bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motion sickness caused by roll-compensated lateral acceleration: Effects of centre-of-rotation and subject demographics
Authors: Beard George F , Griffin Michael J
Published: September 2012

The combination of low-frequency lateral and roll motions experienced in tilting trains can provoke motion sickness. The incidence of sickness depends on vehicle design and subject demographics. Vehicle design affects the location of the centre-of-roll, which influences passenger perception of motion. Age and gender have large influences on susceptibility to sickness, but little is known about the effects of ethnicity and body size. This study investigated the influence of both the vertical position of the centre-of-roll and subject characteristics (ethnicity, weight, stature and sickness susceptibility) on sickness caused by fully roll-compensated lateral oscillation. It was hypothesised that sickness would be greater when full compensation occurred at the head than when full compensation occurred at the seat. Sixty subjects experienced a 0.2-Hz lateral oscillation combined with ±7.3° of roll, so that the lateral acceleration was fully compensated at either the seat surface or 800 mm above the seat (i.e. average head height). Illness ratings and symptom scores were recorded every minute for 50 min (i.e. during a 5-min acclimatisation period, a 30-min exposure period and a 15-min recovery period). Although the mean illness ratings were greater when full compensation occurred at the head than at the seat, the difference was not statistically significant. Weight and stature were not associated with motion sickness, but illness ratings were much greater in Asian subjects than in European subjects. It is concluded that differences in susceptibility between Asians and Europeans have a greater effect on motion sickness than the height of the centre-of-rotation during roll-compensated lateral acceleration.
An ultrasonic sensor for monitoring wheel flange/rail gauge corner contact
Authors: Dwyer-Joyce Rob S , Yao Chris , Lewis Roger , Brunskill Henry
Published: September 2012

Wheel/rail contact is critical to the successful operation of a railway network. Contact occurs at the wheel tread/rail head and wheel flange/rail gauge corner. Contact conditions are more severe in the latter, which occurs mainly at curves. The contact is small and supports large loads; therefore, high contact stresses are generated. These, combined with the slip in the contact, are primarily responsible for driving the processes that lead to wheel and rail damage, whether by deformation, wear or a fatigue process. Multi-body dynamics software is useful for predicting the wheel/rail contact characteristics; however, there is a shortage of experimental tools available. In this study, the feasibility of an approach based on an ultrasonic sensor mounted on the wheel is investigated. The sensor emits an ultrasonic pulse which is designed to impinge on the wheel flange. If there is no contact the pulse is fully reflected back at the flange and picked up by the same sensor. If flange contact takes place, a proportion of the pulse amplitude will be transmitted into the rail. The signal reflected back to the sensor is therefore reduced. The amount by which this signal reduces indicates how much flange contact has occurred. This work had two aspects. First, a standard ultrasonic ray-tracing software package was used to establish what it is possible to measure with sensors mounted in the wheel and to determine the best location and orientation. The second aspect was an experimental study to determine whether such measurements are feasible. Test specimens were cut from sections of wheel and rail, and a 2 MHz ultrasonic contact transducer was bonded onto the wheel in a position best suited to detect the flange contact. The specimens were pressed together in a bi-axial loading frame to generate differing degrees of rail head and flange contact. The reflected signal was monitored as the normal and lateral loads were varied. It proved possible not only to detect the onset of flanging, but also to record a signal that varied monotonically with both normal and lateral applied load. A map of reflected ultrasound against the applied loading is presented. The technology, while not currently suitable for full field implementation could be very useful in laboratory studies on, for example, a full-scale wheel/rail rig.
(Dis)allowances of lesbians’ sexual identities: Lesbian identity construction in racialised, classed, familial, and institutional spaces
Authors: Gibson Alexandra , Macleod Catriona
Published: September 2012

This article explores how lesbian identity construction is facilitated and constrained by the raced, classed, gendered, familial, and geographical spaces that women occupy. We present a narrative-discursive analysis of eight lesbians’ stories of sexuality, told within a historically white university in South Africa. Three interpretative repertoires that emerged in the narratives are discussed. The ‘disallowance of lesbian identity in particular racialised and class-based spaces’ repertoire, deployed by black lesbians only, was used to account for their de-emphasis of a lesbian identity through the invocation of a threat of danger and stereotyping. The ‘disjuncture of the (heterosexual) family and lesbian identity’ repertoire emphasised how the expectation of support and care within a family does not necessarily extend to acceptance of a lesbian identity. This repertoire was used to justify emphasis on familial rather than lesbian identity and how participants managed their emotions in relation to the family and timing their disclosure to relatives. The ‘expectation of routinisation of homosexuality within a liberal university’ repertoire emphasised the support and acceptance of lesbian identity within the university in which the study was conducted, while simultaneously rendering heteronormative policies and heterosexism visible.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4639966 in 11q23.3 is associated with clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Chinese population
Authors: Sheng Y-J , Gao J-P , Tang H-Y , Tang X-F , Sun L-D , Yin X-Y , Yang S , Zuo X-B , Cui Y , Zhang X-J
Published: September 2012

