bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freshwater fishing at the Neolithic site of Rakushechny Yar
Authors: Zabilska‐Kunek Mirosława
Published: May 2019

The multilayer settlement site of Rakushechny Yar is located at the northwestern end of an island on the Lower Don River, Rostow region, Russia. It is one of the earliest Neolithic sites in the region, dating from the 7th to the 6th millennia cal BC. During the excavation of the settlement, numerous fish remains were found. To gain an impression of the fish species caught, the largest assemblages, recovered during recent excavations, from the Early Neolithic layers and one pit dated to the middle of the 6th millennia cal BC were analysed.

The fish remains were quantified and total fish lengths were estimated. This revealed the relative importance of particular species, with wels catfish (Silurus glanis) being especially well‐represented, and additionally provided insight into the possible fishing methods employed and season of capture. The data demonstrate that the assemblage was dominated by the remains of freshwater species that could have been fished in the Lower Don River nearby. The spring and summer seasons were probably the most favourable time for capture, although fishing could also have been conducted throughout the year.
Metatarsal torsion in humans and footwear type
Authors: Drapeau Michelle S.M. , Forgues‐Marceau Judith
Published: May 2019

Metatarsal torsion has been hypothesized to be a plastic trait that can be influenced by the type of shoes worn in human populations. Wearing stiff‐sole shoes tend to result in narrower feet and higher longitudinal arches. These modifications are expected to translate into less torsion of the hallucal metatarsal but greater torsion of the four lateral metatarsals. In addition, there is some evidence that women have higher arches than men, so women are expected to have greater torsion of the lateral four metatarsals. To test these hypotheses, this paper compares men and women from two archaeological populations, Amerinds and Eurocanadians, that are documented to have worn very different shoe types, soft moccasins for the former and hard‐sole leather shoes or wooden clogs for the latter. First, we test for sexual differences within both populations, and, second, we compare the two populations. Our results show no significant differences between men and women. The similarity in torsional values for males and females is explained by the very small arch height difference documented in modern populations, a difference that is likely too small to translate into significantly different torsional values. However, the two populations had significantly different torsional values in the direction expected from the effect of wearing stiff‐sole shoes for all metatarsals except the second. The lack of differences of the second metatarsal is explained by its “keystone” position in the transverse arch of the foot; the foot shape modification brought about by wearing stiff shoes does not alter the orientation of the second metatarsals base, only raising it higher. As a consequence, torsional values for that metatarsal do not differ despite arch height differences. This study shows that metatarsal torsion values, at the population level, can inform on the type of footwear worn by past populations.
Microcomputed tomography and genetic analysis of a rare case of Caffey's disease in a 5–7‐month‐old girl
Authors: Lombardo Daniela , Modi Alessandra , Vergata Chiara , Caramelli David , Pascart Tristan , Bertrand Benoit , Vetro Annalisa , Lari Martina , Colard Thomas
Published: May 2019

Ancient human remains provided precious information about the health and disease of individuals from the past. Usually, diagnosis and assessment of the paleopathological remains were performed using RX analysis, tomography, and histology. However, thanks to the progress in ancient DNA recovery and sequencing, genetic information can used to support the diagnoses performed using classical approach. Here, we described the paleopathological remains of a 5 to 7‐month infant, excavated from Saint‐Jacques church (Douai, France), dated from 16th to 18th century. The skeleton displayed bone lesions, consisting in a massive corticoperiosteal thickening with subperiosteal new bone formation. To investigate the pathological condition of the remains, we applied a combined approach using both microcomputed tomography and paleogenetic analysis. Among several pathologies, we proposed a potential diagnosis of Caffey's disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis, ICH), a rare genetic infantile pathology that causes a massive subperiosteal new bone formation in some diagnostic skeletal districts. Association of the disease with the COL1A1 gene on chromosome 17q21 has been highlighted in several familial cases, whereas other evidences suggest genetic heterogeneity of ICH. Although the osteological clinical picture was compatible with Caffey's disease, we did not find evidence of the mutated allele in COL1A1 gene, suggesting a diagnosis of ICH caused by a different genetic mutation. Our study represents one of the first documented historical case of Caffey's disease and highlights the contribution of paleopathological studies for a better knowledge of human diseases.
Archaeological and biometric perspectives on the development of chicken landraces in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Woldekiros Helina S. , D'Andrea A. Catherine , Thomas Richard , Foster Alison , Lebrasseur Ophelie , Miller Holly , Roberts James , Sykes Naomi
Published: May 2019

Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticusL., 1758) were integrated into agricultural systems in the Horn of Africa as early as the pre‐Aksumite period (c. 2,500 years ago), after they were introduced from Asia through land and maritime trade and exchange. In this paper, we explore the development of chicken landraces in this region by examining continuity and change in chicken body size. Specifically, we compare the measurements of chicken bones dating from 800 BCE to 400 BCE from the pre‐Aksumite site of Mezber in northern Ethiopia, with those of modern chickens (of known age and sex) from northern Ethiopia and a population of known age and sex cross‐bred red junglefowl (Gallus gallusL., 1758), curated at the Natural History Museum at Tring (UK). Considered together, these datasets provide insight into African poultry development and offer the first metrical baselines of chickens with known history in the region. Thus, this study has the potential to underpin future studies of domestic fowl morphology in Africa.
A French fish event at the turn of the 10th century? Environment, economy, and ethnicity in maritime Flanders
Authors: Oueslati Tarek
Published: May 2019

Recent excavations in Northern France shed light on new trends in fishing between the 9th and 11th centuries AD. This paper presents the data from two sites characterized by the fishing of large gadids. These finds are contextualized within the broader synchronic regional context and the diachronic local context from the pre‐Roman period to medieval times. From this analysis, it becomes apparent that the sites from Saint‐Georges‐sur‐l'Aa and the neighbouring site of Craywick present innovative fishing tackle and capture grounds along a new type of architecture of the buildings. The skeletal profiles of fish but also of cattle show that the excavated areas were activity zones where butchering was taking place rather than consumption. Some unusual finds such as chopped and burnt fin whale bones and also the manufacture of an object from a rib of whale underline the innovative character of the site. The period around the 10th century seems to be a turning point in the evolution of the occupation of the southern shore of the Channel and hints towards similar changes taking place in Great Britain within the scope of the so‐called fish event horizon.
Piriformis Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Probst Daniel , Stout Alison , Hunt Devyani
Published: May 2019

Piriformis syndrome is a form of sciatica caused by compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. It is a relatively uncommon, but not insignificant, cause of sciatica. The diagnosis of piriformis syndrome is complicated by the large differential diagnosis of low back and buttock pain with many diagnoses having overlapping symptoms. This narrative review highlights the relevant anatomy, history, physical exam maneuvers, electrodiagnostic findings, and imaging findings that are used to diagnose piriformis syndrome. Also discussed are posterior gluteal myofascial pain syndromes that mimic piriformis syndrome. The review then outlines the different treatment options for piriformis syndrome including conservative treatment, injections, and surgical treatment. In addition, it provides the reader with a clinical framework to better understand and treat the complex, and often misunderstood, diagnosis of piriformis syndrome.
Sense of Coherence and the Association with Sociodemographics and Disability Related Factors in Persons with Late Effects of Polio
Authors: Nolvi Maria , Brogårdh Christina , Jacobsson Lars , Lexell Jan
Published: May 2019

Background

Sense of Coherence (SOC) is important for successful adaptation in persons with life‐long disabilities. A previous study has shown that persons with Late Effects of Polio (LEoP) have a level of SOC indicating that they generally have the ability to understand, handle, and have the motivation to deal with stressful events and problems arising in their lives. However, no study has explored the associations between SOC, sociodemographics, and disability‐related factors in persons with LEoP.

Objective

To explore the associations between SOC, sociodemographics, and disability‐related factors in persons with LEoP.

Design

A cross‐sectional design.

Setting

University hospital outpatient clinic.

Study Participants

Ninety‐three persons (mean age 74 years, 52% women) with LEoP.

Main Outcome Measurements

Swedish versions of the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC‐13), Self‐reported Impairments in Persons with Late Effects of Polio (SIPP) scale, Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNL‐I) (subscales “Daily Functioning” and “Perceptions of Self”), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS).

Methods

The participants responded to a postal survey with background information and the four rating scales. To determine factors associated with SOC, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed with SOC as the dependent variable.

Results

Higher age, less bothered by symptoms of LEoP, better perceptions of self, and higher life satisfaction were significantly associated with a greater SOC score. The final model explained 60% of the variance in the SOC (R2 Adj = 0.60, P < .001).

Conclusions

The strong association between SOC, higher age, and disability‐related factors is important to consider in the rehabilitation of persons with LEoP. This knowledge can assist rehabilitation professionals to plan interventions that enable people with LEoP to develop strategies to better manage their daily life.

Level of Evidence

III.
Sequence composition versus sequence order in the cryoprotective function of an intrinsically disordered stress‐response protein
Authors: Palmer Sharall R. , De Villa Ray , Graether Steffen P.
Published: May 2019

