bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indian Higher Education and the Need for Critical Knowledges
Authors: Madan Amman
Published: June 2011

The construction of a reflexive modernity calls for people who can look at their own society and correctly identify its greatest challenges. Modernity may be weak and poorly rooted in India but this is precisely why more sensitivity is called for not less. While many of the contradictions created by nineteenth-century industrialisation are surfacing now in India, the risks of late industrial societies are simultaneously making their presence felt. The weakening of social and normative knowledges cannot be said to be a problem restricted to liberal welfare states, it threatens India too. The dangers created by this weakening may take up special forms here, given the small ratio of the educated section in comparison to the rest of Indian society. The demand for critical and human knowledges will never go away. The challenge now is for us to rethink how we can meet that demand.
Building Quality in Education
Authors: Soudien Crain
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this article is to look at the arguments which support and challenge international standards in the campaign to build quality education. It seeks to raise the question of how a comparative educational practice can be developed which is aware of itself; aware of its oppressive and exclusionary possibilities; and can pose the question of how it might enter the perilous waters of universalism and particularism without succumbing to the seductions of an abstracted internationalised order which has no relevance for the children of a particular time and space or is so narrowly particular that its children do not have the means to understand their location in a globalising world. The article begins with a quick summary of the results of the major assessment instruments that have come into being in the wake of the Jomtien and Dakar agreements. It moves to a discussion of what the critique of these assessment standards are and concludes with an examination of how alternative assessments might be approached.
‘Partnerships in research’: multimodality and ethnography
Authors: Kress Gunther
Published: June 2011

Argued from the perspective of a Social Semiotic Multimodal theory the article asks whether and in what ways ‘Ethnography’ and ‘Social Semiotics’ can or should be brought together to mutual advantage. It suggests that such an enterprise is ‘of its time’: the world as mirrored in existing disciplines has changed and the disciplines that co-constituted and co-evolved with that world can no longer do the job they once did in a now differently constituted world, which poses problems that may need the complementary capacities of related theories and methodologies. This is not an argument for ‘triangulation of data’. Drawing on examples from empirical research, the article points to the gaps which may emerge between research aims and the capacities of specific theories and methodologies to provide, or not, adequate and full answers to aims and questions. Through exemplifications the article raises questions about ‘epistemological compatibility’ of theories and methodologies that are brought into conjunction and asks to what extent we can expect descriptive and analytic complementarity in outcomes if two approaches are epistemologically incompatible? In this, the article opens the new issue of the ‘reach of a theory’.
Bringing ethnography to a multimodal investigation of early literacy in a digital age
Authors: Flewitt Rosie
Published: June 2011

In this article I reflect on the insights that the well established traditions of ethnography can bring to the more recent analytic tools of multimodality in the investigation of early literacy practices. First, I consider the intersection between ethnography and multimodality, their compatibility and the tensions and ambivalences that arise from their potentially conflicting epistemological framings. Drawing on ESRC-funded case studies of three and four-year-old children’s experiences of literacy with printed and digital media,1 I then illustrate how an ethnographic toolkit that incorporates a social semiotic approach to multimodality can produce richly situated insights into the complexities of early literacy development in a digital age, and can inform socially and culturally sensitive theories of literacy as social practice (Street, 1984, 2008).
Multimodal map making with young children: exploring ethnographic and participatory methods
Authors: Clark Alison
Published: June 2011

Researching the ‘insider’ perspectives of young children requires a readiness to not only tune into different modes of communication but also to create opportunities for this knowledge to be communicated to others. This research is based on a longitudinal study involving young children and adults in the design and review of learning environments. This article first explores mapmaking, one of the methods used in the Mosaic approach as a site of multi-modal communication. Second, it investigates how the maps, as informant-led representations can promote ‘cultural brokerage’ (Chalfen and Rich, 2007) by facilitating the exchange of meanings within learning communities and beyond. This applied ethnographic and participatory research raises questions about the importance of making visible these opportunities for meaning-making across generational and professional boundaries.
Interrogations from the Margins
Authors: Heredia Rudolf C.
Published: June 2011

There are several common approaches to understanding religious conversion and correspondingly various ways of responding to it: as change, as subversion, as atrocity, as freedom. In our pluri-religious society, all of these must be contained in our Constitutional democratic secularism, affirmed both as the Nehruvian dharma nirapekshata, and the Gandhian sarvadharma samabhava, equal distance, and equal respect. These common approaches are often at odds and do not present an integrated or holistic understanding. While religious commitment is essentially a matter of personal conscience and freedom of choice, it inevitably impacts other areas and levels of individual and social life. In attempting a holistic approach here, we distinguish four levels of understanding: the psycho-social, the sociocultural, the eco-political, the socio-religious. Conversion as critique is invariably associated with resistance and rebellion, dissent and protest. It includes a spectrum of possibilities both in analysis and interpretation as well as in response and action.
To Survive or To Flourish? Minority Rights and Syrian Christian Community Assertions in Twentieth-century Travancore/Kerala
Authors: Devika J. , Varghese V.J.
Published: June 2011

