bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on 6-Chloro-1-phenylbenzazepines Leads to the Identification of a New Dopamine D1 Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Giri Rajan , Namballa Hari K. , Emogaje Vishwashiv , Harding Wayne W.
Published: August 2023

The 1-phenylbenzazepine template has yielded a number of D1R-like ligands, which, though useful as pharmacological tools, have significant drawbacks in terms of selectivity versus D5R as well as pharmacokinetic behavior. A number of 1-phenylbenzazepines contain a 6-chloro functional group, but extensive SAR studies around the 6-chloro-1-phenylbenzazepine framework have not been reported in the literature. To further understand the tolerance of the 6-chloro-1-phenylbenzazepine template for various substituent groups towards affinity and selectivity at D1R, we synthesized two series of analogs with structural variations at the C-7, C-8, N-3, C-3′ and C-4′ positions. The series 2 analogs differed from series 1 analogs in possessing a nitrogenated functionality at C-8 and lacked a C-4′ substituent, but were otherwise similar. Analogs were assessed for affinity at D1R, D2R and D5R. For both series, we found that the analogs lacked affinity for D2R and showed modest D1R versus D5R selectivity. For series 1 analogs, an N-3 methyl substituent group was better tolerated than N-H or an N-3 allyl substituent. The C-8 position appears to be tolerant of amino and methanesulfonamide substituents for high D1R affinity, but C-8 amides displayed low to moderate D1R affinities. A C-3′ methyl substituent appeared to be critical for the D1R affinity of some analogs, but the C-4′ substituents tried (hydroxy and methoxy; series 1) did not result in any significant boost in D1R affinity. Compound 15a was the most potent and selective D1R ligand identified from these studies (Ki at D1R = 30 nM; 6-fold selectivity versus D5R). Further functional activity assessments indicate that 15a functions as a D1R antagonist towards cAMP-mediated signaling. The predicted drug-like properties of 15a are encouraging for further pharmacological assessments on the compound.
Effect of Ion Size on Pressure-Induced Infiltration of a Zeolite-Based Nanofluidic System
Authors: Zhang Yafei , Wang Haitao , Luo Rui , Dou Yihua
Published: August 2023

A nanofluidic system consists of a nano-porous medium and functional liquid, which demonstrates a higher energy absorption density compared to conventional systems for energy absorption. Alterations in the composition of the functional liquid can significantly impact the properties of a nanofluidic system. In this paper, the widely used zeolite ZSM-5 was chosen as the porous medium to establish a nanofluidic system. Three distinct electrolyte solutions, namely KCl aqueous solutions, NaCl aqueous solutions and MgCl2 aqueous solutions were employed as functional liquids while pure water served as the reference condition for configuring four kinds of nanofluidic systems. Pressure-induced percolation experiments were performed on the four zeolite-based systems. The difference in the infiltration process between the electrolyte solution systems and the deionized water system has been ascertained. The effect of the ion size on the infiltration and defiltration process has been determined. The results show that the introduction of ions induces a hydration effect, resulting in a higher critical infiltration pressure of the electrolyte solution system compared to an aqueous solution system. The magnitude of cation charge directly correlates with the strength of the hydration effect and the corresponding increase in critical infiltration pressure. Upon entering the nanochannel, the liquid infiltrates primarily in the form of ions rather than a cation hydration form. The larger the ion size, the shallower the penetration depth after entering the nanopore channel and the larger the corresponding relative outflow rate. The present work will provide valuable theoretical complementary and experimental data support for nanofluidic system applications.
Microbial Secondary Metabolites via Fermentation Approaches for Dietary Supplementation Formulations
Authors: Rusu Alexandru Vasile , Trif Monica , Rocha João Miguel
Published: August 2023

Food supplementation formulations refer to products that are designed to provide additional nutrients to the diet. Vitamins, dietary fibers, minerals and other functional compounds (such as antioxidants) are concentrated in dietary supplements. Specific amounts of dietary compounds are given to the body through food supplements, and these include as well so-called non-essential compounds such as secondary plant bioactive components or microbial natural products in addition to nutrients in the narrower sense. A significant social challenge represents how to moderately use the natural resources in light of the growing world population. In terms of economic production of (especially natural) bioactive molecules, ways of white biotechnology production with various microorganisms have recently been intensively explored. In the current review other relevant dietary supplements and natural substances (e.g., vitamins, amino acids, antioxidants) used in production of dietary supplements formulations and their microbial natural production via fermentative biotechnological approaches are briefly reviewed. Biotechnology plays a crucial role in optimizing fermentation conditions to maximize the yield and quality of the target compounds. Advantages of microbial production include the ability to use renewable feedstocks, high production yields, and the potential for cost-effective large-scale production. Additionally, it can be more environmentally friendly compared to chemical synthesis, as it reduces the reliance on petrochemicals and minimizes waste generation. Educating consumers about the benefits, safety, and production methods of microbial products in general is crucial. Providing clear and accurate information about the science behind microbial production can help address any concerns or misconceptions consumers may have.
Advances in Ablation or Oxidation Mechanisms and Behaviors of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Si-Based Composites
Authors: Zuo Hongmei , Ruan Fangtao , Wang Hongjie , Wang He , Wang Xu , Huang Yufan , Wang Rui , Zou Lihua , Xu Zhenzhen , Li Diansen
Published: August 2023

