bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photolabile ortho‐Nitro‐Benzyl Carbonate as a Permanent Hydroxyl Protecting Group for the Synthesis of Digalactosyl Diacylglycerol
Authors: Zheng Jibin , Chen Hongyu , Shang Jintao , Zhang Lvfeng , Liang Youling , Chang Dongsheng , Yang You
Published: October 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Traditional protecting groups are often removed under harsh conditions with potentially hazardous reagents, thereby impeding the convenient synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycosides. Herein, we present to utilize the photolabile ortho‐nitro‐benzyl carbonate (oNBC) as a permanent hydroxyl protecting group for stereocontrolled synthesis of glycosides. The Ph3PO‐modulated glycosylation with strongly disarmed per‐O‐oNBC‐protected glycosyl ynenoates preferred to afford glycosides with excellent α‐selectivities via the β‐phosphonium transition state. Based on the oNBC‐mediated galactosylation, synthesis of the glycolipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) containing six double bonds and two esters was achieved in a straightforward manner.
The Role of Inflammation in Early Left Ventricular Thrombus Formation Following ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction—A Matched Case‐Control Study
Authors: Litmanowicz Batia , Perelman Moran Gvili , Laufer‐Perl Michal , Topilsky Yan , Banai Shmuel , Shacham Yacov , Khoury Shafik
Published: October 2024

Background

There is limited data on the association between inflammation and the formation of early left ventricular thrombus (LVT) following ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aimed to explore the predictive value of several inflammatory biomarkers for LVT formation following STEMI.

Methods and Results

Our cohort included 2534 consecutive patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) with STEMI. The final analysis included 51 patients with LVT and 102 patients without LVT, matched for age, sex, anterior infarct and ejection fraction. Upon admission, patients with LVT had higher white blood cell counts (WBC) (12.8 ± 7 vs. 12.4 ± 4 ×103/µL, p = 0.01), higher absolute neutrophil counts (10.5 ± 4 vs. 8.6 ± 4 ×103/µL, p = 0.003), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (8.2 ± 6 vs. 4.8 ± 4, p = 0.04), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (35.9 ± 62 vs. 18.6 ± 40 mg/L, p = 0.04). Peak values for WBC and CRP were also higher in the LVT group (17.8 ± 8 vs. 14.6 ± 5 ×103/µL, p = 0.003 and 95.8 ± 82 vs. 64.2 ± 76 mg/L, p = 0.02, respectively). In univariate regression analysis, WBC upon admission (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21, p = 0.02), peak WBC (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02–1.17, p = 0.009), neutrophil count upon admission (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26, p = 0.004), and peak CRP (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1–1.01, p = 0.03) predicted LVT formation, which was also evident in multivariate regression models.

Conclusion

WBC and neutrophil counts upon admission, as well as peak WBC and CRP, have additional predictive value for LVT formation following STEMI, beyond classical risk factors.
Marker trait association and candidate gene identification for brown rust disease in sugarcane
Authors: Islam Md S. , Qin Lifang , McCord Per H. , Sood Sushma , Zhang Muqing
Published: October 2024

Brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala H. & P. Sydow) is one of the most devastating diseases in commercial sugarcane production. It could reduce sugarcane yield by up to 50% depending on the susceptibility levels of cultivars. Breeding disease‐resistant cultivars is the most effective, economical, and environmentally friendly option to control brown rust. A genome‐wide association study was conducted on a field trial using 432 sugarcane clones following an augmented design with two replications. Brown rust was screened using the whorl inoculation method over two crop cycles. The genotype data were obtained through target enrichment sequencing technologies. The gene actions considering six different models and marker dosage effects were included during the marker‐trait analysis. A total of seven, nine, and seven nonredundant marker‐trait associations were identified for plant cane, first ratoon, and across two crop cycles, respectively. The most significant (p‐value 6.17E−20) marker (chr01p59833543) has the additive effect of −0.63 for the diplo‐additive model and reduced disease severity the most (41.35%) due to heterozygote (AG) over homozygote allele (AA) combination in the tested clones. Gene annotation of the monoploid sugarcane genome R570 suggested that six putative candidate genes were co‐located with significant markers associated with brown rust resistance in sugarcane. The putative candidate genes regulated the formation of a cell wall barrier that plays a crucial role in controlling brown rust pathogen infection. The results of this study will open the path to exploiting new resistance sources for brown rust resistance in commercial sugarcane.
The Feasibility of Using Electrostatic Interactions for Immobilizing Ru‐bda Catalysts in Covalent Organic Framework: A Proof‐of‐Concept
Authors: Shao Mengjiao , Jiang Xuesong , Wang Aodi , Tan Guang , Wang Lei
Published: October 2024

