bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I-Cell Disease (Mucolipidosis II)
Authors: Chambers James
Published: November 2023

The patient (Fig. 17-1) was a 38-week-gestation product of a 22-year-old G,P1Abo (gravida 1, first pregnancy; paradelivery, first delivery; abortion, 0) woman and her 31-year-old firstcousin partner. Pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios (deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid); an amniocentesis revealed a normal male karyotype. The infant was delivered by cesarean section because of maternal preeclampsia (development of hypertension due to pregnancy). Apgar scores were 8/9, weight was 2200 g, and length was 18.5 inches. On newborn examination, microcephaly (a broad nasal bridge with anteverted nostrils), micrognathia (smallness of the jaws, especially the underjaw), hypospadias (a defect in the wall of the urethra), and undescended testes were seen.A tentative diagnosis of Smith-Lemli- Opitz syndrome was postulated.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Fahl Jeffrey C , Vanderjagt David L
Published: November 2023

A newborn male was the product of a 37-week gestation to a primagravida female whose blood type was O and Rh positive. During the pregnancy, the tests for syphilis and hepatitis B were negative. The pregnancy was uncomplicated, and the mother received excellent care. She denies alcohol consumption and does not smoke
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Panja Srinivas , Chelliah Aruna , Burge Mark R
Published: November 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.This can result from defects in insulin secretion, defects in insulin action, or both. Because glucose is a chemically reactive molecule, the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and, ultimately, failure of various organs. These include the eyes, the kidneys, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes, about 10% of cases) to poorly characterized abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action combined with inadequate insulin secretion (type 2 diabetes, about 90% of cases). Regardless of mechanism, the ultimate basis of known abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is the deficient action of insulin on target tissues.
Head Noun Ellipsis ... or Not?
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J
Published: November 2023

The ellipsis of head nouns is permitted in English when the head noun follows certain closed-class items, like numbers, quantifiers, and one’s own.
GM2 gangliosidosis (adult-onset Tay-Sachs disease)
Authors: Bower Dr. James H
Published: November 2023

The patient’s total leukocyte hexosaminidase activity was slightly reduced at 14.5 U/g protein (normal, 16.4-36.2 U/g protein), but percent A was only 5% (normal, 63%-75%). This finding confirmed the diagnosis of GM2 gangliosidosis (adult-onset Tay-Sachs disease). The diagnosis was suspected because the disorder was slowly progressive, spanning more than two decades, with features of cognitive, behavioral, extrapyramidal, pyramidal, and cerebellar dysfunction, and demonstrated cerebellar and brainstem atrophy. GM2 gangliosidoses are a group of autosomal recessive disorders that result from the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neuronal lysosomes. The β-hexosaminidase enzyme cleaves the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety from the GM2 ganglioside. Deficiency of this enzyme or its cofactor, the GM2 activator protein, leads to the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside.
Introduction: In The Kremlin Library
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

A Walk Across Red Square on a dark winter’s evening, a security check at the giant gates, the scrutiny of a metal detector, and we reached the heart of Russian power. Along with my two colleagues, I surrendered my mobile phone, waited in a reception room, and was ushered down sterile gilded corridors to the inner sanctum of the Kremlin. It felt as though we were alone in the entire building. Then Vladimir Putin slipped into the library to join us almost unnoticed, shook hands, and sat down to offer us his undivided attention. It was 13 December 2001, and Putin had every reason to be irritated. Just a few weeks before, the Russian president had defied domestic public opinion and western expectations alike by pledging his wholehearted support to the US-led international anti-terrorist coalition created after 9/11. In another signal that the Cold War was over, he had closed Soviet-era bases in Cuba and Vietnam. But on the day of our meeting, George W. Bush had responded by announcing to Congress that he was unilaterally withdrawing from the 1972 Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty, a cornerstone of international strategic stability and one of the few remaining agreements that gave Russia some leverage and status abroad.
Shooting The Messenger
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

At 3.45 A.M. On Easter Saturday 2001, the armed men made their way swiftly to the meeting point. They gathered outside the monolithic concrete building at Ostankino, in the shadow of the giant television mast that dominates the city skyline. They were anticipating trouble. Eight years earlier, in 1993, an irregular militia armed with machine guns and bazookas had assembled at the same place. Sixty people died as crack federal troops fought off their amateurish attempts to seize control of state television on behalf of the old parliament, which was defying Boris Yeltsin with a mixture of ageing rifles and nationalist-Communist slogans. In 2001, under his successor, the chosen weapons were lawsuits, and the rhetoric was capitalist dogma. But the new president stood behind the latest action just as his predecessor had. And his wishes were being implemented equally ruthlessly in an effort to enforce his emerging regime.
Vascular Development
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

