bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fundamentals of Monetary Fulfilment in Tax Administration
Authors: Popovič Adrián
Published: September 2021

In this article, the author discusses a brief definition of principles and fundamentals from a theoretical and legal point of view. Based on this division, the author characterizes and mentions principles and fundamentals that are applicable in a tax administration. The paper differentiates between the basic fundamentals of tax administration and the further fundamentals of tax administration. In this respect the author draws attention to the unnamed further fundamentals of tax administration which, until now, were not named by the theory of law. In the article the author mentions these fundamentals, analyses them and finds their application in tax administration. In particular, the author refers to the fundamentals of monetary fulfilment in tax administration, the definition of which can serve the better understanding of the nature of tax evasions and the improvement of the combat against them.
New Elements in the Tax Control in Hungary
Authors: Pardavi László
Published: September 2021

The system-wide regulation of taxes in Hungary clearly represents the lawmakers’ constant strive for making the law up-to-date. Currently, Hungary has approximately 60 types of taxes or fees, and it is a huge challenge to fulfill tax policy aims in order to make the regulation suitable for all of them. In recent years, tax authorities – given by the possibilities of the regulation – have introduced numerous, specific tax control methods, while some of these provide interesting legal solutions, but more importantly several of them have significant impact on taxpayers. The study introduces applicational experiences with some of these.
The Limit of Tax Audit and Its Impact on the Status of Taxable Entities
Authors: Štieberová Ivana
Published: September 2021

Tax audit is a significant control mechanism nowadays, particularly in the context of increasing tax evasion and tax fraud. Taxable entities are obliged to tolerate the performing of tax audit for a certain statutory period. But what if the tax audit exceeds this statutory time limit? What impact does it have on the status of the taxable entity? Regarding the length of the tax audit, we will deal with the impact of the interest on value added tax refund on the status of the taxable entity. Will this interest contribute to its improvement?
Public Administration and Literature
Authors: Rixer Ádám
Published: September 2021

Nowadays Law and Literature courses become more and more popular worldwide; this is also true for Hungary. Examining these attempts, we may conclude that legal problems do reach the students through mainly fictitious literary stories instead of real cases. Accordingly, the idea of Public Administration and Literature courses can be proposed, as well. Among the reasons to introduce such courses we can detect new demands on the side of the students, the need for the methodological renewal of teaching and also the fact that the National University of Public Service already offers MA levels in administrative sciences. This paper – providing several examples – summarizes the main fields and subjects of public administration showed in fine literature and it also collects those genres by which administrative topics are most frequently introduced.
Public Administration on the Financial Market in the Czech Republic
Authors: Janovec Michal
Published: September 2021

This article is dealing with licencing of the financial institutions on the financial market. Licence procedure is a special administrative procedure dealing with systemic important institutions – banks. Good public administration in this area is a basic prerequisite for stabile financial market, because only those institutions proven to be good and stable enough might pass through the difficult administrative procedure, which is licencing procedure. This article aims to confirm or refute the hypothesis that a proper and consistent procedure of taking away licences supports the general objective of regulation and supervision, namely the maintenance of financial market stability.
Practical Issues in Tax Proceedings in the Czech Republic
Authors: Čejková Tereza , Nevečeřalová Nikol
Published: September 2021

This contribution deals with practical problems of entities obligated to a tax and of tax administrators. If the collection of taxes and fees is essential to finance the running of the state and its authorities and organizational units, it is necessary to make this process as simple as possible, the least demanding and demotivating. In this paper, the authors will examine in terms of legality and real necessity, and then there may be other legislation ways proposed.
Simplified Tax Procedures in the New Tax Ordinance Act in Poland
Authors: Etel Leonard , Popławski Mariusz
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this article is to indicate the need to simplify typical tax procedures but also to explain how it could be done. The discussed issues are based on proposed provisions provided in the draft of the New Tax Ordinance Act prepared by the General Tax Code Codification Committee. Efforts should be made to increase the efficiency of tax proceedings, which means, among others, the elimination of the overly extensive and formalized procedure for assessment of low tax amounts. At present, for example, proceedings regarding million zlotys tax amounts are carried out on identical terms as in the case of taxes amounting to several dozen PLN. The proposed new law will speed up the handling of many matters, but will also reduce the costs incurred in meeting all the existing procedural requirements. In addition, there should be no proceedings undertaken regarding tax amounts that are lower than the costs of obtaining them. The procedures for serving documents to taxpayers should be also simplified. Currently, they are very expensive. Additionally, they are often ineffective, which leads to the loss of significant tax revenues by the state. In addition, the process of granting individual tax reliefs should be simplified, especially in the context of local taxes. It should be enabled municipalities to independently decide on these entitlements and streamline the procedure for their granting.
Abusus Iuris and the Protection of Public Interest by Administrative Authorities and (Administrative) Courts in Slovakia
Authors: Potasch Peter
Published: September 2021

