bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Attitudes towards Ecotourism Benefits on Destination Loyalty
Authors: Bazazo Ibrahim , Nasseef Mohammed Abdullah , Al-Zawaideh Abderrahman , Al-Zawaideh Ali , Al-Dhomaidat Mahmoud
Published: June 2017

This study aims to examine the impact of attitudes towards ecotourism benefits (using the variables of economic development, social development, cultural preservation, community capacity building, and environmental protection) on destination loyalty of Wadi-Rum located in Jordan. A total of 297 questionnaire containing 29 items was used to collect information from the local residents of Wadi-Rum. Simple regression, T-test, and ANOVA analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses. Results of the current study revealed that there is a significant positive impact of attitudes towards ecotourism benefits on destination loyalty. Also, the results revealed that there is no significant difference in the impact of attitudes towards ecotourism benefits on destination loyalty that can be attributed to gender. In addition, results found there is no significant difference in the impact of attitudes towards ecotourism benefits on destination loyalty in favor of age, and educational level.
The impact of 12-hour shifts on nurses’ health, wellbeing, and job satisfaction: A systematic review
Authors: Banakhar Maram
Published: June 2017

Objective: This review was conducted to investigate the impact of applying 12-hour shifts in comparison to 8-hour shifts on nurses’ health wellbeing and job satisfaction.Methods: MEDLINE, CINHALE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched, covering the period between 1980 to 2017. Studies were included if they concerned nurses working for 12-hour shifts in  comparison to 8-hour shifts in hospital settings, based on observational/surveys studies.Results: In the yielded 12 studies, 3 studies reported that 12-hour shifts had an impact on nurses’ health and wellbeing, such as cognitive anxiety, musculo-skeletal disorders, sleep disturbance, and role stress; however, there was no significant difference between 12- and 8-hour shifts with digestive and cardiovascular disorders, psychological ill health, and somatic anxiety. Of the 4 studies measuring the impact of 12-hour shifts on fatigue, three studies showed that the nurses experienced more fatigue in the 12-hour shifts in comparison to 8-hour shifts; nevertheless, one study did not find a significant difference in fatigue and critical thinking performances between 12- and 8-hour shifts. Nine of the 12 studies measured job satisfaction in 12- and 8-hour shifts, 5 studies showed a greater dissatisfaction regarding 12-hour shifts, while 3 studies found that the nurses were more satisfied with 12-hour shifts than with 8-hour shifts; but one study pointed out that there was a difference between the two shifts considering pay and professional status.Conclusions: The findings of the review suggest that 12-hour shifts resulted in negative health concerns and job dissatisfaction; however, there is a need for more empirical evidence to support this.
Tax Amnesties in Indonesia and Other Countries: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Huda Mokhamad Khoirul , Hernoko Agus Yudha
Published: June 2017

Recently, revenue of national budget from taxes has decreased since economic deceleration happened and many capitals and assets of Indonesian people were stationed overseas. In order to encourage the economic growth, the government establishes regulations on tax amnesty.This paper primarily aims to find out the implementation of tax amnesty in Indonesia which had run three times since 1964, 1984, and 2016; and to compare it with similar program implemented by several countries such as South Africa, India, and Italy. Tax amnesty program in 1964 and 1984 was considered unsuccessful due to the political condition at that moment and the government indifference to socialize this matter to the taxpayers. However, it differs from South Africa, India, and Italy which are considered successful in implementing the tax amnesty program, because it brings good impact on their national revenue and increased the obedience of the taxpayers. In order to reach the objectives of the tax amnesty program in 2016, Indonesia government needs to revise the regulations of taxation, prepare the human resource of tax officers, to prepare information system related to the data of taxpayers, to improve the coordination of public agencies from Financial Service Authority and Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (INTRAC) and to enforce the regulation after the enactment of tax amnesty.
Announcement of Retraction
Authors: Zhang Jenny
Published: June 2017

The editorial board announced this article has been retracted on June 28, 2020.

If you have any further question, please contact us at: ass@ccsenet.org
The Impact of Legal Immigration on the Nationality of the Immigrant
Authors: Mahmod Raad Miqdad , Khalaf Mohammed Subhi
Published: June 2017

The term immigration means and individual or a group of individuals leave their country and intending not to return and to abandon its nationality and going to another country to settle in and obtain its nationality. Legal immigration has both positive and negative impacts on the nationality of the immigrant. As for the positive impact, the immigrant shall obtain a new nationality namely the nationality of the Country of Diaspora after staying there for a period of time stipulated by its laws in order to make sure that the immigrant does not intend to return to their country of original nationality. In addition to that, immigrant should fulfill other conditions that the Country of Diaspora has the ultimate right to set. As for the negative impact, the immigrant loses their original nationality for obtaining the nationality of the Country of Diaspora in order to avoid the dual nationality. Legislations in some countries may stipulate that immigrant should abandon their original nationality in case of obtaining the nationality of the Country of Diaspora.
Four new species of Nyctonympha Thomson, 1868 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)
Authors: Santos-Silva Antonio , Botero Juan Pablo
Published: June 2017

