bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1995–1996
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The New York theatre season was getting shorter. Although it still officially started on June 1 and ran to May 31, in reality a large percentage of shows on Broadway were being crowded into March and April as producers hoped to cash in on the awards season. On March 1, 1996, sixteen of Broadway’s thirty-two houses were empty; by the end of April only four were dark. This annual blossoming of so much theatre in late spring was becoming an embarrassment of riches and made for some pretty sparse theatregoing during the earlier months.
Tectonics of the Mechanical Man
Authors: Kubrick Stanley
Published: November 2023

Stanley Kubrick aspired to be the novelist of American filmmakers. Not in the form and content of his work—though his films were almost all based on novels—but in the means of their production and of their creator’s life. After what he perceived as the personal disaster of Spartacus (1960), he left the United States, took up residence north of London, and worked independently, first with his producer, James Harris; then, when Harris left after setting up the production of Dr. Strangelove (1963), on his own.1  2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) allowed him a margin of financial independence. The collapse of a planned production on Napoleon put that independence in question, but with the success of A Clockwork Orange (1971) he entered into an arrangement with Warner Bros., which allowed him to develop, write, produce, and edit his films without much consultation with the studio and with guaranteed distribution. All the films were made with a minimum of pre-release publicity and no public appearance by their director. Unwilling to fly, he had not been in the United States since the premier of 2001, and that isolation took a certain toll. His later films suffered from a certain cultural airlessness, and he seemed to have a great deal of trouble making them. Seven years passed between The Shining (1980) and Full Metal Jacket (1987, in which a North London gas works and imported palm trees stood in for Vietnam), eleven years until Eyes Wide Shut (1999, which had one of the longest shoots in history and in which stage sets stood for the streets of New York).
Complexity and Stability
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Why are there so many species on coral reefs? What normally supports high species diversity? Are populations of species on coral reefs maintained in relative balance?1 Are periodic large disturbances part of the long—term ecological processes on coral reefs? These issues entangled the heart of the scientific debates over whether the crown—of—thorns infestations were natural or human—induced, what the effects of the infestations were, and what should be done about them. Two competing conceptions underlay the controversy.
Cyclical Outcries
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef reached the newspapers in Aus—tralia in the early 1980s with new allegations of a conspiracy by the “authorities” to conceal the extent of starfish damage and their unwillingness to do anything about it.1 Such articles as “Reef Killer Plague,” and “Re—· turn of the Coral Killers,” informed readers that the second major plague, possibly worse than the first, was “being covered up by a combination of silence and ignorance.” 2 The Melbourne newspaper, The Age, raised the question: ‘‘Are we heading for The Great Barren Reef?”3 There were renewed claims that tourist operators were trying to keep the public in the dark about the new “plague”—of”monumental proportions … so big it makes your mind boggle.”4 Endean reportedly stated that “nobody is say ing anything because they don’t want to stir the possum—I would say this present infestation is much worse than the first one.” At the same time other marine ecologists told reporters they were reluctant to become involved because of the political aspects.
Peifectionism
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

Let us return to the Nozick/Kane thought experiments and remind ourselves that they contain the seeds for a theory of welfare distinct not only from experientialism but from the desire account as well. I have argued at some length that, although the figure of the experience machine may be successful in showing that nonexperiential items matter to us or have value for us, the somewhat natural inclination to thereby adopt a desire theory of welfare, a theory that tells us that the valuable is made valuable in virtue of our desires, should be resisted. The “perfectionist theory of welfare” or, more simply, “perfectionism,” removes the constitutive power from desires and replaces it with, at most, a merely identificatory efficacy. Although examination of our desires may provide a good, or perhaps even infallible, indication of what items have value for us, the desires, themselves, have no efficacy in conferring value.
Sight-Singing Lesson Models
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents lesson models for choral singers who possess varying degrees of skill. It is organized sequentially, from prenotational to advanced readers. The sight-singing system presented with each lesson varies (numbers, movable “do,” fixed “do”), not because the lesson requires it but to illustrate that any sight-singing system can be used. All of the lessons are designed to be presented as an activity separate from the rehearsal of the literature. Integrating sight-singing into rehearsal will be the topic of chapter 5.
The Narcotic Clinic Era
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

Dr. Terry’s narcotic clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, may have been the first one established in the United States by a government agency, but it is likely that some arrangements for collective care of a locality’s addicts had been made before that time. Poor addicts were the chief clients for clinics; those who preferred not to publicize their addiction could get their drugs more expensively elsewhere-legally and without much difficulty until about 1919. The clinic for addicts was an extension of the program of clinics set up by health departments to treat tuberculosis, mental illness, or syphilis. Some narcotic clinics were part of a general health clinic; others were separate and specialized.
The Return of Drug Toleration, 1965–1985
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

