bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN FREKUENSI LATIHAN FISIK DAN JENIS REHABILITASI TERHADAP FUNGSI LUTUT DAN KESIAPAN KEMBALI BEROLAHRAGAPASCA ACL RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Ni Kadek Ari Kusuma Dewi  , I Putu Gde Surya Adhitya  , Indah Pramita
Published: January 2024

Latar Belakang : Cedera ACL merupakan salah satu cedera umum pada populasi usia dewasa muda. Kejadian tahunan pada kasus cedera ACL sendiri pada populasi umum mencapai angka 68,6 per 100.000 orang. Insiden cedera ACL dapat disebabkan karena adanya kontak fisik serta non-kontak. Penatalaksanaan pasien dengan kasus cedera ACLdapat meliputi pendekatan non-operasi dan operasi. Kerobekan pada ACL menyebabkan adanya gangguan anatomi dan fisiologis serta membutuhkan proses penyembuhan yang cukup lama.Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan frekuensi latihan fisik dan jenis rehabilitasi terhadap fungsi lutut dan kesiapan kembali berolahraga pada pasien pasca ACL reconstruction.Metode : Penelitian ini memakai metode tinjauan pustaka atau literature review. Penyusunan penelitian ini memakai data-data sekunder berupa jurnal-jurnal penelitian didapatkan oleh beragam sumber database jurnal ilmiah pada internet. Pencarian artikel literatur diselenggarakan dengan online lewat situs PubMed serta Google Scholar yang memakai kata kunci “ACL Reconstruction”, “Physical Exercise”, “Rehabilitation”, “Knee Function”, “Physical Readiness”.Hasil : Dari lima pustaka yang ditinjau didapatkan hasil bahwa ditemukan hubungan frekuensi latihan fisik terhadap fungsi lutut serta kesiapan kembali berolahraga pasca cedera ACL yang disebabkan karena adanya peningkatan aktivitas fisik yang telah dilakukan selama 7 hari serta terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara home-based rehabilitation dan supervised rehabilitation terhadap fungsi lutut setelah 1 tahun masa rehabilitasi. Supervised rehabilitation menunjukkan peningkatan fungsi lutut yang signifikandibandingkan dengan home-based rehabilitation.Simpulan : Penelitian memaparkan diperoleh kaitan yang signifikan antara bentuk rehabilitasi terhadap fungsi lutut dan kesiapan kembali berolahraga pasca rekontruksi ACL serta terdapat hubungan yang rendah terkait dengan frekuensi latihan fisik atau aktivitas fisik pasien dengan fungsi lutut dan dapat meminimalkan adanya kinesiophobia.Kata Kunci : ACL reconstruction, frekuensi latihan fisik, jenis rehabilitasi, fungsi lutut, kesiapan kembali berolahraga
HUBUNGAN FUNGSI LUTUT DAN TIPE GRAFT TERHADAP FUNGSI PERGELANGAN KAKI DAN KESEIMBANGAN DINAMIS PASCA OPERASI ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Ni Nyoman Ratnaningsih  , Kurniawati Ida , Govinda Vittala
Published: January 2024

Latar Belakang : Cedera anterior cruciate ligamen (ACL) merupakan salah satu kasus yang paling sering dialami oleh individu muda khususnya mereka yang aktif dibidang olahraga, cedera ACL dapat ditangani dengan pemulihan. Rekonstruksi ligamen anterior (ACLR) adalah teknik ortopedi yang paling efektif dan umum diberikan kepada pasien ACL. ACLR akan menyebabkan pasien mengalami penurunan fungsi lutut, pergelangan tangan kaki dan terganggunya keseimbangan dinamis.

Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan fungsi lutut dan tipe graft terhadap fungsi pergelangan kaki dan keseimbangan dinamis pasca operasi ACLR. Metode : Metode penelitian yang digunakan kajian pustaka menggunakan data dari artikel ilmiah dengan menggunakan 5 buah jurnal yang berkaitan dengan fungsi lutut dan tipe graft terhadap fungsi pergelangan kaki dan keseimbangan dinamis pasca operasi ACLR. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan secara online melalui PubMed dan Google Scholar dengan menggunakan kata kunci “Cedera ACL”, “rekonstruksi ligamen anterior cruciatum”, “fungsi lutut”, “fungsi pergelangan kaki”, “tipe graft”, dan “keseimbangan dinamis”.

Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil telaah jurnal diperoleh bahwa setelah rekonstruksi fungsi ACL lutut dan pemilihan tipe graft akan mempengaruhi fungsi pergelangan kaki dan keseimbangan dinamis. Penurunan fungsi lutut menyebabkan terganggunya keseimbangan dinamis, dan pemilihan penggunaan tipe graft dapat menyebabkan kelemahan pada fungsi pergelangan tangan.

Simpulan : Berdasarkan beberapa literatur yang telah dikumpulkan serta pembahasan sebelumnya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemungkinan adanya beberapa permasalahan yang muncul akibat ACLR seperti menurunnya kekuatan otot yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi lutut serta terganggunya keseimbangan dinamis dan pemilihan tipe graft yang menyebabkan fungsi pergelangan kaki melemah.

