bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Community Management of Miombo Woodlands for Carbon Project in Southern Highlands of Tanzania
Authors: Lupala Z. J. , Lusambo L. P. , Ngaga Y. M.
Published: August 2017

In response to the pressing global challenges of climate change, community based management of miombo woodlands in Tanzania is promoted for carbon credit project development. However, evidence on its feasibility is scanty and questionable. This study examined the economic feasibility of carbon credit project development in community based forest management (CBFM) using four similar miombo woodlands from Southern highlands. The analysis was based on 144 sample plots from managed woodlands and 100 plots from business as usual (BAU) (open access). Allometric equation was applied to convert biomass to carbon per hectare. Improved carbon stock was determined and its economic value ascertained based on global voluntary carbon markets. Project feasibility analysis was performed using discounted cash flow, internal rate of return, and benefits/costs methods. Annual opportunity cost and variable costs were subtracted from total revenue to obtain annual net profit. The annual rate of return on investment was calculated by dividing profits by total costs. It was revealed that carbon stock improved significantly in CBFM compared to BAU (P<5%). The improvement had positive net present value and benefit-cost ratio of 1.83. Moreover, sensitivity analysis showed that if any unexpected situation occurs, the project will still be of worthiness. The findings are useful to enrich the debate on carbon credit development under community based management of miombo woodlands in Tanzania.
Keyholes in MIMO-OFDM: Train-to-Wayside Communications in Railway Tunnels
Authors: Moreno García-Loygorri Juan , de Haro Leandro , Riera José Manuel , Cuéllar Luis , Rodríguez Carlos
Published: August 2017

One of the key challenges in railway engineering is how to provide passengers an efficient, secure, and safe service. To achieve this, operators and stakeholders demand robust and high-capacity train-to-wayside broadband radio. Current radio technologies implement MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) technology, whose use requires a good characterization of the propagation. In this paper, the results of an experimental campaign on MIMO propagation in subway tunnels are presented. The campaign makes use of an OFDM testbed at roughly 600 MHz, allowing the measurement of the 2×2 channel transfer matrix under different conditions regarding polarization, antenna separation, tunnel cross section, power allocation algorithm, and so forth. Particular attention is paid to the probability of appearance of keyholes, which imply a severe degradation of the MIMO performance even when transmitter and receiver antennas are uncorrelated. The measurements are carried out using a train that travels at the normal operative velocities. As a result of the measurements, it has been found that the use of vertical polarization at both terminals is advantageous and that, on average but for a narrow margin, λ-spaced antennas outperform λ/2-spaced ones (90% capacities of 7.00 and 6.76 bps/Hz, resp.), although the latter show a lower probability of keyholes. However, keyhole probabilities are always below 2%, so their influence on the performance of the whole system is limited.
Identifying the Risky SNP of Osteoporosis with ID3-PEP Decision Tree Algorithm
Authors: Yang Jincai , Gu Huichao , Jiang Xingpeng , Huang Qingyang , Hu Xiaohua , Shen Xianjun
Published: August 2017

In the past 20 years, much progress has been made on the genetic analysis of osteoporosis. A number of genes and SNPs associated with osteoporosis have been found through GWAS method. In this paper, we intend to identify the suspected risky SNPs of osteoporosis with computational methods based on the known osteoporosis GWAS-associated SNPs. The process includes two steps. Firstly, we decided whether the genes associated with the suspected risky SNPs are associated with osteoporosis by using random walk algorithm on the PPI network of osteoporosis GWAS-associated genes and the genes associated with the suspected risky SNPs. In order to solve the overfitting problem in ID3 decision tree algorithm, we then classified the SNPs with positive results based on their features of position and function through a simplified classification decision tree which was constructed by ID3 decision tree algorithm with PEP (Pessimistic-Error Pruning). We verified the accuracy of the identification framework with the data set of GWAS-associated SNPs, and the result shows that this method is feasible. It provides a more convenient way to identify the suspected risky SNPs associated with osteoporosis.
Determination of Performance Measuring Parameters of an Improved Dual Paraboloid Solar Cooker
Authors: Farooqui Suhail Zaki
Published: August 2017

