bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Humanistic Study on the Transmission of Korean Tea Production as Cultural Heritage
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Choi Sung min
Published: May 2018

As the korean tea production has been newly designated as intangible cultural heritage in 2016, Korean Tea(cha) is again being focused on. In the context that tea production is the key to fix tea quality(aroma, color, flavor), the designation of tea production as cultural heritage enables korean tea to be strengthened in the competition with the chinese and japanese teas etc. This also could be one of the solutions for impending crisis charged on the korean tea industry.
But the Korean Cultural Heritage Authorities announces that they will start on research and document on the tea manufacturing from now on. This is regrettable in that they have made dicision in advance on designating the tea production as cultural heritage without basic data aquisition. This reserch, on the occasion of designating the tea production as intangible cultural heritage, has rearranged the history of korean tea production development, explored the identity of korean tea production and looked into the meaning of the tea production transmission in the viewpoint of discriminating tradition and authenticity.
Because of incomplete record, the story of korean tea production could be looked into only from the situation since the Chosun Dynasty. 『Boopoonghyangchabo(부풍향 차보)』and 『Dongdaki(동다기)』in the early days, 『Daboo(다부)』in the middle, 『Dasinjeon(다신전)』with 『Dongdasong(동다송)』and 「Dabeobsoochig(다법수칙)」 etc. are books related to the koran tea production development history. Among these, 『Boopoonghyangchabo』, the first record on korean teaproduction, is describing several items about the tea-herbal formula. 『Dongdaki』, as the first and positive report on the korean tea production, is introducing methods of steaming and drying off tea leaves on the fire. These methods are something much advanced and innovated. 『Daboo』is not directly comenting on tea production, in stead, suggesting firstly in korea the Dado concept with a word ‘the tea in my mind’(오심 지차). As the Dado premises the existence of supreme tea, we can see 『Daboo』 has stressed the importance of tea production.
『Dasinjeon』and 『Dongdasong』has made the writer respected as The Saint of Korean tea. The tea production descrived in these books is the copy of chinese ways. Nevertheless, considering that the similarity in the natural characteristics and culture makes way of Tea production between china and korea simultaneously same and different, Choeo’s way of tea production seems to be creative and shared generally in korean surroundings.
To conclude, the way of korean tea production has not been succeeded systematically but developed getting used to the surroundings of those days. For the unique korean way of roasting tea leaves, we can find a crucial factor in 「Dabeobsoochig」. It warns that tea leaves should be roasted halfway for the fragrance to be preserved. What we can see here is that the authenticity trying to seek the new is more important than the tradition sticking to the existings.
A Study on the quality and function improvement by tea blending
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Sohn Yeun suk
Published: May 2018

Blending is the key point to customers when they are choosing drinking teas. How to blend tea leaves with various complements to satisfy them is directly connected with sales of tea brands. The aim of this study is laying foundation for various attempts in tea blending.
Also, blending has technical advantage. It supplements features of diverse tea leaves and harmoniously creates functional flavor and taste. This is why companies where strive for continuous development on tea blending contributes to significant forward in industrial fields.
Representative examples are Queen Ann blend of Fortnum and Mason, No. 49 of Harrods, and Marco Polo of Mariage Frère. Being loved by consumers, Marco Polo now has three advanced version of tea including Marco Polo blue, Green tea Marco Polo, and Marco Polo rouge. Constant exertions on new version of blending to steady sellers guarantee their continuous reputation and success.
Domestic brands are also currently launching many blending teas with story-telling and unique Korean herbs. With number of efforts in training blenders and supporting studies on blends will assure the improvement of quality teas.
Evaluation of In-vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Daphne retusa Hemsl. Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi
Authors: Nawab Jamila , Tariq Shafiq Ahmad , Khan Naeem , Nawab Sadia , Shah Muhammad Raza , Ashhad Halimi Syed Muhammad , Khan Haroon
Published: May 2018

Background:

Antimicrobial drug resistance is an emerging problem, which leads to a failure
in the control of infectious diseases thereby, adversely affecting patient care and reducing effective
management of infectious diseases globally. Thus, search for new and more effective alternatives is
needed. Daphne retusa Hemsl. (Daphne) has medicinal values and is reported to be widely used in curing
a variety of human ailments.

