bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracing Survival
Authors: Stone Dan
Published: July 2023

This chapter addresses the problem of ‘survivorship bias’, in terms of the files held by ITS (those not represented were also victims—just not documented in ITS) and in terms of the fact that survivors have the largest TD files. The chapter looks at three very different groups—surviving members of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz, elderly Jewish Holocaust survivors, and members of Romania’s fascist Iron Guard. The existence of elderly survivors has generally been overlooked yet there were some present at the liberation of the camps, emerging from hiding, and in the DP camps in Germany and Austria. The postwar stories of the surviving members of the Auschwitz Sonderkommando have also been neglected, but what happened to them in the immediate postwar period fills an important gap in our knowledge of these vital witnesses to the gas chambers. More challenging, we also find in ITS the postwar trajectories of fascist collaborators, such as the members of Romania’s Iron Guard who were held—in some comfort, it needs to be emphasized—by the Nazi regime after they were ousted from the power-sharing arrangement into which they had initially entered with Ion Antonescu. Thanks to ITS we can account for these three groups of people and their very different postwar trajectories. Using these three case studies, the chapter illustrates the pros and cons of working with the ITS records.
Youthful Rebel
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

Spinoza’s life was one of exceptional audacity tempered by his personal motto: “caute [caution].” His life story of rebellion, apostasy, and proposed reform culminated in the 1670s. Hence a key question is when did his extraordinary career as a declared adversary of practically everything commonly thought and believed begin? One might suppose the unparalleled project of what France’s then leading science impresario, Thévenot, called a “fanatic” would-be reformer of men’s errors, commenced with his expulsion from the Jewish community for defiance of rabbinic authority, in July 1656. But when we glance at the circumstances, it seems that this rabbinic ban of 1656 cannot have been the actual commencement of his revolt.
Teaching Skills
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter recounts Spinoza’s interaction with the Antwerp-born ex-Catholic Franciscus van den Enden (1602–74), whom many scholars studying Spinoza’s life and career have viewed as a decisive influence on his career as a philosopher. He was a religiously suspect but expert teacher, Latinist, and theatre lover who exerted a decisive influence on Spinoza’s Latin, involvement with the stage, and knowledge of international affairs. It also considers Spinoza’s turn from religious studies to exploring Cartesianism and involvement with philosophy but argues that Van den Enden was less important as an influence in this respect. It considers too to what extent Spinoza may have adopted Van den Enden’s view on educational techniques and teaching methods.
Collegiants, Millenarians, and Quakers
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter relates Spinoza’s close connection in the 1650s with several Collegiant Socinians and Millenarians such as Petrus Serrarius, Pieter Balling, Jan Rieuwertsz his future publisher, Jarig Jelles, and the connection some scholars believe he had with the recently established English Quaker community in Amsterdam during 1656–7 as well as other religious outcasts in the city. It describes the surreptitious meetings held in Rieuwertsz’s bookshop and the deep split that developed between the Quakers and Collegiants, the Trinitarian and Anti-Trinitarian Collegiants, and between the rationalist Cartesian Collegiants and the mystical Millenarians like Spinoza’s friend Serrarius.
Spinoza Subverts Hobbes
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter questions the validity of conventional treatments of the relationship between Hobbes and Spinoza, arguing that rather than following, or borrowing from Hobbes, what Spinoza is doing, essentially is consciously subverting Hobbes especially in political theory where he is hostile to Hobbes’ monarchism and unwillingness to secure a firm toleration and to Hobbes’ conception of the “common good ” and men’s exit from the state of nature. Especially outside the Netherlands, the names of Hobbes and Spinoza certainly soon came to be constantly paired together by contemporaries. Careful comparison, though, not only complicates the comparison but discloses a wide gap across a range of issues, so much so that Hobbes and Spinoza really represent more a battle of opposites than an aligned proximate pair.
Expanding the Spinozist “Sect”
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

Spinozism is profoundly evil, morally devastating, held Steno, diverting men from faith and devotion to the Church and affording no consolation whatever to the poor, illiterate, ignorant, and wretched, those who know little or nothing making up the vast bulk of the world’s population. Especially pernicious in Spinoza’s philosophy, socially and morally, held Steno, is its investing excessive trust and hope in science and learning instead of faith and Church. Doing so, it divides humanity into two widely separated categories, the unknowing mass and an intellectual elite supposedly “with adequate ideas” grasping there is only “one substance in the universe infinite and eternal,” a group, he discovered in Leiden, with an overly high regard for themselves enjoying together with their intellectual effort sensual pleasures, like sipping wine and smoking tobacco. This chapter traces the evolution of Spinozism as an observed movement in 1670s Holland.
Encounter with Leibniz (1676)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

