bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of seed-row potash to spring wheat grown on soils with high available potassium levels
Authors: Karamanos Rigas , Flore Norm A. , Harapiak John T.
Published: January 2013

Karamanos, R., Flore, N. A. and Harapiak, J. T. 2013. Application of seed-row potash to spring wheat grown on soils with high available potassium levels. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 271–277. Two experiments were conducted at numerous locations across western Canada from 1990 to 1994 to ascertain the response of hard red spring (CWRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to seed-row applied K fertilizers. Soil test K levels at all sites (location×year combinations) exceeded the critical level for western Canada of 125 mg NH4OAc-extractable K kg−1, the concentration below which the probability of a K deficiency is high. In the first experiment, days to maturity and yield for wheat were statistically similar whether or not KCl was applied in the seed row. When the cultivar Roblin was grown significant (P<0.05) yield reductions as a result of seedrow placing low rates of potassium fertilizers were obtained. The second experiment showed that maturity and yield did not respond to treatments including KCl, K2SO4, or CaCl2 fertilizer applied in seed row. Furthermore, spring wheat responses for any of the preceding treatments were not different relative to the control (no K fertilizer applied). These findings bring into question the benefit of seed-row K fertilizer application to hard red spring (CWRS) wheat production on K-sufficient soils in western Canada.
OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Shuaizhang , Ma Jiajia , Liu Pei
Published: January 2013

Li, S., Ma, J. and Liu, P. 2013. OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 165–170. Jasmonates, a group of oxylipin phytohormones in angiosperms, play important roles in regulating plant growth and development and in responding to environmental stimuli. AtOPR3, a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana, has been proven to be vital in catalyzing jasmonate biosynthesis. Here, the temporal and spatial expression of AtOPR3 was investigated by promoter-GUS fusion in A. thaliana. In pOPR3::GUS transgenic plants, the GUS activity was detected in roots, leaves and all floral organs, and was highly induced by MeJA treatment. In addition, the GUS activity was principally detected in the phloem cells of the leaf veins. The sequence of the OPR3 promoter region was predicted to have 49 potential binding sites for transcription factors including the well-known Myc-like basic helix-loop-helix, GATA, MADS, MYB-like and Homeobox proteins. In consistent with an expression of OPR3 in lateral roots, there are more lateral roots in the opr3 mutant plants, in which OPR3 expression is knocking-out. In addition, the involvement of auxin biosynthesis in JA-regulated lateral root development is implied by our observation that the transcripts of ASA1, a gene involved in auxin biosynthesis, are decreased in opr3 plants.
Response of chickpea cultivars to pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications
Authors: Taran B. , Holm F. , Banniza S.
Published: January 2013

Taran, B., Holm, F. and Banniza, S. 2013. Response of chickpea cultivars to pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 279–286. Weed control is one of the major constraints of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in western Canada. There are no highly selective herbicides registered for broadleaf weed control in this crop in western Canada, consequently herbicide injury to the crop is an issue in many situations. Experiments were conducted at Saskatoon and Elrose, SK, to examine the effects of herbicide treatments on ascochyta blight severity, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height and yield of several chickpea cultivars. Results in 2008 and 2009 showed that sulfentrazone was the safest option evaluated for broadleaf weed control in chickpea. The results also showed that although a pre-emergence application of low-rate imazethapyr caused minor levels of injury to the plants and slightly increased ascochyta blight severity, it had only minor effects on plant development and yield compared with sulfentrazone. In contrast, post-emergence applications of imazethapyr, imazamox and metribuzin increased ascochyta blight severity significantly, delayed flowering and maturity and reduced yield. The extent of the effects of pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications varied with cultivars.
CO448 corn inbred line
Authors: Reid L. M. , Zhu X. , Voloaca C. , Woldemariam T. , Wu J.
Published: January 2013

Reid, L. M., Zhu, X., Voloaca, C., Woldemariam, T. and Wu, J. 2013. CO448 corn inbred line. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 327–330. CO448 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability in hybrids. This inbred performed well as a parent with both stiff and non-stiff stalk inbreds, but had consistently excellent performance with B14 type testers like TR2040 and MBS1130.
Predictors of success for electronic health record implementation in small physician practices
Authors: Singh M.P. , Thomas R. , Edwards A. , Snyder A. , Kashyap A. , Kaushal R. , Ancker J.S.
Published: January 2013

Background: The federal government is promoting adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) through financial incentives for EHR use and implementation support provided by regional extension centers. Small practices have been slow to adopt EHRs.

Objectives: Our objective was to measure time to EHR implementation and identify factors associated with successful implementation in small practices receiving financial incentives and implementation support. This study is unique in exploiting quantitative implementation time data collected prospectively as part of routine project management.

