bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drawing Blanks
Authors: Geue Tom
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines two exponents of satiric literature written under the politically fraught conditions of the Roman Principate, Phaedrus and Juvenal. It is unclear who (or what) both were; their names, shorthands for de-authored texts rather than stand-ins for historical individuals. The literal self-effacement at work here creates a paradoxical authority: the words on the page, loosened from a definite first-person speaker identity, slip and slide easily from person to person, yet the concealment wreaks havoc with the readerly desire to know the source behind the words, generating an energetic ‘erotics’ of the weaker voice. This chapter analyses their shared yet distinctive strategies of authorial self-erasure, arguing that both not only render key markers of Roman elite male identity—name, body, and autobiography—ineffective, but that, in doing so, they also foreground and relish the particular potential of literature as the written word in its supposed inferiority to author-bound speech.
EU Equality Law at a Constitutional Crossroads
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

Each prong of EU equality law identifies specific grounds for differential treatment as well as specific fields in which differences of treatment are suspect. The precise applicable legal tools may—and often do—differ from one ground to the other and from one field to the other. Upstream, different legal bases, institutions, and procedures define the contours of the corresponding branches of EU equality law. Chapter 3 identifies the main components of this complex legal framework before analysing the competing role of the drafters of the Treaty, the EU’s judiciary, and political institutions in shaping EU equality law. The parameters of the doctrinal debate examined in the previous chapter are then used to revisit cases such as Barber, Grant, or Alimanovic as well as questions of judicial review (e.g. Test-Achats) and horizontal direct effect (Kücükdeveci) of the rules on equal treatment. It is submitted that three elements determine the pre-conditions for a healthy balance between the constitutional value of the relevant right, and the political dimension of decision-making on fundamental rights: the constitutional norm ought to explicitly call for political guidance, political institutions are invited to assert the policy implications of decision-making in the field, and the EU judiciary may have to refrain from palliating limits or imperfections resulting from the policy-making process.
Comparison to alternative approaches
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 9 compares inquisitive semantics with some other frameworks which have been proposed for the analysis of questions, in particular with alternative semantics (developed by Hamblin and Karttunen in the 1970s), partition semantics (developed by Groenendijk and Stokhof in the 1980s), and inquisitive indifference semantics (developed by Groenendijk and Mascarenhas in the 2000s). It is argued that inquisitive semantics preserves the essential merits of these previous approaches, while overcoming their main shortcomings. The chapter is also concerned with the division of labor between question semantics and other components of a general theory of interpretation, including a theory of speech acts and discourse pragmatics. It discusses the received view on what the role of a compositional semantic theory of questions should be within such a larger theory of interpretation, and compares it to the one taken in inquisitive semantics, which is argued to be more parsimonious.
Conclusion
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

The concluding chapter provides a summary of the architecture of the framework presented in the book, emphasizing its modular nature. It argues that the high-level desiderata discussed in Chapter 1 have been met. The framework provides a formal notion of issues that allows for a suitable representation of semantic content, conversational contexts, and propositional attitudes. In particular, it makes an integrated treatment of declarative and interrogative sentences possible, with a single notion of semantic content which is general enough to deal with both sentence types at once, rather than a separate notion of content for each sentence type.
The Bureaucrats
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks at how bureaucrats shape the criminal justice relationship between Australia and Indonesia in the context of cooperation between their national police forces. Adapting Mathieu Deflem’s theory of bureaucratic autonomy, it argues that the close cooperation between the Australian and Indonesian police since the late 1990s is due to their relative independence from national politics and the professional subculture that they share. At the core of this police culture is a common policy interest in combating transnational crime. The chapter also suggests that other bureaucrats from the two countries may share professional subcultures that facilitate cooperation between them.
Reading the Prodigal Son
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter is a review of approaches to the parable of the Prodigal Son from the perspective of biblical and literary studies. The focus in biblical studies on a search for the parable’s meaning in the historical context of the life of Jesus or of the early Church is compared with literary study’s interest in the parable as offering a shared vocabulary with which to explore universal themes. The differences in understanding the significance of the parable’s history of reception are discussed, and the limits of the parable’s openness and flexibility in terms of multiple meanings are considered. The variety of ways in which the Prodigal Son has been read across time and place is celebrated and the aim of the book as a discussion of specific genres, literary periods, and places, rather than a survey, is introduced.
The Prodigal Son in Elizabethan Literature
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the influence of Roman comedies, such as those of Terence, on the development of a Prodigal Son tradition in Elizabethan literature. It is argued that the potential danger of rebellion against authority, and fears about change and its consequences in a period of stability following religious and economic upheaval, offer a context in which the parable might be meaningfully adapted. The ubiquity of the paradigm is explained in the light of this historical setting, and the tendency for writers to identify with the figure of the Prodigal is explored.
Managing change: diversification and transformation, 1993–2003
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

