bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seleção de refratários para fornos de cozimento de anodo
Authors: Tiba P. R. T. , Teider B.H. , Figueiredo F. , Gallo J. B. , Pandolfelli V. C.
Published: May 2009

Nos últimos anos, a produção mundial de alumínio tem aumentado e para as empresas continuarem competitivas torna-se necessário que a média do custo de produção do metal seja reduzida. Uma das alternativas é aumentar a vida útil dos refratários usados em fornos de cozimento de anodo, bem como a sua capacidade de produção. Ambas estratégias podem resultar em maior qualidade do anodo e redução no custo de manutenção do forno. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a caracterização termo-mecânica dos tijolos refratários utilizados em fornos de cozimento de anodo e a resistência destes materiais ao ataque químico. Os resultados indicam que a escolha da composição mais adequada depende de uma análise sistêmica das propriedades a alta temperatura, da resistência química e das práticas operacionais do forno.
Controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro com fungicidas e fosfitos avaliados em pré e pós-colheita
Authors: Moreira Luciene Martins , May-de Mio Louise Larissa
Published: May 2009

A podridão parda é a doença mais importante para a cultura do pessegueiro, entretanto, no Brasil são escassos os trabalhos realizados a campo visando o seu controle. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, selecionar fungicidas em laboratório e avaliar a sua eficiência e de fosfitos a campo, para o controle da podridão parda monitorando as fases de desenvolvimento de frutos e pós-colheita, além de avaliar as características qualitativas dos frutos. O experimento de campo foi realizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: três fungicidas pré-selecionados in vitro (iminoctadine tris albesilate, myclobutanil e iprodione), dois fosfitos (CaB e de K) e testemunha. Foi avaliada a incidência de infecções latentes de Monilinia fructicola em frutos em desenvolvimento e em frutos maduros após a colheita. Para os frutos em desenvolvimento observou-se maior incidência nas duas últimas coletas. No campo, o iprodione e o iminoctadine mostraram eficiência no controle da doença durante as avaliações. Após três dias no ambiente o iminoctadine foi melhor que os demais tratamentos mantendo a incidência da podridão parda em 1,0% contra 31,4% no tratamento com iprodione e 91,2% na testemunha. O fosfito de CaB não mostrou diferença em relação à testemunha no decorrer das avaliações, mas o fosfito de K, reduziu em 60 e 28% o número de frutos doentes aos três e cinco dias, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. Quanto aos parâmetros de qualidade, o peso médio dos frutos, o diâmetro e a firmeza da polpa, não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha.
Dinâmica populacional e evolução de dano de Triozoida limbata (Hemiptera: Psillydae) em goiabeira, em Jaboticabal, SP
Authors: Colombi Carlos Alexandre , Galli Júlio César
Published: May 2009

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, conhecer a dinâmica populacional de Triozoida limbata em um pomar de goiaba submetido ao uso mínimo de inseticida no município de Jaboticabal - SP. Para o estudo da flutuação populacional e a evolução do dano do psilídeo foram analisadas quinzenalmente vinte plantas do pomar, no período de março de 2005 a junho de 2006. Para cada planta foram avaliadas dez folhas contendo o sintoma do ataque do psilídeo. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o número de ninfas e a porcentagem de dano causado nas folhas, de acordo com uma escala de notas. Esses parâmetros foram analisados em histogramas e correlacionados com os fatores meteorológicos. A densidade populacional do psilídeo aumentou com o surgimento das brotações e apresentou uma correlação positiva com a temperatura. O dano do psilídeo acompanhou a densidade populacional da praga. As maiores densidades populacionais de psilídeo ocorrem nos meses de setembro a novembro; e as menores entre os meses de maio a julho.
Efeito de fungicidas e influência de fatores climáticos sobre a mancha manteigosa no cafeeiro
Authors: Ferreira Josimar Batista , Abreu Mario Sobral de , Pereira Igor Souza , Fernandes Katiucia Dias , Pereira Ricardo Borges
Published: May 2009

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de alguns fungicidas no controle da mancha manteigosa (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) em campo, e verificar os efeitos climáticos no progresso da doença. Foram conduzidos ensaios sobre cafeeiros da cultivar Catucaí Vermelho, com aproximadamente 8 anos de idade. Os fungicidas testados foram: tetraconazol, triadimenol, chlorotalonil e mancozeb, nas dosagens de 1,0L/ha, 12Kg/ha, 3Kg/ha e 2Kg/ha, respectivamente. Coletaram-se dados climáticos diariamente, no período de outubro de 2004 a maio de 2006. Os fungicidas chlorotalonil e triadimenol foram os que proporcionaram os melhores resultados de eficiência de controle do progresso de morte de ramos e frutos, destacando a produção de frutos cereja. Entre os meses de outubro a janeiro, verificou-se elevado progresso de mortes de ramos influenciado pelas altas precipitações pluviais. Os fungicidas tetraconazol e o mancozeb mostraram-se ineficientes. Plantas com mancha manteigosa, mesmo quando pulverizadas com fungicidas, tiveram significativa queda de frutos, enquanto plantas sadias apresentaram produções 95% superiores àquelas.
Produtividade da marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (lam.) DC.]em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major l. )
Authors: Ajalla Ana Cristina Araújo , Vieira Maria do Carmo , Zarate Néstor A. Heredia , Mota José Hortêncio , Souza Thalita Martinhão de
Published: May 2009

