bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Breeding Exemption in Patent Law: Analysis of Compliance With Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement
Authors: Prifti Viola
Published: October 2013

The breeding exemption limits the right of patent holders by allowing plant breeders to use freely patented biological material for creating new plant variety types. Three European countries, France, Germany, and Switzerland, have already adopted this type of exemption into their patent laws, and the Netherlands is expected to amend its patent law by 2013. The debate in the Netherlands included the introduction of a “comprehensive breeding exemption” as well, that is an exemption that allows the commercialization of plant varieties containing patented elements. The proposal for amendments to patent law did not go unnoticed. The industry itself raised concerns with respect to the compliance of patent exceptions with the European directive on the legal protection of biological inventions (98/44/EC) and the TRIPS Agreement. Being all European Union (EU) countries signatories of the TRIPS Agreement, the EU directive provisions reflect the ratio and voluntas legis of TRIPS. Thus this paper focuses on article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement, the only provision that explicitly provides for exceptions to patent rights at international level. In this context, the analysis aims at proffering a solution to the high legal uncertainty characterizing the debate on patent exceptions for the plant‐breeding sector.
Renewable‐Resource‐Based Green Blends from Poly(furfuryl alcohol) Bioresin and Lignin
Authors: Deka Harekrishna , Mohanty Amar , Misra Manjusri
Published: October 2013

The preparation of an eco‐friendly thermo‐stable blend from furfuryl alcohol and lignin based on renewable resources is described. The optimum properties achieved for 20 wt.‐% lignin show significant improvements in flexural strength (55%), modulus (70%), and storage modulus (14%) over those of neat poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) due to the greater degree of interactions between lignin and PFA resin. FTIR analysis shows strong interactions between PFA and lignin. DMA results are correlated with different well‐known equations such as the Fox, Gordon–Tailor, and Kwei equation. TGA shows 47% char residue at 800 °C. SEM also supports the compatibility between the PFA and lignin in the blends.
A new derivation of the logistic distribution
Authors: Dubey Satya D.
Published: October 2013

Logistic distribution is widely used in describing biological, engineering, industrial, and various other types of data. In this paper it is shown that this distribution is a special case of a compound generalized extreme value distribution which is derived by compounding a generalized extreme value distribution with a gamma distribution. The paper contains several useful results relevant to these distribution functions.
A quadratic assignment problem without column constraints
Authors: Greenberg Harold
Published: October 2013

We convert a quadratic assignment problem [1] with a nonconvex objective function into an integer linear program. We then solve the equivalent integer program by a simple enumeration that produces global minima.
A heuristic routine for solving large loading problems
Authors: Fisk John C. , Hung Ming S.
Published: October 2013

The loading problem involves the optimal allocation of n objects, each having a specified weight and value, to m boxes, each of specified capacity. While special cases of these problems can be solved with relative ease, the general problem having variable item weights and box sizes can become very difficult to solve. This paper presents a heuristic procedure for solving large loading problems of the more general type. The procedure uses a surrogate procedure for reducing the original problem to a simpler knapsack problem, the solution of which is then employed in searching for feasible solutions to the original problem. The procedure is easy to apply, and is capable of identifying optimal solutions if they are found.
Emergence of FGFR family gene fusions as therapeutic targets in a wide spectrum of solid tumours
Authors: Parker Brittany C , Engels Manon , Annala Matti , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2013

The emergence of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family fusions across diverse cancers has brought attention to FGFR‐derived cancer therapies. The discovery of the first recurrent FGFR fusion in glioblastoma was followed by discoveries of FGFR fusions in bladder, lung, breast, thyroid, oral, and prostate cancers. Drug targeting of FGFR fusions has shown promising results and should soon be translating into clinical trials. FGFR fusions form as a result of various mechanisms – predominantly deletion for FGFR1, translocation for FGFR2, and tandem duplication for FGFR3. The ability to exploit the unique targetability of FGFR fusions proves that FGFR‐derived therapies could have a promising future in cancer therapeutics. Drug targeting of fusion genes has proven to be an extremely effective therapeutic approach for cancers such as the recurrent BCR–ABL1 fusion in chronic myeloid leukaemia. The recent discovery of recurrent FGFR family fusions in several cancer types has brought to attention the unique therapeutic potential for FGFR‐positive patients. Understanding the diverse mechanisms of FGFR fusion formation and their oncogenic potential will shed light on the impact of FGFR‐derived therapy in the future. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High performance polyamide 6 composites prepared by reactive extrusion
Authors: Shao Hui‐Ju , Wu Bin , Guo Jian‐Bing , Qin Shu‐Hao , Lu Sheng‐Jun
Published: October 2013

