bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for recurrent positive results of the nucleic acid amplification test for COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Yi Wanwan , Long Xuan , Liu Jin , Shi LiShuai , Chen Zichen , Yang Jing , Yang Ziyu , Lv Zhongwei , Fan Hengwei
Published: September 2021

Positive retests of COVID-19 represent a public health concern because of the increased risk of transmission. This study explored whether factors other than the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) contribute to positive retest results. Patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Guanggu district of the Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital between February 17 and March 28, 2020, were retrospectively included. The patients were grouped into the negative (n = 133) and positive (n = 51) retest groups. The results showed that the proportion of patients presenting with cough was higher (P < 0.001) and the proportion of patients with dyspnea was lower (P = 0.018) in the positive than in the negative retest group. The positive retest group showed shorter durations between symptom onset and hospitalization (P < 0.001) and symptom onset and the first positive NAAT (P = 0.033). The positive retest group had higher basophil counts (P = 0.023) and direct bilirubin (P = 0.032) and chlorine concentrations (P = 0.023) but lower potassium concentrations (P = 0.001) than the negative retest group. Multivariable regression analysis showed that coughing (OR = 7.59, 95% CI 2.28–25.32, P = 0.001) and serum chloride concentrations (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.77, P = 0.010) were independently associated with a positive retest result. Coughing and serum chloride concentrations were independent risk factors for positive NAAT retest results. Patients with a hospital stay of < 2 weeks or a short incubation period should stay in isolation and be monitored to reduce transmission. These results could help identify patients who require closer surveillance.
COVID-19 and heterogeneous vulnerabilities in the Peruvian labor market: implications for social inequalities and for gender gaps
Authors: Durán Rosa Luz
Published: September 2021

Using quarterly data from the 2020 Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO), this paper estimates the differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on a set of labor market indicators, such as labor participation, occupational categories, informality, and number of hours worked. The impacts are calculated from an individual perspective (effects on the activities of the heads of household and their spouses, distinguishing them according to sex) and also from a joint strategy perspective among the partners. The results indicate that the intersectionalities of vulnerability considered (rural/urban area, and those contained in the type of households and in the situation of single-parenting or two-parenting of household heads and their spouses) determine that women, who live in rural areas, have children and do not have a partner were the most affected by the global health crisis.
Preoperative hyponatremia predicts complications in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery: a propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Li Chun-Qing , Zhang Chen , Yu Fan , Kong Hao , Deng Chun-Mei
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Whether preoperative hyponatremia increases the risk of postoperative complications in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between preoperative hyponatremia and life-threatening postoperative complications (including death) among older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery.

Methods

This was a propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study. We recruited older patients (≥ 65 years of age) who underwent digestive tract surgery in our institution. The propensity score matching (PSM; 1:2) was used to balance a range of covariates between patients with preoperative hyponatremia (serum sodium [Na+] levels < 135 mmol/L) and those with normal [Na+] levels (135–145 mmol/L). The primary outcome was the occurrence of life-threatening postoperative complications and mortality (i.e., Clavien–Dindo grade IV and V [CD IV and V] complications) during hospital stay. The relationship between preoperative hyponatremia and the development of CD IV and V complications was identified with logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 1076 patients were analyzed (mean age 73.9 years; 421 female [39.1%]). Preoperative hyponatremia was identified in 122 patients. After matching, 312 patients were included in the analyses (104 patients with preoperative hyponatremia and 208 patients with normal [Na+] levels; mean age, 76.3 years; 130 female [41.7%]). When compared with normal [Na+] levels, preoperative hyponatremia was associated with an increased risk of CD IV and V complications (odds ratio [OR] 2.082, 95% confidential interval [CI] 1.041–4.164, P = 0.038). Preoperative hyponatremia was also significantly associated with a higher risk of postoperative infectious complications (OR 2.158, 95% CI 1.138–4.091, P = 0.018).

Conclusion

Preoperative hyponatremia can predict an increased risk of life-threatening postoperative complications and mortality in older patients undergoing digestive tract surgery.
Microstructure, mechanical and wear resistance properties of low-pressure cold-sprayed Al-7 Mg/Al2O3 and Al-10 Mg/Al2O3 composite coatings
Authors: Akisin C. J. , Venturi F. , Bai M. , Bennett C. J. , Hussain T.
Published: September 2021

Aluminium alloy-based metal matrix composites have successfully provided effective wear resistance and repair solutions in the automotive and aerospace sectors; however, the design and manufacture of these alloys are still under development. In this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of low-pressure cold-sprayed Al-7 Mg/Al2O3 and Al-10 Mg/Al2O3 composite coatings were investigated. The specific wear rates of the coatings were measured when testing them against alumina (Al2O3) counterbody, and the results showed that the cold-sprayed Al-10 Mg/Al2O3 composite coating showed less wear due to its superior hardness, lower porosity and shorter mean free path compared to the Al-7 Mg/Al2O3 composite coating. The microstructural analysis of the worn surfaces of the composite coatings revealed abrasive wear as the primary wear mechanism, and more damages were observed on Al-7 Mg/Al2O3 composite coatings. Most notably, Al2O3 particles were pulled out from the coating and were entrapped between the Al2O3 counterbody and the coating contact surfaces, resulting in a three-body abrasion mode.
Decreased biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis after short-term exposure to a simulated microgravity environment
Authors: Wang Dapeng , Bai Po , Zhang Bin , Su Xiaolei , Jiang Xuege , Fang Tingzheng , Wang Junfeng , Liu Changting
Published: September 2021

Background

Microbes threaten human health in space exploration. Studies have shown that Proteus mirabilis has been found in human space habitats. In addition, the biological characteristics of P. mirabilis in space have been studied unconditionally. The simulated microgravity environment provides a platform for understanding the changes in the biological characteristics of P. mirabilis.

