bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption analysis of lipids. IV. Fractionation of cholesterol and ergosterol
Authors: Kawahara Fred K. , Dutton Herbert J.
Published: May 2007

The adsorption analysis of the cholesterol‐ergosterol system has been studied. Since purified cholesterol and ergosterol were shown to be multi‐component by adsorption analysis on alumina, calculation of the degree of separation of their mixture involves certain approximations. Of the cholesterol originally placed on the column, it was calculated that 48.4% was recovered with a purity of 98%. Ergosterol recovered in the later fractions had a calculated purity of 97% and represented 64.9% of the ergosterol originally placed on the column.
Chemical examination of sugar cane oil
Authors: Whyte Donald Edward , Hengeveld Betty
Published: May 2007

Sugar cane oil from Cuban cane has been shown to contain fatty acids, heptane insoluble acids, sterols, resinous hydrocarbons and alcohols, glycerine, and sugars. The acids from sugar cane oil can be separated into two major fractions, fatty acids and heptane insoluble acids. The latter (which are probably hydroxy acids) are relatively unstable to heat and polymerize during distillation. The fatty acids were found to consist mainly of linoleic (36.1%) and palmitic (25.0%) acids with lesser amounts of oleic (10.2%), linolenic (6.9%), and arachidic (7.6%) acids. Glycerine is present, and it would appear that the greater part of the acids occur as glycerides in the sugar cane oil. The unsaponifiable fraction is mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons with smaller amounts of sterols and other alcohols.
The nature of soil to be deterged and its bonding to the surface
Authors: Snell Foster Dee , Snell Cornelia T. , Reich Irving
Published: May 2007

Asoil is ordinarily composed in varying amounts of oil, wax, or grease; solid particles of diverse types; and special water‐soluble or water‐dispersible materials such as sugar, salts, starch, etc. Quantitatively the fatty portion on fabrics may run to a substantial fraction of 1% and contains roughly one‐third neutral fat, one‐third higher fatty acids, one‐third other materials, and undetermined. Airborne dust may contain over 20% of fatty matter, over 30 per cent of other organic matter. Soil is retained on fabrics by mechanical forces, chemical forces, electrostatic attraction, and oil‐bonding, which itself operates by means of electrical forces on the molecular scale.

The fundamental equations of wetting are presented. They imply that oily soils will gravitate toward the smallest capillaries in fabries and thus become increasingly difficult to remove as the soiled fabric ages. Polymerization of unsaturated oils and chemical linkage of conjugated unsaturated bonds to active sites on the fibers are also factors in the setting of soil as fabric ages.

For extremely light soiling, the darkening of the fabric is roughly proportional to the amount of soil. As degree of soiling increases, the amounts of soil needed to give proportional darkening become enormously greater. From the viewpoint of detergency this means that the difference between good and bad results depends on removal of the last traces of soil.
Pilot‐plant fractionation of cottonseed. III. Process development of differential settling
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Persell R. M. , Reuther C. G. , Vix H. L. E. , Laborde E. J. , Latham J. W. , Jaeger R. L. , Pollard E. F. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: May 2007

Chemical engineering data are presented to show the pilotplant process development of cottonseed fractionation employing the differential settling principle. The purpose of the process is to produce a cottonseed meal fraction essentially free of pigment glands and hulls, and a second fraction in which the pigment glands are concentrated sufficiently to serve as a raw material if pharmaceutical or other industrial use is developed for the glands or the pigments. The non‐lipids fraction will make available a meal of high nutritive value and a source of industrial protein.

Unit operations involved, including machinery and other equipment required, and proposed flow diagrams for commercial application are discussed. In brief the unit operations are as follows: material preparation; disintegration for proper size reduction of cottonseed flakes (either defatted or undefatted) in solvent slurries; separation by tank differential settling or by centrifugal differential settling at 62 times gravity; meal recovery to recover separated fractions by either centrifuging at 1450 times gravity or by pressure filtration; desolventization of solvent‐damp meal; and oil and solvent recovery.
The raw linseed oil acetone foots test. II. Notes on an anomalous relationship between the heated and chilled gravity foots, resolved by the centrifugal method
Authors: Freyer E. B. , Shelburne V. B.
Published: May 2007

The volume of the emulsion produced in the chilled gravity foots test, as presently applied to linseed oils, and hence the indicated magnitude of the result, depends to some extent on the percentage of heated foots (a measure of gums and phosphatides) present in the oil. Consequently raw oils processed to remove the gums in order to meet the Federal and A.S.T.M. heated foots specifications may at times show an increase in indicated chilled foots content, as measured by the gravity test. The application of the chilled centrifugal foots test to such oils results in a more accurate and significant measure of the quantity of materials (non‐oil constituents, or foots) which it is the intent of the test to measure. The value of the centrifugal method for foots in the investigation of raw linseed oil properties is demonstrated.
Detergency evaluation. I. Wash test methods
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Brown Earl L.
Published: May 2007

Soil removal data were developed for five laboratory methods and one practical wash test method, utilizing a single standardized soil test fabrie. The degree of correlation between the methods is good considering the variety of machines and procedures used. Better correlation between methods was obtained in hard than in soft water, attributable to the higher solution concentration used in the hard water tests.