During the early 1670s, the young German thinker Leibniz, as yet largely unknown but ambitious and aspiring, resolved to do his own research, and form his own assessment of developments in every key field of science and knowledge. Eager to assemble as reliable and up-to-date a picture of the current state of world philosophy, science, and religion as possible, he embarked on a vigorous campaign of international networking and correspondence, writing to Hobbes, Oldenburg, Spinoza, and Comenius among numerous others. The stir caused by the TTP convinced him that, emerging in Holland, was not just the subversive philosophy of Spinoza but a subversive movement he needed to learn about. He detected a whole circle, an underground philosophical movement already developing for over a decade, that greatly intrigued him. Finally, in November 1676 he had a series of conferences with Spinoza in The Hague.
Stemming the Tide
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L.
Published: July 2023

Chapter four highlights the system which developed in both ports for petitions and privileges associated with new machines or forms of technology intended to deal with the principal environmental challenges of the day. These challenges included siltation in the lagoon or port areas and stagnant water around wellheads. Although decision-making power remained in the hands of the few, there was a broad cast of those involved in this work. Requests for privileges were submitted by foreigners, who sometimes moved between ports and used their specialist technologies in order to find a place for themselves in new cities. The chapter also emphasizes the major environmental interventions undertaken in both cities, principally in the form of major dredging projects during the sixteenth century.
Working with Waste
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L.
Published: July 2023

Chapter five explores cultures of waste disposal and reuse in Renaissance ports. Both governments regulated the repurposing of waste with material from building projects being used to construct environmental defences (particularly against floods) or for ballast in maritime vessels. By illuminating the cultures and structures to manage waste in both cities this chapter also establishes the significance of the individuals whose job it was to collect, remove, and reuse these materials. A variety of individuals were involved in such work, including those employed directly by the government, some who accessed work through corporations or guilds, and others whose work was irregular and informal. Occupational groups such as fishermen and sailors acted as environmental experts and provided reports on specific projects and proposals to government magistracies. Together these examples demonstrate the communal nature of both challenges and responses regarding waste.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: July 2023

The Introduction provides the reader with a concise overview of the origins of modern psychiatry and the rise of the asylum movement during the nineteenth century, and explains the book’s timeline. The early psychiatrists liked to make sweeping judgements about the mental health of whole countries and sections of society in the past and the present. The influence of religion and the supernatural became a significant measure of insanity in any given population at any moment in time, and thereby a means of assessing collective and individual mental states. Beliefs and behaviour were divided up into the pathological and the healthy.
Dürer's Lost Masterpiece
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

This book is about the celebrated German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), his time, and his legacy. It tracks the history of a crucial, and often overlooked, turning point in his career, when Dürer stopped painting altarpieces after falling out with the Frankfurt merchant Jakob Heller over a commission. The story of this painting, as Dürer’s lost masterpiece, functions as a lens through which to view the new relationship developing between art, collecting, and commerce in Europe up to the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) when global trade and cultural exchanges were increasing. At the heart of the book is the argument that merchants, and their mentalities, were crucial for the making of Renaissance art and its legacy for modern art. The book draws on a decade of research, and uniquely draws the reader into the rich emotional worlds of three merchants each of whom typified the evolving relationship between art and commerce in that entrepreneurial and often ruthless age. It brings to life Dürer’s determined fight for creative makers to be adequately paid, and explores the big questions about how European societies came to value the arts and crafts that remain relevant to our time.
What Few Can Do
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

The first part of the book is structured around the relationship between the artist and the merchant Jakob Heller and their unique correspondence. Nine of Dürer’s letters to Heller survive, more than from almost any other artist to their patron in the Renaissance. These famous letters reveal that Dürer fought a historical battle to assert the value of art. Heller proved stronger. Scarred and angry, Dürer moved on, abandoning altarpieces to create commercially viable works. After working for Heller, Dürer chose to solely mass-market exceptionally skilled work through reproductions in prints and produce quickly achieved paintings. His relationship with Heller thus legitimately points to one of the origins of modern art. This brief chapter introduces Heller’s commission and its meaning for Dürer.
Apelles AD
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the value of paintings in the Italian and German Renaissance to underline how artists we now revere for their achievements often were paid a pittance. It looks at strategies Italian artists developed to increase their pay and argues that Dürer encountered these in Venice and aimed to apply them back in Germany. These strategies can be discerned from contracts as well as from letters, and they were likely subject to much conversation among aspiring artists. Key decisions about the design or execution might only be taken in the course of the process of working on a painting.
Colour
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

