bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Detection of Occlusal Noncavitated Carious Lesions
Authors: Melo M , Pascual A , Camps I , Ata-Ali F , Ata-Ali J
Published: May 2022

A total 302 teeth (148 molars and 154 premolars) corresponding to 152 patients aged ≥18 years were evaluated for caries using the ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System), fluorescence (DD, DIAGNOdent) and electrical impedance (IMS, CarieScan PRO) systems. Fissurotomy and intraoral radiographs were used as the gold standard. Accordingly, 27.5% (n=84) of the teeth were classified as sound, while 26.9% (n=81) had enamel involvement and 45.6% (n=138) presented carious lesions reaching the dentin. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and the area under the curve (AUC) were, respectively, 90.7%, 87.8%, and 0.954 (IMS); 92.4%, 92.7%, and 0.954 (DD); and 79.0%, 72.3%, and 0.756 (ICDAS). With regard to Se and Sp, there were significant differences between ICDAS and DD (p<0.001) and between ICDAS and IMS (p=0.01), but not between IMS and DD (p=0.07). In relation to AUC, there were significant differences between ICDAS and DD (p<0.001), and between ICDAS and IMS (p<0.001), but not between IMS and DD (p>0.05). The correlations between fissurotomy and each method were 88.7% (IMS), 89.7% (DD), and 77.1% (ICDAS). Within the limitations of this study, clinically, the electrical system is not useful for differentiating between sound teeth and truly incipient caries lesions by itself. The fluorescence or electrical systems are recommended with the ICDAS to detect carious lesions in their early stages.
Push-out Bond Strength of Two Fiber Posts in Composite Resin Using Different Types of Silanization
Authors: Novis RM , Leon BLT , França FMG , Turssi CP , Basting RT , Amaral FLB
Published: May 2022

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and thermocycling (TC) on the push-out bond strength of two brands of glass fiber posts (GFPs) to composite resin.

Methods

White Post DC (WP) (FGM Dental Group International, Joinville, Santa Catarina, BR) and Exacto (EC) (Angelus, Clinical Research Dental, Londrina, PR, Brazil). GFPs were cleaned with 70% alcohol and divided into five groups, according to the surface treatment (n=15): control (C), without treatment; prehydrolyzed silane (S-pre) (Prosil, FGM Dental Group International); 37% phosphoric acid + prehydrolyzed silane (AcS-pre); Scotchbond Universal Adhesive System (AdU), 3M Oral Care; two-bottle silane (S2B) (Dentsply Sirona Inc). The composite resin was inserted around the posts by using a split matrix. The samples were cut into 1-mm slices. Half of the samples were subjected to the push-out test immediately, and the other half underwent TC before the test. After failure analysis, the data were submitted to three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α=0.05).

Results

EC achieved higher bond strength than WP, regardless of TC (p<0.05). Regarding WP, surface treatments (p<0.001) and TC (p<0.001) influenced bonding strength. As for EC without TC, the highest bond strength (p<0.05) was found for C, then AcSpre, S-pre, AdU, and S2B. Application of TC resulted in a statistically higher bond strength values for the EC AcS-pre group (p<0.05), followed by S2B, S-pre, C, and AdU. The WP failures were predominantly cohesive, similar to the EC AdU and EC S2B groups. The other EC groups showed mostly mixed failures.

Conclusions

Surface treatment and TC affected the bond strength to composite resin, depending on which post was used. It is important for dentists to understand the effects of different types of silanization on their chosen post.
System of integrating biosignals during hemodialysis: the CONTINUAL (Continuous mOnitoriNg viTal sIgN
dUring hemodiALysis) registry
Authors: Kim Seonmi , Yun Donghwan , Kwon Soonil , Lee So-Ryoung , Kim Kwangsoo , Kim Yong Chul , Kim Dong Ki , Oh Kook-Hwan , Joo Kwon Wook , Lee Hyung-Chul , Jung Chul-Woo , Kim Yon Su , Han Seung Seok
Published: May 2022

Background: Appropriate monitoring of intradialytic biosignals is essential to minimize adverse outcomes because intradialytic hypotension and arrhythmia are associated with cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients. However, a continuous monitoring system for intradialytic biosignals has not yet been developed. Methods: This study investigated a cloud system that hosted a prospective, open-source registry to monitor and collect intradialytic biosignals, which was named the CONTINUAL (Continuous mOnitoriNg viTal sIgN dUring hemodiALysis) registry. This registry was based on real-time multimodal data acquisition, such as blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, and photoplethysmogram results. Results: We analyzed session information from this system for the initial 8 months, including data for some cases with hemodynamic complications such as intradialytic hypotension and arrhythmia. Conclusion: This biosignal registry provides valuable data that can be applied to conduct epidemiological surveys on hemodynamic complications during hemodialysis and develop artificial intelligence models that predict biosignal changes which can improve patient outcomes.
Challenges for Cooperation of Participating States in the Bucharest Nine Format under the Conditions of the Evolution of the Security Threats on NATO's Eastern Borders.
Authors: Turchyn Yaryna , Ivasechko Olha
Published: May 2022