The rating given the four detergents by the test methods was fairly uniform; the hard water data again were more concordant. Under the conditions used which were optimum for soap, the order of effectiveness was: soap, built nonionic and built alkyl aryl sulfonate, and loralkyl sodium sulfate. Ordinarily, solution concentration‐water hardness curves would be developed for complete evaluation, but the scope of this work precluded this procedure.

The test variation for the five laboratory methods was of the same degree. The practical concentional washer test gave coefficients of variation roughly triple those for the laboratory methods. This difference is largely attributable to poorer test control of conditions such as degree and kind of soil of the test load. Even though different test washing machines were used, it appears that adjustment of factors such as wash time and ratio of fabric to solution might provide closer correlation between methods.
Scaphoid Excision with Four-Corner Fusion: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Skie Martin , Grothaus Matt , Ciocanel Despina , Goel Vijay
Published: May 2007

Purpose

Partial wrist arthrodesis is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of posttraumatic wrist arthritis because of its ability to provide pain relief without sacrificing complete wrist motion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the redistribution of force after four-corner fusion and scaphoid excision, and to correlate the findings with the reported clinical outcomes.

Methods

Fifteen cadaveric wrists were used to study the biomechanics of the four-corner fusion. Pressure-sensitive film (super-low-pressure-indicating film—Pressurex, Sensor Products Inc, Madison, NJ) was inserted into the radiocarpal joint. Using the MTS 858 Mini Bionix (MTS System, Eden Prairie, MN), 50-kg loads (220 N) were applied to the wrists before and after simulated four-corner fusion and scaphoid excision. Statistically, we compared the pressure in the normal (intact) wrists versus four-corner fusion and scaphoid excision. The pressure measurements across the scaphoid fossa, lunate fossa, and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) were compared.

Results

There is a statistical significant difference between scaphoid, lunate, and TFCC mean total force when pre and post-fusion were compared ( p=0.0001). Our study revealed a statistical significant decrease in the mean scaphoid total force after scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion ( p=0.0001). We also found a subsequent increase in mean total force after scaphoid excision and four-corner fusion for the lunate fossa that did not reach statistical significance ( p=0.08), and no difference in load across the TFCC area ( p=0.995).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that load is preferentially transferred to the radiolunate joint after scaphoid excision with four-corner fusion.
Analysis of R213R and 13494 g→a polymorphisms of the p53 gene in individuals with esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia of the cardia and Barrett’s Esophagus compared with a control group
Authors: Pilger Diogo André , Lopez Patrícia Luciana da Costa , Segal Fábio , Leistner-Segal Sandra
Published: May 2007

Protein p53 is the tumor suppressor involved in cell cycle control and apoptosis. There are several polymorphisms reported for p53 which can affect important regions involved in protein tumor suppressor activity. Amongst the polymorphisms described, R213R and 13949 g→a are rarely studied, with an estimate frequency not yet available for the Brazilian population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genotype and allele frequencies and associations of these polymorphisms in a group of patients with altered esophageal tissue from South Brazil and compare with the frequency observed for a control population. A total of 35 patients for R213R and 45 for 13494 g→a polymorphisms analysis with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms diagnosed by upper digestive endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy were studied. For both groups, 100 controls were used for comparison. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was also analyzed for a selected group of patients where normal and affected tissue was available. There was one patient with Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) showing LOH for R213R out of two heterozygous samples analyzed and two patients (esophagitis and BE) for 13494 g→a polymorphism. We also aimed to build a haplotype for both polymorphisms collectively analyzed with R27P polymorphism, previously reported by our group. There were no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution between patients and controls. Although using esophagitis, intestinal metaplasia of the cardia and BE samples, all non-neoplastic lesions, we can conclude that these sites do not represent genetic susceptibility markers for the development and early progression of GERD to BE and esophageal cancer. Additional studies are required in order to investigate other determiners of early premalignant lesions known to predispose to esophageal cancer.
Tensile, Compression and Fracture Properties of Thick-Walled Ductile Cast Iron Components
Authors: Minnebo P. , Nilsson K.-F. , Blagoeva D.
Published: May 2007

