bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent insights into Fc-mediated effector responses to HIV-1
Authors: Carpenter Margaret C. , Ackerman Margaret E.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review

Recent work defining Fc-mediated effector functions for both viral control and protection against infection is summarized and considered along with new strategies to drive robust Fc-mediated responses.

Recent findings

In new human and nonhuman primate (NHP) vaccine trials as well as studies of natural infection, Fc-mediated effector responses have sometimes been observed to correlate with decreased risk of infection or with better clinical outcomes, suggesting a potential role for these responses in HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Recent highlights include use of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-sensitizing CD4-induced mimetic compounds, novel V1V2 immunogens, passive transfer studies, and vaccine regimens that successfully elicited Fc-mediated responses and were reported to decrease risk of infection in challenge studies in NHPs. Lastly, detailed studies of IgG3 forms of HIV-specific antibodies have reported that both neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses can be increased relative to the more prevalent IgG1 subclass.

Successful harmonization of neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses may make key contributions to the goal of reducing HIV-1 infection via active and passive vaccination. New studies continue to highlight the importance of Fc-mediated antibody responses as correlates of decreased risk of infection and suggest enhanced phagocytosis is a potential mechanism of reduced risk of infection associated with human IgG3 responses. Results from recent studies may help guide the rational design of therapies and vaccines that aim to specifically leverage antibody effector function.
Efficacy and safety study of direct-acting oral anticoagulants for the treatment of chronic portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Ai Ming-hua , Dong Wei-guo , Tan Xiao-ping , Xu Ling , Xu Chao , Zhang Qing , Zhang Yan , Li Jie
Published: July 2020

Aims

This study is designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the treatment of chronic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in liver cirrhosis patients.

Materials and methods

In a prospective cohort study, patients were divided into DOACs group (oral rivaroxaban tablets or dabigatran etexilate capsules) and control group (no anticoagulant treatment). Based on propensity score matching method, 40 patients with cirrhosis and chronic PVT in each of the groups were recruited for this study. CT portal venography was used to monitor the portal vein area. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor the portal vein flow rate. Biochemical testing and thromboelastography (TEG) were also used for monitoring the status of PVT.

Results

After 3 months of DOACs treatment, the complete/partial recanalization rate of DOACs was 12.8% (5/39). After 6 months of DOACs treatment, the PVT complete/partial recanalization rate of DOACs was 28.2% (11/39). The recanalization rate and portal vein flow velocity improvement were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Patients’ total bilirubin level and Child-Pugh scores were improved in the DOACs group. The TEG coagulation index was lower in the DOACs group than in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the DOACs group and control group in the cases of bleeding (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

DOACs are effective and safe for chronic PVT in patients with liver cirrhosis. The TEG can predict the risk of bleeding in patients with chronic PVT in cirrhosis, which is more sensitive than conventional coagulation function test.
Neonatal Dengue With HLH: Perks of Early Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Krishnappa Archana , Munusamy Jeyaraj , Ray Somosri , Rameshbabu Monisha , Bhatia Prateek , Roy Pritam S. , Sundaram Venkataseshan , Kumar Praveen
Published: July 2020

Background:

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening, aggressive syndrome. It can be primary, which involves genetic mutation with an early presentation, or secondary to infections, malignancies, etc., due to absence of immune downregulation. It is a very rare condition in newborns. Dengue is a potential virus causing HLH, but, in newborns, there are only few case reports and limited clinical literature.

Observation:

Herein, in this report, we highlight a case of neonatal HLH, triggered by perinatal dengue. The neonate manifested clinically within the first week of life, the earliest reported timeline so far in the literature.

Conclusion:

HLH should be excluded in neonates especially when multisystem involvement cannot be explained by sepsis alone.
Vascularized Composite Parietal Bone Flap for Immediate Reconstruction of a Hemi-Maxillectomy Defect in an Infant
Authors: Chandler Ludmila , Pourtaheri Navid , Maniskas Seija , Ahmad Maham , Lopez Joseph , Steinbacher Derek M.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Surgical resection of maxillary tumors can result in defects that can be difficult to reconstruct by conventional means due to the complex functional and anatomic nature of the midface and lack of regional bone flap options in the head and neck. Many reconstructive methods have been used to repair maxillary defects, but the ideal technique for the reconstruction of hemi-maxillectomy defects in growing pediatric patients has yet to be determined.

Methods:

The authors present a rare pediatric patient with melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy resulting in a hemi-maxillectomy defect after resection that was reconstructed using a pedicled vascularized composite flap consisting of temporalis muscle, pericranium, and parietal bone.

Results:

The patient achieved successful long-term bony reconstruction of his right maxilla with this flap. Stable skeletal fixation with adequate orbital support was maintained over a >3-year follow-up period.