Heterogenization of molecular catalysts effectively resolves the separation issues of homogeneous catalysts and expands their application scenarios. In recent years, more and more studies have been using non‐covalent interactions to achieve the heterogenization of molecular catalysts. Herein, electrostatic attraction was used to immobilize molecular catalysts, Ru‐bda small molecular catalysts in COF materials, where the charged Ru‐bda catalysts were immobilized in the oppositely charged COF with a high [Ru] loading content of ~0.2 mmol [Ru] g−1 COF. The leakage experiment verified that the immobilization of Ru‐bda catalysts in COF by electrostatic interactions is stable in 0.1 M HClO4 and less than 5 % of molecular Ru‐bda catalysts were leached into the solution in 2 hours. The chemical water oxidation experiment was conducted as a model catalysis reaction to verify the feasibility of using electrostatic interactions for immobilizing Ru‐bda catalysts in COFs. The prepared Ru(bda)@COFs demonstrate a high catalytic activity of 268 μmol L−1 s−1 O2 for chemical water oxidation, illustrating the electrostatic attractions between COF and small molecules that can be used to immobilize homogeneous catalysts in heterogeneous materials. However, the robustness of COF material itself under catalytic conditions should be considered in practical applications.
Traditional healing and medicine in dementia care for Indigenous populations in North America, Australia, and New Zealand: Exploring culturally‐safe dementia care policy from a global perspective
Authors: Shrestha Hom Lal , Shrestha Lucy , McArthur Michael , Rowe Robyn K. , Maar Marion , Walker Jennifer D.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

In 2018, the World Health Organization recognized traditional healers as community stakeholders in dementia care. This scoping review aimed to summarize the existing dementia care literature regarding strategies for the integration of traditional healing in dementia care and the roles of traditional healers.

METHODS

A group of Indigenous Elders from Northern Ontario, Canada, guided, reviewed, and validated the research process and findings. The Joanna Briggs Institute approach was applied to a structured search strategy across the CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. A title and abstract screening were completed, followed by a full‐text assessment of the identified manuscripts.

RESULTS

A total of 143 full manuscripts were reviewed, of which two studies fully met the community‐determined inclusion/exclusion criteria.

DISCUSSION

The integration of traditional healing practices into dementia care offers a pathway to culturally‐safe care for people with dementia. The findings identified policy advocacy as key to engage, educate, and empower traditional healers.

Highlights

The WHO recognized traditional healers as community stakeholders in dementia care and prevention worldwide in 2018; however, traditional healers are underrepresented and marginalized in healthcare systems due to the lack of culturally‐safe dementia care (CSDC) policies at community and national levels globally.

Community‐based CSDC models were critically reviewed and validated by local Indigenous community stakeholder consultations.

The result is a call to action to assist the WHO and Alzheimer's Disease International in developing guidelines for CSDC policy improvements with the global Indigenous community for the engagement and empowerment of traditional healers to navigate dementia care and to implement the WHO Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia (2017–2025).

Integration of Western biomedical and Indigenous traditional healing and medicine in dementia care in the healthcare system can reduce health disparities and empower traditional healers on a global scale. Indigenous‐led models that include traditional healers in dementia care are critical for improving equity gaps in dementia care for Indigenous Peoples.
Dietary Niche Variation in an Invasive Omnivore: The Effects of Habitat on Feral Pig Resource Use in Hawai‘i
Authors: Peyton Michael S. , Kinney Kealohanuiopuna M. , Knox Sarah , Tredennick Grace , Hotchkiss Sara
Published: October 2024

Invasive omnivores may have profound impacts on ecological communities through diet selection, particularly when their functional roles differ from those in their native range. While the threat of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) to native plant communities in Hawai‘i is well known, their trophic dynamics and the drivers of variation in their diet remain understudied. We investigated the feral pig trophic niche on Hawai‘i Island using stable isotopes (13C and 15N) and Bayesian mixing models to identify drivers of variation in resource use. We also reconstructed intra‐individual variability for six subsampled individuals to understand temporal variation in resource use and individual diet specialization. Our results revealed that feral pigs on Hawai‘i Island exhibit a broad trophic niche characterized by diverse diets, with substantial overlap in resource use across districts and habitats. Differences in dietary composition in the transition from forest to open habitat were driven primarily by a decline in invertebrates and an increasing reliance on resources enriched in 15N, which may reflect a shift in protein sources with habitat. Pigs in forested areas exhibited a smaller trophic niche than those in open habitats, largely driven by differences in feeding strategies and resource availability. Diets for subsampled individuals varied little, suggesting feral pig resource‐use strategies in Hawai‘i tend to be relatively stable through time. Individual niche width was relatively narrow compared to that of feral pigs in Hawai‘i at large, indicating the relatively wide feral pig dietary niche is characterized by substantial intraspecific diet specialization, likely as a result of strong intraspecific competition. Understanding the drivers of feral pig resource use offers key information for management strategies aimed at mitigating their ecological impacts in imperiled systems like Hawai‘i.
ZIF‐8 as Potential Vector for Enhanced Target Delivery of Sulfathiazole for the Treatment of Bovine Ruminal Acidosis
Authors: di Nicola Nicola , Paolucci Valentina , Daniele Valeria , Taglieri Giuliana , Crucianelli Marcello , Guidoni Leonardo , Lazzarini Andrea
Published: October 2024