Four new species of Nyctonympha Thomson, 1868 are described: N. antonkozlovi sp. nov. and N. sinjaevi sp. nov. from Colombia, N. birai sp. nov. from Venezuela and N. mariahelenae sp. nov. from Brazil (Rondônia), Bolivia and Peru. Nyctonympha flavipes Aurivillius, 1990 is formally excluded from the Peruvian and Brazilian fauna. A provisional key to species of Nyctonympha is provided.
2017 State of the Water Industry: Strengthening Our Connections
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L.
Published: June 2017

The 2017 State of the Water Industry report highlights opportunities for public involvement that must be meaningful, inclusive, and clearly linked to the decision‐making process.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph A. , Spagnuolo Francesca , Cristiani Eloisa
Published: June 2017

Compilation of letters regarding articles published in past issues of the Journal AWWA.
Highlights From the American Diabetes Association's 2017 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes for Osteopathic Physicians
Authors: Johnson Eric L. , Pfotenhauer Kim , Bradley Sarah , Kalyani Rita R. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: June 2017

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) updates its Standards of Medical Care (SOMC) in Diabetes annually. These ADA standards make up a comprehensive document that serves as an excellent resource for clinical care. The current article comes from the ADA's Primary Care Advisory Group. This article highlights key aspects of the SOMC that are relevant to the day-to-day practice of osteopathic primary care physicians. It is not intended to replace the full SOMC but will refer to the master document for further explanation and evidence-based support.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors After an Employer-Based Risk Reduction Program: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Holben David H. , Rambo Chelsea , Howe Cheryl , Murray Deborah H. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: June 2017

Context

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a public health concern. Workplace interventions that focus on modifying lifestyle habits may reduce CVD risk factors in people at risk.

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention program that integrated dietary modification, physical activity, stress management, and behavior modification counseling to reduce the risk of CVD in at-risk adults.

Methods

Twelve 1-year cohorts who participated in a comprehensive employer-sponsored lifestyle intervention program targeting diet, exercise, behavior modification, and stress management between 2006 and 2010 at a rural university in Appalachian Ohio were studied. Body composition, fasting glucose and lipid levels, and maximal oxygen consumption were measured at baseline, after 100 days, and at 1 year. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted to compare measures at baseline with measures at 100 days and at 1 year.

Results

Seventy-four participants (57 women [77.1%], 17 men [22.9%]) of 97 completed the program (76.3% completion rate). Body weight (P<.001); percentage of body fat (P<.001); fat mass (P<.001); body mass index (P<.001); waist circumference (P<.001); blood levels of high-density lipoprotein (P=.035), low-density lipoprotein (P=.011), and glucose (P=.008); serum triglyceride levels (P=.019); blood pressure (systolic P=.028; diastolic, P=.001); and maximal oxygen consumption (P<.001) improved from baseline to 1 year after the intervention. Lean body mass (P=.111) and total cholesterol (P=.053) did not improve.

Conclusions

This employer-based lifestyle intervention program was effective in reducing CVD risk factors after 1 year of treatment. Future studies should examine the effects of the intervention at 2 and 5 years to further assess long-term adoption of the lifestyle changes and maintenance of health promoted by this program.
Effect of Latitude on Vitamin D Levels
Authors: Leary Patrick F. , Zamfirova Ina , Au Johnathan , McCracken Ward H.
Published: June 2017

Context

Vitamin D levels have been linked to bone health and to numerous diseases; however, an element that lacks substantial direct data and limits the evidence basis regarding whom to screen for vitamin D deficiency is the effect of latitude on vitamin D levels.

Objectives

To determine whether latitude influences vitamin D levels and to investigate the influence of other factors that may affect vitamin D levels, including sex, race, skin type, and body mass index.

Methods

Osteopathic medical students were recruited from campuses in Bradenton, Florida, and Erie, Pennsylvania. Surveys were administered to obtain demographic information, and blood samples were drawn to measure total vitamin D levels. Two-samplettests, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression was used to assess differences in total vitamin D levels between the 2 locations.

Results

A total of 359 medical students (aged 22-57 years) were included in the study, 194 at the Bradenton campus and 214 at the Erie campus. The mean (SD) vitamin D level was 34.5 (11.8) ng/mL among participants in Bradenton and 28.1 (12.4) ng/mL among participants in Erie. Logistic regression models revealed an adjusted OR of 3.3 (95% CI, 1.73-6.4) for deficient total vitamin D among Erie students. Non-white race, male sex, and high body mass index were also statistically significant risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in regression models (P<.05).

