bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Increasing Returns-to-scale of lntangibles
Authors: Hand John R M
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, the US economy enjoyed its longest expansion ever. This success is most often attributed to a set of micro- and macroeconomic factors that have been labelled as the New Economy. Among these factors, many businesspeople and economists argue that in particular intangibles have over time come to play a more central role in creating value (Boulton et al., 2000; Lev, 2000, 2001) because of the strong opportunities that successful investments in intangibles can provide for firms to obtain increasing profitability returns-toscale (De Long, 1998; Shapiro and Varian, 1999; Lev, 2000; Noe and Parker, 2001; Hand, 2002a).
New Governance, Employment Policy, and the European Social Model
Authors: Trubek David M , Mosher James S
Published: November 2023

Recent actions by the European Union, especially in employment and social policies, reveal an increased use of alternative approaches to governance that are more accepting of diversity and encourage semi-voluntary forms of coordination (Scott and Trubek 2002). This occurs under the traditional Community legislative method, as many recent directives tend to be relatively open and flexible. But the move from top–down, uniform rules to more flexible and participatory approaches can best be seen in areas like the European Employment Strategy (EES), also known as the Luxembourg process, which departs radically from traditional regulatory approaches.
Decentralizing Employment Protection in Europe: Territorial Pacts and Beyond
Authors: Regalia Ida
Published: November 2023

A recent OECD report has shown that over the last two decades the EU countries have reacted differently to the employment challenge and the related need to reform national labor market institutions (OECD 1999). For example, since the mid-1980s employment protection regulation relative to temporary workers has been relaxed in Italy, but tightened, after a period of relaxation, in France and Spain. And in Germany, too, a prolonged process of relaxing the rules has been interrupted in the late 1990s by proposals to reverse the trend.
Health Care and Low-wage Work in the United States: Linking Local Action for Expanded Coverage
Authors: Trubek Louise G
Published: November 2023

In Winter 2001, two unlikely allies—a health advocacy group (Families USA) and the trade association for health insurance companies (Health Insurance Association of America)—announced an agreement to develop a meaningful proposal to extend health coverage to the uninsured, stating ‘it is not an intractable public policy problem but could be addressed if the various health care stakeholders could only find common ground’ (Kahn and Pollack 2001: 20). The announcement provided few details of the proposal. However, the optimism underlying the announcement of a consumer-health plan alliance is a reflection of events over the last eight years.
Sovereignty and Solidarity: EU and US
Authors: Cohen Joshua , Sabel Charles F
Published: November 2023

In a world that still venerates democracy’s principles but regularly despairs of its practice, the nascent political order of the European Union is a crucial test case. Can the ideal of self-government be extended to this new setting, with its welter of problem-solving committees, processes, and reflection groups that appear to lie beyond the reach of popular direction and accountability? What does the prospect of this extension tell us about the possibilities of popular sovereignty and redistributive solidarity when politics extends beyond current national political boundaries? And what does it tell us about the possibilities of democracy itself?
German Migration: Development, Assimilation, and Labour Market Effects
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Dietz Barbara , Zimmermann, Klaus F , Zwintz Eric
Published: November 2023

In 2001, for the first time in German legal history, the Federal Government had introduced a comprehensive immigration bill that contained a visible economic element. This ended a period of decades, where Germany was seen against all empirical evidence as ‘no immigration country’. After years of political standstill, it seemed as if Germany was about to experience a sea change in migration policy at precisely a time when other nations were contemplating further restrictions on immigration in the face of international terrorism. After nearly four years of negotiations, the German government and the opposition agreed upon a new immigration law, which passed the German Federal Council in July 2004. The law allows legal immigration of workers only in the case of highly qualified foreigners, such as engineers, computer specialists, and scientists. In addition, self-employed people who offer a certain number of jobs to natives will be allowed to immigrate, and the law makes it easier for responsible officials to deport hate preachers and terror suspects.
Aliyah to Israel: Immigration Under Conditions of Adversity
Authors: Neuman Shoshana
Published: November 2023

A snapshot at figures of immigration (Aliyah) to the Land of Israel (Palestine) and to the State of Israel reveals the following: between 1882 and 1947, in successive waves of immigration, some 543,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, joining the 24,000 who lived there. During the first three years of statehood (1948–50) the average annual growth-rate of the Jewish population was about 24 per cent, and between 1948 and 1952, mass immigration of 711,000 supplemented a population of 630,000. During the last decade of the 20th century, Israel witnessed a massive influx of Soviet immigrants. During 1990–98 the Israeli population of 4.56 million was enriched by 879,486 immigrants—a growth-rate of 19.3 per cent. In 1991, 15,000 Jews were airlifted in one single day in ‘Operation Solomon’.
The Principle of Effectiveness
Authors: Tridimas Takis
Published: November 2023

