bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the hydrological effects of stream restoration in a montane meadow, northern California, USA
Authors: Hammersmark Christopher Trevor , Rains Mark Cable , Mount Jeffrey F.
Published: April 2008

Stream restoration efforts, particularly within meadow systems, increasingly rely on ‘pond and plug’ type methods in which (a) alluvial materials are excavated from the floodplain, forming ponds; (b) excavated alluvial materials are used to plug incised channels and (c) smaller dimension channels are restored to the floodplain surface. A commonly stated objective of these efforts is to restore ecologically significant hydrological processes to degraded riparian systems. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate and quantify the restoration of these hydrological processes. Direct comparisons of pre‐ and post‐restoration hydrological observations are often misleading due to an inter‐annual climatic variability. To overcome this issue and accurately quantify the hydrological effects of restoration, we developed, calibrated and validated a hydrological model of a 230 ha mountain meadow along a 3.6 km restored reach of Bear Creek in the northeastern California. We then applied the model to simulate the pre‐ and post‐restoration scenarios by altering the floodplain topography and stream channel networks. Our results document three general hydrological responses to the meadow restoration effort: (1) increased groundwater levels and volume of subsurface storage; (2) increased frequency/duration of floodplain inundation and decreased magnitude of flood peaks and (3) decreased annual runoff and duration of baseflow. This study supports and quantifies the hypothesis that ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration projects have the capacity to re‐establish hydrological processes necessary to sustain riparian systems. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve quantitative objectives for ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration activities in similar settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes to herbaceous plant communities on a regulated desert river
Authors: Beauchamp Vanessa B. , Stromberg Juliet C.
Published: April 2008

Riparian plant communities are shaped by gradients of disturbance intensity and frequency and resource availability. Reservoir operation can alter the composition and abundance of riparian vegetation by changing the flood regime and by trapping fine sediments and associated nutrients within the reservoir system. We examined differences in herbaceous species richness, abundance and composition in Populus‐Salix stands along an unregulated and regulated reach of a river in semi‐arid Arizona, contrasted flood inundation frequency and edaphic conditions (soil moisture, nutrients and texture) between the reaches, and interpreted the vegetation differences in light of observed differences in environmental conditions. Flooding frequency was similar between reaches, but the proportion of fine textured soils in the unregulated reach was nearly double that of the regulated reach and soil nutrient levels were up to three times higher in the unregulated reach. Herbaceous cover and richness were consistently lower in the regulated reach, with between‐reach differences greatest during dry seasons. These patterns suggest that an edaphic‐based change in resource availability is the principal pathway by which river damming is altering herbaceous vegetation in this system. Our results demonstrate that sediment transport within riparian corridors is important for maintenance of herbaceous communities and that restoration of flow regimes alone may be insufficient to restore herbaceous flora on some regulated reaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional settings of sand beaches along whitewater rivers
Authors: Vincent Kirk R. , Andrews E. D.
Published: April 2008

The numbers and sizes of sand beaches suitable for recreation along selected whitewater rivers in the western United States depend on sand concentrations, range of discharge and the size, frequency and type of depositional settings. River‐width expansions downstream from constrictions are the predominant depositional setting for sand beaches in the upper Grand Canyon and along five Wild and Scenic Rivers in Idaho, but not along other rivers. Beaches located upstream from constrictions are rare, in general, except in the Grand Canyon. Beaches found in expansions without constrictions dominate depositional sites along the Yampa and Green Rivers, are fairly common along the rivers in Idaho, but are relatively rare in the Grand Canyon. The magnitude of flow expansion is a reliable predictor of beach size. Beaches located on the inside of curves are uncommon, in general, but can be important recreation sites. The mid‐channel bar setting is the least important from a recreation standpoint because that setting is rare and beaches there are typically small, and emergent only at low flow.

The frequency of beaches is highly variable among rivers and the concentration of sand in transport is only partially responsible. Of the rivers studied, the unregulated Yampa River carries the highest concentrations of suspended sand and has among the most beaches (1.2 beaches km−1). Emergent sand beaches are essentially nonexistent along the Deschutes River and are rare along other Oregon rivers, yet these rivers transport some sand. Sand beaches are fairly common (0.8–1.1 beaches km−1) along the regulated Colorado River, but are comparatively rare (0.6 beaches km−1) along the unregulated Middle Fork Salmon River. The suspended sand concentrations in study reaches of these two rivers are similar, and the difference in the frequency of beaches may be largely because the processes that create beach‐deposition settings are less active along the Middle Fork Salmon. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution and geomorphic condition of fish habitat in streams: an analysis using hydraulic modelling and geostatistics
Authors: Clark Jessica S. , Rizzo Donna M. , Watzin Mary C. , Hession W. Cully
Published: April 2008

