bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the condition and structure of bone of the Saldanha fossil cranium
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: August 2005

The external surface of the Saldanha cranium shows extensive exfoliation and cracking. In a few places remnants of the probable original bone surfaces can be observed. These are orange‐brown in color, contrasting with the nearly white color of exposed deeper layers, and are subdivided into small segments with pits in their centers. Causes of the color differences are uncertain but merit investigation. The surface cracking and exfoliation probably result from weathering before fossilization. This conclusion is based on the observation that the endocranial surfaces show no such effects, despite the scattering of the cranial fragments at the time of discovery. A depressed fracture in the frontal bone indicates a heavy blow at or shortly after the time of death. This blow probably created some of the fragments, but there are also incomplete fracture cracks which may have resulted from the blow. Unresolved taphonomic problems include the manner in which the cranium held together after decay of soft tissues allowed weathering, and the manner in which the fragments were subsequently scattered. Chips from the cranial vault indicate that the outer table was very thick, tending to support recent proposals that the specimen and associated fauna and tools are from a considerably earlier time period than originally believed. The surface damage to the brow ridges gives information on the structure of deeper layers. These are lacking orientation, supporting the hypothesis that hominid brow ridges are not primarily a response to masticatory forces, but may afford protection for the eyes.
Placental alkaline phosphatase: Population studies in Sardinia and data on the anthropological value of this genetic marker
Authors: Lucarelli P. , Scacchi R. , Corbo R. M. , Laconi G. , Nasi A. , Palmarino R.
Published: August 2005

The analysis of human placental alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia has shown a further difference in the genetic structure of this population in comparison with the populations of Continental Italy and Western Europe. Ethnic and geographic variations in world distribution of placental alkaline phosphatase gene frequencies suggest the considerable anthropological value of this genetic marker.
On a new australopithecine partial endocast
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: August 2005

A newly discovered right parietal/temporal/frontal fragment from an australopithecine natural endocast is described and compared to other australopithecine endocasts. This specimen shows that the central sulcus was arched, rather than straight as previously believed, and reveals frontal lobe convolutions not preserved in other australopithecine endocasts.
The statistical treatment of correlated bilateral traits in the analysis of cranial material
Authors: Green Richard F. , Suchey Judy Myers , Gokhale D. V.
Published: August 2005

At present there is no standardized method to derive frequencies from bilateral non‐metric traits. In this paper the commonly used methods are evaluated in light of statistical considerations and degree of sample preservation. In particular, we explore the question of dependence between sides for the bilateral traits. Several workers have tested for bilateral trait correlation in incorrect ways, confusing tests for differences in side frequencies with tests for independence. An easy method to test for independence, using the chisquared test, is recommended. This test is used on 16 bilateral traits in a large sample of prehistoric crania from Central California and significant dependence is found for all 16 of these traits. We suggest the traditional method of deriving frequencies be used. Both sides of the cranium should be considered, dividing the number of times the trait occurs by the number of sides available for observation. This method can be used even in poorly preserved samples. Side to side correlation may be compensated for by modifying the constants subtracted in the mean measure of divergence and in the expression for the approximate variance of the mean measure of divergence when the samples are drawn from identical populations.
Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Mittermeier Russell A.
Published: August 2005

The locomotor behavior, of seven sympatric species of New World monkeys—Saguinus midas midas, Saimiri sciureus, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes satanas chiropotes, Cebus apella apella, Alouatta seniculus, and Ateles paniscus panisus—was studied at the Raleighvallen‐Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Central Surinam. This paper examines the way in which locomotor behavior is related to body size and to ecological parameters such as forest stratification, forest type, and diet.

Locomotor behavior is clearly related to the size of the species; with increasing size, the amount of climbing increases and the amount of leaping decreases. In general, larger monkeys use larger arboreal supports; however, Saguinus midas midas uses relatively larger, and Ateles paniscus paniscus relatively smaller supports than expected from body size alone.

Leaping is associated with use of the forest understory and with use of liane forest. Other types of locomotion are associated with main canopy use in a variety of forest types.

