bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an Autonomous Cleaning Robot with a Hydraulic Manipulator Arm for the Cleaning of Niche Areas of a Ship Hull
Authors: Park Daegil , Han Jong-Boo , Yeu Teakyeong , Cho Su-gil , Kim Seongsoon , Kim Hyungwoo , Lee Yeongjun
Published: May 2023

Fouling organisms reduce a ship’s fuel efficiency and disturb the ecosystem. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and many nations have enacted laws that mandate periodic hull cleaning for removing fouling organisms. However, cleaning niche areas of the ship hull is extremely difficult. Due to their complex shape, applying antifouling paint and cleaning with hull cleaning robots is difficult, but about 80% of fouling organisms are concentrated in the niche areas. To resolve this issue, this research proposes the use of an autonomous cleaning robot with a hydraulic polyarticular robot arm to clean niche areas of the ship hull. This robot can approach niche areas of the ship hull with complex shapes using its polyarticular arm. It was designed to be able to scan the cleaning area, establish a cleaning plan, and clean accordingly. This robot autonomously cleaned a propeller blade, which is a typical niche area of the ship hull, to verify the applicability of this system. The experiment results show that approximately 80% of the biofouling was removed from the hull crevices and 81% of the cleaned biofouling was recovered.
Modified BIC Criterion for Model Selection in Linear Mixed Models
Authors: Lai Hang , Gao Xin
Published: May 2023

Linear mixed-effects models are widely used in applications to analyze clustered, hierarchical, and longitudinal data. Model selection in linear mixed models is more challenging than that of linear models as the parameter vector in a linear mixed model includes both fixed effects and variance component parameters. When selecting the variance components of the random effects, the variance of the random effects must be non-negative and the parameters may lie on the boundary of the parameter space. Therefore, classical model selection methods cannot be directly used to handle this situation. In this article, we propose a modified BIC for model selection with linear mixed-effects models that can solve the case when the variance components are on the boundary of the parameter space. Through the simulation results, we found that the modified BIC performed better than the regular BIC in most cases for linear mixed models. The modified BIC was also applied to a real dataset to choose the most-appropriate model.
The Utility of Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) to Study the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Day Charles A. , Kang Minchul
Published: May 2023

The plasma membrane of mammalian cells is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, including, but not limited to, endocytosis and exocytosis, adhesion and migration, and signaling. The regulation of these processes requires the plasma membrane to be highly organized and dynamic. Much of the plasma membrane organization exists at temporal and spatial scales that cannot be directly observed with fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, approaches that report on the membrane’s physical parameters must often be utilized to infer membrane organization. As discussed here, diffusion measurements are one such approach that has allowed researchers to understand the subresolution organization of the plasma membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (or FRAP) is the most widely accessible method for measuring diffusion in a living cell and has proven to be a powerful tool in cell biology research. Here, we discuss the theoretical underpinnings that allow diffusion measurements to be used in elucidating the organization of the plasma membrane. We also discuss the basic FRAP methodology and the mathematical approaches for deriving quantitative measurements from FRAP recovery curves. FRAP is one of many methods used to measure diffusion in live cell membranes; thus, we compare FRAP with two other popular methods: fluorescence correlation microscopy and single-particle tracking. Lastly, we discuss various plasma membrane organization models developed and tested using diffusion measurements.
A Multi-Frequency Omnidirectional Antenna Based on a Ring-Shaped Structure
Authors: Guo Honglei , Chen Yu , Wu Qiannan , Wang Jianyang , He Yu , Cao Yonghong , Li Mengwei
Published: May 2023

A multi-frequency microstrip antenna loaded with a ring-like structure has been proposed. The radiating patch on the antenna surface consists of three split-ring resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure. The proposed antenna works in six different frequency bands covering 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz and works entirely when connected to 5G NR (FR1, 0.45–3 GHz), 4GLTE (1.6265–1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92–2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Moreover, such antennas also have stable omnidirectional radiation properties across different operating frequency bands. This antenna meets the needs of portable multi-frequency mobile devices and provides a theoretical approach for the development of multi-frequency antennas.
The Use of Microfluidic Platforms with Raman Spectroscopy for Investigating the Co-Precipitation of Metals and Radionuclides in Carbonates
Authors: Poonoosamy Jenna , Kaspor Alexander , Rudin Stefan , Murphy Gabriel L. , Bosbach Dirk , Deissmann Guido
Published: May 2023

