bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PSEUDORABIES (INFECTIOUS BULBAR PARALYSIS, MAD ITCH
Authors: Hurst E. Weston
Published: June 2004

In the monkey (M. mulatto) the virus of pseudorabies, pantropic in the rabbit, behaves as a strict neurotrope. Infection, usually fatal, readily follows intracerebral and intracisternal inoculation of rabbit virus, and often intrasciatic inoculation; the symptomatology of the ensuing disease is described. In a limited number of experiments no infection resulted from intradermal, intramuscular or intravenous inoculation. Nerve and glial cells are primarily attacked by the virus, but no cytological or other evidence of susceptibility of non-nervous tissue or of growth of virus outside the nervous system was obtained. Certain cortical areas, of which the principal are the pyriform area, cornu Ammonis, island of Reil, lower lip of the Sylvian fissure and basal surface of the frontal lobe, are affected far more severely than are other parts of the nervous axis; the reasons for this elective distribution of the most severe lesions, seen alike after intracerebral and intrasciatic inoculation and analogous perhaps to that in poliomyelitis and louping-ill, are not obvious. Other areas of the nervous system are relatively insusceptible to the action of the virus. Cases showing clinically only a febrile reaction without definite nervous symptoms may later exhibit marked residual lesions at the sites of election. The blood and cerebrospinal fluid play no apparent rôle in disseminating the virus, which, after intrasciatic inoculation, spreads upwards by the nervous path.

Some suggestion was received from the experiments that in monkeys possessed of immunity to B virus (Sabin and Wright, 1934) pseudorabic infection is less likely to prove fatal than in animals not so immune, but the observations made were insufficiently numerous to be of statistical value.

The sera of 6 out of 26 monkeys were found to contain antibodies neutralising B virus; these 6 monkeys were all included in one batch of 7 received at one time from the dealer.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY UPON EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES IN THE CAT
Authors: Long C. N. H. , Lukens F. D. W.
Published: June 2004

1. The hypophysectomized cat shows an alleviation of the diabetes following pancreatectomy comparable to that previously demonstrated by others in the dog.

2. It is possible by various procedures to remove both adrenals and all the pancreas from cats. Such animals have survived for as long as 4 weeks without the use of insulin, the average survival being 18 days. Daily injections of cortical extract are necessary. By contrast, cats deprived of insulin by similar procedures but with adrenals intact survive only 4–5 days.

3. Adrenalectomized-depancreatized cats show as striking an alleviation of the diabetes as do those hypophysectomized and depancreatized. This is expressed by the markedly decreased glucose, nitrogen and acetone body excretion compared to that found in the depancreatized cat, as well as by the increased survival period.

4. Removal of epinephrine by denervation or demedullation of the adrenals does not protect against pancreatic diabetes in the cat.

5. The carbohydrate tolerance of depancreatized cats is not significantly increased by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy.

The exceptions to this finding have all been in animals presenting varying degrees of spontaneous hypoglycemia.

6. It is our opinion that the effects of hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy upon pancreatic diabetes are due to diminution of the production of glucose and acetone bodies rather than to the resumption of normal carbohydrate utilization.
STUDIES IN SYNERGY
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Schultz Mark P.
Published: June 2004

The degree of immunization and sensitization of rabbits following injections of beef lens is markedly increased when the animals are under the influence of staphylotoxin. Since the effect of the latter is exerted when the two substances are introduced separately into the same tissues with several hours elapsing between injections, or into different veins, it appears that an intimate association of them is unnecessary. A stimulating action of the toxin on the antibody-forming cells is a more probable explanation of the phenomena observed. Animals actively immune to staphylotoxin fail to show any synergic effect of this toxin when introduced with beef lens. Neutralization of the toxin in vitro, on the other hand, fails to eliminate this stimulating effect.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS (ST. LOUIS TYPE) IN MICE WITH HIGH INBORN RESISTANCE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Clow Anna D.
Published: June 2004

1. St. Louis encephalitis virus injected intracerebrally or intraperitoneally in maximum doses in resistant mice is distributed and is effective in a manner generally similar to that in susceptible mice. The minimum infecting dose is at least 1,000 times greater in resistant than susceptible mice and virus injected in the brain tends to remain at a relatively low titre, persist for a few days, and then disappear.

2. Virus dropped in the nares is demonstrable and progresses in the brains of resistant mice as in susceptible mice, but does not increase in titre beyond the 5th day, does not bring about fatal encephalitis, and persists for at least 4 weeks.

