bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carotenoid Retention in Immature Corn Ear Grains Subjected to Different Thermal Treatments
Authors: Barbosa Natália Alves , Paes Maria Cristina Dias , Guimarães Paulo Evaristo Oliveira , Pereira Joelma
Published: November 2015

Processed food products may undergo changes in chemical composition during processing, leading to potential losses in nutritional value. The objective of this study was to determine carotenoid retention in immature grains of normal corn (BRS1030) and corn biofortified (BRS4104) with vitamin A precursors subjected to different thermal treatments: cooking in a microwave, cooking in a pressure cooker, cooking in a pot with a lid and cooking in a pot without a lid. The experiment had a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (cultivar and type of cooking). The carotenoids were extracted in a sequential organic solvent scheme and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and when significant, the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test (p = 0.05). Despite cultivars, the concentrations of carotenoid vitamin A precursors and total carotenoids in the immature corn grains were reduced after cooking the ears in a microwave or in a pressure cooker. The best treatments for preserving carotenoids according to the conditions studied are cooking in a pot with a lid and in a pot without a lid.
The Relatioship between Plant Density and Microclimate and Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Production in Nutmeg and Coconut Mixed-Planting System in Wakatobi District in Indonesia
Authors: Madiki Abdul , Guritno Bambang , Syekhfani Syekhfani , Aini Nurul
Published: November 2015

In Wakatobi district nutmeg trees are generally cultivated in mixed planting with coconut. The research employed observation method where sample plants were determined purposively based on intersection of nutmeg and coconut tree crowns; 42 plots of pairs of nearest neighboring plants. In each plot of pair of plants, plant density of nutmeg and coconut was calculated (individually and in total), then microclimate components (solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity) and nutmeg plant characteristics (vegetative and prodution components) were measured. Research results showed that plant density of nutmeg (218 plants ha-1) had exceeded its optimum number of population, plant density of coconut 144 plants ha-1 with relative density ratio of 58:42% or nutmeg was more dominant than coconut. Transmitted radiation and temperature below the crown was decreasing, and in contrast, intercepted radiation and relative humidity increased in line with the increased plant density of nutmeg. This condition led to the decrease in sum of fruits, weight of mace, and weight of kernel of individual nutmeg tree. Coconut plant density had non-significant correlation and non-significantly contributed to microclimate and production components of nutmeg. This indicated that the tendency for decreased production of nutmeg is less affected by coconut trees, but more because of shading effect of nutmeg trees due to close distance among them. In other word, there occured intraspecific competition (nutmeg and nutmeg), and not interspecific (nutmeg and coconut). Therefore, coconut can be cultivated in mixed planting with nutmeg through appropriate plant spacing.
Effect of Gypsum Application and Irrigation Intervals on Clay Saline-Sodic Soil Characterization, Rice Water Use Efficiency, Growth, and Yield
Authors: Hafez Emad M. , Hassan Waleed H. Abou El , Gaafar Ibrahim A. , Seleiman Mahmoud F.
Published: November 2015

Saline-sodic soil is considered as a serious problem which could negatively affect rice water use efficiency, plant growth, and yield. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of gypsum applied before sowing (i.e. gypsum and without gypsum) and irrigation interval treatments applied after anthesis (irrigation every 4, 6, 8 days) on chemical characterizations of clay saline-sodic soil. In addition, the effect of these treatments on rice growth, water use efficiency and related parameters and yield were investigated. A significant higher efficiency in reclamation of clay saline-sodic soil was obtained in terms of reducing SAR, Na+ and EC when gypsum was applied and water was added every four or six days intervals in comparison to non-treated soil with gypsum and water added every eight days interval. The highest number of spikelets per panicle, ripened grains percent, grain and straw yields were obtained when rice plants were grown on soil treated with gypsum and irrigated every four and/or six days intervals compared to soil with no gypsum and irrigated every eight days interval. The highest water use efficiency was obtained from rice irrigated every six days interval. In conclusion, it may reduce the hazards of the saline-sodic soil due to application of gypsum which improved soil properties, rice growth and its productivity when plants were irrigated every four or six days intervals. This might be due to the valuable nutrient source of gypsum interns of Ca, which mitigated the toxicity caused by salts in saline soils. Gypsum can also be considered as an effective application for clay saline-sodic soil in the North Delta, Egypt.
Comparative Uptake of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide in the Rice Plant
Authors: Chen Xiao-jun , Ren Ya-jun , Meng Zhi-yuan , Lu Chun-liang , Gu Hao-tian , Zhuang Yi-qing
Published: November 2015

Chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide as novel commercial insecticides could control almost all economically important lepidopteran insects and a number of key pests in vegetables and rice. At present, no researches were focused on the comparative uptake of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in protected rice plants. Uptake of chlorantraniliprole or flubendiamide was investigated through hydroponic experiment or foliar absorption experiments. The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole had uptake character in rice plants and could only transport upward in the rice plant while flubendiamide had no uptake character in rice plants.Their uptake characteristic are a factor in determining their actions and toxicology,enrichment parts of the protected rice plants, persistence, metabolic processes and residual dynamics in protected rice plants.
Headteacher Preparation in Mzuzu, Malawi, Africa
Authors: Wamba Nathalis
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this researcher was to examine the in-service experiences of seven headteachers in Luwinga ward in Mzuzu, Malawi, and the challenges they encountered in their first year on the job. A modified version of the questionnaire and interview guide developed by the members of the International Study of the Preparation of Principals at the University of Calgary, Canada was used to conduct this study. The collected data were clustered, coded, analyzed and interpreted. The findings suggest that opportunities for pre-service and in-service headteacher training in Mzuzu are almost nonexistent. Training is ad hoc, idiosyncratic and does not seem to follow a specific pattern. Criteria for the selection of headteachers include a successful record of teaching, prior record of leadership in school or outside, religious affiliation, a university certificate or degree and last but not least political influence. In the last section, the author offers recommendations.
Personality Traits, Learning and Academic Achievements
Authors: Jensen Mikael
Published: November 2015