Intrinsically disordered stress proteins have been shown to act as chaperones, protecting proteins from damage caused by stresses such as freezing and thawing. Dehydration proteins (dehydrins) are intrinsically disordered stress proteins that are found in almost all land plants. They consist of a variable number of the short, semi‐conserved, Y‐, S‐, and K‐segments, with longer stretches of poorly conserved sequences in between. Previous studies have provided conflicting views on the details of the dehydrin cryoprotective mechanism of enzymes. Experiments with polyethylene glycol (PEG) have shown that PEG cryoprotective efficiency is the same as dehydrins of the same hydrodynamic radius, suggesting that the protein's disordered and polar nature is important, rather than the specific order of the residues. To further elucidate the mechanism, we created scrambled variants of the wild grape dehydrins K2 and YSK2 and tested their ability to protect lactate dehydrogenase and yeast frataxin homolog‐1 from freeze/thaw damage. The results show that for preventing aggregation, it is the sequence composition and the size of the dehydrin that is the most important factor in protection, while for freeze/thaw damage causing loss of secondary structure, it is the sequence composition that is most significant.
Possible roles of fall speed parameters of different graupel densities on microphysics and electrification in an idealized thunderstorm
Authors: Ouyang Xiaoran , Yin Yan , Xiao Hui , Guo Fengxia
Published: May 2019

Graupel is often parametrized as “medium‐density” ice particles with a bulk density of 400 kg m−3 and corresponding fixed fall speed parameters in numerical models. In natural clouds, however, graupel has an extensive range of densities, and its fall speed is closely related to its density ρg. In this study, the possible responses of the microphysical and electrical structures of a simulated thunderstorm to varying ρg and its corresponding fall speed parameters were examined using the Advanced Research Weather and Forecasting Model (ARW‐WRF) with an explicit charging and discharge lightning scheme. Six sensitivity tests were performed with different ρg and corresponding fall speed parameters. ρg ranges from 350–850 kg m−3, to represent relatively low‐ (350, 450 kg m−3), medium‐ (550, 650 kg m−3), and high‐ (750, 850 kg m−3) density assumptions. In low‐density cases, the ice water path (IWP) could be comparable with the liquid water path (LWP), while the LWP exceeds the contribution of the IWP to the total water path (TWP) in high‐density cases. The results show that melting rates and precipitation were enhanced when ρg was increased from low to high values, resulting in a smaller size and lighter mean mass due to a shorter residence time and faster fall speed.

Different assumptions about graupel density also resulted in different electrical structures in the simulated clouds. The clouds produced in the low‐ and medium‐density cases are mainly charged with conventional tripole or positive dipole structures, while the ones formed in the high‐density cases present “bottom‐heavy” tripole structures. The upper positive regions become weaker, with reduced negative noninductive charging rates, as graupel falls faster and less graupel is negatively charged at higher altitude. It is also found that a faster fall speed of graupel does not necessarily mean stronger flash density, although lightning activities are correlated with higher fall speed.
Type II solutions on AdS3 × S3 × S3 with large superconformal symmetry
Authors: Macpherson Niall T.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

New local solutions in type II supergravity that are foliations of AdS3 ×S
3 ×S
3 over an interval and preserve at least large

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(4,0\right) $$

N
=

4
0

supersymmetry are found. Some cases have compact internal space, some not and one experiences an enhancement to

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(4,4\right) $$

N
=

4
4

. We present two new globally compact solutions with D brane and O plane sources explicitly, one in each of IIA and IIB. The former is part of an infinite family of solutions with D8/O8s back reacted on AdS3 × S
3 × S
3 × S
1. In the latter the algebra degenerates to small

$$ \mathcal{N}=\left(4,0\right) $$

N
=

4
0

and the internal geometry is bounded between D5s and O5s back reacted on AdS3 × S
3 ×ℝ4.
Charting the space of 3D CFTs with a continuous global symmetry
Authors: Dymarsky Anatoly , Penedones Joao , Trevisani Emilio , Vichi Alessandro
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study correlation functions of a conserved spin-1 current J

μ
in three dimensional Conformal Field Theories (CFTs). We investigate the constraints imposed by permutation symmetry and current conservation on the form of three point functions

$$ \left\langle {J}_{\mu }{J}_{\nu }{\mathcal{O}}_{\Delta, \ell}\right\rangle $$

J
μ

J
ν

O

Δ
,
ℓ

and the four point function 〈J

μ

J

ν

J

ρ

J

σ
〉 and identify the minimal set of independent crossing symmetry conditions. We obtain a recurrence relation for conformal blocks for generic spin-1 operators in three dimensions. In the process, we improve several technical points, facilitating the use of recurrence relations. By applying the machinery of the numerical conformal bootstrap we obtain universal bounds on the dimensions of certain light operators as well as the central charge. Highlights of our results include numerical evidence for the conformal collider bound and new constraints on the parameters of the critical O(2) model. The results obtained in this work apply to any unitary, three dimensional CFT.
Note on global symmetry and SYK model
Authors: Liu Junyu , Zhou Yehao
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The goal of this note is to explore the behavior of effective action in the SYK model with general continuous global symmetries. A global symmetry will decompose the whole Hamiltonian of a many-body system to several single charge sectors. For the SYK model, the effective action near the saddle point is given as the free product of the Schwarzian action part and the free action of the group element moving in the group manifold. With a detailed analysis in the free sigma model, we prove a modified version of Peter-Weyl theorem that works for generic spin structure. As a conclusion, we could make a comparison between the thermodynamics and the spectral form factors between the whole theory and the single charge sector, to make predictions on the SYK model and see how symmetry affects the chaotic behavior in certain timescales.
Modified PDMS packaging of sensory e-textile circuit microsystems for improved robustness with washing
Authors: Ojuroye Olivia , Torah Russel , Beeby Steve
Published: May 2019