3. Lesions in the brains of resistant mice following nasal instillation of virus do not appear until the 8th day, reach a maximum at 40 days, and are still present, though resolving, at 3 months. The changes resemble those seen in the human disease and in other unnamed forms of encephalitis.

4. The quantity of virus drops 1,000-fold when recovered from resistant mice and becomes non-infective by the nasal route. Passage in susceptible mice promptly restores its full titre.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative data are given on the effect of changes in hydrogen ion concentration and of salt solutions of high concentration on certain immune precipitates obtained at lower salt concentration.

2. Advantage is taken of the shift in reaction equilibrium brought about by the salt in the case of pneumococcus carbohydrate-anti-carbohydrate precipitates to enable the preparation, in a single step from unconcentrated serum, of antibody solutions in which up to 93 per cent of the total nitrogen is immune nitrogen. The method permits successive absorptions of a serum to be made with the same specific precipitate.

3. A modification of Felton's alkaline earth hydroxide dissociation procedure is proposed which yields highly purified antibody with precipitates which have been subjected to several successive salt dissociations.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Cox Herald R. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

An analysis of the preceding experiments discloses that antiviral bodies are demonstrable not at all or in small amounts in the sera of guinea pigs injected with a quantity of active virus not sufficient to induce immunity against the described intracerebral test for induced resistance. However, neutralizing bodies are found in immune animals, although in low concentration, and are regularly manifested when serum is added to low multiples of infective doses of virus under optimal conditions of time and temperature. Hyperimmune serum, on the other hand, reveals a distinct increase in the amount of antiviral bodies present.

Irrespective of the mode of procedure for revealing neutralizing bodies, there does not appear to be any notable difference in the content of such bodies in the serum of animals immunized with active virus or with formolized vaccine in which active virus could not be demonstrated. In other words, the antigenic complexes in active as well as in inactive virus produce similar degrees of antibody reaction. The formolization of virus tissue suspensions, therefore, can be considered as a process whereby the virus is inactivated but the antigenicity of the suspensions is preserved, as is also shown in the preceding paper of this series in tests on tissue immunity. In that article is described the remarkably high degree of tissue immunity which results from injections of inactive virus; now we demonstrate that this resistance is associated with a minimal degree of serum antibody.

Finally, the question may well be asked, if practically no antiviral bodies are demonstrable immediately or soon after mixing immune serum and virus, and are recognizable in a tenfold increase when functions of time and temperature are brought into play, whether the bodies are "neutralizing" or the phenomenon is due merely to aggregation of virus particles by the serum. From the recent work on the same virus and immune serum (9) by Merrill, there appears to be warrant for the belief in aggregation of virus particles which in turn diminishes the virus activity to the indicated degree.
CHANGES IN OUTLYING BONE MARROW ACCOMPANYING A LOCAL INCREASE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS
Authors: Huggins Charles , Blocksom B. H.
Published: June 2004

A great difference exists in the adult bone marrow of central bones as compared with outlying bones of the mammalia and avia, the distal bones being at a great disadvantage from the standpoint of blood cell production. Several experimental procedures are reported by which this disadvantage is overcome and in consequence fatty marrow of outlying bones is replaced by red marrow occurring chiefly at the epiphyseal regions, unless a low oxygen stimulus is also provided when marrow of the diaphysis becomes involved. A common factor in all of the experiments was an elevation of temperature beyond that prevailing in these distal regions, and it is felt that the evidence warrants the opinion that the cause of improvement is thermal. In some experiments, blood cell formation was increasing while the heat was adversely affecting the testis. The experiments permit construction of a general theory of fat distribution in bone marrow.

In certain grafts of precartilage to other rats, normal differentiation into bone, cartilage, and marrow occurred, while in others cartilage and very small amounts of primitive marrow developed with slight, or no bone formation. Cartilage was always successfully engrafted.

The capacity to form sinusoids in bone marrow is determined by the nature of the tissue rather than by the ingrowing endothelium.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

1. The addition of small amounts of cholesterol and of cephalin reduces markedly the protective action of antipneumococcus horse serum.

2. These lipids do not affect the protective action of antipneumococcus rabbit serum.

3. These findings may be explained (a)by the selective adsorption of lipid on the antigen-antibody complex, and (b) by certain lipid antagonisms.

4. The failure of large amounts of immune horse serum to protect mice against pneumococcus infection is explicable on the basis of selective participation of lipids dependent upon the species from which the antibody is derived.