Objective

This study intends to explore the effect of simulated microgravity on P. mirabilis, the formation of P. mirabilis biofilm, and its related mechanism.

Methods

The strange deformable rods were cultured continuously for 14 days under microgravity simulated in high-aspect rotating vessels (HARVs). The morphology, growth rate, metabolism, and biofilm formation of the strain were measured, and the phenotypic changes of P. mirabilis were evaluated. Transcriptome sequencing was used to detect differentially expressed genes under simulated microgravity and compared with phenotype.

Results

The growth rate, metabolic ability, and biofilm forming ability of P. mirabilis were lower than those of normal gravity culture under the condition of simulated microgravity. Further analysis showed that the decrease of growth rate, metabolic ability, and biofilm forming ability may be caused by the downregulation of related genes (pstS, sodB, and fumC).

Conclusion

The simulated microgravity condition enables us to explore the potential relationship between bacterial phenotype and molecular biology, thus opening up a suitable and constructive method for medical fields that have not been explored before. It provides a certain strategy for the treatment of P. mirabilis infectious diseases in space environment by exploring the microgravity of P. mirabilis.
Examining Whether Social Anxiety Influences Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Doyle Frances L. , Baillie Andrew J. , Crome Erica
Published: September 2021

Research investigating social anxiety and the impacts on romantic relationships remains scarce. An online questionnaire examining romantic relationship status, social anxiety and depression symptomology, relationship satisfaction, and several relationship processes was completed by 444 adults. Individuals with higher social anxiety were less likely to be in romantic relationships. For the 188 adults in our sample in current relationships, relationship satisfaction was not influenced by social anxiety when controlling for depression. Although it was proposed that self-disclosure, social support, trust, and conflict initiation might influence romantic relationship satisfaction, none of these mechanisms interacted with social anxiety to explain additional variance in relationship satisfaction. These findings indicate that depression symptomology may be a treatment target for socially anxious individuals wishing to improve romantic relationship satisfaction.
Philip Sidney's Travels in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Kuin Roger
Published: September 2021

After his stay in Paris in the summer of 1572, Philip Sidney (1554–86) spent nearly three years abroad, partly at the University of Padua and partly traveling through the Holy Roman Empire. His mentor Hubert Languet (1518–80) made him free of his large international network of friends and acquaintances, so that when the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre forced him to leave France, the seventeen year old could count on a benevolent reception in many places. This essay shows the various politico-religious cultures and structures Sidney learned on his travels through the empire, and incidentally confirms the historical identity of his equestrian mentor Pietro Pugliano.
ON ARISTOTLE'S PERI HERMENEIAS 16A1–18: THE CASE OF AN ANONYMOUS ARMENIAN COMMENTARY
Authors: Lachance Geneviève
Published: September 2021

The anonymous Armenian commentary was transmitted together with the Armenian translation of Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias (sixth century or earlier). It was composed in the Hellenizing style and commonly associated with the figure of David the Invincible, a philosopher of the Neoplatonic School of Alexandria. This article presents a general structural analysis of the commentary followed by a comparative study and translation of its first chapter. It argues that the commentary was indeed written in the tradition of late antique Greek commentaries but was probably not associated with late Neoplatonism. The Armenian commentary shares many common features with Ammonius’ commentary, but also departs from it on many crucial aspects. From a philosophical standpoint, it has much more in common with Boethius’ and Alexander of Aphrodisias’ commentaries than with those of the Neoplatonic School of Alexandria, thus suggesting an early writing date.
An observational study of T2-weighted white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus and brain: ignore or not?
Authors: Huang X , Grimmond N , Kontorinis G
Published: September 2021

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus frequently detects incidental white matter hyperintensities. This study investigated the association between these and the risk of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, or myocardial infarction.

Methods

The records of patients with incidental white matter hyperintensities were reviewed, and data were collected on: age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, or myocardial infarction, five years later. The risk factors associated with vascular events were explored.

Results

Of 6978 patients, 309 (4.4 per cent) had incidental white matter hyperintensities. Of these, 20 (6.5 per cent) had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack within five years, and 5 (1.7 per cent) had a myocardial infarction. The number of cardiovascular risk factors was significantly associated with the incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack (p = 0.004), and myocardial infarction (p = 0.023).