The principle of effectiveness underlies a series of developments in the sphere of judicial protection and has been recognized as a general principle of Community law by the Court of Justice. It requires the effective protection of Community rights and, more generally, the effective enforcement of Community law in national courts. Effectiveness differs from the general principles of law examined so far in that it is not based directly on the laws of the Member States but derives from the distinct characteristics of Community law, primacy and direct effect.
Alterity: About Rules, For Example
Authors: Legrand’ Pierre
Published: November 2023

The task of the comparatist is to lift himself out of his mundane existence and to attempt an ‘appropriation of the foreign’,2 to confront the enigmatical as he discerns it in other legal cultures in the full knowledge that the study of different life worlds will tax his empathic powers. Beyond the challenge to the foundational assumptions by which he leads his legal life within his local com¬ munity, the comparatist must engage in the hermeneutical act that will allow him, through his intrusion into alien forms of discourse, to decipher and explicate a range of phenomena that appear inhospitable to interpretation.
Formation of Contracts on the Internet
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard
Published: November 2023

As a means for entering into contracts, the Internet offers the greatest techno¬ logical advancement since the inventions of the telegraph and the telephone during the nineteenth century. This chapter takes stock of how well existing contract law regimes, and in particular the rules on offer and acceptance, inclu¬sion of standard terms, consideration and mistake, are equipped to deal with this technology. Reference will be made to English and German contract law, the EU Distance Contracts and Electronic Transactions Directives, the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), and also to the US Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) and Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA).
The European Union and its Court of Justice
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

The European Court of Justice is a controversial institution. Its supporters see it as having played a central and positive role in shaping a polity which has given its Member States an unprecedented degree of peace, stability and prosperity. To its detractors, it has ignored the Treaties from which it derives its powers in order to pursue an agenda of its own about the political shape of Europe. This book analyses the Court’s place in the institutional architecture of the European Union and its contribution to the constitutionalization of the Union and the development of the Union’s substantive law. Questions examined include the jurisdiction of the Court; the relationship between Union law and national law; the impact of Union law on national laws concerning remedies; and the protection of fundamental rights. The book also looks at certain key areas of substantive law which have to a large extent been judicially constructed. In the final section, some overarching themes relating to the Court’s overall approach are addressed. To what extent has it evolved with the development of the Union? What has been the Court’s relationship with the other institutions of the Union and the national courts of the Member States? Should we regard the central role the Court has undoubtedly played in the development of the Union as legitimate? What is the nature of the role reserved for the Court under the Union’s Constitutional Treaty, signed by the Member States in Rome on 29 October 2004? The book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the development of the European Union and the role of the Court in that process.
Rules without Reasons? Words for Children in Papyrus Letters
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Greek papyrus letters are full of words for children; when not sending greetings to children or passing on greetings from children, the writers are likely to be discussing their offspring’s health, activities, or clothing. Some children are mentioned by name, but many are identified only by a kinship term, or by a combination of name and kinship term. The use of these kinship terms in letters seems to have little to do with their individual meanings but rather follows a peculiar set of rules, different both from the usage of their English equivalents and from that of the same Greek words in classical literature. One can identify the rules concerned and the deviations from classical usage, but a full understanding of the reasons for these developments requires a greater mind than mine. It is with pleasure, therefore, that I offer these riddles to one who has such a mind, in hopes that she may enjoy solving them.
Supply Chains: A Marketing Perspective
Authors: Christopher Martin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we set out to explore the increasingly close connection between marketing strategy and supply chain design. Until recently, these two key business activities were conducted independently of each other and the idea of the supply chain as a source of potential competitive advantage was not well understood. Marketing strategies for many firms were based upon the conventional ‘Four Ps’ of product, promotion, price, and place.
Supply Chains: Construction and Legitimation
Authors: New Steve
Published: November 2023

What is going on when we talk of ‘supply chains’? Rather than merely enumerating the many potential definitions, or even proposing new ones, this chapter analyses the foundations that underpin the supply chain concept.
The Green Supply Chain.
Authors: Klassen Robert D , Johnson P Fraser
Published: November 2023

