bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning to Detour
Authors: Corbacho Fernando J. , Arbib Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Anurans (frogs and toads) show quite flexible behavior when confronted with stationary objects on their way to prey or when escaping from a threat. Rana computatrix (Arbib, 1987), an evolving computer model of anuran visuomotor coordination, models complex behaviors such as detouring around a stationary barrier to get to prey on the basis of an understanding of anuran prey and barrier recognition, depth perception, and appropriate motor pattern generation mechanisms based on sensory perception. Our present analysis of detour behavior goes beyond other models by incorporating new data from our laboratory demonstrating a learning component in anuran detour behavior. Building on earlier work showing how interacting schemas may be used to analyze a complex environment to generate an appropriate course of behavior, we turn to the questions: How are the relevant schemas adapted? How are schemas combined to form new schema assemblages acquired for the system to become more efficient? We describe the construction mechanisms and interactions with the environment that are necessary to achieve higher levels of detour performance. We have based this article mostly on data about learning to detour when approaching prey, but the model offers a strategy for learning to detour in general. Moreover, we have attempted to solve the problem in a general way so that the model of learning to detour points the way to a general theory of schema-based learning.
Computational Studies of Exploration by Smell
Authors: Wee Kheng Leow
Published: March 2007

Research on exploratory and searching behavior of animals and robots has attracted an increasing amount of interest recently. Existing works have focused mostly on exploratory behavior guided by vision and audition. Research on smell-guided exploration has been lacking, even though animals may use the sense of smell more widely than sight or hearing to search for food and to evade danger.

This article contributes to the study of smell-guided exploration. It describes a series of increasingly complex neural networks, each of which allows a simulated creature to search for food and to evade danger by using smell. Other behaviors such as obstacle negotiation and risk taking emerge naturally from the creature's interaction with the environment. Comparative studies of these networks show that there is no significant performance advantage for a creature to have more than two sensors. This result may help to explain why real animals have only one or two smell-sensing organs.
Requirement Acquisition, Analysis, and Synthesis in Quality Function Deployment
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing Frank , Noguchi Kunio , Weihua Zhou
Published: March 2007

One of the most important problems in product design using quality function deployment is how to capture true customer re quirements. In this research, we develop systematic methods, processes, and techniques for eliciting complete, consistent, non- redundant, and true customer requirements from multiple perspectives. It covers from requirements acquisition, requirements extraction to requirements synthesis both within and across perspectives. In our framework, acquisition of requirements starts with identification of key quality concerns from individual perspectives. It is followed by elicitation, analysis, and extraction of both functional and non- functional requirements using various techniques, such as structured interviews, functional decomposition, quality attribute analysis, and use case analysis. The derived requirements are synthesized into required quality requirements using generic rules. In the synthesis, we must make sure to detect and resolve mutual exclusive requirements, remove ambiguity in requirements, and delete duplicate ones.
Estimating Cost Savings when Implementing a Product Platform Approach
Authors: Siddique Zahed , Repphun Bill
Published: March 2007

Many market forces are driving companies to improve their targeting of increasingly small market niches. To accomplish this efficiently, products are organized into product families that typically share common platforms. To reorganize the current product offerings or new products into a product family, using a platform approach, requires estimating the savings for such a modification. One of the problems encountered in estimating development and design cost is the lack of availability of hard information during the initial design phases. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the design and development cost, when moving towards a platform approach, using simple models. The activity based product family cost models are developed from existing single product design activities, which are modified and extended to reflect activities related to development of product platform and subsequent product family members supported by the platform. Uncertainty related to cost associated with activities are included in the model, which is solved using Monte Carlo simulation. The approach is demonstrated using a hard disk drive spindle motor platform development for a family of hard disks.
Costing Tools for Decision Making within Integrated Aerospace Design
Authors: Curran R. , Kundu A.K. , Raghunathan S. , Eakin D.
Published: March 2007

