bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When `the Light of the Great Cultural Problems Moves on': On the Possibility of a Cultural Theory of Modernity
Authors: Friese Heidrun , Wagner Peter
Published: March 2007

Comparative analysis of civilizations has recently revived and has led into a debate about varieties of modernity. This connection between an empirically defined area of study, `civilizations', and a theme that is predominantly seen as conceptual, `modernity', is a peculiar one and raises crucial questions for any social theory. Can `modernity' be located spatio-temporally among the civilizations? Is it itself a civilization (or the successor to all civilizations), or does it not rather refer to a human condition? This article takes its starting point from the observation that civilizational comparison is always some form of cultural analysis and asks if and how a cultural theory of modernity is possible and fruitful under current theoretical and historical conditions.
Adorno, Heidegger and the Meaning of Music
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: March 2007

T. W. Adorno's philosophy of music aims to show that music is a source of important insights into the nature of modern society. This position leads, though, to a series of methodological difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by using resources from Heidegger's hermeneutics. The essay takes the key notion of `judgementless synthesis' from Adorno's unfinished book on Beethoven and connects it to Heidegger's account of pre-propositional under-standing and to Kant's notion of schematism. This connection is shown to have consequences for how we conceive of both the meaning of music and meaning in more general terms, especially with regard to analytical philosophy. The essay argues that, despite its many important insights, Adorno's account of the meaning of music in modernity depends too much on his analogy between Hegel's claim to achieve the final philosophy and Beethoven's establishment of new forms of integration for musical material.
Variations in Orientation to Work and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Russell Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

The generality claimed for the Herzberg two-factor theory of job satisfaction is still debated in the literature. This study examines the issues involved which a bipartite analysis of job satisfaction gives rise to by, firstly, thoroughly conceptualizing the phenomenon of job satisfaction and, secondly, empirically testing the proposition that the Herzberg hypothesis is an oversimplification of the relationship between variables because it fails to take account of variations in orientation to work relative to the work situation. The basic themes of the motivator-hygiene dichotomy and the "orientation" variable have been operationalized by stating the testable hypotheses in terms of probability. Corroboration of the null hypothesis was sought in each case since it was predicted that the test of hypotheses would validate the "pervasive influence" of variations in orientation to work relative to employment.
Sex Differences in Response to a Blocked Career Pathway Among Unaccepted Medical School Applicants
Authors: Weisman Carol S. , Morlock Laura L. , Sack Diana G. , Levine David M.
Published: March 2007

Sex differences in career aspirations and behavior following unsuccessful application to medical school are examined. Findings from a 1972 national study indicate that, despite similar academic qualifications and initial career aspirations, women are less persistent than men in reapplying to medical school, more likely than men to lower their educational aspirations following rejection, and less likely than men to enroll in doctoral degree programs. Much of the sex difference in aspirations and behavior may be explained by the different perceptions of rejection, types of counseling received, prior career considerations, and values of men and women.
College Origins and Patterns of Status Attainment
Authors: Tinto Vincent
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study of the occupational attainments of a national sample of male college graduates suggests, contrary to prevailing thought, that college origins do have a direct impact upon status attainment. They do so, however, only among professional occupations, rather than among business-managerial ones. Institutional sponsorship, should it occur, is more properly viewed as a latent rather than active capacity of collegiate institutions, one which is occupational situs-specific in character, rather than occupation-general. Nor does it appear to apply equally well to all members of the institution. Simply being at a prestigious institution is no guarantee of sponsorship to elite occupational positions. Individuals must demonstrate competence in order to activate the sponsorship capacities inherent in institutions.
The Dynamics of Women's Job Mobility
Authors: FELMLEE DIANE H.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the job mobility of young, white women using a continoustime, stochastic model. The results indicate that rates of women's job transitions within full-time employment are decreased by job rewards, SES, and wages, and increased by IQ and age. A woman's education, however, does not have significant effects. The family constraints of being married and husband's income limit mobility. Shifts in and out of part-time employment are also common, and wages and young children are found to be significant factors in influencing changes to part-time jobs. Comparisons are made with previous findings for men.
Alienation, Occupational Self-Direction, and Worker Consciousness
Authors: EICHAR DOUGLAS M. , THOMPSON JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

Alienation is reconceptualized in terms of low position on three dimensions of occupational self-direction (autonomy of the worker, complexity of the work, and variety of the tasks performed) isolated by Kohn and Schooler. Factor analysis of survey data confirms the existence of these three dimensions, and their impact on job satisfaction and class consciousness within the working class is explored. Specific hypotheses are abstracted from the work of several writers on the new working class, whose explanations, we argue, focus on occupational rather than class factors as independent variables. Regression analyses show that one of the occupational dimensions (complexity) has a positive effect upon both class consciousness and job satisfaction. In general terms, the approach adopted here provides a way of organizing and presenting in a testable form a wide range of hypotheses relating work experience to job satisfaction and class consciousness.
On the Road
Authors: SCHERVISH PAUL G. , HERMAN ANDREW
Published: March 2007