The vascular system in vertebrates is patterned via two major processes called VASCULOGENESIS and ANGIOGENESIS, which generate blood vessels required for the formation of the arteriovenous vasculature and heart development. All of the earliest development is via vasculogenesis, in which vesicles of angioblasts form de novo and coalesce to form tubes or SINUSOIDs. Later development is via both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In angiogenesis, new vessels sprout from endothelial cells in pre-existing vessels. Once flow commences, the primary capillary plexus is remodeled into a hierarchical system of large to small blood vessels by angiogenesis of new vessels and regression of existing channels. These vessels are stabilized by PERIVASCULAR CELLS attracted during the period of remodeling. The stabilized vessels recruit investing cells that will be organized into the tunics of the mature vessels, or pericytes in the case of capillaries. Precursors for ANGIOBLASTS are thought to form as early as gastrulation, although very little is known about their developmental history before the expression of definitive markers. Beginning at the time they are formed, these cells are migratory and invasive, and are quickly distributed widely throughout the intraembryonic and extraembryonic mesenchyme (Fig. 2.1). Endothelial cells arise from all levels of the primitive streak during gastrulation (Garcia-Martinez and Schoenwolf, 1993). Development of the vascular system begins extraembryonically in the YOLK SAC. In the yolk sac, angioblasts are generated from bipotential HEMANGIOBLASTS that can give rise to both hematoblasts that form blood cells and angioblasts that form blood vessels. Hemangioblasts form BLOOD ISLANDS in the yolk sac that begin producing blood cells while the angioblasts form an extraembryonic capillary network that will later become part of the placenta. Vascular development is initiated in the embryo soon after it begins in the yolk sac.
Development of the Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction System
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

It is important that the tubular heart and the four-chambered heart beat in a coordinated fashion to propel blood from the inflow to the outflow. In a straight heart tube, because the myocardium is electrically coupled, the solution is relatively straightforward. But, coordinated contractions are necessarily different in a tube versus a four-chambered heart. Thus, development of the pacemaking and conduction system represents one of the most intriguing processes in heart development. Coordinated cardiac contractions are regulated by impulses that originate at the sinoatrial (SA) NODE, located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Impulses generated at this node spread through the atrial chamber myocardium, to initiate contraction of the atria. The impulse is also spread to the atrioventricular (AV) NODE, located in the base of the atrial septum at the junction of the atria and ventricles, and is the only conducting route from the atria to the ventricles. The main function of the AV node is to slow the impulse from the atrial to the ventricular myocardium. Transmission of an impulse directly from the atrial myocardium to the ventricular myocardium is prevented by a nonconducting band of connective tissue at the atrioventricular junction called the ANNULUS FIBROSIS. The impulse is delayed by the atrioventricular node to allow time for atrial contraction before ventricular excitation. After the slight delay the impulse is propagated rapidly via the atrioventricular (His) bundle to the BUNDLE BRANCHES located in the top of the ventricular septum. The bundle branches divide on either side of the ventricular septum into branches that terminate in a highly ramified network of PURKINJE FIBERS that will activate both ventricles simultaneously, beginning at the APEX. The impulse is transferred from the Purkinje network into the working ventricular myocardium.
Green Marketing and Advertising
Authors: Ongkrutraksa Worawan Yim
Published: November 2023

It is obvious that notable corporate giants deem it a must to promote corporate images that reflect their environmental awareness and involvement. Today’s world is now facing enormous environmental problems and challenges. Environmental problems caused more than 2,000 people to perish in Europe in 2003 due to a heat wave, while storms and floods sporadically killed people in many parts of the world the following year.
From Central Planning to the Market: The American Transition, 1945-47
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: November 2023

The complex, and often fitful, transition from central planning to the market in China and the Warsaw Pact countries has been a hot topic since 1989. Notably, the United States made a similar transition after World War IL Indeed, the reconversion from a wartime command economy to a market- oriented postwar economy, a transition accomplished with astonishing speed and little apparent difficulty, constitutes one of the most remarkable events in U.S. economic history. Nevertheless, economists and economic historians have devoted little attention to that episode, and their explanations of it are, on close inspection, extremely problematic. With few exceptions, scholars have not yet recognized the problems inherent in dealing with that great event. In this chapter, I consider some major issues of measurement and explanation related to the reconversion of the U.S. economy between 1945 and 1947, a transition that laid the groundwork for the prosperity of the following half century.
Public Opinion: A Powerful Predictor of U.S. Defense Spending
Authors: Higgs Robert , Kilduff Anthony
Published: November 2023

