bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Model of Human Occupation-Based Intervention for Patients with Stroke: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Shinohara Kazuya , Yamada Takashi , Kobayashi Norikazu , Forsyth Kirsty
Published: October 2012

Objective/Background

This study examined a group of people with cerebrovascular accidents who were in a chronic phase in a Health Care Facility for the Elderly in Japan. The model of human occupation (MOHO)-driven occupational therapy (OT) intervention was compared with interventions that were based on other theories, for example, biomechanical and neurodevelopmental frames of reference.

Methods

A total of 36 service users were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (who received MOHO-based OT) or a control group (who received “usual OT”). All the service users were assessed using the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), WHO Quality of Life 26 (QOL-26), MOS-36-Item Short Form Health (SF-36) before and after a 12-week OT intervention.

Results

Based on the results of our study, we found that the experimental group significantly improved in ADL and QOL scores following the MOHO-based OT intervention; in fact, these scores were higher (p < .05) than before the practice. The control group, however, only improved on ADL scores following OT intervention. In addition, when compared with the control group after the interventions, the experimental group had significantly improved (p < .05) scores in the following: ADL, all five domains of QOL-26, and physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health perception, social functioning of SF-36.

Conclusion

The MOHO-based intervention was more effective in the improvement of ADL and QOL than non-MOHO-based intervention.
New insights into desmosome regulation and pemphigus blistering as a desmosome‐remodeling disease
Authors: Kitajima Yasuo
Published: October 2012

Desmosomes in keratinocytes are the most important intercellular adhering junctions that provide structural strength for the epidermis. These junctions are connected directly with desmosomal cadherin proteins. Desmosomal cadherins are divided into four desmogleins (Dsgs), Dsg1–4, and three desmocollins (Dscs), Dsc1–3, all of which are involved in desmosomal adhesion by homo‐ and/or heterophilic binding between Dsgs and Dscs in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. Cadherins are present on the cell surface and anchor keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) to their inner cytoplasmic surface to generate an intracellular KIF‐skeletal scaffold through several associate proteins, including plakoglobin, plakophillin, and desmoplakins. As such, the desmosomal contacts between adjacent cells generate an intercellular KIF scaffold throughout the whole epidermal sheet. However, despite these critical roles in maintaining epidermal adhesion and integrity, desmosomes are not static structures. Rather, they are dynamic units that undergo regular remodeling, i.e., assembly and disassembly, to allow for cell migration within the epidermis in response to outside‐in signaling during epidermal differentiation. Recently, two cell–cell adhesion states controlled by desmosomes have been recognized, including “stable hyperadhesion (Ca2+‐independent)” and “dynamic weak‐adhesion (Ca2+‐dependent)” conditions. These conditions are mutually reversible through cell signaling events involving protein kinase C (PKC) and epidermal growth factor receptor. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous disease caused by anti‐Dsg3 antibodies. Binding of these antibodies to Dsg3 causes endocytosis of Dsg3 from the cell surface and results in the specific depletion of Dsg3 from desmosomes, an event linked to acantholysis in the epidermis. This binding of anti‐Dsg3 antibody to Dsg3 in epidermal keratinocytes activates PKC, to generate the “weak‐adhesion (Ca2+‐dependent)” state of desmosomes. The weak‐adhesion desmosomes appear to be the susceptible desmosomal state and a prerequisite for Dsg3 depletion from desmosomes, pivotal and specific events leading to PV blistering. These observations allow us to propose a concept for pemphigus blistering disorders as a “desmosome‐remodeling impairment disease” involving a mechanism of Dsg3 nonassembly and depletion from desmosomes through PV immunoglobulin G‐activated intracellular signaling events.
MEK and RAF inhibitors for BRAF-mutated cancers
Authors: Belden Sarah , Flaherty Keith T.
Published: October 2012

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many cancers. Under normal physiologic conditions, the RAS–RAF–mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)–mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) signalling cascade interaction is initiated by ligation of a receptor-linked tyrosine kinase by its cognate growth factor. It has been demonstrated in many systems that aberrant autocrine or paracrine stimulation of growth factor receptors is pathogenic in large part because of MAPK activation. As one of the key downstream effector pathways of mutated RAS (KRAS,NRASandHRAS), pharmacologic inhibition of components of the MAPK pathway has been pursued as a means to indirectly inhibit RAS, which remains a technical challenge for direct pharmacologic inhibition. RAF and MEK are the two non-membrane-bound, serine–threonine and tyrosine–threonine kinases, within the pathway that have been most extensively explored as drug targets. The discovery of activating BRAF mutations in cancer clarified which cancer types and subsets of certain cancers are most dependent on activation of the MAPK pathway for growth and survival. Now, with the successful translation of selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors into validated therapies for BRAF mutant melanoma, the field seeks to resolve the role for these agents in cancers harbouring RAS mutations or those driven by aberrant growth factor receptor activation.
Pregnant Māori Smokers’ Perception of Cessation Support and How It Can Be More Helpful
Authors: Glover Marewa , Kira Anette
Published: October 2012

