bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Wagner Tamara S.
Published: November 2020

The conclusion puts the continued commodification of Victorian babyhood into a different perspective by re-examining nineteenth-century discourse on an expanding baby industry that included baby care products as well as contradictory advice on their purchase, right usage, and ongoing innovation. It explores this industry as a product of and an additional force in the contestations surrounding competing forms of infant care that sharpened the paradoxical relationship between the sentimentalization of the baby and the commercial possibilities of anxious parenting, the increasing professionalization of infant care, and altogether the growing contestations surrounding the right way to look after your baby in print media. The ongoing commodification of the baby does more than attest to the lasting power and the distorting appropriation of Victorian baby-worship. A critical discussion of the growing culture of baby products at the time also prompts us to examine the significance of this culture today. In understanding and discussing its continued influence, we might become enabled to regard contradictory parenting advice and baby care products as presented in the media with more critical self-awareness as well.
Imaging Inscriptions
Authors: Masséglia Jane
Published: November 2020

The granite obelisk with inscriptions in Hieroglyphic and Greek which was transported by W. J. Bankes from Philae in Egypt to his home at Kingston Lacy in Dorset in 1829 played an important role in the story of the decipherment of hieroglyphs by Young and Champollion. Coinciding with the launch of the Rosetta Spacecraft mission in 2014, new digital images of the inscriptions on the base of the obelisk were made by a team from the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, University of Oxford, using the technique of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and allowed improved versions of the texts to be corrected and verified.
Beyond Rosetta
Authors: Mairs Rachel
Published: November 2020

The discovery and collection of multilingual inscriptions through excavation and the antiquities trade in the nineteenth century played a crucial role in the decipherment of Egyptian scripts. The history of the modern ownership of inscriptions now located in Egypt, Europe, and North America and their role in the development of Egyptology are closely linked. The chapter traces the history of scholarship on several Greek-Egyptian texts, including an unpublished inscription from the Delta, a decree in honour of a member of a prominent family from Upper Egypt, foundation plaques from a temple of Hathor-Aphrodite, and a sphinx from Koptos. The reassembly of stones which were often dispersed and broken into separate pieces through circumstances of excavation or the antiquities market allows us to establish equivalences between Egyptian and Greek concepts, people, and places, and sheds light on the sociolinguistic situation in individual communities, and in Egypt as a whole.
Religious Life in Ptolemaic Alexandria under the Royal Aegis
Authors: Savvopoulos Kyriakos
Published: November 2020

A large proportion of the inscriptional evidence from Alexandria illustrates the key role of religious institutions and activities, under direct or indirect royal patronage, in the formation of a diverse and flexible cultural environment affording multiple permutations. As part of this environment, religion became the vehicle for the promotion of an ideological programme, appropriate for communicating the dual (i.e. Macedonian and Egyptian) character of the Ptolemaic monarchy in which the individual rulers have both human and divine characteristics. This chapter provides an updated chronological overview of the relevant epigraphic evidence, focusing on the roles and relationships of the Ptolemies and their courtiers as well as of other prominent individuals involved in the Alexandrian cults and temples. The discussion takes into account other types of material evidence for comparison, where possible, in order to provide as ‘panoramic’ a view as possible of the religious landscape.
Epigraphic Habits of Private Associations in the PtolemaicChora
Authors: Mario C. D. Paganini
Published: November 2020

This chapter illustrates the ways in which Greek epigraphic habits developed in, or were adapted to, the local communities of Egypt, focusing in particular on the habits of associations in Ptolemaic Egypt, groups of private individuals who gathered—more or less of their own accord—for a variety of purposes and communal activities. The epigraphy of associations provides a wide range of text typologies and formats, illustrating the full potential of epigraphic practices. The discussion focuses on habits of associations in the chora of Ptolemaic Egypt, particularly the villages—that is to say, in places other than the three cities of Alexandria, Naukratis, and Ptolemais in the Thebaid. Consideration of the typology and format of inscriptions by associations in the chora will raise the question of socio-geographical differentiation and local variation, as well as the possible models (civic or not) for rural epigraphy. Furthermore, the impact that associations had on their local communities through their epigraphic habits, in particular on the visual landscape, is highlighted.
Prologue
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