Many analysts have tried to explain variations in U.S. defense spending. In a survey article, Robert E. Looney and Stephen L. Mehay (1990) listed nine types of variables believed to have had an influence. They also noted (p. 13) that “single theories have not been particularly accurate in ... accounting for past spending patterns.” Their own econometric contribution, like those of many other analysts, proceeded on the assumption that domestic economic conditions and the Soviet threat were the important variables explaining changes in military spending. They remarked (p. 33) that several other possible causal factors, including public opinion, are not subject to empirical testing because of deficiencies in the data. Notwithstanding Looney and Mehay’s observations, many empirical studies in political science have assessed the connection between public opinion and defense spending.1 Although the political scientists who have studied public opinion have usually concluded that it has played a part in determining the size of the defense budget, they have not defined the public opinion variable operationally in a manner that exploits all of the information contained in the responses to public opinion surveys. Some analysts have used as an operational variable eitherthe percentage of poll respondents favoring increased defense spending or the percentage favoring decreased defense spending (Kriesberg and Klein, 1980; Russett, 1989; Russett, 1990). Others have lost much of the information contained in the survey responses by transforming them into dichotomous variables (Ostrom, 1978; Ostrom and Marra, 1986).
Introduction
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

The word mosaic, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a form or work of art in which pictures are produced by joining together minute pieces of glass, stone, and other materials of different colors. Biologists use the word to describe the hybrids, or chimeras, that result from mixing one embryo with another, or cells of one species with another, referring to the composite nature of such organ- isms. Mosaicism may also result from the abnormal behavior of chromosomes during cell division in the fetus, such that some cells receive an extra chromo- some, or lose a chromosome. In this case, both kinds of cells—the normal ones and the abnormal ones—intermingle during fetal development. Yet, not all mosaicism is the result of manipulation or accident, because a form of mosaicism is part of the developmental program for females of our species.
Experimental Models for X Inactivation Studies
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

You may wonder how one learns about X inactivation, because it occurs very early in development when the embryo is implanting itself into its niche in the uterus. Direct observations of the embryo are usually precluded at this time simply because of inaccessibility. Even the mouse embryo is burrowed into the uterus—out of sight during the critical window of development when X inactivation occurs. The experimental models that have provided alternatives to direct observation include genetic mutations that interfere with dosage compensation, cultured cells and clones that carry these mutations, mouse–human cell hybrids, embryonic stem cells, and transgenic mice. What I have learned is that progress in scientific discovery depends to a large extent on developments in technology that enable us to ask the important questions.
Alternative Perspectives
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, we explored the economic approach to allocating risks to human health and life in considering the appropriateness of some ways in which the government—including both courts and legislatures—can displace or alter private agreements. In this chapter, we examine two important challenges to the economic perspective: the idea of market-inalienability and the reality of unequal bargaining power.
Political Approaches to Choices among Regulatory Institutions
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

In chapter 5, we considered the question of how to choose among regulatory institutions. There, we framed our discussion from the perspective of a disinterested social scientist, attempting to determine what choices among institutions would best serve the public interest. We saw that the problems of access bias and process bias, described by Gillette and Krier, and the distributional alignments, discussed by Komesar, may have implications for one’s choice of institutional arrangements. In the discussion of Mendeloff’s “positive” argument in chapter 9, we saw that large firms, threatened with concentrated regulatory costs, are likely to challenge strict regulation, thus contributing to the “over- regulation produces underregulation” paradox Mendeloff identifies.
Australian innovation in regulating aggressive tax planning
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

There are important ways in which Australian regulation of aggressive tax planning is more innovative than US approaches, other ways in which it is less sophisticated and other respects still in which both Australian and US policies are less effective than they could be. Corporate tax collections in Australia have climbed substantially as a proportion of GDP over the past two decades even though tax rates have fallen. Referring to this, Australian Commissioner Michael Carmody, in evidence before the Senate Economic References Committee of 9 February 2000, said, “it is fair to conclude that this reflects, at least in some part, compliance improvement following from our strategies”. The ways in which this indeed might be fair relate to some shifts to a responsive regulatory strategy within a sophisticated web of controls that includes strategic use of Australia’s general anti-avoidance provision, the work of the ATO Promoters Taskforce, the High Wealth Individuals Taskforce and meta risk management strategies.
Evolutionary Theory and the Social Psychology of Human Cooperation
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph
Published: November 2023

