bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term decision regret after post‐prostatectomy image‐guided intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Shakespeare Thomas P , Chin Stephen , Manuel Lucy , Wen Shelly , Hoffman Matthew , Wilcox Shea W , Aherne Noel J
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Decision regret (DR) may occur when a patient believes their outcome would have been better if they had decided differently about their management. Although some studies investigate DR after treatment for localised prostate cancer, none report DR in patients undergoing surgery and post‐prostatectomy radiotherapy. We evaluated DR in this group of patients overall, and for specific components of therapy.

Methods

We surveyed 83 patients, with minimum 5 years follow‐up, treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) and post‐prostatectomy image‐guided intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IG‐IMRT) to 64–66 Gy following www.EviQ.org.au protocols. A validated questionnaire identified DR if men either indicated that they would have been better off had they chosen another treatment, or they wished they could change their mind about treatment.

Results

There was an 85.5% response rate, with median follow‐up post‐IMRT 78 months. Adjuvant IG‐IMRT was used in 28% of patients, salvage in 72% and ADT in 48%. A total of 70% of patients remained disease‐free. Overall, 16.9% of patients expressed DR for treatment, with fourfold more regret for the RP component of treatment compared to radiotherapy (16.9% vs 4.2%, P = 0.01). DR for androgen deprivation was 14.3%. Patients were regretful of surgery due to toxicity, not being adequately informed about radiotherapy as an alternative, positive margins and surgery costs (83%, 33%, 25% and 8% of regretful patients respectively). Toxicity caused DR in the three radiotherapy‐regretful and four ADT‐regretful patients. Patients were twice as regretful overall, and of surgery, for salvage vs adjuvant approaches (both 19.6% vs 10.0%).

Conclusion

Decision regret after RP and post‐prostatectomy IG‐IMRT is uncommon, although patients regret RP more than post‐operative IG‐IMRT. This should reassure urologists referring patients for post‐prostatectomy IG‐IMRT, particularly in the immediate adjuvant setting. Other implications include appropriate patient selection for RP (and obtaining clear margins), and ensuring adequately discussing definitive radiotherapy as an alternative to surgery.
Estimates of avian collision with power lines and carcass disappearance across differing environments
Authors: Costantini D. , Gustin M. , Ferrarini A. , Dell'Omo G.
Published: August 2016

Data on collisions of birds with high‐voltage electric power lines are scarce and are often gathered without protocols for the correction of carcass disappearance. There is actually growing awareness that it is important to accomplish carcass removal trials in order to develop correction factors for producing adjusted estimates of mortality due to collisions. In this study, we provided for the first time raw counts and estimates of bird collisions across seven Italian areas that largely differ in their habitats. We also carried out carcass removal trials to compute the rate of carcass disappearance and produce better estimates of collision events and of optimal time intervals of carcass searches. Results of 1‐year monitoring showed a general low frequency of birds collided with the power lines. Carcass removal trials showed effects of carcass size and season on the carcass disappearance, which varied largely among the study areas. In four areas, both small and large carcasses had more than 50% probability to be removed within 3–5 days from their distribution. Given the high variation among study areas, we suggest that estimates of carcass persistence and optimal time intervals should be conducted concurrently for each new study site.
Seasonal variation in epifaunal communities associated with giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) at an upwelling‐dominated site
Authors: Winkler Natalia S. , Pérez‐Matus Alejandro , Villena Álvaro A. , Thiel Martin
Published: August 2016

Kelp forests are highly productive and species‐rich benthic ecosystems in temperate regions that provide biogenic habitat for numerous associated species. Diverse epifaunal communities inhabit kelp sporophytes and are subject to variations in the physical environment and to changes experienced by the kelp habitat itself. We assessed seasonal variations in epifaunal invertebrate communities inhabiting giant kelps, Macrocystis pyrifera, and their effects on this seaweed. Six seasonal samplings were conducted over a year at an upwelling‐dominated site in northern‐central Chile where physical conditions are known to fluctuate temporally. More than 30 taxa were identified, among which peracarid crustaceans stood out in both diversity and abundance. Species richness and abundance differed among sporophyte sections (holdfast and fronds) and throughout the year. The frond community was dominated by two grazers (the amphipod Peramphithoe femorata and the isopod Amphoroidea typa), while suspension feeders, grazers, and omnivores (the amphipod Aora typica, the isopod Limnoria quadripunctata, and polychaetes) dominated the holdfasts. Abundances of the dominant species fluctuated throughout the year but patterns of variation differed among species. The most abundant grazer (P. femorata) had highest densities in summer, while the less abundant grazer (A. typa) reached its peak densities in winter. Interestingly, the area of kelp damaged by grazers was highest in autumn and early winter, suggesting that grazing impacts accumulate during periods of low kelp growth, which can thus be considered as ‘vestiges of herbivory past.’ Among the factors determining the observed seasonal patterns, strong variability of environmental conditions, reproductive cycles of associated fauna, and predation by fishes vary in importance. Our results suggest that during spring and early summer, bottom‐up processes shape the community structure of organisms inhabiting large perennial seaweeds, whereas during late summer and autumn, top‐down processes are more important.
Interaction Between Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ and Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Polymorphisms Influences HDL‐C Levels in the Chinese Population
Authors: Ke Tingjing , Dorajoo Rajkumar , Han Yi , Khor Chiea‐Chuen , van Dam Rob M. , Yuan Jian‐Min , Koh Woon‐Puay , Liu Jianjun , Teo Yik Ying , Goh Daniel Y.T. , Tai E Shyong , Wong Tien Yin , Cheng Ching‐Yu , Friedlander Yechiel , Heng Chew‐Kiat
Published: August 2016

