bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filamentous Fungal Quality of a Bovine Abattoir and Associated Water Sources in Akure, Southwestern, Nigeria
Authors: O. Olusola-Makinde O. , J. Arotupin D. , C. Adetuyi F.
Published: October 2019

Aims: This study examined the prevalence of filamentous fungi in Onyearugbulem abattoir wastewater samples in Akure, Nigeria.

Methodology: The  abattoir’s water source, 5 m away from animal washings, the incinerator, 10 m upstream, 10 m downstream and 100 m downstream were sampled between November 2014 and October 2015 for aerobic and anaerobic fungal counts using standard recommended procedures. Fungal isolates were identified macroscopically and microscopically.

Results: The results showed that the water source had the lowest fungal count (1.4x103 sfu/ml in November and 2.0x102 sfu/ml in February for aerobic and anaerobic counts respectively) throughout the sampling period unlike the incinerator which had the highest fungal count (5.2x103 sfu/ml in August and 5.5x103 sfu/ml in July for aerobic and anaerobic counts respectively). The aerobic fungal count was lower than the anaerobic fungal count in all the six (6) sampling points except the abattoir water source. The trendline of the data collected also showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) of the fungal counts in the wet season as compared to the dry season. The fungi isolated are Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium oxysporium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Conclusion: This work indicated a high dominance of fungi in water bodies associated with the slaughterhouse and therefore warns against environmental and health hazards associated with these microorganisms.
Production of Citric Acid by Trichoderma viride Isolated from Soil in Keffi, Nigeria Using Glucose Enhanced Substrates
Authors: K. Ekeleme I. , D. Makut M. , P. Adoga M. , A. Tsaku P. , H. Nkene I. , B. Oti V.
Published: October 2019

Aim: This study was aimed at the production of citric acid by Trichoderma viride (T. viride) isolated from soil in keffi, Nigeria, using glucose enhanced substrate.

Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Microbiology Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nassarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria, between April and June 2017.

Methodology: Trichoderma viride was isolated from soil in Keffi and identified using standard microbiology methods. Two types of glucose production media were prepared by following standard fermentation conditions. The citric acid produced was estimated using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method respectively.

Results: The maximum citric acid production of 12.03±0.31g/l was obtained at pH 6.0 with glucose with soybeans cake by T. viride and on sugar concentration of 160 g/l 15.17±3.01 g/l. The fermentation broth containing glucose and soy beans cake has the highest production of citric acid on both fermentation parameters tested respectively.

Conclusion: Different fermentation conditions such as pH and sugar concentration substrate enhanced on the production of citric acid. This study showed that pH 6.0 with glucose with soybeans cake has highest citric acid production and at sugar concentration of 160 g/l with glucose and soybeans cake produced the highest citric acid by T. viride.
Influence of Biostimulation Treatment Using Composted Plant Biomass on Bacterial Diversity of an Aged Petroleum Contaminated Soil as Determined by Culture-dependent and 16S rRNA Gene PCR-DGGE Based Identification Methods
Authors: Solomon Leera , Jason Ogugbue Chimezie , Chijioke Okpokwasili Gideon
Published: October 2019

Influence of biostimulation treatment using composted plant biomass on bacterial diversity of an aged crude oil contaminated soil (ACOCS) was determined using culture-dependent and 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE based identification methods. Seven treatment plots were designed and included treatments A (TPA) through G (TPG). Samples were collected bi-weekly from 7 treatment plots designed in situ during a 70-day study period that spanned 10 weeks. Composted (2,500 g each) Water hyacinth (EC), Mexican sunflower (TD) and Bermuda grass (CD) were used as nutrient supplements in 4,000 g of ACOCS in situ. TPA was un-amended while TPB, TPC, and TPD had EC, TD and CD added singly. TPE had EC and TD while TPF contained EC and CD in combination. TPG consisted of EC, TD and CD combined. Bacterial isolates were obtained on mineral salts medium and identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. DGGE fingerprints of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA bacterial gene fragments were also determined using the universal primer set: 7F: 5’-GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’ and 1492R:5’-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACT-3’that corresponded to positions 968 and 1401 of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA gene sequence. DGGE bands fell into corresponding operational taxonomic units based on a threshold of 91-100% sequence similarity. Dendrogram showed dominant DGGE bands in TPB though TPG over time with TPA having no band. The isolates are known crude oil utilizers and are closely related to Gordonia sp. BS261404 with 98% sequence similarity, Aquitalea magnusonii KG26145 (96%), Sphingobacterium sp. K1261411 (97%) and Achromobacter sp. HQ261417 (100%). Data indicated that pseudomonads are the dominant bacteria involved in hydrocarbon biodegradation after biostimulation with the composted plant materials. Cultural and molecular methods of cultivation of microorganisms are neither contradictory nor excluding and should be considered as complementary to interrogate the bacterial diversity in the natural soil environment.
Microbiological and Antimicrobial Analysis of Hospital Wastewater Discharged into the Soil Environment
Authors: A. Chukwu V. , B. Oti V. , N. Nnadozie T. , E. Nsemoh H. , K. Ajegena B.
Published: October 2019

