bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN NEUROBLASTOMA WITH MULTIPLE SKELETAL METASTASES AND BONE MARROW INFILTRATION
Authors: McGOLDRICK KATHRYN E. , LANZKOWSKY P.
Published: January 2008

The present report is the third recorded case, to our knowledge, of a child with multiple skeletal metastases and bone marrow infiltration secondary to disseminated neuroblastoma who has survived 7 years and 6 months after the diagnosis without clinical, chemical or radiographic evidence of disease.
BILATERAL NON FUNCTIONNING THECOMA OF THE OVARY IN EPILEPTIC CHILDREN UNDER ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY
Authors: SCHWEISGUTH ODILE , GERARD‐MARCHANT RÉMI , PLAINFOSSE BERNARD , LEMERLE JEAN , WATCHI JEAN M. , SERINGE PHILIPPE
Published: January 2008

The peculiar features of two bilateral thecoma of the ovary are described. They were discovered because of a rapid enlargement of the abdomen with hemorrhagic ascites, but without any sign of precocious puberty. They occurred in young females treated with anti‐convulsant therapy for epilepsy. They have been cured with surgery alone.

A third case has been found in the literature. Discussion is raised about the meaning of this association. The possible relationship with side‐effect of anti‐epileptic drugs is suggested.
A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF PHYSICAL GROWTH FOLLOWING FAILURE TO THRIVE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A CRITICAL PERIOD IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: EID E. E.
Published: January 2008

This was a follow‐up study of physical growth of children who have had failure to thrive. It comprised 77 children in whom the cause was corrected and 35 children with persistent organic cause together with 10 children in whom the patent ductus arteriosus was ligated after the first year. The treated group consisted of surgical and medical cases. Their pattern of growth was compared with that of a control group composed of 75 children from the fracture clinic and 24 siblings, all from the same age range and nearly the same mean age. Seven parameters of growth were tested. Significant retardation in six parameters was noted in both the treated group (in which the cause of failure to thrive was removed) and the untreated group (in which the treatment of the cause was impossible). In the treated group, the mean skeletal age was less retarded than the mean height, while the mean head circumference of females was significantly more retarded than that of males. There was only slight difference between early and late ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in subsequent physical growth. Neither the very early onset of failure nor its severity caused a severe retardation within the treated group. Prolonged duration of failure to thrive or failure to correct the cause in the first year led to significant subsequent growth retardation within the treated group. Parental height and birth weight played a less well defined role, while socio‐economic environment played a minor role in causing growth retardation in the treated group. The first year can only be regarded as a relatively critical period concerning subsequent physical growth due to difficulty in separating the effect of illness from that of genetic endowment. Growth retardation may represent another congenital abnormality independent of the original anomaly which was corrected. The importance of reduced cell number was discussed.
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN THE TREATMENT OF HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE OF NEWBORN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: BODA D. , MURANYI L. , ALTORJAY I. , VERESS I.
Published: January 2008

Intermittent or continuous PD has been employed in the treatment of 50 selected cases of HMD of premature infants. Twenty‐one infants treated by this method recovered, whereas only 7 of 42 survived in a comparable control group, treated with alkali and glucose.
TRISOMY 18 WITH OVARIAN DYSGENESIS
Authors: ALEXIOU D. , CHRYSOSTOMIDOU O. , VLACHOS I. , DELIGEORGIS D.
Published: January 2008

A case of trisomy 18 with ovarian dysgenesis is described. The chromosome study did not reveal any abnormality of the sex chromosomes and therefore we conclude that ovarian dysgenesis is another rare manifestation of trisomy 18.
FATAL CONGENITAL LACTIC ACIDOSIS IN TWO SIBLINGS
Authors: LIE SVERRE O. , LÖKEN AAGOT CHR. , STRÖMME JOHAN H. , AAGENÆS ÖYSTEIN
Published: January 2008

Two siblings have been described who developed a fatal metabolic acidosis during the first days of life. The acidosis was found to be caused by an accumulation of lactic acid in the second sibling. In the first sibling, no determination of lactic acid was performed, but the similarities in clinical, biochemical and pathological findings combine very strongly to suggest an identical condition.

The children died at the age of 100 and 177 hours. The main pathological findings were confined to the brain, the thymus and the liver. Softening of the white matter was pronounced with delayed myelination. Organized bilateral paraventricular cystic spaces were found. Fatty changes were pronounced in the liver.

In some respects these children differ from those previously reported with congenital lactic acidosis.
FATAL CONGENITAL LACTIC ACIDOSIS IN TWO SIBLINGS
Authors: SKREDE SVERRE , STRÖMME JOHAN H. , STOKKE ODDVAR , LIE SVERRE O. , ELDJARN LORENTZ
Published: January 2008

Biochemical studies in vivo and in vitro were performed in a newborn child suffering from congenital lactic acidosis. A block in the oxidation of lactate as well as an abnormally high rate of glycolysis have previously been suggested to be of etiological significance. In the present studies direct evidence has been obtained for a decreased capacity for gluconeo‐genesis as the cause of the lactate accumulation. In addition, the rate of glycolysis was not increased, and no block in the oxidation of lactate was present.
DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: SAMANEK M. , HOUSTEK J. , VAVROVA V. , RUTH C. , SNOBL O.
Published: January 2008