The aim of this paper is enlarging the potential use of ZIF‐8 MOF as drug delivery system (DDS) for antimicrobial molecules, in particular for sulfathiazole, to be employed for the treatment of Sub‐Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows. We therefore optimized (from milligrams to grams) the synthesis methodology for ZIF‐8 MOF, moving from organic solvents to aqueous solution, deeply characterizing the prepared material with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyses (BET), electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Once proved that the synthesis is also reproducible, we tested the stability of the material at physiological and acid pH, controlling material stability over time by checking their crystallinity with XRD. We then optimized sulfathiazole entrapment method to obtain the best material, checking the effective loading with UV‐Vis spectroscopy. Afterwards, we checked the effective entrapment vs physical mixture by means of XRD, SEM and ATR‐MIR spectroscopy. Finally we tested the pH‐responsive drug release by dialyzing the sulfathiazole@ZIF‐8 by UV spectroscopy on the dialysis solution, confirming the strong pH‐dependence of release time of sulfathiazole.
A Squaramide‐Tagged Proline‐Mediated Direct Asymmetric Aldol Addition in the Presence of Water
Authors: Kumari Kiran , Gulam Hussain Khan Akram , Kumar Dhiya Ajay , Easwar Srinivasan
Published: October 2024

A squaramide moiety introduced at the C‐4 position of proline produced an organocatalyst that promoted the direct asymmetric aldol addition in the presence of water. A variety of aldol adducts, majorly from the reaction cyclohexanone with aldehydes, were obtained in yields generally in the range of 53–99 %, accompanied by 71–99 % ee and 83 : 17 to >99 : 1 diastereomeric ratios. An asymmetric desymmetrization of 4‐alkyl cyclohexanones was also achieved using the transformation.
Efficient seismic fragility analysis considering uncertainties in structural systems and ground motions
Authors: Kim Jungho , Kim Taeyong
Published: October 2024

Fragility plays a pivotal role in performance‐based earthquake engineering, which represents the seismic performance of structural systems. To comprehensively understand the structural performance under seismic events, it is necessary to consider uncertainties in the structural model, i.e., epistemic uncertainties. However, considering such uncertainties is challenging due to computational complexity, leading most fragility analyses only to consider the chaotic behavior of ground motions on structural responses, i.e., aleatoric uncertainties. To address this challenge, this study proposes an adaptive algorithm that intertwines with the conventional fragility analysis procedures to consider both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. The algorithm introduces Gaussian process‐based metamodels to efficiently consider epistemic uncertainties with a small number of time history analyses. Steel moment‐resisting frame structures and a reinforced concrete building are used to demonstrate the improved efficiency and wide applicability of the proposed method. In each case, the proposed method yields fragility curves consistent with reference solutions but with substantially lower computational effort. Comprehensive discussions are provided regarding ground motion sets, structural types, and definitions of limit‐states to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach.
Insights into permafrost aggradation and thawing: A case study of Zonag Lake on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using SAR interferometry
Authors: Zhang Zhengjia , Wang Qingxiang , Ma Peifeng , Wang Mengmeng , Jiang Xiucheng
Published: October 2024

Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) are important indicators of climate change. The water level and area of Zonag Lake have increased sharply since 2000, and the west lake bottom area was exposed after an outburst of flood in September 2011. The drained basin was exposed to the cold environment, causing rapid permafrost forming. In this paper, time‐series synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) was utilized to monitor the surface deformation of the drained basin using Sentinel‐1A images within a 4‐year period (2017–2020). This research focused on characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of ground deformation and exploring changes in the permafrost base around the drained basin based on the deformation information. The experimental results revealed spatially variable ground deformation, with long‐term deformation rates ranging from −78.3 mm/year to 72.8 mm/year and seasonal amplitudes of 0–14 mm. Subsidence was prominent in the lakeshore, the thermokarst region and the slope drainage area, indicative of the thawing of ice‐rich permafrost. Conversely, uplift was concentrated in the exposed unconsolidated sediment region, with a maximum displacement of 110 mm over the nearly 4‐year observation period, suggesting ground ice aggradation. The uplift information was used to estimate the change in the permafrost base in the drained basin, yielding a maximum value of 4 m. The estimated permafrost base change closely aligned with simulated results, with an error of 0.28 m. This study demonstrates the capability of InSAR in monitoring permafrost stability and improving the understanding of the dynamic permafrost formation process.
A Functional Analysis of Inflorescence Architecture in Musa L. (Musaceae)
Authors: Turner David W. , Gibbs D. Jane , Ocimati Walter , Blomme Guy
Published: October 2024

