bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are categories adjacent?
Authors: HAWKINS JOHN A.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents patterns of adjacency in performance data and in cross-linguistic
grammatical conventions. It is argued that a common principle of processing
efficiency explains both: the more syntactic and semantic relations whose processing
domains are minimized, and the greater the minimization preference in the processing
of each relation, the more adjacency we find. The preferences of performance are
quite systematic and it is suggested that they are ultimately motivated by reductions
in simultaneous processing demands in working memory. The correlations with
patterns of grammatical variation exist because grammars have conventionalized the
adjacency preferences of performance.
The benefits of exile: the case of FLAM
Authors: Kinne Lance
Published: October 2003

When contemplating a return to their country of origin, exiled political opposition groups in Africa must consider the viability of their political reintegration. These considerations, in turn, must be carefully balanced against the benefits derived from life in exile. Using the exiled Mauritanian political opposition group Les Forces de Libération Africaine de Mauritanie (FLAM) as a case study, this essay attempts to identify the benefits of exile, which, in the case of FLAM, outweigh the uncertain benefits of domestic political reintegration. FLAM's presence abroad has facilitated the organisation's membership recruitment and retention and temporarily provided a base for military incursions. More importantly, FLAM's exile status has enhanced its international standing, liberated it from domestic constraints and provided it greater access to Western media and policy-makers.
Capital, power and business associations in the African political economy: a tale of two countries, Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Kraus Jon
Published: October 2003

In this era of neo-liberal capitalist economics in Africa, has organised private capital in the form of business associations (BAs) become more active in public life or developed influence in public policy formation or implementation? This analysis examines the impact of five key factors to explain varying activity levels and influence of BAs in Ghana and Nigeria since independence: levels of capitalist development and hence size of the capitalist class; strength and autonomy of the capitalist class; strength of capitalist ideology; democratic vs. authoritarian rule; and impact of external hegemonic powers and ideologies. The paper finds that Nigeria's BAs are more highly developed, have had higher activity levels, and had more influence, however limited, than Ghana's. Externally generated economic liberalisation has stimulated higher levels of BA activity, but not necessarily the political space for BA autonomy. Political democratisation appears to increase political space, BA access to the state, and policy influence.
‘We Must Run While Others Walk’: popular participation and development crisis in Tanzania, 1961–9
Authors: Jennings Michael
Published: October 2003

The early independence period in Tanzania was not simply an ante-chamber to the post-Arusha Declaration period of Ujamaa. The state undertook to incorporate, for the first time, the people of Tanzania in the formal development planning structures in an attempt to marry national developmental objectives to local needs. Self-help, or ‘nation building’ as it was also known, was an attempt to bring consensus and dialogue to the planning process. The scale of self-help activity unleashed by its formal adoption as part of rural development policy caught the government by surprise, however, and raised fears over the level of control that local government in particular was able to exert over popular efforts in development. The gradual emergence of statism in Tanzania, in place by the end of the decade, was in large part the response of a panicking state, fearing an imminent crisis in its power to direct development policy, and maintain command over scarce resources.
Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets
Authors: Bailey Warren , Truong Lan
Published: October 2003

On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.
Buddhism Unshackled: The Yuan ‘Holy Man’ Tradition and the Nation-State in the Tai World
Authors: Cohen Paul T.
Published: October 2003

Yuan Buddhism is a particular variant of Theravada Buddhism that prevails among the Tai-speaking people of the upper Mekong region. A salient feature of Yuan Buddhism is belief in ‘holy men’ who gain renown for their charismatic attributes and construction of religious monuments. I argue in this article that the modern ‘holy man’ tradition, initiated by the forest monk Khruba Siwichai, is a form of religious revivalism that combines the bodhisattva ideal with sacral kingship. This form of revivalism condemns the modern state for its failure to uphold Buddhist morality, resists state control and fosters visions of utopian Buddhist realms.
As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu, Śiva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation
Authors: Lavy Paul A.
Published: October 2003

Analysis of the earliest sculpture and epigraphy of Southeast Asia reveals contrasting geographic patterns regarding the worship of Hindu deities. During the seventh century, efforts to consolidate political authority by Khmer rulers led to the deployment of Harihara, a god that embodied multiple conceptions of power and could serve as a ready statement of political and religious unification.
Spiochaetopterus nonatoi, a new species of Chaetopteridae (Polychaeta) from Brazil: biogeographical consequences
Authors: Bhaud M.R. , Petti M.A.V.
Published: October 2003