As global insurance markets experienced a shift out of life assurance into new wealth products, Sanlam faced the same trend. Demutualization required more free capital than commanded by Sanlam, leading to an extended capital building programme, which ultimately fed into demutualization. Sanlam focused business operations on restructured business units, new distribution channels, and non-traditional markets. Serious attempts at bancassurance absorbed attention under severe market competition. Internationalization strategies failed to deliver to expectations. After listing in 1998, operational, management, and functional transformation occurred in a new South Africa. Statutory sanctioned empowerment policies chartered future company strategies. Implementation was delayed by the death of the CEO and an inexperienced successor. The company remained hamstrung by too-large exposures to a handful of big investments.
Introduction
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

The Introduction defines the purpose and parameters of this research. In the late twentieth century brand communication was often multifaceted—incorporating public relations, corporate branding, sponsorship, and other forms of marketing as well as advertising—and delivered through many different channels. Its impact on society was profound, leading to the emergence of what scholars have described as ‘promotional culture’. Fully to comprehend the role played by the persuasion industries in Britain during this period, historians must look beyond its impacts and seek to gain an understanding of how its core disciplines evolved and operated. A summary of the key developments in the evolution of brand communication is presented, followed by an outline of the extant historiography and a rationale for the period under study (1969–1997). Finally, the source materials are discussed along with the author’s relevant experience.
The Sight of Others’ Anguish
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

Part III explores the vocabulary of tenderness (from Lt. tendere, to stretch) in order to examine Shakespeare’s depiction of an ‘extended-subject’, one whose willingness to extend tenderly out towards the other becomes the condition of their generous, piteous, compassionate nature. Yet, as discussed in relation to The Tempest, to be tender towards the other is not only to attend to their needs, to tender oneself to them, or to extend towards them, but also to tenderly flinch (Lt. tenerum, delicate), to retract into oneself, refusing sympathetic contacts. Chapter 5 considers the cost of compassionate attention, asking if Miranda’s unguarded sympathies are naive in an age of tenderizing sensory and emotional impressionability, before analysing the plague-period poem, Venus and Adonis.
Air Transport in Africa
Authors: Bofinger Heinrich C.
Published: December 2018

Air transport in Africa is a growing sector. However, the growth does not provide a complete perspective of its health. Several important facts play a role in truly understanding where Africa’s air transport has been, is now, and where it might develop. Air transport volumes in Africa are still very low when compared to the rest of the world. The notion of the national flag carrier is still deeply ingrained in the politics of the air transport sector, and though various privatization attempts have been made, many governments are reluctant to completely hand over airlines to the private sector, or completely depend on airlines from outside the country if a national airline is not economically sustainable. Both anecdotally and empirically, the new challenges for African air transport market development are not so much around liberalization, but rather affordability and the rise of airport charges.
How Trucking Services Have Improved and May Contribute to Economic Development
Authors: Kunaka Charles , Raballand Gaël , Fitzmaurice Mike
Published: December 2018

In East Africa, there have been numerous concerns over logistics efficiency. Among them, a slow pace of regional integration of the trucking industry is perceived as a major problem. This chapter utilizes a combination of unpublished data surveys and published data to assess the extent of regional integration. Based on various types of data, several main messages can be drawn from the trucking industry: there has been a noticeable reduction in the price of long-distance trucking services along the Northern Corridor; the integration of trucking services is moving fast in East Africa, with foreign-owned trucks accounting for three-quarters of services in the Rwandan market; trucking fleet characteristics and management have improved tremendously and are now comparable to those in South Africa; and the facilitation of border clearance processes has played a major role in improving productivity. Despite all these improvements, the performance of the Tanzanian fleet still lags behind.
Integration Along the Abuja Road Map
Authors: Melo Jaime de , Nouar Mariem , Solleder Jean-Marc
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews integration among the eight African Regional Economic Communities by comparing their characteristics and progress with three other South-South Regional Integration Arrangements. Three conclusions emerge: (i) slow progress towards meeting overly ambitious objectives; (ii) small changes in the destination of trade across all Regional Economic Communities, indicative of persistent high trade costs and few new manufactured products destined for geographically close markets; and (iii) compared with other South-South Regional Integration Arrangements, the Regional Economic Communities include a high number of provisions not covered in Word Trade Organization negotiations, but these have low legal enforceability. Reasons for this slow progress are explored in the chapter.
Anatomy of a Divergence
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: December 2018