Electronic Textiles (e-textiles) should ideally be handled and cleaned like traditional textiles. Therefore, we can expect e-textiles to be machine washed or hand washed. As e-textiles enhance traditional fabrics with electronic functionality, any embedded microsystem i.e., flexible electronic circuits, will be expected to survive and show functionality after the e-textile has been washed multiple times to ensure the garment is practical. Therefore, the choice of encapsulation material for microsystems in a textile must be hydrophobic and offer minimal expansion when washed and ensure the electronics are undetectable when the textile is handled or cleaned. This paper evaluates five different base/curing agent mixing ratios—5:1, 7:1, 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1—of commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an electronic packaging encapsulation. Contact angle and aqueous permeability experiments were conducted to tailor the PDMS mixture specifically for washable e-textile applications. The experimental results show that 20:1 PDMS is the most suitable as it is sufficiently hydrophobic with minimal swelling in commercial washing machine trials. Following this, a 40.3 µm-thick 20:1 conformal encapsulation of PDMS upon an touch and proximity flexible circuit that can be integrated into textiles via knitting and/or weaving, was examined. Results show the washing spin speed is a crucial factor with washing cycle duration having minimal impact when determining circuit functionality survival. Overall, the e-textiles in this work survived between 10 and 15 washes with microscopic inspection of the circuits revealing failure of the external wires but not the PDMS encapsulation—suggesting its sufficient robustness and durability as a suitable encapsulation material for washable electronic textiles.
New Riemann–Liouville fractional Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for harmonically convex functions
Authors: Şanlı Zeynep , Kunt Mehmet , Köroğlu Tuncay
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we proved two new Riemann–Liouville fractional Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for harmonically convex functions using the left and right fractional integrals independently. Also, we have two new Riemann–Liouville fractional trapezoidal type identities for differentiable functions. Using these identities, we obtained some new trapezoidal type inequalities for harmonically convex functions. Our results generalize the results given by İşcan (Hacet J Math Stat 46(6):935–942, 2014).
How to design psychiatric facilities to foster positive social interaction – A systematic review
Authors: Jovanović Nikolina , Campbell Justin , Priebe Stefan
Published: May 2019

Psychiatric facilities are often criticised of being poorly designed which may contribute to violent incidents and patients’ complaints of feeling bored and lacking meaningful interactions with peers and staff. There is a lack of understanding how to design environments for staff, patients and visitors to engage in positive social interactions (e.g. conversation, sharing, peer support). We conducted a systematic literature review on which architectural typologies and design solutions facilitate helpful social interactions between users of psychiatric facilities. Several interventions were identified such as choosing a community location; building smaller (up to 20 beds) homelike and well integrated facilities with single/double bedrooms and wide range of communal areas; provision of open nursing stations; ensuring good balance between private and shared spaces for patients and staff; and specific interior design interventions such as arranging furniture in small, flexible groupings, introduction of plants on wards, and installing private conversation booths. These interventions range from simple and non-costly to very complex ones. The evidence should inform the design of new hospitals and the retrofitting of existing ones.
Differential default mode network trajectories in asymptomatic individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chiesa Patrizia A. , Cavedo Enrica , Vergallo Andrea , Lista Simone , Potier Marie‐Claude , Habert Marie‐Odile , Dubois Bruno , Thiebaut de Schotten Michel , Hampel Harald ,   and the INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   for theAlzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The longitudinal trajectories of functional brain dynamics and the impact of genetic risk factors in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease are poorly understood.

Methods

In a large‐scale monocentric cohort of 224 amyloid stratified individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease, default mode network (DMN) resting state functional connectivity (FC) was investigated between two serial time points across 2 years.

Results

Widespread DMN FC changes were shown in frontal and posterior areas, as well as in the right hippocampus. There were no cross‐sectional differences, however, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) carriers demonstrated slower increase in FC in frontal lobes. There was no impact of individual brain amyloid load status.

Discussion

For the first time, we demonstrated that the pleiotropic biological effect of the APOE ε4 allele impacts the dynamic trajectory of the DMN during aging. Dynamic functional biomarkers may become useful surrogate outcomes for the development of preclinical targeted therapeutic interventions.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Sexual Dysfunction in Women With Hypertension
Authors: Choy Chia Lip , Sidi Hatta , Koon Chong Siew , Ming Ooi Soon , Mohamed Isa Naina , Guan Ng Chong , Alfonso Cesar A.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Sexual dysfunction in hypertensive women is an often-neglected subject despite a reported prevalence of 42.1%. Although few reviews exist, a definitive relationship between hypertension and sexual dysfunction in women has not been clearly established.

