bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breu història dels episcopologis valencians
Authors: Callado Estela Emilio
Published: July 2013

Resum: El present article s’ocupa de la història dels episcopologis valentins, o el que és el mateix, dels catàlegs o séries de bisbes de l’Església de València, des de mitjans del segle XV i fins a l’actualitat, conservats els uns, perduts els altres i inèdits la seua major part. També se n’analitza el contingut i l’autoria.Paraules clau: Episcopologi, Catàleg, Bisbes, València, EsglésiaAbstract: The present article deals with the history of the valentins episcopology, or which is the same thing, the catalogues or series of bishops of the Church of Valencia, from middle of the 15th century and up to the present, preserved some of them, lost other ones, and mostly unpublished.Also the content and the authorship are analyzed.Keywords: Episcopology, Catalog, Bishop, Valencia, Church
Música, poesia i imatge al servei de la religiositat: Els "goigs" en la tradició cultural valenciana
Authors: Gomis Corell Joan Carles
Published: July 2013

Resum: El present article analitza com es conformà el gènere poeticomusical dels goigs al regne de València a partir dels gautz o gaugs trobadorescs. Sobretot estudia com i amb quina intencionalitat confluïren poesia, música i imatge i anaren adaptant-se a la conjuntura específica de cada moment per tal de servir als canviants interessos i valors religiosos. D’aquesta manera, els goigs, anaren convertint-se progressivament en documents que varen esdevenir una eficaç arma de defensa de la religiositat contrareformista quan aquesta fou qu?estionada pels il·lustrats i, fins i tot, un exercici poètic reivindicatiu durant la Renaixença.Paraules clau: Goigs, Gautz, Gaugs, Poesia, Música, Trobadors, Dansa, València, Imatge, Impremta, EstampaAbstract: The present article analyzes how the poetical kind of the goigs conformed in the Valencia’s Kingdom from gautz or gaugs of troubadours. Especially it studies how and with what intentionality they came together poetry, music and image and were adapting to the specific conjuncture of every moment to serve the changeable interests and religious values. Hereby, the goigs, they were turning progressively into documents became an effective weapon of defense of the religiousness Counter when it was questioned by the Enlightened and, even, a poetical protest exercise during the Renaixença.Keywords: Goigs, Gautz, Gaugs, Poetry, Music, Troubadours, Dance, Valencia, Image, Press, Print
Historiografia del “Ball de Torrent”: De la moixiganga barroca al quadre de balls populars valencians (1692-1929)
Authors: Sanchis Francés Raül , Esteve-Faubel José Maria
Published: July 2013

Resum: El Ball de Torrent és una moixiganga dramàtica popular escenificada a la ciutat de València i altres indrets del País Valencià des de finals del segle XVII fins a principis del segle XX. Estava organitzada per agrupacions gremials, juntes d’hospitals o clavaris de festes i protagonitzada per personatges agrupats en comparses que representaven una paròdia sobre les relacions entre les estructures de poder i les classes populars. Tot i la variabilitat segons el moment històric, es conforma com una mescla de quadres amb danses, música i jocs teatrals. El ball interacciona de diverses formes amb algunes festes valencianes i és, probablement, una de les mostres de teatre de carrer més nostrades i menys estudiades de la València Moderna. En aquest article es realitza una revisió bibliogràfica crítica i una primera anàlisi historiogràfica.Paraules clau: Ball de Torrent, Dansa i música tradicional, Teatre, Moixiganga, Festa valencianaAbstract: Ball de Torrent (Dance of Torrent) is a popular dramatic masquerade staged in Valencia since the late seventeenth century to the early twentieth. It was organized by guilds, hospital managements or festival organizers. The actors were grouped in associations representing a parody on the relationships between power structures and popular classes. Despite the variability depending on the historical period, it consisted of a mixture of episodes or scenes with dance, music and theatre games. Any Festivals in Valencia are connected with the Ball de Torrent. It’s probably one of the most interesting samples of street theatre and studied under of the Modern Valencia. This paper analyses historical sources to review and critique bibliography.Keywords: Dance of Torrent, Traditional Dance and Music, Theatre, Masquerade, Feasts of Valencia
L’escriptura en el Carmel Descalç femení: La província de Sant Josep de Catalunya (1588-1835)
Authors: Gras Casanovas Maria Mercè
Published: July 2013

