bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studi Perbandingan Data Curah Hujan antara Empat Jenis Citra Satelit dan Pengukuran Lapangan di Daerah Bengkulu
Authors: Priscilla Viona Azhari , Lubis Ashar Muda , Warahma Ella , Akbar Arya J , Lizalidiawati Lizalidiawati
Published: February 2025

Bengkulu Province is one of the provinces with high rainfall. High rainfall intensity has a negative impact on various sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to have information regarding accurate rainfall data. Currently there are many satellites that can be used to obtain rain data, this remote sensing technology offers an excellent complement. This research aims to identify comparisons/comparison of rainfall data between various satellite images and field measurements in Bengkulu. The coefficient of determination test was carried out to obtain a correlation between satellite rainfall and direct measurements. Data accuracy analysis shows the correlation results of monthly rainfall from four types of satellite images at 4 observation points in the Bengkulu area. Based on data in the cities of Bengkulu, Kepahiang and Taba Penanjung, it can be seen that the satellite that has the best correlation is the GPM IMERG satellite. For Bengkulu City it was 72.64%, Kepahiang was 74.34% and Taba Penanjung was 56.47%. In the Bukit Kaba area, the best correlation results are on the CHIRPS satellite with a correlation of 15.58%. From the results obtained, we conclude that satellites that can be used by the public and researchers in rainfall analysis are good using GPM IMERG satellite data as a substitute for BMKG data.
Pengujian Material Absorpsi Bunyi dari Serbuk Kayu Menggunakan Tabung Impedansi Dua Mikrofon
Authors: Henrikus Felix Marcellino , Sutresno Adita , Rondonuwu Ferdy Semuel
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to test sound-absorbing materials made from teak wood waste by comparing the effect of the number of holes in the material on its absorption coefficient. This research utilized a two-microphone impedance tube with a length of 1.82 m and a diameter of 0.07 m, where the sound propagation speed was determined by measuring the fundamental frequency based on the open organ pipe principle. By determining this propagation speed, the resonance frequency of the tube was used as the basis for measuring the absorption coefficient, and the microphones were positioned at the nodes and antinodes of the standing wave at each frequency to obtain the standing wave ratio. The results indicated that non-perforated and perforated materials exhibited different absorption patterns, with non-perforated material being more effective in absorbing sound at low frequencies, while perforated material showed a broader absorption effectiveness at medium to high frequencies. Thus, the design of sound-absorbing materials with holes offers a more flexible and adaptive solution for noise control in various environmental conditions, making it a potential innovation in acoustic technology and the development of environmentally friendly materials.
Pencegahan Kejadian Stunting Melalui Analisis Faktor pH Kualitas Air Minum Rumah Tangga
Authors: Pratiwi Tisar Dewi , Putri Yunita Widia , Nur Dewi Rakhmatia
Published: February 2025

Stunting is a social urgency in Indonesia that affects the development of health and intelligence of children. Based on data from the Ministry of Home Affairs the percentage of stunted toddlers in Bandar Lampung City is 0.8% or 520 toddlers of the 63,998 toddlers in all Bandar Lampung City Districts. Clean water is one of the causes of stunting. To find out the level Cleanliness of drinking water can be done by measuring the pH value using litmus paper. However, pH measurements are more accurate using Primary standard for calibrating glass electrodes and pH meters. This research aims to map and analyze the pH factors of drinking water as well as the mineral content of the water, so it is hoped that it can be used as a reference or rejection measure against the Bandar Lampung City government and the local community planning health services and human resources. The method This research carried out a survey the pH and metal content of water used for drinking and cooking in households in 19 sub-districts. The results of pH and electrolysis testing showed that the pH and water content in Bandar Lampung City varied greatly from 3.61 to 8.5. On the map, 95 measurement points are spread across sub-districts throughout Bandar Lampung City, with data interpolation tending to be colored yellow, green and blue. This is predicted because several areas in Bandar Lampung City are well maintained so that water quality is maintained and several other areas have experienced pollution and the water in these areas contains dangerous chemicals and even heavy metals.
Analisis Gas Buang Insinerator dengan Filter Arang Aktif Berbasis Limbah Organik
Authors: Rafidah Fajriyah , Fitriyanti Fitriyanti , Abidin Kurniati
Published: February 2025

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of organic waste-based activated charcoal in filtering flue gas from incinetors. With the increasing volume of solid waste and the negative impact of harmful gas emissions, it is important to find sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. The activated charcoal used in this study is produced from agricultural waste, namely corn cobs and candlenut shells, which are abundant and can be optimally utilized. The analytical method applied includes measuring exhaust gas levels before and after filtration using activated charcoal. Measurements were made to identify the concentration of various pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which are known as harmful gases to human health and the environment. The data obtained shows that without a filter, the concentration of CO is 0 ppm and SO2 is 473 ppm, while after using the activated carbon filter, the concentration of CO increases to 2.775 ppm and SO2 decreases to 56 ppm. For nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the concentration remains 0 ppm both before and after filtration. The results indicated that the use of activated charcoal can significantly reduce the concentration of these harmful gases, with varying degrees of efficiency depending on the type waste used as raw material. This research provides valuable insights into the utilization of organic waste as a solution in air pollution control. In addition, the results are expected to encourage the development of more efficient filtration technologies utilizing local resources. Thus, this research not only contributes to waste management, but also to overall environmental protection.
Penerapan Sistem Bank Soal dengan Metode Ishihara Berbasis IoT Pada Alat Tes Buta Warna
Authors: Bale Windanita Tada , Harsoyo Imam Tri
Published: February 2025