The article reveals the challenges for cooperation of the participating states in the Bucharest Nine initiatives in the conditions of the evolution of security threats on NATO’s eastern borders. The preconditions, purpose and goals of the Bucharest Nine have been highlighted. The group composition of B9 participants on a territorial basis has been considered, namely: the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the Visegrad Four countries (Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic), and the Black Sea countries (Bulgaria and Romania). The organizational structure of such a regional format within NATO has been represented. The goals of the Bucharest Nine have been concretized both in the Euro-Atlantic dimension and in the regional one, especially in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. The focus is on the resilience and solidarity of B9 member states in their approaches to guaranteeing the European security architecture, including increasing defense spending and its dynamics, supporting Ukraine and its territorial integrity, as well as assessing threats from the russian federation. The current challenges for the development of the B9 initiative have been highlighted, the key ones being: restrained attitude towards the russian policy in the CEE region; various preconditions for action to increase military capabilities; the position of some Western NATO member states on B9 as a pro-American project, etc. It has been concluded that it is expedient to establish B9 format initiatives within NATO in order to “strengthen the voice” of less powerful states in the conditions of transforming the security architecture in the global dimension, mainly in the context of growing military threat from the russian federation in the CEE region.
Factors and Tendencies of the Strengthening the Post-Truth Manifestations in Contemporary Political Practice.
Authors: Dorosh Lesia
Published: May 2022

The author analyses factors and tendencies that determine and testify the post-truth manifestations in the contemporary political process, and emphasizes that there were only some manifestations of post-truth in politics in the past. The main subjects of the spread of post-truth, as well as the problems caused by this phenomenon, have been identified. There are factors of strengthening the post-truth at the present stage: social and technological, political, economic and scientific. The author identifies an interrelated trends that jointly undermine the ability to acquire true information and exacerbate the phenomena of post-truth, among them: spreading and increasing the influence of disinformation and propaganda; rejection of well-established scientific claims; placing personal belief and experience above facts and evidence; declining trust in institutional and official providers of information; increasing fragmentation and polarization of information consumption etc. In general, these factors and tendencies form an atmosphere where an intellectual values (truth, accuracy, justice and openness) are difficult to achieve. Although the phenomena of post-truth are not historically new, their scale – present and future – may be greater than before. The author argues the necessity for comprehensive research on the post-truth manifestations in contemporary political discourse, search for models to minimize their negative impact, clarify the role of contemporary political information and facts that can form dialogue between political elites and people for the better understanding.
Roman Ingarden on Ontological and Formal Meaning of Propositions. (Foreword to the Ukrainian Translation of Roman Ingarden’s work “Critical Remarks on Positivistic Logic”)
Authors: Karivets' Ihor
Published: May 2022

For the first time, the work “Critical Remarks on Positivistic Logic” by the famous Polish philosopher Roman Ingarden (1893–1970), whose researches in the field of ontology, phenomenology and aesthetics have significant achievements in the world philosophy, is translated into the Ukrainian. In addition, he conducted research in such areas as linguistics and logic. But these, so to speak, applied studies of language and logic were, in one way or another, connected with his ontological and realistic-phenomenological views. Roman Ingarden’s “Critical Remarks on Positivistic Logic” is a work in his analytical study of the logic of propositions (calculus of propositions). In this work Polish phenomenologist and ontologist strictly demonstrates anti-positivistic approach to the role of propositions in a human cognition and life.
A Real Bête Noire
Authors: Hiruta Kei
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how Isaiah Berlin developed such animosity towards Hannah Arendt. It charts the key stages of this development, and sheds light on the discussion of the two thinkers' political and intellectual disagreement. The chapter then begins with a brief overview of their lives. Hannah Arendt was born in 1906 near Hanover and grew up in Königsberg, then capital of East Prussia, now the Russian city of Kaliningrad. Isaiah Berlin, on the other hand, was born in 1909 in the Latvian city of Riga, then a provincial capital in the Russian Empire, into a wealthy Russian-speaking Jewish family. The chapter chronicles their arrival in New York City within a year or so before their first meeting as well as their second meeting at Harvard University. It then elaborates on Berlin's lifelong support for liberal Zionism. He believed that the human need to belong to one's own group was universal, and that was a certain form of nationalism. The story was different with Arendt. Unlike Berlin, she did not grow up as a Zionist. From her point of view, she was not only entitled but also morally required to adjust her stance on Zionism, depending on the movement's differing merits at different stages of development.
The Problem of Fictionality and the Nonfictional Novel
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the republic's antifictional discourse. It contends that the anxiety about fiction is not, as conventional wisdom has held, merely a vestige of an earlier era and a holdover of a premodern worldview, but a distinctly modern problem: the antifictional discourse is an attempt to grapple with questions raised by Enlightenment epistemology in a culture preoccupied with the challenges of republican governance. The chapter then examines the “Founded on Fact” novels that emerged in response to such anxieties in the 1780s and 1790s. Troubling the commonsense assumption that fictionality is a constitutive characteristic of the genre, these nonfictional novels are both an attempt to negotiate the republic's antifictional discourse and a part of this discourse. They crystallize, better than any other texts, the cultural logic that early fictionists would reject.
Romance and Reality in the 1850s and Beyond
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: May 2022

