bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian Newcomers in Shinjuku and Ikebukuro Areas, 1988–1998: Reflections on a Decade of Research
Authors: Okuda Michihiro
Published: January 2015

Tokyo's inner city areas, the home of migrants from Japan's countryside until the 1960s, started to accept Asian immigrants, mainly from East Asia, in the late 1980s. The arrival and settlement of these newcomers have transformed these rundown areas into multiethnic communities. Based on 10 years of research in these communities, the author argues that the inner city areas have generated “hybrid communities,” characterized by “subtle distancing and territoriality.” Among others, this reality challenges the validity of such categories as “Asian immigrants,” and “foreigners” and “Japanese.”
Married Chinese Women's Labor Force and Self-Employment Participation in the United States in 1990: A New Look from Ethnic Subgroup Perspectives
Authors: Bernard Richard B.
Published: January 2015

This article examines variations in the labor force and self-employment participation of married Chinese women in the United States in 1990. Using three measures of ethnicity from the 1990 census – race, place of birth and ancestral identification – the study found that each of the objective and subjective measures of ethnicity do no coincide perfectly, suggesting that Chinese immigrants in the United States rely on different ethnic dimensions to determine how they interpret their Chineseness. The findings of the study lean more towards the Emergent Ethnicity School given subgroup variations in women's paid labor force and self-employment participation on at least two ethnic dimensions — place of birth and ancestry. Married women born in Taiwan or claiming a Taiwanese origin differ in their economic participation in the United States compared to their counterparts from Mainland China. Future research needs to look into why behaviors of subgroups of Chinese vary.
Japanese Foreign Direct Investment, Employment and International Migration in East Asia
Authors: Hayase Yasuko
Published: January 2015

Unlike other developed countries, Japan achieved high economic growth without relying on foreign workers to supplement domestic labor. The appreciation of the yen against the US dollar after the Plaza Agreement in 1985 triggered the inflows of foreign workers and outflows of Japanese foreign direct investment. The increase of Japanese foreign direct investment to East Asia played an important role in the region's economic development. In particular, the relocation of labor-intensive operations and the transfer of highly developed technology contributed to job creation, which might have helped reduce migration pressure from East Asia to Japan. The importation of foreign labor in Japan has stalled with recent high unemployment rates. The Japanese government should make a concrete and transparent national policy on foreign labor as the Japanese population continues to age and shrink.
Effects of International Migration on the Family in Indonesia
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: January 2015

This paper draws upon various studies of internal and international migration and permanent and temporary movements to assess the diverse effects of migration on families in Indonesia. The types of effects examined include those on family structure and composition, family headship, marriage and divorce, intergenerational and intrafamily relationships, care of children and the aged, the economic situation of the family, the role and status of women and power relationships in the family. Both migration and the family are in a very dynamic situation and there are important two-way relationships between them. International migration has both positive and negative influences on families in Indonesia. It is important to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between migration and family to maximize the benefits and at least ameliorate the negative effects.
Housing and Welfare Services in Hong Kong for New Immigrants from China: Inclusion or Exclusion?
Authors: Chui Ernest
Published: January 2015

Hong Kong presents a peculiar case of the strains involved in assimilating immigrants from Mainland China due to (1) its reunification with China in 1997 after 150 years of British colonial rule, and (2) the uneasy relationship between Chinese immigrants and the local host community, despite sharing the same ethnic background. A host of historical, socio-economic and political factors contribute to the exclusion of Mainlanders by the Chinese locals. There appears to be a convergence between local citizens and the state in labeling, stigmatizing and scapegoating the Mainland immigrants. Exclusionary social policies in housing, social security, employment and personal welfare have rendered Chinese immigrants to live in poverty and with little access to opportunity structures.
The Role of Primary Social Groups in Migration Decision-Making: A Case Study of Chinese Students in Australia
Authors: Gao Jia
Published: January 2015

This article sought to analyze the role of primary social groups on the migration decision-making process of on-shore asylum seekers. Previous research on migration decision-making had been dominated by an individual-family-community analysis, and failed to consider the role of other social groups. This article is based on research on the Chinese students living in Australia at the time of the June 4, 1989 event in Beijing. Their experience was used to conceptualize the role of the migrants' primary social groups in migration decisions. The article addressed several themes of group-based migration decision-making and outlined the basic characteristics of the primary social group as a decision-making unit.
‘Aspirational’ Chinese: Achieving Community Prominence on Thursday Island, Northeast Australia
Authors: Ramsay Guy , Shnukal Anna
Published: January 2015