The arrival of modernity not only constituted communities but also impelled them in competition against each other in Kerala. Modern politics of the state as a result is inextricably linked with intense community politics. The success of community politics for rights and resources varied across communities, so also did strategies of assertion. This article will focus on different instances of community assertions by the Syrian Christians in twentieth-century Travancore/Kerala. The confrontation of the community with the ‘Hindu state’ and the then Dewan in the 1930s, the ‘Liberation Struggle’ against the Communists during late 1950s and the anti-eviction movements of the 1960s testifies its lack of primordial adherences and openness to heterogeneous strategies as required by different historical circumstances. It moves freely from secular to non-secular, minoritarian to majoritarian and lawful to unlawful, with claims to a greater citizenship. The hegemonic developmentalist ideology to which the community subscribes, along with reiteration of a righteous and industrious citizen, ensured the transformation of the ‘unlawful’ into ‘lawful’. Using even state secularism as a route of sectarianism, Syrian Christian politics resorted to no permanent self-representation, resulting in unfixed community constellations. The article also suggests that the recent recourse of the community to minority rights may hint at an inherent crisis and a loss of moral weight it possessed earlier.
Gandhi’s Trials and Errors
Authors: Rahman M. Raisur
Published: June 2011

Drawing upon the personal as well as political life of Mahatma Gandhi, this article argues that a series of experiments shaped and determined Gandhi’;s life and politics. Experiments, usually associated with hesitance and lack of confidence, were what the Father of the Indian Nation took earnestly to ensure the seriousness of his intents and doings. Always open and willing to create, execute, modify and indulge in experiments, Gandhi made sure of what worked and what did not on the basis of pragmatic considerations and proper contexts, thereby working from truth to truth and adopting what he thought worked well and discarding what he deemed erroneous. Taking cues from Gandhi’;s writings and actions, the author further explores the interconnectedness between his experiments and experiences and hints at how the Mahatma was made as much of the failures as of the successes.
Lucknow
Authors: Singh A.K. , Jafri S.S.A.
Published: June 2011

This perspective briefly traces the history and development of Lucknow city during different periods from the nawabi period to the British rule and since independence. It looks at its morphology and economic base. The problems of increasing congestion, pollution and stress on urban infrastructure due to rapid increase of problems are briefly discussed. The perspective laments the impact of all these changes on the distinct culture for which Lucknow has been known in the past. The city is rapidly losing its old world charm and traditional style of living and acquiring the mannerism and looks of a modern metropolitan city.
Characterization of Heat-Treated Synthetic Imogolite by 27Al MAS and 27Al MQMAS Solid-State NMR
Authors: Hatakeyama Moriaki , Hara Takayoshi , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo
Published: June 2011

The structure of imogolite treated at 623, 773, and 973 K was characterized by 27Al MAS and 27Al multiple-quantum magic-angle-spinning (MQMAS) NMR. For comparison, 27Al NMR spectra of imogolites, allophanes, and kaolinite heated at 623, 773, and 973 K were acquired to investigate the structural change of these clay minerals. From these spectra, the structural change of imogolite has been observed at 623 K as well as in the case of allophane, while that of kaolinite has been demonstrated at a higher temperature of 773 K. The formation of five-coordinated Al from the original six-coordinated Al in imogolite after heat-treatment was confirmed as well as in the case of kaolinite and allophane. Furthermore it is found that the peaks for five- and four-coordinated Al of imogolite shifted to lower field and that their quadrupolar products (PQ) increased with treated temperature. It can be concluded that the five- and four-coordinated Al species are generated from the decomposition of six-coordinated Al. The chemical shifts of all peaks above 623 K indicate the increase of the structural strain in the heat-treated imogolite and the formation of amorphous phases by the decomposition of the original tubular structure.
Two New Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Lobophytum crassum
Authors: Liao Zuo-Jian , Su Huey-Jen , Shyue Yu-Ching , Wen Zhi-Hong , Sheu Jyh-Horng , Su Jui-Hsin
Published: June 2011

Two new cembranoids, locrassolides A (1) and B (2), along with three known metabolites 3–5 were isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum crassum. None of these compounds were found to be cytotoxic toward a limited panel of cancer cell lines (CCRF-CEM and DLD-1). Metabolite 3 was shown to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
Phase Transitions in Soft Matter Induced by Selective Solvation
Authors: Onuki Akira , Okamoto Ryuichi , Araki Takeaki
Published: June 2011

We review our recent studies on selective solvation effects in phase separation in polar binary mixtures with a small amount of solutes. Such hydrophilic or hydrophobic particles are preferentially attracted to one of the solvent components. We discuss the role of antagonistic salt composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ions, which undergo microphase separation at water–oil interfaces leading to mesophases. We then discuss phase separation induced by a strong selective solvent above a critical solute density np, which occurs far from the solvent coexistence curve. We also give theories of ionic surfactant systems and weakly ionized polyelectrolytes including solvation among charged particles and polar molecules. We point out that the Gibbs formula for the surface tension needs to include an electrostatic contribution in the presence of an electric double layer.
Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide–Organic Intercalation Compounds by Solid–Solid Reactions
Authors: Kuramoto Kyoko , Ogawa Makoto
Published: June 2011