The Prologue considers early testimonies to Pythagoras’ teachings which present him as particularly interested in different subjectivities. Three strands of the tradition emerge. The first shows Pythagoras as a compassionate sage, who, according to a tradition (possibly humorous) recorded by disciples of Aristotle, might himself have once inhabited the body of a beautiful hetaera. The second shows Pythagoras as a man proficient in different kinds of knowledge, and an orator able to offer appropriate advice to diverse groups of people, including women. In the third strand of the tradition, women become subjects, rather than objects of knowledge, and Theano appears as Pythagoras’ counterpart.
Pictures from an Exhibition
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter II collects and analyses the Greek sayings that circulated under Theano’s name, and briefly discusses the Syriac collection. It situates Theano in the gallery of sages and clever women whose personae were represented and repeatedly performed through chreiai. Theano articulates her program within a greater network of sayings and anecdotes, including sayings of clever courtesans, Sappho, Diogenes, Herodotus, and Spartan women, to then be deployed in intellectual games by men—and women. The chapter draws attention to the tactics of appropriation, allusion, and citation that connect Theano’s aphorisms to that network. The sayings allude to tensions between the Pythagorean and Cynic ideas about sex, marriage, and women’s education; they reveal a debate on women’s role as defined by the teachings of the two schools. The extensive Syriac collection is linked to a group of Greek sayings that present Theano as a universal sage whose pronouncements matter to men as much as to women.
Epilogue
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

The Epilogue turns briefly to Byzantine reception of Pythagorean women in five short witty letters composed in the persona of Theano. Theophylact Simocatta’s Theano to Eurydice is compared to four anonymous notes “by Theano”: (yet another) To Eurydice, To Timonides, To Eucleides, and To Rhodope, preserved in a one manuscript only, along with explicitly Christian texts. All five notes present Theano as an exemplar of ancient ethics and debate whether or not ancient morals are compatible with Christian values. While Theophylact’s To Eurydice and the anonymous To Timonides endow Theano with virtues that mirror Christian ideals, others present her as a foil to the model of a Christian woman and offer a satirical response to the earlier paraenetic letters. These notes, which evoke the pagan woman philosopher playfully, at times maliciously, draw attention both to some ethical shortcomings of the paraenetic letters and to common pitfalls of Pythagorean interpretation.
Treatises
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

T 142.17–145.6; Stob. Anth. 4.28.19 Hercher p. 688 (Mullach 2 p. 34)

Περικτιόνης Πυθαγορείας‎

ἐκ τοῦ Περὶ γυναικὸς ἁρμονίας‎. 1.
1Τὴν ἁρμονίην γυναῖκα νώσασθαι δεῖ‎

φρονήσιός τε καὶ σωφροσύνης πλείην‎· κάρτα γὰρ ψυχὴν πεπνῦσθαι‎

δεῖ εἰς ἀρετήν‎, ὥστ...
Theophylact Simocatta, Theano to Eurydice
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Zanetto 3

Θεανὼ Εὐρυδίκῃ‎

Ὁ φυσικός σοι κόσμος παρῴχηκε‎, καὶ ῥυτίδων ἐγγὺς ἡ εὐπρέπεια‎· σὺ δὲ παραχαράττειν ἐπιχειρεῖς τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπιπλάστῳ κόσμῳ τοὺς ἐραστὰς φενακίζουσα‎. πειθάρχει τῷ χρόνῳ‎, γραΐδιον‎· οὐ γὰρ εὐπρεπεῖς οἱ λειμῶνες ἐν μετοπώρῳ τοῖς ἄνθεσι‎. ...
Fraction Resistance as Everyday Politics
Authors: Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2020

The chapter shows that the traditional village assembly (djemâa) was not, as often thought, confined to Kabylia but was generalized throughout the Tell, including the Chelif region. The djemâa, composed of the male elders of the families in the small community of a few hundred peasants, constituted an autonomous body which regulated the internal affairs of the fraction, and defended it when facing an external threat. The assembly often acted in defense of the community, especially when land rights were threatened by settlers, and had recourse to both petitions and legal, court actions. The Jonnart Law of 1919 introduced elected djemâas at the level of the douar and, in doing so, opened the door to a ‘political revolution’ in which djemâa presidents, and the elected delegates, provided a systematic opposition to the caids and the CM administration. As a vanguard of urban nationalists began to make contact with the peasantry, far from finding a supine rural mass, they discovered long-established forms of peasant organization and resistance upon which they could build the early maquis.
Medical topography as an instrument of colonial management in French Algeria, 1830–71
Authors: Moussy Hugues
Published: November 2020

The role played by medicine in colonial history has been underestimated, and even misunderstood. This chapter shows that, contrary to some prevailing assumptions, the main impact of medicine in the colonization process was perhaps not so much at the level of bodies as at another level: space. A different, population-based historiography is therefore necessary. This chapter proposes that because of its fundamental interest in the environment and space, Western medicine—contemporary with the colonial imperative—contributed to the domination of the European powers by making it possible to think of the fundamental spatial continuity of the world and therefore its conquest. Medical topographies, in the context of the conquest of Algeria by French armies from 1830, provide an exemplary source in which to explore this proposition. Algeria occupied a prominent place in French medico-topographical production: forty-one topographies were devoted to it, amounting to 7 per cent of all medical topographies handwritten and printed following the conquest, more than any other area of French territory. Medical topographers first began in those areas for which they were specialists, and which seemed reserved particularly for them: water and air. They then turned to mortality. Finally, I demonstrate that topographies were an ideological and legitimizing instrument. They demonstrate a marked imbalance between their concern with the health of the French soldiers and later of the colonists, and the health of the local population.
An anthropological demography of mental health in Senegal
Authors: Petit Véronique
Published: November 2020

