bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudo comparativo de complicações durante o uso do aparelho de Herbst com cantiléver e com splint inferior de acrílico removível
Authors: Moro Alexandre , Janson Guilherme , Moresca Ricardo , Freitas Marcos Roberto de , Henriques José Fernando Castanha
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: verificar e comparar os tipos de complicações durante o tratamento com o aparelho de Herbst com cantiléver (CBJ) e com splint removível inferior. MÉTODOS: vinte e um pacientes tratados consecutivamente com o CBJ foram comparados a vinte e um pacientes tratados consecutivamente com o aparelho de Herbst com coroas de aço nos primeiros molares superiores e com splint de acrílico inferior removível. A idade inicial média para o grupo com CBJ foi de 12 anos e 3 meses, e para o grupo com splint foi de 11 anos e 3 meses. Ambos os grupos utilizaram o aparelho por um período de 12 meses. A partir da ficha clínica dos pacientes foi realizado um levantamento de ocorrências de complicações acontecidas durante o tratamento com os aparelhos de Herbst. RESULTADOS: o número total de ocorrências de complicações foi de 24 para o grupo com CBJ e de 53 para o grupo com splint. O teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05) demonstrou diferença significativa entre os dois tipos de tratamento em relação ao total de ocorrências de complicações durante o tratamento. A prevalência de pacientes que apresentaram alguma complicação durante o tratamento foi de 66,67% para os pacientes tratados com CBJ, e de 85,71% para os pacientes tratados com splint. CONCLUSÕES: o grupo com CBJ apresentou menor número de complicações durante o tratamento com o aparelho de Herbst. Em ambos os grupos, nenhum paciente apresentou individualmente um grande número de complicações. O aparelho CBJ é preferível ao modelo com splint de acrílico inferior removível, devido à economia de tempo clínico e laboratorial.
Comparação entre a radiografia de cavum e a cefalométrica de perfil na avaliação da nasofaringe e das adenoides por otorrinolaringologistas
Authors: Almeida Rhita Cristina Cunha , Artese Flavia , Carvalho Felipe de Assis Ribeiro , Cunha Rachel Dias , Almeida Marco Antonio de Oliveira
Published: April 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: tanto a radiografia cefalométrica de perfil quanto a de cavum permitem a avaliação do espaço aéreo nasofaríngeo (EAN). Não é rara a solicitação dos otorrinolaringologistas de radiografia de cavum, mesmo o paciente possuindo uma cefalométrica. OBJETIVOS: objetivou-se (a) conhecer quais exames os otorrinolaringologistas solicitam para avaliar o EAN; (b) verificar o conhecimento da cefalométrica por otorrinolaringologistas; (c) comparar a avaliação de otorrinolaringologistas nas duas técnicas radiográficas para a medição e a visualização do EAN e da adenoide; (d) correlacionar os resultados do método de inspeção visual com os da medição de Schulhof. MÉTODOS: foram obtidas, no mesmo dia, radiografias cefalométricas e de cavum de 15 pacientes respiradores bucais. Essas foram cobertas com papel cartão, deixando visível apenas o EAN e adenoides e foram avaliadas por 12 otorrinolaringologistas. Estes respondiam sobre sua familiaridade com a cefalométrica, quais exames solicitam para visualizar EAN e adenoides e se utilizam algum método de medição do grau de obstrução. Avaliavam qual das radiografias apresentava a melhor visualização da adenoide e do EAN, e classificavam o tamanho dos mesmos em pequeno, médio ou grande, através de método visual. RESULTADOS: os resultados demonstraram que todos os otorrinolaringologistas costumam solicitar a radiografia de cavum. Apenas um solicita a cefalométrica, dois estão familiarizados com essa técnica e um utiliza algum método de medição do EAN. A cefalométrica foi preferida por 49,4% dos otorrinolaringologistas, a de cavum por 22,8%, enquanto 27,8% não observaram diferença entre ambas. Foi encontrada baixa correlação entre o método de medição visual e o de Schulhof.
Efeito da amarração em Ortodontia, com ligaduras elastoméricas e de aço inoxidável, na saúde periodontal
Authors: Rodrigues Clotilde Freitas , Sales Lígia de Araújo Ramos , Vitral Robert Willer Farinazzo , Fraga Marcelo Reis , Quintão Cátia Cardoso Abdo
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo avaliou clinicamente as condições periodontais de um grupo teste e um grupo controle utilizando-se os seguintes três sistemas de indexação periodontal: índice de biofilme, índice de sangramento e profundidade de sondagem. MÉTODOS: o grupo teste foi composto por 20 indivíduos com média etária de 13,5 anos, submetido ao tratamento ortodôntico fixo, que recebeu duas formas de ligaduras: a elastomérica e a de aço inoxidável. Os resultados foram comparados entre si e com um grupo controle, sem tratamento ortodôntico, composto de 15 indivíduos com média etária de 15,3 anos. As mensurações foram realizadas previamente ao tratamento ortodôntico (T1) e seis meses após a colocação do aparelho ortodôntico fixo (T2); e, no grupo controle, após seis meses da mensuração inicial (T2). Ambos os grupos foram orientados quanto à higiene bucal, segundo a técnica de Bass, antes do início do tratamento. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os resultados das análises das faces dentárias demonstraram um aumento estatisticamente significativo nos índices de biofilme (P=0,000), sangramento gengival (P=0,000) e profundidade de sondagem (P=0,000), quando T1 e T2 e os grupos foram comparados; entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as ligaduras elastoméricas e de aço inoxidável na avaliação desses índices periodontais.
Potential Synergistic Effects of Cereal Rye Biomass and Soybean Planting Density on Weed Suppression
Authors: Ryan Matthew R. , Mirsky Steven B. , Mortensen David A. , Teasdale John R. , Curran William S.
Published: April 2011