This study evaluated the microbiological effects of hospital wastewater discharged into the soil environment using standard microbiological procedures. The highest total bacterial count (8.3±0.5×1010 cfu/ml) of the wastewater samples was observed in the collation point sample while the laundry wastewater sample had the least number of 5.4±0.5×107 cfu/ml. The collation point wastewater sample had the highest total coliform count (4.1±0.1×108 cfu/ml)while the laundry wastewater sample produced the least count of 2.3±0.1×101 cfu/ml. The highest total coliform faecal count of 4.2±0.3×105 cfu/ml was observed in the collation point wastewater sample while the least count of 2.4±1.2×103 cfu/ml was seen in the laundry wastewater sample. The mortuary wastewater had the highest total fungal count of 3.1±0.2×105 cfu/ml while the least count was seen in the collation point wastewater 2.9±0.2×102 cfu/ml. The total viable numbers of the soil samples ranged from 5.0±0.0×108 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 8.4±1.6×1012 cfu/g (point of release) while the total coliform counts ranged from 2.3±0.0×104 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 3.9±0.8×108 cfu/g (point of discharge). The highest total faecal count of 3.7±0.5×104 cfu/g was observed in the sample from the point of discharge while the least count was seen in the sample collected 200m away from point of discharge 2.3±0.1×102 cfu/g. Total fungal count ranged from 2.4±0.5×107 cfu/g (200m away from the point of discharge) to 3.4±0.5×108 cfu/g (point of discharge). The bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli, Erwinia, Serratia, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Salmonella. Others were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Neisseria, Actinomycetes, Shigella, Bacillus and Enterobacter species. The fungi isolated include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida, Penicillium and Rhizopus species. Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus species were the most frequently distributed (100%), followed by S. species, Enterococcus spp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. and Candida spp. (80%). Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Trichophyton rubrum had the same rate of 60%, respectively while the least occurrence was seen in Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp., Actinomyces spp. and Aspergillus niger with the rate of 40%, respectively. The high microbial loads of the isolates and the high densities of the coliforms indicate there is, therefore, contamination of the soil environment as a result of the discharged hospital wastewater, which could probably be hazardous to human health.
New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-mediated Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates in Sudan
Authors: Elnour Rahma Mohamed Salma , Alobied Alfadil , Ibrahim Saeed Mohamed , Mohamed Hussien Wafa
Published: October 2019

Carbapenem resistance mediated by NDM is particularly gruesome as this carbapenemase can hydrolyze a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics.

Aim: This study aims to detect NDM mediated carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Materials and Methods: 50 multi-drug resistant clinical urinary isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from three major hospitals in Khartoum state Sudan; Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Medical Army Hospital and Omdurman teaching hospital, in period from July 2016 to September 2017, were investigated for carbapenem resistance using standard disc diffusion method and underwent real-time PCR to detect carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS.

Results: 60% were positive for the blaNDM, 82% were resistant to Imipenem and 75% of the samples were resistant to Meropenem.

Conclusion: The emergence of carbapenem resistance is a global problem that requires earnest attention. To make the suitable preventive measures, the emergence of these genes must be monitored closely. Our findings revealed that carbapenem-resistant due to the gene blaNDM is accounted for 60% of the cases, and due to lack of proper data documentation about the emergence of this gene in Sudan, these cases to the best of our knowledge are the first to be reported in Sudan.
Antimicrobial Metabolites Profile and Inhibitory Activity of Streptomyces xinghaiensis-OY62 Isolated from Soil against Indicator Strains
Authors: M. Adeyemo O. , A. Onilude A.
Published: October 2019

Aims: The aims of this study were to screen for potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial-producing actinomycetes from the tropical rain forest of Oyo State, Nigeria, to assess the effects of cultural conditions on antimicrobial metabolites, characterize the metabolites and determine its antimicrobial activity against indicator strains.

Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, between April 2014 and August 2016.

Methodology: Ten soil samples were purposively collected between April and June 2014 for the isolation of Actinomycetes. The isolated strain was identified culturally and molecularly using 16S rDNA. The effect of cultural parameters on antimicrobial activity was done by a standard method. The antimicrobial metabolites were produced by submerged fermentation. Partial purification was carried out by column chromatography. Chemical characteristics of the metabolites were determined by Fourier transformed infra-red spectrometer (FTIR) and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. The antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion and macro broth dilution.

Results: Isolate OY62 had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and it was identified using its 16S rDNA gene as Streptomyces xinghaiensis-OY62 (KU934248). The highest antimicrobial activity against indicator strains was recorded between pH 7 and pH 8, 0.8% (w/v) sodium chloride, at elevated temperature 55°C, casein+KNO3 as a nitrogen source, starch or absence of carbon source and incubation period of fifteen days. Aliphatic alkene, hydroxyl, carboxylic acids, amides and carbonyls were functional groups detected while thirteen antimicrobial metabolites were characterized. The MIC against indicator strains was between 6.25 mg/L to 12.5 mg/L. Streptomyces xinghaiensis-OY62 exhibited broad-spectrum activity against indicator strains.