Inflorescence architecture underpins sexual reproduction in wild Musa species and productivity in edible banana cultivars. In a functional analysis, we identified the apical inflorescence and lateral ‘cushion’ meristems and the change in flower type as the three primary components that generate inflorescence architecture. Five genotypes of two clone sets of edible plantains (Musa AAB) were grown for four generations along an elevation gradient (1100–2200 m, 16°C–24°C) straddling the equator in the humid highlands of East Africa. The data consisted of reproductive peduncle length at harvest (Pr), fruit per hand (Fh) and hands per bunch (Hb). The activity of the apical inflorescence meristem drives peduncle length and generates lateral ‘cushion’ meristems which determine Fh. However, Hb is determined by a change in flower type—from fruit forming to non‐fruit forming. Site temperature affected Hb more than Fh, while the development of the genet (rhizome) changed the allocation of resources between Hb and Fh, independently of the effect of site temperature. Clone sets differed in their response to genet development. Cooler temperatures reduced the number of fruit‐forming flowers in an inflorescence and changed the balance away from female towards male flowers. In banana breeding schemes, manipulating inflorescence components independently raises options for producing genotypes better suited to markets, environments and cultural practices.
Potential Use of Extracellular Vesicles for the HER2 Status Assessment in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Moon Sol , Kim Seung Il , Lee Suji , Lee Hyojung , Kim Young , Kim Joon Ye , Kim Min Woo , Kim Jee Ye
Published: October 2024

Human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐targeted therapies are effective in patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer. Recent advances have shown that HER2‐targeted therapies can also be of benefit when treating tumors expressing low levels of HER2, highlighting the importance of identifying the HER2‐low subgroup. This clinical trend has opened new therapeutic avenues for patients who were previously ineligible for HER2‐targeted therapies. Thus, the development of new diagnostic methods for real‐time HER2 profiling is crucial for accurately tailoring the treatment for these patients. We hypothesized that tumor‐derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) could reflect the HER2 profiles of primary tumors and potentially serve as diagnostic tools for HER2 status. This approach was validated using six breast cancer cell lines, which confirmed that the TEVs accurately reflected the HER2 profiles of the tumor cells. TEVs were isolated using an immunoaffinity method, and copy number variation (CNV) in the ERBB2/EIF2C ratio was assessed using droplet digital PCR of DNA from these vesicles. Clinical validation using plasma samples from 33 breast cancer patients further reinforced the diagnostic potential of our method. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of the flow cytometry results demonstrated that TEVs reflected HER2 expression in primary cells. To distinguish between HER2‐negative and HER2‐low patients, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve in our method was 0.796, with a sensitivity of 53.8% and a specificity of 100%. These findings suggest the clinical utility of extracellular vesicles derived from plasma and emphasize the need for further research to distinguish HER2‐negative from HER2‐low patients.
Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS‐Based Machine Learning Ensemble Models in the Gidabo Watershed, Ethiopia
Authors: Mussa Mussa Muhaba , Lohani Tarun Kumar , Eshete Abunu Atlabachew
Published: October 2024

The main objective of this study is to map and evaluate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) using advanced ensemble machine learning (ML) models, notably Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). GWPZs are identified by considering essential factors such as geology, drainage density, slope, land use/land cover (LULC), rainfall, soil, and lineament density. This is combined with datasets used for training and validating the RF and SVM models, which consisted of 75 potential sites (boreholes and springs), 22 non‐potential sites (bare lands and settlement areas), and 20 potential sites (water bodies). Each dataset is randomly partitioned into two sets: training (70%) and validation (30%). The model's performance is evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC‐ROC). The AUC of the RF model is 0.91, compared to 0.88 for the SVM model. Both models classified GWPZs effectively, but the RF model performed slightly better. The classified GWPZ map shows that high GWPZs are typically located within water bodies, natural springs, low‐lying regions, and forested areas. In contrast, low GWPZs are primarily found in shrubland and grassland areas. This study is vital for decision‐makers as it promotes sustainable groundwater use and ensures water security in the studied area.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound for aiding diagnosis of congestive heart failure in the emergency department: A narrative review
Authors: Leung Tsui Chi
Published: October 2024

Background

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common condition that causes significant diagnostic challenges in the emergency department (ED). Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for the effective management of CHF and improving patient outcomes. This narrative review aims to provide a state‐of‐art review to summarize the current application of PoCUS for aiding the diagnosis of CHF in ED.

Method

A targeted literature search in the databases of Ovid (Medline and Embase) and PubMed was performed. The search filters were set to “full text,” “English”, and “15 years.”

Result

One hundred sixty‐four journal articles were retrieved; the articles were reviewed by the author to decide whether they were relevant to this narrative review or not. Finally, 16 articles were selected.

Conclusion

Point‐of‐care ultrasound (PoCUS) including focused cardiac, lung, and venous ultrasound plays a pivotal role in aiding the diagnosis of CHF in ED. These modalities offer rapid, noninvasive, and bedside assessments that are helpful in the emergency department setting.
Initial examination of use of the Brief Observation of Social‐Communication Change (BOSCC) across home and school contexts
Authors: Reszka Stephanie S. , Wallisch Anna , Boyd Brian A. , Watson Linda R. , Grasley‐Boy Nicolette
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the potential influences of administration context on the measurement of child skills. The Brief Observation of Social‐Communication Change (BOSCC) was administered at two time points to preschool‐aged children with autism in two contexts: (1) at school by trained research staff and (2) at home by the parent. Participants were of ages 3–5 years (M = 4.27 years) old with a confirmed diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Of the 13 participants (nine male), eight were White, three Asian, one Black and one White/Black; all identified as non‐Hispanic. The social‐communication and Core total scores yield similar information in both contexts, but Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors and Other Abnormal Behavior subscales scores were not related. These results underscore the importance of purposeful selection of measures and their administration context.
HIV deathrate prediction by Gaidai multivariate risks assessment method
Authors: Gaidai Oleg
Published: October 2024

Objectives

HIV is a contagious disease with reportedly high transmissibility, being spread worldwide, with certain mortality, allegedly presenting a burden to public health worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine excessive HIV death risks at any time within any region or country of interest.

