bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of PDGFRβ promoter methylation in canine osteosarcoma using methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Gentilini Fabio , Capitani Ombretta , Tinto Debora , Rigillo Antonella , Sabattini Silvia , Bettini Giuliano , Turba Maria Elena
Published: January 2020

Platelet‐derived growth factor signalling pathways play a fundamental role in inducing and sustaining the proliferative and prosurvival stimuli in canine osteosarcomas (cOSAs). The increased expression of platelet‐derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) α and β, and their cognate ligands, were almost invariably observed in cOSAs and OSA‐derived cell lines. In particular, overexpression of PDGFRβ‐mediated signalling pathways was found in both the tumour microenvironment, where it drives stromal cell recruitment, and in neoangiogenesis, such as in tumour cells where it triggers aberrant proliferation, migration and local invasion. The majority of the pathological consequences of PDGFRβ signalling are because of aberrant expression. In fact, epigenetic dysregulation of oncogenes throughout demethylation of their promoter has emerged as a pivotal mechanism driving oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the methylation status of the PDGFRβ promoter and to clarify its role in modulating the expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor in canine osteosarcoma. The CpG island of the PDGFRβ promoter was identified using a mixed in silico and experimental approach, and a method based upon the methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting assay for quantitatively and precisely assessing the methylation status of the promoter was then set up. The method herein described was then exploited to assess the methylation status of the promoter in a case series of cOSAa. COSAs consistently but variably expressed PDGFRβ. However, the promoter was almost completely demethylated, and its methylation status did not correlate with the expression levels. This finding supported the hypothesis that post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may act in cOSAs.
Iris aneurysm in feline hypertensive oculopathy
Authors: Linek Jens
Published: January 2020

Objective

To describe and document the prevalence and cause of iris aneurysm in feline hypertensive oculopathy.

Animals studied

Privately owned cats with systemic hypertension presented for sudden visual deficits and/or hyphema.

Procedures

A retrospective search of medical records of cats with systemic hypertension was performed in a specialized eye practice from October 2001 to August 2016. Inclusion criteria used for further evaluation were (1) systolic blood pressure exceeding 170 mm Hg measured by Doppler ultrasound, (2) typical fundus changes consistent with systemic hypertension (retinal folds, retinal edema, intraretinal bullous fluid accumulation, retinal detachment—partial or total, intra‐/preretinal bleeding) in at least one eye, and (3) at least one follow‐up visit with documented response to therapy with amlodipine. Cats with bilateral hyphema were excluded.

Results

A total of 206 cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐eight cats (14%) showed an aneurysm of the iridal vessels, 21 75% with some amount of hyphema. In total, hyphema was present in 62 cats (30%). Pearson correlation of fundus changes, hyphema, and aneurysm was performed. A high correlation between fundus changes without posterior segment hemorrhage and hyphema was found. The histopathology of one eye showed iridial vascular changes compatible with an aneurysm. In 75 cats, additional blood analysis was performed. Presumed chronic kidney disease (80%) was the most common cause of systemic hypertension with eye disease, followed by hyperthyroidism (20%).

Conclusion

Vascular changes of the iris compatible with aneurysms were seen in 14% of cats with systemic hypertension and may result in vascular rupture and acute hyphema.
Retrospective assessment of perioperative antimicrobial use for elective arthroscopy in horses
Authors: Muntwyler Noah , Dubois Marie‐Soleil , Weese J. Scott
Published: January 2020

Objective

To describe perioperative antimicrobial use in horses undergoing elective arthroscopy.

Study design.

Retrospective study.

Sample population.

Horses that underwent elective arthroscopy at one institution between July 2016 and May 2018, excluding those with a suspected infectious orthopedic disease or with a comorbidity that may have impacted prophylactic antimicrobial use decisions.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed to evaluate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative antimicrobial drug selection, dose, and timing. Associations between body weight and underdosing were evaluated by using analysis of variance, χ2test was used for categorical comparisons, and least squares fit was used to evaluate factors associated with duration of postoperative antimicrobials.

Results

Among 150 horses, 149 (99.3%) received systemic preoperative antimicrobials. Only 53 (40.2%) horses were administered doses within 60 minutes of surgical incision. First incision was performed more than two half‐lives after administration of sodium penicillin in 46 of 131 (35.1%) horses but in only 1 of 106 (0.8%) horses that received trimethoprim‐sulfadoxine. Body weight was associated with underdosing for penicillin (P = .0075) and trimethoprim‐sulfadoxine (P = .002) but not gentamicin (P = .92). Twenty‐six (17%) horses received one postoperative antimicrobial dose, while antimicrobials were continued in hospital for a mean of 22.3 ± 4.4 hours after surgery in the other 123 horses. Among the 149 discharged horses, 115 (77.2%) were prescribed antimicrobials after discharge (range, 3‐10 days; median, 3 days, interquartile range, 0 days).

Conclusion

Deviations from common recommendations were apparent and provide evidence for the requirement to develop interventions to optimize perioperative prophylaxis.