In recent years researchers addressing issues revolving around the transition to socialism have developed theories transcending the sterile antinomy of Leninist vanguardism and social democratic reformism. The purpose of this article is to explore aspects of class relations and class structure in the transition to socialism from such a nondogmatic perspective. Our thesis is that the noninsurrectionist transition to socialism in advanced capitalist democracies should be looked for in the gradual transformation of relations of control at the point of production rather than in the revolutionary ascendancy of the proletariat. This article attempts to chart this potential transformation of productive relations.
The Class Structure of Job Rewards
Authors: McNAMEE STEPHEN , VANNEMAN REEVE
Published: March 2007

This research used canonical correlation to analyze how 20 occupational rewards are linked to the principal class divisions in the United States. Authority, ownership, mental labor, white-collar work, and embourgeoisement divisions are tested with the continuous status socioeconomic index (SEI). A wide variety of job rewards are investigated as possible consequences of class divisions: earnings, fringe benefits, promotions, security, challenging work, autonomy, safety, comfort, and sociability. Two distinct dimensions of job rewards emerge from the analysis. The first factor focuses on earnings, autonomy, and challenging work. These rewards are determined by no single class division but by a combination of Poulantzas's three dimensions of the social relations of production—ownership, authority, and mental labor—together with the status scale. A second, independent, factor of comfortable working conditions is related to white-collar work, higher-status occupations, women's jobs, and organizational context.
Economic Sector and Job Satisfaction
Authors: HANSON SANDRA L. , MARTIN JACK K. , TUCH STEVEN A.
Published: March 2007

In this article the relationship between economic sector and job satisfaction is explored. Given the absence of previous research, a framework relying on job satisfaction, dual labor market, and economic-segmentation literature is used to create two alternative hypotheses. If the externally defined objective characteristics of jobs are the critical factor in producing job satisfaction, then the “better” jobs in the core sector will result in job satisfaction differences favoring workers in the core. If individual needs and characteristics and the “fit” between these and job rewards are the critical factors in producing job satisfaction, then the workers in the core do not necessarily have an advantage; in fact the reverse may be true. These two hypotheses are tested using data from the 1973 Quality of Employment survey and two alternate measures of economic sector. Findings support the second hypothesis in that workers in the peripheral (or local and regional) sector have significantly higher levels of reported job satisfaction than those in the core (or monopoly) sector. We conclude that researchers need to consider economic sector as a source of variation in job satisfaction in addition to more conventional structures at the job and organizational level. Paradoxically, a consideration of economic sector may contribute to our understanding of the processes by which individual characteristics and job characteristics combine to create satisfied workers.
The Deskilling Controversy
Authors: ATTEWELL PAUL
Published: March 2007

The thesis that capitalism continues to degrade and deskill work in the twentieth century, creating an ever more unskilled proletariat, has been forcefully argued by Harry Braverman and his colleagues. In this article I present a series of theoretical, empirical, and methodological criticisms of the deskilling position, drawing upon a diverse literature, and upon original research. Particular attention is given to the application of the deskilling thesis to contemporary trends in the computerization of clerical work, as a way of highlighting methodological weaknesses in the deskilling approach.
Age and Work Satisfaction
Authors: MOTTAZ CLIFFORD J.
Published: March 2007

This study is concerned with the relationship between age and overall work satisfaction. Data from 1,385 workers representing a variety of different occupational groups suggest that age has an indirect positive effect on work satisfaction through its relationship to work rewards and values. Two commonly offered explanations of this relationship—cohort and aging—are examined. Overall, the available data provide conditional support for a type of aging explanation referred to as the intrinsic reward-accommodation hypothesis.
Abandoning the Research Bench
Authors: SHENHAV YEHOUDA A.
Published: March 2007

