bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sixties and Their Legacy
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

The Civil Rights Era elevated expectations that disputed elections would be resolved according to democratic ideals, including the basic precept of one-person-one-vote that the Supreme Court found enshrined in the Constitution. Minnesota lived up to these expectations in its exceptionally close 1962 gubernatorial election. The state employed a special three-judge panel chosen by the parties themselves to supervise the recount of the race. When the recount overturned the incumbent governor’s victory, he accepted defeat and vacated his office. The US Senate, by contrast, failed to adopt a similarly impartial panel for New Hampshire’s exceptionally close Senate election in 1974. Partisanship prevented the Senate from being able to settle which candidate won and to require a revote of the election instead.
P, T, and C Invariance of QED
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we make an overview of the charged Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields in interaction with the electromagnetic field-of quantum electrodynamics (QED) of spin-0 and spin-I /2 particles. We assume the reader already to have some acquaintance with the subject, and we do not pretend our overview to be very pedagogical. Our emphasis is on the P, T, and C transformations of the fields. We fix some notation, and present various formulae which will be used later in the book.
Gauge Structure of the Standard Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we make an overview of the gauge structure of the standard model (SM), with the purpose of establishing notation and writing down the Feynman rules for all vertices and propagators in a general ‘t Hooft gauge. The part of the SM Lagrangian involving the fermions will be studied in the next chapter.
KL→π0νν¯
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we look at the rare kaon decay which may become very important in the study of CP violation. In the context of the Kobayashi-Maskawa model, it gives direct access to the parameter ƞ of the CKM matrix, with little associated theoretical uncertainty–unknown hadronic matrix elements or other poorly known parameters. On the other hand, this decay is extremely challenging for experimentalists, due to the presence of two neutrinos and no charged particle in the final state. Much progress on the experimental side is still needed before we are able to vindicate theory. Inverting the argument, there is ample room for the discovery of new physics by observation of a branching ratio larger than the SM prediction. This is a necessary condition for the final state to be an eigenstate of CP. One now assumes that the neutrino is left-handed and the antineutrino is right-handed.
The Left-Right-Symmetric Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

The main motivation for considering a left-right-symmetric model (LRSM) (Pati and Salam 1974; Mohapatra and Pati 1975; Senjanovic and Mohapatra 1975) is having an extension of the standard model in which parity is a spontaneously broken symmetry. This means that the Lagrangian is symmetric under a parity transformation and this symmetry is only broken by the vacuum. In the SM the left-handed fermions are in doublets and the right-handed fermions are singlets of an SU(2) gauge group. This arrangement is not parity-symmetric, because parity must interchange left-handed and right-handed fermions. The simplest way of having a left-right-symmetric extension of the SM is through the introduction of a second SU(2) gauge group which transforms the right-handed fermions as doublets and the left-handed fermions as singlets. The gauge group of the LRSM is thus SU(2)L®SU(2)R®U(l). When one considers grand unified theories, the gauge group of the LRSM can be elegantly interpreted as a subgroup of S0(10). The lepton fields are in doublets.
Some Experimental Issues
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In the subsequent chapters we shall focus almost entirely on questions related with the second step. However, it is important to appreciate the impact that the form of the initial state and the detection capabilities have on the CPviolation experiments. For example, one usually refers to ‘tagging’ as if that were a dear and straightforward procedure. But, as we have seen in Chapter 10, the presence of several b-hadrons in the initial state complicates the analysis considerably. Similarly, the need to follow the time dependence of the decays is subject to experimental constraints. Indeed, the technological limits on vertex reconstruction mean that we can only measure time intervals larger than a certain amount. This has a decisive impact on the need to build asymmetric B factories. In this chapter we make some elementary remarks about these experimental issues.
Decay Amplitudes: Effective Hamiltonian
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

The diagrammatic approach discussed in the previous chapter is useful to get an order-of-magnitude estimate of the importance of the various contributions to each amplitude, and to find approximate relations among the amplitudes for different decays. However, rigorous computations require a correct treatment of the QCD corrections, and this is best accomplished using the operator product expansion (OPE) already discussed in the context of kaon decays-see Chapter 20. The OPE allows the construction of a low-energy effective Hamiltonian as a sum of local operators multiplied by Wilson coefficients. The effective Hamiltonian is the sum of pieces, each of them of the type in the Wilson coefficients, from the low-energy non-perturbative confinement effects implicitly contained in the operator matrix elements. However, upon change ofµ or of the renormalization scheme, contributions previously included in the matrix elements of some operator may move into the Wilson coefficients or into the matrix elements of other operators.
Cascade Decays
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we discuss decay chains with a neutral-meson system in an intermediate state. These are known as cascade decays. We want to study cases where the decays of B mesons proceed through intermediate states containing neutral kaons or neutral D mesons. A correct understanding of cascade decays is important because the CP violation present in the intermediate-meson system will in general show up in the calculation of CP-violating observables for the overall decay chain. In particular, in a cascade decay in which a neutral-meson system decays into a lighter neutral-meson system, it may be possible to use the CP properties of the latter as an analyser for the CP properties of the former.
Some Methods to Extract γ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