A new species Spiochaetopterus nonatoi is described from the south-eastern coast of Brazil, the type locality being Flamengo Bight, 6-m depth (23°30′S 45°06′W). This species is distinguishable from already erected species of the same genus by the following characteristics: oculate specimens of large size; maximum segments, 197 (N=15); maximum tube length, 45 cm; maximum body length, 20 cm; orange coloration of the fore part (peristomium and segment 1) and of the ventral shield on segments 6–7; shape of the specialized enlarged cutting seta on A4 with an obliquely truncated distal end; this slightly concave section is heart-shaped and clearly asymmetrical; segments B1 and B2 with one lobe on the neuropodia. This additional description in the genus Spiochaetopterus confirms the limited geographical area of each species in this genus. In spite of the probable ability of planktonic larvae of Spiochaetopterus to disseminate throughout the Atlantic Ocean, the benthic adults of each species cover only a limited geographical area. In particular, the stem species S. costarum loses its cosmopolitan character.
Distribution, abundance and recruitment of Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) populations along the central coast of Portugal
Authors: Range P. , Paula J.
Published: October 2003

The distribution, abundance and recruitment of Chthamalus species were studied for one year at two rocky shores on the central coast of Portugal. Chthamalus montagui is the most abundant intertidal barnacle on the Portuguese mainland. Higher abundance of C. montagui was found on the lower levels of the more sheltered shore, which is closer to the influence of the Tagus estuary. Chthamalus stellatus was also present, in very low densities, and always confined to the lower level of the barnacle zone. Chthamalus stellatus was more common at the shore farther away from the estuary, in which exposure to wave action is higher. The metamorphs of C. stellatus settled at the studied shores are considered to be immigrants from other populations, where the density of adults is sufficient for cross-fertilization to occur. Chthamalus spp. recruited almost continuously throughout the year, with a peak between July and September and a gap during February and March. Variations in phytoplanktonic assemblages and temperature may be the main factors controlling the reproductive season of Chthamalus spp. Recruitment was usually stronger on the lower shore levels but extended for a longer period higher on the shore. Seasonalvariations of C. montagui abundance were greater on the lower levels of the more exposed shore. This is probably due to faster growth and higher mortality of barnacle populations occupying the lower shore levels at the more exposed habitats.
Temporal and spatial activity of the key-hole limpet Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the eastern Pacific
Authors: Serra Gianluca , Chelazzi Guido , Castilla Juan C.
Published: October 2003

An automated photographic technique was used to collect quantitative information on the activity patterns of Fissurella crassa under heavy-exposed sea conditions.The activity of this key-hole limpet was confined to nocturnal low tides. Total length of excursions was significantly greater during spring tides than neap tides, as was the maximum distance reached from the refuge. Total duration of excursions and their average speed did not vary significantly according to the spring/neap cycle. While the direction angle of excursions relative to the refuge was not influenced significantly by the spring/neap cycle, the lowest zone within the intertidal was reached by F. crassa during spring low tides only.

Fissurella crassa showed a spatial activity pattern fluctuating intra/inter-individually between a central place foraging and a ranging strategy, with a marked propensity for the former. Looped excursions were characterized by higher speed for the movements away and toward the limpet's refuge, than the movements at maximum distance from the refuge. As the outward and inward branches of looped excursions often overlapped extensively, trail-following is suggested as the main mechanism of orientation used by F. crassa to relocate the refuge.
The influence of flow rate, depth and surface inclination on the density and the distribution of temperate anthozoa
Authors: Bell James J.
Published: October 2003

Current flow regime, bathymetry and substratum angle were found to influence the density and distribution of the following anthozoan species at Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve, Ireland: Corynactis viridis, Alcyonium digitatum, Caryophyllia smithii, Anemonia viridis and Anthopleura ballii. Density variation was found on inclined, vertical and overhanging cliff surfaces for species found on hard substratum (Corynactis viridis, Alcyonium digitatum and Caryophyllia smithii). All species showed significant variation with increasing depth and between sites with different water flow rates.
The diets of Littoraria ardouiniana and L. melanostoma in Hong Kong mangroves
Authors: Lee Olive H.K. , Williams Gray A. , Hyde Kevin D.
Published: October 2003

Littoraria ardouiniana and Littoraria melanostoma are common snails in Hong Kong, living and feeding on mangrove trees. Gut content and stable isotopic analyses were conducted to investigate the littorinid's diets. Gut content analyses revealed these snails ingested bark, epidermal plant cells, fungi, and microalgae, but that broken plant cells were the most abundant food items in the stomach and faecal contents. The gut contents of the two littorinid species, either from the mangrove trees Kandelia candel or Aegiceras corniculatum, were similar and showed little temporal variation throughout the year. Dual stable isotopic analysis, which investigated the δ13C and δ15N values of the littorinids and their potential food items, indicated that these littorinids might feed on mixed diets composed of parts of the mangrove trees and other items available on the trees such as phylloplane fungi, microalgae and cyanobacteria. These epiphytic mangrove littorinids are generalist grazers which graze on the substratum non-selectively as they are constrained on their host trees, and their diets are, therefore, dependent on food availability on the trees themselves.
Temporal and spatial variation in settlement of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in natural and artificial substrata
Authors: Martínez Pilar , Navarrete Sergio A.
Published: October 2003