Conclusion

Latitude was found to be a statistically significant risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, the findings suggest that persons with darker skin tone and, to a lesser degree, men and persons who are overweight or obese are also at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Physicians should be cognizant of these risk factors when deciding whom to screen.
Integrating Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Into the Osteopathic Medical School Curriculum
Authors: Russ Brian A. , Evans Danika , Morrad Daniel , Champney Codee , Woodworth Ashley M. , Thaut Lane , Thiessen Molly
Published: June 2017

Point-of-care ultrasonography has been shown to have pervasive clinical and educational utility in medicine. The need to provide medical students with training in point-of-care ultrasonography has been recognized by an increasing number of osteopathic and allopathic medical schools. A 4-year integrated ultrasonography curriculum was implemented at Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine in 2015. A review of the curriculum design, content, educational methods, and student feedback are described. Barriers to curriculum implementation and lessons learned, unique to integrating point-of-care ultrasonography into the osteopathic curriculum, are also discussed.
Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition on renal function and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Lubin , Li Yang , Lang Jiaxin , Xia Peng , Zhao Xinyu , Wang Li , Yu Yang , Chen Limeng
Published: June 2017

Aim

To evaluate the effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition on renal function and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We conducted systematic searches of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to June 2016 and included randomized controlled trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in adult type 2 diabetic patients reporting estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) changes. Data were synthesized using the random-effects model.

Results

Forty-seven studies with 22,843 participants were included. SGLT2 inhibition was not associated with a significant change in eGFR in general (weighted mean difference (WMD), −0.33 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 95% CI [−0.90 to 0.23]) or in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (WMD −0.78 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 95% CI [−2.52 to 0.97]). SGLT2 inhibition was associated with eGFR reduction in short-term trials (WMD −0.98 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 95% CI [−1.42 to −0.54]), and with eGFR preservation in long-term trials (WMD 2.01 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 95% CI [0.86 to 3.16]). Urine ACR reduction after SGLT2 inhibition was not statistically significant in type 2 diabetic patients in general (WMD −7.24 mg/g, 95% CI [−15.54 to 1.06]), but was significant in patients with CKD (WMD −107.35 mg/g, 95% CI [−192.53 to −22.18]).

Conclusions

SGLT2 inhibition was not associated with significant changes in eGFR in patients with type 2 diabetes, likely resulting from a mixture of an initial reduction of eGFR and long-term renal function preservation. SGLT2 inhibition was associated with statistically significant albuminuria reduction in type 2 diabetic patients with CKD.
A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico—its position within genusAmazonabased on morphology and molecular phylogeny
Authors: Silva Tony , Guzmán Antonio , Urantówka Adam D. , Mackiewicz Paweł
Published: June 2017

Parrots (Psittaciformes) are a diverse group of birds which need urgent protection. However, many taxa from this order have an unresolved status, which makes their conservation difficult. One species-rich parrot genus isAmazona, which is widely distributed in the New World. Here we describe a newAmazonaform, which is endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula. This parrot is clearly separable from otherAmazonaspecies in eleven morphometric characters as well as call and behavior. The clear differences in these features imply that the parrot most likely represents a new species. In contrast to this, the phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial markers shows that this parrot groups with strong support withinA. albifronsfrom Central America, which would suggest that it is a subspecies ofA. albifrons. However, taken together tree topology tests and morphometric analyses, we can conclude that the new parrot represents a recently evolving species, whose taxonomic status should be further confirmed. This lineage diverged from its closest relative about 120,000 years ago and was subjected to accelerated morphological and behavioral changes like some other representatives of the genusAmazona. Our phylogenies, which are so far the most comprehensive forAmazonataxa enabled us to consider the most feasible scenarios about parrot colonization of the Greater and Lesser Antilles and Central America from South America mainland. The molecular dating of these migrations and diversification rate were correlated with climatic and geological events in the last five million years, giving an interesting insight into Amazon parrot phylogeography and their evolution in general.
SubVis: an interactive R package for exploring the effects of multiple substitution matrices on pairwise sequence alignment
Authors: Barlowe Scott , Coan Heather B. , Youker Robert T.
Published: June 2017

Understanding how proteins mutate is critical to solving a host of biological problems. Mutations occur when an amino acid is substituted for another in a protein sequence. The set of likelihoods for amino acid substitutions is stored in a matrix and input to alignment algorithms. The quality of the resulting alignment is used to assess the similarity of two or more sequences and can vary according to assumptions modeled by the substitution matrix. Substitution strategies with minor parameter variations are often grouped together in families. For example, the BLOSUM and PAM matrix families are commonly used because they provide a standard, predefined way of modeling substitutions. However, researchers often do not know if a given matrix family or any individual matrix within a family is the most suitable. Furthermore, predefined matrix families may inaccurately reflect a particular hypothesis that a researcher wishes to model or otherwise result in unsatisfactory alignments. In these cases, the ability to compare the effects of one or more custom matrices may be needed. This laborious process is often performed manually because the ability to simultaneously load multiple matrices and then compare their effects on alignments is not readily available in current software tools. This paper presents SubVis, an interactive R package for loading and applying multiple substitution matrices to pairwise alignments. Users can simultaneously explore alignments resulting from multiple predefined and custom substitution matrices. SubVis utilizes several of the alignment functions found in R, a common language among protein scientists. Functions are tied together with the Shiny platform which allows the modification of input parameters. Information regarding alignment quality and individual amino acid substitutions is displayed with the JavaScript language which provides interactive visualizations for revealing both high-level and low-level alignment information.
Penetrance of symbiont-mediated parthenogenesis is driven by reproductive rate in a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Lindsey Amelia R.I. , Stouthamer Richard
Published: June 2017

