bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the inheritance of resistance and tolerance in cherry (Prunus sp.) to Blumeriella jaapii, the causal agent of cherry leaf spot
Authors: Andersen K. L. , Sebolt A. M. , Sundin G. W. , Iezzoni A. F.
Published: August 2017

Cherry leaf spot (CLS), caused by Blumeriella jaapii, is a serious fungal disease of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). Cultivar Montmorency, the major cultivar grown in the United States, is highly susceptible to CLS. As many as 10 fungicide sprays can be required each growing season to combat this disease; therefore, developing CLS‐resistant cultivars is a top breeding priority. Germplasm previously reported to be resistant or tolerant to CLS was acquired and incorporated into the sour cherry breeding programme at Michigan State University (MSU) and included three cherry species: sour cherry, sweet cherry (P. avium), and the wild species P. canescens. This study aimed to: (i) compare the CLS disease progression profile of the susceptible cultivar Montmorency with those of the resistant and tolerant germplasm; and (ii) gain an understanding of the inheritance of these resistance and tolerance traits by evaluating the host response of progeny individuals belonging to families derived from this germplasm. Significant differences were observed between the susceptible Montmorency and the tolerant and resistant accessions in their response to CLS and its progression during the growing season. Evaluation of the CLS host responses of progeny individuals derived from this germplasm supported a dominant two‐gene model for P. canescens‐derived resistance and a recessive gene model for sweet cherry‐derived tolerance. These insights into disease progression and trait inheritance improve the efficiency and potential success of breeding sour cherry cultivars with durable resistance to CLS.
Complementarity in product, process, and organizational innovation decisions: evidence from European firms
Authors: Carboni Oliviero A. , Russu Paolo
Published: August 2017

This work uses a sample of firm‐level data from seven EU countries to explore the possible roles of simultaneity and heterogeneity in determining firms' decisions to engage in three types of innovation. Process, product, and organizational innovations are considered jointly, by applying a multivariate probit specification. The results support the hypothesis that the three innovation decisions are interdependent. This has straightforward implications for the practice of R&D managers. In order to gain advantages from an innovation, innovation managers need to jointly exploit these different types of innovation activities and their potential synergies. Given that the innovative firms in the sample, desire additional credit which actually they do not obtain, R&D managers should also be concerned with the financing sources firms have access to. Finally, from the analysis it also emerges that public support boost all the three forms of innovation.
Challenges in interprofessional collaboration: experiences of care providers and policymakers in a newly set‐up Dutch assault centre
Authors: Zijlstra Elza , Lo Fo Wong Sylvie , Teerling Anne , Hutschemaekers Giel , Lagro‐Janssen Antoine
Published: August 2017

Background

Sexual and family violence are problems that affect many women and men, and the negative health consequences of violence are numerous. As adequate acute interprofessional care can prevent negative health consequences and improve forensic medical examination, a Centre for Sexual and Family Violence was set up.

Aim

We aimed to improve our understanding of the challenges in interprofessional collaboration in a newly set‐up centre for sexual and family violence.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study with semi‐structured interviews about the experiences with interprofessional collaboration of 16 stakeholders involved in the Centre for Sexual and Family Violence Nijmegen. Participants were selected by purposive sampling.

Results

Participants found that the interprofessional collaboration had improved communication and competences. However, there were challenges too. Firstly, the interprofessional collaboration had brought parties closer together, but the collaboration also forced professionals to strongly define their boundaries. Mutual trust and understanding needed to be built up. Secondly, a balance had to be struck between pursuing the shared vision – which was to improve quality of care for victims – and giving space to organizations' and professionals' own interest. Thirdly, care for victims of sexual and family violence could be demanding on healthcare providers in an emotional sense, which might jeopardize professional's initial motivation for joining the Centre for Sexual and Family Violence Nijmegen.

Conclusion

The interprofessional collaboration in an assault centre improves quality of care for victims, but there are also challenges. The tasks of an assault centre are to create opportunities to discuss professional roles and professional interests, to build up good interpersonal relations in which trust and understanding can grow, to formulate a strong and shared victim‐centred vision and to support care providers with training, feedback and supervision.
First‐order vs. second‐order structural validity of the Health Literacy Scale in patients with diabetes
Authors: Lee Eun‐Hyun , Lee Young Whee
Published: August 2017

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the structural validity of the Health Literacy Scale (HLS) in Korean patients with diabetes based on the previously reported first‐order three‐factor and two‐factor models and a newly proposed second‐order model, to identify which model best represents the structure of the Korean version of the HLS (HLS‐K).

Methods

The HLS was translated from Japanese into Korean using a translation and back‐translation technique. A secondary data analysis was used to validate the structure of the HLS. Data were obtained from a cross‐sectional survey involving 459 adults with diabetes recruited from outpatient clinics at two university hospitals in South Korea. The structural validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the known‐groups validity by education level and internal consistency validity were assessed.