Kata Kunci : Cedera ACL, rekonstruksi ligamen anterior, fungsi lutut, fungsi pergelangan kaki, type graft, dan keseimbangan dinamis.
Kostaq Cipo dhe fjalori i gjuhës shqipe 1954
Authors: Memisha Valter
Published: January 2024

Para 60 vjetësh, Kol Paparisto, Aleksandër Xhuvani, Gjovalin Lika, Kahreman Ylli, Aleks Buda, Mahir Domi, Shefqet Musaraj, Dhimitër Shuteriqi, Sotir Kuneshka, dhe Sali Mborja, në kronikën për largimin nga jeta të Kostaq Cipos, të anëtarit të Institutit të Shkencave të Shqipërisë, shkruanin se ai “në një kohë të shkurtër prej pesë vjetësh, hartoi dy vepra mbi gramatikën dhe sintaksën e shqipes, që shënojnë hapa të rëndësishme përpara në fushën e gramatologjisë shqipe. Ai pati pjesë kryesore në përpunimin e ortografisë dhe pse i penguar nga sëmundja, drejtoi punimet për fjalorin e gjuhës shqipe, ku pasqyrohet eksperienca e pasur dhe njohja e tij e thellë e gjuhës. Me nji punë të kujdesshme shkencore ai përgatiti botimin kritik të disa veprave të autorëve tanë klasikë.”
Më se e kryera e mbipërbërë e gjuhës shqipe
Authors: Haxhillazi Adrian
Published: January 2024

Gjuha shqipe ka krijuar 7 (shtatë) forma gramatikore të kohës së shkuar për të dhënë më me saktësi kohën se kur është kryer veprimi foljor në të shkuarën e mënyrës dëftore. Nëpërmjet tyre veprimi foljor jepet i shkallëzuar duke u mbështetur në një pikë kohore referimi herë në të tashmen (d.m.th. në çastin kur flasim a shkruajmë) dhe herë në të shkuarën (d.m.th. në një prej çasteve që i përket së kaluarës). Në mënyrën dëftore folja në gjuhën shqipe ka këto 7 (shtatë) forma gramatikore kohore për të shkuarën: e pakryera, e kryera e thjeshtë, e kryera e përbërë, e kryera e mbipërbërë, më se e kryera e përbërë, më se e kryera e mbipërbërë dhe e kryera e tejshkuar.

Nga pikëpamja e strukturës së tyre dy nga këto forma gramatikore kohore në gjendjen e sotme të gjuhës shqipe janë të thjeshta (e pakryera dhe e kryera e thjeshtë), kurse pesë nga këto forma gramatikore janë të përbëra (e kryera e përbërë, e kryera e mbipërbërë, më se e kryera e përbërë, më se e kryera e mbipërbërë dhe e kryera e tejshkuar). Format gramatikore kohore të përbëra janë quajtur edhe “forma kohore relative”, të cilat e japin të shkallëzuar largësinë kohore të kryerjes së veprimit të foljes në bazë të referimit me një çast kohor të së shkuarës1 që shënohet nga folja ndihmëse.
Dyzet vjet të shqipes standarde – arritje dhe probleme aktuale
Authors: Çerpja Adelina
Published: January 2024

Në këtë jubile të Kongresit të Drejtshkrimit, në datën 7-8 dhjetor 2012, Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës, në bashkëpunim me Shoqatën e Gjuhës Shqipe të Kosovës organizuan konferencën shkencore “Dyzet vjet të shqipes standarde – arritje dhe probleme aktuale”. Punimet e konferencës u mbajtën në mjediset e Institutin Albanologjik të Prishtinës. Fjalën e hapjes e mbajti Isa Bajçinca e më pas përshëndeti

Kryetari i Kuvendit të Republikës së Kosovës, Jakup Krasniqi. Përshëndetje dhe kujtime të ndryshme nga punimet e Kongresit të

Drejtshkrimit sollën disa studiues, si Idriz Ajeti, Rexhep Qosja, Ahmet Kelmendi e Ismail Doda. Ndërkohë në mjediset e Institutit u hap një

ekspozitë e Leonard Prokos me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë dhe 40-vjetorit të Kongresit të Drejtshkrimit. Punimet e konferencës vijuan me tri seanca.Seancën e parë e hapi Isa Bajçinca me kumtesën Dyzet vjet të shqipes standarde, e më tej vijuan Xhevat Lloshi me Zgjidhje që i qëndruan kohës në shërbim të kombit, Shefkije Islamaj me Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit dhe norma leksikore, Jani Thomaj me Rreth kritikës shkencore dhe rreth diskutimeve për drejtshkrimin e gjuhës shqipe (kumtesë e lexuar nga N. Berisha)¸ Qemal Murati me MShqiptarët në gjuhë, Hysen Matoshi me Ndihmesa e Institutit Albanologjik dhënë standardizimit të shqipes, Vilma Proko me Fjala shqipe në rrafshin e ligjërimit shkencor-teknik, Sadri Fetiu me Konsulta Gjuhësore e Prishtinës (1968) dhe Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit,

Anila Çepani me Problematika gjuhësore të shtruara në konferencat të rëndësishme për gjuhën standarde, Sulejman Dërmaku me Konsulta e 68-s – pararendëse e Kongresit të Drejtshkrimit, Sheremet Krasniqi me Komisia Letrare e Shkodrës dhe Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit, Naim

Berisha me Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit në shtypin e Kosovës (1972).
THE IMPACTS OF INSTITUTIONAL DISTANCE ON THE LOCATION OF CHINA’s OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASEAN: An Empirical Research Based on CAGE Distance Framework
Authors: Ye Xue , Don Mohd Sobri , Alam A. S. A. Ferdous
Published: January 2024