The natural environment continues to be a challenging supply chain management issue. Not only does it directly impact competitiveness through traditional performance measures such as cost and quality, but also the range of stakeholders extends well outside traditional suppliers and customers (Monczka and Trent 1995; Lamming and Hampson 1996).
Public Law
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: November 2023

Written in the well-established tradition of the Clarendon Law Series, Public Law offers a stimulating re-interpretation of the central themes and problems of English constitutional law. It offers full consideration of the historical development of public law. This book is an introduction that will be especially appealing to the enquiring student who is looking to reflect critically on the assumptions underpinning the standard presentation of the subject. Written throughout in an engaging and accessible style, Public Law examines the issues of power and accountability that are central to constitutional and administrative law. Among the topics considered are the unwritten nature of the constitution, the changing relationship between the law and the politics of the constitution, the separation of powers, the enduring influence of the crown, the role and functions of Parliament, questions of responsible government, and the law of judicial review and human rights.
Fragments and Gaps: Exploring the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: November 2023

Theorizing the firm in economic geography is fundamental to understand how local economies and communities function and evolve in a globalizing economic environment. Firms, we would contend, are at the very heart of modern-day life. They come in a seemingly infinite variety— from transnationals to small firms, corporations to branch plants, to subsidiaries and joint ventures, subcontractors to franchisees, sole proprietorships to partnerships, and manufacturers to service providers and retailers. For the most part we view them as the creators, destroyers, and repositories of jobs—the creators and destroyers of people’s livelihoods, lives and dreams. But, deciding just what a firm is, is neither a simple nor a straightforward task.
The Corporation, Shareholder Value Added, and the Power of Financial Management Narratives
Authors: O’Neill Phillip
Published: November 2023

BHP Billiton is the world’s largest resources company, although it is a relatively new global corporation having been assembled from the merger of BHP Ltd, a large Australian mining and steel manufacturing company, and Billiton Plc, a UK-listed company with extensive mining histories in southern Africa. Previously, both BHP and Billiton underwent major trans-formations in structure, assets, and operations during the 1990s. While each of the companies built wealth for its shareholders over many decades, their creation of shareholder wealth was always compromised by other claims on the surplus values they generated including from workers, governments, and local communities; and there have been a variety of means for reconciling these claims. In 2002, BHP Billiton introduced a new yardstick to guide its accumulation ambitions and its distributional flows. The Strategic Framework for the newly merged company announced that BHP Billiton’s ‘ultimate goal must be to be a core holding for global equity investors’ (BHP Billiton Group 2002: 3) thereby positioning the global funds managers as BHP’s single most important stakeholder group, a decidedly different relationship to those that historically underpinned both companies.
Misconceiving Minority Language Rights: Implications for Liberal Political Theory
Authors: May Stephen
Published: November 2023

I do not claim to be a political theorist—my academic background is in sociology, education, and linguistics—and so it is with some trepidation that I venture directly onto this terrain here. But I do so because of the ongoing misconceptions—and, in some cases, blatant misrepresentations—evident in political theory debates around minority language rights; misconceptions and misrepresentations, moreover, that are still apparent at times in this present collection.
Evidentiality and Mirativity
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Mirativity covers speaker’s ‘unprepared mind’, unexpected new information, and concomitant surprise. Delancey (1997) was the first scholar to demonstrate that though mirativity is often connected with evidentiality there is enough data to postulate it as a distinct semantic and grammatical category. (Later, Lazard 1999 suggested that mirativity can in many cases be regarded as an extension of the category of ‘mediativity’ which covers the non-firsthand in A1 systems and the non-firsthand in A2 systems: see §1.3. In fact, these evidentials often do have mirative extensions, but they are not the only ones to acquire them.) Cross¬ linguistically, mirative meanings do not always have to be expressed through evidentials. That is to say, mirativity can be a separate grammatical category in its own right, rather than a simple extension of another category. In this section I discuss mirative extensions of evidentials in systems of different types. Further examples of mirativity as a separate category are in the Appendix to this chapter. Categories other than evidentials can acquire mirative extensions; this is also taken up in the Appendix.
Whose Evidence is that? Evidentials and Person
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Evidentials reflect the ways in which information was acquired. But whose perception and whose evidence do we have in mind when we talk about information source? The ‘perceiver’ can be ‘I’ (the speaker), ‘you’ (the hearer, or the audience), or someone else, a ‘third’ person. The ways in which evidentiality systems interact with the person of the participants are different from how evidentials interact with other grammatical categories and meanings (see Chapter 8). Some evidentials seem to presuppose that the observer is ‘I’. It appears counterintuitive to use a non-firsthand evidential when talking about one’s own actions. And it is precisely in this context that evidentials develop unusual overtones, involving lack of intention, awareness, control, and volition.
Evidentials: where do they come from?
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Evidentials come from various sources, some from grammaticalized verbs, others from evidential strategies. Evidentials in large systems are often heterogeneous in origin. In §9.1 we discuss these sources and the evidential systems they produce. Evidentials easily diffuse from one language to another. Having evidentiality is a property of quite a few linguistic areas. Emergence and loss of evidentials is often due to intensive language contact. Not infrequently, evidential meanings make their way into a contact language. This is the topic of §9.2. Evidentials in obsolescent languages are discussed in §9.3. There is a summary in §9.4.
How to Choose the Correct Evidential: Evidentiality in Discourse and in Lexicon
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

