bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF WINE VINEGAR: TASTING PROCEDURE AND RELIABILITY OF NEW ATTRIBUTES
Authors: TESFAYE W. , MORALES M.L. , CALLEJÓN R.M. , CEREZO ANA B. , GONZÁLEZ A.G. , GARCÍA‐PARRILLA M.C. , TRONCOSO A.M.
Published: January 2010

A procedure for the sensory analysis of vinegar, which provides reproducible results and minimizes the standard deviation of attributes, was developed. A new tasting protocol was proposed that leads to low dispersions of panelists' answers. The list of attributes that describe vinegars was extended to a total of 13, the importance (or discriminant utility) of which was analyzed by using Partial Least Squares Regression related techniques. The attributes selected showed a good between‐run reproducibility as was shown by the Discriminant Partial Least Squares Regression analysis on replications. The proposed methodology proved to be useful for tasting very different types of wine vinegars (i.e., sherry and red and white wine vinegars).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

As the vinegar market is now making products from different raw materials, we believed that it would be interesting to improve sensory analysis. The European Union (EU) regulates the sensory analysis of oil but not of vinegar. Our manuscript describes a tasting protocol that aims to provide more reproducible results, proposes a broader vocabulary for describing vinegars and uses statistical tools to verify the reliability of new attributes.
ESTIMATING SENSORY SHELF LIFE OF CHOCOLATE AND CARROT CUPCAKES USING ACCEPTANCE TESTS
Authors: MONTES VILLANUEVA NILDA DORIS , TRINDADE MARCO ANTONIO
Published: January 2010

This study determined the sensory shelf life of a commercial brand of chocolate and carrot cupcakes, aiming at increasing the current 120 days of shelf life to 180. Appearance, texture, flavor and overall quality of cakes stored at six different storage times were evaluated by 102 consumers. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and linear regression. For both flavors, the texture presented a greater loss in acceptance during the storage period, showing an acceptance mean close to indifference on the hedonic scale at 120 days. Nevertheless, appearance, flavor and overall quality stayed acceptable up to 150 days. The end of shelf life was estimated at about 161 days for chocolate cakes and 150 days for carrot cakes. This study showed that the current 120 days of shelf life can be extended to 150 days for carrot cake and to 160 days for chocolate cake. However, the 180 days of shelf life desired by the company were not achieved.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research shows the adequacy of using sensory acceptance tests to determine the shelf life of two food products (chocolate and carrot cupcakes). This practical application is useful because the precise determination of the shelf life of a food product is of vital importance for its commercial success. The maximum storage time should always be evaluated in the development or reformulation of new products, changes in packing or storage conditions. Once the physical–chemical and microbiological stability of a product is guaranteed, sensorial changes that could affect consumer acceptance will determine the end of the shelf life of a food product. Thus, the use of sensitive and reliable methods to estimate the sensory shelf life of a product is very important. Findings show the importance of determining the shelf life of each product separately and to avoid using the shelf time estimated for a specific product on other, similar products.
EVALUATION OF FARMED COD PRODUCTS BY A TRAINED SENSORY PANEL AND CONSUMERS IN DIFFERENT TEST SETTINGS
Authors: SVEINSDÓTTIR KOLBRÚN , MARTINSDÓTTIR EMILÍA , THÓRSDÓTTIR FANNEY , SCHELVIS RIAN , KOLE ADRIAAN , THÓRSDÓTTIR INGA
Published: January 2010

Sensory characteristics of farmed cod exposed to low or conventional stress levels prior to slaughter were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Consumers in two different settings, central location test (CLT) and home‐use test (HUT), also tasted the products and rated them according to overall liking on a 9‐point hedonic scale and sensory attributes on a 9‐point intensity scale. Differences were observed in texture attributes of the two cod groups by the trained sensory panel. Consumers in the CLT distinguished between the two cod groups whereas consumers in the HUT setting did not. Consumers in the CLT scored the products lower with regard to liking, and evaluated sensory attributes differently from consumers in the HUT setting. The results indicated that the cooking method chosen by consumers in the HUT setting influenced the consumer evaluation of cod. Similar cooking methods used in CLT and HUT produced similar results of liking.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This paper presents a comparison of sensory evaluation carried out by a trained sensory panel and consumer evaluation of farmed fish. Cod produced with conventional and reduced stress prior to slaughter differed in texture attributes according to sensory evaluation. Information about consumer liking of the end‐product when changing production systems of farmed fish is very important.