The experience of the Chinese diaspora in Australia has been the subject of much academic attention in the past three decades. The prevailing narrative of the Chinese presence, which dates from early White occupation of Australia, has highlighted discourses of marginalization and exclusion for the Chinese pioneers who contributed so significantly to the economic development of the nation. Yet, despite their economic success, few Chinese gained regard and standing in mainstream colonial society and, of these, the best known resided in southern cities. Across northern Australia, far from the major population centers and seats of government, Chinese also became economically successful as agriculturists and merchants. Again, only a handful sought and obtained wider community acceptance, even local prominence. Our study draws on the diasporic experience of Chinese on Thursday Island in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to elucidate strategies employed by a minority to achieve social status within the general community. Through exploration of the socio-cultural forces influencing their choices — the dominant ethos of Thursday Island, multi-ethnicity and the consequences of anti-Chinese legislation — a unique portrait of the Chinese diasporic experience emerges, narrated through multiple sites of cultural collusion and contestation.
Shifts in the European Discourses on Migration and Development
Authors: Spaan Ernst , van Naerssen Ton , Hillmann Felicitas
Published: January 2015

The issue of migration and development is currently high on the agenda of both development agencies and research institutes in several European countries. It used to be discussed during the 1960/1970s within a framework which, among others, comprised push-and pull factors in migration, brain drain, remittances and return migration. Its return on the development agenda occurs within the context of European post-modern societies, globalization and transnationalism. Key notions now are remittances and foreign direct investment, knowledge transfer, brain gain, transnational entrepreneurship and diasporas. This paper aims to explain the shifts in paradigms and discourses, with reference to the European Union, and particularly in the Netherlands and Germany. Research efforts and policy documents were scrutinized to trace the shifts in discourses. Moreover, the role of different actors in the debate -government agencies, migrant organizations, development funding agencies, and research institutes — is explored. Although some comparisons were made with similar situations in other parts of the world, the paper focuses on Asia-Europe migration. Although the migration and development debate has acquired a more positive tone, the recognition of the potential of diasporas for development varies by country context and policies have yet to integrate migration and development issues in their frameworks.
The Korean Diaspora and its Impact on Korea's Development
Authors: Lee Hye-Kyung
Published: January 2015

This paper reviews the history of the Korean diaspora and the emigration of Koreans in different periods and attempts to demonstrate how the Korean diaspora has contributed to the country's development. As of 2003, the overseas Korean population was estimated at 6.1 million distributed in 173 countries. Up until the 1970s, emigration patterns from South Korea corresponded with the country's low level of development. From the 1970s, migration patterns had been more closely associated with development processes. The organized labor export undertaken by Korean labor companies in the 1970s facilitated monetary and trade gains. The contributions of overseas Korean communities and thriving businesses of Korean immigrants to the country's trade, investments and transfer of knowledge and skills provide an alternative view to concerns about brain drain that were much-discussed in the 1960s. Korea's transformation from a labor exporting country to a labor importing one in the late 1980s has had mixed results. On the one hand, it has led to the influx of ethnic Koreans from China, who provide cheap labor. On the other hand, unemployed Koreans, especially highly educated young people, are turning to overseas employment as an option. The Korean diaspora will continue to play important roles in the future development of Korea.
Transnational Entrepreneurship: Exploring Determinants and Impacts of a Dutch-Based Filipino Immigrant Business
Authors: Maas Marisha
Published: January 2015

Remittances typically receive the most attention from sending governments as a resource for national economic development. However, evidence shows that migrants increasingly maintain other types of relations with the home region that may have more potential to contribute to sustainable economic growth. This paper explores transnational entrepreneurship as one of these newly emerging cross-border relations. It draws upon existing studies on transnational entrepreneurship and provides an overview of the factors that explain its emergence and its (potential) significance or impact on the home society. It situates this particular form of transnational migrant engagement within the broader process of transnationalization. Based on a case study of transnational entrepreneurship initiated by a Dutch-based Filipina, I aim to illustrate how such an activity can contribute to -or even initiate- the development of broader transnational involvements. This case study thus sheds light on how an individual migrant's business connections can affect the lives of people in the origin region.
Globalization and Transnational Migration: The Malaysian State's Response to Voluntary and Forced Migration
Authors: Ramasamy P.
Published: January 2015