In our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified an association signal of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4639966 ( p = 1.25 × 10−16, odds ratio [OR] = 1.29) within 11q23.3. The aim of this study was to investigate its relationship with disease subphenotypes, including renal nephritis, photosensitivity, antinuclear antibody (ANA), age at diagnosis, malar rash, discoid rash, immunological disorder, oral ulcer, hematological disorder, neurological disorder, serositis, arthritis and vasculitis. In this study, we used 4199 cases and 8255 controls from our previous GWAS to explore the association between 11q23.3 with subphenotypes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Data were analyzed with PLINK 1.07 software. Significant associations were found for the SNP rs4639966 of 11q23.3 with SLE of age at diagnosis <20 years (OR = 1.18, p = 0.0049), malar rash (OR = 1.13, p = 0.01) and vasculitis (OR = 1.17, p = 0.02). The study suggested that 11q23.3 might not only play important roles in the development of SLE, but also contribute to the complex phenotypes of SLE.
Women’s Awareness of Liberalization of Abortion Law and Knowledge of Place for Obtaining Services in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Shyam , Sharma Sharad K.
Published: September 2012

In Nepal, following the liberalization of the abortion law, expansion and scaling up of services proceeded in parallel with efforts to create awareness of the legalization status of abortion and provide women with information about where services are available. This article assesses the effectiveness of these programmatic interventions in the early years of the country’s abortion program. Data from a 2006 national survey are analyzed with 2 outcome measures—awareness of the legal status of abortion and knowledge of places to obtain abortion services among women ages 15 to 44 years. The variations in the outcomes are analyzed by ecological–development subregion, residence, education, household wealth quintile, age, and number of living children. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques are used. Overall 32.3% (95% confidence interval = 31.4% to 33.2%) of the respondents were aware of the legal status of abortion and 56.5% (95% confidence interval = 55.5% to 57.4%) knew of a place where they could obtain an abortion. Both outcome measures showed considerable variations by the covariates. Women with secondary or higher level of education had the highest odds ratio of being aware of the law and having knowledge of a source for abortion services. Ecological–development subregions showed the second highest levels of odds ratios. Significant disparities among the population subgroups existed in the diffusion of awareness of the legal status of abortion and having knowledge of a place for abortion services in Nepal. The results point to which population subgroups to focus on and also serve as a baseline for assessing future progress in the diffusion process.
Identification of Carriers Among Individuals Recruited in the Typhoid Registry in Malaysia Using Stool Culture, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Dot Enzyme Immunoassay as Detection Tools
Authors: Chua Ang Lim , Aziah Ismail , Balaram Prabha , Bhuvanendran Saatheeyavaane , Anthony Amy Amilda , Mohmad Siti Norazura , Nasir Norhafiza M. , Hassan Haslizai , Naim Rochman , Meran Lila P. , Hussin Hani M. , Ismail Asma
Published: September 2012

Chronic carriers of Salmonella Typhi act as reservoirs for the organism and become the agents of typhoid outbreaks in a community. In this study, chronic carriers in Kelantan, Malaysia were first identified using the culture and polymerase chain reaction method. Then, a novel serological tool, designated Typhidot-C, was evaluated in retrospect using the detected individuals as control positives. Chronic carriage positive by the culture and polymerase chain reaction method was recorded at 3.6% (4 out of 110) among individuals who previously had acute typhoid fever and a 9.4% (10 out of 106) carriage rate was observed among food handlers screened during outbreaks. The Typhidot-C assay was able to detect all these positive carriers showing its potential as a viable carrier screening tool and can be used for efficient detection of typhoid carriers in an endemic area. These findings were used to establish the first carrier registry for S Typhi carriers in Malaysia.
Association Between Childhood Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Later Life
Authors: Hirayama Fumi , Lee Andy H.
Published: September 2012

