bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landfast ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from Observations and Models
Authors: Howell Stephen E. L. , Laliberté Frédéric , Kwok Ron , Derksen Chris , King Joshua
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Observed and modelled landfast ice thickness variability and trends spanning more than five decades within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are summarized. The observed sites (Cambridge Bay, Resolute, Eureka and Alert) represent some of the Arctic's longest records of landfast ice thickness. Observed end-of-winter (maximum) trends of landfast ice thickness (1957–2014) were statistically significant at Cambridge Bay (−4.31 ± 1.4 cm decade-1), Eureka (−4.65 ± 1.7 cm decade-1) and Alert (−4.44 ± 1.6 cm decade-1) but not at Resolute. Over the 50+ year record, the ice thinned by ~ 0.24–0.26 m at Cambridge Bay, Eureka and Alert with essentially negligible change at Resolute. Although statistically significant warming in spring and fall was present at all sites, only low correlations between temperature and maximum ice thickness were present; snow depth was found to be more strongly associated with the negative ice thickness trends. Comparison with multi-model simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5), Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison (ORA-IP) and Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) show that although a subset of current generation models have a "reasonable" climatological representation of landfast ice thickness and distribution within the CAA, trends are unrealistic and far exceed observations by up to two magnitudes. ORA-IP models were found to have positive correlations between temperature and ice thickness over the CAA, a feature that is inconsistent with both observations and coupled models from CMIP5.
Confirming the Structural Validity of the My Class Inventory - Short form Revised
Authors: Melissa Mariani , Elizabeth Villares , Sink Christopher A. , Kimberly Colvin , Kuba Summer Perhay
Published: March 2016

Researchers analyzed data collected from elementary school students (N = 893) to further establish the psychometric soundness of the My Class Inventory - Short Form Revised (MCI-SFR). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted resulting in a good fit for a four-factor model, which corresponds to the instrument's four scales (Cohesion, Competitiveness, Friction, Satisfaction). Findings confirm the MCI-SFR as both a reliable and valid measure for assessing students’ perceptions of their classroom climate.
دور خدمات المعلومات في المكتبة الطبية بجامعة السلطان قابوس في رفع المستوى المعرفي للطلاب
Authors: Hamdan Alaamri Jamila , Juma Al-Riyami Rabab , Saif Al-mayahi Samiya
Published: March 2016

دور خدمات المعلومات في المكتبة الطبية بجامعة السلطان قابوس في رفع المستوى المعرفي للطلاب

تعتبر المكتبة الطبية في جامعة السلطان قابوس أحد المؤسسات المعلوماتية المتخصصة في مجال الطب والعلوم الصحية التي تقدم خدماتها لأساتذة كلية الطب في الجامعة، إضافة إلى المتخصصين في مجال الطب والعلوم الصحية في سلطنة عمان.ومن أبرز أهداف هذه المكتبة رفع المستوى المعرفي في مجال الطب والعلوم الصحية لدى طلبة الكلية والسعي إلى دعم وتعزيز المقررات الدراسية في الطلبة.
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أنواع ومستوى الخدمات المعلوماتية التي تقدمها المكتبة للطلبة ودور هذه الخدمات (قواعد البيانات، الكتب الالكترونية، الدوريات الالكترونية، المواد السمعية والبصرية، بالإضافة إلى خدمة الطب السريري) في رفع المستوى المعرفي لدى الطلبة والارتقاء بمستوى خبراتهم، كما هدفت الدراسة إلى تقصي الصعوبات التي تواجه الطلبة في استخدامهم للخدمات المعلوماتية التي تقدمها المكتبة ومدى قدرتهم على تجاوزها. اعتمدت الدراسة على استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وذلك من خلال إعداد استبانة تتضمن محاورها أنواع الخدمات المعلوماتية التي تقدمها المكتبة وأهمية هذه الخدمات بالنسبة للطلبة ،وتم توزيع استبانة على عينة عشوائية من الطلبة في كلية الطب بواقع 26 طالبًا وطالبة من مختلف المراحل الدراسية.
وتوصلت الدراسة إلى جملة من النتائج، أهمها يلجأ الكثير من الطلاب والطالبات من كلية الطب إلى استخدم خدمات المكتبة ومصادرها بصورة مستمرة بنسبة 89% . وقدرة الطلاب على الحصول على حاجتهم المعلوماتية عند البحث في قواعد البيانات الطبية بمختلف أنواعها المتاحة على موقع المكتبة بنسبة 88%. وكذلك تقدم المكتبة الطبية كتب إلكترونية مختلفة في كل المجالات الطبية بنسبة 87%. تقدم المكتبة خدمة الطب السريري بكفاءة عالية ومستوى فعًال بنسبة 50% رغم أنها خدمة جديدة تقدمها المكتبة.و أيضًا أكثر صعوبة تواجه الطلاب والطالبات هي ضيق الوقت وكثافة المواد الدراسية. وتوصي الدراسة ضرورة وجود تحديث فعّال في الدوريات الإلكترونية الطبية التي تصدر بشكل دوري حتى يستطيع الطلاب مسايرة التطورات العلمية الطبية.وكذلك ضرورة وجود قسم خاص بالتطوير المهني وتدريب أطباء الطب السريري؛ ليكون المسؤول عن متابعتهم وتوفير الفرص اللازمة. تفعيل دور التواصل بين الهيئة الاكاديمية في الكلية والمكتبة؛ لتفعيل استخدام المصادر والتقليل من كثافة المواد الدراسية مع تنوع في تلقينها ، لتبادل الخبرات وتنمية المهارات الطبية.
Suspending the Principle of Relativity
Authors: Eskew Russell Clark
Published: March 2016