The ability of nation-states to control the flow of transnational migrants has been affected by globalization. The imposition of strict immigration controls reflects the contradictory nature of states' responses to address economic and social problems. Despite the rhetoric of strict immigration control, Malaysia has not been able to control the flow of voluntary and forced migrants. The state's goal to attain a developed status by 2020 makes it difficult to have full authority over transnational migrants. The lack of differentiation between economic and forced migrants makes it rather difficult for the latter to seek protection from the state and the fear of deportation denies them the limited protection granted to legal economic migrants. The state's recognition of the refugee status of the Rohingyas seems to be an important step in providing security for a small number of forced migrants. While the impact of globalization might be uneven, it has certainly transformed in limited ways how the state relates to transnational migration.
Forced Migration in Vietnam: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Anh Dang Nguyen
Published: January 2015

Like other countries in the region, the relationship between forced migration and security has emerged as one of the most challenging and pressing migration-related policy concerns in Vietnam. While knowledge about internal and international migrations continues to grow in the country, not much is known about forced migration in Vietnam. This paper attempts to provide historical and contemporary perspectives on forced migration in Vietnam. It reviews different forms of forced migration since the transition from war to peace 30 years ago. Forced migration has confronted Vietnam during the post-war and reform periods. In terms of policies, political will and economic resources are crucial in responding to forced migration.
Ethnicity and Crime: A Statewide Analysis by Local Government Areas in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Francis Ronald , Armstrong Anona , Totikidis Vicky
Published: January 2015

Two approaches have dominated the study of crime using local government area-level analysis: one looks intensively at particular local areas and the other considers a set of population data derived from a number of local areas. This study is of the second kind. It is based on parametric data, and is thus a “population” study rather than a sampling one. Data on police-recorded crime rates and selected ethnicity variables were obtained from all local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria, Australia. The general findings suggest that high proportions of Australian-born residents were related to lower property crime rates and, perhaps more importantly, Australian citizenship was significantly related to lower crime rates across LGAs. Although interpreting official statistics presents problems, it is valuable to examine these comprehensive population data on crime and ethnicity. The clear but unexpected relationships between crime on the one hand, and birthplace and citizenship on the other is deserving of further study.
NGO-Labor Union Cooperation in the Promotion of the Rights and Interests of Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers
Authors: Alcid Mary Lou L.
Published: January 2015

The promotion and protection of the rights of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in the Philippines is carried out by a broad and dynamic community of NGOs, both church-based and secular, and organizations of OFWs, returnees and OFW families. Linked with the struggle of other marginalized sectors in the country for emancipation from poverty and democracy, these organizations forge solidarity with other social movements through multi-sectoral networks and alliances. The labor movement, which technically should include OFWs, has been a relatively late stakeholder in the advancement of the OFW agenda. This paper discusses the approaches and strategies the migrant sector has evolved since the 1980s, and why major labor centers have not addressed OFW issues in a strategic and sustained way. It highlights social movement unionism for NGO-labor union cooperation in promoting and protecting the rights of OFWs. The partnership of the Alliance of Progressive Labor, a Philippine-based labor center, and the Asian Migrant Centre in Hong Kong suggests promising developments.
Migrant Labor and Civil Society Relations in South Korea
Authors: Gray Kevin
Published: January 2015

Nearly two decades have passed since migrant workers first entered Korea to fill labor shortages in the small and medium business sector. In response to the many difficulties faced by migrant workers in this highly exploitative sector of the economy, a dynamic civil society movement has emerged to provide day-to-day support for the migrant workers as well as propose alternative policy frameworks for their employment. Whilst the important role played by these organizations has been recognized, migrant worker activists have criticized this movement as being paternalistic and unresponsive to the needs and concerns of the migrant workers themselves. Migrant workers have accordingly begun to organize themselves and to directly to pursue their own interests, and there have also been tentative movements towards solidarity between migrant workers and the domestic labor movement. Despite the political significance of these developments, migrant worker activists remain in a highly vulnerable position and the continued development of this movement is by no means guaranteed.
Migration and Sexual Exploitation in Vietnam
Authors: Rushing Rosanne
Published: January 2015

Young women from rural areas in Vietnam are encouraged or forced to migrate to urban areas to help their families. Young women feel obliged to migrate and are then exposed to highly vulnerable situations of sexual exploitation. Employing interviews with young migrant sex workers, parents of women migrants in the sending communities and key informants, this study documented the migration process leading to trafficking and sexual exploitation. Findings show that young women often migrate for employment due to obligations to their family. Upon arrival in the city with the help of networks, young women find themselves tricked, lured or forced into selling sex to supplement the family income.
The Neighborhood Effect: The Pacific in Aotaearoa and Australia
Authors: Bedford Richard , Ho Elsie , Krishnan Vasantha , Hong Bev
Published: January 2015

