bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implantação de classe hospitalar em um hospital público universitário de São Paulo
Authors: Albertoni Léa Chuster , Goulart Barbara Niegia Garcia de , Chiari Brasilia Maria
Published: March 2017

OBJETIVO: descrever a implantação de classe hospitalar em hospital público universitário na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODO: trata-se de descrever o processo, no período compreendido entre 2007 e o primeiro trimestre de 2011, nas respectivas etapas de implantação. RESULTADOS: verificamos através de relatos dos familiares, profissionais da saúde e das escolas de origem dos alunos que a implantação da classe hospitalar colaborou na atenção às necessidades educacionais dos aluno e na inclusão destes na escola regular. Nota-se a importância da celebração dos convênios com as Secretarias da Educação do Estado e do Município e de novas medidas humanizadoras pós-implantação da classe hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: a hospitalização pode significar uma experiência difícil para o paciente e sua família, porém a implantação da classe hospitalar principalmente em hospitais públicos representa um recurso potencial no desenvolvimento biopsicossocial da criança e do adolescente, colaborando na diminuição dos índices de fracasso e evasão escolar e na inclusão escolar dos alunos após a alta hospitalar.
Desenvolvimento e adaptabilidade de pessoas com transtorno autista na perspectiva evolucionista
Authors: Mota Ana Carolina Wolff , Cruz Roberto Moraes , Vieira Mauro Luis
Published: March 2017

INTRODUÇÃO: pessoas com autismo apresentam comprometimento em áreas importantes do desenvolvimento, como a interação social recíproca, as habilidades de comunicação e a capacidade imaginativa. OBJETIVO: o objetivo principal do artigo é apresentar uma atualização sobre o transtorno autista a partir da perspectiva evolucionista. MÉTODO: as fontes de pesquisa foram livros e artigos científicos atuais que envolvem temáticas sobre o desenvolvimento de pessoas com transtorno autista e teoria evolucionista. As fontes on-line privilegiadas para a pesquisa foram: Scielo, Sagepub e BVSPsi, em especial as publicações a partir do ano 2000. O portal virtual Google Acadêmico foi utilizado como meio de busca de artigos específicos, como aqueles indicados entre as referências de outros artigos. DISCUSSÃO: por meio da apresentação argumentativa de uma ampla revisão da literatura (principalmente internacional e atual) procura-se demonstrar que explicações a respeito da presença dos comportamentos atípicos em função do pertencimento à espécie humana nos permitem ter uma visão mais global do fenômeno (levando em consideração aspectos gerais do desenvolvimento e do autismo). Por sua vez, considerar a história que cada um experiencia durante o desenvolvimento nos permite identificar como cada pessoa atualiza o potencial que foi moldado ao longo da evolução humana. CONCLUSÃO: o transtorno autista pode ser mais bem compreendido ser for levado em consideração aspectos da filogênese (valor de sobrevivência para espécie) e ontogênese (história de cada indivíduo). Nesse sentido, essa concepção nos permite ter uma compreensão mais holística e complexa do autismo e de sua relação com o desenvolvimento humano.
Substrate specificity of TOR complex 2 is determined by a ubiquitin-fold domain of the Sin1 subunit
Authors: Tatebe Hisashi , Murayama Shinichi , Yonekura Toshiya , Hatano Tomoyuki , Richter David , Furuya Tomomi , Kataoka Saori , Furuita Kyoko , Kojima Chojiro , Shiozaki Kazuhiro
Published: March 2017

The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase forms multi-subunit TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2), which exhibit distinct substrate specificities. Sin1 is one of the TORC2-specific subunit essential for phosphorylation and activation of certain AGC-family kinases. Here, we show that Sin1 is dispensable for the catalytic activity of TORC2, but its conserved region in the middle (Sin1CRIM) forms a discrete domain that specifically binds the TORC2 substrate kinases. Sin1CRIM fused to a different TORC2 subunit can recruit the TORC2 substrate Gad8 for phosphorylation even in the sin1 null mutant of fission yeast. The solution structure of Sin1CRIM shows a ubiquitin-like fold with a characteristic acidic loop, which is essential for interaction with the TORC2 substrates. The specific substrate-recognition function is conserved in human Sin1CRIM, which may represent a potential target for novel anticancer drugs that prevent activation of the mTORC2 substrates such as AKT.
Peptidoglycan sensing by octopaminergic neurons modulates Drosophila oviposition
Authors: Kurz C Leopold , Charroux Bernard , Chaduli Delphine , Viallat-Lieutaud Annelise , Royet Julien
Published: March 2017

As infectious diseases pose a threat to host integrity, eukaryotes have evolved mechanisms to eliminate pathogens. In addition to develop strategies reducing infection, animals can engage in behaviors that lower the impact of the infection. The molecular mechanisms by which microbes impact host behavior are not well understood. We demonstrate that bacterial infection of Drosophila females reduces oviposition and that peptidoglycan, the component that activates Drosophila antibacterial response, is also the elicitor of this behavioral change. We show that peptidoglycan regulates egg-laying rate by activating NF-κB signaling pathway in octopaminergic neurons and that, a dedicated peptidoglycan degrading enzyme acts in these neurons to buffer this behavioral response. This study shows that a unique ligand and signaling cascade are used in immune cells to mount an immune response and in neurons to control fly behavior following infection. This may represent a case of behavioral immunity.
Transcription factor Emx2 controls stereociliary bundle orientation of sensory hair cells
Authors: Jiang Tao , Kindt Katie , Wu Doris K
Published: March 2017