A unique hyperbolic geometry paradigm requires suspending the Relativistic principle that absolute velocity is unmeasurable. The idea that of two observers each sees the same constant velocity, therefore there is no absolute velocity, is true only because Relativity uses a particular Lorentz geometry. Our mathematical geometry constructs circle and hyperbola vectors with hyperbolic terms in an original formulation of complex numbers. We use a point on a hyperbola as a frame of reference. A theory of time is given. The physical laws of motion by Galileo, Newton and Einstein are forged using the absolute velocity and the precondition to electromagnetic velocity. The field of real and fictitious force accelerations is established. We utilize Galilean Invariance to measure absolute velocity. An experiment exemplifies the math from the Earth’s frame of reference. But Relativity is based on local Lorentz geometry. We discover a possible dark energy and gravitational accelerations and a geometry of gravitational collapse.
Pre-Eminent Curriculum in Islamic Basic School Integrated Comparative Studies in Islamic Basic School Integrated Al-Izzah Serang and Al-Hanif Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia
Authors: Fauzi Anis , Hasbullah Hasbullah
Published: March 2016

Compare to General SD (Primary school), the superiority of SD Islam Terpadu (Integrated Islamic Primary School) lies on the development of the curriculum and learning that is more emphasize on integrated curriculum and integrated learning. Curriculum model applied in Sekolah Dasar Islam Terpadu (SDIT) is integrated curriculum. This curriculum is being applied by creating the synergy among national curriculum of education (ministry of education), religious curriculum (Al-Islam), and local content curriculum by using full day school system. The result of this research shows that: the concept of SDIT (Islamic integrated primary school) relies on the stakeholders, who hold the education, and self-development curriculum that relies on the needs of SDIT al-Izzah plus adjustment curriculum which relies on Islamic integrated primary school networks. The concept of curriculum which is applied in SDIT al Hanif combines three curriculums namely: the ministry of education and culture, ministry of religious affairs and the stakeholders’ curriculum.
Strengthening Collaborative Leadership for Thai Primary School Administrators
Authors: Samriangjit Prapaporn , Tesaputa Kowat , Somprach Kanokorn
Published: March 2016

The objectives of this research were: 1) to investigate the elements and indicators of collaborative leadership of primary school administrators, 2) to explore the existing situation and required situation of collaborative leadership of primary school administrators, 3) to develop a program to enhance collaborative leadership of primary school administrators, and 4) to investigate the effect of development for collaborative leadership of primary school administrators, from the usage of developed program. Research and Development (R&D) was employed which designed 4 stages, a sample group of 753 primary school administrators and teachers, chosen by multi-stage sampling, gave quantitative data; and experts purposively chosen were asked to provide qualitative input. The statistics used in this research included the percentage, mean, standard deviation, the Priority Need Indicator (PNI Modified), and Dependent t-test. The results found that 7 elements 65 indicators. The training program which was developed and reviewed consists of four modules: Module 1, Characteristics of trust and commitment; Module 2, Paradigms of shared vision and collective decision making; Module 3, Skills in transforming change, risk taking and conflict management; Module 4, Assessment and reflection on collaborative leadership influences in fulfilling duties. In the implementation of the training program for 12 weeks employing 8 training kits, the 30 primary school administrators who volunteered to join significantly improved their test scores after the training and felt very highly satisfied with the program. In addition, the collaborative leadership of primary school administrators posttest was at higher level than the pretest at .01 level.
Behavioral Analysis of Credit Card Users in a Developing Country: A Case of Bangladesh
Authors: Dewri Leo Vashkor , Islam Md. Rashidul , Saha Netai Kumar
Published: March 2016

Economic structure plays a vital role to drive consumer spending attitudes in different countries. Bangladesh is considering as a lower middle income country that indicates citizen of Bangladesh doesn’t have significant ability to increase their spending habits. Bangladeshis’ are experiencing credit card not more than two decades. Also accepting credit card by wider merchants in lieu of payment is also comparatively new practice in Bangladesh. In this regard, the financial institutions / credit card issuers and retailers are experiencing new spending behaviors of credit card holders. Primarily, the research attempts to investigate behavioural usage patterns of credit card users in the emerging economics. Secondly, how the external factors are influencing the credit card users to use credit cards in their day-to-day life. To conduct the research 500 credit card holders are approached of which 393 credit card holders responded and been analyzed. The research concludes that there is significant relationship among – earnings and using full credit limit; different age group has diverse tendency to use credit card and repayment attitudes; profession and usage behavior of credit card; e-repayment attitudes to pay bill by different age groups. This study also reveals that there is no-significant relationships among gender differences is not an concern for using credit card; single credit card features are truly not motivating credit card users to use credit card frequently; interestingly external factors (like: discount offers or other card facilities) are not only driving force to encourage credit card holders to use their credit cards frequently. The study recommends fragmenting the credit card market in Bangladesh based on consumer demographics and attitudes towards using short/midterm debt. 
On the Emotive Phraseologisms with Kinesthetic Basis Taking Place in the Phraseological System of the English Language
Authors: Abdullayeva Jamila Ramiz
Published: March 2016

