bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remnant magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As nanostructures
Authors: Figielski T. , Wosinski T. , Morawski A. , Makosa A. , Wrobel J. , Sadowski J.
Published: February 2007

The authors show a magnetoresistive effect that appears in a lithographically shaped, three-arm nanostructure fabricated from ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As layers. The effect, related to a rearrangement of magnetic domain walls between different pairs of arms in the structure, is revealed as a dependence of zero-field resistance on the direction of the previously applied magnetic field. This effect could allow designing devices with unique switching and memory properties.
Proximity and anomalous field-effect characteristics in double-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Lu Jie , Yin Sun , Peng L. M. , Sun Z. Z. , Wang X. R.
Published: February 2007

Proximity effect on field-effect characteristic in double-wall carbon nanotubes is investigated. In a semiconductor-metal double-wall carbon nanotube, the penetration of electron wave functions in the metallic shell to the semiconducting shell turns the original semiconducting shell into a metal where the local density of states is not zero at the Fermi level. By using a two-band tight-binding model on a ladder of two legs, it is demonstrated that anomalous field-effect characteristic in semiconductor-metal-type double-wall carbon nanotubes can be fully understood by the proximity effect of metallic phases.
Circularly polarized thermal radiation from layer-by-layer photonic crystal structures
Authors: Lee Jeffrey Chi Wai , Chan C. T.
Published: February 2007

The authors studied the thermal radiation properties of a chiral layer-by-layer photonic crystal structure. They found that thermal emissions have a predominantly circular polarization in some frequency ranges and the mechanism underlying this circularly polarized thermal emission is traced to polarization gaps inherent in the layer-by-layer photonic crystal or to surface plasmons if the photonic crystal is supported by a metal substrate.
Approximate solutions to the quantum drift-diffusion model of semiconductors
Authors: Romano V. , Torrisi M. , Tracinà R.
Published: February 2007

Approximate solutions to the quantum drift-diffusion model for semiconductors are found with the aid of the symmetry group analysis. The system is written as singularly perturbed equations which are solved up to first order in the scaled reduced Planck constant. An example of solution of a nanoscale n+−n junction is provided and the difference with the classical case is shown.
Nanometric three-dimensional tracking of individual quantum dots in cells
Authors: Holtzer Laurent , Meckel Tobias , Schmidt Thomas
Published: February 2007

Wide-field single-molecule fluorescence microscopy has become an established tool for the study of dynamic biological processes which occur in the plane of a cellular membrane. In the current study we have extended this technique to the three-dimensional analysis of molecular mobility. Introduction of a cylindrical lens into the emission path of a microscope produced some astigmatism which was used to obtain the full three-dimensional position information. The localization accuracy of fluorescent objects was calculated theoretically and subsequently confirmed by simulations and by experiments. For further validation individual quantum dots were followed when passively diffusing and actively transported within life cells.
Band offsets of HfO2∕GeON∕Ge stacks measured by ultraviolet and soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies
Authors: Martinez E. , Renault O. , Fourdrinier L. , Clavelier L. , Le Royer C. , Licitra C. , Veyron T. , Hartmann J. M. , Loup V. , Vandroux L. , Guittet M. J. , Barrett N.
Published: February 2007

Electronic properties of the HfO2∕GeON∕Ge stacks were studied using ultraviolet and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopies. The valence band offset of HfO2 with Ge is equal to 2.9±0.1eV. Intermediate electronic states were observed in the GeON band gap related to structural defects, oxygen vacancies, and N 2p states. As a consequence, the GeON valence band offset with Ge is reduced by 2.4±0.1eV to reach 1.2±0.1eV. This value is lower than the previous reported results with a GeOx interfacial layer, but still compatible with the semiconductor technology.
Low voltage and fast speed all-polymeric optocouplers
Authors: Yao Yan , Chen Hsiang-Yu , Huang Jinsong , Yang Yang
Published: February 2007

An all-polymeric optocoupler has been demonstrated with a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) as the light source (input unit) and a polymer/fullerene photodiode (PD) as the detector (output unit). The electroluminescence (EL) peak of the PLED is 560nm, and the entire EL spectrum is within the response range of the PD. The optocoupler can work at low driving voltages, 5V on the PLED and 0V on the PD. The output photocurrent increases linearly with input current, and the current density transfer ratio reaches 1.5%. The frequency response of the optocoupler is at 500kHz. With comparable performance to their inorganic counterparts, the all-polymeric optocouplers demonstrated here will bring the technology of organic photonic devices one step closer to commercialization.
Optical and electrical properties of [N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-ethylenediamine]zinc as an electroluminescent material
Authors: Xu Bingshe , Hao Yuying , Fang Xiaohong , Wang Hua , Liu Xuguang
Published: February 2007

