bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of a Year of Computer Assisted Instruction on the Development of First Grade Learning Skills
Authors: Erdner Ruth Ann , Guy Rebecca F. , Bush Andrew
Published: May 2005

This study seeks to examine the effects of computer assisted instruction on the reading achievement of first graders. Two hypotheses were tested. The first is that computer assisted instruction improves first graders' development of reading skills as measured by the CTBS Form U Level B. The second is that this development depends upon student sex. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare one group of first graders whose reading lessons were supplemented with CAI to a group of first graders whose reading lessons were not. A treatment by sex ANOVA on change in reading skills demonstrated a significant treatment (CAI versus control) main effect. Results from planned comparisons of treatment differences by sex demonstrated that statistically significant gains were sex specific with only males exhibiting a significant average increase when exposed to CAI. Although females exposed to CAI also tended toward greater gain in the sample, the magnitude of their gain was not statistically significant. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Developing Gerontology in a Developing Country: The Case of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Kasschau Patricia L.
Published: May 2005

This paper details the efforts of a team of professionals to establish a gerontology center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The focus is on some of the problems of the emergent profession in Brazil: the uncertain labor market; the problems of recruiting; the problems of generating a knowledge base on aging drawn from Brazil rather than borrowed from the American or European context; the problems of visibility, legitimacy, and financial support for the new gerontology center; the competition of aging programs with other government priorities. The article concludes by citing some benefits that might accrue to the field of gerontology by underwriting the development of such centers on aging in the developing countries.
Drug Usage and Health Characteristics in Non-Institutionalized Mexican-American Elderly
Authors: Vener A. M. , Krupka L. R. , Climo J. J.
Published: May 2005

This paper reports the results of in-depth interviews with thirty-two elderly Mexican-Americans (average age, sixty-nine) with respect to: 1) their total drug usage including prescription, over-the-counter, and social; 2) attitudes towards physicians and medicines; 3) physical health; and 4) the quality of life. The results show that minimal potential hazardous drug interactions were in evidence and, in general, their attitudes towards physicians and the prevalence of chronic illnesses reported were comparable to national Health Interview Surveys and an earlier pilot investigation of elderly Anglo-Americans. In addition, Mexican-Americans show a disinclination to utilize over-the-counter drugs to alleviate minor ailments. Key differences are identified and explained as a result of social class or ethnic variations. The paper concludes that policy makers and professionals involved in health care delivery systems for the aging should become aware of the special needs of different ethnic and socio-economic groups.
Mathematics Computer Software Characteristics with Possible Gender-Specific Impact: A Content Analysis
Authors: Chappell Kelly K.
Published: May 2005

This study analyzes, as a function of grade level, the representation of gender, competition, and violence in seventeen top-selling educational software programs designed for use in the mathematics classroom. The percent of male characters and voices portrayed and the percent of female characters and voices portrayed are reported for each software program. A violence percentage, competition against program percentage, and competition against peer percentage are reported for each program. The results indicate that the mean percentages of violence, mean percentages of competition against the program, and mean percentages of competition against a peer increase across grade level. The mean percentages of female characters and voices portrayed decrease with grade level.
The Meaning of Work for Older Adults Seeking Employment: The Generativity Factor
Authors: Mor-Barak Michál E.
Published: May 2005

This study is a theory-based examination of the meaning of work for older adults in a sample of 146 older job-seekers. It proposes four factors to the meaning of work: Financial, Personal, Social, and the Generativity factor. The Generativity factor, unique to older adults, refers to viewing work as a way to teach, train and share skills with younger generations. A factor analysis of a 16-item Meaning of Work Scale (MWS) supports the proposed four factors. The results indicate ethnic and employment differences with respect to the meaning of work, but no gender differences. Significant differences were detected between older adult job-seekers who obtained a job within a year of job search and those who did not, with respect to the personal factor of the MWS and with respect to ethnicity. The findings indicate that jobs providing opportunities for transfer of knowledge and experience to younger generations may be of particular value for older adults.
Sibling Relationships in Old Age: A Typology
Authors: Gold Deborah T.
Published: May 2005

Sibling interactions in old age have received limited attention in social science literature. This article examines the different kinds of relationships which exist between siblings in old age and the ways in which each type meets or ignores the social and psychological needs of older people. Five types of sibling relationships emerged from data collected in open-ended, exploratory interviews with thirty men and thirty women over the age of sixty-five who had at least one living sibling. Each type reflects a discrete pattern of instrumental support, emotional support, and contact, as well as a different degree of closeness, envy, resentment, approval, and involvement with the sibling. The distribution of same-sex and cross-sex dyads among the types suggests gender differences in sibling interactions based on the gender composition of the sibling dyad rather than on the gender of the respondent.
Role Continuity or Crisis in Later Life? A Corsican Case
Authors: Cool Linda E.
Published: May 2005

