bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking Leadership Styles to Employee Performance in the Public Sector Organizations in Ghana: The Role of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Donkor Francis
Published: April 2021

The study examines the link between leadership styles and employee performance in the public sector organizations with respect to organizational commitment. A total of 330 respondents were selected from ten public sector organizations in Ghana. A PLS-SEM analysis was conducted and was found that organizational commitment partially mediates the relationship between both transformational and transactional leadership styles and employee performance. The study concludes that organizational success largely depends on the commitment level of employees which helps reduce labor turnover. Theoretically, the study findings reveal that leadership is the main element of employee performance through the commitment of employees. Therefore, the effectiveness of these leadership styles in encouraging employee performance are dependent on organizational commitment.
Changes in the noctuid moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea:
Erebidae, Noctuidae) of the Karkonosze National Park (SW Poland)
at the turn of the 20th century
Authors: Nowacki Janusz , Wąsala Roman
Published: April 2021

Faunistic analysis of records of noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae, Noctuidae) from the Karkonosze National Park (Karkonosze Mts., southern Poland) obtained at the turn of the 19th century, in the late 20th century and the last two years has revealed changes in this assemblage: 18 species were never recorded before in this national park, and 9 of them were new to the Polish Karkonosze Mts. as a whole.
A further 11 species were found that had been recorded at the turn of the 19th century but not confirmed in the late 20th century.
The Status of the Non-Muslim Communities in the Ottoman Empire: A Non-Orientalised Decolonial Approach
Authors: Bezwan Naif
Published: April 2021

With a focus on the key developments and critical junctures that shaped and reshaped the relationship between the Ottomans and its non-Muslim subject communities, this paper seeks to understand the dynamics and the rationale behind the Ottoman policies and practices vis-a-vis non-Muslim communities. It will do so by offering a periodisation of Ottoman rule along four major pathways, each of which also provides the title of the respective section. The first period is referred to as structural exclusion by toleration over centuries, from the conquest of the respective territories to their incorporation into the imperial domain. The second phase is entitled integration via politics of recognition which basically covers the Tanzimat era (1838-1876). The third period is put under the heading of coercive domination and control, roughly corresponding to the Hamidian Period (1876-1908). And finally, the last period is concerned with the Young Turks regime (1908-1918), discussing its politics and policies towards non-Muslims communities framed under the title of nation-building by nation-destruction.

The chapter titles act both as hypothesis and structuring elements of the periodisation presented. As such they shall help identify the dominant paradigm of each period pertinent to the status and situation of the communities under consideration, while connecting them in a plausible manner. This paper is motivated by a non-Orientalised decolonial approach to the study of the Ottoman empire as well as the nation-states established in the post-Ottoman political geographies.
Brazil and Turkey in the 21st century: strategic interests in comparative perspective1
Authors: Silva André Luiz Reis da , Costa Gabriela Dorneles Ferreira da
Published: April 2021

This research aims to compare the strategic interests and the positioning at the foreign policy level of Brazil and Turkey in the 21st century, considering the rise to power of, respectively, Workers’ Party (PT, in Portuguese) and Justice and Development’s Party (AKP, in Turkish). Methodologically, it was used bibliographical research and analysis of speeches in the General Debate of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) between 2010 and 2015. It was verified convergence between Brazil and Turkey in themes as the acknowledgment of the multipolarity of the World Order, the necessity of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform, the importance of the fortification of the global economic governance by G-20 and the compromise with the International Law, with the terrorism combat and with the Humans Right protections. As divergence point, it was verified the debates about the sort of reform to be implemented at the UNSC and some questions involving the Arab Spring, such as the military intervention at Libya in 2011. At last, some themes are more recurrent at one country’s foreign policy than another’s; as topics regarding Central Asia and Middle East, at Turkey’s case, and subjects regarding BRICS and south-american regional integration, at Brazil’s case.
Suicide and Attempted Suicide Epidemiology in Sirjan in 2018
Authors: Balvardi Mohadeseh , Imani-Goghary Zahra , Babaee Kamran , Izadabadi Zahra
Published: April 2021