An experimental investigation into the performance evaluation of an improved dual reflector foldable paraboloid solar cooker has been reported, along with its energy and exergy analysis. The best attribute of this lightweight and low-cost solar cooker is its high performance coupled with the ease of handling. The cooker utilizes two paraboloid reflectors made out of Mylar-coated fiberglass dishes, each having a diameter of 90 cm and focal length of 105 cm. The total intercepted radiation energy is 1.08 kW under standard test conditions. Stagnation temperatures of up to 330°C and cooking temperatures of up to 290°C have been attained with load. Altogether, 9 experiments have been performed with and without load. Loaded tests have been conducted with water and vegetable oil. Results indicate an average cooking power of 485 W, peak exergy gain of 60.53 W, quality factor of 0.077, and a high product of temperature difference gap at half peak power to peak power of 4364.33 W·K. The maximum exergy output power attained was 70 W, while maximum exergy efficiency was 8–10%. All performance measuring parameters indicate that it is a high performance solar cooker for rural and urban communities and is suitable for all types of oil- and water-based cooking.
Correlation of Epworth Sleepiness Scale with polysomnography changes in the assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Matnei Thiago , Deschk Marcelo Augusto Souza , Sabatini Jivago Szpoganicz , Souza Luciana de Paula , Santos Rafael Francisco dos , Camargo Carlos Henrique Ferreira
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is an important sleep disorder, frequently associated to the obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). It is known to be an important predisposing factor to accidents, decreased productivity, neurocognitive disorders and social issues. Thus, early detection of EDS is crucial. Objective: To evaluate the correlation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) with polysomnographic parameters in patients with OSAHS. Method: The study evaluated 1264 reports of polysomnography of patients with OSAHS admitted from January 2009 to December 2013 at the Instituto do Sono dos Campos Gerais. The reports were initially divided into groups according to the severity of OSAHS and then according to the score obtained in ESE and evaluated according to the results of the polysomnographic parameters. Results: From the analyzed reports, 822 (65.03%) were male patients, and 442 (34.87%) were female patients. According to the ESS scores analysis, a relation was observed between the scale and OSAHS (r = 0.175, p < 0.,00001). However, when divided into subgroups only severe OSAHS presented a significant correlation (r = 0.136, p = 0.0004). Conclusion: The scale is more strongly related with severe OSAHS, which is also more likely to develop EDS. Due to the importance of early detection of sleepiness, the ESS can be used as a method of rapid assessment in patients with OSAHS, to estimate its severity and the presence of SED
Patch-type granuloma annulare: a case report
Authors: Gomes Rafael Tomaz , Balizardo Jenifer Greice Schiavetti Ribeiro , Zelandi Filho Carlos , Schaefe Luiza Vasconcelos
Published: August 2017

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, self-limited condition which the etiology remains unknown. It is clinically characterized as annularly, erythematous papules on the extremities. Histologically, it shows as palisading granulomas with central degenerated collagen and mucin deposits. The patient in this case report had a rare GA variant named patch-type GA. It appeared as asymptomatic erythematous macules with central clarification on the upper portion of thighs. Histopathology was compatible with interstitialtype GA. We highlight that a high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis of patch-type GA and confirmation can only be achieved through histopathology study
Bipolar disorder: a review of conceptual and clinical aspects
Authors: Bosaipo Nayanne Beckmann , Borges Vinícius Ferreira , Juruena Mario Francisco
Published: August 2017

This review aims to introduce historical, epidemiological and etiological aspects of bipolar disorder, also to present the characterization and course of the disease, as well as some issues related to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by severe mood disturbances, involving periods of elevated mood and depression intercalated with periods of remission. The disorder is distinguished into two main types: Type I, in which episodes of mania occur; and Type II, in which mood elevation is milder and briefer, characterizing episodes of hypomania. The concept of bipolar spectrum extends the classification of BD, including clinical and genetic patterns. BD is a common disease that strikes about 30 million people worldwide, affecting men and women differently. The causes of BD include the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, distinguishing it as a complex and multidimensional disorder. The diagnosis according to DSM-5 involves the identification of mania or hypomania symptoms and the longitudinal evaluation of the disease course. Depression is usually the most common and persistent condition among bipolar patients. Although there are no specific symptoms that distinguish unipolar depression from bipolar depression, typical clinical features of each manifestation were found (e.g., symptom profile, family history, and disease course). Early diagnosis and the treatment of acute mood episodes significantly improve the prognosis. The first choice treatment involves mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics. The combination of medication with psychosocial interventions has been proved effective. However, the use of antidepressant monotherapy is not recommended
Personality disorders
Authors: Mazer Angela K. , Macedo Brisa Burgos D. , Juruena Mário Francisco
Published: August 2017

Personality disorders are psychological patterns of difficult diagnosis that require careful evaluations from mental health professionals. The physician-patient relationship is a crucial condition for the management of these disorders. On this view it must be important guide undergraduate students from health care areas through the existence of such a category of disorders. This article consists of a descriptive review aiming at clarifying the definition of personality disorders; furthermore discuss historical, physiological and epidemiological aspects. On this publication will be reviewed some particularities from diagnostic comorbidity, course and treatment of these disorders. The management of individuals with borderline personality disorder will be emphasized in this publication due to increased seek from this public for mental health care units
Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Lau Dennis H. , Nattel Stanley , Kalman Jonathan M , Sanders Prashanthan
Published: August 2017

There has been increasing focus on the rising burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) since the turn of the millennium. The AF epidemic is projected not only to have an impact on morbidity and mortality, but also to result in increasing healthcare use and cost. Intensive research over the previous decades has improved our understanding of this complex arrhythmia while unraveling more knowledge gaps and inadequacies of current therapeutic options. Specifically, the advances in catheter ablation technology and strategies have not translated into significant gains in procedural success rates over recent years. Therefore, strategies aiming at lowering the risk of AF development and progression are urgently needed to curtail the AF epidemic and improve outcomes in affected individuals. Recent research has highlighted the potential beneficial effects of lifestyle and risk factor management for AF as upstream noninvasive therapy. The evidence supporting this treatment paradigm beyond routine clinical AF management argues for change in the delivery of care to patients who have this debilitating arrhythmia. In this review, we highlight the contributory role of risk factors to AF pathogenesis from both bench and bedside studies. Next, we discuss the rationale and potential benefits of risk factor modification for sinus rhythm maintenance. Last, we propose an integrated care model to incorporate risk factor modification as the fourth pillar of AF care in conjunction with established pillars of rate control, rhythm control, and anticoagulation therapy.
Basho as a Post-Pastoral Poet (ポスト・パストラル詩人としての芭蕉)
Authors: Nishi Kinya , 西 欣也
Published: August 2017

