bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin surface electric potential as an indicator of skin condition: a new, non‐invasive method to evaluate epidermal condition
Authors: Kawai Eriko , Nakanishi Jotaro , Kumazawa Noriyuki , Ozawa Koichiro , Denda Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  We previously demonstrated that the skin surface electric potential, which has been long recognized as a parameter of emotional or physiological state, is generated by epidermal keratinocytes and is strongly associated with the ion concentration gradient in the epidermis. Thus, at temperatures below the threshold of sweating, the potential provides a measure of the epidermal ion concentration gradient, which in turn is related to epidermal homeostasis and pathology. In the present study, we established a new, non‐invasive method to measure skin surface electric potential. In healthy skin, calcium ion was localized in the uppermost epidermis and the gradation disappeared by tape stripping. Skin surface potential was also disappeared by tape stripping. Moreover, environmental humidity affected the potential, whereas temporary hydration of the stratum corneum did not affect it. These results suggest that the skin surface electric potential may be an indicator of the pathophysiology of the living layer of epidermis, and thus may be useful as a new parameter to evaluate skin condition.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B enhances a flare‐up reaction of murine contact hypersensitivity through up‐regulation of interferon‐γ
Authors: Miyata Akiko , Natsuaki Masaru , Yamanishi Kiyofumi
Published: March 2008

Background:  We often see aggravation of eczematous skin lesions associated with bacterial infection, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. Staphylococcus aureus is known to colonize on the eczematous lesion and produce some exotoxins, which act as bacterial superantigens.

Objectives:  To investigate the potential role of superantigens in chronic dermatitis, we investigated the effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) on the skin reaction, the proliferative response and the cytokine production of local lymph node cells in the mouse model of contact hypersensitivity reaction.

Methods:  Sensitized BALB/c mice were repeatedly challenged with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and intravenously injected with SEB and dinitrobenzne sulfonic acid sodium salt (DNBS). The ear swelling response was measured after DNBS injection. Cervical lymph node cells of those mice were cultured with DNBS in vitro. Their proliferative responses and the production of cytokines were assessed.

Results:  SEB markedly enhanced the flare‐up reaction of ear swelling induced by DNBS, the proliferative response of lymph node cells and the production of IFN‐γ. In contrast, the production of IL‐5 was decreased.

Conclusions:  The present study may provide some clues for elucidating the mechanism involved in the exacerbation of dermatitis associated with staphylococcal infection.
Decreased expression of thymidine phosphorylase/platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor in basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Stoebner Pierre E. , Le Gallic Lionel , Berthe Marie L. , Boulle Nathalie , Lallemant Benjamin , Marque Myriam , Gaspard Catherine , Delfour Christophe , Lavabre‐Bertrand Thierry , Martinez Jean , Meunier Laurent
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Thymidine phosphorylase (TP)/platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor is associated with tumor angiogenesis. We evaluated the TP mRNA and protein expression in basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and in various skin tumors including numerous BCC histological simulants. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 99 paraffin sections of formalin‐fixed skin tumors using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against TP. TP mRNA levels were measured by real time RT‐PCR in whole BCCs (wBCC) and laser capture microdissected (LCM) BCC tumor cells. TP immunostaining was negative in all BCC variants and in most of the benign trichogeneic tumors studied. By contrast, TP was constantly immunodetected in actinic keratosis (AK), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), syringomatous carcinomas (SC), basosquamous carcinomas (BSC) and melanomas. TP mRNA levels were low and statistically not different in wBCC and normal skin but were strongly downregulated in LCM‐BCC as compared with LCM‐normal epidermis. We concluded that (i) anti‐TP mAb is an useful marker to differentiate BCC from AK, SCC, BSC and SC but not from trichoblastic tumors, (ii) the lack of TP protein expression in BCC tumoral cells is linked to transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, (iii) the low TP mRNA levels in whole BCC may be related to the low intra‐tumoral microvessel density, the slow growth and the very low metastatic potential of these tumors.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Hunter syndrome
Authors: Finn Chelsea T , Vedolin Leonardo , Schwartz Ida V , Giugliani Roberto , Haws Charlotte A , Prescot Andrew P , Renshaw Perry F
Published: March 2008

Hunter syndrome is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disease that is caused by a deficiency, or absence, of iduronate‐2‐sulphatase, an enzyme needed to break down specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). As a result, GAGs build up in various tissues throughout the body leading to adverse neurological and non‐neurological effects. This literature review focuses on the neurological findings. Although few magnetic resonance imaging studies have been conducted, those done have shown that patients with Hunter syndrome generally exhibit brain atrophy, enlarged periventricular spaces and ventriculomegaly. Similar findings have been reported in other mucopolysaccharide disorders. Enzyme replacement therapy is a novel treatment which has had success in treating peripheral disease in mice and humans.

