bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Issues
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

In the century following 1820, about 55 million Europeans set sail for resource­ abundant and labo scarce New World destinations. Three fifths of these migrants went to the United States. Earlier migration from resource-scarce and laborabundant Europe had been a mere trickle. The only comparable intercontinental migration had been that of black slaves from Africa to the Americas and the Caribbean. Indeed, it was not until the 1840s that annual (free) European migration to the Americas exceeded (coerced) African migration, and it was not until the 1880s that the cumulative European migration exceeded the African (Eltis 1983: 255). Until well into the nineteenth century, the cost of the move was simply too great for many”free” migrants to afford. Indentured servitude (a temporary forfeiture of some freedom) was one way to secure a”loan” for the move under such conditions (Galenson 1984; Grubb 1994). Transportation abroad in convict chains was another. Coercion through slavery was a third. Declining costs of passage and augmented family resources for investment in the move would change these conditions throughout Europe as the century progressed.
Cycles, Swings, and Shocks Waiting to Make the Move
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

The preceding chapter explored European emigration over the long run; it focused on decade averages and abstracted from business cycles, long swings, and episodic shocks in the emigration time series. In contrast, much of the literature dwells on the short run. Does the analysis of annual fluctuations in emigration require a different explanation than that used successfully for long-run trends? In a sense, the answer is yes, although the two kinds of explanations can be readily reconciled. The economics and the demography are the same, but one concerns whether to move at all and where, while the other concerns when to make the move.
After the Famine Irish Experience
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

Over 4.5 million men and women left Ireland in the six decades after the famine in the late 1840s. The emigrant flood continued long after actual famine conditions had disappeared, and the number who eventually left was about five times the famine deaths. The rate of Irish emigration was more than double that of any other European country (table 1.1), with as many as 13 per thousand emigrating on average each year. Largely as a consequence of this mass exodus, the Irish population fell from 6.5 to 4.4 million between 1851 and 1911.
Labor Market Impact Abroad and Convergence
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

The rest of this book has established that the mass migration was driven in large measure by market forces at origin and destination. The previous chapter has also established that European emigration had a significant impact on labor markets at home: the departure of the movers improved economic conditions of the stayers faster than would have been true without emigration-raising real wages, lowering unemployment and eroding poverty. By glutting labor markets abroad, the mass migrations must also have reduced the pace of real wage growth in immigrating countries. Thus, mass migration must have tended to create economic convergence among the participating countries; living standards in the poor emigrating countries tended, as a consequence, to catch up with living standards in rich immigrating countries. Not all countries participated, some had offsetting influences, and some had more induced catch-up than others, but the underlying tendencies must have been pervasive. These are qualitative statements, however. We want to give them more quantitative muscle. So far, chapter 9 has offered that muscle for two important emigrating countries that exhibited impressive catch-up-Ireland and Sweden.
Introduction: The Locations of History
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

It might be tempting to think of Asian immigration to the United States in mythic terms, of migrants from the Far East coming to the West Coast of the United States and crossing the continent eastward, passing fleeing Indians and westering white settlers. Figuring Asian immigrants as a sort of anti-frontier myth would be appealing, a powerful way (along with the story of Hispanic Americans who were in California, Texas, and New Mexico long before it was the American West) of subverting Frederick Jackson Turner’s conception of the western frontier. Turner’s 1892 thesis placed white European Americans at the center of history, situated at a frontier moving steadily westward, occupying the boundary between civilization and savagery. Telling a story about Asians from a different shore—people who crossed the Pacific instead of the Atlantic and created their own eastern frontier—might seem a welcome corrective to Eurocentric American history. But the notion of an Asian diaspora spreading outward from China and Japan into Southeast Asia, Australia, Hawaii, South America, and finally Canada and the United States would only place Asians instead of Europeans at the center of history.
Thinking about Orientals: Chicago Sociologists and the Oriental Problem
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