Persistent chronic inflammation and impaired lung growth due to asthma in childhood may have long-term impact on pulmonary function and increase susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in later life. To investigate whether childhood asthma is associated with adult lung function and the risk of developing COPD among Japanese older adults, a case–control study was conducted in central Japan. A total of 300 patients with COPD aged 50 to 75 years were referred by respiratory physicians, while 400 controls were recruited from the community. All participants underwent spirometric measurements of lung function. Information on childhood asthma, demographic characteristics, and lifestyle characteristics was obtained by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of childhood asthma was higher ( P = .015) among the cases (6.3%) than among the control group (2.4%). Childhood asthma was significantly associated with the risk of COPD (adjusted odds ratio 3.32, 95% confidence interval 1.05-10.45). Participants with childhood asthma had lower ( P = .010) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (mean 1.63 L, standard deviation [SD] 0.64 L) than those without (mean 2.04 L, SD 0.75 L). However, the adjusted lung function difference did not attain statistical significance after controlling for confounding variables such as age and cumulative smoking exposure. The epidemiological evidence suggested a positive association between childhood asthma and COPD in later life. Further study of the effect of adequate childhood asthma treatment on future risk of COPD should be undertaken.
The Environment Modifies the Relationship Between Social Networks and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Korean Nonsmokers in Seoul and California
Authors: Allem Jon-Patrick , Ayers John W. , Unger Jennifer B. , Vollinger Robert E. , Latkin Carl , Juon Hee-Soon , Park Hae-Ryun , Paik Hee-Young , Hofstetter C. Richard , Hovell Melbourne F.
Published: September 2012

This study compared risks of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among Korean nonsmokers in Seoul, South Korea and California, United States. Social networks were hypothesized to contain more smokers in Seoul than in California, and smokers were hypothesized to produce more secondhand smoke in Seoul than California, as Seoul’s policies and norms are less restrictive. Telephone interviews were conducted with Korean adults in Seoul (N = 500) and California (N = 2830). In all, 69% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 64-74) of Koreans and 31% (95% CI = 29-33) of Korean Americans reported any SHSe. A total of 44% (95% CI = 40-47) of Korean family members smoked versus 29% (95% CI = 28-30) of Korean American family members ( t = 7.84, P < .01). A 25% to 75% increase in the proportion of family members that smoked corresponded with a 13% (95% CI = 5-21) higher probability of any SHSe among Koreans compared with 6% (95% CI = 2-10) among Korean Americans. Network interventions in combination with policies and/or health campaigns may help reduce SHSe globally.
Heterogeneity in Obesity Status and Cardiovascular Risks in Multiethnic Asian Female Immigrants in South Korea
Authors: Yoo Seunghyun , Kim Hyekyeong , Cho Han-Ik
Published: September 2012

The present study investigated the prevalence of obesity and the associated health conditions of multiethnic Asian female immigrants in Korea. Data were collected from 2246 immigrant wives in 7 largest ethnic groups in a national health examination program. The mean body mass index was 21.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2. Prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) among immigrant women was 15.4%. Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity varied among groups by native country (from 10.4% for Japanese to 36.3% for Thai women). The likelihood of obesity significantly increased with years of residence in Korea (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44 for 5.0-9.9 years; 1.85 for ≥10 years), physical inactivity (OR = 1.84), and eating spicy and/or salty food (OR = 1.45). Prevalence of chronic health conditions also differed by country of origin. Significant associations were observed between obesity and elevated blood pressure (OR = 1.87), obesity and elevated cholesterol level (OR = 2.83), and obesity and prediabetes/diabetes (OR = 2.44) after adjusting for age, country of origin, and years of residence in Korea.
Food Frequency Questionnaire Is a Valid Tool for the Assessment of Dietary Habits of South Indian Pregnant Women
Authors: Dwarkanath Pratibha , Soares Mario J. , Thomas Tinku , Vaz Mario , Swaminathan Sumathi , Kurpad Anura V.
Published: September 2012

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was validated against multiple 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HDRs) and for a few blood biomarkers in 154 pregnant women at the obstetrics and gynecology department of St John’s Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India. Absolute nutrient intakes from the FFQ correlated positively with the average 24-HDR during pregnancy. Energy-adjusted nutrients from the FFQ in all trimesters, except proteins, carbohydrate, folate intake, and vitamin B6 in the third trimester, correlated positively with average 24-HDR. Overestimation by the FFQ compared with the 24-HDR ranged from 9% to 41%. Vitamin B12 status in the first and second trimesters positively correlated with energy-adjusted and absolute vitamin B12 intakes from the FFQ. The Bland Altman plots showed a pattern such that a trend was seen toward underreporting of intakes through the FFQ, with increasing mean intakes by the 2 methods, considering 24-HDR as the reference tool. We conclude that the FFQ is a valid tool to measure dietary intakes during pregnancy.
Calibration of a three-dimensional multimechanism shape memory alloy material model for the prediction of the cyclic “attraction” character in binary NiTi alloys
Authors: Saleeb Atef F , Dhakal Binod , Padula Santo A , Gaydosh Darrell J
Published: September 2012