Background: Prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide has increased due to social, economic, and cultural factors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the suicide and attempted suicide epidemiology in Sirjan, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, suicide attempts and their related factors were investigated in the city of Sirjan in 2018. Data were collected by a researcher-developed checklist and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests) by SPSS. Results: A total of 768 people referred to Sirjan’s hospitals with a diagnosis of suicide attempt were investigated. One-year suicide attempts incidence for males and females was 120.6 (N = 391) and 116.3 (N = 377) per 100,000 people, respectively. The mean age of males and females was 26.0 ± 9.2 and 24.2 ± 8.1, respectively. Most cases were aged 20 - 29 and 10 - 19 years. The male-to-female ratio was higher in the 20 - 29 age group, but more females, most suicide cases were aged 10 - 19, and this difference was significant. Most of them were single, urbanite, educated up to high school diploma, or were school-goers. Self-poisoning (i.e. drug intoxication) was the most common method of suicide attempts. Suicides that led to death were 3.7 per 100000 people, higher rates were observed in men, younger age, single status, urbanite, and those with school diplomas. Hanging was the most common suicide method. Conclusions: Sirjan is one of the areas with high rates of suicide attempts; therefore, the findings of the present study can be regarded as a step forward in future studies to consider interventions intended to improve mental health, as well as to find useful solutions to prevent suicide occurrence.
Financial and Energy Markets: Effects on Shipping Industry
Authors: Bentsos Christos
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the extent of which the financial and energy markets affect the performance of shipping industry. An empirical research is conducted by regressing the returns of the shipping industry’s variables on the returns of financial market’s variables and the returns of energy market’s variables. The data will be weekly and refer to a seven-year period from July 2013 up to July 2019. Vector autoregressive models will be employed to explore the Granger causality, and the variance decomposition for each variable. The same procedure will be used in order to test the causality between the variables’ volatility.
Data-Driven Ship Propulsion Modeling with Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Karagiannidis Pavlos , Themelis Nikolaos
Published: April 2021

The paper examines data-driven techniques for the modeling of ship propulsion that could support a strategy for the reduction of emissions and be utilized for the optimization of a fleet’s operations. A large, high-frequency and automated collected data set is exploited for producing models that estimate the required shaft power or main engine’s fuel consumption of a container ship sailing under arbitrary conditions. A variety of statistical calculations and algorithms for data processing are implemented and state-of-the-art techniques for training and optimizing Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FNNs) are applied. Emphasis is given in the pre-processing of the data and the results indicate that with a proper filtering and preparation stage it is possible to significantly increase the model’s accuracy. Thus, increase our prediction ability and our awareness regarding the ship's hull and propeller actual condition.
Legal and Technical Aspects of Responsible and Circular Marine Production
Authors: Pavlopoulou Yanna , Kostidi Evanthia
Published: April 2021

The marine supply chain and linear manufacturing model has to become circular, adopting innovative upcycling solutions. Additive Manufacturing (AM) or Three Dimensional (3D) printing decentralized production, is suitable for repairing and remanufacturing industry components. Circular designs and reverse engineering can create a secondary market from reused, refurbished and shared services, materials and products. As users/consumers, shipowners should support new rules that implement the "right to repair", the concept of Extended Producer's Responsibility (EPR) and responsible innovation ethics. The maritime community has to urge manufacturers and makers (repairers) design shared services, with upcycled spares and circular products from secondary raw materials.
Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands: A new case report associated with Basedow’s disease
Authors: Oulehri Aida , Elloudi Sara , Baybay Hanane , Douhi Zakia , Rimani Mouna , Mernissi Fatima Zahra
Published: April 2021

Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands (NDDH) is a newly described and poorly known disease, a topographic variant of Sweet’s syndrome, most often clinically misdiagnosed as an infectious process, which, as a result, delays treatment. In addition, its association with underlying systemic and neoplastic disorders increases the need for accurate and early diagnosis. Interestingly, our case had an additional lesion located on one leg. Our patient also presented bacterial conjunctivitis, which may have either been part of the clinical presentation or the trigger of this entity and which was an association with Basedow’s disease never described before.
Sclerosis and blisters: An uncommon association revealing a new case of bullous morphea
Authors: Aouali Soraya , Sefraoui Saida , Sof Kaoutar , Dikhaye Siham , Zizi Nada
Published: April 2021

Bullous morphea is a rare variant of localized scleroderma (morphea) characterized by subepidermal bullae developed over sclerotic plaques. The pathogenesis of bullae formation has been the subject of several debates, which arrived at the conclusion of a multifactorial mechanism. We report the case of a 67-year-old patient with bullous morphea of the trunk and thighs, who showed a good response to PUVA therapy combined with topical steroids. Our case report supports the efficiency of PUVA therapy associated with topical steroids as a safe regimen compared to other therapeutic approaches.
Papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica: a sign of chronic edema
Authors: Daldoul Mariem , Aounallah Amina , Mokni Sana , Tlili Taghrid , Sriha Badreddine , Belajouza Colandane , Denguezli Mohamed
Published: April 2021

An obese 53-year-old male presented himself to our department with lymphedema of the left leg and ulcerated lesions evolving for two weeks prior. His medical history included epilepsy since childhood, mental retardation, chronic venous insufficiency, and chronic lymphedema complicated by recurrent ulceration and cellulitis. Over the previous four years, he had developed verrucous and papillomatous lesions on the left leg. A physical examination revealed an edematous leg with multiple painless coalescent verrucous skin-colored papules with a smooth or hyperkeratotic surface on the left lower leg surrounding the ulceration. The lesions were associated with oozing. A skin biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis, verrucoid acanthosis, and papillomatosis of the epidermis with moderate perivascular inflammatory infiltration of the dermis. A diagnosis of papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica (PCL) was reached based on histopathological and clinical findings. Our patient received lymphatic drainage and locally 5% salicylic acid.
Drug reactions with the involvement of the periungual folds
Authors: Chang Patricia , Mancilla Gudiel Pamela María
Published: April 2021