Gradually, at times imperceptibly, in the years after World War I, use of narcotics in the United States declined. The nadir was reached during World War II; not only had usage gone down prior to those hostilities, but it declined even further as the disruption of international transportation cut down on supplies. From being easily available and commonly used, heroin, morphine and cocaine almost faded out of nonmedical situations: when someone was caught with drugs, the event elicited headlines and comment. Once commonplace, narcotics use waned into little more than rumors about this physician or that movie star. Personal knowledge of a “dope fiend” was unusual for the vast majority of Americans by the 1950s.
The Dynamics of Narcotic Control
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

American concern with narcotics is more than a medical or legal problem-it is in the fullest sense a political problem. The energy that has given impetus to drug control and prohibition came from profound tensions among socio-economic groups, ethnic minorities, and generations-as well as the psychological attraction of certain drugs. The form of this control has been shaped by the gradual evolution of constitutional law and the lessening limitation of federal police powers. The bad results of drug use and the number of drug users have often been exaggerated for partisan advantage. Public demand for action against drug abuse has led to regulative decisions that lack a true regard for the reality of drug use. Relations with foreign nations, often the sources of the drugs, have been a theme in the domestic scene from the beginning of the American antinarcotic movement. Narcotics addiction has proven to be one of the most intractable medical inquiries ever faced by American clinicians and scientists. Disentangling the powerful factors which create the political issue of drug abuse may help put the problem in better perspective.
Decision-making under Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

What shall I do when I am uncertain what I morally ought to do? Philosophers have paid little attention to this sort of question. Yet moral uncertainty lurks in the background of many of our moral decisions. And given the notorious difficulty of answering moral questions, moral uncertainty is often fitting and proper. It is not difficult to find reputable ethicists and plausible arguments on opposite sides of important ethical issues. In fact, certainty about the moral propriety of one’s actions may betray one’s philosophical naivete or, worse, an attitude of narrow-mindedness or fanaticism. This is true not only of highly conspicuous moral controversies, such as those about abortion, physician-assisted suicide, sexual behavior, capital punishment, and so on. A heightened sensitivity to moral considerations may produce a realization that their scope is much broader than we formerly appreciated. We may come to understand that they extend even to our decisions about how we shall use the time and resources at our disposal. At this moment, instead of writing this page, I could be collecting donations for a Third World relief organization or teaching an illiterate person to read.
Shall I Act Supererogatorily?
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

There is an important criticism of my approach to moral decision-making, which is embodied in PR4 and PRS, that I have yet to consider. PR4 and PRS advise us always to do the best that we can, morally speaking, when we are not sure of the moral rightness of any of our options. Doing the best that we can, I have argued, amounts to maximizing the expected moral rightness of our actions. However, some ethicists contend that morality itself does not require us always to do the best that we can. And some make the same claim about rationality-that it at least sometimes happens that we can act rationally without maximizing intrinsic value (for oneself or others) or anything else. We must draw a distinction. it is argued, between what morality or rationality requires of us and what goes beyond those requirements. Acts that go “beyond the call of duty “ are said to be supererogatory. In order to distinguish between duty and supererogation, it is claimed, we must observe limits on duty and not think of duty as always maximizing or optimizing with respect to some desirable quantity.
Long-Run Morality
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

The decisions that I make today often affect what decisions I shall make tomorrow. For example, if I decide not to go to work today, tomorrow I shall have to decide how to dispatch the tasks that accumulated in my absence. In general, the decisions that we make in the short run often determine to a significant degree the decisions that we shall face in the long run. My present decision whether to become an engineer or a lawyer, assuming that I maintain it, may determine a decade from now whether my decisions then will affect public safety in a significant way or will enable some injured party to obtain just compensation.
Is There Evidence Supporting Moral Relativism?
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

We turn now to the claim that the truth of moral relativism has been established by data anthropologists have gathered by studying various cultures. This means, of course, that until someone had done the relevant research, it was not known that morality is relative. Our investigation, therefore, must proceed with the following idea: There was a time at which an anthropologist was not yet a relativist, then he came upon some ethnographic data that led him to conclude that morality is relative. So we need to ask: What sort of data might that have been? What sort of discovery could persuade someone who is not yet a relativist that moral relativism is true? One thing we already know is that the data we are looking for supposedly show that there are different moralitiesamong the world’s various cultures.
Mom, Dad, Clone: Implications for Reproductive Privacy
Authors: Andrews Lori
Published: November 2023