Settlement of Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae) on natural and artificial substrata was studied between April 1999 and March 2001 at two sites in central Chile; the Las Cruces Marine Reserve and El Quisco Management and Exploited Area. Four different artificial materials were tested in the low intertidal zone during 1999 settlement season to determine their properties as settlement and microhabitat substrata for competent Concholepas larvae. Globular pads made of plastic filaments were identified as the best artificial collectors, exhibiting overall higher settlement rates than rock plots and lower variability among replicates within a given site. Thus, subsequent monitoring of settlement used only these globular pads that were replaced twice monthly. The temporal pattern of settlement was remarkably similar from year to year, starting at the end of austral winter (August–September) and ending in summer (December–January), defining a temporally restricted settlement season. Settlement at two sites within the Marine Reserve of Las Cruces was significantly higher than at sites in El Quisco. However, during the second settlement season, an additional site at El Quisco exhibited settlement rates comparable to those observed at Las Cruces. The results show that Concholepas settlement varies significantly over scales of several hundreds of metres as well as tens of kilometres, probably due to differences in coastal oceanographic conditions.
Diet of a deep-sea fish, Hoplostethus mediterraneus, from the south coast of Portugal
Authors: Pais C.
Published: October 2003

The beryciform fish Hoplostethus mediterraneus is a species discarded from the southern Portuguese coastal fisheries. It is taken as by-catch by deep water trawls, at depths of between 234 m and 618 m. This species is a benthopelagic feeder, preying mainly on crustaceans. The dominant prey species encountered were the euphausid Meganyctiphanes norvegica and the amphipod Anilocra physodes. It seems that H. mediterraneus is an opportunistic rather than a selective feeder.
Isolation of viruses responsible for the demise of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the English Channel
Authors: Wilson William H. , Tarran Glen A. , Schroeder Declan , Cox Michael , Oke Joanne , Malin Gillian
Published: October 2003

This study used analytical flow cytometry (AFC) to monitor the abundance of phytoplankton, coccoliths, bacteria and viruses in a transect that crossed a high reflectance area in the western English Channel. The high reflectance area, observed by satellite, was caused by the demise of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom. Water samples were collected from depth profiles at four stations, one station outside and three stations inside the high reflectance area. Plots of transect data revealed very obvious differences between Station 1, outside, and Stations 2–4, inside the high reflectance area. Inside, concentrations of viruses were higher; E. huxleyi cells were lower; coccoliths were higher; bacteria were higher and virus:bacteria ratio was lower than at Station 1, outside the high reflectance area. This data can simply be interpreted as virus-induced lysis of E. huxleyi cells in the bloom causing large concentrations of coccoliths to detach, resulting in the high reflectance observed by satellite imagery. This interpretation was supported by the isolation of two viruses, EhV84 and EhV86, from the high reflectance area that lysed cultures of E. huxleyi host strain CCMP1516. Basic characterization revealed that they were lytic viruses approximately 170 nm–190 nm in diameter with an icosahedral symmetry. Taken together, transect and isolation data suggest that viruses were the major contributor to the demise of the E. huxleyi population in the high reflectance area. Close coupling between microalgae, bacteria and viruses contributed to a large organic carbon input. Consequent cycling influenced the succession of an E. huxleyi-dominated population to a more characteristic mixed summer phytoplankton community.
Seasonal variations in the ovaries of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) from western Norway
Authors: Duinker Arne , Nylund Are
Published: October 2003

Changes in weight, histology and visual appearance of ovaries from a field population of Pecten maximus (Pectinidae: Bivalvia) were followed for one year. Ovaries containing fully-grown oocytes were found throughout the year, though the degree of filling varied. Spawning activity of varying intensity occurred from late March to September. Recovery with increase in gonad index followed the spawning in spring, but there were no signs of gonad growth during a stepwise decline in gonad index from June to September. Gonad index increased to a new maximum between October and December. Oogenesis seemed to be active in filled ovaries throughout the year, and no classical resting period with empty gonads was seen. Prior to and during the spring phytoplankton bloom, recruitment of young oocytes appeared inhibited in some ovaries, leading to increased accumulation of large oocytes.
Distribution of wood-boring bivalves in
the Mamanguape River estuary, Paraíba, Brazil
Authors: Leonel Rosa Maria Veiga , Lopes Sonia Godoy B.C. , Aversari Marcos
Published: October 2003