The article presents the outcome of a comprehensive program of tensile, compression and fracture toughness experiments, addressing thick-walled ductile cast iron inserts used for the production of three nuclear waste canisters. The resulting data are required as input to the assessment of the failure probability of the canisters. Moreover, these data are useful for the improvement of the casting technique as such. Although the same material specification is always used, material properties are found to show significant variation. Considerable attention is paid to linking the scatter in tensile properties to fractographic and microstructural observations. The main finding is that low ductility tensile test results can be primarily connected to the presence of specific casting defects, from which oxide films have the most detrimental effect. Another important observation is that compression experiments do not result in low ductility failure. During fracture testing, stable ductile crack propagation is observed. Basic fracture analysis of a tensile test is performed in order to better understand the effect of defect size, stress-strain behavior and fracture toughness on the ductility measured through tensile testing. Two opposing specimen size effects are observed.
A Headspace–SPME–MS Method for Monitoring Rapeseed Oil Autoxidation
Authors: Jeleń H. H. , Mildner‐Szkudlarz S. , Jasińska I. , Wąsowicz E.
Published: May 2007

Headspace SPME–MS was used to analyze volatile compounds from rapeseed oil subjected to an accelerated storage test consisting of 0–12 days of storage at 60 °C. The SPME–MS data was compared with the data obtained by solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS). The SPME–GC/MS method allowed detection of 37 volatile compounds, of which 28 were identified. Predominant ones were hexanal, 2,4‐heptadienal, 2‐heptenal and 1‐pentene‐3‐ol. Volatile compounds were not separated in SPME–MS—a single peak reflecting the total amount of volatiles was obtained. An increase in the abundance of characteristic ions in this peak could be used to detect of compounds characteristic for rapeseed oil autoxidation. These compounds (with their characteristic ions) were hexanal (m/z 56), 1‐pentene‐3‐ol and 1‐octene‐3‐ol (m/z 57), 2‐pentenal and 2‐heptenal (m/z 83 and 84), and 2,4‐heptadienal (ions m/z 81 and 110). The SPME–MS peak area was correlated with peroxide value at 0.9779 and with Totox at 0.9841. Principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acid volatile oxidation products from a model rapeseed oil indicated that SPME–MS was able to differentiate samples containing hexanal at a concentration of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/L with proportional amounts of other compounds. Further, samples that were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days of storage at 60 °C were differentiated using SPME–MS–PCA. PCA showed similarities in clustering of the data obtained by SPME–MS and sensory analysis.
Evidence for a 55–50 ka (early Wisconsin) glaciation of the Cordilleran ice sheet, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Ward Brent C. , Bond Jeffrey D. , Gosse John C.
Published: May 2007

Cosmogenic 10Be ages on boulders of 54–51 ka (n=4) on a penultimate Cordilleran ice sheet (CIS) drift confirm that Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 (early Wisconsin) glaciation was extensive in parts of Yukon Territory, the first confirmed evidence in the Canadian Cordillera. We name the glaciation inferred from the mapped and dated drift the Gladstone. These results are in apparent contrast to the MIS 6 (Illinoian) age of the penultimate Reid glaciation to the east in central Yukon but are equivalent to exposure ages on MIS 4 drift in Alaska. Contrasting penultimate ice extents in Yukon requires that different source areas of the northern CIS in Yukon responded differently to climatic forcing during glaciations. The variation in glacier extent for different source areas likely relates to variation in precipitation during glaciation, as the northern CIS was a precipitation-limited system. Causes for a variation in precipitation remain unclear but likely involve the style of precipitation delivery over the St. Elias Mountains possibly related to variations in the Aleutian low.
The Regulations of Honour: An Attempt at a Weberian and Anthropological Enquiry through the Prism of a Spanish Trading Group
Authors: Frade Carlos
Published: May 2007

This paper is concerned with a rather neglected issue in sociological analysis: honour as a value and regulating principle of social life. The attempt is made to study honour from a perspective which pays attention to both the carriers of honour and the social order itself, its maintenance and reproduction. It focuses on a group of Spanish traders who were fervent Catholics who claimed and were reputed to be men of honour. The article shows that honour was incarnated in two external domains: the family house and lineage, providing status-honour, and the trading routes, which brought our group fame as courageous and trustworthy men. Engaging with contemporary debates, it is contended that neither trust nor ethics need be brought to the exchanges from the outside, as is the case with modern capitalist forms, for they are a function of personalised social bonding and embedded in honour itself.
State-Building as Market-Building in China
Authors: Wang Junmin
Published: May 2007