This coda studies the romances of the 1850s and postbellum realist novels, charting the terms on which fictionists would come to ignore the fictionality of fiction—an oversight unimaginable for writers in the early republic. It shows how, across the second half of the century, the issue of fictionality gradually disappears from discussions to which it had once been fundamental, such as the long-standing debates about the relationship between “reality” and “romance.” By the turn of the twentieth century, fictionality is no longer considered a problem. The late nineteenth century's cultivated indifference to fictionality ultimately proves the most influential response to the problem of fictionality. For some postbellum writers, ignoring the question of fictionality was a strategy for establishing the cultural authority of their fictions. But while this strategic inattention to the fictionality of fiction might begin as a self-conscious means of affirming the seriousness of fiction, it gradually becomes a conventionalized, rarely noticed feature of the novel genre.
American Mirror
Authors: Saba Roberto
Published: May 2022

In the nineteenth century, the United States and Brazil were the largest slave societies in the Western world. The former enslaved approximately four million people, the latter nearly two million. Slavery was integral to the production of agricultural commodities for the global market, and governing elites feared the system's demise would ruin their countries. Yet, when slavery ended in the United States and Brazil, in 1865 and 1888 respectively, what resulted was immediate and continuous economic progress. This book investigates how American and Brazilian reformers worked together to ensure that slave emancipation would advance the interests of capital. The book explores the methods through which antislavery reformers fostered capitalist development in a transnational context. From the 1850s to the 1880s, this coalition of Americans and Brazilians consolidated wage labor as the dominant production system in their countries. These reformers were not romantic humanitarians, but cosmopolitan modernizers who worked together to promote labor-saving machinery, new transportation technology, scientific management, and technical education. They successfully used such innovations to improve production and increase trade. Challenging commonly held ideas about slavery and its demise in the Western Hemisphere, the book illustrates the crucial role of slave emancipation in the making of capitalism.
Constructing Community
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

