bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Esmolol on the Esophagogastric Junction: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Study on 14 Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Ander Fredrik , Magnuson Anders , Berggren Lars , Ahlstrand Rebecca , de Leon Alex
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND:

Passive regurgitation may occur throughout the perioperative period, increasing the risk for pulmonary aspiration and postoperative pulmonary complications. Hypnotics and opioids, especially remifentanil, that are used during anesthesia have been shown to decrease the pressure in the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), that otherwise acts as a barrier against passive regurgitation of gastric contents. Esmolol, usually used to counteract tachycardia and hypertension, has been shown to possess properties useful during general anesthesia. Like remifentanil, the β-1-adrenoreceptor antagonist may be used to attenuate the stress reaction to tracheal intubation and to modify perioperative anesthetic requirements. It may also reduce the need for opioids in the postoperative period. Its action on the EGJ is however unknown.

The aim of this trial was to compare the effects of esmolol and remifentanil on EGJ pressures in healthy volunteers, when administrated as single drugs.

METHODS:

Measurements of EGJ pressures were made in 14 healthy volunteers using high-resolution solid-state manometry. Interventions were administered in a randomized sequence and consisted of esmolol that was given IV as a bolus dose of 1 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 10 μg·kg−
1·minute−1 over 15 minutes, and remifentanil with target-controlled infusion of 4 ng/mL over 15 minutes. Interventions were separated by a 20-minute washout period. Analyses of EGJ pressures were performed at baseline, and during drug administration at 2 (T2) and 15 minutes (T15). The primary outcome was the inspiratory EGJ augmentation, while the inspiratory and expiratory EGJ pressures were secondary outcomes.

RESULTS:

There was no effect on inspiratory EGJ augmentation when comparing remifentanil and esmolol (mean difference −4.0 mm Hg [−9.7 to 1.7]; P= .15). In contrast, remifentanil significantly decreased both inspiratory and expiratory pressures compared to esmolol (−12.2 [−18.6 to −5.7]; P= .003 and −8.0 [−13.3 to −2.8]; P= .006).

CONCLUSIONS:

Esmolol, compared with remifentanil, does not affect EGJ function. This may be an advantage regarding passive regurgitation and esmolol may thus have a role to play in anesthesia where maintenance of EGJ barrier function is of outmost importance.
An interview with Jim Smith
Authors: Maartens Aidan
Published: August 2017

Jim Smith is Director of Science at the Wellcome Trust and a group leader at the Francis Crick Institute, where he was formerly Director of Research. A Fellow of both the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences, he was knighted for his services to medical research and science education in 2016. His lab works on mesoderm induction in the early vertebrate embryo. We met Jim in the Crick to hear about his life in science, his visions for the Crick and the Wellcome Trust, and his advice for early career scientists.
A Pictorial Review of the Many Faces of Gossypiboma – Observations in 6 Cases
Authors: Pole Gayatri , Thomas Bright
Published: August 2017

Gossypiboma or textiloma is the result of a foreign-body reaction to extraneous material, usually a surgical sponge that was accidentally retained within the body. The diagnosis of a retained surgical sponge is often delayed due to its infrequent occurrence and protean appearances. The purpose of this pictorial review is to define the common sonographic and CT features of gossypiboma. A retrospective review of sonographic and CT images of 6 surgically proven cases of retained surgical sponges was undertaken.
Methodsof Using the Academic and Methodological Complexfor Literature inEducational Institutions of Vocational Secondary Education
Authors: Обернихина  , Obyernikhina Galina
Published: August 2017

The article discusses the problems associated with the improvement of teaching literature in vocational secondaryeducation institutions; there are some features of teaching literature than teaching in secondary schools. The article gives the characteristic of academic and methodological complex for literature for institutions of professional secondary education.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND ANTI-CORRUPTION
Authors: Хабриева Талия , Khabriyeva Taliya
Published: August 2017

The article contains main theses of the author’s speech at the VI Eurasian Anti-Corruption Forum “Social control as a key factor of anti-corruption” which took place in Moscow, 26—27 April 2017 within the frame of implementation of point 19 of National Anticorruption Plan 2016—2017.
On the basis of analysis of international legal norms, provisions of national and foreign legislation, including open government institute’s regulation the concept of social control is formed, its place and role in modern anti-corruption politics are determined. The danger of distancing of state from the institutions of civil society is underlined, because it causes weakening of the whole state, provokes the intervention of external forces into internal affairs of the country.
In the article the tendency is analyzed which consists in changing of the goal-setting of social control in the process of its legal consolidation and implementation by individual entities that invest in it a sense close to law enforcement, although it is exclusively a state function.
Risks of deformed understanding of essence of social control are examined and new legal solutions of improving legislation in this area are proposed, in particular, conduction of complex evaluation of adaptive possibilities of international legal norms and determination of difficulties, related to assumption of obligations; the development of interstate implementation mechanisms; expansion of the circle of subjects of public control and activation of departmental monitoring of the activities of non-profit organizations.
The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to form an international standard of anti-corruption social control, taking into account international legal acts and scientific research. At the same time, the concept of such a standard must be based on an understanding of its creative nature, the potential of cooperation between various social structures for the common good.
SOME DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF NORMATIVE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT REQUIREMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION TREATIES
Authors: Михайлов Валентин , Mikhaylov Valentin
Published: August 2017