Conclusion: Future studies should focus on how structural and chemical signatures in the brain of Hunter patients are altered before and after enzyme replacement therapy, and how those alterations correlate with clinical outcome.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy: genetics, pathogenesis and therapeutic options
Authors: Gieselmann Volkmar
Published: March 2008

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease caused by the deficiency of arylsulphatase A (ASA). This leads to storage of the membrane lipid sulphatide, which is abundant in myelin. A pathological hallmark of the disease is demyelination, causing various and ultimately lethal neurological symptoms. Today more than 110 mutations in the ASA gene have been identified, of which only three are frequent. Patients homozygous for alleles, which do not allow for the synthesis of functional ASA always suffer from the severe form of the disease, whereas alleles allowing the expression of residual enzyme activity are associated with the later onset juvenile or adult forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy. In addition, there are other as yet unknown genetic or epigenetic factors modifying the phenotype substantially. ASA‐deficient mice have been generated as a model of metachromatic leukodystrophy. These mice store sulphatide and show progressive neurological symptoms, but do not demyelinate. This animal model was recently improved using a transgenic approach, which generated mice in which sulphatide synthesis in myelin‐producing cells is enhanced. This new animal model reflects the pathological characteristics of the human disease. ASA‐deficient mice have been used in various therapeutic trials involving enzyme replacement, haematopoietic stem‐cell‐based gene therapy and direct injections of ASA‐expressing viral vectors into the brain. These animal studies have paved the way for future clinical studies of enzyme replacement and gene therapy.

Conclusion: For many years this devastating disorder was considered untreatable and the outlook for patients was poor. Within a comparatively short period of time since the ASA gene was cloned in 1989, genetic and biochemical studies and data generated from newly developed animal models have led to the first clinical trials. It is hoped that these developments will prove beneficial for patients.
Enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II
Authors: Wraith J Edmond
Published: March 2008

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is a rare X‐linked recessive disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate‐2‐sulphatase. This leads to the progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues throughout the body. As a result, patients may suffer from severe airway obstruction, skeletal deformities, cardiomyopathy and, in severely affected patients, there may be progressive neurological decline. Despite the early onset of signs and symptoms, diagnosis is often delayed. Until recently, treatment for MPS II has been largely palliative; however, enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant iduronate‐2‐sulphatase, which is produced in a human cell line and targets the underlying cause of the disease, has now been approved.

Conclusion: This short review provides an overview of the natural history of MPS II and current experience of enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase.
Pilot study to assess the validity of the single assessment process as a screening tool for dental treatment needs in older people
Authors: Heyes Gill , Robinson Peter G.
Published: March 2008

Objective:  To assess the feasibility of using a questionnaire‐based needs assessment tool (D‐E‐N‐T‐A‐L) to screen for dental treatment need as part of the single assessment process (SAP) for older people in Sheffield.

Materials and methods:  Test validation study comparing questionnaire‐assessed and normative need in two consecutive samples of older adults: 48 living at home in the transition phase of older age and 29 frail older adults living in care homes. Each answered the six D‐E‐N‐T‐A‐L questions as part of SAP and a dental examination was carried out within 2 weeks in participants’ homes. Question‐defined need was then compared to the normative need.

Results:  Questionnaire‐defined and normative need were high in both the transitional group (83% and 90% respectively) and the frail group (83% and 62%). These high levels of need meant that the sensitivity and positive predictive values of D‐E‐N‐T‐A‐L were high, but the specificity and negative predictive values were low.

Conclusion:  The high levels of need in these patient groups suggests that preliminary questionnaire‐based screening is an unnecessary step. A clinical examination of all older people undergoing SAP may be necessary. Further research may be warranted on the use of questionnaires to assess dental treatment needs among people with different attendance patterns.
The antibacterial and antifungal properties of trappin‐2 (pre‐elafin) do not depend on its protease inhibitory function
Authors: Baranger Kévin , Zani Marie‐Louise , Chandenier Jacques , Dallet‐Choisy Sandrine , Moreau Thierry
Published: March 2008