Marked abnormalities of pulmonary blood flow distribution were detected in 13 out of 21 children with cystic fibrosis using lung scanning. Underperfusion of different grade was localized most frequently in the right upper area, followed by the right middle and left upper areas. Correlation between clinical condition or impairment of gas exchange and degree of perfusion disturbances was lacking. Abnormal chest roentgenograms were encountered more frequently than the definite disturbances in the distribution of perfusion. On the other hand, even profound defects of perfusion were not revealed by chest roentgenography. Repeated lung scanning might be helpful in the evaluation of the dynamics of pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis.
PURPURA AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID THERAPY
Authors: DAELE MARIA CASTEELS‐VAN , GAETANO G. DE
Published: January 2008

Three cases are reported of children presenting purpura while taking a normal dose of ace‐tylsalicylic acid since a few days. Studies of the platelet function showed an impaired platelet aggregation by an inhibition of ADP release. It is concluded that this mechanism is responsible for the clinical findings, and that an acetylsalicylic acid therapy should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a non‐thrombocytopenic purpura.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME1
Authors: RAPOLA JUHANI , SAVILAHTI ERKKI
Published: January 2008

Two kidneys from patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome obtained at nephrectomy at the age of 3 and 23 months, were investigated for possible immunopathological mechanisms for the kidney injury. Immuno‐fluorescent staining with anti IgG, IgM, IgA and /SIC‐globulins did not show attachment of immunolglobulins or complement to the glomeruli. Staining was found in some tubular casts and occasionally in tubular epithelium, as well. Electron microscopic studies of the glomeruli corroborated the idea that immunocomplexes are not conglomerated in the glomeruli because of the absence of typical deposits, which are usually found in association with positive immunofluorescent staining in various glomerulonephritides.

Kidneys were also eluted with acidic buffer in order to remove antibodies from immunocomplexes. The eluates were analyzed for their immunoglobulin content and used for indirect immunofluorescent staining. The content of IgG of the kidney eluates was low and no difference of eluted IgG between the nephrotic kidneys and the control was apparent. No binding of immunoglobulin with structures of normal kidney could be seen in the indirect immunofluorescent study.

Our results corroborate the previous results (10) that immunopathogenesis is not essential in the congenital nephrotic syndrome.
CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION IN THE THERMOREGULATION OF FULLTERM AND PREMATURE NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: BERG KRISTINA , CELANDER OLOV
Published: January 2008

Blood flow measurements by venous occlusion plethysmography were performed on 131 sleeping healthy fullterm newborns at various external temperature conditions. The peripheral circulation varies among different individuals, but a definite relationship between ambient temperature and the rate of peripheral circulation could, nevertheless, be established.

Different series of observations on exposure to acute changes of temperature conditions on a further 46 newborn infants allow the following conclusions:

The control of peripheral circulation in relation to the temperature of the surroundings is reflex in nature and independent of the local effects of a cold stimulus.

Circulatory changes are quantitatively prominent and do not support the view that thermolability in the newborn is due to a deficient thermocontrol of the cutaneous circulation.

The circulatory thermoreflex operates even during the first day of life and is as prominent in premature infants as in fullterm infants.

The importance of these observations in relation to other mechanisms deciding heat loss and thermogenesis in the newborn is briefly discussed.
COENZYME Q IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: SÖVIK ODDMUND , STRÖMME JOHAN H. , FOLKERS KARL
Published: January 2008

The effect of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 (CoQ) has been studied in 4 cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, including a pair of identical twins.

CoQ was given by the oral route in doses increasing from 50 mg to 1 g daily. In the case of the twins one received CoQ, whereas the other was given corn oil as a control.

During a period of treatment of more than one year no improvement in muscular strength was observed. On the contrary, there was a steady progression of the disease in 3 of the 4 cases, with an identical clinical course in the twins.

No overall consistent decrease in CPK or aldolase activities was observed during the period of treatment, but there was a statistically significant decrease of CPK and aldolase for one boy.

The absence of overall beneficial changes during this particular trial might have been because (a) hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 is intrinsically inactive in Duchenne dystrophy; (b) the dose level was too low; (c) the disease in these particular boys was too advanced.

Besides these limitations, this trial also does not exclude the possibility that other homologs of the coenzyme Q group may have therapeutic benefit in human muscular dystrophy.
PERINATAL ASPHYXIA AND RESIDUAL PLACENTAL BLOOD VOLUME
Authors: FLOD NATALIE E. , ACKERMAN BRUCE D.
Published: January 2008

The present data suggest that perinatal asphyxia may result in a transfer of blood, in utero, from placenta to fetus. The data contain no suggestion that asphyxia causes pooling of fetal blood in the placenta.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FREE AND CONJUGATED GLUCURONIC ACID IN JAUNDICED NEWBORN
Authors: GOTLIEB A. , NIR I. , PESACH J.
Published: January 2008

Free and conjugated components of the total urinary glucuronic acid were analyzed daily during the first 4 days of life in 62 newborn male infants. The newborn were divided into two groups: “jaundiced” 37 infants in whom the serum bilirubin level on the fourth day of life was either the same or higher than the level on the third day; and “non‐jaundiced” 25 infants, in whom the serum bilirubin level showed a fall on the fourth day after an initial rise during the first 3 days. The percentage of free glucuronic acid excreted was found significantly higher in the jaundiced infants.