Chapter 8 argues that the final years of the sixteenth century and the first decade of the seventeenth century brought about one of the great misunderstandings of the early modern period: the reading of Kōṭṭe’s suzerainty-based imperial project, by the Habsburg authorities, as a project of sovereignty-oriented conquest. The resulting wars that dragged on during the following decades resulted largely from this widening gap in political culture. Key to an understanding of this gap is the emerging European notion of territory as a fundament of the dynastic state. To illustrate this, two maps are explored with a view to the underlying conceptions of political space. The shift from ‘Native Ground’ to colonial ground had a major impact both on the local political system and the global empire.
Homilies and Reading Communities
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses the most controversial homily in Jacob of Serugh’s corpus, the Homily on the Council of Chalcedon. Recently discovered manuscripts provide a solid basis for viewing this homily as an integral part of his corpus, despite the long debate over its authenticity. The close correspondence of his Christological thought here with that examined in his letters provides an even firmer basis for asserting its authenticity. Although the physical context in which Jacob delivered this homily remains elusive, this chapter demonstrates how scholars can productively interpret it as a text that circulated among reading communities in late antiquity. Two periods of Jacob’s life, known from his letters, would have made ideal contexts in which he circulated this homily as part of a dossier of texts for elite reading communities.
Homilies as Tools for Teaching Theology
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter analyzes how Jacob of Serugh communicates Christology within the poetic restraints and oral context of his homilies. He preached his Homily on the Faith in an educational setting and emphasized a correct understanding of Christology. Three known phrases from the Christological controversies reveal the subtle ways that he weaves miaphysite Christology into his homilies. He quotes a phrase attributed to Nestorios of Constantinople in order to liken his opponents to the defamed archbishop. He draws on an even earlier phrase from the fourth-century Trinitarian controversies in accusing his opponents of worshipping a human. Finally, he uses the pairing of miracles and sufferings to criticize the Christology of his opponents and to promote his own views on Christology. Jacob’s transformation of these three phrases reveals how he modifies his expression of Christology to teach his theological perspective within the poetic and stylistic expectations of metrical homilies.
Humanist and Political Perspectives on Human Rights
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the relation between two perspectives on the nature of human rights. According to the “political” or “practical” perspective, human rights are claims that individuals have against certain institutional structures, in particular modern states, in virtue of interests they have in context that include them—and normally warrant international support. This perspective is introduced in contrast to the more traditional “humanist” or “naturalistic” one, according to which human rights are pre-institutional claims that individuals have against all other individuals that can affect them in virtue of interests characteristic of their common humanity. This chapter argues that once we identify these perspectives in their best light we can see that they are complementary and that in fact we need both to make good normative sense of the contemporary practice of human rights.
Human Rights and Power
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the tensions between the normative ideal of human rights and the facts of asymmetric power. First, it reconstructs and assesses important power-related worries about human rights. These worries are sometimes presented as falsifying the view that human rights exist, or at least as warranting the abandonment of human rights practice. But the worries do not warrant such conclusions. Instead, they motivate certain desiderata for the amelioration of human rights practice. The chapter identifies twelve such desiderata. Second, this chapter proposes a strategy for satisfying these desiderata. It suggests ways to build empowerment into the human rights project to reduce the absolute and relative powerlessness of human rights holders, while also identifying an ethics of responsibility and solidarity for contexts in which power deficits will not dissolve. Power analysis does not debunk the human rights project. Properly articulated, it is an important tool for those pursuing it.
Labor Rights
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

Human rights discourse invokes entitlements to freely chosen work, to decent working conditions, and to form and join unions. Despite their importance, these rights remain underexplored in the philosophical literature on human rights. This chapter offers a systematic and constructive discussion of them. It surveys the content and current relevance of the labor rights stated in the most important human rights documents. It gives a moral defense of these rights, justifying their support on the basis of important human interests and human dignity. It replies to objections about the importance of work, explains why labor human rights may not exhaust the demands of dignity regarding labor, and arbitrates a common tension between independence and solidarity. To solidaristically empower all persons who can work to access and defend decent working conditions in which their valuable capacities can be developed and exercised is an obligatory response to their human dignity.
Minimalist versus Expansive Views of Human Rights: Dignity and the Arc of Humanist Justice
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the implications of the dignitarian approach for the ongoing debate in the philosophy of human rights about how minimalist or expansive human rights should be taken to be. After a critical survey of eleven arguments for minimalist accounts of human rights, the chapter endorses a moderate form of expansivism casting human rights as basic claims that cover the most urgent requirements of human dignity. It presents a two-tiered, dynamic humanism that enables us to arbitrate the debate between minimalist and expansive views of human rights. Elements of egalitarianism (in particular regarding political rights) are part of this picture. However, a wider and more ambitious set of egalitarian demands of humanist justice that go beyond human rights (such as democratic socialism) is also seen as flowing from the dignitarian perspective, and its significance for the contemporary political context is explored.
On gender agreement in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: da Silva Carvalho Danniel
Published: December 2018