Trappin‐2 (also known as pre‐elafin) is an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases and is involved in the control of excess proteolysis, especially in inflammatory events, along with the structurally related secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor. Secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, whereas recent data indicate that trappin‐2 has antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, we tested the antibacterial properties of trappin‐2 towards other respiratory pathogens. We found that trappin‐2, at concentrations of 5–20 μm, has significant activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis and the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, in addition to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. A similar antimicrobial activity was observed with trappin‐2 A62D/M63L, a trappin‐2 variant that has lost its antiprotease properties, indicating that trappin‐2 exerts its antibacterial effects through mechanisms independent from its intrinsic antiprotease capacity. Furthermore, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of trappin‐2 were sensitive to NaCl and heparin, demonstrating that its mechanism of action is most probably dependent on its cationic nature. This enables trappin‐2 to interact with the membranes of target organisms and disrupt them, as shown by our scanning electron microscopy analyses. Thus, trappin‐2 not only provides an antiprotease shield, but also may play an important role in the innate defense of the human lungs and mucosae against pathogenic microorganisms.
N‐Acetylcysteine Effects on Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Cirrhotic Rats with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Authors: Vercelino Rafael , Tieppo Juliana , Dias Alexandre Simões , Marroni Cláudio Augusto , Garcia Eduardo , Meurer Luise , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento , Marroni Norma Possa
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antioxidant effects of N‐acetylcysteine in hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis, using an experimental model of common bile duct ligation in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: CBDL (animals submitted to common bile duct ligation); Sham (animals submitted to simulated common bile duct ligation); Sham + N‐acetylcysteine, and CBDL + N‐acetylcysteine. N‐acetylcysteine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered for 2 weeks starting on day 14 after surgery. Some alterations in the liver integrity were investigated by evaluation of serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and arterial blood gases. Lipoperoxidation by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances assay, superoxide dismutase activity and total nitrates was measured as parameters of oxidative stress, performed on lung homogenates. Micronucleus assay in bone marrow and comet assay in lung, liver and blood were performed to assess the genotoxic effects by oxidative stress. The results showed an improvement in the enzymatic parameters and arterial blood gases, a reduction of lipoperoxidation and in the total nitrates after treatment with N‐acetylcysteine. Histological analysis showed vasodilatation in the lung, which was reversed by N‐acetylcysteine. Micronuclei frequency and DNA damage in lung and liver were increased in the CBDL group. N‐Acetylcysteine caused no genotoxic effect and did not influence the induction of micronucleus in bone marrow and DNA damage in lung and liver. The results suggest protective effects after treatment with N‐acetylcysteine in cirrhotic rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Metyrapone and Mifepristone Reverse Recognition Memory Loss Induced by Spontaneous Morphine Withdrawal in Mice
Authors: Mesripour Azadeh , Hajhashemi Valiollah , Rabbani Mohammed
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Morphine withdrawal leads to an increase in corticosterone concentration in plasma, and cognitive deficits are found after withdrawal. Evidence indicates that glucocorticoid hormones affect memory. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of metyrapone and mifepristone on memory deficit following spontaneous morphine withdrawal. Memory was tested by using the object recognition task. The novel object recognition task was carried out in a square wooden open‐field apparatus using objects. The test was comprised of three sections: habituation for 15 min., first trial for 12 min. and test trial for 5 min. In this learning paradigm, the difference in exploration between a previously seen object and a novel object is taken as an index of memory performance (recognition index – RI). Male mice were made dependent by increasing doses of morphine (30–90 mg/kg) subcutaneously twice daily for 3 days. RI was assessed 4 hr after the last dose of morphine on the third day. Mifepristone (50 and 100 mg/kg) and metyrapone (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) were used subcutaneously before the first trial and effects were compared to control values. Metyrapone (25 mg/kg) and mifepristone (50 mg/kg) improved RI to 34.8 ± 10.8% and 25.4 ± 11.7%, respectively, which are significantly different from control values (RI = −14.8 ± 10.7%, P < 0.05). These results show that increased glucocorticoid concentration may be involved in memory deficit caused by morphine withdrawal. Metyrapone by inhibiting glucocorticoid formation, and mifepristone by inhibiting glucocorticoid receptors may be useful for preventing memory deficit following morphine withdrawal.
Standard Setters: Stand Up and Take a Stand!
Authors: Plake Barbara S.
Published: March 2008

This 2006 NCME Career Award Address presents observations made over a career in the field of standard setting, summarizes the status of current research, and makes recommendations for future research.
Validity Evidence of an Electronic Portfolio for Preservice Teachers
Authors: Yao Yuankun , Thomas Matt , Nickens Nicole , Downing Joyce Anderson , Burkett Ruth S. , Lamson Sharon
Published: March 2008

This study applied Messick's unified, multifaceted concept of construct validity to an electronic portfolio system used in a teacher education program. The subjects included 128 preservice teachers who recently completed their final portfolio reviews and student teaching experiences. Four of Messick's six facets of validity were investigated for the portfolio in this study, along with a discussion of the remaining facets examined in two previous studies. The evidence provided support for the substantive and generalizability aspects of validity, and limited support for the content, structural, external, and consequential aspects of validity. It was suggested that the electronic portfolio may be used as one requirement for certification purposes, but may not be valid for the purpose of assessing teacher competencies.
Universal Design and Multimethod Approaches to Item Review
Authors: Johnstone Christopher J. , Thompson Sandra J. , Bottsford‐Miller Nicole A. , Thurlow Martha L.
Published: March 2008