A controversy in gerontology has centered on the relative abilities of men and women to adapt to growing older in society: while some claim that women suffer less trauma because of their “smoother life cycle” from birth to death, recent critics suggest that repeated role inconsistency rather than continuity is a key to female adaptation. The effect of role continuity is examined in a rural Mediterranean society by combining the techniques of participant-observation, interviews, and self-assessed life satisfaction scores (fifty-seven men and women). Continuity in a woman's core role of housewife may exist, but she also faces lifelong discontinuity in her ability to participate in and identify with the conflicting roles which make up her core role set. It is this socialization to flexibility and repeated role variation that makes Niolan women assess themselves as more successful than their male counterparts in later life.
Process and Outcome Evaluation of a Drug Education Course
Authors: Schaps Eric , Moskowitz Joel M. , Condon John W. , Malvin Janet H.
Published: May 2005

A drug education course was taught to seventh and eighth graders and evaluated in a true experiment. Students learned 1) Lasswell's framework for understanding human motives, 2) systematic decision-making procedures, and 3) information about licit and illicit drug use. The course focused primarily on “gateway” drugs—tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. The evaluation involved random assignment from nine matched pairs of social studies classes to experimental and control conditions. Pre- and posttests covered 1) drug knowledge, 2) general attitudes toward drugs, 3) perceived benefits and costs of substance use, 4) perceived peer attitudes toward, and use of, various substances, 5) intentions to use, current use, and lifetime use of various substances.

Class-level univariate analyses of variance and covariance showed that the course produced predicted effects for grade 7 females, but not for grade 7 males or grade 8 males or females. For grade 7 females, the course increased drug knowledge, decreased perceptions of favorable peer attitudes toward soft drug use, and decreased personal involvement in alcohol and marijuana use. Few significant effects were obtained for the other three subgroups.
Drugs in the Elementary School
Authors: Lerner Steven E. , Linder Ronald L.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine at what grade levels and to what extent upper elementary school students used selected psychoactive drugs, reasons for use, and availability of selected drugs within the school.
The Utilization of Attitudes and Beliefs as Indicators of Future Smoking Behavior
Authors: Downey Ann Marie , O'Rourke Thomas W.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess if the initial attitudes and beliefs of a behaviorally homogeneous group can be utilized as indicators of future smoking behavior. The students included were those seventh graders who classified themselves as never smokers on the initial survey in 1966 and who participated in all three surveys over the two year period. A total of 1228 females and 868 males met these criteria. This represented a 68 per cent retention rate over the study period. Data were treated by sex. In 1968 subjects classified themselves according to their present smoking behavior as either a smoker, ex-smoker or never smoker. Using these three groups, an analysis of variance technique was employed to assess if initial attitude-belief differences existed between the three subsequent behavioral groupings. For the original never smoker seventh grade females, initial attitude-belief mean difference scores were found on the pleasure and exemplar factors. Never smokers who remained never smokers exhibited more unfavorable attitudes and beliefs toward smoking than those who became smokers or ex-smokers. Significant differences for male data were found on the pleasure, influence, and health and disease factors. Again, initial never smokers who maintained their behavior exhibited more unfavorable attitudes and beliefs with regard to smoking than those who became smokers or ex-smokers. These results suggest that attitudes and beliefs of initial never smokers may serve as indicators of future behavior. It appears that items of an affective rather than a cognitive domain were more useful indicators. However, the complexity of the influencing factors of a smoking or non-smoking behavior is manifested, with the exception of the pleasure factor, by the existence of different factors being significant for different sexes at the same grade level.
Alcoholism Counselor Trainees: Some Changes in Job Related Functioning following Training
Authors: Skuja Andris T. , Schneidmuhl A. M. , Mandell Wallace
Published: May 2005

41 alcoholism counselor trainees were evaluated on changes in five parameters of job related functioning by their supervisors, following an intense training program. A rating scale, completed by agency supervisors at 7 and 14 week intervals following training, indicated positive changes in trainee's clinical competence, utilization in alcoholism work, personal involvement in alcoholism work, degree of assigned responsibilities, and overall job performance, relative to pre-training. Some implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
The Beneficial Effects of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wheeler Judith A. , Gorey Kevin M. , Greenblatt Bernard
Published: May 2005

