bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonografische Diagnostik bei neuralgischer
Amyotrophie
Authors: Pöschl Peter
Published: May 2024

Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Konstriktionen und Torsionen peripherer Nerven mit der
neuralgischen Amyotrophie (NA) konnte zunehmend hergestellt werden. Gleichzeitig
konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Inzidenz der NA deutlich unterschätzt wird.
Kenntnisse zur NA und den genannten Läsionen, die sonografisch meist gut
darstellbar sind, haben daher eine hohe praktische Relevanz und sollen in diesem
Beitrag vermittelt werden.
Wann eine niedrig dosierte BCG-Therapie sinnvoll ist
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: May 2024

Aufgrund der weltweit hohen Nachfrage ist das auch zur intravesikalen Therapie des nicht muskelinvasiven Blasenkarzinoms (NMIBC) eingesetzte Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in Deutschland seit dem Jahr 2022 nicht immer in den benötigten Mengen verfügbar. Eine internationale Arbeitsgruppe verglich jetzt die Effektivität und Sicherheit von BCG in der Standarddosis (SD-BCG) und niedrig dosiertem BCG (LD-BCG) im Vergleich zu anderen intravesikal verabreichten Chemotherapien.
Umfrage „Hafer und Hafertage in der Therapie des
Typ-2-Diabetes“
Authors: Keuthage Winfried , Gärtner Sophie , Konstanski Moritz , Debring Bianca , Frank Wenzel Leon
Published: May 2024

Ziel Befragung von Fachkräften zum aktuellen therapeutischen Einsatz von
Hafertagen bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes (T2D) und anderen Erkrankungen im
stationären und ambulanten Bereich in Deutschland.

Methodik Es wurde eine online-basierte, quantitative Umfrage durchgeführt,
an der initial 232 Fachkräfte (Diabetesberater*innen, Ärzt*innen,
Ernährungsfachkräfte) teilnahmen, 82 Personen beendeten die Umfrage innerhalb
der ersten drei Fragen. Zu den übrigen Fragen erfolgten minimal 109 und maximal
150 Antworten. Eine zusätzlich durchgeführte PubMed-Recherche identifizierte
drei Studien zu den Stoffwechseleffekten von Hafertagen bei Menschen mit
T2D.

Ergebnisse Fast alle Teilnehmenden, die von den therapeutischen Effekten
der Hafertage gehört hatten, halten diese für sinnvoll und empfehlen sie Ihren
Patient*innen (94%). Als häufigste Gründe für den Einsatz der Hafertage wurden
T2D (85%), Insulinresistenz/Prä-Diabetes (81%) und Fettleber (81%) genannt.
Deutlich öfter als die strengen (6%) seien modifizierte Hafertage (93%) zu
empfehlen. Die Befragten gaben an, dass bei den Patient*innen, die die
Hafertagen einsetzten, positive Effekte auf die benötigte Insulinmenge (bei 70%)
und auf die Nüchtern-Blutglukosewerte (bei 60%) zu beobachten waren. Am
häufigsten werden die Hafertage an einem Tag pro Woche (50%) beziehungsweise an
zwei Tagen pro Monat (41%) durchgeführt. In der Literatur wurden drei
Interventionsstudien identifiziert, welche zeigten, dass Hafertage zu einer
signifikanten Senkung der Insulindosis führten. Bei zwei der Studien konnte vier
Wochen nach den Hafertagen ein verminderter HbA1c-Wert nachgewiesen werden.
Darüber hinaus gibt es zahlreiche Daten zu den Effekten von Hafer-Beta-Glucan
bei T2D, aber auch bei anderen Indikationen wie Fettleber,
Fettstoffwechselstörungen und Adipositas.

FazitDie Umfrage bestätigt die hohe Akzeptanz von Hafertagen in der
Therapie bei Menschen mit T2D im stationären und ambulanten Bereich.
SABCS: Steigerung der pCR-Rate durch Atezolizumab plus AC-Regime
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: May 2024

Die Studie ATPneo/MICHELANGELO prüfte die Addition von Atezolizumab zur neoadjuvanten Therapie beim operablen HER2-positiven Brustkrebs. Eine signifikante Steigerung der Rate pathologisch kompletter Remissionen (pCR) wurde nur bei Anthrazyklin-haltiger Chemotherapie im Rahmen der primär systemischen Therapie erreicht.
Frühe Brustkrebserkrankungen – Weitere CDK4/6-Inhibition beim frühen HR+/HER2– Brustkrebs in Sicht
Authors: Kolac Corinna
Published: May 2024

Brustkrebs ist die häufigste Todesursache von Frauen zwischen dem 45. und 60. Lebensjahr. Meist handelt es sich um ein hormonrezeptorpositives (HR +) und HER2-negatives (HER2–) Karzinom. Die CDK4/6-Inhibition zusätzlich zur endokrinen Therapie bringt deutliche Vorteile. Herr Professor Peter Fasching, Oberarzt der Frauenklinik am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, stand Rede und Antwort zu den Ergebnissen der multizentrischen, randomisierten, offenen Phase-III-Studie NATALEE, mit der die Effektivität und Sicherheit der Hinzunahme des CDK4/6-Inhibitors Ribociclib zur endokrinen Therapie untersucht wurde 1.
Advances in Tumor Targeting Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems: A Promising Approach for Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Mo Ziyi , He Jiao , Li Man , Guo Rong , He Qin
Published: May 2024