By examining the history of the development of the tobacco industry, a key state industrial sector in China's reform era, this article shows how market-building processes and state-building processes have produced and reproduced each other in economic transitions from planned toward market economies. First, the market competition between state-owned tobacco firms and non-state tobacco firms in the early 1980s resulted in the establishment of a vertical bureaucracy, through a statemonopoly institution. Second, new market dynamics resulted in the transfer of monopoly power from the central government to the local governments. During this process the horizontal bureaucracies governing the tobacco industry in localities were driven into market competitors, while the vertical bureaucracy was greatly undermined. The evidence from the Chinese tobacco industry shows that the project of market-building for postcommunist countries is not a unilateral process. To obtain a complete understanding of transitional economies of postcommunist countries, I suggest that the key is the interaction between state-building and market-building, with a focus on how the specific market dynamics have rebuilt the state structures.
Civic Culture in Western and Eastern Europe
Authors: Janmaat Jan Germen
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the nature of civic culture and the strength of civic attitudes in postcommunist and western countries. In particular, it seeks to explore the internal consistency and durability of civic culture using World Values Survey and European Values Study data. It discusses three perspectives on the strength and durability of civic attitudes in East and West, (the historical roots, the legacy of communism, and the postcommunist transition perspectives) and explores to what extent the pattern of civic attitudes in the two regions matches the predicted outcomes of these perspectives. The paper finds that the attitudes associated with civic culture do not form a coherent syndrome, neither at the individual nor at the societal level. It further finds only marginal support for the historical perspective, which accords a great degree of persistence to civic culture. It therefore concludes that civic culture is not the monolithic and durable phenomenon that some cultural theorists claim it is.
Dealcoholized red and white wines decrease oxidative stress associated with inflammation in rats
Authors: López D. , Pavelkova M. , Gallova L. , Simonetti P. , Gardana C. , Lojek A. , Loaiza R. , Mitjavila M. T.
Published: May 2007

In vitroexperiments have demonstrated that polyphenols exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study was designed to test whether dealcoholized red (DRW) and white (DWW) wines can decrease the oxidative stress associated with inflammationin vivo. Rats were fed for 15 d either a control diet or one supplemented with DRW or DWW. Finally, a granuloma was induced by subcutaneous administration of carrageenan. Although DRW showed higher antioxidant activityin vitrothan DWW, both wines decreased the number of cells recruited into the granuloma pouch. Malondialdehyde decreased in plasma and inflammatory exudate from rats fed with DRW- and DWW-rich diets. Moreover, the concentration of NO increased in exudate, which correlates with the increase in the citrulline:arginine ratio. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the inflammatory exudate of rats fed dealcoholized wines showed decreased superoxide anion (O2∙−) production and increased NO productionex vivo. This change in NO production resulted from increased expression and activity of inducible NO synthase (EC 1.14.13.39). Moreover, the up regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (EC 1.14.99.1) protein expression observed in rats fed the DRW-rich diet was not related to a direct effect of NO. The present results indicate that the non-alcoholic compounds of wines not only improve antioxidant status in an inflammatory situation, but also limit cell infiltration, possibly through a decrease in O2∙−and an increase in NO production.
Genetic variation among Mediterranean populations ofSesamia nonagrioides(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as revealed by RFLP mtDNA analysis
Authors: Margaritopoulos J.T. , Gotosopoulos B. , Mamuris Z. , Skouras P.J. , Voudouris K.C. , Bacandritsos N. , Fantinou A.A. , Tsitsipis J.A.
Published: May 2007

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of two segments of mitochondrial DNA (COI and 16S rRNA) was used to examine genetic variation inSesamia nonagrioides(Lefèbvre) populations from the Mediterranean basin. Four populations were collected from central and southern Greece, and five from northern latitudes: Greece, Italy, France and Spain. No variation was observed in COI, while 16S rRNA segment proved highly polymorphic and 28 different haplotypes were found. Lower intra-population polymorphism was found in the northern populations than in southern ones. Although no significant isolation by distance was found, the UPGMA tree based on Nei's raw number of nucleotide differences separated the populations into two major groups, i.e. one with the northern (40.6°N–43.4°N) and the other with the southern populations (37.3°N–39.2°N). Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the variation was between the two major groups (ΦCT=0.559), and all pairwise comparisons between the northern and southern populations resulted in high and significantFSTvalues (overallFST=0.604). The highFSTvalues and the strong spatial genetic structure indicate that long-distance migration may be a rare event. The populations do not seem to have experienced a strong historical bottleneck. The occurrence of a few widespread haplotypes and the genetic similarity of the northern populations could be attributed to a historical expansion of certain haplotypes from the south towards to the northern borders of the species' distribution area.
THE SINGLE-VALUED EXTENSION PROPERTY IS NOT PRESERVED UNDER SUMS AND PRODUCTS OF COMMUTING OPERATORS
Authors: BOURHIM A. , MILLER V. G.
Published: May 2007

We show that the sum and the product of two commuting operators with the single-valued extension property need not inherit this property.
MODULES OVER PRÜFER DOMAINS WHICH SATISFY THE RADICAL FORMULA
Authors: BUYRUK DILEK , PUSAT-YILMAZ DILEK
Published: May 2007

In this paper we prove that if R is a Prüfer domain, then the R-module R⊕ R satisfies the radical formula.
Experimental and numerical studies of convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell
Authors: GILLET N. , BRITO D. , JAULT D. , NATAF H. C.
Published: May 2007

Thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell is investigated experimentally and numerically. The experiments are performed in water (Prandtl number P=7) and in gallium (P=0.025), at Rayleigh numbers R up to 80 times the critical value in water (up to 6 times critical in gallium) and at Ekman numbers E∼10−6. The measurements of fluid velocities by ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry are quantitatively compared with quasi-geostrophic numerical simulations incorporating a varying β-effect and boundary friction (Ekman pumping). In water, unsteady multiple zonal jets, weaker in amplitude than the non-axisymmetric flow, are experimentally observed and numerically reproduced at moderate forcings (R/Rc<40). In this regime, zonal flows and vortices share the same length scale. Gallium experiments and strongly supercritical convection experiments in water correspond to another regime. In these turbulent flows, the zonal motion amplitude U dominates the non-axisymmetric motion amplitude Ũ. As a result of the reverse cascade of kinetic energy, the characteristic Rhines length scale $\ell_{\beta} \,{\sim}\, \sqrt{\overline{U}/\beta}$ of zonal jets emerges, and the boundary friction becomes the main brake on the growth of the zonal flow. A scaling law U ∼ Ũ4/3 is then derived and verified both numerically and experimentally.
Near-surface particle image velocimetry measurements in a transitionally rough-wall atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: MORRIS SCOTT C. , STOLPA SCOTT R. , SLABOCH PAUL E. , KLEWICKI JOSEPH C.
Published: May 2007

The Reynolds number dependence of the structure and statistics of wall-layer turbulence remains an open topic of research. This issue is considered in the present work using two-component planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements acquired at the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test (SLTEST) facility in western Utah. The Reynolds number (δuτ/ν) was of the order 106. The surface was flat with an equivalent sand grain roughness k+ = 18. The domain of the measurements was 500 < yuτ/ν < 3000 in viscous units, 0.00081 < y/δ < 0.005 in outer units, with a streamwise extent of 6000ν/uτ. The mean velocity was fitted by a logarithmic equation with a von Kármán constant of 0.41. The profile of u′v′ indicated that the entire measurement domain was within a region of essentially constant stress, from which the wall shear velocity was estimated. The stochastic measurements discussed include mean and RMS profiles as well as two-point velocity correlations. Examination of the instantaneous vector maps indicated that approximately 60% of the realizations could be characterized as having a nearly uniform velocity. The remaining 40% of the images indicated two regions of nearly uniform momentum separated by a thin region of high shear. This shear layer was typically found to be inclined to the mean flow, with an average positive angle of 14.9°.
Recurrent motions within plane Couette turbulence
Authors: VISWANATH D.
Published: May 2007

The phenomenon of bursting, in which streaks in turbulent boundary layers oscillate and then eject low-speed fluid away from the wall, has been studied experimentally, theoretically and computationally for more than 50 years because of its importance to the three-dimensional structure of turbulent boundary layers. Five new three-dimensional solutions of turbulent plane Couette flow are produced, one of which is periodic while the other four are relative periodic. Each of these five solutions demonstrates the breakup and re-formation of near-wall coherent structures. Four of our solutions are periodic, but with drifts in the streamwise direction. More surprisingly, two of our solutions are periodic, but with drifts in the spanwise direction, a possibility that does not seem to have been considered in the literature. It is argued that a considerable part of the streakiness observed experimentally in the near-wall region could be due to spanwise drifts that accompany the breakup and re-formation of coherent structures. A new periodic solution of plane Couette flow is also computed that could be related to transition to turbulence.

The violent nature of the bursting phenomenon implies the need for good resolution in the computation of periodic and relative periodic solutions within turbulent shear flows. This computationally demanding requirement is addressed with a new algorithm for computing relative periodic solutions one of whose features is a combination of two well-known ideas – namely the Newton–Krylov iteration and the locally constrained optimal hook step. Each of the six solutions is accompanied by an error estimate.

Dynamical principles are discussed that suggest that the bursting phenomenon, and more generally fluid turbulence, can be understood in terms of periodic and relative periodic solutions of the Navier–Stokes equation.
Capillary dynamics of coupled spherical-cap droplets
Authors: THEISEN E. A. , VOGEL M. J. , LÓPEZ C. A. , HIRSA A. H. , STEEN P. H.
Published: May 2007