The current political-economic climate, which is generally supportive of both private and public sector down-sizing, increasingly demands that human service workers assess, engage, and creatively use consumer strengths and resources. This meta-analysis of thirty-seven independent studies provided the means of inferring not only that elder volunteers' sense of well-being seemed to be significantly bolstered through volunteering, but also that such relatively healthy older people represent a significant adjunct resource for meeting some of the service needs of more vulnerable elders, as well as those of other similarly vulnerable groups such as disabled children. Averaging across studies, 85 percent of the “clients” who received service from an older volunteer (e.g., peer-counseling of nursing home residents) scored better on dependent measures (e.g., diminished depression) than the average person in comparison conditions did ( U3 = .847 [Cohen, 1988], combined p < .001). The policy implications of such beneficial effects among both older volunteers and the people they serve are discussed.
A Prospective Study of Trends in Youth Smoking
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas W. , Stone Donald B.
Published: May 2005

To assess smoking trends of junior and senior high school youth, a prospective study was conducted over a two year period. A total of 10,565 subjects comprised the study population. The resultant data were analyzed by smoking behavior classification, grade level, and sex. Comparisons of smoking rates by matched and unmatched samples were also included.

The findings supported the contention that behavioral patterns with respect to smoking and nonsmoking behavior are well established by the junior high school years. The authors maintain that from an educational point of view, smoking education programs must begin before the junior high school years. Educators need to recognize the characteristics of the target population to maximize the effect and efficiency of their educational programs.
Public Interest Report No. 9: How to Grow Old and Poor: In an Affluent Society
Authors: Butler Robert N.
Published: May 2005

Paper discusses the plight of the aged in our affluent society where inflation and faltering pensions have created abject poverty for some. Suggests that we adopt the ways of other countries and concentrate on advancing the quality of life in retirement.
Age-Related Differences in Mental Performance
Authors: Fozard James L. , Nuttall Ronald L. , Waugh Nancy C.
Published: May 2005

The effects of age and socioeconomic status on two sets of measures of cognitive performance were reviewed. One set consisted of the 12 subtests of the General Aptitude Test Battery; the other was a group of laboratory-based experiments, most of which were initiated by the late George A. Talland. The relationships among the various measures of performance within and between the two sets were examined. Finally, plans for future studies of age-related differences in cognitive performance were outlined. The four principal findings are as follows. (1) Age-related declines in performance were found in all subtests of the General Aptitude Battery. Performance declined least in those subtests where the effects of socioeconomic status were strongest and most in those subtests where socioeconomic status effects were weakest. There was no evidence for a significant interaction between the effects of differences in age and socioeconomic status. (2) It is more difficult for older individuals than for younger ones to (a) retrieve special information from short-term memory, (b) monitor two verbal sequences concurrently, and (c) initiate a response in a two-choice discrimination. Variations in performance on those tasks were not systematically related to socioeconomic status or education. (3) In both sets of measures, the major age-related differences in the level of performance were observed between subjects in their sixties or seventies and the younger ones. The largest age-related decrements occurred in tasks which were probably relatively unfamiliar in content or in form to the subject. (4) There was little overlap among the assessments of abilities represented by the General Aptitude Test Battery and the various Talland experiments.
The Cultural Construction of Aging and Dying in a Melanesian Community
Authors: Counts Dorothy Ayers , Counts David R.
Published: May 2005

Contrasts that have been drawn between premodern and modern societies with respect to aging and dying suggest that modern medical technology has introduced profound changes into these processes. Drawing on the anthropological literature and their own research in Papua, New Guinea, the authors argue that in most respects the contrast is spurious. As both the processes of aging and of dying are cultural constructs, they are as likely to be complex phenomena in simple societies as they are in our own.
The Dream in Midlife Women: Its Impact on Mental Health
Authors: Drebing Charles E. , Gooden Winston E. , Van De Kemp Hendrika , Malony H. Newton , Drebing Susan M.
Published: May 2005

The current study examines the Dream in midlife women and its impact on mental health functioning. Ninety midlife women filled out a questionnaire examining Dream Status, Dream Success, Dream Content, and Dream Support, as well as mental health factors of depression, anxiety, and purpose-in-life. Neither early nor current Dream Status was not found to be significantly related to mental health factors. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that Dream Success is related to mental health factors. Early Dream Content related to career and current Dream Content related to both marriage/intimacy and career are related to positive performance on mental health factors. Dream Support is positively related both to Dream Success and to mental health factors while resistance to the Dream is not. The results are discussed in light of gender differences in the developmental function and impact of the Dream.
Early Onset of Drinking as a Predictor of Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Problems in College
Authors: Gonzalez Gerardo M.
Published: May 2005

