density of supercapacitors takes no advantage over lithium‐ion batteries, the current star energy storage device. Therefore, substantial efforts have been paid to improving the energy density of supercapacitors not at the expense of its power density. To develop electrode with high capacitance is a direct and efficient way to increase the energy storage capability of supercapacitors. Organics whose molecular structure can be diversely designed to achieve high pseudocapacitance arising from redox‐active units in their backbone are good candidates as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Herein, this review summarizes recent progress of redox‐active organic electrode materials for supercapacitors and their pseudocapacitive energy storge mechanisms based on different organic functional groups. From the aspects of their preparation approaches, molecular design and the resultant electrochemical performances, the focus is to probe the relationship between the energy storage mechanisms and the molecular structure of redox‐active units and provide some insights for the further development of organic supercapacitor electrodes.
Röntgenographische Strukturuntersuchung des 1, 3‐Di‐ (p‐brombenzal) ‐cyclopenten‐ (4) ‐on‐ (2)
Authors: Becker K. A. , Plieth K. , Stock P.
Published: September 2023

Zur Strukturaufklärung des 1, 3‐Di‐(p‐brombenzal)‐cyclopenten‐(4)‐on‐(2) werden unter Verwendung von CuKα‐Strahlung Drehkristall‐ und Weissenberg‐Aufnahmen hergestellt. Die Gitterdaten der monoklinen Elementarzelle sind: a = 31, 06 A, b = 6,40 A, c = 8, 02 Å, β = 94, 45°, Z = 4 Formeleinheiten C19H12OBr2 je Zelle, ϱr, = 1, 716 g cm−3. Aus den Auslöschungen und mit Hilfe von zweidimensionalen Patterson‐Synthesen in den Projektionen parallel [001] und [010] können die Raumgruppe Cc und die Br‐Parameter ermittelt werden. Trotz der schlechten Beschaffenheit der Kristalle und des Fehlens höherer Reflex‐Ordnungen gelingt es zu zeigen, daß nur eine ebene oder nahezu ebene Molekülform in trans‐trans Konfiguration in Frage kommen kann.
Polarographische Untersuchungen über die Kinetik der Entladung von Komplex‐Metallionen, insbesondere von Hydroxo‐ und Ammin‐Komplexen des Zinks
Authors: Matsuda Hiroaki , Ayabe Yuzo
Published: September 2023

Es wird eine Analysenmethode der polarographischen Stromspannungskurve von Komplex‐Metallionen beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe sich wertvolle Informationen über den Entladungsmechanismus erhalten lassen. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß bei Kenntnis der Abhängigkeit der Stromspannungskurve von der Konzentration des Komplexbildners der Durchtrittsfaktor α, die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten (kG)B. (kof)B des Entladungsprozesses und die Koordinationszahl p des entladungsbestimmenden Komplexes ermittelt werden können, wenn die Bedingung Δ √τ < 30 erfüllt wird. [Über die Definition von Δ siehe Gleichung (15) im Text, τ = Tropfzeit.]

Als praktische Anwendung des hier vorgeschlagenen Analysenverfahrens werden die Hydroxo‐ und Ammin‐Komplexe des Zinks experimentell untersucht. Hieraus werden folgende Schlüsse gezogen: 1. Bei Hydroxo‐Komplexen liegt in der Lösung im wesentlichen der Komplex [Zn(OH)4]2‐ vor. Die Entladung verläuft aber bei COH ≅ 1 über die Verbindung Zn(OH)2 mit den Zahlenwerten für log (kG)B = ‐ 3,3, · log(kof)B = ‐ 23,8 und α = 0,42. 2. Bei Ammin‐Komplexen erfolgt die Entladung bei CNH3 ≅ 1 über den Komplex [Zn(NH3)2]2+ mit den Zahlenwerten: log (kG)B = ‐ 4,9, log (kof)B = ‐ 32,7 und α = 0,65, obwohl in der Lösung der Komplex [Zn(NH3)4]2+ vorherrscht. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in qualitativer Übereinstimmung mit den Gerischerschen Daten, die mit Hilfe der Wechselstrommethode erhalten worden sind.
Die Änderung der katalytischen Aktivität und der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des MgO‐Cr2O3‐Mischoxyds während der Spinellbildung
Authors: Szabó Z. G. , Solymosi F.
Published: September 2023

Die Deutung der katalytischen Wirksamkeit von Oxyden in aktiven Zwischenzuständen nach Hüttig und Jander ist mit Hilfe der modernen Elektronentheorie nur dann möglich, wenn die Fehlordnung der Zwischenzustände und ihre elektrischen Eigenschaften bekannt sind.