This study aimed to investigate the perception of smoking cessation services and products by pregnant Māori (New Zealand's Indigenous people) smokers and identify how these can be improved. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 60 pregnant Māori smokers. Most of the women (82%) had been advised to stop smoking, but few (21%) felt influenced by the advice. In addition, the women in this study felt that health provider support needed to be more encouraging, understanding and more readily available. Many (78%) had come across smokefree pamphlets, but few had read them. Only four women had been given a booklet specifically aimed at pregnant Māori women. Several women thought that the promotion of smokefree pregnancies needed to be aimed at the whole whānau (extended family). The main conclusions were that motivation to quit could be enhanced by delivery of a clear, consistent and repeated message from multiple sources, backed up with effective, supportive and encouraging services and education resources about risks and smoking cessation options. Primary health care interventions delivering a range of services need to be flexible – for example, by visiting pregnant women in their home – and need to target the whole expectant whānau, instead of focusing on pregnant women in isolation.
Acute Exercise Effects on Craving and Withdrawal Symptoms among Women Attempting to Quit Smoking Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Authors: Harper Therese , Fitzgeorge Lyndsay , Tritter Amelia , Prapavessis Harry
Published: October 2012

Background: Cigarette cravings are one of the most often expressed difficulties related to quitting. The effect of acute exercise on craving and withdrawal symptoms during a pharmacological based smoking cessation intervention is unknown. Methods: Participants included female smokers (n = 178) undertaking the Getting Physical on Cigarettes trial — a 14-week exercise-aided nicotine replacement therapy (NRT, i.e. patch) cessation program. They completed the Shiffman-Jarvik scale immediately before and after the first scheduled exercise session during weeks 5, 11, and 13. The first exercise session (week 5) occurred shortly after participants quit smoking (week 4) and began their 21 mg NRT patch dose. The second and third exercise bout coincided soon after participants stepped down their NRT strength to 14 mg (week 11) and 7 mg (week 13), respectively. Results: Significant reductions in cigarette craving were demonstrated following exercise at all three time points (i.e. week 5, 11, and 13). Significant reductions in psychological and sedation withdrawal symptoms were shown at week 5 and 11, but not at week 13. Significant increases in physical symptoms were found at week 5 and 11, but not week 13. No significant change in appetite was evident at any time point. Conclusions: An acute bout of moderate intensity exercise can alleviate cravings as well as psychological and sedation withdrawal symptoms in quitters during a 14-week exercise-aided NRT smoking cessation program. Promoting exercise among women using NRT is recommended.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Clancy-Smith Julia
Published: October 2012

This special issue originated in a series of conversations two years ago withIJMESeditor Beth Baron regarding the Maghrib's positioning in historical scholarship on the Middle East generally and in our field's flagship journal more specifically. WhileIJMEShas published a number of solo articles devoted to North Africa from a range of disciplines, we concluded that the journal's readers would welcome a corpus of recent work in the historical sciences for the modern period from roughly the late 18th century on. Emphasis upon the modern does not imply that other eras in North Africa's long history have languished for lack of renewed scholarly interest—far from it. The Punic and Roman empires are currently subject to vigorous reinterpretation in order to dismantle dominant colonial and Orientalist interpretations. Moreover, the literature on Muslim Spain and on medieval and early modern North Africa and Iberia, particularly the hotly contested idea ofconvivencia, has gone from artisanal to industrial production in terms of output. The regionalist frame for the special issue admittedly acknowledges a form of geographically informed “otherness,” but it does so in order to question that distinction. And although the call for papers had invited research whose primary (but by no means sole) focus was the peoples, societies, and states in what we now know as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, regrettably no submissions on Tripolitania/Libya were received.
URBAN IDENTITY IN COLONIAL TUNISIA: THEMAQĀMĀTOF SALIH SUWAYSI AL-QAYRAWANI
Authors: Katz Kimberly
Published: October 2012

This article presents a microhistory of an early 20th-century Tunisian intellectual, Salih Suwaysi, within the context of cross-regional (Maghrib–Mashriq) literary and intellectual trends. Analyzing Suwaysi's use of the conventional literary genre ofmaqāmātillustrates his deep understanding of the problems caused by France's occupation of Tunisia and highlights the significance of historical and contemporary urban space for the author. Revitalized during thenahḍaperiod,maqāmātwere employed by writers to address issues and problems facing contemporary society, in contrast to some of the earliermaqāmātthat focused on language and language structure more than on narrative content. Suwaysi followed his eastern Mediterranean, especially Egyptian, contemporaries in turning to this genre to convey his critical commentaries on social, religious, and political life under the French Protectorate in Tunisia.
“HUMANIZE THE CONFLICT”: ALGERIAN HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS AND PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGNS, 1954–62
Authors: Onyedum Jennifer Johnson
Published: October 2012