Results

The second‐order three‐factor model of the HLS‐K exhibited a good fit to the data, as indicated by χ2/df = 3.891, SRMR = 0.042, GFI = 0.924, RMSEA = 0.079 (90% CI = 0.069–0.090), and CFI = 0.962. The second‐order three‐factor model empirically demonstrated that both communicative and critical factors explained the variance in the overall health literacy better than did the functional factor. The HLS‐K mean score was significantly lower for patients with only elementary school education than for those with higher education levels, implying the presence of known‐groups validity. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.90.

Conclusions

This study found that the second‐order three‐factor model of the HLS‐K is better than that the original first‐order three‐factor and first‐order two‐factor models. Further validation studies are needed to generalise the underlying structure of the instrument in diabetes populations across various cultures.
SpectraCam®: A new polarized hyperspectral imaging system for repeatable and reproducible in vivo skin quantification of melanin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation
Authors: Nkengne A. , Robic J. , Seroul P. , Gueheunneux S. , Jomier M. , Vie K.
Published: August 2017

Background

An accurate way to determine skin pigmentation is to acquire the spectral reflectance of a skin sample and to quantify chromophores by reverse calculation from physical models of light propagation. Therefore, we tested a new hyperspectral imaging device and software suite, the SpectraCam® system, and evaluated its accuracy to quantify skin chromophores.

Methods

Validation of the SpectraCam® system was performed by, firstly, comparing the known and the acquired reflectance spectra of color phantoms. Repeatability and reproducibility were then evaluated by two operators who performed acquisitions at different time points and compared the acquired reflectance spectra. The specificity of the system was tested by quantitative analysis of single chromophore variation models: lentigo and pressure relief. Finally, we tested the ability of the SpectraCam® system to detect variations in chromophore in the eye region due to the daily application of a new anti‐dark circle cosmetic product.

Results

The SpectraCam® system faithfully acquires the reflectance spectra of color phantoms (r2>0.90). The skin reflectance spectra acquired by different operators at different times are highly repeatable (r2>0.94) and reproducible (r2>0.99). The SpectraCam® system can also produce qualitative maps that reveal local variations in skin chromophore or underlying structures such as blood vessels. The system is precise enough to detect melanin variation in lentigo or total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation variations upon pressure relief. It is also sensitive enough to detect a decrease in melanin in the eye region due to the application of an anti‐dark circle cosmetic product.

Conclusion

The SpectraCam® system proves to be rapid and produces high‐resolution data encompassing a large field of view. It is a robust hyperspectral imaging system that quantifies melanin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation and is well adapted to cosmetic research.
In vivo measurements of blood vessels’ distribution in non‐melanoma skin cancer by dynamic optical coherence tomography — a new quantitative measure?
Authors: Sigsgaard V. , Themstrup L. , Theut Riis P. , Olsen J. , Jemec G. B.
Published: August 2017

Background

Skin biopsies only provide point‐in‐time data making longitudinal studies difficult. Using Dynamic optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT) in vivo, non‐invasive imaging of the microvasculature becomes possible. The current OCT literature is almost exclusively based on qualitative information but quantitative data may offer additional advantages, for example, by reducing observer variation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo superficial distribution of blood vessels, defined as the surface‐to‐first‐vessel distance, in actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and normal skin.

Methods

D‐OCT images of 52 histologically verified lesions and corresponding normal skin were included. The dataset consisted of 13 AK, 22 BCC and 17 SCC. No tumour sub‐classification was done.

Results

The quantitative measurement of the surface‐to‐first‐vessel distance showed a significant difference between NMSC and corresponding normal skin. Significant differences were also seen for BCC, and it is hypothesized that the measure may also be able to distinguish between AK and SCC (borderline significant differences).

Conclusion

Our results could prove useful in discriminating between non‐melanoma skin cancer lesions and healthy skin and in making a specific diagnosis. It is suggested that collecting different quantitative measurements increases the utility of D–OCT and makes the method less observer‐dependent.
On the Optimal Decomposition of High-Dimensional Solution Spaces of Complex Systems
Authors: Erschen Stefan , Duddeck Fabian , Gerdts Matthias , Zimmermann Markus
Published: August 2017

In the early development phase of complex technical systems, uncertainties caused by unknown design restrictions must be considered. In order to avoid premature design decisions, sets of good designs, i.e., designs which satisfy all design goals, are sought rather than one optimal design that may later turn out to be infeasible. A set of good designs is called a solution space and serves as target region for design variables, including those that quantify properties of components or subsystems. Often, the solution space is approximated, e.g., to enable independent development work. Algorithms that approximate the solution space as high-dimensional boxes are available, in which edges represent permissible intervals for single design variables. The box size is maximized to provide large target regions and facilitate design work. As a result of geometrical mismatch, however, boxes typically capture only a small portion of the complete solution space. To reduce this loss of solution space while still enabling independent development work, this paper presents a new approach that optimizes a set of permissible two-dimensional (2D) regions for pairs of design variables, so-called 2D-spaces. Each 2D-space is confined by polygons. The Cartesian product of all 2D-spaces forms a solution space for all design variables. An optimization problem is formulated that maximizes the size of the solution space, and is solved using an interior-point algorithm. The approach is applicable to arbitrary systems with performance measures that can be expressed or approximated as linear functions of their design variables. Its effectiveness is demonstrated in a chassis design problem.
Amplitude Induced Nonlinearity in Piston Mode Resonant Flow: A Fully Viscous Numerical Analysis
Authors: Bonfiglio Luca , Brizzolara Stefano
Published: August 2017