The sensory evaluation by a trained panel provides good product knowledge, but to be able to estimate the actual consumer liking of the fish products, consumer studies are needed. The results indicated that a central location test (CLT) could be used to predict consumer acceptance in a real‐life setting, given that similar cooking methods are used in both settings. Fish is a very perishable product, and its sensory quality depends very much on factors such as storage time and preparation. Therefore, CLT may be well suited for consumer testing of fish products.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT COD PRODUCTS
Authors: SVEINSDÓTTIR KOLBRÚN , MARTINSDÓTTIR EMILÍA , HYLDIG GRETHE , SIGURGÍSLADÓTTIR SJÖFN
Published: January 2010

Sensory characteristics of cod products available to consumers were analyzed, and different ways to analyze sensory results were viewed. Ten cod samples of different origin (wild and farmed cod), storage time (short and extended) and storage method (stored fresh, frozen or packed in modified atmosphere) were evaluated with quantitative descriptive analysis by a trained sensory panel. Signal‐to‐noise analysis, p*MSE (discrimination and repeatability) and line plots proved to be very useful in studying panelists' performance. Most sensory attributes described significant differences between the products, and principal component analysis provided an overview of the differences and similarities between the products with regard to sensory characteristics. Farmed cod had different sensory characteristics compared with wild cod, such as more meat flavor, and rubbery and meaty texture. Different storage methods had minor influence on sensory characteristics of cod fillets after short storage time, but after extended storage, the groups were different with regard to most attributes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This paper presents different ways of analyzing sensory data. The process of analysis of sensory results with focus on the panelists using a free program (PanelCheck) and signal‐to‐noise analysis was studied. The results showed that PanelCheck is a very user‐friendly tool to monitor the performance of panelists and the study results of short‐term projects. Signal‐to‐noise analysis proved to be more applicable for studying results of extensive data sets by handling missing values and estimating the significance of sensory attributes.

The practical use of the paper is also a quantitative descriptive analysis vocabulary, which may be used as a basis for other studies with cod. It may also be a basis for sensory schemes for the fish industry in quality control and product development.
Evaluating a natural experiment in alcohol policy
Authors: Humphreys David K. , Eisner Manuel P.
Published: January 2010

Research Summary

This study examines the effects of a dramatic change in alcohol licensing policy on the practice of liquor retailing across a metropolitan urban region. The policy was enacted to remove fixed closing times and to install staggered closing times across regions where it potentially would reduce violent crime and disorder. We found great variation in the extent to which the provisions of the policies were installed as intended.

Policy Implications

The findings suggest that prior consideration for how policy interventions will be applied to real‐world settings is important to the validity of research evaluations. Understanding and monitoring variation in the implementation of an intervention is a vital prerequisite to the evaluation of outcomes. Without knowledge of the real‐world application of an intervention, researchers risk attributing causal effects to a prevention initiative that might have been absent or only partially received.
Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Activity of Protein Nanocages Containing Methylene Blue Photosensitizing Drug
Authors: Yan Fei , Zhang Yan , Kim Kyu S. , Yuan Hsiang‐Kuo , Vo‐Dinh Tuan
Published: January 2010

This study reports that photosensitizers encapsulated in supramolecular protein cages can be internalized by tumor cells and can deliver singlet oxygen intracellularly for photodynamic therapy (PDT). As an alternative to other polymeric and/or inorganic nanocarriers and nanoconjugates, which may also deliver photosensitizers to the inside of the target cells, protein nanocages provide a unique vehicle of biological origin for the intracellular delivery of photosensitizing molecules for PDT by protecting the photosensitizers from reactive biomolecules in the cell membranes, and yet providing a coherent, critical mass of destructive power (by way of singlet oxygen) upon specific light irradiation for photodynamic therapy of tumor cells. As a model, we demonstrated the successful encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) in apoferritin via a dissociation–reassembly process controlled by pH. The resulting MB‐containing apoferritin nanocages show a positive effect on singlet oxygen production, and cytotoxic effects on MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells when irradiated at the appropriate wavelength (i.e. 633 nm).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The extent of hybridization and its impact on the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive tree,Ulmus pumila(Ulmaceae)
Authors: Zalapa Juan E. , Brunet Johanne , Guries Raymond P.
Published: January 2010

Ulmus pumilais considered an invasive tree in 41 of the United States. In this study, we examined the extent of hybridization in naturalized populations ofU. pumila, its impact on genetic diversity and genetic structure and its potential role in explaining the invasion process ofU. pumila. Genetic analyses indicated widespread hybridization with nativeUlmus rubrain naturalizedU. pumilapopulations. Hybridization increased the genetic diversity ofU. pumilapopulations and affected their genetic structure. The level of genetic diversity in ‘mature’ accessions, many of which may represent original plantings throughout the USA, was high and similar to the diversity of East Asian accessions. Hybridization with the native red elm may play an important role in the success of Siberian elm as an invader in temperate regions of the USA.
Spatial genetic structure ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes in mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Hlaing Thaung , Tun‐Lin Willoughby , Somboon Pradya , Socheat Duong , Setha To , Min Sein , Thaung Sein , Anyaele Okorie , De Silva Babaranda , Chang Moh Seng , Prakash Anil , Linton Yvonne , Walton Catherine
Published: January 2010

