bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dimensionality and structure of species trait spaces
Authors: Mouillot David , Loiseau Nicolas , Grenié Matthias , Algar Adam C. , Allegra Michele , Cadotte Marc W. , Casajus Nicolas , Denelle Pierre , Guéguen Maya , Maire Anthony , Maitner Brian , McGill Brian J. , McLean Matthew , Mouquet Nicolas , Munoz François , Thuiller Wilfried , Villéger Sébastien , Violle Cyrille , Auber Arnaud
Published: May 2021

Trait‐based ecology aims to understand the processes that generate the overarching diversity of organismal traits and their influence on ecosystem functioning. Achieving this goal requires simplifying this complexity in synthetic axes defining a trait space and to cluster species based on their traits while identifying those with unique combinations of traits. However, so far, we know little about the dimensionality, the robustness to trait omission and the structure of these trait spaces. Here, we propose a unified framework and a synthesis across 30 trait datasets representing a broad variety of taxa, ecosystems and spatial scales to show that a common trade‐off between trait space quality and operationality appears between three and six dimensions. The robustness to trait omission is generally low but highly variable among datasets. We also highlight invariant scaling relationships, whatever organismal complexity, between the number of clusters, the number of species in the dominant cluster and the number of unique species with total species richness. When species richness increases, the number of unique species saturates, whereas species tend to disproportionately pack in the richest cluster. Based on these results, we propose some rules of thumb to build species trait spaces and estimate subsequent functional diversity indices.
Patterns of joint damage in severe haemophilia A treated with prophylaxis
Authors: Goren Rachel , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Blanchette Victor S. , Dover Saunya , Carcao Manuel , Israels Sara J. , Chan Anthony , Rivard Georges E. , Steele MacGregor , Cloutier Stéphanie , Klaassen Robert J. , Sinha Roona , Price Victoria E. , Laferriere Nicole , Paradis Elizabeth , Wu John K. , Feldman Brian M.
Published: May 2021

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to assess whether there are different patterns (classes) of joint health in young boys with severe haemophilia A (SHA) prescribed primary tailored prophylaxis. We also assessed whether age at first index joint bleed, blood group, FVIII gene abnormality variant, factor VIII trough level, first‐year bleeding rate and adherence to the prescribed prophylaxis regimen significantly predicted joint damage trajectory, and thus class membership.

Methods

Using data collected prospectively as part of the Canadian Hemophilia Primary Prophylaxis Study (CHPS), we implemented a latent class growth mixture model technique to determine how many joint damage classes existed within the cohort. We used a multinomial logistic regression to predict the odds of class membership based on the above predictors. We fitted a survival model to assess whether there were differences in the rate of dose escalation across the groups.

Results

We identified three distinct classes of trajectory: persistently low, moderately increasing and rapidly increasing joint scores. By multinomial regression, we found that only age at first index joint bleed predicted rapidly increasing joint scores. The rapidly increasing joint score class group moved through dose escalation significantly faster than the other two groups.

Conclusions

Using tailored prophylaxis, boys with SHA follow one of three joint health trajectories. By using knowledge of disease trajectories, clinicians may be able to adjust treatment according to a subject's predicted long‐term joint health and institute cost‐effective programmes of prophylaxis targeted at the individual subject level.
Enterococcus faecalis sustained infection induces macrophage pro‐resolution polarization
Authors: Polak David , Yaya Alin , Levy Dan Henry , Metzger Zvi , Abramovitz Itzhak
Published: May 2021

Aim

To investigate macrophage function in the presence of sustained infection with Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent root canal resident in asymptomatic apical periodontitis.

Methodology

The human monocyte cell line (THP‐1) was differentiated into macrophages by exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and the cultures were inoculated with E. faecalis for up to 48 h. At three time‐points 90 min, 24 and 48 h after inoculation, the macrophages and their supernatants were examined. Assays included macrophage phagocytosis rate and vitality, bacterial survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial activity, cytokine production and the expression of pro/anti‐inflammatory M1/M2 markers. Also, periapical tissue from apicectomy samples of human endodontically treated teeth were collected for histological and immunofluorescent analysis. Statistical differences were analysed with RM ANOVA.

Results

E. faecalis were phagocytized, and subsequently, most of the macrophages underwent apoptosis and necrosis. The small population of macrophages that remained vital after 48 h post‐inoculation harboured surviving bacteria. Despite a reduction in the number of macrophages over time, the mitochondrial activity of the surviving macrophages remained constant and external ROS decreased, whereas internal ROS increased. During the infection, a shift to a M2 macrophage population at 48 h post‐infection was observed; the results were similar to those obtained in periapical human tissue biopsies (p < .05).