As the world political and economic environment continues to change, the external environment faced by Chinese OFDI enterprises was becoming increasingly complex, with the impacts of institutional distance becoming more prominent.
Reflection on Teaching Asset Evaluation Cases Based on Framework Content
Authors: Li Chang'an , Fang Ying , Zheng Qi
Published: January 2024

This article aims to teach asset valuation case studies, focusing on the content of the asset valuation framework, and analyzing the significance, mode, and related issues of asset valuation case studies through practical experience, in order to provide reference opinions for improving asset valuation case studies.
Research on the Impact of Online Marketing on Enterprise Performance: Analysis of Financial Statements Based on the Food Industry
Authors: Liu Qiuping , Jiang Li , Jin Jing
Published: January 2024

With the development of network economy and e-commerce technology, the expansion of online marketing models for enterprises has become an inevitable trend. Online marketing has broken through the time and space limitations of merchants selling products. Enterprises use multimedia technology to interact with customers online, display products, and increase market sales. This article takes Uni President Enterprise as an example and uses case analysis method to analyze the financial performance of relevant financial indicators of Uni President Enterprise. Based on market conditions, it adjusts online marketing strategies, expands the brand awareness of the enterprise, enhances sales revenue, and improves financial performance, which has a positive effect.
Research on Informatization Project Management and Implementation Strategies in the Context of Digital Technology
Authors: Liu Xiangpeng
Published: January 2024

With the rapid development of the new generation of information technology, the enterprise's business model and internal and external environment have undergone a sea change, the traditional information technology project management and implementation mode has been unable to adapt to the rapid innovation of digital technology, to meet the development needs of enterprises, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of the enterprise information technology project management and implementation strategy, to explore the new mode of enterprise information technology project management. This paper is mainly from the perspective of information technology project management and implementation of common problems in information technology project management and put forward a series of reflections and suggestions, aimed at providing experience for information technology project management and implementation.
Innovation of Physical Education Teaching Mode in Higher Vocational Colleges from The Perspective of Entrepreneurship Quality Education
Authors: Jia Yuzhi
Published: January 2024

With the continuous progress of the times, the cause of education is also undergoing continuous reform and innovation, which makes in the teaching activities, the teaching methods of many disciplines have changed to a great extent, and the higher vocational sports discipline is one of them. Because of the continuous deepening of the concept of quality education, some higher vocational colleges have gradually changed their teaching philosophy when carrying out specific teaching activities, and then pay more attention to the overall development of students. In the stage of higher vocational education, sports discipline has a very important position, it can not only effectively improve the students' comprehensive physical quality, but also to a certain extent, improve the students' entrepreneurial quality. Based on this, this paper analyzes the cultivation methods and objectives of entrepreneurship quality of higher vocational college students, hoping to provide some help for the development of related work.
Research on the Influence of Housing Prices on the Economic Performance of Chinese Real Enterprises
Authors: Lin Xing
Published: January 2024

According to the Report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with importance of developing China’s real economy has become increasingly prominent, the economic development should focus on the real economy. Moreover, the various impacts brought by housing price changes in recent years are also intertwined with the sustained and superior economic development in China. With this context in mind, this paper uses panel data of housing prices and real enterprise performance in 30 major Chinese provinces and cities from 2005 to 2020—aside from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Xizang—to empirically test the relationship between housing prices and the economic performance of real enterprises in China. The findings indicate that there is a nonlinear link between housing prices and real firms' economic performance and that excessively high housing prices are detrimental to real companies' ability to function economically. Further investigation employing heterogeneity analysis reveals that the limitation of exorbitant housing prices has a greater impact on entity companies in China's west and center.
The Influence of Equity Incentive and its Concentration Degree on Enterprise Investment Efficiency
Authors: Sun Yuxin
Published: January 2024

As an important part of China's modern industrial system, high-tech industry has long-term inefficient investment problems due to the characteristics of high investment demand, high risk and long cycle. As an incentive and constraint mechanism based on the principal-agent theory, equity incentive can effectively reduce the agency cost and improve the investment efficiency of enterprises. Based on the different perspective of equity incentive between senior executives and core technical personnel, this paper takes the sample of equity incentive in 2018-2022 to test the impact of equity incentive on the investment efficiency of enterprises. The results show that equity incentive can effectively improve the investment efficiency, alleviate the investment shortage and restrain the excessive investment; equity concentration plays a negative effect on the relationship between equity incentive and enterprise investment efficiency; compared with executive equity incentives, core technical personnel equity incentives have a more significant effect on improving investment efficiency, Therefore, enterprises should pay attention to improving the level of equity incentive; focus on the influence of equity structure on the utility of equity incentive and prevent excessive equity concentration; when designing equity incentive plans, focus on incentivizing core technical personnel.
DENİZ YOLUYLA YOLCU TAŞIMALARINDA YOLCU BİLETİ KAVRAMI VE BİLETİN İÇERİĞİ
Authors: Karaarslan Tekincan Akif
Published: January 2024

Deniz yoluyla yolcu taşımalarında uygulanacak olan 2002 tarihli “Deniz Yoluyla Yolcuların Taşınmasına Dair 2002 Atina Konvansiyonu” ve 6012 sayılı TTK, yolcu bileti hakkında hüküm kurmamıştır. Bu durumla beraber yolcu bileti hem taşıma sözleşmesinin varlığını ispat eden hem de taşıma sözleşmesinden doğacak haklardan kimin yararlandığını gösteren bir ispat belgesi olduğundan ve 6100 sayılı HMK tarafından belirli bir sınırı aşan hukuki işlemlerin senetle ispat edilmesi gerektiğinden kavram olarak önem kazanmaktadır. Çalışmada yolcu bileti kavramı ve hukuki niteliği ele alındıktan sonra bagaj kuponları, promosyon biletleri ele alınacak söz konusu kurumlar 2002 tarihli Konvansiyon ve TTK hükümleri ile beraber değerlendirilecektir.
Vegetation of the Angmagssalik District. Southeast Green­land, IV. Shrub, dwarf shrub and terricolous lichens
Authors: Daniëls F. J. A.
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with part of the results of the Dutch phytosociological expeditions in 1968 and 1969 to the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland.

