bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redo Surgeries in Anorectal Malformations: A Single-center Experience
Authors: Vinay C. , Zameer M. M. , Rao Sanjay , D’Cruz Ashley
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Aims and Objectives:

Complications following posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) for ARM are well known. In this article, we present our experience of managing five patients who required major redo surgeries for complications resulting from previous attempts to correct ARM.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed all patients who underwent major redo surgeries in our hospital for complications from previous repairs for ARM, from June 2013 to June 2019. Data was obtained from hospital records and analysed.

Results:

Five patients whose ages ranged from 5 months to 14 years were included in the study. Four were boys and 1 was a girl. All patients had undergone PSARP in other hospitals. The presentations were retained distal bowel causing urinary retention and constipation (n=1), pulled through proximal urethra and bladder neck presenting as passage of urine from neo-anus (n=1), retained common channel (of cloaca) causing a ‘H’ type configuration (n=1), mispositioned neo-anus (n=1) following a primary PSARP and lastly undivided recto-urethral fistula causing fecaluria (n=1). All of them underwent redo repairs by posterior sagittal approach with documented improvement in their symptoms. Two of them required total bowel management to remain clean.

Conclusion:

All the complications reported here have been described in literature nevertheless, this report will add to the body of experience. Posterior sagittal approach (PSA) has proved to be very successful technique in correcting these complications.
Untargeted Maternal Plasma Metabolomics in Hirschsprung Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hegde Shalini G. , Devi Sarita , Pasanna Roshni M , Padashetty Chetan , Shubha Attibele Mahadevaiah , Mukhopadhyay Arpita , Kurpad Anura V.
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Aims:

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder of unknown etiology affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS). Since the early gestational development of the ENS is dependent on the prenatal maternal metabolic environment, the objective of this pilot study was to explore the role of specific maternal plasma metabolites in the etiology of HSCR.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, postnatal (as a surrogate for prenatal) plasma samples were obtained from mothers of children diagnosed with HSCR (n = 7) and age-matched mothers of normal children (n = 6). The plasma metabolome was analyzed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Metabolites were identified by mzCloud using Compound Discoverer software. Using an untargeted metabolomics workflow, metabolites with case versus control group differences were identified.

Results:

A total of 268 unique plasma metabolites were identified and annotated in maternal plasma. Of these, 57 were significantly different between case and control groups (P < 0.05, t-test). Using a false discovery rate corrected cutoff of 10% to adjust for multiple comparisons, 19 metabolites were significantly different in HSCR cases, including carnitines, medium-chain fatty acids, and glutamic acid. Pathways affected were for amino acid and lipid metabolism.

Conclusion:

Disordered prenatal metabolic pathways may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of HSCR in the developing fetus. This is the first study to assess maternal plasma metabolomics in HSCR.
Minimally Invasive Open Cystogastrostomy for Giant Pancreatic Pseudocyst in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Singh Ratendra , Bhandari Anu
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Open cystogastrostomy is the standard treatment for the operative management of pancreatic pseudocysts. We describe our technique of minimally invasive open cystogastrostomy for giant pediatric pancreatic pseudocyst. Preoperative incision marking on the most prominent part of the pseudocyst was done by ultrasound guidance. A transverse incision of approximately 3–4 cm was made, and a minilaparotomy was performed. Stay sutures were applied on the anterior wall of the stomach. The anterior wall was exteriorized; transverse gastrotomy was performed, and superior and inferior flaps were made. Deaver’s retractor was placed inside the lumen, and cystogastrostomy was completed. We employed this technique in five male patients without any complications. All patients were allowed clear liquids on postoperative day 4 or 5; and gradually shifted to a soft diet. The mean duration of postoperative stay was 7 days. The size of the scar ranged from 3 to 5 cm. All patients were doing well on follow-up. Our technique of minimally invasive open cystogastrostomy is a viable option for pancreatic pseudocyst in pediatric patients.
Role of Mesohepatectomy for Pediatric Centrally Located Liver Tumors
Authors: Nirmalan Shajini , Ramaswamy Senthilnathan , Shanmugam Vivek , Natarajan Karpaga Vinayagam
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Mesohepatectomy (MH) or central hepatectomy (CH) is a recognized surgical technique for centrally located pediatric liver tumors. This technique of liver resection avoids extended liver resections and thereby helps in the preservation of liver parenchyma. In this article, we aim to analyze our experience and outcome with this technique of liver resection.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent MH from January 2015 to June 2023 at our institute was performed. The variables analyzed include demographics, preoperative treatment, perioperative management, and postoperative outcome.

Results:

A total of five patients underwent CH. Four patients had hepatoblastoma, and one patient had mesenchymal hamartoma. All four patients with hepatoblastoma received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All five patients had negative surgical margins, and one of the five developed disease recurrences necessitating resurgery and ultimately died of metastasis. one patient sustained intraoperative major bile duct injuries, and one patient had postoperative Abnormal, well-circumscribed, extra-biliary collection of bile.

