bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of work in children's and adolescents school performance: a reality report
Authors: Silveira R C P , Robazzi M L C C
Published: March 2011

In Brazil there is a high number of children and adolescents from needy families who study and work to contribute with family income. This study aimed to identify the impact of work in children's and adolescents school performance. Method: This is a non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study, carried out with 133 students from secondary education, in municipal schools at Ribeiro Preto (SP). A questionnaire with questions concerning students socioeconomic characteristics about gender, age, colour, place of birth, school attendance, characterisation of the work done, wage, time of work, work shift, prior works, works consequences, absence at school, school days missed, failures and/or progression to next grade and school performance of students working compared to the ones not working. The questionnaire was previously tested and then applied to the students. The Statistical Package of Social Sciences, version 14.0, was used for the data analysis. Results: Of the 133 investigated subjects, most (63.2%) was girls; 83.9% had parents who were married or lived with partner; lived at own home (74.2%) and with siblings (95.5%). Of the 36 (27.7%) who mentioned to study and work, the minimum age of beginning to work vary from 6 to 15 years old, nevertheless, the majority (20.6%) started their activities at the age of eleven and thirteen (20.6%); the salary received for the work was US$ 61.2 in average. The reasons mentioned to work were: to contribute with family income (33%), to earn money (11.1%), liking to work (5.5%), 88.9% help parents at home after work and 38.9% have failed at school. It was identified association with the work done by the child/adolescent, that is, the chance of failing at school is 260% higher than the chance of the ones who do not work (p=0.000). Many factors contribute to the premature start of these students at work, as the size and structure of the family and poverty. The more the child and adolescent are absorbed by work, higher the chance of having an unsatisfactory school performance and abandoning studies, thus remaining with lower socioeconomic conditions.
Data collection and analysis of consumer product related child injuries in Israel
Authors: Mike-Doron R , Epel A , Oppenheim M , Endy-Findling L
Published: March 2011

Background

Each year children in Israel are injured due to a variety of consumer products. The current data sources in Israel do not provide systematic information on consumer product related child injuries. Beterem- Safe Kids Israel initiated the National Pediatric Injury & Safety Surveillance (NAPIS) program to collect and analyse data from multiple sources. As of January 2007, Beterem conducts systematic quantitative and qualitative analyses of consumer product related child injury events for the Ministry of Industry, trade and labour.

Methods

The data on consumer product related child injuries in the years 2006-2008 was compiled from three Beterem databases: (1) bedside counselling and Injury Data Collection with Families of hospitalised Children – database of intake data on injury events. (2) Database of Child Injury Incidents from the Media systematic information on child injuries as publicised in the media. (3) Safety Experts' Telephone Hotline database based on contacts to the hotline.

Results

Data for 3 years includes: from the counselling database, 1591 consumer product related injury events, involving 220 products, of which 41 products represented 80% of the injury events; from the media database, 661 cases involving 190 products; and over 40 additional cases via the hotline. Detailed information and a narrative summary on consumer product related child injuries includes analysis of the types of injury, causes and locations of incidents, product group, model and manufacturer. The information is provided to policy makers and serves as the basis for changes in standardisation of consumer products in Israel.
Economic evaluation of domestic violence in France
Authors: Nectoux M , Mugnier C , Baffert S , Thelot B , Albagli M
Published: March 2011

Objective

To evaluate the cost of domestic violence in France.

Method

This work was a part of a European programme (DAPHNE). The consequences of violence were listed. The data which allow quantifying these consequences were collected and expressed in monetary terms. The reference for the cost calculation was the incidence of the violence; the costs or the parameters of costs were accumulated since the beginning of the events. The cost of domestic violence was estimated from the view point of the society based on published data, institutional sources, field studies and experts opinions. The sources of data came from medical, judicial, associative spheres and from national inquiries in health.

Results

The total cost of domestic violence in France was estimated at 2472 million euros per year (between 1.7 and 3.5 billion euros). This cost was detailed in: healthcare costs (483 million); use of the police and justice services (235 million); costs of the social consequences, particularly the use of the social security benefits (120 million); human costs of the rapes and prejudices (535 million); production losses due to the deaths, the imprisonments and absenteeism (1099 million, more of 40% of the total).

Conclusion

Although the data were often incomplete and required hypotheses for the calculations, it may be concluded that by increasing by one euro the budget of the prevention policies of the domestic violence, one could save up to 87 euro of societal expenses, among which 30 euro of direct expenses.
A population based study on injuries in rural and urban areas of Aligarh
Authors: Zaidi S H N , Khan Z , Khalique N , Amir A
Published: March 2011

Background

Worldwide injuries and violence are ranked among the leading causes of death and disability. In India, the currently available injury data are hospital derived. In order to understand the burden and outcome associated with injuries, we conducted a community based study in urban and rural area of Aligarh.