The presented paper deals with public interest in the decision-making practice of public authorities. The author also deals with the so-called abusus iuris (with focus on public law) which does not enjoy legal protection on the grounds that it is contrary to public interest. In this context, the author also points out that there is no uniform and universal definition of the concept/term of “public interest”, but that public interest as such consists of partial public interests which may sometimes even be in conflict with one another thus comparing public interest and private interest in a certain case does not always have to suffice. He also points out certain procedural burdens relating to administrative proceedings – in particular the burden of sufficient reasoning and fact-finding especially in reference to the protection of public interest by administrative authorities. The paper primarily focuses on the decision-making practice of the courts of the Slovak Republic and of the Czech Republic – both at the level of protection of public interest in administrative proceedings and of its protection in court proceedings.
Structure of Revenues and Impact Thereof on the Rate of Indebtedness of Municipalities
Authors: Řezníčková Kristýna
Published: September 2021

In this article, the author examines in detail the structure of revenues of municipalities and the level of indebtedness thereof in particular periods. The author´s assumption is that the high rate of revenues obtained by the municipalities from the state, have a negative impact on indebtedness of the municipalities. The aim of the article is to prove that there is a relation between the indebtedness of municipalities and the kinds of revenues thereof. Therefore, the hypothesis the author will try to prove or disprove in her work, reads as follows: “The sources of municipal revenues are a very important aspect that may have a substantial effect on the economic results of every municipality.” The author in particular uses the method of analysis, synthesis and mostly in the second part of her work she also uses the comparative method.
The Scope of Public Services Performed by Municipal Local Governments in the Republic of Poland Through Budgetary Establishments
Authors: Ofiarska Małgorzata
Published: September 2021

The Act of 27 August 2009 on public finance – which entered into force on 1 January 2010 – and its later amendments have brought about significant changes in the scope of public services performed by the commune’s self-governments through budgetary establishments. The key change has been the limitation of these services, which triggered the necessity to implement new organizational methods and new financing solutions for public services hitherto carried out by budgetary establishments. Local government authorities were forced to choose between three organizational forms and three different ways of financing of the said services. At present, public services in a commune can be carried out through: a budgetary unit (a form most closely linked to the commune’s budget), a budgetary establishment (a form indirectly linked to the commune’s budget) and a municipal corporation (a form that in fact assumes full commercialization of public services).The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate relevant legislation, judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers, as well as the doctrine of local government law and public finance law regarding the scope of public services that can be financed through budgetary establishments. The hypothesis that the legislator’s implementation of new legal regulations since 2010 has led to implementation of more effective management methods with regard to public services and management of public finance allocated to these services was proven to be right. The legislator’s act of giving local government authorities relative freedom as to the choice of organizational and legal forms through which public services will be performed is tantamount to expecting that the authorities shall perform their tasks rationally. The leading method applied in the paper was the dogmatic and legal method, supported by the empirical and analytical method (in particular with regard to the judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers).
Designated Income Accounts in Budgetary Units of Municipalities as a Form of Partially Decentralised Redistribution of Public Finance Resources Allocated to Educational Services in Poland
Authors: Ofiarski Zbigniew
Published: September 2021

The Act of 27 August 2009 on public finance, which has been in effect in Poland since the beginning of 2010, has changed the rules regarding the keeping of designated income accounts by a commune’s budgetary units. The Act limited the possibility to create designated income accounts within a commune budgetary units. The right to create such accounts is restricted only to budgetary units which perform educational tasks and is an exception from the principle of full budgeting, a principle meaning that a commune’s budgetary units have to transfer all their income to the commune’s budget, and all expenses of budgetary units are covered from the commune’s budgets. In case of educational services, these public tasks are performed by the commune’s budgetary units as organizational units that are most closely linked with the commune’s budget. An exception here, which is an option at the discretion of the Commune’s Council, is to create a designated income account within the commune’s budgetary unit. The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate relevant legislation, judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers, as well as the doctrine of administrative law, in particular, educational law and public finance law regarding the scope of applicability of designated income accounts for a commune’s budgetary units that perform educational tasks. The hypothesis that the financing of such expenses through a designated income account is a special form of redistribution of public financial resources in a commune was proven correct. The implementation of this form of funding is justified by the nature of public educational services and allows for more efficient management of this part of public finance. The leading method applied in the paper was the dogmatic and legal method, supported by the empirical and analytical method (in particular with regard to the judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers).
Thrombolytic Efficacy Of Enoxaparin Compared With Unfractionated Heparins In Cardiac Emergency
Authors: Ashraf M. Imran , Rana Shazana , Akhtar M. Saleem , Afzal Adnan , Fatima Javaria , Ali Safdar , Shahzad Asif , Shaukat Amal
Published: September 2021