Drug reaction in hospitalized patients has an incidence rate of 2–3% and can affect any organ of the body, including the skin and its appendages. Each of the components of the nail apparatus can be affected, and the clinical manifestation to be observed will depend on the condition of each component. When it comes to the periungual folds, fixed drug eruptions, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and Lyell’s syndrome are the associated skin drug reactions. Periungual lesions can manifest themselves as a condition per se or arise from a drug reaction. Erythema, hemorrhage, necrosis, painful desquamation, edema, vesicles, and dyschromia are among the lesions that can develop. Other possible reactions include paronychia and the formation of pyogenic granulomas caused by drugs. Therefore, it is important to assess the periungual folds should any drug reaction occur.
“My child, my treasure”: underlying motivations in child custody judicial cases
Authors: Casaleiro Paula
Published: April 2021

Portugal registered, since the mid-1990s, an exponential increase in family disputes over children. This article tries to frame and understand this growth, analysing the motivations underlying the child custody judicial cases, dividing them into three non-exclusive categories: access to children, alimony and administrative certification. The analysis reveals how change and continuity intersect in post-separation family and parental relationships and how parental and gender relations are produced and negotiated in family courts.
Equilíbrio entre mulheres e homens nos órgãos de governo das empresas cotadas em bolsa: a influência do compromisso estratégico empresarial
Authors: Paço Nuno , Casaca Sara Falcão
Published: April 2021

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo motivado pelo novo enquadramento normativo em vigor no país desde janeiro de 2018, que determina a obrigação de uma representação mínima de pessoas do sexo sub-representado nos cargos de administração e de fiscalização das entidades do setor público empresarial e das empresas cotadas em bolsa. A análise circunscreve-se a este último segmento empresarial. Conclui-se que, não obstante a possível coexistência de outros fatores igualmente facilitadores, existe uma correlação positiva entre um maior grau de compromisso estratégico empresarial no plano formal e uma representação mais equilibrada de mulheres e homens nos órgãos de governo das empresas cotadas em bolsa.
A Rare Case of Scapulothoracic Bursitis of the Chest Wall with Numerous Rice Grain like Loose Bodies- A Pathological Correlation
Authors: Chatura KR , Aarthy CN
Published: April 2021

Scapulothoracic bursitis is a rare disease which is caused from the inflammation of the bursa secondary to trauma or its overuse, owing to sports activities or work. It usually presents with pain, swelling without redness at the scapulothoracic interface. A 22-year-old male presented to the surgeon with the swelling in the left scapular region following a history of trauma. Ultrasound (USG) showed a large loculated fluid collection with internal debris outside the muscular plane. With the clinical diagnosis of haematoma surgical resection was done. It showed a cystic swelling containing haemorrhagic fluid attached to the chest wall. The specimen was sent for histopathological correlation. The thickened cystic structure had numerous rice grain like loose bodies on the inner surface. Microscopy showed fibrocollageneous wall with congested blood vessels, granulation tissue, fibrinoid bodies and macrophages. This case report describes a cystic lesion in left scapular region diagnosed as a case of scapulothoracic bursitis based on pathological correlation. Surgery was an effective treatment for this case with no complication and recurrence on follow-up.
The Challenges Faced by Allottees of Medical and Dental Postgraduate Programs during Admission: A Questionnaire-based Survey Study
Authors: Patharkar Jayant Trimbakrao , Kulkarni Manoj M , Mehta Maulin Dhiren
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The Postgraduate (PG) student admission scheme laid down by Medical Counselling Committee (MCC), Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India require the allottees to report to the allotted institute in online or offline mode in view of ongoing Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Aim: To identify the problems faced by Medical and Dental PG allottees during admission process. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, online questionnaire-based survey conducted among newly admitted students of Medical and Dental PG programs. The structured pre-validated questionnaire was filled by the students voluntarily and anonymously after giving consent. The detailed descriptive analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software. To study statistical significance, variables were tested using Chi-square test. Results: In the present study, 31(67.4%) Medical PG students and 15 (32.6%) Dentistry PG students participated. The students that reported to the allotted institute by both online and offline mode were 35 (76.1%), while only 8 (17.4%) reported by offline mode which was statistically significant (p<0.005). Maximum number of students {30 (65.2%)} found online mode convenient (statistically significant; p<0.005), while 12 (26.1%) said that offline mode was convenient. Conclusion: The online reporting for admission process is time saving. Continuous upgradation of system through feedback from stakeholders is desirable.
Association of Helicobacter pyloriin Gastric Lesions with Emphasis on Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Mulimani Srushti Basavaraj , Andola Sainath Karnappa , Katageri Bhimaray Dhareppa , Masgal Meenakshi Malliginath , Patil Anuradha Ganesh
Published: April 2021

