bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Japanese Bubble Economy
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the Japanese bubble economy of the late 1980s. From the perspective of global economic history, bubbles come and go. The Japanese bubble economy, however, was one of the largest the world has ever witnessed and was unprecedented in modern history. The chapter then looks at the events that induced and inflated the bubble economy from two perspectives: initial conditions that gave birth to the bubble and factors that accelerated its expansion. Initial conditions consisted of two related factors: exceptionally bullish expectations and an extremely rapid expansion of credit. Once the bubble was formed, its expansion was aided and abetted by three factors: an extended period of accommodative monetary conditions, procyclical interactions between finance and the real economy, and a tax regime prone to accelerating increases in real estate prices. The chapter also discusses the weakness of governance with regard to preventing runaway bubbles. It considers the report on Japanese real estate prices; the argument for amending monetary easing; the Plaza Accord; and the Maekawa Report.
The Zero Interest Rate Policy and Quantitative Easing
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter evaluates the zero interest rate policy and quantitative easing. Short-term interest rates in Japan had already reached close to zero percent by the mid-1990s, but a zero interest rate policy in the literal sense, coupled with a form of forward guidance, was embraced by the Bank of Japan in February of 1999. In retrospect, this was the start of the unconventional monetary policy that has been ongoing in Japan ever since and subsequently was adopted by many central banks in developed economies. The next year, amid a heated debate, the zero interest rate policy was terminated, but against the backdrop of a global economic downturn following the bursting of the dot-com bubble, the bank decided to move back to zero and adopt so-called quantitative easing. Meanwhile, the global economy emerged from its slump to resume what was dubbed the Great Moderation period of extended growth with relatively little financial volatility from 1982 to 2007. In an environment of improving global growth, the bank ended its quantitative easing program in March of 2006 and then raised interest rates in July of that year.
The Comprehensive Monetary Easing Policy
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter studies the Comprehensive Monetary Easing. During the recovery from the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, the Japanese economy faced the challenge of a sharp appreciation of the yen, particularly brought on by monetary easing in the United States. This problem became most acute in mid-2010 when the Federal Reserve adopted its second round of quantitative easing “QE2.” To address the weakness in Japanese business sentiment and in prices caused by the strong yen, the Bank of Japan felt that they had no option other than to try to lower both short- and longer-term interest rates. But with interest rates already so low, they only had limited room for further reductions. To address this challenge, in October of 2010, the bank adopted a new and exceptional framework called Comprehensive Monetary Easing, in which the bank would purchase not only long-term Japanese Government Bonds but also begin purchasing risk assets such as exchange-traded funds invested in corporate equity securities — at that time an extremely unusual action for a central bank.
Sixfold Suffering and the Currency War
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the economic policy debates about the appreciation of the yen which occurred during the author's five-year tenure as governor of the Bank of Japan. The term sixfold suffering (rokujuku in Japanese) entered the popular vocabulary around 2010. It was a cliché used by many business leaders to express their frustration with economic forces beyond their control that handicapped Japanese businesses in international competition. The bank faced continual calls to beat deflation, but the voices demanding a halt to the appreciation of the yen were even louder. “Beating deflation” was simply shorthand for “improving economic conditions,” and many business leaders instinctively understood that monetary policy alone was not an adequate remedy. But many thought that aggressive monetary easing could halt the appreciation of the yen's exchange rate. The relationship between exchange rates and monetary policy — particularly in the so-called currency war — also became the focus of international policy debates among central bankers.
What Should We Expect of the Central Bank?
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses what should be expected of the central bank. Central banks have been faced with many challenges in the past, such as intermittent financial crises, high inflation, or severe stagflation, but it can be said that they have eventually overcome — or at least appeared to overcome — these difficulties reasonably well. Indeed, the years prior to the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 were the heyday of the central bank. Today, central banks are again faced with enormous global challenges. What people expect from central banks has changed, and there are significant differences of opinion in this regard. Some view monetary policy as ineffective in the face of the zero lower bound of interest rates. Others view monetary policy as still effective by devising various unconventional tools. Some pin their hopes on technocratic institutions like the central bank to play an even bigger role than in the past in stabilizing the economy. Others are increasingly questioning the legitimacy of unelected officials at the central bank to play such a big role in the economy of democratic societies.
The Central Bank as an Organization
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the central bank as an organization. Independence and accountability are indispensable building blocks of the framework for governing central banks in democratic societies. This incentivizes the central bank to achieve the stability of the currency in the long-term, but it does not necessarily guarantee the actual delivery of a good outcome. Ultimately, it depends on whether or not the central bank actually makes the right decisions. Of course, it is not realistic to expect the central bank to be an infallible institution; the goal should instead be to make it less susceptible to making wrong decisions. Like any other institution, the central bank is an organization composed of people and characterized by its own unique culture. There are many organizational issues that are worthy of serious consideration.
Metrics based on information entropy applied to evaluate complexity of landscape patterns
Authors: Mattos Sérgio Henrique Vannucchi Leme de , Vicente Luiz Eduardo , Vicente Andrea Koga , Júnior Cláudio Bielenki , Piqueira José Roberto Castilho
Published: January 2022