Resum: Teresa de Jesús, la fundadora del Carmel descalç, fou una dona instruïda, voraç lectora i una prolífica escriptora en molt diversos registres. Les seves religioses gaudiren del seu magisteri espiritual, d’un sòlid model femení i d’un referent cultural de primera magnitud. Les descalces hispàniques en han deixat un valuós llegat textual que compta amb nombrosos estudis en el primers Carmels. El nostre propòsit és reseguir l’empremta escrita de les carmelites descalces a la província de Sant Josep de Catalunya durant l’edat moderna, molt menys coneguda que la de les seves germanes d’hàbit de Castella. La recerca en els arxius conventuals de les tereses catalanes ens ha permès fer una primera aproximació general als manuscrits de creació d’aquestes religioses, els que s’han conservat i aquells altres dels que se n’esmenta la pèrdua. Valent-nos, sempre que ha estat possible, de la seva pròpia veu, recollida en biografies i altres documents, hem mirat d’establir el nivel cultural de les dones de la clausura, i la funció i les circumstàncies de la producció de les diferents manifestacions de la seva escriptura.Paraules clau: Monges carmelites descalces, Cròniques, Biografies, Poesia, Escriptura espiritualAbstract: Teresa of Avila, the founder of Carmel barefoot woman, was educated, voracious reader and a prolific writer in many different registers. Their religious teachings of his spiritual enjoyed, a solid female model and a benchmark cultural haven. Barefoot in the Hispanic have left a valuable legacy that has numerous textual studies in the first El Carmel. Our purpose is reviewed the written mark of Discalced Carmelites in the Province of St. Joseph of Catalonia during the modern age, much less known than his sisters habit of Castile. The research in the archives of the Teresian convent Catalan has allowed us to make a first general approach to creating these religious manuscripts, which have been preserved and those of the loss is acknowledged. Availing ourselves, if possible, your own voice, and biographies contained in other documents, we tried to build the cultural level of the closure of women, and the role and the circumstances of the production of different manifestations of his writing.Keywords: Discalced carmelite nuns, Chronicle, Biography, Poetry, Spiritual writing
Les "modernes" religioses valencianes: entrebancs d'una recerca textual
Authors: Herrero Herrero Maria Ángeles
Published: July 2013

Resum: El catàleg titulat Lletraferides modernes. Catàleg de les escriptores valencianes dels segles XVI-XVIII (Herrero 2009) suposava un punt de partida en la compilació de «lletraferides» valencianes de l’Edat Moderna. Aquest ajudà a rescatar els seus noms, però el major handicap radica en la diversitat en la localització física dels textos. A través d’una visió dels diferents gèneres que empraren aquestes escriptores, en especial les religioses (poesia, mística, auto/biografia espiritual…), avancem algunes conclusions que permetran una anàlisi sociolingu?ística, literària i de gènere d’eixes obres.Paraules clau: Catàleg, Localizació textual,  Autores religioses, Valencianes, Modernes.Abstract: The catalogue entitled Lletraferides modernes. Catàleg de les escriptores valencianes dels segles XVI-XVIII (Herrero 2009) provided a starting point for the compilation of Valencian «women of letters» in the Modern Age. Although this catalogue helped to recover the names of these authors, the process is greatly hindered by the diversity of textual localisation. By considering the different genres these writers, particularly the religious authors, favoured (poetry, mystic, spiritual auto/biography,…), this paper aims to provide a number of conclusions for subsequent application in the sociolinguistic, literary and genre analysis of these works.Keywords: Catalogue, Textual localisation, Women religious authors, Valencian, Modern
Notícia d’una mística catalana de principi del segle XVIII: Teresa Mir i March i la seva autobiografia espiritual Rahó de l’esperit.
Authors: Garcia Busquets Anna
Published: July 2013

Resum: En aquest article es presenta l’autobiografia espiritual en català Rahó de l’esperit (1709-1714) de la mística d’Olot Teresa Mir i March (1681-1764) i la Relació introductòria del seu pare espiritual, Esteve Gay, conservades en un testimoni únic, el manuscrit número 6 de la Biblioteca de Reserva de la Universitat de Barcelona. Se’n detalla l’estat de la qu?estió, la descripció i estructura del còdex, així com una anàlisi sumària dels diferents elements que el componen. S’aprofundeix en les dades biogràfiques de la beata a partir de la recerca arxivística. Es detallen les lectures de Mir durant els anys de redacció de Rahó de l’esperit (devocionaris i tractats espirituals), i es fa esment de com, a vegades, les representacions pictòriques i la imatgeria que tenia al seu abast l’ajudaven a formar les visions amb el seu poder evocador.Paraules clau: Estudis de gènere, Literatura catalana moderna, Autobiografia, MísticaAbstract: The article presents the spiritual autobiography in Catalan Rahó de l’esperit (1709-1714) by Teresa Mir i March (1681-1764), the mystic from Olot, and the introductory panegyric text by Esteve Gay, her spiritual father. The source is the unique documented testimonial: the manuscript number 6, Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Barcelona. Further details on the issue are a description and the codex structure as well as a summary analysis of its different elements and a further learning of the blessed young lady‘s biography through archive research. A listing of Mir’s readings at the time Rahó de l’esperit (prayer books and spiritual treatises) was written and details of how sometimes the powerful evocative pictorial representations and imagery she had access to, helped her conform her visions.Keywords: Gender studies, Modern Catalan literature, Autobiography, Mysticism
Cultura literària de la dona en la València dels segles XVI i XVII
Authors: Martí Ascó Manuel
Published: July 2013