On July 5, 1996, a sheep named Dolly was born in Scot- land, the result of the transfer of the nucleus of an adult mammary tissue cell to the enucleated egg cell of an unrelated sheep, and gestation in a third, surrogate mother sheep. Although for the past ten years scientists have routinely cloned sheep and cows from embryo cells, this was the first cloning experiment which apparently succeeded using the nucleus of an adult cell.
First Dolly, Now Polly: Policy Implications of the Birth of a Transgenic Cloned Lamb
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L
Published: November 2023

For all the attention given to Dolly, the first mammal cloned from a differentiated adult somatic cell, the real prize for scientists was Polly, a lamb cloned from sheep fetal cells who has a human gene in every cell of her body. Polly symbolizes potentially lucrative interventions in which cloning is a mechanism for efﬁciently modifying the genomes of animals for human medicine and commerce. She was what researchers wanted all along: a mammal for whom cloning facilitated genetic engineering. To the scientists who enabled her conception, Polly was the “true goal” and Dolly was a mere “detour.”
Socratic Ignorance
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

We can begin to come to grips with Socrates’ model of knowledge by turning first to the third and final distinctive feature of Socratic philosophy: his profession of ignorance. Many interpreters. both ancient and modern, have taken this profession to be insincere or ironic.
Neurobiology of Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Although the brain’s involvement in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness was suspected at least as early as the 5th century BC (see Chap. 1), the neurobiologic basis for sleep was a mystery until the 20th century. Research studies and clinical studies over the past several decades have shown that sleep is not simply the result of diminished function of waking systems. Rather, it is the consequence of an active process requiring appropriate interactions of a number of brainstem and cerebral systems. In general terms, the waking state is associated with high activity of monoaminergic and cholinergic projection systems; the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep state is associated with low activity of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems; and the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep state is associated with low monoaminergic activity and high cholinergic activity.
Chronobiology
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

The ability to regulate physiologic functions rhythmically is a phylogenetically ancient adaptation to the change in environment that accompanies the earth’s rotation, and circadian rhythms have been identified in almost all organisms from unicellular algae to primates. Although circadian rhythms of physiologic functions have been recognized since ancient times, for much of human history it was thought that this rhythmicity represented a passive response to environmental changes induced primarily by the rising and setting of the sun.
Ontogeny of Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Although sleep researchers have been interested for centuries in the development of the sleep state and its differentiation from wakefulness, little information about sleep patterns early in life could be obtained until the mid 20th century. Before that time, few tools were available to study prenatal sleep, and infants born 2013 months prematurely rarely survived. After the discovery of the electroencephalo gram (EEG), however, Lindsley, using monitors placed on the maternal abdomen, recorded fetal cardiac and cerebral electrical activity in 1942, and in 1951 Hughes and colleagues performed systematic EEG studies in infants born pre maturely.
Approach to the Patient
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Sleep medicine has probably been part of medical practice since the time of the first shamans and healers. Democritus (420 BC) in ancient Greece recognized that sleep disturbance is often a sign of ill health or disease. For example, he viewed insomnia as a consequence of a poor diet and day time sleepiness as a symptom of physical illness. In the Middle Ages, it was recognized that sleep could affect disorders such as asthma and epilepsy, and in the 17th-century, Thomas Willis described insomnia, nightmares, and restless legs in his work, The Practice of Physick.
Sleepiness and Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

The overwhelming desire for sleep, the cognitive and perceptual disturbances, and the altered judgment that accompany sleep deprivation (all shown in Chekhov’s story excerpted above) have been recognized for centuries. Soldiers suffer severe sleep deprivation during military campaigns; the military science of sleep logistics balances the cost of man-hours lost to sleep against the beneficial effects of sleep on performance and morale. 1 Sleep deprivation is often a technique of torture and interrogation. Physicians, particularly those in training, generally lose a great deal of sleep.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

The recognition that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder with disabling symptoms and substantial associated morbidity and mortality has had a profound impact on the field of sleep medicine. For most sleep specialists, sleep apnea is the principal diagnosis in at least two-thirds of their patients, and without sleep apnea, sleep medicine as a field probably would not exist. Few comparable situations exist in other fields of medicine. The development of mechanical ventilators, which led to the development of critical care medicine as a discipline, was a technological development, rather than a clinical one. The effect of tobacco smoking on pulmonary medicine is perhaps similar but the increase in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has occurred over nearly a century, whereas OSA was almost unrecognized as recently as 1964.
Electronic processes in polyacetylene (PA)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