Reach‐scale physical habitat assessment scores are increasingly used to make decisions about management. We characterized the spatial distribution of hydraulic habitat characteristics at the reach and sub‐reach scales for four fish species using detailed two‐dimensional hydraulic models and spatial analysis techniques (semi‐variogram analyses). We next explored whether these hydraulic characteristics were correlated with commonly used reach‐scale geomorphic assessment (RGA) scores, rapid habitat assessment (RHA) scores, or indices of fish biodiversity and abundance. River2D was used to calculate weighted usable areas (WUAs) at median flows, Q50, for six Vermont streams using modelled velocity, depth estimates, channel bed data and habitat suitability curves for blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), common shiner (Notropis cornutus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) at both the adult and spawn stages. All stream reaches exhibited different spatial distributions of WUA ranging from uniform distribution of patches of high WUA to irregular distribution of more isolated patches. Streams with discontinuous, distinct patches of high score WUA had lower fish biotic integrity measured with the State of Vermont's Mixed Water Index of Biotic Integrity (MWIBI) than streams with a more uniform distribution of high WUA. In fact, the distribution of usable habitats may be a determining factor for fish communities. A relationship between predicted WUAs averaged at the reach scale and RGA or RHA scores was not found. Future research is needed to identify the appropriate spatial scales to capture the connections between usable patches of stream channel habitat. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D2R DNA transfer into the nucleus accumbens attenuates cocaine self‐administration in rats
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Michaelides Michael , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Volkow Nora D.
Published: April 2008

Dopamine (DA) D2 receptor (D2R) agonists and antagonists can modulate self‐administration behavior, conditioned place preference, and locomotor responses to cocaine. Low levels of D2R have also been observed in cocaine addicted subjects and in non human primates after chronic cocaine exposures. Prior studies had shown that D2R upregulation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rodents trained to self‐administer alcohol markedly attenuated alcohol preference and intake. Here we assess the effects of D2R upregulation in the NAc on cocaine intake in rats trained to self‐administer cocaine. Following 2 weeks of i.v. cocaine self‐administration (CSA), rats were stereotaxically treated with an adenovirus that carried the D2R gene to upregulate D2R in the NAc. D2R vector treatment resulted in a significant decrease (75%) in cocaine infusions and lever presses (70%) for cocaine. This effect lasted 6 days before cocaine consumption returned to baseline levels, which corresponds roughly to the time it takes D2R to return to baseline levels. These findings show that CSA and D2R in the NAc are negatively correlated and suggest that cocaine intake is modulated in part by D2R levels in NAc. Thus strategies aimed at increasing D2R expression in NAc may be beneficial in treating cocaine abuse and addiction. Synapse 62:481–486, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do future business leaders view globalization?
Authors: Peng Mike W. , Shin Hyung‐Deok
Published: April 2008

Recent antiglobalization protests reveal a wide divide between the elites and the public in terms of how they view globalization. Therefore, it seems important to know the attitude toward globalization held by future business leaders, who are being educated currently and who will shape the global economy in the future. We find that college students, albeit at a young age, hold a substantially more positive view toward globalization when compared with the general public. Business majors and students with white‐collar parents are especially likely to have such a positive attitude. The implications of these findings for managers and management educators are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobil Oil: Defending market leadership in synthetic lubricants in China. Comment on Mobil Oil: Defending market leadership in synthetic lubricants in China
Authors: Chen Ivy S. N. , Deng Lihua , Luk Sherriff T. K. , Wong Chi‐ho , Lee Philip
Published: April 2008

China's lubricant market was dominated by PetroChina and Sinopec. Foreign brands together controlled about 25% of the market, and these brands offered the higher‐grade lubricants. Most vehicle lubricants used in China were low‐grade lubricants. However, this was expected to change. Continued economic growth and rising incomes had led to increased demand for cars. New models and luxury cars would likely stimulate demand for higher‐grade lubricants.

The case focused on synthetic lubricants of which Mobil was the market leader. Mobil's leadership position here was being threatened. Local brands were gradually improving in quality, and a few have secured rights to supply joint venture car manufacturers. Armed with deep pockets, their aggressive advertising had helped their brands gain prominence. The case required some recommendations on how Mobil should respond. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy system implantation in patients with heart failure undergoing CABG
Authors: Goscinska‐Bis Kinga , Bis Jaroslaw , Krejca Michal , Ulczok Rafal , Szmagala Przemyslaw , Bochenek Andrzej , Kargul Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2008

Background:

Systolic dyssynchrony is present in a considerable number of patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Surgical revascularization offers an optimal setting for totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) system implantation.

Aim:

To assess the efficacy of totally epicardial CRT implantation during CABG, in patients with HF.

Methods:

Twenty three patients with HF and dyssynchrony underwent totally epicardial CRT system implantation during CABG. This randomised, single‐blind, cross‐over study compared clinical and echocardiographic parameters during two periods: 3 months of active CRT (CRT+) and 3 months of inactive CRT (CRT−) pacing.