Premature infants studied for comparison demonstrated an even higher percentage of free glucuronic acid excreted in the urine than the jaundiced infants. On the other hand, in healthy adult males the percentage of free glucuronic acid excreted was found to be the lowest.

No significant difference was found in the total glucuronic acid concentrations of the jaundiced and non‐jaundiced infants.

It could be concluded, therefore, that when a high percentage of free glucuronic acid is excreted in the urine this probably indicates impaired conjugating capacity of the liver.
FIBRINOGEN TURNOVER IN THE PREMATURE INFANT WITH AND WITHOUT IDIOPATHIC RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: KARITZKY D. , KLEINE N. , PRINGSHEIM W. , KÜNZER W.
Published: January 2008

Measurement of the elimination of small quantities of 125I‐fibrinogen (5–15 μCi) demonstrates shortened half‐life and higher catabolic rates in premature infants, and particularly in those infants suffering from IRDS compared with adults. Turnover in the adult is 15%, in the premature 25 % and in the premature with IRDS 33 % per day.

Equilibrium between intravascular and extravascular fibrinogen is not achieved before the third day of life. Later, elimination is linear. There is a highly significant difference between 32rT‐fibrinogen catabolism in the adult and the premature infant with and without the IRDS between the third and twelfth day.

Measurement of activity over various organs demonstrates that slow efiux of 125I‐fibrinogen into the extravascular compartment causes a continuous fall in plasma activity during the first 2–3 days. In premature infants with IRDS the activity over the lungs rises during the first day of life. These results allow the conclusion that accelerated fibrinogen synthesis in infants with IRDS compensates for losses into the hyaline membranes and intravascular clots and even allows the physiological rise in plasma fibrinogen level during the first three days to take place.
SUBCLINICAL DEFECTS IN RENAL REGULATION OF ACID BASE BALANCE IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Authors: BERG U. , APERIA A. , BROBERGER O.
Published: January 2008

Renal control of acid base balance has been evaluated in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. For reference a group of normal children has also been studied. The studies were performed before and after a single oral intake of ammonium chloride. The following parameters have been determined: the maximal ammonia excretion and the relationship between blood total CO2 concentration and urine pH. The maximal ammonia excretion was found to be reduced in proportion to the filtration rate. All the patients with low to moderately reduced filtration rates and four of the patients with subnormal to normal filtration rates demanding larger reduction in blood total CO2 concentration than the normal controls before a fall in the urine pH could be observed. This finding was taken as a sign of reduced bicarbonate threshold. It is therefore suggested that the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is one of the most vulnerable function of the kidney in recurrent urinary tract infections.
STUDIES ON THYROID PROTEINS IN CHILDHOOD GOITRE
Authors: OLIN P.
Published: January 2008

Three patients aged 18 days, 4 and 9 years respectively, with childhood goitre were studied by labelling in vitro with 125I and 3H‐leucine of microbiopsies from the thyroid gland. The soluble thyroid proteins were isolated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

The first patient was clinically hypothyroid and showed a positive perchlorate discharge test. His thyroid tissue did accumulate iodide but incorpated only 3H into uniodinated thyroglobulin identified by a sedimentation coefficient of 17–19 S and reactivity to antiserum against human adult thyroglobulin. The clinical and biochemical findings suggest that there was a defect in the organification of iodine with a qualitatively unaltered synthesis of the protein part of thyroglobulin.
VIRUS SEROLOGY AND SERUM IgE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH ASTHMATOID BRONCHITIS
Authors: FOUCARD T. , BERG T. , JOHANSSON S. G. O. , WAHREN B.
Published: January 2008

Seventy‐two children with wheezing related to respiratory tract infections have been investigated regarding virus serology and serum IgE levels. Positive virus serology with the CF technique was achieved in 18 % to RS virus in spite of absence of epidemics. Seroconversion to ECHO‐viruses types 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11 was seen in altogether 18%. Antibody titers indicating infections with parainfluenzavirus, adenovirus or influenza A‐2 virus were found less frequently. Twenty‐one of the infants had high IgE levels and these infants had allergic heredity, recidivating symptoms, former atopic manifestations and eosinophilia in blood and secretions more often than the infants with normal IgE. Positive virus serology was found as often in the infants with high IgE as in those with normal IgE. Determinations of the serum IgE levels seem to be of value in assessing the possible atopic component in children with asthmatoid bronchitis.
INFLUENCE OF LONG TERM GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN SECRETION
Authors: ZUPPINGER K. A. , JOSS E. E.
Published: January 2008

Daily secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the normal child is unknown and may not be assessable in the near future. The dosage of human growth hormone (HG) commonly used in hypopituitary growth retardation is purely empirical. Growth is in general successfully accelerated by HGH but would presumably be stimulated also by higher than physiological doses. Our study consisted of a longitudinal evaluation of the effects of HGH on glucose tolerance, free fatty acids and immunoreactive insulin in three children with primordial growth retardation and two children with GH deficiency over six to twenty‐seven months. Two additional hypopituitary children were studied twelve and eighteen months after onset of HGH therapy. In all patients there was no discernible effect on the parameters studied at the dosage used (HGH (Raben 10 mg/m2/ week in three divided injections). This finding supports the assumption that the dose of HGH commonly used is indeed physiological in regard to carbohydrate metabolism.
THE INFLUENCE OF OROTIC ACID ON THE SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVEL OF MATURE NEWBORN
Authors: SCHWARZE R. , KINTZEL H. W. , HINKEL G. K.
Published: January 2008

