bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Nonfamily Abduction of Children and Adolescents
Authors: ASDIGIAN NANCY L. , FINKELHOR DAVID , HOTALING GERALD
Published: March 2007

A sample of 396 cases of nonfamily abduction was extracted from police records in a national survey of law enforcement agencies. Incidents that fit the public stereotype of a kidnapping (children who were taken by strangers and kept for an extended period of time or moved a long distance) were much less prevalent than incidents that simply met legal definitions for abduction. The former—stereotypical abductions—also tended to involve more Caucasian preteen victims who were taken but not sexually assaulted. The majority of legal-definition abductions, in contrast, was characterized by the forcible sexual assault of teenage girls. Legal-definition abductions that did not involve sexual assault occurred in the context of a diverse range of other crimes, including robbery attempts, hijackings, acts of revenge, intimidation and terrorizing, and dating violence. The findings support the idea of distinguishing between stereotypical and legal-definition abducations and highlight the need to orient efforts aimed at the prevention of nonfamily abduction toward those at risk for sexual assault.
Child Sexual Abuse Investigations in Israel
Authors: STERNBERG KATHLEEN J. , LAMB MICHAEL E. , HERSHKOWITZ IRIT
Published: March 2007

This article describes how allegations of child sexual abuse are investigated and adjudicated in Israel. Believing that children may well be harmed by repeated interrogation and demands to testify and be cross-examined, Israeli legislators enacted special provisions several decades ago to ensure that children were spared these traumas. Recent evaluations of the system they established suggest that the protections concerned may have led inadvertently to various practices, including the failure to prosecute, that have not served children well. Possible remedies and a research program related to these issues are described.
Mental Health Services in United States Jails
Authors: MORRIS SUZANNE M. , STEADMAN HENRY J. , VEYSEY BONITA M.
Published: March 2007

This study used a stratified sample to elicit information about policies and practices for managing detainees with mental illnesses in five sizes of jails. The research design involved 3 phases: (a) a mail survey to a random sampling of all United States jails, (b) a telephone survey to a stratified sample of 100 of the mail survey respondents, and (c) site visits to 10 jails. The findings indicated much emphasis in the jails' mental health services on screening, evaluation, and suicide prevention. Also, despite numerous barriers faced by jails in providing treatment for detainees with mental illnesses, many have designed and implemented innovative programs and policies for this group. The observed innovative programs and policies are divided into 5 core areas so that other jails, using the information provided, can develop a mental health service strategy within their resources.
AIDS-Related Knowledge and Beliefs among Incarcerated Adolescent Males
Authors: CARNEY JAMIE S. , WERTH JAMES L. , MORRIS RENEÉ LASTER
Published: March 2007

This study examined AIDS-related knowledge and beliefs among 64 incarcerated adolescent males. Residents of a correctional facility for adolescents were surveyed concerning their general knowledge about AIDS and beliefs about preventing AIDS. The results indicated that significant gaps in knowledge existed, frequently centering on the risk of casual contact and modes of transmission. However, the participants were knowledgeable about selecting safer behavioral alternatives. There was little perceived peer or social support for safer sex practices, such as latex condom use. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future research and educational strategies are discussed.
Pretreatment Variables Associated with Treatment Failure in a Residential Juvenile Sex-Offender Program
Authors: KRAEMER BARB D. , SALISBURY SANDRA B. , SPIELMAN CINDY R.
Published: March 2007

Pretreatment demographic variables, including age and extent of sexuality knowledge, along with psychometric test variables measuring psychological maladjustment, impulsivity, defensiveness, criminal prosecution, and preoccupation with sexual thoughts, were used to classify juvenile sex offenders as either likely or unlikely to complete treatment. Participants were 78 juvenile child molesters, ages 12 to 17 years, who were residents of an inpatient, sex-offender specific residential treatment program. Age and impulsivity produced the best fit model, correctly classifying 76.9% of the sample. This model represents a significant improvement over chance alone that would yield a rate of 52.6%. Cross-validation of this two-factor model on a different sample of 35 juvenile offenders with similar demographic characteristics, including age, ethnicity, IQ, criminal prosecution, and grade, correctly classified 71.43% of this sample.
Effects of a Cognitive Restructuring Program on Inmate Institutional Behavior
Authors: BARO AGNES L.
Published: March 2007

Although research suggests that cognitive restructuring programs reduce recidivism, little is known about the effects of such programs on institutional behavior. This study compared randomly selected inmates who participated in other self-help programs and randomly selected inmates who participated in the first phase of a cognitive restructuring program with inmates who had been in the second phase for at least 6 months. The total sample size was 123. Findings suggest that participation in the first phase appears to reduce refusals to obey a direct order, whereas participation in the second phase appears to reduce assaults.
Theory of Social Systems Delimitation
Authors: Ramos Alberto Guerreiro
Published: March 2007