Test items undergo multiple iterations of review before states and vendors deem them acceptable to be placed in a live statewide assessment. This article reviews three approaches that can add validity evidence to states' item review processes. The first process is a structured sensitivity review process that focuses on universal design considerations for items. The second method is a series of statistical analyses intended to increase the limited amount of information that can be derived from analyses on low‐incidence populations (such as students who are blind, deaf, or have cognitive disabilities). Finally, think aloud methods are described as a method for understanding why particular items might be problematic for students.
Determining Sufficient Measurement Opportunities When Using Multiple Cut Scores
Authors: Norman Rebecca L. , Buckendahl Chad W.
Published: March 2008

Many educational testing programs report examinee performance at more than two levels of proficiency. Whether these assessments have the capacity to support these multiple inferences, though, is a topic that has not been widely discussed. This study proposes a method for evaluating the minimum number of measurement opportunities for reporting students’ performance at multiple achievement levels and describes an application of the method for reading and mathematics assessments that are used by some school districts in Nebraska. Analyses were based on judgments collected from 110 teachers about characteristics of items and tasks from multiple assessments in reading and mathematics at grades 4 and 8, and in high school. Results suggested that there were generally enough items on the mathematics assessments to classify students into two or three performance levels, but rarely enough to make the four classifications that the state reported. Items on the reading assessments were generally distributed across the proficiency levels and tended to allow reporting for all four classification levels. These findings have implications for both practitioners and policymakers in how scores are interpreted.
Effects of chronic exercise on myocardial refractoriness: a study on isolated rabbit heart
Authors: Such L. , Alberola A. M. , Such‐Miquel L. , López L. , Trapero I. , Pelechano F. , Gómez‐Cabrera M. C. , Tormos A. , Millet J. , Chorro F. J.
Published: March 2008

Aim:  To determine whether chronic physical training increases atrial and ventricular refractoriness in isolated rabbit heart.

Methods:  Trained rabbits were submitted to a protocol of treadmill running. The electrophysiological parameters of refractoriness investigated in an isolated heart preparation were: (1) atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and atrial functional refractory period and ventricular effective and functional refractory periods (VERP and VFRP) using the extrastimulus technique at four different pacing cycle lengths; (2) the dominant frequency (DF) of ventricular fibrillation (VF). A multi‐electrode plaque containing 256 electrodes and a spectral method were used to obtain the mean, maximum and minimum DF of VF. Sinus cycle length of the isolated hearts was determined as an electrophysiological parameter of training. In vivo heart rate, myocardial heat shock proteins (HSP60) and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also determined in some animals as electrophysiological and biochemical markers of training respectively.

Results:  VERP and VFRP were longer in the trained group than in the control group. The mean DF of VF was lower in the trained group than in the control group. Despite the fact that training did not significantly modify the AERP, it tended to be longer in the trained group (P = 0.09).

Conclusion:  Training seems to increase the electrical stability of ventricular myocardium. As the electrophysiological modifications were exhibited in hearts not submitted to extrinsic nervous system or humoral influences, they are, at least in part, intrinsic modifications. These electrophysiological data also suggest that training could protect against reentrant ventricular arrhythmias.
A social psychological account of absenteeism in Barbados
Authors: Ramsey Jase , Punnett Betty Jane , Greenidge Dion
Published: March 2008

Using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we examined absence frequency within a developing market in the Caribbean. The objective was to understand the process underlying absence decisions. We merged survey data from 250 employees in five divisions of a Barbadian firm with company absenteeism records in order to assess whether the TPB fit the data. Results showed that the TPB fit the data well, with the exception of one path coefficient in the structural equation model. Implications for the TPB as well as absenteeism in the Caribbean are discussed, and future research directions offered.
All in a day's work? Career self‐management and the management of the boundary between work and non‐work
Authors: Sturges Jane
Published: March 2008

This article reports the findings of a study that explored the links between career self‐management, management of the boundary between work and non‐work, and work–life balance, using a sample of young professionals. The findings show that individuals engage in different kinds of career self‐management behaviours, depending on their career goal. Management of the boundary between work and life outside work is identified as one such behaviour, with the consequence that, for some people, managing the career has a harmful effect on their work–life balance. The research adds to knowledge about the career self‐management process and shows how career stage influences career goals and career self‐management behaviour. It demonstrates how career attitudes and behaviours may be critical to the achievement of work–life balance and confirms that work–life balance matters to younger members of the workforce, regardless of their family responsibilities.
Impact of relational coordination on job satisfaction and quality outcomes: a study of nursing homes
Authors: Gittell Jody Hoffer , Weinberg Dana , Pfefferle Susan , Bishop Christine
Published: March 2008

This article develops a relational perspective on the coordination of work. Existing theory suggests that relational forms of coordination should improve performance in settings that are highly interdependent, uncertain and time‐constrained. Going beyond previous work, we argue that relational coordination should also improve job satisfaction by helping employees to accomplish their work more effectively and by serving as a source of positive connection at work. Using a cross‐sectional sample of nursing aides and residents in 15 nursing homes, we investigate the impact of relational coordination on quality outcomes and job satisfaction.
Role redesign in a modernised NHS: the case of health care assistants
Authors: Bach Stephen , Kessler Ian , Heron Paul
Published: March 2008