Trichogrammawasps are tiny parasitoids of lepidopteran eggs, used extensively for biological control. They are often infected with the bacterial symbiontWolbachia,which convertsTrichogrammato an asexual mode of reproduction, whereby females develop from unfertilized eggs. However, thisWolbachia-induced parthenogenesis is not always complete, and previous studies have noted that infected females will produce occasional males in the lab. The conditions that reduce penetrance of the parthenogenesis phenotype are not well understood. We hypothesized that more ecologically relevant conditions of limited host access will sustain female-biased sex ratios. After restricting access to host eggs, we found a strong relationship between reproductive rate and sex ratio. By limiting reproduction to one hour a day, wasps could sustain up to 100% effective parthenogenesis for one week, with no significant impact on total fecundity. Reproductive output in the first 24-hours appears to be critical to the total sex ratio of the entire brood. Limiting oviposition in that period resulted in more effective parthenogenesis after one week, again without any significant impact on total fecundity. Our data suggest that this phenomenon may be due to the depletion ofWolbachiawhen oviposition occurs continuously, whereasWolbachiatiters may recover when offspring production is limited. In addition to the potential to improve mass rearing ofTrichogrammafor biological control, findings from this study help elucidate the context-dependent nature of a pervasive symbiotic relationship.
Reducing Morbidity in Urgent Gastroenterologic Surgery; Propensity Score Analysis Using Triclosan-Coated Polydioxanone Sutures
Authors: Takeno Shinsuke , Yamashita Kanefumi , Noritomi Tomoaki , Hoshino Seichiro , Yamauchi Yasushi , Yamashita Yuichi , Nanashima Atsushi
Published: June 2017

Superficial surgical site infections (S-SSIs), which prolonged hospital stay and increased costs, are a critical problem. The aim of the present study was to clarify the risk factors for S-SSIs after urgent gastroenterologic surgery and what surgeons can do to reduce their incidence and to shorten the hospital stay. A total of 275 patients who underwent urgent gastroenterologic surgery were enrolled in the present study. The correlations between the incidence of S-SSIs and clinicopathologic factors were retrospectively analyzed using propensity score matching. Of 275 cases, 43 (15.6%) patients had an S-SSI. On univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with a significantly higher incidence of S-SSI: American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P = 0.043); wound classification (P = 0.0005); peritonitis (P = 0.019); prolonged operation time (P = 0.0001); increased blood loss (P = 0.019); transfusion (P = 0.0047); and abdominal closure without triclosan-coated polydioxanone sutures (P = 0.042). However, a propensity score–matching analysis showed that abdominal closure using triclosan-coated polydioxanone sutures did not reduce the incidence of S-SSIs in patients who underwent urgent gastroenterologic surgery (P = 0.20), but it tended to be associated with a shorter hospital stay (P = 0.082). To reduce morbidity after urgent gastroenterologic surgery, surgeons should shorten the operation time and decrease the blood loss. In addition, abdominal closure using triclosan-coated polydioxanone sutures alone could not reduce the incidence of S-SSIs but might shorten the hospital stay after urgent gastroenterologic surgery by inhibiting bacterial activity and preventing prolongation of the infections.
Conformational switch of harmonin, a submembrane scaffold protein of the hair cell mechanoelectrical transduction machinery
Authors: Bahloul Amel , Pepermans Elise , Raynal Bertrand , Wolff Nicolas , Cordier Florence , England Patrick , Nouaille Sylvie , Baron Bruno , El‐Amraoui Aziz , Hardelin Jean‐Pierre , Durand Dominique , Petit Christine
Published: June 2017

Mutations in the gene encoding harmonin, a multi‐PDZ domain‐containing submembrane protein, cause Usher syndrome type 1 (congenital deafness and balance disorder, and early‐onset sight loss). The structure of the protein and biological activities of its three different classes of splice isoforms (a, b, and c) remain poorly understood. Combining biochemical and biophysical analyses, we show that harmonin‐a1 can switch between open and closed conformations through intramolecular binding of its C‐terminal PDZ‐binding motif to its N‐terminal supramodule NTD‐PDZ1 and through a flexible PDZ2‐PDZ3 linker. This conformational switch presumably extends to most harmonin isoforms, and it is expected to have an impact on the interaction with some binding partners, as shown here for cadherin‐related 23, another component of the hair cell mechanoelectrical transduction machinery.
Effects of microstructure on water imbibition in sandstones using X‐ray computed tomography and neutron radiography
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Xue Shanbin , Han Songbai , Chen Zhongwei , Liu Shimin , Elsworth Derek , He Linfeng , Cai Jianchao , Liu Yuntao , Chen Dongfeng
Published: June 2017