Resum: El present treball fa una revisió a la cultura literària de les dones valencianes dels segles XVI i XVII. A més de fer una ullada a les principals fons bibliogràfiques, l’autor assenyala altres possibles vies per descobrir l’activitat escripturària femenina. En concret, aporta dades sobre Clara de la Cerda, una senyora d’origen castellà americà afincada a Oliva, la qual va gestionar els seus negocis personalment i va redactar interessants papers de caire administratiu.Paraules clau: Cultura literària femenina, Escriptura, València, Edat Moderna, Clara de la Cerda, OlivaAbstract: The present work does a review to the literary culture of the Valencian women of the 16th and 17th century. Beside throwing a glimpse to the principal bibliographical sources, the author indicates other possible routes to discover the feminine writer activity. Specifically, it provides data about Clara de la Cerda, a lady of Spanish American origin based in Oliva, which managed her business personally and wrote interesting administrative.Keywords: Literary feminine Culture, Writing, Valencia, Modern Age, Clara de la Cerda, Oliva
Ressenya a Antonio Castillo Gómez, Leggere nella Spagna moderna. Erudizione, religiosità e svago, traduzione dallo spagnolo di Luisa Castelli, Bologna, Pàtron, 2013
Authors: Barbalato Beatrice
Published: July 2013

Antonio Castillo Gómez, Leggere nella Spagna moderna. Erudizione, religiosità e svago, traduzione dallo spagnolo di Luisa Castelli, Bologna, Pàtron, 2013, 123 pp. ISBN 978-88-555-3200-6
Ressenya a Rubio Vela, Agustín. El patriciat i la nació. Sobre el particularisme dels valencians en els segles XIV i XV. 2 vols. Castelló-Barcelona, Fundació Germà Colón Domènech-Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 2012
Authors: Hernández Raül
Published: July 2013

Ressenya a Rubio Vela, Agustín. El patriciat i la nació. Sobre el particularisme dels valencians en els segles XIV i XV. 2 vols. Castelló-Barcelona, Fundació Germà Colón Domènech-Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 2012. ISBN 978.84.9883.557.1
From Transport's Golden Ages to an Age of Tourism: L. T. C. Rolt, Waterway Revival and Railway Preservation in Britain, 1944–54
Authors: Boughey Joseph
Published: July 2013

This essay considers L. T. C. Rolt's writings and work about waterway revival and railway preservation in Britain between 1944 and 1954. Outlining his life up to 1954, the background to his first book Narrow Boat is discussed and set in context, stressing the working lives of people on the narrow English canals. The consequential founding of the Inland Waterways Association in 1946 and its campaigns to protect waterways for pleasure boating are contrasted with limited attempts to support freight carrying. Rolt's role in the preservation of the narrow gauge Talyllyn Railway in Wales is considered, stressing its difficult reliance upon tourism. The notion of ‘golden ages' is applied to Rolt's visions of waterways and railways, set against contradictory historical evidence; problems with his attempts at conservation are stressed. It is concluded that although Rolt was a significant figure, his visions of conservation were unfulfilled. There remains a need to develop conservation history related to transport and to consider the role of the British middle class and manual labour.
Silencing women’s sexuality: global AIDS policies and the case of the female condom
Authors: Peters Anny JTP , van Driel Francien TM , Jansen Willy HM
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The female condom is the only evidence‐based AIDS prevention technology that has been designed for the female body; yet, most women do not have access to it. This is remarkable since women constitute the majority of all HIV‐positive people living in sub‐Saharan Africa, and gender inequality is seen as a driving force of the AIDS epidemic. In this study, we analyze how major actors in the AIDS prevention field frame the AIDS problem, in particular the female condom in comparison to other prevention technologies, in their discourse and policy formulations. Our aim is to gain insight into the discursive power mechanisms that underlie the thinking about AIDS prevention and women’s sexual agency.

Methods

We analyze the AIDS policies of 16 agencies that constitute the most influential actors in the global response to AIDS. Our study unravels the discursive power of these global AIDS policy actors, when promoting and making choices between AIDS prevention technologies. We conducted both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of how the global AIDS epidemic is being addressed by them, in framing the AIDS problem, labelling of different categories of people for targeting AIDS prevention programmes and in gender marking of AIDS prevention technologies.

Results

We found that global AIDS policy actors frame the AIDS problem predominantly in the context of gender and reproductive health, rather than that of sexuality and sexual rights. Men’s sexual agency is treated differently from women’s sexual agency. An example of such differentiation and of gender marking is shown by contrasting the framing and labelling of male circumcision as an intervention aimed at the prevention of HIV with that of the female condom.

Conclusions

The gender‐stereotyped global AIDS policy discourse negates women’s agency in sexuality and their sexual rights. This could be an important factor in limiting the scale‐up of female condom programmes and hampering universal access to female condoms.
A Review of Reagents for Fluorescence Microscopy of Cellular Compartments and Structures, Part I: BacMam Labeling and Reagents for Vesicular Structures
Authors: Dolman Nick J. , Kilgore Jason A. , Davidson Michael W.
Published: July 2013