Introduction:Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is associated with many gastro-duodenal diseases like peptic ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. Hence, it is important to identify H.Pylori in the endoscopic gastric biopsies. Though Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is time-consuming and expensive, it has shown excellent results and is considered as gold standard method for detecting H.Pylori. Aim: To study the morphological patterns of gastric lesions, different histo-pathological gastric lesions with clinical presentation and the association of H.Pylori using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Giemsa and IHC staining techniques and their efficacy. Materials and Methods: The present study was an observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital Kalaburagi for a period of 5 years (1 July 2014 to 30 June 2019). All patients were referred to endoscopic section for the biopsy. History was documented and clinical examination was performed. For the retrospective cases, clinical details were obtained from medical records section, blocks were retrieved, stained with H&E, Giemsa and IHC, studied, tabulated and results were analysed. Results: A total of 95 samples (mean age 49.74 years) were studied. Male: female ratio was 2.8:1. Most common histological benign lesions were Chronic Active Gastritis (CAG) 23 (24.21%) and Chronic Superficial Gastritis (CSG) 14 (14.73%). Malignant tumours were seen in 23 cases, among which moderately (39.13%) and poorly differentiated (39.13%) adenocarcinoma was the commonest. H pylori was identified by IHC in benign and malignant lesions in 20 (23.53%) and 01 (4.35%), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of H&E and Giemsa was 57.14%, 66.67% and 100%, 100%, respectively. Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 100% for both stains and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 89.16% and 91.36% for H&E and Giemsa. Conclusion: The present study highlights the utility of IHC in detecting H.Pylori in gastric lesions as inflammation and other factors are known to affect the detection rate by H&E and Giemsa staining methods. Hence, IHC can be considered as the best method in detecting H.pylori.
Study the Protective Effect of Ginger against the Toxicity of Dimethoate on Hormones in Rabbits
Authors: Elgazwi Sara M. , Khaled Fayrouz A. , Alsanous Manal F.
Published: April 2021

Organophosphorus insecticides have been widely classified as a health dangerous and high toxicity compounds due to their widespread use and release into the environment. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity and is known to play diverse biological roles including anti oxidation, anti-inflammation, hyperlipidemia, anti-carcinogenesis, anti-nausea, anti-thrombosis, and antibacterial process. The purpose of these experiments was to study decreasing the toxicity effect of Dimethoate by ginger. All animals in this study were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0 mg ginger and 0 mg dimethoate /kg BW (control); 100 mg ginger/kg BW; 43.2 mg dimethoate /kg BW; and 43.2 mg dimethoate plus 100 mg ginger/kg BW. Rabbits were orally managed the particular measurements each other day for 12 weeks. Results indicated that treatment with ginger alone caused significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight (BW) and relative weight of testes compared to control animals. Whereas the rabbits treated with dimethoate showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in BW and relative weight of testes compared with control. Results showed that treatment with DM caused significant (P<0.05) decrease activity of testosterone, T3 and T4. While, increase the levels of FSH and LH in plasma. Ginger caused significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of testosterone, T3 and T4 in plasma compared to control. While, decrease the levels of FSH and LH in plasma. The presence of ginger with DM caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in the reduction of T3 and T4, while caused an improvement in the levels of testosterone as compared to control and the presence of ginger with DM caused increase in the levels of FSH and LH as compared to control, and this means that ginger counteracted the toxic effects of DM.
Correlation between the Soil Moisture Reading Obtained with Soil Moisture Sensors and Gravimetric Method for Scheduling of Irrigation in Maize
Authors: Durga C. , Ramulu V. , Umadevi M. , Suresh K. , Sathyanarayana E.
Published: April 2021

A field experiment was conducted at Water Technology Centre farm (WTC), College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for studying the correlation between the soil moisture reading obtained with soil moisture sensors and gravimetric method. The experiment was designed in split plot with two main treatments comprising of surface furrow (M1) and drip irrigation (M2) methods and six irrigation schedules were assigned to sub treatments and replicated thrice. Significantly higher grain yield (7.05 t ha-1) of maize was observed with nano sensor (IITB) based irrigation scheduling over rest of the irrigation schedules except gypsum block. The results revealed that correlation between the tensiometer readings and gravimetric moisture content showed a negative non significant correlation before irrigation in surface furrow irrigation method and negative significant correlation for drip irrigation method. But in case of after irrigation a positive non significant correlation was observed in both drip and surface furrow irrigation methods. The gypsum block reading and gravimetric moisture content studies showed a negative significant correlation before irrigation in both surface furrow and drip irrigation methods, where as a positive non significant correlation between gypsum block readings and gravimetric moisture content readings were noticed after irrigation in both drip and surface furrow irrigation methods. Similar trend was recorded in nano sensor, except that it showed a positive significant correlation in both irrigation methods before irrigation. The correlation studies between the profile probe readings and gravimetric moisture content showed a negative significant correlation in surface furrow irrigation method at before and after irrigation, whereas, a positive significant correlation was observed after irrigation in drip irrigation method.
Studies on Lignin Degradation Activity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Kware Lake
Authors: Usman Muhammad Hizbullahi , Dabai Aliyu Ibrahim
Published: April 2021

Background: Wood is naturally degraded by wood degrading microorganisms and modified and partly degraded residual of lignin goes into soil. It is an amorphous and complex aromatic compound. In the plant cells, lignin can be converted via phenylalanine and tyrosine by transamination. Africa generates a huge amount of waste from agricultural and household activities. This huge amount of waste can be exploited as a sustainable raw material for many industrial processes other than just simply burning it as a solid fuel.