The variability of photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) properties of [N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-ethylenediamine]zinc [Zn(salen)] was investigated. It was found that the PL spectra of Zn(salen) powder are dependent on synthesis temperature, and recrystallization solvent and those of Zn(salen) film are dependent on deposition vacuum degree. The EL properties of Zn(salen) are not only dependent on deposition vacuum degree but also dependent on driving voltage. The variability of PL and EL properties of Zn(salen) can be related to the various molecular geometries of Zn(salen).
Organophosphorus Intermediates. IX. The Cleavage of α,ω-Bisdiphenylphosphinoalkanes With Lithium. A 13P N.M.R. Study
Authors: Brooks P , Gallagher MJ , Sarroff A
Published: February 2007

The title phosphines, Ph2P(CH2).PPh2 (n = 2-5), react with lithium in tetrahydrofuran to give the corresponding 1, n-dilithio-1, n-di(phenylphosphines) directly with little or no intermediacy of the 1-lithio- 1-phenyl- n- diphenylphosphinoalkanes which can, however, be obtained by arylation of the diphosphides. Methylenebisdiphenylphosphine and 1,4-diphenyl-1,4-diphosphinane undergo exclusive phosphorus-alkyl carbon cleavage. The chemistry and 31P n.m.r. spectroscopy of the diphosphides are described and the mechanism of the cleavage reaction is discussed. Some cleavage reactions in liquid ammonia are described.
Collision-Induced Carbanion Rearrangements. The Elimination of Ethene From the 3,3-Dimethylheptan-4-one Enolate Ion
Authors: Currie GJ , Stringer MB , Bowie JH , Holmes JL
Published: February 2007

The mechanisms of formation of the major product ions produced by collision activation of the enolate negative ion of 3,3-dimethylheptan-4-one have been studied by deuterium labelling. H2 loss involves 1,2-elimination from the 6- and 7-positions. Methane elimination is complex involving three competitive rearrangement processes. Ethene loss produces the most abundant fragment ion and occurs by elimination of the C1-C2 ethyl group with concomitant proton transfer from the 1-position. In the case of the enolate ion from CD3CH2CMe2COPr, the expected elimination of C2H2D2 competes with loss of C2H4 from positions 6 and 7. Other decompositions are as follows: loss of C3H8 involves the methyl and ethyl substituents at positions 7, 1 and 2 respectively; loss of C4H8 occurs by two processes, ( i ) successive losses of two C2H4 units (from the 1, 2 then 6, 7 positions), and (ii) loss of CH2=CMe2 (from the 2 and 3 positions); and loss of C5H12 produces Et-C=C-0-. .
Studies in the Cycloproparene Series: Reactions of Alkylidenecycloproparenes With Electrophiles
Authors: Buckland SJ , Halton B , Mei Q , Stang PJ
Published: February 2007

The addition of an electrophile to the alkylidenecycloproparenes (2a-d) is dominated by capture at the exocyclic centre with formation of the corresponding cycloproparenyl cation, e.g. (15). Subsequent reaction with the counter ion is usually accompanied by cleavage of the three-membered ring. Thus compounds (2) give the ethanones (4) with aqueous acids whilst anhydrous acetic acid yields the vinyl acetates (5). Silver(1)-catalysed methanolysis of (2) leads to vinyl ethers (6); the alkyne (7) is formed only from (2d) which carries a vinylic proton. Brominations and bromine water additions lead to products of ring expansion (8)-(10) or ring cleavage (11)-(14) depending upon the conditions employed. These latter reactions demonstrate a delicate balance between cycloproparenylcarbinyl cation formation and cleavage of the three-membered ring.
Nucleophilic Displacements of Imidazoles. I. Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon Nucleophiles
Authors: Kulkarni S , Grimmett MR , Hanton LR , Simpson J
Published: February 2007

4(5)- Bromo - and - iodo-imidazoles, activated by an adjacent nitro substituent, undergo nucleophilic displacement with methoxide, phenoxide , cyclic secondary chines and cyanide. The regiochemistry of the reactions of 5-iodo-4-nitroimidazole with methoxide has been confirmed by spectroscopic and X-ray methods, and a number of erroneous structures from the literature have been revised. Some apparently anomalous reactions of methoxide with 5-halo-1,2-dimethyl-4- nitroimidazoles, and of cyanide with 4-halo-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole have been noted. The crystal and molecular structure of 5-methoxy-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole has been determine: by direct methods. Crystals are monoclinic, P21/c, a 10.929(3), b 8 899(2), c 7.290(2) �; β 92.87(2)�; Z 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.095 for 818 reflections (I > 2σI).
The Crystal and Molecular-Structure of mer-Cr(CO)3(η1-dpm)(η2-dpm) (dpm = Ph2PCH2PPh2)
Authors: Colton R , Hoskins BF , Mcgregor K
Published: February 2007

Crystals of mer-Cr(CO)3(η1-dpm)(η2-dpm).CH2Cl2 are triclinic, P1, a 12.OO7(3), b 18 876(4), c 11.836(2) �, α 107.82(1), β 101.07(2), γ 97.17(2)�. The environment of the chromium atom is approximately octahedral, with the diphosphine ligands displaying both monodentate and bidentate coordination.
Studies of Australian Soft Corals. XLI. Structure Determination of a New Sesquiterpene From Xenia novae-britanniae and an Investigation of a Xenia Species
Authors: Bowden BF , Coll JC , Engelhardt LM , Heaton A , White AH
Published: February 2007