This chapter stems from ongoing field research on mental health in Senegal, an African country in the midst of an epidemiological transition. While mental health has been integrated into global health and sustainable development objectives, it is not a priority in sub-Saharan Africa. Few states have a mental health policy, nor specific programmes and data on the situation of mentally ill people and their families. From the time of the French colonization, Senegal has developed an original strand of psychiatric intervention, the Fann School of Cultural Psychiatry. The current supply of psychiatric care takes place in the multi-therapeutic context of this ethnically and religiously diverse society. The therapeutic pathways of patients are analysed in terms of stigmatization, relationships between patients and healers, socio-economic inequalities, poverty, and the absence of universal medical coverage for the entire population. To understand adherence to psychiatric treatment, one must take into account the family and social dynamics at work in a society increasingly marked by individuation processes and globalization through international migration. In attending to the subtleties of care as conceived by sufferers’ families and social networks, the chapter points to multiple layers of the demographic governance of mental ill health, from the state to local kin and social groups.
Verbal Autopsy Interview Standardization Study
Authors: Surek-Clark Clarissa
Published: November 2020

Verbal autopsy is a widely known method used for epidemiological and vital registration purposes by demographic surveillance sites throughout the developing world. While the interview assessing causes of death may be conducted and recorded in local languages, the information collected in survey instruments and used by medical personnel as a starting point for analysis is often in English, or other colonial languages. Given the thus far unexplored role of the fieldworker as an interpreter and cultural mediator, ethnographic field work was conducted in six Health and Demographic Surveillance sites in Sub-Saharan Africa that participate in the Alpha Network, with the aim to understand linguistic, cultural, and survey administration practices during each site’s ongoing Verbal Autopsy interview process. This chapter reports on initial results from the study, including challenges faced by the Verbal Autopsy teams, as well as providing initial solutions applicable to professionals interested in health and language methodology.
Population ageing and conjunctural action
Authors: Kreager Philip , Schröder-Butterfill Elisabeth
Published: November 2020

One of the most promising conceptual and empirical breakthroughs to emerge from combined anthropological and demographic thinking is the theory of conjunctural action. Developed in a sequence of articles and books by Jennifer Johnson-Hanks, this approach provides an effective alternative to rationalist decision-making models that have prevailed in population studies over the whole post-War period. Observation and analysis of vital conjunctures show how social, economic, and political differences between groups in society are manifested in individual agency at specific points across the life course, and how people’s behaviour in this way differentiates the many subpopulations making up a society. The approach thus addresses directly two major shortcomings in population research: the need to explain mechanisms underlying the evolution of population heterogeneity, and the dynamics that entrench inequalities. To date, the study of conjunctural action has been addressed chiefly to fertility. In this chapter, we explore how health issues facing older people, their families, and communities are illuminated by this approach, drawing on multi-site, longitudinal ethnographic and demographic research in Indonesia. We begin with the nature of uncertainty and vulnerability at older ages, and how it can be modelled across the life course. This leads to consideration of the dynamic relation between individual action and subpopulation memberships, and how it articulates the compositional demography of status, network, ethnic, and related subpopulation memberships.
Family malaria management in Africa
Authors: Baxerres Carine , Hesran Jean-Yves Le
Published: November 2020

Despite significant progress since the 2000s, malaria remains in Africa a major health problem for families who, in the absence of medical coverage, have to manage all the health problems occurring among household members. For economic reasons, the practice of self-medication is important, facilitated by a very active informal drug market. Thus, understanding the malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa requires a dual approach combining quantitative measures estimating the extent of observed phenomena, and a qualitative ethnographic approach to better understand households’ management of these health issues. This chapter describes fifteen years of interdisciplinary research incorporating medical anthropological and social epidemiological approaches to explore ways of managing malaria in families and access to medicines outside the control of medical facilities. This was a collaborative research project, first conducted in parallel and then jointly as part of a European programme concerning pharmaceutical markets and Artemisinin-based combination therapies. Analyses and findings presented in this chapter based on surveys in Senegal and Benin highlight the impact that such a combined approach may have in improving the adaptation of malaria control strategies to people’s life contexts.
Sexuality and HIV among young urban Congolese
Authors: Tchetgnia Lucas , Charbit Yves , Libali Benoît
Published: November 2020

