bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐87  Alopecia in two guinea pigs due to hypopodes of Acarus farris
Authors: Linek M. , Bourdeau P.
Published: August 2004

Mites are frequent agents of skin diseases in veterinary dermatology, particularly in rodents. The authors report an original case of infestation in two guinea pigs of the same household. Two adult guinea pigs were presented with a 3‐month history of alopecia, matted hair, erythema, scales and mild pruritus. The first guinea pig showed almost complete truncal alopecia with mild scaling, whereas the other one had only recently developed mild alopecia of the abdomen and mild pruritus. Numerous live, long‐legged mites were present both in adhesive tape and skin scrapings. Mycology (Wood's lamp and DTM agar culture) was negative. Histopathological examination of a skin biopsy did not reveal any significant inflammatory disease and morphological changes were limited to hair follicles in the telogen phase. Mites were identified as hypopodes of Acarus farris (Acaridae), but no adult stages were present. Hypopodes were also found in the hay. Control was obtained with acaricidal treatment with Phoxim 0.05% once weekly for 4 weeks, and the elimination of contaminated hay. The lesions and the alopecia resolved rapidly. Hypopodes are additional nymphal stages of some mites of the suborder Astigmata. They develop for dispersing or dormancy under disadvantageous conditions. They can be active or inert, and some can be phoretic on the skin surface or intrafollicular. Although nonparasitic, they may cause dermatitis. Acarus farris have been rarely mentioned in the literature as a cause of dermatitis. This condition could be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in veterinary dermatology.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐88  Endocrine dermatosis and granulosa cell tumour in a red panda
Authors: Alton K. , Vielgrader H. , Voracek T. , Zenker W.
Published: August 2004

A 9‐year‐old red panda from the Vienna Zoo showed progressive hair loss of 2 years duration beginning at the tip of the tail and slowly spreading to the lower back, abdomen and thorax. Severe pruritus and mild automutilation was present only at the tail. Antifungal and antibiotic therapy showed little effect. Skin biopsies showed a thin hyperkeratotic epidermis, moderate superficial dermal sclerosis, mild superficial pyoderma, and complete atrophy of hair follicles and adnexae. Ultrasonography revealed an anechogenic circular mass 3 cm in diameter limited by echogenic trabeculae. The animal was euthanized. Necropsy revealed two smooth red‐brown soft solid nodules (3×3×2 cm) situated bilaterally at the caudal pole of the kidneys. Viscera, thyroid and adrenal glands as well as the uterus showed normal macroscopic and histologic appearance. Histologically, the pararenal nodules were recognized as enlarged ovaries with a small number of follicles and a large solid mass of slightly atypical vacuolated polygonal cells of Leydig‐cell character, which partly invaded the adjacent adipose tissue and were accompanied by discrete and strongly vascular stroma. Diagnosis of bilateral granulosa cell tumour was made. We concluded that the progressive hypotrichotic dermatosis was due to an endocrine abnormality.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐89  Aeromonas hydrophila‐associated skin lesions and septicaemia in a Nile crocodile
Authors: Turutoglu H. , Ercelik S. , Corlu M.
Published: August 2004

Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most common organisms associated with the aquatic environment. However, there are limited data on A. hydrophila infection in crocodilians. The aim of this report is to describe a case of skin lesions and septicaemia associated with A. hydrophila in a Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). A captive male freshwater crocodile in The Zoological Park of Antalya (Turkey) was found dead without showing signs of any disease. Gross examination showed brown or red spotted skin lesions of varying size. These lesions were mostly scattered over the abdomen and occasionally on the tail and feet. At necropsy, numerous white, multifocal and randomly distributed areas were seen on the liver. Gram‐stained smears from skin and liver lesions showed gram‐negative bacilli arranged in clusters. Pure cultures of A. hydrophila were recovered from skin, internal organs and blood. Isolates were found to be susceptible to ceftiofur, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, neomycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, and neomycin. A pathogenicity test was performed on four male 2‐year‐old New Zealand white rabbits. Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from the skin and liver of the crocodile formed local abscesses in two rabbits after subcutaneous injection of the bacteria. Systemic application of the same isolates of bacteria into the other two rabbits caused septicaemia and death. In conclusion, this report has shown that A. hydrophila in crocodiles may cause skin lesions and even death due to septicaemia.

Funded: Self‐funded.
P‐9  CD8 and CD4 lymphocyte populations in blood from healthy dogs and dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Lorente‐méndez C. , Sainz A. , Tesouro M. A.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of an immune dysregulation in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis. We compared CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte populations in a group of dogs with ehrlichiosis and a group of healthy dogs. Thirty‐seven dogs with natural canine ehrlichiosis (Group A) and 15 unaffected dogs (Group B) were included in the study. The study of lymphocyte populations was made by flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4 and CD8 were used. Results obtained in this study show an inversion in the CD4:CD8 ratio in the blood of dogs with ehrlichiosis when compared with the CD4:CD8 ratio in blood from control dogs. In healthy dogs, the number of CD4 T lymphocytes was greater than CD8 T lymphocytes. However, in dogs with ehrlichiosis, the number of CD8 T lymphocytes was greater than CD4 T lymphocytes. The percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes was lower in dogs with ehrlichiosis than in healthy dogs, but significant differences were not found between both groups. However, mean value of the percentage of CD8 T lymphocytes (with respect to lymphocyte population) in dogs with ehrlichiosis (45.81 ± 20.90%) was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than in healthy dogs (25.41 ± 13.63%). These results confirm the presence of an alteration in the T lymphocyte subpopulations of dogs with ehrlichiosis, suggesting the presence of an immune dysregulation.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐1  Comparative efficacy of lufenuron and itraconazole in a guinea pig model of cutaneous Microsporum canis
Authors: Van Gestel J. F. E. , Engelen M. A. C. M.
Published: August 2004