This article explores the vitally important yet often neglected role of medicine and health care in the conduct of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Using French, Swiss, and recently opened Algerian archival materials, it demonstrates how Algerian nationalists developed a health-service infrastructure that targeted the domestic and international arenas. It argues that they employed the powerful language of health and healing to legitimize their claims for national sovereignty and used medical organizations to win local support, obtain financial and material aid from abroad, and recast themselves as humanitarians to an increasingly sympathetic international audience. This research aims to situate Algerian efforts into a broader history of decolonization and humanitarianism and contributes to rethinking the process through which political claims were made at the end of empire.
Introduction
Authors: Shannon Jonathan H.
Published: October 2012

Scholars of the Middle East and North Africa in all disciplines can learn much about their favored topics of interest through the study of music and related cultural practices. However, professional and often personal limitations have precluded awareness of the rich potential that music offers for analyses of Middle Eastern and North African societies. Typically music and the performing arts have been the purview of specialists in ethnomusicology, anthropology of music, and performance studies. Music and other sonic phenomena have been routinely marginalized if not ignored by scholars in Middle East studies, who, to a surprising extent, have reproduced conservative Muslim opinion regarding music by leaving it out of their analyses. Even the majority of ethnographic texts on the region depict Middle Easterners as living in near silence. When scholars have explored the ways in which music and expressive culture might shed light on their areas of expertise, they have tended to apply the conceptual tools of their home disciplines to the study of music: hence we have the sociology and anthropology of music, the history and politics of music and performance, and so on. Music in these studies remains a (usually passive) expression of more fundamental forces, reproducing the marginal position that music, and the arts in general, typically enjoy in Western societies—at best serving as an analytic tool but too seldom understood as an agent itself.
Listening to Discourses of Ethics and Aesthetics
Authors: Witulski Christopher
Published: October 2012

Music, as sound, physically and figuratively transcends previously erected or conceptualized boundaries. Artists and listeners each have the ability to aurally extend their values into new spaces, where others hear them. Passions and ideas gain traction through a constant aural negotiation that exists within the music that individuals use to soundtrack their public and private lives. As argued by the contributors to this roundtable, music both resides within the larger societal and cultural constellations that surround it and helps to shape those dynamics in active ways. Music, as a loosely defined social practice, plays an important role in self-identification. Musical aesthetics provide an avenue through which listeners and performers place themselves within specific social groups. Al-āla and Andalusian genres typically associated with North African elite classes constitute one prominent example that is threaded throughout this roundtable. These social groups are rarely exclusive, however, and musical aesthetics provide a significant set of data through which scholars might read (or, perhaps better put, listen to) the dynamic nature of social institutions and the cultural formations that mold them.
Technology in Modern Moroccan Musical Practices
Authors: Karl Brian
Published: October 2012

The proliferation of technologies in use for popular music in Morocco points to cultural interactions beyond the most local or national influences that inform musical practices there. Examining the integration of technologies from outside Morocco—including musical instruments, recording media, and distribution systems—sheds light on negotiations of novelty and difference in contemporary Moroccan social and political life and thus on multiple facets of how late modernity has played out there. Among other broad areas of significance that musical practices help illuminate are the social and economic effects of colonial and postcolonial interactions, including the development of cash economies, globalized exchange, and cultural tourism; nationalist initiatives to define culture; and large-scale migration to Europe and elsewhere in recent decades, following a longer population shift in 20th-century Morocco from primarily rural locales to burgeoning urban centers.
Sovereign Debt and Regime Type: Reconsidering the Democratic Advantage
Authors: Beaulieu Emily , Cox Gary W. , Saiegh Sebastian
Published: October 2012

The literature exploiting historical data generally supports the democratic advantage thesis, which holds that democracies can sell more bonds on better terms than their authoritarian counterparts. However, studies of more recent—and extensive—data sets find that democracies have received no more favorable bond ratings from credit rating agencies than otherwise similar autocracies; and have been no less prone to default. These findings raise the question: where is the democratic advantage? Our answer is that previous assessments of the democratic advantage have typically (1) ignored the democratic advantage in credit access; (2) failed to account for selection effects; and (3) treated GDP per capita as an exogenous variable, ignoring the many arguments that suggest economic development is endogenous to political institutions. We develop an estimator of how regime type affects credit access and credit ratings analogous to the “reservation wage” model of labor supply and treat GDP per capita as an endogenous variable. Our findings indicate that the democratic advantage in the postwar era has two components: first, better access to credit (most autocracies cannot even enter the international bond markets); and second, better ratings, once propensity to enter the market is controlled and GDP per capita is endogenized.
Unexpected seasonal variation in offspring size and performance in a viviparous ectoparasite
Authors: HÄRKÖNEN LAURA , HURME EIJA , KAITALA ARJA
Published: October 2012