Since the publication of the first edition (Pope and Swenberg 1982), the main activity on the theoretical front in the polyacetylenes has been the following: a verification of some of the main features of the Su et al. (1982) electronphonon-based soliton theories; an integration of soliton dynamics with those of polarons; the measurement of the lifetimes and kinetics of these quasiparticles; the inclusion of electron-electron interactions as an important partner to the electron-phonon interactions as the basis for a more complete theory of the quasi-particles and energy levels in t-PA; and finally the resolution of the question of whether the lowest optically excited state in t-PA is an exciton or a valence band-to-conduction band transition. The predominant evidence favors the formation of an overall neutral state with charge-transfer character following optical excitation to the first allowed electronic state. This tendency is maintained in the other polymers to be discussed, and is extended to some degree to higher excited states as well.
Electronic processes in polysilane (PS)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

In addition to the conjugated aromatic Jr-bonded organic compounds that constitute almost the entire group that possesses semiconducting properties, there is a sparsely populated group that depends on delocalized a-bonding. The dominant members of this group are the polysilanes, in which the backbone is composed of catenated silicon atoms that form a linear chain.
Poverty, Crime, and Criminal Justice
Authors: Karmen Andrew
Published: November 2023

Criminology is the scientific study of criminal laws, crimes, offenders, victims, the operations of the criminal justice system, and the social reaction to the problem of law breaking. As a research-oriented enterprise, criminology can contribute to two issues of importance to philosophers and legal scholars. First, it can cast light on the role that poverty plays in the generation of criminal activity. Second, it can document how poor people are treated by the legal system. Needless to say, the concept of poverty is neither straightforward nor easily operationalized. There is the unmistakably abject, absolute poverty of marginal members of society, who are homeless, hungry, shivering from the cold, and suffering physically from ill health with limited medical and dental care. But there is also the possibility of relative deprivation, a state of dissatisfaction triggered by routine exclusion from the material comforts and social privileges enjoyed and taken for granted by the fortunate. This compulsory doing-without outrages some members of the lower class (but not all) and is recognized as a stubbornly persistent injustice in an otherwise affluent society by some observers and critics, but
Punishing the Poor: Dilemmas of Justice and Difference
Authors: Hudson Barbara
Published: November 2023

My starting point is the contrast between sociologists’ and legal theorists’ approaches to the relationship between poverty and criminal justice. I comment on the form often taken by legal arguments, state the problem as Ia sociologist--see it, and suggest some possibilities for reconstructing the indigence/justice relationship.
Exercise
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Physical fitness plays a critical role in maintaining, or gaining back, optimal health—especially when living with a chronic condition like RA. The benefits of being fit touch every part of our lives—our overall energy level, sleep patterns, psychological and emotional well-being, and relationships. Except when you are experiencing severe or sharp joint pain and noticeable swelling, exercise should be a regular part of your day. The latest research shows that physical conditioning exercise can improve your fitness level without aggravating your RA or causing a flare of symptoms. So whether you have mild, moderate, or severe disease, exercise is an important part of your plan. However, it is important to understand that the type and intensity of exercise may need to be regulated, depending on your disease activity.
Diet, Nutrition, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Your PLAN TO WIN would not be complete without considering the role of diet and nutrition. A healthy diet will help you maintain ideal body weight and prevent undue stress on weight-bearing joints; provide your body with adequate energy stores; help support your immune system to fight common illnesses such as colds and flu; and maintain adequate levels of nutrients in your body. There is unanimity among rheumatologists, GPs, and registered dieticians/ nutritionists that a nutritionally sound diet delivers health benefits for people with RA. Much is known about the relationship between RA and diet, but few health care practitioners treating the disease pay attention to this area.
Missed Opportunities
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

We sometimes miss or abstain from ceremonies of separation. At other times we omit them altogether and do nothing to memorialize those who have died. We go on without pausing to take our leave and thus miss the opportunity to remember and pay tribute. We miss the comfort and support ceremonies give us as we feel and express our hurt. And so we lose the chance to take vital first steps toward loving in separation. Sometimes we miss out on the benefits of ceremonies inadvertently. Sadness and the ending of the life of someone we all care about bring us together. But we also find ourselves in the middle of rare and welcome reunions. We may spend most or all of our time catching up on the details of our own lives and may be so glad to see one another that we keep the death and the life now ended in the background. We may prefer a happy focus to a sad one. Or the momentum of the event may distract us from remembering.
Fragile and Fleeting Memories
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Married to Alonzo for less than a year, Latitia was expecting her first child. Unable to afford prenatal services, she knew enough to take good care of herself during pregnancy. Nothing suggested the baby might be in trouble. Her labor came earlier than she expected, but she assumed she had miscalculated the date of conception. When Zo drove her to the emergency room, they took her promptly to delivery. She first sensed that there was serious trouble from the looks on the others’ faces as she delivered. She knew it when she heard no cries from her baby and they covered it and rushed it to another room with no explanation. She quickly became desperate for answers. “What happened? Whats wrong with my baby? Why won’t anyone tell me anything?” It didn’t help that the doctors first approached Zo in the hallway. When she heard him cry out, she nearly leapt to her feet and was restrained by a nurse and her own physical weakness and pain.
Resilience
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

