bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability to Price Shocks under Alternative Policies in Cameroon
Authors: Subramanian Shankar
Published: November 2023

After almost a decade of rapid growth fueled by the discovery of petroleum in the 1970s, Cameroon’s economy was hit hard in the mid-1980s by the steep fall in world prices for oil and for coffee and cocoa, its other principal exports. Cameroon had to scale back spending in 1987/88 and finally in 1989/90 to take recourse in a structural adjustment program. After growing at an annual rate of 11.5 percent from 1976 to 1981 and 5.9 percent from 1982 to 1985, GDP decreased at 2.6 percent annually between 1986 and 1990 (see Table 3.1).1 By 1990, Cameroon’s external debt was more than double that of a decade before. Despite the massive contraction between these years, per capita GNP in 1989/90 was $1010, one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. As Blandford et al. (1994) note, given its high per capita income, its relatively steady growth, and the apparent prudence of the government in husbanding its oil revenues, the magnitude of Cameroon’s economic crisis was unexpected.
Macroeconomic Policies and Household Welfare in Tanzania
Authors: Sarris Alexander H
Published: November 2023

Efforts to reform economic policies have a long history of heated debate in Tanzania. (For a recent review, see Sarris and Van den Brink 1993.) One of the main arguments used by those against economic policy reform has been the alleged adverse impacts on the poor. In this paper we present results based on a dynamic macro—micro general equilibrium model for Tanzania which is explicitly designed to trace the links from macro policies to house-hold activities.
Growth Linkages in Madagascar: Implications for Development Strategies
Authors: Dorosh Paul , Haggblade Steven
Published: November 2023

In the late 1970s, Madagascar launched an ambitious investment program as part of its investir à outrance (invest to the limit) development strategy to spur economic growth. For a few short years during the investment boom, the economy surged forward, fueled by massive capital inflows and short-term commercial bank loans at market interest rates. When scheduled payments of interest and principal on the loans coincided with a decline in terms of trade in the early 1980s, however, a balance-of-payments crisis ensued. As part of the stabilization and structural adjustment efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank, the investment program was scaled back, government spending was slashed, and government controls on markets were gradually reduced.
Sectoral Investment Priorities for Renewed Growth in Zaire
Authors: Koné Solomane , Thorbecke Erik
Published: November 2023

Zaire is characterized by chronic and escalating inflation and a disintegrated economy with widespread poverty. This is despite not only its rich natural endowment in minerals and abundant fertile soils, but also several IMF and World Bank stabilization and structural adjustment programs (SSAPs) starting as early as 1967. The two major and recent programs were in 1983 and 1986-1987. Zaire’s historically poor economic management and very partial implementation of policy reforms largely explain this poor performance.
Perpetuating Poverty for Malawi’s Smallholders: External Shocks and Policy Distortions
Authors: Frausum Yves Van , Sahn David E
Published: November 2023

Although Malawi was regarded as one of sub-Saharan Africa’s best economic performers during the post-independence years, and was lauded for adopting an agriculture-based, export-promotion development strategy (Acharya and Johnston 1978), more recent literature has painted a rather bleak picture of the country’s achievements, especially during the 1980s (Sahn, Arulpragasam, and Merid 1990). This pessimistic characterization is a consequence of a number of factors. First was the slow rate of growth during the 1980s, averaging -1.0 percent per capita per annum, in contrast to 2.9 percent in the period 1960-1979. Second was the increasing recognition that Malawi’s agriculture-based, export-oriented strategy was achieved by the imposition of a strict duality in the agricultural sector whereby the estate enclave fared well, largely as a result of the exploitation of the peasant subsector (Kydd and Christiansen 1982). And third, and perhaps most important, was the emerging evidence of high levels of malnutrition and infant mortality, indicators of the extraordinary depth and breadth of poverty in Malawi (Centre for Social Research 1988; World Bank 1989).
More than just Peanuts (Groundnuts): Aid Flows and Policy Reform in The Gambia
Authors: Dorosh Paul A , Lundberg Mattias K A
Published: November 2023