Conclusion:

A vascularized composite parietal bone flap is a reliable reconstructive option for reconstruction of large maxillectomy defects providing low donor-site morbidity, adequate globe support, excellent long-term skeletal stability, and malar symmetry in rapidly growing pediatric patients. Successful reconstruction for a rare patient with maxillary melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy requiring hemi-maxillectomy was demonstrated with >3-year follow-up.
A structural model of a Ras-Raf signalosome
Authors: Mysore Venkatesh P. , Zhou Zhi-Wei , Ambrogio Chiara , Li Lianbo , Kapp Jonas N. , Lu Chunya , Wang Qi , Tucker Maxwell R. , Okoro Jeffrey J. , Nagy-Davidescu Gabriela , Bai Xiaochen , Plückthun Andreas , Jänne Pasi A. , Westover Kenneth D. , Shan Yibing , Shaw David E.
Published: July 2020

The protein K-Ras functions as a molecular switch in signaling pathways regulating cell growth. In the MAPK pathway, which is implicated in many cancers, multiple K-Ras proteins are thought to assemble at the cell membrane with Ras-effector proteins from the Raf family. Here we propose an atomistic structural model for such an assembly. Our starting point was an asymmetric, GTP-mediated K-Ras dimer model, which we generated using unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and verified with mutagenesis experiments. Adding further K-Ras monomers in a head-to-tail fashion led to a compact helical assembly, a model we validated using electron microscopy and cell-based experiments. This assembly stabilizes K-Ras in its active state and presents composite interfaces to facilitate Raf binding. Guided by existing experimental data, we then positioned C-Raf, the downstream kinase MEK1, and accessory proteins (Galectin-3 and 14-3-3σ) on the helical assembly. The resulting Ras-Raf signalosome model offers an explanation for a large body of data on MAPK signaling.
Erythrocyte-targeted immunomodulatory antigens enabled by in vivo selection of D-peptides
Authors: Loftis Alexander R. , Zhang Genwei , Backlund Coralie , Quartararo Anthony J. , Pishesha Novalia , Schissel Carly K. , Garafola Daniel , Loas Andrei , Collier R. John , Ploegh Hidde , Irvine Darrell J. , Pentelute Bradley L.
Published: July 2020

Targeting of antigens to erythrocytes can be used to selectively mitigate their immunogenicity, but the methods to equip a variety of cargoes with erythrocyte-targeting properties are limited. Here we identified a D-peptide that targets murine erythrocytes and decreases anti-drug antibody responses when conjugated to the protective antigen fromBacillus anthracis, a protein of therapeutic interest. The D-peptide likewise decreases inflammatory anti-ovalbumin (OVA) CD8+T cell responses when attached to a peptide antigen derived from OVA. To discover this targeting ligand, we leveraged mass spectrometry to decode a randomized D-peptide library selected in mice, extending the application of synthetic libraries to in vivo affinity selections.
The blood-brain barrier studiedin vitroacross species
Authors: Thomsen Maj Schneider , Humle Nanna , Hede Eva , Moos Torben , Burkhart Annette , Thomsen Louiza Bohn
Published: July 2020

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BECs) supported by pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB maintains homeostasis and protects the brain against toxic substances circulating in the blood, which consequently means that only a few drugs can pass the BBB. Thus for drug screening, understanding cell interactions, and pathology,in vitroBBB models have been developed using BECs from various animal sources. When comparing models of different species, differences exist especially in regards to the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Thus, in the present study, we compared primary mice, rat, and porcine BECs (mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs) cultured in mono- and co-culture with astrocytes, to identify potential species-dependent differences that could explain the variations in TEER and aid to the selection of models for futurein vitroBBB studies.

Thein vitroBBB models based on primary mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs were evaluated and compared in regards to major BBB characteristics. The barrier integrity was evaluated by the expression of tight junction proteins and measurements of TEER and apparent permeability (Papp). Furthermore, the cell size, the functionality of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, and the expression of the transferrin receptor were evaluated and compared.

pBECs exhibit the highest TEER followed by rBECs and mBECs, but surprisingly the Papp was not that different, which might be explained by a significantly larger cell size of pBECs than rBECs and mBECs. The expression and organization of many tight junction proteins were in all three species influenced by co-culturing, which supports the findings that the TEER increases after co-culturing with astrocytes. Furthermore, all models had functional polarised P-gp efflux transporters and expressed the transferrin receptor. In conclusion, the choice of species for in vitro BBB modeling should be based on the purpose of the study.
Astrocyte-neuron crosstalk through Hedgehog signaling mediates cortical circuit assembly
Authors: Xie Yajun , Kuan Aaron T. , Wang Wengang , Herbert Zachary T. , Mosto Olivia , Olukoya Olubusola , Adam Manal , Vu Steve , Kim Minsu , Gómez Nicolás , Tran Diana , Charpentier Claire , Sorour Ingie , Tolstorukov Michael Y. , Sabatini Bernardo L. , Lee Wei-Chung Allen , Harwell Corey C.
Published: July 2020