An integrated multidisciplinary approach to aerospace design is presented as a means of improving the present state of the art towards a more effective concurrent methodology empowered by costing tools. Only the most influential drivers are identified and structured into a preliminary costing framework that supports decision making upfront in the design process. The research addressed a range of fundamental aerospace issues in developing key Cost Estimating Relations (CERs), conceming concept design, detailed design, and fitness for purpose. The resulting methodology and costing tools facilitate the sharing and utilization of information in order to best satisfy the ultimate design objective, rather than being limited to only one parameter driving the process at any one or more stages. Relevant data and knowledge were collected from industry, and a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code was utilized along with a program to predict aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC). Notably, it was found that general complexity and both recurring and non-recurring costs were reduced at the conceptual stage; tolerances and design detail were better allocated to reduce non-conformities and recurring costs; and performance requirements were assessed in the light of aircraft DOC in order to improve ultimate competitiveness. However, most significantly, it is shown that a practical concurrent approach can be enabled with supportive costing tools that improve the designers' ability to make more holistic decisions upfront in the design process.
The Interplay of Context, Process, and Conflict in Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Kannapan Srikanth M. , Taylort Dean L.
Published: March 2007

Naive interpretations of concurrent engineering may expect extreme parallelization of tasks and simultaneous accommodation of multiple perspec tives In fact, from our efforts at modelling tasks in a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) pressure sensor design project, it appears that the structure of tasks and the product itself result in evolving contexts and scenanos of decision and data-flow that have a significant impact on the occurrence of conflicts among perspectives and mechanisms for their resolution This paper refines a previously described information model for defining evolving contexts of product model aspects, and team member perspectives, with software agents acting on behalf of team members to execute tasks The pressure sensor design project is analyzed in the framework of this information model Alternative scenanos of decision and action for design of the pressure sensor are modelled as design process plans The impact of contexts and design plans on the occurrence and resolution of conflicts is investigated. Conflicts between perspectives occur In supplier-consumer data flows, interface definition data flows, and shared output data flows during execution of these plans We present a technique for negotiating such conflicts by axiomatic negotiation models using analytical mechanisms Negotiation protocols based on these mechanisms propagate utility functions between decision parameters and conflict parameters, and explore the space of agreement points so as to suggest negotiated solutions
Using Declarative Specifications and Case-based Planning for System Synthesis
Authors: Alexander Perry , Baraona Phillip , Penix John
Published: March 2007

Synthesis of pragmatic systems from high-level specifications requires representation and application of both functional requirements and constraints. This work presents a language for representing requirements and constraints in VHDL design representations and a prototype care-based synthesis system. VSPEC is an annotation language for VHDL developed to support axiomatic representation of requirements for system synthesis. VSPEC descriptions serve as synthesis goals and verification criteria. A prototype case-based synthesis system is also presented that uses VSPEC requirements as goal statements and descriptions of potential solutions. This prototype system demonstrates how synthesis can be performed at the systems level and how constraints can be used to implement a simple concurrent engineering process.
Concurrent Engineering: An Overview from Manufacturing Engineering Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Hong C. , Daguang Zhang
Published: March 2007

In the last few years, Concurrent Engineering (CE) has become a very prevalent topic in the area of manufacturing engineering. It has been viewed as one of the most effective, potential, and miraculous cures for maintaining the winning position of the American manufacturing industry in global competition. However, because CE is such a comprehensive topic which covers a wide spectrum of areas of study, there is a need to clarify the up-to-date research activities and industrial applications in the manufacturing engineering area. This paper first discusses the history and essence of CE, and then overviews seven areas of CE study in the manufacturing engineering perspective, as well as several industrial applications of CE. Because the studies on CE are still evolving, this paper aims to stimulate further explorations by providing a thor ough survey on both theoretical and application research efforts in the past decade.
A Requirement Ontology for Engineering Design
Authors: Jinxin Lin  , Fox Mark S. , Bilgic Taner
Published: March 2007

We present an ontology for representing requirements that supports a generic requirements management process in engineering design domain The requirement ontology we propose is a part of a more general ontology to capture engineering design knowledge Objects included in this general ontology are parts features requirements and constraints We define a generic requirements management process and raise issues that any requirement representation must address like communication, traceability, completeness consistency document creation and managing change We use first order logic to define the objects and their attributes and identify the axioms capturing the constraints and relationships among the objects We show how the axioms can be used in answering the issues raised
Designing Process Tolerances with Concurrent Minimization of Production Loss
Authors: Wei Chiu-Chi , Lee Yu-Cheng
Published: March 2007

