bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituent structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the organization of overt phrasal syntactic representation, the constituent structure or c-structure. Section 3.1 discusses some traditional arguments for constituent structure representation. Many of these arguments prove to be flawed, since the theory of phrase structure has a different status in LFG than in theories in which grammatical functions are defined configurationally and abstract syntactic (and other) relations are represented in phrase structure terms. Valid criteria within LFG for phrase structure determination are proposed in Section 3.2. The inventory of constituent structure categories, both lexical and functional, that are crosslinguistically available and the theory of the organization of words and categories into phrases are explored in Section 3.3. The general theory of constituent structure organization is exemplified in Section 3.4, where we provide more specific discussion of the constituent structure organization of clauses. Section 3.5 discusses the relation between hierarchical constituent structure and surface linear order.
Syntactic relations and syntactic constraints
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter continues the discussion of the formal architecture of LFG and of ways to describe and constrain constituent structures and functional structures. The chapter introduces additional relations and constraints on structures, and discusses concepts fundamental to our formal theory, including regular expressions (Section 6.1); sets (Section 6.3); off-path constraints (Section 6.6); templates (Section 6.7); relations between f-structures such as f-command, subsumption, and restriction (Section 6.9); c-structure/f-structure constraints including empty nod rules (Section 6.10); and precedence relations (Section 6.11). For most readers, this chapter best serves as a reference to be consulted for definition and discussion of concepts and relations that are used in the analyses presented in the remainder of the book.
Prosodic structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between the phonological or prosodic structure of a spoken utterance and its syntactic, semantic, and information structural analysis. A full theory of the form-meaning correspondence must account for the effect of prosodic features such as intonation patterns on interpretation. In line with other work in LFG that is concerned with the contribution made by phonology or prosody to grammatical structure and interpretation, the existence of a separate level of prosodic structure or p-structure within the projection architecture is assumed. The chapter reviews previous LFG approaches to prosody and the place of prosodic structure within the grammar (Section 11.3), before presenting the approach that is adopted which relies on analyzing a string as having two distinct aspects: one syntactic, the s-string, the other phonological/ prosodic, the p-string (Section 11.4). This approach is exemplified with an account of declarative questions and prosodic focus marking.
Modification
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores issues in the syntax and semantics of modification. The main focus is on adjectival modification, since the syntax and semantics of adjectives is fairly complex and illustrates many key issues. Section 13.1 provides an overview of the syntax of adjectival modification, Section 13.2 discusses three semantic classes of adjectives and how their meanings are represented, and Section 13.3 discusses adjectival modification at the syntax-semantics interface within the glue approach introduced in Chapter 8. Section 13.4 addresses problems in defining the semantic contribution of modifiers, which have a straightforward solution within our framework. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the syntax and semantics of adverbial modification: Section 13.5 discusses the syntax and semantics of manner adverbs and sentential adverbs.
Coordination
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines constructions involving coordination, starting with its analysis in early LFG works. Section 16.1 investigates the syntax of simple clausal coordination. Section 16.2 discusses coordinate structures involving verbs and other argument-taking predicates and the challenges that they present. Section 16.3 discusses f-structure features and their behavior in coordinate structures, with a particular focus on the distinction between distributive and nondistributive features. Section 16.4 presents the theory of nonconstituent coordination, and Section 16.5 discusses unlike coordination. Section 16.6 discusses coordination patterns crosslinguistically. Section 16.7 examines the semantics of clausal, predicate, and verb coordination. Finally, Section 16.8 examines noun phrase coordination and the syntactic and semantic properties of coordinated noun phrases, which may include person, number, and gender features.
Long-distance dependencies
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the analysis of constructions in which a constituent appears in a position other than the one with which its syntactic function is usually associated. Section 17.1 discusses the syntax of long-distance dependencies, including topicalization, left- or right-dislocation constructions, relative clauses, and constituent (“wh”) questions. Section 17.2 discusses constructions in which the displaced phrase is related not to a gap within the clause, but to a resumptive pronoun. Section 17.3 discusses how a long-distance dependency construction may be marked morphologically. Section 17.4 considers evidence for and against traces, with particular attention to the phenomenon of weak crossover. Section 17.5 examines multiple-gap constructions, including “across-the-board” extraction and parasitic gaps. The semantics of constructions involving long-distance dependencies are then considered: relative clauses are discussed in Section 17.6, and constituent (“wh”) questions in Section 17.7.
Last Words
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

