bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Become Indispensable to School Administrators
Authors: Stalnecker Dee , Alvarez Michelle E. , Porter Courtney , Leeds Ashley Rayne
Published: November 2021

The chapter provides new school social workers with practical information about how they can make themselves indispensable to school administrators. Social workers must collaborate with administrators and fully understand their roles within the district because these leaders directly impact the social worker’s tasks and duties. Social workers are advised to learn about the organizational structure of the district and the roles of the school board, the superintendent, and principals. They should observe the leadership styles displayed by administrators and learn what their goals are and what data they need from the social worker. The chapter details a practical plan for developing and nurturing working relationships with administrators, along with strategies for linking the social worker’s goals with those of administrators.
The Essential Relationships Between School Social Workers and Teachers, Paraprofessionals, and Other School Personnel
Authors: Scott Deirdre N. , Woodside Summer G. , Bunch Melissa , Cobb Abby
Published: November 2021

This chapter offers practical strategies that school social workers can use to build relationships and establish trust with teachers, paraprofessionals, and other school personnel. The chapter illustrates the difference between interdisciplinary collaboration and parallel practice. With an understanding of systems and the person-in-environment fit, school social workers are in a unique position to serve as the vital link that pulls the various disciplines together on behalf of students and families. The chapter offers suggestions on ways school social workers can support teachers, students, and families by using a strengths-based perspective and a trauma-sensitive approach. Finally, the chapter explores ethical considerations and issues related to professional boundaries.
Syracusan Tyranny and Identity Politics
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter looks at how tyrants of Syracuse—the Deinomenids, Gelon and Hieron, in the fifth century and Dionysius I in the fourth—manipulated and reshaped three different identities to create legitimacy for their positions: Syracusan polis identity, Dorian ethnicity, and Greekness. Hieron emphasized Dorian ethnicity as a way of unifying his expansive domains. He also reoriented Syracusan polis identity to focus on the city’s urban landscape, especially the island of Ortygia and the spring of Arethusa, to incorporate new citizens within the community and to inscribe himself within it. The Deinomenids also emphasized their victory over Carthage at Himera in 480, encouraging their subjects to privilege their identities as Greeks over other self-perceptions, and Dionysius did much the same during wars against Carthage in the late fifth century. The chapter closes by examining how citizens responded to tyrants’ identity politics when the tyrants lost power.
Conclusion
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

The conclusion uses the Second Punic War as a test case for the results reached throughout the book. Hannibal attempted to insert himself into Croton’s polis identity by associating himself with Hera Lacinia, even as Croton itself asserted its Greekness in opposition to the Bruttians. Multiple identities thus impacted the politics of the city and the region, just as they had for centuries. The remainder of the conclusion recapitulates the main arguments and suggests avenues for further research.
The Art of Organizing
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

