bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ad Populum Argumentation in Criminology: Juvenile Diversion as Rhetoric
Authors: Binder Arnold , Geis Gilbert
Published: March 2007

For a variety of reasons, some valid, many irrelevant, it has become fashionable within sociological criminology to condemn juvenile diversion. Participants in the condemnatory rituals identify each other as insiders by catchy words and phrases (like “widening the net”), and frequently substitute rhetoric for logic in their argumentation aimed both at gaining cultic recognition and winning over the unwary. Perhaps the most damaging consequence is the forfeiture of influence in an important social process by a large array of social scientists. Contrary to the predictions of some in the cult, diversion remains a flourishing mode of serving young offenders, as indeed it must so long as the present juvenile justice system remains in operation.
Evaluation of New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program
Authors: Pearson Frank S.
Published: March 2007

New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) has an active caseload of approximately 400 nonviolent offenders. ISP requires employment and provides a high frequency of field contacts with participants, including random tests to detect drug use. Because ISP requires that participants first serve a few months in prison, perform community service, and obey curfews, it provides a level of punishment intermediate between probation and ordinary terms of imprisonment. Evaluation research showed that, in comparison to ordinary imprisonment and parole, ISP achieved slight reductions in recidivism, modest saving of prison space, and was substantially more cost-effective.
Prosecutorial Waiver: Case Study of a Questionable Reform
Authors: Bishop Donna M. , Frazier Charles E. , Henretta John C.
Published: March 2007

Consistent with a trend toward more punitive responses to delinquency, many states have enacted laws that facilitate the transfer of young offenders to criminal court by bypassing the traditional waiver hearing. The most highly controversial of these streamlined transfer methods is prosecutorial waiver, which allows prosecutors to choose whether to initiate proceedings in juvenile or criminal court. This article examines the practice of prosecutorial waiver in Florida, a state that grants prosecutors extremely wide latitude with respect to the transfer of 16- and 17-year-olds. Our analyses focus on interviews conducted with prosecutors in each of the state's judicial circuits, as well as individual-level case data on transfers in two urban counties. Few of the juveniles transferred via prosecutorial waiver are the kinds of dangerous, repeat offenders for whom waiver is arguably justified. This is in large part due to the lack of statutory guidelines to govern the selection of cases, the ease with which waiver is accomplished, and the lack of support among prosecutors for traditional principles of juvenile justice.
Community-Based Crime Prevention: An Assessment of the Eisenhower Foundation's Neighborhood Program
Authors: Bennett Susan F. , Lavrakas Paul J.
Published: March 2007

The article assesses the implementation and impact of the Eisenhower Foundation's Neighborhood Program in ten communities. Most organizations successfully implemented the program and generated a level of participation that compares favorably to other programs. Despite successful implementation, the programs had only modest community impact. Fear of crime and concern about local problems declined slightly in some communities, but there was no documentable evidence of change in communities' crime or perceived quality of life. Of the Eisenhower Foundation guidelines, technical assistance was most clearly linked to program success, although the community planning process and advisory councils may have increased participation. Possible reasons for the small program impact and policy implications of the demonstration project are discussed.
“Join Our War”: The Construction of Ideology in a Newspaper Crimefighting Campaign
Authors: Gorelick Steven M.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the content, language, and ideology of the 1982 New York Daily News Crimefighters Campaign was performed. It is concluded that the Campaign—molded as it was with apocalyptic language suggesting a society terminally ill with crime—presented the issue of crimefighting in a way that excluded any purposive, social policies from the range of acceptable remedies for crime. Instead, the Campaign depicted a world in which unpredictability and randomness dictated violent individual measures to protect one's self and property. While announced to “stem the awful tide of crime,” the Campaign actually implied the contradictory message that crime is beyond any remedy.
Controlling Juvenile Delinquency: An Evaluation of an Interagency Strategy
Authors: Pennell Susan , Curtis Christine , Scheck Dennis C.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a two-year assessment of the impact of the San Diego County Interagency Agreement upon delinquent behavior. The goals of this systemwide strategy are to reduce juvenile delinquency through consistent, early intervention and graduated sanctions, based on the nature of the arrest offense and prior offense history, and to hold youth accountable for their acts. The findings suggest that a strategy such as the Interagency Agreement may be successful in reducing juvenile crime if implemented carefully over an extended time period. Based upon the results of this evaluation, recommendations for other jurisdictions are offered.
Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs
Authors: Ouellet Lawrence J. , Jimenez Antonio D. , Johnson Wendell A. , Wiebel W. Wayne
Published: March 2007