All around us we see people contributing to the welfare of others, even when it is not convenient and may be costly in terms of time or money, or may aVect their personal or professional relationships. In fact, we see so much of this sort of altruism in daily life that we usually don ‘t notice it or stop to question why people are bothering to help others, or how such seemingly ubiquitous generosity might be explained.
The ChaldeansHistory and the Community Today
Authors: Henrich Natalie , Henrich Joseph
Published: November 2023

Many Chaldeans, without much prompting other than a general query about being Chaldean, will spontaneously tell you that they are the source of civilization, the progenitors of the world ’s three great religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), speakers of the language of Christ (Aramaic), and even the inven- tors of beer. Chaldeans identify themselves as a group with shared norms, beliefs, history, and nationality. To outsiders, Chaldeans are generally charac- terized as Catholics from Iraq, although this is an oversimplification. Chaldeans share many Middle Eastern cultural traits yet remain distinct and separate from other Middle Eastern groups because of their non-Islamic faith and their deep historical roots that stretch back into pre-Islamic and pre-Christian times. Although Catholicism is a defining characteristic of the Chaldeans, they are a cultural and ethnic group rather than a purely religious group (although religion is part of the ethnic package). This point was highlighted by the community ’s movement to have “Chaldean” added as an ethnicity option on the 2000 U.S. census; no religious information can be collected in the census, but ethnic information is allowed. Nonetheless, Catholicism plays a major role in the lives of Chaldeans.
The Right of Free Speech, with a Comment on Profiling
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

In motivation and character, terrorism is almost always political in a broad sense that includes religious aims, rather than being purely personal or commercial. Often it is a wing or extension of a political movement not itself violent, or is related to such a movement in some looser but still significant way. There are Muslim clergy who preach holy war and commend suicide bombing but do not themselves participate in or assist terrorist activities, although their inflammatory rhetoric may encourage such activities. They do not recruit terrorists but their rhetoric may make it easier for terrorists to recruit young men and women from among the imams’ followers. Constitutional law as currently configured draws the line between incitement and advocacy. (Needless to say, it is not a distinction found in the constitutional text itself.) Incitement is a direct invitation to commit specific criminal acts in the immediate future and is punishable. Advocacy includes preaching the desirability of violent or otherwise criminal acts but without actually urging their commission forthwith, and is not punishable.
Troublesome Property: The Many Forms of Slave Resistance
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

Just three weeks before the Amistad Africans returned to Africa, the American ship Creole sailed out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, bound for New Orleans with one hundred thirty-five slaves aboard. As the vessel approached the British Bahamas, nineteen slaves, led by Virginia slave Madison Washington, staged a rebellion. The rebels killed a slave trader whose gun had misfired, wounded the captain, and took over the ship. They forced the crew to put into port at Nassau, where British authorities captured them. The British imprisoned the nineteen who had taken over the ship, and the American consul demanded that they be returned to the United States for trial. Black Bahamians, however, had other ideas. Fifty boats filled with local residents sailed to the Creole, surrounded it to prevent it from leaving port, and then threatened to free the slaves by force if necessary. The authorities succumbed to public pressure and released all of the slaves.1
Roads Closed
Authors: Bouton Terry
Published: November 2023

Something strange happened in the Pennsylvania countryside in the years following the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787: large numbers of farmers closed the main roads that led in and out of their communities. During an eight-year period, dating from the fall of 1787 through the fall of 1795, rural Pennsylvanians obstructed roads at least sixty-two times. The road closings were not confined to any particular county or region. The closings were more frequent in the central and frontier counties, but barriers also appeared in roads just twenty-five miles outside Philadelphia.1 The obstructions were formidable. Throughout Pennsylvania, people constructed six-foot-high fences that stretched fifty feet across the highway. Some people felled trees across roads or hauled timber into log piles that sometimes measured thirty feet wide and forty feet long. Others blocked roads with heavy stones, decaying logs, and scrub brush. More often, they dug eight-foot-wide and five-foot-deep ditches in the road, imposing enough to halt any wagon or coach. One group in the southeastern county of Chester shoveled enough dirt out of the main highway to Philadelphia to create an impassable crater measuring fifty feet in circumference and seven feet deep.
Our Undemocratic Constitution
Authors: Levinson Sanford
Published: November 2023