As we have seen, the angle ‘Y is hard to measure: the decays of B into CP eigenstates do not measure this angle directly; and the decay B p°Ks, which would measure sin 2,y if there were only tree-level amplitudes, is colour-suppressed and suffers from a significant penguin pollution. As a result, its branching ratio is very small. In this chapter, we discuss a few special methods to determine ‘Y that have been proposed in the literature. Many of them hinge on the following simple trigonometric exercise.
Textual Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas
Published: May 2024

This chapter, like the rest of the book, adopts an elastic interpretation of textual argument as an argument that focuses, either sharply or fuzzily, on one or more words of the rule that is sought to be employed. Various authorities insist that textual arguments are superior to other arguments because there are instances when the text is clear. Crucially, for the purposes of this book, none of these authorities contend that textual arguments are superior to other arguments when applying rules from case law. Allan C. Hutchinson counters these authorities by drawing attention to the fact that, unlike numbers, words must be understood in their historical and cultural context. What follows are examples of the use of textual arguments to justify judicial decisions that are founded directly on statute law, on judicial glosses on statutes (statutory precedents), and on ‘pure’ common-law precedents. It is shown that the style of argument is exactly the same regardless of the source of the rule.
Purposive Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas
Published: May 2024

Purposive arguments, which are often styled the ‘teleological method’, are often employed alongside textual and historical arguments, but they are also put forward in cases where the judges cannot (conveniently) fashion a textual or historical argument that will convincingly support the result that they wish to reach. Indeed, purposive arguments are also used to depart from what appears to be the clear wording of a statute, as illustrated in cases discussed in this chapter. Purposive arguments are those that talk about the perceived purposes or principles embodied in a rule. All of the descriptions of purposive arguments quoted in this chapter evidence an assuredness that judges need more leeway to decide cases in accordance with their own sense of justice. Because of the importance of this line of argument, this chapter outlines and critiques eight cases in which judges invoked the perceived purposes of legislation in support of their rulings. All of these examples involve judges who avoided the result that the text of the statute seemed to dictate. As demonstrated in the chapter by one case from California and one from Germany, purposive arguments are also employed when construing glosses on statutes, that is, when applying the rule of a precedential case construing (i.e. concretizing or amending) a statute. The final two case examples display judicial uses of purpose arguments to reach results that arguably violate the language of the precedential rules but not the rules’ purposes or spirit, as discerned by the judges.
Ideologies and linguistic development in North Germanic
Authors: Árnason Kristján
Published: May 2024

In the Middle Ages, Old Norse served as a written norm in Norway and Iceland, whereas in other parts of Scandinavia, Latin was the language of culture. After the fourteenth century Norway, economically and culturally, joined Sweden and Denmark as part of the Kalmar Union, leaving Icelanders alone as followers of the old norm, while elsewhere new typologically different varieties developed in trade with the Hansa. In the Reformation, a new written norm, influenced by Low German, developed in Danish Bible translations, originally intended to serve all Scandinavians; but for ideological reasons a special version was printed as the Gustav Vasa Bible in Sweden. Modern Scandinavian “semi-communication” is based on this formally similar but ideologically split norm. In spite of the opaque relation between modern common Scandinavian and Icelandic/Old Norse, an ideology of cultural proximity prevails, all states having similar organizations dealing with language planning and policy.
Speeding up language change
Authors: Bugarski Ranko
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers an interpretation of a most unusual spectacle—the politically driven multiplication of a living language before the eyes of its native speakers. The language is Serbo-Croatian, until recently the principal language of Yugoslavia, a country likewise fragmented. Following an account of the emergence of Serbo-Croatian and its subsequent gradual replacement with four successor languages (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin), the focus shifts to a detailed discussion of one notable reaction to these developments, namely the publication of a Declaration on the Common Language in 2017. This attention-catching document, drafted by a group of eminent intellectuals from the region, emphasized that the four official languages linguistically remain different varieties of a single polycentric standard language. It warned against the separatist trends in the four states which created a growing gap between language policies and linguistic reality, with serious practical consequences for the lives of ordinary people.
Methodological nationalism and (anti-)historicism in the history of linguistics
Authors: von Mengden Ferdinand , Schneider Britta
Published: May 2024

