bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnesium binding by terrestrial humic acids
Authors: Christl Iso
Published: August 2018

Environmental contextThe behaviour of magnesium, which is an essential element for all living organisms, in terrestrial environments is influenced by natural organic matter. This study shows that magnesium binding by terrestrial humic acids exhibits a pronounced ionic strength-dependence indicating a strong preference for electrostatic binding to humic acids. This interaction is expected to influence the mobility of humic substances and their associated trace elements.
AbstractMagnesium binding by three terrestrial humic acids was investigated at pH 8 and 25 °C as a function of Mg2+ activity and ionic strength using NaCl as the background electrolyte. The Mg2+ activity in solution was directly measured with an Mg2+-selective electrode in the titration experiments. In addition, coagulation experiments using Ca2+ and Mg2+ as the coagulants were carried out at pH 8. For the titration data, the NICA–Donnan model was used to quantitatively describe Mg2+ binding to the humic acids considering electrostatic and specific Mg2+ binding. Mg2+ binding to humic acids was found to be strongly affected by ionic strength variations indicating that Mg2+ binding largely arose from electrostatic (nonspecific) interactions with negatively charged functional groups of the humic acids. Data modelling suggested that the relative contribution of specific binding increased with decreasing Mg2+ activity and was related to functional groups with low proton affinities. For all three humic acids studied, the fitted Mg2+ affinity constants for specific binding were lower than the respective Ca2+ affinities. Corresponding to the observed differences in cation binding and the known differences in ion hydration, Ca2+ was observed to be the stronger coagulant as compared with Mg2+. The results suggest that Mg2+ may influence the mobility of trace elements that are strongly bound to humic acids such as mercury, although Mg2+ is not expected to directly compete with strongly sorbing elements for specific binding.
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental waters from southern Spain by using a continuous solid-phase extraction system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Rascón Andrés J. , Azzouz Abdelmonaim , Ballesteros Evaristo
Published: August 2018

Environmental contextPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread carcinogenic compounds resulting from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. We report a robust analytical method suitable for detecting these compounds at trace levels in various types of environmental waters. The method allows for accurate monitoring of the levels and behaviour of these priority environmental pollutants.
AbstractHuman exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a major challenge for the scientific community. The European Commission and the European Food Safety Agency have declared PAHs as priority pollutants, and sanctioned their quantification and monitoring in water and foods, owing to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties. We report a method for determining sixteen PAHs in various types of environmental water samples collected from various sources and places in the south of Spain. The target compounds were preconcentrated to a reduced volume (350 µL) with an automatic solid-phase extraction system and determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Optimising the operational variables, such as the type and nature of sorbent, and analytical variables resulted in a very low limit of detection (0.01–0.3 ng L−1), high accuracy and precision (RSD < 7.5 %), and recoveries of 86–102 % from 200 mL of sample. The method was applied to a variety of environmental water samples, many of which were found to contain PAHs at different levels, depending on the nature and origin the sample. In any case, such levels were lower than the maximum tolerated limits except for sea and waste water. In the case of waste water, a comparison between influent and effluent from the waste water treatment plant was performed to assess the effect over the environment after their treatment, where a reduction of the presence of PAHs in the samples was observed.
Sperm functional attributes and oviduct explant binding capacity differs between bulls with different fertility ratings in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Saraf Kaustubh Kishor , Singh Raushan Kumar , Kumaresan Arumugam , Nayak Samiksha , Chhillar Shivani , Lathika Sreela , Datta Tirtha Kumar , Mohanty Tushar Kumar
Published: August 2018

We report here the differences in sperm functional attributes and sperm–oviduct binding index in bulls with different field fertility ratings. Cryopreserved spermatozoa from Murrah buffalo bulls (n=9) with different fertility ratings were evaluated for membrane integrity, capacitation status, acrosome intactness and protein tyrosine phosphorylation status. Frozen­–thawed spermatozoa were incubated with oviduct explants for 1h under 5% CO2, 38.5°C with 95% relative humidity and the number of spermatozoa bound to the unit area of oviduct explants (binding index; BI) was assessed using 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) fluorescent staining. The proportion of membrane-intact and acrosome-intact spermatozoa was significantly (P<0.05) higher and the proportion of capacitated spermatozoa was significantly (P<0.05) lower in high-fertile bulls compared with medium- and low-fertile bulls. The relationship between BI and bull fertility was significant and positive (r=0.69; P=0.04). BI was negatively and significantly (r=−0.83; P=0.01) related to membrane-compromised spermatozoa. It was concluded that the sperm–oviduct explant binding index was positively related to (1) the proportion of membrane-intact spermatozoa in a given semen sample and (2) invivo fertility of the buffalo bull, indicating the possibility of developing a fertility prediction tool using a sperm–oviduct explant binding model, once validated on a greater number of bulls.
Fe–Co magnetic nanoclusters by density functional theory calculations
Authors: Cutrano C. S. , Lekka Ch. E.
Published: August 2018