Background: Antithrombotic treatment with heparin together with antiplatelet agents reduces the incidence of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. associated with fewer adverse reactions. Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical and obtained results of the use of enoxaparin and standard unfractionated heparin in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: This is a non-invasive planned surveillance demonstration conducted at a tertiary hospital in Pakistan. Adult male and female patients with coronary artery infection (CAD) between the ages of 30 and 70 were recently analyzed or included patients with a history of heart cancer. The intermediate layer is injected with enoxaparin for 5 days. Resting the ECG position, prothrombin time, and ADRs were measured individually in all patients from 1 to 21 days. Result: Compared to the patient's unfractionated heparin, normal prothrombin times were generally higher (P and <0.002), while total hypokalemia was lower. (P and <0.04) in the patient's enoxaparin stratification. Angina pectoris and side effects such as death, morbidity, encephalopathy and sudden onset were less common in the patient's enoxaparin fraction than in the unfractionated heparin fraction, and the contrast was negligible Conclusions: Antithrombotic therapy with enoxaparin and aspirin is safer and more convincing than unfractionated heparin and headache drugs because it reduces the incidence of ischemic events in patients with unstable or tissue angina. The myocardium dies in the early stages. Keywords: Anticoagulant, coronary heart disease, enoxaparin, safety, and efficacy, unfractionated heparin
Comparison of Efficacy of Intravenous Tramadol versus Normal Saline in Suppression of Postoperative Shivering in Patients undergoing Elective Surgery
Authors: Saeed Riffat , Ali Nasir , Ali Syed Mehmood , Qamar Iram , Latef Amer , Sarwar Muhammad , Ali Irfan , Shahjehan Sabin
Published: September 2021

Background: Shivering in the post anesthesia care unit is a common and distressing complication for patients after receiving general or regional anesthesia. Perioperative hypothermia has been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Both central and peripheral thermoregulation is impaired by regional anesthesia. Thermoregulatory system synchronizes with defense system to maintain body’s heat and coolness within the narrow range, thus improving the normal functioning. Objective: To compare the efficacy of intravenous tramadol versus normal saline in suppression of postoperative shivering in patients undergoing elective surgery. Design: It was a randomized control trial. Study Settings: Trial was conducted at Department of Anesthesiology and ICU, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, for a period of one year w.e.f 7-11-2019 to 7-11-20. Patients and Methods: A total of 50 patients with age 18 years and above from both the genders undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included in the study and divided into two equal groups randomly. Patients in tramadol group were given tramadol 0.5mg/kg I/V and patients of control group were given 0.9% normal saline 5ml I/V. Results: In tramadol groups the mean age of patients was 27.88±2.79 years while the mean age of the patients from placebo group was 27.84±4.23 years. In this study the efficacy was achieved in 37(74.0%) patients. In control group the efficacy was achieved in 15(60%) patients and in tramadol group the efficacy was achieved in 22(88.0%) patients (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: According to this study the intravenous tramadol is safe and effective drug in suppression of postoperative shivering in patients undergoing elective surgery under spinal anesthesia. Keywords: Intravenous Tramadol, Spinal Anesthesia, Shivering, Elective Surgery.
Adjuvant Supplementation with L-Carnitine in Diabetic Population and its effects on Lipid Parameters
Authors: Aziz Rao Salman , Saeed Usman , Ghumman Nasim Aslam , Arshad Muhammad , Sohail Asif , Salman Ali
Published: September 2021

Background: Diabetes is a complicated disease requires continuous clinical care, to govern blood sugar. Aim: To decides the impact of management of L carentin to diabetics at the lipid profile. Methods: This study turned into performed on 120 diabetic Patients had been decided on from endocrinology and diabetes, inside decided on standards. The Patients distributed into three Strata (1st Strata of healthy population and two Strata of patients with diabetes who were on metformin and glibenclamide, one Strata took a L carnitine in a dose of 1000 mg TDS and a Strata dealing with a placebo for a period of ninety days). Results: It is observed those who are on Lcarnitine, confirmed a large discount (p <0.05) with inside the triglyceride level, at the same time as no large adjustments had been located withinside the level of cholesterol and HDL and LDL. Conclusion: These study outcomes that management of L carentin improved profile of lipid in type-2diabetic Patients. Keyword: Dyslipidemia, Diabetes mellitus (DM), l-carnitine (LC).
Efficacy of Anaesthesia Techniques in Periapical Diseased Tooth
Authors: Malik Saman , Hassan Faiqa , Farooq Muhammad , Haq Usman ul , Kayani Saqib Ghafoor
Published: September 2021