There has been an increased interest in personality traits (especially the five-factor model) in relation to education and learning over the last decade. Previous studies have shown a relation between personality traits and learning, and between personality traits and academic achievement. The latter is typically described in terms of Grade Point Average (GPA). This review paper gives an overview, based on previous research, of highly relevant factors that might explain the relation between personality traits and learning on the one hand and the relation between personality traits and academic achievement on the other hand. Motivation, goals and approaches to learning are important factors that are associated with some personality traits. Two conclusions can be made from this review: (1) intrinsic motivation, a deep approach to learning and learning goals are associated with general knowledge and good test results, all linked together by the openness trait; (2) extrinsic (in combination with intrinsic) motivation, an achieving (in combination with deep) approach to learning and performance goals (in combination with learning goals) are associated with high grades in general linked together by the conscientiousness trait. Openness is associated with learning and general knowledge while conscientiousness is associated with academic achievement.
Éléments pour une définition des séries cartographiques
Authors: Arnaud Jean-Luc
Published: November 2015

Alors qu’elles constituent la plus grande part de la production cartographique depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, les séries de cartes ont été fortement délaissées par la bibliothéconomie pendant plusieurs décennies, car les outils informatiques disponibles jusqu’à une période récente ne correspondaient pas aux attentes des cartothécaires. Ce contexte est en train de changer. Le catalogage des séries cartographiques ne va cependant pas de soi dans la mesure où la description de la totalité des feuilles d’une série n’est pas suffisante pour décrire la série elle-même. Sans prétendre épuiser le sujet, cet article propose quelques éléments de définition.
Multiphasic strain differentiation of atypical mycobacteria from elephant trunk wash
Authors: Chan Kok-Gan , Loke Mun Fai , Ong Bee Lee , Wong Yan Ling , Hong Kar Wai , Tan Kian Hin , Kaur Sargit , Ng Hien Fuh , Abdul Razak MFA , Ngeow Yun Fong
Published: November 2015

Background.Two non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains, UM_3 and UM_11, were isolated from the trunk wash of captive elephants in Malaysia. As they appeared to be identical phenotypes, they were investigated further by conventional and whole genome sequence-based methods of strain differentiation.

Methods.Multiphasic investigations on the isolates included species identification with hsp65 PCR-sequencing, conventional biochemical tests, rapid biochemical profiling using API strips and the Biolog Phenotype Microarray analysis, protein profiling with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, repetitive sequence-based PCR typing and whole genome sequencing followed by phylogenomic analyses.

Results.The isolates were shown to be possibly novel slow-growing schotochromogens with highly similar biological and genotypic characteristics. Both strains have a genome size of 5.2 Mbp, G+C content of 68.8%, one rRNA operon and 52 tRNAs each. They qualified for classification into the same species with their average nucleotide identity of 99.98% and tetranucleotide correlation coefficient of 0.99999. At the subspecies level, both strains showed 98.8% band similarity in the Diversilab automated repetitive sequence-based PCR typing system, 96.2% similarity in protein profiles obtained by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and a genomic distance that is close to zero in the phylogenomic tree constructed with conserved orthologs. Detailed epidemiological tracking revealed that the elephants shared a common habitat eight years apart, thus, strengthening the possibility of a clonal relationship between the two strains.
Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: proposal for a new diagnostic algorithm
Authors: Iorio Giulio , Capasso Maria , De Luca Giuseppe , Prisco Salvatore , Mancusi Carlo , Laganà Bruno , Comune Vincenzo
Published: November 2015

Background.Despite guideline recommendations, chest radiography (CR) for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is commonly used also in mild and/or uncomplicated cases. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of lung ultrasonography (LUS) as an alternative test in these cases and suggest a new diagnostic algorithm.

Methods.We reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to the pediatric ward from February 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014 with respiratory signs and symptoms. We selected only cases with mild/uncomplicated clinical course and in which CR and LUS were performed within 24 h of each other. The LUS was not part of the required exams recorded in medical records but performed independently. The discharge diagnosis, made only on the basis of history and physical examination, laboratory and instrumental tests, including CR (without LUS), was used as a reference test to compare CR and LUS findings.

Results.Of 52 selected medical records CAP diagnosis was confirmed in 29 (55.7%). CR was positive in 25 cases, whereas LUS detected pneumonia in 28 cases. Four patients with negative CR were positive in ultrasound findings. Instead, one patient with negative LUS was positive in radiographic findings. The LUS sensitivity was 96.5% (95% CI [82.2%–99.9%]), specificity of 95.6% (95% CI [78.0%–99.9%]), positive likelihood ratio of 22.2 (95% CI [3.2–151.2]), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.04 (95% CI [0.01–0.25]) for diagnosing pneumonia.