Results:

Twenty two patients underwent randomisation and completed both study periods. In the CRT+ group more patients improved by two NYHA classes (p=0.028), had a longer 6‐minute walk test distance (p=0.047) and better quality of life (p=0.003) compared with the CRT− group. Echocardiography revealed an improved LV ejection fraction (p<0.001), smaller LV end‐systolic volume (p=0.04), reduced mitral regurgitation (p=0.026) and improved LV synchrony in the CRT+ group compared with the CRT− group.

Conclusion:

CRT delivered by a totally epicardial system implanted during CABG is associated with additional improvement of clinical and echocardiographic parameters in patients with HF and systolic dyssynchrony.
Proteins in the insulin‐secreting cell line MIN6 bind the imidazoline compound BL11282
Authors: Shafqat Jawed , Ishrat Moin , Jägerbrink Theres , Sillard Rannar , Mäeorg Uno , Efendic Suad , Berggren Per-Olof , Zaitsev Sergei V. , Jörnvall Hans
Published: April 2008

The imidazoline BL11282 stimulates insulin release and alters islet proteomes. Subcellular fractions of MIN6 cells showed that the membrane fraction exhibited binding to BL11282 on a Biacore chip and to BL11282‐labelled magnetic beads. Bound material extracted from the beads showed a ∼50 kDa differential band upon SDS–PAGE and a weaker 100 kDa band. The former was sensitive to competitive removal by preincubation of the fraction with BL11282, then highlighting the ∼100 kDa band. Masspectrometric analysis revealed the ∼50 kDa band to be EF1A and the ∼100 kDa band to be glucose regulated P94, both of interest in insulin synthesis and secretion.
Actin in the endocytic pathway: From yeast to mammals
Authors: Girao Henrique , Geli Maria-Isabel , Idrissi Fatima-Zahra
Published: April 2008

Genetic analysis of endocytosis in yeast early pointed to the essential role of actin in the uptake step. Efforts to identify the machinery involved demonstrated the important contribution of Arp2/3 and the myosins‐I. Analysis of the process using live‐cell fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy have recently contributed to refine molecular models explaining clathrin and actin‐dependent endocytic uptake. Increasing evidence now also indicates that actin plays important roles in post‐internalization events along the endocytic pathway in yeast, including transport of vesicles, motility of endosomes and vacuole fusion. This review describes the present knowledge state on the roles of actin in endocytosis in yeast and points to similarities and differences with analogous processes in mammals.
Apparent clinical resolution of pinnal actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma in a cat using topical imiquimod 5% cream
Authors: Peters-Kennedy Jeanine , Scott Danny W. , Miller William H.
Published: April 2008

Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier and stimulator used in humans to treat a number of cutaneous neoplasms. This case report describes a cat with actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma of the pinnae. The pinnal lesions were treated with topical 5% imiquimod three times per week. Treatment was discontinued after 82 days of therapy. Twelve weeks of topical imiquimod application resulted in clinical resolution of the pinnal lesions. Although no post-treatment biopsies were performed, there was no relapse of the pinnal lesions in 5 months of clinical follow-up. Expected side effects were limited to erythema, crusting, alopecia, and mild discomfort at the sites of application during the first 3 weeks of application. These results suggest that topical imiquimod, although unproven, might be a therapeutic option or adjunct to therapy for cats with actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma, especially those cats for whom surgery and radiation therapy are not an option.
Effective precipitation in southern Spain (∼ 266 To 46 Ka) based on a speleothem stable carbon isotope record
Authors: Hodge Edward J. , Richards David A. , Smart Peter L. , Andreo Bartolomé , Hoffmann Dirk L. , Mattey Dave P. , González-Ramón Antonio
Published: April 2008

We present the longest-duration directly dated terrestrial palaeoclimate record from the western Mediterranean region: a flowstone speleothem from Gitana Cave, southeast Spain. The main phase of growth was 274 to 58 ka, dated by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) U-series methods. Effective precipitation, which we consider primarily responsible for flowstone calcite δ13C variations, measured at 300 μm resolution, was higher during interglacials associated with marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 7 and 5, and lower during glacial MIS 6. There is a close correspondence between speleothem δ13C and sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from adjacent Atlantic Ocean cores during MIS 6, which implies that oceanic conditions are critical in controlling the western Mediterranean terrestrial moisture balance during glacial periods. Other features of our record, such as the sequence of termination II warming/moistening between approximately 133 and 127 ka, including a "pause" around 130–128 ka, and the lagged termination of MIS 5 warm intervals (5e, 5c and 5a) are similar to other terrestrial records within the Mediterranean basin, indicating climate synchroneity along the northern Mediterranean coast. The Gitana cave region also may have been a refugium for temperate species during short-lived cold/arid periods during MIS 5.
Follow-up of antibody avidity in BALB/c mice infected withToxocara canis
Authors: FENOY S. , RODERO M. , PONS E. , AGUILA C. , CUÉLLAR C.
Published: April 2008