In a language with grammatical evidentiality, an evidential value has to be selected. More often than not, evidence comes from a variety of sources. One can see and hear something at the same time. Once it is seen and heard, an inference can be made about it. With more than one option available, a problem arises—which evidential to use? The ways in which evidentials are chosen involve ‘preferred evidentials’; see §10.1. Alternatively, a particular narrative genre may require a certain evidential. An unconventional and unexpected evidential is likely to produce an unusual effect. These issues are discussed in §10.2. The choice of an evidential may partly depend on the lexical class of a verb. There may be correlations between evidentials and the organization of the lexicon; see §10.3. Choices of evidentials dictated by genre requirements and verb subclasses tend to be obligatory, and may override the ‘preferred evidential’ hierarchy.
Shy William and the Gaberlunzie Girl
Authors: Watson Tony
Published: November 2023

Synopsis: A beggar or gaberlunzie arrives and the door of a farmhouse asking for charity, and a night's lodging. He and the daughter of the house get involved with each other and plot to rise early in the morning to run away together. They do this and when the parents rise from their beds they find the man gone. No property is missing, but the daughter has disappeared.
Influencing Policy: Successes and Failures of Criminological Research in Australia
Authors: Harding* Richard
Published: November 2023

In a series of lectures presented in 1986-7, Roger Hood explored the question of the relationship of criminology to policy. At that time he had been Director of the Centre for Criminological Research at Oxford University since 1973, so this was a question that had by then become part of his daily working life.
The Negligence Liability of Public Authorities
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan
Published: November 2023

This is a thorough account of the law on the negligence liability of public authorities, providing practical guidance as well as a clear analysis of this developing area of law. Divided into two Parts, the first part focuses on the extent to which the public nature of a defendant affects civil liability and the principles that govern and limit that liability. Part two considers the law as it impacts upon specific areas of public authorities' activities. This is an invaluable resource for barristers and solicitors specializing in public law, professional negligence, local government law, or specific areas such as education, healthcare, housing, and civil actions against the police and for lawyers employed by local authorities, regulators, and those professionals involved in the delivery of the service of public authorities.
Trade Mark Law
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

My sole aim in writing this book is to explain, to any reader willing to read it, how the trade mark system works. This book has no hidden agenda. It is not an apology for trade marks, nor is it an onslaught on them. I have not written it specific practitioners. I have not sought to pump it full of supercharged footnotes, nor have I padded it out with useless and voluminous appendices of familiar and accessible materials. My purpose is to celebrate the joys of trade mark law, to point out its iniquities, laugh at its anomalies, gasp with admiration at its lean and muscled functionality and growl with indignation at its abuse.
Perceived Organizational Support
Authors: Eisenberger Robert , Jones Jason R , Aselage Justin , Sucharski Ivan L
Published: November 2023

Research on perceived organizational support (POS) began with the observation that if managers are concerned with their employees’ commitment to the organization, employees are focused on the organization’s commitment to them. For employees, the organization serves as an important source of socio-emotional resources, such as respect and caring, and tangible benefits, such as wages and medical benefits.
Understanding the Employment Relationship: Implications for Measurement and Research Design
Authors: Tetrick Lois E
Published: November 2023

Scholars have long recognized that clear conceptual definitions of constructs are necessary for developing reliable and valid measures of constructs as well as designing sound, valid research to test theoretical relations among constructs. The preceding chapters have addressed several issues concerning the employment relationship that suggest clear conceptual definitions may only now be emerging; as a result many of the measures do not capture the full domain of the employment relationship.
Employment Relationships in Context: Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Hannah David R , Iverson Roderick D
Published: November 2023