In 1924, Robert Park set up a team of social scientists as his first move in organizing the research for the Survey of Race Relations. All the prominent universities on the West Coast were represented, from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver to the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Almost half of the researchers were graduates of the University of Chicago: Emory Bogardus of USC received his Ph.D. from Chicago in 1911; William Carlson Smith, also at USC, received his doctorate from Chicago in 1920; and Roderick McKenzie of the University of Washington in Seattle was a student of Park’s who received his Ph.D. from Chicago in 1921. The list of researchers and their ties to Chicago is remarkable yet, at closer glance, perhaps not altogether surprising.
Language of Hope: The Oriental as Marginal Man
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Why did a number of Asian American intellectuals between the years 1924 and 1960 become committed to the profession of sociology? For what reason did social science, and Chicago sociology in particular, become more welcome to Asian American intellectuals than other academic disciplines? At the end of the nineteenth century, social science had been associated with the same racial barriers that all of American academia held for nonwhite intellectuals. In fact, the close historical connection between scientific theories of race and the support of racial hierarchy in the United States would seem to have made social science an unattractive place for nonwhites.
Free Pages And Other Essays
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

“Manuel Gonzalez Prada (1844-1918) was one of the leading intellectual and literary figures of Peru. His reputation as an essayist extended beyond national boundaries. At home these essays, along with his potent speeches, influenced generations of young radicals. A powerful political reformer, he founded the Party of National Unity in 1891, was linked to the anarchist movement, and served as Director of the National Library from 1912-1914. This translation is based on the Obras of Gonzalez Prada, edited by Luis Alberto Sánchez. It includes essays, speeches, and polemical writings drawn from two of Prada’s only books of prose published during his lifetime, Paginas Libres and Horas de Lucha; in addition to unpublished manuscripts and works previously printed in newspapers and magazines. These writings reveal his most important thoughts on the subject of anarchism, social inequality, indigenous culture, philosophy, and language. Translated into English for the first time, Prada’s forceful and persuasive words are gathered here under the thematic headings “Peruvian Problems,” “Anarchy,” and “Philosophical, Literary, and Linguistic Problems”.
The Parties and the National Union
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Complying with the mandate of the National Union, I come to offer a word of encouragement to the few men who still remain faithful to our c:;1use after so many temptations and struggles. I will speak about political groups and their leaders, about the last civil war and its con sequences, about the National Union and its obligations under the cur rent circumstances. You’ll hear from my lips no reticence, no blustering or temporizing, no cowardly backstabbing: I say what I have to say clearly and directly; I attack evil public figures head on, without recourse to masks or hidden daggers. I speak neither to flatter those in power nor to serve as mouth piece for those who dream of seizing power, but to say what I think needs to be said, no matter whose interests it harms, no matter whom it irritates.
The Intellectual and the Worker
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Don’t smile if we begin by translating some verses by a poet. In late afternoon on a hot day, nature drowses in the rays of the sun, like a woman languishing under the caresses of her lover. The field hand, bathed in sweat and panting, goads his oxen; but all of a sudden he stops to greet a young man walking along humming a tune: “You’re the lucky one! You spend your life singing while I, from the time the sun rises until it sets, wear myself out plowing these furrows and sowing wheat.”
Anarchy
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

If we ask a serious person what he understands by anarchy, he will tell us, like one answering a question from the catechism: Anarchy is social dislocation, a permanent state of war, the return of man to primitive savagery. He will call the anarchist a sworn enemy of the life and property of others, an evil spirit obsessed by a universal and destructive phobia, a kind of feline demon wandering lost in the heart of cities. For many people, the anarchist sums up his ideals by doing evil for the pleasure of doing it.
The Soldier’s Rebellion
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

There are two irreconciliable concepts, however subtly and persuasively we strain to reconcile them: internationalism and patriotism. We have no country if we love all countries equally; we are n’t patriots if we stop preferring the citizens of our country to a Laplander, a Frenchman, or a Chinese. Socialism, despite its detachment from all religions, is based on a Christian maxim: we are all brothers. Consequently, if this is a truth engraved in the most intimate place in our hearts, if we rule all our actions by this maxim, we have the right to protest when they oblige us to violate it so they can turn us into murderers of our brothers.
The First of May (1907)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

We don’t know whether the workers, not just those in Peru but throughout the world, are capable of thinking and acting in concerted fashion today. If they commemorate past rebellions and show a determination to bring about a radical transformation in all spheres of life, we have nothing to say. But if they merely limit themselves to celebrating May Day, assuming that the desideratum of social demands can be reduced to an eight-hour day or Sundays off, then we can’t help smiling and lamenting the naïveté of the proletariat.
The Rotten Core
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Someone said that “Peru is n’t a nation but an occupied territory,” and someone else affirmed that “our republic is little more than a geographic name.” In the former, at least for now, there’s a modicum of truth. If Peru wants to boast that it’s a nation, it should point out where the citizens are to be found, since they are the essential elements of any nationality. Citizen means free man; here, what we have are herds of slaves vegetating: there’s not much distance from this to Dahomey or the Congo.
The Dead Man’s Fiancee
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela
Published: October 2023