Fluorescent labeling of vesicular structures in cultured cells, particularly for live cells, can be challenging for a number of reasons. The first challenge is to identify a reagent that will be specific enough where some structures have a number of potential reagents and others very few options. The emergence of BacMam constructs has allowed more easy‐to‐use choices. Presented here is a discussion of BacMam constructs as well as a review of commercially‐available reagents for labeling vesicular structures in cells, including endosomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes, complete with a featured reagent for each structure, recommended protocol, troubleshooting guide, and example image. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 65:12.30.1‐12.30.27. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Usefulness of 2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose–Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Staging and Evaluation of Treatment Response in IgG4‐Related Disease: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Ebbo Mikael , Grados Aurélie , Guedj Eric , Gobert Delphine , Colavolpe Cécile , Zaidan Mohamad , Masseau Agathe , Bernard Fanny , Berthelot Jean‐Marie , Morel Nathalie , Lifermann François , Palat Sylvain , Haroche Julien , Mariette Xavier , Godeau Bertrand , Bernit Emmanuelle , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie , Papo Thomas , Hamidou Mohamed , Harlé Jean‐Robert , Schleinitz Nicolas
Published: July 2013

Objective

To evaluate the usefulness of 2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose–positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG‐PET/CT) in IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) for the staging of the disease and the followup under treatment.

Methods

All patients included in the French IgG4‐RD registry who underwent ≥1 FDG‐PET/CT scan were included in the study. Clinical, biologic, pathologic, radiologic, and FDG‐PET/CT qualitative and quantitative findings were retrospectively collected and analyzed.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were included in the study and 46 FDG‐PET/CT examinations were evaluated. At either diagnosis or relapse, all evaluated patients presented abnormal 18F‐FDG uptake in typical IgG4‐RD localizations. In most cases, FDG‐PET/CT was more sensitive than conventional imaging to detect organ involvement, especially in arteries, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. In few cases (small‐sized lesions and brain or kidney contiguous lesions), false‐negative results were noted. Evaluation before and after treatment showed in most cases a good correlation of FDG‐PET/CT results with treatment response and disease activity.

Conclusion

This large retrospective study shows that FDG‐PET/CT imaging is useful for the staging of IgG4‐RD. Moreover, FDG‐PET/CT is useful to assess the response to treatment during followup.
Functionally Optimized Orthoses for Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease: A Study of Mechanisms and Patient Experience
Authors: Gibson Kellie S. , Woodburn James , Porter Duncan , Telfer Scott
Published: July 2013

Objective

To investigate the mode‐of‐action and patient experience of functionally optimized foot orthoses in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We conducted an investigation of 2 functionally optimized foot orthoses (selective laser sintering [SLS] and fused deposition modelling [FDM]) in 15 patients with RA of <2 years duration. The novel devices were optimized for 3 biomechanistic targets exploiting computer‐aided design and additive manufacturing. A third standard device was used as the comparator (standard foot orthosis [SFO]). Foot and ankle biomechanical effects were compared. Adverse reactions, orthotic fit and comfort, and short‐term symptom benefits were also monitored.

Results

Both FDM (P = 0.028) and SLS (P < 0.0001) orthoses significantly reduced peak rearfoot motion in comparison to shod. The average ankle internal moment was significantly decreased in the SFO (P = 0.010) and approached significance in the SLS (P = 0.052) orthosis. SFO, FDM, and SLS orthoses significantly increased the peak height of the medial foot arch between 3.6 to 4.4 mm (P < 0.001). Peak pressures in the medial (P = 0.018) and lateral forefoot (P = 0.022) regions of interest were significantly reduced for the SLS orthosis. SFO, FDM, and SLS orthoses significantly increased midfoot contact area (P < 0.001 for all conditions). In comparison to SFO, SLS and FDM orthoses provided equivalent or better patient experience. No adverse reactions were reported.

Conclusion

Functional optimization is a feasible approach for orthoses prescription in early RA and has the potential to provide superior mode‐of‐action responses for biomechanical therapeutic targets compared to standard devices.
Co‐creation of Value by Open Innovation: Unlocking New Sources of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Martinez Marian Garcia
Published: July 2013

A focus on the consumer has been recognized as the key to unlocking new sources of competitive advantage. This paper looks at this new perspective in value creation where personalized consumer experience takes central stage as opposed to a product and firm‐centric view. Through an explorative case study, the paper illustrates how a joint innovation effort between Molson Coors Brewing Company UK (MCBC‐UK) and a supplier is leading to more open approaches as consumers are involved in the process. By understanding what consumers' value and engaging in active dialog and interaction, MCBC‐UK has been able to develop superior value propositions relevant to their target consumer base. The case underscores the role of consumer value creation in a commoditizing world where companies can seek to maximize the lifetime value of desirable consumer segments by taking consumers as a partner or co‐producer instead of an external element. Food and drink companies have the opportunity to add value and extricate themselves from commodity sectors where the lowest cost provider holds sway by embracing consumers' ideas as part of the innovation process.
Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope protein inhibits oligodendroglial precursor cell differentiation
Authors: Kremer David , Schichel Tanja , Förster Moritz , Tzekova Nevena , Bernard Corinne , van der Valk Paul , van Horssen Jack , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Perron Hervé , Küry Patrick
Published: July 2013

Objective

Differentiation of oligodendroglial precursor cells is crucial for central nervous system remyelination and is influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Recent studies showed that human endogenous retrovirus type W (HERV‐W) contributes significantly to brain damage. In particular, its envelope protein ENV can mediate injury to specific cell types of the brain and immune system. Here, we investigated whether ENV protein affects oligodendroglial differentiation.