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.], em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major L.) e determinar a população de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em consorciação mais eficiente, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos: duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com três fileiras 0,40 de tansagem (M0,40T0,40) e duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram efetuadas colheitas de marcela aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. Os tratamentos não influenciaram as alturas das plantas da marcela e da tansagem. As produções da marcela foram influenciadas apenas pelas três épocas de colheita sendo significativamente superior nas duas primeiras, apresentando massas de flores frescas de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa de folhas frescas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40(6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75(3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40 foi 1,6 e o de M0,25T0,75foi 2,4. Quanto à renda bruta observaram-se acréscimos de 30% para o tratamento M0,40T0,40e 77% para o tratamento M0,25T0,75comparadas ao tratamento da marcela solteira M0,25e de 70% e 131%, respectivamente, em relação à tansagem solteira T0,40.
Produtividade e rendimento comercial de bulbos de cebola em função da densidade de cultivo
Authors: Baier João Eduardo , Resende Juliano Tadeu Vilela de , Galvão Alexandre Gonçalves , Battistelli Guilherme Mendes , Machado Maicon Modesto , Faria Marcos Ventura
Published: May 2009

A distribuição adequada das plantas de cebola (Allium cepa L.) na lavoura torna-se necessária devido a influência sobre a competição por água, luz e nutrientes, determinando o tamanho dos bulbos e a produtividade total. Objetivou-se, no trabalho, avaliar a produtividade e os padrões comerciais de bulbos de cebola, em função da densidade de plantio adotada. As mudas de cebola foram produzidas em bandejas de poliestireno de 200 células, com substrato comercial Plantimax®. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados (DBC) com 4 repetições, com parcelas de 2 m². Utilizou-se a cultivar Buccaneer, nas densidades de 50, 75 e 100 plantas m-2. Foram avaliadas a produção comercial, a produção total e a massa média de bulbos. Observou-se que a densidade de 100 plantas m-2 proporcionou a maior produtividade (92,20 t ha-1). No entanto, a menor densidade de plantas avaliada proporcionou bulbos com a maior massa média (171g). As densidades de 50 e 75 plantas m-2 apresentaram os maiores valores distribuídos na classe 4 (> que 70 até 90 mm de diâmetro) e 3 cheio (> que 60 até 70 mm de diâmetro), respectivamente. A densidade de 100 plantas m-2 proporcionou uma maior quantidade de bulbos na classificação 3 cheio. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o aumento na densidade de plantas proporcionou uma maior produtividade, uma menor massa média de bulbos e uma maior produção na classificação comercial 3 cheio, considerada ideal para comercialização em função da preferência pelos consumidores.
Calibração da técnica de moiré aplicada a perfilometria de protótipos mecânicos
Authors: Gomes Túlio Seabra , Braga Júnior Roberto Alves , Lino Antônio Carlos Loureiro , Rabelo Giovanni Francisco , Costa Ricardo Marques
Published: May 2009

A perfilometria é uma técnica amplamente utilizada na construção de mapas e gráficos de relevos aplicados a uma vasta área do conhecimento. Frente às necessidades de suprir a demanda da indústria e da área de desenvolvimento de protótipos quanto a técnicas não invasivas na investigação da superfície de materiais em geral, o presente trabalho buscou propor uma metodologia de calibração aplicada à técnica de moiré para investigações perfilométricas em protótipos mecânicos buscando baixos custos e flexibilidade. A técnica de moiré consiste na comparação de dois retículos periódicos, onde um segue o comportamento da superfície do objeto (retículo modelo - Rm) e outro não está deformado, seguindo o comportamento de um plano de referência, (retículo de referência - Rr). A luz que passa entre os retículos se sobrepõe formando padrões de moiré ou franjas de moiré que se comportam como ondas senoidais. Nos ensaios de calibração, usou-se um cone de relevo conhecido para a determinação de uma constante de correção de mapas gerados digitalmente. Os ensaios realizados aplicaram a metodologia para a determinação do perfil de um mouse de computador e para a determinação da deformação de uma chapa metálica. A metodologia proposta para a calibração da técnica de moiré mostrouse capaz de realizar os mapeamentos, com resolução máxima na ordem de centésimos de milímetros, podendo então ser usada em aplicações com níveis de precisão inferiores a essa ordem.
Ambientes de realidade virtual: que Real é este?
Authors: Axt Margarete , Schuch Eny M.M.
Published: May 2009

