bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADHD Symptoms, Comorbidities, Social, and Familial Adversities on Offences
Authors: Gopalan Rejani Thudalikunnil
Published: July 2020

Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) manifests with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The long term consequences of ADHD have been explored on different dimensions such as physical growth, cognitive functions, and other mental health problems. The link between ADHD and criminal activities in adolescents and adulthood were also studied cross sectional and longitudinal methods   and many found a relation with criminal activities. But it is important to explore how the disorder, its symptoms, co morbidities including addiction, social and familial adversities affects the relation. This chapter attempted to find the link on these dimensions. Studies have pointed out that ADHD diagnosis poses the increased risk for committing offenses and repetition of acts as well as prone for bullying and victimization, and it is not the symptoms but other environmental and familial factors are also need to be looked in to understand the link between ADHD and crime. Though many studies have shown an association of ADHD with co morbid Addictive disorders to crime, more studies are required to establish exact nature of the relationship.
Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for ADHD
Authors: Ahuja Nikita Naresh
Published: July 2020

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly occurs among children between the age ranges of 3-10 years. Though pharmacotherapy in combination of play therapy and behavior therapy has been proved to be effective for the treatment of ADHD, but the results derived from them does not seem to sustain for a longer period of time. There are other alternative therapies too, which can help in management of the symptoms of ADHD. This chapter talks about the different aspects of yoga and effect of different asanas, pranayama, and meditation on ADHD. As medication has its own negative side effects, practitioners have started to research other techniques to be helpful for managing ADHD, and Yoga is proved to be one of the effective ways to reduce the symptoms of ADHD. Yoga is not only limited to the physical exercise; it also includes breathing exercises, meditation, and relaxation exercises, which help to have a balance between mind and body. Through regular practice of yoga, one can attain peace of mind and can lead a happy and healthy life.
Nanotechnology From Engineers to Toxicologists
Authors: Anwar Waqas , Khitab Anwar
Published: July 2020

There is growing public perception that nanotechnology products are flourishing without sufficient care for the risks they pose to life, global, and local environments. The transparency of safety issues and impact on environment should be the prime focus while engaging a particular field with nanotechnology. Testing of nano products needs to be enforced before they are released to the market. Whether nanotechnology is good or bad for the environment is totally based on the nature of its use and considerations made during its application. The use of nanotechnology in any field requires great care, and any sort of negligence is likely to bring negative effects for the environment and its habitats. Recent studies show that the lack of knowledge as regard risks is found even at the expert level. The present work highlights the risks associated with the use of nanoparticles and the necessary preventive measures for using the technology in a safe and sound way.
The Geometry of Higher-Dimensional Multi-Shell Clusters With Common Center and Different Centers
Authors: Zhizhin Gennadiy Vladimirovich
Published: July 2020

In this article, it is shown that the dimension of a metal skeleton of giant palladium cluster, containing 561 atoms in five shells, is 8. The claims of some authors that the palladium cluster in this case is an E8 lattice are groundless. The internal geometry of multi-shell metal clusters with ligands and core was investigated. It is proved that the multi-shell clusters with common center and different centers have a higher dimension. Clusters with ligands and a structural unit octahedron exist with different metals in the core. A spatial image of the cobalt tetra-anion cluster is presented. It is proved that its dimension is 5. It is considered homo-element metal cycles with ligands. For example, a spatial image of the three nuclear carbonyls of ruthenium and osmium it is build. It was proved that the ligands in the three nuclear carbonyls of ruthenium and osmium do not form a ligand polyhedron, as was previously assumed. The construction of cluster in this case can be divided into two polytopes dimension of 4.
A Markov-Chain-Based Model for Group Message Distribution in Connected Networks
Authors: Bajorski Peter , Kurdziel Michael
Published: July 2020

The authors introduce a stochastic Markov-chain-based model for the recursive distribution of a message from the source node to all remaining nodes. This recursive message distribution process produces a spanning tree topology over the connected network of nodes. The model has five input parameters: (1) the number of nodes n in the group, (2) the maximum number of child nodes, (3) the number of sub-message components needed to transfer a single message, (4) the probability p1 that two adjacent nodes in a network initiate a connection (edge) in the spanning tree, and (5) the probability p2 that each sub-message component is transferred correctly between nodes. The authors derive a closed-form expression for the expected group message distribution time, measured in discrete-time epochs, that is verified via Monte Carlo simulations. Since both the closed-form formulas and the Monte Carlo simulations are computationally intensive for networks with a large number of nodes n, this paper derives a reliable approximate formula for the expected distribution time for networks as large as n = 1000.
The Impact of Utilizing a Large High-Resolution Display on the Analytical Process for Visual Histories
Authors: Chung Haeyong , Esakia Andrey , Ragan Eric
Published: July 2020