Bei unseren Versuchen wurden die katalytischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften des MgO‐Cr2O3‐Mischoxyds als Funktionen der Sintertemperatur untersucht. Als Modellreaktion wurde die Zersetzung der Ameisensäure gewählt. An Hand der Messungen konnte festgestellt werden, daß die Mischoxyde während der Spinellbildung eine erhöhte Aktivität aufweisen. Aus der Änderung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit kann gefolgert werden, daß die erhöhte katalytische Aktivität mit der größeren Defektelektronenleitfähigkeit des Übergangszustandes im Zusammenhang steht.
Die autokatalytische Natur der kathodischen Reduktion von Salpetersäure zu salpetriger Säure II. Der galvanostatische Einschaltvorgang
Authors: Schmid Gerhard , Delfs Jochen
Published: September 2023

Die HNO3–HNO2–Elektrode arbeitet als Kathode so, daß primär HNO2 zu NO reduziert wird. Letzteres wird hierauf unter Verbrauch von HNO3 wieder zu HNO2 oxydiert, wobei mehr HNO2 zurückgebildet wird als im primären Schritt kathodisch verbraucht worden ist, so daß insgesamt eine Reduktion von HNO3 zu HNO2 als Bruttoreaktion in Erscheinung tritt.

Diese Anschauung über den Elektrodenvorgang wird in der vorliegenden Mitteilung gestützt durch Spannungs‐Zeit‐Oszillogramme des galvanostatischen Einschaltvorganges bei der kathodischen Polarisation von nichtgerührten Mischungen aus mehrfach molarer Salpetersäure und um etwa drei Größenordnungen verdünnterer salpetriger Säure. Für jede Konzentrationskombination der beiden Säuren existiert eine gut reproduzierbare kritische Stromdichte, unterhalb welcher die Spannungs‐Zeit‐Kurven plötzlich in eine abnorme Form umschlagen, bei der die Elektrodenspannung nur noch einige Zeit lang der kathodischen Polarisierung folgt, um sich dann, entgegen der fortdauernden kathodischen Polarisierung, in positiver Richtung zu verschieben

Die Deutung dieser Erscheinung wird darin gesehen, daß oberhalb der kritischen Stromdichte die primäre kathodische Aufzehrung der salpetrigen Säure so rasch verläuft, daß die chemische Regenerierung aus NO und HNO3 nicht Schritt halten kann. Die Elektrode arbeitet dann im wesentlichen wie eine diffusionsgesteuerte Elektrode, an der sich die potentialbestimmende Substanz (HNO2) nach einiger Zeit erschöpft, und liefert normale Oszillogramme. Unterhalb der kritischen Stromdichte dagegen überflügelt die chemische Regenerierung der salpetrigen Säure diese primäre kathodische Erschöpfung. Die Plötzlichkeit des Umschlags von der einen in die andere Kurvenform rührt daher, daß diese Überflügelung, wenn sie sich überhaupt einmal durchsetzen kann, in kurzer Zeit infolge der autokatalytischen Natur der Regenerierung lawinenartig ansteigt und so das Potential zur Umkehr zwingt.
Selektivität und typische Reaktionsmechanismen in der Strahlenchemie
Authors: Schenck Günther O.
Published: September 2023

Die Selektivität strahlenchemischer Reaktionssysteme wird durch die physikalische Selektion der strahlen‐chemischen Initiation und durch die chemische Selektion der Folgeprozesse verursacht und läßt sich durch Änderung der Zusammensetzung der Reaktionssysteme stark beeinflussen.

Erforschung und Systematik strahlenchemischer Umwandlungen und Mechanismen verlangen begriffliche und experimentelle Unterscheidung zwischen den über (mono‐ oder bi‐)radikalische Zwischenstoffe ablaufenden eigentlichen strahlenchemischen Reaktionssequenzen und den Nachreaktionen, zwischen direkten und indirekten, simultanen und sukzessiven strahlenchemischen Umwandlungen.

Die Haupttypen strahlenchemischer Reaktionsmechanismen ergeben sich nach dem Vorliegen azyklischer oder zyklischer Reaktionen sowie nach Art der radikalischen Zwischenstoffe der strahlenchemischen Reaktionssequenzen.

I. Einführung

II. Systematik und Fragestellungen

III. Rein biradikalisch und monoradikalisch ablaufende strahlenchemische Umwandlungen

IV. Besondere Probleme der Termination und Nachreaktionen

V. Katalytische Beeinflussung der Selektivität
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 32P‐markierten Penta‐, Hexa‐, Hepta‐ und Oktaphosphaten
Authors: Wieker Wolfgang
Published: September 2023

Aus einem Gemisch radioaktiv markierter Polyphosphate wurden mit Hilfe der Anionenaustauscherchromatographie molekular einheitliche Polyphosphate abgetrennt. Durch Abbaureaktionen wurden die erhaltenen Phosphatfraktionen als Penta‐, Hexa‐, Hepta‐ und Oktaphosphat identifiziert. Sie werden sowohl durch Monophosphatabspaltung vom Kettenende als auch vom Penta‐ zum Oktaphosphat hin zunehmend, unter Trimetaphosphatbildung abgebaut. Die Beständigkeit in wäßriger Lösung nimmt mit steigender Kettenlänge ab.
Der Einfluß von Lösungsgenossen auf die Einstellung des Gleichgewichts InOOH/In2O3 unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen
Authors: Liebertz Josef
Published: September 2023