Sociological studies in R&D sites have explained the transition of researchers to administration using individual and/or intraorganizational perspectives. The phenomenon has been attributed to age, obsolescence, different socialization processes, and the conflict between professional researchers and the bureaucratic features of nonacademic organizations. This article reviews the individual and the structural level explanations of the phenomenon, and suggests an additional set of environmental accounts that consider the funding process. The hypothesis that the actual time devoted to research is influenced by these environmental factors is empirically tested in the context of the Israeli R&D endeavor. The results indicate that some administrative tasks are an integral part of research work, and imply that research and administration are not mutually exclusive activities but, rather, may be different functions of the same career pattern for nonacademic researchers. The article also suggests that the dual career ladder, a widely accepted organizational solution, is not a satisfactory remedy for researchers vulnerable to environmental pressures.
Sisters at Work
Authors: BRIODY ELIZABETH K. , SULLIVAN TERESA A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines occupational differentiation of American Catholic sisters both prior to and following the Second Vatican Council. The pre- Vatican II era is characterized in terms of mechanical solidarity such that a common group identity and culture based on work is shared. By contrast, apostolic sisters of the post-Vatican II period seem to exemplify the concept of organic solidarity; there is more variation with regard to occupations and life-style. The analysis focuses on the life histories of sisters residing in South Texas. In particular, the analysis relates the diversification in their careers to changes in their ideology and lifestyle, and the changing demographic and financial status of their congregations. We suggest that the diversification of occupational choices among sisters parallels that of working women more generally.
Employee Ownership and Perceptions of Work
Authors: TUCKER JAMES , NOCK STEVEN L. , TOSCANO DAVID J.
Published: March 2007

A substantial number of firms in the United States have recently installed employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). Little is known, however, about how such arrangements affect employees' attitudes about their jobs and companies. To address this issue, a small company was studied before and after the introduction of an ESOP. Employees' commitment to the organization and job satisfaction were higher after ESOP implementation, while perceived worker influence levels did not change. The findings suggest the possibility that ownership changes employees' evaluations of their jobs and companies without changing employees' influence over them. Furthermore, the research indicates that the simple presence of an ESOP has an effect on attitudes apart from whether employees are aware of the amount of stock allocated to their ESOP accounts.
Women and Minority Workers in the New Economy
Authors: SULLIVAN TERESA A.
Published: March 2007

Two scenarios, one optimistic and one pessimistic, contrast the effects of the New Economy. The optimistic scenario assumes that a “leading edge” of women and minorities will be recruited for new and better jobs. Persistence of the traditional labor force position of women and minorities generates the pessimistic scenario. The two scenarios are used to derive three predictions about the number and content of jobs in the New Economy and the demographic composition of those employed. Data on the composition of growing and declining occupations suggest that the pessimistic scenario is more likely. Yet employment outcomes appear to depend crucially upon management decisions and organizational issues.
The Impact of Turnover on the Organization
Authors: PRICE JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

This article updates Price's 1977 causal model regarding the impact of turnover on the organization. The model is first summarized. Post-1977 reviews which deal with this impact are then critically analyzed and incorporated into Price's model. An updated version of Price's model is presented, which incorporates the new information published since 1977.
The Concept of Skill
Authors: VALLAS STEVEN PETER
Published: March 2007

The concept of “skill” provides the linchpin for many debates on work. Yet occupational sociologists have seldom thought to ask what the concept means. This article reviews the literature and develops critical observations on skill research. Although recent theorists have tended to dismiss deskilling theory, the research findings remain equivocal. Despite their inability to measure compositional shifts in skill, case studies continue to play an important function. New lines of inquiry have emerged, indicating a growing consciousness of the limitations of the dominant theories of skill. Absent greater rigor in the study of skill, policy debates will proceed without a sociological contribution.
Shifting Gender Boundaries
Authors: ROOS PATRICIA A. , JONES KATHARINE W.
Published: March 2007

Using a queuing framework, the authors investigate explanations for women's inroads into academic sociology since 1970. Women's entry has occurred most dramatically among sociology doctorates, with women now representing about half of all those awarded PhDs. Access to faculty positions has been more modest: Approximately one in four faculty members are currently women. From a systematic review of research on women's achievements in sociology, publications produced by sociology's professional association, and other statistical sources, the authors focus on three major explanations for women's increased access to academic sociology. First, men eschewed graduate training in sociology as research and development funding dropped, real earnings declined, and the academic labor market contracted. Second, in the 1970s academic employers increasingly turned to women, in part because of the salience of anti-discrimination legislation and also because women sociologists generated pressure for change. Third, women themselves increasingly chose graduate training in sociology because sociology's subject matter lent itself to the inclusion of issues central to their lives. Although the numbers studying for advanced degrees in sociology (and the number of sociology PhDs) are once again increasing, it is too early to tell whether women will make further inroads, or whether their numbers will remain stable or decline.
Optimal Matching Analysis: A Methodological Note on Studying Career Mobility
Authors: CHAN TAK WING
Published: March 2007

This article explores how Optimal Matching Analysis (OMA) can be applied to study career mobility. I first apply OMA to career history data to identify typical mobility paths. Then I test whether the mobility paths are selectively open to different people. This procedure provides a useful handle to map the opportunity structure of national labor markets.
Trade Policy and the Southern Economy
Authors: MARGO ROBERT A. , GRIFFIN LARRY J.
Published: March 2007