Neste artigo discute-se, a partir das Escolas de Santiago e de Genebra, a contraditória sensação de realidade em mundos virtuais. Foi proposta uma dupla aproximação do sujeito ao mundo, diferenciando organismo vivente e observador, ambos encontrando-se na, e sendo ligados pela, interface sensório-motora. Esta, ao dar suporte à mente consciente-autoconsciente, acaba por instaurar uma duplicidade, quanto à produção de sentidos-significações, cujo resultado, para a subjetividade, poderá ser, em ambientes RV, uma vivência-experiência em que concreto e virtual sejam vivenciados-experienciados-refletidos como mundos, espaços e tempos, a-paralelos. Tais vivências-experiências-reflexões, obtidas mediante contínuos deslizamentos entre esses mundos distintos, mas entrelaçados, ao coordenarem-se, poderão criar um efeito de Real, permitindo à Educação, pelo exercício da interpretação, explorar novos possíveis modos de aprender-sentir-conhecer-conceituar-comunicar, e assim inaugurar formas alternativas de entendimento do Real-Social: a subjetividade, em sendo cooptada na produção de sentidos e significações, mediada por uma corporalidade sensório-motora constituída e constituidora da cognição, sabe-se cooptada na produção de sentidos e significações conceituadas mediada por um observador-conceituador.
Educação da classe trabalhadora: Marx contra os pedagogos marxistas
Authors: Mazzotti Tarso Bonilha
Published: May 2009

Pedagogos marxistas contemporâneos têm proposto a escola única politécnica como condição para a formação do "homem novo" requerido para a sociedade socialista. Esta posição considera que o marxismo precisa ampliar-se pela inclusão da cultura entre seus temas. Isto porque o proletariado deve ser educado para realizar o ideal socialista. Aqui procuro mostrar que esta era a posição da Social-democracia alemã, no período da Segunda Internacional, e que esta se fez em oposição às idéias de Marx. Para este, o homem novo já existia, era o proletariado, sendo necessário libertá-lo do trabalho assalariado, tendo por medida imediata a redução da jornada de trabalho, pois o tempo é condição para o desenvolvimento humano. A redução da jornada de trabalho, sem redução dos salários, era considerada crucial para a mudança no modo de vida. No mesmo movimento, requeria a regulamentação do trabalho das mulheres, crianças e jovens de ambos os sexos, neste último caso combinando-a com a educação escolar.
Cointegração e descoberta de preços de ADR brasileiros
Authors: Kawamoto Claudio Akira , Kawamoto Carlos Tadao
Published: May 2009

Este trabalho examina a formação dos preços de papéis brasileiros negociados na New York Stock Exchange [NYSE] através de American Depositary Receipts [ADRs]. Verificou-se se os preços dos pares ação-ADR possuem tendência comum de longo prazo, isto é, se suas séries cointegram e, além disso, quantificou-se a contribuição de cada ativo (ADR e ação) na formação do preço de longo prazo através da razão de ajustamento proposta por Eun e Sabherwal (2003). Complementando o trabalho de Sanvicente (1998), que analisou a integração entre os índices Ibovespa e Dow Jones, este trabalho examina a hipótese de integração, utilizando dados desagregados, com uma amostra de 32 papéis, que perfaziam conjuntamente mais de 67% do volume da bolsa brasileira, e seus respectivos ADRs, no período de fevereiro de 1999 a junho de 2006. Os resultados apontam que em apenas 15 pares há uma tendência de longo prazo comum entre a ação e sua ADR; em apenas 2 pares os parâmetros do modelo de correção de erros (VECM) são estatisticamente significantes, indicando que para somente 6,25% da amostra os ajustes necessários para a manutenção de um equilíbrio de longo prazo ocorrem em ambos os mercados.
O Moving Average Convergence-Divergence como ferramenta para a decisão de investimentos no mercado de ações
Authors: Vidotto Rodrigo Silva , Migliato Antônio Luiz Tonissi , Zambon Antonio Carlos
Published: May 2009

O aumento do número de investidores na Bovespa desde o início da década de 2000 é decorrente da estabilização da inflação e da queda nas taxas de juros no período. A utilização de ferramentas que auxiliem os investidores nos processos de tomada de decisões é de suma importância em um mercado competitivo e arriscado. A análise técnica de ações é utilizada para identificar tendências nos movimentos dos preços das ações e assim indicar os momentos favoráveis para comprar ou vender ações. Dentre esses indicadores técnicos, há o Moving Average Convergence-Divergence [MACD], que utiliza o conceito de médias móveis em sua formulação e é considerada pelos analistas financeiros uma ferramenta simples de operar e interpretar. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a eficácia do MACD em indicar os momentos de compra e venda de ações de cinco empresas - escolhidas de forma aleatória - de um total de noventa empresas que integram o Novo Mercado da Bovespa e, analisar a rentabilidade auferida durante o ano de 2006, tendo como referencial a valorização do Ibovespa no ano de 2006. Nesse sentido, os resultados apurados mostram que a rentabilidade média acumulada das cinco ações foi de 26,7% contra uma rentabilidade média acumulada do Ibovespa de 0,90%.
Transporte intra-hospitalar de pacientes sob ventilação invasiva: repercussões cardiorrespiratórias e eventos adversos
Authors: Zuchelo Lea Tami Suzuki , Chiavone Paulo Antônio
Published: May 2009