.A novel sesquiterpene (1 Z,2R*,4R*,7S*,11S*)-3,3,7,11-tetramethyltricyclo[6.3.0.02,4]undec-1(8)-en-4-ol (3) was isolated from the soft coral Xenia novae-britanniae. Its structure was tentatively deduced by n.m.r. spectroscopy, and the structure with relative stereochemistry was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Investigation of a Xenia species afforded the known metabolite waixenicin -A previously isolated from Anthelia edmondsoni .
NF-κB prevents β cell death and autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice
Authors: Kim Sunshin , Millet Isabelle , Kim Hun Sik , Kim Ja Young , Han Myoung Sook , Lee Moon-Kyu , Kim Kwang-Won , Sherwin Robert S. , Karin Michael , Lee Myung-Shik
Published: February 2007

Whereas NF-κB has potent antiapoptotic function in most cell types, it was reported that in pancreatic β cells it serves a proapoptotic function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. To investigate the role of β cell NF-κB in autoimmune diabetes, we produced transgenic mice expressing a nondegradable form of IκBα in pancreatic β cells (RIP-mIκBα mice). β cells of these mice were more susceptible to killing by TNF-α plus IFN-γ but more resistant to IL-1β plus IFN-γ than normal β cells. Similar results were obtained with β cells lacking IκB kinase β, a protein kinase required for NF-κB activation. Inhibition of β cell NF-κB accelerated the development of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice but had no effect on glucose tolerance or serum insulin in C57BL/6 mice, precluding a nonphysiological effect of transgene expression. Development of diabetes after transfer of diabetogenic CD4+T cells was accelerated in RIP-mIκBα/nonobese diabetic mice and was abrogated by anti-TNF therapy. These results suggest that under conditions that resemble autoimmune type 1 diabetes, the dominant effect of NF-κB is prevention of TNF-induced apoptosis. This differs from the proapoptotic function of NF-κB in IL-1β-stimulated β cells.
Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data
Authors: Duarte Natalie C. , Becker Scott A. , Jamshidi Neema , Thiele Ines , Mo Monica L. , Vo Thuy D. , Srivas Rohith , Palsson Bernhard Ø.
Published: February 2007

Metabolism is a vital cellular process, and its malfunction is a major contributor to human disease. Metabolic networks are complex and highly interconnected, and thus systems-level computational approaches are required to elucidate and understand metabolic genotype–phenotype relationships. We have manually reconstructed the global human metabolic network based on Build 35 of the genome annotation and a comprehensive evaluation of >50 years of legacy data (i.e., bibliomic data). Herein we describe the reconstruction process and demonstrate how the resulting genome-scale (or global) network can be used (
i
) for the discovery of missing information, (
ii
) for the formulation of an
in silico
model, and (
iii
) as a structured context for analyzing high-throughput biological data sets. Our comprehensive evaluation of the literature revealed many gaps in the current understanding of human metabolism that require future experimental investigation. Mathematical analysis of network structure elucidated the implications of intracellular compartmentalization and the potential use of correlated reaction sets for alternative drug target identification. Integrated analysis of high-throughput data sets within the context of the reconstruction enabled a global assessment of functional metabolic states. These results highlight some of the applications enabled by the reconstructed human metabolic network. The establishment of this network represents an important step toward genome-scale human systems biology.
Hepatitis C Virus Transmission From a Healthcare Worker to a Patient
Authors: Lot Florence , Delarocque-Astagneau Elisabeth , Thiers Valérie , Bernet Claude , Rimlinger François , Desenclos Jean-Claude , Chaud Pascal , Dumay Françoise
Published: February 2007

We investigated the source of infection in a patient who developed acute hepatitis C virus infection after cardiothoracic surgery. A healthcare worker was found to be infected with hepatitis C virus, and molecular analysis indicated the strain was similar to that found in the patient. The exact mode of transmission was not identified; however, atopic eczema on the healthcare worker's hands may have contributed to the transmission.
Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusIsolates in a Dental Clinic Environment
Authors: Motta Rogério Heládio Lopes , Groppo Francisco Carlos , Bergamaschi Cristiane de Cássia , Ramacciato Juliana Cama , Baglie Sinvaldo , Mattos-Filho Thales Rocha de
Published: February 2007

Objective.

To determine the number ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates collected in a dental clinical environment and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents commonly used in dentistry.

Setting.

Undergraduate clinic of the Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Brazil.

Methods.

Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect the samples from dental-chair push buttons, light handles, 3-in-l syringes, computer “Enter” keys, doorknobs, and X-ray tubes before, during, and after clinical procedures. These samples were spread on brain-heart infusion agar and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The resultingS. aureusisolates were counted and classified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. The counts among the 3 periods and the groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α= 5%). Commercial paper disks containing widely prescribed antimicrobial agents (β-lactams, macrolides, clindamycin, and vancomycin) were used to perform the antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Results.