Layered double hydroxide–organic intercalation compounds were successfully synthesized by the solid–state reactions of magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the guest species (p-toluenesulfonic acid, malonic acid, and oxalic acid) at room temperature. The present very simple synthesis is potentially applicable to a variety of layered double hydroxide–organic intercalation compounds.
Aqueous Lithium/Air Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Zhang Tao , Imanishi Nobuyuki , Takeda Yasuo , Yamamoto Osamu
Published: June 2011

Several key issues of aqueous lithium/air rechargeable batteries that consists of a water-stable lithium electrode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a bifunctional air electrode are reviewed. Based on research and discussion of these issues, the challenges and prospects for high energy density aqueous lithium/air rechargeable batteries are described. From a broader perspective, lithium/air rechargeable batteries that employ aprotic electrolytes are also briefly introduced for comparison.
Geometric Selectivity, Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction, and Solvatochromism of Bis{N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamidato(2−)}cobaltate(III)
Authors: Mitsuhashi Ryoji , Suzuki Takayoshi , Sunatsuki Yukinari , Kojima Masaaki
Published: June 2011

Cobalt(III) complexes with N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamide dianions, Ln2− (n = 1–4), have been prepared and their molecular and crystal structures have been determined. The geometric (mer- or fac-) selectivity of [Co(Ln)2]− complexes was dependent on the number of the amine–amidato chelate ring member. Intermolecular homochiral hydrogen-bonds and solvatochromic behavior of the complexes were also observed.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Self-assembled Peptide Nanostructures toward Peptide-directed Biomineralization
Authors: Tomizaki Kin-ya , Kotera Tatsuki , Naito Hideki , Wakizaka Shota , Yamamoto Shin-ichi
Published: June 2011

There is increasing interest in nanostructures and in the molecular design of building blocks which self-assemble into nanoscaled intelligent materials. We outline a method for controlling the nanostructures of amphiphilic nonapeptides by changing the pH of the aqueous medium. A lysine residue on the hydrophilic face of the peptide plays a critical role as a morphology-control unit. This self-assembling peptide may, therefore, find application as a template for peptide-directed biomineralization.
Direct Conversion of Pinacol Arylboronic Esters to Aryl Triolborates
Authors: Li Gao-Qiang , Kiyomura Shunsuke , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: June 2011

Conversion of pinacol arylboronic esters 3 to aryl triolborates 5 via transesterification with 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane (4) was established with the advantages of tolerance to various functional groups. Transesterification was carried out at 30–60 °C in dioxane in the presence of MOH (M = Na and K) and H2O. High yields were achieved for stable aryl triolborates 5.
Coexisting Gas-resistant C-type Cubic Yb2O3–Tb4O7 Catalysts for Direct NO Decomposition
Authors: Tsujimoto Soichiro , Nishimura Chiya , Masui Toshiyuki , Imanaka Nobuhito
Published: June 2011

C-type cubic (Yb1−xTbx)2O3±δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.62) catalysts were synthesized by coprecipitation. Among the samples prepared, (Yb0.50Tb0.50)2O3±δ showed the highest catalytic activity and high tolerability for O2 or CO2 coexistence was recognized. In particular, the negative effect of CO2 on the NO decomposition activity is significantly reduced compared to those of conventional catalysts, and N2 yield as high as 33% was obtained even in the presence of 5 vol % CO2.
Controlled Release of Guest Molecules from Spherical Assembly of Trigonal Gultathione by Disulfide Recombination
Authors: Matsuura Kazunori , Tochio Keigo , Watanabe Kenta , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: June 2011

Nanospheres formed by self-assembly of trigonal glutathione (TG) underwent disulfide recombination upon addition of dithiothreitol. Guest molecules encapsulated in the nanospheres were gradually released during the recombination process.
Synthesis and Electronic Properties of an Azulene-fused Tribenzotetraazaporphyrin
Authors: Muranaka Atsuya , Yonehara Mitsuhiro , Hirayama Machiko , Saito Asami , Kobayashi Nagao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: June 2011

A novel tribenzotetraazaporphyrin with a fused azulene ring was synthesized via mixed condensation reaction of 5,6-dicyanoazulene and 3,6-dibutoxyphthalonitrile. The macrocycle exhibited several intense absorption peaks from 600 to 900 nm. The spectroscopic properties were analyzed by DFT calculations.
Rotational Libration of a Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine Double-decker Complex with Ce(IV) as Revealed by 1H NMR and STM
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Taka Megumi , Kobayashi Daiya
Published: June 2011

We provide evidence that a heteroleptic double-decker complex of Ce with phthalocyanine and porphyrin ligands undergoes rotational libration in solution for the first time on the basis of variable-temperature 1H NMR. On the other hand, the Zr complex with the same set of ligands undergoes no rotational motion. These molecules deposited on graphite surfaces exhibited different shapes in STM images, revealing difference in the rotational motion at the molecular level.
Self-assembled Inverse Dendrimer
Authors: Sun Qing-Fu , Sato Sota , Fujita Makoto
Published: June 2011