Conclusions

The study portrays a continuous non‐resolved infection with E. faecalis and activation of macrophages that are polarized to the M2 pro‐resolution phenotype.
Bioactive glass particles as multi‐functional therapeutic carriers against antibiotic‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Pajares‐Chamorro Natalia , Wagley Yadav , Hammer Neal , Hankenson Kurt , Chatzistavrou Xanthippi
Published: May 2021

The development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus calls for novel approaches to cope with the limited availability of effective antibacterial options. This work aims to develop a site‐specific drug‐delivery multifunctional vehicle with the ability to clear resistant bacteria while promoting the healing of the surrounding damaged tissue. The use of silver‐doped microparticles (Ag–BG) is proposed as a platform to deliver vancomycin against MRSA, which under growth‐arrested conditions exhibits resistance to vancomycin. Ag–BG caged vancomycin within the Ca–P deposits resulted from the ion exchange between surface and medium, with a loading efficiency higher than 50% after 6 h of uptake. The drug was always released above the minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSA. The Ag–BG@vanc conjugate presented strong antibacterial properties against metabolically impaired bacteria, which can tolerate high concentrations of vancomycin. Ag–BG@vanc was more lethal for MRSA than Ag–BG alone, due to its capability to synergize with antibiotics. The presence of Ca–P deposits and antibiotics at the Ag–BG surface did not compromise its biological properties since the Ag–BG@vanc conjugate still promoted the cell proliferation of human pre‐osteoblast cells. These properties of multifunctional Ag–BG@vanc can provide new hope to fight antibiotic resistance and simultaneously promote bone regeneration holding great potential.
Detection of genomic regions underlying milk production traits in Valle del Belice dairy sheep using regional heritability mapping
Authors: Sutera Anna Maria , Tolone Marco , Mastrangelo Salvatore , Di Gerlando Rosalia , Sardina Maria Teresa , Portolano Baldassare , Pong‐Wong Ricardo , Riggio Valentina
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions underlying milk production traits in the Valle del Belice dairy sheep using regional heritability mapping (RHM). Repeated measurements for milk yield (MY), fat percentage and yield (F% and FY) and protein percentage and yield (P% and PY), collected over a period of 6 years (2006–2012) on 481 Valle del Belice ewes, were used for the analysis. Animals were genotyped with the Illumina 50k SNP chip. Variance components, heritabilities and repeatabilities within and across lactations were estimated, fitting parity, litter size, season of lambing and fortnights in milk, as fixed; and additive genetic, permanent environment within and across lactations, flock by test‐day interaction and residual as random effects. For the RHM analysis, the model included the same fixed and random effects as before, plus an additional regional genomic additive effect (specific for the region being tested) as random. While the whole genomic additive effect was estimated using the genomic relationship matrix (GRM) constructed from all SNPs, the regional genomic additive effect was estimated from a GRM matrix constructed from the SNPs within each region. Heritability estimates ranged between 0.06 and 0.15, with repeatabilities being between 0.14 and 0.24 across lactations and between 0.23 and 0.39 within lactation for all milk production traits. A substantial effect of flock‐test‐day on milk production traits was also estimated. Significant genomic regions at either genome‐wide (p < .05) or suggestive (i.e., one false positive per genome scan) level were identified on chromosome (OAR) 2, 3 and 20 for F% and on OAR3 for P%, with the regions on OAR3 in common between the two traits. Our results confirmed the role of LALBA and AQP genes, on OAR3, as candidate genes for milk production traits in sheep.
The association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with small for gestational age and intertwin birthweight discordance
Authors: Lin Dongxin , Luo BD Caihong , Chen Gengdong , Fan Dazhi , Huang Zheng , Li Pengsheng , Wu Shuzhen , Ye BD Shaoxin , Ma Huiting , Rao Jiaming , Zhang Huishan , Chen Ting , Zeng Meng , Guo Xiaoling , Liu Zhengping
Published: May 2021

Available evidence shows conflicting results regarding the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs)/preeclampsia (PE) and small for gestational age (SGA) and birthweight discordance (BWD). This retrospective study of 2131 twin pregnancies aimed to evaluate the association of HDPs/PE with the presence of SGA and BWD. The eligible pregnancies were categorized into four study groups: concordant pairs without SGA fetuses, discordant pairs without SGA fetuses, concordant pairs with SGA fetuses, and discordant pairs with SGA fetuses. We applied binary logistic regression models to compare the incidence of HDPs/PE and multinomial logit regression models to evaluate the severity of PE between the study groups. The models were adjusted for potential confounders. Increases in HDPs were observed in concordant (aOR, 2.33; 95% CI: 1.46–3.73) and discordant (aOR, 3.50; 95% CI: 2.26–5.43) pregnancies with SGA fetuses but not in discordant pregnancies without SGA fetuses (aOR, 1.42; 95% CI: 0.81–2.49); increases in PE were also found in concordant (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI: 1.08–3.23) and discordant (aOR, 3.75; 95% CI: 2.36–5.96) pregnancies with SGA fetuses but not in discordant pregnancies without SGA fetuses (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI: 0.71–2.52). Discordant pregnancies with SGA fetuses were associated with severe PE (aRRR, 3.48; 95% CI: 1.79–6.77), whereas concordant pregnancies with SGA fetuses were associated with only mild PE (aRRR, 2.54; 95% CI: 1.33–4.88). Our results suggest that SGA is associated with the development of HDP/PE, while discordant growth is associated with the severity of PE. These associations need to be further investigated using estimated fetal weight (EFW).
Comment on: Family caregiver assessment in primary care: How to strengthen the healthcare triad?
Authors: Balsinha Conceição , Gonçalves‐Pereira Manuel , Iliffe Steve
Published: May 2021