In the context of the country’s widespread HIV/AIDS epidemic, young Congolese women and men take remarkable risks in their sex lives. They do so aware of what Western biomedicine has shown about modes of AIDS infection and necessary protection against it. This chapter documents and explains the central problem that local risk behaviour raises: how can there be such a gap, in this life-and-death matter, between the awareness of risk and actual behaviour? The chapter argues that several factors are at play: their experience of condom use and other appropriate or inappropriate preventative behaviour in light of prevailing, accepted ideas of the body and sexuality; the main forms of sexual relationships in light of Congolese gender and age relations, combined with the powerful influence of relative poverty; their distrust of national and clinical institutions; and the role of religion and traditional healing practices that speak directly to young people’s understanding and experience of their sexuality and vulnerability. The findings do not provide a formal model of risk which effectively displaces the concepts of rational choice in preventing infection that prevail in clinical programmes. They do, however, show very powerfully that young people act in alignment with reasons that make good sense, given the limited options available to them.
Introduction
Authors: Kreager Philip , Petit Vénique , Qureshi Kaveri , Charbit Yves
Published: November 2020

Anthropological demography in recent decades has expanded beyond a focus on fertility regulation shared initially with demography, taking on a much wider range of health issues, and locating them in the context of inequalities that have frequently given rise to major differentials of health and well-being. Key problems involve collaborative research with genetics, epidemiology, gerontology, clinical practice, linguistics, social and medical history, and also with historical and contemporary demography. This work prioritizes bottom-up inquiry, in which ethnography is combined with quantitative and historical methods. The approach provides more than substantive knowledge of the role of cultural and social formations in health variation; it enables examination of how local institutions and experience are translated into the demographic and health measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely. We are then in a position to consider the empirical adequacy of such translation, what happens when models and measures become standardized evaluations of health statuses, and what this implies for governance. The five principal parts of the book chart components of the current agenda, drawing on recent conceptual and methodological advances, with each section providing detailed case studies. Main themes include: the historical background to demographic governance and its continuing influence on health interventions in the global South; demographic translation—the analysis of whether conventional research and administrative instruments render people’s health experience accurately; compositional demography—the identification of local population units and structures that track people’s agency in health-seeking behaviour; and the reconceptualization of reproductive and related risks that this approach enables.
Styles of Sincerity
Authors: Scheer Monique
Published: November 2020

Chapter 4 deals with whether emotions are real in the sense of “genuine,” drawing on historical and ethnographic material to discuss social processes of assessing sincerity. The way enthusiasm is performed plays a role in whether it is perceived as sincere (and thus believable), which in turns depends on emotional norms, very often unarticulated and therefore more of an aesthetic judgment. It explores the overlap between enthusiasm and sentimentalism as concepts and asks what kind of work these concepts do in discrediting actors and their convictions. Charismatics are accused of sentimentalism, enjoying the feeling of the feeling too much, whereas mainline Lutherans are viewed as “going through the motions” without any real feeling behind them. This chapter argues that these groups have different styles of sincerity, and that the conflict over whether the emotions of the “other” group are genuine allows us to see more clearly how sincerity must be analyzed as a performance, not as a state of mind. These performances are informed by both the Enlightened and Romantic ideologies in complex ways that are somewhat unexpected and inform sincere speech in contexts beyond the religious, such as TED talks and other inspirational rhetoric.
Numanus Remulus
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper’s concern is with analogies and antecedents. It aims to clarify a few sources of Augustan propaganda, and to see how much may be said of a Roman’s probable response to twenty lines of the Aeneid: Virgil’s Aeneid 9.598–620, a speech of outstanding programmatic importance, and a Virgilian invention—in which Numanus Remulus hurls insults at the invading Trojans, who were later to found Rome. The paper examines Virgil’s construction of an original picture of primitive Italy and the model of the Italian soldier-peasant.
Cicero and poetry
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Cicero’s disdainful outlook on contemporary poetry may give some understanding of the prejudices implied and their possible origins. As an elderly consular, he objects to the noui that belong to various groupings or factions, whereas his informed love for the great comic poets is amply acknowledged and he laments the loss of the carmina conuiualia. Part, then, of the explanation, is simply a question of ageing, of fashion, of the passing of the generations. Cicero is a skilled poet who loses interest in poetry.
Excudent alii
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

A detailed analysis of Aeneid 6.847–53. In one of the loftiest passages of the Aeneid, we have seen Virgil use poetic, verbal, lexical, grammatical, syntactical means of a simple, sober character (apart, clearly from the exchange of ducere and excudere, of course). He may perhaps have had in mind the age of Ennius and Cato the Censor, two writers who might actually have appreciated the austere content and manner of these verses.
Intelligence, Empire, and Terror
Authors: Barton Mary S.
Published: November 2020