As typically utilized in applications, a particular shape memory alloy device or component operates under a large number of thermomechanical cycles, hence, the importance of accounting for the cyclic behavior characteristics in modeling and characterization of these systems. To this end, the present work is focused on the characterization of the evolutionary, cyclic behavior of binary 55NiTi (having a moderately-high transformation temperature range). In this study, an extensive set of test data from recent cyclic, isobaric, tension tests was used. Furthermore, for the calibration and characterization of this material, a newly developed, multiaxial, material-modeling framework was implemented. In this framework, multiple, inelastic mechanisms are used to regulate the partitioning of energy dissipation and storage governing the evolutionary thermomechanical response.
Zinc oxide/aluminum-based self-powering storage system fabricated using selectively direct-write ultraviolet-curable resin method
Authors: Liu Zong-Hsin , Pan Cheng-Teng , Chen Ying-Chung
Published: September 2012

This article presents a flexible piezoelectric harvester based on a polyethylene terephthalate cantilever system to scavenge vibration energy. It comprises a low-voltage drop rectifying circuit and an electrolytic capacitor to store the induced voltage. The harvester was made in the form of a composite plate that consists of flexible aluminum/polyethylene terephthalate vibration plate, piezoelectric zinc oxide thin film, and selectively deposited ultraviolet-curable resin lump structures as proof mass, which were directly constructed on the rear side of the polyethylene terephthalate-based composite plate using electrospinning with a stereolithography technique. Aluminum was sputtered on the polyethylene terephthalate substrate as the bottom electrode because of superior adhesion with the polyethylene terephthalate and zinc oxide film, compared with indium tin oxide film. Finite element analysis simulations were used to analyze the operation frequency and output voltage of the piezoelectric composite plate. The experimental results show that the maximal open-circuit voltage was 2.4 V and the close-circuit voltage was 2.18 V, which is 0.56 µW/cm2. After rectification, a direct current voltage of 2 V across the capacitor can be achieved. The self-powered storage system can drive the warning signal of the light-emitting diode module in both resonant and nonresonant conditions.
Numerical simulation and verification of a curved morphing composite structure with embedded shape memory alloy wire actuators
Authors: Jung Beom-Seok , Kong Jung-Pyo , Li NingXue , Kim Yoon-Mi , Kim Min-Saeng , Ahn Sung-Hoon , Cho Maenghyo
Published: September 2012

Shape memory alloys have been actively studied in various fields in an attempt to utilize their high energy density. In particular, shape memory alloy wire-embedded composites can be used as load-bearing smart actuators without any additional manipulation, in which they act like a hinge joint. A shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite is able to generate various deformation behaviors via the combination of its shape memory alloy and matrix materials. Accordingly, a study of the various design parameters of shape memory alloy wire-embedded composites is required to facilitate the practical application of smart structures. In this research, a numerical simulation of a shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite is used to investigate the deformation behavior of a composite panel as a function of the composite width per shape memory alloy wire, composite thickness, and the eccentricity of the shape memory alloy wire. A curved morphing composite structure is fabricated to confirm the results of the numerical simulation. The deformation of the shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite panel is determined by measuring its radius of curvature. The simulated deformation behaviors are verified with the experimental results. In addition, an analysis of the deformation and internal stress of the composites is carried out. It can be used to obtain guidelines for the mechanical design of shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite panels.
Modeling hysteresis and creep behavior of macrofiber composite–based piezoelectric bimorph actuator
Authors: Zhang Chao , Qiu Jinhao , Chen Yuansheng , Ji Hongli
Published: September 2012

Macrofiber composite–based bimorph actuators inherit the nonlinear properties of hysteresis and creep of piezoelectric materials, which limit the accuracy in real-time control. Many hysteresis models have been proposed, and generalized Maxwell slip model consisting of a series of nonlinear elements is one of the simplest and most efficient operators to describe symmetrical hysteresis. However, these hysteresis operators do not contain the creep behavior of piezoelectric materials. In this study, a hybrid model including a generalized Maxwell slip operator, a creep operator, and a dynamic model is developed to characterize a macrofiber composite–based piezoelectric bimorph actuator. The generalized Maxwell slip operator is used to describe the hysteresis, the creep operator is used to describe the creep behavior, and a transfer function is used to describe the dynamic model. Each nonlinear element in the creep operator is made up of a diode, a resistance, and a capacitance. The experiment results show that the proposed model can accurately predict the hysteresis, creep, and dynamic behaviors of the macrofiber composite–based piezoelectric bimorph actuator.
Dynamic analysis of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers
Authors: Shi Zhifei , Wang Jianjun
Published: September 2012

Exact dynamic analysis of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers is presented based on the theory of piezo-elasticity in this article. The solutions of four different kinds of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers under external harmonic load are obtained by using the displacement method. The effects of polarization direction of piezoelectric layers and thickness and distance of piezoelectric layers on the responses of the transducers are discussed. Comparisons with other related experimental investigations are also given, and good agreement is found. The results obtained in the present investigation provide a comprehensive understanding and can be referenced in the design of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers.
Group Cohesion
Authors: Greer Lindred L.
Published: September 2012

