bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development in Erythrocebus patas
Authors: Binkerd P. E. , Hendrickx A. G. , Rice J. M. , Palmer A. E.
Published: June 2005

The developmental stages of 12 Erythrocebus patas embryos, ranging in gestational age from 30 to 50 days, is described. The pattern of embryogenesis in E. patas closely parallels the anatomic characteristics of human and other nonhuman primate embryos between stages 12 and 23. However, there is a delay in development in E. patas similar to that observed in human embryos which differs from the macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the design and analysis of early pregnancy studies in this species.
Chemical dilution and clearance studies to estimate amniotic fluid volume and amniotic fluid ingestion in normal baboon pregnancies
Authors: Brans Y. W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Hayashi Robert H. , Shannon Donna L. , Reyes Patty
Published: June 2005

Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) and amniotic fluid ingestion rate (or fetal swallowing rate, FSR) were estimated by inulin and para‐aminohippurate (PAH) dilution in 14 normal baboon pregnancies. Mean (± SE) AFV was significantly lower at 137–140 days of pregnancy (preterm) than at 173–178 days (term) (inulin: 326 ± 22.9 ml vs 483 ± 55.9 ml, P = 0.014; PHA:269 ± 39.4 ml vs 471 ± 39.4 ml, P = 0.002). In proportion to fetal weight, however, mean AFV was similar throughout the third trimester of pregnancy (inulin: 582 ± 40.9 ml/kg; PAH: 541 ± 39.8 ml/kg). Mean FSR was lower in preterm than in term animals when estimated by inulin dilution (587 ± 55.5 ml/day vs 784 ± 55.0 ml/day, P = 0.030) but not when estimated by PAH dilution (753 ± 65.7 ml/day vs 625 ± 50.6 ml/day). In proportion to their weights, however, preterm fetuses swallowed amniotic fluid more rapidly than term fetuses (inulin: 1,216 ± 117.6 ml/kg/day vs 840 ± 67.5 ml/kg/day, P = 0.025; PAH: 1,561 ± 142.9 ml/kg/day vs 682 ± 62.7 ml/kg/day, P < 0.001). Furthermore, our data suggest that the commonly accepted technique for estimating AFV may be based on inaccurate premises, that insulin may be a better marker than PAH to estimate AFV and FSR, and that needle aspiration of amniotic fluid does not appear to be an adequate technique to validate chemical dilution methods. Our data, however, provide estimates which indicate that the baboon is an appropriate animal model in which to seek refinements and validation of our techniques.
Fetotoxicity of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNulty Wilbur P.
Published: June 2005

The fetotoxic and teratogenic potential of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was tested through oral administration to monkeys early in pregnancy. A single or divided dose, 1 μg of TCDD/kg of body weight, was followed by abortion in 13 of 16 pregnant monkeys treated between days 20 and 40 of gestation. One of four aborted at 0.2 μg/kg, and two of two at 5 μg/kg. None of the mothers given 0.2 μg/kg showed signs of toxicity. Eight of the monkeys aborting at 1 μg/kg showed clinical toxicity 44 to 111 days after aborting, and three died. Both given 5 μg/kg became toxic soon after abortion and died. No malformations except for two minor palatal abnormalities of questionable significance were found in the six fetuses that were not aborted at doses of 0.2 and 1.0 μg/kg. These results indicate (1) that TCDD is fetotoxic at doses that frequently have delayed toxicity to the mother, but that conclusions about teratogenicity cannot be drawn, and (2) that pregnant rhesus females are more sensitive to the toxic effects of TCDD than any species tested but the guinea pig.
Behavioral and physiological suppression of fertility in subordinate marmoset monkeys
Authors: Abbott David H.
Published: June 2005

In laboratory groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), socially induced reproductive suppression among subordinates and offspring effectively maintained a monogamous breeding system. Male subordinates or male offspring were inhibited or restrained from showing sexual behavior, while similarly placed females could also suffer from complete ovarian failure. In well‐established families, a familiarity or inbreeding taboo restricted reproduction among otherwise fertile offspring. However, only one daughter ovulated in any family, and in up to 50% of family groups, all daughters were inhibited from ovulating. This differential effect on daughters may have reflected a qualitative shift in the mother‐daughter relationship: the ovulating daughter may have represented the next breeding female and may no longer have regarded the mother as an inhibitory influence. In newly established peer groups of pubertal and postpubertal offspring, one male and female dominated all others in each group and overtly inhibited sexual behavior in subordinates of their own sex. Ovulation was suppressed in all subordinate females because of inadequate gonadotrophin secretion. This was not related to increased secretion of cortisol or prolactin, but may have been related to hypothalamic inhibition of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion.
A study of a black howling monkey (Alouatta caraya) population in northern Argentina
Authors: Thorington R. W. , Ruiz Julio Cesar , Eisenberg J. F.
Published: June 2005

