bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of pegylated G-CSF on immune cell number and function in patients with gynecological malignancies
Authors: Bonanno Giuseppina , Procoli Annabella , Mariotti Andrea , Corallo Maria , Perillo Alessandro , Danese Silvio , De Cristofaro Raimondo , Scambia Giovanni , Rutella Sergio
Published: November 2010

Background

Pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; pegfilgrastim) is a longer-acting form of G-CSF, whose effects on dendritic cell (DC) and regulatory T cell (Treg) mobilization, and on thein vivoand ex vivo release of immune modulating cytokines remain unexplored.

Methods

Twelve patients with gynecological cancers received carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy and single-dose pegfilgrastim as prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia. Peripheral blood was collected prior to pegfilgrastim administration (day 0) and on days +7, +11 and +21, to quantify immunoregulatory cytokines and to assess type 1 DC (DC1), type 2 DC (DC2) and Treg cell mobilization.In vitro-differentiated, monocyte-derived DC were used to investigate endocytic activity, expression of DC maturation antigens and ability to activate allogeneic T-cell proliferation.

Results

Pegfilgrastim increased the frequency of circulating DC1 and DC2 precursors. In contrast, CD4+FoxP3+bona fideTreg cells were unchanged compared with baseline. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin (IL)-12p40, but not transforming growth factor-β1 or immune suppressive kynurenines, significantly increased after pegfilgrastim administration. Interestingly, pegfilgrastim fosteredin vitromonocytic secretion of IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 when compared with unconjugated G-CSF. Finally, DC populations differentiatedin vitroafter clinical provision of pegfilgrastim were phenotypically mature, possessed low endocytic activity, and incited a robust T-cell proliferative response.

Conclusions

Pegfilgrastim induced significant changes in immune cell number and function. The enhancement of monocytic IL-12 secretion portends favorable implications for pegfilgrastim administration to patients with cancer, a clinical context where the induction of immune deviation would be highly undesirable.
Characterization of human platelet binding of recombinant T cell receptor ligand
Authors: Itakura Asako , Aslan Joseph E , Sinha Sushmita , White-Adams Tara C , Patel Ishan A , Meza-Romero Roberto , Vandenbark Arthur A , Burrows Gregory G , Offner Halina , McCarty Owen JT
Published: November 2010

Background

Recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) are bio-engineered molecules that may serve as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). RTLs contain membrane distal α1 plus β1 domains of class II major histocompatibility complex linked covalently to specific peptides that can be used to regulate T cell responses and inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanisms by which RTLs impede local recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells in the CNS, however, are not completely understood.

Methods

We have recently shown that RTLs bind strongly to B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but not to T cells, in an antigenic-independent manner, raising the question whether peripheral blood cells express a distinct RTL-receptor. Our study was designed to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which RTLs bind human blood platelets, and the ability of RTL to modulate platelet function.

Results

Our data demonstrate that human blood platelets support binding of RTL. Immobilized RTL initiated platelet intracellular calcium mobilization and lamellipodia formation through a pathway dependent upon Src and PI3 kinases signaling. The presence of RTL in solution reduced platelet aggregation by collagen, while treatment of whole blood with RTL prolonged occlusive thrombus formation on collagen.