Bent bridging ligands appending dendrons (G-1, G-2, and G-3) at their concaves are complexed with Pd(II) ions to self-assemble into M12L24 spherical shells confining inversely branched dendrimers. Their structures were fully characterized by NMR, CSI-TOF-MS, and AFM.
Novel Synthetic Azaacridine Analogues as Topoisomerase 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Luan Xudong , Gao Chunmei , Sun Qinsheng , Tan Chunyan , Liu Hongxia , Jin Yibao , Jiang Yuyang
Published: June 2011

Novel azaacridine analogues were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against K562 and HepG-2 cell lines were evaluated, among which compound 5a was found to display good cytotoxicity. UV–visible spectral absorbance measurements showed that 5a can bind with calf thymus DNA (ct DNA). A relaxation assay indicated that 5a inhibits topoisomerase 1 activity.
Thermodynamics of the Exchange of Solubilizers on Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kato Yuichi , Niidome Yasuro , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: June 2011

The thermodynamics of the exchange of solubilizers adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is probed by analysis of the spectral shifts of the CNTs in the near-infrared region. Equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters of the exchange of sodium cholate for DNA (20-mers of oligo DNAs, cytosine) on CNTs of different chirality are determined.
Detectivity Performance of Quantum Wire Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Nasr Ashraf
Published: June 2011

The manuscript is devoted to calculate the detectivity, Figure of merit, of the quantum wire infrared photodetectors (QRIPs). The importance arises from two points. Firstly, the QRIPs give a stable and controllable performance in comparison with quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). Secondly, the gap; difference between the photo and dark currents, is high enough to obtain a distinguished responsivity and detectivity. So, the dependence of detectivity behavior on the QRIPs parameters is discussed. From the results, one can notice that the superiority of QRIPs over the QDIPs which gives higher values of detectivity, about ten times or higher the latter under the same conditions. Hence, an improvement of the responsivity and detectivity of QRIPs compared to QDIPs has been perceived.
Usos da noção de subjetividade no campo da Saúde Coletiva
Authors: Ferreira Neto João Leite , Kind Luciana , Pereira Alessandra Barbosa , Rezende Maria Carolina Costa , Fernandes Marina Lanari
Published: June 2011

Analisa-se o uso da noção de subjetividade no campo da saúde coletiva associada às condições históricas e institucionais que o demandaram. A busca em periódicos específicos da área e livros de referência constituiu-se como estratégia metodológica central. Identificamos três funções no uso do conceito de subjetividade, associando-as primariamente às suas variáveis externas (trajetória do movimento sanitário e institucionalização do SUS), e secundariamente às variáveis internas (lógica do campo teórico-conceitual). As funções identificadas discutem a subjetividade (1) como elemento para se pensar a ação social de sujeitos políticos engajados no projeto da Reforma Sanitária; (2) como estratégia de problematizar o cuidado e a gestão como práticas intersubjetivas; (3) como substrato para a produção de autonomia nos indivíduos e coletivos. Em suas variáveis externas, as três funções se estabelecem como processos de construção de estratégias micro e macropolíticas em prol da consolidação do SUS.
A (in)visibilidade da violência psicológica na infância e adolescência no contexto familiar
Authors: Abranches Cecy Dunshee de , Assis Simone Gonçalves de
Published: June 2011

A violência psicológica na infância e adolescência, no contexto familiar, ainda é pouco estudada. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar como a violência psicológica na família relatada por crianças e adolescentes tem sido abordada nos estudos acadêmicos, através de revisão de literatura. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na pesquisa bibliográfica das fontes de informações das bases de dados da LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, PubMed e do Portal Capes, nas bases Scopus e PsycInfo. Entre 51 estudos epidemiológicos, 16 desses se mostraram adequados ao objetivo desse artigo e comprovam a alta prevalência deste tipo de violência. Através dessa revisão pode-se perceber que esse tema tem sido mais estudado na literatura internacional do que na brasileira, e que aumentou significativamente sua visibilidade na última década, porém ainda enfrenta dificuldades quanto à definição, conceituação e operacionalidade. Constatou-se que a violência psicológica ao sair da invisibilidade pode colaborar para o aumento da prevenção e da proteção desta natureza de violência.
Fatores associados à realização da prevenção secundária do câncer de mama no Município de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Matos Jéssica Carvalho de , Pelloso Sandra Marisa , Carvalho Maria Dalva de Barros
Published: June 2011

Este estudo analisou a prevalência e os fatores associados à realização da prevenção secundária do câncer de mama em mulheres de 40-69 anos do Município de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório de corte transversal, tipo inquérito populacional, no Município de Maringá. A prevalência observada de realização do autoexame das mamas foi de 64,5%, do exame clínico das mamas, 71,5%, e de mamografia, 79%. Os fatores que influenciaram na realização dessas ações foram: idade, escolaridade, raça, classe econômica, religião e realização de terapia hormonal. A classe econômica e a escolaridade influenciaram significativamente na realização das práticas preventivas, ou seja, quanto maior o nível socioeconômico, maior a realização. A orientação e realização das práticas preventivas devem estar ao alcance de todas as mulheres na faixa etária de maior risco, diminuindo, dessa maneira, o diagnóstico tardio e mortes desnecessárias e aumentando as chances de cura do câncer de mama.
Utilização de adoçantes dietéticos entre adultos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: um estudo de base populacional
Authors: Zanini Roberta de Vargas , Araújo Cora Luiza , Martínez-Mesa Jeovany
Published: June 2011