Almost all minor oral surgical procedures can be performed effectively if patient is relaxed and comfortable. One of the contributing factor for patient comfort is effective pain control. This can be achieved pre and per-operatively by various local anaesthetic techniques. Infiltration techniques are commonly employed in all maxillary and mandibular teeth whereas mandibular posterior teeth requires a nerve block. In certain cases, these techniques fails or provide inadequate anaesthesia, for example, teeth associated with periapical pathology. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine effectiveness of infiltration and block techniques as well as when supplemented by intra-ligament injection for anaesthesia in periapical infected teeth. Keywords: anaesthesia, infiltration technique, block technique, intraligamental technique, periapical pathology.
Various interdental aids, their effectiveness and recommendation; A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Anwaar Ali , Ahmad Fareed , Sadiq Muhammad Shairaz , Qadeer Mustafa , Afzal Muhammad , Kamran Ali
Published: September 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to discover effectiveness of interdental aid, their use in the daily oral hygiene and suggestion of interdental aid to be used. Methods & Materials: This study was conducted among 503 convenient samples of patients from outpatient department of IOD, CMH Lahore medical college. It is a questionnaire-based study. Data collected from February 2021 to April 2021. A written consent was taken. All the examiners were calibrated for check-up and questionnaire was filled on effectiveness of interdental aids and its uses and recommendation by individual. Results: Total 503 people with 230 females and 273 males were participated in the study. Majority of the sample size did not know how to do interdental cleaning. Also, there is lack of awareness about dental hygiene in the masses. Conclusion: Amongst the patients which came for their dental treatments who were using any interdental cleaning aid, toothpick was the most common choice. However, toothpicks are not a recommended aid because it can damage the gums and cause bleeding. Awareness should be given to the patients so that they use appropriate methods and aids for interdental cleaning. Keywords: Interdental Aids, Effectiveness
Risk Factors in Burning Mouth Syndrome among Older Adults
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad Shoaib , Alam Muhammad Anwaar , Qadeer Mustafa , Ahmad Fareed , Riaz Rabia Huma , Riaz Sabia Huma
Published: September 2021

Background of the study: A chronic and untraceable condition of pain is burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and is commonly observed in middle-aged and elderly people of both the genders. Many psychiatric disease that include anxiety levels, personality disorders and depressions are caused by oral problems i.e dysgeusia, burning mouth, oral malodour and dry mouth. Objective: This study aimed investigation of factors of risk associated with BMS in elderly people of both the genders. Design: It was a systematic review. Material and Methods: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used and studies published from 2008 till date of review were included in the systematic review. For gathering relevant studies, some key words were used to find already published material i.e “elder, older, burning mouth syndrome / BMS, oral health problems, and elderly people”. Moreover, for enhancing relevancy and appropriateness, Boolean operators like AND, OR, double quotations, asterisk etc. were used. Popular and good reputed databases with peer-reviewed articles and journals were used that included PubMed health, Google scholar, EBSCO host, CINAHL, Embase and Cochrane Library. A table comprising of columns like study title, name of author, sample size, research objective, limitations and key findings was prepared for data extraction. Results: Based on moderate or strong quality, thirteen studies relevant to the objective were shortlisted. These studies had highlighted BMS as risk factor. It was held that female population is more affected by BMS in comparison with males and its prevalence is high in elderly aged people i.e. above 55-years age. Conclusion: From findings of the review, it is established that in older population numerous risk factors of BMS are dental procedures, increased age, lacking therapeutic treatments, lack of knowledge besides poor knowledge and practices of medical staff and poor care being given to older age people especially in post-menopausal stage in women. Keywords: Burning mouth syndrome, WHO, global population, post-menopause.
Effect of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose versus Sodium Hyaluronate on corneal endothelial cell count in patients undergoing cataract surgery by phacoemulsification
Authors: Anwar Faisal , Bokhari Mohammad Hasan , Ghaffar Muhammad Tahir , Irshad Ahsan , Khan M. Shoaib , Ejaz-ul-Haq Hafiz Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Objective: To compare the effect of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose versus Sodium Hyaluronate on corneal endothelial cell count in patients undergoing cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. Design: It was a randomized clinical trial. Study Settings: This study was conducted at the Eye Unit III, Mayo Hospital / KEMU, Lahore over 12 months period from June 2014 to May 2015. Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in protective effect on corneal endothelial cell loss with dispersive (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) viscoelastic agent as compared to cohesive (sodium hyaluronate) viscoelastic agent used during phacoemulsification with intraocular lens for the treatment of cataract. Material and Methods: Total 80 patients from both the genders aged between 40-70 years with cataract undergoing phacoemulsification surgery were involved in this study. Two equal treatment groups were made by random allocation. Patients in Group-A (n=40) received Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as viscoelastic agent while patients in Group-B (n=40) received treatment with Sodium Hyaluronate. Surgery was carried out by phacoemulsification technique and follow-up was done at first week, 1st month and 3rd month post-operatively. Data was collected in terms of endothelial cell count by noncontact specular microscope. Results: Patients age was in the range of 40 to 70 years with a mean of 57.26 ± 8.00 years. There were 31 (38.75%) females and 49 (61.25%) male patients with a female to male ratio of 1.6:1. Both the groups had no statistically significant difference in the mean corneal cell count before surgery (2839.67±368.71 cells/mm2 vs. 2801.36 ± 332.52 cells/mm2; p-value= 06.27). Post-operative mean corneal cell count at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months was significantly higher in patients in Group-A compared to Group-B. Similarly, significant difference was noted across various subgroups of both the groups on the basis of patient’s age and gender. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is less corneal endothelial cell loss with dispersive Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose viscoelastic agent as compared to cohesive sodium hyaluronate viscoelastic agent used during phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implant for the treatment of cataract. Keywords: Cataract, phacoemulsification, viscoelastic agents, corneal, endothelial cell.
Is Dental Fluorosis More Prone/Susceptible to Tooth Erosion?
Authors: Ahmad Fareed , Anwaar Ali , Mirza Bilal Abdul Qayum , Qadeer Mustafa , Afzal Muhammad , Alam Anwaar
Published: September 2021