Conclusion

The number of cardiovascular risk factors predicts the likelihood of vascular events; appropriate risk factor management is recommended for patients with incidental white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin.
Why are we here?
Authors: Mawson T. J.
Published: September 2021

If one believes in God, what should one say is the answer to the question of why we are here? In this article, I hope to show that when we ask why we are here we ask several different questions at once and that Theism allows (indeed dictates) that these different questions have very different answers. Appreciating these differences can remove at least that perplexity generated when an answer which could well be plausible were it to be given in response to one question of God's purpose for us is mislocated and treated as if it were an answer to another.
Introduction to the Special Issue: The multiple births of International Relations
Authors: Thakur Vineet , Smith Karen
Published: September 2021

Disciplinary histories are, by default, complicit in the production of subjective memories as truth. This Special Issue builds on the existing scholarship on rethinking IR's disciplinary history by expanding its geographical focus beyond the West, and explores how IR came to define itself as a self-contained body of knowledge that is distinct from other fields of study in different parts of the world. These alternative histories enable us to appreciate that the development of IR as a global discipline was only possible through a transnational circulation of key ideas such as sovereignty, empire, Commonwealth and, especially, competing notions of the ‘international’. In addition, they bring attention to the purpose of knowledge and the politics of its production, and allow for both democratisation as well as discursive plurality.
Ottawa, 1857–1860: the making of Canada's capital city on the eve of Confederation
Authors: Shelekpayev Nari
Published: September 2021

Canadian historiography has long regarded the choice and elaboration of Ottawa as a capital city in the mid-nineteenth century as a political compromise between Ontario (Canada West) and Quebec (Canada East). This article suggests that this view be reconsidered in the context of Canada's expansion westward and the dispossession of Indigenous lands. The key goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of transforming Ottawa into a capital city in 1857–60, including not only its choice as the seat of government but also the elaboration of Canada's Parliament Buildings, which were to become the key symbol of its future statehood, as well as the visit of the prince of Wales to Ottawa in 1860. The prince's visit allowed the city to be legitimized and inaugurated as the new seat of government.
Moderne Behandlung des Genitourinären Syndroms der Menopause (GSM)
Authors: Stute Petra
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Das Genitourinäre Syndrom der Menopause (GSM) betrifft bis zu über 80 % aller postmenopausalen Frauen. Die Diagnostik erfolgt rein klinisch. Die Differentialdiagnostik erfordert gegebenenfalls eine zusätzliche Labordiagnostik. Es stehen international inzwischen viele Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung (hormonfreie Vaginalpräparate, hormonhaltige Vaginalpräparate, Vaginallaser). Die Wahl der Therapie hängt von der Schwere der Symptome, der Effektivität und Sicherheit der Behandlungen für die einzelne Patientin und ihren Präferenzen ab. Langzeitstudien zur endometrialen Sicherheit von vaginalem Östrogen und vaginalem Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) liegen nicht vor. Die Therapie sollte so lange wie nötig durchgeführt werden, das heisst eventuell lebenslang. Auch wenn die Datenlage zu hormonellen Vaginalpräparaten bei Brustkrebs unzureichend ist, so stehen die internationalen Fachgesellschaften dem Einsatz von vaginalem Östrogen und DHEA inzwischen offener gegenüber.
Endometriose und Klimakterisches Syndrom
Authors: Weber Marie Luise , Germeyer Ariane
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Auch jenseits der fertilen Phase können Unterbauchbeschwerden Hinweis eines Endometrioserezidiv sein. Unklare sonografische Adnexbefunde sind histologisch zum Ausschluss eines Malignoms abzuklären. Die Therapiestrategie ergibt sich aus den Hauptbedürfnissen der Patientin unter Beachtung ihrer Ko-Morbiditäten. Eine HRT sollte bei klimakterischen Beschwerden der Endometriose-Patientin nicht vorenthalten werden, sofern keine Kontraindikationen bestehen. Bei der Durchführung einer periklimakterischen HRT, sollte selbst im Zustand nach Hysterektomie in den ersten zwei bis drei Jahren eine kombinierte HRT angewendet werden. Nach Ausschöpfen der leitliniengerechten Therapie können alternative Ansätze im Off-Label-Use (AIs, Melatonin, Endometriumablation bei reiner Dysmenorrhoe) angeboten werden. Das therapeutische Vorgehen bei der (peri-)klimakterischen Patientin ist regelmässig zu überprüfen und gegebenenfalls an geänderte Bedürfnisse aber auch Grunderkrankungen anzupassen.
Associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among older adult men
Authors: Mozaffari Hadis , Jalilpiran Yahya , Suitor Katherine , Bellissimo Nick , Azadbakht Leila
Published: September 2021

Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, and epidemiological studies have suggested a link between diet and cardiometabolic risk. Currently, the prevalence of CVD is rapidly increasing with an aging population and continues to contribute to the growing economic and public health burden. However, there is limited evidence available regarding dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in older adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in males ≥60 years. Factor analysis identified a “healthy” diet and an “unhealthy” diet as the two primary dietary patterns. Multivariable logistic regression was used for estimating the associations of identified dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors including anthropometric measures, blood pressure, glycemic biomarkers, lipid profile, and inflammatory biomarkers. A healthy dietary pattern was significantly associated with decreased odds of high serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15–0.67; Ptrend=0.002), but increased odds of high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.02–3.24; Ptrend=0.04). In comparison, an unhealthy diet was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.31–4.15; Ptrend=0.004) and high LDL-C (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10–2.61; Ptrend=0.02). Thus, in older adults, adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern has a significant impact on clinically relevant risk factors for cardiometabolic risk.
Die Bedeutung individueller Merkmale und konstruktiver Unterstützung der Lehrkraft für die soziale Integration von Schülerinnen und Schülern im Mathematikunterricht der Sekundarstufe
Authors: Decristan Jasmin , Kunter Mareike , Fauth Benjamin
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Bedeutung von individuellen Merkmalen (Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und Leistungsängstlichkeit) sowie von konstruktiver Unterstützung durch Lehrkräfte für die soziale Integration von Schülerinnen und Schülern in der Sekundarstufe. Bezüglich des Unterrichtsqualitätsmerkmals der konstruktiven Unterstützung wird zwischen zwei Facetten unterschieden, nämlich einer sozio-emotionalen Unterstützung sowie einer fachlich-inhaltlichen Unterstützung durch die Lehrkraft. Dabei wird erstmals die Bedeutung dieser Facetten für die von Schülerinnen und Schülern erlebte soziale Integration untersucht und ebenso geprüft, welche differenziellen Zusammenhänge sich für Lernende mit individuellen Risikofaktoren schulischer Entwicklung zeigen. Es wurden Befragungsdaten aus zwei Erhebungszeitpunkten (mittlerer Abstand: 8 Wochen) von 1.116 Schülerinnen und Schülern in 49 Mathematikklassen der Sekundarstufe mehrebenen-analytisch ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass beide Facetten konstruktiver Unterstützung mit dem Erleben sozialer Integration zusammenhingen. Schülerinnen und Schüler mit niedrigem Mathematik-Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept bzw. hoher Leistungsängstlichkeit fühlten sich weniger gut in die Klassengemeinschaft integriert. Die Facetten konstruktiver Unterstützung spielten für diese Zusammenhänge eine besondere Rolle: Der Zusammenhang zwischen Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und sozialer Integration wurde durch eine fachlich-inhaltliche Unterstützung moderiert, sodass sich Lernende mit niedrigem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept in Klassen mit hoher fachlich-inhaltlicher Unterstützung vergleichbar gut sozial integriert fühlten wie die anderen Lernenden. Der Zusammenhang von Leistungsängstlichkeit und sozialer Integration wurde durch beide Facetten konstruktiver Unterstützung moderiert, sodass in Klassen mit hoher konstruktiver Unterstützung Lernende mit hoher Leistungsängstlichkeit sich genauso sozial integriert erlebten wie ihre weniger leistungsängstlichen Mitschülerinnen und Mitschüler. Der Beitrag untermauert somit die hohe Bedeutung von Beziehungsqualität im schulischen Kontext und bringt neue Erkenntnisse zu differenziellen Zusammenhängen von Unterricht und schulischen Outcomes in Abhängigkeit von den Lernvoraussetzungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler.
Prevalence and Correlates of Work-Phobic Anxiety in a National Representative Sample
Authors: Muschalla Beate
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Work anxiety is a common mental health problem that is often overlooked and often causes long periods of sick leave. This is the first representative survey on the distribution of work-phobic anxiety in Germany. Of the 2,030 working-age participants (18 – 67 years), 7 % had increased work-phobic anxiety of a moderate (5 % with scores >1.5 – 2.5 on a scale from 0 – 4) or high (2 % with scores >2.5 – 4) degree. People with high levels of work-phobic anxiety reported the longest sick leave durations during the past 12 months (8 weeks) and the most periods of unemployment in their professional lives. The three groups were similar in age, sex, and partnership status. People with high work-phobic anxiety perceived themselves least competent in almost all dimensions of psychological capacity. Occupational health must consider work-phobic anxiety as a specific mental health problem closely linked to work-ability problems.
Characteristics of Melting Layer in Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Detected by the GPM Dual‐Frequency Precipitation Radar
Authors: Qiao Junqi , Ai Weihua , Hu Xiong , Hu Shensen , Du Xiaoyong
Published: September 2021

A knowledge of melting layer (ML) is crucial for the accurate estimation of rainfall and the study of microphysical characterization of the cloud. Based on 5 years (2016–2020) of measurements of cyclones over the Western North Pacific from the dual‐frequency precipitation radar on board the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, the characteristics and microphysical processes of ML are investigated. Our research shows that the height of the top boundary of ML is higher than the freezing level (0 degrees centigrade level, FL), and the Ze of freezing level is larger than that of the top of ML. The height of ML is the result of the combined effect of latitude and stage of cyclone. When the ice particles pass through the ML, the mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm), the generalized intercept parameter (Nw), and the distributions of the reflectivity factor (Ze) increase, indicating that growth mechanism and breakup process.
Quantification of Diffuse Auroral Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler Mode Waves at Jupiter
Authors: Li Wen , Ma Q. , Shen X.‐C. , Zhang X.‐J. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Allegrini F. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Hue V. , Gladstone G. R. , Greathouse T. K. , Bolton S. J.
Published: September 2021