The article describes the main elements of state policy in the sphere of anti-corruption as a system of measures of social control over corruption. It is noted that the norms on combating corruption, the formation of which is attributed to the competence of the Russian Federation, are contained in more than 50 regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The anti-corruption legislation of the Russian Federation is constantly being improved and becoming more integral. In particular, the basis of the implementation of the state anti-corruption policy is the “outstripping” model of legal regulation, taking into account the direction of corruption crime. In addition, the state anti-corruption policy, taking into account the requirements of international anti-corruption treaties, is aimed at the consistent implementation of the provisions of international conventions.
The article shows the tendency of increasing importance of targeted state-legal counteraction to corruption at the international and national levels. The necessity of using the preventive anti-corruption potential provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation is substantiated. In order to improve the system of social control, it is proposed to systematize, streamline the legal norms regulating various aspects of anti-corruption and reflect them in a new version of the Federal Law “On Combating Corruption”. Also systemic measures are required to stabilize the socio-economic and political development of the state while continuing to adopt effective anti-corruption practices. The issue of criminalizing the promise and offering of commercial bribery and bribes as completed crimes is considered. The conclusion is drawn that it should not be about adjusting certain existing provisions of the criminal law, but about a comprehensive change in legislation and the formation of good practices for its application.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CITY GERMAN LAW ON REGULATION OF TRADE RELATIONS IN VELIKIY NOVGOROD IN THE XII—XVII CENTURIES
Authors: Назаренко Наталья , Nazarenko Natal'ya
Published: August 2017

The article examines the nature of the influence of Germany’s urban law on Novgorod’s schras and the development of trade relations between Velikiy Novgorod and the Hanseatic League. The history of the formation of the municipal law of Germany and its variants — the system of law of the cities of Magdeburg and Lübeck — is covered. The foundation of the law of Lübeck, Magdeburg and other cities was the norms on the basis of which relations were built with the emperor or the episcopal administration, therefore the city’s charters of Germany have a number of coincidences. Some legal provisions borrowed from the city charters, as well as the rights of Lübeck and Magdeburg, will subsequently be included in the texts of Novgorod’s trade agreements and Novgorod hiding after the organization of trade representations (courtyards, factories) of the Hansa. Novgorod’s schras — multidimensional collections containing provisions on the organization of the court, the rules of trade, as well as the rules of criminal law and process. The texts of the laws have come down to our time in seven editions. The basis for all subsequent versions of the collections was the text of the secret of the second half of the XII century. Organized nature, benefits, rights and economic interests allowed German merchants to gain advantages in trade and to exist in Novgorod as a corporation for several centuries. Structural changes in the trade relations of Novgorod and the cities of the Hanseatic League led to important changes in law, especially civil and commercial, most related to the economy. Economic interaction initiated the process of legal integration between Russia and the West, stimulated the rapprochement and mutual influence of Russian and European legal institutions, gave rise to new forms of law that are acceptable for today.
PUBLIC LAW MEANS AGAINST THE UNFAIR COMPETITION: ASPECTS OF RUSSIA AND THE USA
Authors: Кубанцев Сергей , Kubantsev Sergey
Published: August 2017

The issues of the legal regulation of social relations in the sphere of counteraction of unfair competition are raised in present article. The author outlines the legislative tools which are used in Russia and the United States for the regulation of liability for such acts. Also the author identifies the similar and different ways of legal regulation of these social relations. In this context the most relevant fact is the fact that the legal regulation of these issues in the United States started in the beginning of XX century, and the Russian legislator started to learn them only in the end of XX century.
The purpose of the present article is to study the antitrust laws of Russia and the USA; to identify the features of the historical development of legal provisions in this field; to make a comparison of the administrative and penal sanctions on persons violating the rules of fair competition, but not only in a view of the responsibility, but in context of the prevention of such offences; to make a comparative analysis of definitions and levels of responsibility for violations in this sphere.
The set of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition were used during preparing of this article: the dialectical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, logical method, method of comparative law, sociological, historical, formal-logical and other scientific methods. The study was made not only on the basis of the standard manual but also the case law of the higher judiciary.
At the end of the study the author comes to the conclusion on necessity of the improvement of legislation in the field of counteraction of unfair competition, in particular in the direction of the creation of the criminal liability institute for legal persons in Russian legislation and the development of the concept of penetration under the corporate veil in the public legal sectors.
“PETTY” CORRUPTION IN FRANCE: THE CONCEPT AND THE METHODS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Authors: Трунцевский Юрий , Truntsevskiy Yuriy , Олливьен Маргарет , Olliv'en Margaret
Published: August 2017