A population of Alouatta caraya in northern Argentina had an ecological density of 130 animals per km2. Mean troop size varied from 7.2 to 8.9 individuals, and the ratio of adult males to adult females from 0.58 to 0.51. Infants comprised from 6% to 14% of the population, juveniles from 16% to 21%. These percentages probably vary seasonally in response to a birth peak at the beginning of the dry season. Males were age‐graded in multi‐male troops. Sexual dimorphism was extreme in this species. Males were all black and averaged 6.7 kg; females were yellow‐brown and averaged 4.4 kg. Juvenile males retained the pelage color of the female until approximately 4.5 yr of age and 5 kg in weight. No genital mimicry or exaggeration occurred in this species. Vocalizations of A. caraya were similar to those of A. seniculus, both of which tend to be lower pitched than those of A. palliata.
Triadic interactions among Macaca radiata: Passports and buffers
Authors: Silk Joan B. , Samuels Amy
Published: June 2005

Male members of a group of captive Macaca radiata at the California Primate Research Center held and carried infants as they approached or were approached by higher‐ranking males and as they were threatened by other males. Male infants between the ages of 25 and 84 weeks were involved in triadic interactions more frequently than were female infants of any age or male infants of other ages. That males were less likely to be harassed while huddling with or embracing infants suggested that infants provided an effective buffer against aggression.
Adoption success under single‐cage conditions by cynomolgus macaque mothers (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Cho Fumiaki , Suzuki Michihiro , Honjo Shigeo
Published: June 2005

Retrospective data were studied to determine the success of experimental adoption by 122 cynomolgus macaques kept in individual cages at the Tsukuba Primate Center. The four types of adoption procedures included (1) singletons adopted after weaning (SAW)—21 cases; (2) singletons adopted after stillbirth (SAS)—20 cases; (3) singletons adopted after forced separation of the biological infant during the nursing period (SAF)—4 cases; and (4) adoption of a second “twin” while still nursing a biological infant (TA)—77 cases. Adoption was defined as successful if the mother nursed the foster infants for at least 7 days. Success rates (percent) were 47.6 for SAW, 75 for SAS, 100 for SAF, and 74 for TA. Success was affected by the postbirth stage of foster mothers at adoption but not by foster infant age or sex.
Habitat acoustics and primate communication
Authors: Waser Peter M. , Brown Charles H.
Published: June 2005

The acoustic characteristics of three tropical habitats were investigated to determine how they might constrain the structure of primate signals. Ambient noise was measured, along with signal attenuation and aspects of signal degradation (reverberation, amplitude fluctuations, and pulse train modulation depth). These measures allowed estimation of the effects of habitat acoustics on the distances over which calls would be audible (the “active space”) and over which primates could reliably transmit amplitude‐modulated or pulse‐coded information.
The ecology of seed dispersal in two species of callitrichid primates (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Garber Paul A.
Published: June 2005

Data collected during a 12‐month field investigation of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in the Amazon Basin of north‐eastern Peru indicate that callitrichid primates play an important role in tropical forest seed dispersal. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins were observed to ingest seeds from a variety of tree and liana species and pass them unharmed. These seeds tended to be large and heavy, and passed through the tamarin digestive tract in one to three hours. Experimental plantings of defecated seeds yielded a germination success rate of 70%. The specific gravity of these seeds (weight/volume) was inversely correlated with passage time and apparently had an indirect influence on the distance that seeds were dispersed from the parent tree. In the case of three preferred fruiting species, Leonia glycycarpa, Pourouma sp., and Hippocrateaceae #283, the present distribution of adult trees closely resembled the pattern of the seed shadow created by Saguinus. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins appeared to be reliable and high‐quality dispersal agents for a number of tree and liana species. In this role, they are likely to exert an important influence on the composition, distribution, and regeneration patterns of Amazonian rain forest.
Social behavior and genital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Wallis Janette , Lemmon W. B.
Published: June 2005

Previous reports of increased sexual activity associated with genital swelling during chimpanzee pregnancy have suggested that the tumescent pregnant female may be regarded as a regularly cycling estrous female. Analysis of additional data from seven pregnant and eight cycling females, however, indicated that tumescent pregnant females differed from cycling females in some social interactions with males. As in earlier reports, pregnant females were more receptive to male‐initiated copulatory bouts. In addition, pregnant females initiated grooming bouts with males much less frequently than did cycling females, and males spent less time grooming and less frequently inspected the genitals of pregnant than cycling cagemates. This tendency to decrease social interaction during pregnancy is consistent with field reports that pregnant chimpanzees prefer the company of their offspring and other noncycling females. In addition, the genital swelling patterns of 40 chimpanzee pregnancies were analyzed. Length of gestation averaged 231.5 days. Although a high degree of individual variation existed, females were swollen an average of 41% of the days observed, yet reached maximum swelling only 8.7% of the time. Genital swelling was less frequent during the third trimester, averaging 50.5, 47.9, and 22.6% tumescent days in each trimester. Young pregnant females showed maximum swelling more often than did older females. This finding is discussed with respect to field reports of intercommunity transfer of young, tumescent female chimpanzees.
Atretogenic action of estrogen in rhesus monkeys: Effects of repeated treatment
Authors: Dierschke Donald J. , Hutz Reinhold J. , Wolf Richard C.
Published: June 2005

