bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Parametric Mapping Demonstrates Asymmetric Uptake with Tc-99m ECD and Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in Normal Brain
Authors: Brinkmann Benjamin H , Jones David T , Stead Matt , Kazemi Noojan , O'Brien Terence J , So Elson L , Blumenfeld Hal , Mullan Brian P , Worrell Gregory A
Published: September 2011

Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate diethylester (ECD) and Tc-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO) are commonly used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies of a variety of neurologic disorders. Although these tracers have been very helpful in diagnosing and guiding treatment of neurologic disease, data describing the distribution and laterality of these tracers in normal resting brain are limited. Advances in quantitative functional imaging have demonstrated the value of using resting studies from control populations as a baseline to account for physiologic fluctuations in cerebral perfusion. Here, we report results from 30 resting Tc-99m ECD SPECT scans and 14 resting Tc-99m HMPAO scans of normal volunteers with no history of neurologic disease. Scans were analyzed with regions of interest and with statistical parametric mapping, with comparisons performed laterally (left vs. right), as well as for age, gender, and handedness. The results show regions of significant asymmetry in the normal controls affecting widespread areas in the cerebral hemispheres, but most marked in superior parietotemporal region and frontal lobes. The results have important implications for the use of normal control SPECT images in the evaluation of patients with neurologic disease.
BioSharing: Standards, Policies and Communication in Bioscience
Authors: Field Dawn , Sansone Susanna-Assunta , Rocca-Serra Philippe
Published: September 2011

BioSharing works at the global level to build stable linkages between journals, funders, implementing data sharing policies, and well-constituted standardization efforts in the biosciences domain, to expedite the communication and the production of an integrated standards-based framework for the capture and sharing of high-throughput genomics and functional genomic bioscience data.
Cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) induces differentiation by human periodontal ligament cells under three‐dimensional culture conditions
Authors: Hoz Lía , Romo Enrique , Zeichner‐David Margarita , Sanz Mariano , Nuñez Javier , Gaitán Luis , Mercado Gabriela , Arzate Higinio
Published: September 2011

PDL (periodontal ligament) is a source of multi‐potent stem cells in humans and their differentiation potential to a cementoblast and osteoblast phenotypes has been shown. Tissue construction from PDL‐derived cells could be considered as a valuable technique for periodontal regenerative medicine. On these basis, we determined the role of CEMP1 (cementum protein 1) as a factor to induce differentiation of human PDL cells in a 3D (three‐dimensional) fashion. Human PDL cells were grown in an RCCS (rotary cell culture system) D‐410 RWV (rotating wall vessel) bioreactor, and maintained in either experimental (CEMP1 2.5 μg/ml) or control media during 4 weeks. Cell proliferation in the presence of CEMP1 was determined. The tissue‐like structure formed was analysed histologically, stained with Alizarin Red and Alcian Blue. ALP (alkaline phosphatase)‐specific activity, immunostaining, RT—PCR (reverse transcription—PCR) and Western blotting were performed to determine the expression of BSP (bone sialoprotein), enamel [AMBN (ameloblastin) and AMEL (amelogenin)], cementum [CAP (cementum attachment protein) and CEMP1] and cartilage‐related proteins (Sox9, aggrecan, types II and X collagens). Our results show that hrCEMP1 (human recombinant CEMP1) promoted cell proliferation by human PDL cells in 3D cultures and induced the formation of a tissue‐like structure resembling bone and/or cementum and material similar to cartilage. The addition of hrCEMP1 to the 3D human PDL cell cultures increased ALP‐specific activity by 2.0‐fold and induced the expression of markers for the osteogenic, cementogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes at the mRNA and protein levels. Our data show that human PDL cells in 3D cultures with the addition of CEMP1 has the potential to be used for the bioengineering reconstruction of periodontal tissues and cartilage since our results suggest that CEMP1 stimulates human PDL cells to differentiate towards different phenotypes.
ABCC1 polymorphisms in anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Semsei Agnes F. , Erdelyi Daniel J. , Ungvari Ildiko , Csagoly Edit , Hegyi Marta Z. , Kiszel Petra S. , Lautner‐Csorba Orsolya , Szabolcs Judit , Masat Peter , Fekete Gyorgy , Falus Andras , Szalai Csaba , Kovacs Gabor T.
Published: September 2011