Near field flow characteristics around catamarans close to resonant conditions involve violent viscous flow such as energetic vortex shedding and steep wave making. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive numerical investigation of these phenomena at various oscillating frequencies and separation distances of twin sections. The numerical model is based on the solution of Navier–Stokes equations assuming laminar-flow conditions with a volume of fluid (VOF) approach which has proven to be particularly effective in predicting strongly nonlinear radiated waves which directly affect the magnitude of the hydrodynamic forces around resonant frequencies. Considered nonlinear effects include wave breaking, vortex shedding and wave-body wave-wave interactions. The method is first validated using available experiments on twin circular sections: the agreement in a very wide frequency range is improved over traditional linear potential flow based solutions. Particular attention is given to the prediction of added mass and damping coefficients at resonant conditions where linear potential flow methods fail, if empirical viscous corrections are not included. The results of the systematic investigation show for the first time how the so-called piston-mode motion characteristics are nonlinearly dependent on the gap width and motion amplitude. At low oscillation amplitudes, flow velocity reduces and so does the energy lost for viscous effects. On the other hand for higher oscillation amplitude, the internal free surface breaks dissipating energy hence reducing the piston mode amplitude. These effects cannot be numerically demonstrated without a computational technique able to capture free surface nonlinearity and viscous effects.
Effect of Corner Radius in Stabilizing the Low-Re Flow Past a Cylinder
Authors: Zhang Wei , Samtaney Ravi
Published: August 2017

We perform global linear stability analysis on low-Re flow past an isolated cylinder with rounded corners. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of cylinder geometry (corner radius) on the stability characteristics of the flow. Our investigation sheds light on new physics that the flow can be stabilized by partially rounding the cylinder in the critical and weakly supercritical flow regimes. The flow is first stabilized and then gradually destabilized as the cylinder varies from square to circular geometry. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the variation of stability is attributed to the different spatial variation trends of the backflow velocity in the near- and far-wake regions for various cylinder geometries. The results from the stability analysis are also verified with those of the direct simulations, and very good agreement is achieved.
Numerical Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Cooling Passage With Turning Vane in Hub Region
Authors: Chu Hung-Chieh , Chen Hamn-Ching , Han Je-Chin
Published: August 2017

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transfer was performed in a multipass rectangular (AR = 2:1) rotating cooling channel with and without turning vane in the hub region under various flow conditions, with two different Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 25,000, two different channel orientations of 45-deg and 90-deg, and the rotation number varies from 0 to 0.2. This study shows that the addition of the turning vane in the hub turn region does not cause much impact to the flow before the hub. However, it significantly alters the flow reattachment and vortex distribution in the hub turn region and after the hub turn portion. The local heat transfer is deeply influenced by this complex flow field and this turning vane effect lasts from the hub turn region to the portion after it.
Macrodinychus tanduk sp. nov., an unusual new macrodinychid species from Sumatra, Indonesia (Mesostigmata Uropodina), with notes on the Macrodinychidae fam. nov.
Authors: Kontschán Jeno
Published: August 2017

A new diagnosis and the type genus of Macrodinychidae fam. nov. are given with the  description of a new and very extreme macrodinychid mite (Macrodinychus tanduk sp. nov.) from Sumatra, Indonesia. The two horn-like processes formed on the anterior region of idiosoma, a strongly sclerotized half-ring-like court situated posterior to genital opening and the large and semicircular pygidial shield are unusual character states within the family Macrodinychidae. A new, updated key to the macrodinychid species is given.
Morphological ontogeny of Unguizetes ermilovi sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Mochlozetidae) from Malaysia, and comments on Unguizetes Sellnick
Authors: Seniczak Stanisław , Kaczmarek Sławomir , Seniczak Anna
Published: August 2017

Unguizetes ermilovi sp. nov. from Malaysia and its morphological ontogeny is described and illustrated and compared with congeners. The adult of U. ermilovi sp. nov. has well developed lamellae and translamella, being the most similar to U. clavatus Aoki, 1967 and U. inermis Mahunka, 1990, but differs from them by the shape of the lamellar complex and porose areas on the notogaster. Most prodorsal and gastronotal setae of juveniles of the new species are long. The larva has 12 pairs of gastronotal setae, of which c2, la and lp are of medium size and h3 is short, and c2, l-series and h1 are with excentrosclerites. The nymphs have 15 pairs of setae, of which c2, la and p-series are short, and all gastronotal setae are with excentrosclerites.
New Trizetoidea (Acari, Oribatida) from the Philippines
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Corpuz-raros Leonila
Published: August 2017

