bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resources at risk: making the most of the ICS 232 form
Authors: Dubach Helen , Buschang Steve
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT>

The ICS 232 Resources at Risk summary form is a key tool for the communication of resources at risk from an oil or chemical spill. Completion of the form requires consideration of environmental, archeocultural, and socio-economic resources that may be affected by a spill. This process of research, identification, prioritization, documentation, and communication of potential resources in the pathway of a spill is typically conducted within the Environmental Unit (EU) by the Resources at Risk (RAR) Technical Specialist or Environmental Unit Leader (EUL), with input from relevant stakeholders and trustees. The purpose of the form is twofold: to provide environmental information to aid assessment and decision making, for example: identifying where to conduct wildlife reconnaissance surveys, identifying resources of concern for Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA)/ Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), and recommending cleanup techniques and endpoints; andTo provide direct priorities for protection for response operations, such as from pre-established Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) or Geographic Response Strategies (GRSs), and other static or Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) data sources.

In recent years, GRP/GRSs have become more commonplace in contingency plans, and have become more practical for response operations, to a degree that some plans include executing the GRP/GRSs as ready-made ICS 204 (work order) forms to provide direct instruction to response operations on site location, access, operational strategies, and equipment required to protect specific resources. This pre-spill information can be valuable to ensure that priority resources are protected within the short window of opportunity that is typically available at the beginning of a response; and allows quick decision-making without the need for in-depth consideration of sensitivity and resource maps. A potential downside to this convenient data, which will be explored in this paper, is that we risk relying entirely on using the GRP data to provide operational protection priorities and losing the specific data on the resources we are aiming to protect. This reduces the purpose of the form to a purely operational instruction, without the documentation of environmental data that is essential for assessment and decision making within the Environmental Unit. This paper considers the use of the ICS 232 (Resources at Risk) form, how its use has developed over the years, and how the availability of GRPs has, in some areas, shifted the use of the form to a more directly operational purpose. Recommendations are provided for ensuring that the environmental information component is not forgotten.
A Tool For Comparing Relative Risks to Ecological Components Associated With Different Oil Spill Response Options
Authors: Bock Michael , Robinson Hilary , Wenning Richard , French-McCay Deborah , Rowe Jill , Walker Ann Hayward
Published: December 2021

Subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) applied to a deepwater blowout has been shown to be a highly efficient oil spill response (OSR) tool that, under appropriate conditions, can substantially lessen and delay oil surfacing as well as reduce the persistence of surface oil slicks. Bock et al. (2018) explored the relative ecological and societal risks associated with integration of SSDI into OSR strategies in the northern Gulf of Mexico using a comparative risk assessment (CRA) desktop analysis tool. The CRA analysis tool was developed with regulatory and stakeholder engagement and communication in mind; the user interface and emphasis on visualization of the assessment results were intended to facilitate rapid examination of the consequences of different spill scenarios in the presence and absence of SSDI and other OSR technologies. Using the CRA tool, decision makers are now better able to predict the nature and extent of the likely consequences to shoreline and aquatic valued ecological components (VECs) and environmental compartments (ECs), and examine the relative consequences of deploying different response technologies.

The CRA tool has been substantially improved and has been redesigned from an Excel spreadsheet into a web-based application with enhanced interactive data visualizations and collaboration tools. The new web-based CRA tool is based on the Shiny application framework, an R based open source system for building interactive web-based applications. The updated CRA tool (https://nert.shinyapps.io/CRA_viewer/) now includes improved visualizations of the oil spill modeling results, depictions of the spatial footprint of different ECs, and the interactive exploration of the CRA results and intermediate calculations. Stakeholders are able to drill down into the components of the analysis and more easily explore the parameters that drive CRA scores, as well as explore alternative scoring options. The tool has also been modified to facilitate updating the CRA tool for new oil spill scenarios and OSR options. This web-based interactive CRA tool greatly enhances the usability of CRA as a collaborative tool for evaluating OSR options during planning and can also be used to inform the evaluation of response options during planning, training, and during an incident.
Best Practices for the Finance Section function within the Incident Command System
Authors: Gosser Steve , Chambers Robert , Radigan Kip
Published: December 2021

Today most energy companies have very sophisticated Emergency Response plans and training, covering a multitude of incident scenarios, including but not limited to oil spills, plant explosions, and yes, even pandemics. However, regardless of incident type that preparation rarely extends to the Finance Section itself let alone up the Risk & Insurance ladder. Those missing pieces could mean that these same companies are also missing opportunities to spend less and save $$. This paper explores best practices concepts of mitigating overall incident response risks specifically with respect to ICS – Finance Section responsibilities. The information and data for Part 1 of this report has been collected through interviews, internet research, and many years of hands-on experience. Originally designed to be included in a single report a specifically designed industry survey, the completion of which was thwarted by the COVID pandemic, will be published at a later date as Part 2. Significant findings include the facts that oil spills seem to be increasingly and overwhelmingly expensive and that relatively few organizations seem to understand or analyze the potential for more favorable results that could be gained by a properly trained and functioning Finance Section. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that there are a number of low-cost measures that could be incorporated into response planning efforts to enable responsible party to realize cost savings.
SMART Protocol Using Polarized Infrared Cameras
Authors: Nedwed Tim , Mitchell Doug , Konkel Wolfgang , Coolbaugh Tom
Published: December 2021