As a toddler, Fredricka was diagnosed with leukemia. Begun early in Freddie’s teens, a film called Permission to Die was to deal with how she and her family lived with chronic illness. But soon Freddie is diagnosed with a more aggressive form of leukemia. Likely a result of her treatments, it is expected to end her life. Freddie is determined to live well as long as her body allows. She has a quick wit and an impish sense of humor. She jokes with her doctors and a counselor. She laughs with and enjoys the company of friends and schoolmates. She struggles to learn the violin and joins the school orchestra. She decorates her room with some of her own creations. Freddie enjoys a special candor and closeness with her mother. She worries about what will become of her, a widow, when she dies. She is relieved when her mother remarries toward the end of the filming: her mother and older brother will not be left alone. Freddie uses the uncertainty of her prognosis to ground hope to the very end. Wise beyond her years, she dismisses remarks from peers that she is courageous.
Searching
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

My wife, Betty, remembers how her father, who died in 1990, used to lie beneath a tree with his head in his hands or on a root. He would look above, through the leaves, and ponder the open sky. It was as if he were seeking and finding a sense of connection with an encompassing reality. He didn’t fully understand it, but he felt embraced by it. Sometimes Betty would join him silently and sense the comforting connection herself. Betty remembers experiencing that same feeling when she was in church with her maternal grandmother, Nain. From where they sat, they could see a large, round, stained-glass window in the front of the church that depicted Jesus with lambs. Along the aisle next to them was another stained glass image of Jesus with little children. The church was filled with joyful sounds, friends, and fellowship. She felt safe there, not alone with her Nain. She felt as if they and the others were held and supported by something larger, a friendly, benevolent force. She still experiences this comfortable, uplifting, nourishing feeling in some places of worship.
Criteria and Judgment
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

If not at the beginning of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, since what starts philosophy is no more to be known at the outset than how to make an end of it; and if not at the opening of Philosophical Investigations, since its opening is not to be confused with the starting of the philosophy it expresses, and since the terms in which that opening might be under stood can hardly be given along with the opening itself; and if we ac knowledge from the commencement, anyway leave open at the opening, that the way this work is written is internal to what it teaches.
Criteria and Skepticism
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

But if Wittgenstein’s notion of a criterion is to be understood against the ordinary or official use of the word “criterion”, then what is the source of the view (which I am calling the Malcolm-Albritton view) that Wittgenstein’s criteria are meant to establish the existence of something with certainty? And what is the relation of these views? As was said, the Mal colm-Albritton view takes Wittgenstein to be writing in response to the threat of skepticism, for it is in the face of skeptical doubt that it is worth making, or possible or necessary to make, such claims for criteria. The relation between this notion and Wittgenstein’s is that Wittgenstein’s is indeed also meant in answer to some skeptical surmise, in response to some human possibility of error.
Natural and Conventional
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

I have said something about what kind of problem the problem of our knowledge of other minds may be. I was just saying something about the consequences of finding such knowledge to fail altogether, i.e., the consequences of withholding our concepts of life and mind altogether. Earlier I said something about the specific kinds of circumstance or possibility which may prevent us from being certain that another really is in the state he is manifesting, viz., circumstances in which he or she may be feigning, rehearsing, etc., circumstances the description of which requires that we retain the concept in question.
An Absence of Morality
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

The suggestion that Stevenson’s Ethics and Language is controlled by an underlying concept, or lack of the concept, of morality may seem to those to whom Stevenson’s analysis has been convincing to beg the very question on which he has over and over claimed to maintain scrupulous neutrality and scientific detachment. It is, presumably, from commitment to this neutrality that Stevenson says: “Any statement about any matter of fact which any speaker considers likely to alter attitudes may be adduced as a reason for or against an ethical judgment” (p. 114). This is cardinal to the direction his analysis takes, and his examples will be accepted as ones concerning morality as long as that principle seems acceptable.
Does Body Size Optimization Alter the Allometries for Production and Life History Traits?
Authors: Kozlowski Jan
Published: November 2023