Australia and New Zealand tend to view development issues in the Pacific, including labor mobility, in different ways. This paper compares the different policies of Australia and New Zealand on the migration of Pacific peoples. Both countries used to have colonies in the Pacific in the 20th century, but while Australia ceased to continue its special relationship with the island countries on immigration matters, New Zealand did the opposite and has become a major destination for Polynesians. New Zealand's recent move to incorporate a seasonal work program to bring in Pacific workers marks another difference with Australia's approach. The impacts of the seasonal work program for the two countries, the broader canvas of demographic and economic differentials between the Pacific Island states and Australia and New Zealand, and prospects for multilateral cooperation are examined in the article.
Mackay Revisited: The Case of Javanese-Australian Muslims, 1880–1999
Authors: Kabir Nahid
Published: January 2015

The development of Queensland's sugar industry in the nineteenth century led to an influx of non-European laborers, such as Melanesians, Cingalese and Javanese. Years later, under the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901, many Asian people were expelled from Australia, but some Javanese remained in Mackay. This paper examines the Javanese settlement pattern during the colonial, “White Australia,” and multicultural periods in terms of race, ethnicity, culture and religion. These accounts were derived largely from interviews with Australia-born second, third and fourth generation Muslims of Javanese origin in Mackay.
Powerful Pawns of the Kashmir Conflict: Kashmiri Pandit Migrants
Authors: Sarkaria Mallika Kaur
Published: January 2015

Tens of thousands Kashmiri Pandits (the Hindus of Kashmir) left the Kashmir Valley during the Kashmiri Independence movement of 1989–1990. This migration has been fervently debated by all sides ever since. The voices of Pandit advocacy organizations have gained prominence and often serve to create a narrative that forwards the Indian government's interests: painting the conflict in Kashmir as one of Muslim desire for communal hegemony versus the Indian state's secularism and democracy. This paper focuses specifically on the claims for reparations for Pandit-owned properties that remain in the Valley. The international community has increasingly recognized and respected the right to reparations for property lost during times of conflict. This paper argues for a nuanced understanding of the political and social situation within which property claims of the Pandits arise and may be resolved. Given the particular context of the Pandit displacement, the paper calls for a property reparations plan that is in fact conditioned on return migration. Such a plan is both likely to result in a meaningful solution to the problem of displaced Pandits and to compel the Indian government to work towards improving the living conditions of all communities in Kashmir (rather than coloring the conflict merely as communal and focusing all efforts on neutralizing Kashmiri Muslim calls for increased autonomy). Despite their weakened position as a displaced people, the Pandits are also paradoxically a powerful community, whose fate will likely have important repercussions for all Kashmiris.
International Migration and the Education of Left-Behind Children in Fujian, China
Authors: Morooka Hideki , Liang Zai
Published: January 2015

This study examines the educational consequences of the migration of parents on the children who are left behind in Fujian Province, China. Specifically, we compare the school enrollment of children from emigrant households with those from non-emigrant households. The data are drawn from the 1995 China 1% Population Sample Survey. We find consistent evidence that emigration affects the educational opportunity of the left-behind children in a positive way. First, children from emigrant households are more likely to be enrolled in schools than children from non-emigrant households. Second, emigration also has positive consequences in reducing the gender gap in education. While girls from non-emigrant households still experience a lower enrollment rate, the overall school enrollment for boys and girls from emigrant households has been approaching convergence.
Scientists across the Boundaries: National and Global Dimensions of Scientific and Technical Human Capital (STHC) and Policy Implications for Australia
Authors: Turpin Tim , Woolley Richard , Marceau Jane
Published: January 2015

Globalization of higher education, finance and industrial production has contributed to the internationalization of scientific and technical human capital (STHC). STHC is generated by and includes research and development (R&D) personnel, but also includes the knowledge, know-how and learning capacity embedded in their knowledge networks. As science and technology (S&T) personnel develop their careers and networks, they draw upon and contribute to the development of dispersed knowledge networks and consequently STHC. Drawing on a recent survey of publishing scientists and an analysis of publication patterns in the biological sciences, this article seeks to document and reveal the policy implications of dispersed knowledge networks for Australian science and innovation capacity.
The GFMD from Manila to Athens: One Step Forward, One Step Back?
Authors: Rother Stefan
Published: January 2015

