bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: October 2023

To be human is to be curious. And one of the things we are most curious about is how we came to be who we are--how we evolved over millions of years to become creatures capable of inquiring into our own evolution. In this lively and readable introduction, renowned anthropologist Ian Tattersall thoroughly examines both the fossil and archeological records to trace human evolution from the earliest beginnings of our zoological family Hominidae, through the emergence of Homo sapiens, to the Agricultural Revolution. He begins with an accessible overview of evolutionary theory and then explores the major turning points in human evolution: the emergence of the genus Homo, the advantages of bipedalism--the trait that most strongly distinguishes humans from other primates--the birth of the big brain and symbolic thinking, Paleolithic and Neolithic tool-making, and finally the enormously consequential shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and elsewhere. Focusing particularly on the pattern of events and innovations in human biological and cultural evolution, Tattersall offers illuminating commentary on a wide range of topics, from early intimations of symbolism in Africa to our earliest known artistic expressions--the exquisite Cro-Magnon cave paintings and 30,000 year--old flutes made from vulture bones-to ancient burial rites, the beginnings of language, the likely causes of Neanderthal extinction, the relationship between agriculture and Christianity, and the still unsolved mysteries of human consciousness. Complemented by a wealth of illustrations and written with the grace and accessibility for which Tattersall is widely admired, The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE invites us to take a closer look at the strange and distant beings who, over the course of millions of years, would become us.
The Turks in the Modern World Reform and Imperialism
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn
Published: October 2023

The Turkic peoples’ first great transition, their integration into the world of Islam, had depended on movement in two senses: some Turks had come to Islam by migrating into the old Islamic lands of the Middle East, whereas Islam had come to other Turks by spreading into the formerly non-Islamic lands of Inner Asia. In the Turks’ second great transition, their absorption into the world of modernity, they did not have to go anywhere for modernity to come to them, although eventually a diasporic dispersion of global proportions occurred.
Assets and Public Policy
Authors: Sherraden Michael
Published: October 2023

Poverty and development are determined by resources, broadly defined. But what constitutes “resources” is open to many alternative theories and measures. As noted by Robert Haveman and Edward Wolff in their chapter in this book, there is today growing discussion about conceptualizations and indicators of poverty and well-being, occurring in the wake of ideological and political challenges to the welfare state that evolved in the late twentieth century. This will likely be a fruitful inquiry and debate, though it is impossible to predict where the discussion and research will lead and what policies might eventually result. In this book, we explore one possible direction—a focus on tangible and financial assets as a measure of poverty and a strategy for household development.
Human Rights and Health
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

The modern human rights movement was born from the devastation of World War II.Nonetheless, appeals to universal human rights are at least as old as human government. When Jean Anouilh produced Sophocles’s Antigone in Nazi-occupied Paris in early 1944, the French audience identified Antigone with the French resistance. Antigone was sentenced to be buried alive for defying King Creon’s order not to bury her dead brother (whom the King considered a traitor) but to leave his body to rot in public. The Nazis in the audience also applauded the performance, apparently because they identified with Creon and his difficulty in maintaining law and order in the face of seemingly fanatical resistance.
Patient Rights
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

The physician–philosopher head of President George W. Bush’s Bioethics Council, Leon Kass, wrote in 1991, and repeated in 2002, that although “bioethics is where the action is,” the action itself is “mostly talk” and abstract theory, with little impact on actual physician practice: “Though originally intended to improve our deeds, the reigning practice of ethics, if truth be told, has, at best, improved our speech.” There is, of course, some truth to this overgeneralization, and it helps explain why patients and their advocates turn to law rather than bioethics to improve health care and patient safety. Both modern bioethics and the modern patient rights movement can be seen as reactions to medical paternalism— but, in America at least, the patient rights movement has been considerably more powerful. Rights talk has even been seen as a substitute for a national health program, perhaps under the theory that rights in health care are much less expensive than are rights to health care. American law on patient rights is almost exclusively state law, and federal regulations, like the HIPAA medical record privacy regulations, are aberrations to this rule. Nonetheless, it is well worth considering whether a national patient bill of rights might help us move more decisively from bioethics talk to action in health care.
Partial Birth Abortion
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