Current organizational theory is viewed here as being unidimensional in the sense that it is entirely subsumed under the allocative criteria of the market system As an alternative to such a confinement of contemporary organizational theory, this author proposes a model for social systems analysis and design which considers the market as one among many enclaves of society-each of them possessing its own substantive characteristics and requirements.
American Indians in the Political Kingdom
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Carter Robert
Published: March 2007

This note uses information collected by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to assess the quantity and quality of employment of American Indians in that agency. There is a clear-cut pattern of stratification within the BIA, with Indians restricted largely to lower-status positions. Analysis reveals that this stratification is not imply a result of application of merit standards for advancement, for Indian employees are approximately two employment grade levels below non-Indian employees with the same amounts of education and agency experience.
The Interests Served B Y Technological Reform
Authors: Kraemer Kenneth L. , Dutton William H.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the interests served by technological reform through an empirical analysis of power shifts stemming from the use of computer technology in American local governments. Alternative hypotheses concerning the existence and direction of power shifts are tested with survey and observational data collected in 42 U.S. cities. The findings indicate that computer-based systems tend to follow and reinforce the existing pattern of local government power relationships, whether that pattern be pluralistic or centralized in bureaucrats, technocrats, or politicians. Consequently, computing tends to support the interests of the status quo versus the interests of reform.
An Analysis of Macro Models of Organizations
Authors: Scholl Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Macro theories of organizations generally rely on the concept of the goal as the mechanism that gives direction and achieves solidarity of organizational action. In recent years, research and theory building has begun to recognize the importance of such concepts as resource dependence, power, and conflict and to incorporate them into open systems models of organizations. While these open systems models do allow for change in organizational direction, they generally hold to the contention that environmental influence on organizational direction is achieved through a goal-setting process. Likewise, the concepts of power and conflict are incorporated into a goal model. An alternative model, termed the political model, is presented that allows for system openness at ad levels of an organization and does not rely on the concept of the goal in explaining direction or solidarity. Points of conflict between the goal model and the political are discussed along with some of the implications of adopting a political perspective in studying organizational behavior.
National Aid and Local Autonomy in Japan
Authors: Flanagan Scott C. , Kim Hae Shik
Published: March 2007

It has long been believed that local autonomy is virtually nonexistent in Japan, but few empirical studies have tested for the impact of central controls over local financing on local spending priorities. In an analysis of budgetary data for Japan's 46 prefectures it is found that national aid has a weaker direct stimulation effect in Japan than in the United States, and that national aid has been used by local Japanese governments to release revenues, derived from internal sources, from ongoing programs in favor of new local priorities. Moreover, the high-income/low-dependency prefectures are shown to have shifted their spending priorities to innovative new programs in advance of national policy directives, particularly during periods of high economic growth. In addition, the overall strength of the progressive parties in a prefecture is associated with a shift in local priorities from public works to welfare spending. Both income and party have independent effects and in the late 1960s and early 1970s furnished several urban, high-income, progressive prefectures with the capacity and motivation to implement innovative, welfare-oriented policies. These findings suggest a need to revise our model of the central/local linkages in the Japanese policy-making process from a unitary, highly centralized depiction to a more two-way interaction.
The Meshing Organization as a Catalyst for Municipal Coordination
Authors: Rubin Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

The concept of a meshing organization is defined. A meshing organization brings about coordination between political and bureaucratic entities without threatening their autonomy. Differences between meshing organizations and other coordinative structures are explored. The strategies are interpreted in terms of the resource-dependence model of interorganizational relations. Nine strategies through which the meshing organization can strengthen itself bureaucratically while increasing the degree of intergovernmental coordination are discussed. Examples of an active meshing organization in a conservative, metropolitan county.
Opportunities Arising from Paradigm Diversity
Authors: Morgan Gareth
Published: March 2007

This article spells out the potential contributions to organizational research stemming from different research paradigms. The aim is to help move debate about paradigms beyond recognition that different perspectives exist, to a stage at which we can harness the possibilities they have to offer. The article identifies and counter poses specific insights of different paradigms and examines the institutional constraints that must be modified if the research possibilities they offer are to be realized in practice.
Selection Tests and Equal Opportunity
Authors: Crowley Donald W.
Published: March 2007