In the context of long-term safety assessments of deep geological repositories for radio-active wastes, a rigorous understanding of the retention of radionuclides such as 226Ra due to co-precipitation with carbonate and sulphate minerals is important for a realistic prediction of radionuclide migration behaviour in the repository near and far field. The co-precipitation of 226Ra in sulphate minerals, in particular barite, has been studied experimentally and numerically in detail throughout the last decade to establish the thermodynamic properties and mixing behaviour of its solid solutions over a wide range of temperatures. However, so far, few studies have been dedicated to the incorporation of 226Ra into carbonates, and little is known about the mixing behaviour of 226Ra and calcium carbonate phases such as calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. The aim of the work presented here was to develop and explore innovative microfluidic experiments in combination with in situ Raman spectroscopy that can be used to investigate co-precipitation processes of radionuclides in carbonate minerals, using stable Ba as a chemical analogue for 226Ra in the first step, due to their similar ionic radii. Different microfluidic set-ups were developed to address co-precipitation in bulk solution as well as in confinement or under diffusive flow regimes. It could be shown by XRD and SEM-EDX analyses that high amounts of Ba can be incorporated into the lattice of calcite when formed via an amorphous precursor phase, suggesting that the formation of calcium carbonates can contribute to the retention of 226Ra in the repository environment, which will be verified in future studies using the presented microfluidic platforms.
Vaginal Microbiome in Pregnant Women with and without Short Cervix
Authors: Silvano Angela , Meriggi Niccolò , Renzi Sonia , Seravalli Viola , Torcia Maria Gabriella , Cavalieri Duccio , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria
Published: May 2023

Cervical shortening is a recognised risk factor for pre-term birth. The vaginal microbiome plays an essential role in pregnancy and in maternal and foetal outcomes. We studied the vaginal microbiome in 68 women with singleton gestation and a cervical length ≤25 mm and in 29 pregnant women with a cervix >25 mm in the second or early third trimester. Illumina protocol 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation was used to detail amplified 16SrRNA gene. Statistical analyses were performed in R environment. Firmicutes was the phylum most represented in all pregnant women. The mean relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota was higher in women with a short cervix. Bacterial abundance was higher in women with a normal length cervix compared to the group of women with a short cervix. Nonetheless, a significant enrichment in bacterial taxa poorly represented in vaginal microbiome was observed in the group of women with a short cervix. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, taxa usually found in aerobic vaginitis, were more common in women with a short cervix compared with the control group, while Lactobacillus iners and Bifidobacterium were associated with a normal cervical length. Lactobacillus jensenii and Gardenerella vaginalis were associated with a short cervix.
Breastfeeding-Related Practices in Rural Ethiopia: Colostrum Avoidance
Authors: Olcina Simón M. Ascensión , Rotella Rosita , Soriano Jose M. , Llopis-Gonzalez Agustin , Peraita-Costa Isabel , Morales-Suarez-Varela María
Published: May 2023

The practices of colostrum avoidance and prelacteal feeding, which are common in many developing countries, including Ethiopia, are firmly rooted in ancient traditions. The main objective of this work is to identify the prevalence of colostrum avoidance and study its associated factors among mothers of children aged less than 2 years old in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study on the practice of colostrum avoidance/prelacteal feeding was conducted in a rural community with 114 mothers of children under 2 years old. Our results reflected that colostrum avoidance and prelacteal feeding were practiced by 56.1% of mothers. The percentage of women who started breastfeeding in the first hour after birth, as recommended by the WHO, was 2.6%. Of the women who practiced colostrum avoidance, 67.2% gave birth at home, and 65.6% were attended by relatives. The likelihood of avoiding colostrum increases in mothers who have a lower educational level, who did not receive health care at the time of delivery, who think that colostrum is dirty and dangerous and who did not receive information about breastfeeding from healthcare professionals. The knowledge emanating from this work may be useful in designing new breastfeeding education programs and/or interventions in Ethiopia and other developing countries.
Photomodulation Approaches to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Sarabando Sofia N. , Palmeira Andreia , Sousa Maria Emília , Faustino Maria Amparo F. , Monteiro Carlos J. P.
Published: May 2023

Photopharmacology is an approach that aims to be an alternative to classical chemotherapy. Herein, the different classes of photoswitches and photocleavage compounds and their biological applications are described. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) containing azobenzene moieties (PHOTACs) and photocleavable protecting groups (photocaged PROTACs) are also mentioned. Furthermore, porphyrins are referenced as successful photoactive compounds in a clinical context, such as in the photodynamic therapy of tumours as well as preventing antimicrobial resistance, namely in bacteria. Porphyrins combining photoswitches and photocleavage systems are highlighted, taking advantage of both photopharmacology and photodynamic action. Finally, porphyrins with antibacterial activity are described, taking advantage of the synergistic effect of photodynamic treatment and antibiotic therapy to overcome bacterial resistance.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel MDH Inhibitors Targeting Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Godesi Sreenivasulu , Han Jeong-Ran , Kim Jang-Keun , Kwak Dong-Ik , Lee Joohan , Nada Hossam , Kim Minkyoung , Yang Hyun-A , Im Joo-Young , Ban Hyun Seung , Lee Chang Hoon , Choi Yongseok , Won Misun , Lee Kyeong
Published: May 2023