The fourth chapter is an exploration both of the concept of organizing as distinct from mobilization, as an understudied yet critically important part of creating political change, and of the unique semi-federated organizational structure of the Movement for Black Lives. Political organizing, which is what leaders in social movements do, funds the capacity for political actors to recognize themselves as political subjects capable of acting, of creating something unexpected and new. It is not primarily about assembling a mass of people for a political cause (mobilization), nor “turning up” in defiance of authorities though protest (activism). In other words, political organizing is distinct from either mobilization or activism in that its result is not to do a thing but to become the kind of person who does what is to be done, and as such, it is of critical import to democracy itself.
Movement Means Changing Politics
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 reports on the political impacts of the movement thus far, including the way it has reshaped public discourse and political meanings, transformed public opinion, and influenced public policy. This chapter contains extensive empirical data, including records of public opinion change over time, maps of where progressive prosecutors have been elected across the United States, lists of policies aimed at “defunding the police” or what abolitionist call nonreformist reforms, which emphasize divesting from police and prisons and investing in social support, policies that are under consideration or have been adopted by state and municipal legislatures.
Latin America as a Multistate Region
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses ongoing debates about the conceptual constructs used to approach Latin America. While recognizing it as a region of multiple nation-states, each with its own unique historical and political backgrounds, this opening chapter stresses the relevance of considering the entwined histories and transnational connections of the region. The process of state construction left a legacy of cross-border networks and a protracted involvement in the affairs of neighboring states. With porous borders and a series of diasporas, migrations, and relocations, all the while facing similar challenges of postcolonial development, Latin America experienced a profound spillover of people and ideas. Repeatedly, transnational dynamics operated within national contexts. Moreover, the region has long witnessed cross-border movements and struggles, prompting international agreements on issues of common concern, including human rights, working out regional mechanisms even before those principles reached a global scale. The chapter suggests that adding transnational analysis provides deeper understanding of the region’s political, cultural, and social dynamics.
The Politics of Exclusion
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on political exile, a mechanism of institutionalized exclusion of immense national and transnational impact across Latin America. It draws attention to the significance of forced territorial displacement as derived from the format of exclusionary citizenship and stresses the transnational implications of its recurrent presence and changing significance since early independent times and through the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Tracing the importance of exile in several respects—including its historical use, its role in the construction of transnational networks of solidarity and advocacy, and its contribution to the human rights discourse—the chapter suggests that the study of Latin American exile offers a unique perspective on processes of redefinition of collective identities and political visions. The study of exile also refocuses traditional readings of national histories on more regional, transnational, or even continental scales of analysis, as it is closely related to understanding the connection between state politics and struggles over citizenship that transcend the borders of individual nation-states.
The Crystallization and Erosion of Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an interpretation of the regional “appeal” of the Pink Tide in Latin America and its more recent deceleration. It details the legitimation strategies of Hugo Chávez and Chavismo, the political project, movement, and regime led by Chávez, along with his regional allies and successors. The chapter suggests that in legitimizing that political project, Chávez addressed the expectations of wide sectors in the Americas, whose voice he claimed to express. By relying on long-existing visions of “Nuestramerican” (Our American) solidarity and providing material assistance to allies, he invigorated the sense of transnational connection for millions of people in the Americas. This layer of regime legitimacy also provided the basis for Chávez’s global realignment and served his foreign policy of defying the hegemony of the United States and its allies. The chapter reconstructs the rise and partial erosion of the encompassing narrative of transnational solidarity and its political implications for regional dynamics.
Diasporas, Transnational Ties, and Ethnic-Religious Minorities
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores situations affecting citizens whose ethnic or religious diaspora identities and transnational contacts have either gained them recognition or delegitimized their standing in the eyes of state authorities and sectors of public opinion. The analysis reviews the Jewish presence in the Americas before diving deeper into the case of Jewish Venezuelans, followed by presenting comparative observations on Jewish Cubans and on Muslims and Arabs living in the Triborder area where the jurisdictions of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay meet. As Latin America has been primarily a continent of Christians, these case studies explore the meeting ground between the states’ geopolitics and cultural premises and their implications for those whose intersectional identities may open grounds for sectors challenging their legitimate standing as citizens.
Transnational Challenges and Twenty-First-Century Dilemmas
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter assesses where the region stands in the early twenty-first century, as Latin American democracies exhibit a tug of war between executive policies and strong participatory trends, with countries joining multiple yet segmented intergovernmental organizations that have failed to reach institutional integration and express a voice in unison. These tensions have never been as poignant as in the current scenario, as the region faces transnational challenges and dilemmas, exacerbated by the health pandemic and economic contraction.
Requirements of Structural Rationality
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter turns to the nature and form of requirements of structural rationality. It presents a recipe for generating requirements of structural rationality from verdicts about which states are incoherent (by the account defended in the previous chapter). On the resulting view, requirements of structural rationality are prohibitions on (incoherent) combinations of states. The chapter compares this with the closely related view that the requirements of rationality are “wide-scope” before reframing the debate over the scope of rational requirements and arguing for a view that is wide-scope, rather than narrow-scope, in spirit. It also argues that requirements of structural rationality are synchronic rather than diachronic. Finally, it defends the view that the demands of structural rationality are best thought of as requirements at all against a recent challenge.
Upshots for Other Debates
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores and draws out the consequences of both the dualist view of rationality defended in Part I and the theory of structural rationality defended in Part II for a series of standing debates in (meta)ethics and epistemology—including debates about moral rationalism, rational choice theory, higher-order evidence, the normativity of logic, epistemic permissivism, and conditionalization. It also considers and criticizes some popular ways of trying to account for the existence and force of coherence requirements in the formally inclined philosophical literature—namely, Dutch book and money pump arguments and accuracy dominance arguments.
Food for All
Authors: Lele Uma , Agarwal Manmohan , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