Aedes aegyptimosquitoes originated in Africa and are thought to have spread recently to Southeast Asia, where they are the major vector of dengue. Thirteen microsatellite loci were used to determine the genetic population structure ofA. aegyptiat a hierarchy of spatial scales encompassing 36 sites in Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand, and two sites in Sri Lanka and Nigeria. Low, but significant, genetic structuring was found at all spatial scales (from 5 to >2000 km) and significantFISvalues indicated genetic structuring even within 500 m. Spatially dependent genetic‐clustering methods revealed that although spatial distance plays a role in shaping larger‐scale population structure, it is not the only factor. Genetic heterogeneity in major port cities and genetic similarity of distant locations connected by major roads, suggest that human transportation routes have resulted in passive long‐distance migration ofA. aegypti. The restricted dispersal on a small spatial scale will make localized control efforts and sterile insect technology effective for dengue control. Conversely, preventing the establishment of insecticide resistance genes or spreading refractory genes in a genetic modification strategy would be challenging. These effects on vector control will depend on the relative strength of the opposing effects of passive dispersal.
Ontogenetic selection on hatchery salmon in the wild: natural selection on artificial phenotypes
Authors: Bailey Michael M. , Lachapelle Kevin A. , Kinnison Michael T.
Published: January 2010

Captive rearing often alters the phenotypes of organisms that are destined for release into the wild. Natural selection on these unnatural phenotypes could have important consequences for the utility of captive rearing as a restoration approach. We show that normal hatchery practices significantly advance the development of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry by 30+ days. As a result, hatchery fry might be expected to face strong natural selection resulting from their developmental asynchrony. We investigated patterns of ontogenetic selection acting on hatchery produced salmon fry by experimentally manipulating fry development stage at stocking. Contrary to simple predictions, we found evidence for strong stabilizing selection on the ontogeny of unfed hatchery fry, with weaker evidence for positive directional selection on the ontogeny of fed fry. These selection patterns suggest a seasonally independent tradeoff between abiotic or biotic selection favoring advanced development and physiological selection linked to risk of starvation in unfed fry. We show, through a heuristic exercise, how such selection on ontogeny may exacerbate problems in restoration efforts by impairing fry productivity and reducing effective population sizes by 13–81%.
Conservation‐reliant species and the future of conservation
Authors: Scott J. Michael , Goble Dale D. , Haines Aaron M. , Wiens John A. , Neel Maile C.
Published: January 2010

Species threatened with extinction are the focus of mounting conservation concerns throughout the world. Thirty‐seven years after passage of the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973, we conclude that the Act's underlying assumption—that once the recovery goals for a species are met it will no longer require continuing management—is false. Even when management actions succeed in achieving biological recovery goals, maintenance of viable populations of many species will require continuing, species‐specific intervention. Such species are “conservation reliant.” To assess the scope of this problem, we reviewed all recovery plans for species listed as endangered or threatened under the Act. Our analysis indicates that 84% of the species listed under the Act are conservation reliant. These species will require continuing, long‐term management investments. If these listed species are representative of the larger number of species thought to be imperiled in the United States and elsewhere, the challenge facing conservation managers will be logistically, economically, and politically overwhelming. Conservation policies will need to be adapted to include ways of prioritizing actions, implementing innovative management approaches, and involving a broader spectrum of society.
International Adoption: The Human Rights Position
Authors: Bartholet Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

International adoption is under siege, with the number of children placed dropping in each of the last several years, and many countries imposing severe new restrictions. Key forces mounting the attack claim the child human rights mantle, arguing that such adoption denies heritage rights and often involves abusive practices. Many nations assert rights to hold on to the children born within their borders, and others support these demands citing subsidiarity principles. But children’s most basic human rights are to grow up in the families that will often be found only through international adoption. These rights should trump any conflicting state sovereignty claims.

Policy Implications

 International adoption is under siege by those claiming the human rights mantle.

 Children’s most fundamental human rights include the right to a nurturing family which is often available only through international adoption.

 Children’s fundamental human rights should trump state sovereignty claims.

 Neither adoption abuses nor concepts of heritage justify restrictive international adoption policies, in‐country holding periods or the elimination of private adoption intermediaries.

 International adoption appropriately recognizes children as citizens of a global community with basic human rights entitlements.
Contrasting Future Paths for an Evolving Global Climate Regime
Authors: Barrett Scott , Toman Michael
Published: January 2010

This article explores two different conceptions of how an emerging policy regime might evolve to strengthen incentives for more vigorous cooperation in mitigating global climate change. One is the paradigm that has figured most prominently in negotiations to this point: the establishment of targets and timetables for countries to limit their aggregate greenhouse gas emissions. The other approach consists of a variety of loosely coordinated smaller‐scale agreements, each one of which addresses a different aspect of the challenge, and is enforced in its own way. Our primary conclusion is that an agreement of the first type may be more cost‐effective, but that a system of agreements of the second type would likely sustain more abatement overall.

Policy Implications

To address successfully the colossal collective action problem of climate change, international agreements must achieve a high level of participation; sustain a high level of compliance; and accomplish substantial emissions reductions.

Negotiation of targets and timetables may have advantages for cost‐effectiveness, but poses great difficulties for maintenance and enforcement.

Smaller‐scale agreements that control individual gases or the emissions of individual sectors separately create more options for enforcement.