Color blindness is a general term for a condition or condition in which the quality of color vision is impaired. People with color blindness have difficulty distinguishing certain shades of color. Color blindness is also called Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) taking into account the prevalence of color blindness in Indonesia of 0.7% which is a cause of disability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) based color blindness test tool with the application of a question bank system using the Ishihara method which can help users check for color perception disorders which can be implemented by checking color blindness early on. In designing this IoT-based color blindness test tool, measurements were taken on 30 respondents to check the accuracy of the tool that has been designed. This color blindness test tool has an accuracy of 97%. This color blindness test tool functions to help users more easily carry out color blindness tests because it has an IoT base using the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller. This tool allows users to not be able to memorize questions like in the color blind test which uses a manual Ishihara book, because the question bank system in this tool involves randomizing the questions and the results can later be accessed via a web server.
Blue-Shifting Photoluminescence in HFCVD-Deposited Tin-Doped SRO Films
Authors: Diaz Tapia Daniel , Morales Ruiz Crisoforo , Galeazzi Isasmendi Reina , Pérez Ladrón de Guevara Héctor , Portillo Roberto , Romano Trujillo Roman , Coyopol Antonio , Rosendo Enrique
Published: February 2025

Silicon-rich oxide (SRO) films doped with tin (Sn-SRO) were successfully deposited using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), with tin-doped SBA-15 as the solid source material. SBA-15 acted as a protective layer, ensuring thermal stability and enabling the controlled incorporation of tin into the SRO films. Structural and optical analyses, including Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL), were performed to evaluate the films. FTIR revealed SiO2 absorption peaks and Si-O-Sn bond formation, confirming the progressive incorporation of tin. TEM demonstrated the formation of silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs), with decreasing size as tin concentration increased. This size reduction was correlated with enhanced PL intensity and a blue shift, attributed to stronger quantum confinement effects. These analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of the structural and optical behavior of Sn-doped SRO films. These findings highlight the potential of Sn-SRO films for optoelectronic applications, where controlling light emission and crystallinity is essential.
Repercussions of the United States’ Withdrawal from the International Iranian Nuclear Agreement
Authors: Muhealddin Tariq Kakarash
Published: February 2025

This text explores Iran’s willingness to enhance transparency and compliance with international nuclear regulations by agreeing to grant limited access to non-nuclear sites, particularly military facilities, for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. The commitment is made within the framework of the Additional Protocol to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), showcasing Iran’s dedication to implementing and ratifying international agreements.
One of the key provisions of Iran’s commitment involves a substantial reduction in the number of centrifuges over ten years. The total number of centrifuges is set to decrease from 19,000 devices (including 10,200 currently operational) to 6,104. Furthermore, only 5,060 of these centrifuges will be authorized to produce uranium enriched at a rate not exceeding 3.67% for 15 years. Notably, all centrifuges used during this period will be of the first generation, emphasizing Iran’s adherence to specified technological limitations.
This abstract provides an overview of Iran’s multifaceted commitments, highlighting its efforts to address global concerns surrounding its nuclear program while operating within the stipulations of the Additional Protocol to the NPT. ten years.
Pembuatan Mobile E-Learning Berbasis Android
Authors: Liliana Liliana , Soesanto Daniel , Rahardjo Kevin Sebastian
Published: February 2025

Abstract—E-Learning utilizes information and communication technology for learning. Most universities use e-learning-based websites. However, currently website-based e-learning is not enough because of technological developments which have resulted in more and more smartphone users and require Android-based mobile applications to improve learning. In this study, distributing questionnaires and making observations on similar systems. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the problems faced are that students do not know or forget if there is an assignment and there is no communication feature that can be used in e-learning. From these problems, an e-learning mobile application was created so that lecture materials and assignments can be accessed via smartphones and help communication. The application is developed with Angular Ionic framework with MySQL DBMS. The main features created are creating resources, creating reminders and notifications, sending assignments and quizzes, and private chat and group chat features. Based on the results of trials and evaluations, it was found that the end of the application was that it could assist lecturers in delivering material, perform assignments or quizzes and assist students in accessing material and doing quizzes via smartphones. In addition, the application made also helps students communicate with lecturers through chat.
Keywords: android, e-learning, mobile
 