This book is a historical review of international food and agriculture since the founding of the international organizations following the Second World War, including the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and into the 1970s, when CGIAR was established and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was created to recycle petrodollars. The book concurrently focuses on the structural transformation of developing countries in Asia and Africa, with some making great strides in small farmer development and in achieving structural transformation of their economies. Some have also achieved Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG2, but most have not. Not only are some countries, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, lagging behind, but they face new challenges of climate change, competition from emerging countries, population pressure, urbanization, environmental decay, dietary transition, and now pandemics. Lagging developing countries need huge investments in human capital, and physical and institutional infrastructure, to take advantage of rapid change in technologies, but the role of international assistance in financial transfers has diminished. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only set many poorer countries back but starkly revealed the weaknesses of past strategies. Transformative changes are needed in developing countries with international cooperation to achieve better outcomes. Will the change in US leadership bring new opportunities for multilateral cooperation?
Biochemical and physiological data collection
Authors: Tomášek Oldřich , Cohen Alan A. , Fenollosa Erola , Mencuccini Maurizio , Munné-Bosch Sergi , Pelletier Fanie
Published: November 2021

Physiological and biochemical traits hold great promise for demographic research as potential proxies (biomarkers) of various biotic and environmental variables that determine individual fitness and ultimately demographic rates. Integrating such biomarkers into demographic models can thus provide insights into drivers of population dynamics or increase predictive power of the models by refining estimation of vital rates. Biomarkers also represent promising means to characterise population structure and dynamics on much shorter time-scales compared to classical demographic approaches. Functional traits further emerge as direct targets of conservation efforts directed towards conserving functional diversity. Yet, biomarkers and functional traits remain underutilised in demography and population ecology, indicating that their benefits still await wider recognition. This chapter briefly reviews the most prominent physiological and biochemical traits (e.g. metabolic rates, hormones, oxidative stress markers, telomeres) that may be of interest in animal and plant demographic research, including the methods for collection, storage, and analysis, and the criteria to be met before the trait is validated as a biomarker. Hopefully, this effort will stimulate further integration of physiological and biochemical data into demographic framework.
Growth rings across the Tree of Life: demographic insights from biogenic time series data
Authors: Evans Margaret E. K. , Black Bryan A. , Falk Donald A. , Giebink Courtney L. , Schultz Emily L.
Published: November 2021

Biogenic time series data can be generated in a single sampling effort, offering an appealing alternative to the slow process of revisiting or recapturing individuals to measure demographic rates. Annual growth rings formed by trees and in the ear bones of fish (i.e. otoliths) are prime examples of such biogenic time series. They offer insight into not only the process of growth but also birth, death, movement, and evolution, sometimes at uniquely deep temporal and large spatial scales, well beyond 5–30 years of data collected in localised study areas. This chapter first reviews the fundamentals of how tree-ring and otolith time series data are developed and analysed (i.e. dendrochronology and sclerochronology), then surveys growth rings in other organisms, along with microstructural or microcompositional variation in growth rings, and other records of demographic processes. It highlights the answers to demographic questions revealed by these time series data, such as the influence of environmental (atmospheric or ocean) conditions, competition, and disturbances on demographic processes, and the genetic versus plastic basis of individual growth and traits that influence growth. Lastly, it considers how spatial networks of biogenic, annually resolved time series data can offer insights into the importance of macrosystem atmospheric and ocean dynamics on multispecies, trophic dynamics. The authors encourage demographers to integrate the complementary information contained in biogenic time series data into population models to better understand the drivers of vital rate variation and predict the impacts of global change.
Fictional truth
Authors: Franzén Nils
Published: November 2021