While previous studies suggested whistler mode waves as a potential driver of Jupiter's diffuse aurora, their quantitative contribution to generate diffuse aurora remains unclear. We perform an in‐depth analysis of an intriguing diffuse auroral electron precipitation event using coordinated observations of precipitating electrons and whistler mode waves from the Juno satellite. A physics‐based technique is used to quantify energetic electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves. We find that the modeled electron precipitation features are consistent with the electron measurements from several keV to several hundred keV over M‐shells of 8–18, while additional mechanisms are needed to explain the observed electron precipitation at lower energies (<several keV). Our result provides new quantitative evidence that whistler mode waves are potentially a primary driver of precipitating electrons from several keV to several hundred keV through pitch angle scattering over M ∼ 8–18 and thus generate Jupiter's diffuse aurora.
Can Earth's Magnetotail Plasma Sheet Produce a Source of Relativistic Electrons for the Radiation Belts?
Authors: Turner Drew L. , Cohen Ian J. , Michael Adam , Sorathia Kareem , Merkin Slava , Mauk Barry H. , Ukhorskiy Sasha , Murphy Kyle R. , Gabrielse Christine , Boyd Alexander J. , Fennell Joseph F. , Blake J. Bernard , Claudepierre Seth G. , Drozdov Alexander Y. , Jaynes Allison N. , Ripoll Jean‐François , Reeves Geoffrey D.
Published: September 2021

Simultaneous observations from Van Allen Probes in Earth's outer radiation belt (∼4–6 RE) and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) in the magnetotail plasma sheet at >20 RE geocentric distance are used to compare relative levels of relativistic electron phase space density (PSD) for constant values of the first adiabatic invariant, M. We present new evidence from two events showing: (a) at times, there is sufficient PSD in the central plasma sheet to provide a source of >1 MeV electrons into the outer belt; (b) the most intense levels of relativistic electrons are not accelerated in the solar wind or transported from the inner magnetosphere and thus must be accelerated rapidly (within ∼minutes or less) and efficiently across a broad region of the magnetotail itself; and (c) the highest intensity relativistic electrons observed by MMS were confined within only the central plasma sheet. The answer to the title question here is: yes, it can, however whether Earth's plasma sheet actually does provide a source of several 100s keV to >1 MeV electrons to the outer belt and how often it does so remain important outstanding questions.
Coseismic Debris Remains in the Orogen Despite a Decade of Enhanced Landsliding
Authors: Dai Lanxin , Scaringi Gianvito , Fan Xuanmei , Yunus Ali P. , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Xu Qiang , Huang Runqiu
Published: September 2021

Major earthquakes in steep orogens can trigger extensive landsliding. Most of the landslide bodies come to rest high on the slopes, but subsequent rainfalls can easily remobilize them. Sharp peaks in landslide rates are systematically observed after major earthquakes, followed by rapid decays to background levels in just several years. Yet, the migration of coseismic debris into tributary channels and rivers remains poorly understood. We collected 12 years of observations of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake's epicentral region in China and evaluated that debris flows and fluvial transport could only evacuate a small portion of coseismic debris, while over 70% of it had stabilized on the hillslopes. Coseismic debris may remain in the orogen for a long time, but estimates based on initial landslide abundance and sediment export are hampered by uncertainties in the debris fate throughout the earthquake cycle.
Effects of Alteration and Cracks on the Seismic Velocity Structure of Oceanic Lithosphere Inferred From Ultrasonic Measurements of Mafic and Ultramafic Samples Collected by the Oman Drilling Project
Authors: Hatakeyama Kohei , Katayama Ikuo , Abe Natsue , Okazaki Keishi , Michibayashi Katsuyoshi ,   the Oman Drilling Project Science Party
Published: September 2021

Seismic velocity structures of the oceanic lithosphere are variable due to the variation of alteration and heterogeneities in porosity. In order to interpret geophysically determined velocity structures, it is necessary to understand how the seismic velocity of the oceanic lithosphere is affected by alteration and porosity. We conducted petrological analysis and elastic wave velocity measurements at 200 MPa on mafic and ultramafic rocks drilled from the Samail ophiolite. The elastic wave velocity calculated from the mineral abundances of the ultramafic rocks was sensitive to serpentinization, whereas that of the mafic rocks was nearly independent of the alteration, suggesting that velocity changes with depth in the oceanic crust are mainly due to porosity reduction. Based on the effective medium theory and pressure dependence of the experimentally determined velocity, the change in the porosity was estimated to be 0.04%–0.42% at 200 MPa, indicating porosity reduction by the increase of lithostatic pressure in the oceanic crust in the fast‐spreading system such as the Pacific plate. We estimated the degree of hydration in the mantle to account for the geophysical observations based on the laboratory experiments. Both the crustal porosity and mantle serpentinization increase towards the trench due to fracture related plate bending, indicating extensive hydration of the oceanic lithosphere close to the trench. From these estimates, water contents in the oceanic lithosphere were calculated to be as high as 3 wt.% in the shallow crust and 6 wt.% in the upper most mantle, which is significant for water transport into Earth's interior.
Distribution and Sources of Carbon in Serpentinized Mantle Peridotites at the Atlantis Massif (IODP Expedition 357)
Authors: Ternieten Lotta , Früh‐Green Gretchen L. , Bernasconi Stefano M.
Published: September 2021