The asymmetric location of stereociliary bundle (hair bundle) on the apical surface of mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) dictates the direction in which a given HC can respond to cues such as sound, head movements, and water pressure. Notably, vestibular sensory organs of the inner ear, the maculae, exhibit a line of polarity reversal (LPR) across which, hair bundles are polarized in a mirror-image pattern. Similarly, HCs in neuromasts of the zebrafish lateral line system are generated as pairs, and two sibling HCs develop opposite hair bundle orientations. Within these sensory organs, expression of the transcription factor Emx2 is restricted to only one side of the LPR in the maculae or one of the two sibling HCs in neuromasts. Emx2 mediates hair bundle polarity reversal in these restricted subsets of HCs and generates the mirror-image pattern of the sensory organs. Downstream effectors of Emx2 control bundle polarity cell-autonomously via heterotrimeric G proteins.
Like father, like son
Authors: Becker Claude
Published: March 2017

Exposing male mice to nicotine or cocaine enables their male offspring to cope with high doses of either, which suggests that such paternal effects are generic, rather than being a response to a specific type of stress.
A newMourasuchus(Alligatoroidea, Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Venezuela, the phylogeny of Caimaninae and considerations on the feeding habits ofMourasuchus
Authors: Cidade Giovanne M. , Solórzano Andrés , Rincón Ascanio Daniel , Riff Douglas , Hsiou Annie Schmaltz
Published: March 2017

Mourasuchus(Alligatoroidea, Caimaninae) is one of the most peculiar crocodyliforms due to the skull morphology consisting of a long, wide, dorsoventrally flat rostrum with long, slender mandibular rami. Despite these peculiarities, the systematics, phylogeny and feeding habits of this taxon have not been properly studied. In this paper, we describe a new species of the genus,Mourasuchus pattersonisp. nov., from the late Miocene of the Urumaco Formation of Venezuela. The new species differs from the otherMourasuchusspecies in having a lateromedially wide, dorsoventrally high jugal bone and a circular incisive foramen, which both represent autapomorphies of the new taxon. Phylogenetically,M. pattersonisp. nov. is more closely related toM. amazonensisand the specimen UFAC-1424 (formely attributed toM. nativus) than toM. arendsiorM. atopus, whilstMourasuchusis recovered once more as a monophyletic group. Furthermore, the cladistic analysis performed in this contribution offers a new phylogenetic assessment of Caimaninae, including many taxa described recently for the group. In this study, we also discuss the crocodylian diversity of the Urumaco Formation as well as how paleoenvironment may have contributed toward its evolution. In addition, we provide a discussion of the potential feeding habits ofMourasuchus. In this contribution,Mourasuchusis regarded as a taxon that likely preferred to prey on small animals. The unusual skull morphology of this group may have evolved to cover a large area with the rostrum, allowing for a more efficient prey capture, while the prey may have consisted predominantly of large amounts of small animals.
When moult overlaps migration: moult-related changes in plasma biochemistry of migrating common snipe
Authors: Podlaszczuk Patrycja , Włodarczyk Radosław , Janiszewski Tomasz , Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Minias Piotr
Published: March 2017

Moult of feathers entails considerable physiological and energetic costs to an avian organism. Even under favourable feeding conditions, endogenous body stores and energy reserves of moulting birds are usually severely depleted. Thus, most species of birds separate moult from other energy-demanding activities, such as migration or reproduction. Common snipeGallinago gallinagois an exception, as during the first autumn migration many young snipe initiate the post-juvenile moult, which includes replacement of body feathers, lesser and median wing coverts, tertials, and rectrices. Here, we evaluated moult-related changes in blood plasma biochemistry of the common snipe during a period of serious trade-off in energy allocation between moult and migration. For this purpose, concentrations of basic metabolites in plasma were evaluated in more than 500 young snipe migrating through Central Europe. We found significant changes in the plasma concentrations of total protein, triglyceride and glucose over the course of moult, while the concentrations of uric acid and albumin did not change. Total protein concentration increased significantly in the initial stage of moult, probably as a result of increased production of keratin, but it decreased to the pre-moult level at the advanced stage of moult. Plasma triglyceride concentration decreased during the period of tertial and rectrice moult, which reflected depletion of endogenous fat reserves. By contrast, glucose concentration increased steadily during the course of moult, which could be caused by increased catabolism of triglycerides (via gluconeogenesis) or, alternatively, due to increased glucocorticoids as a stress response. Our results suggest that physiological changes associated with moult may be considered important determinants of the low pace of migration typical of the common snipe.
Evolution of sexual dimorphism and Rensch’s rule in the beetle genusLimnebius(Hydraenidae): is sexual selection opportunistic?
Authors: Rudoy Andrey , Ribera Ignacio
Published: March 2017