Neuron-glia relationships play a critical role in the regulation of synapse formation and neuronal specification. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons and astrocytes communicate and coordinate are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the canonical Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is active in cortical astrocytes, where it acts to coordinate layer-specific synaptic connectivity and functional circuit development. We show that Ptch1 is a Shh receptor that is expressed by cortical astrocytes during development and that Shh signaling is necessary and sufficient to promote the expression of layer-specific astrocyte genes involved in regulating synapse formation and function. Loss of Shh in layer V neurons reduces astrocyte complexity and coverage by astrocytic processes in tripartite synapses, moreover, cell-autonomous activation of Shh signaling in astrocytes promotes cortical excitatory synapse formation. Together, these results suggest that Shh secreted from deep layer cortical neurons acts to specialize the molecular and functional features of astrocytes during development to shape circuit assembly and function.
Multi-scale predictions distinctively modulate tone perception in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations
Authors: Yang Fuyin , Zhu Hao , Yu Lingfang , Lu Weihong , Zhang Chen , Tian Xing
Published: July 2020

Abstracts

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are one of the most pronounced symptoms that manifest the underlying mechanisms of deficits in schizophrenia. Cognitive models postulate that malfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing and causes hallucinations. Here, we investigate the featural-temporal characteristics of source monitoring in AVHs. Schizophrenia patients with and without AVHs, and healthy controls identified target tones in noise at the end of tone sequences. Predictions of different timescales were manipulated by either an alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequences, or a repetition between the target tone and the tone immediately before. The sensitivity index, d’, was obtained to assess the modulation of predictions on tone identification. We found that patients with AVHs showed higher d’ when the target tones conformed to the long-term regularity of alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequence than that when the targets were inconsistent with the pattern. Whereas, the short-term regularity of repetitions modulated the tone identification in patients without AVHs. Predictions did not influence tone identification in healthy controls. These findings suggest that malfunctioned source monitoring in AVHs heavily weights predictions to form incorrect perception. The weighting function in source monitoring can extend to the process of basic tonal features, and predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical populations. These collaboratively reveal the featural and temporal characteristics of weighting function in source monitoring of AVHs and suggest that the malfunctioned interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes might underlie the development of auditory hallucinations.

Highlights

Malfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing underlie pathogenesis of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.

The weighting function in top-down predictions and bottom-up sensory processing can extend to tonal features.

Predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical schizophrenia populations.
Evidence of SARS-CoV2 entry protein ACE2 in the human nose and olfactory bulb
Authors: Klingenstein M. , Klingenstein S. , Neckel P.H. , Mack A. F. , Wagner A. , Kleger A. , Liebau S. , Milazzo A.
Published: July 2020

Usually, pandemic COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV2, presents with mild respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough but frequently also with anosmia and neurological symptom. Virus-cell fusion is mediated by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) with their organ expression pattern determining viral tropism. Clinical presentation suggests rapid viral dissemination to central nervous system leading frequently to severe symptoms including viral meningitis. Here, we provide a comprehensive expression landscape of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins across human, post-mortem nasal and olfactory tissue. Sagittal sections through the human nose complemented with immunolabelling of respective cell types represent different anatomically defined regions including olfactory epithelium, respiratory epithelium of the nasal conchae and the paranasal sinuses along with the hardly accessible human olfactory bulb. ACE2 can be detected in the olfactory epithelium, as well as in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal septum, the nasal conchae and the paranasal sinuses. ACE2 is located in the sustentacular cells and in the glandular cells in the olfactory epithelium, as well as in the basal cells, glandular cells and epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium. Intriguingly, ACE2 is not expressed in mature or immature olfactory receptor neurons and basal cells in the olfactory epithelium. Similarly ACE2 is not localized in the olfactory receptor neurons albeit the olfactory bulb is positive. Vice versa, TMPRSS2 can also be detected in the sustentacular cells and the glandular cells of the olfactory epithelium.

Our findings provide the basic anatomical evidence for the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the human nose, olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Thus, they are substantial for future studies that aim to elucidate the symptom of SARS-CoV2 induced anosmia of via the olfactory pathway.
Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure increases total length of L1 axons in E15.5 mice
Authors: Kiss Shannon , Herrera Karen , McElroy Abigail , Blake Kelsey , Sicher Avery , Crocker Emily , Jacob Christa , Lefkove McKayla , Cramer Myla , Henriksen Allysen , Novacek Josef , Severa Jenna , Siberski Justin , Thomas Emily , Favero Carlita B.
Published: July 2020