Aim

To review the existing literature to definitively examine sexual dysfunction in women with hypertension, in both treated and untreated subjects.

Methods

We performed a systematic search for published literature of 3 electronic databases (Scopus, EBSCOhost Medline Complete, and Cochrane Library) in August 2018. The search terms with relevant truncation and Boolean were developed according to a population exposure-comparator-outcome model combining pilot searches. The quality of included studies was assessed with the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. Initial search, limited to the English language, included a total of 2,198 studies. 31 studies (18,260 subjects) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Sexual dysfunction in these studies was measured using different tools. We extracted information of study setting, country, number of subjects, participants’ age and blood pressure, comparators, and outcome. We ran a meta-analysis on the presence of sexual dysfunction as an outcome from the following comparisons: (i) hypertensive vs normotensive (ii) treated vs untreated hypertension, and (iii) exposure vs absence of specific class of anti-hypertensive drug.

Main Outcome Measures

Women with sexual dysfunction and hypertension were included.

Results

We found significant sexual dysfunction in women with hypertension compared with the normotensive group (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 2.789, 95% CI = 1.452–5.357, P = .002). However, there was no statistical difference of sexual dysfunction in women with treated or untreated hypertension (OR = 1.229, 95% CI = 0.675–2.236, P = .5). Treatment with alpha-/beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics resulted in no statistical difference in sexual dysfunction in hypertensive women.

Clinical Implications

Because sexual dysfunction is prevalent in women with hypertension, it is imperative to address the underlying medical condition to manage this important clinical problem.

Strength & Limitations

Many studies had to be excluded from the meta-analysis, due to unavailability and incompleteness of data. Nevertheless, results of the review are useful to derive recommendations for alerting physicians of the need to routinely assess the sexual functioning of women with hypertension.

Conclusion

We conclude that women with hypertension are at increased risk for sexual dysfunction, and our findings imply that evaluation for sexual dysfunction needs to be part of the clinical management guidelines for women with hypertension.
Beckman Instruments, Inc. and Overseas Private Investment Corp.
Authors: Oliver Geoffrey D.
Published: May 2019

Beckman Instruments, Inc. (Beckman) brought a claim before the American Arbitration Association (AAA) against the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) to recover under insurance policies issued by OPIC certain losses sustained by Beckman in connection with the liquidation of Beckman’s wholly owned subsidiary, Aplar, S.A. (Aplar) in El Salvador. The OPIC insurance policies provided protection against injury directly caused by war, revolution or insurrection. Beckman’s local plant manager and a visiting Beckman engineer were kidnapped in El Salvador, setting in motion a chain of events leading to closure of the subsidiary and liquidation of the assets at a considerable loss to Beckman. OPIC denied Beckman’s claim for recovery of its losses under the OPIC insurance policies. The three-member AAA tribunal held: that the losses sustained by Beckman in connection with the liquidation of Aplar were the direct result of an act of insurrection—the kidnapping—and, consequently, were covered under the OPIC insurance policies, but that Beckman was not entitled to any compensation because the OPIC policies required that amounts received in compensation from other insurance companies and the value of all property recovered be set off against the amount that would otherwise be payable by OPIC.
Leland Goodrich (1899-1990)
Authors: Schachter Oscar
Published: May 2019

Leland Goodrich, a foremost authority on the United Nations, died in New York on November 16, 1990. His many books and articles on the United Nations have enlightened students, diplomats and officials for more than four decades. They exemplify meticulous scholarship and a deep understanding of practical ways and means in the world of international politics.
Legal Advisers Meet at UN Headquarters in New york
Authors: Corell Hans
Published: May 2019

On October 29 and 30, 1990, a meeting was held of the heads of the offices responsible for international legal services of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the member states of the United Nations—the Legal Advisers. The meeting was organized at the invitation of the Legal Advisers of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Canada, India, Mexico, Poland and Sweden, and with the assistance of the Legal Counsel of the United Nations, Under-Secretary-General Carl-August Fleischhauer. Some twenty-five Legal Advisers and thirty-two of their deputies or other representatives attended, including all five colleagues representing the permanent members of the Security Council.
The Soering Case
Authors: Lillich Richard B.
Published: May 2019

The unanimous judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the Soering case, handed down on July 7, 1989, holds that Great Britain’s extradition of the applicant to the United States to stand trial for capital murder, an offense punishable under the applicable Virginia law by “death, or imprisonment for life,” would violate the prohibition against “inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” in the European Convention on Human Rights. Aside from its effect on the future ability of the United States (and many other countries) to obtain the extradition from Council of Europe countries of persons charged with offenses carrying the death penalty, the judgment in Soering has implications of a far wider nature for international criminal law, the law of state responsibility, the jurisprudence of the European Convention, and international human rights law in general. Some of these implications are obvious and immediate; others are more speculative and long range. Like the proverbial pebble thrown in the pond, Soering will cause ripples for some time to come.
Food Crop Potential of Tropical Trees
Authors: Cannell M. G. R.
Published: May 2019