The meanings of materials for painting are further brought out through a focus on how colours were created to be brilliant and lasting. Albrecht Dürer had put in tremendous effort to master this knowledge, and to communicate his ideas through the ways in which he used colours. In subsequent letters he tried to communicate this to Heller in order to justify his demands for better pay. We tend to think of Dürer primarily as a creator of black-and-white prints; this chapter shows how important colours were for him and how they were linked to medicinal and religious ideas about healing.
Delivering
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

1 Over the course of 1508, the drama between Albrecht Dürer and Jakob Heller intensified. Dürer threatened not to complete the commission unless he was paid more and was ready to return his advance. He finally delivered the central panel for the altarpiece in 1509, and with a full set of instructions for Heller. This chapter maps out how Heller and his wife might have felt about their altarpiece, and argues that their relationship with the artist ended at this point. It analyses Dürer´s instructions and argues that these underline how important the artwork was for him. He continued to feel underpaid, and had reached the end of his struggles with the Frankfurt merchant.
Becoming Lutheran
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows that the new tastes for rare curiosities from around the globe became ever more relevant as the Reformation gained hold and questioned the value of many subjects of religious art and the role of art in churches. German painters faced declining opportunities. The chapter tells the story of how the Reformations gathered support in Nuremberg and in Frankfurt, both of which turned into Lutheran cities. Heller’s altar escaped the fury of iconoclast attacks. Dürer sided with some Lutheran ideas, but the chapter argues that he crucially did not share the movement’s broad hostility towards merchants. His confrontation with Heller turned Dürer more determinedly into a commercially minded artist himself.
The Court of Bavaria
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

We know much about the rise of Renaissance art as part of the rise of luxury consumption in Italy and the Netherlands. Yet German research has only recently begun to fully address the shape of the art market throughout the sixteenth century and into the age of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48)—and it was during this latter part of the period that Dürer’s standing as an internationally recognized painter was confirmed. The history of German culture in this period has traditionally focused on the heights of humanism and on Luther’s breakthrough at the beginning—a dynamic culture of debate that ‘gradually faded away’ through confessional struggles and insular divisions among Germany’s many territorial states. It can appear like a cultural story ending with the literary revival of Goethe’s time, but nothing in the middle. This chapter shows how the history of material culture changes this account. Cultivated merchants turned into Europe’s tastemakers.
Networks for Success
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

Although master painting had become more important to some collectors, Hainhofer exemplifies how German crafts culture and art lovers continued to thrive on their excitement about exquisite natural rarities, such as shells; technically sophisticated mechanisms; or entertainments. This chapter offers an unparalleled study of how an art agent built the networks that would ensure an internationally successful career. It details the prices such rarities commanded and how they were acquired in the early phase of the Dutch expansion. Many of these rarities were labelled goods from “India” in collections. Evidence from Hainhofer’s correspondence points to some of the locales they originated from and provides evidence of how they were traded in Europe.
The Chase
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

So how did Maximilian I accomplish the feat of convincing Frankfurt’s Dominicans to sell? This chapter shows why a new enterprising prior was ready to enter a deal, and hoped for Bavarian protection. It explores the compromised conditions under which the copy of the painting for the monastery was made, and this shows why it now does not resemble the masterpiece Dürer’s original would have been. As the Thirty Years’ War broke out in 1618, Dürer’s painting for Heller was finally hung in Munich, soon to be sheltered as soldiers in the service of Lutheran Swedes looted ducal collections. Dürer imagined that his painting would forever remain in Frankfurt’s church for art connoisseurs from everywhere to admire. Yet in this age of change, religious subjects became the most ideologically loaded and contentious of all. The Protestant Reformation changed what subjects could be owned by or displayed in churches, making pre-Reformation masters available to the art market on an unprecedented scale.
It Was a Dark and Stormy Flight
Authors: Gilbert Nora
Published: July 2023

Perhaps no other genre is as intrinsically linked, in the popular imagination, with the iconography of the persecuted heroine fleeing from her villainous oppressors as that which has been dubbed “the female gothic.” This chapter compares the string of runaway-woman novels penned by the female gothic’s first and most influential author, Ann Radcliffe, to novels written by two of her best-known contemporaries, Mary Wollstonecraft and Frances Burney. As the subtitles of Wollstonecraft’s Maria; or, the Wrongs of Woman (1798) and Burney’s The Wanderer; or, Female Difficulties (1814) make clear, both are centrally concerned with the subject of female adversity—specifically, in both cases, the adversity faced by women fleeing from abusive husbands. By harnessing the affective power of the genre that Radcliffe made so popular in the years leading up to their composition, Maria and The Wanderer introduce new shades of darkness and terror to their authors’ career-long critiques of gendered injustice.
Epilogue
Authors: Gilbert Nora
Published: July 2023