Methods

Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2006 to July 2007. Data were gathered on 1864 individuals of all ages. The urban sample included 607 individuals while the rural sample included 1257 persons. People having suffered from injury resulted in losing one or more days of normal activity in the last 6 months and all injury-related deaths during the last 1 year were included in the study.

Results

The proportion of individuals who sustained injury in rural area was much higher, with an injury incidence of 116 per 1000 persons (95% CI=114.2 to 117.8) compared to urban area with an injury incidence of 88 per 1,000 persons (95% CI 85.8 to 90.2) of the total population. A significant difference was also found for major disability (>30 disability days) in both areas, with an incidence of 44 per 1000 persons per year (95% CI 42.8 to 45.2) in rural areas and 28 per 1000 persons (95% CI to 26.6 to 29.4) in urban areas. In both areas, the most common cause of injury was Stab/ cut, followed by falls and traffic injury.

Conclusion

The urban-rural contrasts in injury mortality and morbidity are due to differences in infrastructure and livelihoods. This has greater implications in setting priorities when planning for intervention strategies.
Promoting vulnerable road users safety towards safe and equitable communities in Bangladesh
Authors: Hoque M , Mahmud S M Sohel
Published: March 2011

Bangladesh is a country in South Asia and is a very densely populated country with about 150 million inhabitants living in an area of 147 570 sq km. Road accidents are increasing alarmingly taking heavy toll of human lives and personal injuries. Over 10 000 deaths and 200 000 serious injuries from road crashes are estimated to occur annually in Bangladesh, while 4000 deaths are officially reported. With the lowest motorisation level, Bangladesh has the worst death rate (deaths/10 000 motor vehicles) of the region. Nearly 80% of road traffic fatalities are attributed to vulnerable road users (VRUs)- pedestrians, bicyclists, motor cyclists and users of informal and unsafe motorised and non-motorised transport. It is the poor that are most seriously affected with consequences of plunging poor households into acute poverty. Indeed the tragic premature, healthy and costly lives, permanent disabilities and property damages are exacerbating poverty reduction efforts particularly in rural areas. Clearly VRUs will remain the main victims of road traffic injuries for quite some time to come and their disproportionate injury problem deserves urgent attention. Intervention strategies like transport planning exposure and speed controls, traffic separation, VRUs friendly infrastructure designs and policies, use of technology and community based actions and initiatives are likely to play much more important role in Bangladesh. In this paper the disproportionate burden and characteristics of VRUs injuries are discussed. Road safety issues, intervention options and requirements are also discussed in promoting safe and equitable communities in Bangladesh.
Personality traits and driving style in Argentine drivers
Authors: Ledesma R D , Poo F M , Montes S A
Published: March 2011

Road traffic crashes account for numerous human lives and disability all around the world. To understand the role that human behavior plays in crashes can help to reduce their negative burden. For this reason, the aim of this study was to assess the relationships among driving styles and personality traits by gender and age group. We hypothesised that different driving styles are related to different personality traits. We also hypothesised that the nature and strength of the relationship can differ by gender and age groups. We collected data from a non-probabilistic sample consisting in 908 drivers in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. Driving Styles were assessed by the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) which evaluates six domains of driving behaviour (risk, anger, anxiety, distress, inattention and prudence while driving). Personality was assessed with the short form of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Inventory (ZQPQ-50-cc), which allows to assess five personality traits: impulsive sensation seeking, anxiety, aggression, activation and sociability. Overall, results suggested that different patterns of personality traits are associated to different driving styles. We also found that gender and age can moderate these relationships. Notwithstanding, in all cases correlations were moderate, suggesting further research is needed to better understand the role that personality plays in driving behaviour. Finally, we discuss the consequences of our findings for road safety.
Epidemiology of childhood road traffic injury: in Bangladesh yield of the largest community based survey
Authors: ul Baset M D Kamran , Rahman A K M Fazlur , Rahman A , Mashreky S M R , Towner E
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, disability and mortality in low income countries. According to the WHO Global Burden of Disease project, in 2004 nearly 1.3 million people of all ages were killed in road traffic crashes around the world and over 50 million were injured or disabled.

Objective

Investigate the magnitude of and risk factors for childhood road traffic injury in Bangladesh.

Methodology

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the current childhood road traffic injury situation in Bangladesh. Face-to-face interviews were used. Multi stage cluster sampling was used to select the sample.