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread among animals, with larger females usually attributed to an optimization of resources in reproduction and larger males to sexual selection. A general pattern in the evolution of SSD is Rensch’s rule, which states that SSD increases with body size in species with larger males but decreases when females are larger. We studied the evolution of SSD in the genusLimnebius(Coleoptera, Hydraenidae), measuring SSD and male genital size and complexity of ca. 80% of its 150 species and reconstructing its evolution in a molecular phylogeny with 71 species. We found strong support for a higher evolutionary lability of male body size, which had an overall positive allometry with respect to females and higher evolutionary rates measured over the individual branches of the phylogeny. Increases in SSD were associated to increases in body size, but there were some exceptions with an increase associated to changes in only one sex. Secondary sexual characters (SSC) in the external morphology of males appeared several times independently, generally on species that had already increased their size. There was an overall significant correlation between SSD, male body size and male genital size and complexity, although some lineages with complex genitalia had low SSD, and some small species with complex genitalia had no SSD. Our results suggest that the origin of the higher evolutionary variance of male body size may be due to lack of constraints rather than to sexual selection, that may start to act in species with already larger males due to random variation.
Custom in the Vedic Ritual Codes as an Emergent Legal Principle
Authors: Lubin Timothy
Published: March 2017

The degree to which the early dharma literature was an extrapolation from the earlier ritual codes can be seen from a number of shared features of form and content. One of these that has not received more than passing notice is the fact that the Dharmaśāstric principle of regarding customary norms as a valid basis of dharma, both in general (sadācāra, śiṣṭācāra) and in limited spheres (deśācāra, grāmadharma, kuladharma, etc.), has its origins in ritual rules in the śrautasūtras and gṛhyasūtras. Passages from the Baudhāyanaśrautasūtra and numerous gṛhyasūtras show that already in these rulebooks established practices of particular social groups were accepted as a valid authority in certain contexts where explicit textual warrant was lacking, and that a further distinction was there made between the general norms of experts and the valid particular norms of locality or social group.
Al-Ḥīra and Its Histories
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: March 2017

This study considers the production of history-writing in the Naṣrid kingdom of al-Ḥīra at the end of the sixth century. It argues that Ḥīran history-writing encompassed king-lists, stories of tribal migration, and episcopal histories for the see of Ḥīra, and that the majority of these were composed in the era of the last Naṣrid king, al-Nuʿmān III. It goes on to argue that the Ḥīran material embedded in later sources such as al-Ṭabarī reflects the politics of the Ḥīran court in the period ca. 590–610, the last generation of Ḥīran independence.
Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Fekry
Published: March 2017

Islamic legal historiography has dealt extensively with questions of continuity and change, as epitomized by the relationship between ijtihād and taqlīd. This paper offers a new conceptualization of the ijtihād–taqlīd modes of law-making in the Sunni legal tradition. I argue that the institutional transformation from ijtihād to taqlīd required that jurists transform the views of the founding authorities of the schools over the course of the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. They achieved this by stratifying legal knowledge in their typologies of muftis and judges in ways that had not been envisioned earlier, justifying their typologies by invoking tropes of decline and the extinction of mujtahids. This longue-durée view will shed light on the institutional significance of the taqlīdification of Islamic law, where legal security and stability were privileged over judicial discretion.
Der ägyptische Lautwandel zwischen “Ꜣ” und “ḥ”
Authors: Bojowald Stefan
Published: March 2017

This contribution studies the Egyptian phonetic change between “Ꜣ” and “ḥ,” a question so far dealt with only marginally. Therefore, the phonetic change is considered here for the first time from a broader perspective. An important role has likely been played by the fact that both sounds belong to the laryngals. This phonetic change is also known from other Hamito–Semitic (Afro–Asiatic) languages—particularly Akkadian and Punic. Furthermore, the phenomenon continued in Coptic.

The investigation adduces two different types of material. First, the phonetic change is documented in eleven examples of writings of single words. In this way, a solid foundation is laid for the following procedure. Second, seventeen examples of plays on words are examined which confirm the influence of the phonetic change. These examples demonstrate that the phonetic change occurred in both directions.
Orthodox Church in the Arab World 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources. Edited by Samuel Noble and Alexander Treiger
Authors: Teule Herman
Published: March 2017

The Orthodox Church in the Arab World 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources. Edited by Samuel Noble and Alexander Treiger. Orthodox Christian Studies. Dekalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2014. Pp. viii + 375. $35 (paper).
Sustentabilidade dos sistemas de uso da terra praticados no assentamento agroextrativista do Anauerapucu-AP
Authors: Da Silva Irenildo Costa , Monteiro Filocreão Antônio Sérgio
Published: March 2017