Cancer is one of the most fatal diseases that attract numerous efforts and attention from researchers. Among plentiful therapeutic agents, chemotherapy is frequently used in treating virulent tumors, and its insistent administration is useful in the ablation of cancers; however, it also produces side effects. Biomimetic drug delivery systems (BDDSs) provide an alternative route for antitumor therapy. Their endogenous substances may be extracellular vesicles, living cells, cell membranes, etc., which optimize single-agent chemotherapy. They “upgrade” traditional drug delivery platforms by combining the original drug with itself, disguised as a Trojan Horse, to trick the immune system or tumor tissues to achieve higher targeting and lower immunogenicity. Herein, we review three BDDS strategies being used recently in antitumor drug development and their advances, aiming at providing general guidelines and opportunities in this field in the future.
Effect of Acidic Media on Surface Topography and Color Stability of Two Different Glass Ceramics
Authors: Makkeyah Fatma , Elsahn Nesrine A. , Bakr Mahmoud M. , Al Ankily Mahmoud
Published: May 2024

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two acidic beverages (orange juice and H3PO4-containing fizzy drink) on the surface topography and color stability of two commonly used computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials.

Materials and Methods Sixty samples of two CAD/CAM ceramic materials, lithium disilicate (IPS e-max CAD) and zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity), were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were immersed in one of three media (artificial saliva, orange juice and H3PO4-containing fizzy drink) and then stored in an incubator at 37 °C for 24 hours). Before and after immersion in different media, the surface roughness (Ra) of the samples was assessed using profilometer (JITAI8101 Surface Roughness Tester—Beijing Jitai Tech Detection Device Co. Ltd, China) and the color parameters were measured using VITA Easyshade Advance 4.01 (VITA shade, VITA made, VITA). Surface topography was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and surface mineral content was compared before and after immersion. Paired sample t-test was used to determine the change in Ra before and after immersion. Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of different CAD/CAM materials and immersion media on the mean ∆Ra and mean ∆E of the studied groups. Tukey's honest significant difference posthoc test was used for multiple comparisons at a level of significance (α = 0.05).

Results A significant increase in Ra and a decrease in the color stability of the two investigated ceramic materials were detected after immersion in the acidic media than in artificial saliva. SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray results revealed the dissolution of the glassy matrix and the exposure of silicate crystals.

Conclusion The surface topography and color stability of glass ceramics are affected by the pH of different acidic media.
Collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach: speech acts and physician identity
Authors: Li Shanshan , Zhong Libo , Cai Yaping
Published: May 2024

Narrative medicine has become a meaningful solution to promote medical students’ professional and personal growth. However, there is a lack of study on how students benefit from the narrative medicine approach when developing identities. This study aimed to establish and implement an integrated English reading and writing curriculum based on collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach, exploring how students presented and constructed physician identities by performing speech acts. First-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine were recruited. Collaborative reflection and discussion were conducted in the integrated course involving 14 pieces of medical-related narrative works, along with essential elements that guided the students to engage in classroom activities. In the following analysis, the qualitative analysis software NVivo was used to identify the main speech acts and their frequency to analyze students’ perception and recognition of different physician identities. Our analysis presented 33 major speech acts and revealed their frequency and characteristics, which we summarize in five interrelated physician identities. The fine-grained analysis showed how these identities were influenced by the narrative medicine approach, which provides enlightenment for supporting students to develop their professional identities. Another unique contribution of this study was to present the teaching basis and essential elements in an integrated humanistic curriculum. The results helped clarify the relationship between speech acts and physician identity and suggested that collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach improved the humanistic component that was in short supply in medical education through its interdisciplinary advantages, thus promoting professional identity development that can lead to higher-quality medical and emotional care.
Innovative Solutions for Safer Construction Sites
Authors:   American Society of Civil Engineers, Larbi Jelian
Published: May 2024

To improve workplace safety, emerging technologies are being developed to monitor worker movements, predict risks, and ensure compliance
Influence of collisions on trapped-electron modes in tokamaks and low-shear stellarators
Authors: Morren M. C. L. , Proll J. H. E. , van Dijk J. , Pueschel M. J.
Published: May 2024