This paper revolutionizes the design of process tolerances, and proposes a nonlinear programming model that utilizes the cumu lative standard normal probability function to estimate the scrap rate of the operations and the entire process. The process capability of the equipment is formulated to assure that the tolerances allotted are producible. Therefore, the process tolerances can now be allocated by minimizing the total production loss due to nonconforming parts. Results of comparison with other methods indicate that the process toler ances can be cost effectively designed by the proposed model.
Distributed Concurrent Engineering: Internet-Based Interactive 3-D Dynamic Browsing and Markup of STEP Data
Authors: Kim Cheol-Young , Kim Namkug , Kim Yeongho , Kang Suk-Ho , O'Grady Peter
Published: March 2007

Although Concurrent Engineering can offer substantial benefits, and hence many companies take a strong interest in the col laborative approach, it is not yet clear how it can best be implemented, particularly for a geographically distributed Concurrent Engineering team that may be using a disparate range of computer systems. The recent rise in the number connected to the Internet would offer the possibility of using Internet standards to allow for collaboration over the Internet Central to the use of Internet standards for Concurrent En gineering is the key area of transmitting and viewing CAD and engineering information, and of communication between team members. This paper is concerned with addressing this issue and describes how 3D CAD files can be viewed, and engineering information exchanged, by geographically distributed team members in an interactive manner using Internet standards. In particular this paper is concerned with the is sue of storing STEP data so that it can be retrieved efficiently, how this data can be converted from STEP data to the Virtual Reality Model ing Language (VRML) to allow the product to be viewed in interactive 3-D on a wide number of platforms using the Internet, and is con cerned with the issue of how team members can markup the VRML worlds, with other team members being able to examine the markup comments of others. Formalisms for storing STEP data in an Object-Onented database schema, and for converting STEP data to VRML are described. An overview of the implementation of these formalisms, in a system called CyberView, is given.
ISO 10303-Based PCB Assembly Data Model for Assembly Analysis
Authors: Liu Thu-Hua , Trappey Amy J. C. , Shyu Jen-Bin
Published: March 2007

Today, time is one of the key factors in making a company the best in its industry. Translating information correctly and efficiently would reduce the time required to communicate between departments not only within a company but also among different companies. STEP, comprising many application protocols, is a standard for the exchange of product model data that has a great capability for describ ing product shape and managing product life cycle information. Therefore, effective information translation and the Concurrent Engineering (CE) could be achieved using STEP enabling technology. AP 210, an ISO/STEP committee drafted document, is an application protocol that describes printed circuit board (PCB) and PCB assembly product data. This paper focuses on the standard data modeling of PCB as sembly based on AP 210. The data models are implemented as object classes and used to demonstrate the evaluation analysis application of the PCB assembly.
Establishing Concordance within Concurrent Engineering Teams
Authors: Pawar Kulwant S. , Haque Badr , Barson Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes how collocated teams can be analysed using process modelling and analysis (of organisational and management issues) to achieve a culture of concordance or mutual agreement between different parties within CE (product develop ment) teams. The benefits of teams are described, in particular, the need to create a collaborative environment. After establishing the need for analysis of such teams a process modelling and analysis methodology is described. The methodology attempts to address the issues concerned within CE teams from a process perspective. The methodology and supporting tools hence act as an aid for managers in the organisation and management of the Concurrent New Product Development process and CE teams. A case study of a domestic appliance manufacturer developing a new product using a collocated product development team is described to verify the benefits of collocation, and process modelling and analysis. The issues that emerge from this type of approach to improving the performance of CE teams and product development management are discussed. The paper ends by proposing that the main factors contributing to the suc cess of this approach (to improve the culture and operations of CE teams in terms of achieving concordance) are: commitment from top management, participation of both intra- and inter-organisational members, integration of organisation and technology, and building rela tionships between the active players.
A Concurrent Engineering Approach to Design for Assembly
Authors: Wu Tong , O'Grady Peter
Published: March 2007