This paper investigates two parallel, conflicting and yet interdependent, discursive traits on human language all through the nineteenth century and beyond. One – empirically grounded in the Comparative Method as a scientific tool – is the growing awareness of the historicity and the fluidity of language. At the same time, the discursive construction of bounded and homogeneous national languages was an essential ideological requirement for the political nation building process in Europe. We identify the seeds of both lines of thinking in the writings of Johann Gottfried Herder at the beginning of a long nineteenth century and we see both of them struggling in the sometimes idiosyncratic reasoning of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours at the end of it. The underlying methodological nationalism, we conclude, has prevailed in pre- and post-Saussurean linguistic theory and methodology up until today.
The Distinction in Kind after Hume
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

Although famously awakened from his ‘dogmatic slumber’ by Hume, Kant retains the Platonic conception of knowledge and belief as two kinds of cognition that often have different objects and cannot one be a species of the other (4.1). But Kant inverts what we can know and what we can only believe: knowledge has phenomena as its objects; belief alone can extend to the noumenal world. In the phenomenal world, knowledge is possible because physical objects are in some sense mental constructions, so there is no irreducible epistemic and ontological gap between mind and world. By contrast, knowledge of things-in-themselves is not possible owing to the ontological gap between the noumenal world and the world of our possible experience bounded by space and time. We can, however, turn to a different cognitive mode, ‘rational Belief’, which, although it cannot bridge the ontological gap, opens rationally grounded ‘prospects beyond the bounds of experience’. Far from disappearing during the early twentieth century, the distinction in kind between knowledge and belief is reaffirmed in uncompromising terms by such diverse philosophical movements as Oxford Realism (4.2.1) and neo-Scholasticism (4.2.2). These striking similarities between diverse philosophical movements are less surprising if one considers their common source in Aristotle and other aspects of ancient philosophy (4.2.3). Consideration of a dispute between figures associated with these two movements over whether assent admits of degrees helps to clarify this crucial issue (4.3.1–3).
The Object of Knowledge and the Object of Belief
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

The phenomenology and ontology outlined in Chapters 6 to 9 help identify the objects of knowledge and belief. After surveying the epistemological alternatives (10.1.1), it is argued that, although fully developed human cognition is typically propositionally structured, the most basic bearer of truth and falsity is thought itself and the relevant mental acts of judgement and proto-judgement involving truth qua conformity with how things are (10.1.2). This approach distinguishes between facts and events/states of affair, where facts are conceived as a-temporal, abstract objects, and events/states of affairs as spatio-temporal concrete particulars. It focuses on ‘truth’ as logical truth, that is, as the property (of a thought, judgement, or proposition) of being true (10.1.3). The immediate objects of knowledge are objects in themselves, as they are according to their formal reality (extra-mental, ideal, or imaginary: 10.2.1). Our grasp of mind-independent, fully determinate concrete individuals is always indeterminate and inadequate. Our grasp of ideal or imaginary objects can in principle be adequate in virtue of their abstractness. Belief may or may not have the same object as knowledge depending on whether the sort of cognitive contact required by knowledge is available (10.2.2–3). The view that ‘representional content’ is the immediate object of knowledge is rejected (10.3). Because our grasp of mind-independent, fully determinate concrete individuals is always incomplete and inadequate, our successful cognition also needs to rely heavily on belief: a mode of cognition, complementary to knowledge, in which something which is not present is nevertheless affirmed on the basis of reasons, symptoms, traces, signs (10.4).
Religious Belief I
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