Background: The fluoride drug is mentioned as a double-edged weapon due to its positive and negative outcomes. Reducing dental caries in large population, cost effective and excess fluoride in teeth or body may lead to systemic diseases and even death. Dental erosion affects the hard tissues of the teeth rendering them vulnerable to decay. Methods & Materials: A school based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Purposive sampling was performed. All examiners were calibrated and trained for the criteria to identify dental fluorosis and dental erosion. The World Health Organisation Oral Health Assessment form 2013 was used to fill and measure dental fluorosis and erosive tooth wear. For Univariate analysis, mean, frequencies of both genders (dental erosion and Fluorosis) while Chi square was calculated and for bivariate analysis. Results: 22.7 % students were found to have fluorosis (ranging from questionable level to severe). Male students (primarily teenagers) had more enamel erosion as compared to the female’s ones. Conclusion: The higher levels of fluoride in water may make children and adults more susceptible to erosive tooth wear. Consuming excess fluoridated water may turn the mild fluorosis cases into moderate or severe ones. Keywords: Fluorosis, Erosive Tooth Wear, Gender, Fluoride
Comparison Between Fetal Biometric Measurements (BPD, HC and FL) of Male and Female Fetuses in Population of Pakistan on Antenatal Ultrasound, A Multicentric Study
Authors: Rafeeq Nuzhat , Niaz Ayesha , Noor Lubna , Sultan Anum , Hayat Durre-E-Shahwar , Ali M.
Published: September 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the fetal biometric growth measurements (Head Circumference, Bi-Parietal Diameter, and Femur Length) between male and female fetuses on antenatal ultrasound in our population. Methodology: This was an observational study carried out in the Department of Radiology CMH Malir, Karachi and Ziauddin hospital, Karachi from July 2016 till July 2018 using non-probability sampling technique. A total of 510 pregnant women with second and third trimester were enrolled for the study. The biometric parameters of fetus i.e., Bi-Parietal Diameter, Head Circumference, and Femur Length were established through two-dimensional ultrasound. Chi-square and t tests were used to analyze differences in biometric parameters in both genders. Results: The study results showed significant differences in the Bi-Parietal Diameter and Head Circumference between male and female fetuses (p=0.006 and p=0.003, respectively). Mean Bi-Parietal Diameter in males was 71.47±13.70 and in females it was68.30±11.90cm, mean Head Circumference in males was 264.23±47.87and in females it was 252.03±44.91cm. It has also been observed that there was an insignificant difference in the femur length between male and female fetuses (p= 0.605). Mean femur length was 52.74±12.39 in males and 52.19±11.38 in females. Conclusion: This study concluded that male fetuses have considerably larger bi-parietal diameter and head circumference as compared to female fetuses however, no variation in femur length is observed in both genders. Keywords: Fetal Gender, Bi-Parietal Diameter, Head Circumference, Femur Length.
Awareness of Therapeutic Field of Language and Communication in General Population, Lahore Pakistan
Authors: Raheem Amreen , Khan M. Azzam , Saeed Bareera , Ghayas K. M. Sikander , Ahmad M. , Noreen Lubna , Y. Ruhamah , Saleem Khadija
Published: September 2021

Factual levels of awareness about speech-language therapy/pathology (SLP) and communication disorders are right now obscure in the general population in the city of Punjab, Pakistan. This study assess the awareness about SLP in general population. A cross-sectional study was accomplished by using a random sampling technique. A totality of 331 members with the age range 19 years to 55 years were surveyed through structured questionnaire regarding their awareness of the profession of speech-language therapy and of communication clutters at public places. The result of this study shows that general population perception and basic understanding about speech -language therapy in Lahore- Pakistan come out as to be quite restricted. Members who had much precise understanding of speech-language therapy and communication clutters are mainly women with children. Conclusion(s): This research has revealed the female respondents had much knowledge about speech-language pathology and more positive attitudes toward communication disorders compared to males. Keywords: Speech Language Pathology, Speech Language Therapist, Speech technicians, communications problems, awareness, basic knowledge, Lahore, Pakistan. Public.
Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency among Exclusively Breast Fed term infants
Authors: Sarfraz Muhammad , Ahmad Manzoor , Qureshi Sameen , Mahmood Mohammad Shaiq , Ashfaq Hussnain , Mujtaba Ahmad
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the rate of vitamin B 12 deficiency among exclusively breast fed term infants in central Punjab Method: This descriptive case series included all 120 exclusively breast fed, term, and healthy infants with age range 1-6 months at Children, Hospital, Lahore. The maternal socio-demographic details in addition to infants’ anthropometric measurements were recorded and CBS and serum Vit B12 levels were evaluated by sending the samples to the hospital lab. We used SPSS 16th vesion for data analysis. Results: Mean age of the infants was 3.25+1.47 months. 58.33%(n=70) were male and 41.67%(n=50) were female infants. The mean serum vitamin B12 levels were recorded as 196.81 (±121.432)pg/mL. Frequency of low vitamin B12 (<200 pg/ml)in infants was recorded in Low serum vitamin B12 levels (<200 pg/ml) was seen in 66 (55%) of infants. Conclusion: The rate of vit B12 deficiency is higher in EBF infants and due to its an important role in neurologic development during infancy, it is necessary to address this issue in infants
Association between Obesity and Miscarriage among Females of Reproductive Age
Authors: Anis Erfa Sehar , Liaquat Fozia , Altaf Uzma , Aziz Uzma , Akbar Alia , Batool Uswa
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the association between obesity and miscarriage among females of reproductive age. Methodology: This cohort study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore for 6 months (15-08-2013 to 15-12-2014). The females were divided in two group on the basis of their BMI i.e. obese (>30kg/m2) or normal (18-24.9kg/m2). Then females were followed-up in OPD till 12 weeks of gestation. Females counseled and advice to present in hospital, if they develop indications for miscarriage. If any female had spontaneous abortion, miscarriage was labeled. Relative risk was calculated to measure the association between obesity and miscarriage. RR>1 was considered as significant. Results :The mean age of patients was 30.48±5.64 years and the mean gestational age was 7±0.81 weeks. The miscarriage was occurred in 63(31.50%) patients in which 47 cases were obese and 16 cases were normal. Statically there is 4.65 times greater risk of miscarriage was observed in obese patients than to normal i.e. RR=4.65 [2.39-9.038]. Conclusion: It has been proved in our study that Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage among females of reproductive age. Keywords: First Trimester, Miscarriage, Reproductive, Fetus, Obesity
Neonatal Outcome in Patients with Meconium Stained Liquor
Authors: Liaquat Fozia , Anis Erfa Sehar , Altaf Uzma , Aziz Uzma , Afreen Nosh
Published: September 2021