Public health campaigns broadcast the link between heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy and physical, cognitive, and behavioral birth defects; however, they appear less effective in deterring moderate consumption prevalent in women who are pregnant or of childbearing age. The incidence of mild Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is likely underestimated because the affected individuals lack physical signs such as retarded growth and facial dysmorphology and cognitive/behavioral deficits are not commonly detected until late childhood. Sensory information processing is distorted in FASD, but alcohol effects on the development of axons that mediate these functions are not widely investigated. We hypothesize that alcohol exposure alters axon growth and guidance contributing to the aberrant connectivity that is a hallmark of FASD. To test this, we administered alcohol to pregnant dams from embryonic day (E) 7.5 to 14.5, during the time that axons which form the major forebrain tracts are growing. We found that moderate alcohol exposure had no effect on body weight of E15.5 embryos, but significantly increased the length of L1+ axons. Our findings support our hypothesis. Future studies will investigate cellular, molecular, and functional mechanisms that underlie these effects.
Characterizing receptor flexibility to predict mutations that lead to human adaptation of influenza hemagglutinin
Authors: Xu Huafeng , Palpant Timothy , Weinberger Cody , Shaw David E.
Published: July 2020

A key step in the emergence of human pandemic influenza strains has been a switch in the binding preference of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) from avian to human sialic acid receptors (SAs). The conformation of the bound SA varies substantially with HA sequence, and crystallographic evidence suggests that the bound SA is flexible, so it is difficult to predict from crystal structures which mutations are responsible for the change in HA binding preference. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SA analogs binding to various HAs, and observed a dynamic equilibrium among structurally diverse receptor conformations, including novel conformations that have not been experimentally observed. Using one such novel conformation, we predicted—and subsequently confirmed with microscale thermophoresis experiments—a set of mutations that substantially increased an HA’s affinity for a human SA analog. This prediction could not have been inferred from existing crystal structures, suggesting that MD-generated HA-SA conformational ensembles could help researchers predict human-adaptive mutations, aiding in the surveillance of emerging pandemic threats.
Global organization of neuronal activity only requires unstructured local connectivity
Authors: Dahmen David , Layer Moritz , Deutz Lukas , Dąbrowska Paulina Anna , Voges Nicole , Papen Michael von , Brochier Thomas , Riehle Alexa , Diesmann Markus , Grün Sonja , Helias Moritz
Published: July 2020

Modern electrophysiological recordings simultaneously capture single-unit spiking activities of hundreds of neurons spread across large cortical distances. Yet this massively parallel activity is often confined to relatively low-dimensional manifolds. This implies strong coordination also among neurons that are most likely not even connected. Here, we combine in vivo recordings with network models and theory to characterize the nature of mesoscopic coordination patterns in macaque motor cortex and to expose their origin: We find that heterogeneity in local connectivity supports network states with complex long-range cooperation between neurons that arises from multi-synaptic, short-range connections. Our theory explains the experimentally observed spatial organization of covariances in resting state recordings as well as the behaviorally related modulation of covariance patterns during a reach-to-grasp task. The ubiquity of heterogeneity in local cortical circuits suggests that the brain uses the described mechanism to flexibly adapt neuronal coordination to momentary demands.
Dynamic spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell fate decisions through local feedback in the adult vertebrate brain
Authors: Dray Nicolas , Mancini Laure , Binshtok Udi , Cheysson Felix , Supatto Willy , Mahou Pierre , Bedu Sébastien , Ortica Sara , Krecsmarik Monika , Herbert Sébastien , Masson Jean-Baptiste , Tinevez Jean-Yves , Lang Gabriel , Beaurepaire Emmanuel , Sprinzak David , Bally-Cuif Laure
Published: July 2020

Neural stem cell (NSC) populations persist in the adult vertebrate brain over a life time, and their homeostasis is controlled at the population level. The nature and properties of these coordination mechanisms remain unknown. Here we combine dynamic imaging of entire NSC populations in theirin vivoniche over weeks, pharmacological manipulations, mathematical modeling and spatial statistics, and demonstrate that NSCs use spatiotemporally resolved local feedbacks to coordinate their decision to divide. These involve a Notch-mediated inhibition from transient neural progenitors, and a dispersion effect from dividing NSCs themselves, exerted with a delay of 9-12 days. Simulations from a stochastic NSC lattice model capturing these interactions demonstrate that they are linked by lineage progression and control the spatiotemporal distribution of output neurons. These results highlight how local and temporally delayed interactions occurring between brain germinal cells generate self-propagating dynamics that maintain NSC population homeostasis with specific spatiotemporal correlations.
Endothelial reprogramming by disturbed flow revealed by single-cell RNA and chromatin accessibility study
Authors: Andueza Aitor , Kumar Sandeep , Kim Juyoung , Kang Dong-Won , Mumme Hope L , Perez Julian I , Jo Hanjoong
Published: July 2020