Anthracyclines are potent cytostatic drugs, the correct dosage being critical to avoid possible cardiac side effects. ABCC1 [ATP‐binding cassette, sub‐family C, member 1; also denoted as MRP1 (multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1)] is expressed in the heart and takes part in the detoxification and protection of cells from the toxic effects of xenobiotics, including anthracyclines. Our objective was to search for associations between LV (left ventricular) function and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCC1 gene in children receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. Data of 235 paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was analysed. Patients were followed‐up by echocardiography (median follow‐up 6.3 years). Nine polymorphisms in the ABCC1 gene were genotyped. The ABCC1 rs3743527TT genotype and rs3743527TT—rs246221TC/TT genotype combination were associated with lower LVFS (left ventricular fractional shortening) after chemotherapy. The results suggest that genetic variants in the ABCC1 gene influence anthracycline‐induced LV dysfunction.
Protein immobilization and detection on laser processed polystyrene surfaces
Authors: Sarantopoulou Evangelia , Petrou Panagiota S. , Kollia Zoe , Palles Dimitrios , Spyropoulos-Antonakakis Nikolaos , Kakabakos Sotirios , Cefalas Alkiviadis-Constantinos
Published: September 2011

The bovine serum albumin (BSA)-polystyrene (PS) interface layer is laser photo activated at 157 nm for site selective multiple target-protein immobilization. The 5-15 nm photon induced interface layer has different chemical, wetting, and stiffness properties than the PS photon processed surface. The irradiated areas exhibit target-protein binding, followed by localized probe-target protein detection. The photon induced chemical modification of the BSA-PS interface layer is identified by: (1) Morphological, imaging, and analysis of surface parameters with atomic force microscopy, (2) spectroscopic shift (4 cm−1), of the amide I group and formation of new C=N, NH2, C-O, C=O, and O-C=O groups following irradiation, identified with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and (3) the different hydrophilic/hydrophobic and force-distance response of the bare PS and BSA-PS surfaces. Near field edge diffraction (Fresnel) fluorescence imaging specifies the threshold photon energy and the fluence required to optically detect the protein binding on the photon induced BSA-PS interface layer. By approximating the Fresnel integrals with analytical functions, the threshold photon energy and the fluence are expressed as the sum of zero, first, and second order harmonic terms of two characteristic diffracted modes and they are specified to be 8.73×10-9 Jand623 J m-2, respectively. Furthermore, a bioarray of three probe-target proteins is fabricated with 1.5 μm spatial resolution using a 157 nm laser microstepper. The methodology eliminates the use of intermediate polymer layers between the blocking BSA protein and the PS substrate in bioarray fabrication.
Resonance magnetoelectric effects in a piezoelectric bimorph
Authors: Fetisov Y. K. , Chashin D. V. , Segalla A. G. , Srinivasan G.
Published: September 2011

Studies in recent years have focused mainly on strain mediated magnetoelectric (ME) effects in magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composites. This report is on resonance ME effects in a piezoelectric bimorph. The effect arises due to combination of piezoelectricity and the Ampere force on the sample that carries an ac electric current and placed in a bias magnetic field. The ME coefficient is as high as 16.5 V/(A kOe) at 153 Hz due to bending oscillations. Estimated ME coefficients are in agreement with the data.
Femtosecond laser-induced nanostructure formation in Sb2Te3
Authors: Li Yuwei , Stoica Vladimir A. , Endicott Lynn , Wang Guoyu , Sun Huarui , Pipe Kevin P. , Uher Ctirad , Clarke Roy
Published: September 2011

We report femtosecond laser-induced nanotracks in highly absorbing Sb2Te3. Groups of nanotracks are observed with widths ∼50 nm and periodicity ∼130 nm, their area of coverage extending with the increase of laser fluence. We demonstrate that under a narrow range of laser fluences and laser irradiation times, long highly aligned nanotracks can be formed in Sb2Te3. The results suggest a promising avenue for laser nanostructuring of chalcogenide thermoelectrics, with implications for high efficiency thermoelectric energy conversion.
Changes in CR-39 proton sensitivity due to prolonged exposure to high vacuums relevant to the National Ignition Facility and OMEGA
Authors: Manuel M. J.-E. , Rosenberg M. J. , Sinenian N. , Rinderknecht H. , Zylstra A. B. , Séguin F. H. , Frenje J. , Li C. K. , Petrasso R. D.
Published: September 2011

When used at facilities like OMEGA and the NIF, CR-39 is exposed to high vacuum environments before and after irradiation by charged particles and neutrons. Using an electrostatic linear accelerator at MIT, studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of high vacuum exposure on the sensitivity of CR-39 to fusion protons in the ∼1–9 MeV energy range. High vacuum conditions, of order 10−5 Torr, experienced by CR-39 samples at these facilities were emulated. It is shown that vacuum exposure times longer than ∼16 h before proton irradiation result in a decrease in proton sensitivity, whereas no effect was observed for up to 67 h of vacuum exposure after proton irradiation. CR-39 sensitivity curves are presented for samples with prolonged exposure to high vacuum before and after proton irradiation.
Low emissivity Ag/Ta/glass multilayer thin films deposited by sputtering
Authors: Park Sun Ho , Lee Kee Sun , Sivasankar Reddy A.
Published: September 2011