Objective:

Current study assesses in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of D.retusa (whole
plant) and its derived fractions against clinically isolated human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Materials and Methods:

Whole plant of D.retusa was powder dried and then extracted with methanol
(E1). The resultant was fractionated to give Chloroform fraction (E2), Butanol fraction (E3) and Ethyl
acetate fraction (E4). The crude extract and derived fractions were assessed for antimicrobial and antifungal
activity by using agar well diffusion method and their MICs were found following Clinical and
Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

Result:

Our study shows that D.retusa has very good inhibitory action against different bacterial and
fungal strains. All of the extracts were active against almost every microorganism used in the study.
E2 has the maximum percent of inhibition against bacterial growth while E1 has themaximum percent of
inhibition against fungal growth. Streptococcus pneumonia was the most susceptible bacteria while
among fungi, Gongronella butleri showed highest susceptibility.

Conclusion:

Results justify the use of D. retusa in the treatment of microbial infections. For the development
of a novel antibiotic, the crude extract and its derived fractions need further exploration; with
emphasis to isolate and identify the active constituents that are responsible for antibacterial and antifungal
activity.
Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid 25(OH)Vitamin D3 Levels in HIV-1 and Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Center in North India
Authors: Sinha Sanjeev , Gupta Kartik , Mandal Dibyakanti , Das B.K. , Pandey R.M.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Vitamin D is an immunomodulator, and its deficiency is associated with Tuberculosis (TB) infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is a rich milieu of macrophages that form the first line of defense against invading TB bacilli. As there is an increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in TB and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) subjects, we intend exploring the possibility of a localized deficiency of vitamin D metabolites in BALF of these patients.

Objective:

The primary objective was to assess the level of 25D3 in serum and BALF of subjects and look for a significant difference among patients and controls. The secondary objective was to find a correlation between serum and BALF 25D3 levels.

Methods:

We performed a cross-sectional study with subjects divided into four groups: Controls (group 1), HIV positive without active TB (group 2), active TB without HIV (group 3), and HIV-TB coinfection (group 4). BALF and serum 25D3 levels were compared between the groups.

Results:

Among the 149 (an immunomodulator) successive subjects enrolled, there were 40 subjects in group 1 (HIV-TB-), 48 in group 2 (HIV+TB-), 37 in group 3 (HIV-TB+), and 24 in group 4 (HIV+TB+). Females constituted 31.6% of the study subjects. In groups 3 and 4, there were significantly lower serum 25D3 levels compared to group 1 (p-value group 3: 0.002; group 4: 0.012). In groups 2, 3, and 4, there were significantly lower BALF 25D3 levels compared to group 1 (p-value group 2: 0.000; group 3: 0.000; group 4: 0.001). There was a significant correlation between serum and BALF 25D3 levels (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 0.318, p-value = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Lower levels of serum and BALF 25D3 were observed in HIV, TB, and HIV-TB coinfected patients. Localized deficiency of vitamin D metabolites might be associated with increased vulnerability to TB infection.
YouTube Information about Diabetes and Oral Healthcare (Preprint)
Authors: Pons-Fuster Eduardo , Juan Ruiz Roca , Tvarijonaviciute Asta , Lopez- Jornet Pia
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is increasing at an alarming rate all over the world

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the information available on YouTube on diabetes and oral healthcare

METHODS

This cross-sectional study made a search in YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/) applying the search terms “oral healthcare for diabetics.” Two reviewers assessed the videos and categorized them into useful, misleading or personal experience, and scored them using a global quality scale (GQS) from 1-5 according to their overall quality (1 = poor quality; 5 = excellent quality). The source of each video was also registered, as was user interaction with each video

RESULTS

A total of 97 videos were included for analysis. Of these, 30 (30.9%) contained useful information, 61 (62.9%) contained misleading information, and six (6.2%) recounted personal experiences. Overall quality scores showed statistically significant differences between those containing useful information and those with misleading information and personal experience (p=0.001). Significant differences in content were also found regarding oral hygiene (p=0.022), periodontitis (p=0.002), and infection (p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

YouTube provides informative videos about oral healthcare for diabetics. The quality of the videos was variable and the videos recorded by dental professionals and Universities showed a higher quality. Further research is needed into oral healthcare for diabetics.
How to Optimize Health Messages About Cancer on Facebook: Mixed-Methods Study (Preprint)
Authors: Biancovilli Priscila , Jurberg Claudia
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Incidence rate of cancer is increasing worldwide, with longer life expectancy being one of the main causes. Yet, between 30% and 50% of cancer cases are preventable, and early detection contributes to a better prognosis. This makes health communication strategies essential. Facebook, the world’s most used social networking site in 2017 and 2018, can be a useful tool for disseminating powerful messages on health promotion, prevention, and early detection.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to (1) offer ways of optimizing health messages about cancer on Facebook, focusing on topics, such as risk factors, prevention, treatment, early diagnosis, and cure, and (2) investigate which aspects of these messages generate greater engagement.