Disturbed flow(d-flow)induces atherosclerosis by regulating gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs). For further mechanistic understanding, we carried out a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and scATACseq study using endothelial-enriched single-cells from the left- and right carotid artery exposed to d-flow (LCA) and stable-flow (s-flowin RCA) using the mouse partial carotid ligation (PCL) model. We found 8 EC clusters along with immune cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Analyses of marker genes, pathways, and pseudo-time revealed that ECs are highly heterogeneous and plastic.D-flowinduced a dramatic transition of ECs from atheroprotective phenotypes to pro-inflammatory, mesenchymal (EndMT), hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem/progenitor cells, and an unexpected immune cell-like (EndICLT) phenotypes. While confirming KLF4/KLF2 ass-flow-sensitive transcription factor binding site, we also found those sensitive to d-flow (RELA, AP1, STAT1, and TEAD1). D-flow reprograms ECs from atheroprotective to pro-atherogenic phenotypes including EndMT and potentially EndICLT.
Designing creative and connected online learning experiences
Authors: Gabaree Lily , Rodeghiero Carolina , Presicce Carmelo , Rusk Natalie , Jain Rupal
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Open online courses have expanded opportunities for people to learn remotely. However, few online experiences offer participants ways to create projects and actively engage with course materials while developing meaningful personal connections with one another. The purpose of this paper is to share strategies implemented in a large online course and community, Learning Creative Learning (LCL), to foster a creative, connected community of learners, particularly important at a time when many people are isolated in their homes.

Design/methodology/approach

LCL is a free, open, online, six-week course and ongoing community for educators and others who are interested in exploring the ideas and practices of creative learning. This paper describes the course design and highlights effective strategies for cultivating a course community, including making activities personal; creating opportunities to connect, share and reflect; engaging participants as facilitators; and supporting a global, multilingual community of learners.

Findings

The authors discuss how these strategies have engaged participants in connecting and contributing to the growing course community, providing examples from observations and feedback of course participants.

Originality/value

Supporting a connected community of learners is particularly relevant in current times of isolation and remote learning. This paper illustrates and discusses strategies to design online learning experiences where participants can connect, create, collaborate and contribute to community building themselves.
Exploring teacher quality with a/r/tography in a teacher education course in China
Authors: Liu Laura B. , Wang Jiaoli
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study aims to model the creative pedagogy of children's book development and then engages teacher education students in this work, as a way to explore and express conceptions of teacher quality, across cultural perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

This self-study engages a/r/tography and currere to explore teacher quality in a teacher education classroom in a Chinese university. A/r/tography (Irwin et al., 2006) considers teacher quality through the conventional lens based on standards and through a more aesthetic lens shaped by cultural nuances and personal experiences. This self-study engages currere (Pinar, 2004) as a methodology marked by contiguous living inquiry explored with an abstract lens aimed to see openings for insight leading to transformation (Pourchier, 2010).

Findings

Discussing similarities and distinctions across the presentation and conceptualization of teacher quality in the created children's books promoted dialogue considering intercultural, international pictures of a caring student–teacher relationship. A/r/tographic, currere approaches to exploring this enhanced reflective insight and supported acceptance of diverse notions of teacher quality.

Originality/value

As 21st-century global societies evolve, the meaning of progress also evolves from vertical linear trajectories to horizontal, webbed transformations, driven by differences leading to rhizomatic global connections. A/r/tography and currere are meaningful methodologies to explore the concept of teacher quality from aesthetic angles and on a more personal level so that our understandings may be shaped meaningfully by more diverse perspectives and voices.
Predicting the early growth of word and nonword reading fluency in a consistent syllabic orthography
Authors: Inoue Tomohiro , Georgiou George K. , Muroya Naoko , Hosokawa Miyuki , Maekawa Hisao , Parrila Rauno
Published: July 2020

Background

The present study aimed to examine the early growth of word and nonword reading fluency and their cognitive predictors in a consistent syllabic orthography (Japanese Hiragana).

Method

One hundred sixty‐nine Grade 1 Japanese children (Mage = 80.12 months, SD = 3.62) were followed until the middle of Grade 2 and assessed four times on word and nonword reading fluency in Hiragana. Nonverbal IQ, vocabulary, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, phonological memory and morphological awareness were also assessed at the beginning of Grade 1.

Results

Growth curve analysis showed that growth was faster in word reading than in nonword reading and the lexicality effect increased over time. Rapid automatized naming, phonological memory and morphological awareness were associated with the initial status and rate of growth in word and nonword reading. Furthermore, the initial status and the growth rates were highly correlated between word and nonword reading, even when the effects of the cognitive skills were controlled.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that, despite the remarkable differences in the growth trajectories of word and nonword reading fluency, they share at least a part of their underlying processes and develop closely in tandem during this period.
Current ideas about the roles of rapid eye movement and non–rapid eye movement sleep in brain development
Authors: Knoop Marit S. , de Groot Eline R. , Dudink Jeroen
Published: July 2020