No bioethics or health law issue in America has defied so many attempts to alter its contours as abortion. Abortion was a contentious issue in bioethics when American bioethics entered early adolesence in the late 1960s, and it remains intransigent today. The political and bioethics debates on abortion over the past 30 years have shifted among various dichotomous views of the world: life versus choice, fetus versus woman, fetus versus baby, constitutional rights versus state rights, government versus physician, and physician and patient versus state legislatures. Hundreds of statutes and almost two dozen U.S. Supreme Court decisions on abortion later, the essential aspects of Roe v. Wade, the most controversial health-related Court decision in history, remain substantially the same as they were in 1973. Both courtroom and legislative attempts to overturn Roe have failed. Pregnant women have a constitutional right to choose abortion. The fetus is not a person under the Constitution. States still cannot make abortion a crime (either for the woman or the physician) before fetal viability. States can outlaw abortion after fetal viability only if there is an exception that permits abortion to protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. And states can impose restrictions on abortion before fetal.
Medical ethics in the scottish enlightenment
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

Some who are interested in medical ethics in the twenty-first century might as­ sume that, since the days of ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Oath and its ethic have always been at the center of Western medical ethics. That would be a mistake. Aside from the brief and ambiguous flirtation with Hippocratic/Greek medical ethics in the Middle Ages, there is precious little surviving evidence of the Hippocratic influence in late medieval and early modem medical ethics in the Western world, at least in the English-speaking part of that world. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries surely the Hippocratic Oath was known, but I cannot find evidence that it played any significant role in the thought of the physicians, theologians, or philosophers of the time in the English-speaking world. The ethics for medicine, like the ethics of any other aspect of life, was derived from the dominant religious and philosophical systems of the day. An ethic for medicine, as we shall see dramatically in Chapter 8, was crafted by theologians following the methods, organizational scheme, and content of the broader religious system.
The Beginnings of Medicine as an Isolated Science
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

The medical elite of mid-eighteenth-century Scotland were a remarkable lot. They came from families that provided classical educations rich in Greek and Latin and study of classical rhetoric (which included the transmission of Greek and Roman moral insights) as well as natural and moral philosophy. But one of the unintended effects of the Enlightenment was to change the nature of the educated man. The cadre of educated persons changed rather quickly from a group of generalists who regularly could converse, socialize with each other, and even gain employment in widely different fields to a group of more narrow, specialized experts. Of course, in any era it would be possible to find those of less profound education, and certainly more ordinary physicians, even more ordinary medical faculty members, could be cited as lacking broad cultural education and knowledge. But the story to be told here is the increasing isolation of even the elite of the medical world.
Being Poor, a Woman, and Self-Employed
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

In 1986, while I was visiting a small village in Bankura district in Bengal, a tiny shrunken woman said to me, “Kaaj naahi, kaaj kori maroo,” meaning, “I have no work, but the grind of work is killing me.” These words cut right through me, because they spoke of the life of every working poor man and woman in India-a lifetime of hard labor, but with earnings so meager that an end to poverty is nowhere in sight. Among the poor, every woman works. Although she toils from dawn to dusk, she feels that she has no work, and she is ever searching for work. All her life she waits for this elusive work, which can provide her with a steady income to feed her family, step out of poverty, and build a secure life. To be poor is to be vulnerable. The condition of being poor, of being self-employed, and of being a woman are all distinct yet interrelated states of vulnerability. Poverty makes one become a chronic victim of forces beyond one’s control. With every misfortune, problems compound, leaving one increasingly powerless and setting in motion a spiral descent into starker poverty. Only work, a steady source of income, and asset ownership can break one’s fall.
Embroiderers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

The Radhanpur and Santhalpur talukas of the Banaskantha district in northern Gujarat are some of the poorest and underdeveloped districts of Gujarat. The district is essentially a scrub desert, where some 200,000 people live in about 110 villages under harsh climatic conditions. The area has an average annual rainfall of about twenty inches. The soil and water are saline. The ground water table is sinking at an alarming rate every year. Chronic droughts alternate with flash floods year after year, relentlessly devastating the land and its population. In 1987, I visited the interior villages of Santhalpur and Radhanpur with a team of SEWA members to look into a proposed Indo-Dutch program of supplying drinking water through pipelines to these villages. Rajiben, our Danapith vendor-member, whose family came from Radhanpur, often talked about the area, and she told me how their families had migrated from Pakistan, before partition, in search of land and water. When we visited these desert districts, they had suffered three consecutive years of drought. Village after village in this vast arid land was enveloped by blowing winds that deposited the desert at every doorstep. Men were absent from their homes-most had left in search of work. Older men sat quietly, smoking bidis, in the shade.
Form: Narrative Structure
Authors: Black Michael
Published: October 2023