Conclusion: The observed results showed that potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial-producing strains of Streptomyces could be isolated from the soil of southwestern Nigeria, which could be useful in the production of antimicrobials that can inhibit the growth of resistant pathogens, reduce microbial infections and death.
Review on the Potentials of Cow (Bos indicus) Based Bioenhancers in Increasing Crop Yield and Farmers Income as well as the Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Kumar Ashwani , Baliyan Suman , Kushwaha Akansha , Panwar Amit , Pundir Nidhi
Published: October 2019

The haphazard use of the chemical fertilizers and pesticides has detrimental effects on soil health, human health, groundwater quality and environment. This will cause more dangerous consequences for future productivity. Present status of all food grain production is in enough quantity for the population of our country but there is need to enhance the quality of food production, quality of soil, quality of ground water and quality of a healthy environment for better livelihood. These qualities can be obtained by replacing toxic chemicals through natural and organic input which is more vital for present prospect and future outlook. The “Cow” occupies the highest place of honour in Indian civilization. She is supposed to fulfil all desires of human beings, hence known as “Kamdhenu”. Owing to ignorance, after stopping of milk production, they are left uncared for forced to live extensively and eat polythene and other wastes in towns and cities. It is interesting that in Indian agricultural systems “Cow” particularly those with a hump (indigenous breed) is one of the key components, hence provision of at least one cow per hectare need to be promoted for Jaivik Krishi activities in organic farming. This review paper attempts to bring together the different use of cow based organic formulations in crop production and protection. It has been reported that organic formulation in crop production is productive and sustainable, but there is a need for strong support to it in the form of manifestation of subsidies, agricultural extension services and intensive research with solid proofs. With these efforts we can fulfil the dream of our present government; to double the income of Indian farmers.
Production of Gellan Gum by Sphingomonas paucimobilis on Crude Sweet Whey Using Different Bioreactor Feeding Strategies
Authors: F. Gamal Rawia, , M. Abdel-hady Hemmat, , A. Amin Shimaa, , K. Ali Shimaa,
Published: October 2019

Aims: Production of gellan gum by Sphingomoas paucimobilis from whey was optimized by different fermentation techniques.

Study Design: Study the growth behavior of Sphingomoas paucimobilis was cultivated on 40% sweet whey medium in the bioreactor as a batch, fed batch and continuous culture and effect of aeration and agitation speed on gellan production.

Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Dept., Fac. of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt, 2016/ 2017.

Methodology: Using Sphingomoas paucimobilis on sweet whey in the bioreactor as a batch, fed batch (pulsed & continuous) and continuous culture. Among the four levels of air saturation and four levels of agitation speeds.

Results: Using the continuous feeding of sugar sweet whey at 1.53 gl-1h-1during 12 h was favorable than pulsed feeding for gellan production in fed-batch culture. In continuous culture addition of                             40% SW at 0.055 h-1 dilution rate (110 ml h-1), the values of gellan parameters recorded by Sphingomoas paucimobilis were 24.34%, 26.54% & 0.337 gl-1h-1 for gellan yield, conversion coefficient and gellan productivity during 24 h. At 28ºC. This technique increments the gellan production (gl-1h-1) by 3.3 &  2.2-2.5 and 1.5- 1.6 fold as compared to that produced by using batch & fed- batch pulsed and fed-batch continuous techniques respectively. The emulsifying capability of the partially purified gellan was 100% whereas it was 95% for xanthan gum, as well as its high flocculating activity than xanthan. A tough worm-like gel or firm gel were formed when 10% calcium chloride solution or 0.5 g sodium chloride were added to gellan solution.

Conclusion: The maximum gellan yield and lower fermentation period were obtained with air saturation of 60% at 750 rpm agitation speed. The continuous feeding at 1.53 gl-1h-1 was favorable than pulsed feeding for gellan production in fed-batch culture, while the maximum gellan productivity was obtained by using a continuous culture technique at 0.055 h-1 dilution rate.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Oldenlandia auricularia against Some Selected Human Pathogens
Authors: Thisera W. M. D. , Neranja A. G. K. , Thilakarathne R. M. P. S. , Kumari K. D. K. P.
Published: October 2019

Aims: Currently there is a high demand on novel anti-microbial agents derived from natural sources due to low cost and less adverse effects. The present study was designed to screen the anti-microbial activity of different extracts of Oldenlandia auricularia against common pathogenic bacteria and fungi. 

Study Design: Experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Basic Sciences at Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research Laboratory at Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka, between July 2018 and November 2018.

Methodology: The aqueous, methanol, acetone and hexane extracts were prepared with the leaves, roots and stem of the plant Oldenlandia auricularia separately. The agar well diffusion method and broth macro dilution method were applied in order to screen the anti -microbial activity of each test extract against the Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella dysenteriae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.