Shrub, dwarf shrub and terricolous lichen vegetation is treated here. The general part contains a description of the Angmagssalik District with emphasis on the applied methods.

The vegetation has been studied according to concepts of the French-Swiss School. The typology is based on about 250 records. The procedure of differentiation and classification of the plant communities is discussed. The term "decisive" differ­ential taxon is introduced and defined. The association concept is considered from a regional point of view. The plant communities are arranged in a floristic hierarchic system.

Concerning habitat factors, the altitude a.s.l., slope and wind direction were meas­ured. Other factors were roughly estimated. The soil types are indicated.

The following part contains a discussion of the vegetation units, with their floristic composition and physiognomy, habitat and distribution, and syntaxonomic position. This includes 24 vegetation units, I complex of communities, 11 communities and 12 associations. These are designed to the classes Oxycocco-Sphagnetea, Scheuchzerio­ Caricetea, Betulo-Adenostyletea, Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, Carici-Kobresietea, Salicetea herbaceae and Juncetea trifidi. Eight new associations and I new alliance are presented. Some syntaxa have been revised or validated.

The classification by Molenaar (1976) of mire vegetation and chionophytic herb communities is discussed and a new classification is proposed. Dwarf shrub vegeta­tion with Empetrum hermaphroditum and/or Vaccinium microphyllum on acid, mainly mineral soil is extremely varied in composition and physiognomy and is con­sidered a zonal formation, which largely determines the aspect of the region. The Empetrum-Vaccinium community is the climax vegetation of the district.

The greater part of the communities and associations can be assigned to alliances described from Scandinavia, and the phytosociological relationship with that region is emphasized. Only the Dryadion integrifoliae and the Cladonio-Viscarion all. nov. are not known from Scandinavia. The vegetation of the Angmagssalik District has its own character, as shown on the association level by the Sphagno-Salicetum, the Rhododendro-Vaccinietum, the Gymnomitrio-Loiseleurietum, the Carici­Dryadetum and the Cladonio-Viscarietum (all new), which are actually restricted to the area. The other 7 associations are also found at the southern and western coasts of Greenland. Most vegetation types (associations and communities) have a lowarc­tic-oceanic distribution. A few types are also found in Iceland and Scandinavia.
Biology of the squid Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein, 1818) from West Greenland waters
Authors: Kristensen Thomas K.
Published: January 2024

Three hundred adult and subadult Gonatus fabricii and about 7000 juveniles from West Greenland waters were examined. In spring and early summer large numbers of juvenile G. fabricii hatch in Davis Strait. Their abundance fluctuates from year to year.

In Disko Bugt the juveniles hatch in autumn and early winter. Juvenile G. fabricii hatch over a large area in Davis Strait at depths exceeding 200 m. At night juveniles south of the polar circle perform vertical upward migrations. Likewise it seems that shoals of juveniles disperse at the same time. The number of juvenile G. fabricii is found to be about the same as the number of larvae of the Greenland halibut, Rheinhardtius hippoglossoides, a common commercial fish. The growth of G. fabricii was found to be 8-9 mm per month. The development of the gonads in relation to pen length is describable by the allometric equation. The testis begins to develop at a pen length of about 8-10 cm, the penis at a pen length of 3-5 cm. The largest mature male measured 29.3 cm pen length. The ovary begins to develop at a pen length of 6-8 cm.

No mature females were found. In Greenland waters males probably mature at about 20 cm pen length, females between 25 and 30 cm pen length.

51 % of specimens had empty stomachs, 27% were half full and 22% full. Crustaceans, fish and cephalopods were found in the stomachs and crustaceans were the most important. The protein percent was found to be 12.5 and in the liver the lipid percent was 63.

Spawning and predators of G. fabricii are also discussed.
Populations and breeding schedules of waders, Charadrii, in high arctic Greenland
Authors: Meltofte Hans
Published: January 2024

Waders are the dominant birds of the high arctic tundra of Greenland, both in terms of population densities and number of species. Of 11 species of waders breeding regularly in Greenland, nine have their main distribution within the high arctic part. Charddrius hiaticula, Arenaria interpres, Calidris canutus, Calidris alpina, Calidris alba and Phalaropus fulicarius are the most abundant. Living conditions in high arctic Greenland are characterized by extremely low and often sparse vegetation, moderate snow-cover and short cool summers. Large regional, local and annual differences occur, however, and the breeding phenology and population densities of waders are described and analysed in relation to these differences. The annual schedules of the wader populations are reviewed, and the governing factors discussed for each stage, as well as the factors involved in controlling population densities, sizes and changes, and distribution on a larger scale.

A very strong negative correlation was found between start of laying and snow cover in early June, while breeding densities were best correlated with snow-free vegetation cover at this time. The most important ultimate factors involved are probably feeding conditions early in the season and, in snow-rich areas, also increasing predation risk with increasing snow-cover. Compared to other arctic areas, the waders in high arctic Greenland show moderate or low population densities, but they breed earlier than most other arctic populations. Low productivity, as compared to the extremely productive low arctic tundras of North America and Siberia, is responsible for the lower densities, while the limited spring snow-cover makes it possible for the waders to breed earlier in high arctic Greenland.