This article examines role redesign in the National Health Service (NHS), which has been central to the Labour government's modernisation agenda, focusing on the role of health care assistants (HCAs). Drawing on data from two acute hospital trusts, this article focuses on variation in HCA roles between trusts, indicating that there may not have been a uniform expansion of the HCA role as the government's HR agenda and most commentators suggest. Although the modernisation agenda has curtailed registered nurses' role in direct care, there are significant variations in the degree to which HCAs undertake a ‘relief’, ‘substitute’ or ‘apprentice’ role at trust level. These variations in HCA role stem from distinctive models of the nursing workforce with differing assumptions about the respective roles of registered and non‐registered nurses. The variations in HCA role have important consequences for the prospects for role redesign and HR policy in the NHS.
Effect of Hot Water Surface Pasteurization of Whole Fruit on Shelf Life and Quality of Fresh‐Cut Cantaloupe
Authors: Fan X. , Annous B.A. , Beaulieu J.C. , Sites J.E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT:  Cantaloupes are associated with recent outbreaks of foodborne illnesses and recalls. Therefore, new approaches are needed for sanitization of whole and cut fruit. In the present study, whole cantaloupes were submerged into water in the following 3 conditions: 10 °C water for 20 min (control), 20 ppm chlorine at 10 °C for 20 min, and 76 °C water for 3 min. Populations of microflora were measured on the rinds of the whole cantaloupes. Quality and microbial populations of fresh‐cut cantaloupes prepared from whole fruit were analyzed after 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, and 20 d of storage at 4 °C. The hot water significantly reduced both total plate count (TPC) and yeast and mold count on rind of whole fruits while chlorine or cold water wash did not result in a significant reduction of microbial population. Fresh‐cut pieces prepared from hot water‐treated cantaloupes had lower TPC than the other 2 treatments in the later storage periods (days 13 to 20) in 2 of 3 trials. The hot water treatment of whole fruits was inconsistent in reducing yeast and mold count of fresh‐cut pieces. Soluble solids content, ascorbic acid content, fluid loss, and aroma and appearance scores were not consistently affected by either hot water or chlorine treatment. Our results suggested that hot water pasteurization of whole cantaloupes frequently resulted in lower TPCs of fresh‐cut fruit during storage and did not negatively affect quality of fresh‐cut cantaloupes.
Effect of Preservative Agents on the Respiration Rate of Minimally Processed Potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Monalisa)
Authors: Petri E. , Arroqui C. , Angós I. , Vírseda P.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT:  The shelf life of minimally processed potatoes (MPP) is limited by enzyme‐catalyzed browning reactions, with the increase in respiration being another factor that affects quality retention of this product. Sulfites are commonly used as effective preservative agents in minimally processing potatoes, but ascorbic acid and citric acid are considered natural sulfite substitutes and more accepted by consumers. The aim of this study was to study the effect of combinations of the preservative agents cited above (sodium metabisulfite 0.1% and 0.5%; citric acid 0.1% and 0.5%; ascorbic acid 0.5%) on the respiration rate of MPP (cv. Monalisa) processed at both ambient and refrigerated temperatures. The results have revealed that there is a significant effect of dipping treatment and temperature on respiration rate of MPP. Sodium metabisulfite (SM) reduces respiratory activity up to 0.8 mL/kg/h. The addition of either citric or ascorbic acid enhanced the effect of SM on the reduction of the respiration rate of MPP. The strongest effect (up to 3.3 mL/kg/h) was observed when a combination of all 3 agents at the higher concentrations was employed at a temperature of 18 °C.
Protein–Protein Interaction of a Pharaonis Halorhodopsin Mutant Forming a Complex with Pharaonis Halobacterial Transducer Protein II Detected by Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy†
Authors: Furutani Yuji , Ito Motohiro , Sudo Yuki , Kamo Naoki , Kandori Hideki
Published: March 2008

Pharaonis halorhodopsin (pHR) functions as a light‐driven inward chloride ion pump in Natoronomonas pharaonis, while pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR; also called pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, pSRII), is a light sensor for negative phototaxis. ppR forms a 2:2 complex with its cognate transducer protein (pHtrII) through intramembranous hydrogen bonds: Tyr199ppR–Asn74pHtrII and Thr189ppR–Glu43 pHtrII, Ser62pHtrII. It was reported that a pHR mutant (P240T/F250Y), which possesses the hydrogen‐bonding sites, impairs its pumping activity upon complexation with pHtrII. In this study, effect of the complexation with pHtrII on the structural changes upon formation of the K, L1 and L2 intermediates of pHR was investigated by use of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The vibrational changes of Tyr250pHR and Asn74pHtrII were detected for the L1 and L2 intermediates, supporting that Tyr250pHR forms a hydrogen bond with Asn74pHtrII as similarly to Tyr199ppR. The conformational changes of the retinal chromophore were never affected by complexation with pHtrII, but amide‐I vibrations were clearly different in the absence and presence of pHtrII. The molecular environment around Asp156pHR in helix D is also slightly affected. These additional structural changes are probably related to blocking of translocation of a chloride ion from the extracellular to the cytoplasmic side during the photocycle.
Vitamin B2‐sensitized Photo‐oxidation of Dopamine
Authors: Massad Walter A. , Barbieri Yanina , Romero Mario , García Norman A.
Published: March 2008