Clinical significance

Perioperative antimicrobial use practices should be regularly assessed to provide a benchmark and identify areas for intervention.
Fostering Empathic Skills in Mainstream Public School Pupils: Efficacy Assessment of the EPaN Empathy Training Program
Authors: Hirn Sebastian Ludwig , Weißmann Regina , Zoelch Christof , Thomas Joachim
Published: January 2020

Empathic skills are called for in every social interaction, but there are few evidence-based programs in the mainstream public school sector exclusively dedicated to fostering the empathic sub-components of recognition of emotions, emotional perspective taking and affective responsiveness in pupils. The EPaN program is based on the latest scientific knowledge and best practices that can be taught in the classroom.In the course of eight school weeks, using a pre-post-test design we studied the effectiveness of an empathy training program (EPaN) in nine classes with a total of 123 mainstream public school pupils aged 11.2 to 15.2 years, divided into intervention groups that were assigned a total of 24 exercises of 15 to 40 minutes duration and control groups that followed the regular lesson plan.After the training, variance analysis showed a significant improvement in the empathic sub-capacities for recognition of emotion, emotional perspective taking and affective responsiveness in the intervention groups compared to the control groups. These results are examined in light of their importance and adaptability of the EPaN program to educational practice.
Thermo-Solutal Buoyancy Effect on Heat and Mass Transfer in a Backward-Facing Step Channel Under the Influence of Different Shapes of Nanoparticles
Authors: Nath Ratnadeep , Krishnan Murugesan
Published: January 2020

Double-diffusive mixed convection in a backward-facing step (BFS) channel for different shapes of nanoparticles is analyzed using velocity–vorticity equations. The effect of four shapes of alumina nanoparticles at volume fractions χ of 1–5% on heat and mass transfer are studied for buoyancy ratios, N from −3 to 3 at Re = 200, Ri = 0.1, and Pr = 6.2. As χ increases, the Nuav decreases for all shapes at N = −3; however, it increases with an increase in N from 1 to 3. At N = 3, the Nu increases by 29% for blades shape, whereas a 28% decrease was noticed for platelets shape. An increase in χ of nanoparticles results in a decrease of Shav for N = 1–3, with a maximum decrease of 57% being observed at N = −3 for cylinders shape. The τav at the bottom wall continues to increase up to a maximum of 400% for platelets shape for N = 3.
Contact Analysis of a Soft-Coated Asperity During Loading–Unloading Process in Consideration of Strain Hardening Effects
Authors: Wang Yi , Cui Yi , Liu Shuo , Wang Xinhui , Tian Xinwei , Zhai Xumao
Published: January 2020

In this paper, the flattening process of a coated single asperity by a rigid flat is studied based on a two-dimensional finite element model under different contact interferences. The soft coating and hard substrate materials of the main bearing shell in a medium-speed vehicle diesel engine are both considered to follow the power-law hardening elastic-plastic properties. For both loading and unloading processes, the effects of geometrical and material properties, including the coating thickness, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, yielding stress, and hardening exponent, on the contact behaviors are studied in a wide range to cover the real material properties. The von Mises stress on the interface is also analyzed in order to improve the bonding strength between coating and substrate. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a method to determine the contact properties caused by different material and geometric properties of soft coating and substrate materials, which follow the power-law hardening properties.
Enhancement of Free Convection From Horizontal-Base Straight-Fin Heat Sink by Partial Shrouding
Authors: Nair Dileep V.
Published: January 2020

This work presents a simple method to improve natural convection heat transfer performance of horizontal-base straight-fin heat sink by adding partial shroud plates on top of the heat sink at both ends. Experiments are conducted in conjunction with a detailed three-dimensional (3D) computational study. The numerical model is validated using experimental results. With partial shrouding, the modification and effective utilization of airflow surrounding the heat sink leads to significant heat transfer enhancement. The installation of shroud plates effectively improves the mass flowrate of air admitted into the fin channel. Further, the airflow drawn above the heat sink dissipates heat from the upper surface of the shroud plate. There is also a significant heat dissipation from the lower surface of the shroud plate which is exposed to cold air drawn from the side-end of the heat sink. The heat transfer from the existing optimal conventional heat sink is improved by 17% with the introduction of shroud plates. An optimal width of the shroud plate is identified to exist for the maximum heat transfer. The percentage enhancement in heat transfer achieved by partial shrouding increases with a decrease in the fin height and with an increase in the fin spacing. The proposed compact heat sink design would be of application in enhancing passive heat dissipation from light-emitting diode (LED) lights and other electronic devices, especially when size constraints exist.
Thermal Lagging of Multilayered Structure in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Systems
Authors: Su Jian , Tang Tingting , Lu Ruixin , Yu Peng
Published: January 2020

