bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depth-dependent effects of leguminous crops on soil nitrogen-fixing microbial communities
Authors: Tao Yi-Heng , Fan Yi , Pang Shuang , Zhang Shu-Han , Wang Jing-Kuan , Zou Hong-Tao , Pei Jiu-Bo , Zhang Xi-Mei
Published: October 2024

Legumes play critical roles in agroecosystems by modulating nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to enhance soil fertility and promote crop productivity. Current research on the effects of legumes predominantly focuses on surface soil, lacking a comprehensive analysis of their overall impact across multiple soil layers and an in-depth understanding of associated microbial mechanisms. Here, the community structure of soil nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in three soil layers (0–20 cm, 20–50 cm and 50–100 cm) under legume and non-legume cultivation was investigated through metagenomic sequencing. We found that only in topsoil (0–20 cm) legume treatment exhibited a significantly higher relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing genes than non-legume treatment. Under legume cultivation, the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing genes was significantly higher in the topsoil layer than in deeper layers, whereas non-legume treatment displayed an inverse depth-dependent pattern. Combining soil physicochemical properties, the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing genes correlated significantly with soil moisture, total carbon (TC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Both TC and DOC were identified as key drivers of these genes. Subsequently, a similar depth-dependent pattern within the relative abundance of soil carbon degradation genes was found in response to the cultivation of both crops. The relative abundances of soil carbon degradation genes were negatively correlated with nitrogen-fixing genes under legume treatment individually, distinct from non-legume treatment. Our findings highlight the depth-dependent impact of legumes on nitrogen fixation and the critical interaction between soil carbon degradation and nitrogen fixation, providing insights into carbon management in legume cultivation practices to enhance nitrogen fixation in future agriculture.
NINJ1-mediated macrophage plasma membrane rupture and neutrophil extracellular trap formation contribute to oxalate nephropathy
Authors: Lin Yujiao , Yuan Ying , Ye Keng , Chen Zhimin , Wang Yujia , Li Guoping , Song Yankun , Chen Hong , Ma Huabin , Xu Yanfang
Published: October 2024

Background

Oxalate nephropathy is characterized by calcium oxalate crystals deposition, which triggers necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells and initiates an inflammatory cascade characterized by neutrophil and macrophage activation within the renal microenvironment. Despite the close association of immune cells with acute oxalate nephropathy, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (NINJ1) plays an essential role in the induction of plasma membrane rupture (PMR), leading to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release and triggering inflammation. We hypothesize that NINJ1-mediated high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release from macrophage PMR and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation synergistically contribute to the progression of acute oxalate nephropathy.

Methods

Using a murine model of acute oxalate nephropathy, myeloid cell-specific deletion of Ninj1 mice (Ninj1fl/flvavcre) and their wild-type littermate control mice (Ninj1wt/wtvavcre) were administered intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg sodium oxalate followed by drinking water with 3% sodium oxalate. Evaluation was conducted on tubular injury and inflammatory cell infiltration. In vitro studies involved isolation and culture of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, bone marrow–derived macrophages and neutrophils to investigate NETs formation and HMGB1 release.

Results

Targeted deletion of Ninj1 in myeloid cells significantly mitigated oxalate-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing both HMGB1 release and NETs formation in vivo. In vitro investigations demonstrated that HMGB1 release from macrophage PMR and NETs formation in neutrophils mediated by NINJ1 oligomerization, which consequently coordinated to enhance renal tubular epithelial cell death.

Conclusions

Our findings elucidate the pivotal role of NINJ1-dependent macrophage PMR and NETs formation in the progression of acute oxalate nephropathy, providing novel insights for its prevention and therapeutic targets.
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase isoforms play diverse roles inside and outside the diatom plastid
Authors: Guéguen Nolwenn , Sérès Yannick , Cicéron Félix , Gros Valérie , Si Larbi Grégory , Falconet Denis , Deragon Etienne , Gueye Siraba D , Le Moigne Damien , Schilling Marion , Cussac Mathilde , Petroutsos Dimitris , Hu Hanhua , Gong Yangmin , Michaud Morgane , Jouhet Juliette , Salvaing Juliette , Amato Alberto , Maréchal Eric
Published: October 2024

Diatoms derive from a secondary endosymbiosis event, which occurred when a eukaryotic host cell engulfed a red alga. This led to the formation of a complex plastid enclosed by 4 membranes: 2 innermost membranes originating from the red alga chloroplast envelope, and 2 additional peri- and epiplastidial membranes (PPM and EpM). The EpM is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The most abundant membrane lipid in diatoms is monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), synthesized by galactosyltransferases called MGDG synthases (MGDs), conserved in photosynthetic eukaryotes and considered to be specific to chloroplast membranes. Similar to angiosperms, a multigenic family of MGDs has evolved in diatoms, but through an independent process. We characterized MGDα, MGDβ, and MGDγ in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, combining molecular analyses, heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and studying overexpressing and CRISPR-Cas9-edited lines. MGDα localizes mainly to thylakoids, MGDβ to the PPM, and MGDγ to the ER and EpM. MGDs have distinct specificities for diacylglycerol, consistent with their localization. The results suggest that MGDα is required for thylakoid expansion under optimal conditions, while MGDβ and MGDγ play roles in plastid and nonplastid membranes and in response to environmental stress. Functional compensation among MGDs likely contributes to diatom resilience under adverse conditions and to their ecological success.
Beliefs about the Stock Market and Investment Choices: Evidence from a Survey and a Field Experiment
Authors: Laudenbach Christine , Weber Annika , Weber Rüdiger , Wohlfart Johannes
Published: October 2024