Two new species of oribatid mites of the superfamily Trizetoidea (Acari, Oribatida) are described from the Philippines. Eurhynchoribates (Eurhynchoribates) nuevavizcayaensis sp. nov. (Rhynchoribatidae) is similar to E. (E.) pocsi (Mahunka, 1986) in having the interlamellar setae the longest of the setae on the prodorsum, setiform, thickened; mostly long notogastral setae; setiform, thickened aggenital and adanal setae; and localization of ad3 in paraanal and adanal lyrifissures in inverse apoanal positions. It differs by the pointed rostrum, h1 longest of the setae on the notogaster, and the absence of lateral teeth on the rostrum. Suctobelbila trifasciata sp. nov. (Suctobelbidae) is similar to S. baderi Mahunka, 1988 in having two lateral longitudinally oriented ridges on the notogaster, but differs by its larger body size, in having two or three pairs of rostral teeth, three longitudinal notogastral ridges, six pairs of genital setae and the absence of humeral tubercles.
A new genus and species of larval Erythraeinae (Acari: Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on Collembola from Iran
Authors: Noei Javad , Saboori Alireza , Hakimitabar Masoud , Hasanvand Iman , Sedghi Ali
Published: August 2017

Collemboerythraeus vosoughae Noei, Saboori and Hakimitabar gen. et sp. nov. (Acari: Erythraeidae) is described and illustrated from larvae ectoparasitic on unidentified springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola: Sminthuridae) from Jahrom city, Fars province, and also from soil samples (off host) from Khorramabad city, Lorestan province, Iran. A key to the genera of larval Erythraeinae is presented.
Low-temperature and scalable CVD route to WS2 monolayers on SiO2/Si substrates
Authors: Cadot Stéphane , Renault Olivier , Rouchon Denis , Mariolle Denis , Nolot Emmanuel , Thieuleux Chloé , Veyre Laurent , Okuno Hanako , Martin François , Quadrelli Elsje Alessandra
Published: August 2017

Tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers are promising for next-generation flat electronics, but few scalable deposition methods are currently available. Here, the authors report the fabrication of tungsten disulfide monolayers through a novel two-step chemical vapor deposition process involving the deposition of an amorphous tungsten sulfide layer at a relatively mild temperature from the W(CO)6 and 1,2-ethanedithiol precursors, followed by a short annealing at 800 °C under an inert atmosphere. This two-step process allows the fabrication of a crystalline WS2 deposit with a low thermal budget. Raman, x-ray photoelectron, and wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopic studies performed before and after annealing confirmed the deposition of a sulfur-rich amorphous intermediate, and further confirmed its conversion upon annealing toward oriented 2D WS2 crystals in the 1–2 monolayer range, as corroborated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Experimental and computational studies on toughness enhancement in Ti-Al-Ta-N quaternaries
Authors: Mikula Marián , Truchlý Martin , Sangiovanni Davide G. , Plašienka Dušan , Roch Tomáš , Gregor Maroš , Ďurina Pavol , Janík Marián , Kúš Peter
Published: August 2017

Design of hard ceramic material coatings with enhanced toughness, which prevents crack formation/propagation leading to brittle failure during application, is a primary industrial requirement. In this work, experimental methods supported by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electronic structure analyses are used to investigate the mechanical behavior of magnetron sputtered Ti-Al-Ta-N hard coatings. The as-deposited Ti1-x-yAlxTayN (y = 0–0.60) films exhibit a single phase cubic sodium chloride (B1) structure identified as TiAl(Ta)N solid solutions. While the hardness H of Ti0.46Al0.54N (32.5 ± 2 GPa) is not significantly affected by alloying with TaN (H of the quaternary nitrides varies between 26 ± 2 and 35 ± 4 GPa), the elastic stiffness monotonically decreases from 442 to 354 GPa with increasing Ta contents, which indicates improved toughness in TiAlTaN. Consistent with the experimental findings, the DFT results show that Ta substitutions in TiAlN reduce the shear resistance due to the enhanced occupation of metal-metal bonding states while preserving strong metal–N bonds. The metal–N bonding character, however, is progressively modified from prevalently ionic (TiAlN) toward more covalent (TiAlTaN).
Identification of perceptually relevant methods of inter-aural time difference estimation
Authors: Andreopoulou Areti , Katz Brian F. G.
Published: August 2017

The inter-aural time difference (ITD) is a fundamental cue for human sound localization. Over the past decades several methods have been proposed for its estimation from measured head-related impulse response (HRIR) data. Nevertheless, inter-method variations in ITD calculation have been found to exceed the known just noticeable differences (JNDs), leading to possible perceptible artifacts in virtual binaural auditory scenes, when personalized HRIRs are being used. In the absence of an objective means for validating ITD estimations, this paper examines which methods lead to the most perceptually relevant results. A subjective lateralization study compared objective ITDs to perceptually evaluated inter-aural pure delay offsets. Results clearly indicate the first-onset threshold detection method, using a low relative threshold of −30 dB, applied on 3 kHz low-pass filtered HRIRs as consistently the most perceptually relevant procedure across various metrics. Several alternative threshold values and methods based on the maximum or centroid of the inter-aural cross correlation of similarly filtered HRIR or HRIR envelopes also provided reasonable results. On the contrary, phase-based methods employing the integrated relative group delay or auditory model were not found to perform as well.
An International Comparison of Nutrition Education Standards, Occupational Standards and Scopes of Practice for Personal Trainers
Authors: Barnes Katelyn , Ball Lauren , Desbrow Ben
Published: August 2017