To improve the properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) composites, a series of modified PA6 composites was prepared by reaction extrusion. An amorphous PA6 was first obtained by the complexing reaction of Li+ in lithium chloride with amino groups, and then epoxy resins, nano‐SiO2 as well as POE‐g‐MAH were in turn added into the PA6/LiCl system. The effect of different additives on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PA6 composites was well‐studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties tests. The results demonstrated that PA6 was amorphous at 6 phr lithium chloride and a network structure was formed in PA6 matrix in the presence of epoxy resins, thus the mechanical properties of composites greatly were enhanced. However too many nano‐SiO2 particles might impair the tensile strength of PA6 composites. Additionally, a PA6 composite with excellent properties was obtained in the presence of POE‐g‐MAH due to the crystal form change in PA6 matrix and the strong interaction between PA6 and POE‐g‐MAH. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:985–992, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the bulkiness of the substituent on the aggregation and magnetic properties of poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s
Authors: Peeters Helmuth , Jivanescu Mihaela , Stesmans André , Pereira Lino M. C. , Dillemans Leander , Locquet Jean‐Pierre , Van Bael Margriet J. , Persoons André , Koeckelberghs Guy
Published: October 2013

A series of poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s (P3ATs) (P1–P5) has been synthesized via a Ni(dppp)‐mediated polymerization, varying the bulkiness of the alkyl side chains in order to investigate the influence of the bulkiness of the alkyl substituent on the aggregation and magnetic properties of P3ATs. UV–Vis spectroscopy, performed in solution as well as in film, shows that the stacking of the polymers becomes more complicated as the bulkiness of the side chains increases. Both the π‐interactions and the planarization of the polymer chains are diminished. While aggregation is absent in poor solvent for the polymer with the most bulky side chains, aggregation was present in film, albeit slowed down. This behavior was also confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements, performed at 300 K on powders, confirmed the trend of decreasing supramolecular order with increasing bulkiness of the side‐chain. Magnetization measurements, performed at 5 and 300 K, are in line with our hypothesis on the influence of π‐interactions and the fraction of planar polymer chains on the coercivity and saturation magnetization, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 76–86
Synthesis of 3‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonylmethyl)‐N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam and Homologous Copolymerization Toward Biocompatible Carboxylated Poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam) Responsive to pH and Temperature
Authors: Tang Shuangcheng , Cao Yu , Goddard Samuel C. , He Wei
Published: October 2013

A new monomer derivative of N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam (VCL), namely 3‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylmethyl)‐N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam (TBMVCL), was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the α‐carbon to the lactam carbonyl group. The monomer was copolymerized radically with VCL and the copolymer compositions were controlled through varying the molar feeding percentages of TBMVCL. The resulting copolymers exhibited temperature‐responsive properties in water, with cloud points decreasing from 33 °C to 13 °C when the TBMVCL composition increased from 2.2 mol % to 18.6 mol %. Removal of the tert‐butyl protecting groups via acid hydrolysis exposed the carboxyl groups, which conferred pH sensitivity to the thermoresponsive properties of the resulting deprotected copolymers. The cloud point was found to increase with the increase of solution pH from 2.0 to 7.4, due to the ionization of the carboxyl groups. The influence of pH was most drastic for the 18.6 mol % copolymer composition. Furthermore, the phase transition temperature of the deprotected copolymers was found to be dependent on the polymer solution concentration, exemplifying classical Flory–Huggins miscibility behavior. Comparison of responsiveness was also made with another type of carboxyl functionalized poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam) copolymer reported in our prior study, to examine the influence of the chemical structure of the carboxyl substitution group. Finally, the deprotected copolymer was demonstrated to be biocompatible using a fibroblast cell culture. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 112–120
Generation of Neuronal Progenitor Cells in Response to Tumors in the Human Brain
Authors: Macas Jadranka , Ku Min-Chi , Nern Christian , Xu Yuanzhi , Bühler Helmut , Remke Marc , Synowitz Michael , Franz Kea , Seifert Volker , Plate Karl H. , Kettenmann Helmut , Glass Rainer , Momma Stefan
Published: October 2013

Data from transgenic mouse models show that neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate toward experimental brain tumors and modulate the course of pathology. However, the pathways whereby NPCs are attracted to CNS neoplasms are not fully understood and it is unexplored if NPCs migrate toward brain tumors (high-grade astrocytomas) in humans. We analyzed the tumor-parenchyma interface of neurosurgical resections for the presence of (NPCs) and distinguished these physiological cells from the tumor mass. We observed that polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule-positive NPCs accumulate at the border of high-grade astrocytomas and display a marker profile consistent with immature migratory NPCs. Importantly, these high-grade astrocytoma-associated NPCs did not carry genetic aberrations that are indicative of the tumor. Additionally, we observed NPCs accumulating in CNS metastases. These metastatic tumors are distinguished from neural cells by defined sets of markers. Transplanting murine glioma cells embedded in a cell-impermeable hollow fiber capsule into the brains of nestin-gfp reporter mice showed that diffusible factors are sufficient to induce a neurogenic reaction. In vitro, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted from glioma cells increases the migratory and proliferative behavior of adult human brain-derived neural stem and progenitor cells via stimulation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In vivo, inhibiting VEGFR-2 signaling with a function-blocking antibody led to a reduction in NPC migration toward tumors. Overall, our data reveal a mechanism by which NPCs are attracted to CNS tumors and suggest that NPCs accumulate in human high-grade astrocytomas. Stem Cells  2014;32:244–257
Method of assessment determines prevalence of suicidal ideation among patients with depression
Authors: Vuorilehto M. , Valtonen H.M. , Melartin T. , Sokero P. , Suominen K. , Isometsä E.T.
Published: October 2013

Background

How different ways of assessing suicidal ideation influence its prevalence, correlates and predictive validity among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear.

