bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Issue Of Water Resources Diversification In Water Supply Systems
Authors: Rak Janusz , Boryczko Krzysztof
Published: December 2015

The aim of the paper is to present the methodology for determining the diversification degree of water resources in Collective Water Supply Systems (CWSS). Knowing the number of water supply sub-systems and their share in the total supply of water for CWSS, it is possible to calculate the dimensionless Pielou ratio. The paper presents the calculation of the diversification rate for 26 CWSS in Poland. The presented methodology makes it possible to compare CWSS with different water requirements.
The Odd Couple: Uniting Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development under the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Condon Alexander
Published: December 2015

This article assesses the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in meeting its twin aims of emission reductions and sustainable development. To date, the CDM has failed to achieve these goals. This article argues that the CDM’s shortcomings are due to path dependence, with the CDM stuck at a suboptimal equilibrium of insufficient institutions, capital and leadership. A reform scheme involving foreign direct investment, foreign aid and CDM amendments is prescribed for pushing the CDM to a more efficient and prosperous path. A properly functioning CDM would afford both developed and developing countries the opportunity to secure a more sustainable economic and environmental future.
The detection of reverse accumulation effect in the positron annihilation profile of stack of aluminum and silver foils
Authors: Dryzek Jerzy , Siemek Krzysztof
Published: December 2015

The implantation profile of positrons emitted from 22Na into a stack of aluminum and silver foils is the subject of the presented report. The characteristic dimple in the profile behind the Ag foil was detected. This effect arises from the differences in the linear absorption coefficient of aluminum and silver. The good agreement between the theoretical profile obtained within the multiscattering model and experimental one was achieved. The observed phenomenon can affect the positron annihilation characteristics measured for the inhomogeneous samples.
Slow positron beam at the JINR, Dubna
Authors: Horodek Paweł , Kobets Andrey G. , Meshkov Igor N. , Sidorin Alexey A. , Orlov Oleg S.
Published: December 2015

The Low Energy Positron Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA) at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) proposed for generation of positronium in flight has been adopted for positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The positron injector generates continuous slow positron beam with positron energy range between 50 eV and 35 keV. The radioactive 22Na isotope is used. In distinction to popular tungsten foil, here the solid neon is used as moderator. It allows to obtain the beam intensity of about 105 e+/s width energy spectrum characterized by full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 3.4 eV and a tail to lower energies of about 30 eV. The paper covers the characteristic of variable energy positron beam at the LEPTA facility: parameters, the rule of moderation, scheme of injector, and transportation of positrons into the sample chamber. Recent status of the project and its development in the field of PAS is discussed. As an example, the measurement of the positron diffusion length in pure iron is demonstrated.
PALS investigations of free volumes thermal expansion of J-PET plastic scintillator synthesized in polystyrene matrix
Authors: Wieczorek Anna , Zgardzińska Bożena , Jasińska Bożena , Gorgol Marek , Bednarski Tomasz , Białas Piotr , Czerwiński Eryk , Gajos Aleksander , Kamińska Daria , Kapłon Łukasz , Kochanowski Andrzej , Korcyl Grzegorz , Kowalski Paweł , Kozik Tomasz , Krzemień Wojciech , Kubicz Ewelina , Niedźwiecki Szymon , Pałka Marek , Raczyński Lech , Rudy Zbigniew , Rundel Oleksandr , Sharma Neha Gupta , Silarski Michał , Słomski Artur , Strzelecki Adam , Wiślicki Wojciech , Zieliński Marcin , Moskal Paweł
Published: December 2015

The polystyrene doped with 2,5-diphenyloxazole as a primary fluor and 2-(4-styrylphenyl)benzoxazole as a wavelength shifter prepared as a plastic scintillator was investigated using positronium probe in wide range of temperatures from 123 to 423 K. Three structural transitions at 260, 283, and 370 K were found in the material. In the o-Ps intensity dependence on temperature, the significant hysteresis is observed. Heated to 370 K, the material exhibits the o-Ps intensity variations in time.
Interkulturelle Theologie als Beruf
Authors: Küster Volker
Published: December 2015

Interkulturelle Theologie erforscht die interreligiösen, interkulturellen und interkonfessionellen Dimensionen des christlichen Glaubens. Volker Küster skizziert das Berufsbild der interkulturellen Theolog / in (1), steckt das Berufsfeld ab (2) und führt in das methodische und terminologische Handwerkszeug der Berufspraxis ein (3). In der Begegnung mit fremden Religionen, fremden Theologien und fremden Kirchen werden die drei Dimensionen interkultureller Theologie konkret. Ästhetik, Hermeneutik und Ethik dienen gleichermaßen ihrer Erschließung.
An Internationally Intelligible Principle: Comparing the Nondelegation Doctrine in the United States and European Union
Authors: Grodin Edward
Published: December 2015