DFA (Design for Assembly) is important in that it potentially can reduce the estimated 15-70% of manufacturing cost that is attributable to assembly. Besides the reduction in cost, DFA promises additional benefits in increased quality, increased reliability, and shorter manufacturing time. While there has been considerable interest in DFA, the research that has been reported in this area tends to suffer from a considerable handicap, namely that the work reported focuses primarily on DFA, without taking the other Concurrent Engi neering (CE) aspects associated with the product fully into account. Therefore it is quite possible, for example, to use DFA approaches to redesign a product so that it is a good design from the perspective of assembly but where the redesign is difficult, time consuming or expensive to manufacture or test. Part of the difficulty in including perspectives, other than that of assembly, is the resulting complexity caused by the multitude of different considerations that have to be taken into account. This paper aims to address this problem by de veloping a methodology that models the different considerations as an abstracted network, called a CE-Nets. The CE-Nets, a variant of Petri Nets, only uses that information which is pertinent to DFA and therefore substantially reduces the problem of complexity. The basis of CE-Nets is described in the paper and an example is given. The CE-Nets approach offers three main potential advantages. First, it of fers the potential of including other CE perspectives in a DFA system, without undue complexity. Second, it is a graphical approach that allows users to examine the interaction between different considerations. Third, it applies a mathematical mechanism to the problem, with the potential of being relatively straightforward to computerize.
Schizophrenia: A Review for Family Counselors
Authors: Rhoades Donna R.
Published: March 2007

Management of schizophrenia presents a challenge to family counselors and families. Marriage and family counselors can play important roles for both the person with schizophrenia and his or her family. Although the medical treatment of schizophrenia remains the domain of psychiatry, family counselors provide treatment and support for formerly hospitalized or newly diagnosed individuals and their families. The nondrug therapies offered by counselors are attractive to persons with schizophrenia because they are low risk and not physically intrusive. This article provides a resource for family counselors that includes a clinically relevant summary of the schizophrenia literature, its associated family burden, and applicable interventions and issues.
The Process of Early Recollection Reflection (PERR) for Couples and Families
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Welch Deborah Vogele , Gamber Victoria
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to offer a specific method for couples and/or family members to consider the implications of a formative personal early recollection on one’s current relationship. The authors have created the process of early recollection reflection as a systematic way of understanding and then changing or rewriting early experience. This can be a powerful way to change current life behaviors and experiences.
Dual Relationships and Professional Integrity: An Ethical Dilemma Case of a Family Counselor as Clergy
Authors: Smith June A. , Smith Alanzo H.
Published: March 2007

Counselors and other related professionals occupy many roles in society in addition to those of their professional responsibilities. Although many of these dual relationships do not raise ethical concerns, by the very nature of their duality, challenging ethical situations may emerge. This article examines one of the categories of dual relationship that has been least explored—counselor and clergy. It provides a vignette that illustrates the double bind of a counselor and clergy concerning a 15-year-old client who was raped, and the request of her parents. It concludes with some basic questions that counselors should consider when faced with ethical dilemmas as well as providing a framework for making ethical decisions.
Unique Issues in Rural Couple and Family Counseling
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Baker Brad G.
Published: March 2007

During the past several decades, a variety of authors has suggested that rural mental health practice differs significantly from that of urban practice. Several studies have examined rural mental health service delivery issues. Frequently, couple and family counseling issues have not been addressed in these studies. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding rural couple and family counseling, in conjunction with the findings of research in closely related fields. This review is conducted in an effort to identify unique practice issues facing rural couple and family counselors.
The Winner's Bet with Adolescents
Authors: Oresky Paul
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques and tactics that you have invented or adapted andfind successful when counseling couples andfamilies. If it works wellfor you, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too. Please submit manuscripts of 4 to 6 typed, double-spaced pages (in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904.
The Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) Approach to Marriage and Family Therapy
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: March 2007

The Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) approach to family therapy holds that people largely disturb themselves emotionally when they take their socially learned goals, standards, values, and preferences and irrationally reconstruct them into absolutist, inflexible demands on themselves, on others, and on world conditions. Acquiring a philosophy of acceptance would significantly help people's personal, mamrage, andfamily relationships. This philosophy includes accepting human fallibility, demandingness, some degree of responsibility for one's own disturbance, unconditional self-acceptance, and unconditional acceptance of others. A number of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods of RET to help mamage and family therapy clients to achieve these kinds of acceptance are presented in this article.
Solution-Oriented Supervision: The Coaxing of Expertise
Authors: Thomas Frank N.
Published: March 2007

In spite of the popularity of therapy models emphasizing client andfamily competency, little has been written to apply the premises of these models to the supervision arena. This paper takes the assumptions common to solution-oriented therapies and develops a collaborative guideline for supervision that is isomorphic to these models that have become so prevalent in the field of psychotherapy.
Couples Journaling Technique: A Brief Report
Authors: Lemberg Ray
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples and families. If it works well for you, it may be that others can adapt it to work well for them too.

Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts.
What Does a Typical Stepfamily Look Like?
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: March 2007

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remari7age, includingsingleparent and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbriar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Family Ethics
Authors: Kaplan David , Allison Mary C.
Published: March 2007

A local marriage and family counselor would like to start a network in which therapists provide counseling sessions at no charge to other therapists. In return for every session that the therapist provides, he or she earns a credit for one session, at no charge, with another therapist in the network. The counselor feels that this would provide valuable services for area therapists, along the lines of the professional courtesy provided by physicians to other physicians. Apart from the logistics involved, would or could this be an ethical arrangement? What safeguards would need to be maintained?
How I Remember My Family: A Premarital/Marriage Counseling Questionnaire
Authors: Watts Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This column provides a forum within which you, the reader,may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have developed or adapted and find successful in your work with couples and families. If it workswell for you, it may be that others could adapt it for themselves or be stimulated to invent another technique. Submityour manuscripts of 6 to 10 doublespaced typed pages toRobert Sherman, 154-23A Riverside Drive, Beechurst, NY11357 or to the Editor, indicating the manuscript is for thiscolumn.
Uncovering Secret Extramarital Affairs in Marriage Counseling
Authors: Cottone R. Rocco , Mannis Jill , Lewis Thomas
Published: March 2007

The extramarital sexual underground is defined by its prevalence and by its secret nature, even to the degree that marriage counselors may not be informed that an extramarital affair has occurred or is occurring. Reasons for affairs and for secrecy are provided, and the identifying characteristics of extramarital affairs are described. The authors present ethical methods that can be used by marriage counselors to promote revelation ofsecret andpotentially detrimental extramarital affairs. A strict ethical and legal position is taken regarding counselor responsibilities.
Farewell to Families: Language Systems in the Postmodern Era
Authors: Guterman Jeffrey T.
Published: March 2007

Implications of a language systems perspective are considered in relation to thefield of marriage andfamily counseling.
Empathy: The Essence of Marriage and Family Therapy?
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

Although most clinicians would agree that empathy is an essential ingredient of effective therapy, they would not likely agree to a common meaning of the concept. This review explores definitions of and obstacles to empathy; systemic, gender, and ethnic dimensions of empathy; perspective taking in marriage; and behavioral, cognitive, and affective interventionsforfacilitating empathy.
Flow
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

In his groundbreaking books, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1990) and The Evolving Self (1993), Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi reported on over two decades of research into the sources of human happiness. His studies showed that people were happiest when they were involved in challenging efforts that used all of their skills and concentration. According to Csikszentmihalyi (1990), "the best moments usually occur when a person's body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile" (p. 3). When people are in this state of 'flow," they are intensely involved in a meaningful activity and able to remain focused for the length of time needed to achieve a deeply valued goal. The opposite of flow is psychic entropy, a state in which random information disrupts consciousness and creates inner disorder
Relating Training to Changes in Behavior, Case Conceptualization, and Therapeutic Outcome
Authors: Scofield Thomas R. , White Lyle J. , Fleuridas Colette
Published: March 2007

A multicomponent training package using instruction, behavior rehearsal, role-play, modeling, and directfeedback was implemented to train six doctoral-level students in the use of circular-questioning skills. A concurrent multiple baseline across participants design was incorporated within the method of the study. Findings indicated acquisition of circular-questioning skills and increases in student ability to conceptualize case material systemically from pretraining (baseline) to posttraining and follow-up phases. In addition, afunctional relationship between training and positive client outcome was noted. The authors discuss the findings in relation to the need for more empirical studies relating systematic training to changes in student behaviors, case conceptualization, and positive therapeutic outcome.
Culturally Oriented Techniques
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

This column provides an opportunity for readers to share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have successfully developed or adapted in their work with couples and families. If it works well for you, others may also be able to adapt it for their purposes, or be stimulated to invent or adapt another technique. Send manuscript to Robert Sherman, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, or mail to the Editor of the journal, indicating it is for this column.
PTSD: A Search for "Active Ingredients"
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Family counselors working with individuals suffering the effects of trauma are encouraged to consider the "active ingredients" found by Charles Figley and Joyce Carbonell at Florida State University and reported in the two articles reviewed here.
Intimacy and Sexual Satisfaction in Unmarried Couple Relationships: A Pilot Study
Authors: Moret Laurie B. , Glaser Brian A. , Page Richard C. , Bargeron Ellen F.
Published: March 2007