The article disclosed such issues as identifying the petty corruption at the national level in France in certain socio-economic spheres, the public attitude towards this phenomenon, the analysis of the mechanism and prerequisites to counter.
The author used the methods of empirical research, statistical methods, comparative legal method. The report of Transparency International: “People and corruption: Europe and Central Asia 2016” and the press were used as the basis of the study.
The situation concerning the petty corruption in France is not easy to identify because there are no much information sources. It is impossible to distinguish major from petty corruption (domestic) in France for the simple reason that a petty corruption does not interest the French public, which does not suffer from the systematic immorality of its minor officials. The share of French households experiencing corruption in accessing basic public services is only 2%. The study shows that the three main causes of petty corruption in France are: the absence of any anti-corruption policy and awareness of the importance of issues such as professional ethics, conflict of interest; low wages in certain social spheres, high corporatism, especially in the police. Prevention of corruption is possible through: training of the officials, especially those who are in direct contact with the perpetrators (police, customs and prison officers); study of the process of corruption in the investigation of criminal cases to identify contributing factors. The corruption in France is a serious crime and is punishable by long terms of imprisonment. Its definition is contained in article 435-1 of the Criminal code.
Carrying out Student Research Conferences at the Municipal Level: Main Aspects of the Organization at the Current Stage of the Education Development
Authors: Стенищина  , Stenischyna Evgeniya , Толстова  , Tolstova Irina
Published: August 2017

Currently in the process of teaching children an important role is played by research activities. In Ryazan during the last twenty years, the city scientifi c and practical conferences of students of 9-11 grades “Steps” and students of 5-8 grades “Small Steps” are organized by the Center of monitoring and support of education and Lyceum No. 4. The article describes the trends of changes in the content and methods of carrying out conferences, outlines the features of organizing city conferences at the current stage of the development of education, which allow supporting the interest of schoolchildren in research and project activity.
0.708. NUEVO FACTOR DE IMPACTO EN WOS
Authors: Cantoral Uriza Ricardo , Reyes- Gasperini Daniela
Published: August 2017

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LA RESOLUCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS ARITMÉTICO - ALGEBRAICOS Y LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE APRENDIZAJE EN MATEMÁTICAS. UN ESTUDIO EN EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA OBLIGATORIA (ESO)
Authors: Gasco- Txabarri Javier
Published: August 2017

Uno de los bloques esenciales de la enseñanza - aprendizaje de las matemáticas está formado por los problemas verbales y su resolución; las estrategias de aprendizaje fomentan la autonomía y pueden ayudar a tomar decisiones en esta tarea matemática. Este estudio pretende relacionar la forma de resolver problemas con el empleo de dichas estrategias. La investigación se realiza con alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de 2º, 3º y 4º curso. El alumnado se categoriza en tres grupos: el grupo de resolución algebraica, el de resolución mixta y el grupo sin perfil definido. Las estrategias de aprendizaje se miden mediante un  cuestionario. El grupo algebraico obtiene mejores resultados que el mixto en diversas estrategias, especialmente en las  metacognitivas. El grupo sin perfil definido emplea en menor medida todas las estrategias excepto la de repetición.
LA ELABORACIÓN DE PREGUNTAS EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA COMPRENSIÓN DE PROBLEMAS MATEMÁTICOS
Authors: Pérez Ariza Karel , Hernández Sánchez José Emilio
Published: August 2017

El artículo que se presenta tiene como objetivo ofrecer una metodología para la elaboración de preguntas que desarrollen la comprensión de problemas matemáticos en la Enseñanza Primaria. El principal aporte de la investigación a la Didáctica de la  Matemática reside en la metodología que se ofrece, la cual se sustenta en la reconceptualización de los problemas matemáticos  como textos y la asunción de la resolución de problemas como proceso de comprensión textual. La efectividad de la metodología  fue valorada mediante su implementación en la práctica educativa de la Escuela Vocacional de Arte “Luis Casas Romero” durante el curso 2010 – 2011.
Focal alopecia in the dog
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: August 2017

Focal alopecia is a common dermatological sign in the dog. Self-inflicted trauma can cause focal alopecia; where there is evidence of this the investigation of hair loss should follow that for pruritic skin disease. Where pruritus is not a significant cause of hair loss, focal alopecia may be inflammatory or non-inflammatory in nature. The former is caused by a direct inflammatory insult to the hair follicle; the latter by abnormalities in hair formation (follicular dysplasia) or interruptions in the normal hair growth cycle (hair cycle arrest). A logical approach to cases should include a carefully taken history, general physical examination and dermatological examination, followed by appropriate diagnostic tests. Skin scrape assessment for dermatophytes and trichography are useful in all cases. Further diagnostic tests such as blood samples and biopsies may be needed in some dogs.
The Orthodontic Implications of Traumatized Upper Incisor Teeth
Authors: Atack Nikki E.
Published: August 2017