Offspring size and performance in invertebrates often decrease with maternal age or as a response to seasonal environment. In viviparous ectoparasites maternal provision may wholly determine offspring performance outside the host. The viviparous deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), an ectoparasite of cervids, breeds from autumn to spring. We reared deer ked pupae through the reproductive period to investigate whether offspring size and performance vary according to maternal age and offspring environment. We expected that, in autumn, young females would produce the largest offspring to ensure that early-born pupae would survive a long period of winter diapause, and that offspring size would decrease with maternal age and decreasing diapause length. Diapause was associated with a significant weight loss, which reduced survival through post-diapause development. It was thus surprising that the early-born offspring were the smallest, and that size and survival (eventually) increased towards the spring. The variability among offspring in the length of off-host period seems to be an important component of life-history evolution in this ectoparasite, and should be studied further. Unexpected seasonal variation in the offspring size of this blood-feeding ectoparasite may result from changes in female resources due to weakening host condition as the winter progresses.
Upstream-downstream gradient in infection levels by fish parasites: a common river pattern?
Authors: BLASCO-COSTA ISABEL , KOEHLER ANSON V. , MARTIN ALICE , POULIN ROBERT
Published: October 2012

Physical habitat structure can influence the distribution and abundance of organisms. In rivers, stream drift, a common process originating from the unidirectional water flow, favours the displacement and downstream dispersion of invertebrates. This process could also generate a gradient in infection levels, leading to decreasing numbers of parasites per host as one moves upstream from the river mouth. We tested this hypothesis using 4 trematode species infecting the fishGobiomorphus brevicepsin the Manuherikia River (New Zealand). We analysed the abundance of each trematode infrapopulation as a function of distance from the river junction and fish size by generalized linear models. Our results supported the existence of a longitudinal gradient in trematode abundance along the river with a decreasing downstream-to-upstream continuum. This applied to 3 out of the 4 trematode species studied, suggesting that this might be a common pattern in river populations. Thus, the unidirectional river flow and a major process like drift in lotic systems, that influences the dynamics and distribution of invertebrate hosts, can also affect trematodes. Host properties like habitat preference, and parasite traits, particularly those related to transmission mode can influence the strength of the observed gradient, as may other environmental and biotic factors.
Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII transmission among wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs in a conservation unit and surrounding areas, Brazil
Authors: ROCHA FABIANA LOPES , ROQUE ANDRÉ LUIZ RODRIGUES , ARRAIS RICARDO CORASSA , SANTOS JEAN PIERRE , LIMA VALDIRENE DOS SANTOS , XAVIER SAMANTA CRISTINA DAS CHAGAS , CORDEIR-ESTRELA PEDRO , D'ANDREA PAULO SÉRGIO , JANSEN ANA MARIA
Published: October 2012

Aiming to better understand the ecological aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles, wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs were examined for T. cruzi infection in the Serra da Canastra National Park region, Brazil. Isolates were genotyped using mini-exon gene and PCR-RFLP (1f8 and H3) genomic targets. Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was well established in the area and occurred in both wild and peridomestic environments. Dog seroprevalence was 29·4% (63/214) and TcI and TcII genotypes, besides mixed infections were observed. Only TcI was detected in wild mammals. Marsupials displayed lower relative abundance, but a high prevalence of positive haemocultures (4/22), whereas rodents displayed positive haemocultures (9/113) mainly in the abundant Akodon montensis and Cerradomys subflavus species. The felid Leopardus pardalis was the only carnivore to display positive haemoculture and was captured in the same region where the small mammal prevalence of T. cruzi infection was high. Two canid species, Chrysocyon brachyurus and Cerdocyon thous, were serologically positive for T. cruzi infection (4/8 and 8/39, respectively), probably related to their capacity to exploit different ecological niches. Herein, dog infection not only signals T. cruzi transmission but also the genotypes present. Distinct transmission strategies of the T. cruzi genotypes are discussed.
Listening to ‘difficult albums’: specialist music fans and the popular avant-garde
Authors: Atton Chris
Published: October 2012

Difficulty is most often associated, not with popular music, but with the avant-garde. How do popular music listeners listen to albums that present compositional, performance or conceptual elements from the avant-garde? This paper explores where difficulty lies for listeners when they listen to, situate and evaluate albums that sit on the intersection between the popular and the avant-garde. The paper focuses on the online collaborative discourse of readers of a British music magazine (The Word), to explore how, while ‘difficult albums’ might be consideredsui generisand dislocated from the norms of popular music, the aesthetic discourse ofThe Word's readers shows that to engage with difficult albums is to explore how they are able to be connected with a range of musical histories and practices, as well as to multiple personal experiences of popular music.
Siberian punk shall emerge here: Egor Letov and Grazhdanskaia Oborona
Authors: Steinholt Yngvar B.
Published: October 2012

Any study of punk rock in Russia will in some way come into contact with the massive influence of Egor Letov, his band Grazhdanskaia Oborona, and their extensive output during the late 1980s. Academia has thus far been reluctant to study the band because of its leader's involvement with dubious right-wing movements and his many tasteless and provocative media stunts during the 1990s. By taking its point of departure in Letov's songs from four stages of his band's development, this article seeks to shed light on Grazhdanskaia Oborona's contribution to the development of punk in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. When it comes to Letov's extremist views in the latter half of his career it attempts to venture beyond reductionist notions of fascism, into the complex landscape of the paradoxical and often confusing mixture of extreme ideologies that sprang out of the Soviet collapse. It will argue that Letov's work – his songs – come over as a lot less contradictory and ideologically extreme than their author's political stunts would suggest. Their aesthetics and ideology are first and foremost punk.
How the yodel became a joke: the vicissitudes of a musical sign
Authors: Wise Tim
Published: October 2012