In the article emotive phraseologisms with kinesthetic basis, taking place in the phraseological system of the English language are analyzed. As the object of investigation, a group of chosen phraseological units expressing emotions and feelings of human being have been subjected to investigation. Study of this phraseosemantical field is one of the most discussed and complicated types of phraseological expressions, being linked with human emotions, and feelings which are unavailable for the direct observations. From this point of view, issues of means of conceptual-emotional state of human being acquire great importance. In our article we keep to the wide understanding of phraseology, object of which is all the stable set expressions with the complication of meaning possessing the signs of unchangeability.
Risk Management and Value Creation: Empirical Findings from Government Linked Companies in Malaysia
Authors: Said Jamaliah , Alam Md. Mahmudul , Abdullah Nik Herda Nik , Zulkarnain Nur Nadiah
Published: March 2016

This study is an attempt to assess the status of current level of value creation among the Government Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia. This study collected primary data based on a set of questionnaire survey among 134 executives and managers of GLCs in Malaysia. The data were collected based on opinions of the ten factors of value creation practices by using the five-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Further, the reliability of the data was tested using Cronbach’s alpha test, the validity of the data was tested by checking the normality test through skewness and kurtosis, and the consistency of the data was tested using factor analysis. On an average, 80.6% of the respondents agreed that they focus on these factors of value creation. Overall, the federal owned GLCs place more emphasis on certain elements of value creation than the state owned GLCs. Among the elements of value creation, the state owned GLCs emphasize the most on quality development and brand value creation, where the federal owned GLCs emphasized the most on reputation. The GLCs engaged in service sector emphasized the most on brand value and the GLCs engaged in manufacturing sector emphasized the most on customer satisfaction and quality development. This study suggest that GLCs in Malaysia improve the overall value creation by emphasizing on responsiveness, average return on investment, sales growth, profit growth and average return on sales.
Regels voor de digitale deeleconomie, oftewel ‘uber-regulering’
Authors: Ranchordas Sofia
Published: March 2016

Regels voor de digitale deeleconomie, oftewel ‘uber-regulering’

De zogenoemde ‘deeleconomie’ wordt steeds populairder en steeds meer elektronische platformen bieden goederen en diensten aan die niet door professionals, maar door gewone burgers geleverd worden. Dit levert kansen op, maar er zijn ook risico’s aan verbonden. Omdat de deeleconomie gebaseerd is op gedeelde consumptie, kunnen deze initiatieven in principe leiden tot een lager verbruik van hulpbronnen, minder CO2-uitstoot en een grotere vraag naar duurzamere producten van goede kwaliteit. Als nadelen worden vaak genoemd een gebrek aan regels, arbeidsonzekerheid, gevaren voor de veiligheid van de gebruikers en schending van de privacy van consumenten. Dit alles werpt de vraag op hoe de wetgever met de opkomst van de deeleconomie moet omgaan: moet hij maatregelen nemen om de deeleconomie te bevorderen of bestaande regelgeving toepassen? De auteur neemt het standpunt in dat, omdat de deeleconomie nog in grote beweging is, er een voorlopige oplossing moet worden gevonden waarbij de voordelen van de deeleconomie afgewogen worden tegen de publieke belangen die op dit moment onbeschermd blijven. Deze derde weg kan worden bewandeld door de invoering van afwijkende regels of via experimenten. De wijze waarop de gemeente Amsterdam omgaat met Airbnb is volgens de auteur hiervan een goed voorbeeld.
‘Vluchten voor het AZC’
Authors: van  Gestel Rob
Published: March 2016

‘Vluchten voor het AZC’ Over lokale democratie, referendumperikelen en trechterwerking in het bestuursrecht

De vestiging van AZC’s in Nederland levert doorgaans heftige protesten op. Deze bijdrage laat aan de hand van een concrete casus zien dat dit niet altijd louter of vooral een kwestie is van boze burgers, maar soms ook wordt aangewakkerd door de wijze waarop door de wetgever bestuurlijke besluitvormingsprocessen zijn ingericht en de manier waarop bestuursorganen daarmee omgaan. Met name wanneer particuliere ondernemers een omgevingsvergunning aanvragen voor het vestigen van een AZC, kan een serieuze alternatievenafweging gemakkelijk worden geblokkeerd, wanneer het bevoegd gezag zich beperkt tot het nemen van een besluit op grondslag van de aanvraag. In zo’n geval hebben omwonenden weinig mogelijkheden om het achterliggende (ontbrekende) asielopvangbeleid ter discussie te stellen in bezwaar en beroep en blijkt ook een referendumverzoek om de gemeenteraad tot beleidskeuzes te dwingen geen garantie voor succes. In de sfeer van de rechtsbescherming doet zich bovendien al snel gevoelen dat het besluitbegrip als aangrijpingspunt voor bezwaar en beroep belemmert dat een geschil met de overheid in zijn totaliteit wordt bezien.
Multi-Element Preconcentration/Separation of Some Metal Ions in Environmental Samples by Using Co-precipitation
Authors: Soylak Mustafa , Aydin Ayse , Kizil Nebiye
Published: March 2016