In passing Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Congress sought to promote equal employment opportunity while allowing the use of selection tests. This article focuses on the interaction between the Supreme Court and the EEOC in developing policies governing the use of selection tests. The analysis suggests that typical characterizations of judicial review over administrative agencies frequently miss the subtlety of judicial-administrative interactions. In grappling with the complexities of this potentially redistributive policy, both court and agency have adopted standards more restrictive of selection tests than Congress intended, but more consistent with the goal of equal opportunity.
Measuring Productivity in U. S. Public Administration and Public Affairs Programs 1981-1985
Authors: Legge Jerome S. , Devore James
Published: March 2007

This article replicates the 1981 study of Morgan and colleagues and focuses on the productivity of public affairs and administration programs in the United States from 1981 to 1985. While many of the highest-ranked programs retain their 1970-1980 positions, the article notes a dramatic improvement on the part of other institutions. In addition to examining overall productivity, the number of published articles is considered as a ratio to the number of faculty in order to control for the size of faculties. While some smaller programs are helped by the ratio measure, high productivity is more characteristic of doctoral degree-granting institutions.
The Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
Authors: Buyers Kathleen M. , Palmer David R.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an interim assessment of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC). It approaches this task from three perspectives: (1) a descriptive review of MCC's origins and development of the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984, under which MCC qualified for limited exemption from the antitrust laws for the purpose of collaboration, as defined, in research and development; (2) an empirical study of what is new and distinctive about MCC; and (3) an assessment of its future prospects as a private corporation and as a de facto instrument of U.S. foreign economic policy. Market and institutional models of the foreign trade arena are employed to aid in the evaluation process, as is McKenna's model of the stages of product creation. MCC's future is viewed as uncertain and controversial, in part because its creation, structures, and goals reflect many of the issues associated with the ongoing debate on the appropriate nature of business-government relations in the United States.
Toward a Positive and Practical Public Management
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to relate materials concerning citizenship and the character of administration with the theory and experience developing in the behavioral sciences, especially in Organization Development and Organization Behavior Basically, the article proposes that a convenient starting point exists for enhancing levels of democratic consciousness and experience in organization citizens. In turn-1, this enhancement can contribute not only to High Administration but also to High Citizenship, as those notations have come to be used in both political science and public administration.
A Bureaucrat in Every Japanese Kitchen?
Authors: Ben-Ari Eyal
Published: March 2007

This article represents an analysis of the cultural assumptions that are involved in the implementation of coproduction schemes. Through a case study of a garbage disposal scheme in a Japanese city, two interrelated themes are examined: (a) the nature of programs of coproduction as universal arrangements for the creation and delivery of urban services, and (b) the peculiar Japanese models and premises that form part of the implementation of such programs in that sociocultural context. The article also includes an examination of how the Japanese case may contribute toward an understanding of the assumptions that lie behind the introduction of coproduction arrangements in other cultural contexts.
Conceptual Notes on the Public Interest for Public Administration and Policy Analysts
Authors: Long Norton E.
Published: March 2007

The related fields of political science, public administration, and policy analysis sorely need a standard for evaluating the outcomes, management structures, and processes, programs, and policies. The appropriate standard for evaluation is the much-maligned and often forgotten concept of the public interest. We can assess the public interest by projecting and evaluating consequences in terms of agreed-upon values-values our common sense tells us rank highly in measuring the quality of people's lives. The agreed-upon consequences and the sometimes competing values must then be weighed in a structured and reasoned argument.
A Typology of Social Partnership Organizations
Authors: Waddock Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a typology of social partnership organizations to enhance understanding of the ways these organizations operate in the social arena, as well as their potential for social problem solving. First, social partnerships are carefully defined. Based on the degree of problem "divisibility, " two key determinants of partnership type are derived: the degree of interdependence among organizations involved in problem solving and the organizational level at which the problem is most salient. From these determinants, three "ideal" partnership types in which there is congruence between the determinants are distinguished: programmatic, federational, and systemic. Characteristics of each ideal type are described, and problems with potential hybrid types are discussed. Propositions are then developed, followed by a discussion of implications for practice and research.
Council and Administrator Perspectives on the City Manager's Role
Authors: Svara James H.
Published: March 2007

The conflict in role perceptions held by council members and city managers has been reported frequently in the literature on urban politics and administration. In this view, the city manager has emerged into a policy leadership role but must confine that leadership to safe areas because the council continues to view the manager as an administrative technician. This thesis needs to be reexamined to better understand city managers and their relationship to elected officials. The manager's policy role is not new, and a review of evidence in existing studies as well as new surveys do not support the conclusion that the council and manager have conflicting definitions of the manager's role. There is some divergence which reflects differences in values and background between elected officials and professional administrators. The general congruence of attitudes and acceptance of the manager s policy role, however, indicates that the city manager can be a leader in the governmental process.
Four Archetypal Shadows
Authors: Hubbell Larry
Published: March 2007