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ocorrência de alterações cardiorrespiratórias e identificar eventos adversos durante o transporte intra-hospitalar de pacientes sob ventilação invasiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo não-randomizado, conduzido em dois hospitais terciários, entre abril de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Foram incluídos pacientes sob ventilação invasiva que necessitaram de transporte intra-hospitalar durante o período do estudo. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estar sob suspeita de morte encefálica; ter sido submetido a períodos de ventilação mecânica e de nebulização em tubo T; e ter sido transportado para o centro cirúrgico. Antes e após o transporte, os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: gasometria arterial, sinais vitais, uso de medicamentos através de uma bomba de infusão contínua, parâmetros do ventilador mecânico, duração do transporte, distância percorrida e número de profissionais envolvidos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 48 pacientes, num total de 58 transportes. Observou-se alteração cardiorrespiratória importante em 39 transportes, totalizando 86 episódios, assim como 16 eventos adversos relacionados à falha de equipamento e falha da equipe, dentre eles problemas com baterias e falhas de comunicação. CONCLUSÕES: Durante o transporte intra-hospitalar de pacientes submetidos à ventilação invasiva, alterações cardiorrespiratórias foram frequentes (67,2%), e eventos adversos ocorreram em 75,7% dos transportes realizados.
Pseudotumor pulmonar como apresentação inicial de granulomatose de Wegener
Authors: Rabahi Marcelo Fouad , Coelho Ludmila Bertti , Borges Eliza de Oliveira , Lemes Marcella Stival , Castro Weniskley Mendes de , Carneiro Siderley de Souza
Published: May 2009

A granulomatose de Wegener é uma doença inflamatória multissistêmica de etiologia desconhecida, que se caracteriza por vasculite de pequeno e médio calibre. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns envolvem o trato respiratório superior, pulmões e rins e as alterações encontradas nos exames de imagem são geralmente opacidades pulmonares ou nódulos múltiplos, bilaterais e, em 50% dos casos, cavitações. O tratamento é feito com corticoides e imunossupressores. Descreve-se um caso atípico de um homem de 61 anos cuja investigação inicial de um tumor pulmonar unilateral evidenciou, na verdade, Granulomatose de Wegener.
Formation Evaluation Of Oil And Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Clark Norman J. , Shearin H.M.
Published: May 2009

The fundamental questions that face the oil and gas operator in finding, developing, and producing oil are set out and the formation evaluation information that is necessary to answer these questions is outlined. A history of the development of the tools and techniques of formation evaluation is briefly given. The type of information that is provided by each of the various methods is listed and problems encountered in obtaining this information are discussed. A plan is proposed for the coordinated use of tools and techniques of evaluation by means of a key well program for studying optimum requirements for formation evaluation data.

Introduction

The petroleum industry today is a product of American business and with its 8,900 producing companies it is one of the most competitive industries in America. Because of this it has emerged from World War II as one of our most highly specialized businesses, and never before has science been drawn upon and applied more vigorously in shaping a maturing industry.

Because we can never physically see the oil or gas reservoir in any of its in-place conditions, we must indirectly rely upon measurements of certain physical parameters to guide us in operating the reservoirs prudently. The development and operation of an oil or gas accumulation has, therefore, become a reservoir engineering enterprise; and more arid more operations are logically being based on factual reservoir information in this manner.

There are two fundamental questions that face the oil and gas operator in finding, developing, and producing oil and gas reservoirs. These questions are:Is oil or gas present and in paying quantities?How should the deposit be produced for maximum economic return?

The reliability of answers to these fundamental questions depend upon the availability and accuracy of data upon which the answers must be based. As new oil and gas reservoirs are found at greater depths and are more costly to find and develop, accuracy of the evaluation grows correspondingly more important.
Fundamental Theory And Instrumentation Of Electrical Logging
Authors: Roberts I.L.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

The standard electric log of today consists of two basic types of recordings. On the left side of the log appears the spontaneous potential of the bore hole. Usually this is one curve although under special conditions the same curve can be presented in different scales. The right hand side of the log is devoted to recordings of the electrical resistivities of the formations as encountering in the bore hole.

There are various systems of measuring resistivities but those most commonly employed are multi-electrode "normal" and "lateral" resistivity recordings. Generally the logs consist of two normal resistivity curves of different electrode spacings and one lateral curve. Any of these three resistivity curves can be presented in several scales to cover the full range of resistivities encountered in any particular bore hole.

Of course, the spontaneous potential and the various resistivity curves are simultaneously recorded against a depth scale. All modern logging equipment can also simultaneously record the curves on at least two depth scales. The most commonly accepted depth scales are 2 in. = 100 ft and 5 in. = 100 ft. Occasionally a depth scale of 1 in. = 100 ft is recorded. On some specialized services such as the Microlog or Dipmeter an expanded depth scale of 25 in. =100 ft or 60 in. = 100 ft is frequently used. In very rare cases the expanded scale of 120 in. = 100 ft can be recorded.