Objective: determine the neonatal outcome in patients with meconium stained liquor. Setting: Gynaecology Deptt, Unit-III, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: In this study we included a total of 150 cases with singleton pregnancy (on USG), Cephalic presentation (on USG), Gestational age 37 completed weeks to 42 weeks (calculated from LMP) with meconium stained liquor observed during labour by the attending doctor whereas those with breech presentation, they were excluded by clinical examination and ultrasound, Still birth, they were excluded by ultrasound, and Congenital fetal anomalies, they were excluded by ultrasound. Complete abdominal pelvic examination was done. The subjects were followed till delivery and neonatal outcome i.e. birth asphyxia & meconium aspiration syndrome by the researcher herself. Results: In our study, most of the patients i.e. 64.67%(n=97) were between 18-30 years of age range, mean age was 27.93+4.82 yrs while frequency of neonatal outcome in patients with meconium stained liquor reveals as 2.67%(n=4) having Birth asphyxia while 34.67%(n=52) had Meconium aspiration syndrome. Conclusion: The frequency of meconium aspiration syndrome(MAS) is higher among patients with meconium stained liquor. Keywords: Meconium stained liquor, neonatal outcome, birth asphyxia, meconium aspiration syndrome, frequency.
Comparison of Preauricular Approach Versus Retromandibular Approach in Management of Condylar Fractures
Authors: Rahim Ashfaq ur , Ali Sadiq , Nauman Muhammad , Qayyum Tannaza , Khan Abdullah , Abdullah Khan Mohammad , Iqbal Zahid
Published: September 2021

Objectives: Surgical treatment of patients with multiple mandibular fractures involving condylar segments may be a difficult proposition for a maxillofacial surgeon. These fractures can be double or triple fractures of the lower mandible and can also be associated with other fractures of the face. While many authors have suggested that the conventional approach to reducing and stabilizing a mandibular symphysis / para-symphysis fracture is appropriate before addressing a fractured condyle, there is another school of thought that suggests that the condylar segment should be reduced and repaired first. This article aims to review the results of operations where the reduction and fixation of a fractured condyle is performed prior to other associated mandible fractures, and to explore the effectiveness of various surgical methods including preauricular and retromandibular proposed in this case. Place and Duration: In the Oral and Maxillofacial surgery department of Faryal Dental College, Lahore for two-years duration from Jan 2018 to Jan 2020. Material and methods: The study included 60 surgically treated patients with multiple mandible fractures (double / triple), including the condyle component. For treatment of the fractured condylar segments, the preauricular and retromandibular (anterior parotid-transmasseteric) approach was used. Results: Condyle fracture was the first segment to be managed during sequencing of surgical treatment, regardless of the method used. First, good reduction and stabilization have been achieved with limited complications in treating a condyle fracture. Conclusion: While it is the surgeon's prerogative to sort multiple mandible fractures, addressing the condylar segment first provides the operator with a viable alternative to the conventional technique. Key words: condylar fractures, multiple mandibular fractures, preauricular approach, retromandibular approach
Loss of control in the appeal courts
Authors: Sullivan G R , Crombag H S , Child J  J
Published: September 2021