Landscape is an ecological category represented by a complex system formed by interactions between society and nature. Spatial patterns of different land uses present in a landscape reveal past and present processes responsible for its dynamics and organisation. Measuring the complexity of these patterns (in the sense of their spatial heterogeneity) allows us to evaluate the integrity and resilience of these complex environmental systems. Here, we show how landscape metrics based on information entropy can be applied to evaluate the complexity (in the sense of spatial heterogeneity) of patches patterns, as well as their transition zones, present in a Cerrado conservation area and its surroundings, located in south-eastern Brazil. The analysis in this study aimed to elucidate how changes in land use and the consequent fragmentation affect the complexity of the landscape. The scripts CompPlex HeROI and CompPlex Janus were created to allow calculation of information entropy (He), variability (He/Hmax), and López-Ruiz, Mancini, and Calbet (LMC) and Shiner, Davison, and Landsberg (SDL) measures. CompPlex HeROI enabled the calculation of these measures for different regions of interest (ROIs) selected in a satellite image of the study area, followed by comparison of the complexity of their patterns, in addition to enabling the generation of complexity signatures for each ROI. CompPlex Janus made it possible to spatialise the results for these four measures in landscape complexity maps. As expected, both for the complexity patterns evaluated by CompPlex HeROI and the complexity maps generated by CompPlex Janus, the areas with vegetation located in a region of intermediate spatial heterogeneity had lower values for the He and He/Hmax measures and higher values for the LMC and SDL measurements. So, these landscape metrics were able to capture the behaviour of the patterns of different types of land use present in the study area, bringing together uses linked to vegetation with increased canopy coverage and differentiating them from urban areas and transition areas that mix different uses. Thus, the algorithms implemented in these scripts were demonstrated to be robust and capable of measuring the variability in information levels from the landscape, not only in terms of spatial datasets but also spectrally. The automation of measurement calculations, owing to informational entropy provided by these scripts, allows a quick assessment of the complexity of patterns present in a landscape, and thus, generates indicators of landscape integrity and resilience.
A ambivalência do espaço público face à fragmentação social e política
Authors: Correia João
Published: January 2022

A pretexto da referência temporal à obra seminal de Habermas sobre o espaço público, visita-se o conceito e faz-se um balanço das transformações que o marcaram, incluindo a sua fragmentação, a formação de um tribalismo no plano da ação política e do conhecimento, a despolitização da experiência quotidiana e o seu impacto na construção de subjetividades sociais, culturais e políticas.Na linha de um pensamento pós-habermasiano que recolhe contributos da fenomenologia husserliana, propõe-se recorrer ao conceito de empatia. Simultaneamente, interrogam-se os limites desta proposta como psicologizante e centrada no ego do observador através dos conceitos de “mundo da vida” e de reconhecimento.A metodologia é hermenêutica e interpretativa, recorrendo à releitura de clássicos e de reflexões mais recentes que incidam sobre a história do conceito e das suas transformações.
Esta transformação é acompanhada por outras com a qual se articula:  a multiplicação de formas discursivas esteticamente inovadoras com recurso às artes e à cultura, a emergência da emoção como elemento estruturante do agir político, a transformação do conceito de experiência e o seu impacto na construção de subjetividades políticas.
Na sequência de um pensamento pós-habermasiano que recolhe contributos da fenomenologia, ensaiei a tentativa de inscrever os conceitos de empatia e de experiência enquanto seus elemento estruturantes no sentido em que se  prefiguram como consciência de uma humanidade que se considera mais do que os seus particularismos históricos e recusa, por isso, a absolutização das formas culturais identitárias.
A metodologia, predominantemente hermenêutica e interpretativa, recorre  quer à releitura de clássicos quer de reflexões mais recentes sobre a atualidade de acordo com uma lógica que procura a existência de um diálogo problematizante entre escolas que estrutura a história do conceito e das suas transformações.
Achieving a healthy indoor environment by using an emissions barrier for stopping spread of chemicals from building into the indoor air
Authors: Mattsson Johan , Larsson Lennart
Published: January 2022

An emissions barrier was used in premises with indoor air complaints due to emissions from the buildings in question. The emissions comprised chlorophenols/chloroanisoles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from treated wood, and volatile organic compounds (VOC), mainly 2-ethylhexanol, from PVC flooring and the glue used to paste the flooring onto a concrete slab. Attaching the barrier at the surfaces from where the emissions were spread (floor, walls, ceiling) resulted in a fresh and odour-free indoor air. We conclude that using an emissions barrier in buildings made unhealthy by moisture is an efficient way of restoring a pleasant and healthy indoor air.
Remembering Haiti’s Revolution in France and North America
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