We present density functional theory results referring to the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of 13, 55, 147 and 309 Fe–Co (magnetic–magnetic) icosahedral nanoclusters (ICO) comparing with our previous results on Fe–Cu (magnetic–nonmagnetic). It came out that the Fe atoms always favour the edge surface sites exhibiting higher average magnetic moment (MM) for Fe and FeCo ICOs than FeCu while the local Fe MM is greater for FeCu12 and Fe6Cu49 ones. This is due to the strong hybridisation of Fe 3d–Co 3d states, while in Fe–Cu the Fe spin down states are restricted close to fermi without been affected by the corresponding Cu states. These results could be used for the design of environmental sustainable smart magnetic alloys.

This is part of a thematic issue on Nanoscale Materials Characterisation and Modeling by Advances Microscopy Methods - EUROMAT.
Introduction: The stories of American history and why they matter
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

The book opens in explaining that this very short introduction to American cultural history emphasizes culture as a driving force in American history. Cultural history is the history of stories, their origins, transmission, and significance in time. However, no work of cultural history can disentangle the cultural from political, economic, and social processes of change. The relationship between culture and identity needs to be understood along with the spatial context of cultural production and its physical location within distinct geographies. American culture has been the sum of diverse global influences, from almost every part of the world, but it has not contained itself within national boundaries.
1. American culture in red, white, and black
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

“American culture in red, white, and black” explains how diverse Americans planted the seeds of a new national culture during the colonial period, one that took shape through the contributions of people from Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Even as rival colonial powers usurped Indian land, and as Anglo-Americans expanded the institution of slavery in the South, a homegrown American culture took shape that reflected a synthesis of European, African, and indigenous influences. Women also made distinct contributions to this new culture, even as they found limits to their independence and free expression. The growing print culture in colonial America, which saw the publication of newspapers, provided a vital network of communication.
3. The age of the city, 1860–1900
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

In the aftermath of the Civil War, Americans united in an impulse to commemorate the lives lost and to coordinate that effort with new campaigns for civic beautification. “The age of the city, 1860–1900” describes how the new titans of industry, such as Carnegie and Rockefeller, sponsored the erection of new monuments and statues and endowed lavish facilities for parks, cemeteries, railroad stations, universities, museums, office buildings, and hotels. Yet this monumental display of sumptuous wealth hid new depths of poverty and squalor, as well as new heights of social unrest. In this tumultuous environment, a new set of cultural experiences and institutions provided a semblance of order against a backdrop of conflict and chaos.
5. The suburbanization of American culture
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

After World War II, the United States emerged as the world’s dominant superpower, inaugurating a golden age of prosperity and abundance. Depression and war were over, affording time to enjoy the comforts of domestic normalcy. Yet the cultural record of that moment belied the cause for optimism. “The suburbanization of American culture” describes how postwar American culture registered a new set of spatial and racial tensions and codified a new suburban way of life. It considers Hollywood’s film noir genre; the soaring popularity of television in the 1950s; the development of shopping malls and theme parks; the increasing automobile culture; the rise of pop art and rock and roll; and the American youth radicalized by the Vietnam War.
6. The world wide web of American culture
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

If the sixties radicalized the content of American culture, the nineties revolutionized its form. The digital revolution began in California and enveloped the entire world, creating unprecedented opportunities for instantaneous communication and self-expression. “The world wide web of American culture” first describes the impact on American culture of 1970s counterculture; the music genres of disco, pop, and hip hop; the AIDS crisis; and the excesses of 1980s culture. It then explains how the rise of the Internet fostered a new plurality in American society. American culture continues to unite diverse and disparate segments of the population, even as it remains a battleground, fraught with the very tensions and conflicts that define the nation’s history and identity.
Abolitionism
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: August 2018