See the Reply by Fortinsky et al. in this issue.
Phylogeographic analysis of shrubby beardtongues reveals range expansions during the Last Glacial Maximum and implicates the Klamath Mountains as a hotspot for hybridization
Authors: Stone Benjamin W. , Wolfe Andrea D.
Published: May 2021

Quaternary glacial cycles often altered species' geographic distributions, which in turn altered the geographic structure of species' genetic diversity. In many cases, glacial expansion forced species in temperate climates to contract their ranges and reside in small pockets of suitable habitat (refugia), where they were likely to interact closely with other species, setting the stage for potential gene exchange. These introgression events, in turn, would have degraded species boundaries, making the inference of phylogenetic relationships challenging. Using high‐throughput sequence data, we employed a combination of species distribution models and hybridization tests to assess the effect of glaciation on the geographic distributions, phylogenetic relationships, and patterns of gene flow of five species of Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera, long‐lived shrubby angiosperms distributed throughout the Pacific Northwest of North America. Surprisingly, we found that rather than reducing their ranges to small refugia, most Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera species experienced increased suitable habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum relative to the present day. We also found substantial evidence for gene exchange between species, with the bulk of introgression events occurring in or near the Klamath Mountains of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Subsequently, our phylogenetic inference reveals blurred taxonomic boundaries in the Klamath Mountains, where introgression is most prevalent. Our results question the classical paradigm of temperate species' responses to glaciation and highlight the importance of contextualizing phylogenetic inference with species' histories of introgression.
Autorepressor PsrA is required for optimal Legionella pneumophila growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii protozoa
Authors: Graham Christopher I. , Patel Palak G. , Tanner Jennifer R. , Hellinga Jacqueline , MacMartin Teassa L. , Hausner Georg , Brassinga Ann Karen C.
Published: May 2021

Legionella pneumophila possesses a unique intracellular lifecycle featuring distinct morphological stages that include replicative forms and transmissive cyst forms. Expression of genes associated with virulence traits and cyst morphogenesis is concomitant, and governed by a complex stringent response based‐regulatory network and the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS. In Pseudomonas spp., rpoS expression is controlled by the autorepressor PsrA, and orthologs of PsrA and RpoS are required for cyst formation in Azotobacter. Here we report that the L. pneumophila psrA ortholog, expressed as a leaderless monocistronic transcript, is also an autorepressor, but is not a regulator of rpoS expression. Further, the binding site sequence recognized by L. pneumophila PsrA is different from that of Pseudomonas PsrA, suggesting a repertoire of target genes unique to L. pneumophila. While PsrA was dispensable for growth in human U937‐derived macrophages, lack of PsrA affected bacterial intracellular growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii protozoa, but also increased the quantity of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) inclusions in matured transmissive cysts. Interestingly, overexpression of PsrA increased the size and bacterial load of the replicative vacuole in both host cell types. Taken together, we report that PsrA is a host‐specific requirement for optimal temporal progression of L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle in A. castellanii.
Migration and season explain tick prevalence in Brazilian birds
Authors: Fecchio A. , Lugarini C. , Ferreira A. , Weckstein J. D. , Kuabara K. M. D. , De La Torre G. M. , Ogrzewalska M. , Martins T. F. , de Angeli Dutra D.
Published: May 2021

Neotropical birds are mostly parasitized by immature ticks and act as reservoir hosts of tick‐borne pathogens of medical and veterinary interest. Hence, determining the factors that enable ticks to encounter these highly mobile hosts and increase the potential for tick dispersal throughout migratory flyways are important for understanding tick‐borne disease transmission. We used 9682 individual birds from 572 species surveyed across Brazil and Bayesian models to disentangle possible avian host traits and climatic drivers of infestation probabilities, accounting for avian host phylogenetic relationships and spatiotemporal factors that may influence tick prevalence. Our models revealed that the probability of an individual bird being infested with tick larvae and nymphs was lower in partial migrant hosts and during the wet season. Notably, infestation probability increased in areas with a higher proportion of partial migrant birds. Other avian ecological traits known to influence tick prevalence (foraging habitat and body mass) and environmental condition that might constrain tick abundance (annual precipitation and minimum temperature) did not explain infestation probability. Our findings suggest that migratory flyways harbouring a greater abundance of migrant bird hosts also harbour a higher prevalence of immature ticks with potential to enhance the local transmission of tick‐borne pathogens and spread across regions.
Henckelia connata (Gesneriaceae), a new species from eastern Himalayas, China
Authors: Shi Xi‐Zuo , Yang Li‐Hua
Published: May 2021