The carbon geochemistry of serpentinized peridotites and gabbroic rocks recovered during IODP Expedition 357 on the Atlantis Massif (AM) was examined to characterize carbon sources and the fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater during long‐lived hydrothermal circulation and serpentinization. Carbon isotopes reveal three stages of carbonate formation, starting at least 38,000 yr ago: (a) Early dispersed carbonate precipitation, with low water/rock ratios and high temperatures (50°C–190°C); (b) carbonate vein formation related to high and focused fluid fluxes still at high temperatures (30°C–200°C); and (c) seawater circulation leading to cold carbonate precipitation controlled by late, brittle fractures during uplift, and unroofing of the oceanic core complex. Our study reveals three main DIC sources in the system: (a) DIC from abiotic hydrothermal degradation of dissolved organic matter (OM); (b) DIC from seawater; and (c) DIC from mantle‐derived volatiles. Basement rocks containing dispersed carbonates are characterized by high concentrations (∼800 ppm) of total non‐carbonate carbon (NCC) and 13C‐depleted carbonates. We propose that high seawater fluxes in the southern part of the AM likely favor the transport and incorporation of marine DOC in serpentinites and that carbonates record isotopic signals of OM decay. Our study indicates that organic carbon accounts for a significant proportion of the total carbon stored in the AM and suggests that serpentinites may be an important sink of DOC from seawater.
Effects of a Weak Lower Crust on the Flexure of Continental Lithosphere
Authors: Bellas Ashley , Zhong Shijie
Published: September 2021

Previous studies of flexure in continental settings assert that the elastic thickness of a multilayer lithosphere is controlled by the mechanically competent layer thicknesses only, following a cubic rule. More specifically, the cubic rule states Te = (Te13+Te23+ … Ten3)1/3, where Te is the total elastic thickness, and Tei is the elastic thickness of each competent layer. However, it is not necessarily clear that Te should be insensitive to the properties of intermediate weak layers (e.g., a weak lower crust) which may act to decouple the surface load from lower competent layers. To test this idea, we formulate 2D viscoelastic loading models with layered viscosity to compute the fully dynamic, time‐dependent response of a multilayer lithosphere with a weak lower crust. Results show that the flexural response of a multilayer lithosphere to a surface load is initially consistent with the cubic rule. However, this solution is transient because the stress associated with the load cannot be transmitted through the weak lower crust on long timescales. Stress in the mantle lithosphere relaxes with time and eventually does not support the load at all due to the decoupling effect of flow in the weak lower crust. The steady state flexure of a multilayer lithosphere is controlled solely by the mechanically competent upper crust such that Te = Te1, and this new rule is the major finding of this study. Our new findings now explain small estimates of Te in continental settings with thick mantle lithosphere such as the Northern Tien Shan, which previously, were poorly explained by the cubic rule.
Hydrological Changes Related to ENSO‐Like States During the Last Deglaciation in Central Eastern China
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Dodson John , Chang Maoxiang , Li Guangxue
Published: September 2021

Present knowledge of hydrological changes in the East Asian summer monsoon region during the last deglaciation lacks precision, most especially for central eastern China. A hydrological reconstruction based on elemental ratios, such as Rubidium/Strontium (Rb/Sr) and Zirconium/Rubidium (Zr/Rb), and grain‐size distribution for the period of 22.8–7.4 ka was derived from the Dajiuhu basin in central eastern China. The reconstruction shows that there were some small wet‐dry fluctuations within the basin between 22.8 and 17.5 ka, but an abrupt wetting after 17.5 ka, with a maximum occurring around 15.0 ka, then a drying trend until the early Holocene. This pattern parallels the zonal gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific, which suggests that wet conditions in the Dajiuhu basin respond to the decreased SST zonal gradient. A marked decrease in the tropical Pacific SST zonal gradient, seen as an El Niño‐like state, could lead to an anomalous anticyclonic circulation at the Western Pacific and a southward excursion of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, which favors the occurrence of wet conditions in central eastern China. Meanwhile, this El Niño‐like state could sharpen the SST meridional gradient between the tropics and the extratropics, and then shift the upper tropospheric westerlies southward, which in turn induces a prolonged Mei‐yu and more precipitation in central eastern China. Overall, it is concluded that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐like states might be a major forcing for hydrological changes in central eastern China during the last deglaciation.
Correction: Spatiotemporal distribution and speciation of silver nanoparticles in the healing wound
Authors: Roman Marco , Rigo Chiara , Castillo-Michel Hiram , Urgast Dagmar S. , Feldmann Jörg , Munivrana Ivan , Vindigni Vincenzo , Mičetić Ivan , Benetti Federico , Barbante Carlo , Cairns Warren R. L.
Published: September 2021

Correction for ‘Spatiotemporal distribution and speciation of silver nanoparticles in the healing wound’ by Marco Roman et al., Analyst, 2020, 145, 6456–6469, DOI: 10.1039/D0AN00607F.
Refining crystal structures using 13C NMR chemical shift tensors as a target function
Authors: Wang Luther , Harper James K.
Published: September 2021