Conclusion.LUS can be considered as a valid alternative diagnostic tool of CAP in children and its use must be promoted as a first approach in accordance with our new diagnostic algorithm.
Metabolic and genomic analysis elucidates strain-level variation inMicrobacterium spp.isolated from chromate contaminated sediment
Authors: Henson Michael W. , Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Kourtev Peter S. , Jensen Roderick V. , Dunn James A. , Learman Deric R.
Published: November 2015

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a soluble carcinogen that has caused widespread contamination of soil and water in many industrial nations. Bacteria have the potential to aid remediation as certain strains can catalyze the reduction of Cr(VI) to insoluble and less toxic Cr(III). Here, we examine Cr(VI) reducingMicrobacteriumspp. (Cr-K1W, Cr-K20, Cr-K29, and Cr-K32) isolated from contaminated sediment (Seymore, Indiana) and show varying chromate responses despite the isolates’ phylogenetic similarity (i.e., identical 16S rRNA gene sequences). Detailed analysis identified differences based on genomic metabolic potential, growth and general metabolic capabilities, and capacity to resist and reduce Cr(VI). Taken together, the discrepancies between the isolates demonstrate the complexity inter-strain variation can have on microbial physiology and related biogeochemical processes.
Evidence of Middle Jurassic magmatism within the Seychelles microcontinent: Implications for the breakup of Gondwana
Authors: Shellnutt J. G. , Lee T.‐Y. , Chiu H.‐Y. , Lee Y.‐H. , Wong J.
Published: November 2015

The breakup of East and West Gondwana occurred during the Jurassic, but the exact timing is uncertain due to the limited exposure of rocks suitable for radioisotopic dating. Trachytic rocks from Silhouette Island, Seychelles, yielded a range of zircon ages from Paleoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The 206Pb/238U age of the trachyte is 64.9 ± 1.6 Ma (Danian) but the majority of zircons yielded an age of 163.8 ± 1.8 Ma (Callovian) with a small subset yielding an age of 147.7 ± 4.5 Ma (Tithonian). The Hf isotopes of the Callovian (εHf(t) = +4.1 to +13.4) and Danian (εHf(t) = +1.9 to +7.1) zircons indicate that they were derived from moderately depleted mantle sources whereas the Tithonian zircons (εHf(t) = −7.0 to −7.3) were derived from an enriched source. The identification of middle Jurassic zircons indicates that rifting and magmatism were likely contemporaneous during the initial separation of East and West Gondwana.
Optimal precursors of different types of ENSO events
Authors: Capotondi Antonietta , Sardeshmukh Prashant D.
Published: November 2015

Not all El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are the same. Their global impacts can differ substantially depending on whether the associated sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are stronger in the central Pacific (CP) or the eastern Pacific (EP). The predictability of such differences is therefore of interest. In this study, the optimal two‐season precursors of different ENSO types are investigated in a linear inverse modeling framework using observational SST and thermocline depth data for 1958–2007. It is shown that different SST precursor types alone do not favor the generation of different ENSO types. However, initial subsurface conditions characterized by a deeper thermocline in the eastern Pacific and a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific favor the generation of EP‐type events, while a shallower thermocline in the east and a deeper thermocline in the central/western Pacific are conducive to CP‐type events. The predictability of different ENSO types thus depends importantly on initial subsurface conditions.
Precipitation projections in the tropical Pacific are sensitive to different types of SST bias adjustment
Authors: Brown Jaclyn N. , Matear Richard J. , Brown Josephine R. , Katzfey Jack
Published: November 2015

Many coupled climate models suffer from large sea surface temperature (SST) biases in the tropical Pacific, and for this reason studies have used a combination of observed SSTs and model‐generated SST warming patterns to obtain climate projections. However, the existence of biases in the present‐day coupled model SSTs implies that SST future warming patterns may also be biased. Models with large biases in tropical Pacific SST simulate warming that does not align with the observed cold tongue, producing a dynamically unrealistic pattern when added to observed SSTs. We demonstrate that projections of precipitation are highly sensitive to the warming pattern of SSTs by using idealized annually forced atmospheric model experiments. Simple bias adjustment of the warming pattern is applied, leading to precipitation changes that are around 60% weaker in the Western Tropical Pacific. Sensitivity of precipitation to small changes in the SST may explain the large discrepancies in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 precipitation projections in this region.
Nonuniversality of the Archie exponent due to multifractality of resistivity well logs
Authors: Dashtian Hassan , Yang Yafan , Sahimi Muhammad
Published: November 2015

Archie's law expresses a relation between the formation factor F of porous media and their porosity ϕ,
, where m is the Archie or the cementation exponent. Despite widespread use of Archie's law, the value of m and whether it is universal and independent of the type of reservoir have remained controversial. We analyze various porosity and resistivity logs along 36 wells in six Iranian oil and gas reservoirs using wavelet transform coherence and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. m is estimated for two sets of data: one set contains the resistivity data that include those segments of the well that contain significant clay content and one without. The analysis indicates that the well logs are multifractal and that due to the multifractality the exponent m is nonuniversal. Thus, analysis of the resistivity of laboratory or outcrop samples that are not multifractal yields estimates of m that are not applicable to well logs in oil or gas reservoirs.
Occurrence and trends of eastern and central Pacific El Niño in different reconstructed SST data sets
Authors: Diamond Michael S. , Bennartz Ralf
Published: November 2015