Three types of shooting galleries—places where people inject illicit drugs—are identified, based on the authority relations that organize them. Shooting gallery distribution within Chicago is linked to variations in neighborhood political economies. Risk for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the potential for risk reduction vary according to gallery type.
A House Divided: Penal Reform at the Illinois State Reformatory, 1891-1915
Authors: Pisciotta Alexander W.
Published: March 2007

This article extends the literature on juvenile justice historiography by providing an analysis of the Illinois State Reformatory—a combined juvenile reformatory and reformatory for young adults—from 1891 to 1915. Primary and secondary sources reveal that the Illinois State Reformatory was a unique institution which offered an alternative to traditional congregate and family models. An examination of the institution's goals, population, programs, and sentencing and parole systems exposes the complexities of attempting to organize and operate a hybrid institution. There was, in the final analysis, a wide disparity between the promise and practice of the Illinois experiment.
Myths and Realities in Prison Siting
Authors: Shichor David
Published: March 2007

This article reviews arguments for and against the siting of a correctional facility in a community. Arguments for siting are usually based on the economic benefits for the community. However, the appeal of these benefits varies with different communities and among various groups in the communities. Opposition may result from many reasons: fear of escapes, decline in property values, prisoners' families, quality-of-life concerns, and feelings of inefficacy. Future siting will probably continue to take place near existing facilities and in small, economically depressed communities in which the economic benefits of the siting can make the most difference.
Litigation as an Instrument for Change in Juvenile Detention: A Case Study
Authors: Dale Michael J. , Sanniti Carl
Published: March 2007

Litigation is an expensive and contentious means to solve the twin problems of over-crowding and dangerous conditions in juvenile detention centers. However, it is possible to use lawsuits as effective agents for change. Willingness to mediate settlement and develop a common approach to problems causes greater change than through trial and court-imposed injunction or consent decree. This alternative approach obligates litigants to engage a consortium to attack institutional conditions and develop a continuum of alternatives. It also requires sensible population control resulting in decreased costs and a guarantee that children charged with serious and repeated offenses remain in secure detention.
Chronic Exposure to Violence and Poverty: Interventions That Work for Youth
Authors: Greene Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Adolescents who are chronically exposed to violence and poverty respond with rage, distrust, and hopelessness. Successful programs for these youth include nine essential elements: street outreach and referral; needs and interest assessments; provisions for supportive, personal relationships with adults; availability of role models; peer group discussions; family interventions; neighborhood projects; education and job preparedness training; and program objectives. Neighborhood youth centers should engage youth in program planning and program operation. Success cannot be achieved without a deeply ingrained faith that our young people can be resourceful and energetic agents of constructive and productive change.
Serious Juvenile Offenders: Predicting the Probability of Transfer to Criminal Court
Authors: Poulos Tammy Meredith , Orchowsky Stan
Published: March 2007

This study identified the legal and extralegal factors that play a significant role in the decision to transfer a serious juvenile offender to criminal court jurisdiction in Virginia. A sample of 364 juveniles adjudicated delinquent for felony-level crimes and transferred to criminal court was compared with a sample of 363 juveniles adjudicated for similar crimes who were incarcerated in juvenile learning centers, the most restrictive juvenile correctional option in Virginia. Thirteen variables were significant predictors of the transfer decision, the most important ones being age, current offense, and prior delinquency record.
Evaluation of the Texas Correctional Substance Abuse Treatment Initiative: The Impact of Policy Research
Authors: Eisenberg Michael , Fabelo Tony
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the first Texas correctional therapeutic community substance abuse program indicated that recidivism was significantly reduced for offenders completing treatment. However, a large number of offenders did not complete treatment and those persons had recidivism rates comparable to those not participating. Rapid expansion of these programs caused problems associated with client selection, program consistency, and retention in treatment. Research showed that the operational “nuts and bolts” were not in place to effectively expand these programs from 5,000 beds to the originally planned 14,000 beds. Based on these findings, the Texas Legislature decided against expansion.
Administrative Determinants of Civil Liability Lawsuits Against Municipal Police Departments: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Worrall John L.
Published: March 2007

Most contributions to the police civil liability literature have described trends in the incidence of suits, the outcomes of actual cases, or the impact litigation has on police departments. This article outlines a predictive model of administrative determinants of civil litigation against police. Specifically, it asks: Do police administrators influence trends in litigation? Data drawn from the 1993 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey and from a 1996 survey of 248 police departments suggest that interest in minority recruitment, method of civilian review, and commitment to community-oriented policing affect the incidence of suits. Potential problems with research in this area are discussed.
Evaluation Issues Confronting Juvenile Justice Sentencing Reforms: A Case Study of Texas
Authors: Mears Daniel P.
Published: March 2007