Methods

Immunostaining and gene expression analyses were performed to establish the expression and regulation of the known ENV receptor, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), on oligodendroglial precursor cells in human brain tissue and in culture. Cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells were stimulated with ENV protein to determine the effects of this ligand/receptor interaction.

Results

We demonstrated that the ENV protein is present in close proximity to TLR4‐expressing oligodendroglial precursor cells adjacent to multiple sclerosis lesions. Human and rat oligodendroglial precursor cells expressed TLR4, and the ENV‐mediated activation of TLR4 led to the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as the formation of nitrotyrosine groups and a subsequent reduction in myelin protein expression.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that ENV‐mediated induction of nitrosative stress via activation of TLR4 results in an overall reduction of the oligodendroglial differentiation capacity, thereby contributing to remyelination failure. Therefore, pharmacological or antibody‐mediated inhibition of ENV may prevent the blockade of myelin repair in the diseased or injured central nervous system. Ann Neurol 2013;74:721–732
Progress in quantum electrodynamics theory of highly charged ions
Authors: Volotka Andrey V. , Glazov Dmitry A. , Plunien Günter , Shabaev Vladimir M.
Published: July 2013

Recent progress in quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations of highly charged ions is reviewed. The theoretical predictions for the binding energies, the hyperfine splittings, and the g factors are presented and compared with available experimental data. Special attention is paid to tests of bound‐state QED at strong field regime. Future prospects for tests of QED at the strongest electric and magnetic fields as well as for determination of the fine structure constant and the nuclear magnetic moments with heavy ions are discussed.
Preparation of chloromethylated and aminated gel‐type poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microparticles with controlled degree of functionalization
Authors: Rodrigo Raúl , Toro Claudio Andrés , Cuellar Jorge
Published: July 2013

The possibility of adjusting the degree of hydrophilic functionalization in polymeric microparticles with a hydrophobic skeleton makes it possible to obtain adsorbents and catalyst microparticles that may show better performance. In this regard, in this study, gel‐type poly(styrene‐co‐divinyl benzene) microparticles were chloromethylated and subsequently aminated, and the quantitative effect of the chloromethylation reaction conditions on the final degree of functionalization achieved were examined. In the chloromethylation route, methylal, thionyl chloride, and a Friedel–Craft catalyst were used. From the experimental results, two models were obtained by multiple linear regression relating the chloromethylation conditions to the anion‐exchange capacity (AEC) achieved and to the replaceable chlorine content, according to which the achievement of a high degree of useful functionalization within the microparticles entailed chloromethylation with low methylal/polymer molar ratios and high thionyl chloride/polymer molar ratios, relatively high temperatures, and short reaction times; all of these values were within the ranges used in this study. Additionally, we found that the highest values of AEC could be reached with a methylal/thionyl chloride molar ratio close to unity. The models obtained could be useful for the synthesis of microparticles with required degrees of functionalization, that is, with the chosen hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4054–4065, 2013
Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate)/graphene oxide nanocomposites via in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Wang Xiaowei , Wang Pingli , Zhang Wei , Ji Junhui
Published: July 2013

Poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene adipate) (PBSA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ polymerization for the first time. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated the achievement of a single layer of GO, and transmission electron microscopy proved the homogeneous distribution of GO in the PBSA matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the successful grafting of PBSA chains onto GO. With the incorporation of 1 wt % GO, the tensile strength and flexural modulus of the PBSA were enhanced by 50 and 27%, respectively. The thermal properties characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed increases in the melting temperatures, crystallization temperatures, and thermal stability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4075–4080, 2013
Replenishing our defensive microbes
Authors: Ursell Luke K. , Treuren William Van , Metcalf Jessica L. , Pirrung Meg , Gewirtz Andrew , Knight Rob
Published: July 2013

Large‐scale characterization of the human microbiota has largely focused on Western adults, yet these populations may be uncharacteristic because of their diets and lifestyles. In particular, the rise of “Western diseases” may in part stem from reduced exposure to, or even loss of, microbes with which humans have coevolved. Here, we review beneficial microbes associated with pathogen resistance, highlighting the emerging role of complex microbial communities in protecting against disease. We discuss ways in which modern lifestyles and practices may deplete physiologically important microbiota, and explore prospects for reintroducing or encouraging the growth of beneficial microbes to promote the restoration of healthy microbial ecosystems.
HPLC fluorescence method for the determination of nizatidine in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Çakar Mahmut B. , Ulu Sevgi T.
Published: July 2013

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of nizatidine in human plasma. Nizatidine was derivatized by 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐F). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Inertsil C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using isocratic elution by a mobile phase consisting of methanol/water (55:45) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Amlodipine was used as the internal standard (IS). Fluorescence detector was used operated at 461 nm (excitation) and 517 nm (emission), respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 50–2000 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a dose (150 mg) of nizatidine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐glycosylation affects the proper folding, enzymatic characteristics and production of a fungal β‐glucosidase
Authors: Wei Wei , Chen Ling , Zou Gen , Wang Qianfu , Yan Xing , Zhang Jun , Wang Chengshu , Zhou Zhihua
Published: July 2013