In the delightful region that extends from the border with Bolivia to the Patagonian line, in the center of a region that contains all of heaven’s beautiful creations, on a plain furrowed with crystal-clear fountains and lost like a bird’s nest among roses and jasmines, stands a city that has an oriental appearance. Her white domes rise exquisitely above the dark greens of the forests of orange trees that surround her, drawing in the traveler who contemplates her from afar. Her roads are lined with flowers; her air is warm and fragrant; her days glow gold and blue; her starry nights are serene, filled with music and love songs. To visit her once is to remember her forever; and if one day that same person were to return, and even if God had rendered them blind, upon breathing her perfumed air they would immedately exclaim-Tucuman!
If You Do Wrong,
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela
Published: October 2023

It was late in the day in the middle of spring. The sun was setting behind the mountains in splendorous glory, spreading with its last rays mother-of-pearl on the snows of the range across the way, drawing long shadows of fleeting silhouettes from the goats that wandered here and there among the steep rugged rocks, picking at the leaves of the shrubs and the spiny thistles of the thickets.

Everything was peaceful and silent in the lonely, rustic landscape. The woodpigeons, hidden in the boulders, added their sad cooing to the rumbling of the waterfall, which rose up from the valley where the waters of the Rimac River fell like distant thunder.

Suddenly, a sweet, sharp voice let out a joyful shriek.
A Growing Sence Of Injustice
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

Because of the military crisis in the spring of 1862, Confederate Virginians generally accepted conscription and other intrusions of government in their lives. Continued tolerance depended on how political leaders administered the new systems and met the challenges that lay ahead. As the year progressed, shortages of food and other goods eroded faith in the government. Popular resentment increased as hardships worsened-especially as planters and other wealthy persons avoided military service by hiring substitutes or seemingly capitalized on the misfortune of others by charging exorbitant prices for goods. The belief that the rich benefited while others suffered caused civilians to riot for food and soldiers to leave the army, actions that the state and national officials could not ignore. Officials responded first with a heavy hand, employing measures that tightened discipline in the army and drew clearer lines between front and home front. As desertion and discord continued, however, authorities realized that they also needed a softer approach and increased the efforts to administer charity for the needy.
The Problem Of Confederate Identity
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

Shortly after the Union army occupied Richmond and the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered, the curious rushed into the state to learn more about these puzzling Confederates and their feelings regarding reunification. Northerners had many questions, especially whether their former enemies would accept their fate and pledge loyalty to the restored Union. Of the freed people’s position few had doubts: a majority of them eagerly welcomed the Union occupation force and showed ample enthusiasm for supporting the Republican Party. But it was uncertain whether Confederates would cooperate with or resist the conquerors-perhaps through guerrilla warfare or by joining with the French in Mexico to launch another war against the United States. In the immediate aftermath of Lee’s surrender, northerners hoped that the Confederacy would go gently into its night, but few took for granted that defeat had quelled the rebellion completely as they carefully probed for signs of resistance.
Political Apprentice
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

The Clinton family’s arrival in America was anything but auspicious. They had emigrated from Ireland to America forty years before DeWitt’s birth. Their presence in Ireland was the result of the decision of one William Clinton to support King Charles I against Cromwell a century earlier. Fleeing England after Charles’s defeat, he lived on the Continent, then settled in Scotland and joined the Presbyterian Church. He later moved to Northern Ireland, where Presbyterians were disliked by both local Catholics and imported Anglicans. Perhaps for this reason, perhaps owing to rising rents in Ulster, in 1729 William’s grandson Charles (DeWitt’s grandfather) de cided to emigrate.
The Governor
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