Composites with excellent thermomechanical and thermochemical properties are urgently needed in the aerospace field, especially for structural applications under high-temperature conditions. Carbon fiber-reinforced Si-based composites are considered the most promising potential high-temperature materials due to their excellent oxidation resistance and ablative behaviors, good structural designability, and excellent mechanical properties. The reinforcement of the relevant composites mainly involves carbon fiber, which possesses good mechanical and temperature resistance abilities. In this paper, the ablation behaviors and mechanisms of related composites are reviewed. For carbon fiber-reinforced pure Si-based composites (C/SiM composites), the anti-ablation mechanism is mainly attributed to the continuous glassy SiO2, which inhibits the damage of the substrate. For C/SiM composite doping with refractory metal compounds, the oxides of Si and refractory metal together protect the main substrate from ablation and oxidation. Moreover, in addition to thermochemical damage, thermophysical and thermomechanical behavior severely destroy the surface coating of the substrate.
Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Glycerol and Xylitol, Fructose and Sorbitol: Effect of the Different Sugars in Their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Lomba Laura , Werner Álvaro , Giner Beatriz , Lafuente Carlos
Published: August 2023

The search for new eutectic solvents for different applications (extraction, drug formulation, chemical reactions, etc.) is booming thanks to their high solubility capacity and low toxicity. However, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of these mixtures to understand the molecular behavior at different experimental conditions. In this study, three deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed by glycerol and xylitol, fructose and sorbitol and water in the molar ratio 1:2:3 were prepared and several physicochemical properties (refractive index, density, surface tension, viscosity, speed of sound, isobaric heat capacity and isentropic compressibility) were measured and analyzed in the 278.15–338.15 K temperature range. The results indicate a linear dependence with temperature for the following properties: surface tension, refractive index, density and isobaric molar heat capacity while viscosity values have been fitted to the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation.
A Graphene-Based Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device Enabled through a Water-Induced Interface Cleaning Process
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Kim Su Jin , Choi Go Bong , Lee Jaegeun , Koo Min Mo , Kim Jaewoong , Kim Young Won , Lee Jongho , Kim Jin Hyeok , Seo Tae Hoon
Published: August 2023

We report the use of four-layer graphene (4LG) as a highly reliable transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)-based smart window devices. The adhesion between 4LG and the substrate was successfully improved through a water-induced interface-cleaning (WIIC) process. We compared the performance of a device with a WIIC-processed 4LG electrode with that of devices with a conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and a 4LG electrode without a WIIC. With the application of the WIIC process, the PDLC smart window with a 4LG electrode exhibited reduced turn-on voltage and haze compared to 4LG without the WIIC process and characteristics comparable to those of the ITO electrode. The WIIC-processed 4LG electrode demonstrated enhanced electrical properties and better optical performance, leading to improved device efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, our study revealed that the WIIC process not only improved the adhesion between 4LG and the substrate but also enhanced the compatibility and interfacial interactions, resulting in the superior performance of the smart window device. These findings suggest that 4LG with WIIC holds great promise as a transparent conductive electrode for flexible smart windows, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conventional ITO electrodes.
Highly Orientated Sericite Nanosheets in Epoxy Coating for Excellent Corrosion Protection of AZ31B Mg Alloy
Authors: Wu Hao , Xi Ke , Huang Yan , Zheng Zena , Wu Zhenghua , Liu Ruolin , Zhou Chilou , Xu Yao , Du Hao , Yin Yansheng
Published: August 2023

The growing demands for material longevity in marine environments necessitate the development of highly efficient, low-cost, and durable corrosion-protective coatings. Although magnesium alloys are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries, severe corrosion issues still hinder their long-term service in naval architecture. In the present work, an epoxy composite coating containing sericite nanosheets is prepared on the AZ31B Mg alloy using a one-step electrophoretic deposition method to improve corrosion resistance. Due to the polyetherimide (PEI) modification, positively charged sericite nanosheets can be highly orientated in an epoxy coating under the influence of an electric field. The sericite-incorporated epoxy coating prepared in the emulsion with 4 wt.% sericite exhibits the highest corrosion resistance, with its corrosion current density being 6 orders of magnitude lower than that of the substrate. Electrochemical measurements and immersion tests showed that the highly orientated sericite nanosheets in the epoxy coating have an excellent barrier effect against corrosive media, thus significantly improving the long-term anti-corrosion performance of the epoxy coating. This work provides new insight into the design of lamellar filler/epoxy coatings with superior anticorrosion performance and shows promise in the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys.
The Structural and Electrochemical Properties of CuCoO2 Crystalline Nanopowders and Thin Films: Conductivity Experimental Analysis and Insights from Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Chfii Hasnae , Bouich Amal , Andrio Andreu , Torres Joeluis Cerutti , Soucase Bernabé Mari , Palacios Pablo , Lefdil Mohammed Abd , Compañ Vicente
Published: August 2023