Study design

Current study presents a novel multivariate public health system bio‐risk assessment approach that is particularly applicable to environmental multi‐regional, biological, and public health systems, being observed over a representative period of time, yielding reliable long‐term HIV deathrate assessment. Hence, the development of a new bio‐statistical approach, that is, population‐based, multicenter, and medical survey‐based. The expansion of extreme value statistics from the univariate to the bivariate situation meets with numerous challenges. Firstly, the univariate extreme value types theorem cannot be directly extended to the bivariate (2D) case, ‐ not to mention challenges with system dimensionality higher than 2D.

Methods

Existing bio‐statistical methods that process spatiotemporal clinical observations of multinational bio‐processes often do not have the advantage of efficiently dealing with high regional dimensionalities and complex nonlinear inter‐correlations between different national raw datasets. Hence, this study advocates the direct application of the novel bio‐statistical Gaidai method to a raw unfiltered clinical data set.

Results

This investigation described the successful application of a novel bio‐risk assessment approach, yielding reliable long‐term HIV mortality risk assessments.

Conclusions

The suggested risk assessment methodology may be utilized in various public bio and public health clinical applications based on available raw patient survey datasets.
MRI findings and clinical testing for preoperative diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology
Authors: Gallinet David , Antoni Maxime ,   ReSurg, Berhouet Julien , Charousset Christophe , Guery Jacques , van Rooij Floris
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Determine whether combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) observations and clinical tests could substantially improve sensitivity for diagnosis of long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) pathology.

Methods

The authors retrospectively assessed a consecutive series of 140 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for isolated supraspinatus tears. The presence of LHBT pathology was assessed preoperatively on MRI using three criteria and four clinical tests specific to shoulder injuries. Binary outcomes of MRI observations and four clinical tests were combined to identify combinations resulting in the best sensitivity using intra‐operative arthroscopic findings as reference.

Results

The study cohort comprised 100 shoulders (58 men and 42 women) aged 56.6 ± 9.4 years (range, 30–76) at index surgery. A total of 29 combinations were tested to obtain the best diagnostic algorithm for LHBT pathologies. Only four combinations reached a sensitivity ≥0.75, but had a specificity <0.45. The ‘Speed or Signal’ combination achieved the highest sensitivity (Se: 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73%–0.96%; Sp: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10%–0.33%).

Conclusion

The most important findings of this study were that, for the diagnosis of LHBT pathology using clinical tests alone, the Speed test had the highest sensitivity (Se, 0.74), and using MRI observations alone, the signal intensity had the highest sensitivity (Se, 0.68). Combination of ‘Speed test or Signal intensity’ substantially improved the sensitivity (Se, 0.88) but yielded the lowest specificity (Sp, 0.20). The clinical relevance of these findings is that using the combination ‘Speed or Signal’ for preoperative diagnosis, 88% of pathologic LHBTs would be correctly diagnosed, while 80% of healthy LHBTs could be misdiagnosed as pathologic.

Level of Evidence

Diagnostic study, Level IV.
Malnutrition risk screening in adult oncology outpatients: An ASPEN systematic review and clinical recommendations
Authors: Trujillo Elaine B. , Kadakia Kunal C. , Thomson Cynthia , Zhang Fang Fang , Livinski Alicia , Pollard Kim , Mattox Todd , Tucker Anne , Williams Valaree , Walsh Declan , Clinton Steven , Grossberg Aaron , Jensen Gordon , Levin Rhone , Mills Jeannine , Singh Anurag , Smith Meredith , Stubbins Renee , Wiley Kathleen , Sullivan Kristen , Platek Mary , Spees Colleen K.
Published: October 2024

Background

Malnutrition screening is not widely practiced in outpatient cancer centers. This review aims to determine the validity of malnutrition screening tools and provide recommendations for clinical use.

Methods

Studies identified by a systematic review assessed the general validity of screening tools in adult oncology outpatients from five databases through 2022. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) convened a working group of members from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Academy of Oncology Nurse and Patient Navigators, American Cancer Society, American Society for Clinical Oncology, American Society for Nutrition, American Society for Radiation Oncology, Association of Cancer Care Centers, and Oncology Nursing Society to answer the following questions: (1) should clinicians screen for malnutrition, (2) which malnutrition screening tools are recommended, and (3) what are the clinical applications for malnutrition risk screening in adult oncology outpatients?