No medieval text was designed to be read hundreds of years later by an audience unfamiliar with its language, situation, and author. By ascribing to these texts intentional anonymity, we romanticize them and misjudge the social character of their authors. Instead, most medieval poems and manuscripts presuppose familiarity with their authorial or scribal maker. Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England attempts to recover this familiarity and understand the literary motivation behind some of the most important fifteenth-century texts and authors. Last Words captures the public selves of such social authors when they attempt to extract themselves from the context of a lived life. Driven by archival research and literary inquiry, this book will reveal where John Gower kept the Trentham manuscript in his final years, how John Lydgate wished to be remembered, and why Thomas Hoccleve wrote his best-known work, the Series. This book will include documentary breakthroughs and archival discoveries, and will introduce a new life record for Hoccleve, identify the author of a significant political poem, and reveal the handwriting of John Gower and George Ashby. Through its investments in archival study, book history, and literary criticism, Last Words charts the extent to which medieval English literature was shaped by the social selves of their authors.
Intimate Crimes
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This book analyses the survival strategies that wealthy people in Mexico City have designed and implemented to protect themselves from kidnapping, with special focus on household employment relationships. This particular crime has demonstrated a particular evolution in the last twenty years that deserves analysis. Once a political crime, it became an economic crime that at first only targeted wealthy individuals and then over time began targeting working-class victims. This book presents a detailed history of the evolution of kidnapping in the period 1968 to 2009. It links this evolution to processes of democratization and liberalization which took place in Mexico since the 1980s. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the strategies used by potential kidnapping victims to protect themselves from this crime, from the community level to the micro-individual level. Special attention is focused on the hiring process of household employees, namely drivers, as evidence suggests that most kidnappings are organized or facilitated in some way by a close collaborator of the victim. In this case, the book focuses on the hiring of drivers in the household. The hiring process is approached as a problem of trust. Signaling theory is the main framework used for solving this problem, as well as some ideas found in transaction cost economics, namely vertical integration.
Natural Acquaintance
Authors: Coleman Sam
Published: December 2019

Notwithstanding its phenomenological appeal, physicalists have tended to shun the notion that we are ‘acquainted’ with our mental states in consciousness, due to the fact that the acquaintance relation seems mysterious, irreducible, and consequently unnatural. I propose a model of conscious experience based on the idea of ‘mental quotation’, and argue that this captures what we want from acquaintance but without any threat to naturalism. More generally the chapter embodies a complaint that reductionists seem unable to look past the representation relation to do the implementing of consciousness, and a call for theorists to investigate other relations to model our connection to our conscious states, like the constitution/part-whole relationship. This mundane relation has what it takes to give us natural acquaintance with our conscious-mental states.
Acquaintance in an Experience of Perception-cum-Action
Authors: Smith David Woodruff
Published: December 2019

In everyday perception, we experience a direct acquaintance with things in our surroundings, say, as I see this tennis ball before me. In everyday action, we also experience a direct acquaintance with things, as I grasp and pick up and hit this ball. Moreover, perception and action form a unified phenomenal intentional experience, as I consciously see-and-grasp-and-hit this particular ball. An experience of seeing-and-acting with regard to a particular object is a form of direct acquaintance, a paradigm of what Husserl called ‘intuition’. The phenomenology of perception-cum-action leads into the ontology of direct acquaintance. The structure of this form of embodied intentional experience cuts between internalist and externalist models of perception (and volition in action), clarifies embodiment and activity, and obviates disjunctivist models of perception, while avoiding reducing consciousness in acquaintance to a physical transmission of physical information, say, between my brain, my body, and this ball.
Acquaintance
Authors: Fumerton Richard
Published: December 2019

I critically evaluate the question of whether direct acquaintance should be viewed as the foundation not only of all knowledge, but of all thought. In exploring that issue I also underscore a critical ambiguity between two views that endorse quite different versions of an acquaintance theory of foundational thought.
Negative Income Tax Comes to Britain, 1955–1970
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

The 1960s witnessed a revival of concern about poverty on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the most fashionable responses to this ‘rediscovery of poverty’ in the United States was the concept of a Negative Income Tax, which Milton Friedman popularized in Capitalism and Freedom (1962). Much of the literature on the US guaranteed income debate presents NIT as a distinctively American phenomenon, but the possibility of integrating tax and benefits in this way was also central to British social policy during the 1960s and 1970s. Both Conservative and Labour governments hoped that NIT could allow them to target benefits on the poor without the stigma of conventional means-testing—focusing first on pensioners, then on working families with children. The idea attracted wide attention inside and outside government, but ran up against both cultural resistance to wage supplements and technical difficulties in paying benefits through the PAYE system.
Adsorption of surfactants at liquid/vapour and liquid/liquid interfaces
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