Understanding the links between sleep and brain development is important, as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non‐REM (NREM) sleep seem to contribute to different aspects of brain maturation. If children have sleep problems, REM sleep and NREM sleep are likely to have different consequences for their developing brain, depending on their age. We highlight important discoveries from human and animal research on the role sleep plays in brain development. A hypothetical model is presented to explain the dynamic relationship of REM sleep and NREM sleep with different processes of brain maturation, with implications for current neonatal care and future research.
Susceptibility of the floodwater mosquito Aedes albifasciatus from eggs of different dormancy times to the nematode parasite Strelkovimermis spiculatus
Authors: Di Battista C. M. , Fischer S. , Campos R. E.
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of egg dormancy times on susceptibility of larvae of the floodwater mosquito Aedes albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to parasitism by their natural enemy Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and on their life history traits. Aedes albifasciatus eggs stored for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months were hatched, and the larvae either exposed to S. spiculatus (treatment group) or not exposed (control group). Egg dormancy time had a negative effect on the retention of parasites, but no effect on the prevalence and intensity of parasitism or the melanization of nematodes. The survival to adulthood of control individuals decreased as dormancy time increased, whereas that of exposed individuals that remained uninfected was constant and low. A trend towards increasing development times with longer dormancy times was detected in the control group, but not in the exposed noninfected group. The results suggest nonconsumptive effects of parasites in exposed but not infected larvae from eggs with short dormancy times. In contrast, the relatively low fitness of larvae from eggs with long dormancy times regardless of their contact with the nematodes may be the result of the nutritional deprivation during the egg stage.
Divorce as the Crisis in the Family and the Impact on Children’s Behaviour
Authors: Tománek Pavol
Published: July 2020

Divorces are becoming available and completely normal solution of a crisis in the family. Although all participants suffer from the divorce, the most affected becomes the child and his future life, no matter a, what age he has to go through this perio. In the study we reflect on marriage and the family, currently going through a crisis. We analyse the divorce as one of the traumatic moments in people's lives and its impact on the child from different points of view. Divorce, however, represents in many cases a redemption from traumatic life situation, therefore the contribution remains open to further professional discussion.
Analysis of Adult Educational Opportunities in Wellness as a Starting Point for Building a Scientific Platform of the Wellness Discipline in the Czech Republic
Authors: Mirovský Tomáš , Hošek Václav , Šauerová Markéta
Published: July 2020

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current development of newly forming Wellness programme, particularly with regard to the experience evaluated in the field of education of the specialists working in this field. The starting point is the analysis of needs and competencies of wellness specialists followed by the analysis of many years of experience in adult education in the field of wellness on the level of retraining and lifelong learning courses, higher vocational education, bachelor's degree and subsequently analysis of the experience of two-year Wellness specialist Master's degree programme. With an emphasis on the quality of specialized education is related also improvement of professional environment and building specialized platforms for newly developing field, in which the network of experts is gradually expanding, new literature for professionals has been created, scientific and professional societies, scientific journals and also interest in scientific research in wellness disciplines has increased. Collaboration of science and research in the field of wellness in the context of possibilities to educate professionals at various professional levels is the basis for young profiling scientific discipline related to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, prevention of burnout syndrome in many professions and promoting overall physical and mental health, which the National Health Strategy 2020 is appealing to.
Caso No.O
Authors: Sánchez Prieto Isabella
Published: July 2020

Una de las principales funciones del sistema respiratorio es respirar, y aunque suene obvio e irrisorio esta afirmación, quisiera preguntar ¿qué pasa cuando el sistema respiratorio no usa el aire para respirar? Ante esta incógnita, se optó por realizar dos investigaciones —la primera desde la ciencias forenses y la segunda desde las artes vivas— para indagar la función del sistema respiratorio. En la elaboración de este artículo, fue de vital importancia trabajar con el doctor Jorge Franco y con la doctora Michelle Cortés del Departamento de Morfología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Al contrastar la causa de muerte que se examinó en el cadáver encontrado en el medio acuático, con los síntomas respiratorios que se analizaron en los performers, se pudo encontrar que el aire no parece tan obvio en sus cualidades gaseosas y respiratorias que este presenta. A veces la falta de aire dice más que tratar de llenarlo, otras veces en que el aire se queda corto para decir lo que pensamos. En muchas ocasiones, no nos fijamos en la importancia de usar el aire para respirar, precisamente porque vemos fácil transitar ese medio casi imperceptible e innato de la condición humana.
La soportable levedad del límite en la arquitectura de finales del siglo XX: análisis de cuatro casos
Authors: Salmerón Juan Manuel , García Sánchez Rafael
Published: July 2020

