bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of mucin gene expression in tracheobronchial epithelium of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic bronchitis
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Birkenheuer Adam J. , Marr Henry S. , Rogala Allison R. , Large Edward E. , Adler Kenneth B.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To develop a real-time PCR assay for the quantification of mucin gene expression in tracheobronchial brushing specimens from dogs and compare mucin gene expression in specimens from dogs with naturally occurring chronic bronchitis with that in specimens from healthy dogs.

Animals—7 healthy dogs and 5 dogs with chronic bronchitis.

Procedures—Primers that were designed to span the predicted intron-exon boundaries of a canine MUC5AC-like gene were used to develop a real-time PCR assay for quantification of expression of that gene. Total mRNA was isolated from tracheobronchial brushing specimens obtained from dogs with and without bronchitis during anesthesia; MUC5AC-like gene expression in those samples was quantified by use of the real-time PCR assay.

Results—The PCR assay was sensitive and specific for the target sequence, the predicted amino acid sequence of which had greatest homology with human, porcine, and rat MUC5AC. The assay was able to quantify the target over a wide dynamic range. Dogs with chronic bronchitis had a 3.0-fold increase in the quantity of MUC5AC-like mRNA, compared with healthy dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ability to measure mucin gene expression from tracheobronchial brushing specimens collected from client-owned dogs during routine bronchoscopy should prove to be a useful tool for the study of bronchitis in dogs and expand the usefulness of airway inflammation in dogs as a model for bronchitis in humans.
Breaking strength and elasticity of synthetic absorbable suture materials incubated in phosphate-buffered saline solution, milk, and milk contaminated with Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Nichols Sylvain , Anderson David E.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine in vitro effects of PBSS, milk, and bacteria-contaminated milk (BCM; contaminated by Streptococcus agalactiae) on properties of 3 synthetic absorbable suture materials.

Sample Population—3 types of synthetic absorbable suture materials (poliglecaprone 25, polyglycolic acid, and polydioxanone).

Procedures—Suture materials were tested to determine breaking strength and elasticity before (day 0) and after incubation in 3 media (PBSS, milk, and BCM) for 7, 14, and 21 days. A loop of suture material was elongated at a rate of 60 mm/min until it reached the breaking point. Tensile properties were statistically analyzed among media and incubation times.

Results—Incubation in milk and BCM significantly decreased breaking strength and elasticity of poliglecaprone 25, compared with results for incubation in PBSS. Incubation in BCM significantly decreased tensile properties of polyglycolic acid suture, compared with results for incubation in PBSS and milk. After incubation for 21 days, tensile properties of polydioxanone did not differ significantly among the media but were significantly decreased from values on day 0.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of this study, poliglecaprone 25 is an inappropriate suture material for use in teat surgery. Polyglycolic acid suture should be avoided in teats of cattle with mastitis. Of the suture materials tested, polydioxanone was best suited for use in teat surgery, as determined on the basis of material testing after incubation in milk, even when the milk was contaminated with bacteria.
Evaluation of local and systemic effects after intramuscular implantation of lead shot alternatives in rats
Authors: Hoots Eric A. , Renberg Walter C. , Patton Kristin M. , Roush James K.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To evaluate the local and systemic effects of IM implantation of lead shot alternatives in rats.

Animals—22 laboratory rats.

Procedures—Sterile IM implantation of shot metals was performed, with euthanasia and necropsy at 2, 8, 16, and 26 weeks after implantation. Skeletal muscle specimens were examined histologically and kidney specimens were tested for heavy metals. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of corrosion of metals was performed.

Results—Corrosion of susceptible metals was greatest at 2 weeks in vivo and in vitro. Inflammation associated with all pellet types was greatest 2 weeks after implantation. Nickel-plated steel incited significantly greater inflammation at 2 weeks, compared with bismuth alloy. Kidney iron concentration was significantly greater at 26 weeks, compared with other test periods. Local tissue deposition of iron was verified by use of Prussian blue staining for all iron-containing metals. Concentration of arsenic in kidneys was significantly greater at 8, 16, and 26 weeks after implantation, compared with 2 weeks.

Clinical Relevance and Impact for Human Medicine—Humans or dogs wounded with nickel-plated steel may require more aggressive initial monitoring than those wounded with other shot types. Monitoring of systemic arsenic concentrations may be indicated in patients wounded with shotgun pellets.
Day-to-day variability of blood glucose concentration curves generated at home in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Alt Nina , Kley Saskia , Haessig Michael , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To evaluate day-to-day variability in blood glucose curves (BGCs) generated at home and at the clinic for cats with diabetes mellitus.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—7 cats with diabetes mellitus.

Procedures—BGCs generated at home on 2 consecutive days and within 1 week at the clinic were obtained twice. On each occasion, insulin dose, amount of food, and type of food were consistent for all 3 BGCs. Results of curves generated at home were compared with each other and with the corresponding clinic curve.