METHODS

To verify what generates greater engagement in topics related to cancer on Facebook, we analyzed 16 Brazilian pages with the main theme of cancer. We performed a manual analysis of texts, content, and engagement rates. Finally, we developed a software program to operationalize the analysis of Facebook posts. The tool we devised aims to automate the analysis of any Facebook page with cancer as the main theme.

RESULTS

We analyzed 712 posts over a 1-month period. We divided the posts into the following 8 categories: “Testimonies or real-life stories,” “Solidarity,” “Anniversaries,” “Science and health,” “Events,” “Institutional,” “Risk factors,” and “Beauty.” The pages were also organized into groups according to the type of profile to which they belonged (ie, hospitals or foundations, informative, nongovernmental organizations, and personal pages).The results showed that the categories generating greater engagement in Brazil were not those with the highest percentage of cancer-related content. For instance, in the “Informative” group the “Testimonies or real-life stories” category generated an engagement of 79.5%. However, only 9.5% (25/261) of the content within the relevant time period dealt with such topics. Another example concerns the category “Science and health.” Despite being the one with the highest number of posts (129/261, 49.4%), it scored 5th in terms of engagement. This investigation served as the basis for the development of a tool designed to automate the analysis of Facebook pages. The list of categories and keywords generated by this analysis was employed to feed the system, which was then able to categorize posts appearing on a Facebook page. We tested the system on 163 posts and only 34 were classified incorrectly, which amounts to a 20.8% error rate (79.2% accuracy).

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis we conducted by categorizing posts and calculating engagement rates shows that the potential of Facebook pages is often underutilized. This occurs because the categories that generate the greatest engagement are often not those most frequently used. The software developed in this research may help administrators of cancer-related pages analyze their posts more easily and increase public interest as a result.
Teleconsultation Using Mobile Phones for Diagnosis and Acute Care of Burn Injuries Among Emergency Physicians: Mixed-Methods Study (Preprint)
Authors: Klingberg Anders , Wallis Lee Alan , Hasselberg Marie , Yen Po-Yin , Fritzell Sara Caroline
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

The referral process in acute care remains challenging in many areas including burn care. Mobile phone apps designed explicitly for medical referrals and consultations could streamline the referral process by using structured templates and integrating features specific to different specialties. However, as these apps are competing with commercial chat services, usability becomes a crucial factor for successful uptake.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the usability of a mobile phone app for remote consultations and referrals of burn injuries.

METHODS

A total of 24 emergency doctors and 4 burns consultants were recruited for the study. A mixed-methods approach was used including a usability questionnaire and a think-aloud interview. Think-aloud sessions were video-recorded, and content analysis was undertaken with predefined codes relating to the following 3 themes: ease of use, usefulness of content, and technology-induced errors.

RESULTS

The users perceived the app to be easy to use and useful, but some problems were identified. Issues relating to usability were associated with navigation, such as scrolling and zooming. Users also had problems in understanding the meaning of some icons and terminologies. Sometimes, some users felt limited by predefined options, and they wanted to be able to freely express their clinical findings.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that users faced problems mainly with navigation when the app did not work in the same way as the other apps that were frequently used. Our study also resonates with previous findings that when using standardized templates, the systems should also allow the user to express their clinical findings in their own words.
The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support Between Physical Activity Habit Strength and Depressive Symptoms in People Seeking to Decrease Their Cardiovascular Risk: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)
Authors: Storm Vera , Reinwand Dominique Alexandra , Wienert Julian , Tan Shu-Ling , Lippke Sonia
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Regular physical activity treatment has been advocated for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients at risk of cardiovascular diseases and depressive symptoms. How physical activity is related to depressive symptoms is widely discussed.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this internet-based study was to investigate the role of perceived social support in the relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms.

METHODS

In total, 790 participants (mean 50.9 years, SD 12.2, range 20-84 years) who were interested in reducing their cardiovascular risk were recruited in Germany and the Netherlands. Data collection was conducted via an internet-based questionnaire addressing physical activity habit strength, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support. Cross-sectional data analysis was done with SPSS version 24 using the Macro PROCESS version 2 16.3 by Hayes with bootstrapping (10,000 samples), providing 95% CIs.