Ta is deposited on a glass substrate as an interlayer for the two-dimensional growth of Ag thin films because Ta has good thermal stability and can induce a negative surface-energy change in Ag/glass. From the transmission electron microscopy results, we concluded that the Ag crystals in the bottom layer (seemingly on Ag/Ta) were flattened; this was rarely observed in the three-dimensional growth mode. Comparing Ag/Ta/glass with Ag/glass, we found that the Ta interlayer was effective in reducing both the resistance and the emissivity, accompanied by the relatively high transmittance in the visible region. In particular, Ag(9 nm)/Ta(1 nm)/glass film showed 0.08 of the emissivity, including ∼61% of the transmittance in the visible region (wavelength: 550 nm).
Emission and absorption cross-sections of an Er:GaN waveguide prepared with metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wang Q. , Dahal R. , Feng I.-W. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X. , Hui R.
Published: September 2011

We repost the characterization of emission and absorption cross-sections in an erbium-doped GaN waveguide prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The emission cross-section was obtained with the Füchtbauer–Ladenburg equation based on the measured spontaneous emission and the radiative carrier lifetime. The absorption cross-section was derived from the emission cross-section through their relation provided from the McCumber’s theory. The conversion efficiency from a 1480 nm pump to 1537 nm emission was measured, which reasonably agreed with the calculation based on the emission and absorption cross-sections.
Markov chain modeling of polymer translocation through pores
Authors: Mondaini Felipe , Moriconi L.
Published: September 2011

We solve the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation and study the exact splitting probabilities of the general stochastic process which describes polymer translocation through membrane pores within the broad class of Markov chains. Transition probabilities, which satisfy a specific balance constraint, provide a refinement of the Chuang-Kantor-Kardar relaxation picture of translocation, allowing us to investigate finite size effects in the evaluation of dynamical scaling exponents. We find that (i) previous Langevin simulation results can be recovered only if corrections to the polymer mobility exponent are taken into account and (ii) the dynamical scaling exponents have a slow approach to their predicted asymptotic values as the polymer's length increases. We also address, along with strong support from additional numerical simulations, a critical discussion which points in a clear way the viability of the Markov chain approach put forward in this work.
Consistent assignment of the vibrations of monosubstituted benzenes
Authors: Gardner Adrian M. , Wright Timothy G.
Published: September 2011

We investigate the consistency of the labeling and assignments of the vibrations of the monosubstituted benzenes in the electronic ground state. In doing so, we also identify some inconsistencies in the labeling of the benzene modes. We commence by investigating the behavior of the benzene vibrations as one hydrogen is replaced by an artificial atomic substituent of increasing mass via quantum chemical calculations; the wavenumber variations with mass give insight into the assignments. We also examine how well the monohalobenzene vibrations can be described in terms of the benzene ones: consistent with some recent studies, we conclude that this is futile in a significant number of cases. We then show that “isotopic wavenumbers” obtained by artificially changing the mass of the fluorine atom in fluorobenzene are in very good agreement with the wavenumbers obtained via explicit calculation for the relevant monohalobenzene (chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene) vibrations. As a consequence, we propose that the vibrations of monofluorobenzene be used as the basis for labelling the vibrational assignments of monosubstituted benzenes. As well as the four monohalobenzenes, we also apply this approach to the vibrations of aniline, toluene, benzonitrile, phenylacetylene, phenylphosphine, and nitrobenzene. This has allowed a much more consistent picture of the vibrational assignments to be obtained across ten monosubstituted benzenes.
In-situ investigation of spontaneous and plasma-enhanced oxidation of AlN film surfaces
Authors: Song Shigeng , Placido Frank
Published: September 2011

The oxidation of sputtered AlN thin films on silicon substrates is investigated in-situ by high precision, single-wavelength optical monitoring of reflectance for low pressures of oxygen and room temperature conditions. Modelling of spontaneous surface oxidation and plasma enhanced oxidation shows that at the start of oxidation, the amount of available reactants dominates the reaction rate. The Mott potential for plasma enhanced oxidation is found to be much higher than that for spontaneous oxidation, providing explanation of why the oxygen plasma can enhance oxidation of AlN.
Extreme optical nonlinearities in chalcogenide glass fibers embedded with metallic and semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Ung Bora , Skorobogatiy Maksim
Published: September 2011

A nanostructured chalcogenide-metal optical fiber is proposed. This hybrid nanofiber is embedded with a periodic array of triangular-shaped deep-subwavelength metallic (or semiconductor) nanowires set up in a bowtie configuration. Calculations show that the proposed nanostructured fiber supports a guided collective plasmonic mode enabling both subwavelength field confinement and extreme nonlinear light-matter interactions. A scheme is also proposed whereby the large linear absorption losses are compensated via nonlinear optical gain when semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes are used in place of metal.
Weak ferromagnetism in hexagonal orthoferrites RFeO3 (R = Lu, Er-Tb)
Authors: Akbashev A. R. , Semisalova A. S. , Perov N. S. , Kaul A. R.
Published: September 2011