In many ways, The Gambia’s experience in the early 1980s paralleled that of many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. World prices of groundnuts, The Gambia’s major export good, fell along with the prices of other major agricultural export commodities in Africa. The drought that struck much of West Africa reduced yields in Gambian agriculture as well. And as world credit markets tightened, foreign borrowing became increasingly difficult for nearly all developing countries. Finally, inappropriate domestic economic policies contributed to the economic decline. More specifically, fiscal deficits, pricing policies, and large levels of foreign borrowing in previous years helped precipitate a balance-of-payments crisis. Yet, structural characteristics of the Gambian economy, particularly the country’s small size, which enabled foreign aid to play an extremely important role in the economy, and The Gambia’s open borders with neighboring Senegal, differentiate The Gambia’s economic experience from that of other countries of sub-Saharan Africa.
Price Movements and Economic Reform in Ghana: Implications for Food Security
Authors: Alderman Harold , Shively Gerald
Published: November 2023

The decade following Ghana’s economic reforms of 1983 was the longest sustained period of economic growth in Ghana’s history. These reforms followed several decades of relative neglect of Ghana’s agricultural sector (Tabatabai 1986), widespread deterioration of national infrastructure, and rapid spread of parallel markets, especially for agricultural inputs Oebuni and Seini 1992). Since the implementation of Ghana’s Economic Recovery Programme (ERP), progress has been steady both in terms of growth of income per capita and in the provision of social services.
Accounting and Financial Reporting in Japan
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

Accounting has been advancing within the framework of the nation. While accounting theories are exchanged internationally, accounting itself is actually bound by the political and legal conditions of each country. This fact has posed no special problem so long as economic activities of businesses are conducted only within the country. In recent years, however, such activities are expanding beyond the borders of the nation and into broader markets abroad.
Views from Abroad: Japan
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

In considering recent developments in business accounting in Japan, one must review the various statute revisions that have had a great effect on business accounting. The source of authority for financial reporting practices employed by Japanese businesses is the Commercial Code (the Code) and the Securities and Exchange Act (the Act). Basically, the Code requires that company directors prepare a balance sheet, an income statement, and a business and financial summary along with proposals for appropriation of earnings or disposition of deficits for each fiscal period. These are to be presented and approved at a general shareholders’ meeting. The Code also requires company directors to publish the balance sheet publicly, either in the Official Gazette or in a daily newspaper. The Act requires that companies whose stock is listed at the Securities Exchange and all other major companies submit, at the end of every business year, a securities report to the Minister of Finance. This report includes a balance sheet, an income statement, and an appropriation of earnings or disposition of deficits statement with supporting schedules and itemized listings. The securities report then goes on file for public reference at the Ministry of Finance; additional copies are to be on file at the company’s main and major branch offices. Recently, the system of financial reporting for businesses set forth in the Code and the Act has undergone a series of important revisions.
International Conferences on Accounting Education
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

International conferences on accounting have a long history. Any article on the International Conferences on Accounting Education (ICAE) must therefore make references to an earlier series, the International Congresses on Accounting (ICA). Until the ICAE got under way in 1962 as a meeting place for accounting educators from all over the world, some of the various objectives of the ICAE were partially performed by the ICA.
The Classification of Assets in Accounting
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

In Japan following the war a new battle raged among scholars here concerning the concept of assets in accounting. At that time I pointed out that, implicit in every one of the theories attempting a unified explanation of asset concepts, was the existence of two separate asset groupings possessing different natures. Of course it was because of the existence of two such asset groupings that the battle over a unified interpretation broke out in the first place, and the existence of these two asset groupings was something very fundamental indeed.
The Three Domains of Financial Reporting
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

The various activities of a business induce a flow of commodities and a flow of money. Here flow of commodities refers to the production, consumption, and distribution of social wealth. A business consumes the wealth produced by other business, in tum producing new wealth. The difference between wealth produced and wealth consumed, that is to say the net value of production, is then distributed among those persons contributing to production. Wealth flows into a business through pro duction, and flows out again through consumption and distribution. Opposed to this, the flow of money refers to the income and disbursing of currency, which is the accepted means of exchange. A business exchanges the wealth it produces for currency, which it then uses in payment for wealth purchased from other businesses, and for distribution among persons contributing to production.
The Role of Accounting Industry and Society
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