During the last few years, reports have appeared claiming that lufenuron diminished or even cured dermatophyte infections in cats and dogs. As these observations have a rather anecdotal character leading to some ambiguity in the literature, it was decided to test lufenuron in a generally accepted animal model for dermatomycotic infection. The test was carried out in guinea pigs artificially infected with Microsporum canis on scarified dorsal skin and orally treated with lufenuron (Program™). The efficacy of up to five doses of 80 mg/kg was assessed 7 and 14 days after the start of treatment. All animals failed to show any improvement in skin lesions as compared to the vehicle‐only treated animals. Clinical symptoms taken into account were scaling, crust formation, erythema, and exudation. Neither the number of treatments (one or five) nor the dose range (40 or 80 mg/kg) made any difference. Itraconazole, tested earlier under identical circumstances, resulted in a clear and consistent improvement at day 7 of the infection at a dose of 15 mg/kg, given either in one dose or spread over several days. The absence of antimycotic activity of lufenuron in this established animal model constitutes a significant element in the discussion on the antifungal potency of lufenuron and supports the fact that there is, as yet, no evidence that benzoylphenyl urea derivative compounds have an effect on chitin synthesis in fungi.

Funding: J&J Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Animal Health.
FC‐2  The role of endogenous protein inhibitors of dermatophyte proteolytic activity
Authors: Drobnič‐košorok M. , Mihelčič D. , Premrov B. , Zdovc I. , Zrimšek P. , Popovič T.
Published: August 2004

Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes produce different proteolytic enzymes necessary for their growth and progression. In general, enzymatic activity can be tightly regulated by various mechanisms, of which endogenous inhibitors are of great importance. Considering the fact that an imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, the aim of our work was to investigate the production and role of protease inhibitors produced by fungi. Both dermatophytes were demonstrated to produce protein as well as low‐molecular‐weight inhibitors of different proteases. Protein inhibitors were isolated from culture medium and cytosolic extracts obtained from mechanically disintegrated mycelia by affinity chromatography on CM‐Sepharose 4B or by HPLC separation in the case of low‐molecular‐weight inhibitors. The size of the purified proteins was analysed by SDS‐PAGE, and their immunogenic properties by immunoblotting. Their inhibitory properties were determined by inhibition of trypsin, papain, and cathepsins B and L. Temperature and pH stability of the low‐molecular‐weight inhibitors was established as well. From our data, it is evident that both protein and low‐molecular‐weight inhibitors of cysteine proteases have been isolated from dermatophyte fungi. Our data represent the basis for further studies of the role of cysteine protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and their influence on the host immune response.

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, Republic of Slovenia.
FC‐3  Immunity to bovine trichophytosis
Authors: Faldyna M. , Krejčí J. , Obořilová E. , Rybnikář A.
Published: August 2004

Bovine trichophytosis is a mycotic cutaneous disease caused mainly by the dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum. Cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) is reported to play a crucial role in defense against the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the immune response developed after administration of a vaccine containing a live immunogenic culture of T. verrucosum. For the detection of CMI, we used an antigen‐specific lymphocyte proliferation test measured by both 3H‐thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry, and specific antigen‐induced production of IFNγ. We also tested specific antibody production by an indirect ELISA test. After vaccination by either the subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intradermal route, animals developed solid in vitro CMI 1 month after revaccination. CD4+ lymphocytes were the basic cell population activated by Trichophyton antigen in vitro. IgM and IgG antibody responses were detected from postvaccination days 3 and 7, respectively. Animals expressing higher levels of CMI displayed higher ratios of IgG2:IgG1 (a Th1 pattern of immune response). Using the challenge test, protection was higher after intramuscular > subcutaneous >intradermal routes of administration. We conclude that administration of a vaccine containing a live immunogenic culture of T. verrucosum leads to the development of protective immunity against bovine trichophytosis, and that the results of our laboratory tests correlated well with the results of challenge tests.