An increase in the number of microorganisms was observed during clinical procedures (P< .05). The highest bacterial resistance rates were observed for theβ-lactam group. All isolated strains were sensitive to vancomycin, and 2% of them were resistant to methicillin.

Conclusions.

Clinical procedures increased the number and proportion of antimicrobial-resistantS. aureusisolates dispersed in a dental clinical environment. The present study highlights the need to establish strategies to prevent emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains in dental settings.
Effect of the Introduction of an Engineered Sharps Injury Prevention Device on the Percutaneous Injury Rate in Healthcare Workers
Authors: Azar-Cavanagh Madelyn , Burdt Pam , Green-McKenzie Judith
Published: February 2007

Objective.

To evaluate the effect of introducing an engineered device for preventing injuries from sharp instruments (engineered sharps injury prevention device [ESIPD]) on the percutaneous injury rate in healthcare workers (HCWs).

Methods.

We undertook a controlled, interventional, before-after study during a period of 3 years (from January 1998 through December 2000) at a major medical center. The study population was HCWs with potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens. HCWs who sustain a needlestick injury are required by hospital policy to report the exposure. A confidential log of these injuries is maintained that includes information on the date and time of the incident, the type and brand of sharp device involved, and whether an ESIPD was used.

Intervention.

Introduction of an intravenous (IV) catheter stylet with a safety-engineered feature (a retractable protection shield), which was placed in clinics and hospital wards in lieu of other IV catheter devices that did not have safety features. No protective devices were present on suture needles during any of the periods. The incidence of percutaneous needlestick injury by IV catheter and suture needles was evaluated for 18 months before and 18 months after the intervention.

Results.

After the intervention, the incidence of percutaneous injuries resulting from IV catheters decreased significantly (P < .01), whereas the incidence of injuries resulting from suture needle injuries increased significantly (P < .008).

Conclusion.

ESIPDs lead to a reduction in percutaneous injuries in HCWs, helping to decrease HCWs' risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease in Oregon: Increasing Incidence and Hospital-Level Risk Factors
Authors: Chandler Rebecca E. , Hedberg Katrina , Cieslak Paul R.
Published: February 2007

Background.

The incidence ofClostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) appears to be increasing. Population-based estimates of disease have been limited, and analyses of hospital-level risk factors for CDAD are lacking. We sought to determine the incidence and trends of CDAD in Oregon and to identify hospital-level factors associated with increases in disease.

Methods.

We analyzed hospital discharge data to calculate the incidence and to describe trends of CDAD in Oregon from 1995 through 2002. We administered questionnaires to hospital laboratory directors, infection control practitioners, and pharmacists to determine the status of laboratory, infection control, and pharmacy policies over time.

Results.

The overall incidence of CDAD in Oregon was 3.5 case patients per 10,000 residents in 2002. Incidence increased from 1.4 to 3.3 cases per 1,000 hospital discharges from 1995 to 2002. Rates of disease increased most in hospitals with licensed bed capacity of more than 250 beds and more than 5 intensive care unit beds. Few laboratories, infection control practitioners, and pharmacists were able to identify changes in specific policies over the study period.

Conclusions.

This is the first study to determine a statewide population-based incidence of CDAD. Incidence of CDAD in Oregon has more than doubled over the past decade; larger hospitals experienced the greatest increase in disease rates. We did not identify hospital-level policies that could explain the increase. A study of patients with CDAD at the hospitals with the largest increases is underway to further identify risk factors.
Weighted composition operator on the Fock space
Authors: Ueki Sei-ichiro
Published: February 2007

We characterize the boundedness and compactness of a weighted composition operator on the Fock space. Our results use a certain integral transform. We also estimate the essential norm of a weighted compositon operator. The result could be extended to the higher-dimensional case.
Sequences of consecutive smooth polynomials over a finite field
Authors: Masuda Ariane , Panario Daniel
Published: February 2007

Given

ε
>
0

\varepsilon > 0

, we show that there are infinitely many sequences of consecutive

ε
n

\varepsilon n

-smooth polynomials over a finite field. The number of polynomials in each sequence is approximately

ln
⁡
ln
⁡
ln
⁡
n

\ln \ln \ln n

.
Restricted weak type on maximal linear and multilinear integral maps
Authors: Blasco Oscar
Published: February 2007

It is shown that multilinear operators of the form

T
(

f
1

,
.
.
.
,

f
k

)
(
x
)

T(f_1,...,f_k)(x)

<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="equals integral Underscript double-struck upper R Superscript n Baseline Endscripts upper K left-parenthesis x comma y 1 comma period period period comma y Subscript k Baseline right-parenthesis f 1 left-parenthesis y 1 right-parenthesis period period period f Subscript k Baseline left-parenthesis y Subscript k Baseline right-parenthesis d y 1 period period period d y Subscript k Baseline">