Julian Huxley’s [15] work on morphological allometries was later extended to life history traits [3, 6, 22, 28]. Calder [6] calls attention to three meanings of allometry: (i) as changes in proportions consequent to changes in body size, and related to design constraints; (ii) as size relationships observed along time scales of phylogeny; or (iii) as size relationships occurring in ontogeny (in growth and development). Natural selection can shape allometries in the third sense, and must obey allometries in the first sense. Phylogeny and this withinspecies evolution determine interspecific allometries, that is, allometries in the second sense.
Scaling and Self-Similarity in Species Distributions: Implications for Extinction, Species Richness, Abundance, and Range
Authors: Harte John
Published: November 2023

Species-area relationships (SARs) describe the dependence of the number of species found in a censused patch of habitat on the area of that patch. The most commonly discussed form of an SAR is the power-law form: S(A) = cAz, (1) where Sis the number of species found in an area A, and c and z (the SAR exponent) are constants. Because the parameters in this or other (nonpowerlaw) forms of the SAR generally differ across taxonomic categories, they are usually expressed for specific taxa such as plants or birds or butterflies. They may also differ from one type of habitat to another, from true islands of different area to different size patches arbitrarily delineated within a continental biome, and across widely disparate spatial scales.
Picturing the Human
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

Iris Murdoch has long been known as one of the most deeply insightful and morally passionate novelists of our time. This attention has often eclipsed Murdoch’s sophisticated and influential work as a philosopher, which has had a wide-ranging impact on thinkers in moral philosophy as well as religious ethics and political theory. Yet it has never been the subject of a book-length study in its own right. Picturing the Human seeks to fill this gap. In this groundbreaking book, author Maria Antonaccio presents the first systematic and comprehensive treatment of Murdoch’s moral philosophy. Unlike literary critical studies of her novels, it offers a general philosophical framework for assessing Murdoch’s thought as a whole. Antonaccio also suggests a new interpretive method for reading Murdoch’s philosophy and outlines the significance of her thought in the context of current debates in ethics. This vital study will appeal to those interested in moral philosophy, religious ethics, and literary criticism, and grants those who have long loved Murdoch’s novels a closer look at her remarkable philosophy.
Holy Concord Within Sacred Walls
Authors: Reardon Colleen
Published: November 2023

This volume examines musical culture both inside and outside seventeenth-century Sienese convents. In contrast to earlier studies of Italian convent music, this book draws upon archival sources to reconstruct an ecclesiastical culture that celebrated music internally and shared music freely with the community outside convent walls. Colleen Reardon argues that cloistered women in Siena enjoyed a significant degree of freedom to engage in musical pursuits. The nuns produced a remarkable body of work including motets, lamentations, theatrical plays and even an opera. As a result, the convent became an important cultural centre in Siena that enjoyed the support and encouragement of its clergy and lay community.
Divas in the Convent
Authors: Reardon Colleen
Published: November 2023

Among the biographies given a separate entry in Ugurgieri Azzolini’s compendium of the famous men and women of his native city is one devoted to an unnamed woman of uncommon devotion who lived at the turn of the fifteenth century. The author relates that this ardent young nun sought to better herself spiritually in any way possible, and so upon hearing of the holy life led by the friars at the Osservanza, she dressed herself as a man and fled from her convent to the monastery. After living there in an exquisitely pious manner for some time after making her profession, her gender finally came to light, and she was taken back to live in a cloistered community of nuns. This “rare and incredible example” of saintly life, according to Ugurgieri Azzolini, should come as no surprise to one who has read the biograhies of S. Eugenia, S. Eufrasia, S. Marina, and S. Eufrosina, who also lived disguised as men in monastic communities (Doc. 17).
Socrates’ Gods and the Daimonion
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Could Socrates’ attitude towards traditional myths have been what landed him in court? The first two specifications of the legal charge against Socrates were that he “did not believe in the gods the state believes in” and that he “invented new divinities.” The proper interpretation of these accusations has long been a matter of scholarly debate, but most scholars have claimed that these charges hide the real concern of the prosecutors, which, in their view, was political rather than religious. Because this view falls apart, as we argue in Brickhouse and Smith 1994, ch. 5, it seems reasonable to look for a genuinely religious motive behind the plainly religious accusations.
Comparing the Effects of Stimulant and Non-Stimulant Agents on Catecholamine Function: Implications for Theories of ADHD
Authors: Pliszka Steven R
Published: November 2023

The catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) have been hypothesized to be involved in a number of psychiatric disorders, primarily because a wide range of psychotropic medications affect these neurotransmitters. Previous chapters have reviewed the anatomy and physiology of these pathways, as well as their extensive roles in cognition, motor behavior, and mood.
Inalienable Rights
Authors: McConnell Terrance
Published: November 2023

This book explains what inalienable rights are and how they restrict the behavior of their possessors. McConnell develops compelling arguments to support the inalienability of the right to life, the right of conscience, and a competent person's right not to have medical treatment administered without consent. Yet, surprisingly, he argues that the inalienability of the right to life does not entail that voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide are wrong. This distinctive defense of inalienable rights will appeal to medical ethicists and other applied ethicists, political theorists, and philosophers of law.
Assisted Suicide and the Inalienable Right to Life
Authors: McConnell Terrance
Published: November 2023

Assisted suicide occurs when one person aids another in bringing about her own death. Typically, the one rendering the assistance provides the would-be suicide with the knowledge and/or the means necessary to end her own life. In principle, anyone might provide another with such assistance. In our society, physician-assisted suicide is the practice most commonly debated. An example of this practice is when a physician writes a prescription for barbiturates and tells the patient what constitutes a fatal overdose. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, the best-known practitioner of physician-assisted suicide, provides individuals with a device that enables them to inhale carbon monoxide, thereby bringing about rapid death.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: McConnell Terrance
Published: November 2023

No exhaustive list of inalienable rights has been provided here. Instead, I have tried to show why it is plausible to say that within a morally justified legal system, some rights are inalienable.
Peripheral Neurology
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Peripheral Neurology was the first book to make innovative use of case presentations as a vehicle for teaching peripheral neurology. In fact, it was the first to categorize the field of peripheral neurology, as most other neurology texts concentrated on diseases of the central nervous system. This case approach has since been emulated in many other texts and on various web sitexs. Emphasizing the clinical conditoin rather than the electrodiagnostic technique, each topic is thoroughly addressed, first in the Fundamental Concepts of Part I, and then in multiple Case Studies presented in Part II. The reader is able to simulate a true clinical environment where a diagnosis has to be arrived at with no organizational clues from the text. Formulating conclusions by analysing the history, physical, and laboratory data, and linking from case to related case, this is the only text which allows this type of “interactive” reading. The book addresses many rare entities that the author is able to present based on his 30-years of experience.
Interpretation Of Electrodiagnostic Data
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a brief summary of the spectrum of electrodiagnostic findings. The emphasis here is on the significance and interpretation of data. To learn to recognize these abnormalities requires sustained practical laboratory exposure supplemented by reference to the many available descriptive texts and articles. This is not the function of this book.
Shoulder Dislocation and Hand Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

One month previously, during a school activity, a 17-year-old girl dislocated her shoulder while spiking a volleyball. Her arm became painful and anesthetic distal to the mid-humerus. A closed reduction was performed within the next 2 hours with resolution of almost all symptoms. What remained was a slight decrease in sensation over the entire palm, with patchy involvement of the elbow region. She had no previous episodes of shoulder dislocation and no other medical problems.
Facial Weakness and Repair
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three months earlier, a 57-year-old woman awoke with right facial paralysis. This was accompanied by retroauricular pain and decreased sensation over the right side of her tongue. She denied problems with tearing, taste, and hearing (including tinnitus and hyperacusis). There were no contralateral or peripheral symptoms. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. On the right, eye closure was slightly decreased, with severe decrease in forehead wrinkling, facial expression, and platysma movement. Hearing was normal, as was taste and corneal sensation. Other cranial nerve function was intact. Cerebellar, motor, sensory, and reflex examination was normal.
Proximal Weakness and Diplopia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 49-year-old man noted walking difficulty progressing over a period of 5 months. There was some difficulty standing from a squatting position. In addition, there was drooping of his left lid and some double vision. Symptoms became more severe with fatigue and partially resolved after a period of rest. There was no pain or sensory symptoms. Medical history revealed anemia due to thalassemia.
Multiple Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Eleven months previously, a 41-year-old motorcyclist was hit by a car, sustaining multiple fractures of his right hip and pelvis. He was placed in a cast from his pelvis to his knee. A region of numbness included his right buttock, posterior thigh, lateral leg, and dorsum of his foot. He was unable to dorsiflex his ankle. There was no effect with Valsalva’s maneuver, and bladder function remained intact. Medical history was negative.
Crutches and a Wrist Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three months previously, a 31-year-old man fell, striking his right elbow and spraining his ankle. After using axillary crutches for 3 weeks, he developed diffuse weakness and numbness of his right upper extremity. Physical Examination. Weakness was present in his right triceps, brachioradialis, wrist and finger extensors, flexor carpi ulnaris, and intrinsic hand muscles, sparing the thenar muscles. He had hypalgesia and hyperpathia over the entire hand. DTRs were active and symmetric except for a decreased right triceps jerk Plantar responses were flexor.
Myokymia and Fasciculations
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