Finally an attempt is made to estimate the total population sizes of the waders breeding in high arctic Greenland, using both breeding density estimates and estimates of the same populations during winter in the Old World.
Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Thule area, Northwest Greenland: Faunistics and taxonomy
Authors: Just Jean
Published: January 2024

The material reported on was collected in the Thule area, NW Greenland, in 1968 and includes 105 species. Four of these. Aceroides goesi, Bathymedon antennarius, Monoculodes vibei and Parametopa crassicomis, are new to science. An additional 6 species are new to Greenland, while 9 species have previously been found in E Greenland but not in W Greenland. Four genera, Lembos, Arrhinopsis, Arctopleustes and Parametopa, are recorded from Greenland for the first time.
Specimens belonging to 15 additional taxa are for various reasons not referred to species. Major taxonomic problems, warranting broadly based revisions. are outlined in the genera Byblis, Gitanopsis, lschyrocerus, Tmetonyx, Monoculodes and Stenula. Three different forms of Paroediceros lynceus are discussed.
All known amphipod species from the Thule area are included in an annotated list. Forty-nine taxa are discussed and figured.
Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in Grönland
Authors: Hansen Eric Steen , Poelt Josef , Søchting Ulrik
Published: January 2024

The lichen genus Caloplaca is revised on the basis of specimens collected by J. Poelt and H. Ullrich in 1982 and 1983 in West Greenland, as well as all Greenland material in the herbaria of Copenhagen (C) and Oslo (0). A total of 43 species and two species of unclear affinity is described and discussed. Details are given about their ecology and the distribution of nine species is mapped. The taxonomy of some species-aggregates, including Caloplaca pyracea coll. and several black fruited saxicolous forms, is considered still unclear. A diagnostic key to all taxa is presented.

One species and three varieties are described as new: Caloplaca psoricida, C. citrina var. soropelta, C. jemtlandica var. cerinosora, C. lithophila var. elaeophora (with oil paraphyses). Some previously differentiated species growing on different substrates are united: Caloplaca  stillicidiorum with C. cerina, and C. cinnamomea with C. ammiospila. Variation in morphology and colour is discussed with spccial cmphasis on the impact of the arctic environment. In several species, e.g. Caloplaca exsecuta and C. tiroliensis, a significant blackening of the apothecium due to anatomical and chemical changes is described.

An attempt has been made to classify the Greenland and some European species in natural infrageneric groups. lt is concluded, however, that a clear cut natural subdivision of this large genus is not possible at present.

Notable new finds from Greenland are: Caloplaca trachyphylla, which is previously reported from western North America and Central Asia, C. anchon-phoeniceon, C. cacuminum, C. insularis, and C. saxifragarum, which are known from the Alps, and the temperate species C. decipiens, C. lactea and C. saxicola. Six species of Caloplaca are recorded as parasitic on lichens: Caloplaca anchon-phoeniceon (on Aspicilia), C. cacuminum (juvenile specimens on crustose lichens), C. castellana (mainly on Placynthium and other cyanophili), C. insularis (on Aspicilia), C. magni-filii (on Lecidea nigroleprosa) and C. psoricida (on Psora rubiformis).
The subfossil diatom flora of four geographically widely separated cores in Greenland
Authors: Foged Niels
Published: January 2024

Diatoms in cores from four Greenland lakes are reported; one lake is situated in NE Greenland, two in NW Greenland, and one in W Greenland. All cores are of postglacial age, the earliest sample radiocarbon-dated to c. 8500 years B.P.; in each core the latest sample is taken a few cm below the lake bottom.

Previously investigated cores from Greenland showed a gradual change of environmental pH from alkaline to faintly acid lacustrine environments. This is also the case at one of the two sites in NW Greenland, and in W Greenland the pH is initially alkaline but subsequently developing towards neutral and slightly below it. At Station Nord, NE Greenland, the pH is faintly alkaline. However, the data from the fourth lake, Qeqertat, NW Greenland is rather confusing, as the alkaline environment which seems to persist is suddenly interrupted three times by higher levels of acidity.

The diatom flora consists predominantly of cosmopolitan species which are mostly recorded from the extant Greenland flora. In some aspects it represents a transition between the flora of northern Europe and North America. Most of the taxa are recorded from both regions, but some seem to be more common in Europe, whereas a few are more common, or previously only found in North America, especially Alaska.

Some species of particular interest are commented upon, and photographs of selected species are included.
Mapping and monitoring of woodlands and scrub vegetation in Qingua-dalen, South Greenland
Authors: Feilberg Jon , Folving Sten
Published: January 2024

The vegetation in the S Greenland valley Qingua-dalen, containing the best developed, subarctic birch "forest" has been mapped by two different methods. The one combined the use of false infrared air photos with ground truthing, resulting in the map Fig. 5. Besides, a description of the woodland with analyses of the forest floor vegetation is given. The second method includes the use of data recorded by the Multi Spectral Scanner onboard the Landsat satellite. Finally advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed.
On stomatal behavior in the Greenland Mountain birch
Authors: Kauhanen Heikki
Published: January 2024

The study was conducted to determine response of birch stomata to evaporative demand and plant internal water status. The experiment was undertaken in Qinguadalenat a site with microtopographical variation. Comparisons were made between trees from a dry hill and from a moist river bank, respectively.