Interest in El Niño diversity has increased in the past decade, with much attention given to the hypothesis that there exist distinct eastern Pacific and central Pacific (CP) types. It is well known that classification systems in the literature differ, sometimes dramatically, by methodology. We test to what extent differences may occur due to the use of different sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions, focusing on the newly released version 4 of the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) data set, two earlier versions of the ERSST data set, and an independent data set, Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST). The updated ERSST data set identifies more CP El Niños than the two older versions of ERSST and HadISST. Classification differences occur throughout the entire record rather than being restricted to the early period. We explore the potential influence of SST data set choice on the study of El Niño diversity impacts using precipitation anomalies in the western United States.
A new interpretation of seismic tomography in the southern Dead Sea basin using neural network clustering techniques
Authors: Braeuer Benjamin , Bauer Klaus
Published: November 2015

The Dead Sea is a prime location to study the structure and development of pull‐apart basins. We analyzed tomographic models of Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs using self‐organizing map clustering techniques. The method allows us to identify major lithologies by their petrophysical signatures. Remapping the clusters into the subsurface reveals the distribution of basin sediments, prebasin sedimentary rocks, and crystalline basement. The Dead Sea basin shows an asymmetric structure with thickness variation from 5 km in the west to 13 km in the east. Most importantly, we identified a distinct, well‐defined body under the eastern part of the basin down to 18 km depth. Considering its geometry and petrophysical signature, this unit is interpreted as a buried counterpart of the shallow prebasin sediments encountered outside of the basin and not as crystalline basement. The seismicity distribution supports our results, where events are concentrated along boundaries of the basin and the deep prebasin sedimentary body. Our results suggest that the Dead Sea basin is about 4 km deeper than assumed from previous studies.
Multiple loss processes of relativistic electrons outside the heart of outer radiation belt during a storm sudden commencement
Authors: Yu J. , Li L.Y. , Cao J. B. , Yuan Z. G. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Spence H.
Published: November 2015

By examining the compression‐induced changes in the electron phase space density and pitch angle distribution observed by two satellites of Van Allen Probes (RBSP‐A/B), we find that the relativistic electrons (>2 MeV) outside the heart of outer radiation belt (L* ≥ 5) undergo multiple losses during a storm sudden commencement. The relativistic electron loss mainly occurs in the field‐aligned direction (pitch angle α < 30° or >150°), and the flux decay of the field‐aligned electrons is independent of the spatial location variations of the two satellites. However, the relativistic electrons in the pitch angle range of 30°–150° increase (decrease) with the decreasing (increasing) geocentric distance (|ΔL| < 0.25) of the RBSP‐B (RBSP‐A) location, and the electron fluxes in the quasi‐perpendicular direction display energy‐dispersive oscillations in the Pc5 period range (2–10 min). The relativistic electron loss is confirmed by the decrease of electron phase space density at high‐L shell after the magnetospheric compressions, and their loss is associated with the intense plasmaspheric hiss, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, relativistic electron precipitation (observed by POES/NOAA satellites at 850 km), and magnetic field fluctuations in the Pc5 band. The intense EMIC waves and whistler mode hiss jointly cause the rapidly pitch angle scattering loss of the relativistic electrons within 10 h. Moreover, the Pc5 ULF waves also lead to the slowly outward radial diffusion of the relativistic electrons in the high‐L region with a negative electron phase space density gradient.
Phosphorus input through fog deposition in a dry tropical forest
Authors: Vandecar Karen L. , Runyan Christiane W. , D'Odorico Paolo , Lawrence Deborah , Schmook Birgit , Das Rishiraj
Published: November 2015

In many tropical forests, where phosphorus (P) is considered a limiting nutrient, atmospheric deposition can contribute significantly to available P. Previous studies have shown that P inputs from atmospheric deposition are enhanced by plant canopies. This effect is explained as the result of increased deposition of P‐rich aerosol particles (dry deposition) and fog droplets (fog or “occult” deposition) onto leaf surfaces. Here we studied the importance of fog as a source of P to a P‐limited dry tropical forest. Throughout an 80 day period during the dry season when fog is most common, we sampled fog water and bulk precipitation in a clearing and measured leaf wetness and throughfall in an adjacent secondary and mature forest stand. During the study period, total P (PT) concentrations in fog water ranged from 0.15 to 6.40 mg/L, on average fourteenfold greater than PT concentrations in bulk precipitation (0.011 to 0.451 mg/L), and sixfold and sevenfold greater than throughfall PT concentrations in the secondary and mature forest stands, respectively (0.007 to 1.319 mg/L; 0.009 to 0.443 mg/L). Based on leaf area index, the frequency of fog deposition, and amount of water deposited per fog event, we estimate that fog delivers a maximum of 1.01 kg/ha/yr to secondary forest stands and 1.75 kg/ha/yr to mature forest stands, compared to 0.88 kg/ha/yr to secondary forest stands and 1.98 kg/ha/yr to mature forest stands via throughfall (wet + dry deposition) and stemflow. Thus, fog deposition may contribute substantially to available P in tropical dry forests.
Twelve‐Year Retention Rate of First‐Line Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Real‐Life Data From a Local Registry
Authors: Favalli Ennio Giulio , Pregnolato Francesca , Biggioggero Martina , Becciolini Andrea , Penatti Alessandra Emiliana , Marchesoni Antonio , Meroni Pier Luigi
Published: November 2015

Objective

To evaluate the 12‐year survival of the first tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, comparing the between‐groups discontinuation rates for infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab.

Methods

RA patients treated with their first TNFi were investigated from a local registry. Before and after adjusting for propensity scores, overall and by individual TNFi 12‐year drug retention was evaluated. Drug survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared by the Cox extended model. Subanalyses were performed according to concomitant methotrexate (MTX) and discontinuation reasons.