Group cohesion is a topic that has long been important to small group research. In this special issue, we trace the evolution of group cohesion research from the past to the present day. We are reprinting four classic articles on group cohesion that all mark important turning points in the literature, and we conclude with a modern day review of cohesion in the sports context. Together, these articles span the decades of cohesion research, providing interesting insights into how cohesion has been viewed at different points in time, how the field has developed, and how research on group cohesion still can grow.
Development and Initial Evaluation of the Cyber-Counseling Objective Structured Clinical Examination (COSCE)
Authors: Fang Lin , Bogo Marion , Mishna Faye , Murphy Lawrence , Gibson Margaret F. , Griffiths Valeska , Regehr Glenn
Published: September 2012

Objectives: This study developed and validated the Cyber-Counseling Objective Structured Clinical Examination (COSCE), a method and tool used to assess the competence level of trainees and professionals who practice cyber-counseling. Method: The COSCE’s development involved the creation of a cyber-counseling performance rating scale and two simulated client scenarios, and the recruitment and training of three raters. The COSCE was tested on six masters of social work students and six seasoned cyber-counseling practitioners. Results: We examined the COSCE’s internal consistency, interrater reliability, and interclient reliability. In addition, we assessed the construct validity through exploratory factor analysis and known-groups validation method. Conclusions: With further improvement, the COSCE can be a reliable and valid tool in assessing the competence of cyber-counseling practitioners.
Refining, Reinforcing and Reimagining Universal and Indigenous Theory Development in International Management
Authors: Jack Gavin , Zhu Yunxia , Barney Jay , Brannen Mary Yoko , Prichard Craig , Singh Kulwant , Whetten David
Published: September 2012

This article addresses a long-established yet still contentious question in international management scholarship—Is it possible and desirable to create a universal theory of management and organization? Scholarship about the boundary conditions of endogenous theory and the need for indigenous theories of management as well as geopolitical changes in the world order have animated this debate. Five leading scholars discussed this topic at a symposium held at the 2009 Academy of Management meeting. This article presents an analysis of their viewpoints. Three key perspectives were identified in the debate: the refining perspective, the reinforcing perspective, and the reimagining perspective. Using excerpts from the symposium transcript, we outline, compare, and critically evaluate the characteristics and significance of each perspective to advancing theory development. The distinctive contribution of this article lies in its meta-theoretical debate about the relationship between theory, context, and power in the production of global management knowledge.
Imposter Foods
Authors: Alpert Patricia T.
Published: September 2012

With more and more people becoming more health conscious, they are attempting to make healthier food choices. Fancy packaging and the utilization of “buzz words” such as organic, multigrain, zero trans fats may lead consumers astray when it comes to making healthy food choices. Pointers are presented for avoiding the pitfalls of imposter foods.
When Feminism Meets Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Johnson Holly
Published: September 2012

Social science research demonstrates that the many manifestations of sexual proprietariness are among the most important predictors of male partner violence cross-culturally. However, evolutionary explanations for this manifestly male behavior continue to trouble many feminists. This article reflects on the enduring influence of Margo Wilson’s pioneering work with Martin Daly on the evolutionary origins of male partner violence with specific attention to large-scale population surveys. One of Margo Wilson’s many lasting contributions is an empirically based theoretical explanation for male sexual ownership over women that, it is argued, is not in opposition to feminist structural analysis or feminist political aims.
Margo Wilson’s Contributions to the Chicago Homicide Dataset
Authors: Block Carolyn Rebecca , Block Richard
Published: September 2012

Margo Wilson has been crucial to the development of the Chicago Homicide Data Set (CHD) beginning in 1987, when she and Martin Daly joined the project. She spent 2 years collecting detailed information on intimate partner homicides, and inspired the addition of variables, such as whether the victim and offender resided together, the offender’s sexual jealousy, the offender’s sexual rivalry, and whether the offender was motivated by the victim’s estrangement or attempted desertion. This article reviews Margo Wilson’s many contributions and presents analyses showing the importance of differentiating between sexual jealousy and sexual rivalry in research on intimate partner homicide.
Body size and metabolic differences in Maine Coon cats with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Freeman Lisa M , Rush John E , Meurs Kathryn M , Bulmer Barret J , Cunningham Suzanne M
Published: September 2012