Visual history can be helpful in building awareness of various investigative documents exemplified by active visual artifacts that encourage the growth of and access to different threads of investigation. On the downside, however, with the growth of an analysis history, it becomes more difficult to keep track of the workflow and the decision-making processes throughout the analysis. This article explores the concept of supporting visual history through branching functionality for analyzing a cybersecurity dataset in a spreadsheet format using a large high-resolution display (LHRD). To support the findings, the authors conducted a qualitative study to investigate the effect of screen size on the analytical process and the support of visual history. A comparison of participants' analytic processes found differences between the two different display setups and revealed that the LHRD participants tended to take advantage of the visual history spatially during their analytical investigations.
Layout Optimization for Online Questionnaires on Mobile Devices
Authors: Nissen Helge , Janneck Monique
Published: July 2020

Participants increasingly use mobile devices, especially smartphones, to fill out online questionnaires. However, standard questionnaire templates are often not optimized for presentation on smartphones, raising the question of whether an unfavorable layout may influence the survey results. In this study, interaction with questionnaires on different devices was investigated regarding processing time, data quality, and user experience of the questionnaire itself. Several standard and newly developed questionnaire layout templates were evaluated by means of an online study (N=301). Results show that processing times are higher on smartphones compared to desktop computers. However, there were no differences regarding data quality. The comparison of different mobile layouts among smartphone users revealed effects on processing time and user experience. Design recommendations are derived.
Chakuri-Bazaar: A Mobile Application for Illiterate and Semi-Literate People for Searching Employment
Authors: Islam Muhammad Nazrul , Ahmed Md. Arman , Islam A.K.M. Najmul
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this paper is to explore the design principles to develop mobile applications for illiterate and semi-literate people and to design, develop, and evaluate a mobile application for illiterate and semi-literate people in Bangladesh using the revealed design principles and following a design science research approach. The authors first conducted a requirement elicitation study to reveal a set of design principals to make the user interface (UI) intuitive for illiterate and semi-literate people. Then, a mobile application (Chakuri-Bazaar) was developed following these design principals. Finally, the application was evaluated with 40 illiterate and semi-literate people through a field study. As outcome, a set of design principles was revealed for designing usable mobile application for illiterate and semi-literate people. The findings of the evaluation study suggest that the application was effective, efficient, and the users were satisfied in terms of its ease of use, ease of learning, willingness to use it in future, and willingness to recommend it to others.
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) With Multi-Label Learners and Deep Features
Authors: Nanni Loris , Brahnam Sheryl , Maguolo Gianluca
Published: July 2020

Automatic anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification predicts an unknown compound's therapeutic and chemical characteristics. Predicting the organs/systems an unidentified compound will act on has the potential of expediting drug development and research. That a given compound can affect multiple organs/systems makes automatic ATC classification a complex problem. In this paper, the authors experimentally develop a multi-label ensemble for ATC prediction. The proposed approach extracts a 1D feature vector based on a compound's chemical-chemical interaction and its structural and fingerprint similarities to other compounds, as defined by the ATC coding system. This 1D vector is reshaped into 2D matrices and fed into seven pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNN). A bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) is trained on the 1D vector. Features extracted from both deep learners are then trained on multi-label classifiers, with results fused. The best system proposed here is shown to outperform other methods reported in the literature.
Unfolding and Addressing the Issues of Electronic Medical Record Implementation
Authors: Naeem Muhammad , Alqasimi Ibrahim
Published: July 2020

The social influence and competitive pressure for health technology adoption has increased among developed, developing, and emerging countries. The present study aimed to uncover and address the issues of electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in public sector hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It used the social constructivism approach to understand employee attitudes, behaviors, and motivations within the local culture, structure, political forces of the KSA. Data was gathered from 40 participants. These individuals and institutional factors influence the EMR adoption and implementation efforts in public sector hospitals in the KSA. Key EMR implementation issues identified included limited IT skills, low professional qualifications, work-overload, and lack of sufficient planning for the integration of EMR with other systems. The study used a mixture of three theories, institutional, Diffusion of Innovation (DOI), and ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO), to understand the role of these factors and to propose strategies able to increase the rate of successful EMR implementations in public hospitals in the KSA.
Nutrient fluxes and environmental performance indicators for a pasture-based dairy system
Authors: Palhares Julio Cesar Pascele , Novelli Taisla Inara , Morelli Marcela
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient fluxes for lactating cows in a pasture-based dairy system and the impact of a nutritional management strategy on the environmental performance indicators. Fourteen lactating cows were divided into two experimental groups with seven animals each. The nutritional managements were a diet containing 20% crude protein (Group 1) and a diet with adjusted protein (Group 2). The nutrient budget was calculated on a monthly basis for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The nutritional strategy of adjusted protein reduces the total surplus in the lactation period for nitrogen by 7.6% and for phosphorus by 6.3%. The total potassium surplus of the adjusted protein group was 8.5% higher. The average nitrogen use efficiency was 21% for group 1 and 22.7% for group 2. Phosphorus use efficiency ranged from 13.4 to 35% for group 1 and from 15.5 to 34% for group 2 and potassium average use efficiency was 14.2% for group 1 and 12.6% for group 2. Nutritional management reduced nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses as well as the values of the environmental performance indicator. Based on this, it is possible to improve the environmental efficiency of dairy systems through improved nutritional management.
Mujeres y agroecología: prácticas y saberes de mujeres integrantes de la articulación tocantinense de agroecología
Authors: Baeza Camila Ailín , Almeida Rejane Cleide  Medeiros de
Published: July 2020