Results

Of 583 patients, 222 were treated with infliximab, 179 with etanercept, and 182 with adalimumab; 33.7% and 26% discontinued the first TNFi because of inefficacy or adverse events, respectively. The overall 12‐year drug survival rate for the unmatched population was 23.4%. In the propensity score–adjusted population, the hazard ratio (HR) for treatment discontinuation was significantly greater for adalimumab and infliximab versus etanercept (HR 2.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.2–3.78] and HR 2.56 [95% CI 1.92–3.4], respectively), and no difference was found between and for adalimumab versus infliximab (HR 1.16 [95% CI 0.91–1.47]). The incidence of withdrawal due to secondary inefficacy was stable from 3 to 12 years for etanercept, but progressively increased for the monoclonal antibodies. Concomitant MTX significantly increased the survival of both adalimumab and etanercept (HR 1.48 [95% CI 1.18–1.86]).

Conclusion

The overall 12‐year drug survival rate was 23.4%, being significantly higher for etanercept than adalimumab and infliximab. Etanercept discontinuations for inefficacy did not increase from 3 to 12 years. Concomitant MTX increased adalimumab and etanercept drug survival.
Rational Design of Polymeric Hybrid Micelles with Highly Tunable Properties to Co‐Deliver MicroRNA‐34a and Vismodegib for Melanoma Therapy
Authors: Li Hanmei , Fu Yao , Zhang Ting , Li Yanping , Hong Xiaoyu , Jiang Jiayu , Gong Tao , Zhang Zhirong , Sun Xun
Published: November 2015

A polymeric hybrid micelle (PHM) system with highly tunable properties is reported to co‐deliver small molecule and nucleic acid drugs for cancer therapy; this system is structurally simple and easy‐to‐fabricate. The PHM consists of two amphiphilic diblock copolymers, polycaprolactone‐polyethylenimine (PCL‐PEI) and polycaprolactone‐polyethyleneglycol (PCL‐PEG). PHMs are rationally designed with different physicochemical properties by simply adjusting the ratio of the two diblock copolymers and the near neutral PHM‐2 containing a low ratio of PCL‐PEI achieves the optimal balance between high tumor distribution and subsequent cellular uptake after intravenous injection. Encapsulating Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor vismodegib (VIS) and microRNA‐34a (miR‐34a) into PHM‐2 generates the VIS/PHM‐2/34a co‐delivery system. VIS/PHM‐2/34a shows synergistic anticancer efficacy in murine B16F10‐CD44+ cells, a highly metastatic tumor model of melanoma. VIS/PHM‐2/34a synergistically attenuates the expression of CD44, a vital receptor indicating the metastasis of melanoma. Intriguingly, inhibiting Hh pathway by VIS is accompanied by downregulation of CD44 expression, revealing that Hh signaling might be an upstream regulator of CD44 expression in melanoma. Thus, co‐delivery of miR‐34a and VIS demonstrates great potential in cancer therapy, and PHM offers a structurally simple and highly tunable platform for the co‐delivery of small molecule and nucleic acid drugs in tumor combination therapy.
CH Photooxygenation of Alkyl Benzenes Catalyzed by Riboflavin Tetraacetate and a Non‐Heme Iron Catalyst
Authors: Mühldorf Bernd , Wolf Robert
Published: November 2015

A mixture of the photocatalyst riboflavin tetraacetate (RFT) and the biomimetic non‐heme iron complex [Fe(TPA)(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 (TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) efficiently catalyzes the visible‐light‐driven aerobic oxidation of alkyl benzenes to ketones and carboxylic acids. An RFT‐catalyzed photocycle and the independent action of the iron complex as a catalyst for H2O2 disproportionation and alkyl benzene oxygenation ensure high yields and selectivities.
Identifying Different Types of Catalysts for CO2 Reduction by Ethane through Dry Reforming and Oxidative Dehydrogenation
Authors: Porosoff Marc D. , Myint Myat Noe Zin , Kattel Shyam , Xie Zhenhua , Gomez Elaine , Liu Ping , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: November 2015

The recent shale gas boom combined with the requirement to reduce atmospheric CO2 have created an opportunity for using both raw materials (shale gas and CO2) in a single process. Shale gas is primarily made up of methane, but ethane comprises about 10 % and reserves are underutilized. Two routes have been investigated by combining ethane decomposition with CO2 reduction to produce products of higher value. The first reaction is ethane dry reforming which produces synthesis gas (CO+H2). The second route is oxidative dehydrogenation which produces ethylene using CO2 as a soft oxidant. The results of this study indicate that the Pt/CeO2 catalyst shows promise for the production of synthesis gas, while Mo2C‐based materials preserve the CC bond of ethane to produce ethylene. These findings are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) characterization of the catalysts under in situ reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Potassium Sodium Heptahydrogen Hexamolybdocobaltate(III) Octahydrate: An Extra‐Protonated B‐Series Anderson‐Type Heteropolyoxidometalate.
Authors: Park Ki‐Min , Joo Hea‐Chung , Lee Uk
Published: November 2015

KNa[CoIII(OH)7{Mo6O17}] ·8H2O is obtained by ion‐exchange from a solution of K3 [Co(μ3‐OH)6Mo6O18] ·7H2O at ≈pH 1.4 using Amberlite IR120 ion exchange resin followed by concentrating the solution in a hot water bath.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Unstable Valence in a Novel Intermetallic Phase Ce2Ru2Al.
Authors: Marushina E. V. , Kaczorowski D. , Murashova E. V. , Kurenbaeva Zh. M. , Gribanov A. V.
Published: November 2015