The effects of 17β‐estradiol (E2), administered in Silastic capsules for 24 hours at intervals of 10 or 14 days, on follicular development and menstrual cycle characteristics were studied in 13 rhesus monkeys. In seven monkeys receiving E2 at l0‐day intervals for 50 treatment periods, new follicles frequently developed between treatments but usually regressed. In seven instances, the follicles persisted longer than expected but were steroidogenically suppressed and regressed spontaneously. Ovulation occurred in only two instances. In six monkeys receiving E2 at 14‐day intervals, new follicles developed regularly, with seven ovulations occurring in 37 treatment periods. A persistent anovulatory follicle was noted in only one instance. Menstruation occurred with equal frequency, and the interval from treatment to onset of menstruation was not significantly different regardless of treatment or the occurrence of ovulation; the intervals between menstruation approximated those of normal menstrual cycles. In general, following termination of treatment, menstrual cycles returned to normal quickly. These data indicate that E2 administered intermittently at 10‐day intervals effectively suppresses ovulation, and they provide new insight into the actions of E2 on folliculogenesis in primates.
Synchronization of ovarian cycles within and between social groups in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: French Jeffrey A. , Stribley Judith A.
Published: June 2005

Synchronization of ovarian events has been reported in a number of primate species, with the temporal resolution of synchrony ranging from the occurrence of seasonal breeding within the annual cycle to a close matching of ovarian events within a single ovarian cycle. However, ovarian synchrony has not been reported in a New World primate. The temporal association of ovarian events was examined in female golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) living in the same or different social groups. Ovarian cyclicity was monitored by measuring the excretion of urinary estrogen metabolites. There was a high degree of synchronization in the occurrence of urinary estrogen peaks for females in different social groups (mean peak discrepancy = 2.1 days) and in females housed in the same social group (mean peak discrepancy = 1.3 days). Contrary to previous reports on callitrichid primates, daughters housed in their natal family group exhibited cyclic patterns of urinary estrogen excretion. These findings represent the first explicit demonstration of ovarian synchrony in a New World primate, and the tight coupling of ovarian cycles in female tamarins resembles the nature of menstrual synchrony in human females.
Lactation length in three species of Galago
Authors: Izard M. Kay
Published: June 2005

Milk expression was used to determine lactation length in three species of Galago at the Duke University Primate Center. Lactation length in G. senegalensis moholi was significantly shorter than the lactation length of either G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus, but lactation length did not differ between G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus. Litter size had no significant effect on lactation length. The lactation lengths determined in this study are substantially longer than those reported by investigators who used observational techniques. These discrepancies may be partially explained by failure to observe nursing during the diurnal inactive period.
Ecological constraints on the development of infant independence in rhesus
Authors: Johnson Rodney L. , Southwick Charles H.
Published: June 2005

Mother‐infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in India and Nepal. This research had three purposes: 1) to examine the influences of maternal activities (ie, feeding, locomotion, and rest) and arboreality on the early development of infant independence; 2) to determine whether interpopulation differences in the development of infant independence can be accounted for by correlated differences in maternal time budgets and the amount of time infants spent on the ground; and 3) to explore how patterns of maternal care may or may not mitigate increased risk of infant mortality resulting from human harassment. Despite significant interpopulation differences in maternal time budgets, the amount of time infants spent on the ground, and the degree of harassment the animals experienced, few interpopulation differences in infant development could be found. The application of a multiple regression/ correlation analysis revealed that the development of infant independence was affected by the above factors but that those factors were acting in complementary ways to constrain development and to minimize the differences across populations.
Reactions to fear as a proximate factor in the sociospatial organization of baboon progressions
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Tilson Ronald
Published: June 2005

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fearfulness is a key proximate factor determining the nonrandom order repeatedly reported for baboon troops progressing from one location to another. According to this hypothesis, the most vulnerable troop members, the walking immatures, are expected in most circumstances to be cautious and to keep others between themselves and potential danger. The more confident adults, especially large powerful males, should tend toward the front and rear of progressing troops. The fear hypothesis predicts that in progressions toward a fear source, adult males should be near the front of the troop; on the other hand, when the troop is retreating from a frightening or tense situation, adult males should be found more toward the rear. Progressions of chacma baboons away from the location of a severe fright or in retreat from another troop were compared with other progressions. Adult males tended to be more rearward in these situations. The number of adults of either sex interposed between a fear source and the first walking immature was greater for retreating troops than for others. Some adult males continued to be near the front of the troop when retreating from tense situations.
Sociosexual behavior of a free‐ranging Cebuella pygmaea (Callitrichidae, platyrrhini) troop during postpartum estrus of its reproductive female
Authors: Soini P.
Published: June 2005

