bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENCOUNTERING THE OTHER AS AN EXAMPLE
OF GLOBAL EDUCATION WITHIN THE MUSEUM
SPACE
Authors: Baumgarten-Szczyrska Dorota , Milewska Krystyna , Obalek Dorota
Published: August 2017

In the face of the migration crisis in Europe in
2015, discussions on refugees and emigrants who live in
Poland have been dominated by stereotypes and negative
images presented by the media, and the division into supporters
and opponents of the “Others” have also become
highly visible in schools. The lack of topics in the field of
global education and of knowledge about the current situation
of African countries has contributed to the increase
in xenophobic attitudes among pupils, and to all sorts of
manifestations of verbal and physical violence motivated by
prejudices against people who stand out because of their
appearance or origin.
The Encountering the Other project, which has been run
by the Artykuł 25 Foundation and the National Museum in
Szczecin since 2014, attempts to reply to the lack in Poland
of a social basis of sensitivity, respect and solidarity with
people of different geographical and cultural backgrounds.
Its main aim is to allow primary, middle and secondary
school pupils to acquire knowledge about the Countries
of the Global South, which may encourage them to revise
their attitudes. The basis of the project is classes in
school which are based on our own script prepared from
a lecture by Ryszard Kapuściński, Encountering the Other:
the challenge for the 21st century, which he gave upon receiving
the title of doctor honoris causa from the Jagiellonian
University. The National Museum in Szczecin plays an
important role in the project. It runs classes for students
which show them the old art and culture of West-African
countries and their influence on European art, but also presents
works by contemporary artists from Benin, Nigeria
and the Republic of South Africa. As part of the Week of
Global Education, the museum presents documentaries for
children and teens from the Docs Against Gravity Festival,
and there are workshops using the kamishibai theatre and discussions on mutual understanding and global interdependence.
The project is complemented by a conference
targeted at teachers and representatives of organisations
working with children and teens, whose main aim is to
provide knowledge on the contemporary culture and art of
African countries, and to show good practices for counteracting
discrimination and violence motivated by prejudice.
The Encountering the Other project aims to counteract
prejudice and stereotypes, to show a different image of
the Countries of the Global South, to convince children,
teenagers and teachers to make their social attitudes more
responsible, which would be of key importance on shaping
trends today or in the future, and to incorporate global issues
into mainstream discussions.
Virological outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in Zomba central prison, Malawi; a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Mpawa Happy , Kwekwesa Aunex , Amberbir Alemayehu , Garone Daniela , Divala Oscar H. , Kawalazira Gift , van Schoor Vanessa , Ndindi Henry , van Oosterhout Joep J.
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes that include viral suppression rates are rarely reported among African prison populations. Prisoners deal with specific challenges concerning adherence to ART. We aimed to describe virological outcomes of ART in a large prison in Malawi.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study of ART outcomes was conducted at the Zomba Central Prison HIV clinic, Malawi, following the introduction of routine viral load monitoring. All prisoners on ART for at least 6 months were eligible for a viral load test. Patients with ≥1,000 copies/ml received adherence support for 3 months, after which a second VL sample was taken. Patients with ≥5,000 copies/ml on the second sample had virological failure and started 2nd line ART. We describe demographics and patient characteristics and report prevalence of potential‐ and documented virological failure. In the potential virological failure rate, those who could not be sampled after 3 months adherence support are included as virological failures. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with potential ART failure.

Results and discussion: Viral load testing was started at the end of 2014, when 1054 patients had ever registered on ART. Of those, 501 (47.5%) had transferred out to another clinic, 96 (9.1%) had died, 11 defaulted (1.0%) and 3 (0.3%) stopped ART. Of 443 (42.0%) remaining alive in care, an estimated 322 prisoners were on ART >6 months, of whom 262 (81.4%) were sampled. Their median age was 35 years (IQR 31–40) and 257 (98.1%) were male. Self‐reported adherence was good in 258 (98.5%). The rate of potential ART failure was 8.0%, documented ART failure was 4.6% and documented HIV suppression 95.0%. No patient characteristics were independently associated with potential ART failure, possibly due to low numbers with this outcome.

Conclusions: Good virological suppression rates can be achieved among Malawian prisoners on ART, under challenging circumstances.
Factorial inferential grid grouping and representativeness analysis for a systematic selection of representative grids
Authors: Cheng Guanhui , Huang Guohe , Dong Cong , Xu Ye , Yao Yao
Published: August 2017