Who makes decisions that shape the housing, policies, and social programs in urban neighborhoods? Who, in other words, governs? This book offers a rich ethnographic portrait of the individuals who implement community development projects in the Fairmount Corridor, one of Boston's poorest areas. The book uncovers a network of nonprofits and philanthropic foundations making governance decisions alongside public officials—a public–private structure that has implications for democratic representation and neighborhood inequality. The book's author spent four years following key players in Boston's community development field. While state senators and city councilors are often the public face of new projects, and residents seem empowered through opportunities to participate in public meetings, the author found a shadow government of nonprofit leaders and philanthropic funders, nonelected neighborhood representatives with their own particular objectives, working behind the scenes. Tying this system together were political performances of “community”—government and nonprofit leaders, all claiming to value the community. The author argues that there is no such thing as a singular community voice, meaning any claim of community representation is, by definition, illusory. The author shows how community development is as much about constructing the idea of community as it is about the construction of physical buildings in poor neighborhoods. The book demonstrates how the nonprofit sector has become integral to urban policymaking, and the tensions and trade-offs that emerge when private nonprofits take on the work of public service provision.
A Seat at the Table
Authors: Levine Jeremy R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the contemporary processes of urban governance in the Fairmount Corridor: Who governs, and how did they get a seat at the table? It looks at each of the players in the community development field, from government agencies to consultants and foundations. Taking a top-down view, one might characterize these public and private organizations as a powerful coalition that collectively decided what got built and where. And one might assume those with power and influence were the ones who had the most money, political connections, or elite network ties. Getting closer to the ground revealed quite different dynamics. This was an urban policy context that privileged collaboration, partnership, and that oft-used concept: community. As a result, influence over plans for the Corridor depended on one's ability to negotiate a role as a partner with or on behalf of the community. That did not mean one's status as a partner was a fixed identity. People performed their partner bona fides for others in the field—sometimes successfully, other times less so.
Philosophy after Pharsalus
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews the interlinking of politics and philosophy in the period after the Battle of Pharsalus. It first describes “Pompeian group therapy,” the recourse to sociable philosophizing on the part of defeated Republicans. The chapter stresses that both Cicero and his amici (many still in exile after the Civil War) turned to philosophy for consolation and the reassurance that they had done, and were continuing to do, the morally right thing. The chapter then turns to the question of freedom of speech (and the absence thereof) under Caesar's dictatorship, showing how Cicero and others attempted to cope with the changed political situation. It also looks at Cicero's encyclopedic corpus, and examines once more Cicero's own statements as found especially in the works' prefaces. The chapter considers the uses of philosophy in the assassination of Caesar and its aftermath. The most prominent conspirators, Brutus and Cassius, were known for their philosophical interests and, as the chapter argues, at least partly motivated by theoretical convictions about the evils of tyranny.
The Invention of Rome
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns from the “imported” subject of philosophy to more intrinsically Roman concerns, examining mid-first-century explorations of Roman identity. It offers a general survey of the period's proliferating antiquarian studies, while also considering modern explanations for why late Republican authors were so fascinated by their own past. While disillusionment with the present political crisis may have played a role, Roman antiquarianism on closer examination turns out to be far less nostalgic and conservative than often depicted. The chapter then emphasizes that efforts to codify traditional knowledge were often guided not so much by abstract ideals of reason (ratio)—as some of the current narratives of late Republican intellectual history would have it—as by the recognition and embrace of the shared habits and usages (consuetudo) that had shaped Roman practices over the centuries. The chapter presents the author's own interpretation of the phenomenon in two more detailed studies: one of antiquarian discussions of Roman political and religious institutions, with a focus on Varro and Cicero, the other of debates about language and style, concentrating on Varro, Cicero, and Caesar.
Conclusion
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter details the interconnectedness of knowledge production and political activity among the late Republican Roman senatorial class. While the period's turbulent political events certainly acted as a catalyst for developments in the intellectual sphere—and occasionally vice versa—the perhaps most striking aspect of mid-first-century senatorial studia is their “Republican” nature. The chapter then highlights that the Republican political process was driven by individual actors with their own agendas, who cooperated with or opposed one another in ever-shifting alliances. By outlining the scholarly efforts of these same men, this chapter shows a diverse nexus of intensely sociable practices, characterized by both intellectual independence and competitive engagement with one's peers. It investigates the implications if the political system collapsed and was replaced by a monarchy.
Philosophers and Pluralists
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on philosophers and pluralists. The Williams Committee archive reveals people thinking their way through the changes and applying their understandings of morality and social conventions to the culture of Britain in the 1970s. Moreover, the committee was the occasion for the most far-reaching exploration of censorship in British history. The Williams Committee embarked on a program of self-education, wherein most of the time had been focused on film censorship. The Williams Report indicates the realities facing censorship on the eve of the 1980s more accurately than any of the morals campaigners' suggestions. The chapter notes the recommendations of the Williams Committee which involved the regulation of pornography.
Coping with Empires before Rome
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the comparison of ancient empires leading to the identification of both similarities and differences as several Roman imperial characteristics are not unique to Rome. The very notion of empire has been debated intensely over the past decades, giving birth to numerous comparative studies of ancient and modern empires and to attempts at a general definition of the term. It highlights the growing acceptance of the idea that different empires may follow different political and institutional models. The chapter mentions Christophe Badel, who argues that what characterizes the new generation of scholars working on imperial issues is their dynamic conception of empires. The tension or dialectical relation between diversity and homogeneity appears as a general characteristic of empires.
The Challenge of Roman Citizenship
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the Constitutio Antoniniana of 212 CE that transformed most free Jews in the Roman Empire into Roman citizens. Beyond its legal status, this edict implied that part of the people of Israel was somehow being absorbed into the entity called the populus Romanus. The chapter highlights how both Roman and pro-Roman discourses praised the Roman people for their willingness to progressively include all humankind, but it is far from certain that all provincials viewed this universalist ideology positively. The chapter talks about the rhetoric of universalism, which was so attractive to some that it clashed with the persisting differences of social status between citizens and with deep-rooted prejudices. It addresses the question of how Jews regarded their newly granted Roman citizenship.
Ethics of Care and the Care Community
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter lays out the theory of care communities, noting that people usually understand “caring” as a feeling of affectionate concern, and a “caregiver” as someone who helps a disabled person, generally a home health aide or nurse. It defines “caring” as an action rather than a feeling and argues caregiving as one of the most fundamental forms of human relationality. To give care is to engage in transactions as ordinary as greeting a cashier, packing a child's lunch, or grading a paper. The chapter explores the theory of care that comes from the feminist philosophy known as “ethics of care,” imagining what care relations might look like with the inanimate, the distant, and the self. It addresses the elements that generate a successful group dynamic.
Care Meets the Silent Treatment in The Wings of the Dove
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about discourse, which is the core of a care relationship. When the carer and the cared-for can communicate, in any form, they can adjust behavior to match the other's needs better in a mutual attunement that can prevent carers from becoming tyrannical and cared-fors from feeling disempowered. It scales up to the level of a care community to explain that discourse regulates the members' social ties. The chapter refers to a system of communicative action among egalitarian participants that characterized the political sphere, where the best rational argument and not the identity of the speaker was supposed to carry the day. While a care community does not need rational discourse, it does require everyone to attend to each other, regardless of members' status.
The True Social Art
Authors: Risinger Jacob
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers how Byron Barth was deeply attuned to the intricate permutations of emotional detachment, although the pageant of his bleeding heart has made him infamous. Galvanized by the Horatian nil admirari and other Stoic commonplaces, Byron investigated Stoicism at the level of character, a nebulous concept that straddled the ethical, the social, and the literary. It cites Don Juan and other narratives, wherein Stoicism transcends culture and class even as it is approached as a surface-level, exteriorized phenomenon. The chapter explores the unlikely consonance of Byron's own performative detachment and the Stoic postures of marginalized figures that was significant and destabilizing. Byron intuited the way in which a Stoic ethos blurred social distinctions by forging lines of affinity between elite citizens of the world and the wretched of the earth.
What Is Religious Authority?
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