In the foreseeable future, it seems, the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) is here to stay. The third meeting of the Forum in Athens in November 2009 marked the end of the first half of a journey leading up to the proposed next UN High Level Dialogue on Migration in 2013. The host countries of the next three GFMD meetings have already been agreed upon, and there certainly has been development and improvement of the forum structure since it was first proposed in 2006. There are even indicators pointing towards institutionalization of the so far strictly stateled, informal and non-binding process, albeit merely slight ones. But while Athens could be seen as a step forward in these regards, the civil society component of the forum was criticized by several participants as a step backwards from where it was left off in Manila. They denounced a lack of transparency, especially with regards to the selection of participants and the formulation of the recommendations to the government forum.
Immigrants from the Pacific: “Drain on the Economy” or Active Participation in the Labor Force?
Authors: Bedford Richard , Masgoret Anne-Marie , Tausi Manuila , Merwood Paul
Published: January 2015

In May 2008, a major controversy about the participation of Pacific Islanders and their descendants in the New Zealand economy was initiated by the release of a report claiming they were “a drain on the economy,” were becoming an “underclass” and displayed “significant and enduring underachievement.” This report received considerable media attention at the same time that the first results of New Zealand's Longitudinal Immigration Survey (LisNZ) were released. The results of the LisNZ received much less attention in the media, even though they contained considerable information about the participation of Pacific migrants in the labor force. This paper reviews some of the findings contained in the May 2008 release of LisNZ data as well as some additional information relating to the larger group of Pacific migrants who entered under all categories of approval spanning skilled migration, business migration, family sponsorship, humanitarian provisions, as well as the special Pacific categories. Three simple indices of labor market participation are used to compare migrants entering under the special Pacific categories with Pacific migrants who gained approval for residence under the other categories. Greater attention is then focussed on the labor market participation of three groups of Pacific migrants – Fiji Indians, Samoans and Tongans. Fiji Indians are included because they are the largest single group of immigrants from a Pacific country in the LisNZ survey database. The evidence generated by the first wave interviews of the LisNZ does not support an argument that Pacific migrants are failing to gain employment in New Zealand and thus becoming a “drain on the economy” or that “Polynesian immigration fuels an underclass.” On the three measures of labor force participation there were generally small differences between the Pacific migrant groups, however these were defined, and the rest of the migrants interviewed in the LisNZ. There were some expected differences in occupation distributions, education levels, and ways of obtaining work in New Zealand. But these differences are not indications of “underachievement” or any systemic failure of policies regulating immigration from the Pacific.
Does out-Migration Reshape Rural Households' Livelihood Capitals in the Source Communities? Recent Evidence from Western China
Authors: Li Cong , Li Shuzhuo , Feldman Marcus W. , Daily Gretchen C. , Li Jie
Published: January 2015

This paper addresses whether out-migration influences rural households' livelihood capitals in western China and what these influences might be. Data for the analysis were obtained from a household survey in China's Qinling mountain area carried out in 2008. To overcome potential bias in earlier estimates, a variable for the predicted migration in each household is generated to control for selectivity in migration. The three-stage least square estimation is adapted to estimate, simultaneously, the livelihood capital equations, thus allowing for the possibility of contemporaneous correlation in the error terms across the equations for estimated capitals, and the possibility of effects from unobserved common characteristics. We find that out-migration has significant influences on rural households' capitals. Contrary to strong positive influences on financial, human, and social capitals, migration has significant negative influences on physical capital and natural capital. The characteristics of migration also have different influences on the acquisition and accumulation of capitals. However, these influences depend on the environment and infrastructure at the community level and the age structure at the household level as well as the stage of the family's life cycle. The results suggest that to fully benefit from the positive influence of migration on rural households and their self-development capabilities, external support and intervention must be provided. The findings are evaluated and discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration. The analysis may contribute to the development of improvements in household livelihoods in remote mountain areas of western China.
Who is the Money for? Remittances within and beyond the Household in Pakistan
Authors: Erdal Marta Bivand
Published: January 2015

The household is usually the unit of analysis in the literature on migrant remittances, reflecting assumptions that remittances represent flows between family members and are pooled within households. By importing ideas from development studies and using the individual as the unit of analysis, this article challenges these assumptions and interrogates the household as a ‘black-box’ remittance-receiving entity. The study is based on a survey of remittance receivers in Pakistan, and a qualitative study of the Norway-Pakistan remittance corridor. The findings reveal that remittances in chain-migration often consist of transactions to targeted individuals within the household and to individuals beyond the household, exposing kinship, gender, and religious dimensions that are not as visible when the household is the unit of analysis.
Ethnic Migrant Workers and Emerging Ethnic Division in China's Urban Labor Market
Authors: Wu Jiaping , Wang Mark Y L
Published: January 2015