Methods: This mixed-methods study includes interviews of key informants and a cohort study of 544 practices that had worked with the Primary Care Information Project (PCIP), a publicly funded organization that since 2007 has subsidized EHRs and provided implementation support similar to that supplied by the new regional extension centers. Data from a project management database were used for a cohort study to assess time to implementation and predictors of implementation success.

Results: Four hundred and thirty practices (79%) implemented EHRs within the analysis period, with a median project time of 24.7 weeks (95% CI: 23.3 – 26.4). Factors associated with implementation success were: fewer providers, practice sites, and patients; fewer Medicaid and uninsured patients; having previous experience with scheduling software; enrolling in 2010 rather than earlier; and selecting an integrated EHR plus practice management product rather than two products. Interviews identified positive attitude toward EHRs, resources, and centralized leadership as additional practice-level predictors of success.

Conclusions: A local initiative similar to current federal programs successfully implemented EHRs in primary care practices by offsetting software costs and providing implementation assistance. Nevertheless, implementation success was affected by practice size and other characteristics, suggesting that the federal programs can reduce barriers to EHR implementation but may not eliminate them.

Citation: Ancker JS, Singh MP, Thomas R, Edwards A, Snyder A, Kashyap A, Kaushal R. Predictors of success for electronic health record implementation in small physician practices. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 12–24

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-09-RA-0033
Polar night retrievals of trace gases in the Arctic using the Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer
Authors: Mariani Z. , Strong K. , Palm M. , Lindenmaier R. , Adams C. , Zhao X. , Savastiouk V. , McElroy C. T. , Goutail F. , Drummond J. R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI) was installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada in October 2008. Spectra from the E-AERI provide information about the radiative balance and budgets of trace gases in the Canadian high Arctic. Measurements are taken every seven minutes year-round, including polar night when the solar-viewing spectrometers at PEARL are not operated. This allows E-AERI measurements to fill the gap in the PEARL dataset during the four months of polar night. Measurements were taken year-round in 2008–2009 at the PEARL Ridge Lab, which is 610 m above sea-level, and from 2011-onwards at the Zero-Altitude PEARL Auxiliary Lab (0PAL), which is 15 km from the Ridge Lab at sea level. Total columns of O3, CO, CH4, and N2O have been retrieved using a modified version of the SFIT2 retrieval algorithm adapted for emission spectra. This provides the first nighttime measurements of these species at Eureka. Changes in the total columns driven by photochemistry and dynamics are observed. Analyses of E-AERI retrievals indicate accurate spectral fits (root-mean-square residuals < 1.5%) and a 10–15% uncertainty in the total column, depending on the trace gas. O3 comparisons between the E-AERI and a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, three Brewer spectrophotometers, two UV-visible ground-based spectrometers, and a System D'Analyse par Observations Zenithales (SAOZ) at PEARL are made from 2008–2009 and for 2011. 125HR CO, CH4, and N2O columns are also compared with the E-AERI measurements. Mean relative differences between the E-AERI and the other spectrometers are 1–14% (depending on the gas), which are less than the E-AERI's total column uncertainties. The E-AERI O3 and CO measurements are well correlated with the other spectrometers; the best correlation is with the 125HR (r > 0.92). The 24-h diurnal cycle and 365-day seasonal cycle of CO are observed and their amplitudes are quantified by the E-AERI (6–12% and 46%, respectively). The seasonal variability of H2O has an impact on the retrievals, leading to larger uncertainties in the summer months. Despite increased water vapour at the lower-altitude site 0PAL, measurements at 0PAL are consistent with measurements at PEARL.
Toward a multivariate reanalysis of the North Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry during 1998–2006 based on the assimilation of SeaWiFS chlorophyll data
Authors: Fontana C. , Brasseur P. , Brankart J.-M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Today, the routine assimilation of satellite data into operational models of ocean circulation is mature enough to enable the production of global reanalyses describing the ocean circulation variability during the past decades. The expansion of the "reanalysis" concept from ocean physics to biogeochemistry is a timely challenge that motivates the present study. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential benefits of assimilating satellite-estimated chlorophyll data into a basin-scale three-dimensional coupled physical–biogeochemical model of the North Atlantic. The aim is on the one hand to improve forecasts of ocean biogeochemical properties and on the other hand to define a methodology for producing data-driven climatologies based on coupled physical–biogeochemical modeling. A simplified variant of the Kalman filter is used to assimilate ocean color data during a 9-year period. In this frame, two experiments are carried out, with and without anamorphic transformations of the state vector variables. Data assimilation efficiency is assessed with respect to the assimilated data set, nitrate of the World Ocean Atlas database and a derived climatology. Along the simulation period, the non-linear assimilation scheme clearly improves the surface analysis and forecast chlorophyll concentrations, especially in the North Atlantic bloom region. Nitrate concentration forecasts are also improved thanks to the assimilation of ocean color data while this improvement is limited to the upper layer of the water column, in agreement with recent related literature. This feature is explained by the weak correlation taken into account by the assimilation between surface phytoplankton and nitrate concentrations deeper than 50 meters. The assessment of the non-linear assimilation experiments indicates that the proposed methodology provides the skeleton of an assimilative system suitable for reanalyzing the ocean biogeochemistry based on ocean color data.
Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift
Authors: Heine C. , Zoethout J. , Müller R. D.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The South Atlantic rift basin evolved as branch of a large Jurassic-Cretaceous intraplate rift zone between the African and South American plates during the final breakup of western Gondwana. While the relative motions between South America and Africa for post-breakup times are well resolved, many issues pertaining to the fit reconstruction and particular the relation between kinematics and lithosphere dynamics during pre-breakup remain unclear in currently published plate models. We have compiled and assimilated data from these intraplated rifts and constructed a revised plate kinematic model for the pre-breakup evolution of the South Atlantic. Based on structural restoration of the conjugate South Atlantic margins and intracontinental rift basins in Africa and South America, we achieve a tight fit reconstruction which eliminates the need for previously inferred large intracontinental shear zones, in particular in Patagonian South America. By quantitatively accounting for crustal deformation in the Central and West African rift zone, we have been able to indirectly construct the kinematic history of the pre-breakup evolution of the conjugate West African-Brazilian margins. Our model suggests a causal link between changes in extension direction and velocity during continental extension and the generation of marginal structures such as the enigmatic Pre-salt sag basin and the São Paulo High. We model an initial E–W directed extension between South America and Africa (fixed in present-day position) at very low extensional velocities until Upper Hauterivian times (≈126 Ma) when rift activity along in the equatorial Atlantic domain started to increase significantly. During this initial ≈17 Myr-long stretching episode the Pre-salt basin width on the conjugate Brazilian and West African margins is generated. An intermediate stage between 126.57 Ma and Base Aptian is characterised by strain localisation, rapid lithospheric weakening in the equatorial Atlantic domain, resulting in both progressively increasing extensional velocities as well as a significant rotation of the extension direction to NE–SW. From Base Aptian onwards diachronous lithospheric breakup occurred along the central South Atlantic rift, first in the Sergipe-Alagoas/Rio Muni margin segment in the northernmost South Atlantic. Final breakup between South America and Africa occurred in the conjugate Santos–Benguela margin segment at around 113 Ma and in the Equatorial Atlantic domain between the Ghanaian Ridge and the Piauí-Ceará margin at 103 Ma. We conclude that such a multi-velocity, multi-directional rift history exerts primary control on the evolution of this conjugate passive margins systems and can explain the first order tectonic structures along the South Atlantic and possibly other passive margins.
A Titanium Plasma-Sprayed Cup with and without Hydroxyapatite-Coating: A Randomised Radiostereometric Study of Stability and Osseointegration
Authors: Munzinger Urs , Guggi Thomas , Kaptein Bart , Persoon Marion , Valstar Edward , Doets H. Cornelis
Published: January 2013