5. The lipids modify the results of protection tests only through participation in the process of specific sensitization.
THE HEMOCYTOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF ADULT MALE RABBITS FROM FIFTEEN STANDARD BREEDS
Authors: Casey Albert E. , Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

A study of the red blood cells, hemoglobin, blood platelets, and the total and individual white blood cells was made on 180 male rabbits of known age and representing fifteen standard breeds. An attempt was made to eliminate or bold constant such variables as age, sex, season, time of examination, technical errors, food, housing, and disease. The mean, variance of the mean, and standard deviation were calculated for each breed sample and for the group as a whole. An analysis of the variance showed that the variation between the breed samples was significantly greater than the variation within the breed samples for the red blood cells, hemoglobin, blood platelets, total white blood cells, basophiles, eosinophiles, and lymphocytes per cubic millimeter and in per cent and the neutrophiles in per cent. No significant variations were detected in the monocytes except when the breeds were divided into heavy and light breeds. No variation in the neutrophiles per cubic millimeter was detected; a large number of the breeds had exactly the same mean neutrophile level. Characteristic blood formulae were found for the various breed samples having an adequate numerical representation. It was concluded that the varying blood formulae could not be explained on any other, except an hereditary (genetic) basis.
NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, AND CHLORINE METABOLISM IN RICKETS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BILIARY FISTULA RICKETS IN PUPPIES
Authors: Heymann Walter
Published: June 2004

1. Rickets developed in three puppies deprived of vitamin D and sunlight since birth, in which, at the age of 6 to 7 weeks gall bladder fistula was established. The results of studies of their bones and of the calcium and phosphate metabolism have previously been published (2). Studies on the nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine metabolism, here presented, reveal that the metabolism was greatly interfered with as compared with that in three controls without gall bladder fistula rickets. This interference, together with an inhibited gain in weight, demonstrates that the pathogenesis of biliary, fistula rickets in puppies has to be considered distinctly different from infantile rickets as well as from rickets produced in rats.

2. The nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine metabolism was also studied in three rachitic and four healthy infants, and in eleven rachitic and six control rats. The balance of these substances, as well as their distribution in stool and urine, proved to be the same whether or not rickets was present.

3. The pathogenesis of biliary fistula rickets is discussed on the basis of these studies. The assumption has been made that deficiency in other vitamins than vitamin D might have a bearing upon the development of this disease. Further study with a view to possible elimination of these unspecific factors might lead to the experimental production by gall bladder fistula of a purely rachitic state.

4. The normal balance and distribution of nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine in the stool and urine of rachitic infants and rats are considered further evidence of the hypothetical nature of the so called absorption theory in infantile rickets.
A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Moen Johannes K.
Published: June 2004

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus.

2. 20 positive reactors were found in 330 supposedly normal guinea pigs.

3. 195 negatively reacting animals were used as a breeding stock which yielded 1,296 progeny over a period of 15 months. None of the breeding stock or their progeny showed evidence of spontaneous lymphadenitis. Skin tests of 100 of the progeny were all negative.

4. The use of this skin test as a means of obtaining guinea pig breeding stock free of the streptococcus causing spontaneous lymphadenitis is suggested.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. II
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Jacobs John
Published: June 2004

In continuation of previous work sensitization experiments have been made with various substances such as urushiol, benzyl chlorides, and acyl chlorides. In the case of a series of substituted benzenes (Cl, NO2) a connection between sensitizing capacity and lability of the Cl or NO2 groups has been shown, indicating the formation of conjugated antigens in the animal. This led to the study of benzyl and acyl chlorides which, actually, were found to have sensitizing capacity. Most informative as to the relationship between reactions of the skin surface and anaphylaxis were experiments with acyl chlorides. Guinea pigs sensitized with p-chlorobenzoyl chloride showed, on the one hand, the usual surface lesions after application of the substance, and on the other typical anaphylactic shock following intravenous injection of a compound of p-chlorobenzoyl chloride and guinea pig serum; from which it may be inferred that the two types of allergic manifestation are closely related conditions.
AN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OF GROWING ANIMALS TO CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE ABSENCE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES OR PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO INFECTION
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Sabin Albert B. , Cox Herald R.
Published: June 2004

1. As mice grow older they acquire a resistance to peripheral inoculation with the Indiana and New Jersey strains of vesicular stomatitis virus and to some extent also to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, but little or none to the Eastern strain.

2. While some mice may become resistant as early as the 30th day of life, others may still be susceptible at 1 year of age.

3. This resistance is readily demonstrable when the inoculations are made by intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes, but not when the virus is injected directly into the brain.