Aims: The study aimed at isolating and screening Pseudomonas aeruginoas for lignin degradation.

Methods: The bacterium was characterized and identified according to morphological and biochemical characteristics. The bacterial DNA was extracted using DNA isolation kit and used for molecular analysis. Four (4) dyes such as Methylene blue, Congo red, iodine and Malachite green were screened on bacterial isolate for its ability to decolorize the dyes. The effect of some growth parameters such incubation time, temperature, pH and agitation were studies on the isolate for lignin degradation as well as bacterial biomass production.  

Results: The effect of some growth parameters such incubation time, temperature, pH and agitation were studies on the isolate for lignin degradation as well as bacterial biomass production. From the results, it was observed that the isolate showed higher zone of inhibition on Congo red (14.00 mm) and Methylene blue (10.00 mm), while no decolorization was observed on Malachite green. The growth parameters studied indicated the optimum condition required for both lignin degradation and bacterial biomass production as follows; 48 hours (65%, 0.41g), 40oC (77%, 0.31g), pH 7 (58%, 0.26g) and 100rpm (72%, 0.42). The FTIR revealed two peaks at 3375 cm-1 which attributed to O-H stretching while the second peak 1687.5 cm-1 corresponded to C=O stretching.

Conclusion: The results of GC-MS detected the presence of 2,5-Hexanediol, 2-Octynoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid and i-Propyl9,12-octadecenadienoate.
Lithotriptic Effects of Phyllanthus fraternus Methanol Leaf Extract on Ethylene Glycol-induced Kidney Calculi in Albino Rats
Authors: Omeh I. J. , Nadro M. S.
Published: April 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the Lithotriptic potentials of Phyllantus fraternus methanol leaf extract on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in albino rats. Ethylene glycol (1% v/v) was administered in their drinking water for a period of 28 days. The Treatment was done with the extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weights. Cystone® at 500 mg/kg body weight was also given for a period of 21 days to the standard control group. The serum parameters such as calcium, phosphates, magnesium and albumin were measured and evaluated. The results for the Lithotriptic activity, where the kidney homogenates were analyzed are described as thus, the phosphate concentrations when compared were significant (p<0.05) between the groups’ 600 mg/kg body weight (9.61 ± 1.17) and the normal control (5.67 ± 0.70). Significant differences (p<0.05) for phosphates were also observed between 600 mg/kg (9.61 ± 1.17) and 200 mg/kg body weights (12.06 ± 0.51); 400 mg/kg (7.64 ± 0.44) and 200 mg/kg body weights (12.06 ± 0.51) and the 200 mg/kg and standard control groups Cystone® (7.96 ± 0.56) respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were also observed for phosphates concentration, when the normal control (5.67 ± 0.70) was compared to the 400 mg/kg body weight (7.64 ± 0.44) and the standard control group Cystone® (7.96 ± 0.56). From this study, it can be deduced that, the presented data indicated that, the administration of Phyllanthus fraternus methanol leaf extract to rats with ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi, reduced and prevented the growth of kidney calculi, supporting the folklore claim regarding its Lithotriptic activity.
Application of Genome Editing Technologies for Disease Treatment: Review
Authors: Belachew Girum Tefera , Hanumanthaiah Paramesh , Tekelemariam Bitaniya Abera
Published: April 2021

The improvement of particularly versatile genome-modifying advancements has outfitted experts with the ability to rapidly and monetarily bring sequence-specific changes into the genomes of a wide scope of cell types and organisms. The CRISPR framework was first found as a protection system in Escherichia coli against infections. Short portions of unfamiliar DNA are coordinated inside the CRISPR locus and translated into CRISPR RNA (crRNA), which at that point toughen to trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) to coordinate sequence specific debasement of pathogenic DNA by the Cas9 protein. Many studies have now revealed insight into the primary premise of DNA recognition by Cas9, showing that the heteroduplex shaped by the gRNA and its complementary strand of DNA is housed in a positively charged groove between the two nuclease areas (RuvC and HNH) inside the Cas9 protein, and that PAM recognition is intervened by an arginine-rich motif present in Cas9.