A well-known theory about under which circumstances a statement is true in a fiction is the Reality Principle (RP), which originates in the work of David Lewis: “(RP) Where p1…pn are the primary fictional truths of a fiction F, it is true in F that q iff the following holds: were p1…pn the case, q would have been the case” (Walton 1990, 44). RP has been subjected to a number of counterexamples, up to a point where, in the words of Stacie Friend (2017, 33), “it is widely recognized that the Reality Principle […] cannot be a universal inference rule for implied story-truths”. This chapter argues that the strength of these counterexamples is widely overestimated, and that they do not, on closer scrutiny, constitute reasons for rejecting RP.
A puzzle about narrative progression and causal reasoning
Authors: Altshuler Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that key to an analysis of narrative progression are aspectual constraints imposed by coherence relations. This argument is based on a discourse like “A cat bit into a mouse while it was wiggling its tail. It was dead”. The fact that it’s infelicitous is remarkable given that the following is fine: “A mouse was dead. A cat bit into it while it was wiggling its tail”. The chapter explains these data in two steps. First, it proposes definitions for the coherence relations, RESULT and EXPLANATION, in which the former, but not the latter, rules out stative arguments. Second, it provides axioms in a default logic which predict the conditions under which these and competing coherence relations are typically inferred. It provides independent evidence for the proposed analysis from discourses involving exclamatives, temporal indexicals, and deverbals. It also considers discourses that challenge the analysis involving perspectival expressions.
Ireland
Authors: Herzog Alexander , Mikhaylov Slava Jankin , Weeks Liam
Published: November 2021

The Irish parliament is considered one of the weaker international chambers. The government dominates the legislative process, and parliament is little more than an arena for its members to air constituency grievances. That this happens with the operation of the single transferable vote electoral system, which incentivizes personal behavior by deputies, is a conundrum. We seek to explain legislative activity in the Dáil by focusing on the background of its members from 1989 to 2011. We find that gender and seniority have little effect, and that party hierarchy is important. Generally speaking, those higher up in a party are more active in parliament.
Malawi
Authors: Frantzeskakis Nikolaos , Wahman Michael , Yildirim T. Murat
Published: November 2021

This chapter represents one of the very first quantitative analyses of parliamentary speechmaking in an African democracy. Looking at Malawi in the parliamentary term 2009–2014, we find that MPs in ministerial positions and party leadership speak significantly more than other MPs. We also find that those representing the major opposition party speak significantly more than other MPs. Given the candidate-centric nature of Malawian parliamentary politics and high levels of formal parliamentary openness, these findings run counter to the theory presented in this volume. We suggest that in order to understand speechmaking in the Malawi parliament, one has to take into account both the generally weak position of the legislature vis-à-vis the executive and the role-orientation of Malawian MPs. In a system with high MP turnover rates and significant local developmental needs, MPs tend to prioritize constituency development over contributions to the national legislative agenda. With resources highly centered on the executive, backbench MPs are unlikely to see significant benefits in pursuing an active legislative agenda. Consequently, MPs representing the government or those higher in opposition party hierarchies can dominate parliamentary speechmaking.
Norway
Authors: Søyland Martin G. , Høyland Bjørn
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, we describe the institutional setting of parliamentary debate in Stortinget and identify correlates of speech participation, drawing on a dataset of more than a quarter of a million speeches from 1998 to 2016. The key correlate of speech participation is committee membership in the committee responsible for preparing the report for the topic under discussion. However, that is not the whole story. Party elites speak more than backbenchers. As speaking time is allocated proportional to party size, MPs from the smaller parties speak more often than their counterparts in the larger parties. While we uncover a gender difference in the overall allocation of speeches, this is only present amongst parties on the right of the political spectrum. We do not find a similar difference in length of speech or allocation of speeches amongst members within the same committee. Hence, we ascribe the gender difference in speeches to gender differences in committee composition.
Poland
Authors: Marcinkiewicz Kamil , Jankowski Michael
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an overview of parliamentary speechmaking in the lower house of the Polish parliament, the Sejm, between 1991 and 2015. Members of the Sejm are elected under an open-list PR system, which creates incentives for legislators to use parliamentary speeches to cultivate personal vote. By analyzing all speeches held in seven terms, we find some evidence that electoral incentives impact parliamentary speechmaking. However, we observe no differences between female and male legislators. Furthermore, we conduct an analysis of speechmaking in two specific types of debates. We explain what groups of legislators participate in them and offer an interpretation of the observed effects.
Portugal
Authors: Fernandes Jorge M. , Won Miguel
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, we examine the Portuguese case whose institutional design makes it a paradigm of party-centered legislative debates. Together with the closed-list proportional representation electoral system, the rules-induced centrality of parties in legislative organization creates strong incentives for party leaders to keep tabs on party members on the floor. In this chapter, we describe the formal and informal rules of legislative debate in Portugal. Using an original data set from 1999 through 2019, our empirical analysis yields three key results. First, women continue to be sidelined from floor access, not only in the opportunities to take the floor but also in the length of speeches they deliver. Second, seniority has a positive effect in increasing the likelihood of taking the floor. Third, our results point out to a sharp increase in the likelihood of taking the floor and making long speeches, which corroborates our general theoretical expectations in the volume.
Animal-borne technologies in wildlife research and conservation
Authors: Rafiq Kasim , Pitcher Benjamin J. , Cornelsen Kate , Hansen K. Whitney , King Andrew J. , Appleby Rob G. , Abrahms Briana , Jordan Neil R.
Published: November 2021