Hexagonal orthoferrites of rare earths RFeO3 (R = Lu, Er-Tb) were grown epitaxially on (111)ZrO2(Y2O3) substrates using metal-organic chemical vapour deposition. Temperature and field dependences of magnetization were measured and analyzed for all samples and revealed weak ferromagnetic behavior below T = 120–140 K. The difference in electronic structure along with a distinct similarity in the crystal structure of hexagonal manganites RMnO3 and hexagonal orthoferrites RFeO3 are brought into focus in order to explain the results. Hexagonal orthoferrites are regarded as a promising family of multiferroics.
High-purity hydrogen generation by ultraviolet illumination with the membrane composed of titanium dioxide nanotube array and Pd layer
Authors: Hattori Masashi , Noda Kei , Matsushige Kazumi
Published: September 2011

High-purity hydrogen generation was observed by using a membrane composed of a bilayer of an anodized titanium dioxide nanotube array (TNA) and a hydrogen permeable metal. This membrane was fabricated by transferring a TNA embedded in a titanium foil onto a sputtered 10-μm-thick palladium film. Alcohols are reformed photocatalytically and concurrently generated hydrogen is purified through the Pd layer. H2 with a purity of more than 99% was obtained from liquid alcohols under ultraviolet illumination onto the membrane. Thus, we demonstrated the integration of photocatalytic hydrogen production and purification within a single membrane.
Gallium interstitial contributions to diffusion in gallium arsenide
Authors: Schick Joseph T. , Morgan Caroline G.
Published: September 2011

A new diffusion path is identified for gallium interstitials, which involves lower barriers than the barriers for previously identified diffusion paths [K. Levasseur-Smith and N. Mousseau, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 113502 (2008), P. A. Schultz and O. A. von Lilienfeld, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 17, 084007 (2009)] for the charge states which dominate diffusion over most of the available range of Fermi energies. This path passes through the ⟨110⟩ gallium-gallium split interstitial configuration, and has a particularly low diffusion barrier of 0.35 eV for diffusion in the neutral charge state. As a part of this work, the character of the charge states for the gallium interstitials which are most important for diffusion is investigated, and it is shown that the last electron bound to the neutral interstitial occupies a shallow hydrogenic bound state composed of conduction band states for the hexagonal interstitial and both tetrahedral interstitials. How to properly account for the contributions of such interstitials is discussed for density-functional calculations with a k-point mesh not including the conduction band edge point. Diffusion barriers for gallium interstitials are calculated in all the charge states which can be important for a Fermi level anywhere in the gap, q = 0, +1, +2, and +3, for diffusion via the ⟨110⟩ gallium-gallium split interstitial configuration and via the hexagonal interstitial configuration. The lowest activation enthalpies over most of the available range of Fermi energies are found to correspond to diffusion in the neutral or singly positive state via the ⟨110⟩ gallium-gallium split interstitial configuration. It is shown that several different charge states and diffusion paths contribute significantly for Fermi levels within 0.2 eV above the valence band edge, which may help to explain some of the difficulties [H. Bracht and S. Brotzmann, Phys. Rev. B 71, 115216 (2005)] which have been encountered in fitting experimental results for heavily p-type, Ga-rich gallium arsenide by simply extending a model for gallium interstitial diffusion which has been used for less p-doped material.
Protein interactions central to stabilizing the K
+
channel selectivity filter in a four-sited configuration for selective K
+
permeation
Authors: Sauer David B. , Zeng Weizhong , Raghunathan Srinivasan , Jiang Youxing
Published: September 2011

The structural and functional conversion of the nonselective NaK channel to a K
+
selective channel (NaK2K) allows us to identify two key residues, Tyr and Asp in the filter sequence of TVG
Y
G
D
, that participate in interactions central to stabilizing the K
+
channel selectivity filter. By using protein crystallography and channel electrophysiology, we demonstrate that the K
+
channel filter exists as an energetically strained structure and requires these key protein interactions working in concert to hold the filter in the precisely defined four-sited configuration that is essential for selective K
+
permeation. Disruption of either interaction, as tested on both the NaK2K and eukaryotic K

v

1.6 channels, can reduce or completely abolish K
+
selectivity and in some cases may also lead to channel inactivation due to conformational changes at the filter. Additionally, on the scaffold of NaK we recapitulate the protein interactions found in the filter of the Kir channel family, which uses a distinct interaction network to achieve similar stabilization of the filter.
Explaining Nadir Shah: Kingship and Royal Legitimacy in Muhammad Kazim Marvi's Tārīkh-i ‘ālam-ārā-yi Nādirī
Authors: Tucker Ernest
Published: September 2011