In the present study, we numerically investigate the thermal lagging behavior on the hard disk drives in heat-assisted magnetic recording systems via the optical absorption model. The influences of overcoats, laser radius, relative scanning speed, interfacial thermal resistance, and the heat sink layer on the thermal lagging behavior are studied in detail. It is found that the thermal lagging distance, i.e., the horizontal distance between the location of the maximum temperature and the laser center, increases with an increment of speed and/or radius of the laser spot. The overcoats, the interfacial thermal resistance, and the heat sink layer have negligible effects on the lagging distance. Thus, the multilayered disk can be simplified as a single-layer disk for investigating thermal lagging distance. Meanwhile, the horizontal temperature gradient varies with these factors. Different overcoats result in different horizontal temperature gradient owing to the difference of in-plane thermal diffusivity. A laser with a smaller radius or a slower speed leads to a higher horizontal temperature gradient. The thermal resistance influences the horizontal temperature gradient insignificantly. This study may provide useful information for the design of hard disk drives for heat-assisted magnetic recording technologies.
Ground Mobile Bricard Mechanism
Authors: Liu Chao , Chao Xindi , Yao Yan-an
Published: January 2020

A novel application of the well-known single degree-of-freedom (DOF) Bricard mechanism is proposed in this paper. By optimizing the links’ shape and installing motors reasonably, we put forward a ground mobile Bricard mechanism that can move in a constant direction and change its moving direction by using its singular position. The types of kowtowing and spinning modes (dual-mode) are carried out, and the gaits are planned. Finally, the motion simulation and prototype experiment testify that the analyses are correct and the idea of the dual-mode ground mobile Bricard mechanism is feasible.
A Model-Based Method for Predicting the Shapes of Planar Single-Segment Continuum Manipulators With Consideration of Friction and External Force
Authors: Li Jianhua , Zhou Yuanyuan , Wang Chongyang , Wang Zhidong , Liu Hao
Published: January 2020

The shape prediction of tendon-driven continuum manipulators is a challenging problem due to the effect of inner friction and external force. Many researchers use actuation displacement or actuation force as model input to predict the shapes of manipulators, but very few consider their relations and models able to predict the status of friction. This paper proposes a model-based method that combines the mechanics model with the kinematic model to predict the shapes of planar single-segment manipulators with consideration of external force and friction. Finally, the shape prediction of manipulators is converted to an optimization problem with actuation displacement and actuation force as the inputs of our algorithm. The distribution of tendon force and the situation of friction can be calculated by using the feedback data of the actuation unit even when actuation direction changes and hysteresis occurs. Experimental results indicate that the method has good performance in predicting the manipulator’s shapes.
Enforcing T cell innocence
Authors: Brown Chrysothemis , Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: January 2020

Inhibitory signaling on T cells maintains “naïvety” to self-antigen
Knowledge in the Anthropocene
The Evolution of Knowledge: Rethinking Science for the Anthropocene
Jürgen Renn
Princeton University Press, 2020. 579 pp.
Authors: Coen Deborah R.
Published: January 2020

To save society, science should embrace ethical projects
TBAJ-876, a 3,5-Dialkoxypyridine Analogue of Bedaquiline, Is Active against Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Sarathy Jickky Palmae , Ganapathy Uday S. , Zimmerman Matthew D. , Dartois Véronique , Gengenbacher Martin , Dick Thomas
Published: January 2020

Lung disease caused by
Mycobacterium abscessus
is very difficult to cure, and treatment failure rates are high. The antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) is used as salvage therapy against this dreadful disease. However, BDQ is highly lipophilic, displays a long terminal half-life, and presents a cardiotoxicity liability associated with QT interval prolongation. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns resulted in the discovery of 3,5-dialkoxypyridine analogues of BDQ which are less lipophilic, have higher clearance, and display lower cardiotoxic potential.
The value of New Year's resolutions
Authors: Gale Jen
Published: January 2020

Want to set a resolution for 2020 that you can actually keep? Then think less about goals and more about values, advises Jen Gale.
Roger Ewbank
Authors: Lawrence Tony
Published: January 2020

A vet whose wide interests in animal behaviour and welfare led to their inclusion in vets’ professional training. He contributed much to animal welfare legislation and also published widely on these topics.
Entanglement entropy of random partitioning
Authors: Roósz Gergő , Kovács István A. , Iglói Ferenc
Published: January 2020

We study the entanglement entropy of random partitions in one- and two-dimensional critical fermionic systems. In an infinite system we consider a finite, connected (hypercubic) domain of linear extent L, the points of which with probability p belong to the subsystem. The leading contribution to the average entanglement entropy is found to scale with the volume as a(p)LD, where a(p) is a non-universal function, to which there is a logarithmic correction term, b(p)LD−1 ln L. In 1D the prefactor is given by b(p)=c/3f(p),
where c is the central charge of the model and f(p) is a universal function. In 2D the prefactor has a different functional form of p below and above the percolation threshold.