The influence of collisions on the growth rate of trapped-electron modes (TEMs) in core plasmas is assessed through both analytical linear gyrokinetics and linear gyrokinetic simulations. Both methods are applied to the magnetic geometry of the DIII-D tokamak, as well as the Helically Symmetric eXperiment (HSX) and Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarators, in the absence of temperature gradients. Here we analytically investigate the influence of collisions on the TEM eigenmode frequency by a perturbative approach in the response of trapped particles to the mode, using an energy-dependent Krook operator to model collisions. Although the resulting growth rates exceed perturbative thresholds, they reveal important qualitative dependencies: a geometry-dependent stabilization rate occurs for all wavenumbers at high collisionality, while at low collisionality, a geometry-sensitive mixture of collisionless, resonantly driven, and collisionally destabilized modes is found. Additionally, linear gyrokinetic simulations have been performed with a rigorous pitch-angle scattering operator for the same geometries. In the case of DIII-D and large wavenumber modes in HSX, the trends predicted by analytical theory are reproduced. Dissimilarities are, however, obtained in W7-X geometry and for low wavenumber modes in HSX, which are shown to be due to a collision-induced transition to the Universal Instability as the dominant instability at marginal collisionality.
Electric-field-induced surface modification in TlGaSe2 layered semiconductor: Capacitive effect caused by electromigration of native defects
Authors: Olcay Emir Suad , Sönmez Ayşe , Okumuş Esra , Çolakerol Arslan Leyla , Berber Savaş , Seyidov MirHasan Yu.
Published: May 2024

This paper reports the changes in morphology and topographic roughness on the surface of a pristine TlGaSe2 layered crystal caused by an external electric field applied perpendicular to the layer plane at room temperature. These electric-field-induced surface reconstructions and modifications in the TlGaSe2 sample were monitored through x-ray reflectivity, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy techniques. Two distinct electric-field-induced surface responses have been observed: the shifting of the XRD peaks to the higher Bragg angles and the variations in the XRR curves depending on the strength and polarity of the applied external electric fields. AFM results show that the applied electric field leads to a reproducible transformation of the surface roughness of the TlGaSe2 single crystal from smooth to disheveled, with well-defined depth protrusions. The relaxation time of these surface topological configurations induced under an applied dc electric field was found to be much longer than a few days. The electrostatic capacitive behavior of this two-dimensional semiconducting material is believed to be caused by lattice distortions and the formation of inner stresses (strains) during electric field poling, as well as a drop in the unit-cell characteristics of TlGaSe2. The current–voltage (I–V) measurements show a pronounced nonlinear relationship for a previously poled sample. This nonlinearity is attributed to the field-effect-induced capacitance in TlGaSe2. Electromigration of intrinsic defects such as Se-anion vacancies, which are already present in the crystal lattice structure of virgin TlGaSe2, may diffuse into the sample surface from a bulk (or vice versa) during electric field applications. Finally, employing DFT simulations, we present that the Se-anion vacancy model may be beneficial because changes in the charge state of metal ions positioned around selenium vacancies could be expected. The slightly asymmetric capacitance with respect to the polarity of the bias potential applied to the top surface of TlGaSe2 is justified by our theoretical calculations.
High throughput substrate screening for interfacial thermal management of β-Ga2O3 by deep convolutional neural network
Authors: Al-Fahdi Mohammed , Hu Ming
Published: May 2024

Electronic devices get smaller and smaller in every generation. In micro-/nano-electronic devices such as high electron mobility transistors, heat dissipation has become a crucial design consideration due to the ultrahigh heat flux that has a negative effect on devices' performance and their lifetime. Therefore, thermal transport performance enhancement is required to adapt to the device size reduction. β-Ga2O3 has recently gained significant scientific interest for future power devices because of its inherent material properties such as extremely wide bandgap, outstanding Baliga's figure of merit, large critical electric field, etc. This work aims to use a machine learning approach to search promising substrates or heat sinks for cooling β-Ga2O3, in terms of high interfacial thermal conductance (ITC), from large-scale potential structures taken from existing material databases. With the ITC dataset of 1633 various substrates for β-Ga2O3 calculated by full density functional theory, we trained our recently developed convolutional neural network (CNN) model that utilizes the fused orbital field matrix (OFM) and composition descriptors. Our model proved to be superior in performance to traditional machine learning algorithms such as random forest and gradient boosting. We then deployed the CNN model to predict the ITC of 32 716 structures in contact with β-Ga2O3. The CNN model predicted the top 20 cubic and noncubic substrates with ITC on the same level as density functional theory (DFT) results on β-Ga2O3/YN and β-Ga2O3/MgO interfaces, which has the highest ITC of 1224 and 1211 MW/m2K, respectively, among the DFT-ITC datasets. Phonon density of states, group velocity, and scattering effect on high heat flux transport and consequently increased ITC are also investigated. Moderate to high phonon density of states overlap, high group velocity, and low phonon scattering are required to achieve high ITC. We also found three Magpie descriptors with strong Pearson correlation with ITC, namely, mean atomic number, mean atomic weight, and mean ground state volume per atom. Calculations of such descriptors are computationally efficient, and therefore, these descriptors provide a new route for quickly screening potential substrates from large-scale material pools for high-performance interfacial thermal management of high-electron mobility transistor devices.
Charge carrier dynamics and relaxation in highly conducting gel polymer electrolytes added with adiponitrile and dual redox
Authors: Patla Subir Kumar , Ghosh Aswini
Published: May 2024