The variation of interfacial tension of a solution with surfactant concentration in bulk can be used, in conjunction with the Gibbs adsorption equation, to probe the behaviour of adsorbed surfactant monolayers. An adsorption isotherm equation expresses the relationship between bulk and surface concentrations of surfactant, and is used to determine thermodynamic quantities of surfactant adsorption. The variation of the surface pressure of a surfactant monolayer with the surface concentration is described by a surface equation of state, which reflects something of the nature of a monolayer. The way in which inorganic electrolytes modify the adsorption and monolayer behaviour of ionic surfactants is explained, and adsorption from surfactant mixtures is also introduced. In the Appendix, the discussion is extended to the treatment of adsorbed monolayers as two-dimensional solutions of surfactant with solvent molecules, rather than as two-dimensional gases.
Adsorption of surfactants at solid/liquid interfaces
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

The physical properties of solid/liquid interfaces are more diverse than those of liquid/fluid interfaces, and consequently the interactions giving rise to adsorption of surfactant or polymeric surfactant are more varied. Solid surfaces can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, the former being water-wetted and containing polar or ionogenic sites. Electrical charge at the solid surface is neutralized by ions in the inner and outer Helmholtz planes and in the diffuse part of the electrical double layer. Surface charge has a strong influence on adsorption of ionic surfactants. Standard free energies of surfactant adsorption are obtained by use of an appropriate adsorption isotherm such as the Stern–Langmuir equation. Micellar aggregates of various shapes and sizes can also form at solid/liquid interfaces.
Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Drawings, illustrations, and field sketches play an important role in Earth Science since they are used to record field observations, develop interpretations, and communicate results in reports and scientific publications. Drawing geology in the field furthermore facilitates observation and maximizes the value of fieldwork. Every geologist, whether a student, academic, professional, or amateur enthusiast, will benefit from the ability to draw geological features accurately. This book describes how and what to draw in geology. Essential drawing techniques, together with practical advice in creating high quality diagrams, are described the opening chapters. How to draw different types of geology, including faults, folds, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and fossils, are the subjects of separate chapters, and include descriptions of what are the important features to draw and describe. Different types of sketch, such as drawings of three-dimensional outcrops, landscapes, thin-sections, and hand-specimens of rocks, crystals, and minerals, are discussed. The methods used to create technical diagrams such as geological maps and cross-sections are also covered. Finally, modern techniques in the acquisition and recording of field data, including photogrammetry and aerial surveys, and digital methods of illustration, are the subject of the final chapter of the book. Throughout, worked examples of field sketches and illustrations are provided as well as descriptions of the common mistakes to be avoided.
Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

Far from being the founder of an austere reductionism, Descartes is committed to a rich, multilayered, and complex metaphysics. This book begins by locating Descartes’s work against the ancient and medieval background to which he is reacting. It proceeds to argue that his theory of distinctions requires what he explicitly endorses―that in addition to minds and modes, there are material substances of every size. These substances when appropriately configured form automata, self-sustaining, functionally integrated systems of which animals and human bodies are important sub-classes. Descartes’ conception of function, which is crucial to his characterization of these uniquely organized collections of matter, is shown to be compatible with his rejection of final causes in natural science, and gives him resources to account for composite beings which are not themselves substances. It is argued that besides automata, these composites include individual human beings, which are unions of minds and bodies individuated by minds. The unique modes which characterize the union, in particular, its passions, set the foundation for a social ontology that includes genuine social entities such as families and nation states. Societies are forged by individuals in acts of willing to join in union with others that Descartes takes to be of the essence of love. The result is a picture of Descartes very different from the myths that have come to surround him.
Nietzsche on Magnanimity, Greatness, and Greatness of Soul
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: December 2019

This chapter brings Nietzsche into dialogue with the tradition of thinking about the virtue of magnanimity. In a few places in his work, Nietzsche uses the German Großmuth (magnanimity) to pick out a specific character trait. But the more important connection to this tradition of thought lies in his notion of human greatness (particularly greatness of ‘soul’, as he puts it inÂ Beyond Good and Evil). The chapter works through, and comments on, what Nietzsche regards as some of the central marks of this greatness. It then turns to two further reflections: first, it looks at Nietzsche’s relation to Aristotle on this issue, and how similar the AristotelianÂ megalopsychosÂ is to the Nietzschean great individual. Second, the chapter considers the tension that Nietzsche—unlike most figures in this tradition—apparently sees between greatness and moral goodness and how exactly this tension should be understood.
Twenty-First-Century Magnanimity
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: December 2019