Many states currently are implementing “get tough” sentencing reforms in juvenile justice. Surprisingly, however, little attention has been given to evaluation issues identified by the adult justice sentencing literature as critical to assessments of efficacy. Analysis of one recent juvenile justice sentencing reform in Texas—determinate sentencing—provides an opportunity to highlight such issues and to demonstrate their relevance to assessment of other states' juvenile justice sentencing reforms. This article identifies the failure to attend adequately to design, implementation, use, and assessment issues, including identification of potential unintended effects, as barriers to effective evaluation of these reforms.
Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City
Authors: Greene Judith A.
Published: March 2007

The police reforms introduced in New York City by William Bratton are now hailed by Mayor Rudy Giuliani as the epitome of “zero-tolerance” policing, and he credits them for winning dramatic reductions in the city's crime rate. But the number of citizen complaints filed before the Civilian Complaint Review Board has jumped skyward, as has the number of lawsuits alleging police misconduct and abuse offorce. Comparison of crime rates, arrest statistics, and citizen complaints in New York with those in San Diego—where a more problem-oriented community policing strategy has been implemented—gives strong evidence that effective crime control can be achieved while producing fewer negative impacts on urban neighborhoods.
Measuring the Social Capital of Laid-off Chinese Workers
Authors: Zhao Yandong
Published: March 2007

Confusion over the concept of social capital is reflected in the variety of methodologies used to measure it. In studying the re-employment of laid-off Chinese workers, the author endeavours to measure their individual social capital in two ways. To measure their `possessed social capital' (i.e. the accessible resources in their social networks), their `spring festival contacts network' was studied for information about network size, density and embedded resources. The social capital actually used for re-employment was also measured. It was found that Chinese laid-off workers have less social capital than ordinary citizens. While searching for new jobs, they mainly depend on informal methods and substantial help from the network. Strong ties are more frequently used by these workers. However, workers with very low and high amount of possessed social capital tend to avoid using social capital in re-employment.
The Gender Perspective of Civil-Military Relations in Israeli Society
Authors: Klein Uta
Published: March 2007

The exceptional centrality of security to the national existence of Israel has led scholars to investigate the impact of the military on the political and civil system. Nevertheless, this research had been limited in scope. It has been claimed that the army is a `citizen army', that Israel is a `nation in arms', and that therefore the army does not reflect a specific group in society. The newer `generation' of scholars emphasizes the effect of armed conflict on the larger society, on its attitudes and values. One subject, however, which has been neglected so far is the gender perspective. This is astonishing because Israel is unique in the sense that Jewish Israeli women have been conscripted since the foundation of the state of Israel. In China women are also conscripted, but as not even 10 percent of each age group are called up this is negligible. Thus - from the perspective of sheer numbers - Israel serves as a very interesting case study of the impact of an advanced integration of female citizens in the defence forces on society and on the defence forces themselves. The article examines whether, although (Jewish) women are conscripted, the military in Israel is the main force in shaping male identity and whether military service can be understood as a rite of passage to male adulthood. It also analyses whether the dominance of security and of the military discourse leads to gender inequality in society at large.
Affirming Gender Equality: The Challenges Facing the South African Armed Forces
Authors: Heinecken Lindy
Published: March 2007

In the wake of constitutional reforms, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has been compelled to implement full gender equality as part of their affirmative action programme to correct past gender and racial imbalances within the ranks. In this article, the challenges this poses for the SANDF are discussed. A theoretical overview of the various feminist positions on women in the armed forces is provided and related to current debates and policy decisions on gender equality in South Africa. This is followed by a discussion of the various factors that have influenced the participation of women in the South African armed forces and the potential impact increasing numbers of women may have on military effectiveness. Recent empirical findings are used to demonstrate how military, societal and cultural factors impact on the attitudes of women, and towards women serving in the SANDF. In conclusion, as women soldiers prepare to make peace rather than war in Africa, some of the challenges they face in a society and on a continent where they themselves have become the subjects of violence, are deliberated.
Chemical Risk and the Self-Calculating Farmer: Diffuse Chemical Use in Australian Broadacre Farming Systems
Authors: Lockie Stewart
Published: March 2007