RESULTS

Physical activity habit strength was negatively related to depressive symptoms (r=–.13, P=.006), but this interrelation disappeared when controlling for perceived social support (beta=–.14, SE 0.09, P=.11). However, there was an indirect relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms, which was mediated via perceived social support (beta=–.13; SE 0.04, 95% CI –0.21 to 0.06). The negative relationship between physical activity habit strength and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by perceived social support.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest that physical activity treatment in people interested in reducing their cardiovascular risk should also embed social support to target depressive symptoms. Internet-based interventions and electronic health may provide a good option for doing so.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01909349; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01909349 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73Y9RfdiY)
An Electronic Clinical Decision Support System for the Assessment and Management of Suicidality in Primary Care: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study (Preprint)
Authors: Horrocks Matthew , Michail Maria , Aubeeluck Aimee , Wright Nicola , Morriss Richard
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a global public health concern, but it is preventable. Increased contact with primary care before the suicide or attempted suicide raises opportunities for intervention and prevention. However, suicide assessment and management are areas that many general practitioners (GPs) find particularly challenging. Previous research has indicated significant variability in how GPs understand, operationalize, and assess suicide risk, which subsequently has an impact on clinical decision making. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have been widely implemented across different health care settings, including primary care to support practitioners in clinical decision making. A CDSS may reduce inconsistencies in the identification, assessment, and management of suicide risk by GPs by guiding them through the consultation and generating a risk assessment plan that can be shared with a service user or with specialized mental health services.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim is to co-develop and test with end users (eg, GPs, primary care attendees, mental health professionals) an electronic clinical decision support system (e-CDSS) to support GPs in the identification, assessment, and management of suicidality in primary care.

METHODS

Ours is an ongoing embedded mixed-methods study with four phases: (1) qualitative interviews with GPs to explore their views on the content, format, and use of the e-CDSS, as well as consultation with two service-user advisory groups (people aged ≤25 and people aged ≥25) to inform the content of the e-CDSS including phrasing of items and clarity; (2) participatory co-production workshops with GPs, service users, and clinical experts in suicidality to determine the content and format of the e-CDDS; gain consensus of the relevance of items; establish content validity and identify pathways to implementation, using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research; (3) building the e-CDSS so that it guides the GP through a consultation; and (4) usability testing of the e-CDSS with GPs and service users in one primary care practice involving a nonlive and a live stage.

RESULTS

The study was funded for four years, to take place between 2015 and 2019, and is currently completing phase 4 data collection. The first results are expected to be submitted for publication in June 2019. The findings will enable us to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a suicide-specific, electronic, guided decision support system in primary care.

CONCLUSIONS

This study will be the first to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of an electronic, guided decision support system for use in primary care consultations for the improved assessment and management of suicidality.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

RR1-10.2196/11135
Leadership in Organizations-A Book Review
Authors: Bourne Paul Andrew , Smith-Sherwood Heather A.
Published: May 2018

Book Review
Comparative effectiveness of a bilayered living cellular construct and an acellular fetal bovine collagen dressing in the treatment of venous leg ulcers
Authors: Sabolinski Michael L , Gibbons Gary
Published: May 2018

Aim:
To compare the effectiveness of bilayered living cellular construct (BLCC) and an acellular fetal bovine collagen dressing (FBCD) for the treatment of venous leg ulcers.
Methods:
Data from WoundExpert
®
(Net Health, PA, USA) was used to analyze 1021 refractory venous leg ulcers treated at 177 facilities.
Results:
Kaplan–Meier analyses showed that BLCC (893 wounds) was superior to FBCD (128 wounds), p = 0.01 for: wound closure by weeks 12 (31 vs 25%), 24 (55 vs 43%) and 36 (68 vs 53%); reduction in time to wound closure of 37%, (19 vs 30 weeks); and improvement in the probability of healing by 45%.
Conclusion:
BLC versus FBCD showed significant differences in both time to and frequency of healing suggesting that BLCC may provide significant cost savings compared with FBCD.
Quetzaltenango: una región de Los Altos guatemaltecos.
Authors: Barrera Aguilera Óscar Javier
Published: May 2018

Estas páginas describen y analizan un libro dedicado al estudio de las transformaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que vivió el pueblo guatemalteco de Quetzaltenango en el tránsito de la experiencia colonial a la vida independiente. Luego de exponer las novedades, alcances, pertinencia y estructura del trabajo, se ofrece una discusión relativa a la precisión de ciertas herramientas metodológicas aplicadas, por ejemplo, la demografía histórica, y a la pertinencia analítica de algunos conceptos empleados, tales como «etnia», «hispano», «mestizaje» y «ladinización», entre otros. Al cierre, son resaltados los principales aportes de la obra y algunas vetas de investigación que emanan de la lectura, principalmente trabajos que procuren articular y comparar la experiencia histórica de Chiapas y Guatemala.
Producción científica internacional sobre gestión de proyectos en el área de Información y Documentación: 1996-2015
Authors: Cobo Serrano Silvia
Published: May 2018