Methods

Within the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study (PC-VDS, 91 patients) and the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS, 153 psychiatric out-and 41 inpatients), suicidal ideation was assessed with the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) item 3 and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) item 9, and by asking whether patients had seriously considered suicide during the episode. The positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) for suicide attempts during a six-month follow-up were investigated.

Results

Depending on the setting, 56–88% of patients had suicidal ideation in some of the assessments, but only 8–44% in all of them. Agreement ranged from negligible to moderate (kappa 0.06–0.64), being lowest among primary care patients. The correlates of suicidal ideation overlapped. No assessment had optimal sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. Nevertheless, PPVs ranged up to 43%.

Conclusions

Which MDD patient is classified as having suicidal ideation depends strongly on the method of assessment, with the greatest variation likely in primary care. Differences in assessments may cause inconsistency in risk factors. Predicting suicide attempts is difficult, but not futile.
The Bonebridge semi-implantable bone conduction hearing device: experience in an Asian patient
Authors: Tsang W S S , Yu J K Y , Bhatia K S S , Wong T K C , Tong M C F
Published: October 2013

For over three decades, bone conduction hearing aids have been changing the lives of patients with impaired hearing. The size, appearance and fitting discomfort of early generations of bone conduction hearing aids made them unpopular. The advent of bone-anchored hearing aids in the 1970s offered patients improved sound quality and fitting comfort, due to the application of osseointegration. However, the issue of post-operative peri-abutment pin tract wound infection persisted. The Bonebridge system incorporates the first active bone conduction device, and aims to resolve peri-abutment issues. Implantation of this system in an Asian patient is presented.
Posterior orbital cellulitis: case report and literature review
Authors: Allan K , Atkinson H , Agada F
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

It is rare for isolated sphenoid sinusitis to cause orbital cellulitis. We present a rare case of posterior orbital cellulitis, so caused, together with a review of the relevant literature.

Case report:

A 29-year-old woman presented with a 6-week history of progressive, unilateral, retro-orbital and periorbital right eye pain. On examination, the only finding was reduced visual acuity in the right eye. A computed tomography scan demonstrated right frontal and sphenoid sinus opacification. Sphenoidotomy and frontal sinus trephination were subsequently performed, following failure to respond to intravenous antibiotics. After surgery, the patient's vision returned to normal.

Conclusion:

Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is rare but can cause significant visual disturbance and permanent loss of vision. Vague symptoms unsupported by clinical signs at presentation are a feature of posterior orbital cellulitis. The presented case highlights the problem, and the need for a high index of clinical suspicion even in the absence of firm clinical signs, in order to prevent permanent visual loss.
Principled instrumentalism: a theory of transnational NGO behaviour
Authors: MITCHELL GEORGE E. , SCHMITZ HANS PETER
Published: October 2013

Scholarship has traditionally portrayed transnational NGOs (TNGOs) as ‘principled’ actors animated by global norms to advance human rights, sustainable development, humanitarian relief, environmental stewardship, and conflict resolution. However, scholarship has also identified instances in which TNGOs appear to act ‘instrumentally’ by engaging in resource-maximising behaviour seemingly inconsistent with their principled nature. Moreover, prior scholarship addressing this puzzle has been constrained by the limitations of small-n case studies examining relatively narrow subsectors of the TNGO community. Addressing these limitations, we reexamine the logic of TNGO behaviour in light of findings from an interdisciplinary, mixed-method research initiative consisting of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a diverse sample of 152 top organisational leaders from all major sectors of TNGO activity. Using an inductive approach to discover how TNGO leaders understand their own behaviour, we introduce the heuristic of ‘principled instrumentalism’ and specify our framework with a formal model.
The Flint Implements Of Sub-Crag Man
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

On the 3rd of October, 1909, I found on a stone heap in Messrs. Bolton and Laughlin's brickfield near Ipswich a large flint implement fashioned from a cylindrical nodule and flaked to a cutting edge at one end. This implement, which is obviously very massive, weight 8¾lbs., is deeply patinated on its worked surfaces a yellowish-brown colour, and has a very hard ferruginous deposit attached to portions of its crust.