The abolitionist movement launched the global human rights struggle in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, redefining the meaning of equality throughout the Atlantic world. In the twenty-first century, it remains a touchstone of democratic activism—a timeless example of mobilizing against injustice. Abolitionism: A Very Short Introduction highlights the key people, institutions, themes, and events that shaped the antislavery struggle across the Atlantic world. Highlighting the activist exertions of abolitionists from the Caribbean and Great Britain to the United States and Iberian society, this short text shows that abolitionism was a potent social movement that ended the most profitable institution of the early modern era: racial slavery.
Introduction
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: August 2018

This brief survey of abolitionism focuses mostly on Anglo-American reformers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but it also surveys Atlantic-wide movements that began with slave rebels in the 1500s and ended with Brazilian emancipation in the 1880s. The introduction explains that wherever it took shape, abolitionism was both a meditation and a movement: a meditation on “big ideas” about freedom and equality and a complex movement of people, organizations, and events designed to bring those ideas to fruition. Abolitionism was a social movement—an activist struggle akin to the twentieth-century civil rights movement—that focused on political and social agitation. Abolitionist ideas and actions reframed how people understood slavery, race, global freedom, and multicultural democracy.
2. The rise of black abolitionism and global antislavery struggles
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: August 2018

As a new century loomed, black activists pushed abolition forward across the Atlantic world. The greatest example came in Saint-Domingue, where a slave rebellion in the 1790s compelled the French government to issue a broad emancipation decree. “The rise of black abolitionism and global antislavery struggles” explains how a more assertive brand of abolitionism also developed in the United States, as free black communities rebuked American statesmen for allowing racial oppression to prosper, arguing that slavery and segregation violated the American creed of liberty and justice for all. Several European and American nations banned the slave trade in the early 1800s, but slavery proved to be a resilient institution in the 19th century.
Darwin’s other big idea
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

The idea that males and females often look, sound, smell, and behave differently is uncontroversial. Where those differences came from, however, and what role they play in various species—including humans—is not. ‘Darwin’s other big idea’ outlines Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory: differential reproduction based on sexual competition, whether between the members of one sex for access to the other, or by selection of particular mating partners. Differences in reproductive parts directly involved in sperm or egg production—primary sexual characteristics—were relatively easy to explain. The other kinds of sexual differences, he proposed, could evolve in one of two ways: male–male competition resulting in weapons, or female choice resulting in ornaments, but this was highly controversial.
Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

‘Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long’ examines the variation in how males and females associate during the breeding season, ranging from brief couplings with multiple partners to lifelong monogamy. It also shows how the discovery that females mate with many partners, even in supposedly monogamous species such as songbirds, was made possible by modern genetic techniques. Variation in mating systems holds considerable implications for the operation of sexual selection. The way that animal mating systems have been explained historically is outlined before considering how a more contemporary understanding of genetic and social relationships has reshaped our thinking and how understanding a species’ mating system can have practical applications.
How sex makes species survive
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

How new species come about is one of the most fundamental questions in biology. And because that process involves reproduction, and because reproduction often (though not always) means sexual selection, it should come as no surprise that sexual selection has often been thought to play a role in speciation—the way that new species arise and are maintained. ‘How sex makes species survive’ explains that sexual selection, and the dizzying array of ornaments and weapons it produces, is now recognized to be far more than simply a means for females to recognize a male of the appropriate species. It can also be the engine that drives new species to come about.
Conclusions, and where to from here
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

‘Conclusions, and where to from here’ concludes that animals are far more variable in their sexual behaviour than is commonly believed, which means that they do not set a model for natural human behaviour, regardless of how we define it. Females are not always the more caring sex, males are not always more competitive than females, and mate choice and competition take many forms. Under the same selective pressures—to survive long enough to reproduce and to pass on genes to subsequent generations—animals have evolved many different solutions. New areas of sexual selection research include the use of genomics to understand the evolution of alternative reproductive behaviour and for better understanding sexual conflict.
The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: August 2018

The Book of Common Prayer is one of the most influential books in history. For nearly six centuries, it has formed the order of worship for established Christianity in England, and is now printed in many languages around the world. The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction tells the fascinating history of the book, from medieval to modern times, and explains why it is easily misunderstood. Changing in meaning and context over time, the Book of Common Prayer has acted as a cultural symbol, affecting the everyday conduct of life as much as the spiritual, and dividing conformity from non-conformity, in social terms as well as religious, from birth to marriage to death.
Introduction
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: August 2018