A combined approach is possible, with targets and timetables being expressed as goals and with specific agreements being negotiated to meet those goals.
Global Governance and Systemic Risk in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Financial Crisis
Authors: Goldin Ian , Vogel Tiffany
Published: January 2010

Recent decades of globalisation have created a more interconnected, interdependent and complex world than ever witnessed before. While global policy has focused on facilitating integration, the implications of growing interdependence have been largely ignored. The acceleration in global integration has brought many benefits, but it also has created fragility through the production of new kinds of systemic risks. This article provides a framework for understanding these new 21st‐century systemic risks and examines the challenges they pose to global governance. The 2008–2009 financial crisis will be used to illustrate the failure of even sophisticated global institutions to manage the underlying forces of systemic risk. We show this is symptomatic of institutional failure to keep pace with globalisation. The failure of the most developed and best‐equipped global governance system, finance, to recognise or manage the new vulnerabilities associated with globalisation in the 21st century highlights the scale and urgency of the global governance challenge.

Policy Implications

 The rise of systemic risk requires a systemic response. Effective global governance and policy development have never been so necessary and urgent.

 The financial crisis illustrated that current global financial institutions are inadequate in their policy response to systemic risk and cannot keep pace with innovation and increasing system complexity in global finance. Deeper structural changes are required, including regulatory reforms.

 The institutional rigidity and profound shortcomings of global institutions apply not only to global finance, but to other looming systemic risks in the future. Neither the current global governance system, nor the planned reforms, meet the test of addressing new global systemic risks.

 Global governance requires radical structural changes in existing institutions and the development of new global institutions that reflect the realities of new global power balances and address the forces of systemic risk in the 21st century.
Postirradiation Testing of High Temperature Reactor Spherical Fuel Elements Under Accident Conditions
Authors: Freis D. , Bottomley D. , Ejton J. , de Weerd W. , Kostecka H. , Toscano E. H.
Published: January 2010

A new furnace for accident condition testing of spherical high temperature reactor fuel elements has been installed and now operates in the hot cells of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Karlsruhe. The recent apparatus was constructed on the basis of a former development by Forschungszentrum Jülich (Schenk, Pitzer, and Nabielek, 1988, “Fission Product Release Profiles From Spherical HTR Fuel Elements at Accident Temperatures,” Jülich Report No. 2234), where it was named KüFA, the German acronym for cold finger apparatus. In a preceding publication (Kostecka, Ejton, de Weerd, and Toscano, 2004, “Post-Irradiation Testing of HTR-Fuel Elements Under Accident Conditions, Part 1 and 2,” Second International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology, Beijing, China) the general concept and details of the device were described. The present paper reports on the first operation under hot conditions, and the calibration of the fission gas measurement and of the efficiency of the cold finger, which is used to plate out solid fission products. Finally the results of fission product release and analysis of two heating tests on two fuel elements from the high temperature reactor K6 irradiation experiment (Nabielek, Conrad, Roellig, and Meyers, 1993, “Fuel Irradiation Experiments on HFR-K6 and HFR-B1 With Intermittent Water Vapour Injections,” Technical Committee Meeting on Response of Fuel, Fuel Elements and Gas Cooled Reactor Cores Under Accidental Air or Water Ingress Conditions, Beijing, China, Oct. 25–27) are presented and discussed.
Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of a Hybrid Brush Seal: Measurements and Predictions
Authors: San Andrés Luis , Baker José , Delgado Adolfo
Published: January 2010

Brush seals effectively control leakage in air breathing engines, albeit only applied for relatively low-pressure differentials. Hybrid brush seals (HBS) are an alternative to resolve poor reliability resulting from bristle tip wear while also allowing for reverse shaft rotation operations. A HBS incorporates pads contacting the shaft on assembly; and which under rotor spinning, lift off due to the generation of a hydrodynamic pressure. The ensuing gas film prevents intermittent contact, reducing wear, and thermal distortions. This paper presents rotordynamic measurements conducted on a test rig for evaluation of HBS technology. Single frequency shaker loads are exerted on a test rotor holding a hybrid brush seal, and measurements of rotor displacements follow for operating conditions with increasing gas supply pressures and two rotor speeds. A frequency domain identification method delivers the test system stiffness and damping coefficients. The HBS stiffness coefficients are not affected by rotor speed though the seal viscous damping shows a strong frequency dependency. The identified HBS direct stiffness decreases ∼15% as the supply/discharge pressure increases Pr=1.7–2.4. The HBS cross-coupled stiffnesses are insignificant, at least one order of magnitude smaller than the direct stiffnesses. A structural loss factor (γ) and dry-friction coefficient (μ) represent the energy dissipated in a HBS by the bristle-to-bristle and bristle-to-pad interactions. Predictions of HBS stiffness and damping coefficients correlate well with the test derived parameters. Both model predictions and test results show the dramatic reduction in the seal equivalent viscous damping coefficients as the excitation whirl frequency increases.
Application of Cost Matrices and Cost Curves to Enhance Diagnostic Health Management Metrics for Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Davison Craig R. , Drummond Chris
Published: January 2010