This essay is an attempt to explore Basho Matsuo’s establishment of haiku as a significant moment in the history of Japanese literature where the perception of nature was drastically changed. It is often assumed that Basho’s poetry exemplifies aesthetic harmony between human beings and nature. However, with the help of recent critical discussions on the idea of nature I will argue that Basho’s poems entail intriguing paradoxes between, for example, the natural and the artificial, or between the legacy of the past and the perception of the present. A reconsideration of the literary, religious and social dimensions of Basho’s work will help us clarify how the poet, having mastered a range of styles, whether classical or contemporary urban, exposed himself to nature during his journeys in order to establish a new structure of aesthetics. I will draw on the “post-pastoral” debate to position Basho’s achievement among the great traditions that have expanded the possibility of representation by striking a subtle balance between uncritical acceptance and wholesale rejection of literary tradition.

〔概要〕本論は、松尾芭蕉による俳諧の確立を、日本文学史において自然認識を大きく変容させる重要な時機として考察する試みである。しばしば芭蕉の詩作は、自然と人間との間の美的調和を典型的に示すものと考えられている。しかし、自然の観念をめぐる最近の議論を踏まえるならば、芭蕉の詩は《自然なもの》と《作られたもの》、《過去の遺産》と《現在の知覚》等々のあいだの興味ある逆説を内包していることがわかる。芭蕉の作品の背後にある文学的、宗教的、社会的諸次元を再考していくことにより、芭蕉が、古典から同時代の都市の流行まで多様な様式に習熟したのち、旅において自らを自然に曝し、新しい構造を持つ美学を構築したことが示されるであろう。「ポスト・パストラル」の議論を参照しながら、筆者は芭蕉の達成したものを偉大な伝統のうちに据えてみたい。その伝統とはすなわち、文学伝統の無批判な受容と総体的拒絶とのあいだの精妙なバランスをとることによって、表現の可能性を拡大する伝統である。

This article is in Japanese.
The Echigo-Tsumari Triennale and Satoyama (越後妻有トリエンナーレと里山)
Authors: Matsuo Amiko , 松尾 亜実子
Published: August 2017

Fram Kitagawa is a major producer of contemporary art festivals in Japan. His optimistic vision connects artists, farmers, rural residents, and researchers to redefine the notion of local identity and place. Doing so revitalizes rural Japanese communities by increasing awareness through the restorative process of satoyama, which allows for connections between the history of the landscape, aesthetics, and local socio-economic issues. Kitagawa’s active pursuit of dialogue within the multiple narratives of local and regional histories makes the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennali precursors to other expansive social art practices.

More importantly, the restorative efforts of Kitagawa and the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale endure despite the economic recession, the Chuetsu earthquake, polarization of the urban and rural, and the Tohoku devastation on 3/11. This persistence depends upon linking artistic practices with social development rooted in place-making and place-identity. Increased awareness by Western artists might set up Echigo-Tsumari as a model for transformative art elsewhere on the scale of Kitagawa’s vision. The model could inspire, for example, more work in the vein of Theaster Gates, the American ceramic and social practice installation artists, who argues that artists should do more than just make objects. Rather, we should “make the thing that makes the thing,” and as Gates asserts, we should transform culture.

北川フラムは、日本における現代アート・フェスティバルの重要なプロデューサーの一人である。彼の前向きな考え方は、アーティスト、農民、地方の住民、そして地域のアイデンティティや場所の概念の再定義を行う研究者を結びつけている。この結びつきは里山の回復プロセスに対する人々の気づきを促し、日本の地方コミュニテイを活性化している。さらにこの結びつきによって、風景の歴史、美学、地域の社会経済問題を結びつけることも可能となっている。北川が地元や地方の歴史に関する多様な物語と活発に対話しつづけてきたことによって、越後妻有トリエンナーレは他の社会的アート実践のさきがけとなった。より重要なのは、経済的不況、中越地震、都市と地方の二極化、そして３１１の東日本大震災の発生にもかかわらず、北川と越後妻有トリエンナーレが活力を失わずに努力を続けてきたということである。この努力の継続は、場所づくりや場所のアイデンティティに根付いた社会的発展とアートによる実践が結びついていることに依っている。西洋のアーティストたちから、ますますこのトリエンナーレに注目があつまるようになっている。そのため、北川の考えるような規模の場所でということであれば、世界の別のどこかで実践される変革的アートのモデルとして越後妻有が機能することになるだろう。陶芸や社会実践的インスタレーションを製作するアメリカのアーティストであるスイースター・ゲイツは、アーティストはただ作品を作る以上のことをすべきだと主張する。越後妻有のようなアートのモデルは、この彼の考えに連なるような作品を生み出しうるだろう。われわれはゲイツの主張するように、「モノをつくるモノをつくる」べきである。つまり、われわれは文化を変革すべきなのである。