Graphical abstract
Resonant annihilation and production of high-energy electron-positron pairs in an external electromagnetic field
Authors: Doroshenko D. V. , Dubov V. V. , Roshchupkin S. P.
Published: January 2020

A resonant process of annihilation and production of high-energy electron-positron pairs in an external electromagnetic field is studied theoretically. This process is the annihilation channel of an electron-positron scattering. It is shown that the resonance in an external electromagnetic field is possible only when the certain combination of electron and positron initial energies is more than threshold energy. Also, the angle between initial electron and initial positron momenta directions must be small and satisfy the resonant conditions. This angle is determined by the high-energy of the initial pair and the threshold energy. An emerging electron-positron pair also flies out in a narrow cone along the direction of the initial pair and must be ultrarelativistic. For each fixed angle, energies of the final electron and positron can take from one to two values. It is shown that the resonant differential cross section can significantly exceed the corresponding Bhabha cross section without an external field.
Sub-Poissonian single-emitter laser: Coherent pump vs incoherent
Authors: Larionov Nikolay V. , Safonov Ilya V.
Published: January 2020

We theoretically investigate the properties of a single-emitter laser with coherent pump: two-level atom interacting with a single damping cavity mode which is resonantly excited by a coherent field. With the help of numerical simulation of the master equation we show that such pumping mechanism is more preferably than incoherent pump for achieving of sub-Poissonian photon statistics.
Entropy bound of horizons of some regular black holes
Authors: Debnath Ujjal
Published: January 2020

We study the four-dimensional (i) modified Bardeen black hole, (ii) modified Hayward black hole, (iii) charged regular black hole and (iv) magnetically charged regular black hole. For modified Bardeen black hole and modified Hayward black hole, we found only one horizon (event horizon) and then we found some thermodynamic quantities like the entropy, surface area, irreducible mass, temperature, Komar energy and specific heat capacity on the event horizon. We here study the bounds of the above thermodynamic quantities for these black holes on the event horizon. Then, we examine the thermodynamics stability of the black holes with some conditions. Next, we studied the charged regular black hole and magnetically charged regular black hole and found two horizons (Cauchy and event horizons) of these black holes. Then, we found the entropy, surface area, irreducible mass, temperature, Komar energy and specific heat capacity on the Cauchy and event horizons. Then, we get some conditions for thermodynamic stability/instability of the black holes. We found the radius of the extremal horizon and Christodoulou–Ruffiini mass and then analyze the above thermodynamic quantities on the extremal horizon. We calculate the sum/subtraction, product, division and sum/subtraction of inverse of surface areas, entropies, irreducible masses, temperatures, Komar energies and specific heat capacities on both the horizons. From these, we found the bounds of the above quantities on the horizons.
Studies on structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Mg-Co spinel ferrite nanoparticles sintered at different temperatures
Authors: Zhao Xiqian , Sun Aimin , Zhang Wei , Yu Lichao , Zuo Zhuo , Suo Nanzhaxi , Pan Xiaoguang , Han Yingqiang
Published: January 2020

In order to study the effect of sintering temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of nickel-magnesium-cobalt ferrite, [Formula: see text] spinel ferrite with different sintering temperatures (500[Formula: see text]C, 600[Formula: see text]C, 700[Formula: see text]C, 800[Formula: see text]C, 900[Formula: see text]C and 1000[Formula: see text]C) was prepared by sol–gel method. The magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the sintering temperature has a significant effect on the structure and magnetic properties of nickel-magnesium-cobalt ferrite. Analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed that all samples showed a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The particle size of the prepared sample determined by the Scherrer equation was 51 nm to 135 nm. As the sintering temperature increases from 500[Formula: see text]C to 1000[Formula: see text]C, the intensity of all peaks gradually increases, the crystallinity and particle size of the sample increase significantly, but the coercive force decreases, the saturation magnetization, the residual magnetization and the squareness [Formula: see text] increase first and then decrease. Compared with other samples, the 800[Formula: see text]C sintered samples had the highest saturation magnetization (59.03 emu/g), remanent magnetization (30.65 emu/g) and squareness (0.519). The increasing peak height of [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] indicates that the cubic spinel structure samples have good crystallinity and magnetic stability.
为反而反的悖谬： 论史书美华语语系研究
Authors: 朱 崇科
Published: January 2020

史书美更新其华语语系话语的“反离散”论述虽然有意实现对自我之前论述的超越，但整体上呈现出过度强调政治功能的偏颇以及缺乏可操作性的话语泡沫特征，其逻辑上的自相矛盾令人惊诧，而其对于区域华文文学的外行与草率挪用又反证了其话语实践的虚弱。
Koli Calling 2019 conference report
Authors: Falkner Nickolas , Ihantola Petri
Published: January 2020

The Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research is a single-track conference dedicated to publishing high-quality work in all areas of teaching and learning in the computing disciplines. The 19th Koli Calling was held in November 2019 in the Koli National Park in Finland, organized by the University of Eastern Finland, the University of Helsinki, and the University of Adelaide, Australia. There is often snow at the conference and it was there in small amounts this year, along with some beautifully crisp early winter air and stunning views of the national park and its lakes.
Understanding and Controlling Food Protein Structure and Function in Foods: Perspectives from Experiments and Computer Simulations
Authors: Barroso da Silva Fernando Luís , Carloni Paolo , Cheung David , Cottone Grazia , Donnini Serena , Foegeding E. Allen , Gulzar Muhammad , Jacquier Jean Christophe , Lobaskin Vladimir , MacKernan Donal , Mohammad Hosseini Naveh Zeynab , Radhakrishnan Ravi , Santiso Erik E.
Published: January 2020