A factorial inferential grid grouping and representativeness analysis (FIGGRA) approach is developed to achieve a systematic selection of representative grids in large‐scale climate change impact assessment and adaptation (LSCCIAA) studies and other fields of Earth and space sciences. FIGGRA is applied to representative‐grid selection for temperature (Tas) and precipitation (Pr) over the Loess Plateau (LP) to verify methodological effectiveness. FIGGRA is effective at and outperforms existing grid‐selection approaches (e.g., self‐organizing maps) in multiple aspects such as clustering similar grids, differentiating dissimilar grids, and identifying representative grids for both Tas and Pr over LP. In comparison with Pr, the lower spatial heterogeneity and higher spatial discontinuity of Tas over LP lead to higher within‐group similarity, lower between‐group dissimilarity, lower grid grouping effectiveness, and higher grid representativeness; the lower interannual variability of the spatial distributions of Tas results in lower impacts of the interannual variability on the effectiveness of FIGGRA. For LP, the spatial climatic heterogeneity is the highest in January for Pr and in October for Tas; it decreases from spring, autumn, summer to winter for Tas and from summer, spring, autumn to winter for Pr. Two parameters, i.e., the statistical significance level (α) and the minimum number of grids in every climate zone (Nmin), and their joint effects are significant for the effectiveness of FIGGRA; normalization of a nonnormal climate‐variable distribution is helpful for the effectiveness only for Pr. For FIGGRA‐based LSCCIAA studies, a low value of Nmin is recommended for both Pr and Tas, and a high and medium value of α for Pr and Tas, respectively.
How fault evolution changes strain partitioning and fault slip rates in Southern California: Results from geodynamic modeling
Authors: Ye Jiyang , Liu Mian
Published: August 2017

In Southern California, the Pacific‐North America relative plate motion is accommodated by the complex southern San Andreas Fault system that includes many young faults (<2 Ma). The initiation of these young faults and their impact on strain partitioning and fault slip rates are important for understanding the evolution of this plate boundary zone and assessing earthquake hazard in Southern California. Using a three‐dimensional viscoelastoplastic finite element model, we have investigated how this plate boundary fault system has evolved to accommodate the relative plate motion in Southern California. Our results show that when the plate boundary faults are not optimally configured to accommodate the relative plate motion, strain is localized in places where new faults would initiate to improve the mechanical efficiency of the fault system. In particular, the Eastern California Shear Zone, the San Jacinto Fault, the Elsinore Fault, and the offshore dextral faults all developed in places of highly localized strain. These younger faults compensate for the reduced fault slip on the San Andreas Fault proper because of the Big Bend, a major restraining bend. The evolution of the fault system changes the apportionment of fault slip rates over time, which may explain some of the slip rate discrepancy between geological and geodetic measurements in Southern California. For the present fault configuration, our model predicts localized strain in western Transverse Ranges and along the dextral faults across the Mojave Desert, where numerous damaging earthquakes occurred in recent years.
Evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecasts by TIGGE ensembles for south China during the presummer rainy season
Authors: Huang Ling , Luo Yali
Published: August 2017

Based on The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) data set, this study evaluates the ability of global ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Korean Meteorological Administration, and China Meteorological Administration (CMA) to predict presummer rainy season (April–June) precipitation in south China. Evaluation of 5 day forecasts in three seasons (2013–2015) demonstrates the higher skill of probability matching forecasts compared to simple ensemble mean forecasts and shows that the deterministic forecast is a close second. The EPSs overestimate light‐to‐heavy rainfall (0.1 to 30 mm/12 h) and underestimate heavier rainfall (>30 mm/12 h), with JMA being the worst. By analyzing the synoptic situations predicted by the identified more skillful (ECMWF) and less skillful (JMA and CMA) EPSs and the ensemble sensitivity for four representative cases of torrential rainfall, the transport of warm‐moist air into south China by the low‐level southwesterly flow, upstream of the torrential rainfall regions, is found to be a key synoptic factor that controls the quantitative precipitation forecast. The results also suggest that prediction of locally produced torrential rainfall is more challenging than prediction of more extensively distributed torrential rainfall. A slight improvement in the performance is obtained by shortening the forecast lead time from 30–36 h to 18–24 h to 6–12 h for the cases with large‐scale forcing, but not for the locally produced cases.
Dynamics of small particles in electromagnetic radiation fields: A numerical solution
Authors: Herranen J. , Markkanen J. , Muinonen K.
Published: August 2017

We establish a theoretical framework for solving the equations of motion for an arbitrarily shaped, inhomogeneous dust particle in the presence of radiation pressure. The repeated scattering problem involved is solved using a state‐of‐the‐art volume integral equation‐based T‐matrix method. A Fortran implementation of the framework is used to solve the explicit time evolution of a homogeneous irregular sample geometry. The results are shown to be consistent with rigid body dynamics, between integrators, and comparable with predictions from an alignment efficiency potential map. Also, we demonstrate the explicit effect of single‐particle dynamics to observed polarization using the obtained orientational results.
Chemical Ecology
Authors: Drijfhout Falko
Published: August 2017

Chemical ecology is the study of the structure, origin and function of naturally occurring chemicals that mediate intraspecific or interspecific interactions. These chemicals are known as semiochemicals. Depending on the function of a semiochemical, this group of chemicals can be further divided into three classes: pheromones, kairomones and allomones. At the heart of the discipline are modern analytical instrumentation, careful observational biology and good bioassay design. Research during the past 50 years has identified many different semiochemicals. Several of these chemicals are currently in use as pest control agents. Although the majority of the early research focused on (lepidopteran) sex pheromones, in recent years, a shift is seen into semiochemicals from other insects and noninsects such as mammals, marine animals or even microorganisms. The field of chemical ecology has developed into a mature science with diverse practical applications, of which currently pest control is the most important.