Asked why they enjoyed Sons and Lovers and remember it with pleasure, many readers would answer that they found it vivid, or ‘realistic’. This lifelikeness starts with the evocation of the countryside and the town, the mining community and its people, and the Morel parents themselves, who are portrayed so carefully, so much in the round that most people find that good balances bad. We find fresh and arresting the scene where Morel gets up, breakfasts and goes off to the pit: this is how it once was, and it both renders a way of life, now lost, in a given place at a certain time, and gives us a sympathetic sense of him as a man comfortably rooted in his way of life and his work. What he is feeling at this moment, or as he picks mushrooms on the way to the pit (cut by Garnett) is the joy that is often unconscious. This is not wage slavery or industrial oppression; Morel lives in a way that he loves. What he does, where he lives, give him his identity.
Tobacco and Nicotine
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

The tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum is native to America. In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus found the Arawaks of the West Indies smoking crude cigars of tobacco leaf. These people had probably learned about the cultivation and use of tobacco from the Mayans, who inhaled the smoke of burning, dried tobacco leaves over 2000 years ago. The purpose of smoking tobacco may have been primarily medicinal for Native Americans, and for that reason the seeds of the tobacco were taken or sent to Europe for cultivation. Nicotine and the plant genus are named for Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds to France in 1556. Sir Walter Raleigh was in part responsible for the popularity of tobacco smoking in Great Britain in the sixteenth century. James I, however, presciently condemned the practice as dirty and unhealthy and prohibited tobacco production in Britain during his reign (1566-1625).
Medical Issues Associated with Drug Abuse
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

Chronic drug abusers are likely to develop health problems that are less commonly observed in people who do not abuse drugs. Some of these health problems, such as overdosage and drug toxicity, are due directly to the use of a particular drug; they are discussed for the most part in the chapters that deal with those drugs. Other health problems may be tied only indirectly to administration of a particular drug, but may be more related to the process of drug-taking, to the environment where drug-taking is likely to occur, to the behavior related to obtaining and taking drugs, or to the fact that chronic drug abusers are less likely than others to seek medical attention.
Indigenous Peoples In International Law
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

In this thoroughly revised and updated edition of the first book-length treatment of the subject, S. James Anaya incorporates references to all the latest treaties and recent developments in the international law of indigenous peoples. Anaya demonstrates that, while historical trends in international law largely facilitated colonization of indigenous peoples and their lands, modern international law’s human rights program has been modestly responsive to indigenous peoples’ aspirations to survive as distinct communities in control of their own destinies. This book provides a theoretically grounded and practically oriented synthesis of the historical, contemporary and emerging international law related to indigenous peoples. It will be of great interest to scholars and lawyers in international law and human rights, as well as to those interested in the dynamics of indigenous and ethnic identity.
Epilogue: England, France, and America
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

Paine was fifty years old when he returned to Europe in 1787. Ahead lay two decades that began with exhilarating success as a pamphleteer of revolution, followed by disappointment and ultimately despair. In literary merit and political impact, Paine’s greatest pamphlets of the 17gos-The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason-equaled Common Sense. Paine’s writings helped to inspire an upsurge of popular radicalism in England and led to his being chosen to sit in the National Convention of revolutionary France.
Nature, Youth, and Nowell’s Flood
Authors: Kolve V A
Published: October 2023

Although the Miller sets out to “quite” the Knight’s Tale—to offer a countervision of human experience—the fact that the Knight has chosen to address the Christian purpose of the journey only by indirection plays no part whatsoever in bringing the Miller to the fore. The Miller’s characters, to be sure, swear many a Christian oath, with even St. Thomas of Kent, toward whose shrine the pilgrims travel, twice pressed into service. But such oaths invite no close attention and enjoy no privileged status within the fiction; they are simply part of the colloquial English speech that Chaucer imitates in this tale with a special felicity and accuracy of ear. When Gerveys the smith greets Absolon.
The Wilsonian Moment
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements - Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others - were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today.
Just Monogamy?
Authors: Emens Elizabeth F
Published: October 2023

Right now, marriage and monogamy feature prominently on the public stage. Efforts to lift state and federal prohibitions on same-sex marriage have inspired people across the political spectrum to speak about the virtues of monogamy’s core institution and to express views on who should be included within it. In this brief comment, I want to talk about something else. Like an “unmannerly wedding guest,” I want to invite the reader to pause amidst the whirlwind of marriage talk, to think about alternatives to monogamy. In particular, I want to talk about multiparty relationships, or “polyamory,” as these relationships are called by some of their participants. Before doing so, I should acknowledge that I do not think that same-sex marriage will lead ineluctably to multiparty marriage. Our cultural commitment to the pair, the couple, the idea of total mutual love between two individuals, runs deep. Moreover, to design multiparty marriage would be a complicated legal endeavor, and the state may arguably have an interest in maintaining the efficiency of a relationship in which each person names just one other as a partner for all legal purposes.
Push and Energy
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