Abstrak—E-Learning memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk pembelajaran. Pada universitas umumnya menggunakan e-learning berbasis website. Namun, saat ini e-learning berbasis website belum cukup karena perkembangan teknologi mengakibatkan pengguna smartphone semakin banyak dan membutuhkan aplikasi mobile berbasis android untuk meningkatkan pembelajaran. Pada penelitian ini, disebarkan kuesioner dan dilakukan pengamatan pada sistem sejenis. Berdasarkan hasil kuesioner, masalah yang dihadapi yaitu mahasiswa tidak tahu atau lupa jika ada tugas serta belum adanya fitur komunikasi yang dapat digunakan pada e-learning Dari permasalahan tersebut, dibuat aplikasi mobile e-learning sehingga materi dan tugas perkuliahan dapat diakses melalui smartphone serta membantu komunikasi mahasiswa dengan dosen. Aplikasi dikembangkan dengan Bahasa pemrograman typescript dengan framework ionic angular dengan DBMS MySQL. Fitur utama yang dibuat adalah membuat resource perkuliahan, membuat pengingat dan notifikasi, mengirim dan menerima tugas serta quiz, dan fitur private chat dan group chat. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba serta evaluasi, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa aplikasi yang dibuat dapat membantu dosen dalam menyampaikan materi, tugas, quiz serta melakukan penilaian tugas ataupun quiz dan membantu mahasiswa dalam mengakses materi serta mengerjakan tugas serta quiz melalui smartphone. Selain itu, aplikasi yang dibuat juga membantu komunikasi mahasiswa dengan dosen melalui chat.
Kata kunci: android, e-learning, mobile
Digital transformation of tourism education: Technologies, opportunities, challenges, and future research agenda
Authors: Yang Xusen
Published: February 2025

This study explores the integration of these technologies into tourism curricula, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. While digital tools enhance experiential learning, accessibility, and industry relevance, their adoption is hindered by high costs, faculty training, and resistance to change. The study employs qualitative research through semi-structured interviews with tourism educators to examine the effectiveness of digital tools and their impact on student learning. Findings indicate immersive technologies improve engagement, while cloud computing and AI facilitate data-driven decision-making. However, further research is needed to address institutional barriers and ensure equitable access to digital education. The study concludes with a future research agenda to optimize digital transformation strategies in tourism education.
Enhancing sustainability through green banking: Assessing its impact on environmental performance
Authors: Aslam Sajawal , Khan Nasreen , Chen Tan Booi , Rahman H. M. Mahfuzur
Published: February 2025

The abstract serves both today’s banks, which are significantly impacted by unsustainability in direct and indirect ways. There is growing pressure within the banks of Pakistan to enhance sustainable banking practices; where these green banking practices are still in the initial stages of enhancing sustainability, banks face increasing pressure to improve their environmental performance. This study examines the impact of environmental performance by enhancing sustainable green banking practices, focusing on the moderating role of ecological obsessive passion in this relationship. Green banking practices are evaluated through micro-level factors such as operations, investments, and policies. The study also explores how obsessive environmental passion affects the relationship between banking practices and their impact on environmental performance. Data were collected using the partial least-squares structural equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method from 241 respondents working for banks in Pakistan. The findings indicate that sustainable banking procedures, comprising operations, investments, and policies, have a considerable positive impact on environmental performance. Furthermore, the study discovered that environmental obsessive passion modifies the relationship between green banking practices and policies and environmental sustainability. However, the relationship between green investments and ecological performance remains. To increase sustainability, banks should include green practices in their fundamental operations, investments, and policies. It includes using energy-efficient technologies, encouraging paperless transactions, and funding environmentally conscious enterprises.
Embryo Transfer in Cattle: Nonsurgical Collection Techniques
Authors: Rowe R. F. , Del Campo M. R. , Critser J. K. , Ginther O. J.
Published: February 2025

Four experiments were conducted to improve nonsurgical, ova recovery techniques in superovulated cattle. The measure of collection efficiency (mean ova recovery index) was defined as [(No. ova recovered per collection ÷ No. of estimated corpora lutea) × 100] ÷ No. of collections. In experiment 1, ova were collected from 25 heifers by flushing each uterine horn eight times. The percentage of ova recovered in each flush was 19 ± 25, 32 ± 29, 17 ± 15, 15 ± 23, 8 ± 13, 4 ± 8, 1 ± 4, and 4 ± 11, respectively. Mean ova recovery index was 62% ± 33 when eight flushes were used compared with 57% ± 31 for the first five flushes.

In experiment 2, positive pressure was used to infuse, and negative pressure was used to recover the flushing fluid from uteri of 20 heifers. The mean ova recovery index was 56% ± 29. Average fluid recovery percentages in experiments 1 and 2 were 96% ± 4 and 97% ± 5, respectively. Experiment 3 was a direct comparison between the technique of experiment 1 (large volume, no aspiration) and that of experiment 2 (small volume, aspiration). Mean ova recovery index for the 20 superovulated heifers was 60% ± 25. Ova recovery efficiency was not different between techniques, among order of uterine horn collection, or between sides collected.