The roles of intimacy and sexual satisfaction in couple relationships are not clearly understood, particularly when assessing gender differences in areas of sexuality and communication. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine intimacy and sexual satisfaction in unmarried couple relationships and the role that gender plays. A sample of 159 college students (72 men, 87 women) responded to modified versions of Walker and Thompson's Intimacy Scale and Hudson's Index of Sexual Satisfaction. A MANO VA was conducted to test reports of intimacy and sexual satisfaction, resulting in significant differences between gender with women reporting more intimacy and sexual satisfaction than did men. The implications are explored in the context of social and cultural changes. A cautious interpretation of the results of these preliminaryfindings is appropriate given the small and specific sample size. Future research focusing on gender differences when intimacy and sexual satisfaction are considered important components of the relationships might provide empirical evidence to support observations about changing gender roles.
Families and Communities: Building Bridges
Authors: May Kathleen M. , Church Nancy Larson
Published: March 2007

A number of writers in the field of couples and family counseling have recommended that family therapists include community in their work with families. Some writers emphasize the need to consider families within the context of their communities and to view communities as a source of support or resource for families. Others have stressed the role interdependence plays in the psychological health of families and recommend providing opportunities in which families can give to the community. This article summarizes both views of community. It suggests that family counselors’ focus on families’ strengths and competencies should include challenging families to get connected and invest themselves in their communities.
Treating Family Violence: Risks and Limitations
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Houston Irene S.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses approaches to working with families where violence is the norm. As an extremely sensitive subject and potentially volatile situation in therapy, it is important to understand the limitations and risks involved in treating families in which there is a history of violence.
The Seven Cs: A Behavioral Systems Framework for Evaluating Marital Distress
Authors: Birchler Gary R. , Doumas Diana M. , Fals-Stewart William S.
Published: March 2007

The authors have developed a basic, easily learned behavioral systems framework from which to conceptualize, evaluate, and plan treatment for distressed couples. This article describes the seven Cs of marriage primarily from conceptual and evaluation perspectives and is written for beginning therapists who work with couples. The seven Cs is a clear and heuristic model for understanding couple functioning, as well as an effective framework for presenting treatment-planning feedback to the couple. A brief overview of behavioral systems marital therapy and an outline of seven Cs based interventions are included.
Reflecting on the Reflecting Process: A Research Perspective
Authors: Kleist David M.
Published: March 2007

Reflecting teams have garnered much attention since Andersen introduced the process in 1987. The majority of the published literature on reflecting teams has described its uses across a variety of settings and clinical presentations. However, a growing body of literature exists describing efforts to research the reflecting process to better understand the process and what is experienced as helpful. This article reviews the available research on reflecting teams and discusses the implications of the results for future practice and research.
Development and Validation of a Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy
Authors: Smith Heather M. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

The present study involved the development and psychometric evaluation of the Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (PSSE), a measure of self-efficacy expectations with respect to a range of social behaviors. A high degree of internal consistency reliability was found for the PSSE in a development sample of 354 undergraduate students (90 males and 264 females), with coefficient alpha = .94. Test-retest reliability over a 3-week interval was r = .82 (r = .86 for males and r = .80 for females). Data from correlational analyses supported the construct and discriminant validity of the scale in that social self-efficacy was strongly related to both Social Confidence and Enterprising Confidence (from the Skills Confidence Inventory) but was substantially unrelated to confidence in the other four (Holland) confidence scales. Social self-efficacy was also strongly related to shyness, which has been found to seriously hinder career development processes in young adults. Directions for further career research and assessment are discussed.
Career and Vocational Assessment 1997-1998 A Biennial Review
Authors: Bingham Rosie Phillips , Krantz Janet
Published: March 2007

This is the third biennial review of career assessment research for the Journal of Career Assessment; this article covers assessment research and affiliated topics from 1997 to 1998. The primary inclusion criterion was that the articles be research-based; in total, there were six inclusion criteria. Seven primary topics are addressed. This review covers the research advances demonstrated by the plethora of research conducted during the biennial period. Sections address new measurement tools, issues of career assessment, and special populations. The review concludes with a summary of the key advances in career assessment research and current trends in the career assessment literature.
Selecting Career Outcome Assessments: An Organizational Scheme
Authors: Whiston Susan C.
Published: March 2007