Personal trainers are well placed to provide nutrition care in line with their recommended scope of practice. However, providing nutrition care beyond their recommended scope of practice has been identified as an industry risk. The International Confederation of Registers for Exercise Professionals (ICREPs) have international standards for nutrition knowledge and skills that are recommended for all fitness professionals, including personal trainers. This study investigates whether the ICREPs standards align with i) national nutrition education standards and ii) national nutrition occupational standards and scopes of practice for personal trainers within ICREPs affiliated countries. Content analysis of each standard and/or scope of practice was undertaken to extract nutrition statements. Extracted statements were matched with nutrition components of the ICREPs standards to result in a score based on the number of aligned ICREPs knowledge and skills criteria. Ten countries, with 16 organizations, were identified as being involved in the development of national education standards, occupational standards, or scopes of practice for personal trainers. The educational and occupational standards varied widely among countries and had minimal alignment with the ICREPs standards. As such, the expected role of personal trainers in providing nutrition care appeared to differ between countries. Further work is required to support personal trainers to develop a level of knowledge and skills that enables the provision of safe, consistent, and effective nutrition care.
Prediction of the Maximum Number of Repetitions and Repetitions in Reserve From Barbell Velocity
Authors: García-Ramos Amador , Torrejón Alejandro , Feriche Belén , Morales-Artacho Antonio J. , Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , Padial Paulino , Haff Guy Gregory
Published: August 2017

Purpose: To provide 2 general equations to estimate the maximum possible number of repetitions (XRM) from the mean velocity (MV) of the barbell and the MV associated with a given number of repetitions in reserve, as well as to determine the between-sessions reliability of the MV associated with each XRM. Methods: After determination of the bench-press 1-repetition maximum (1RM; 1.15 ± 0.21 kg/kg body mass), 21 men (age 23.0 ± 2.7 y, body mass 72.7 ± 8.3 kg, body height 1.77 ± 0.07 m) completed 4 sets of as many repetitions as possible against relative loads of 60%1RM, 70%1RM, 80%1RM, and 90%1RM over 2 separate sessions. The different loads were tested in a randomized order with 10 min of rest between them. All repetitions were performed at the maximum intended velocity. Results: Both the general equation to predict the XRM from the fastest MV of the set (CV = 15.8–18.5%) and the general equation to predict MV associated with a given number of repetitions in reserve (CV = 14.6–28.8%) failed to provide data with acceptable between-subjects variability. However, a strong relationship (median r2 = .984) and acceptable reliability (CV < 10% and ICC > .85) were observed between the fastest MV of the set and the XRM when considering individual data. Conclusions: These results indicate that generalized group equations are not acceptable methods for estimating the XRM–MV relationship or the number of repetitions in reserve. When attempting to estimate the XRM–MV relationship, one must use individualized relationships to objectively estimate the exact number of repetitions that can be performed in a training set.
Behavioral Effects of a Locomotor-Based Physical Activity Intervention in Preschoolers
Authors: Burkart Sarah , Roberts Jasmin , Davidson Matthew C. , Alhassan Sofiya
Published: August 2017

Background: Poor adaptive learning behaviors (ie, distractibility, inattention, and disruption) are associated with behavior problems and underachievement in school, as well as indicating potential attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Strategies are needed to limit these behaviors. Physical activity (PA) has been suggested to improve behavior in school-aged children, but little is known about this relationship in preschoolers. This study examined the effects of a PA intervention on classroom behaviors in preschool-aged children. Methods:Eight preschool classrooms (n = 71 children; age = 3.8 ± 0.7 y) with children from low socioeconomic environments were randomized to a locomotor-based PA (LB-PA) or unstructured free playtime (UF-PA) group. Both interventions were implemented by classroom teachers and delivered for 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 6 months. Classroom behavior was measured in both groups at 3 time points, whereas PA was assessed at 2 time points over a 6-month period and analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling. Results:Linear growth models showed significant decreases in hyperactivity (LB-PA: −2.58 points, P = .001; UF-PA: 2.33 points, P = .03), aggression (LB-PA: −2.87 points, P = .01; UF-PA: 0.97 points, P = .38) and inattention (LB-PA: 1.59 points, P < .001; UF-PA: 3.91 points, P < .001). Conclusions: This research provides promising evidence for the efficacy of LB-PA as a strategy to improve classroom behavior in preschoolers.
Exercise Predicts Long-Term Weight Loss in Women With Class 1 and Class 2 Obesity Through Effects on Emotional Eating and its Correlates
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2017