Conclusions

Platelets, well-known regulators of hemostasis and thrombosis, have been implicated in playing a major role in inflammation and immunity. This study provides the first evidence that blood platelets express a functional RTL-receptor with a putative role in modulating pathways of neuroinflammation.
Adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens and correlation with risk of hospitalization among commercially insured HIV patients in the US
Authors: Sax PE , Meyers JL , Mugavero MJ , Davis KL
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Analysis of BENCHMRK 1 & 2 using PhenoSense® assay for darunavir (DRV/r) resistance and exploration of functional monotherapy with RAL vs DRV
Authors: Rockstroh J , Eron J , Cooper D , Steigbigel R , Nguyen BY , Xu X , Wan H , Rodgers A , Miller M , Leavitt R , Sklar P , Teppler H
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Analysis of major and minor IAS‐USA PI mutations in the MONET trial of darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus DRV/r + 2NRTIs
Authors: Pulido F , Arribas JR , Hill A , van Delft Y , Moecklinghoff C
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Feasibility of testing antibodies to HIV from filter paper using HIV rapid test kits
Authors: Ganesan A , Thatchinamoorthy G , Saramini S
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
CCR5 D32 modifies 15‐year mortality risk associated with well‐established clinical and immunological factors among HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Parczewski M , Leszczyszyn‐Pynka M , Bander D , Urbañska A , Kaczmarczyk M , Ciechanowicz S , Boron‐Kaczmarska A
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
High preterm delivery rates associated with initiation of HAART during pregnancy
Authors: Taylor GP , Douglas M , Smith J
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine, abacavir and zidovudine administered twice daily as syrups versus scored tablets in HIV‐1‐infected Ugandan children
Authors: Gitta PK , Kendall L , Musiime V , Adkison K , Kekitiinwa AA , Ferrier A , Opilo O , Lou Y , Bwakura‐Dangarembi MF , Nahirya‐Ntege P , Bakeera‐Kitaka S , Ssenyonga M , Snowden W , Burger D , Walker AS , Gibb D
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Impact of CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 polymorphisms on efavirenz plasma concentrations in Ghanaian HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Zhang Y , Owen A , Egan D , Sarfo SF
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Moringa oleifera supplementation by patients on antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Monera TG , Maponga CC
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Efficacy and safety of TMC278 in treatment‐naïve, HIV‐1‐infected patients with HBV/HCV co‐infection enrolled in the phase III ECHO and THRIVE trials
Authors: Nelson M , Amaya G , Clumeck N , Arns Da Cunha C , Jayaweera D , Junod P , Taisheng L , Tebas P , Stevens M , Buelens A , Vanveggel S , Boven K
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Reasons for using and efficacy of raltegravir in salvage regimens without protease inhibitors in clinical practice
Authors: Llibre JM , Martínez E , Barreiro P , Escrig R , Ribera E , Cervantes M , Imaz A , Gutierrez F , Knobel H , Ornelas A , Zamora FX , Clotet B
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Immunologic impact of maraviroc in clinical practice of a university hospital
Authors: Paniagua S Plata , Lopez N Trovato , Romera I Castillo , Larisgoitia A Ais , Cano J Bellon , Saez M Sanjurjo
Published: November 2010

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
On fashion and fashion discourses
Authors: Gonzlez Ana Marta
Published: November 2010

While critical views inherited from the past still influence our appraisal of fashion, its pervasiveness in contemporary society calls for an explanation. In this article I attempt to show how the importance of fashion in our society is the result of a combination of a structurally
modern space and Romantic cultural ideals. I conclude that, despite its frivolous appearance, fashion is not only a powerful social indicator, but also a particular means of bringing together the diverse and often contradictory demands of our human nature through a peculiar exercise of practical
judgment.
A new and facile synthetic approach to substituted 2-thioxoquinazolin-4-ones by the annulation of a pyrimidine derivative
Authors: Moirangthem Nimalini Devi , Laitonjam Warjeet Singh
Published: November 2010

A new and facile synthesis of 2-thioxoquinazolin-4-ones by introducing a benzenoid system in the pyrimidine moiety by reacting ethoxymethylene derivatives of 1,3-diarylthiobarbituric acids (DTBA) with active methylene compounds, such as malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate, in presence of ZnCl2 has been developed.
Accuracy and Reliability of Peer Assessment of Athletic Training Psychomotor Laboratory Skills
Authors: Marty Melissa C. , Henning Jolene M. , Willse John T.
Published: November 2010

Context:

Peer assessment is defined as students judging the level or quality of a fellow student's understanding. No researchers have yet demonstrated the accuracy or reliability of peer assessment in athletic training education.

Objective:

To determine the accuracy and reliability of peer assessment of athletic training students' psychomotor skills.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Entry-level master's athletic training education program.

Patients or Other Participants:

First-year (n  =  5) and second-year (n  =  8) students.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants evaluated 10 videos of a peer performing 3 psychomotor skills (middle deltoid manual muscle test, Faber test, and Slocum drawer test) on 2 separate occasions using a valid assessment tool. Accuracy of each peer-assessment score was examined through percentage correct scores. We used a generalizability study to determine how reliable athletic training students were in assessing a peer performing the aforementioned skills. Decision studies using generalizability theory demonstrated how the peer-assessment scores were affected by the number of participants and number of occasions.