Increased demands for accountability information have resulted in many career counseling practitioners and researchers seeking sound methods for measuring the effectiveness of career counseling and interventions. This article proposes a conceptual framework designed to assist individuals in systematically selecting multiple career outcome measures. This classification scheme is based on psychotherapy outcome schemes and career counseling research. In addition to presenting the organizational scheme for selecting career outcome assessments, the author provides an example of using the scheme to select instruments to evaluate a career counseling group offered in a university counseling center.
Temperament and Vocational Preferences: Age, Gender, and Racial-Ethnic Comparisons Using the Student Styles Questionnaire
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Stafford Mary E. , Horton Connie B. , Glutting Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Relationships between temperament and vocational interests are examined for a large, nationally stratified sample of children ages 8 through 17 years. Reliable relationships between temperament and vocational interests are observable in children as young as 8 to 10 years. Those with extroverted styles are interested in being a rock star. Those with introverted, intuitive, and feeling styles are interested in being a writer. Those with thinking styles are interested in being a mechanic. Those with feeling styles are interested in being a counselor. Those with flexible styles are interested in being a jet pilot. Age, gender, and racial-ethnic differences also are examined.
Career Assessment With Culturally Different Clients: Proposing an Integrative-Sequential Conceptual Framework for Cross-Cultural Career Counseling Research and Practice
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Hartung Paul
Published: March 2007

In response to the need for theoretical models to guide counseling and conceptualize career assessment with culturally different clients, the authors propose an integrative-sequential conceptual model for cross-cultural career counseling research and practice. This framework consists of five stages: (a) emergence of career and vocational problems, (b) help-seeking and career services utilization, (c) evaluation of career and vocational problems, (d) career interventions, and (e) outcomes of career interventions. This model may be useful in guiding both career psychology research and career assessment and interventions with culturally different clients.
Women's Motivation Related to Mastery, Career Salience, and Career Aspiration: A Multivariate Model Focusing on the Effects of Sex Role Socialization
Authors: Farmer Helen S.
Published: March 2007

This model focuses on three motivation dimensions, career salience, career aspiration, and mastery, in an effort to understand better why women contribute less to the arts, sciences, and humanities. The model, conceived in the 1970s and extended in the 1980s, is grounded in social learning theory and emphasizes how sex role socialization affects women's career motivation. This model guided the design of a longitudinal study, first funded in 1978, for which data was collected in 1980, 1990, and 1991 to 1993. Participants in 1980 were 9th and 12th grade students in six high schools in the Midwest: two rural, two suburban, and two inner city. Measures included to test the model are briefly presented, as are summary findings.
Financing Environmental and Infrastructure Needs on the Texas-Mexico Border: Will the Mexican-U.S. Integrated Border Plan Help?
Authors: Gilbreath Jan
Published: March 2007

Industrial integration between Mexico and the United States has provided the basis for a border manufacturing, retarling, and agro-industrial economy. But this growing industrial base has created infrastructure and natural resource strains that threaten the economic vitality of the region. Infrastructure and environmental concerns are closely linked, because the failure to provide sufficient public infrastructure has led to pollution of this region's dwindling resource base. Border communities and states have asked both federal governments to incorporate these concerns within negotiations for the proposed North American Free-Trade Area. Their reasoning is that if free trade will expand the economic activity of the region, it mustalso take into account the regional strains that such activity will generate.
Environmentalists, NAFTA, and North American Environmental Management
Authors: Mumme Stephen P.
Published: March 2007

This essay reviews the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) for its potential contributions to an emerging environmental regime for Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The NAFTAdocument, it is argued, falls well short of meeting the core demands of the environmental lobby as expressed in various documents published in the spring and summer of 1992. It has nevertheless furthered the emergence of a North American environmental management regime by contributing to the mobilization of environmental organizations in the trade policy arena, subjecting existing environmental management arrangements to close scrutiny, generating innovative policy solutions to extant problems, and incorporating a limited number of environmental provisions within the NAFTA document.
Natural Resource Subsidies and International Policy: A Role for Apec
Authors: Porter Gareth
Published: March 2007