We present a prospective, two-centre radiostereometric analysis (RSA) regarding the stability of a flattened pole titanium press-fit cup (EP-FIT PLUS), and whether additional hydroxyapatite coating leads to faster bone ingrowth into the porous coating. Forty-two postmenopausal female patients (44 hips) undergoing total hip arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis, selected to avoid hormonal factors influencing bone metabolism, were randomised to receive this cup with a titanium-plasma-sprayed surface with or without an additional hydroxyapatite coating. RSA was used to measure cup translation and rotation along three cardinal axes with respect to the host bone at the following time points: immediately postoperatively, at 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. The most pronounced translation was proximal (0.11 mm) and posterior tilt (-0.27°). No difference in translation and rotation could be detected between the two groups. With the exception of one cup with an isolated radiolucent line <2 mm in zone 1, all cups showed complete osseointegration on conventional radiographs. The flattened pole cup provided excellent early stability and no advantage could be detected with additional hydroxyapatite coating.
Effects of Pollen Extract in Association with Vitamins (Deprox 500®) for Pain Relief in Patients Affected by Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: Results from a Pilot Study
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Luciani Lorenzo Giuseppe , Caola Iole , Mondaini Nicola , Malossini Gianni , Lanzafame Paolo , Mazzoli Sandra , Bartoletti Riccardo
Published: January 2013

Background

The therapeutic efficacy of CP/CPPS is not very satisfactory and the impact on young male's quality of life is considerable. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of pollen extract associated with vitamins (DEPROX 500®) in order to improve the quality of life of young patients affected by chronic prostatitis type Illb (CP/CPPS) by pain relieving.

Methods

All patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of CP/CPPS (class b) underwent DEPROX 500® 2 tablets in a single dose daily for 30 days. Clinical and microbiological analyses were carried out at the enrolment and after 1 month. NIH-CPSI and IPSS questionnaires have been used. The main outcome measure was the improvement of quality of life at the end of the whole study period, evaluated by questionnaires results.