Following on this discovery I commenced, searching for others, and eventually found them lying on the London Clay under a seam of decalcified crag, and associated with many bones and phosphatic nodules such as are met with at other ordinary bases of the Red Crag. This decalcified crag occurs in two basin-shaped hollows, one 56 yards wide and the other 45 yards, in the London Clay. The general arrangement of the beds (Plate I.) in the hollows is as follows:—

1. Top sand and gravel, in places up to 9 feet in thickness.

2. Middle Glacial Sands, with sarsen stones, maximum thickness 12 feet to 15 feet.

3. Decalcified crag, with casts of shells up to 3 feet. This is very hard in the eastern hollow, and rests upon an uneven floor of London Clay, containing pockets filled with pebbles, and boulders of flint and micaceous sandstone.
The Bearing of the Drayson Theory on the Problems Presented by Striated Neolithic Flints
Authors: Sturge W. Allen
Published: October 2013

I propose in this address to give you some account of my work during the past two or three years bearing on the difficult problems of prehistoric chronology. You may remember that to the first number of the “Proceedings” I contributed a paper on this subject. Since that time I have been continuously occupied with it, and I believe I have made some advance, both as regards facts and as regards theory.

It will be within the recollection of you all, that in the paper alluded to, the fact round which everything else pivoted was the striation of certain classes of neolithic flints. The cardinal fact to which I would call attention to-day is the occurrence of other classes of presumably neolithic flints which show the striking peculiarity of being patinated on one side only, or if both sides are patinated, one side is very much more so than the other. My attention was drawn to the peculiarity in this way: For some time past large numbers of flint implements and flakes have been brought to me by the labourers on an estate a few miles from Icklingham.
Some Barnham Palæoliths
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

The parish of Barnham, in North-West Suffolk, a little over two miles from Thetford, has never been noted for its flint implements, and the few found there have for the most part gone unrecorded. The finding of some implements there in the early part of 1912 induced me to trace as many previous specimens as I could, and by the kindness of Mr. H. Muller (Eltham), Mr. G. J. Buscall Fox (Upper Tooting), Mr. C. F. Newton (Saham Toney), and Mr. H. Dixon Hewitt (Thetford), I have examined a series of implements of more than usual interest on account of the succession of periods which they represent.

Chellean.—In 1882, Mr. A. G. Wright obtained “two flint implements from the gravel near Barnham” (Geological Memoir of Ely, Mildenhall, Thetford,” p. 80). These are now in the possession of Mr. G. J. Buscall Fox. One is the broad end of an ochreous pear-shaped implement (2¾ in. by 2 in.)—apparently Chellean—and probably found in the gravel-pit east of the village.
Flint Harpoon-Barbs
Authors: Halls H. H.
Published: October 2013

Though Sir John Evans described a series of flint implements as “single-barbed arrowheads,” the shape of the majority precluded any such explanation of their use, and it was not until Dr. A. E. Relph put forward the suggestion in “The Antiquary” for September, 1907, that these implements were in reality harpoon-barbs, that students of prehistoric archæology were satisfied that their nomenclature was correct. They are all triangular, the longest edge being thin and unworked, and this, it is suggested, was fixed in the side of a bone or wooden shaft, probably tipped by a triangular or tanged and barbed arrowhead. In most of the specimens the remaining two edges are carefully chipped, the longer being usually straight, and the shorter concave. This curved portion would be fixed pointing to the handle of the harpoon, the long sloping edge enabling the weapon to pierce the object aimed at, while the curved barb would prevent it slipping out.
A Late Palæolithic Site on Wretham Heath, near Thetford
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: October 2013

The discovery of late Palæolithic relics in East Anglia has aroused the interest of students of prehistoric remains, and the paper by Dr. A. Sturge in Vol. I., Part II., of the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia may be regarded as the starting-point from which much will be done in the near future.

I have for some time held on theoretical grounds that Late Palæolithic relics should occur in East Anglia, and collected specimens from Wretham Heath in support of that view: it was, therefore, with peculiar interest that I learned of Dr. Sturge's discoveries. I wish to thank Dr. Sturge and the Abbé Breuil for their kindness in examining my specimens, and Mr. W. B. R. King, B.A., of Jesus College, Cambridge, for much help in collecting.
The Fractured Flints of the Eocene “Bull-head” Bed at Coe's Pit, Bramford near Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

During the past few years discoveries of flaked flints of various kinds have been made in certain pre-river-valley deposits in Suffolk and Norfolk, and the discoverers of these specimens have had to meet, from some quarters, a very determined opposition to the view that these stones have been fashioned by man at periods long anterior to those in which the earliest Palæolithic implements were made. The details of the discovery of these flaked flints have already been made public in various scientific publications, and papers have been published giving the discoverers' reasons for believing them to be of human manufacture, and their opponents' reasons for looking upon them as purely natural productions.