The aim of Chapter 7 is to provide a unified analysis of gender licensing in Brazilian Portuguese. It proposes a mechanism of feature relativization in the Preminger sense (2014) to address the different syntactic patterns of gender agreement in the language. Preminger’s core idea is to deal with φ‎-agreement obligatoriness even in contexts in which it seems not to occur. The proposal points out that the different outcomes for gender are due to underspecification of the structure of the DP that contains this feature, and its combination with other features available in the inventory results in different interpretations in LF, which, in addition, may predict generalizations such as the option of default agreement as a predictable phenomenon in grammar.
A novel kind of gender syncretism
Authors: Kramer Ruth
Published: December 2018

Cross-linguistically, gender is often syncretic in the plural, that is, plural forms typically do not make gender distinctions. However, Chapter 8 focuses on a little-studied type of syncretism where ‘plural’ agreement is syncretic with the singular agreement associated with a particular gender. Specifically, plural masculine and feminine nouns alike trigger the agreement patterns of masculine singular nouns. Using data from Maay, Amharic, and Haro, an analysis of this syncretism is developed in Distributed Morphology and evidence is provided against an alternative analysis in which these plural nouns would have masculine gender in the syntax. Since Distributed Morphology makes restrictive predictions about possible syncretisms, it is shown how it is a positive result that it predicts exactly this type of syncretism. Overall, the chapter advances our understanding of gender and number by analysing a novel gender-number syncretism and presents a case study of how to distinguish morphological and syntactic effects.
(Grammatical) gender troubles and the gender of pronouns
Authors: Panagiotidis Phoevos
Published: December 2018

Chapter 9 argues that grammatical gender is hosted on the nominalizing head, whereas semantic gender is hosted in a higher head, one that is also responsible for animacy. The claim is not new but here it is supported by looking at two classes of evidence from the behaviour of empty nouns in strong pronouns and pronominal clitics and from a phenomenon of ‘transgendering’ in Brazilian Portuguese and Modern Greek. It is argued that pronominal clitics are not necessarily animate exactly because they lack the structural layer where semantic gender is encoded and that if the semantic gender layer is coerced to take an nP as a complement, the resulting referent will always be animate.
Demosthenes
Authors: Bishop Caroline
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses Cicero’s most successful co-option of a Greek figure, Demosthenes. Cicero primarily associated Demosthenes with his Philippics, in which he painted himself as an opponent to the tyranny of Philip II of Macedon and the saviour of democratic free speech—even though Demosthenes ultimately failed at both goals. Yet it was this very failure that made Demosthenes an appealing figure for Cicero after his defeat in the Roman civil war. This chapter demonstrates that Cicero implicitly and explicitly compared his own oratorical career to that of Demosthenes in his post-civil war rhetorical works (Brutus, De Optimo Genere Oratorum, and Orator), as well as in his speeches against Antony (Philippics) because he believed that drawing a parallel between Demosthenes’ noble failure and his own offered an attractive light in which he could cast his own mistakes and still survive as an object of classical veneration.
Logic, Rhetoric, and Philosophy
Authors: Raylor Timothy
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the process by which Hobbes, in the 1630s and early 1640s, began to establish a strong contrast between eloquence on the one hand and the procedure he terms ‘logic’ on the other. It argues that the contrast did not involve a wholesale rejection of rhetoric, but was, rather, an attempt to point up the necessity for philosophical discovery of the new logic Hobbes was currently attempting to develop. There was, for Hobbes, nothing wrong with rhetoric as such; the problem lay in philosophy, which he saw as having failed to produce certain knowledge (scientia) because of its reliance on the procedures of rhetorical argumentation (in particular, the enthymeme). The chapter argues for the significance, in his philosophical development, of Hobbes’s search for certain knowledge of ethics through close study of Aristotle’s account of the passions in the second book of his Rhetoric.
Rhetoric and Leviathan
Authors: Raylor Timothy
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines Hobbes’s use of rhetorical techniques in Leviathan. It argues that the rhetorical texture of Hobbes’s presentation of his civil philosophy in Leviathan differs from that in earlier statements (in The Elements of Law and De cive) less than is usually claimed. And it argues that the most distinctive rhetorical aspect of Leviathan is the application, in its final part, of the full range of rhetorical figures of scorn in an extended attack on the church of Rome—an attack that is unprecedented in Hobbes’s earlier works and which is the product of a new agenda rather than a changed opinion on the character and status of rhetoric.
Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of Icelanders
Authors: Evans Gareth Lloyd
Published: December 2018