The fundamental understanding of the relationship between ion transport and segmental dynamics of polymer chains in polymer electrolytes is crucial for achieving high ionic conductivity at room temperature for technological applications in supercapacitors, batteries, etc. In this work, the ion dynamics and relaxation have been studied for gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) containing P(VdF-HFP) as host polymer, adiponitrile as a plasticizer, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as ionic liquid, and diphenylamine and copper iodide redox additives as fillers. The crystallization temperature of the ionic liquid and the melting temperature of the plasticizer play important roles in ion dynamics. The highest room-temperature ionic conductivity (3.3 × 10−3 S/cm) was obtained for the GPE filled with dual redox additives. The broadband ac conductivity spectra have been analyzed by using the Universal Power law model coupled with the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) model. The solid–solid phase transition of the ionic liquid affects the grain and grain boundary regions of the GPEs due to the presence of redox fillers. The temperature dependence of the dielectric spectra of the GPEs containing redox fillers confirms the phase transition at the crystallization temperature. The electric modulus and dielectric spectra have been analyzed by using the Havrilliak–Nigami, Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts, and derivative dielectric constant functions. The scaling of ac conductivity and modulus spectra confirms a common ion conduction and relaxation mechanism for the GPEs. The influence of dual redox additives is clearly observed in the values of ionic conductivity, ion diffusivity, and relaxation time.
Simulation imaging process of laser-induced multi-MeV photon emission
Authors: Nita L. , Berceanu A. C. , Ong J. F. , Suliman G. , Hermann E. , Iovea M.
Published: May 2024

A complete simulation chain for the laser-based generation of a microfocus-size gamma ray beam of multi-MeV energy range able to produce radiographic images has been developed. The major interactions needed to obtain such a beam are treated individually. Particle-in-cell is used to study the generation of the electron beam through laser wake-field acceleration (LWFA), and Geant4 is employed for the Bremsstrahlung photon emission and for testing the imaging capabilities of the generated gamma beam. The paper presents detailed discussions about the implementation of each simulation, along with the results obtained. The structure of the article walks through the LWFA of up to 100 MeV electron beam, followed by its attenuation through a tantalum foil generating a 300μm spot size photon beam, later used for imaging of a thick lead test-object, assessing a 100μm resolution, and confirming the simulated imaging setup suitability for non-destructive testing applications of thick high-density objects. An analysis of the quality control parameters for the generated image along with discussions of possible improvements is also included.
Size-dependent thermal transport properties of advanced metallic nanowire interconnects
Authors: Wang Ao , Bao Hua
Published: May 2024

Thermal transport properties of metallic nanowires are crucial to the near-junction heat dissipation of transistors. However, the understanding of the size-dependent thermal conductivity of these advanced interconnect metals is still limited. In this work, we select nine candidate metals and investigate the size effect on thermal transport properties by the mode-level first-principles method combining with the Boltzmann transport equation. Their thermal conductivity, the phonon contribution, and the Lorenz ratio in nanowires with characteristic size from 3 to 30 nm are analyzed. While all these metals have lower bulk thermal conductivity than Cu, we find some of these metals have larger thermal conductivity with characteristic size smaller than 10 nm. We identified that their smaller electron mean free path is the key factor. Moreover, the contribution of phonon thermal conductivity is smaller than 25% to total thermal conductivity. The Lorenz ratio is found to be slightly larger than the Sommerfeld value, mainly due to the phonon contribution. This work can provide important guidance for selecting advanced interconnects in the development of next-generation integrated circuits.
Aerodynamic interference and unsteady loads for a trimming intermeshing rotor compound propeller helicopter at level forward flight
Authors: Sheen Guanbin , Li Jingyang , Baoyin Hexi
Published: May 2024

Traditional trim methods for isolated rotor helicopters are not suitable for intermeshing rotor compound propeller helicopters (IRcPHs) due to inherent structural differences. This study aims to establish a novel trim method for an intermeshing rotor with an auxiliary propeller. First, the relationship between the rotor cyclic pitch and the flapping response in the fully articulated rotor system with hinged extension is derived. The study then formulates the equilibrium state equations and the corresponding flight conditions for trimming the IRcPH in level forward flight. In addition, the unsteady vortex lattice method is employed to calculate the periodic averaging states on the rotor disk and correct for induced losses in flight dynamics. Finally, the paper focuses on the aerodynamic interference, blade–vortex interaction, and harmonic load patterns of the IRcPH, serving as a guide for rotor active control systems. Results show that the positions of the mutual aerodynamic interference occur constantly at 160° and 340° azimuths on the intermeshing rotor disk, serving as the phase basis for suppressing vibration. Moreover, the propeller enters the comfort zone as the forward flight speed increases, and the loads only have frequency orders of (2/nw)/rev with respect to the main frequency of the intermeshing rotor.
Realization of multi-level phase-change in Sb7Se3/Ge50Te50 bilayer films via decoupling interlayer coupling between Sb7Se3 and Ge50Te50 layers
Authors: Liu Ling , Gu Han , Wu WeiHua , Wang ZiXin , Lai Tianshu
Published: May 2024