According to morphological observation and literature consultation, a new species of Henckelia (Gesneriaceae), H. connata X. Z. Shi & Li H. Yang, is described and illustrated. This new species resembles H. dimidiata, but differs in its dilated and connate petiole bases (versus separated), longer peduncles (4–10 cm long versus 0.3–2.2 cm long) and pedicels (1.5–4.0 cm long versus up to 1 cm long), lanceolate to triangular bracts (versus ovate), of smaller size (4–7 × 3–5 mm versus up to 16 × 13 mm), bluish purple to light blue corolla tube (versus yellow) and pubescence on most organs (glabrous or sparsely pubescent).
Latitudinal variation in the diversity and composition of various organisms associated with an exotic plant: the role of climate and plant invasion
Authors: Gao Lunlun , Wei Chunqiang , Xu Hao , Liu Xiaoyan , Siemann Evan , Lu Xinmin
Published: May 2021

Climate and plant invasion can shape biotic communities at large spatial scales. Yet, how diverse groups of organisms associated with an invasive plant change simultaneously with latitude and the roles of climate and plant invasion remains unclear.

We conducted a field survey of plants (native vs exotic), soil fungi (pathogenic, saprotrophic, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi) and arthropods (herbivores, predators and detritivores) associated with the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides at 49 sites spanning 14 latitudinal degrees in China.

Results showed that diversity and composition of these functional groups changed differently with latitude, partially due to their specific responses to climate, invasion of A. philoxeroides and other biotic environments. Moreover, A. philoxeroides invasion and/or composition of other plants, rather than climate, predicted the diversity and richness of major functional groups and partly explained variance in composition of putative fungal pathogens.

Our results suggest that climate and plant invasion could affect the diversity and composition of diverse groups of organisms simultaneously and their relative importance might vary among functional groups. Thus, it is necessary to explore latitudinal patterns and underlying drivers of diverse groups of organisms simultaneously to improve our ability to predict and mitigate threats posed by plant invasion and climate change.
Nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase gene silencing enhances chemosensitivity of melanoma cell lines
Authors: Campagna Roberto , Salvolini Eleonora , Pompei Veronica , Pozzi Valentina , Salvucci Alessia , Molinelli Elisa , Brisigotti Valerio , Sartini Davide , Campanati Anna , Offidani Annamaria , Emanuelli Monica
Published: May 2021

Melanoma accounts for less than 5% of all cutaneous neoplasms but is responsible for the greater part of skin cancer–related deaths. Therefore, the identification of molecules that could serve as the therapeutic target is urgent. This study focused on the enzyme nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase (NNMT). The effect of NNMT knockdown on cell proliferation and migration of A375 melanoma cells was evaluated by MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. Viability of A375 cells downregulating NNMT was also explored under treatment with dacarbazine, a chemotherapeutic drug approved for advanced melanoma treatment. The impact of enzyme knockdown on cell proliferation and chemosensitivity was also investigated in WM‐115 melanoma cells. Results obtained demonstrated that NNMT silencing led to a significant reduction of cell proliferation and migration of A375 cells. Moreover, enzyme downregulation was associated with an increase of melanoma cells sensitivity to treatment with dacarbazine. Analogous effects induced by enzyme knockdown on cell proliferation and chemosensitivity were also found in the WM‐115 cell line. Our data seem to demonstrate that NNMT could represent a promising molecular target for the effective treatment of this form of skin cancer.
QTLs for potato tuber resistance to Dickeya solani are located on chromosomes II and IV
Authors: Lebecka Renata , Śliwka Jadwiga , Grupa‐Urbańska Anna , Szajko Katarzyna , Marczewski Waldemar
Published: May 2021

The goal of this research was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for potato tuber resistance to the soil‐ and seedborne bacterium Dickeya solani and for tuber starch content, to study the relationship between these traits. A resistant diploid hybrid of potato, DG 00‐270, was crossed with a susceptible hybrid, DG 08‐305, to generate the F1 mapping population. Tubers that were wound‐inoculated with bacteria were evaluated for disease severity, expressed as the mean weight of rotted tubers, and disease incidence, measured as the proportion of rotten tubers. Diversity array technology (DArTseq) was used for genetic map construction and QTL analysis. The most prominent QTLs for disease severity and incidence were identified in overlapping regions on potato chromosome IV and explained 22.4% and 22.9% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. The second QTL for disease severity was mapped to chromosome II and explained 16.5% of the variance. QTLs for starch content were detected on chromosomes III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XI, and XII in regions different from the QTLs for soft rot resistance. Two strong and reproducible QTLs for resistance to D. solani on potato chromosomes IV and II might be useful for further study of candidate genes and marker development in potato breeding programmes. The relationship between tuber resistance to bacteria and the starch content in potato tubers was not confirmed by QTL mapping, which makes the selection of genotypes highly resistant to soft rot with a desirable starch content feasible.
Does cognitive decline/dementia increase Delirium risk after stroke?
Authors: Ding Guanfu , Hua Shunde , Chen Jinming , Yang Shaochun , Xie Ruilu
Published: May 2021

Background

Delirium is a common contributor to mortality and hospital costs in stroke patients. Different observational studies have showed inconsistent results regarding the association between cognitive decline/dementia and delirium after acute stroke. Therefore, we performed this meta‐analysis with the aim of determining whether cognitive decline/dementia is related to the risk of delirium after acute stroke.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant studies from inception to September 2020. We calculated the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) by using fixed or random effects models based on heterogeneity measured by theI2index.