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of key metabolic pathways. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have established their important roles in lipid metabolism. A few SNPs in PPAR genes have been reported to be associated with lipid levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interactive effects between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three PPAR isoforms α/δ/γ and other genetic variants across the genome on plasma high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels. Study subjects (N = 2003) were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmniZhongHua‐8 Beadchip. Fifty‐three tag SNPs ± 100 kb of PPAR α, δ, and γ (r2 < 0.2) were selected. The effect of interactions between PPAR SNPs and those across the genome on HDL‐C was tested using linear regression models. One statistically significant interaction influencing HDL‐C was detected between PPARδ SNP rs2267668 and epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) downstream SNP rs7191411 (N = 1993, β = 0.74, adjusted P = 0.022). This interaction was successfully replicated in the meta‐analysis of two additional Chinese cohorts (N = 3948, P = 0.01). The present study showed a novel SNP × SNP interaction between rs2267668 in PPARδ and rs7191411 in EMP2 that has significant impact on circulating HDL‐C levels in the Singaporean Chinese population.
First stage of labour management practices: A survey of Australian obstetric providers
Authors: White Louise , Lee Nigel , Beckmann Michael
Published: August 2016

Aims

To report on the opinions and reported practices of Australian obstetricians and general practice (GP) obstetricians, in the definition and management of spontaneous first stage of labour, in low‐risk nulliparous women.

Materials and methods

Cross‐sectional survey sent electronically to all Australian Specialist obstetricians (FRANZCOG) and Diplomates. Respondents answered questions regarding care of nulliparous women in spontaneous labour at term across three domains: (i) practitioners' characteristics; (ii) current practice; (iii) opinion regarding joint statement by ACOG/SMFM (Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine) ‘Safe prevention of primary caesarean section’.

Results

The dataset included responses from 664 participants, representing 29% of Specialists and 11% of Diplomates. Responses varied in the criteria used to define normal labour, and the diagnosis and management of prolonged labour. Clinicians with more post‐qualification experience considered the minimal acceptable progress to be faster than those with fewer years of experience (P = 0.02). Clinicians working in higher acuity hospitals were more likely to augment labour for longer prior to recommending a caesarean section for active phase arrest, compared to those in lower acuity hospitals (P = 0.025). The majority of respondents (58.2%) already based their practice on the ACOG/SMFM ‘Safe prevention of primary caesarean section’ statement, or would now consider changing their practice.

Conclusion

There is a lack of consensus among Australian obstetricians and GP obstetricians regarding definition of normal progress in first stage of labour and how to manage abnormal progress; however, many are open to new recommendations for practice.
Neonatal invasive pneumococcal disease: New Zealand experience in the era of pneumococcal vaccination
Authors: Mount Vicki , Burton Cameron , Jackson Catherine , Heffernan Helen , Best Emma
Published: August 2016

Background

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) became a notifiable disease in New Zealand in 2008, and in the same year pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was added to the childhood immunisation schedule.

Design

This was a retrospective study of IPD in infants aged <90 days reported to the national notifiable disease database, EpiSurv, from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013. All cases had Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from a normally sterile site.

Main outcome measures

IPD incidence was calculated for babies aged <90 and <30 days using the number of national IPD cases with a denominator of annual infant live births. Clinical, demographic and outcome data were reviewed for infants aged less than seven days (early onset).

Results

There were 29 cases of IPD in infants aged <90 days and 19 cases in infants aged <30 days. Of the nine early‐onset cases, six occurred within the first 48 h. Six of the early‐onset cases were infants of NZ Maori ethnicity. One infant died six hours after birth. Three infants developed long‐term neurological or respiratory sequelae. Isolates from five of the early‐onset cases were S. pneumoniae serotypes not covered by the PCV in use at the time of infection. Maternal vaccination with 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine would have covered 84% (16 of 19) of serotypes responsible for the cases in infants <30 days old.