A gift for conciliation was not among Clinton’s qualities, and the conduct of his presidential campaign had left many individuals and groups estranged from him. His candidacy managed to sow division in both the Republican and Federalist parties in New York as well as in the nation. With the triple blows to Federalism that came with the Treaty of Ghent, the Hartford Convention, and Jackson’s victory at New Orleans, that potential source of support was vastly weakened at precisely the point when Clinton most needed it. The decline of Federalism had contributed to his removal from the mayoralty by the Council of Appointment, and the weakness of the Federalist party seemed to preclude any hope for a return to power.
The Vertical Integration of Production Market Failure Considerations
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Policy interest in vertical integration has been concerned mainly with the possibility that integration can be used strategically to achieve anti competitive effects. In the absence of a more substantial theoretical foundation, vertical integration, as a public policy matter, is typically regarded as having dubious if not outright antisocial properties. Technological interdependencies or, possibly, observational economies constitute the principal exceptions.
Financing of Investment in Eastern Europe A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Holmstrom Bengt
Published: October 2023

In the aftermath of liberalization, Eastern Europe has suffered from a worsening capital shortage problem. The capital stock from the Communist era is outmoded and much of it is obsolete. One can expect unemployment to worsen as the process of privatization progresses and the capital base deteriorates further through shutdowns of plants and enterprises. To alleviate unemployment and set the economies back on a growth path, major investments in new technologies and capacity are required.
The Road Taken :Origins and Evolution of Employment Systems in Emerging Companies
Authors: Barton James N , Burton M Diane , Hannan Michael T
Published: October 2023

A central concern of transaction cost economics (TCE) has been to understand how employment relationships and governance structures develop around productive activities. Williamson’s (1975) operating hypothesis has been that organizational forms and employment systems develop so as to minimize the transaction costs and hold-up problems facing employers and employees. These issues arise primarily from relationship-specific skills and investments (and the small numbers bargaining they induce ex post), task interdependencies, opportunism and informational imperfections that make spot contracting or contingent claims contracting infeasible or very costly.
The Changing Shape Of English Nonconformity, 1825-1925
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

This book studies the development of a pattern of education for ministry within nineteenth-century English evangelical Nonconformity. This development played a major role in the emergence of discussions on the nature of ministry while also influencing thought on religious authority, theological reconstruction, and religious identity. Johnson argues that too many interpretations of this facet of Nonconformity's history (especially those concerning the Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian traditions) have tended to regard such development as a decline from earlier pinnacles of religious vitality and appeal. His book instead considers this phase a serious and necessary effort on the part of Nonconformity to come to terms with modernity while also retaining a responsible understanding of what it meant to be evangelical.
Piety, Education, And Ministry
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

The Nonconformist colleges generally offered their students a free education; many provided free room and board as well. They recognized that candidates for the ministry did not often have the resources to pay for their own education, but that commitment to their support involved regular and occasionally plaintive appeals for funds. The pressure on college finances was partially relieved in some cases by the decision to accept non-ministerial students who paid their own way and by attempts to assess whether outside support for an individual student could be obtained. At Stepney a prospective student was regularly asked about his personal financial resources to cover those expenses outside of college costs. After 1841 additional questions sought information as to whether the student had means to contribute to his college maintenance, and whether his sponsoring congregations or ministers would contribute a collection to the college, annual or otherwise, during his period of residence.1 Later in the century it established a scholarship scheme related to the entrance examinations and for purposes of financial support divided students into three groups. A small number of scholarship students received free education, part or all of their board, and money for books and incidentals; ordinary ministerial students received free education and room, but were encouraged to pay their board; and students who were considering the ministry but unpledged to it paid the entire cost of their education, as did non-ministerial students.2 Other colleges developed similar arrangements for controlling their heavy commitment of funds to the students.
The Ministry Required By The Age
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

For the orderly and harmonious development of the life and energy of the Church, faith must find a satisfactory intellectual expression. The great periods of growth and organisation are those in which this satisfactory intellectual expression of spiritual truth has been reached. The mischief is that when any really great theological system has for a long time met the necessities of the intellectual and spiritual life of the Church, its authority becomes excessive. What at best can be only a provisional statement of the contents of the Christian revelation is regarded as final, and the schemes of theologians come between the Church and Christ. Then the hour for revolution has come. But periods of revolution are disastrous when most necessary. There are “compensations”-immense “compensations”-in our present transitional condition, but the disadvantages of it are very severe. A large, strong, and generous theology, widely accepted, but holding its true secondary position, leaving the soul free access to Christ, and insisting urgently on Christ’s supremacy, would be more favourable to the spiritual life than the present chaotic condition of theological thought. But anything is better than to be under the power of a theology, however noble, that practically asserts an authority rivalling the authority of Christ Himself.
Nonconformity And Identity Beyond the Chilling Mists of Controversy
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