Wood-boring bivalves of the families Teredinidae and Pholadidae are reported for the first time in Paraíba State, north-east Brazil. During one year, molluscs were collected from mangrove tree logs and from wood panels, along a salinity gradient. Four teredinid (Neoteredo reynei, Teredo bartschi, Nausitora fusticula, Bankia fimbriatula) and one pholad species (Martesia striata) were found.
Influence of ambient temperature on diurnal activity of Arabian oryx: Implications for reintroduction site selection
Authors: Seddon Philip J. , Ismail Khairy
Published: October 2003

The distribution of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx had declined markedly by the time European explorers documented distributions, and the species became extinct in the wild by the mid 1970s. Consequently, historical distribution records may be unreliable indicators of current habitat suitability for reintroductions. In this study diurnal behaviour of Arabian oryx was recorded within a central Saudi Arabian reintroduction site. Oryx were less active on warmer days due to an increase in shading (resting in shade) at the expense of feeding time; there was an inverse relationship between temperature and feeding. During hot conditions (maximum ambient temperature >40°C) some individuals spent <2 hours feeding during the day, compared with an average of 4.8 hours during cooler weather. This suggests the importance of shade trees to permit year-round occupancy in reintroduction sites. Selection of sites according to documented historical distribution may focus on tree-less areas, probably formerly part of the winter range. Absence of shade could result in migration out of the reserve, into areas where oryx risk being shot.
High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea
Authors: Ziegler Stefan , Nikolaus Gerhard , Hutterer Rainer
Published: October 2003

This paper presents the results of a mammal survey conducted between 1995 and 1997 in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. Ninety-four species of mammals were recorded in the park area and its environs; 19 of these species were newly recorded or confirmed for Guinea. The fauna of the park includes about 50% of the known mammalian diversity of the country. Among the species found are West African endemics such as the Gambian mongoose Mungos gambianus. The park, although situated in the Guinea savannah belt, includes some remnant forest, which harbours tropical forest mammals such as Thomas's galago Galagoides cf. thomasi, hump-nosed mouse Hybomys planifrons, soft-furred rat Praomys rostratus and flying squirrel Anomalurops sp.. This National Park is a high priority area for the conservation of the vertebrate diversity of West Africa.
Omnipotence and necessary moral perfection: are they compatible?
Authors: MORRISTON WES
Published: October 2003

This paper elaborates and defends an argument for saying that if God is
necessarily good (morally perfect in all possible worlds), then He does not have the
maximum conceivable amount of power and so is not all-powerful. It considers and
rejects several of the best-known attempts to show that necessary moral perfection
is consistent with the requirements of omnipotence, and concludes by suggesting
that a less than all-powerful person might still be the greatest possible being.

Great is your power, and your wisdom is immeasurable.
Psalm 147.5
God's creation of morality
Authors: MAWSON T. J.
Published: October 2003

In this paper, I argue that classical theists should think of God as having created morality. In form, my position largely resembles that defended by Richard Swinburne. However, it differs from his position in content in that it evacuates the category of necessary moral truth of all substance and, having effected this tactical withdrawal, Swinburne's battle lines need to be redrawn. In the first section, I introduce the Euthyphro dilemma. In the second, I argue that if necessary moral truths are seen as analytically/logically so, then, pace Swinburne, they cannot be regarded as substantive principles. Thus, seeing necessary moral truths as analytically/logically necessary and independent of God does not threaten God's power or sovereignty and leaves open the possibility that all value is contingent upon His will. In the third section, I turn to consider how the claim that all value is contingent upon God's will might best be understood, arguing that classical theists will want to commit themselves to a relatively strong form of objectivism about moral value (even though this is not needed in order to solve the Euthyphro dilemma). I then give and defend an account of God's creation of contingent moral truths which coheres with what I argue is the most plausible form of this commitment. In the following section, I argue that this account avoids the charge that God is arbitrary in His choice of values and, finally, I argue that it avoids the charge that God may not be said to be good without vacuity. Thus, I conclude that the Euthyphro dilemma does not threaten classical theism.
The virtue of obedience
Authors: SHAW JOSEPH
Published: October 2003

In this paper I give an account and defence of the thought and practice associated with the notion of obedience in religious ethics, especially in reply to the claim that obedience is necessarily unconscientious. First, I argue that it is conscientious to give weight to commands if they are identifiable as pieces of authoritative advice, or, as theists commonly believe, if they have intrinsic moral force. Second, I argue that a theist's strictly moral reasons for fulfilling obligations are not replaced but reinforced by reasons arising out of a personal relationship with God. Anyone who loves God will want to please God, to act in accordance with His teaching and to avoid His punishment, and theists can do these things by respecting existing moral reasons for action. Third, I show how it can be valuable that people submit to God in further ways, by doing what God commends, and by committing themselves to obeying divine commands which would not otherwise be addressed to them. Finally, I argue that subordinating oneself to God's will is itself a partial attainment of the spiritual ideal of mystical union with God.
Mystical naturalism
Authors: ANGEL LEONARD
Published: October 2003