A preconcentration/separation system for cadmium(II), nickel(II), copper(II), lead(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), and manganese(II) ions has been established prior to their atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. The procedure is based on the co-precipitation of these ions by the aid of a praseodymium hydroxide (Pr(OH)3) precipitate. The precipitate was dissolved in 0.5 mL of concentrated HNO3, and made up to 10.0 mL with water. The analytes were determined by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The effects of analytical parameters including pH, amounts of praseodymium as carrier element, sample volume, etc. on the recoveries of heavy metals were investigated. The effects of matrix ions were also examined. The limits of detection for analyte ions were found in the range between 0.7–5.2 μg/L. The validation of this present procedure was verified by the analysis of certified reference materials, TMDA-54.4 (fortified water) and NIST 1570a (spinach leaves). The proposed co-precipitation procedure was applied for the determination of cadmium(II), nickel(II), copper(II), lead(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), and manganese(II) ions in various environmental water samples.
Clinical and Cost Implications of Universal Versus Locally Advanced-Stage and Advanced-Stage-Only Molecular Testing for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Rearrangements in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Tertiary Academic Institution Experience
Authors: Sauter Jennifer L. , Butnor Kelly J.
Published: March 2016

Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)– and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–directed therapies are not approved for patients with early-stage non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), many institutions perform EGFR and ALK testing for all patients with NSCLC at the time of initial diagnosis. Current consensus guidelines recommend EGFR testing and suggest ALK testing at the time of initial diagnosis for patients with advanced disease.Context.—

To examine the cost and clinical impact of EGFR and ALK testing of patients with early-stage NSCLC.Objectives.—

Records from all patients with a diagnosis of NSCLC made on a nonresection specimen at our institution during a single calendar year (2012) were reviewed, and a cost analysis was performed.Design.—

Of 133 total patients, 47 (35%) had early-stage (stage I or II) disease and 86 (65%) had locally advanced (stage III) or advanced (stage IV) disease at presentation. Eight of 47 patients with early-stage disease (17%) had progression/recurrence during 18 to 30 months of follow-up, 6 of 8 (75%) of whom had pathologic confirmation of progression/recurrence. The estimated additional cost of EGFR and ALK testing for all newly diagnosed patients with NSCLC at our institution is $75 200 per year, compared to testing only patients with locally advanced and advanced-stage disease.Results.—

The cost of universal molecular testing of NSCLC is substantial. EGFR and ALK testing of patients with early-stage disease appears to have negligible clinical impact, as most patients do not have disease recurrence/progression. Those whose disease recurs/progresses typically undergo rebiopsy. Our findings do not support the practice of universal EGFR and ALK testing in NSCLC at the time of initial diagnosis.Conclusions.—
Acute Lung Injury: A Clinical and Molecular Review
Authors: Butt Yasmeen , Kurdowska Anna , Allen Timothy Craig
Published: March 2016

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are a continuum of lung changes arising from a wide variety of lung injuries, frequently resulting in significant morbidity and frequently in death. Research regarding the molecular pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS is ongoing, with the aim toward developing prognostic molecular biomarkers and molecular-based therapy.Context.—

To review the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of ALI/ARDS; and the molecular pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS, with consideration of possible predictive/prognostic molecular biomarkers and possible molecular-based therapies.Objective.—

Examination of the English-language medical literature regarding ALI and ARDS.Data Sources.—

ARDS is primarily a clinicoradiologic diagnosis; however, lung biopsy plays an important diagnostic role in certain cases. A significant amount of progress has been made in the elucidation of ARDS pathophysiology and in predicting patient response, however, currently there is no viable predictive molecular biomarkers for predicting the severity of ARDS, or molecular-based ARDS therapies. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), interleukin (IL)–1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 are among the most promising as biomarkers for predicting morbidity and mortality.Conclusions.—
Impact of Recent Developments in Lung Cancer on the Practice of Pathology
Authors: Cagle Philip T. , Allen Timothy C. , Bernicker Eric H. , Ge Yimin , Haque Abida , Barrios Roberto
Published: March 2016

Landmark events in the field of lung cancer in the past year have the potential to significantly alter the practice of pathology. Three key events are (1) approval of payment for low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer, (2) publication of an extensively revised World Health Organization classification of lung cancers, and (3) approval of immunohistochemistry based companion diagnostics by the US Food and Drug Administration. We briefly review these milestones in the context of their impact on the practice of pathology.
Development of a Functional Biomarker for Use in Cell-Based Therapy Studies in Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Shalev-Malul Gali , Soler David C. , Ting Anthony E. , Lehman Nicholas A. , Barnboym Emma , McCormick Thomas S. , Anthony Donald D. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Caplan Arnold I. , Breitman Maya , Singer Nora G.
Published: March 2016