Tier II/III SMART protocol for dispersant use requires placing fluorometers in the water and towing them under a slick by boat. To protect the health of SMART teams, boats typically remain at least 2 miles away from slicks during aerial dispersant treatment. After the spray completes, the SMART boats transit into oil slicks. The time between completion of spray and initiation of SMART monitoring can be > 30 minutes. In 30 minutes, dispersed oil plumes will significantly dilute making them difficult to detect based on fluorescence. Further, we identified a separate issue. That is, oil fluoresces primarily because of the aromatic constituents in the oil and many of the aromatics in oil are at least somewhat volatile and water soluble. Modeling found that these aromatics leach from the oil prior to the application of dispersant. So, even if fluorometers were immediately underneath dispersing oils slicks, the loss of aromatics from the oil challenges SMART. The combination of aromatic leaching and rapid plume dilution limits the ability of the Tier II/III SMART protocol to identify fluorescence signals above the recommended five times background. This means that effectively dispersed oil slicks might not be accurately characterized. What is needed is a monitoring technique that can be applied rapidly and targets some other characteristic of the oil.

Polarized infrared (IR) cameras can measure both the thermal differences between slicks and water and the difference in emissivity when IR energy is emitted by sheens / slicks relative to water. These cameras can be easily flown on dispersant spray/support planes. They can be used to image oil slicks before, during, and after dispersant spray operations. Effectively dispersed oil slicks will have a significant change in their thermal signature and IR emissivity as the oil transfers from the water surface into the water column. Polarized infrared cameras can be an effective tool for monitoring dispersant operations. They can be deployed continually during slick dispersion providing a longitudinal and synoptic record of the dispersion process.

In this paper, we describe modeling to estimate the water-column concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (both mono and polycyclic) from plumes after applying dispersants to an oil slick. In addition, we describe testing of a polarized IR camera at the OHMSETT tank during dispersant testing. We use the modeling to identify the need for modifying SMART and the OHMSETT testing to show that polarized IR cameras can meet this need.
Habitat and Resource Equivalency Analysis: 30 Years of Lessons Learned and a Look to the Future
Authors: Wakefield Jeffrey , Tomasi Theodore , Morrow Angeline , Pfeifer Christopher , Byrd Heath
Published: December 2021

Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) is a process used to determine the amount of compensation due to the public for natural resource injuries arising from oil spills. Two models, Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA) and Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA), are used in essentially all OPA NRDAs to compute compensatory restoration requirements. REA is applied when members of wildlife populations are injured: usually mortality or a loss of reproduction among a species of bird, turtle, marine mammal, or fish. HEA is used when habitats are injured: usually oiling of beaches, wetlands, or sediments.

The models are often implemented in a cooperative setting with input from both the Responsible Party and the Trustees. In this setting the models provide a structure for organizing negotiations and identifying the types of agreements that need to be reached before restoration can be identified and “right sized.”

The models also have a technical basis in economic theory that is fully justified, but only in particular, limited circumstances. This technical basis is the only means of assuring the Trustees, RPs, and stakeholders that the NRDA process has identified an appropriate level of compensation. When the circumstances of a spill do not approximate those in which HEA and REA are defensible, creative solutions are needed to adjust the models to the circumstances of the case if they are to provide a convincing basis for scaling restoration and reaching resolution.

This paper identifies the circumstances under which REA and HEA are fully defensible as well as 35 years of evolving adjustments designed to make them “work” when applied to real-world cases they do not quite fit. We also look to the future and how climate change may alter restoration scaling.
FOLLOWING THROUGH: How Industry is Continually Improving the Safety of Offshore Development Post-Horizon
Authors: Williams Charlie , Hopkins Holly
Published: December 2021