This volume is the first book-length study of masculinities in the sagas of Icelanders. Spanning the entire corpus of the sagas of Icelanders—and so taking into account a number of little-studied sagas as well as the more well-known works—it comprehensively interrogates the construction, operation, and problematization of masculinities in this genre. Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of Icelanders elucidates the dominant model of masculinity that operates in the sagas, demonstrates how masculinities and masculine characters function within these texts, and investigates the means by which the sagas, and saga characters, may subvert masculine dominance. Combining close literary analysis with insights drawn from sociological theories of hegemonic and subordinated masculinities, notions of homosociality and performative gender, and psychoanalytic frameworks, the book brings to men and masculinities in saga literature the same scrutiny traditionally brought to the study of women and femininities. Ultimately, this book demonstrates that masculinity is not simply glorified in the sagas, but is represented as being both inherently fragile and a burden to all characters, masculine and non-masculine alike.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Gareth Lloyd
Published: December 2018

The Introduction gives brief overviews of the book’s four main chapters and draws attention to the overarching arguments that are developed within them. Accessible introductions to Old Norse–Icelandic literature (with a particular focus on the sagas of Icelanders) and to the key critical terms ‘gender’ and ‘masculinity’ are provided so that the book can be used by a range of specialist and general audiences with varied disciplinary backgrounds. The Introduction also considers both the ethical and methodological issues involved in studying masculinities in the sagas of Icelanders; it is suggested that the study of men and masculinities in this body of texts is an important and necessary feminist enterprise.
Modelling Saga Masculinities
Authors: Evans Gareth Lloyd
Published: December 2018

This chapter briefly considers past scholarship on gender and masculinity in Old Norse literature, before producing a critique of the currently dominant model of gender in medieval Icelandic literature (Carol Clover’s one-sex, one-gender model). A number of examples from a range of sagas are used to demonstrate the limitations of this present model. The chapter then proposes a new way of conceptualizing masculinities in Old Norse literature, based on theories of hegemonic masculinity. By drawing on evidence from a range of sagas, hegemonic masculinity is shown to be a more suitable framework for the study of saga masculinities than the one-sex, one-gender model. The chapter concludes by elucidating the features of the specific modality of hegemonic masculinity that operates in the sagas
Intersectional Masculinities
Authors: Evans Gareth Lloyd
Published: December 2018

Drawing on the work of legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, this chapter interrogates the intersectional nature of character formation to produce a multidimensional view of the construction and operation of masculinity in the sagas of Icelanders. This chapter investigates interactions between masculinity and a range of other identity categories through which social power is fractured and hierarchized. By examining the interplay between notions of masculinity and ideas of youth, old age, race, impairment/disability, sexuality, religion, and socio-economic status it is demonstrated that these other identity categories can function as stressors that serve to problematize a given character’s claim to a masculine status.
The Limits of Socially Acceptable Masculinity
Authors: Evans Gareth Lloyd
Published: December 2018

This chapter comprises a detailed reading of one saga: while many characters discussed up until this point in the book fail to live up to the masculine ideal, this chapter concludes this study by examining the representation of a character that embodies an extreme form of masculinity. Drawing on psychoanalytic theory and the concept of hypermasculinity to analyse the protagonist of the outlaw saga Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar, this final chapter demonstrates the extent to which masculinity can problematize a character’s relation to self, family, society, and even the very notion of masculinity itself. Hypermasculinity—it is shown—can be just as problematic as deficient masculinity.
Over the Hill and Out of Sight
Authors: Edelstein Sari
Published: December 2018