Reflexiones sobre prácticas agroecológicas desarrolladas por mujeres integrantes de la articulación Tocantinense de la agroecología. Desarrollamos un abordaje decolonial, sobre epistemologías y género, con especial enfoque en nociones de cultura y territorio. Como metodología utilizamos entrevistas a integrantes de la ATA, las mismas son de carácter abierto y con método exploratorio desde las cuales intentaremos indagar en los abordajes que las mujeres de las comunidades tradicionales, tanto quilombola, como quebraderas de coco, hacen sobre agroecología. Se observa una dimensión educativa dentro de las prácticas agroecológicas que realizan las interlocutoras, colocando esta actividad como una práctica y saber de resistencia que realizan las mismas dentro de la sus territorios. Trabajamos con los/as siguientes autores y autoras: Korol y Castro (2016), Sousa Santos (2011), Walsh (2013), Saquet (2007), Pessoa (2004) y Segato (2018).
Innovation System in Air Transport Management
Authors: Caetano Mauro , Alves Cláudio Jorge Pinto
Published: July 2020

Identifying previous research subjects on innovation management in air transport provides not only updated references on new technologies in this industry, but also indicates which areas need to be prioritized in future research. A systematic literature review of publications in this field over the past decade, from 2005 to 2015, including 2016 publications in progress, was carried out, adopting as a control document the proceedings from the 19th ATRS World Conference, held in Singapore in 2015. The searches were done on ScienceDirect and included reports from over 2,500 journals. The abstracts, titles, and keywords were considered, and Boolean connectors were used. The term “innovation” was combined with at least one of eight different strings: air* (e.g., airport, airline, and aircraft), flight, transport, aviation, carrier, lcc, fsc and seat, which were identified as the terms with the highest frequency of incidence in the 129 files in the control document. From the 731 articles identified and analyzed, 92 were considered as directly related to innovation management in air transport. The results showed that the areas with a higher incidence of studies were the aircraft industry (energy efficiency, industrial process, and noise and pollutant emission reduction), airlines (business model, IT and planning and management), policies (sustainable transport, incentive mechanisms and societal aspirations), and airport (services, security, self-financing and air traffic control and projects). From this review, it was determined that, in addition to the limited studies on this subject, there is also a lack of research on innovations in airport structure, such as runway pavements and the optimization of airport sites, as well as on new forms of disposal of wastes generated during the flight, crew training and integrated innovation planning in the sector. These can direct future studies on the subject in the four application areas identified and promote the development of an integrated innovation system in air transport management.
Information Technology Governance in Small and Medium Enterprises - a Systematic Mapping
Authors: Silva Humberto Caetano Cardoso da , Silveira Denis Silva da , Dornelas Jairo Simião , Ferreira Henrique Santos
Published: July 2020

Information Technology (IT) governance in small and medium-sized businesses is a subject that still requires more effort. Many of the studies that deal with this subject refer to large companies. IT governance structures, originally developed for the context of large enterprises such as COBIT, ISO/IEC 35800 or ITIL, when applied to the context of small and medium enterprises, lead to undesirable results and failures in the deployment process. The objective of this work was to perform a systematic mapping on IT governance mechanisms in small and medium enterprises between 2007 and 2017. Systematic mapping studies are useful for categorizing and summarizing the existing information concerning a research question in an unbiased manner. Thus, from an initial set of 63 papers, a total of 17 research papers were selected for the mapping study. The results obtained allowed us to reach conclusions concerning the state-of-the-art of use of structural and relational mechanisms of IT governance. This allowed us to identify several research gaps, which subsequently provided us with a framework in which new research activities can be more appropriately positioned, and from which useful information for novice usability practitioners can be extracted.
Training for team-based care: Development of a continuing education curriculum for General Practice pharmacists in Australia
Authors: Benson Helen , Lucas Cherie , Woulfe Jim , Williams Kylie A
Published: July 2020

Background: The integration of pharmacists into primary care and general practice teams is expanding. Equipping pharmacists with the skills and knowledge to perform as part of a primary care team will facilitate this expanded scope of practice.
Aim: This paper describes the rationale and approach for the development of a competency aligned curriculum of a postgraduate pharmacist education programme in Australia.
Methods: The authors describe an evidence-based approach to curriculum development including establishing an educational programme advisory committee, consultation with an expert panel of pharmacy practice educators, and mapping of curriculum to both learning outcomes and competency standards.
Conclusions: The curriculum design approach ensures the programme is designed to provide pharmacists with the skills, training and knowledge required to perform the General Practice pharmacist role. The education programme is due to be piloted in 2020, followed by an evaluation to allow further adjustment and improvement of the course design.
Antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer activities of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Carica papaya
Authors: Abankwa Joseph K , Dotse Eunice , Appiah-Opong Regina , Nyarko Alexander K
Published: July 2020