The Spontaneous Potential Curve

The SP log (spontaneous or self-potential log), is a record of the naturally-occuring potentials measured in the mud at different depths in a drill hole. Usually, the SP log consists of a base line, more or less straight, having excursions or peaks to the left (Fig. 1). The base line corresponds in most cases to shales, whereas the peaks are generally opposite permeable strata. The shape and the amplitude of the peaks may be different, according to the formations, but there is no definite correspondence between the magnitude of the peaks and the values of permeability.
The Fundamentals Of Quantitative Analysis Of Electric Logs
Authors: Winn R.H.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

All electric logs consist or two basic measurements. The first of these is a measurement of the electrical current variations that circulate in the borehole between the permeable beds and shales. The exploring electrode measures the electrical potential variations in the bore hole which are associated with these currents. Because these currents are generated by natural conditions and are in no way induced by the measuring equipment, the variations in electrical potentials are called "Spontaneous Potential," or "Self Potential." These are abbreviated to SP and are recorded on the electric log millivolts.

The second basic measurement shown on an electric log is that of resistivity. Resistivity is the resistance of a unit volume of material to the flow or electrical current. The unit volume used in electric logging is that of a cube or one meter dimensions. Therefore, the unit of resistivity measurement is ohms per square meter per meter which is shortened to ohm-meters.

The conduction or current within all earth materials, with the exception or certain metallic ores, is always associated with water. The current is carried by ions or salts in solution. (If this appears to contradict some papers on"conductive solids" it is only a contradiction of terminology. All shales, clays, and other porous matrices are excellent insulators when dry.) It would then logically follow that if more ions or salt per unit are present in the solution the resistivity will be smaller. However, these ions are able to move faster when the temperature or the solution is higher, primarily because the viscosity of the water is lower. As a result, in order to determine the resistivity of a solution, the concentration of salts dissolved in the water and the temperature of the solution must be known.

Most of the waters encountered in well logging contain sodium chloride in solution. Fig. 1 shows the relation between the concentration or NaCl, the temperature, and the resistivity in ohm-meters.
Electrical Logging Interpretation In The Gulf Coast
Authors: Tixier M.P.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Electrical logs have now been used for some 25 years in the Gulf Coast and have become a standard in the oil industry. Used at the beginning for correlation and simple qualitative interpretation, they now have many applications, thanks to the various tools and techniques that have been introduced in the last few years.

Structural Studies

The art of correlation with electrical logs is an old one, and little will have to be said here. The SP curve and the amplified normal are the curves most often used for this purpose. It is likely that the conductivity scale of the induction log will be preferred to the amplified normal in the future because of its greater detail.

Fresh muds are necessary when using the electrical log for correlation. The mud filtrate resistivity should be at least four times the average formation water resistivity (Rmf = Rw). It is true that good radioactivity logs can be run in salt mud, but they have not been found to be as efficient in the Gulf Coast for correlation studies.

Dipmeter surveys remain a great help in structural studies. This is particularly true since the introduction of the continuous dipmeter.

Determination of Boundaries and Sand Count

In the early days, only the SP curve and the resistivity logs were available for this purpose. Increased accuracy has resulted from the introduction of the Microlog and Microlaterolog. Because of the small spacings used in the microdevices, sharp definition of bed boundaries is possible. The MicroLog has shown that many sands believed to be uniform are often broken by tight lenses or members. Detailed sand count studies are now possible, and the Microlog has helped greatly in the sidewall sampling program by the elimination of hard or shaly intervals (Example 1).
The Fundamental Principles Of Core Analysis And Their Application To Gulf Coast Formations
Authors: Elmdahl Ben A.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Early chronicles reveal that the process of coring in oil or gas wells dates almost back to the time of the Drake discovery. These early cores very likely were taken only for geological information, but as drilling techniques geological and formation of higher pressures were encountered, the coring process soon became very much a necessity for actually locating the productive horizons. Along with this, core analysis, as an aid in well evaluation, can trace its crude beginnings certainly back to the Spindletop era where sensory analysis of "good odors," "stains" and "salt water tastes" were the forerunners of the technical procedures used today.

Modern core analysis methods, which first came into prominence in the middle thirties, have conclusively proved their value in reservoir evaluation. The fundamental principles behind these processes can be readily explained by accepted physical and chemical concepts. Rules for making interpretations of core analysis data and their specific application to Gulf Coast formations are set forth in this paper.

Coring Methods

Core Barrels

From the days when "a hollow iron pipe rolling on cold steel shot"was a favored method for recovering a core to the present-day delicately machined core barrels, numerous devices have been designed for extracting samples of formation from the ground. Today our most common tool is the rotary-type core barrel, which drills out a sample of the formation and is retracted to the surface by the use of a wire line or by pulling the drillstem. This paper will concern itself only with cores cut in this manner, although it matters not what type core bits are employed — whether diamond or otherwise. However, the principles set forth in the analysis of these samples in many cases will readily adapt themselves to other modern methods of coring such as the percussion-type sidewall core.
Formation Evaluation In The Seeligson And Borregos Fields
Authors: Wright Harold T. , Wooddy L.D.
Published: May 2009

Formation evaluation techniques have been particularly applicable in the Seeligson and Borregos fields because of the widely diversified conditions encountered in the multi-reservoir producing area. Information on the acquisition, utilization, and benefits of formation evaluation data in these fields is presented by this paper.