Unfortunately, there are a significant number of public servants who dislike their work Many of these people experience a sense of alienation that makes them feel separate from themselves and others. Using Jung's theory of psychological type and Keirsey and Bates's four temperaments as his starting point, the author gives shape to the alienation that many public employees experience by presenting four archetypal `shadows" that affect the behavior of organizational employees. The four shadows presented are the self-seeking careerist or the alienated intuitive thinker, the regulator or the alienated sensate judger, the manipulator or the alienated intuitive feeler, and the philistine or the alienated sensate perceiver. None of the people who are profoundly affected by these shadows affirm life, instead they engage in death-denying and ultimately self-destructive behaviors.
Citizen-Administrator Connections
Authors: Luton Larry S.
Published: March 2007

As public administrators attempt to decide where to site public facilities, they often conduct activities designed to encourage citizen participation. It frequently is not clear that public involvement is enhanced through those activities. Perhaps one of the reasons those activities are less successful than they might be is that administrators and citizens enter into them without a very thorough understanding of their own motivations, much less the motivations of others. More important for the connection that citizens and administrators make during these activities, they may not understand the dynamics that are set in motion when their own motivations interact with those of others involved in the activity. After discussing the importance of this topic for public administration theory, this article speculates about the dynamics that are likely to be set in motion when a variety of citizens' motivations connect with a variety of administrators' motivations. It concludes that progress in the important project of improving the citizen-administrator connection is likely to be rather slow.
Collaborative Resource Management
Authors: Manring Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines some of the key barriers to collaborative resource management: the differential costs and benefits of these approaches for organizations and individuals. Drawing on the U.S. Forest Service’s use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes to resolve forest plan appeals in the late 1980s, the analysis shows that although ADR can benefit the larger organization, the individuals who actually participate in ADR incur personal costs. The analysis focuses on the time demands and personal costs of collaborative processes. The article concludes by suggesting changes in organizational policies that can help mitigate the differential costs and benefits of ADR and reduce some of the barriers to more widespread use of collaborative management approaches by public officials.
Public Sector Information Technology Initiatives
Authors: Brown Mary Maureen , Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

On the 10th anniversary of the recommendations published by the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) on information system instruction in schools and departments of public administration, sweeping information management reforms were instituted throughout the federal sector by the passage of the Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA) of 1996. This research examines the extent to which these programs prepare students for the issues they will face in managing information resources in government. Based on a survey of 106 schools and departments of public administration, few programs are covering the topics recently mandated by the CCA or recommended a decade ago by NASPAA. If governments are to achieve the benefits of contemporary technological advances, schools and departments of public administration must reexamine their current approach to instruction in information resource management.
Racial Differences in IQ Revisited: A Synthesis of Nearly a Century of Research
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Daley Christine E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a synthesis of arguments disputing the existence of racial-ethnic differences in mental ability, and it challenges the classicist model of “intelligence” on which hereditarian assumptions of racial disparity are based. A review of the literature reveals the following eight major premises held by supporters of this perspective: (a) intelligence is unidimensional and can be represented by a single factor, g; (b) intelligence is fixed within individuals and across generations; (c) IQ tests accurately measure this fixed ability; (d) IQ tests are equally valid across racial, ethnic, and cultural groups; (e) intelligence determines individuals’ professional and social standings; (f) environment plays little role in determining an individual’s intelligence; (g) the intelligence of populations is deteriorating over time; and (h) scores on IQ tests are consistent with classical statistical and measurement theory. Each premise is refuted on the basis of historical, sociological, psychological, and statistical evidence.
Cohort Differences in the Structure and Outcomes of an African American Belief System
Authors: Allen Richard L. , Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the structure of African American belief systems across different age strata or cohorts. The authors speculate that, because of negative categorical treatment on the part of the dominant culture, African Americans in different age cohorts possess and share a common schemalike set of beliefs, culminating in “double consciousness.” The results demonstrate substantial similarity across age cohorts of African Americans in their understanding of these belief systems and their tendency to share a strong sense of group attachment and self-worth. The results also indicate substantial overall mean differences in age groups. Further, the authors found that the different constructs of these belief systems relate differentially to an individual’s sense of well-being and system orientation for those who came of age during the Civil Rights era, especially as compared to those who were socialized during an earlier era.
Biomedical Ethics: An African-Centered Psychological Perspective
Authors: Toldson Ivory Lee , Toldson Ivory Achebe
Published: March 2007