Background: Globally, interest in herbal medicines is increasing. In Ghana, most herbalist use herbal medicines for treatment of various ailments including prostate cancer, although no empirical evidence on their efficacies exists. Objective: The aim of the presentstudy was to test for antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer activities of Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarusand Carica papaya. Methods: Plants parts used were air-dried, ground and sequentially extracted using solvents with increasing order of polarity (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous). The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, Folin Ciocalteu method and tetrazolium-based calorimetric assay were used to determine total antioxidant capacities, total phenolic content of extracts and cytotoxicities of the extracts against LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells, respectively. Results: Ethanolic extract of P. amaruspossessed the highest phenolic content while its aqueous extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity (EC50=19.32±1.13 μg/mL). Aqueous extract of C. papayaexhibited anti-prostate cancer activity with good selectivity towards PC3 cells [IC50= 45.68 ±1.16 μg/mL,selectivity index (SI) =18], whereas dichloromethane extract of P. amarusshowed the strongest anticancer activity against LNCaP cells (IC50= 43.97±1.14 μg/mL). Conclusion: These findings lend pharmacological credence to the anecdotal evidence of the anti-prostate cancer property of the plants. Further studies must be performed to identify the active principles in the bioactive plant components.
Distribution and susceptibility profile of Candida isolates from HIV patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis
Authors: Quansah Henry A , Opintan Japheth A
Published: July 2020

Background: Opportunistic infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among immuno-compromised patients. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) dominates opportunistic fungal infections associated with HIV/AIDS.

Objective:We determined the distribution and prevalence of antifungal resistance in Candida isolates recovered from patients infected with HIV and presenting with OPC.

Methods: HIV-infected patients with provisional diagnosis of OPC were consecutively enrolled between May 2017 and June 2018. After patient data collection, oral swabs and blood specimens were collected for culture and CD4 T-lymphocyte estimation, respectively. Presumptive Candida isolates were speciated and their antifungal susceptibilities to fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B, including minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the E-test.

Results: Of 286 patients enrolled, 67.8% (194) cultured positive for Candidaspp. The mean age of culture positive patients was 40.7 ±15.2 with more female enrollment (63.4%,123/194). The CD4 counts ofculture positive patients were low (211.1 ±235.6 cells/μL) and 68.6% (133) of them were on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) with 10.3% (20/194) having previous exposure to fluconazole. Seven different Candidaspecies, with the following distributions were isolated: C. albicans (69.1%, 134), C. tropicalis (10.3%, 20), C. glabrata (6.7%, 13), C. parapsilosis (5.7%, 11), C. krusei(4.1%, 8), C. dubliniensis(2.6%, 5),and C. lusitaniae (1.5%, 3). Of all C. albicans isolates tested, 29.1%, 1.5% and 2.3% were resistant to fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine, respectively. Non-C. albicans isolates showed 45%, 3.3% and 8.3% resistance to fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine, respectively.

Conclusion: C. albicans accounted for majority of oropharyngeal candidiasis(OPC), with non-C. albicans showing significantly higher resistance to fluconazole. Positive culture was independent of gender, previous exposure to antifungal drugs, ART status and duration. Without any contraindication, flucytosine and Amphotericin B may be considered for OPC not responding to fluconazole therapy
School Centres for ‘Savages’ In Pursuit of a Convivial Sociability in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Guiteras Anna
Published: July 2020

In the 1930s, the Bolivian elites promoted an education policy inspired by indigenist thought which sought to solve the problems faced by indigenous people – concerning welfare, hygiene, agricultural techniques, land issues – and to value to some extent their own culture. The ideal pursued was to shape a truly conviviality of Bolivian society with its otherness, giving rise to a new type of ‘Indian’ who would contribute actively and voluntarily to the progress of the nation. This educational project also addressed the Amazonian societies through the so-called school centres for “savages”. The ‘wild nature’ and ‘primitive state’ of the ethnic groups with which these schools operated – specifically the Siriono and the Moré – however, meant that the educational actions undertaken under indigenist ideals were also impregnated with civilizing principles.
Llaktapura sumak kawsay / vida plena entre pueblos Un concepto emancipatorio de las nacionalidades del Ecuador
Authors: Lechón José
Published: July 2020