Increasing crop density is a cultural weed management practice that can compliment the use of cover crops for weed suppression. In this research, we created a range of cover crop biomass and soybean densities to assess their weed-suppressive ability alone and in combination. The experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Maryland and Pennsylvania using five levels of cereal rye residue, representing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the ambient level, and five soybean densities ranging from 0 to 74 seeds m−2. Weed biomass decreased with increasing rye residue and weeds were completely suppressed at levels above 1,500 g m−2. Weed biomass also decreased with increasing soybean density in 2 of 4 site–years. We evaluated weed suppression by fitting an exponential decay model of weed biomass as a function of rye biomass and a hyperbolic model of weed biomass as a function of soybean density at each of the five tactic levels. We multiplied these individual tactic models and included an interaction term to test for tactic interactions. In two of the four site-years, the combination of these tactics produced a synergistic interaction that resulted in greater weed suppression than would be predicted by the efficacy of each tactic alone. Our results indicate that increasing soybean planting rate can compensate for lower cereal rye biomass levels when these tactics are combined.
Rapid Evolution of Herbicide Resistance by Low Herbicide Dosages
Authors: Manalil Sudheesh , Busi Roberto , Renton Michael , Powles Stephen B.
Published: April 2011

Herbicide rate cutting is an example of poor use of agrochemicals that can have potential adverse implications due to rapid herbicide resistance evolution. Recent laboratory-level studies have revealed that herbicides at lower-than-recommended rates can result in rapid herbicide resistance evolution in rigid ryegrass populations. However, crop-field-level studies have until now been lacking. In this study, we examined the impact of low rates of diclofop on the evolution of herbicide resistance in a herbicide-susceptible rigid ryegrass population grown either in a field wheat crop or in potted plants maintained in the field. Subsequent dose–response profiles indicated rapid evolution of diclofop resistance in the selected rigid ryegrass lines from both the crop-field and field pot studies. In addition, there was moderate level of resistance in the selected lines against other tested herbicides to which the population has never been exposed. This resistance evolution was possible because low rates of diclofop allowed substantial rigid ryegrass survivors due to the potential in this cross-pollinated species to accumulate all minor herbicide resistance traits present in the population. The practical lesson from this research is that herbicides should be used at the recommended rates that ensure high weed mortality to minimize the likelihood of minor herbicide resistance traits leading to rapid herbicide resistance evolution.
Hydromechanical behaviour of a heterogeneous compacted soil: experimental observations and modelling
Authors: GENS A. , VALLEJáN B. , SáNCHEZ M. , IMBERT C. , VILLAR M.V. , VAN GEET M.
Published: April 2011

The paper describes a theoretical and experimental study of the coupled hydromechanical behaviour of a compacted mixture of bentonite powder and bentonite pellets intended as sealing material in underground repositories for nuclear waste. One of the main advantages of the use of powder/pellets mixtures is the reduction of the compaction effort required to achieve the value of average dry density necessary to attain the required swelling potential. However, the heterogeneous fabric of the material requires special approaches in order to describe adequately its behaviour during hydration. A double porosity formulation is presented to account for the presence of two distinct structural levels in the material. Hydraulic equilibrium between the two porosities is not assumed; instead a water exchange term between them is postulated. The formulation is applied to the modelling of a number of one-dimensional swelling pressure tests performed in the CEA (Commisariat à l'Énergie Atomique, France) and CIEMAT (Spain) laboratories. A very satisfactory quantitative description of the experimental observations is obtained that includes a number of complex behaviour features such as size effects and non-monotonic development of swelling pressures. Some microfabric observations using X-ray tomography and mercury intrusion porosimetry lend support to the conceptual approach adopted. The formulation is then applied to the analysis of a long-term large-scale sealing test performed at the Hades underground facility in Belgium, using the same set of hydraulic and mechanical parameters employed in the modelling of the laboratory tests. Although the field observations exhibit a much higher degree of scatter, the basic behaviour of the field sealing test is satisfactorily simulated. A formulation that incorporates basic features of the microfabric of the mixture is thus able to span successfully over a large range of space and time scales.
Some aspects of the behaviour of compacted soils along wetting paths
Authors: TAIBI S. , FLEUREAU J.M. , ABOU-BEKR N. , ZERHOUNI M.I. , BENCHOUK A. , LACHGUEUR K. , SOULI H.
Published: April 2011

Wetting and oedometric loading tests have been performed on several clayey compacted soils. The results highlight the influence of compaction water content and compaction stress on wetting paths. Comparing the changes in degree of saturation induced by mechanical loading and hydraulic loading (wetting path under null stress), it may be noticed that the oedometric path has an opposite curve of that of the wetting path, due to the fact that the void ratio decreases under constant water content when the stress is increased in one case (compression) and increases with water content in the other (swelling).
Briefing: A strategy for clients for procurement of good health and safety
Authors: Anderson John
Published: April 2011