One of the most important contemporary Persian prose chronicles of Nadir Shah's life is the Tārīkh-i ‘ālam-ārā-yi Nādirī (The World-Illuminating History of Nadir). Its author, Muhammad Kazim Marvi, served Nadir as a financial officer, and appears to have witnessed many of the events that he depicts. Completed after Nadir's death in 1160/1747 but before the last Afsharid ruler fell in 1210/1796, the AAN offers one of the most detailed contemporary accounts of Nadir's career. Several scholars, including N. D. Miklukho-Maklai and Muhammad Amin Riyahi, have begun to investigate the historical context of the work, discussing such issues as the date of its composition and its relationship to other accounts of the period. This article will attempt to build upon their work by focusing on what Muhammad Kazim's account of Nadir's career may reveal about his views on kingship and legitimacy.
The Islamic Impact on Traditional Kirghiz Ethnicity
Authors: Imart Guy
Published: September 2011

The relationship between Islam and ethnicity has generally been studied almost exclusively from a theoretical (theological) and/or practical (historical) viewpoint of the Muslims themselves. If we observe this problem from another point of view, that of the Islamized natives, we discover that there exists a tacit consensus as to the three levels or degrees according to which Islamized peoples can be classified: (a) a maximum or even total confluence of Islam and ethnicity, as in the Arab lands and in Daghestan; (b) a partial distinction between Islam and ethnicity, stemming from a certain ‘ethnicization’ of Islam, as in Shia Iran; and (c) a somewhat vague decentralization between these two focal points, as in Turkestan, Subsaharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
National Conflict: National Conflict at the Eighth All-Union Writers’ Congress
Authors: Jones Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

“We, the nationals of a big nation, have almost always been guilty, in historic practice, of innumerable cases of violence; furthermore, we commit violence and insult innumerable times without noticing it.”
Developmental and Preschool Psychology in the Ukrainian SSR
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: September 2011

In the past decade we have witnessed increased interest on the part of psychologists and educators in developmental and preschool psychology, as well as in the application of psychological findings to the problems of learning disorders. The realization that cognitive development depends upon continuous interaction between the developing organism and the environment gave impetus to the current research on preschool children.

Even a superficial review of psychological literature will reveal worldwide interest in developmental and preschool psychology. Names like Piaget and Inhalder in Switzerland, as well as Bruner and Kagan in the USA, are internationally recognized. Very few Western psychologists, however, will recognize Kostiuk, Zaporozhets or Zinchenko as Ukrainian psychologists. Among Western psychologists they are simply recognized as “Soviet” psychologists. While most Western psychologists recognize that the Soviet Union as a political entity is not identical with Russia, some unfortunately identify psychologists in the Soviet Union as Russian psychologists.
The National Process in Estonia Today*
Authors: Kirch M. , Kirch A.
Published: September 2011

In this paper we present an approach to national problems in Estonia today and report an empirical assessment of some of the major causes that have brought us to the complicated problematic situation today. We make use of materials from sociological public opinion research done in 1986 and 1988.
The politics of literacy and schooling in Zimbabwe
Authors: Johnson David F.
Published: September 2011

According to a recent paper by Fay Chung (1988), then the Minister of Primary and Higher Education in Zimbabwe, there have been many significant educational achievements since the country gained independence in 1980. While acknowledging gains that have been made, this Briefing argues that an imbalance exists between quantitative expansion and qualitative change in education. Noting an absence in the Zimbabwe case of the use of markers traditionally applied when assessing qualitative change, a number of such criteria are suggested, against which performance of the education system can be evaluated.
Reviews
Authors: Sole Kelwyn , Mabin Alan , Knox Jon , Stoneman Colin
Published: September 2011

Organise & Act: The Natal Workers Theatre Movement 1983–1987by Astrid von Kotze, Durban: Culture and Working Life Project, University of Natal, 1988.

Crossroads: the Politics of Reform and Repression 1976–1986by Josette Cole, Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987.

Computerizing Apartheidby Gert Slob (introduced by Abdul Minty), Amsterdam: Holland Committee on Southern Africa, 1990; ISBN 9070331.23.3, $2.

The African Debt Crisisby Trevor W. Parfitt and Stephen P. Riley (with a chapter on Ghana by Jeffrey Haynes), London: Routledge, 1989; ISBN 0 415 00441 1, £30.
Developmental Changes in Word Recognition: An Information-Processing Account
Authors: Pring Linda , Snowling Maggie
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examining developmental changes in the use of context in single word reading are reported. The first experiment investigated how effectively children can access conceptual knowledge and use this to help their word recognition. The results indicated that young readers can on demand direct their attention to semantic information, and this allows them to reap a relatively greater benefit from context than older more skilful readers. The second experiment attempted to clarify the way such use of contextual information might help in the specific case when a child attempts to decode a new word for the first time. Skilled and unskilled readers pronounced pseudohomophonic nonwords faster when they were primed by a semantic context, and the context effect was greater for unskilled readers. The nonword's graphemic similarity to a lexical item was also important.