Centre-of-mass motions of two coupled spherical-cap droplets are considered. A model with surface tension and inertia that accounts for finite-amplitude deformations is derived in closed form. Total droplet volume λ and half-length L of the tube that connects the droplets are the control parameters. The model dynamics reside in the phase-plane. For lens-like droplets λ < 1, and for any L there is a single steady state about which the droplets vibrate with limit-cycle behaviour. For λ>1, the symmetric state loses stability (saddle point) and new antisymmetric steady states arise about which limit-cycle oscillations occur. These mirror states – big-droplet up or big-droplet down – are also stable. In addition, there are large finite-amplitude ‘looping’ oscillations corresponding to limit cycles that enclose both steady states in the phase-plane. All three kinds of oscillations are documented in an experiment that sets the system into motion by ‘kicking’ one of the droplets with a prescribed pressure-pulse. Model predictions for frequencies are consistent with observations. Small-amplitude predictions are placed in the wider context of constrained Rayleigh vibrations. A model extension to account for the small but non-negligible influence of viscosity is also presented.
Deformation of a droplet adhering to a solid surface in shear flow: onset of interfacial sliding
Authors: DIMITRAKOPOULOS P.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we consider the dynamics of droplets attached to rough or chemically inhomogeneous solid substrates with a circular contact line as they are deformed in subcritical and supercritical simple shear flows. Our main interest is concentrated on identifying the portions of the contact line where the contact angle hysteresis condition is first violated, i.e. the portions of the contact line which slide first. To address this physical problem, we employ our fully implicit time integration algorithm for interfacial dynamics in Stokes flow. Our study reveals that droplets with small and moderate initial angles show an early period where both upstream and downstream sliding are equally favourable as well as a late downstream-favoured period. By contrast, droplets with large initial angles, after a rather small early equally favourable period, show a large period where downstream sliding is more favourable than the upstream sliding. Owing to the surface tension force, droplets with intermediate initial angles are shown to be more stable. Droplets with different viscosity ratio show similar behaviour with respect to the onset of interfacial sliding; however, the viscosity ratio strongly affects the rate of the interfacial deformation and the equilibrium conditions. An asymptotic behaviour for very small or large viscosity ratios is shown to exist.
The limit states of magnetic relaxation
Authors: NÚÑEZ MANUEL
Published: May 2007

It is generally believed that a viscous, non-resistive plasma will eventually decay to a magnetostatic state, probably possessing contact discontinuities. We prove that even in the presence of a decaying forcing, the kinetic energy of the system tends to zero, which justifies the belief that the limit state is static. Regarding the magnetic field, the fact that the magnetic energy remains bounded proves the existence of weak sequential limits of the field as the time goes to infinity, but this does not imply that the magnetic field tends to a single state: we present an example where there is no limit, even in a weak sense. One additional condition upon the velocity, however, is enough to guarantee existence of a single limit magnetic configuration.
Thelidium rimosulum (Verrucariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new lichen species from Poland
Authors: CEYNOWA-GIEŁDON Mirosława
Published: May 2007

%Thelidium rimosulum sp. nov. is described from limestone in an industrialized area near Piechcin, north-central Poland (Kujawy). The species is mainly characterized by the small, bicellular ascospores, a well-developed involucrellum and a thin, often isidiate or sorediate, thallus.
Gorillas in the midst: the impact of armed conflict on the conservation of protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Glew L. , Hudson M.D.
Published: May 2007

The frequently anecdotal nature of evidence concerning the impact of warfare on conservation poses numerous problems and there have been calls to apply a strict set of conditions to such data to improve the rigor of scientific analysis in this field. To illustrate the difficulties, however, of applying strict quantitative conditions on such data a deterministic model of conflict-linked deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa was constructed and the implications of the model discussed. Our model indicates that from 1990–2005 approximately 35,000 ha of timber have been used to support officially recorded UN refugees in this region: this is a continuing impact, albeit quantified using data with some potential error. An alternative semi-quantitative approach was also used, with reported environmental impacts of conflict assessed for reliability and severity using a number of empirical criteria. Data focusing on the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda were subsequently analysed using this framework. Illegal resource exploitation was identified as the primary impact resulting from conflict and, in some instances, a driver of the hostilities. From the joint consideration of the conflict and post-conflict phases such exploitation is concluded to be the product of lawlessness and anarchy generated by violent uprisings rather than violence per se. As such, armed conflict does not pose a novel threat to protected areas but rather amplifies threats extant during peace, creating a need for appropriate responses by those involved in conservation management. With both the occurrence and violence of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa increasing, the impacts of warfare are pertinent to both the immediate and long-term management of biological resources in the region.
The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape, South Africa: an assessment
Authors: Hayward Matt W. , Kerley Graham I. H. , Adendorff John , Moolman Lucius C. , O'Brien John , Sholto-Douglas Angus , Bissett Charlene , Bean Peter , Fogarty Alan , Howarth Dale , Slater Richard
Published: May 2007

Recently, conservation estate in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province has increased 10-fold resulting in large predators being increasingly reintroduced to restore ecological integrity and maximize tourism. We describe the reintroductions of large carnivores (>10 kg) that have occurred in the Eastern Cape and use various criteria to assess their success. Lion Panthera leo reintroduction has been highly successful with a population of 56 currently extant in the region and problems of overpopulation arising. The African wild dog Lycaon pictus population has increased to 24 from a founder population of 11. Preliminary results for spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta also indicate success. Wild populations of leopards Panthera pardus exist on several reserves and have been supplemented by translocated individuals, although deaths of known individuals have occurred and no estimate of reproduction is available. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus reintroduction has also been less successful with 36 individuals reintroduced and 23 cubs being born but only 41 individuals surviving in 2005. Criteria for assessing the success of reintroductions of species that naturally occur in low densities, such as top predators, generally have limited value. Carrying capacity for large predators is unknown and continued monitoring and intensive management will be necessary in enclosed, and possibly all, conservation areas in the Eastern Cape to ensure conservation success.
Assessing the failure of a community-based human-wildlife conflict mitigation project in Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda
Authors: Webber A. D. , Hill C. M. , Reynolds V.
Published: May 2007