The oil and natural gas industry has worked collaboratively in many areas to make great strides to improve the safety of offshore drilling and producing operations since the Horizon incident in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The paper will discuss these activities. Immediately following the incident, the U.S. oil and natural gas industry launched a comprehensive review of offshore safety and operations to identify potential improvements in spill prevention, intervention, and response capabilities. Four joint industry task forces were assembled to focus on the critical areas of equipment, operating procedures, subsea well control and oil spill response. In addition to their own work, the task forces fully considered the recommendations of the Presidential Oil Spill Commission in forming their recommendations to improve offshore safety and response in the respective four areas. One of the major recommendations and actions directly linked to the Presidential Commission recommendations was the formation of an industry organization fully focused on Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) and managing risk. The industry organization formed is the Center for Offshore Safety (COS). The COS is fully focused on SEMS and its continual improvement through SEMS Auditing, safety data collection and analysis, good practice development, and sharing industry information. Additionally, there has been a continuing special focus on new and enhanced Industry standards. The task force on equipment and other post-Horizon reports contained strong recommendations on the need to develop new and revised standards to enhance safety in the offshore. This work was done through the standards development process and organizations including collaboration with national and international Standards Development Organizations, the offshore oil and gas community, and the Federal government. The presentation will give an overview of the new and revised standards work to date including API Standard 53 Blowout Prevention Equipment Systems for Drilling Operations; API Standard 65-2 Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction; and API RP 96 Deepwater Well Design and Construction.
The Impact of Vaccination on Covid-19 Disease Transmission Patterns in a Human Population: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Okrinya A. B. , Timinibife C. N.
Published: December 2021

We construct a Mathematical model that describes the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of the transmission of COVID-19 disease in a human population. The model is a system of ordinary differential equations that describes the evolution of humans in a range of Covid-19 states due to emergence of an index case in a disease free region. The analysis of the model shows that effective vaccination can lead to disease eradication, where in the disease free state is locally asymptomatically stable if the basic reproductive number, and unstable when The numerical simulations suggests the use of other social measures alongside  vaccination in order to avert the possibility of the disease  becoming endemic.
Applications of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry
Authors: Deshpande Sayali , Reche Amit , Madhu Priyanka Paul , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav , Mutyalwar Sunaina
Published: December 2021

Various studies published in the literature around the world indicate a significant prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC). Treatment of early childhood caries (ECC) using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has become a viable alternative, particularly for young and anxious children, because traditional restorative treatments is unlikely to combat this prevalent condition. Arrested caries is identified by the hardening of teeth and it changes its color from dark brown to black. More restorative treatments can be performed if necessary. Traditional ECC restorative treatments are not always inexpensive or feasible, as they involve patient cooperation to achieve a satisfactory result. Japan was the first country to promote silver diamine fluoride in 1960. SDF has been used to prevent the spread of caries in various Asian nations, including Japan and China. It was enacted as a fluoride to treat sensitive teeth in the United States by Food and Drug Administration ( FDA). For young children or individuals with specific needs, it is painless and simple to use .The fluoride in SDF stimulates remineralization while the silver ions act as an antimicrobial agent when applied to carious lesions and stop cariogenic biofilms from growing. SDF also prevents future degradation of the dentin's collagen. With a 38 percent use rate, SDF has been utilized in a number of nations. According to a review, SDF is a harmless, economical caries control agent with a wide utilisation in dentistry, and it may meet the WHO Millennium Development Goal (MDG) as well as the United States Institute of Medicine's criteria. The applications of SDF in dental treatment are discussed in this article.
Case Report on Cirrhosis of Liver
Authors: Sakharkar Sheetal , Gujar Samrudhi , Tembhare Vaishali , Wagh Pranali , Khandar Jaya , Shambharkar Madhuri , Kolhekar Sonali , Pande Khushbu
Published: December 2021

Liver is the second largest organ in human body, more than 5,000 separate bodily functions .including helping blood to clot, cleansing the blood of toxins to converting food into nutrients to control hormone levels, fighting infections and illness, regenerating back after injury and metabolizing cholesterol, glucose, iron and controlling their levels. A 56- years old patient was admitted in AVBRH on date 9/12/2020 in ICU with the chief complaint of abdominal distension, breathlessness on exertion, pedal edema, fever since 8 days. After admitted in hospital all investigation was done including blood test, ECG, fluid cytology, peripheral smear, ultrasonography, etc. All investigation conducted and then final diagnosis confirmed as cirrhosis of liver. Patient was not having any history of communicable disease or any hereditary disease but he has history of hypertension and type II Diabetes mellitus for 12 years. Patient was COVID-19 negative and admitted in intensive care unit. Patient had been undergone with various investigations like physical examination, blood test, CSF fluid examination, ascitic fluid examination, fluid cytology, peripheral smear, ultrasonography, RT-PCR etc. Patient was treated with tab. farobact ER 300 mg BD, tab. Lasix 40 mg OD, tab. Udilive 300 mg BD, tab. Rifagut 300 mg BD, tab. Metformin 500 mg OD, tab. Amlo 5mg OD, syp. Duphalac 30ml HS. Monitor vital signs, maintain input output, Monitoring and managing potential complications like, bleeding and haemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, fluid volume excess, monitor laboratory tests as indicated, Identify and assess for pedal edema.