With the demand for orthodontic treatment increasing, it is inevitable that the practitioner will see a significant number of patients with previously traumatized teeth who require orthodontic treatment. The possible risks and guidelines for the management of these teeth during active tooth movements are discussed. The use of orthodontic appliances in the management of incisors traumatized during active orthodontic treatment is also discussed.
Reconstruction of a Hemisectioned Tooth with an Adhesive Ceramic Restoration using Intraradicular Retention
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Crooks L.
Published: August 2017

Hemisection may be a valuable form of treatment for molar teeth when one root is considered unrestorable. However, following hemisection the clinician may encounter difficulty in restoring the remaining tooth fragment, which may not possess adequate bulk for the placement of a post. This case report describes an adhesive technique in which a ceramic crown is bonded intraradicularly to the hemisectioned root.
Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team: 10. Halitosis and Disturbances of Taste, Orofacial Movement or Sensation
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen
Published: August 2017

This article discusses halitosis, and disorders of taste, orofacial movement or sensation.
Props and Pitfalls in Oral Health Promotion in the Practice
Authors: Kay E.J.
Published: August 2017

Practitioners often become demoralized and demotivated with regard to promoting the oral health of their patients as, so often, their efforts appear to be fruitless. This paper examines the published evidence and draws on behavioural theory in order to help practitioners understand what help and support they can offer their patients in order to improve oral health.
Book Review
Authors: Rushton Vivian
Published: August 2017

A Guide to Dental Radiography. By R. Mason and S. Bourne. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, 1998 (272pp., £65.00 h/b, £32.50 p/b)
Book Review
Authors: Northeast Simon
Published: August 2017

Imaging in Esthetic Dentistry. By C. E. Goldstein, R. E, Goldstein and D. A. Garber. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd., New Malden, 1998. (188pp., £55).
Predisposing and Contributing Factors for Complete and Incomplete Tooth Fractures
Authors: Ellis S.G.S. , McCord J.F. , Burke F.J.T.
Published: August 2017

The rehabilitation of fractured teeth may create problems for both patient and clinician. This paper updates the reader on the many factors that have been implicated in the aetiology of fractures, so highlighting a preventive rather than curative perspective to clinical dentistry.
The Apically Repositioned Flap in Tooth Exposure
Authors: Lawton Helen , Sandler P.J.
Published: August 2017

Methods of exposing impacted teeth in order to bring them into the line of the arch include gingivectomy, the apically repositioned flap and closed eruption techniques. These procedures aim to facilitate the eruption of the impacted tooth with a minimum of disruption or damage to the tooth itself or adjacent structures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the various surgical methods of exposing impacted teeth and to help to identify where the use of the apically repositioned flap is indicated. Clinical examples are presented and a surgical method for carrying out this procedure recommended.
Functional Appliances: Mode of Action and Clinical Use
Authors: Macey-Dare L.V. , Nixon F.
Published: August 2017

Functional appliances are frequently used in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions, either in isolation or, more commonly, before a course of fixed appliance therapy. Extensive speculation and investigation into the precise mode of action of these appliances has recently focused on their growth-restraining effect on the maxilla, their growth-enhancing effect on the mandible and dentoalveolar and soft tissue effects. The different types of functional appliances are described in this article, with emphasis placed on practitioners adopting a component approach to design. A checklist is provided to aid identification of the more common problems occurring during treatment.
Communicating Shades: A Clinical and Technical Perspective
Authors: McCullock A.J. , McCullock R.M.
Published: August 2017

The creation of a natural-looking ceramic crown which blends harmoniously with the surrounding dentition is not merely a matter of recording a shade. The subtleties of colour, translucency, discrete staining, texture, lustre and shape are all essential features. Accurate shade taking and correct tooth preparation are all necessary elements but are of little value if the information cannot be precisely communicated to the technician.
Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team: 6. Complaints Affecting Particularly the Lips or Tongue
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen
Published: August 2017

Certain lesions are exclusively or typically found in specific sites; these are discussed in this and the next two articles in this series
Update on Precancerous Lesions
Authors: McIntyre Grant T. , Oliver Richard J.
Published: August 2017

Oral cancer continues to be a serious problem in the UK and it is well known that prevention and early recognition of potentially malignant lesions will provide the best prognosis. This article discusses recent changes in the nomenclature of lesions and current concepts in diagnosis and management.
Five-year Follow-up of Successful Intentional Replantation
Authors: Aqrabawi Jamal
Published: August 2017

Intentional replantation has been practised for many years as a treatment modality for pulpless teeth. Although the success ratio for intentional replantation is far below that for routine or surgical endodontics, one should consider this procedure as an alternative to tooth extraction. Two cases of mandibular second molars which were treated with intentional replantation and retrograde fillings are reported in this article. At the 5-year recall visit, the radiographs showed no evidence of pathological changes.
Domiciliary Dental Care
Authors: Fiske Janice , Lewis Debbie
Published: August 2017