Cell-based therapy has potential therapeutic value in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, reduction of disease activity has been associated with improvement in the function of regulatory T cells (Treg) and attenuated responses of proinflammatory effector T cells (Teff). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and related multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) have strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and may be able to “reset” the immune system to a pre-RA state. MAPC are MSC-like cells that are slightly earlier in lineage, have greater expansion capacity, and can be used as “off-the-shelf” therapy. Assessment of cell-based therapy to treat arthritis and related diseases is limited by the lack of available biological correlates that can be measured early on and indicate treatment response. We set out to develop a functional measure that could be used ex vivo as a biomarker of response. We were able to demonstrate that MAPC products could inhibit Teff responses from patients with active RA and that Treg from RA patients suppressed Teff. This assay used ex vivo can be used with MAPC or Treg alone or in combination and reflects the overall level of Teff suppression. Use of a novel functional biomarker as an exploratory endpoint in trials of cell-based therapy should be of value to detect biological outcomes at a point prior to the time that clinical response might be observed.

Significance

Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells and related multipotent adult progenitor cells is immune modifying in a variety of diseases. There is interest in using cell-based therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to induce tolerance and “reset” the immune system to its pre-RA state. In a clinical trial, it should be known as soon as possible if there is a chance of response. A biomarker has been developed that permits measurement of the effects of cell-based therapy on effector T cell function.
A Five-Hundred-Year-Old Uncorrected Editorial Accident : The Insertion of Cajetanian Text into a Scotist’s Commentary
Authors: de Oliveira Astorga Luiz
Published: March 2016

In this paper I demonstrate that a large section of a Cajetanian text was accidentally copied into the work of one of his most vehement critics, Fr. Francesco Licheto, a prominent professor and commentator of Duns Scot’s thought. The text was originally inserted without markings or observations and ends the section of commentary giving the reader the exact opposite view of what the actual author had intended. The mistake seems to have evaded editors for centuries and has perpetuated itself in the five major editions that contain Licheto’s work, two of them being Scot’s Opera Omnia, those of 1639 and 1893.
L’ego cartésien à l’image de Dieu
Authors: de Peretti François-Xavier
Published: March 2016

Notre propos consistera à analyser des textes cartésiens pouvant confirmer une tendance de l’ego à mimer Dieu, à endosser une certaine ressemblance avec Dieu. Nous examinerons pour cela l’énoncé du cogito tel qu’il est formulé dans les Médiations métaphysiques, pour suggérer que la parole de l’ego mime, dans les limites de sa puissance, la puissance performative de la parole de Dieu. Nous considérerons ensuite la manière dont les Méditations métaphysiques sont construites comme un hexaméron, qui donne à nouveau naissance au monde au terme d’un exercice méditatif où le sujet retrouve une place centrale.
Le rigorisme kantien et la thèse du mal radical
Authors: Piché Claude
Published: March 2016

Lorsqu’on dit de la morale kantienne qu’elle est « rigoriste », on entend habituellement par cette épithète une morale sévère et austère, voire puritaine. Dans ces conditions, on ne s’étonne nullement de trouver au fondement de celle-ci la thèse du mal radical, attribué au genre humain en entier. J’aimerais toutefois montrer que Kant a une conception bien spécifique du rigorisme, dont il accepte volontiers de se réclamer et qui, loin de toute connotation puritaine, ne concerne au fond que la précision conceptuelle du discours philosophique. Or c’est grâce à cette rigueur intellectuelle que l’on peut comprendre ce que Kant entend par mal radical. Nous allons voir qu’il s’agit en vérité d’un mal qui n’a rien du caractère diabolique auquel l’adjectif « radical » nous porte spontanément à le rattacher.
Thermoelectric properties of gallium-doped p-type germanium
Authors: Ohishi Yuji , Takarada Sho , Aikebaier Yusufu , Muta Hiroaki , Kurosaki Ken , Yamanaka Shinsuke , Miyazaki Yoshinobu , Uchida Noriyuki , Tada Tetsuya
Published: March 2016

In this study, the temperature-dependent thermoelectric properties of p-type single-crystal Ge, which is a useful material for thermoelectric applications owing to its significantly high carrier mobility, were investigated. The thermoelectric properties of Ga-doped (5.7 × 1016, 3.4 × 1018, and 1.0 × 1019 cm−3) p-type single-crystal Ge were measured from room temperature to 770 K. The sample with a carrier concentration of 1.0 × 1019 cm−3 showed the highest thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, over the entire measured temperature range. The maximum ZT value was 0.06 at 650 K. A theoretical model based on the Boltzmann transport equation with relaxation-time approximation was developed and quantitatively reproduced the experimentally observed data. The optimal impurity concentration predicted by this model was 3 × 1019 cm−3 at 300 K and increased with temperature.
Reliability tests of electroless barriers against copper diffusion under bias-temperature stress with n- and p-type substrates
Authors: Ueno Kazuyoshi , Fujishima Shota , Yamashita Makoto , Mitsumori Akiyoshi
Published: March 2016