There are no consistent associations between diet and either locomotor behavior or forest utilization; rather, monkeys with similar diets show locomotor and habitat differentiation.
Longitudinal study of anthropometric, skinfold, work, and motor characteristics of boys and girls, three to six years of age
Authors: Pařízková Jana , Adamec Aleš
Published: August 2005

Groups of preschool children were followed longitudinally: boys, n = 36, from 3.48 up to 6.02 years and girls, n = 22, from 3.53 up to 6.03 years. Anthropometric dimensions, skinfold thicknesses, reaction of the cardiovascular system to a work load (modified step test), motor performance, and hand grip strength were measured. Boys had greater values for height, weight, length, and circumferential measures, with the exception of the thigh. Boys had also smaller skinfolds and better performances in 20 meter dash, broad jump, cricket ball throw, and grip strength compared to girls. All anthropometric dimensions increased with age, but these increase did not have the same character. Children became more linear in spite of relatively greater increase in total body weight. Chest and abdomen circumferences increased more in boys during the last year of the study. Skinfold thicknesses decreased significantly in boys, and stayed the same in girls. Motor performance and muscle strength also increased during the experimental period. Pulse rate at rest, during modified step test and recovery period decreased with age, and the economy of cardiac work improved significantly as indicated by step test index and/or cardiac efficiency index. The changes derived from longitudinal observations corresponded to previous results of cross‐sectional data.
A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: III. A motor substrate—the ventrolateral complex
Authors: Armstrong Este
Published: August 2005

Nuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya of the thalamic ventrolateral complex (VL), a neural substrate for movement, were measured in specimens from two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans, and the values were compared. The human VL had about one‐and‐a‐half times as many neurons as did those of the great apes. The relative frequencies of the sizes of nerve cell perikarya differed slightly in the ventrolateral segment of VL; no differences were noted in the rest of VL. Compared with findings from other parts of the thalamus, the differences in the volumes of VL were greater than those found in the thalamic sensory nuclei, similar to those of rest of the thalamus, and less than those found in the whole brain. The increased number of neurons in human VL was similar to that of the somatosensory relay complex, but greater than those of the auditory and visual nuclei and less than those of the limbic and association nuclei. In human evolution, the numbers of neurons in the VL appeared to increase at a faster rate than did neurons of the pyramidal tract, whereas the motor cortex apparently increased at a rate greater than VL.
Blood groups and types, hemoglobin variants, and G‐6‐PD deficiency among Abu Dhabians in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Kamel K. , Chandy R. , Mousa H. , Yunis D.
Published: August 2005

Some erythrocyte genetic factors were studied in the indigenous population of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, on the south‐eastern coast of the Arabian peninsula. Determinations carried out included blood groups and types ABO, MNS, Rho, KkJsa, FyaFyb, P1, Lea, Vela, hemoglobin variants, and screening for G‐6‐PD deficiency.

Prevalence of most blood groups and types harmonized with that among neighboring Arabs and some Arabs elsewhere. The MS and NS gene complexes were noticeably high. African admixture was expressed by the presence of Jsa and Hb S and large numbers of Fy. G‐6‐PD deficiency was rather high.
The vermiculate surface pattern in brow ridges of Australopithecines and other very ancient hominids
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: August 2005

A convoluted surface pattern of fine ridges, pits, and grooves characterized the brow ridges of Australopithecines and other very ancient fossil hominids. This vermiculate configuration terminated rather abruptly just below the fronto‐zygomatic suture in Australopithecines. It was resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures, contrasting with the smooth but structurally oriented zygomatic bone adjacent to it. The pattern apparently developed as individuals matured. The vermiculate pattern seems to have been a feature of brow surface in hominids through much of their identifiable history, despite substantial changes in shape and size of the supraorbital region during human evolution. Limitations on the area of vermiculate surface in Australopithecines suggest that the pattern was associated in some yet undetermined manner with overlying soft tissues. This gives evidence on the cause and functional significance of the vermiculate pattern in Neandertal and modern crania. Problems of describing surfaces as “vermiculate” are raised by observation of elaborations of surface relief on two individuals.
Brachymesophalangia V in Hottentot and “Cape Colored” children in Namibia (South West Africa) and South Africa
Authors: Singer Ronald , Kimura Kunihiko , Gajisin Stanislav
Published: August 2005

In order to determine the incidence of Brachymesophalangia V, an inspectional and metrical analysis was made of radiographs of 67 Nama‐speaking Hottentots aged 2 to 17.5 years, and 210 Rehoboth Basters (in Namibia) and Cape Colored children (near Cape Town) aged 1.5 to 21 years. None of the children displayed cone‐shaped epiphysis or early union, and none showed Brachymesophalangia V. It was confirmed that the incidence of Brachymesophalangia V is considerably higher in Mongoloid populations than in Caucasoid or Negroid groups, including Hottentots.
Locomotion of the slow loris in a designed substrate context
Authors: Dykyj Daria
Published: August 2005