This article analyzes the degree of convergence between the United States and the European Union regarding the structural role of administrative agencies. As will be argued, the United States and European Union have arrived at the same broad conclusion about a “nondelegation doctrine”: delegations to administrative agencies should be permitted so long as some limiting principle governs the exercise of that power and allows for sufficient judicial review. However, the Supreme Court has taken a more permissive approach than the Court of Justice in defining the limiting principle. The United States has loosened the reins for the sake of modern administration while the European Union has maintained a firmer grip to keep better control over the Europeanization project. Stated another way, the nondelegation doctrine is simply a reflection of the systems’ relative levels of integration. Thus, the nondelegation doctrine will be stretched in Europe as functional regulatory demands arise from wider and deeper integration. At the same time, the focus will be redirected from substantive limits to procedural controls; accordingly, this Note advocates for a European Administrative Procedure Act.
Ne bis in idem: a separation of acts in transnational cases?
Authors: Némedi Márk
Published: December 2015

This paper analyses the case-law of the European Court of Justice on the substantive scope of ne bis in idem in transnational cases and evaluates the findings in light of the different concepts of legal interests inherent in the concept of crime as a material notion. I argue that the application of the interpretation of the ECJ to crimes against collective interests is insufficiently justified. As a result, the interpretation of ne bis in idem based on material facts appears only partially correct and a sense of distrust seems to be cemented between member states creating obstacles to a successful reform of the principle. Part one attempts to defend that the reasoning put forward by the court lacks relevance and evaluates how this affects mutual trust. Part two analyses this interpretation in the light of different forms of legal interest. Part three examines how later case-law has tried to explain the problematic interpretation of early cases and its relationship with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The article will conclude by summarising the findings which may put into perspective the more general challenges of cooperation in criminal matters within the EU.
Large scale classification of spectral signatures
Authors: Richter Matthias , Längle Thomas , Beyerer Jürgen
Published: December 2015

Hyperspectral sensors are becoming cheaper, faster and more readily available.
Apart from industry applications, manufacturers push to bring compact devices
into the end-consumer market.
This development gives rise to many interesting applications such as the
identification of counterfeit pharmaceutical products or the classification of
food stuffs.
These applications require precise models of the underlying classes.
However, building these models from expert knowledge is not feasible.
In this paper, we propose to use machine learning techniques to infer a model
of many classes from an annotated dataset instead.
We investigate the use of three popular methods: support vector machines,
random forest classifiers and partial least squares.
In contrast to similar approaches using support vector machines, we restrict
ourselves to the linear formulation and train the classifiers by solving the
primal, instead of dual optimization problem.
Our experiments on a large dataset show that the support vector machine
approach is superior to random forests and partial least squares in
classification accuracy as well as training time.
Changes in Plasma Aldosterone and Electrolytes Following High-Volume and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Protocols in Trained Men
Authors: Boone Carleigh H. , Hoffman Jay R. , Gonzalez Adam M. , Jajtner Adam R. , Townsend Jeremy R. , Baker Kayla M. , Fukuda David H. , Stout Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2015

Boone, CH, Hoffman, JR, Gonzalez, AM, Jajtner, AR, Townsend, JR, Baker, KM, Fukuda, DH, and Stout, JR. Changes in plasma aldosterone and electrolytes following high-volume and high-intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1917–1923, 2016—Program variables such as training intensity, volume, and rest interval length are known to elicit distinct hormonal, metabolic, and physical responses. However, little is known regarding resistance exercise (RE) program design and the fluid regulatory response. This investigation aimed to compare the plasma aldosterone (ALD), electrolyte, plasma volume (PV), and osmolality (Posm) responses following high-volume (HV; 4–6 × 10–12 reps, 70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM], 60-s rest) and high-intensity (HI; 6 × 3–5 reps, 90% 1RM, 180-second rest) RE protocols. Ten experienced, resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) performed each protocol in a random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30P), and 1 hour (1H) postexercise. Significant trial × time interactions (p < 0.01) were observed in Posm, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+), whereas a trend (p = 0.06) was observed for ALD. The PV shift from BL-30P was greater than BL-IP and BL-1H (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant between-trial differences were noted. Comparisons between RE protocols revealed significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) elevations during HV vs. HI in Posm at IP, 30P, and 1H; and Na+ at IP and 30P. During HV, significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) were noted in K+ at IP compared with HI. Area under the curve analysis indicates a trend (p = 0.07) toward a higher ALD response following HV compared with HI. Results of this study indicate that high-volume, moderate-intensity resistance exercise seems to augment the fluid regulatory response to a greater extent than low-volume, high-intensity training.
ER Chaperone BiP/GRP78 Is Required for Myelinating Cell Survival and Provides Protection during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Hussien Yassir , Podojil Joseph R. , Robinson Andrew P. , Lee Amy S. , Miller Steven D. , Popko Brian
Published: December 2015