In general, the results were consistent with Stanovich's (1980) interactive-compensatory model of reading, and they suggest that in learning to read, several already existing stores of information (e.g. auditory, visual and conceptual) are integrated in order to achieve a solution to the word recognition problem.
Routes through the Face Recognition System
Authors: Hay Dennis C. , Young Andrew W. , Ellis Andrew W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported which seek to examine the proposition first put forward by Hay and Young (1982), that recognition of a known person after seeing his or her face proceeds through a series of sequentially organized stages. In both experiments subjects were shown a selection of famous and unfamiliar faces and required to state whether each face was familiar. They were then asked to recall semantic information and the person's name. Of all the possible response types, only some are predicted by models derived from Hay and Young (1982), and only these responses were observed in Experiment 1. In order to give as complete an account as possible of the slips and errors made by subjects, they were interrogated some days after completing the testing phase in Experiment 2. As in the first experiment, the results supported the view that distinct but successive stages are involved in everyday face recognition. The method developed here provides an extension of the “diary” type of study of everyday recognition errors into laboratory conditions, which confirms the findings of studies of everyday errors and provides strong support for sequential models.
Towards an Exemplar Model of Face Processing: The Effects of Race and Distinctiveness
Authors: Valentine Tim , Endo Mitsuo
Published: September 2011

Valentine (1991a, 1991b) described a theoretical framework for face recognition in which faces are encoded as locations in a multidimensional space. It was argued that this approach could provide a unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race on face recognition. In this paper we evaluate the ability of this theoretical framework to account for the effects of distinctiveness and race in four experiments in which white British and Japanese faces served as stimuli and both white British and Japanese students acted as subjects.

In a recognition memory experiment the expected “own-race bias” was observed as a Race of Subject × Race of Face interaction. Distinctive faces were recognized more accurately than typical faces, but the effect of distinctiveness did not interact with the race of face or the race of subject. Typical faces were classified faster than distinctive faces in a task in which intact faces had to be distinguished from jumbled faces, as found in earlier work, and the effect of distinctiveness did not interact with the race of face or race of subject. In contrast, a task in which subjects classified faces according to their race did show a greater effect of distinctiveness for own-race faces. The results are discussed in relation to the two specific models within the multidimensional space framework identified by Valentine (1991a): a purely exemplar-based model and a norm-based coding model. It is argued that these results are more easily accommodated in terms of a purely exemplar-based model. Some conceptual problems in applying the norm-based coding model to the effect of race are discussed.
Comparative Effect of Low Temperature on Virulence and Twitching Motility of Ralstonia solanacearum Strains Present in Florida
Authors: Bocsanczy Ana M. , Achenbach Ute C. M. , Mangravita-Novo Arianna , Yuen Jeanne M. F. , Norman David J.
Published: September 2011

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt on a wide range of plant hosts. Most strains of R. solanacearum are nonpathogenic below 20°C; however, Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) strains are classified as quarantine pathogens because of their ability to infect crops, cause disease, and survive in temperate climates. We have identified race 1 biovar 1 Phylotype IIB Sequevar 4 strains present in Florida which were able to infect and produce wilt symptoms on potato and tomato at 18°C. Moreover they infected tomato plants at rates similar to strains belonging to R3B2. We determined that strains naturally nonpathogenic at 18°C were able to multiply, move in planta, and cause partial wilt when inoculated directly into the stem, suggesting that low temperature affects virulence of strains differently at early stages of infection. Bacterial growth in vitro was delayed at low temperatures, however it was not attenuated. Twitching motility observed on growing colonies was attenuated in nonpathogenic strains at 18°C, while not affected in the cool virulent ones. Using pilQ as a marker to evaluate the relative expression of the twitching activity of R. solanacearum strains, we confirmed that cool virulent strains maintained a similar level of pilQ expression at both temperatures, while in nonpathogenic strains pilQ was downregulated at 18°C.
A shot in the dark: same-sex sexual behaviour in a deep-sea squid
Authors: Hoving Hendrik J. T. , Bush Stephanie L. , Robison Bruce H.
Published: September 2011

Little is known about the reproductive habits of deep-living squids. Using remotely operated vehicles in the deep waters of the Monterey Submarine Canyon, we have found evidence of mating, i.e. implanted sperm packages, on similar body locations in males and females of the rarely seen mesopelagic squid
Octopoteuthis deletron
. Equivalent numbers of both sexes were found to have mated, indicating that male squid routinely and indiscriminately mate with both males and females. Most squid species are short-lived, semelparous (i.e. with a single, brief reproductive period) and promiscuous. In the deep, dark habitat where
O. deletron
lives, potential mates are few and far between. We suggest that same-sex mating behaviour by
O. deletron
is part of a reproductive strategy that maximizes success by inducing males to indiscriminately and swiftly inseminate every conspecific that they encounter.
Effectiveness of facemasks to reduce exposure hazards for airborne infections among general populations
Authors: Lai A. C. K. , Poon C. K. M. , Cheung A. C. T.
Published: September 2011