Primate crop raiding is a major cause of human-wildlife conflict around the forests of western Uganda. In an attempt to ameliorate the situation a conflict mitigation strategy was established in villages around the Budongo Forest Reserve in 2001. Live-traps were constructed that allowed the identification of crop raiding animals; pest species could be disposed of and threatened species released unharmed. However, by 2004 none of the traps in the study area were functioning and interviews were conducted to assess the reasons for their decline and local people's acceptance of the intervention. Forty-one percent of respondents did not believe the strategy was effective and the majority of local farmers did not accept responsibility for the traps. This was because of operational failures in four areas: (1) the identification of key stakeholders, (2) objective evaluation to assess the efficacy and benefit of the intervention, (3) participatory monitoring and evaluation, and (4) long-term funding commitment by conservation agencies. We examine the impact of these four elements upon the sustainability of the live-trap programme and stress the importance of recognizing and reporting failures to develop effective and acceptable mitigation strategies.
Nesting and at-sea distribution of marine turtles in Angola, West
Africa, 2000–2006: occurrence, threats and conservation implications
Authors: Weir Caroline R. , Ron Tamar , Morais Miguel , Duarte Agostinho Domingos C.
Published: May 2007

The status of marine turtles in Angola, West Africa, is poorly known, and
therefore during 2000–2006 a combination of both dedicated and
opportunistic beach and at-sea turtle surveys were carried out, and interviews
conducted with fishing communities and at markets. Green Chelonia mydas, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea and loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta were recorded, and nesting of the
first three species confirmed during September–March (peaking
November–December). Green turtles nested mainly in the south,
leatherback turtles in north and central Angola, and olive ridley turtle nesting
was widespread. Olive ridley turtle nest density at Palmeirinhas averaged 32
nests km−1. At-sea surveys produced 298 turtle records,
with peak occurrence during August. Significant anthropogenic-related mortality
(including exploitation of meat and eggs and fishing bycatch) was recorded, in
addition to natural predation and other threats. Maintenance of the long-term
sustainability of these turtle populations should focus on the involvement of
fishing communities and increasing awareness throughout Angola.
Paeoniflorin inhibits TGF-β1-mediated collagen production bySchistosoma japonicumsoluble egg antigenin vitro
Authors: CHU D. , LUO Q. , LI C. , GAO Y. , YU L. , WEI W. , WU Q. , SHEN J.
Published: May 2007

The main pathological characteristics of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis are the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the deposition of collagen type I (Col I) and collagen type III (Col III). Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in hepatic fibrosis. Paeoniflorin (PAE) has been reported to have immunoregulatory effects; however, the mechanism of its anti-hepatic fibrosis inS. japonicumhas not been elucidated. In the present study, we found that mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMφs) stimulated by soluble egg antigen (SEA) ofS. japonicumcould secrete TGF-β1, and the TGF-β1 in the peritoneal macrophage-conditioned medium (PMCM) could induce proliferation of HSCs and secretion of Col I and III. We selected PMCM at 1:2 dilution as the optimum PMCM (OPMCM). Then we treated HSCs pre-incubated with OPMCM with PAE, and found that the inhibition of HSC proliferation or Col I and III production were closely correlated with the concentration of PAE. Further investigation found that PAE significantly decreased the Smad3 transcription and phosphorylation in HSCs stimulated by OPMCM. In conclusion, SEA plays a key role in hepatic fibrosis by inducing TGF-β1 from PMφs. PAE can exert anti-fibrogenic effects by inhibiting HSCs proliferation and down-regulating Smad3 expression and phosphorylation through TGF-β1 signalling.
Report on the Oral Proceedings in the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro): Selected Procedural Aspects
Authors: RIDDELL ANNA
Published: May 2007

This article is intended to be a report of the oral proceedings in the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), detailing what took place in the Peace Palace and considering the arguments of the parties relating to the procedure adopted in the proceedings. These include the preliminary question of whether or not the International Court of Justice has jurisdiction in the case, a question which has been reopened by Serbia and Montenegro following the 2004 judgment in the Legality of the Use of Force cases; the question of the impact of the workings of the ICTY on the current proceedings; the issue of new documents which has arisen, given the very long gap between the written and oral proceedings; the burden and standard of proof adopted by the Court and what inferences it may draw; and the methodology for hearing witness testimony in the Court. Each of the parties addressed the Court on these procedural issues in some detail, in addition to their pleadings on the substance of the merits of the case.
Polymerase chain reaction in the detection of an ‘outbreak’ of asymptomatic viral infections in a community birth cohort in south India
Authors: GLADSTONE B. P. , ITURRIZA-GOMARA M. , RAMANI S. , MONICA B. , BANERJEE I. , BROWN D. W. , GRAY J. J. , MULIYIL J. , KANG G.
Published: May 2007