The fourth chapter reads New England regionalism as a response to this pathologization of old age. The old maids, spinsters, and widowers that populate the short fiction of Mary Wilkins Freeman and Sarah Orne Jewett stage a subversive dialogue with the scientific and cultural denigration of the elderly, particularly elderly women, and resist the homogenizing effects of this discourse. While much scholarship acknowledges the prevalence of elderly people in regionalism, linking old age to the passing of old modes of living, this chapter urges us to see the elderly characters in this genre not as metaphors for dying ways of life but as representations of elderly bodies and subjectivities in their own right. These authors force us to question the celebration of independence and autonomy imbricated in fantasies of adulthood and in American identity itself.
Religion and Memory in Tacitus' Annals
Authors: Shannon-Henderson Kelly E.
Published: December 2018

This study demonstrates the importance of references to religious material in Tacitus’ Annals by analyzing them using cultural memory theory. Throughout his narrative of Julio-Claudian Rome in the Annals, Tacitus includes numerous references to the gods, fate, fortune, astrology, omens, temples, priests, emperor cult, and other religious material. Tacitus, who was not only a historian but also a member of Rome’s quindecimviral priesthood, shows a marked interest in even the most detailed rituals of Roman religious life. Yet his portrayal of religious material also suggests that the system is under threat with the advent of the principate. Traditional rituals are forgotten as the shape of the Roman state changes. Simultaneously, a new form of cultic commemoration develops as deceased emperors are deified and the living emperor and his family members are treated in increasingly worshipful ways by his subjects. The study traces the deployment of religious material throughout Tacitus’ narrative, to show how Tacitus views the development of this cultic ‘amnesia’ over time, from the reign of the cryptic, autocratic, and oddly mystical Tiberius, through Claudius’ failed attempts at reviving tradition, to the final sacrilegious disasters of the impious Nero.
Memory and Forgetting from the Death of Germanicus to the Rise of Sejanus
Authors: Shannon-Henderson Kelly E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on Annals 3, in which Tacitus recounts several episodes that show the pervasiveness of Tiberian Rome’s failure to maintain traditional religious practices. Tiberius prevents changes from being made to the important ritual taboos regulating the conduct of the flamen Dialis, and the Senate discusses placing limitations on the granting of asylum by sanctuaries in the Greek world, but these discussions are conducted in a way that suggests that the principle of religious memory is falling into disuse. At the same time, the use of divine honors to memorialize the deceased Germanicus, and the attempt of the fetialies to become involved in rituals for the health of Livia although that does not fall within the traditional remit of their priesthood, show society’s increasing inability to practice appropriate commemoration.
Introduction
Authors: Cook James Daniel
Published: December 2018

Recent studies have taken Chrysostom’s critical language as either reflecting a congregation which was rather lacklustre in its faith, or as reflecting a preacher who was somewhat ‘out of touch’. In either case, the relationship between the preacher and his congregation would appear somewhat strained. But such narratives do not tally with the clear testimony of the sources to Chrysostom’s popularity and the affection in which he was held by many Christians: the fact that Chrysostom was a popular preacher seems to have been lost from this scholarship. This chapter begins by setting out some of the broad themes in current late-antique and Chrysostomian research, before focusing on those particular studies to which this book is responding. This is followed by an overview of the author’s own approach to reading Chrysostom’s sermons and the studies upon which that approach is based.
The State of the Evidence
Authors: Cook James Daniel
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 contains some preliminary reflections on the nature of the texts of sermons which have been preserved. A number of scholars have expressed concerns about the reliability of the textual tradition, concerns which rarely find their way into broader scholarship. The state of the evidence, however, must be critically assessed in order to have a clear understanding of the limitations of the evidence and to be able to mitigate such limitations. This chapter therefore discusses two key issues raised by recent scholarship with regard to the sermons of Chrysostom: the reliability of the process of transmission from the first written versions to the earliest manuscripts; and the relationship between the written text and the sermon which was actually delivered. The issues will by no means be resolved, but an awareness of the difficulties of the texts is necessary before a close study of those texts can be undertaken.
Obscenity and Pornography
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2018