4. The resistance is not related to previous exposure to infection or to the presence of specific or nonspecific antiviral bodies in the blood.

5. No difference in susceptibility to peripheral inoculation was found in young and old guinea pigs to pseudorabies virus, and in relatively young and old Macacus rhesus monkeys to poliomyelitis virus.
THE STANDARDIZATION OF LONGEVITY AGAINST DOSE IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS BY INTRACEREBRAL INOCULATION
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C.
Published: June 2004

Intracerebral inoculation of tuberde bacilli into normal guinea pigs induces acute meningoencephalitis with minor metastatic lesions. The disease is fatal in a relatively short time and is characterized by a rather typical succession of symptoms and a fairly characteristic temperature curve. The disease is produced by very small numbers of bacilli; and under standard conditions, survival time is so uniform as to make possible quantitative or titration experiments. Certain possible applications of the method are discussed.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SWINE TO THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

Swine inoculated intranasally with human influenza virus alone develop an ill defined, mild, and usually afebrile illness of short duration. At postmortem the anterior lobes of the lungs of such animals contain scant, scattered areas of lobular atelectasis. Transmission of the virus for 5 serial passages through two groups of swine failed noticeably to enhance its pathogenicity for this species. The disease produced in swine by infection with human influenza virus alone is indistinguishable clinically and pathologically from that caused by infection with swine influenza virus alone. Transmission of human influenza virus from swine to swine by contact succeeded in only one of four attempts.

Swine inoculated intranasally with a mixture of human influenza virus and H. influenzae suis usually develop a febrile, depressing illness similar to mild swine influenza. The pneumonia encountered in such animals at autopsy is similar to but less extensive than that seen in swine influenza. In some animals H. influenzae suis fails to become established and the disease then seen is identical with that caused by human influenza virus alone.

The human influenza virus recovered after 5 serial transfers in swine was immunologically the same as that with which the experiments were begun.
LIPIDS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Goodner Kenneth
Published: June 2004

1. Complete lipid patterns of specific precipitates from horse and rabbit Type I antipneumococcus sera, as well as of the sera themselves, have been determined by gasometric micro methods.

2. The lipid patterns of horse and rabbit antisera are very similar, and as regards the phosphatide fractions are relatively identical.

3. The lipid patterns of specific precipitates from horse and rabbit antisera show one outstanding qualitative difference. The specific precipitate from horse antiserum contains an amino phosphatide, which is probably cephalin, while that from rabbit antiserum contains a non-amino phosphatide, which is thought to be lecithin.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E.
Published: June 2004

Nephritis can be induced in rats by the injection of anti-kidney sera obtained from rabbits immunized with suspensions of perfused rat kidney.

Anti-kidney sera, thus prepared, contain a number of antibodies capable, on injection into rats, of inducing a severe anaphylactoid reaction with general vascular manifestations that involve the kidney as well as other organs. These sera also contain a nephrotoxic agent that affects the kidney primarily.

The nephrotoxic effect is characterized clinically by severe persistent albuminuria with casts, and transient anasarca during the acute disease, but no significant hematuria occurs. When a severe anaphylactoid reaction is superimposed on the nephrotoxic injury, hematuria is an outstanding feature.

Nephrotoxin is demonstrable in vivo and is not related quantitatively to the precipitins in the anti-kidney serum against kidney extract. It is most readily obtained by immunization with kidney suspensions, but may occasionally appear after injections of other organ preparations; it does not result from immunization with erythrocytes or serum. Nephrotoxin is present in the globulin fraction of anti-kidney serum.

The nephrotoxic action of anti-kidney serum is easily removed by absorption with kidney cells or fat-free kidney tissue. Similar preparations of liver likewise remove it, but less readily. Neither kidney, liver, or brain lipids affect it, nor does absorption with red blood cells or serum.

Nephrotoxin appears to be an antibody that is relatively organ specific in its affinities. It differs from the more common antibodies involved in reverse anaphylaxis in one respect, at least: The animal rapidly becomes desensitized against the latter and fails to react, whereas desensitization to nephrotoxin is difficult to secure.
DOES THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONE INDUCE ANTIBODIES OR ANTIHORMONES?
Authors: Sulman Felix
Published: June 2004

1. It is shown in 52 experiments upon rabbits that the purified gonadotropic hormone has no antigenic function—as an antigen or a haptene—either in the form of prolan derived from the urine of pregnant women or in the form of prosylan, derived from the blood of pregnant mares.

2. The experiments reported elsewhere which ascribe an antigenic structure to prolan, are due to confusion with the so called non-specific urine antigen (urine colloid).