Results: The zone of inhibition of most of the test extracts showed a significant (P =.05) difference, when compared with the negative control. The lowest MIC value for test extracts was 31.25 mg/ml, while the highest was 250 mg/ml. The acetone extract of the stem showed the lowest MIC value against E. coil. The highest anti-bacterial activity against S. enterica exerted by the root of the plant. All three tested parts of the plant were active against S. aureus and the maximum activity against C. albicans was shown by the leave extracts. The lowest MIC value against S. dysenteriae was 62.5 mg/ml, which indicated that the plants materials are less sensitive to the S. dysenteriae than the other tested pathogens. The results of the quantitative assay confirmed the results obtained from the qualitative assay.

Conclusion: The different parts of Oldenlandia auricularia plant displayed potential antimicrobial activity against different pathogens.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Effluent-Impacted Tagangu River, Aliero, Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Jega B. G. , Adebisi O. O. , Manga S. S.
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of abattoir effluent on microbiological quality of the receiving Tagangu River and the susceptibility of the isolates to commonly-used antibiotics. The most probable number (MPN) as well as the Kirby-Bauer method of antibiotic susceptibility test were used and demonstrated the total heterotrophic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli O157:H7 numbers in a total of 30 water samples collected over a period of three months at three strategic points of the river. In accordance with CLSI guidelines, four out of eight bacteria (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter sp.) isolated, demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) against at least three out of septrin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, tarivid and streptomycin. All the isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter sp., Serratia marcescens and Aerobacter aerogenes) showed either high or intermediate susceptibility to sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. The findings indicated that the river has been heavily polluted with the effluent discharges and did not meet any of the WHO guidelines for natural water sources fit for irrigation or other domestic purposes. As such, indiscriminate discharge of abattoir effluent could impact on the microbiological quality and promote increased incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria in a receiving river.
In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts
Authors: Okpoho Jacinta Edesiri , Chukwuka Patrick Emeka , Evbuomwan Lucky
Published: October 2019

A study on the antibacterial activities of Bryophylum pinnatum against multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens was carried out in this research. Air-dried and powered Bryophylum pinnatum leaves was extracted using ethanol and aqueous solvents. Five bacteria strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and they were preliminarily identified using standard microbiological methods. Antibacterial activity was carried out using agar well diffusion method. Mean zone diameter of inhibition in aqueous extract ranged from 9.20±0.17-10.50±0.50mm and 9.30±0.33- 10.33±0.89mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively at 25-100mg/ml. In the ethanol extract, mean zone of inhibition ranged from 9.50±0.28-13.33±0.88mm and 10.67±0.67-19.00±0.58mm at concentration range of 6.25-100mg/ml.  Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethanol extract ranged from 6.25-100 mg/ml against bacterial strains. While those of aqueous extract ranged from 25-100 mg/ml against bacterial isolates. Minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of ethanol extract ranged from 25-50 mg/ml. While in the aqueous extract, value was 50 mg/ml and against bacteria. The test bacterial pathogens were found to possess multiple drug resistance potential with multidrug resistance index ranging from 0.3 – 0.5. This study has shown that multidrug resistant clinical bacterial pathogens are sensitive to aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinatum.
Antibacterial Effects of Honey in Nigeria on Selected Diarrhoeagenic Bacteria
Authors: John-Isa Justinah F. , Adebolu Tinuola T. , Oyetayo Victor O.
Published: October 2019

Aims: This study is geared to evaluating honey as an alternative of conventional antibiotics to treat infections caused by the selected diarrhoeagenic bacteria.

Place and duration of Study: Research laboratory of Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), Ondo State, Nigeria between December 2017 to May 2018. 

Methodology: Honey samples from ten (10) different locations in Nigeria were screened for possible antibacterial activity on both the clinical and typed cultures of the selected diarrhoeagenic bacteria; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Conventional antibiotics were used as control. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using XL-Start, 2016 version.

Results: All the honey samples used exerted growth inhibitory activity on all the test bacteria including the ones that were resistant to the conventional antibiotics (Ofloxacin and augmentin) used as control. In some cases, the growth inhibitions mediated by the honey samples were superior to that of the conventional antibiotics.

Conclusion: This study showed that honey has antibacterial activity against the selected bacteria and therefore can be exploited as an alternative to conventional antibiotics to treat infections caused by the selected diarrhoeagenic bacteria especially the ones that were resistant to conventional antibiotics.
Studies on the Antibacterial Profile of Brysocarpus coccineus and Zanthoxylum piperitum
Authors: Chukwuemeka C. Ezeh, , Uju M. Dibua, , Joseph C. Ndefor, , C. C. Udoye,
Published: October 2019