Statistically based metrics, incorporating operating costs, for gas turbine engine diagnostic systems are required to evaluate competing products fairly and to establish a convincing business case. Diagnostic algorithm validation often includes engine testing with implanted faults. The implantation rate is rarely, if ever, representative of the true fault occurrence rate and the sample size is very small. Costs related to diagnostic outcomes have a significant effect on the utility of a given algorithm and need to be incorporated into the assessment. Techniques for assessing diagnostics are drawn from the literature and modified for application to gas turbine applications. The techniques are modified with computational experiments and the application demonstrated through examples. New techniques are compared to the traditional methods and the advantages presented. A technique is presented to convert a confusion matrix with a non-representative fault distribution to one representative of the expected distribution. The small sample size associated with fault implantation studies requires a confidence interval on the results to provide valid comparisons and a method for calculating confidence intervals, including on zero entries, is presented. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluate diagnostic system performance across a range of threshold settings. This allows an algorithm’s ability to be assessed over a range of possible usage. Cost curves are analogous to ROC curves but offer several advantages. The techniques for applying cost curves to diagnostic algorithms are presented and their advantages over ROC curves are outlined. This paper provides techniques for more informed comparison of diagnostic algorithms, possibly preventing incorrect assessment due to small sample sizes.
Time Scale Model for the Prediction of the Onset of Flame Flashback Driven by Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown
Authors: Konle M. , Sattelmayer T.
Published: January 2010

Flame flashback driven by combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) represents one of the most severe reliability problems of modern gas turbines with swirl stabilized combustors. Former experimental investigations of this topic with a 500 kW burner delivered a model for the prediction of the CIVB occurrence for moderate to high mass flow rates. This model is based on a time scale comparison. The characteristic time scales were chosen following the idea that quenching at the flame tip is the dominating effect preventing upstream flame propagation in the center of the vortex flow. Additional numerical investigations showed that the relative position of the flame regarding the recirculation zone influences the interaction of the flame and flow field. The recent analysis on turbulence and chemical reaction of data acquired with high speed measurement techniques applied during the CIVB driven flame propagation by the authors lead to the extension of the prediction model. As the corrugated flame regimes at the flame tip prevails at low to moderate mass flow rates, a more precise prediction in this range of mass flow rates is achieved using a characteristic burnout time τb∼1/Sl for the reactive volume. This paper presents first this new idea, confirms it then with numerical as well as experimental data, and extends finally the former model to a prediction tool that can be applied in the full mass flow range of swirl burners.
An Experimental Study on Air-Water Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Pebble Beds
Authors: Bofeng Bai , Maolong Liu , Wang Su , Xiaojie Zhang
Published: January 2010

An experimental study was conducted on the air-water two-phase flow patterns in the bed of rectangular cross sections containing spheres of regular distribution. Three kinds of glass spheres with different diameters (3 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm) were used for the establishment of the test section. By means of visual observations of the two-phase flow through the test section, it was discovered that five different flow patterns occurred within the experimental parameter ranges, namely, bubbly flow, bubbly-slug flow, slug flow, slug-annular flow, and annular flow. A correlation for the bubble and slug diameter in the packed beds was proposed, which was an extended expression of the Tung/Dhir model, Jamialahmadi’s model, and Schmidt’s model. Three correlations were proposed to calculate the void friction of the flow pattern transition in bubble flow, slug flow, and annular flow based on the bubble model in the pore region. The experimental result showed that the modified Tung and Dhir model of the flow pattern transition was in better agreement with the experimental data compared with Tung and Dhir’s model.
Resiliency and Vulnerability in the HER2-HER3 Tumorigenic Driver
Authors: Amin Dhara N. , Sergina Natalia , Ahuja Deepika , McMahon Martin , Blair Jimmy A. , Wang Donghui , Hann Byron , Koch Kevin M. , Shokat Kevan M. , Moasser Mark M.
Published: January 2010

The ability of certain breast cancers to resist a tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug may be overcome with high intermittent doses.
Metabolomic Imaging for Human Prostate Cancer Detection
Authors: Wu Chin-Lee , Jordan Kate W. , Ratai Eva M. , Sheng Jinhua , Adkins Christen B. , DeFeo Elita M. , Jenkins Bruce G. , Ying Leslie , McDougal W. Scott , Cheng Leo L.
Published: January 2010

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy can generate comprehensive maps of metabolites in the prostate that reveal cancerous regions, potentially guiding biopsies and prognosis.
DAMD to Do Better!
Authors: Alumkal Joshi
Published: January 2010

DAMD, a high-throughput platform for assessing DNA methylation changes, provides new insights into the development and treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
Accounting for Participant Dropout in Clinical Studies
Authors: Carlson Nichole
Published: January 2010

A statistical model for longitudinal data can account for subjects that drop out of the study, avoiding biases in the conclusions.
Comparing the predictive capability of forest songbird habitat models based on remotely sensed versus ground-based vegetation information
Authors: Bayne Erin M. , Haché Samuel , Hobson Keith A.
Published: January 2010