The author offers a strategy that could be used by client bodies to try to ensure good health and safety performance on their projects.
The Predictive Value of Thrombelastography and Routine Coagulation Tests for Postoperative Blood Loss in Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Ozolina Agnese , Strike Eva , Vanags Indulis
Published: April 2011

The Predictive Value of Thrombelastography and Routine Coagulation Tests for Postoperative Blood Loss in Open Heart Surgery

Introduction. Hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary bypass remains a clinical problem. Aim of the Study. Study was performed to compare efficacy of trombelastography (TEG) and routine coagulation tests in relation for postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery in CPB. Materials and methods. Forty-seven adult cardiac surgical patients were enrolled in prospective study at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital in 2010. Blood samples for prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen level, platelet count were collected before surgery, at admission in intensive care unit (ICU) and 6, 12 hours after operation. Before induction of general anesthesia blood sample was collected to perform kaolin activated TEG (kTEG) and at admission in ICU - kTEG and heparinase- modified kTEG. Results. Correlation postoperatively was between kTEG reaction time (R) and APTT, as well as heparinase-modified kTEG maximum amplitude (MA) and platelet count. Significant correlation with postoperative bleeding showed heparinase-modified kTEG MA on admission to the ICU. The highest predictive value preoperatively showed kTEG alpha angle (A), APTT, platelet count and postoperatively kTEG MA, APTT on admission to ICU. Conclusions. Associated with bleeding are following TEG variables: preoperatively kTEG A, postoperatively kTEG MA and heparinase-modified kTEG MA. APTT and platelet count are also related to postoperative bleeding but to a lesser degree.
Primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
Authors: Yang Zhijun , Wang Bo , Wang Chungcheng , Liu Pinan
Published: April 2011

Object

The authors aim to identify the characteristics of primary spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea and propose a hypothesis for its pathogenesis.

Methods

Between 2003 and 2009, 21 patients diagnosed with primary spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea underwent surgery in the authors' hospital. The clinical aspects were retrospectively reviewed, and their characteristics were analyzed.

Results

There were 18 women and 3 men, whose ages ranged from 37 to 74 years (mean 53 years). Body mass index (BMI) ranged from 22 to 58.8 kg/m2 (mean 31.2 kg/m2). Eighteen patients (85.7%) were overweight, and 18 (85.7%) suffered from headache or tinnitus before rhinorrhea. Radiological images revealed fully or partially empty sellae in 14 patients (66.7%). The preoperative intracranial pressure (ICP) ranged from 11 to 28 cm H2O (mean 17.6 cm H2O), while the postoperative ICP ranged from 21 to 32 cm H2O (mean 25.5 cm H2O, p < 0.01). An endoscopeassisted transnasal approach was chosen for the repair. Postoperatively, in 95.2% of patients a cure was achieved. Rhinorrhea recurred in only 1 patient, and a leakage from a new defect occurred in another patient 4 years after the operation. Both patients underwent additional surgery, which was successful. The follow-up period varied from 5 to 75 months with a mean of 34 months.

Conclusions

All patients had direct or indirect evidence of elevated ICP, most patients presented with symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and most patients were women and obese. Primary spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea may be due to IIH, and it is a rare symptom of IIH. When treating or monitoring these patients during follow-up, ICP should be controlled, and other symptoms of IIH should be noted.
Detection of Uropathogens by Using Chromogenic Media (Hicrome UTI agar), CLED agar and other Conventional Media
Authors: Parveen R , Saha SK , Shamshuzzaman SM , Rashid AL , Chowdhury A , Muazzam N
Published: April 2011

This study was undertaken to find media better than routinely used media in isolation of uropathogens.Three hundred urine samples having pus cells >_ 5/ HPF were enrolled for the study. Comparison of isolation and identification of uropathogens among HiCrome UTI Agar media, 5% Sheep Blood agar & MacConkey agar and CLED agar media were done. Among them 95(31.67%) samples showed single growth, 6 (2%) showed mixed growth and 199 (66.67%) showed no growth. Rate of presumptive identification of organisms in primary culture plate were high in HiCrome UTI agar media. For Escherichia coli, it was 94.20% whereas in CLED agar it was 79.71% and by Blood agar and MacConkey agar media in combination it was 82.61%. All the Enterococcus spp. were identified in HiCrome UTI agar media, 33.33% in CLED agar media but none in Blood agar and MacConkey agar media. Among the mixed growth, 100% organisms were identified on HiCrome UTI Agar media due to distinct colour produced by the different organisms, whereas in one (16.67%) sample (mixed Esch.coli and Pseudomonas spp.) organisms were identified on other three media. Key words: UTI; Uropathogen; HiCrome UTI Agar media DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v6i1.7411 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2011;6(1): 46-50
Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Zhenqing , Guan Jianjun
Published: April 2011