Each participant and group of participants receives from the organization inducements in return for which he makes to the organization contribu-tions each participant will continue his participation in an organization only so long as the inducements offered him are as great or greater than the contributions he is asked to make. Simon et al. (1950: 381-2)
Directions for Future Research
Authors: Shore Lynn M , Tetrick Lois E , Coyle-Shapiro, Jacqueline A-M , Taylor M Susan
Published: November 2023

The employment relationship can be viewed from many different theoretical perspectives, incorporating several different levels of analysis. The preceding chapters reflected these differing approaches to understanding the employment relationship and many of these chapters have provided suggestions for future research directions. The purpose of the current chapter is to reflect on the richness of these views for under standing the employment relationship by exploring themes, points of integration, and implications for future research.
Anti-social Actions of Committed Organizational Participants: An Existential Psychoanalytic Perspective*
Authors: Schwartz Howard S
Published: November 2023

In the movie Silkwood, a managerial employee of a nuclear chemical corporation is observed by Karen Silkwood as he retouches the photographs of welds in fuel rods intended for nuclear reactors. The man is evidently a committed organizational participant, concerned about the effects on the company, and its employees, of late delivery on a contract. He does not appear to be a loathesome, evil creature, and yet, the activity he is engaged in is not only illegal, it is potentially destructive in an order of magnitude that is sickening to contemplate.
Organizational Identity, Image, and Adaptive Instability
Authors: Gioia Dennis A , Schultz, Majken , Corley Kevin G
Published: November 2023

In recent years identity and image have become the subjects of rather intensive organizational study, perhaps because both concepts are multilevel notions dealing with individual and organizational issues and because both can lend insight into the character and behavior of organizations and their members.
Stakeholders
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

The research on social discourse in societies, firms, and organizations written by researchers working in fields such as Management, Corporate Governance, Accounting and Finance, Strategy, Sociology, and Politics often make reference to the term 'stakeholder'. Yet the concept of the 'stakeholder' is unclear, and research around it often muddled. This book provides an analysis, classification, and critique of the various strands of theory about stakeholders. The authors place these theories both in the context of their philosophical underpinnings, and their practical and policy implications. Practical examples based on new data are used to examine a diverse range of stakeholders, and the relationships stakeholders have with their organizations. This is the first book on stakeholder theory to propose a critical analysis, both at the macro and micro level, that is framed and guided by theory. Written to provide both order and clarity to research into the concept of the stakeholder, the book is also written as an introduction for students. It includes chapter introductions, useful tables and figures, short vignettes on key concepts and issues, and discussion questions.
Stakeholder management from the perspective of the organization
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we deal with the practice of stakeholder management from the perspective of the organization. Stakeholder management is essentially stakeholder relationship management as it is the relationship and not the actual stakeholder groups that are managed. Attending to particular stakeholder relations (especially when they have gone wrong or when they have threatened to go wrong) is not a recent phenomenon. Specialist personnel or industrial relations staV have dealt with employees for years and many of them take an attitude towards employees as stakeholders and not just costs.
The Two Adjective Classes in Manange
Authors: Genetti Carol , Hildebrandt Kristine
Published: November 2023

Manange is a Tibeto-Burman language, spoken in the Annapurna region of the Himalayas in Nepal. Manange is a member of the Tamangic sub-family of TibetoBurman (also known as Gurungic, or TGTM), and is closely related to the other languages of that family.
Relationships Dimensions
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen
Published: November 2023

The aims of the chapters that follow are threefold: the clarification of meaning; an exploratory account of the role and significance of each of 14 dimensions to prison life; and an account of our measurement technique. We draw on the ‘concrete experience’ of individuals, relating these experiences to significant theoretical themes in the literature. The Prison Service has not been theoretically sophisticated when such well-worn terms as ‘respect’ and ‘humanity’ have been used, as we suggested in Chapter 1. A higher level of sophistication and clarity is needed, whilst recognizing that we can only progress so far in one account. The empirical scales and their content therefore remain provisional, and subject to further elaboration and review. We hope we shall say enough to develop a convincing expository scheme.
Catching the Conscience of the King: Corporate Players on the International Stage
Authors: Wells Celia , Elias* Juanita
Published: November 2023

A touch of cynicism is perhaps no bad thing. It is hard enough to conceptualize the ‘corporation’ for the purposes of developing legal and moral accountability at the best of times. The fate of some of the world’s largest corporations underlines that difficulty in a stark way. Revelations of corporate fraud on a grander scale than even the most committed corporate critics might have imagined triggered a serious slide in share values in 2002. In what senses did Enron and WorldCom exist? One day (year) Enron was the subject of the biggest investigation under taken by Human Rights Watch, the next it had ‘disappeared’ in a cloud of debts, almost taking its auditors Arthur Andersen with it.
The Auditors
Authors: Coffee John C
Published: November 2023