In humanToxocara canisinfection, an association has been shown between high IgG avidity in the chronic phase and low IgG avidity in recently acquired toxocarosis. The evolution of the antibody response in terms of avidity has been carried out through aT. canisinfection in BALB/c mice. Infection withT. canisembryonated eggs (EE) was carried out with single doses (SD) of 6, 12, 50, 100, 200 or 1000 EE/mouse and with multiple doses (MD) of 200 and 1000 EE. Specific antibodies againstT. canis(IgM+G, IgG, IgG1 and IgM) were detected by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) techniques in the presence and absence of urea. With the ELISA method, an increase in the avidity index (AI) of around 50% was detected from days 40–80 p.i. to the end of the study, with all the doses studied. The WB method showed the presence of high avidity antibodies bound to 100 kDa and 75 kDaT. canisproteins in all the cases when the IgM+G and the IgG1 antibodies were investigated. Antibodies of variable avidity were observed in those sera that recognized the group of low molecular weight proteins, between 37 kDa and 25 kDa.
Holy love and divine aseity in the theology of John Zizioulas
Authors: McCall Tom
Published: April 2008

John Zizioulas's doctrine of the Trinity emphasises both the holy love and the transcendent sovereignty of God. I believe that he offers a major contribution to contemporary theology. Although it is part of the tradition of Western theology, Zizioulas's ‘Being as Communion’ thesis has too often been underappreciated and sometimes even marginalised. On the other hand, recent theology has made much of the love of God, but often this has come with a corresponding and unfortunate loss of recognition of divine holiness, transcendence and freedom. Zizioulas may help us keep both the love and the holiness of the triune God in perspective. Unfortunately, however, Zizioulas's own way of doing this is fraught with problems. In this essay I try to shed light on two major themes in his trinitarian theology. One – what I call the Sovereignty-Aseity Conviction – appears at base to be an existentialist thesis: the existence of the Father precedes the divine essence. The other – what I refer to as the Being as Communion thesis – is an essentialist thesis: the holy love shared in the perichoretic life of the triune God is ‘constitutive of his substance’. I argue that Zizioulas's ascription of the first to the Father alone is problematic, and I argue further that these two theses do not work well together. I conclude by suggesting that Zizioulas's theology needs revision if it is to be truly helpful.
Robotic experiments with cooperative Aerobots and underwater swarms
Authors: Honary Ehsan , McQuade Frank , Ward Roger , Woodrow Ian , Shaw Andy , Barnes Dave , Fyfe Matthew
Published: April 2008

SciSys has been involved in the development of Planetary Aerobots (arial robots) funded by the European Space Agency for use on Mars and has developed image-based localisation technology as part of the activity. However, it is possible to use Aerobots in a different environment to investigate issues regarding robotics behaviour, such as data handling, limited processing power, and limited sensors. This paper summarises the activity where an Aerobot platform was used to investigate the use of multiple autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) by simulating their movement and behaviour. It reports on the computer simulations and the real-world tests carried out and the lessons learned from these experiments.
Developing spatial localization abilities and children's interpretation ofwhere
Authors: NICOLADIS ELENA , CORNELL EDWARD H , GATES MELISSA
Published: April 2008

Two-year-old children often start asking questions withwhere. In this study we test whether children understandwhereto mean route or absolute location and whether the size of the space or elevation made a difference. Previous research has documented developmental changes over the preschool years in children's non-verbal spatial reasoning. Forty-eight children between two and five years of age were interviewed. We asked them to point in response towherequestions about an object, rooms on the same floor and on a different floor. All children pointed to the location of the hidden objects. The youngest children pointed to the route to rooms while the oldest children were more likely to point to the location of rooms. With age, the children gradually used more spatial location terms than deictic terms in response towhere. These results suggest that children's meaning ofwhereinitially differs for different sized spaces and developmental changes reflect non-verbal cognition.
Is epenthesis a means to optimize feet? A reanalysis of the CLPF database
Authors: TAELMAN HELENA , GILLIS STEVEN
Published: April 2008

Fikkert (1994) analyzed a large corpus of Dutch children's early language production, and found that they often add targetless syllables to their words in order to create bisyllabic feet. In this note we point out a methodological problem with that analysis: in an important number of cases, epenthetic vowels occur at places where grammatical morphemes (e.g. plural and diminutive suffixes) may be expected. Hence, the seemingly targetless syllables may represent grammatical morphemes. A reanalysis of Fikkert's original data reveals that her rhythmic explanation cannot be maintained if those cases are excluded from the analysis.
Repetition as ratification: How parents and children place information in common ground*
Authors: CLARK EVE V. , BERNICOT JOSIE
Published: April 2008

Repetition is used for a range of functions in conversation. In this study, we examined all the repetitions used in spontaneous conversations by 41 French adult–child dyads, with children aged 2 ; 3 and 3 ; 6, to test the hypotheses that adults repeat to establish that they have understood, and that children repeat to ratify what adults have said. Analysis of 978 exchanges containing repetitions showed that adults use them to check on intentions and to correct errors, while children use them to ratify what the adult said. With younger children, adults combine their repeats with new information. Children then re-repeat the form originally targeted by the adult. With older children, adults check on intentions but less frequently, and only occasionally check on forms. Older children also re-repeat in the third turn but, like adults, add further information. For both adults and children, repeats signal attention to the other's utterances, and place the information repeated in common ground.
Socioeconomic disparities in the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the US population: NHANES III
Authors: DOWD J. B. , AIELLO A. E. , ALLEY D. E.
Published: April 2008