Estudo de base populacional avaliou o uso de adoçantes dietéticos na população com idade ≥ 20 anos, residente na zona urbana do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre janeiro e julho de 2010, e 2.732 indivíduos foram entrevistados. Além das questões específicas quanto ao uso de adoçante dietético, foram coletadas informações sobre características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde. Para as análises estatísticas, foram utilizados testes qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade e de tendência linear. A prevalência de uso de adoçante dietético foi 19% (IC95%: 17,1; 20,9), sendo 3,7 vezes maior entre idosos do que entre aqueles com 20-29 anos de idade. Nível econômico e estado nutricional apresentaram associação direta e significativa com o desfecho. Quase 98% da amostra utilizou adoçantes na forma líquida, sendo os mais consumidos (89,2%) aqueles constituídos por sacarina e ciclamato de sódio. A mediana de ingestão diária foi 10 gotas (P25; P75 = 6; 18), entre usuários de adoçante líquido, ou 1,5 sachet (P25; P75 = 1; 4), para adoçante em pó. O uso de adoçante dietético foi maior entre mulheres e idosos.
Cost-effectiveness of community health worker versus home-based guardians for directly observed treatment of tuberculosis in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
Authors: Prado Thiago Nascimento do , Wada Nikolas , Guidoni Leticia Molino , Golub Jonathan E. , Dietze Reynaldo , Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study was to compare the costs and outcomes associated with guardian-supervised directly observed treatment relative to the standard of care Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course (DOTS) provided by community health workers (CHW). New cases of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treated in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, between January 2005 and December 2006 were interviewed and chose their preferred treatment strategy. Costs incurred by providers and patients (and patients' families) were estimated, and cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing costs per successfully treated patient. 130 patients were included in the study; 84 chose CHW-supervised DOTS and 46 chose guardian-supervised DOTS. 45 of 46 (98%) patients treated with guardian-supervised DOTS were cured or completed treatment compared to 70/84 (83%) of the CHW-supervised patients (p = 0.01). Logistic regression showed only the strategy of supervision to be a significant association with treatment outcome, with guardian-supervised care strongly protective. Cost per patient treated with guardian-supervised DOTS was US$398, compared to US$548 for CHW-supervised DOTS. The guardian-supervised DOTS is an attractive option to complement CHW-supervised DOTS.
Aspectos críticos para a implementação da política de saúde bucal no Município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Soares Catharina Leite Matos , Paim Jairnilson Silva
Published: June 2011

O estudo consiste em investigação acerca da implementação de políticas em organizações públicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, um estudo de caso, exploratório, cujo objeto foi a Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal, Brasil Sorridente, no Município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Buscou-se identificar fatores que facilitaram ou dificultaram a implementação da referida política, com base no ciclo da política pública e à luz do triângulo de governo, no período de 2004 a 2007. Como estratégias de coleta de dados foram consultados documentos municipais, feitas entrevistas com informantes-chave e observação direta em reuniões do nível central da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS). Os resultados apontaram que os principais fatores que dificultaram a implementação da política municipal de saúde bucal foram: a inespecificidade do projeto; os recursos humanos; e a falta de autonomia financeira da SMS. O estudo revelou que a desarticulação entre as variáveis que compõem o triângulo de governo representou obstáculos à implementação da política de saúde bucal no município estudado.
Sono, trabalho e estudo: duração do sono em estudantes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores
Authors: Pereira Érico Felden , Bernardo Maria Perpeto Socorro Leite , D'Almeida Vânia , Louzada Fernando Mazzilli
Published: June 2011

Este estudo objetivou investigar a duração do sono e fatores associados em escolares trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Foram coletadas informações sobre o padrão do ciclo vigília/sono de 863 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos em escolas de São Paulo, Brasil. Análises ajustadas foram aplicadas para comparação da duração do sono entre trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. O porcentual de adolescentes trabalhadores foi de 18,4% e 52% dos jovens que trabalhavam apresentaram oito ou menos horas de sono. A prevalência de baixa duração do sono foi maior nos trabalhadores dos sexos masculino (p = 0,017) e feminino (p < 0,001). Os estudantes trabalhadores apresentaram menor duração do sono mesmo com ajuste pela classe socioeconômica (p < 0,001). Apesar de existirem mais trabalhadores no turno da noite, no modelo ajustado pelo sexo e nível socioeconômico, os estudantes trabalhadores do turno da tarde apresentaram maior prevalência de baixa duração do sono (RP = 2,53; IC95%: 1,68-4,12).
Anemia em crianças de 6 a 59 meses e fatores associados no Município de Jordão, Estado do Acre, Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Cristieli Sérgio de Menezes , Cardoso Marly Augusto , Araújo Thiago Santos de , Muniz Pascoal Torres
Published: June 2011