Under natural "stress" conditions, with high air temperature and low humidity, birches in both habitats did not exhibit any significant stomatal response to evaporative demand or low xylem-water potential. Under artificial stress two different patterns appeared. Dry habitat birches closed their stomata abruptly with decreasing xylem-water potential, while stomata! closure in moist habitat trees was gradual.
Afforestation experiments reflecting the treeline conditions in Southwest Greenland
Authors: Ødum Søren
Published: January 2024

Scrub of Betula pubescens, Alnus crispa, and particularly Sorbus groenlandica indicate potential conifer-treeline conditions in SW Greenland. Experimental treeplanting elucidates the phytogeographical position of the region, especially when using plant material of well known origin.

The history of early introductions and experiments leading to afforestation-attempts 1953ff is surveyed. Pinus sylvestris, Larix sibirica, Picea glauca, and Picea glauca x sitchensis have grown to 4-6 m at interior fiords between 6O°N and 61°N. Recent introductions of high latitude and high altitude origins of Picea glauca, Abies lasiocarpa, and Pinus contorta from Alaska and Yukon have resulted in obviously better adaptable plant material.
Larger fungi associated with Betula pubescens in Greenland
Authors: Elborne Steen A. , Knudsen Henning
Published: January 2024

A list of 102 larger fungi mainly associated with Betula pubescens in Greenland is given.

Species from most of the major taxonomic groups of larger fungi are represented. The species have been classified into a number of broad mycogeographical types. It is concluded that the fungi associated with B. pubescens in the subarctic part of southern Greenland constitute a fairly large group of which 4/5 of the species are mainly distributed in temperate areas and 1/5 in subarctic or arctic areas.
A quantitative approach to the sexual reproductive biology and population structure in some arctic flowering plants: Dryas integrifolia, Silene acaulis and Ranunculus nivalis
Authors: Phillipp Marianne , Böcher Jens , Mattson Ole , Woodell Stanley R. J.
Published: January 2024

The population ecology of three species in northwest Greenland (Dryas integrifolia, Silene acaulis and Ranunculus nivalis) was studied in two consecutive seasons. Flowering phenology, population structure, flowering biology (including numbers of pollen grains per anther, germinated pollen grains per stigma, ovules per gynoecium, seeds per fruit), pollination and insect activity were the main features investigated.

They were related to the micro- and macroclimatic conditions.

The results can be summarized as follows:

The unpredictability of the quality and length of the growing season makes the success of the reproductive cycle (i.e. production of mature seeds) very uncertain.

There are seedlings at the studied sites of the three species.

Most of the seedlings disappear.

Population structure results indicate that seedlings become established in at least some years, but input of new individuals is episodic.

Of the three species studied, R. nivalis allocates most resources to reproduction.

Percentage normal pollen varies mostly between plants, less between days and sites (D. integrifolia).

All three species are self-compatible.

Full seed set is obtained only after insect visits.

In S. acaulis seed set may be limited by the number of pollen grains reaching the stigmas.

The flowers provide food (pollen and nectar) for the insects. They also provide shelter, warmth, and a mating place for them.

There are sufficient insect visits per flower to ensure seed set, except possibly in S. acaulis.

About 1 % of total pollen grain production is found as germinated pollen grains on stigmas.

The utilization of pollen and stigmas varies between the three species. R. nivalis is the most efficient, whereas D. integrifolia is the most extravagant.

A cold and rainy summer in 1976 resulted in conspicuously lower seed set in 1977 in spite of the latter summer being comparatively dry and warm.

A 'reproductive budget' quantifying the various steps in the reproductive cycle is presented.
The benthos zonation of the Disko Fjord, West Greenland
Authors: Schmid Michael K. , Piepenburg Dieter
Published: January 2024

Whereas faunistic knowledge of the Greenland benthos is quite complete on the larger scale, more detailed community studies of the bottom fauna in the numerous Greenlandic fjords are relatively scarce. The benthos of the Disko Fjord on the west coast of Disko Island (West Greenland) was sampled using a van-Veen grab. Benthos communities were distinguished by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. The zonation pattern mainly reflects a bathymetrical gradient, but the spatial distribution of the fauna is also influenced by the strong aestival river runoff at the origin of the fjord. The resemblances between zones in terms of diversity, abundance, biomass, and faunistic composition were related to possible causes in terms of hydrography, sediment heterogeneity, and temporal patterns of ice cover and primary production.

Aspects of zoogeography, trophic structure, and reproduction ecology were also considered in the discussion of community distribution and composition.
Distribution and numbers of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait
Authors: Koski William A. , Davis Ralph A.
Published: January 2024

Aerial surveys were conducted over Baffin Bay during May-October 1978-79 and off West Greenland and over southern Baffin Bay, Davis Strait and Hudson Strait during March 1981-82. Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) were dispersed throughout the pack ice in northern Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during late winter and spring and moved into nearshore areas in and adjacent to Lancaster Sound during late June and July.

Important summering areas were identified in Buchan Gulf, Eclipse Sound, Admiralty Inlet, Prince Regent Inlet and Peel Sound, and possibly in Smith Sound and Home Bay, but there was considerable variation in the numbers of narwhals entering these areas each year. Narwhals remained in nearshore areas until late September or early October when they moved south in advance of and with the newly-forming pack ice. During autumn narwhals tended to migrate in large herds, moving both along the coast of Baffin Island and through offshore waters.