This report analyzes the locomotion of a slow loris, Nycticebus coucang, in a designed substrate context composed of dowels varying in: (1) thickness, including diameters of 42mm, 20mm, 10mm, and 7mm; (2) inclination, including horizontal, diagonal, and vertical; (3) density, with one‐half the cage more densely furnished with dowels than the other. Tabulation of frequencies of use of these different classes of substrate revealed preferences for thicker (20mm and 42mm) and more horizontally inclined surfaces, but not for either of the two sections of the cage. The data for the parameters of thickness and inclination agree with those obtained by Charles‐Dominique ('71) for free‐ranging Perodicticus, both sets contrasting with his data on substrate use by the sympatric Arctocebus. Locomotor performance, as judged by gait and segmental kinematic patterns, was, however, markedly different in the two sections, as well as on the wire wall of the cage. Analysis of these quantitative and qualitative data suggests that the interaction between the cheiridea and substrate parameters frequently determines the expression of other features of locomotor performance.
The first seriatim study of human growth and middle aging
Authors: Roche Alex F. , Garn Stanley M. , Reynolds Earle L. , Robinow Meinhard , Sontag Lester W.
Published: August 2005

The serial record of growth and recumbent length and stature for one individual during nearly 50 years is presented, together with increments derived from these data.
Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat and its description by multivariate methods: How valid are principal components?
Authors: Mueller William H. , Wohlleb James C.
Published: August 2005

Principal components analyses of subcutaneous fat measurements covering arm, trunk, and leg areas of the body were performed on 44 samples varying in sex, age, and ethnicity of subjects; measurement technique; and number of sites studied. Three major components emerged, similar in all samples: A first component of obesity, a second component of anatomical fat distribution contrasting trunk and extremity fat, and a third distributional component contrasting leg and arm fat. These components did not appear to vary with age (school children to older adults), sex, ethnicity (Black‐White), technique (caliper, ultrasound, or X‐rays), or number of sites (five to 13). The three major components are similar to vectors of obesity and relative fat patterning reported earlier by anthroposcopic (Skerlj et al., 1953) and graphic (Garn, 1955) methods. One of the pattern components (trunk‐extremity) appears to correspond to a body build continuum associated with adult chronic diseases (Vague, 1956). The stability of these components among samples that differ in several characteristics suggests the validity of these components in describing aspects of body build of anthropological and epidemiological importance.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. II. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: August 2005

The general lack of phenotypic correlation among skeletal nonmetric traits has been interpreted as indicating a lack of genetic correlation among these traits. Nonmetric traits scored on animals in the skeletal collection of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago are used to calculate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between traits. The results show that even when phenotypic correlations are low, there may be large, significant genetic correlations among these traits. The genetic correlation pattern suggests that genes which affect nonmetric trait variation act primarily at a local level in the cranium, even though there are genes with pleiotropic effects on skeletal nonmetric traits throughout the cranium. Environmental and phenotypic correlations do not show this neighborhood pattern of correlation.
The ontogeny of premolar dental wear in Cercocebus albigena (cercopithecidae)
Authors: Kay Richard F.
Published: August 2005

The orientation of striated wear facets on primate teeth serves as a useful guide for reconstructing jaw movements during mastication. Most wear facets on the molars are formed during one of the two well‐documented movements, Phase I or Phase II, of the power stroke. Another jaw movement direction, “orthal retraction” (OR) has been proposed to account for a third set of facets occasionally present on the pointed tips of premolars and molars. Evidence advanced here indicates that OR facets on pointed anterior premolars (P3) of cercopithecoids are actually Phase I facets that have become reoriented as a result of a rotation of this tooth during its eruption. “Orthal retraction” probably does not exist as a discrete masticatory phase.
Possible “atavistic” structures in human aneuploids
Authors: Aziz M. Ashraf
Published: August 2005

Comprehensive dissections of aneuploid (trisomy 18 and 13) neonates have revealed numerous supernumerary muscles that, although present in rare individuals, do not regularly occur in the human. These supernumerary muscles include: “platysma occipitalis,” “rhomboideus occipitalis,” “deltopectoral” complex, “latissimocondyloideus,” “pectorodorsalis,” “chondrohumeralis,” and “peroneus digiti quinti”; a few muscles, e.g., palmaris longus and brevis are lacking altogether. One specimen exhibited a “linguofacial trunk” arising from the external carotid artery. The supernumerary muscles found in these aneuploid specimens are regularly found in monkeys and sometimes in the great apes. It is suggested that these supernumerary muscles may be “atavistic” structures. Problems in establishing homologies between these muscles among primates are discussed, and mechanisms leading to the development of these muscles in human aneuploids are proposed.
Association of relatively delayed emergence of mandibular molars with molar reduction and molar position
Authors: Anderson Donald L. , Popovich Frank
Published: August 2005