Key Concepts

Chemical ecology studies the structure, origin and function of naturally occurring chemicals that mediate intraspecific or interspecific interactions.

Bioassays are crucial in successfully identifying active semiochemicals.

Semiochemicals are divided into different categories, depending on their function in an organism.

Chemical ecology has developed into a mature global science during the past 50 years.

Chemical ecology has benefited greatly from the advances in analytical instrumentation, such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.

Chemical ecology has a much wider application than only its use in pest control.

Chemical ecology is characterised by highly cross‐disciplinary research.
Inherited Pulmonary Disorders
Authors: Marinicak Stefan J , Lomas David A
Published: August 2017

Hereditary lung diseases can affect the airways (asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia), parenchyma (pulmonary fibrosis, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome and, tuberous sclerosis) and vasculature (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia) of the lung. Such conditions include simple monogenic disorders such as Kartagener syndrome and α1‐antitrypsin, wherein mutations of critical genes are sufficient to induce well‐defined disease phenotypes. However, many are complex genetic traits in which inheritance subtly affects pathogenesis, for example asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A greater understanding of the genetic basis of pulmonary conditions has provided new insights into their underlying pathophysiology and helped in some cases to shed light on more common sporadic forms. Importantly, the identification of causative genes has also enabled prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling to be introduced for many diseases.

Key Concepts

Common diseases frequently have a genetic component which with the advent of genome‐wide association studies can now be elucidated.

The study of rare monogenic disorders can provide important mechanistic clues to the pathogenesis of more common sporadic disease.

Pulmonary manifestations can be the presenting feature of several important inherited diseases.

Making a definitive genetic diagnosis permits the practicing of personised medicine.

Molecular testing using gene panels and whole genome sequencing is revolutionising respiratory medicine.
Biological Stoichiometry
Authors: Striebel Maren , Frost Paul C , Elser James J
Published: August 2017

Biological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in living systems. It compares elemental requirements of organisms for growth, reproduction and maintenance with that provided by their nutritional resources. It considers the physiological, cellular and biochemical underpinnings of stoichiometric differences as well as their evolutionary basis. Primary producers generally exhibit greater flexibility in elemental composition compared to consumers, which leads to elemental imbalances between adjacent trophic levels. For individual organisms, the relatively low supply of an element can alter metabolic and physiological processes involving the acquisition, incorporation and release of multiple chemical elements. When sustained, elemental imbalances slow growth and limit reproduction of organisms, particularly those with relatively high elemental requirements. Elemental imbalances have been documented in diverse ecosystems and at multiple trophic levels and affect key ecological and evolutionary processes underlying population dynamics, life‐history evolution, community structure, trophic interactions and ecosystem function.

Key Concepts

Biological stoichiometry studies the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in living systems.

Biological stoichiometry compares the elemental compositions of resources with the elemental requirements of organisms. It also considers the environmental and evolutionary origins of elemental imbalances between producers and consumers.

Biological stoichiometry approaches processes such as organism growth, population dynamics and trophic interactions as if such processes were composite chemical reactions that must simultaneously meet the law of mass conservation for multiple chemical elements and the rules of exact proportions in chemical reactions.

Biological stoichiometry uses its elemental perspective on biochemical and physiological processes to understand intra‐ and interspecific interactions that involve the transfer or transformation of matter in food webs.

Biological stoichiometry also provides a mechanistic framework for how animal species mediate ecosystem processes such as nutrient recycling. The stoichiometric approach can also be used to study trophic interactions as well as decomposition and microbial release of elements.

Biological stoichiometry considers the molecular and evolutionary basis of major differences in the C:N:P ratios of living things. Understanding how evolution affects these ratios provides considerable insight into processes that link all levels of organisation in biology.
Loss of Self‐Incompatibility by Mating‐Type Switching
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Bart PS
Published: August 2017

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of compatible gametes. In many organisms without sexes, compatibility is described by the genes located at the mating‐types locus, and mating is restricted to haploid individuals carrying different alleles at this locus. To assure mating when no partners are around, a variety of mechanisms evolved that render two clonally derived cells compatible with each other, known as homothallism. This occurs mostly by incorporation of the two mating‐type alleles into the same haploid genome; however, this comes at a cost. Mating‐type switching reduces these costs by suppressing one of the mating‐type alleles. Clonal compatibility is maintained by structurally modifying the gene content or mating‐type conformation that defines the mating‐type identity of the cell. The presumed evolutionary steps from a self‐incompatibility to switching require incorporation of both mating‐type genes, silencing of one type, evolving a switching mechanism and optimising this mechanism.

Key Concepts

Mating types define compatibility between haploid individuals and are generally described by a single locus.

In most species, only two mating types exist that strongly reduce the availability of compatible mates.