There is a strong relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes in the United States, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Increasing evidence points to links between lifelong exposure to infectious disease and subsequent chronic disease. Exposure and susceptibility to infections may be one way SES affects long-term health, although little population-based research to date has examined social patterning of infections in the United States. This paper tests the relationship between income, education, race/ethnicity and seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection at different ages in a representative sample of the US population, and tests potential mediators for these relationships. The study finds significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in CMV seroprevalence beginning at early ages and persisting into middle age. Potential exposures do not explain the relationship between SES and CMV positivity. Because reactivation of latent CMV infections may contribute to chronic disease and immune decline later in life, future research should determine the exposure or susceptibility pathways responsible for these disparities in the prevalence of CMV infection.
Necessary to Salvation? The Canon Law of the Church of England and the Interpretation of Scripture
Authors: Cranmer Frank , Heffer Tom
Published: April 2008

The canon law of the Church of England begins from the assumption that scripture contains ‘all things necessary to salvation’ but the law makes little attempt to lay down rules for the way in which scripture should be interpreted. The authors attribute this reticence to the fact that, historically, adherents of the Church of England have been inclined to disagree about the nature both of ecclesiastical and of scriptural authority; and one of the functions of the Church's canon law has therefore been to hold together a wide spectrum of theological opinions. This comprehensiveness, however, causes strains within the wider Anglican Communion and may lead to difficulties of mutual comprehension in ecumenical conversations.
Dignitas Connubii: Greater Fairness in Declarations of Nullity?
Authors: Costigane Helen
Published: April 2008

Shattered Faith is the story of Sheila Rauch Kennedy's marriage and divorce from Congressman Joe Kennedy, a member of one of the best known families in the United States of America. Married in 1979 in a Catholic Church, Mr Kennedy was a Catholic while Mrs Kennedy remained an Episcopalian. Twin sons were born in 1980 and baptised as Catholics, with godparents from both Christian churches. The marriage began to unravel when Mr Kennedy was elected to Congress. Separation in 1989 was followed by divorce because of ‘irreconcilable differences’. In 1993, Mrs Kennedy received notification from the Metropolitan Tribunal of the Archdiocese of Boston, informing her of the petition lodged by her former husband to have the marriage declared null on the grounds of lack of due discretion of judgement (though whose lack of due discretion is not made clear). Shocked, and while willing to acknowledge that the marriage had failed (evidenced in a divorce), she could not accept that it had never existed as a sacrament.
Religious Liberty Under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Rynkowski Michał
Published: April 2008

The eighteenth annual meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research took place in Nicosia, Cyprus, in November 2007, the only divided capital city in the world. It was devoted to the question of how national courts respect and apply the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), particularly Article 9, in their jurisprudence. The conference gathered representatives of 26 European Union States (all except Malta) and was hosted by Mr Achilles Emilianides of the Cyprus Institute for Church and State Research. The conference was inaugurated in a ceremonial way, by the President of the Republic of Cyprus, the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General and the President of the European Consortium, Professor S. Berlingó from Messina.
Interfaith Legal Advisers Network: Inaugural Meeting
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: April 2008

As part of its tenth anniversary celebrations, the Centre for Law and Religion at Cardiff University has established the Interfaith Legal Adviser Network (ILAN), the first of its kind in the UK. The Network seeks to facilitate an ongoing discussion, providing members with a greater understanding of their respective religious legal systems and the common legal issues they face. The inaugural meeting of the Network was held at Cardiff Law School on 7 December 2007.
The First Ten Years of the Centre for Law and Religion, Cardiff University
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: April 2008

On 8–9 July 2007 at Brecon Cathedral, members of the Centre for Law and Religion held an inaugural annual away day to review its work and plan long-term strategy ahead of the tenth anniversary of the Centre in 2008. The success of the LLM in Canon Law, the first degree of its type at a British university since the Reformation (set up in 1991 with the support of the Ecclesiastical Law Society), led those involved in that course and others at Cardiff Law School to recognise the need for a community of scholars dedicated to the study of law and religion. The Centre was established in the summer of 1998 to promote research and its dissemination in this field. It was established with the approval of the university and the encouragement of the Department of Religious and Theological Studies. Its activities are carried out in relation to the theory and practice of substantive law concerning religion, the focus being principally upon religious law (especially canon law) and national and international law affecting religion, with regard to their historical, theological, social, ecumenical and comparative contexts.
Two-component composites whose effective conductivities are power means of the local conductivities
Authors: MEIDELL ANNETTE , HØIBAKK RALPH , LUKKASSEN DAG , BEERI GUY
Published: April 2008

We study a scale of two-component composite structures of equal proportions with infinitely many microlevels. The structures are obtained recursively and we find that their effective conductivities are power means of the local conductivities.
Nutritional assessment interpretation on 22 007 Spanish community-dwelling elders through the Mini Nutritional Assessment test
Authors: Cuervo M , García A , Ansorena D , Sánchez-Villegas A , Martínez-González MA , Astiasarán I , Martínez JA
Published: April 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of undernutrition among community-dwelling elderly people in Spain using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and to analyse its distribution according to age, gender and residence region.