This paper suggests that an ontologically reductionist view of nature which also accepts the completeness of causality at the level of physics can support (1) the blissful transfiguration of the moral, (2) mystical release from standard ego-identification, and (3) psycho-physical transformation cultivated through meditative practice. This mystical naturalism provides the basis for a thicker, more vigorous institutional religious life, including religious life centred around meditation practices, personalist meanings, and the theology of incarnation, than current proposals for strongly naturalist religions allow.
Colin Baker & Sylvia Prys Jones, Encyclopedia
of bilingualism and bilingual education. Clevedon,
Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1998. Pp. x, 758. £79.00.
[Distrib. in the US by Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia.]
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: October 2003

The authors have compiled a truly impressive amount
of information pertaining to bilingualism and bilingual
education in this single-volume, full-color encyclopedia.
Attractively produced on high-quality paper, the book contains
117 main topics, 390 text boxes, 340 pictures, 35 maps,
98 graphs, and 14 diagrams. There are also a glossary,
a bibliography containing more than 2,000 entries, and
an index. The book is organized into four sections –
“Individual bilingualism,” “Languages
in society,” “Languages in contact in the world”
(with “Language maps of the world”), and “Bilingual
education” – each with many subsections.
Lynn S. Messing & Ruth Campbell (eds.),
Gesture, speech, and sign. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999. Pp. xxv + 227. Hb $85.00.
Authors: Monaghan Leila
Published: October 2003

Lynn Messing and Ruth Campbell's Gesture, speech
and sign provides an interesting overview of the fields
of gesture and sign language research, including work by a number
of the best-known names in the field. The strongest chapters
have fascinating insights from psychology, neuropsychology,
and Deaf studies on the interconnections between language and
gesture. Paul Ekman catalogs different kinds of gestures found
accompanying speech, including “emblems,” or socially
learned gestures with consistent meaning like “the
finger”; “illustrators,” like deictic pointing
gestures; “manipulators,” which include scratching
and fiddling with hair; “regulators,” the gestural
equivalents of the “uh-huhs” and “mmms”
of the attentive listener; and “emotional expressions”
such as smiles and tears.
Pieter Muysken, Bilingual speech: A typology
of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2000. Pp. xvi, 306. Hb $ 59.95.
Authors: Moyer Melissa G.
Published: October 2003

Bilingual speech takes research on code-mixing a step
further toward achieving a better understanding of the differences
in what in the past has been referred to simply as the mixing of
two languages in the sentence (or intrasentential code-switching).
In addition, Muysken presents the state of the discipline of language
contact in the year 2000 from the perspective of the grammar and
structure of language contact phenomena. He brings together and
analyzes an extensive set of language pairs from a wide variety of
communities and social contexts. Good familiarity with such varied
multilingual data provides the author with a strong base on which to
support his three-way classification (insertion,
alternation, and congruent lexicalization)
of code-mixing phenomena at the sentence level.
Selecting next speaker: The context-sensitive operation of
a context-free organization
Authors: LERNER GENE H.
Published: October 2003

This report extends earlier context-free
treatments of turn-taking for conversation by describing the
context-sensitive operation of the principal forms of addressing
employed by current speakers to select next speakers. It first
describes the context-specific limitations of gaze-directional
addressing, and the selective deployment and more-than-addressing
action regularly accomplished by address terms (most centrally,
names). In addition to these explicit methods of addressing,
this report introduces tacit forms of addressing that call on
the innumerable context-specific particulars of circumstance,
content, and composition to select a next speaker.
Yvon Tranvouez, Catholiques et communistes: La crise du progressisme chrétien 1950–1955. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2000. 363 pp., 165 FF.
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2003

In the 1940s, under the combined impact of war, occupation, liberation, and cold war, a series of new departures in the realm of theology, party politics and apostolic missions left a profound imprint on European Catholicism. One of the products of this period of ebullience in European Catholicism was “Christian progressivism,” a tendency arising among the multiple branches of a fledgling Left Catholicism, then in its prime. Christian progressivism emerged out of the creative confluence of Catholic social movements and the communist experience. Nowhere in Western Europe was this phenomenon as prominent as in France.
Greater Britain or Greater Synthesis? Seeley, Mackinder, and Wells on Britain in the global industrial era
Authors: DEUDNEY DANIEL
Published: October 2003