Among 234 children examined annually from age three to 20 years at the Burlington Growth Centre, there was statistically significant cooccurrence of early and late emergence sequences of the permanent first and second molars relative to the central incisors and second premolars in the same jaw and in both jaws. Alternatively, mandibular molar delay was not accompanied by corresponding maxillary molar delay, and the mandibular molars emerged later than the maxillary molars. This was strongly associated with Angle Class II malocclusion, indicating a relationship between relative time of emergence and relative position of opposing molars. Delay of the mandibular molar relative to the successional teeth or maxillary molars was associated with increased frequency of four cusped first and second molars and agenesis of third molars, indicating a tendency for co‐occurrence of delay in timing of molar emergence with reduction in structure of the molars. These relationships were evident even though emergences were affected by early loss of a deciduous second molar which increased M1I1 and M2P2 sequences by earlier emergence of M1 and delayed emergence of P2.
Changes in articular eminence morphology with dental function
Authors: Hinton Robert J.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of mandibular fossa depth and slope of the articular eminence were obtained for human skeletal samples chosen to represent a wide spectrum of subsistence strategies and oral function: hunter‐gatherers (Eskimos, Australians), American Indians dependent to a variable extent on maize agriculture, and early twentieth century American whites and blacks. In the Eskimo and Australian samples, a generalized and steady increase in fossa depth and slope was observed with increasing functional age (tooth wear) through wear level 5 (of 8), followed by a levelling off or slight decrease in fossa depth in later wear levels on the anterior teeth and a sharp decrease in fossa depth in later wear levels on the molars. Although much less consistent due in part to extensive and early molar loss, patterns of variation in the remaining samples were characterized overall by a decrease in fossa depth and slope with increasing wear, especially on the molars. Further, in those samples with high incidences of posterior tooth loss, fossa depth was routinely less and the eminence more gently sloped in subsamples having experienced molar loss than in subsamples retaining all their molars. These data provide evidence that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) undergoes continuous morphological alteration throughout adult life, and that these alterations are probably mediated by dental function. Moreover, they suggest that differences in patterning of such alterations may exist among human groups with contrasting patterns of tooth use.
The estimation of age at death and ages of formation of transverse lines from measurements of human long bones
Authors: Hunt Edward E. , Hatch James W.
Published: August 2005

A radiographic method is presented which estimates the age at death from the diaphyseal length of a child's long bone or bones. Mean lengths are calculated from adult males and females separately in the skeletal population under study, and the child's age derived from the proportion of adult length attained at his or her death. The calculations come from double logistic curves originally derived from a sample of Colorado children (McCammon, 1970). In radiographs of immature or adult long bones, similar equations are based on the location of the center of ossification, from which distances to transverse lines yield estimated ages when these lines were formed. In a population, ages at death, ages of attainment of transverse lines, and ages when anomalous enamel is laid down in teeth are all contributions to paleopathology and paleodemography. These equations can predict when spaced transverse lines were annually formed. If such spaced lines can be seen in radiographs of early fossil hominids, their spacing can distinguish between short childhood, as in apes, and the longer immature developmental span found in modern children.
The functional morphometrics of the hip and thigh in leaping prosimians
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , German Rebecca , McArdle John E.
Published: August 2005

Examination of the form of the hip and thigh through discriminant function analysis of a series of 15 osteometric indices taken upon 289 specimens of 20 sets of leaping prosimians distinguishes four groups.

Around a centrally located group of the various species of Lemur are three separate rays: one containing the three indriid genera (Propithecus, Indri, and Avahi), a second including the galagines and Tarsius, and a third comprising the two species of Cheirogaleus and the genus Microcebus. The lemurine genus Lepilemur lies intermediately between the central group of lemurs and the indriids. The lemurine genus Hapalemur lies intermediately between, on the one hand, the centrally located group of lemurs, and on the other, each of the two groups, cheirogaleines and galagines‐plus‐tarsiers. The arrangements of the particular species within each of these last two groups separately is from those that leap least to those that leap most.

Given that the structure of the hip and thigh is related to the biomechanical demands of leaping, the existence of these separate morphological groups implies the existence of different biomechanical modes of leaping. Such meager taxonomic and behavioral information as is available seems to support this idea, although it is not impossible that other aspects of the behaviors of the animals may also be associated.