Understanding the Book of Common Prayer requires many approaches: historical, linguistic, theological, ethical, political, literary. Apart from two brief interludes, it was England’s official book of Christian worship from 1549 to 2000. The British Empire imposed it use on peoples all over the globe, and it became translated into nearly 200 languages and dialects. The Introduction explains that one way of understanding the Book of Common Prayer is as an example of liturgy—a set form of words and gestures in a religious ritual. However, it is also a carrier of national identity, bringing politics and religion together. It also considers whether the Book of Common Prayer at heart is Catholic or Protestant.
2. The making of the Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: August 2018

Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (1489–1556), authorized the passage of the Book of Common Prayer through Parliament and into law, and was also the prime ‘author’ in its formulation. However, it comprised compilation of existing material rather than new composition. ‘The making of the Book of Common Prayer’ explains the complexity of its structure and sources, describing Cranmer’s role in its creation and how policy on religion wavered back and forth during Henry VIII’s reign. The Book of Common Prayer was first published in 1549 after Edward VI came to the throne. It was short-lived; within a month of Edward’s death, his sister Mary I had banned the revised English liturgy.
Innovation: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

What is innovation? How is innovation used in business? How can we use it to succeed? Innovation: A Very Short Introduction looks at what innovation is and why it affects us so profoundly. It examines how it occurs, who stimulates it, how it is pursued, its outcomes—both positive and negative—and how it plays an essential role in economic and social development. Considering innovation today, and discussing future disruptive technologies such as AI, which have important implications for work and employment, this VSI considers the extent to which our understanding of innovation has developed over the past century and how it might be used to interpret the global economy.
London’s wobbly bridge: learning from failure
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

‘London’s wobbly bridge: learning from failure’ considers the ways in which much progress in science, engineering, and innovation is built upon failure. It is because of risks and uncertainties that there is so much failure in innovation; however failures provide valuable opportunities for future improvements. Innovation encourages organizational and personal learning but requires strong leadership to outweigh the potential negative outcomes. There is continuing debate on the impact of innovation on employment and its effect on the quantity and quality of jobs. Economic wealth depends upon improved productivity, and this is frequently driven by innovation. Innovation and improvements in technology and organization contribute to what is known as multi-factor productivity.
Thomas Edison’s organizational genius
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

‘Thomas Edison’s organizational genius’ uses examples of Thomas Edison’s work to show how he pioneered a highly structured way of organizing innovation. He developed the phonograph, electric light bulb, and electrical power distribution, and improved the telephone, telegraph, and motion picture technology, as well as founding numerous companies, including General Electric. He always pursued several lines of research, wishing to keep options open until the strongest contender emerged. By working on numerous projects simultaneously, Edison hedged his bets so future income streams did not depend upon one development. Further examples of other businesses using Edison’s ideas on workplace, structures, people, creativity, and technology include IDEO, Toyota, 3M, Google, and Amazon.
Innovating the future
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

The challenges and opportunities for innovation are immense. As well as creating new sources of wealth, innovation is essential if we are to cope with climate change, provide better water and food, improve health and education, and produce energy sustainably. The keys to future innovativeness lie in an organization’s ability to foster creativity and to make decisions and choices based on being well prepared, informed, and connected. The challenge is in encouraging, selecting, and configuring the best ideas. ‘Innovating the future’ considers the roles of governments and universities in innovation and different innovation strategies. It also discusses the relationship between innovation and automation in the form of AI and robots.
5. Robots and artificial life
Authors: Boden Margaret A.
Published: August 2018

Artificial life (A-Life) models biological systems. Like AI, it has both technological and scientific aims. ‘Robots and artificial life’ explains that A-Life is integral to AI, because all the intelligence we know about is found in living organisms. AI technologists turn to biology in developing practical applications of many kinds, including robots, evolutionary programming, and self-organizing devices. Robots are quintessential examples of AI, having high visibility and being hugely ingenious—and very big business, too. Evolutionary AI, although widely used, is less well known. Self-organizing machines are even less familiar. Nevertheless, in the quest to understand self-organization, AI has been as useful to biology as biology has been to AI.
7. The Singularity
Authors: Boden Margaret A.
Published: August 2018