Incorporation of the genes of both mating types (the mating‐type cassettes) into the same haploid genome can lead to self‐compatibility but comes at a large cost.

Under low densities, the benefit of self‐compatibility can overcome the cost of carrying both mating‐type cassettes.

Selection for suppression of one of the cassettes can restore a mostly outcrossing (heterothallic) phenotype, while probably retaining occasional selfing.

After the evolution of silencing, switching during asexual growth is an efficient way of locally generating compatible genotypes.

Suppression by dominance of mating type is likely to lead to switching by disruption or deletion.

Suppression is determined by the location of a locus and likely selects for evolution of positional switching.
Molecular Genetics of Inherited Thrombocytopenias
Authors: Savoia Anna
Published: August 2017

Inherited thrombocytopenias (ITs) are rare, clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in more than 30 genes. Considering that they account for approximately 50% of the cases, many other genetic unknown factors are likely to be involved. The IT genes encode for proteins playing numerous functions, participating in the different steps of megakaryopoiesis, such as differentiation and production of mature megakaryocytes, and platelet release in the blood stream. Mutations impairing any of these processes lead to reduction of platelet count. While in some ITs, thrombocytopenia is the only feature, in others, it is associated with other haematological defects and/or clinical manifestations. Not always the pathogenic mechanisms are known, mainly because our knowledge on protein function is limited. However, the number of the IT genes is increasing rapidly, and combining genetic and functional studies will allow us to unravel the complex network of interactions controlling platelet biogenesis.

Key Concepts

Inherited thrombocytopenias (ITs) are characterised by clinical and genetic heterogeneity.

Reduction in platelet count can be due to defects in any phase of megakaryocyte and platelet production.

Mutations in more than 30 different genes cause ITs.

The IT gene products play many different, sometimes unknown roles in the processes of platelet production.

Mutations in the known genes explain the disease in only 50% of families with IT.

Application of next‐generation sequencing strategies in large case series of affected individuals will allow us to characterise novel ITs and understand the molecular basis of these diseases more extensively.
Genetics of Hereditary Large Vessel Diseases
Authors: Morisaki Takayuki , Morisaki Hiroko
Published: August 2017

Recently, the genetic study of hereditary large vessel diseases such as Marfan syndrome has been advanced, leading to not only identifying pathogenic genes but also providing information of the pathophysiology and possible new therapeutic targets. Genes identified for hereditary large vessel diseases includeFBN1,TGFBR1,TGFBR2,SMAD3,TGFB2,TGFB3,SKI,EFEMP2,BGN,COL3A1,FLNA,ACTA2,MYH11,MYLK,SLC2A10andNOTCH1. Dysfunction of these genes is mainly connected with altered function of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signalling pathways, as well as that of the extracellular matrix or smooth muscle contractile apparatus, resulting in progression of structural abnormality to aorta and large vessels including aortic aneurysms and dissections. Furthermore, it has been shown that the TGF‐β signalling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome and Loeys–Dietz syndrome, which may be important for development of strategies for medical and surgical treatment of hereditary large vessel diseases.

Key Concepts

Genetic study of hereditary large vessel diseases has been advanced.

Young patients with large vessel diseases should be aware of possible genetic disease.

Alteration of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signalling pathways as well as that of the extracellular matrix or smooth muscle contractile apparatus is closely connected with large vessel diseases.

Genetic study of hereditary large vessel diseases may help to get better therapeutic approach in the near future.

Medical treatment modulating TGF‐β signaling would be effective for hereditary large vessel diseases.
TLR
Signalling: Beyond Immunity
Authors: Guessoum Omar , Tang Qijun , Agorsor Israel DK , Ke Wenfan , Li Renyu , Danna Cristian H , Deppmann Christopher D
Published: August 2017

The ability of multicellular organisms to detect and eliminate pathogens is key to their survival. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are one of the key components of the immune response in invertebrates and vertebrates. Although the general families of TLRs are conserved between species in the detection of microbe‐associated molecular patterns, their specific role may be altered in these distinct organisms. Beyond the vast role of TLRs in immunity, they are also involved in development, metabolic homoeostasis and pain sensation.

Key Concepts

The role of TLRs in facilitating the innate immune response is well established, but they are now known to be involved in development, metabolic homoeostasis and nociception.

TLRs are functionally conserved between species but can play different roles depending on the tissue in which they are expressed as well as the nature of the activating ligand and downstream effectors.

TLRs use two main adaptor proteins to facilitate their downstream signalling pathways: Myd88 dependent and TRIF.