The Farmers’ Alliance, the largest and most important constituency of what would become the Populist coalition, rose in the 1870s out of the dust and smoke of the central Texas frontier. The “honest, earnest, and brave” pioneers of the Alliance drove off the horse thieves, stood down the land sharks, built up law and order, and made central Texas safe for settlement and civilization. At least this is the account provided by official histories of the Farmers’ Alliance, which also acknowledged that little evidence of these early days survived in the historical record. The reliability of the pioneer story of the 1870s, however, is less important than the reasons why the story was retold by Alliance historians in the 1880s and 1890s.
A Better Woman
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

The women of the Farmers’ Alliance disagreed about women’s rights. Their letters to the Southern  Mercury revealed the extent of the disagreements. A correspondent writing under the pen name Ann Other, an agile polemicist for women’s suffrage, leveled the following set of questions at her opponents: For Ann Other, equal rights meant equality in politics, too, and political rights were essential for women’s independence. Charitie from Ruston, Louisiana, disagreed, articulating the anti-suffrage argument. Although her own husband favored women voting, she argued that entering the dirty business of politics would deprive women of their moral advantage and their “influence over men” in the household. Charitie held a minority viewpoint, as most letters to the Southern  Mercury supported women’s voting rights.
Shrine of Science
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

As a leader of the Populist movement in Georgia, Charles C. Post stirred controversies with his investigations of “mental science” and the fallacies of religion. Post believed that the Christianity in which he was raised failed to comply with modern demands. He searched for a belief system more suitable to an era of discovery and progress, and he found “mental science” especially persuasive. Its scientific ethos marked an improvement over worn-out Christian dogmas, placing the human spirit in the same framework of empirical exploration as electricity and similar natural phenomena. “Mental science,” as Post understood it, exposed the very notion of a supreme being as contrary to reason and logic. “The evolution of man had scarcely proceeded beyond the ape,” Post explained, when the idea originated “that some great, big man made us.” However, “in the light of a more scientific day,” the concept of a god was “idiotic” and irrational. “Dependence upon ‘God’ or any one else,” he concluded, “weakens the individuality; destroys the will; obliterates the Ego.”
Introduction: Black Mayors and Social Change
Authors: Thompson J Phillip
Published: October 2023

The most immediate impetus for the election of black mayors was demographic shifts in cities as blacks moved North in the 1940s and 1950s from the rural South and whites moved out to the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960, 1.2 million whites left Chicago, Philadelphia, and Newark, New Jersey, and 301,000 blacks moved in. In New York City, between 1950 and 1965, one million whites left and a nearly equal number of blacks and Puerto Ricans entered. White suburbanization was fostered by federal and state transportation policies that favored the automobile over public transportation and by federal housing and tax policies that benefited suburbs most by subsidizing new homeownership. The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and Veteran’s Authority (VA) initiated mortgage-underwriting policies that covered 90 percent of the cost of purchasing a new house and stretched payments over thirty years (Powell 2002, 78).
Death
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

Kuwebe lies in Dar Zaghawa, a hamlet of no more than a dozen households. In one desperately poor compound lived two co-wives, abandoned by their husband, and the brother of one of them, with his wife. In October 1985 these three women had five living children between them. A few months earlier, in the space of three weeks, these children had seen seven of their siblings die, of ‘swollen heads’. We did not want to press the mothers any further with our questions. Instead we spoke to the sheikh, who merely commented ‘Allah takes whomever he wishes.’
Before the GI Bill Veterans and Politics from the Revolution through World War I
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

The iconic status of the GI Bill derives mostly from the profound effects that have been ascribed to it—to its role in shaping both the lives of individual World War II veterans and the collective life of postwar America. In no small measure the bill’s legendary status depends as well on its uniqueness. Here was an act like no other in the long legislative history of the United States— not merely a stunning instance of congressional wisdom and good-will but also a substantive departure from the veterans’ benefit laws that had followed all previous American wars. Many Americans seem to know that the bill was unique. However, it is fair to say that very few understand how. Setting the bill in the political and institutional contexts surrounding its enactment in 1944 is crucial to appreciating its significance. Yet to understand the uniqueness of the GI Bill we must also look back much further, to the longer evolution of American policy toward returning veterans.
Breast Cancer Patients and the Emergence of a Treatment
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M
Published: October 2023