AI’s future has been hyped since its inception. Today, the prime example is the Singularity: the proposed point in time at which machines become more intelligent than humans. First, AI would reach human-level intelligence. Soon afterwards, AGI would morph into ASI—‘S’ for superhuman, with systems intelligent enough to copy themselves to outnumber us and improve themselves to out-think us. The most important problems and decisions would then be addressed by computers. ‘The Singularity’ explains that this notion is hugely contentious. It considers competing predictions, concluding that even if the probability of the Singularity is extremely small, the possible consequences are so grave that we should start taking precautions now.
checkMyIndex: a web-based R/Shiny interface for choosing compatible sequencing indexes
Authors: Varet Hugo , Coppée Jean-Yves
Published: August 2018

When sequencing several libraries simultaneously, the selection of compatible combinations of indexes is critical for ensuring that the sequencer will be able to decipher the short, sample-specific barcodes added to each fragment. However, researchers have few tools to help them choose optimal indexes. Here, we present checkMyIndex, an online R/Shiny application that facilitates the selection of the right indexes as a function of the experimental constraints.

Availability and implementation

checkMyIndex is available free of charge at https://checkmyindex.pasteur.fr as an online, web-based R/Shiny application. The source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/PF2-pasteur-fr/checkMyIndex.
Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus
Authors: Kerloch Thomas , Clavreul Solène , Goron Adeline , Abrous Djoher Nora , Pacary Emilie
Published: August 2018

In nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
Anti-anginal drugs–beliefs and evidence: systematic review covering 50 years of medical treatment
Authors: Ferrari Roberto , Pavasini Rita , Camici Paolo G , Crea Filippo , Danchin Nicolas , Pinto Fausto , Manolis Athanasios , Marzilli Mario , Rosano Giuseppe M C , Lopez-Sendon José , Fox Kim
Published: August 2018

Chronic stable angina is the most prevalent symptom of ischaemic heart disease and its management is a priority. Current guidelines recommend pharmacological therapy with drugs classified as being first line (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, short acting nitrates) or second line (long-acting nitrates, ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine, and trimetazidine). Second line drugs are indicated for patients who have contraindications to first line agents, do not tolerate them or remain symptomatic. Evidence that one drug is superior to another has been questioned. Between January and March 2018, we performed a systematic review of articles written in English over the past 50 years English-written articles in Medline and Embase following preferred reporting items and the Cochrane collaboration approach. We included double blind randomized studies comparing parallel groups on treatment of angina in patients with stable coronary artery disease, with a sample size of, at least, 100 patients (50 patients per group), with a minimum follow-up of 1 week and an outcome measured on exercise testing, duration of exercise being the preferred outcome. Thirteen studies fulfilled our criteria. Nine studies involved between 100 and 300 patients, (2818 in total) and a further four enrolled greater than 300 patients. Evidence of equivalence was demonstrated for the use of beta-blockers (atenolol), calcium antagonists (amlodipine, nifedipine), and channel inhibitor (ivabradine) in three of these studies. Taken all together, in none of the studies was there evidence that one drug was superior to another in the treatment of angina or to prolong total exercise duration. There is a paucity of data comparing the efficacy of anti-anginal agents. The little available evidence shows that no anti-anginal drug is superior to another and equivalence has been shown only for three classes of drugs. Guidelines draw conclusions not from evidence but from clinical beliefs.
Temporal–spatial, spectral, and source level distributions of fin whale vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea observed with a coherent hydrophone array
Authors: Garcia Heriberto A , Zhu Chenyang , Schinault Matthew E , Kaplan Anna I , Handegard Nils Olav , Godø Olav Rune , Ahonen Heidi , Makris Nicholas C , Wang Delin , Huang Wei , Ratilal Purnima
Published: August 2018

To better understand fin whale vocalization behaviour in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, a large-aperture densely sampled coherent hydrophone array was deployed in late winter 2014 to monitor their vocalizations instantaneously over wide areas via passive ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (POAWRS). Here, we (i) provide a time-frequency characterization for different call types observed (20 Hz pulses, 130 Hz upsweeps, 30–100 Hz downsweep chirps, and 18–19 Hz backbeats); (ii) compare their relative abundances in three different coastal regions off Alesund, Lofoten, and Northern Finnmark; (iii) estimate the temporal and spatial distributions; (iv) source level distributions; and (v) probability of detection (PoD) regions for the more abundant 20 Hz pulse and 130 Hz upsweep call types. The fin whale vocalizations received over the diel cycle (24 h) were significantly more abundant by a factor of roughly seven off Northern Finnmark than the other two regions, associated with fish feeding activities. The source levels are estimated to be 190.5±7.4 dB for the fin whale 20 Hz pulses and 170.3 ± 5.2 dB for the 130 Hz upsweeps. We find that fin whales are capable of producing each vocalization type either independently or simultaneously with other types, and the 20 Hz sound production in the fin whales involves a mechanism that generates a significantly less-intense second-order harmonic of the fundamental.
Corporate Management, Labor Relations, and Community Building at the East India Company’s Blackwall Dockyard, 1600–57
Authors: Pettigrew William A , Smith Edmond
Published: August 2018

