bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On cross‐correlation properties of S‐boxes and their design using semi‐bent functions
Authors: Pasalic Enes , Bajrić Samed , Djordjević Milan
Published: May 2014

In this paper, several methods for constructing substitution boxes (S‐boxes) with good cross‐correlation properties are proposed. We firstly analyze the cross‐correlation properties of bent functions and derive a sufficient condition that the absolute indicator Δf,g of two bent functions f and g achieve its lowest possible value 2n ∕ 2. More precisely, it is sufficient that f + g is also a bent function, which then implies that the absolute indicator of vectorial bent functions equals to 2n ∕ 2. This indicates an erroneous conclusion in by Zhou et al., claiming that if f is bent, then Δf,g = 2n ∕ 2 if and only if g is an affine function, which is not true. Furthermore, because of a strong relationship between the cross‐correlation properties and disjoint spectra semi‐bent functions, two classes of highly nonlinear vectorial semi‐bent functions with very good cross‐correlation properties are proposed. In particular, the first class of vectorial semi‐bent functions introduced here compares favorably to other methods in terms of the cross‐correlation properties of its component functions. In addition,

A sufficient condition that the absolute indicator of two bent functions achieves its lowest value is derived.

A construction of S‐boxes with good auto‐correlation properties from vectorial bent functions is given.

Two classes of nonlinear vectorial semi‐bent functions with good auto‐correlation properties are proposed.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of entropy‐based detection of outbound denial‐of‐service attacks in edge networks
Authors: Basicevic Ilija , Ocovaj Stanislav , Popovic Miroslav
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an evaluation of entropy‐based network intrusion detection in the case of outbound denial‐of‐service attacks in edge networks. The detector monitors entropy of several simple packet distributions: source and destination ports, and number of packets and bytes transferred. Cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM) algorithm is used for change‐point detection. The performance of entropy‐based method has been evaluated in simulated environment, using ns2 simulator, and compared with an optimized version of one existing approach, namely CUSUM‐based monitoring of the number of Synchronize sequence numbers (SYN) packets. The results show that entropy‐based detector does not reach the performance of a method tailored for a specific type of attack but, in general case, has good performance. The main advantage of entropy‐based detector is its generality, as it supports detection of many different types of attacks and network anomalies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructured WO3/BiVO4 Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Pihosh Yuriy , Turkevych Ivan , Mawatari Kazuma , Asai Tomohiro , Hisatomi Takashi , Uemura Jin , Tosa Masahiro , Shimamura Kiyoshi , Kubota Jun , Domen Kazunari , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: May 2014

Nanostructured photoanodes based on well‐separated and vertically oriented WO3 nanorods capped with extremely thin BiVO4 absorber layers are fabricated by the combination of Glancing Angle Deposition and normal physical sputtering techniques. The optimized WO3‐NRs/BiVO4 photoanode modified with Co‐Pi oxygen evolution co‐catalyst shows remarkably stable photocurrents of 3.2 and 5.1 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode in a stable Na2SO4 electrolyte under simulated solar light at the standard 1 Sun and concentrated 2 Suns illumination, respectively. The photocurrent enhancement is attributed to the faster charge separation in the electronically thin BiVO4 layer and significantly reduced charge recombination. The enhanced light trapping in the nanostructured WO3‐NRs/BiVO4 photoanode effectively increases the optical thickness of the BiVO4 layer and results in efficient absorption of the incident light.
Ink‐on‐Probe Hydrodynamics in Atomic Force Microscope Deposition of Liquid Inks
Authors: O'Connell Cathal D. , Higgins Michael J. , Sullivan Ryan P. , Moulton Simon E. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: May 2014

The controlled deposition of attolitre volumes of liquids may engender novel applications such as soft, nano‐tailored cell‐material interfaces, multi‐plexed nano‐arrays for high throughput screening of biomolecular interactions, and localized delivery of reagents to reactions confined at the nano‐scale. Although the deposition of small organic molecules from an AFM tip, known as dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN), is being continually refined, AFM deposition of liquid inks is not well understood, and is often fraught with inconsistent deposition rates. In this work, the variation in feature‐size over long term printing experiments for four model inks of varying viscosity is examined. A hierarchy of recurring phenomena is uncovered and there are attributed to ink movement and reorganisation along the cantilever itself. Simple analytical approaches to model these effects, as well as a method to gauge the degree of ink loading using the cantilever resonance frequency, are described. In light of the conclusions, the various parameters which need to be controlled in order to achieve uniform printing are dicussed. This work has implications for the nanopatterning of viscous liquids and hydrogels, encompassing ink development, the design of probes and printing protocols.
Graphene–Ruthenium Complex Hybrid Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Photoresponsivity
Authors: Liu Xien , Lee Eun Kwang , Oh Joon Hak
Published: May 2014