Funding: Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.
FC‐4  Canine serum immunoreactivity to Malassezia pachydermatis is influenced by the phase of growth in vitro
Authors: Habibah A. , Catchpole B. , Bond R.
Published: August 2004

Western immunoblotting studies of canine sera using Malassezia pachydermatis extracts have shown that infected dogs commonly have antibodies that recognize multiple antigens. However, reported patterns of immunoreactivity vary between different laboratories. Since culture duration influences the antigenic composition of lipid‐dependent Malassezia when probed with human sera, we investigated whether the in vitro growth phase of M. pachydermatis influences immunoreactivity to canine sera. Extracts of M. pachydermatis CBS1879 grown in Sabouraud's liquid medium at 37°C for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days were prepared by mechanical disruption, centrifugation, dialysis and lyophilization. Yeast growth phase was assessed by sequential colony counts and optical density measurements. Patterns of IgG immunoreactivity in high (n = 3) and low (n = 3) titre sera were compared using extracts prepared at each time point by SDS‐PAGE and western immunoblotting. Protein bands of 62 and 49 kDa were recognized by all sera, and five sera recognized 98 and 68 kDa bands. Proteins of 188, 66, 58, 57, 38, 28 and 17 kDa were only recognized by high titre sera. All high titre sera recognized more bands in exponential phase (day 2) extracts when compared with decline phase (days 8–10) extracts, and two of these sera showed most bands in stationary phase (days 4–6) extracts. Bands of 62 and 57 kDa were primarily detected in exponential and early stationary phase extracts. Antigenic variation in extracts of M. pachydermatis prepared during different growth phases might explain discrepancies between previous laboratory studies of immunity to this yeast.

Funding: Government of Malaysia.
FC‐5  Unsaturated transferrin inhibits the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in vitro
Authors: Bond R. , Kim J. Y.
Published: August 2004

Transferrin, an iron‐binding protein that transports iron to mammalian cells, may contribute to innate immunity to fungal pathogens, primarily by limiting microbial access to iron. We investigated whether unsaturated (apo)‐transferrin had an inhibitory effect in vitro on Malassezia pachydermatis, an important opportunistic cutaneous yeast pathogen of dogs. M. pachydermatis strains were grown at 32°C in medium containing canine or bovine apo‐transferrin at concentrations of 0.7, 1.3, 2.7 and 5.3 mg/mL. Optical density (OD492) was measured daily until growth was stationary (day 6) in saline‐control wells and then compared between treatments by ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Bovine and canine transferrin inhibited (P < 0.01) yeast growth at all concentrations tested. Using bovine transferrin, the mean OD ± SE for 10 strains were: saline, 0.55 ± 0.19; 0.7 mg/mL, 0.33 ± 0.05; 1.3 mg/mL, 0.18 ± 0.03; 2.7 mg/mL, 0.18 ± 0.04; 5.3 mg/mL, 0.16 ± 0.03. Using canine transferrin, the mean OD ± SE for seven strains were: saline, 0.79 ± 0.03; 0.7 mg/mL, 0.37 ± 0.07; 1.3 mg/mL, 0.27 ± 0.04; 2.7 mg/mL, 0.24 ± 0.03; 5.3 mg/mL, 0.20 ± 0.03. For both bovine and canine transferrin, inhibition by 5.3 mg/mL exceeded (P < 0.05) that of 0.7 mg/mL. Since both bovine and canine apo‐transferrin inhibit the growth of M. pachydermatis in vitro, serum transferrin may contribute to innate immunity to M. pachydermatis indogs and cattle. The spongiotic dermatitis reaction seen histologically in many dogs with Malassezia dermatitis may promote the accumulation of transferrin at infection sites.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐6  Four isoforms of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus abolished immunofluorescence for desmoglein 1 in pig skin
Authors: Nishifuji K. , Fudaba Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Andresen L. O. , Amagai M. , Sugai M. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

Exudative epidermitis is an acute, often fatal skin disease in piglets caused by infection with Staphylococcus hyicus. Clinical and histopathological manifestations of exudative epidermitis are similar to those of a human blistering skin disease, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, in which cleavage of desmoglein (Dsg) 1 by exfoliative toxins produced by S. aureus results in blister formation in the upper part of the epidermis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the four types of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD) are able to affect swine Dsg1. We first generated recombinant toxins of ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD by an E. coli expression system. To determine the pathogenic activity of these recombinant toxins, we injected them subcutaneously into 3‐ to 4‐week‐old piglets. After administration of all four recombinant toxins, local exfoliations developed at the inoculation sites of the piglets’ skin at 21–48 h postinjection. To further assess whether these Exhs affect swine Dsg1, we incubated cryosectioned pig skin with Exhs in vitro and subsequently stained Dsg1 and Dsg3 by immunofluorescence with human pemphigus foliaceus sera and anti‐Dsg3 monoclonal antibody (5H10), respectively. The cell surface staining of Dsg1 was abolished by incubation with any of the four isoforms of Exh, whereas that of Dsg3 was not affected at all. These findings indicate that all four types of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD) can cause skin exfoliation in pigs with exudative epidermitis, presumably by digestion of Dsg1.