Polycrystalline Ce2Ru2Al is prepared by arc melting of the elements and subsequent annealing (evacuated quartz ampoules, 823 K, 30 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium‐Ion Conducting Na3PS4 Electrolyte Synthesized via a Liquid‐Phase Process Using N‐Methylformamide.
Authors: Yubuchi So , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: November 2015

The cubic title solid electrolyte is prepared by reaction of Na2S and P2S5 in N‐methylformamide and n‐hexane followed by removal of the solvent and heat treatment at 260 °C in a dry Ar atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: The Hexacyanodiborane(6) Dianion [B2(CN)6]2‐.
Authors: Landmann Johannes , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Hailmann Michael , Bernhardt‐Pitchougina Vera , Willner Helge , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Bernhardt Eduard , Finze Maik
Published: November 2015

Various reaction routes leading to the homoleptic dianion [B2(CN)6]2‐ are presented together with spectroscopic data and the formation mechamisms are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Size as a Parameter to Stabilize New Phases: Rock Salt Phases of PbmSb2nSem+3n.
Authors: Soriano Ronald B. , Wu Jinsong , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: November 2015

A series of PbmSb2nSem+3n (m = 2, 4, 6, 8; n = 1) flower‐like nanocrystals is prepared by injecting a solution of elemental Se in tri‐n‐octylphosphine into a mixture of Pb(OAc)2, Sb(OAc)3, octadecene, and oleic acid at 180 °C under air‐free conditions using a Schlenk line.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Directing Effect of Alkali Metal Cations in New Molybdenum Selenites, Na2Mo2O5(SeO3)2, K2Mo2O5(SeO3)2, and Rb2Mo3O7(SeO3)3.
Authors: Bang Seong‐eun , Ok Kang Min
Published: November 2015

The new compounds (IVa,b) and (VI) are characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, IR and UV/VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, ion‐exchange experiments, and SEM/EDX.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of α,α‐Disubstituted Acetaldehydes Catalyzed by Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether for the Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers.
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Shomura Hiroki , Xu Qianqian , Lear Martin J. , Sato Itaru
Published: November 2015

The aldol reaction of aldehydes (I) and (V) with ethyl glyoxylate polymer affords the corresponding aldol adducts with moderate diastereoselectivities and low to good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ammonium Betaine‐Catalyzed Highly Stereoselective Aza—Henry Reaction of α‐Aryl Nitromethanes with Aromatic N‐Boc Imines.
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Oyaizu Keigo , Noguchi Haruhiro , Ooi Takashi
Published: November 2015

Various substituted aryl groups for both imines (I) and nitromethanes (II) are tolerated in the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl‐Substituted Dimethylbenzimidazolines as Effective Reductants of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions.
Authors: Hasegawa Eietsu , et al.
Published: November 2015

2‐Aryl substituted 1,3‐dimethylbenzimidazolines are demonstrated to be effective reductants to promote a variety of photoinduced electron transfer reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Catalyzed Silylative Reduction of Nitriles in Accessing Primary Amines and Imines.
Authors: Gandhamsetty Narasimhulu , Jeong Jinseong , Park Juhyeon , Park Sehoon , Chang Sukbok
Published: November 2015

Silylative reduction of nitriles is performed under transition metal‐free conditions by using B(C6F5)3 as a catalyst with hydrosilanes as a reductant.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Enabled Stereoselective β‐C(sp3)—H Fluorination: Synthesis of Unnatural Enantiopure anti‐β‐Fluoro‐α‐amino Acids.
Authors: Zhu Ru‐Yi , Tanaka Keita , Li Gen‐Cheng , He Jian , Fu Hai‐Yan , Li Su‐Hua , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: November 2015

The fluorination is performed on α‐amino acid derivatives carrying a broad range of β‐substituents such as aryl, hetaryl, alkyl, and alkynyl groups endowed with various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide Oxygen‐Assisted Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Zhenming , Wu Lihuan , Liao Jianhua , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng , Li Jianxiao , Li Jiawei
Published: November 2015

A series of o‐acylacetanilide derivatives is synthesized with single regioselectivity involving an oxypalladation pathway under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of gem‐Difluorinated Organozinc Reagents with β‐Nitrostyrenes.
Authors: Kondratyev Nikolay S. , Levin Vitalij V. , Zemtsov Artem A. , Struchkova Marina I. , Dilman Alexander D.
Published: November 2015

A novel reactivity pattern of gem‐difluorinated organozinc compounds in the copper(I)‐catalyzed reaction with β‐nitrostyrenes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Pinacol Couplings of a Series of Aldehydes and Ketones with SmI2/Sm/Me3SiCl in DME.
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Saeki Tomokazu , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: November 2015

Following the title reaction, aryl aldehydes and arylmethyl ketones are transformed to the corresponding pinacol coupling products in high yields and as mixtures of dl and meso diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cross‐Coupling Reactions of α‐Chloroesters with Aryl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Jin Masayoshi , Adak Laksmikanta , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: November 2015

The practical and simple protocol provides α‐arylalkanoates in moderate to high yields and with often high enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted Carbamate Synthesis Using Urea as Carbonyl Source over TiO2—Cr2O3/SiO2 Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Peixue , Ma Yubo , Liu Shimin , Zhou Feng , Yang Benqun , Deng Youquan
Published: November 2015