Results

Twenty of 738 studies met the criteria and were reviewed. Six screening tools with specific cut‐points demonstrated validity and are recommended, including the Mini Nutritional Assessment (≤23.5), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST; MST ≥ 2 and patient‐led MST ≥ 2), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST; MUST ≥ 1 and MUST ≥ 2), Nutrition Risk Screening‐2002 (NRS‐2002; NRS‐2002 ≥ 2 and NRS‐2002 ≥ 3), NUTRISCORE ≥ 5, and Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG‐SGA SF; PG‐SGA SF ≥ 7 and PG‐SGA SF ≥ 8).

Conclusion

Six screening tools are valid for malnutrition risk identification in oncology ambulatory settings and recommended before treatment initiation and regularly thereafter, depending on treatment course. Research is needed to understand to what extent early diagnosis and management of malnutrition improves the clinical care of oncology patients.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials from Vegetable Oils
Authors: Laurent Eline , Maric Milan
Published: October 2024

The production of materials based on fossil resources is yielding more sustainable and ecologically beneficial methods. Vegetable oils (VO) are one example of base materials whose derivatives rival the properties of their petro‐based counterparts. Gaps exist however and one way to fill them is by employing sol–gel processes to synthesize organic–inorganic hybrid materials, often derived from silane/siloxane compounds. Creating Si─O─Si inorganic networks in the organic VO matrix permits the attainment of necessary strength, among other property enhancements. Consequently, many efforts have been directed to optimally achieve organic–inorganic hybrid materials with VOs. However, compatibilization is challenging, and desirable conditions for matching the inorganic filler in the organic matrix remain a key stumbling block toward wider application. Therefore, this review aims to detail recent progress on these new hybrids, focusing on the main strategies to polymerize and functionalize the raw VO, followed by routes highlighting the addition of the inorganic fillers to obtain desirable composites.
Contemporary surgical management of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Callan Alexandra K. , Alexander John H. , Montgomery Nicole I. , Lindberg Antoinette W. , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Binitie Odion
Published: October 2024

The incidence of malignant bone tumors has remained relatively stable over the past two decades between 8% and 9% per 1,000,000 in North America. Multidisciplinary treatment is paramount for optimal care combining surgical resection, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation. Surgical treatment aims for a negative margin resection of the sarcoma with a personalized reconstruction plan. Limb salvage surgery (LSS) is possible in the majority of cases; however, amputation (including rotationplasty) may be required or preferred. Reconstruction can be achieved utilizing endoprostheses, allograft, autograft, or a combination of these techniques. Emerging technologies such as 3D printing of implants and cutting guides, and intraoperative navigation have helped to improve options for LSS.
To be or not to be, when synthetic data meet clinical pharmacology: A focused study on pharmacogenetics
Authors: Woillard Jean‐Baptiste , Benoist Clément , Destere Alexandre , Labriffe Marc , Marchello Giulia , Josse Julie , Marquet Pierre
Published: October 2024

The use of synthetic data in pharmacology research has gained significant attention due to its potential to address privacy concerns and promote open science. In this study, we implemented and compared three synthetic data generation methods, CT‐GAN, TVAE, and a simplified implementation of Avatar, for a previously published pharmacogenetic dataset of 253 patients with one measurement per patient (non‐longitudinal). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of these methods in terms of data utility and privacy trade off. Our results showed that CT‐GAN and Avatar used with k = 10 (number of patients used to create the local model of generation) had the best overall performance in terms of data utility and privacy preservation. However, the TVAE method showed a relatively lower level of performance in these aspects. In terms of Hazard ratio estimation, Avatar with k = 10 produced HR estimates closest to the original data, whereas CT‐GAN slightly underestimated the HR and TVAE showed the most significant deviation from the original HR. We also investigated the effect of applying the algorithms multiple times to improve results stability in terms of HR estimation. Our findings suggested that this approach could be beneficial, especially in the case of small datasets, to achieve more reliable and robust results. In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the performance of CT‐GAN, TVAE, and Avatar methods for synthetic data generation in pharmacogenetic research. The application to other type of data and analyses (data driven) used in pharmacology should be further investigated.
Evidence of Spin Reorientation from Γ4 to Γ2 and Sign Reversal Exchange Bias in CeCrO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Yadav Manish , Kumar Lekshmi S , Kumar Keshav , Das Deepankar , Zhang Qiang , Rath Chandana
Published: October 2024

Herein, the temperature‐dependent magnetic structure and sign reversal exchange bias in CeCrO3 using magnetization data and time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction data which is given less attention among RCrO3 are investigated. While nuclear structural analysis using Rietveld refinement exhibits distorted orthorhombic structure within Pnma space group, temperature dependence of the magnetic structure using neutron diffraction reveals possible spin configurations, namely, Γ4, Γ2, and Γ1, within the temperature range of 6–300 K. Temperature‐dependent magnetization shows compensation temperature, Tcomp, at 58 K, spin reorientation temperature, TSR, at 15 K along with a Neel temperature, TN, at 260 K which is the outcome of the competition between canted antiferromagnetic ordering of Cr3+ ions and Ce3+ ions in CeCrO3. Furthermore, the magnetization versus magnetic field (M vs H) measurements indicate transition of the Γ4 spin structure to Γ2 spin structure around TSR which is further supported by reversible‐to‐irreversible changes observed in temperature‐dependent MFCC and MFCW. Moreover, a temperature‐driven sign reversal of exchange bias in CeCrO3 is observed, resulting from the competition between antiferromagnetic coupling between chromium moment (MCr) and cerium moment (MCe) in these nanoparticles. This intriguing behavior holds significant potential for the development of thermally assisted magnetic random access memory.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of NiO Thin Films on (‐201) β‐Ga2O3 by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Yasui Gen , Miyake Hiroki , Shimazoe Kazuki , Nishinaka Hiroyuki
Published: October 2024