Accounting is a form of human activity concerned with the recording and measuring of the economic activities of individuals or organizations as inflow and outflow of money, and disclosing such results to interested parties. Accounting might be done by the property owner himself for the purpose of clarifying increases in his own assets. Another form of accounting involves the use of a household account book to record and balance the income of cash as wages against money paid out for the necessities of daily life. Accounting plays an even more important role, however, when the owner of the assets and the person managing them are not the same. In such cases, accounting, in order to demonstrate managerial responsibility towards the assets the manager was entrusted with, must function to record and compute any increases or decreases in assets, and to disclose such information to the owner. In this sense, then, while the passbook a bank furnishes to its customers for the purpose of recording and computing deposits and withdrawals and indicating cur rent balances is merely another form of accounting, it is essentially different from a household account book. Whereas the decision to keep or not to keep a household account book rests entirely with the individual, the keeping of a passbook is absolutely essential to the idea of banking, and represents an established system in society where people live together as a group.
Accounting Standard Selection and its Socio-economic Consequences
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

Accounting standards represent those resolutions pertaining to measurement and reporting which comprise the basis upon which various finanacial statements are prepared. Besides indicating the financial position and activities of the business, accounting standards represent an amalgamation of accounting customs and practices recognized over the years as being useful. They indicate the accounting procedures to be followed when preparing financial statements. In a narrow sense, accounting standards refers to practices decided upon by the various agencies responsible for establishing accounting standards, including the Business Accounting Standards Board in Japan, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States, the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) in the United Kingdom, and the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). In a broader sense, accounting standards might include various regulations pertaining to accounting passed by law. In the very broadest sense of the term, accounting standards include the rules and suggestions put forth by professional accounting organizations, etc.
Socio-economic Environments and the Function of Accounting
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

The thesis of this paper is that different socio-economic environments give rise to varying expectations of the usefulness of accounting. Hence I propose a caution against the recent trend seen in much accounting research and education towards placing heavy emphasis on accounting’s function in providing financial information to external users, that is, investors, while often disregarding the fact that other functions exist. By socio-economic environment I mean that environment brought about by business activities, or more specifically, the politico-economic system, the industrial structure, the market for amassing capital, and the level of industrial technology, etc. Moreover, the ‘function of accounting’ means the role that accounting ought, or is expected, to fulfil. There are at least two cases in which it becomes necessary to consider the function of accounting in relation to the socio-economic environment. The first involves tracing changes in the accounting function from past to present, and then trying to discern the expansion of the accounting function in present-day society in contrast to the new functions which will be expected of future accounting. The second case involves conducting research aimed at the establishment and improvement of practices and systems of international accounting. Of these two, I have decided to place emphasis on the second case, and shall address the subject in this context.
A Direct Method for the Preparation of the Cash Flow Statement
Authors: Someya Kyojiro
Published: November 2023

There are certain practices in our daily activities which we follow through custom without bothering to understand their real meaning. Of course, such practices were originally introduced for some definite purposes. With the change of times, however, they have either lost their rationale or acquired new meanings never conceived at the beginning. In spite of these developments, we tend to go on in the same old rut as before.
Introduction
Authors: Bruland Kristine
Published: November 2023

The work of Peter Mathias, celebrated in this Festschrift, has been directed primarily towards an understanding of the key issue in modern economic history, namely economic growth. From the mid-eighteenth century onwards, a significant number of economies in Europe, North America, and the Pacific have passed through a process of economic change which has transformed the world. The emergence of the industrial economy has many dimensions, but it installed a new regime of incessant technological innovation which has led to a sustained growth of output, investment, productivity, and trade which is unprecedented in human history. Modern growth performance has been such that real per-capita incomes in the advanced economies have doubled every thirty or so years. It is important to remember that this type of intensive growth over recent centuries—is an extraordinary new development in human affairs.
Fuelling the Local Economy: The Fenland Coal Trade, 1760-1850
Authors: Wood Fiona
Published: November 2023

Since the comprehensive monograph of T. S. Willan, published in 1936, the role of river navigation has been the subject of review, either in conjunction with general transport histories or with a number of local studies which are largely antiquarian. The bulk of research has been overshadowed by interest in the emergence of the ‘canal age’ and railways. The weight of documentary evidence for canal and rail history and the precursory role played by navigable rivers in the evolution of a network of inland transport accounts for much of this historiographical emphasis.