The chapter focuses on documentaries, dramatic shorts, and animated shorts about the Haitian Revolution. Many were made entirely by non-Haitians, but some involved collaborations with Haitian scholars and artists. Because Haiti was once a colony of France, several of these documentaries come from French filmmakers. In analyzing these films, the chapter highlights French difficulties in grappling with their histories of slavery and racism, as well as imbalances that give the French greater power to recount Haiti’s history on screen than Haitians themselves. The chapter also examines public television and crowdfunded documentaries from the U.S., such as Égalité for All (2009) and 1804: The Hidden History of Haiti (2017), from white as well as African American directors. Finally, the chapter looks at lesser-known dramatic shorts on the Revolution, and at animated films, including Robin Lloyd and Doreen Kraft’s pioneering 1978 short Black Dawn.
French Caribbean Games
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

This chapter treats video games related to slave revolt in Haiti, authored by French Caribbean intellectuals in 1987-88. These overlooked games were likely the earliest made about slavery. The chapter shows how their creators, Muriel Tramis and Patrick Chamoiseau, used this medium in a groundbreaking way, at a time when official French narratives silenced the history of slavery, to honor their enslaved ancestors. Tramis was a pioneering game developer, Chamoiseau on his way to becoming one of France’s most eminent novelists (and one of the Caribbean’s leading theorists). The chapter offers detailed analyses of their games, comparing them to others about slavery; it draws on the games themselves and interviews with Muriel Tramis. The chapter shows how these games celebrated the courageous resistance of enslaved women and men in Haiti, Martinique and Guadeloupe, while highlighting the real obstacles blocking their success.
“We Will Have to Wait”
Authors: Sciuto Jenna Grace
Published: January 2022

In an exploration grounded in the 1865 Black Code and the one-drop rule, this chapter argues that Faulkner’s novels—Absalom, Absalom! (1936), Go Down, Moses(1942,) and Requiem for a Nun(1951)—reveal a deep connection between sexuality and neocolonialism: the circular patterns of abuse and intimacy common to slavery, such as coerced sex across the color line, incest, and the resulting disruption of family bonds, morphed in significant ways in the period following Emancipation but did not disappear. On the surface, the policing of sex, and in particular of racialized and sexualized bodies in Faulkner’s Mississippi, attempted to protect white women; preserve family units; and retain inheritance, land, property, and positions of privilege. However, the true goal was to maintain the color line and preserve colonial ideologies and racist mentalities during periods of upheaval.
“There is no In-Between”
Authors: Sciuto Jenna Grace
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes Ernest Gaines’s portrayal of Louisiana plantation society and the structures of racial control that had been inherited from the systems of law, including the 1685 Code Noir, 1724 Code Noir, the Digest of 1808, and the Civil Code of 1825. Catherine Carmier (1964)and The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1973) both portray interracial relationships and the complex patterns of policing regulating the interactions of various race and class groups, including the white planter class, white Cajuns, Creoles of color, and black community—a multidirectional self-policing occurring at all levels of society. Creoles of color remained a distinct racial group in many communities, in spite of the shift towards a binary classification system legally instituted by the black codes following the Civil War. This chapter investigates the shift in racial construction that occurred in Louisiana during this period, as illustrated by the novels.
“They Were Starting Something”
Authors: Sciuto Jenna Grace
Published: January 2022

Gaines’s Of Love and Dust(1967) is set in 1948 Louisiana but reflects the immediacy of the civil rights movement. Published in the same year as the landmark civil rights case Loving v. Virginia, which negated the validity of antimiscegenation laws throughout the United States, Gaines’s novel is invested in the subversive potential of individual relationships. Of Love and Dustfocuses on the policing of two interracial couples whose treatment differs according to the race, gender, sex, class, and color of those involved. Marcus Payne, the novel’s revolutionary character, confronts only the plantation’s racial hierarchies, subscribing himself to misogyny and homophobia in his everyday interactions. This, in addition to his self-interest and alienation from the community, results in the failure of his love rebellion. However, the moments when characters are able to put aside their adherence to plantation hierarchies and recognize each other’s humanity reveal the potential for future change.
“For Fear of a Scandal”
Authors: Sciuto Jenna Grace
Published: January 2022

Love, Anger, Madness(1968) is set in post-American occupation Haiti (1934–1957), while also evoking the dictatorship of François Duvalier (1957–1971). The collective fear of scandal in this community connects to the fear of the loss of colonial order among its former beneficiaries, the mulâtres-aristocrates, a distinct biracial class. As shown through the narrator Claire Clamont’s repressed sexuality, the regulation of the individual by the community through secrecy, surveillance, and stereotypes helps to maintain colonial ideologies at the personal and the collective levels. The cycles of hatred and violence inherited from the colonial system remain in 20th century Haiti due to outside forces, including Spanish and French colonialism and U.S. intervention, in addition to the corruption, colorism, and sexism of Duvalier’s administration. Further, writing after the collapse of the Duvalier dynasty, Haitian-American writer Edwidge Danticat illustrates more overtly the regime’s widespread violence, which disproportionately affected young girls and women.
Looking Back in Resistance, Looking to the Present
Authors: Sciuto Jenna Grace
Published: January 2022