MDH1 and MDH2 enzymes play an important role in the survival of lung cancer. In this study, a novel series of dual MDH1/2 inhibitors for lung cancer was rationally designed and synthesized, and their SAR was carefully investigated. Among the tested compounds, compound 50 containing a piperidine ring displayed an improved growth inhibition of A549 and H460 lung cancer cell lines compared with LW1497. Compound 50 reduced the total ATP content in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner; it also significantly suppressed the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and the expression of HIF-1α target genes such as GLUT1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compound 50 inhibited HIF-1α-regulated CD73 expression under hypoxia in A549 lung cancer cells. Collectively, these results indicate that compound 50 may pave the way for the development of next-generation dual MDH1/2 inhibitors to target lung cancer.
Physical Properties and pH Environment of Foam Dressing Containing Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract and Gelatin
Authors: Hasatsri Sukhontha , Suthi Jariya , Siriwut Nattaporn , Charoensappakit Onjira
Published: May 2023

Eclipta prostrata (E. prostrata) has several biological activities, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, that improve wound healing. It is well known that physical properties and pH environment are crucial considerations when developing wound dressings containing medicinal plant extracts in order to create an appropriate environment for wound healing. In this study, we prepared a foam dressing containing E. prostrata leaf extract and gelatin. Chemical composition was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pore structure was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physical properties of the dressing, including absorption and dehydration properties, were also evaluated. The chemical properties were measured to determine the pH environment after the dressing was suspended in water. The results revealed that the E. prostrata dressings had a pore structure with an appropriate pore size (313.25 ± 76.51 µm and 383.26 ± 64.45 µm for the E. prostrata A and E. prostrata B dressings, respectively). The E. prostrata B dressings showed a higher percentage of weight increase in the first hour and a faster dehydration rate in the first 4 h. Furthermore, the E. prostrata dressings had a slightly acidic environment (5.28 ± 0.02 and 5.38 ± 0.02 for the E. prostrata A and E. prostrata B dressings at 48 h, respectively).
Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on the Biomarkers (Hydrogen, Methane, SCFA and TMA) and Composition of the Gut Microbiome in Rats
Authors: Ivanova Anastasiia Yu. , Shirokov Ivan V. , Toshchakov Stepan V. , Kozlova Aleksandra D. , Obolenskaya Olga N. , Mariasina Sofia S. , Ivlev Vasily A. , Gartseev Ilya B. , Medvedev Oleg S.
Published: May 2023

The predominant route of administration of drugs with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is administration per os. The bioavailability of CoQ10 is about 2–3%. Prolonged use of CoQ10 to achieve pharmacological effects contributes to the creation of elevated concentrations of CoQ10 in the intestinal lumen. CoQ10 can have an effect on the gut microbiota and the levels of biomarkers it produces. CoQ10 at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day was administered per os to Wistar rats for 21 days. The levels of gut microbiota biomarkers (hydrogen, methane, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and trimethylamine (TMA)) and taxonomic composition were measured twice: before the administration of CoQ10 and at the end of the experiment. Hydrogen and methane levels were measured using the fasting lactulose breath test, fecal and blood SCFA and fecal TMA concentrations were determined by NMR, and 16S sequencing was used to analyze the taxonomic composition. Administration of CoQ10 for 21 days resulted in a 1.83-fold (p = 0.02) increase in hydrogen concentration in the total air sample (exhaled air + flatus), a 63% (p = 0.02) increase in the total concentration of SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) in feces, a 126% increase in butyrate (p = 0.04), a 6.56-fold (p = 0.03) decrease in TMA levels, a 2.4-fold increase in relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Lachnospiraceae AC 2044 group by 7.5 times and a 2.8-fold decrease in relative representation of Helicobacter. The mechanism of antioxidant effect of orally administered CoQ10 can include modification of the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota and increased generation of molecular hydrogen, which is antioxidant by itself. The evoked increase in the level of butyric acid can be followed by protection of the gut barrier function.
Collaterally Sensitive β-Lactam Drugs as an Effective Therapy against the Pre-Existing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Biofilms
Authors: Hashmi Hamna Batool , Farooq Muhammad Asad , Khan Muhammad Hashim , Alshammari Abdulrahman , Aljasham Alanoud T. , Rashid Sheikh Abdur , Khan Nauman Rahim , Hashmi Irum Batool , Badar Muhammad , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: May 2023