Trees are important sources of food in both the humid and semi-arid tropics. Some species have been exploited for centuries and are widely distributed around the world, others have been cultivated only in limited areas, while most are still essentially wild. The potential for rapid genetic improvement by clonal selection is enormous and well-proven by the recent history of some species. Trees can yield as much food per hectare as most C3 annual crops – although special problems may have to be overcome to ensure regular bearing of fruit and nut trees. Trees also offer great ecological and social benefits.
Studies on Maize (Zea mays) at Bunda, Malawi. II. Yield in Short Rotations with Legumes
Authors: MacColl D.
Published: May 2019

Maize was grown for six years on two soil series in annual rotation with groundnuts, soyabean, lab-lab and sunflowers, and for up to four years after two year crops of pigeonpea. Nitrogen left by the annual legumes was estimated to vary from 0.0 to 52.2 kg ha−1 depending on year, soil and species. Summed over three successive maize crops, nitrogen left by two year crops of pigeonpea varied from 23.5 to 109.6 kg ha−1. Vigorous vegetative growth and low seed yield in the legume were associated with increased residual nitrogen. Groundnuts left more nitrogen on the more fertile soil. High rainfall at the beginning of the maize cropping season was associated on one soil series with the complete disappearance of residual nitrogen from the immediately preceding legume crop.
Effect of Leaf Removal on the Growth And Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) and its Relevance to Leaf Harvesting Patterns and Pest Damage
Authors: Olasantan F. O.
Published: May 2019

Experiments on okra to determine the economic loss caused by insect damage to the leaves or by harvesting young leaves as a vegetable are described. Leaf harvests at 1-weekly intervals yielded 30-50% more fresh leaf than harvests at 2 or 3-weekly intervals. Removing a quarter of each leaf or single leaves from the upper or lower parts of the plant at 3-weekly intervals did not affect marketable fruit yield, but yield was reduced by about 30% when one young leaf was harvested at 1 or 2-weekly intervals or when two or three leaves were harvested at S-weekly intervals. Removing more than one quarter of each leaf or two or three fully expanded leaves from the lower three-quarters of the plant at 3-weekly intervals also caused up to 40% yield loss.Harvesting single leaves at S-weekly intervals is therefore recommended if okra is to be grown for both leaves and pods. The plant can tolerate at least 25% defoliation, as can happen with insect damage, before any yield loss occurs.

F. O. Olasantan: Efecto de la deshojadura sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus,) y su importancia para modelos de cosecha de hojas y dano causado porplagas.
Reassessment of the Effects of Broadcast and Line Sowing on the Fibre Yield of Jute
Authors: Palit P. , Bhattacharyya A. C. , Samanta B. K.
Published: May 2019

Line sowing of jute has been advocated by some workers for the past 40 years as being more productive than the traditional broadcast method. But most cultivators still prefer broadcast sowing. A comparative study employing identical management practices showed that there is no significant difference in fibre yield per unit area between the two sowing methods. Under similar population pressures self-thinning is greater in line sown than in broadcast crops. Thus, provided similar seed rates and cultural conditions are maintained, farmers may use either sowing method.

P. Palit, A. C Bhattacharyya y B. K. Samanta: Re-evaluación de los efectos de la siembra al voleo y en lineas sobre el rendimiento defibra del yute.
Comparative Effectiveness of Ordinary and Coated Urea and Nitrification Inhibitor Treated-Urea as a Source of Nitrogen for Maize
Authors: Prabhakaran Nair K. P. , Sharma P. B.
Published: May 2019

Maize yields where the nitrogen source was sulphur-coated urea combined with ordinary urea were significantly greater than those where an equivalent amount of ordinary urea was applied at identical times. Urea blended with neem cake was less effective.

K. P. Prabhakaran Nair y P. B. Sharma: Eficacia comparada de la urea normal y revestida y urea tratada con inhibidores de la nitrificación como fuente de nitrógeno para el maiz
Measurement of Total and Osmotic Potentials in Lucerne and Sunflower Tissues using Thermocouple Psychrometers
Authors: Wright G. C. , Whitfield D. M.
Published: May 2019

The measurement of leaf water and osmotic potential using thermocouple psychrometry was investigated in field grown stands of sunflower and lucerne. For the chamber size and tissue dimensions used, vapour pressure equilibrium was achieved after 4 to 6 h for leaf water and osmotic potential samples. In lucerne, as the time delay between excising the leaf and sealing it in the chamber was increased from 30 s to 8 min, water apparently evaporated from the leaf sample and leaf water and osmotic potential markedly decreased. For routine psychrometer determinations of leaf water and osmotic potential in lucerne (and presumably other species) leaf samples should therefore be sealed in the chambers as quickly as possible to minimize rapid water loss and associated errors in water potential determination. Vapour pressure equilibration for sunflower capitulum and root water and osmotic potential samples was achieved only after 6 and 24 h, respectively.