Results

20 men (mean age 32.8 ∓ 6.78) were enrolled in this pilot study. The baseline questionnaire mean scores were 25.90 ∓ 2.1 and 8.01 ∓ 3.64 for NIH-CPSI and IPSS, respectively. At the follow-up examination (1 month after treatment), 18 out of 20 patients (90.0%) reported an improvement of quality of life, in terms of pain reduction. The questionnaire results after 1 month from treatment were as follows: NIH-CPSI 12.8 ∓ 2.20, IPSS 7.6 ∓ 1.58. Statistically significant differences were then reported between the two visits, in terms of NIH-CPSI scores (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences have been reported in terms of IPSS between the two groups. All patients were negative at the Meares-Stamey test evaluation. The compliance to the study protocol was 100%.

Conclusions

The pollen extract associated with vitamins (DEPROX 500®) significantly improved total symptoms, pain, and QoL in patients with non-inflammatory CP/CPPS without severe side effects.
Celebraciones escolares, ¿fiestas cívicas? El tratamiento escolar del 9 d’Octubre y del Día de la Constitución en las aulas valencianas de Educación Primaria
Authors: Parra Monserrat David , Segarra Estarelles Josep Ramon
Published: January 2013

El 9 de octubre y el 6 de diciembre se conmemoran dos acontecimientos históricos considerados relevantes para la sociedad valenciana actual: el Dia de la Comunitat Valenciana y el Día de la Constitución. A partir de los distintos modos como se trabajan o celebran en las aulas valencianas de Educación Primaria dos hechos con una carga histórica y cívica tan fuerte, pretendemos investigar la compleja articulación que se da entre ciudadanía, historia e identidades, prestando especial atención al significado de las diferencias y similitudes entre ambos casos.
Estudio de los conceptos de ciudadanía, identidades y cultura política en los libros de texto andaluces de Educación para la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos
Authors: González García Erika
Published: January 2013

La educación para la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos implica, entre otros fines y objetivos de la materia, el desarrollo de una ciudadanía democrática, una lealtad al Estado de derecho y una cultura política participativa. Nosotros consideramos que la ciudadanía democrática puede interpretarse a la luz de tres marcos teóricos o modelos de ciudadanía que implica ejercicios democráticos diferentes. La lealtad al Estado de derecho supone el desarrollo de una identidad política, y no sólo la identidad filosófica, sociológica, étnica, etc. y por último, la educación de una ciudadanía democrática requiere el desarrollo de una cultura política participativa. El objetivo de este trabajo es dilucidar sobre los conceptos anteriores y analizar cómo se concreta en los manuales escolares de Educación para la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos.
Concepciones sobre la Historia en Primaria: La epistemología como asunto clave en la formación inicial de maestros
Authors: Suárez Suárez Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2013

La discordancia entre el papel educativo que se atribuye a la Historia y la realidad de las aulas provoca que los estudiantes no perciban ni valoren la utilidad de la disciplina. En la enseñanza primaria, este problema tiene su base en el desconocimiento de la epistemología disciplinar, que limita la capacidad de los maestros para extraer todo el potencial educativo de la historia. En este sentido, desarrollamos una intervención que, partiendo de las concepciones previas de los futuros maestros, revela la pertinencia de iniciarles en la construcción del conocimiento histórico, trabajando actividades para ser competentes en la formulación de hipótesis, la explicación causal y la comparación pasado-presente. Asimismo, los resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir desarrollando estrategias para lograr una transformación efectiva de la enseñanza.
Aprender y argumentar España. La visión de la identidad española entre el alumnado al finalizar el bachillerato
Authors: Sáiz Serrano Jorge , López Facal Ramón
Published: January 2013

Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio más amplio sobre la progresión del aprendizaje de la identidad nacional entre alumnado español de secundaria a partir del actual marco curricular y los libros de texto mayoritarios. Aquí se presentan los resultados provisionales de un análisis empírico de la visión del alumnado sobre la identidad española al acabar bachillerato y su capacidad de argumentar al respecto. Se ha realizado a partir de una muestra de cuestionarios y ejercicios de argumentación en un centro de secundaria.
Aprendizaje informal, patrimonio y dispositivos móviles. Evaluación de una experiencia en educación secundaria
Authors: Ibáñez Etxebarría Alex , Vicent Otaño Naiara , Asensio Brouard Mikel
Published: January 2013

La relevancia e incidencia de los aprendizajes informales, parece cada vez más clara. Estos efectivos mecanismos, se están aplicando con intensidad en programas educativos de apoyo en espacios de presentación del patrimonio y museos, y al hilo de la irrupción de las TIC, también a través de dispositivos móviles, pero ¿son efectivos estos programas más allá de la innovación tecnológica? En el presente estudio se evalúa un programa para educación secundaria ejecutado en Zarautz (País Vasco). Los resultados confirman que la adquisición de contenidos es buena, y el factor motivacional provocado por los dispositivos móviles es alto. Por el contrario, no se ha podido determinar si pueden presentar algún factor de distracción para el alumnado. De carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, esta investigación abre camino en un terreno poco explotado
A survey of paediatric HIV programmatic and clinical management practices in Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa—the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA)
Authors:   IeDEA Pediatric Working Group
Published: January 2013

Introduction

There are limited data on paediatric HIV care and treatment programmes in low‐resource settings.