The maximum responsivity of a pure monolayer graphene‐based photodetector is currently less than 10 mA W−1 because of small optical absorption and short recombination lifetime. Here, a graphene hybrid photodetector functionalized with a photoactive ruthenium complex that shows an ultrahigh responsivity of ≈1 × 105 A W−1 and a photoconductive gain of ≈3 × 106 under incident optical intensity of the order of sub‐milliwatts is reported. This responsivity is two orders of magnitude higher than the precedent best performance of graphene‐based photodetectors under a similar incident light intensity. Upon functionalization with a 4‐nm‐thick ruthenium complex, monolayer graphene‐based photodetectors exhibit pronounced n‐type doping effect due to electron transfer via the metal−ligand charge transfer (MLCT) from the ruthenium complex to graphene. The ultrahigh responsivity is attributed to the long lifetime and high mobility of the photoexcited charge carriers. This approach is highly promising for improving the responsivity of graphene‐based photodetectors.
Molecular Imaging Using Nanoparticle Quenchers of Cerenkov Luminescence
Authors: Thorek Daniel L. J. , Das Sudeep , Grimm Jan
Published: May 2014

Cerenkov luminescence (CL) imaging is an emerging technique that collects the visible photons produced by radioisotopes. Here, molecular imaging strategies are investigated that switch the CL signal off. The noninvasive molecularly specific detection of cancer is demonstrated utilizing a combination of clinically approved agents, and their analogues. CL is modulated in vitro in a dose dependent manner using approved small molecules (Lymphazurin), as well as the clinically approved Feraheme and other preclinical superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO). To evaluate the quenching of CL in vivo, two strategies are pursued. [18F]‐FDG is imaged by PET and CL in tumors prior to and following accumulation of nanoparticles. Initially, non‐targeted particles are administered to mice bearing tumors in order to attenuate CL. For targeted imaging, a dual tumor model (expressing the human somatostatin receptor subtype‐2 (hSSTr2) and a control negative cell line) is used. Targeting hSSTr2 with octreotate‐conjugated SPIO, quenched CL enabling non‐invasive distinction between tumors' molecular expression profiles is demonstrated. In this work, the quenching of Cerenkov emissions is demonstrated in several proof of principle models using a combination of approved agents and nanoparticle platforms to provide disease relevant information including tumor vascularity and specific antigen expression.
Using simulation‐based inference for learning introductory statistics
Authors: Rossman Allan J. , Chance Beth L.
Published: May 2014

Recent curriculum development projects emphasize teaching simulation and randomization‐based statistical inference as a prominent feature in introductory statistics courses. We describe the goals, distinctive features, and examples from some of these projects. Technology is a key component of these courses, so we mention desirable features of the various technology products used with this approach. We also discuss how student learning is being assessed in such courses, along with how the curriculum effort itself is being evaluated. We also touch on some challenges that we have encountered with teaching these courses, both from a student and a faculty viewpoint. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:211–221. doi: 10.1002/wics.1302

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling

Statistical Models > Simulation Models
Determining and demonstrating the importance of training and experience for managing pocket gophers
Authors: Baldwin Roger A.
Published: May 2014

The pocket gopher (Thomomys spp.) is one of the most damaging wildlife species in California, as well as other locations throughout the United States. Several techniques are used to manage pocket gophers, including trapping and rodenticides. Improved protocols to increase the efficacy of rodenticide baiting programs, and quantifiable information on the time required to become a proficient pocket gopher trapper, would assist individuals interested in developing an Integrated Pest Management program for pocket gophers. Therefore, I initiated a study to address the following objectives: 1) determine the number of days required to become a proficient pocket gopher trapper; and 2) determine the impact of a thorough training program on efficacy of a rodenticide baiting program for managing pocket gophers. I determined that novice trappers became proficient with only 3 days experience (94% of the efficiency obtained by an expert trapper). Capture rates for novice trappers also exhibited a dramatic increase in just 3 days, although rates were not as proportionally high (77% of expert trapper). Clearly, the time required to set traps and detect active burrows should continue to decrease as trappers gain more experience. Baiting trials indicated that individuals who received a through training program on bait application were 3.6 times more likely to attain greater efficacy from baiting programs than were individuals who received only limited training. Proper training, particularly on identifying active tunnel systems, clearly increased the efficacy of baiting programs. These results should increase the applicability of both trapping and rodenticide baiting in pocket gopher management programs. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Modeling and enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS scheme in an error-prone channel
Authors: Yazid Mohand , Aïssani Djamil , Bouallouche-Medjkoune Louiza , Amrouche Nassim , Bakli Kamel
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we present a new discrete time Markov chain model to estimate the packet transmission probability τ, in order to develop mathematical models to derive the saturation throughput and the average packet delay of a 802.11 wireless LAN based on the RTS/CTS access method in the presence of noise, which distorts transmitted frames. Besides the standard backoff rule of the 802.11, Distributed Coordination Function assumes that each loss in the network is caused only by collision and acts to treat this situation by delaying the retransmission of the lost packet. We propose an enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS scheme to recognize the reason of a transmission failure (collision or noise errors). Thus, the data packet is immediately retransmitted with zero-waiting time if a failure happens due to distortion by noise. This retransmission continues until the data packet is successfully transmitted or it is dropped when the number of packet transmission retries attains its limit. After that, we model the enhanced RTS/CTS scheme using a four-dimensional Markov model and we compare its performance with the actual RTS/CTS scheme.
Production of cellulosic ethanol and enzyme from waste fiber sludge using SSF, recycling of hydrolytic enzymes and yeast, and recombinant cellulase-producing Aspergillus niger
Authors: Cavka Adnan , Alriksson Björn , Rose Shaunita H , van Zyl Willem H , Jönsson Leif J
Published: May 2014