A survey of 4,202 students enrolled in the State University System of Florida from 1986 to 1988 showed that 14 percent started drinking in elementary school, 34 percent started in middle school, 45 percent in high school, and 7 percent in college. A General Linear Models analysis of variance procedure showed that the time of first drink significantly predicted the quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption and the incidence of alcohol-related problems reported by students in college. Students who started to drink while in elementary and middle school reported significantly higher levels of consumption and problems than those who started drinking while in high school or college.
A Review of the Roles of Pet Animals in Psychotherapy and with the Elderly
Authors: Brickel Clark M.
Published: May 2005

A survey of case histories, anecdotal evidence and pilot studies shows that, as therapeutic adjuncts, pet animals facilitate rapport and otherwise enrich the treatment milieu. Similar evidence shows that pets enhance the lives of their owners in the community. Pet-facilitated psychotherapy (PFP) can increase social interaction, provide comfort and support, and reinforce feelings of independence. Replication and expansion of existing studies are recommended to further explore how pet animals may enrich the lives of members of psychiatric and geriatric populations.
Essay Assessment with Latent Semantic Analysis
Authors: Miller Tristan
Published: May 2005

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is an automated, statistical technique for comparing the semantic similarity of words or documents. In this article, I examine the application of LSA to automated essay scoring. I compare LSA methods to earlier statistical methods for assessing essay quality, and critically review contemporary essay-scoring systems built on LSA, including the Intelligent Essay Assessor, Summary Street, State the Essence, Apex, and Select-a-Kibitzer. Finally, I discuss current avenues of research, including LSA's application to computer-measured readability assessment and to automatic summarization of student essays.
Drug Education: A Problem in Moral Philosophy II. A Proposal
Authors: Bethell B.J. , Bellward G.D.
Published: May 2005

No successful drug education program can ignore either the affective or the cognitive domains. In this paper, a model for the intermediate level is suggested. It includes a development of rational thought processes through scientific experiments concerning the effects of foreign chemicals on biological processes. However, the main emphasis is placed on the moral development of children at this age level. Although sophisticated moral development and value clarification systems are available, the specific needs that arose from the cognitive domain of the present proposal caused the authors to utilize more definitive affective units. Examples of the type of units are described in this paper with a correlation to the specific moral level with which each unit deals.
Interbehavioral Perspectives on Aging
Authors: Herrick J. W.
Published: May 2005

This paper questions the assumption that behavioral, mental, or cognitive incompetence accompanies the biological aging process, a fundamental assumption underlying a great deal of the geropsychological research. Using Kantor's analysis of the history of psychological thought and systems, the philosophical, psychological, social, and cultural-historical bases to this erroneous assumption are investigated. It is concluded that gerontological psychologists have, through their uncritical use of medieval conceptions of behavior, directly contributed to the negative stereotypes of elderly persons found in our society. This has resulted in what is termed “scientific ageism.”
Relative Perceptibility of Hypercard Buttons Using Pictorial Symbols and Text Labels
Authors: King Kira S. , Boling Elizabeth , Annelli Janet , Bray Marty , Cardenas Dulce , Frick Theodore
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the comparative perceptibility of hypertext navigation buttons in three configurations: buttons with both pictorial symbols and text labels, with text labels only, and with pictorial symbols only. An instructional HyperCard stack was created in three versions, each differing only in the type of buttons used. Subjects were given typical situated tasks which required them to interpret navigational functions of various buttons. Findings indicated that buttons with both pictorial symbols and text labels resulted in significantly less user confusion than did buttons with pictorial symbols only. Buttons with text labels only also produced significantly less confusion, compared to those with pictorial symbols only. These findings have practical implications for hypertext designers. Many extant stacks typically use buttons with pictorial symbols only, which may create user confusion during stack navigation.
Are Drinkers Interested in Inexpensive Approaches to Reduce Their Alcohol Use?
Authors: Werch Chudley E.
Published: May 2005

This study examined whether adult drinkers would be willing to receive self-help and other minimal contact aids designed to help them drink more moderately. A total of 316 adults eighteen years of age and older residing in two adjacent communities in northwest Arkansas participated in a mail survey. Drinkers most frequently requested newspaper articles on how to drink more moderately (20.7%), followed by television and radio programs (15.5%). Over one-fourth (26.2%) of adult alcohol users reported an interest in receiving one or more of the aids to limit drinking. Heavier drinkers were more likely than lighter drinkers to be interested in television and radio programs, contests and cash awards, and newspaper articles aimed at helping them to drink more moderately ( p's ≤ .01). Drinkers who were interested in receiving one or more self-help alcohol aids reported higher levels of alcohol consumption, and greater motivation to limit their alcohol use ( p's ≤ .01). These data suggest that a considerable number of alcohol users would like to receive inexpensive aids to help them to drink more moderately.
A Drug Abuse Information Training Program for Hospital Personnel
Authors: Oelgart John , Landsman Richard
Published: May 2005