Los pueblos y nacionalidades del Ecuador desde mediados del siglo XX impulsaron acciones de movilización por tierra, educación, identidad, cultura y vida que generaron nuevos discursos como los de nacionalidad, plurinacionalidad, interculturalidad, alli kawsay y sumak kawsay. La nacionalidad implica la autodeterminación como pueblos milenarios; la plurinacionalidad exige la construcción de un estado donde los pueblos ejerzan sus derechos territoriales y democráticos. La categoría “entre pueblos” pide a la sociedad la convivencia entre culturas diversas y el fin de las inequidades. Los conceptos de alli kawsay (vida buena) y sumak kawsay (vida hermosa, plena, digna) como fenómenos sociales, filosóficos y políticos de los pueblos andino-amazónicos confrontan el sistema desarrollista y de explotación del mundo occidental. Es crucial la visibilización de pueblos que conviven con la allpamama (madre tierra), pachamama (madre universo o naturaleza) y otros seres del cosmos. En el proceso de lucha confrontativa o tinkuy contra el sistema del estado uninacional, de la sociedad monocultural, el latifundismo y la educación asimilacionista aparecen ciclos históricos en espiral de rikcharimuy (toma de conciencia comunitaria), jatarishun (acciones de movilización), kawsaypura (entre pueblos) y sumak kawsay (vida hermosa, digna, plena).
Fighting against or Coexisting with Drought? Conviviality, Inequality and Peasant Mobility in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Manzi Maya
Published: July 2020

Throughout Brazilian history, Northeastern droughts have been the context for massive rural flight and intra-national migrations. State policies and interventions have played a significant role in promoting or restraining the movements of those affected by such “natural” plights. In this paper, we examine the political ecology and moral economies that have underlined state intervention over drought and peasant migrations since the end of the 19th century. We compare two historical periods marked by contrasting regional perspectives on nature-society relations within the context of Brazilian semi-arid climate: the period known as the “fight against drought” (1915-1980) and the period of “coexistence with the semi-arid” (1990-now). This new vision of nature-society relations is examined within the context of agrodiesel development in Bahia. Our results show that these symbolic and material practices around nature and mobility have played a significant role in the making of specific regimes of conviviality and inequality in Brazil.
Mestizaje and Conviviality in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the history and meanings of mestizaje in Latin America, with a focus on Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, and assessing its relationship to practices of conviviality. A brief overview of the colonial origins and significance of mixture is followed by an exploration of the way mestizaje figured as a nation-building discourse in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Challenges to the image of the mestizo nation that were strengthened by the regional turn to multiculturalism are then assessed, before re-evaluating mestizaje as a resilient ideology that has not been easily toppled, partly because it contains within it contradictory tensions between conviviality and racism, which make it adaptable. Finally, the paper reviews recent work in genomic science that reiterates the image of the mestizo nation.
Los riesgos naturales del cambio climático y Educación Ambiental en el Sureste de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Moreno Muñoz Daniel
Published: July 2020

En esta investigación se analizan las relaciones entre la ocurrencia de efectos naturales sobre el sureste de la Península Ibérica y el cambio climático global. Además, se destaca el papel de la Educación Ambiental para atenuar los peligros que provocan estos eventos, proponiendo este enfoque como una herramienta de prevención y discusión del tema que mitigaría los efectos sobre las personas y sus bienes.

AbstractIn this research, the relationships between the occurrence of natural effects on the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula and global climate change are analyzed. Further, the role of Environmental Education to mitigate the dangers caused by these events is highlighted, proposing this approach as a tool for prevention and discussion of the issue that would mitigate the effects on people and their goods.
Editorial
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: July 2020

Queridos colegas y lectores de la Revista Estudios Ambientales, agradecemos las colaboraciones que se presentan en este número e invitamos a quienes deseen publicar en la revista envíen sus trabajos o contribuciones a través del mail de contacto o en la plataforma de la revista.Seguimos apostando a mantener la continuidad y mejorar la calidad de la revista estimulando los procesos de difusión de la misma, así como favorecer su reconocimiento académico a través de la presentación a evaluaciones e indexaciones.Este año se ha obtenido el ingreso al catálogo de LATINDEX, ya estábamos en directorio desde 2014. También ingresamos en el índex español REDIB, de la red Iberoamericana de innovación y conocimiento científico, que desde hace un mes permite medir índices de impacto de las publicaciones. Además aplicamos a la evaluación del Núcleo Básico de Revistas de CONICET; a la red de revistas de las ciencias sociales denominada  LATINOAMERICANA y al índice CLASE.En ese contexto, garantizar la continuidad de las ediciones es un desafío en el que seguimos embarcados con la aspiración a futuro de ser un espacio abierto y multidisciplinar destinado a la difusión de conocimiento de problemáticas ambientales locales y regionales abordadas desde enfoques integradores de las ciencias sociales y naturales, y el ambiente.Este número propone 4 trabajos originales que abordan problemas ambientales actuales y su análisis a partir de enfoques y métodos diversos. El orden en que se presentan los trabajos aspira a dar cierta unidad temática y favorecer la reflexión de los lectores e incluso la discusión de autores y colegas.

Aprovechamos para saludarlos muy cordialmente e invitarlos a que nos ayuden a difundir la revista entre colegas, y contactos que es accesible a través de http://ojs.fch.unicen.edu.ar/index.php/estudios-ambientales/index
Medical students carry more virulent microorganisms at their throat than that of patients' accompaniers
Authors: Hassooni Hanan Raheem , Farhan Abbas Aboud , Jasim Hameed M. , Alhusseiny Adil Hassan
Published: July 2020

Background: Transition of medical students from a non-clinical to a clinical situation carries a considerable risk that needs further investigation. This study aims to detect and compare the throat bacterial colonization between medical students and patients' accompaniers in a tertiary hospital.