Although yodelling has been a part of English-language popular music since the early decades of the 19th century, it lacks prestige in contemporary popular music. This essay charts the change in the yodel's fortunes from its use in the early 19th century as a signifier for ideas relating to a pastoral Golden Age to its present-day association with hillbillies and comic stereotypes. It examines the contexts in which yodelling was most frequently heard in order to elucidate its primary associations and connotations. By examining the changing attitudes towards the ideas associated with yodelling, the essay analyses the gradual decline in the prestige of the yodelled voice.
IMPACT OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY ON OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Authors: Berti Elena , Belotti Laura Maria Beatrice , Cademartiri Filippo , Giovannini Tiziana , De Palma Rossana , Grilli Roberto
Published: October 2012

Objectives: Information on the impact of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) on patterns of care is scarce. In particular, it is not clear if, and to what extent, its adoption actually leads to a reduction in the use of other diagnostics tools. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the adoption of CTCA in Emilia-Romagna (an Italian region with a population of 4.4 million) had any effect on utilization rates of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) and coronary angiography (CA).

Methods: Interrupted time series (ITS) were applied to monthly volumes of MPS and CA tests performed from 2003 to 2010, to assess trends in usage rates for those procedures before and after CTCA was adopted by all the healthcare organizations operating in the region.

Results: After an increase in the first year of CTCA introduction, its use remained stable over the study period. After September 2006, a significant decrease in MPS volumes (31 percent; p < .0001) and a much less tangible decrease in CA volumes (5 percent; p < .0001), were detected by ITS analyses.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the use of CTCA had a greater impact on MPS usage rates than on CA.
Clonal structure ofStaphylococcus aureuscolonizing children with sickle cell anaemia and healthy controls
Authors: SCHAUMBURG F. , BIALLAS B. , ALABI A. S. , GROBUSCH M. P. , FEUGAP E. N. , LELL B. , MELLMANN A. , PETERS G. , KREMSNER P. G. , BECKER K. , ADEGNIKA A. A.
Published: October 2012

Children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) might carry hospital-associated bacterial lineages due to frequent hospital stays and antibiotic treatments. In this study we comparedStaphylococcus aureusfrom SCA patients (n = 73) and healthy children (n = 143) in a cross-sectional study in Gabon.S. aureuscarriage did not differ between children with SCA (n = 34, 46·6%) and controls matched for age, residence and sex (n = 67, 46·9%). Both groups shared similarS. aureusgenotypes. This finding points towards a transmission ofS. aureusbetween both groups in the community. We conclude that resistance rates from population-based studies with healthy participants could therefore also be used to guide treatment and prophylaxis of endogenous infections in children with SCA despite a different selection pressure.
MEMECYLON WAYANADENSE (MELASTOMATACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA
Authors: Sivu A. R. , Narayanan M. K. Ratheesh , Pradeep N. S. , Kumar N. Anil , Pandurangan A. G.
Published: October 2012

Memecylon wayanadense Ratheesh, Sivu & Pradeep, a new species of Melastomataceae from the Wayanad forests of Kerala, India, is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to Memecylon angustifolium, M. rivulare and M. sivadasanii but differs in habit, leaf shape, sclereid type, inflorescence type and position, and the shape and size of the sepals and petals. An UPGMA analysis of 20 RAPD primers resulted in two major clusters with Memecylon sivadasanii in one cluster and M. rivulare, M. angustifolium and M. wayanadense in the second cluster. Memecylon wayanadense forms a subgroup within the second cluster.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF NEOTTIA (ORCHIDACEAE) FROM INDIA
Authors: Bhaumik M.
Published: October 2012

Neottia dihangensis M.Bhaumik and N. confusa M.Bhaumik (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India are described and illustrated.
FIVE RARE GENERA OF EUPHORBIACEAE (SENSU LATO) IN THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: ALPHANDIA, ASHTONIA, BORNEODENDRON, CLADOGYNOS AND TAPOÏDES
Authors: Van Welzen P. C.
Published: October 2012

The Malesian species of five relatively unknown Euphorbiaceous genera are redescribed. Alphandia, Borneodendron, Cladogynos and Tapoïdes, each with one species in Malesia, are part of the Euphorbiaceae in the strict sense; Ashtonia (two species) is presently classified in the Phyllanthaceae. The descriptions have been completed by studying extra material, and high quality drawings are added.
GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUME 69 (2012)
Authors: Editor Journal
Published: October 2012

Note: Main entries are emboldened; * signifies the page range of keywords; pages with illustrations (Fig.), maps, appendices (App.) and reviews (Rev.) are indicated; tables are not annotated separately.
Modeling human newspaper readers: The Fuzzy Believer approach
Authors: KRESTEL RALF , BERGLER SABINE , WITTE RENÉ
Published: October 2012