Die Reaktion 2InOOH = In2O3 + H2O wurde unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen untersucht. Dabei ergab sich, daß die Bildung von In2O3 in reinem Wasser kinetisch gehemmt ist. Durch Lösungsgenossen wird die Einstellung des Gleichgewichts InOOH/In2O3 stark begünstigt, so daß die wahre Gleichgewichtskurve bei wesentlich tieferen Temperaturen als die Kurve für die Bildung von In2O3 in reinem Wasser liegt.
Die Druckabhängigkeit des Konzentrationsumschlages der Fluoreszenz
Authors: Braun H. , Förster Th.
Published: September 2023

Die Druckabhängigkeit des Konzentrationsumschlags der Fluoreszenz von Naphthalin und acht seiner Methylderivate wurde bei Raumtemperatur im Bereich bis zu 5 kbar untersucht. Die gefundene Abhängigkeit beruht auf einer Veränderung des Assoziationsgleichgewichts im elektronenangeregten Zustand mit zunehmendem Druck zugunsten des Dimeren (Excimeren). Aus ihr kann die mit der Assoziation verbundene Volumverringerung berechnet werden. Diese beträgt für Naphthalin 16,1 cm3/Mol, für die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Methylderivate ist sie geringer. Die erhaltenen Werte lassen auf die Abstände zwischen den Einzelmolekülen im Excimeren und auf deren Veränderung infolge sterischer Wirkungen schließen.
Leitfähigkeit und Ionendissoziation des Wassers bis 1000°C und 100 kbar
Authors: Holzapfel W. , Franck E. U.
Published: September 2023

Mit einem statischen Verfahren wurde die elektrolytische Leitfähigkeit von reinem Wasser bis 1000 °C und bei Drucken zwischen 20 kbar und 100 kbar gemessen. Dazu wurden kleine, flache Leitfähigkeitszellen zwischen die Hartmetallstempel einer Presse eingebaut. Unter währendem Druck konnte die Meßzone der Zelle geheizt werden. Das eingebaute Thermoelement diente gleichzeitig als Leitfähigkeitselektrode. Zur Druckeichung wurden die Umwandlungspunkte des Bi und Tl und die Schmelzkurve von Eis VII verwendet. Die Leitfähigkeit des reinen flüssigen Wassers steigt sowohl mit der Temperatur als auch mit dem Druck stark an. Zum Beispiel beträgt die spezifische Leitfähigkeit 0,7 ± 0,3 Ω−1cm−1bei 1000 °C und 98 kbar. Diese hohe Leitfähigkeit beruht vor allem auf der starken Zunahme des Ionenproduktes,KW, des Wassers. Bei 1000°C und 98 kbar ergab sich logKw= −1,1 ± 0,7 anstatt −14,0 bei 25 °C und Normaldruck. Die früher aus Stoßwellenmessungen erhaltenen Ergebnisse von David und Hamann [5] wurden bestätigt.
Polymérisation de Diènes Conjugués aux Hautes Pressions. Influence de la Pression sur la Microstructure des Polymères
Authors: Jenner Par Gérard
Published: September 2023

Nous avons préparé une série de polymères par voie radicalaire (oxygène et peroxydes) et par voie anionique (butyllithium) à partir de l'isoprène, du pipérylène et du diméthyl‐2,3‐butadiène‐1,3 en opérant sous des pressions élevées (14000 kg/cm2) avec l'aide d'un multiplicateur hydraulique. La microstructure est définie par le pourcentage des divers types d'addition. Elle a été déterminée par résonance magnétique nucléaire.

Pour les polydiènes obtenus par voie radicalaire, les variations de la microstructure sont faibles et sont peu influencées par la pression. Seul le degré de ramification et de réticulation dû aux réactions de transfert (sur lesquelles la pression semble avoir un effet positif) varie de façon sensible. Si la structure ne change pas avec le type de peroxyde employé, par contre l'oxygène crée une perturbation en favorisant la formation de polymères ramifiés.

Pour les polydiènes préparés par voie anionique, la situation est différente. La pression, vraisemblablement à cause de son influence sur l'équilibre d'ionisation du butyllithium et des lithiens polymériques, accentue le caractère ionique de la polymérisation de l'isoprène et a pour effet de diminuer la stéréospécificité (diminution du % en 1,4 cis et augmentation du % en formes polaires). Ceci est confirmé, quand on élève la concentration en butyllithium.

La microstructure des polymères n'est donc affectée par la pression que si cette variable a un effet sur le mécanisme intime des polymérisations.