Genome altering biological tools likewise bring healing chances. For instance, ZFN-interceded gene interruption has been taken to the clinic, particularly for the treatment of glioblastoma and HIV by Sangamo biosciences. ZFNs focused to the HIV co-receptor CCR5 for the medication of HIV/AIDS are in stage I clinical trials have been finished currently and are in advancement). In these clinical investigations, the security and possibility of autologous infusion of ex vivo extended CD4+ T cells treated with CCR5- specific ZFNs are assessed in patients with HIV/AIDS. Genome altering itself likewise holds huge potential for treating the fundamental hereditary causes for specific infections. Thusly, the point of this survey is to sum up the vital standards of genome altering, focusing a considerable lot of the designing advances that have laid the foundation for the creation, refinement, and usage of the current set-up of genome-changing biological tools.
A Study of Lesions of Upper Respiratory Tract
Authors: Anbukkarasi K. , Ganapathy Hemalatha , Thanka J.
Published: April 2021

The development of the organ systems are highly regulated in physiological conditions and the development of nose and paranasal sinuses commences in the 3rd week of gestation, when the primordial structures first appear and continues until completion in early adulthood when sinus pneumatization and bony growth have ceased. Their misregulation lead to the development of many cancers and primitive nasal septum Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper respiratory tract ranks as the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide.In the current study, out of 31 cases, maximum cases were found to be moderately differentiated grade amounting to 64.5%, followed by well differentiated grade (22.6%) and poorly differentiated grade (12.9%). The present study also showed that poorly differentiated SCC had higher Ki 67 proliferative index and it could be a useful tool for determining the stages of tumors.  Ki 67 proliferative index study of the tumor helps in better understanding of the tumor behavior so as to provide appropriate treatment and thereby increasing the survival rate of the patient.
Thermodesulforhabdaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: April 2021

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.rhab.da.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Thermodesulforhabdus
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermodesulforhabdaceae
, the family of
Thermodesulforhabdus
.

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Thermodesulforhabdaceae

Cells are rod shaped and occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motile. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph. Organic compounds used as electron donors and carbon sources are oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CODH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate and sulfite serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Thermophilic and neutrophilic. The major menaquinone, the polar lipids, and cellular fatty acids are not known. The family currently accommodates a single genus
Thermodesulforhabdus
. Members of the genus are present in geothermally influenced marine sediments and oil fields.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 49.7 (genome).

Type genus
:
Thermodesulforhabdus
Beeder et al. 1995, VL57.
Sphingomonas
Authors: Sood Utkarsh , Hira Princy , Singh Priya , Singh Durgesh Narain , Lal Rup
Published: April 2021

Sphin.go.mo'nas. Gr. gen. n.
sphingos
of sphinx; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Sphingomonas
a sphingosine‐containing monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Sphingomonas

Gram‐negative, straight or slightly curved rods or ovoid cells.
Rosette‐like aggregation occurs in some species, a characteristic caused by polar fimbriae. The formation of endospores is not observed. Budding, binary fission, and asymmetric division are the major modes of reproduction in most of the species. Cells are either nonmotile or motile with polar flagellation and gliding motility. Mostly aerobic, but few species are microaerobic as well. Esculin hydrolysis is done by most of the species, but there are few exceptions. Colony coloration varies from yellow or red or orange to white to nonpigmented. Catalase and oxidase tests are positive or negative for different species.
Glucuronosyl
‐(
1
→
1
)‐
ceramide
(
SGL‐1
),
galacturonosyl‐β
(
1
→
1
)‐
ceramide
(
in several species
),
and 2‐hydroxymyristic acid occur but not 3‐hydroxy fatty acids.
Cell‐wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is replaced by sphingolipids. The major fatty acids are C
18:1
, saturated C
16:0
, and/or C
17:1
. The major 2‐hydroxy fatty acids are C
14:0
2‐OH or C
15:0
2‐OH. Glycosphingolipids are present. The predominant respiratory quinone is ubiquinone Q‐10 with minor amounts of Q‐9 and Q‐8. Homospermidine and
sym
‐homospermidine are the major polyamines detected. Characteristic 16S rRNA signatures are found at positions 52:359 (C:G), 134 (G), 593 (G), 987:1218 (G:C), and 990:1215 (U:G). Few species are opportunistic pathogens that cause meningitis peritonitis, septicemia, and neonatal infections in intensive care units. Pathogenicity toward animals is not yet known. Distribution is ubiquitous with
free living
in natural as well as man‐made environments.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 60.7–72.2.

Type species
:
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
Yabuuchi et al. 1990, VL34 (basonym:
Pseudomonas paucimobilis
Holmes et al. 1977).
Marinobacterium
Authors: González José M. , Buchan Alison
Published: April 2021

Ma.ri.no.bac.te'ri.um. L. masc. adj.
marinus
of the sea; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Marinobacterium
small marine rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Marinobacterium

The genus includes slightly halophilic organisms isolated from the marine environment and oil reservoirs. Cells stain Gram‐negative and are chemoheterotrophic, aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic, with some members capable of nitrate reduction. Motile by one or two polar flagella, rod‐shaped. Reproduces by binary cell division. The cytoplasm contains intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules. Members typically enriched from marine samples or brine oil reservoirs using simple organic, such as
l
‐leucine or
n
‐propanol, or aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene) or isolated directly from seawater on a standard nutrient replete marine medium (Marine Agar 2216). Some members are capable of atmospheric nitrogen fixation under reduced oxygen tension. Strains are mesophilic and require NaCl for growth. The major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
. DNA G + C content, determined from available genome sequences, ranges between 54.9 and 58.8%. These organisms thrive in marine habitats and oil brines; are common in both pristine and contaminated systems; found in marine water columns, sediments, tidal flats, and coastal rhizospheres; and in association with marine animals.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56.71 (genome).