Results—Differences between blood glucose concentration determined after food was withheld (fasting), nadir concentration, time to nadir concentration, maximum concentration, and mean concentration during 12 hours had high coefficients of variation, as did the difference between fasting blood glucose and nadir concentrations and area under the curve of home curves. Differences between home curve variables were not smaller than those between home and clinic curves, indicating large day-to-day variability in both home and clinic curves. Evaluation of the paired home curves led to the same theoretical recommendation for adjustment of insulin dose on 6 of 14 occasions, and evaluation of home and clinic curves resulted in the same recommendation on 14 of 28 occasions. Four of the 6 paired home curves in cats with good glycemic control and 2 of the 8 paired home curves in cats with poor glycemic control led to the same recommendation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Considerable day-to-day variability was detected in BGCs generated at home. Cats with good glycemic control may have more reproducible curves generated during blood collection at home than cats with poorer control.
Treatment of thoracolumbar spinal cord compression associated with Histoplasma capsulatum infection in a cat
Authors: Vinayak Arathi , Kerwin Sharon C. , Pool Roy R.
Published: April 2007

Case Description—A 7-year-old domestic shorthair cat with a 2-month history of decreased appetite and weight loss was examined because of paraparesis of 1 week's duration that had progressed to paraplegia 3 days earlier.

Clinical Findings—Neurologic examination revealed normo- to hyperreflexia and absence of deep pain sensation in the hind limbs and thoracolumbar spinal hyperesthesia. Neuro-anatomically, the lesion was located within the T3 through L3 spinal cord segments. Biochemical analysis and cytologic examination of CSF revealed no abnormalities. Radiography revealed narrowing of the T11-12 intervertebral disk space and intervertebral foramen suggestive of intervertebral disk disease. Myelography revealed an extradural mass centered at the T12-13 intervertebral disk space with extension over the dorsal surfaces of T11-13 and L1 vertebral bodies.

Treatment and Outcome—A right-sided hemilaminectomy was performed over the T11-12, T12-13, and T13-L1 intervertebral disk spaces, and a space-occupying mass was revealed. Aerobic bacterial culture of samples of the mass yielded growth of a yeast organism after a 10-day incubation period; histologically, Histoplasma capsulatum was identified. Treatment with itraconazole was initiated. Nineteen days after surgery, superficial pain sensation and voluntary motor function were evident in both hind limbs. After approximately 3.5 months, the cat was ambulatory with sling assistance and had regained some ability to urinate voluntarily.

Clinical Relevance—In cats with myelopathies that have no overt evidence of fungal dissemination, differential diagnoses should include CNS histoplasmosis. Although prognosis associated with fungal infections of the CNS is generally guarded, treatment is warranted and may have a positive outcome.
Immune-mediated erythroid and megakaryocytic aplasia in a cat
Authors: Zini Eric , Hauser Beat , Meli Marina L. , Glaus Tony M.
Published: April 2007

Case Description—A 6-month-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of acute lethargy.

Clinical Findings—Severe nonregenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia were identified. Cytologic examination of a bone marrow aspirate revealed selective erythroid and mega-karyocytic aplasia and a high number of apparently normal small lymphocytes. Infectious agents implicated in feline hematologic disorders were excluded on the basis of serologic tests or PCR amplification, including FeLV, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, and Candidatus Myco-plasma turicensis.

Treatment and Outcome—A 10-day course of prednisolone administration did not improve the hematologic disorder. Administration of human polyclonal immunoglobulins preceded increased reticulocyte count by 3 days. A second bone marrow examination confirmed restoration of erythroblasts and megakaryocytes. After 1 relapse, the disease was successfully controlled with prednisolone for > 3 years.

Clinical Relevance—Immune-mediated bone marrow aplasia is rare in cats and usually affects only erythrocyte progenitors. Concomitant involvement of erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines can be successfully treated via immunosuppressive therapy. Human immunoglobulins seem to be well tolerated in cats; however, proof of a beneficial effect requires further study.
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in an eclectus parrot
Authors: Johnston Matthew S. , Son Tolina T. , Rosenthal Karen L.
Published: April 2007

Case Description—A 2-year-old female Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was evaluated by a veterinarian because of a 4-day history of progressive lethargy, weakness, poor appetite, and inactivity. The bird was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for further examination.

Clinical Findings—Clinicopathologic analyses revealed that the parrot had marked regenerative anemia, autoagglutination, and biliverdinuria. Small, rounded RBCs (thought to be spherocytes) were detected in blood smears. The abnormal findings met the diagnostic criteria for dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. However, analyses of blood samples for lead and zinc concentrations and plasma bile acids concentrations; the use of PCR assays for Chlamydophila psittaci, psittacine circovirus 1 (causative agent of beak and feather disease), and polyomavirus; and microbial culture and Gram staining of feces did not reveal a cause for the hemolytic anemia.

Treatment and Outcome—Although administration of immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine was initiated, there was a rapid progression of disease, which lead to death of the parrot before this treatment could be continued long-term. Lack of an identifiable underlying disease (confirmed by complete histologic examinations at necropsy) supported the diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.