The law traditionally treats sexually explicit material under the category of “obscenity.” This chapter explains and criticizes the development of obscenity doctrine and contrasts the legal understanding of obscenity with a feminist account of pornography. Several definitions of “pornography” are examined, some feminist and some not so. The chapter argues that, although the feminist definitions have important advantages over non-feminist ones and anti-pornography feminism is superior to obscenity doctrine, the claim made by many feminists that pornography has the power to eroticize inequality is dubious. The chapter concludes with an account of how and why pornography consumption is a form of sexual activity.
Evidence and Harm
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the evidence for the central contention of anti-pornography feminism, namely, that pornography causes harm to women. The chapter examines experimental and population-level studies and argues that the evidence for the relevant sort of causality is weak. The experimental studies suffer from serious methodological flaws, including the failure to have their male subjects masturbate with the pornographic materials to which the studies expose them. Population-level studies are crucial to establishing the relevant causal claim about harm to women, but the existing studies are sparse and fail to control for potentially relevant variables. The weakness of the body of evidence regarding a link between pornography and harm to women is highlighted by contrasting the case of pornography with that of alcohol consumption and social harm, where the links have been scientifically established. Moreover, even though alcohol consumption is not an exercise of any basic liberty and the link to extensive social harm is strongly supported by scientific studies, legal suppression of such consumption is a morally objectionable infringement on the liberty of adults. Pornography consumption is the exercise of a basic liberty, and, in light of the comparatively weak evidence of pornography’s social harm, legal suppression of such material amounts to a much clearer instance of the objectionable curtailment of individual liberty. The chapter concludes with an examination of materials that are not sexually explicit but depict violence against women.
Pornography as Subordinating Speech
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2018

Some anti-pornography feminists contend that (a) pornography is speech, and (b) it is a form of speech that authoritatively subordinates women. This chapter challenges both contentions. Pornography does not say anything but rather shows something. And it lacks the authority that anti-pornography feminists ascribe to it. The sexually explicit images that have the most cogent to authority are not found in the material displayed by the website PornHub but rather in the celebrated works of art and sculpture that occupy the world’s greatest museums. Unlike those artistic works, pornography is not venerated but, instead, is widely regarded as impure and disreputable.
Conclusion and Prospect
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

The conclusion makes several observations about Edwards and his intellectual context. The portrait of Edwards is of a private scholar pastoring churches in New England. As such, he stands in discontinuity with the seventeenth-century theologians and philosophers he admired. Furthermore, Edwards is positioned as a transitional figure between the pre-enlightenment and enlightenment era, though firmly rooted in early modern Reformed theology. Methodologically, the conclusion states that the inclusion of early New England history and theology, the period from circa 1625 to circa 1750, into the field of post-Reformation studies assists one in a more careful examination of the rise and development of Reformed Orthodoxy in New England than has been researched thus far. Secondly, this study offers an initial attempt to fulfill the first consideration by placing Edwards in a broader theological context. Thirdly, reading Edwards against the background of early modern intellectual history offers several areas of unexplored research.
Is There a Unit of Utility?
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 discusses how William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, and Léon Walras addressed the issue of the measurability of utility. The three founders of marginal utility theory identified measurement with unit-based measurement and, accordingly, searched for a unit of utility that could be used to assess utility ratios. The outcomes of this search were diverse and ranged from Jevons’s idea that a unit to measure utility, although not available at present, may become so in the future to Walras’s assertion that although utility cannot be measured, constructing economic theory as if it were measurable is a scientifically legitimate procedure. The final section of the chapter explains why the current notion of cardinal utility is inadequate for understanding the utility theories of Jevons, Menger, and Walras and accordingly contends that the three founders of marginal utility theory were not cardinalists in the modern sense of the term.
Still on the Quest for a Unit
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 moves to the second generation of marginalists and examines how Friedrich von Wieser, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Irving Fisher, and Alfred Marshall conceived of measurement and how they addressed the issue of the measurability of utility. Their respective approaches to utility measurement were highly diverse. Wieser summed the utilities of goods as if they were measurable in terms of some unit. Böhm-Bawerk claimed that individuals can assess utility ratios. Edgeworth suggested the just-perceivable increment of pleasure as a unit to measure utility on the basis of introspection. Fisher proposed adopting a utility unit that could be derived from observable relations between commodities. Marshall took willingness to pay as an indirect measure of utility. Despite the diversity of their approaches, all five economists identified measurement with unit-based measurement. Therefore, just like Jevons, Menger, and Walras, they were also not cardinalists in the current sense of the term.
Marschak and Utility Measurement at Yale
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 14 continues the history of the experimental attempts to measure utility by discussing two further experiments performed at Yale University in the early 1960s, one by Trenery Dolbear and the other by Jacob Marschak in association with Gordon Becker and Morris DeGroot. Like the experiments conducted in the 1950s, these were also based on expected utility theory (EUT) and aimed at measuring the utility of money of individuals on the basis of their preferences between gambles where small amounts of money were at stake. There are some differences in the designs of the experiments of the 1950s and those of the 1960s. Like the experimenters of the 1950s, however, Dolbear, Marschak, Becker, and DeGroot also confidently assessed their experimental findings as validating EUT: the theory was not 100 percent correct, but in an approximate sense, it appeared to be an acceptable descriptive theory of decision-making under risk.
The Methods of Bioethics
Authors: McMillan John
Published: December 2018