Comparisons of the numbers of arrests for drug offenses in Nassau County, New York, from 1964 to 1970 are presented. Additionally, personality traits of heroin users are suggested. These data are used as a basis for justification of the training program described. Emphasis is placed on the role of application of research, improved treatment programs, education, and law enforcement as a means of salvaging human lives.

This article describes in detail the necessity for hospitals to provide “comprehensive treatment” facilities. It is recognized that personnel directly involved in hospital care of drug abusers need to be provided with appropriate training in dealing adequately with the varieties of drug emergencies referred to hospitals. A description of a proposed training program is detailed including objectives for each of nine sessions and implementation procedures to achieve these objectives.
Mood Altering Drug Abuse: The Perceptions of Middle Age Women concerning the Use and Abuse of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Wotring C. Edward , Schmeling David
Published: May 2005

This paper reports a segment of findings from a statewide study of the incidence and characteristics of prescription and non-prescription drug use among middle-aged, middle-class females in Florida. The report focuses on perceptions of this littlestudied target population concerning the use and abuse of prescription mood-altering drugs as well as their perceptions of their community's drug abuse treatment and prevention programs. In depth interviews were conducted in homes with a purposive sample of 68 women in Tallahassee. Reliability and validity data on instrumentation are described. Sample demographics are reported, and abusers, users, and drug non-users are compared on responses given to perception questions. Implications of the findings for media campaigns are discussed.
Health Care or Health Trade? A Historic Moment of Choice
Authors: Hart Julian Tudor
Published: May 2005

During the 20th century, medical care evolved from a notional economy of trying to a real economy of doing. Care systems can therefore usefully be measured and evaluated as production systems. Whether they will succumb to the pattern of competitive commodity production for profit in the market, or will succeed in developing their own new gift economy for human needs, will become a dominant political and economic issue in the 21st century. Health care is now becoming industrialized in essentially the same way as textile manufacture was industrialized in the 19th century, with corresponding loss of control by skilled workers over their work processes. The outcome of the struggle between skilled handloom weavers and their industrializing employers was determined by the huge rise in productivity associated with machines. The outcome of current struggles between public service and state-subsidized corporate care for profit will be decided likewise by superior productivity. Evidence suggests that in terms of health outcome, democratized public care with a much expanded and diversified workforce could be far more productive than industrialization.
The Measurement of Social Age
Authors: Rose Charles L.
Published: May 2005

A simple-variable measure of social age was developed by regressing chronological age on a number of social correlates of age. The correlates tapped life styles relating to family, work and retirement. The estimated age, in units of years, was taken as the social age.

This composite measure was calculated for subjects of the VA Normative Aging Study from a ten-variable equation. “Old” social age was indicated by a greater degree of settling in to one's job, more staving off of retirement, less likelihood of moving and contacts with relatives and greater likelihood of wife's employment than is true of one's age peers. The measure is useful for interdisciplinary analysis with other “ages” similarly derived, such as psychological age, biochemistry age and auditory age, as well as for social gerontologic analysis of subpopulations defined on the basis of age-invariant criteria such as social class and stress experience.
Perceptions of Help Given to Healthy Older Mothers by Adult Daughters: Ways of Initiating Help and Types of Help Given
Authors: Martini Tanya S. , Grusec Joan E. , Bernardini Silvia Cortese
Published: May 2005

Older mother-adult daughter dyads ( N = 43) addressed two issues pertaining to the ways in which help is initiated (offered, requested, and imposed help) and type of help given (instrumental help, advice, and emotional support) a) mothers' reasoning about these aspects of help, and b) daughters' understanding of mothers' feelings. Both groups noted that mothers were most comfortable with offered help; however, mothers indicated equal comfort with requested or imposed help, while daughters felt mothers were more comfortable with requested help than imposed help. Mothers and daughters both felt that mothers were less comfortable receiving additional instrumental help or advice than emotional support. Reasons given for mothers' feelings indicated that mothers saw both positive and negative elements in the help given by their adult daughters. Overall, daughters demonstrated a good understanding of mothers' feelings about the helping relationship.
Conservation Abilities in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults
Authors: Selzer S. Claire , Denney Nancy Wadsworth
Published: May 2005