The use of animal-borne devices in wildlife ecology and conservation has expanded in recent decades. Animal-borne devices allow a suite of data to be collected, including locational, acoustic, and video. They have revolutionized our ability to collect measurements from animals and the environments that they inhabit, as well as promote the conservation of many species in their natural habitats. However, the use of these devices can also carry animal welfare, ethical, and privacy implications, device costs can limit the deployment of sufficient units, and the complexity of suitable analytical methods can limit inferences made. This chapter covers these topics by discussing how animal-borne devices, and particularly tracking technologies, are currently used in wildlife conservation and ecology. In particular, we discuss how and why animal-borne devices have advanced the study of wildlife, review key animal-borne devices in use today, and discuss the challenges and limitations of their use, as well as future opportunities, by drawing upon real-world examples from research and conservation.
Exploring Organization through Contributions
Authors: David Rozas , Steven Huckle
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on peer-production as a form of collaborative digital work, closely allied to crowdsourcing and other contemporary working practices that are mediated by digital platforms. Such platforms are a growing form of digital work; however, they raise complex methodological issues. First, although often a single collaborative platform coordinates groups, work can be distributed globally. Second, multimodal approaches require the researcher to transition between online and offline media. Finally, it can be challenging to identify what is ‘work’ as activity boundaries are blurred. It is argued that the use of Activity Theory overcomes some of these issues and its utility in an analysis of the production of the open source software, Drupal, is demonstrated, highlighting the potential for Activity Theory to enable cross-contextual comparisons and proposing the concept of ‘socio-technical systems of contribution’ as a way to understand interactions between networks of collaboration. The limitations of the approach and potential future developments are noted.
Agency in ensemble interaction and rehearsal communication
Authors: Mak Su Yin , Nishida Hiroko , Yokomori Daisuke
Published: November 2021

Agency refers to the capacity to act and act upon, to initiate and carry out actions either for their own sakes or to influence and affect others. The concept is often invoked in music studies, but the nature and types of actions and agents are defined differently in various research frameworks. This study integrates sociocultural and metaphorical approaches to investigate the interactions between work and performer agencies in the verbal communication and gestural exchanges that take place during ensemble rehearsal. The chapter begins with an overview of current theories of musical agency and traces their implications for research on ensemble music-making. Next, using conversational segments drawn from two empirical case studies of professional string quartets as illustrations, the chapter considers agential roles and ascriptions that are not accounted for in current paradigms. In closing, the chapter explores the theoretical implications of the research outcome and proposes a new critical perspective.
Computational Thinking
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

There’s a lot more to digital health than being excited about digital computing. We need to learn how to think computationally to take full advantage of digital. Computational Thinking is the mature way to think about computing — and digital healthcare.
Interoperability
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Interoperability — or, rather, lack of interoperability — is a besetting problem in healthcare. We need digital to work seamlessly — to interoperate — across all specialties, disciplines and healthcare institutions (taking due account of privacy, cybersecurity and so on). It requires new thinking to get there.
User Centered Design
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

However good a computer system is, it still needs to do what’s needed — not what we think is needed. User Centred Design finds out how people really use systems, and how to improve their experience and reliability.
The Litigation Landscape of Business and Human Rights
Authors: McCorquodale Robert
Published: November 2021