A novel manufacturing process is presented for producing nanopowders and thin films of CuCoO2 (CCO) material. This process utilizes three cost-effective synthesis methods: hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-state reactions. The resulting delafossite CuCoO2 samples were deposited onto transparent substrates through spray pyrolysis, forming innovative thin films with a nanocrystal powder structure. Prior to the transformation into thin films, CuCoO2 powder was first produced using a low-cost approach. The precursors for both powders and thin films were deposited onto glass surfaces using a spray pyrolysis process, and their characteristics were examined through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, HR-TEM, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses were conducted to determine the conductivity in the transversal direction of this groundbreaking material for solar cell applications. On the other hand, the sheet resistance of the samples was investigated using the four-probe method to obtain the sheet resistivity and then calculate the in-plane conductivity of the samples. We also investigated the aging characteristics of different precursors with varying durations. The functional properties of CuCoO2 samples were explored by studying chelating agent and precursor solution aging periods using Density Functional Theory calculations (DFT). A complementary Density Functional Theory study was also performed in order to evaluate the electronic structure of this compound. Resuming, this study thoroughly discusses the synthesis of delafossite powders and their conversion into thin films, which hold potential as hole transport layers in transparent optoelectronic devices.
Sex-Specific Associations between Serum IL-16 Levels and Sarcopenia in Older Adults
Authors: Chen Ze , Laurentius Thea , Fait Yvonne , Müller Aline , Mückter Eva , Hao Dandan , Bollheimer Leo Cornelius , Nourbakhsh Mahtab
Published: August 2023

Epidemiological studies of older adults have suggested a differential sex-specific prevalence of sarcopenia, which is a condition characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Recently, we collected serum samples from 80 fully evaluated older adults and identified CXCL12α as a sex-independent serum marker of sarcopenia. Here, we used this serum collection to find potential sex-specific serum markers via the simultaneous quantification of 34 inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. The appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) was used as a decisive criterion for diagnosing sarcopenia. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between ASMI and serum IL-16 in females only (p = 0.021). Moreover, women with sarcopenia exhibited significantly higher IL-16 (p = 0.025) serum levels than women in a control group. In contrast, males with sarcopenia had lower IL-16 (p = 0.013) levels than males in a control group. The further use of Fisher’s exact test identified obesity (p = 0.027) and high serum levels of IL-16 (p = 0.029) as significant risk factors for sarcopenia in females. In male older adults, however, malnutrition (p = 0.028) and low serum levels of IL-16 (p = 0.031) were the most significant risk factors for sarcopenia. The differential sex-specific associations of IL-16 in older adults may contribute to the development of more precise regression models for future research and elucidate the role of IL-16 in the progression of sarcopenic obesity.
Relationship between Oat Consumption, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis: An Integrative Review
Authors: Fabiano Giovanna Alexandre , Shinn Leila Marie , Antunes Adriane Elisabete Costa
Published: August 2023

The gut microbiota consists of a set of microorganisms that colonizes the intestine and ferment fibers, among other nutrients, from the host’s diet. A healthy gut microbiota, colonized mainly by beneficial microorganisms, has a positive effect on digestion and plays a role in disease prevention. However, dysregulation of the gut microbiota can contribute to various diseases. The nutrition of the host plays an important role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota. A healthy diet, rich in fiber, can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota. In this sense, oats are a source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Oats are considered a functional ingredient with prebiotic potential and contain plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and antioxidant compounds. The impact of oat consumption on the gut microbiota is still emerging. Associations between oat consumption and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii have already been observed. Therefore, this integrative review summarizes the findings from studies on the relationship between oat consumption, the gut microbiota, and the metabolites, mainly short-chain fatty acids, it produces.
Long-Term Treatment of Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency with Medium-Chain Triglyceride-Enriched Diet: A Case Series
Authors: Aljouda Liali , Nagy Laura , Schulze Andreas
Published: August 2023