G. C. Wright y D. M. Whitfield: Medición de los potentiates totales y osmóticos en tejidos de alfalfa y girasol usando psicrómetros termopar.
Josephus's Portrait of Joshua
Authors: Feldman Louis H.
Published: May 2019

As one deeply involved in the politics of his day, whether in Palestine or in Rome, and as a student of Thucydides and of Plato (particularly of the latter'sRepublic), Josephus was much concerned with examining the qualities of the ideal leader of the state, convinced as he was, with Plato, that the wrong kind of leadership could and did bring about its downfall. Since one of the most important qualities of a great leader is to be able to discern the qualities of people and, above all, to select a worthy successor, the fact that Moses, the greatest leader that the Israelites had ever had, chose as his successor Joshua led Josephus to the conclusion that Joshua possessed the qualities of an ideal statesman. As Josephus puts itin an editorial comment (Ant. 3.49) which has no biblical basis, Joshua possessed five crucial qualities: he was extremely courageous, valiant in endurance of toil, highly gifted in intellect, highly gifted in speech, and distinguished for piety in worshiping God. Again, when summarizing his qualities upon Joshua's death (5.188), Josephus singles out four qualities—his supreme intelligence, his supreme skill in speaking lucidly (σαφώς) to the multitude, his stout-heartedness and great daring, and his utmost dexterity in directing affairs (Πρνλανεσαι) in peacetime and his adaptabilityto every occasion. If we combine these two accounts we see that Josephus stressed in Joshua the qualities of wisdom, eloquence, courage, endurance, flexibility, and piety.
The Milk of Salvation: Redemption by the Mother in Late Antiquity and Early Christianity
Authors: Corrington Gail Paterson
Published: May 2019

In their recovery and interpretation of the evidence for women's religious involvement in antiquity, feminist historians of religion employ terms like “image,” “reflection,” and “symbol” as constants in their vocabulary. This terminology indicates the importance feminist scholars attach to the ways in which women's activities are presented and the ways in which they are interpreted. Interpretation becomes the more difficult as one approaches the religions of the ancient Mediterranean world, not only because of the relative paucity and elusive nature of the evidence for women's participation in these religions, but also because the two great bodies of canon in the West—the literary artifacts of the Greco-Roman world and the canon of biblical literature—reflect a dual process of “canonization.” Certain cultural constructs and dominant metaphors have become embodied in the text themselves, while a tradition of “canonized conventions” has been modeled by these metaphors to “evaluate a priori what we see.” The interaction of conceptualization, representation, and interpretation of appearance, moreover, is such that there cannot be an “innocent eye.” Nelson Goodman observes: “The eye always comes ancient to its work. …Not only how but what it sees is regulated by need and perspective. …It does not so much mirror as take and make.” Moreover, the use of the term “image” itself reflects a process by which a particular representation is shaped and subsequently held up as the way in which something is conceptually “seen” or meant to be “seen,” and which is not necessarily or even possibly a “true” reflection.
Schubert Ogden's Transcendental Strategy Against Secularism
Authors: Phillips Winfred G.
Published: May 2019

Schubert Ogden is often considered a process theologican because, drawing upon the philosophies of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, he holds a “process” view of the nature of reality and of God. But the strategy used in his philosophical theology makes Ogden a sort of “transcendental” theologian as well. I refer to Ogden's argument inThe Reality of Godthat a necessary condition of the possibility of scientific and moral activity is the kind of confidence in the meaning and worth of life that must be seen as an implicit faith in God. This faith might be characterized as innate or a priori because Ogden portrays it not as derived from, but as presupposed by, all our experience; indeed, Ogden claims that such faith is the necessary condition of the possibility of even “secular” scientific and moral experience. Thus one might see this part of his philosophical theology as pursuing a transcendental strategy of argument.
Portraits of Jesus in Contemporary North American Scholarship
Authors: Borg Marcus J.
Published: May 2019