Capillary imbibition in variably saturated porous media is important in defining displacement processes and transport in the vadose zone and in low‐permeability barriers and reservoirs. Nonintrusive imaging in real time offers the potential to examine critical impacts of heterogeneity and surface properties on imbibition dynamics. Neutron radiography is applied as a powerful imaging tool to observe temporal changes in the spatial distribution of water in porous materials. We analyze water imbibition in both homogeneous and heterogeneous low‐permeability sandstones. Dynamic observations of the advance of the imbibition front with time are compared with characterizations of microstructure (via high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (CT)), pore size distribution (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry), and permeability of the contrasting samples. We use an automated method to detect the progress of wetting front with time and link this to square‐root‐of‐time progress. These data are used to estimate the effect of microstructure on water sorptivity from a modified Lucas‐Washburn equation. Moreover, a model is established to calculate the maximum capillary diameter by modifying the Hagen‐Poiseuille and Young‐Laplace equations based on fractal theory. Comparing the calculated maximum capillary diameter with the maximum pore diameter (from high‐resolution CT) shows congruence between the two independent methods for the homogeneous silty sandstone but less effectively for the heterogeneous sandstone. Finally, we use these data to link observed response with the physical characteristics of the contrasting media—homogeneous versus heterogeneous—and to demonstrate the sensitivity of sorptivity expressly to tortuosity rather than porosity in low‐permeability sandstones.
Molybdenum‐isotope chemostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic)
Authors: Dickson Alexander J. , Gill Benjamin C. , Ruhl Micha , Jenkyns Hugh C. , Porcelli Donald , Idiz Erdem , Lyons Timothy W. , van den Boorn Sander H. J. M.
Published: June 2017

Molybdenum (Mo)‐isotope chemostratigraphy of organic‐rich mudrocks has been a valuable tool for testing the hypothesis that the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T‐OAE, Early Jurassic, ~183 Ma) was characterized by the spread of marine euxinia (and organic matter burial) at a global scale. However, the interpretation of existing Mo‐isotope data for the T‐OAE (from Yorkshire, Cleveland Basin, U.K.) is equivocal. In this study, three new Mo‐isotope profiles are presented: from Dotternhausen Quarry (South German Basin, Germany), the Rijswijk core (West Netherlands Basin, Netherlands), and the Dogna core (Belluno Basin, northern Italy). Precise biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic correlation between the three sites allows a direct comparison of the data, enabling some key conclusions to be reached: (i) The Mo‐isotope composition of seawater during the peak of the T‐OAE was probably close to ~1.45‰, implicating a greater removal flux of sulphides from seawater, and a larger extent of global seafloor euxinia compared to the present day; (ii) Mo‐isotope cycles previously identified in the Yorkshire sedimentary succession are attributed to changes in the degree of local Mo drawdown from overlying Cleveland Basin seawater; (iii) The consistency of the new multisite Mo‐isotope data set indicates a secular reduction in the burial of Mo globally in the late stages of the T‐OAE, implying a contraction in the extent of global marine euxinia; (iv) Subtle differences in the Mo‐isotope composition of deposits formed in different euxinic subbasins of the European epicontinental shelf were probably governed by local variations in basin hydrography and rates of water renewal.
Assessing oxygen depletion in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean during the last deglaciation using I/Ca ratios from multiple benthic foraminiferal species
Authors: Taylor M. A. , Hendy I. L. , Chappaz A.
Published: June 2017

Paleo‐redox proxies are crucial for reconstructing past bottom water oxygen concentration changes brought about by ocean circulation and marine productivity shifts in response to climate forcing. Carbonate I/Ca ratios of multiple benthic foraminifera species from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1017E—a core drilled within the Californian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), on the continental slope—are employed to reexamine the transition from the well‐oxygenated last glacial into poorly oxygenated modern conditions. The redox and export productivity history of this site is constrained by numerous proxies used to assess sensitivity of I/Ca ratios of benthic foraminifera to changes in bottom and pore water O2 concentrations. Reconstructed iodate (IO3−) availability is from the I/Ca ratio of epifaunal (Cibicidoides sp.), shallow infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina), and deep infaunal (Bolivina spissa) foraminifera. The reconstructed IO3− availability profile is used to determine the contribution of bottom water O2 relative to oxidant demand on pore water O2 concentrations. These results suggest that high export productivity on the California Margin drove low pore water O2 concentrations during the Bølling. In contrast, low bottom water O2 concentrations at 950 m water depth only contributed to reduced sediments during the Allerød. Increased contribution of modified North Pacific Intermediate Water to the California Current System ventilated the California OMZ during the late glacial and the Younger Dryas such that water overlying the site was oxygenated. These results highlight the promising potential of this new proxy for understanding the relative influence of bottom water O2 concentration and pore water oxidant demand on OMZs.
Temporal information partitioning: Characterizing synergy, uniqueness, and redundancy in interacting environmental variables
Authors: Goodwell Allison E. , Kumar Praveen
Published: June 2017