Biomedical ethics examine questions of right and good action that arise in biological and medical settings. In the biomedical, ethical universe, continental Africans and the diasporic descendants tend to react differently than the ordinary Westerner. African American psychology is particularly concerned with the ethical dimensions and cultural competence of systems of health care. The quantity and quality of psychological health care delivered to African Americans raise deeply pervasive and troubling ethical questions. The significance of African consciousness, skin color, religion, education, racism, and the sociopolitical and economic posture of African people cannot be ignored. In a world culture where the rationing of resources is determined along a color line, the medical and mental health status of continental and diasporic Africans is adversely affected. A psychological perspective on the biomedical ethics of the African communities, particularly in America, is urgently needed. This exposition is intended to stimulate scholarship toward that end.
Assertive Behavior Among Black College Students
Authors: Bell Yvonne R. , Jackson Miranda K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined assertiveness in Black students when interacting with their teachers in predominantly Black and White academic settings (i.e., Florida A&M University and Florida State University, respectively). A total of 320 Black students attending FAMU and FSU were selected for subjects—20 males and 20 females from each classification level (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior) at each University. To measure assertiveness in teacher/pupil inter actions, a self-report inventory comprised of 30 items was used. The findings indicated that FSU students were sig nificantly more assertive when interacting with their teachers than were FAMU students. A significant relationship be tween assertiveness and discomfort in being assertive was obtained for FSU students, but not for FAMU students. These findings were interpreted within a theoretical frame work that defined assertive behavior within a cultural con text. A significant sex by classification interaction was obtained. This finding was attributed to differences in as pects of the socialization process for males and females in this society.
Measures of Racial Identity: An Overview and a Proposed Framework
Authors: Burlew A. Kathleen , Smith Lori R.
Published: March 2007

Since its inception, the area of racial identity has undergone multiple revisions in both the understanding of the theoretical construct and in the development of the assessment techniques. James Bayton and Charles Thomas laid the foundation for much of what has been investigated regarding racial identity to date. This paper focuses on the diverse instruments utilized in the assessment of racial identity among African American adults. The purpose of the review is to suggest and provide a framework for conceptualizing racial identity. Thus, the authors categorize the instruments into one of four broad approaches: (1) developmental approaches, (2) Africentric approaches, (3) group-based approaches, and (4) measures of racial stereotyping. Given the varied theoretical underpinnings of the measures and widely divergent results obtained when using different instruments, researchers are encouraged to select the measure of racial identity that most accurately reflects the nature of the research question proposed.
AIDS among African Americans: A Social Epidemic
Authors: Jenkins Bill , Lamar Verna L. , Thompson-Crumble Joanne
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of the history of AIDS in the United States. In 1985, a formal analysis of AIDS among Blacks was initiated. The Centers for Disease Control sponsored the first national conference on AIDS in minority communities in August 1987, an official acknowledgment that the HIVepidemic disproportionately affected Blacks. This article provides surveillance data for several groups of Blacks including women and men who have sex with men. Projections on AIDS cumulative incidence among Blacks within the next several years are also provided in the article.
The Impact of Knowledge, Norms, and Self-Efficacy on Intentions to Engage in AIDS-Preventive Behaviors among Young Incarcerated African American Males
Authors: Beigrave Faye Z. , Randolph Suzanne M. , Carter Cynthia , Braithwaite Noel , Arrington Tina
Published: March 2007

Young incarcerated African American males are at high riskfor contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purposes of this study were to (a) describe the levels ofHIlVknowledge, norms regarding condom use, self-efficacy, and intentions to engage in HlV-preventive behaviors in a sample of young incarcerated African American males; and (b) assess the relationships between knowledge, norms, self-efficacy, and behavioral intent. Data were collected during an AIDS educational session from 52 African American males 17 to 22 years of age. The results indicated that this sample had a moderate level ofAIDS knowledge overalL However, knowledge regarding transmission myths was relatively low. This sample evidencedfairly high self-efficacy regarding HIVprevention and showed moderate intentions to engage in HIV-preventive behaviors. The data also indicated that both peer and subjective norms support condom use.
Doll Studies Revisited: A Question of Validity
Authors: Burnett Myra N. , Sisson Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Renewed interest in African American children's racial preferences provokes further study on the factors underlying such choices. This study examines the long-standing assumption that racially oriented stereotypes influence preference selections. It was hypothesized that White preference would be shown for characteristics where White superiority is stereotypically presumed and that Black preference would be shown for questions where Black superiority is stereotypically presumed. Results did not confirm the hypotheses, thus raising questions about the supposed influence of racial stereotypes on children's racialpreferences. Results revealed that where any preference was indicated, Black preference was more likely than White preference. There was also increasing Black preference with age. Implications for research on racial preference are discussed.
Africentrism: Psychometric Analyses of a Self-Report Measure
Authors: Grills Cheryl , Longshore Douglas
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of a self-report measure of Africentrism, defined here as the degree to which a person adheres to the Nguzo Saba (Seven Principles) in African and African American culture. Beginning with a pool of 25 Likert-type items, the authors tested two alternate forms of their Africentrism measure in a series offour studies. The reliability (internal consistency) of the measure wasfoundto be well above a minimum criterionforthe purpose of group comparisons. Indicators of construct validity and known-groups validity were also favorable. The authors recommend a 15-item version of the measure for future testing and conclude with hypotheses regarding the importance of Africentrism in assessing African-centered interventions.
Self-Reported Memory Function and Psychological Well-Being Among Elderly African American Persons
Authors: Bazargan Mohsen , Bazargan Shahrzad
Published: March 2007