Bioethanol and enzymes were produced from fiber sludges through sequential microbial cultivations. After a first simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with yeast, the bioethanol concentrations of sulfate and sulfite fiber sludges were 45.6 and 64.7 g/L, respectively. The second SSF, which included fresh fiber sludges and recycled yeast and enzymes from the first SSF, resulted in ethanol concentrations of 38.3 g/L for sulfate fiber sludge and 24.4 g/L for sulfite fiber sludge. Aspergillus niger carrying the endoglucanase-encoding Cel7B gene of Trichoderma reesei was grown in the spent fiber sludge hydrolysates. The cellulase activities obtained with spent hydrolysates of sulfate and sulfite fiber sludges were 2,700 and 2,900 nkat/mL, respectively. The high cellulase activities produced by using stillage and the significant ethanol concentrations produced in the second SSF suggest that onsite enzyme production and recycling of enzyme are realistic concepts that warrant further attention.
Long term differential consequences of miglustat therapy on intestinal disaccharidases
Authors: Amiri Mahdi , Naim Hassan Y.
Published: May 2014

Miglustat is an oral medication for treatment of lysosomal storage diseases such as Gaucher disease type I and Niemann Pick disease type C. In many cases application of Miglustat is associated with symptoms similar to those observed in intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption. Previously, we have demonstrated that intestinal disaccharidases are inhibited immediately by Miglustat in the intestinal lumen. Nevertheless, the multiple functions of Miglustat hypothesize long term effects of Miglustat on intracellular mechanisms, including glycosylation, maturation and trafficking of the intestinal disaccharidases. Our data show that a major long term effect of Miglustat is its interference with N‐glycosylation of the proteins in the ER leading to a delay in the trafficking of sucrase‐isomaltase. Also association with lipid rafts and plausibly apical targeting of this protein is partly affected in the presence of Miglustat. More drastic is the effect of Miglustat on lactase‐phlorizin hydrolase which is partially blocked intracellularly. The de novo synthesized SI and LPH in the presence of Miglustat show reduced functional efficiencies according to altered posttranslational processing of these proteins. However, at physiological concentrations of Miglustat (≤50 μM) a major part of the activity of these disaccharidases is found to be still preserved, which puts the charge of the observed carbohydrate maldigestion mostly on the direct inhibition of disaccharidases in the intestinal lumen by Miglustat as the immediate side effect.
Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by an androgen receptor–mTOR-mediated mechanism and its role in prostate cancer cell growth
Authors: Tsouko E , Khan A S , White M A , Han J J , Shi Y , Merchant F A , Sharpe M A , Xin L , Frigo D E
Published: May 2014

Cancer cells display an increased demand for glucose. Therefore, identifying the specific aspects of glucose metabolism that are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer may uncover novel therapeutic nodes. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the role of the pentose phosphate pathway in cancer. This metabolic pathway is advantageous for rapidly growing cells because it provides nucleotide precursors and helps regenerate the reducing agent NADPH, which can contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Correspondingly, clinical data suggest glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, is upregulated in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which plays an essential role in the disease, mediated prostate cancer cell growth in part by increasing flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. Here, we determined that G6PD, NADPH and ribose synthesis were all increased by AR signaling. Further, this process was necessary to modulate ROS levels. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of G6PD abolished these effects and blocked androgen-mediated cell growth. Mechanistically, regulation of G6PD via AR in both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant models of prostate cancer was abolished following rapamycin treatment, indicating that AR increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated upregulation of G6PD. Accordingly, in two separate mouse models of Pten deletion/elevated mTOR signaling, Pb-Cre;Ptenf/f and K8-CreERT2;Ptenf/f, G6PD levels correlated with prostate cancer progression in vivo. Importantly, G6PD levels remained high during progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Taken together, our data suggest that AR signaling can promote prostate cancer through the upregulation of G6PD and therefore, the flux of sugars through the pentose phosphate pathway. Hence, these findings support a vital role for other metabolic pathways (that is, not glycolysis) in prostate cancer cell growth and maintenance.
Quantitative proteomics identifies unanticipated regulators of nitrogen- and glucose starvation
Authors: Rødkær Steven V. , Pultz Dennis , Brusch Michelle , Bennetzen Martin V. , Falkenby Lasse G. , Andersen Jens S. , Færgeman Nils J.
Published: May 2014

The molecular mechanisms underlying how cells sense, respond, and adapt to alterations in nutrient availability have here been studied extensively by phosphoproteomics.
Single-molecule detection and radiation control in solutions at high concentrations via a heterogeneous optical slot antenna
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Liu Yongmin , Yang Jing , Zhang Jiasen
Published: May 2014