Methods: Across-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the outpatient clinics of the Baquba Teaching Hospital at the Faculty of Medicine, Diyala University, Iraq.  A total of 120 throat swabs collected from a sample of 70 medical students (fifth stage) and 50 volunteers as a control group who were selected conveniently during their outpatient visits over September 2018. Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods were recruited to investigate the samples following the standard microbiological procedures.

Results: Finding of this study indicate a high rate of bacterial throat colonization among medical students compared to the control group. Male gender showed high susceptibility for infection than females. The most common bacteria isolated among medical students were Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli 26 (37.1%), followed by Streptococcus pneumonia appeared in 23 samples (32.8%), Viridians streptococci 19 (27.1%), Acinetobacter spp.14 (20%), Enterobacter spp. 4 (5.7%), Candida spp. 3 (4.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2 (2.8%) respectively.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that medical students may contribute significantly to the transmission and dissemination of nosocomial pathogens among patients and vice versa.
Neonatal bacterial colonization of the intestine—Implications for the practitioner
Authors: McClay Rebecca , Mileski Michael , Naiman Jesica L.
Published: July 2020

Background: Neonatal intestinal bacterial colony balance has correlations with positive and negative health situations. The understanding of how neonate colonization occurs is therefore extremely important in providing life-extending and holistic care for infants. Certain medical interventions can impede optimal intestinal colonization. However, with proper screening and identification, side effects can be limited and compensated for, and complications can be minimized in an already compromised population. This study aims to identify influences on neonate microbiomes to create best practices for increased health outcomes.  Develop mitigations for factors leading to intestinal microbiome conditions linked to negative neonate outcomes and increase opportunities for healthy colonization.

Methods: The research team conducted a literature review via PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Academic Search Ultimate to collect data regarding neonatal bacterial colonization of the intestine. 

Results: Normal colonization is affected by birth age, birthing method, time spent in direct skin to skin contact with mother and feeding type. Iatrogenic influences include the use of oral and topical antibiotics, proton blockers, and practices that limit direct contact.

Conclusion: The nursing process and policy adaptations can have a positive effect on developing a protective neonate intestinal microbiome. Awareness of risks and early clinical signs can improve positive interventions that may prevent life-threatening complications in susceptible neonates.
Assessment of obesity and central obesity among patients with knee osteoarthritis in Al-Sadder Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Al-Yasseri Berq J. Hadi , Radi Ayad Ali , Abbas Mohammed Abdul Ridha
Published: July 2020

Background: Obese individuals are at increased risk for many chronic and life-threating conditions. The most significant burden on the musculoskeletal system resulted from osteoarthritis, mainly knee osteoarthritis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and central obesity among a group of patients with knee osteoarthritis, analyze the effect of demographic variables, and examine the relationship between these two types of obesity.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Sadder hospital in Baghdad from June through September 2017. A convenience sample of 200 patients with knee osteoarthritis was collected. Those with body mass index (BMI) equal to or more than (30 kg/m2) considered obese. The cutoff point for central obesity was the waist-hip ratio (WHR) above (0.9) for men and above (0.85) for women. The risk ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) calculated to determine the strength of the relationship. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 

Results: The number of obese patients, according to BMI, was 163 (81.5%). For central obesity, the men and women with unhealthy WHR were 53 (96.4%) and 131 (10.3%), respectively. No significant difference in the rate of obesity among age groups (p= 0.986). Central obesity is significantly lower in those less than 45 years (p=0.023). In men, the risk of obese to have central obesity is (1.06) with no significant association (95% CI = 0.89 - 1.27, P = 0.481). In women, risk ratio = 1.56 and association is significant (95% CI = 1.03 - 1.36, P = 0.037).

Conclusion: The increasing age was associated with a rise in the rate of central obesity, but not with obesity. The overlap between the two types of obesity was evident and significant only in women.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers about complementary feeding for infants aged 6-12 months in Anbar Province, Iraq
Authors: Al-Samarrai Mustafa Ali Mustafa , Al-Rawi Ru’ya Abdulhadi , Yaseen Shukur Mahmood , Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed
Published: July 2020

Background: The understanding of what mothers think about breastfeeding helps in developing successful breastfeeding promotion programs. This study aims to assess the maternal knowledge, attitude, and practice about the complementary feeding for infants aged 6-12 months.

Methods: A cross-sectional study designed to interview 219 mothers with children between 6-12 months. Data was collected between 1st March and 30th April 2019 from ten maternal and child health clinics (MCHCs) in Anbar Province, Iraq. SPSS version 16.0 was recruited to analyze the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square used to present data with the significance level set at less than 0.05.

Results:  The mean age of respondents was 27.76 ± 6.3 years, and 31% were at the primary school level. Two third (66.82%) of the surveyed mothers exclusively used breastfeeding to feed their infants. Most women (84.09%) have the correct knowledge about the best time to start complementary food. The vast majority of women (93.64%) refused to give vitamins to children even with signs of malnutrition.