The passage to India of small arms, which often accompanied revolutionary ideas, was central to London’s concerns about the proliferation of arms prior to and after the 1919 Arms Traffic Convention. The British government attempted to combat political violence using tools developed during the Great War. Officials in London identified the province of Bengal in British India as the center of several terrorist networks. British counterterrorism strategy in India relied on three parts: arms controls, passport restrictions, and domestic anti-terrorism legislation. Intelligence memoranda warned of danger from the Communist International’s efforts to move funds, weapons, and foreign fighters into Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Persia, and Iraq, with an eye toward the penetration of India. Reports shaped the policy recommendations of the newly-established Inter-Departmental Committee on Eastern Unrest (IDCEU). However, as colonial administrators learned following the Rowlatt Act, domestic anti-terrorism legislation would be revoked were Indian and London politicians to find it oppressive.
Introduction
Authors: Janssen-Lauret Frederique
Published: November 2020

This introduction discusses the development of Quine’s system over time and the centrality of structure to it. It explains the contributions made in this volume to our understanding of Quine’s thought on structure and ontology, especially with respect to philosophical logic, philosophy of language, history of philosophy, mathematics, philosophy of time, and set theory. Chapters by Michael Resnik, Frederique Janssen-Lauret and Fraser MacBride, John Collins, Jaroslav Peregrin, and Paul Gregory explore whether Quine’s structuralism is epistemological, language-based, or ontological. Greg Frost-Arnold, Robert Sinclair, and Gary Kemp and Andrew Lugg explore Quine’s views on structure from a historical point of view. Nathan Salmón, Gila Sher, Marianna Antonutti Marfori, and Natalja Deng consider Quine’s views on the structure of logic, language, and theories in relation to contemporary philosophy, specifically ontology, the philosophy of logic and mathematics, philosophy of set theory, and philosophy of time.
The Use and Abuse of Classics
Authors: Kiberd Declan
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a broad-ranging discussion of the ways in which Classics could be viewed as both imperialist and anti-imperialist: so T. S. Eliot saw Britain as heir to the Roman Empire, while James Joyce’s Ulysses uses the classics disruptively. At various times the putative coordination of the Latin language with an imperial mentality was deconstructed. The use of Latin in Ireland after the Penal Laws against Catholics could be read as a challenge to the imperial Latin of the British. Later the disparaging attitude towards the Irish language by classicist J. P. Mahaffy and philologist Robert Atkinson collided with the Irish language revival, the supporters of which (e.g. Daniel Corkery) objected to classical languages, yet were paradoxically comparable to Eliot in fetishizing tradition. An alternative view is pointed out by Howard Brenton in The Romans in Britain (1981), which shows the British and the Irish to have common Celtic roots.
Classics in the Van of the Irish Revolt
Authors: Moloney Eoghan
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides an assessment of the classically inflected literary output of Thomas MacDonagh, demonstrating how it generates a tension with the contemporary nativist movement with which MacDonagh also sympathized. The romanticization of the rebel leaders of the 1916 Rising as poets and intellectuals is discussed in the context of their engagement with classical models, and it is suggested that the nationalist narrative of opposition to classical literature in favour of Celtic heritage has obscured the more nuanced reality of figures like MacDonagh who were open to a wider range of cultural influences. The poetry of Catullus, translated by MacDonagh in both published and archival documents, illustrates how classical models enabled him to find a consonance between past and present.
Translating into Irish from Greek and Latin in the Early Years of the Irish State
Authors: Mhurchú Síle Ní
Published: November 2020

This chapter charts the Irish translations of Greek and Latin texts and textbooks under the auspices of the Irish publishing house An Gúm in the early years of the Irish state. The language politics of nativists vs. progressives played into the place of translation in the scheme. The chapter includes detailed discussion of the work of Pádraig de Brún and George Thomson, progressives who favoured translations of classical texts into Irish. Daniel Corkery, on the other hand, a fervent nativist and critic of the work of de Brún, engaged in a bitter public debate on the issue which impacted negatively on the progressive endeavour to bring classical texts to an Irish-speaking audience. The chapter also gives briefer consideration to the work of other Irish translators: Margaret Heavey, Cormac Ó Cadhlaigh, Maoghnas Ó Domhnaill, Domhnall Ó Mathghamhna, Patrick Dinneen, and Peadar Ua Laoghaire.
Classicism and the Making of Commemorative Monuments in Newly Independent Ireland
Authors: Hill Judith
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the influence of classicism in the construction of commemorative monuments after Irish independence, with particular focus on the National War Memorial, which was eventually erected at Islandbridge, and on the temporary and then permanent Cenotaph honouring Michael Collins, Arthur Griffith, and Kevin O’Higgins. The partisan contexts and political disputes behind the decisions on commemorative monuments are traced, highlighting various delays in the execution of these projects. However, it is shown that, despite a tradition of Celtic revivalism and nationalist antipathy to classicism as an imperial aesthetic, in the case of the monuments discussed, classicism transcended divisions and lent itself to timeless commemoration and reconciliation in a manner aesthetically aligned with the existing fabric of urban Dublin.
Who’s Afraid of Virginia’s Nat Turner?
Authors: Zwarg Christina
Published: November 2020