Background:The relationship between exercise and long-term weight loss is definitive. However, in deconditioned individuals, the basis of that relationship beyond minimal energy expenditures is unclear. Effects emanating from exercise’s proposed association with changes in emotional eating and its psychosocial correlates were tested.Methods:Women with class 1 (n = 67) and class 2 (n = 53) obesity, participating in a new community-based weight-loss treatment based on tenets of social cognitive theory, were assessed at baseline and Months 3, 6, 12, and 24 on weight and measures of exercise outputs, emotional eating, eating self-regulation, and negative mood. An exercise-support component was provided for 2 months prior to group nutrition-change sessions.Results:Improvements from baseline were significant on all measures but did not significantly differ by group. Although not for the initial 3 months, changes in exercise significantly predicted weight changes over 6, 12, and 24 months from baseline. However, only 26%–31% of the lost weight was directly attributable to exercise-related energy expenditures. Changes in emotional eating significantly mediated the exercise–weight-loss relationship, and changes in self-regulation and mood significantly mediated the exercise–emotional eating relationship.Conclusions:Findings supported exercise’s role in long-term weight loss primarily through psychosocial factors.
Fairy circle landscapes under the sea
Authors: Ruiz-Reynés Daniel , Gomila Damià , Sintes Tomàs , Hernández-García Emilio , Marbà Núria , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: August 2017

We derive a model explaining the formation of fairy circles and patterns in seagrasses along the Mediterranean coast.
Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia
Authors: Im Eun-Soon , Pal Jeremy S. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: August 2017

Climate change poses a deadly heat wave risk to South Asia due to population density, poverty, and outdoor working conditions.
Chemotactic synthetic vesicles: Design and applications in blood-brain barrier crossing
Authors: Joseph Adrian , Contini Claudia , Cecchin Denis , Nyberg Sophie , Ruiz-Perez Lorena , Gaitzsch Jens , Fullstone Gavin , Tian Xiaohe , Azizi Juzaili , Preston Jane , Volpe Giorgio , Battaglia Giuseppe
Published: August 2017

Brain homing nanoswimmers: Glucose-fueled propulsion combined with blood-brain barrier crossing enhances brain delivery.
A bimodal activation mechanism underlies scorpion toxin–induced pain
Authors: Yang Shilong , Yang Fan , Zhang Bei , Lee Bo Hyun , Li Bowen , Luo Lei , Zheng Jie , Lai Ren
Published: August 2017

A scorpion toxin uses protons in the venom as coactivators to target nociceptive ion channel TRPV1 and cause pain.
Stealing industrial secrets pays off—at first
Authors: Matacic Catherine
Published: August 2017

East German records show economic espionage is like R&D “on cocaine” for perpetrators.
Embryo editing takes another step to clinic
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: August 2017

Improvements in CRISPR's efficiency intensify ethical debates on changing germline.
Winter storms drive rapid phenotypic, regulatory, and genomic shifts in the green anole lizard
Authors: Campbell-Staton Shane C. , Cheviron Zachary A. , Rochette Nicholas , Catchen Julian , Losos Jonathan B. , Edwards Scott V.
Published: August 2017

Extreme events bring rapid change

Environmental adaptation is often considered a slow process. However, extreme events, such as heat waves or cold snaps, can produce rapid changes, both morphologically and genetically. Campbell-Staton
et al.
studied a population of green anole lizards during an extreme cold snap in the southern United States (see the Perspective by Grant). After the cold snap, the lizards showed greater cold resistance and displayed changes in six genomic regions that are important for regulation of function in the cold. Understanding how extreme climatic events influence adaptive potential will become increasingly important as the climate becomes more volatile.

Science
, this issue p.
495
; see also p.
451
Revealing hidden antiferromagnetic correlations in doped Hubbard chains via string correlators
Authors: Hilker Timon A. , Salomon Guillaume , Grusdt Fabian , Omran Ahmed , Boll Martin , Demler Eugene , Bloch Immanuel , Gross Christian
Published: August 2017

Spin-charge separation in atomic chains

Strongly interacting electrons lined up along a string can experience the so-called spin-charge separation, where the electrons “split” into effective carriers of spin and charge, which then move independently. This phenomenon has been observed, somewhat indirectly, in solids. Hilker
et al.
show spin-charge separation in a direct way by using a one-dimensional (1D) array of cold atoms, playing the role of electrons, whose degrees of freedom of spin and charge can be monitored using a fermionic quantum gas microscope. Empty sites in the 1D lattice moved freely without disturbing the underlying antiferromagnetic order.

Science
, this issue p.
484
Chemogenetics revealed: DREADD occupancy and activation via converted clozapine
Authors: Gomez Juan L. , Bonaventura Jordi , Lesniak Wojciech , Mathews William B. , Sysa-Shah Polina , Rodriguez Lionel A. , Ellis Randall J. , Richie Christopher T. , Harvey Brandon K. , Dannals Robert F. , Pomper Martin G. , Bonci Antonello , Michaelides Michael
Published: August 2017

DREADD not the designer compound

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) constitute a powerful chemogenetic strategy that can modulate nerve cell activity in freely moving animal preparations. Gomez
et al.
used radioligand receptor occupancy measurements and in vivo positron emission tomography to show that DREADDs expressed in the brain are not activated by the designer compound CNO (clozapine
N
-oxide). Instead, they are activated by the CNO metabolite clozapine, a drug with multiple endogenous targets. This may have important implications for the interpretation of results obtained with this popular technology.