In the last part of our Proceedings I gave an account of the series of experiments I had carried through with flints subjected to natural pressure and percussion, and endeavoured to show how the flaking produced by these experiments differed from that seen upon undoubted examples of human handiwork. The chief objection brought against my conclusions was that it is impossible to imitate the forces of Nature which act upon flints by shaking stones in a sack and fracturing them by pressure in a screw-press, and I confess that at first sight this appears to be a very weighty argument and one difficult to refute. But a close and searching examination of these “mighty forces of Nature,” a phrase often used with marked effect upon an uncritical audience, will, I think, show that they are largely inoperative upon flints, and that if they are too “mighty” the flint succumbs and is shattered to fragments.
An Early Norfolk Trackway: The “Drove” Road
Authors: Clarke W. G. , Hewitt H. Dixon
Published: October 2013

It is difficult to prove that a road is prehistoric—in many cases more difficult to prove that it is not—but the fourteen miles of the Norfolk “Drove,” “Droveway,” or “Harling Drove,” which connects the fenland at Blackdike, Hockwold, with Peddar's Way on Roudham Heath, have certain claims to: that distinction. Though not so well known as the Northumberland “Drove Way” or the Surrey “Drove. Road,” and probably a favourite route in mediæval times for flocks and herds to and from the fens, its origin must be sought in a much more remote period, and as for the greater part of its course its primitive condition is still retained, it is easy—possibly with the mental elimination of all trees from the landscape—to picture it as it was in its early days.
Implements from a Station at Cranwich, Norfolk
Authors: Halls H. H.
Published: October 2013

During the last year or two I have obtained some 1262 flint implements of varying types and patinas from a small area of the parish of Cranwich in South-West Norfolk. The implements may with comparative ease be divided into three groups according to patina, white, blue, and black, the last-named including those having miscellaneous colourings that are neither blue nor white, or with no appreciable patina. According to these divisions I have 351 white, 268 blue, 604 black and 12 implements with totally different patinas on the two sides.

The white patinated implements are found on a rich loam on which water rests in wet weather. This is only from four to eight inches thick, and the subsoil is locally known as “cobbles chalk,” that is, chalk broken into small lumps by glacial action. These lumps are about the size of plums quite white, and in a foot or so pass into undisturbed chalk. The blue patinated implements are mainly found on a sandy area resting on chalk, and the black on a sand and gravel area with chalk as the subsoil, though a few hollows are filled with chalky boulder clay. On the sandy area the surface soil is somewhat deeper, averaging from nine inches to a foot.
Surface Implements of Palæolithic Type
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: October 2013

The series exhibited by Mr. Vachell not only contains some specimens of peculiar interest, but teaches a lesson that will not be lost on prehistorians at the present time. The Downs behind Folkestone are, like most of the chalk area in the South-East of England, very rich in worked flints, though probably no richer than many other localities with the same formation; but surface finds are in the nature of things miscellaneous, and collectors are often at a loss to classify what they pick up in the open. For this deadlock the text-books are largely to blame, for if they do not actually state that surface-finds are Neolithic, they imply that such is the case; and confidence in form is considerably shaken when ovate implements, identical in all but colour with gravel specimens, are attributed to the later Stone Age merely on account of their position. Some authors have protested, but the superstition is still rife, and another object-lesson will not be superfluous.
A Cave Site at Nettlebed, S. Oxon
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

At the present time, when the old classification of Prehistoric implements is being considerably modified, and superficial “floors,” “stations,” and surface finds are no longer collectively referred to the Neolithic period, it will be of interest to record a site which has never been described, and which I shall hope to show in the present paper contains a number of forms which correspond with those of cave sites and which, moreover, have not hitherto been found on a Neolithic one. At the end of this paper some reasons are given in support of the above conclusions.

I have known Nettlebed for about 15 years, and for more than half that time the Common was a waste. Now a large portion of it, over which presumably the “floor” extended, is levelled for a recreation-ground. It will always be a matter of regret to me that it was only in 1913 I happened to examine the pit, as no doubt a large number of implements are permanently buried beneath the recreation-ground. The large sand-pit is some 300 yards in length. On the talus of this I picked up in 1913 a number of fresh-looking flakes with such sharp edges that I thought at first they were recent.
An Ancient Interment at Mannington
Authors: Tomes Charles S.
Published: October 2013

In a gravel pit not far from Mannington, Norfolk, a number of cinerary urns have been from time to time exposed. The pit, perhaps better described as a sand pit, is on the summit of a mound or low hill, which does not appear to have been artificially raised, and the fact that some urns have been found in an adjoining field, also a low hill, renders it less likely that the natural contour of the ground has been disturbed. The urns lie a very short distance beneath the present surface, not more than from six or eight inches up to a foot, as a rule, and so they are generally much broken by ploughing, etc. But they are not so much disturbed but that their contents remain in situ.