The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial profile of Brysocarpus coccineus and Zanthoxylum piperitum in Nigeria. The antibacterial efficacy of methanolic leaf extracts of Brysocarpus coccineus and Zanthoxylum piperitum was determined against six clinical isolates and three typed cultures respectively. The percentage yield of the extracts was calculated, and it showed 5.6% for Brysocarpus coccineus and 4% for Zanthoxylum piperitum. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the two extracts showed the presence of saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids and resin. The extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis at different concentrations. The extract of B. coccineus inhibited S. aureus, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa at different concentration, while that of Z. piperitum inhibited S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at different concentration. B. coccineus extract had its MIC at 6.25 mg/ml against clinical isolate of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Z. piperitum methanolic extract had its MIC at 6.25 mg/ml against clinical isolate Bacillus subtilis. All the plants extract had no activity against Salmonella typhi, and B. coccineus had no activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. The results of statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the B. coccineus showed that F-cal. is greater than F-tab. This means there is a significant difference in the activity of the extract, while that of Z. piperitum showed that F-cal is less than F-tab. meaning there is no significant difference in the activity of the extract. This reveals the importance of leaf extracts of B. coccineus and Z. piperitum in the control of resistant microbial strains.
An Over View of Dermatophytosis in Rabbits
Authors: Abdalla Wisal, G.
Published: October 2019

Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes-filamentous fungi which have ability to invade the epidermis and keratinized structure derived from it such as hair or nails. Rabbits are one of dermatophytes host; young rabbit below 12 months of age were more frequently affected with the disease. T. mentagrophytes is the most common dermatophytes isolated species. The disease can be diagnosed by direct examination, fungal culture, skin biopsy sero and molecular diagnosis methods. This overview forecast more light of the different aspects of this disease.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Sida cordifolia Leaf Extract
Authors: Venkatachalam Dhanapal , Thavamani Samuel , Sebastian Aneesh C. , Anju V. B. , Mathew Christy , Leon Dona , Thomas Jithin , Muhammed M. Mumthas
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of antibacterial, and antifungal activities of chloroform extract of leaf of Sida cordifolia L. against some human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. S. cordifolia (Malvaceae) is used as anti-rheumatic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, nasal decongestant, antiviral, laxative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and in the treatment of Parkinson disease.

Methodology: Chloroform extract of S.cordifolia was used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacterial strains Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also antifungal activity was tested against one human pathogenic fungal strain i.e. Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of S. cordifolia extract was carried out by using disc diffusion method.

Results: Chloroform extract of S. cordifolia showed the largest zone of inhibition (10mm) against S. aureus at 50µgm/mL and no zone of inhibition against E.coli at 50µgm/ml. Chloroform extract has shown more potent antibacterial activity against S.aureus. Chloroform extract was found to be more effective against human pathogenic fungus C. albicuns. The zone of inhibition of chloroform extract was 10mm.The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of different types of compounds like alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds which may contribute for the anti-microbial action of this plant. 

Conclusions: The results concludes that chloroform extract of S. cordifolia leaf possess antimicrobial activity.
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Okaijah Shadrack , Abaka-Yawson Albert , Tawiah Philip Apraku , Quarshie Solomon Sosu , Osei George Yiadom , Kumi Albert Awuku
Published: October 2019

Background: The significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) relates to its potential to cause acute pyelonephritis, preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes. Additionally, it has been associated with clinical conditions such as anaemia, preterm birth, low birth weight and perinatal mortality.

Aim: This study, therefore, determined the prevalence of ASB among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic. 

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using convenient sampling method was used to recruit 200 pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) from January – April 2014. Bacteriological, urine chemistry and routine urine analyses, as well as antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates from mid-stream urine samples of pregnant women, were carried out using appropriate standard methods. Variables were reported in mean, standard deviation, percentages and bar graph. Chi-square test was used to establish statistical difference and association between variables where p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Out of the total participants, 23 had asymptomatic bacteriuria but no prevalence of ASB was found among Muslims. The association between marital status and the prevalence of ASB was significant (Pearson chi2 = 4.88, p-value = 0.027). Five bacterial isolates were obtained with Escherichia coli (43.6%) being the most prevalent organism. There were more negative reactions than positive reactions with regards to nitrite and leukocyte esterase determination. Both gram-positive and negative isolates recorded high susceptibility to Gentamicin and Norfloxacin. However, Ciprofloxacin showed a high rate of resistance to only gram-negative isolates whiles Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin showed high resistance to gram-positive isolates.

Conclusions: The overall prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 11.5% [95%CI: 7.4% - 16.8%] among the referral pregnant women attending KBTH with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent organism whiles the most susceptible antibiotics were Gentamicin and Norfloxacin.
Screening for Antimicrobial Activities of Metanollic Extracts of Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens against Co-infections of Giardia lamblia and Salmonella among Diarrhoeagenic Children
Authors: Abdulrahman Omammegbe , Samaila Adamu B. , Panda S. M. , Aliyu Abdullahi , Sahal M. R.
Published: October 2019