Background: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a genetic condition. Affected individuals typically develop symptoms related to severe and persistent hypertriglyceridemia, such as abdominal pain and recurrent pancreatitis, before 10 years of age. No pharmacological treatment sustainably lowering triglycerides (TGs) in LPL deficiency patients has been proven to be effective. This study investigated whether a long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-restricted, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-supplemented diet enables a meaningful reduction in TGs and reduces LPL-related symptoms in children with LPL deficiency. Methods: A single-center retrospective case series study of LPL deficiency patients treated at the Hospital of Sick Children between January 2000 and December 2022 was carried out. Data, extracted from hospital charts, included demographics, diagnosis confirmation, clinical and imaging observations, and biochemical profiles. Results: Seven patients with hypertriglyceridemia > 20 mmol/L suspected of an LPL deficiency diagnosis were included. Six patients had a confirmed molecular diagnosis of LPL deficiency, and one had glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a). Clinical presentation was at a median of 30 days of age (range 1–105), and treatment start, excluding one late-treated patient, was at a median of 42 days (range 2–106). The observation and treatment period of the LPL patients was 48.0 patient years (median 7.1, range 4.3–15.5). The LCT-restricted and MCT-supplemented diet led to an immediate drop in TGs in six out of six LPL patients. TGs improved from a median of 40.9 mmol/L (range 11.4–276.5) pre-treatment to a median of 12.0 mmol/L (range 1.1–36.6) during treatment, total cholesterol from 7.6 mmol/L (4.9–27.0) to 3.9 mmol/L (1.7–8.2), and pancreatic lipase from 631 IU/L (30–1200) to 26.5 IU/L (5–289). In 48 patient years, there was only one complication of pancreatitis and no other disease-specific manifestations or complications. Catch-up growth was observed in one late-treated patient. All patients maintained normal growth and development. As expected, the diet failed to treat hypertriglyceridemia in the GSD1a patient. Conclusions: The dietary restriction of LCT in combination with MCT supplementation as long-term management of pediatric patients with LPL deficiency was feasible, well tolerated, and clinically effective in reducing TG levels and in preventing LPL-related complications.
Novel α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides Identified In Silico from Dry-Cured Pork Loins with Probiotics through Peptidomic and Molecular Docking Analysis
Authors: Kęska Paulina , Stadnik Joanna , Łupawka Aleksandra , Michalska Agata
Published: August 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels in the body. The development of therapeutic strategies for restoring and maintaining blood glucose homeostasis is still in progress. Synthetic alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors can improve blood glucose control in diabetic patients by effectively reducing the risk of postprandial hyperglycemia. Peptides of natural origin are promising compounds that can serve as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Potential alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting peptides obtained from aqueous and saline extracts from dry-cured pork loins inoculated with probiotic LAB were evaluated using in vitro and in silico methods. To identify the peptide sequences, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used. For this purpose, in silico calculation methods were used, and the occurrence of bioactive fragments in the protein followed the ADMET approach. The most promising sequences were molecularly docked to test their interaction with the human alpha-glycosidase molecule (PDB ID: 5NN8). The docking studies proved that oligopeptides VATPPPPPPPK, DIPPPPM, TPPPPPPG, and TPPPPPPPK obtained by hydrolysis of proteins from ripening dry-cured pork loins showed the potential to bind to the human alpha-glucosidase molecule and may act effectively as a potential antidiabetic agent.
The Effect of Delivery Matrix on Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 Survival through In Vitro Human Digestion
Authors: Yeung Nicolas , Forssten Sofia D. , Saarinen Markku T. , Anjum Mehreen , Ouwehand Arthur C.
Published: August 2023

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 is a probiotic with several documented human health benefits. Interest in probiotics has led to the development of new formats that probiotics, including HN019, can be supplemented into. In this study, we looked at common HN019 formats such as frozen culture and freeze-dried powder as well as supplementing it into the following food matrices: yogurts (dairy, soy, and oat based), xanthan gum-based tablets, pulpless orange juice, whey sports drink, and dark chocolate (70% cocoa). In this work, our aim was to investigate whether the food matrix that carried HN019 via simulated human digestion (a dual model system mimicking both upper and lower gastrointestinal digestion) influenced probiotic delivery. To that end, we validated and used a real-time qPCR assay to detect HN019 after simulated digestion. In addition, we also measured the effect on a panel of metabolites. After simulated digestion, we were able to detect HN019 from all the matrices tested, and the observed changes to the metabolite profile were consistent with those expected from the food matrix used. In conclusion, this work suggests that the food matrix supplemented with HN019 did not interfere with delivery to the colon via simulated human digestion.
Dietary Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil Differentially Modulate Aspects of the Microbiota Gut–Brain Axis Following an Acute Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Male C57Bl/6 Mice
Authors: Livingston Dawson B. H. , Sweet Allison , Rodrigue Alexane , Kishore Lalit , Loftus Julia , Ghali Farida , Mahmoodianfard Salma , Celton Colleen , Hosseinian Farah , Power Krista A.
Published: August 2023