An interplay between growth, glucose regulation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) may exist, but has not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to characterize morphometric features, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucose metabolism in Maine Coon cats with HCM. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), head length and width, and abdominal circumference were measured in Maine Coon cats >2 years of age. Echocardiography and thoracic radiography (for measurement of humerus length, and fourth and twelfth vertebrae length) were also performed. Blood was collected for biochemistry profile, DNA testing, insulin and IGF-1. Sixteen of 63 cats had HCM [myosin binding protein C (MYBPC)+, n = 3 and MYBPC−, n = 13] and 47/63 were echocardiographically normal (MYBPC+, n = 17 and MYBPC−, n = 30). There were no significant differences in any measured parameter between MYBPC+ and MYBPC− cats. Cats with HCM were significantly older ( P <0.001), heavier ( P = 0.006), more obese ( P = 0.008), and had longer humeri ( P = 0.02) compared with the HCM− group. Cats with HCM also had higher serum glucose ( P = 0.01), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and IGF-1 ( P = 0.01) concentrations, were from smaller litters ( P = 0.04), and were larger at 6 months ( P = 0.02) and at 1 year of age ( P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ( P <0.001), BCS ( P = 0.03) and HOMA ( P = 0.047) remained significantly associated with HCM. These results support the hypothesis that early growth and nutrition, larger body size and obesity may be environmental modifiers of genetic predisposition to HCM. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of early nutrition on the phenotypic expression of HCM.
A high-order finite element for dynamic analysis of soft-core sandwich plates
Authors: Elmalich Dvir , Rabinovitch Oded
Published: September 2012

The dynamic behavior of soft-core sandwich plates is investigated. A high-order finite element concept that has been developed for the dynamic analysis of multi-layered plate structures with stiff and compliant layers is applied to the soft-core sandwich plate. The application to sandwich plates aims to validate the general model through comparison with experimental and analytical benchmarks and to throw light on the unique structural response of the sandwich plate. The model introduces the core’s three-dimensional stress and deformation fields using a high-order kinematic assumption that is based on the closed-form solution of the static governing equations of the core. The first-order shear deformation laminated plate theory is used for the face sheets. The combination of the high-order theory with the finite element concept aims to extend the application of the theory to more general layouts, to reduce the computation effort needed for a three-dimensional analysis, and to address some of the obstacles due to differences in length scales and elastic properties. The validity and the capabilities of the formulation are examined through comparison with experimental and analytical results taken from the literature. In addition, the static, free vibration, and dynamic behaviors of an ‘L’ shaped sandwich plate subjected to localized loads and boundary conditions are numerically studied. The formulation, the comparison with experimental and analytical benchmarks, and the numerical study highlight the three-dimensional effects and reveal unique aspects of the dynamic response of soft-core sandwich plates.
Optimizing sandwich beams for strength and stiffness
Authors: Steeves Craig A
Published: September 2012

This article presents a method for minimizing structural mass by optimizing the geometry and core density of sandwich beams comprising composite face sheets and polymer foam cores, loaded in three-point bending. The optimization is constrained by both strength and stiffness requirements. All possible locations in design space which might be global minima of mass are identified, and it is shown that, for a global minimum mass, at least two constraints must be simultaneously active. Calculations for a typical set of material properties are performed with the result that, for a wide range of standard materials, a minimum-mass sandwich beam satisfying both strength and stiffness requirements utilizes low-density foam and is constrained by stiffness and indentation strength.
The manager as facilitator of dialogue
Authors: Raelin Joseph A.
Published: September 2012

In this article a new role for managers is advocated to create conditions for genuine collaborative engagement in 21st Century organizations. The new role is as a facilitator of emancipatory dialogue, a discourse among parties that can lead to mutual learning, deep understanding and insight, and collaborative consciousness and action. The facilitator role is described and illustrated in the article as a means to encourage free expression and inquiry, but the article also warns about the imposition of coercive norms within the work group that might be externally imposed or even self-imposed. As managers promote an emancipatory form of dialogic engagement, conversations ensue that bring out people’s individual and collective wisdom, creativity, and dignity.
Practice innovation as bodily skills: the example of elderly home care service delivery
Authors: Yakhlef Ali , Essén Anna
Published: September 2012

The Heideggerian strand of organization studies has highlighted important aspects of organizational practices. Because of the emphasis of the practice-oriented approach on routine practice, researchers have taken a special interest in how innovative, improvised action arises. One of the dominant views is that innovative action is the outcome of different variations in everyday practices. Insightful though these studies are, they do not recognize the role of the body in their conceptualization. This article seeks to redress this imbalance by drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s (1962) phenomenology, suggesting that the body, as a carrier of practices, is the locus of innovative action. The article proposes that innovative action emerges in our bodily expressive-responsive skilful coping mode. In illustrating this argument, we make use of case study material focusing on practices involving elderly care service provision. We show how the care workers under consideration cope with the demands of their unpredictable work by adapting their bodily expressive-responsive abilities innovatively to emerging situational calls. Practice innovation emerges as the outcome of a tension between what it makes sense for the care workers to do based on the practical intelligibility underlying their own practices, on the one hand, and bureaucratic rules and requirements inscribed in terms of economic rationality and cost-efficiency, on the other. Because bureaucratic rules are perceived as alienating and unethical, innovation would inevitably be a form of resistance. The article specifies this form of practical resistance, concluding with some implications of this approach for organization studies.
Testing theories of party competition
Authors: Meyer Thomas M , Müller Wolfgang C
Published: September 2012