Cardiac tissue regeneration is an integrated process involving both cells and supporting matrix. Cardiomyocytes and stem cells are utilized to regenerate cardiac tissue. Hydrogels, because of their tissue-like properties, have been used as supporting matrices to deliver cells into infarcted cardiac muscle. Bioactive and biocompatible hydrogels mimicking biochemical and biomechanical microenvironments in native tissue are needed for successful cardiac tissue regeneration. These hydrogels not only retain cells in the infarcted area, but also provide support for restoring myocardial wall stress and cell survival and functioning. Many hydrogels, including natural polymer hydrogels, synthetic polymer hydrogels, and natural/synthetic hybrid hydrogels are employed for cardiac tissue engineering. In this review, types of hydrogels used for cardiac tissue engineering are briefly introduced. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, strategies for cardiac regeneration using hydrogels are reviewed.
Applying Rprop Neural Network for the Prediction of the Mobile Station Location
Authors: Chen Chien-Sheng , Lin Jium-Ming
Published: April 2011

Wireless location is the function used to determine the mobile station (MS) location in a wireless cellular communications system. When it is very hard for the surrounding base stations (BSs) to detect a MS or the measurements contain large errors in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments, then one need to integrate all available heterogeneous measurements to increase the location accuracy. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm that combines both time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival (AOA) measurements to estimate the MS in NLOS environments. The proposed algorithm utilizes the intersections of two circles and two lines, based on the most resilient back-propagation (Rprop) neural network learning technique, to give location estimation of the MS. The traditional Taylor series algorithm (TSA) and the hybrid lines of position algorithm (HLOP) have convergence problems, and even if the measurements are fairly accurate, the performance of these algorithms depends highly on the relative position of the MS and BSs. Different NLOS models were used to evaluate the proposed methods. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can not only preserve the convergence solution, but obtain precise location estimations, even in severe NLOS conditions, particularly when the geometric relationship of the BSs relative to the MS is poor.
Quelle place pour des « produits culturels de masse » dans la classe de français ?
Authors: Prévost Christine
Published: April 2011

La « culture de masse », qui englobe entre autres les œuvres audiovisuelles à succès, n’a certes pas besoin de l’espace de l’école pour se diffuser, et, en tant que pratique privée, se trouve bannie du champ scolaire. Pourtant, nombre de ces productions témoignent d’une filiation avec une « culture commune », même lorsqu’il s’agit avant tout de faire rire, de détourner des codes. Parfois, les plus modestes d’entre elles peuvent aussi inspirer à leur tour des créations singulières. Sous ces deux angles, on tentera de préciser l’intérêt qu’elles peuvent présenter pour construire des compétences de lecteur, ou de spectateur critique : la compétence de juger à sa juste valeur le jeu proposé avec les références patrimoniales, la compétence de construire une Histoire de l’art ouverte, qui prenne en compte le dialogue entre la culture de masse en ces différents médias, et la culture écrite valorisée à l’école.
Hermann Cohen sur le panthéisme. Sens et usages du terme dans sa réception de Spinoza
Authors: Bienenstock Myriam
Published: April 2011

Résumé Les usages du terme de « panthéisme » dans les milieux philosophiques allemands de la fin du xix e et au début du xx e  siècle furent très différents de ceux qui avaient été faits de ce terme dans la première moitié du xix e et au tout début de la carrière de Cohen. Ces différences rendent aussi compte dans une large mesure de la transformation du discours de Cohen sur Spinoza : il se modifie substantiellement, mais beaucoup moins qu’on ne le dit en général.
Sur la réception en France de l'Histoire du matérialisme, par F.A. Lange
Authors: Bonnemaison Marc
Published: April 2011

Résumé Dans la seconde moitié du xix e  siècle, l’essor des sciences de la nature et du matérialisme est tel en Allemagne et en France qu’il impose la nécessité d’une redéfinition de la philosophie. Le livre de F.A. Lange, l’ Histoire du matérialisme , répond à cet impératif. Il favorisa un renouveau du kantisme en Allemagne. Qu’en est-il de sa réception lors de sa parution en France ?
Supplemental Root in a Mandibular First Molar: A Rarity
Authors: Mahajan Poonam , Mahajan Ajay
Published: April 2011