Multi-level phase-change can not only increase the storage density of phase-change memory, but also has important applications in neuromorphic computing. However, its realization is still very challenging. Here, we study the phase-change behaviors of four bilayer films, Sb7Se3(x nm)/Ge50Te50(90 nm), with x = 30, 50, 70, and 100. The expected three-level phase change is not observed at all. Raman and XRD characterizations reveal the occurrence of interlayer coupling between Sb7Se3 and Ge50Te50 layers. De-coupling structure films, Sb7Se3(x nm)/Si(50 nm)/Ge50Te50(90 nm), are proposed and prepared, where the amorphous Si layer serves as de-coupling the interlayer coupling. Three-level phase change is observed in all de-coupling Sb7Se3(x nm)/Si(50 nm)/Ge50Te50(90 nm) films. Our works demonstrate the effect of interlayer coupling on multi-level phase-change, and the de-coupling idea provides a design way for multi-level phase-change materials.
Anomalous transport of multi-species edge plasma with the generalized Hasegawa–Wakatani model and the FLR effects
Authors: Krasheninnikov S. I. , Smirnov R. D.
Published: May 2024

Anomalous transport of multi-species plasma is considered with the generalized Hasegawa–Wakatani model [A. R. Knyazev and S. I. Krasheninnikov, Phys. Plasmas 31, 012502 (2024)] further extended to incorporate the Finite Larmor Radius (FLR) effects. By introducing the “associated” enstrophy, it is shown that with no FLR effects (where anomalous transport of all ion species is described as a transport of passive scalars in the turbulent fields of the electrostatic potential and electron density fluctuations) the fluctuating densities of ion species converge to the state where they are linearly proportional to electron density and vorticity fluctuations, which confirm previous numerical findings of [A. R. Knyazev and S. I. Krasheninnikov, Phys. Plasmas 31, 012502 (2024)]. However, in contrast to the “cold” ion approximation, with the FLR effects included, both the plasma turbulence and the dynamics of all ion species become interconnected. Therefore, for simplicity, the FLR effects in this work were considered only for a small “trace” impurity fraction. It is found that for light (neon) “trace” impurity, the FLR effects reduce both anomalous flux and density fluctuations. However, for heavy (tungsten) “trace” impurity, the FLR effects exhibit non-monotonic impact on anomalous transport.
Learning a stable approximation of an existing but unknown inverse mapping: application to the half-time circular Radon transform
Authors: Cam Refik Mert , Villa Umberto , Anastasio Mark A
Published: May 2024

Supervised deep learning-based methods have inspired a new wave of image reconstruction methods that implicitly learn effective regularization strategies from a set of training data. While they hold potential for improving image quality, they have also raised concerns regarding their robustness. Instabilities can manifest when learned methods are applied to find approximate solutions to ill-posed image reconstruction problems for which a unique and stable inverse mapping does not exist, which is a typical use case. In this study, we investigate the performance of supervised deep learning-based image reconstruction in an alternate use case in which a stable inverse mapping is known to exist but is not yet analytically available in closed form. For such problems, a deep learning-based method can learn a stable approximation of the unknown inverse mapping that generalizes well to data that differ significantly from the training set. The learned approximation of the inverse mapping eliminates the need to employ an implicit (optimization-based) reconstruction method and can potentially yield insights into the unknown analytic inverse formula. The specific problem addressed is image reconstruction from a particular case of radially truncated circular Radon transform (CRT) data, referred to as ‘half-time’ measurement data. For the half-time image reconstruction problem, we develop and investigate a learned filtered backprojection method that employs a convolutional neural network to approximate the unknown filtering operation. We demonstrate that this method behaves stably and readily generalizes to data that differ significantly from training data. The developed method may find application to wave-based imaging modalities that include photoacoustic computed tomography.
Inception of positive wire-cylinder corona discharges in air in crossed electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Naidis G V
Published: May 2024

A computational study of the inception of positive wire-cylinder corona discharges in low-pressure air in crossed electric and magnetic fields is performed. The inception voltages are calculated for a wide range of gas densities, wire radii, and applied magnetic fields. Conditions are considered when the reduced electric fields at wire electrodes reach extremely high values of about 10 kTd. An expression applicable at such strong fields for the ionization coefficient, which is a key parameter of the corona inception model, is presented against the values of electric and magnetic fields. Calculated inception voltages agree with a large quantity of available experimental data on low-pressure positive corona discharges, obtained both with and without the application of magnetic fields. The calculation results describe specific details of the non-monotonous dependence of the inception voltages on the magnetic field values, similar to those obtained in experiments.
Enhancing temperature stability of Ce: RIG films Faraday rotation through magnetic sublattice control
Authors: Zhang Hanxu , Zhu Senyin , Zhan Jin , Fan Xiangyu , Wang Xianjie , Yao Tai , Song Bo
Published: May 2024