Clinical Relevance—Primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has not been widely reported in psittacine birds. A comprehensive evaluation and complete histologic examination of tissues to rule out underlying disease processes are required to definitively establish a diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in parrots. Primary immune-me-diated hemolytic anemia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for regenerative anemia in a parrot.
Chronic nasal discharge in cats: 75 cases (1993–2004)
Authors: Demko Jennifer L. , Cohn Leah A.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To identify the most common etiologic diagnosis and any historical, physical, or other diagnostic variables associated with a definitive etiologic diagnosis for chronic nasal discharge in cats.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—75 cats with nasal discharge of ≥ 1 month's duration.

Procedures—Medical records of affected cats were reviewed for information on signalment, clinical signs, duration and type of nasal discharge, results of clinical examination, laboratory findings, and advanced imaging findings.

Results—A specific etiologic diagnosis for nasal discharge was identified in only 36% of cats. Neoplasia (carcinoma or lymphoma) was the most common etiologic diagnosis. Character and location of nasal discharge did not contribute greatly toward a specific etiologic diagnosis. Sneezing and vomiting were the most common concurrent clinical signs. Routine CBC, serum biochemical panel, and urinalysis did not contribute to a specific etiologic diagnosis. An etiologic diagnosis was more likely in older cats and cats that underwent advanced imaging studies and nasal biopsy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although advanced diagnostic testing, including imaging studies and biopsy, increases the likelihood of achieving an etiologic diagnosis, the cause of chronic nasal discharge in cats often remains elusive.
Prevalence of Neospora caninum and persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy-breed steers in a feedlot
Authors: Hoar Bruce R. , McQuarry Alana C. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine the prevalence and effect of Neospora caninum infection and persistent infection (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on weight gain, morbidity, and mortality rate in dairy-breed steer calves located on a feedlot in California.

Design—Prospective cohort observational study.

Animals—900 dairy-breed steer calves in 2 pens.

Procedures—The 3- to 4-month-old calves were evaluated for serum antibodies against N caninum and infection with BVDV at entry to the feedlot. Five months later, sera were again analyzed for anti–N caninum antibodies; calves that were determined to have BVDV infection initially were retested to evaluate PI status. Average daily gain, morbidity, and deaths were recorded for all calves.

Results—Among 900 calves, prevalence of N caninum infection was 16.7% (95% confidence interval, 14.3% to 19.3%); prevalence of BVDV-associated PI was 0.2% (95% confidence interval, 0.03% to 0.9%). Morbidity rate and time to first illness were not significantly different between calves that were seropositive or seronegative for N caninum.Atthe second sample collection, weight and average daily gain of calves that were seropositive for N caninum was less than that of seronegative steers in 1 pen, whereas these measures did not differ between groups in the other pen. Statistical power was insufficient to evaluate the effect of BVDV PI on any outcome measurement.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although N caninum serostatus had no significant effect on morbidity rate, some seropositive calves had reduced growth, compared with seronegative calves, 5 months after entry to the feedlot.
Use of a circular external skeletal fixator for stabilization of a comminuted diaphyseal metatarsal fracture in an alpaca
Authors: Rubio-Martínez Luis M. , Koenig Judith B. , Halling Krista B. , Wilkins Katharine , Schulz Kara
Published: April 2007

Case Description—A 3-year-old male alpaca was evaluated because of non–weight-bearing lameness (grade 5/5) in the left hind limb.

Clinical Findings—Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a closed, comminuted, nonarticular, displaced diaphyseal fracture of the left third and fourth metatarsal bones.

Treatment and Outcome—Initial attempts at treatment via reduction of the fracture under traction and subsequent application of a cast were unsuccessful, and more stable fracture fixation was pursued. The alpaca underwent closed reduction of the fracture, which was stabilized by the application of a 3-ring circular external skeletal fixator (CESF). Improved weight bearing on the affected limb was evident soon after surgery and gradually increased; full weight bearing was evident by the seventh day after discharge from the hospital (day 20 after application of the CESF). Lameness was hardly noticeable during walking at that time. After 3 months, complete fracture healing was evident and the CESF was removed; mild outward rotation of the distal fragment and metatarsophalangeal joint was present. A Robert Jones bandage was applied to the limb, and the alpaca was kept in a stall for another 4 weeks. Eleven months after CESF application, the owners and referring veterinarian reported that the alpaca was healthy, not lame, and serving as a stallion without apparent impediment.

Clinical Relevance—Although mostly restricted to small animals, application of a CESF can be a viable alternative for management of long bone fractures in South American camelids.
Coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy in chelonians
Authors: Innis Charles J. , Hernandez-Divers Stephen , Martinez-Jimenez David
Published: April 2007

Objective—To describe a coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy technique for use in chelonians.

Design—Descriptive report.