Este artigo é o resultado de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de uso da terra no Assentamento Agroextrativista do Anauerapucu-AP. A pesquisa requereu a construção de índices de sustentabilidade para a comparação entre os sistemas praticados na terra firme e várzeas. Houve análise nas dimensões sociais, econômicas, ambientais, políticas e culturais através do uso de indicadores elaborados a partir de variáveis pré-definidas. Estes indicadores foram classificados em três níveis: baixa, média e alta sustentabilidade. O uso da terra neste assentamento rural é caracterizado por pequenas roças, pela produção de maracujá, pelo cultivo da mandioca e macaxeira, pela extração de açaí, por piscicultura e pecuária e pelo cultivo de algumas frutas, utilizando várzeas e terra firme. Os resultados mostraram que os sistemas de várzea apresentaram melhores índices de sustentabilidade em relação aos praticados na terra firme.Código JEL | O18; Q24; R14.
(In)visibilidade das mulheres na pesca artesanal: uma análise sobre as questões de gênero em Miracema do Tocantins-TO
Authors: Mendes Soraya Helena de Araújo Mendes Araújo , Parente Temis Gomes Parente Gomes
Published: March 2017

Este artigo visa analisar a (in)visibilidade das atividades pesqueiras realizadas pelas mulheres associadas à Colônia de Pescadores Profissionais Artesanais Z-16 em Miracema do Tocantins e Tocantínia (Copemito). Para tanto, buscou-se dar visibilidade acadêmica a essas atividades, invisíveis devido às questões de gênero, uma vez que atuam como um marcador cultural no processo de construção e reprodução social dos sujeitos. A metodologia utilizada foi de cunho qualitativo, com a utilização da História Oral. Os dados obtidos apontam que as pescadoras realizam todas as atividades que constituem a pesca artesanal profissional, desde a confecção dos apetrechos de pesca até o beneficiamento do pescado. Portanto, são visíveis. No entanto, existem diferenças entre as mulheres que vivem com seus companheiros e as que são solteiras, pois as primeiras concebem suas atividades como “ajuda” e as últimas consideram-se participantes diretas na atividade, o que legitima a existência de desigualdades de gênero no setor pesqueiro.Código JEL | J16; Q22; R11.
Measurement of the 13C isotopic signature of methane emissions from northern European wetlands
Authors: Fisher Rebecca E. , France James L. , Lowry David , Lanoisellé Mathias , Brownlow Rebecca , Pyle John A. , Cain Michelle , Warwick Nicola , Skiba Ute M. , Drewer Julia , Dinsmore Kerry J. , Leeson Sarah R. , Bauguitte Stéphane J.‐B. , Wellpott Axel , O'Shea Sebastian J. , Allen Grant , Gallagher Martin W. , Pitt Joseph , Percival Carl J. , Bower Keith , George Charles , Hayman Garry D. , Aalto Tuula , Lohila Annalea , Aurela Mika , Laurila Tuomas , Crill Patrick M. , McCalley Carmody K. , Nisbet Euan G.
Published: March 2017

Isotopic data provide powerful constraints on regional and global methane emissions and their source profiles. However, inverse modeling of spatially resolved methane flux is currently constrained by a lack of information on the variability of source isotopic signatures. In this study, isotopic signatures of emissions in the Fennoscandian Arctic have been determined in chambers over wetland, in the air 0.3 to 3 m above the wetland surface and by aircraft sampling from 100 m above wetlands up to the stratosphere. Overall, the methane flux to atmosphere has a coherent δ13C isotopic signature of −71 ± 1‰, measured in situ on the ground in wetlands. This is in close agreement with δ13C isotopic signatures of local and regional methane increments measured by aircraft campaigns flying through air masses containing elevated methane mole fractions. In contrast, results from wetlands in Canadian boreal forest farther south gave isotopic signatures of −67 ± 1‰. Wetland emissions dominate the local methane source measured over the European Arctic in summer. Chamber measurements demonstrate a highly variable methane flux and isotopic signature, but the results from air sampling within wetland areas show that emissions mix rapidly immediately above the wetland surface and methane emissions reaching the wider atmosphere do indeed have strongly coherent C isotope signatures. The study suggests that for boreal wetlands (>60°N) global and regional modeling can use an isotopic signature of −71‰ to apportion sources more accurately, but there is much need for further measurements over other wetlands regions to verify this.
Fractal density modeling of crustal heterogeneity from the KTB deep hole
Authors: Chen Guoxiong , Cheng Qiuming
Published: March 2017

Fractal or multifractal concepts have significantly enlightened our understanding of crustal heterogeneity. Much attention has focused on 1/f scaling natures of physicochemical heterogeneity of Earth crust from fractal increment perspective. In this study, fractal density model from fractal clustering point of view is used to characterize the scaling behaviors of heterogeneous sources recorded at German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) main hole, and of special contribution is the local and global multifractal analysis revisited by using Haar wavelet transform (HWT). Fractal density modeling of mass accumulation generalizes the unit of rock density from integer (e.g., g/cm3) to real numbers (e.g., g/cmα), so that crustal heterogeneities with respect to source accumulation are quantified by singularity strength of fractal density in α‐dimensional space. From that perspective, we found that the bulk densities of metamorphic rocks exhibit fractal properties but have a weak multifractality, decreasing with the depth. The multiscaling natures of chemical logs also have been evidenced, and the observed distinct fractal laws for mineral contents are related to their different geochemical behaviors within complex lithological context. Accordingly, scaling distributions of mineral contents have been recognized as a main contributor to the multifractal natures of heterogeneous density for low‐porosity crystalline rocks. This finally allows us to use de Wijs cascade process to explain the mechanism of fractal density. In practice, the proposed local singularity analysis based on HWT is suggested as an attractive high‐pass filtering to amplify weak signatures of well logs as well as to delineate microlithological changes.
A toy model of tropical convection with a moisture storage closure
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko , Sumi Yukari
Published: March 2017