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is part of a 50-year process of trade liberalization in the United States. From the end of the Civil War through World War II, however, average tariff rates were high by historical standards. The article explores the impact of “free trade” on regional economic performance—specifically, the pace of economic convergence between the American South and the rest of the United States. Econometric analysis suggests that trade liberalization speeded up convergence. Based on the authors' results, it is predicted that, on average, the South will benefit from NAFTA, although there may be some adverse distributional consequences.
The Subsidiarization of the Securities Industry and the Organization of Securities Fraud Networks to Return Profits in the 1980s
Authors: ZEY MARY
Published: March 2007

This article examines 48 well-known but little analyzed 1980s security fraud cases. Organizational and archival data, personal interviews, and court documents are used as data sources to define the networks involved in insider trading, parking, skimming warrants, taxfraud, and market manipulation. The fraud analyzed was embedded in a high information processing industry with fast-changing markets. It returned exceptional rewards to both host units and individual members who retained nearly one half of every million dollars they grossed from fraud. Findings demonstrate that securities fraud activities require high centrality and intensity of communication combined with highly centralized decision making. These characteristics are incompatible in most multidivisional decentralized firms. Fraud networks emulate neither the structural contingency nor the secrecy models. The answer is found in the structural transformation of securities firms, during the late 1970s and 1980s, from multidivisional to multisubsidiary structures.
Determination of GIC in Angle Ply Composites Using a Cantilever Beam Test Method
Authors: Nicholls D.J. , Gallagher J.P.
Published: March 2007

A double cantilever beam test is used to measure GIC values in angle ply composites. It is demonstrated that the GIC values determined with this method are independent of the compliance of the specimen. In the angle ply composites, four different crack mor phologies are observed, each with different GIC values associated with crack growth. One morphology only appears in unidirectional laminates. A second appears as the crack front breaks through a ply. A third morphology appears as the crack grows be tween dissimilarly oriented plies neither of which is parallel to the direction of crack propagation. The fourth and final morphology appears as the crack propagates be tween two dissimilarly oriented plies one of which is oriented parallel to the direction of crack propagation.
Stresses Around Partial Contact Pin-Loaded Holes in FRP Composite Plates
Authors: Pradhan B. , Ray Kumar
Published: March 2007

Results of a linear elastic, plane stress finite element investigation of the stress distribution around pin-loaded holes are presented for isotropic as well as several fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials. The case of full contact (contact angle = 180°) and that of partial contact (contact angle < 180°) between the pin and the hole have been considered. Important conclusions regarding the peak stress distribution around the pin-loaded hole are made specially with respect to the anisotropy (axial to transverse elastic stiffness ratio, E1/E2) introduced in the materials by way of fibre reinforcements and laminating schemes, geometrical parameters (hole diameter to plate width ratio) and the contact angle between the pin and hole.
Factors Affecting Moisture Absorption in Polymer Composites Part I: Influence of Internal Factors
Authors: Rao R.M.V.G.K. , Balasubramanian N. , Chanda Manas
Published: March 2007

The influence of internal factors like the fibre volume fraction and its orientation to the diffusion path on the moisture absorption trends of both the permeable (Jute-Epoxy) and the impermeable types (glass-epoxy) of composites were studied. The equilibrium moisture level (Mm) and the diffusion coefficient (DJ of the glass-epoxy composite decreased as expected, with an increase of the glass fibre fraction (V f) and its orientation («), while those of the Jute-epoxy composite (ie Mm and D/) were found to increase with an increase in the resin impregnated jute fibre fraction (V/) and remain practically uninfluenced by the variations in the fibre orientation angle. These observed trends were explained in terms of typical fibre permeabilities and the diffusion paths preferred by the moisture in these composites. A term called "dif- fusivity index (DI)" was introduced to quantify the relative permeabilities of polymer composites to moisture.
Moisture Absorption Characteristics of Natural Fibre Composites
Authors: Giridhar J. , Kishore  , Rao R.M.V.G.K.
Published: March 2007

A comparative study was made between the moisture absorption behaviours of sisal and jute fibre composites in an epoxy matrix under immersion conditions. Sisal fibres, in spite of possessing more compact structure than jute fibres, exhibited higher moisture absorp tion levels in their composite form, contrary to expectations. This tendency was attributed to the high cellulose content and a possible interfacial effect in the former.
The Strength of Wooden Bends and Joints Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo , Homer Peter , Burwasser John
Published: March 2007

Different types of bends and joints constructed of 0.75 inch thick Southern Pine were exposed to either 212 ° , 320° or 473°F for predetermined lengths of time. The strength and rigidity of each bend and joint were then measured at room temperature. The data generated indicate the effects of temperature, exposure time, grain orientation, bend geometry, and joint configuration on the strength, rigidity, and maximum deflection.
Effect of Moisture on Fatigue and Residual Strength Losses for Various Composites
Authors: Hofer K.E. , Skaper G.N. , Bennett L.C. , Rao N.
Published: March 2007