The coda centers the thread of resistance running through the work of William Faulkner, Ernest Gaines, Marie Chauvet, Edwidge Danticat, Julia Alvarez, Junot Díaz, and Nelly Rosario in the hope of making space for change in the present, before considering twenty-first-century sites where racialized and sexualized policing happens. In the U.S., the prison industrial complex—especially in shape of privatized prisons and detention centers for undocumented immigrants—are a continuation of the regulation engrained by early slave laws like the Code Noir. The current policies against Haitians and Dominicans of Haitian descent in the Dominican Republic connect back to the early twentieth-century U.S. occupations of both nations and the anti-Haitianism of Trujillo’s government. Policing Intimacy underscores the necessity of recognizing the colonial continuities running from the past into our present moment and connecting the diverse terrain of Mississippi, Louisiana, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, as depicted in literature.
Defining Dougla in the Twenty-First Century: From Biracial to Multiracial
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Dougla is defined, historicized and contextualized. The chapter traces the meaning of the term Dougla and the racialized ethnic identity it signifies. In doing so, the meanings of race and in particular Blackness, Indianness, biraciality and multiraciality are interrogated, elucidating the local and diasporic meanings and experiences of Douglaness.
Politics of Identification: Claiming, Naming, and Maneuvering Group Memberships
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the patterns of claiming, naming and obtaining group memberships once a Dougla is established as either mixed enough or not mixed enough. To do so, it discusses how a claim to Douglaness is always in conversation with the potent signification of last name and it connects this inevitable conversation to how Douglas experience insider/outsider status within the different ethnic groups that contribute to their heritage.
Reading, Looking, Feeling
Authors: Worden Daniel
Published: January 2022

Founded by Robert Crumb, Zap is one of the most well-known underground comix, yet comics studies scholarship has not focused as much on underground serials like Zap as it has on single-author works or superhero serials. In this chapter, Daniel Worden accounts for how Zap responded to and represented the political and social struggles of its moments, from the 1960s to 1970s counterculture to the increasing legitimacy of the comics medium in the 2000s, as well as how the series seems to matter to the history of comics, periodicals, and politics today (especially since Zap was recently reprinted in its entirety by Fantagraphics Books). A synthesis of forces have made a series like Zap newly relevant as a complicated but nonetheless “usable past,” and those forces include the interest in exploring diversity in comics history now that comics have become a legitimate object in academia and the art museum; a return to gender and racial identity as a nexus of political struggle owing to the visibility of the Black Lives Matter movement and an upsurge of misogynistic nativism in American politics; and, a continued interest in alternative comics that has been fueled by the availability of amateur digital comics publishing to a new generation of aspiring comic artists. In short Zap matters just as much as a reprinted archive as it did at the time of its initial publication. And ultimately, the series makes evident how the amateur, expressive aesthetic of many underground comix both represent political struggles as personal and structural, and serve as devices for community formation.
Neoliberalism’s Erasure of Race in Young Adult Fiction
Authors: Connors Sean P. , Trites Roberta Seelinger
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Sean P. Connors and Roberta Seelinger Trites argue that “neoliberalism has influenced the erasure of race” in contemporary YA dystopian fiction. They devise a framework for determining if a YA novel critiques or condones neoliberalism and, thus, “whether it is reproducing, complicating, or resisting” neoliberal ideologies. To demonstrate how YA dystopian novels reproduce neoliberalism as a means to privilege the individual and erase race and racist power structure, the essay considers Sherri L. Smith’s Orleans as a counterexample, arguing that Smith’s novel “employs neoliberalism” to challenge “the erasure of race.”
Always Playing
Authors: Jaques Zoe
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Zoe Jaques explores the haunting way that Winnie-the-Pooh has moved from context to context and genre to genre. It explores the way the stories engage with tensions between the adult and the child as they are presented in recent cinematic representations of the Milne family. At the same time, the chapter explores the playful intersection of biography with narrative throughout the Pooh cannon.
Brains and Fluff
Authors: Jackson Sarah E.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Sarah E. Jackson draws on rhetorical theory to highlight the ways the characters in the Pooh books use classification, a rhetorical strategy common in colonial discourse, for various purposes. Throughout the stories, they classify each other, themselves, and their environment in order to appear knowledgeable and in control of their surroundings, establish a hierarchy among themselves, and gain power over each other. However, rhetoric can also be a site of anti-colonial resistance.
Brown Ecology and Fertility
Authors: Wardi Anissa Janine
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a treatise on brown, the color of soil and compost. Though seemingly a hue consigned to decay, brown matter, the very substance that allows for growth and fertility, is life. Specific attention will be paid to The Bluest Eye and Paradise as Morrison deftly ties soil fecundity and biodiversity to race. It is of note that Morrison frames The Bluest Eye, a novel that explores the devastation of racism, with a discourse on soil health and marigold seeds. In Paradise, Morrison again returns to dirt, specifically compost, which she analogizes to the rich lives of a multigenerational group of women. In prioritizing brown as the first chapter of Toni Morrison and the Natural World, this book begins, as Morrison does, by centering African Americans. The universe of color in Morrison’s fiction is inside a palette of browns.
A Black and White Ecology
Authors: Wardi Anissa Janine
Published: January 2022