This study examinedthe impact of self-reported memory deficits on psychological well-being among a sample of 998 elderly African American persons. Using multiple regression and employing other related variables (that previously have been identified as common predictors of psychological well-being), the findings of this study suggest that the risk of having a lower level of psychological well-being was greater for persons with more memory problems, even after demographic characteristics, functional limitations, health status, and cognition were included in regression equations. Self-reported memory deficits werefound to be the strongest predictor of psychological well-being. The strength of relationship between self-reported memory deficits and psychological well-being was stronger among women than men.
Ethnic Identity Assessment among Inner-City African American Children: Evaluating the Applicability of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure
Authors: Reese Le'Roy E. , Vera Elizabeth M. , Paikoff Roberta L.
Published: March 2007

Phinney's (1992) Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) was administered to 118 African American children between the ages of 8 and 12 years who lived in an impoverished inner-city neighborhood. This study examined the scale's reliability in measuring feelings of ethnic affirmation and belonging, ethnic behaviors, and ethnic knowledge in a sample of urban children. Results of the reliability analyses were mixed, and indicated that the constructs of ethnic behavior and identity achievement were less stable in this population. Potential implications of differences in cognitive development and social experiences between younger children and adolescents as well as contextualfactors such as socioeconomic status are considered in the discussion of the results.
Bullying as a Special Case of Aggression
Authors: Kalliotis Panayiotis
Published: March 2007

In this study bully/victim problems among five classes of 11-12-year-old children attending five elementary schools in Hellas (Greece) were investigated by using Arora and Thompson's 'Life in School' questionnaire. In addition, five teachers in those schools were interviewed in order to understand their views on school bullying and aggression in Hellas. The majority of the items in the 'Life in School' questionnaire seemed to cross cultural barriers for assessing the incidents of bullying from an international perspective. A Hellenic version of 'Life in School' was created.*
Learning Behaviours, Attention and Anxiety in Caribbean Children
Authors: Durbrow Eric H. , Schaefer Barbara A. , Jimerson Shane R.
Published: March 2007

Research suggests learning-related behaviours, anxiety and attention may influence academic performance. This research, however, has been limited to children from industrialized countries. Studies of children in developing countries have usually concentrated on children's cognitive abilities and home background. Contributions of learning behaviours, anxiety, attention problems, cognitive ability and home background to the academic performance of village children (N = 61; ages 6-12) on St Vincent, the West Indies, were investigated. Teachers provided academic scores and rated children using the Learning Behaviours Scale and using a modified version of the Revised Behaviour Problem Checklist. Children's cognitive ability was assessed using the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices and their academic skills were assessed using a locally standardized achievement test. Stimulating home experiences, caregiver involvement, affluence and caregiver education were assessed using the MC-HOME Inventory and by interviews. Hierarchical regression indicated that anxiety, attention and learning-related behaviours explain 32-35 percent of the variance in academic scores. In contrast, home background and cognitive ability
The D-48 Application in Mexican-American Children of a Culture Fair Test
Authors: Domino George
Published: March 2007

The D-48 is a nonverbal analogies test used as a measure of general intelligence, widely known in Europe and other parts of the world, but not the US. The results of a study with 126 MexicanAmerican and 139 Anglo-American seventh graders are presented and these show the D-48 to be reliable, free of slope or intercept bias, a valid indicator of performance on Stanford Achievement subtests and significantly correlated with both achievement and teachers' evaluations of intelligence.
Does Punishment Work with Children?
Authors: Green R. T.
Published: March 2007