Results:

Participants had a high percentage of correct scores: 96.84% for the middle deltoid manual muscle test, 94.83% for the Faber test, and 97.13% for the Slocum drawer test. They were not able to reliably assess a peer performing any of the psychomotor skills on only 1 occasion. However, the ϕ increased (exceeding the 0.70 minimal standard) when 2 participants assessed the skill on 3 occasions (ϕ  =  0.79) for the Faber test, with 1 participant on 2 occasions (ϕ  =  0.76) for the Slocum drawer test, and with 3 participants on 2 occasions for the middle deltoid manual muscle test (ϕ  =  0.72).

Conclusions:

Although students did not detect all errors, they assessed their peers with an average of 96% accuracy. Having only 1 student assess a peer performing certain psychomotor skills was less reliable than having more than 1 student assess those skills on more than 1 occasion. Peer assessment of psychomotor skills could be an important part of the learning process and a tool to supplement instructor assessment.
Vigabatrin in Refractory Complex Partial Seizures: The Evidence of its Therapeutic Value
Authors: Faulkner Michele A. , Tolman Justin A.
Published: November 2010

Vigabatrin (Sabril®) has recently been granted approval in the Unites States for the adjunctive treatment of complex-partial seizures in adults. The drug was first evaluated as a potential therapy for this population decades ago, and it has been available in other parts of the world for some time. Well controlled studies demonstrate that at doses up to 3 g/day, the drug is efficacious as add-on therapy for treatment resistant seizures. However, vigabatrin has been associated with significant side-effects limiting its use, and relegating it to a late therapeutic alternative. Specifically, vigabatrin has been implicated in the development of irreversible peripheral vision loss in a significant number of patients. For this reason, the approval of the drug in the United States was contingent upon the introduction of a rigorous monitoring protocol that must accompany its use. Additionally, the drug has been associated with a relatively high incidence of psychiatric disturbances, although there is disagreement about a direct correlation of these symptoms to the drug. Still, the drug remains a viable alternative for patients who have failed therapy with traditional anti-seizure medications.
A Polymer‐Electrolyte‐Based Atomic Switch
Authors: Wu Shouming , Tsuruoka Tohru , Terabe Kazuya , Hasegawa Tsuyoshi , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko , Aono Masakazu
Published: November 2010

Studies on a resistive switching memory based on a silver‐ion‐conductive solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) are reported. Simple Ag/SPE/Pt structures containing polyethylene oxide–silver perchlorate complexes exhibit bipolar resistive switching under bias voltage sweeping. The switching behavior depends strongly on the silver perchlorate concentration. From the results of thermal, transport, and electrochemical measurements, it is concluded that the observed switching originates from formation and dissolution of a silver metal filament inside the SPE film caused by electrochemical reactions. This is the first report of an electrochemical “atomic switch” realized using an organic material. The devices also show ON/OFF resistance ratios greater than 105, programming speeds higher than 1 μs, and retention times longer than 1 week. These results suggest that SPE‐based electrochemical devices might be suitable for flexible switch and memory applications.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of silicone–epoxy resins
Authors: Yang Xin , Huang Wei , Yu Yunzhao
Published: November 2010

Silicone–epoxy (SiE) resins were synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 2‐(3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl) methyldiethoxysilane (EMDS) and the cohydrolytic condensation of EMDS with dimethyldiethoxysilane. Structural characterization was carried out by 1H‐NMR, 29Si‐NMR, and mass spectrometry analysis; the resins were linear oligomers bearing different numbers of pendant epoxy groups, and the average number of repeat SiO units ranged from 6 to 11. Methyhexahydrophthalic anhydride was used to cure the SiE resins to give glassy materials with high optical clarity. The cured SiE resins showed better thermal stability and higher thermal and UV resistances than a commercial light‐emitting diode package material (an epoxy resin named CEL‐2021P). The effect of the epoxy value on the thermal and mechanical properties and the thermal and UV aging performances of the cured SiE resins were investigated. The SiE resins became more flexible with decreasing epoxy value, and the resin with the moderate epoxy value had the highest thermal and UV resistances. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synergistic effect of vermiculite on the intumescent flame retardance of polypropylene
Authors: Ren Qiang , Zhang Yong , Li Jian , Li Jin Chun
Published: November 2010