Habitat suitability models allow for predictive modeling of the supply of wildlife habitat through time under various forest harvesting scenarios. These models often rely on remotely sensed data in a forest resource inventory (FRI). However, the level of detail and (or) the accuracy of a FRI may be insufficient to accurately predict habitat suitability for forest birds. We tested if detailed vegetation measurements created habitat suitability models with better predictive power than models that used FRI data alone and if rough estimates of shrub cover were sufficient to supplement FRI data to create models with similar predictive power. For 28 species of forest birds, we found that less of the variation in abundance and (or) occurrence (% deviance explained) could be explained by models using FRI data alone (34% ± 2%) than by models using detailed vegetation information (40% ± 2%). However, when shrub density rank was included with FRI data, we found no difference in the deviance explained by the two model sets (39% ± 2% vs. 40% ± 2%). The best-fitting models containing the same vegetation parameters but using different methods of vegetation sampling were similar. These results suggest that coarse habitat classification schemes may be as effective in describing the major variance in bird community structure in the boreal forest as detailed vegetation inventory data.
Relationships of density, microfibril angle, and sound velocity with stiffness and strength in mature wood of Douglas-fir
Authors: Lachenbruch B. , Johnson G. R. , Downes G. M. , Evans R.
Published: January 2010

The relative importance of density, acoustic velocity, and microfibril angle (MFA) for the prediction of stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) has not been well established for Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). MOE and MOR of small clear specimens of mature wood were better predicted by density and velocity than by either variable alone (183 trees >20 years old, six specimens per tree, 1087 specimens total). Specimens sampled around the stem circumference had similar density (intraclass correlation coefficient t = 0.74) but not MOE (t = 0.40) or acoustic velocity (t = 0.32), indicating benefits from sampling several circumferential positions. For MOE, the path coefficients (β) were moderate for density and velocity. For MOR, β was only high for density. End-matched samples of one specimen per tree were analyzed with SilviScan. Simple correlations with MOE were highest for density (r = 0.67) and then acoustic velocity2 (0.53), MFA (–0.50), earlywood MFA (–0.45), and latewood proportion (0.40). Most correlations were weaker for MOR. Density had a higher β than did MFA for either MOE or MOR. In more complex path models, latewood proportion and latewood density were the most important contributors to MOE and MOR, and MFA was relatively unimportant. The path analyses showed what simple correlation did not: that latewood proportion has strong predictive value for Douglas-fir mature wood quality.
Optimal spatial patterns of fuel management and timber harvest with fire risk
Authors: Konoshima Masashi , Albers Heidi J. , Montgomery Claire A. , Arthur Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2010

The stochastic and spatial nature of fire poses challenges for the cost-efficient allocation of fuel treatment over the landscape. A model that addresses complex but important components of fuel management decisions, spatial and dynamic aspects of fire risk, and a carefully designed framework that allows us to draw general insight into the optimal spatial pattern of management are necessary to provide a basis for developing efficient fuel treatment plans. For this purpose, we combine a physical fire model and a spatial-dynamic optimization model to explore harvest and fuel treatment across a hypothetical landscape under risk of a moving fire over a range of physical and economic conditions. Our model is able to describe spatial trade-offs involved in decision process, namely trade-offs between protection of on-site values and protection against fire spread. We found that the spatial configuration of management units can lead to heterogeneity in management across seemingly homogeneous units.
Reconstructing and modelling 71 years of forest growth in a Canadian boreal landscape: a test of the CBM-CFS3 carbon accounting model
Authors: Bernier P. Y. , Guindon L. , Kurz W. A. , Stinson G.
Published: January 2010

We carried out a verification exercise of the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) carbon accounting model through the use of a reconstructed data set of forest growth and disturbances spanning a 71 year period (1928–1998) and encompassing a 62 km2 landscape of boreal forest in eastern Canada. Overall, results show that yield curve simulations using CBM-CFS3 underestimate realized net biomass accrual by 10% in undisturbed stands. The bias in disturbed stands may be slightly larger. Errors linked to the estimation of the initial 1928 merchantable volume and biomass through the operational forest photointerpretation and inventory procedure may be the largest single cause of the bias. The local application of regionally parameterized yield curves may also be at fault. It is unlikely that long-term trends in climate or atmospheric composition may have generated such bias. Analyses of changes in specific carbon pools and comparisons made with results from a similar exercise carried out in a Pacific coastal forest show a small relative impact on total carbon from forest management activities in the absence of natural disturbances.
Resistance of half-sib interior Douglas-fir families to Armillaria ostoyae in British Columbia following artificial inoculation
Authors: Cruickshank M. G. , Jaquish B. , Nemec A. F.L.
Published: January 2010