Does punishment work at all? Before answering this question we have to put up with a bit of linguistic analysis. Or, as Professor Joad was wont to say, 'It all depends on what you mean by work, provided that we can agree on what is meant by punishment.'
Systematic Analyses of Reliabilities
Authors: Barton Lyle E. , Brulle Andrew R. , Repp Alan C. , Gallagher James F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes two experiments designed to assess the reliability of two behavioural checklists which are commonly used in the United States, the Walker Problem Behaviour Identification Checklist (WPBIC) and the Behaviour Problem Checklist (BPC). Intra-rater reliability was assessed on the WPBIC and then on the BPC. Results indicated that both checklists would be adequate for screening, but that neither checklist exhibited sufficient reliability to be used for programmatic purposes.
Personality, Aggressivity and Recreational Preference in Behaviourally Disturbed and Non-Disturbed Boys
Authors: Kirkcaldy B. D. , Thome E.
Published: March 2007

A vast amount of research has been conducted in the area of personality differences between 'behaviourally disturbed' and 'non-disturbed' children. In a classical analysis of delinquents, Burt (1944) found they were characterized as being less intelligent, possessing heightened levels of excitability and toughmindedness (unsentimental, insensitive and solitary). Shrider (1962) and Pennington (1954) employed the HSPQ and found delinquents to be lower in intelligence, thicker-skinned (impulsive, adventurous and active), lacking in social ego-strength and more radical and experimental. Glueck and Glueck (1950) and Hathaway and Monashesi (1953) had made comparisons between delinquents and non-delinquents; the delinquent group were discriminably less emotionally stable, less serious and inhibited, unfriendly, dominant, liable to display greater mood fluctuations and more adventurous. Cattell, Tastsuoka and Eber (1970) had found a division of personality disorders which roughly correspond to the neuroses and the problems of behaviour or conduct disorders characterized by such factors as affectothymia, dominance or ascendence and lowered super-ego strength. Cattell and Cattell (1975) had shown delinquents to be demonstrably more solitary, less intelligent, more easily aroused, guiltprone, nervous and excitable. Eysenck (1960), in submitting data to factorial analysis (taken from children referred to guidance clinics), was able to distinguish between those with conduct disorders (typically extraverted neurotic), tending to swear, steal, be rude, aggressive and egocentric, with those children manifesting personality problems (introverted neurotic), who were likely to be depressed, seclusive, nervous and sensitive.
Developing Self-Control and Self-Esteem in Disturbed Children
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

The object of this paper is to define self-control and self-esteem and see how they are related. How self-control and self-esteem are developed normally in very young children is summarized, as are the repercussions of failure to develop self-control. Some preventive and therapeutic considerations are proposed when there has been a failure to develop self-control and selfesteem. It is concluded that self-control can be learned, and when it is learned it leads to increased self-confidence and self-esteem. Children with poor control are likely to be poorly adjusted to the adult world. This is because they continue to practise a demeanour which may have been necessary for their early survival but is inappropriate in later circumstances. There must be standards and procedures to ensure that self-esteem and self-control are reached gradually through such techhiques as behaviour modifications, discussions involving the whole community, smaller group and individual approaches, and other methods.
Peter Parrot: Evaluation of a Class-Room Self-Instructional Training Programme to Increase Reflectivity in Children
Authors: Mcmillan Brian , Janzen Henry L.
Published: March 2007

The study examined the effectiveness of using a group-administered self-instructional training programme (Peter Parrot) to increase reflectivity in school-age children. Forty-four children were divided into a treatment and attention-control group (mean age 7.58 and 7.75 years respectively). Each group was administered four dependent measures (pre and post) and received six training sessions over two weeks. The treatment group was given the Peter Parrot training programme while the attention-control group received their usual classroom instruction. Findings indicated that the treatment programme was effective in increasing reflectivity in children. The study also supported the use of a group training procedure to reduce impulsivity, thus increasing reflectivity. Generalization to classroom behaviour and performance is discussed. Further research utilizing group training procedures is recommended.
Is Language-Learning Disability a Life-Span Phenomenon?
Authors: Greenough P. , Illerbrun D. , Haines L. , McLeod J.
Published: March 2007

The adverse, lifelong, emotional, social as well as academic implications of language disability are described. A plea is made for the use of a teacher-administered screening device, Language Identification Screening Test-Kindergarten (LIST-K) to identify kindergarten children who are at risk for future difficulties because of language delay.
Learning Style or 'Intelligence'?
Authors: Stott Denis H.
Published: March 2007