In this article, we test rival theories of party competition. Previous research predicting party policy positions is limited to a small (and arguably biased) sample of countries. Using new data from the 2008 Austrian National Election Study, we test the proximity and directional model of voting, Grofman’s discounting model and Kedar’s compensational model of voting. We find that Grofman’s discounting model performs best predicting party policy positions. Yet, not all party policy positions are predicted equally well. The most obvious misrepresentation is that the rightist FPÖ is placed close to the centre of the policy space. This centripetal bias, which has also been found in earlier work, may result from simplifying assumptions of the algorithm used to derive Nash equilibria of party policy positions that need to be challenged. Our findings emphasize the necessity to test models of party competition using new data and to motivate further research explaining party position-taking.
States and strategy in new federal democracies
Authors: Harbers Imke
Published: September 2012

A growing body of research demonstrates that parties are vital for the health of democracy. While party activities are therefore increasingly supported by direct public subsidies, we know relatively little about the ways in which parties spend this money. Using an original dataset of intra-party cash transfers, this article examines resource allocation in three major Mexican parties. The analysis demonstrates that parties’ spending patterns differ. Decentralization, which has increased the power and prestige of subnational office, prompts all parties to focus spending on states holding local elections. Parties with a regionalized support base, however, invest primarily in states where they are competitive. This tendency to favour party strongholds has important implications for party system development, particularly for party system nationalization, as well as for emerging work on subnational authoritarianism.
Radio broadcasting’s digital dilemma
Authors: Anderson John Nathan
Published: September 2012

Although digital radio broadcasting has undergone significant development over the last quarter-century, no single protocol is poised to break out as a bona fide replacement for traditional analogue radio services. This article illuminates the history and status of radio’s digital transition in an effort to understand its stagnancy. The current state of affairs is due to a variety of factors, including a lack of regulatory engagement with the transition, political and economic shifts in the balance of power between the various broadcaster constituencies involved, and the recalcitrance of receiver manufacturers and listeners to adopt any digital radio broadcast technology. The questions raised by the technologically agnostic nature of radio’s digital malaise beg for deeper scrutiny by media scholars, especially those involved in broadcast research as well as technology and policy studies.
Loss of Culture
Authors: Westin Jonathan
Published: September 2012

From a perspective of critical heritage studies and conservation, this article exemplifies how the vocabulary of limitations (Westin, 2012) can be put to work on a translation-in-process; the shift from analogue to digital books. This vocabulary is a continuation of the sociology of translation (Callon, 1986), where limitations of a given format are identified as actants enrolled by stakeholders in the translation process, and, as such, anchor the format to society. Approaching the format as an actant which disciplines socio-cultural expressions through its limitations, this study tries to shed light on how cultural values are either acquired, reinforced or negotiated away in the translation process, when content is brought from one format into another.
Collective anticipation
Authors: Harvey Eric
Published: September 2012

Album leaks have become a taken-for-granted experience amongst artists, labels, and fans over the past decade. The cultural impact of leaks is obscured through a simple definition of piracy, however. Recordings encoded as mp3 files can escape established distribution networks and circulate in ways that performatively instantiate new interpretive communities with unique practices of anticipation, access, and evaluation. Using two incidents from the weeks leading up to the release of Animal Collective’s highly anticipated 2009 release Merriweather Post Pavilion, I contend that the practices and media technologies governing leaks transfigure the form and function of recordings, raising important questions about music promotion and fandom. In the first incident, a leaked song ripped from a podcast and endorsed on another artist’s blog triggers the involvement of a web security firm, blurring distinctions between promotion and piracy. In the second incident, members of a music messageboard create a fake leak to fool eager Animal Collective fans, exploiting the modular affordances of the mp3 to enforce their own rules of affective propriety for enthusiastic leak-seekers.
Online piracy, anonymity and social change
Authors: Larsson Stefan , Svensson Måns , Kaminski Marcin de
Published: September 2012

This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15–25 years old) and focuses on individuals engaging in illegal file sharing in order to better understand the rationale behind both file sharing as well as online anonymity, especially in relation to enforcement of copyright. By comparing the findings of a survey conducted on three occasions (early 2009, late 2009 and early 2012), we measure the fluctuations in the use of anonymity services among approximately 1000 15–25-year-olds in Sweden, compare them with file sharing frequencies and, to some extent, trends within legal enforcement. The article also suggests that the key to understanding any relationship between copyright enforcement and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms in terms of legitimacy by showing a correlation between file sharing frequency and the use of anonymity services. The findings indicate that larger proportions of frequent file sharers (downloaders) also use anonymity services more often than those who file share less. However, in comparison to the earlier surveys, the strongest increase in the use of anonymity services is found in the groups where file sharing is less frequent, suggesting that reasons for actively making oneself less traceable online other than avoiding copyright enforcement have emerged since the initial two surveys in 2009. Further, the overall increase (from 8.6 per cent to 14.9 per cent) in using anonymity services found for the whole group of respondents suggests both that high file sharing frequency is a driver for less traceability, as well as a larger trend for online anonymity relating to factors other than mere file sharing of copyright infringing content – for example, increased governmental identification, data retention and surveillance in the online environment. The results are analysed in Merton’s terminology as file sharers and protocol architects adapting in terms of both innovation and rebellion in the sense that institutional means for achieving specific cultural goals are rejected. This means, to some extent, participating in or contributing to the construction of other means for reaching cultural goals.
Illegal deposit
Authors: Newman James
Published: September 2012