Animals—11 adult female turtles (6 red-eared sliders, 2 box turtles, 1 painted turtle, 1 four-eyed turtle, and 1 Chinese red-necked pond turtle). Five turtles required oophorectomy because of reproductive tract disease; the remaining 6 underwent elective oophorectomy.

Procedures—Turtles were anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. An incision was made in the prefemoral fossa, and a 2.7-mm rigid endoscope was inserted into the coelomic cavity and used to identify the ovaries. Each ovary was grasped with forceps and exteriorized through the prefemoral incision. The ovarian vasculature was ligated, and the mesovarium was transected. Closure was routine.

Results—In 8 turtles, bilateral oophorectomy was performed through a single incision. In 2 turtles, unilateral oophorectomy was performed in an attempt to maintain reproductive potential. In 1 turtle with a unilateral ovarian remnant from a previous surgery, unilateral oophorectomy was performed. Nine turtles recovered. One box turtle with severe hepatic lipidosis died 7 days after surgery. A second box turtle died 2 days after removal of retained eggs and a large bacterial granuloma.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that coelioscopic-assisted prefemoral oophorectomy is a practical and safe method for treating reproductive disorders and performing elective oophorectomy in turtles. This technique represents a potential alternative to plastron osteotomy in sexually mature chelonians.
Synthesis and characterization of oligo-4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol
Authors: Kaya İ. , Çulhaoğlu S. , Şenol D.
Published: April 2007

The oxidative polycondensation of 4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (4-PIMP) with O2, H2O2, and NaOCl was studied in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50°C and 90°C. Oligo-4-[(pyridin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (O-4-PIMP) prepared was characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, UV-VIS, size-exclusion chromatography, and elemental and thermal analyses techniques. At the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of O-4-PIMP was 18.9%, 39.4%, and 46.8% using H2O2, O2, and NaOCl oxidant, respectively. According to the TG analysis, the initial degradation temperature of O-4-PIMP was 218°C, which was by 50°C higher than that of 4-PIMP. Thermal analyses of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were carried out in N2 atmosphere at 15–1000°C. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and electrochemical energy gaps of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were determined from the onset potentials for n-doping and p-doping, respectively. Also, optical band gaps of 4-PIMP and O-4-PIMP were determined according to UV-VIS measurements.
Relationship between physicochemical properties, lipophilicity parameters, and local anesthetic activity of dibasic esters of phenylcarbamic acid
Authors: Malík I. , Sedlárová E. , Csöllei J. , Andriamainty F. , Čižmárik J.
Published: April 2007

The basic physicochemical properties, lipophilicity parameters of dibasic alkyloxy-substituted phenylcarbamic acids were estimated. For the prepared set of compounds the experimentally obtained solubility, acidity, and lipophilicity parameters were correlated with those computed using various computer programs based on the associative artificial neural network and fragmental methods. The results of pharmacological evaluation were used as entry data for the complex correlations.
Tai Chi and Perceived Health Status in Older Adults Who Are Transitionally Frail: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Greenspan Arlene I , Wolf Steven L , Kelley Mary E , O'Grady Michael
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

Tai chi, a Chinese exercise derived from martial arts, while gaining popularity as an intervention for reducing falls in older adults, also may improve health status. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intense tai chi (TC) exercise could improve perceived health status and self-rated health (SRH) more than wellness education (WE) for older adults who are transitionally frail.

Subjects

Study subjects were 269 women who were ≥70 years of age and who were recruited from 20 congregate independent senior living facilities.

Methods

Participants took part in a 48-week, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. They were randomly assigned to receive either TC or WE interventions. Participants were interviewed before randomization and at 1 year regarding their perceived health status and SRH. Perceived health status was measured with the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP).

Results

Compared with WE participants, TC participants reported significant improvements in the physical dimension and ambulation categories and borderline significant improvements in the body care and movement category of the SIP. Self-rated health did not change for either group.

Discussion and Conclusion

These findings suggest that older women who are transitionally frail and participate in intensive TC exercise demonstrate perceived health status benefits, most notably in ambulation.
Communicating With Patients: What Happens in Practice?
Authors: Roberts Lisa , Bucksey Sally J
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

Communication is the most important aspect of practice that health care professionals have to master. The purpose of this study was to measure the content and prevalence of verbal and nonverbal communications between physical therapists and patients with back pain.

Subjects

Seven physical therapists and 21 patients with back pain participated in this study.

Methods

The first interaction following the initial assessment was recorded with a video camera. The outcome measures were the Medical Communications Behavior System (verbal communication) and frequencies of nonverbal behaviors (affirmative head nodding, smiling, eye gaze, forward leaning, and touch). Semistructured interviews were undertaken with the physical therapists to determine the perceived influence of the video camera.

Results

A total of 2,055 verbal statements were made. Physical therapists spent approximately twice as much time talking as patients, with content behaviors (such as taking history and giving advice) comprising 52% of verbal communications. The most prevalent nonverbal behaviors were touch by physical therapists (54%) and eye gaze by patients (84%).