Securities markets have long employed ‘gatekeepers’ - independent professions who pledge their reputational capital - to protect dispersed investors. This strategy of relying on reputational intermediaries to assess, verify and certify the corporate issuer’s disclosures appears to have failed during the late 1990s, as accounting irregularities increased exponentially. Part I of this paper assesses the reasons for this failure, emphasizing both a shortfall in deterrence and the sudden shift from a cash-based to an equity-based system of executive compensation during the 1990s. Part II and III then survey the realistic regulatory options and the incomplete steps taken by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Breaking down these options into four categories - structural rules, prophylactic rules, procedural rules, and liability-enhancing rules, - Part III concludes that simply increasing the threat of liability could cause the market for gatekeeping services to fail.
Bureaucracy at Work: Misunderstandings and Mixed Blessings
Authors: Thompson Paul , Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2023

In its review of ‘The World in 2003’, The Economist proclaims that ‘Bureaucracy, after many years of decline, will be on the rise again’. Apparently, empowerment and flexibility are out and hierarchy, structure, and command and control are in. A more accurate take on this might be that after many years of decline in the management literature, bureaucracy is back. In the world of practice, it never went away, though in crucial respects it has changed in form and content. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. We subject the evidence on the extent and character of organizational change to critical scrutiny. Less conventionally, we try to explain how academics and other commentators could get it so wrong, arguing that the answer lies in part with the symbolic character of the post­bureaucratic project.
Beyond the Iron Cage? Bureaucracy and Democracy in the Knowledge Economy and Society
Authors: Reed Michael
Published: November 2023

The imminent collapse of bureaucracy has been anticipated many times throughout the history of modern social and political theory. On both the right and the left of the ideological and intellectual spectrum, bureaucratic organization has been generally viewed as, at best, a necessary evil that will inevitably fade away as the ‘progressive democratic dynamic’ inherent in historical change imposes itself on the logic and trajectory of socio­economic development. Thus, a neo­ liberal management theorist such as Bennis, a neo­liberalist economist such as Schumpeter, a social democrat such as Schumacher, a neo­ corporatist such as Elias, a technological determinist such as Bell or Castells, and a theorist of radical participatory democracy such as Illich, can all agree that the underlying currents of history will,
Bureaucracy and Beyond: Managers and Leaders in the ‘Post­Bureaucratic’ Organization
Authors: Salaman Graeme
Published: November 2023

An insistence on the limitations of and alternatives to bureaucracy is fundamental to current approaches to the analysis of organization and business in two ways. Ideologically the notion of the market dominates thinking on organizations. An emphasis on market principles, forms and relationships, widely prevalent and pervasive within political approaches to the role of government and the necessary structure and functioning of public organizations, underpins much current consultancy and expert prescription and exhortation which impacts on public and private organizations alike. This overwhelming and largely unquestioned (at least at governmental levels) regime of truth supplies the necessary legitimation for a wide variety of organizational initiatives (or, revealingly, ‘reforms’).
Introduction
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr , Preda Alex
Published: November 2023

This book is about the social and cultural study of finance, of the markets and institutions used for financial transactions, and the trading of assets and risks. The financial system controls and manages credit; in contemporary societies, the ultimate users of real capital rely heavily on others (investors) to provide the funds with which to acquire the resources they need.
The Embeddedness of Electronic Markets: The Case of Global Capital Markets
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: November 2023

We might expect today’s global financial market to be generally unlike other current and past markets and to approximate, and even enact, key principles of neoclassical market theory. The effort of this chapter is to understand the limits of this electronic, trans jurisdictional, globally interconnected market, and to lay bare its modes of embeddedness and its conditionalities. The argument is that while today’s global capital market is indeed a complex formation markedly different from earlier global financial markets, this does not necessarily mean that it is totally disembedded.
How to Recognize Opportunities: Heterarchical Search in a Trading Room
Authors: Beunza Daniel , Stark David
Published: November 2023