This article is in Japanese.
The Art of Regenerative Regional Development: The Case of Echigo-Tsumari (地域再生開発の術（すべ）としてのアート——越後妻有の場合)
Authors: Shrivastava Paul , シュリヴァストラヴァ ポール・ , Cucuzzella Carmela , ククゼラ カーメラ
Published: August 2017

Although much of regenerative design thinking deals with ecosystem impact reductions, eco-efficiency improvements, and scientific and technological interventions, there is still a conceptual gap and an opportunity, for “arts based regeneration” as a possibility for urban renewal. The Echigo-Tsumari Art Field in Japan serves as an example of a successful attempt at creating a regenerative community and economy through using an art-based intervention in a unique way that stretches across villages and existing rural landscapes. This intervention renewed completely a community through exchanges of a variety of actors in a regional setting. This essay examines the Echigo-Tsumari case as an exemplar of a regenerative regional development and as an alternative complement to the dominant modes of addressing sustainability.

〔都市や地域の〕再生計画概念の大部分が、生態系への影響縮小や環境効率のよい開発、科学的・技術的介入と結びついたものであるにもかかわらず、都市再開発としての“アートを基盤とした再生”にはいまだに概念的な欠落があり、その実現は将来的見込みとしか見なされていない側面がある。日本の〈越後妻有　大地の芸術祭〉は、自治体再生・経済再生創出の模範的な成功例だ。この芸術祭では、アートを基盤としたユニークな方法による介入が、地元の村々や田園風景の合間を縫って行われた。芸術祭は、地域を支える様々な要素のやりとりを通して、コミュニティを一新したのである。本小論では、地域再開発の模範例として、また持続可能性への主要なアプローチの補足的代替案として、この越後妻有の事例を考察する。

This article is in Japanese.
Basic Knowledge and Conditions on Knowledge
Authors: McBride Mark
Published: August 2017

How do we know what we know? In this stimulating and rigorous book, Mark McBride explores two sets of issues in contemporary epistemology: the problems that warrant transmission poses for the category of basic knowledge; and the status of conclusive reasons, sensitivity, and safety as conditions that are necessary for knowledge.

To have basic knowledge is to know (have justification for) some proposition immediately, i.e., knowledge (justification) that doesn’t depend on justification for any other proposition. This book considers several puzzles that arise when you take seriously the possibility that we can have basic knowledge.

McBride’s analysis draws together two vital strands in contemporary epistemology that are usually treated in isolation from each other. Additionally, its innovative arguments include a new application of the safety condition to the law.

This book will be of interest to epistemologists―both professionals and students.
Large Reemergence of Anthropogenic Carbon into the Ocean’s Surface Mixed Layer Sustained by the Ocean’s Overturning Circulation
Authors: Toyama Katsuya , Rodgers Keith B. , Blanke Bruno , Iudicone Daniele , Ishii Masao , Aumont Olivier , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: August 2017

We evaluate the output from a widely used ocean carbon cycle model to identify the subduction and obduction (reemergence) rates of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) for climatological conditions during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) era in 1995 using a new set of Lagrangian diagnostic tools. The principal scientific value of the Lagrangian diagnostics is in providing a new means to connect Cant reemergence pathways to the relatively rapid renewal time scales of mode waters through the overturning circulation. Our main finding is that for this model with 2.04 PgC yr−1 of uptake of Cant via gas exchange, the subduction and obduction rates across the base of the mixed layer (MLbase) are 4.96 and 4.50 PgC yr−1, respectively, which are twice as large as the gas exchange at the surface. Given that there is net accumulation of 0.17 PgC yr−1 in the mixed layer itself, this implies the residual downward Cant transport of 1.40 PgC yr−1 across the MLbase is associated with diffusion. Importantly, the net patterns for subduction and obduction transports of Cant mirror the large-scale patterns for transport of water volume, thereby illustrating the processes controlling Cant uptake. Although the net transfer across the MLbase by compensating subduction and obduction is relatively smaller than the diffusion, the localized pattern of Cant subduction and obduction implies significant regional impacts. The median time scale for reemergence of obducting particles is short (<10 yr), indicating that reemergence should contribute to limiting future carbon uptake through its contribution to perturbing the Revelle factor for surface waters.
A Weather-Type-Based Cross-Time-Scale Diagnostic Framework for Coupled Circulation Models
Authors: Muñoz Ángel G. , Yang Xiaosong , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Robertson Andrew W. , Cooke William F.
Published: August 2017