Methods

A standardized survey was completed by International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS paediatric cohort sites in the regions of Asia‐Pacific (AP), Central Africa (CA), East Africa (EA), Southern Africa (SA) and West Africa (WA) to understand operational resource availability and paediatric management practices. Data were collected through January 2010 using a secure, web‐based software program (REDCap).

Results

A total of 64,552 children were under care at 63 clinics (AP, N=10; CA, N=4; EA, N=29; SA, N=10; WA, N=10). Most were in urban settings (N=41, 65%) and received funding from governments (N=51, 81%), PEPFAR (N=34, 54%), and/or the Global Fund (N=15, 24%). The majority were combined adult–paediatric clinics (N=36, 57%). Prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission was integrated at 35 (56%) sites; 89% (N=56) had access to DNA PCR for infant diagnosis. African (N=40/53) but not Asian sites recommended exclusive breastfeeding up until 4–6 months. Regular laboratory monitoring included CD4 (N=60, 95%), and viral load (N=24, 38%). Although 42 (67%) sites had the ability to conduct acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) smears, 23 (37%) sites could conduct AFB cultures and 18 (29%) sites could conduct tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing. Loss to follow‐up was defined as >3 months of lost contact for 25 (40%) sites, >6 months for 27 sites (43%) and >12 months for 6 sites (10%). Telephone calls (N=52, 83%) and outreach worker home visits to trace children lost to follow‐up (N=45, 71%) were common.

Conclusions

In general, there was a high level of patient and laboratory monitoring within this multiregional paediatric cohort consortium that will facilitate detailed observational research studies. Practices will continue to be monitored as the WHO/UNAIDS Treatment 2.0 framework is implemented.
Oil Pollution Control On The Buffalo River
Authors: Frank Ronald L.
Published: January 2013

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc. is performing research and development for the City of Buffalo, to formulate practical techniques for controlling river oil pollution. The program is supported in part by a grant from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.

Summarizing progress to date, the paper discusses the two main systems developed: the upper river system (surface oil booms) and the lower river system (underwater air barrier). The basic design of the air barrier is discussed, along with the results of laboratory and field testing. The sampling and analysis phase is summarized, in addition to oil retrieval and the use of surface chemical displacing compounds.
Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Oil-Dispersing Chemicals
Authors: Murphy T.A. , McCarthy L.T.
Published: January 2013

A procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of oil-dispersing chemicals has been developed. Using the apparatus originally designed for the Navy specification for solvent-emulsifiers, test conditions were adapted to correspond more closely to typical environmental conditions. Test conditions having the greatest effect on dispersant performance included: type of oil, composition of salt water solution, degree of agitation of chemical/oil mixture, and the degree of contact between chemical and oil prior to agitation. Results from this modified procedure, the Simulated Environmental Tank (SET) Test, correspond well with results from simple field tests. Field tests have limited precision and reproducibility. This lack of a reliable index of field performance with which to compare laboratory results hinders refinement of standard test procedures. The SET Test, which produces results corresponding favorably with field performance, to the extent field performance can be determined, and which simulates typical environmental conditions, is proposed as a meaningful interim solution to this problem of dispersant evaluation.
Evaluation Of Dispersants
Authors: Beynon L.R.
Published: January 2013

Chemical agents for treating oil pollution have been described variously as “detergents,” “dispersants,” “emulsifying agents,” “solvent emulsifiers,” and so on. In this paper, however, the word “dispersant” will be used to cover all such materials.

The basic way in which dispersants work is that they change the interfacial properties of oil and water, enabling an oil layer to be broken up by agitation into very small droplets which may be readily dispersed in the body of the sea. The ways in which dispersants are applied, and the available techniques for supplying agitation to the treated oil, differ greatly depending on whether or not the oil has come ashore. Very often, too, dispersants, which are effective in dealing with floating oil, are completely useless for cleaning beaches, although the reverse is seldom if ever true. There is a need, therefore, for separate methods of assessing the efficiencies of dispersants in combating oil at sea and on shore.