In Novum Organum, one of the founding documents of modern science, Francis Bacon (1960 [1620]) outlined a new course of discovery. Writing in an age when the exploration, conquest, and settlement of territory was enriching European sovereigns, Bacon proposed an alternative strategy of exploration. In place of the quest for property, for territory, Bacon urged a search for properties, the properties of nature, arguing that this knowledge, produced at the workbench of science, would prove a yet vaster and nearly inexhaustible source of wealth.1
Conflicts of Interests in the US Brokerage Industry
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will be focusing on the role that conflicts of interest have played in the brokerage industry during the recent corporate scandals in the United States. My reason for choosing this particular topic and this particular period has to do with the fact that a number of interesting cases involving conflicts of interest in the brokerage industry came to light during 2001-2.
Image Theory
Authors: Beach Lee R , Mitchell Terence R
Published: November 2023

In 1974, at the University of Washington, the two of us began a sixteen-year collaboration that possibly was the most productive period of our respective careers and that certainly was the most fun. The initial motive for collaborating was to meld our skills so we could broaden our research capability; Mitchell was skilled in Weld research and Beach was skilled in laboratory studies. The meld of skills was achieved, but the more important outcome of our collaboration was the melding of our respective substantive interests; Mitchell was interested in decisions made in organizations and Beach was interested in personal decisions. It was the process of working together to understand decision making in the broader sense that led us to Image Theory.
Developing Psychological Contract Theory
Authors: Rousseau Denise M
Published: November 2023

This chapter opens with a disclaimer: My recollections of how my own contributions to psychological contract theory came about cannot be completely accurate. The biases of recall, availability, and attribution are impossible to cull completely. I started actively working on the psychological contract twenty years ago in 1985. What I recall is undoubtedly weighted in the direction of my own motives and experiences, hence I might not do justice to other factors that operated too. One such factor may have been the zeitgeist of the late 1980s with its disruptions of employment via downsizing, buyouts, and restructurings.
Institutional Theory Contributing To Atheoretical Research Program
Authors: Scott W Richard
Published: November 2023

Institutional theory attends to the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. It inquiries into how these elements are created, divested, adopted, and adapted over space and time; and how they fall into decline and disuse. Although the ostensible subject is stability and order in social life, students of institutions must perforce attend not just to consensus and conformity but to convict and change in social structures (Scott, 2004b).
Transaction Cost Economics The Process Of Theory Development
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

Transaction cost economics is an interdisciplinary research project in which law, economics, and organization theory are joined (Williamson, 1985). Although the operationalization of transaction cost economics began in the 1970s and has continued to develop in conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and public policy respects since, many of the key ideas out of which transaction cost economics (TCE) works have their origins in path-breaking contributions in law, economics, and organization theory from the 1930s. It was not, however, obvious how these key ideas were related, much less how they could be fruitfully combined.
Past, Current, and Future Trends in Mass Communication Research
Authors: Eastin Matthew S , Daugherty Terry
Published: November 2023

The construct of mass communication bridges many different disciplines. For example, advertising, journalism, broadcasting, and communication all function as components to mass communication. The current chapter outlines three key research frameworks that have influenced the dominant approaches being used today, discusses current trends and key research, and speculates about research directions yet to come. In doing so, this chapter focuses on how audience perception of media consumption has changed and the changes that marketing professionals have faced over the past fifty years. For example, the transformation of mass media, techno- logical advancements in message delivery, and power shifts from the marketer to the media user have all made the art of marketing within the framework of mass media more complex in the contemporary media environment.
Modeling the Resource Allocation Process
Authors: Bower Joseph L
Published: November 2023

The very complexity that limited the ability of the disciplines to capture the essential elements of strategic processes would seem to limit the possibility of building a model of the process itself. In fact, a series of questions first asked in Bower’s 1970 study of resource allocation made it possible to present the phenomenon as a set of three basic processes acting over three generic levels of organization influenced by an identified set of forces. Subsequent researchers have used the same conceptual ingredients, and literally dozens of clinical studies have demonstrated the explanatory value of the model. When dealing with complex phenomena such as strategic processes, it is difficult to provide conventional statistical corroboration of a model. The questions are whether a model is complete and informative enough to use as a basis for normative analysis or action and whether there is a better model.
The Entrepreneurial M-Form: A Case Study of Strategic Integration in a Global Media Company
Authors: Eisenmann Thomas R , Bower Joseph L
Published: November 2023

The ‘pyramid’ headed by the single, all-powerful individual has become a symbol of complex organizations, but through historical and misleading accident. The all-powerful chief can maintain such control only to the extent that he is not dependent on others within his organization; and this is a situation of modest complexity , not one of a high degree of complexity.(James Thompson, Organizations in Action , 1967: 132) I think Sumner ends up with the biggest pyramid in the desert.(John Malone, CEO of TCI, referring to Sumner Redstone, Chairman and dominant shareholder of Viacom Inc.1)Organizational researchers contend that in large, complex, diversified corporations, the CEO cannot possibly have enough specific knowledge of the threats and opportunities facing individual business units personally to develop their strategies.
Effects Of Drugs On Witness Memory
Authors: Curran H Valerie
Published: November 2023