In experiment 4, the recovery process of experiment 2 (small volume, aspiration) was used for 100 collections in 75 heifers. The type of superovulatory drug (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin or follicle stimulating hormone), the number of previous superovulatory treatments (none and ≥1), or the side from which the collection was made did not affect collection efficiency (56% ± 31). The combined 120 collections, using the small-volume, aspiration technique, resulted in an average recovery efficiency of 56%, involved the use of less flushing medium, and resulted in a more rapid flushing procedure.
Clearance and Shedding of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus from the Nasal Mucosa of Immune and Nonimmune Calves
Authors: Lupton H. W. , Reed D. E.
Published: February 2025

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was rapidly cleared from the nasal mucosa of calves after intranasal aerosol exposure. Nonimmune calves (experiment 1) cleared 109 plaque-forming units (pfu) of virus from the nasal mucosa in less than 4 hours and 106 pfu of virus in 1 hour. An eclipse phase followed the clearance of viral inoculum. Replicating virus was first detected at 9 hours. Viral titers increased stepwise until maximum was attained on postinoculation day 4. Virus persisted in the nasal mucus until day 12. Clinical signs of disease corresponded with the shedding of virus.

In contrast to nonimmune calves, immune calves (experiment 2; same calves as in experiment 1, but 30 days after initial exposure) cleared 109 pfu of virus in 1 hour and 106 pfu of virus in less than 5 minutes. An abortive reinfection occurred after exposure of immune calves with 109 pfu of virus. Virus was first detected in these calves at 14 hours after exposure and was not detected beyond 24 hours after inoculation. Immune calves given 106 pfu of virus did not shed virus after clearance of inoculum. Clinical signs of infection were not observed in immune calves after viral challenge exposure. The data indicated that there was no detectable residual virus beyond 3 hours after the exposure.
Ultrastructure of Haemophilus equigenitalis, Causative Agent of Contagious Equine Metritis
Authors: Swaney Lois M. , Breese Sydney S.
Published: February 2025

Haemophilus equigenitalis, a proposed new species of Haemophilus and the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, a venereal disease of the horse, had ultrastructural characteristics of gram-negative bacteria. The organism additionally had a small, threadlike capsule that was removed by heating in phosphate-buffered saline solution. Heating also detached the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane. The capsule could only be demonstrated when bacteria were stained with ruthenium red during the preparation of ultrathin sections. The gross morphology of newly isolated organisms (rodlike or coccal) depended upon the medium on which they were grown.
Plasma Phase Viremia in Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Higgins Robert J. , Metzler Alfred E.
Published: February 2025

Plasma samples from gnotobiotic pups infected with R252 canine distemper virus at 7 days of age contained free infective virus when titrated on canine pulmonary macrophage cultures. Virus was detected 7 days after infection and increased thereafter. Platelets may be involved in leukocyte-free viremia. The present study indicated that the method of dissemination of the virus in vivo involves plasma and canine distemper virus-infected leukocytes.
Coagulation Properties of Fresh-Frozen Canine Plasma During Prolonged Storage
Authors: Greene C. E. , Beck B. B.
Published: February 2025

Coagulation properties of fresh platelet-poor canine plasma from 20 dogs were examined before freezing and after storage at intervals of up to 1 year. Prothrombin time and factor V activity did not change in frozen plasma when compared with data obtained after plasma was stored 1 week.

When compared with that of fresh plasma, activated partial thromboplastin time shortened and factor VIII activity decreased after freezing and thawing of fresh plasma after 1 week. When compared with the first week, activated partial thromboplastin time in fresh-frozen plasma gradually shortened during the year of storage. Factor VIII activity increased in the first 4 months of storage, but gradually decreased by 1 year.
Identification of Rotaviruses of Different Origins by the Plaque-Reduction Test
Authors: Estes M. K. , Graham D. Y.
Published: February 2025

The plaque assay for the simian rotavirus SA11 was shown to be applicable to the economically important calf and porcine rotaviruses. In addition, neutralization of viral infectivity with specific antiserum before assay (plaque-reduction test) was found to be a useful test to identify the species of origin of rotaviruses.
Effects of Iridocryothermy in the Normal Dog
Authors: Barrie Kathleen P. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Gwin Robert M. , Peiffer Robert L.
Published: February 2025

The base and pupillary zones of the iris were exposed for 10 s to a ‒79 C cryoprobe (iridocryothermy). The resultant iritis lasted 7 to 10 days as evidenced by aqueous flare, hypotony, and miosis. At 21 days, the iris was depigmented and had an irregular pupil. The initial histopathologic changes after iridocryothermy were iridic intrastromal hemorrhage, exudation, and neutrophil infiltration. The iridic pigmented epithelium was lyzed, and the melanin granules were liberated into the iridic stroma, posterior, and anterior chambers. Irides frozen at the pupillary zone exhibited sphincter muscle degeneration. By 21 days after iridocryothermy, the irides were depigmented and atrophic.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Marek's Disease Virus-Infected Chickens Genetically Selected for High and Low Concentrations of Plasma Corticosterone
Authors: Thompson D. L. , Elgert K. D. , Gross W. B. , Siegel P. B.
Published: February 2025