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is among the leading causes of nosocomial infections and forms biofilms, which are difficult to eradicate because of their increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is especially true for pre-existing biofilms. The current study focused on evaluating the efficacy of three β-lactam drugs, meropenem, piperacillin, and tazobactam, alone and in combination against the MRSA biofilms. When used individually, none of the drugs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA in a planktonic state. At the same time, the combination of meropenem, piperacillin, and tazobactam showed a 41.7 and 41.3% reduction in planktonic bacterial cell growth, respectively. These drugs were further assessed for biofilm inhibition and removal. The combination of meropenem, piperacillin, and tazobactam caused 44.3% biofilm inhibition, while the rest of the combinations did not show any significant effects. Results also revealed that piperacillin and tazobactam exhibited the best synergy against the pre-formed biofilm of MRSA, with 46% removal. However, adding meropenem to the piperacillin and tazobactam combination showed a slightly reduced activity towards the pre-formed biofilm of MRSA and removed 38.7% of it. Although the mechanism of synergism is not fully understood, our findings suggest that these three β-lactam drugs can be used in combination as very effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of pre-existing MRSA biofilms. The in vivo experiments on the antibiofilm activity of these drugs will pave the way for applying such synergistic combinations to clinics.
Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae) Ethanolic Extract: Low Acute Oral Toxicity and Antinociceptive Activity
Authors: Camara Fabiana Menezes S. , da Conceição Brenda Costa , Cardoso Eloise Karoline S. , Santiago Johan Carlos C. , Albuquerque Carlos Alberto B. , Pereira Washington L. , Monteiro Marta C. , Yoshioka e Silva Consuelo Y. , da Silva Milton Nascimento , Maia Cristiane F. , Fontes-Junior Eneas A.
Published: May 2023

Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae), a native Brazilian tree occurring mainly in the Amazon, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of abscesses (bark) and cancer-like symptoms (leaves). The present study evaluates the safety of its acute oral administration and its effects on nociception and plasma leakage. The chemical constitution of the leaf’s ethanolic extract is determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS. Its acute oral toxicity is evaluated in female rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, evaluating the occurrence of deaths and Hippocratic, behavioral, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes, as well as food and water consumption and weight gain. Antinociceptive activity is evaluated in male mice with acetic-acid-induced peritonitis (APT) and formalin (FT) tests. An open field (OF) test is performed to verify possible interferences in the animals’ consciousness or locomotion. LC-MS analysis shows the presence of 44 compounds classified as phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids and O-glycosylated derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins. No deaths or significant behavioral, histological, or biochemical changes are observed in the toxicity assessment. In nociception tests, M. nobilis extract significantly reduces abdominal contortions in APT, demonstrating selectivity for inflammatory components (FT second phase), not interfering in neuropathic components (FT first phase) or consciousness and locomotion levels in OF. Additionally, M. nobilis extract inhibits plasma acetic-acid-induced leakage. These data demonstrate the low toxicity of M. nobilis ethanolic extract, as well as its effectiveness in modulating inflammatory nociception and plasma leakage, possibly related to the flavonoids and tannins present in its composition.
Evaluation of Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prescribing Habits in Patients with a Positive MRSA Nasal Swab in the Absence of Positive Cultures
Authors: Pelham Madeline , Ganter Madeline , Eudy Joshua , Anderson Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nasal swabs are guideline-recommended de-escalation tools in certain patients with pneumonia. Prior studies have demonstrated reduced anti-MRSA therapy with negative results, but the impact on durations of therapy has been poorly elucidated in patients with positive PCRs. The objective of this review was to evaluate anti-MRSA treatment durations in patients with a positive MRSA PCR in the absence of MRSA growth on culture. This was a single-center, retrospective observational study evaluating 52 hospitalized, adult patients receiving anti-MRSA therapy with positive MRSA PCRs. The overall median duration of anti-MRSA therapy was five days, including a median of four days after PCR results. This was consistent among intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patient populations and in patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Among patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), the median duration of anti-MRSA therapy was seven days, with a median of six days after PCR results. Overall, patients received a median duration of anti-MRSA therapy that would constitute a full treatment course for many respiratory infections, which indicates that providers may equate a positive MRSA nasal PCR with positive culture growth and highlights the need for education on the interpretation of positive tests.
The Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problem of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Dielectric Layer Covered with Graphene
Authors: Smirnov Yury , Tikhov Stanislav
Published: May 2023