The microbiota gut–brain axis (mGBA) is an important contributor to mental health and neurological and mood disorders. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are endotoxins that are components of Gram-negative bacteria cell walls and have been widely shown to induce both systemic and neuro-inflammation. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oilseed rich in fibre, n3-poly-unsaturated fatty acid (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)), and lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, which all can induce beneficial effects across varying aspects of the mGBA. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for dietary supplementation with flaxseed or flaxseed oil to attenuate LPS-induced inflammation through modulation of the mGBA. In this study, 72 5-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were fed one of three isocaloric diets for 3 weeks: (1) AIN-93G basal diet (BD), (2) BD + 10% flaxseed (FS), or (3) BD + 4% FS oil (FO). Mice were then injected with LPS (1 mg/kg i.p) or saline (n = 12/group) and samples were collected 24 h post-injection. Dietary supplementation with FS, but not FO, partially attenuated LPS-induced systemic (serum TNF-α and IL-10) and neuro-inflammation (hippocampal and/or medial prefrontal cortex IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA expression), but had no effect on sickness and nest-building behaviours. FS-fed mice had enhanced fecal microbial diversity with increased relative abundance of beneficial microbial groups (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae), reduced Akkermansia muciniphila, and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which may play a role in its anti-inflammatory response. Overall, this study highlights the potential for flaxseed to attenuate LPS-induced inflammation, in part through modulation of the intestinal microbiota, an effect which may not be solely driven by its ALA-rich oil component.
Hypoglycemia in Children: Major Endocrine-Metabolic Causes and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives
Authors: Quarta Alessia , Iannucci Daniela , Guarino Miriana , Blasetti Annalisa , Chiarelli Francesco
Published: August 2023

Hypoglycemia is due to defects in the metabolic systems involved in the transition from the fed to the fasting state or in the hormone control of these systems. In children, hypoglycemia is considered a metabolic-endocrine emergency, because it may lead to brain injury, permanent neurological sequelae and, in rare cases, death. Symptoms are nonspecific, particularly in infants and young children. Diagnosis is based on laboratory investigations during a hypoglycemic event, but it may also require biochemical tests between episodes, dynamic endocrine tests and molecular genetics. This narrative review presents the age-related definitions of hypoglycemia, its pathophysiology and main causes, and discusses the current diagnostic and modern therapeutic approaches.
The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University
Authors: Alharbi Razan M. , Alharbi Hend F.
Published: August 2023

Emotional eating (EE) is considered as the inclination to eat in response to emotions and is associated with certain syndromes. In this sense, we explored the indices of EE and its association with dietary patterns among female students at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study of 380 participants (aged 18–29 years, female students) was performed. Anthropometric measurements of the participants were taken, such as height, body mass index, fat mass and hip–waist circumference as well as the Emotional Eating Scale (EES). The classification of the ESS included the thresholds of 44.7, 43.9 and 11.3% for low, moderate and high EE, respectively. Linear regression after adjustment showed that fat intake was a significant predictor of EE (p = 0.031) as well as feelings of enthusiasm. We also observed an interesting indication: fat intake (p = 0.011) and educational level (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with, and could be significant predictors of, EE. The results highlight the importance of emotional eating, its relationship with the consumption of foods that contain fat and understanding how it develops by raising awareness of the importance of healthy food for a healthy lifestyle.
The Impact of Estimated Energy and Protein Balances on Extrauterine Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: Lygerou Ioanna , Ilia Stavroula , Briassoulis Panagiotis , Manousaki Anna , Koropouli Marina , Hatzidaki Eleftheria , Briassoulis George
Published: August 2023

Background: Nutritional support of preterm infants remains a field of debate in the literature and clinical practice varies significantly. Adequate nutrition should promote growth and aim for optimal later neurodevelopment. However, it is often impaired by prematurity-associated morbidity and the physiologic immaturity of preterm infants. This study assessed the impact of energy and macronutrient provision on growth velocity and outcome and explored differences attributed to the heterogeneity of the preterm population. Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical and nutritional data from neonates hospitalized in two separate Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). Estimated energy and protein balance were calculated based on the ESPGHAN guidelines and their association with the growth outcome was explored. Growth assessment was based on somatometry Delta (Δ) z-scores at discharge. Results: In total, 174 neonates were included in the study. By day 14, most preterm infants were exclusively enterally fed, whereas there were infants in the <28 and 28–31+6 subgroups fed exclusively parenterally. Energy balance was positive for all gestational age (GA) subgroups except for those born <28 weeks. Protein balance was consistently positive for extremely premature but negative for late preterms. Cumulative substrates provisions were strong predictors of a positive energy or protein balance in the <34 weeks GA preterms on days 14 (ROC analyses, p < 0.001) and 7 (p < 0.05). A higher GA (p = 0.013) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.005) were additional predictors of a positive energy balance. All GA subgroups had a negative Δ z-score of weight at discharge. In the <34 GA subcohorts, a positive protein balance on day 14 (p = 0.009) and a short time to regain birth weight (exp(B) 3.1 (p = 0.004)) were independently associated with a positive Δ z-score of weight at discharge. Conclusions: Early achievement of a positive energy and protein balance, based on the ESPGHAN guidelines, is crucial to ensure optimal postnatal growth and prevent extrauterine growth restriction, a relatively common occurrence in preterm infants.
The Critical Exploration into Current Evidence behind the Role of the Nutritional Support in Adult Patients Who Undergo Haematogenic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Pawłowski Piotr , Pawłowska Paulina , Ziętara Karolina Joanna , Samardakiewicz Marzena
Published: August 2023