3. Sera of rabbits which are abundant in prolan antihormone (Collip) also contain no antibodies against prolan. The antihormones against the gonadotropic substances must accordingly be considered as protective ferments (Abderhalden).

4. The employment of castrated animals has no influence upon the above results.

5. The lack of immunizingly effective components in pure prolan and prosylan (a) inhibits the possibility of serological diagnosis of pregnancy for the diagnostician; (b) protects the therapeutist against undesirable toxic and allergic secondary effects in intensive prolan treatment. The latter also is valid for pure prosylan preparations.

6. No prolan antibodies could be found in the blood of pregnant women in the 2nd and 4th month of pregnancy, or 1 day and 1 month postpartum.

7. Antihormone against prolan of human origin has no paralysing effect upon a prosylan preparation derived from the blood of pregnant mares (antex); there exists therefore a species specificity.
THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED LIPIDS OF THE SKIN
Authors: Stevens Franklin A.
Published: June 2004

The lipids of the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light are bactericidal. Since other fats and oils which have been irradiated are bactericidal on account of the active oxygen released on contact with bacteria, the mechanism of the bactericidal action of irradiated lipids of the skin must be similar because the lipids have the properties of other irradiated fats and oils. Irradiation increases the active oxygen content of dried skin markedly but little increase occurs if the lipids have been extracted. Although the normal lipids extracted from the skin contain some active oxygen, the active oxygen content is much increased by irradiation. The vapor from lipids exposed to ultraviolet light fogs photographic plates intensely and retards the growth of hemolytic streptococcus. When emulsified in salt solution, the irradiated lipids kill hemolytic streptococcus promptly in comparison with emulsions of lipid which have not been irradiated. The addition of neutralized cysteine HCl to the emulsions of the lipid, normal or irradiated, prolongs the life of bacteria suspended in the emulsions. This protective effect is due to the reducing action of the cysteine, Normal non-irradiated lipid, extracted from the skin under conditions which permit oxidation, kills bacteria more quickly than that used in these experiments, where precautions were taken to prevent oxidation (unpublished data). Even though these precautions were taken some oxidation occurred, because lipid so extracted contained some active oxygen, and bacteria lived longer in emulsions of this normal lipid if cysteine were added.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Gross Jerome , Hanzal Ramon F.
Published: June 2004

Excision of the thoracic portion of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia on both sides failed to prevent the development of persistent hypertension which, in dogs, follows the production of renal ischemia by partial clamping of the renal arteries (1). In dogs with this type of experimental renal hypertension existent for varying lengths of time (up to about 4 years), excision of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia failed to effect any degree of permanent lowering of the blood pressure.

For the dog, at least, these results tend to minimize the importance of the splanchnic vasomotor mechanism in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. This is in agreement with the conclusions of Prinzmetal and Wilson (6) and of Pickering (7) about the part played by the vasomotor system in human hypertension. It is also in agreement with the work of Page (8), and of Collins (9), who showed that in dogs excision of the extrinsic renal nerves alone does not prevent experimental hypertension due to renal ischemia. Although the results of this investigation fail to give experimental support for the operation that is being practised on human beings with hypertension, yet they do not necessarily controvert the reports of beneficial effects in some cases of human hypertension. Further study of the effects on man is necessary before the results of this operation can be adequately evaluated.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULAR LESIONS IN LYMPH NODES: AN EXTENSION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Koplik Lewis Henry
Published: June 2004

Characteristic changes are produced in the lymph nodes of rabbits following the intravenous injection of certain bacterial filtrates administered 24 hours after either an intralymphatic or an intradermal injection of the same filtrate. These changes are limited to the nodes served by the lymphatic injected or to those furnishing the lymphatic drainage for the injected skin site. By either method the initial or preparatory injection of filtrate reaches the lymph nodes through one or more of its afferent lymphatics, and similar lesions are produced in the nodes.

The lesions consist of hemorrhages recognizable by gross and microscopic examination. The capillaries and veins are congested and thrombosed. Their endothelial cells are swollen. Arterioles are generally little affected. Though hemorrhages and thromboses are usually seen together in the nodes, they have been observed occurring independently. They are both probably secondary to endothelial changes. The lesions are not dependent on the amount of preexisting inflammation in the nodes.

Endothelial changes, hemorrhages and thromboses were usually noted in the regional nodes when positive Shwartzman reactions had been elicited in prepared skin by intravenous injection of the bacterial filtrate. However, these lesions in many instances were observed under similar conditions in these nodes even when the Shwartzman reaction in the skin was negative. It appears that lymph nodes are more susceptible to the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon than the skin sites which they drain.