The brief epilogue tracks the ongoing prevalence of woman-on-the-run stories in another popular narrative medium: Hollywood film. In particular, the Hollywood film industry continues to be drawn to stories of women running from the law, usually with a partner in crime (e.g., Bonnie and Clyde, Badlands, Thelma and Louise, Queen and Slim) and stories of women running from abusive husbands (e.g., Sleeping with the Enemy, Enough, Mad Max: Fury Road, The Invisible Man). After discussing how these more recent cinematic representations of female flight connect and relate to those in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century novels, the chapter ends with a nod to the monograph’s namesake, Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl—a novel-turned-film in which the line between the criminalized and victimized runaway woman is provocatively and discomfitingly blurred.
Top-Down Review
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the CJEU’s role in safeguarding EU values in the Member States. Based on recent experiences in the rule of law crisis, it examines how the Court started to review Member States’ compliance with Article 2 TEU. Institutionally, there are solid arguments for involving the Luxembourg court. Judicial proceedings can depoliticize conflicts, guarantee procedural fairness, and exert financial pressure on non-compliant governments. Substantively, upheavals of the Member States’ constitutional structures frequently seem to escape the scope of EU law—except for Article 2 TEU. Instead of applying Article 2 TEU in a self-standing manner, the Court has found ways to operationalize EU values through specific Treaty provisions. The chapter concludes by demonstrating how this approach could be extended beyond issues of judicial independence to other values, such as democracy.
Disrupting the Federal Balance?
Authors: Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This chapter deals with the impact of an activated Article 2 TEU on the Union’s federal balance. For one, the judicial enforcement of EU values in the Member States might be perceived as exceeding the Union’s competences or as affecting the Member States’ constitutional identities. Moreover, enforcing a uniform understanding of Article 2 TEU values might be normatively undesirable from a pluralist perspective and practically unattainable, considering the diversity among the Member States. Even if most of these objections can be refuted, they call for caution, especially when the provision’s Verbund dimension is concerned. The chapter examines various tools enabling judicial self-restraint, such as a minimalist reading of Article 2 TEU, the use of presumptions, and judicial deference. The latter includes not only a decentralized review leaving the final say on Article 2 TEU violations to referring courts but also a margin of appreciation doctrine.
The Parts of an Imperfect Agent
Authors: Aronowitz Sara
Published: July 2023

Formal representations drawn from rational choice theory have been used in a variety of ways to fruitfully model the way in which actual agents are approximately rational. This analysis requires bridging between ideal normative theory, in which the mechanisms, representations, and other such internal parts are in an important sense interchangeable, and descriptive psychological theory, in which understanding the internal workings of the agent is often the main goal of the entire inquiry. In this chapter, I raise a problem brought on by this gap: for almost every theory of approximate rationality, there will be an empirically indistinguishable alternative that individuates the parts of the agent in a significantly different way.
Imagination, Fiction, and Perspectival Displacement
Authors: D’Ambrosio Justin , Stoljar Daniel
Published: July 2023

The verb ‘imagine’ admits of perspectival modification: we can imagine things from above, from a distant point of view, or from the point of view of a Russian. But in such cases, there need be no person, either real or imagined, who is above or distant from what is imagined, or who has the point of view of a Russian. We call this the puzzle of perspectival displacement. This chapter sets out the puzzle, shows how it does not just concern the language of imagination but also states of imagining themselves, and then presents a solution. The solution draws on the idea that many reports of imagining conceal a distinctive kind of question, and such concealed questions have an extra argument place for (what we will call) an experiencer from whose perspective things are imagined. This solution has a range of advantages over other proposals in the literature and helps to advance two debates concerning perspectival engagement with fiction.
‘Actions of a Body Sentient’
Authors: Peterman Alison
Published: July 2023

Margaret Cavendish writes that nature is ‘wise’, that minerals, plants, and animals all have ‘knowledge’ and ‘perception’, and that matter itself is ‘sensitive’ and ‘knowing’. So it is natural that she is usually read as a panpsychist. This chapter argues that she is not, and offers an alternative Cavendishian account of human sense perception and cognition as well as animal and mineral perception and knowledge. All of those are capacities that different kinds of things have of interacting with their environments, but not all of them are ‘mental’, or ‘psychic’, at least not how those terms are usually understood. In not attributing mental capacities to stones or ferns, Cavendish is not suggesting that human beings and other animals are special. On the contrary: when we assume that non-human beings must do things like we do, we reduce nature’s infinite variety to the little we can know from our limited perspective.
C. A. Strong—Real Materialism, Evolutionary Naturalism, Panpsychism
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: July 2023