The paper focuses on the problem of a monochromatic terahertz TE-polarized wave propagation in a plane dielectric layer filled with a homogeneous isotropic medium; one of the boundaries of the waveguide is covered with a layer of graphene. In fact, the paper aims to find the eigenwaves of the described waveguiding structure. On the one hand, in the study, energy losses both in the dielectric layer and in the graphene layer are neglected; the latter assumption is reasonable in the terahertz range of electromagnetic radiation (on which the paper focuses), where graphene has a strong plasmonic response and much less loss. On the other hand, this study takes into account the significant third-order nonlinearity resulting from the interaction of the electromagnetic wave with the charge carriers in the graphene layer. The paper aims to study the guiding properties of the above structure using primarily an analytical approach. The wave propagation problem is reduced to an eigenvalue problem, where one of the boundary conditions is nonlinear with respect to the sought-for function. The main result of the paper is a dispersion equation allowing for a waveguide of a given thickness to determine a set of its propagation constants and, consequently, a set of its eigenwaves. It is worth noting that the dispersion equation being written in an explicit form can be used to obtain deep qualitative results related to the solvability of the problem and the properties of its solutions. For example, in the paper, the existence of several propagation constants (and, consequently, the eigenwaves) of the studied waveguiding structure is proved under some conditions. Besides studying the problem analytically, the paper presents some numerical results as well. In particular, the presented figures demonstrate how the nonlinearity in graphene affects the propagation constants and eigenwaves, providing the dispersion curves and eigenwaves for nonlinear graphene as well as for the linear one.
One-Step Multifunctionalization of Flax Fabrics for Simultaneous Flame-Retardant and Hydro-Oleophobic Properties Using Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization
Authors: Taibi Jamila , Rouif Sophie , Améduri Bruno , Sonnier Rodolphe , Otazaghine Belkacem
Published: May 2023

This study concerns the one-step radiografting of flax fabrics with phosphonated and fluorinated polymer chains using (meth)acrylic monomers: dimethyl(methacryloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAPC1), 2-(perfluorobutyl)ethyl methacrylate (M4), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (AC6) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate (M8). The multifunctionalization of flax fabrics using a pre-irradiation procedure at 20 and 100 kGy allows simultaneously providing them with flame retardancy and hydro- and oleophobicity properties. The successful grafting of flax fibers is first confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the treated fabrics, the regioselectivity of grafting and the distribution of the fluorine and phosphorus elements are assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The flame retardancy is evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. The hydro- and oleophobicity and water repellency of the treated fabrics is established by contact angle and sliding angle measurements, respectively. The grafting treatment of flax irradiated at 100 KGy, using M8 and MAPC1 monomers (50:50) for 24 h, allows achieving fluorine and phosphorus contents of 8.04 wt% and 0.77 wt%, respectively. The modified fabrics display excellent hydro-oleophobic and flame-retardant properties with water and diiodomethane contact angles of 151° and 131°, respectively, and a large decrease in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) compared to pristine flax (from 230 W/g to 53 W/g). Relevant results are also obtained for M4 and AC6 monomers in combination with MAPC1. For the flame retardancy feature, the presence of fluorinated groups does not disturb the effect of phosphorus.
The Solomonic Districts and the Nimshide Dynasty Administrative System in the Southern Levant
Authors: Lee-Sak Yitzhak
Published: May 2023

Scholars once eagerly claimed that 1 Kgs 4:7–19 contains historical information and represents a reliable source of information on David and Solomon’s administrative system. However, with the idea of a great United Monarchy becoming controversial since the 1990s, some pivotal studies have proposed new dates for this list’s composition, ranging from the 10th, mid-ninth, early eighth, and mid-seventh centuries BCE to even the post-exilic period. This article begins with the premise that 1 Kgs 4:7–19 represents the political reality of a specific time period, which could leave traceable factual evidence. Synthesizing topographical-textual, archaeological, and historical observations of 1 Kgs 4:7–19 to elucidate its likely historical background results in an inference suggesting early eighth century BCE composition during the reigns of Joash and Jeroboam II.
Three-Dimensional Modeling and Non-Invasive Diagnosis of a Huge and Complex Heritage Building: The Patriarchal Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta in Aquileia (Udine, Italy)
Authors: Angelini Andrea , Cozzolino Marilena , Gabrielli Roberto , Gentile Vincenzo , Mauriello Paolo
Published: May 2023