If any one had uttered it, it would have been a prediction equally incredible, that the Nonconformist “Meeting house” and the Wesleyan “Chapel” would, in many instances, give place to buildings to all appearance Churches; that structures for people other than Episcopalians, should on every side rise up, in observable situations, in spires, towers, architectural elaboration, chancels, transepts, painted windows, and other Gothic or medieval attributes; and that, in many places, the worship should increase in richness, variety, depth, devotion; while “the service of song” should expand and rise, taking in chant and anthem, and be distinguished by skill and culture, instead of, as before, being discordant, harsh, somnolent, or boisterous, as the case might be. Each of the parties referred to has learnt something from its opponents. The one has been taught to understand that a principle, once dreaded and repudiated, may be conservative of the spiritual independence of the Church; and the other has learnt that some things formerly regarded as the signs of worldliness, the off spring of mere secular taste, may be so used as to contribute to the power of the religious element, and may be advocated and practised without any departure from or violation of the true spirit of apostolical institutions. In some points, and to some extent, the controversialists have influenced, if not converted, each other.
Introduction
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P
Published: October 2023

Over the years, assumptions about the causes of most of the behaviors that we now describe as “psychiatric disorders” have tended to change more with the Zeitgeist than with scientific evidence (see Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1981a, pp. 131-133). In 1855, for example, when Edward Jarvis published his groundbreaking epidemiological research on the unusually high rates of “insanity” in the “pauper” class compared to rates in the “independent” class in Massachusetts, his assumption and that of other experts was that factors resulting from genetic inheritance were more important than social environmental factors in causing both the psychological problems and the poverty. Jarvis took particular note of the fact that disproportionately large numbers of the poor and insane were new Irish immigrants. As Grob (1971) pointed out in his historical introduction to the re-publication of Jarvis’s study: Like others coming from the same background, Jarvis saw the genteel New England society that he loved being eroded. In a very real sense, therefore, some of the points that he attempted to make . . . were a reflection of his own ideology. What Jarvis did was to take a series of statistics and read them in the light of his own moral assumptions. (p. 56)
Divorce and Psychopathology
Authors: Bruce Martha L
Published: October 2023

Divorce ranks high on most lists of life stressors, from those found in tabloids to those used in scientific research. The hypothesis that divorce leads to mental health problems seems almost a truism and is consistent with studies in psychiatric epidemiology that report disproportionately high rates of depression, depressive symptoms, and other mental health problems among separated and divorced adults in many epidemiological samples (e.g., Blazer et al., 1994; Robins & Regier 1991; Srole et al., 1962; Warheit et al., 1976; Weissman & Myers, 1978). These results from crosssectional epidemiological research find further support from numerous longitudinal and case-control studies (Aseltine & Kessler, 1993; Briscoe et al., 1973; Bruce & Kim, 1992; Menaghan & Lieberman, 1986). This proliferation of evidence suggesting that divorce may affect the risk of psychopathology obscures how little is known either about the direction of any causal relationships between divorce and psychiatric disorders or about their underlying mechanisms. Three aspects of the divorcepsychopathology relationship underline the complexity of the problem: (1) divorce is a single term representing a long process generally characterized by multiple stressful events and chronic strains; (2) while most epidemiological studies address the impact of divorce on psychopathology, there is also evidence suggesting that psychopathology can itself affect (as well be affected by) any or all of the components of the divorce process, and (3) the impact of divorce on psychopathology can be direct or indirect and affects not only the divorcing spouses but also their children.
Personality and Coping as Stress-Attenuating or -Amplifying Factors
Authors: Skodol Andrew E
Published: October 2023

The effects of life events and chronic stressors on people experiencing them are far from uniform. Many studies reveal a relatively weak effect of psychosocial stressors on production of psychopathology (Rabkin & Struening, 1976), and some studies suggest that stressors may lead to personal growth and improved functioning (Baltes, 1987; Masten et al., 1991; Schaefer & Moos, 1992). These observations have prompted examination of individual differences among people experiencing stress, in an attempt to understand why some experience distress or disability and others exhibit resiliency in the face of adversity (Rutter, 1985).
Some Characteristics of Occupations as Risk or Protective Factors for Episodes of Major Depression and Nonaffective Psychotic Disorder
Authors: Link Bruce G , Lennon Mary Clare , Dohrenwend Bruce P
Published: October 2023