Facemasks are widely used as a protective measure by general public to prevent inhalation of airborne pathogens including seasonal, swine and other forms of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), etc. However, scientific data on effectiveness of facemasks in reducing infections in the community are extremely limited and even inconsistent. In this work, two manikins labelled as ‘source’ and ‘susceptible’ were used to measure the protection provided by facemasks under various emission scenarios. The source was modified to generate polydisperse ultrafine particles, whereas the susceptible was modified to mimic a realistic breathing pattern. The facemask was challenged by both pseudo-steady and highly transient emissions generated by an expiratory process where parameters, such as separation distance between manikins, emission velocity and expiratory duration, were controlled and measured systematically. Performances of four different types of facemask fits, varying from ideal to normal wearing practice, were also investigated. Under the pseudo-steady concentration environment, facemask protection was found to be 45 per cent, while under expiratory emissions, protection varied from 33 to 100 per cent. It was also observed that the separation between the source and the manikin was the most influential parameter affecting facemask protection.
AMP-activated protein kinase—an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function
Authors: Hardie D. Grahame
Published: September 2011

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of energy status that maintains cellular energy homeostasis. It arose very early during eukaryotic evolution, and its ancestral role may have been in the response to starvation. Recent work shows that the kinase is activated by increases not only in AMP, but also in ADP. Although best known for its effects on metabolism, AMPK has many other functions, including regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and disposal, autophagy, cell polarity, and cell growth and proliferation. Both tumor cells and viruses establish mechanisms to down-regulate AMPK, allowing them to escape its restraining influences on growth.
Time-over-threshold readout to enhance the high flux capabilities of single-photon-counting detectors
Authors: Bergamaschi Anna , Dinapoli Roberto , Greiffenberg Dominic , Henrich Beat , Johnson Ian , Mozzanica Aldo , Radicci Valeria , Schmitt Bernd , Shi Xintian , Stoppani Laura
Published: September 2011

The MYTHEN single-photon-counting (SPC) detector has been characterized using the time-over-threshold (ToT) readout method,i.e.measuring the time that the signal produced by the detected X-rays remains above the comparator threshold. In the following it is shown that the ToT readout preserves the sensitivity, dynamic range and capability of background suppression of the SPC mode, while enhancing the count-rate capability, which is the main limitation of state-of-the-art SPC systems.
The use of the internet by political parties and candidates in Scotland during the 2010 UK general election campaign
Authors: Baxter Graeme , Marcella Rita , Varfis Evaggelos
Published: September 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to report the results of a study, which investigated the use of the internet by political parties and individual candidates in Scotland as part of their campaign for election to the UK Parliament in 2010.

Design/methodology/approach

Three methodologies were used in gathering data: the content of the web sites of 18 parties and 12 candidates was analysed in order to identify the ways in which participation by the Scottish electorate was encouraged via the provision of information and of opportunities for interaction, debate and feedback; the extent to which parties and candidates adopted and used social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, during the campaign was investigated and measured; and using e‐mail, Facebook and Twitter, a series of enquiries based around topical campaign and policy issues was directed at parties and candidates to measure the speed and extent of response, as well as any efforts made towards the creation of an ongoing relationship with potential voters.

Findings

Party and candidate web sites were being used extensively for information provision, income generation and the recruitment of members and volunteers. However, Scottish political actors were reluctant to encourage online contact and debate, and were unwilling to answer contentious policy questions online. Social media applications were adopted by a significant number of parties and candidates, but were used primarily for the one‐way flow of information to known associates and party activists.

Originality/value

This study forms part of an ongoing series of investigations by the authors, which has examined the use of the internet by political parties and candidates during parliamentary election campaigns in Scotland. These are the only such studies which have looked specifically at the Scottish political arena.
Integrating library instruction into a problem‐based learning curriculum
Authors: Chen Kuan‐nien , Lin Pei‐chun , Chang Sung‐Shan
Published: September 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to probe key issues concerning library instruction and the problem‐based learning (PBL) curriculum. This is important because the curriculum has particular non‐traditional characteristics, and library instruction may be able to play a greater role, giving students more support in both their study and information‐seeking behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper systemically surveyed and reviewed literatures related to library instruction, library user education and medical curriculum design.

Findings

To sustainably integrate library instructional materials and activities into the PBL curriculum, it is important to help medical libraries to become learning organizations that can respond to changing external environments.

Research limitations/implications

The paper presents a hybrid template of the instruction for different year medical students. The template can be an example for those who plan library instructional activities in medical schools.

Originality/value

The paper also provides five strategies for the library to manage the previous task more smoothly and effectively. The strategies are: small group education; problems of the curriculum; librarians' re‐education and retraining; information literacy; and the faculty‐librarian partnerships.
The role of silence on employees' attitudes “the day after” a merger
Authors: Nikolaou Ioannis , Vakola Maria , Bourantas Dimitris
Published: September 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the role of organizational silence and trust on employees' attitudes in a post‐merger stage.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of two independent studies are presented; participants completed measures of organizational trust, organizational silence and merger attitudes (organizational commitment and employee satisfaction) a few months following the announcement of the merger. Hierarchical regression analyzes were used to explore the hypotheses.