Results

The association between cognitive decline/dementia and post‐stroke delirium was examined in 13 studies with 3183 participants. After pooled analysis, we found that cognitive decline/dementia was significantly associated with susceptibility to delirium in post‐stroke patients (OR = 3.70, 95%CI: 2.90–4.71,P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis suggested that cognitive decline/dementia was associated with an increased risk of delirium in Caucasians (OR = 3.73, 95%CI: 2.73–5.11,P < 0.001), non‐Caucasians (OR = 3.65, 95%CI: 2.50–5.33,P < 0.001), samples with <200 subjects (OR = 3.70, 95%CI: 2.17–6.31,P < 0.001), samples with ≥200 subjects (OR = 3.70, 95%CI: 2.82–4.85,P < 0.001), studies published in 1990–2009 (OR = 3.17, 95%CI: 1.48–6.77,P = 0.003), and studies published in 2010–2020 (OR = 3.76, 95%CI: 2.92–4.86,P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We identified an association between cognitive decline/dementia and the risk of developing delirium. Cognitive decline/dementia may be a promising predictor for delirium in post‐stroke patients.
A privacy‐preserving framework for location recommendation using decentralized collaborative machine learning
Authors: Rao Jinmeng , Gao Song , Li Mingxiao , Huang Qunying
Published: May 2021

The nowadays ubiquitous location‐aware mobile devices have contributed to the rapid growth of individual‐level location data. Such data are usually collected by location‐based service platforms as training data to improve their predictive models' performance, but the collection of such data may raise public concerns about privacy issues. In this study, we introduce a privacy‐preserving location recommendation framework based on a decentralized collaborative machine learning approach: federated learning. Compared with traditional centralized learning frameworks, we keep users' data on their own devices and train the model locally so that their data remain private. The local model parameters are aggregated and updated through secure multiple‐party computation to achieve collaborative learning among users while preserving privacy. Our framework also integrates information about transportation infrastructure, place safety, and flow‐based spatial interaction to further improve recommendation accuracy. We further design two attack cases to examine the privacy protection effectiveness and robustness of the framework. The results show that our framework achieves a better balance on the privacy–utility trade‐off compared with traditional centralized learning methods. The results and ensuing discussion offer new insights into privacy‐preserving geospatial artificial intelligence and promote geoprivacy in location‐based services.
Effects of a secondary high amplitude stimulus on the impedance of perforated plates
Authors: Burgmayer Ralf , Bake Friedrich , Enghardt Lars
Published: May 2021

High sound pressure levels cause impedance changes in orifices and perforated plates due to vortex shedding and jet formation at the orifices. The effects of an additional high amplitude stimulus, unrelated in terms of frequency and phase, on the impedance of perforated plates received little attention. This work experimentally studies the impedance changes of perforated plates at various primary frequencies when an additional unrelated high-level single tone actuation is applied. It is shown that the impedance, the primary sound field faces, is altered dependent on the particle velocity induced in the orifices by the secondary actuation. Dimensionless quantities correlating the change of impedance with the secondary excitation are identified from the measurements and an empirical model for the change of resistance at quasi-steady flow conditions is derived. The results show that for low amplitude primary sound fields, the change of impedance is completely dependent on the secondary sound field. In case of a high amplitude primary sound field, the impedance is dependent on the particle velocities induced by both sound fields, whereas the larger induced particle velocity is the main contributor to the impedance changes. For unsteady flow conditions, a dependency on the frequency of the secondary actuation is found.
The Impact of Low Energy Availability on Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis and Physical Activity Behavior in Recreationally Trained Adults
Authors: Martin Alexandra , Hofmann Hande , Drenowatz Clemens , Wallmann-Sperlich Birgit , Sperlich Billy , Koehler Karsten
Published: May 2021