Bioethics has made a mistake about its methods, and this has led not only to too much theorizing, but also fragmentation within bioethics. The unhelpful disputes between those who think bioethics needs to be more philosophical, more sociological, more clinical or more empirical, continue. While each of these claims will have some point, they obscure what should be common to all instances of bioethics. Moreover, they provide another phantom that can lead newcomers to bioethics down blind alleyways stalked by bristling sociologists and philosophers. The method common to all bioethics is bringing moral reason to bear upon ethical issues, and it is more accurate and productive to clarify what this involves than to stake out a methodological patch that shows why one discipline is the most important. This book develops an account of the nature of bioethics and then explains how a number of methodological spectres have obstructed bioethics becoming what it should. The final part of this book explains how moral reason can be brought to bear upon practical issues via an ‘empirical, Socratic’ approach.
Four Spectres of Bioethics
Authors: McMillan John
Published: December 2018

Bioethics continues to be frustrated by dubious methodological habits and assumptions that it would be much better off without. This chapter describes four of the five methodological spectres that continue to frustrate bioethics. The first is the ‘moral mantra mistake’, which is the problematic way in which principles can be recited as if their mere utterance justified a moral position. The ‘tedious theory tendency’ refers to the assumption that moral theories are the route by which we can understand how we reason about ethics. Theoretically driven approaches to bioethics overdetermine the answer to an ethical question, so they are like a ‘sausage machine’ that converts a range of substances into a single output. Because of its interdisciplinary nature, there is a tendency for some disciplines to plead that their discipline is fact crucial for bioethics, and that idea is what I call ‘the snooty specialist spectre’.
Empirical, Socratic Bioethics
Authors: McMillan John
Published: December 2018

Good bioethics must be empirical in the sense that it engages with actual ethical issues and does so in a way that reflects their nuances. It must also be Socratic in the sense that it develops a moral argument. Armchair ethics is unlikely to have the content and nuance that is required for good bioethics. Without a degree of conceptual sophistication, bioethics is unlikely to make progress with practical normative issues. The two classes of argument in bioethics are ‘making distinctions’ and ‘speculative reason’, which we might also view as Socratic reason. The complexity of the moral issues addressed by bioethics means that it should be conducted with a degree of ‘epistemic humility’ because what we argue about is usually contingent upon a complex set of facts, and these can change quickly.
What Is an Ethical Argument?
Authors: McMillan John
Published: December 2018

Paying attention to the underlying structure of an ethical argument is a good way to make progress when writing in bioethics. While syllogisms might seem an overly abstract way of expressing an ethical argument, they can be a useful way of teasing out the validity and strength of an argument. There are some common forms of argument, and one good starting place is to construct an argument that describes relevant liberties and harms, and considers whether resulting harms might warrant restricting liberty. Questioning the factual claims made to support an argument is a simple and important argumentative strategy. When constructing moral arguments, we should minimize our theoretical assumptions.
What It Is to Reason about Ethics
Authors: McMillan John
Published: December 2018

Sidgwick claimed that if we want to understand the methods of ethics, we should study the methods by which people reach reasoned convictions about morality. This book has explained how speculative reasons and drawing distinctions are the building blocks of moral reason. Of course, moral principles, concepts and theories have some role to play but it should be much more limited than it currently is and is not the most useful thing to teach those new to bioethics. When bioethics draws upon these argumentative strategies and is empirically engaged, then bioethics can give us normative, practical advice about what we should do.
Kafka and Coetzee
Authors: During Simon
Published: December 2018

This chapter contends that J. M. Coetzee’s writing strives to achieve the detached and otherworldly modernism of Franz Kafka but fails to do so because political and ethical beliefs displace what the chapter calls the “Kafka effect,” a form of writing that stands apart from the world and refuses to judge it. The chapter examines three aspects of Coetzee’s work: his spare and minimalist style, his handling of authorial figures, and his turn toward the “reverse Bildungsroman.” Despite Coetzee’s “will to neutrality,” novels like Life and Times of Michael K (1983), The Master of Petersburg (1995), Disgrace (1999), Elizabeth Costello (2003), and Slow Man (2005) ultimately take an ethical turn, in which the style is engaged rather than detached, authorial figures develop sympathy for marginalized groups, and central characters become members of subaltern communities. In other words, Coetzee’s commitment to postcolonialism both complicates and qualifies his commitment to Kafka’s modernism.