A heterogeneous optical slot antenna significantly enhances the single-molecule excitation and emission rate, which enables single-molecule detection in solutions at high concentrations, compared to a conventional zero-mode waveguide.
Semimetallic molybdenum disulfide ultrathin nanosheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution
Authors: Sun Xu , Dai Jun , Guo Yuqiao , Wu Changzheng , Hu Fanting , Zhao Jiyin , Zeng Xiaocheng , Xie Yi
Published: May 2014

Intralayer vanadium doped VxMo1−xS2 ultrathin nanosheets have led to novel semimetallic behavior with significantly enhanced conductivity (1.7 × 103 S m−1) and carrier concentration (7 × 1017 cm−3).
Synthesis of DIBAC analogues with excellent SPAAC rate constants
Authors: Debets Marjoke F. , Prins Jasper S. , Merkx Donny , van Berkel Sander S. , van Delft Floris L. , van Hest Jan C. M. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: May 2014

Four new DIBAC analogues showed excellent SPAAC rate constants making them comparable to the fastest cyclooctynes currently known.
Iron-catalysed, general and operationally simple formal hydrogenation using Fe(OTf)3 and NaBH4
Authors: MacNair Alistair J. , Tran Ming-Ming , Nelson Jennifer E. , Sloan G. Usherwood , Ironmonger Alan , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: May 2014

An operationally simple and environmentally benign formal hydrogenation protocol has been developed using a highly abundant iron(iii) salt and an inexpensive, bench stable, stoichiometric reductant, NaBH4, in ethanol, under ambient conditions.
Local co-delivery and release of antimicrobial peptide and RGD using porous TiO2
Authors: Chen Junjian , Wang Lin , Shi Lin , Ren Li , Wang Yingjun
Published: May 2014

The co-delivery system with AMP and RGD on porous titanium showed excellent biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity.
Hyperbranched polyol decorated carbon nanotube by click chemistry for functional polyurethane urea hybrid composites
Authors: Kantheti Sasidhar , Gaddam Rohit Ranganathan , Narayan Ramanuj , Raju K. V. S. N.
Published: May 2014

The surface of carbon nanotubes was modified with a hyperbranched polyol through click reaction for the development of functional polyurethane hybrid coatings.
Graphene's potential in materials science and engineering
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Rajaraman Bhavatharini R. S. , Liu Huihui , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: May 2014

Materials have become an indispensable part of our modern life, which was tailored such as good mechanical, electrical, thermal properties, establish the basis and fundamentals and the governing rules for every modern technology.
An organosilane-directed growth-induced etching strategy for preparing hollow/yolk–shell mesoporous organosilica nanospheres with perpendicular mesochannels and amphiphilic frameworks
Authors: Zou Houbing , Wang Runwei , Li Xiaoxin , Wang Xue , Zeng Shangjing , Ding Shuang , Li Lu , Zhang Zongtao , Qiu Shilun
Published: May 2014

An amphiphilic PMO hollow shell with order mesostructure is constructed for application in sorption and catalysis.
Roles of an oxygen Frenkel pair in the photoluminescence of Bi3+-doped Y2O3: computational predictions and experimental verifications
Authors: Choi Heechae , Cho So Hye , Khan Sovann , Lee Kwang-Ryeol , Kim Seungchul
Published: May 2014

The photoluminescence intensity of Bi-doped Y2O3 is increased in a high oxygen partial pressure atmosphere due to the healed oxygen vacancy.
TheDrosophilaeffector caspase Dcp-1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux via SesB
Authors: DeVorkin Lindsay , Go Nancy Erro , Hou Ying-Chen Claire , Moradian Annie , Morin Gregg B. , Gorski Sharon M.
Published: May 2014

Increasing evidence reveals that a subset of proteins participates in both the autophagy and apoptosis pathways, and this intersection is important in normal physiological contexts and in pathological settings. In this paper, we show that the Drosophila effector caspase, Drosophila caspase 1 (Dcp-1), localizes within mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial morphology and autophagic flux. Loss of Dcp-1 led to mitochondrial elongation, increased levels of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase stress-sensitive B (SesB), increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and a reduction in autophagic flux. Moreover, we find that SesB suppresses autophagic flux during midoogenesis, identifying a novel negative regulator of autophagy. Reduced SesB activity or depletion of ATP by oligomycin A could rescue the autophagic defect in Dcp-1 loss-of-function flies, demonstrating that Dcp-1 promotes autophagy by negatively regulating SesB and ATP levels. Furthermore, we find that pro–Dcp-1 interacts with SesB in a nonproteolytic manner to regulate its stability. These data reveal a new mitochondrial-associated molecular link between nonapoptotic caspase function and autophagy regulation in vivo.
CENP-I and Aurora B act as a molecular switch that ties RZZ/Mad1 recruitment to kinetochore attachment status
Authors: Matson Daniel R. , Stukenberg P. Todd
Published: May 2014