The urns vary in the excellence of their workmanship, but none is very fully burnt. The accompanying photograph (Plate XXXV.) represents an exceptionally perfect one, and also some fragments of others showing the decoration. But the immediate purpose of this communication is to call attention to one in the bottom of which there was an oval hole. This had been mended by pouring molten lead into it; apparently the urn was stood upon sand and the molten lead poured into the inside, the excess running out into a feather edge. An examination of this specimen shows quite conclusively that the lead was used deliberately to mend the hole, and was not derived from some article of lead melted in the urn and accidentally running into the hole.
The Pleistocene Succession in England
Authors: Kennard A. S.
Published: October 2013

It has always appeared to me that if any real advance in our knowledge of early man is to be made, it is essential that the sequence of events during the Pleistocene period must be known, but judging from recent literature the prevalent ideas as to this succession are decidedly nebulous. Some years ago Prof. Penck drew up a scheme of Pleistocene chronology based on stratigraphical Alpine evidence which may or may not have been correctly interpreted. Instead of checking this Teutonic theory by English evidence the theory was generally accepted, and various authors have since tried to squeeze the English facts into the German theory with the result that there is no agreement between them, and it is self-evident that either the facts are, or the theory is, wrong. The custom has been far too prevalent in this country of accepting German scientific work at the author's valuation, and it cannot be too strongly insisted upon that German science has all the inherent defects of modern German thought. Classical archæology has thrown off the yoke of German theories based on preconceived ideas. Is it too much to hope that Prehistoric archæology may soon attain freedom? After all even a Geheimrath can err, and there is no room in science for ex cathedra opinions.
Flint and other Stone Implements found at Mary Tavy, Devon
Authors: Smallwood G. W.
Published: October 2013

First of all I must express my thanks for the opportunity given me to exhibit before the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia specimens from my collection of Flint and other Stone Implements found at Mary Tavy, Devon, and for the observations made on them by Mr. Reginald Smith, F.S.A., and Mr. W. G. Clarke.

My collection was commenced about twelve years ago, and an interesting series has been accumulated, the 133 specimens exhibited being representative of the various types found.

Although there is no question as to the “humanity” of the flint specimens, those made of slate and other rocks seem likely to cause a diversity of opinion, and are therefore of greater interest and I hope may induce other prehistoric archæologists to make a special study of them. Both the flint and other stone implements probably belong to the same period; there seems to be some doubt as to which age they can be assigned to, but the late Neolithic or Early Bronze age appears to be the most likely.
Further Excavations at Grime's Graves
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

I must apologise for again addressing you on the subject of Grime's Graves. My work, however, has kept me in a practically flintless country, and I have been unable to accumulate any fresh material except of Roman date. Although the villa we have been excavating in our spare time is very interesting it is not an appropriate subject for the Prehistoric Society.

Owing to the kindness of the Trustees of the Weeting Estate, Mrs. T. S. Hall and Mr. C. Cockburn, we were able to do some fresh work at Grime's Graves in 1916, and on behalf of those who took part in it I wish to express our cordial appreciation for the permission.

I was associated in the work of last year, 1916, with Mr. A. Leslie Armstrong, F.S.A. (Scot.), and Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Lingwood, and the pieces exhibited are some of the best and most interesting things which came to light during this work.
The Icknield Way in East Anglia
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

Though it is now impossible to trace a connected road from end to end, there is little doubt that a series of trackways between Norfolk and Wiltshire have from very early times been known as the Icknield Way, and it is highly probable that originally they provided through communication between the south-west of England and the Norfolk coast. These trackways appear to be prehistoric, to have been utilised but never re-made by the Romans, avoiding the upper levels of the hills and skirting the slopes where the forest presumably ended. The adjacent country is dotted with hill-forts, barrows, and remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.
The Fracturing of Flints by Natural Agencies in Geological Deposits
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

This question has been discussed at length by Mr. F. N. Haward in two papers published in the “Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia,” and if I have understood his views correctly, he holds the opinion that there is not at present any evidence in existence in favour of the pre-Palæolithic antiquity of man. Such a conclusion, in view of the large number of thoughtful archæologists and others who think otherwise, is somewhat startling, and, if well founded, of undoubted importance. It seems to be necessary, therefore, to examine the scientific data upon which Mr. Haward bases his conclusions.
Excavations at Grime's Graves During 1917
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

In 1917 the work at Grime's Graves was carried out by Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Lingwood and myself, and was limited to sections and floors, as the war prevented us from obtaining outside labour. For permission to excavate, we are again much indebted to the Trustees of the Weeting Estate, Mrs. T. S. Hall and Mr. C. Cockburn. The following paper gives the results of the work, and in it are figured some of the new implements.

The Grime's Graves culture shows a wide variety of forms, and I think it is important to illustrate as many of these as possible. This vast factory must have sent out implements far beyond the present boundaries of Britain, and no doubt many implements found on the Continent will be traced to this source. Very few industries have been sufficiently illustrated in the past, and this has led to erroneous conclusions when collections are not accessible.
Some Sussex Implements
Authors: Jamieson Colonel A. W.
Published: October 2013

Fig. 23A is a very carefully worked leaf-shaped blade identical with implements from the Solutré site of Laugerie Haute. It is from clay-with-flints gravel, at present being ploughed up by German prisoners, on the ridge between Cissbury and Sompting, O.D. 600 ft. There is nothing Neolithic about it whatever: it is a distinctly Palæolithic artefact. B, C, D, and E are “Cat Tongue” Palæoliths from such diverse localities as Grime's Graves, Cissbury, O.D. 600 ft., and from a depth of 9 feet below the surface of the so-called South Coast Brickearth, at Southsea, in a recent excavation associated with a Red Crag fossil, the Chrysodomus contraria.
The Distribution of Flint and Bronze Implements in Norfolk
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