There are many factors that affect a witness’s ability to remember accurately. An important 5.01 one of these is the influence of ‘psychoactive’ drugs—drugs that have an action on the brain. There are hundreds of them, including alcohol, street drugs and a wide range of prescribed medications. Drugs are frequently a factor in criminal activity and in crime reporting. A victim, suspect and/or eyewitness may have been under the influence of a drug around the time the relevant events of the case occurred. When a judge and jury hear testimony from such a witness, they must take into account the effects the drug(s) may have had upon their memory and all the myriad factors influencing memory, in evaluating the weight to give their testimony.
European Identity, Penal Sensibilities, and Communities of Sentiment
Authors: Girling Evi
Published: November 2023

In the latter years of the twentieth century, the European Union and the Council of Europe campaigned actively for the worldwide abolition of the death penalty. This chapter examines these campaigns as an instance of the translocalization of penal sensibilities, an instance that elucidates some of the seemingly intractable and unpredictable global future(s) of penal sensibilities. Penal sensibilities as ‘structures of affect’ and ‘emotional configurations’ (Garland 1990: 195) contour our sense of what is tolerable, appropriate, or permissible in the practice of punishment.
Chemicals
Authors: Molyneux Candido Garcia
Published: November 2023

Europe is carrying the flag of a chemicals regulatory revolution. A few years ago, sceptics would hardly have believed that a European Community (EC) proposal on chemicals would generate more than 6,000 comments from interested parties, make the front page of the Financial Times and the Wall Street ]ournal,2 mobilize the most important figures of United States (US) diplomacy,3 and generate a joint letter from worried prime ministers and heads of state in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK). But it did. Moreover, the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restrictions of Chemicals (‘Proposed REACH Regulation’) is just the tip of the iceberg of Europe’s new regulatory approach to environmental and health issues, and more particularly to chemicals.
The Tradable-permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change
Authors: Tietenberg Tom
Published: November 2023

The atmosphere is but one of many commons and climate change is but one example of over-exploitation of the commons. An approach employed increasingly for coping with the problem of rationing access to the commons involves the use of tradable permits. Applications of this approach have spread to many different types of resources and many different countries. A recent survey found nine applications in airpollution control, 75 in fisheries, three in managing water resources, five in controlling water pollution, and five in land-use control (OECD, 1999, Appendix 1, pp. 18–19). And that survey failed to include many current applications, including those that have sprung up in response to the Kyoto Protocol. The logic behind this rather remarkable transition is quite simple. One of the insights derived from the empirical literature is that traditional command-and-control regulatory measures, which depend upon government agencies to define both the goals and the means of meeting them, are, in many cases, insufficiently protective of the value of the resources.
Russian Foreign Relations and Investment Law
Authors: Butler William E
Published: November 2023

Russian Foreign Relations and Investment Law is the fourth volume in OUP’s Russian law mini-series and is the first comprehensive study of Russian foreign relations law which examines the legal rights of, and limitations on, foreigners in Russia. Increasing investment in Russia makes this an ideal time to publish a further volume with the focus on this area. With the emphasis placed on the commercial investor, Butler provides a thorough guide from both perspectives of the foreigner trading into Russia and the foreign investor exporting from within Russia. Through twelve logical chapters Butler covers areas such as foreign trade law, foreign investment law, different types of foreigners and thier rights, aspects of employment law, civil law rights and duties, and general principles of international law all within the context of the Russian legal system. This text is a welcome addition to the other titles in series:The Civil Code of the Russian Federation , Russian Company and Commercial Legislation and the second edition of Professor Butler’s acclaimed general text Russian Law .
Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology
Authors: Zander Udo
Published: November 2023

A fundamental puzzle, as first stated by Michael Polanyi (1966), is that individuals appear to know more than they can explain. That knowledge can be tacit has broad implications for understanding the difficulty of imitating and diffusing individual skills, a problem lying at the heart of artificial intelligence to the competitive analysis of firms. Though the idea of tacit knowledge has been widely evoked but rarely defined—as if the lack of definition is itself evidence of the concept, it represents a dramatically different vantage point by which to analyze the capabilities and boundaries of firms.