Funding: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
FC‐7  Acral mutilation and analgesia due to hereditary sensory neuropathy in 13 French spaniels
Authors: Paradis M. , De Jaham C. , Pagé N. , Sauvé F. , Hélie P.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe a new hereditary sensory neuropathy in French spaniels resulting in analgesia and progressive mutilation of the distal extremities. Thirteen French spaniels (six females, seven males) from five different litters with acral mutilation were identified. Clinical signs were first noted between 3.5 and 12 months of age and typically consisted of sudden excessive and intense licking and biting of toes and/or footpads of one or several feet. This generally progressed rapidly into swollen digits, paronychia, footpad ulceration, and occasionally fracture and osteomyelitis. If the affected dogs were unrestrained, auto‐amputation of claws, toes and footpads usually resulted. However, even in the more severe cases, affected dogs walked and ran on their mutilated feet without any evidence of lameness, pain or ataxia, and they allowed wound care without evidence of pain or discomfort. Dogs were otherwise healthy, with the exception of frequent secondary bacterial infections of the wounded feet. This disorder was clinically very difficult to manage, and the majority of the dogs were euthanized within days to months of diagnosis. None of the sires or dams of the affected dogs reported here were clinically affected. There was no apparent sex predilection. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was strongly suspected. The clinicopathological findings, the early age of onset and the disease progression in affected French spaniels were very similar to those reported for hereditary sensory neuropathy in German short‐haired pointers, English pointers and English springer spaniels.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐8  Microarray analysis of differential gene expression between genetically normal, heterozygous and homozygous affected Norfolk terrier dogs with a heritable keratin 10 defect
Authors: Barnhart K. F. , Credille K. M. , Dunstan R. W.
Published: August 2004

A heritable cornification defect resulting from a keratin 10 mutation has been identified in Norfolk terrier dogs. Affected dogs have marked scaling and hyperpigmentation, and develop erosions following mild trauma. The morphologic lesions are similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis in humans. The mutation is recessive, and heterozygous dogs lack cutaneous lesions. A diagnostic test for heterozygosity has been developed. Total RNA was extracted from 6‐mm skin biopsy samples from two genetically normal, two affected and two heterozygous dogs. Reverse transcription with P33‐labeled dCTP generated a cDNA probe that was hybridized to a commercially available cDNA array designed for dermatologic research. This array contained approximately 4400 human cDNAs, and cross‐hybridization strategies were developed to allow canine cDNA to hybridize to the membrane. The average background intensity was subtracted from the raw intensity value for each gene. Genes with a corrected value less than one were eliminated from further analysis. Each gene was then normalized to the median intensity of the remaining genes. A gene was considered upregulated or downregulated if its relative expression was greater than two or less than two, respectively. Fifty‐three genes were upregulated in both heterozygous and affected dogs over normal. Five genes were downregulated in affected dogs when compared to normal. No downregulated genes were identified in heterozygotes. No differential regulation was apparent between affected and heterozygous dogs. These results indicate that despite a normal phenotype, the decreased keratin 10 production associated with heterozygosity leads to many of the same alterations in gene expression identified in affected dogs.

Funding: Morris Animal Foundation, AAVD Postdoctoral Fellowship.
FC‐9  Coat funk in Alaskan malamutes
Authors: Bloom P. B. , Jacobs J. , Dunstan R. W.
Published: August 2004

The objective of this study was to determine if a condition called coat funk by Alaskan malamute breeders has clinical, microscopic, haematologic, serum chemistry, urine and/or hormonal changes that allow affected dogs to be distinguished from normal dogs. Alaskan malamute breeders provided five dogs that met the breed standard for a normal pelage and five dogs considered to have coat funk. All animals were given complete physical examinations, and skin biopsies were collected. In addition, clipped hair was examined by optical‐based fibre diameter analysis. The skin biopsy samples were analysed by descriptive and morphometric analyses. Complete blood counts, serum chemistry profiles, urinalyses, and endocrine evaluations (thyroid profiles, urine cortisol:creatinine ratios, somatomedin C levels, and pre‐ and post‐ACTH stimulation concentrations of cortisol and adrenal sex hormones) were performed on all dogs. Clinically, affected dogs had varying degrees of involvement of the dorsal neck, tail and trunk. This was the only consistent difference noted between normal and affected dogs. In spite of the detailed analyses used in this investigation, the procedures failed to always separate normal from affected dogs and precluded separating coat funk from other hair loss diseases of Alaskan malamutes. This could be due to the lack of real differences between the two groups, failure of the procedures to allow separation of the two groups, or small sample size. Larger numbers of dogs followed over time are needed to better define the clinical and microscopic features of this disease and its related hair loss.

Funding: The Alaskan Malamute Club of America.
FC‐10  Adult‐onset hair loss in Chesapeake Bay retrievers: a clinical and histological study
Authors: Cerundolo R. , Mauldin E. , Goldschmidt M. , Lombardini S. , Refsal K. , Oliver J.
Published: August 2004

Hair loss in Chesapeake Bay retrievers has been increasingly recognized by breeders in recent years. Anecdotal reports suggest an endocrine disorder or follicular dysplasia as the underlying cause, but no scientific study has been done to investigate the underlying problem. A prospective study was carried out in collaboration with the American Chesapeake Club. Affected dogs were recruited into the study. Routine dermatological and hormonal (blood and urine) tests, and skin biopsies were performed. Ten dogs (age 1.5–10 years), seven females (two spayed) and three males (two neutered), were included in the study. All dogs had mild or severe hair loss affecting the lateral ventral chest, flanks, rump and thighs. Affected dogs were clinically healthy. Hormonal tests revealed normal thyroid hormone panels, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels, and urinary cortisol:creatinine ratios in samples collected for ten consecutive days. In six of 10 dogs, an adrenal hormone panel showed slight or moderate increased values pre‐ and/or post‐ACTH stimulation of cortisol (three of six), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (five of six), androstenedione (three of six), estradiol (two of six) and progesterone (six of six). The major histopathologic changes resembled canine flank alopecia and follicular dysplasia with pronounced infundibular hyperkeratosis, mild follicular atrophy, and occasional melanin clumping with dystrophic hair shafts. Chesapeake Bay retrievers suffer from a type of hair loss that is likely related to an abnormal production of adrenal sex hormone. Further studies are currently underway to determine if there is a heritable basis for this disease and to evaluate therapeutic options.