A two-step process is described for refining crystal structures from any source.
Intermolecular interactions and solubility behavior of multicomponent crystal forms of 2,4-D: design, structure analysis, and solid-state characterization
Authors: Fang Lan , Xiao Yuntian , Zhang Chengtian , Gao Zhenguo , Wu Songgu , Gong Junbo , Rohani Sohrab
Published: September 2021

Five new multicomponent solid forms of 2,4-D were successfully synthesized. The equilibrium solubility measurement confirmed the improvements in water solubility of new multicomponent crystals.
Investigation of Al(TfO)3-based deep eutectic solvent electrolytes for aluminium-ion batteries. Part I: understanding the positively charged Al complex formation
Authors: Peters Willi , Duong Hong Thu , Lee Soobin , Drillet Jean-Francois
Published: September 2021

This experimental study reveals the presence of mainly two-fold positively charged aluminium complexes in NMA : Al(TfO)3 : urea mixtures caused by bidentate hydrogen bonding between Al triflate and urea at a specific 1 : 4 ratio.
Carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts: from oxygen reduction to multifunctional electrocatalysis
Authors: Hu Chuangang , Paul Rajib , Dai Quanbin , Dai Liming
Published: September 2021

This article provides a timely and critical review on carbon-based metal-free catalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions, along with the mechanistic and structure–property relationship understanding, current challenges, and future perspectives.
The protonation state governs the coordination of phosphinoferrocene guanidines
Authors: Bárta Ondřej , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: September 2021

Protonation state of the guanidine unit in phosphinoferrocene guanidines controls the coordination behaviour of these hybrid P,N-ligands.
New insights into boron species in acidic digestion solutions of boron-doped silicon
Authors: Rietig Anja , Grafe Hans-Joachim , Acker Jörg
Published: September 2021

A previously unknown B–Si compound is identified in the HF/HNO3 digestions of p-type Si and the conditions that lead to erroneous results in the analysis of boron in Si are investigated.
Inspiration for revival of old drugs: improving solubility and avoiding hygroscopicity of pipemidic acid by forming two pharmaceutical salts based on charge-assisted hydrogen bond recognitions
Authors: Zhang Yunan , Duan Yu , Su Jin , Liu Lixin , Feng Yanru , Wu Lili , Zhang Lei , Zhang Yunjie , Zou Dongyu , Liu Yingli
Published: September 2021

Improving solubility and avoiding hygroscopicity of pipemidic acid by forming pharmaceutical salts based on CAHBs.
Normalization of the tumor microvasculature based on targeting and modulation of the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Ning Fang , Wang Changduo , Yu Hongli , Ma Qingming , Sun Yong
Published: September 2021

Normalization of tumor microvasculature by modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
MeOTf/KI-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 2-arylnaphthalenes via cyclodimerization of styrene oxides
Authors: Zou Song , Zhang Zeyu , Chen Chao , Xi Chanjuan
Published: September 2021

A practical and environmentally friendly methodology for the construction of 2-arylnaphthalene by the MeOTf/KI-catalyzed cyclodimerization of aryl ethylene oxides in ethanol was achieved.
Electric field modulated peptide based hydrogel nanocatalysts
Authors: Saikia Jahnu , Dharmalingam K. , Anandalakshmi R. , Redkar Amay Sanjay , Bhat Venugopal T. , Ramakrishnan Vibin
Published: September 2021

The ability to modulate self-assembly is the key to manufacture application-oriented materials.
Tuning of volume phase transition of ionogels based on the chemical structure of ionic liquids
Authors: Jin Woojin , Yoo Kiyoung , Elesta Prisca Putri , Go Yeonjeong , Yoon Jinhwan
Published: September 2021

Tuning of thermal and swelling behavior for PNIPAm based ionogels is achieved by the chemical structure of the ionic liquid, and it can be finely tuned by the mixing of ILs.
Mechanical properties and pore size distribution in athermal porous glasses
Authors: Niyogi Sucharita , Sen Gupta Bhaskar
Published: September 2021

We study the mechanical properties and pore size distribution of porous glass under athermal quasistatic shear.
Constriction length dependent instabilities in the microfluidic entry flow of polymer solutions
Authors: Raihan Mahmud Kamal , Wu Sen , Song Yongxin , Xuan Xiangchun
Published: September 2021

We investigate the rheological responses of entry flow instabilities with three different polymer solutions and water in planar contraction-expansion microchannels differing only in the constriction length.
ALCHEMI, an ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory
Authors: Martín S. , Mangum J. G. , Harada N. , Costagliola F. , Sakamoto K. , Muller S. , Aladro R. , Tanaka K. , Yoshimura Y. , Nakanishi K. , Herrero-Illana R. , Mühle S. , Aalto S. , Behrens E. , Colzi L. , Emig K. L. , Fuller G. A. , García-Burillo S. , Greve T. R. , Henkel C. , Holdship J. , Humire P. , Hunt L. , Izumi T. , Kohno K. , König S. , Meier D. S. , Nakajima T. , Nishimura Y. , Padovani M. , Rivilla V. M. , Takano S. , van der Werf P. P. , Viti S. , Yan Y. T.
Published: September 2021

Context.The interstellar medium is the locus of physical processes affecting the evolution of galaxies which drive or are the result of star formation activity, supermassive black hole growth, and feedback. The resulting physical conditions determine the observable chemical abundances that can be explored through molecular emission observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.