A time‐dependent, zero‐dimensional toy model is constructed to study the large‐scale variability in association with tropical moist convection. Case studies from sounding‐array observations are analyzed as a benchmark to test the model performance. The model predicts the vertical integral of vertical moisture advection decomposed into the deep convective and congestus/stratiform modes. A closure representing the consumption efficiency of water vapor into precipitation is introduced using the moisture storage ratio, or the degree to which the vertical moisture advection associated with each vertical mode accounts for moisture storage. The observations suggest that this moisture consumption is highly inefficient for the convective/stratiform mode while efficient for the deep convective mode. The model solution is interpreted as a delayed response to the diabatic forcing, unless the sum of the moisture storage ratio and gross moist stability is negative, in which case the system is unstable. Baseline experiments with a fixed moisture storage closure overall reproduce the vertical moisture advection and precipitation as observed, but fail to simulate a sharp pickup of precipitation in the well‐known moisture‐rainfall curve. This deficiency is eliminated when the moisture storage ratio is allowed to vary as convection intensifies and dissipates.
FracFit: A robust parameter estimation tool for fractional calculus models
Authors: Kelly James F. , Bolster Diogo , Meerschaert Mark M. , Drummond Jennifer D. , Packman Aaron I.
Published: March 2017

Anomalous transport cannot be adequately described with classical Fickian advection‐dispersion equations (ADE) with constant coefficients. Rather, fractional calculus models may be used, which capture salient features of anomalous transport (e.g., skewness and power law tails). FracFit is a parameter estimation tool based on space‐fractional and time‐fractional models used by the hydrology community. Currently, four fractional models are supported: (1) space‐fractional advection‐dispersion equation (sFADE), (2) time‐fractional dispersion equation with drift (TFDE), (3) fractional mobile‐immobile (FMIM) equation, and (4) temporally tempered Lévy motion (TTLM). Model solutions using pulse initial conditions and continuous injections are evaluated using stable distributions or subordination integrals. Parameter estimates are extracted from measured breakthrough curves (BTCs) using a weighted nonlinear least squares (WNLS) algorithm. Optimal weights for BTCs for pulse initial conditions and continuous injections are presented. Two sample applications are analyzed: (1) pulse injection BTCs in the Selke River and (2) continuous injection laboratory experiments using natural organic matter. Model parameters are compared across models and goodness‐of‐fit metrics are presented, facilitating model evaluation.
Potential of satellite‐based land emissivity estimates for the detection of high‐latitude freeze and thaw states
Authors: Prakash Satya , Norouzi Hamid , Azarderakhsh Marzi , Blake Reginald , Khanbilvardi Reza
Published: March 2017

Reliable detection of freeze and thaw (FT) states is crucial for the terrestrial water cycle, biogeochemical transitions, carbon and methane feedback to the atmosphere, and for the surface energy budget and its associated impacts on the global climate system. This paper is novel in that for the first time a unique approach to examine the potential of passive microwave remotely sensed land emissivity and its added values of being free from the atmospheric effects and being sensitive to surface characteristics is being applied to the detection of FT states for latitudes north of 35°N. Since accurate characterizations of the soil state are highly dependent on land cover types, a novel threshold‐based approach specific to different land cover types is proposed for daily FT detection from the use of 3 years (August 2012 to July 2015) of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐2 land emissivity estimates. Ground‐based soil temperature observations are used as reference to develop threshold values for FT states. Preliminary evaluation of the proposed approach with independent ground observations over Alaska for the year 2015 shows that the use of land emissivity estimates for high‐latitude FT detection is promising.
Reply to comment by Añel on “Most computational hydrology is not reproducible, so is it really science?”
Authors: Hutton Christopher , Wagener Thorsten , Freer Jim , Han Dawei , Duffy Chris , Arheimer Berit
Published: March 2017

In this article, we reply to a comment made on our previous commentary regarding reproducibility in computational hydrology. Software licensing and version control of code are important technical aspects of making code and workflows of scientific experiments open and reproducible. However, in our view, it is the cultural change that is the greatest challenge to overcome to achieve reproducible scientific research in computational hydrology. We believe that from changing the culture and attitude among hydrological scientists, details will evolve to cover more (technical) aspects over time.
Communicative Competence
Authors: Savignon Sandra J.
Published: March 2017