More recently, mainstream discussions on transport during the period of industrialization have moved towards a reappraisal of the role played by river traffic, the road haulage industry, and coastal trade. Transport history is now concerned with a more functional and integrated examination of the relations between the media of transport available to eighteen and nineteenth-century contemporaries. This is appropriate where there was an operational interplay between both media, but what of areas which experienced different patterns of development?
Joseph Gillott and his Family Firm: The Many Faces of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Cannadine David
Published: November 2023

Narrowly conceived and unimaginatively practiced, economic history rarely gets beyond economic man, while business history often confines itself no less myopically to business man. But as one of the most distinguished contemporary practitioners in both genres, Peter Mathias has always conceived these subjects more broadly, cast his net more widely, and set his sights more panoramically. For him, the entrepreneur is neither a dismal abstraction nor a paranoid workaholic, but a thread dimensional, flesh and blood being, whose life must not only be understood in its full human diversity, but also be located in the broader historical context. From the brewers of the eighteenth century to the multiple retailers of the twentieth, from Samuel Whitbread II to Sir
Incomes Policies in Britain since 1940: A Study in Political Economy
Authors: Harrison Brian
Published: November 2023

Dennis Healey thought political economy ‘a worthwhile study for a Chancellor’. The politician’s economics were for him more useful than the economist’s economics because pragmatic and flexible, ‘an art, not a science ... an art of human relations’.Nowhere did politics intrude more intimately into economic policy than in the attempt between 1940 and 1979 to operate incomes policies, nor was any area of policy more central to the politics of the time. Healey as Chancellor spent ‘the best part of six months each year’ trying to negotiate a viable incomes policy for the next pay round, assigning two-thirds of that time to ‘dealing with the disastrous consequences of free collective bargaining, and the other third dealing with the distortions and anomalies caused by my own pay policy’.
The State as the ‘Third-Hand’: MIT/ and Japanese Industrial Development After 1945
Authors: Abé Etsuo
Published: November 2023

Since the publication of Chalmers Johnson’s MITI and the Japanese Miracle, the view that Japanese industrial development was made possible by MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) activities and policy-making, has become, rightly or wrongly, widespread. Some Japan bashers regard MITI as one of the strongholds for maintaining unfair trade practices and structures; by contrast, others, rejecting the notion of ‘notorious MITI’, argue that the role of MITI was fairly limited throughout the post-World War II period and was losing its dominant influence over Japan ese industry with time.
Education Change and In-Firm Training in Post-War Japan
Authors: Nishizawa Tamotsu
Published: November 2023

With natural resource disadvantages but a long tradition of respect for education, human resources have been an area where Japan has created competitive advantages. Much has been written on the importance attached to education and training, or the human capital investment by the government, parents, and companies in Japan. Over 95 per cent stay on in full-time schooling until the age of 18, in contrast to 32 per cent of the 16-18-year olds in Britain. The rate of attendance at high school (upper secondary school) has increased with economic growth; it was 70.7 per cent in 1965 and 91.9 per cent in 1975. The proportion of general courses has constantly increased at the same time. Such high intensity of schooling is explained partly by a high standard of literacy and numeracy, which supplied a mass homogeneous work-force of good quality, and seems to have contributed to the expansion of labour-intensive manufacturing and to the ability to adapt to changes in technology and world demand.
A Re-examination of Japan’s Post War Financing System
Authors: Hidaka Chikage
Published: November 2023

The economic development of post-war Japan is widely hailed as nothing short of miraculous. Despite exhausting most of its national wealth in World War II, Japan rapidly managed to rebuild its economy, largely restructuring it along modern lines in the process, and to successfully rejoin the international economy. Several valuable studies have already given us insight into the innovations and entrepreneurs who helped in Japan’s post-war economic development. However, as J. A. Schumpeter noted in ‘The Theory of Economic Development’, in order for such innovations to be put into practice and for a nation’s economy to undergo significant development, ‘finance as a special act’ is necessary.
Finance and Industry in Britain after 1945: some issues and evidence
Authors: Capie Forrest
Published: November 2023

Has the British economy failed, and if so can the blame for failure be placed at the door of finance? This chapter surveys some of the principal issues in the alleged failure of the British financial system in the years after 1945. It outlines first the nature of the problem, then raises some questions of theory and practice such as the connection between investment and growth, and then presents some speculation based on the available evidence. The evidence is in part circumstantial and of a qualitative kind. Research upon which stronger conclusions might be based has not yet been done.
From Mass-Market Manufacturer Product and Marketing Strategy at British Leyland/Rover from 1968 to 1995
Authors: Owen Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

When British Leyland Motor Corporation was formed in 1968, it brought together most of the best-known names in the British motor industry. On the car side, the range included Austin, Morris, Triumph, Rover, and Jaguar; Leyland was the most successful British builder of heavy trucks and buses, while Land Rover was a world leader in four-wheel-drive cross-country vehicles. With a capacity of over a million cars a year, British Leyland was the third largest car producer in Europe, behind Volkswagen and Fiat and just ahead of Renault. But it had two serious and related weaknesses.
Internalization and Externalization: Organizational Strategies for Fuji Denki, Fujitsu, and Fanuc
Authors: Yonekura Seiichiro
Published: November 2023