This chapter offers an account of what a genuinely realistic materialism or genuinely realistic physicalism looks like. (The key is that it must be all-out realist about consciousness.) It combines this with an exposition of some of the work of Charles Augustus Strong—who is, according to this account, an exemplary, genuinely realistic materialist. C. A. Strong, who has been almost entirely forgotten, is one of the very best twentieth-century American philosophers. His work in epistemology is outstanding—it’s not clear that his general philosophical account of perception can be bettered. The same is true of his work in metaphysics. This chapter focuses on his metaphysics, his evolutionary naturalism and the all-out panpsychism that he takes it to entail. It compares him with another evolutionary naturalist, his contemporary, R. W. Sellars, who, with some hesitation, chose an emergentist account of the existence of consciousness over a panpsychist one.
Epistemic Atonement
Authors: Woodard Elise
Published: July 2023

When we think about agents who change a long-standing belief, we sometimes have conflicting reactions. On the one hand, such agents often epistemically improve. For example, their new belief may be better supported by the evidence or closer to the truth. On the other hand, such agents are often subject to criticism. Examples include politicians who change their minds on whether climate change is occurring or whether vaccines cause autism. What explains this criticism, and is it ever justified? To answer these questions, this chapter introduces the notion of epistemic atonement. Epistemic atonement refers to the process of making up for one’s previous epistemic failures, including believing badly. Central to this account is the idea that epistemic atonement requires restoring trust and indicating trustworthiness. The chapter fleshes out the proposal by drawing on philosophical and empirical literature on apologies, demonstrating that epistemic blame and atonement parallel the moral domain in various underappreciated respects.
Moorean Arguments against the Error Theory: a Defense
Authors: Sampson Eric
Published: July 2023

Moorean arguments are a powerful way to engage highly revisionary views in philosophy, such as nihilism about motion, time, and truth. They take, as a premise, a highly plausible first-order claim (e.g., cars move) and conclude from it the falsity of the highly revisionary thesis. Moorean arguments can be used against nihilism in ethics (error theory), too. Recently, error theorists have argued that moral Moorean premises seem highly credible to us, but aren’t, by offering debunking explanations that appeal to higher-order evidence—evidence of error in our reasoning. This chapter argues that the higher-order evidence actually counts further against error-theoretic arguments and further in favor of Moorean arguments and the commonsense views they support. Along the way the chapter answers prominent objections to Moorean arguments: that they’re question-begging, rely on categorizing some claims as “Moorean Facts”, and that reports of one’s credence in a proposition bears no interesting relation to its credibility.
Ambitious Stance-Dependence
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

A stance-dependence theory is ambitious if it claims that at least some moral reasons are inescapable or agent-neutral. The challenge for ambitious stance-dependence theorists is to explain how such reasons can be stance-dependent. This chapter argues that the most promising efforts to meet this challenge are unable to capture the non-arbitrariness of moral choice. After briefly arguing that a stability charge can be extended to five views that at least seem to be ambitious, the bulk of the chapter considers the prospects of ambitious constitutivist theories. It argues that, although some such theories are able to avoid the stability charge, they face a normative deficit charge instead, and thus fail to capture the non-arbitrariness of moral choice. The chapter concludes that the prospects of stance-dependence theories are dim.
Conclusion
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter briefly summarises the overall argument of the book.
Transcription, structure, and organoids translate time across the lifespan of humans and great apes
Authors: Charvet Christine J , Ofori Kwadwo , Falcone Carmen , Rigby Dames Brier A
Published: July 2023

How the neural structures supporting human cognition developed and arose in evolution is an enduring question of interest. Yet, we still lack appropriate procedures to align ages across primates, and this lacuna has hindered progress in understanding the evolution of biological programs. We generated a dataset of unprecedented size consisting of 573 time points from abrupt and gradual changes in behavior, anatomy, and transcription across human and 8 nonhuman primate species. We included time points from diverse human populations to capture within-species variation in the generation of cross-species age alignments. We also extracted corresponding ages from organoids. The identification of corresponding ages across the lifespan of 8 primate species, including apes (e.g., orangutans, gorillas) and monkeys (i.e., marmosets, macaques), reveals that some biological pathways are extended in humans compared with some nonhuman primates. Notably, the human lifespan is unusually extended relative to studied nonhuman primates demonstrating that very old age is a phase of life in humans that does not map to other studied primate species. More generally, our work prompts a reevaluation in the choice of a model system to understand aging given very old age in humans is a period of life without a clear counterpart in great apes.
Bhaur and others v Equity Trustees and others [2023] EWCA Civ 534—When will equity set aside a voluntary disposition for mistake?
Authors: Venkata Bianca
Published: July 2023