China's market transition has become a powerful integrative force, increasing social and economic interaction between the Han Chinese and ethnic minorities, by drawing various ethnic migrant workers into the urban labor market. In this article, we explore the ethnic dimension of migration and labor market dynamics, and compare wage earnings between ethnic minority and Han migrant workers in Kaili City in the Guizhou Province of China. The finding suggests that the labor market transition has increasingly put ethnic migrant workers at a disadvantage in the urban labor market in terms of wage earnings. With the economic restructuring from the 1990s to recent years, the earning gap between ethnic minority and Han migrant workers has widened. The study finds that the labor market experiences and outcomes of ethnic minority and Han migrant workers are quite similar.
Understanding the Settlement Intentions of the Floating Population in the Cities of Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Tang Shuangshuang , Feng Jianxi
Published: January 2015

The determinants of the settlement intentions of China's floating population have received increasing attention from the academic community and policymakers in recent years. Individuals' socio-demographic features and institutional factors, such as the household registration system ( hukou), have been explored in relation to the settlement intentions of the floating population. This paper examines how the characteristics of the destination cities influence the floating population's settlement intentions, an aspect which has not been considered by previous studies. Based on data from the 2010 Survey of Migrants' Settlement Intentions in Jiangsu Province, we find that after mega-cities, small cities are the second most popular destinations of the floating population in Jiangsu Province. Contrary to the expectations that migrants would prefer to settle in big cities, this paper suggests that migrants in small cities are more inclined to transfer their rural hukou to an urban one.
Living in a Consumer Society: Adaptation Experiences of North Korean Youth Defectors in South Korea2
Authors: Sohn Sang-Hee
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study is to explore the adaptation experiences of North Korean youth defectors as consumers in South Korea. Collecting data from in-depth, face-to-face interviews, this study examined how seventeen North Korean youth defectors aged 19–26 years felt about their daily life as consumers. Qualitative content analysis revealed that the main sources of difficulties that the young defectors experienced while living in a consumer society had to do with their disillusionment with the “Korean dream,” unfamiliarity with the market environment, perceptions of discrimination, confusion with the consumer culture, and the pressure to keep up with their South Korean peers. Based on these findings, the study identified the challenges that interfere with North Korean defectors' successful adaptation as consumers and proposed some practical implications.
The Future of International Migration within Asia
Authors: Huguet Jerrold W.
Published: January 2015

Data on flows from Asia to the Middle East and developing countries as well as on flows within Asia are presented, followed by a discussion of the growing importance of intraregional labor migration. Demographic pressures and widely varying economic growth rates will stimulate this movement and bring greater private and government agency participation. Female and family migration and settlement will be encouraged by geographic and cultural proximity. As intraregional labor migration becomes more institutionalized, governments face major policy challenges for planning, regulating and monitoring overseas employment; for the protection of migrant workers; and for stronger regional cooperation.
The Use of Scientific Models in the Study of Polynesian Migration
Authors: Hayes Geoffrey
Published: January 2015

After presenting a detailed argument in favor of approaches which test and criticize theory in search of scientific progress, the author juxtaposes the two dominant models or theories of the causes and consequences of Pacific emigration and seeks a synthesis which contains the best and most justifiable features of each. The MIRAB model developed primarily by Bertram and Waters and the dependency or structuralist model associated with Connell are analyzed for their demographic, sociocultural and economic subsystems, showing the need for further analysis, interpretation and empirical research
Movement in the French Pacific: Recent Situation and Prospects
Authors: Baudchon Gerard P.
Published: January 2015

Population movements in the French Pacific territories (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) are discussed. The local government of French Polynesia and the French authorities have tried since the beginning of the 1980s to prevent migration to Tahiti by retaining the population on the outer islands and by encouraging return migration. In New Caledonia, though the internal migration problem has been overshadowed by political turmoil, the 1988 Matignon Agreement addresses regional development and migration. The future of movement in the French Pacific is partly linked to the political status and economic prosperity of each territory because the actual policies are very expensive and cannot be maintained without external financial assistance.
Foreign Investment in Asia in the 1990s: Trends, Problems and Implications for Manpower Movements
Authors: Sekiguchi Sueo
Published: January 2015