Taking readers from the eighteenth century to today, this book traces the movements of Muslim saints and scholars from Yemen to Indonesia and looks at how they traversed complex cultural settings while opening new channels for the transmission of Islamic teachings. The book describes the rise to prominence of Indonesia's leading Sufi master, Habib Luthfi, and his rivalries with competing religious leaders, revealing why some Muslim voices become authoritative while others don't. It examines how Habib Luthfi has used the infrastructures of the Sufi order and the Indonesian state to build a durable religious community, while deploying genealogy and hagiography to present himself as a successor of the Prophet Muḥammad. Challenging prevailing conceptions of what it means to be Muslim, the book demonstrates how the concrete and sustained labors of translation, mobilization, collaboration, and competition are the very dynamics that give Islam its power and diversity.
Infrastructure
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Habib Luthfi's mode of articulatory labor, observing how the infrastructure that makes up a Sufi order enables him to create a durable community that centers on the hierarchical relationship between a Sufi master and his disciples. Such a relationship allows Habib Luthfi to adjust and augment the sunna by introducing new teachings and practices to suit the changing proclivities of his disciples without being perceived as deviating from Prophetic teachings. It describes an institution that has long helped to enact stable hierarchical relationships and facilitate the transmission and social realization of the sunna, such as the Sufi order. The chapter proposes an analytic definition of the Sufi order as an ordering mechanism. It explores an ensemble of conceptual and material infrastructure that works to transform volatile networks into a durable religious community that centers on the hierarchical relationship between a Sufi master and his disciples.
Sharing Responsibility
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