We survey retail investors at an online bank to study how beliefs about the autocorrelation of aggregate stock returns shape investment decisions measured in administrative account data. Individuals’ beliefs exhibit substantial heterogeneity and predict trading responses to market movements. We inform half of our respondents that, historically, the autocorrelation was close to zero, which causes them to update their perceived current autocorrelation and return expectations. The treatment shifts respondents’ equity purchases during the COVID-19 crash months later in the direction implied by the intervention. Our results provide causal evidence about the drivers of disagreement and trade in asset markets.
Racialized Emotion Management among Asian Americans in the Professional Workplace
Authors: Sullivan Allison Jin
Published: October 2024

Despite growing interest in the racialization of emotion management and evidence that this racialization varies across different racial groups, minimal scholarship has attempted to interrogate how Asian Americans experience racialized feeling rules or perform racialized emotion management in the workplace. Using qualitative interviews with 35 Asian American professionals to examine these processes, I find that controlling images about Asians, particularly the “model minority” stereotype, shape the feeling rules they encounter and constrain their access to certain forms of emotional expression. Additionally, racial incidents within and outside of the workplace heighten their need to perform emotion management, which is particularly relevant given recent upticks in anti-Asian violence. This study reveals how controlling images lead to racialized feeling rules for Asian Americans and how, conversely, their racialized emotion management can reinforce stereotypes. At the same time, it shows how Asian Americans continue to experience racialization, with important implications, both within the workplace and beyond.
8Film Theory
Authors: Lash Dominic
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses four notable books concerning film theory that were published in 2023 and early 2024. Two of them are translated from languages other than English, and two are wide-ranging edited collections. The chapter is divided into five sections: 1. Nicole Brenez, On the Figure in General and the Body in Particular: Figurative Invention in Cinema, trans. by Ted Fendt; 2. Shiguéhiko Hasumi, Directed by Yasujirō Ozu, trans. by Ryan Cook; 3. Craig Fox and Britt Harrison, eds., Philosophy of Film Without Theory; 4. Julian Hanich and Martin P. Rossouw, eds., What Film Is Good For: On the Values of Spectatorship; and 5. Conclusion.
Targeting hypoxia and thrombospondin‐2 in diabetic wound healing
Authors: Huang Yaqing , Xing Hao , Naud Sophie , Kyriakides Themis R.
Published: October 2024

Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is the leading cause of diabetes‐associated hospitalizations and approximately 50% of lower limb amputations. This is due to multiple factors, including elevated glucose, sustained hypoxia, and cell dysfunction. Previously, diabetic wounds were found to contain excessive levels of the matricellular protein thrombospondin‐2 (TSP2) and genetic ablation of TSP2 in diabetic mice or treatment of wounds with a hydrogel derived from TSP2‐null mouse skin improved healing. Previously, TSP2 has been shown to be repressed by hypoxia, but in the present study we observed sustained hypoxia and overlapping TSP2 deposition in diabetic wounds. We determined this observation was due to the insufficient HIF‐1α activation verified by western blot and immunofluorescent analysis of wound tissues and in vitro hypoxia experiments. Application of Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), which can stabilize HIF‐1α, inhibited TSP2 expression in diabetic fibroblasts in hypoxic conditions. Therefore, we prepared DMOG‐containing TSP2KO hydrogel and applied it to the wounds of diabetic mice. In comparison to empty TSP2KO hydrogel or DMOG treatment, we observed improved wound healing associated with a reduction of TSP2, reduced hypoxia, and increased neovascularization. Overall, our findings shed light on the intricate interplay between hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and TSP2 in the complex environment of diabetic wounds.
Advances in natural products modulating autophagy influenced by cellular stress conditions and their anticancer roles in the treatment of ovarian cancer
Authors: Li Dongxiao , Geng Danbo , Wang Min
Published: October 2024

Autophagy is a conservative catabolic process that typically serves a cell‐protective function. Under stress conditions, when the cellular environment becomes unstable, autophagy is activated as an adaptive response for self‐protection. Autophagy delivers damaged cellular components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, thereby providing essential nutrients for cell survival. However, this function of promoting cell survival under stress conditions often leads to malignant progression and chemotherapy resistance in cancer. Consequently, autophagy is considered a potential target for cancer therapy. Herein, we aim to review how natural products act as key modulators of autophagy by regulating cellular stress conditions. We revisit various stressors, including starvation, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress, and their regulatory relationship with autophagy, focusing on recent advances in ovarian cancer research. Additionally, we explore how polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other natural products modulate autophagy mediated by stress responses, affecting the malignant biological behavior of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss their roles in ovarian cancer therapy. This review emphasizes the importance of natural products as valuable resources in cancer therapeutics, highlighting the need for further exploration of their potential in regulating autophagy. Moreover, it provides novel insights and potential therapeutic strategies in ovarian cancer by utilizing natural products to modulate autophagy.
Therapeutic potential of Astragalus membranaceus—Pueraria lobata decoction for the treatment of chemotherapy bowel injury
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Qin Yujie , Kang Qian , Wang Huinan , Zhou Shihong , Wu Yifan , Liu Yongqi , Su Yun , Guo Yaqiong , Xiu Minghui , He Jianzheng
Published: October 2024