Chapters 14 and 15 argue that the conception of knowledge and belief as two irreducibly different cognitive modes is especially important in safeguarding the distinctive epistemological status of religious belief. In fact, the undesirable consequences of the (J)TB+ project of turning belief into knowledge (with the addition of necessary and sufficient conditions) are nowhere more evident than in the highly influential movement known as Reformed Epistemology. The critique in this chapter of this movement, especially as expounded by its doyen, Alvin Plantinga, therefore contributes further grounds for abandoning the analysis of knowledge as (J)TB+, while also proposing an alternative approach to religious epistemology. Plantinga’s Reformed Epistemology is best understood as a version of neo-Cartesianism according to which we can be rescued from a thoroughgoing scepticism about the reliability of our beliefs (including perceptual beliefs and rational intuitions) only in a theistic framework (14.2). Plantinga’s core claims—that ‘faith is knowledge’ and that warranted Christian belief, if true, counts as knowledge—is criticized as a version of fideism which, first of all, compromises the very notion of faith, and, second, is based on the analysis of knowledge as (J)TB+ that this book advocates rejecting (14.3). Reformed Epistemology’s version of fideism is rooted in a mistaken late-twentieth-century account of knowledge as a kind of belief which meets certain criteria. The astute but profoundly problematic consequences drawn by Reformed Epistemology from this widely endorsed epistemic model constitute one of the best illustrations of the untenability of the model itself.
Symptoms and syndromes of anxiety
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2024

‘Symptoms and syndromes of anxiety’ are presented here as reflecting states and traits, respectively. These reflect outputs from and sensitivities of specific brain areas in the defensive systems described in Chapter 11. The chapter discusses anxiolytic, panicolytic, and novel psychedelic drug action and the problems of treatment resistance. It presents a novel ‘double-hit’ hypothesis of trait interactions as a basis for disorder; and a typology for neurally based defensive disorders. Importantly, it explains why symptoms are not a good guide for syndromes, why comorbidity is the norm rather than an exception, and how cognition and memory contribute to emotional dysfunction. It concludes with some suggestions for the development of neurally related biomarkers for differential diagnosis.
The treatment of anxiety and fear disorders
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2024

‘The treatment of anxiety and fear disorders’ discusses behavioural and cognitive methods (CBT) in detail, their impact on the brain, and their integration with drug therapies (pharmacotherapy) to achieve augmentation. It briefly summarizes pharmacotherapy, including drug-drug augmentation, based on the detailed reviews of this in earlier chapters (particularly Chapter 4). It discusses novel psychedelic therapies and their apparent targeting of neuroticism to ameliorate neurotic disorders in general; and uses a double-hit (neuroticism + disorder-specific trait) model to account for disorders, for treatment resistance, disorder sequencing, and comorbidities—and for the relative therapeutic specificity and slow action of conventional drugs. We expect exciting future developments in the separate and combined targeting of neuroticism by psychedelics and novel CBT methods.
The Anatomy of Corporate Insolvency Law
Authors: Bork Reinhard , Mangano Renato
Published: May 2024

The Anatomy of Corporate Insolvency Law dissects corporate insolvency law into its main parts and analyses them in the light of a comparative and functional approach. It also covers the interplay between labour law and taxation law. This choice of method implies that the chapters in the book will not be devoted to any specific jurisdiction but will concentrate on problems, in order to ascertain how the same problems may lead to different solutions in different jurisdictions; to what extent two solutions that appear dissimilar really diverge and, vice-versa, to what extent two solutions that appear similar really converge; and, last but not least, which of the solutions adopted in a specific jurisdiction deserve to be exported to another jurisdiction and under what conditions this legal transplant is possible. In contrast to the traditional grim depiction of debtors in Victorian novels, corporate insolvency law has become a field of practical relevance and increasing intellectual fascination. Academics, policymakers, and practitioners reorientated insolvency law in favour of rescuing distressed companies. However, this evolution reshaped foundational categories of legal culture and, to combine the flexibility of contractual workouts with the capability of insolvency proceedings to bind even the most recalcitrant of creditors, it even obscured the traditional distinction between contract and proceedings.
Debt Restructuring Outside Formal Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Payne Jennifer
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the notion of debt restructuring outside formal insolvency proceedings. A financial restructuring is a means of facilitating a new bargain between the existing creditors of a financially distressed company as to their future relationship, in order to avoid liquidation. Essentially, the majority of creditors want to continue to be invested in the company or business but must agree a new bargain because the change in the company’s financial circumstances means that the existing bargain no longer reflects the risks of the business. A debt restructuring therefore provides for a change in the capital structure, instead of a sale to a third party. The chapter examines the rationale for debt restructuring, comparing it to formal insolvency mechanisms and purely contractual workout arrangements; it analyses the structure and operation of debt restructuring tools; and it considers the value and operation of two common ancillary mechanisms, namely a statutory stay (or moratorium) and rescue finance.
Formal Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Richter Johannes
Published: May 2024