Type species
:

Marinobacterium georgiense

Gonzales et al. 1997
VP
. This species is a later heterotypic synonym of
Marinobacterium iners
Tindall 2019, VL191 (basonym:
Pseudomonas iners
Iizuka and Komagata 1964
AL
emend. Satomi et al. 2002).
Haemophilus
Authors: Nørskov‐Lauritsen Niels
Published: April 2021

Gr. neut. n.haima(Latin transliterationhaema), blood; N.L. masc. adj.philus(from Gr. masc. adj.philos), friend, loving; N.L. masc. n.Haemophilus, blood‐lover.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Haemophilus

Gram‐negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic rods, or coccobacilli with mesophilic growth. Propagationin vitrois facilitated by nutrients present in blood. Requirement for two blood components has been decisive for allocation to the genus, namely hemin (X factor) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; V factor). Varying grades of capnophilia, and presence of 5–10% CO2may improve growth. Hemolysis is a characteristic of several species. Acid is produced from glucose, whereas arabinose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and trehalose are not attacked. Nitrate is reduced, alkaline phosphatase is produced. Oxidase reaction is weak; catalase is variably present. The species of the genus are intimately associated with humans and certain animals, and typically restricted to a single host. ExceptHaemophilus ducreyi, the species are part of the commensal microbiota of mucosal surfaces and occasionally cause infections at other sites. The genus has been subjected to taxonomic rearrangements but is still polyphyletic, and additional classificatory alterations are justified. Member of the classGammaproteobacteria, familyPasteurellaceae.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 37.3–46.0.

Type species:Haemophilus influenzaeWinslow et al. 1917AL(basonyms: “Influenza‐bacillus” Pfeiffer 1892, “Bacterium influenzae” Lehmann and Neumann 1896).
Herbinix
Authors: Koeck Daniela E. , Rettenmaier Regina , Schwarz Wolfgang H. , Zverlov Vladimir V. , Liebl Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

Her'bi.nix. L. fem. n.herbaplant; L. fem. n.nixsnow; N.L. fem. n.herbinixsnow‐white of plants, pertaining to incomplete degradation of plant cellulose fibers to white powder resembling a snow‐like appearance.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Herbinix

Cells are Gram‐stain positive and rod‐shaped. Endospores are not observed. Both so far described members of the genus have been isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic digester for biogas production. Optimum growth occurs at 55°C and pH 6.5–8.5 under strictly anaerobic conditions. Catalase is absent, and indole is not produced. Strains were able to degrade crystalline cellulose. The major metabolic end products from cellulose metabolism are ethanol, acetic acid, and propionic acid. The cellular fatty acid profiles of the genusHerbinixare dominated by saturated straight‐chain acids. Average G + C from cultivated species content was 37.48 mol%. Average genome length is 3,034 kbp. Phylogenetically, the genus Herbinix is a member of the familyLachnospiraceae. The closest relative among the taxa with validly published names isAnaerotaenia torta.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 35–41 (WGS).

Type species:Herbinix hemicellulosilyticaKoeck et al. 2015VP.
An initial investigation into the nature and function of rapport in investigative interviews
Authors: Matsumoto David , Hwang Hyisung C.
Published: April 2021

Research on investigative interviewing has highlighted the role of rapport in nonconfrontational, evidence‐based interviewing procedures, but questions remain about the nature and function of rapport in such interviews. Across three samples drawn from multiple previous studies involving similar methodologies, we addressed four issues: a potential role of working alliance as a rapport component, differences among different sources of rapport data, interrelationships among rapport components, and cultural/ethnic moderation. Rapport was coded from videos of introductory segments of interviews concerning a mock theft involving interviewees of different cultures/ethnicities. The rapport components were intercorrelated, converged on a single factor, and were associated with interviewer but not interviewee self‐assessments of rapport. Rapport differentially predicted the informational elements interviewees produced: working alliance predicted relevant details and plausibility, but coordination predicted irrelevant details, with some culture/ethnicity moderation. We discussed these findings in relation to future theory and research on rapport in investigative interviews.
Miniature Places for Vicarious Visits: Worldbuilding and Architectural Models
Authors: Wolf Mark JP
Published: April 2021

Professor Mark JP Wolf from Concordia University Wisconsin in Mequon takes us on a historical journey, discussing significant aspects and precedents of the practice of worldbuilding, from the ancient Egyptians to JRR Tolkien and George Lucas. He demonstrates that worldbuilding is a deep part of the rich history of human culture, and key to humanity's imagination.
Polyphonic Dreams: Storytime in Synthetic Reality
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: April 2021