Conclusion

Strategies such as maternal vaccination or accelerated neonatal vaccination may be beneficial to protect neonates at high risk of IPD.
Effects of melatonin on oocyte maturation in PCOS mouse model
Authors: Nikmard Fatemeh , Hosseini Elham , Bakhtiyari Mehrdad , Ashrafi Mahnaz , Amidi Fardin , Aflatoonian Reza
Published: August 2016

The purpose of oocyte in vitro maturation is generation of mature oocytes that could support future development. Efforts have been made to enhance oocyte developmental competence by developing optimal culture conditions. The present study is conducted to determine melatonin effects on quality of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) oocytes when it has been added during in vitro maturation, and immature oocytes were cultured in defined conditioned medium with and without different melatonin concentrations. Melatonin could significantly improve nuclear maturation of PCOS oocytes (81.1% vs. 56.3%, P < 0.05 were achieved with 10−6 mol/L concentration). Cleavage rate was significantly higher in 10−5 mol/L concentration compared to untreated oocytes in PCOS (54% vs. 35%, respectively) and it was significantly higher with 10−6 mol/L concentration in the control group, 55% versus 38%, compared to untreated oocytes. This study showed that melatonin has the potential to induce oocyte nuclear maturation and guarantee fertilization potential. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science
Preliminary study of the effects of condensed barley distillers soluble on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites in Japanese Black cows
Authors: Tsuruoka Katsuhiko , Kanamaru Hidenobu , Takahashi Hideyuki , Gotoh Takafumi
Published: August 2016

In Japan, condensed barley distillers soluble (CBDS) is a widely known liquor byproduct that contains a high level of protein and is used as a supplementary protein feed for cattle. The present study evaluated the effects of CBDS feed on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites in Japanese Black cows. Applying a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, nine cows were offered CBDS and hay (CBDS‐t), soy bean meal and hay (Soybean‐t) and only hay (Hay‐t) over 35 days. We collected ruminal fluid and plasma just before feeding and at 3 h after feeding. The concentrations of propionate and butyrate in the rumen before feeding were lower in the CBDS‐t than in the Soybean‐t group (P < 0.05). However, after 3 h, the concentrations were higher in the CBDS‐t than in the Soybean‐t and Hay‐t groups (P < 0.05). Although, there were no differences in the compositions (% mol) of propionate and butyrate in the rumen and the concentration of plasma β‐hydroxybutyric acid before feeding between treatments, after 3 h they were significantly higher in the CBDS‐t than in the Soybean‐t and Hay‐t groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that feeding CBDS promotes rumen fermentation and butyrate metabolism.
Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular droperidol in acutely agitated patients
Authors: Foo Lee‐Kien , Duffull Stephen B. , Calver Leonie , Schneider Jennifer , Isbister Geoffrey K.
Published: August 2016

Background

Intramuscular droperidol is used increasingly for sedation of aggressive and violent patients. This study aimed to characterise the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular droperidol in these patients to determine how rapidly it is absorbed and the expected duration of measurable drug concentrations.

Methods

We undertook a population pharmacokinetic analysis of a subgroup of patients from a clinical trial comparing droperidol and midazolam: 17 receiving 5 mg and 24 receiving 10 mg droperidol. Droperidol was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic modelling was performed under a nonlinear mixed effects modelling framework (NONMEM v7.2). The model was used to simulate concentration time profiles of three typical doses, 5 mg, 10 mg and 10 mg + 10 mg repeated at 15 min.

Results

A two‐compartment first‐order input with first‐order output model fitted the data best. The absorption rate constant was poorly characterised by the data and an estimate of the first order rate constant of absorption when fixed to 10 h–1 provided a stable model and lowest objective function. This represents extremely rapid absorption with a half‐life of 5 min. The final model had a clearance of 41.9 l h–1 and volume of distribution of the central compartment of, 73.6 l. Median and interquartile range of initial (alpha) half‐life was 0.32 h (0.26–0.37 h) and second (beta) half‐life was 3.0 h (2.5–3.6 h). Simulations indicate that 10 mg alone provides an 80% probability of being above the lower limit of quantification (5 μg l–1) for 7 h, 2 h longer than for 5 mg. Giving two 10 mg doses increased this duration to 10 h.

Conclusions

Intramuscular droperidol is rapidly absorbed with high therapeutic concentrations after 5 and 10 mg doses, and supports clinical data in which droperidol sedates rapidly for up to 6 h.
Experimental food allergy to peanut enhances the immune response to house dust mite in the airways of mice
Authors: Utsch L. , Logiantara A. , van Ree R. , van Rijt L. S.
Published: August 2016

Background

Food allergy has been associated with an increased risk for the development of allergic asthma. Asthma is a risk factor for the development of an anaphylactic response to food allergens. An immunological interplay between sensitization to different allergens in different compartments of the body might be involved.

Objective

To evaluate the immunological interplay between intragastrical peanut (PE) sensitization and respiratory sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) allergens.

Methods

BALB/c mice were intragastrically sensitized to peanut or sham‐sensitized and challenged systemically to PE. Between sensitization and challenge, mice were intranasally exposed to HDM extract or PBS, as a control. The response to HDM (eosinophil recruitment, cytokine response, HDM‐specific immunoglobulins and airway hyper‐reactivity) and to PE (cytokine response, mast cells in gut, mMCP‐1 in serum and body temperature) was assessed.