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment option for many haematological conditions in patients of all ages. Nutritional support is important at each stage of treatment, but particular nutritional needs and dictated support occur during the preparatory (conditioning regimen) and post-transplant periods. Patients may require nutritional treatment by the enteral or parenteral route. The quantitative and qualitative composition of meals may change. Vitamin requirements, including vitamin D and vitamin C, might also be different. An adequately composed diet, adapted to the needs of the patient, may influence the occurrence of complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and reduced survival time. Haematological diseases as well as transplantation can negatively affect the intestinal flora, with negative consequences in the form of mucosal inflammation and disorders of a functional nature. Currently, aspects related to nutrition are crucial in the care of patients after HSCT, and numerous studies, including randomized trials on these aspects, are being conducted. This study serves the critical analysis of current scientific evidence regarding nutritional support for patients after HSCT.
Synthesis and Structure of 6-Acetyl-2-Arylhydrazone Derivatives of Thiazolo[3,2-a]Pyrimidine
Authors: Agarkov Artem S. , Mingazhetdinova Dilyara O. , Nefedova Anna A. , Ovsyannikov Alexander S. , Shiryaev Andrey K. , Litvinov Igor A. , Solovieva Svetlana E. , Antipin Igor S.
Published: August 2023

Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine is one of the promising structural fragments for the development of drugs, including anticancer drugs. This work is devoted to the synthesis of a number of new 2-arylhydrazone derivatives of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine, which are synthetic precursors for triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines. The crystal structure of 6-acetyl-7-methyl-5-phenyl-2-(2-phenylhydrazineylidene)-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3(2H)-one was established by SCXRD. In the reduction reaction of the compound, the following system was used: vanadium(V) oxide, and sodium borohydride in ethanol at room temperature, which led to the formation of only one pair of diastereomers (1R*)-1-((5S*,6R*,7R*)-(1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methyl-1,5-diphenyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-6-yl)ethan-1-ol.
Nuclear Morphofunctional Organization and Epigenetic Characteristics in Somatic Cells of T. infestans (Klug, 1834)
Authors: Mello Maria Luiza S.
Published: August 2023

Triatoma infestans (Klug) is an insect recognized as not only an important vector of South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) but also a model of specific cellular morphofunctional organization and epigenetic characteristics. The purpose of the present review is to highlight certain cellular processes that are particularly unveiled in T. infestans, such as the following: (1) somatic polyploidy involving nuclear and cell fusions that generate giant nuclei; (2) diversification of nuclear phenotypes in the Malpighian tubules during insect development; (3) heterochromatin compartmentalization into large bodies with specific spatial distribution and presumed mobility in the cell nuclei; (4) chromatin remodeling and co-occurrence of necrosis and apoptosis in the Malpighian tubules under stress conditions; (5) epigenetic markers; and (6) response of heterochromatin to valproic acid, an epidrug that inhibits histone deacetylases and induces DNA demethylation in other cell systems. These cellular processes and epigenetic characteristics emphasize the role of T. infestans as an attractive model for cellular research. A limitation of these studies is the availability of insect supply by accredited insectaries. For studies that require the injection of drugs, the operator’s dexterity to perform insect manipulation is necessary, especially if young nymphs are used. For studies involving in vitro cultivation of insect organs, the culture medium should be carefully selected to avoid inconsistent results.
Experimental Infection of Pigs with a Traditional or a Variant Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) Strain and Impact on Subsequent Influenza A Infection
Authors: Rawal Gaurav , Zhang Jianqiang , Halbur Patrick G. , Gauger Phillip C. , Wang Chong , Opriessnig Tanja
Published: August 2023

Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) pathogenicity in pigs has been characterized using traditional PRCV isolates; however, information is lacking on pathogenicity of currently circulating PRCV isolates. Recently, a contemporary US PRCV variant was isolated. The infection dynamics of that strain (PRCV-var) and a traditional PRCV strain (PRCV-trad) were compared. In brief, 4-week-old pigs were divided into three groups with five pigs each. The pigs were inoculated with PRCV-trad or PRCV-var, or left uninfected. Nasal swabs were collected daily, and all pigs were necropsied at day (D) 3. PRCV nasal shedding was significantly higher in PRCV-var pigs compared to PRCV-trad pigs. To investigate the impact of trad and var PRCVs on subsequent infection with influenza A virus (IAV), four additional groups of five pigs were used: PRCV-trad-IAV (PRCV-trad at D0, co-infected with IAV at D5), PRCV-var-IAV, and IAV positive and negative controls. Significantly higher mean PRCV antibody titers and a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for PRCV shedding were observed in PRCV-var compared to PRCV-trad-pigs at D10. There was no impact on IAV infection. In conclusion, a 2020 PRCV variant isolate was similar in pathogenicity but more transmissible compared to a traditional 1989 isolate. These findings raise concerns about virus evolution towards more highly pathogenic and transmissible strains and the need to monitor such viruses.
Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Exerted Antiadipogenic Activity during 3T3-L1 Differentiation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Monmai Chaiwat , Kim Jin-Suk , Sim Hyun Bo , Yun Doh-Won , Oh Sung-Dug , Rha Eui-Shik , Kim Jong-Jin , Baek So-Hyeon
Published: August 2023