Conclusion: Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the final stages of liver disease. It is a serious condition, causing scarring and permanent damage to the liver. Life expectancy depends on the stage and type of cirrhosis of liver. Cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function (decompensated cirrhosis). Advanced cirrhosis is life-threatening. If liver cirrhosis is diagnosed early and the cause is treated, further damage can be limited and, rarely, reversed.
The Utility of Zinc Augmentation in Diabetes - A Narrative Review
Authors: V. Ugwueze Chidiebere , E. Young Ekenechukwu , B. Nwatu Chidimma , M. Onyenekwe Belonwu , M. Abonyi Chinweuba , M. Ezeude Chidiebele , I. Nnolim Bede , C. Ezeokpo Basil , Unachukwu Chioma
Published: December 2021

Diabetes mellitus has sadly become a pandemic, with chronic and debilitating complications which by far are more pronounced in the developing countries of the world. Despite the availability of a wide array of anti-diabetic drugs (both oral and parenteral medications), micro-vascular and macro-vascular diabetes complications are still common. Owing to this sad reality, the place of micronutrients augmentation has come to the frontline of research in diabetes management. Zinc is one of the well-known micro-elements with diverse functions in various physiologic processes in humans. The authors reviewed the role of zinc augmentation in subjects with diabetes generally, both those with complications of diabetes and those without complications. Emphasis was also laid on the modulatory actions of zinc on various diabetes-related processes which include: its anti-oxidant effect; improvement of insulin secretion/sensitivity; increased amylin action; inhibition of gluconeogenesis and atherosclerosis. The impact of zinc supplementation on fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin and lipid indices were also detailed, while a brief overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of zinc was also undertaken.
Does Learning Emotion Associated with Psychological Factors among University Students
Authors: Rasheed Abeer
Published: December 2021

This study analyzed the relationship between psychographic factors and learning emotions among university students. The population and sample were drawn from undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Quantitative method using survey technique implemented in this study for data collection process from 209 students. The model fit was analyzed by using several data analysis techniques criteria’s. Results indicated that learning emotions significantly correlated with achievement motivation and leisure attitude. Furthermore, a significant correlation also found between the study variables for both genders. Based on these results, academicians and decision makers at university level, need to arrange counseling sessions for students to promote positive learning emotions as well as improving psychological outcomes.
Roadmaps for Reflection: Implementation Drivers to Bridge the Research-to-Practice Gap in Early Childhood Intervention
Authors: Sexton Sarah , D. Rush Dathan
Published: December 2021

Training alone will not enable early childhood practitioners to operationalize evidence-based practices. When newly learned practices do not immediately work as intended, the temptation to return to old ways can be great. Moving an innovation from research to practice may require the use of implementation drivers. The field of implementation science informs us of the need for ongoing support during the implementation process. Implementation guides using a flow chart design may assist practitioners to implement evidence-based practices with fidelity immediately after training. This article provides a framework for developing implementation guides to move quickly from knowledge to utilization after a training occurs as well as a means to consider the usefulness of flowcharts for driving implementation efforts.
Islamic Oreint's Ordinary Schools and their Impact on Intellectual Life (5th - 6th AH)
Authors: Al-Haidari Ali Haadi Hamza
Published: December 2021

The establishment of Al –Nidhmai schools which its name associated with Al Nidham Al-Mulk the vizier of the Seljuk Empire in the second half of the fifth century. It was not a passing scientific event, but rather a number of prominent scientific incidents that occurred in the Islamic Orient through the wide scientific fame, in addition, they contributed to emerge an elite of scientific and religious leaders who had a prominent role in enriching the scientific movement with many works. Ordinary schools received direct attention by vizier of Nidham Al-Mulk, who provided them with the reasons for their longevity of many Religious endowments, contributed to important transformations and effects in the fields of intellectual and social life. He made it to be famous for scholars, jurists, and scholars, they were referred to it from the different Islamic regions.
Chaos in Worlds: A Critical Quest for Metapoetry
Authors: Mutlag Abdulkadhim Hashim , Mousa Ahmed Hasan
Published: December 2021

Metapoetry is a self–reflexive poetic construction on poetry. It penetrates the process of writing poetry from a self-oriented view. This study purports to scrutinize the term from a critical-aesthetic and culture perspective. It aims at interpreting selected metapoems, classic and modern. The study hypothesizes that metapooesis is not progressive of modernity; it is practiced through the history of worldwide literature. Therefore, the study is not confined to the exploration of the Anglo-Saxon world of poetry. Rather, it will draw on the German, Persian and Arab Poetics as well. One finding of the study is that metapoetics is a culture- aesthetic universal, shared by worldwide poetics and poets. Metapoetics in this sense, is timeless poetics form.
Teaching and Learning in the Scientific Hawza (Analytical Study)
Authors: Al-Khafaji Abdul-Hussain Ahmed Rasheed
Published: December 2021