The Constitution is one of the most revered documents in American politics. Yet this is a document that regularly places in the White House candidates who did not in fact get a majority of the popular vote. It gives Wyoming the same number of votes as California, which has seventy times the population of the Cowboy State. And it offers the President the power to overrule both houses of Congress on legislation he disagrees with on political grounds. Is this a recipe for a republic that reflects the needs and wants of today's Americans? Taking a hard look at our much-venerated Constitution, Sanford Levinson here argues that too many of its provisions promote either unjust or ineffective government. Under the existing blueprint, we can neither rid ourselves of incompetent presidents nor assure continuity of government following catastrophic attacks. Less important, perhaps, but certainly problematic, is the appointment of Supreme Court judges for life. Adding insult to injury, the United States Constitution is the most difficult to amend or update of any constitution currently existing in the world today. Democratic debate leaves few stones unturned, but we tend to take our basic constitutional structures for granted. Levinson boldly challenges the American people to undertake a long overdue public discussion on how they might best reform this most hallowed document and construct a constitution adequate to our democratic values.
Disenchantment and Desire
Authors: Levinson Sanford
Published: November 2023

I have now concluded my attempt to demonstrate why I believe that our Constitution is sufficiently defective to warrant significant revision and repair.
Coercive Interrogation
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian
Published: November 2023

Coercive interrogation is now a live subject, thanks to 9/11 and to recent controversies about the use of coercive interrogation by the executive branch and by American allies. At one time, coercive interrogation played a role only in philosophical disputes about consequentialism, in which scholars asserted or denied that the police could coercively interrogate an individual in order to extract the location of a ticking nuclear bomb. None of the participants in those debates seriously considered the possibility that coercive interrogation could be justified except in extreme circumstances never likely to be met. Today, U.S. officials appear to engage in coercive interrogation or something very similar to it; so do other Western governments; and the possibility that coercive interrogation may be justified in nonremote circumstances has entered mainstream debate. The task for legal scholars at this point is to understand how this practice fits into legal norms and traditions and how it ought to be regulated.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Hungary
Authors: Straub Dániel , Sepsey Balázs , Kinstellar Andrékó , Iroda Ügyvédi
Published: November 2023

In Hungary, public takeovers and changes of control are regulated by the—many times amended—Act CXX of 2001 on the capital markets. The Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has been implemented as of May 20, 2006 (though the Hungarian implementing provisions have been amended since that date, most recently as of December 1, 2007) The following are the important legislative changes made by Hungary: Note that the previous takeover rules were already considerably detailed and generally in compliance with the Directive; There are new rules on conflict of laws in a takeover situation; Breakthrough became more difficult; Frustrating actions of the target company are regulated in a more detailed and clearer fashion, with the effect that target companies now have generally more leeway to frustrate the takeover.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in the Netherlands
Authors: Sijnja Henk Arnold , Vreede William de
Published: November 2023

In the Netherlands, the European Union (EU) Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004 on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) is implemented in Chapter 5.5 of the Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht) and in the Public Takeover Bids Decree (Besluit Openbare Biedingen Wft or the Takeover Decree). Certain exemptions from the public bid rules are included in the Exemption Regulation (Vrijstellingsregeling Wft or the Exemption Regulation) and in the Exemption Decree on Takeover Bids (Vrijstellingsbesluit overnamebiedingen Wft or the Exemption Decree). The provisions of the Takeover Directive relating to protective measures and special squeeze-out and sellout rights following a bid are included in Title 8 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code (Boek 2 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek).
Honor in Literary Perspective
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Paradox, irony, and guilt have been three current words used by historians to describe white Southern life before the Civil War. They are popular terms because it is hard for us to believe that Southerners ever meant what they said of themselves. How could they so glibly reconcile slaveholding with pretensions to virtue? We prefer to assume that their defenses were either lies or self-delusions. If neither of these alternatives meets the complexities of the circumstances, then their mental gymnastics and their habits may be characterized as unintended paradox-a discrepancy between boasted ideals of freedom and a contrary assumption that those values could forever rest upon the enslavement of blacks.1 Apart from a few lonely dissenters, Southern whites believed (as most people do) that they conducted their lives by the highest ethical standards. They thought that they had made peace with God’s natural order. Above all else, white Southerners adhered to a moral code that may be summarized as the rule of honor. Today we would not define as an ethical scheme a code of morality that could legitimate injustice-racial or class. Yet so it was defined in the Old South. The sources of that ethic lay deep in mythology, literature, history, and civilization. It long preceded the slave system in America.
Primal Honor: Valor, Blood, and Bonding
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Like Major Molineux’s ordeal, popular concepts of honor grew out of traditions stretching back to far-distant times, to early modern England and even earlier. Southerners were children of the Reformation and humanistic learning no less than other Americans. Like Northerners, they perceived themselves as Protestant in thought, custom, and faith. No other God but the true God ruled their forests and lives. They had a sense of oneness with ancient values both Old Testament and classical-concepts that still had pertinence in lives of hardship and inequity. “Honor thy Father and Mother,” an eye for an eye, the subordination of Eve’s daughters to Adam’s sons, the shamelessness of Jezebel, the hard vengeance of Jae!, the Abrahamic sacrifice of Isaac, the expulsion of Ham, the anointing of David-these and countless other stories, maxims, and rites had a depth of meaning they no longer sustain. Just as some Southerners were religious and others indifferent, so too some whites believed in honor and shame as the biblical stories presented them, whereas others took the ethic lightly. Yet, as evinced in biblical, classical, and popular lore, honor was for all hard law, but inescapable. As the ancient Romans put it, dura lex, sed lex.
Gentility
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Honor in the Old South applied to all white classes, though with manifestations appropriate to each ranking. Few could escape it al together. Gentility, on the other hand, was a more specialized, re fined form of honor, in which moral uprightness was coupled with high social position. Such a joining of rank with acquired virtue was vulnerable to all sorts of confusions and self-doubts. As Kenneth S. Lynn has observed, the seventeenth-century Virginia planter was never wholly sure that he was truly a gentleman, at least by the standards of London, the society to which he looked for approval. Often enough the American colonial visiting England met open contempt, and the ridicule rankled. Gentility, most especially its English form, involved mastery of quite subtle marks of status-the proper accent, the right choice of words and conversational topics, the appropriate attire, an acquaintance with various kinds of social proprieties and other rules not easy to follow with aplomb. The mimicking of English customs, styles of architecture, furnishings, and portrait hangings was, for wealthy men like William Byrd II, a way to demonstrate to themselves and others that gentility had been achieved.
Status, Law, and Sexual Misconduct
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