Domiciliary dental care is an important and growing area of treatment provision. However, adequate training is required in order to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to perform such care. This article draws attention to the likely increase in demand for domiciliary dental care services and the reasons for it; and highlights the issues and skills involved for dentists, hygienists and their teams in providing domiciliary dental care in order to facilitate quality of care and safe practice.
Reducing The Risk Of Post Crown Failure
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Influence of Post Length and Crown Ferrule Length on the Resistance to Cyclic Loading of Bovine Teeth with Prefabricated Titanium Posts. F. Isidor, K. Brondum, G. Ravnholt. International Journal of Prosthodontics 1999; 12: 78-82.
The York Review of Water Fluoridation – Key Points for the Busy Practitioner
Authors: Morris John , White Deborah
Published: August 2017

Since its serendipitous discovery by McKay at the turn of the century, the story of fluoride in drinking water has arguably been a case of scientific progress for public good, on the one hand, and energetic resistance by minority pressure groups, on the other. In other words, what Lord Jauncey famously referred to as hostility to fluoridation obscuring scientific judgement.1 In the middle there is arguably a less engaged general population2 and decision makers seeking to act in their best interests but concerned at the extreme views held by a vocal minority.
Are Your Dental Instruments Really Clean?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Cleaning Dental Instruments: Measuring the Effectiveness of an Instrument Washer/Disinfector. C.H. Miller, C.M. Tan, M.A. Beiswanger, D.J. Gaines, J.C. Setcos and C.J. Palenik. American Journal of Dentistry 2000; 13: 39-43.
Do You Still Suffer from ‘Oro-Fiscal Drag’?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

A Survey of Patient Perceptions of Dental Charges. A.D. Brown, A.C. Mellor, J.R. Main. Primary Dental Care 1999; 6(4): 151-155.
Book Review
Authors: Benington Philip C. M.
Published: August 2017

Interceptive Orthodontics. 4th edn. By Andrew Richardson. BDJ Books, London, 1999.
The Occlusal Management of Maxillary Anterior Single-unit Implant-supported Restorations
Authors: Chana Harpal , Briggs Peter , Watson Roger M.
Published: August 2017

This paper, with the aid of clinical examples, highlights some of the common occlusal problems that can be associated with maxillary anterior single-unit implant-supported restorations. The authors stress the importance of thorough pre-operative planning to identify any likely occlusal problems. This allows patients to be fully informed of the impact of any necessary clinical compromise and of the need for and nature of modifications to the natural dentition.
An Oral ‘Follicular’ Choristoma Presenting in the Anterior Floor of the Mouth
Authors: Sood V.
Published: August 2017

A 46-year-old Asian man presented with hair growing from the anterior floor of his mouth. The diagnosis of this lesion was an oral choristoma of a ‘follicular’ variety. A choristoma is defined as an overgrowth of normal tissue at an abnormal site. Only one other case of this particular lesion has been reported to date. This article proposes mechanisms as to the aetiology of this lesion, and its inclusion in the classification of oral choristomas.
Forget the Sailboard – Let's go Whiteboarding!
Authors: Stephens C.D.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the electronic whiteboard, and discusses its potential as a clinical communication tool and its possible use in dental education.
Book Review
Authors: White Deborah
Published: August 2017

Nutrition, Diet and Oral Health. By Andrew J. Rugg-Gunn and June H. Nunn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999 (198pp., £29.95) ISBN 0-19-262937-9.
The Management of Occupational Exposures to Blood and Saliva in Dental Practice
Authors: Palmer Guy D. , Fleming Garry J.P.
Published: August 2017

Accidental injuries when handling sharp or rotating instruments can allow inoculation of a dental team member by the patient's blood or saliva. The risk of transmission of HIV from occupational exposure among dental workers is low and to date no occupational exposure has resulted in HIV transmission. However, hepatitis B and C have a high morbidity and mortality and are more infectious than HIV. This paper demonstrates how occupational exposures to blood and saliva could be managed in general dental practice and outlines the legal responsibilities of a dentist in the management of these exposures.
Contemporary Resin-based Composite Materials for Direct Placement Restorations: Packables, Flowables and Others
Authors: Combe E.C. , Burke F.J.T.
Published: August 2017

Resin-based composite (RBC) materials are composed of principal and diluent monomers, fillers, coupling agents and other components. These materials have been developed in recent years to produce packable and flowable materials, and materials which may release ions under specific conditions and which may contain fibres. Materials which are organic-inorganic copolymers have also become available. Long term clinical trial data are not available for the most recently introduced materials.
Periodontal Signs and Symptoms Associated with Vertical Root Fracture
Authors: Mullally Brian H. , Ahmed Mutaz
Published: August 2017

This report describes the clinical presentation of three cases of vertical root fractures in adult patients where an initial diagnosis of localized periodontitis had been considered. Loss of the affected tooth occurred in all of these patients. The effects of endodontic therapy and the provision of post-retained restorations are considered in relation to their potential effect of weakening the root and predisposing the tooth to vertical fracture. The last case presents an unrestored molar tooth with a complete vertical root fracture.
Modern Thoughts on Fissure Sealants
Authors: Shaw Linda
Published: August 2017