The conservation abilities of middle-aged and elderly adults were compared. The design was a 3 (noninstitutionalized middle-aged, noninstitutionalized elderly, and institutionalized elderly) × 2 (male and female) × 3 (substance, weight, and volume conservation) × 2 (judgment and explanation responses) factorial design. The results of both an analysis of variance and correlational analyses indicated that age was not significantly related to conservation performance. Likewise, no significant institutionalization or sex effects were obtained. However, correlational analyses yielded a significant positive relationship between education and conservation.
Continuity in the Lives of Elder Catholic Women Religious
Authors: Melia Susan Perschbacher
Published: May 2005

Data from life review interviews with thirty-nine elder Catholic women religious (68–98) show these women's lives do not conform to a sequential pattern of late life developmental stages. Their lives can best be understood in terms of continuous themes throughout individual lives. The majority of the women reach ego integrity in young old age and continue to reestablish this by adhering to themes in their life stories. Themes serve as a framework of the self. The main themes of the participants are: faith, family, education, friends, community, caring for others, and prayer. Communal aspects of religious life support the women in their continuous development of identity. Generativity is evidenced in their lives as an ongoing component of self-identity. These data show the continuous process of establishing ego integrity throughout late life. The life review data can best be explained using the continuity theory of identity development.
Comparison of Attitudes, Knowledge and Drug Abuse among Military Offenders
Authors: Ratliff Bascom W.
Published: May 2005

Military offenders' attitudes towards drugs, knowledge about drugs, and reported drug abuse histories were analyzed. Results indicated a significantly positive relationship between all three variables. Military offenders who had drug use histories also had more liberal attitudes toward drug use and a greater degree of knowledge about drugs than did those who did not report drug abuse histories.
Autos, Alcohol, and Adolescence: Forgotten Concerns and Overlooked Linkages
Authors: Nusbaumer Michael R. , Zusman Marty E.
Published: May 2005

Research, education and prevention efforts dealing with adolescent alcohol use and traffic safety have been focused almost exclusively upon the phenomenon of drinking and driving. Such focus has unfortunately led to a general disregard of other equally important behaviors related to alcohol and automobile use. Of particular concern in this paper is the existence of a group of adolescents who ride with a drinking driver but do not drink and drive themselves. In an attempt to socially locate and better understand this segment of the population, we compare this group to those who both drink and drive and ride with a drinking driver, and those who do neither. Specific attention is given to selected socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol related attitudes and behaviors as group discriminating factors. In addition, the findings suggest that the practice of riding with a drinking driver may be causally linked to the eventual practice of drinking and driving.
Outcomes Associated with Service Involvement among Disengaged Youth
Authors: McNamara Kathy
Published: May 2005

This pilot study examined outcomes of a school-based effort to promote bonding to the conventional mainstream by integrating socially disengaged youth with conventional peers in a service activity. A sample of forty-two ninth-graders in four schools achieved significant improvements in attendance, achievement, ratings of social-academic competence and conventionality, and in positive peer associations, which protect against risk for problems such as dropout, delinquency, and substance abuse. Comparisons of improvements in school performance with changes in performance exhibited by a group of similar peers indicate that effects were probably not due to the effects of maturation over the ninth-grade year. Findings lend tentative support to the notion that social bonding is enhanced through opportunities for service, and justify efforts to develop and study methods for incorporating service components in school programs. Recommendations for further experimental study addressing design limitations of this pilot study are discussed.
Assessing the Validity of Self-Reported Adolescent Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Martin Gary L. , Newman Ian M.
Published: May 2005

The comparison of adolescent cigarette smoking rates determined by traditional questionnaire, random response questionnaire and carbon monoxide test is reported. Results from 1,160 students in forty classes in seven different schools indicate the random response questionnaire elicited a statistically larger proportion of smokers than the traditional questionnaire. For practical purposes the magnitude of this difference may not warrant the added effort required to administer and interpret random response questionnaire results compared to carefully administered traditional questionnaires. Neither traditional questionnaire nor random response questionnaire results was greatly affected by the bogus pipeline technique.
The Effects of Severity of Hearing Impairment and Locus of Control on the Denial of Hearing Impairment in the Aged
Authors: Mc Davis Katherine Conway
Published: May 2005