Cerium doped rare-earth iron garnet (Ce: RIG) film is a promising candidate for magneto-optical devices in laser systems with giant Faraday effect; nevertheless, devices fail nonreciprocally with increasing temperature due to a negative Faraday rotation angle temperature coefficient. To mitigate this effect, the relationship between the magnetic moments of three distinct magnetic sublattices and the temperature coefficients of the Faraday rotation angle was investigated. Cerium doped holmium iron garnet (Ce: HoIG) film, where magnetic Ho3+ occupied the dodecahedrons, exhibited an enhanced Faraday rotation angle retention at a temperature of 400 K. However, the nonmagnetic ion doping in tetrahedral and octahedral sites yielded a negligible effect. The mechanism behind this occurrence is attributed to the magnetic compensation effect, which results in a small magnetic moment temperature coefficient within the range of 300–400 K. The study not only offers strategies for designing Ce: RIG components with reduced temperature coefficient, but also presents the development of a Ce: HoIG film exhibiting promising stability in Faraday rotation angle as a function of temperature.
Constraints on the dark sector from electroweak precision observables
Authors: Loizos B M , Wang X G , Thomas A W , White M J , Williams A G
Published: May 2024

We revisit the standard model fit to electroweak precision observables (EWPO) using the latest data and the particle data group value of the mass of the W boson. This analysis is repeated for the value reported by CDF. The constraints on the parameter space for dark photons arising from these EWPO are then evaluated for both values of the W boson mass. We also extend previous work by placing the first electroweak precision observable constraints on the coupling of dark photons to the fermionic dark matter sector.
An end-to-end learning framework for visual camera relocalization using RGB and RGB-D images
Authors: Zhang Kai , Meng Xiaolin , Wang Qing
Published: May 2024

Camera relocalization plays a vital role in the realms of machine perception, robotics, and augmented reality. Direct learning methods based on structures can have a learning-based approach that can learn scene coordinates and use them for camera position estimation. However, the two-stage learning of scene coordinate regression and camera position estimation can result in some of the scene coordinate regression knowledge being lost throughout the learning process of the final pose estimation system, thereby reducing the accuracy of the pose estimation. This paper introduces an innovative end-to-end learning framework tailored for visual camera relocalization by employing both RGB and RGB-D images. Distinguished by its integration of scene coordinate regression with pose estimation into a concurrent inner and outer loop during a singular training phase, this framework notably enhances pose estimation accuracy. Engineered for flexibility, it accommodates training with or without depth cues and necessitates merely a single RGB image during testing. Empirical evaluation substantiates the proposed method’s state-of-the-art precision, attaining an average pose accuracy of 0.019 m and 0.74° on the indoor 7Scenes dataset, together with 0.162 m and 0.30° on the outdoor Cambridge Landmarks dataset.
Influence of the configuration of metal sensing layers on the performance of a bimetallic (Ag–Cu) surface plasmon resonance biosensor
Authors: Pillai Anjitha M , Nair Niveditha , Das Mukul K , Ram Sanjay K
Published: May 2024

Bimetallic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of individual metals, but the effect of the configuration of the two metallic layers on the performance of the sensors has not been explored. This study examines the influence of different positions of a thin layer of silver in relation to a copper layer on the sensitivity of such a bimetallic SPR sensor. The design of this configuration aims to improve the SPR reflectance curve and strengthen the evanescent electric field to improve the sensor efficiency. Our findings indicate that, by optimizing the architectures of SPR sensors and using a silver–copper bimetallic structure, we can achieve superior performance compared to devices that utilize only silver or copper. The optimized Ag (5 nm)/Cu (55 nm) sensor design, with the best sensitivity of 299.09° RIU−1, can detect a change of 0.43°/(g dl−1) for hemoglobin in blood, 0.35°/(g dl−1) for glucose in urine, and 0.1°/(%) for methanol in ethanol. We also demonstrate the importance of signal quality by introducing two new parameters that offer a better quantitative indication of the efficiency of a sensor than is obtained by using only sensitivity.
Reconsider photoplethysmogram signal quality assessment in the free living environment
Authors: Su Yan-Wei , Hao Chia-Cheng , Liu Gi-Ren , Sheu Yuan-Chung , Wu Hau-Tieng
Published: May 2024

Objective. Assessing signal quality is crucial for biomedical signal processing, yet a precise mathematical model for defining signal quality is often lacking, posing challenges for experts in labeling signal qualities. The situation is even worse in the free living environment. Approach. We propose to model a PPG signal by the adaptive non-harmonic model (ANHM) and apply a decomposition algorithm to explore its structure, based on which we advocate a reconsideration of the concept of signal quality. Main results. We demonstrate the necessity of this reconsideration and highlight the relationship between signal quality and signal decomposition with examples recorded from the free living environment. We also demonstrate that relying on mean and instantaneous heart rates derived from PPG signals labeled as high quality by experts without proper reconsideration might be problematic. Significance. A new method, distinct from visually inspecting the raw PPG signal to assess its quality, is needed. Our proposed ANHM model, combined with advanced signal processing tools, shows potential for establishing a systematic signal decomposition based signal quality assessment model.
Nonvolatile bipolar resistive switching characteristics of aluminum oxide grown by thermal oxidation processes
Authors: Jhang Wun-Ciang , Chien Yu-Sheng , Hsu Chih-Chieh
Published: May 2024