Intestinal mucositis (IM) is one of the most serious side effects of the chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan (CPT‐11). Astragalus membranaceus‐Pueraria lobata decoction is from the ancient medical book Zhengzhihuibu, has been reported to be used for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. However, the beneficial effect and mechanism of AP on chemotherapy intestinal mucositis (CIM) remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus‐Pueraria lobata decoction (AP) in treating CIM. The beneficial effect and mechanism of AP on chemotherapy intestinal mucositis (CIM) were detected using Drosophila model, and combination with RT qPCR, transcriptomics. AP supplementation could significantly alleviate the CPT‐11‐induced body injury in Drosophila, such as increasing the survival rate, recovering the impaired digestion, improving the movement, and repairing the reproduction and developmental processes. Administration of AP remarkably alleviated the IM caused by CPT‐11, including inhibiting the excretion, repairing the intestinal atrophy, improving the acid–base homeostasis imbalance, and inhibiting the disruption of intestinal structure. Mechanistic studies revealed that the protective role of AP against CPT‐11 induced intestinal injury was regulated mainly by inhibiting immune‐related Toll and Imd pathways, and enhancing the antioxidant capacity. Taken together, these results suggest that AP may be a novel agent to relieve CIM.
Unveiling shared diagnostic biomarkers and molecular mechanisms between T2DM and sepsis: Insights from bioinformatics to experimental assays
Authors: Weng Danlei , Shi Wei , Hu Yue , Chen Ying , Wei Shuxing , Li Andong , Guo Shubin
Published: October 2024

Septic patients with T2DM were prone to prolonged recovery and unfavorable prognoses. Thus, this study aimed to pinpoint potential genes related to sepsis with T2DM and develop a predictive model for the disease. The candidate genes were screened using protein–protein interaction networks (PPI) and machine learning algorithms. The nomogram and receiver operating characteristic curve were developed to assess the diagnostic efficiency of the biomarkers. The relationship between sepsis and immune cells was analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm. The biomarkers were validated by qPCR and western blotting in basic experiments, and differences in organ damage in mice were studied. Three genes (MMP8, CD177, and S100A12) were identified using PPI and machine learning algorithms, demonstrating strong predictive capabilities. These biomarkers presented significant differences in gene expression patterns between diseased and healthy conditions. Additionally, the expression levels of biomarkers in mouse models and blood samples were consistent with the findings of the bioinformatics analysis. The study elucidated the common molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of T2DM and sepsis and developed a gene signature‐based prediction model for sepsis. These findings provide new targets for the diagnosis and intervention of sepsis complicated with T2DM.
Pediatric orthopedic surgeons may perform better in terms of surgical outcomes in type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures: a comparative analysis
Authors: Lapidus Tom , Leibner Gideon , Zaidman Michael , Simanovsky Naum , Goldman Vladimir
Published: October 2024

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus represent the most common surgical fractures in pediatric patients. There is a discourse regarding the influence of the surgeon training on treatment. Different studies show equivocal effect of subspecialty training. We conducted a single center case control study to evaluate the outcomes of type 3 fractures (fully displaced) comparing pediatric-trained orthopedic surgeons (PTOS) and non-pediatric trained orthopedic surgeons (NTOS). In this retrospective study, we investigated the surgical outcomes of type 3 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children treated between the years 2012 and 2019, divided by surgeon type. During the research, a policy reform at our department was established and PTOS became the only surgeons for those injuries starting from September 2017. Patients’ demographics, perioperative details, and postoperative course were recorded. Primary outcome was reoperations, and secondary outcomes were open reductions, infections, length of surgery, and neurological deficits. 1175 patients were diagnosed with supracondylar fractures at our Level I trauma center, and 346 cases were diagnosed with radiologically confirmed type 3. Overall, 312 cases were analyzed; 113 cases were diagnosed before 1 September 2017 and treated by NTOS, and 199 cases were treated by PTOS until 31 December 2019; 7.1% (8) of the patients treated by NTOS had to be reoperated compared to 1.5% (3) of the patients treated by PTOS (P = 0.014). There was significant difference looking at postsurgical complications and surgery length. This study’s findings suggest that PTOS achieve superior outcomes when treating patients with type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures.