The concept of 'intelligence' is challenged as a means of explaining learning failure. Hypothetical scientists set out to observe why children fail, and meet children who avoid learning from fear, whose life-style ill equips them to give attention to academic detail, who are headstrong and over-dependent, who assume dullness as a strategy, whose impulsivity causes them to bypass mentation by guessing. Therapy should aim at revealing and developing mental capabilities by improving the style of learning. Systematic means are needed for the assessment of learning style. Empirical studies validating the concept as a predictor of attainment are described and their results compared with the predictive value of IQ. An invitation is issued to participate in an international study of cultural differences in children's learning styles.
The Treatment of Children and Adolescents Who Smoke
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

Few studies specifically relate to helping young people to avoid or give up smoking. Prevention, of course, is better than cure, especially when the habit has been firmly engrained. Much money is not only spent on medical research into smoking-related diseases but is also lost owing to sufferers' absence from work.
School Maladjustment in Young Children
Authors: Benyamini Kalman
Published: March 2007

For the purpose of early identification of school adjustment problems, an American quick screening device (AML) and a more detailed classroom adjustment rating scale (CARS) were standardized on a Jerusalem sample of schools. Hebrew versions of the scales (TAMAL and SHILHAV) were administered to 18 first to third-grade teachers, who rated all of their 499 pupils. Factorial and parametric analyses of the Jerusalem data were compared with corresponding findings from Rochester, New York. Structurally, the scales' original factors that is, aggressiveness-acting out (A), moodiness-withdrawal (M), and learning (L) problems were replicated in the Israeli sample. Some factorial item compositions, however, were found to differ meaningfully. Examination of the resulting factor contents pointed to possible cultural differences in the interpretation of the three complexes. Quantitatively, total TAMAL and SHILHAV means resembled those of AML and CARS. However, in separate factors certain differences between the cities were noted. Additional comparisons pertained to the discrepancies between both AML and TAMAL scores, categorized according to behaviour frequencies, and the ratings on the CARS and SHILHAV, judged according to problem magnitudes. Findings hinted at different thresholds of tolerance for particular problematic behaviours. In conclusion, beyond fundamental similarities of schooling standards prevailing in the two cities, the comparisons indicated certain differences attributable to students' school behaviour, teachers' judgements of maladjustment and cultural norms. Finally, schematic profiles of the Jerusalem versus the Rochester young learners could be tentatively sketched.
A Response to 'School Psychology in the USA and USSR'
Authors: Aubrey Carol
Published: March 2007

Understanding of international issues of comparative psychology requires a dynamic view of historical trends and current developments. Such analysis usually requires consideration of political, ideological, sociological and educational realities...

This opening is very commendable but the paper hardly justifies these claims. Further I would want to add a note of caution that direct international comparison can be misleading even when the cultural and socio-cultural contexts are superficially similar. One would hardly claim the USSR and USA systems to be similar.
Neuropsychological Perspectives in the School-Age Child in India
Authors: Raina M. K. , Vats Arunima
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a brief history of the major developments in school neuropsychology in India. Dealt with here are the problems of neurologically deficient children, current educational practices, remedial and diagnostic efforts and the need for interdisciplinary research and publications, education and training. A view about future directions is also presented. There is a paucity of empirical research studying the neurological mechanisms and their interaction with the school setting in India. However, a beginning has been made in the area of mental retardation. There is an urgent need to focus on the neurological aspects of normal school children. This would provide an insight into how educational environments affect neurological developments. A case is made for encouraging interdisciplinary research to understand the neuroeducational aspects of a child's personality and behaviour.
The Teacher's Role in the Application of an Assertive Discipline Program for Students in a Venezuelan Primary School
Authors: Rosemberg Felicitas Kort , Lapco Anita , Llorensc Maria
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the application of an Assertive Discipline Program in a primary school of 567 students, ranging from first to sixth grade, ages 5 to 11 years. A series of intensive workshops and lectures on the theory and practice of assertive training, positive reinforcement, time-out and overcorrection procedures was provided to educators over a 2-year period. Students were taught five specific norms for which they received stamps and diplomas. A 'timeout classroom' was designed for inappropriate behavior. Parents' opinions about the program were also sought.

'Assertive Discipline' is defined as the positive influence teachers can exert over their pupils' behavior. The program served to teach educators that children have a right to: a teacher who is prepared to help them recognize the limits of inappropriate behavior; a teacher who is ready to give positive approval to the pupil's appropriate behavior; and a right to choose specific behavioral goals and know their consequences. School contracts were introduced for those children who did not respond satisfactorily to group contingencies. The assertive discipline program was successful in teaching educators to react with consistency to their students' behavior.