=

∫

R

n

K
(
x
,

y
1

,
.
.
.
,

y
k

)

f
1

(

y
1

)
.
.
.

f
k

(

y
k

)
d

y
1

.
.
.
d

y
k

=\!\int _{\mathbb {R}^n}\!K(x,y_1,...,y_k)f_1(y_1)... f_k(y_k)dy_1...dy_k

of restricted weak type

(
1
,
.
.
.
,
1
,
q
)

(1,...,1,q)

are always of weak type

(
1
,
.
.
.
,
1
,
q
)

(1,...,1,q)

whenever the map

x
→

K
x

x\to K_x

is a locally integrable

L
1

(

R

n

)

L^1(\mathbb {R}^n)

-valued function.
On finite-time blow-up for a nonlocal parabolic problem arising from shear bands in metals
Authors: Zheng Gao-Feng
Published: February 2007

Results on finite-time blow-up of solutions to the nonlocal parabolic problem\[<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column u Subscript t Baseline equals normal upper Delta u plus delta StartFraction e Superscript u Baseline Over left-parenthesis integral Underscript normal upper Omega Endscripts e Superscript u Baseline right-parenthesis Superscript p Baseline EndFraction 2nd Column a m p semicolon in normal upper Omega times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma 0 greater-than p greater-than 1 comma delta greater-than 0 comma 2nd Row 1st Column u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis equals 0 comma 2nd Column a m p semicolon left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis element-of partial-differential normal upper Omega times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma 3rd Row 1st Column u left-parenthesis x comma 0 right-parenthesis equals u 0 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis greater-than-or-slanted-equals 0 comma 2nd Column a m p semicolon x element-of normal upper Omega EndLayout">{ut=Δu+δeu(∫Ωeu)p  amp;in Ω×(0,T), 0>p>1, δ>0,u(x,t)=0,amp;(x,t)∈∂Ω×(0,T),u(x,0)=u0(x)⩾0,amp;x∈Ω\begin {cases} u_t=\Delta u +\delta \dfrac {e^u}{\left (\int _{\Omega }e^{u}\right )^p} \ \ & \text {in $\Omega \times (0,T)$, $0>p>1$, $\delta >0$},\\ u(x,t)=0, & (x,t)\in \partial \Omega \times (0,T),\\ u(x,0)=u_0(x)\geqslant 0,& x\in \Omega \end {cases}\]are established. They extend some known results to higher dimensions.
Nerve Growth Factor-mediated Neurite Outgrowth via Regulation of Rab5
Authors: Liu Jay , Lamb Darija , Chou Margaret M. , Liu Yong-Jian , Li Guangpu
Published: February 2007

Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neurite outgrowth and differentiation in a process that involves NGF binding to its receptor TrkA and endocytosis of the NGF–TrkA complex into signaling endosomes. Here, we find that biogenesis of signaling endosomes requires inactivation of Rab5 to block early endosome fusion. Expression of dominant-negative Rab5 mutants enhanced NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, whereas a constitutively active Rab5 mutant or Rabex-5 inhibited this process. Consistently, inactivation of Rab5 sustained TrkA activation on the endosomes. Furthermore, NGF treatment rapidly decreased cellular level of active Rab5-GTP, as shown by pull-down assays. This Rab5 down-regulation was mediated by RabGAP5, which was shown to associate with TrkA by coimmunoprecipitation assays. Importantly, RNA interference of RabGAP5 as well as a RabGAP5 truncation mutant containing the TrkA-binding domain blocked NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, indicating a requirement for RabGAP5 in this process. Thus, NGF signaling down-regulates Rab5 activity via RabGAP5 to facilitate neurite outgrowth and differentiation.
Introduction
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the life and times of Bonaventure, his writings, and influence. Bonaventure came to Paris as a young man, probably in 1234 or 1235, a time when the city was undergoing extraordinary rebirth. Three historic movements had recently converged on the banks of the Seine when Bonaventure began his new life in Paris: the rediscovery of Aristotle, the turn to “universities” for education, and the emergence of the Franciscans. Bonaventure became the eighth minister of the Franciscan order in October 1257.
Christian Wisdom
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

The notion of “wisdom” (sapientia) is central in the thought of Bonaventure. This chapter explores the different senses in which Bonaventure uses the term “wisdom” (sapientia), which reveals his understanding of both theology and philosophy, the relationship between the two, and the foundational unity of all knowledge. According to Bonaventure, “wisdom” is a person who calls us and beckons us to a journey of the mind to God.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

During the 12th century, certain questions came into focus and inspired speculation about the heavens and the earth, namely, “mobile being”. In other words, nature was “discovered” in the 12th century. It is in the wake of this discovery that, in the 1250s, Bonaventure developed his view of the created world while commenting on the interpretation of the Genesis account of creation found in the church fathers, as these had been anthologized in Peter the Lombard's Sentences.
The Corruption of Sin
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