The concluding chapter of the book considers the ways in which Morrison, in turning her attention to the colonies in A Mercy, examines the artifice of race and lays bare the myriad ways in which racial categorization was foundational to the building of America. Moreover, in Jazz, Morrison gestures to the plantation economy through references to Joe and Violet’s cotton farming. This monocropping was detrimental to the physical and social landscape of the nation. In recognition of the bankruptcy of a black and white ecology, the conclusion theorizes the rainbow, a trope in Morrison’s canon that complicates binaristic thinking. Morrison’s characters inhabit polychromatic worlds; their ecological relationships are multifaceted and contradictory, marked by a complex interweaving of beauty and grief.
Politics in the Gutters
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

A growing number of political communication and media scholars are attending to representations of American political processes and institutions in entertainment content, mostly agreeing that there is considerable democratic value in the inextricable link between politics and popular culture. Yet few of these studies have yet considered comic books and their related media as a source of “politainment.” This volume demonstrates the rich and relevant political content of comic books and their related media. From biographies to biopunk, superheroes to science-fiction, humor to horror, and articles to allohistories, comic books offer depictions of the American political arena as site of White masculinity, mired in cynicism and disaffection that is tempered by perpetual hope and optimism. Though such themes and narratives may be found in other pop culture media, comics are important because they are as often proactive as they are reactive in their political content. From the time Captain America punched Hitler in the face nine months before Pearl Harbor and the United States’ entrance into World War II, comics have not only depicted current trends but also the trajectory of those trends. This book familiarizes scholars, teachers, and students of American politics with the presidential and campaign content of comics, exhibiting how comics reflect and shape our political knowledge and attitudes. It is also written for comics studies scholars and students, offering the perspective of rhetoric and political communication to the interpretation of comics content.
Zombamas, Sopapillas, Dark Horses, and Other Politicians of Color
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

American comics culture and political culture are not only traditionally masculine realms, but they are also traditionally White realms. And yet in 2008 Barack Obama, a Black man, took both by storm. Chapter Nine discusses the politician-of-color, both real and fictional, in comic books, analyzing how the Whiteness of the presidency interacts with the Whiteness of the superhero genre when the protagonist is not White. The chapter considers some of Obama’s many comic book appearances and cameos, as well as the non-White presidencies featured in Treasure Chest, Saucer State, Prez, and Eagle, looking at the politics and stereotypes of race.
Postscript
Authors: Knopf Christina M.
Published: January 2022

With writing completed during the months of the 2020 global COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests, this post-script considers how comics fit into this new political and cultural landscape. The historic moment was repeatedly called “challenging,” “difficult,” “uncertain,” and “unprecedented.” But apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fictions had long imagined similar scenarios of deadly contagions, quarantined zones, social isolation, mass panic, economic collapse, racial tensions, and government-sanctioned violence. With a look at such titles as Scooby Apocalypse, DCeased, Pandemica, Undiscovered Country, Black, and Killadelphia this essay acknowledges themes of both destruction and renewal inherent in dystopian, apocalyptic fictions.
“Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home?”
Authors: Garber Michael G.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a history, reception study, and analysis of “Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home?” (Hughie Cannon, 1902). The discussion establishes the relationship of this comic rhythm song to a long line of previous and later coon songs, proto-blues, love ballads, and torch songs. It details the “Bill Bailey” song cycle, initiated by the collective innovation of the creative circle surrounding Cannon. Details are presented of the song’s popularity, folk traditions, revival as the quintessential Las Vegas number, and incorporation (including as a lullaby) in movies and in literature by George Bernard Shaw, Edith Nesbit, and Edgardo Vega Yunqué. The cheerful melody and bemoaning lyrics are analyzed. The survey of performances encompasses renditions by Bobby Darin, Ella Fitzgerald, Della Reese, Nellie Lutcher, Nancy Wilson, Ann-Margret, Patsy Cline, and many others, revealing intriguing performance traditions, such as that one-seventh shift blame from the woman to the man.
“The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi” and the Power of a Subculture
Authors: Garber Michael G.
Published: January 2022

This is the fifth of six chapters tracing how songs are performed both as waltzes and duple-meter tunes, via the collective innovation of the performance tradition. This chapter focuses on “The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi” (1911), still prominent in the Sigma Chi fraternity repertoire. Members Byron D. Stokes (lyricist) and Dudleigh Vernor (composer) wrote it at a Michigan college. Small-town publisher, brother Richard Vernor, issued it for twenty-five years. The melody was in four-four meter; the lyric uses the dream of an ideal woman as a symbol of the mysticism of the fraternity initiation. From 1922, it was recorded, often as a waltz. Emerging from the increasingly influential college culture, it became a mass market hit in 1927, in time to be labeled a torch song and become a crooners staple for over thirty years. It foreshadowed later lyrics about dreaming, including waltz themes of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra.
Race and Racism in Nineteenth-Century Art
Authors: Woods Jr. Naurice Frank , Dimock George
Published: January 2022