Conclusion:

MH with clear margins is feasible in the selected subset of pediatric liver tumors involving segments IV, V, and VIII with outcomes equivalent to extended hepatic resections.
Study of Intrahepatic Biliary Architecture in Patients Operated for Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia using Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Verma Ajay , Dhua Anjan Kumar , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy , Gupta Amit , Bhatnagar Veereshwar
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Aim:

The aim is to study intrahepatic biliary architecture in patients following Kasai’s portoenterostomy for extrahepatic biliary atresia using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).

Materials and Methods:

It is a prospective observational study in a cohort of patients who have survived with a complete jaundice-free period for at least 1 year. MRCP was done to look for various intrahepatic architectural changes during their last visit. Findings were correlated with liver functions and growth and development.

Results:

Twenty-one patients were included in the study. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1.6:1, the median age at surgery was 75 days (18–140 days), and the median age at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was 4 years (18 months–18 years). More than 2 years of follow-up was in seven patients. Left lobe hypertrophy was observed in six patients, right lobe hypertrophy was in three patients, intrahepatic biliary tract dilatation was in five patients, and altered signal intensity between intrahepatic ducts was seen in five patients. In addition, hypointense foci in the spleen were seen in one patient. Twelve children had normal weight for their age, ten children had the normal height for their age, and gamma-glutamyl transferase was elevated in all children. Only four children had a history of fever and jaundice.

Conclusions:

The patients who survive after successful surgical intervention have near-normal liver gross architecture as on MRI/MRCP. Occasional findings of dilatation and lobar atrophy/hypertrophy are possible, especially in those with a history of cholangitis. The survivors also have acceptable growth parameters and normal liver functions.
Long-term Outcome of Laparoscopic Surgery for Nonpalpable Undescended Testis
Authors: Joshi Nachiket Milind , Shah Rasik Shamji
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of this study was to objectively assess the long-term results of laparoscopic orchidopexy in patients who were diagnosed clinically to have nonpalpable undescended testis (UDT).

Materials and Methods:

All operated cases of nonpalpable UDT from January, 2000, to January, 2014, were reviewed. After informed consent, all patients were subjected to a color Doppler ultrasound examination to assess the location of the testis, its size, blood supply, and consistency. The size of the testis, operated and nonoperated, was noted down in volume using the formula of 0.71 × length × breath × height.

Results:

A total of 114 patients could be identified, who had undergone laparoscopy for nonpalpable UDT in the study period. Of these, 44 patients (54 units) underwent a color Doppler study to assess the testes. All the testes were found to lie in the scrotum with preserved blood supply. The volume of the operated unilateral testes (mean = 1.605 cm3) was smaller than the normal nonoperated side (mean = 2.524 cm3). The smaller testicular volume was observed in spite of maintained blood supply to the testes. In cases of bilateral UDT, both the testes were smaller in size (mean = 2.2 cm3), but were comparable to each other. In addition, the ultrasound examination revealed the presence of normal homogenous parenchyma of all the testes similar to the nonoperated side.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic orchidopexy is a safe and effective option in the treatment of nonpalpable UDT. On a long-term basis, it is possible to achieve scrotal position along with preserved blood flow following laparoscopic orchidopexy in all patients suffering from nonpalpable UDT.
Physiological and Anesthetic Considerations of Safe and Optimal Pneumoperitoneal Pressures for Laparoscopic Surgeries in Children
Authors: Joon Preeti , Mandelia Ankur , Dhiraaj Sanjay , Singh Tapas Kumar , Shamshery Chetna , Mishra Prabhaker
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Context:

In the era of minimally invasive surgeries, pediatric laparoscopic surgeries are now becoming the standard of care.

Aim:

In this study, we aim to determine the safe and optimal pneumoperitoneal pressures (PPs) for laparoscopic surgery in children aged 1–5 years, along with the technical ease for the surgeon.

Settings and Design:

Prospective, randomized, single-blinded study was conducted at SGPGI Lucknow.

Materials and Methods:

Children aged 1–5 years were randomized into Group I (n = 24): PP = 6–8 mmHg and Group II: (PP) = 9–10 mmHg. Hemodynamic, ventilatory, and blood gas changes were measured before CO2 insufflation (T0), 20 min after insufflation (T1), before desufflation (T2), and 10 min after desufflation (T3). Surgeon’s technical ease of surgery, postoperative pain, the requirement of rescue analgesia, time to resume feeding, and complications were recorded and analyzed.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Paired t-test, Mann–Whitney test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for nonparametric/parametric data. Chi-square/Fisher’s test was used for nominal data.

Results:

Partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) was significantly higher in Group II at T1, T2, and T3, requiring frequent changes in ventilatory settings. Postoperative pain scores were higher in Group II at 1, 6, and 12 h, requiring rescue analgesia. Surgeon’s scores and hemodynamics were similar in both groups.