The growth of NiO epitaxial thin films on (‐201) β‐Ga2O3 by mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the effects of carrier gas selection (N2 and O2) and substrate preannealing treatment on the structural and morphological properties on the grown thin films are explored. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals successful epitaxial growth with the orientation relationship (111) NiO [0‐11] || (‐201) β‐Ga2O3 [010]. As a carrier gas, O2 results in single‐domain NiO films while N2 leads to the formation of rotational domains. Atomic force microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy confirm the lateral growth of NiO films, thus highlighting the importance of substrate preannealing at 1200 °C in oxygen atmosphere to obtain flat, high‐quality films. The results demonstrate that the method of mist CVD combined with appropriate substrate preparation and carrier gas selection is effective for the growth of high‐quality NiO/β‐Ga2O3 heterostructures. This achievement opens new possibilities for the development of wide‐bandgap p–n heterojunctions, potentially advancing the field of high‐power oxide‐based electronic devices.
Neural‐Network‐Based Finite‐Horizon Estimation for Complex Networks With Probabilistic Quantizations and Sensor Faults
Authors: Xu Chao , Wang Hanbo , Shen Yuxuan , Sun Jing , Dong Hongli
Published: October 2024

In this article, the problem of finite‐horizon state estimation is studied for a class of time‐varying complex networks with sensor faults. The phenomenon of measurement quantization is considered such that the measurements are quantized probabilistically before transmitted to the state estimator. To deal with the unknown sensor fault, a neural network is introduced to appropriate the sensor fault whose weights are updated based on estimation error and the gradient descent method. Our aim is to design state estimators so that the state estimation errors are finite‐time bounded. First, sufficient conditions are established to ensure the existence of the desired state estimators. Then, the gains of the state estimators are derived in terms of the solutions to a set of recursive matrix inequalities. Finally, the usefulness of our estimation approach is confirmed by an illustrative example.
Scanless Spectral Imaging of Terahertz Vortex Beams Generated by High‐Resolution 3D‐Printed Spiral Phase Plates
Authors: Paraipan Andreea Aura , Gonzalez‐Hernandez Diana , Reddy Innem V. A. K. , Balistreri Giacomo , Zanotto Luca , Shalaby Mostafa , Morandotti Roberto , Liberale Carlo , Razzari Luca
Published: October 2024

Terahertz technology has experienced significant advances in the past years, leading to new applications in the fields of spectroscopy, imaging, and communications. This progress requires the development of dedicated optics to effectively direct, control and manipulate terahertz radiation. In this regard, 3D printing technologies have shown great potential, offering fast prototyping, high design flexibility, and good reproducibility. While traditional 3D printing techniques allow for the preparation of terahertz optical components operating at relatively low frequencies (<0.4 THz) due to their limited resolution, two‐photon polymerization lithography (TPL) exhibits high detail resolution and low surface roughness and can thus potentially enable the fabrication of high‐frequency terahertz devices. Here, as a proof of principle, spiral phase plates operating at 1 THz are designed and fabricated by means of TPL. Moreover, these samples are characterized via a rapid and scanless terahertz imaging technique customized to obtain a coherent hyperspectral analysis of the generated vortex beams at varying distances along propagation. Numerical simulations are also conducted for comparison with experiments, revealing a good agreement. Current limitations of the technique are found to be mainly related with terahertz loss in TPL polymers, and possible solutions are discussed.
A Dual‐Modal Memory Organic Electrochemical Transistor Implementation for Reservoir Computing
Authors: Yin Yuyang , Wang Shaocong , Weng Ruihong , Xiao Na , Deng Jianni , Wang Qian , Wang Zhongrui , Chan Paddy Kwok Leung
Published: October 2024

Neuromorphic computing devices offer promising solutions for next‐generation computing hardware, addressing the high throughput data processing demands of artificial intelligence applications through brain‐mimicking non‐von Neumann architecture. Herein, PEDOT:Tos/PTHF‐based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with dual‐modal memory functions—both short‐term and long‐term—are demonstrated. By characterizing memory levels and relaxation times, the device has been efficiently manipulated and switched between the two modes through coupled control of pulse voltage and duration. Both short‐term and long‐term memory functions are integrated within the same device, enabling its use as artificial neurons for the reservoir unit and synapses in the readout layer to build up a reservoir computing (RC) system. The performance of the dynamic neuron and synaptic weight update are benchmarked with classification tasks on hand‐written digit images, respectively, both attaining accuracies above 90%. Furthermore, by modulating the device as both reservoir mode and synaptic mode, a full‐OECT RC system capable of distinguishing electromyography signals of hand gestures is demonstrated. These results highlight the potential of simplified, homogeneous integration of dual‐modal OECTs to form brain‐like computing hardware systems for efficient biological signal processing across a broad range of applications.
Mechanical‐performance deterioration of RC segment of shield tunnel under high corrosion degree and the transformation of eccentric‐failure mode
Authors: Zhang Kangjian , Zhang Zhiqiang , Xu Jialei
Published: October 2024