Funding: University of Pennsylvania.
FC‐11  Histopathology of alopecia X
Authors: Rest J. R. , Lloyd D. H. , Cerundolo R.
Published: August 2004

Dogs with endocrinopathy have been reported to have hair follicles with excessive trichilemmal keratinization (flame follicles). These follicles have been described in cases clinically diagnosed as hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyposomatotropism and sex hormone abnormality. Breed variation in the incidence of these follicles has also been described. Recently, endocrine alopecias have been better defined, and a number of these conditions (previously known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pseudo‐Cushing's disease, castration‐responsive dermatosis and adult‐onset hyposomatotropism) are now grouped under the name alopecia X. In this prospective study, a group of 24 spitz‐type dogs, which included 15 Pomeranians, had an extensive hormonal work‐up. This included thyroid and adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation tests and sex hormone assays. Histopathology of the skin specimens collected from alopecic and clinically normal skin indicated features common to many endocrinopathies such as surface and infundibular hyperkeratosis and comedone formation. However, catagenization with flame follicle formation was a prominent feature of skin specimens from 22 dogs. This feature was so marked in 20 of these specimens that it was considered to be diagnostic for alopecia X when the specimens were evaluated in a blinded manner. The other two specimens could not be differentiated reliably from hyperadrenocorticism. Histopathology is a useful diagnostic procedure to support a diagnosis of alopecia X in dogs.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐12  Diagnostic value of skin biopsy in feline symmetric alopecia
Authors: Bardagí M. , Fondevila D. , Ferrer L. L. , Fondati A.
Published: August 2004

Feline symmetric alopecia (SA) is classified aetiologically as idiopathic or self‐induced, the latter due to allergic or psychogenic causes. It is characterized clinically by truncal alopecia not accompanied by skin lesions. Aetiology‐specific histopathological findings of SA have been reported. Idiopathic SA is characterised by follicular atrophy and telogenization, allergy‐induced alopecia by mild epidermal hyperplasia and superficial perivascular dermatitis (SPVD), and psychogenic‐induced alopecia by normal skin. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of histopathological examination to establish the aetiology of feline SA. Eighteen skin biopsies from cats with clinical histories suggestive of self‐induced SA were retrospectively evaluated. Nine control cats with normal hair and skin were included in the study. Sixty‐five per cent of 1230 and 72% of 1208 hair follicles evaluated in alopecic and control cats, respectively, were in the resting phase. Hairs and hair follicles with morphology resembling what is defined as trichomalacia in human trichotillomania were observed in two study cats. Mild epidermal hyperplasia was observed in two alopecic cats, and mild lymphocytic SPVD was present in 72% of alopecic and 66% of control cats, respectively. Results obtained in this study showed that high numbers of resting follicles are common in cats with normal hair and cats with self‐induced SA. Consequently, their presence cannot be considered a diagnostic criterion of idiopathic SA. In addition, because SPVD was common in normal feline skin, it might not be suggestive of allergy‐induced alopecia. Therefore, skin biopsy is not recommended to define the aetiology of feline SA.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐13  Molecular markers in canine T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Pavlidou E. , Mechelli L. , Valli V. E. , Furlanello T. , Caldin M.
Published: August 2004

The objectives of this study were to review and correlate results of the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of different types of canine T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) according to the World Health Organization Classification of 2002. Further, we intended to define criteria for the diagnosis of these distinct clinicopathologic entities and to determine the prevalence of molecular markers of therapeutic efficacy and thereby prognosis. Skin samples of 10 cases of cutaneous canine lymphoma were evaluated as follows: histological preparations utilizing H&E, immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD79α, and retinoid acid receptors for RAR and RXR isomers. Results of these examinations were correlated with available clinical data. The diagnoses included: mycosis fungoides (five cases), pagetoid reticulosis (three cases), and nonepitheliotropic type (two cases). All cases were CD3+CD79α–, RARα+, RXRα+, RXRγ+; nine cases were RARβ+; and nine were RXRβ+. The presence of RARγ was not detected. CD3 positivity demonstrated T‐cell lineage. Differentiation of these three types of CTCL requires careful histological and cytological review as well as immunohistochemical evaluation. Clinically, nonepitheliotropic types often present with diffuse or multifocal cutaneous involvement; epitheliotropic types are less well defined and signs vary with stage of the disease. The presence of retinoid receptors suggests that, as in humans, the use of specific ligands may be effective in the treatment of canine cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Further updating of the World Health Organization system is required to better define the characteristic features of canine CTCL to permit more accurate diagnosis and prognosis, and thus effective treatment.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐14  Clonality studies of feline cutaneous lymphocytosis
Authors: Gilbert S. , Affolter V. K. , Schmidt P. , Kosten S. , Kramme P. M. , Gross T. L. , Ihrke P. , Moore P. F.
Published: August 2004