Conclusion: Although exclusive breastfeeding is common among mothers of the western region in Iraq, there is still a considerable percentage depend on the mixture of breastfeeding and bottle feeding. The positive impact of the family and society on mothers was evident. However, more attention should be given to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice through qualified healthcare providers.
Antonio Bonet. La capilla de Soca (1960-1966). Reconstrucción del recinto y del camino ritual
Authors: Ródenas García Juan Fernando , Gonzalvo Salas Carlos
Published: July 2020

En este trabajo analizamos la capilla de Soca, Canelones, Uruguay, (1960). Se trata del primer edificio religioso proyectado por Antonio Bonet Castellana (1913-89) y el único que se llevó a cabo. A partir de la información del archivo del arquitecto elaboramos y presentamos nueva documentación gráfica, a través del redibujado de la obra en su conjunto, con el objetivo de aportar información inédita al reconstruir el emplazamiento de la capilla incluyendo el pabellón anexo y la delimitación de los muros exteriores como elementos activos que forman parte del ritual. Por otro lado, se aporta información de otra capilla que figura en el expediente de Soca del archivo del arquitecto. Con este trabajo, cualquier interesado puede disponer de datos adicionales para una mayor comprensión de la obra.
Citizen Science y Gamification aplicados a los Bienes Culturales
Authors: Senatore Luca , Gallozzi Arturo , Cigola Michela , Strollo Rodolfo M.
Published: July 2020

Este artículo presenta un procedimiento aplicado al levantamiento de los monumentos arqueológicos y arquitectónicos basado en un modelo de gamificación. La metodología puede devolver automáticamente datos científicos (XYZ y RGB) aprovechando el potencial de sistemas de adquisición structure from motion. De esta manera pueden abrirse nuevas perspectivas para el conocimiento y la valorización del patrimonio cultural, tanto en términos de participación del usuario, que se convierte en coprotagonista en el conocimiento del bien, como en relación con la contención de los costos en comparación con los métodos anteriores de levantamiento. 
Anuncios de futuro. La arquitectura dibujada en la publicidad de Arts & Architecture durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Authors: Díez Martínez Daniel
Published: July 2020

Las políticas de producción militar impuestas en Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial paralizaron la actividad del sector inmobiliario y empujaron a muchos arquitectos, diseñadores y delineantes a buscar trabajo en agencias de publicidad. Aunque el interés inicial de estos encargos publicitarios se debía fundamentalmente a cuestiones de estricta supervivencia económica, también permitían desarrollar una libertad creativa inconcebible en el mundo real. Este artículo analiza este fenómeno en la revista Arts & Architecture, y presenta una selección de anuncios publicados durante la guerra en los que el dibujo de arquitectura tiene un papel protagonista. Con el único compromiso fundamental de lograr un resultado visual atractivo y sugerente, durante un breve periodo de tiempo la publicidad de la revista funcionó como un laboratorio de investigación en el que los arquitectos podían dar rienda suelta a su imaginación y ensayar los edificios del futuro que construirían cuando la guerra terminara.
Secuencias gráficas y procesos reflexivos. Cuatro cuadernos de arquitectos
Authors: Salgado de la Rosa María Asunción , Raposo Grau Javier Fco. , Butragueño Díaz-Guerra Belén
Published: July 2020

El dibujo como acción ligada al proyecto, es consustancial al arquitecto. Es un ejercicio de pensamiento que ayuda a formalizar el espacio imaginado y a investigar más allá de lo geométricamente conocido, explorando conceptos ligados a las inquietudes de su tiempo. El resultado de estos procesos, arroja una secuencia de bocetos a menudo contenidos en un cuaderno, que revelan las obsesiones propias de cada arquitecto. Pocas veces tenemos acceso a esta información procesual por entenderse como “privada”, sin embargo, en los casos en los que sí es posible su análisis, resulta esclarecedor cuando tratamos de entender en profundidad el carácter de la obra arquitectónica. Para ilustrar esta idea, este artículo se centra en los cuadernos de cuatro arquitectos, Zaha Hadid, Peter Wilson, Lebbeus Woods y Bryan Cantley. En sus páginas se reflexiona sobre problemas que atañen a la arquitectura, el urbanismo y el desarrollo social de su tiempo.
Skiagrafías y otros desvelos gráficos. Averiguaciones para un nuevo espacio creativo
Authors: García García Tomás , Montero Fernández Fco. Javier
Published: July 2020

Los rayos X calmaron el deseo hiriente experimentado por muchos artistas de sondear lo visible y lo invisible, dotando a la visión de una profundidad insospechada. Aquellas primeras skiagrafías veladas en el laboratorio del profesor W. C. Rontgen en la Universidad de Würzburg, iniciaron el descrédito definitivo del viejo paradigma de la realidad positivista, única y unívoca, para incorporar una nueva sustancia que a la larga sería definitiva en el desarrollo artístico y creativo del siglo XX: lo otro, lo que el ojo no ve, la cara oculta.