Anatomic variations are common in human dentition. A clear understanding of these variations is very important for success of endodontic treatment. A dentist should be aware of these anatomic variations as this can affect the treatment outcome. A case of endodontic therapy is presented in which inability to locate an anatomically rare supplemental canal of a three rooted mandibular first molar resulted in treatment failure. A 21-year-old female reported with pain and swelling in relation to lower right first molar. An intra oral periapical radiograph revealed 3 roots; the first canal of the mesial root and a canal of one of the distal roots were found to be treated endodontically, which were infraobturated but the canal of the 2nd distal root had not been treated. The radiograph revealed periapical radiolucency and widening of periodontal space. Prior to starting the endodontic treatment the clinician must be aware of the anatomic variations in tooth pulp morphology and also the importance of preoperative radiographs cannot be underscored.
Space-based evaluation of interactions between aerosols and low-level Arctic clouds during the Spring and Summer of 2008
Authors: Tietze K. , Riedi J. , Stohl A. , Garrett T. J.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. This study explores the indirect effects of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols on Arctic clouds by co-locating a combination of MODIS and POLDER cloud products with output from the FLEXPART tracer transport model. During the activities of the International Polar Year for the Spring and Summer of 2008, we find a high sensitivity of Arctic cloud radiative properties to both anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution plumes, particularly at air temperatures near freezing or potential temperatures near 286 K. However, the sensitivity is much lower at both colder and warmer temperatures, possibly due to increases in the wet and dry scavenging of cloud condensation nuclei: the pollution plumes remain but the component that influences Arctic clouds has been removed along transport pathways. The analysis shows that, independent of local temperature, cloud optical depth is approximately four times more sensitive to changes in pollution levels than is cloud effective radius. This suggests that some form of feedback mechanism amplifies the radiative response of Arctic clouds to pollution through changes in cloud liquid water path.
A high volume sampling system for isotope determination of volatile halocarbons and hydrocarbons
Authors: Bahlmann E. , Weinberg I. , Seifert R. , Tubbesing C. , Michaelis W.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. The isotopic composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can provide valuable information on their sources and fate not deducible from mixing ratios alone. In particular the reported carbon stable isotope ratios of chloromethane and bromomethane from different sources cover a δ13C-range of almost 100‰ making isotope ratios a very promising tool for studying the biogeochemistry of these compounds. So far, the determination of the isotopic composition of C1 and C2 halocarbons others than chloromethane is hampered by their low mixing ratios. In order to determine the carbon isotopic composition of C1 and C2 halocarbons with mixing ratios as low as 1 pptv (i) a field suitable cryogenic high volume sampling system and (ii) a chromatographic set up for processing these samples have been developed and validated. The sampling system was tested at two different sampling sites, an urban and a coastal location in Northern Germany. The average δ13C-values for bromomethane at the urban site were −42.9±1.1‰ and agreed well with previously published results. But at the coastal site bromomethane was substantially enriched in 13C by almost 10‰. Less pronounced differences were observed for chlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and chloromethane. We suggest that these differences are related to the turnover of these compounds in ocean surface waters. Furthermore we report first carbon isotope ratios for iodomethane (−53.6‰), bromoform (−13.5‰) and other halocarbons.
Integrated survey of elemental stoichiometry (C, N, P) from the western to eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Pujo-Pay M. , Conan P. , Oriol L. , Cornet-Barthaux V. , Falco C. , Ghiglione J.-F. , Goyet C. , Moutin T. , Prieur L.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. This paper provides an extensive vertical and longitudinal description of the biogeochemistry along an East-West transect of 3000 km across the Mediterranean Sea during summer 2008 (BOUM cruise). During this period of strong stratification, the distribution of nutrients, particulate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) were examined to produce a detailed spatial and vertically extended description of the elemental stoichiometry of the Mediterranean Sea. Surface waters were depleted in nutrients and the thickness of this depleted layer increased towards the East from about 10 m in the Gulf of Lion to more than 100 m in the Levantine basin, with the phosphacline deepening to a greater extent than that for corresponding nitracline and thermocline depths. We used the minimum oxygen concentration through the water column in combination with 2 fixed concentrations of dissolved oxygen to distinguish an intermediate layer (Mineralization Layer; ML) from surface (Biogenic Layer; BL), and deep layers (DL). Whilst each layer was represented by different water masses, this approach allowed us to propose a schematic box-plot representation of the biogeochemical functioning of the two Mediterranean basins. Despite the increasing oligotrophic nature and the degree of P-depletion along the West to East gradient strong similarities were encountered between eastern and western ecosystems. Within the BL, the C:N:P ratios in all pools largely exceeded the Redfield ratios, but surprisingly, the nitrate vs. phosphate ratios in the ML and DL tended towards the canonical Redfield values in both basins. A change in particulate matter composition has been identified by a C increase relative to N and P along the whole water column in the western basin and between BL and ML in the eastern one. Our data showed a noticeable stability of the DOC:DON ratio (12–13) throughout the Mediterranean Sea. This is in good agreement with a P-limitation of microbial activities but in contradiction of the accepted concept that N is recycled faster than C. The western and eastern basins had similar or close biological functioning. Differences come from variability in the allochtonous nutrient sources in terms of quantity and quality, and to the specific hydrodynamic features of the Mediterranean basins.
Targeted Sequencing Using Affymetrix CustomSeq Arrays
Authors: Teekakirikul Polakit , Cox Stephanie , Funke Birgit , Rehm Heidi L.
Published: April 2011

This unit provides a basic protocol for oligo hybridization‐based sequencing technology and resulting data analysis specific to the Affymetrix GeneChip CustomSeq Resequencing Array platform. All steps and critical aspects related to array design, experimental protocols, data management, and base‐calling algorithms are addressed. This unit is particularly appropriate for sequencing targeted regions of the genome of up to 300 kilobases. The basic technology is most suitable for detecting substitution mutations, unless targeted indel probes are added. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 69:7.18.1‐7.18.17 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the NCBI Map Viewer to Browse Genomic Sequence Data
Authors: Wolfsberg Tyra G.
Published: April 2011