Level of evidence: Level III.
Dandy–Walker malformations with other complex congenital deformities associated with scoliosis: a case series
Authors: Machida Masayoshi , Machida Masafumi , Taira Katsuaki , Nemoto Naho , Oikawa Noboru , Ohashi Hirofumi , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi
Published: October 2024

Dandy–Walker malformations (DWM) is a rare condition with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 30 000 cases. Although DWM often complicates scoliosis, its prevalence and the time of onset are unknown because only a few reports have described the association between scoliosis and DWM. This case series describes spinal deformity associated with DWM. The clinical records and spinal radiographs of 23 consecutive patients with DWM at a single centre were reviewed. DWM was clinically diagnosed if patients met the following three conditions: (1) posterior fossa enlargement, (2) cerebellar hypoplasia and (3) cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle on MRI. Radiological assessment records for the presence, prevalence and time of onset of DWM were studied. Twelve of 23 patients (52%) demonstrated a scoliotic deformity, with 3 (13%) having severe deformities exceeding 60°. The average age at diagnosis was 3.6 ± 2.9 years (range: 0.7–9.7) and at radiographic examination during the final follow-up was 8.7 years (range 1.0–22.0). Only two patients were skeletally mature. The coronal angular deformity at the final follow-up was 34.2 ± 32.3° (range: 10.1–125.1°). One patient with moderate deformity >25° died before bracing. In addition, of three patients with severe deformities, only one had undergone posterior spinal fusion. The prevalence of scoliosis in DWM was 52%, and all patients who developed scoliosis reported early-onset scoliosis under 10 years of age. Early diagnosis and screening of spine deformity are required for patients with DWM to prevent disease progression.

Evidence level: 4.
IgA vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Tarcha Raghad , Khalayli Naram , Al-Darwish Lama , Btrush Sana , Hasan Reem , Kudsi Maysoun , Al-Darwish Ahmad
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

IgA vasculitis is generally triggered by infections and vaccines. Herein, we report a case of a young man who was previously healthy and who developed IgA vasculitis after the first dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine Pfizer-BioNTech.

Case presentation:

The patient’s symptoms were mainly skin and joint without renal or other system involvement. The patient had an excellent outcome with complete resolution after treatment with steroid tapering and azathioprine as a steroid-sparing agent over 6 months.
Chemoimmunotherapy-Resistant Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Managed With I-125 Brachytherapy
Authors: Antonietti Michael , Scott Nathan L. , Williams Basil K. , Di Nicola Maura , Sivaraman Kavitha R. , Karp Carol L.
Published: October 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to report the management of chemoimmunotherapy-resistant ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) with iodine-125 (I-125) brachytherapy.

Methods:

A 36-year-old man presented to the clinic with biopsy-proven OSSN that covered ∼70% of the corneal surface and extended to the 6 o'clock position of the inferior limbus of the OS. The visual acuity was 20/20 in the OD and 20/40 in the affected OS. He was treated with topical interferon alpha-2b 1 MIU/mL (4 times daily [QID] for 6 weeks) and then 4 cycles of topical 5-fluorouracil 1% (QID, 1 week on, 3 weeks off) with an incomplete response. He switched to topical mitomycin C 0.04% (QID, 1 week on, 2 weeks off) for 2 cycles and received a subconjunctival injection 25 mg (0.5 mL of a 50-mg/mL solution) of 5-fluorouracil. The tumor persisted. The patient was ultimately cured with placement of an 18-mm I-125 brachytherapy plaque for 97 hours (50 Gy).

Results:

Because of extensive corneal involvement and risks associated with surgery, an 18-mm I-125 brachytherapy plaque was placed over the cornea and limbus. The treatment led to full resolution of the tumor within 1 month of treatment and recovery of 20/20 vision in the affected eye. Thirty-two months after treatment, the patient developed a visually significant posterior subcapsular cataract OS and underwent successful phacoemulsification surgery, returning to 20/20 vision. He has remained tumor-free for over 55 months.

Conclusions:

This case highlights the efficacy and safety of I-125 brachytherapy as an alternative for intraepithelial OSSN unresponsive to conventional chemoimmunotherapy, particularly when extensive surgical excision poses significant risks.
Comprehensive Assessment of the Meibomian Glands by Meibography: Why the Upper Eyelids Matter
Authors: Gupta Preeya K. , Karpecki Paul
Published: October 2024

The clinical value of upper eyelid meibographic imaging remains relatively underexplored; consequently, it is not commonly used in clinical assessments. However, its significance could be particularly important for the early detection of various ocular diseases and systemic conditions related to the eyes. An analysis of the current literature from the PubMed database, covering the years 2005 to 2023, with additional relevant papers added from cited references was conducted. Failure to diagnose dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction associated with conditions such as Sjögren syndrome or thyroid eye disease in the early stages and taking appropriate action may result in persistent signs and symptoms. This could potentially lead to the development of chronic conditions that directly affect a patient's visual quality, functionality, and overall well-being. Therefore, this review aimed to demonstrate the potential clinical significance of upper eyelid examination as an integral component of comprehensive meibomian gland evaluation.
Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Alkoby-Meshulam Layah , Rosenthal-Shtern Daisy , Snapiri Ori , Levy David , Sachs Nimrod , Sokolov Merav , Bilavsky Efraim
Published: October 2024

Background:

The leading nonhereditary cause of childhood sensorineural hearing loss has been attributed to congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV). Sensorineural hearing loss can be unilateral (UHL) or bilateral (BHL), and may be progressive. Our objective was to describe the characteristics, clinical nature and follow-up of ears in cCMV-associated UHL.