The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a methodology for screening conifer seedlings for resistance to Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and (ii) screen a population of interior Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Biessn.) Franco) population for resistance to A. ostoyae. Eighteen potted seedlings from each of 86 half-sib interior Douglas-fir families were challenged with inoculum in a 3-year greenhouse trial. The seed originated from four geographically distinct tree breeding zones that represent physically and biologically different environments in southeastern British Columbia. Mortality and the final percent survival of inoculated trees showed differences among the families (survival range 0%–61.1%) and breeding zones (survival range 6.6%–25.3%). Maximum heritability index (0.19) occurred at 28 months. Survival analyses revealed that most of the differences in survival could be explained by the zone from which the family originated. The less susceptible seedlings originated from the drier and warmer zones and limited the spread of the fungus in the root system. Moderate levels of family variation in resistance to A. ostoyae and low-moderate heritability suggest that, in interior Douglas-fir, gains in resistance can be achieved through breeding.
A NOTE ON CLASSIFICATION OF BIANCHI TYPE I SPACETIMES ACCORDING TO THEIR TELEPARALLEL KILLING VECTOR FIELDS
Authors: SHABBIR GHULAM , KHAN SUHAIL
Published: January 2010

In this paper we classify Bianchi type I spacetimes according to their teleparallel Killing vector fields using direct integration technique. It turns out that the dimension of the teleparallel Killing vector fields is 3, 4, 6 or 10 which are the same in numbers as in general relativity. In case of 3, 4 or 6 the teleparallel Killing vector fields are multiple of the corresponding Killing vector fields in general relativity by some function of t. In the case of 10 Killing vector fields, the spacetime becomes Minkowski and all the torsion components are zero. The Killing vector fields in this case are exactly the same as in the general relativity.
CORRECTIONS TO TRIBIMAXIMAL MIXING FROM NONDEGENERATE PHASES
Authors: LI Y. F. , LIU Q. Y.
Published: January 2010

We propose a seesaw scenario that possible corrections to the tribimaximal pattern of lepton mixing are due to the small phase splitting of the right-handed neutrino mass matrix. We show that the small deviations can be expressed analytically in terms of two splitting parameters (δ1 and δ2) in the leading order. The solar mixing angle θ12 favors a relatively smaller value compared to zero order value (35.3°), and the Dirac type CP phase δ chooses a nearly maximal one. The two Majorana type CP phases ρ and σ turn out to be a nearly linear dependence. Also a normal hierarchy neutrino mass spectrum is favored due to the stability of perturbation calculations.
MASS RELATIONS OF NUCLEONS AND MESONS UNDER SU(2) SYMMETRY BREAKING IN A GAUGED LINEAR SIGMA MODEL
Authors: CHEOUN MYUNG-KI , RYU C. Y.
Published: January 2010

We evaluate mass differences between a neutron and a proton, and between a charged and a neutral meson by using a gauged linear sigma model retaining the chiral SU (2) L × SU (2) R × U (1)V symmetry. Masses of nucleons and relevant mesons are generated through the spontaneous and the explicit chiral symmetry breaking. Since our Lagrangian includes explicitly SU(2) isospin symmetry breaking term, it enables us to simultaneously consider the mass differences of a neutron and a proton, and a charged meson and a neutral one. Their reciprocal relations of the mass differences are also derived, where radiative corrections due to electromagnetic interactions are deliberately taken into account to exactly obtain the isospin symmetry breaking effect in the particle mass differences.
EXCHANGE OPERATOR FORMALISM FOR AN INFINITE FAMILY OF SOLVABLE AND INTEGRABLE QUANTUM SYSTEMS ON A PLANE
Authors: QUESNE C.
Published: January 2010

The exchange operator formalism in polar coordinates, previously considered for the Calogero–Marchioro–Wolfes problem, is generalized to a recently introduced, infinite family of exactly solvable and integrable Hamiltonians Hk, k = 1, 2, 3,…, on a plane. The elements of the dihedral group D2k are realized as operators on this plane and used to define some differential-difference operators Dr and Dφ. The latter serve to construct D2k-extended and invariant Hamiltonians [Formula: see text], from which the starting Hamiltonians Hk can be retrieved by projection in the D2k identity representation space.
PILOT-WAVE SCALAR FIELD THEORY IN DE SITTER SPACE: LATTICE SCHRÖDINGER PICTURE
Authors: HUANG JUNG-JENG
Published: January 2010

In the lattice Schrödinger picture, we find the de Broglie–Bohm quantum trajectories for the eigenstates of a generically coupled free real scalar field in de Sitter space. For the massless minimally coupled scalar field which has exact quantum trajectory, we evaluate both the time evolution of vacuum state and the possible effects of initial quantum nonequilibrium on the power spectrum of the primordial inflaton and curvature fluctuations in the slow-roll approximation. We reproduce the results that were already presented by Valentini who considered only the massless minimal coupling case. In addition we cover both massive minimal and massive non-minimal coupling cases which are the extension of Valentini's work. Finally we discuss the difference between de Broglie's first-order dynamics and Bohm's second-order dynamics in finding the quantum trajectories.
CREDIT SCORING MODELS WITH AUC MAXIMIZATION BASED ON WEIGHTED SVM
Authors: ZHOU LIGANG , LAI KIN KEUNG , YEN JEROME
Published: January 2010