Results

A preceding PE sensitization increased HDM‐induced production of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and IFNγ in lung‐draining lymph nodes and total IgE levels in HDM‐sensitized mice. However, recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways or airway hyper‐reactivity was not aggravated in PE/HDM double‐sensitized mice. Alternatively, HDM‐induced airway inflammation did not significantly affect the immune response or the anaphylactic response to a systemic challenge with peanut.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Our data show that a preceding peanut sensitization boosted IgE‐ and HDM‐specific Th2 response in the airways in mice. It contributes to the understanding of the underlying immunological mechanism of polysensitization which often occurs in allergic individuals over time.
Dust mite allergen, glutathione S‐transferase, induces T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain‐4 in dendritic cells to facilitate initiation of airway allergy
Authors: Mo L.‐H. , Yang L.‐T. , Zeng L. , Xu L.‐Z. , Zhang H.‐P. , Li L.‐J. , Liu J.‐Q. , Xiao X.‐J. , Zheng P.‐Y. , Liu Z.‐G. , Yang P.‐C.
Published: August 2016

Background

Allergens from dust mites play a critical role in the pathogenesis of airway allergy. The mechanism by which dust mite allergens induce allergic diseases is not fully understood yet.

Objective

This study tests a hypothesis that the eighth subtypes of Dermatophagoides farina allergen (Derf8) play an important role in the induction of airway allergy.

Methods

The protein of Derf8 was synthesized via molecular cloning approach. Dendritic cells (DC) were stimulated with Derf8 in the culture, and then, the expression of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 4 (TIM4) in dendritic cells (DC) was analysed. The role of Derf8 in the induction of airway allergy was evaluated with a mouse model.

Results

Exposure to Derf8 markedly induced the TIM4 expression in DCs by modulating the chromatin at the TIM4 promoter locus. Derf8 played a critical role in the expansion of the T helper 2 response in the mouse airway via inducing DCs to produce TIM4. Administration with Derf8‐depleted dust mite extracts (DME) inhibited the allergic inflammation and induced regulatory T cells in mice with airway allergy.

Conclusion

Derf8 plays an important role in the initiation of dust mite allergy. Vaccination with Derf8‐deficient DME is more efficient to inhibit the dust mite allergic inflammation than using wild DME.
Skin manifestations of POEMS and AESOP syndrome in the same patient revealing plasma cell dyscrasia
Authors: Rongioletti Franco , Failla Maria C. , Atzori Laura , Ferreli Caterina
Published: August 2016

POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein and skin signs) and AESOP (adenopathy and extensive skin patch overlying a plasmacytoma) syndromes are rare paraneoplastic conditions due to an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia. We report a 70‐year‐old patient with the rare coexistence of POEMS and AESOP syndromes and in whom skin signs, that differ both clinically and histologically, were the clues to the diagnosis of a plasma cell disorder. Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A overexpression seems to be the common pathogenetic link of the different clinicopathological presentations of the skin lesions.
Hydroa vacciniforme and hydroa vacciniforme‐like T‐cell lymphoma: an uncommon event for transformation
Authors: Chen Chien‐Chin , Chang Kung‐Chao , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Lee Julia Yu‐Yun
Published: August 2016

Background

Hydroa vacciniforme (HV) is associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection and a risk of transformation to lymphoma.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed six HV cases for EBV association and transformation to HV‐like T‐cell lymphoma. Clinicopathologic features were reviewed and cases were assessed for EBV‐encoded RNA (EBER) by in situ hybridization, double staining with immunohistochemistry and EBER and for T‐cell clonality.

Results

The male‐to‐female ratio was 5:1, with a median age at diagnosis of 18.5 years. All patients initially had recurrent vesicles, necrotic ulcers or scars on sun‐exposed areas. Symptoms were present before diagnosis between 2 weeks to 10 years. The mean follow‐up time was 106.3 months. Four patients (67%) were EBV‐positive. All four EBV‐positive and one EBV‐negative patients had relapsing clinical course. Double staining proved EBV infection in T‐cells. Moreover, one EBV‐positive patient developed HV‐like T‐cell lymphoma with hemophagocytosis after 209 months of recurrent papulovesicular eruptions and eventually died. T‐cell clonality was successfully performed in four HV patients and all showed polyclonal results; the transformed HV‐like T‐cell lymphoma was monoclonal.

Conclusions

In EBV endemic areas, HV is frequently (67%) associated with EBV infection, but transformation to HV‐like T‐cell lymphoma seems to be uncommon (17%) and bear a dismal outcome.
830. NERINE LATICOMA SUBSP. HUTTONIAE
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: August 2016

The South African geophyte Nerine laticoma (Ker Gawl.) T. Durand & Schinz subsp. huttoniae (Schönland) Traub from the Eastern Cape is described and reinstated at subspecific level, accompanied by details of its history, taxonomy, life cycle, distribution and habitat.
832. PAPHIOPEDILUM HANGIANUM
Authors: Cribb Phillip , Schuiteman André
Published: August 2016

Paphiopedilum hangianum, a recently‐described species from Vietnam, is illustrated. Its discovery, related species, cultivation and hybrid progeny are discussed.
833. POLYGONATUM KINGIANUM
Authors: Rix Martyn , Rushforth Keith
Published: August 2016

Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsley, from the mountains of southeast Asia, is illustrated. The variation in the species is discussed, and suggestions for its successful cultivation are given.
Molecular markers for X‐ray‐insensitive differentiated cells in the Inner and outer regions of the mesenchymal space in planarian Dugesia japonica
Authors: Teramoto Machiko , Kudome‐Takamatsu Tomomi , Nishimura Osamu , An Yang , Kashima Makoto , Shibata Norito , Agata Kiyokazu
Published: August 2016

Planarian's strong regenerative ability is dependent on stem cells (called neoblasts) that are X‐ray‐sensitive and proliferative stem cells. In addition to neoblasts, another type of X‐ray‐sensitive cells was newly identified by recent research. Thus, planarian's X‐ray‐sensitive cells can be divided into at least two populations, Type 1 and Type 2, the latter corresponding to planarian's classically defined “neoblasts”. Here, we show that Type 1 cells were distributed in the outer region (OR) immediately underneath the muscle layer at all axial levels from head to tail, while the Type 2 cells were distributed in a more internal region (IR) of the mesenchymal space at the axial levels from neck to tail. To elucidate the biological significance of these two regions, we searched for genes expressed in differentiated cells that were locate close to these X‐ray‐sensitive cell populations in the mesenchymal space, and identified six genes mainly expressed in the OR or IR, named OR1, OR2, OR3, IR1, IR2 and IR3. The predicted amino acid sequences of these genes suggested that differentiated cells expressing OR1, OR3, IR1, or IR2 provide Type 1 and Type 2 cells with specific extracellular matrix (ECM) environments.
INFORMATION ACQUISITION UNDER RISKY CONDITIONS ACROSS REAL AND HYPOTHETICAL SETTINGS
Authors: Taylor Matthew P.
Published: August 2016

I collect data on how subjects acquire information about risky choices in both real and hypothetical settings using process‐tracing software called Mouselab. On average, there are no significant differences across settings in the amount of time subjects take to make a choice or the completeness of the information they acquire. Subjects also acquire information in sequences consistent with an integration model of decision‐making, such as expected utility theory or prospect theory. I do not find significant differences in risk preferences across settings, on average, but I do find that subjects' risk preferences are related to the completeness of the information that they acquire and where they start their information acquisition. (JELC91, D80, D83)
The ‘CEO’ Effect on the Performance of Brazilian Companies: An Empirical Study Using Measurable Characteristics
Authors: Serra Fernando Ribeiro , Três Guilherme , Ferreira Manuel Portugal
Published: August 2016

The experience and competence of CEOs may have a positive influence on the performance of firms. Using secondary data on the performance of 73 Brazilian listed companies and primary data collected through a survey of the social and demographic characteristics of CEOs we tested a set of hypotheses concerning the influence of CEOs on the performance of the firms they headed between 1997 and 2012. Specifically, we examined the relationships between CEOs’ experience and competence regarding common accounting indicators. The results indicate that CEOs with diverse experience would not do better in dynamic environments, and that specific experience has a negative effect on performance. Furthermore, CEOs with formal education do not show better short‐term performance, and tenure has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with the firm's performance. This article helps to provide a better understanding of the behavior of Brazilian CEOs by examining their characteristics.
Monitoring and characterization of DC electrical penetration graph waveforms of tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii, on tea plants
Authors: Yorozuya Hiroshi
Published: August 2016

The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), is a serious pest of “Yabukita”, the most popular tea cultivar in Japan. This study investigated its stylet‐probing behavior with a direct current (DC) electrical penetration graph (EPG) system. The EPG signals were classified into four distinct waveforms according to amplitude, frequency, voltage level and electrical origin. The waveforms were then characterized by fast Fourier transformation. The waveforms were correlated with distinct feeding behaviors: Np, non‐probing, when stylets were not inserted; Eo1, putative pathway and channel‐cutting phase, when stylets were inserted but not ingesting sap; Eo2, putative phloem phase, when the leafhoppers were probably ingesting from phloem; and Eo3, putative non‐phloem phase, when the leafhoppers were probably ingesting from mesophyll. Mean durations of waveforms showed that E. onukii likely ingested plant fluid mainly from phloem and partly from mesophyll. The description of DC EPG waveforms associated with feeding behaviors of this serious pest constitutes a fundamental step toward the understanding of the resistance mechanisms of the host plants against herbivorous insects.
Bounded Rationality in Principal-Agent Relationships
Authors: Erlei Mathias , Schenk-Mathes Heike
Published: August 2016

We conducted six treatments of a standard moral hazard experiment with hidden action. The behavior in all treatments and periods was inconsistent with established agency theory. In the early periods, behavior differed significantly between treatments. This difference largely vanished in the final periods. We used logit agent quantal response equilibrium (LAQRE) as a device to grasp boundedly rational behavior and found the following: (1) LAQRE predictions are much closer to subjects’ behavior in the laboratory; (2) LAQRE probabilities and experimental behavior show remarkably similar patterns; and (3) including social preferences in LAQRE does not better explain the experimental data; (4) LAQRE cannot explain the contract offers of some players who seem to choose some focal contract parameters.
Economic and living statuses of community‐dwelling older adults and the related factors
Authors: Chen Meng‐Chin , Chen Kuei‐Min
Published: August 2016

Aim

The health and well‐being of older adults are closely related to their economic and living statuses. Socioeconomic inequality has a substantial impact on the healthcare received by these older adults. The present study aimed to understand the current economic and living statuses of community older adults, and examine the relationships among their demographics, economic status and living status.