Robert McCorquodale outlines the wider business and human rights context of human rights litigation against multinationals and explains key concepts that arise. He highlights differences between civil law and common law systems in terms of sources of law and procedures, and between criminal and civil claims against multinationals. The concepts of separation of corporate identity and the tort law duty of care developed in the English cases are considered. The principles of European law on jurisdiction over corporations and choice of law are explained. The relevance, in multinational human rights cases, of public international law and sovereignty issues in forum non conveniens disputes, claims in the United States under the Alien Tort Statute, and by direct application in States such as Canada and the Netherlands, is discussed. The important contextual backdrop of developments such as the United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGPs), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines and other international standards is also highlighted.
Litigation FundingPractical Aspects
Authors: Dunn Susan , Curtis Felix
Published: November 2021

The absence of funding for legal representation is a major barrier to justice for victims seeking to hold corporations to account for human rights abuses. Litigation funders, which primarily invest in commercial litigation, are increasingly interested in funding large-scale multinational litigation. However, the level of their interest is a function of the magnitude of the potential return on the funder’s investment, the prospects of success and recoverability of damages, the legitimacy of the funding arrangements, and the funder’s confidence in the legal system of the country in question, as well as the magnitude of any adverse costs liability for which the funder might be liable. Susan Dunn and Felix Curtis outline the basic principles of litigation funding (where permitted); how it works; the considerations a funder will make to evaluate the viability of an investment in a multinational human rights or environmental case; and important variations in litigation funding rules in different countries.
Service and Due Notice of Proceedings
Authors: Law European
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the rules on the service of judicial documents for domestic and cross-border cases under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. Sections 1 and 2 of Part VI provide rules which are generally applicable, no matter whether the addressee is domiciled or residing in the forum State or abroad. Section 3 sets out special rules for cross-border cases and distinguishes between cases in which documents must be served on an addressee domiciled within the European Union and cases in which they reside outside the European Union. With respect to service of documents in a cross-border setting, it provides some rules that deviate from the ESR Regulation. Nevertheless, the ESR Regulation is intended to apply to the extent that this part does not provide rules of its own, particularly regarding its provisions on communication and organisational matters.
Introduction
Authors: Swift Ellen , Stoner Jo , Pudsey April
Published: November 2021