The introduction of the construct
communicative competence
in discussions of second/foreign language proficiency dates from the early 1970s. Given the prevailing theories in linguistics and learning psychology upon which audio‐lingual recommendations for classroom methods and materials were based, proposals of communicative competence as a guide for the teaching and evaluation of learners proved nothing short of revolutionary. This summary considers the underlying support, both theoretical and empirical, for communicative competence as a goal of 21st‐century second/foreign language evaluation along with the implications of a
communicative language teaching
approach for shaping classroom practice in the many different contexts in which English is taught.
Diversity in the Classroom
Authors: Liu Dilin , Nelson Robert
Published: March 2017

While second language teachers may have been slow to recognize the depth of diversity in their classrooms, they (unlike their peers in general education) have never been able to avoid diversity. Indeed, diversity is the only constant feature of the ESL classroom. Because of its importance, L2 specialists have actively attempted not only to discover and describe all of the different ways in which L2 students bring diversity to the classroom but also to find best teaching practices to effectively address all of the diversities identified.
CADASIL: two new cases with intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Zhang Chen , Li Wei , Li Shaowu , Niu Songtao , Wang Xingao , Tang Hefei , Yu Xueying , Chen Bin , Shi Yuzhi , Chen Qihua , Guo Liying , Pan Yunzhu , Wang Yilong , Zhang Zaiqiang
Published: March 2017

Whether cerebral autosomal‐dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and influences outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we report two cases of CADASIL presenting with cerebral hemorrhages. These cases suggest that a CADASIL vasculopathy by itself mainly results in ICH, as indicated by slight vascular risk factors and prominent neuroimaging abnormalities, suggesting that CADASIL should be considered a risk factor for ICH. Interestingly, decreased perihematomal edema was noted in ICH patients with CADASIL in this study.
Generating Multicompartmental 3D Biological Constructs Interfaced through Sequential Injections in Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Ugolini Giovanni Stefano , Visone Roberta , Redaelli Alberto , Moretti Matteo , Rasponi Marco
Published: March 2017

A novel technique is presented for molding and culturing composite 3D cellular constructs within microfluidic channels. The method is based on the use of removable molding polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inserts, which allow to selectively and incrementally generate composite 3D constructs featuring different cell types and/or biomaterials, with a high spatial control. The authors generate constructs made of either stacked hydrogels, with uniform horizontal interfaces, or flanked hydrogels with vertical interfaces. The authors also show how this technique can be employed to create custom‐shaped endothelial barriers and monolayers directly interfaced with 3D cellular constructs. This method dramatically improves the significance of in vitro 3D biological models, enhancing mimicry and enabling for controlled studies of complex biological districts.
High‐Efficiency Photovoltaic Devices using Trap‐Controlled Quantum‐Dot Ink prepared via Phase‐Transfer Exchange
Authors: Aqoma Havid , Al Mubarok Muhibullah , Hadmojo Wisnu Tantyo , Lee Eun‐Hye , Kim Tae‐Wook , Ahn Tae Kyu , Oh Seung‐Hwan , Jang Sung‐Yeon
Published: March 2017

Colloidal‐quantum‐dot (CQD) photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for low‐cost power sources owing to their low‐temperature solution processability and bandgap tunability. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >10% is achieved for these devices; however, there are several remaining obstacles to their commercialization, including their high energy loss due to surface trap states and the complexity of the multiple‐step CQD‐layer‐deposition process. Herein, high‐efficiency photovoltaic devices prepared with CQD‐ink using a phase‐transfer‐exchange (PTE) method are reported. Using CQD‐ink, the fabrication of active layers by single‐step coating and the suppression of surface trap states are achieved simultaneously. The CQD‐ink photovoltaic devices achieve much higher PCEs (10.15% with a certified PCE of 9.61%) than the control devices (7.85%) owing to improved charge drift and diffusion. Notably, the CQD‐ink devices show much lower energy loss than other reported high‐efficiency CQD devices. This result reveals that the PTE method is an effective strategy for controlling trap states in CQDs.
High Toughness in Ultralow Density Graphene Oxide Foam
Authors: Owuor Peter Samora , Woellner Cristiano F. , Li Tong , Vinod Soumya , Ozden Sehmus , Kosolwattana Suppanat , Bhowmick Sanjit , Duy Luong Xuan , Salvatierra Rodrigo V. , Wei Bingqing , Asif Syed A. S. , Tour James M. , Vajtai Robert , Lou Jun , Galvão Douglas S. , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Ajayan Pulickel. M.
Published: March 2017

Here, the scalable synthesis of low‐density 3D macroscopic structure of graphene oxide (GO) interconnected with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is reported. A controlled amount of PDMS is infused into the freeze‐dried foam to result into a very rigid structure with improved mechanical properties, such as tensile plasticity and toughness. The PDMS wets the graphene oxide sheets and acts like glue between the 2D sheets. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to further elucidate the mechanisms of the interactions of graphene oxide layers with PDMS. The ability of using the interconnecting graphene oxide foam as an effective oil–water separator and stable insulating behavior to elevated temperatures are further demonstrated. The structural rigidity of the sample is also tested using laser impact and compared with GO foam.
Roll‐to‐Roll Printed Large‐Area All‐Polymer Solar Cells with 5% Efficiency Based on a Low Crystallinity Conjugated Polymer Blend
Authors: Gu Xiaodan , Zhou Yan , Gu Kevin , Kurosawa Tadanori , Guo Yikun , Li Yunke , Lin Haoran , Schroeder Bob C. , Yan Hongping , Molina‐Lopez Francisco , Tassone Christopher J. , Wang Cheng , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Yan He , Zhao Dahui , Toney Michael F. , Bao Zhenan
Published: March 2017