Kinetics and mechanism of the photo‐oxidation of the natural catecholamine‐type neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has been studied in aqueous solution, under aerobic conditions, in the presence of riboflavin (Rf, vitamin B2) as a photosensitizer. Results indicate the formation of a weak dark complex Rf–DA, with a mean apparent association constant Kass = 30 m−1, only detectable at DA concentrations much higher than those employed in photochemical experiments. An intricate mechanism of competitive reactions operates upon photoirradiation. DA quenches excited singlet and triplet states of Rf, with rate constants of 4.2 × 109 and 2.2 × 109 m−1 s−1, respectively. With the catecholamine in a concentration similar to that of dissolved molecular oxygen in air‐saturated water, DA and oxygen competitively quench the triplet excited state of Rf, generating superoxide radical anion (O2•−) and singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg)) by processes initiated by electron and energy‐transfer mechanisms, respectively. Rate constants values of 1.9 × 108 and 6.6 × 106 m−1 s−1 have been obtained for the overall and reactive (chemical) interaction of DA with O2(1Δg). The presence of superoxide dismutase increases both the observed rates of aerobic DA photo‐oxidation and oxygen uptake, due to its known catalytic scavenging of O2•−, a species that could revert the overall photo‐oxidation effect, according to the proposed reaction mechanism. As in most of the catecholamine oxidative processes described in the literature, aminochrome is the DA oxidation product upon visible light irradiation in the presence of Rf. It is generated with a quantum yield of 0.05.
To Practice What We Preach: The Use of Hypocrisy and Cognitive Dissonance to Motivate Behavior Change
Authors: Stone Jeff , Fernandez Nicholas C.
Published: March 2008

When people fail to practice what they preach, their act of hypocrisy can induce cognitive dissonance and the motivation to change their behavior. The current paper examines the evidence for this assumption by reviewing and analyzing the research that has used the hypocrisy procedure to influence the performance of pro‐social behaviors related to health, the environment, and interpersonal relations. The first section looks at the evidence for the claim that hypocrisy motivates behavior change as opposed to other forms of dissonance reduction such as attitude change. We then review studies that suggest that the induction of hypocrisy exerts its greatest effect on behavior change when people publicly advocate the importance of the target course of action and are then privately reminded of their own recent personal failures to perform the target behavior. A third section discusses the limitations to the current body of work and important directions for future research. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of how the hypocrisy procedure relates to other contemporary models of behavior change.
Social Categorization and Stereotyping: How Social Categorization Biases Person Perception and Face Memory
Authors: Hugenberg Kurt , Sacco Donald F.
Published: March 2008

The current article offers a brief history of research and theory related to social categorization and stereotyping. We begin by outlining research focusing on category selection, category activation, and category application. We then discuss the consequences of social categorization, noting that one of the most important and ubiquitous effects of social categorization is homogenization or assimilation. We then extend this research related to the assimilative consequences of social categorization to the realm of face memory. Specifically, we introduce the Categorization‐Individuation Model (see also Hugenberg et al., forthcoming) as a new model of the Cross‐Race Effect, or the difficulty many perceivers have in recognizing members of other racial groups. The Categorization‐Individuation Model argues that the Cross‐Race Effect is due to the tendency to categorize out‐group members but individuate in‐group members. Finally, we summarize the extant research in support of this new model of person memory and close by discussing the current state of, and potential future directions for, social categorization research.
Refining the Prediction of Effort: Brehm's Distinction between Potential Motivation and Motivation Intensity
Authors: Wright Rex A.
Published: March 2008

It is self‐evident that resource allocation is better understood when a distinction is made between what people are willing to do to achieve a purpose and what they will do to achieve the purpose. Yet, motivation theorists have largely ignored this distinction in attempting to understand effort aspects of motivated behavior. An exception is Brehm, who has distinguished potential motivation from motivation intensity. Potential motivation refers to the upper limit of what people would be willing to do to satisfy a motive. It is proposed to vary with factors traditionally thought to determine motive strength (importance). Motivation intensity refers to effort and is proposed to vary proximally with the difficulty of instrumental behavior, first rising and then falling precipitously. In this article, I discuss Brehm's distinction and elaborate on its significance.
Feeling Transparent: On Metaperceptions and Miscommunications
Authors: Cameron Jessica J. , Vorauer Jacquie D.
Published: March 2008