Methods:

This 16-year retrospective study was performed at Schneider’s Medical Center, Israel. Data were collected from all cCMV infants with UHL at birth who were treated with antiviral treatment initiated within the first 4 weeks of life and had a follow-up period of at least 1 year.

Results:

We enrolled 67 infants diagnosed with UHL at birth: 17 (25%) with mild hearing loss, 22 (33%) with moderate hearing loss and 28 (42%) with severe hearing loss. At the last follow-up visit, 7 (41%) ears in the mild hearing loss group improved to normal hearing, 8 (47%) ears exhibited no change and 2 (12%) ears deteriorated. In the moderate hearing loss group, 9 (41%) ears improved, 7 (32%) remained static and 6 (27%) deteriorated to the severe hearing loss group. One (4%) ear in the severe hearing loss group showed improvement. Of the 67 ears with normal hearing at birth, 4 (6%) ears deteriorated.

Conclusions:

This study assessed and elucidated the characteristics, clinical nature and long-term follow-up of both the affected and unaffected ears diagnosed with UHL due to cCMV. These data are crucial when medical and/or surgical interventions are considered.
The Recent Increase in Invasive Bacterial Infections: A Report From the National COVID Cohort Collaborative
Authors: Martin Blake , DeWitt Peter E. , Russell Seth , Haendel Melissa , Sanchez-Pinto Nelson , Albers David J. , Jhaveri Ravi R. , Moffitt Richard , Bennett Tellen D. ,   on behalf of the N3C Consortium
Published: October 2024

Background:

When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation efforts waned, viral respiratory infections (VRIs) surged, potentially increasing the risk of postviral invasive bacterial infections (IBIs). We sought to evaluate the change in epidemiology and relationships between specific VRIs and IBIs [complicated pneumonia, complicated sinusitis and invasive group A streptococcus (iGAS)] over time using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) dataset.

Methods:

We performed a secondary analysis of all prospectively collected pediatric (<19 years old) and adult encounters at 58 N3C institutions, stratified by era: pre-pandemic (January 1, 2018, to February 28, 2020) versus pandemic (March 1, 2020, to June 1, 2023). We compared the characteristics and outcomes of patients with prespecified VRIs and IBIs, including correlation between VRI cases and subsequent IBI cases.

Results:

We identified 965,777 pediatric and 9,336,737 adult hospitalizations. Compared with pre-pandemic, pandemic-era children demonstrated higher mean monthly cases of adenovirus (121 vs. 79.1), iGAS (5.8 vs. 3.3), complicated pneumonia (282 vs. 178) and complicated sinusitis (29.8 vs. 16.3), P < 0.005 for all. Among pandemic-era children, peak correlation between RSV cases and subsequent complicated sinusitis cases occurred with a 60-day lag (correlation coefficient 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.59, P < 0.001) while peak correlation between influenza and complicated sinusitis occurred with a 33-day lag (0.55, 0.51–0.58, P < 0.001). Correlation among other VRI–IBI pairs was modest during the pandemic and often lower than during the pre-pandemic era.

Conclusions:

Since COVID-19 emerged, mean monthly cases of iGAS, complicated pneumonia, and complicated sinusitis have been higher. Pandemic-era RSV and influenza cases were correlated with subsequent cases of complicated sinusitis in children. However, many other VRI–IBI correlations decreased during the pandemic.
A Three-year Longitudinal Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotic Susceptibility in Children With Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Therapy
Authors: Stout Dayna , Bradley John S. , Fireizen Yaron , Akong Kathryn , Ramchandar Nanda
Published: October 2024

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by chronic lung infection, often with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, requiring repeated antibiotic treatment for pulmonary exacerbations. In the era of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapy, we assessed susceptibility to antipseudomonal antibiotics in modulator-eligible and modulator-ineligible children over 3 years and found that P. aeruginosa isolates largely remained susceptible to standard parenteral but not oral antimicrobial agents.
Enriching Clinical Trials Enrolling Children With Cerebral Malaria Using Admission Demographics, Physical Examination and Point-of-care Testing Results
Authors: Imam Rami , Chastang Kennedy M. , Olowojesiku Ronke , Sherman Meredith G. , Mukadam Amina M. , Barber John R. , Liomba Alice M. , Seydel Karl B. , Postels Douglas G.
Published: October 2024

Background:

Multiple clinical trials evaluating therapies for cerebral malaria (CM) have failed to demonstrate improved outcomes. This may derive from inclusion of children at all risk levels, including those at low risk of mortality or neurologic morbidity, limiting power to detect significant differences between intervention arms. One solution is enrichment, enrolling clinical trial participants at higher risk of adverse outcomes. We assessed if demographic, physical examination and point-of-care laboratory testing results in combination could identify children with CM at higher risk of death or neurologic disability.

Methods:

Retrospective case–control study of 1674 children hospitalized with CM in Blantyre, Malawi. We used univariate and multivariate analyses of admission factors to find the most parsimonious model associated with death or neurologic disability. To assess the clinical utility of the models, we evaluated derived probability density curve separation.