It is also necessary to know the effect of dispersant treatment on marine life, so that in alleviating the evil of oil pollution one does not cause unnecessary damage to marine flora and fauna. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss toxicity testing of dispersants. This subject has been covered by Dr. R. G. J. Shelton of the Shellfish Laboratory of the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Rather, it is my purpose to describe what has been done by the Institute of Petroleum (IP) Working Party on “Detergents and their Application” to derive meaningful rules for determining which dispersants should be used for cleaning up oil pollution in various circumstances.
Study Of Equipment And Methods For Removing Oil From Harbor Waters
Authors: Walkup P.C. , Polentz L.M. , Smith J.D. , Peterson P. L.
Published: January 2013

A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials, and techniques for the removal of spilled petroleum products from the surface of port and harbor waters used by U. S. Naval craft. Effectiveness criteria, formulated for present methods and presently available equipment and materials, included speed of application, completeness of removal, ease of operation, effect on marine life, operating continuity, and availability. Parameters for the effectiveness study were based on the petroleum products now in use or those planned for future use and a detailed review of the geographic, hydrographic, physical, and environmental characteristics of ports used by the U. S. Navy. The two most cost-effective systems for broad application were found to be mechanical recovery of spilled material by surface suction devices, supplemented by mechanical containment, and the application of chemical dispersants by pier-or vessel-mounted high pressure spray equipment.
New Methods For Combatting Oil Slicks
Authors: Meijs F.H. , Jongbloed L.J. Schmit , Tadema H.J.
Published: January 2013

A new device has been developed which incorporates the principle of continuous operation for high capacity by means of a floating and circulating absorbent belt. By continuous squeezing of this belt, the oil is separated and the belt can be used over and over again. The apparatus has been shown to operate satisfactorily under practical conditions on inland waters.

Oil slicks at sea can be sunk by means of sand that has been rendered oil-wet by the addition of special wetting agents. This can be accomplished in one fast operation by using a sea-going hopper dredger which first gathers the sand from the sea bottom and stores it still wet in its hoppers. At the site of the oil slick, after fluidisation of the sand with water and a small amount of chemical, the sand/water slurry is sprayed over the floating oil.

This method was shown to have practical potential by large-scale tests with a dredger. Both from an economic and an operational point of view, this seems to be the only potentially viable way of attacking really large oil spills whilst still on the sea.
United Kingdom Ministry Of Technology Work On Oil Pollution
Authors: Smith J. Wardley
Published: January 2013

The work of the various research laboratories of the Ministry of Technology in the field of oil pollution is described. It includes the removal of oil from beaches and from the sea, the burning of oil in tanks and the use of booms in sheltered waters.

In 1960, there were a number of fairly large-scale oil pollution incidents off the south coast of England. As a result, an approach was made to the Minister for Science to carry out work to find out the best method of removing oil pollution from beaches. This work, which was soon extended to the problem of dealing with oil while still on the sea, was carried out by the Warren Spring Laboratory, now part of the Ministry of Technology. Other Ministry laboratories were later drawn in for other aspects of the problem. The work is still going on.

This paper will describe firstly the treatment of oil on the beaches; secondly, methods of dealing with oil on the sea; thirdly, the burning of oil in tanks; fourthly, the use of booms to protect particular sites; and, lastly, other means of preventing oil from reaching the surface of the sea.
Pollution Control At A Major Oil Spill
Authors: Gaines T.H.
Published: January 2013

The eruption of crude oil from the ocean floor five and one-half miles offshore from Santa Barbara, California on January 28, 1969, created a substantial task of pollution control and property cleanup. In spite of all difficulties encountered, the beaches, harbors, houses, boats and shoreline have been restored, and in some cases, exceed their original beauty and cleanliness. The cleanup has been costly and time-consuming. More than $4,500,000 has been spent in the prevention of pollution and restoration of property and the environment.
Remote Sensing Of Oil Slicks
Authors: Swaby L.G. , Forziati A.F.
Published: January 2013

An overview of remote sensing methods is presented and illustrated with data taken at the Santa Barbara oil spill The conclusion is reached that such methods possess monitoring capability but so far the ability to identify the slick material as oil has not been demonstrated. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are briefly discussed.
Fluid Dynamics Of Floating Oil Containment By Mechanical Barriers In The Presence Of Water Currents
Authors: Wicks Moye
Published: January 2013

Experiments on oil containment by mechanical barriers have led to identification of the important physical phenomena controlling the extent of an oil slick and have illustrated flow conditions leading to failure of the barrier.

A mathematical model has been developed to generalize the experimental results. Three regions in the oil layer are identified.a gravity wave region near the upstream end of the slick, which leads to oil droplet formation if water flows faster than a certain critical speed,a boundary layer region where drag of the flowing water causes gradual thickening of the oil, anda skirt region where the flowing water causes oil droplets still present to be swept under the barrier.

Another mechanism of failure is discussed whereby oil could escape under the boom by a kind of draining action.

Example calculations and design charts are presented which may be useful in deciding whether stationary mechanical barriers would work at all in given cases, and in selecting the proper depth of skirt and length of boom required in those cases where mechanical barriers are feasible. Where stationary barriers are not feasible, the results can be used to establish minimum boom drift velocity to prevent oil from escaping.
DEVELOPMENT OF TANK VESSEL OVERFILL ALARM INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Leonard Donald J.
Published: January 2013

At the API-FWPCA joint conference on prevention and control of oil spills held in New York in 1969, it was reported that two-thirds of the oil spill incidents each year occurred in port and harbor areas and were generated during routine petroleum transfer operations. Based on our investigations, the spills are generally the result of personnel errors and only rarely due to equipment failure.