Myelinating cells synthesize large amounts of membrane protein through the secretory pathway, which makes these cells particularly sensitive to perturbations of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ig binding protein (BiP), also known as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), is a critical ER chaperone that also plays a pivotal role in controlling the cellular response to ER stress. To examine the potential importance of BiP to myelinating cells, we used a conditional knock-out approach toBiPgene inactivation in oligodendrocytes during development, in adulthood, and in response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of the inflammatory demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). During development, mice lacking functionalBiPgene expression in oligodendrocytes developed tremors and ataxia and died before reaching maturity. WhenBiPgene inactivation in oligodendrocytes was initiated in adulthood, the mice displayed severe neurological symptoms including tremors and hind-limb paralysis. The inactivation of BiP in oligodendrocytes during development or in adulthood resulted in oligodendrocyte loss and corresponding severe myelin abnormalities. Mice heterozygous for the oligodendrocyte-specific inactivation ofBiP, which were phenotypically normal without evidence of neuropathology, displayed an exacerbated response to EAE that correlated with an increased loss of oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, mice in which theBiPgene was specifically inactivated in developing Schwann cells displayed tremor that progressed to hindlimb paralysis, which correlated with diminished numbers of myelinating Schwann cells and severe PNS hypomyelination. These studies demonstrate that BiP is critical for myelinating cell survival and contributes to the protective response of oligodendrocyte against inflammatory demyelination.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe myelinating cells, oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, are responsible for synthesizing an enormous amount of cellular membrane during the active phase of myelination. Therefore, these cells are particularly sensitive to insults that disrupt the function of the secretory pathway. Here, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident chaperone protein Ig binding protein (BiP) plays an essential role in the survival and function of myelinating cells both during the myelination process and in adult animals. Moreover, we demonstrate that BiP participates in the protective response of oligodendrocytes to inflammatory demyelinating insults. The work described here suggests that a compromised response to perturbations to the ER could contribute to myelin disorders of the CNS and PNS.
From Memory Impairment to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Like Phenotypes: The Critical Role of an Unpredictable Second Traumatic Experience
Authors: Finsterwald Charles , Steinmetz Adam B. , Travaglia Alessio , Alberini Cristina M.
Published: December 2015

Arousal and stress critically regulate memory formation and retention. Increasing levels of stress produce an inverted U-shaped effect on cognitive performance, including the retention of explicit memories, and experiencing a severe stress during a traumatic event may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the impairing effect of a severe stress on memory and the key contribution of traumatic experiences toward the development of PTSD are still unknown. Here, using increasing footshock intensities in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, we reproduced the inverted U-shaped curve of memory performance in rats. We then show that the inverted U profile of memory performance correlates with an inverted U profile of corticosterone level in the circulation and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated tropomyosin-receptor kinase B, and methyl CpG binding protein in the dorsal hippocampus. Furthermore, training with the highest footshock intensity (traumatic experience) led to a significant elevation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors. Exposure to an unpredictable, but not to a predictable, highly stressful reminder shock after a first traumatic experience resulted in PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased memory of the trauma, high anxiety, threat generalization, and resistance to extinction. Systemic corticosterone injection immediately after the traumatic experience, but not 3 d later, was sufficient to produce PTSD-like phenotypes. We suggest that, although after a first traumatic experience a suppression of the corticosterone-dependent response protects against the development of an anxiety disorder, experiencing more than one trauma (multiple hits) is a critical contributor to the etiology of PTSD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIncreasing levels of stress produce an inverted U-shaped effect on memory retention. Humans experiencing an acute trauma may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the key contributions of trauma to PTSD formation are still unknown. This study in rats shows that a single traumatic experience leads to memory impairment, accompanied by blunted activations of circulating corticosterone and of plasticity molecular changes in the hippocampus. Experiencing a traumatic, unpredictable reminder, but not a repetition of the same trauma (predictable), leads to high anxiety, threat memory generalization, and extinction failure, typical responses of anxiety disorders and PTSD. Thus, although a first trauma elicits inhibiting responses, which may be protective, experiencing more than one unpredictable trauma is a critical contributor of PTSD etiology.
Can Neural Activity Propagate by Endogenous Electrical Field?
Authors: Qiu Chen , Shivacharan Rajat S. , Zhang Mingming , Durand Dominique M.
Published: December 2015

It is widely accepted that synaptic transmissions and gap junctions are the major governing mechanisms for signal traveling in the neural system. Yet, a group of neural waves, either physiological or pathological, share the same speed of ∼0.1 m/s without synaptic transmission or gap junctions, and this speed is not consistent with axonal conduction or ionic diffusion. The only explanation left is an electrical field effect. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous electric fields are sufficient to explain the propagation within silicoandin vitroexperiments. Simulation results show that field effects alone can indeed mediate propagation across layers of neurons with speeds of 0.12 ± 0.09 m/s with pathological kinetics, and 0.11 ± 0.03 m/s with physiologic kinetics, both generating weak field amplitudes of ∼2–6 mV/mm. Further, the model predicted that propagation speed values are inversely proportional to the cell-to-cell distances, but do not significantly change with extracellular resistivity, membrane capacitance, or membrane resistance.In vitrorecordings in mice hippocampi produced similar speeds (0.10 ± 0.03 m/s) and field amplitudes (2.5–5 mV/mm), and by applying a blocking field, the propagation speed was greatly reduced. Finally, osmolarity experiments confirmed the model's prediction that cell-to-cell distance inversely affects propagation speed. Together, these results show that despite their weak amplitude, electric fields can be solely responsible for spike propagation at ∼0.1 m/s. This phenomenon could be important to explain the slow propagation of epileptic activity and other normal propagations at similar speeds.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural activity (waves or spikes) can propagate using well documented mechanisms such as synaptic transmission, gap junctions, or diffusion. However, the purpose of this paper is to provide an explanation for experimental data showing that neural signals can propagate by means other than synaptic transmission, gap junction, or diffusion. The results indicate that electric fields (ephaptic effects) are capable of mediating propagation of self-regenerating neural waves. This novel mechanism coupling cell-by-volume conduction could be involved in other types of propagating neural signals, such as slow-wave sleep, sharp hippocampal waves, theta waves, or seizures.
NMDA Receptors Containing the GluN2D Subunit Control Neuronal Function in the Subthalamic Nucleus
Authors: Swanger Sharon A. , Vance Katie M. , Pare Jean-François , Sotty Florence , Fog Karina , Smith Yoland , Traynelis Stephen F.
Published: December 2015

The GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor is prominently expressed in the basal ganglia and associated brainstem nuclei, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus, striatum, and substantia nigra. However, little is known about how GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic activity in these regions. Using Western blotting of STN tissue punches, we demonstrated that GluN2D is expressed in the rat STN throughout development [age postnatal day 7 (P7)–P60] and in the adult (age P120). Immunoelectron microscopy of the adult rat brain showed that GluN2D is predominantly expressed in dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and axon terminals within the STN. Using subunit-selective allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors (TCN-201, ifenprodil, CIQ, and DQP-1105), we provide evidence that receptors containing the GluN2B and GluN2D subunits mediate responses to exogenously applied NMDA and glycine, as well as synaptic NMDA receptor activation in the STN of rat brain slices. EPSCs in the STN were mediated primarily by AMPA and NMDA receptors and GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors controlled the slow deactivation time course of EPSCs in the STN.In vivorecordings from the STN of anesthetized adult rats demonstrated that the spike firing rate was increased by the GluN2C/D potentiator CIQ and decreased by the GluN2C/D antagonist DQP-1105, suggesting that NMDA receptor activity can influence STN output. These data indicate that the GluN2B and GluN2D NMDA receptor subunits contribute to synaptic activity in the STN and may represent potential therapeutic targets for modulating subthalamic neuron activity in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key component of the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei that control movement and are dysregulated in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Subthalamic neurons receive direct excitatory input, but the pharmacology of excitatory synaptic transmission in the STN has been understudied. Here, we show that GluN2B- and GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors mediate the NMDA receptor component of EPSCs in subthalamic neurons. Moreover, our results demonstrate that pharmacologic modulation of GluN2D-containing receptors alters the time course of EPSCs and controls thein vivospike-firing rate in the STN. This study identifies GluN2D as a potential target for modulating subthalamic neuron activity.
From Industrial Strength to World Class
Authors: Hira Anil
Published: December 2015

California's wine industry is now considered world class. While the industry has deep roots going back to the nineteenth century, the revolution in quality can be traced back to the period after World War II. The movement occurred in two waves. The first was a shift in the industry towards scientific methods of winemaking. The second was a major improvement in creating consistent and subtle wines that imitated and eventually competed successfully with European wines. The movement can be examined through the lives of two key entrepreneurs, Ernest Gallo and Robert Mondavi, through a combination of primary and secondary sources including biographies, oral histories, interviews, and statistics. At first glance, these two pioneers of the California wine industry could not be more different. Gallo operated in secrecy and focused on consistent mass produced wine such as Thunderbird. Mondavi sought to reach the lofty heights of French premium wine. An examination, though, of the strategies, biographies and personalities of these two captains of industry shows remarkable parallels.
Use of microbubble contrast in the diagnosis of a left ventricular papillary fibroelastoma
Authors: Duke Jenny , Greaves Kim , Dettrick Andrew
Published: December 2015

A papillary fibroelastoma is a rare, avascular, cardiac tumour that is often found incidentally using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Peripheral i.v. injection of a microbubble contrast agent is often used to characterize abnormal masses within the heart allowing further delineation of physical features, the area of attachment, and vascularity of the mass in order to differentiate the growth from a tumour or a thrombus. This case highlights a potential pitfall when assessing a cardiac tumour’s vascularity using contrast TTE. A cardiac mass was identified on a TTE of a 53-year-old man and was further investigated with microbubble contrast-enhanced TTE. Contrast TTE imaging suggested a vascularized structure in the left ventricle. However, after histological examination the tumour was found to be entirely avascular.
Nucleosomes Are Essential for Proper Regulation of a Multigated Promoter inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yarrington Robert M , Goodrum Jenna M , Stillman David J
Published: December 2015

Nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) are present immediately adjacent to the transcription start site in most eukaryotic promoters. Here we show that NDRs in the upstream promoter region can profoundly affect gene regulation. Chromatin at the yeast HO promoter is highly repressive and numerous coactivators are required for expression. We modified the HO promoter with segments from the well-studied CLN2 NDR, creating chimeric promoters differing in nucleosome occupancy but with binding sites for the same activator, SBF. Nucleosome depletion resulted in substantial increases in both factor binding and gene expression and allowed activation from a much longer distance, probably by allowing recruited coactivators to act further downstream. Nucleosome depletion also affected sequential activation of the HO promoter; HO activation typically requires the ordered recruitment of activators first to URS1, second to the left-half of URS2 (URS2-L), and finally to the right-half of URS2 (URS2-R), with each region representing distinct gates that must be unlocked to achieve activation. The absence of nucleosomes at URS2-L resulted in promoters no longer requiring both the URS1 and URS2-L gates, as either gate alone is now sufficient to promote binding of the SBF factor to URS2-R. Furthermore, nucleosome depletion at URS2 altered the timing of HO expression and bypassed the regulation that restricts expression to mother cells. Our results reveal insight into how nucleosomes can create a requirement for ordered recruitment of factors to facilitate complex transcriptional regulation.
Repurposed
Authors: Yasuda Kim
Published: December 2015

My participation in and witness to California’s fifty-year experiment in public education have become the means by which I have developed a critical perspective of the institution as the cornerstone of training for membership in advanced civil society. This has also led to a deep concern over how these knowledge systems will fail or remain embedded within the formation of our individual and collective unconscious. Further, the parcels missing from my own training, which contain the revolutionary year of 1968, have given me cause to join forces with those student activists, of past and present, who continue to pursue the project of ’68. We work to recuperate what are and could be the radical practices of the creative scholar—within and despite the limits of the institution.
Clyde Warrior, 1939–1968
Authors: Hale Tiffany
Published: December 2015

To identify Clyde Warrior as an intellectual subverts prevailing notions of intellectualism. We often think of intellectuals as older men and women whose major contributions are revealed late in life, once the passions of youth have been tempered by experience. Warrior was not this. People frequently imagine intellectuals as existing in isolation, insulated from the demands of regular folk. Warrior was not this either. He was a Ponca, born on the reservation and raised with the influence of his grandparents and community. He was also a renowned singer and powwow fancy dancer, as well as a college student, an organizational leader, a husband, and father of two daughters. Warrior’s political consciousness grew out of the deep connections he maintained to his rural Ponca roots, but he took care to educate himself about the problems affecting Native Americans across the United States as well as colonized peoples globally. As an Oklahoman, he was attuned to race relations in the South and empathized with the struggles of Africans and African Americans. His approach to indigenous political struggles was shaped and informed, for example, by his early and active participation with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign.
Gangs, Globalization, and Critical Security Studies: Teaching Counternarratives to Public Audiences
Authors: Phillips Susan
Published: December 2015

Working on gang issues as a whole demands that I, as a scholar, engage different scales that collapse individual and community, local and global, and that make action and study into indistinguishable partners. It is not just that we need to facilitate one woman’s path toward finding an academic who will help her husband and their family; we need to work on the bigger thing and ask the Department of State to hold itself to at least the same (flawed) standards as domestic law enforcement regarding the use of tattoos to determine gang affiliation. I do not know if this particular push will be successful, because of the heightened security that I discuss below. But being involved in the struggle is itself transformative, because it creates new narrative threads and strengthens possibilities and openings that can lead to change. Sanyika Shakur, also known as Monster Kody, is a former gang member who wrote, “I am a gang expert—period. There are no other gang experts except participants.” His assertion raises a bigger question about study and embodied identity. Whether or not expertise exists in the manner that Shakur is talking about, the need for “expertise” as a putative legal category is evident in the many intersections of gang membership and the law, which are increasingly playing out on transnational stages like the one between the United States and Mexico. The question then becomes how an academic can use purported “expertise” without strengthening the oppressive systems that created those categories in the first place.
Minister als Akteure der Fusionskontrolle
Authors: Immenga Ulrich
Published: December 2015

Minister sind Mitglieder einer Regierung. Auf dieser Grundlage sind sie in der Regel Spitze eines obersten Zweiges der Staatsverwaltung und tragen die Verantwortung in ihrem Geschäftsbereich für die ihnen übertragenen Richtlinien der Politik. Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse können nach Branche, Größe oder Internationalität wirtschaftspolitisch von Belang sein und damit Aufgaben von Wirtschaftsministerien betreffen. Diese können von Wettbewerbsbehörden untersagte Zusammenschlüsse legalisieren oder bereits im Verfahren der Zusammenschlusskontrolle ministerielle Vorstellungen einbringen. Welche Wege sind in diesen Bereichen denkbar? Ein rechtsvergleichender Überblick könnte hier weiterführend sein.
European Union competition law in the digital era
Authors: Kadar Massimiliano
Published: December 2015

What is the role of European competition policy in the digital economy? Even if it cannot deal with all perceived issues in digital markets, competition law enforcement is the appropriate tool to remedy distortions to competition caused by market power, without the introduction of pervasive ex-ante sector-specific regulation being required. Whilst some of the proposals for reform of the European competition law legal framework recently brought may have some merit in principle, the current regime appears to be suitable and sufficiently flexible to allow the Commission to intervene effectively and remedy competitive distortions in digital markets.
HAK MILIK INTELEKTUAL DAN PUTUSAN-PUTUSAN PENGADILAN
Authors: Rajagukguk Erman
Published: December 2015