Information theoretic measures can be used to identify nonlinear interactions between source and target variables through reductions in uncertainty. In information partitioning, multivariate mutual information is decomposed into synergistic, unique, and redundant components. Synergy is information shared only when sources influence a target together, uniqueness is information only provided by one source, and redundancy is overlapping shared information from multiple sources. While this partitioning has been applied to provide insights into complex dependencies, several proposed partitioning methods overestimate redundant information and omit a component of unique information because they do not account for source dependencies. Additionally, information partitioning has only been applied to time‐series data in a limited context, using basic pdf estimation techniques or a Gaussian assumption. We develop a Rescaled Redundancy measure (Rs) to solve the source dependency issue, and present Gaussian, autoregressive, and chaotic test cases to demonstrate its advantages over existing techniques in the presence of noise, various source correlations, and different types of interactions. This study constitutes the first rigorous application of information partitioning to environmental time‐series data, and addresses how noise, pdf estimation technique, or source dependencies can influence detected measures. We illustrate how our techniques can unravel the complex nature of forcing and feedback within an ecohydrologic system with an application to 1 min environmental signals of air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed. The methods presented here are applicable to the study of a broad range of complex systems composed of interacting variables.
A hot midmantle anomaly in the area of the Indian Ocean Geoid Low
Authors: Reiss Anne‐Sophie , Thomas Christine , van Driel Jac , Heyn Björn
Published: June 2017

We investigate the upper mantle seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depth beneath the Indian Ocean Geoid Low (IOGL). To map the discontinuities' topography, we use differential travel times of PP and SS waves and their precursors. Our final data set consists of 37 events with Mw ≥ 5.8, which densely cover our investigation area, also with crossing ray paths. We use array methods to detect the low‐amplitude precursor signals. The best quality data show a deepened 410 km discontinuity in the center of the IOGL as well as a mostly elevated 660 km discontinuity beneath the northern Indian Ocean, which we interpret as a hot anomaly currently residing in the mantle transition zone. We conclude that the largest negative geoid anomaly might be caused by a combined effect of hot material in the midmantle below the innermost IOGL and cold material below 660 km farther south.
Sulfate production by reactive bromine: Implications for the global sulfur and reactive bromine budgets
Authors: Chen Q. , Schmidt J. A. , Shah V. , Jaeglé L. , Sherwen T. , Alexander B.
Published: June 2017

Sulfur and reactive bromine (Bry) play important roles in tropospheric chemistry and the global radiation budget. The oxidation of dissolved SO2 (S(IV)) by HOBr increases sulfate aerosol abundance and may also impact the Bry budget, but is generally not included in global climate and chemistry models. In this study, we implement HOBr + S(IV) reactions into the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model and evaluate the global impacts on both sulfur and Bry budgets. Modeled HOBr mixing ratios on the order of 0.1–1.0 parts per trillion (ppt) lead to HOBr + S(IV) contributing to 8% of global sulfate production and up to 45% over some tropical ocean regions with high HOBr mixing ratios (0.6–0.9 ppt). Inclusion of HOBr + S(IV) in the model leads to a global Bry decrease of 50%, initiated by the decrease in bromide recycling in cloud droplets. Observations of HOBr are necessary to better understand the role of HOBr + S(IV) in tropospheric sulfur and Bry cycles.
Partitioning evapotranspiration using long‐term carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes
Authors: Scott Russell L. , Biederman Joel A.
Published: June 2017

The separate components of evapotranspiration (ET) elucidate the pathways and time scales over which water is returned to the atmosphere, but ecosystem‐scale measurements of transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) remain elusive. We propose a novel determination of E and T using multiyear eddy covariance estimates of ET and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). The method is applicable at water‐limited sites over time periods during which a linear regression between GEP (abscissa) and ET (ordinate) yields a positive ET axis intercept, an estimate of E. At four summer‐rainfall semiarid sites, T/ET increases to a peak coincident with maximum GEP and remains elevated as the growing season progresses, consistent with previous, direct measurements. The seasonal course of T/ET is related to increasing leaf area index and declining frequency of rainy days—an index of the wet surface conditions that promote E—suggesting both surface and climatic controls on ET partitioning.
Effects of solar proton events on dayglow observed by the TIMED/SABER satellite
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Jiyao , Smith Anne K. , Chen Guang‐Ming
Published: June 2017