This chapter elaborates on formal insolvency proceedings. While most legal systems provide for several different types of insolvency-related proceedings, this chapter focuses mainly on ‘traditionel’ liquidation proceedings. These are shaped as collective enforcement proceedings and resemble individual execution, but on a pari passu basis. The chapter outlines the process of initiating the proceedings, the requirements and consequences of commencement, the roles of the administrator and the creditors, and on the insolvency estate and its distribution. Insolvency proceedings in different legal systems—for instance in the United States, England and Wales, France, Germany, and China—share numerous common features, but they also differ considerably as they are shaped by different insolvency philosophies.
Transactions Avoidance Rules
Authors: Bork Reinhard
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains the notion of transactions avoidance rules. It refers to legal acts performed prior to the opening of insolvency proceedings and valid under general civil law that are detrimental to the general body of creditors. These legal acts are only challengeable if the prerequisites of certain avoidance grounds are met, which are based on the principles of transactions avoidance law. The chapter explains typical legal consequences of transactions avoidance and deals with the cross-boder implications of transactions avoidance law.
Introduction
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the central theme of the book: the encounter between Christianity and democratic politics in Italy from the French Revolution to the near present. The Introduction stresses the contemporary relevance of the overall topic, beyond the Italian setting: the current spread of “identity politics” and the increasing use of religion in political and public discourse, recently appropriated by new populist parties and movements, in Italy as well as many other places in the world. At the conceptual level, the chapter indicates the contribution to the state of the art by stressing two interrelated aspects that the book considers crucial for a better understanding of the role that Catholicism and Christian Democracy have played in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the political dimension of transcendence and spirituality (the development of a distinct Catholic “political spirituality”) and the transformative power of historical experiences. Both aspects are intimately tied to the question of generations and generational analysis. The introduction ends by an outline of chapters and chapter contents.
Sanctifying Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the Catholic response to the challenge of the French Revolution and the wider process of modernization that followed suit. This response included the popes’ condemnation of the principles of 1789, and a very critical stance towards liberal modernity adopted by the church throughout most of the nineteenth century. However, the chapter also discusses the hesitant yet crucial emergence of lay Catholic politics. During the nineteenth century Catholic positions slowly but surely started to come to terms with modern politics, carving out an ideological and semantic space which sought to direct and shape modernization—a space that over time would only grow. Following the 1870 conquest of Rome by the new-born Italian state, the Vatican forced Catholics to stay out of Italian politics. However, during the second half of the nineteenth century, Catholic responses to modernity started to soften. Many believed that the church must somehow domesticate democratic forms of politics and that alignment rather than rejection was the strategy to follow.
Popular Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on how the experience of World War I resulted decisive for Catholic politics, paving the way for the “first generation” of Christian Democrats. In 1919, Pope Benedict XV lifted the ban on Catholics to participate in national political life. Shortly after, the Catholic priest Luigi Sturzo founded the Italian Popular Party (Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI), soon to enter the Italian parliament—Catholics’ first sustained experiment in mass politics. The word “popular” points to a significant shift during the first two decades of the twentieth century, rethinking the roots of democracy in a Catholic vein. In 1926 the PPI was outlawed by the Fascist regime. However, as subsequent chapters will show, the seeds for a Christian Democratic platform had been sown.
Death and Resurrection
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn
Published: May 2024