The structure and interactions of proteins play a critical role in determining the quality attributes of many foods, beverages, and pharmaceutical products. Incorporating a multiscale understanding of the structure–function relationships of proteins can provide greater insight into, and control of, the relevant processes at play. Combining data from experimental measurements, human sensory panels, and computer simulations through machine learning allows the construction of statistical models relating nanoscale properties of proteins to the physicochemical properties, physiological outcomes, and tastes of foods. This review highlights several examples of advanced computer simulations at molecular, mesoscale, and multiscale levels that shed light on the mechanisms at play in foods, thereby facilitating their control. It includes a practical simulation toolbox for those new to in silico modeling.
Alloying with Ge and Hollowing Reduces Lithiation-Induced Stresses in Si Nanopillar Anodes
Authors: Bansal Abhishek , Bhandari Arihant , Chakraborty Pritam , Bhattacharya Jishnu , Pala Raj Ganesh S.
Published: January 2020

High energy-density batteries are crucial to energy storage solutions. In lithium-on batteries (LIBs), Si nanopillars are promising anodes due to their highest theoretical specific capacity. However, volume expansion and fracture during cycling inhibit its widespread adaptation. Ge, which is isomorphic with Si, shows better fracture resistance and higher cycle life but has higher molecular weight and cost. Alloying Si with Ge offers a trade-off in optimizing stresses, weight and cost. Here, we computationally evaluate the effect of alloying Si with Ge in reducing stresses generated during lithiation. Hollowing, which creates additional free surface for expansion is also considered. First, we model the stress evolution in nanopillars of Si, Ge, Si–Ge core-shell and Si0.5Ge0.5 alloy. Alloying Si with Ge uniformly, reduces the maximum circumferential stress by around 17%, however, the Si core-Ge shell structure shows stress reduction only when lithiation is confined only to the Ge. Stresses in Si/Ge alloyed nanotubes considering lithiation from the outer boundary as well as from both boundaries are considered. We find a non-monotonous change in lithiation stress with varying radius ratio (R
in/R
out) and R
in/R
out = 0.4 leads to the least maximum Hoop stress. The stress reduction in Si-nanotubes in such configuration is found to be 16%.
Optimizing Porous Transport Layer Design Parameters via Stochastic Pore Network Modelling: Reactant Transport and Interfacial Contact Considerations
Authors: Lee J. K. , Bazylak A.
Published: January 2020

In this work, we designed sintered titanium powder-based porous transport layers (PTLs) for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers by tailoring the powder diameter and porosity via a new approach. We examined how the PTL powder diameter and porosity influence reactant transport and PTL-catalyst layer (CL) interfacial contact by using a stochastic generation model combined with a pore network model. We enhanced reactant transport by increasing powder diameter and porosity, as shown through increases in single- and two-phase permeabilities of liquid water. Compared to the impact of increasing the powder diameter, increasing the PTL porosity dominated the impact on permeability of liquid water. However, we observed a trade-off to the benefits of increasing the powder diameter such that larger powders led to a higher surface roughness at the PTL-CL interface. From this work, we recommend that the PTL powder diameter and porosity must be strategically selected for the desired target operating conditions of the PEM electrolyzer. We recommend a PTL with d

P
= 25 μm and ε = 26.5% for an electrolyzer cell operating at non-starvation conditions, and a PTL with d

P
= 25 μm and ε = 40.5% for an electrolyzer cell operating at starvation conditions.
Experimental Analysis of the Co-Electrolysis Operation under Pressurized Conditions with a 10 Layer SOC Stack
Authors: Riedel M. , Heddrich M. P. , Friedrich K. A.
Published: January 2020

This study examines the performance of a solid oxide cell (SOC) stack during co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O at elevated pressures up to 8 bar. Steady-state and dynamically recorded U(i)-curves were performed in order to evaluate the performance over a wide temperature range and to quantify the area specific resistance (ASR) at different pressure levels. Furthermore, the outlet gas composition at various current densities was analyzed and compared with the thermodynamic equilibrium. The open circuit voltage (OCV) was found to increase with higher pressure due to well known thermodynamic relations. An increase of the limiting current density at elevated pressure was not observed for the investigated stack with electrolyte supported cells. The ASR of the stack was found to decrease slightly with higher pressure. It revealed an increase of the cell resistance with lower H/C ratios in the feed at lower temperatures, whereas the performance of the co-electrolysis was very similar to steam electrolysis for temperatures above 820 °C. Within an impedance study for steam, co- and CO2 electrolysis operation it was shown that pure CO2 electrolysis exhibits a higher pressure sensitivity compared to pure steam or co-electrolysis due to significantly increased activation and diffusion resistances.
A model for human action potential dynamics in vivo
Authors: Gray Richard A. , Franz Michael R.
Published: January 2020