Bonaventure rejects any sort of fundamental dualism between good and evil. He argues that, “a first and absolute evil does not and could not exist because the very notion of First Principle implies supreme plenitude”. Bonaventure follows Augustine in distinguishing between natural and moral evil, or, to use the terminology from Augustine's On Free Choice (De libero arbitrio), the evil of penalty (malum poenae) and the evil of guilt (malum culpae). The former is an evil we suffer, while the latter is a privation of righteousness that we cause. The evil of penalty is just and comes from divine providence.
Portable Stone
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo
Published: February 2007

In Chennai, stone replicas of the six major shrines to Murugan in Tamilnadu occupy a single site: a new temple complex to this quintessential Tamil God. The chief donor lives in New York City where he built the first authentic Hindu temple in America. In London and Washington D.C., Tamil people have repeated this seeming contradiction: the globalization of locally important deities. In London, middle-class Tamils (mostly Sri Lankan) consecrate temples to Ammans inside old churches or even warehouses, but also rally to the Murugan. His temples rise in multi-ethnic Highgate Hill and now in South Asian-dominated East Ham. In suburban Washington D.C., the Tamil community consecrated a new temple to Murugan a mile from the eclectic Sri Siva-Vishnu Temple. In the context of the diaspora, this turn to Murugan and local goddesses signals a new phase in the growth of transnational Hindu temples: the emergence of globalized localisms.
Introduction: Experience and Reason
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the explanatory and justificatory roles of theoretical and practice reasons. It then considers the resistance to the idea that a unified comprehensive theory of rationality can be achieved. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Groundwork
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter presents a brief account of theoretical reason, particularly its basis. It addresses the following questions: what are the sources of justified beliefs? How are such beliefs grounded? How does their justification vary from one context to another? How may their justification be defeated by, say, counter-evidence? What is the role of coherence or incoherence in this grounding or defeat? And is such defeat itself based on the same kinds of grounds as the justification it vanquishes?
Bargaining
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

This chapter surveys the relevant bargaining theory, namely the Nash bargaining solution, the utilitarian bargaining solution, and the egalitarian bargaining solution. The importance of how interpersonal comparisons of utility are made is emphasized.
Kinship
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

When do we care for others as we care for ourselves? William Hamilton showed that we should be expected to care for our family members in proportion to our degree of relationship to them. Such reasoning explains why eusociality evolved independently at least twelve times in the order Hymenoptera, which includes ants, bees, and wasps, but only three times elsewhere in the animal kingdom. It also verifies Thomas Hobbes' answer to the question: Why cannot mankind live sociably one with another as bees or ants?
Planned Decentralization
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

This chapter looks to the broad consequences of the theory of fairness advanced in this book to questions of social reform. The traditional spectrum of political attitudes that ranges from the utilitarian left to the libertarian right is rejected in favor of a more realistic opposition between the neofeudal societies in which we currently live, and the prospect of fairer and freer societies that could be created by a planned program of decentralization which is identified with the whiggery that inspired the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The contribution that game theory can make to such a program is briefly reviewed along with the deficiencies of the current theory.
Psychology
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: February 2007

Al-Kindī wrote a well-known treatise On Intellect, which was the first Arabic treatise to give a taxonomy of the types of intellect (following Greek sources, especially Philoponus, in interpreting Aristotle’s De Anima). The chapter argues that the epistemology implied by this treatise implies that al-Kindī makes a sharp divide between intellect, which knows, and the senses, which experience particulars. This is parallel to his strongly dualist account of soul. The chapter concludes by considering the difficulties this raises for “mediating” psychological phenomena such as imagination, which is explored most fully by al-Kindī in a discussion of prophetic dreams.
University Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Location
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter asks whether the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship also has a spatial component in that the startups tend to cluster within geographic proximity to knowledge sources. It examines whether the role of location in transmitting knowledge spillovers to entrepreneurial startups is heterogeneous, and varies systematically across different scientific and academic fields and for different spillover mechanisms. Evidence provides general support for the Localization Hypothesis. Universities with greater investment in knowledge and where the regional investment in knowledge is greater tend to generate more technology startups, suggesting that university spillovers tend to be localized and spatially constrained. However, the contribution of geographical proximity to accessing and absorbing university spillovers is apparently highly nuanced and varies systematically across different scientific fields and academic disciplines as well as different spillover mechanisms. The exact role that geographic proximity plays in facilitating university spillovers depends on the degree to which the type of knowledge and actual spillover mechanism are based on tacit, rather than codified knowledge.
Entrepreneurial Finance
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter analyzes the role that accessing external finance plays for entrepreneurial firms. It differentiates between access to bank loans and equity provided by venture capital. It is shown that equity finance and bank finance are substitutes for knowledge-based entrepreneurial firms. The likelihood of an entrepreneurial firm being financed by venture capital is positively related to the degree of human capital incorporated in the board of management. Similarly, entrepreneurial firms in high-technology and science-based industries are more likely to be financed by venture capital.
The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter explains how and why public policy has turned to entrepreneurship as a mechanism for generating economic growth and employment. It reviews the public policy approach consistent with the capital-driven, or Solow economy. It then turns toward the knowledge-based, or Romer economy. It defines entrepreneurship policy and distinguishes it from SME policy. The mandate for entrepreneurship policy and the sources of market failure for entrepreneurship are identified, which provide an economic rationale for public policy intervention. The reasons why entrepreneurship policy is diffusing across many different national and regional contexts are explained. It is argued that entrepreneurship policy is a purposeful attempt to create an entrepreneurial economy.
The Market‐Based Lead Phasedown
Authors: Newell Richard G. , Rogers Kristian
Published: February 2007