The ligands recognised by TLRs can be described as microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

TLRs have been targeted for therapeutic applications, but a balance must be struck between their inhibition and activation to maintain homoeostasis.
Remarkable Improvement of Damping Capacity of Mn–20Cu–5Ni–2Fe (at%) Alloy by Zinc Element Addition
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Wenbo , Li Ning , Yan Jiazhen , Shi Sanqiang
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the effect of Zn element addition on martensitic transformation and damping capacity of Mn–20Cu–5Ni–2Fe (at%, M2052) alloy has been investigated systematically by using X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results show that martensitic transformation and damping capacity have a crucial dependence on the addition of Zn element. It not only can markedly enhance the damping capacity of M2052 alloy at room temperature (internal friction Q−1 increases by ≈23% compared to M2052 without Zn as strain amplitude reaches 4 × 10−4), but also reduces the attenuation of damping capacity effectively at elevated temperatures. This is mainly because the addition of Zn element can evidently increase the Gibbs free energy difference between γ parent phase and γ' phase produced by face centered cubic to face centered tetragonal (f.c.c‐f.c.t) phase transformation, and then raises the martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation temperatures, eventually leading to the apparent increase of amount of f.c.t γ' phase micro‐twins as damping source and the significant enhancement of damping capacity. It will be of great value for design and optimization of high‐performance M2052 damping alloy toward practical applications.
“Tissue Papers” from Organ‐Specific Decellularized Extracellular Matrices
Authors: Jakus Adam E. , Laronda Monica M. , Rashedi Alexandra S. , Robinson Christina M. , Lee Chris , Jordan Sumanas W. , Orwig Kyle E. , Woodruff Teresa K. , Shah Ramille N.
Published: August 2017

Using an innovative, tissue‐independent approach to decellularized tissue processing and biomaterial fabrication, the development of a series of “tissue papers” derived from native porcine tissues/organs (heart, kidney, liver, muscle), native bovine tissue/organ (ovary and uterus), and purified bovine Achilles tendon collagen as a control from decellularized extracellular matrix particle ink suspensions cast into molds is described. Each tissue paper type has distinct microstructural characteristics as well as physical and mechanical properties, is capable of absorbing up to 300% of its own weight in liquid, and remains mechanically robust (E = 1–18 MPa) when hydrated; permitting it to be cut, rolled, folded, and sutured, as needed. In vitro characterization with human mesenchymal stem cells reveals that all tissue paper types support cell adhesion, viability, and proliferation over four weeks. Ovarian tissue papers support mouse ovarian follicle adhesion, viability, and health in vitro, as well as support, and maintain the viability and hormonal function of nonhuman primate and human follicle‐containing, live ovarian cortical tissues ex vivo for eight weeks postmortem. “Tissue papers” can be further augmented with additional synthetic and natural biomaterials, as well as integrated with recently developed, advanced 3D‐printable biomaterials, providing a versatile platform for future multi‐biomaterial construct manufacturing.
Enhanced Performance of P2‐Na0.66(Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13)O2 Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Ultrathin Metal Oxide Coatings via Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kaliyappan Karthikeyan , Liu Jian , Xiao Biwei , Lushington Andrew , Li Ruying , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang
Published: August 2017

Sodium‐ion batteries are widely considered as promising energy storage systems for large‐scale applications, but their relatively low energy density hinders further practical applications. Developing high‐voltage cathode materials is an effective approach to increase the overall energy density of sodium‐ion batteries. When cut‐off voltage is elevated over 4.3 V, however, the cathode becomes extremely unstable due to structural transformations as well as metal dissolution into the electrolytes. In this work, the cyclic stability of P2‐Na0.66(Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13)O2 (MCN) electrode at a cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V is successfully improved by using ultrathin metal oxide surface coatings (Al2O3, ZrO2, and TiO2) deposited by an atomic layer deposition technique. The MCN electrode coated with the Al2O3 layer exhibits higher capacity retention among the MCN electrodes. Moreover, the rate performance of the MCN electrode is greatly improved by the metal oxide coatings in the order of TiO2 < Al2O3 < ZrO2, due to increased fracture toughness and electrical conductivity of the metal oxide coating layers. A ZrO2‐coated MCN electrode shows a discharge capacity of 83 mAh g−1 at 2.4 A g−1, in comparison to 61 mAh g−1 for a pristine MCN electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance analysis disclose the reduced charge transfer resistance from 1421 to 760.2 Ω after cycles, suggesting that the metal oxide coating layer can effectively minimize the undesirable phase transition, buffer inherent stress and strain between the binder, cathode, and current collector, and avoid volumetric changes, thus increasing the cyclic stability of the MCN electrode.
Self‐Correction Strategy for Precise, Massive, and Parallel Macroscopic Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Ju Guannan , Guo Fengli , Zhang Qian , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Cui Shuxun , Cheng Mengjiao , Shi Feng
Published: August 2017

Macroscopic supramolecular assembly (MSA) represents a new advancement in supramolecular chemistry involving building blocks with sizes beyond tens of micrometers associating through noncovalent interactions. MSA is established as a unique method to fabricate supramolecularly assembled materials by shortening the length scale between bulk materials and building blocks. However, improving the precise alignment during assembly to form orderly assembled structures remains a challenge. Although the pretreatment of building blocks can ameliorate order to a certain degree, defects or mismatching still exists, which limits the practical applications of MSA. Therefore, an iterative poststrategy is proposed, where self‐correction based on dynamic assembly/disassembly is applied to achieve precise, massive, and parallel assembly. The self‐correction process consists of two key steps: the identification of poorly ordered structures and the selective correction of these structures. This study develops a diffusion‐kinetics‐dependent disassembly to well identify the poorly aligned structures and correct these structures through iterations of disassembly/reassembly in a programmed fashion. Finally, a massive and parallel assembly of 100 precise dimers over eight iteration cycles is achieved, thus providing a powerful solution to the problem of processing insensitivity to errors in self‐assembly‐related methods.
A Broadband Optical Diode for Linearly Polarized Light Using Symmetry‐Breaking Metamaterials
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Yao Kan , Yoon Gwanho , Kim Inki , Liu Yongmin , Rho Junsuk
Published: August 2017