Examinou-se a prevalência e fatores associados à anemia em estudo transversal com 429 crianças de 6 a 59 meses do Município de Jordão, Estado do Acre, Brasil. Modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson foram utilizados com seleção hierárquica das variáveis independentes. A anemia foi altamente prevalente (57,3%; IC95%: 52,5%-62,1%). Ter idade entre 6 e 23,9 meses [razão de prevalência - RP (IC95%): 1,40 (1,09-1,74)], morar na área rural [RP: 1,23 (1,04-1,44)], morar em domicílio com 5 a 14 crianças [RP: 1,23 (1,04-1,44)], ter mãe que fumou na gravidez [RP: 1,29 (1,09-1,53)], mãe anêmica [RP: 1,18 (1,00-1,39)] e apresentar déficit de altura para idade [RP: 1,19 (1,01-1,39)] foram fatores associados ao risco de anemia, e ter mãe que trabalha fora [RP: 0,78 (0,64-0,94)] foi fator de proteção. A anemia é um grave problema de saúde pública nesse município. Estratégias multissetoriais de combate à pobreza, aumento da cobertura e qualidade de serviços de assistência à saúde materno-infantil devem ser implementados.
Clinicopathological study of salivary gland tumors: an assessment of 303 patients
Authors: Morais Maria de Lourdes Silva de Arruda , Azevedo Paulo Roberto , Carvalho Cyntia Helena , Medeiros Lélia , Lajus Tirzah , Costa Antonio de Lisboa Lopes
Published: June 2011

Salivary gland neoplasms are remarkable for their histological diversity and several studies point to their varied occurrence in the population. Clinical aspects were histologically assessed to determine possible associations and define parameters to differentiate benign and malignant neoplasms. The case files of patients diagnosed with epithelial salivary gland tumors between 1989 and 2005 were reviewed. A majority (71%) of the 303 salivary gland tumors studied were benign and pleomorphic adenoma were found to be most common. Mean ages for patients with benign and malignant tumors were 49.2 and 58.5 years, respectively. A statistically significant difference between these tumors was observed for the following variables: mean age, tumor size and disease duration. A correlation was found between histological diagnosis and tumor consistency. The data presented here corroborate a number of previous studies and are therefore relevant in understanding the diverse characteristics exhibited by these tumors.
O uso de inibidores de apetite por mulheres: um olhar a partir da perspectiva de gênero
Authors: Melo Cristiane Magalhães de , Oliveira Djenane Ramalho de
Published: June 2011

O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender os motivos que levam mulheres adultas a utilizar medicamentos inibidores do apetite e verificar, a partir da ótica de gênero, como se estabelece a relação dessas mulheres com seus próprios corpos. Orientado pelos princípios da pesquisa qualitativa, utilizou como técnicas de construção de dados a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação direta. Participaram como informantes do estudo seis mulheres usuárias de anorexígenos. Os resultados apontaram que as imagens, a publicidade e as redes sociais contribuem significativamente para a criação de padrões de aparência física e de "estilos de vida", cujo modelo preconiza a boa aparência (corpo magro) e a felicidade conjugal. O corpo magro é representado como algo capaz de alterar condições, ou seja, pessoa gorda = pessoa infeliz; e pessoa magra = pessoa feliz. O estudo mostra que é no corpo como lócus que o papel socialmente destinado às mulheres será produzido e reproduzido.
Incapacidade funcional em mulheres idosas de baixa renda
Authors: Virtuoso Júnior Jair Sindra , Guerra Ricardo Oliveira
Published: June 2011

O propósito deste estudo foi o de analisar a relação dos aspectos sociodemográficos e referentes às condições de saúde com a incapacidade funcional em mulheres idosas de baixa renda. O estudo teve delineamento transversal, com uma amostra representativa de 222 mulheres, com média de 70 anos (± 7,27), pertencentes a grupos de convivência no município de Jequié, Bahia. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e a aplicação de uma entrevista contemplando as variáveis: sociodemográficas, saúde física e comportamental. A análise estatística foi realizada com nível de significância p<0,05, com cálculo da respectiva razão de chances na regressão logística binária, para análise de fatores hierarquicamente agrupados. A prevalência de incapacidade funcional foi de 46,8%, nos quais a partir de análise multivariada hierarquizada verificaram-se associação significativa com o aumento da idade, baixo nível de educação, hospitalização, ausência de práticas de atividades físicas ao longo da vida e alterações na função cognitiva. As características identificadas que associaram as limitações em atividades instrumentais da vida diária sugerem uma complexa rede causal na determinação da capacidade funcional em mulheres idosas de baixa renda.
Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes
Authors: Satarug Soisungwan , Garrett Scott H. , Sens Mary Ann , Sens Donald A.
Published: June 2011

We provide an update of the issues surrounding health risk assessment of exposure to cadmium in food. Bioavailability of ingested cadmium has been confirmed in studies of persons with elevated dietary exposure, and the findings have been strengthened by the substantial amounts of cadmium accumulated in kidneys, eyes, and other tissues and organs of environmentally exposed individuals. We hypothesized that such accumulation results from the efficient absorption and systemic transport of cadmium, employing multiple transporters that are used for the body's acquisition of calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese. Adverse effects of cadmium on kidney and bone have been observed in environmentally exposed populations at frequencies higher than those predicted from models of exposure. Population data raise concerns about the validity of the current safe intake level that uses the kidney as the sole target in assessing the health risk from ingested cadmium. The data also question the validity of incorporating the default 5% absorption rate in the threshold-type risk assessment model, known as the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), to derive a safe intake level for cadmium.
Rede de suporte social do idoso atendido por equipes de Saúde da Família
Authors: Alvarenga Márcia Regina Martins , Oliveira Maria Amélia de Campos , Domingues Marisa Accioly Rodrigues , Amendola Fernanda , Faccenda Odival
Published: June 2011