Painters Robert Duncanson (ca. 1821–1872) and Edward Bannister (1828–1901) and sculptor Mary Edmonia Lewis (ca. 1844–1907) each became accomplished African American artists. But as emerging art makers of color during the antebellum period, they experienced numerous incidents of racism that severely hampered their pursuits of a profession that many in the mainstream considered the highest form of social cultivation. Despite barriers imposed upon them due to their racial inheritance, these artists shared a common cause in demanding acceptance alongside their white contemporaries as capable painters and sculptors on local, regional, and international levels.
Author Naurice Frank Woods Jr. provides an in-depth examination of the strategies deployed by Duncanson, Bannister, and Lewis that enabled them not only to overcome prevailing race and gender inequality, but also to achieve a measure of success that eventually placed them in the top rank of nineteenth-century American art.
Unfortunately, the racism that hampered these three artists throughout their careers ultimately denied them their rightful place as significant contributors to the development of American art. Dominant art historians and art critics excluded them in their accounts of the period. In this volume, Woods restores their artistic legacies and redeems their memories, introducing these significant artists to rightful, new audiences.
Introduction
Authors: Woods Naurice Frank , Dimock George
Published: January 2022

This section introduces Duncanson, Bannister, and Lewis as direct forerunners to the more acclaimed and researched nineteenth-century artist, Henry Ossawa Tanner. It also examines the notion of Black inferiority as it pertained to American visual creativity and aesthetics and its debilitating effect on career advancement for African Americans in the fine arts.
Robert Seldon Duncanson (1821–1872)
Authors: Woods Naurice Frank , Dimock George
Published: January 2022

Robert Seldon Duncanson was America’s first great painter of African descent. His accomplishments placed him in the first rank of nineteenth-century American landscape artists, but his race created challenging societal impediments in the way he pursued his artistic muse—in his social interactions with whites, in the way he produced his art, in the clientele that patronized him, and on deeply personal levels. This chapter demonstrates how Duncanson not only survived as an artist of color living in antebellum times, but also managed to establish a solid reputation as one of America’s finest representatives of the immensely popular Hudson River School of painting. It also helps resolve the longstanding question as to whether Duncanson crossed racial lines to attain success.
Ritual Architectures: Doorless and Makeshift Boundaries in Faulkner’s Slave Quarters
Authors: Foley Amy A.
Published: January 2022

Throughout his writings, Faulkner describes slave quarters as doorless or as having makeshift doors in contrast to the ornamented and ritualistic enclosed facades of white American-European architectures. His depictions of doorlessness in slave architectures mirror the historical and personal accounts written by his contemporaries. In Go Down, Moses, the McCaslin brothers’ tacit allowance of slave mobility through doorless slave quarters demonstrates how Faulkner’s spatial representations operate outside of previously imagined constructs for slave movement and dwelling. In conversation with the critical theory of W.E.B. Du Bois on African architecture and civilization, contributor Amy A. Foley shows the continuity of African communal living in Faulkner’s transatlantic structures. Faulkner rejects the boundaries and ornamentation essential to imperial architectures, thereby refusing an inherited European concept of civilization.
A MULTICLASS METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN MILK POWDER AND WHEY POWDER BY UPLC-MS/MS
Authors: YAVUZ Arzu , AZAR İsmail , ÖZCAN Ali , ÜLKÜ Niyazi
Published: January 2022

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) multi-class method was developed and validated for the determination of 27 antibiotic residues from five classes (macrolides, sulfonamids, quinolones, lincosamids, diaminopyrimidines) in milk powder and whey powder which are commonly used as raw material of many products in the food industry. A simple, inexpensive and fast sample preparation based on the extraction of samples with methanol is the main advantage of the validated method. The validation of the method was performed following the requirements outlined in the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, which is required procedure for the methods used in analysis of official audits samples in Europe and Turkey. Matrix effect and uncertainties related with sample preparation and instrumental analysis were minimised by using matrix-matched calibration. The method is capable of detecting residues at very low concentrations.
Single count of radicle emergence and mean germination time estimate seed vigour of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus)
Authors: Tao Qibo , Sun Jipeng , Zhang Yaqi , Sun Xiaotong , Li Zhenyi , Zhong Shangzhi , Sun Juan
Published: January 2022

This research explored the relationship between a single count of radicle emergence (RE) and mean germination time (MGT) with seed vigour for Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) (CMV), a globally important legume used as a forage, green manure, and rotation crop. Fourteen seed lots of CMV were used to determine standard germination (SG), RE and MGT in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted at two sites to measure the emergence performance including field emergence (FE), seedling dry weight (SDW) and simplified vigour index (SVI). The SG ranged from 89.0 to 95.5% and was not significantly correlated with field performance at either of two sites. However, both a single count of RE at 20 hours and MGT were highly predictive of FE, SDW and SVI at both sites (R2ranged from 0.612 to 0.897 for RE; 0.604 to 0.870 for MGT). The RE was positively related to field performance while MGT was negatively related. The seed lots with lower RE at 20 hours had lower FE and higher MGT. Overall, both RE at 20 hours and MGT are suitable indices for the vigour evaluation of CMV. However, a single count of RE is more accurate, quick and convenient.
Geografía y arqueología en el valle de Sondondo, Ayacucho
Authors: Pérez Calderón Ismael , León Nina Freddy
Published: January 2022