The age of managerial capitalism has been closely associated with the rise of large, diversified, multidivisional companies. As Alfred Chandler has pointed out, this pattern of growth with the creation of a multidivisional structure had its origin in the United States. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, companies in capital-intensive industries internally grew or externally consolidated to form single large enterprises, through mergers or take-overs. These companies pursued economies of scale by vertically integrating organizational functions, thus optimizing the flow of raw materials, semi-finished goods and final products. The multifunctional organization emerged, along with the rise of the first generation of big businesses.
ICL: From National Champion to Fujitsu’s Little Helper
Authors: Campbell-Kelly Martin
Published: November 2023

In November 1990 ICL, Britain’s national-champion computer maker became a subsidiary of Fujitsu, the world’s second largest computer manufacturer. Thus ICL closed the last chapter in an eighty-year history as an independent UK supplier of information technology products.
Intersecting Trajectories and Model Changes
Authors: Freyssenet Michel
Published: November 2023

Has there been one, or have there been several successful industrial models in the period since the 1974 oil crisis, and, if so, which? The aim of this chapter is to identify and characterize the successful model or models and to investigate the conditions under which it or they are viable and function well. It is clear from the trajectories of the automobile manufacturers examined in this book that they have certainly pursued different profit strategies; some have emphasized volume, some product diversity, others quality, and so forth. Analysis of these strategies reveals that they in fact represent combinations of the five fundamental sources of company profits: scale effects, scope effects, quality, product innovation, and the reduction of costs at constant volume. Each strategy combines these sources of profit in precise proportions to make them structurally compatible. Accordingly, it appears to be impossible for a firm to simultaneously attain, and maintain over the long term, maximum volume, maximum diversity, perfect quality, permanent innovation, and the reduction of costs at constant volume. This finding stands in stark contrast to the assertions made in The Machine that Changed the World (Womack et al. 1990), with its presentation of ‘lean production’ as the optimal industrial model; one which, moreover, also apparently guarantees the fulfilment of employees, the satisfaction of consumers, and economic development worldwide!
Nissan: Restructuring to Regain Competitiveness
Authors: Hanada Masanori
Published: November 2023

In 1960, Nissan still produced only 56,000 passenger cars. There were two models, the Datsun 310, which later became the Bluebird, and an Austin model built under licence, which was later replaced by the Datsun 2000 and then the Cedric. More commercial vehicles were made than passenger cars, and the gap would widen in the years that followed. It was not until 1968 that passenger car production overtook output of commercial vehicles. During the first half of 1960s new factories were built with a view to launching mass production: Oppama in 1961, Zama in 1965, and Murayama, a factory built by Prince, which was taken over in 1966. In 1967, the characteristics and business environment of Nissan were quite distinct from those of Toyota, and the company had not adopted the same profit strategy (Boyer and Freyssenet 1995b). The company’s production organization and employment relationships lacked the coherence of Toyota’s.
From British Leyland Motor Corporation to Rover Group: The Search for a Viable British Model
Authors: Mair Andrew
Published: November 2023

The trajectory of Rover Group, formerly British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC), British Leyland (BL), and Austin-Rover, encountered and was strongly influenced by a series of different external industrial models between 1968, when BLMC was formed, and the late 1990s. These included the principles of Sloanism, Fordism, and Taylorism as observed at Ford of Britain and elsewhere, a Japanese model in the form of the company’s erstwhile partner Honda, and from 1994 the particular German model of its new owner BMW. Over the course of these encounters, what can reasonably be considered the ‘indigenous’ craft-British and mass-British industrial models that had dominated the company (recognizing that these too incorporated elements borrowed from the wider global industrial environment) were moulded and shaped.
China’s Military in Transition
Authors: Shambaugh David , Yang Richard H
Published: November 2023