The RZZ (Rod, ZW10, and Zwilch) complex and Mad1 proteins tightly associate with kinetochores to generate the spindle checkpoint signal, but they are released when a kinetochore forms mature microtubule attachments. Here we demonstrate that the centromere protein CENP-I is required to generate a stable association of RZZ and Mad1 with kinetochores. CENP-I also inhibits their removal by dynein stripping. This regulation of Mad1 and RZZ dissociation functions independently of Aurora B, which regulates their association. We show that the microtubule status of each kinetochore independently dictates the recruitment of Aurora B kinase, kinase activity on a kinetochore substrate, and loading of spindle checkpoint proteins. This dynamic regulation of Mad1 association by Aurora B is only uncovered when CENP-I is depleted, consistent with our finding that CENP-I inhibits the dissociation of Mad1. We conclude that the dual activities of Aurora B and CENP-I generate a molecular switch that maintains a robust spindle checkpoint signal at prometaphase kinetochores until they attain mature attachments to microtubules.
A TOGL domain specifically targets yeast CLASP to kinetochores to stabilize kinetochore microtubules
Authors: Funk Caroline , Schmeiser Verena , Ortiz Jennifer , Lechner Johannes
Published: May 2014

Cytoplasmic linker–associated proteins (CLASPs) are proposed to function in cell division based on their ability to bind tubulin via arrayed tumor overexpressed gene (TOG)–like (TOGL) domains. Structure predictions suggest that CLASPs have at least two TOGL domains. We show that only TOGL2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CLASP Stu1 binds to tubulin and is required for polymerization of spindle microtubules (MTs) in vivo. In contrast, TOGL1 recruits Stu1 to kinetochores (KTs), where it is essential for the stability and tension-dependent regulation of KT MTs. Stu1 is also recruited to spindle MTs by different mechanisms depending on the mitotic phase: in metaphase, Stu1 binds directly to the MT lattice, whereas in anaphase, it is localized indirectly to the spindle midzone. In both phases, the activity of TOGL2 is essential for interpolar MT stability, whereas TOGL1 is not involved. Thus, the two TOGL domains of yeast CLASP have different activities and execute distinct mitotic functions.
Mitochondrial caspase keeps autophagy in flux
Authors: Short Ben
Published: May 2014

The Drosophila caspase Dcp-1 promotes autophagy by regulating mitochondrial morphology and cellular ATP levels.
Novel hybrid artificial neural network based autopicking workflow for passive seismic data
Authors: Maity Debotyam , Aminzadeh Fred , Karrenbach Martin
Published: May 2014

Microseismic monitoring is an increasingly common geophysical tool to monitor the changes in the subsurface. Autopicking involving phase arrival detection is a common element in microseismic data processing schemes and is necessary for accurate estimation of event locations as well as other workflows such as tomographic or moment tensor inversion, etc. The quality of first arrival picking is dependent on the actual seismic waveform, which in turn is related to the near surface and subsurface structure, source type, noise conditions, environmental factors, and monitoring array design, etc. We have developed a new hybrid autopicking workflow which makes use of multiple derived attributes from the seismic data and combines them within an artificial neural network framework. An evolutionary algorithm scheme is used as the network training algorithm. The autopicker has been tested and its applicability has been validated using a synthetically modelled seismic source, with promising results. In this work, we share the basic workflow and different attributes that have been tested with this algorithm for a synthetic data set to provide a framework for independent implementation, use and validation. We also compare the results obtained using the new neural network based autopicking routine with very robust contemporary autopicking algorithms in use within the industry.
On the use of microtremors for hydrocarbon detection
Authors: Vesnaver A. , Da Col F. , Jervis M. , Kaka S.I. , Nieto D.
Published: May 2014

The link of spectral anomalies of microtremors to underlying hydrocarbon reservoirs is very controversial, as field experiments support both positive and negative opinions, and there is not a solid theory supporting this work hypothesis. We conducted field tests at different sites, with and without oil and gas presence, to add new experimental data to the ongoing studies. Microtremor information may become repeatable (and so physically meaningful) only when the observation duration exceeds a few days, but even in this case, factors such as topography and active faults may severely bias the signal.

Ocean waves impinging the coasts provide natural background noise, which stands out clearly when the observation time exceeds a dozen days or so, in such a way that human noise is stacked out statistically over time.

Microtremors recorded in (relatively) deep wells may provide useful information about ongoing production in a reservoir, and may link well data and seismic surveys, as their interferometric analysis can provide information comparable to Vertical Seismic Profiles.
Enhancing the Global Ocean Observing System to meet evidence based needs for the ecosystem‐based management of coastal ecosystem services
Authors: Malone Thomas C. , DiGiacomo Paul M. , Gonçalves Emanuel , Knap Anthony H. , Talaue‐McManus Liana , de Mora Stephen , Muelbert Jose
Published: May 2014