O envelhecimento tem especificidades marcadas pela posição de classe de indivíduos e grupos sociais, assim como pela cultura, política, condições socioeconômicas e sanitárias das coletividades. No atendimento às necessidades específicas dos idosos, os sistemas de suporte social são essenciais. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e a rede de suporte social do idoso assistido pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com idosos residentes em Dourados (MS). Utilizou-se questionário sociodemográfico e Mapa Mínimo de Relações do Idoso (MMRI). Foram entrevistados 503 idosos: 69,0% são do sexo feminino, 53,1% são analfabetos, 58,3% têm renda per capita inferior a um salário mínimo e 82,9% moram acompanhados. O MMRI destacou a família como maior provedora de cuidados em todas as dimensões avaliadas, mas os idosos possuem redes sociais pequenas. Os idosos assistidos pelas ESF têm baixa renda e escolaridade, e possuem uma rede de suporte social pequena para atender às suas necessidades.
Circuitos de uso de crack na região central da cidade de São Paulo (SP, Brasil)
Authors: Raupp Luciane , Adorno Rubens de Camargo Ferreira
Published: June 2011

Apesar de o uso de drogas ser uma prática presente desde os primórdios da humanidade, atualmente o seu abuso adquiriu dimensões preocupantes, configurando-se como um problema de saúde pública. O surgimento do crack, droga derivada da pasta de coca, agravou esse quadro ao aumentar os danos sociais e à saúde dos usuários. Visando conhecer o impacto de sua inserção no cotidiano dos usuários, foi realizado um estudo etnográfico em locais de venda e uso de crack na região central da cidade de São Paulo (SP, Brasil). Foi utilizado um diário de campo para registrar as observações e os diálogos informais efetuados com as pessoas que circulavam no local estudado. Os resultados apontaram os circuitos percorridos pelos usuários, suas dinâmicas e as relações que estabelecem com outros atores sociais, as quais são permeadas por permanente tensão, envolvendo a prática de atos violentos nos quais os usuários são tanto agressores quanto vítimas. O estudo também sugere a importância de outros fatores como a história da região pesquisada, as políticas públicas, questões econômicas e ausência de investimentos sociais e em saúde pública. Sugere-se que o alto grau de degradação da região pesquisada não seria consequência apenas das pessoas e atividades exercidas no local, mas principalmente do processo urbano que gerou tal quadro social.
A influência da estrutura organizacional nos controles internos de uma fundação para pesquisa, prevenção e assistência do câncer do interior paulista
Authors: Bonacim Carlos Alberto Grespan , Salgado André Luís , Girioli Lumila Souza , Araujo Adriana Maria Procópio de
Published: June 2011

O estudo centra-se na discussão de que o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere nas práticas de controle interno das organizações não governamentais (ONGs), sobretudo ligadas à saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de observar a eficiência dos testes de controle interno aplicados dentro de uma estrutura organizacional da Fundação para Pesquisa, Prevenção e Assistência do Câncer, verificando a confiabilidade nos relatórios contábeis e controles operacionais. Como metodologia, realizou-se um estudo de caso em uma organização de saúde do terceiro setor. O estudo de caso ocorreu por meio de entrevistas e análises de relatórios confidenciais. Diante de uma avaliação da estrutura organizacional (das relações entre funcionários e voluntários) e da aplicação de procedimentos de avaliação da qualidade dos controles internos, avaliou-se o quanto o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere nas práticas de controle interno do hospital. Observou-se que existem mecanismos de controle estruturados na instituição, porém a execução desses controles deixa a desejar. Pode-se constatar também que o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere, sim, nas práticas de controle interno da entidade.
The Genus Botrytis and Botrytiscinerea species: Pathogenic, morphological and epidemiological characteristics
Authors: Tanovic Brankica , Hrustic Jovana , Delibasic Goran
Published: June 2011

Species of the genus Botrytis occur wherever their hosts are grown, ranging
from cold areas of Alaska to warm and dry areas in Israel. They have a
necrotrophic life style which is often associated with phenology of the host
plant. The genus comprises 22 species, most of which have a narrow host
range. Polifagous species Botritys cinerea, a causal agent of grey mould
disease, is the most important and the most extensively studied
representative of this genus. More than 350 papers related to all aspects of
the research of this necrotrophic pathogen are published each year. In this
paper up-to-date knowledge about pathogenic, morphological and epidemic
characteristics of the genus Botrytis and, particularly, species B. cinerea
are summarized. Symptoms caused by B. cinerea on various plant species and
various plant parts are shown. Morphological and genetic variability of the
species is described. The possible mechanisms of variability, as well as the
attempts to divide the species into Group I (B. ?pseudocinerea?) and Group II
(B. cinerea ?sensu-stricto?) are pointed out.
Plasmopara obducens: A new threat to the production of Impatiens Walleriana in Serbia
Authors: Ristic Danijela , Vucurovic Ana , Stankovic Ivana , Jovic Jelena , Milojevic Katarina , Bulajic Aleksandra , Krstic Branka
Published: June 2011