This study proposes an integrated diagnostic framework based on atmospheric circulation regime spatial patterns and frequencies of occurrence to facilitate the identification of model systematic errors across multiple time scales. To illustrate the approach, three sets of 32-yr-long simulations are analyzed for northeastern North America and for the March–May season using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Low Ocean–Atmosphere Resolution (LOAR) and Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) coupled models; the main difference between these two models is the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric model used. Regime-dependent biases are explored in the light of different atmospheric horizontal resolutions and under different nudging approaches. It is found that both models exhibit a fair representation of the observed circulation regime spatial patterns and frequencies of occurrence, although some biases are present independently of the horizontal resolution or the nudging approach and are associated with a misrepresentation of troughs centered north of the Great Lakes and deep coastal troughs. Moreover, the intraseasonal occurrence of certain model regimes is delayed with respect to observations. On the other hand, interexperiment differences in the mean frequencies of occurrence of the simulated weather types, and their variability across multiple time scales, tend to be negligible. This result suggests that low-resolution models could be of potential use to diagnose and predict physical variables via their simulated weather type characteristics.
Independent Evaluation of Frozen Precipitation from WRF and PRISM in the Olympic Mountains
Authors: Currier William Ryan , Thorson Theodore , Lundquist Jessica D.
Published: August 2017

Estimates of precipitation from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) are widely used in complex terrain to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data. The authors evaluated both WRF (4/3 km) and PRISM’s (800-m annual climatology) ability to estimate frozen precipitation using the hydrologic model Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA) and a unique set of spatiotemporal snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) observations collected for the Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) ground validation campaign during water year 2016. When SUMMA was forced with WRF precipitation and used a calibrated, wet-bulb-temperature-based method for partitioning rain versus snow, its estimation of near-peak SWE was biased low by 21% on average. However, when SUMMA was allowed to partition WRF total precipitation into rain and snow based on output from WRF’s microphysical scheme (WRFMPP), simulations of snow depth and SWE were near equal to or better than simulations that used PRISM-derived precipitation with the calibrated partitioning method. Over all sites, WRFMPP and simulations that used PRISM-derived precipitation had relatively unbiased estimates of near-peak SWE, but both simulated absolute errors in near-peak SWE of 30%–60% at a few locations. Since, on average, WRFMPP had similar errors to PRISM, WRFMPP suggested a promising path forward in hydrology, as it was independent of gauge data and did not require SWE observations for calibration. Furthermore, in similar maritime environments, hydrologic modelers should pay close attention to decisions regarding rain-versus-snow partitioning, wind speed, and incoming longwave radiation.
Generation of Upwelling Circulation under Downwelling-Favorable Wind within Bottom-Attached, Buoyant Coastal Currents
Authors: Chen Sih-Yu , Chen Shih-Nan
Published: August 2017

A two-dimensional modeling study by Moffat and Lentz recently reported that downwelling-favorable wind can induce cross-shore upwelling circulation within a bottom-attached, buoyant coastal current. Here, we extend the problem to three dimensions. The driving mechanism and the sensitivity for the upwelling circulation are studied, using a primitive equation ocean model and an analytical model. After the initial downwelling adjustment that steepens the isopycnals and compresses the coastal current, the cross-shore flow can switch to steady upwelling circulation. This reverse circulation coincides with a vertically well-mixed water column and persists until interrupted by the arrival of river plume bulge from upstream. During the upwelling phase, the ageostrophic cross-shore flow follows the Ekman balance. The sense of cross-shore circulation is governed by a dimensionless parameter, the shear ratio, which measures the relative size of geostrophic shear and velocity shear supported by the wind in the shallow-water limit. Upwelling circulation occurs when the shear ratio is greater than one. This condition represents that, near the surface, the wind-intensified pressure gradient exceeds the maximum possible Coriolis force associated with the wind-forced, alongshore flow. The resulting upwelling circulation acts to slump the isopycnals to restore the geostrophic balance. Therefore, within a coastal current, decreasing wind stress in fact strengthens the upwelling circulation, as a weaker wind produces a weaker shear and thus increases the imbalance. This inverse relation holds until the wind is too weak to mix the water column. Based on the analytical model, a regime classification for the cross-shore circulation under downwelling-favorable wind is proposed. An observational example is given.
Vibrational Spectroscopy for the Determination of Ionizable Group Content in Ionomer Materials
Authors: Korzeniewski Carol , Liang Ying , Zhang Pei , Sharif Iqbal , Kitt Jay P. , Harris Joel M. , Hamrock Steven J. , Creager Stephen E. , DesMarteau Darryl D.
Published: August 2017

An approach based on vibrational spectral measurements is described for determining the ionizable group content of ion conducting polymer membrane materials. Aimed at supporting the assessment of membrane stability and wear characteristics, performance is evaluated for attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, and ATR FT-IR microscopy using perfluorinated ionomer membrane standards. One set of ionomer standards contained a sulfonic acid ionizable group and the other a sulfonyl imide group. The average number of backbone tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) units separating the ionizable-group containing side chains was in the range of 7.2–2.1 (sulfonic acid set) and 10.5–4.6 (sulfonyl imide set). A poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) sample was included as a blank, representing the limit of zero ionizable group (and maximum TFE) content. Calibration relationships were derived from area-normalized vibrational spectra. For all three methods, calibration models applied to independent spectral measurements of samples predicted the ratio of backbone TFE groups to ionizable groups in the repeat unit ( m) with a standard error of ≤ ±0.3. The confocal Raman and ATR FT-IR microscopy techniques achieved ideal blank responses and the lowest prediction errors, down to m ± 0.1 at the 90% confidence level. With its relative simplicity, low sample size requirements, and potential for quantitative micron-scale spatial mapping of the ionizable group content within a membrane, the approach has application to advancing materials development, including exploratory synthesis, durability and wear assessment, and in situ studies of membrane process.
Strategies for Higher Education in the Digital Age
Authors: Ghemawat Pankaj
Published: August 2017