This chapter reconstructs the complex and changing relationship between Fascism and Catholicism, regime and church. The chapter shows how on the one hand there was a functional convergence of interests between the Holy See and the regime (sanctioned by the Lateran Pacts in 1929) as well as ideological affinities, but at the same time also profound contrasts and tensions. The chapter goes into detail with the role played by FUCI (Federation of Catholic University Students) and the Azione Cattolica (Catholic Action). The latter continued to function as essentially the only non-fascist organization in Mussolini’s state, despite il Duce’s repeated efforts to restrict its activities. The chapter discusses how the 1930s resulted a crucial, formative period for what would later be dubbed the “second generation” of Christian Democrats. For this second generation, Fascism became more and more of a problem during the 1930s, as they started to thirst for new cultural inspiration. Part of this came from their reading of French personalist philosophers Emmanuel Mounier and Jacques Maritain who became a fundamental moral and intellectual compass, liberating Italian Catholicism from its provincialism, and paving the way toward a democratic Catholic culture.
Inter-State Benefit-Sharing as Scientific and Technological Cooperation
Authors: Morgera Elisa
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyses international regimes in which the sharing of scientific information, capacity building, and technology transfer have been identified as forms of fair and equitable benefit-sharing. The content of the duty to cooperate in this connection, and the underlying partnership model, remain vague. This chapter reflects on relevant practice under international biodiversity law and law of the sea, with international benefit-sharing institutions increasingly playing a proactive and brokering role in developing and administering integrated approaches to scientific cooperation and information sharing, and financial and technology solidarity. The chapter then focuses on the specific example of the 2023 international Agreement on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter considers the opportunity and limitations of framing existing financial, technological, and capacity-building obligations under the international climate change regime as fair and equitable benefit-sharing.
Intra-State Benefit-Sharing
Authors: Morgera Elisa
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on intra-State benefit-sharing in relation to the human rights of Indigenous peoples connected to their territories and the natural resources traditionally used by them. These obligations have emerged with regard to extractive activities, fisheries, nature conservation, freshwater management, and climate change response measures in areas that Indigenous peoples traditionally use or where these activities might impact them. It analyses the degree of cross-fertilization across the Convention on Biological Diversity and international human rights law with regard to benefit-sharing in the specialized context of natural resources and protected areas governance. Further supportive interpretation between these two areas of international law is then suggested, to move beyond a defensive approach that conceptualizes benefit-sharing as a mere procedural safeguard in the context of a pre-determined set of development options. The proposed interpretation rather supports a potentially transformative collaboration across different worldviews and knowledge systems, seeking to address multiple dimensions of justice.
Intra-State and Transnational Benefit-Sharing with Local Knowledge Holders
Authors: Morgera Elisa
Published: May 2024

This chapter clarifies State obligations to fairly and equitably share benefits with certain sectors of society beyond Indigenous peoples: local communities, farmers, legitimate tenure right holders, small-scale fishing communities, and peasants. The chapter also reflects on international legal materials on intra-community benefit-sharing, focusing on women’s human rights. Transnational dimensions of benefit-sharing related to the traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local communities are also discussed, focusing on the interface of inter- and intra-State benefit-sharing obligations under regimes on access to genetic resources and in the context of scientific cooperation, information sharing, and technology. Following an assessment of the progressive development of international law in these areas, the chapter identifies potential paths for advancing the theorization of benefit-sharing on the basis of a mutually supportive interpretation with procedural human rights, natural resource-related substantive rights, and the human right to science.
The Intervention
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara
Published: May 2024

Capra and Graziosi outline their intervention: Settembrini helps them discuss the new nationalisms, as well as other forms of identity politics, and their impact on classical scholarship. Because Settembrini’s legacies were split between the nationalist revolutions of 1848 and the sexual revolutions of the 1970s, Capra and Graziosi begin by reuniting different aspects of his thought. Then, making use of Cassin on the dedicated comparative, Latour on postcritique, Haraway on care, and Sedgwick on reparative reading, they comment on their own situatedness and their trust in what remains of the past in the present. In response to Murnaghan’s question whether, when we study how antiquity was received, ‘reception gets sole credit for determining meaning, with no contribution from the ancient object being received’, they argue for the authentic presence of classical antiquity in our world—even in the case of an anachronistic fake like The Neoplatonists.
Luigi Settembrini, According to His Wife
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara
Published: May 2024

Settembrini’s wife, Raffaella (‘Gigia’) Faucitano, played a crucial role in establishing Settembrini’s public persona, as well as supporting him through his long incarceration and, probably, saving his life. This chapter offers a moving portrait of their relationship and shows that they, in turn, established excellent relationships with a wide range of other actors: fellow revolutionaries, Piedmontese aristocrats, Black sailors, British statesmen, classical scholars, and common criminals. Classical scholarship often provided a link: Settembrini’s connection to William Ewart Gladstone is important in this regard—and is also relevant to current debates in postcolonial criticism. Settembrini, Faucitano, and other subaltern figures affected shifts in imperial British politics at a level of power very far removed from their conditions. Overall, this chapter places Settembrini’s autobiographical writing and Faucitano’s own writing and shaping of his life within a complex network of relationships, showing how autobiography was used for the purposes of revolution and, later, nation-building.
Revolutionary Heroes and Italian Men
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara
Published: May 2024

Capra and Graziosi ask why Settembrini never completed his Memoirs, preferring to devote his post-revolutionary life to public service and scholarship. They argue that he could fit neither himself nor his wife into the pattern of heroic, virile, revolutionary biography that was becoming canonical. More specifically, Settembrini’s conception of equality and reciprocity in love between men and women, as well as among men, did not conform to emerging notions of Italian masculinity. The revolutionaries and romantics who freed Italy from foreign rule were (and are) held up as examples of virility, not least in an attempt to disprove northern European clichés about Italian sensuality and effeminate weakness, which were used to advance foreign interests in Italy. Settembrini was dismissed as ‘a kind rather than a great man’, in the words of Benedetto Croce, because foreign discourse was internalized and inspired a definition of Italian masculinity that, this chapter argues, limited the impact of Settembrini’s legacies, as both a revolutionary and a classical scholar.
The Neoplatonists
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara
Published: May 2024

After establishing a mode of reading Settembrini’s works of Platonic fiction by paying attention to planted allusions and clues in chapter 6, Capra and Graziosi apply the same approach to The Neoplatonists and discover a passage that was, up to now, taken to be a misquotation or invention but which, they show, is a precise allusion to a specific sentence in Plato. This key insight shows the connections between a fiction set in ancient Greece, an intellectual disagreement with ascetic Platonism, and a firm commitment to embodied happiness. It is also a precise recollection of the most dramatic episode in Settembrini’s own life. Beyond the influence of Plato, this chapter demonstrates the importance of Cuoco’s Plato in Italy for Settembrini: that work suggested a specific mode of engagement with classical literature and a path towards the political and intellectual emancipation of the Italian south—via the legacies of Greece.
Secession and Constitutional Law
Authors: González Campañá Núria
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 examines different responses by constitutional democracies that have faced secessionist challenges, and the organization of referendums on independence, or at least attempted to organize these. It will focus mainly on the US (as the classic paradigm), Canada (the new paradigm), UK and Spain, and briefly Italy, Germany, and Belgium. It will be seen that there are some common trends. Such trends enable us to talk about lawful and unlawful secessions according to constitutional legal precepts. At maximum, one finds acceptance of consensual secession, as in the cases of Canada and the UK. It will be shown that the strict Spanish response, which does not allow for a referendum on secession (unless there is a constitutional amendment), is not unique. Although the circumstances vary, since none of them faces the same type of secessionist challenge, the US, Italian, and German constitutional legal orders have similar strict responses to secession.
EU Law in Relation to States Emerging out of Secession
Authors: González Campañá Núria
Published: May 2024