Computational modeling based on experimental data remains an important component in cardiac electrophysiological research, especially because clinical data such as human action potential (AP) dynamics are scarce or limited by practical or ethical concerns. Such modeling has been used to develop and test a variety of mechanistic hypotheses, with the majority of these studies involving the rate dependence of AP duration (APD) including APD restitution and conduction velocity (CV). However, there is very little information regarding the complex dynamics at the boundary of repolarization (or refractoriness) and reexcitability. Here, we developed a “minimal” ionic model of the human AP, based on in vivo human monophasic AP (MAP) recordings obtained during clinical programmed electrical stimulation (PES) to address the progressive decrease in AP take-off potential (TOP) and associated CV slowing seen during three tightly spaced extrastimuli. Recent voltage-clamp data demonstrating the effect of intracellular calcium on sodium current availability were incorporated and were required to reproduce large (>15 mV) elevations in take-off potential and progressive encroachment. Introducing clinically observed APD gradients into the model enabled us to replicate the dynamic response to PES in patients leading to conduction block and reentry formation for the positive, but not the negative, APD gradient. Finally, we modeled the dynamics of reentry and show that spiral waves follow a meandering trajectory with a period of ~180 ms. We conclude that our model reproduces a variety of electrophysiological behavior including the response to sequential premature stimuli and provides a basis for studies of the initiation of reentry in human ventricular tissue.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work presents a new model of the action potential of the human which reproduces the complex dynamics during premature stimulation in patients.
Ocular Hypotonia and Transient Decrease of Vision as a Consequence of Exposure to a Common Toad Poison
Authors: Pejic Renato , Simic Prskalo Marija , Simic Josip
Published: January 2020

The common toad produces venom (bufotoxin) that is produced in the parotid gland of the toad as well as in the skin. This toxic compound is a potent inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Physiological effects of bufotoxin are similar to those of digitalis and cause increased heart rate and muscle contractions. Ocular toxicity was described. A 67-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency service because of sudden vision loss and a burning sensation in both eyes after she had been exposed to the poison of a toad. Slit lamp examination showed conjunctival hyperaemia and signs of ocular hypotonia. Topical antibiotic treatment was administered, and after 24 hours, corneal oedema and ocular hypotonia were in remission. Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase is a well-known effect of the toad venom. Na+/K+-ATPase is a part of corneal endothelial cells, ciliary body, and iris, and its inhibition caused by exposure to bufadienolides induces corneal dysfunction, decreased vision, and ocular hypotonia. Effects of bufadienolides on the decrease of ocular pressure appear to be very strong, with quick action. This rarely described effect of the bufotoxin can be used as a basis for further research of toad venom and its pharmacological potential. Purpose. To present a case of a 67-year-old female patient who experienced a sudden decrease in vision after exposure to the poison from a common toad (Bufo bufo).
IL-4 Receptor-Alpha Signalling of Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells, and Macrophages Plays a Redundant Role in Oxazolone Colitis
Authors: Hoving Jennifer Claire , Keeton Roanne , Höft Maxine A. , Ozturk Mumin , Otieno-Odhiambo Patricia , Brombacher Frank
Published: January 2020

A hallmark of ulcerative colitis is the chronic colonic inflammation, which is the result of a dysregulated intestinal mucosal immune response. Epithelial barrier disruption which allows the entry of microorganisms eventually leads to more aggressive inflammation and potentially the removal of the colon. We have previously shown that the T helper- (Th-) type 2 cytokines, Interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13, mediate CD4+ T cell- or B cell-driven inflammation in the oxazolone-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis. In contrast, mice deficient in the shared receptor of IL-4 and IL-13, IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4Rα), on all cells develop an exacerbated disease phenotype. This suggests that a regulatory role of IL-4Rα is required to protect against severe colitis. However, the cell populations responsible for regulating the severity of disease onset through IL-4Rα in colitis are yet to be identified. By deleting IL-4Rα on specific cell subsets shown to play a role in mediating colitis, we determined their role in a loss of function approach. Our data demonstrated that the loss of IL-4Rα signalling on intestinal epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages/neutrophils had no effect on alleviating the pathology associated with colitis. These results suggest that IL-4/IL-13 signalling through IL-4Rα on nonhematopoietic intestinal epithelial or smooth muscle cells and hematopoietic macrophage/neutrophils has a redundant role in driving acute oxazolone colitis.
By-Products of Olive Oil in the Service of the Deficiency of Food Antioxidants: The Case of Butter
Authors: Mikdame Hind , Kharmach Ezzahra , Mtarfi Nour Elhouda , Alaoui Karima , Ben Abbou Mohamed , Rokni YAhya , Majbar Zineb , Taleb Mustapha , Rais Zakia
Published: January 2020

Further downstream in the olive oil extraction process, the Mediterranean Basin faces a serious environmental threat caused by olive waste. Despite their polluting profile, olive waste is considered to be a very rich source of natural antioxidants, such as polyphenols. In this study, the latter was valued as a source of natural antioxidants and compared with a synthetic antioxidant ascorbic acid. Concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg of the olive mill waste water as well as pomace and ascorbic acid are added to butter (commercial butter) and placed under storage conditions in the oven (accelerated test: 60°C) for 3 months. The alteration of the butter used was followed by determination of the peroxide value and acidity and microbiological analysis. The results obtained show that butters containing olive by-products have undergone less marked oxidative deterioration than those of the control (without additives). The best oxidative stability of butter was achieved by adding 80 mg/kg of butter, a result comparable with that obtained by adding ascorbic acid.
Comparing Spatial Accessibility and Travel Time Prediction to Commercial Centres by Private and Public Transport: A Case Study of Oforikrom District
Authors: Antwi Terah , Quaye-Ballard J. A. , Arko-Adjei A. , Osei-wusu William , Quaye-Ballard Naa Lamkai
Published: January 2020