In 1907 I contributed to the “Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society” a list of the localities in which implements of flint and bronze had been found in Norfolk. The only previous list was in Vol. I. of the “Victoria County History of Norfolk” (1901), in which nine localities were given for Palæolithic implements, 54 for Neolithic, and 38 for bronze. In my own list the classification and number of parishes for which records were published were:—Eolithic (Sub-Crag) 1, Palæolithic 30, “Cissbury type” 4, Early Neolithic 101, Intermediate Neolithic 100, Late Neolithic or polished 109, and Bronze 70. In that list one polished implement recorded for Rushall should have been from Runhall, and the bronze implement from Hanworth should have been from Hunworth. I also consider the records of palæoliths for Brockdish, Fritton, and Markshall doubtful.
A Few Notes on the Sub-Crag Flint Implements
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

At a Meeting of the “Prehistoric Society of East Anglia” held recently at Norwich, I heard a summary read of a paper by Mr. F. N. Haward on the Norwich Test Specimen. It is perhaps needless to say that Mr. Haward's paper purported to show that this specimen of a rostro-carinate flint implement owes its present form to certain natural agencies, and not to the purposeful blows of a human being. It is not, however, within my province to attempt a defence of the humanity of this well-known flaked flint. Sir Ray Lankester has described and illustrated the specimen in a paper published some little time ago (“Description of the Test Specimen of the Rostro-Carinate Industry found beneath the Norwich Crag,” Roy. Anth. Inst. Occasional Papers, No. 4), and prehistorians can choose whether they prefer to accept the opinion expressed in that paper, or the view of Mr. Haward. The latter gentleman's opposition, however, to the idea of the human origin of the flaking upon the Sub-Crag flints does not cease with the Norwich Test Specimen, but includes all the other specimens found in the Norwich Stone Bed.
Implements from Beer Head, S.E. Devon
Authors: Powell J. Allman
Published: October 2013

These implements and flakes were collected during the past two years from the ploughed fields of Beer Head and the immediate vicinity.

The white cliffs at Beer Head, S.E. Devon, are the last of the Chalk Cliffs to westward on the South Coast, but cretaceous beds appear inland further west at Haldon and Bovey Tracy.

The cliff section shows greensand at the base, and chalk, with a thin capping of “clay with flints and chert,” above.

The highest point of the Head is 475 ft. O.D. Early in last century gun-flints were made on this site. Occasional flakes from this factory are met with and are easily distinguished by their dull surface. The fields in which the implements were found are near the coastguard station, and from about 200 to 600 yards from the cliffs.
Classification of Burins or Gravers
Authors: Burkitt Miles C.
Published: October 2013

The burin is one of the commonest stone tools found in the French Cave deposits of Upper Palæolithic Age. It also occurs in England, as at Paviland, etc., though, on the whole, its occurrence in this country seems to be rarer than in France.

A classification of the various types of burin has been attempted already some years ago by the late M. Bourlon, who was a captain in the French Army, and the following note is to a very large extent founded on his work. A slight simplification has been introduced, however.

Burins or gravers (though they probably had many uses besides that of engraving) can be readily divided into two main groups:—

A. Those with a straight working edge, like that of a screwdriver.

This makes a V-shaped gutter when rubbed along a surface.

B. Those with a convex, gouge-like working edge.

This makes a U-shaped gutter when similarly used.
Further Discoveries of Humanly-Fashioned Flints in and Beneath the Red Crag of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The excavations which, with the flint implements and other relics discovered, it is the purpose of this paper to describe, commenced towards the end of February, 1919, and continued until July, 1920. The money to pay for the wages of the excavator, Baxter, was most generously supplied by the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, and I wish to record my thanks for their invaluable help.

I have to acknowledge also, with gratitude the assistance given me in my researches by Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S., Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., Professor J. E. Marr, F.R.S., Dr. Smith Woodard, F.R.S., Dr. Charles Andrews, F.R.S., Mr. Reginald Smith, and the owners of the various properties upon which the diggings were conducted.

The drawings which illustrate this paper are reproduced from work executed by Mr. E. T. Lingwood, to whom the science of prehistoric archæology is greatly indebted for his continued and invaluable help in the matter of illustrations.
The Grime's Graves Fauna
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

The publication by Dr. A. Rutot of a paper “Sur la faune des Mammiferes de l'époque de la Pierre polie en Belgique,” renders it possible to compare the faunas of Grime's Graves and Spiennes and to consider their chronological position much more fully than could be done in the ‘Report on the Excavations at Grime's Graves, Weeting,” and in my paper “Are Grime's Graves Neolithic?” (“Proceedings,” Vol. II., pp. 339–349). For purposes of comparison Dr. Rutot gives a list of mammals identified in Azilian deposits in Belgian caves, a list of the fauna in the first stage of polished stone, corresponding with the Upper Spiennian, and another of mammals found in recent peat, which he considers began to form towards the middle of the Neolithic period, a little before the age of polished stone, and continued without interruption until the end of the third century, A.D. In order to facilitate comparison, I have tabulated these lists and included the Grime's Graves fauna. It should be borne in mind that Dr. Rutot's lists apply only to Belgium, and that other species than those recorded have been found in Britain, for example, in the peat.
Hammerstones
Authors: Passmore A. D.
Published: October 2013