Heterologous expression of β‐glucosidase is one of the approaches to enhance the efficiency of fungal cellulase preparations. It has been reported that N‐glycosylation affects the structure framework, function and stability of proteins. In this study, a β‐glucosidase from Aspergillus terreus (GenBank: XP_001216552, BglS) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and Trichoderma reesei. The four asparagine residues were all linked with high‐mannose‐type oligosaccharides in P. pastoris, whereas only N224 carried high‐mannose‐type glycan in T. reesei (the other three sites carried one N‐acetylglucosamine). The long N‐glycan chains on PpBglS weakened its substrate affinity, activity and thermostability. The moderate post‐translational and post‐secretory glycan modification in T. reesei makes it a suitable expression system for BglS. The N224 glycan played a critical role in BglS folding. The elucidation of the correlation between the different N‐glycosylation patterns of BglS and their corresponding enzymatic characteristics is an important step towards improving the activity, thermostability and even production of heterologous β‐glucosidase by glycan engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 3075–3084. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical anatomy of the shoulder after treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Shamley Delva , Lascurain‐Aguirrebeña Ion , Oskrochi Reza
Published: July 2013

Normal painfree movement of the upper limb requires movement at the glenohumeral joint and movement of the scapula on the thorax. Co‐ordinated movement of these joints is known as the scapulohumeral rhythm and is required during elevation of the arm. Coordinated movement is further achieved by timing of the many muscles acting across the joints. A pilot study from our laboratory has shown significant alterations to this scapulohumeral rhythm and its muscle control following treatment for breast cancer. The aims of this study were to: (1) correlate altered muscle activity from a larger sample with observed movement deviations; (2) compare movement and muscle deviations in survivors with a healthy population and (3) explore the impact of a mastectomy versus a wide local excision (WLE) on the observed deviations. Cross‐sectional study. 155 women treated for unilateral carcinoma of the breast and 21 age‐matched healthy women were included in the study. All patients filled out the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Three‐dimensional kinematic data and EMG muscle activity were recorded during scaption on the affected and unaffected side. Patients demonstrated a different movement dysfunction depending on whether the left or the right shoulder was affected. Left affected shoulders demonstrated the greatest degree of internal rotation of all shoulders studied. Compared to healthy shoulders patients following a mastectomy demonstrated increased activity in both the left and right affected shoulders in all the measured muscles. In patients having a WLE, such increases were not observed in serratus anterior and pectoralis major activity on the right affected shoulder, where a decrease was noted. Muscle dysfunction was also observed in the unaffected side of patients. Having received chemotherapy contributed significantly to the difference seen between the affected and unaffected shoulders in patients. Differences in scapular tilt between affected and unaffected shoulders in patients were significantly associated with pain and disability, and changes in serratus anterior activity. Patterns of movement deviation resemble those seen in known shoulder conditions. Anatomical and biomechanical evidence supports the need for integrated rehabilitation and surveillance systems for the shoulder in oncology units. Clin. Anat. 27:467–477, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous phenotype of human glioblastoma: In vitro study
Authors: Denysenko Tetyana , Gennero Luisa , Juenemann Carola , Morra Isabella , Masperi Paolo , Ceroni Vincenzo , Pragliola Antonella , Ponzetto Antonio , Melcarne Antonio
Published: July 2013

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most lethal primary brain tumours. Increasing evidence shows that brain tumours contain the population of stem cells, so‐called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Stem cell marker CD133 was reported to identify CSC population in GBM. Further studies have indicated that CD133 negative cells exhibiting similar properties and are able to initiate the tumour, self‐renew and undergo multilineage differentiation. GBM is a highly heterogeneous tumour and may contain different stem cell populations with different functional properties. We characterized five GBM cell lines, established from surgical samples, according to the marker expression, proliferation and differentiation potential. CD133 positive cell lines showed increased proliferation rate in neurosphere condition and marked differentiation potential towards neuronal lineages. Whereas two cell lines low‐expressing CD133 marker showed mesenchymal properties in vitro, that is high proliferation rate in serum condition and differentiation in mesenchymal cell types. Further, we compared therapy resistance capacity of GBM cell lines treated with hydroxyurea. Our results suggest that CSC concept is more complex than it was believed before, and CD133 could not define entire stem cell population within GBM. At least two different subtypes of GBM CSCs exist, which may have different biological characteristics and imply different therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromate Reduction in Anaerobic Systems by Bacterial Strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa CRM100
Authors: Salamanca Diego , Strunk Niko , Engesser Karl‐Heinrich
Published: July 2013

The biological reduction of soluble chromate(VI) compounds by bacteria was investigated as a possible treatment for industrial wastewater. A chromate(VI) reducing bacterial strain CRM100 was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Strain CRM100 using citrate as carbon source, was able to reduce 99.8 % of chromate(VI) added at a concentration of 100 mg L–1. The results demonstrated the potential applicability of CRM100 for the bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated wastewater.
Adaptive clinical trial designs to detect interaction between treatment and a dichotomous biomarker
Authors: Zhu Hongjian , Hu Feifang , Zhao Hongyu
Published: July 2013