Introduction

The Seeligson and Borregos fields are located in close proximity to each other in southeastern Jim Wells and western Kleberg counties, Texas. These fields contain major reserves and have a combined areal extent of approximately65,000 acres. A series of closely related anticlinal structures with fault patterns and changes in lithology, combined with the development of more than 50 sands, results in many individual reservoirs in the two fields. These reservoirs, which range from 4,500 to 7,500 ft in depth, are in the Frio and Vicksburg formations. Reservoir drive mechanisms include dissolved gas, strong gas cap, and water drives. Average reservoir permeabilities range from 150 to 4,000 md. Oil column lengths vary from 4 to 550 ft, and oil gravities range from 30 to 45°API.

The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the methods that have been used in the Borregos and Seeligson fields to obtain reservoir information and to employ this information in the determination of optimum producing operations.

Acquisition of Formation Evaluation Data

Studies of the factors influencing the behavior of individual wells and reservoirs are required to realize maximum profits in the production of oil. To make possible these studies, detailed information is required on the physical properties of a reservoir, together with the occurrence, distribution, and properties of the fluids within the reservoir. This information is regarded as formation evaluation data. Although supplemented by production and subsurface sample pressure data, the majority of reservoir information is obtained from core analyses, well logging, and drill-stem tests. These three methods of obtaining data, which can be considered the standard tools of formation evaluation, have been extensively employed in the Seeligson and Borregos fields.
Well Logging Study - Quinduno Field, Roberts County, Texas
Authors: Owen Joe D.
Published: May 2009

This logging study of the Quinduno field shows that the most useful and economical method for logging the brown dolomite (Wolfcamp) formation in saline muds is the gamma ray, Microlaterolog and Laterolog combination. The use of'these three logs permits accurate determinations of the tops and bottoms of the formations in high salinity muds. Furthermore, the use of the Microlaterolog-Laterolog values permits accurate calculation of porosity and water saturation by use of relationships established by the study. Agreement between calculated porosity and core porosity is excellent.

Results of this study show that the following logs may be eliminated from the logging procedure at Quinduno:neutron log,standard electrical survey (SP, 16 in. and 64 in. normals and 19-ft lateral), andMicrolog.

Further results show that coring of the formation may be eliminated with log analysis replacing core analysis.

Adoption of the recommendations made possible by this study resulted in a saving of over $1,000 per well in completion costs.

Introduction

Location and Description of Field

The Quinduno field is located in Roberts County, Texas, and produces from the lower Albany dolomite of' Wolfcamp age at approximately 4,000 ft. The structure is a northwest - southeast trending anticline which dips approximately 100 ft/mile. The reservoir, as now defined, comprises an area of over 13,000 acres and contains a gas column of approximately 100 ft in thickness and an oil column varying from 12 to 30 ft in thickness. Below the oil column is a water zone.

The top 70 ft of the formation is gas bearing. Below this, the dolomite is vugular with cavities and contains inter-oolitic porosity ranging as high as 33per cent. Permeabilities in the lower dolomite range as high as 19,500 md, but averages 144 md in the oil zone. The dolomite development shows that it is highly recrystallized with extensive vertical fracturing. Cores show streaks of' anhydrite and occasionally the presence of' conglomerate. The average porosity is about 17 per cent in the producing section below the gas-oil contact.
An Integrated Summary of Formation Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Kirkpatrick C.V.
Published: May 2009

This paper summarizes and integrates the various methods used for formation evaluation. Specific objectives are listed and the limitations of instruments and techniques are given. All hydrocarbon-bearing zones, subject to formation evaluation, are classified under five group headings. The classification gives a physical description and examples of typical geological zones. The total problem of formation evaluation, as applied to each of the five classified formations, is given. Wells are classified in accordance with their objective, that is, wildcat, field extension, or development. A basic evaluation program is recommended for each formation and well type.

Introduction

The principal objective of this symposium has been to consolidate and integrate all methods of formation evaluation. Detailed coverage has been given concerning the theory, instrumentation, and techniques of electric logging, radioactive logging, mud analysis logging, core analysis, and drill-stem testing. Specific studies of all types of major oil and gas producing formations have been presented. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and integrate the more important aspects of the previous papers, principally those concerned with the specific field studies, and to present a constructive survey of the formation evaluation problem.
The Inhibition of Amyloid Fibrillation Using the Proteolytic Products of PQQ-Modified α-Synuclein
Authors: Kobayashi Natsuki , Kim Jihoon , Ikebukuro Kazunori , Sode Koji
Published: May 2009