The antimicrobial and Phytochemicals activities of methanol extracts obtained from Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens plants were investigated individually and combined in an attempt to evaluate their medicinal potentials and efficacies on protozoan; Giardia lamblia and bacteria; Salmonella species as co-infections causing diarrhoea in under five populations in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols. Antimicrobial activity was determined against Giardia lamblia and Salmonella species; anti-giardial activity, an in-vitro susceptibility assays method was performed and antibacterial activity was carried out by Kirby-Bauer method. The parasites mortality was determined by counting in hemocytometer under a light microscope and the zone of inhibition diameter produced against the bacteria were determined, expressed as mean ±SEM (Standard Error of Mean) and the differences between means were statistically analyzed and compared. The results obtained showed that methanol extracts of Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens singly used and in combinations had inhibitory effects on Giardia lamblia and Salmonella species. In all cases, the extractions, plants, concentrations and time were determinant factors for the anti-giardial and antibacterial activity. Anti-giardial activity was best recorded with extracts of Aloe vera which showed anti-giardial activity of (0.002±0.553), and activity was greater in combined Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens which showed anti-giardial activity of (0.002±0.679). Also, antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of these plants on Salmonella species, showed higher zone of inhibitions diameter with extracts of Aloe vera (0.895±20.17) and the efficacy becomes higher with the combined Aloe vera and Hyptis suaveolens which zone of inhibitions is (0.423±27.50).
Assessment of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Public Swimming Pool in Selected Hotels in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Authors: Onifade Olajumoke Evelyn , Olowe Busayo Mutiat , Obasanmi John
Published: October 2019

The physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of pool water samples from selected hotels in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria was investigated. A total of 10 pool water samples were collected from five pools before and after use following standard procedures. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed using standard methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out according to CLSI procedures. Physicochemical analyses showed that the pool water samples were clear and colourless. The different parameters examined for each of the hotel showed varying degree of values. On the average, it was observed that values for turbidity, temperature and total dissolved solids were above the WHO and EPA permissible limit after use. The total bacterial, coliform and Escherichia coli counts of the pool water samples were higher after use than before use. A total of 21 isolates were recovered and presumptively identified as Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From among the 21 isolates, 14 (66.7%) were Escherichia coli, 5 (23.8%) were Enterococcus faecalis while only 2 (9.5%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the isolates tested for antibiotic sensitivity showed considerable resistance to some of the antibiotics used. Findings from this study showed that some of the pools sampled did not meet up to WHO and EPA standards. Hence, the need for an effective and urgent intervention in constant monitoring of recreational facility to safeguard the health of the pool users.
Bacteriological Assessment of Soil Treated with Pesticide and Herbicide in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis of Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: Famubo Joseph A. , Oladunjoye Bunmi B.
Published: October 2019

The present study was carried out on the effect of pesticides on soil microorganisms at half (x0.5) recommended rate (x1.0), and one and a half (x1.5). One commonly used insecticide Sniper as pesticide and herbicide Glyphosate were used on some physicochemical parameters and microbial populations. The mean value of pH for Sniper (x0.5) was 7.0; Sniper (x1.0) was 6.9; Sniper (x1.5) was 6.8; Glyphosate (x0.5) was 6.9; Glyphosate (x1.0) was 6.8: Glyphosate (x1.5) was 6.8 and for control soil was 7.3 respectively. The conductivity was ranged with a mean of 308.1 mS for Sniper x0.5, 410.3 mS for Sniper x1.0, 388.1 mS for Sniper x1.5, 197.8 mS for Glyphosate x0.5, 117.4 mS for Glyphosate x1.0, 223.85 mS for Glyphosate and 185.7 mS for the control soil. The soil organic matter was taken immediately after the treatments, and after the four weeks of treatment, the values were 1.50 g at week 0 and 0.72 g at week 4 for Sniper x0.5; 1.35 g at week 0 and 0.42 g at week 4 for Sniper x1.0; 1.71 g at week 0 and 0.50 g at week 4 for Sniper x1.5; 1.21 g at week 0 and 0.75 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x0.5; 1.05 g at week 0 and 0.86 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x1.0; 1.67 g at week 0 and 1.01 g at week 4 for Glyphosate x1.5 and 1.90 g at week 0 and 1.45 g at week 4 for the control soil. A total of 8 bacteria species were identified, such as Bacillus spp (50%), Lactobacillus spp (8.3%), Proteus spp (5.6%), Staphylococcus spp (11.1%), Actinomycetes spp (8.3%), Micrococcus spp (2.8%), Pseudomonas spp (8.3%) and Flavobacterium spp (5.6%). The effect of these findings shows that pesticides might be affecting the soil microbial load by reducing it.
Hyphomonadaceae
Authors: Abraham Wolf‐Rainer , Rohde Manfred
Published: October 2019

Hy.pho.mo.na.da.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.Hyphomonastype genus of the family;‐aceaeending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.HyphomonadaceaetheHyphomonasfamily.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Hyphomonadaceae

Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacteria. Motile. Do not form spores. Chemoorganotrophic. Some species require peptone or B vitamins and amino acids. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Some species denitrify. In most species, the major isoprenoid quinone is Q‐10. Most species contain the glycolipids monoglycosyl and monoglucuronosyl diacylglycerols while common phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerols. In addition, many species possess sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols and glucuronopyranosyl diacylglycerol taurine amides. Many species show a reduction of the relative amount of phospholipids in favor of glyco‐ and sulfolipids. Members of the family have been isolated from seawater. The family is a member of the classAlphaproteobacteria, orderRhodobacterales. The family comprises the type genusHyphomonasand the generaAlgimonas,Asprobacter,Fretibacter,Euryhalocaulis,Glycocaulis,Hellea,Henriciella, Hirschia,Hyphobacterium,Litorimonas,Maricaulis,Marinicauda,Oceanicaulis,Ponticaulis,Robiginitomaculum, andWoodsholea.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 43.7–66.3.