Conclusions:

Higher PP in Group II caused significant changes in PaCO2, end-tidal CO2, and postoperative pain requiring rescue analgesia, but blood gas changes were clinically insignificant and there were no significant changes in hemodynamic parameters. Since the surgeon’s ease of performing surgery was similar in both groups, we recommend that laparoscopy in children aged 1–5 years can be started with lower PPs of 6–8 mmHg, which can be increased if needed based on the surgeon’s comfort and the patient’s body habitus.
Environmental Impact of Pharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ashiwaju Bankole Ibrahim , Uzougbo Chinedum Gloria , Orikpete Ochuko Felix
Published: January 2024

This comprehensive review seeks to evaluate and synthesize the extensive literature regarding the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals, a growing area of concern within the realm of environmental science. Pharmaceuticals, including human and veterinary medicines, have been detected ubiquitously in the environment due to their widespread use and incomplete removal during wastewater treatment processes. These substances pose potential ecological risks due to their bioactive properties, but the magnitude and implications of these impacts are not yet fully understood. Our review covers the major aspects such as pathways of environmental entry, detection methods, potential impacts on flora and fauna, and potential human health implications of pharmaceutical contamination. We further explored the effectiveness of current wastewater treatment technologies in removing these substances and assess the potential of emerging technologies. The review concludes by discussing policy implications and the necessity for a global coordinated response. By encapsulating the breadth of research in this area, we hope to spur further research and foster greater awareness of the environmental implications of pharmaceutical waste.
Opportunities, challenges and future perspectives of Geothermal Energy in Ethiopia: A Review
Authors: Ashagrie Tessafa Abrham , Admasie Asmare Tezera
Published: January 2024

Ethiopia is among the East African regions with huge geothermal energy potential due to the presence of geologically active volcanic and hot spring-featured Rift Valley. However, geothermal energy is at its infant stage of utilization not only in Ethiopia but also in the continent of Africa and globally. Regionally, Kenya is the country with advanced extraction of it for electricity generation followed by Ethiopia in East Africa. Generation of electricity from this largely abundant energy resource has an enormous opportunity for societal and regional economic development though it is not an easy process due to the many challenges of the generation process. In this paper, geothermal energy in Ethiopia and the region, the opportunity, barriers with possible solutions, and future perspective are stated.
Comparison between LightGBM and other ML algorithms in PV fault classification
Authors: Monteiro Paulo , Lino José , Araújo Rui Esteves , Costa Louelson
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the performance analysis of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for fault analysis in photovoltaic (PV) plants, is given for different algorithms. To make the comparison more relevant, this study is made based on a real dataset. The goal was to use electric and environmental data from a PV system to provide a framework for analysing, comparing, and discussing five ML algorithms, such as: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). The research findings suggest that an algorithm from the Gradient Boosting family called LightGBM can offer comparable or better performance in fault diagnosis for PV system.
Zeta functions and topology of Heisenberg cycles for linear ergodic flows
Authors: Butler Nathaniel , Emerson Heath , Schulz Tyler
Published: January 2024

Placing a Dirac–Schrödinger operator along the orbit of a flow on a compact manifold

M

defines an

{\mathbb{R}}

-equivariant spectral triple over the algebra of smooth functions on

M

. We study some of the properties of these triples, with special attention to their zeta functions. These zeta functions are defined for

\operatorname{Re}(s)>1

by

\operatorname{Trace}(f_{p}H^{-s})

, where

f_{p}

is the uniformly continuous function on the real line obtained by restricting the continuous or smooth function

f

on

M

to the orbit of a point

p\in M

, and

H = -\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}+ x^{2}

is the harmonic oscillator. The meromorphic continuation property and pole structure of these zeta functions are related to ergodic time averages in dynamics. In the case of the periodic flow on the circle, one obtains a spectral triple over the smooth irrational torus

A_{\hslash}^{\infty} \subset A_{\hslash}

already studied by Lesch and Moscovici. We strengthen a result of these authors, showing that the zeta function

\operatorname{Trace}(aH^{-s})

extends meromorphically to

\mathbb{C}

for any element

a

of the

C^{*}

-algebra 

A_{\hslash}

. Another variant of our construction yields a spectral cycle for

A_{\hslash}\otimes A_{1/\hslash}

and a spectral triple over a suitable subalgebra with the meromorphic continuation property if

\hslash

satisfies a Diophantine condition. The class of this cycle defines a fundamental class in the sense that it determines a KK-duality between

A_{\hslash}

and

A_{1/\hslash}

. We employ the local index theorem of Connes and Moscovici in order to elaborate an index theorem of Connes for certain classes of differential operators on the line and compute the intersection form on K-theory induced by the fundamental class.
Crisis del periodismo de fuentes. Las prácticas del periodismo en España en el accidente de Spanair
Authors: García Santamaría José Vicente
Published: January 2024