Design

Cross-sectional study assessing the nutritional status of elderly persons through both the short form and the full version of the MNA test.

Setting

Pharmacy offices across the whole country (Spain) were enrolled to recruit participants.

Subjects

A total of 22 007 participants (8014 men and 13 993 women), aged ≥65 years, assessed during the last two months of 2005.

Results

According to MNA screening, 4·3 % subjects were classified as undernourished (MNA score <17) and 25·4 % were at risk of undernutrition (MNA score ≥17 to ≤23·5). The MNA short form correlated strongly with the full MNA version (r = 0·85). MNA total score was significantly higher in men than in women (25·4 (sd 3·7) v. 24·6 (sd 3·9); P < 0·001) and lower in the oldest than in the youngest subjects (P < 0·001) in both genders. According to regional distribution, the best nutritional status was found in elderly from the north of Spain excluding the north-west area.

Conclusions

Female gender, older age and living in the south half or north-west of the country were associated with higher rates of undernutrition among community-dwelling elderly persons in Spain.
What are the issues in using trade agreements to improve international labor standards?
Authors: BROWN ANDREW G. , STERN ROBERT M.
Published: April 2008

This paper addresses the issues of whether the linking of core labor standards with multilateral or bilateral trade agreements is an effective way of promoting the improvement of labor standards. We review the determinants of core labor standards over time and conclude that efforts to improve these standards have to be tailored to the economic and social circumstances prevailing in a country at a specific time. Legalistic means to prod governments into revising their domestic laws or enforcing them will therefore be unsuccessful unless economic incentives can be changed to erode prevailing social norms and ease the way for the acceptance of new norms that will meet with public approval and be consonant with the distribution of political power. Moral suasion from both domestic and external sources may work more slowly than more legalistic means but is preferred because it contributes to altering the social norms that underlie and will reinforce the acceptance and effectiveness of labor standards.
Role of Network Branching in Eliciting Differential Short‐Term Signaling Responses in the Hypersensitive Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutants Implicated in Lung Cancer
Authors: Purvis Jeremy , Ilango Vibitha , Radhakrishnan Ravi
Published: April 2008

We study the effects of EGFR inhibition in wild‐type and mutant cell lines upon tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI treatment through a systems level deterministic and spatially homogeneous model to help characterize the hypersensitive response of the cancer cell lines harboring constitutively active mutant kinases to inhibitor treatment. By introducing a molecularly resolved branched network systems model (the molecular resolution is introduced for EGFR reactions and interactions in order to distinguish differences in activation between wild‐type and mutants), we are able to quantify differences in (1) short‐term signaling in downstream ERK and Akt activation, (2) the changes in the cellular inhibition EC50 associated with receptor phosphorylation (i.e., 50% inhibition of receptor phosphorylation in the cellular context), and (3) EC50 for the inhibition of activated downstream markers ERK‐(p) and Akt‐(p), where (p) denotes phosphorylated, upon treatment with the inhibitors in cell lines carrying both wild‐type and mutant forms of the receptor. Using the branched signaling model, we illustrate a possible mechanism for preferential Akt activation in the cell lines harboring the oncogenic mutants of EGFR implicated in non‐small‐cell lung cancer and the enhanced efficacy of the inhibitor erlotinib especially in ablating the cellular Akt‐(p) response. Using a simple phenomenological model to describe the effect of Akt activation on cellular decisions, we discuss how this preferential Akt activation is conducive to cellular oncogene addiction and how its disruption can lead to dramatic apoptotic response and hence remarkable inhibitor efficacies. We also identify key network nodes of our branched signaling model through sensitivity analysis as those rendering the network hypersensitive to enhanced ERK‐(p) and Akt‐(p); intriguingly, the identified nodes have a strong correlation with species implicated in oncogenic transformations in human cancers as well as in drug resistance mechanisms identified for the inhibitors in non‐small‐cell lung cancer therapy.
Extraordinary denudation in the Sichuan Basin: Insights from low‐temperature thermochronology adjacent to the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Richardson N. J. , Densmore A. L. , Seward D. , Fowler A. , Wipf M. , Ellis M. A. , Yong Li , Zhang Y.
Published: April 2008