Subsidies to the production of natural resources have both trade-distorting and adverse environmental consequences. Both of these effects have a common origin in the frustration of the resource-allocation function of the market when natural resources do not reflect the full social costs of production. Three different conceptual and institutional routes to defining new international norms on natural resource subsidies could be pursued, depending on whether the focus is on trade policy, on conservation of a particular natural resource, or on soft law to encourage sound management of natural resources. One strategy focused on soft law would be to introduce the issue into theAsia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in the form of economic instruments for full-cost internalization.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Malingering on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory
Authors: Edens John F. , Buffington Jacqueline K. , Tomicic Tara L.
Published: March 2007

This study employed a repeated-measures simulation design to examine (a) the specific effects of malingering on a recently developed measure of psychopathy, the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), and (b) the broader association between psychopathic traits and dissimulation. One hundred and forty-three participants completed the PPI twice (both under standard instructions and with instructions to feign psychosis), and also completed post-test questionnaires assessing their attitudes toward engaging in malingering across several hypothetical settings. When attempting to feign psychosis, participants produced elevated scores on a validity scale designed to identify deviant responding, and use of a cross-validated cutoff score with this scale produced high sensitivity and specificity rates across the honest and malingering conditions. Furthermore, PPI scores (in the honest condition) were significantly correlated with a willingness to engage in dissimulation across various hypothetical forensic/correctional scenarios. Results are discussed in terms of the "fakability" of the PPI, as well as the relationship between psychopathic personality features and malingering more generally.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy: A Perspective on Cognitive Impact
Authors: Tivis Laura J. , Nixon Sara J. , Green Michelle D.
Published: March 2007

Studies suggest that use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) after menopause may be beneficial toward preservation of cognitive functioning. However, potentially confounding variables such as alcohol consumption are typically not systematically considered. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ERT users and nonusers differ with regard to memory and concentration ability when potential confounds are eliminated. Alcohol consumption was included as an independent variable so that ERT by alcohol interactions could be examined. One-hundred-sixty-two postmenopausal women participated in the study and were classified as moderate drinkers or teetotalers. Logical Memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised), Digit Span (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised) and the Cognitive Symptom Checklist-Memory subscale were administered. No main effects of ERT were found. However, ERT by alcohol interactions among some Digit Span Forward variables were observed. We conclude that confounding variables such as alcohol consumption, may be at least partly responsible for observed differences in cognition commonly attributed to ERT.
Black-White Differences among College Students: A Comparison of MMPI and MMPI-2 Norms
Authors: Goldman Vinston J. , Cooke Arlene , Dahlstrom W. Grant
Published: March 2007

In 1964, Butcher, Ball, and Ray administered the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to White students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) and Black students at North Carolina College at Durham, an all-Black institution, in order to evaluate the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to Black-White differences on the inventory. In the 30 intervening years, UNC-CH has been racially integrated to a significant degree, and the MMPI has been restandardized with proportional representation of Black adults in the national sample on which the norms of MMPI-2 were established. Undergraduate students at UNC-CH (65 White males, 48 Black males, 66 White females, and 58 Black females) were given a research version of the MMPI. Raw scores on the basic scales were obtained from these records for both the MMPI and the MMPI-2. These scores were then plotted on their respective norms and the resulting T scores were analyzed for ethnic, gender, and SES differences. The mean T scores on the MMPI-2 norms for all four groups were found to be generally lower than those on the original MMPI norms, with the average scores for the Black males showing the largest reductions. In addition, the SES of the families of origin of these students was found to be related to scores on both sets of norms. Covarying for SES had a greater impact on the T-score differences on the original norms than for the MMPI-2. The implications of these findings for the use of the MMPI-2 in the assessment of ethnic minority subjects were discussed.
Sex Differences in Objective and Projective Dependency Tests: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Bornstein Robert F.
Published: March 2007

A meta-analysis of all studies published since 1950 wherein sex differences in subjects' scores on objective and/or projective dependency tests were assessed (N of studies = 97) revealed that (a) women of all ages consistently obtain higher dependency scores than do men on objective dependency tests; and (b) adult men obtain slightly higher scores than do adult women on projective dependency tests, but this sex difference is not obtained in younger (i.e., child and adolescent) subjects. Subsidiary analyses examined the impact of various mediating variables (e.g., clinical vs. nonclinical status of subjects) on observed sex differences in objective and projective dependency scores. Findings are discussed in the context of research on sex role socialization and dependency and within the framework of recent theoretical models that distinguish "implicit" from "self-attributed" dependency needs.