This introductory chapter sets out the theme of the book and provides necessary background on theoretical approaches, methodology, quality of data, and the geographical and cultural context of Egypt in the period studied. After introducing the rationale for the book and the social archaeology perspective that it utilizes, the chapter gives an overview of relevant interpretative approaches for a social archaeology of everyday life, focusing on the life course, design perspectives, and object biography. Methodological issues are then explored, relating to the selection of data and its quality and range. This includes an account of research undertaken that significantly improves the accuracy of dating for objects and enhances knowledge of their site provenance and archaeological context. A detailed example is provided of the re-association of extant artefacts with grave context information from the site of Qau el-Kebir. In order to provide a broad framework for the subsequent data studies, the final section sets out relevant social and cultural background relating to Egypt in the period studied, together with a brief overview of the distinct regions that make up Egypt.
Shoes and Sandals
Authors: Swift Ellen , Stoner Jo , Pudsey April
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the evidence for footwear from the Petrie Museum, in combination with comparative examples from other UK museum collections, to determine whether shoes had distinct cultural and social roles within Roman and late antique Egypt. First, the nature of the data set is discussed including methodological issues relating to the study of material from old collections. Topics then covered include footwear sizes, shoe decoration, deposition, and regionality. While there is no evidence, to date, that can be recovered regarding distinctions in decoration according to life course stages, decoration is proposed to have other functions, for example, apotropaic uses. Regarding deposition contexts, evidence from the presence or absence of wear is used to argue that some shoe types were made as burial items and never worn in life, and other possible depositional practices are also discussed. Regional and global fashions in Roman and late antique Egypt are then considered, putting forward evidence of ‘glocalization’ in the form of empire-wide shoe styles manufactured in materials indigenous to Egypt, such as reed. This also raises questions concerning the incompleteness of the archaeological record from other provinces in which such organic evidence is lacking.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Swift Ellen , Stoner Jo , Pudsey April
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the material to be studied in Part II; it outlines the types of evidence for functional domestic artefacts that reveal the experiences of daily life in Roman and late antique Egypt. It explains that an analysis of object function can reveal how objects were used for different activities on a day-to-day basis, and therefore demonstrate some of the experiences of people in the past. The section assesses a range of everyday artefacts in durable materials, like stone, glass, ceramic, metals, and bone and ivory. Artefacts associated with daily activities such as cooking and dining, lighting the home, leisure time, and textile production are discussed in relation to specific examples from the archaeological record and textual sources. The section also addresses the extraordinary organic artefacts surviving from Egypt, and the special value of functional artefacts made of wood, textiles, leather, and other perishable materials. Organic artefacts associated with home furnishings and other textiles, writing tools and materials, basketry, and cleaning equipment, are discussed in relation to the experiences they facilitated in Roman and late antique Egypt. The chapter also discusses how these artefacts reveal the temporal rhythms of the home and multifunctional nature of domestic space and objects.
Formulas of Compounds and Percent Composition
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Formulas of Compounds and Percent Composition describe the percent composition of compounds in terms of the number of constituent atoms and their masses. The empirical formula is presented as a way of obtaining the chemical formula of an unknown compound from analytical data. Further discussion shows the relation of molecular formula to empirical formula and molar mass.
Thermochemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Thermochemistry explores the basic principles of energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry is described as a tool to measure the quantity of heat involved in a chemical or physical change. Quantitative overviews of enthalpy and the stoichiometry of thermochemical equations are provided, including the concepts of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Standard conditions are defined to allow comparison of enthalpies of reactions and determine how the enthalpy change for any reaction can be obtained. Hess"s Law, which allows the enthalpy change of any reaction to be calculated, is discussed with illustrative examples. A presentation of bond energies and bond dissociation enthalpies is offered along with the use of bond enthalpy to estimate heats of reactions.
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions deals with chemical reactions involving electron transfer. It begins with oxidation numbers and their applications in naming complex molecular or ionic compounds. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers and how to calculate the oxidation number of any atom in a compound or ion are described. Extensive coverage is given to oxidizing and reducing agents, including how to identify them in a given process. Half-cell reactions are defined. Balancing redox equations with the oxidation number method and the half-reaction method are emphasized. The chapter concludes with an overview of oxidation-reduction titration and calculations based on redox titration analysis.
The Memory of Financial Crises
Authors: Cassis Youssef , Knaps Anna
Published: November 2021

Are financial crises actually remembered—and if so, how and by whom? Surprisingly, there has hardly been any attempt to answer this question, whether by economists or historians or indeed other social scientists. And yet they are extremely important questions to address, if we want to understand not only the causes and consequences of financial crises, but more generally how the modern financial system has been shaped. This chapter is a preliminary attempt to answer these questions. This will be done in two steps: first by considering the notion of memory and the extent to which it can be used to in connection with financial crises; and second by providing some evidence, mostly drawn from the press, on the memory of the financial crises of the Great Depression, especially in connection with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008.
Party systems in the UK
Authors: Webb Paul , Bale Tim
Published: November 2021

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of contemporary party systems in the UK by way of context for the detailed account of party politics in the chapters which follow. It starts by defining the term ‘party system’ before highlighting the difference between party systems under majoritarian and consensus models of democracy and considering various ways of classifying party systems. It then surveys the varieties of party system found at Westminster, devolved, and local levels. It argues that the classic two-party system label now obscures as much as it reveals. If it does still apply, then it is mainly at the level of Westminster politics; even there, however, the minor parties have become more relevant in both the electoral and legislative arenas—and even, on occasion, in the executive arena.
How parties compete (1)
Authors: Webb Paul , Bale Tim
Published: November 2021