El accidente del avión McDonnell Douglas de la compañía Spanair, que ocurrió el 20 de agosto de 2008 en el aeropuerto de Barajas, y las consecuencias de carácter informativo que de este hecho se han derivado, representan una oportunidad única para abordar el estado actual de ciertas prácticas periodísticas en España. En concreto, en este hecho periodístico extraordinario, adquirió una especial relevancia la utilización de las fuentes informativas en una situación de crisis: una prueba que requiere un mayor esfuerzo para encontrar la mayor cantidad posible de fuentes, primarias y especializadas, que proporcionen, en un corto espacio de tiempo, las necesarias claves informativas e interpretativas a las audiencias de los medios. Del mismo modo, fue también una excelente ocasión para estudiar ciertas prácticas del periodismo de investigación, y de los diferentes condicionantes de la agenda mediática. Y, finalmente, como en toda catástrofe aérea, en la que se pueden llegar a dirimir indemnizaciones millonarias, ha resultado también importante la aplicación de una serie de marcos éticos, plasmados en códigos deontológicos, capaces de salvaguardar la tarea de los periodistas.
Los roles periodísticos y la objetividad en el periodismo político escrito suizo y español
Authors: Berganza Conde Mª Rosa , Oller-Alonso Martín , Meier Katrin
Published: January 2024

En la presente investigación se analizan las diferentes percepciones que poseen sobre los roles profesionales y sobre la idea de objetividad las y los profesionales de la información política de dos diarios de referencia en España y en Suiza, que están situados en una posición similar dentro del sistema de medios de ambos países. Estos medios se estudian desde la perspectiva de la cultura periodística de las dos naciones medida a partir de las dimensiones empíricas creadas por Hanitzsch (2007). A las reflexiones teóricas y a la creación de un modelo de análisis propio de la cultura periodística se añade el trabajo de campo realizado: 19 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas de forma oral y personal a periodistas políticos pertenecientes al periódico Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) con sede en Zurich (Suiza) y a la redacción de El Mundo. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio en el cual se ha tratado de construir un modelo de análisis teórico consistente de las culturas periodísticas a partir de la bibliografía existente que se ha aplicado a una muestra de periodistas. Los resultados muestran evidencias de dos culturas periodísticas diferentes, aunque también de algunas similitudes, que afectan a la autopercepción de roles profesionales jugados y a la idea de objetividad informativa de las personas encuestadas.
Análisis de la comunicación no verbal de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Authors: Rodríguez Escanciano Imelda , Hernández-Herrarte María
Published: January 2024

Los líderes políticos, conscientes del alto grado de persuasión e impacto del que goza el medio televisivo, han ido adaptando progresivamente sus mensajes a las directrices de este medio audiovisual para persuadir con más fuerza a los telespectadores, votantes potenciales. En la actualidad, los equipos de comunicación, telegenia y marketing de los distintos partidos, no entrenan únicamente a sus políticos para manejar eficazmente la comunicación verbal, sino que también se refuerza la esfera de la comunicación no verbal, entendiendo que un mensaje es realmente efectivo cuando ambas dimensiones se cohesionan. Esta investigación se centra precisamente en el estudio minucioso del lenguaje no verbal desplegado por el presidente del Gobierno español, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, en el primer trimestre del año 2010 en el que predomina una temática política: la crisis económica. A través de un análisis de contenido, y mediante una herramienta y método de trabajo propios, se descifrará la significación estratégica del comportamiento kinésico de este líder político en las piezas informativas aparecidas en la segunda edición del Telediario de Televisión Española (TVE).
Políticas de la Comunidad de Madrid en materia de TDT en el curso 2008-09
Authors: Salvat Martinrey Guiomar
Published: January 2024

El desarrollo e implantación de la TDT en la Comunidad de Madrid obedece a una necesidad tecnológica de adecuación a las nuevas necesidades de emisión y a una firme decisión política de cumplir con unos objetivos muy ambiciosos, cuidadosamente diseñados, que han sido dotados con unos presupuestos suficientes como para lograr sus objetivos, que en principio no es otro que convertir a la Comunidad de Madrid en líder en la implantación de la Televisión Digital Terrestre en España. Este trabajo pretende mostrar las actuaciones políticas más relevantes que lleva a cabo el gobierno de la Comunidad Autónoma en el periodo del curso 2008-09, periodo muy cercano al que se ha planteado como plazo para la finalización de la emisión analógica, en caso de conseguir los objetivos como, a la vista del estudio, parece que así será. En el trabajo se tiene presente que esta política de la Comunidad de Madrid está enmarcada en una política a nivel nacional, el Plan Avanza (2009-2012) que establece, en el apartado de Infraestructuras, un apoyo importante para la implantación de la TDT a nivel nacional y que, a su vez, viene determinado por el Plan Técnico Nacional de la Televisión Digital Terrestre (PTNTDT). El trabajo estudia el grado de penetración de la TDT en los hogares de la Comunidad objeto de estudio en ese periodo, así como las campañas de información que se elaboran para dar a conocer esta tecnología y conseguir el respaldo social necesario. A partir de los datos obtenidos analizamos finalmente la efectividad de las actuaciones políticas.
Estudio de la oferta de programación de las radios autonómicas en España
Authors: Sierra Sánchez Javier
Published: January 2024