The inhibition of amyloid fibril and/or oligomer formation allows a novel therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative
diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. We have previously reported that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a cofactor
in the bacterial oxidative metabolism of alcohols, prevents the amyloid formation of α-synuclein, which is the causative
factor of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, PQQ-modified α-synuclein is also able to inhibit the fibrillation of intact α-
synuclein. Here, we demonstrate that PQQ-modified peptide fragments, the proteolytic products of PQQ-modified α-
synuclein, prevent the amyloid formation of full-length α-synuclein, and that these inhibitory effects are derived from the
PQQ modification of the peptide. Moreover, these effects are likely to be peptide-sequence-dependent. Thus, the specific
interaction between the full-length α-synuclein and the peptide region of the PQQ-modified peptide prevents amyloid
formation.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Amount of Delayed Myocardial Enhancement as a Predictor of Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Shriki J.E , Surti K , Farvid A , Shinbane J.S , Colletti P.M
Published: May 2009

30 patients with delayed contrast enhancement in patterns suggestive of myocardial infarctions were reviewed. Infarct mass was quantitatively measured using short axis images obtained in the delayed phase of gadopentetate administration. Left ventricular mass and ejection fraction were measured using short axis, steady state free precession images. A relationship is drawn between increased mass of infarction and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. For each gram of infarct, there is a 0.5 % reduction in ejection fraction (EF = 50 - (0.48 x gm infarcted myocardium); r2= 0.49). For each % increase of infarcted myocardium, there is a 0.67 % reduction in ejection fraction (EF = 50 - (0.67 x percent of infarcted myocardium); r2= 0.39). Left ventricular ejection fraction correlates inversely with the mass of myocardium with delayed enhancement on cardiac MRI.
Multifocal Joint Osteonecrosis in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Flouzat-Lachaniete Charles Henri , Roussignol Xavier , Poignard Alexandre , Mukasa Martin Mukisi , Manicom Olivier , Hernigou Philippe
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of multifocal osteonecrosis in patients with sickle cell disease. Between 1980 and 1989, 200 patients with sickle cell disease were treated in our institution for osteonecrosis. The patient population consisted of 102 males and 88 females with a mean age of twenty-six years at the time of presentation (range, eighteen to thirty-five years) and was followed until the year 2005. This cohort of patients was follow-up during average 15 years (until the year 2005). Multifocal osteonecrosis was defined as a disease of 3 or more anatomic sites. At the time of presentation, 49 patients were identified as having multifocal osteonecrosis. At the most recent follow-up, 87 patients had multifocal osteonecrosis. So at the last follow up among these eighty-seven patients, the occurrence of osteonecrosis was 158 lesions of the proximal femur associated with 151 proximal humerus osteonecroses, thirty-three lateral femoral condyle osteonecroses, twenty-eight distal femoral metaphysis osteonecroses, twenty-seven medial femoral condyle osteonecroses, twenty-three tibial plateau osteonecroses, twenty-one upper tibial metaphysis osteonecroses and forteen ankle osteonecroses. The total number of osteonecrosis was 455 in these 87 patients. The epiphyseal lesions were more frequent than the metadiaphyseal lesions excepted in the proximal tibia (Table 3). In conclusion, in patients with sickle cell disease, the risk of multifocal osteonecrosis is very high. In patients with hip osteonecrosis, the other joints should be evaluated with radiograph and MRI if the joint is symptomatic. In patients with osteonecrosis of the knee, shoulder or ankle, the patients’ hip should be evaluated by radiographs or MRI, regardless of whether the hip is symptomatic.
Fifteen Year Outcome of the Ceraver Hermes Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty: Safety of the Procedure with Experienced and Inexperienced Surgeons
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Manicom Olivier , Flouzat-Lachaniete Charles Henri , Roussignol Xavier , Filippini Paolo , Poignard Alexandre
Published: May 2009

We wished to determine whether total knee replacement (TKA) performed by young surgeons increased rates of mortality and complications compared with TKA performed by senior surgeons using the same model of arthroplasty. There were no significant pre-operative differences between the groups in terms of age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, diagnosis, comorbidity and duration of follow-up, which was a mean of 15 years in both groups. Hence, we assessed the 15 year survival of the first 150 Ceraver Posterior-Stabilized total knee arthroplasties undertaken by young surgeons (aged of less than 30 years) in formation in a single university hospital setting (Group B). We used survival curve analysis, with strict definitions regarding end-points, and evaluated a number of different endpoint criteria to assess the outcome and to compare the results with those obtained by the two seniors (aged of more than 40 years) with their 50 first implantations (Group A). The clinical results and survival rate of implants at intermediate to long-term follow-up were similar in both Groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, with revision as the endpoint for failure, showed that the rate of survival at ten years was 96% (95% CI, 93 to 100) in both groups. At fifteen years the rate of survival was 91% (95% CI, 85 to 97) in group B, and 92% (95% CI, 90 to 94) in group A. The implant used in this series appears particularly safe since the usual complications observed with posterior stabilized arthroplasties were not observed even with young surgeons.
Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste
Authors: Novotny Thomas E. , Lum Kristen , Smith Elizabeth , Wang Vivian , Barnes Richard
Published: May 2009