A previous study described cutaneous lymphocytosis (CL) in 23 cats. The process resembles cutaneous pseudolymphoma in humans, a heterogeneous group of benign reactive proliferations of well‐differentiated lymphocytes in the skin of humans. Morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics do not offer reliable criteria to accurately predict the clinical outcome of feline CL or pseudolymphoma in humans. Presence of clonal cell populations is more consistent with a neoplastic process. In a previous study, feline CL lesions (20 cats) were evaluated for clonality using PCR, and only two cats had monoclonal T‐cell populations. Because false‐negative results may occur, the purpose of this study was to repeat the PCR using a revised primer set based on analysis of additional feline T‐cell receptor γ (TCRγ) sequences. DNA was isolated from 29 skin lesions and six internal organs of 20 cats. DNA integrity was assessed by glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase PCR. Polymerase chain reaction clonality was performed using the revised primer set specific for feline TCRγ, and duplicate samples were evaluated. The PCR products were assessed by heteroduplex analysis. Clonal rearrangement of TCRγ was detected in 14 cats (24 of 35 tissues: 21 of 29 skin lesions and three of six internal organs); eight of these cats are still alive and six were euthanized. Monoclonal populations were seen in three of five cats that had involvement of internal organs. These findings indicate that feline CL is best considered as a slowly progressive process which may be reactive, but often evolves into a low‐grade indolent lymphoma.

Funding: George H. Muller Fund for Research in Dermatology.
FC‐15  Immunohistochemical detection of c‐kit in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours
Authors: Cadiergues M. C. , Degorce‐Rubiales F. , Abadie J. , Amardeilh M. , Delverdier M.
Published: August 2004

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of c‐kit by mast cells in canine mast cell tumours (MCT) and to correlate this expression with the tumour grade. Cutaneous MCT from 60 dogs were graded histologically (Patnaik grading system), and immunohistochemical staining for c‐kit was performed. Evaluation criteria were the percentage of labelled cells, the homogeneous/mixed character, the intensity (0–3) and the location of labelling, either cell membrane or cytoplasmic (diffuse, granular, or near the nucleus). For grade I tumours (20 dogs), c‐kit expression was detected in 100%: 80% showed homogeneous labelling, and 90% contained 80–100% labelled mast cells. Labelling was detected on the cell membrane (65%) and near the nucleus (75%). For grade II tumours (20 dogs), c‐kit expression was detected in 100%: 61% showed homogeneous labelling and 96% contained 80–100% labelled mast cells. Labelling was detected on the cell membrane (74%) and close to the nucleus (74%). For grade III tumors (20 dogs), c‐kit expression was detected in 100%: 71% showed homogeneous labelling, 21% contained 10–50% labelled mast cells, 21% contained 50–80% labelled cells, and 54% contained 80–100% labelled cells. Most of the labelled cells had a poorly labelled membrane (75%), with labelling near the nucleus being undetectable or low in 50% of the tumours. Other cytoplasmic labelling was detected in 21% of the tumours (10% of grade I and 13% of grade II). Results suggest that c‐kit can be used as a reliable marker for canine MCT, notably for undifferentiated MCT.

Funding: National Veterinary School of Toulouse.
FC‐16  Clinical and immunological effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine on bovine papillomatosis
Authors: Avki S. , Turutoglu H. , Simsek A. , Unsal A.
Published: August 2004

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has antineoplastic and immunostimulatory properties, and it is currently being clinically tested in anticancer therapy. In order to analyse the immunostimulatory effects of NDV on bovine papillomatosis, we inoculated 14 cows subcutaneously with an attenuated vaccine containing the LaSota strain of NDV (LS‐NDV). Four cows with papillomatosis served as controls. Serum samples were collected from each animal 1 h preinoculation and 7 and 21 days postinoculation. In inoculated cows on days 7 and 21, the mean antibody titres were log2 2.43 ± 0.92 and 5.57 ± 0.72, respectively, by haemagglutination inhibition, and the mean levels of TNFα were 5.80 ± 4.19 and 5.39 ± 2.66 ng/mL, respectively, by WEHI‐164 cytotoxicity assay. Significant differences between inoculated and control animals were evident for antibody titres on day 21 and clinical scores on day 60. A correlation was evident between the TNFα activities and clinical scores on day 21. The clinical observations at day 60 showed that the papillomas in five cows had completely resolved (36%), one animal had no alterations on clinical appearance of the tumour (7%), and papillomas in eight cows had regressed (57%). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that inoculation of LS‐NDV vaccine stimulates an antibody response and a limited increase in TNFα activity and may enhance clinical recovery in bovine papillomatosis.