Result

Nationally representative data were collected from 171 366 rural and urban households. In the sampled households 351 651 children aged 0–17 years were identified; 178 285 were males and 173 366 females. The rate of non-fatal RTI among children under 18 years of age was calculated as 186.55 per 100 000 child-year. The highest incidence (216.06/100 000 child-year) was found among the 59 years age group. Among the total children with non-fatal RTI 75.3% were male and 24.7% were female. The incidence of childhood RTI was found to be three times higher in rural children than urban children. Most of the childhood RTIs were pedestrian injuries. The rate of fatal RTI was 5.97 per 100 000 per year among all children.

Conclusion

The study findings confirmed that childhood RTI is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. An appropriate prevention programme is urgently required to prevent fatal and non-fatal RTIs in rural areas.
Analysis of fatal road traffic crashes in Kandy, Sri Lanka using GIS
Authors: Gaspe G M N S , Weeratunge N C , Dharmaratne S D , Gunatilake J , Dassanayake D M G S , Gamage O , Kumarapeli V
Published: March 2011

The City of Kandy has been identified as an important area for road traffic crashes (RTC) in Sri Lanka. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be effectively used to analyse or to interpret the factors that govern such crashes. This paper describes the effective usage of traffic police data in a GIS analysis and interpretation. All the fatal RTCs occurred in the Kandy City reported to the Kandy Police during 2000–2008 were collected from the paper based databases and were transferred into a simple digital data table format using Microsoft Excel. Simultaneously, all the crash locations were re-marked using a handheld GPS receiver. All the GPS locations and the digital data tables were merged into a Geodatabase using ArcGIS 9.3 software. The Kandy City was divided into six major classes according to the distribution of roads and RTCs. All the analyses and interpretations were done within the ArcGIS software environment. Several spatial patterns were identified as hotspots in the Kandy City along the major road stretches. Classification of RTCs according to the attributes on the Geodatabase gave significant results. Analyses of environmental, geographical, sociological and constructional factors highlighted that some results were related to the locations of the RTC. This application of the GIS is important in the prevention and control of RTCs in Kandy and whole Sri Lanka. Only fatal RTCs were included in this analysis on a pilot basis and this study is to be extended including all RTCs taken place in Kandy.
Development of a standardised evaluation grid for trauma center accreditation process
Authors: Lavoie A , Moore L , Murat V , Bamvita J M , Lapointe J , Bourgeois G
Published: March 2011

Regionalised and integrated trauma systems are effective in reducing mortality. Following initial designation of 59 trauma centres in the province of Quebec, Canada, each centre was evaluated in situ twice over a period of 10 years by an external panel of experts according to American College of Surgeons criteria.

Problem

Reports do not reflect a systematic approach as they are focusing on major strengths and flaws. This hinders their usefulness in measuring performance.

Objective

Test the reliability and validity of a standardised evaluation grid.

Methods

A retrospective review of 115 accreditation reports (three were missing) on 59 designated trauma centres was performed. A systematic grid containing 84 elements grouped under three themes (commitment, program and procedures) was applied to all reports by a single reviewer to calculate performance scores. Two analyses were performed: (1) a random sample of 12 reports was duplicated to measure intra-rater agreement, and (2) content validity was assessed by comparing median scores of the 115 reports by accreditation results (accreditation positive, revisit required and designation postponement).

Results

The scoring system demonstrated excellent intra-rater agreement as 76 of the 84 elements showed strong or close to perfect agreement (weighted κ>0.60). Median scores decreased significantly when a revisit was requested or postponement of accreditation occurred (Spearman's rho=–0.71, p<0.0001).

Conclusion

A more systematic approach is required for trauma centre accreditation site visits. An evaluation grid may help by providing a more reliable and valid assessment of their performance.
Key factors associated with the high burden of injuries in the Canadian forces
Authors: Payne E
Published: March 2011

Background

Military populations are particularly vulnerable to injury due the nature of their work and the required levels of physical training. The Canadian Forces Health and Lifestyle Information Survey (HLIS) is a regularly conducted population health survey on health status, risk factors and demographics from a stratified random sample of Canadian Forces (CF) personnel. The 2008/9 HLIS indicated that in the preceding year 23% of Canadian Forces (CF) personnel had sustained an activity limiting repetitive strain injury (RSI) and 21% an activity limiting acute injury. Among CF personnel unable to deploy, 32% identified musculoskeletal injury as the reason.

Methods

HLIS sampling methods are described in detail elsewhere. The 2008/2009 version of the HLIS included more detailed questions about risk taking behaviours, specific types of physical training activities, and reasons CF members were unable to deploy for active duty. There were three separate outcomes of interest, acute injury, RSI and deployment prohibitive musculoskeletal injury. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to investigate which injury risk factors remained significant when adjusted for other parameters in the model.