Three-dimensional modeling and non-invasive diagnosis are fundamental prerequisites for planning reliable assessments of the seismic vulnerability, renovation and conservation of heritage buildings. In the case of multi-layered, huge and complex ancient constructions, various problems can be encountered in the early design phases of interventions, among which there is often a lack of an adequate building documentation. Such issues include drawings that are without a metric scale, not detailed, not updated or not reflecting the real situation. In addition, the fragility of these constructions requires an accurate census of every sign of deterioration in order to prepare an ad hoc intervention for the site. As an example, in this paper, the results of a survey regarding the Patriarchal Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta (Aquileia, Italy) are reported. The basilica has a rich history of about two thousand years. in which each era has marked the actual architectural layout with its own culture and art. The result is an intricate association of complementary and/or interdependent elements that make the building very complex. Given the need to obtain accurate documentation, a realistic representation and a simulation of the criticalities of the structure, which previously did not exist or were not sufficiently accurate, a multi-methodological and multi-scale diagnosis was performed. In detail, the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technique was applied to verify the presence of structures still buried under some internal surfaces, and a topographic survey, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and structure for motion (SfM) aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry were integrated for the detailed survey of the entire internal and external macro-structure. The resulting outcome provided the comprehensive information needed for preparing projects for the preservation, management and restoration of the basilica and the buildings connected to it.
NDVI-Based Assessment of Land Degradation Trends in Balochistan, Pakistan, and Analysis of the Drivers
Authors: Chen Xiaoxin , Wang Yongdong , Chen Yusen , Fu Shilin , Zhou Na
Published: May 2023

Land degradation destroys human habitats, and vegetation is a marker reflecting land degradation. In this article, the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, which has a fragile ecological environment, was selected as a typical case to analyze its land degradation over 21 years. Relevant studies that used the NDVI and remote sensing data to monitor land degradation already existed. Based on the data product of MODIS, this study obtained the spatio-temporal trends of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes from 2000 to 2020 using the sen+ Mann–Kendall (MK) test and Hurst index and analyzed the driving factors of land degradation and restoration by employing the multiple stepwise regression method. The residual analysis method was an effective tool for distinguishing between anthropogenic and climatic impacts, given that not all regions have a significant correlation between the NDVI and rainfall. The main climatic drivers of the NDVI were derived based on the Geodetector analysis and stripped of the main climatic factors by residual analysis to explore the influence of anthropogenic factors on the NDVI. The results show the following: (1) Balochistan is dominated by land restoration. Land restoration is mainly dominated by climate as well as both climate and human factors, and land degradation is mainly dominated by climate and human factors. (2) The Geodetector-based study found high correlations between the NDVI and TMP, MAP, AET and PET, complementing most previous residual analyses that considered only precipitation and temperature. In Balochistan, TMP, AET, PET and MAP were the dominant climatic factors affecting the spatial distribution of the NDVI; TMP with MAP and TMP with AET were the main interactive factors in the spatial distribution of the NDVI. (3) The article quantifies the impact of the anthropogenic drivers on land degradation. Human activities positively influenced the NDVI in 91.02% of the area and negatively influenced it in 8.98% of the area. (4) The overall trend of the NDVI was mainly stable, with stronger improvement than degradation, and showed strong persistence. The above findings enrich our understanding of the climatic impacts of land degradation and human impacts in arid or semi-arid regions and provide a scientific basis for ecological engineering to achieve ecological conservation and quality development in Balochistan, Pakistan.
Evaluation of High-Resolution Land Cover Geographical Data for the WRF Model Simulations
Authors: Siewert Jolanta , Kroszczynski Krzysztof
Published: May 2023

Increased computing power has made it possible to run simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model in high spatial resolution. However, running high-resolution simulations requires a higher-detail mapping of landforms, land use, and land cover. Often, higher-resolution data have limited coverage or availability. This paper presents the feasibility of using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) land use and land cover data and alternative high-resolution global coverage land use/land cover (LULC) data from Copernicus Global Land Service Land Cover Map (CGLS-LC100) V2.0 in high-resolution WRF simulations (100 × 100 m). Global LULC data with a resolution of 100 m are particularly relevant for areas not covered by CLC. This paper presents the method developed by the authors for reclassifying land cover data from CGLS-LC100 to MODIS land use classes with defined parameters in the WRF model and describes the procedure for their implementation into the model. The obtained simulation results of the basic meteorological parameters from the WRF simulation using CLC, CGLS-LC100 and default geographical data from MODIS were compared to observations from 13 meteorological stations in the Warsaw area. The research has indicated noticeable changes in the forecasts of temperature, relative humidity wind speed, and direction after using higher-resolution LULC data. The verification results show a significant difference in weather predictions in terms of CLC and CGLS-LC100 LULC data implementation. Due to the fact that better results were obtained for CLC simulations than for CGLS-LC100, it is suggested that CLC data are first used for simulations in numerical weather prediction models and to use CGLS-LC100 data when the area is outside of CLC coverage.
LM2K Model for Hosting an Application Based on Microservices in Multi-Cloud
Authors: Carvalho Juliana , Vieira Dario , Rodrigues Christiano , Trinta Fernando
Published: May 2023