During the previous several years, a 62-year-old man experienced slowly progressive spontaneous muscular contractions, cramps, and paresthesias in his legs. He also had a chronic history of low back pain and some increase in his symptoms on walking. Sweating was not excessive. Medical history revealed rheumatic fever.
Handcuffs and Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Five months previously, the police arrested a 61-year-old driver. His wrists were handcuffed behind him, leaving pressure marks and cuts around his right wrist. He subsequently complained of soreness of his right arm plus numbness of the dorsolateral surface of the hand, especially between the first interspace. None of this was exacerbated during sleep or by Valsalva’s maneuver. He denied neck pain and weakness. Medical history was negative except for mild hypertension. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. Strength was intact. Touch sensation was diminished with a Tinel’s sign in the dorsolateral hand on radial nerve percussion proximal to the right styloid process. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Homer’s sign.
Difficulty Standing in a Thirty-Month-Old Girl
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 30-month-old girl was referred for neurologic evaluation because of difficulty standing. Motor milestones were normal until 18 months, when her motor development slowed and there was a generalized decrease in her muscle mass. Her perinatal history and infancy were uneventful and all other developmental spheres were normal (adaptive, language, and personal-social). There was no family history of significant diseases; the patient’s younger sister was developing normally.
Progressive Ann Weakness with Old Polio
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 35-year-old man noted increasing weakness and fatigability of his left arm over a 4-week period. He had difficulty maintaining the position of his shoulder and elbow. He would occasionally experience a “cracking” sensation on neck movement. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect. His medical history revealed poliomyelitis at the age of 4, with diffuse atrophy of his right upper extremity and proximal atrophy of his left upper extremity. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves were intact. No abnormalities of sensation were noted. The entire right arm was atrophic, but on the left there was select weakness of the deltoid, biceps, and triceps. All DTRs were absent. Plantar responses were flexor.
Transient Dysphagia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three weeks ago, a 41-year-old woman was treated with oral antibiotics for severe streptococcal pharyngitis. Her speech changed and she developed difficulty swallowing liquids. There were no other symptoms and no previous medical history. Physical Examination. Patient’s speech was nasal. She had bilaterally decreased palatal movement and absence of gag reflexes. Other cranial nerves were intact. Motor and sensory function was normal. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic reflexes. No exanthem or enanthem was evident.
Slowly Progressive Fourth Decade Proximal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 35-year-old man developed lower extremity weakness progressing slowly from the age of 13. It started with difficulty climbing stairs, eventually affecting his ability to stand from a chair. His physicians told him that his arms were slightly weak. Developmental milestones were otherwise normal, and he had above average intellect. Family history was negative except for cerebral palsy in a maternal second cousin and clumsiness in a niece.
Knee Osteotomy with Foot Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Two and a half years previously, a 30-year-old man had an osteotomy to correct a right genu valgus. Postoperatively, he complained of paresthesias distal to the right knee extending to his foot. He described a sensory loss in his plantar and heel regions, with questionable involvement of the dorsum. There was some loss of balance. Patient denied low back pain or exacerbation by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history was negative.
Posttraumatic Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

The patient is a 46-year-old man who noted progression of numbness in his penis that began at the time of a back injury several years ago. Originally, the numbness involved only the head of the penis, but since a fall 2 weeks before, it now included the entire penile shaft. He also had some difficulty moving his bowels and maintaining an erection. Pain progressed from the right buttock to the lateral leg and foot, with numbness of the inguinal region and big toe. A burning sensation developed in his scrotum with “electric shock” sensations from the rectum to the end of the penis. Medical history was negative.
Lateral Thigh Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Paresthesia developed for a period of 6 weeks over the right lateral thigh of a 61-year-old man. Medical history consisted of hyperthyroidism and left above knee amputation several years before because of a ruptured aneurysm. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve, motor, and cerebellar function were normal. There was a patch of hypesthesia involving the lateral right thigh ending well above the knee. No Lasègue’s sign was found. DTRs were active and symmetric in the arms with no pathologic reflexes on the right.