This article analyzes online technology strategically from the perspective of traditional (face-to-face) providers of higher education. Analysis of current and projected relative positions explains why face-to-face providers need to take online technology seriously. But both pure strategies—entirely face-to-face and entirely online—have significant limitations from their perspective, directing attention toward mixed or blended strategies, for which a strategic typology, illustrated with a broad range of examples, is provided. Moving from an entirely face-to-face approach to a blended one is likely to generate some implementation challenges, which are also addressed.
In Pursuit of Product Modularity: Impediments and Stimulants
Authors: Kamrad Bardia , Schmidt Glen , Ülkü Sezer
Published: August 2017

This article develops a framework, including a 2 × 2 matrix, to help guide firms in deciding when to design their products to be integral, modular-in-production, modular-in-use with a focus on selling “cartridges,” or modular-in-use with a focus on promoting numerous apps. Three key factors are as follows: the level of user heterogeneity, the disparity across components in frequency of updating, and the modularity/integrality penalty.
Creating Incentives for Innovation
Authors: Manso Gustavo
Published: August 2017

In an era of fast-paced technological change, innovation has become a business imperative. But it is not easy to make experimentation and risk-taking an integral part of an organization’s business practice. This article describes a model for motivating innovation based on probability theory and experimental evidence. This research indicates that corporate leaders should create a culture that tolerates early failure and rewards long-term performance, and employees from the CEO down must be given incentives to innovate. These lessons are broadly applicable in fields beyond business, such as scientific research and the academic world.
How to Improve the Accuracy and Reduce the Cost of Personnel Selection
Authors: Moore Don A.
Published: August 2017

One of the clearest lessons to emerge from decades of research on personnel selection is that the traditional face-to-face job interview is terrible for predicting future job performance. The sad truth is that no selection tool is perfect, and future performance cannot be predicted precisely, but the traditional interview is particularly bad. Fortunately, it is easy to improve the predictive validity of the job interview by structuring it around hard-to-fake tests of key skills and abilities that actually predict future performance. There are also other tools as accurate as a structured interview and substantially less expensive to administer.
All in the space of a poem: Spatial logics in poetry
Authors: Arunlal K. , Sunitha Srinivas C.
Published: August 2017

One of the oldest cultural practices of human societies, poetry, simultaneously responded and contributed to the evolution of human sense of spaces. Before print culture became ubiquitous, poetry was a time-art: all classic poetic techniques and devices were meant to hold a piece of verse permanently in a person’s memory, and by extension, in a community’s living history. However, contemporary poetry has little use for the chronologic dimension of poetry. The correlation of spatialized poetry with the new proliferation of ideas regarding space can be explored in multiple angles. The way space is looked at has changed in all art forms due to certain contingencies of modern history. This paper is a mapping of these alterations in the spatial turn of poetry, and a further application of ideas of space in understanding contemporary poetry.
Remembering Paco Ibáñez at the Olympia: A political communitas in exile
Authors: Domingo Irene
Published: August 2017

In December 1969 the Spanish singer-songwriter Paco Ibáñez gave a concert at the Olympia in Paris to an audience composed of Spanish exiles and French students. Ibáñez’s selection, interpretation, musicalization and performance of a wide range of mainly Spanish poems for the occasion created a text that denounced the policies of Franco and, at the same time, allowed the French part of the audience to express their solidarity in a political cry for freedom. This article begins by situating Ibáñez in exile in France where, avoiding Francoist censorship, he thrived as an anti-Francoist musician. Focusing on the emblematic Olympia concert that epitomizes Ibáñez’s artistic output, the second part of the article analyses the performative text created by the poems chosen and interpreted by Ibáñez together with the audience’s reaction to them. This text, the article argues, encouraged collective struggle in the face of oppression, and the communitas generated that night exemplified it.
Assessing energy performance of smart cities
Authors: Causone Francesco , Sangalli Andrea , Pagliano Lorenzo , Carlucci Salvatore
Published: August 2017

The massive urbanization process registered since 1950s and projected to continue for the coming decades is posing a crucial issue for the management of existing cities and the planning of future ones. Smart cities are often envisioned as ideal urban environments where the different dimensions of a city, such as economy, education, energy, environment, finance, etc., are managed in an effective and proactive way. Nevertheless, in order to reach this remarkable and challenging objective, analysis tools are required to create scenarios that are able to inform policy makers’ decisions. Focusing on energy, this paper proposes an analysis method, based on exergy, to support smart city planning. It may help the decision makers to assess the energy-smartness of different scenarios, and to address urban energy policies. Possibilities and limitations of the analysis method are discussed via the application to the cities of London, Milan, and Lisbon that committed to become smart cities.