The relevance of accessibility in shaping transport planning has often been neglected, hampering on decisions to improve transport efficiency. This is increasingly becoming problematic, as they often impede on economic and technological developments. Many studies on accessibility assert that it is easier for public transport to reach an activity centre than it is for private transport. For this reason, the research compares travel time forecast and accessibility levels with private and public transports en route to commercial centres. The research involves a 21-day transport survey for private cars and public shuttles in Oforikrom district using Global Positioning System (GPS) probe to record the traffic performance indicators to be analyzed in a GIS environment. The results of the study display on a map the level of accessibility via the modes, and a comparative line plot of travel time with private and public transport. The study reveals that private cars in the district generally perform better than public shuttles on the level of accessibility, and travel time. The execution of the research shows that the convergence of choice of transport mode and travel time dynamics is crucial for policymakers to implement diverse transport modes and commuters to choose a mode that has low accessibility cost.
A Vision-Based Video Crash Detection Framework for Mixed Traffic Flow Environment Considering Low-Visibility Condition
Authors: Wang Chen , Dai Yulu , Zhou Wei , Geng Yifei
Published: January 2020

In this paper, a vision-based crash detection framework was proposed to quickly detect various crash types in mixed traffic flow environment, considering low-visibility conditions. First, Retinex image enhancement algorithm was introduced to improve the quality of images, collected under low-visibility conditions (e.g., heavy rainy days, foggy days and dark night with poor lights). Then, a Yolo v3 model was trained to detect multiple objects from images, including fallen pedestrians/cyclists, vehicle rollover, moving/stopped vehicles, moving/stopped cyclists/pedestrians, and so on. Then, a set of features were developed from the Yolo outputs, based on which a decision model was trained for crash detection. An experiment was conducted to validate the model framework. The results showed that the proposed framework achieved a high detection rate of 92.5%, with relatively low false alarm rate of 7.5%. There are some useful findings: (1) the proposed model outperformed empirical rule-based detection models; (2) image enhancement method can largely improve crash detection performance under low-visibility conditions; (3) the accuracy of object detection (e.g., bounding box prediction) can impact crash detection performance, especially for minor motor-vehicle crashes. Overall, the proposed framework can be considered as a promising tool for quick crash detection in mixed traffic flow environment under various visibility conditions. Some limitations are also discussed in the paper.
Predictors of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Food Handlers Working in Madda Walabu University, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kuti Kemal Ahmed , Nur Rameto Aman , Donka Geroma Morka , Kerbo Amene Abebe , Roba Adem Esmael
Published: January 2020

Background. Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major health problems globally. It is more common in developing countries including Ethiopia. So, adequate evidence is needed regarding the predictors of intestinal parasitic infection. This study was aimed at determining the predictors of intestinal parasitic infection among food handlers working in Madda Walabu University, Ethiopia. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 15 May to 10 June 2017 among 198 symptom-free food handlers. Data on sociodemographic variables were collected through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected immediately after the interview using labeled wide-mouthed plastic container and clean wooden applicator. Direct wet-mount method and formal-ether concentration techniques were performed to identify intestinal parasites. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics and crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. p value of <0.05 was considered to declaration level of significance. Result. The response rate was 98% (198/202). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 25.3% (50/198). The top three intestinal parasites found in this study were Ascaris lumbricoides 7.6% (15/198), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 7.6% (15/198), and hookworm 5.6% (11/198). Inadequate handwashing practice (AOR: 13.876; 95% CI: 4.129, 46.632), inadequate knowledge about foodborne diseases (AOR: 3.596; 95% CI: 1.438, 8.989), lack of training on proper food handling (AOR: 5.960; 95% CI: 1.450, 24.497), and untrimmed fingernail (AOR: 2.939; 95% CI: 1.368, 6.135) were independent predictors of intestinal parasitic infection. Conclusion. High prevalence of intestinal parasites was observed among symptom-free food handlers who could be unobservable source of disease transmission. Inadequate handwashing, untrimmed fingernail, inadequate knowledge, and lack of training were independent predictors of intestinal parasitic infection in this study. This implies the need for timely and adequate training and enforcement of regular medical checkup system for food handlers.
An Optimization Method for the Train Service Network Design Problem
Authors: Xiao Jie , Xie Yi , Yu Haowei , Yan Hongying
Published: January 2020