TiO2—Cr2O3/SiO2 catalyzes the synthesis of N‐substituted carbamates using urea as carbonyl source.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI‐Mediated α‐Ketoacylation of Sulfoximines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Zou Ya , Peng Zhihong , Dong Wanrong , An Delie
Published: November 2015

A double catalytic cycle mechanism involving elemental iodine and copper is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Promoted Highly Regioselective Carboxylation of Aryl Ynol Ether and Its Application to the Synthesis of Chiral β‐Aryloxypropionic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Saito Nozomi , Sun Zhongdong , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: November 2015

A new method for the enantioselective synthesis of the optically active title propionic acid derivatives involving the synthesis of α‐substituted‐β‐aryloxyacrylic acid derivatives from aryl ynol ether and CO2 followed by the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Succinaldehyde and Nitroalkene Catalyzed by Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether.
Authors: Umemiya Shigenobu , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: November 2015

The title process affords cyclopentanol derivatives which are dehydrated to form cis‐disubstituted nitropentenes with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Benzannulation of Conjugated Enynes and Diynes.
Authors: Roese Philipp , Garcia Carmen Carlota Magraner , Puenner Florian , Harms Klaus , Hilt Gerhard
Published: November 2015

The [4 + 2] cross‐benzannulation of conjugated enynes and diynes under cobalt‐catalysis leads to 1,2,3‐trisubstituted benzene derivatives in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Heck Reaction of Fluorinated Olefins with Arylboronic Acids by Palladium Catalysis.
Authors: Li Yang , Tu Dong‐Huai , Gu Yu‐Jie , Wang Bo , Wang Yao‐Yu , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Lu Jian
Published: November 2015

The title process provides a direct access to fluorinated Z‐styrenes with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Energetic Properties of 4‐Diazo‐2,6‐dinitrophenol and 6‐Diazo‐3‐hydroxy‐2,4‐dinitrophenol.
Authors: Klapoetke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Joerg
Published: November 2015

The title compounds (III) and (IX) are prepared from known precursors (I) and (IV) and their thermal stability and sensitivity toward impact and friction is compared to 2‐diazo‐4,6‐dinitrophenol, a commercially used explosive.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Formation of Ethers from Benzylic Alcohols and Phenols.
Authors: Veenboer Richard M. P. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: November 2015

A cross‐dehydrative reaction of two alcohols proceeds under mild reaction to give unsymmetrical ethers (III) using NHC—gold(I) complex IPR.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Primary Amides by Aminocarbonylation of Aryl/Hetero Halides Using Non‐Gaseous NH3 and CO Sources.
Authors: Suresh A. S. , Baburajan Poongavanam , Ahmed Mansur
Published: November 2015

A simple conversion of a variety of aryl bromides to the corresponding carboxamides is developed using Co2(CO)8 and NH4Cl as solid sources of CO and NH3.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigating Scale‐Up and Further Applications of DABAL‐Me3 Promoted Amide Synthesis.
Authors: Lee Darren S. , Amara Zacharias , Poliakoff Martyn , Harman Thomas , Reid Gary , Rhodes Barrie , Brough Steve , McInally Thomas , Woodward Simon
Published: November 2015

DABAL‐Me3 is used as catalyst for the coupling of primary and secondary amines with nitriles and esters providing access to amidines and amides in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Formal C—H Carboxylation of Aromatic Compounds with Carbon Dioxide Through Arylaluminum Intermediates.
Authors: Ueno Atsushi , Takimoto Masanori , O Wylie W. N. , Nishiura Masayoshi , Ikariya Takao , Hou Zhaomin
Published: November 2015

Various aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds are utilized for the highly regioselective title reaction involving a deprotonative alumination with the mixed alkyl amido lithium aluminate compound IATL, followed by the NHC‐copper‐catalyzed ortho‐carboxylation of the resulting arylaluminium species.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides in Batch and Continuous‐Flow.
Authors: Talla Ali , Driessen Brian , Straathof Natan J. W. , Milroy Lech‐Gustav , Brunsveld Luc , Hessel Volker , Noel Timothy
Published: November 2015

The batch conditions are also applied to prepare anti‐alcoholism agent disulfiram (VII) (Antabuse) in a one‐pot process.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoric Acid‐Mediated Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones Through Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions of Sodium Sulfinates with Phenylpropiolic Acids
Authors: Rong Guangwei , Mao Jincheng , Yan Hong , Zheng Yang , Zhang Guoqi
Published: November 2015

under catalyst‐free and green reaction conditions
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Trisubstituted Ureas from α‐Chloroaldoxime O‐Methanesulfonates and Secondary Amines.
Authors: Kaeobamrung Juthanat , Lanui Asan , Mahawong Sirinad , Duangmak Witthawin , Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin
Published: November 2015

The reaction proceeds via intermediary isocyanates generated by Tiemann‐type rearrangement of α‐chloroaldoxime mesylates in the presence of water and a base.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG Click‐Triazole Palladacycle: An Efficient Precatalyst for Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura and Copper‐Free Sonogashira Reactions in Neat Water.
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Zhang Wei , Luan Yuxin , Han Xingwang , Ding Chengrong
Published: November 2015

The employed catalyst can be reused at least three times without significant loss of reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Oxidative Arylation of Aryl C—H Bonds with Aryl Boronic Acids via Pd Catalysis Directed by the N,N‐Dimethylaminomethyl Group.
Authors: Zhang Ji‐Cheng , Shi Jiang‐Ling , Wang Bi‐Qin , Hu Ping , Zhao Ke‐Qing , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: November 2015