Este artículo recoge y presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la programación, contenidos y adaptación a las nuevas tecnologías de un total de once emisoras públicas de radio autonómica en España. Se corrobora como todos ellos cubren tres parcelas de especial interés: información local, entretenimiento y deportes. Del mismo modo, constata la falta de adaptación de la mayoría de estas cadenas a las redes sociales y la Web 2.0
Polar coded cooperative with Plotkin construction and quasi‐uniform puncturing based on MIMO antennas in half duplex wireless relay network
Authors: Zeng Jiangli , Liu Sanya
Published: January 2024

Recently, polar code has attracted the attention of many scholars and has been developed as a code technology in coded‐cooperative communication. We propose a polar code scheme based on Plotkin structure and quasi‐uniform punching (PC‐QUP). Then we apply the PC‐QUP to coded‐cooperative scenario and built to a new coded‐cooperative scheme, which is called PCC‐QUP scheme. The coded‐cooperative scheme based on polar code is studied on the aspects of codeword construction and performance optimization. Further, we apply the proposed schemes to space–time block coding (STBC) to explore the performance of the scheme. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed cooperative PCC‐QUP‐STBC scheme can obtain a lower bit error ratio (BER) than its corresponding noncooperative scheme.
Polypharmacy, Potentially Inappropriate Medications, and Dysphagia in Older Inpatients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study
Authors: Togashi Shintaro , Ohinata Hironori , Noguchi Taiji , Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Nakamichi Mariko , Shimizu Akio , Nishioka Shinta , Momosaki Ryo
Published: January 2024

Background: Although the relationship between medication status, symptomatology, and outcomes has been evaluated, data on the prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and the association of polypharmacy and PIMs with swallowing function during follow-up are limited among hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years with dysphagia. Methods: In this 19‐center cohort study, we registered 467 inpatients aged ≥65 years and evaluated those with the Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS) scores ≤8 between November 2019 and March 2021. Polypharmacy was defined as prescribing ≥5 medications and PIMs were identified based on the 2023 Updated Beers Criteria. We applied a generalized linear regression model to examine the association of polypharmacy and PIMs with FILS score at discharge.Results: We analyzed 399 participants (median age, 83.0 years; males, 49.8%). The median follow‐up was 51.0 days (interquartile range, 22.0–84.0 days). Polypharmacy and PIMs were present in 67.7% of and 56.1% of patients, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, neither polypharmacy (β = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.04–0.13, p=0.30) nor non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications (β = 0.09; 95% CI, -0.02–0.19; p=0.10) were significantly associated with FILS score at discharge.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated a high proportion of polypharmacy and PIMs among inpatients aged ≥65 years with dysphagia. Although these prescribed conditions were not significantly associated with swallowing function at discharge, our findings suggest the importance of regularly reviewing medications to ensure the appropriateness of prescriptions when managing older inpatients.
Dynamic Automatic Transmission Oil Life Prediction Using Machine Learning
Authors: Badiger Aishwaryalaxmi , Priyadarshi Priyamvad , Bhat Goutam
Published: January 2024

Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) or automatic transmission oil which has high potential resource conservation capability considering the current servicing methods. It also plays a crucial role in the performance and longevity of the transmission system. Predicting the actual life of the ATF can be challenging due to various factors such as its application, driving conditions, driving behavior, oil grade, and maintenance schedules, which can help prevent costly repairs and improve the vehicle’s overall performance.

Present work is focused on developing a predictive model utilizing the critical oil properties in real time by giving an indication to the driver/fleet owner. Data is gathered by considering various vehicle parameters, including usage patterns such as shift density, vehicle load, torque, current gear, lock-up state, input/output shaft speed, oil temperature, and more. This data is obtained from a test vehicle over a specific period. The approach encompasses several steps, including data preprocessing, feature selection, model selection, model training, and evaluating the model.