Discussion and Conclusion

The prevalence and content of communication can be measured with video analysis and validated tools. Communication is an extremely important but underexplored dimension of the patient-therapist relationship, and the methods described here could provide a useful model for further research and reflective practice.
Effect of Aerobic Training on Walking Capacity and Maximal Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Study
Authors: Rampello Anais , Franceschini Marco , Piepoli Massimo , Antenucci Roberto , Lenti Gabriella , Olivieri Dario , Chetta Alfredo
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

Physical deconditioning is involved in the impaired exercise tolerance of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but data on the effects of aerobic training (AT) in this population are scanty. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week AT program on exercise capacity—in terms of walking capacity and maximum exercise tolerance, as well as its effects on fatigue and health-related quality of life—as compared with neurological rehabilitation (NR) in subjects with MS.

Subjects and Methods

Nineteen subjects (14 female, 5 male; mean age [X̅±SD]=41±8 years) with mild to moderate disability secondary to MS participated in a randomized crossover controlled study. Eleven subjects (8 female, 3 male; mean age [X̅±SD]=44±6 years) completed the study.

Results

After AT, but not NR, the subjects’ walking distances and speeds during a self-paced walk were significantly improved, as were their maximum work rate, peak oxygen uptake, and oxygen pulse during cardiopulmonary exercise tests. The increases in peak oxygen uptake and maximum work rate, but not in walking capacity, were significantly higher after AT, as compared with after NR. Additionally, the subjects who were most disabled tended to benefit more from AT. There were no differences between AT and NR in effects on fatigue, and the results showed that AT may have partially affected health-related quality of life.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results suggest that AT is more effective than NR in improving maximum exercise tolerance and walking capacity in people with mild to moderate disability secondary to MS.
Toward Quantitative Measures for the Semantic Quality of Polygon Generalization
Authors: Cheng Tao , Li Zhilin
Published: April 2007

Map generalization changes the semantics and geometry of map objects according to the context defined by users. How to evaluate and ensure the quality of generalization has become a major issue in contemporary digital cartography. The change in semantics after generalization has been studied much less than the other two aspects (geometry and topology). This research investigates the effect of generalization operations on the semantics of map objects. A set of quantitative measures for semantic change is put forward. A case study of a land-use map is implemented to illustrate the practical usefulness of these proposed measures, with a merging operation as an example of polygon generalization. The results indicate that these measures are not only sound in theory but also meaningful in practice.
The Persuasiveness of Cartography: Michel Le Nobletz (1577–1652) and the School of Le Conquet (France)
Authors: Reitinger Franz
Published: April 2007

Some time ago, “Maphist,” the leading discussion group in the field of map history, launched an opinion poll in order to find out which saint can justly be claimed to be the patron of cartographers and map-makers. This article suggests one answer: the Breton itinerant preacher Michel Le Nobletz (1577–1652). With the help of several pious women cartographers, Le Nobletz produced allegorical sea charts and used them as a teaching device to catechize his congregations on the Christian virtues. He not only defended the use of maps vigorously against church authorities but also created a legal body in order to preserve them. Thus he became a forerunner of the type of map society founded in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Grands Domaines De L'Utilisation Des Cartes Et Terminologie
Authors: PEUGNIEZ GENEVIEVE
Published: April 2007

During the first meeting of the IGU/ICA Joint Working Group on Map Use, it was deemed necessary to deal with the terminology and the French translation of this polysemous term. Map use, as it is understood in France allows one to determine the field of research for this group. An overview of a number of French-language publications on this theme demonstrates evolution of the concept of map use.
A Cognitive Analysis of Wayfinding Expertise
Authors: Crampton Jeremy
Published: April 2007

Expert and novice wayfinders were surveyed to isolate wayfinding expertise. The analysis of the results is dependent not only on typical statistical measures but also on information graphics that capture the subjects' cognitive problem-solving procedures and representations as they wayfind using a map. Results suggest that expert wayfinders possess an 'enabling' style of wayfinding, allowing them to look for problem solutions, make heavy use of problem-solving strategies, and avoid specific locational knowledge if within a known, bounded area. Novice wayfinders possess a 'preventing' style of wayfinding causing them to look for problems, use few strategies and wayfind by following a string of landmarks. Experts showed an ability to adjust the detail of mental representation according to the complexity of the task, whereas novices lacked both representational richness and the flexibility of the experts.
A Mathematical Analysis And Comparison Of Three Circular World Graticules
Authors: BROOKS WILLIAM D , ROBERTS CHARLES E
Published: April 2007

In this article we derive general equations for projecting the earth's surface onto the interior of a circle in such a manner that parallels and meridians are both segments of circles. Symbolically these equations have the form x =f(Î», Ï†) and y = g(Î», Ï†) where (x, y) are the coordinates of the graticule in terms of the longitude Î» and the latitude Ï†. General partial derivatives âˆ‚x/âˆ‚Î», âˆ‚x/âˆ‚Ï†, âˆ‚y/âˆ‚Î» and âˆ‚y/âˆ‚ Ï† are computed and used to express the areal distortion, S, and angular deformation, Ï‰, as a function of the longitude and latitude. The areal distortion and angular deformation for Lambert's 1772 graticule and van der Grinten's 1898 compromise graticule are calculated and compared with the areal distortion and angular deformation of the modified van der Grinten graticule.
IT WAS THE MAPMAKERS WHO REALLY DISCOVERED AMERICA
Authors: ROBINSON ARTHUR H
Published: April 2007

Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of America, but he died believing he had reached Asia. Simply running into a place thought to be some other place is hardly worthy of being called a 'geographical discovery.' Those who followed Columbus were similarly confused. It remained, during the next half century, for the mapmakers to fit the explorers' accounts into the world map. In the early 1500s they separated South America from Asia, but not until Mercator's map of 1538 was North America disconnected. It was analysis by cartographers that revealed the new lands to be hitherto unknown continents. Thus the map makers were the real discoverers of America.
MEASURES OF DISTANCE EMPLOYED ON 17TH AND EARLY 18TH CENTURY MAPS OF CANADA
Authors: HEIDENREICH CONRAD E
Published: April 2007

The paper is a discussion of the many measures of distance commonly found on 17th century maps of Canada. Firstly, the measures are compared to each other in terms of commonly held notions about the length of a meridional degree. Secondly, an effort is made to ascertain the absolute length of the 17th century measures in terms of modern measures. Finally, some suggestions are made on how to ascertain the scale of a map and how to make scholarly use of it. Ce document est une étude des nombreuses mesures de distances habituellement utilisées sur les cartes du Canada du 17e siècle. En premier lieu, l'auteur se sert des notions habituellement admises au sujet de la longueur d'un degré de méridien pour comparer les mesures les unes aux autres. En second lieu, l'auteur tente de déterminer la longueur absolue des mesures du 17e siècle en termes de mesures modernes. Enfin, il apporte quelques suggestions sur la façon de déterminer l'échelle d'une carte et de l'utiliser en classe.
OBSERVED STATISTICAL TRENDS IN VARIOUS INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS USEFUL FOR FIRST STAGE INTERPOLATION
Authors: MORRISON JOEL L
Published: April 2007

The author discusses the cartographer's quandary in choosing an appropriate algorithm for the interpolation of a representative surface from a set of known data points of an unknown distribution. An empirical study is detailed which outlines a process of sampling data points from known statistical surfaces and rebuilding the surfaces according to various algorithmic principles. The capability of these selected interpolation models to approximate the original surfaces is analyzed and generalized.
THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY AND THE RESULTS OF FIFTY YEARS OF WORK BY SOVIET SCHOLARS
Authors: SHIBANOV F A
Published: April 2007

The author, a senior Russian specialist on the history of cartography, briefly and critically reviews Soviet work in his field. He also discusses the nature of the history of cartography, emphasizing that it encompasses the history of the development of cartographic science, not just the history of the geographical map.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED COMPILATION AND DRAFTING / PLANNING FOR THE GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN AREA STREET MAP
Authors: CARSTENSEN JR LAURENCE W
Published: April 2007

Computer-assistance has aided in the production of a wide range of cartographic products. For the 1983 edition of the Green Bay (Wisconsin) Area Street Map, the Chamber of Commerce elected to have the map prepared using digital techniques. With modest equipment and custom tailored software for the generation of required point, line, and area symbols, the map was prepared in far less time, and at far lower cost than would have been the case under manual methods. The data file has also proven useful in subsequent editions of the map. This paper describes the automation process and the software developed for this mapping project.
Cartography's Defining Moment: The Peters Projection Controversy, 1974–1990
Authors: Crampton Jeremy
Published: April 2007

This paper documents a famous cartographic controversy played out in the cartographic literature for more than fifteen years. In 1974, a German historian, Arno Peters, introduced what he called The Peters Projection to the cartographic community. It was immediately and roundly condemned as being a copy of one by James Gall, a nineteenth-century evangelist. Both men are discussed in their own contexts. The controversy that then arose is used to illustrate several matters: first, that intellectual traditions proceed through debate and contest, rather than by increasingly accurately describing the world; second, that ideology is an instrumental aspect of cartography. Both these points inform my sense of defining moment, which is used in two ways: on the one hand, the fact that many academic cartographers participated in a controversy about the worth of the Peters projection 'defines' something of the nature of the dominant perspective in cartography; on the other hand, the period over which the controversy occurred marks a transitional 'moment' about which contemporary cartography balances. It is argued that post-Peters cartography should engage ideology for a fully informed theory of cartography.
Spatial Pattern Recall / An Analysis Of The Aesthetic Use Of Color
Authors: PATTON JEFFREY C , SLOCUM TERRY A
Published: April 2007