As an analog of electrical diodes, optical diodes enable asymmetric transmission or one‐way transmission of light. Here, a thin bilayer metamaterial supporting asymmetric transmission is experimentally demonstrated for linearly polarized light but not for circularly polarized light over a broad bandwidth up to 50 terahertz in the near‐infrared region. A simple and intuitive working principle based on the symmetry inherent in the metamaterial design is provided, along with full‐wave simulations that agree well with the experimental results. It is also proved that the design is extremely insensitive to spatial misalignment, which may occur during the nanofabrication process. These prominent features promise a wide range of applications, such as ultrafast optical computing, information processing, and suppressing undesired interactions of light in integrated micro‐ and nanodevices.
The genetic admixture in Tibetan‐Yi Corridor
Authors: Yao Hong‐Bing , Tang Senwei , Yao Xiaotian , Yeh Hui‐Yuan , Zhang Wanhu , Xie Zhiyan , Du Qiajun , Ma Liying , Wei Shuoyun , Gong Xue , Zhang Zilong , Li Quanfang , Xu Bingying , Zhang Hu‐Qin , Chen Gang , Wang Chuan‐Chao
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The Tibetan‐Yi Corridor located on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau is suggested to be the key region for the origin and diversification of Tibeto‐Burman speaking populations and the main route of the peopling of the Plateau. However, the genetic history of the populations in the Corridor is far from clear due to limited sampling in the northern part of the Corridor.

Materials and methods

We collected blood samples from 10 Tibetan and 10 Han Chinese individuals from Gansu province and genotyped about 600,000 genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

Our data revealed that the populations in the Corridor are all admixed on a genetic cline of deriving ancestry from Tibetans on the Plateau and surrounding lowland East Asians. The Tibetan and Han Chinese groups in the north of the Plateau show significant evidence of low‐level West Eurasian admixture that could be probably traced back to 600∼900 years ago.

Discussion

We conclude that there have been huge population migrations from surrounding lowland onto the Tibetan Plateau via the Tibetan‐Yi Corridor since the initial formation of Tibetans probably in Neolithic Time, which leads to the current genetic structure of Tibeto‐Burman speaking populations.
Processable and Moldable Sodium‐Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Aoxuan , Hu Xianfei , Tang Haoqing , Zhang Chanyuan , Liu Shan , Yang Ying‐Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong , Luo Jiayan
Published: August 2017

Sodium‐ion batteries are similar in concept and function to lithium‐ion batteries, but their development and commercialization lag far behind. One obstacle is the lack of a standard reference electrode. Unlike Li foil reference electrodes, sodium is not easily processable or moldable and it deforms easily. Herein we fabricate a processable and moldable composite Na metal anode made from Na and reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO). With only 4.5 % percent r‐GO, the composite anodes had improved hardness, strength, and stability to corrosion compared to Na metal, and can be engineered to various shapes and sizes. The plating/stripping cycling of the composite anode was significantly extended in both ether and carbonate electrolytes giving less dendrite formation. We used the composite anode in both Na‐O2 and Na‐Na3V2(PO4)3 full cells.
Iminyl‐Radicals by Oxidation of α‐Imino‐oxy Acids: Photoredox‐Neutral Alkene Carboimination for the Synthesis of Pyrrolines
Authors: Jiang Heng , Studer Armido
Published: August 2017

The visible‐light‐promoted decarboxylation of α‐imino‐oxy propionic acids for the generation of iminyl radicals has been accomplished through the use of Ir(dFCF3ppy)2(dtbbpy)PF6 as a photoredox catalyst. Different from visible‐light‐promoted homolysis and single‐electron reduction of oxime derivatives, this strategy provides a novel catalytic cycle for alkene carboimination through a sequence comprising N‐radical generation, iminyl radical cyclization, intermolecular conjugate addition to a Michael acceptor, and single‐electron reduction to afford various pyrroline derivatives in an overall redox‐neutral process. The indolizidine alkaloid skeleton could be easily constructed from a pyrroline derivative prepared by this synthetic method.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition as a Versatile Platform to Access Methanobenzo[7]annulenes
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Anif Pasha Mohammed , Thirupathi Guguloth
Published: August 2017