Diffuse chemical use and pollution in agriculture create a number of risks, generating concern about food contamination, environmental degradation, health and safety and agricultural sustainability. While ecological inter-dependence ensures these risks have global implications, they do raise the interesting paradox that at the point of application farmers seem to constitute both cause and victim. However, while Australian broadacre farmers profess high levels of anxiety about using agricultural chemicals, their use continues to intensify. Farmers argue they have little choice in this if they are to maintain economic viability, but there is clearly more at work here than the playing out of the structural imperatives of capitalist accumulation. Technological innovation and productivity improvement are important elements of farmers' self-understandings of good farming practice, leading them into close association with agri-science institutions that promote intensification. Concerns about chemical use are alleviated by technologies of knowledge that lend an aura of objectivity to information that almost inevitably promotes input use. Further, a number of discursive strategies are employed by agri-businesses to associate chemical use with risk reduction, as well as with environmental and social responsibility. While the idea that farmers are simply dominated by more powerful interests is problematic, the diffuse deployment of disciplinary power through a range of social practices makes the likelihood of any fundamental realignment of the trajectory of agricultural development from within seem remote.
Reaction to Schools, Values and Educational Inquiry
Authors: Brubacher John W.
Published: March 2007

An earlier version of "Schools, Values and Educational Inquiry" (the paper presented at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education) was discussed at a UCEA Plenary Session Meeting in November, 1972. Professor Brubacher reacted to the paper for that discussion. Subsequent to the acceptance of the Willower manuscript which appears as the preceding article in this issue, Professor Brubacher agreed to prepare a response for EAQ. That response follows.
Methodological Rigor in Naturalistic Inquiry: Some Issues and Answers
Authors: Owens Robert G.
Published: March 2007

As naturalistic approaches to administrative inquiry are employed with increasing frequency, it becomes important to establish rigorous standards in judging the adequacy of such studies in the proposal, execution, and final report stages. This article proposes some ways of dealing with three specific issues in judging the methodological adequacy of naturalistic inquiry.
The Craft of School Administration and Some Other Rambling Thoughts
Authors: Blumberg Arthur
Published: March 2007

In this article, personal reflections, leading to the notion of the craft not art, not Science of educational administration are set forth. Following a growing personal disenchantment with the science of administration and a consideration of adminstration as an art, the craft aspects of administrative work became apparent to the author. The implications of conceiving of administration as a craft for preparation programs are then discussed in the light of this view of administrative practice.
Court Decisions and School Finance Reform
Authors: LaMorte Michael W. , Williams Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

Lawsuits in approximately half of the states in the United States have challenged the constitutionality of state school finance provisions on equal protection or educational adequacy grounds. Although state supreme courts in nine states have upheld state provisions and not upheld them in six states, an analysis of cases decided by state supreme courts reveals no clear trend toward the acceptance or rejection of state provisions. The volume of case law appears to have served to heighten the awareness of inequity in school finance schemes on the part of members of legislatures and other state education policymakers.
Cultures of Teaching: A Puzzle
Authors: Cuban Larry
Published: March 2007

The author finds it puzzling that while teacher-centered instruction is a way to maximize teacher autonomy given the structural limits of precollegiate classrooms, university professors who are free from those structural limits carry on the same type of instruction. The author offers three possible explanations, one based on organizational incentives, one on the history and culture of schooling, and one on the socialization of lecturers. The explanations are not offered to explain the phenomenon, indeed, they are not sufficient to explain it; rather they are offered to stimulate the reader's interest in the phenomenon and, more important, his or her interest in explaining the perennial attempts to reform education by attacking teacher centeredness.
The Male/Female Salary Differential for School Administrators: Implications for Career Patterns and Placement of Women
Authors: Pounder Diana G.
Published: March 2007

The documented earnings gap between male and female educational administrators has been largely ignored in the literature, possibly because of the difficulty in verifying the reasons for it as well as resistance to addressing and attempting to solve a complex and sensitive problem. The researcher examines the typical explanations for general male/female salary differentials and questions their relevance for educational administrators. The researcher also applies a model used to detect gender bias in compensation to a sample of school administrators' salaries, revealing that gender accounts for a small but statistically significant portion of salary variance. The male/female administrator salary differential may be only marginally related to gender itself and more closely related to position segregation and professional experience profile. Finally, the researcher discusses the implications of salary differential for the career patterns and placement of female administrators.
The Relevance of Philosophy to Educational Administration
Authors: Maddock Trevor
Published: March 2007