The challenge of continuous printing in high‐efficiency large‐area organic solar cells is a key limiting factor for their widespread adoption. A materials design concept for achieving large‐area, solution‐coated all‐polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with stable phase separation morphology between the donor and acceptor is presented. The key concept lies in inhibiting strong crystallization of donor and acceptor polymers, thus forming intermixed, low crystallinity, and mostly amorphous blends. Based on experiments using donors and acceptors with different degree of crystallinity, the results show that microphase separated donor and acceptor domain sizes are inversely proportional to the crystallinity of the conjugated polymers. This methodology of using low crystallinity donors and acceptors has the added benefit of forming a consistent and robust morphology that is insensitive to different processing conditions, allowing one to easily scale up the printing process from a small‐scale solution shearing coater to a large‐scale continuous roll‐to‐roll (R2R) printer. Large‐area all‐polymer solar cells are continuously roll‐to‐roll slot die printed with power conversion efficiencies of 5%, with combined cell area up to 10 cm2. This is among the highest efficiencies realized with R2R‐coated active layer organic materials on flexible substrate.
A comparison of efficient uncertainty quantification techniques for stochastic multiscale systems
Authors: Kimaev Grigoriy , Ricardez‐Sandoval Luis A.
Published: March 2017

The aim of this article is to compare the performance of efficient uncertainty propagation techniques (Polynomial Chaos [PCE] and Power Series [PSE] expansions) for uncertainty quantification in multiscale systems where discrete (molecular) scale is modeled without closed‐form expressions. A multiscale model of thin film formation by chemical vapor deposition was used to study the effects of single parameter and multivariate uncertainty. For the single parameter uncertainty, 2nd order PSE approximations were the most accurate and computationally attractive. For the multivariate uncertainty, PSE performance deteriorated, while 2nd order PCE provided the highest accuracy when its expansion coefficients were calculated using the Least Squares method. However, comparable accuracy was achieved at half the computational cost when the coefficients were calculated using Nonintrusive Spectral Projection (NISP). The response variables were subsequently controlled using robust optimization, and the results obtained using PCE NISP satisfied the optimization constraints more closely than other methods. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3361–3373, 2017
Preparation of a Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ion and Its Ring Expansion toward Piperidines and Azepanes
Authors: Choi Jieun , Yadav Nagendra Nath , Ha Hyun‐Joon
Published: March 2017

The formation of the stable form of 1‐azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate was successfully achieved from 2‐[4‐tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, by stirring in MeCN at room temperature. The ring strain in the three‐membered ring could be released through the cleavage of either C−N bond, but ring opening with various nucleophiles proceeded in a highly regio‐ and stereoselective manner. Two possible pathways, in which the aziridine ring was opened by nucleophilic attack at the bridge and the bridgehead, yielded piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This selective transformation starting from chiral aziridines constitutes an efficient route for the asymmetric synthesis of biologically important natural products, such as fagomines, febrifugine, sedamine, hydroxypipecolic acid, and balanol.
Monodisperse plum‐like sulfonated PGMA‐DVB microspheres as a new ion exchange resin
Authors: Wei Z. Q. , Wang Z. , Hong R. Y. , Wang Y. F.
Published: March 2017

Monodisperse plum‐like crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐divinyl benzene) (PGMA‐DVB) microspheres were prepared by dispersion polymerization using glycidyl acrylate as monomer and divinyl benzene as crosslinking agent, and then sulfonated by sulfonation process with phosphorus pentoxide to increase the grafting ratio. The morphology and composition of microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (SEM‐EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and BET surface area analyses. The average sizes of PGMA microspheres and PGMA‐DVB microspheres were 2.18 and 2.52 μm, respectively. The effect of DVB content on the properties of microspheres was investigated and the experimental results indicate that the microspheres prepared with DVB content have crinkled surface with large specific surface area, and with the increase of the DVB content, the average size of the microspheres become larger and the particle size distribution become wider. The as‐prepared sulfonated PGMA‐DVB microspheres were used to remove the copper (II) ion in solution and the maximum adsorption capacity was 75.08 mg/g. This work provides an effective but simple method for a controllable preparation of polymer microspheres with rough surface and high specific surface area, and it could be a new kind of ion exchange resin after sulfonation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44994.
Chemicals isolated from Justicia adhatoda Linn reduce fitness of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti L
Authors: Thanigaivel Annamalai , Senthil‐Nathan Sengottayan , Vasantha‐Srinivasan Prabhakaran , Edwin Edward‐Sam , Ponsankar Athirstam , Selin‐Rani Selvaraj , Pradeepa Venkatraman , Chellappandian Muthiah , Kalaivani Kandaswamy , Abdel‐Megeed Ahmed , Narayanan Raman , Murugan Kadarkarai
Published: March 2017