At the zenith of British power at the beginning of the twentieth century there was a widespread recognition that Britain's position in the emerging global industrial inter-state system was increasingly precarious and that widespread adjustments would be needed. One solution, the ‘imperial federalism’ of Seeley and Mackinder, proposed the political integration of the scattered British settler colonies into a ‘Greater Britain’. Alternatively, Wells predicted that Britain would become integated into an Anglo-American ‘greater synthesis’, and that Europe would be unified on ‘Swiss confederal’ rather than German authoritarian lines. These proposals and prophesies were based upon interpretations of the changing material context composed of technology interacting with geography, and were seriously flawed. Extensive debates on these schemes indicate that the range of grand strategic choice was broader than that conceptualized by contemporary realism. The failure of British national integration due to geographic factors and the endurance of the Anglo-American special relationship casts the roles of the nation-state and the Western liberal order in a new perspective.
Between anarchy and tyranny: excellence and the pursuit of power and peace in ancient Greece
Authors: Kokaz Nancy
Published: October 2003

Ancient Greece is not unfamiliar to International Relations scholars. Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War has been especially influential in shaping our understanding of the ancient Greek international system, not only because it is the best historical source available, but also in light of the status it has achieved as the foremost classic of International Relations. Of particular interest to International Relations have been questions concerning the character of the system and the units within it, and how these have affected the dynamics of conflict and co-operation in the international arena. Many find the antecedents of the modern European states-system in the pattern of relations that emerged between the independent city-states of Hellas roughly between the eighth and fourth centuries BC. Like our contemporary international system, the ancient Greek international system was anarchic in the sense that it lacked an overarching common government.
A critique of communitarianism with reference to post-revolutionary Iran
Authors: DALACOURA KATERINA
Published: October 2003

How do the terms ‘community’ and ‘communitarianism’ apply in non-Western contexts? How useful are they as social science terms in understanding Iranian and, generally, Middle Eastern politics? What is the impact of communitarianism as a political project in one of the few countries where it has been tried, namely Iran after the Revolution of 1979? This article seeks answers to these questions as a way of modestly advancing the liberal-communitarian debate in international relations theory. Its argument, built on limited but precise evidence, is that the concept of ‘community’ suffers from irremediable conceptual problems and ambiguities and that the project of communitarianism has pernicious political implications. The critique is in three parts. The first points to the inapplicability of the term ‘community’ to national society and its superfluousness as a social science term, using Iran and the Middle East as testing grounds. The second part develops the anti-essentialist argument on Islam and culture as a way of refuting the essence of ‘community’. The third part is an exposition of the links between ‘community’ as a political project in Iran with ideology, hierarchy and corruption.
Who contextualizes the contextualizers? Disciplinary history and the discourse about IR discourse
Authors: HOLDEN GERARD
Published: October 2003

Recent literature on the disciplinary history of IR has furthered our understanding of aspects of the discipline without specifying its own methods clearly enough. ‘Critical’ or ‘internal discursive’ disciplinary historians have rejected Quentin Skinner's contextual approach to the history of ideas in ways that suggest they have misunderstood it, and have failed to appreciate its potential. Furthermore, ‘critical IR’ itself can and should be subjected to intellectual-historical examination. The article suggests that ‘critical IR’ has been a form of anglophone academic radicalism specific to the late Cold War and early post-Cold War periods, and advocates further comparative work on the history of non-anglophone IR communities.
New worlds for old: the League of Nations in the age of electricity
Authors: PEMBERTON JO-ANNE
Published: October 2003

This article examines representations of the League of Nations as a creature of early twentieth century modernity. In particular it focuses on the propagation of the doctrine of rationalization in that forum from mid-1920s until early 1930s. Rationalization came to signify not only the scientific organization and control of social development, but also world interpenetration in technical, industrial, cultural and political spheres. Conjuring images of a globe crisscrossed by streams of electric energy, League functionaries and devotees spoke of a bright new dawn. Industrial flow would meld the ‘minds of men’. Discussions of globalization today have a similar repertoire of arguments and many of the same linguistic items as of rationalization. In the inter-war period rationalization was held out as the destiny of the world's people, promising both harmonious integration and cultural profusion. Its rapid evaporation from intellectual and public discourse in the face of the crises of the 1930s serves as a warning to those who would weave fantastic tales of globalized tomorrows.
MHD simulations of plasma dynamics in pinch discharges in capillary plasmas
Authors: BOBROVA N.A. , BULANOV S.V. , FARINA D. , POZZOLI R. , RAZINKOVA T.L. , SAKAI J.I. , SASOROV P.V. , SOKOLOV I.V.
Published: October 2003