Energy availability describes the amount of dietary energy remaining for physiological functionality after the energy cost of exercise is deducted. The physiological and hormonal consequences of low energy availability (LEA) are well established, but the impact of LEA on physical activity behavior outside of exercise and, specifically, nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) has not been systematically examined. The authors conducted a secondary analysis of a repeated-measures crossover study in which recreationally trained young men (n = 6, 25 ± 1.0 years) underwent two 4-day conditions of LEA (15 kcal·kg fat-free mass−1 ·day−1) with and without endurance exercise (LEA + EX and LEA EX) and two energy-balanced control conditions (CON + EX and CON EX). The duration and intensity of physical activity outside of prescribed exercise were assessed using the SenseWear Pro3 armband. LEA did not alter NEAT (p = .41), nor time spent in moderate to vigorous (p = .20) and low-intensity physical activity (p = .17). However, time spent in low-intensity physical activity was lower in LEA + EX than LEA − EX (13.7 ± 0.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.3 hr/day; p = .002). Short-term LEA does not seem to impact NEAT per se, but the way it is attained may impact physical activity behavior outside of exercise. As the participants expended similar amounts of energy during NEAT (900–1,300 kcal/day = 12.5–18.0 kcal·kg fat-free mass−1·day−1) and prescribed exercise bouts (15.0 kcal·kg fat-free mass−1·day−1), excluding it as a component of energy expenditure may skew the true energy available for physiological functionality in active populations.
Is a Head-Worn Inertial Sensor a Valid Tool to Monitor Swimming?
Authors: Shell Stephanie J. , Clark Brad , Broatch James R. , Slattery Katie , Halson Shona L. , Coutts Aaron J.
Published: May 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to independently validate a wearable inertial sensor designed to monitor training and performance metrics in swimmers. Methods: A total of 4 male (21 [4] y, 1 national and 3 international) and 6 female (22 [3] y, 1 national and 5 international) swimmers completed 15 training sessions in an outdoor 50-m pool. Swimmers were fitted with a wearable device (TritonWear, 9-axis inertial measurement unit with triaxial accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), placed under the swim cap on top of the occipital protuberance. Video footage was captured for each session to establish criterion values. Absolute error, standardized effect, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to determine the validity of the wearable device against video footage for total swim distance, total stroke count, mean stroke count, and mean velocity. A Fisher exact test was used to analyze the accuracy of stroke-type identification. Results: Total swim distance was underestimated by the device relative to video analysis. Absolute error was consistently higher for total and mean stroke count, and mean velocity, relative to video analysis. Across all sessions, the device incorrectly detected total time spent in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle by 51% (15%). The device did not detect time spent in drill. Intraclass correlation coefficient results demonstrated excellent intrarater reliability between repeated measures across all swimming metrics. Conclusions: The wearable device investigated in this study does not accurately measure distance, stroke count, and velocity swimming metrics or detect stroke type. Its use as a training monitoring tool in swimming is limited.
Air pollution impacts of COVID-19–related containment measures
Authors: Chossière Guillaume P. , Xu Haofeng , Dixit Yash , Isaacs Stewart , Eastham Sebastian D. , Allroggen Florian , Speth Raymond L. , Barrett Steven R. H.
Published: May 2021

COVID-19–related lockdowns led to significant reductions in NO
2
globally, but not in fine particulates and ozone.
Coupling of the mid-depth and abyssal components of the global overturning circulation according to a state estimate
Authors: Rousselet Louise , Cessi Paola , Forget Gael
Published: May 2021

The global routes of mid-depth overturning circulation are mapped with Lagrangian analysis using velocities from a state estimate.
Receptor compaction and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER
Authors: Lee Jae Ho , Jomaa Ahmad , Chung SangYoon , Hwang Fu Yu-Hsien , Qian Ruilin , Sun Xuemeng , Hsieh Hao-Hsuan , Chandrasekar Sowmya , Bi Xiaotian , Mattei Simone , Boehringer Daniel , Weiss Shimon , Ban Nenad , Shan Shu-ou
Published: May 2021

Single-molecule and cryo-EM studies reveal molecular acrobatics of signal recognition particle that initiates protein translocation.
Long live humankind
Extra Life
Steven Johnson
Riverhead, 2021. 320 pp.
Extra Life
Duncan Singh, Helen Sage, Tristan Quinn, David Alvarado, Jason Sussberg, directors
Nutopia, 2021. Airing 11 May to 1 June 2021 on PBS. Check local listings.
Authors: van Raalte Alyson A.
Published: May 2021

Data collection and analysis earn top spots among factors that have drastically increased life expectancy
Plant lipids enticed fungi to mutualism
Authors: Bouwmeester Harro J.
Published: May 2021

Evolution of lipid transfer from plants to fungi allowed plants to colonize land
IL-6 effector function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) is NOD2 dependent
Authors: Hardman Clare S. , Chen Yi-Ling , Salimi Maryam , Nahler Janina , Corridoni Daniele , Jagielowicz Marta , Fonseka Chathuranga L. , Johnson David , Repapi Emmanouela , Cousins David J. , Barlow Jillian L. , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Simmons Alison , Ogg Graham
Published: May 2021

Human ILC2 express NOD2 and secrete IL-6 in response to bacterial ligands.
Traumatic dissecting pathology of posterior cerebral artery: a report of two cases—aneurysm and pial arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Selvamurugan Vignesh , Prasad Surya Nandan , Singh Vivek , Neyaz Zafar
Published: May 2021

We present two cases of 17-year-old man and 10-year-old boy presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage and a history of road traffic accident. One patient had dissecting aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and the other patient had partially thrombosed aneurysm on CT angiography. On digital subtraction angiography of the second patient, there was formation of PCA pontomesencephalic vein pial arteriovenous fistula (PAVF). Both the patients underwent endovascular treatment: stent-assisted coiling for aneurysm and coiling with parent vessel occlusion for PAVF. There were no procedural complications. Follow-up angiography showed no residual aneurysm or fistula. Trauma is one of the recognised causes of dissection, and intracranial dissections can present as stenotic lesions, aneurysms or fistulas, depending on the pathology. Traumatic dissecting PCA aneurysm has been reported in only two case reports previously, and post-traumatic PAVF in PCA has not been reported.
Vanishing lung syndrome: a consequence of mixed tobacco and marijuana use
Authors: Salley Jordan R , Kukkar Vishal , Felde Lanna
Published: May 2021