Aristotelianism is all the rage in contemporary virtue ethics. Yet given how anachronistic Aristotle’s account of the meta-virtue of megalopsychia seems to be, there is a tendency to pass over it in silence. This chapter argues against such a move and maintain that Aristotle’s ideal can help illuminate a number of contemporary debates. In moral psychology, megalopsychia helps mediate between realist and anti-realist conceptions of selfhood. In moral education, megalopsychia casts light on the levels of moral development to which we can aspire through the cultivation of character, as well as the necessary individualization of education in virtue. In moral philosophy, megalopsychia helps crystallize debates about role moralities and the demands of noblesse oblige; the relationship between objective and subjective well-being; and to what extent contemplation and self-transcendence enter into well-being. This chapter provides a whistle-stop tour of those topics and explains the lessons Aristotle’s account of megalopsychia can teach us about them.
Once Again
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter offers a first detailed discussion of Kant’s late essay on “the end of all things.” The essay has many layers, concerning not only the topic of immortality but also the general notion of an apocalypse. This chapter distinguishes temporal and ethical aspects of Kant’s notion of an “end,” at both individual and global levels, and notes his special stress on the human tendency to keep repeating a concern with this issue, which shows that it is a basic idea of reason. It also offers a first defense of Kant’s complex notion of “noumenal duration,” which is his final attempt to make sense of the combined temporal and non-temporal aspects of the person, especially in light of the doctrine of transcendental idealism.
History, Idealism, and Schelling
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter places Schelling’s philosophy in the context of the general historical turn of German Idealism. It notes the many phases of Schelling’s career and his move from an early highly systematic approach that stresses the non-scientific character of history, toward a later more aesthetic and nuanced teleological approach that shows an appreciation for history, including religion and mythology, precisely because of its open and not entirely rational character. Following the interpretation of Odo Marquard and Dieter Jähnig, the chapter argues for the continuing relevance of Schelling’s philosophical notion of history, and also explains how its idealism in no way undermines its basically objective orientation.
History, Succession, and German Romanticism
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter defends Early German Romanticism, defined by Schlegel and Novalis as “progressive,” “universal,” and “poetic,” as offering an ideal philosophy of history. The elliptical shape of the Romantic account is contrasted favorably with the other alternatives: linear, circular, and chaotic, each of which can be characterized in either simple or complex forms. The chapter explains how the Romantic terms have precise systematic meanings: the “progressive” characteristic concerns democratic ethics, the “universal” characteristic concerns a rational, philosophical approach, and the “poetic” characteristic concerns a way of writing with regard to history that aims at being maximally effective by being broadly aesthetic in style. Hölderlin’s work, and especially his poem, “Celebration of Peace,” is analyzed as an ideal presentation of this conception of history, one that builds on the Kantian notion of a succession of exemplary geniuses as crucial to history’s elliptical progress.
Laughter and Power in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Jones Peter J. A.
Published: December 2019

Towards the end of the twelfth century, powerful images of laughing kings and saints began to appear in texts circulating at the English royal court. At the same time, contemporaries began celebrating the wit, humour, and laughter of King Henry II (r.1154-89) and his martyred Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint Thomas Becket (d.1170). Taking a broad genealogical approach, Laughter and Power in the Twelfth Century traces the emergence of this powerful laughter through an immersive study of medieval intellectual, literary, social, religious, and political debates. Focusing on a cultural renaissance in England, the book situates laughter at the heart of the defining transformations of the second half of the 1100s. With an expansive survey of theological and literary texts, bringing a range of unedited manuscript material to light in the process, the book exposes how twelfth-century writers came to connect laughter with spiritual transcendence and justice, and how this connection gave humour a unique political and spiritual power in both text and action. Ultimately, the book argues that England’s popular images of laughing kings and saints effectively reinstated a sublime charismatic authority, something truly rebellious at a moment in history when bureaucracy and codification were first coming to dominate European political life.
Powerful Laughter in Twelfth-Century Narrative
Authors: Jones Peter J. A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 explores laughter’s development as a uniquely transformative force in twelfth-century chronicles, histories, and hagiographies. Specifically, the chapter considers three recurring narrative motifs: risus mysticus, a prophetic laughter associated with mystical visions and holy knowledge; risus blasphemus, a type of irreverent laughter for which figures were punished by instant death or disfigurement; and risus regalis, a motif of sovereign laughter in which powerful figures displayed the superiority of their leadership skills through wit and humor. In tracing the development of these types during the mid-1100s, the chapter argues that laughter was transformed from an insignificant marginal detail into an important symbol of power and transcendence in the literary imagination. Crucially, laughter’s power eventually came to be extended to charismatic leadership, with authors connecting the laughter of kings and popes with images of their unassailable authority.
Human and Animal Minds
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: December 2019