Stowe learned from Douglass about the preemptive violence that could be generated through emotional relays and Chapter 2 shows how her second abolitionist novel Dred recasts The Confessions of Nat Turner through her unique use of the mesmeric crisis. That she does so by turning away from her familiar sentimental focus in Uncle Tom’s Cabin tells us something about the shadow archive that she begins to explore after reading “The Heroic Slave.” With its titular pun, Dred attempts to defuse the white fear of black supremacy that came with the legacy of Haiti and the tradition of Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner. In the process Stowe steps beyond her usual resort to personal feeling, with its familiar dyadic structure, to take up the collective and electric properties of the “crisis state” where sentimental distance is collapsed in uncontained transmissions of terror. The influence of Douglass is manifest in Stowe’s reconsideration of the word “thing” and her understanding of the contaminating power of a threat that always comes from the future.
Governance in Social Enterprises
Authors: Mair Johanna , Wolf Miriam , Ioan Alexandra
Published: November 2020

Social enterprises—organisations that pursue a social mission using market mechanisms—are promising vehicles to create both social and economic value for society. Navigating and/or aligning multiple goals and interests of stakeholders is critical for them to avoid mission drift, i.e. losing sight of their social mission, while navigating market and political pressures. Governance has been identified as a key mechanism that helps social enterprises to thrive as hybrid organisations, fulfilling multiple goals and attending to demands of multiple stakeholders. In this chapter, we review canonical theoretical approaches on corporate governance and assess their usefulness to understand governance of social enterprises. We highlight productive angles to examine social enterprise governance and provide first empirical insights on how social enterprises are governed in order to inform future research in this domain.
From the Keynesian to the Supply-Side Revolution
Authors: Tanzi Vito
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers the impact of the Great Depression, Keynes’ countercyclical policies, and the Keynesian Revolution. It also looks at the growth of welfare states and of taxes, increasing levels of marginal tax rates and the increasing power of labor unions. This chapter deals with the beginnings of a conservative counter-revolution. New theories, such as growing influence of. the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis, Rational Expectations theory, and the Laffer Curve were having a growing influence. Several countries experienced stagflation in the late 1970s. The 1970s included the rise of conservative politicians the arrival of the supply-side revolution and an attempted return to some laissez faire policies. This in turn led to attacks on regulations and on high marginal tax rates. Finally, the chapter heralds the growth of globalization.
Systemic Failure, Complexity, and Public Policies
Authors: Tanzi Vito
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses the issue of systemic failure and the role that complexity often plays. While the quality of life has risen in the modern world, many daily operations are not as simple as they used to be. The chapter describes several examples of failures (a) in the technological world; (b) in the financial world; and (c) in the economic world. To say that a market economy is self regulating has been proven to be an illusion. The growth of complexity has affected market economies in various ways. Governments’ pursuit of multiple objectives has been one of the major contributors to the complexity: tax systems have become increasingly opaque, open to different interpretation and abuses, as have several public programs. The results of fiscal policy and monetary policy have become more difficult to determine. Complexity has influenced the income distribution by creating asymmetric opportunities for manipulating systems.
Paying It Back
Authors: Lester Anne , Santiago Katherine S. , Oh Je , Wu Livia , Chegaeva Ekaterina
Published: November 2020

This chapter uses a unique new dataset to answer some exciting and fundamental questions that have not been fully addressed previously, regarding the connection between Americans’ debt, income levels, and risk tolerance. In particular, we provide an overview of the debt service patterns of older consumers derived from de-identified Chase data. Moreover, we consider how debt profiles change dynamically, as people transition into and move through retirement. Our primary purpose is to explore how real-world debt service trends vary over the life cycle, and how this influences the ways in which they save for and live in retirement.
Is Rising Household Debt Affecting Retirement Decisions?
Authors: Butrica Barbara A. , Karamcheva Nadia S.
Published: November 2020

Household debt among older Americans approaching retirement has increased dramatically over time. Older households have become increasingly more indebted and more leveraged. While mortgages remain the predominant type of debt among households in their 50s and 60s, student loan debt has also risen among these households in recent years. This chapter uses household survey data to show that more indebted older adults are more likely to work, less likely to be retired, and, on average, expect to work longer than those with less debt. Furthermore, the chapter examines how different types of debt such as mortgages, credit card debt, and student loans affect those decisions.
Financial Well-being of State and Local Government Retirees in North Carolina
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Liu Siyan
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes how low- and moderate-income retirees utilize retirement savings, and how financially fragile they are, relying on survey data on public employees in North Carolina. We investigate whether retirees make systematic errors when they manage their assets so as to maintain their standards of living, and whether there are notable differences in financial management skills across subgroups. We also ask whether financial literacy is positively associated with lower rates of committing such errors and, and whether low-income households have lower levels of financial literacy leaving them likely to make poor financial decisions. We show that many retirees have no emergency cash, and one quarter maintain high-interest debt while leaving low-return funds in retirement saving plans. Suboptimal debt holding is associated with lower household income and lower financial literacy.
The Prosperity Paradox
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: November 2020