Magnetohydrodynamic simulation results related to the
capillary discharge dynamics are presented. The main physical
process that should be taken into account is the ablation
of the capillary wall material evaporated by the heat flux
from the capillary plasma. The possible applications of
the capillary discharges related to the physics of the
X-ray lasers and the use of the capillary plasma to provide
a guiding for ultrashort high-intensity laser pulses over
a distance greater than the defocusing length are discussed.
Propagation of an intense short laser pulse in nonuniform plasma
Authors: ABBASI H. , PAJOUH H. HAKIMI , ROUHANI M.R. , TSINTSADZE N.L. , TSKHAKAYA D.D.
Published: October 2003

Propagation of an intense laser pulse in a cold electron-ion
plasma is considered. Starting with the fully relativistic
equations, for pancake-shaped pulses, a one-dimensional
nonlinear Schrodinger equation is derived. It is shown,
in quasi-stationary stage, both localized and cusp solution
exist and relativistic effects cause solitons to move slower
as their amplitude increases. These observations indicate
particle-like behavior for localized solutions.
Nonthermal transition of GaAs in ultra-intense laser radiation
field
Authors: DUMITRICĂ TRAIAN , ALLEN ROLAND E.
Published: October 2003

Using the technique of tight-binding electron–ion dynamics,
we have calculated the response of crystalline GaAs when a
femtosecond laser pulse excites 1–20% of the valence
electrons. Above a threshold fluence, which corresponds to
promotion of about 12% of the valence electrons to the conduction
band, the lattice is destabilized and the band gap collapses
to zero. This result supports the conclusion that structural
changes on a subpicosecond time scale observed in pump-probe
experiments are of a nonthermal nature.
Low energy DTL sections for intense Bi1+ beams
Authors: RATZINGER ULRICH , TIEDE RUDOLF
Published: October 2003

The beam dynamics design of the low energy DTL section of a
fusion driver linac based on the IH-structure is presented.
The acceleration of a 209Bi1+ beam by
an IH-DTL operated at 27 MHz (54 MHz) is investigated for two
specific injection energies at 60 A keV and at 200 A keV, respectively.
Both cases are optimized separately, with the goal to find out the
maximum achievable acceleration gradient, beam current, as well as the
most attractive field strength range of the quadrupole lenses.
Calculations are performed on one beamlet, but the results can
be applied to build up multibeam cavities. H-mode cavities are
very well suited for this purpose and provide high acceleration
efficiency, especially at low particle velocity. In addition,
the “Combined 0° structure” (“Kombinierte
Null Grad Struktur–KONUS”) beam dynamics concept
allows grouping into modular units consisting of short, simple
rf cavities and of multiaperture quadrupole triplet lenses located
in the intertank sections.
Optimal design of CaPaMan (Cassino Parallel Manipulator) with a specified
orientation workspace
Authors: Ottaviano Erika , Ceccarelli Marco
Published: October 2003

CaPaMan (Cassino Parallel Manipulator) is a 3-Degree Of Freedom spatial parallel manipulator that has been designed at the Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics, in Cassino. In this paper we present a formulation for an optimum design for CaPaMan architecture when the orientation workspace is suitably specified.
A stability theory of a manifold: concurrent realization of grasp
and orientation control of an object by a pair of
robot fingers
Authors: Arimoto S. , Tahara K. , Bae J.-H. , Yoshida M.
Published: October 2003

This paper is concerned with a stability theory of motion governed by Lagrange's equation for a pair of multi-degrees of freedom robot fingers with hemi-spherical finger ends grasping a rigid object under rolling contact constraints. When a pair of dual two d.o.f. fingers is used and motion of the overall fingers-object system is confined to a plane, it is shown that the total degree of freedom of the fingers-object system is redundant for realization of stable grasping though there arise four algebraic constraints. To resolve the redundancy problem without introducing any other extra and artificial performance index, a concept of stability of motion starting from a higher dimensional manifold to a lower-dimensional manifold, expressing a set of states of stable grasp with prescribed contact force, is introduced and thereby it is proved in a rigorous way that stable grasp in a dynamic sense is realized by a sensory feedback constructed by means of measurement data of finger joint angles and the rotational angle of the object. Further, it is shown that there exists an additional sensory feedback that realizes not only stable grasp but also orientation control of the object concurrently. Results of computer simulation based on Baumgarte's method are presented, which show the effectiveness of the proposed concept and analysis.
THE ORDINATION OF BIOETHICISTS AS SECULAR MORAL EXPERTS
Authors: Engelhardt H. Tristram
Published: October 2003