Practical application: The paper summarizes a study on the possibilities and limitations of adopting an assessment technique, based on exergy, in order to evaluate the energy-smartness of policies in existing and future smart cities. As highlighted in the paper, building’s energy uses have a huge share of many cities’ energy breakdown. Thus, professionals in the building industry will be interested in the paper not only because it refers to smart cities, but because the built environment plays a pivotal role in them. Professionals may also refer to this study to perform a similar analysis in other urban environments to support decision makers.
Does the Market Punish the Many for the Sins of the Few? The Contagion Effect of Accounting Restatements for Foreign Firms Listed in the United States
Authors: Jia Weishi , Zhao Jingran
Published: August 2017

In this article, we study the contagion effects of accounting restatements issued by foreign firms traded in the United States. Specifically, we predict and find that accounting restatements that negatively affect the share prices of the restating foreign firms raise investor concerns that nonrestating foreign firms from the same home countries have similar accounting issues, and therefore induce a negative stock market reaction to nonrestating home country peer firms. We refer to this as a restatement-induced home country contagion effect. On average, nonrestating home country peer firms experience a negative stock market return of approximately −0.69% over a 3-day window around the restatement announcement. Moreover, we hypothesize and show that the strength of the home market rule of law (ROL) affects investor assessment of the likelihood that peer firms have similar accounting issues, and therefore affects the magnitude of the contagion. Specifically, nonrestating home country peer firms from countries with weak ROL experience an average stock price decline of approximately −1.32%, whereas peer firms from strong ROL countries experience an average negative return of only −0.26% over the 3-day window around the restatement. These results suggest that restatements filed by weak ROL firms are perceived to be more “contagious” than those filed by strong ROL firms.
A Naturally Transmitted Epitheliotropic Polyomavirus Pathogenic in Immunodeficient Rats: Characterization, Transmission, and Preliminary Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Besch-Williford Cynthia , Pesavento Patricia , Hamilton Shari , Bauer Beth , Kapusinszky Beatrix , Phan Tung , Delwart Eric , Livingston Robert , Cushing Susan , Watanabe Rie , Levin Stephen , Berger Diana , Myles Matthew
Published: August 2017

We report the identification, pathogenesis, and transmission of a novel polyomavirus in severe combined immunodeficient F344 rats with null Prkdc and interleukin 2 receptor gamma genes. Infected rats experienced weight loss, decreased fecundity, and mortality. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed in epithelium of the respiratory tract, salivary and lacrimal glands, uterus, and prostate gland. Unbiased viral metagenomic sequencing of lesioned tissues identified a novel polyomavirus, provisionally named Rattus norvegicus polyomavirus 2 (RatPyV2), which clustered with Washington University (WU) polyomavirus in the Wuki clade of the Betapolyomavirus genus. In situ hybridization analyses and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results demonstrated viral nucleic acids in epithelium of respiratory, glandular, and reproductive tissues. Polyomaviral disease was reproduced in Foxn1rnu nude rats cohoused with infected rats or experimentally inoculated with virus. After development of RatPyV2-specific diagnostic assays, a survey of immune-competent rats from North American research institutions revealed detection of RatPyV2 in 7 of 1,000 fecal samples by PCR and anti-RatPyV2 antibodies in 480 of 1,500 serum samples. These findings suggest widespread infection in laboratory rat populations, which may have profound implications for established models of respiratory injury. Additionally, RatPyV2 infection studies may provide an important system to investigate the pathogenesis of WU polyomavirus diseases of man.
Cerebral Aβ40 and systemic hypertension
Authors: Tayler Hannah M , Palmer Jennifer C , Thomas Taya L , Kehoe Patrick G , Paton Julian FR , Love Seth
Published: August 2017

Mid-life hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion may be preclinical abnormalities in people who later develop Alzheimer’s disease. Although accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with upregulation of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 within the brain, it is unclear how this affects systemic arterial pressure. We have investigated whether infusion of Aβ40 into ventricular cerebrospinal fluid modulates blood pressure in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat develops hypertension if given a high-salt diet. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ induced a progressive rise in blood pressure in rats with pre-existing hypertension produced by a high-salt diet ( p < 0.0001), but no change in blood pressure in normotensive rats. The elevation in arterial pressure in high-salt rats was associated with an increase in low frequency spectral density in systolic blood pressure, suggesting autonomic imbalance, and reduced cardiac baroreflex gain. Our results demonstrate the potential for intracerebral Aβ to exacerbate hypertension, through modulation of autonomic activity. Present findings raise the possibility that mid-life hypertension in people who subsequently develop Alzheimer’s disease may in some cases be a physiological response to reduced cerebral perfusion complicating the accumulation of Aβ within the brain.
Anticipated Consumer Guilt
Authors: Lindenmeier Jörg , Lwin Michael , Andersch Henrike , Phau Ian , Seemann Ann-Kathrin
Published: August 2017