Type genus:Hyphomonas (exPongratz 1957) Moore, Weiner and Gebers 1984, 71VPemend. Weiner, Melick, O'Neill and Quintero 2000, 466 emend. Li, Lai, Li, Sun and Shao 2014b, 427.
D
esulfothermus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.ther' mus. N.L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. masc. adj.
thermos
hot; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfothermus
sulfate reducer living in hot places.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfothermaceae / Desulfothermus

Rod‐shaped to slightly curved cells, 0.6–1.0 µm × 2.5–10 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. May grow as individual cells or as compact clumps depending on the species. Cells tend to stick to hydrophobic surfaces. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Motile. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph, using fatty acids, simple organic compounds including organic acids and sugars, and alkanes as electron donors and carbons source. These compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate and thiosulfate are terminal electron acceptors and reduced to H
2
S. Fermentation of substrates was not observed (one species). The optimal pH range for growth is around 6.5. Moderately thermophilic. The optimal temperature range varies between the species.
D. naphthae
has an optimum between 60 and 65°C, whereas
D. okinawensis
grows optimally at 50°C. The major menaquinones for both species are not known. The major cellular fatty acids are only known for
D. okinawensis
and are C
16:0
and 12MeC
16:0
. The genus currently accommodates two species. Anoxic media containing a reductant (usually sulfide), NaCl, and MgCl
2
are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Occur in geothermally or hydrothermally influenced anoxic marine environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 34.9–37.4 (HPLC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfothermus naphthae
Kuever, Rainey and Widdel 2006, 2
VP
(Effective publication: Kuever, Rainey and Widdel 2005b, 956).
D
esulfacinum
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sulf.a.ci'num. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; L. neut. n.
acinum
, a berry, especially a grape; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfacinum
, a berry‐shaped, sulfate‐
reducing
bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfacinum

Oval‐shaped rods, 0.8–1.0 µm × 1.0–2.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stains Gram‐negative. Motility might occur depending on the species. Strictly anaerobic having a respiratory type of metabolism. Cemorganoheterotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic using H
2
+ CO
2
, formate, C
2
–C
16
straight‐chain fatty acids, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, and alcohols as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CODH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway) as indicated from genome data. For growth on H
2
+ CO
2
and formate, the same pathway in the reverse direction is used for chemolithoautotrophic growth. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Nitrate is not used as a terminal electron acceptor. Fermentative growth on some substrates. Thermophilic. Optimal growth temperature, 60°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal growth pH, 7.0–7.5. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth. Dependence for growth factors varies between the species. The type species requires vitamins or yeast extract.
Desulfacinum
species occur in geothermally influenced habitats like hot oil fields and hydrothermal vents.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.5–64.0 (
T
m
, LC); 61–62 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfacinum infernum
Rees, Grassia, Sheehy, Dwivedi and Patel 1995, 88
VP
emend. Sievert and Kuever 2000, 1244.
F
onticella
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐laure , Postec Anne , Ollivier Bernard
Published: October 2019

Fon.ti.cel'la. L. masc. n.
fons
,
fontis
a spring, fountain; L. fem. n.
cella
a storeroom, in biology a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Fonticella
a cell (bacterium) isolated from a spring.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Fonticella

The genus
Fonticella
, at the time of writing, comprised of only one species, for which the name has been validly published.
F. tunisiensis
was isolated from a hot spring in Tunisia, Hammam Bourguiba. The species of the genus is halotolerant (0–4% NaCl (w/v)), moderately thermophilic (55°C), and strictly anaerobic, and presents a fermentative growth on some carbohydrates. The major cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
17:0
, and anteiso‐C
15:0
. The major polar lipids are phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, aminophosphoglycolipid, and aminophospholipids. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the species as representative of
Clostridiaceae
family.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Fonticella tunisiensis
Fraj, Ben Hania, Postec, Hamdi, Ollivier and Fardeau 2013, 1949
VP
.
T
hermodesulfitimonas
Authors: Slobodkina Galina B.
Published: October 2019

Ther.mo.de.sul.fi.ti.mo'nas. Gr. adj.
thermos
, warm, hot; L. pref.
de
from, off, away; N.L. n.
sulfis ‐itis
sulfite; L. fem. n.
monas
, a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Thermodesulfitimonas
, thermophilic sulfite‐reducing body.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Thermodesulfitimonas

Gram‐positive
straight
rods
with rounded ends. Cells are motile due to lateral flagellation. Spores are not produced.
Strictly anaerobic. Thermophilic
.
Neutrophilic. Chemolithoautotrophic.
Growth with molecular hydrogen as electron donor, sodium sulfite or SO
2
gas as electron acceptor, and bicarbonate/CO
2
as a carbon source. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
18:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, and anteiso‐C
15:0
. Member of the family
Thermoanaerobacteraceae,
class
Clostridia
. The closest relatives are species of the genus
Ammonifex
. The type species
, Thermodesulfitimonas autotrophica
SF97
T
, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring (Kuril Islands, Russia).