Lines of chickens genetically selected for high (hpc)- and low-plasma corticosterone (lpc) titers were assessed for cell-mediated immunity during Marek's disease tumorigenesis. Lymphocyte transformation (using phytohemagglutinin and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-bovine serum complex) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity were evaluated with peripheral blood leukocytes. Chickens from the lpc line showed a greater lymphocyte transformation response than those from the hpc line. All tumor-bearing chickens demonstrated a markedly suppressed blastogenic response. Although the blastogenic response was suppressed in those chickens infected with Marek's disease virus but not having gross tumors when compared with the steroid level, this response was greater than that of chickens with tumors and less than that of normal controls. In comparison with lpc-line chickens, hpc-line chickens demonstrated a decreased mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. A decreased mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity was observed in both steroid lines concomitant with the onset and severity of tumors. The impaired cell-mediated response observed in the hpc line was associated with an increased tumor incidence and a greater mortality than that observed in the lpc line. Metyrapone, a chemical which blocks adrenal corticosterone synthesis, transiently enhanced mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity and initiated tumor regression in chickens debilitated with Marek's disease tumors.
Relationship Between Protective Activity and Antigen Structure of Haemophilus paragallinarum Serotypes 1 and 2
Authors: Kume Katsumi , Sawata Akira , Nakase Yasukiyo
Published: February 2025

The object in this investigation was to determine the relationship between protective activity and antigenic structure of Haemophilus paragallinarum, serotypes 1 and 2. A close relationship exists in both serotypes between protective activity and colonial phenotypic form (iridescent and noniridescent). Protective activities of both serotypes were related to a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive (L) antigen of iridescent form that produced serotype-specific agglutinin to chickens. The chickens having the agglutinins were protected against challenge exposure with homologous strain, but not with heterologous strain. The chickens injected with unencapsulated organisms of noniridescent form that were derived from encapsulated organisms of iridescent form failed to produce both serotype-specific agglutinins and protection against challenge exposure with homologous strain.

Most of the chickens injected with serotype 1 strain produced both hemagglutination-inhibition antibody and serotype 1-specific agglutinin, whereas those injected with serotype 2 produced serotype 2-specific agglutinin and protected against homologous challenge exposure. The protective activity was found in saline extract derived from encapsulated organisms of serotype 1, but was absent in those of serotype 2.
Long-Term Stability of Blood Lymphocyte Nuclear Pocket Prevalence in Clinically Normal Adult Dairy Bulls
Authors: Weber A. F. , Pomeroy K. , Dias E.
Published: February 2025

A study on blood lymphocyte nuclear pocket (lnp) prevalence stability was made over a 2-year period on ten clinically normal adult Holstein-Friesian bulls. The design of the experiment included 3 categories of animals as follows: (a) 3 bovine leukosis virus (blv)-seronegative bulls (N); (b) 4 blv-seropositive bulls with initial low (< 1.0%) blood lnp prevalence; and (c) 3 blv-seropositive bulls with initial high (≥ 2.0%) blood lnp prevalence. Prevalences of lnp for individual animals in all three groups were stable as to category of initial designation during the 2-year period.

All animals initially designated as seronegative or seropositive remained so throughout the experiment. Essentially, correspondence between lnp concentration and blv serotiter was observed only in the seronegative group in which prevalence was low on all samples.

Because increased lnp prevalence has been shown to be related to in vitro C-type blv production and because lnp prevalence appears to be stable, this measurement may be of discriminatory value in studies to develop criteria for the disposition of enzootic bovine leukosis seropositive cattle.
Graft Versus Host Reactions in Foals with Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Perryman Lance E. , Liu Irwin K. Μ.
Published: February 2025

Nine foals with combined immunodeficiency were given hepatic and thymus cells from 68- to 110-day-old (gestational age) fetuses or peripheral blood lymphocytes from nonrelated horses. Clinical signs and lesions consistent with graft vs host reaction were observed in eight of the foals. Diarrhea was observed in these 8 foals, and ulcerative dermatitis, stomatitis, or glossitis was detected in 6 of the 8 foals. Histopathologic changes consisting of necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in liver, skin, alimentary tract, and less frequently in lymphoid tissues. Changes in complete blood counts, plasma bilirubin concentration, and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity were compared with sequential histopathologic alterations in the liver of two combined immunodeficiency foals given peripheral blood lymphocytes from unrelated donor horses. Elevations of sorbitol dehydrogenase correlated with the onset and increasing severity of hepatic lesions.
Metrizamide Myelography in the Horse: Clinical, Radiographic, and Pathologic Changes
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Blythe Linda L. , Pool Roy R. , Helphrey Marvin G. , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: February 2025

Myelograms of seven clinically normal horses were made, using metrizamide as the radiopaque medium. Preanesthetic medication was not used before anesthetic induction. Five animals were euthanatized and necropsied 2 days after myelograms were done, and two animals were euthanatized 30 days after myelograms were done.

Lateral survey radiographs of the cervical region were taken with the neck in neutral, fully flexed, and extended positions. Radiographic quality for the lateral projections was excellent. Ventrodorsal radiographs were of good quality for the cranial half of the cervical region only.