Synergistic effects of the natural clays unexfoliated vermiculite (VMT), exfoliated vermiculate (EVMT), and montmorillonite (MMT) on the intumescent flame retardance of polypropylene were investigated systematically with the usual fire testing methods. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of flame‐retardant polypropylene (FRPP) filled with 30 wt % intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) composed of ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol were increased from 30 to 33 vol % for VMT and MMT and to 36 vol % for EVMT when 1 wt % IFR was substituted for clay. The synergistic effectivities calculated on the basis of increases in the LOI values were 1.4 for VMT, 1.3 for MMT, and 1.6 for EVMT. Cone calorimetry also revealed the existence of a synergistic effect. EVMT had the best performance for lowering the peak values of the heat release rate and smoke production rate. The thermogravimetric analysis results show that EVMT had the best performance for increasing the char residue of FRPP higher than 650°C compared with VMT and MMT. The high content of iron and the small particle size of EVMT may have been responsible for its high synergistic effect at a low filling level. No remarkable variations of the diffraction peaks were observed in the X‐ray diffraction patterns of the original clay and the clay in FRPP. All of the formulations, with or without clay, exhibited small variations in the mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Transport and Relaxation in Ionic Crystals
Authors: Funke K.
Published: November 2010

The elementary steps of translational motion of ions in ionic crystals are described on atomic scales of space and time. — After a brief presentation of complementary experimental techniques, some clear‐cut examples are being discussed: jump diffusion in fluorite‐type anion conductors and a non‐hopping channel diffusion in α‐Ag2Se. — The jump‐relaxation effect is exemplified in RbAg4I5 and α‐AgI. It is shown to cause a marked deviation from random jump diffusion and to explain the anomalies known by the name of “universal dynamic response”.
Non‐Local Non‐Fickian Diffusion of Hydrogen in Metals
Authors: Baranowski B. , Lewis F. A.
Published: November 2010

Studies of the permeation of hydrogen through the walls of a tubular membrane of a Pd81Pt19alloy have provided clear examples of evidence of the occurrence of non‐local, non‐Fickian diffusion of absorbed hydrogen from the inner regions of the wall, against overall gradients of hydrogen content — as a consequence of strain gradients produced by the lattice‐expanding effects of the permeating hydrogen.
The Question of Vacancy Clusters in Manganosite Mn1—ΔO
Authors: Schuster D. , Dieckmann R. , Schweika W.
Published: November 2010

In‐situ experiments with diffuse neutron scattering are performed to investigate the defect structure in nonstoichiometric manganosite Mn1—ΔO atT= 1400°C with deviations from stoichiometryΔ= 0.3%, 1.6% and 6.4%. The elastic diffuse scattering due to disorder is obtained from the difference to measurements at the near stoichiometry composition. It is characterized by broad diffuse maxima in the 〈100〉‐ and 〈110〉‐directions. The disorder scattering can be interpreted with a simple model of randomly distributed isolated vacancies and large displacements of the O‐ and Mn‐Ions in the first surrounding shells. The theoretically predicted dominance of vacancy clusters can be excluded.
Die Rolle des Kations in der Zwischenkettenwechselwirkung von Alkali‐Dithioferraten(III)
Authors: Bauer M. , Nagorny K.
Published: November 2010

The magnetic transition temperature of the Alkali‐Dithioferrates(III) KxRb(1—x)FeS2 decreases with decreasing potassium content. This can be understood as a result of the increasing inter chain distance of the quasi‐onedimensional antiferromagnet. Thus the measured transition temperatures may be considered as threedimensional ordering temperatures.
Calculated Hydride and Fluoride Affinities of a Series of Carbenium and Silylium Cations in the Gas Phase and in C6H5Cl Solution
Authors: Gusev Dmitry G. , Ozerov Oleg V.
Published: November 2010

We report the hydride and fluoride affinities for a group of silylium and carbenium cations. With comparable substituents on the central atom, the silylium cations have the higher fluoride affinity, whereas the carbenium ions have the higher hydride affinity. In the first approximation, the hydride and the fluoride affinities vary in parallel with changes in substitution, but the deviations from linear correspondence of hydride and fluoride affinities are more pronounced for carbenium ions. The hydride and fluoride affinities of silylium cations are very similar, whereas for carbenium ions, the hydride affinities are 35–60 kcal mol−1 higher than fluoride affinities. These results are placed in the context of studies of hydrodefluorination of aliphatic CF bonds enabled by silylium carborane catalysts [C. Douvris, O. V. Ozerov, Science 2008, 321, 1188]. The abstraction of fluoride from perfluoroalkanes by a trialkylsilylium cation is neither thermodynamically favorable nor kinetically accessible and, if at all possible, will require a much more fluorophilic silylium cation.
Engineering the Promiscuous Racemase Activity of an Arylmalonate Decarboxylase
Authors: Kourist Robert , Miyauchi Yusuke , Uemura Daisuke , Miyamoto Kenji
Published: November 2010