ML model is trained by using the data obtained from the test vehicle which classifies the oil quality and predicts the remaining mileage of the vehicle. The prediction can be done at any given time and is independent of the vehicle’s operating conditions. This model was deployed for live computations (classification - ok/not ok and remainder mileage) to simulate real-time monitoring of the end user. The future work will focus on real-time testing of an automatic transmission using ML approaches to predict transmission fluid’s life coupled with dynamic scenarios and potential fluid failure modes for informed decisions about ATF replacement schedules and maintenance.
Analytical Calculation to Optimize Magnetic Planetary Gear Topology to Avoid Auto Slip during Various Torque Requirements for Passenger Car Application
Authors: Ramakrishnan Gowtham Raj
Published: January 2024

The automotive industry has recently started implementing magnetic gears, in different types, as an alternative design for transmission systems. One such design being the Magnetic planetary gear permanent magnet (MPG-PM) machine. The current methodology and the relevant formulae help to design the magnetic planetary gear system, which does not have design considerations for permanent magnet machines and the influence of magnetic fields. The influence of design characteristics of PM machine, Magnetic field and its material plays a vital role in designing the MPG-PM for electric vehicle applications. A method of optimizing the Gear topology design parameters of a magnetic planetary gear permanent magnet machine (MPG-PM machine) is proposed. The Analytical calculations regarding the design parameters are proposed in relation to power, gear ratios, and other design constraints like packaging parameters i.e., outer diameter, the overall length of the machine. The analytical calculation further is optimized based on the required torque density in the MPG part and power generation in the PM motor part by varying magnetic strength on the inner and outer sides of the ring gear. The analytical method also considers different materials for Ring gear, sun gear and planet gear to vary the magnetic flux through the ring gear to create different degrees of isolations between MPG and PM sections of the machine and to ensure the structural integrity of all the components. The study focuses on evaluating Design parameters with consideration of effect of PM characteristics.
A Novel Approach for Combi Braking System Design Considering Tire’s Nonlinear Behavior
Authors: Khandekar Piyush , Badiger Kartik , Gautam Ashish , Soni Lokesh
Published: January 2024

The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking.

This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka’s tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking characteristics, considering vehicle geometry, loading conditions, and road surface conditions. A co-simulation is conducted in a combined BikeSim and Matlab environment, where the CBS calculations are integrated with the brake system developed in Matlab, while the remaining vehicle model is simulated using BikeSim. The co-simulation model is correlated with real vehicle data. A comparison is then made between the existing CBS design methodology, which assumes linear system behavior, and the proposed method presented in this paper. The results demonstrate that accounting for tire non-linearities alters the intersection of the “line of actual braking distribution” and the “lines of constant friction coefficient.” This leads to an improved analysis of wheel lock-up and vehicle instability in CBS system design.
Design Methodology for Avoiding Condensation in Automotive Head Lamps
Authors: Rane Sandeep Balu , Pawar Nishant
Published: January 2024

One of the important aspects to consider at the design stage is the condensation of water vapor inside the lighting system, under specific weather conditions of temperature and humidity, which may compromise the device functionality. Condensation of water vapor is an issue affecting functional and aesthetics of Head Lamp. The current paper analyses the process of water vapor condensation inside an automotive LED head lamp. This paper also discusses the design methodology to avoid condensation under certain conditions. Design methodology includes design considerations for better air movement for thermal management, material selection, ease of moisture exchange, breather or vent selection, Vent placement. Additionally, this paper would also discuss about effective use of simulations tools, test methods and assembly process guidelines to avoid impact due to condensation. This paper would consist of one example with application of above methodology, its test and field results.
Moisture Condensation Management in Automotive Headlamp Using Super Hydrophilic Cross-Linked Polymer Composites
Authors: Chandkoti Ikhlas , Naikwadi Amol , Mali Manoj
Published: January 2024

This work aims to develop potential super hydrophilic cross-linked smart polymer composites and condensation management device (CMD) for condensation control in automotive headlamps. Condensation and moisture buildup in the automotive headlamp decrease the visibility to the driver. The super hydrophilic cross-linked polymer composites were prepared with the combination of polyacrylamide-based hydrogels and hygroscopic lithium bromide desiccants. In this work, we have utilized various desiccants such as calcium chloride (Desiccant-1), silica gel (Desiccant-2) and lithium bromide (Desiccant-3) which is blended together with the polyacrylamide-based hydrogel. The prepared various compositional smart materials have been analyzed for structural, morphological, thermal and functional properties using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and water uptake capacity. The developed super hydrophilic cross-linked polymer composites were kept into the designed condensation device and placed into the headlamp assembly. The effective composite composition showed 70-80 % water absorption after 24 h. The various composition of the composites was prepared and experiment were carried out. By using 50-70 % of super moisture absorber material into the polymer matrix higher rate of water absorption is achieved. The prepared super hydrophilic cross-linked polymer composites showed potential water absorption which can be useful for condensation management in headlamps.
Regulatory Framework of Construction Equipment Vehicles in India
Authors: Babar Sagar , Akbar Badusha A
Published: January 2024

The Construction & Mining field is continuously upgrading, reshaping under the stimulus of technical enhancement. India is considered one of fastest growing country in the word. Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India is continuously growing due increased rate infrastructure development.