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de producción sobre gestión de proyectos en el área de Información y Documentación, cuyo periodo cronológico abarca desde 1996 hasta el año 2015. La investigación sobre esta técnica de management se realiza a partir de los trabajos-fuente recuperados en la base de datos LISTA (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts). En esta primera aproximación a la temática, se analiza la evolución de la producción, la autoría de los trabajos-fuente (colaboración, productividad y género), la tipología documental e idioma de los mismos, la producción por publicación y la procedencia institucional y geográfica de los autores.
Aptitud de médicos residentes para la búsqueda y recuperación de información
Authors: Castro-Montoya Maria del Rubí , Padilla-Mendoza Mariano , Ornelas-Aguirre José Manuel
Published: May 2018

Se evaluó el efecto de una estrategia educativa para el desarrollo de la aptitud de los médicos residentes en la búsqueda y recuperación de documentos electrónicos. De igual manera se describió el comportamiento informacional al buscar y recuperar documentos electrónicos, anterior y posterior a la alfabetización informacional (ALFIN). El método consistió en un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención, con una selección de la población a través de censo, conformada por médicos residentes del ciclo 2010-2013 y 2010-2014. Se realizó una medición antes y después de la ALFIN para identificar diferencia significativa de aptitud, antes y después del otorgamiento de la estrategia educativa. El análisis general del instrumento anterior y posterior muestra un cambio positivo demostrado por un ascenso en la aptitud de un 20 % a un 35 % (Z=-3.46 con una p=0.01) entre las pruebas anterior y posterior. Se obtuvieron importantes datos para medir el comportamiento informacional de los residentes de medicina en la búsqueda y recuperación de información. En conclusión, los usuarios capacitados adquieren la aptitud necesaria para buscar y recuperar los artículos de revistas y los libros electrónicos a través del IMSS, una vez que se les otorga la ALFIN sobre búsqueda y recuperación de información.
Editorial Note
Authors: Tutino Marco
Published: May 2018

The actual volume of Corporate Ownership and Control Journal presents an heterogeneous variety of papers related to a wide range of trend topics in international research in an appreciable perspective such as new accounting rules in Italy, market power and effect on performance of Islamic banks based in the UAE, internet corporate reporting and internet of things, balance scorecard in UAE institutions, the link between culture and audit, the asset management in Tunisia, governance in the heritage management, the environmental accounting in Finland, the cross border acquisition in Japan
Corporate environmental reporting practices in Finland: A review and agenda for future research
Authors: Dutta Probal
Published: May 2018

The research in the area of corporate environmental accounting and reporting in the context of Finland is scarce. This paper outlines the studies conducted to date on Finnish firms’ environmental reporting practices with a view to discovering research gaps in the literature concerning environmental accounting and reporting in the Finnish context. The paper adds to the existing literature by identifying research gaps such as the antiquity of datasets used in the previous studies, the risk of failure to generalize the findings of the prior investigations and most importantly the research negligence towards the impact of Finnish firms’ activities and operations on climate change and changes in biodiversity. Hence, the paper has implications for researchers, who could address the identified void in future research and thereby advance further the literature concerned with environmental accounting and reporting. Policy makers could also benefit from this paper as its findings could help them formulate necessary disclosure requirements for the improvement of corporate environmental reporting practices in Finland. This paper focused only on the studies on Finnish firms and thereby limited the scope for any comparison between Finland and other Nordic countries as far as research on environmental reporting practices is concerned; this is the principal limitation of this study.
Evolving in the Community
Authors: McPeek Mark A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how species in simple community modules evolve in order to adapt to one another. It first considers the ecological basis of natural selection before discussing the three general types of traits that underlie the trophic interactions between predators and their prey. It then explores how the type of traits involved in species interactions affect the dynamics of adaptation and describes the underlying dynamics of adaptation when all the species in a simple community module can coevolve, along with the influences of various system features on the outcome of this coevolution. The chapter focuses on the simultaneous dynamics of abundances and traits that result from species interactions by looking at the case involving one resource and one consumer, with only trait being ecologically important for each species, and how this simple consumer-resource system evolves when a third trophic level is added to the system.
Ladies' Greek
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: May 2018