This essay offers a social history of the labor relations established by the English East India Company at its Blackwall Dockyard in East London from 1615–45. It uses all of the relevant evidence from the company’s minute books and printed bylaws and from petitions to the company to assemble a full account of the relationships formed between skilled and unskilled workers, managers, and company officials. Challenging other historians’ depictions of early modern dockyards as sites for class confrontation, this essay offers a more agile account of the hierarchies within the yard to suggest how and why the workforce used its considerable power to challenge management and when and why it was successful in doing so. Overall, the essay suggests that the East India Company developed and prioritized a broader social constituency around the dockyard over particular labor lobbies to preempt accusations that it abdicated its social responsibilities. In this way, the company reconciled the competing interests of profit (as a joint stock company with investors) and social responsibility by, to some extent, assuming the social role of its progenitor organizations—the livery company and the borough corporation.
Imaginary Intercourse
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Robin Osborne reexamines what Kenneth Dover called “intercrural intercourse.” Following Dover’s lead, scholars have constructed a history of Greek homosexuality in which penetration was taboo and instead older lovers enjoyed only intercourse in which their pleasure came from rubbing their penis between a boy’s thighs. This has been taken to support a model of sexual behavior in which penetration and power stand at the center. Osborne argues instead that intercrural intercourse is a modern fantasy. On the basis of a close examination of the corpus of relevant images, he makes the case that the scenes should be read not as literal representation of some curious homosexual ritual, but as ways of exploring the nature of homoerotic desire. The point of these pictures is not to show what was visible in life, but to find a visible way of allowing the viewer to fantasize about men’s homoerotic pleasures.
Epilogue: Bringing It Back Home
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Teaching conditions vary greatly across the country and even across a single district. Each person’s solution to eliminating or ameliorating any systemic barriers to building nurturing relationships with students will differ. However you manage to do it, increasing your time with your students, leveling with them, and enlisting their support are keys to your success. In addition, it is crucial to find supportive colleagues wherever you can, whether in the principal, other teachers, parents, community members, or nearby university faculty....
Rhythms of Resistance
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: August 2018

In the current alignment in American politics, polarization sharply divides Americans. But party loyalties are permeable to change; movement loyalties, in contrast, are impervious to political currents. This chapter regards Trumpism as such a movement, and the Resistance as the countermovement it has triggered. This gives the Resistance both the advantage of having Trump as a focal point but the cost of his unpredictability and volatility. The chapter employs the concept of “cycles of contention” to understand this conjuncture. Its outcomes depend less on the initial shock than on three important mechanisms that it has triggered—the amplification of initial cleavages, the spillover from one sector of conflict to others, and a shift in scale both upward to the national level and downward to states and localities. These mechanisms have expanded the cycle but have also created rifts in the Resistance.
Creatively Engaging the Political
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

This chapter establishes feminist Christian realism in IR as focused upon addressing power structures and articulating a rigorous creative response to anxiety. A creative response to injustice recognizes not just the ability of love to operate in political contexts but the absolute need for it to do so. Creativity has been reduced to an egotistical proposition, glorifying human ingenuity and genius. It tends to focus on the people who are well recognized and therefore set apart from the rest of population for their contributions to society: whether this is written or spoken word, music, visual arts, or inventions. There is an alternative perspective on creativity, one that is not located within human ingenuity per se but rather on relationships, community, and agape—one that is cognizant of mutual vulnerability.
Sensory Disclosure
Authors: Johnston Mark
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents a general theory of color perception that focuses on something close to what Wilfred Sellars called “the sensory core”, something well-described in a passage from H. H. Price’s Perception. It develops the implications of that theory for (i) the distinctive epistemology of perception, which in the best case involves something better than mere knowledge, (ii) the nature of ganzfelds, film color, highlights, lightened and darkened color, auras, after-images, color hallucinations and the like, (iii) the account of when things are predicatively colored, and (iv) the nature of the category of quality. The chapter argues that as a consequence of understanding the sensory core we should reject the two most influential views in the philosophical theory of perception. Our most basic perceptual experiences are not adequately modeled as attitudes directed upon propositions. Nor are they adequately modeled as directed upon facts, understood as items in our perceived environment.
Biodiversity of Grasslands
Authors: Wilsey Brian J.
Published: August 2018