Science
, this issue p.
503
Postmodern Prometheus
Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Max Tegmark
Knopf, 2017. 360 pp.
Authors: Hirsh Haym
Published: August 2017

A physicist's guide explores the future of artificial intelligence
The perils of permanence
Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States
James C. Scott
Yale University Press, 2017. 336 pp.
Authors: Shablovsky Suzanne
Published: August 2017

Hunters and foragers thrived while early agrarian societies struggled, argues an anthropologist
Neuromodulation with nanoparticles
Authors: Airan Raag
Published: August 2017

Ultrasonic drug uncaging shows potential for noninvasive manipulation of the
brain
Evolution, climate change, and extreme events
Authors: Grant Peter R.
Published: August 2017

Cold tolerance allows a selected few anole lizards to survive a cold snap
A Combination of Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strains Expressing Pneumococcal Proteins Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Protects against Pneumococcal Colonization and Sepsis
Authors: Goulart Cibelly , Rodriguez Dunia , Kanno Alex I. , Converso Thiago Rojas , Lu Ying-Jie , Malley Richard , Leite Luciana C. C.
Published: August 2017

Pneumococcal diseases remain a substantial cause of mortality in young children in developing countries. The development of potentially serotype-transcending vaccines has been extensively studied; ideally, such a vaccine should include antigens that are able to induce protection against colonization (likely mediated by interleukin-17A [IL-17A]) and invasive disease (likely mediated by antibody). The use of strong adjuvants or alternative delivery systems that are able to improve the immunological response of recombinant proteins has been proposed but poses potential safety and practical concerns in children. We have previously constructed a recombinant
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG strain expressing a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-PdT fusion protein (rBCG PspA-PdT) that was able to induce an effective immune response and protection against sepsis in a prime-boost strategy. Here, we constructed two new rBCG strains expressing the pneumococcal proteins SP 0148 and SP 2108, which confer IL-17A-dependent protection against pneumococcal colonization in mouse models. Immunization of mice with rBCG 0148 or rBCG 2108 in a prime-boost strategy induced IL-17A and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. The combination of these rBCG strains with rBCG PspA-PdT (rBCG Mix), followed by a booster dose of the combined recombinant proteins (rMix) induced an IL-17A response against SP 0148 and SP 2108 and a humoral response characterized by increased levels of IgG2c against PspA and functional antibodies against pneumolysin. Furthermore, immunization with the rBCG Mix prime/rMix booster (rBCG Mix/rMix) provides protection against pneumococcal colonization and sepsis. These results suggest the use of combined rBCG strains as a potentially serotype-transcending pneumococcal vaccine in a prime-boost strategy, which could provide protection against pneumococcal colonization and sepsis.
HRAS
,
EGFR
,
MET
, and
RON
Genes Are Recurrently Activated by Provirus Insertion in Liver Tumors Induced by the Retrovirus Myeloblastosis-Associated Virus 2
Authors: Pecenka Vladimir , Pajer Petr , Karafiat Vít , Kasparova Petra , Dudlova Jana , Dvorak Michal
Published: August 2017

Myeloblastosis-associated virus 2 (MAV-2) is a highly tumorigenic simple avian retrovirus. Chickens infected
in ovo
with MAV-2 develop tumors in the kidneys, lungs, and liver with a short latency, less than 8 weeks. Here we report the results of molecular analyses of MAV-2-induced liver tumors that fall into three classes: hepatic hemangiosarcomas (HHSs), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs), and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Comprehensive inverse PCR-based screening of 92 chicken liver tumors revealed that in ca. 86% of these tumors, MAV-2 provirus had integrated into one of four gene loci:
HRAS
,
EGFR
,
MET
, and
RON
. Insertionally mutated genes correlated with tumor type:
HRAS
was hit in HHSs,
MET
in ICCs,
RON
mostly in ICCs, and
EGFR
mostly in HCCs. The provirus insertions led to the overexpression of the affected genes and, in the case of
EGFR
and
RON
, also to the truncation of exons encoding the extracellular ligand-binding domains of these transmembrane receptors. The structures of truncated
EGFR
and
RON
closely mimic the structures of oncogenic variants of these genes frequently found in human tumors (
EGFRvIII
and
sfRON
).