The idea that states share a responsibility to shield people everywhere from atrocities is presently under threat. Despite some early twenty-first century successes, including the 2005 United Nations endorsement of the Responsibility to Protect, the project has been placed into jeopardy due to catastrophes in such places as Syria, Myanmar, and Yemen; resurgent nationalism; and growing global antagonism. This book seeks to diagnose the current crisis in international protection by exploring its long and troubled history. With attention to ethics, law, and politics, the book measures what possibilities remain for protecting people wherever they reside from atrocities, despite formidable challenges in the international arena. With a focus on Western natural law and the European society of states, the book shows that the history of the shared responsibility to protect is marked by courageous efforts, as well as troubling ties to Western imperialism, evasion, and abuse. The project of safeguarding vulnerable populations can undoubtedly devolve into blame shifting and hypocrisy, but can also spark effective burden sharing among nations. The book considers how states should support this responsibility, whether it can be coherently codified in law, the extent to which states have embraced their responsibilities, and what might lead them to do so more reliably in the future. The author of the book wrestles with how countries should care for imperiled people and how the ideal of the responsibility to protect might inspire just behavior in an imperfect and troubled world.
International Ethics
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter assesses the ethics of the shared responsibility to protect. It highlights that the existing accounts commonly proceed on the assumption that the world is confronted with only a single atrocity crisis at a time and that our task is to identify which state or states bear the responsibility to respond on behalf of the international community. Looking at the history of imperial abuse and the more recent failure of the 2011 intervention in Libya, the chapter considers whether responsible international protection is even possible. Wrestling with postcolonial critiques of responsibility to protect, the chapter argues that, as disastrous as the Libyan intervention turned out to be, the broader contemporary record suggests that the possibilities and opportunities for responsible international protection—both coercive and noncoercive—remain much more substantial than critics suggest. The chapter studies the “imperfections” inherent to the shared responsibility to protect, derived from Pufendorf (how should competing responsibilities be weighed?), Vattel (who should do the protecting?), and Kant (who should be protected?), and theorizes how this imperfect responsibility might be made more “perfect” by clarifying what we should ask of states confronted with the threat or perpetration of atrocities beyond their borders. It then suggests a set of principles that might fruitfully guide the fair and effective distribution of responsibilities among multiple states in response to multiple situations of concern.
International Politics
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter chronicles the story of the politics of human protection in the era of responsibility to protect. It describes how the imperative to protect strangers from atrocities has had a real impact on the behavior of many states in recent years, while avoiding the temptation to exaggerate the historical novelty or contemporary success of the responsibility to protect norm. Reflecting on the long history of international protection, the chapter argues that what is particularly new in the responsibility to protect era is that international engagement with atrocities has become almost a matter of routine. The international community, and especially the members of the Security Council, recognize a need to attend to not only the most prominent crises, but also those many other situations of concern that neither attract substantial media attention nor engage the strategic or economic interests of powerful bystander states. The chapter acknowledges that states continue to fail to adequately discharge their responsibilities in many ways. It also stresses that they too often shield those committing atrocities and too often themselves contribute to the perpetration of these crimes. The chapter looks at the implications after several states that have long provided the impetus and accepted much of the burden of responsibility for international protection efforts embrace norms of populist nationalism and abandon global responsibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter employs the idea of “imperfection” to reflect on some of the limits and possibilities of encouraging states to embrace and discharge their shared responsibility to protect. In the absence of a more complete and coherent body of international law capable of guaranteeing enforcement, the chapter argues that the principle will always amount to a Kantian “sorry comfort” for some, whose cries for protection go unanswered. The chapter recalls that the responsibility to protect norm had an unprecedented impact on the behavior of states in the years between the beginning of the Arab Spring and the end of Barack Obama's second term. It emphasizes that this was sorry comfort to the millions of civilians wounded, displaced, traumatized, or killed in atrocities in Syria and elsewhere. But it made a difference for many others who received meaningful international preventive and protective action. The chaptery then proposes two fundamental shifts in thinking that proponents of human protection might fruitfully promote.
The Philosophical Stage
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: May 2022

This book offers an innovative approach to ancient Greek literature and thought that places drama at the heart of intellectual history. Drawing on evidence from tragedy and comedy, the book shines new light on the development of early Greek philosophy, arguing that drama is our best source for understanding the intellectual culture of classical Athens. The book recasts classical Greek intellectual history as a conversation across discourses and demonstrates the significance of dramatic reflections on widely shared theoretical questions. It argues that neither “literature” nor “philosophy” was a defined category in the fifth century BCE, and develops a method of reading dramatic form as a structured investigation of issues at the heart of the emerging discipline of philosophy. The book presents a novel approach to ancient drama and sets a path for a renewed understanding of early Greek thought.
Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: May 2022

The 1830s to the 1930s saw the rise of large-scale industrial mining in the British imperial world. This book examines how literature of this era reckoned with a new vision of civilization where humans are dependent on finite, nonrenewable stores of earthly resources, and traces how the threatening horizon of resource exhaustion worked its way into narrative form. Britain was the first nation to transition to industry based on fossil fuels, which put its novelists and other writers in the remarkable position of mediating the emergence of extraction-based life. The book looks at works like Hard Times, The Mill on the Floss, and Sons and Lovers, showing how the provincial realist novel's longstanding reliance on marriage and inheritance plots transforms against the backdrop of exhaustion to withhold the promise of reproductive futurity. It explores how adventure stories like Treasure Island and Heart of Darkness reorient fictional space toward the resource frontier. And it shows how utopian and fantasy works like “Sultana's Dream,” The Time Machine, and The Hobbit offer imaginative ways of envisioning energy beyond extractivism. The book reveals how an era marked by violent mineral resource rushes gave rise to literary forms and genres that extend extractivism as a mode of environmental understanding.
What Makes Us Smart
Authors: Gershman Samuel
Published: May 2022