This information sets up a series of new behavioral hypotheses that might be tested by better field and laboratory studies aimed more precisely at locomotion. And this information may be useful in helping to make assessments of particular fossils and in helping determine how various prosimian locomotor modes may have evolved.
Upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. , Smith Fred H. , Malez Mirko , Radovčić Jakov , Rukavina Darko
Published: August 2005

Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian‐associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian‐associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sample evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Compared with the western European Neandertals, the same trends can be demonstrated, although the magnitude of difference is less, and there is a potential for confusing temporal with regional sources of variation. The early Upper Paleolithic‐associated sample cannot be distinguished from the Mousterian‐associated hominids. We believe that this site provides support for Hrdlička's “Neandertal phase” of human evolution, as it was originally applied in Europe.
A nonparametric distance analysis of biochemical genetic data from the Åland Islands, Finland
Authors: Carmelli Dorit , Jorde L. B.
Published: August 2005

Biochemical genetic data from 3272 individuals from the Åland Islands, Finland, are analyzed using a recently developed set of nonparametric genetic distance measures. These measures are more robust than the traditional methods used in previous studies of this population. While there was general agreement in the results of the traditional and nonparametric approaches, some important differences were seen. In these cases, the nonparametric methods gave results more congruent with population history, geographic propinquity, and migration patterns. Heterozygosity measures were also calculated for the Åland Islands population and compared to values obtained for Jewish populations. The total heterozygosity values were very similar.
Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288‐1) from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia
Authors: Johanson Donald C. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Kimbel William H. , White Tim D. , Ward Steven C. , Bush Michael E. , Latimer Bruce M. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

The upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288‐1, “Lucy”). This specimen is described in detail and selected measurements and illustrations are provided.
Hominid upper limb bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Anatomical descriptions are presented for the bones of the upper limb recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons, inclusive.
Hominid lower limb bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Anatomical descriptions are presented for the bones of the lower limb recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons, inclusive.
Hominid tarsal, metatarsal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Latimer Bruce M. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Anatomical descriptions are presented for the foot bones recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons inclusive.
Genetic basis of hair histomorphological variables
Authors: Das‐Chaudhuri A. B. , Chopra V.
Published: August 2005

The genetic basis of scalp hair histomorphological variables, such as incidence of medulla, diameter, area of cross‐section, cross‐sectional index, and weight has been examined in a Bengalee hair sample (India) by family study. The results of correlation analysis between different combinations of parents and offspring together with sibs indicate the involvement of a significant genetic component in variability. The estimates of heritability based on regression coefficients of parent–child are 0.725 (incidence of medullation), 0.534 (diameter), 0.466 (area of cross‐section), 0.673 (cross‐sectional index), and 0.369 (weight). Moreover, there is little evidence of X‐linkage involved in the hair variables.
The morphology and wear of the lingual notch in macaques and langurs
Authors: Teaford Mark F.
Published: August 2005

Although interspecific differences in the relative development of molar occlusal features have been documented for most primate species, wear‐related changes in these features are only beginning to be understood. In the present study, the notch between the metaconid and entoconid of M2 was examined in a skeletal sample of Macaca fascicularis, Presbytis cristatus, and Presbytis rubicunda from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Photogrammetric analyses yielded X, Y, and Z coordinates that were used to compute three angular measurements and two length measurements at the lingual notch. Statistical analyses of measurements from unworn dentitions indicated that the mesial slope of the entoconid is steeper than the distal slope of the metaconid in all three species. In addition, interspecific comparisons demonstrated that P. cristatus has the steepest lingual notch bordered by the largest molar shearing crests, while P. rubicunda and M. fascicularis have molar shearing crests of similar size, with P. rubicunda merely having higher cusps that are closer together than those of M. fascicularis. Fanally, P. cristatus shows a smaller decrease in lingual cusp relief with wear than M. fascicularis, while P. cristatus and P. rubicunda probably show similar decreases in lingual cusp relief with wear. The differences in wear‐related changes in lingual cusp relief between M. fascicularis and P. cristatus may well be related to the frugivorous/folivorous dietary differences between these species.
Cortical bone formation and diet among protohistoric iroquoians
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan , King Patricia
Published: August 2005

Two samples of protohistoric Iroquoians are found to show low values for bone formation indicators. Two southern Ontario ossuary samples, Kleinburg (1600 AD, N = 561) and Uxbridge (1490 ± 80 AD, N = 457) are examined. Mean values for the cortical index (Barnett and Nordin, 1960) and percent cortical area (Garn, 1970) are consistently below expected normal values. Some of the lowest values may reflect the presence of a disease state. Nevertheless, it is argued that the results may indicate chronic dietary insufficiencies. Both absolute calcium intake and the calcium to phosphorous ratio are discussed as possible causative factors.
On the variability of “flexion creases” in the distal plantar areas of newborns
Authors: Hauser G. , Bartl W. , Wytek R.
Published: August 2005