This article responds to a recent article by Burbules (1989) in which he argued that the relevance of philosophy is subjectively determinable by educational practitioners. The purpose of this article is to identify crucial inadequacies in Burbules's account and to sketch an alternative view of the relevance of philosophy which goes some way to overcoming these difficulties. It argues that the role of philosophy lies in its contribution to the professional development of administrators and briefly sketches some specific details of the contribution of philosophy to professional development in educational administration.
Organizational Politics in Schools: Micro, Macro, and Logics of Action
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , Mundell Bryan L.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to develop a framework for analyzing the politics of school organizations. After examining relevant literature, the authors maintain that a Weberian perspective (instead of Marxian or neo-Machiavellian perspectives) is appropriate for the examination of organizational politics. The concept of the "logic of action" (the implicit relationship between means and goals that is assumed by organizational actors) is developed as the focal point of organizational politics. It is further argued that the interest group is the appropriate unit of analysis in organizational politics. The micro- and macro perspectives are reexamined in that light, with specific references to interest groups and the strategies they pursue in school organizations. The authors conclude by arguing that to succeed, political analyses of school organizations must synthesize micro- and macroapproaches.
The Aspirations of Systemic Reform Meet the Realities of Localism
Authors: Kirp David L. , Driver Cyrus E.
Published: March 2007

This case study describes and analyzes how, over 30 years, a California suburban school district has responded to a succession of federal and state mandates. It examines responses at both the district office and at individual school sites, situating its analysis in the context of the school reform implementation studies. It concludes that the policy "conversation" represented by Redwood City's behavior, rather than the more ambitious agenda of systemic reform, represents the likely course of policy progression in education.
The Practical Value of Philosophical Thought for the Ethical Dimension of Educational Leadership
Authors: Heslep Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Practitioners and some theorists do not regard philosophical thought as important for the ethical aspect of educational leadership. Although other theorists have held that philosophical thought is of practical value in dealing with the normative matters of educational leadership, they have neither identified the key feature of philosophical thinking nor specified any philosophical ideas for such thinking. Seeking to avoid these difficulties, this inquiry attempts to show the practical value of a philosophical approach to the judgmental affairs of educational leadership. It analyzes philosophical thinking as a kind of questioning and maintains that practitioners are logically committed to certain moral principles, namely, the norms of moral agency. It concludes by explaining that a philosophical approach to judgments in educational leadership is practical reasoning in its fully developed form
Diversity, Choice, and Selection in England and Wales
Authors: Walford Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

Over the last decade, England and Wales have experienced a variety of changes in education policy that have been introduced and justified in terms of developing a greater diversity of schools from which families can choose. These changes include: the development of City Technology Colleges from 1986, the introduction of grant-maintained schools in 1988, the encouragement of "specialist schools" in 1993, and the 1993 Act's even greater emphasis on choice and diversity with technology colleges and new forms of sponsored, grant-maintained schools. This article explores the changing ways in which the concept of diversity has been used, and argues that it has been appropriated by the political Right to develop and deepen a policy of selection and elitism. Rather than being associated with issues of equity, in England and Wales, the concept has become linked with a discourse that favours selectivity and privilege.
Women on the Job: A Study of Female High School Principals
Authors: Mertz Norma T. , McNeely Sonja R.
Published: March 2007

The study examines the experiences of 2 female high school principals to explore the ways female administrators "think and speak about their worlds. " The principals were interviewed and followed as they went about their work, and descriptions and themes were derived from their words and actions.
Creating Professional Communities in Schools through Organizational Learning: An Evaluation of a School Improvement Process
Authors: Scribner Jay Paredes , Cockrell Karen Sunday , Cockrell Dan H. , Valentine Jerry W.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of the potential for a school improvement process to foster professional community in three rural middle schools through the processes of organizational learning. The findings of this 2-year qualitative case study demonstrate the tensions schools must negotiate between bureaucracy and professional community and suggest that four organizational factors influence the establishment of professional community: principal leadership, organizational history, organizational priorities, and organization of teacher work. The findings further suggest that double-loop learning is invaluable to sustain professional community.
Professional Development: Untangling the Influence of Work Context on Teacher Learning
Authors: Scribner Jay Paredes
Published: March 2007

Professional development has become the panacea of 1990s reform efforts. However, our understanding of the breadth, depth, and nature of teacher learning experiences remains limited. Using an embedded case study design, this article examines the factors that motivate teachers to engage in development activities, the ways they experience professional learning, and most important, how work context influences their learning experiences. The author suggests that a complex nesting of work contexts limits the types of learning activities, and hence knowledge, available to teachers. Finally, steps that school leaders and education policy makers can take to broaden and enhance professional learning opportunities are discussed.
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Student Performance on the National Teachers Examination and That on the Cooperative English Test, Form 1B, Reading
Authors: Barter Alice
Published: March 2007