Ginseng is a traditional medicine with health benefits for humans. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an important bioactive compound found in ginseng. Transgenic rice containing PPD has been generated previously. In the present study, extracts of this transgenic rice were evaluated to assess their antiadipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. During adipogenesis, cells were treated with transgenic rice seed extracts. The results revealed that the concentrations of the rice seed extracts tested in this study did not affect cell viability at 3 days post-treatment. However, the rice seed extracts significantly reduced the accumulation of lipids in cells and suppressed the activation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which in turn inhibited the expression of adipogenesis-related mRNAs, such as adiponectin, PPARγ, C/EBPα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, glucose transport member 4, and fatty acid synthase. In adipocytes, the extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammation-related factors following LPS treatment. The activation of NF-κB p65 and ERK 1/2 was inhibited in extract-treated adipocytes. Moreover, treatment with extract #8 markedly reduced the cell population of the G2/M phase. Collectively, these results indicate that transgenic rice containing PPD may act as an obesity-reducing and/or -preventing agent.
Photosensitizers-Loaded Nanocarriers for Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy in Melanoma Treatment
Authors: Udrea Ana Maria , Smarandache Adriana , Dinache Andra , Mares Catalina , Nistorescu Simona , Avram Speranta , Staicu Angela
Published: August 2023

Malignant melanoma poses a significant global health burden. It is the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, attributed to various risk factors such as UV radiation exposure, genetic modifications, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression, and fair complexion. Photodynamic therapy is a promising minimally invasive treatment that uses light to activate a photosensitizer, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately promote cell death. When selecting photosensitizers for melanoma photodynamic therapy, the presence of melanin should be considered. Melanin absorbs visible radiation similar to most photosensitizers and has antioxidant properties, which undermines the reactive species generated in photodynamic therapy processes. These characteristics have led to further research for new photosensitizing platforms to ensure better treatment results. The development of photosensitizers has advanced with the use of nanotechnology, which plays a crucial role in enhancing solubility, optical absorption, and tumour targeting. This paper reviews the current approaches (that use the synergistic effect of different photosensitizers, nanocarriers, chemotherapeutic agents) in the photodynamic therapy of melanoma.
Cytotoxicity Analysis and In Silico Studies of Three Plant Extracts with Potential Application in Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Ungureanu Andreea Roxana , Popovici Violeta , Oprean Camelia , Danciu Corina , Schröder Verginica , Olaru Octavian Tudorel , Mihai Dragoș Paul , Popescu Liliana , Luță Emanuela-Alice , Chițescu Carmen Lidia , Gîrd Cerasela Elena
Published: August 2023

Endothelial dysfunction is the basis of the physiopathological mechanisms of vascular diseases. In addition to the therapeutic activity of plant extracts, cytotoxicity is significant. This research evaluates the cytotoxicity of three vegetal extracts (Calendulae flos extract-CE, Ginkgo bilobae folium extract-GE, and Sophorae flos extract-SE). In vitro evaluation was performed using an endothelial cell line model (Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells—HPAEC) when a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity was observed after 72 h. The IC50 values were calculated for all extracts: Calendulae flos extract (IC50 = 91.36 μg/mL), Sophorae flos extract (IC50 = 68.61 μg/mL), and Ginkgo bilobae folium extract (IC50 = 13.08 μg/mL). Therefore, at the level of HPAEC cells, the cytotoxicity of the extracts follows the order GE > SE > CE. The apoptotic mechanism implied in cell death was predicted for several phytocompounds using the PASS algorithm and molecular docking simulations, highlighting potential interactions with caspases-3 and -8. In vivo analysis was performed through brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) when lethal, behavioral, and cytological effects were evaluated on Artemia salina larvae. The viability examined after 24 h (assessment of lethal effects) follows the same sequence: CE > SE > GE. In addition, the predicted cell permeability was observed mainly for GE constituents through in silico studies. However, the extracts can be considered nontoxic according to Clarckson’s criteria because no BSL% was registered at 1200 µg/mL. The obtained data reveal that all three extracts are safe for human use and suitable for incorporation in further pharmaceutical formulations.
Contemporary Aspects of Designing Marine Polysaccharide Microparticles as Drug Carriers for Biomedical Application
Authors: Lukova Paolina , Katsarov Plamen
Published: August 2023

The main goal of modern pharmaceutical technology is to create new drug formulations that are safer and more effective. These formulations should allow targeted drug delivery, improved drug stability and bioavailability, fewer side effects, and reduced drug toxicity. One successful approach for achieving these objectives is using polymer microcarriers for drug delivery. They are effective for treating various diseases through different administration routes. When creating pharmaceutical systems, choosing the right drug carrier is crucial. Biomaterials have become increasingly popular over the past few decades due to their lack of toxicity, renewable sources, and affordability. Marine polysaccharides, in particular, have been widely used as substitutes for synthetic polymers in drug carrier applications. Their inherent properties, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, make marine polysaccharide-based microcarriers a prospective platform for developing drug delivery systems. This review paper explores the principles of microparticle design using marine polysaccharides as drug carriers. By reviewing the current literature, the paper highlights the challenges of formulating polymer microparticles, and proposes various technological solutions. It also outlines future perspectives for developing marine polysaccharides as drug microcarriers.
Consumer Likelihood to Seek Information on OTC Medicines
Authors: Taylor Jeffrey G. , Ayosanmi Oluwasola S. , Sansgiry Sujit S. , Perepelkin Jason P.
Published: August 2023