Abstract: Intellectual Property Rights and Court Verdicts. Imitating Property rights of others, without his approval is forbidden, because the act is equal to stealing. Adherents of Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham stated that the Intellectual Property Rights has economic value. The owner has spent effort and money to find or create something. It is inappropriate to use it without consent of the owner, because it may cause due to people no longer willing to try to find or create something. Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, Courts Verdicts Abstrak: Hak Milik Intelektual dan Putusan-Putusan Pengadilan. Meniru Hak Milik Intelektual orang lain tanpa persetujuannya adalah perbuatan terlarang, karena perbuatan tersebut sama dengan mencuri. Penganut ajaran Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham menyatakan bahwa Hak Milik Intelektual memiliki nilai ekonomi. Pemiliknya telah mengeluarkan tenaga dan biaya untuk menemukan atau mencipta sesuatu. Adalah tidak pantas untuk memakainya tanpa persetujuan pemiliknya, karena hal itu dapat menimbulkan akibat orang tidak mau lagi berusaha menemukan atau menciptakan sesuatu. Kata Kunci: Hak Milik Intelektual, Putusan-Putusan, PengadilanDOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v1i1.1520
AKSI BOIKOT PAJAK MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Purkon Arip
Published: December 2015

Abstract: Tax Boycott According to Islamic law. Taxes are the largest source of state revenue. Budget development and government operations have a heavy reliance on taxes. However, in tax management is often found in cases involving criminal tax among other tax officials. This has led to the decline in public confidence in the tax administration and thus creating a discourse of boycott taxes. This tax boycott called by various groups, individuals, community leaders, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to religious organizations. This paper discusses the boycott of the tax according to Islamic law. The first thing to be discussed is how the legality of the tax and the historical development of various charges in Islam. A study on the boycott taxes according to Islamic law is used mursalah mashlahah theory and sadd al-dzari'ah. Keywords: Taxation, Islamic Law, Mashlahat, Sadd al-dzari'ah, State   Abstrak: Aksi Boikot Pajak Menurut Hukum Islam. Pajak merupakan sumber pendapatan negara terbesar. Anggaran pembangunan dan operasional pemerintahan mempunyai ketergantungan yang besar pada pajak. Namun dalam pengelolaan pajak seringkali ditemukan kasus pidana pajak yang melibatkan antara lain pegawai pajak. Hal ini menimbulkan turunnya kepercayaan publik terhadap pengelolaan pajak sehingga lahirlah wacana aksi boikot pajak. Aksi boikot pajak ini diserukan oleh berbagai kalangan, baik individu, tokoh masyarakat, Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) sampai organisasi keagamaan. Tulisan ini membahas aksi boikot pajak tersebut menurut hukum Islam. Hal pertama yang dibahas adalah bagaimana legalitas pajak dan sejarah perkembangan berbagai pungutan di dalam Islam. Kajian tentang aksi boikot pajak menurut hukum Islam ini menggunakan teori mashlahah mursalah dan sadd al-dzari’ah. Kata Kunci: Pajak, Hukum Islam, Mashlahat, Sadd al-Dzari’ah, NegaraDOI:10.15408/sjsbs.v1i1.1529
UANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM
Authors: Takiddin Takiddin
Published: December 2015

Abstract: Money in the Islamic Economic Perspectives. This article aims at giving description about money in the perspective of Islamic economic. The data gathered through library research. Islamic economic system is different from economic system with the basis of socialism, capitalism, mix economic, communism, and traditional; one of the differences is on its perspective towards money. The function of money in Islamic economic perspectives is that it functions as a medium of exchange for goods and services. Islam forbids stacking money and making money as a commodity. Because stacking money slows down the velocity of money. It gives impact on minimizing financial transaction and resulting to the economic decrease. Islam proscribes interest and refuses all pseudo-transactions as happen in money market and capital market.   Keywords: money, Islamic economics Abstrak: Uang Dalam Persfektif Ekonomi Islam. Artikel ini ditulis untuk memberikan gambaran tentang uang dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam. Guna memperoleh data yang dimaksud, penulis melakukan kajian kepustakaan. Sistem Ekonomi Islam berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi kapitalisme, sosialisme, ekonomi campuran, komunisme dan sistem ekonomi tradisional. Salah satu perbedaannya adalah pandangan terhadap fungsi uang. Fungsi uang dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam hanya terbatas pada uang sebagai alat tukar barang dan jasa. Islam melarang penumpukan uang dan menjadikan uang sebagai sebuah komoditas. Karena penimbunan uang berarti memperlambat perputaran uang. Hal ini berarti memperkecil terjadinya transaksi, sehingga perekonomian menjadi lesu. Islam mengharamkan riba dan menolak segala jenis transaksi semu seperti yang terjadi di pasar uang atau pasar modal saat ini.   Kata Kunci: Uang, Ekonomi IslamDOI:10.15408/sjsbs.v1i2.1539
PLAGIAT DAN PEMBAJAKAN KARYA CIPTA DALAM HAK KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL
Authors: Nahrowi Nahrowi
Published: December 2015