China’ Military in Transition is the most comprehensive study of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) ever published. Drawing upon a broad range of documentary sources and interviews, many of the world's leading specialists on the Chinese military provide in-depth and expert analyses of China's military modernization programme. This unprecedented volume covers many aspects of the PLA on the eve of the twenty-first century: party-army relations and the role of the PLA in domestic Chinese politics; the changing officer corps; the paramilitary People's Armed Police; troop reorganizations and the demobilization programme; the national security and defence policy decision-making processes; the military-industrial complex and defence industrial conversion; defence finance, budget, and training; weapons procurement; nuclear force modernization; threat perceptions; power projection capabilities; and the military balance in the Taiwan Strait.
The PLA and China’s Threat Perceptions*
Authors: Whiting Allen S
Published: November 2023

Because this volume focuses on the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), only those threat perceptions directly relevant to the presence of Chinese military force are addressed in this article. The problems of ideological unity, legitimacy of the regime, and other political or economic threats to the People’s Republic are excluded insofar as they do not call on the PLA. Nor are general foreign policy stratagems for dealing with Moscow, Tokyo, New Delhi and Washington under review, let alone regions beyond China’s capacity to project military power.
Understanding the Role of Interfirm Institutions in Sustaining Trust Within the Employment Relationship*
Authors: Marsden David
Published: November 2023

There is a paradox in our understanding of the employment relationship. On the one hand, its principal advantage to employers lies in its flexibility and economy compared with other types of transaction, and such flexibility could be deemed dependent upon a good degree of trust between the parties concerned. On the other, the prisoner’s dilemma teaches us that cooperation based on trust is very fragile, a point which seems to be borne out by Fox’s observation that the great majority of work roles in modern industrial society are of the ‘low-discretion-low-trust’ kind.
Markets, Competition, and Innovation*
Authors: Kitson Michael , Michie Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Although the overall growth rate of the UK economy in the 1980s and 1990s was similar to that of the other advanced countries, this is hardly an indicator of success.1 Output per person is lower for the UK than for any of the other G7 group of countries, and it is also below the OECD average. This output ‘gap’ indicates a potential for ‘catching-up’ growth. Lagging countries, such as the UK, could in principle borrow and adopt new technologies and management techniques from leading countries. This should enable lagging countries to achieve superior growth rates compared to the leading countries, at least until the output gap is closed. We have argued elsewhere (Kitson and Michie, I996a,b, 1997) that this failure of the UK to catch up with the other industrialized countries is due in part at least to a failure of economic policy as well as to the debilitating grip of various institutional constraints.
A Mind for Business
Authors: Lawrence W Gordon
Published: November 2023

The industrial revolution raised the possibility of creating a world of plenty. But a century after the heroic period of Japanese, European and US industrialization we are no closer to realising the dream of the industrial revolution, the dream of modernism, the dream of progress. Our productive economy is riddled with the inefficient management structures in which people who know most about the work tend to have little say about how it can be improved, and are generally not permitted to talk to us directly about their experience. If they take the risk to do so, we are in no position to act on what they tell us. (Schwartz 1992: 201-2.)
Social Networks and the Diffusion of Fertility Control in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Montgomery Mark R , chung woojin
Published: November 2023

Neither high nor low fertility is easily understood in terms of differences in the fundamental values associated with childbearing and childrearing. The value placed on freedom from pressing material need, on social and economic security, on the survival of the family line, on both filial devotion and filial independence-all these are present, to greater or lesser degrees, in most societies. The transition from high to low fertility is more usefully viewed, particularly when it occurs rapidly, as a transition in strategies, a selection of new means to reach old and fundamental ends. What does it mean to rear a child properly? When does education become a necessary part of proper upbringing? Under what circumstances will high fertility free parents from their material needs, and when does it become sensible to have fewer children, but educate each better, so as to meet the same end? In developing countries, where a bewildering variety of economic and social transitions are under way, questions such as these are the subject of continuing individual and social debate.
South-East Asian Population History and the Colonial Impact
Authors: Reid Anthony
Published: November 2023

Southeast Asia’s population history as usually represented is marked by very low growth and low population densities until the late eighteenth century, and by very rapid growth in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its challenge to conventional demographic transition theory is not so much the timing of the upturn in population, since it occurred at about the same time as that in Europe, as its scale and its cause. Until the revisionist writings of the 1960s and subsequently it was believed that the Javanese population had grown by 2.2 per cent a year in the nineteenth century, and even the latest revisions have not been able to get that rate down below about 1.4 per cent (Boomgaard, 1989: 1, 202). A marked reduction appeared to have taken place in mortality without any substantial rise in standards of living.
The Population History of South Asia from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries: An Exploration
Authors: Guha Sumit
Published: November 2023