There is concern as to whether the public use OTC (over-the-counter) medicines with due diligence. The objective was to quantify the likelihood and extent people would seek information on OTC medicines in relation to 10 non-medicine products as a surrogate of the importance consumers place on them. Citizens of one Canadian province estimated the likelihood and extent (scale of 1 to 10) they would search for information when considering a purchase. The survey had two lists—a MIXED products list (5 OTC medicine categories and 10 non-medicine products) and an OTC MEDICINES list (15 categories). Five hundred and seventy-five surveys were obtained (response rate 19.2 percent). The average age was 63.0 years and 61.6 percent were female. The mean search likelihood for the 15 products on the MIXED list ranged from 2.2 to 7.4. There was more intention to search for information involving OTC medicines (mean = 5.0) than non-medicine products (mean = 4.1). There was a weak positive correlation in search likelihood relative to OTC medicine familiarity. This study revealed that the likelihood of searching for information prior to purchase is not particularly robust. With a plethora of information currently available to consumers, motivation to access it is what may need attention.
New Fluorescent Porphyrins with High Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Sections Designed for Oxygen-Sensitization: Impact of Changing the Connectors in the Peripheral Arms
Authors: Shi Limiao , Sun Zhipeng , Richy Nicolas , Mongin Olivier , Blanchard-Desce Mireille , Paul Frédéric , Paul-Roth Christine O.
Published: August 2023

In the continuation of our sustained interest in porphyrin-based dendrimers and their use as luminescent photosensitizers for two-photon photodynamic therapy (2P-PDT), we wondered about the effect of changing the connectors in our macromolecular structures. We also wanted to initiate preliminary studies on meso-tetraarylporphyrins decorated with more electron-releasing arms. Thus, various meso-tetrafluorenylporphyrin-cored star-shaped and dendrimeric derivatives have been synthesized and characterized, as well as their zinc(II) complexes. In the new dendrimeric derivatives, the peripheral fluorenyl units of the dendrons are linked to the inner core either by N-phenylcarbazole (CCbz) or triphenylamine (CTpa) connectors instead of the more classic 1,3,5-phenylene (CPh) linkers previously used by us. Selected linear and non-linear optical (LO and NLO) properties were then determined for these compounds via absorption or emission studies and by two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) measurements. It was found that the CCbz-containing dendrimer, which has the most rigid structure, exhibits a significantly lower two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-section than its CTpa analog, presenting a more flexible structure while rather similar luminescence and singlet oxygen activation quantum yields are found for both. The origin of this unexpected discrepancy is briefly discussed based on our photophysical data. It is then demonstrated that the latter dendrimer also outperforms several closely related dendrimers in terms of 2PA action cross-section and 2PA-oxygen sensitization, making its molecular architecture quite appealing for developing new 2PA photosensitizers suited to theranostic uses.
Some Optical Properties of LiNbO3:Gd3+(0.003):Mg2+(0.65 wt %) Single Crystal: A Promising Material for Laser Radiation Conversion
Authors: Sidorov Nikolay , Palatnikov Mikhail , Teplyakova Natalya , Pyatyshev Alexander , Skrabatun Alexander
Published: August 2023

A nonlinear optical double-doped single-crystal LiNbO3:Gd:Mg (Gd concentration is 0.003, Mg—0.65 wt % in the crystal) has been researched by several optical methods: laser conoscopy, photoinduced light scattering (PILS), optical spectroscopy, and Raman scattering. The crystal has been shown to have no photorefraction effect and a high optical uniformity. Fine features of the crystal structure have been studied via Raman spectra. Spectra have been registered in the first and second orders, they have been excited by visible (532 nm) and near-IR (785 nm) lasers. Registered Raman spectra have the fundamental vibrations of the crystal lattice of the A1(TO,LO)- and E(TO,LO)-type symmetry located in the range of 150–900 cm−1. A number of low-intensity Raman bands in the 900–2000 cm−1 region have been determined to correspond to the second-order Raman spectrum. These bands are polarized and appear only in certain polarization-scattering geometries. They appear in the spectrum excited by visible radiation, but their number and intensity are much lower than those excited by near-IR lasers. Oxygen-octahedral MeO6 clusters in our case can contain Li, Nb, Gd, or Mg in the Me site. The clusters in the LiNbO3:Gd:Mg crystal structure are slightly distorted compared with similar clusters in the nominally pure LiNbO3 crystal. It has been established that the value R = [Li]/[Nb] in the studied crystal is ≈ 1. Such a ratio usually characterizes a nominally pure stoichiometric crystal.