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 55.8 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Thermodesulfitimonas autotrophica
,
Slobodkina, Baslerov, Novikov, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya and Slobodkin
2017, 305
VP
.
M
arinicella
Authors: Romanenko Lyudmila A.
Published: October 2019

Ma.ri.ni.cel'la. L. adj.
marinus
, of the sea; L. fem. n.
cella
, a chamber, and in biology a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Marinicella
, a cell from the sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Marinicellaceae / Marinicella

Gram‐negative, aerobic, oxidase‐positive, catalase‐positive, or catalase‐negative, and rod‐shaped nonmotile bacteria. Chemoorganoheterotrophic. Not capable of growth photoautotrophically with CO
2
. Sodium ions are essential for growth. Halophilic, slightly alkaliphilic, and mesophilic or psychrotrophic. The predominant isoprenoid quinone is Q‐8. The major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, C
16:0
, and C
16:1
ω7
c
. Polar lipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipids, and unidentified lipids. Known habitats are marine environments.
Marinicella
is a genus in the family
Marinicellaceae
, order
Xanthomonadales
, class
Gammaproteobacteria
, and phylum
Proteobacteria
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 43.8–48.7 (
T
m
, HPLC); 42.4–48.1 (genome sequence analysis).

Type species
:
Marinicella litoralis
Romanenko, Tanaka, Frolova and Mikhailov 2010, 1617
VP
.
L
ongimonas
Authors: Xia Jun , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Lon.gi.mo'nas. L. masc. adj.
longus
, long; Gr. fem. n.
monas
, a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Longimonas
, a long monad.

Rhodothermaeota / Rhodothermia / Rhodothermales / Salinibacteraceae / Longimonas

Longimonas
is a genus in the family
Salinibacteraceae
, order
Rhodothermales
, class
Rhodothermia
, and phylum
Rhodothermaeota
. It currently includes two species—
Longimonas halophila
and
Longimonas haloalkaliphila
, which are isolated from marine solar saltern and sediments of hypersaline alkaline lakes, respectively. Colonies of
Longimonas
are circular, flat and spreading, and orange to red in color. Members of the genus are facultatively anaerobic or obligately aerobic and differ in their dependence on high Mg
+
or Cl
−
concentrations for growth.
L. haloalkaliphila
was proposed to represent the extremely halophilic and alkaliphilic bacteria specialized in utilization of proteinaceous compounds and with an apparent usage of the “salt‐in” osmoprotection strategy. The major fatty acids are C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
18:1
ω7
c
, and iso‐C
16:0
. The major respiratory quinone is MK7. The polar lipid profile of this genus contains phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), and an unidentified lipid (L4).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.2–61.5 (HPLC), 60.5 (genome).

Type species
:
Longimonas halophila
Xia, Zhou, Zhao, Chen and Du 2015, 2275
VP
.
O
leibacter
Authors: Teramoto Maki
Published: October 2019

O.le.i.bac'ter. L. neut. n.
oleum
, oil; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, rod; N.L. masc. n.
Oleibacter
, an oil (‐degrading) rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Oleibacter

Gram‐negative, motile, mesophilic, and aerobic rods. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Showing high
n
‐alkane‐degrading activity, likely contributing to the predominance of the
Oleibacter
strains as important degraders of petroleum aliphatic hydrocarbons spilt in tropical marine environments, while using limited carbon sources (specialized hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences show that the
Oleibacter
strains form a coherent and distinct cluster in a stable lineage containing
Oceanobacter kriegii
IFO 15467
T
(96.4–96.5% similarity in the 16S rRNA gene sequence) and
Thalassolituus oleivorans
MIL‐1
T
. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
16:1
ω7, and C
18:1
ω9; C
12:0
3‐OH and C
10:0
3‐OH are found as hydroxy fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone is Q‐9 (97–99%); Q‐8 (1–3%) is present as the minor quinone. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and a ninhydrin‐positive phospholipid(s). The DNA G + C content is 53.0–53.1 mol%. Members of the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, family
Oceanospirillaceae
. Known habitats are surface seawater in tropical environments and surface and mesopelagic seawater in temperate environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.0–53.1.

Type species
:
Oleibacter marinus
Teramoto, Ohuchi, Hatmanti, Darmayati, Widyastuti, Harayama et al. 2011, 378
VP
.