It is a well-recognized fact that for most of the current millenium, Asia has contained the largest population of any continent; and also that the greater part of this population has lived within the Indian sub-continent and the present-day boundaries of the People’s Republic of China. Furthermore, despite rapid population growth in Europe and its spillover zones, these areas still contain some two-fifths of the current human population of the globe. However, while the population of China has been traced back, at least in outline, for some two thousand years, our knowledge of the Indian population is chronologically rather shallow, with relatively few scholars having worked on the period before the regular decennial censuses that the British government conducted from 1881.
The Modernization of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Gerschenkron Alexander
Published: November 2023

Most people will agree that the emergence of modern entrepreneurs has been an integral part of the great economic transformation known as the historical process of industrialization. The question I wish to consider is twofold: (1) What were some of the distinguishing “modern” features of industrial entrepreneurs, particularly in the early stages of that transformation? (2) How did those characteristics come about? In dealing with these questions, I shall be thinking mostly of the area of European industrializations, which should give us sufficient scope both for generalization and differentiation.
Transport Policy
Authors: Mcgowan Francis
Published: November 2023

Transport policy has been a long-standing concern of the European Union: responsibilities were embodied in the treaties of Paris and Rome and the first attempts at policy were made in the 1950s. The priorities and objectives have changed over time but the outcomes have for the most part been relatively modest. Within that framework, cohesion has only occasionally been a priority. Yet aspects of the common transport policy have had a significant effect upon cohesion and continue to do so.
Social and Employment Policy
Authors: Koutsiaras Nikos
Published: November 2023

Social policy consists of social insurance, health services, public assistance, education, housing policy, and labour market policies (CEC 1993a, Kleinman and Pianchaud 1993). Thus, it defines a wide range of collective actions seeking to protect individuals against: unanticipated income losses owing to social contingencies, to ensure the attainment.
Conclusions
Authors: Hall Ronald , Smith Alasdair , Tsoukalis Loukas
Published: November 2023

He purpose of this book has been to show the many different ways in ,which European nionpolicies impinge on its territory and society. More specifically, the various contributions consider the effect of key European policies on the Union’s internal economic and social cohesion. This remains a matter of the unknots political importance for Union which recognizes that improvements in cohesion are necessary to secure its rather integration.
Introduction: Finding Paths through the Handbook
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Dierkes Meinolf , Child John , Nonaka lkujiro
Published: November 2023

This handbook is arguably a product of two types of approaches to the field of organizational learning-one focusing on how existing knowledge is shared, used, and stored; the other, on how new knowledge is created. It is designed to bring together the current streams of thinking on organizational learning that are dispersed in different disciplines and sub disciplines and to extend the boundaries of work in this area.
Technological Visions, Technological Development, and Organizational Learning
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Marz Lutz , Teele Casey
Published: November 2023

From sustainable development and lean government to the learning organization and the virtual company, visions as a concept or metaphor have gained a great deal of attention in both the public at large and the business community (Dierkes, Hoffmann, and Marz 1996). In a number of academic disciplines, this growth in general interest has prompted the research community either to begin to explore the concept of visions or to intensify ongoing research, particularly studies related to the relevance, function, and explanatory power that visions have in social processes (Grin and Grunwald 2000).
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

Whereas Part III focused on structure and context, this section deals with agency. Agents of organizational learning are identified as individuals or groups-whether inside or outside the organization-whose actions facil-itate or inhibit organizational learning. Each chapter in this part focuses on the role of a particular agent, broadening the still relatively narrow scope of research in the field. A central message is that the process of organizational learning occurs through the complex web of relationships created among the various agents as they carry out their organizational roles. Thus, no single group can be seen to be the primary agent or source of organizational learning. The actions of one set of agents can support or hinder the contribution that other agents make to organizational learning, a possibility suggesting that much more attention needs to be paid to the dynamics of relationships.
Labor Unions as Learning Organizations and Learning Facilitators
Authors: Drinkuth Andreas , Riegler Claudius H , Wolff Rolf
Published: November 2023

Labor unions are democratic organizations that were created to represent workers’ demands for fair wages, an adequate working environment, and a social safety net. In some countries the participation of labor unions in business decisions has been an important issue. These objectives are still relevant in Europe, but with the industrialized world on the threshold of the new Internet economy, the way of organizing workers’ interests has to be adapted to the evolving economic and sociopolitical structure. As a counterforce to capital, unions traditionally thrived on the differences between labor and capital, but in a world where capital is the mind of the knowledge-worker, such historical class differences are eliminated.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