This paper describes the concept, development and initial trials of a number of devices made for Shell and used to prevent spills due to tank overfilling during tank vessel loading. The instruments are inserted into the tanks through tank-top ullage holes. They sound an alarm when product reaches a level where a spill is imminent, alerting crewmen and allowing them to take corrective action.

Complete instrument specifications are given as they were presented to companies working with Shell on the device development.

The evaluation, shipping company and U.S. Coast Guard involvement and support, field testing of prototypes and factors affecting Shell's device choice are described.

Apparent favorable initial device reception by the users, ship crewmen and dock personnel (bearing largely on instrument effectiveness) is described.

A second phase effort is described which will accumulate these alarms and provide an automatic link to shore facilities to shut down pumps or close valves upon receipt of an overfill alarm.
USE OF A GRAVITY TYPE OIL SEPARATOR FOR TANKER OPERATIONS
Authors: Lockwood W. H. , Norris R. O.
Published: January 2013

The need to control the oil content in ballast and tank cleaning discharges to meet increasingly stringent seawater pollution standards has led to the development of a gravity type separator capable of handling up to 300 tons/hour of oily ballast water. When properly handled these separators enable the tanker operator to clean tanks and process oily ballast with an oil content of up to 100% without fear of contamination of the seas. This continuous and automatic operation is unaffected by normal movements. The recovered oil is available for burning as fuel aboard ship, “load-on-top” or disposal ashore.

Separators of this type have been in use on three 70,000 DWT ships, for periods of one to three years. On typical voyages a ship of this size can recover enough slop oil to provide one day or more of bunkers if the ship is equipped to burn the recovered oil. The ship's crew is trained to carry out analysis of the oil to determine if the oil can be burned onboard immediately following separation or must be treated to drop out salt and/or water prior to burning. Several typical ballast voyages using the separator will be discussed. The overboard discharge of water from the separator is analyzed to assure compliance with current pollution regulations and a means to shunt the overboard discharge into a holding tank is employed if the oil content is too high. Limitations and possible improvements of this type of separator will also be presented.
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL LEAKS AND SPILLS
Authors: Kreider R.E.
Published: January 2013

Development of a tentative method of comparison of unknown petroleum leaks and spills with known sources is reported. Methods of sampling and preparation of a residue, free of water and solids, equivalent to a 24-hour weathered sample are described. The principal method of analysis is high-resolution temperature programmed gas chromatography. Additional analyses considered are sulfur, nitrogen, nickel, vanadium and infrared. Analyses of samples by 10 cooperating laboratories are reported.
BALLAST WATER TREATMENT: A MAJOR UNDERTAKING
Authors: Scribner Jonathan W.
Published: January 2013

Port Valdez is an important fishery resource area located at the proposed terminus of a 48 inch diameter, 800 mile, crude oil pipeline system. This terminus facility will provide for the transfer of crude oil to large oil tankers for shipment to the “lower 48” and will also provide for the treatment of oily ballast water from incoming vessels. The degree of treatment required by State and Federal agencies will limit the treated effluent water to 10 mg/1 total oil content. This is considered to be as stringent a requirement as exists for a similar facility anywhere in the world and was imposed upon the industry to ensure maximum protection of marine life. The treatment facility will consist of primary gravity separation, secondary dissolved-air flotation with the addition of chemicals and an outfall/diffuser system terminating in Port Valdez at a depth greater than 100 feet.
PUGET SOUND FISHERIES AND OIL POLLUTION – A Status Report
Authors: Clark Robert C. , Finley John S.
Published: January 2013

The Greater Puget Sound Basin is one of the largest oil handling areas on the West Coast of North America. Due to the increased local need for petroleum products and to the proposed influx of Alaskan North Slope crude oil in the near future, this area will undoubtedly experience even greater petroleum transportation and processing activities. In terms of living resources of economic value—fish, shellfish, waterfowl and aquatic animals—Puget Sound is one of the most productive estuaries on the Pacific Coast. There is increasing evidence that the extensive sport, commercial and aquacultural fisheries resources are threatened by pollution resulting from oil spilled in the transport, handling, and use of petroleum.

This paper presents a stauts report of what is being done in the Pacific Northwest by the petroleum industry, state government and federal agencies to protect the environment prior to the anticipated expansion of the petroleum industry. Research activities which will provide additional information for minimizing the impact of oil pollution on an already pollution-stressed environment are also discussed.
OIL SPILL TREATMENT WITH COMPOSTED DOMESTIC REFUSE
Authors: Vaux Walter G. , Weeks Stephen A. , Walukas Donald J.
Published: January 2013

Floating crude oil can be absorbed and recovered with compost made from domestic refuse. Experiments showed that compost floats on water without wetting until it encounters oil, then absorbs oil at 3.4 ml crude/gram compost (19 barrels/ton).