Idiopathic giant bullous emphysema or vanishing lung syndrome (VLS) is a rare, chronic radiological diagnosis characterised by giant emphysematous bullae located primarily in the upper lobes of the lungs. This highly morbid phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease leads to severe progressive dyspnoea and significant disability. Here, we describe a 48-year-old man with a history significant for long-term tobacco and cannabis smoking, who is found to have VLS. We present a review of recent findings on the association between VLS and the additive effect of marijuana and tobacco.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome and repair of ulnar artery aneurysm in a patient without history of trauma
Authors: Hart Justin , Hajjar Raymond , Laveroni Eugene
Published: May 2021

The patient is a 50-year-old male with a history of tobacco use presented for evaluation of pulsatile right-hand mass. The patient was employed as a barber but had no known history of trauma or injury. He was diagnosed with hypothenar hammer syndrome and underwent excision of ulnar artery aneurysm with reconstruction of ulnar artery with interposition saphenous vein graft. The presented case describes an uncommon presentation of hypothenar hammer syndrome in a patient without history of repetitive blunt trauma or injury and discusses the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment options for symptomatic ulnar artery aneurysm.
Treatment-induced diabetes neuropathy: reminder of an important clinical lesson
Authors: Ferreira Mafalda , Camoes Guilherme , Gomes João Filipe de Ferreira , Ferreira Diana M
Published: May 2021

Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND) is an acute, painful and rare complication of intensive glycaemic control in diabetes. We present a case of a 32-year-old man with sudden onset of severe lower limb pain. It worsened progressively and was refractory to analgesic and muscle relaxant therapies. It became so severe that the patient was impossible to stand, causing a marked impact on his daily life. He had a history of type 1 diabetes, diagnosed 3 years ago, and an episode of deep vein thrombosis of the left leg, 4 years ago. While completing an extensive workup, various analgesic adjustments were made, with no improvement. After careful revision of his medical data, a significant reduction of his A1C 6 months before the appearance of symptoms was noticed. A diagnosis of TIND was made. The patient was treated with amitriptyline and showed noticeable improvement after the first month.
Endourological management of osteitis pubis secondary to a calcified prostate ossifying into the pubic symphysis
Authors: Madhusoodanan Vinayak , Katz Jonathan E , Bhat Abhishek , Shah Hemendra N
Published: May 2021

Osteitis pubis is a rare but known complication of multiple urological procedures including transurethral resection of the prostate, prostate cryotherapy, photovaporisation of the prostate, high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment of the prostate, prostatectomy and cystectomy, especially in the context of salvage therapy for prostate cancer. Patients can present with significant often intractable pain secondary to this condition. We report a case of a patient with a history of radiation therapy and salvage cryoablation who presented with osteitis pubis, calcification of the prostatic tissue bed which was inseparable from the pubic symphysis. Treatment with salvage holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and holmium lithotripsy was demonstrated to be effective for palliative management of osteitis pubis from prostatic calcification ossifying into the pubic symphysis.
Peritoneal or mesenteric tumours revealing histiocytosis
Authors: Cohen-Aubart Fleur , Ungureanu Irena , Razanamahery Jerome , Charlotte Frédéric , Valmary-Degano Séverine , Hélias-Rodzewicz Zofia , Cazals-Hatem Dominique , Dartigues Peggy , Delage-Corre Manuela , Selves Janick , Tas Patrick , Humbert Sebastien , Malakhia Alexandre , Kunnamo Merja , Veresezan Liana , Prokopiou Chrystalla , Seeber Andreas , Tazi Abdellatif , Donadieu Jean , Lucidarme Olivier , Haroche Julien , Emile Jean-François
Published: May 2021

Objective

Peritoneal or mesenteric tumours may correspond to several tumour types or tumour-like conditions, some of them being represented by histiocytosis. This rare condition often poses diagnostic difficulties that can lead to important time delay in targeted therapies. Our aim was to describe main features of histiocytoses with mesenteric localisation that can improve the diagnostic process.

Design

We performed a retrospective study on 22 patients, whose peritoneal/mesenteric biopsies were infiltrated by histiocytes.

Results

Abdominal pain was the revealing symptom in 10 cases, and 19 patients underwent surgical biopsies. The diagnosis of histiocytosis was proposed by initial pathologists in 41% of patients. The other initial diagnoses were inflammation (n=7), sclerosing mesenteritis (n=4) and liposarcoma (n=1). The CD163/CD68+CD1a- histiocytes infiltrated subserosa and/or deeper adipose tissues in 16 and 14 cases, respectively. ABRAFV600Emutation was detected within the biopsies in 11 cases, and two others were MAP2K1 mutated. The final diagnosis was histiocytosis in 18 patients, 15 of whom had Erdheim-Chester disease. The median diagnostic delay of histiocytosis was 9 months. Patients treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors showed a partial response or a stable disease. One patient died soon after surgery, and five died by the progression of the disease.