On 18 May 2023, the Court of Appeal handed down its decision in Bhaur and others v Equity Trustees and others [2023] EWCA Civ 534. The Court declined to grant equitable relief to set aside the transfer of the Claimants’ family wealth into an employment benefit trust. This was despite the fact that the Claimants had acted on dishonest advice and the catastrophic financial consequences of the transaction. The Court found that as the Claimants were aware of the nature of the tax avoidance scheme, it would not be unconscionable to refuse equitable relief.
Methamphetamine enhances neural activation during anticipation of loss in the monetary incentive delay task
Authors: Molla Hanna , Keedy Sarah , DeBrosse Joseph , de Wit Harriet
Published: July 2023

Stimulants like methamphetamine (MA) affect motivated behaviors via actions on circuits mediating mood, attention, and reward. Few studies examined the effects of single doses of stimulants on reward circuits during anticipation and receipt of rewards and losses. Here, we examined the effects of MA (20 mg) or placebo in a within-subject, double-blind study with healthy adults (n = 43). During 2 fMRI sessions, participants completed the monetary incentive delay task. Primary outcome measures were BOLD activation in selected regions of interest during anticipation and receipt of monetary rewards and losses. Secondary analyses included behavioral measures, whole brain analysis, and arterial spin labeling. MA produced its expected behavioral effects and increased neural activation in the ventral striatum and anterior insula during anticipation of monetary loss versus non-loss. MA did not affect activation during anticipation of gains, or during receipt of wins or losses. MA significantly reduced cerebral blood flow in the striatum and insula. The present finding that a stimulant enhances the responses of striatal and insular regions to upcoming loss suggests that this system may be sensitive to the salience of upcoming events. The finding adds to a complex body of evidence regarding the effects of stimulant drugs on neural processes during motivated behaviors.
Skin and wound care survey
Authors: Ayello Elizabeth A. , Baranoski Sharon , Jicman Wendy S. Harris
Published: July 2023

This article presents the 2019 Skin and Wound Survey results, which could assist in identifying gaps in nurses' skin and wound care knowledge and in developing nursing curricula and continuing professional development. The 2019 survey was conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the results are compared with those from surveys conducted in 2004 and 2012. Author commentaries and additional input from the survey participants are also provided.
Immunotherapy Efficacy-related Risk Classifier Differentiate Prognostic Characteristics of Gastric Cancer—A Large-scale Retrospective Study
Authors: Huo Junyu , Fan Xinyi , Sun Wei , Sun Peng
Published: July 2023

Prognostic signatures related to the efficacy of immunotherapy have not been determined in gastric cancer (GC). We identified the differentially expressed genes between the CR/PR and SD/PD groups with the R package “limma” (false discovery rate <0.05) in the IMvigor210 data set. The GSE13861 (n=65), GSE15459 (n=192), GSE26899 (n=93), GSE26901 (n=109), GSE28541 (n=40), GSE34942 (n=56), and GSE62254 (n=300) cohorts were merged into a training cohort (n=855). Univariate Cox regression analysis, LASSO penalized Cox regression analysis, and multivariate Cox regression analysis were jointly applied to construct the prognostic model. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-STAD (n=371), GSE84437 (n=433), GSE26253 (n=432), and IMvigor210 (n=348) cohorts were utilized for external validation. The GC patients were divided into 16 subgroups according to clinical features for universal applicability validation. Repeated validation confirmed that the overall survival of the high-risk (HR) group was significantly reduced compared with that of the low-risk (LR) group. The HR group showed a higher infiltration abundance of regulatory T cells, macrophages, T follicular helper cells, and natural killer T cells, whereas the infiltration levels of activated CD4 T cells and monocytes were upregulated in the LR group. The calcium, TGF-β, MAPK, Hedgehog, and KRAS signaling pathways were overactivated in the HR group, while the hallmarks related to DNA damage repair and metabolism were enriched in the LR group. In addition, the LR group had high tumor mutation burden, FLG, and OBSCN mutations. A prognostic risk classifier for GC patients was identified and validated by carrying out a multicenter retrospective study.
Use of Infrared Thermography for Abdominoplasty Procedures in Patients with Extensive Subcostal Scars: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Valença-Filipe Rita , Vardasca Ricardo , Magalhães Carolina , Mendes Joaquim , Amarante José , Costa-Ferreira António
Published: July 2023