The article critiques the ‘loss of self-control’ requirement within Loss of Control partial defence, investigating its meaning (legally and scientifically), as well as its theoretical purpose. We contend that the partial defence currently performs a curious and problematic role, promoting questions of self-control, that are most effectively dealt with at a post-conviction stage (ie, at sentencing), into questions for the liability stage. This could be (perhaps best) resolved through the abolition of the mandatory life sentence for murder, and subsequent abolition of the partial defences, but it is accepted that the current political reality weighs heavily against this option. Looking for viable alternatives, we highlight the advantages of an approach that maximises discretion based on a full appraisal of potentially extenuating circumstances; before discussing how the current partial defence, including the requirement for a loss of self-control, should be interpreted to move the current law closer to this goal.
What’s happening with the reformed diminished responsibility plea?
Authors: Mackay Ronnie
Published: September 2021

The reformed section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 is markedly different from the original provision. Despite this, the ‘official line’ has been that the changes to the plea were merely ones of ‘clarification’ and ‘modernisation’. This article analyses the requirements of the new section 2 in the context of the results of an empirical study into the operation of the new plea carried out by myself and Professor Barry Mitchell. In doing so, it attempts to evaluate the changes which have taken place through an analysis of a sample of 90 cases involving the new plea. The results of the study are discussed in order to assess the validity of the ‘official line’. Is it correct, or have the new elements in section 2 resulted in unintended consequences?
The role of loss of self-control in defences to homicide: a critical analysis of Anglo-Australian developments
Authors: Douglas Heather , Reed Alan
Published: September 2021

The provocation defence has been the subject of legislative reform in England and Australia over the past 10 years. In England, it was abolished by section 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 and replaced with a partial defence of loss of control. In Australia, the provocation defence has been abolished in some states and significantly reformed in others. One of the key challenges for law reform has been how to ensure homicide defences are not overly restrictive for abused women who kill their abuser, while at the same time ensuring that homicide defences are not overly expansive for domestic abusers who ultimately kill their partner. With these challenges in mind, we critically examine the operation of the loss of control defence in England. There has been significant reform to the provocation defence across Australia, and, in this article, we also focus on the most recent reforms in Queensland and New South Wales. We conclude with some suggestions for further reform.
RUSYA VE ÇİN’İ ŞANGHAY İŞBİRLİĞİ ÖRGÜTÜ’NÜN OLUŞUMUNA GÖTÜREN SEBEPLER
Authors: AYDOĞAN Sevim
Published: September 2021

Çin ve Rusya arasında tarihsel olarak çok eskiye dayanan ilişkiler, Soğuk Savaşın ardından farklı bir boyuta ulaşmıştır. Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü, Soğuk Savaş sonrasında bu iki ülkenin yakınlaşmasının ve etkileşiminin en önemli örneği olmuştur. Fakat bu yakınlaşma, temelinde işbirliği olmasının yanı sıra rekabeti de barındıran, tarafların birbirlerini denetlemeye ve kontrol altında tutmaya çalıştığı ama aynı zamanda da bölgedeki diğer aktörlerin varlığını kısıtlamaya çalıştıkları çok boyutlu ilişkileri içermektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışma Rusya ve Çin’i bu çok fonksiyonlu yapının oluşumuna götüren sebepleri analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç dâhilinde, örgütün kuruluş sebebini idrak edebilmek adına tarihsel yaklaşıma ve mukayese yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Değerlendirme sonucunda her iki aktörün de uluslararası sistemde çok kutupluluk oluşturabilmek ve bölgede hem Amerikan hegemonyasını sınırlandırabilmek hem de güçlerini arttırabilmek adına Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü’nü oluşturmaya karar verdikleri kanısına varılmıştır.
IMPLEMENTASI METODE CBR (CASE BASED REASONING) PADA IDENTIFIKASI GIZI BURUK UNTUK BALITA
Authors: Saputri Tri Aristi , Syaputra M Adie , Mulyana Dede
Published: September 2021

Gizi ialah sebuah komponen tubuh yang sangan penting dalam mempertahankan fungsi tubuh supaya dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya serta untuk penyokong. Gizi buruk pada masih menjadi masalah kesehatan pada negara berkembang yaitu salah satunya di indonesia. Gizi buruk juga merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab kematian pada balita. Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kadar gizi bagi orang tua salah satu faktor penyebab balita mengalami gizi buruk. Dalam penelitian ini, metode case based reasoning (cbr) digunakan untuk mendiagnosa penyakit gizi buruk pada balita. Case based reasoning yaitu metode mengatasi kejadian dengan memanfaatkan kejadian lampau. Harapan dari pengamatan yaitu memahami gejala-gejala gizi buruk yang diderita balita, yang diharapkan sistem ini dapat membantu pihak orang tua lebih sadar pentingnya kadar gizi pada balita. Serta dapat melihat nilai kemiripan pada kasus gizi buruk.
PENERAPAN NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING BERBASIS VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PADA BAGIAN ADMINISTRASI AKADEMIK STMIK DHARMA WACANA
Authors: Yusuf Ridwan , Saputri Tri Aristi , Wicaksono Arief Adjie
Published: September 2021