Funding: Scientific Research Council of Akdeniz University.
FC‐18  Pemphigus foliaceus in 97 dogs
Authors: Mueller R. S. , Krebs I. , Power H. T. , Fieseler K. V.
Published: August 2004

Medical records of 97 dogs with pemphigus foliaceus were evaluated. The average age of onset was 6.3 years (range 0.5–16 years). Crusts were the most common lesions in 79 dogs; pustules were observed in 36 dogs. No gender predisposition was identified. The trunk was the most commonly involved area (51 dogs), followed by the inner pinnae (46), dorsal muzzle (37), footpads (32), periocular area (26), outer pinnae (23) and planum nasale (23). Facial involvement only was noted in 15 dogs. Of the 48 dogs in which cytology was recorded, concurrent infections were identified in 32 dogs, acantholytic cells were seen in 37 dogs, numerous neutrophils in 35 dogs, and numerous eosinophils in eight cases. Final control of the disease was achieved with: glucocorticoids (24 dogs); azathioprine (9); chlorambucil (1); aurothioglucose (1); a combination of glucocorticoids and azathioprine (31); glucocorticoids and aurothioglucose (2); tetracycline/doxycycline and niacinamide (8); prednisolone, tetracycline and niacinamide (1); fatty acid supplementation (2); and tacrolimus (1). One dog was completely tapered off drugs and stayed in remission. Average time to improvement was 6 weeks, and average time to remission was 9.3 months. Forty‐three dogs were followed for <12 months, and 12 of these were euthanized: eight for other diseases and four due to a lack of response or adverse effects of treatment. In 54 dogs, the follow up was >12 months; four of these dogs were euthanized (one due to an unrelated cause, one due to neoplastic disease and two related to pemphigus foliaceus).

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐19  Autoantibodies against extracellular domains of desmocollin 1 are not involved in canine pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Aoki‐Ota M. , Ota T. , Kadoya M. , Sekiguchi M. , Momoi Y. , Amagai M. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune skin disease of dogs and humans. In human PF, the autoimmune target has been identified as desmoglein (Dsg) 1, a desmosomal cell–cell adhesion molecule, whereas the target in canine PF has not been identified. Many studies have suggested the possibility of Dsg1 being the target molecule. However, the pathological characteristics are similar to those of SPD type IgA pemphigus in humans, the target molecule of which is desmocollin (Dsc) 1. In this study, we attempted to clone canine Dsc1 and investigated whether canine PF sera could recognize Dsc1. Total RNA was purified from the muzzle skin of a healthy dog, and the cDNA of Dsc1 was amplified by RT‐PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame of the extracellular domain of Dsc1 consisted of 695 amino acids and shared 82 and 79% amino acid identities with human and mouse Dsc1, respectively. The recombinant extracellular domain of Dsc1 was expressed by transient transfection with CHO cells. We used six canine PF sera: four sera that were positive in the indirect immunofluorescence test, two sera that were negative, and two normal canine sera. Immunoprecipitation‐immunoblotting analysis revealed that no canine PF sera or normal sera showed affinity for recombinant Dsc1. Although the tested sera were limited, the results suggest that no autoantibodies against the extracellular domain of Dsc1 were involved in the pathogenesis of canine PF and that another cell surface molecule may be involved.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐20  Efficacy of griseofulvin for juvenile cellulitis in dogs
Authors: Shibata K. , Nagata M.
Published: August 2004

Juvenile cellulitis is an uncommon idiopathic granulomatous and pustular disorder with submandibular lymph node involvement that usually occurs in puppies. Currently, large doses of glucocorticoids are the treatment of choice. Griseofulvin is a fungistatic antibiotic that also has immunomodulatory properties and is occasionally used in human patients with idiopathic inflammatory skin disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of griseofulvin in the treatment of juvenile cellulitis in dogs. Six dogs with juvenile cellulitis were investigated. The diagnosis was based on both clinical features and standard diagnostic procedures, and fungal disorders were carefully ruled out. These dogs were treated with griseofulvin (14.2–34 mg/kg orally, twice daily) without any other treatment. On the basis of clinical observation, the efficacy of griseofulvin was evaluated as excellent (complete resolution within 2 weeks), good (complete resolution within 4 weeks), fair (>4 weeks for complete resolution), and poor (unresolved). Two cases were evaluated as excellent, and four cases were good. All cases were completely resolved within 3 weeks. No adverse reactions were recognized in any of the dogs. In this study, griseofulvin appeared to be effective in the treatment of canine juvenile cellulitis. Although the aetiology remains uncertain, it is postulated that griseofulvin could induce down‐regulatory signals within the lesions. Further investigation is needed to understand the clinical effects of griseofulvin.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐21  Efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs
Authors: Bergvall K.
Published: August 2004

The objective of this open pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs. Seven dogs (four males, three females) were included. All subjects had a 6‐month to 2‐year history of plantar fistulae involving the plantar aspect of two to four metatarsi/metacarpi. No other skin lesions were present and the dogs appeared otherwise healthy. Before treatment with tacrolimus, all dogs received antibiotics for 4–8 weeks. Hair was clipped to visualise the lesions. The presence of erythematous papules, oedema and fistulae was recorded for each foot. All dogs served as their own controls. Dogs with four legs involved had one front and one hind leg treated. Dogs with two to three feet affected had only one foot treated. Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (Protopic®) was applied twice daily onto the site of lesions. Partial improvement of treated lesions was seen in all cases within 3 weeks. After 6 weeks, treated lesions were in complete remission in four dogs, while the other three subjects had palpable but invisible lesions. Signs had not improved on the untreated legs. Follow‐up varied between 4 months and 2 years. Lesion remission persisted in six dogs with the intermittent application of tacrolimus. Adverse effects of treatment were not seen. In conclusion, the application of topical tacrolimus seems to provide a safe and effective treatment option for plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐22  Doxycycline therapy in 10 cases of feline plasma cell pododermatitis: clinical, haematological and serological evaluations
Authors: Scarampella F. , Ordeix L.
Published: August 2004