Education and learning in the scholarly Hawza is an old one that dates back to the era of prophecy and the final message, and one of its most prominent features is its time extension, and the predominance of micro-education over the rest of the types of education, taking mosques as a place for it, then progressed and became in line with formal education in innovation, technology, and the diversity of the curriculum. It also collects the six official academic stages (elementary, intermediate, preparatory, elementary university studies, postgraduate university studies in its master's and doctoral levels) in three stages (introductions - surfaces - diligence). The researcher reviewed the methods and methods of seminary teaching and learning in its most famous cities, from Makkah and Madinah, through Baghdad and Najaf, to Isfahan and Khorasan, in addition to the curricula and schools that included males and females.
Social Capital and its Role in Community Affiliation (A Field Social Study in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate)
Authors: Kadhim Dr. Thaer Raheem
Published: December 2021

This study attempted to uncover the role that social capital plays in activating the culture of integration, community belonging and pride in national identity, in light of this, the present study aimed to reveal the nature of the concept of social capital, its development, its social dimensions, the mechanisms of its formation and its societal sources, it also discussed the issue of measuring social capital, reviewing a number of indicators that researchers have reached, as these indicators are: leadership level, public participation, cooperative relations network, trust capital, and membership of formal organizations, the study also tried to identify the changes that occurred to social structures such as family, relatives, neighbors, official and civil institutions, in addition to knowing the relationship between civil society and social capital in Iraqi society by studying the interaction of the study community members with civil society institutions in Iraq and their impact on the society’s stock of capital social. To achieve these aims, the researcher used several methodological procedures such as the case study approach in addition to activating the observation method. The approach was applied through an in-depth interview form and in order to that, the current study reached an important conclusion which is that social capital - that is, the social capabilities of the individual or society is of great importance in achieving social integration and social interaction and enhancing belonging to society and the homeland in a way that enhances the economic and social advancement of society.
The Method of Teaching Children in English and in Swimming with Smart Virtual Using 4.0 Simulation Technology
Authors: Huong Le Thi Thanh , Huy Dinh Tran Ngoc , Hang Nguyen Thi , Hoa Nguyen Thi
Published: December 2021

Children from 0-10 age are so young and need proper teaching methods. In this study we suggest both teaching methods of English for children, and teaching them to drowning is smart virtual using 4.0 simulation technology for children. Our study mainly use qualitative analysis, synthesis and inductive methods, combined with explanatory methods and dialectical materialism methods. Research results show us that we need to describe a process for teaching english with good teaching method, as well as teach them how to swim because Swimming helps children develop in the best way both intellectually and physically. Through creative teaching method, teachers and parents can help their children to communicate better and support them via learning by playing method. Last but not least, this study can be developed in order to enhance other life skills of our children.
Instructional Leadership through Curriculum Coordination: Elementary Learning Continues during COVID-19 in Indonesia
Authors: Nahdi Khirjan , Sururuddin Muhammad , Uska Muhammad Zamroni , Fahrurrozi Muh , ikin Aswasulas , Utomo Danang Prio
Published: December 2021

The principal as a training manager not merely goes on management functions through guiding the achievement of vision, program performance, and the creation of good culture in the school environment. They are still the tutor superintendent that is important for carrying out excellence school goals through equal opportunity with all colleagues (lecturers and parent of scholars) including curriculum implementation. Through a multi-coated qualitative approach, this study aims to describe this curriculum-coordination form by them before and when Covid-19. Instrument and data collecting of this study used survey and interviews. Our findings (pre Covid-19) indicate that: 1) preparation, evaluation, curriculum, and coordination with parents are done in the early semester (ES) and early of the New School Year Academic (ENS), 2) curriculum-evaluation and coordination with parents are done in the middle semester (MS). This activity produces curriculum documents and student learning outcomes. Meanwhile, these activities (Covid-19 phases) are: 1) evaluation data and learning agenda with a parent carried out at early time (ET) and Middle Time (MT), 2) Monitor Student Learning Progress and Prepare Learning-Material is done in the ET, MT, and Last Time (LT) about learning is done from home. The Coordination model is mostly done by teachers and parents through information tools and party interviews by the lecturer. That is has been worked out of the before and when COVID-19 showed up a perfect teamwork between the principal and stakeholders. Another significant factor is the unity of student learning, although the proceeds are exactly unique between the two phases.
Peculiarities of Teaching Bilingual Children
Authors: Pastushkova Marina A. , Savateeva Oxana V.
Published: December 2021