Subcostal scars may increase the risk of healing complications in abdominoplasty. The authors evaluated the use of thermography as a potential tool for patient selection and surgery planning to avoid complications and improve abdominoplasty outcomes. Two candidates for abdominoplasty procedures who presented with extensive subcostal scars were submitted to an infrared thermography protocol at all phases of the procedure: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative at 1 and 6 months. The preoperative thermography for both patients revealed near-normal abdominal wall perfusion. The thermograms captured intraoperatively during flap elevation did not show perfusion deficits on the upper abdominal flap. At 1 month and 6 months postoperative, dynamic thermography for both patients showed normal to near-normal perfusion. The procedures had a complication-free course with a good aesthetic result. Plastic surgeons may be reluctant to perform a full abdominoplasty in patients with a previous subcostal incision. In this preliminary analysis, we raise the potential usefulness of thermography for patients with recent subcostal scars and/or important comorbidities as a strategy for adequate patient and technique selection, avoiding possible complications. Future studies, with an increased number of patients and adequate statistical analysis, may allow us to validate the utility of thermography in these cases and reassure that the presence of previous extensive subcostal scars may not be a contraindication for a full abdominoplasty, especially if they are not recent.
Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity with Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery
Authors: Nguyen Mytien , Gonzalez Luis , Stain Steven C. , Dardik Alan , Chaudhry Sarwat I. , Desai Mayur M. , Boatright Dowin , Butler Paris D.
Published: July 2023

Objective:

Examine the association between sex, race, ethnicity, and family income, and the intersectionality between these identities, and sustained or cultivated paths in surgery in medical school.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study examines U.S. medical students who matriculated in academic years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Data was provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, including self-reported sex, race, ethnicity, family income, interest in surgery at matriculation, and successful placement into a surgical residency at graduation. This study examined two outcomes: 1) sustained path in surgery between matriculation and graduation for students who entered medical school with an interest in surgery, and 2) cultivated path in surgery for students who entered medical school not initially interested in surgery and who applied to and were successfully placed into a surgical residency at graduation.

Results:

Among the 5,074 students who reported interest in surgery at matriculation, 2,108 (41.5%) had sustained path in surgery. Compared to male students, female students were significantly less likely to have sustained path in surgery (aRR: 0.92 (0.85-0.98)), while Asian (aRR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.74-0.91), Hispanic (aRR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.59-0.83), and low-income (aRR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.78-0.92) students were less likely to have a sustained path in surgery compared to their peers. Among the 17,586 students who reported an initial interest in a non-surgical specialty, 1,869 (10.6%) were placed into a surgical residency at graduation. Female students, regardless of race/ethnic identity and income, were significantly less likely to have cultivated paths in surgery compared to male students, with URiM female students reporting the lowest rates.

Conclusion and Relevance:

This study demonstrates significant disparity in sustained and cultivated paths in surgery during undergraduate medical education. Innovative transformation of the surgical learning environment to promote surgical identity development and belonging for female, URiM, and low-income students is essential to diversify the surgical workforce.
Quantification of triterpenes in Centella asiatica
cultivated in a smart farm, and their effect on keratinocyte
activation
Authors: Park Jin Hong , Jo Seong Min , Lee Da Hee , Park Youngmin , Chang Hwan Bong , Kang Tae Jin , Lee Kiman
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to compare the bioactive compounds in Centella
asiatica (C. asiatica) cultivated in a smart farm
and a field and their effects on human keratinocyte cells. C.
asiatica was collected in Jeju-do, Korea, and cultured in a smart
farm and a field. The main bioactive compounds in the two differentially
cultured C. asiatica were identified, and their activation in
keratinocytes were assessed. Amplification and sequencing of the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA in the nucleus and psbA-H DNA in
the chloroplast were performed for species analysis. A comparison of DNA of
plants reported in the NCBI GenBank was performed. The ITS DNA and
psbA-H DNA sequences of C. asiatica
cultivated in a smart farm and a field were consistent with No.
MH768338.1 and No. JQ425422.1, respectively. Analysis of the triterpenes was
performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and as a result,
C. asiatica cultured in a smart farm had more triterpenes
than those cultured in a field. The effects of C. asiatica
grown in a smart farm on cell proliferation and scratch recovery in HaCaT cells
were greater than those grown in a field. These results suggest that C.
asiatica cultivated in a smart farm can be effectively utilized as
a health functional food.
De novoprogesterone synthesis in plants
Authors: Li Rongsheng , Guo Shuang , Wang Dong , Yang Tingting , Zhang Xueli , Dai Zhubo
Published: July 2023

The essential roles of progesterone and other C21 steroids in animals are well-documented. Progesterone is an essential hormone for females to maintain a regular menstrual cycle and pregnancy, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. While the biosynthesis pathway of C21 steroids is comprehensively understood in animals, the synthesis mechanisms of progesterone in plants remain unclear. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the complete pathway for progesterone biosynthesis in the plantMarsdenia tenacissima, involving the two sterol side chain cleaving cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450scc) Mt108 or Mt150, as well as the Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4ketosteroid isomerase MtHSD5. This critical discovery paves the way for the sustainable synthesis of steroid hormone drugs using either plants or microbial host cells.
Continuous endosomes form functional subdomains and orchestrate rapid membrane trafficking in trypanosomes
Authors: Link Fabian , Borges Alyssa , Karo Oliver , Jungblut Marvin , Müller Thomas , Meyer-Natus Elisabeth , Krüger Timothy , Sachs Stefan , Jones Nicola G. , Morphew Mary , Sauer Markus , Stigloher Christian , McIntosh J. Richard , Engstler Markus
Published: July 2023