This study proposes a bipolar resistive random-access memory (RRAM), which is fabricated using an aluminum oxide (AlO
x
) resistive switching (RS) layer. The RRAM shows a large memory window of 106 at a low read voltage of 0.5 V. In addition, high switching speed, long retention time, and superior read-disturb immunity are observed. AlO
x
layers are prepared by a thermal oxidation growth process. Aluminum metal films deposited on n+-Si wafers are oxidized at O2/(O2 + N2) flow rate ratios of 50%–100%. Al/AlO
x
/n+-Si device shows no RS behavior when the AlO
x
is grown in a pure O2 environment. As the O2/(O2 + N2) flow rate ratio decreases to 50%, Al/AlO
x
:N/n+-Si device reveals stable bipolar RS characteristics. A filamentary mode based on oxygen interstitial and Al vacancy is proposed to explain the difference in electrical characteristics of AlO
x
devices prepared at different O2 flow rates.
Combined localization and clustering approach for reduced energy presumption in heterogeneous IoT
Authors: A Jasmine Xavier , N Suthanthira Vanitha , G Sudha , M Birunda
Published: May 2024

The field of H-IoT is emerging with enormous potential to empower various technologies. Smart cities and advanced manufacturing are a few of the fields where H-IoT is currently used. The issue with H-IoT is its heavy energy consumption while transmitting data, which makes scaling difficult. To overcome such issues, a hybrid approach of Crayfish Optimization (CFO) with FCM and Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) with Soft Sign Activation (SSA) has been proposed. Initially, Node initialization lays the foundation by configuring individual sensor nodes for network participation. After initialization, Fuzzy C Means clustering optimizes data aggregation by categorizing nodes into clusters based on similarity. Gathering Neighbor Node Traffic Data (NNTD) provides insights into communication patterns. Based on the threshold of NNTD, node localization is performed that enhances network accuracy by pinpointing sensor node locations. Integration of CFO into clustering, along with localization further improves cluster head selection for optimal data routing. Classification through the RBM with SSA function enhances anomaly detection, combining data analysis for optimizing energy utilization in heterogeneous IoT environments. The ‘combined CFO-FCM and SSA-RBM’ has been implemented in MATLAB and achieved an accuracy of 94.50%. As a result, the overall performance of the system is improved.
Brain tumor detection through novel feature selection using deep efficientNet-CNN-based features with supervised learning and data augmentation
Authors: Mujahid Muhammad , Rehman Amjad , Alamri Faten S , Alotaibi Sarah , Saba Tanzila
Published: May 2024

Brain tumors being ninth in terms of prevalence and one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors, negatively impact millions of individuals. Identifying and classifying tumors from MRI used for health monitoring poses a challenge for radiologists, yet early detection could significantly enhance the chances of effective treatment. Researchers in the field of explainable AI are currently focused on developing sophisticated techniques to classify and diagnose brain diseases. This study presents a novel framework that enhances the interpretability of our proposed system for brain tumor detection by utilizing explainable AI techniques. To enhance interpretability, we integrate the optimized recursive feature elimination selection technique with support vector machines. This method effectively eliminates redundant features, identifies the most important ones, and enhances the efficiency of detecting tasks. Following that, the optimal recursive feature elimination (ORFE) features are combined using the supervised support vector machine (SVM) technique. While EfficientNet-CNN is a very useful feature extraction framework that extracts the most important features from a transparent model, we reduced the overall computational complexity through feature elimination and supervised models, and the Figshre dataset clearly demonstrated the efficacy of our model. This study achieved very exceptional results and reduced computational complexity as compared to a single CNN model. The experimental results indicate that the proposed SVM-RFE based technique accurately detects brain tumors with a 99.51% accuracy and a specificity score of 99.63%. The proposed approach obtained an accuracy of 98.93% with a standard deviation of 0.032 using 10-fold cross-validation. Additionally, it produced an optimal ROC_AUC of 100% for cases including meningiomas and pituitary tumors.
Qualitative analysis and new exact solutions for the extended space-fractional stochastic (3 + 1)-dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation
Authors: Elbrolosy Mamdouh
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the extended (3 + 1)-dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, which describes the propagation of ion-acoustic waves in a magnetic environment, is investigated. Due to the exposure of the propagation to unpredictable factors, the stochastic model is assessed including the Brownian process, in addition to including the recent concept of truncated M-fractional derivative. A fractional stochastic transformation is applied to transform the model into an integer-order ordinary differential equation which in turn is equivalent to a conservative Hamiltonian model. Novel solutions, such as hyperbolic, trigonometric, and Jacobian elliptic functions, are established by employing both of the qualitative analysis of dynamical systems and the first integral of the Hamiltonian model. We explore and graphically display the effects of the fractional derivative order and noise intensity on the solutions structures. In the deterministic instance, i.e. in the absence of noise, solitary and cnoidal solutions among other traveling wave solutions of the Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, are derived. Further, it is found that the curvature of the wave disturbs and the surface turns substantially flat by increasing the value of noise. While the curve in all cases loses its characteristic shape and degenerates into another deterministic shape by changing the fractional derivative order.
The role of divertor pumping combined with full drifts in particle exhaust and divertor plasma
Authors: Zhao Xuele , Sang Chaofeng , Wang Yilin , Zhang Chen , Wang Dezhen
Published: May 2024