The article is focused on the problem of teaching bilingual children. To solve this issue, the authors use the vast experience in addressing it in the Russian and British pedagogical thought in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The authors believe that the comparison of diverse approaches makes it possible to use the ideas of various researchers for resolving the current issues of teaching bilinguals. Besides, the authors of the article try to present the key recommendations and learning approaches for teaching a second language to preschool children. The article stresses the importance of foreign language learning. The authors consider that it is very important to pay attention to the peculiarities of mastering foreign languages and the influence of the bilingual environment on the mental, speech, and personal development of the child. The article further analyses the main approaches to language learning and gives practical recommendations to bilingual children’s parents for teaching a second language. Finally, the article touches upon the problem of learning content. In the authors’ opinion, the latter should be as close as possible to children's understanding. It should be noted that early learning of a foreign language has many advantages in the modern multicultural world. More and more parents want to raise their children as bilinguals, to allow them to communicate in several languages. The authors hope that the recommendations given in the article will help parents of bilingual children and teachers find their approach to teaching a child a second language.
The Challenges of Civic and Moral Educations for Young Muslim Indonesian
Authors: Dahliyana Asep , Budimansyah Dasim , Nurdin Encep Syarief , Suryadi Ace
Published: December 2021

Civic education in Indonesia is a general compulsary subject within the scope of general education. Theoretically, civic education has to instill the values of nationalism and patriotism. However, in its implementation, civic education faces several obstacles. The obstacles are not only in terms of materital, method, and evaluation, but also from the students who are mostly Muslims. In obtaining the data, qualitative approach was applied. As a result, several challenges were faced in the implementation of civic education either from the Muslim students or the environment such as the poor morality, the separation of curricular narratives of civic education and religion, the rejection of nasionalism and patriotism value, the weak tolerance, the development of increasingly liberal human rights, and the spread of sexual behavior. Such condition represents civic education as a subject that tries to create good citizens that do not have a connection with moral teaching based on religious narratives that have become a belief and are ingrained in Muslims.
Didactic Perspectives on the Interpretation of Historical Sources in Schools
Authors: Gonzales Roger Jesús Echevarría Gonzales , Fuster-Guillén Dra. Doris , Garay Yessenia Karina Rosell , Leyva Hugo Walter Maldonado , Luy-Montejo Carlos Augusto
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article is to offer a clear and concise overview of the didactic perspectives on the interpretation of historical sources that have been developed in recent years. To this end, we have considered it appropriate to dedicate a few paragraphs to the problems of current historical education and to the proposals that seek to remedy this situation. Likewise, we have specified the scope of historical thinking in history teaching and presented the main research associated with it. The exposition of these details has served as a preamble to the central development of the topic. In the main section, we have presented the treatment of historical sources as a methodological process, intimately related to their interpretation, which accounts for the skills and abilities that the student must develop for the satisfaction of historical research problems. As conclusions we emphasize the importance of the use of historical sources in the disciplinary and methodological understanding of the subject by the students. Finally, regarding the methodology used for the elaboration of this work, we have resorted to the bibliographic analysis of various sources of information, including theses, research articles and books, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic we have proposed to investigate.
Application based Android as a Development of German Learning Media at Level A1 and its Effectiveness
Authors: iati Hafn , Sari Risnovita , Harahap Ahmad Bengar
Published: December 2021

This research aims to develop German learning application, namely Deutschlernen which can be downloaded on Playstore. In addition, this research also aims to know the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of German Language Learning Media based on Android’s Deutschlernen. The research method used in this application is a research and developing method ADDIE Model with 5 Steps like analysis, design, development, implementation and Evaluation to improve the language ability to guess an available answer through pictures, vocabulary, expressions, dialogue, grammar, practice questions, quizzes and puzzles that use German. All German learning materials for beginners will be packaged in an application (Deutschlernen) which can be accessed and downloaded by using Playstore in a smartphone, so that this research can be used not only for German language students, but also for the general public who wants to learn German. Through the educational game Deutschlernen, German learners will be enabled to improve their vocabularies, to memorize some useful expressions, to understand the rule of German grammar by mastering German language learning material at level A1 help the students to improve their German language skills quickly and easily. Based on the result of the research, it can be known that the Deutschlernen Android application contains level A1 German learning materials, featuring grammar, vocabulary (Wortschatz) and useful phrases (Redemittel) and is a very flexible learning medium because it can be accessed anywhere via the Playstore.
Attitude of University Students towards e-learning in Times of Pandemic
Authors: Garay Jessica Paola Palacios , Flores-Sotelo Willian Sebastián , Castillo-Sáenz Rafael Alan , Chipana-Fernández Yolanda Maribel Mercedes , García Quispe Gladys Beatriz , Diaz-Pérez José Joaquín
Published: December 2021