This book illuminates a culture of female classical literacy that emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century, during the formation of women's colleges on both sides of the Atlantic. Why did Victorian women of letters desire to learn ancient Greek, a “dead” language written in a strange alphabet and no longer spoken? In the words of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, they wrote “some Greek upon the margin—lady's Greek, without the accents.” Yet in the margins of classical scholarship they discovered other ways of knowing, and not knowing, Greek. Mediating between professional philology and the popularization of classics, these passionate amateurs became an important medium for classical transmission. Combining archival research on the entry of women into Greek studies in Victorian England and America with a literary interest in their translations of Greek tragedy, this book demonstrates how women turned to this genre to perform a passion for ancient Greek, full of eros and pathos. It focuses on five tragedies to analyze a wide range of translational practices by women and to explore the ongoing legacy of Ladies' Greek. Key figures in this story include Barrett Browning and Virginia Woolf, Janet Case and Jane Harrison, Edith Hamilton and Eva Palmer, and A. Mary F. Robinson and Hilda Doolittle. The book opens up new perspectives in transatlantic Victorian studies and the study of classical reception, translation, and gender.
ΙΩ‎ in Prometheus Bound
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how women's claim to classical literacy was related to the problem of translating “literally” by focusing on different versions of Prometheus Bound. In particular, it considers the ways that various practices of “literal” translation seemed to bind women to Aeschylus's tragedy. The discussion begins with a reading of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (E.B.B.), the first woman to translate Prometheus Bound into English (in 1833 and again in 1850) and an important prototype for other “lady-translators” in England and America. The chapter argues that the translator's bondage is dramatized not only through the suffering of the immobilized Prometheus, but also through the cries of the painfully mobile IΩ‎. It also traces how IΩ‎ traveled from England to America and back to Greece to highlight the different modes of translation employed by these women translators to perform their identification with Greek letters.
Introduction
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This book deals with rays, waves, and scattering and covers many of the mathematical concepts, structures, and techniques used to study them. The subject of rays is explored in an atmosphere–sea–earth sequence, while waves are examined via the reverse sequence earth–sea–atmosphere. The book also considers the relationship between the elegance of the classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics and optics; Kepler's laws of planetary motion, developed from gravitational scattering; surface gravity waves; diffraction; acoustics; electromagnetic scattering, including the Mie solution; and the WKB(J) approximation and its application to some simple one-dimensional potentials. The book concludes with an analysis of the salient properties of Sturm-Liouville systems with particular reference to the time-independent Schrödinger equation. This chapter provides an overview of the rainbow directory, rays, waves, classical and semiclassical scattering, and caustics and diffraction catastrophes.
Introduction to the Mathematics of Rays
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the mathematics of rays. It begins with a discussion of the theory of geometrical optics and how it can be formulated by means of the ray equations or the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The two equations are of seemingly different types, but they are in fact equivalent. The ray equations are the characteristic equations of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. This remark leads to the geometrical interpretation: the family of rays of geometrical optics is perpendicular to the wavefronts S = constant, if S denotes the appropriate solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The chapter considers the Hamilton-Jacobi theory in more detail, along with Hamilton's principle, ray differential geometry and the eikonal equation, and dispersion relations. It also presents the general solution of the linear wave equation before concluding with an analysis of the behavior of rays and waves in a slowly varying environment.
Seismic Rays
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the underlying mathematics of seismic rays. Seismic waves caused by earthquakes and explosions are used in seismic tomography to create computer-generated, three-dimensional images of Earth's interior. If the Earth had a uniform composition and density, seismic rays would travel in straight lines. However, it is broadly layered, causing seismic rays to be refracted and reflected across boundaries. In order to calculate the speed along the wave's ray path, the time it takes for a seismic wave to arrive at a seismic station from an earthquake needs to be determined. Arrival times of different seismic waves allow scientists to define slower or faster regions deep in the Earth. The chapter first presents the relevant equations for seismic rays before discussing how rays are propagated in a spherical Earth. The Wiechert-Herglotz inverse problem is considered, along with the properties of X in a horizontally stratified Earth.
Tsunamis
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes a mathematical model of tsunami propagation (transient waves). A tsunami is a series of ocean waves triggered by large-scale disturbances of the ocean, including earthquakes, as well as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorites. Tsunamis have very long wavelengths (typically hundreds of kilometers). They have also been called “tidal waves” or “seismic sea waves,” but both terms are misleading. The chapter first considers the boundary-value problem before modeling two special cases of tsunami generation, one due to an initial displacement on the free surface and the other due to tilting of the seafloor. It also discusses surface waves on deep water and how fast the wave energy propagates and concludes with an analysis of leading waves due to a transient disturbance.
Gravitational Scattering