Individuals’ metaperceptions regarding how another person views them tend to be egocentrically biased by their own private self‐knowledge: They overestimate the extent to which their traits, feelings, and intentions are ‘transparent’, perceiving more congruence between their inner self and the other person's impressions than actually exists. In the present article, we examine the factors, such as self‐awareness and feelings of closeness, that increase individuals’ propensity to exaggerate their transparency to others. We also examine the interpersonal consequences of transparency overestimation and the related signal amplification bias, considering how they can reduce the likelihood of relationship formation, derail the seeking and provision of social support in ongoing relationships, and more generally lead to relational conflict. Lastly, we discuss the interventions available to reduce these biases.
From Ego Depletion to Vitality: Theory and Findings Concerning the Facilitation of Energy Available to the Self
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Deci Edward L.
Published: March 2008

Vitality, or the energy available to the self, is a salient and functionally significant indicator of health and motivation. Previous models (e.g., Baumeister & Vohs, 2007) have suggested how such energy can be depleted but have focused less on how it can be maintained or enhanced. In this article, we describe a model of energy and vitality based on self‐determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000). We review substantial evidence that, whereas the self‐controlling regulation of behavior depletes vitality and energy, the autonomous self‐regulation of behavior does not. A growing number of experimental and field studies also suggest that vitality and energy are enhanced by activities that satisfy basic psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Lifestyles focused on extrinsic goals are less conducive to need satisfaction and thus engender less vitality. We conclude that social psychological factors associated with need satisfaction have important implications for health and vitality and for informing interventions.
Controversies Surrounding Mandatory Arrest Policies and the Police Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Leisenring Amy
Published: March 2008

Since the early 1970s, the efforts of the battered women's movement have led to many changes in the criminal justice response to intimate partner violence (often referred to more broadly as ‘domestic violence’) in the USA. One important reform has been the implementation of policies that encourage or mandate the arrest of offenders. However, mandatory arrest policies have been hotly debated by scholars, activists, and criminal justice system officials. In this article, I review the recent changes to the ways in which police officers respond to intimate partner violence and discuss the controversies surrounding these changes in light of recent research. I briefly consider why the literature on this topic has produced such contradictory findings and I discuss several actions that need to be taken in order to improve police response to intimate partner violence and better meet the needs of battered women.
Popular Music Cultures, Media and Youth Consumption: Towards an Integration of Structure, Culture and Agency
Authors: Brown Andy R.
Published: March 2008

Youth, media and popular music studies have developed in separate fields of research, resulting in a lack of integration of key areas of enquiry, such as the relationship between the cultural and structural in youth music consumption and the role of media industries in ‘framing’ such a process. A more recent focus on popular music as a media culture suggest a way forward in exploring links between production, mediation and consumption of music and youth consumer practices. This article reviews three such frameworks: (i) the production of consumption, (ii) production of culture/cultures of production and (iii) cultures of consumption, evaluating their contribution to a more integrated understanding of how youth consume music as a structurally and culturally mediated process. Controversies over youth ‘download culture’ and evidence of regulatory changes in the global music industry and its impact on how youth consumers can access music media, underlines the need to pursue a research integration agenda, drawing popular music and youth consumption research closer together. Yet it remains the case that both approaches exhibit a structural vs. cultural divide over youth consumption and its relationship to the global music industry, offering optimism and pessimism in equal measure.
An Inter‐Laboratory Assessment of the Thorium Isotopic Composition of Synthetic and Rock Reference Materials
Authors: Sims Kenneth W.W. , Gill James B. , Dosseto Anthony , Hoffmann Dirk L. , Lundstrom Craig C. , Williams Ross W. , Ball Lary , Tollstrup Darren , Turner Simon , Prytulak Julie , Glessner Justin J.G. , Standish J.J. , Elliott Tim
Published: March 2008

We present a concerted international effort to cross‐calibrate five synthetic Th isotope reference materials (UCSC Th “A”, OU Th “U”, WUN, IRMM‐35 and IRMM‐36), and six rock reference materials (UCSC TML, Icelandic ATHO, USGS BCR‐2, USGS W‐2, USGS BHVO‐2, LV18) using multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). We then compare our new values with a compilation of literature mass spectrometric data for these reference materials and derive recommended “consensus”230Th/232Th values for each. We also present isotope dilution U and Th concentration data for four rock reference materials (UCSC TML, Icelandic ATHO, USGS BCR‐2, USGS W‐2).
Synthesis and Preliminary Characterisation of New Silicate, Phosphate and Titanite Reference Glasses
Authors: Klemme Stephan , Prowatke Stefan , Münker Carsten , Magee Charles W. , Lahaye Yann , Zack Thomas , Kasemann Simone A. , Cabato E. Joan A. , Kaeser Benjamin
Published: March 2008