Pharmaceutically and structurally important methanobenzo[7]annulenes were synthesized in very good yields with excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities through an unprecedented organocatalytic formal [3+2] cycloaddition from readily available 2‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1,4‐diones and alkyl vinyl ketones.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Vindorosine
Authors: Chen Wen , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Tan Wen‐Yun , Zhang Xiang‐Yang , Liao Xia‐Li , Zhang Hongbin
Published: August 2017

Outlined herein is a novel and scalable synthesis of (−)‐vindorosine based on two key transformations. A highly diastereoselective vinylogous Mannich addition of dioxinone‐derived lithium dienolates with indolyl N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl imines has been developed. In addition, an intramolecular Heathcock/aza‐Prins cyclization was introduced to construct both the C, and the highly substituted E rings for the synthesis of (−)‐vindorosine and related alkaloids.
Between Nationalism and Internationalism: The German Chemical Society In Comparative Perspective, 1867–1945
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey Allan
Published: August 2017

One‐hundred fifty years ago, on the eve of German unification, about one‐hundred people gathered in Berlin to found the German Chemical Society (DChG) under the charismatic leadership of August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who attracted a large international membership by promoting modern organic chemistry. By 1892, when Emil Fischer succeeded Hofmann, the DChG was the world's largest chemical society. Under Fischer the Society promoted international collaboration with foreign societies, and in 1900 it opened an impressive headquarters, the Hofmann House, where it centralized its greatly expanded literary activity including abstracts and reference publications. Yet a half‐century later, after war and racial‐national extremism, the house lay in ruins and the Society had ceased to exist. In remembering the Society, one may well ask why its auspicious beginning should have led to this ignominious end.
A Nucleophilic Gold(III) Carbene Complex
Authors: Pujol Anthony , Lafage Mathieu , Rekhroukh Feriel , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Amgoune Abderrahmane , Bourissou Didier , Nebra Noel , Fustier‐Boutignon Marie , Mézailles Nicolas
Published: August 2017

The first AuIII carbene complex was prepared by reacting a geminal dianion with a (P,C) cyclometalated AuIII precursor. Its structure and bonding situation have been thoroughly investigated by experimental and computational means. The presence of a high‐energy highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) centered at the carbene center suggests nucleophilic character for the AuIII carbene complex. This unprecedented feature was confirmed by reactions with two electrophiles (PhNCS and CS2), resulting in two types of C=C coupling reactions.
A Concise Synthesis of Forskolin
Authors: Hylse Ondřej , Maier Lukáš , Kučera Roman , Perečko Tomáš , Svobodová Aneta , Kubala Lukáš , Paruch Kamil , Švenda Jakub
Published: August 2017

A 24‐step synthesis of (±)‐forskolin is presented, which delivered hundred milligram quantities of this complex diterpene in one pass. Transformations key to our approach include: a) a strategic allylic transposition, b) stepwise assembly of a sterically encumbered isoxazole ring, and c) citric acid‐modified Upjohn dihydroxylation of a resilient tetrasubstituted olefin. The developed route has exciting potential for the preparation of new forskolin analogues inaccessible by semisynthesis.
Adhesive and repulsive properties of water droplet impact on honeycomb surfaces through breath figure method
Authors: Li Zhiguang , Zhang Zuoliang , Kong Que , Ren Xuehong
Published: August 2017

The honeycomb porous films of tadpole‐shaped polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane fluorinated acrylates copolymers were fabricated through breath figure method. The static hydrophobic properties were studied through water contact angles (CAs) and the rim width/pore size (W/D) values. It was found that the low W/D value and high fluorine content generally indicated a high water CA. The properties such as morphology variations, energy conversion, contact diameter, adhesive, and repulsive forces were investigated on the porous and pincushion films. Furthermore, the kinetic energy of the droplet was converted into surface energy and internal energy dissipation after it impacted the surface. The residual energy made the droplet to recoil and influenced the bouncing height. The contact diameter and bouncing height characterized the energy level of the surface, and determined the surface energies of the copolymer/water/air system as well as the wettability. Finally, the adhesion and repulsion of water droplet on different surface at the times of establish contact, maximum contact diameter, and maximum bouncing height were compared. This work was helpful for us to further understand and control the adhesive force and the repulsive force on the porous and pincushion structure films. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45476.
Monolayer and bilayer graphene on polydimethylsiloxane as a composite membrane for gas‐barrier applications
Authors: Paraense Mariana Ogando , da Cunha Thiago Henrique Rodrigues , Ferlauto Andre Santarosa , de Souza Figueiredo Kátia Cecília
Published: August 2017

We report the preparation of centimeter‐scale composite membranes formed by monolayer or bilayer graphene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Graphene was synthesized on copper foils by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and two methods for transferring the graphene layers from the Cu to the PDMS were tested. The method based on the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a sacrificial support layer was more effective in producing membranes with significant gas‐barrier properties, in which the gas permeability values for CO2 and N2 were reduced by up to 30% as compared to blank PDMS membranes. Raman spectroscopy maps and atomic force microscopy revealed that, on the microscopic scale, graphene is preserved upon transfer, but the presence of extended defects such as folds and tears still limits further increases in the composite barrier properties. The deleterious effect of such defects is reduced by using more than one graphene layer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45521.
Two millennia of mollusc foraging on Ebon Atoll, Marshall Islands: Sustained marine resource use on a Pacific atoll
Authors: HARRIS MATTHEW , WEISLER MARSHALL
Published: August 2017