This is a pilot study exploring the effects of locus of control and severity of hearing impairment on the amount of denial manifested by older people with hearing losses. Forty-one participants from a geriatric clinic were given questionnaires to determine their locus of control on a I-E scale. In addition, they were given a questionnaire that measured self-reported hearing losses. A pure tone audiometric test was given each participant in order to ascertain actual hearing thresholds. This study predicted that the less severe the impairment, the greater the denial that would be manifested. Also, it was predicted that the greater the degree of internal control of a respondent, the greater the denial that would be manifested. Neither hypothesis was fully supported, but increasing results were obtained concerning the denial that the participants exhibited, warranting further investigation.
Risk Factors Associated with Negative Interactions between Family Caregivers and Elderly Care-Receivers
Authors: Johnson J. Randal
Published: May 2005

This article reports the findings from a study of factors related to negative interactions between elderly care-receivers, recently discharged from a hospital stay, and their family caregivers. Negative interactions are measured as overt conflicts between the caregiver and care-receiver, and reported levels of upset with the caregiver. Respondents were forty-one patients aged fifty-six to ninety years. Feeling like a “thing” more than a “person” was significantly associated with higher levels of conflict, and the availability of a confidante was significantly associated with lower levels of conflict. With respect to upset ratings, more psychological distress and feeling like a “thing” were associated with more upset, and adequate social support, as well as the availability of a confidante were associated with lower upset ratings.
Development of Self Esteem as a Function of Familial Reception
Authors: Guglielmo Robert , Polak Roxane , Sullivan Arthur P.
Published: May 2005

Low self esteem and familial environment have been separately linked to substance use and abuse. It is argued here that these are causatively linked, that parental relationship with the child provides the experiences from which self esteem is learned. Cognitive errors are made in the process, and faulty experimentation results in these errors being confirmed, rather than refuted, by peers. The self esteem, or evaluation of the self, once learned, is very resistant to change. When low, it becomes a source of background pain in a person's life. Substance abuse is a frequently observed, maladaptive attempt to cope with this experience of pain.
A Method for Diagnosing and Planning the Treatment of Adolescent Drug Abusers (The Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis [ADAD] Instrument)
Authors: Friedman Alfred S. , Utada Arlene
Published: May 2005

There is a need for a diagnostic method and an instrument appropriate for adolescent drug abuse clients, that permits the assignment of clients to the most appropriate treatment setting, provides the basis for individualized treatment planning, and facilitates comparability across research studies. The development of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD), a 150-item instrument with a structured interview format, modeled after the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (which is for adults), is described. The ADAD produces a broad-spectrum comprehensive evaluation of the client, the interviewer's ten-point severity ratings, and composite scores for each of nine life problem areas that are often relevant to the treatment needs of adolescent drug abuse clients. A series of validity and reliability tests are described. The characteristics of the standardization sample ( N = 1,042), and the comparison of the characteristics of the three subsamples (outpatient, residential or non-hospital, and inpatient) are also presented.
Evidence for Cohort or Generational Differences in the Drinking Behavior of Older Adults
Authors: Meyers Allan R. , Goldman Eli , Hingson Ralph , Scotch Norman , Mangione Tom
Published: May 2005

Data from a survey of 928 older Bostonians show that there is a negative correlation between age and alcohol consumption among older adults: i.e., “old-old” people-those who are seventy-five years old or older—are more likely to abstain and less likely to drink in any quantity than the “younger-old”—those aged sixty-seventy-five years old. Since the study collected only cross-sectional data, it is not clear whether there are developmental trends in alcohol consumption-that people drink less as they grow older—or whether there are cohort or generational effects. However, several retrospective data suggest that there are cohort or generational patterns of drinking behavior by older adults. Very old respondents, who now drink less than their younger counterparts, report consistently different patterns of life-long drinking habits; they report different parental drinking habits, and they have consistently different attitudes toward the effects of alcohol consumption upon health. The survey provides no insight into the nature of the historical factors which account for the differences in alcohol use. However, Prohibition, Repeal, and the Depression are likely to have played important roles.
An Exploratory Study of Recreational Drug Use and Nutrition-Related Behaviors and Attitudes among Adolescents
Authors: Benedict Jamie , Evans William , Calder Judy Conger
Published: May 2005

This study examined drug use and eating behaviors among adolescents. The data were collected by phone interviews from 401 northern Nevadan students in grades seven to twelve. Students were divided for comparison into three groups according to their involvement with drugs: Abstainers, conventional users, and high-risk users. Analyses indicated that high-risk users less frequently ate lunch, meals at home, and with their families, and ate more often at convenience stores, fast food restaurants, and with friends. In addition, female high-risk users had significantly more negative perceptions regarding their food choices than the other female groups, and were more concerned with dieting than their high-risk using male peers. Male and female high-risk users believed that their drug use affected their eating habits. Implications for prevention programming and future research are discussed.
Styles of Reminiscence and Ego Development of Older Women Residing in Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Beaton Sarah Reese
Published: May 2005