Credit scoring models are very important tools for financial institutions to make credit granting decisions. In the last few decades, many quantitative methods have been used for the development of credit scoring models with focus on maximizing classification accuracy. This paper proposes the credit scoring models with the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) maximization based on the new emerged support vector machines (SVM) techniques. Three main SVM models with different features weighted strategies are discussed. The weighted SVM credit scoring models are tested using 10-fold cross validation with two real world data sets and the experimental results are compared with other six traditional methods including linear regression, logistic regression, k nearest neighbor, decision tree, and neural network. Results demonstrate that weighted 2-norm SVM with radial basis function (RBF) kernel function and t-test feature weighting strategy has the overall better performance with very narrow margin than other SVM models. However, it also consumes more computational time. In considering the balance of performance and time, least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) with RBF kernel maybe a better choice for large scale credit scoring applications.
EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF STRUCTURAL CREDIT RISK MODELS AND THE APPLICATION IN DEFAULT PREDICTION: REVIEW AND NEW EVIDENCE
Authors: LEE HAN-HSING , CHEN REN-RAW , LEE CHENG-FEW
Published: January 2010

This paper first reviews empirical evidence and estimation methods of structural credit risk models. Next, an empirical investigation of the performance of default prediction under the down-and-out barrier option framework is provided. In the literature review, a brief overview of the structural credit risk models is provided. Empirical investigations in extant literature papers are described in some detail, and their results are summarized in terms of subject and estimation method adopted in each paper. Current estimation methods and their drawbacks are discussed in detail. In our empirical investigation, we adopt the Maximum Likelihood Estimation method proposed by Duan [Mathematical Finance10 (1994) 461–462]. This method has been shown by Ericsson and Reneby [Journal of Business78 (2005) 707–735] through simulation experiments to be superior to the volatility restriction approach commonly adopted in the literature. Our empirical results surprisingly show that the simple Merton model outperforms the Brockman and Turtle [Journal of Financial Economics67 (2003) 511–529] model in default prediction. The inferior performance of the Brockman and Turtle model may be the result of its unreasonable assumption of the flat barrier.
EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF CLASSIFIERS FOR SOFTWARE RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors: PENG YI , KOU GANG , WANG GUOXUN , WANG HONGGANG , KO FRANZ I. S.
Published: January 2010

Software development involves plenty of risks, and errors exist in software modules represent a major kind of risk. Software defect prediction techniques and tools that identify software errors play a crucial role in software risk management. Among software defect prediction techniques, classification is a commonly used approach. Various types of classifiers have been applied to software defect prediction in recent years. How to select an adequate classifier (or set of classifiers) to identify error prone software modules is an important task for software development organizations. There are many different measures for classifiers and each measure is intended for assessing different aspect of a classifier. This paper developed a performance metric that combines various measures to evaluate the quality of classifiers for software defect prediction. The performance metric is analyzed experimentally using 13 classifiers on 11 public domain software defect datasets. The results of the experiment indicate that support vector machines (SVM), C4.5 algorithm, and K-nearest-neighbor algorithm ranked the top three classifiers.
SYSTEMS OF HESS–APPEL'ROT TYPE AND ZHUKOVSKII PROPERTY
Authors: DRAGOVIĆ VLADIMIR , GAJIĆ BORISLAV , JOVANOVIĆ BOŽIDAR
Published: January 2010

We start with a review of a class of systems with invariant relations, so called systems of Hess–Appel'rot type that generalizes the classical Hess–Appel'rot rigid body case. The systems of Hess–Appel'rot type have remarkable property: there exists a pair of compatible Poisson structures, such that a system is certain Hamiltonian perturbation of an integrable bi-Hamiltonian system. The invariant relations are Casimir functions of the second structure. The systems of Hess–Appel'rot type carry an interesting combination of both integrable and non-integrable properties.

Further, following integrable line, we study partial reductions and systems having what we call the Zhukovskii property: These are Hamiltonian systems on a symplectic manifold M with actions of two groups G and K; the systems are assumed to be K-invariant and to have invariant relation Φ = 0 given by the momentum mapping of the G-action, admitting two types of reductions, a reduction to the Poisson manifold P = M/K and a partial reduction to the symplectic manifold N0= Φ-1(0)/G; final and crucial assumption is that the partially reduced system to N0is completely integrable. We prove that the Zhukovskii property is a quite general characteristic of systems of Hess–Appel'rot type. The partial reduction neglects the most interesting and challenging part of the dynamics of the systems of Hess–Appel'rot type — the non-integrable part, some analysis of which may be seen as a reconstruction problem.

We show that an integrable system, the magnetic pendulum on the oriented Grassmannian Gr+(n, 2) has a natural interpretation within Zhukovskii property and that it is equivalent to a partial reduction of certain system of Hess–Appel'rot type. We perform a classical and algebro-geometric integration of the system in dimension four, as an example of a known isoholomorphic system — the Lagrange bitop.

The paper presents a lot of examples of systems of Hess–Appel'rot type, giving an additional argument in favor of further study of this class of systems.