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Kepler's laws of planetary motion in relation to gravitational scattering. Gravitational scattering occurs when the paths of particles passing near a massive body are deflected. For small angle scattering, the change in velocity is a function of the gravitational force and the mass of the scattering particle. The perpendicular component of the speed change is influenced by the angle with respect to the initial unperturbed trajectory. The chapter first describes the polar equations of planetary orbits in which the central field is a gravitational one, focusing on two cases: a repulsive “gravitational” force with k > 0 and an attractive “gravitational” force with k < 0. It then considers the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for a central potential and revisits the Kepler problem before concluding with an analysis of hard sphere scattering and Rutherford scattering.
Acoustic Scattering
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the mathematics underlying the scattering of acoustic waves. Scattering of waves and/or particles is a common phenomenon. The scattering of plane waves from spheres is applied in a wide array of fields, from optics and acoustics to meteorology, elasticity, seismology, medical physics, quantum mechanics, and biochemistry. With respect to the problem of electromagnetic wave scattering from a sphere, Lorenz found the complete mathematical solution in 1890 in terms of an infinite series of so-called partial waves. The solution is known as the Mie or Debye-Mie solution. The chapter first considers scattering by a cylinder and time-averaged energy flux before discussing spherically symmetric geometry, taking into account the scattering amplitude, the optical theorem, and the Sommerfeld radiation condition. It also examines the case of a rigid sphere, acoustic radiation from a rigid pulsating sphere, the sound of mountain streams, and mathematical bubbles.
The WKB(J) Approximation Revisited
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reexamines the WKB(J) approximation and applies it to some simple one-dimensional potentials, with a focus on the case of a triangular barrier. It first considers the connection formulas and proposes an an alternative approach before discussing tunneling from a physical standpoint. It then turns to the case of a triangular barrier and goes on to explore the phase shift, offering some comments on convergence and the transition to classical scattering. It also describes the asymptotic behavior of the Coulomb wave function and revisits the spherical coordinate system. Finally, it finds the WKB(J) approximation with respect to Coulomb scattering and the formal WKB(J) solutions for the time-independent radial Schrödinger equation, and justifies the Langer transformation by showing how the asymptotic phase of the radial WKB(J) wave function is recovered.
A Sturm-Liouville Equation: The Time-Independent One-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the mathematical properties of the time-independent one-dimensional Schrödinger equation as they relate to Sturm-Liouville problems. The regular Sturm-Liouville theory was generalized in 1908 by the German mathematician Hermann Weyl on a finite closed interval to second-order differential operators with singularities at the endpoints of the interval. Unlike the classical case, the spectrum may contain both a countable set of eigenvalues and a continuous part. The chapter first considers the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation in the standard dimensionless form (with independent variable x) and various relevant theorems, along with the proofs, before discussing bound states, taking into account bound-state theorems and complex eigenvalues. It also describes Weyl's theorem, given the Sturm-Liouville equation, and looks at two cases: the limit point and limit circle. Four examples are presented: an “eigensimple” equation, Bessel's equation of order ? greater than or equal to 0, Hermite's equation, and Legendre's equation.
The Jost Solutions: Technical Details
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the technical details of the Jost solutions of the Schrödinger equation. The nonrelativistic quantum mechanical two-body problem can be described in terms of the Jost functions and Jost solutions of the Schrödinger equation. When defined for all complex values of the momentum, the Jost functions contain complete information about the underlying physical system. Compared to the S-function which may have redundant poles, the Jost function is a more fundamental quantity because it does not suffer from ambiguities caused by redundant zeros. The chapter first considers the time-independent radial Schrödinger equation before analyzing the regular solution for the Jost function, the poles of the S-matrix, and the wavepacket approach.
Variation I: Genetics
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the main approaches for characterizing preference genetics. Approaches to understanding the genetics underlying preferences (or any other phenotype) take two broad forms. The first approach consists of attempts to identify particular genes or genomic regions associated with preference variation; for preferences, this is typically done using so-called forward genetics, whereby variation in phenotype is correlated with variation in genotype. Alternatively, the effects of candidate genes on preference can be characterized using reverse genetics, whereby gene structure or function is altered to test its effect on phenotype. The second approach encompasses quantitative genetic studies that assume that the underlying genetic variation is continuous and additive. Quantitative genetic models often assume an infinite number of loci each contributing infinitely small positive or negative effect, summing to determine trait value.
Variation II: Biotic and Abiotic Environment
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the physical environment and on the biotic community in which choosers live: the resources choosers acquire and the challenges toward which they must allocate those resources. It considers how the environment shapes preferences. Environmental effects can be divided into those that affect the immediate context of mating decisions and those that change the chooser's phenotype in a way that affects future mating decisions. So-called context-dependent effects fall into two categories. Context-sensitive preferences are shaped by immediate circumstances: the sensory environment, predators, other choosers, and most obviously the courters themselves. When preferences are state-dependent, a chooser's past history shapes current mating decisions: for example, developmental effects of the sensory environment or social history.