El propósito principal del presente trabajo, es dar a conocer las características del paisaje y cultura material expuestas en el valle de Sondondo, provincia de Lucanas, departamento de Ayacucho; utilizando GPS logramos localizar, reconocer y registrar de manera directa distintos clases de restos arqueológicos, agrupados en arte rupestre (pocitos y maquetas), estructuras funerarias (tumbas y pukullos) y habitaciones, andenerías, canales, acueductos (caminos y lagunas "qochas"), atribuidas diferentes tiempos del mundo prehispánico, con énfasis en la época Wari y, distribuidas de manera articulada en varias zonas de vida y pisos altitudinales del valle medio de río Sondondo, tributario del río Pampas en la vertiente del océano Atlántico.
Una estructura funeraria Atavillos—inca hallada en el sitio de Maxamarca, La Florida—Huaral
Authors: Dalen Luna Pieter Dennis van , Allcca Aiquipa Noelia , Morales Galarza Marcos , Huamán Santillán Yomira Silvia
Published: January 2022

La Comunidad Campesina de Pampas—La Florida, ubicado en el distrito de Atavillos Altos (provincia de Huaral) es ampliamente conocido por el complejo arqueológico de Rupac, que se encuentra ubicado en su jurisdicción, en la parte alta de la comunidad. Se trata del sitio arqueológico más conocido no solo de la cultura Atavillos, sino de toda la sierra del departamento de Lima. Se trata de un extenso asentamiento, con sectores como Marca Kullpi conformado por conjuntos arquitectónicos en los que cuatro o cinco de estos edificios se disponen alrededor de un patio central (Villar, 1935; Marussi, 1979; Caceda, 2005; van Dalen, Grados, Medina y Malpartida, 2016; van Dalen, Grados, Medina, Malpartida y Tello, 2017; Grados, 2021). Rupac se ha convertido en las últimas dos décadas en un sitio emblemático donde se da una fuerte afluencia turística en los fines de semana o feriados largos. Así, la Comunidad ha habilitado en el pueblo de La Florida hospedajes, restaurantes y otras instalaciones de recepción de visitantes.
Santuarios, oráculos, montañas y orden sagrado en la cordillera del Vilcabamba-Cusco
Authors: Bolívar Yapura Wilber
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo se construye sobre la base de exploraciones arqueológicas en la cordillera del Vilcabamba, depositaria de una vastedad en restos arqueológicos, que corresponden a diversos periodos y fases de ocupación humana, nuestro objetivo fueron las montañas sagradas en su rol como deidades, guardianes protectores y oráculos; en colaboración con sacerdotes andinos, logramos percibir que tienen un orden sagrado y jerarquizado, son una cofradía con un territorio, ellos conversan tomando decisiones para el clima de la región. Sus súbditos piden permiso con ofrendas para transitar por su territorio, realizar sus actividades, así como ser protegidos. Las cualidades que posee el área se enmarcan en sus características geográficas con arquitectura peculiar, adaptadas a la geografía sagrada, asociado a un manejo territorial de volúmenes y soluciones a la difícil topografía, además de la conducción de espacios dentro de la concepción del paisaje en la ideología Inka.
Semántica de la imagen bilobulada de la cabeza en el antiguo hombre de la costa central andina de Chancay—Ancón (Perú). ¿Una relación con la diosa Lunar — diosa del Mar?
Authors: Yépez Vásquez Zoila Rosaura
Published: January 2022

Las culturas de Chancay –Ancón (1200 a 1400 años d. C.), llevaron a cabo la práctica cultural de modelar la cabeza. Ambos grupos, evidencian el tipo de modelado cefálico fronto occipital oblicuo y otros en el tipo erecto, con un rasgo distintivo cefálico al portar ‹‹una forma simbólica bilobulada de la cabeza››, la cual está representada en el arte cerámico antropomorfo desde el Horizonte Medio (800-1100 años d. C.) hasta el Horizonte Tardío y la Conquista Inca (1200 a 1532 años d. C.). Del mismo modo esta ‹‹forma cefálica de modelar›› está representada con la diosa del Mar (o diosa Tierra, o diosa Lunar). Por tanto, esta dimensión del pensamiento andino, alude a qué la cabeza con una imagen bilobulada entre los antiguos costeños, estaría asociada con los cultos lunares, o bien podría existir una relación de identidad o de fertilidad con la imagen corporal de la diosa Lunar, diosa Tierra o diosa del Mar. Al respecto se plantea, ¿Qué relación de reciprocidad podría existir entre ‹‹la imagen bilobulada de la cabeza›› del poblador antiguo de Chancay–Ancón, con la ‹‹imagen bilobulada de la cabeza de la diosa del Mar–diosa Lunar o diosa Tierra?
Putquerurco: Antiguas expresiones rupestres de la provincia de Luya, Amazonas (Perú)
Authors: Ruiz Estrada Arturo
Published: January 2022