>Pamela Pirozzi, a 35-year-old mother of three, was diagnosed with breast cancer in May 1989 (Leff 1990b). After a modified mastectomy and 6 months of chemotherapy, her prognosis looked good. But, in early 1990 she learned that the cancer had returned and spread elsewhere in her body. Her physician, Stanley P. Watkins, Jr., advised her that her best chance for surviving more than a year was a new procedure involving high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) augmented by transplantation of her bone marrow. However, her insurer, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Virginia, denied the request for coverage on the grounds that the procedure, estimated to cost at least $100,000, was experimental. Pamela and her husband, Mike Pirozzi, sued, and on April 18, 1990, a federal district court judge in Alexandria, Virginia, ruled in her favor (Howe 1990).
Mediterranean Triumph
Authors: Leiner Frederick C
Published: October 2023

At Two O’Clock On May 20, 1815, the Guerriere signaled for the ships of the squadron to up anchor and make sail. The keeper of the log of the schooner Torch noted that the day had begun with gales and rain squalls, but by the afternoon, Peter M. Potter, the captain’s clerk who kept a diary aboard the Spitfire, noted that it was “remarkably fine with a favorable wind.” At three-thirty, the Torch weighed her anchor “together with the Fleet — stood to Sea.” The squadron set out in a preassigned formation, the flagship in the lead and the other ships behind in two parallel columns, the frigate Macedonian leading the left column and the frigate Constellation leading the right. As the Guerriere cleared the Narrows, Decatur dashed off a last note to Crowninshield, which he handed to the pilot to send to Washington, that he “had passed the Bar with a fair wind” and was destined for the Mediterranean “with all possible dispatch.”
The British Bombardment and an “Occular Demonstration”
Authors: Leiner Frederick C
Published: October 2023

The Whirlwind of naval and diplomatic action by the United States against Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli caught the European nations completely off guard. News of Decatur’s lightning success against Algiers, considered the foremost Barbary power, arrived after the allied coalition had beaten Napoleon at Waterloo, marched into Paris, and convened again on methods to secure the peace and security of Europe. At first, the proof pro- vided by the Americans that Algiers was a weak despotism, and not the all-powerful threat imagined for centuries, had little effect except with newspapers. British newspapers had a field day, railing that the Americans had triumphed while the great powers of Europe—specifically, England— continued with the tribute racket. One of the great political essayists of the early nineteenth century was William Cobbett, an Englishman who had spent several years in the United States, the editor and scrivener of a polemical Federalist newspaper in Philadelphia in the 1790s aptly named Porcupine’s Gazette.
Subject Headings and the Library Catalog
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

A library’s online catalog lists the book holdings of the institution; it may also list non-book formats such as manuscripts, sound recordings, videos, maps, photographs, and so on. The titles of journals held by the library will also be recorded, but as a general rule, the catalog will not enable you to search for the individual articles that appear within journals. (For those you will need separate databases and indexes, discussed in Chapters 4 through 8). Each entry in the catalog will provide you with a call number enabling you to locate the desired volume on the shelves. The most frequent, and most serious, problem that people have in looking for books in the catalog is determining the right subject headings to use. For example, if a reader wants books on morality, should she look under “Morality” or under “Ethics”? Or must she try both? Or perhaps, with a more focused topic in mind, she should look directly under “Ethical relativism”? Similarly, if another reader wants information on sentencing criminals to death, should he look under “Death penalty” or under “Capital punishment”? And how does he know that he’s thought up all of the right terms? Perhaps he should look under “Execution” or some other synonyms as well. Note that these three terms fall into quite different sections of the alphabet.
Keyword Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Many of the Eureka, First Search, Wilson Web, EBSCO Host, and other commercially available databases discussed in the previous chapter, like the library’s book catalog, are of the subject-heading or controlled vocabulary type. The advantage of such an encoding method is that it solves the problems of synonym variations (e.g., “death penalty,” “capital punishment”), of foreign language terms (“peine de mort,” “pena capitale”), and of relationship connections to other topics (through BT, RT, and NT cross-references, thesaurus menus, online-browse displays, and linkages of headings to classification numbers). The collocation function of controlled vocabularies saves researchers the considerable trouble of having to look under a wide variety of terms for material on one subject, and the associative function provides formal pathways to multiple related topics.
Reference Sources: Searching by Types of Literature
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