Findings

Bivariate analysis identified several military and physical training variables significantly associated with acute, RSI and deployment prohibitive injuries. Multivariate logistic regression revealed more complex relationships; the association between training and injury was mediated by the inclusion of lifestyle and demographic variables in the models. This exploratory approach provides a more comprehensive description of injuries leading to more effective surveillance and prevention planning in the CF.
Fatal road traffic injuries at age 16–20 years among 611 654 persons born in Norway 1967–1976: multilevel cohort study
Authors: Kristensen P , Kristiansen T , Rehn M , Gravseth H Magne , Bjerkedal T
Published: March 2011

Background

Road traffic injury is a major cause of death in adolescence. The study objective was to investigate influences of individual and area factors on fatal injuries among motor vehicle occupants, 16–20 years old.

Methods

All persons born in 1967–1976 in Norway were followed up in several national registries. Associations were analysed in multilevel Poisson regression.

Results

Road traffic deaths (N=676) constituted a major cause of death, 621 (rate 20.4 per 100 000) were motor vehicle occupants. Boys had higher mortality than girls (adjusted rate ratio (RR) 3.34, 95% CI 2.79 to 4.01). Risk patterns of motor vehicle occupant deaths after non-collision crashes due to loss of control on the road (N=316) and collision crashes showed distinctive differences. Most striking was a strong gradient according to parental education level for boys in the non-collision category (adjusted population preventive fraction 0.83, CI 0.48 to 0.95). A similar gradient was not evident for girls or for collision crashes. Non-collision deaths were associated with residence in less central municipalities (RR 1.61, CI 1.17 to 2.20). Collision deaths were negatively associated with degree of municipal road illumination (RR of 1SD increase 0.66, CI 0.54 to 0.81).

Conclusions

High mortality among male occupants and the strong socioeconomic gradient in non-collision crashes are alarming. High risk prevention strategies are worth considering. Municipal characteristics of concern were identified but had modest independent impact.
Sexual violence against children and adolescents: importance of interview medical-legal
Authors: de Souza S L Barbosa , e Silva M C Maia
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Sexual violence against children and adolescents, due to their physical, emotional, cognitive and social, has become recognised in recent decades as a public health problem. However, its diagnosis is considered a difficult task, because not always the physical signs of their occurrence are evident. The forensic interview is a feature whereby the personal history and clinical and behavioural changes of the victim are valued in the entire peer review, assisting in the elucidation of cases in which no physical evidence found.

Objective

This study investigated the interview forensic as an additional tool to physical examination expert in identifying sexual violence against children and adolescents at Institute of Forensic Medicine, Recife.

Method

Exploratory, descriptive study conducted from November 2008 to March 2009. Were interviewed 22 forensics doctors, using a questionnaire to investigate clinical and legal aspects of the sexological exam of children and adolescents.

Results

The analysis revealed that 100% of medical examiners conduct interviews with victims, based on clinical experience gained in working life, without using a specific protocol for management of children and adolescents.

Conclusion

The absence of an interview protocol for medico-legal approach to child and adolescent victims of sexual violence is reflected in the reports of the sexological examination, which prioritise the physical evidence rather than behavioural change, recognised in the scientific literature as related consequences sexual violence. It is necessary to investigate and propose procedures and routines for the care of victims, their families and early intervention programs.
INTEGRIS Integration of European Injury Statistics: first results
Authors: Bauer R , Furian G , Laursen B , Lyons R A , Van Beeck E
Published: March 2011

The implementation of prevention-oriented injury surveillance in the European Union (EU) is a major demand towards the Member States in the recent EC Council Recommendations on the prevention of injury and the promotion of safety. Needed in particular are valid and reliable indicators for the array of external causes of injury morbidity, like involved activities, products and mechanisms, and for the most severe consequences of injuries besides death long term and chronic disabilities. Whereas no single EU health statistics fulfils that demand to date, the integration of two existing data sources the prevention-oriented European Injury Database (IDB) and the routine Hospital Discharge Registers (HDR) is considered the most promising approach to that avail. The RP7 funded INTEGRIS project which was started in May 2008 – aims to provide the necessary research and technology input for the IDB-HDR integration through an evaluated demonstration project with about 20 participating hospitals in six EU Member States. By the time of the conference first results from the pilot study will be available. As part of a live demonstration online queries of the 2010 integrated injury database – sourced from the participating hospitals – will be performed during the presentation, showing projections of regional and of national injury figures and indicators for injury related disability from the HDR medical information. By 2011 INTEGRIS shall result in an implementation plan for a cost-efficient injury surveillance system for all EU-member states that is compatible with the European Statistical System.
From IDB to INTEGRIS a new approach to hospital based injury surveillance it the EU
Authors: Furian G , Bauer R , Laursen B , Lyons R A , van Beeck E
Published: March 2011