Variant G74C of arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) from Bordatella bronchoseptica has a unique racemising activity towards profens. By protein engineering, variant G74C/V43A with a 20‐fold shift towards promiscuous racemisation was obtained, based on a reduced activity in the decarboxylation reaction and a two‐fold increase in the racemisation activity. The mutant showed an extended substrate range, with a 30‐fold increase in the reaction rate towards ketoprofen. Molecular dynamics simulations and the substrate profile of the racemase indicate that the steric and polar effects of the substrate structure play a more dominant role on catalysis than mere kinetic α‐proton acidity. The observation that the conversion of β,γ‐unsaturated carboxylic acids does not lead to a rearrangement to form their α,β isomers indicates a concerted rather than a stepwise mechanism. Interestingly, a substrate bearing a nitro group instead of the carboxylic acid group on the α‐carbon atom was also converted by the racemase.
Clearance Techniques
Authors: Levinsky Norman G. , Lieberthal Wilfred
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

History

Limitations of Clearance Methods

Technical Considerations

Constant‐Infusion Technique

Other Techniques

Single‐Injection (Single‐Shot) Technique

Clearance Methods for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate

Substances Used as Markers

Clearance Methods for Estimation of Renal Plasma Flow

Substances Used as Markers

p‐Aminohippurate Clearance in Renal Disease

Extraction of p‐Aminohippurate as' Index of Medullary Blood Flow

Clearance Methods for Analysis of Tubular Function

Localization of Water and Sodium Reabsorption

Estimation of Proximal Reabsorption from Urine Flow

Assessment ofSodium Reabsorption in Diluting Segment

Assessment of Sodium Reabsorption in Medullary Ascending Limb

Determination of Proximal Reabsorption Using Clearance of Lithium
Cellular Mechanisms of H+and HCO3−transport in tight urinary epithelia
Authors: Al‐Awqati Qais , Beauwens Renaud
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Transepithelial Proton and Bicarbonate Transport

Intercalated Cells

Proton Secretion

Bicarbonate Secretion

Molecules Involved in Acid‐Base Transport

Proton‐TranslocatingATPases

Cl−−Exchanger

Chloride Channel

Carbonic Anhydrase

Regulation of Proton Secretion

Transmembrane Electrochemical Gradient

Cell pH

Effect ofCO2and Role of Exocytosis

Role of Endocytosis

Aldosterone

Extracellular Acid‐Base Changes

CyclicAMP

Regulation of Bicarbonate Secretion

Exfracellular Acid‐Base Changes

cAMP

Cell Calcium and the Calcium Ionophore A23187

Epithelial Polarity of Proton and Bicarbonate Transport

Biogenesis of Epithelial Polarity

Plasticity of Epithelial Polarity in the Intercalated Cell

Other Examples of Reversible Polarity

Potential Mechanisms for Plasticity in the Polarity of the Intercalated Cell

Developmental Biology of the Intercalated Cell
Renal Blood Flow
Authors: Hura Claudia , Stein Jay H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Measurement of Renal Blood Flow

Total Renal Blood Flow

Regional Cortical Blood Flow

Medullary Blood Flow

Renal Microcirculation

Control of Renal Circulation

Intrinsic Factors

Extrinsic Control

Renovascular Resistance Changes in Selected Pathophysiological States

Extracellular Volume Expansion

Hemorrhagic Hypotension

Acute Renal Failure
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and the Renal Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure Homeostasis
Authors: Laragh John H. , Sealey Jean E.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Background

Renin

Aldosterone

A Coordinated Renal‐Adrenal Hormonal System: Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone

Comparative Aspects

Brief Overview of the Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone System

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Renin System

Prorenin

Renin

Renin Substrate

Angiotensins I andII

Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme

Aldosterone

Methods of Measurement

Physiology

Prorenin

Renin

Renin Substrate

AngiotensinII

Aldosterone

Cybernetics of the System

Coordinated Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure

Use of the Renin System to Understand Blood Pressure Control and Disorders of Pressure‐Volume Homeostasis