The plantae of 83 male and 95 female healthy, full‐term Caucasian newborns from Austria (gestational age 235–301 days) were photographed and the flexion creases in the distal part were examined. Analysis of the creases was done under four different aspects, the main evaluation based on a scheme of nine creases introduced by Schenk and Patzer (1959). Two transversal (No. 1 and No. 9) and three longitudinal (Nos. 3, 6, and 7) creases are always or predominantly present, a finding corresponding with the data of Schenk on 52 male and 48 female newborns from Germany. In addition, the nine plantar creases were evaluated according to six degrees of expression, and some typical crease combinations are shown. Bilateral and bisexual similarity prevails. The results of this study might serve investigations of different populations and of medical disorders.
An anthropobiological study in Basse Kotto (Central Africa). I. Erythrocyte and sero‐genetic markers: An analysis of the genetic differentiation
Authors: Spedini Gabriella , Walter Hubert , Capucci Enrico , Fuciarelli Maria , Rickards Olga , Aebischer Maria Luisa , Crosti Nicoletta
Published: August 2005

Phenotype and allele frequencies for hemoglobin types (Hbβ), acid phosphatase (AcP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1 and PGM2), esterase D (EsD), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD), glyoxalase I (GLO), superoxide dismutase (SOD A), and adenylate kinase (AK) as well as for haptoglobins (Hp), group‐specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), Gm, and Inv groups and albumin, are reported in the Mbugu, Sango, Yakpa, and Baya Mandja ethnic groups in the Basse Kotto district of the Central African Republic. The total sample size amounts to 133 males and 128 females aged from 16 to 60, unrelated and healthy. A new albumin variant (albumin Mbugu) is described and discussed. The average heterozygosity is high in each group because of a high degree of exogamy. The FST average standardized value among the four groups indicates that the genetic differentiation in Basse Kotto is at level of about 2%. This indicates that the four examined groups might be considered genetically homogeneous, in spite of their different ethnic origins. The genetic distances among the four groups show that only the Baya Mandja are less closely related to the other three groups because of their foreign origin.
A comparison of dermatoglyphic methodologies in population studies
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Chopra V. P.
Published: August 2005

Use of dermatoglyphics in population studies has been marked by a great deal of methodological variation among investigators. We compare various dermatoglyphic approaches using data derived from four groups in the Kumaon region of India. Dermatoglyphic data included ridge‐counts and other quantitative variables, and the classification systems of Cummins and Midlo and Penrose and Loesch. Results were evaluated against anthropometric and serological relationships. No clearly superior approach emerges, although it is generally true that palmar variables exhibit more intergroup heterogeneity than digital variables and produce more reasonable results than the other approaches. The conventional method of treating ridge‐counts, that of choosing the larger of the two counts, was the most unsatisfactory of the quantitative approaches, leading to the recommendation that both radial and ulnar counts be retained. We conclude that environmental variation may contribute substantially to intergroup variation.
Osteological evidence for smallpox: A possible case from seventeenth century Ontario
Authors: Jackes M. K.
Published: August 2005

Identification of possible osteomyelitis variolosa in a Neutral Indian cemetery dated to just before A.D. 1650 provides the first recognition of smallpox in an archaeological context. The radiological literature is reviewed to support the identification. The ethnohistorical literature is at odds with the evidence presented and the historical background is briefly discussed, together with the ambiguities and contradictions in both primary and secondary sources.
Tale of tails: Parallelism and prehensility
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L.
Published: August 2005

The occurrence of prehensile tails among only five platyrrhine genera–Cebus, Alouatta, Lagothrix, Ateles, and Brachyteles–might be interpreted as evidence that these are a closely related, possibly monophyletic group. In the absence of behavioral data, it is impossible to test whether all possess equivalent biological roles; such would lend credence to the idea that their tails evolved from an homologous, derived character complex. Contrariwise, the tendency for species of Cebus to have “averagely” proportioned or relatively short tails, in contrast to the relatively elongate tails of howlers and other atelines; osteological differences in caudal and sacral morphology; and a lack of atelinelike tail/neocortex correlates in Cebus, all imply that prehensility has evolved twice in parallel: once (homologously) in atelines and again in capuchins.
The body build and composition of Samoan children: Relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight‐for‐length status
Authors: Bindon James R.
Published: August 2005

The relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight‐for‐length groups (<25th percentile or >75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight‐for‐length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight‐for‐length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle‐fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle‐fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight‐for‐length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income.
Comparison of body composition in middle‐aged and elderly males using computed tomography
Authors: Borkan Gary A. , Hults David E. , Gerzof Stephen G. , Robbins Alan H.
Published: August 2005

Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken of 21 middle‐aged men (mean age 46.3 years) and 20 older men (mean age 69.4 years) to measure differences in body composition with age. Overall, the older men weighed 8.2 kg less than the middle‐aged men, and this difference was primarily the result of their having less lean tissue. Although fat mass (by whole body potassium counting) was only slightly less in older men, there were distributional differences in fat between the age groups. Total abdomen adipose tissue area (from CT) was similar in both groups, although the subcutaneous portion of the abdomen adipose tissue was less in the older men, and they had correspondingly more adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity. Muscle areas of the leg and arm were significantly less in the older men, as were all lean tissues of the abdomen and chest. When these data were corrected for differences in body weight with age, the results were still significant, suggesting a centripetalization and internalization of fat with age. Causes of this apparent fat redistribution and decrease of lean tissue with age were not revealed by this study and are presently unknown.
Gene flow across tribal barriers and its effect among the Amazonian Içana river Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Gershowitz H. , Mohrenweiser H. , Neel J. V. , Smouse P. E. , Mestriner M. A. , Weimer T. A. , Franco M. H. L. P. , Simões A. L. , Constans J. , Oliveira A. E. , de Melo E Freitas M. J.
Published: August 2005

Demographic information was obtained from 622 individuals of five communities of primarily Baniwa Amerindians living near the Içana river in Brazil. Four of these populations, plus another from the same area, were also studied genetically. The latter investigation included the blood and, in some cases, saliva of 531 subjects, variously tested in relation to 40 genetic systems. Demographically these groups are characterized by young age, high intertribal admixture, low non‐Indian admixture, high exogamy but low marital distance and high inbreeding, high fertility but low variance in offspring number, and relatively low mortality. Their gene pool shows a peptidase B variant (PEPB2BAN1) and “private” polymorphism of carbonic anhydrase2 (CA2BAN1) until now observed only among them. Other distinctive characteristics are the low frequencies of LNS (0.08), LNs (0.09), Rz (0.01), RO or r (0.02), ACPA (0.08), GALTD (0.01), and the relatively high prevalences of Gm1;11,13,16 (0.05) and Gc1 (0.82). TfDehi occurs with a low prevalence (0.01). Genetic distance analysis reveals that the one Baniwa sample by history comprised of minimally admixed individuals is quite similar genetically to the Wapishana, another Arawak‐speaking tribe some 900 km to the east, and that the genetic distances between the Baniwa communities reflect the amount of historical admixture in a way that indicates which should be excluded from considerations of intertribal genetic distances. Finally, the genetic relation of the Baniwa to the nearby tribes is examined.
A population study of the jugular foramen bridging of the human cranium
Authors: Dodo Yukio
Published: August 2005

The author previously proposed a simple standard for diagnosing the jugular foramen bridging in man. The incidence of this bridging trait was investigated according to that standard in nine cranial series of East Indians, Micronesians, Japanese, Ainu, Mongols, Aleuts, Alaskan Eskimos, Canadian Eskimos, and Ontario Iroquois. No sex difference in incidence of the trait was recognized. Side difference in trait incidence was also slight but was statistically significant in the combined series of all the population samples examined. The bridging trait occurred more frequently on the right side than on the left side. Occurrences of the bridging trait were definitely associated between sides. Incidence of the trait was less in East Indians, Ontario Iroquois, and Micronesians, but greater in Alaskan Eskimos and Canadian Eskimos, the incidences in Japanese, Ainu, Aleuts, and Mongols being intermediate. The differences in trait incidence among the nine population samples were considered to reflect the differences in genetic compositions of these specific populations.
Quantitative genetics of cranial nonmetric traits in randombred mice: Heritability and etiology
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T. , McGrath Janet W.
Published: August 2005