At the heart of human intelligence rests a fundamental puzzle: How are we incredibly smart and stupid at the same time? No existing machine can match the power and flexibility of human perception, language, and reasoning. Yet, we routinely commit errors that reveal the failures of our thought processes. This book makes sense of this paradox by arguing that our cognitive errors are not haphazard. Rather, they are the inevitable consequences of a brain optimized for efficient inference and decision making within the constraints of time, energy, and memory—in other words, data and resource limitations. Framing human intelligence in terms of these constraints, the book shows how a deeper computational logic underpins the “stupid” errors of human cognition. Embarking on a journey across psychology, neuroscience, computer science, linguistics, and economics, the book presents unifying principles that govern human intelligence. First, inductive bias: any system that makes inferences based on limited data must constrain its hypotheses in some way before observing data. Second, approximation bias: any system that makes inferences and decisions with limited resources must make approximations. Applying these principles to a range of computational errors made by humans, the book demonstrates that intelligent systems designed to meet these constraints yield characteristically human errors. Examining how humans make intelligent and maladaptive decisions, the book delves into the successes and failures of cognition.
The Yup’ik Flying Swan Mask
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

This chapter details the return of the Yup'ik Flying Swan mask to Berlin in the early 1990s after a half-century-long postwar odyssey. The mask held a distinguished place in Berlin's Museum für Völkerkunde. For almost two decades, it hung top and center within a prominent glass cabinet in the Eskimo exhibit among the museum's celebrated new Schausammlung. The chapter then discusses the destruction of war, in which collections were devastated and many scattered across vast distances. It reports that some 33,000 objects from the African collections, mostly items from West Africa, were lost in “safer” locations, and on the East Asian collections, only 40 percent survived. Over time, it became clear that Soviet trophy brigades had seized some 75,000 or more archaeological and ethnographic objects from the bunkers, the Royal Mint, and the mines and the castle in Silesia. Amid this postwar devastation, the chapter highlights how Germany's surviving ethnologists quickly returned to their science and began trying to reconstitute their museums. It looks at the creation of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in 1957, founded by the federal government to obtain and preserve Prussian cultural heritage.
Juno's Aeneid
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: May 2022

This book offers an entirely new way of understanding the Aeneid. Many scholars regard Vergil's poem as an attempt to combine Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into a single epic. The book challenges this view, revealing how the Aeneid stages an epic contest to determine which kind of story it will tell—and what kind of hero Aeneas will be. The book shows how this contest is provoked by the transgressive goddess Juno, who challenges Vergil for the soul of his hero and poem. Her goal is to transform the poem into an Iliad of continuous Trojan persecution instead of an Odyssey of successful homecoming. The book discusses how ancient critics considered the flexible Odysseus the model of a good leader but censured the hero of the Iliad, the intransigent Achilles, as a bad one. It describes how the battle over which kind of leader Aeneas will prove to be continues throughout the poem, and explores how this struggle reflects in very different ways on the ethical legitimacy of Rome's emperor, Caesar Augustus. By reframing the Aeneid in this way, the book demonstrates how the purpose of the poem is to confront the reader with an urgent decision between incompatible possibilities and provoke uncertainty about whether the poem is a celebration of Augustus or a melancholy reflection on the discontents of a troubled age.
Introduction
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: May 2022

This chapter mentions Italo Calvino, who once explained that a classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say. It addresses the relationship of Juno in literature to the Juno of history and of cult, but only occasionally and, for the most part, generally. Similarly, it conjures with the allegorical Juno of Michael Murrin and Philip Hardie, but it does not consistently put physical allegory at center stage. The chapter regards Juno as a character in the poem and in relation to characters in other poems who in some sense share her identity. It discusses the approach to Juno, which is of some value if only because it is a bit unusual as it is not altogether unprecedented.
Distant Shores
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