So far we have been concerned mainly to delineate the options for pursuing research questions rather than reference questions. The former are more open-ended, in the sense of not having definite “right” or “wrong” answers. For example, “What information exists on land reform in seventeenth-century China?” or “What is available on U.S.–Israeli relations after the Six Day War?” are research questions, in the sense that I’m using the term here. Reference questions, in contrast, are those looking for a specific bit of information—for example, “What is the height of the Washington Monument?” “Who won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1932?” The latter have an ascertainable “right” answer.
Hercules
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

There is not a lot of snow in Florence, but in the winter of 1406 there was enough to build snowmen. One of the figures made on this occasion was a gigantic Hercules almost twenty feet high, armed with a stout shield and a heavy club, and accompanied by a fierce lion. The Florentines knew who Hercules was because he had been on a seal of the city since 1281. And if they looked carefully they would have seen his exploits carved in the right jamb of the Porta della Mandorla of the cathedral, completed the previous year. Some of the masons from the cathedral may have helped. It was not just children who made snowmen. In 1494, Michelangelo was commissioned to build a snowman in the courtyard of the Medici palace. Perhaps this was a Hercules too, for the artist’s biographers both mention it in connection with a marble Hercules he had made a couple of years earlier. Then, grieving at the death of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Michelangelo had spontaneously started work on a spare block of marble and carved a stone giant to take the place of his dead patron. It has since disappeared, lost at Fontainebleau. Like the snowmen, it seems to have been made without thought of the future, just for the sake of making something out of materials that were ready to hand. In the fifteenth century, Hercules often appears like this – unexpectedly, made out of whatever material was locally available. Yet spontaneous actions are often the most heavily determined. The Florentines usually made snow lions rather than snowmen (in 1406 there had been a whole pride of them roaming the streets), but that was not an accident either, for the lion, the marzocco, was also a symbol of the Republic. Even so, it is hard to tell if the snowHercules of 1406 was, strictly speaking, a civic sculpture. That same year the Chancellor of Florence, Coluccio Salutati, died, leaving behind the manuscript of De laboribus Herculis. He had been prompted to write not by local concerns but by a friend who had asked how Hercules could kill his own family in one of Seneca’s plays and then go to Olympus as a god in the next.
Prologue: At Mrs.Shippen’s
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Late in August 1774, strangers began rolling into Philadelphia. They arrived from all along the Atlantic coast for an extraordinary meeting. History knows it as the Continental Congress, called because citizens of the American colonies objected to their treatment by England. While most of these newcomers had to learn their way around the city, one of them knew exactly where to go.
The Scholar: 1664-1715
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

When his father, the Founder, died in 1664, young Richard Lee was a student in England, presumably at Oxford. Although he was only seventeen at the time, we are told his talents had already profoundly impressed the faculty. According to Richard’s grandson, William Lee, some of England’s “great men” guaranteed if the youth was allowed to remain at Oxford, they would see that he rose “to the highest dignities” in the Church of England. As the senior Richard was dying, he asked that all his children but Francis return to Virginia, a request his bookish son Richard obeyed after graduating from Oxford. Family lore says young Lee, in a woebegone mood, reluctantly exchanged the libraries and erudite talk of a great university community for residence on the remote Poropotank River in Gloucester County, Virginia. He had inherited the old family place, which was still called Paradise, a name that would have seemed ironical to Richard-if there is any truth to what we are told about his return.
The Transformation of the Countryside
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

In the late spring of 1865, John B. Marable, who farmed seventy-five acres in Paulding County, looked out upon a grim landscape that all but typified the Georgia Upcountry. His fields, once thick with growing crops, showed only ravaged earth and sprouting weeds; what was left of his rail fencing lay in ruins; his supplies of corn, wheat, and bacon along with most of his livestock had fallen prey to marauding soldiers; and hi6 house had suffered two ransackings. It had been, for Marable and countless others like him, a scissor-play of destruction: what the depredations of Confederate cavalry, stragglers, and deserters failed to accomplish, those of General William Tecumseh Sherman’s troops did. Sweeping southeastward from Chattanooga, Sherman cut a wide swath of destruction across much of the western and central Upcountry before he tore through the older cotton counties on his way to Savannah.
Dialysis Misperceptions versus Realities
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