Cloud computing has become a popular delivery model service, offering several advantages. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed when applying the cloud model to specific scenarios. Two of such challenges involve deploying and executing applications across multiple providers, each comprising several services with similar functionalities and different capabilities. Therefore, dealing with application distributions across various providers can be a complex task for a software architect due to the differing characteristics of the application components. Some works have proposed solutions to address the challenges discussed here, but most of them focus on service providers. To facilitate the decision-making process of software architects, we previously presented PacificClouds, an architecture for managing the deployment and execution of applications based on microservices and distributed in a multi-cloud environment. Therefore, in this work, we focus on the challenges of selecting multiple clouds for PacificClouds and choosing providers that best meet the microservices and software architect requirements. We propose a selection model and three approaches to address various scenarios. We evaluate the performance of the approaches and conduct a comparative analysis of them. The results demonstrate their feasibility regarding performance.
Development of Low-Contact-Impedance Dry Electrodes for Electroencephalogram Signal Acquisition
Authors: Damalerio Ramona B. , Lim Ruiqi , Gao Yuan , Zhang Tan-Tan , Cheng Ming-Yuan
Published: May 2023

Dry electroencephalogram (EEG) systems have a short set-up time and require limited skin preparation. However, they tend to require strong electrode-to-skin contact. In this study, dry EEG electrodes with low contact impedance (<150 kΩ) were fabricated by partially embedding a polyimide flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) in polydimethylsiloxane and then casting them in a sensor mold with six symmetrical legs or bumps. Silver–silver chloride paste was used at the exposed tip of each leg or bump that must touch the skin. The use of an FPCB enabled the fabricated electrodes to maintain steady impedance. Two types of dry electrodes were fabricated: flat-disk electrodes for skin with limited hair and multilegged electrodes for common use and for areas with thick hair. Impedance testing was conducted with and without a custom head cap according to the standard 10–20 electrode arrangement. The experimental results indicated that the fabricated electrodes exhibited impedance values between 65 and 120 kΩ. The brain wave patterns acquired with these electrodes were comparable to those acquired using conventional wet electrodes. The fabricated EEG electrodes passed the primary skin irritation tests based on the ISO 10993-10:2010 protocol and the cytotoxicity tests based on the ISO 10993-5:2009 protocol.
External Human–Machine Interfaces for Automated Vehicles in Shared Spaces: A Review of the Human–Computer Interaction Literature
Authors: Brill Sarah , Payre William , Debnath Ashim , Horan Ben , Birrell Stewart
Published: May 2023

Given the rise of automated vehicles from an engineering and technical perspective, there has been increased research interest concerning the Human and Computer Interactions (HCI) between vulnerable road users (VRUs, such as cyclists and pedestrians) and automated vehicles. As with all HCI challenges, clear communication and a common understanding—in this application of shared road usage—is critical in order to reduce conflicts and crashes between the VRUs and automated vehicles. In an effort to solve this communication challenge, various external human–machine interface (eHMI) solutions have been developed and tested across the world. This paper presents a timely critical review of the literature on the communication between automated vehicles and VRUs in shared spaces. Recent developments will be explored and studies analyzing their effectiveness will be presented, including the innovative use of Virtual Reality (VR) for user assessments. This paper provides insight into several gaps in the eHMI literature and directions for future research, including the need to further research eHMI effects on cyclists, investigate the negative effects of eHMIs, and address the technical challenges of eHMI implementation. Furthermore, it has been underlined that there is a lack of research into the use of eHMIs in shared spaces, where the communication and interaction needs differ from conventional roads.
Stakeholder Perceptions about Incorporating Externalities and Vulnerability into Benefit–Cost Analysis Tools for Watershed Flood Risk Mitigation
Authors: Douthat Thomas H. , Akhter Fahmida , Sanderson Rachelle , Penn Jerrod
Published: May 2023

Multi-scalar climate hazards in watersheds and growing consideration regarding equity call for innovation in how agencies evaluate and prioritize mitigation and adaptation projects. Benefit–Cost Analysis (BCA) is one approach that is increasingly being applied to decision-making (i.e., FEMA BCA toolkit), but that has not been applied to watershed and equity-based flood management initiatives. This paper addresses this topic and presents a case study evaluating projects for watershed flood and climate mitigation projects by the Louisiana Watershed Initiative (Louisiana, USA). Through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and practitioners, we found that BCA tool design must be embedded in the program and policy in order to be successfully applied and that equity has not traditionally been a core value of mitigation practice. Even though many stakeholders understand the need for incorporating environmental and social project consequences at a watershed scale, challenges to doing so include inequitable barriers to project design in competitive processes, the complexity of integrating modeling and environmental outcomes data, jurisdictional interests, and the need for better science communication with local decision-makers.
Factors Influencing Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults during COVID-19 in South Korea
Authors: Jung Kyunghwan , Choi Younglae
Published: May 2023