Thirty of 59 students tested earlier with the Cooperative English Test, Form 1B, Reading, were studied for possible relationships between their performances on the CET and that on the National Teachers Examination. Factors such as course grade, cumulative grade point average, and ethnic identification in relation to results on both examinations were among the 13 variables tested for significance. Results indicated that these students were less able readers than the lower quartile of college sophomores in the normative group, and that a student's performance on the NTE (Composite Score) was significantly related to all the other variables. There was a strong relationship between the reading abilities for a student and his score on the NTE.
A Measure of Attitude Toward School
Authors: Meier Robert , McDaniel Ernest
Published: March 2007

A scale was developed to measure attitude toward school among elementary school pupils. Scores on the questionnaire were positively correlated with teacher ratings of school attitudes, non-verbal ability, standardized tests of school achievement and self-concept scores for a sample of fourth grade pupils.
The Factorial Validity of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale for Each of Three Samples of Elementary, Junior High, and Senior High School Students in a Large Metropolitan School District
Authors: Michael William B. , Smith Robert A. , Michael Joan J.
Published: March 2007

For each of three samples of 299 elementary school pupils, 302 junior high school pupils, and 300 senior high school students in a large metropolitan school district, factor analyses of the intercorrelations of the responses to 80 items in The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale yielded three major dimensions that were essentially invariant across the three samples: (a) physical appearance, (b) socially unacceptable (bad) behavior, and (c) academic or school status. Variance within a complex domain of emotionality was differentiated among a number of factors such as anxiety, abasement, self-contentment, and self-dissatisfaction that were not invariant across samples. In both the junior high school and senior high school samples identifiable factors of popularity and perceived psychomotor coordination appeared. Implications for writing of items to represent the constructs associated with self-concept are discussed.
A Multiple Range Procedure for Independent Correlations
Authors: Levy Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Marascuilo (1966) proposes a χ2 analog of Scheffe's multiple comparisons procedure. With respect to pairwise comparisons among k independent correlation coefficients, a multiple range procedure will produce lower critical values than the corresponding χ2 values, thereby increasing the power of the resulting tests. The basis of such a procedure is discussed and an example is provided for illustrative purposes.
A Computer Program for Clustering Large Matrices
Authors: Koch Valerie L.
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN V computer program was derived for the Univac 1100 Series Computer for clustering into hierarchical structures large matrices, up to 1000 × 1000 and larger, of interassociations between objects.

A description of the method, input medium and format, program options, output, and program size is provided. Estimating run time parameters are elaborated using test matrices of various sizes.
Principal Components Analysis as an Alternative to Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance, W1
Authors: Gorman Bernard S.
Published: March 2007

Spearman's rho is a special case of the product-moment r. As such, a principal components analysis of inter-rater rhos among k raters on n cases may be performed. The size of the first principal component is proportional to the amount of inter-rater agreement and can be equated to Kendall's W. The principal components procedure can also reveal the presence of differing rating policies and can isolate subgroups of raters.
Multivariate Analysis in Personnel Selection
Authors: Mays Robert
Published: March 2007

Data on 850 candidates for entry into the Administrative, Diplomatic and Tax Inspectorate grades of the British Civil Service were used to illustrate some of the statistical problems of analysing selection procedures. Varimax factor analysis of ratings for the three samples showed very similar four factor solutions. This was confirmed by oblique rotation which also indicated that multiple group factors could be used. Multi-dimensional scaling gave a "good to excellent" fit with four dimensions. Multiple regression, to predict the overall grades given to candidates using the four factors as independent variables, illustrated important differences in the selection of Diplomats and Tax Inspectors. The factors isolated will be used when follow up data on the same individuals become available.
Predicting Involvement with Illicit Drugs Part I: Development of the Instrument
Authors: Schneider Robert J. , Rothberg Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

This report describes some of the methodological issues raised in a feasibility study to develop a psychological test to predict illicit drug use. A small set of questions was found with different responses as a function of prior drug use. The ability of these questions to discriminate groups on the basis of prior drug use was maintained in a cross-validation study with different subjects. The extent to which these attitudinal correlates of drug use might be attitudinal predictors of drug use is being evaluated in a prospective study the results of which will be reported at a later time.
A Computer Simulation Study of Tailored Testing Strategies for Objective-Based Instructional Programs
Authors: Spineti John P. , Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: March 2007

One possible way of reducing the amount of time spent testing in . objective-based instructional programs would involve the implementation of a tailored testing strategy. Our purpose was to provide some additional data on the effectiveness of various tailored testing strategies for different testing situations. The three factors of a tailored testing strategy under study with various hypothetical distributions of abilities across two learning hierarchies were test length, mastery cutting score, and starting point.