Fiber reinforced resin composites have been extensively used in marine applications. These materials offer both weight savings and improved performance over conventional structural materials. There exists an area of concern in the incorporation of these materials into marine construction programs relative to their fatigue resistance. Cyclic stressing has always been an ever-present part of the marine environment.
On the Stress Distribution in Laminae
Authors: Cheng S. , Chen D.
Published: March 2007

An elastic analysis of fiber-reinforced composites subjected to normal or/and shear stress in planes normal to the fiber direction is presented. The effect of material properties on the stress distribution is studied and a stress concentration factor valid for all the laminae presently used in industry is obtained. It is found that this factor is essentially unaffected by the substantial variation of the ratio of the elastic moduli of the fiber and the epoxy of the various laminae considered herein. This result is of theoretical interest and also useful in composites design.
Simplified Procedures for Designing Composite Bolted Joints
Authors: Chamis Christos C.
Published: March 2007

Simplified procedures (methods) are described to design/analyze single and multibolt composite joints. Numerical examples illustrate the use of these methods. Factors affecting composite bolted joints are summarized. References are cited where more detailed discussions are presented on specific aspects of composite bolted joints. Design variables associated with these joints are summarized in the appendix.
Computational Simulation of Damping in Composite Structures
Authors: Saravanos D.A. , Chamis C.C.
Published: March 2007

A computational methodology is developed for the prediction of passive damping in composite structures. The method involves multiple levels of damping model ling by integrating micromechanics, laminate, and structural damping theories. The effects of temperature and moisture on structural damping are included. The simulation of damp ing in the structural level is accomplished with finite-element discretization. Applications are performed on graphite/epoxy composite beams, plates, and shells to illustrate the methodology. Additional parametric studies demonstrate the variation of structural modal damping with respect to ply angles, fiber volume ratio, and temperature.
Strength Criteria for Anisotropic Materials
Authors: Golfman Yosif
Published: March 2007

Light weight and high strength anisotropic composites like carbon/carbon, graphite epoxy, etc., under different combinations of applied stress components (biaxial and triaxial stress conditions) pose a challenge to designers for establishing reliable failure criterion. Stimulated stress components in composite turbine disk under the influence of centrifugal loads and air stream pressure is a typical example. In this article we propose to use fourth order tensor polynomial failure criterion for investigating the failure mechanisms in turbine disk. Fourth order polynomial strength criterion provides better approximation to experimental data than second order criterion, and also explains the nature of failure mechanisms of anisotropic materials.
Verification of a 2-D to 3-D Global/Local Finite Element Method for Symmetric Laminates
Authors: Thompson Danniella Muheim , Griffin O. Hayden
Published: March 2007

A two-dimensional to three-dimensional global/local finite element analy sis technique, as applied to both cross-ply and general symmetric composite laminates, is presented. In particular, the local areas of interest for the laminate are the straight free edge in proximity to a hole and curved free edge of a hole. Verification of this technique was accomplished by comparison to results from complete three-dimensional finite ele ment analyses. Examination of the interlaminar stress fields and the amount of time for their determination indicated that the global/local method developed yielded accurate results and was more efficient.
A Comparison of 9 and 16 Node Quadrilateral Elements Based on Higher-Order Laminate Theories for Estimation of Transverse Stresses
Authors: Manjunatha B.S. , Kant T.
Published: March 2007

C° finite elements based on a set of higher-order theones are projected to provide reliable predictions for interlaminar stresses in layered composite and sandwich laminates. These theoretical-cum-computational models incorporate laminate deforma tions which account for the effects of transverse shear deformation, transverse normal strain/stress and a nonlinear variation of inplane displacements with respect to the thick ness coordinate, thus eliminating the need for shear correction coefficients. The inplane stresses are evaluated via constitutive relations, while the interlaminar stresses are evalu ated by using the equilibrium equations. 16 and 9 noded Lagrangian selectively integrated isoparametric elements are used in this study. The present results, when compared with available elasticity and closed-form laminate solutions, show good agreement. New results for sandwich laminates are also presented which may serve as a benchmark for future investigations.
Matrix Cracking and Delamination Prediction in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Jen K.C. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

Failure process in cross-plied laminates of AS4/3501-6 composite under uniaxial tension was investigated. Transverse matrix cracks in 90°-plies were found to oc cur first. These matrix cracks might or might not induce delamination before failure of the 0°-plies. A model assuming a state of uniform matrix cracking in the 90° laminas was used to predict multiplication of matrix cracks. The probabilistic effect of crack densities resulting in the subsequent change of transverse strength for multiple matrix cracking was addressed. A fracture mechanics-based progressive failure model was developed to predict initiation and propagation of matrix crack-induced delamination.
Structural Durability of a Composite Pressure Vessel
Authors: Minnetyan Levon , Chamis Christos C. , Murthy Pappu L.N.
Published: March 2007