Perhaps the most important legacy of the descriptive epidemiological studies of mental disorder is the consistency with which such studies show associations between socio demographic factors such as gender and socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of various types of mental disorders (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974; 1980;
Introduction
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

Millions of people have played the popular board game Monopoly. Millions of others have played the real-life version in the business world. The rules are simple: Accumulate as much property as possible and win. The principles have not changed since Monopoly was first marketed in 1935-an unfortunate roll of the dice and the aspiring game monopolist can spend some time in jail. The rules and stakes for monopolists in real life have not changed substantially, either. Unlike in the board game, how ever, those accused of monopoly rarely ever spend time in jail.
The “Monopolist Menace” (1860-1890)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

Monopolies have a long and colorful history in the United States. They have usually been associated with industry, especially in the post-Civil War period. But their history is much older, originating in Elizabethan England. By the time the American colonies became independent, the terms monopoly and antimonopolist were already well established. Yet nothing was written about monopolies in the Constitution, and no mention was made of them in the writings of the founding fathers. However, several states felt strongly enough about them to prohibit them in their constitutions in the months following independence. Less than century later, they were the most discussed topic in the country.
Research
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

What Knowledge Is Needed to allow the ideas in Science for All Americans (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1989) to become common practice? What kinds of research are needed to ensure informed decision making that will lead to the kind of science literacy for all envisioned by Project 2061 and other science reform efforts? These are .critical questions for a research agenda. The definition of science literacy in Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy (AAAS, 1993) is not limited to the natural sciences; mathematics, technology, and the social sciences are also included. Adding to the complexity of a broad definition of science literacy is the deeper understanding of curriculum that has developed during the last two decades. Correspondingly, educational research has also become far more complex. Together, these factors all contribute to the challenge of developing a blueprint for needed research.
Teacher Education
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Teacher Education plays an important role in science education reform. Some reformers say that changing teacher education is the first step to dramatic change in science education. Equipping teachers to bring about science literacy for all is certainly an intellectual and practical challenge of great societal importance. But sweeping reform of the teacher education system requires the same tremendous level of effort as reforming other components, such as standards, curriculum, and assessment. Building on the visions and principles of the Holmes Group (1990), many colleges and universities are beginning to respond to this challenge. Partnerships between colleges and K-12 schools, in forming professional development schools, show promise. Another promising initiative is the Science and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative Program, which addresses the broad, systemic work needed from teacher educators, scientists, and schools (National Science Foundation, 1995). However, we are still a long way from implementing effective models in the thousands of teacher education programs across the country.
Business and Industry
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

This Chapter Defines Ways for the business community to help implement reform in science, mathematics, and technology education. It discusses business’ current involvement in K-12 reform, and examines ways for business to become involved in the reforms and to help foster an environment in which reforms can succeed. It identifies barriers to successful business involvement in education in general and science reform in particular, and suggests ways for science education reformers to address those barriers and develop and maintain useful relationships with business. Business involvement in pre-college education in America dates to the mid-19th century, when many members of the Whig Party saw economic success and desirable socialization skills, such as punctuality and good work habits, as key goals of education. Business involvement in education reform began early in the 20th century, when the National Association of Manufacturers led a lobbying campaign that resulted in the 1917 passage of the Smith-Hughes Act- legislation that called for standardized testing, guidance counseling, and tracking in the nation’s schools. More recently, business reacted to the Soviet launch of Sputnik and to the Cold War by demanding more engineers and scientists. In the 1980s, reports like A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) justified for many business people the idea that education was both a root cause of many economic and social problems and the best hope to remedy these problems.
Track 3: Confronting an ‘‘Alien Race”
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