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Informatika dan Komputer (STMIK) Dharma Wacana memiliki beberapa bagian seperti Bagian Administrasi Akademik yang memiliki tugas melaksanakan pelayanan dibidang akademik. Bagian Administrasi Akademik menjadi sumber informasi terkait kegiatan perkuliahan. Kebutuhan informasi perkuliahan belum efektif dikarenakan terbatasnya jam kerja dari pegawai dan masih banyak pertanyaan berulang yang berdatangan ke Bagian Administrasi Akademik, seperti pertanyaan yang telah ditanyakan oleh seorang mahasiswa kemudian ditanyakan lagi oleh mahasiswa lainnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan observasi dan wawancara terhadap mahasiswa dan pegawai Bagian Administrasi Akademik serta menganalisis kelemahannya sehingga dapat menjadi acuan untuk merancang aplikasi dengan penerapan Natural Language Processing (NLP). Pada penelitian telah dibangun Virtual Assistant berupa Chatbot yang tersedia pada platform messenger yaitu LINE, Facebook dan Telegram yang hanya bertindak layaknya bagian informasi perkuliahan. NLP dengan pendekatan pattern matching menggunakan regular expression diterapkan dalam proses mengenali pertanyaan mahasiswa sehingga Virtual Assistant dapat memberikan jawaban yang sesuai.
Brain injury and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Bidirectional pathways
Authors: Al-Kuraishy Hayder M. , Al-Gareeb Ali I. , Monteiro Marta Chagas , Al-Saiddy Hanan J.
Published: September 2021

Coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is associated with different neurological manifestations, as one-third of COVID-19 patients have some neurological disorders, including paraesthesia, headache, cold extremities and disturbances of consciousness, that are more evident in severely affected patients. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human host cells is mediated mainly by the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed at very low levels in the CNS under normal conditions. The dissemination of COVID-19 in the systemic circulation or across the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone during an early or later phase of the infection can lead to cerebral involvement as has been reported in the past for SARS-CoV affected patients. COVID‐19‐related CNS dysfunction results from direct viral injury, indirect consequences of immune‐mediated disease, systemic effects of infection, or local effects of the virus is still a matter of debate and these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
ARCHEOLOGICAL TOURISM: POTENTIAL AND INTRICACIES IN TAMIL NADU – A STUDY
Authors: B Hameed Basha
Published: September 2021

Tamil Nadu, one of the greatest Tourism destination in India placed first in domestic tourism and second place in Foriegn Tourist Arrivals. Also it has several Archaeological endeavours like Inscriptions, Archaeological sites, Museums with an Historical values. Archeo tourism or Archaeology tourism is a new form tourism connecting and visiting on the purposes for acquiring knowledge and getting high pleasure for own. On the consequences to identifying Archaeological sites which reflects the social, cultural, historical life and livelihood of Ancestors. Tamil Nadu has a enormous potential on Archaeological tourism, but some constrains lack the same. Besides, Keezhadi, Porunthal, kodumanal and kaveeipumpattinam leasing the forefront and attract the tourists. However, without awareness, advertisement, provide basic and infrastructure facility may not improve the tourism. However, Tamil Nadu has a potential for all kind of tourism compare to other states. So the Central Government and state Government rake necessary steps to develop Archeo tourism may attract the Global audience. Keywords: Archeo-Tourism, Potential, constraints, Archaeological sites, Ancestors, Museums
O papel do professor universitário, a universidade e as condições de saúde no trabalho: um convite à reflexão
Authors: Ghilardi Cancian Queli , Florêncio Eduardo de Deus Andréia , Monsores Ricardo da Cruz , Malacarne Vilmar
Published: September 2021

As universidades representam para a sociedade o desenvolvimento, através da construção científica e crítica do conhecimento. Neste ambiente, o debate que envolve a construção de políticas públicas sobre a qualidade de vida e saúde suscita o diálogo entre seus inúmeros atores sociais. Nesta arena, o professor universitário ganha destaque na mediação entre os saberes científicos e a comunidade acadêmica, que por sua vez contribui para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e cultural de uma região. O professor, universitário mediante o cumprimento de suas funções, vem, contudo, se sobrecarregando, comprometendo a própria saúde. Dia após dia o professor vem assistindo o declínio da sua qualidade de vida e de saúde, motivado pelas inúmeras obrigações e pela falta de políticas públicas que os amparem preventivamente diante de suas vulnerabilidades físicas e psicológicas, cenário que foi extremamente agravado pela pandemia do Covid-19. Considerando o ambiente de trabalho como influenciador na qualidade de vida e saúde dos seres humanos, o objetivo deste artigo é trazer algumas reflexões e questionamentos sobre a universidade e as políticas públicas frente a esse processo de vulnerabilidade docente, utilizando como base metodológica as revisões bibliográficas de artigos e de livros. A construção bibliográfica deste estudo aborda as costuras que permeiam a educação e a saúde, o ser professor e a função das universidades na sociedade enfatizando o professor e sua condição de trabalho, de saúde e qualidade de vida. Fica clara a estreita e frágil ligação de interdependência entre a saúde e trabalho do professor universitário a ausência do olhar do estado para tal condição e os riscos que ela expõe.