The effect of solar proton events on the daytime O2 and OH airglows and ozone and atomic oxygen concentrations in the mesosphere is studied using data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER). Five events occurred in September 2005, December 2006, March 2012, May 2013, and June 2015 that satisfy two criteria: the maximum proton fluxes are larger than 1000 pfu, and daytime data in the high latitude region are available from SABER. The event in December 2006 is studied in detail, and the effects of all five events are compared in brief. The results indicate that all four parameters in the mesosphere decrease during the events. During the event in 2006, the maximum depletions of O2 and OH dayglow emission rates and ozone and atomic oxygen volume mixing ratios at 70 km are respectively 31.6%, 37.0%, 42.4%, and 38.9%. The effect of the solar proton event changes with latitude, longitude, and altitude. The depletions due to the stronger events are larger on average than those due to the weaker events. The depletions of both dayglow emission rates are weaker than those of ozone and atomic oxygen. The responses of O2 and OH nightglow emissions around their peak altitudes to the SPEs are not as strong and regular as those for dayglow in the mesosphere.
Delineating fracture zones using surface‐tunnel‐surface seismic data, P‐S, and S‐P mode conversions
Authors: Brodic B. , Malehmir A. , Juhlin C.
Published: June 2017

A surface‐tunnel‐surface seismic experiment was conducted at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory to study the seismic response of major fracture systems intersecting the tunnel. A newly developed three‐component microelectromechanical sensor‐based seismic landstreamer was deployed inside the noisy tunnel along with conventional seismic receivers. In addition to these, wireless recorders were placed on the surface. This combination enabled simultaneous recording of the seismic wavefield both inside the tunnel and on the surface. The landstreamer was positioned between two geophone‐based line segments, along the interval where known fracture systems intersect the tunnel. First arrival tomography produced a velocity model of the rock mass between the tunnel and the surface with anomalous low‐velocity zones correlating well with locations of known fracture systems. Prominent wave mode converted direct and reflected signals, P‐S and S‐P waves, were observed in numerous source gathers recorded inside the tunnel. Forward travel time and 2‐D finite difference elastic modeling, based on the known geometry of the fracture systems, show that the converted waves are generated at these systems. Additionally, the landstreamer data were used to estimate Vp/Vs, Poisson's ratio, and seismic attenuation factors (Qp and Qs) over fracture sets that have different hydraulic conductivities. The low‐conductivity fracture sets have greater reductions in P wave velocities and Poisson's ratio and are more attenuating than the highly hydraulically conductive fracture set. Our investigations contribute to fracture zone characterization on a scale corresponding to seismic exploration wavelengths.
Dialectics of Culture and Communication
Authors: Martin Judith N.
Published: June 2017

This entry provides an introduction to cultural and communication dialectics. A well‐known concept in philosophy and logic, a dialectical approach emphasizes the inherent complexity and contradictions of human behavior. Applied to intercultural communication it highlights the processual, relational, and contradictory nature of intercultural interactions and culture and helps minimize tendencies to stereotype people based on cultural patterns. There are at least six dialectics that characterize intercultural communication: cultural–individual, personal–contextual, differences–similarities, static–dynamic, history/past–present/future, and privilege–disadvantage.
The Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Accuracy and the Confidence–Accuracy Relationship in Photographic Simultaneous Line‐ups
Authors: Flowe Heather D. , Colloff Melissa F. , Karoğlu Nilda , Zelek Katarzyna , Ryder Hannah , Humphries Joyce E. , Takarangi Melanie K.T.
Published: June 2017

Acute alcohol intoxication during encoding can impair subsequent identification accuracy, but results across studies have been inconsistent, with studies often finding no effect. Little is also known about how alcohol intoxication affects the identification confidence–accuracy relationship. We randomly assigned women (N = 153) to consume alcohol (dosed to achieve a 0.08% blood alcohol content) or tonic water, controlling for alcohol expectancy. Women then participated in an interactive hypothetical sexual assault scenario and, 24 hours or 7 days later, attempted to identify the assailant from a perpetrator present or a perpetrator absent simultaneous line‐up and reported their decision confidence. Overall, levels of identification accuracy were similar across the alcohol and tonic water groups. However, women who had consumed tonic water as opposed to alcohol identified the assailant with higher confidence on average. Further, calibration analyses suggested that confidence is predictive of accuracy regardless of alcohol consumption. The theoretical and applied implications of our results are discussed.© 2017 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Advents of Hybrid Imaging Modalities: A New Era in Neuroimaging Applications
Authors: Padmanabhan Parasuraman , Nedumaran Anu Maashaa , Mishra Sachin , Pandarinathan Ganesh , Archunan Govindaraju , Gulyás Balázs
Published: June 2017

Hybrid Imaging modalities have shown great potential in medical imaging and diagnosis. A more comprehensive and targeted view of neurological disorders can be achieved by blending the anatomical and functional perspectives through hybridization. With consistently improving technologies, there have been many developments in fused imaging techniques over the past few decades. This article provides an overview of various bimodal and trimodal hybrid imaging techniques being developed and explored for neuroimaging applications. Recent advancements and potentials are discussed for single photon emission computed tomography‐computed tomography (SPECT‐CT), positron emission tomography‐CT (PET‐CT), PET‐magnetic resonance imaging (PET‐MRI), electroencephalography‐functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI), magnetoencephalography‐fMRI (MEG‐fMRI), EEG‐near‐infrared spectroscopy (EEG‐NIRS), magnetic resonance‐PET‐EEG (MR‐PET‐EEG) and MR‐PET‐CT in the perspective of neuroimaging. A comparison of these hybrid approaches is provided on a single platform to analyze their performance on the basis of several common factors essential for imaging and analyzing neurological disorders and in vivo molecular processes. This article also provides an overview of recently developed advanced imaging technologies that are being hybridized with other imaging modalities and being explored as potential techniques for neuroscience. Novel approaches and clinical applications of hybrid neuroimaging are anticipated with inclusion of new technologies, better sensing capabilities, multimodal probes, and improved hybridization.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup variation of contemporary mixed South Americans reveals prehistoric displacements linked to archaeologically‐derived culture history
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Fehren‐Schmitz Lars , Puddu Giannina , Capriles José
Published: June 2017