Various benzylamines are highly efficiently and highly regioselectively ortho‐arylated leading to mono‐ or diarylated arenes under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Access to Chiral syn 1,2‐Diaryl Glycols by Stereoselective Ring Opening of ortho Substituted trans 2,3‐Diaryl‐oxiranes Using Amberlyst 15 in H2O/THF System.
Authors: Lupattelli Paolo , Chiummiento Lucia , Funicello Maria , Tramutola Francesco , Marmo Antonella , Gliubizzi Natascia , Tofani Daniela
Published: November 2015

Amberlyst‐15 is demonstrated to be an efficient catalyst for the ring opening of ortho‐substituted trans‐2‐aryl‐3‐phenyl‐oxiranes to give the corresponding syn‐diols (II) selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Allyl—Allyl Cross‐Coupling of Allylic Carbonates with (E)‐1,3‐Diarylpropenes.
Authors: Yuan Qianjia , Yao Kun , Liu Delong , Zhang Wanbin
Published: November 2015

The reaction proceeds with high yields and excellent regioselectivity in favor of the linear over the branched 1,5‐diene products.
ChemInform Abstract: An Intramolecular, Pd‐Mediated α‐Arylation Route to 4‐Aryl‐2‐naphthols.
Authors: Aiken Stuart , Armitage Ben , Gabbutt Christopher D. , Heron B. Mark
Published: November 2015

The short route to the title compounds (V) involves Meyer—Schuster rearrangement of butynol (III) followed by intramolecular α‐arylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Promoted One‐Pot Synthesis of Chrysene Derivatives via Isochromenylium Intermediate Formed in situ.
Authors: Guo Biao , Zhou Yiming , Zhang Lei , Hua Ruimao
Published: November 2015

A new method for the highly chemoselective synthesis of chrysene derivatives by one‐pot cross‐coupling of o‐alkynylacetophenones and o‐alkynylbenzaldehydes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemical Implications in the Synthesis of 3,3′‐Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles from β‐Aryl/Alkyl‐Substituted Alkylidene Oxindoles.
Authors: Wilson Erin E. , Rodriguez Kevin X. , Ashfeld Brandon L.
Published: November 2015

Substrates with ortho‐substituted aryl groups or bulky alkyl substituents (Ic‐j) provide spirocyclopropanes with superior diastereoselectivities in the Kukhtin—Ramirez reaction with α‐halo esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Deproto‐Metalation of N‐Arylated Pyrroles and Indoles Using a Mixed Lithium—Zinc Base and Regioselectivity‐Computed CH Acidity Relationship.
Authors: Bentabed‐Ababsa Ghenia , et al.
Published: November 2015

It is found that the deprotonative metallation of N‐phenylpyrrole and ‐indole regioselectively afford 2‐iodo derivatives after subsequent iodolysis, whereas the reactions of pyrroles and indoles bearing aromatic or heteroaromatic N‐substituents take place on the substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized 2‐Oxindoles by Friedel—Crafts Reactions.
Authors: Gasonoo Makafui , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: November 2015

2‐Oxindole carbocations are proposed to be the key intermediate in the Friedel—Crafts reactions of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles with arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Access to Imidazole Derivatives: Carboxylic Acids and δ‐Lactones.
Authors: Rivera‐Hernandez Alejandro , Lopez‐Jimeno Isabel S. , Carmona‐Reyes Genaro A. , Alfredo‐Toscano R. , Penieres‐Carrillo Jose Guillemo , Alvarez‐Toledano Cecilio
Published: November 2015

Nucleophilic addition of acetals (III) to doubly activated imidazole derivatives affords carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Nanoparticle Catalyzed Intramolecular C—S Bond Formation/C—H Bond Functionalization/Cyclization Cascades.
Authors: Gogoi Prasanta , Paul Bappi , Hazarika Sukanya , Barman Pranjit
Published: November 2015

The catalyst system is applied to the oxidative cyclization of substituted thiourea derivatives to afford the corresponding benzothiazole derivatives (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Arylation of Benzothiazoles by Magnetically Separable Nano Copper Ferrite, a Recyclable Catalyst.
Authors: Satish G. , Reddy K. Harsha Vardhan , Anil B. S. P. , Ramesh K. , Kumar R. Uday , Nageswar Y. V. D.
Published: November 2015

Optimized conditions allow the reaction between benzothiazoles and aryl iodides to produce 2‐arylbenzothiazoles in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine/Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 6H‐Benzo[c]chromenes.
Authors: Mo Hanjie , Pan Chengmin , Chen Dingben , Chen Di , Gao Jianrong , Yang Jianguo
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of the title compounds proceeds in two steps: addition of the triple bond to the phenolic OH group followed by the ring closure reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 4‐Hydroxy‐3‐thiomethylcoumarins: Detection and Discrimination of Co2+ and Ni2+ Ions.
Authors: Dar Ajaz A. , Hussain Sameer , Dutta Debasish , Iyer Parameswar K. , Khan Abu T.
Published: November 2015

30 Title compounds are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca(II)‐Catalyzed, One‐Pot Four Component Synthesis of Functionally Embellished Benzylpyrazolyl Coumarins in Water.
Authors: Yaragorla Srinivasarao , Pareek Abhishek , Dada Ravikrishna
Published: November 2015

A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes react with hydrazines, ester (I) and coumarin (IV) in water to form the title species in short reaction times.