Reminding us of the importance of the narratives and stories we tell each other and their numerous effects on us, Kate Davies, co‐founder of the Unknown Fields travelling design studio, and art and architecture collective Liquid Factory, introduces us to architecture that is a synthesis of the real and virtual worlds that are starting to seamlessly permeate our environment.
Paracosmic Project: The Architectural Long Game
Authors: Morris Mark
Published: April 2021

The notion of the ‘paracosm’ is a useful one for architects to understand. Some of the best writers and designers often work within personal, modelled imaginary worlds, sometimes constructed over decades, enabling them to give birth to their narrative scenarios and spaces. Here, Guest‐Editor Mark Morris looks at various literary and architectural paracosmic precedents.
Importance of Terminal Group Pairing of Polymer Donor and Small‐Molecule Acceptor in Optimizing Blend Morphology and Voltage Loss of High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Geon‐U , Sun Cheng , Park Jin Su , Lee Hyun Gyeong , Lee Dongchan , Lee Jin‐Woo , Kim Hyeong Jun , Cho Shinuk , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: April 2021

As a variety of non‐fullerene small molecule acceptors (SMAs) have been developed to improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs), the pairing of the SMAs with optimal polymer donors (PDs) is an important issue. Herein, a systematic investigation is conducted with the development of the SMA series, named C6OB‐H, C6OB‐Me, and C6OB‐F, which contain distinctive terminal substituents –H, –CH3, and –F, respectively. These SMAs are paired with two PDs, PBDT‐H and PBDT‐F. Interestingly, the PD/SMA pairs with similar terminal groups yield enhanced molecular compatibility and energetic interactions, which suppress voltage loss while improving blend morphology to enhance simultaneously the open–circuit voltage, short–circuit current, and fill factor of the OSCs. In particular, the OSC based on the PBDT‐F:C6OB‐F blend sharing fluorine terminal groups achieves the highest PCE of 15.2%, which outperforms those of PBDT‐H:C6OB‐F (10.1%) and PBDB‐F:C6OB‐H OSCs (11.2%). Furthermore, the PBDT‐F:C6OB‐F OSC maintains high PCEs with active layer thicknesses between 85 and 310 nm. In contrast, the PCE of PBDT‐H:C6OB‐F‐based OSC already drops by 80% from 10.1% to 2.1% when the active layer thickness increases from 100 to 200 nm. This study establishes an important PD/SMA pairing rule in terms of terminal functional groups for achieving high‐performance OSC.
Millimeter‐Size All‐inorganic Perovskite Crystalline Thin Film Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Fernando Kasun , Wan Juanyong , Liu Fangze , Shrestha Shreetu , Tisdale Jeremy , Sheehan Chris J. , Jones Andrew C. , Tretiak Sergei , Tsai Hsinhan , Huang Huihui , Nie Wanyi
Published: April 2021

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is a dry approach that can produce high quality crystals and thin films at large scale which can be easily adapted by industry. In this work, CVD technology is employed to grow high quality, large size all‐inorganic cesium lead bromide perovskite crystalline film for the first time. The obtained films have millimeter size crystalline domains with high phase purity. The growth kinetics are examined in detail by optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The deposition rate and growth temperature are found to be the key parameters allowing to achieve large scale crystal growth. The large crystalline grains exhibit exceptional optical properties including negligible Stokes shift and uniform photoluminescence over a large scale. This suggests a high degree of crystallinity free from internal strain or defects. A lateral diode within one large crystalline grain is further fabricated and significant photo‐generated voltage and short circuit current are observed, suggesting highly efficient carrier transport and collections without scattering within the grain. This demonstration suggests that the CVD grown all‐inorganic perovskite thin films enable a promising fabrication route suitable for photovoltaic or photo‐detector applications.
Wide Bandgap Oxide Semiconductors: from Materials Physics to Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Shi Jueli , Zhang Jiaye , Yang Lu , Qu Mei , Qi Dong‐Chen , Zhang Kelvin H. L.
Published: April 2021

Wide bandgap oxide semiconductors constitute a unique class of materials that combine properties of electrical conductivity and optical transparency. They are being widely used as key materials in optoelectronic device applications, including flat‐panel displays, solar cells, OLED, and emerging flexible and transparent electronics. In this article, an up‐to‐date review on both the fundamental understanding of materials physics of oxide semiconductors, and recent research progress on design of new materials and high‐performing thin film transistor (TFT) devices in the context of fundamental understanding is presented. In particular, an in depth overview is first provided on current understanding of the electronic structures, defect and doping chemistry, optical and transport properties of oxide semiconductors, which provide essential guiding principles for new material design and device optimization. With these principles, recent advances in design of p‐type oxide semiconductors, new approaches for achieving cost‐effective transparent (flexible) electrodes, and the creation of high mobility 2D electron gas (2DEG) at oxide surfaces and interfaces with a wealth of fascinating physical properties of great potential for novel device design are then reviewed. Finally, recent progress and perspective of oxide TFT based on new oxide semiconductors, 2DEG, and low‐temperature solution processed oxide semiconductor for flexible electronics will be reviewed.