The effect of local ply fiber fracture on the load carrying capability and structural behavior of a composite cylindrical shell under internal pressure is investigated. An integrated computer code is utilized for the simulation of composite structural degradation under loading. Damage initiation, growth, accumulation, and propagation to structural fracture are included in the simulation. Results demonstrate the significance of local defects on the structural durability of pressurized composite cylindrical shells.
Finite Element Analysis of Blade-Stiffened Composite Plates under Transverse Loads
Authors: Chattopadhyay B. , Sinha P.K. , Mukhopadhyay M.
Published: March 2007

Blade-stiffened composite plates have been analysed for transverse loads using the finite element method. An eight-noded isoparametric quadratic stiffened plate bending element has been employed for the analysis. The element can incorporate trans verse shear deformation. First order shear deformation has been considered in the for mulation ; the stiffener can be placed anywhere within the plate element and need not necessarily follow nodal lines. Therefore, mesh divisions are independent of the stiffener location within the plate. The stiffness matrix of the stiffener element can be appropriately modified to include stiffness properties for all types of open-section stiffeners. The deflec tions and bending moments have been presented for simply supported square laminated plates with one central stiffener and for stiffened skew plates. The results are compared with those obtained by modeling the stiffened plate by an assemblage of eight-noded isoparametric flat shell elements. The effect of the number of layers of the plate and the stiffener on the flexural response of the stiffened plate is presented. The element is used to show the flexural response of different open-section stiffened plates having the same area of the stiffener cross section. Also, the effect of depth-to-thickness ratio of the stiffener having the same cross section and lamination has been presented.
Analysis of Thin-Walled Composite Beams by Energy Method
Authors: Subrahmanyam K.B.
Published: March 2007

Utilization of fiber reinforced plastics in the aerospace structures has become commonplace recently. However, considerable amount of research work is needed to understand the various coupling phenomena that arise from the use of FRP materials, and in efficiently modelling the coupling behavior in analytical formulations. The present effort describes the formulation and solution of FRP box beam type of structures through the use of the total potential energy functional in conjunction with the Ritz method. Results obtained from the present effort are compared to those obtained from a finite ele ment formulation and also to those from experimental results available in the literature, and it is shown that the present procedure is accurate for beams of symmetric layups.
Thermal Analysis for Resistance Welding of Large-Scale Thermoplastic Composite Joints
Authors: Holmes Scott T. , Gillespie John W.
Published: March 2007

The need for effective and reliable joining methods continues to grow as the use of thermoplastic composites becomes widespread. It is now possible to join large- scale components with the development of an automated sequential resistance welding process. The thermal history generated by the heating element placed at the interface be tween adherends determines the quality and performance of the welded joint. This article presents a thermal analysis for the resistance welding of large-scale components that over comes the limitations of previous models. To simulate welding of the interface, a heat gen eration term was incorporated that accounts for the Joule heating of graphite fibers in the heating element. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of welding parameters and assess the uniformity of interface temperatures. Components were joined by the resistance welding process to obtain experimental verification. Regions of localized overheating where potential current leakage may occur were identified as a function of process parameters. Insights on promoting more uniform heating for the resistance weld ing process are discussed.
Analysis of Inelasticity Effect Due to Damage on Stress Distributions in Composite Laminates
Authors: Chow C.L. , Yang F. , Asundi A.
Published: March 2007

A damage mechanics model characterizing damage behavior of composite materials proposed earlier by the authors is employed to analyze the damage effects on stress field near the free edge in symmetrically laminated graphite/epoxy composites of finite dimensions under umaxial tension. A quasi-three-dimensional finite element analy sis is developed for the present investigation. The results from the damaged and undam aged stress distributions of [0/90°] s, [90/0°] s, and [±45°] s laminates are compared and examined. The processes of initiation and development of damage zone in these composite laminates are also discussed.
Predicted Bow of Plastic Packages of Integrated Circuit (IC) Devices
Authors: Suhir E.
Published: March 2007

In this study, we develop analytical stress models for the evaluation of thermally induced bows in the following two types of plastic packages: thin elongated packages with large chips, known as thin small outline packages (TSOPs), and high lead count large square packages with relatively small chips, known as plastic quad flat packages (PQFPs). In the case of TSOP packages, we consider the package warpage caused by the thermal contraction mismatch of the constituent materials: silicon chip, metal leadframe, and molding compound. The temperature change is assumed to be the same throughout the package. In the case of PQFP packages, we evaluate the bow due to the temperature gradient (non-uniform distribution of temperature) in the through-thickness direction of the molded body The developed models enable one to evaluate the effect of the package geometry and materials properties on its bow, and more importantly, to design a plastic package with a sufficiently low residual warpage.
Fatigue Damage in Laminated Composites
Authors: Haque A. , Krishnagopalan J. , Jeelani S.
Published: March 2007