The diversity and rapidity of change in direct foreign investment (DFI) are described for flows among North America, Western Europe, Japan, ASEAN, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Korea and Russia. The U.S. share of DFI in Pacific Rim countries has declined, while that of Japan and Western Europe has increased. The NIEs have emerged as new investors in the region. The decline in U.S. DFI is likely to be compensated by Asian intra-regional flows initiated by Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong. On one hand, international capital flows can serve as a substitute for international labor flows; on the other, DFI can also give rise to bidirectional flows of manpower ranging from unskilled to professional levels.
Migration Networks: A Case Study in the Philippines
Authors: Lindquist Bruce A.
Published: January 2015

International labor migration has been a major feature of the Philippine political economy the past twenty years. Originally envisioned by the government as a temporary measure to ease domestic employment pressure and stimulate industrialization, migration has persisted in the face of declining wages and abusive recruitment practices. Dynamic movement patterns have emerged that include a variety of destinations and occupations, drawing both males and females from widely diverse backgrounds. Focusing upon the experiences of a small community, this study suggests that contract labor is best understood within the migration process, linking global economic formations and domestic policy to internal structures in sending communities. The community experience reveals that economic forces and government policy are necessary conditions to establish potential migration, but actual flows are initiated and shaped by a migration system consisting of interpersonal relationships. What becomes more visible at the community level are the distinct phases of overseas employment, or periods of time dominated by particular types of migration and varying potential to achieve economic gains from such. The emergence and evolution of networks are analyzed for their role in shaping patterns of labor migration.
Trade and Migration: The Case of NAFTA
Authors: Martin Philip L.
Published: January 2015

Though the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) does not directly address the issue of migration and trade, the effects of NAFTA on Mexican migration to the United States will be closely watched. This article provides background information on NAFTA, reviews data on its economic effects, and summarizes studies and projections of NAFTA's likely effects on Mexico-to-U.S. migration. Migration factors (demand-pull, supply-push, and networks) are examined to determine whether NAFTA's effect on economic development particularly in the border areas will accelerate or retard migration. The conclusion is that NAFTA is likely to produce a temporary migration hump, slightly raising already high migration levels in the 1990s, but reducing the volume of Mexico-to-U.S. migration that would otherwise occur over subsequent decades.
The Role of Trans-Tasman Migration in Forecasting the New Zealand Population
Authors: Poot Jacques
Published: January 2015

Population growth in New Zealand is rather volatile. International migration is the main cause of this. However, as is common in many countries, official population projections are based on a range of exogenously-set fixed levels of net migration. This article argues that, for the short to medium term, such projections can be improved upon by adopting econometric methodologies which take explicitly into account the demographic-economic two-way interaction in certain components of international migration. Specifically, the article summarizes research on the causes and consequences of trans-Tasman migration, which is the dominant component of the volatility in New Zealand's net migration. It is shown how these findings can aid population forecasting.
The Migration Transition in Asia
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: January 2015

This theoretical discussion of the migration transition is Asia develops a framework to understand the turning point from labor exporter to labor importer experienced by the Asian NIEs (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan). The author concludes that the NIEs' demand for labor curve shifted rapidly, primarily due to export-led growth of a labor-intensive character. Because these economies are well integrated, improvements in labor market conditions in individual sectors are transmitted to all workers, discouraging emigration. Despite industry's efforts to mitigate wage increases through labor import, new technology or relocation overseas, the rapidly improving domestic earnings opportunities induced the migration transition.
Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Skeldon Ronald
Published: January 2015

The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in “patterns” of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change.
Australia and Pacific Islander Migration
Authors: Rallu Jean Louis
Published: January 2015

The net migration gains of Pacific Islands-born to Australia increased steeply from 1986, mostly due to migration from Fiji in 1987–1988 after the coups. This is reflected in the differing migration trends and characteristics of the Fiji-born compared to other Islander migrants. Australia also receives secondary migrants from New Zealand, facilitated by the free movement of residents allowed by the Trans-Tasman Agreement. Due to poor job opportunities in the Islands and economic restructuring in the countries of the Pacific rim, Island states seem to have adopted a policy of increased brain drain to ensure remittances flows. This could also be related to changing fertility rates in the Islands in the 1980s.
Remittances, Savings, and Policy Formation in Pacific Island States
Authors: Brown Richard P.C. , Foster John , Connell John
Published: January 2015