This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.
Design, Trading, and Innovation
Authors: Driesen David M.
Published: February 2007

This chapter makes two theoretical claims and two empirical claims. The first theoretical claim is that emissions trading does a poorer job, in theory, of encouraging expensive innovation than traditional regulation. It also argues that expensive innovation has special value that justifies the expense in some important cases. The second theoretical claim is that emissions trading may perform worse than traditional regulation in encouraging inexpensive innovation as well, at least in theory. The first empirical claim is that both emissions trading and traditional regulation have sometimes encouraged innovation and sometimes failed to do so. The second claim is that there is no convincing empirical evidence that trading fosters innovation better than a comparably designed traditional regulation.
Dwight David Eisenhower, Dynamic Conservatism, and the Religious Revival of the 1950s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: February 2007

Dwight D. Eisenhower’s personal behavior, the mood of the 1950s, and shrewd publicity combined to make his administration seem more religious than those of most other presidents. Although the general did not join a church until the second Sunday after his inauguration, he is considered one of the most religious presidents in American history. Eisenhower attended church regularly, proclaimed national days of prayer, invited Billy Graham and other influential clergymen to the White House, and helped create an organization called the Foundation for Religious Action. Eisenhower maintained very cordial relations with most of the nation’s religious communities. The president met frequently with religious delegations, sent hundreds of messages to religious gatherings and groups, and spoke to numerous religious assemblies. His speeches contained more religious rhetoric than almost any other president’s, and he repeatedly called for a spiritual revival and a moral crusade to remedy the nation’s ills. While he was president, the highly publicized national prayer breakfasts began, the words “under God” were added to the Pledge of Allegiance, and Congress made the phrase “In God We Trust” the national motto. Rather than creating controversy about breaches of church-state separation, the Eisenhower administration’s significant interest in religion seemed to increase the public’s esteem and admiration for the man from Abilene. Inspired in part by his faith, Eisenhower promoted a “dynamic conservatism” that prodded voluntary organizations to combat economic and social problems and used the power of the federal government to remedy ills when their resources were insufficient. Eisenhower’s quest to achieve peace and his effort to ensure civil rights illustrate how his religious convictions influenced his presidency.
Models of Civic Responsibility
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard
Published: February 2007

This chapter examines the organizational differences in how Grace, Manna, and other second-generation and multiethnic churches view the relationship between ethnicity, religion, and civic responsibility. It argues that the different cultural schema in these church types provide two distinct models of civic responsibility, which form the basis for civic identities and practices discussed in later chapters.
Problems for Ethics
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: February 2007

This chapter identifies three problems as preliminary to the very existence of ethics: the reality of human freedom, the significance of value judgments, and the authority of moral imperatives. Kant's philosophy is regarded as offering satisfactory solutions for these problems; hence, its contribution is identified as primarily located in metaethics, rather than normative ethics.
Freedom
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: February 2007

In Kant's regularity model of causality, overdetermination is a genuine option: different, equally legitimate causal accounts can be offered of the same event. So it is possible for some human behavior to be both determined by natural necessity and free. That it be free means that it is rational, and the possibility of rational behavior cannot be excluded, though its reality can never be proved for substantive reasons. Judging a behavior to be rational requires adopting an attitude toward it that abstracts from its spatiotemporal coordinates, and hence, losing all means of identification.
Ordinary Morality
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: February 2007

Kant used the synthetic method in generating a complex conceptual construction that, he claimed, matched people's ordinary intuitions about morality. This claim could be questioned, though whether or not it is true is ultimately not a philosophical issue. However we stand on it, Kant's effort may have a liberating effect, in giving us both a view of the human condition which makes it perpetually out of balance, never settling in inert complacency, and an understanding of how to proceed in an area of human concern when its basic principles are contradicted.
5 Understanding, Knowledge, and Responsibility
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: February 2007

This chapter sets out Augustine’s theory of knowledge that is manifested and deployed in On Free Choice of the Will. Augustine’s epistemology provides the philosophical context for his ‘way in’, and the rationale for the structure of the dialogue. Its understanding and acquisition require the ability to see logical connections and attain a synoptic overview by proceeding in the right order from foundational starting points. The ‘way in’ argument is itself one of these starting points in the dialogue. The ideas of freedom and responsibility are illustrated and instantiated in the acquisition of knowledge: one is free not to know, not to want to know, and no one else can do your learning for you. Other texts where Augustine sets out, discusses, and uses this epistemology are discussed: the dialogue De Magistro and the Confessions.
6 Facilitas, Difficultas, and Voluntas
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: February 2007