John Stuart Mill and Company
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines John Stuart Mill's legacy as an advocate of utilitarianism. Mill championed an open society, critical thinking, human dignity, and women's equality and produced immortal works such as Utilitarianism, On Liberty, On the Subjection of Women, and the thirty-three volume Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. The chapter first provides an overview of Mill's early life and education before discussing the ways that he was influenced by his father James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. It then considers how Mill, together with his wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, succeeded in framing a vision of a vibrant, individualistic liberalism replete with a healthy public sphere and grounded on the progress of civilization and happiness. It also explores Mill's views on subjects ranging from pleasure and the principle of utility to hedonism, liberty, colonization, poor relief, death penalty, and religion.
Henry Sidgwick and Beyond
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Henry Sidgwick's utilitarianism. It first considers Sidgwick's agnosticism before discussing his views on subjects ranging from hedonism and colonialism to poverty, common-sense morality, and politics and political economy. It then looks at some of Sidgwick's writings, such as The Development of European Polity, The Elements of Politics, Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant, and The Methods of Ethics. It also explores the current reconstructions and appropriations of many of Sidgwick's positions in the works of philosophers like Roger Crisp, Rob Shaver, Peter Singer, Derek Parft, and Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, and argues that they have contributed to a true renaissance of hedonistic and rational intuition-based utilitarianism (or at least rationalistic consequentialism) that few saw coming even in the late twentieth century.
Groups
Authors: Clay Matt , Margalit Dan
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the notion of a group in mathematics. It begins with a discussion of the problem of determining the symmetry of an object such as a planar shape, a higher-dimensional solid, a group, or an electric field. It then describes every group as a group of symmetries of some object and shows what it means for a group to be a group of symmetries of an object. These ideas are at the very heart of geometric group theory, the study of groups, spaces, and the interactions between them. The chapter also examines infinite groups, homomorphisms and normal subgroups, and group presentations. A number of exercises are included.
Growth of Groups
Authors: Freden Eric
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the growth of a group. It begins with the case of a group with a given finite generating set, in which the ball B(1, r) of radius r centered at the identity 1 is the set of group elements whose word length is less than or equal to r. Given a group that is fixed and some r greater than or equal to 0, the chapter invokes Gromov's polynomial growth theorem to determine how many group elements are in B(1, r) and how many group elements are in S(1, r). It also explores the use of simple counting methods to compute several growth series before concluding with an overview of cone types, formal languages and context-free grammars, and the DSV method used to compute the growth of grammar productions. The discussion includes exercises and research projects.
Authorial Careers
Authors: Childress Clayton
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how Cornelia Nixon turned a $6,000 advance for Jarrettsville into a stable and middle-class income. Nixon's writing ritual is a story not only about her creative process, but also about money. She lives in a handsome condo in Berkeley Hills, California. She could have written Jarrettsville in the comfort of her home or office, but chose to write at the Starbucks coffee shop in Berkeley for two hours—and sometimes four—a day. To make sense of Nixon's creative process, the chapter considers two small economic transactions and one broader economic reality: paying for street parking near Starbucks, buying tea, and affording to have good days and bad days at the coffee shop. Given her authorial career and her finances at the time, the chapter asks how Nixon managed to afford her parking, her tea, and, most importantly, her condo, and how she afforded to write at all.
Industry Structure and the Position and Disposition of Publishers
Authors: Childress Clayton
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Counterpoint Press editor Adam Krefman's proposal for changing Jarrettsville by focusing on the field of production and how different book publishers fit and operate within it. Krefman had been full of praise for Jarrettsville, but he wondered what kind of novel it was. While Cornelia Nixon had developed a reputation as an author of literary fiction, Jarrettsville's plot makes it more the stuff of popular fiction. The chapter first considers how publishing houses need to strike a balance between artistic and commercial books before discussing the advantages of large publishers versus independent publishers. It then analyzes how Krefman and Counterpoint rearranged Jarrettsville into a nonlinear narrative that begins in medias res in order to use the novel's plot-driven facets to its literary advantage. In particular, it looks at Krefman's suggestion of moving part of the end of Jarrettsville to the beginning.
Retailers and Reviewers
Authors: Childress Clayton
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Counterpoint Press's marketing for Jarrettsville, focusing on how it increased awareness for Cornelia Nixon's novel at BookExpo America (BEA). It first provides an overview of BEA, a trade conference held in May or early June each year for publishers to coordinate with booksellers, before discussing how novels are transitioned from production to reception, and how the first sale of a novel must be successful in order to create the opportunity for success in the second sale. It then shows how Counterpoint navigated Jarrettsville from the field of production to the field of reception through relationships between publicity directors and reviewers/review outlets, positive online chatter from BEA, the enthusiasm of the field representatives, and the strong buy-in from retailers. The chapter also considers how Jarrettsville generated strong interest from readers in the South and Mid-Atlantic.