Why do farm workers become more vulnerable as countries get richer? As countries get richer, the share of workers employed in agriculture falls. In richer countries, hired farm workers do ever more of the work on the fewer and larger farms that produce most farm commodities. These hired workers include local workers who lack the skills and contacts needed to get nonfarm jobs that usually offer higher wages and more opportunities as well as legal and unauthorized migrants from poorer countries who may not know or exercise their labor-related rights. Government enforcement of labor laws depends on complaints, and vulnerable workers rarely complain. The Prosperity Paradox explains why farm-worker problems often worsen as the agricultural sector shrinks and lays out options to help vulnerable workers. Analysis of farm labor markets in the US, Mexico, and other countries shows that unions and fair trade efforts to protect farm workers cover a very small share of all workers and are unlikely to expand quickly. Most labor-intensive fruits and vegetables are eaten fresh. Unsafe food that sickened consumers led to voluntary industry and later government-mandated food-safety programs to ensure that food is safe when it leaves the farm, with protocols enforced by both government inspectors and buyers who refused to buy from noncompliant farms. This food-safety model offers the most promise for a new era in protective labor policies.
US Farm Labor
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: November 2020

Hired farm workers do two-thirds of US farm work. The hired labor system that developed in the western US in the nineteenth century has spread across the US, as the large farms that hire most farm workers expect seasonal crews to be available when needed and to fend for themselves in the off season. The major source of seasonal US farm workers is rural Mexico. Most Mexicans arrive as unauthorized workers and move to nonfarm US jobs after gaining experience in the US. Unions such as the United Farm Workers tried and failed to turn seasonal farm work from a decade-long job into a lifelong career. Farm-labor costs have been rising since the 2008–9 recession slowed unauthorized Mexico–US migration, prompting the 4-S adjustments: satisfy current workers to reduce turnover; stretch current workers with mechanical aids that increase their productivity; substitute machines for workers where possible and switch to less labor-intensive crops; and supplement current workforces with H-2A guest workers.
Willful Ignorance and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Some agents are willfully ignorant regarding the behavior in which they propose to engage; they deliberately forgo the opportunity to inquire into the features that determine the behavior’s moral status. Examples include driving a car across an international border, suspecting that—but not verifying whether—the car contains contraband; buying cheap clothing, suspecting that—but not verifying whether—it was manufactured in a sweatshop; and so on. The law (when it applies) typically holds that such agents have no excuse for their ignorant wrongdoing, declaring them equally as culpable as those who engage in the same behavior but who are not ignorant of the relevant details. Legal and moral philosophers have tended to agree with this claim. This chapter argues that the case for equal culpability is not easily made.
Moral Worth, Credit, and Non-Accidentality
Authors: Singh Keshav
Published: November 2020

This chapter defends an account of moral worth. Moral worth is a status that some, but not all, morally right actions have. Unlike with merely right actions, when an agent performs a morally worthy action, she is necessarily creditworthy for doing the right thing. The chapter begins by arguing that two dominant views of moral worth have been unable to fully capture this necessary connection. On one view, an action is morally worthy if and only if its agent is motivated by the features of the action that make it right. On the other, an action is morally worthy if and only if its agent is motivated by the action’s rightness itself. But neither of these views can capture the connection between moral worth and creditworthiness, because each leaves room for cases of accidentally doing the right thing. The chapter then defends a new account: the Guise of Moral Reasons Account. On this account, morally worthy actions are right actions that are motivated by moral reasons as such. This account rules out cases of accidentally doing the right thing, thus capturing the necessary connection between moral worth and creditworthiness for doing the right thing.
The Limits of Virtue Ethics
Authors: Timmerman Travis , Cohen Yishai
Published: November 2020

Virtue ethics is often understood as a rival to existing consequentialist, deontological, and contractualist views. But some have disputed the position that virtue ethics is a genuine normative ethical rival. This chapter aims to crystallize the nature of this dispute by providing criteria that determine the degree to which a normative ethical theory is complete, and then investigating virtue ethics through the lens of these criteria. In doing so, it’s argued that no existing account of virtue ethics is a complete normative ethical view that rivals existing consequentialist, deontological, and contractualist views. Moreover, it is argued that one of the most significant challenges facing virtue ethics consists in offering an account of the right-making features of actions, while remaining a distinctively virtue ethical view.
Limited Poetic Liability
Authors: Siraganian Lisa
Published: November 2020