While the project of game preservation is still in its infancy, it is already clear that its practitioners find themselves facing a number of serious contradictions and predicaments. This article focuses on the challenges and opportunities presented by videogame emulation software and (illegally) ripped game code (‘ROMs’). The use of ROMs within communities of players gives rise to creative practices and performances that constitute a key part of the culture of gaming, yet which heritage organisations find problematic to hold given the (il)legality of origination. Moreover, while many game preservation practitioners and scholars see emulation as the only viable solution for ensuring the long-term playability of games, few practical concessions or legal defences are presently available to support its use. The article begins by briefly exploring the videogame industry’s attitudes and position in relation to practices of copying, ripping and software piracy. It moves on to consider how this stance impacts on the efficacy of the project of game preservation in terms of collecting policies, preservation and exhibition practice. Finally, the article concludes with a call for greater collaboration between preservationists, games industry partners and communities of players, in order that long-term access to games might be assured – or at least debated.
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s multiplatform projects
Authors: Rutherford Leonie , Brown Adam
Published: September 2012

This paper traces the development of children’s multiplatform commissioning at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in the context of the digitalisation of Australian television. Whilst recent scholarship has focussed on ‘post-broadcast’ or ‘second-shift’ industrial practices, designed to engage view(s)ers with proprietary media brands, less attention has been focussed on children’s and young adults’ television in a public service context. Further, although multiplatform projects in the United States and Britain have been the subject of considerable analysis, less work has attempted to contextualise cultural production in smaller media markets. The paper explores two recent multiplatform projects through textual analysis, empirical research (consisting of interviews with key industry personnel) and an investigation of recent policy documents. The authors argue that the ABC’s mixed diet of children’s programming, featuring an educative or social developmental agenda, is complemented by its appeals to audience ‘participation’, with the Corporation maintaining public service values alongside the need to expand audience reach and the legitimacy of its brand. It finds that the ABC’s historical platform infrastructure, across radio, television and online, have allowed it to move beyond a market failure model to exploit multiplatform synergies competitively in the distribution of Australian children’s content to audiences on-demand.
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Chinese patients with fat-phobic and nonfat-phobic anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lee Sing , Ng King Lam , Kwok Kathleen P. S. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Becker Anne E.
Published: September 2012

Although gastrointestinal and other somatic symptoms are common in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and a growing cross-national literature indicates that not all anorexic patients exhibit the core diagnostic symptom of fat phobia, the relationship between somatic symptoms and anorexic illness remains unclear. Our objective was to evaluate gastrointestinal dysfunction (GD) in Chinese patients with fat phobic (FP) and nonfat phobic (NFP) anorexia nervosa. A total of 113 FP- and 28 NFP-AN outpatients underwent standardized clinical assessment and completed a new 8-item GD scale and other psychopathological measures. A majority (79.4%) of AN patients reported at least some gastrointestinal complaints on the GD scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78). FP-AN patients scored significantly higher than NFP-AN patients. The FP-AN with high GD group reported a higher level of specific and general psychopathology than the FP- and NFP-AN with low GD groups. Contrary to expectations, gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in FP-AN than NFP-AN patients. FP-AN with high GD was more severe than FP- and NFP-AN with low GD. The current fat phobic conceptualization of the anorexic illness may overlook its phenomenologic heterogeneity and reify a dichotomy that is inconsistent with patients’ varied experience of food restriction.
Ideologies, norms, and practices in youth poly-languaging
Authors: Ag A. , Jørgensen J. N.
Published: September 2012

The theme of this paper is the relationship of language ideologies as they may be uncovered in public discourse and as they are mediated through language users, for instance in minority families, to linguistic practices as observed among young speakers in a superdiverse environment in Copenhagen. We build on data from the Amager Project, a longitudinal study of the development of polylanguaging among adolescents, and analyze both explicit statements about language norms and observed and recorded language practices. We find that the young speakers encounter different norms for language use in their everyday life and that they themselves have a quite sophisticated sense of variation, both in their explicit statements on language use and in their actual behavior we can observe.