This unit includes a basic protocol with an introduction to the Map Viewer, describing how to perform a simple text‐based search of genome annotations to view the genomic context of a gene, navigate along a chromosome, zoom in and out, and change the displayed maps to hide and show information. It also describes some of NCBI's sequence‐analysis tools, which are provided as links from the Map Viewer. The alternate protocols describe different ways to query the genome sequence, and also illustrate additional features of the Map Viewer. Alternate Protocol 1 shows how to perform and interpret the results of a BLAST search against the human genome. Alternate Protocol 2 demonstrates how to retrieve a list of all genes between two STS markers. Finally, Alternate Protocol 3 shows how to find all annotated members of a gene family. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 69:18.5.1‐18.5.25 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Virtual reality anatomy: Is it comparable with traditional methods in the teaching of human forearm musculoskeletal anatomy?
Authors: Codd Anthony M. , Choudhury Bipasha
Published: April 2011

The use of cadavers to teach anatomy is well established, but limitations with this approach have led to the introduction of alternative teaching methods. One such method is the use of three‐dimensional virtual reality computer models. An interactive, three‐dimensional computer model of human forearm anterior compartment musculoskeletal anatomy was produced using the open source 3D imaging program “Blender.” The aim was to evaluate the use of 3D virtual reality when compared with traditional anatomy teaching methods. Three groups were identified from the University of Manchester second year Human Anatomy Research Skills Module class: a “control” group (no prior knowledge of forearm anatomy), a “traditional methods” group (taught using dissection and textbooks), and a “model” group (taught solely using e‐resource). The groups were assessed on anatomy of the forearm by a ten question practical examination. ANOVA analysis showed the model group mean test score to be significantly higher than the control group (mean 7.25 vs. 1.46, P < 0.001) and not significantly different to the traditional methods group (mean 6.87, P > 0.5). Feedback from all users of the e‐resource was positive. Virtual reality anatomy learning can be used to compliment traditional teaching methods effectively. Anat Sci Educ 4:119–125, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
The surgeon and the patient with β-thalassaemia intermedia
Authors: Saad G S Abi , Musallam K M , Taher A T
Published: April 2011

Background

Unlike patients with β-thalassaemia major, where lifelong transfusion and iron chelation therapy are necessary for survival, patients with β-thalassaemia intermedia (TI) generally have a milder course and anaemia. The underlying pathophysiology of the disease still allows several complications to manifest. Surgical management during the course of the disease is common but relevant data from the literature have never been reviewed constructively. This aim of this review was to highlight this clinical entity to the surgeon, and ensure optimal and timely intervention.

Methods

The review was based on potentially relevant studies identified from an electronic search of MEDLINE and PubMed databases. There were no language or publication year restrictions. References in published articles were also reviewed.

Results

Surgical intervention is often essential to ensure optimal control of the associated morbidity in TI. Several general considerations are necessary before surgical intervention with regard to anaemia, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic events and the effects of iron overload. Splenectomy, cholecystectomy, leg ulcers, fractures and extramedullary pseudotumours are the most commonly encountered surgical problems related to TI.

Conclusion

Awareness of TI and its associated morbidity is important so that appropriate preoperative care can occur.
Learning from Directed Evolution: Thermus aquaticus DNA Polymerase Mutants with Translesion Synthesis Activity
Authors: Obeid Samra , Schnur Andreas , Gloeckner Christian , Blatter Nina , Welte Wolfram , Diederichs Kay , Marx Andreas
Published: April 2011

DNA is being constantly damaged by endo‐ and exogenous agents such as reactive oxygen species, chemicals, radioactivity, and ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, DNA is inherently labile, and this can result in, for example, the spontaneous hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond that connects the sugar and the nucleobase moieties in DNA; this results in abasic sites. It has long been obscure how cells achieve DNA synthesis past these lesions, and only recently has it been discovered that several specialized DNA polymerases are involved in translesion synthesis. The underlying mechanisms that render one DNA polymerase competent in translesion synthesis while another DNA polymerase fails are still indistinct. Recently two variants of Taq DNA polymerase that exhibited higher lesion bypass ability than the wild‐type enzyme were identified by directed‐evolution approaches. Strikingly, in both approaches it was independently found that substitution of a single nonpolar amino acid side chain by a cationic side chain increases the capability of translesion synthesis. Here, we combined both mutations in a single enzyme. We found that the KlenTaq DNA polymerase that bore both mutations superseded the wild‐type as well as the respective single mutants in translesion‐bypass proficiency. Further insights in the molecular basis of the detected gain of translesion‐synthesis function were obtained by structural studies of DNA polymerase variants caught in processing canonical and damaged substrates. We found that increased positive charge of the surface potential in the area proximal to the negatively charged substrates promotes translesion synthesis by KlenTaq DNA polymerase, an enzyme that has very limited naturally evolved capability to perform translesion synthesis. Since expanded positively charged surface potential areas are also found in naturally evolved translesion DNA polymerases, our results underscore the impact of charge on the proficiency of naturally evolved translesion DNA polymerases.
ChemInform Abstract: Isothermal Section of the Al—Dy—Ge Ternary System at 673 K.
Authors: Qin Pingli , Xu Zhongping , Qin Zhongli , Li Duanyong , Zeng Lingmin , He Wei
Published: April 2011

The 673 K isothermal section of the phase diagram of the title system is constructed based on powder XRD and SEM results.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Strecker Synthesis of α‐Quaternary α‐Trifluoromethyl Amino Acids.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Gottfried Katharina , Raabe Gerhard
Published: April 2011