The kidney specialist, a nephrologist, gestures to the mounds of journals, pamphlets, and magazines that litter his office and says, “Welcome to the land of dialysis. It is a very complicated world. A person could spend a lifetime studying everything there is to know about it.” As he sweeps his arm at the stacks of literature, one thing is immediately clear: dialysis isn’t as simple as visiting the dentist or having your tires rotated. In fact, as you may or may not know, it is abundantly more comprehensive in scope and complex in nature.
Prologue
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

War, Memory, and Confederate Identity The Civil War forged a Southern white identity that has persisted to the present day. For all the advances in racial cooperation that flowed out of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and for all the cultural diversity that accompanied the economic boom celebrated in Atlanta’s hosting of the Olympics in 1996, white identity politics remains alive and well in the South. A longing for a South that could have been—should have been— shapes much of that identity. Unable to let go of the Confederate past and the belief that hypocritical and power-hungry Yankees unjustly attacked heroic, liberty-loving Southerners and crushed their bid for independence through the sheer weight of their numbers and material resources, many Southern whites continue to find meaning and purpose in their lives by clinging to a romanticized vision of a mythic Southern past.
Dutiful Sons and a Wavering Southerner
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

Fort Defiance, Walter Lenoir’s childhood home, was at the emotional center of the South he would come to identify with as his “country” when the Civil War broke out. Until forced to choose between the North or the South, he had been a wavering Southerner torn between his moral reservations over slavery and his obligations as a male heir of a leading North Carolina family. Like his uncles and brothers, he enjoyed the privileges of elite status even as he struggled to break free from the patriarchal authority that conferred that status. Walter’s story, then, is inseparable from that of the Lenoir clan, which forged the familial ties of burdens and obligations, support and comfort that infused Walter with a sense of duty that drove his life until the day of his death.
Confederate Soldier
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

Calls for immediate secession aroused little enthusiasm in North Carolina. Lincoln’s election posed no immediate danger in a state where only 28 percent of the white families owned slaves. The planters most likely to be threatened by Republican moves against slavery were concentrated in the eastern coastal counties, not surprisingly the one region in the state where secession found much initial support. As they had during the sectional crisis of the 1850s, old Whig planting families like the Lenoirs counseled moderation and tried to stake out a middle ground between those they denounced as extremists in both sections—ambitious, hot- headed radicals in the Lower South and the meddling, fanatical abolitionists in the North.
Agony at Ox Hill
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

After that terrible mauling on Friday at Manassas Junction, Walter and the fifteen men in his company still fit for duty (out of around fifty who went north as part of Jackson’s corps) could have been forgiven if they thought they had earned a rest. But Lee hoped to deliver a knockout blow against Pope’s army, the bulk of which had withdrawn by August 31 to Centreville astraddle a road that led back to the safety of the Washington defenses. Lee ordered Jackson on a circling maneuver intended to place him at Fairfax Court House, eight miles behind Pope’s army on its line of retreat to Washington. If the maneuver succeeded, Pope’s retreat would be blocked and he would have to come out in the open and fight. However, the element of surprise was lost when a Union patrol detected Jackson’s move around Pope’s right flank. As Pope hurriedly redeployed his army toward Fairfax, Yankees coming up from the south attacked the advanced units of Jackson’s corps at the crossroads of Chantilly, a site also known as Ox Hill.
The Pact
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

Most Americans saw President Bill Clinton and Speaker Newt Gingrich as staunch foes--”the polar extremes of Pennsylvania Avenue.” But as Steven Gillon reveals in The Pact, these powerful adversaries formed a secret alliance in 1997, a pact that would have rocked the political landscape, had it not foundered in the wake of the Lewinsky scandal. A fascinating look at politics American-style, The Pact offers a riveting account of two of America’s most charismatic and influential leaders, detailing both their differences and their striking similarities, and highlighting the profound and lasting impact the tumultuous 1960s had on both their personal and political lives. With the cooperation of both President Clinton and Speaker Gingrich, interviews with key players who have never before spoken about their experiences, along with unprecedented access to Gingrich’s private papers, Gillon not only offers a behind-the-scenes look at the budget impasse and the government shutdown in 1995—the famous face-off between Clinton and Gingrich—but he also reveals how the two moved closer together after 1996—closer than anyone knew. In particular, the book illuminates their secret efforts to abandon the liberal and conservative wings of their own parties and strike a bi-partisan deal to reform the “third rail of American politics”-Social Security and Medicare. That potentially groundbreaking effort was swept away by the highly charged reaction to the Lewinsky affair, ending an initiative that might have transformed millions of American lives. Packed with compelling new revelations about two of the most powerful and intriguing figures of our time, this book will be must reading for everyone interested in politics or current events.
Growing Up
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

It is remarkable that two men who would become metaphors for partisan division in the 1990s started out in life under such similar circumstances. Erskine Bowles remembers sitting at the breakfast table in early 1995 reading a lengthy New York Times profile of Newt Gingrich shortly after he won election as Speaker of the House. After finishing the piece he turned to his wife and said, “You could substitute the name Clinton for Gingrich and have written nearly the same article.”