Cartographers frequently use color on maps to create an aesthetically pleasing display that will hopefully attract a reader's attention. One wonders whether the addition of color to a display for aesthetic purposes will also enhance the transfer of information. In this context, this study analyzes one element of information transfer, the ability of readers to recall the spatial pattern of symbols on a graduated circle map when the pattern is shown in different colors. The results indicate that if the recall period is relatively short (about 5 minutes), color has no significant effect on recall. A secondary result is that sex has no significant effect on the ability to recall patterns on graduated circle maps. For the purpose of comparing a recall map with an original stimulus, maps were ranked both mathematically and visually. The lack of complete agreement between these rankings indicates that further work needs to be done with pattern comparison on graduated circle maps.
THE PROPER DISTRIBUTION OF TASKS TO DIGITIZE A CLEAN BOUNDARY NETWORK
Authors: DOUGLAS DAVID H
Published: April 2007

The ease of programming, and thus the common availability of computer programs that display regions filled with colour or texture, or that calculate area, perimeter, or moment-centre, is completely incongruent with the difficulty of producing the data sets required for them to represent the regions. This is termed the 'boundary network' problem. There are many ways, of varying awkwardness, around the problem. The integration of a good boundary network algorithm into the sequence of tasks required to digitize a network of regions will decrease the overall time required to prepare a good data set.
The Role of Ethics, Mapping, and the Meaning of Place in Relations Between Indians and Whites in the United States
Authors: RUNDSTROM ROBERT A
Published: April 2007

Some current government and private-sector mapping practices continue the long history of assimilationist policy toward American Indians living in the United States. I use examples of recently mapped Zuni, Hopi, and Cheyenne lands, two of which involve GIS, to demonstrate the roles cultural myths and map technology play in ongoing skirmishes over the meaning of land, language, and religion. A cross-cultural glimpse into Indian ethno-geography is offered as a means to understanding the need for re-thinking the mapping process. Finally, I urge today's cartographic elites to broaden the now-limited ethical debate, and suggest practical methods by which mapping/GIS projects in Indian Country might proceed according to a different ethical standard. Certaines pratiques cartographiques courantes au gouvernement et dans le secteur privé perpétuent la longue histoire de la politique assimilatrice envers les Indiens américains qui vivent aux États-Unis. J'utilise des exemples de terres zuni, hopi et cheyennes récemment cartographiées, dont deux impliquaient des systèmes d'information géographique (SIG), afin de démontrer les rôles que les mythes culturelles et la technologie cartographique jouent dans les escarmouches qui se perpétuent à propos de la signification de terre, langue et religion. On nous offre un aperçu panculturel de l'ethnogéographie indienne comme moyen pour comprendre le besoin de repenser le processus cartographique. Enfin, je presse l'élite cartographique d'aujourd'hui d'élargir le débat d'éthique, limité pour le moment, et je suggère des méthodes pratiques pour que les projets de cartographie et de SIG dans le pays indien puissent se dérouler en suivant une norme d'éthique différente.
HIGHER GEODETIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION IN TSARIST AND SOVIET RUSSIA
Authors: BOLSHAKOV V D
Published: April 2007

This article traces the evolution of Russian higher education in geodesy and also in cartography from Catherine the Great's reign to the present. It surveys the development of several institutes, especially their personnel and curricula, and emphasizes the changes effected by the Bolshevik Revolution in accordance with the practical demands of socialist construction. The foremost Soviet institutes and their leading specialists, specialized training programs, and research activities are described.
Modular Web-Based Atlas Information Systems
Authors: Jenny Bernhard , Terribilini Andrea , Jenny Helen , Gogu Radu , Hurni Lorenz , Dietrich Volker
Published: April 2007

Atlas information systems (AIS) present spatial information on predefined themes and localities in the form of maps and other representations, generally focusing on correct cartographic appearance and offering a certain degree of user interaction. This article introduces the concept of modular AIS, a concept that is essential for the development of an AIS with modern computer technology. The main advantages of a modular architecture are twofold: first, an AIS software framework based on a modular architecture allows for easy and rapid customization to a certain theme and locality; second, functional enhancements and new technologies can be easily integrated into a modular AIS in order to optimally present and analyse the data at hand.

Web-based AIS can benefit from the concept of modularity at three different levels: (1) The AIS client can adjust its functionality and adapt to the available technology on the present computer platform. (2) The AIS server can build an AIS client with custom-tailored data and functionality in real time, depending on the user's access rights, needs, or expertise. (3) Distributed, modular data storage greatly simplifies the design, implementation and maintainance of an AIS by using a mediation system.

To illustrate the concepts presented, we will discuss selected technical aspects (e.g., Web-based map viewer technology, client–server communication), and describe an exemplary Web-based AIS that extends the modular core architecture through specialized functionalities for the analysis of geophysical data. It is the authors’ hope that the ideas presented will provide an introduction to the technical concepts for designers and developers of similar Web-based atlas information systems.
Producing the City: Bird's-Eye Views of Habsburg Spain
Authors: Camino Mercedes
Published: April 2007

Though often produced with a propagandist aim, many an early modern bird's-eye view can be seen as a contradictory cultural product. For example, the Spanish views commissioned by the Habsburg rulers did not contribute to buttressing the system they were meant to dignify. Instead, the views of Anton van den Wyngaerde in the 1560s and those reproduced in the Civitates orbis terrarum (1578-1612) both reflect and construct a sense of local pride in the context of a totalitarian state aspiring to uniformity and social control.