Este artículo se plantea como objetivo el estudio analítico del concepto de disolución o vacío en el uso compositivo de las artes y, en particular, de la arquitectura de la disolución material de finales del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI. Para ello, como metodología, se recurre a las corrientes del pensamiento actual que han justificado posturas y modos de puesta en valor de este concepto, como el racionalismo analítico, la fenomenología y la filosofía oriental. Así, redefinidas para su aplicación a la arquitectura por otros teóricos, se puede verificar su influencia y comprender como resultado que este recurso haya hecho fortuna en diversas obras emblemáticas citadas y caracterizadas por cuatro caminos diversos: compacidad, plegado, desmaterialización y fluidez. En todos ellos, el vacío ejerce un papel de eslabón en la disolución de una forma arquitectónica férreamente delimitada, aunque en constante evolución. Este vacío se expresa habitualmente como lo transparente, pero también como ambiguo, etéreo, intersticio, fluido, líquido, etc. Se analizan también las resistencias planteadas a esta disolución de la forma, provengan de la tradición, de las autolimitaciones del artista o de la sociedad para la que este trabaja, y la especificidad de la disciplina arquitectónica. Como conclusión se afirma que la utilización de materiales transparentes es condición necesaria pero no suficiente para lograr la evanescencia. Requerir para ello otros mecanismos basados en la adecuada disposición de la forma arquitectónica supone nuestro original aporte.
Objetos con aires de cambio: levedad y desmaterialización hacia fines de la década de 1960
Authors: Lucero Maria Elena
Published: July 2020

De diciembre de 1967 hasta enero de 1968, se llevó a cabo la exposición El Arte por el Aire en Mar del Plata (Argentina). Organizada por el Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires y con el auspicio de compañías de aeronavegación, participaron en la muestra artistas de las ciudades de Rosario, La Plata y Buenos Aires. Las obras, con un tamaño apto para viajar en avión, serían transportadas hasta el sitio de exhibición. En la muestra marplatense, las propuestas plásticas se direccionaron hacia volúmenes geométricos u objetos que derivarían en estrategias conceptuales. La utilización de globos, diarios, tanzas, botellas o esferas de telgopor revelaba la elección de materialidades sencillas, frágiles y de elaboración industrial creadoras de un abanico de configuraciones que abría paso a una paulatina desmaterialización. Como parte de la metodología aplicada, se examinarán archivos y documentos sobre el evento para analizar las decisiones institucionales que sustentaron la realización de El Arte por el Aire, las obras participantes y los aspectos estéticos que marcaron la articulación del objeto con la idea. Mencionaremos la implicancia del término desmaterialización a partir de autores como Oscar Masotta o Lucy Lippard, y localizaremos estos procesos en torno a lo que Terry Eagleton ha denominado “guerras culturales”. Como contribución teórica, se establecerán correlatos con prácticas artísticas mexicanas y españolas para delinear diálogos con manifestaciones visuales de finales de la década de 1960 e inicios de la década de 1970, para luego arribar a consideraciones finales.
Laser-Driven Micro-Flyers for Dynamic Fragmentation Statistics of Boron Carbide
Authors: Mallick Debjoy D. , Magagnosc Daniel J. , Ramesh KT
Published: July 2020

Dynamic fragmentation through high-rate impact generates large numbers of fragments with various shapes and sizes. The fragmentation failure mode is an important part of the protection capacity of advanced ceramics which typically feature high strength and low density but fail in brittle modes. The penetration resistance of these brittle materials has been linked to the fragment size and shape created through impact in the literature [1]. Such studies have shown that particular fragment size and shape combinations can more effectively erode incoming projectiles, presenting a possible route to improve penetration resistance. These results stand in contrast to other studies that examine links between penetration resistance and material properties (e.g. fracture toughness or stiffness) which have sometimes resulted in contradictory correlations. Boron carbide has received a strong focus in the literature in recent years as an advanced ceramic with one of the highest specific strengths and lowest densities [2]. Yet boron carbide exhibits poor penetration resistance at higher loads, a phenomenon that some researchers attribute to a phase transformation termed “amorphization” [2]. To better understand the protection capacity of boron carbide under high rate loading, we use a laser-driven micro-flyer apparatus to impact boron carbide specimens.
A rupture limit equation for COPVs following a perforating MMOD impact
Authors: Schonberg William P.
Published: July 2020

Most spacecraft have at least one pressurized vessel on board. One of the primary design considerations for earth-orbiting spacecraft is the anticipation and mitigation of the possible damage that might occur in the event of a micrometeoroid or orbital debris (MMOD) particle impact. To prevent mission failure and possibly loss of life, protection against perforation by such high-speed impacts must be included. In addition to a hole, it is possible that, for certain pressure vessel designs, materials, impact parameters, and operating conditions, a pressure vessel may experience catastrophic failure (i.e. rupture) as a result of a hypervelocity impact. If such a tank rupture were to occur on-orbit following an MMOD impact, not only could it lead to loss of spacecraft, but quite possibly, for human missions, it could also result in loss of life. In this paper we present an update to a Rupture Limit Equation, or RLE, for composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) that was presented previously. The update consists of modified RLE parameters and coefficients that were obtained after the RLE was re-derived using new / additional data. The updated RLE functions in a manner similar to that of a ballistic limit equation, or BLE, that is, it differentiates between regions of operating and impact conditions that, given a tank wall perforation, would result in either tank rupture or only a relatively small hole or crack. This is an important consideration in the design of a COPV pressurized tank – if possible, design parameters and operating conditions should be chosen such that additional sizable debris (such as that which would be created in the event of tank rupture or catastrophic failure) is not created as a result of an on-orbit MMOD particle impact.
Numerical modeling of impacts of twisted-pair data cables
Authors: Miller Joshua E.
Published: July 2020