Findings

The results show that organizational trust is negatively related to organizational silence and positively to merger attitudes. Further, the significant role of organizational silence in a post‐merger state was also identified through the negative relationships with merger attitudes, but mainly through the significant mediating effect of silence between organizational trust and merger attitudes.

Research limitations/implications

The study used self‐report measures, but necessary actions were taken in order to reduce the effect of common method variance. Therefore, it should be cross‐validated with different research designs (e.g. longitudinal research) in other countries.

Practical implications

The findings provide further support on the significance of organizational silence in work settings, especially at major organizational turnarounds.

Originality/value

The most significant contribution of the study is that it explores for the first time the role of organizational silence in a post‐merger stage and its relationship to organizational trust.
Accounting choice, market failure, and regulation
Authors: Keenan Michael G.
Published: September 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the adoption of consolidated accounting for New Zealand holding companies during the period 1946‐1957.

Design/methodology/approach

An explanatory, multiple‐case, holistic case study is used to explain the relative increase in consolidated accounting adoption in New Zealand following passage of the Companies Act 1955, in spite of that accounting choice remaining voluntary under the legislation.

Findings

The explanation is subjected to replication tests for explanatory case studies, and is supported by the data from all 25 cases satisfying the criterion for inclusion in the study.

Originality/value

The explanation differs from the micro‐economic explanations of accounting choice in terms of firm characteristics which are generated within the positive accounting research paradigm. It utilizes findings from research in the economics of standardization which show that mechanisms for co‐ordinating the behaviour of market participants enable them to capture benefits of market externalities which would otherwise be unavailable because of market failure. The explanation is that: the low rate of pre‐legislation consolidated accounting adoption was due to a market failure around the accounting information which rendered unilateral adoption generally uneconomic; and the post‐legislation surge in adoption was due to passage of the Act resolving the market failure by overcoming a co‐ordination problem for potential adopters, enabling them to realise positive network effects and, therewith, net benefits of adoption.
Western management accounting practices in Vietnamese enterprises
Authors: Ngoc Phi Anh Doan , Nguyen Duc‐Tho , Mia Lokman
Published: September 2011

Purpose

This study aims to examine the experiences of Vietnamese enterprises with respect to the adoption and benefits of Western management accounting practices (MAPs) during a period when the economy was in transition toward a more market‐oriented system.

Design/methodology/approach

Questionnaire responses were obtained from the head or vice‐head of the accounting department in 181 enterprises, and follow‐up interviews conducted with 20 of the respondents. The responses were analysed with simple statistical tests and ANOVA.

Findings

Two of the key findings are in line with results reported previously for other countries: adoption rates for “traditional” Western MAPs are higher than for “contemporary” ones; and state‐owned enterprises tend to exhibit lower adoption rates than other enterprises. A third key finding represents new insight, but it may be applicable to only Vietnam (and possibly a limited number of other transition economies). This third finding arises from our identification of a group of Western MAPs which closely resemble the type of accounting and planning activities routinely undertaken under the former central planning (CP) system. These CP‐compatible MAPs are adopted far more widely (even at present) than are other MAPs. Overall, the findings are broadly consistent with the diffusion of innovation theory.

Originality/value

This study examines the Western MAP adoption experiences of a developing economy in transition, one which has received relatively little attention in the MA literature to date.
Supply chain vs supply chain competition: a niche‐based approach
Authors: Antai Imoh
Published: September 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptualization of supply chain vs supply chain competition using the ecological niche approach. It suggests a probabilistic methodology for evaluating competition from time series data, using overlap in the utilization of services provided by critical providers as a source of competition.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature on ecological niche theory and competition is explored and given the uncertainty that surrounds the operation and management of supply chains, a probabilistic approach to the analysis of supply chain vs supply chain competition (via the Bayesian inference) is advocated. Simulated data are used to illustrate the methodology.

Findings

Should an area of overlap be identified, ecological niche theory provides a sensible approach to identifying the nature and extent of competition between supply chains. Applicability of the methodology is not limited to supply chain vs supply chain competition.

Research limitations/implications

The data used for the analysis of competition between supply chains are computer generated and use a single niche dimension. Although this was done to merely test/validate the proposed model, the approach is somewhat oversimplified. However, the model is readily extendable to multiple niche dimensions.

Originality/value

The proposed approach offers a simple and straight‐forward method of estimating competition in general, and supply chains vs supply chain competition in particular. Attempts at using the niche theory of competition in this context are so far inconspicuous. Hence, approaching competition in this way contributes to furthering our understanding of competitive interaction especially in supply chains, whose prospect is yet to be pointed out in literature.