In reply to Yankee criticism, Southern proslavery apologists claimed that their region was far from being the Sodom the abolitionists depicted. In 1844, James Henry Hammond boasted that “there are fewer cases of divorce, separation, crim[inal] con[versation], seduction, rape and bastardy, than among any other five millions of people on the civilized earth.” Hammond exaggerated. Low rates of divorce, separation, and “criminal conversation” proved nothing about the stability or morality of married life. The compilation only revealed the capacity of ethics and custom to compel men and women to endure misery or find remedies outside the law. Bastardy, for example, has not been examined as a regional phenomenon. Doubtless the problem abated with the spread of preachers and religious attitudes, but legislative bills to legitimize bastards and petitions demanding stricter penalties against marital irregularity did reach the Southern legislatures. Rape constituted only one-half of one percent of all arraignments in antebellum South Carolina, according to a recent estimate.
Government by Newspaper
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

William Randolph Hearst was a formidable force in American life, an awesome power to be reckoned with both in the business and political worlds, a man with a remarkable capacity for reinventing himself no matter how devastating the setbacks. Without question, he was the fore most news media mogul in the United States and throughout the world. During the two decades after 1890 he had enlarged his newspaper empire to include eight publications in five of the largest cities in the United States (New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco), totaling more than 4 million readers, far outdistancing his competitors in circulation and advertising as well as self-promotion. As early as 1902 he had also ventured into the magazine arena; after purchasing Cosmopolitan in 1905, he again proved his marketing wizardry by rapidly attaining a loyal audience of 750,000 readers and a multitude of indulgent advertisers. Hearst was thus girding himself to become even more dominant in the journalistic world through expansion, either by enticing buyouts of poorly run businesses or by engaging in cutthroat competition against rivals.
The Most Hated Man in America
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

The spring of 1913 dawned auspiciously for Democrats, halcyon days indeed for those advocates of progressivism. For the first time in six teen years they had a man in the White House, a dynamic leader who advocated policies of economic reform. In 1912 American voters elected Woodrow Wilson, who championed a progressive program tided the New Freedom, one that was intent upon destroying monopoly and privilege, encouraging competition, and thereby unleashing the potential energies of American business in the marketplace. Democrats also gained control of both houses of Congress and were relatively united. But most importantly Woodrow Wilson possessed qualities of leadership that elicited, indeed commanded, their support. Although a stern, somewhat foreboding intellectual in appearance and manner, he was a compelling speaker, an eloquent spellbinder who “lifted men out of themselves” by picturing, through words and ideas, a better world of tomorrow. His concept of effective presidential leadership, influenced by the British parliamentary system of strong executive authority, set him apart as a” national voice;’ as a moral spokesman for “righteousness and justice” in behalf of the average American.
The Sword and Shield of the People
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

On January 2, 1916, eighteen minutes after midnight, William Ran dolph Hearst assembled at the Clarendon-his sumptuous mansion at 86th Street and Riverside Drive in New York City-a few close friends along with his mother, Phoebe Apperson Hearst. And for what purpose? One of publicity and pronouncement and affirmation. From 3,500 miles away he was congratulated by” wire telephone” Max Ihmsen, the manager of his Los Angeles Examiner, who was dedicating a splendid, newly constructed newspaper building, Hearst proudly exclaimed, “located in the center of the world’s activities, at the summit of the world’s development, at the focus of the world’s interest and attention:’
Notable Successes Except in Politics
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