Grasslands can be surprisingly diverse and contain many charismatic flora and fauna. Plant species are often combined into functional groups. Three major conceptual models: competitors-stress tolerants-ruderals (CSR); the leaf traits, plant height, seed mass (LHS); and R*, used to classify grassland species are described by the author. There are three distinct groups of mammalian herbivores based on the ways that herbivores harbor cellulose degrading microbes: hindgut fermentation, foregut fermentation, and foregut fermentation with rumination. Grasslands have a smaller number of bird species than forested systems, and the bird species that are endemic to grasslands tend to be specialized to open habitat (e.g., large flightless birds). Abundant insects can gathered into feeding groups. Single-celled organisms are important in grassland nutrient cycling and as mutualists and pathogens and are extremely abundant in soil. Soil pH is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity (as in plants), with diversity higher in neutral than in acidic soils.
Calling, Addressing, and Appropriation
Authors: Anderson Luvell
Published: August 2018

What explains the difference in black and non-black use of the n-word? In the mouths of black speakers the n-word can take on friendly, or at least benign significance. This chapter will be concerned with providing an explanation. First, it will present three accounts—i.e., the Ambiguity thesis, an Expressivist account, and an Echoic account, ultimately arguing that none of them is satisfactory. Next, it introduces the concepts of a speech community and a community of practice and explicates their roles in in-group uses. It concludes with a distinction between calling and addressing, introduced by Geneva Smitherman, to explain the specific illocutionary act undertaken by in-group members that allows for endearing or neutral uses of slurs and argues that membership in the relevant community of practice licenses one to access the relevant illocution.
Nice Words for Nasty Things
Authors: Horn Laurence R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter surveys the linguistic landscape of taboo avoidance and its role in word loss and meaning change. Freud invoked Carl Abel’s “universal phenomenon” of Gegensinn in support of his edict that there is no no in the unconscious. Languages typically do tolerate words that bear opposed or semantically unrelated senses. Only when homonyms share the same grammatical category and context of occurrence does one of them disappear. But in the case of taboo words, “Avoid Homonymy” extends to block word senses or uses even when no confusion would plausibly occur. In this linguistic correlate of Gresham’s Law, “bad” (= taboo) meanings force out “good” (= innocent) ones and generate lexical replacements, activating the “euphemism treadmill.” The potency of linguistic taboo is also on display in the psychology of “etymythology,” which reveals more about language users than the language used.
Sleep disorders
Authors: Epstein Lawrence J.
Published: August 2018

Over 70 described sleep disorders disrupt the sleep of an estimated 50–70 million Americans. The disorders present with a broad array of symptoms but result in the individual not getting the health, cognitive, and restorative benefits of a good night’s sleep. The disorders have been categorized into the following categories: insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. This chapter reviews each category and provides details on the symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment of the most common disorder in each category, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and REM sleep behaviour disorder. The presenting complaint is the key to diagnosis, directing subsequent evaluation.
Thermodynamics and mathematics
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul
Published: August 2018

Most school mathematics is about how one variable, y, varies with respect to one other variable, x, according to an equation such as y = 3x2. Equations like this underpin the student’s knowledge of algebra, and differential and integral calculus. Thermodynamics, however, is necessarily about how a variable, such as the pressure P, varies with respect not to one but to three variables simultaneously – for example, the mole number n, the volume V, and the temperature T. This makes the algebra of thermodynamics more complex, and also implies that mutual changes between pairs of variables is described not in terms of total derivatives of the form dy/dx, but rather by partial derivatives of the form (∂P/∂T)V. Many students find the leap from dy/dx to (∂P/∂T)V very difficult - the purpose of this chapter is therefore to build the reader’s confidence in understanding, and manipulating, functions of two and three variables.
The Value of Social Science
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: August 2018