The growing number of publicly available information sources makes it impossible for individuals to keep track of all the various opinions on one topic. The goal of ourFuzzy Believersystem presented in this paper is to extract and analyze statements of opinion from newspaper articles. Beliefs are modeled using the fuzzy set theory, applied after Natural Language Processing-based information extraction. The Fuzzy Believer models a human agent, deciding what statements to believe or reject based on a range of configurable strategies.
Influence of Cognitive Function on Speech and Articulation Rate in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Rodgers Jonathan D. , Tjaden Kris , Feenaughty Lynda , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Benedict Ralph H. B.
Published: October 2012

We examined cognitive predictors of speech and articulation rate in 50 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 23 healthy controls. We measured speech and articulation rate from audio-recordings of participants reading aloud and talking extemporaneously on a topic of their choice (i.e., self-generated speech). Articulation rate was calculated for each speech sample by removing lexically irrelevant vocalizations and pauses of >200 ms. Speech rate was similarly calculated including pauses. Concurrently, the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) battery, as well as standardized tests of sentence intelligibility and syllable repetition were administered. Analysis of variance showed that MS patients were slower on three of the four rate measures. Greater variance in rate measures was accounted for by cognitive variables for the MS group than controls. An information processing speed composite, as measured by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), was the strongest predictor among cognitive tests. A composite of memory tests related to self-generated speech, above and beyond information processing speed, but not to oral reading. Self-generated speech, in this study, was not found to relate more strongly to cognitive tests than simple reading. Implications for further research are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)
Alexander (Sandy) Morton, 1942–2011
Authors: Lane George
Published: October 2012

If the measure of the man is reflected in the circle of his friends then Sandy Morton is impressively out-size. The turn-out for his memorial service was large and varied and the prevailing mood was warm and pleasingly nostalgic. Sandy would very definitely have enjoyed it. The choice of St George's Church, Bloomsbury was appropriate and fitting as was the relaxed reception later in the British Museum's Islamic Gallery. Sandy's presence could be felt appreciatively basking in the gentle tide of warm reminiscences as friends, family, and colleagues mixed easily and exchanged anecdotes and memories. The mood was light and relaxed and it contrasted with the more respectfully sombre memorial service which had combined hymns, Persian verse and eulogies from his brothers, William and James and colleagues Narguess Farzad and Charles Melville. In St George's the atmosphere was reflective and emotions were heightened. Even Charles Melville's courtly and measured address cracked and stumbled as a particularly poignant memory broke through his famously unflappable façade. Emotional but not oppressively so, the service reminded us of our loss but also informed us of our gains and the many ways Sandy had entered and enriched our lives.
The Origins of the Kalīlah wa Dimnah: Reconsideration in the Light of Sasanian Legal History
Authors: JÁNOS JANY
Published: October 2012

Kalīlah wa Dimnah, a compendium of individual tales and short stories, is a very well-known Middle Eastern literary work. Although it can not match the popularity of the ‘One Thousand and One Nights’, it is nevertheless sufficiently well known to have attracted scholarly interest for decades. As a result, a considerable volume of scholarly writing has been produced regarding its origin and importance.

This article focuses on the origin of one story in the work, the trial of Dimnah. Since the Indian original is missing, accepted wisdom attributes the writing of this story to its first Arabic translator, Ibn al-Muqaffac. Although I do not challenge this view, I argue that there could be an Urtext in Middle Persian which was later rewritten by the famous translator. In what follows, this article provides evidence for this hypothesis from what at first glance might be considered a surprising perspective – Sasanian legal history.
Mongol News: The Akhbār-i Moghulān dar Anbāneh Qutb by Quṭb al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Mas’ūd Shīrāzī
Authors: LANE GEORGE
Published: October 2012

The recent unearthing of this thirteenth century collection of notes pertaining to the political history of the early Ilkhanate has thrown some light on events and attitudes of that time. Though the manuscript was actually penned by Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī of the Rasadkhana in Maragha, it is not certain that he was the author of the work. Rather than comprising one continuous narrative of events, the manuscript is a collection of notes and observations, occasionally detailed but other times very sketchy. However stamped with the seal of the Raba’ al-Rashidi there is evidence that this text was used selectively as a source for Rashīd al-Din's Jama’-ye Tavarikh. What is particularly interesting is that some of the events that are quoted in Rashid al-Dīn's chronicles are only partially reported and it is obvious that for whatever reasons parts of “Shīrāzī's” accounts are omitted in the re-telling.
John Gullick, 1916–2012
Authors: Stockwell A.J.
Published: October 2012

John Michael Gullick (who died at his home in Woodford Green, Essex, on 8 April 2012, aged 96) had careers in the colonial service, business and the law, and was the last in a remarkable line of Malayan scholar-administrators.
“Only the Imam Knows Best” The Maktab-e Tafkīk's Attack on the Legitimacy of Philosophy in Iran
Authors: RIZVI SAJJAD H.
Published: October 2012