Ecosystem‐based approaches (EBAs) to managing anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems, adapting to changes in ecosystem states (indicators of ecosystem health), and mitigating the impacts of state changes on ecosystem services are needed for sustainable development. EBAs are informed by integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) that must be compiled and updated frequently for EBAs to be effective. Frequently updated IEAs depend on the sustained provision of data and information on pressures, state changes, and impacts of state changes on services. Nowhere is this truer than in the coastal zone, where people and ecosystem services are concentrated and where anthropogenic pressures converge. This study identifies the essential indicator variables required for the sustained provision of frequently updated IEAs, and offers an approach to establishing a global network of coastal observations within the framework of the Global Ocean Observing System. The need for and challenges of capacity‐building are highlighted, and examples are given of current programmes that could contribute to the implementation of a coastal ocean observing system of systems on a global scale. This illustrates the need for new approaches to ocean governance that can achieve coordinated integration of existing programmes and technologies as a first step towards this goal.
The over‐training of apprentices by employers in advanced manufacturing: a theoretical and policy analysis
Authors: Lewis Paul
Published: May 2014

This article reports the results of a study of the ‘over‐training’ of apprentices by large manufacturers in the UK. The term ‘over‐training’ was traditionally used to refer to the way in which nationalised industries trained more apprentices than they needed, with the ‘surplus’ being released at the end of their training to find another employer. In contrast, the evidence reported in this article indicates that over‐training now typically involves large employers helping to train apprentices who are employed and paid by other firms from the outset. The project examines the extent and nature of over‐training, the reasons why employers become involved in over‐training, and policy implications. The evidence suggests that over‐training can increase the number of high‐quality apprenticeships. Large employers need to be made more aware of over‐training. Government can help promote over‐training via its ‘Catapult Centres’.
De novo assembly and comparative analysis of the Ceratodon purpureus transcriptome
Authors: Szövényi Péter , Perroud Pierre‐François , Symeonidi Aikaterini , Stevenson Sean , Quatrano Ralph S. , Rensing Stefan A. , Cuming Andrew C. , McDaniel Stuart F.
Published: May 2014

The bryophytes are a morphologically and ecologically diverse group of plants that have recently emerged as major model systems for a variety of biological processes. In particular, the genome sequence of the moss, Physcomitrella patens, has significantly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of developmental processes in land plants. However, to fully explore the diversity within bryophytes, we need additional genomic resources. Here, we describe analyses of the transcriptomes of a male and a female isolate of the moss, Ceratodon purpureus, generated using the 454 FLX technology. Comparative analyses between C. purpureus and P. patens indicated that this strategy generated nearly complete coverage of the protonemal transcriptome. An analysis of the overlap in gene sets between C. purpureus and P. patens provides new insights into the evolution of gene family composition across the land plants. In spite of the overall transcriptomic similarity between the two species, Ka/Ks analysis of P. patens and C. purpureus suggests considerable physiological and developmental divergence. Additionally, while the codon usage was very similar between these two mosses, C. purpureus genes showed a slightly greater codon usage bias than P. patens genes potentially because of the contrasting mating system of the two species. Finally, we found evidence of a genome doubling ~65–76 MYA that likely coincided with the contemporaneous polyploidy event inferred for P. patens but postdates the divergence of P. patens and C. purpureus. The powerful laboratory tools now available for C. purpureus will enable the research community to fully exploit these genomic resources.
The effects of mice on stoats in southern beech forests
Authors: Veale A. J. , McMurtrie P. , Edge K.‐A. , Clout M. N.
Published: May 2014

Introduced stoats (Mustela erminea) are important invasive predators in southern beech (Nothofagus sp.) forests in New Zealand. In these forests, one of their primary prey species – introduced house mice (Mus musculus), fluctuate dramatically between years, driven by the irregular heavy seed‐fall (masting) of the beech trees. We examined the effects of mice on stoats in this system by comparing the weights, age structure and population densities of stoats caught on two large islands in Fiordland, New Zealand – one that has mice (Resolution Island) and one that does not (Secretary Island). On Resolution Island, the stoat population showed a history of recruitment spikes and troughs linked to beech masting, whereas the Secretary Island population had more constant recruitment, indicating that rodents are probably the primary cause for the ‘boom and bust’ population cycle of stoats in beech forests. Resolutions Island stoats were 10% heavier on average than Secretary Island stoats, supporting the hypothesis that the availability of larger prey (mice verses wētā) leads to larger stoats. Beech masting years on this island were also correlated with a higher weight for stoats born in the year of the masting event. The detailed demographic information on the stoat populations of these two islands supports previously suggested interactions among mice, stoats and beech masting. These interactions may have important consequences for the endemic species that interact with fluctuating populations of mice and stoats.
Contemporary Biological Anthropology in 2013: Integrative, Connected, and Relevant
Authors: MacKinnon Katherine C.
Published: May 2014

2013 was a remarkable year in biological anthropology. From perplexing fossil hominin discoveries to revealing genome analyses, discussions of ethics in the field, and the continuing public dissemination of our work, we grappled with many issues both within and outside the academy. Here I explore some of these major accomplishments across four main themes: (1) new hominin finds and resulting consideration of the complex landscapes across which our various ancestors lived, adapted, and possibly interbred; (2) recent news from (nonhuman) primate evolution and contemporary primatological practice; (3) the demonstrated relevance of biological anthropology to anthropology with examples from integrative biocultural and ethnoprimatological approaches that move beyond dated subfield constraints; and (4) the value of social media and engagement of the public.
Effect of diquafosol ophthalmic solution on the optical quality of the eyes in patients with aqueous‐deficient dry eye
Authors: Koh Shizuka , Maeda Naoyuki , Ikeda Chikako , Oie Yoshinori , Soma Takeshi , Tsujikawa Motokazu , Watanabe Hitoshi , Nishida Kohji
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To investigate the short‐ and long‐term effects of diquafosol ophthalmic solution on the optical quality of the eyes in patients with aqueous‐deficient dry eye.