A single intralymphatic or intradermal injection of the bacterial filtrates used in this study, even in high concentrations, does not produce in adjacent lymph nodes the characteristic changes noted when this preparatory injection is followed by a subsequent intravenous injection of the filtrate.

Single intravenous injections also are not productive of hemorrhage and thrombosis in lymph nodes.
THE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY IN RABBITS, AND THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH SPECIFIC ANTISERUM ON THE INFECTION OF THE LYMPH
Authors: Field Madeleine E. , Shaffer Morris F. , Enders John F. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that in rabbits infected intravenously with virulent Type III pneumococci, these organisms are found not only in the thoracic duct lymph, as previously reported, but also in lymph from the cervical and leg lymphatics. The nonmotile bacteria must have crossed both vascular and lymphatic endothelium in reaching the lymph. Intracellular transportation by phagocytes is apparently not the means by which this is effected.

The intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of large amounts of homologous type-specific antibody fails even after many hours to terminate or permanently reduce the pneumococcal infection of the lymph.

The failure of antiserum to sterilize the lymph is discussed.
THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been developed for the transplantation of the whole thyroid into the Lindbergh pump, and its perfusion, without the occurrence of infection, emboli, and other complications.

2. The gland remains alive during the period of perfusion, which lasted from 3 to 21 days.

3. The technique is simple enough to be used as a routine procedure for physiological or pathological studies of the thyroid gland.
STUDIES ON THE SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Pauli Ruth H. , Coburn Alvin F. ,   With the Assistance of Florence Stone, Ph.D.
Published: June 2004

The cross-reactions which interfere with satisfactory serological identification of hemolytic streptococcus are due to anticarbohydrate in the sera used for typing.

This antibody can be removed easily by absorption with purified streptococcus carbohydrate, and type identification is then readily established.

The serological classification of hemolytic streptococcus from throat infections contracted in New York during 1935 and 1936 showed the predominance of types 4, 13 and 22. Type 13 appeared to be the most serious in initiating rheumatic activity during this period of observation.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry
Published: June 2004

Persistent elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure due to renal ischemia has been produced in monkeys (macaque) by the same method previously used for this purpose in dogs.
EFFECT OF INTENSE SONIC VIBRATIONS ON ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Smadel Joseph E. , Chambers Leslie A.
Published: June 2004

Thoroughly washed elementary bodies of vaccinia were inactivated by sonic vibrations with a frequency of about 8900 cycles per second; the inactivation was not accompanied by a disruption of the bodies. Adventitious substances, notably protein, prevented or hindered the inactivation. There is some evidence that oxidation might have played a rôle in the inactivation.
SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE, A NEW VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: Theiler Max
Published: June 2004

1. The characteristics of a filterable virus obtained from mice found spontaneously paralyzed and showing lesions of encephalomyelitis are described.

2. The course of the disease in mice, following intracerebral inoculation, is briefly as follows: After an incubation period varying from 7 to over 30 days a flaccid paralysis of one of the limbs appears. This paralysis usually spreads rapidly until all four limbs are affected. Young mice are more susceptible than older ones, and very young mice, less than 4 weeks of age, usually die without showing signs of paralysis.

3. Adult mice often show no signs of infection after an intracerebral inoculation of virus. A number of these mice, although showing no signs of paralysis, nevertheless have become infected, a fact which is demonstrated by recovery of the virus from the mice as well as by histopathological studies.

4. Intranasal instillation of the virus is the only other method of producing the infection. This method, however, produces paralysis in only a small percentage of the mice. Following intranasal instillation of the virus, there often develops a slight immunity to a subsequent intracerebral injection of virus.

5. The paralysis in the surviving mice recedes gradually, but a permanent residual paralysis, usually of the hind legs, is almost invariable. Such mice, however, are virus carriers, as the virus can be recovered from the spinal cord for 1 year after infection.

6. Paralyzed mice are immune to a subsequent intracerebral injection of the virus. There is evidence that neutralizing substances are present in the immune mice. A considerable proportion of the mice which have remained well after an intracerebral injection of virus are immune to a second injection.

7. The virus resists the action of 50 per cent glycerine at from 2–4°C. for at least 150 days. It passes all grades of Berkefeld filters with ease. By the use of graded collodion filters, the size of the virus particle has been determined to be probably about 13 to 19 mµ.