It has long been known that fissure sealants are an important part of the prevention and control of dental caries in pits and fissures. However, their usage is still sporadic and generally not related to evidence-based guidelines. Caries prevalence has changed since sealants were introduced and this has significant implications for the criteria on which to select patients who would most benefit from their usage. The clinical technique for successful fissure sealant application is very moisture and operator sensitive. However, there is accumulating evidence that use of fissue sealants can be extended, given suitable investigation, to the early carious lesion as a ‘preventive resin restoration’.
Is Everything Bad for Your Teeth?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

In Vitro Approach to Evaluate Potential Harmful Effects of Beer on Teeth. F.N. Nogueira, D.N. Souza and J. Nicolau. Journal of Dentistry 2000; 28: 271-276.
The Role of the General Dental Practitioner in Detection and Prevention of Oral Cancer: A Review of the Literature
Authors: McCann Mary F. , Macpherson Lorna M.D. , Gibson John
Published: August 2017

Over the last two decades little progress appears to have been made in reducing the incidence and number of deaths associated with oral cancer. The most recently available Scottish data indicate a steady rise in both incidence of, and mortality rates from, tongue and ‘mouth’ cancer, supporting previous observations of a steady rise in the incidence of oral cancer since the mid 1970s. Very little improvement in 5-year survival rates for oral cancer has been observed in England and Wales and, over the last 30 years, survival rates in Scotland have actually declined. Although many dentists are committed to examining the mouth for oral cancer, the majority still feel uncomfortable with involvement in patient education. Clearly scope exists for dental practitioners to improve patient awareness of both oral cancer itself and the risk factors associated with the disease. Dental teams should be aware of the opportunities within dental practice to contribute to preventive initiatives – such as smoking cessation.
Is the Endodontic Temporary Filling Compromising Your Success?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Leakage in Roots Coronally Sealed with Different Temporary Fillings. C.R. Barthel, A. Strobach, H. Briedigkeit, U.B. Göbel, J-F. Roulet. Journal of Endodontics 1999; 25: 731-734.
Allergy to a Common Component of Resin-bonding Systems: A Case Report
Authors: Moore M.M. , Burke F.J.T. , Felix D.H.
Published: August 2017

Allergies to materials routinely used in dentistry are becoming more prevalent. The hydrophilic resin 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate is a common constituent of systems designed to bond resin-based restorative materials to dentine. It has been considered to have a high sensitizing potential, although dental patient-related allergies to the resin appear to be rare. This report presents details of a patient who has such an allergy, which, it is suspected, manifested as an intra-oral lichenoid reaction to the closely approximating anterior restorations.
Book Review
Authors: Lumley Philip J.
Published: August 2017

Colour Atlas of Endodontology. By Rudolf Beer, Michael A. Baumann and Syngcuk Kim. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York, 1999. (310pp., DM 298, EUR 152.36). ISBN 313-116461-1.
Transcultural Oral Health Care: 4. Dental Medication for Muslim Patients
Authors: Anees Khalid , Bedi Raman
Published: August 2017

The aim of this paper is to provide a guide for general dental practitioners who may need to prescribe medication to Muslim patients, particularly during the month of Ramadan. An understanding and appreciation of the patient's religious background will aid treatment compliance and allow dentists to provide a culturally sensitive service for their Muslim patients. Drug therapy compliance is important, but it is likely to be poor among Muslim patients during the month of Ramadan, when fasting and religious practices may cause problems. The authors provide guidelines on good clinical practice and prescribing regimens for general dental practitioners treating Muslim patients, particularly during Ramadan.
More Evidence to Stop Patients Smoking
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health in Molar Teeth. V. Kerdvongbundit and U.M.E. Wikesjö. Journal of Periodontology 2000; 71: 433–437.
A New Aspect of Practice Management?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

How Can You Protect Yourself from Employee Dishonesty? J.M. De St Georges and D. Lewis Jr. Journal of the American Dental Association 2000; 131: 1763–1764.
Book Review
Authors: Butterworth Chris
Published: August 2017

Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Aesthetic Dentistry. Josef Schmidseder. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. £129.00. ISBN: 0-86577-923-6
Ethics and Dentistry: 2. Ethics and Risk Management
Authors: Gelbier Stanley , Wright Desmond , Bishop Malcolm
Published: August 2017

The previous paper explored the meaning of ethics, especially its relationship to dentistry. Here, we examine a practical application for solving ethical problems. Together, the two articles should provide dentists with a core of relevant knowledge about ethics and a ready guide to the daily relevance of ethics.
Preparation Guidelines for Full and Partial Coverage Ceramic Restorations
Authors: McDonald Ailbhe
Published: August 2017

Aesthetic awareness of dental patients has produced a growing demand for posterior tooth-coloured restorations. This has led to the development of posterior composite resins and, more recently, posterior all-ceramic restorations. In the last decade, modern technological advances have allowed the production of stronger ceramics and better luting techniques, which have led to the use of all-ceramic restorations in posterior sites. The preparation guidelines for posterior ceramic restorations outlined in this paper emphasize rounded internal line angles and a chamfer or rounded shoulder finish-line.
Oral Candidosis
Authors: McIntyre Grant T.
Published: August 2017