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau combines very high relief with almost no Tertiary foreland sedimentation and little evidence of Cenozoic tectonic shortening. While river incision and landscape development at the plateau margin have received significant attention over the last decade, little is known about the Cenozoic development of the adjacent Sichuan Basin. Here we assess the Cenozoic thermal history of this basin using detrital apatite fission track (AFT) and (U‐Th)/He techniques and establish the presence of an exhumed AFT paleopartial annealing zone across much of the basin. This observation, combined with stratigraphic and borehole sections and inverse modeling of confined apatite fission tracks, indicates that the strata within the basin have undergone accelerated cooling after ∼40 Ma, consistent with the widespread erosion of ∼1 to 4 km of overlying sedimentary material. This regional‐scale erosion is most likely a response to changes in the Yangtze River system draining and removing sediment from the basin. The base‐level fall associated with this erosion contributed to a relative increase in relief across the Longmen Shan and may have helped drive Miocene‐Recent incision and unloading of the plateau margin.
Globally elevated titanium, tantalum, and niobium (TITAN) in ocean island basalts with high 3He/4He
Authors: Jackson Matthew G. , Hart Stanley R. , Saal Alberto E. , Shimizu Nobumichi , Kurz Mark D. , Blusztajn Jerzy S. , Skovgaard Anna C.
Published: April 2008

We report evidence for a global Ti, Ta, and Nb (TITAN) enriched reservoir sampled by ocean island basalts (OIBs) with high 3He/4He ratios, an isotopic signature associated with the deep mantle. Excesses of Ti (and to a lesser degree Nb and Ta) correlate remarkably well with 3He/4He in a data set of global OIBs, demonstrating that a major element signature is associated with the high 3He/4He mantle. Additionally, we find that OIBs with high 3He/4He ratios have moderately radiogenic 187Os/188Os (>0.135). The TITAN enrichment and radiogenic 187Os/188Os in high 3He/4He OIBs indicate that they are melts of a mantle domain that hosts a nonprimitive (nonchondritic) component. The observation of TITAN enrichment in the high 3He/4He mantle may be important in balancing the Earth's budget for the TITAN elements. Understanding the origin of the TITAN enrichment is important for constraining the evolution of the enigmatic high 3He/4He mantle domain.
Quantification of the effect of urbanization on solar dimming
Authors: Alpert Pinhas , Kishcha Pavel
Published: April 2008

During the 25‐year period (1964–1989), a noticeable decline in surface solar radiation, termed global dimming, over worldwide sites was essentially a local phenomenon associated with human activity as expressed by the sites' population density. Specifically, our findings indicate that solar dimming was observed only over a limited part (∼30%) of the total land area, restricted to highly‐populated sites with population density higher than 10 person/km2. Dimming was dominated by anthropogenic aerosol emissions: the decline in surface solar radiation intensified from −0.05 W/m2/yr to −0.32 W/m2/yr, with population density increasing from 10 to 200 person/km2. At sites with population density >200 person/km2, a saturation effect was observed: declining trends were much less pronounced than those over sites with a lower population density. Overall, it is demonstrated that urban areas obtained less solar radiation, compared to rural areas, in the amount of ∼12 W/m2 which is equivalent to about 8%.
The role of ocean dynamics in tropical Pacific SST response to warm climate in a fully coupled GCM
Authors: Fang Changfang , Wu Lixin
Published: April 2008

A global coupled ocean‐atmosphere GCM forced by a zonally uniform heat flux anomaly in the tropics is used to investigate the role of oceanic dynamics in regulating the tropical Pacific SST response to warm climate. Consistent with earlier CZ model simulations, the GCM simulation demonstrates a La‐Niña like response in the tropical Pacific, with the equatorial upwelling playing a dominant role. While the mean upwelling tends to reduce the overall surface warming due to the strengthening of the equatorial thermocline, the anomalous upwelling associated with the strengthening of the easterlies leads to a weak warming in the east. This easterly wind anomaly can be partly attributed to the enhanced equator‐subtropical SST gradient which forces a stronger trade wind. Application to global warming is discussed.
Coseismic displacement and tectonic implication of 1951 Longitudinal Valley earthquake sequence, eastern Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Hsi , Chen Guin‐Ting , Rau Ruey‐Juin , Ching Kuo‐En
Published: April 2008

The Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF) in eastern Taiwan is an extremely active fault with 3–4 cm of displacements consumed each year along its length. The fault forms the suture zone between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates as a result of an oblique arc continental collision. From 22 October to 5 December 1951, four earthquakes (Ms > 7) shook the LVF. We used triangulation (from 1917 to 1921 to 1976–1978) and interseismic GPS (from 1990 to 1995) data to estimate coseismic displacements of the 1951 earthquake sequences. Coseismic displacement progressively decreases from north to south and the azimuth changes from north to NE, then to a NW direction. According to the inverted faulting mechanism, the Longitudinal Valley fault can be separated into three segments. Both the northern and central segments have a high dip angle to the east, but the southern segment is of listric fault geometry. The northern segment exhibits dominantly left lateral strike‐slip faulting with reverse component, while the middle exhibits thrusting dominantly, and the southern segment exhibits thrusting with left‐lateral motion associated with a smaller coseismic displacement. In addition, this three‐segment deformation model can explain the pattern of recent crustal deformation along the LVF and Coastal Range.
Strike‐slip fault terminations at seismogenic depths: The structure and kinematics of the Glacier Lakes fault, Sierra Nevada United States
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. D. , Shipton Z. K. , Evans J. P. , Micklethwaite S. , Lim S. J. , McKillop P.
Published: April 2008