Small, remote islands, such as low coral atolls, with nutrient‐poor, biogenic soils for food crops and vulnerability to extreme weather, have long been considered marginal environments for human habitation. Yet, four decades of archaeological research in the atoll archipelago of the Marshall Islands, eastern Micronesia have demonstrated sustained human occupation there for over two millennia. Here, we present a fine‐grained analysis of mollusc remains from four recently excavated archaeological sites (4476 total MNI / 14843 total NISP) combined with mapping and analysis of extant benthic habitats, on Ebon Atoll, Marshall Islands. We examine spatial and temporal variability in mollusc foraging practices from prehistoric village sites and ephemeral camp sites across the windward–leeward exposure gradient. Our analysis demonstrates that foragers targeted a rich assemblage of taxa from different habitats, reflecting a foraging strategy that was adapted to local environmental conditions. Human foraging over 2000 years documented no observable human impacts to molluscs or nearshore intertidal marine ecosystems, challenging previous notions of atolls as marginal, exceptionally difficult settings for human habitation.
Photophysics, Electrochemistry, Morphology, and Bioimaging Applications of New 1,8‐Naphthalimide Derivatives Containing Different Chromophores
Authors: Saini Ankita , Thomas K. R. Justin , Sachdev Abhay , Gopinath Packirisamy
Published: August 2017

A series of 1,8‐naphthalimide‐based fluorophores containing different chromophores with varying conjugation and electron richness at the imidic nitrogen atom are synthesized and characterized. These amine‐functionalized naphthalimides are bipolar in nature and exhibit interesting optical and morphological variations attributable to the nature of the N substituents. Despite the fact that the dyes are structurally different owing to variation of the substituent on the imidic nitrogen atom, their electronic characteristics are similar and originate from the 4‐aminonaphthalimide segment. Nevertheless, they exhibit variations in morphology in the microscopic domain, and this is attributable to structural differences. Further, these fluorescent dyes display biocompatibility and are used in the bioimaging of cells.
Macrocycles All Aflutter: Substitution at an Allylic Center Reveals the Conformational Dynamics of [13]‐Macrodilactones
Authors: Rutledge Kelli M. , Hamlin Trevor A. , Baldisseri Donna M. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Peczuh Mark W.
Published: August 2017

The shapes adopted by large‐ring macrocyclic compounds play a role in their reactivity and their ability to be bound by biomolecules. We investigated the synthesis, conformational analysis, and properties of a specific family of [13]‐macrodilactones as models of natural‐product macrocycles. The features of our macrodilactones enabled us to study the relationship between stereogenic centers and planar chirality through the modular synthesis of new members of this family of macrocycles. Here we report on insights gained from a new [13]‐macrodilactone that is substituted at a position adjacent to the alkene in the molecule. Analysis of the compound, in comparison to an α‐substituted regioisomer, by using X‐ray crystallography, NMR coupling constants, and reaction‐product characterization in concert with computational chemistry, revealed that the alkene unit is dynamic. That is, the data support a model in which the alkene in our [13]‐macrodilactones oscillates between two conformations. A difference in reactivity of one conformation compared to the other leads to manifestation of this dynamic behavior. The results underscore the local conformational dynamics observed in some natural‐product macrocycles, which could have implications for biomolecule binding.
Combination of traditional mutation and metabolic engineering to enhance ansamitocin P‐3 production in Actinosynnema pretiosum
Authors: Du Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Yuan , Qian Zhi‐Gang , Xiao Han , Zhong Jian‐Jiang
Published: August 2017

Ansamitocin P‐3 (AP‐3) is a maytansinoid with its most compelling antitumor activity, however, the low production titer of AP‐3 greatly restricts its wide commercial application. In this work, a combinatorial approach including random mutation and metabolic engineering was conducted to enhance AP‐3 biosynthesis in Actinosynnema pretiosum. First, a mutant strain M was isolated by N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine mutation, which could produce AP‐3 almost threefold that of wild type (WT) in 48 deep‐well plates. Then, by overexpressing key biosynthetic genes asmUdpg and asm13‐17 in the M strain, a further 60% increase of AP‐3 production in 250‐ml shake flasks was achieved in the engineered strain M‐asmUdpg:asm13‐17 compared to the M strain, and its maximum AP‐3 production reached 582.7 mg/L, which is the highest as ever reported. Both the gene transcription levels and intracellular intermediate concentrations in AP‐3 biosynthesis pathway were significantly increased in the M and M‐asmUdpg:asm13‐17 during fermentation compared to the WT. The good fermentation performance of the engineered strain was also confirmed in a lab‐scale bioreactor. This work demonstrated that combination of random mutation and metabolic engineering could promote AP‐3 biosynthesis and might be helpful for increasing the production of other industrially important secondary metabolites.