The vindication of fragmentation against the state's notion of unity is only one of the paradoxes embedded in the production of bird's-eye views. The fact that the views highlight royal palaces, the houses of the nobility, and church buildings does not disguise the fact that there is no all-embracing concept of urban planning that would render those cities ideal in the eye of the beholder. Moreover, the different angles of vision and the presence of the draftsmen also convey an idea of hegemony that highlights the individual subject, undermining the notion of that subject's subordination. This is further corroborated by the shifting position of the viewer, who can occupy the position of the artist and who, as an urban dweller, is also the object of study, that is to say, the sight.
CARTOGRAPHIC RELIEF PORTRAYAL
Authors: CURRAN J. P.
Published: April 2007

The problem of relief portrayal has challenged cartographers throughout the history of map-making. The advent of printing in 15th-century Europe and later advances in lithography led to experimentation in relief portrayal. The writer outlines the progression of the various techniques and describes new methods that have been developed in recent years. The method used by Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ottawa, since 1961 in their aeronautical chart program uses pencil shading for relief portrayal, a system modified from the one designed by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys, United Kingdom. Le problème de la représentation du relief a été la pierre d'achoppement des cartographes tout le long de l'histoire de la cartographie. L'avènement de l'imprimerie en Europe au 15e siècle et les progrès subséquents en lithographie ont abouti à des expériences dans la représentation du relief. L'auteur décrit brièvement les progrès des diverses techniques et les nouvelles méthodes mises au point au cours des dernières années. La méthode utilisée depuis 1961 par la Direction des levés et de la cartographie à Otawa, pour représener le relief dans ses cartes aéronautiques, s'appelle l'estompage. C'est une modification du système mis au point par le Directorat des levés d'outre-mer, du Royaume-Uni.
GIS Technology in Natural Resource Management: Process as a Tool of Change
Authors: Duncan Sally L. , Lach Denise H.
Published: April 2007

Natural resource management in the United States has experienced dramatic change since landmark legislation in the 1960s and 1970s ultimately brought about high-visibility policy decisions on the public lands of the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s. The socio-political trajectory of that change has moved from institutionally imposed, agency-based decisions toward greater public involvement, increasingly calling upon new technologies to analyse data and communicate scientific findings. An investigation of the use of GIS technology in public involvement in the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study in western Oregon finds that use of this technology plays a potentially transformative role that can encourage further movement along this social change–based trajectory but can also constrain it. Use of the technology can constrain change by increasing awareness of uncertainty and by supporting the development of privileged knowledge as held by GIS map-makers, typically scientists. It can encourage change by supporting broader kinds of inquiry and data input, reducing the effects of epistemological differences between scientists and non-scientists, and enhancing the story-making capacity and imagination of all stakeholders. In these respects, the use of GIS technology carries some potential to shift power relationships among scientists and non-scientists participating in the creation of new knowledge. Lasting change along these lines takes time, requiring the building of mutual trust and suggesting that the process of using GIS to analyse and describe landscapes can itself become a tool of change.
The Realization of ICA Commission Projects on Planetary Cartography
Authors: Shingareva Kira B. , Zimbelman Jim , Buchroithner Manfred F. , Hargitai Henrik I.
Published: April 2007

The International Cartographic Association (ICA) Commission on Planetary Cartography was officially established on the basis of the ICA Planetary Cartography Working Group at the ICA Congress in Ottawa in August 1999. Its goal is to develop materials and information intended to aid in the global dissemination of planetary cartographic information. The overall theme of this effort is the harmonization of international planetary cartographic activities. The commission's activities can help especially in those countries not actively involved in ongoing spacecraft missions, bringing together scientists from diverse backgrounds (planetary science, earth science, cartography) who have not interacted previously, along with map and atlas publishers. The Planetary Cartography Database, the Multilingual Planetary Maps, and the Multilingual Glossary can serve as a reliable resource for cartographers who wish to produce and study planetary maps.
Preliminary Checklist of Pre-Twentieth-Century Women in Cartography
Authors: Hudson Alice , Ritzlin Mary
Published: April 2007

This article serves as an introduction to a checklist of the names of nearly 300 women involved with maps and map-making up to the year 1900. It outlines the categories considered, the sources the authors consulted in compiling the checklist, and some of the problems encountered. Many aspects of women's work with maps are considered, including women engaged in the printing and allied trades, women travellers and explorers whose books contained maps, authors of atlases and of geographies and histories containing maps, and others.

The authors regard the checklist as a work in progress, and they invite comments, corrections and suggestions from readers. The purpose of the checklist is to provide a handy reference for those interested in cartographic history or in women's history.