Philosophy, as an intellectual discipline emerging from Hellenism, had an ambiguous and disputed role in the theology and apologetics of Islam and continues to be contentious. In this article, I examine the arguments over the legitimacy of philosophy between the philosophical school of Mullā Ṣadrā (d.c. 1635), dominant in the present Shiʿi seminary in Iran, and its detractors in themaktab-i tafkīkwho insist that knowledge of reality and the faith only derives from the teachings of the Shiʿi Imams and cannot be contaminated with Aristotelianism. After an introduction to this fideist school of separating religious and ‘foreign’ sciences, three questions are analysed. What is philosophy? How do we know God? How can we demonstrate the Qurʾanic doctrine of the resurrection of bodies? What emerges is a more radical challenge touṣūlīrationalism than that posed previously from theAkhbāriyyaand their insistence upon aḥadīth-based jurisprudence.
Optoelectronic Properties of InAlN/GaN Distributed Bragg Reflector Heterostructure Examined by Valence Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Eljarrat A. , Estradé S. , Gačević Ž. , Fernández-Garrido S. , Calleja E. , Magén C. , Peiró F.
Published: October 2012

High-resolution monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at subnanometric spatial resolution and <200 meV energy resolution has been used to assess the valence band properties of a distributed Bragg reflector multilayer heterostructure composed of InAlN lattice matched to GaN. This work thoroughly presents the collection of methods and computational tools put together for this task. Among these are zero-loss-peak subtraction and nonlinear fitting tools, and theoretical modeling of the electron scattering distribution. EELS analysis allows retrieval of a great amount of information: indium concentration in the InAlN layers is monitored through the local plasmon energy position and calculated using a bowing parameter version of Vegard Law. Also a dielectric characterization of the InAlN and GaN layers has been performed through Kramers-Kronig analysis of the Valence-EELS data, allowing band gap energy to be measured and an insight on the polytypism of the GaN layers.
On the Use of Simulated Field-Evaporated Specimen Apex Shapes in Atom Probe Tomography Data Reconstruction
Authors: Larson David J. , Geiser Brian P. , Prosa Ty J. , Kelly Thomas F.
Published: October 2012

The ability to accurately reconstruct original spatial positions of field-evaporated ions emitted from a surface is fundamental to the success of atom probe tomography. As such, a clear understanding of the evolution of specimen shape and the resultant ions' trajectories during field evaporation plays an important role in improving reconstruction accuracy. To further this understanding, field-evaporation simulations of a bilayer specimen composed of two materials having an evaporation field difference of 20% were performed. The simulated field-evaporation patterns qualitatively compare favorably with experimental data, which provides confidence in the accuracy of specimen shapes predicted by the simulation. Correlations of known original atom positions with detector hit positions as a function of lateral detector position and evaporated depth were derived from the simulation. These correlations are contrasted with the current state-of-the-art reconstruction method thus outlining limitations of the current methodology. A pair of transformations are defined that take into account field-evaporated specimen shapes, and the resulting radial magnifications, to relate recorded ion positions in detector space to reconstructed atomic positions in specimen space. This novel process, when applied to simulated data, results in approximately a factor of 2 improvement in accuracy for reconstructions of interfaces with unequal fields (most general interfaces). This method is not constrained by the fundamental assumption of a hemispherical specimen shape.
Assessing barriers to trade in the distribution and telecom sectors in emerging countries
Authors: FONTAGNÉ LIONEL , MITARITONNA CRISTINA
Published: October 2012

We compute ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) for the regulation in three service sectors (i.e. fixed telecom, mobile telecom, distribution) applied by selected emerging countries. We start with qualitative information on the restrictions applied by each country in each sector; we apply a multivariate statistical approach to transform this qualitative data into a trade restrictiveness synthetic index (STRI). In a second stage, we estimate the average impact of STRI on price–cost margins. In the third stage, this impact is used to calculate the AVE of the STRI estimated in the first step. It is shown that the STRI has a significant effect on the price–cost margins of the individual firms only when controlled for Regional Trade Agreements and exception to the MFN clause in the considered sector. Lastly, we compute tariff equivalents for the STRIs previously calculated using the estimated impact. More than half our AVEs are larger than 50% and one AVE out of six is above 100%.
Market competition, ownership, payment systems and the performance of health care providers – a panel study among Finnish occupational health services providers
Authors: Kankaanpää Eila , Linnosmaa Ismo , Valtonen Hannu
Published: October 2012

Many health care reforms rely on competition although health care differs in many respects from the assumptions of perfect competition. Finnish occupational health services provide an opportunity to study empirically competition, ownership and payment systems and the performance of providers. In these markets employers (purchasers) choose the provider and prices are market determined. The price regulation of public providers was abolished in 1995. We had data on providers from 1992, 1995, 1997, 2000 and 2004. The unbalanced panel consisted of 1145 providers and 4059 observations. Our results show that in more competitive markets providers in general offered a higher share of medical care compared to preventive services. The association between unit prices and revenues and market environment varied according to the provider type. For-profit providers had lower prices and revenues in markets with numerous providers. The public providers in more competitive regions were more sensitive to react to the abolishment of their price regulation by raising their prices. Employer governed providers had weaker association between unit prices or revenues and competition. The market share of for-profit providers was negatively associated with productivity, which was the only sign of market spillovers we found in our study.
THE SUBFORMULA PROPERTY IN CLASSICAL NATURAL DEDUCTION ESTABLISHED CONSTRUCTIVELY
Authors: SANDQVIST TOR
Published: October 2012