Biomarkers play a crucial role in the design and analysis of clinical trials for personalized medicine. One major goal of these trials is to derive an optimal treatment scheme based on each patient's biomarker level. Although completely randomized trials may be employed, a more efficient design can be attained when patients are adaptively allocated to different treatments throughout the trial using biomarker information. Therefore, we propose a new adaptive allocation method based on using multiple regression models to study treatment–biomarker interactions. We show that this perspective simplifies the derivation of optimal allocations. Moreover, when implemented in real clinical trials, our method can consolidate all the covariates which may not be related to the treatment–biomarker interaction for a joint analysis. Our general idea can be applied to diverse models to derive optimal allocations. Simulation results show that both the optimal allocation and the proposed design can lead to a more efficient trial. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 525–539; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Discovery of an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate that Inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX Based on the Binding Mode of a 5‐Alkynyl Substrate Analogue
Authors: Parchina Anastasia , Froeyen Matheus , Margamuljana Lia , Rozenski Jef , De Jonghe Steven , Briers Yves , Lavigne Rob , Herdewijn Piet , Lescrinier Eveline
Published: July 2013

The urgent need for new antibiotics poses a challenge to target un(der)exploited vital cellular processes. Thymidylate biosynthesis is one such process due to its crucial role in DNA replication and repair. Thymidylate synthases (TS) catalyze a crucial step in the biosynthesis of thymidine 5‐triphosphate (TTP), an elementary building block required for DNA synthesis and repair. To date, TS inhibitors have only been successfully applied in anticancer therapy due to their lack of specificity for antimicrobial versus human enzymes. However, the discovery of a new family of TS enzymes (ThyX) in a range of pathogenic bacteria that is structurally and biochemically different from the “classic” TS (ThyA) has opened the possibility to develop selective ThyX inhibitors as potent antimicrobial drugs. Here, the interaction of the known inhibitor 5‐(3‐octanamidoprop‐1yn‐1yl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐5′‐monophosphate (1) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX enzyme is explored using molecular modeling starting from published crystal structures, with further confirmation through NMR experiments. While the deoxyuridylate (dUMP) moiety of compound 1 occupies the cavity of the natural substrate in ThyX, the rest of the ligand (the “5‐alkynyl tail”) extends to the outside of the enzyme between two of its four subunits. The hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the alkyl part of the tail is formed by displacement of Tyr 44.C, Tyr 108.A and Lys 165.A. Changes to the resonance of the Lys 165 NH3 group upon ligand binding were monitored in a titration experiment by 2D HISQC NMR. Guided by the results of the modeling and NMR studies, and inspired by the success of acyclic antiviral nucleosides, compounds where a 5‐alkynyl uracyl moiety is coupled to an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) were synthesized and evaluated. Of the compounds evaluated, sodium (6‐(5‐(3‐octanamidoprop‐1‐yn‐1‐yl)‐2,4‐dioxo‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐1(2H)‐yl)hexyl)phosphonate (3 e) exhibited 43 % of inhibitory effect on ThyX at 50 μM. While only modest activity was achieved, this is the first example of an ANP inhibiting ThyX, and these results can be used to further guide structural modifications to this class to develop more potent compounds with potential application as antibacterial agents acting through a novel mechanism of action.
α‐Dialdimine Complexes of Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I): Their Reactivity with Dioxygen and Dihydrogen
Authors: Eiβler Anna , Kläring Paul , Emmerling Franziska , Braun Thomas
Published: July 2013

The rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes [M(Cl){ArN=C(H)C(H)=NAr}(CNtBu)] (1: M = Rh, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3; 2: M = Rh, Ar = Mes; 3: M = Ir, Ar = Mes; Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) have been prepared by the reaction of [M(μ‐Cl)(coe)2]2 (M = Rh, Ir; coe = cyclooctene) with the α‐dialdimines ArN=C(H)C(H)=NAr (Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, Mes) in thf, followed by the addition of CNtBu. XANES spectra and DFT calculations on 2 and 3 suggest an oxidation state +I at the metal centers. Treatment of the complexes 2 and 3 with O2 or 18O2 gave the peroxido complexes [M(Cl)(O2){MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CNtBu)] (4a: M = Rh; 5a: M = Ir) and [M(Cl)(18O2){MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CNtBu)] (4b: M = Rh; 5b: M = Ir). The reaction of 3 with dihydrogen resulted in the formation of the iridium dihydrido complex [Ir(Cl)(H)2{MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CNtBu)] (6a). Two isomeric α‐imine‐amine complexes [Ir(Cl)(H)2{MesN(H)CH2C(H)=NMe}(CNtBu)] (7/7′) were obtained after prolonged reaction under H2. All of the complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. In addition, complexes 2, 3,and 7 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Investigating the Ritter Type Reaction of α‐Methylene‐β‐hydroxy Esters in Acidic Medium: Evidence for the Intermediacy of an Allylic Cation
Authors: Sá Marcus M. , Ferreira Misael , Caramori Giovanni F. , Zaramello Laize , Bortoluzzi Adailton J. , Faggion Deonildo , Domingos Josiel B.
Published: July 2013