The book offers solutions to two related puzzles. One is about the place of phenomenal—or felt—consciousness in the natural order. Consciousness is shown to comprise fine-grained nonconceptual contents that are “globally broadcast” to a wide range of cognitive systems for reasoning, decision making, and verbal report. Moreover, the so-called “hard” problem of consciousness results merely from the distinctive first-person concepts we can use when thinking about such contents. No special non-physical properties—no qualia—need to be introduced. The second puzzle concerns the distribution of phenomenal consciousness across the animal kingdom. Here the book shows that there is, in fact, no fact of the matter. This is because thinking about phenomenal consciousness in other creatures requires us to project our first-person concepts into the mind of another; but such projections fail to result in determinate truth-conditions when the mind of the other is significantly unlike our own. This upshot, however, doesn’t matter. It doesn’t matter for science, because no additional property enters the world as one transitions from creatures that are definitely incapable of phenomenal consciousness to those that definitely are (namely, ourselves). And on many views it doesn’t matter for ethics, either, since concern for animals can be grounded in sympathy, which requires only third-person understanding of the desires and emotions of the animal in question, rather than in first-person empathy
The State and Development
Authors: Evans Peter , Heller Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the changing role of the state in Asia from Northeast Asia to China to Southeast Asia and to India, and the contributions that the analysis of the Asian state has made to general theoretical understandings of the role states can play in promoting economic and social transformation. The emergence and evolution of the concept of the ‘developmental state’ is a central focus. The relationship of states to the politics of representation and redistribution is a second central concern. The chapter analyses the ways in which development—defined as enhanced well-being and human flourishing—and democracy—defined as accountability to the deliberatively constructed goals of society—have been facilitated or frustrated by state structures and state action. We consider what general lessons the comparative history of the Asian state offers for development theory and policy possibilities.
Industrialization and Development
Authors: Chang Ha-Joon , Zach Kiryl
Published: December 2019

Industrial transformation of Asia arguably constitutes the most surprising and dramatic change in the global economy in the last fifty years. This chapter provides an outline of some of the most important trends of this development and analyses selected national industrial policies that promoted structural transformation in developing Asia during the period. In the first part, we describe crucial dimensions of industrialization in the region—its extent, its historical trajectory, and the resulting industrial upgrading. In the second part, we use four case studies—Republic of Korea, Malaysia, China, India—to describe some of the strategies that Asian economies used in order to induce industrial development. We argue that more successful cases did not try to implement a golden policy template but rather pragmatically adopted their policies to overcome specific bottlenecks and meet strategic objectives.
Poverty and Inequality
Authors: Wan Guanghua , Wang Chen
Published: December 2019