Takemoto′s thiourea catalyst is successfully used for the title reaction to obtain α‐amino nitriles with up to 95% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazolecarbaldehydes with 1,2‐Phenylenediamines and 2‐Aminophenols.
Authors: Nayak Maloy , Batra Sanjay
Published: April 2011

The title reaction affords pyrazolo‐fused diazepines and oxazepines via an intermolecular condensation followed by a copper‐catalyzed C—N or C—O coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Aroyloxyaldehydes: Scope and Limitations as Alternatives to α‐Haloaldehydes for NHC‐Catalyzed Redox Transformations.
Authors: Ling Kenneth B. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: April 2011

4‐Nitrobenzoyloxyaldehydes are stable synthetic precursors for N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐promoted redox esterification and cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Conversion of Olefins into α‐Bromo Ketones Using O‐Iodoxybenzoic Acid and Tetraethylammonium Bromide.
Authors: Deshmukh Swapnil S. , Chaudhari Kiran H. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: April 2011

The title reaction proceeds regioselectively under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Stereoinduction in the Acylation of Fully Substituted Enolates: Tandem Reformatsky/Quaternary Claisen Condensations of Silyl Glyoxylates and β‐Lactones.
Authors: Greszler Stephen N. , Malinowski Justin T. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2011

Reformatsky reagents react sequentially with silyl glyoxylates and β‐lactones to give highly functionalized Claisen condensation products.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Terminal Acetylenes.
Authors: Kondo Masataka , Kochi Takuya , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi
Published: April 2011

The process is successfully achieved using QOR to give enol ethers with high (Z)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: (2‐Pyridyl)phenyl Methanol: A New Reagent for Metal‐Free Reduction of Nitro Aromatic Compounds.
Authors: Giomi Donatella , Alfini Renzo , Brandi Alberto
Published: April 2011

The reduction is performed in the presence of methyl acrylate (II) to transform the resulting free amines into β‐amino esters (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Catalytic Oxidation System: Ruthenium Porphyrin and 2,6‐Dichloropyridine N‐Oxide Applied for Alkene Dihydroxylation.
Authors: Hu Wen‐Xiang , Li Pei‐Rong , Jiang Gaoxi , Che Chi‐Ming , Chen Jian
Published: April 2011

By controlling the loadings of the oxidant CPO and the reaction procedures, the alkenes can be converted either to diols (this work), or aldehydes or epoxides in the presence of a single catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones Using Palladium Nanoparticles on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Lee Jae Kwan , Kim Mahn‐Joo
Published: April 2011

The catalytic system is highly reactive and stable for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Carboxylic Acid Esters with RfMgBr: A Convenient Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl Ketones.
Authors: Xue Can , He Guangke , Fu Chunling , Xue Liqin , Lin Zhengyan , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2011

A range of alkenoates (I), alkynoates (IV) and simple carboxylic esters (VI) smoothly react with fluoroalkyl Grignard reagents to give the corresponding fluoroalkyl ketones in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Supported Palladium‐Phosphine Complex: Recyclable Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Chen Wei , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: April 2011

The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for at least ten times without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Reaction for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and 1H‐Imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridines via a Novel Rearrangement of Quinoxalinones and Their Aza‐Analogues when Exposed to 1,2‐Arylenediamines.
Authors: Mamedov Vakhid A. , Zhukova Nataliya A. , Beschastnova Tat'yana N. , Gubaidullin Aidar T. , Balandina Alsu A. , Latypov Shamil K.
Published: April 2011

Recyclization of quinoxalines and aza‐analogues (I) in the presence of o‐phenylenediamines (II) or (V) proceeds smoothly in acidic solution to give 2‐quinoxalinylbenzimidazoles and aza‐analogues (III) and (VI)/(VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Laccase‐Catalyzed Domino Process and Its Application to the Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1H‐benzimidazoles.
Authors: Leutbecher Heiko , Constantin Mihaela‐Anca , Mika Sabine , Conrad Juergen , Beifuss Uwe
Published: April 2011

The one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazoles (III) involves condensation of o‐phenylenediamine with aldehydes, cyclization of the resulting Schiff bases and subsequent laccase‐promoted aerobic oxidation of the intermediate benzimidazoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amination of Benzoxazoles via C—H and C—N Bond Activation: A New Strategy for Using Tertiary Amines as Nitrogen Group Sources.
Authors: Guo Shengmei , Qian Bo , Xie Yinjun , Xia Chungu , Huang Hanmin
Published: April 2011

The presence of the C—H bond α‐to nitrogen in the tertiary amine is crucial for the reaction to proceed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficiently Sonochemical Synthesis of 2‐(N‐Aryl‐sulfonylindol‐3‐yl)‐3‐N‐acyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolines.
Authors: Xu Hui , Che Zhi‐ping , Wang Qin
Published: April 2011

An efficient and rapid method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) under mild conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐cyanopyridine Derivatives Catalyzed by Ytterbium Perfluorooctanoate [Yb(PFO)3]
Authors: Tang Jun , Wang Limin , Yao Yinfang , Zhang Liang , Wang Wenbo
Published: April 2011