Two Forms of Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction‐Volume Analysis

Three Basic Tenets Concerning Plasma Renin Measurements

The Sodium—Calcium Connection

Dynamic Reciprocity of Two Forms of Vasoconstriction

The Sympathetic Nervous System and Modulation of the Two Forms of Arteriolar Vasoconstriction

Human Disorders of the Renin System

Hypertensive Disorders

Renin System Abnormalities in Edematous States

Hypokalemic Normotensive States
Renal Plasma Membranes: Isolation, General Properties, and Biochemical Components
Authors: Kinne Rolf , Kinne‐Saffran E.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Studies on Isolated Plasma Membranes: Conceptual Framework

Isolation of Plasma Membranes of the Proximal Tubule

Definition of Membranes

Membrane Marker

Starting Material

Isolation of Microvillous Membranes

Isolation of Basal‐lateral Membranes

Simultaneous Isolation of Microvillous and Basal‐lateral Membranes

Isolation of Endosomes and Reserve Vesicles

Purity and General Properties of Plasma Membranes Isolated from the Proximal Tubule

Microvillous Membranes

Basal‐lateral Membranes

Endosomes and Reserve Vesicles

Isolation of Plasma Membranes of the Thick Ascending limb of Henle's Loop

Definition of Membranes

Membrane Marker

Starting Material

Methods for Membrane Isolation

Purity and General Properties of Plasma Membranes Isolated from the Thick Ascending Limb

Purity of Membrane Fractions

General Properties

Isolation of Plasma Membranes of the Collecting Duct

Definition of Membranes

Membrane Marker

Starting Material

Methods for Membrane Isolation

Purity and General Properties of Membranes Isolated from the Collecting Duct

Biochemical Components of Isolated Renal Plasma Membranes

Membrane Lipids

Lipid Composition of Isolated Membranes of the Proximal Tubule

Lipid Composition of Plasma Membranes Isolated from Kidney Medulla

Identification of Membrane Proteins

Enzymes in Renal Membranes

Antigens in Renal Membranes

Transport Proteins in Renal Membranes

Protein Fingerprints of Renal Membranes

Concluding Remarks
Alimentary Excretion of Environmental Agents and Unnatural Compounds
Authors: Pfeiffer Carl J. , Hänninen Osmo
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Alimentary Excretion of Organic and Inorganic Substances

Salivary Excretion

Excretion From Respiratory to Gastrointestinal Tract

Transfer of Foreign Compounds Into Gastric Contents

Intestinal Excretion

Pancreatic Excretion

General Mechanisms of Biliary Excretion of Foreign Compounds

Alimentary Excretion of Selected Pharmacological Agents

Alimentary Excretion of Selected Environmental Agents

Enteric Factors that May Modify Alimentary Excretion

Mucosal and Hepatic Conjugation

Presence of Bile

Gut Bacteria and Enterohepatic Circulation

Chelating Agents

Concluding Remarks
Lipid Peroxidation: A Specific form of Cellular Injury
Authors: Recknagel Richard O. , Glende Eric A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Chemistry of Lipid Peroxidation

Biological Consequences of Lipid Peroxidation

Possible Mechanisms in Lipoperoxidative Cell Injury

Protective Mechanisms

Liver Injury from Carbon Tetrachloride
Intracellular Digestion: Lysosomes and Cellular Injury
Authors: Goldstein Ira M. , Weissmann Gerald
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Origin and Function of Lysosomes

Lysosomes and Tissue Injury

Lysosomal Enzymes

Autophagy

Mechanisms of Lysosomal Enzyme Release

Interactions of Lysosomes With Chemical and Physical Agents

Physical Agents

Ionizing Radiation

Ultraviolet Radiation

Visible Radiation

Microbes and Microbial Products

Bacteria and Fungi

Microbial Toxins

Viruses

Chemical Agents

Drugs, Vitamins, and Hormones

Heavy Metals

Environmental Pollutants

Venoms and Toxins
Structure and Function of Membrane Systems of Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Peachey Lee D. , Franzini‐Armstrong Clara
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Structural Components of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Sarcomeres, Striations, and Fibrils