8. The virus of mouse encephalomyelitis is not pathogenic for rhesus monkeys. No evidence of immunological relationship with the virus of human poliomyelitis has been obtained.

9. The anatomical basis of the paralysis is an acute necrosis of the ganglion cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Isolated ganglion cells of the cerebrum also undergo necrosis. Following the acute necrosis of the ganglion cells, there is a marked neuronophagia. A perivascular infiltration is observed in the brain and spinal cord.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Small Gram-negative cells resembling the so called coccobacilliform bodies of fowl coryza were regularly found in the nasal and middle ear exudate of mice naturally and experimentally infected with catarrh. These bodies were successfully isolated from exudates and cultivated in tissue cultures. There was no microscopic evidence, however, of their multiplication in ordinary nutrient media enriched with blood. They were filterable through collodion membranes with an average pore size of 640 mµ and, hence, separable from secondary bacteria. The size of the bodies in stained films averaged between 0.3 and 0.4µ.

A second organism cultivable in fluid blood media with the formation of compact clumps and similar to the X bacillus of chickens was also isolated from infected mice.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

1. By the application of an absolute, quantitative microchemical method for the estimation of agglutinins, precise data have been obtained on the course of the agglutination of Type I pneumococcus by homologous anticarbohydrate.

2. Within the limitations imposed by the necessity for the agglutination reaction to take place at the bacterial surface, the reaction is shown to be analogous to the precipitin reaction and subject to the same laws.

3. The entire process of a typical instance of specific bacterial agglutination has been quantitatively accounted for on a purely chemical basis and expressed in the form of equations derived from the law of mass action.

4. Experimental verification of predictions based on the theory has shown a fundamental difference between this instance of specific bacterial agglutination and the commonly adduced analogies, and necessitated a revision of current conceptions regarding the rôle of electrolytes and of physical forces in the reaction.
DOES LIVER SUPPLY FACTORS IN ADDITION TO IRON AND COPPER FOR HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION IN NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA?
Authors: Hart E. B. , Elvehjem C. A. , Kohler G. O.
Published: June 2004

1. Our data indicate that the effectiveness of whole liver in the treatment of nutritional anemia in rats induced by a milk diet is directly proportional to its available iron and copper content. The other constituents in liver are not needed for maximum hemoglobin regeneration on a diet of milk, iron, copper, and manganese.

2. Commercial preparations of liver products with iron or iron and copper vary greatly in their hemoglobin-regenerating efficiency in rats with nutritional anemia. The variation is correlated directly with the iron and copper content of the preparation. When the copper-iron ratio was too wide hemoglobin regeneration was checked, although the iron supply was sufficient for optimum regeneration.
THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS
Authors: Okkels Harald
Published: June 2004

1. Perfusion of isolated thyroid glands from rabbits, made refractory to the action of the thyro-stimulating factor from the hypophysis by repeated injections for 2 months, has shown that in this condition the thyroid epithelium responds to pituitary stimulation.

2. The serum from refractory rabbits does not neutralize completely the thyro-stimulating effect of anterior pituitary extract upon an isolated normal thyroid gland.

3. It is believed that tissues other than the thyroid play a rôle in bringing about the phenomena which have been described as refractoriness against a prolonged action of the thyro-stimulating pituitary factor.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Chase M. W.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that by the cutaneous administration of simple chemical compounds in small quantities—2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride) and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, the latter a typical incitant of contact dermatitis in man—it is possible to induce true anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs, demonstrable by the intravenous injection of protein conjugates and by the Dale technique, using isolated uterine horns. This furnishes strong evidence for the formation of antigenic conjugates following application of substances of simple chemical constitution. Since the anaphylactic state is induced by the same method of administration that gives rise to cutaneous sensitivity, the assumption would appear justified, when one takes into account the chemical properties of the inciting substances, that the formation of conjugated antigens offers an explanation for the skin effects also.

In the experiments with picryl chloride, anaphylactic antibodies, and occasionally precipitins, have been demonstrated.

The differences between the cutaneous and anaphylactic types of sensitivity are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE CANINE HEMATOPOIETIC FUNCTION TO DAMAGE BY AMIDOPYRINE
Authors: Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. By feeding dogs a black tongue diet and at the same time administering amidopyrine, acute stomatitis and anemia may be produced.

2. Both stomatitis and anemia occur some time before they could be expected to appear as result of the diet feeding alone.