China has conventionally been considered a land empire whose lack of maritime and colonial reach contributed to its economic decline after the mid-eighteenth century. This book challenges this view, showing that the economic expansion of southeastern Chinese rivaled the colonial ambitions of Europeans overseas. In a story that dawns with the Industrial Revolution and culminates in the Great Depression, the book explains how sojourners from an ungovernable corner of China emerged among the commercial masters of the South China Sea. The book focuses on Chaozhou, a region in the great maritime province of Guangdong, whose people shared a repertoire of ritual, cultural, and economic practices. It traces how Chaozhouese at home and abroad reaped many of the benefits of an overseas colonial system without establishing formal governing authority. Their power was sustained instead through a mosaic of familial, fraternal, and commercial relationships spread across the ports of Bangkok, Singapore, Saigon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Swatow. The picture that emerges is not one of Chinese divergence from European modernity but rather of a convergence in colonial sites that were critical to modern development and accelerating levels of capital accumulation. The book reveals how the transoceanic migration of Chaozhouese laborers and merchants across a far-flung maritime world linked the Chinese homeland to an ever-expanding frontier of settlement and economic extraction.
Narco-Capitalism
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses people who got rich in the opium trade in China: British, Americans, Parsis, and Chinese. Prior to 1858, when the sale and recreational use of the drug were illegal, fortunes were made by smuggling. The chapter considers the south China coast as the most cosmopolitan arena for contraband trade in modern history. It mentions how the British imagined they made life easier for Western interests when they fought two wars with the Qing: the First Opium War, 1839 to 1842, and the Second Opium War, 1856 to 1860. The treaties and conventions that concluded these wars opened fifteen Chinese ports to foreign trade and after 1858, imposed a de facto legalization of opium on China.
Theory and Credibility
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Bueno de Mesquita Ethan
Published: May 2022

The credibility revolution, with its emphasis on empirical methods for causal inference, has led to concerns among scholars that the canonical questions about politics and society are being neglected because they are no longer deemed answerable. This book stakes out an opposing view—presenting a new vision of how, working together, the credibility revolution and formal theory can advance social scientific inquiry. The book covers the conceptual foundations and practicalities of both model building and research design, providing a new framework to link theory and empirics. Drawing on diverse examples from political science, it presents a typology of the rich set of interactions that are possible between theory and empirics. This typology opens up new ways for scholars to make progress on substantive questions and enables researchers from disparate traditions to gain a deeper appreciation for each other's work and why it matters. The book shows theorists how to create models that are genuinely useful to empirical inquiry, and helps empiricists better understand how to structure their research in ways that speak to theoretically meaningful questions.
Disentangling
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on disentangling, which is done to know how each mechanism separately contributes to the overall effect and breaks the estimated relationship down into its constituent parts. It emphasizes the importance of disentangling by reviewing the debate about the role of Congressional parties. Rohde (1991) suggested that parties exercised increasing influence over roll-call voting, while Krehbiel (1993) countered that increased partisan sorting might instead explain increased party-unity voting. The chapter looks at examples that involve disentangling through methods other than causal mediation analysis, though mediators do sometimes play a role. It refers to an extensive literature that uses term limits as a device to home in on the electoral incentives mechanism.
Shock to the System
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

How do democracies emerge? This book presents a novel theory of democratization that focuses on how events like coups, wars, and elections disrupt autocratic regimes and trigger democratic change. The book demonstrates that more than nine in ten transitions since 1800 occur in one of two ways: countries democratize following a major violent shock or an established ruling party democratizes through elections and regains power within democracy. This framework fundamentally reorients theories on democratization by showing that violent upheavals and the preservation of autocrats in power — events typically viewed as antithetical to democracy — are in fact central to its foundation. Through in-depth examinations of 139 democratic transitions, the book shows how democratization frequently follows both domestic shocks (coups, civil wars, and assassinations) and international shocks (defeat in war and withdrawal of an autocratic hegemon) due to autocratic insecurity and openings for opposition actors. It also shows how transitions guided by ruling parties spring from their electoral confidence in democracy. Both contexts limit the power autocrats sacrifice by accepting democratization, smoothing along the transition. The book provides new insights into democratization's predictors, the limited gains from events like the Arab Spring, the best routes to democratization for long-term stability, and the future of global democracy. Disputing commonly held ideas about violent events and their effects on democracy, the book offers new perspectives on how regimes are transformed.
Executive Pay
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights “The Great CEO Pay Heist,” wherein the magazine Fortune noted in 2001 that four of the five most highly paid CEOs had received average annual compensation of $274 million during the previous five years. One of them was Disney's Michael Eisner, who received a ten-year pay package worth $252 million, in addition to a $90 million golden handshake for departing president Michael Ovitz. It mentions Nell Minow, a champion of shareholder rights, who said that Disney had one of the worst boards in America. The chapter looks at the study of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), which charged that CEO compensation was the result of “pervasive cronyism” between executives and board members. Compensation consultants were quick to challenge the report, with one of them implausibly stating that, inside the board room, one does not see much cronyism.