During 2010, Impatiens walleriana plants with symptoms of downy mildew were
collected in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Mionica, Kolubara District.
Disease incidence was extremely high, approaching 100%, and wilting and
collapse of affected plants was very rapid, resulting in losses of more than
90%. White downy growth produced on the lower leaf surface consisted of
hyaline, thin-walled sporangiophores with monopodial branching and numerous,
ovoid and hyaline sporangia. Apical branchlets of sporangiophores were at
right angles to the main axis, with no apical thickening. Pathogenicity tests
included inoculation of young I. walleriana plants by spraying with a
sporangial suspension, and downy mildew symptoms were observed after 13 to 15
days. The absence of well-defined spots on the infected impatiens leaves and
straight sporangiophores indicated that the pathogen was P. obducens, which
was further supported by molecular identification, the 5?-end of the nuclear
DNA coding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified by PCR,
using primers NL1 and NL4. A representative isolate, 28-10, was sequenced and
phylogenetic analysis showed its grouping with other P. obducens isolates of
different origin. Considering that impatiens downy mildew in Serbia is proved
to be caused by P. obducens it is necessary to employ adequate phytosanitary
measures to prevent further spread of the pathogen.
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus: A grapevine pathogen in Serbia
Authors: Jevremovic Darko , Paunovic Svetlana
Published: June 2011

During a field survey in 2005 in vineyards and grapevine nurseries at
localities in central Serbia, a few plants with unusual virus-like symptoms
were observed. Leaf samples were analyzed by DAS-ELISA for the presence of
nine viruses. Besides other viruses frequently occurring on grapevine,
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was detected in two samples. Results were
confirmed by nested-PCR and sequence analysis of the fragment in 5? part of
RNA-1. Obtained sequence shared at least 93% of nucleotide identity with the
compared RBDV sequence originating from raspberry. The finding of Raspberry
bushy dwarf virus on grapevine in Serbia is a second finding of this pathogen
on grapevine worldwide. The first natural infection of grapevine with this
virus was reported in Slovenia in 2003.
Fatty acid analysis of Erwinia amylovora from Serbia and Montenegro
Authors: Ivanovic Milan , Gasic Katarina , Calic Andjelka , Kuzmanovic Nemanja , Ivanovic Mirko , Obradovic Aleksa
Published: June 2011

Automated method of fatty acid analysis was used to identify and study
heterogeneity of 41 Erwinia amylovora strains, originating from 8 plant
species grown in 13 locations in Serbia and one in Montenegro. All strains
contained 14:0 3OH fatty acid, characteristic for the ?amylovora? group.
According to fatty acid composition 39 strains were identified as E.
amylovora as the first choice from the database. Due to their specific fatty
acid composition, two strains were identified as E. amylovora, but as a
second choice. Fatty acid analysis also showed that E. amylovora population
from Serbia could be differentiated in three groups, designated in this study
as ?, ? and ?. All strains originating from central or south Serbia, as well
as four strains from north Serbia clustered into group ?. Group ? and ?
contained only strains isolated in northern Serbia (Vojvodina). The results
show that E. amylovora population in this area is heterogeneous and indicate
pathogen introduction from different directions. Fatty acid analysis enabled
identification at species level, as well as new insights of heterogeneity of
E. amylovora population.
Keeping At-Risk Students in School
Authors: Valentine Jeffrey C. , Hirschy Amy S. , Bremer Christine D. , Novillo Walter , Castellano Marisa , Banister Aaron
Published: June 2011

The wage premium for college graduates is substantial. Far fewer of these benefits accrue to students who complete some college (i.e., those who do not persist to graduation), and, partly for this reason, colleges often adopt programs aimed at helping to keep at-risk students in school. This article reports on a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of such retention programs. The studies suggest small but potentially important effects on short-term retention rates and grades earned by program participants. Studies of more comprehensive interventions using relatively more appropriate comparison groups suggested more effective results than did studies that used weaker interventions, relatively less appropriate comparison groups, or both. Even the best studies included in this review are methodologically suspect and as such do not provide a very strong basis for making policy recommendations. From a public policy perspective, this review points to the need for more investment in rigorous studies that investigate, at a finer level of detail, the specific aspects of programs that are associated with program success. Rigorous studies are also needed that investigate the interaction between programs and student characteristics to determine what types of programs are most effective for which students.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Working Conditions
Authors: Ladd Helen F.
Published: June 2011

This quantitative study examines the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of their working conditions and their intended and actual departures from schools. Based on rich administrative data for North Carolina combined with a 2006 statewide survey administered to all teachers in the state, the study documents that working conditions are highly predictive of teachers’ intended movement away from their schools, independent of other school characteristics such as the racial mix of students. Moreover, school leadership, broadly defined, emerges as the most salient dimension of working conditions. Although teachers’ perceptions of their working conditions are less predictive of one-year actual departure rates than of intended rates, their predictive power is still on a par with that of other school characteristics. The models are estimated separately for elementary, middle and high school teachers and generate some policy-relevant differences among the three levels.