Styles of reminiscence used in life stories, rather than being outcomes of life review undertaken in old age, may be the characteristic ways in which individuals at particular levels of ego development, think about, relate to, and recount the stories of their lives. To investigate the contention that differences in the styles of reminiscence [1] of older persons could be explained by their levels of ego development [2], seventy-five women residing in long term care facilities responded to the Washington University Sentence Completion Test and told the stories of their lives. A trend from higher to lower levels of ego development was associated with styles of reminiscence in the direction predicted. Women with Affirming styles had higher levels of ego development than women with the Negating and Despairing styles. Resilience seemed the most likely explanation for cases that did not fit predictions. Life stories are suggested for routine data gathering in long term care because they allow the essence of another person to be grasped and foster a different level of engagement than do conventional data gathering techniques.
A Comparison of Memory for and Attitudes about Alcohol, Cigarette, and other Product ADVErtisements in College Students
Authors: Zinser Otto , Freeman James E. , Ginnings David K.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the attitude ratings and recall scores of cigarette, alcohol, automobile, deodorant, jeans, soft drink, athletic shoe, breakfast cereal, and fast food restaurant advertisements. Male and female college students rated the advertisements of these product groups on a number of traits—adventurous, eye-catching, appealing, informative, believable, good times, recreational, effectiveness, romantic, athletic, buy product, and honesty. Drawing on their everyday experience, the students also were asked to recall as much about the advertisements from these product groups as they could. The results revealed that the rating and recall scores of the alcohol advertisements were significantly higher than those for the cigarette advertisements and among the highest of all of the advertisement groups. The female recall scores generally were significantly higher than the male recall scores. In contrast to the cigarette advertisements, the high scores of the alcohol advertisements were interpreted to be due in part to the wider distribution alcohol advertising has had. That alcohol advertising ranked among the highest of all of the advertising groups indicates that college students view alcohol advertising very favorably.
Jocks, Gender, Race, and Adolescent Problem Drinking
Authors: Miller Kathleen E. , Hoffman Joseph H. , Barnes Grace M. , Farrell Michael P. , Sabo Don , Melnick Merrill J.
Published: May 2005

Alcohol remains the drug of choice for many adolescents; however, the nature of the relationship between athletic involvement and alcohol misuse remains ambiguous. In this article, we used a longitudinal sample of over 600 Western New York adolescents and their families to explore the gender-specific and race-specific relationships between identification with the “jock” label and adolescent alcohol consumption, specifically problem drinking. Operationalization of problem drinking included frequency measures of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and social problems related to alcohol (e.g., trouble with family, friends, school officials over drinking). Self-identified adolescent “jocks” were more likely to engage in problem drinking than their non-jock counterparts, even after controlling for gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, physical maturity, social maturity, and frequency of athletic activity. Jock identity was strongly associated with higher binge drinking frequency in Black adolescent girls. This study underscores the need to distinguish between objective and subjective meanings of athletic involvement when assessing the relationship between sport and adolescent health-risk behavior.
Comparative Attitudes of University Students and School Teachers on the Use and Legalization of Marijuana
Authors: Paul Madanjit K.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of marijuana and attitudes toward its legalization among university students and school teachers in Alberta. It was hoped that this study would bring an awareness of the existing trends about marijuana use and attitudes toward its legalization in the Canadian Prairie provinces. One hundred seventy teachers and 171 students participated in the study. It was found that sampled students had more permissive attitudes toward marijuana use and its legalization as compared to teachers in the study. Significant relationships were found between drug use and age; legalization of marijuana and sex and religiosity.

The study raised questions whether university students will hold similar liberal views on the use and legalization of marijuana when they leave the university environment and as a consequence would marijuana use increase in the general population.
Teleconferencing: An Avenue for College Coursework in Nursing Home Settings
Authors: Stanley-Muchow Jan L. , Poe Betty Y.
Published: May 2005

With increasing numbers of elderly individuals facing nursing home living, interest in programs addressing the experienced quality of life in these residences has increased. Educational programs have been identified as one way to improve the experience of nursing home life. Concurrently, technology has developed rapidly and provides new avenues for service delivery. This article describes the use of a growing technology, teleconferencing, to provide a college course to elderly nursing home residents. Students' responses to the course are presented using five individual illustrations, and implications for programs and research are discussed. Preliminary findings are reported and related to three areas: the potential effectiveness of courses offered via teleconferencing to nursing home residents, the importance of nursing home programs which foster residents' sense of self, and a type of research information which appears fruitful for future work in this area.