Myelography was done by injecting 56.5 ml of an isotonic metrizamide solution into the cisternal subarachnoid space. High-quality lateral radiographs outlining the subarachnoid space were repeated in neutral, fully flexed, and extended-neck position.

Postmyelographic effects of metrizamide on neuromuscular activity and recovery are described.

Histopathologic changes indicative of mild, acute suppurative meningitis of the brain and spinal cord were found in five horses necropsied 48 hours after myelography. At 30 days after myelography, chronic effects of metrizamide myelography were minimal and were considered insignificant.

It was concluded that metrizamide was an excellent positive contrast agent for demonstrating the subarachnoid space in the horse. The absence of significant clinical and pathologic side effects indicates that metrizamide myelography is a safe procedure in the horse.
Ontogeny of Host Responses in Ovine Fetuses Infected with Bluetongue Virus
Authors: Enright Frederick Μ. , Osburn Bennie I.
Published: February 2025

Ovine fetuses were inoculated (im) with bluetongue virus (btv) between the 50th and the 130th days of a 150-day gestation. At 10 to 15 days after virus was inoculated, the interstitial tissue of the fetal lung was diffusely infiltrated with large mononuclear leukocytes. By 20 days, unitized nodules of macrophages were seen in the interstitial tissue of the lung. The only gross alterations observed in infected fetuses were large lymph nodes and prominent lymphoid nodules within the spleen. Fetuses inoculated on the 80th day developed increased serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) within 20 days after inoculation, whereas fetuses inoculated on the 100th gestational day and later developed increased concentrations of IgG by 10 days. Fetuses inoculated on the 80th gestational day also developed serum neutralizing antibodies by 20 days after infection. The btv was recovered from fetuses which had serum neutralizing antibody. The sequential development of responses to btv infection during ontogeny in ovine fetuses is discussed.
Radionuclide Joint Imaging: An Ancillary Technique in the Diagnosis of Canine Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Allhands R. V. , Kallfelz F. A. , Lust G.
Published: February 2025

Radionuclide joint imaging has been adapted for use in the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia. Studies were done on 29 growing Labrador Retriever pups between 3 months and 1.5 years of age and on two adult dogs. Initially, pelvic radiographs and joint images were done on pups 12 to 16 weeks of age and were repeated at 2-week intervals thereafter. 99m Technetium methylene diphosphonate (99mTcMDP), an osteotrophic agent, was the radiopharmaceutical used for all imaging studies. Interference due to 99mTcMDP accumulation in the urinary bladder was avoided by static abdominal pressure. In 19 of the 21 dogs identified as abnormal by pelvic radiography, a similar diagnosis based on joint imaging was made for a true positive ratio of 0.90. Eight of ten dogs were identified as normal by means of both procedures, for a true negative ratio of 0.80. The overall accuracy was 0.87. Joint imaging was thus shown to be of similar value as pelvic radiography in the diagnosis of hip dysplasia. Joint images, however, displayed information on bone metabolic activity that could not be determined by pelvic radiography.
Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses of German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles to Experimental Infection with Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Nyindo Μ. , Huxsoll D. L. , Ristic Μ. , Kakoma I. , Brown J. L. , Carson C. A. , Stephenson E. H.
Published: February 2025

The cell-mediated and the humoral immune responses of 12 German Shepherd Dogs and 5 Beagles inoculated with Ehrlichia canis were evaluated. Results indicated that specific and nonspecific immunosuppression due to E canis occurred in the German Shepherd Dogs. Canine leukocyte migration-inhibition factor was successfully isolated and shown to be physically and functionally similar to human and guinea pig migration-inhibition factor. Of the German Shepherd Dogs, 58% developed positive cell-mediated responses; 80% of the Beagles became positive. German Shepherd Dogs that developed severe chronic ehrlichiosis did not respond to as great a degree as did the German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles with mild chronic disease.

The cell-mediated responses decreased with time and disappeared by 147 days after inoculation. Humoral antibody titers in all inoculated dogs increased with time and remained at increased concentrations.

Treatment of four inoculated dogs with antilymphocyte serum did not modify the course of the disease. The findings indicated that cell-mediated immunity may have a significant role in determining the course of disease in dogs infected with E canis.
Caprine Bluetongue Virus Isolations
Authors: Inverso Michael , Lukas G. N. , Weidenbach S. J.
Published: February 2025

Viral isolation procedures demonstrated the presence of bluetongue virus serotypes 10, 11, and 17 in routine caprine accessions. The goats in this report showed one or more of the following signs or lesions: weakness, pulmonary disease, abortion, fetuses with developmental abnormalities, kerato-conjunctivitis, anemia, and swollen joints.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Marek's Disease: Correlation of Disease-Related Variables with Immune Responses in Age-Resistant Chickens
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Adldinger Hans K. , Buening Gerald Μ.
Published: February 2025