Oral candidoses are frequently encountered in the practice of dentistry. Although most oral candidoses are symptomless, they can indicate the presence of an underlying systemic disease, and the persistence of oral candidosis following appropriate conventional management may be one of the first signs of undiagnosed immunosuppression. The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species from oral candidal lesions; however, the non-albicans Candida spp. are also implicated in the aetiology of oral candidoses. The effective management of oral candidosis is dependent on an accurate diagnosis, identification and elimination of any predisposing factors (where possible), and the prescription of either topical or systemic antifungal agents. Oral candidosis may have significant implications for the general health of immunosuppressed patients, particularly when caused by the non-albicans spp. and, in cases of severe immunosuppression, systemic candidosis can be life-threatening. This article outlines the clinical presentation and appropriate management for the commonly presenting oral candidal conditions.
Down's Syndrome and Oral Care
Authors: Fiske Janice , Shafik Hani H.
Published: August 2017

Down's syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality and is characterized by certain physical, mental and medical features. A number of these features, such as learning disability, cardiac anomalies and an altered immune system, can have a profound effect on oral health and the delivery of oral care. In turn, this can affect social acceptability and quality of life. The optimum potential of the person with Down's syndrome is achieved via a multidisciplinary approach that involves the members of the dental team from an early stage.
Single-tooth Implant-supported Restorations. Planning for an Aesthetic and Functional Solution
Authors: Norton Michael R.
Published: August 2017

The single-tooth implant has found widespread support within the field of implant dentistry, with numerous studies reporting high success rates that surpass those recorded for splinted implant bridgework. Improvements in implant design, range of prosthetic components and restorative materials have made it possible to achieve optimal functional and cosmetic results. Coupled with an appropriate approach to treatment planning and patient assessment, use of the single-tooth implant may be considered a highly predictable treatment solution.
Microscopic Management of Endodontic Procedural Errors: Perforation Repair
Authors: Daoudi M. Firas
Published: August 2017

Iatrogenic root perforation is a procedural error that complicates treatment and can lead to loss of the tooth. A number of new instruments and techniques have been introduced into endodontic practice over the last few years to address this problem. The recent addition of the operating microscope to improve the field of vision has provided the operator with the benefit of magnification and enhanced illumination. Although there are few studies evaluating objectively the use of the operating microscope, its clinical application demonstrates the possibility of achieving more precise endodontic practice. The use of the operating microscope in the non-surgical management of a mid-root perforation is reported in this paper.
Viral Infections of the Oral Mucosa and Perioral Region
Authors: McIntyre Grant T.
Published: August 2017

Viral infections of the oral mucosa and perioral region are commonly encountered in the practice of dentistry. The accurate and timely diagnosis of such infections, coupled with the institution of appropriate treatment, can often permit quick resolution of the condition with minimal discomfort and anxiety for the patient (and carers) and prevent the spread of infection to others, especially immunocompromised individuals. This article outlines the clinical presentation and appropriate management of common viral infections of the oral mucosa and perioral region.
Periodontal Diseases in Children and Adolescents: 2. Management
Authors: Clerehugh Valerie , Tugnait Aradhna
Published: August 2017

Many of the periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents can be successfully managed in general dental practice. The decision to treat the young patient in the practice setting or to refer to a periodontal specialist will depend on the complexity of treatment, patient factors and the expertise of the practitioner. Treatment should be provided in three phases: the initial cause-related phase is aimed at controlling microbial plaque; the corrective phase is intended to restore function and aesthetics; supportive periodontal therapy is aimed at preventing recurrence and progression of periodontal disease. Even in cases requiring specialist referral, the dental team in general practice has a key role in the initial and supportive phases of therapy.
Book Review
Authors: Wright Geoff
Published: August 2017

Orthodontics Picture Test Atlas. By C. Nightingale and J. Sandy. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2000 (161pp., £19.99). ISBN 0-7236-1072-X.
Treatment Planning for the Problem Patient: Restorative, Ethical, Legal and Psychological Perspectives. Case 2: Jacqueline
Authors: Crossley M.L. , Shearer A.C. , Mellor A.C. , Bridgeman A.M. , Kay E.J.
Published: August 2017

‘Jacqueline’ is the second of a series of four articles that aims to look at some of the problems patients may present with when they visit their dentist. Each article starts with a brief scenario about the hypothetical patient and his/her clinical problems. As well as the clinical problem, each case also raises ethical, legal or psychological problems. All of these issues are discussed and possible management strategies and treatment options described.
Toothpaste Formulation Improved Again?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

A Study to Assess the Plaque Inhibitory Action of a New Zinc Citrate Toothpaste Formulation. J. Moran, M. Addy, D. Corry, R.G. Newcombe and J. Haywood. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2001; 28: 157–161.
What, When and How to Back Up Your Data
Authors: Turner P.J. , Weerakone S.
Published: August 2017