3. The anemia is associated with suppression of maturation of the hematopoietic bone marrow elements.
THE COMPOSITION OF SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES IN THE REGION OF ANTIGEN EXCESS
Authors: Malkiel Saul , Boyd William C.
Published: June 2004

Data are given, for seven different antisera, for the composition of the specific precipitate as a function of the relative proportions of antiserum and antigen used. In the region of antigen excess, a linear relation is found between the ratio of antibody to antigen in the precipitate and the amount of antiserum used. The significance of these results, particularly in their bearing on theories of the precipitin reaction, is discussed.
PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

The ability to carry out with some measure of precision mouse protection tests for the estimation of potency of antipneumococcus sera has made possible the correlation of the protective potency with the amount of specifically precipitable protein. With antipneumococcus rabbit sera these protective ratios are relatively constant and higher than those with immune horse serum. Type I antipneumococcus horse sera, on the other hand, show no such constancy but fall into two groups; and there is as yet no simple method for determining to which group a serum belongs.
THE ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN SOLUTIONS FROM THE PULMONARY ALVEOLI
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Warren Madeleine Field , MacLanahan Margaret
Published: June 2004

Horse serum, crystallized hemoglobin, and crystallized egg albumin have been injected into the lung alveoli of dogs in which the entrances of the right lymphatics have been tied and the thoracic duct cannulated. Samples of blood and lymph have been taken following this injection. Only after several hours in the case of the horse serum and hemoglobin have these proteins been detected by immunological methods and invariably they have appeared first in the blood. Egg albumin also enters the blood capillaries, but much more rapidly than the other two proteins, due probably to the smaller molecular size.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON VITAMIN C THERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W.
Published: June 2004

1. A group of 181 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of natural vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 89 monkeys treated on the 1st or 2nd day of infection 26 (29.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 53 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 23 (43.3 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 39 monkeys treated on the 5th day of the infection 9 (23 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.

2. A group of 101 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of synthetic vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 25 monkeys treated on the 1st day of infection 2 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 26 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 5 (19.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 50 monkeys treated on the 4th and 5th day of the infection 4 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.

3. The above two groups of treated animals were accompanied by a group of 98 control monkeys which were infected intracerebrally with the same amounts of virus and remained untreated. In this group there were 5 (5.1 per cent) animals which survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.

4. The figures, taken as a whole, show that among 181 monkeys treated with natural vitamin C 58 (32 per cent) survived without paralysis, and among 101 monkeys treated with synthetic vitamin C 11 (10.8 per cent) survived without paralysis. In comparing the percentage of non-paralytic survivors of the two treated groups with that of the untreated controls (5.1 per cent) it is found that about six times as many animals escaped paralysis following treatment with natural vitamin C as did the corresponding controls. In the group of animals treated with synthetic vitamin C, on the other hand, there were only about twice as many non-paralytic survivors as among the controls.

5. The results obtained in this investigation, as far as they are concerned with the therapeutic effect of natural vitamin C in experimental poliomyelitis, are in close agreement with the data previously published.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION UPON THE REGENERATION OF SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R.
Published: June 2004

1. In view of the markedly short period of gestation in the dog and in view of the relatively large litters that are cast and nursed, this species when compared with the human being undergoes a much greater physiological strain during pregnancy and lactation. This is evidenced by marked decreases in the hematocrit values, in total cell volumes and in the serum protein concentrations, by an appreciable plasma hydration, and in some cases by significant reductions in the total circulating serum protein.

2. When pregnant dogs are fed a protein-free diet at a high level of caloric intake and are subjected to our standardized plasmapheresis technique, it is possible to deplete the animal of its reserve serum protein stores and reduce the serum protein concentration to the basal level (3.5 to 4.2 per cent) within the extremely short period of from 2 to 3 days. This indicates that the dog during pregnancy possesses a very limited amount of reserve serum protein.

3. Once the basal serum protein level is attained, the pregnant or lactating dog exhibits a marked impairment in its ability to regenerate serum protein. The synthesis of body proteins in the fetus during pregnancy and the milk proteins during lactation is considered to be actually an internal plasmapheresis, leading to a depletion of the serum protein by the preferential utilization of the materials from which this complex is made. These parasitic effects on the maternal organism are believed to be of primary importance, over and above any hydremia, in causing the lowered serum protein concentrations characteristic of pregnancy.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Wartman William B.
Published: June 2004

Section of the anterior spinal nerve roots from the sixth thoracic to the second lumbar inclusive did not prevent or significantly and permanently reduce hypertension produced by constricting the main renal arteries of dogs. The significance of these results for the pathogenesis of human and experimental hypertension is discussed.