Various treatments have been described for feline plasma cell pododermatitis. Doxycycline has been reported recently as an effective medical option. Plasmacytic pododermatitis was diagnosed clinically and histopathologically in 10 cats. Blood samples for haematological, biochemical and immunological evaluation were taken before treatment. Cats were administered doxycycline at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 40 days and re‐evaluated at 30 and 60 days. Biochemical evaluation was repeated at both rechecks. All were Domestic Short‐haired cats, eight males (five neutered) and two females (one spayed), ranging in age from 6 months to 8 years. Duration of lesions prior to consultation ranged from 1 to 48 months. Lesions were present in multiple footpads in all cases and consisted of swelling and softening (100%), erythema (50%), exfoliation (60%) and ulceration (20%). Haematological and serological findings included: thrombocytopenia (70%), leucocytosis (40%), lymphopenia (30%), and mild to pronounced hypergammaglobulinaemia (100%). Four of nine cats were FIV positive, 9/9 were FeLV negative, and 4/4 were negative for leishmaniosis. Response to treatment was as follows: complete remission within 30 days (one cat), complete remission within 60 days (four cats), more than 50% improvement in lesions (four cats), no improvement (one cat), and lost to follow up (one cat). Hypergammaglobulinaemia was still present in five of nine cats at day 60. Therapy with doxycycline at 10 mg/kg/day resulted in a high improvement rate in cats with plasma cell pododermatitis. Thrombocytopenia, a previously unreported haematological finding, was detected in the majority of the cats.

Funding: Italian Society of Veterinary Dermatology, Merial.
FC‐23  Feline plasma cell pododermatitis: a retrospective study of 26 cases
Authors: Guaguere E. , Prelaud P. , Degorce‐Rubiales F. , Muller A. , Hubert T. , Lebon S.
Published: August 2004

Feline plasma cell pododermatitis is a rare dermatological condition exclusively described in cats. Our objective was to report a retrospective study of 26 cats with plasma cell pododermatitis. Neutered males were overrepresented (19 cases), and 25 cases were Domestic Short‐haired cats. Age at time of diagnosis was 6 months to 12 years. The primary complaint was painful lameness (22 cases), poor condition (two cases) or excessive salivation (two cases). Lesions were present primarily in the metatarsal and metacarpal footpads and rarely in the digital footpads. One, two or four feet were involved. Clinical signs included swelling (35 footpads), softening (36 footpads), exfoliation (19 footpads), ulcers (nine footpads) and abscesses (nine footpads). Two cats had plasma cell stomatitis, and general signs were observed in all cases. Sixteen cats were FIV positive and one cat was FeLV positive. Histopathological findings were characterized by a superficial and deep perivascular lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis (two cases), an almost pure diffuse plasmacytic dermatitis (15 cases, 10 FIV positive), a diffuse plasmacytic dermatitis with lymphocytes grouped in follicular structures (four cases, all FIV positive) and a granulomatous inflammation (five cases, one FIV positive). Plasmacytic infiltration was also observed in one FIV‐positive case within the kidneys, liver and lungs. Five cases were positive for FIV‐PCR performed from lesional skin biopsies. Two cats were euthanatized. Twenty‐four cats were treated by surgical excision with no relapse for 1–5 years. Feline plasma cell pododermatitis can be considered a cutaneous reaction pattern with multiple causes, and FIV infection may be a predisposing factor.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐24  Risk factors for atopic dermatitis in a Swedish population of insured dogs
Authors: Nødtvedt A. , Egenvall A. , Bergvall K. , Holm L. , Hedhammar Å.
Published: August 2004

Studies into the epidemiology of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) are in great demand. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of CAD are commonly based on hospital studies where no reference population is defined. Such studies tend to overestimate the disease frequency due to referral bias and a higher proportion of complicated cases at secondary care centres than in the general population. The aim of this paper was to present better estimates of the incidence of CAD. The Swedish dog population offers unique opportunities to study the epidemiology of CAD due to several characteristics: a large proportion of dogs are purebred, fleas and flea allergies are rare, and a secondary database of disease records is available through an insurance company that covers approximately 30% of all Swedish dogs. By accessing insurance‐claims records for the years 1995–2000, the true incidence rate of CAD was estimated as 10 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence was the same across genders. Additionally, large differences in the risk of being diagnosed with CAD existed among breeds. In this study, breeds with the highest risk were the bull terrier (88 cases/10,000 dog years at risk), Staffordshire bull terrier (58/10,000), West Highland white terrier (51/10,000), Welsh terrier (50/10,000) and boxer (50/10,000). Decreased risk was observed among sighthounds; no cases were recorded among the Borzoi, Saluki and Whippet breeds. A proportional hazards (survival) model was developed in order to take sex, breed, age and geographical region into account in a multivariate analysis.

Funding: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Foundation for Research.