To investigate the similarity and difference of substrate conduction type in the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) tests for the barrier integrity against Cu diffusion under bias-temperature stress (BTS), the TDDB reliability of electroless NiB and CoWP/NiB was determined by metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures on n-type Si (n-Si) substrates, and the test results were compared with those using p-type Si (p-Si) substrates. The TDDB results and mechanism were observed to be qualitatively the same as Cu diffusion for both conduction types. However, the TDDB lifetime using p-Si was found to be potentially shorter because of the reverse bias conditions than that using n-Si under the forward bias conditions.
Structural and optical nanoscale analysis of GaN core–shell microrod arrays fabricated by combined top-down and bottom-up process on Si(111)
Authors: Müller Marcus , Schmidt Gordon , Metzner Sebastian , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Krylyuk Sergiy , Debnath Ratan , Ha Jong-Yoon , Wen Baomei , Blanchard Paul , Motayed Abhishek , King Matthew R. , Davydov Albert V. , Christen Jürgen
Published: March 2016

Large arrays of GaN core–shell microrods were fabricated on Si(111) substrates applying a combined bottom-up and top-down approach which includes inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of patterned GaN films grown by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and selective overgrowth of obtained GaN/Si pillars using hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The structural and optical properties of individual core–shell microrods have been studied with a nanometer scale spatial resolution using low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL) directly performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). SEM, TEM, and CL measurements reveal the formation of distinct growth domains during the HVPE overgrowth. A high free-carrier concentration observed in the non-polar

HVPE shells is assigned to in-diffusion of silicon atoms from the substrate. In contrast, the HVPE shells directly grown on top of the c-plane of the GaN pillars reveal a lower free-carrier concentration.
Large Stokes-like shift in N-polar

InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Shojiki Kanako , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: March 2016

N-polar

(−c-plane) InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, and their optoelectronic properties were evaluated by electroreflectance (ER) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements. In −c-plane LEDs, the emission energy was much lower than that in c-plane LEDs. By comparing EL and ER results, we found that the emission energy was also much lower than the transition energy. The transition energy is in good agreement with X-ray diffraction analysis results. These results indicate that −c-plane LEDs exhibit a larger Stokes-like shift than do c-plane LEDs. This Stokes-like shift is due to the strong potential fluctuation, which is possibly caused by the specific growth patterns of −c-plane III–nitrides. The dominant emission centers of the −c-plane LEDs were suggested to be the localized states of InGaN islands.
Reply to comment by Pätzold et al. on “Mars Express radio‐occultation data: A novel analysis approach”
Authors: Grandin M. , Blelly P.‐L. , Witasse O. , Marchaudon A.
Published: March 2016

We reply to the Comment by Pätzold et al. on our paper presenting a new analysis approach for Mars Express radio‐occultation data. We address each of the main comments, showing that none of them invalidates the method itself, but rather, they underline aspects which could be considered to improve the model. One major issue raised by the Comment is the computation of the frequency residual values, as our model did not take into account the change in frequency between the uplink and the downlink. This problem has been given full consideration, and the corresponding part of the model has been corrected accordingly. The dayside profile analyzed in the original article has been reanalyzed with the updated version of the model, and the results are presented, which show overall improvements.
Antarctic tides from GRACE satellite accelerations
Authors: Wiese D. N. , Killett E. , Watkins M. M. , Yuan D.‐N.
Published: March 2016

The extended length of the GRACE data time series (now 13.5 years) provides the unique opportunity to estimate global mass variations due to ocean tides at large (∼300 km) spatial scales. State‐of‐the‐art global tide models rely heavily on satellite altimetry data, which are sparse for latitudes higher than 66°. Thus, the performance of the models is typically worse at higher latitudes. GRACE data, alternately, extend to polar latitudes and therefore provide information for both model validation and improvement at the higher latitudes. In this work, 11 years of GRACE inter‐satellite range‐acceleration measurements are inverted to solve for corrections to the amplitudes and phases of the major solar and lunar ocean tidal constituents (M2, K1, S2, and O1) from the GOT4.7 ocean tide model at latitudes south of 50°S. Two independent inversion and regularization methods are employed and compared against one another. Uncertainty estimates are derived by subtracting two independent solutions, each spanning a unique 5.5 years of data. Features above the noise floor in the derived solutions likely represent errors in GOT4.7. We find the GOT4.7 amplitudes to be generally too small for M2 and K1, and too large for S2 and O1, and to spatially correlate with geographic regions where GOT4.7 predicts the largest tidal amplitudes. In particular, we find GOT4.7 errors to be dominant over the Patagonia shelf (M2), the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf (M2 and S2), the Ross Ice Shelf (S2), and the Weddell and Ross Seas (K1 and O1).
Detection of trends in surface ozone in the presence of climate variability
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Fiore Arlene M. , Horowitz Larry W.
Published: March 2016

Trends in trace atmospheric constituents can be driven not also by trends in their (precursor) emissions but also by trends in meteorology. Here we use ground‐level ozone as an example to highlight the extent to which unforced, low‐frequency climate variability can drive multidecadal trends. Using output from six experiments of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory chemistry‐climate model (CM3), we demonstrate that 20 year trends in surface ozone driven by climate variability alone can be as large as those forced by changes in ozone precursor emissions or by anthropogenic climate change. We highlight regions and seasons where surface ozone is strongly influenced by climate variability and thus where a given forced trend may be more difficult to detect. A corollary is that this approach identifies regions and seasons of low variability, where measurement sites may be most effectively deployed to detect a particular trend driven by changing precursor emissions. We find that the representative concentration pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5 forced surface ozone trends in most locations emerge over background variability during the first half of the 21st century. Ozone trends are found to respond mostly to changes in emissions of ozone precursors and unforced climate variability, with a comparatively small impact from anthropogenic climate change. Thus, attempts to attribute observed trends to regional emissions changes require consideration of internal climate variability, particularly for short record lengths and small forced trends.
Evolution of moisture transport to the western U.S. during the last deglaciation
Authors: Wong Corinne I. , Potter Gerald L. , Montañez Isabel P. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Behling Pat , Oster Jessica L.
Published: March 2016