The aim of this article is to know the attitude of university students towards e-learning having age and gender as sociodemographic variables. It describes important aspects about virtual education, connectivism, e-learning model and factors about attitude towards e-learning, b-learning and its advantages. In this basic, descriptive level study, the scale of attitudes towards e-learning proposed by Mehra and Omidian (2012) consisting of 92 items (distributed on a dichotomous yes/no scale) was used, with a reliability, through Kr-20, of 0.995. The sample comprised a total of 330 medical students from a private university from the first to the fifth cycle of the degree. It was demonstrated that e-learning is a tool at the service of the teaching-learning processes that seeks interaction between the teacher and the student, developing cognitive, collaborative and self-regulatory skills in the university student. The conclusions of the research were that, regarding the sex of the students, 38.5% of the women perceived an unfavorable level and 34.2% of the men, a favorable level of attitude towards e-learning. As for the intervening variable age, 23% of the students fewer than 21 years of age perceived an unfavorable level of attitude towards e-learning. In the ease of use dimension, 44.4% of the students perceived an unfavorable level. Finally, 40.3% perceived an unfavorable level; 34.8% perceived a fair level and 24.8% a favorable level of attitude towards e-learning.
Social-emotional Competencies in Peruvian Educational Institutions
Authors: Gonzales-Sánchez Aracelli , Berrío-Quispe Margoth Luliana , Díaz Carlos Mario Fernández , Ocaña-Fernández Yolvi
Published: December 2021

The socioemotional competencies contribute to the integral formation of the student as it unites the cognitive with the emotional; at the criterion of this study, two stages were considered to be approached in the school: the first one promoted an adequate coexistence of all the actors of the educational community, avoiding the situation of violence: the second stage will have to do with the effects produced during the health emergency by the COVID- 19. The main purpose of this study was to inquire about the academic literature on the subject of socioemotional competence in the context of Peruvian educational institutions. The method employed was a qualitative descriptive literature review. The results allowed exploring the topic from academic and documentary contributions. It was concluded that there is no consensus on a common term for socioemotional competencies; however, there is no doubt that the impulse given in educational institutions contributes to the integral formation of the student.
Effect of the Bloomfield Program on English as Foreign Language Skills
Authors: Huamani-Huaranja Fernando , Lévano-Francia Luz , Guizado-Oscco Felipe , Ocaña-Fernández Yolvi
Published: December 2021

The objective of the research carried out was to determine the effect of the Bloomfield program on the competences of English as a foreign language in the students of a language center-2020. The research had an applied study, experimental design and a quasi-experimental class. The sample was non-probabilistic, in which a pre-test and post-test of level A1 were applied within the Common European Framework of References. The total population was 317, and the selected sample of 174 students. The results were tabulated from the collection of test results. Then the results in the post test showed that 100% were at the beginning level, 0% achieved, and 0% outstanding. On the other hand, the post test showed that 0% in the beginning, 1% in the process level, and 99% in the outstanding level in the competence of English as a foreign language. Concluding in this way that the applied program significantly improves the competences of English as a foreign language in Peruvian students in Bloomfield Idiomas, 2020.
Potentiating Gross Motor Coordination in 5-year-old Infants
Authors: Vilchez Guiseti Maria Puerta , Aguirre Flor De María Sánchez , Alvarado Elva Luz Castañeda
Published: December 2021

The practice of gross motor coordination allows the infant to perform experiential actions to reach maturity, evidencing the passage from practical action to the action of thinking. In this way, feelings and sensations are promoted; discovering one's own body, space and time. The objective of the research was to describe the level of gross motor coordination presented by five-year-old children from I.E.I. N° 0345, Lima and I.E.I. N° 166 "Warma Kuyay", Callao, 2020. The research approach was quantitative, basic type and comparative descriptive design. The technique used was observation and the instrument was the checklist validated through the expert judgment technique and the reliability was 0.911, according to Cronbach's alpha. The results obtained describe the differences presented by five-year-old students in relation to gross motor coordination; the main indicators being the prioritization of the body through movement and the orientation to the development of motor activities, especially in the first years of life. This, because it favors the physical, emotional, socio-affective and cognitive levels, which evidences the differences between the samples investigated.
Formative Evaluation and Learning of the Technique of the Auction of Soccer of the Students of the University Level
Authors: Sotelo Julio Cesar Suarez , Núñez Edgar Froilán Damián , Diaz Mitchell Alberto Alarcón , Alcoser Sandy Dorian Isla
Published: December 2021