On December 8, 1938, Himmler issued a decree entitled Combating the Gypsy Plague that spoke of a need to tackle the Gypsy problem in terms of the “inner characteristics of that race.” This was the first decree directed against Gypsies that made explicit reference to race, but, of course, Himmler’s introducing racial terms into the debate over what to do about the “Gypsy nuisance” was hardly surprising. Many Gypsies had a dark complexion, which had long given rise to charges that they represented a foreign element. Hence, it was only a question of time before the Nazis’ policy of cleansing Germany of non-Aryan elements would come to include the Gypsies. Although they were originally from India and therefore presumably of Aryan origin, Gypsies certainly did not resemble the typical “Germanic” (Nordic) type. As I have noted, for the first few years of the Nazi regime, anti-Gypsy measures had been justified primarily on social grounds. Gypsies and Gypsy like itinerants, it had been asserted, were given to crime and generally represented an asocial element. Now the notion that Gypsies constituted an alien and inferior race was added, introducing a powerful new catalyst for anti-Gypsy agitation.
Victims and Perpetrators
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The end of the war found the Gypsy community of Germany and Austria in a seriously weakened condition. Of the more than 13,000 persons deported from the Reich to Auschwitz perhaps as many as 90 percent had failed to return alive. All of the 5,000 Austrian Gypsies sent to Litzmannstadt had perished in the ghetto or had been killed in the gas vans of Chelmno. Survivors were traumatized by the ordeal of camp life, which not only had left them destitute but also deeply demoralized. The routine of the concentrtion camps had violated basic Gypsy customs such as the requirements of ritual purity or the prohibition against being seen naked in public. Many of the elders, who had been models of conduct, were no longer alive. Those who had been sterilized had lost much of their sense of self-worth, for the standing of Gypsy men and women in their families as well as in the larger community depends heavily on fertility. To make things worse, Gypsies often encountered the same treatment at the hands of the new authorities that they had suffered before and during the first years of the Nazi regime.
The Reforms of the I 990s
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

As discussed in chapter 1, the last three decades of the twentieth century saw an evolution of the health policy agenda in which governments became increasingly concerned with controlling the costs of health care, or at least the proportion of those costs borne by public treasuries. The much less buoyant economic and fiscal climates that characterized advanced industrial nations after the oil price shocks of the 1970s and the rise of global competition constrained the ability of governments to meet the level of public expectations for public programs established in more bountiful times—not only in the health care arena, but more generally. Moreover, over the course of this period governments, to varying degrees in different nations, became dissatisfied with blunt budgetary limits as mechanisms of cost control and considered ways in which the incentive structures of public programs, including health insurance programs, could be changed to ensure that public funds were being spent to the greatest effect.
Canada : The Logic of the Single-Payer System
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

In Canada, more than perhaps in any other nation in the late twentieth century, the health care system functioned according to the logic of an accommodation between the medical profession and the state. It was, in economic terms, the logic of an agency relationship in a bilateral monopoly. Under the terms of Canadian medicare, provincial governments were the “single payers” for most medical and hospital services; a single government plan in each province covered a comprehensive range of medical and hospital services; and no private insurance alternatives for coverage of those services existed. Provincial governments, that is, were essentially monopsonists in the medical and hospital services sector. But they exercised their monopsony power in very gross terms. Decisions about the allocation of resources were made through negotiations with the monopoly providers of services, most particularly with the medical profession. And those negotiating relationships left great discretion in the hands of the organized profession to govern the behavior of its members.
Protectibility Of Foreign Works
Authors: Goldstein Paul
Published: October 2023

As a rule, a country’s obligation to protect foreign works-a work by a foreign national, for example, or a work first published in another countrywill turn on the terms of its copyright relations with the country in which the work originated. Only rarely, and selectively, will a country extend copyright or neighboring rights protection to a foreign work in the absence of some general or reciprocal treaty relationship with the work’s country of origin. One example is the unconditional and universal extension, as in France and Germany, of protection for at least some of an author’s moral rights.
Miscegenated America
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

This chapter enacts the stresses of what it tries to explicate: competing identities for the American nation between the revolution and the Civil War. Such competitions draw on racial and sexual embodiments even when the text or institution under discussion—such as the Declaration of Independence or the Bank of the United States—appears to be removed from race or sex or body. Such an occlusion may be illustrated by Mark Twain’s description of pulling Those Extraordinary Twins from Pudd’nhead Wilson, an act he calls a “‘literary Caesarean.” Haunted by Twain s image, I want to trace the competing identities within the composite body of America as it moves toward an uncertain gestation.
Women at War
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