Prehistoric hammerstones, sometimes known as mullers, pounders, or mauls, are supposed, as the name implies, to have been used as hammers. In the case of those made from flint nodules they present an unmistakable surface which consists of the heads of hundreds of small cones of percussion, and of angular fragments of broken, intersecting, cones, the whole being the result of a long, and continuous rain of blows, each of which affected but a small spot of the surface, and caused by the nodule coming into sharp contact with a surface nearly as hard, or of equal hardness, to the flint itself.
The Fracture of Flint. A Reply to the Criticism of Prof. A. S. Barnes
Authors: Barnes A. S. , Haward F. N.
Published: October 2013

In his criticism in the recent Proceedings of this Society (Vol. III., Part II, page 259) of Section II. of my Paper on “The Origin of the Rostro-Carinate Implements,” Prof. Barnes wrote that my remarks ‘contain so many statements which are incorrect that in the interests of accuracy they must be corrected.”

With the exception of the following three errors, I do not with draw any of my statements, and I regret that Prof. Barnes did not ask me for further explanation on points where our views differed before his attack was printed.

1st. I correct a mistake of mine on page 119, par. 6, where I suggested that steel hammers had been used in his experiments by Mr. Reid Moir, who informs me that he only used hammers of stone and flint.

2nd. Prof. Barnes points out a slip on page 124 of my Paper (2nd line from the end) where the following is printed, “The fracture turns towards the mass of the Core.”

Of course the fracture turns away from the Core, and not towards it! The latter was one of those annoying, but obvious, “slips of the pen” which will at times creep in. (N.B.–I advised Prof. Barnes of these mistakes in February, 1920, before his Paper was printed, though he omits to mention this. I also sent a correction to the Society for the 19th January meeting, 1920).
An Animistic Implement of “Cissbury Type”
Authors: Halls H. H.
Published: October 2013

While searching the well known “Cissbury” site at Ringland (Vide Proc. P. S. E. A., Vol. 1, pp. 340–1, Vol. 2, pp. 340–1, 145–151) in December last, I found a white Cone with a natural base 1½ inches by 1¼ inches, formed by a line of cleavage in the flint.

On one side the implement has a flat face 4 inches in length by I¾ inches in width. The other face is convex, and has been formed by the removal of eight flakes, six of these extending for a distance of 2½ inches leaving I½ inches on which the cortex of the flint remains. In ordinary circumstances this portion would have been removed by a transverse blow in order to form the top of the cone, but the natural peculiarities of the flint led to its retention and further retouching in order to form a representation of an animal. A natural hole and protuberance, associated with the formation of the flint as a ventriculite, were in the proper position for an eye, and the removal of part of the cortex revealed the inner rind so as to form a pupil.
The Mesvinian Industry of Clacton-on-Sea, Essex
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: October 2013

The flint flakes from the Elephas antiquus bed of Clacton-on-Sea have been known for many years, and were collected by the Rev. J. W. Kenworthy. I obtained a large series between the years 1911 and 1916, but their affinities remained an enigma to me until they were examined by the Abbé N. Breuil, who denned them as Mesvinian. When once it had been suggested, one realized that this determination was obviously correct, and it has since been confirmed by several continental authorities who are intimately acquainted with the Mesvinian of Belgium.

Stratigraphy. Remnants of the High Terrace with Chellian implements occur in the district (at Frinton, Weeley, etc.) at levels of 70 to 85 feet O.D. These contain much Lower Greensand chert from the Wealden area, and I think they must be referred to the main river of the Thames basin.

The Clacton bed is the silting-up of a tributary channel which cuts across the High Terrace, and of which the base lies below the present level of low tide.
The Discovery of an Early Palæolithic Implement in Yorkshire
Authors: Collins E. R. , Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The writer of this article was lucky enough to find last August a large ovate implement of the Early Palæolithic period in Yorkshire, after many years of careful searching; he is indebted to Mr. E. T. Lingwood for the drawings of the same, for which help he offers his grateful thanks.

The site of this find is Upper Nidderdale, just within the boundary of the West Riding. At the far end of the dale, and some six and a half miles from its source, the river Nidd, which up to this point has run due East, makes a bend, practically a. right angle, to the South.

Some three hundred yards below this point an interesting geological phenomenon occurs in the shape of a triangular fault with its apex to the South, which has thrust up the Carboniferous Limestone on both sides of the valley.

Through this the river, with the help of the glaciers, has cut its way.

This strip of limestone is about half a mile long and below this the river continues its course for some distance through the Millstone Grit series, Nidderdale being, from a geological point of view, a Millstone Grit dale.