Methods

This study used a cross‐sectional correlational design. Stratified random sampling was applied to recruit 384 community‐dwelling older adults. A face‐to‐face structured questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results

The economic and living statuses of older adults were significantly correlated with age, sex, and educational level. Young‐old adults were more likely than the oldest‐old adults to possess economic power in their households (OR 2.80, P < 0.001). Men were less likely than women to be financially supported by others (OR 0.28, P = 0.001). Participants with a high school education or above were less likely than uneducated participants to be financially supported by others (OR 0.11, P < 0.001); the probability of participants with an elementary school education living alone was 2.65‐fold that of uneducated participants (OR 2.65, P = 0.028).

Conclusions

We suggest that in addition to placing its concern over age, the government should focus on older women and uneducated older adults to further refine the current social welfare policies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1689–1697.
An institutional pilot study to investigate physical activity patterns in boys with haemophilia
Authors: Bouskill V. , Hilliard P. , Stephens S. , Zhang C. , Whitney K. , Carcao M.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterized by musculoskeletal bleeding. Trauma‐induced bleeding into joints and muscles may be associated with participation in physical activities. Recognizing this, persons with haemophilia may limit physical activities to avoid bleeding. The characterization of physical activity profiles (type, intensity, frequency and duration) in children with differing severities of haemophilia has not been well documented. This is required to better understand the relationship between physical activity and bleeding in children with haemophilia.

Aim

This study was a prospective, cross‐sectional, observational study to compare the quantity, type and intensity of physical activity as measured by accelerometry in boys with different haemophilia severities.

Methods

Subjects wore an accelerometer daily for 1 week and completed validated self‐report PedHAL and 3DPAR questionnaires. Accelerometer activity levels were classified as sedentary, light, moderate or vigorous.

Results

A total of 66 males were enrolled, 24 had mild/moderate and 42 had severe haemophilia. Subjects average age was 11.52 years (±3.99) and their average BMI was 20.74 kg m2 (±5.68). Boys with severe haemophilia reported significantly more time per day spent in sedentary activities compared to those with mild/moderate haemophilia. Furthermore, the amount of time engaged in sedentary activities increased with age in those boys with severe haemophilia, whereas the opposite was true in those with mild/moderate haemophilia.

Conclusion

We speculate that prophylaxis in children with severe haemophilia permitted them to engage in similar amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as children with mild/moderate haemophilia. Increasing sedentary time in the severe cohort with age may be attributed to increasing arthropathy among other psychosocial factors.
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Leja Mārcis , Axon Anthony , Brenner Hermann
Published: August 2016

This review of recent publications related to the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori highlights the origin of the infection, its changing prevalence, transmission, and outcome. A number of studies have addressed the ancestor roots of the bacteria, and the first genomewide analysis of bacterial strains suggests that its coexistence with humans is more ancient than previously thought. As opposed to the generally declining prevalence of H. pylori (including China and Japan), in Sweden, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in the young population has risen. The prevalence of the infection remains high in the indigenous populations of the Arctic regions, and reinfection rates are high. A high prevalence is permanently found in the Siberian regions of Russia as well. Several studies, some of which used multiplex serology, addressed prevalence of and risks associated with various H. pylori serotypes, thereby enabling more precise risk assessment. Transmission of H. pylori was discussed, specifically fecal–oral transmission and the use of well‐water and other unpurified water. Finally, the long‐term course of H. pylori infection was considered, with an estimated 89% of noncardia gastric cancer cases being attributable to the infection.
Recent “omics” advances in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Berthenet Elvire , Sheppard Sam , Vale Filipa F.
Published: August 2016

The development of high‐throughput whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies is changing the face of microbiology, facilitating the comparison of large numbers of genomes from different lineages of a same organism. Our aim was to review the main advances on Helicobacter pylori “omics” and to understand how this is improving our knowledge of the biology, diversity and pathogenesis of H. pylori. Since the first H. pylori isolate was sequenced in 1997, 510 genomes have been deposited in the NCBI archive, providing a basis for improved understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of this important pathogen. This review focuses on works published between April 2015 and March 2016. Helicobacter “omics” is already making an impact and is a growing research field. Ultimately these advances will be translated into a routine clinical laboratory setting in order to improve public health.
Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Backert Steffen , Neddermann Matthias , Maubach Gunter , Naumann Michael
Published: August 2016