Asymptomatic enteric infections are important where sequelae or protection from subsequent illness is an outcome measure. The use of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) to identify asymptomatic enteric infections in a birth cohort followed for rotaviral infections in a south Indian urban slum is reported. Of 1191 non-diarrhoeal samples from 371 children collected in May–June 2003, 22 (1·9%) were positive by ELISA. A total of 147 (40·6%) of 362 samples tested by VP6 RT–PCR were positive. In those samples that could be typed, a high diversity of G types including G1, G2, G4, G8, G9 and G10, and a high proportion (34·4%) of mixed infections were detected. Noroviruses were identified in 6/28 (21·4%) samples tested. The identification of infections undetectable by conventional techniques indicates the importance of the use of sensitive diagnostic techniques in research studies. Asymptomatically infected children may also act as a source of infection for other susceptible hosts.
Theoretical modeling of convection I. Key physical processes
Authors: Canuto V. M.
Published: May 2007

If one strives for a reliable description of “Turbulent Mixing in Stars” one must account for a large variety of physical processes. These include non-locality, that is needed in unstably stratified regimes, overshooting, which occurs in a stably stratified regime, double-diffusion processes (semi-convection and salt-fingers), transport of angular momentum, the Li7problem, compressibility, and magnetic fields. While phenomenological models are manifestly inadequate, LES are too computer intensive to tackle this large variety of processes. Since the requirement of completeness of the description of these processes must also result in models that are usable in stellar structure-evolution codes, we conclude that only the RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) can do so and a description of the state of the art in that field is presented in Part 2.
Theories of convection and the spectrum of turbulence in the solar photosphere
Authors: Rincon François
Published: May 2007

Classical theories of turbulence do not describe accurately inertial range scaling laws in turbulent convection and notably fail to model the shape of the turbulent spectrum of solar photospheric convection. To understand these discrepancies, a detailed study of scale-by-scale budgets in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection is presented, with particular emphasis placed on anisotropy and inhomogeneity. A generalized Kolmogorov equation applying to convection is derived and its various terms are computed using numerical simulations of turbulent Boussinesq convection. The analysis of the isotropic part of the equation shows that the third-order velocity structure function is significantly affected by buoyancy forcing and large-scale inhomogeneities. Anisotropic contributions to this equation are also shown to be comparable to their isotropic counterpart at moderate to large scales. Implications of these results for convection in the solar photosphere, mesogranulation and supergranulation are discussed.
ATLAS 9 and ATLAS 12 under GNU-Linux
Authors: Sbordone Luca , Bonifacio Piercarlo , Castelli Fiorella
Published: May 2007

We successfully ported the suite of codes developed by R. L. Kurucz for stellar atmosphere modelling, abundance determination and synthetic spectra calculation, to run under GNU-Linux. The ported codes include ATLAS 9 and ATLAS 12 for 1-D plane-parallel atmosphere model calculation, DFSYNTHE, which calculates the Opacity Distribution Functions (ODF) to be used with ATLAS 9, WIDTH to derive chemical abundances from measured line Equivalent Widths (EW) and SYNTHE to calculate synthetic spectra. The codes input and output files remain fully compatible with the VMS versions, while the computation speed has been greatly increased due to the high efficiency of modern PC CPUs. As an example, ATLAS 9 model calculations and the computation of large (e.g. 10 nm) synthetic spectra can be executed in a matter of minutes on any mainstream laptop computer. Arbitrary chemical compositions can be used in calculations (by using ATLAS 12 through opacity sampling or by calculating ad-hoc ODFs for ATLAS 9). The large set of scripting languages existing under Linux (shell, perl, python. . .) and the availability of low-cost multiprocessor Linux architectures (such as Beowulf) makes the port highly effective to build model farms to produce large quantities of atmosphere models or synthetic spectra (e.g. for the production of integrated light synthetic spectra). The port is hosted on a dedicated website including a download section for source codes, precompiled binaries, needed data (opacities, line lists and so on), sample launch scripts and documentation.
Helioseismic inferences on subsurface solar convection
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander G.
Published: May 2007

Helioseismology has provided robust estimates of global properties of the solar convection zone, its depth, stratification, and revealed rotational shear layers at the boundaries. New methods of local helioseismology provide 3D maps of subsurface convective flows. In the quiet Sun regions, these maps reveal that supergranular-scale convection extends to the depth of 12–15 Mm. Analysis of evolution of the supergranular convection pattern shows evidence for a wave-like behavior which might be related to the interaction between convection and the subsurface rotational sheer layer. Helioseismology also reveals large-scale circulation flows around magnetic regions. These flows affect the evolution of the mean meridional flow during the solar cycle and, probably, the magnetic flux transport from mid-latitudes to the polar regions, a process important for solar dynamo theories. Helioseismic measurements on a smaller scale, below sunspots, give insight on how convection interacts with strong magnetic fields.