The establishment of specially designed injury surveillance systems is widely advocated as a prerequisite for the development and evaluation of injury prevention strategies. By international experience the EU Data Base (IDB) is considered the most appropriate data system to that avail in Europe. The IDB focus is to collect external cause information for all sectors of injury prevention. The IDB is based on a sample of hospitals in currently 13 EU member states; the central online database is hosted by DG Sanco. The fact, however, that the IDB was designed as a stand-alone data system, proved to be an obstacle for its wider implementation in Europe. The FP7 project INTEGRIS (Improved Methodology for data collection on accidents and disabilities), 2008 to 2011, is a feasibility study for the improvement of the IDB methodology and cost efficiency through an integration of the IDB with the routine Hospital Discharge Registers (HDR) at the hospital level. The presentation shows the INTEGRIS data model, the operationalisation of the ICD-based indicators for disabilities, and the INTEGRIS hospital interface and transmission protocol for the central database application. Also first results of the evaluation of the INTEGRIS pilot will be included in view of the objectives of INTEGRIS, to provide population based indicators for the incidence of various external causes of injury morbidity, the incidence of long term and chronic disabilities from accidents, and the compliance with the quality criteria of the European Statistical System (Eurostat) and the EU Health Indicators (DG Sanco).
Burden and factors associated with work-zone crashes on an interurban highway in Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti J A , Razzak J A , Lagarde E , Salmi L
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Highway work zones (HWZ) may lead to an increased road traffic crash (RTC) risk. Little is known about such crashes in low-income countries (LICs).

Objective

To assess burden and factors associated with HWZ crashes on a highway in Pakistan.

Methods

Police reported crashes occurring on Karachi-Hala road-section from Jan 2006 to Dec 2008 were included in this study. We compared crash and death risk between work and normal traffic zones for a 50-km-long road-section for which data was available on work zone dates and average daily traffic. Crash locations were described for a further 146-km-long section on which we assessed factors associated with HWZ crashes.

Results

Of 180 crashes, 27 (15%) occurred in HWZs accounting for 30.8% of road fatalities (N=91). HWZ exposition was one-sixth of the whole traffic exposition on the selected road section. Rates were higher in HWZ compared to other parts of the road for crash (RR)=2.28, (95% CI 1.14 to 4.56), attributable risk (AR)=18.5%) and death (RR=4.56, 95% CI 2.05 to 10.16, AR=39.0%). Opposite-direction (adjusted OR (aOR)=8.01, 95% CI 2.34 to 27.68) and RTCs on wet surfaces (aOR=10.43, 95% CI 1.38 to 79.15) were significantly associated with HWZ crashes.

Conclusion

These results indicate that traffic separation in work-zones should be prioritised to reduce the increased burden of crashes in LICs.
Road hazard perception of high risk sites in voluntary Pakistani drivers
Authors: Bhatti J A , Razzak J A , Lagarde E , Salmi L
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) tend to concentrate on certain road sites. Our hypothesis is that these sites are not perceived as dangerous by drivers.

Objective

To compare the hazard perception of sites involved in RTCs to those not involved in RTCs.

Methods

Study settings were two interurban road-sections. Cases were sites involved in at least three police reported RTCs over 3 years. Matched control sites of same length were randomly selected on the same road. Video films of 26 case and 26 control sites were shown to 100 randomly chosen voluntary Pakistani drivers. Participants reported their perceived road hazardousness on a Likert scale (1 certainly safe to 4 certainly dangerous) and preferred speed. Ability to discriminate cases and controls was assessed by area under receiver operating curve (AUC). The inter-observer reliability among driver ratings was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

On average, participants rated 19.9% of case and 10.2% of control sites as certainly dangerous. They rated 36.8% of case and 47.5% of control sites as certainly safe. Out of 100 participants, nine were able to discriminate between high risk and control sites (0.66 ≤ AUC ≤ 0.71; p≤0.04). A high agreement among drivers was observed for ranking all sites (ICC=0.98; 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99).

Conclusion

Results were compatible with our hypothesis. Further work will focus on evaluating factors associated with the level of discrimination to orient preventive measures in resource limited settings.
Trend analysis of drug-related motor vehicle crashes in the United States
Authors: Zhu M , Zhao S , Rice T M , Coben J H
Published: March 2011

Objective

Drugs other than alcohol contributed to 17% of 19 220 driver fatalities in the USA in 2008. The specific drugs involved in these cases, and changes in their use over time, have not been previously reported. We examined trends of drug use by drivers in fatal crashes from 1999 through 2008.

Methods

We analysed the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, which contains information on all fatal traffic crashes occurring on public roads in the United States. The following drug categories and specific drugs were identified using the first listed drug: narcotics (hydrocodone/oxycodone, methadone, heroin, morphine), depressants (benzodiazepines, barbiturates), stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine) and cannabis. Negative binomial regression was used to examine the rate of driver fatal crash involvement.