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine South American population structure and prehistoric population displacements prior to the Spanish conquest, utilizing mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of extant mixed populations from Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.

Method

Relative frequencies of four pan‐American haplogroups, obtained from published databases, were analyzed to evaluate patterns of variations, population structure and possible prehistoric migration pathways.

Results

Patterns of mtDNA variation verify biogeographic drift processes and possible migratory pathways.

Conclusions

We propose an updated model of South American colonization that is fully compatible with previous studies based on autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome variation and with archaeologically‐derived culture history.
Normative data for quantitative calcaneal ultrasound in young males and females
Authors: Correa‐Rodríguez María , González‐Jiménez Emilio , García Pedro A. , Rueda‐Medina Blanca , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline
Published: June 2017

Objective

The quantitative ultrasound (QUS) method has been recognized as an optimal screening tool for assessing bone mass status. The aim of this study was to provide standardized values for bone health status measured by the QUS technique based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).

METHODS

The study population consisted of 1322 healthy individuals (822 females and 500 males) aged 14–25 years. Bone mass in both calcaneus was estimated with QUS to obtain Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) (dB/MHz).

RESULTS

The linear models revealed statistically significant differences between bone mass status of the calcaneus and age, sex, and BMI (P < .001). Bone mass increased at a rate of approximately 0.015 units per year after the age of 14 and these values increased in approximately 0.1 units in males in comparison to females. There was an increase of approximately 0.17 units for each increase in categories of BMI.

CONCLUSION

It is crucial to provide standardized values for the QUS parameter in young males and females to allow reliable comparisons and evaluate trends in preventive programs that may enable the identification of individuals at risk for osteoporosis.
A prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 5 reveals a postnatal complete uniparental disomy of chromosome 5 with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Reittinger Andrew M. , Helm Benjamin M. , Boles Debra J. , Gadi Inder K. , Schrier Vergano Samantha A.
Published: June 2017

Mosaic trisomy 5 is a very rare condition in liveborns, with few cases reported in the last four decades. There are some reports of prenatally diagnosed mosaic trisomy 5 resulting in phenotypically normal offspring, suggesting a low level of mosaicism, but there are also reports associated with multiple congenital anomalies, cardiovascular malformations, and intrauterine growth restriction. We report an infant male diagnosed with mosaic trisomy 5 (5/15 cells) via amniocentesis. The patient was subsequently found to have uniparental disomy 5 (UPD5) by postnatal chromosome microarray, but high‐resolution chromosome analysis on peripheral blood did not identify trisomy 5. Dysmorphic features included a tall forehead with low anterior hairline, hypertelorism, low‐set ears, and a prominent nose and midface. Other anomalies included bilateral bifid thumbs, hypospadias, a perineal fistula, unilateral multicystic kidney, and decreased subcutaneous fat with loose skin. He had complex congenital heart disease consisting of ventricular and atrial septal defects and polyvalvular defects. The patient died at age one after a prolonged admission. We add this case to the literature with the added benefit of data from a postnatal microarray, which was not available in other cases, to broaden the phenotype of mosaic trisomy 5 and UPD5.With the current available technology, we stress the importance of postnatal genetic testing to confirm prenatal cytogenetic findings in order to further define such phenotypes. This will provide the most accurate information and counseling to affected families.
Catalytic Stereoselective 1,4‐Addition Reactions Using CsF on Alumina as a Solid Base: Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Glutamic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Borah Parijat , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: June 2017

A novel methodology using CsF⋅Al2O3 as a highly efficient, environmentally benign, and reusable solid‐base catalyst was developed to synthesize glutamic acid derivatives by stereoselective 1,4‐addition of glycine derivatives to α,β‐unsaturated esters. CsF⋅Al2O3 showed not only great selectivity toward 1,4‐addtion reactions by suppressing the undesired formation of pyrrolidine derivations by [3+2] cycloadditions, but also offered high yields for the 1,4‐adduct with excellent anti diastereoselectivities. The catalyst was well characterized by using XRD, 19F MAS‐NMR and 19F NMR spectroscopy, FT‐IR, CO2‐TPD, and XPS. And highly basic F from Cs3AlF6 was identified as the most probable active basic site for the 1,4‐addition reactions. Continuous‐flow synthesis of 3‐methyl glutamic acid derivative was successfully demonstrated by using this solid‐base catalysis.