Our best estimates of the size of the narwhal population have come from surveys conducted in late spring when the whales are widely dispersed among the offshore pack ice. An estimated 34 363 (± SE 8282) narwhals were present in offshore areas of Baffin Bay that were surveyed four times in May-July 1979. This late spring estimate included narwhals that later summered on both the east and west sides of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, but excluded animals that summered in northern Hudson Bay. It does not include animals outside the survey area nor is it corrected to account for animals below the surface.

Our aerial survey data indicate that 7.8-9.0% of narwhals in summering areas were calves. An estimate of calving rate is 0.29 calves/adult female/year based on sightings of I-month-old calves without considering mortality between birth and the survey date.

The mortality rate of calves from I month to 13 months of age is estimated as approximately 17%.
Distribution and numbers of Canadian High Arctic narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in August 1984
Authors: Richard Pierre , Weaver Patt , Dueck Larry , Barber David
Published: January 2024

Aerial photographic surveys of the numbers and distribution of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in fjords and inlets south of Parry Channel, N.W.T., Canada, were conducted between 17 and 29 August 1984. Narwhals were concentrated in waters 350 m or more in depth and were most abundant in Prince Regent Inlet and Admiralty Inlet.

An estimate of 18 000 narwhals (90% Cl 15 000- 21 000) was obtained by combining estimates for the Eclipse Sound area, Admiralty Inlet, Prince Regent Inlet and Peel Sound. We evaluated the visibility of narwhal and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) models submerged to different depths. Models of adult narwhals could be seen when submerged to I 0 m but could only be clearly distinguished from white whales at depths of 2 m. Such results indicate a limit to counting submerged narwhals. This problem, along with other factors, constrains the estimation of population size.
Line-transect estimation of abundance of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Scoresby Sund and adjacent waters
Authors: Larsen Fin , Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Mar Anthony R. , Born Erik W.
Published: January 2024

An aerial line transect survey of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) abundance in Scoresby Sund and adjacent fjords in East Greenland was conducted in September 1983 and 1984. An effort of 1747 and 1973 linear kilometers resulted in 66 and 19 primary sightings of narwhal pods in 1983 and 1984. respectively. The mean pod size increased slightly but not significantly from 1.99 to 2.56 between the two years. The resulting estimates of abundance of narwhals (not corrected for submerged animals) were 300 (95% Cl 165- 533) and 102 (95~ Cl 36-276) in 1983 and 1984, respectively. These two estimates are not significantly different. The difference between the two estimates is most likely due to annual variation, perhaps in combination with the formation of new ice in 1984, which could have forced the narwhals out of the study area.
Summer distribution and movements of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Eclipse Sound and adjacent waters, North Baffin Island, N.W.T.
Authors: Kingsley Michael C. S. , Cleator Holly J. , Ramsey Malcolm A.
Published: January 2024

Each year from 1987 to 1991 and in 1993, 3-6 helicopter surveys were flown in August to study the distribution and movements of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in their summering grounds in western Eclipse Sound, Milne Inlet, Koluktoo Bay and Tremblay Sound. Their summer distribution is influenced by ice cover. They prefer waters that while giving them shelter from the wind, are over deep bottoms. Narwhals associate with ice in Eclipse Sound, a large expanse of water, while it persists, but do not frequent Tremblay Sound, a narrow fjord, when it has ice cover. When Eclipse Sound is ice-free, narwhals frequent smaller water bodies. Favoured areas in the ice-free season have in common the characteristics of being steep-sided and deep.

Narwhals associate in small groups, but these groups aggregate to form larger herds that generally move together. In the short term, movements and distribution are greatly affected by the near presence of killer whales (Orcinus orca), which narwhals seek to avoid.
Growth, reproduction, age structure and feeding habits of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland waters
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Teilmann Jonas
Published: January 2024

Reproductive organs, mandibular teeth, stomach contents and body measurements including total mass from white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) taken by Inuit hunters in West Greenland during 1985-1992 were analysed. Both sexes of white whales from West Greenland attain a greater length at physical maturity than do white whales from Alaska, Hudson Bay, northern Quebec, the White Sea and the Kara Sea. Male white whales attain sexual maturity at 6-7 years. Size of testes and presence of spermatozoa suggest that mating takes place in May or perhaps later.

Female white whales apparently become sexually mature at 4 to 7 years of age, but the negative bias of age estimates from whales whose teeth lack the neonatal line confounded our effort to estimate the age at sexual maturity. Gestation lasts at least 330 days, with implantation in May- June, and calves are likely to be born in April-May.
Studies on freshwater Entomostraca in Greenland VI. The Entomostraca of the Kap Farvel) area, southernmost Greenland
Authors: Røen Ulrik
Published: January 2024

Freshwater crustaceans of the groups Cladocera, Ostracoda and Copepoda were investigated in the Kap Farvel area, the southernmost part of Greenland. Collections were made at 158 freshwater localities, and 42 species were found. Maps of the distribution of the species in the area are given. On the basis of distribution, number of species and specimens per locality, and the water chemistry and temperature, a zoogeographical boundary is suggested between the eastern and the western parts of the area.
Historical and present distribution, abundance and exploitation of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.) in eastern Greenland
Authors: Born Erik W. , Dietz Rune , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Knutsen Lars Øivind
Published: January 2024

The status of the Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L in eastern Greenland is reviewed on the basis of several historical and recent sources of information on distribution, numbers and catch. Walruses occur in small groups along the east coast of Greenland from approximately 63° N to approximately 81° N. Their largest abundance is, however, north of approximately 73° 30' N. The sexes are generally segregated during summer: During August and September, about 50 males are found at each of two terrestrial haulouts Sandøen (74° 15' N) and Lille Snenæs (76° 52' N).