Physical activity and exercise participation among older adults have decreased dramatically because of the physical distancing measures implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, even in the face of unforeseen environmental changes, physical activity and exercise for older adults must be sustainable. This study aimed to identify the influencing physical activity and exercise participation among older adults in 2020 when varying levels of quarantine were in place as a protective measure against the COVID-19 pandemic to build a foundation for sustainable older adult health strategies. We utilized a large-scale dataset from the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans conducted in 2020. Twenty survey questions were used as predictors, and logistic regression and decision tree analyses were utilized to identify influencing factors. Through a logistic regression analysis, 16 factors influencing exercise participation were identified. Additionally, through a decision tree analysis, 7 factors that influence exercise participation and 8 rules were derived through a combination of these factors. According to the results of this study, the use of ICT technologies, such as ‘smartphone or tablet PC’, can be a useful tool to maintain or promote physical activity and exercise by older adults in a situation like the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, physical activity and exercise intervention strategies should be developed with comprehensive consideration of the influencing factors to ensure that physical activity and exercise among older adults can be sustained uninterrupted in the face of unforeseen circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Physicochemical Changes and Microbiome Associations during Vermicomposting of Winery Waste
Authors: Karapantzou Ioanna , Mitropoulou Gregoria , Prapa Ioanna , Papanikolaou Dimitra , Charovas Vasileios , Kourkoutas Yiannis
Published: May 2023

Annually, the wine industry produces high amounts of waste that can be toxic if disposed of without pretreatment. Vermicomposting is an efficient and low-cost method of decomposing organic matter using earthworms under controlled conditions. The organic substrate used in the vermicomposting process affects microbial populations and reflects the dynamics of enzymatic activity, decomposition of organic matter, and nitrogen transformations. However, the microbiome associations during the whole process are still unexplored. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate physicochemical, enzymatic, microbial, and microbiome activities during vermicomposting of winery waste. In this vein, a rectangular vermireactor with Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida earthworms, loaded with winery waste, was used. At the end of the process, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio was decreased, the total nitrogen was increased, the pH was neutralized and excess enzymatic activities were recorded. The bacterial and fungal phyla detected by next-generation sequencing analysis identified Armatimonadetes, Bacteriodetes, Candidatus saccharibacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, and Mucoromycota, respectively. Physicochemical and microbial changes occurring during vermicomposting of winery waste, along with the microbiome diversity at the beginning and end of the process, may lead to a better understanding of winery-waste biotransformation into effective biofertilizer.
Maintaining Symmetry in Optimal and Safe Control of the Ship to Avoid Collisions at Sea
Authors: Lisowski Józef
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study was to make a novel symmetry analysis in relation to the importance of optimizing the ship’s trajectory and safety in situations at sea where there is a risk of collision with other ships. To achieve this, the state constraints in the optimization were formulated as ship domains generated by the neural network. In addition, the use of the Bellman dynamic programming method enabled the effective optimization of the ship’s safe control. The above assumptions were confirmed by the calculations of the optimal and safe ship traffic paths for the two valid agree with COLREGs states of visibility at sea and for different densities of the dynamic programming grid. Practical conclusions from the research were formulated, and a plan for further research on methods of ensuring safety in navigation was outlined.
Emerging Transformations in Material Use and Waste Practices in the Global South: Plastic-Free and Zero Waste in India
Authors: Conlon Katie
Published: May 2023

This study uses a qualitative approach to address limitations and blockages to current plastics reduction via semi-structured interviews with zero waste business practitioners in India. Although they are nascent, India is home to a budding zero waste community that is grappling with how to reduce plastics—via trial and error—and these stakeholders hold insights from lived experience on how plastic reduction can actualize in the Indian subcontinent. This research involved interviewing zero waste businesses and consultants and makers of plastic alternatives in India to understand their experiences with plastic reduction strategies. The key stakeholder interviews reveal key insights for moving forward with plastic reduction initiatives, including challenges faced at government, business, and social levels; considerations regarding plastic waste generation; motivations for starting zero waste businesses and organizations; how it will be possible to operationalize plastic bans in India; appropriate actions for plastic waste reduction; elements that would help India shift into a more circular, regenerative economy; and locally appropriate alternatives to plastics. The discussion further delves into caveats with various alternatives to plastic materials, economic considerations, and characteristics of the zero waste network, and provides next steps for action at the government, business, and civil levels for reducing plastic waste generation in India and minimizing plastic pollution.