Extracts from Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae) strongly reduced the fitness of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linn. The methanolic extracts inhibited several enzymes responsible for protecting insects from oxidative and other damage, including glutathione‐S‐transferase, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome P450, and α‐ and β‐esterases. They increased repellency (maximum repellency at 100 ppm) in host‐seeking adult females using the “arm‐in cage assay.” Histopathological examination showed the extracts led to serious midgut cell damage. Justicia adhatoda extracts led to reduced fecundity and oviposition of gravid females compared to controls. The extracts led to substantially reduced A. aegypti survival. We infer that the extracts have potential to reduce pathogen transmission by suppressing population growth of A. aegypti, and possibly other mosquito species.
Heterogeneity of sensory features in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges and perspectives for future research
Authors: Uljarević Mirko , Baranek Grace , Vivanti Giacomo , Hedley Darren , Hudry Kristelle , Lane Alison
Published: March 2017

Pronounced heterogeneity is apparent across every facet of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and it remains difficult to predict likely future potential among individuals who share a common diagnosis of ASD on the basis of early presentation. In this commentary we argue that a fine‐grained understanding of individual differences in sensory features and their influence across the life span can constrain noted clinical heterogeneity in ASD. We organize our discussion around the following three critical themes: (a) considering sensory features as dimensional construct; (b) taking an “individual differences” approach; and (c) adopting a comprehensive, multidimensional and multimodal approach to measurement of sensory features. We conclude that future research will need to investigate individual differences in sensory features via: (1) multidimensional and cross‐disciplinary examination, (2) prospective longitudinal designs, and (3) dimensional and developmental frameworks that emphasize the potential value of early individual variability as indicators of later outcomes, not only in relation to the categorical diagnostic outcome status but also the presence of other clinical features. This is a key time for sensory‐related research and in this commentary we provide some of the steps that, in our opinion, can shape future research in this area. Autism Res 2017, 10: 703–710. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aggressive behaviors and treatable risk factors of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chen Chen , Shen Yi‐Dong , Xun Guang‐Lei , Cai Wei‐Xiong , Shi Li‐Juan , Xiao Lu , Wu Ren‐Rong , Zhao Jing‐Ping , Ou Jian‐Jun
Published: March 2017

Aggressive behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common. We conducted this study to describe the aggressive mode of preschool children with ASD and examine the associations between specific aggressive behaviors and two treatable factors: sleep problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. In total, 577 typically developing (TD) children and 490 children with ASD were investigated in this study. The Institute for Basic Research – Modified Overt Aggression Scale (IBR‐MOAS) was used to assess aggressive behaviors. Children's social impairments, sleep problems and ADHD symptoms were also measured with specific scales. The total IBR‐MOAS score was significantly higher (worse) in the TD group [4.47 (5.36)] than in the ASD group [3.47 (5.63), P = 0.004]. The aggressive modes differed between groups: when compared with each other, the TD group received higher scores on Verbal and Physical Aggression Toward Others (all P < 0.01), while the ASD group had higher scores on Physical Aggression Against Self (P = 0.006). The linear regression model demonstrated that the aggressive behaviors of children with ASD were significantly associated with two treatable factors: sleep problems and ADHD symptoms. These findings have substantial clinical implications: treatment of these two risk factors may be helpful in managing aggressive behavior in children with ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1155–1162. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symptom overlap on the srs‐2 adult self‐report between adults with asd and adults with high anxiety
Authors: South Mikle , Carr AnnaLisa W. , Stephenson Kevin G. , Maisel Max E. , Cox Jonathan C.
Published: March 2017

Many people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also experience significant symptoms of anxiety, while many people with anxiety disorders likewise experience social difficulties. These concerns can be difficult to tease apart in general clinical settings. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is one of the most frequently used measures of dimensional ASD symptoms. In order to investigate the overlap of autism and anxiety on the SRS, we compared three groups of adults (an ASD group, n = 40; a high anxious group, n = 56; and a typical comparison group, n = 29) using the new Adult Self Report version of the SRS‐2nd Edition (SRS‐2‐ASR) alongside a battery of anxiety questionnaires. Based on previous research with children from the parent‐report SRS (first edition), we hypothesized that the SRS‐2‐ASR would have difficulty discriminating between the ASD and high anxious groups. Results showed that both these clinical groups scored significantly higher on the SRS than a typical control group. Discriminant validity was poor, including sensitivity of 0.65 when including all participants and 0.48 when only the two clinical groups were included. In particular, the Social Motivation subscale of the SRS‐ASR failed to distinguish between ASD and anxiety groups. As recommended in the SRS‐2 manual, we highlight the need for caution when using the SRS‐2‐ASR to support diagnostic decision making, especially in clinical settings involving anxiety, ADHD, or other concerns that can affect reciprocal social communication and/or behavioral flexibility. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1215–1220. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.