Results

The overall drug-related fatal crash rate increased from 1.28 per 100 000 in 1999 to 1.88 per 100 000 in 2008, an average annual increase of 3.9%. The most rapid increases were seen with hydrocodone/oxycodone (17.7% per year, 95% CI 14.4% to 21.0%) and methadone (17.4% per year, 95% CI 13.1% to 21.9%). Annual increases were also found with benzodiazepines (5.0%, 95% CI 3.5% to 6.2%), cocaine (2.5%, 95% CI 0.5% to 4.5%), cannabis (5.1%, 95% CI 4.0% to 6.1%). Heroin, morphine, amphetamines, or methamphetamines were not associated with significant trends. Barbiturates were found to decrease an average of 5.7% per year (95% CI to 2.6% to 8.7%).

Conclusions

This study found notable increases in drug use by drivers involved in fatal collisions. Substances with the significant increases included prescription drugs (hydrocodone/oxycodone, methadone, benzodiazepines) and cannabis.
The unwritten organisational rules of engagement
Authors: Furst P G
Published: March 2011

Henri Feyol proposed fundamental precepts of management, since then many different theories & interventions have been tried to improve results but with mixed outcomes. The question is what is it that occurs within our organisations that creates barriers to achieving stellar results?

If you think about it, in every realm of our lives there are rules of engagement. These rules apply at work, in our social as well as family life. If we further think about it, these rules come in two varieties, a written & an unwritten form. The written rules are how we are supposed to act & the unwritten ones are the way we actually do act. These unwritten rules help employees cope & successfully function within complex organisations. Unwritten rules tend to have side effects some of which are undesirable (accidents & losses).

The undesirable side effects result from the interaction of the written rules, managements actions & behaviours as well as the employees reaction to them. In understanding this fundamental process one is able to identify the organisational drivers of accidents & losses. This understanding allows for the modification of systems, processes & procedures that affect, structural changes that permanently eliminate the core drivers of loss, & enhance the company's bottom line.

Attendees will be able to take away an outline of how to link the undesirable side effects to some of the inputs and thereby achieve a tailored, integrated, multi-strategy initiative that will result in a high performance safety management system, resulting in lower losses & improved profitability.
Knowledge and evidence in child injury prevention: ten years between clinical ideals and public health practices
Authors: Alvesson H M , Laflamme L
Published: March 2011

After more than 10 years of systematic evaluation of injury preventive strategies by the Cochrane Collaborations review group Cochrane Injuries Group, the list of evidence-based strategies remains limited in length and scope. The first review was posted on the website in 1998 and reviews are continuously added. A literature search carried out on the Cochrane Injuries Groups website identified a total of 96 references on systematic reviews. These titles were examined and the reviews that indicated they were evaluating interventions targeting the prevention of unintentional injuries among children were selected which left us with 29 reviews. Of these, only twelve reviews were evaluated as evidence-based by the systematic review authors themselves. The strategies considered evidence-based does not well reflect the injury mortality or morbidity burden on children. With the exception of the traffic environment and for very young children also the home environment, the reviews present few findings on effective preventive strategies. The question is what this list reflects the actual status of the field, the interventions that entails measurable behavioural changes, or the preventive mechanisms that can be captured in randomised controlled trials. A discussion of the benefits as well as the potentially adverse effects of the evidence-based preferences for the randomised controlled trial, includes the trade-offs between rigorous clinical study designs and the ability to capture performances as well as the implementation processes through which injuries can be prevented in both high and low-income settings.
Alcoholic poisoning and alcohol related injuries: incidence rates in Dutch hospitals
Authors: Valkenberg H , Stam C , van der Lely N
Published: March 2011

In recent years, an increasing number of adolescents are treated in hospital after drinking alcohol. Binge drinking can lead to alcoholic poisoning. Alcohol consumption is also an important determinant in accidents leading to injuries. Research has shown that alcohol increases the risk of accidents, mainly due to decreasing coordination, reaction time and concentration. Effective policy making on injury prevention benefits from knowledge on incidence rates of alcohol related injuries and alcoholic poisoning. However, information on the topic remains scarce. The Consumer Safety Institute in Amsterdam measures the yearly number of Emergency Department (ED) visits caused by alcoholic poisoning and alcohol related accidents, using the Dutch Injury Surveillance System (LIS). LIS registers ED-treatments in a representative sample of Dutch hospitals, which enables extrapolation of the registered numbers to national estimates. During the period 2004–2008 an average yearly estimate of 1800 youths aged 10–24 visited an Emergency Department of a Dutch hospital for an alcoholic poisoning. The number of ED-treatments for alcoholic poisonings increased over 200% during this period. During the period 2004–2008 an average yearly estimate of 2500 youths aged 10–24 visited an ED with an injury registered as alcohol related. This is an underestimation of the true problem, however, because registration by medical staff is usually limited to the cases where it is medically relevant. Additional questionnaire research with registered ED visitors indicates that the real incidence rate for accidents related to alcohol is up to six times higher than the ED-registrations suggest.
Traffic regulation learning course for guilty drivers: the future safety drivers
Authors: Amornpetchsathaporn A
Published: March 2011