Results:

Blantyre Coma Score (BCS), deep breathing and high blood lactate were independently associated with mortality. The derived receiver operating curve yielded an area under the curve of 0.7118. There was poor separation of derived probability density curves predicting death or survival, indicating limited clinical utility of this model. On multivariate modeling of neurologic sequelae in CM survivors, only BCS was associated with adverse outcomes (area-under-the-curve = 0.6151). Probability density curves again largely overlapped, demonstrating limited utility of BCS alone in outcome prediction.

Conclusions:

Combinations of admission demographic, clinical and point-of-care laboratory factors are inadequate to predict prognosis in children with CM. Higher technology assessment methods are necessary for clinical trial enrichment.
Epidemiologic Characterization and Risk Factors for Congenital Syphilis in Northeast Mexico: A Case-control Study 2016–2024
Authors: Mascareñas de los Santos Abiel Homero , Castillo Bejarano José Iván , Vaquera Aparicio Denisse Natalie , Arcos Viscarra Paul Santiago , Rosales González Sara Paulina , Alvarado Lara Diego Armando , Cid Ramírez María Fernanda , Cantú González Susana Patricia
Published: October 2024

Background:

Congenital syphilis (CS) is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which is transmitted through the placenta during pregnancy. Since 2001, a notable and consistent rise in the prevalence of CS cases has been observed, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Currently, information regarding the risk factors for this phenomenon has been scarcely addressed.

Methods:

A case-control study was conducted to analyze the risk factors for CS. Cases of CS were defined according to scenarios 1 and 2 from Centers for Disease Control criteria, while controls were considered those from scenarios 3 and 4. Data were collected from clinical records from 2016 to 2024 from a hospital in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico. Statistical analysis was conducted through SPSS V.22.

Results:

In total 297 syphilis-infected mothers were included in the analyses. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that CS was related to late maternal diagnosis, especially after birth [OR: 4.352 (1.313–14.423)]. Additionally, women with a high nontreponemal serum test titer (≥1:8) had an increased risk of delivering an infant with CS [OR: 4.380 (1.946-9.856)]. Infants born to mothers receiving adequate treatment [OR: 0.213 (0.101-0.450)] were a protective factor.

Conclusion:

CS is a major public health worldwide. Adequate treatment is critical for the prevention of CS. Strategies focusing on prenatal care, early diagnosis, and adequate treatment among those with high nontreponemal titer should be strengthened to prevent CS.
Postoperative Outcomes of Enucleation without Closure of the Conjunctiva
Authors: Kornhauser Tom , Chauhan Muhammad Z. , Pemberton John D.
Published: October 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate the long-term outcomes of enucleation without conjunctival closure in a large patient cohort.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted from January 2011 to January 2024, examining 144 eyes of 143 patients who underwent enucleation without conjunctival closure by a single oculoplastic surgeon. Data collected included patient demographics, indications for surgery, implant types, and complications.

Results:

This study included 144 eyes from 143 patients undergoing enucleation without conjunctival closure. Patients had a mean age of 46.47 years (SD: 19.76; range: 4–92 years), with a mean follow-up of 14.66 months (range: 2–142 months). Indications for enucleation included blind painful eyes for a variety of reasons (e.g., endophthalmitis, end-stage glaucoma, irreparable corneal graft failure, irreparable corneal melt, and intraocular tumors, etc.) which was the most common reason in our practice (72.92%). Porous polyethylene spheres (86.11%) and polymethyl methacrylate spheres (13.89%) were the primary implants used, with no observed implant complications. Three cases (2.08%) developed conjunctival cysts post-trauma.

Conclusions:

Enucleation without conjunctival closure in an otherwise normal eye with no evidence of severe conjunctival shrinkage appears to be a safe and effective procedure with a low complication rate comparable to traditional techniques involving suture-based conjunctival approximation. Meticulous closure of Tenon’s capsule may be sufficient to prevent implant-related complications. This approach could potentially reduce surgical time and simplify the enucleation procedure without compromising patient outcomes.
DIFFUSE PUNCTATE DEPOSITS ON THE SURFACE OF HYDROPHILIC ACRYLIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES EARLY POSTOPERATIVELY: CASE SERIES AND LABORATORIAL ANALYSES
Authors: Menelau Rhaíssa , Wallace-Carrete Christopher , Nakahara Edson , Werner Liliana , Ventura Camila V. , Kelkar Neil , Eid Kevin , Espósito Kayo
Published: October 2024

Purpose:

To describe cases of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) (Eyecryl, Biotech) exhibiting surface punctate deposits early postoperatively, and provide laboratorial analyses of unused lenses of the same model.

Setting:

Altino Ventura Foundation (FAV), Recife, Brazil, and John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Design:

Observational, descriptive, clinical study with laboratorial analysis.

Methods:

A thorough review of records of patients undergoing phacoemulsification with Eyecryl implantation in December 2022 at FAV was performed, with data collection. Five Eyecryl IOLs (never implanted/unused) were removed from the original package and underwent gross examination, light microscopy, and ultrastructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS).

Results:

Details on 5 clinical cases exhibiting surface IOL deposits on the first postoperative day after uneventful surgery, and followed for at least 6 months were included. The deposits disappeared by the 60th postoperative day. No inflammatory or toxic reactions were noted, visual outcomes were favorable, and IOL explantation was not necessary. Three of the 5 unused lenses undergoing laboratorial analyses revealed diffuse, star-like shaped deposits that could not be removed by thorough irrigation with distilled water. SEM/EDS revealed a composition of the deposits that primarily consisted of carbon and oxygen.