Aims.Our goal is to unveiling the molecular richness of the central region of the prototypical nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency coverage.

Methods.We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), covering a nearly contiguous 289 GHz frequency range between 84.2 and 373.2 GHz, to image the continuum and spectral line emission at 1.6″(∼28 pc) resolution down to a sensitivity of 30 − 50 mK. This article describes the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We focus on the analysis of the spectra extracted from the 15″ (∼255 pc) resolution ALMA Compact Array data.

Results.We modeled the molecular emission assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium with 78 species being detected. Additionally, multiple hydrogen and helium recombination lines are identified. Spectral lines contribute 5 to 36% of the total emission in frequency bins of 50 GHz. We report the first extragalactic detections of C2H5OH, HOCN, HC3HO, and several rare isotopologues. Isotopic ratios of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon were measured with multiple species.

Concluison.Infrared pumped vibrationaly excited HCN, HNC, and HC3N emission, originating in massive star formation locations, is clearly detected at low resolution, while we do not detect it for HCO+. We suggest high temperature conditions in these regions driving a seemingly “carbon-rich” chemistry which may also explain the observed high abundance of organic species close to those in Galactic hot cores. TheLvib/LIRratio was used as a proxy to estimate a 3% contribution from the proto super star cluster to the global infrared emission. Measured isotopic ratios with high dipole moment species agree with those within the central kiloparsec of the Galaxy, while those derived from13C/18O are a factor of five larger, confirming the existence of multiple interstellar medium components within NGC 253 with different degrees of nucleosynthesis enrichment. The ALCHEMI data set provides a unique template for studies of star-forming galaxies in the early Universe.
Effect of plant spacing and pest controls ofSpodoptera exiguaon shallots in Majalengka Regency, West Java
Authors: Nurawan Agus , Hamdani Kiki Kusyaeri
Published: September 2021

This study examines the spacing and control of Spodoptera exigua pests on shallot plants in West Java. The research was conducted in Payung Village, Rajagaluh District, Majalengka Regency, West Java from September to November 2018. The study used a randomized complete block design with a total of four treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of 1) spacing 15 x 20 cm + traps, 2) spacing 18 x 20 cm + traps, 3) spacing 20 x 20 cm + traps, and 4) spacing 20 x 20 cm + chemical. Data were analysed using the F test and followed by the Duncan test at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that the treatment of 18 x 20 cm spacing + traps resulted in the highest productivity of shallots compared to other treatments, namely 13.5 tons per hectare. The use of sex pheromone traps was more effective in controlling S. exigua pests than light traps and yellow traps.
Effect of biopesticides against stem borer (Lophobaris piperis) and Thrips sp. on pepper (Piper nigrum)
Authors: Kardinan Agus , Maris Paramita
Published: September 2021

One of the pepper crop production obstacles is the presence of pests. Several pests that often attack pepper plants in the Sukamulya Experimental Station is pepper stem borer (Lophobaris piperis) and Thrips sp. We studied the effect of biopesticides of botanical pesticides and biological pesticides at the Sukamulya Experimental Station, Sukabumi – West Java in 2020 against the pepper stem borer L. piperis and Thrips sp. in pepper plantation. The research was designed in a randomized block with three treatments, namely (1) botanical pesticides, (2) biological pesticides and (3) control (water), and nine replications. The treatment application is carried out once a month, done immediately after observing the intensity of the pest attack. The results showed that the attack of pepper stem borer was low (below 10%), so the effect of the treatment could not be seen significantly. The Thrips attack was high enough, it was seen that there was the ability of botanical pesticides to reduce the intensity of the attack. Meanwhile, the biological pesticide had not yet shown its ability to reduce the intensity of Thrips sp.
Growth and productivity of new superior rice varieties and respondents’ preference in Majalengka Regency
Authors: Surdianto Yanto , Sunandar Bambang , Kurnia  , Sutrisna Nana
Published: September 2021

In developing new superior rice varieties, farmers’ preferences are important things to study and high yield potential. The study aimed to obtain new superior varieties of adaptive rice based on plant growth and productivity performance and determine respondents’ preferences for the varieties studied. The study was conducted in rainfed rice fields, Majalengka Regency, West Java Province, from April to August 2020. The study used a randomized block with 6 treatments: Inpari 32 varieties, Inpari 39, Inpari 42, Inpari 43, Pajajaran, and Siliwangi, and repeated 5 times. The observed parameters consisted of: growth, yield components, and yields were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The respondent’s preference test for grain and rice and organoleptic characters used a Likert scale and analyzed non-parametrically (Friedman test). The results showed that the Inpari 43 variety gave the highest yield. Still, farmers preferred the Inpari 32 variety to be developed because it has characters favored by farmers (respondents), namely short plant height, a large number of tillers, thin grain shape, white rice color, and fluffier rice taste.