A sequential study of cytotoxic and mitogen stimulation responses of peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) after inoculation with Marek's disease (md) virus was done with line 7 × 15 chickens at 2 weeks of age (group 1) and at 12 weeks (group 3). Control groups were inoculated with chicken kidney cells at 2 weeks of age (group 2) and 12 weeks (group 4). During an 8-week observation period, morbidity and mortality were greater in group 1 chickens than in group 3 chickens. The cytotoxic response of pbl against an md tumor cell line (MSB-1) was greater during the first 2 weeks after chickens in group 3 were inoculated than in group 1 chickens. Correlations did not exist between cell-mediated cytotoxic responses and severity of disease for individual group 1 chickens. However, pbl of group 3 chickens that developed gross lesions of md had reduced cytotoxic activities after an initial activity equal to, or greater than, the activities of chickens that survived without gross lesions. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of pbl was depressed in both groups during weeks 1 to 3 after inoculation. Group 3 chickens had higher virus titers in pbl than group 1 chickens during weeks 1 to 3 after inoculation. The titers subsequently decreased below those for group 1 during the remainder of the experiment.
Effects of Oral Lead on Serum Proteins and the Development of Specific Antibody Response in Young Sheep
Authors: Hoffman L. J. , Buck W. B. , Quinn L. Y.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-five lambs of Columbia-Rambouillet cross were divided into 5 equal groups which were given 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg of lead/kg of body weight, respectively, by mouth, for 12 weeks (5 days/week). The lead was administered in the form of solubilized lead acetate by force-feeding, using plastic tubing and a syringe. Mean blood lead concentrations for the 5 groups were 11.7, 37.2, 56.8, 67.7, and 99 µg/dl, respectively, over the 6-month evaluation period. Serum protein fractions were evaluated at regular intervals by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and agar gel immunoelectrophoresis. This testing was initiated when the lambs were 5 days old and was continued until they were 6 months old. In the statistical analyses of absolute concentrations of total protein, albumin, α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin, significant differences were seen among groups in some instances, but there was no definitive evidence for concluding that these alterations were an effect of increasing concentrations of lead, rather than normal biological variation and external stress factors. There were no detectable differences among groups of lambs in their development and maintenance of immunoglobulin (Ig) subgroups IgG and IgM, as determined by electrophoresis precipitin patterns.

These five groups were also compared in their response to injections of heat-killed Serratia marcescens. There were no significant differences noted in passive hemagglutination titers among treatment groups, but during the actual period of immunization, the lead-treated groups consistently had higher serum titers than did the control group.

None of the immunologic variables investigated in this study were consistently affected by the selected concentrations of oral lead exposure. Under these research conditions, one must conclude that lead did not impose a state of immunologic deficiency in the sheep by altering specific antibody synthesis, nor by interfering with the production or maintenance of serum proteins.
Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in the Horse
Authors: Pedersoli Waldir M. , Belmonte Albert A. , Purohit R. C. , Ravis William R.
Published: February 2025

The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were studied in six healthy mature horses of mixed breeding and of both sexes. A parenteral preparation of gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (iv) at the dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Venous blood samples were taken at 0 (base line), 0.083, 0.25,0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum gentamicin was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The gentamicin concentration data were fitted to a one- and two-compartment open model with first-order elimination from the central compartment with the aid of nonlinear least squares program. The data were found to be best described by the two-compartment model with r2 = 0.997. Half-life, as determined from the terminal phase, was 2.54 ± 0.33 hours. Calculation of the total body clearance provided a mean of 1.16 α 0.11 ml/minute/kg of body weight (1.04 to 1.31 ml/minute/kg, range); the volume of distribution calculated from the area under the curve was determined separately for each animal and had a mean value of 0.254 ± 0.036 L/kg. The initial exponential decline (α) in gentamicin serum concentration had an average value of 3.75 ± 1.86 hours−1, whereas the terminal values were described by β = 0.275 ± 0.036 hours−1. Other pharmacokinetic values determined also are presented.
Characterization of Immune Responses of Cattle to Erythrocyte Stroma, Anaplasma Antigen, and Dodecanoic Acid-Conjugated Anaplasma Antigen: Humoral Immunity
Authors: Francis D. H. , Burning G. M. , Amerault T. E.
Published: February 2025

Normal erythrocyte antigen (sonically disrupted erythrocyte stroma; ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and French pressure cell-disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and Anaplasma marginale-infected blood. Portions of saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada). Eleven cattle were vaccinated with ses, saa, saada, or faada. Five weeks later, the 11 cattle, together with 3 controls, were challenge exposed with A marginale. The anti-anaplasma antibody response and the antierythrocyte-antibody response (including the blood group isoantibody response) were evaluated. Only saa-vaccinated cattle developed anti-anaplasma antibody before challenge exposure. Isoantibodies were developed by 1 of the 3 saada-vaccinated cows and 1 of the 2 faada-vaccinated cows, as well as by all 3 saa- vaccinated cows. After challenge exposure, all cattle developed anti-anaplasma antibody and antierythrocyte autoantibody.
Characterization of Immune Responses of Cattle to Erythrocyte Stroma, Anaplasma Antigen, and Dodecanoic Acid-Conjugated Anaplasma Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Francis D. H. , Buening G. M. , Amerault T. E.
Published: February 2025

Sonically disrupted normal erythrocyte stroma (ses) and two anaplasma antigens (sonically disrupted anaplasma antigen; saa, and French pressure cell disrupted anaplasma antigen; faa) were prepared from normal and Anaplasma marginale-infected blood. The saa and faa antigens were chemically modified by conjugation with dodecanoic acid (saada and faada).