The effect of drifts combined with pumping on particle exhaust is assessed using the SOLPS-ITER code package, considering full drifts. Both drift and pumping speed S can affect particle exhaust. Drifts change the neutral density by influencing plasma flow and the resulting particle recycling. This leads to the accumulation of neutral particles either far away or close to the pump opening location. The particle exhaust is enhanced as S rises. When the pump opening is positioned at the common flux region (CFR) of the outer divertor (referred to as Pump CFR/OD), particle exhaust is suppressed by drifts in forward Bt
, while it is enhanced by drifts in reversed Bt
, with fixed S. On the other hand, when the pump is situated in the private flux region (PFR) of the OD (referred to as Pump PFR/OD), particle exhaust is enhanced by drifts in both reversed and forward Bt
compared to the case without drifts. Moreover, the effective pumping in reversed Bt
is stronger than in forward Bt
. In the same Bt
direction, Pump PFR/OD has a higher effective pumping than Pump CFR/OD. Increased S results in higher particle exhaust in all Bt
direction and pump location cases. The plasma detachment is affected by drift, S and pump opening location, respectively. For the specified Bt
direction and pump opening location case, higher S suppresses plasma detachment. For identical particle exhaust rates, stronger pumping capacity can promote plasma detachment. Therefore, Pump PFR/OD can more easily achieve OD detachment than Pump CFR/OD in the same Bt
direction. Overall, placing the pump at the PFR side of the OD while running in reversed Bt
is the best option from the divertor particle exhaust and plasma detachment point of view.
Simplified Model for Suction Pile Stiffness under Combined Loading in Elastic Soil: A Winkler-based Approach
Authors: Cui H , Shi Z , Huang M
Published: May 2024

Suction pile foundations are a promising option for offshore structures in deep locations covered by soft soil. A reasonable prediction of foundation stiffness may offer a reliable method for estimating the dynamic performance of the overall structure. Although the Winkler-based approach can effectively analyze the stiffness of caisson foundations, the current models can underestimate and/or overestimate the global stiffness subjected to combined loading under a relatively large embedment depth-to-diameter ratio L/D. Moreover, the non-linear distribution of local stiffness with depth has been neglected in current research methods. Thus, this study established a simplified Winkler model capable of providing reliable predictions of suction pile foundation stiffness under combined loading in homogeneous elastic soil. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to establish inter-relationship of local stiffness with soil properties and foundation geometries via the concept of “Inferred Winkler model.” Furthermore, the non-linear distribution of local stiffness with depth was considered. Finally, the proposed method was assessed against the FEA and current models to evaluate its applicability with different L/D subject to general single and combined loadings.
Constitutive modeling structural behaviors of Shanghai deep clay
Authors: Tu Zizhen , Qian Jiangu , Shi Zhenhao , Jiang Wenlan
Published: May 2024

The rapid development of underground engineering requires a comprehensive understanding of deep soils. Existing study about the deformation and strength behaviors of Shanghai clay is mostly focused on shallow soft clay (generally within 30 m depth), while counterpart for deep clay is needed. This work investigates the physical properties and mechanical behaviors of Shanghai deep clay (block samples of layer (8) obtained at a depth of around 50 m), via conducting a series laboratory tests including physical property tests, onedimensional consolidation tests and undrained triaxial compression tests, performing constitutive modelling. The results show: (1) Shanghai layer (8) clay can be classified as a low-plasticity silty clay, and the void ratio measured in the laboratory of the block samples is larger than remoulded samples; (2) The clay is a normally consolidated clay, and the block samples show greater compressibility and stronger initial structure; (3) The block samples show contraction behaviors in the undrained triaxial compression tests; (4) The structural behaviors is well captured by structural bounding surface model.
Asymmetric instability damage patterns of curved shield tunnels based on transparent soil visualization model tests
Authors: Zhang Xue , Zhang Mengxi , Fan Jie , Wu Huiming
Published: May 2024

With accelerated urbanization, underground structures have imposed significant restrictions on underground spaces. Urban shield tunnels must be designed using curved lines to avoid existing tunnels, pile foundations, and other structures. Over-excavation on the inner side of a curved tunnel during tunneling and the difference between the inner and outer jacking forces complicate research on excavation surface stability. In this study, a combination of transparent soil visualization model tests and numerical simulation methods was used to investigate the spatially asymmetric distribution patterns, focusing on the progressive destabilization damage of the soil and the soil arching effect in front of the excavation during construction of curved shield tunnels. Furthermore, the effect of the radius of curvature on the soil arch morphology in sandy soils was analyzed in detail. The results show that the soil displacement in front of the working face of the curved tunnel exhibited a crescent-shaped deflection toward the over-excavation side. The settlement tanks in the curved tunnel exhibited an asymmetric distribution along the center of the tunnel and were deflected to the over-excavation side. The smaller the radius of curvature, the greater was the deflection of the soil in front of the curved tunnel to the over-excavation side.