Of all the corporate person’s vital qualities, the most powerful and contentious was limited liability: the rule that a corporation’s shareholders cannot be held responsible for more than the value of the shares they own. This chapter examines challenges to that rule and its effects in the world by analyzing the responses of three very different writers: law professor Maurice Wormser, novelist Theodore Dreiser, and poet and lawyer Charles Reznikoff. Should corporations be understood as veils for individuals or as fully formed entities inextricably meshed with their managers, owners, and environment? Each writer struggled to know a corporate person behind its “entity veil” (as Wormser terms it), coming to see that limited liability functioned to minimize the essential duties of managers, employees, and owners. While Wormser recommends “veil piercing” when corporations are taken over by nefarious individuals, Dreiser’s The Financier (1912) uncovers problems with this strategy, and Reznikoff’s epic poem Testimony (1965–78), maps out systemic injuries that limited liability generated. Dreiser and Reznikoff deploy literary form to think about this corporate person precisely when it did not acknowledge all of its attributes as a legal person. When the corporate person devolved and acted more like a tool or machine, how was society supposed to treat it? This chapter’s three conceptual explorations of corporate limited liability shine light on the legal system’s deficiencies when contending with the corporation’s social role. Each writer begins, in his own way, to envision solutions other than strictly legal remedies.
Introduction: Britain and International Law in West Africa
Authors: Van Hulle Inge
Published: November 2020

This introduction provides an overview of the main arguments and structure of the book. It introduces the state of the art with respect to the history of international law and empire in West Africa and proposes an approach that relies on the analysis of legal instruments and international legal discourse to contextualize existing narratives. It argues in favour of an approach that moves beyond the traditional focus on treaties that cede sovereignty and territory or on Western legal treatises and that recognizes the inherent scattered nature of empire-building. It explains who the main protagonists of empire-building in West Africa were and the manner in which they employed an international legal ‘vernacular’ to create and interpret legal instruments to further their interests.
Constructing an Interview Guide
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on constructing an interview guide or questionnaire. A well-developed guide ensures that each area of interest will receive the coverage it needs and will do so for every participant in a comparable, though not necessarily identical, way. The forethought required to construct an interview guide focuses attention on what information is crucial to collect, what is useful but discretionary, and what is not relevant. Constructing an interview guide allows interviewers to impose rigor on a process that can otherwise become haphazard, while also ensuring flexibility and enhancing trust during the interview. The chapter then explains how to develop good questions and link them together to create a coherent organization that helps each participant understand the questions, follow the narrative flow, and respond in thoughtful ways as the interview proceeds. These design decisions include deciding how to word questions, how to sequence questions and their appropriate follow-ups and probes, and how to weave clusters of questions into a well-organized interview that participants find sensible and meaningful.
The Rohingya
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: November 2020

The Rohingyas are one of the most persecuted ethnic minorities in the world. They used to live in the Arakan/Rakhine State of Burma/Myanmar for centuries, though it is a predominantly Buddhist country. Being victims of persecution as a result of ethnic cleansing and genocide, they started migrating to neighbouring countries from 1978, and after the massive migration August 2017 onwards, about 1.3 million Rohingyas now live in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. This book offers a comprehensive portrait of how the state becomes instrumental in producing ‘stateless’ people, wherein both Myanmar and Bangladesh alienate the Rohingyas as illegal migrants, and they have to face unemployment, mental and sexual abuse, and deprivation of basic human necessities. The Rohingya proposes a new framework and theoretical alternative called ‘subhuman life’ for understanding the extreme vulnerability of the people as well as the genocide, ethnocide, and domicide taking place in the region. With several concrete ethnographic evidences, Nasir Uddin, apart from reconstructing the Rohingyas’ regional history, sheds light on possible solutions to their refugee crisis and examines the regional political dynamics, South and Southeast Asian geopolitics, and bilateral and multilateral interstate relations.
The Story of the ‘Subhuman’ Life
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: November 2020

Chapter 6 presents 10 fresh ethnographic details that contain the personal narratives of the recently arrived Rohingyas in Bangladesh, following the horrifying campaign by the Myanmar security forces and vigilantes. This chapter builds on the 10 representative cases that unfold the ground reality of what is happening with the Rohingyas in Rakhine State and Bangladesh. These personal narratives reveal the degree of cruelty, the level of atrocities, and the nature of brutality perpetrated by the Myanmar security forces, ethnic extremists, and Buddhist fundamentalists, experiences that are good enough to render the Rohingyas—a group of people lesser than human beings—‘subhuman’. Presenting the atrocious condition of the Rohingyas, their existence in Rakhine State as illegal bodies, their extreme uncertainty regarding what to do and whom to complain to, their lived memories of being raped, punished, and killed, this chapter brings out how their lives are ‘subhuman’.