We investigate climate dynamics and teleconnections governing moisture transport to the western U.S. during past warm and cool intervals of the last deglaciation using paleoclimate simulations of the Bølling warm (~14 ka) and Younger Dryas cool (~12 ka) events. Results suggest that the waning continental ice sheet weakened atmospheric pressure centers in the region leading to a progression from a more sinuous to more zonal Pacific winter storm track throughout the deglaciation. Furthermore, variations in meltwater flux to the Atlantic influenced the meridional temperature gradient over the Pacific and thereby modulated storm track intensity. Changing sinuosity of the storm track may be reflected in broad increases in modeled δ18Oprecip and observed δ18Ospeleothem values from the western U.S. over the last deglaciation, whereas abrupt δ18Ospeleothem shifts are dynamically consistent with the response of storm track intensity to variations in meltwater flux to the Atlantic.
An Active Microarchitectured Material that Utilizes Piezo Actuators to Achieve Programmable Properties
Authors: Song Yuanping , Dohm Peter C. , Haghpanah Babak , Vaziri Ashkan , Hopkins Jonathan B.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, a new microarchitectured material is introduced that consists of a large periodic lattice of small compliant unit cells (i.e., <5 mm) that are independently controlled using piezo actuators, sensors, and microprocessors embedded within each cell. This material exhibits desired bulk properties according to control instructions that are programmed and uploaded to the material's microprocessors. Analytical methods are used to identify optimal design instantiations of the material that achieve programmable properties over ranges of strain as high as 9.1% or achieve any desired stiffness over ranges of externally applied stresses as high as 10.6 MPa without failing. A macro‐scale 2D version of the material's cell is fabricated and controlled to achieve desired stiffness values.
A Comparison of Processing Properties of Anatomic Facsimile Models (AFM) of the Temporal Bone with Original Human Bone Structures
Authors: Hahne Cornelia , Scheffler Michael , Dietze Gabriele , Döring Joachim , Klink Fabian , Vorwerk Ulrich
Published: March 2016

Due to a limited availability of human bone for training purposes in ear surgery, authentic models are needed. The Magdeburg temporal bone model (Mtbm) is an epoxy resin facsimile of a human os temporale which is manufactured by 3D printing based on human computed tomography data. Here, the processing properties of the Mtbm are investigated with respect to the drilling and milling behavior and the elastic modulus. Results are compared with those of human os temporale. The forces during drilling and milling and the elastic moduli show significant differences between both types of material – all values are significantly higher for bone. However, reproducing the trabecular structure of human bone results in a similar degree of force fluctuations. Thus, an authentic feeling for the surgeon is roughly provided by the AFM.
Effect of the Anion Activity on the Stability of Li Metal Anodes in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Cao Ruiguo , Chen Junzheng , Han Kee Sung , Xu Wu , Mei Donghai , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Engelhard Mark H. , Mueller Karl T. , Liu Jun , Zhang Ji‐Guang
Published: March 2016

With the significant progress made in the development of cathodes in lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, the stability of Li metal anodes becomes a more urgent challenge in these batteries. Here the systematic investigation of the stability of the anode/electrolyte interface in Li‐S batteries with concentrated electrolytes containing various lithium salts is reported. It is found that Li‐S batteries using LiTFSI‐based electrolytes are more stable than those using LiFSI‐based electrolytes. The decreased stability is because the N–S bond in the FSI− anion is fairly weak and the scission of this bond leads to the formation of lithium sulfate (LiSOx) in the presence of polysulfide species. In contrast, in the LiTFSI‐based electrolyte, the lithium metal anode tends to react with polysulfide to form lithium sulfide (LiSx), which is more reversible than LiSOx formed in the LiFSI‐based electrolyte. This fundamental difference in the bond strength of the salt anions in the presence of polysulfide species leads to a large difference in the stability of the anode‐electrolyte interface and performance of the Li‐S batteries with electrolytes composed of these salts. Therefore, anion selection is one of the key parameters in the search for new electrolytes for stable operation of Li‐S batteries.
Functional 3D Neural Mini‐Tissues from Printed Gel‐Based Bioink and Human Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Gu Qi , Tomaskovic‐Crook Eva , Lozano Rodrigo , Chen Yu , Kapsa Robert M. , Zhou Qi , Wallace Gordon G. , Crook Jeremy M.
Published: March 2016