Eleven synthetic silicate and phosphate glasses were prepared to serve as reference materials for in situ microanalysis of clinopyroxenes, apatite and titanite, and other phosphate and titanite phases. Analytical results using different micro‐analytical techniques showed that the glass fragments were homogeneous in major and trace elements down to the micrometre scale. Trace element determinations using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS), laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) and secondary ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed good agreement for most elements (Li, Be, B, Cs, Rb, Ba, Sr, Ga, Pb, U, Th, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb) studied and provide provisional recommended values.
Recommended Values of 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu Concentrations in Reference Material IAEA‐315 (Marine Sediment) Estimated by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry and Alpha Spectrometry
Authors: Shinonaga Taeko , Aigner Helmuth , Klose Dilani , Spinder Peter , Fröschl Heinz , Donohue David
Published: March 2008

The recommended concentrations of 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu in reference material IAEA‐315 (marine sediment) were estimated by three analytical methods: isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and alpha spectrometry. The determination of 239Pu and 240Pu (239+240Pu by alpha spectrometry) was carried out with samples from randomly selected bottles using each method. Plutonium‐238 was also measured by alpha spectrometry. A plutonium‐242 reference material was used as a spike for the quantitative analysis. The influence of 242Pu in the samples was therefore calculated; however, this contribution was less than the range of uncertainty and did not influence the final results. The obtained data were statistically analysed using variance component analysis and paired comparison. The combined standard uncertainties from “method/measurement”, “bottle” and “sub‐sample” were in the order of 3 to 6%. The main contributions to the uncertainty were from the material heterogeneity and from systematic differences between methods. Based on this study with twenty‐seven analyses using 10–14 g sample mass, concentrations of (38 ± 3) Bq kg−1, (28 ± 3) Bq kg−1 and (66 ± 4) Bq kg−1 are proposed as recommended values for 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu, respectively, and (9.5 ± 0.4) Bq kg−1 for 238Pu as an information value in reference material IAEA‐315. In mass concentration units, these amount to (16.4 ± 1.2) ng kg−1, (3.3 ± 0.4) ng kg−1 and (0.015 ± 0.003) ng kg−1 for 239Pu, 240Pu and 238Pu, respectively. The certified reference materials NIST 4350B and NIST 4354 were also analysed by TIMS for quality assurance of the method used in this study.
Depression and Social Support Among Men and Women Living With HIV
Authors: Fasce Ninoshka
Published: March 2008

This research studies the relation between social support and depression levels within a group of HIV‐positive adults from a low‐middle social‐economic level in Lima, Peru: 14 women and 41 men between 18 and 58 years of age. Beck's Depression Inventory was used to study the levels of depression. The Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule was used to study the levels of perceived and effective social support, as well as the necessity for such. The results were also correlated with the variables gender and sexual orientation, participation or no participation in a mutual assistance group (MAG), and the presence of symptoms. The results indicated that depression and social support vary depending on sex, sexual orientation, or whether the person belongs to a MAG.
Improvement of Hydrofoil Performance by Partial Ventilated Cavitation in Steady Flow and Periodic Gusts
Authors: Kopriva Jim , Arndt Roger E. A. , Amromin Eduard L.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a study of the response of a recently developed low-drag partially cavitating hydrofoil (denoted as OK-2003) to periodical perturbations of incoming flow. A two-flap assembly specially designed to simulate sea wave impact on the cavitating hydrofoil generates the perturbations. The design range of cavitation number was maintained by ventilation. Unsteady flow can be simulated over a range of ratios of gust flow wavelength to cavity length. The measurement of time-average lift and drag coefficients and their fluctuating values over a range of inflow characteristics allows a determination of hydrofoil performance over a range of conditions that could be expected for a prototype hydrofoil. Both regular interaction with practically linear perturbations and resonancelike singular interaction with substantial nonlinear effects were noted. The observations are accompanied by a numerical analysis that identifies resonance phenomena as a function of excitation frequency.
Effects of Corrugated Roughness on Developed Laminar Flow in Microtubes
Authors: Duan Zhipeng , Muzychka Y. S.
Published: March 2008

The effects of corrugated surface roughness on developed laminar flow in microtubes are investigated. The momentum equation is solved using a perturbation method with slip at the boundary. Novel analytical models are developed to predict friction factor and pressure drop in corrugated rough microtubes for continuum flow and slip flow. The developed model proposes an explanation on the observed phenomenon that some experimental pressure drop results for microchannel flow have shown a significant increase (15–50%) due to roughness. The developed model for slip flow illustrates the coupled effects between velocity slip and small corrugated roughness. Compressibility effect has also been examined and simple models are proposed to predict the pressure distribution and mass flow rate for slip flow in corrugated rough microtubes.
Social applications of two-dimensional Ising models
Authors: Stauffer D.
Published: March 2008

I review three socio-economic models of economic opinions, urban segregation, and language change and show that the well-known two-dimensional Ising model gives about the same results in each case.