Methods

Sixteen eyes in 16 patients with mild or moderate aqueous‐deficient dry eye were treated with 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution. Ocular higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) were measured with a wavefront sensor before and at 15 min after diquafosol instillation at the baseline visit and at 4 weeks after treatment initiation. Dry eye symptoms, tear break‐up time (BUT), corneal/conjunctival fluorescein staining and Schirmer's test were also evaluated before and after treatment with diquafosol.

Results

Treatment with diquafosol ophthalmic solution significantly improved dry eye symptoms, corneal staining and BUT. Compared with mean total HOAs at baseline (0.180 ± 0.06 μm), those at 4 weeks after treatment significantly decreased (0.148 ± 0.039 μm; p = 0.035), whereas those 15 min after diquafosol instillation at the baseline visit did not change significantly (0.170 ± 0.049 μm; p = 0.279).

Conclusions

Although no significant change in HOAs was observed as a short‐term effect of a single‐drop instillation of diquafosol, long‐term use of diquafosol to treat aqueous‐deficient dry eye reduced HOAs as well as improved corneal epithelial damage and tear film stability.
Chaperonin containing TCP1, subunit 8 (CCT8) is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes HCC proliferation
Authors: Huang Xiaodong , Wang Xingxiu , Cheng Chun , Cai Jing , He Song , Wang Hua , Liu Fang , Zhu Changlai , Ding Zongmei , Huang Xianting , Zhang Tianyi , Zhang Yixin
Published: May 2014

The development of molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complex and involves alterations in the expression and conformation of assorted oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Chaperonin containing TCP1 (CCT) is a cytolic molecular chaperone complex that is required for the correct folding of numerous proteins. In this study, we investigated a possible involvement of CCT subunit 8 (CCT8) in HCC development. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 102 human HCC samples. High CCT8 expression was detected in clinical HCC samples compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. The univariate and multivariate survival analyses were also performed to determine their prognostic significance. Western blot confirmed the high expression of CCT8 in HCC compared with adjacent normal tissue. Moreover, the biological significance of the aberrant expression of CCT8 was investigated in HCC cell lines. Expression of CCT8 was correlated directly with the histologic grades and tumor size of HCC and high expression of CCT8 was associated with a poor prognosis. CCT8 depletion by siRNA inhibited cell proliferation and blocked S‐phase entry in HuH7 cells. These results suggested that CCT8 might be an oncogene and participate in HCC cell proliferation. These findings provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCC.
Overdiagnosis: How cancer screening can turn indolent pathology into illness
Authors: Brodersen John , Schwartz Lisa M. , Woloshin Steven
Published: May 2014

The shift from illness to disease has had a profound impact on modern medicine – particularly in the realm of cancer screening. In screening, it is not patients with illness who seek help from the healthcare system; it is asymptomatic healthy individuals who are invited into the healthcare system to be examined for pathology. The underlying assumption of screening is that abnormalities and pathology always progress. If this were true, it would always make sense to look for disease even when people feel well. The million (or more accurately multi‐billion) dollar question is whether the fundamental assumption that disease invariably leads to illness is valid. This is the question that the present paper will try to explore and answer.
Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Delchier J. C. , Malfertheiner P. , Thieroff‐Ekerdt R.
Published: May 2014

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection occurs in children and adults worldwide. Standard triple therapy of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (OAC) may not be optimal.

Aim

To evaluate quadruple therapy with bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole and tetracycline hydrochloride, given with omeprazole in H. pylori infected subjects who failed previous OAC eradication therapy.

Methods

This was a multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm, multinational study. Helicobacter pylori‐positive subjects who had failed ≥1 previous course of OAC therapy with or without up to three supplemental treatments in the previous year. Subjects were treated for 10 days with a combination formulation containing bismuth subcitrate potassium 140 mg, tetracycline hydrochloride 125 mg, and metronidazole 125 mg, three capsules four times daily (q.d.s.), and omeprazole 20 mg twice daily (b.d.). The primary endpoint was H. pylori eradication rate defined as one negative 13C‐urea breath test ≥28 days post‐treatment.

Results

Helicobacter pylori eradication rates ranged from 93.2% to 93.8% in the intent‐to‐treat population (n = 49), and from 94.7% to 95.0% in the PP population (n = 40). No clinically meaningful differences were observed when analysed by country. Metronidazole resistance was observed in 16/49 (32.7%) subjects and clarithromycin resistance in 31/49 (63.3%) subjects. Thirty‐three subjects (67.3%) reported 87 adverse events, and only one (2%) discontinued the study for an adverse event.