The present research sought to determine the relationship between formative evaluation and the learning of the finishing technique of the subject of soccer of the students of the sixth cycle of the Professional School of Physical Education of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. The research of quantitative type of correlational design. A questionnaire and test were applied to 46 students, whose results were processed by the SPSS program, in the same way following the statistical procedure of Spearman's Rho. The general hypothesis found a correlation of Rho = 0.818 which explains that the formative evaluation applied from time to time has a relational link with the learning of soccer finishing technique reaching a regular level. As for the five specific hypotheses, a relationship of Rho = 0.492; Rho = 0.722; Rho = 0.514; Rho = 0.582 and Rho = 0.640 was found, respectively, which is understood that the form of regulatory, procedural, continuous, feedback and innovative evaluation has an impact on learning in this course. The way in which the teacher applies his evaluation limits the grades of the course, since the students are not yet high.
An Empirical Study on Motivation to School Teachers in the Maldives during the COVID 19 Pandemic
Authors: Nandan N.V. Deepak , Sulaipher Dr.M.
Published: December 2021

The COVID 19 pandemic has affected all walks of life; as a result over 100 million children are away from school. The mass university closure and a forced transition to online teaching are to minimize disruptions to the academic year. Many inexperienced online teachers are expected to find the rapid shift from in-person to online teaching hard, and it is a "great experiment" that has to be studied. The study looked into the motivations of Maldivian instructors who were compelled to shift to remote online teaching as a result of the COVID-19. Teachers' self-efficacy refers to their capacity to handle responsibilities and problems in the workplace, and it has an impact on academic achievement. During the COVID-19 epidemic, this study intended to offer an in-depth investigation of the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on self-efficacy in teachers. The author is attempting to adopt more effective strategies to improve teachers' professional identity and job satisfaction in order to increase the efficacy of teachers, ensure the effectiveness of online teaching, and maintain sustainable development during the epidemic by collecting data from Maldivian schools.
Factors Associated with the Nutritional Status of Toddlers at the Limo Community Health Center, Depok City, Indonesia
Authors: Fauziah Munaya , Permatasari Tria Astika Endah , Herdiansyah Dadang , Latifah Noor , Albarbasy Ma’mun Murod , Defriyana Doddy
Published: December 2021

Undernutrition in urban areas remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia. The study aimed to find out what factors were related to the nutritional status of children under five in the working area of the Limo Community Health Center, Limo District. Depok City, Indonesia in 2019. This research was conducted in June-July 2019 using a cross-sectional study design with a sample of 118 mothers who have toddlers aged 6-59 months in the Limo Health Center work area in 2019. The sampling technique used simple random sampling. The analysis was performed using chi-square (α = 0.05). Undernutrition is defined as the condition of children under five which is determined based on the anthropometric index measurement results of body weight for age with a Z- score of -2 SD to ≤ -3 SD, while good nutrition is at a Z-score of -2 SD to 2 SD. As a result, the prevalence of undernutrition was 16.1%. As much as 50% of the respondents had high school education and mothers with low education were 32.2%. The results showed a prevalence of working mothers (13.6%), family income < Rp. 4,600,000 (52.5%), mothers with low knowledge (25.4%), male children (53.4%), poor parenting (3.4%), and mothers who did not use health services properly (3.4%). There was a significant relationship between maternal education (p = 0.004; OR: 4,813; 95% CI: 1,711-13,537), family income (p = 0.006; OR: 6.145; 95% CI: 1.68-22.43), and maternal knowledge (p = 0.007; OR: 4.389; 95% CI: 1.57-12.23) with the nutritional status of children under five in the working area of the Limo Community Health Center. The suggestion is that the Limo Community Health Center make a program to increase the knowledge capacity of mothers regarding the nutrition of their children.
Abu Tammam Poetical Inspiration from his Forerunners’ Poetry: A Glance through the Aesthetic of Poetical Intertextuality in Light of his Critics’ Views
Authors: Alazzam Badie` Ahmad Hasan
Published: December 2021

Whenever we peruse through the works of Abu Tammam, we would find him being subjected to criticism or disparagement at times or being spoken about and praised at others by a multitude of critics be they prominent or not. Abu Tammam al-Ta'i poetry receded into history, is of a contemporaneous soul; his language, ever so scintillating, dazzles the discerner with pearls that fascinate the spirit before so the thought or sight. On this premise, this study was done based on the idea of observing how Al-Ta’i was influenced by previous poets. Thus, this study aims at observing previous poets' influence over Abu Tammam, which is considered an imprinted characteristic in his poetry- according to Al-Amedi's accusation, when he considered him as following in the path of the modernists. Furthermore, this study aims to elucidate these poetical aesthetics in the meanings that were evoked by Abu Tammam from the poetry of those who came before him, as well as to discuss the views of critics who critically dealt with the poetry of Abu Tammam, especially Al-Amedi in "Al-Mwazanah", and Al-Marzabani in "Al-Muwashah". To prove the two-way poetical influence, this study adopts a methodology that relies on the historical approach. Furthermore, it capitalizes on intertextuality to reveal how Abu Tammam was influenced by previous poets, resorting to analysis as an important procedural tool to get a sense of the aesthetics of Abu Tammam's poetry and that aforementioned influence.