Effective railway freight transportation relies on a well-designed train service network. This paper investigates the train service network design problem at the tactical level for the Chinese railway system. It aims to determine the types of train services to be offered, how many trains of each service are to be dispatched per day (service frequency), and by which train services shipments are to be transported. An integer programming model is proposed to address this problem. The optimization model considers both through train services between nonadjacent yards, and two classes of service between two adjacent yards ( i.e., shuttle train services directly from one yard to its adjacent yard, and local train services that make at least one intermediate stop). The objective of the model is to optimize the transportation of all the shipments with minimal costs. The costs consist of accumulation costs, classification coststrain operation costs, and train travel costs. The NP-hard nature of the problem prevents an exact solution algorithm from finding the optimal solution within a reasonable time, even for small-scale cases. Therefore, an improved genetic algorithm is designed and employed here. To demonstrate the proposed model and the algorithm, a case study on a real-world sub-network in China is carried out. The computational results show that the proposed approach can obtain high-quality solutions with satisfactory speed. Moreover, comparative analysis on a case that assumes all the shuttle train services between any two adjacent yards to be provided without optimization reveals some interesting insights.
Gastroduodenal Emphysema with Portal Venous Air due to Congenital Duodenal Web in a Child: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Wettasinghe Mihiri Chami , Rosairo Shanthini , Kiriwattuduwa Samantha , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
Published: January 2020

Congenital duodenal web causing proximal duodenal obstruction leading to gastroduodenal emphysema is a very rare presentation in infancy. Due to persistent  peristalsis against the duodenal membrane, there is progressive stretching of the duodenal web leading to windsock deformity. We describe a rare case of a child with gastroduodenal emphysema and portal venous air due to duodenal obstruction secondary to a duodenal web. An eighteen-month-old male child, who was under investigation for failure to thrive, presented with a history of persistent projectile vomiting and progressive abdominal distension for two days. The abdominal ultrasound scan revealed air within the portal vein and in the wall of the stomach. Plain X-ray abdomen confirmed the presence of gas in the gastric wall and in the proximal duodenal wall. Upper gastrointestinal contrast study revealed complete obstruction at the second part of the duodenum. The child underwent emergency laparotomy, which revealed a duodenal web as the cause of the duodenal obstruction. During the surgery, windsock deformity was noted. This case illustrates that although rare, proximal duodenal obstruction due to duodenal web may present in early childhood and that alarming imaging features such as gastric emphysema and portal venous air could be associated with benign conditions.
Endo-Illumination-Aided Scleral Buckling Combined with Intravitreal Injection of Hyaluronate for Treatment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Authors: Zhao Tong , Yan Yujie , Chen You , Sun Chuan , Wang Zhijun
Published: January 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 25-gauge illumination-aided scleral buckling (SB) combined with hyaluronate injection for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: Forty-five cases were included in this retrospective study. Twenty-five cases of the treatment group received SB with the aid of endo-illumination and noncontact wide-angle viewing system combined with hyaluronate injection after subretinal fluid drainage, while 20 cases of the control group received conventional SB with binocular indirect ophthalmoscope combined with air injection. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and complications were observed and recorded. Results: The mean operation duration of the treatment group (42.06 ± 16.77 min) was significantly shorter than that of the control group (50.19 ± 21.61 min, p = 0.042). Only 1 case of the control group underwent a second surgery, and the final reattachment ratios of the 2 groups were both 100%. BCVA improved in both the treatment group (from 0.91 ± 0.79 to 0.42 ± 0.58 logMAR, p < 0.001) and the control group (from 0.82 ± 0.70 to 0.41 ± 0.37 logMAR, p = 0.001). The improvements of BCVA of the treatment group and control group were –0.49 ± 0.38 and –0.42 ± 0.46 logMAR, with no significant difference (p = 0.594). There was no significant difference in IOP and complications between the 2 groups. Conclusions: 25-gauge endo-illumination-aided SB combined with hyaluronate injection was safe and effective for RRD.
Kinematic Analysis of Handwriting Movements in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities with and without Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: Schabos Oliver , Hoffmann Knut , Enzi Björn , Juckel Georg , Mavrogiorgou Paraskevi
Published: January 2020

Theory/calculation: Movement disorders such as disturbances of coordination, clumsiness, and hand-related stereotypies are a frequent phenomenon in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are also common in persons with ID. Our aim was to investigate hand motor dysfunction in persons with ID with and without OCD, using a digitizing tablet and the kinematic analysis of handwriting and drawing movements. Methods: We examinedthe hand motor performance of 23 individuals (12 males, 11 females, 42.6 ± 13.7 years old) with ID of heterogeneous aetiology. All subjects were required to write a sentence and draw circles under various conditions. Kinematic parameters were calculated to quantify hand motion. Results: Individuals with ID exhibit serious hand motor impairments suggestive of bradykinesia, irregularity, and micrographia. More than half of our ID patients (60.9%) displayed obsessive-compulsive symptoms of moderate severity (Y-BOCS total score: 16.6 ± 8.3). Interestingly, the ID patients with OCD displayed smaller amplitudes of hand motor movements than did patients with no obsessive-compulsive symptoms, while differences observed in the writing and drawing concentric circles trials were significant. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study support the use of kinematic analyses of handwriting movements to evaluate motor abnormalities in patients with ID and comorbid mental illnesses.