IMPORTANCE
These data describe the mechanisms of oncogenesis induced in chickens by the MAV-2 retrovirus. They also show that molecular processes converting cellular regulatory genes to cancer genes may be remarkably similar in chickens and humans. We suggest that the MAV-2 retrovirus-based model can complement experiments performed using mouse models and provide data that could translate to human medicine.
Human Metapneumovirus M2-2 Protein Acts as a Negative Regulator of Alpha Interferon Production by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Kitagawa Yoshinori , Sakai Madoka , Funayama Mariko , Itoh Masae , Gotoh Bin
Published: August 2017

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has the ability to inhibit Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-dependent alpha interferon (IFN-α) production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). However, the inhibition mechanism remains largely unknown. To identify viral proteins responsible for this inhibition, we performed a screening of HMPV open reading frames (ORFs) for the ability to block TLR7/9-dependent signaling reconstituted in HEK293T cells by transfection with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), IKKα, and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). This screening demonstrated that the M2-2 protein was the most potent inhibitor of TLR7/9-dependent IFN-α induction. A recombinant HMPV in which the M2-2 ORF was silenced indeed induced greater IFN-α production by human pDCs than wild-type HMPV did. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed direct physical association of the M2-2 protein with the inhibitory domain (ID) of IRF7. As a natural consequence of this, transfection of IRF7 lacking the ID, a constitutively active mutant, resulted in activation of the IFN-α promoter even in the presence of M2-2. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays and split
Renilla
luciferase complementation assays revealed that M2-2 inhibited MyD88/TRAF6/IKKα-induced homodimerization of IRF7. In contrast, expression of the M2-2 protein did not result in inhibition of IPS-1-induced homodimerization and resultant activation of IRF7. This indicates that inhibition of MyD88/TRAF6/IKKα-induced IRF7 homodimerization does not result from a steric effect of M2-2 binding. Instead, it was found that M2-2 inhibited MyD88/TRAF6/IKKα-induced phosphorylation of IRF7 on Ser477. These results suggest that M2-2 blocks TLR7/9-dependent IFN-α induction by preventing IRF7 homodimerization, possibly through its effects on the phosphorylation status of IRF7.

IMPORTANCE
The family
Paramyxoviridae
is divided into two subfamilies, the
Paramyxovirinae
and the
Pneumovirinae
. Members of the subfamily
Paramyxovirinae
have the ability to inhibit TLR7/9-dependent IFN-α production, and the underlying inhibition mechanism has been intensively studied. In contrast, little is known about how members of the subfamily
Pneumovirinae
regulate IFN-α production by pDCs. We identified the M2-2 protein of HMPV, a member of the subfamily
Pneumovirinae
, as a negative regulator of IFN-α production by pDCs and uncovered the underlying mechanism. This study explains in part why the M2-2 knockout recombinant HMPV is attenuated and further suggests that M2-2 is a potential target for HMPV therapy.
Mechanism of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Induction in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages
Authors: Nasr Najla , Alshehri Abdullateef A. , Wright Thomas K. , Shahid Maryam , Heiner Bonnie M. , Harman Andrew N. , Botting Rachel A. , Helbig Karla J. , Beard Michael R. , Suzuki Kazuo , Kelleher Anthony D. , Hertzog Paul , Cunningham Anthony L.
Published: August 2017

Viruses manipulate the complex interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system in different ways. We have previously shown that HIV inhibits type I and III interferons in its key target cells but directly stimulates a subset of >20 ISGs in macrophages and dendritic cells, many of which are antiviral. Here, we examine the mechanism of induction of ISGs and show this occurs in two phases. The first phase was transient (0 to 24 h postinfection [hpi]), induced mainly by extracellular vesicles and one of its component proteins, HSP90α, contained within the HIV inoculum. The second, dominant, and persistent phase (>48 hpi) was induced via newly transcribed HIV RNA and sensed via RIGI, as shown by the reduction in ISG expression after the knockdown of the RIGI adaptor, MAVS, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the inhibition of both the initiation and elongation of HIV transcription by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transcriptional silencing. We further define the induction pathway, showing sequential HIV RNA stimulation via Tat, RIGI, MAVS, IRF1, and IRF7, also identified by siRNA knockdown. IRF1 also plays a key role in the first phase. We also show that the ISGs IFIT1 to -3 inhibit HIV production, measured as extracellular infectious virus. All induced antiviral ISGs probably lead to restriction of HIV replication in macrophages, contributing to a persistent, noncytopathic infection, while the inhibition of interferon facilitates spread to adjacent cells. Both may influence the size of macrophage HIV reservoirs
in vivo
. Elucidating the mechanisms of ISG induction may help in devising immunotherapeutic strategies to limit the size of these reservoirs.

IMPORTANCE
HIV, like other viruses, manipulates the antiviral interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system to facilitate its initial infection and establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV specifically inhibits all type I and III interferons in its target cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. It also induces a subset of over 20 ISGs of differing compositions in each cell target. This occurs in two temporal phases in macrophages. Extracellular vesicles contained within the inoculum induce the first, transient phase of ISGs. Newly transcribed HIV RNA induce the second, dominant ISG phase, and here, the full induction pathway is defined. Therefore, HIV nucleic acids, which are potent inducers of interferon and ISGs, are initially concealed, and antiviral ISGs are not fully induced until replication is well established. These antiviral ISGs may contribute to persistent infection in macrophages and to the establishment of viral reservoirs
in vivo
.