This is the first of three chapters that considers how modern parties compete for votes and office. Since most formal models of party competition are based on the strategic use of ideological appeals to electors, it concentrates on describing the ideological stances of the parties in Britain: the Conservatives, Liberal Democrats, Labour, Greens, UKIP, and the Brexit Party/Reform UK are all covered. (The SNP, Plaid Cymru, and the major parties of Northern Ireland are covered in the course of Chapter 1’s discussion of devolved party systems.) This chapter concludes with a two-dimensional map summarizing the main ideological traditions found in British party politics today.
Generative Semantics 2: The Heresy
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines how Generative Semantics, which had emerged from Transformational Grammar as part natural extension of, and part challenge to, Noam Chomsky’s work, became a full-blown heretical divergence with Chomsky’s 1967 “Remarks on Nominalization” lectures, in which he took his theory in countervailing directions. Generative Semanticists had extended syntactic derivations deeper, diminished the lexicon, and enriched the scope of transformations. The lectures emphasized Surface Structure semantics, enriched the lexicon, and diminished the role of transformations. They were also dismissive of specific Generative Semantic innovations, especially those of George Lakoff. Lakoff attended the lectures. Sparks flew. Chomsky and his new proposals fared poorly across the linguistic landscape, where Generative Semantics rapidly took hold, but his own students, Ray Jackendoff at the fore, were inspired by the new direction (known variously as “Lexicalism,” “Extended Standard Theory,” and, contrapuntally to the heresy, “Interpretive Semantics”).
Twentieth Century Linguistics at Closing Time
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2021

This chapter appraises the state of linguistics at the end of the twentieth century in the wake of the Generative/Interpretive Semantics episode. The period saw a huge upswing in Noam Chomsky’s influence with the dominance of his Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters model, but also the development of multiple other competing and intersecting formal models, all of which did away with Chomsky’s totemic concept, the transformation: Relational Grammar (RG), Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG), and so many more that Frederick Newmeyer tagged the lot of them Alphabet Grammars (AGs). Alongside these frameworks came George Lakoff’s most far-reaching and influential development, with philosopher, Mark Johnson, “Conceptual Metaphor Theory” (a label the author rejects).
Empire—A World History
Authors: Bang Peter Fibiger
Published: November 2021

This chapter attempts a synthesis of the imperial experience in world history. Setting out from an in-depth comparison of two incidents, one from the US occupation of Iraq, the other from the Jewish uprising against Nero (66–70 CE), cooperation with local elites is identified as the key to imperial government. The chapter proceeds to discuss current definitions of empire, followed by a wide-ranging survey of modern theories of empire. Most of these can be grouped within four discourses that originate in societal debates from the early 1900s: about monopoly, capitalism and empire; about empire as predatory networks of aristocratic elites; about empire and national identity; and about geopolitics and the balance of power. These four theoretical discourses provide the four dimensions of an analytical matrix that, finally, structure an attempt at synthesizing the imperial experience in world history, from the third millennium BCE Levantine Bronze Age until the present.
Ecology
Authors: Anderson Eugene , Beattie James
Published: November 2021

Empires throughout history have had an interdependent relationship with environment. They have, above all, been concerned with expanding wealth and power, usually through extending agriculture and timber-cutting, in addition to intensifying other forms of resource extraction. Competition over natural resources, and their more efficient exploitation, spread, and improvement, has driven imperial expansion over millennia, just as environmental degradation and disease sometimes have acted as brakes on such ambitions. Attitudes toward natural resources underwent change through resource commodification, a process which has accelerated over the last two hundred years, but which, as in the past, has not precluded wholly exploitative attitudes toward nature. Empires also connected and mobilized formerly geographically disparate people, organisms, and commodities around the world. And they utilized and facilitated the spread of technology, including that for exploiting natural resources, something especially evident through steam technology.
Applications in Epistemology
Authors: Huber Franz
Published: November 2021

This chapter applies ranking theory to two problems in epistemology and the philosophy of science: conceptual belief change, including logical learning, as well as learning indicative conditionals. The chapter concludes with a defense of rigidity.
Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report
Authors: Merchan-Cadavid Santiago , Ferro-Morales Andres , Solano-Gutierrez Eduardo , Casallas-Sanchez Alexander , Redondo-Perez Elan D. , Ramírez-Castro Andrea , Lievano-Gutierrez Juan P.
Published: November 2021

The giant congenital melanocytic nevus is a rare entity with an extremely low incidence that appears at the time of birth and generally involves the dermis but may also affect other skin layers. According to its clinical evolution, the probability of malignancy may vary, so proper follow-up is essential for potential management. There is no consensus in the literature about the greater benefit of surgical versus nonsurgical management. In this case report, we present the surgical management of a school-aged patient using dermal substitutes and skin grafts, subjectively obtaining an improvement in his quality of life.