This study considers fair-trade as a collaborative strategy of dealing with the wicked problem of apparel sweatshops. The study assumes that consumer guilt increases the market share of fair-trade products which can be regarded as a favorable change in the marketing system’s output. The paper develops and validates a model of guilt-induced fair-trade buying based on this notion. The model comprises negative affect, ethical judgment, and self-efficacy as antecedents of anticipated consumer guilt. The study’s results, based on a sample of American consumers (n = 430) and analyzed in a structural equation model, reveal anticipated guilt as a major driver of fair-trade buying behavior. Furthermore, anticipated consumer guilt mediates the effects of its antecedents on fair-trade buying intention. The paper provides implications for macro-decision making (e.g., guilt-inducing nudges) as well as suggestions for marcromarketing research.
Analysis of risk factors causing short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
Authors: Gao Chang , Zong Min , Wang Wen-tao , Xu Lei , Cao Da , Zou Yue-fen
Published: August 2017

Background

Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is a common treatment modality for painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Pre- and postoperative identification of risk factors for cement leakage and follow-up complications would therefore be helpful but has not been systematically investigated.

Purpose

To evaluate pre- and postoperative risk factors for the occurrence of short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after PKP for OVCFs.

Material and Methods

A total of 283 vertebrae with PKP in 239 patients were investigated. Possible risk factors causing cement leakage and complications during follow-up periods were retrospectively assessed using multivariate analysis. Cement leakage in general, three fundamental leakage types, and complications during follow-up period were directly identified through postoperative computed tomography (CT).

Results

Generally, the presence of cortical disruption ( P = 0.001), large volume of cement ( P = 0.012), and low bone mineral density (BMD) ( P = 0.002) were three strong predictors for cement leakage. While the presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes ( P = 0.045 and 0.025, respectively) were respectively identified as additional risk factors for paravertebral and intradiscal subtype of cortical (C-type) leakages. In terms of follow-up complications, occurrence of cortical leakage was a strong risk factor both for new VCFs ( P = 0.043) and for recompression ( P = 0.004).

Conclusion

The presence of cortical disruption, large volume of cement, and low BMD of treated level are general but strong predictors for cement leakage. The presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes are additional risk factors for cortical leakage. During follow-up, the occurrence of C-type leakage is a strong risk factor, for both new VCFs and recompression.
Affect, technoscience and textual analysis: Interrogating the affective dynamics of the Zika epidemic through media texts
Authors: Oikkonen Venla
Published: August 2017

Science and Technology Studies has become increasingly interested in the roles of affect and emotions in science and technology. Researchers have examined, for example, emotions in the production of scientific knowledge, patients’ or users’ affective experiences of technologies, and emotionally charged cultural representations of science. However, less attention has been paid to the underlying affective dynamics that connect these sites, experiences and representations. This article builds on the premises that, first, unpacking these underlying affective dynamics is pivotal to understanding emerging technoscientific phenomena, and, second, that such affective dynamics often need to be accessed through cultural texts such as media. This necessitates developing tools of textual analysis that can capture cultural emotions, affective intensities and the tensions and resonances that arise when affective intensities and culturally circulating emotions become entangled. To this end, the article develops methods of textual analysis through a case study: the affective dynamics underlying the Zika epidemic. Focusing on the New York Times coverage of the epidemic, the article identifies affective concentrations centering on temporality, invisibility, and the dissolution of material boundaries. It shows that there are considerable tensions both within and between these concentrations, and that such tensions engender affective intensities and emotional investments. By combining discursive and non-discursive dimensions of the affective dynamic of Zika, the analysis contributes to the growing STS methodological literature on affect and emotion in technoscience.
Novel occupational therapy intervention in the early rehabilitation of patients with brain tumours
Authors: Hansen Anders , Boll Mette , Minet Lisbeth , Søgaard Karen , Kristensen Hanne
Published: August 2017

Statement of context

The Danish Health Authority recommends that patients with brain tumours should have their rehabilitation needs evaluated prior to hospital discharge.

Critical reflection on practice

To our knowledge, no specific recommendations for specialised occupational therapy intervention in patients with glioma have been published. We rationalise how occupational therapy practices founded on shared decision-making and common goal-setting are implicated to patients with brain tumours and elaborate on how an occupation-centred approach with occupation-focused and based intervention has the potential to impact a patient’s performance ability and satisfaction in performing occupations established by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. This practice was embedded in a randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of intensive rehabilitation efforts and involving occupational therapy compared with standard care in patients with glioma (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02221986).

Implications for practice

Occupational therapy makes an important contribution in neurorehabilitation, which may also apply to patients with brain tumours.
Social policy and the government of waste
Authors: Veitch Kenneth
Published: August 2017

This article argues that key elements of contemporary social policy can be fruitfully analysed through the lens of waste. Drawing on work identifying the importance of waste and waste disposal in the history of modernity and early liberal theory, this article develops two concepts of waste – waste as inertia and waste as excess – and uses these to shed light on aspects of recent social policy in the areas of unemployment, healthcare and higher education. In particular, it is argued that the theme of waste is able to capture the desire of recent governments to deploy social policy explicitly to economic ends – including economic growth and capital – and the consequences it sets in motion for citizens who fail to comply with stipulated obligations. It is also argued that the government of waste is a source of political legitimacy for the state.