This article defines and describes the process of backing up data files, which should be undertaken by anyone who routinely uses a computer. The important points to be considered when developing a backup strategy are explained and a résumé given of the backup devices currently available.
Occlusal Caries: Pathology, Diagnosis and Logical Management
Authors: Ekstrand K.R. , Ricketts D.N.J. , Kidd E.A.M.
Published: August 2017

Occlusal caries now accounts for most of the lesions in children aged 8–15 years. This paper presents a ranked visual scoring system for occlusal caries diagnosis. It relates the clinical appearance of the lesion to its activity, the level of infection of the dentine and the histopathology. The appropriate management for each score is suggested.
Speech Recognition Software
Authors: Weerakone S. , Turner P.J.
Published: August 2017

This article discusses the use of speech recognition software by means of reviewing two leading packages. Both programs require considerable training before they can be used effectively, but are then able to convert continuous speech into text with varying degrees of success.
Clinical Governance: Something New for General Dental Practice?
Authors: D'Cruz Len
Published: August 2017

This article is intended to inform general dental practitioners about the background to clinical governance, how it came about and how the government has introduced it into the NHS. Because clinical governance is new in general dental practice, how it eventually becomes incorporated is still debatable, but this article attempts to describe ways in which practitioners can use it to their advantage. It explains how a cultural change is needed in dental practice to embrace these issues of quality and that issues of clinical governance have become a General Dental Service ‘Terms of Service’ requirement for all practitioners.
Book Review
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

Advances in Operative Dentistry: Contemporary Clinical Practice Volume 1. Jean-Francois Roulet, Nairn Wilson and Mazzimo Fuzzi, eds. Quintessence Publishing Co., New Malden, 2001 (263pp., £84.00). ISBN 0-86715-402-0
The New MFGDP(UK)
Authors: Hall John
Published: August 2017

The MFGDP(UK) was introduced by the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners in 1992. Since its inception the examination has remained unchanged. The Faculty of General Dental Practitioners has introduced a new format for the MFGDP(UK) in order to respond to change in professional requirements and also respond to educational research concerning validity of its process.
A Clinical Overview of Removable Prostheses: 3. Principles of Design for Removable Partial Dentures
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Grey Nick J.A. , Winstanley Raymond B. , Johnson Anthony
Published: August 2017

Removable partial dentures (RPDs) should not be made for patients unless they are necessary. Most partial dentures have the potential to cause some damage to the teeth and supporting tissues, however well they are designed and constructed; the criteria for selecting such devices were described in a previous article. In general there is merit in, wherever possible, reducing tissue coverage as much as possible when RPDs are being planned. This article, the third in a series on the prescription of RPDs, discusses the design principles involved.
A Practical Guide for Patients Undergoing Exodontia Following Radiotherapy to the Oral Cavity
Authors: Kanatas A.N. , Rogers S.N. , Martin M.V.
Published: August 2017

Dental extractions or minor oral surgery in patients who have undergone radiation therapy for cancer in the head and neck carry the risk of one of the most serious and devastating complications of head and neck radiotherapy, that of osteoradionecrosis (ORN). A totally unified approach to dental extractions following radiotherapy is lacking. The role of the general dental practitioner in management of patients following radiotherapy is crucial. Contrary to clinical impression, the risk of ORN does not decrease with time. When contemplating exodontia or minor oral surgery in the irradiated patient, special consideration should be given to issues such as radiotherapy history, surgical assessment, surgical procedure and the role of antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen.
Book Review
Authors: Scott B.J.J.
Published: August 2017

Prosthetic Treatment of the Edentulous Patient, 4th edition. R.M. Basker and J.C. Davenport. Blackwell Publishing Co., Oxford, 2002 (328pp., £29.50). ISBN 0632059982.
Research in Dental Practice: A ‘SWOT’ Analysis
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Crisp R.J. , McCord J.F.
Published: August 2017

Most dental treatment, in most countries, is carried out in general dental practice. There is therefore a potential wealth of research material, although clinical evaluations have generally been carried out on hospital-based patients. Many types of research, such as clinical evaluations and assessments of new materials, may be appropriate to dental practice. Principal problems are that dental practices are established to treat patients efficiently and to provide an income for the staff of the practice. Time spent on research therefore cannot be used for patient treatment, so there are cost implications. Critics of practice-based research have commented on the lack of calibration of operative diagnoses and other variables; however, this variability is the stuff of dental practice, the real-world situation. Many of the difficulties in carrying out research in dental practice may be overcome. For the enlightened, it may be possible to turn observations based on the volume of treatment carried out in practice into robust, clinically related and relevant research projects based in the real world of dental practice.
Book Review
Authors: Baxter Alexander M.
Published: August 2017

Prosthodontics in Clinical Practice. By Robert S. Klugman. Martin Dunitz, London, 2002 (£65.00). ISBN 1-85317-817-9.