The acid‐mediated solvolytic transformation of α‐methylene‐β‐hydroxy esters in acetonitrile was investigated. The reaction was shown to involve nucleophilic attack either at the terminal methylene or at the benzylic carbon. Kinetic and theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the possible pathways involved in the formation of the acetamide products, i.e., through an addition‐elimination mechanism, a concerted process (SN2 and SN2′), or involving an allylic cation (SN1 and SN1′). The results of the kinetic analysis, including the isotope effect, Hammett plot, and Eyring plot, are in agreement with a proton transfer equilibrium prior to the formation of a benzylic carbenium ion intermediate, which is consistent with a unimolecular stepwise mechanism. Theoretical examination at the DFT level of theory corroborated these findings, with the lowest activation energy being associated with the SN1′‐type mechanism.
One‐Pot Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Nitro‐2H‐chromenes Catalyzed by a Simple 4‐Hydroxyprolinamide with 4‐Nitrophenol as Cocatalyst
Authors: Yin Guohui , Zhang Richeng , Li Lei , Tian Jun , Chen Ligong
Published: July 2013

The asymmetric domino oxa‐Michael–Henry reaction of salicylaldehyde derivatives with trans‐β‐nitro olefins catalyzed by a readily available trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐prolinamide with 4‐nitrophenol as an effective cocatalyst is presented. The corresponding 3‐nitro‐2H‐chromenes were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (up to 99 %) and with up to 90 % ee under mild conditions. In addition, a preliminary study shows that this organocatalytic system is able to promote the domino aza‐Michael–Henry reaction of 2‐formylpyrrole derivatives with trans‐β‐nitro olefins to give chiral 2‐nitro‐3H‐pyrrolizines.
Sulfonation and Trifluoromethylation of Enol Acetates with Sulfonyl Chlorides Using Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Jiang Heng , Cheng Yuanzheng , Zhang Yan , Yu Shouyun
Published: July 2013

A mild, practical method to prepare α‐sulfonyl and α‐trifluoromethyl ketones from readily available enol acetates and sulfonyl chlorides has been developed using visible‐light photoredox catalysis. The method could be used with a wide range of enol acetates and sulfonyl chlorides, and gave the desired products in satisfactory to excellent yields.
PVC‐Based Ion‐Selective Electrodes with Enhanced Biocompatibility by Surface Modification with “Click” Chemistry
Authors: Pawlak M. , Grygolowicz‐Pawlak E. , Crespo G. A. , Mistlberger G. , Bakker E.
Published: July 2013

We report here on plasticized ion‐selective poly(vinyl chloride) membranes with increased biocompatibility by means of a copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (‘click chemistry’) on the surface of finished membranes. We aimed for increasing the hydrophilicity of the surface and the application of NO releasing molecules. Employing the first principle, sodium selective membranes based on azide‐substituted PVC were modified with different length poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. For the second, cysteine groups were used as a nitrous oxide releasing substance. Surface modification was confirmed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Potentiometric measurements in undiluted whole blood showed an increased sensor stability in comparison to unmodified PVC. Membrane surfaces after 18 h contact with blood were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and revealed a reduced level of blood cell adsorption on membranes modified with tetraethylene glycol (TEG) and PEGs. In contrast, cysteine modified membranes did not exhibit improved fouling resistance, suggesting that nitric oxide release by itself is not a sufficiently efficient mechanism.
Vanadium bioavailability and toxicity to soil microorganisms and plants
Authors: Larsson Maja A. , Baken Stijn , Gustafsson Jon Petter , Hadialhejazi Golshid , Smolders Erik
Published: July 2013

Vanadium, V, is a redox-sensitive metal that in solution, under aerobic conditions, prevails as the oxyanion vanadate(V). There is little known regarding vanadium toxicity to soil biota, and the present study was set up to determine the toxicity of added vanadate to soil organisms and to investigate the relationship between toxicity and vanadium sorption in soils. Five soils with contrasting properties were spiked with 7 different doses (3.2–3200 mg V kg−1) of dissolved vanadate, and toxicity was measured with 2 microbial and 3 plant assays. The median effective concentration (EC50) thresholds of the microbial assays ranged from 28 mg added V kg−1 to 690 mg added V kg−1, and the EC50s in the plant assays ranged from 18 mg added V kg−1 to 510 mg added V kg−1. The lower thresholds were in the concentration range of the background vanadium in the untreated control soils (15–58 mg V kg−1). The vanadium toxicity to plants decreased with a stronger soil vanadium sorption strength. The EC50 values for plants expressed on a soil solution basis ranged from 0.8 mg V L−1 to 15 mg V L−1 and were less variable among soils than corresponding values based on total vanadium in soil. It is concluded that sorption decreases the toxicity of added vanadate and that soil solution vanadium is a more robust measure to determine critical vanadium concentrations across soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2266–2273. © 2013 SETAC