This chapter aims to depict the post-Second World War poverty and inequality trends in Asia, its sub-regions, and individual economies. In addition to the provision of poverty and inequality profiles, this chapter addresses three related issues: what were the impacts of growth and inequality on poverty reduction in Asia? What are the drivers of absolute poverty and inequality? And what is the relationship between economic growth and inequality? Efforts are made to explain these trends and explore their interrelationships. Analytical results confirm significant reductions in poverty across the board due to fast growth, although the benign effect of growth on poverty was offset by worsening distribution in many economies. Looking ahead, Asia is expected to eradicate poverty but likely to continue facing high inequality, particularly as major technology breakthroughs such as artificial intelligence and the internet of things replace more and more labour.
Proper Names and Referential Indeterminacy
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a critique of “causal descriptivist” theories and other theories of necessary and sufficient conditions for the reference of proper names. The main criticism appeals to examples of referential indeterminacy for names and argues that no foreseeable way of complicating a “causal” reference-fixing description or other kinds of necessary and sufficient conditions for reference will be extensionally correct for cases of indeterminacy. This leads to the postulation of a picture of reference fixing for name uses according to which this is governed by a set of roughly sufficient conditions for name reference and reference failure. A number of these conventions are stated, and it is argued that they yield extensionally correct predictions for several examples of name reference and reference failure appealed to earlier in the chapter, and no predictions in the cases of apparent indeterminacy.
Arabic Numerals and the Problem of Mathematical Sophistication
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a critique of views on which the reference of a complex Arabic numeral is fixed by a sophisticated mathematical description. The chapter proposes instead that that reference is fixed by a convention that assigns to the numeral “1” the number one and that assigns to the numeral for n+1 the number greater by one than the number assigned to the numeral for n. This view, which presupposes that the sequence of Arabic numerals is learned independently of any principle of referential interpretation, evades the objections to sophisticated descriptivist theories. Toward the end of the chapter, a view of the referents of the numerals is defended according to which these are the finite cardinality properties. This view is argued to be the only one compatible with a number of principles constituting the intuitive conception of number and presupposed in the referential intentions of users of the numerals.
Democracy without Shortcuts
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This book articulates a participatory conception of deliberative democracy that takes the democratic ideal of self-government seriously. It aims to improve citizens’ democratic control and vindicate the value of citizens’ participation against conceptions that threaten to undermine it. The book critically analyzes deep pluralist, epistocratic, and lottocratic conceptions of democracy. Their defenders propose various institutional “shortcuts” to help solve problems of democratic governance such as overcoming disagreements, citizens’ political ignorance, or poor-quality deliberation. However, it turns out that these shortcut proposals all require citizens to blindly defer to actors over whose decisions they cannot exercise control. Implementing such proposals would therefore undermine democracy. Moreover, it seems naïve to assume that a community can reach better outcomes “faster” if it bypasses the beliefs and attitudes of its citizens. Unfortunately, there are no “shortcuts” to making a community better than its members. The only road to better outcomes is the long, participatory road that is taken when citizens forge a collective will by changing one another’s hearts and minds. However difficult the process of justifying political decisions to one another may be, skipping it cannot get us any closer to the democratic ideal. Starting from this conviction, the author defends a conception of democracy “without shortcuts.” This conception sheds new light on long-standing debates about the proper scope of public reason, the role of religion in politics, and the democratic legitimacy of judicial review. It also proposes new ways to unleash the democratic potential of institutional innovations such as deliberative minipublics.
Rival Worlds and the Place of the Corporation in International Law
Authors: Pahuja Sundhya , Saunders Anna
Published: December 2019

Struggles ‘over’ international law in the period between 1955 and 1974 should be understood not as a battle to control a pre-existing international law, but as marking a series of encounters between rival practices of world-making, each travelling with rival accounts of international law. The question of how to conceptualize the corporation, and its proper relation to law and state, was a key element of those rival accounts. In this chapter, we trace the (successful) effort to establish the UN Commission on Transnational Corporations, and the (unsuccessful) attempt to draft a binding convention. In this telling institutional moment, the struggle over the proper understanding of the relationship between international law, the state, and the corporation, which travels was also a struggle over the authorship of worlds, and the authority to govern them. Paying attention to such practices shows us that the battle lines were drawn in ways that upset the comfortable rehearsal of a North-South divide. Anti-colonial struggles, the incipient ‘Cold War’, the invention of ‘Development’, and the implementation of a (Marshall) plan to (re)construct Europe produced unexpected commonalities that included coalitions across North and South and instructive alliances between ‘public’ and ‘private’ actors. Slowing down our study of this moment reveals that much of what was at stake then remains so today, and that other worlds are still possible.
The Soviets and the Right to Self-Determination of the Colonized
Authors: Bowring Bill
Published: December 2019

This chapter suggests that the right of people to self-determination is the ‘revolutionary kernel’ of post-Second World War international law, and which both reflected and energized the struggles of national liberation movements for independence from colonial empires. The USSR played a leading role in bringing about this extraordinary success against fierce resistance from the great colonial powers. In particular, the USSR, by leading the newly independent states and a sustained diplomatic effort, contributed materially to the national liberation movements of the time. This is problematic, given that the USSR, together with the territories occupied by it as a result of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, constituted the greatest extent of Russian imperial power. The chapter explores how the USSR positioned itself in these legal debates and explains the unexpected Russian contribution to the battle for international law.
The Failed Battle for Self-Determination
Authors: Barsalou Olivier
Published: December 2019