Conclusion:

Laboratorial findings suggest the etiology of the deposits might be related to the manufacturing/packaging process of lenses from specific lots. While the deposits did not appear to be associated with inflammatory or toxic reactions in the clinical cases, further investigations are necessary to elucidate their precise origin.
Risk and protective factors of late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocations – a systematic review
Authors: Gabriel Maximilian , Mester Amalia , Mayer-Xanthaki Christoph
Published: October 2024

Topic:

This article aimed to identify and review published articles addressing risk and protective factors of late in-the-bag (ITB) intraocular lens (IOL) dislocations.

Clinical relevance:

Prevention of this complication is of great importance considering the great number of cataract cases and its vision threatening capacity.

Methods:

A structured search on PubMed (MEDLINE) using both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and key words was conducted. Additionally, the reference lists of the resulting articles were screened for further publications. Articles were eligible if they included 20 or more patients. Hazard and odds ratios were analyzed if they were calculated in the original study. The relative frequency of risk factors was recorded if hazard or odds ratios were not available. The threshold for clinical significance was set at 10%. Risk-of-bias in individual studies was evaluated using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool in randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and the Cochrane risk-of-bias in non-randomized studies of interventions tool.

Results:

Database search identified 3474 records and no further records were obtained from the reference lists. After exclusion of records not related to the topic, 177 articles were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 39 were considered eligible and read in full. Three studies were prospective, while all other investigations were retrospective. In total, 18 614 cases of late ITB dislocations were analyzed across all studies. The risk of bias within studies was considerable, as only three studies were prospective and statistical significance of risk factors was assessed in only five studies.

Conclusions:

Typical patient age of this condition is between 70 and 85 years and there appears to be a slight male predominance. Risk factors with a good level of evidence include preoperative trauma and zonular dehiscence, previous vitrectomy, retinitis pigmentosa, pseudoexfoliation, high myopia, glaucoma/previous glaucoma surgery, corneal endothelial damage, and uveitis. Hydrophilic, quadripode and haptic-angulation IOLs are further risk factors. Capsular tension rings, Nd:YAG capsulotomy, three-piece IOLs and IOLs with large optic diameters protect from ITB dislocations. Typically, no risk factors can be identified in approximately one-fourth of patients.
Wnt5a/Ryk signaling contributes to bone cancer pain by sensitizing the peripheral nociceptors through JNK-mediated TRPV1 pathway in rats
Authors: Zhai Mingzhu , Peng Bo , Zhu Hanxu , Xiao Jie , Xu Lihong , Song Xue-Jun
Published: October 2024

Treating bone cancer pain (BCP) continues to be a clinical challenge, and the underlying mechanisms of BCP remain elusive. This study reports that Wnt5a/Ryk signaling in the dorsal root ganglion neurons is critical to the development of BCP. Tibia bone cavity tumor cell implantation produces spontaneous and evoked behaviorally expressed pain as well as ectopic sprouting and activity of Wnt5a/Ryk signaling in the neural soma and peripheral terminals and the tumor-affected bone tissues. Intraplantar, intratibial, or intrathecal injection of Wnt5a/Ryk signaling blockers significantly suppresses the painful symptoms. Peripheral injection of exogenous Wnt5a in naïve rats produces pain, and the dorsal root ganglion neurons become more sensitive to Wnt5a. Wnt5a/Ryk signaling activation increases intracellular calcium response and expression of transient receptors potential vanilloid type-1 and regulates capsaicin-induced intracellular calcium response. Blocking Ryk receptor activation suppresses Wnt5a-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Wnt5a facilitation of transient receptors potential vanilloid type-1 sensitization is blocked by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. These findings indicate a critical peripheral mechanism of Wnt5a/Ryk signaling underlying the pathogenesis of BCP and suggest that targeting Wnt5a/Ryk in the primary sensory neurons and the tumor-invasive area may be an effective approach for the prevention and treatment of BCP.
Vestibular Dysfunction in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Laredo Jonathan , Torres-Small Sofia , Wu Lin , Makishima Tomoko , Richard Celine
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Sickle cell disease (SCD) often leads to sensorineural hearing loss due to vaso-occlusive events in the cochlear vasculature. Although the vestibule and cochlea share a blood supply, information on vestibulopathy in SCD is limited. This systematic review aims to consolidate current knowledge on vestibular dysfunction in SCD patients.

Methods

This study, registered on PROSPERO, involved a thorough electronic search using MEDLINE-Ovid, Embase, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception to December 2023. Data extraction adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Authors independently assessed bias and evidence quality using NIH Study Quality Assessment tools. Inclusion criteria covered articles mentioning vestibular symptoms in SCD patients, whereas exclusion criteria comprised non-English articles and vestibular symptoms limited to treatment side effects.