Las sociedades precoloniales que habitaron el antiguo territorio peruano de Amazonas nos legaron diversas expresiones culturales en diferentes materiales. Entre estos, destacan los complejos monumentales y numerosos objetos ocultos aún en la maraña vegetal. Se añade también otros elementos como la producción rupestre plasmada en abrigos rocosos distribuidos por los valles que fluyen a los ríos Utcubamba y Marañón, cuyo estudio viene incrementándose paulatinamente. Debido a que el arte rupestre es un medio de expresión sobre las actividades de un grupo social en los diversos momentos de su historia, enfocamos esta vez el conocimiento del sitio de Putquerurco, localizado en la provincia de Luya. Nuestra intención pretende comprender su antigüedad y las implicaciones que revela la iconografía acerca de la vida social y económica de sus productores. Una aproximación cronológica que proponemos se enmarca en el Holoceno Medio cuando en el espacio alto amazónico no se había alcanzado la formación de sociedades complejas.
Pablo Macera en la memoria
Authors: Cabanillas Delgadillo Virgilio Freddy
Published: January 2022

Era la tarde del 9 de enero de 2020 y la noticia corrió por los teléfonos y las redes sociales. Pablo Macera ya caminaba entre los seres mágicos andinos y amazónicos, se confundía con los sabios de tiempos ancestrales y conocía por fin el verdadero rostro del rebelde Túpac Amaru.
Inserción de estudiantes de educación secundaria (ciclo diversificado) en investigaciones de bioactividad de productos naturales
Authors: Lanza Castillo Vilma Del Valle , Henríquez Guzmán Willian Celestino , Romero Maza Lolymar De Los Ángeles , Bennasar García Miguel Israel
Published: January 2022

El involucramiento educativo en labores de investigación es trascendental para que el estudiantado se relacione con las tareas y objetivos trazados a corto y largo plazo. Se realizaron 4 proyectos de investigación (2016-2019), en los cuales se evaluaron extractos de las plantas Crescentia cujete, Lippia alba, Aloe vera, Bixa orellana, Psidium guajava y Jatropha gossypilfolia, a las que se les determinó la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, el efecto hipoglucemiante de extractor en ratones diabéticos, y toxicidad sobre Artemia sp. Dichas investigaciones sirvieron para optimizar el grado de motivación y el buen rendimiento del estudiantado durante el periodo de pasantías, lo cual incentivó necesidades de cooperación en la investigación. Lo anterior mejoró las relaciones entre estudiantes y el personal del laboratorio; para que las relaciones resultaran más gratificantes, se enfrentaron a las metas y objetivos personales. Se observaron otros beneficios que coadyuvaron al optimismo, sociabilidad y el compañerismo entre el estudiantado. Por otra parte, la experimentación en el área de fitoquímica favoreció el compromiso, ya que en ella se prestó atención, se cumplió con los trabajos de investigación y se logró emplazar las relaciones científico-educativas.
Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von Software
Authors: SÖhnlein Sven , Saglietti Francesca , Meitner Matthias
Published: January 2022

Der quantitative Nachweis hoher Software-Zuverlässigkeitskenngrößen stellt eine ernsthafte Herausforderung für Entwickler und Gutachter dar. Die Anwendung statistischer Stichprobentheorie ist oft infolge des damit verbundenen enormen Testaufwands zum Scheitern verurteilt. Um die Praktikabilität dieses fundierten Ansatzes durch erhöhte Kosteneffizienz zu unterstützen, untersucht dieser Beitrag die Nutzbarkeit von Betriebserfahrung als Ersatz für prohibitiv unfangreiche Testphasen und illustriert deren erfolgreiche Erprobung an einer realen Anwendung aus dem Automobilbereich.
Life-Cycle-Herausforderungen für Prozessleitsysteme
Authors: Koziolek Heiko , Hauck-stattelmann Stefan
Published: January 2022

Industrielle Prozessleitsysteme verursachen durch ihre lange Einsatzdauer domänenspezifische Herausforderungen für Betreiber und Lieferant, die sich mit etablierten Methoden aus dem IT-Bereich nur schwierig lösen lassen. Obwohl nur noch gebrauchter Hardwareersatz für Komponenten älterer Prozessleitsysteme verfügbar sein mag, scheuen Betreiber in der Automatisierung – anders als Endkunden im IT-Bereich – aus Gründen des Investitionsschutzes die Migration auf neuere Hardware. Selbst bei Bereitschaft zur Migration erfordern existierende Migrationslösungen häufig kostspielige manuelle Nacharbeiten an den Steuerungsprogrammen. In diesem Beitrag werden anhand von fünf industriellen Fallstudien die Stärken und Schwächen verschiedener Strategien zum Life-Cycle-Management untersucht. Die Erkenntnisse liefern wertvolle Hinweise für die Entwicklung von neuen Methoden und Werkzeugen, durch die die Automatisierungstechnik unabhängiger von der Lebensdauer ihrer informationstechnischen Komponenten werden kann.