Helicobacter pylori is estimated to infect more than half of the worlds human population and represents a major risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori infection and clinical consequences are controlled by highly complex interactions between the host, colonizing bacteria, and environmental parameters. Important bacterial determinants linked with gastric disease development include the cag pathogenicity island encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS), the translocated effector protein CagA, vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, adhesin BabA, urease, serine protease HtrA, secreted outer membrane vesicles, and many others. The high quantity of these factors and allelic changes in the corresponding genes reveals a sophisticated picture and problems in evaluating the impact of each distinct component. Extensive work has been performed to pinpoint molecular processes related to H. pylori‐triggered pathogenesis using Mongolian gerbils, mice, primary tissues, as well as novel in vitro model systems such as gastroids. The manipulation of host signaling cascades by the bacterium appears to be crucial for inducing pathogenic downstream activities and gastric disease progression. Here, we review the most recent advances in this important research area.
Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases
Authors: Goni Elisabetta , Franceschi Francesco
Published: August 2016

During the past year, many articles were published on the extragastric diseases related to Helicobacter pylori infection. This supports the theory that some microorganisms may cause diseases even far from the primary site of infection by interfering with different biologic processes. The role of H. pylori on idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, sideropenica anemia, and vitamin B12 deficiency is well known. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the bacterium's association with cardiovascular, neurologic, hematologic, dermatologic, head and neck, and uro‐gynecologic diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, with very promising results. This review has been aimed at summarizing the results of the most relevant studies published over the last year on this fascinating topic.
Delayed mowing promotes planthoppers, leafhoppers and spiders in extensively managed meadows
Authors: Buri Pierrick , Humbert Jean‐Yves , Stańska Marzena , Hajdamowicz Izabela , Tran Eléonore , Entling Martin H. , Arlettaz Raphaël
Published: August 2016

Biodiversity‐rich grasslands have been severely impacted by agricultural intensification. Although agri‐environment schemes (AES) have been launched partly to combat grassland biodiversity erosion, they could neither halt nor revert it, and this calls for alternative solutions.

We carried out controlled experiments on the effects of three mowing regimes on the arthropod biodiversity of extensively managed meadows, testing whether alternative mowing regimes can improveAESeffectiveness: (i) mowing according to the SwissAESprescriptions, i.e. first cut not before 15 June (control meadows); (ii) first cut not before 15 July (delayed mowing); (iii) refuge left uncut on 10–20% of the meadow area, otherwise first cut not before 15 June. Leaf‐ and planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) and spiders (Araneae) were sampled before and after mowing during 3 years, which enabled testing for immediate (within season) and carry‐over (1 year to the next) effects.

Regarding immediate effects, Auchenorrhyncha and Araneae increased in abundance under the delayed mowing regime, with densities 3.5 and 1.8 times higher, respectively, than in control meadows. Furthermore, a positive carry‐over effect was detected for Araneae density under the delayed mowing regime. The refuge mowing regime had no effect on abundance. Finally, no statistically significant changes were detected for species richness and diversity (Shannon index) after 2 years of manipulations.

We conclude that delaying the first cut in extensively managed meadows promotes these two taxa. It could be easily implemented by slight adjustments of the extant grasslandAES.
The revolving door: antibiotic allergy labelling in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Knezevic B. , Sprigg D. , Seet J. , Trevenen M. , Trubiano J. , Smith W. , Jeelall Y. , Vale S. , Loh R. , McLean‐Tooke A. , Lucas M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Patients frequently report antibiotic allergies; however, only 10% of labelled patients have a true allergy.

Aim

We investigated the documentation of antibiotic ‘allergy’ labels (AAL) and the effect of labelling on clinical outcomes, in a West Australian adult tertiary hospital.

Methods

Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of patients captured in the 2013 and 2014 National Antimicrobial Prescribing Surveys was carried out. Data were collected on documented antibiotic adverse drug reactions, antibiotic cost, prescribing appropriateness, prevalence of multi‐drug resistant organisms, length of stay, intensive care admission and readmissions.

Results

Of the 687 patients surveyed, 278 (40%) were aged 70 or above, 365 (53%) were male and 279 (41%) were prescribed antibiotics. AAL were recorded in 122 (18%) patients and the majority were penicillin labels (n = 87; 71%). Details of AAL were documented for 80 of 141 (57%) individual allergy labels, with 61 describing allergic symptoms. Patients with beta‐lactam allergy labels received fewer penicillins (P = 0.0002) and more aminoglycosides (P = 0.043) and metronidazole (P = 0.021) than patients without beta‐lactam labels. Five patients received an antibiotic that was contraindicated according to their allergy status. Patients with AAL had significantly more hospital readmissions within 4 weeks (P = 0.001) and 6 months (P = 0.025) of discharge, compared with unlabelled patients. The majority (81%) of readmitted labelled patients had major infections.

Conclusions

AAL are common, but poorly documented in hospital records. Patients with AAL are significantly more likely to require alternative antibiotics and hospital readmissions. There may be a role for antibiotic allergy delabelling to mitigate the clinical and economic burdens for patients with invalid allergy labels.
Change in children's oral health‐related quality of life following dental treatment under general anaesthesia for the management of dental caries: a systematic review
Authors: Knapp Rebecca , Gilchrist Fiona , Rodd Helen D. , Marshman Zoe
Published: August 2016

Background

Dental caries has significant impact on children and their families and may necessitate treatment under general anaesthesia (GA). The use of oral health‐related quality‐of‐life (OHRQoL) measures enables evaluation of dental treatment from a patient's perspective.