The catalyst can be reused for at least 3 times by recycling the filtrate directly.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Ynone with o‐Aminoaryl Compounds: A Michael Addition—Cyclization Approach to 3‐Carbonyl Quinolines.
Authors: Li Hongfeng , Xu Xiaolei , Yang Jingyu , Xie Xin , Huang He , Li Yanzhong
Published: April 2011

An efficient title reaction of ynones with o‐aminoarylaldehydes, o‐aminoarylketones, and o‐aminobenzyl alcohols is developed to yield the target compounds with or without a substituent at the 4‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid Synthesis of Quinoxalines Starting from Ketones.
Authors: Padmavathy K. , Nagendrappa Gopalpur , Geetha K. V.
Published: April 2011

It is demonstrated that α‐hydroxylimino ketones condense rapidly with 1,2‐diaminobenzene under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of a 1,3‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Dihydro‐2H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐2‐one. Application to GW808990 a CRF1 Receptor Antagonist.
Authors: Hayes Jerome F. , Popkin Matthew E.
Published: April 2011

A new five‐step approach to GW808990 (VIII) involves the reaction of iminohydantoin (II) with t‐butyl acetoacetate (III) to generate the fused pyridine core as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Tellurium‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 33. One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Addition—Cyclization of 2‐Iodoanilines with Isoselenocyanates for the Practical Preparation of 2‐Aminobenzoselenazoles.
Authors: Kaname Mamoru , Minoura Mao , Sashida Haruki
Published: April 2011

The ligand‐free reaction provides the target compounds in generally good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Novel Chiral Non‐Racemic Diselenides and Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis.
Authors: Zhao Liwei , Li Zhong , Wirth Thomas
Published: April 2011

Three chiral non‐racemic diselenides are prepared and their corresponding selenium electrophiles are used for the stereoselective functionalization of alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of 2‐(1H‐Benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyluronium Tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) for the Synthesis of Acid Azides.
Authors: Naik Shankar A. , Lalithamba H. S. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: April 2011

The use of TBTU as carboxy activator allows the direct conversion of carboxylic acids including protected α‐amino acids into corresponding acid azides under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐ and (‐)‐Galanthamine.
Authors: Kato Tomoaki , Tanimoto Hiroki , Yamada Hisako , Chida Noritaka
Published: April 2011

A non‐biomimetic synthetic route to optically active galanthamine (I) starts from D‐glucose.
ChemInform Abstract: New Isocourmarin and Phthalide Derivatives from the Rhizomes of Matteuccia orientalis.
Authors: Shao Peng , Zhang Xue , Li Bo , Jiao Wei‐hua , Wu Li‐jun , Yao Xin‐Sheng
Published: April 2011

Five new isocoumarin or phthalide derivatives matteucen A (I) and its enantiomer, matteucen B (II), C (III), and D (IV), are isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Aromaticity, Multiple Antiaromaticity, and Conflicting Aromaticity in Inorganic Systems
Authors: Zubarev Dmitry Yu. , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: April 2011

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Zeolites: Progress, Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Coppens Marc‐Olivier
Published: April 2011

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Innovative Porous SiC‐Based Materials: From Nanoscopic Understandings to Tunable Carriers Serving Catalytic Needs
Authors: Nguyen Patrick , Pham Charlotte
Published: April 2011

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Doping of Metal—Organic Frameworks with Functional Guest Molecules and Nanoparticles
Authors: Schroeder Felicitas , Fischer Roland A.
Published: April 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The C19‐Diterpenoid Alkaloids
Authors: Wang Feng‐Peng , Chen Qiao‐Hong
Published: April 2011

Review: 1100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (N‐Heterocyclic Carbene)—Metal Complexes and Their Application in Catalysis
Authors: Navarro Oscar , Viciu Mihai S.
Published: April 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Organometallic Complexes
Authors: Navarro Oscar
Published: April 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Schmidt Rearrangement Reactions with Alkyl Azides
Authors: Grecian Scott , Aube Jeffrey
Published: April 2011

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nazarov Cyclization
Authors: Fuchter Matthew J.
Published: April 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Amplification and Autocatalysis
Authors: Soai Kenso , Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Shibata Takanori
Published: April 2011

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis Through C—H Activation
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Hansen Joern
Published: April 2011

Review: 290 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Transformations of Some Monoterpene Compounds in Supercritical Lower Alcohols
Authors: Anikeev V. I.
Published: April 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Melting Behavior of Ionic Salts in the Presence of High‐Pressure CO2
Authors: Serbanovic Ana , Petrovski Zeljko , Manic Marina , Marques Carolina S. , Carrera Goncalo V. S. M. , Branco Luis C. , Afonso Carlos A. M. , Nunes da Ponte Manuel
Published: April 2011

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboranylporphyrazines for Anticancer Therapies: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Pietrangeli Daniela , Ristori Sandra , Rosa Angela , Ricciardi Giampaolo
Published: April 2011

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Biogeochemistry and Microbiology of Sulfidic Mine Waste and Bioleaching Dumps and Heaps, and Novel Fe(II)‐Oxidizing Bacteria
Authors: Schippers A. , Breuker A. , Blazejak A. , Bosecker K. , Kock D. , Wright T. L.
Published: April 2011

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Minimally Invasive Cytoselective Radiation Therapy Using Boron Neutron Capture Reaction
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: April 2011

Review: 26 refs.