This chapter addresses the issue, raised in chapter 2, of the supposed contradiction in the text between an ‘early’ and ‘late’ view on the will and its role in doing good. The two crucial passages (1.12.25-1.14.30 on ‘facilitas’ and 3.18.51ff. on ‘difficultas’ and original sin) are discussed in detail. Their coherence is demonstrated in terms of their relationship to the fundamental ‘way in’ argument.
7 A Cogito‐Like Argument?
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: February 2007

When Descartes published his Meditations, the similarity of his arguments to some found in Augustine was immediately pointed out to him. The most frequently cited and most similar is Augustine’s claim that ‘If I doubt, I am’ (City of God 11.26). This chapter discusses this text in detail, and suggests that the relationship with Descartes is illuminating. It identifies three cogito-like arguments in On Free Choice, all of which act as starting points, involve revealing the self-evidence of certain undeniable truths, include an analysis of what is to know something, and incorporate an idea of value.
8 Conclusion
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: February 2007

For Augustine, one’s freedom and responsibility is elucidated by means of a process of calling the notion of will into question (‘I don’t know’). This process gives rise to an understanding of will, freedom, and responsibility as the condition for the possibility of knowledge. It is this process that is most cogito-like. However, it is significantly cogito-unlike in that the argument depends on the very possibility of denying that one has will. Augustine’s account of freedom and responsibility is grounded in a deep notion of subjectivity, and the epistemological significance of the first-person perspective.
The Role of Government in Acquiring Technological Capability: The Case of the Petrochemical Industry in East Asia
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Ki , Ma Jun
Published: February 2007

This chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.
Economic Development as Coordination Problems
Authors: Matsuyama Kiminori
Published: February 2007

This chapter discusses the fundamental difficulty of coordination problems in the context of economic development. It argues that coordination failure arises because no one can know the exact nature of the problem being solved. Because of this lack of knowledge, the logic of coordination failures does not justify centralized policy activities. The greatest threat posed by centralized coordination is interfering with private experiments to discover an even better way of coordination.
1 The Polemical Writings of Athanasius: Chronology and Context
Authors: Gwynn David M.
Published: February 2007

This chapter presents a catalogue of all Athanasius’ polemical writings from the Epistula Encyclica and the Apologia Contra Arianos to the Festal Letters, and a survey of recent modern assessments of the individual texts. Following a brief discussion of several works of debated authorship, Athanasius’ authentic writings are organized in an approximate chronological order, with an analysis of each work according to context, purpose, and intended audience.
3 The Origin of the ‘Eusebians’ in the Polemic of Athanasius
Authors: Gwynn David M.
Published: February 2007

This chapter traces the origins of Athanasius’ polemic against the ‘Eusebians’. The ‘Eusebian party’ first appears in the Encyclical Letter of Athanasius’ predecessor Alexander, and the analysis of this text requires a reassessment of the entire chronology of the ‘Arian Controversy’ from its beginnings to the Council of Nicaea. It then traces Athanasius’ presentation of the events leading up to his own exile at the Council of Tyre in 335 in the Apologia Contra Arianos, and contrasts this presentation to the evidence provided by Athanasius’ earlier writings, particularly his Festal Letters. In the later Apologia Contra Arianos narrative, Athanasius attributes his exile to a ‘Eusebian’ conspiracy, yet there is no mention of the ‘Eusebians’ in any of Athanasius’ writings before 335. In these writings, he is concerned solely with the Melitian schismatics who oppose him within Egypt. The ‘Eusebian party’ as a polemical construct and the true source of Athanasius’ suffering appears in his writings for the first time at the Council of Tyre itself, in the letters circulated to the eastern bishops at that Council by Athanasius’ Egyptian supporters.
Film Music and Narrative Agency
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: February 2007

This essay addresses certain issues about paradigmatic film music, that is, the music that is often heard in the course of a fiction film but does not originate in or issue from the fictional world revealed on screen. It focuses on the question of who or what is responsible for such music. That is to say, to what agency is film music assigned by a comprehending viewer, and what is this music understood to be doing in relation either to the film's internal narrative, the viewer's experience of that narrative, or the film as an aesthetic whole? Furthermore, by what principle does a viewer assign, however tacitly, responsibility for the music he or she hears?
Can Virtue Be Taught?
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

This chapter sketches a map of the ground to be covered in education for virtue, organized around a progression of three types of tasks of moral education. It is argued that society is pretty effective inelementarytasks of initiation into the use of ethical concepts andmodularor domain-specific tasks of teaching people how to cooperate in particular institutions and roles.Integrativetasks — more difficult but indispensable for the formation of a clearly good moral character — seem to demand more individual autonomy, and to lie less within the power of social groups. In opposition to some situationist arguments, the last section of the chapter defends the desirability of teaching virtue to the extent that it can be taught.