Many elements of religious studies (expounding beliefs or interpreting texts, for example) have no need of social science, but as soon as we make assertions about changes in the popularity of religion, or of certain types of religion, or say why certain sorts of people are more likely than others to be religious, then we stray into territory that can be mapped only with the techniques of social science. This chapter presents a series of ‘things we cannot know unless we do numbers’ and, by answering the most common criticisms of what is now derided as ‘positivism’, makes the case for an old-fashioned scientific view of social science.
The way we were: Doing science in the previous century
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: August 2018

This chapter contains the personal reminiscence of the author as a scientist in the twentieth century, including my years in Berlin and contacts with scientists (including Angela Merkel) of the former Deutsche Demokratische Republik (East Germany). From Berlin I travelled to California and then onto Munich. In each place although there was a different way to do science, a common denominator existed. We shared the same rules along with a different approach to the problems to be solved, compared to present science: our desire and interest to discover new things was greater than that to publish another paper. I also include here personal anecdotes of the first signs of bad practices in science.
Ginsberg’s Prophetic Guru
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

For Allen Ginsberg, Blake was more than a poetic influence, he was a spiritual forefather. Blake played an integral role in Ginsberg’s relentless self-fashioning and Ginsberg repeatedly turned to Blake in his search for poetic and social freedoms. Blake became a figurehead of the drug-fuelled psychedelic revolution of which Ginsberg was part. But Ginsberg’s Blakeanism went far beyond the claims of the drug culture towards a more serious and thoughtful poetic engagement with freedom and form, influence and authenticity. Like many of the older generation of American poets, Ginsberg yoked Blake together with Whitman. He saw them as icons of gay and homosocial culture, who debunked the prejudices of social conservatism and advocated an ethic of sexual openness and communality. Blake became an aid to a more affectionate re-envisioning of the myth of America, where tenderness and embrace were a means to positive social action.
Blake, Duncan, and the Politics of Writing from Myth
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

Robert Duncan saw Blake’s images of ‘fire and blood’ alive in contemporary America. Like many of his generation, he was appalled by the war in Vietnam, believing it to be symptomatic of a deeper spiritual sickness in America. He wanted poetry to provide an alternative form of democratic participation which would recover the meaning of freedom from the toxic lexicon of American foreign policy. Duncan, like Blake, imagined the body, and the body politic, as a site of alterity and ethical responsibility, charged with repression and desire. His reading of Blake sought to preserve the place of the Romantic poet in the modern world but, ironically, helped expose its fragility.
Eudaimonism and Cosmopolitan Concern
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2018

This essay explores the adequacy of Sidgwick’s contrast between the egocentrism of ancient ethics and the impartiality of modern ethics by evaluating the resources of eudaimonists, especially Aristotle and the Stoics, to defend a cosmopolitan conception of the common good. Adapting ideas from Broad, we might contrast the scope and weight of ethical concern, distinguishing ethical conceptions that are parochial with respect to both scope and weight, conceptions that are cosmopolitan with respect to both scope and weight, and mixed conceptions that combine universal scope and variable weight. Aristotle’s conception of the common good appears doubly parochial. By contrast, the Stoic conception of the common good is purely cosmopolitan. But the Stoics have trouble providing a eudaimonist defense of their cosmopolitanism. However, Aristotelian eudaimonism has resources to justify a mixed conception. Mixed cosmopolitanism may be cosmopolitanism enough.
Strategies and interventions to reduce drug use and related harm: section overview
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Contemporary drug policy constitutes three broad areas: programmes to prevent drug use, services that help heavy drug users change their behaviour, and supply control programmes, including incarceration. In recent years addiction science has matured as an aid to policy formation. The scientific evidence for policy options is derived from a variety of research methods and measurement techniques, ranging from randomized clinical trials of prevention programmes to ‘natural experiments’ that evaluate the impact of new policies on substance use. Drawing on an extensive literature of both original research and integrative literature reviews, the remainder of this book critically evaluates the scientific evidence relevant to each of these areas.
Introductory Rotational Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the importance of circular motion and rotations, whose applications to chemical systems are plentiful. Circular motion is the book’s first example of a special case of motion using the laws developed in previous chapters. The chapter begins with the basic definitions of circular motion; as uniform rotation around a principle axis is much easier to consider, it is the focus of this chapter and is used to develop some key ideas. The chapter discusses angular displacement, angular velocity, angular momentum, torque, rigid bodies, orbital and spin momenta, inertia tensors and non-inertial frames and explores fictitious forces as well as transformations in rotating frames.