Five portraits of Jesus by North American scholars published in the 1980s demonstrate the strength of the current resurgence in Jesus scholarship and disclose the central questions dominating the current discussion. These portraits (by E. P. Sanders, Burton Mack, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, the present writer, and Richard Horsley) demonstrate that, after decades of relative disinterest, a “third quest” for the historical Jesus is under way. Each portrait or gestalt is interesting in its own right as a construal of the traditions about Jesus and as an exercise in historical reconstruction. Taken together, they illustrate the range of options in contemporary Jesus scholarship and point to the likely focal points of Jesus research in the 1990s.
Paul and the Jesus Tradition: It Is Time for Another Look
Authors: Patterson Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Among the most vexing problems in the history of New Testament scholarship has been the relationship between Jesus and Paul. The problem is this: although Paul became one of the most prolific representatives of the movement that began with Jesus, by most modern accounts, he pays so little attention to the historical figure Jesus of Nazareth that, paradoxically, one has been forced to conclude that Paul really did not know much about Jesus, or perhaps even that Paul simply was not interested in the historical person Jesus. The discussion of the relationship (or lack thereof) between Paul and Jesus has a history that is both long and complex. But when one surveys the vast literature devoted to the subject one thing stands out: the major advances in the discussion have generally been achieved not by efforts to understand the apostle Paul better, but by new developments in the study of the historical Jesus and the theological program that has always attached itself to this thorny issue.
Richard Hooker's Via Media Doctrine of Repentance
Authors: Gibbs Lee W.
Published: May 2019

A distinctive via media form of Christian faith and practice emerged within the structures of the Elizabethan Settlement of religion. Roman Catholic opponents of the Settlement struggled throughout the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) to undo it, while Protestant opponents persistently strove for further reform. The character of the Church of England and of what was in later years to be known as Anglicanism was largely shaped during this critical stage of its development in response to the external and internal pressures generated by these opposition parties.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the problem of excessively injurious or indiscriminate weapons
Authors: Aubert Maurice
Published: May 2019

It is a truism to say that technical progress is not always beneficial to mankind because it also leads to the development of more sophisticated - i.e. more deadly - weapons. Any attempts to prohibit or restrict their use on the basis of international agreements come up against major obstacles. Even if only to ensure their own national security, States try to equip their armies with the most up-to-date weapons and, if possible, ones more sophisticated than those in a potential enemy's arsenal. But using a certain type of weapon cannot be justified if it runs counter to the general principles of law and humanity.

Our remarks do not refer to particularly devastating and indiscriminate weapons such as atomic, bacteriological and chemical weapons; rather it limits itself to conventional weapons. To date, a ban on such weapons has been accepted only for those which, in view of the disparity between their military effectiveness and the degree of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering they cause, are without any real interest as means of combat (i.e. dum-dum bullets, non-detectable fragments, exploding booby-traps in the form of harmless-looking objects). As regards militarily effective weapons (incendiary devices and mines), we cannot but hope that their use will be confined as far as possible to the actual combatants so as to avoid indiscriminate harm to civilians, civilian objects and the environment.
The Conventional Weapons Convention: Underlying Legal Principles
Authors: Kalshoven Frits
Published: May 2019

Neither the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, adopted in Geneva on 10 October 1980, nor the Protocols annexed to it specify in their operative parts the principles on which the prohibitions and restrictions rest. Such principles are, however, found in the preamble to the Convention.

Four of the twelve preambular paragraphs are relevant here. They list: the “general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities”; the principle “that the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited”; the ban on “the employment in armed conflicts of weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering”; and the fact that it is prohibited “to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, longterm and severe damage to the natural environment.” The fifth paragraph reiterates the well-known Martens clause, in the formulation accepted for Article 1, paragraph 2, of Additional Protocol I of 1977.
Mines, Booby-traps and Other Devices
Authors: Rogers A. P. V.
Published: May 2019

In the Declaration of St. Petersburg of 1868 the signatory States recognized that the object of war is to weaken the enemy's military forces, for which it is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men, and that this object would be exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravate the sufferings of disabled men or render their death inevitable.

This principle was repeated in Article 23(e) of the Regulations annexed to The Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 concerning the laws and customs of war on land. That article forbids the employment of arms, projectiles or material calculated to cause unnecessary suffering. The authentic French text of the article referred to “des armes, des projectiles ou des matières propres à causer des maux superflus” whereas the English text of the same article referred to “arms, projectiles or material calculated to cause superfluous injury”.
The Protocol on Incendiary Weapons
Authors: Parks W. Hays
Published: May 2019

From the time that man discovered fire and devised ways to use it as a tool for survival and advancement, it also has been employed as a weapon for destruction. Sun Tsu's The Art of War (500 B.C.) refers to incendiary arrows, while Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War describes a flame weapon used by the Spartans in 42 B.C. Edward Gibbon, in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ascribes Roman success at Constantinople (1453 A.D.) to “Greek fire,” ignited naptha mixed with pitch and resin and spread upon the surface of the water. Great Britain employed Greek fire almost five centuries later as a defence along its coastlines in anticipation of an invasion in 1940.

In the European wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, armies employed compulsory taxation of the countryside in lieu of looting to finance their activities. A defaulting town would have some of its buildings burned, leading to the tax being referred to as Brandschatzung, “burning money.” This practice became widespread during the Thirty Years war.