Objective

This systematic review aimed to assess change in OHRQoL in children following treatment under GA for the management of dental caries.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted to identify articles which were assessed against inclusion criteria before data extraction. Studies involving children under 16 years, having treatment for dental caries under GA, were considered eligible. Included studies were quality assessed.

Results

Twenty studies were included, which demonstrated significant heterogeneity. Most studies employed a pre‐test–post‐test design. All but one study relied on proxy reports of OHRQoL. Only half the studies used instruments validated in the study population. Whereas all studies reported improved OHRQoL overall, some subscales showed changes which were not significant or worsened OHRQoL. The scientific quality of the studies varied considerably.

Conclusion

Heterogeneity of included papers limited the conclusions which could be drawn. Treatment under GA appears to result in overall improvements in proxy‐reported OHRQoL; however, there is a need for further high‐quality studies employing validated, child‐reported measures of OHRQoL.
Aesthetic preformed paediatric crowns: systematic review
Authors: Aiem Elody , Smaïl‐Faugeron Violaine , Muller‐Bolla Michèle
Published: August 2016

Background

Different aesthetic preformed crowns (APC) are proposed to restore decayed and damaged primary teeth because the stainless steel crowns (SSCs) do not satisfy parents concerned about aesthetic.

Aim

The objective was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of all types of APC for restoring primary teeth compared with conventional filling materials or other types of crowns.

Design

Relevant articles were searched in electronic databases of PubMed via MEDLINE and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials. Two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias in the included articles and extracted data.

Results

From 555 potentially eligible articles, seven relevant articles were included. The overall risk of bias was high for all the studies. SCCs cannot be replaced by APC, such as the open‐faced SSCs and the pre‐veneered SCCs, for restoring badly decayed primary molars. Zircon crowns were assessed only in primary incisors and compared with pre‐veneered SCCs and resin composite strip crowns. After a follow‐up of only 6 months, Zircon crowns gave significantly better results than the others with regard to gingival health and crown fractures.

Conclusion

Due to the small number of RCTs on this topic and their risk of bias, future RCTs should be carried out in primary teeth.
Patient experiences of caring and person‐centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality
Authors: Edvardsson David , Watt Elizabeth , Pearce Frances
Published: August 2016

Aims

To explore the extent to which patient ratings of perceived caring and person‐centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality in an acute hospital sample of inpatients.

Background

Self‐reported patient experiences have had limited attention in conceptualizations of healthcare quality as described in policy and national standards, as well as in health and nursing care practice. The impact of central nursing concepts such as caring and person‐centredness on patient ratings of nursing care quality is largely unknown.

Design

A descriptive non‐experimental correlational design was used to collect and analyse data from a sample of Australian acute hospital inpatients (n = 210) in December 2012.

Methods

The study collected self‐report patient data through a study survey including demographic data and the Caring Behaviours Inventory, the Person‐centred Climate Questionnaire, the SF‐36 and the Distress thermometer. Descriptive statistics together with Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression were used.

Findings

Perceived caring behaviours of staff and the person‐centredness of wards were significantly associated with nursing care quality as evidenced by Pearson correlations being significant and exceeding the pre‐set cut‐off of r > 0·5. Staff caring behaviours and ward person‐centredness also accounted for more than half of the total variance in perceived nursing care quality as evidenced by the final regression model. Knowledgeable and communicable staff, timeliness of assistance and environmental support stood out as most significantly related to patient perceived nursing care quality.

Conclusions

Patient experiences of caring and person‐centredness seem to have an influential role in the extent to which patients experience the quality of nursing care. Knowledgeable and communicable staff, timeliness of assistance and environmental support stand out as most significantly related to patient‐perceived nursing care quality.
Men's experiences of having a partner who requires Mother and Baby Unit admission for first episode postpartum psychosis
Authors: Boddy Rebecca , Gordon Carolyn , MacCallum Fiona , McGuinness Mary
Published: August 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of men during their partner's admission to a Mother and Baby Unit for first episode postpartum psychosis.

Background

Postpartum psychosis can be life‐changing for women, however little is known about the impact on their partners or their partners' needs.

Design

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was used to analyse interview transcripts.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with seven participants. Interviews were conducted in 2014–2015.

Findings

Two main themes were identified: ‘What the f*** is going on?’ and ‘Time to figure out how your family works’. Partners experienced shock and confusion during postpartum psychosis onset. Most felt hospital admission was beneficial, although there were barriers to accessing help and involvement in their partner's care. A process of understanding changes to roles, relationships and family identity was described. Loss was a common experience, with a potentially lasting impact.

Conclusions

Men reported a range of challenging and positive experiences associated with their partner's postpartum psychosis. Improvements are needed in awareness of postpartum psychosis, access to appropriate services and support of partners.