Data wire cable runs are a significant presence on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS), and continued ISS mission support requires detailed assessment of cables due to micrometeoroid and orbit debris (MMOD) impact. These data wire cables are twisted-pair cables consisting of two 22 gauge stranded conductors inside a tight-fitting, braided-copper shield and jacket having a nominal outer diameter of 3.76 mm. Previous work has documented a total of 97 impact experiments that were performed into these cables to develop an empirical, statistical model for the failure of these cables in reliability studies; however, the experimental work left open the internal behaviors that contribute to the probabilistic findings. To address this shortcoming, numerical impact simulations have been performed to expand the understanding of the acquired dataset. This paper summarizes the dependence of impact location and speed to the penetration of wire jackets based upon particle size and provides an empirical ballistic limit equation based on the assumption that exposed conductors may lead to a short circuit. This work is consolidated with the previous experimental work for design and reliability assessments to cover projectile types, speeds and obliquities.
Hypervelocity impact performance of 3D printed aluminum panels
Authors: Davis Bruce A. , Hagen Richard A. , McCandless Robert J. , Christiansen Eric L. , Lear Dana M.
Published: July 2020

NASA, JSC has been developing a light-weight, multi-functional sandwich core for habitable structure over the last several years. Typically honeycomb-based structures have been and still are a common structural component for many applications in the aerospace industry, unfortunately, honeycomb structures with an ordered, open path through the thickness have served to channel the micro-meteoroid or orbital debris into the pressure wall (instead of disassociating and decelerating). The development of a metallic open cell foam core has been explored to enhance the micro-meteoroid or orbital debris protection, which is heavier than comparable honeycomb-based structures when non-structural requirements for deep space environments (vacuum, micro-meteoroids/orbital debris, and radiation) have not been considered. While the metallic foam core represents a notable improvement in this area, there is an overwhelming need to further reduce the weight of space vehicles; especially when deep space (beyond low earth orbit, or LEO) is considered. NASA, JSC is currently developing a multi-functional sandwich panel using additive machining (3D printing), this effort evaluated the material response of a limited amount of 3D printed aluminum panels under hypervelocity impact conditions. The four 3D printed aluminum panels provided for this effort consisted of three body centric cubic lattice structure core and one kelvin cell structure core. Each panel was impacted once with nominally the same impact conditions (0.34cm diameter aluminum sphere impacting at 6.8 km/s at 0 degrees to surface normal). All tests were impacted successfully, with the aforementioned impact conditions. Each of the test panels maintained their structural integrity from the hypervelocity impact event with no damage present on the back side of the panel for any of the tests. These tests and future tests will be used to enhance development of 3D printed structural panels.
Transitional ballistics of electric high-velocity launchers
Authors: Reck B. , Hundertmark S. , Hruschka R. , Zeiner A. , Sauerwein B. , Schneider M.
Published: July 2020

The high-velocity launch of a projectile is subjected to a number of disturbances which exert an influence on the flight trajectory. In the case of sub-caliber projectiles, sabot separation is one of the critical aspects. In this work, we focus on the projectiles and the launch package of an electric railgun launch, i.e. on the behavior of the launch-package, when transitioning from the gun barrel to free-flight. This work further addresses the use of a hydrocode for creating numerical models which are capable of predicting the motion and deflection of the sabot parts during their separation from the projectile after exiting the muzzle. An earlier study showed that the air flow around the projectile and the sabot can be modeled with sufficiently high accuracy by means of a simulation code that uses an Eulerian description of the gas flow. Within a time interval of several milliseconds, just the duration that a projectile needs to enter quasi-stationary flight, viscous effects of the air or gas flow have relatively little influence on the sabot discard process. If the Eulerian gas flow is coupled with the Lagrangian structural parts, the mechanical response of the latter to the gas pressure can be complex in terms of deformation and damage, and in that way, can affect the gas flow. In this study, the hydrocode model is applied to a medium caliber launch package concept for accelerating long rod projectiles. The computed results agree well with the corresponding experimental values obtained from a launch package model test in the shock tunnel at Mach 4.5. This demonstrates that the presented hydrocode model can be used for launch package design optimizations with high confidence.
Adiabatic heating and damage formation of a composite associated with high-velocity impact
Authors: Li Zhiye , Zhang Xiaofan , O’Brien Daniel J. , Ghosh Somnath
Published: July 2020

This work aims to develop a physically-based multiscale model incorporating material heterogeneities in order to study multi-physics damage and failure of S-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under high-velocity impact.