Cheverud and Buikstra (1981) demonstrated a tendency for nonmetric traits representing the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those representing hyperstotic or hypostotic traits in a sample of rhesus macaques. Based on this observation, Cheverud and Buikstra hypothesize that differences in the heritability of the two sets of traits may be due to differences in trait etiology. This study addresses the proposed relationship between trait heritability and etiology. Heritability values are calculated for 35 cranial nonmetric traits in a sample of 320 randombred mice using analysis of variance. The results are minimally consistent with the etiological hypothesis, but only 4 of the 35 traits showed statistically significant heritability values. These results are discussed with reference to the assumption that nonmetric traits have a strong genetic component. It is concluded that the developmental pathways that genetic variation traverses before being expressed in the form of nonmetric traits must be understood before variation in nonmetric traits can be used to its fullest potential.
Comparison of biometric data of children with high and low levels of lead in the blood
Authors: Lauwers M.‐C. , Hauspie R. C. , Susanne C. , Verheyden J.
Published: August 2005

This paper deals with a biometric study of 312 boys and girls, aged 2.5–16 years, living in an area with a long history of pollution by lead. The aim was to search for eventual relationships between ten biometric variables and measures of lead absorption in the bodies, i.e. the amount of lead in the blood (PbB), of these children.

Standardized values of the biometric variables were compared in the high‐PbB and low‐PbB categories, by multivariate analysis of variance. Comparison of the vectors of the ten biometric variables reveals a significant difference between the two categories of PbB levels.

We found some evidence that the younger children (below 8 years of age) are more likely to absorb lead in the body and are more vulnerable to the effects of subclinical lead intoxication than their older counterparts. The differences between the averages of biometric variables in the two PbB categories are consistently (although not significantly) greater among younger children. This trend disappeared in the older age group.

These results confirm data from the literature that young children are especially at risk. It can be concluded that there is a subtle, but significant, influence of lead absorption on the biometric profiles of children and that this effect is probably more important in children below 8 years of age.
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of the skin ridge pattern intensities
Authors: Loesch Danuta Z.
Published: August 2005

Bivariate correlations and multivariate (factor) analysis of pattern intensities on individual fingers and all specified areas of palms and soles were performed in a large sample of 834 individuals from two rural districts of Poland, and in a sample of 383 school children from the city of Warsaw, with males and females considered separately.

Eleven factors were extracted in all samples, including two for finger pattern intensities, and the remaining nine for palmar or sole individual areas, or some of their combinations. Patterns of intercorrelation between variables and the factor structure matrices were essentially similar in all subsamples, but several factors differed in the amount of variance they contributed to individual variables, or the factors occupied somewhat different positions when ranked in respect of the contribution to the total variance. Orthogonal and oblique rotation were applied to the data, but only the results of the latter were tabulated and fully discussed.

In contrast with finger patterns, separate and independent factors have mainly been extracted for individual pattern intensities on palms or soles. Nevertheless the obtained factor solution on the whole is not incompatible with the concept of developmental induction fields. It is postulated that the factor structure may be susceptible to natural selection acting through functional preferences in man, and that epistatic interaction may account for some common factors.
Cutmarks on the Engis 2 calvaria?
Authors: Russell Mary D. , LeMort Françoise
Published: August 2005

An examination of the surface morphology of the juvenile Neandertal calvaria, Engis 2, has resulted in the discovery of several series of incised striations. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss these striations. A preliminary interpretation of at least some of the striations as cutmarks, made at or near the time of the child's death, is offered.
Porotic hyperostosis in a marine‐dependent California Indian population
Authors: Walker Phillip L.
Published: August 2005

A maize‐based iron‐ and protein‐deficient diet is commonly cited as the most important cause of porotic hyperostosis among American Indian agriculturalists. An alternative to this maize dependence hypothesis is suggested by the analysis of 432 crania from the nonagricultural, fish‐dependent population of the Channel Island area of southern California. Cribra orbitalia, a form of porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, is just as common among these fisherpeople, whose diet was rich in iron and essential amino acids, as it is among maize‐dependent agriculturalists. Northern Channel Island crania have much more cribra orbitalia than those from the California mainland. The highest incidence is on San Miguel, a small geographically isolated island with a shortage of fresh water and terrestrial resources. The Indians who lived on Santa Cruz, the largest of the northern Channel Islands with the greatest diversity of terrestrial plants and animals, have less cribra orbitalia than those who lived on Santa Rosa or San Miguel Island. This geographical distribution appears to be explained by island‐mainland and interisland differences in water contamination, exposure to fish‐borne parasites, and nutritional adequacy of the diet.

The prevalence of porotic hyperostosis in a population with a heavy dietary dependence on marine resources shows that among prehistoric American Indians, this condition is not always associated with an iron‐ and protein‐deficient diet of cultigens. It seems likely that high nutrient losses associated with diarrheal disease are often more significant in the etiology of porotic hyperostosis than a low dietary intake of essential nutrients.