Overall, our simulation results indicate that it is possible to obtain a reduction of more than 50% in testing time without any loss in decision-making accuracy, when compared to a conventional testing procedure, by implementing a tailored testing strategy. In addition, our study of starting points revealed that it was generally best to begin testing in the middle of the learning hierarchy. Finally we observed a 40% reduction in errors of classification as the number of items for testing each objective was increased from one to five.
A Practical Method for Identifying Significant Change Scores
Authors: Cascio Wayne F. , Kurtines William M.
Published: March 2007

The current literature on measuring "change" contains several methods for estimating difference scores for pretest-posttest designs. While the significance of group difference scores obtained with these techniques can be evaluated using standard statistical tests, the researcher in applied settings is frequently more concerned with identifying individuals who are most (or least) influenced by a particular treatment. This paper presents a simple, easy-to-apply test of significance for identifying such individuals. The technique requires as input 3 pieces of information: true difference scores, the reliability of the obtained differences, and their standard error of measurement. Selection can then be done on the basis of visual inspection of the distribution of difference scores.
Three-Mode Factor Analysis Via a Modification of Tucker's Computational Method—III
Authors: Zenisek Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN G/H computer program was derived for an IBM series 360/370 computer system (or compatible systems such as Amdol or Honeywell) that provides at least 1536-K of core storage. This large amount of core storage is usually provided via a VS-1 or VS-2 virtual memory system. This program provides a factor analytic solution for large 3-dimensional data matrices. The computational procedures employed are based upon those presented in Method III of Tucker (1966).
The Relationship of a Measure of Structure of Intellect Abilities and Academic Achievement
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Alston Herbert L. , Cunningham Claude H. , Wakefield James A.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the Structure of Intellect (SOI) Learning Abilities Test for predicting reading and arithmetic achievement of elementary school pupils as measured by the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) was investigated using regression analyses. Scores on the two instruments were compared for a sample of one hundred forty-five students. The composite of nine SOI ability scores hypothesized to be related to reading achievement was correlated moderately with the reading achievement measure ( R = .59). The set of 17 SOI ability scores hypothesized to be related to arithmetic achievement was correlated substantially with the arithmetic achievement measure ( R = .83). With regard to theoretically derived expectations, the SOI Learning Abilities Test generally performed as predicted.
The Relationship of Egocentrism and Measures of Socialization in a Sample of Elementary School Children
Authors: Karmos Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

This paper is about egocentrism and its relationship to certain socialization variables. The 219 subjects in grades I through 5 were from two rural communities in southern Illinois. It was expected that the study would support Piaget's theory on egocentrism. The most significant results were the high correlations of egocentrism scores, of sociometric scores, and of teachers' ratings of popularity with observed playground behaviors.
On Testing a Guttman Scale for Significance
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The Guttman scale is discussed from the viewpoint of errors in response patterns. The errors are assumed to be distributed as a binomial. A double-barreled significance test is suggested having two probabilities: high probability and low probability.
The Predictive Validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, 1976 Edition
Authors: Nagle Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, 1976 Edition (MRT) was examined. A sample of 176 first grade children was tested on the MRT during the initial month of school and was retested eight months later on the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT). Results demonstrated substantial validity of the MRT for predicting first grade achievement as measured by the SAT. The MRT was a more valid predictor of reading achievement for males than for females; no sex difference in validity of prediction of mathematical achievement was obtained. The MRT was about equally valid as a predictor of reading and mathematics achievement.
Additional Evidence of the Predictive Validity of the Stanford Early School Achievement Test
Authors: Klein Alice E.
Published: March 2007

The ability of the Stanford Early School Achievement Test (SE-SAT), Primary Battery II, to predict scores on the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), Primary Battery I, was assessed by using pupils from a large midwest suburban school district. Observed SESAT-SAT correlations ranged from .257 to .723. All of the 72 correlations were statistically significant. Obtained correlations were then compared with previously reported results. Comparisons between 66 relations common to both studies showed 19 (29%) to be significantly different. These differences ranged as high as .38. All of these significant differences were associated with higher values for the sample used in the current study.
Equal Cell Size and Nonorthogonality in Ancova
Authors: Llabre Maria M. , Ware William B.
Published: March 2007