The philosophy of medicine cum bioethics has become the socially
recognized source for moral and epistemic direction in health-care
decision-making. Over the last three decades, this field has
been accepted politically as an authorized source of guidance
for policy and law. The field's political actors have included
the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, the President's Commission for the Study
of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research
(hereinafter, “the President's Commission”), the
National Bioethics Advisory Commission, and the new (2001) Council on
Bioethics; these groups and agencies have (or will) set forth rules on
issues ranging from the role of humans in biomedical research to the
production of human embryos for research, the definition of death, and
the permissibility of human cloning. The members of the field are not
just scholars and teachers in an academic realm directed to both
theoretical and applied issues. They are, in addition, practitioners of
a conceptual and moral trade that possesses a legal and political
standing. This essay critically addresses the sudden emergence
of bioethics as a societally recognized source of moral guidance,
a source replete with authorized moral experts. Attention is
directed to moral and conceptual assumptions that have led the
philosophy of medicine, and especially bioethics, to acquire
a quasi-juridical/political role in guiding clinical choices,
framing health-care policy, and directing court holdings.
The influence of the wider kin group on individual life-course transitions: results from the Pays de Herve (Belgium), 1846–1900
Authors: NEVEN MURIEL
Published: October 2003

In this study an attempt is made to examine the influence of kinship on a series of individual transitions and behaviours that mark the life course (marriage, leaving home, out-migration and mortality). Moving beyond a ‘traditional’ view, in which kinship is restricted to the cohabitation group, the study tests both the effects of the household and of the family beyond the household in order to observe their independent, opposite, or complementary actions. All these issues must be considered within the more general context of the ‘nuclear hardship hypothesis’: should family links beyond the unit of cohabitation be taken into account? How far can family support isolated people?
First international workshop on chance discovery
Authors: McBURNEY PETER
Published: October 2003

The first International Workshop on Chance Discovery (CD) was held in the hot-springs resort of Matsue, Shimani Prefecture, Japan, on 22 May 2001, as part of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI-2001). Thirteen presentations were made to the workshop (Ohsawa, 2001), with 25 people attending. The majority of presenters and attendees were from Japan. An edited selection of the papers presented will be included in a volume of papers from the various International Workshops of JSAI-2001, to be published in the Springer series, Advanced Information Processing. A forthcoming special issue of the journal New Generation Computing will also address this topic.
5th European conference on principles of knowledge discovery in databases
Authors: COENEN FRANS
Published: October 2003

1 Opening

PKDD 2001, the 5th European Conference on Principles of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD),
was held in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, this year (Monday 3 to Thursday 7 September), and co-located with the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML 2001). The proceedings comprised two volumes, one for PKDD (De Raedt & Siebes, 2001) and one for ECML (De Raedt & Flach, 2001); and form part of the Springer Lecture Notes on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI) series. The conference was held in the University buildings in the centre of the old town. Freiburg and the surrounding area were for many years part of the Austro-Hungarian empire and thus the university was described to us as being one of the oldest Austrian Universities.
Ontologies and text retrieval
Authors: MAYFIELD JAMES
Published: October 2003

Analogues to much of today's work in ontologies have existed for centuries in text retrieval. The use of controlled vocabularies, or thesauri, has been fundamental to document indexing in library science. Thesauri serve several purposes, including:

[bull ] Knowledge organisation A thesaurus provides
a hierarchy of concepts that organises domain-specific knowledge.

[bull ] Terminology normalisation By
selecting a unique word or phrase to represent each domain
concept, then linking synonymous terms to it, a thesaurus enforces
terminological consistency.

[bull ] Query expansion A thesaurus facilitates the addition of terms
to a query by providing explicit hierarchical and lateral relationships
among terms.

These properties serve to mediate the information flow from indexer to user. Thesauri thus
serve many
of the same functions for people that ontologies are designed to serve for software agents. As
automated retrieval has developed over the decades since the inception of computer processing of text,
many techniques have been introduced to apply this typically manual work to the automated arena (see
Soergel (1985) for an introduction to library information systems, also Anderson and Pélrez-Carballo
(2001a, 2001b) for a summary of the intersection of human and machine indexing).
The Task of Explaining Sight – Helmholtz’s Writings on Vision as a Test Case for Models of Science Popularization
Authors: Schickore Jutta
Published: October 2003

Argument

Studies of Helmholtz’s popular lectures on science have concentrated on reconstructing his vision of the scientific enterprise, of its nature, its benefits, and its “civilizing power.” This paper offers a different perspective by focusing on Helmholtz’s attempts to expose his own scientific work to a wider public. Drawing on recent discussions about how to study science popularization, it analyzes how he made his work on sensory physiology accessible to various audiences. It is argued that the exposition of the theory of vision comprises a complex, multilayered transformation of epistemic messages, which includes the recasting of arguments, recontextualizations, shifting emphasis, and significant changes in style. The popular writings on vision were directed to several different audiences, and, as such, manifest a delicate balance between conflicting agendas. An analysis of the texts indicates that neither the traditional two-step model of science popularization nor the more recent attempt to regard popularization as an “expository continuum” provides appropriate historiographical frameworks to study the popularization of scientific knowledge.