To promote development of the Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV’s) manufacturing sector it was also necessary to build a new governance architecture. Every vehicle plying on road has to comply with Central Motor Vehicle Regulatory requirements as per CMVR act 1989. Earlier 2021 CEV’s were required to go through performance trials like brake, steering effort, turning circle measurement, speedometer calibration as dynamic tests as per regulations. It was need of the time to come with stringent norms or for better safety of operators & take CEV compatible international regulation. this paper puts forward the basic principles & safety requirements improved for CEV’s over the time & futuristic approach to harmonize regulations for Indian scenario.

By taking reference from European directives & various ISO standards, Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) under Central Motor Vehicles Rules -Technical Standing Committee (CMVR - TSC) by Ministry of Road Transport & Highways has formulated a new standard AIS 160 which lists out various standards to be complied by CEV’s in two phases. Ministry of road transport & highways has released Notification under GSR 673 dated 27-oct-2020 which has defined new definition of CEV & improved CMVR rules by addition of Noise evaluation surroundings & at operator ear level, Safety related standards as per AIS 160 in phased manner. Along with improved safety regulations CEV’s has also improved over emission norms stated time to time.
Adaptive EV Range Estimation and Optimization Based on Rider Demand and Terrain Requirements
Authors: Rajawat Shiv Pratap , Gautam Ashish , SJ Janarthanan , Soni Lokesh , Khandekar Piyush
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a model-based algorithm designed for electric vehicles to estimate, control and optimize their range. By utilizing both short-term and long-term energy consumption data, the algorithm accurately predicts the range based on the current riding pattern. To achieve the desired range, the algorithm incorporates Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) optimization, which optimizes a cost function. The algorithm leverages short-term energy consumption patterns to smoothen the real-time watt-hour consumption for accurate range estimation. Simultaneously, it monitors long-term energy consumption patterns to account for factors such as vehicle aging, wear, terrain dynamics, and initial wh/km calculation. A comprehensive cost function, considering parameters like wh/km, rider demand, and terrain requirements, ensures optimal range without compromising the overall ride experience. The algorithm employs HJB optimization to dynamically control the range using parameters such as battery DC-current, throttle tuning, and torque control.

Implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment, the proposed algorithm undergoes rigorous testing and validation through on-road trials involving various riders and riding modes. The results exhibit enhanced accuracy in range estimation, empowering drivers with a clearer understanding of their vehicle's remaining range. Furthermore, the optimization algorithm effectively manages energy consumption by restricting inefficient zones and strategically shifting operating points to regions of higher efficiency, thereby improving performance characteristics.
Virtual Sensor Modelling for Ammonia Slip Estimation to Improve SCR Performance in Real Drive Emissions
Authors: K Sabareeswaran , M Jayashree , YS Ananthkumar
Published: January 2024

Urea-NH3 dosed Selective Catalytic Reduction is a powerful reaction system to ensure NOx reduction in the exhaust gases by minimizing ammonia slip. When the dosed ammonia exceeds the actual request than the required, NH3 to NOx ratio is potentially high, the unused ammonia is limited to 10ppm corresponding to experimental result of every World Harmonic Transient Cycle. The dosage estimation depends on the NOx sensors which has this drawback of high cross-sensitivity to ammonia that can affect the measurement of NOx and compromise the SCR-ASC closed loop strategies. This paper aims to resolve the complexity in prediction of ammonia slip to resolve the cross-sensitivity of tailpipe NOx sensor in the SCR system by a closed loop estimation of NOx and ammonia slip to ensure high NOx conversion efficiency. The focus is to develop a simplified model-based solution for estimating ammonia slip, because of the limitations in the real drive conditions in SCR system. This model approach is designed in such a way that it predicts the NOx and NH3 emissions after the SCR catalyst and calculates even in the failure conditions of closed loop feedback of urea dosing. A Filtering solution that combines the signals from inlet NOx sensor, tailpipe NOX sensor and the total system efficiency to provide a reliable estimation of NH3 slip.
Development of Medium Duty H
2
ICE for ON & OFF Highway Application
Authors: Lad Makrand Rajendra , Neveu Jean Marc , S Anoop Krishna
Published: January 2024

Throughout the world the efforts are being carried out to reduce the GHG emissions from transportation sector. As Volvo Group is a signatory of SBTi and having internal target of carbon neutrality by 2040, we have intensified & also diversified our R&D efforts to develop powertrains of the future having mix of conventional, various alternate fuels, electric etc. There will not be a unique solution or strategy suiting for all the markets in the world. Each market will have its own motivation & factors which OEMs need to consider while deciding the short term, midterm & long-term strategy for powertrain technology. Accordingly, OEMs must be ready with product mix suitable for all global markets. This paper will talk about the efforts taken and lessons learned during development of Hydrogen fuelled IC Engine. We used 8L Diesel IC engine as a base to convert it to Hydrogen powered IC engine, in a retrofit spirit, so that with minimum changes we could make the working prototype. This engine would be suitable for medium duty platform for both, on and off highway application. Various fuel injection systems were evaluated in context of complexity, benefit & supplier readiness. We will discuss the engine development phase (prototype engine), various technological options evaluated and at what stage we are today in terms of efficiency, performance & emissions. The typical problems found in H2 ICE, like backfire, crank case ventilation, ghost spark etc and workaround for them will also be discussed. Couple of proto engines has been developed and put on the prototype truck for vehicle trials, which are currently running. We will also throw some light on vehicle performance & next activities to be done.