This chapter will explore the legal situation that arises when a new State has emerged and has been recognized by the EU and EU Member States. It will be argued that the rump State will continue with its EU membership, while the seceded new State will have to ask for EU membership. The chapter notes the limited relevance of accession routes before addressing the debate about EU citizenship. It will be argued that EU Member States still hold an important degree of autonomy when it comes to defining nationality. Finally, the chapter will address the hypothetical scenarios of an independent Scotland and the possibility of Irish reunification and the EU position towards both situations.
The Evidence
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins by providing two detailed case studies from El Salvador and Hungary to illustrate the full arc of the book’s argument. Next, it presents empirical tests linking ruling party personalism to an elevated risk of democratic backsliding. It first shows that the election of leaders supported by personalist parties leads to greater repression of freedoms of expression and association. It then looks at its consequences for democratic backsliding, more broadly, demonstrating that ruling party personalism increases the chance of backsliding, whether this concept is measured incrementally, sharply, or by total democratic collapse and transition to dictatorship. Lastly, it shows that party personalism matters most when ruling parties have legislative majorities; under these conditions opposition parties are too weak to stop leaders, making the ruling party the most consequential constraint on executive-led power grabs. The overall message is clear: ruling party personalism is detrimental to the health of democracy.
Societal Pathways
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows personalist leaders’ behaviour while in office has far-reaching consequences, ultimately lessening the chance that they will face checks on their actions from voters. It argues that leadership groups shape citizens’ beliefs about political opponents and norms of acceptable behaviour, focusing on two mutually re-enforcing explanations for why citizens condone anti-democratic power grabs. The first is polarization, which incentivizes voters to accept democratic subversion to prevent their opponents from securing control. Though some argue that polarization enables the success of anti-democratic leaders, this chapter demonstrates that leaders themselves endogenously drive polarization by attacking state institutions. The second is a shift in their supporters’ view of what acceptable behaviours in democracy look like, which weakens their own commitment to adhere to them. To illustrate this, this chapter shows that ruling party personalism increases the chance that supporters will justify the use of violence in elections in which they lose.
Personalist Politics, Democracy, and the Path Ahead
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarizes the book’s key findings. The analyses show that ruling party personalism erodes democracy, even raising the risk of democratic collapse. Because key actors in personalist political parties lack the incentive and capacity to restrain the leadership, these leaders succeed in loosening executive constraints. This in turn triggers political polarization and reduces supporters’ commitment to democratic norms of behaviour, all of which sets the stage for personalist leaders to push the countries they rule towards authoritarianism. The message of the book is clear: the rise of personalist politics and the elected strongmen that lead them poses a serious challenge for democracy. The chapter closes by discussing the path ahead. It identifies the major policy implications to emerge from the book’s findings, suggesting that efforts to strengthen programmatic party building and disincentivize party personalization will be critical to protecting democracy from the new threat it faces from within.
Introduction
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains the importance of examining the prioritization of global responsibilities. It delineates the soft (largely political) and hard (largely economic) feasibility constraints on states, which mean that tough choices have to be made about how to allocate resources amongst numerous global challenges. It also introduces a two-level framework of ideal and nonideal just prioritization. The former considers how states should prioritize optimally, as if they are free from soft feasibility constraints. The latter considers how states should prioritize, given both the hard and soft constraints that they face. The chapter then presents the main prioritization principles considered in this book, including principles of effectiveness, urgency, disadvantage, culpability, and national interest. The final section provides a summary of the overall book.
Prevention or Reaction? On Urgency
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the principle of urgency, considering whether states should prioritize the longer-term prevention of extreme poverty, mass atrocities, and forced displacement, or whether they should prioritize reacting to urgent crises. It defends the case for prevention as the ideal: it argues that prevention is typically cheaper, less risky, and often less controversial. In doing so, the chapter rejects three versions of the ‘Rule of Rescue’, which is a principle commonly advanced to defend prioritizing the assistance of those in urgent need. The chapter also considers whether states should focus their efforts on preventing existential risks in the far future at the expense of preventing more immediate but lesser threats—and concludes that they should not.
Climate Change: On Diversification
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the case for diversification, applying this to the issue of climate change. Given the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, should this be the sole focus of states’ efforts to fulfil their global responsibilities or is it important for states to diversify their responses so as to ‘spread their bets’? The chapter defends significant, but not overwhelming, prioritization of climate change at the expense of other global issues. In doing so, it argues that there should be some, moderate diversification and rejects two central arguments for strong diversification: empirical and moral uncertainty about the seriousness of potential crises and the potential wrongness of withdrawing assistance from people currently receiving it.
War: On Opportunity Costs
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers whether the enormous opportunity costs of wars and military interventions render them impermissible means of discharging global responsibilities. Should the funds spent by the United States on the war in Afghanistan, for example, have been spent instead on tackling infectious diseases, given that this could have saved a far greater number of lives? In considering this issue, the chapter rejects the worries that it can be necessary to resort to force to fight evil and tackle intentional killing, to stand up for collective values of sovereignty and communal autonomy, and to address the broader effects of conflicts. It also argues, however, that war might be justified nonideally, if the alternative is no action to discharge global responsibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarizes the book’s two-level account of the ideal and nonideal just prioritization of global responsibilities. In doing so, it presents some general conclusions about which crises states should focus on and emphasizes that, above all else, climate change and global health should be the main focus of states’ efforts. The chapter then goes on to examine how states can facilitate just prioritization domestically and internationally, through the establishment of societal norms, institutions, and laws. Finally, it emphasizes that states have both positive and negative duties to overcome the feasibility constraints that require them to prioritize in the first place.
Why Old Poetry?
Authors: Sawyer Daniel
Published: May 2024

Why bother with early poetry? This chapter presents some possible answers: that the verse we think of as ‘early’ in fact makes up the majority of the history of English; that since Middle English was not even the most prestigious language in England in its own time, it offers a unique space in which to unthink present-day English’s ubiquity and to refine literary theories; and that early English and Scots poetry has influenced many modern and present-day poets. The sophistication and playfulness of Middle English verse-craft is illustrated, and the chapter presents approaches useful for reading poems with which we might disagree.
Stanzas
Authors: Sawyer Daniel
Published: May 2024

Poetry can be stichic, in one continuous flow, or stanzaic, in repeated patterns of lines. Like regular rhyme, stanzaic English verse began in the Middle English period. The chapter lays out the tradition of stanzas subdivided into a fronsand a cauda, the tradition from which the unique stanza of Sir Gawain and the Green Knightemerged: though often understood as one ‘bob and wheel’ model, this tradition was a set of options from which poets could select at will. Tail rhyme stanzas are explained, as are the iconic Chaucerian stanzas, rhyme royal and the Monk’s Tale stanza. In closing, the chapter notes the division of some alliterative-verse poems into four-line, or in one case twenty-four-line, syntactic units.