Endocytosis is a common process observed in most eukaryotic cells, although its complexity varies among different organisms. InTrypanosoma brucei, the endocytic machinery is under special selective pressure because rapid membrane recycling is essential for immune evasion. This unicellular parasite effectively removes host antibodies from its cell surface through hydrodynamic drag and fast endocytic internalization. The entire process of membrane recycling occurs exclusively through the flagellar pocket, an extracellular organelle situated at the posterior pole of the spindle-shaped cell. The high-speed dynamics of membrane flux in trypanosomes do not seem compatible with the conventional concept of distinct compartments for early, late and recycling endosomes. To investigate the underlying structural basis for the remarkably fast membrane traffic in trypanosomes, we employed advanced techniques in light and electron microscopy to examine the three-dimensional architecture of the endosomal system. Our findings reveal that the endosomal system in trypanosomes exhibits a remarkably intricate structure. Instead of being compartmentalized, it constitutes a continuous membrane system, with specific functions of the endosome segregated into membrane subdomains enriched with classical markers for early, late, and recycling endosomes. These membrane subdomains can partly overlap or are interspersed with areas that are negative for endosomal markers. This continuous endosome allows fast membrane flux by facilitated diffusion that is not slowed by multiple fission and fusion events.
She said this might be God’s way of taking care of us. Family involvement in human trafficking
Authors: Adeyinka Sarah , Lietaert Ine , Derluyn Ilse
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the role of family members in human trafficking and how their roles impact and are perceived by their children and wards.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses data collected through a longitudinal, cross-country study. The study was conducted among 31 female, Nigerian victims of trafficking in Italy.

Findings

The authors argue that family members play important, howbeit diverse roles across space and time, in the different stages of the trafficking process, echoing a relational approach of their geographies.

Originality/value

This paper discusses the under-researched role of how family members may (wilfully or unknowingly) facilitate and aid the trafficking of their dependents and the consequences of their involvement on their children and wards.
The effect of social media exposure, environmental concern and consumer habits in green consumption intention
Authors: Yanyan Zhang , Pek Chuen-Khee , Cham Tat-Huei
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study aims to look into consumers' green consumption intention by incorporating social media exposure, environmental concern and habit into theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of China advocating green consumption.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the data collected from online survey, this study use partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to analysis the measurement model and structure model.

Findings

The results show attitude, social media exposure, environmental concern and subjective norms are important determinants of consumers' intention to purchase green products.

Originality/value

This study explores the new associations between the major constructs of the TPB model in green consumption. This study also expanded the TPB model by adding three extra factors, namely social media exposure, habit and environmental concern. In addition, this study attempts to bridge the gap between attitude and intention from a new perspective by using social media exposure as a moderating variable.
Towards a sustainable future: developing a cybersecurity framework for manufacturing
Authors: Alqudhaibi Adel , Deshpande Sourav , Jagtap Sandeep , Salonitis Konstantinos
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study aims to propose a cybersecurity framework that prioritizes sustainability in the manufacturing sector by identifying necessary resources and capabilities for effective cybersecurity management. The proposed framework aims to enhance resource protection and safeguard data confidentiality, integrity and accessibility, provide proactive steps for predicting cyber threats and highlight the importance of educating employees at all levels of the organization.

Design/methodology/approach

A thorough review of existing literature and analysis was conducted to develop the proposed cybersecurity framework. Several frameworks, including the NIST cybersecurity framework, were reviewed to identify the necessary skills and resources required to combat cyber threats and keep businesses sustainable.

Findings

The proposed framework includes proactive steps, such as predicting cyber threats, and emphasizes the importance of educating employees and raising awareness at all levels of the organization. Resilience is also emphasized, which refers to an organization's ability to recover and continue operations following a cyberattack. Implementing this framework may require a significant budget and time investment, and small organizations may face limitations in applying all aspects of the framework.

Originality/value

This study proposes a cybersecurity framework that prioritizes sustainability in the manufacturing sector, which provides added protection for organizations. The framework's key functions can be adopted partially or fully, making it suitable for organizations of varying sizes. Future research can focus on addressing the framework's limitations and shortcomings to further reduce cyber risks for sustainable manufacturing, establishing the scale of an industry based on its economy and extending the framework to non-manufacturing businesses.