The right to self-determination in international law arose as a justification and rationalization of imperial trusteeship practices over subjugated peoples. The UN Charter embodies the conception of the right to self-determination as a conditional right enabling self-rule only after colonial powers ‘permit’ it. This chapter analyses the evolution of the US government’s attitude on the colonial question between August 1941 and April 1945. It argues that the US delegation to the UN established the idea of a gradual, managed, and orderly dismantling of European empires. It discusses the political and legal compromise reached at San Francisco in June 1945 that allowed the US and other imperial powers later to turn those colonial territories into Western assets, transforming the right to self-determination—implying a right to decolonization—into a right to internal self-determination—implying a right to democratic participation. Common Article 1 of the 1966 Human Rights Covenants embodied this shift.
William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: December 2019

William Faulkner has enjoyed a secure reputation as American modernism’s foremost fiction writer, and as a landmark figure in international literary modernism, for well over half a century. Less secure, however, has been any scholarly consensus about what those modernist credentials actually entail. Over recent decades, there have been lively debates in modernist studies over the who, what, where, when, and how of the surprisingly elusive phenomena of modernism and modernity. It is the aim of this book to broaden and deepen an understanding of Faulkner’s oeuvre by following some of the guiding questions and insights of new modernism studies scholarship into understudied aspects of Faulkner’s literary modernism and his cultural modernity. William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity explores Faulkner’s rural Mississippians as modernizing subjects in their own right rather than mere objects of modernization; traces the new speed gradients, media formations, and intensifications of sensory and affective experience that the twentieth century brought to the cities and countryside of the US South; maps the fault lines in whiteness as a racial modernity under construction and contestation during the Jim Crow period; resituates Faulkner’s fictional Yoknapatawpha County within the transnational countermodernities of the black Atlantic; and follows the author’s imaginative engagement with modern biopolitics through his late work A Fable, a novel Faulkner hoped to make his “magnum o.” By returning to the utterly uncontroversial fact of Faulkner’s modernism with a critical sensibility sharpened by new modernism studies, William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity aims to spark further reappraisal of a distinguished and quite dazzling body of fiction. Perhaps even make it new.
Ted Shawn
Authors: Scolieri Paul A.
Published: December 2019

This book is the first critical biography of Ted Shawn (1891–1972), the self-proclaimed “Father of American Dance.” Based on extensive archival research, it offers an in-depth examination of Shawn’s pioneering role in the formation of Denishawn (the first American modern dance company and school), Ted Shawn and His Men Dancers (the first all-male dance company), and Jacob’s Pillow (the internationally renowned dance festival and school located in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts). For many years and with great frustration, Shawn attempted to tell the story of his life’s work in terms of its social and artistic value, but struggled, owing to the fact that he was homosexual, something known only within his inner circle of friends. Though Shawn remained closeted, he scrupulously archived his journals, correspondence, programs, photographs, and motion pictures of his dances, anticipating that the full significance of his life, writing, and dances would reveal itself in time. By exploring these materials alongside Shawn’s relationship with contemporary thinkers who were leading a radical movement to depathologize homosexuality, such as the British eugenicist Havelock Ellis, writer Lucien Price, and sexologist Alfred C. Kinsey, this book tells the untold story of how Shawn’s homosexuality informed his extensive body of writings and choreography and, by extension, the history of dance in America.
Impacts of Global Warming in India
Authors: Adve Nagraj
Published: December 2019

This chapter uses ethnographic and documentary material to provide glimpses of how people experience, talk about, and negotiate climate change and increased variability in different parts of India. Using this approach, it aims to provide a qualitative narrative of some key, current impacts of global warming from below. What people say, combined with evidence from the scientific literature, increasingly indicates that its effects are already severely impacting ecosystems and lives, particularly the underclasses and others least responsible. Four key impacts are presented here: sea-level rise in the Sunderbans; shifts in the location of other species; effects across the Himalayan range; and the Uttarakhand disaster of 2013 in which several thousand people were killed. It is deeply concerning that these, and numerous other impacts currently experienced in different parts of India, are observed at 0.8°C of average warming. Much greater urgency in dealing with global warming is clearly warranted.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Lower Extremity Function: Describing the LE-CIMT Protocol
Authors: dos Anjos Sarah , Morris David , Taub Edward
Published: December 2019