Fifty‐two mature newborn were treated with a daily dose of 200 mg of orotic acid from their 1st to their 5th day of life. An equally large number of untreated children served as a control group. Contrary to the premature infants, in the mature newborn no decrease in the serum bilirubin was achieved by administration of orotic acid. The question of the possible mode of action of the orotic acid is discussed.
PLASMA INSULIN AND K VALUES DURING INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN NEWBORN INFANTS WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS
Authors: MØLSTED‐PEDERSEN LARS , TRAUTNER HANS , JØRGENSEN KAJ. R.
Published: January 2008

Plasma insulin was determined during i.v. glucose tolerance test (GTT) performed 3 hours after birth in the fasting state in 18 infants with erythroblastosis foetalis (e.f.) and in 11 control infants.

Mean fasting plasma insulin concentration as well as the insulin concentration at each time during the i.v. GTT and the disap pearance rate of glucose (K value) were significantly higher in the e.f. infants than in the control group. E.f. infants—as a group—exhibit hyperinsulinism at birth.

Between birth weight and fasting insulin concentration and between birth weight and K value significant positive correlations were found.

The plasma insulin concentration after the i.v. glucose load showed an even increase, reaching a maximum in 40–60 min in the e.f. group, fundamentally the same pattern that was observed in the normal group, but different from that in infants of diabetic mothers.

It is stressed that the hyperinsulinism in e.f. infants is probably of a genesis different from that in infants of diabetic mothers.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLACENTAL TRANSFUSION ON THE CAPILLARY BLOOD GAS AND ACID‐BASE BALANCE IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: INGOMAR C. JOH. , KLEBE J. G.
Published: January 2008

Of 77 normal newborns, 42 were clamped early while 35 were clamped late. Using capillary blood from an unwarmed heel, the hema‐tocrit and the acid‐base balance of the two groups were compared. During the first day of life the hematocrit of late‐clamped newborns was fairly constant and higher than that of early‐clamped babies, the latter showing a definite fall 2–24 hours after birth. Regarding the acid‐base balance, no difference was found between the two groups of newborns except when measurements were performed 3–5 hours after birth. At this time actual pH and standard bicarbonate were lower in late‐clamped babies than in early‐clamped, while PCO2 was identical. On the basis of the hematocrit findings it is proposed that the placental transfusion, by creating oedema of the interstitial space, may contribute to the well known discrepancy between the acid‐base status of the capillary and the arterial blood of the newborn.
THE EFFECT OF MODERATE HYPOCAPNIA ON THE CEREBRAL ARTERIO‐VENOUS DIFFERENCE OF ACETOACETATE, d‐β‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE AND OXYGEN IN CHILDREN
Authors: SETTERGREN G. , PERSSON B. , DAHLQUIST G.
Published: January 2008

Cerebral arterio‐venous differences of aceto‐acetate, D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose, glycerol, FFA, lactate, pyruvate and oxygen were determined during normo‐ and hypocapnia in children anaesthetized in connection with surgical operations or X‐ray procedures. Cerebral flow equivalent values were used to calculate the relative changes in uptake or production of substrates during hypocapnia. The uptake of ketone bodies was proportional to the cerebral blood flow and to the arterial concentration. In comparison with reported values in adults the estimated uptake of ketone bodies at a given arterial concentration was about four times higher in children. During hypocapnia, but not during normocapnia children had a significant lactate production. The vasodilating effect of carbon dioxide on the cerebral blood vessels seems to be the same in children and adults.
FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN LUNG TISSUE FROM NEONATES WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
Authors: EKELUND H. , PANDOLFI M. , ÖSTBERG GÖREL , BJERNSTAD A.
Published: January 2008

The fibrinolytic activity of lung tissue was studied with Todd's histochemical method in a material of 29 newborn infants containing normal lungs, hyaline membrane disease, atelectasis and massive pulmonary haemorrhage. No significant difference was found between a group of hyaline membrane lungs and a group of atelectatic lungs without hyaline membranes. In one case with massive pulmonary haemorrhage the activity was high.

Our findings make it questionable whether a lack of plasminogen activator in the lung of infants with hyaline membrane disease is a consistent finding and argue against an alteration of the intrapulmonary fibrinolytic system being of any major importance in the formation of the membranes.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF FOUR‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: KUHLER LENNART
Published: January 2008

An unselected population of 2 447 four‐year‐old children in two communities in southern Sweden underwent a physical examination as part of a general health control. The general health was very good, mean weight was 17.2 kg, mean height 104.2 cm, mean Hb 12.7 g/ 100 ml. Anaemia (<11 g/100 ml) was detected in 20 children (0.9%). The mean blood pressure was 100/54. No child with persistently elevated blood pressure was found.

Practically all serious handicaps were detected and already taken care of before the age of 4 years.

Altogether 164 children (6.7%) were referred to specialists for newly detected deviations, and 144 (5.9%) were reported back. In 52 children, 2.2%, minimal brain dysfunction was diagnosed, half of them having other neurological disturbances besides clumsiness and hyperactivity. Five children (0.2%) had other neuro‐muscular deviations, such as myo‐pathia, hemiplegia, polyneuropathia. Including children already under professional care, 3% showed a significant degree of motor dysfunction.

The cardiac findings were sparse; the prevalence of heart diseases at this age was about 6/1 000, all already detected.

Phimosis was the cause of referral in 12 boys (0.9%). The prevalence of retentio testis was 0.9% at this age.

The orthopaedic findings were also confined to minor disabilities with little influence on the child's development and well‐being: 31 children (1.3%) had pronounced flat‐feet with complaints from the feet or the legs. Another 5.2% were already under current care for flat‐feet.

From a questionnaire to the parents, some children could be designated as having neurological disorders, but the information was not selective enough to be of practical value as a screening instrument.
PERINATAL MORTALITY
Authors: PETTERSSON FOLKE , MELANDER STIG , LAGERBERG DAGMAR
Published: January 2008

From November, 1967, to the end of December, 1969, perinatal deaths among 7 190 consecutive single births in the University Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden, were analysed in a study using multiple regression analysis and a program for selecting optimal combinations of explanatory variables.

The overall perinatal mortality rate, expressed as stillbirths and early infant deaths per 1 000 births, was found to be 15.2; the coefficient of determination was 0.2245. A significantly higher perinatal mortality rate was found for the children of the youngest and the oldest mothers, of mothers with immunizations, breech deliveries, toxaemias, short gesta‐tional periods, and for low‐weight and congenitally malformed children. Babies of primi‐parae with breech deliveries and of smoking mothers showed lower perinatal mortality rates than children of corresponding contrasted mothers, a finding which may at first seem surprising but which can probably be given a natural explanation.

The selection of optimal combinations of explanatory variables gave predictor trees which can be utilized for determination of favourable and unfavourable combinations of factors associated with perinatal death. Some individual cases of foetal deaths were analysed in detail. The study ends in a discussion of possible preventive measures to be taken in order to prevent perinatal deaths in the future.
DENTAL HEALTH OF FOUR‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: KÖHLER LENNART , HOLST KERSTIN
Published: January 2008

An unselected population of 1 567 four‐year‐old children in one urban and one rural community in Southern Sweden were investigated for dental disorders as part of a general health control. The mean number of defs (decayed, extracted and filled surfaces) was 7.73 in Lund (urban) and 13.07 in Dalby (rural). The number of caries‐free children was 26.4% and 11.4%, respectively, and the number of “emergency‐cases” was 10.6% and 21.7%, respectively. Significantly better oral health was found in higher socio‐economic groups. A regression analysis showed that the most important factors for the prevention of caries and gingivitis were infrequent between‐meal eating, tooth‐brushing with help from the parents and oral administration of fluoride at an early age, in that order.

An experimental group of 697 four‐year‐old children who had got the benefit of a new caries‐preventing program for 2 years at the Child Health Centres showed a significant reduction of caries, from 26.4% caries‐free children to 42.0%.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LETTERER‐SIWE DISEASE IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: WE'ITRELL G. , SVENNINGSEN N. W. , NORDENFELT E. , LINDHOLM KARIN
Published: January 2008

The clinical manifestations of congenital Let‐terer‐Siwe disease in a newborn baby have been described. Diagnostic procedures including biopsy of skin lesions and fine‐needle aspiration of existing lymph nodes should be performed without delay as early treatment may induce remission.
PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD II. Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation
Authors: VIDEBÅEK J. , ANDERSEN ELLEN DAMGÅRRD , IACOBSEN J. RAMSØSE , SANDØSE E. , WENNEVOLD A.
Published: January 2008

A retrospective 3–20‐years follow‐up study of 1 infant and 10 children with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (8 cases) or fibrillation (3 cases) is presented. Additional heart disease has been observed in 60% (myocarditis 3 cases, cardiomyopathy 3 cases, congenital heart disease 1 case). Symptoms of tachycardia were: palpitation, tiredness, weakness, dyspnoea, precordial and abdominal pain. Syncopes were observed in 3 cases; 1 child had no symptoms. Tachycardia of hours to days' duration have been noted in 8 patients, 7 had tachycardia of repetitive type with a‐v dissociation, one continuous tachycardia without any intervening sinus beats after the onset of tachycardia and with retrograde atrial activation. The remaining 3 children had brief malignant tachycardia, i.e. stress‐provoked bursts of ventricular activity occasionally converting to ventricular fibrillation causing syncope. The diagnosis of brief malignant tachycardia had to be based on exercise ECG (2 cases) or long‐term ECG‐monitoring by telemetry (one case). One child with cardiomyopathy had died at the time of follow‐up and the 3 patients with brief malignant tachycardia had experienced repeated life‐threatening attacks—one of which had to be stopped by emergency d.c. countershock. The period of attacks ceased in 5 cases within 2 years after onset, in 1 patient, 9 years elapsed between first and second attack. Preventive treatment with betablocking agents proved beneficial in the 3 children with brief malignant tachycardia.
UNUSUAL COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME EXHIBITING KAPPA‐IGD PARAPROTEINEMIA, RESIDUAL GUT‐IMMUNITY AND GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION AFTER PLASMA INFUSION1
Authors: RUBINSTEIN A. , RÁADL J. , COTTIER H. , ROSSI E. , GUGLER E.
Published: January 2008

A 12‐year‐old suffering from a lymphopenic severe CID with an unusual protracted clinical course is presented. His gut‐associated lympho‐epithelial system was apparently normal, in contrast to the IgA deficiency in other external fluids. In addition, an elevated kappa‐IgD was detected in his serum. Fresh plasma infusions from unrelated donors induced an accidental engraftment with a moderate non‐fatal GvHR.
IMPROVEMENT OF ADULT HEIGHT PROGNOSIS IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY BY CYPROTERONE ACETATE
Authors: BOSSI EMILIO , ZURBRÜGG ROLF P. , JOSS ETIENNE E.
Published: January 2008

Three girls and one boy with idiopathic precocious puberty and one boy with operated suprasellar hamartoma and progressing precocious puberty were treated with Cyproterone acetate for periods ranging from 15 months to 4 years and 6 months. In all children, the signs of puberty were reduced. Height velocity, as related to bone age, was increased, as was the ratio of height age increment to bone age increment. An improvement of adult height prognosis in precocious puberty has been achieved by Cyproterone acetate.
METABOLIC OBSERVATIONS IN INFANTS OF STRICTLY CONTROLLED DIABETIC MOTHERS Plasma Levels of Glucose, FFA, Glycerol and D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate during the First Two Hours after Brith
Authors: PERSSON B. , GENTZ J. , KELLUM M.
Published: January 2008

Arterial concentrations of FFA, glycerol, glucose and D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate were serially measured during the first 2 hours after birth in IDMs, IGDMs and in control infants. All diabetic mothers were subjected to a well defined program of control during pregnancy. IDMs had only a slight increase in mean plasma FFA concentrations and the values were significantly lower than those of the IGDM and control groups at all times. In contrast the rise in mean plasma glycerol values was significant and similar in all groups, suggesting a comparable increase in lipolysis. Following birth IDMs showed a more pronounced decrease in mean plasma glucose values than the other groups. Mean plasma values of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate showed a significant drop during the first 60 minutes and thereafter the values remained low and were not significantly different between the groups. The pattern of changes in FFA, glycerol and glucose was not influenced by type of delivery, duration of diabetes and/or presence of retinopathy in the mothers, nor was there any apparent relationship to the degree of maternal metabolic control during pregEancy. It is suggested that the low mean FFA levels despite of increasing mean glycerol concentrations in IDMs are explained by an increased rate of re‐esterification of FFA withi!i adipose tissue. Thcse findings can only partly be explained by postnatal functional hyper‐insulinism. The recent demonstration af higher than normal glycogen concentrations within adipose tissue in IDMs cffers a more plausible explanation for the increased rate of re‐esterification during the first hours after birth. The p;esent data do not allow of conclusions as to thc relative importance of increased glycogen stores as compared with that of hyperinsulin‐ism during the first 2 hours after birth in IDMs.
PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS IN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS
Authors: GUIGNARD J.‐P. , TORRADO A.
Published: January 2008

An 8‐month‐old girl presented with classical vitamin D deficiency rickets, secondary hyper‐parathyroidism and hyperchloraemic acidosis. Renal acidification and bicarbonate titration studies showed the patient to have a proximal renal tubular acidosis. Rickets, secondary hy‐perparathyroidism and proximal tubular acidosis were corrected by administration of calcium and vitamin D. A causal relationship between hyperparathyroidism and renal proximal tubular acidosis is suggested.
AN EMBRACE‐REFLEX OBSERVED IN A 5 CM HUMAN FETUS
Authors: SUDMANN EINAR
Published: January 2008

An embrace‐reflex was elicited in a 5 cm crown‐rump length human fetus found at operation for ectopic pregnancy. The length of the fetus corresponded to an estimated intra‐uterine life of nine to ten postovulatory weeks.
RESPONSE OF THE JEJUNAL MUCOSA TO COW'S MILK IN THE MALABSORPTION SYNDROME WITH COW'S MILK INTOLERANCE A Light‐ and Electron‐Microscopic Study
Authors: KUITUNEN P. , RAPOLA J. , SAVILAHTI E. , VISAKORPI J. K.
Published: January 2008

Three infants, in whom the malabsorption syndrome, small intestinal. mucosal damage and clinical cow's milk intolerance were found, were challenged with cow's milk after initial treatment with breast milk. The small intestinal mucosa was investigated with light and electron microscopy both before and after provocation.

Clinically one patient reacted rapidly in a few hours and showed round cell infiltration in the surface epithelium and lamina propria 20 hours after a single challenge. Electron microscopy showed short microvilli, abnormal nuclei and thickened basement lamina in the surface epithelium. Two patients reacted slowly. One of them showed similar changes 4 days after commencement of the provocations, but the changes were much more evident 38 days later, when symptoms were also apparent. At this time large accumulations of lysosomes in the apical part of the surface epithelial cell and marked thickening of the basal lamina with accumulations of whirly collagen fibres were detected. The third patient reacted in a milder way, both clinically and morphologically. This study indicates that cow's milk, apparently through its protein fraction, may damage the surface epithelium of the small intestinal mucosa. These alterations during provocation periods resemble those found in coe‐liac disease during gluten provocation.
DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM OROSOMUCOID LEVEL IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS DURING NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: GOTOH H. , ISHIKAWA N. , SHIOIRI T. , HATTORI Y. , NOMURA H. , OGAWA J.
Published: January 2008

The concentration of serum orosomucoid was determined in 90 newborn infants by single radial immunodiffusion method. The values were low in both healthy full‐term and pre‐term infants. In 50 neonates with various bacterial infectlions, the orosomucoid levels showed a marked increase from the early stage of the disease. They returned to the normal range with the clinical improvement. In infants with non‐infectious diseases, no elevation was detected in any stages of the disease. Thus the assay of serum orosomucoid concentration appears to be a useful diagnostic tool for bacterial infections in newborn infants.
QTU‐ABNORMALITIES, SINUS BRADYCARDIA AND ADAMS‐STOKES ATTACKS DUE TO VENTRICULAR TACHYARRHYTHMIA
Authors: BERNUTH GÖTZ VON , BELZ GUSTAV G. , EVERTZ WALTRAUD , STAUCH MARTIN
Published: January 2008

Tachyarrhythmic Adams‐Stokes attacks, provoked by physical and emotional stress, are reported in a 10‐year‐old girl with sinus brady‐cardia at rest, prominent U waves, a normal resting QT‐interval but QT‐prolongation on exercise. Two brothers, the father and the paternal grandmother have a slight QT‐prolongation but no attacks. In the proband, physical exercise and small doses of a beta‐adrenergic stimulator reliably cause ventricular bigemini and/or runs of multifocal ventricular extra‐systoles while increase in heart rate by Atropine and atrial pacing does not. The ventricular arrhythmia is improved by beta‐receptor blocking agents. It is proposed that in this and other patients with abnormal repolarization the ventricular myocardium is unduely sensitive to sympathetic stimuli, resulting in ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN II. Estimation of Aortic Root Diameter and Left A trial Size: A Comparison between Echocardiegraphy and Angiocardiography
Authors: LUNDSTROM NILS‐RUNE , MORTENSSON WIGHER
Published: January 2008

During a period of 18 months, a comparison was made between echocardiography and angiocardiography in every patient submitted to heart catheterization and angiocardiography. This paper deals with comparisons between an aortic root dimension measured on an echocardiogram and the aortic root diameter measured on the angiocardiogram, and between a left atrial dimension measured on an echocardiogram and the sagittal left atrial diameter measured on the angiocardiogram. This study could be made in 89% of the 166 patients with respect to the aortic root and in 87% of the 91 patients with respect to the left atrial dimension. The failure to obtain measurements in some of the patients (9 and lo%, respectively for the two comparisons) was generally due to an abnormal position of the aorta (transposition of the great arteries, double outlet right ventricle or truncus arteriosus communis) while in a few remaining cases no satisfactory echocardiogram could be obtained.

A very good correlation (r = 0.98) was found between the aortic root dimension as measured by echocardiography and the aortic root diameter as measured by angiocardiography. A good correlation (r=0.93) was also found between the left atrial dimension as measured by echocardiography and the left atrial sagittal diameter as measured by angiocardiography.

Examination of the outflow vessel in truncus arteriosus communis by echocardiography gave echocardiograms which could contribute to the diagnosis of truncus arteriosus communis.

The conclusion of this investigation is that the echocardiographic examination as described here can serve as a useful, non‐invasive, semi‐quantitative method for the estimation of the aortic root diameter and the left atrial size.
ULTRASOUND IN THE INVESTIGATION OF DISEASE OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT IN CHILDREN
Authors: HASCH ERNST
Published: January 2008

Based upon the use of the ultrasonic investigation of diseases of the kidney and urinarytract in 100 children it can be concluded that it is a very useful method in the demonstration of the anatomical changes that occur in these organs during certain diseases.

The reliability of this new diagnostic method awaits further evaluation, but so far the ultrasonic investigation has been found to be a valuable complement to radiology in the primary diagnostic approach, as well as in the supervision of the subsequent changes in kidney and urinary tract diseases in children.
INFANT MORTALITY: Causes of Death During the First Year of Life in a Five‐year Series
Authors: BJERRE INGRID , ÖSTBERG GÖREL
Published: January 2008

In the years 1966–1970 all together 17 805 children were born in Malmo (population about 260000). 141 were stillborns and 172 infants survived at most 6 days, which means a perinatal mortality of 1.74 %, and neonatal mortality within 6 days of 0.97 %. The infantmortality was 1.3%. These figures agree closely with Swedish vital statistics. 5.4% were LBW‐infants with a neonatal mortality of 13.3%. 231 infants died during the first year and necropsies were performed in all but 2. The main causes of death were malformations in 65 cases, haemorrhages in 31 and hyaline membranes in 61. In 38.children with a birth weight below 1700 g, post‐mortem examination revealed no morphologic changes except immaturity. Diseases of the mother and complications of pregnancy and delivery were more common among mothers of children with low birthweight. The causes of infant mortality in countries with a good standard of living are mainly severe malformations and complications of very low birthweight and short gestation period.
PLACENTAL TRANSFUSION IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS ELUCIDATED BY PLACENTAL RESIDUAL BLOOD VOLUME
Authors: KLEBE JOACHIM G. , INGOMAR CARL JOH.
Published: January 2008

The influence of the method of delivery and the clamping technique on the placental transfusion is investigated by measurement of the placental residual blood volume in 58 infants of diabetic mothers and in 65 infants of nondiabetic mothers.

It is shown that infants of diabetic mothers delivered vaginally compared with infants of diabetic mothers delivered by caesarean section, have a larger placental residual blood volume, if early clamping is employed. This relation suggests that also in infants of diabetic mothers, a temporary deposition of the distribution of the foeto‐placental blood volume between the infant and the placenta occurs during vaginal delivery, because of the impaired venous backflow to the infant. The difference in the placental residual blood volume is more pronounced for infants of diabetic mothers than for infants of non‐diabetic mothers.

Further, it is shown that the placental residual blood volume is significant larger in infants of diabetic mothers but only after vaginal delivery with early clamping, compared with the same group of infants of non‐diabetic mothers.
LEUCOCYTE FUNCTION IN NORMAL AND PRE‐TERM INFANTS
Authors: GOEL K. M. , VOWELS M. R.
Published: January 2008

The cytochemical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed on 121 infants aged between 1 and 112 days. New born infants (normal and pre‐term) had higher levels of NBT positive cells than older infants and children. These high levels fell to the normal childhood range after the fourth week of life. Infants aged less than 14 days with a birth weight of (2 000 g had a mean level of NBT positive cells one third that of infants of higher birth weight (> 2 000 g).
A PILOT STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF HUMAN MILK IN A LOWER SOCIO‐ECONOMIC GROUP IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: LINDBLAD B. S. , RAHIMTOOLA RAZIA J.
Published: January 2008

The total fat, lactose, total nitrogen, protein, vitamin A and calcium content of human milk from a very low socio‐economic group in an economically developing country corresponded to known normal levels. The amino acid content, however, showed a comparative decrease in the content of two essential aminoacids (lysine and methionine). This could imply that the nutritional value of the milk protein is substantially 'reduced.
COAGULOPATHY IN NON‐CIRRHOTIC PORTAL FIBROSIS
Authors: YATZIV S. , ELDOR A. , EYAL F. , RUSSELL A.
Published: January 2008

A 12‐year‐old girl suffering from non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis is presented. The clinical picture is characterized by splenomegaly without hematemesis and ascites. Portal hypertension was found without evidence of intra‐ or extra‐hepatic obstruction. Liver function test results were mildly disturbed. Open liver biopsy revealed fairly well preserved structure of the liver except for increased fibrosis confined to the portal spaces but without characteristic cirrhotic changes.

Coagulation studies revealed disturbance of various coagulation factors, the most important being thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and low levels of factors 11, VII and X. It is suggested that the primary underlying cause fcr these findings is a chronic consumptive coagulopathy and not liver disease.

Appreciation of the coagulopathy accompanying this syndrome may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this entity.
99mTC‐PERTECHNETATE BRAIN SCINTIGRAPHY IN CHILDREN
Authors: EDELING CARL‐JOHAN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Edeling, C. J. (Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). 99mTc‐Pertechnetate brain scintigraphy in children. Acta Paediat Scand, 63: 193, 1974.–One hundred and sixteen children all suspected of brain disease were examined by 99mTc‐pertechnetate scintigraphy. Twenty‐five of 34 verified intra‐cranial tumours or tumourlike diseases accumulated 99mTc. Intracranial lesions such as leukaernic infiltrations, subdural haemorrhage, brain abscess, and subdural abscess were also detected by this method. Three case histories are reported: astrocytoma in the cerebellum, tuberous sclerosis, and brain abscesses. The choice of isotopes for brain scintigraphy and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. It is concluded that 99mTc‐scintigraphy seems to improve the accuracy in diagnosing brain neoplasms in children.
FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE OF CORNELIA DE LANGE'S SYNDROME
Authors: BECK BENTE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Beck, B. (Paediatric Department TG, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). Familial occurrence of Cornelia de Lange's syndrome. Acta Paediat Sand, 63:225, 1974.–A family is presented in which two sibs, brother and sister, exhibit Cornelia de Lange's syndrome. The mother and a younger sister present certain peculiarities characteristic of the syndrome. The case speaks in favour of a genetic etiology and modes of inheritance are discussed.
FLUORINE CONCENTRATIONS IN DECIDUOUS HUMAN TEETH AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE IN VITAMIN SOLUTION
Authors: BERVENMARK HENRY , HAMBERG LENNART
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Bervenmark, H. and Hamberg, L. (ACO Läkemedel AB, Solna and the Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden). Fluorine concentrations of sodium fluoride in vitamin solution. Acta Paediat Scand, 63: 232, 1974.–In an earlier study, 705 children were given a vitamin A and D solution: of these, 342 received a supplement of sodium fluoride over a period of 7 years. A significant difference in the frequency of caries was found between the children in the fluoride group and those in the control group. To see if this difference was correlated to the concentration of fluorine in enamel and dentine a quantitative analysis of deciduous teeth from both groups was carried out. The results indicate that fluoride administered orally, in the dosage used, significantly increases the fluoride content of the enamel and dentine. The findings might contribute to explain why children who receive this prophylaxis have. increased resistance to caries.