This article brings together the main policy recommendations from the studies reported in this issue. The policy experiences of other Asian migrant-sending countries are reviewed and policy recommendations relevant tc Pacific island states discussed. While remittances and loanable funds arc found to be sensitive to policies affecting relative real interest rates, doubts are raised regarding the efficacy of policies to channel remittances intc domestic investment; migrants do not necessarily make the best entrepreneurs. Instead, loanable funds accumulated from remittances, if not channelled by the migrants or government into projects due to lack of suitable opportunities, could be held as overseas assets denominated it foreign currency, at the best possible rate of return.
Issues in Research on Women, International Migration and Labor
Authors: Lee Sharon M.
Published: January 2015

The scale and complexity of international migration has made immigration a concern for many nations. Previous research on migration had generally failed to include studies of women as migrants and workers. With the increased participation of women in various migration systems, there is a growing research literature on women migrants and their work experiences. This paper discusses several themes that are useful in organizing research on women, migration, and work, and consists of four parts. It begins with a review of types of migration systems and highlights the importance of specifying migration systems when examining women migrants and work. The main theoretical approaches in migration and labor are discussed in the second part of the paper. This is followed by a section on several dimensions critical for research on women migrants. In particular, it shows that the effects of gender, race and ethnicity, social class, cohort, and history should be explicitly considered because the migration and labor market experiences of women migrants profoundly differ from that of men. The paper concludes with a discussion of some research and policy implications.
Leadership Continuity and Change in Hmong Refugee Communities in the United States
Authors: Hein Jeremy
Published: January 2015

Political violence and international migration have the potential to disrupt leadership continuity in Hmong refugee communities in the United States. At the same time, clan and village authority structures from Laos favor leadership continuity despite dramatic social change. Data on 40 Hmong leaders in ten communities are used to determine if the indigenous sources of leadership continue to determine who becomes a leader after resettlement. The majority of leaders were leaders in Southeast Asia and have close kin who were leaders, indicating leadership continuity. Whether these leaders have held few or many leadership positions in the United States, however, is not determined by prior leadership or kinship, but by factors associated with acculturation. Initial leadership status in a host society is linked to authority structures from the homeland, but social change influences subsequent leadership careers.
Urban Residentship and Return Migration to Shanghai in the Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Luis P.K. , Liu Qiming
Published: January 2015

Young people were sent to the countryside during the Cultural Revolution and were later allowed to return home in the 1970s. This paper examines the return migration of Chinese youth from the countryside based on officially sanctioned reasons and grounds. The most often used reasons or grounds were in fact claims to urban residentship arising from connections to the city by previous residence, by birth and by family. Claimants negotitated with the state in a cultural language which rationalizes the claimed needs in terms of traditional social codes. The study reveals that the passive and submissive image the Chinese civil society outwardly present is deceptive. Their claims, however, still fall short of modern social citizenship.
The Impact of the Economic Crisis on International Migration: The Case of Indonesia
Authors: Ananta Aris , Kartowibowo Daksini , Wiyono Nur Hadi , Chotib
Published: January 2015

The severe and long crisis that hit Indonesia has affected many facets of the country's life, including migration into and from Indonesia. The paper describes the worsening of economic conditions in Indonesia, which may last until at least the end of 1998. Emigration pressures on both the skilled and unskilled labor force will keep rising. The paper argues that leaving out market forces in the government policies of Indonesia as well as those of the host countries are only likely to lead to illegal migration. The main recommendation of the paper is to have a comprehensive liberalization policy which considers market forces in the larger context of international relations. The issue of out-migration from Indonesia should be seen simultaneously with the entry of international labor, trade and capital to Indonesia.
Conceptualizing and Simulating the Impact of the Asian Crisis on Filipinos' Employment Opportunities Abroad
Authors: Böhning W. R.
Published: January 2015

In the absence of hard registration or survey data on return migrants, this paper first seeks to identify the factors that reduce Filipinos' employment opportunities in countries affected by the current crisis and then carries out two rounds of simulation to estimate the orders of magnitude involved. The first round consists of a simple employment elasticity exercise. The second takes account of anticipated sectoral, occupational or other impacts. Finally, the paper briefly lists the measures available to the Government to deal with return migration.
MNLF Hijrah: 1974–1996
Authors: Abubakar Carmen A.
Published: January 2015

The experiences of a Muhajir (migrant or exile) are discussed in this article against the larger canvas of the so-called Moro problem, the formation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), the exile of the leaders of MNLF to other countries to support the movement and to draw international attention to the Moro struggle, and the peace process and its immediate aftermath. It would seem that the exile of MNLF leaders contributed to the “internationalization” of the Moro problem and its solution. The Organization of Islamic Conference, Libya and Indonesia played a role in the negotiations between MNLF and the government.