Direct‐write printing of stem cells within biomaterials presents an opportunity to engineer tissue for in vitro modeling and regenerative medicine. Here, a first example of constructing neural tissue by printing human neural stem cells that are differentiated in situ to functional neurons and supporting neuroglia is reported. The supporting biomaterial incorporates a novel clinically relevant polysaccharide‐based bioink comprising alginate, carboxymethyl‐chitosan, and agarose. The printed bioink rapidly gels by stable cross‐linking to form a porous 3D scaffold encapsulating stem cells for in situ expansion and differentiation. Differentiated neurons form synaptic contacts, establish networks, are spontaneously active, show a bicuculline‐induced increased calcium response, and are predominantly gamma‐aminobutyric acid expressing. The 3D tissues will facilitate investigation of human neural development, function, and disease, and may be adaptable for engineering other 3D tissues from different stem cell types.
GM‐PHD Filter with State‐Dependent Clutter
Authors: Chen Jinguang , Qin Xiaoshan , Ma Lili , Xu Bugao , Zhu Xinjuan
Published: March 2016

In traditional filtering methods, clutter is often assumed to obey a uniform distribution over the entire monitoring area. For many sensors, however, clutter may concentrate in target‐containing regions. Under this condition, the performance of the traditional multi‐target tracking filter can be degraded. In an effort to solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on a Gaussian Mixture probability hypothesis density (GM‐PHD) filter to deal with state‐dependent clutter. First, the relationship between state and clutter is modeled using the uniform distribution centered on the target state. Then, the clutter intensity is calculated according to the distribution of clutter in the whole monitoring area and is used to update the filter. The simulation results show that the improved filter can track targets’ trajectories more effectively in an environment of state‐dependent clutter than the standard GM‐PHD filter.
Recent changes on land use/land cover over Indian region and its impact on the weather prediction using Unified model
Authors: C.K. Unnikrishnan , Gharai Biswadip , Mohandas Saji , Mamgain Ashu , Rajagopal E. N. , Iyengar Gopal R. , Rao P. V. N.
Published: March 2016

This study compares the changes of land use/land cover (Lu/Lc) or the surface type in last decades over India. Recent surface‐type fractions show few major regional changes over India. There is a decrease in vegetation fraction, increase in urban and bare soil fractions over India. The Unified Model coupled with Joint UK Land Environment Simulator land surface model was used to investigate the recent Lu/Lc impact on weather prediction. Preliminary results show improvement in weather prediction by the incorporation of the recent Lu/Lc data. This highlights the need to incorporate more realistic Lu/Lc in the dynamical models for better weather prediction.
The Effect of Emotion on Visual Attention to Information and Decision Making in the Context of Informed Consent Process for Clinical Trials
Authors: Ferrer Rebecca A. , Stanley Jennifer Tehan , Graff Kaitlin , Klein William M. P. , Goodman Nina , Nelson Wendy L. , Salazar Silvia
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of emotion on visual information processing and decision making in the context of informed consent. Researchers are ethically obligated to ensure informed consent in clinical trials; however, many volunteers have unrealistic expectations about the value of an experimental therapy. Moreover, suboptimal participation rates for clinical trials may be partially attributable to perceptions that ethical obligations to volunteers are not met. This study examines whether discrete negative emotions (fear, anger, and sadness) differentially influence information processing, visual attention, and decisions in the context of clinical trial informed consent. Community participants completed a standard emotion induction (or control) and then read an actual consent form from a clinical trial while eye movements were tracked. Fear and anger produced the most prominently different patterns of systematic processing and visual attention, such that fear induced longer fixations to information presented, whereas anger induced shorter fixations. Moreover, among women only, fear increased decisions to participate, compared with anger and neutral emotion. Examinations of associations between eye‐tracking variables and self‐reported outcomes indicated that for angry participants only, less systematic processing was associated with greater decisions to participate. Negative emotions of any kind decreased accurate perceptions of trial benefit. These patterns suggest a complex interplay among emotion, processing style, and decision making. Future research is necessary to further probe these effects among potential clinical trial volunteers. Published 2016. This article is a U.S Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Nanocrystalline SrS:Ce3+ system for the generation of white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Mishra Shubhra , Kshatri DS , Khare Ayush , Tiwari Sanjay
Published: March 2016

Nanocrystalline SrS phosphors doped with Ce3+ ions at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mol%) are synthesized via the solid‐state diffusion method (SSDM), which is suitable for the large‐scale production of phosphors in industrial applications. The as‐prepared samples are characterized using an X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. The optical properties of these phosphors are analyzed using reflectance spectra, photoluminescence spectra and afterglow decay curves. The cubic structure of the SrS phosphor is confirmed by XRD analysis and the crystallite size calculated by Scherer's formula using XRD data shows the nanocrystalline nature of the phosphors. No phase change is observed with increasing concentrations of Ce3+ ions. The surface morphology of the prepared phosphors is determined by FESEM, which shows a sphere‐like structure and good connectivity of the grains. The authenticity of the formation of nanocrystalline phosphors is examined by HRTEM analysis. Elemental compositional information for the prepared phosphors is gathered by EDX analysis. Photoluminescence studies reveal that the emission spectra of the prepared phosphor shows broad band emission centered at 458 and 550 nm due to the transition of electrons from the 5d → 4f energy levels. The afterglow decay characteristics of different as‐synthesized SrS:Ce3+ nanophosphors are conceptually described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.