By 1919 William Randolph Hearst had not yet realized his lifelong ambition, the illusive dream of achieving high public office, specifically that of being elected President of the United States. Despite considerable wealth, outstanding organizational skills, and exceptional talent bordering on genius, he exhibited character flaws that had thus far denied him that goal. For all of his adult life Hearst had headed one or more businesses in which employees followed his dictates without question. He alone was responsible for all corporate policies and business decisions in the Hearst media empire; he alone was accountable-and that was the way he wanted it. Upon rendering a judgment, he brooked no compromise, unless some unforeseen occurrence or event changed the dynamics of the situation. But whatever the final decision, he expected immediate compliance. As a result, every one of his business enterprises exhibited a definite egotism, a reflection of the owner’s utmost command as well as his remarkable achievements, with the Hearst name appearing repeatedly throughout the pages of his newspapers and magazines.
Pragmatic Restraint: Iranian Politics during the Rafsanjani Era
Authors: Takeyh Ray
Published: November 2023

Nineteen eighty-nine stands as one of the most pivotal years in modern Iranian history. The end of the Iran-Iraq war and the passing of Grand Ayatollah Khomeini suddenly removed both the unifying national cause and the symbol of the revolution. On a tumultuous June day the guardians of the revolution gathered to bid farewell to their departed leader, and uneasy days lay ahead. The imam’s disciples would soon lapse into an intense factional struggle, as personal rivalries and dif-fering ideological tendencies ruptured the unity of the Islamist regime.
The Rise of the New Right
Authors: Takeyh Ray
Published: November 2023

The 1990s are often seen as a decade of economic reconstruction and political reform. Intellectuals, businessmen, and technocrats dominated the public sphere in Iran as the country seemed to be distancing itself from its revolutionary heritage. The clerical reformers were seeking to reconcile democracy and religion, while the younger generation was moving away from a political culture that celebrated martyrdom and spiritual devotion. However, beneath the surface of innovation and reform there evolved a war generation—pious young men who had served on the front lines of the Iran-Iraq conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston
Published: November 2023

August 15, 1998, was a rough day for bankers. Leading economists were reassuring the leaders of Western financial institutions that Russia had both the ability and willingness to make payments on bonds held by international investors. With the 1997 Asian financial crisis still fresh in their minds, investors needed the reassurance, especially since Russian stock, bond, and currency markets had weakened substantially in recent days. Still, the advice of these economists seemed to make sense, and nobody panicked. Two days later, the Russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on its debt. The fallout for investors was immediate and dramatic. How did the experts get it so wrong? They missed a number of important political factors: Russia’s weak and unfocused leadership, the pervasiveness of its corruption, poor market regulation, and the fact that a handful of well-placed Russian officials would actually benefit personally from a devaluation. In sovereign credit models used by banks, all these factors were absent or stuck in the “error term.” They were considered too difficult to measure or to manage. But they were vitally important.
Reporting and Warning
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston
Published: November 2023

The year 1683 represents the high-water mark of Ottoman expansion, the second Siege of Vienna—the last time the Ottoman Empire had a real chance of conquering Central Europe.
Trade Can Be Good for Development
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew
Published: November 2023

International trade can have a significant positive effect on economic growth and development. In the eighteenth century, technological breakthroughs put Britain on the path to becoming the first truly ‘modern’ economy. Between 1870 and 1950 Britain’s population nearly tripled. Towns like Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester grew into huge cities, average incomes grew more than twofold, and the share of farming fell from just under a half to less than a fifth of total production. There were many social, political, and geographical factors that caused the Industrial Revolution, but Britain’s trade with her neigh­ bors and colonies played a decisive role in fueling the new industrial activity and spreading prosperity to other countries. Before long British cities became the workshops of the world, importing vast quantities of food and raw materials, and exporting manufactured goods to America, Asia, and Africa.
Priorities Behind the Border
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew
Published: November 2023

One arena in which an international agreement might be of immense benefit to developing countries concerns their competition for investment through concessionary tax rates and financial subsidies. The main beneficiary of that competition is international business, and often countries suffer large fiscal losses without commensurate gains to either their domestic economy or to the efficiency of the location of international production.1 If authorities were to embark on cross-country (or cross-jurisdiction) policy action, to reduce the harm from such competition to attract business. There are essentially three options, representing three levels of ambition with regards to the objectives being pursued. In ascending order these are: ( r) transparency-enhancing obligations on firms and countries;2 (2) co-operation between jurisdictions;3 and (3) the putting in place of enforceable international rules.
Who Are Angel Investors?
Authors: Shane Scott A
Published: November 2023