The present work investigates the damage development under fatigue and static loading in graphite/epoxy laminates. The tensile strength, modulus and tension- tension fatigue data for [0/0/90]3s laminate were generated at three stress levels (70%, 80% and 90% of ultimate strength). The residual strength and modulus of the specimens were determined at 70% and 90% of the ultimate strength. The characteristic lives of cycles to failure ( Nf) as a function of applied stress were determined using Weibull analy sis. The specimens were subjected to cyclic loading a determined percentage of the charac teristic life at a given stress level, and the progressive damage determined as a function of applied number of cycles was analyzed using ultrasonic non-destructive technique.
A Cumulative Damage Model for Fatigue Life of Composite Laminates
Authors: Zhanjun Gao
Published: March 2007

The objective of the research is to make an attempt at relating the fatigue failure of a composite laminate to the fundamental damage and fatigue behavior of its laminae. Damage accumulation and property degradation of each lamina in the laminate are studied. Internal load redistribution among all the laminae is evaluated from the model of stiffness reduction. A nonlinear cumulative damage model is developed to determine the failure of the critical lamina which controls the final fracture of the laminate. The pre dictions of fatigue life agree with experimental data of cross-ply laminates made of graphite/epoxy.
Comparison of Processing Parameters for Pultruded Graphite/Epoxy and Fiberglass/Epoxy: A Heat Transfer and Curing Model
Authors: Gorthala R. , Roux J.A. , Vaughan J.G. , Donti R.P.
Published: March 2007

Mathematical modeling of any manufacturing process enhances the understanding of the mechanisms governing the process and helps to establish guidelines for optimizing the process. In the present study, a thermal model utilizing Patankar's method has been developed to simulate/optimize the pultrusion process. The numerical model solves the steady-state continuity, momentum equations and the transient energy and species reaction equations in cylindrical coordinates for a two-dimensional product. This model is comprehensive in the sense that it includes a liquid resin layer near the wall and involves solving for the velocity field. Most other researchers have assumed either flat or linear velocity profiles for this liquid region. The axial conduction term in the energy equation, neglected by most other researchers, is also included in the present model.
Failure Mode and Damage Zone Development in a GMT-PP by Acoustic Emission and Thermography
Authors: Karger-Kocsis J. , Fejes-Kozma ZS
Published: March 2007

The failure behavior and the damage zone growth in a glass fiber mat-reinforced thermoplastic polypropylene (GMT-PP) were studied on static tensile loaded single-edge notched (SEN-T) and compact-tension (CT) specimens at room tem perature by using different techniques, such as light microcopy (LM), acoustic emission (AE) and infrared thermography (IT). In the knowledge of the assignation of the AE parameters to the individual failure events the failure sequence was concluded. It was established by AE that the failure mode, and especially the onset of fiber fracture, strongly depends on the fiber content (Vf) of the GMT-PP. This was attributed to an impediment in the mesh-type deformability of the reinforcing mat by increasing Vf. The size of the damage zone was considerably underestimated when deduced from the stress-whitened zone in the LM pictures taken during the loading of the specimens (diameter = 5 mm). Location of the AE by a four sensors array resulted in much higher values (diameter ~ 30mm) being practically unaffected by Vf in the studied range (Vf ~ 20 to 30 vol.%). The damage zone size derived from IT layed between those of LM and AE (diameter ~ 11-16 mm). The occurrence of such a large damage zone clearly demon strates that reliable mechanical data on GMTs can be determined only by using specimens of adequate size (width). It was assumed that the whole damage zone (encompassing a process and a dissipation part) is assessed by AE during the whole fracture process, whereas LM and IT reflect mostly its process zone constituent in the crack initiation and propagation stages, respectively.
Effects of Interaction Component of the Generalized Yeh-Stratton Criterion
Authors: Hsien Yang Yeh  , Kim Chang H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the interaction component of the generalized Yeh-Stratton cri terion is investigated in this paper. The criterion must be calibrated with an experimental result because the interaction component of the anisotropic criterion is generally unknown. The conditions on the interaction components are studied for the off-axis and biaxial strength tests separately, and the behavior of the generalized Yeh-Stratton criterion is observed as a function of the interaction component.
Managing the Older Worker
Authors: Johnson Douglas F. , Johnson JoAnn T.
Published: March 2007