To analyze and describe the diverse in organizational and creation, the authors of the chapters in this draw on widely concepts. Whereas some of the contributors understand learning processes in terms of a linear sequence, others express doubt about the possibility and advantage of conceptualizing learning processes in this way. Rather, these skeptics focus on uncovering the informal, interactive behavioral dimensions of these processes, the role of implicit knowledge, the media, power, conflict, and rules. To enhance the explanatory power of these aspects some authors link different conceptions of organizational learning and argue that the commensurability of contending theories depends on the particular learning situation under study.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

In research on organizational learning, corporations have quite often been treated as monolithic, self-contained systems that have fixed boundaries and that operate relatively independently from other actors in the external environment. Central themes have been environmental adaptation, information acquisition, rule development, collective sense-making, and intraorganizational memory. Today, the emergence of global networks confronts researchers of organizational learning with new issues, such as the role of interorganizational relations, trust, and coordination and the competing notions of competition, cooperation, diffusion of innovation, and imitation. Network analysis of knowledge creation and diffusion elaborates on these issues as well as on the structural characteristics of interorganizational ties, determinants, and mutual effects of the execution of power by partners, and on the role that national cultures play in shaping construction of and relations between networks. To foster the cross-fertilization of these ideas, the authors of this section provide detailed analyses and reviews of different forms of network relations and their implications for organizational learning.
Integrated Information Technology Systems for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka lkujiro , Reinmoller Patrick , Toyama Ryoko
Published: November 2023

Because knowledge is considered an important source of firms’ competitive advantage (Albert and Bradley 1997; Cohen 1998; Drucker 1994; Quinn 1992; Schendel 1995; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen 1997), today’s firms are under increasing pressure to find a way to manage knowledge efficiently and effectively. In order to manage corporate knowledge strategically, many firms are employing the latest information technology (IT) as a set of knowledge-management tools. Papow and Papow (1998) estimated that 42 per cent of total U.S. investment capital in 1997 was spent on IT.
Dimensionality Effect in Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Gonzalo Jesús , Pitarakis Jean-Yves
Published: November 2023

During the past decade a considerable amount of research has focused on the issue of stochastic trends in economic variables and subsequently on whether such trends are common to some or all of the variables in question, a phenomenon known as cointegration (Granger, 1981; Engle and Granger, 1987). Despite an abundant literature dealing with the development of cointegration tests and their applications in economics (see Engle and Granger, 1991, for a comprehensive review), an important issue that has often been overlooked is the impact that the system dimension (number of variables) might have on the accuracy of inferences. The issue is not merely a degrees of freedom problem (see Abadir, Ha<iri and Tzavalis, 1997) and becomes relevant in a wide range of applied fields. Indeed, the analysis of cross country or sectoral comovements of economic variables in the new growth literature or the determination of the number of factors in asset pricing theories in finance, for instance, are some among numerous other examples that involve the handling of very large systems.
Two Pluralist Polities
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2023

Attacks on the legitimacy of politics as an activity, one based on the recognition of the profound conflicts which may take place between persons’ sometimes incommensurable ethics, have been expressed in a variety of ways throughout the history of Western thought. In the ancient world, those who defended politics tended to do so for either classical democratic or classical republican reasons, while those who attacked it turned either to theory, as with some of the doctrines evident in the works of Plato or Aristotle; to realpolitik, as articulated most famously by Plato’s character Thrasymachus or the historian Thucydides; or to monarchy, the form of government favoured by those whom many ancient Greeks referred to as ‘barbarians’.
Recognition: Towards a Patriotic Respect for the Individual
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2023

The third major mode of justification in politics today is that of recognition. Often, it is demanded that persons be recognized by gov ernments and others in a certain way. One form of recognition is that of cultural difference, as when women or the members of particular groups, such as ethnic minorities or nations, call upon the state to recognize their unique ways of being in the polity.1 Another is exhibited in the inherently hierarchical honouring, and even glorifying, of certain individuals when they are, say, knighted, awarded the Order of Canada, or laid to rest in France’s Parthenon. Though such events are often of great political import, they also, surprisingly enough, have tended to escape substantial controversy. Even less controversial is the idea that all individual persons, simply by virtue of being persons, ought to be recognized as laying claim to a kind of equal respect or dignity. And the most popular way of expressing this form of recognition, one encouraged by pluralists as well as by many others, has been in terms of rights.