A concern about the accuracy of the SPSS analysis of covariance program (ANCOVA) has been noted in the literature. This concern stems from different results obtained when using the classical experimental, regression, and hierarchial solutions in a "balanced" factorial design. This paper demonstrates that orthogonal effects are not to be expected following the "removal of the covariate." Three different methods of least squares were applied to an analysis of covariance problem in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with equal cell frequencies. The three solutions yielded different sums of squares for the main effects even when the correlation between the covariate and dependent variable is negligible and the cell frequencies are equal. The importance of this fact is stressed for researchers using ANCOVA with factorial designs.
Concurrent Validity of a Modified Rokeach Value Survey in Discriminating More Successful From Less Successful Students
Authors: Munson J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The concurrent criterion validity of the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) in discriminating more successful from less successful undergraduate students was investigated. An interval scaling procedure, rather than the customary rank ordering method, was used to measure Rokeach values. The success criterion was based on a seven-item index measuring student's perceived success (index of internal reliability = .76). The success index was significantly correlated with grade point average ( r = .56, p < .00 1). Results indicated that the interval-scaled version of the RVS could discriminate more successful from less successful students at levels significantly beyond chance ( p < .01) when applied to a validation sample. The direction of specific differences in the value profiles of the two groups was consistent with expectations.
Incremental Validity of the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language and the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R. , Wright Dan , Wilkinson William A.
Published: March 2007

Predictive validity of the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language and the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration was investigated singly and in combination for a group of preschool children. Both tests were significant predictors of achievement over the two year period (r's typically in high .40s to low .50s). The combination of tests significantly increased the percent of variance accounted for over that provided by the individual tests. That the increases ranged only from 3 to 8% indicated little practical significance in using both instruments as opposed to either test singly.
Effects of Age and IQ Level on the Validity of One Short Intelligence Test Used for Screening Purposes
Authors: DeFilippis Nick A. , Fulmer Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The scores of elementary school pupils on the Quick Test were compared with their scores on the Full Scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. The relationship between the two tests was found to vary significantly at different age and intelligence levels.
A Fortran Computer Program for Delphi Calculation
Authors: Dunlap William R. , Collier Ezma V.
Published: March 2007

The Delphi technique is frequently used by administrators to gain concensus among experts regarding some values. This program calculates the statistics necessary to use this technique.
An Investigation of the Internal Structure of the Biggs Study Process Questionnaire
Authors: Watkins David , Hattie John
Published: March 2007

Analysis of the responses of 562 Australian university students to the Biggs Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) showed the scales to reflect only moderate internal consistency reliability and to lack uni dimensionality. However, factor analysis of the scales revealed a similar structure to that reported by Biggs (1978) and lent support to Biggs' proposed model of the study process complex.
The Predictive Validity of the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency for Teacher Trainees in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Baldauf Richard B. , Dawson Robert L.T.
Published: March 2007

The Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency was shown to be a reliable and valid predictor of general academic attainment for English-second-language teacher trainees at a Teachers Training College in Papua New Guinea.
Interpreting the First Eigenvalue of a Correlation Matrix
Authors: Friedman Sally , Weisberg Herbert F.
Published: March 2007

The first eigenvalue of a correlation matrix indicates the maximum amount of the variance of the variables which can be accounted for with a linear model by a single underlying factor. When all correlations are positive, this first eigenvalue is approximately a linear function of the average correlation among the variables. While that is not true when not all the correlations are positive, in the general case the first eigenvalue is approximately equal to a lower bound derived in the paper. That lower bound is based on the maximum average correlation over reversals of variables and over subsets of the variables. Regression tests show these linear approximations are very accurate. The first eigenvalue measures the primary cluster in the matrix, its number of variables and average correlation.
Effects of Marker Variables on WAIS Communalities
Authors: Puhan Biranchi N.
Published: March 2007

The present study attempted to observe the effect of marker variables on WAIS communalities. One hundred undergraduate arts students were tested on all the scales of WAIS (main variables) and all the scales of Differential Aptitude Tests, Culture Fair Intelligence Tests, and Advanced Progressive Matrices. Principal axis factors with Varimax solutions were extracted on WAIS scores under four analytic conditions; with no marker, four marker, eight marker, and thirteen marker scores. The comparison of obtained WAIS communalities in no marker condition separately with those in each of the three marker conditions revealed that they all have increased significantly for the latter ones. However, no progressive increment in the WAIS communalities was marked as the marker variables increased. The findings are discussed in the light of existing theoretical formulations.