Reinforcement corrosion in shield tunnel segments has an important impact on the structure's bearing capacity and failure mode. Generally, a shield tunnel structure is under small eccentric compression, but if the reinforcement corrosion develops sufficiently, then a transition occurs from small to large eccentric load state, thereby lowering the structural bearing capacity and endangering the safety of tunnel operation. In the study reported here, based on the compressive bending load characteristics of the shield lining structure, corrosion test columns with small eccentric loading were designed to simulate the actual force state of the tunnel lining, and the whole evolution process of their mid‐span strain, ultimate bearing capacity, and cracks under different corrosion degrees was analyzed. With increasing corrosion, the bearing capacity, concrete strain, and depth of the compressive zone of a test column decrease more and more rapidly, and at the maximum corrosion degree of 68.32%, the maximum reduction of bearing capacity is 53.23%. The tests show that the failure mode of a test column with high corrosion degree (≥46.25%) is transformed from small to large eccentric failure. Based on theoretical analysis of the normal section bearing capacity of reinforced concrete flexural members, a theoretical method is proposed for calculating the critical corrosion degree for the tunnel lining structure to transform from small to large eccentric failure. The theoretical calculation method is verified against finite‐element calculations, and the present research results offer theoretical support for the durability design and safety evaluation of shield tunnel lining structures.
Is it all Phacelia pinnatifida? Molecular delimitations and taxonomic revision of Phacelia sect. Glandulosae in South America based on ddRADseq
Authors: Vasile Maria‐Anna , Böhnert Tim , O'Leary Nataly , Weigend Maximilian
Published: October 2024

Phacelia sect. Glandulosae, with ca. 62 taxa, is the most diverse of the 11 sections of the genus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae). The family is largely restricted to North and Central America, but the genus Phacelia has an amphitropical distribution with nine species reported from western South America, five of which have been assigned to P. sect. Glandulosae. These species are found in arid to semi‐arid Andean habitats between 1000 and 5000 m a.s.l. Species delimitation has long been confounded for this plant group in South America by some degree of taxonomic chaos – lack of typifications, dozens of synonyms, different names used for the same taxon between different countries – and poor representation in molecular phylogenies. Here, we try to improve our understanding by employing a ddRADseq strategy to investigate phylogenetic relationships of all South American representatives of P. sect. Glandulosae based on a total of 33 sampled specimens. Both maximum likelihood and species tree inference analyses of the ddRADseq data resulted in a well‐resolved topology. All five species currently recognized in P. sect. Glandulosae in South America form a highly supported monophylum including P. nana, previously considered as belonging to P. sect. Euglypta. However, the currently recognized morphospecies form a clade with very short branch lengths indicating coalescence processes at the level of population, except for P. artemisioides, which is clearly sister to the rest. Additionally, different morphospecies and ecotypes are largely retrieved as poly‐ and/or paraphyletic. Based on these results and on re‐evaluation of the morphological characters traditionally used to delineate species within P. sect. Glandulosae, we argue that these characters are of limited diagnostic value. We recommend recognizing only two South American species within this section: polymorphic P. pinnatifida and its closely related sister species P. artemisioides. A revised formal taxonomy is provided.
Past Answers to Present Concerns. The Relevance of the Premodern Past for 21st Century Policy Planners: Comments on the State of the Field
Authors: Haldon John , Mordechai Lee , Dugmore Andrew , Eisenberg Merle , Endfield Georgina , Izdebski Adam , Jackson Rowan , Kemp Luke , Labuhn Inga , McGovern Thomas , Metcalfe Sarah , Morrison Kathleen D. , Newfield Timothy , Trump Benjamin
Published: October 2024

How is history relevant to the present, or indeed the future? Governments around the world have used history to inform planning and decision‐making in various fields for years, but more recently it has taken on a renewed importance as governments grapple with increasingly complex challenges arising from the impacts of climatic change. Yet identifying “lessons from the past” is not straightforward. Especially in the case of big questions about historical structures and social processes, establishing precise causal relationships is complex and interpretive, making consensus difficult among specialists. A second major challenge arises over the uses of history. Historical precedent can and does play a role in some contexts in helping formulate new strategies for addressing local environmental challenges. At the national level policy‐makers and politicians often look to the past for inspiration, guidance, or justification. In both respects, the cases and examples chosen are often highly selective and tend to align with pre‐existing assumptions. This article briefly reviews these challenges within the context of climate change and associated environmental and sustainability issues, comments on recent work in the field, and suggests some ways forward for historians.