Discarded cigarette butts are a form of non-biodegradable litter. Carried as runoff from streets to drains, to rivers, and ultimately to the ocean and its beaches, cigarette filters are the single most collected item in international beach cleanups each year. They are an environmental blight on streets, sidewalks, and other open areas. Rather than being a protective health device, cigarette filters are primarily a marketing tool to help sell ‘safe’ cigarettes. They are perceived by much of the public (especially current smokers) to reduce the health risks of smoking through technology. Filters have reduced the machine-measured yield of tar and nicotine from burning cigarettes, but there is controversy as to whether this has correspondingly reduced the disease burden of smoking to the population. Filters actually may serve to sustain smoking by making it seem less urgent for smokers to quit and easier for children to initiate smoking because of reduced irritation from early experimentation. Several options are available to reduce the environmental impact of cigarette butt waste, including developing biodegradable filters, increasing fines and penalties for littering butts, monetary deposits on filters, increasing availability of butt receptacles, and expanded public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact. This option may be attractive in coastal regions where beaches accumulate butt waste and where smoking indoors is increasingly prohibited. Additional research is needed on the various policy options, including behavioral research on the impact of banning the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether.
Modeling the LPS Neutralization Activity of Anti-Endotoxins
Authors: Thippakorn Chadinee , Suksrichavalit Thummaruk , Nantasenamat Chanin , Tantimongcolwat Tanawut , Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya Chartchalerm , Naenna Thanakorn , Prachayasittikul Virapong
Published: May 2009

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as endotoxins, are major structural components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that serve as a barrier and protective shield between them and their surrounding environment. LPS is considered to be a major virulence factor as it strongly stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which mediate the host immune response and culminating in septic shock. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of the LPS neutralization activities of anti-endotoxins were performed using charge and quantum chemical descriptors. Artificial neural network implementing the back-propagation algorithm was selected for the multivariate analysis. The predicted activities from leave-one-out cross-validation were well correlated with the experimental values as observed from the correlation coefficient and root mean square error of 0.930 and 0.162, respectively. Similarly, the external testing set also yielded good predictivity with correlation coefficient and root mean square error of 0.983 and 0.130. The model holds great potential for the rational design of novel and robust compounds with enhanced neutralization activity.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos of Microcantilever-Based TM-AFMs with Squeeze Film Damping Effects
Authors: Zhang Wen-Ming , Meng Guang , Zhou Jian-Bin , Chen Jie-Yu
Published: May 2009

In Atomic force microscope (AFM) examination of a vibrating microcantilever, the nonlinear tip-sample interaction would greatly influence the dynamics of the cantilever. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics and chaos of a tip-sample dynamic system being run in the tapping mode (TM) were investigated by considering the effects of hydrodynamic loading and squeeze film damping. The microcantilever was modeled as a spring-mass-damping system and the interaction between the tip and the sample was described by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. The fundamental frequency and quality factor were calculated from the transient oscillations of the microcantilever vibrating in air. Numerical simulations were carried out to study the coupled nonlinear dynamic system using the bifurcation diagram, Poincaré maps, largest Lyapunov exponent, phase portraits and time histories. Results indicated the occurrence of periodic and chaotic motions and provided a comprehensive understanding of the hydrodynamic loading of microcantilevers. It was demonstrated that the coupled dynamic system will experience complex nonlinear oscillation as the system parameters change and the effect of squeeze film damping is not negligible on the micro-scale.
Effect of specimen size and loading conditions on indirect tensile test results
Authors: Carmona S.
Published: May 2009

Due to the difficulties inherent in the direct measurement of concrete tensile strength, experimental methods have been devised to determine this property indirectly. One such method, the splitting or indirect tensile test, also known as the Brazilian test, is widely used for its convenience and applicability to freshly moulded cubic and cylindrical specimens, as well as to hardened concrete core samples.Nevertheless, the strength values obtained with this method have been observed to differ with specimen size. Moreover, the strength values calculated with the formula proposed in the existing standards fail to reflect real test conditions and actually overestimate tensile strength.The experimental results reported in this article show that if the test set up is modified slightly and the equation for calculating strength is adjusted, consistent strength values are obtained, regardless of specimen size, in the range of diameters studied (45 - 294 mm).
Koordinationsgesteuerte Selbstorganisation von PEO‐funktionalisierten Perylenbisimiden – supramolekulare Vielfalt bei Verwendung weniger molekularer Bausteine
Authors: Gebers Jan , Rolland Damien , Frauenrath Holger
Published: May 2009

Eine begrenzte Zahl Polyethylenoxid‐substituierter Perylenbisimide, die wahlweise mit Terpyridin‐Liganden für eine Metallkoordination funktionalisiert sind (siehe Beispielstruktur), kombiniert verschiedene nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen und kann so in eine Vielzahl von optoelektronisch aktiven, organischen Materialien mit unterschiedlichen Überstrukturen verarbeitet werden.

magnified image