Este ensayo pone en valor los rayos X como dibujo sobreexpuesto a un cuerpo ajeno, como técnica gráfica (artística) entendida como hermosa herramienta de exploración y análisis de la realidad que se oculta tras la apariencia del mundo visible. Luz incógnita que aplicada al proyecto arquitectónico desvela un sugerente mundo de posibilidades con las que averiguar espacios e inventar nuevos lugares.

La investigación analiza el potencial de esta sugerente herramienta gráfica, aportando como resultado, la experiencia personal mantenida con Nick Veasey en Radar Studio (Londres, 2015). Una documentación inédita, que desvela un mundo apasionante, con unas posibilidades creativas infinitas. Una nueva realidad desvelada que nos sorprende con el descubrimiento de nuevos espacios para el arte y la arquitectura.
Ciudad y arquitectura en el legado gráfico de Javier Goerlich LLeó
Authors: Portáles Mañanós Ana , Palomares Figueres Maite
Published: July 2020

La figura de Javier Goerlich Lleó, arquitecto y urbanista de la primera mitad del siglo xx, resalta entre sus coetáneos valencianos por los cuantiosos dibujos que apoyaban la documentación técnica de sus proyectos. Se trata de un legado gráfico atractivo y eficaz que aportaba realidad visual al proyecto mediante perspectivas cónicas, esmeradamente delineadas y coloreadas con acuarela, que anticipaban con gran detalle el resultado formal del proyecto. Utilizando diversos formatos, Goerlich recorre mediante sus dibujos las distintas escalas de aproximación a la ciudad, desde las grandes intervenciones urbanísticas hasta la definición arquitectónica de numerosos edificios públicos y privados. En el artículo se analiza una breve muestra del amplio y diverso contenido de las imágenes producidas por el estudio profesional de Javier Goerlich en la ciudad de Valencia.
Empire Exhibition of Scotland, 1938: imagen y representación de una efímera modernidad
Authors: Montes Serrano Carlos
Published: July 2020

En 1938 tuvo lugar en Glasgow la Empire Exhibition, un evento de escasa repercusión internacional por celebrarse un año antes de la segunda guerra mundial, cuando el conflicto entre las potencias europeas se comenzaba a percibir como inevitable. Sin embargo su estudio, dentro del ámbito del desarrollo del diseño y de la arquitectura moderna en Gran Bretaña, tiene mayor interés, al mostrar cómo el Art Déco, con sus formas gráciles y su vitalismo a lo Streamline Moderne, se había ido imponiendo con fuerza sobre el frío estilo racionalista importado desde 1933 por algunos de los arquitectos inmigrados desde Alemania y otros países.
Dampening Global Financial Shocks
Authors: Bergant Katharina , Grigoli Francesco , Hansen Niels-Jakob , Sandri Damiano
Published: July 2020

We show that macroprudential regulation can considerably dampen the impact of global
financial shocks on emerging markets. More specifically, a tighter level of regulation reduces
the sensitivity of GDP growth to VIX movements and capital flow shocks. A broad set of
macroprudential tools contribute to this result, including measures targeting bank capital and
liquidity, foreign currency mismatches, and risky forms of credit. We also find that tighter
macroprudential regulation allows monetary policy to respond more countercyclically to
global financial shocks. This could be an important channel through which macroprudential
regulation enhances macroeconomic stability. These findings on the benefits of
macroprudential regulation are particularly notable since we do not find evidence that stricter
capital controls provide similar gains.
A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency
Authors: Kiff John , Alwazir Jihad , Davidovic Sonja , Farias Aquiles , Khan Ashraf , Khiaonarong Tanai , Malaika Majid , Monroe Hunter , Sugimoto Nobu , Tourpe Hervé , Zhou Peter
Published: July 2020

This paper examines key considerations around central bank digital currency (CBDC) for
use by the general public, based on a comprehensive review of recent research, central
bank experiments, and ongoing discussions among stakeholders. It looks at the reasons
why central banks are exploring retail CBDC issuance, policy and design considerations;
legal, governance and regulatory perspectives; plus cybersecurity and other risk
considerations. This paper makes a contribution to the CBDC literature by suggesting a
structured framework to organize discussions on whether or not to issue CBDC, with an
operational focus and a project management perspective.
The Lack of Convergence of Latin-America Compared with CESEE
Authors: Bakker Bas , Ghazanchyan Manuk , Ho Alex , Nanda Vibha
Published: July 2020

In the last few decades there has been little convergence of income levels in Latin America with those in the United States, in sharp contrast with both emerging Asia and emerging Europe. This paper argues that lack of convergence was not the result of low investment. Latin America is poorer because of lower human capital levels and lower TFP—not because of a lower capital-output ratio. Cross-country differences of TFP in turn are associated with differences in human capital, governance and business climate indicators. We demonstrate that once levels of human capital and governance are taken into account, there is strong conditional cross-country convergence. Poor countries with high levels of human capital, governance or business climate indicators converge rapidly. Poor countries without those attributes do not. We show that low investment is the result of low TFP and thus GDP growth—not the cause.