Results

Out of 2,495 studies, only 12 met the criteria. Among SCD patients undergoing head imaging, 19% reported inner ear complaints, and 70% experienced dizziness/imbalance. In a group of SCD children, there was a significant relationship between endothelial dysfunction and vertigo duration. The recommended imaging sequence was T1-weighted thin-section temporal bone MRIs, which revealed abnormal findings even without clinical symptoms. Imaging showed labyrinthine hemorrhage and labyrinthitis ossificans, mostly unilateral. Vestibular symptoms emerged with older age, suggesting cortical compensation kept most subjects asymptomatic. In asymptomatic adult SCD patients, there was no significant difference compared with controls in tracking test batteries and positional tests; however, saccadic latency was longer in SCD patients.

Conclusion

The existing data on vestibulopathy in SCD were limited and often of poor quality. Although a connection between SCD and vestibular symptoms was noted, information on treatment approaches was scant. Further research in this area could contribute to the early diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction, potentially enhancing outcomes for SCD patients.
Cochlear Implantation for Single-Sided Deafness in Pediatric Patients: A Critical Assessment of Usage Rate
Authors: Macielak Robert J. , Richard Celine , Malhotra Prashant S. , Adunka Oliver F. , Findlen Ursula M.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To assess the usage rate of pediatric patients undergoing cochlear implantation (CI) for single-sided deafness (SSD).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care pediatric referral center.

Patients

Pediatric patients who underwent CI for SSD.

Interventions

CI with requisite audiometric follow-up.

Main Outcome Measures

Device use and audiometric testing.

Results

Sixty-six patients were implanted for SSD between 8/2015 and 7/2023 at a median age of 4.7 years (interquartile range, 1.7–7.7 yr). The cause of hearing loss was unknown in the majority of cases (28 patients, 42%), with cytomegalovirus being the most common known cause (17 patients, 26%). Hearing loss was prelingual in 38 patients (58%). Post-implantation, 12 patients (18%) were identified as lost to follow-up. For the remaining 54 patients, the median length of audiometric follow-up was 1.4 years (interquartile range, 0.9–2.2 yr). At last evaluation, only 10 of these 54 patients (19%) were designated as users (≥6 h per day), and 13 patients (24%) were designated as limited users (>2 but <6 h per day). Of patients capable of performing speech-in-noise testing (n = 13), 11 patients (85%) showed improvement on BKB-SIN SNR-50 testing with their implant on versus off with a mean improvement of 3 dB. Notably, 4 of these 11 patients (36%) were categorized as nonusers despite this benefit.

Conclusions

Despite audiometric benefit from CI in the pediatric SSD population, usage rates over time remain markedly lower than anticipated at a high-volume, well-resourced tertiary care pediatric center. No influencing factors were identified, warranting critical assessment to ensure appropriate resource allocation.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression: insights from recent clinical trials
Authors: Dyall Simon C. , Malau Ikbal A. , Su Kuan-Pin
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review

This review examines evidence from recent clinical trials on the therapeutic potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in major depressive disorder (MDD). We focus on the effects in MDD with comorbidities, younger populations, and high-inflammation presentations.

Recent findings

PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were systematically searched for studies published between May 2022 and May 2024. The search was conducted on randomized controlled trials using omega-3 PUFAs with participants with a clinical diagnosis of depression.

Higher doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (>1 g/day) improved measures of depression, particularly in MDD with elevated inflammation markers, comorbid cardiovascular diseases, late-life onset, and children and adolescent populations. Improvements in depressive symptoms were associated with increases in omega-3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators. As adjuvant treatments, omega-3 PUFAs have potential benefits in mood, cognitive and metabolic functions, kynurenine and serotonin pathways, and alterations in corticolimbic functional connectivity.

While evidence suggests promise, particularly for high-dose EPA and in inflammatory MDD subtypes, more research is needed to establish optimal dosing regimens, treatment duration, and patient subgroups most likely to benefit. Future studies should focus on sex differences, long-term effects, and potential synergies with other treatments.
Reflux, eosinophilic esophagitis, and celiac disease – the blurred lines
Authors: Fass Ofer Z. , Clarke John O.
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a commonly recognized cause of dysphagia. Conversely, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and celiac disease are rarer and often overlooked as dysphagia culprits. Overlap between these conditions complicates diagnosis and delays appropriate treatment. This review aims to clarify the distinctive dysphagia characteristics in each condition, explore potential overlaps, and offer guidance on differentiation.

Recent findings

Recent studies have advanced our understanding of dysphagia mechanisms in GERD, EoE, and celiac disease, particularly in characterizing disordered motility and dysphagia's natural history. While upper endoscopy, biopsies, and manometry remain crucial in dysphagia assessment, novel diagnostic tools are emerging. New insights highlight the significance of cytokine-induced mucosal injury in all three conditions, revealing potential connections where mucosal damage in one disorder may contribute to the development of others.

GERD, EoE, and celiac disease can coexist and present with similar symptoms. Distinguishing between them often entails upper endoscopy, esophageal biopsies, pH testing, and celiac serologies. EoE should be considered when GERD patients fail proton pump inhibitor therapy or when celiac patients have persistent esophageal symptoms despite a gluten-free diet. Consider celiac disease if dysphagia accompanies iron deficiency anemia, malabsorptive diarrhea, or osteoporosis. Recognizing the potential overlap between these conditions is crucial for guiding clinical evaluation and therapy.