The Volvo Strategy for the Carbon neutral step is defined as below:
Thermal Management of on-Board Electrical Vehicle Charger through AlN Coating
Authors: Bali Shirish , Bhatt Srishti , Bhavsar Vaibhav , Rao Bhaskar
Published: January 2024

Vehicle electrification is game changer for automotive sector because of major energy and environmental implications driven by high vehicle efficiency. However, EVs are facing challenges on life cycle assessment (LCA), charging, and driving range compared to conventional fossil-fueled vehicles. One of the key features that impacts the efficiency of an EV is its battery charging system which is done using an On-Board Charger (OBC). OBCs, are primarily used to convert DC-power from high-voltage battery pack to AC-power. They contain different power-electronic devices such as MOSFETs, diodes, magnetics etc. These devices generate a lot of heat and require an efficient thermal management strategy. Through CAE Thermal analysis it was identified that amongst these components, transformers and diodes are major source of heat. Temperature observed at these component locations were in the range of 90-105 °C, compared to other components (45-75°C). This results into formation of hot spots on enclosure surface. Currently for thermal management of OBC, aluminum-based heat-sinks enclosure is used to transfer the heat generated by these electronics to ambient. Aluminium alloy-ADC12 generally used for manufacturing of OBC-enclosure due to its light weight, easy castability and good thermal conductivity. Heat transfer from the components to ambient takes place due to through plane conductivity of aluminum alloy. However due to its limited in-plane thermal conductivity elimination of hot spots is negligible. An ideal solution for this problem can be to deploy a conductive coating on the enclosure that are capable of spreading the heat evenly on the surface from the hotspots using in-plane thermal conduction. Cu, DLC, AlN, h-BN etc. are the candidate coatings for this kind of application. In this paper AlN coating has been developed and applied on 800 W OBC enclosure through Physical Vapor Deposition process. Thermal performance evaluation was also conducted on coated and uncoated OBC. Minimization of hotspot and reduction of approximate 8 - 10 °C temperature was observed on coated OBC compared to bare OBC.
School Bus Safety: Enhanced Security through People Counter and Face Recognition System
Authors: Deshmukh Kaustubh
Published: January 2024

The safety of students during transportation on school buses is a paramount concern for both parents and schools. Although GPS (Global Positioning System) tracking systems are commonly used, they are limited in their ability to identify which students are on board. To ensure the safety and security of the students, this paper proposes a student authentication system based on facial recognition, people counter along with GPS vehicle tracking. This is intended to explore the advantages of these three technologies combined together for student authentication, the implementation process, and how it can improve the safety of school bus transportation.
Dynamic Stress-Strain and Fatigue Life Estimation Using Limited Set of Measured Accelerometer Data on Exhaust System Using System Equivalent Reduction and Expansion Process (SEREP)
Authors: Pratap Rajat , Apte Sr Amol , Poosarla Shirdi Partha Sai
Published: January 2024

The dynamic response of structures to operating or occasional loads is crucial for design considerations, as it directly impacts the cumulative fatigue life. In practice, accurately discerning the precise loads and structural conditions, which involve considerations such as boundary conditions, geometry, and mechanical properties, can be quite challenging. Significant efforts are invested in identifying these factors and developing suitable prediction models. Nonetheless, the estimated forces and boundary conditions remain approximations, leading to uncertainties which affects the overall predictions and the analysis of how stress and strain develop in the structure during subsequent evaluations.

Many researchers frequently employ a method where they estimate the forces acting on the system based on measurement data obtained at limited number of locations over the structure. This approach involves estimating the forces and applying them to determine the FE displacement and subsequent stress-strain histories. However, this methodology introduces complexities and multiple approximations, resulting in highly approximate solutions. Challenges arise due to the sensitivity of estimated forces to the number and distribution of measurement points, as well as the need for an accurately modelled finite element model to predict the actual displacement histories accurately.

This work is focused on obtaining accurate dynamic stress-strain for Exhaust system subjected to unknown and distributed loads. Instead of estimating the forces, the method focuses on obtaining precise modal participation factors from limited sets of acceleration measurements using System equivalent expansion and reduction (SEREP) process. These factors, combined with modal stresses obtained from finite element modal analysis, enable the accurate determination of dynamic stress-strain distributions and reliable predictions of cumulative fatigue life. By emphasizing the importance of capturing modal behavior, this alternative concept offers improved understanding of structural dynamics and enhanced predictions of stress and fatigue under uncertain loading conditions.