Structural complexity is common at the terminations of earthquake surface ruptures; similar deformation may therefore be expected at the end zones of earthquake ruptures at depth. The 8.2 km long Glacier Lakes fault (GLF) in the Sierra Nevada is a left‐lateral strike‐slip fault with a maximum observed displacement of 125 m. Within the fault, pseudotachylytes crosscut cataclasites, showing that displacement on the GLF was accommodated at least partly by seismic slip. The western termination of the GLF is defined by a gradual decrease in the displacement on the main fault, accompanied by a 1.4 km wide zone of secondary faulting in the dilational quadrant of the GLF. The secondary faults splay counterclockwise from the main fault trace forming average angles of 39° with the main fault. Slip vectors defined by slickenlines plunge more steeply west for these splay faults than for the GLF. Static stress transfer modeling shows that the orientations of the splays, and the plunge of displacement on those splays, are consistent with displacement on the main fault. The GLF termination structure shows that structural complexity is present at the terminations of faults at seismogenic depths and therefore ruptures that propagate beyond fault terminations, or through step overs between two faults, will likely interact with complex secondary fault structures. Models of dynamic rupture propagation must account for the effect of preexisting structures on the elastic properties of the host rock. Additionally, aftershock distributions and focal mechanisms may be controlled by the geometry and kinematics of structures present at fault terminations.
A high‐resolution study of particle export in the southern South China Sea based on 234Th:238U disequilibrium
Authors: Cai Pinghe , Chen Weifang , Dai Minhan , Wan Zhenwen , Wang Dongxiao , Li Qing , Tang Tiantian , Lv Dongwei
Published: April 2008

During a spring intermonsoon cruise in 2004, depth profiles of total and particulate 234Th in the upper 100 m were collected at 36 stations in the southern South China Sea (SCS), covering a surface area of ∼1.0 × 106 km2. Thorium‐234 was sampled by using a modified small‐volume MnO2 co‐precipitation technique, which allows mapping the 234Th distribution with a high spatial resolution. A stratified structure of 234Th/238U disequilibria was generally observed in the upper 100 m water column, suggesting that the euphotic zone of the southern SCS in this season can be separated into two layers: an upper layer with low export production rates and a lower layer with high export production rates. At the same time, we observed extensive zones of 234Th excess within the euphotic layer, which is possibly due to intense remineralization of particulate matter. Particulate organic carbon (POC) export was estimated from a three‐dimensional steady state model of 234Th fluxes combined with measurements of the POC/234Th ratio on suspended particles. The POC export for this region varied from a low of −10.7 ± 1.5 mmolC m−2 d−1 to a high of 12.6 ± 1.1 mmolC m−2 d−1, with an average of 3.8 ± 4.0 mmolC m−2 d−1. A negative flux of POC export is interpreted as the result of lateral input of particulate matter from nearby waters. Regional patterns in POC export show enhanced fluxes along the western and southern boundaries of the study region, and a “tongue” of low export extending northwestward from ∼7°N 116°E to ∼10°N 111°E. This geographic distribution is consistent with the overall surface circulation pattern of the southern SCS in this season.
Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: A composite Arctic sea surface temperature algorithm using satellite thermal data
Authors: Vincent R. F. , Marsden R. F. , Minnett P. J. , Creber K. A. M. , Buckley J. R.
Published: April 2008

The retrieval of Arctic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) using satellite radiometric imagery has not been well documented owing to the paucity of match‐ups with in situ data. SST algorithms developed in temperate regions lead to positive biases in high latitudes due to an overestimation of atmospheric IR absorption. The composite arctic sea surface temperature algorithm (CASSTA) presented in this paper was developed from concurrent satellite and shipborne radiometric data collected in the North Water Polynya between April and July 1998. This algorithm considers three temperature regimes: seawater above freezing, the transition zones of water and ice, and primarily ice. These regimes, which are determined by advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) calibrated brightness temperatures, require different calculations for temperature estimates. For seawater above freezing, a specific Arctic SST algorithm was produced through a linear regression of AVHRR against in situ data. Areas consisting mainly of ice use an established ice surface temperature (IST) algorithm. The transition zone uses a combination of the Arctic SST and IST algorithms. CASSTA determines the Channel 4 brightness temperature for each pixel in a calibrated AVHRR image and then applies the appropriate algorithm to create a thermal image. The mean deviation of CASSTA compared to in situ data was 0.17 K with a standard deviation of 0.21 K. This represents a significant improvement over SST values using McClain coefficients for temperate waters, which overestimate the same data set by an average of 2.40 K. Application of CASSTA to the North Water imagery gives superior results compared to existing SST or IST algorithms.