Background

In Thailand; road traffic accident is one of the most important causes of injuries and deaths. Its easy to get diver license without driving skill and knowledge and there are small number of driver teaching schools, most of drivers learnt and gained experience from daily driving. Nakhonsawan provincial committee of road traffic accident prevention introduced a pilot project of learning course for new guilty drivers in every district since September 2009.The purpose is to teach drivers of knowledge and skill of safety driving and to decrease the number of injuries and deaths from road traffic accident.

Method

Nakhonsawan policemen set a law-enforcement check point units at main streets and law-enforcement patrol unit in municipal area day and night time. Drivers must be inspected and were given a ticket for illegal driving, if it was not drunken driving and the first time they could choose to pay or come to take a 2 h of traffic regulation learning course which was organised every Wednesday at district police stations in 1 week.

Result

The 520 out of 19 791 guilty drivers; 2.63% only came to take the course in the first 3 month of these project. Most of them were satisfied and felt of getting more confidence in safety driving.

Discussion

The majority of guilty drivers chose to pay because they were busy and didn't have time to return to police station, they should be advised and conducted to the course with more incentive.
Situation analysis of care and support for rape survivors at first point of contact in India and Bangladesh
Authors: Khan M E , Bhuiya I , Bhattacharya A
Published: March 2011

Despite accepting gender based violence as public health issue, no serious attempt has been made to develop and test comprehensive models for providing care and support to rape survivors (RSs). Services like provision of emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) and post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) need to be provided within 72 h after crime. This paper provides findings of a situation analysis of police stations and hospitals with respect to provision of reproductive health (RH) services and collection of forensic evidences which are critical in getting justice to victims. The study covered three cities of India and four cities of Bangladesh. In both countries though printed guidelines for managing RSs exits, it was not available at any police stations and few were even aware of the guidelines. They were neither aware nor providing any RH services or information to RSs. In both countries few police personnel were trained in managing rape cases or counselling the survivors. Generally RSs had to wait at police station before case is registered and RSs sent to hospital. No uniform protocol for managing RSs at hospitals exists. At most hospitals, sexually transmitted infection (STI) management for rape survivors was not available. In few hospitals, advice on STI prevention, referral to voluntary counselling and testing centre and prescription for PEP was given, but neither PEP/ECP was stocked. Blaming victims and stereotypical negative attitude towards RSs was observed among both doctors and police.
Operation Headway: a multifaceted bike helmet promotion program
Authors: Lockhart S , Fenerty L , Walling S
Published: March 2011

Operation Headway is a multi-partner program that combines enforcement of bike helmet legislation, education, rewards for wearing and economic penalty for non-wearing, that takes place in two Canadian provinces. The program also offers helmets for those who can't afford them. Partners include police, government (Health/Health Promotion, Emergency Services and Transportation) and non-government organisations – particularly injury prevention, brain injury and cycling organisations. The program has demonstrated positive results regarding increased helmet wearing and increased knowledge and awareness. The program is now being considered for national distribution by ThinkFirst Canada, one of the partners.

Program goal

To reduce bike related head injuries by increasing bike helmet use among all age groups.

Objectives

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Increase awareness of provincial bike helmet legislation

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Increase compliance with helmet legislation

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Increase awareness of bike-related head injuries

Strategies

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Reward people wearing helmets when cycling

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Ticket those not wearing helmets when cycling

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Offer a ‘diversion program’: instead of paying the fine or going to court, offenders were offered a 2 h education program, delivered by health professionals and injury survivors, after which the ticket was voided.

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Conduct a media campaign

Results

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Increased wearing rates (pre and post intervention observations)

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Increased knowledge and commitment to wear a helmet (education session evaluation)

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Increased public awareness of the law and the effectiveness of helmets (media tracking)

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Increased positive relationship between police officers and the public, particularly children (anecdotal).
Nineteen years of prevention policies: the impact of the targets on non intentional injuries established in the health plan for Catalonia
Authors: Martinez-Beneyto V , Suelves J M , Brugulat P , Tresserras R , Plasencia A , Medina A , Cabezas C
Published: March 2011

Context

In 1991, the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia (autonomous region in Spain, population 7.3 million), following the recommendations of the WHO European Regional Office, started an innovative health planning scheme, with well established health and risk reduction targets for two main periods, 1991–2000 and 2001–2010. In Catalonia, as in other European countries, injuries produced by non intentional causes are one of the main public health problems, account for a substantial proportion of morbidity and avoidable mortality.