A constructive proof is provided for the claim that classical first-order logic admits of a natural deduction formulation featuring the subformula property.
ARITHMETICAL INTERPRETATIONS AND KRIPKE FRAMES OF PREDICATE MODAL LOGIC OF PROVABILITY
Authors: KURAHASHI TAISHI
Published: October 2012

Solovay proved the arithmetical completeness theorem for the system GL of propositional modal logic of provability. Montagna proved that this completeness does not hold for a natural extension QGL of GL to the predicate modal logic. Let Th(QGL) be the set of all theorems of QGL, Fr(QGL) be the set of all formulas valid in all transitive and conversely well-founded Kripke frames, and let PL(T) be the set of all predicate modal formulas provable in Tfor any arithmetical interpretation. Montagna’s results are described as Th(QGL) ⊊ (Fr(QGL), PL(PA) ⊈ Fr(QGL), and Th(QGL) ⊊ PL(PA).

In this paper, we prove the following three theorems: (1) Fr(QGL) ⊈ PL(T) for any Σ1-sound recursively enumerable extension T of I Σ1, (2) PL(T) ⊈ Fr(QGL) for any recursively enumerable A-theory T extending I Σ1, and (3) Th(QGL) ⊊ Fr(QGL) ∩ PL(T) for any recursively enumerable A-theory T extending I Σ2.

To prove these theorems, we use iterated consistency assertions and nonstandard models of arithmetic, and we improve Artemov’s lemma which is used to prove Vardanyan’s theorem on the Π02-completeness of PL(T).
The origin of Ina: Evidence for inflated lava flows on the Moon
Authors: Garry W. B. , Robinson M. S. , Zimbelman J. R. , Bleacher J. E. , Hawke B. R. , Crumpler L. S. , Braden S. E. , Sato H.
Published: October 2012

Ina is an enigmatic volcanic feature on the Moon known for its irregularly shaped mounds, the origin of which has been debated since the Apollo Missions. Three main units are observed on the floor of the depression (2.9 km across, ≤64 m deep) located at the summit of a low‐shield volcano: irregularly shaped mounds up to 20 m tall, a lower unit 1 to 5 m in relief that surrounds the mounds, and blocky material. Analyses of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images and topography show that features in Ina are morphologically similar to terrestrial inflated lava flows. Comparison of these unusual lunar mounds and possible terrestrial analogs leads us to hypothesize that features in Ina were formed through lava flow inflation processes. While the source of the lava remains unclear, this new model suggests that as the mounds inflated, breakouts along their margins served as sources for surface flows that created the lower morphologic unit. Over time, mass wasting of both morphologic units has exposed fresh surfaces observed in the blocky unit. Ina is different than the terrestrial analogs presented in this study in that the lunar features formed within a depression, no vent sources are observed, and no cracks are observed on the mounds. However, lava flow inflation processes explain many of the morphologic relationships observed in Ina and are proposed to be analogous with inflated lava flows on Earth.
Backward tracking of gas chemistry measurements at Erebus volcano
Authors: Burgisser Alain , Oppenheimer Clive , Alletti Marina , Kyle Philip R. , Scaillet Bruno , Carroll Michael R.
Published: October 2012

Erebus volcano in Antarctica offers an exceptional opportunity to probe the dynamics of degassing – its behavior is characterized by an active lava lake through which sporadic Strombolian eruptions occur. Here, we develop a framework for interpreting contrasting degassing signatures measured at high temporal resolution, which integrates physical scenarios of gas/melt separation into a thermodynamic model that includes new volatile solubility data for Erebus phonolite. In this widely applicable framework, the measured gas compositions are backtracked from surface to depth according to physical templates involving various degrees of separation of gas and melt during ascent. Overall, explosive signatures can be explained by large bubbles (gas slugs) rising slowly in equilibrium from at least 20 bars but at most a few hundred bars in a magmatic column closer to the stagnant end‐member than the convecting end‐member. The span of explosive signatures can be due to various departure depths and/or slug acceleration below a few tens of bars. Results also reveal that explosive gases last equilibrated at temperatures up to 300°C colder than the lake due to rapid gas expansion just prior to bursting. This picture (individual rise of gas and melt batches from a single, potentially very shallow phonolitic source) offers an alternative to the conclusions of previous work based on a similar data set at Erebus, according to which differences between quiescent and explosive gas signatures are due to the decompression of two deep, volatile‐saturated sources that mixed to various degrees (phonolite at 1–3 kbar and basanite at 5–8 kbar).