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is comprised of a set of techniques shown to produce significant changes in upper extremity (UE) function following stroke and other disorders. The significant positive results obtained with the UE protocol have led to the development of LE-CIMT, an intervention to improve lower extremity (LE) function. However, some modifications of the UE protocol were needed, including omitting use of a restraint device, development of supervised motor training tasks to emphasize movement of the lower limb, and adaptation of the UE Motor Activity Log for the lower extremity. The LE-CIMT protocol includes: (1) intensive supervised training delivered for 3.5 h/d for 10 consecutive weekdays, (2) use of shaping as a strategy for motor training, (3) application of a transfer package, and (4) strongly encouraging use of the more-affected LE with improved coordination. The transfer package consists of several strategies to facilitate transfer of the improved motor skills developed during supervised treatment to everyday situations. Research to date has yielded positive results. However, the intervention protocol continues to evolve. The purpose of this article is to describe the components of the complete LE-CIMT protocol to promote further development and investigation of this approach.
CRISPR-Cas9-Mutated Pregnane X Receptor (pxr) Retains Pregnenolone-induced Expression of cyp3a65 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae
Authors: Salanga Matthew C , Brun Nadja R , Francolini Rene D , Stegeman John J , Goldstone Jared V
Published: December 2019

Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates transcriptional responses to drug or xenobiotic exposure, including induction of CYP3A transcription, in many vertebrate species. PXR is activated by a wide range of ligands that differ across species, making functional studies on its role in the chemical defensome most relevant when approached in a species-specific manner. Knockout studies in mammals have shown a requirement for PXR in ligand-dependent activation of CYP3A expression or reporter gene activity. Morpholino knockdown of Pxr in zebrafish indicated a similar requirement. Here, we report on the generation of 2 zebrafish lines each carrying a heritable deletion in the pxr coding region, predicted to result in loss of a functional gene product. To our surprise, larvae homozygous for either of the pxr mutant alleles retain their ability to induce cyp3a65 mRNA expression following exposure to the established zebrafish Pxr ligand, pregnenolone. Thus, zebrafish carrying pxr alleles with deletions in either the DNA binding or the ligand-binding domains did not yield a loss-of-function phenotype, suggesting that a compensatory mechanism is responsible for cyp3a65 induction. Alternative possibilities are that Pxr is not required for the induction of selected genes, or that truncated yet functional mutant Pxr is sufficient for the downstream transcriptional effects. It is crucial that we develop a better understanding for the role of Pxr in this important biomedical test species. This study highlights the potential for compensatory mechanisms to avoid deleterious effects arising from gene mutations.
Emissions and noise mitigation through use of electric motorcycles
Authors: Hernandez Michael , Kockelman Kara M , Lentz James O , Lee Jooyong
Published: December 2019

Gasoline-powered motorcycles contribute disproportionately to traffic noise and emissions, so motorcycle electrification merits investigation. Recent advances in battery efficiency allow electric motorcycles (EMCs) to join electric cars and bicycles as a viable consumer option. This study quantifies noise and emissions using both simulations and experimental data, examines the factors that make EMCs big offenders and uses popular EMC specifications to estimate the costs and benefits of electrification in the USA. Motorcycles produce more CO, CH4, NOx, HC and particulate matter than passenger vehicles per vehicle-mile travelled. Due to limited regulation of motorcycles and weak enforcement, the perceived noise of motorcycles exceeds that of most other vehicles, being roughly double that of automobiles at speeds of over 30 mph and surpassing even that of medium trucks and buses at speeds of over 50 mph, at which point motorcycles exceed the 80 dBA US standard limit. Electrification can resolve such issues, although range limitations and high prices are presently a barrier to widespread adoption. In order to realize these environmental benefits, it is important that electrification occur with a corresponding shift away from coal as an energy source. Stricter emission regulations and stronger enforcement of existing prohibitions on certain forms of customization could also reduce the outlier status of gasoline-powered motorcycles.
A Review of Nail Dystrophies for the Practitioner
Authors: Bloom Andrew , Blanken Brandon , Schlakman Brandon , Arena Tom , Mironov Zachary , Vlahovic Tracey C.
Published: December 2019

Nail pathology has a range of etiologies, from biomechanical trauma to systemic associations. Within this review, nail pathology is examined from a clinical presentation, pathophysiologic origin, clinical diagnosis, diagnostic testing, and treatment standpoint. Nail dystrophy reveals both systemic and exogenous pathology, reinforcing the value of assessing nails during the medical examination.

GENERAL PURPOSE

To provide information about nail pathology from its clinical presentation, pathophysiologic origin, clinical diagnosis, diagnostic testing, and treatment.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, NPs, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:

1. Review the etiology of and risk factors for the various types of nail pathology.

2. Describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of the various types of nail pathology.
Participation in nursing research
Authors: Franks-Meeks Sherron
Published: December 2019

This article discusses the potential drivers and barriers to clinical nurse research participation. Here, the author describes a research exemplar that highlights how understanding the link between research and practice can influence participation.