Born three years apart, both men grew up in dysfunctional families, raised by overprotective mothers and emotionally distant, often abusive, stepfathers. Newt’s mother, Kathleen, or “Kit,” Daugherty was 16 when she married Newton McPherson on September 12, 1942. A strapping six feet three inches tall, “Big Newt” liked to get drunk and pick fights at the local pub. Three days after they were married, Newton, hung over from a long night at the local pool hall, slugged his wife after she tried waking him for work in the morning. She packed her bags, moved in with her mother, and filed for divorce. “We were married on a Saturday, and I left him on a Tuesday,” she said. “I got Newtie in those three days.”
Prologue
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

Standing by the steps of Widener Library at one edge of Harvard Yard, Pete was at it again. Tall, lanky, and not quite nineteen, he should have been in class. But college bored him, despite the fact that his father was a professor. Sitting stiffly in a lecture hall or anywhere else wasn’t his style. He could just as easily have been lounging in his dormitory with the other children of privilege who made up much of Harvard University’s student body. The future president John Kennedy was there, and so was the poet Robert Lowell. But Pete never felt comfortable around them, even though his blood was as blue as theirs, bluer by far than the Irish Kennedy’s. Instead his friends were his political allies in the Young Communist League, the radical, self-appointed champions of the underdog.
“Waist Deep in the Big Muddy”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

Seeger Had Little Sense of what Lay Ahead When he went to the Newport Folk Festival in the summer of 1965. He opened a concert that featured many of the most popular artists in the country, including Bob Dylan. Pete was fond of the raspy-voiced singer who had already made a huge splash in the past few years. His protest songs—”Blowin’ in the Wind,” “Masters of War,” “The Times They Are A-Changin’”—echoed around the world. But Seeger was also aware of a new direction in Dylan’s just-released album, Bringing It All Back Home, which included electric backup instead of a simple acoustic guitar. At Newport, the citadel of folk music, Dylan came onstage with an electric Fender guitar and an electrically amplified backup blues band. The sound, as he sang “Maggie’s Farm,” was so loud that the audience could not make out the words.
Election News
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Political Passions ran high in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The Civil War loomed over the two-party system of the United States, for people could not forget that the Republicans had been the party of Abraham Lincoln and of black freedom, that the Democrats had been the party of Copperheads and secessionists. Moreover, the American economy experienced unprecedented acceleration and unprecedented collapse, bred growing class differences and geographic complexity. Voters looked to the state and federal governments to establish a fair money supply, tariff, and business policy. Caught between a bloody recent past and a threatening future, voters felt they were playing for high stakes.

Politics mattered enormously to most Southern men. Casting one’s lot with the Democrats, the Republicans, or one of the many independent candidates of the 1880s often defined a man’s friends, business dealings, and even marriage prospects. In many Southern states, eight of every ten eligible men—black and white—voted in the early 1880s. In others, Redemption had driven many black voters away from the polls not to return; in those states, only about six in ten men voted. In Georgia and South Carolina, where Democrats enacted restrictive laws, only about four men in ten cast a ballot.
Books
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Throughout the 1880s, 1890s, and 1900s, as politics and depression convulsed the South, authors of fiction sought to make sense of the South around them. They wrote less of public events than of conflicts over sexual identity, religious faith, the meaning of race, the experience of one’s generation, the volatile changes in the class order, the meaning of industrialization. By and large, they did not use fiction as smokescreens for a Southern political agenda, but rather as a way to order and explore the events and forces that so affected their lives. Their explorations help us map the elusive emotional geography of the New South.

In the United States, as in Europe, the late nineteenth century saw a fascination with a literature of specificity, of exotic locales, of quaint subordinate classes. The growing suburbs and small cities of the Northeast hardly seemed the stuff of literature, and the new journals turned to the West, New England, and the South for the vicarious experience of places where life had greater depth and resonance. Readers in the Northeast were curious about these parts of their own country, especially so now that the South had been defeated, its threat removed.