Conclusions

A quadruple regimen of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline plus omeprazole produces a high eradication rate in subjects previously failing H. pylori eradication regimens. This bismuth‐based regimen offers an effective option as rescue therapy.
Investigation of Organic Materials From the ‘Royal’ Burials of Xiongnu (Noin‐Ula, Mongolia) by Srxrf and XAFS Methods
Authors: Trunova V. , Zvereva V. , Polosmak N. , Kochubey D. , Kriventsov V. , Kuper K.
Published: May 2014

The burials of famous Xiongnu people are a unique source of information about Xiongnu culture, due to the variety of organic findings. SRXRF analysis of hair, clay, bones, teeth and woollen cloth was carried out. An anomalously high copper content was observed in all hair samples, whereas the levels of copper in bone and clay were low. To define the hair morphology and the elemental distribution in the hair cross‐section, high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (HRXCT) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The X‐ray absorption fine‐structure method (XAFS) was applied to determine the local copper environment. The majority of the copper species in the hair and enamel samples are present as Cu2+ cations in a distorted octahedral (4 + 2) coordination, surrounded by light ligands (oxygen/nitrogen). A similar distorted octahedral coordination is typical for both inorganic mixed oxide/hydroxide Cu nanosystems and metal–organic Cu complexes (with oxygen/nitrogen).
Development and validation of a 3ABC antibody ELISA in Australia for foot and mouth disease
Authors: Colling A , Morrissy C , Barr J , Meehan G , Wright L , Goff W , Gleeson LJ , van der Heide B , Riddell S , Yu M , Eagles D , Lunt R , Khounsy S , Than Long Ngo , Phong Vu Pham , Than Phuong Nguyen , Tung Nguyen , Linchongsubongkoch W , Hammond J , Johnson M , Johnson WO , Unger H , Daniels P , Crowther JR
Published: May 2014

Objective

To measure the diagnostic performance of an Australian‐developed ELISA for the detection of antibodies against the non‐structural proteins (NSP) 3ABC of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus.

Design

Test development and validation study.

Methods

The diagnostic specificity was determined using 2535 sera from naïve animals and 1112 sera from vaccinated animals. Diagnostic sensitivity was calculated from the data for 995 sera from experimentally and field‐infected animals from FMD‐endemic countries in South East Asia. A commercial ELISA detecting antibodies against FMD virus NSP was used as the reference test to establish relative sensitivity and specificity. Bayesian latent class analysis was performed to corroborate results. The diagnostic window and rate of detection were determined at different times using sera from cattle, sheep and pigs before and after infection, and after vaccination and subsequent infection. Repeatability and reproducibility data were established.

Results

At 35% test cut‐off, the 3ABC ELISA had an overall diagnostic sensitivity of 91.5% and diagnostic specificity of 96.4%. The diagnostic sensitivity in vaccinated and subsequently infected cattle was 68.4% and diagnostic specificity in vaccinated cattle was 98.0%.

Conclusions

The 3ABC ELISA identified field and experimentally infected animals, as well as vaccinated and subsequently infected animals. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity estimates for other FMD NSP tests are comparable with the results obtained in this study. This NSP ELISA was found to be ‘fit for purpose’ as a screening assay at the herd level to detect viral infection and also to substantiate absence of infection.
Cognitive styles and clinical correlates of childhood abuse in bipolar disorder
Authors: Perich Tania , Mitchell Philip B , Loo Colleen , Hadzi‐Pavlovic Dusan , Roberts Gloria , Green Melissa , Frankland Andrew , Lau Phoebe , Corry Justine
Published: May 2014

Objectives

In a relatively small number of previous studies, childhood abuse has been found to be associated with more severe symptom course, earlier onset, greater comorbidity, and greater suicidality in those diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There have been no prior reports looking for any association between childhood abuse and cognitive style. This study aimed to examine the relationship between cognitive factors, such as response styles to depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes, clinical features, and childhood physical and sexual abuse in this population.

Methods

A total of 157 adult participants diagnosed with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder I or II were assessed on clinical features of this condition and measures of childhood sexual and physical abuse. Participants also completed self‐report questionnaires covering areas such as symptom measures of depression, anxiety and stress, dysfunctional attitudes, and response styles to depressed mood.

Results

Seventy‐four participants (37%) reported having experienced either sexual or physical abuse. Those who reported physical or sexual abuse were significantly more likely to report self‐harm or suicidal behaviors and showed higher stress scores. Specifically, those who reported sexual abuse were more likely to have simple phobias, to have attempted suicide, and to have had more hospitalizations for depression. After controlling for current mood severity, there were no significant differences on the self‐report cognitive style measures for those who reported childhood sexual or physical abuse compared to those who did not report abuse.

Conclusions

Cognitive styles were not found to be associated with childhood sexual or physical abuse in participants with bipolar disorder. Stress may be important to target in psychological interventions, whilst special attention should also be paid to those with a history of sexual abuse given the greater likelihood of suicide attempt.