Abstract: Plagiarism and Piracy on copyrights Work in Intellectual Property Rights. Indonesia already has constitution on copy rights work, i.e. Constitution No. 6 Year 1982, Constitution No. 7 Year 1987, Constitution No. 12 Year 1997 and Constitution No. 19 Year 2002. Constitution on copyrights was made to protect sources of arts and cultures, also to develop Indonesian intellectual ability, so that healthy and fair competitions are guaranteed for national development. However, plagiarism and piracy acts emerge.  Moreover, plagiarism and piracy acts are done not only in Indonesia but also in the world involving respected such as reporters, academicians, professors, distinguished people, and reputable musicians or even famous companies. Keywords: copyrights, plagiarism, piracy Abstrak: Plagiat dan Pembajakan Karya Cipta Dalam Hak Kekayaan Intelektual. Indonesia telah memiliki Undang-undang Hak Cipta, yaitu; Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1982, UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1987, UU Nomor 12 Tahun 1997, dan yang terakhir adalah UU Nomor 19 Tahun 2002. Undang-undang  Hak Cipta dibuat untuk melindungi kekayaan seni dan budaya, serta pengembangan kemampuan intelektual masyarakat Indonesia agar terdapat iklim persaingan usaha yang sehat yang diperlukan dalam melaksanakan pembangunan nasional. Akan tetapi, kasus plagiat dan pembajakan karya cipta semakin banyak bermunculan. Lebih parah lagi, kasus plagiat dan pembajakan karya cipta bukan hanya terjadi di Indonesia bahkan di luar Indonesia dan menimpa para tokoh terkemuka; wartawan, akademisi, professor, penerima penghargaan kelas dunia dan musisi ternama, dan perusahaan-perusahaan ternama. Kata Kunci: hak cipta, karya cipta, plagiat dan pembajakanDOI:10.15408/sjsbs.v1i2.1541
Mi colegio de Luis Antonio de Villena y la inminencia de la injuria
Authors: Coto-Rivel Sergio
Published: December 2015

El presente artículo se centra sobre la escritura íntima del escritor español Luis Antonio de Villena, particularmente sobre su libro de memorias Mi colegio, publicado en 2006. De esta manera, el artículo está construido a partir de dos preguntas básicas: en primer lugar ¿cuáles son las estrategias discursivas que caracterizan la escritura de memorias en el texto seleccionado? Y en segundo lugar, ¿de qué manera la injuria como acto discursivo se presenta como un hilo conductor en la narración de la memoria del autor? Las respuestas a estas interrogantes serán desarrolladas a partir del análisis textual de Mi colegio, la comparación con otros textos autobiográficos del autor y el apoyo de una serie de elementos teóricos que fundamentan nuestras hipótesis.
Las cautivas de la casa real de Troya: Casandra y Polixena
Authors: Álvarez Espinoza Nazira
Published: December 2015

El presente trabajo analiza las relaciones de género presentes en las tragedias de Eurípides Troyanas y Hécuba en relación con la violación, el sacrificio ritual, la violencia física, sexual y simbólica que experimentan las cautivas reales de Troya Polixena y Casandra al enfrentar su destino como esclavas después de la Guerra de Troya.
Stefan Zweig y Kurt Tucholsky: dos voces pacifistas a principios del siglo pasado
Authors: Schulze-Boysen Susanne
Published: December 2015

En este escrito se trata de ilustrar, con base en dos autores, uno austriaco y uno alemán, que a finales del siglo antepasado y principios del siglo anterior hubo un movimiento antimilitarista y paneuropeo de pensadores, tanto en Alemania como en Austria. Para corroborar esta afirmación, se analizan por su contenido algunas obras de dichos autores.
Sperm Collection From Shot Red Deer Stags (Cervus Elaphus) and the Utilisation of Sperm Frozen and Subsequently Thawed
Authors: Zomborszky Z. , Zubor T. , Tóth J. , Horn P.
Published: December 2015

Sperm samples were collected from the epididymides of 11 hunter-killed stags (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) within 2 to 17 h post mortem in September 1991. Progressively motile spermatozoa were diluted and deep-frozen in tris-yolk extender by a procedure routinely used for bovine semen. The pre-freezing motility of spermatozoa from 6 stags was higher than 80%, while the sperm of 5 animals was found to be unsuitable for dilution. In the post-thawed sperm of six stags 40-50% of the spermatozoa showed progressive motility and the number of viable spermatozoa ranged from 8.6 to 26.7 × 106 per 0.25 ml straw. Two years later, three hinds were superovulated by the use of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (CIDR type G, Carter, Holt Harvey Plastic Products Group Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand) for a period of 14 days and with follicle stimulating hormone (Folicotropin inj., Spofa, Prague). Each hind was inseminated artificially 60 h after the withdrawal of CIDR with thawed sperm injected into the uterus via the vagina. Seven days later the uteri were flushed out, as a result of which 3 early blastocysts + 1 ovum, 3 morulae + 4 ova, and 1 morula + 7 ova, respectively, were recovered from the three hinds. Deer embryos were frozen according to a glycerolbased freezing protocol. A further two years later two hinds were oestrussynchronised with CIDR type G and 300 IU PMSG (Folligon inj., Intervet, NL), and two of the thawed embryos were transplanted into two recipient hinds 7 days after heat. One of these gave birth to a normal stag fawn in June 1996. This was the first deer born in Hungary from embryo transfer. The results obtained indicate that sperm from top stags shot in the course of hunting can prove useful for the preservation of genetic material or in the development of the farmed deer system.
Yersinia ruckeri Septicaemia in Experimentally Infected Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Fingerlings
Authors: Berc Anera , Petrinec Z. , Matašin Željka , Kozarić Z.
Published: December 2015