Who are these angel investors that you hear about all the time? Considered by many to be a central feature of the American entrepreneurial system, business angels are thought to be wealthy, Silicon Valley former entrepreneurs, sipping chardonnay on the decks of their 100-foot yachts while writing checks to twenty-something geeks who have invented the latest widget. After all, this is how they are described time and time again in books and articles, Web sites and blogs. If you read the popular press and think you know the answer, you will be in for a surprise. Actual business angels look very different from the way that they are described in the media. The typical business angel is less wealthy, less well-educated, younger, and less likely to be retired than suggested by the stereotypical description of angels. And he doesn’t have signiﬁcantly more experience starting companies or investing in them than other kinds of informal investors. So let’s take a look at what business angels really look like.
Unbounded Mv Portfolio Efficiency
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O
Published: November 2023

Theoretical academic and practitioner research on MV optimization typically assumes an unbounded asset weight framework. In this context a budget or asset sum-to-one constraint is all that is assumed, and uncertainty in risk-return estimates is ignored. The benefit of this framework is that MV optimization can be solved using analytical methods. Elegant mathematical solutions and simple formulas are available for many questions of interest. The unbounded MV optimization framework has useful pedagogical applications. However, in investment practice, risk-return estimates are highly uncertain. As will be shown, avoiding the investment consequences of data uncertainty in unbounded MV optimization comes at the high price of irrelevant and/or misleading conclusions. This chapter focuses on the fundamental limitations of unbounded MV efficient for practical investment management when estimate uncertainty is considered and provides a context for many of the tools that follow.
Linear Constrained Mv Efficiency
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 addressed unbounded MV optimization. Elegant analytical solutions are available in this case. In investment practice, however, MV optimized portfolios include linear (inequality and equality) constrained asset weights. Linear constrained, not unbounded, MV optimization is typically the framework of choice for asset management in practice. Linear inequality constraints reflect the fact that asset managers have practical limits to shorting and leverage of investments. When linear inequality constraints are included, the analytical methods associated with unbounded MV optimization are unavailable; computational methods are the only feasible solution. Markowitz (1956) recognized the importance of this distinction and provided a computational algorithm for solving linear constrained MV optimized portfolios. In this and following chapters we pursue the implications of estimation error for the practical investment framework of linear constrained MV portfolio efficiency.
Bayes And Active Return Estimation
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O
Published: November 2023

Active asset managers have views of the returns and risks of assets and capital markets that are an integral part of their investment process. Risk-return estimates in a portfolio optimization are typically a combination of current and historical information. Active equity management depends on estimates of alpha—risk-adjusted excess return relative to a benchmark index—that reflect the expertise, strategy, market outlook, and resources of the -rm. Tactical asset allocation managers employ a variety of methods to estimate market and asset returns. Strategic or long-term asset allocators use historic return data informed with current information to develop strategies and policies. By adding exogenous views, investment managers act as Bayesian agents improving the forecast value of historically estimated optimization inputs.
Waking the Slumbering Giants
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

With 3 million lice-ridden Russian corpses and another 27 million people afflicted by typhus after the First World War, the Soviets could not have missed the potential of entomological warfare. In 1928, the Revolutionary Military Council initiated the weaponization of typhus. A top-secret institute was founded in the town of Suzdal under the control of OGPU, the forerunner of the KGB.1 In light of the risks associated with studying human diseases, the facility was transferred to a more isolated site in 1936. In a move reminiscent of the Japanese occupation of Pingfan, the residents of Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea were given six hours to evacuate their homes, and the Soviet biological warfare program set up shop. Typhus might have catalyzed the Soviet program, but interest in other pathogens was formalized in a project code named Golden Triangle, an allusion to its three elements: plague, cholera, and anthrax.
Six-Legged Guardian Angels
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Following the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the United States responded with a massive retaliation against Afghanistan, followed by an invasion of Iraq. Except for the names of the some of the weapon systems (such as the F/A-18 Hornet fighter aircraft, which were subject to counterattack by Stinger missiles), insects played no part in these offensive operations. Defense against terrorism, however, is another story. To prevent future terrorist attacks, the United States developed a staggeringly complex system of technologies and bureaucracies, culminating in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, with an annual operating budget of $40 billion. Systems for detecting explosives, chemical weapons, and biological agents became central to the government’s effort.