Conclusion

Diagnosis of masses arising in the mesentery should be carefully explored as one of the possibilities in histiocytosis. This diagnosis is frequently missed on mesenteric biopsies. Molecular biology for detecting the mutations in BRAF or in genes of the MAP kinase pathway is a critical diagnostic tool.
Parental and professional perceptions of informed consent and participation in a time-critical neonatal trial: a mixed-methods study in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
Authors: Pant Stuti , Elias Maya Annie , Woolfall Kerry , Morales Maria Moreno , Lincy Bensitta , Jahan Ismat , Sumanasena Samanmali P , Ramji Siddarth , Shankaran Seetha , Thayyil Sudhin
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Time-critical neonatal trials in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) raise several ethical issues. Using a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods design, we explored informed consent process in Hypothermia for encephalopathy in low and middle-income countries (HELIX) trial conducted in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

Methods

Term infants with neonatal encephalopathy, aged less than 6 hours, were randomly allocated to cooling therapy or usual care, following informed parental consent. The consenting process was audio-video (A-V) recorded in all cases. We analysed A-V records of the consent process using a 5-point Likert scale on three parameters—empathy, information and autonomy. In addition, we used exploratory observation method to capture relevant aspects of consent process and discussions between parents and professionals. Finally, we conducted in-depth interviews with a subgroup of 20 parents and 15 healthcare professionals. A thematic analysis was performed on the observations of A-V records and on the interview transcripts.

Results

A total of 294 A-V records of the HELIX trial were analysed. Median (IQR) score for empathy, information and autonomy was 5 (0), 5 (1) and 5 (1), respectively. However, thematic analysis suggested that the consenting was a ceremonial process; and parental decision to participate was based on unreserved trust in the treating doctors, therapeutic misconception and access to an expensive treatment free of cost. Most parents did not understand the concept of a clinical trial nor the nature of the intervention. Professionals showed a strong bias towards cooling therapy and reported time constraints and explaining to multiple family members as key challenges.

Conclusion

Despite rigorous research governance and consent process, parental decisions were heavily influenced by situational incapacity and a trust in doctors to make the right decision on their behalf. Further research is required to identify culturally and context-appropriate strategies for informed trial participation.
Temporal trends and sex differences in sudden cardiac death in the Copenhagen City Heart Study
Authors: Ågesen Frederik Nybye , Lynge Thomas Hadberg , Blanche Paul , Banner Jytte , Prescott Eva , Jabbari Reza , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob
Published: May 2021

Objective

More knowledge about the development of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the general population is needed to develop meaningful predictors of SCD. Our aim with this study was to estimate the incidence of SCD in the general population and examine the temporal changes, demographics and clinical characteristics.

Methods

All participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study were followed from 1993 to 2016. All death certificates, autopsy reports and national registry data were used to identify all cases of SCD.

Results

A total of 14 562 subjects were included in this study. There were 8394 deaths with all information available, whereof 1335 were categorised as SCD. The incidence of SCD decreased during the study period by 41% for persons aged 40–90 years, and the standardised incidence rates decreased from 504 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 447 to 569) to 237 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 195 to 289). The incidence rate ratio of SCD between men and women ≤75 years was 1.99 (95% CI 1.62 to 2.46). The proportion of SCD of all cardiac deaths decreased during the observation period and decreased with increasing age. Men had more cardiovascular comorbidities (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.68, p<0. 01), and SCD was the first registered manifestation of cardiac disease in 50% of all cases.

Conclusion

The incidence of SCD in the general population has declined significantly during the study period but should be further investigated for more recent variations as well as novel risk predictors for persons with low to medium risk of SCD.
Serum high-molecular-weight adiponectin and response to dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Aso Yoshimasa , Sagara Masaaki , Niitani Takafumi , Kato Kanako , Iijima Toshie , Tomaru Takuya , Jojima Teruo , Usui Isao
Published: May 2021

A better baseline renal function is associated with a better response to sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Low serum adiponectin is associated with visceral fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis. We investigated the relationship between baseline serum adiponectin and glycemic response to dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In a randomized, active-controlled, open-label trial, 57 patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD were randomized to either the dapagliflozin (5 mg/d) group or the control group. Both groups were treated for 24 weeks. Serum high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin was measured with an ELISA kit. Visceral fat area (VFA) was measured by dual bioelectrical impedance analysis. Hepatic steatosis was assessed by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measured by a transient elastography (FibroScan). Treatment with dapagliflozin significantly decreased HbA1c from 8.4%±1.5% at baseline to 7.4%±1.2% at 24 weeks. Both VFA and CAP decreased in the dapagliflozin group. Baseline serum HMW adiponectin was negatively correlated with changes in HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks with dapagliflozin therapy. In the multivariate analysis, baseline HbA1c (β=−0.559, p=0.002) and serum HMW adiponectin (β=0.471, p=0.010) were independent determinants for the change (reduction) in HbA1c. In the dapagliflozin group, the change in HbA1c was positively correlated with the changes of CAP, but negatively correlated with the change in serum HMW adiponectin. In conclusion, a lower serum level of HMW adiponectin was associated with a better response to dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.

Trial registration number

UMIN000022155.