The presence of Yersinia ruckeri, the causal agent of enteric redmouth dis- ease (ERM) in salmonids and a few other freshwater fish, has so far been reported from a variety of sources including the intestine of healthy carp. Since there are no data on the pathogenicity of this bacterium for carp, 15 fingerlings were experi- mentally infected by intraperitoneal injection of about 5 × 105 cells. Thirteen in- jected fish were moribund or died within 4 days with septicaemic lesions. Two survivors were sampled on Day 28 after infection. Yersinia ruckeri was reisolated from the internal organs of all experimental fish. By histopathological examination moribund fish had generalised bacteriaemia with inflammation, degeneration and necrotic foci in kidney, liver and spleen, corresponding to findings described pre- viously in ERM of rainbow trout. Survivors of challenge on Day 28 had a chronic disease characterised by prominent peritonitis and enteritis, exhaustion of the erythroid, granuloid and lymphoid components in haematopoietic kidney tissue as well as focal degeneration and necrosis in organs. These data indicate a high sen- sitivity of carp to intraperitoneal infection with a relatively low dose of Y. ruckeri.
Effect of Rumen Protected Methionine Supplementation on Early Lactational Responses of Dairy Cows Fed a Grass Silage and Cereals Diet
Authors: Iwańska Stefania , Strusińska Danuta , Pysera Barbara
Published: December 2015

To investigate the milk production limiting potential of a diet based on grass silage (40%), hay (15%), dried sugar beet pulp (13%) and grain compound mixture (32%), 28 multiparous cows in early lactation were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: a control group and a group receiving supplementary rumen protected methionine (RPMet) treatment (12 g intestinally available methionine/ cow/day, given 1–120 days postpartum; Smartamine™; RPAN’s technology). The diet was formulated to meet the requirements for protein and net energy. RPMet supplementation had no significant effect on DMI (kg/cow/day), milk dry mass, milk lactose and milk urea contents. Responses for mean daily milk yield, mean milk fat and milk protein yields were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cows supplied with RPMet than in controls. Mean daily milk yield, milk protein and milk fat yields increased by 2.4 kg, 108 g and 124 g, respectively. The mean daily milk protein and casein contents were increased by 1.8 g and 0.9 g and milk fat content by 1.2 g in 1 kg of milk, respectively. The results suggest that in cows fed grass silage and a grain compound mixture milk production is limited by methionine insufficiency, but milk production performance can be increased significantly by the addition of RPMet to the diet.
Effects of Cimetidine on Broiler Fattening and on Stress-Induced Gizzard Erosion in Chicken
Authors: Grabarević Ž. , Džaja P. , Perić J. , Šerman V. , Biđin Z. , Mazija H. , Mas N. , Mikulec Ž. , Čuljak K. , Šimec Z. , Njari B.
Published: December 2015

The work describes the effects of cimetidine on stress-induced gizzard erosions (Experiment A) and the influence of the long-term application (42 days) of the same drug on weight gain and feed consumption during broiler fattening (Experiment B). For Experiment A, 60 male, three-day-old chicks were divided into two groups: C (n = 30) - control chicks treated with 0.5 ml saline; CIM (n = 30) - chicks treated with cimetidine in a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (b. w.) in-tragastrically. All chicks were stressed using a modified water-immersion stress method according to which the chicks, after 24 h of feed deprivation, were immersed in tap water (17 °C) for a few seconds. Under chloroform anaesthesia ten chicks from each group were killed 1, 2 and 3 h after the stressing. The morphometric analysis of gizzard erosion (GE) and histopathological examinations of gizzards were performed for each chick. In Experiment B, 32 one-day-old broilers of both sexes were used. The control group was untreated (n = 16) while the CIM group (n = 16) was fed the same diet supplemented with 10 mg of cimetidine per kilogram of feed throughout the fattening period (42 days). The results of Experiment A showed decreased mean length of the GE in the cimetidine-treated birds as compared with the GE lesions of the controls. In Experiment B, the treated chicks had reduced liveweight (1835.1 g), carcass weight (1474.6 g) and increased feed consumption (2115 g of feed per kilogram of weight gain) compared to the controls in which the same parameters were 1898.5 g, 1574.2 g and 1797 g, respectively. The results show that while stress-induced GE of chicks can be medicated pharmacologically, long-term application of the same substance impairs the results of fattening.