The terrifying specter of such heroism may have affected the difficulty warrior women who survived faced in receiving antebellum pensions. However many cases may eventually be documented, the murderous intentions behind such a rampage were hardly confined to participation in battle. The Northern Gail Hamilton’s “A Call to My Country-Women,” for example, complains that “stitching does not … hew traitors in pieces before the Lord.”
School Desegregation
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

In the spring of 1951, black students at segregated Moton High School in Prince Edward County, Virginia, commenced a strike against overcrowding and other unequal conditions in their school. This sort of youthful black militancy, though it was not uncommon in the postwar South, was a stunning departure from white expectations of black subservience in rural Southside, Virginia. Black teachers and parents implicitly supported the students’ activism by not attempting to stifle it. NAACP leaders in Virginia initially tried to discourage the protest because Prince Edward County seemed like such an inhospitable environment in which to challenge Jim Crow education. When the students would not be dissuaded, however, the association’s lawyers agreed to sponsor a lawsuit, but only on the condition that the students and their parents directly attack segregation, which had not been their initial intention. This lawsuit became one of the five consolidated cases that became known to history as Brown v. Board of Education.
Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases Affecting the Spine
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Inflammatory diseases of the spine include both infectious and noninfectious causes. In this chapter, we have chosen to discuss infectious causes that generally cause space-occupying lesions, such as epidural and intramedullary abscesses, tuberculosis, and fungal disease. In addition, we discuss noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the vertebral column, such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord, such as demyelinating disease, and viral infections are reviewed in Chapter 8.

Bacterial infections of the spinal cord and its coverings (meningitis excluded) may be classified according to location. An abscess may occur in the epidural space or may be subdural or intramedullary.
Indicators of Shifting Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

Much can be learned about the nation’s social health from indicators whose performance has shifted significantly over time. For some indicators this has occurred at one critical point; for others there have been periodic shifts. These course changes have been brought about by a number of factors, including social policy interventions, attitudinal changes in the society, and the cyclical nature of the economy. The indicators showing shifting performance are: Teenage drug use Teenage births Alcohol-related traffic fatalities Affordable housing Unemployment Both teenage drug use and teenage births have experienced several shifts caused by social policy and changes in attitude. Teenage drug use, at its peak during the late 1970s, was addressed by a variety of interventions, and improved during the 1980s. With fewer interventions during the 1990s, it has begun to worsen once again. In contrast, the rate of teenage births rose during the 1980s but has fallen during each of the past six years.
The Politics of Alcohol
Authors: Herlihy Patricia
Published: October 2023

That politics was at the heart of the temperance movement is shown by the fact that physicians and liberals hailed the October Manifesto of 1905, which created the Duma and guaranteed civil rights, as the instrument that freed them from silence on the causes of alcoholism. As Dr. A. M. Korovin exulted in October 1905: “Words were straining to be free but were held back in vices. We spoke earlier of drunkenness but not in connection with the circumstances that generated it.” Up until now, he said, one could thunder against alcoholism as an evil, as a sickness, but one could not identify the causes, such as insufficient education, inadequate food, low wages, or the long working day and unhygienic working conditions. Korovin had been blocked by the authorities from delivering a paper entitled “The Alcohol Problem and the Working Class,” but he boldly asserted that it was the fault of Tsar Nicholas II himself that he had been muzzled. He railed against the arbitrariness of the censorship that would not allow him to connect alcoholism with indigence or, more pointedly, with the regime:

It is not permitted to say that alcohol becomes one of the tools of oppression, namely, that it helps keep the working class in the state of being deceived and in penury, and weakens the mind and will that they patiently bear their yoke with little material security.
The Making of a Modern Muslim Ruler: Abdulhamid II
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Few leaders in world history have played such a crucial role in their societies and yet have been so maligned and so despised, not only by outsiders but even by their own successors. European literature has portrayed Abdulhamid (r. 1876–1909) as the “red” sultan who harshly put down internal revolts by the Armenians, as a reactionary who opposed Western civilization, and, especially, as an intriguer who concocted panislamism in order to subvert and undermine “civilizing” European rule over Muslims. He also was more or less generally condemned in Turkey during the Young Turk period and the Republic. In the Arab world, Abdulhamid was accorded a friendlier treatment than in the West and Turkey. The easing of government controls over the Turkish press in the 1950s, however, brought forth an avalanche of pro-Hamidian writings and gave new exposure to several friendly books published in the previous decades.