Movement of walruses that could be identified from natural marks indicates that there is a connection between the two groups. During summer, the majority of mature females and subadults of both sexes are distributed further north, between about 80° N and about 81° N. Walruses winter in the Northeast Water Polynya, in leads and cracks in the offshore pack ice in the Fram Strait and Greenland Sea between about 78° N and about 81° N, further south in smaller recurring polynyas, and in the shear zone between fast ice and the pack ice along the east coast of Greenland. Although a connection between walruses in eastern Greenland and Svalbard has been demonstrated, the extent to which the eastern Greenland population is geographically isolated from groups further east has not been determined.

A total kill of about I 680 walruses (including walruses killed-but-lost) by European sealers and hunters between 1889 and 1955 severely reduced the walrus population in eastern Greenland. Back-calculations based on estimates of the present population size of between 500 and 1000 walruses indicate that this population numbered between 700 and 1900 individuals in 1889, and most likely about 900 individuals.

It is estimated that Greenlanders removed 20 to 30 walruses (primarily males) annually during the 198Os and 199Os (23% killed-but lost animals included). This appears to be a sustainable catch.
Altitude distribution of vascular plants in mountains of East and Northeast Greenland
Authors: Schwarzenbach Fritz Hans
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the altitude distribution of vascular plants is reported for five mountainous areas in East and Northeast Greenland between 71 °N and 80°40' N (field work 1948-1952, 1954, 1956, 1991, 1994-1995, 1998). The analysis rests on a database of 9626 records. There are 176 species documented with 3457 herbarium specimens.

The altitude distribution of each species is shown in bands of 300 m, range 0-1800 m. Unusual altitudinal patterns are suggested to be explained by edaphic, climatic or genetic factors, sometimes also by the history of the vegetation.

A system of "altitude distribution types (ADT)" combines information about the highest sites with the distribution from S to N, and preferred habitats of each species. Biometric estimates of the altitude limit of each species is presented. Limits are highest in the Stauning Alper (72°N, 1720 m), lowest in Kronprins Christian Land (80°N, 900 m), decreasing c. 300 m from the western Stauning Alper to Kong Oscar Fjord.

Average altitude limits of 42 common species are compared with altitude distribution in six other areas in West Greenland, East Greenland and North Greenland. Exposure influences the altitude distribution considerably, depending on the degree of regional climate, continentality and local latitude.

The diversity of the vegetation as estimated by Shannon-Index, Simpson-Index, Q-Statistics for the species/presence-distribution is similar in all areas studied.
Otto Fabricius and the seals of Greenland
Authors: Kapel Finn O.
Published: January 2024

The life of the Danish missionary, cleric, philologist, naturalist and ethnographer Bishop Otto Fabricius (1744-1822) is reviewed in the first part of this volume. He served as a missionary in Southwest Greenland in 1768-73 and spent his leisure time gaining experience of and collecting information on all products of nature. His work, and his importance as a cleric and as the author of contributions to the study of the Greenlandic language are briefly mentioned: but the greatest importance is attached to his contribution to the sciences of natural history and ethnology. The work that made him famous is Fauna Groenlandica (1780), written in Latin and describing 473 animal species from Greenland, of which 130 were new to science. Although his daily duties were related to his ecclesiastical posts, he continued to conduct and publish scientific studies throughout his life.

Most of this work was written in Danish, and the distribution therefore limited; however, his ethnographical works have been translated into English (Holtved 1962). Some later writers’ evaluations of Fabricius’ contributions to the study of natural history are mentioned, and an attempt is made to explore the character of the man behind the work.

The second part of this volume contains a complete, literal translation into English of Otto Fabricius’ comprehensive treatise on the seals of Greenland (1790 & 1791). A modern-style list of his references is compiled, supplemented with examples of illustrations found in these works.

Otto Fabricius’ contributions to the study of seals are evaluated in the third part of this volume. They enjoy a unique position, since they reflect the intimate knowledge of these animals he was able to obtain by living among seal hunters, as a seal hunter himself.

First he established the existence of four seals species in Greenland besides the common seal (Phoca vitulina), and provided their names to O.F. Müller (1776); secondly he presented precise descriptions of all five species in Fauna Groenlandica. Ten years later he published the treatise on the seals of Greenland; and finally he wrote a detailed description of the seal hunting implements used by the Greenlanders (1810). A comparison with the works of previous and contemporary authors demonstrates that Fabricius’ contributions in this field rank high, particularly because of their stamp of personal and direct observation and experience. This was acknowledged by contemporary scientists, and was still recognized well into the nineteeth century; but today the name and work of Otto Fabricius seem to be known only to a few specialists.
The agaric genera Ga/erina Earle and Phaeogalera Kuhner in Greenland
Authors: Gulden Gro
Published: January 2024

Twenty-two Galerina species (one with two varieties) and one Phaeogalera species are recognised. Fourteen of the species are recorded for the first time in Greenland and G. chionophila Senn-Irlet is reported for the first time from the N Atlantic - Arctic region.
Taxonomic, ecological and geographical features are discussed and a key is given to all taxa known to occur in the N Atlantic-Arctic region. Galerina terrestris Wells & Kempton is considered a later synonym of G. minima A.H. Sm. & Singer and G. badipes (Pers.) Gulden is redefined in the sense of Persoon.