Significant (P ≤ 0.05) anti-anaplasma lymphocyte-transformation responses were obtained from all cattle given saa, saada, or faada vaccines. Only cows given saa developed anti-anaplasma antibody. Mild antierythrocyte lymphocyte-transformation responses were obtained from most vaccinated animals. Delayed hypersensitivity to erythrocyte antigen was not detected.

The saa-vaccinated cows had the highest degree of protection in that they developed a smaller percentage of parasitemia and had less severe anemia than did other cattle in the study. The saada- and faada-vaccinated cattle developed a good cell-mediated immune response, but poor humoral immune response and had lower parasitemias than did challenge-exposed controls; but they developed severe anemia. It is suggested that cellular and humoral mechanisms are essential for protection in anaplasmosis. Evidence of protection from clinical anaplasmosis was not observed in ses-vaccinated cows.
Virucidal Disinfectants and Feline Viruses
Authors: Scott Fredric W.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-five commonly used commercial disinfectants (disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizers, and detergents) were evaluated for their virucidal activity against three feline viruses; feline viral rhinotracheitis virus (a herpesvirus), feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus (a parvovirus). Disinfectants were diluted as recommended by the manufacturer and were reacted with virus for 10 minutes at room temperature. Viruses were separated from disinfectants by gel filtration in special centrifuge tubes, and were assayed for infectivity in feline cell cultures.

All 22 products tested were virucidal for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, 11 of 35 were virucidal for feline calicivirus, but only 3 of 27 tested were effective against feline panleukopenia virus.

A 0.175% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and practical broad-spectrum virucidal product used alone or in combination with other disinfectants/detergents.
Echinococcus granulosus in Dogs in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam A. W. M. Shamsul
Published: February 2025

A survey was carried out during the period February 1975 to January 1978 to find the frequency of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. A total of 611 dogs originating from different places of the country were examined. The frequency of infection varied considerably, the highest (75.79%) being recorded in dogs in and around the slaughterhouses. The average frequency was 62.52%. The seasonal variations of the infection were determined, the lowest (47.09%) and the highest (78.37%) being January to March and October to December, respectively.
Combined Dexamethasone-Suppression Cosyntropin- (Synthetic ACTH-) Stimulation Test in the Horse: A New Approach to Testing of Adrenal Gland Function
Authors: Eiler H. , Oliver J. , Goble D.
Published: February 2025

The objective in the present study was to develop a combined dexamethasone-suppression cosyntropin-(synthetic ACTH-) stimulation test (cdc test) in horses so that information concerning pituitary gland (hypophysis) and adrenal gland competence could be obtained in one relatively short test procedure.

In the combined test, time-response relationships between the plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) concentrations and the dexamethasone and cosyntropin injections were determined. The plasma hydrocortisone concentration (measured by competitive protein-binding [cpb]) decreased to 27% (P < 0.05) of base-line values 3 hours after dexamethasone (20 mg, im) was injected. Further suppression of hydrocortisone concentration did not occur at 5 hours. After cosyntropin was administered (1.0 mg or 100 IU, iv), maximal plasma hydrocortisone concentration (187% of base line) occurred at 2 hours, and the value at 4 hours approached base line (119% of base line). Mean plasma hydrocortisone concentration further declined to suppressed values (18% of base line) 19 hours after cosyntropin treatment, indicating that dexamethasone was still suppressing hydrocortisone release.
Effects of Phenol on Card-Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests for Bovine Anaplasmosis
Authors: Amerault Thomas E. , Rose Joseph E. , Martin Walter E. , Roby Thomas O.
Published: February 2025

Effects of adding phenol to sera used for the card-agglutination test (cat) and for the micro-complementfixation test (cft) for bovine anaplasmosis were studied. Sera were obtained from 14 recently infected cattle, 17 cattle vaccinated with a killed anaplasmosis vaccine, 5 cattle in the carrier phase of the disease, and 45 cattle of unknown anaplasmosis status. Aliquots of sera were tested with and without phenol (0.25% final concentration).

Phenol adversely affected the cat by causing false-negative results. The cat reactions of nonphenolized sera from recently infected cattle were all positive 4 weeks after inoculation, whereas cat reactions of phenolized sera were not all positive until 10 weeks after inoculation. Nine non-phenolized sera from vaccinated cattle that were cat-positive were cat-negative after being phenolized. Phenolized sera from carrier cattle and from cattle of unknown anaplasmosis status were less reactive on the cat than were nonphenolized sera.

Effects of phenol on the cft were not so obvious. Although phenol had little effect on end-titer results, it eliminated most prozones that cause false-negative cft results at the 1:5 dilution. Without phenol, 30 of 215 sera would have been cft-negative at this dilution because of prozones; with phenol, 6 would have been cft-negative.