Literature is summarized regarding the older worker from the perspective of industrial psychology. Suggestions about manag ing the older worker are derived from examining the areas of personnel psychology, organizational psychology, and human factors in the physical environment of work. Problems facing the older worker are examined at both individual and organizational levels. Solutions to problems caused by age bias are suggested.
Title III Services: Variation in Use Within a State
Authors: Meyer Judith W. , Lusky Richard A. , Wright Andrew
Published: March 2007

Using data from Connecticut's management information system for Title III funds, we found, first, that such services are reaching at least one person in every town and thus modestly fulfilling a gateway function; about 9% of Connecticut's elderly use Title III services, with 20% of the oldest old obtaining such services. Nutrition services are reaching the most elderly, both numerically and geographically; among the oldest old (85+), home care service use was most widespread Indices of use were not statistically related to specific characteristics of the towns' populations (i.e., percentage of elderly, poor, or minority elderly), but small cities and rural towns had the highest use levels. Presence of nutrition sites within the town and service through two of the five area agencies on aging (AAAs) were also correlated with high service use, controlling for the rural-urban continuum. Those two AAAs received the highest per capita amount of Title III funds, based on the state's targeting formulas.
Japan's Coming Crisis: Problems for the Honorable Elders
Authors: McConatha Douglas , McConatha Jasmin Tahmaseb , Cinelli Bethann
Published: March 2007

The rapid aging of the Japanese and United States populations represents a major challenge in terms of health care and the quality of life. This article provides a cross-cultural analysis of the status of the elderly in these two countries. Japan currently has almost 13 million people over the age of 65. This number will more than double in the next two decades, making Japan one of the oldest countries in the world. This change offers an opportunity to view the approaches, solutions, and dimensions associated with current and proposed directions for the elderly in the United States, who now number 32 million and will increase to 35 million by the year 2000.
Social Relationships and Mortality Among the Elderly
Authors: Sabin Edward P.
Published: March 2007

A growing literature documents the positive effect of social relationships on health, in general, and in reducing mortality, in particular. Much remains to be learned about which relationships have this effect, particularly among the elderly. This research, a secondary analysis of a national sample of community-dwelling elderly aged 70 and over, addresses these questions. Data come from the Longitudinal Study on Aging. Five scales constructed from relationship questions asked in the survey are related to respondent mortality over a 4-year follow-up using multiple logistic regression . The research confirms that certain relationships appear to reduce subsequent mortality: going to church/temple, volunteering, seeing friends or neighbors, and talking with them on the phone (socioexpressive relationships). The effect can be seen among healthy and more infirm elders. Helping relationships and household and kin relationships do not seem to reduce the risk of elder moriality.
Beyond Deficiency: Broadening the View of Menopause
Authors: Carolan Marsha T.
Published: March 2007

Traditional medical response to women's health issues, cultural stereotypes of aging women, and folklore have contributed to the misunderstanding and misconception of menopause. These views have produced a dominant view of menopause as a deficiency disease, a reductionistic view that obscures developmental and sociocultural factors. Broadening the view of menopause to incorporate a range of contributing factors as well as attending to the diversity inherent in women's experiences will allow for a more inclusive research agenda, in addition to providing more flexibility in resources and services for menopausal women.
Stresses and Satisfactions of Family Caregivers to Older Stroke Patients
Authors: Kinney Jennifer M. , Parris Stephens Mary Ann , Franks Melissa M. , Norris Virginia Kline
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the daily stresses (hassles) and satisfactions (uplifts) reported by 78 family members caring for a relative who had recently experienced a stroke. Four domains of hassles and uplifts were examined for their direct effects on three indices of caregiver well-being (caregivers' social activities, social relationships, depression), as well as for the protective effects of uplifts on well-being. Caregivers reported more uplifts than hassles, and care-recipient characteristics were stronger predictors of both hassles and uplifts than were caregiver characteristics. Hassles demonstrated the strongest associations with well-being, with caregivers who reported more hassles also reporting lower levels of well-being. Although uplifts failed to demonstrate consistent direct assoctations with well-being, when the net effects of appraisals were positive (that is, when caregiving uplifts outweighed caregiving hassles), caregivers reported lower levels of distress. Results concerning the protective effects of uplifts are consistent with transactional models of stress.
Physical Activity Training for Functional Mobility in Older Persons
Authors: Hickey Tom , Wolf Fredric M. , Robins Lynne S. , Wagner Marilyn B. , Harik Wafa
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of low-intensity physical activity for improving functional ability and psycho logical well-being in chronically impaired older individuals was demonstrated in a pilot study. Participants who completed 6 weeks of structured low-intensity exercise (N = 77) improved in the time and number of steps required to walk a measured course, in self-assessments of mobility and flexibility, and in three measures of well-being. Those who continued to exercise in a peer-led program (n = 32) maintained improvements in mobility and optimism after 18 weeks.