Objectives

To analyse the evolution of the selected indicators in order to evaluate the impact of the policies implemented and assess the targets of the periodical Health Plans on injury prevention and control in Catalonia.

Methods and products

To present the main strategies on injury prevention and control, the elements of the 12 health and risk reduction targets, with the quantification of their indicators, previously established. It shows, also, the 47 operative targets developed during the five periods of the Health Plan. The values of the indicators used to know the evolution and the attainment of each formulated target are detailed by tables and figures.

Discussion

During a wide planning period, interventions developed have contributed to the attainment of the health targets on non intentional injuries, measured and assessed. The trends of mortality and morbidity due to non intentional injuries evolved positively during this period. The four targets established for the year 2000 were achieved, and five of the eight targets for 2010 evolves positively.
Making good samaritans skilled Samaritans
Authors: Evens R
Published: March 2011

Many countries around the world have what is known as a Good Samaritan Law, protecting the rights of those citizens that go out of their way to help those in need, most commonly in emergency situations. This protection may well be a step in the right direction, but does not address the fundamental issue of first aid knowledge. If more people were trained in this life-saving skill, businesses and the general public would have greater confidence in knowing that valuable help was at hand. Up to 150 000 people die each year in situations where first aid may have made the difference – four times the number who die each year from the biggest cause of cancer or the equivalent of the entire population of Basingstoke. Our research found that almost two thirds of the general public wouldnt feel confident in administering first aid in an emergency. Even more disturbingly, a quarter would stand by and do nothing, hoping that someone else knows first aid. In spite of these alarming statistics, the UK like many other countries is still guilty of treating first aid as a legislative requirement, rather than a necessary life skill. In communities where medical services might not be easily available, a little first aid knowledge could go a long way. Richard Evens, commercial training director, St John Ambulance, will discuss the importance of first aid knowledge for citizens of all ages, giving examples of where these skills have made a difference between life and death.
Lean Six Sigma innovative safety performance management
Authors: Furst P G
Published: March 2011

Six Sigma is a widely used data driven, quality improvement process. Manufacturing uses a discipline called Lean to focus on process speed & efficiency. Lean Six Sigma combines the best of these two processes. It combines the use of data to drive improvement as well as streamlining internal processes & procedures to maximise efficiency. Lean six sigma has another major advantage, it provides management data driven information to effectively manage the ES&H aspect of the business. This information can be used to set achievable as well as realistic goal & objectives, measure progress towards these goals, develop talent, & effectively drive organisational behaviour.

The foundation of Lean Six Sigma is facts, data & information. The three key elements of Lean Six Sigma are customer focus, internal processes & the organisations staff. Each element is supported by two pillars. The customer focus element has speed & quality internal processes element has flow & variation control, &the people element has teamwork & learning as its pillars. This results in 360° integration & alignment.

One needs the creativity of the people, working on the internal processes with data & understanding to create solutions that will delight the customer by meeting and exceeding its expectations.

Applying Lean Six Sigma thinking to safety has tremendous possibility & potential. It can become a framework to drive safety performance by seamlessly integrating safety procedures into internal processes, using 360° relevant information to create integrates solutions that meet the needs of all the stakeholders while meeting or exceeding both the organisational goals & customer expectations.
Women in Mozambique: perpetrators of intimate partner violence
Authors: Zacarias A E , Macassa G , Soares J J F
Published: March 2011

Research on women's perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its predictors in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa is limited, requiring further investigation. This study examined the occurrence, chronicity and predictors of inflicted IPV among women in Maputo, Mozambique. Questionnaire data from 1442 women visiting the forensic department at the Central Hospital in Maputo were analysed using bivariate and multivariate methods. The overall occurrence across all forms of inflicted IPV was 69.4% (mean/SD chronicity level of 44.865.8), with significant proportions of women reporting inflicted psychological (64%, mean/SD chronicity 23.132.4), physical (38.2%, mean/SD chronicity 10.324.6) and sexual (39.1%, mean/SD chronicity 7.216.2) abuse, and injuries (22.6%, mean/SD chronicity 4.212.4). Control, in particular over partner, perpetration in general and to some extent victimisation were more important factors in explained each and every form of inflicted violence than demographics/socio-economics, lifestyle and abuse as a child. The present findings may be useful for the development of strategies for IPV prevention in Mozambique. Finally, further investigation on women's perpetration of IPV and in particular its relationship to control is warranted in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa.