bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the Value-Added Tax Add Value? Lessons Using Administrative Data from a Diverse Set of Countries
Authors: Brockmeyer Anne , Mascagni Giulia , Nair Vedanth , Waseem Mazhar , Almunia Miguel
Published: February 2024

The value-added tax (VAT) is a cornerstone of the modern tax system. It has many desirable properties in theory: it does not distort firms' production decisions, it is difficult to evade, and it generates a substantial amount of revenue. Yet, in many countries there are discrepancies between the textbook model of the VAT and its practical implementation. Where the VAT implementation diverges from its textbook model, the tax may lose its desirable properties. We draw on firm-level administrative VAT records from 11 countries at different income levels to examine the functioning of real-world VAT systems. We document four stylized facts that capture departures from the textbook VAT model which are particularly pronounced in lower-income countries. We discuss the effects on VAT performance and simulate a counterfactual retail sales tax and a turnover tax. Despite its shortcomings, we conclude that the real-world VAT is superior to the alternatives.
Some essential pre-requisites and requirements to establish and run a successful Journal
Authors: Jawaid Shaukat Ali
Published: February 2024

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.9408

How to cite this: Jawaid SA. Some essential pre-requisites and requirements to establish and run a successful Journal. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(4):555-556. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.9408

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Water Pollution and Children’s Health
Authors: Ntokou Aikaterini , Kapeni Sofia , Papadimitriou Armandos , Lefkidou Katerina , Tsalopoulou Sofia-Ioanna
Published: February 2024

Water is the basic element for human survival and plays an important role to sustainable and socio-economic development, energy and food production, the preservation of healthy ecosystems. However, it is neglected, misused and undervalued as society does not protect it from various threats, climate change and pollution. The latter has affected freshwater sources, followed by an impact to children, as they are extremely sensitive to pollution. Most relevant water contaminants that affect are lead, pesticides, arsenic, perchlorate and nitrates. Addressing the problem and its components, the next step is to give answers to the issue outlining best practices and useful policy recommendations.
The European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS): Enhancing Counterterrorism and Counterintelligence Efforts
Authors: Kanellopoulos Anastasios Nikolaos
Published: February 2024

The European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS) is set to revolutionize border security in the European Union. Scheduled for operation in 2025, it will screen travelers from visa-exempt countries, enhancing security by identifying potential threats such as terrorism, organized crime, and illegal migration. Regulated by EU legislation and involving a detailed application process, the system collects and cross-references traveler data with various databases to assess security, public health, and migration risks. While ETIAS is a powerful tool for counterterrorism, preventing entry of potential terrorists, it is also an advanced counterintelligence asset, employing intelligence capabilities to detect espionage and Intelligence related activities and act as a deterrent to potential spies. With a comprehensive approach, the present paper describes the ETIAS promises to bolster EU security.
Alternative Approaches to Plastic Production and Recycling Policies
Authors: Boultadaki Emmanouela , Koutsoukou Theodora , Ratano Francesco , Vatista Ioanna , Vlachou Eleni , Vogiatzi Dimitra
Published: February 2024

Plastics offer convenience to businesses and the supply chain, but their improper disposal and low recycling rates pose significant environmental and health challenges. Each year, millions of tons of plastic end up in oceans, with a recycling rate below 9%. Thus, urgent action is required to tackle this global plastic crisis. This policy brief proposes a Europe-wide ban on colored plastics to promote a circular economy and enhance plastic recycling, drawing insights from successful recycling policies in Japan and South Korea. This approach, despite initial challenges, can yield long-term benefits such as reduced exports, energy conservation, and increased consumer awareness. Collaboration, funding, and material design innovation are key to promoting sustainable practices and combatting plastic pollution. By seizing this opportunity collectively, we can make a lasting impact in the fight against plastic pollution and address the climate crisis before it is too late.
Comparative Analysis of Debt Restructuring Strategies in Developing Economies: A Case Study of Ghana, Zambia, and Sri Lanka
Authors: Abeyrathne Dilmini Hasintha , Kamburawala Tharindu Udayanga
Published: February 2024

The issue of global debt distress is a matter of great concern, not just for the affected developing countries but also for developed countries and international organisations. According to the United Nations Development Program (2022), 54 developing economies are currently grappling with severe debt problems. During the period of 2020 to 2022 Ghana, Zambia, and Sri Lanka, representing the African and Asian regions, have found themselves in dire financial straits. This study aims to discover the common and specific reasons that led to the mounting debt crises in these three countries. The study describes the tax revenue challenges and governance issues, middle income trap and China’s role in debt restructuring discussions as common challenges apart from country specific challenges. Timely discussions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and expedited agreements with creditors, and updated debt restructuring mechanisms are drawn to attention in this study.
The Impact of COVID-19 in Women’s Inequalities: Education, Employment, Healthcare and Abuse
Authors: Alevizos Antonios , Kaminas Alexandros , Katsika-Panousi Lydia
Published: February 2024

Social inequality is a social fact that occurs both within and between countries. Social class, gender, ethnicity, and disability are the main factors causing social inequality. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an exacerbation of social inequalities, especially among vulnerable groups of the population. In this article, we examine impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the inequalities experienced by women at an international level. In particular, its impact on inequalities in employment, education, health and violence and abuse are examined. A critical review of the relevant literature reveals an increase in women's inequalities in all the above areas and in some cases to a significant degree. For this reason, it is deemed necessary to strengthen women's participation in public discourse, to further develop structures and services for empowering and supporting women, especially those that belong in the most vulnerable groups, and to further develop relevant scientific research and studies on the issue.
From Brunfels to Bauhin – The first 100 years of „botany” in the German-speaking area
Authors: Walter Tilmann
Published: February 2024

This article examines how Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624) became famous as a scientific author and University teacher in Basel focusing on the evolution of scientific practices such as botanizing and herbarizing in the German-speaking world. In the early 16th century German-speaking publishers were the first to sell well-illustrated books that would be of great help to readers in identifying plants. After 1550, Swiss and German physicians such as Felix Platter, Leonhard Rauwolf, Kaspar Ratzenberger and Johann and his brother Caspar Bauhin began collecting plants for their herbaria, some of which are among the oldest still preserved today. The Rauwolf herbarium, with its most „scientific” design, shows how plant identification was done in practice. Rauwolf also was the first to leave behind a comprehensive report of his fieldwork in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, written in German. In Basel, Caspar Bauhin was to become a particularly influential academic teacher in the German-speaking world and beyond when he took over the newly established chair for Botany and Anatomy in 1589. He trained a total of nearly 800 students during his University career. Moreover, Bauhin’s extensive correspondence comprises over 2500 letters and provides insights into the lively discussions among the fellow botanists with whom Bauhin corresponded.
A 150-year-old herbarium exemplifies change of a regional flora
Authors: Büttner Michèle , Weibel Urs , Jutzi Michael , Bergamini Ariel , Holderegger Rolf
Published: February 2024

The loss of biodiversity in terms of plant species in a certain region can be shown by a comparison of historical herbarium records with the present-day occurrence of species. This holds especially true for time periods before 1900, when only few floristic data are otherwise available. Such a comparison can also show whether the distribution area or the abundance of plant species have changed, which habitat types were especially affected by extinction or whether species with specific environmental requirements showed higher extinction rates than ubiquists. Corresponding results can guide conservation authorities in defining appropriate management actions.
Ampelographic (grapevine) collection in 230-year-old Herbarium Wolnyanum (Sremski Karlovci, Serbia)
Authors: Rat Milica
Published: February 2024

The herbarium collections in Southeast Europe were mostly founded in the 19th century or later. However, the oldest collection in Serbia dates back to the 18th century. It was founded in the Habsburg Monarchy as a school herbarium in the first Serbian gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci, where it is still kept today. The founder was Andreas Wolny (1759–1827), first professor of geology, mineralogy, botany and zoology (and various other subjects), and soon after professor and director of the gymnasium. He worked and lived in Sremski Karlovci in the period from 1793 to 1816.
Flora of the Canary Islands – revised checklist to a classic arena of botany
Authors: Walentowitz Anna , Welss Walter , Beierkuhnlein Carl
Published: February 2024

The Canary Islands are a popular location for botanical collections that resulted in a series of seminal works, including the description and documentation of many endemic plant species (Fig. 1, 2, 3) in herbaria. Viera y Clavijo, Christ, Webb, Berthelot, Sventenius, Pitard, Kunkel, or Bramwell, to name but a few, majorly contributed to the knowledge about the flora of the Canary Islands. Alexander von Humboldt’s botanical description of Tenerife during his stay in 1799 also motivated Charles Darwin to explore the island. Unfortunately, Darwin was not allowed to set foot on land during his voyage with the Beagle due to quarantine restrictions. In recent years, a number of data bases containing detailed information about the plants of the Canary Islands emerged. This botanical legacy evokes the expectation that detailed information about the flora of the archipelago is available, with high agreement about taxa and status between different sources. To test this expectation, we elaborated an extensive floral checklist for the Canary Islands, documented which taxa are accepted in global taxonomic reference systems, and additionally checked their coverage in databases that are a common sources in biogeographical and ecological research.
Sarcoidosis. A review of diagnosis, clinical features and treatment
Authors: Madej Aleksandra , Senat Hanna , Grabowska Patrycja , Bolla Patrycja , Senat Aleksandra , Marczyńska Zuzanna
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a progressive chronic multisystemic inflammatory disease of unclear pathogenesis, which presents with noncaseating granulomas and is complicated to diagnose due to the variable clinical presentation of patients. Sarcoidosis may attack any organ, but especially the pulmonary, cutaneous, lymphatic, ocular, hepatic and splenic systems. The most frequent presentations are prolonged cough, rash, visual problems, peripheral lymphadenopathy, tiredness, and occasional abnormality of the chest X-ray. The diagnostic evaluation of sarcoidosis is difficult and often involves a combined effort of clinical data and appropriate imaging modalities.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to review the available literature on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of patients with sarcoidosis
Materials and method: The available literature in PubMed was reviewed to write the article, using the keywords ,,sarcoidosis”, ,,cardiac sarcoidosis”, ,,pulmonary sarcoidosis” and ,,cutaneous sarcoidosis”.
Conclusion: Sarcoidosis is associated with a significant increase in patient mortality, as well as decreased quality of life and physical disability. Efforts to accurately predict disease progression allow for more comprehensive and personalized patient care. As a life threatening disease, sarcoidosis needs to be diagnosed early and treated appropriately.
Autoimmune hepatitis as a rare cause of cirrhosis development
Authors: Podgórska Dominika , Jurasz Karolina , Sanecki Miłosz , Tomczyk Karolina , Chojnacka Natalia , Rzeska Ewa , Klarycki Jakub , Cymer Radosław
Published: February 2024

Cirrhosis is a serious condition associated with progressive damage to this organ. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is one of the causes leading to the development of cirrhosis. This disease is characterized by chronic inflammation with damage to hepatocytes and presence of specific immune markers. The diagnosis of AIH is based on biochemical, immunoserological and histopathological tests. There are defined diagnostic criteria, liver biopsy is important in determining the extent of the disease. Symptoms of AIH are nonspecific and include weight loss, fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain and symptoms associated with the overactivity of an immune system. Advanced cases of AIH can lead to cirrhosis. AIH most often affects middle-aged women, although it can occur in people of any age. Epidemiological data indicate an increase in the incidence of AIH, which may be related to various environmental factors. The rate of progression of AIH to cirrhosis and depends on a number of factors. Effective treatment includes immunosuppression, mainly the use of glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine. Monitoring, healthy lifestyle and patient education are key. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
La Comunicación Dictatorial del Riesgo: el caso Palomares 1966 en España.
Authors: Abreu-Colombri José-Antonio
Published: February 2024

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las estrategias comunicativas del gobierno dictatorial del general Franco en España tras el accidente aéreo norteamericano de 1966 que supuso la dispersión de cuatro bombas termonucleares en las playas de Palomares (Almería). La metodología aplicada es el análisis de investigaciones previas, publicaciones en prensa en el momento del incidente y documentos cinematográficos. Los resultados establecen dos fases. La primera fase incluyó una estricta censura y una visión desenfadada de los hechos, evitando dañar la imagen de España como destino turístico o las relaciones con Estados Unidos. La segunda fase, una vez que la noticia del riesgo nuclear ya había sido difundida por radios independientes a pesar de la incautación de la prensa extranjera, incluyó comunicados que destacaban las labores de descontaminación, el nivel científico de España y la colaboración con EEUU. Los resultados confirman la eficacia del “baño de Fraga” y el papel simbólico de la duquesa de Medina-Sidonia. Se concluye que la estrategia dictatorial de ocultar información relevante tiende a sobredimensionar el escándalo debido a la intensidad de las repercusiones globales
The New Frontiers of Urban Space in a Glocal World between Pandemic and Immigration
Authors: Terranova Giuseppe
Published: February 2024

Global cities have historically been the symbolic meeting place of the longstanding relationship between immigration and globalization. But the pandemic has challenged this historic relationship. The virus has had an unprecedented impact on global economic immigration, it has altered the dynamics of international population movements. Global cities, never so dark and silent, are the iconoclastic representations of the crises produced by the health emergency. The concept of space and time changes in the international geopolitical landscape, but also in everyday life, from homes to offices, from city streets to the suburbs. Faced with the “network of bits” that connect everything, passing beyond physical borders, the architecture of the cities, the places of life and work is destined to adapt to new urban planning and new ideas of living space. The aim of this paper is to analyse from a geopolitical perspective the evolution of urban space in the new post-pandemic normality in a glocal world.
A double-blind trial comparing an antimicrobial combination to standard care in hard-to-heal wounds
Authors: Khan Maha , King Emily , Breisinger Kristy , Serena Laura , Serena Thomas E
Published: February 2024

Objective:

Excessive numbers of bacteria in hard-to-heal wounds impede wound healing. Numerous topical antiseptics have demonstrated effectiveness in benchtop studies; however, few clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy in the target population: patients with hard-to-heal wounds. This study addressed the clinical efficacy of a novel antibiofilm cleanser and gel in reducing bacterial load and improving wound outcomes.

Method:

Hard-to-heal wounds were photographed, measured and evaluated for bacterial load using fluorescence imaging weekly for four weeks. The target ulcers were randomised to be cleaned and treated with either a synergistic antibiofilm cleanser and antibiofilm gel with standard of care (AMC-AMG + SoC) or normal saline wash and an amorphous gel with standard of care (NSS-HG + SoC).

Results:

A Chi-squared test of independence determined that the relationship between the treatment and the patient reaching 40% percentage area reduction (PAR) in four weeks was not significant (χ2(1, n=54)=0.73; p=0.39 at a significance level of 0.05); however, there was a strong trend favouring the antibiofilm cleanser and gel. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in bacterial load was observed in the antibiofilm group.

Conclusion:

This randomised controlled double-blind proof-of-concept study suggests that the performance of antibiofilm agents in vivo is comparable to that in vitro studies.
Health in 2040: What does the future hold for primary care?
Authors: Winter George
Published: February 2024

A recent study has predicted that the UK will see an increased burden of conditions such as anxiety, diabetes and chronic pain. How will primary care evolve to tackle these challenges?
REMOVAL OF SOFT CAST AT HOME AFTER PAEDIATRIC TRAUMA IS SAFE AND CONVENIENT FOR CAREGIVERS
Authors: Aithie J. , Hughes K. , Wang J. , Wickramasinghe N. , Baird E.
Published: February 2024

At-home softcast removal with no routine clinical follow-up has shown to be safe and effective following paediatric orthopaedic trauma. It minimises clinician contact time and reduces cost. However, there is limited data on the caregiver experience.

Retrospective analysis of paediatric fractures requiring application of circumferential softcast that was later removed at home. Two time points were included: (1)July–September 2022, (2)February–April 2023. Demographics data included age, fracture classification, angulation, manipulation requirement, complications or unplanned re-attendance. Caregivers were given an information leaflet on cast removal. Caregivers completed a telephone Likert questionnaire reviewing time taken to remove cast, qualitative descriptors of cast removal and overall satisfaction.

77 families were contacted at mean 93 days post injury. Mean age was 7.5 years. 41(53%) were distal radius and 20(26%) both-bone forearm fractures. The remaining were hand, elbow or tibia injuries. 40(52%) injuries required manipulation under procedural sedation with mean sagittal angulation 24 degrees. 13(17%) patients re-attended with cast problems. Caregivers estimated a mean 13 minutes to remove cast. 83% found it ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ easy. 75% were ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ satisfied. 71% were ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ likely to recommend at-home cast removal. Qualitative descriptors ranged from from ‘traumatising’ to ‘fun’ and ‘straightforward’.

The experience at our tertiary centre confirms at-home softcast removal with no further orthopaedic follow-up is safe and feasible, even in those requiring manipulation under sedation. The majority of families reported a positive experience; this however is not universal. Adequate patient information resources are integral to a positive caregiver's experiences.
How often do we alter constitutional limb alignment, joint line obliquity, and Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) phenotype when performing mechanically aligned TKA?
Authors: Corban Luke E. , van de Graaf Victor A. , Chen Darren B. , Wood Jil A. , Diwan Ashish D. , MacDessi Samuel J.
Published: February 2024

Aims

While mechanical alignment (MA) is the traditional technique in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), its potential for altering constitutional alignment remains poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify unintentional changes to constitutional coronal alignment and joint line obliquity (JLO) resulting from MA.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of 700 primary MA TKAs (643 patients) performed between 2014 and 2017. Lateral distal femoral and medial proximal tibial angles were measured pre- and postoperatively to calculate the arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle (aHKA), JLO, and Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) phenotypes. The primary outcome was the magnitude and direction of aHKA, JLO, and CPAK alterations.

Results

The mean aHKA and JLO increased by 0.1° (SD 3.4°) and 5.8° (SD 3.5°), respectively, from pre- to postoperatively. The most common phenotypes shifted from 76.3% CPAK Types I, II, or III (apex distal JLO) preoperatively to 85.0% IV, V, or VI (apex horizontal JLO) postoperatively. The proportion of knees with apex proximal JLO increased from 0.7% preoperatively to 11.1% postoperatively. Among all MA TKAs, 60.0% (420 knees) were changed from their constitutional alignments into CPAK Type V, while 40.0% (280 knees) either remained in constitutional Type V (5.0%, 35 knees) or were unintentionally aligned into other CPAK types (35.0%; 245 knees).

Conclusion

Fixed MA targets in TKA lead to substantial changes from constitutional alignment, primarily a significant increase in JLO. These findings enhance our understanding of alignment alterations resulting from both unintended changes to knee phenotypes and surgical resection imprecision.

Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(2):109–116.
Optimal Operation Strategy of Electric Vehicle Cluster in the Electricity Spot Market Considering Scheduling Capability
Authors: Wang Wen , Yang Ye , Xu Fangqiu , Zhong Yulu , Jin Chunhua , Zhong Xinye , Qin Jian , Wang Mingcai
Published: February 2024

The widespread use of electric vehicles (EV) has put a strain on the stable operation of power grid. Therefore, the potential of EV cluster power load regulation has been paid attention. In the cluster, the electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) can gather a large number of EVs and participate in the electricity spot market by optimizing the charging/discharging power. In this study, a bi-objective optimization model for V2G enabled EV cluster operation is proposed to determine the optimal load of EV cluster considering the electricity spot market. First, the scheduling capability of EVs is modelled and aggregated considering the EV user willingness. Then, the demand response and electricity spot trade for EVA are analyzed. Based on the capability constraints and the market rules, an optimization model is established with two objectives of maximizing EVA profits and EV user satisfaction. Finally, a case study in Beijing, China is implemented to prove the feasibility of the proposed model. The results show that the EV user willingness for orderly charging/discharging is distributed in the range of 0.26 and 0.94 with an average value of 0.85. In addition, the proposed EV cluster operation strategy can improve the EVA daily profits by 81.27% and increase the EV user satisfaction by 70% compared with normal charging strategy.
In vitro mutagenesis on patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) with gamma-ray irradiation on leaf explants
Authors: NORMASARI RUT , ARUMINGTYAS ESTRI LARAS , RETNOWATI RURINI , WIDORETNO WAHYU
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Normasari R, Arumingtyas EL, Retnowati R, Widoretno W. 2023. In vitro mutagenesis on patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) with gamma-ray irradiation on leaf explants. Biodiversitas 24: 6407-6414. Patchouli oil production in Indonesia has yet to meet international market demand, one of which is the quality of the patchouli superior seeds. Patchouli is propagated vegetatively through cuttings, causing limited variability and decreasing plant quality. In vitro mutagenesis with gamma-ray irradiation can increase plant genetic variability and produce superior patchouli plants. This study aimed to produce patchouli variants through in vitro mutagenesis by gamma-ray irradiation on patchouli leaf explants. To accomplish the research objectives mentioned above, the research stages included in vitro mutagenesis through gamma-ray irradiation, shoot regeneration, plantlet growth, and molecular analysis using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat). Gamma-ray irradiation inhibited the growth of explants and shoot formation but could increase plantlet growth ability at low doses of 15-30 Gy. The dose of gamma-ray irradiation that caused the death of explants in fifty percent of the tested population (LD50) was 69 Gy. Molecular analysis of SSR on 50 plants regenerated from gamma-irradiated explants revealed monomorphic and polymorphic fragments compared to non-irradiated and donor plants. Primers Pca1 and Pca2 showed the highest percentage of polymorphic, with 77.3 and 50%, respectively. Gamma irradiation during in vitro culture is an alternate method for increasing genetic variety in patchouli breeding.
Anuran communities in the dry karst ecosystem of Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: FEBRIYONO MARIO , NAYASILANA IKE NURJUITA , MASYITHOH GALUH
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Febriyono M, Nayasilana IN, Masyithoh G. 2023. Anuran communities in the dry karst ecosystem of Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6484-6492. Dry physical conditions characterize karst ecosystems. This affects the distribution of the Anura-amphibian that depend on water sources. The presence of anurans in an ecosystem can be used as an environmental bioindicator. In this study, we used a visual encounter survey to document and provide information on the presence of anurans in Pucung village, Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia, to provide information for the sustainable management of this karst ecosystem. The study was conducted from January to March 2023. Observations were made at two sites--Gundi Hamlet and Dunggudel Hamlet--and covered each of the different land covers found in the region. Then, anuran species diversity was analyzed using an index calculated using Barbour diversity analysis and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), species richness index, species dominance index, and species evenness index. Environmental parameters were investigated using canonical correspondence analysis. We found eight species belonging to five families. The Rice Field Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) was the most abundant species, with 95 individuals. The least common species was Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) with two individuals. The H' values ranged from 1.21 to 1.58. The highest diversity value was found in the community forest habitat. A comparison of the values for the environmental factors, including climate (air temperature and humidity) and water pH in the three habitat types studied, showed low significance, meaning that the three habitat types were suitable for the presence of anurans. Based on the observations and environmental factors, we determined that the karst ecosystem in Pucung village could support a diversity of anuran species.
Consequences of caring for the physical health, mental health and subjective well-being of Chilean older adults
Authors: Fernández M. Beatriz , Miranda-Castillo Claudia , Rosell Javiera , Herrera M. Soledad
Published: February 2024

Using a propensity score matching approach, this study evaluates the effect of caring on the physical health, mental health and subjective well-being of Chilean older people. The average treatment effect was not significant in any of the outcomes to physical health. However, older carers – and those who care intensely – were more likely to have depressive and anxious symptomatology and lower life satisfaction than older non-carers. Interventions should consider strategies that favour mental health and avoid caregiver burden, considering the interaction between caring and the challenges of ageing. This could improve the quality of life of carers and those being cared for.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of a South African pregnancy support grant
Authors: Moolla Aisha , Mdewa Winfrida , Erzse Agnes , Hofman Karen , Thsehla Evelyn , Goldstein Susan , Kohli-Lynch Ciaran
Published: February 2024

Poverty among expectant mothers often results in sub-optimal maternal nutrition and inadequate antenatal care, with negative consequences on child health outcomes. South Africa has a child support grant that is available from birth to those in need. This study aims to determine whether a pregnancy support grant, administered through the extension of the child support grant, would be cost-effective compared to the existing child support grant alone. A cost-utility analysis was performed using a decision-tree model to predict the incremental costs (ZAR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by the pregnancy support grant over a 2-year time horizon. An ingredients-based approach to costing was completed from a governmental perspective. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. The intervention resulted in a cost saving of R13.8 billion ($930 million, 95% CI: ZAR3.91 billion ‐ ZAR23.2 billion/ $1.57 billion ‐ $264 million) and averted 59,000 DALYs (95% CI: -6,400–110,000), indicating that the intervention is highly cost-effective. The primary cost driver was low birthweight requiring neonatal intensive care, with a disaggregated incremental cost of R31,800 ($2,149) per pregnancy. Mortality contributed most significantly to the DALYs accrued in the comparator (0.68 DALYs). The intervention remained the dominant strategy in the sensitivity analyses. The pregnancy support grant is a highly cost-effective solution for supporting expecting mothers and ensuring healthy pregnancies. With its positive impact on child health outcomes, there is a clear imperative for government to implement this grant. By investing in this program, cost savings could be leveraged. The implementation of this grant should be given high priority in public health and social policies.
Biochemical characterization of bioinspired nanosuspensions from Swertia chirayita extract and their therapeutic effects through nanotechnology approach
Authors: Raza Ayesha , Ali Tayyab , Naeem Muhammad , Asim Muhammad , Hussain Fatma , Li Zhiye , Nasir Abdul
Published: February 2024

Swertia chirayita is used as a traditional medicinal plant due to its pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of newly synthesized nanosuspensions from Swertia chirayita through nanotechnology for enhanced bioactivities. Biochemical characterization was carried out through spectroscopic analyses of HPLC and FTIR. Results revealed that extract contained higher TPCs (569.6 ± 7.8 mg GAE/100 g)) and TFCs (368.5 ± 9.39 mg CE/100 g) than S. chirayita nanosuspension, TPCs (500.6 ± 7.8 500.6 ± 7.8 mg GAE/100 g) and TFCs (229.5± 3.85 mg CE/100 g). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH scavenging assay, and nanosuspension exhibited a lower DPPH free radical scavenging potential (06 ±3.61) than extract (28.9± 3.85). Anti-dabetic potential was assessed throughα-amylase inhibition and anti-glycation assays. Extract showed higher (41.4%) antiglycation potential than 35.85% nanosuspension and 19.5% α-amylase inhibitory potential than 5% nanosuspension. Biofilm inhibition activity against E. coli was higher in nanosuspension (69.12%) than extract (62.08%). The extract showed high cytotoxicity potential (51.86%) than nanosuspension (33.63%). These nanosuspensions possessed enhanced bioactivities for therapeutic applications could be explored further for the development of new drugs.
What is your count? An observational study of lymph node counting in 2,028 colorectal cancer resections
Authors: Srivastava Shivali , Kak Ipshita , Major Pierre , Bonert Michael
Published: February 2024

Background

Lymph node status and lymph node count (LNC) are predictors of colorectal cancer outcome. Under-sampling of lymph nodes may lead to clinically relevant stage migration.

Methods

Colorectal cancer (CRC) cases with a synoptic report, accessioned 2012–2020 at a regional laboratory, were extracted and retrospectively studied. LNC, positive lymph node count (PLNC), tumour deposits present (TDpos), and ‘y’ (staging) prefix (YS) were retrieved and tabulated by pathologist using custom software. Statistical analyses were done with R.

Data and results

The cohort had 2,543 CRC resections. Seventeen pathologists interpreted >50 cases (range: 56–356) each and collectively saw 2,074. After cases with unavailable data were purged, 2,028 cases remained with 43,996 lymph nodes, of which 2,637/43,996 were positive. 368 cases had a ‘y’ prefix, and 379 had TDpos. The 17 pathologists’ median LNC/case was 19.0 (range: 14.0–24.0), and the mean PLNC per case was 1.4 (range: 1.0–2.0). Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests showed there were differences in LNC (p<0.001) among pathologists; however, PLNC did not show this association (p = 0.2917). T-tests showed that mean LNC (p<0.001) and PLNC (p<0.035) differed between YS. 138 of 2,028 cases had less than the 12 LNC target. Logistic regression revealed a strong association between meeting the LNC target and pathologist (p<0.001) but TDpos was non-predictive (p = 0.4736).

Conclusions

Positive lymph node call rate has a good consistency in the laboratory; however, lymph node count varies significantly between pathologists. Standardized counting criteria are needed to improve uniformity and could be aided by synoptic reporting data.
Anthropological responses to environmental challenges in SAARC nations: A comparative analysis
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Ahmad Muneeb , Altalbe Ali
Published: February 2024

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationships and potential impacts of environmental pollutants, human resources, GDP, sustainable power sources, financial assets, and SAARC countries from 1995 to 2022. Board cointegration tests, D-H causality, cross-sectional reliance (CSD), Saville and Holdsworth Restricted (SHL), and the DSK Appraisal Strategy were among the logical techniques employed to discover long-term connections between these components. Results demonstrate that GDP growth, renewable energy sources (REC), and environmental pollution (ENP) all contribute to SAARC countries’ progress. However, future opportunities and HR are negatively impacted by increased ecological pollution. The results of the two-way causality test demonstrate a strong correlation between HR and future possibilities. Opportunities for the SAARC countries are closely related to the growth of total national output, the use of green electricity, and public support sources. Ideas for tackling future projects are presented in the paper’s conclusion. These include facilitating financial development, reducing ecological pollution, financing the progress of human resources, and promoting the use of sustainable power sources.
Distinguishing characteristics of Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans of human and canine origin
Authors: Sewid Alaa H. , Kania Stephen A.
Published: February 2024

Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans are opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. They were previously classified as Staphylococcus schleiferi subs. schleiferi and Staphylococcus schleiferi subs. coagulans, respectively, and recently reclassified as separate species. S. coagulans, is frequently associated with dogs, whereas S. schleiferi is more commonly isolated from humans. Coagulase activity status is a defining characteristic of the otherwise closely related species. However, the use of coagulase tests originally developed to distinguish S. aureus from non-coagulase-producing staphylococci, for this purpose is questionable and the basis for their host preference has not been elucidated. In the current study, a putative coa gene was identified and correlated with coagulase activity measured using a chromogenic assay with human and bovine prothrombin (closely related to canine prothrombin). The results of the tests performed with human prothrombin showed greater reactivity of S. coagulans isolates from humans than isolates obtained from dogs with the same substrate. Our data suggest that unlike S. coagulans isolates from humans, isolates from dogs have more coagulase activity with bovine prothrombin (similar to canine prothrombin) than human prothrombin. Differences in nuc and 16s rRNA genes suggest a divergence in S. coagulans and S. schleiferi. Phenotypic and genotypic variation based on the number of IgG binding domains, and the numbers of tandem repeats in C-terminal fibronectin binding motifs was also found in protein A, and fibronectin-binding protein B respectively. This study identified a coa gene and associated phenotypic activity that differentiates S. coagulans and S. schleiferi and identified key phylogenetic and phenotypic differences between the species.
MALDI-TOF imaging analysis of benzalkonium chloride penetration in ex vivo human skin
Authors: Morse Chase N. , Hite Collin C. , Wamer Nathan C. , Gadient Jennifer N. , Baki Gabriella , Prestwich Erin G.
Published: February 2024

Benzalkonium chloride (BZK), alkyldimethylbenzlamonium chloride, is a cationic surfactant that is used as an antiseptic. BZK is classified as a quaternary ammonium compound composed of molecules of several alkyl chains of differing lengths, that dictate its effectiveness towards different microbes. As a result, BZK has become one of the most used preservatives in antibacterial solutions. Despite its widespread use, it is not clear whether BZK penetrates human skin. To answer this question, BZK treated skin was analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry imaging. Solutions containing BZK and differing excipients, including citric acid, caprylyl glycol, and vitamin E, were applied ex vivo to excised human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Treated skin was embedded in gelatin and sectioned prior to MALDI-TOF imaging. BZK penetrates through the epidermis and into the dermis, and the penetration depth was significantly altered by pH and additives in tested solutions.
Cross sectional study of Twitter (X) use among academic anesthesiology departments in the United States
Authors: Mazzeffi Michael , Strickland Lindsay , Coffman Zachary , Miller Braden , Hilton Ebony , Kohan Lynn , Keneally Ryan , McNaull Peggy , Elkassabany Nabil
Published: February 2024

Twitter (recently renamed X) is used by academic anesthesiology departments as a social media platform for various purposes. We hypothesized that Twitter (X) use would be prevalent among academic anesthesiology departments and that the number of tweets would vary by region, physician faculty size, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) research funding rank. We performed a descriptive study of Twitter (X) use by academic anesthesiology departments (i.e. those with a residency program) in 2022. Original tweets were collected using a Twitter (X) analytics tool. Summary statistics were reported for tweet number and content. The median number of tweets was compared after stratifying by region, physician faculty size, and NIH funding rank. Among 166 academic anesthesiology departments, there were 73 (44.0%) that had a Twitter (X) account in 2022. There were 3,578 original tweets during the study period and the median number of tweets per department was 21 (25th-75th = 0, 75) with most tweets (55.8%) announcing general departmental news and a smaller number highlighting social events (12.5%), research (11.1%), recruiting (7.1%), DEI activities (5.2%), and trainee experiences (4.1%). There was no significant difference in the median number of tweets by region (P = 0.81). The median number of tweets differed significantly by physician faculty size (P<0.001) with larger departments tweeting more and also by NIH funding rank (P = 0.005) with highly funded departments tweeting more. In 2022, we found that less than half of academic anesthesiology departments had a Twitter (X) account, and the median number of annual tweets per account was relatively low. Overall, Twitter (X) use was less common than anticipated among academic anesthesiology departments and most tweets focused on promotion of departmental activities or individual faculty. There may be opportunities for more widespread and effective use of Twitter (X) by academic anesthesiology departments including education about anesthesiology as a specialty.
Prevalence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Keonam Khao , Nam Nguyen Hoai , Saksangawong Chuleeporn , Sringam Patchanee , Saipan Piyawat , Kongpechr Saijai , Sukon Peerapol
Published: February 2024

Background and Aim: Among Streptococcus suis serotypes, S. suis serotype 2 is the most significant serotype that causes serious diseases in pigs and humans worldwide. The present study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs, determine its trend, and explore the factors associated with this serotype.

Materials and Methods: We retrieved relevant published studies from PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. The retrieved citations were screened for possible inclusion. Relevant data were then extracted from the included studies. The random-effects model was used for all meta-analyses. A subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess the heterogeneity of the prevalence for four characteristics (continents, sampling organs, reporting unit, and pig’s health status). A cumulative meta-analysis was performed to determine the cumulative prevalence over time. Meta-regression analysis was used to determine the trend of pooled prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 over time.

Results: Of 600 articles retrieved, 36 studies comprising a total sample size of 6939 isolates or samples from 16 countries of four continents were included for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs was 13.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.7%–17.1%), with high heterogeneity among the included studies (Cochran’s Q, 431.6; p < 0.001; I2 = 91.9%; Table-1). No statistical significance was observed among subgroups of the four characteristics examined. However, the pooled prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 was as high as 16.0% (95% CI, 12.5%–20.3%; n = 16) in diseased pigs compared with 9.9% (95% CI, 5.6%–17.0%; n = 15) in healthy pigs. The pooled prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs did not significantly decrease over time [regression coefficient = −0.020 (95% CI, 0.046–0.006, p = 0.139)]. The pooled prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs fluctuated slightly between 13.2% and 17.8% from 2007 to 2023, although the pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 30.6% in 1987 to over 20% in 2003.

Conclusion: The global prevalence of S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs was estimated to be 13.6% (approximately 10% in healthy pigs and around 16% in diseased pigs). S. suis serotype 2 isolated from pigs did not change significantly over time. These results indicate that S. suis serotype 2 remains a problem for the pig industry and poses a threat to human health.

Keywords: meta-analysis, pigs, prevalence, serotype 2, Streptococcus suis.
Considerações sobre a política e a economia na Argentina do tempo presente (1983-2020)
Authors: Cavlak Iuri
Published: February 2024

O presente trabalho é uma tentativa de reconstituição histórica dos principais momentos políticos e econômicos da Argentina, entre o fim da última ditadura militar até o momento atual (2022). Para isso, utilizo de bibliografia brasileira e argentina articulada aos dados e estatísticas oficiais do governo argentino. O objetivo é tentar refletir sobre mudanças e continuidades nas variáveis citadas, em uma comparação ligeira com o Brasil a respeito de determinadas conjunturas. O método se apega à história comprada e à história do tempo presente. Embora ainda sem um necessário aprofundamento e complexidade, essa investigação demonstra a mudança contumaz entre governos mais e menos liberais, de maior apego ao monetarismo para os de maior ligação com políticas sociais, como se fosse a mudança periódica necessária para a manutenção da economia de mercado tal como ela se vem configurando na América do Sul.
Reflexões sobre a competência em informação nos arquivos, o combate à desinformação e a relação com a Agenda 2030
Authors: Lima Débora Solange Oliveira , Batista Iane Maria da Silva , Oliveira Hamilton Vieira de
Published: February 2024

Aborda-se uma reflexão sobre os arquivos, a competência em informação e a desinformação, pertinentes para um desenvolvimento sustentável, na questão do direito ao acesso à informação, proporcionando a garantia desse direito fundamental previsto na Constituição Federal. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar quais as ações da CoInfo os arquivos podem desenvolver para combater a desinformação, considerando a Agenda 2030, em sua meta 16.10, para assegurar o acesso público à informação e proteger as liberdades fundamentais, em conformidade com a legislação nacional e os acordos internacionais. A Metodologia utilizada é a descritiva, exploratória, qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental. As estratégias dispostas para este estudo enquadram-se na coleta de dados na Base de Dados Referenciais de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação e da análise do Manifesto Político sobre Competência em Informação 2022 Bibliotecário: Profissional Luz. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que das dezessete ações sugeridas para bibliotecas, nove podem ser adaptadas para os arquivos, visando o combate à desinformação. Desta forma, espera-se provocar uma reflexão construtiva e promissora.