Oil-saturated compost forms cohesive masses which are easily retrieved from water. Floating masses of oily compost burn vigorously and leave a coke-like residue which sinks. Oily compost can be sunk; underwater it breaks into small suspended particles which disperse and degrade.

Ocean tests off San Diego demonstrated that very thin and thick (1.5 mm) films can be treated and removed quickly.

This method can be applied to (i) absorption and recovery, (ii) absorption and sinking, (iii) absorption and ignoring. Treated oil when left afloat is non-adhesive and will not stain vessels or wildlife, compost will aid decomposition of the sequestered oil which washes ashore. Retrieved oily compost may be burned at sea or on shore.

Economic studies show the use of compost to be competitive. Compost is inexpensive, continuously available, stable, easily transported and distributed at sea.
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF A VORTEX FLOW TO SEPARATE OIL FROM AN OIL-WATER MIXTURE
Authors: Mensing Arthur E. , Stoeffler Richard C.
Published: January 2013

The use of a continuous-flow vortex separator as a component of an oil spill clean-up system was investigated. Tangential injection of the oil-water mixture into the vortex tube produces buoyant forces which accelerate the lighter oil to the vortex axis. The cleansed water and the core containing the oil are exhausted through exit ports in opposite end walls of the vortex tube. The cleansed water would be returned to the sea and the core flow containing the oil would be stored.

Tests of laboratory-scale model vortex separators were made using oil-water mixtures having inlet oil-to-total-flow ratios between 0.002 and 0.3 and for a variety of geometric and flow conditions. The tests were made using four types of oil (napthene-base crude, paraffin-base crude, diesel and No. 6 heating fuel) having viscosities between 3 and 4250 cps (measured at 75 F) and specific gravities between 0.83 and 0.97. The results showed that separator performance may be optimized by proper control of the oil exhaust flow. Under optimum conditions, approximately 90 percent of the injected oil was separated and captured, and the captured flow contained approximately 90 percent oil.

Studies were also made to determine the sizes and weights of components for full-scale vortex separators, including the necessary pumps and prime movers.
“DYNAMIC KEEL” OIL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
Authors: March Frank
Published: January 2013

Ocean Systems, Inc., under contract to the U.S. Coast Guard, has developed an oil containment system for use on the high seas. The system is designed to contain oil in 4–5 foot seas in combination with 20 mile per hour winds and 0. 7–1 knot currents in a nominal water depth of 200 feet and up to 30 miles from shore.

The barrier design is based on the use of flexible Polyurethane foam, with a “dynamic keel” that imparts high static and dynamic stability. The barrier consists of a non-water-absorbing foam package that provides buoyancy and a surface barrier, and a water-absorbing foam package that provides a submerged barrier and serves as a “dynamic keel.” The two packages are connected into an integral unit that can be compressed to approximately 20% of the original volume for storage and transportation. The memory or resiliency of the foam material causes the barrier to resume its original shape and size after the packaging restraints are released. It should be noted that no compressors, pumps and other mechanical support equipment are required.

Results of analytical studies and model testing are presented which indicate the effectiveness of the system.
PNEUMATIC BARRIERS FOR OIL CONTAINMENT UNDER WIND, WAVE, AND CURRENT CONDITIONS
Authors: Basco David R.
Published: January 2013

An experimental laboratory study of the pneumatic barrier has recently been completed at Texas ?&M University (sponsored by the U S. Coast Guard). Both the fluid mechanics of air-bubble generated currents and their effectiveness for containing oil under wind, wave, and current loadings were investigated.

The bubble-generated current has been found to provide an effective means of containing oil on water. However, under strong currents (2 knots) or breaking wave conditions, large quantities of air are required and the substantial increase in power requirements which results may prove the system uneconomical for some applications.

Consequently, use of the pneumatic barrier to prevent oil spreading on water is recommended for protected areas with low (below 1.0 knot) currents.
SHOULD FINANCIAL LIMITATIONS UPON LIABILITY BE APPLIED TO OIL SPILL REMOVAL AND DAMAGE
Authors: Hallberg C. R.
Published: January 2013

The title of this paper might lead the uninformed to the conclusion that the question is yet to be resolved. To the more knowledgeable it might appear to be a discussion as to the merits of locking the barn long after the horse had been stolen. While several august bodies, including the Congress and the 1969 Brussels International Conference on Marine Pollution Damages have concluded that there should be, at least in certain cases, a financial limitation upon liability for damages resulting from oil spills, the issue is far from dead. The purpose of this paper is to raise the question as to whether financial limitation schemes are the best solution to the problem of cost distribution with regard to damage caused by oil.