The sociosexual behavior of a free‐ranging Cebuella pygmaea troop containing two adult males was studied throughout a postpartum periestrous period of its reproductive female. A clear‐cut male‐initiated six‐day behavioral estrous period occurred from the 13th through 18th day postpartum, with a two‐day peak of mating activity on the 15th and 16th days. Both adult males attempted to mate with the female, but the dominant male maintained exclusive mating access to her by guarding behavior and aggression toward the subordinate male. Estrus‐related changes in the daily activity pattern included constant following of the female by the male, increased huddling and grooming between the consorts, a decrease in infant carrying, and suppression of insect foraging in the consorting male. Behaviors seen only during the periestrous period included genital presenting by the female, intensive licking and sniffing of her genitalia by the males, female‐guarding by the dominant male, anogenital scent‐marking on the male's body by the female, tongue protrusion and “tongue vibrating” by the male, and copulations, play chasing, and “consort walking” by the couple. Within the Callitrichidae, genital presenting and tongue vibrating in sexual context have been observed only in Cebuella.
Patterns of affiliation among immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Ehardt Carolyn L. , Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: June 2005

The affiliative interaction patterns of the immature members of a group of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center reflected a strong bias toward matrilineal kin, although this effect was modified by age and sex variables. Association with kin decreased with age, particularly for males. Juvenile males showed less of a kin bias in their behavior than did juvenile females, especially for grooming. Juvenile males also exhibited a preference for interaction with other males. The diminished association with kin and the same‐sex bias may be reinforced in adolescence as adult males begin to aggressively target adolescent males involved in agonistic encounters with females or immatures. Adolescent males did not decrease their levels of social interaction relative to those of adolescent females; however, these males preferentially associated with other males (predominantly their own age‐sex class) and specifically avoided females and younger animals, both kin and nonkin. Avoidance may diminish conflicts with females or immatures which could result from association, thereby decreasing the potential for selective aggressive interference by adult males. Juvenile and adolescent females maintained strong ties with their kin and preferentially associated with other females and immatures. The breadth of interaction of females with other females may facilitate the establishment of dominance relationships as females mature. Familiarity and predictability may also decrease the necessity of more severe agonistic interaction.
Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates
Authors: Gebo Daniel L.
Published: June 2005

An understanding of prosimian movement is basic to many anatomical and paleontological studies in that these studies attempt to correlate movement with anatomy and therefore infer movement in fossil primates. Duke University has a large and diverse collection of prosimian primates, which are housed in cages and enclosures large enough for movement studies. Extant prosimians move in many different ways, and none are so specialized that only one mode of travel is used. The most general locomotor patterns are observed for the cheirogaleids, and thus theirs may best resemble the locomotor patterns of the ancestral euprimate.
Chromosome studies in Alouatta belzebul
Authors: Armada Jorge L. A. , Barroso Carmen M. L. , Lima Margarida M. C. , Muniz José Augusto P. C. , Seuánez Héctor N.
Published: June 2005

The chromosome constitution of Alouatta belzebul was studied with G‐, C‐, and silver staining. In ten specimens identified as Alouatta belzebul, the chromosome constitution of males (2n = 49) differed from that of females (2n = 50) owing to a Y‐autosome translocation. In another single female specimen, probably Alouatta belzebul nigerrima, the diploid chromosome number was also 50, though its karyotype was drastically different from that of Alouatta belzebul belzebul. Chromosome studies, taken together with phenotypic and field observations, suggest that Alouatta belzebul belzebul is phenotypically variable in respect to pelage coloration. This attribute is therefore unreliable for the precise identification of Alouatta belzebul subspecies. Conversely, relatively minor phenotypic differences, allowing for the characterization of subspecies within a same species, coexist with unparalleled, drastic karyotypic divergence. These findings clearly question gross morphological attributes as discriminative characteristics of Alouatta belzebul subspecies.
Species discrimination of male song in gibbons
Authors: Mitani John C.
Published: June 2005

Acoustic analyses and field playback experiments were conducted to investigate interspecific song differences and discrimination in male gibbons. Songs were recorded and analyzed from males of three populations: agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in West Kalimantan and South Sumatra and Müller's gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) in East Kalimantan. Male songs from each of the three populations were played back to West Kalimantan agile gibbons. Acoustic analyses indicated that the songs of the two species differed in spectral features and in the temporal patterning of syllables. Agile gibbon songs from the West Kalimantan and South Sumatran populations varied in song durations and in the maximum frequencies of one song element. Field playbacks showed that West Kalimantan agile gibbons respond in a similar manner to local songs and to conspecific songs from South Sumatra. In contrast, the animals responded differentially to conspecific and heterospecific Müller's gibbon songs. These results indicate that gibbons discriminate specific differences in songs, and support the division of agile and Müller's gibbons into distinct species.
Luteinizing hormone receptors in ovaries of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo
Published: June 2005

Ovarian luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors were characterized using ovarian tissues from 17 cynomolgus monkeys at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Low binding affinity receptors for 125I‐LH were observed throughout the menstrual cycle. The binding affinity of these receptors for LH (< 12 × 1010 M−1) was approximately the same as that of ovarian LH receptors previously reported in human and nonhuman primates. In addition, high‐affinity receptors (17−85 × 1010 M−1) were also detected at the mid‐luteal phase, during which a large functional corpus luteum was present. Thus the high‐affinity LH receptors appear with the formation of the corpus luteum and disappear with its regression. Almost no fluctuation of binding capacity was observed throughout the menstrual cycle (32−112 fmol/ mg of ovarian tissue). The high‐affinity LH receptor was judged to be derived from the functional corpus luteum.
A nonintrusive method for determining relative body fat in free‐ranging monkeys
Authors: Berman Carol M. , Schwartz Susan
Published: June 2005

A procedure is described for designing simple obesity rating scales for use with free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ratings are based on observers' judgments of degree of overall obesity of individual monkeys. The procedure was tested separately on samples of males and females over 2 successive years. Within each of these four samples, observers' judgments were both highly reliable and highly correlated with actual measures of body weight and with estimates of body fat based on morphometric measures, including the Quetelet index. To test the degree to which scores from different applications of the scale could be compared with one another, regression functions were calculated for scale vs. the Quetelet index and for scale vs. body weight for each application. No significant differences were found among the four regression functions for scale vs. the Quetelet index for fully grown adult monkeys. This suggested that observers' judgment criteria with regard to this measure were sufficiently stable across the four test applications to allow meaningful comparison of scores. Comparable analyses for body weight suggested that observers' judgment criteria were stable over time but not between sexes. These data suggest that observers had been successful in attending more closely to obesity than to body weight. Obesity scales have many potential uses both in the field and in captivity provided they are adequately tested before use.
DA/DAPI fluorescent bands in the chromosomes of Pan paniscus
Authors: Wienberg J. , Stanyon R.
Published: June 2005

The fluorochrome pattern produced by DA/DAPI double staining in Pan paniscus chromosomes is reported. The location of DA/DAPI prominent bands differs from that reported for all other hominoid species. However, the pattern in the pygmy chimpanzee is most similar to that seen in Pan troglodytes. Comparison of the DA/DAPI pattern of the other hominoid species allows the construction of a proposed hominoid ancestral karyotype and a preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of DA/DAPI bands for the great apes and man.
Social mechanisms of population regulation in a captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Silk Joan B.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the factors that contributed to annual variation in fertility and infant survival in a relatively undisturbed captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) over a 16‐year period. The size and composition of this population fluctuated over time, and these changes were consistently associated with changes in female fertility and infant survival. Female fertility was highest when there were relatively few adult females in the group and when there were relatively few adult females per adult male. Similarly, infant survival was highest in years when there were relatively few adult females present and when cohorts of infants were small. Since environmental factors, such as availability of food and vulnerability to predation, were unlikely to constrain population growth in captivity, the data suggest that other mechanisms may have affected demographic processes in this captive group.
Patterns of metric variability in the dentition of Papio ursinus
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Groeneveld H. T.
Published: June 2005

The present investigation assesses a number of explanations for the patterns of variability in dental dimensions. Coefficients of variation were calculated for mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in a sample of 105 Papio ursinus crania (52 male, 53 female). Variability profiles consisting of arrays of values of coefficients of variation were evaluated by means of Friedman's two‐way analysis of variance and Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Although molar teeth were found to be the most dimensionally stable, our results failed to support either the morphogenetic field theory or the occlusal complexity hypothesis. The data presented here are generally supportive of Pengilly's phenotypic complexity theory. However, speciesspecific clustering patterns found in our regressions of dimensional variability on mean tooth size suggest that differences in variability levels might be related to differences in selective pressures.
Use of a club by a wild white‐faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (Bothrops asper)
Authors: Boinski S.
Published: June 2005

In Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica, an adult male Cebus capucinus was observed repeatedly hitting a venomous snake (Bothropsasper) with a branch. Initially a large dead branch overhanging the snake had been broken off in the course of aggressive displays to the snake by the adult and two subadult males. The snake's escape was apparently prevented by the weight of the fallen branch and possibly by the injuries caused by its fall. This is the first direct observation of a capuchin monkey in a natural habitat using a tool.
Primate models to study eccrine sweating
Authors: Elizondo Reynaldo S.
Published: June 2005

The histochemistry and histology of the eccrine sweat gland in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) are described. The histochemical distribution and localization of enzymes and substrates are very similar to those found in the human; innervation is cholinergic. Active eccrine glands on the general body surface average 136 glands/cm2. Above the thermal neutral zone (TNZ), sweating is the major avenue for heat loss and the role of panting in dissipating heat is relatively insignificant. The intrahypothalamic administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) suppresses sweating and leads to an increase in core temperature. A linear relation is found between local sweat rates on the general body surface and clamped hypothalamic temperature. Studies also provide direct support for the concept that brain temperature and skin temperature interact additively in the control of sweating in higher primates. The functional characteristics of eccrine sweating in the patas monkey (Erythocebus) are qualitatively similar to those in the rhesus monkey. The patas monkey maintains a relatively constant rectal temperature (37.6–38.4°C) when equilibrated to a wide range of ambient temperaures of 15–40°C. Eccrine sweating is the main effector system for heat dissipation above the TNZ. We emphasize here that evaporative heat loss that is due to sweating is related to both mean skin and mean body temperature and at 40°C is 40% higher than that recorded from the rhesus monkey. These results indicate that the patas monkey, because of its high sweating capacity and other similarities with the human eccrine system, is a most appropriate animal model for comparative studies of eccrine sweat gland function in primates in general.
Chromosome studies of Saguinus midas niger (Callithricidae, Primates) from Tucurui, Para, Brazil: Comparison with the karyotype of Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko , Pieczarka Julio Cesar
Published: June 2005

The karotype of Saguinus midas niger was studied by G‐, C‐, and nuclear organizer region (NOR)‐banding techniques. Variations in C‐banding patterns were observed in some chromosomes. The banding patterns obtained were compared with those previously described for Callithrix jacchus. The two species differ by a reciprocal translocation involving pairs 9 and 16; by a paracentric inversion in chromosomes 1, 13, 14, 18, and 22; and by a pericentric inversion in at least four subtelocentric pairs (chromosomes 19, 20, 21, and 22), dislocating the nucleolar organizer region from the small short arm in C. jacchus to the proximal segment of the long arm in S. m. niger (or vice versa). The amount of constitutive heterochromatin is greater in S. m. niger than in C. jacchus, especially in chromosomes 4, 7, and 14. The Y chromosome is smaller in C. jacchus than in S. m. niger.
Sociosexual development, pair bond formation, and mechanisms of fertility suppression in female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Savage Anne , Ziegler Toni E. , Snowdon Charles T.
Published: June 2005

The effect of various social environments on sociosexual behavior was examined in six young female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) and in three established breeding females. Behavioral observations and hormonal samples were collected on young females while they were living with their families, when they were isolated from conspecifics, and after they were paired with an unrelated male. While living with the family, all females showed a suppression of fertility and low frequencies of sociosexual behavior. Following removal from the family, isolated females displayed an increase in rate of scent marking and an increase in hormonal levels. When young females were paired with males, they were exposed to scent secretions from their natal families, from an unfamilar family, and from a control for a total of 24 weeks. After pairing, hormonal levels increased dramatically, and ovarian cyclicity began. An increase in sociosexual behavior and elevated levels of scent marking accompanied this physiological change. Newly paired females had higher rates of affiliative behavior and scent marking than did established breeding females. However, both newly paired and established breeding males were more likely to initiate contact, grooming bouts, and social sniffing than were females. Time to first ovulation was later in females who were exposed to scent secretions from their natal families than it was in those females given a control for the first 8 weeks following pairing. No female conceived during exposure to scent secretions. However, once normal ovarian cycling had begun or a pregnancy was established, exposure to scent secretions had no effect. Thus, the social environment influences the fertility, sociosexual behavior, and pair bond formation of cotton‐top tamarins. In addition, chemical stimuli found in the scent secretions produced by the natal family are most likely involved in reproductive suppression.
Menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unaffected by a single dose of the anesthetics ketamine and xylazine administered during the midfollicular phase at laparoscopy
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wolf Richard C.
Published: June 2005

To identify an anesthetic regimen that produces more complete relaxation and analgesia than ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset®) alone, a combination of ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight) and the hypnotic xylazine (Rompun®, 0.33 mg/kg) was evaluated. Since the desired experimental application required that the anesthetic not interfere with normal hormonal events during the menstrual cycle, this combination administered on day 6 of the cycle was tested to determine whether hormonal surges, incidence of ovulation, or cycle length would be altered relative to the use of ketamine alone. In five of six animals, ketamine plus xylazine had no effect on the occurrence of timely surges of estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), or follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), or on ovulation as determined by the presence of a corpus luteum at laparoscopy and normal serum concentrations of progesterone. There were no significant differences between the cycle during treatment and previous cycles in the same animal for length of the menstrual cycle (26.0 ± 2.3 [5] days; X̄ ± S.D. [n] or luteal phase (13.4 ± 2.4 [5] days). Likewise, these values did not differ from those of ten control monkeys treated with ketumine only on day 5 or 6 of the cycle (incidence of ovulation, 10/10; cycle length, 27.9 ± 1.8 [10]; luteal phase length, 15.1 ± 1.4 [10], P > 0.05). Patterns of circulating progesterone were not altered by the addition of xylazine anesthesia. These findings indicate that xylazine, given in the midfollicular phase, did not alter ovulatory events or menstrual cycle characteristics in rhesus monkeys. Ketamine plus xylazine apparently provides anesthesia appropriate for laparoscopy.
Effects of physical and chemical restraint on intravenous glucose tolerance test in crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Yasuda Mitsuya , Wolff Joann , Howard Charles F.
Published: June 2005

The effects of physical and chemical restraint on glucose clearance and insulin secretion were evaluated during intravenous glucose tolerance testing in Macaca nigra. Conscious monkeys placed in plexiglas cylindrical restraining devices (CRD) appeared relaxed, but glucose clearance and insulin secretion were impaired. A combination of midazolam with ketamine, compared to ketamine alone, did not cause detectable changes in the intravenous glucose tolerance tests; midazolam also reduced adverse reactions to ketamine and extended the duration of anesthesia. The cylindrical restraining device can be convenient for examining monkeys, but it is limited by its adverse affects on metabolic and hormonal measurements in intravenous glucose‐tolerance tests. Chemical restraint using ketamine with midazolam was more effective than ketamine alone.
Effects of trapping on the vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) population in Barbados
Authors: Horrocks J. A. , Baulu J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of a 7‐year trapping program on a population of vervets, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, in Barbados is described. The pretrapping population was estimated at between 6,000 and 12,000 monkeys. The number trapped annually has increased from less than 200 in 1980 to almost 1,000 in 1986. Despite this, annual catch per trapping effort indicates that population abundance has remained relatively constant. However, the proportion of juveniles to adults in the population has increased markedly, largely because of an increase in the proportion of juvenile females. The data, therefore, suggest that the number of adults in the feral population has been decreasing, while that of juveniles has been increasing. The observation that adults are more vulnerable to trapping than juveniles and the possibility that juvenile survivorship has increased since trapping began may explain these trends. The change in age structure of the population toward juveniles is one explanation for the claimed increase in crop damage in Barbados at constant population size.
Social interactions following parturition in stumptail macaques
Authors: Bruce Katherine E. , Estep Daniel Q. , Baker Suzanne C.
Published: June 2005

The social behavior of six female stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) living in a social group of 23–29 individuals was monitored before and after parturition and was compared to the social interactions of six nonpregnant females. Pregnant and control females did not differ in terms of affiliative and most types of agonistic behavior performed or received. After parturition, new mothers interacted with more group members than did control females. New mothers received more grooming initiations but did not differ from control females in the duration of time spent grooming. New mothers also received more frequent contact aggression from adult males and increased frequency of contact aggression toward juveniles. Overall, new mothers received more submissive responses relative to control females. New mothers did not show elevations in overall dominance status, as measured by the direction of agonistic interactions, and still received aggression from dominant individuals at normative rates. These data indicate that new mothers may become focal points for group interactions, but they do not receive more affiliation overall or less aggression than nonmothers.
Survival rate and life span of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes regional primate research center
Authors: Tigges Johannes , Gordon Thomas P. , McClure Harold M. , Hall Elmer C. , Peters Alan
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center (YRPRC). The survival rates were determined by methods used to calculate survival rates of human populations. The monkeys were divided into 3 groups based on their specific life histories. Group I monkeys were wild‐born and were housed singly from the time they came into captivity at about 2 years of age. Group II monkeys were born either in the wild or in captivity and were housed in social groups since their acquisition at ages 2 to 8 years. Group III monkeys were born at the YRPRC and housed in social groups. Due to these differences in life histories, direct comparisons among survival curves of the 3 groups are, at best, tenuous, as are comparisons with populations maintained at other facilities. In the present study the highest mortality rate occurred during the first month of life. The maximum life span attained in our group I was 35 years, with only 6.2% of monkeys in this group attaining an age beyond 30 years.
Phylogenetic relation between Lepilemuridae and other lemuriform families
Authors: Ishak B. , Warter S. , Dutrillaux B. , Rumpler Y.
Published: June 2005

A comparative study between the ancestral karyotype of the Lepilemuridae and that of the other lemuriforms showed that there are strong arguments supporting the hypothesis that the lepilemurs derive directly from the latter, essentially through end‐to‐end translocations. These results support a monophyletic origin of the lemurs of Madagascar and the classification of the Lepilemuridae as a separate family.
Long‐term retention of self‐recognition by chimpanzees
Authors: Calhoun Suzanne , Thompson Robert L.
Published: June 2005

Two young chimpanzees showed retention of self‐recognition after 1 year without access to mirrors. A year earlier the animals were positive on the Gallup dye test. One year later they were once again anesthetized, marked on the brow and ears, and following recovery, exposed individually to a large mirror. Both demonstrated mirror‐orientated mark‐directed responses. Time‐sample observations of behavior toward the mirror further support self‐recognition. The chimpanzee's self‐awareness, as inferred from its self‐recognition, appears to be a stable characteristic of the animal.
Preliminary report on the activity cycle and diet of the red‐bellied Lemur (Lemur rubriventer) in Madagascar
Authors: Overdorff Deborah
Published: June 2005

A preliminary field study was conducted on red‐bellied lemurs (Lemur rubriventer) in a southeastern rainforest of Madagascar during June and July 1986. Data were collected on diet, patterns of activity, and group composition. In June, the major food resource exploited by L. rubriventer was fruit. The study group also maintained a strict diurnal activity cycle. In July, L. rubriventer fed on flowers (80%), fruits (10%), and leaves (10%) and were nocturnal as well as diurnal. Eucalyptus flowers were the only resource exploited during feeding sessions. L. rubriventer's transition from a diurnal to a random, 24‐hour or “cathemeral” activity pattern may be a potential adaptive strategy to avoid predation by diurnal raptors.
Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Meldrum D. Jeffrey
Published: June 2005

Field observations of two sympatric pitheciine species reveal that the positional repertoire of the white‐faced saki, Pithecia pithecia, is dominated by leaping behaviors, whereas the bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas, is predominantly quadrupedal. Examination and comparison of the postcranial skeletal morphologies and limb proportions of these species display numerous features associated with their respective locomotor behaviors. These observations accord with associations found in other primate and mammalian groups and with predictions based on theoretical and experimental biomechanics. Preliminary observations of the skeletal morphology of Cacajao calvus demonstrate a marked similarity to that of Chiropotes. The fossil platyrrhine Cebupithecia sarmientoi displays greater similarity to Pithecia, suggesting that its positional repertoire also included significant leaping and clinging behaviors.
Parasitic nursing behavior in the wedge‐capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus)
Authors: O'Brien Timothy G.
Published: June 2005

Juvenile and adult females in two wild groups of wedge‐capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) were observed nursing from other adult females. The context of the interactions varied with participants but always involved a higher‐ranking female nursing from a lower‐ranking female. This behavior appears to be an example of an exploitative interaction in which the suckling female benefits at the expense of the nursing female.
Intestinal parasites of sympatric Pan troglodytes and Papio Spp. at two sites: Gombe (Tanzania) and Mt. Assirik (Senegal)
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Tutin C. E. G. , Collins D. A. , File S. K.
Published: June 2005

Experimental and clinical parasitology need natural baselines or “controls”. We present normative data intestinal parasite loads in two genera of African primates. Wild Pan troglodytes and Papio spp. were studied at two sites: Gombe in Tanzania (P. anubis) and Mt. Assirik in Senegal (P. papio). Presence or absence of parasites, especially nematodes, was recorded from fecal specimens. Gombe's primates were more often infected than were Mt. Assirik's. At Gombe, but not at Mt. Assirik, chimpanzees seemed to have a higher incidence of infection than baboons. Comparison of three baboon troops yielded apparent differences in prevalence of infection. No differences in infection were found between the wet and dry seasons in Mt. Assirik's chimpanzees.
Blood‐protein allele frequencies and phylogenetic relationships in Macaca: A review
Authors: Fooden Jack , Lanyon Scott M.
Published: June 2005

Allele‐frequency data have been assembled for 35 blood‐protein loci in 17 of 19 recognized species of Macaca based on 29 published electrophoretic studies; studies of inbred captive colonies have been excluded. Data for 22 polymorphic loci are tabulated in detail for 43 geographic populations of these species. Calculated FST values provide a measure of intergroup genetic differentiation at various hierarchical levels—troop, locality, province, country or island, species, species group; polymorphism indices measure genetic variation. The greatest intraspecific genetic differentiation occurs at the level of island populations within species. The pattern of genetic variation among island populations appears to be relictual, suggesting that the reduced genetic variability of island populations of macaques is a result of postisolation genetic drift rather than founder effect. Interspecific relationships were investigated by means of a jackknifed Fitch‐Margoliash algorithm, using Papio as outgroup. Phylogenetic inferences based on morphology and zoogeography. The reduced genetic variability that frequently characterizes insular macaque populations complicates phylogenetic interpretation of blood‐protein evidence.