Membranes

Physiological Correlates

Local Activation Experiments

Comparison of Slow‐Acting and Fast‐Acting Muscle Fibers

Relation of Total Surface Area to Fiber Capacitance

Glycerol‐Shock Experiments

Microscopic Methods in Study of Cellular Membrane Structure

Scanning Electron Microscopy

High‐Voltage Electron Microscopy of Thick Sections

Freeze‐Fracture Electron Microscopy

T System

Definition, Development, and Function

T‐Tubule Networks

T‐Tubule Shapes

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Definition, Development, and Function

Structural Relationship to Myofibrils and Striations

Form of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Content of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Calcium Movements

Intrinsic Membrane Proteins

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

T Tubules

Comparative Structure of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T System

Fibers With One Small Dimension and No T System

Fibers With Low Speed and Small Quantity of Membranes

Fibers With High Speed and Large Quantity of Membranes

Variation in Speed and Quantity of Membranes in Mammalian Fibers

Invertebrate Fibers

T‐System‐Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Couplings

Basic Form

Structural Details

Role of T‐Tubular Calcium Current in Excitation‐ Contraction Coupling

Functional Mechanism of Coupling Between T Tubules and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Special Geometry of T System

Longitudinal T Tubules

Helicoids

Structural and Functional Implications
Cell Culture as a Model
Authors: Cristofalo Vincent J. , Pignolo Robert J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Development of Cell Cultures for the Study of Aging

Relevance of in Vitro Cellular Senescence to in Vivo Aging

Cell Cultures as Models

Cellular Mortality, Cellular Clocks, and Death as an End Point for Aging

Aging and Evolution

In Vivo–In Vitro Parallel Changes

Caveats in the Use of Cell Cultures as Models

Cellular and Molecular Markers of Senescence in Vitro and in Vivo

Mechanistic Studies of in Vitro Replicative Senescence

Stochastic Mechanisms

Signal Transduction Pathways

Genetic Mechanisms

Summary and Conclusions
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: Halter Jeffrey B.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Epidemiology of Age‐Related Changes of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Mechanisms for Age‐Related Changes of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Normal Regulation of Glucose Metabolism

Effects of Aging

Confounding Factors

Diabetes Mellitus

Mechanisms for Development of Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolic Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus

Long‐Term Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus
Aging of Long‐Lived Proteins: Extracellular Matrix (Collagens, Elastins, Proteoglycans) and Lens Crystallins
Authors: Sell David R. , Monnier Vincent M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Collagens

Overview

Methodological Difficulties in the Assessment of Collagen Changes during Aging

Hypertension and Collagen Deposition in Relation to the Aging Process

Turnover of Collagen

Physical Properties of Aging Collagen

Measurement of the Physical Properties of Collagen as Potential Biomarkers of Aging

Chemical Properties of Aging Collagen

Elastin

Molecular Contrasts between Elastin and Collagen

Morphological Changes in Elastin with Aging

Quantitative Changes in Elastin with Aging

Conclusions

Proteoglycans

Biochemical Composition

Aggregating and Nonaggregating Populations of Proteoglycans

Age‐Related Changes in Proteoglycans

Conclusions

Lens Crystallins

Overview

Age‐Related Changes in Lens and Lens Crystallins

Changes in Enzyme Activity

Mechanisms of Crystallin Aging

Conclusions

Summation
Lactate Transport and Exchange During Exercise
Authors: Gladden L. Bruce
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Why Does [La] Increase During Exercise?

Muscle Hypoxia: The Traditional Hypothesis

Evidence Against Muscle Hypoxia

Multiple Factors

Criticism of Evidence Against O2‐limitation

Near‐Equilibrium Steady State: A Unifying Hypothesis?

The Lactate Shuttle

Carrier‐Mediated Lactate Transport

Lactate Transport in Sarcolemmal Vesicles

Lactate Transport in Isolated Cells

Reconstitution of the Lactate Carrier

Lactate Transport In Situ

Muscle as a Consumer of Lactate: Regulating Factors

Lactate Concentration

Metabolic Rate

Blood Flow

Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Muscle Fiber Type

Exercise Training

Blood Transport of Lactate

Lactate Distribution between Plasma andRBCs

Comparative Aspects of Lactate Transport inRBCs

Altitude

The Lactate Paradox

Explanations for the Lactate Paradox
Control of Glycolysis and Glycogen Metabolism
Authors: Connett Richard J. , Sahlin Kent
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Importance of Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise

General Overview of the Glycolytic Pathway

ATPSupply

Support of Other Metabolic Needs

Properties of Glycogen and Associated Enzymes

Structure of Glycogen

Control ofGP

Control ofGS

Integrated Control ofGPandGSDuring Exercise

Other Specific Glycolytic Enzyme Controls

Equilibrium Group

Phosphofructokinase

Aldolase

Glyceraldehydephosphate Dehydrogenase and Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK)

Phosphoglycerate Mutase and Enolase

Pyruvate Kinase

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Carbohydrate Utilization at Rest and During Exercise

Diurnal Variations of Body Stores at Rest

CHOUtilization during Exercise

Control of Glycogenolysis during Heavy Exercise

Postexercise Glycogen Synthesis and its Control

Resynthesis of Muscle Glycogen After Exercise

Regulatory Mechanisms

Muscle Glycogen Metabolism and Fatigue

Importance ofCHOduring Prolonged Exercise

Importance of Glycogen during High‐Intensity Exercise

Integrative Aspects of Glycolytic Control and Future Directions (K. Sahlin)

Rest‐Work Transition

Future Directions

Integrative Aspects of Glycolytic Control and Future Directions (R. J. Connett)

Systems Analysis

Cellular Oxygen Tension and Lactate Formation

State of the Phosphate Energy System

Cytosolic pH

Substrate Effects

Future Directions
Principles of Regulation and Control in Biochemistry: A Pragmatic, Flux‐Oriented Approach
Authors: Crabtree B. , Newsholme E. A. , Reppas N. B.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Flux‐Oriented Theory of Regulation

Flux‐Generating Steps

Branched Fluxes: Reversible Reactions

Other Types of Flux: Energy Fluxes and Equivalence

Internal and External Effectors

Control and Regulation of Metabolic Fluxes and Concentrations: Communication and Regulatory Sequences

Control Versus Regulation

Identification of Communication Sequences In Vivo

Need for Sensitive Regulation In Vivo

Metabolic Sensitivities

Analysis of Non‐Steady States

Two Other Important Approaches to Metabolic Control and Regulation

Biochemical Systems Theory (BST)

Metabolic Control Theory (MCT)

Summary and Future Prospects
Online capillary liquid–liquid electroextraction of peptides as fast pre‐concentration prior to LC‐MS
Authors: Lindenburg Petrus W. , Seitzinger Remco , Tempels F. W. Alexander , Tjaden Ubbo R. , van der Greef Jan , Hankemeier Thomas
Published: November 2010

In this research paper, we show that capillary electroextraction (cEE) is capable of fast online peptide concentration and that it can be coupled online to LC‐MS to result in a fast and sensitive method. Electroextraction takes place when an electrical field is applied in a two‐phase liquid–liquid system. Sample molecules in the organic phase migrate very fast into the aqueous phase and are concentrated in a small zone. In this work, cEE of peptides is developed and coupled online to LC‐MS via a switching valve. Comparison of 10 min of cEE‐LC‐MS with a normal LC‐MS injection showed more than 100‐fold increased peak heights. Of five model peptides, good calibration curves in the range of 0.05–5 μmol/L were obtained. The linearity was good (R2 values between 0.984 and 0.996) and RSD between 5% at the highest to 25% at the lowest concentration (n=3). The LOD of bradykinin, angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin I was in the low nmol/L range. Analysis of a tryptic digest of eight model proteins resulted in more than 170 peptides, without bias for pI or hydrophilicity. Urine analysis is demonstrated, resulting in an LOD around 0.04 μmol/L urine for tryptic cytochrome C peptides spiked to urine and an increase of 42% in the number of chromatographic peaks compared with the conventional LC‐MS. In summary, cEE‐LC‐MS is a fast electrophoresis‐driven sample preconcentration technique that is quantitative, able to extract a wide peptide range and applicable to bioanalysis.
Preozonation of primary‐treated municipal wastewater for reuse in biofuel feedstock generation
Authors: Mondala Andro H. , Hernandez Rafael , French W. Todd , Estévez L. Antonio , Meckes Mark , Trillo Marlene , Hall Jacqueline
Published: November 2010

The results of a laboratory scale investigation on ozone pretreatment of primary‐treated municipal wastewater for potential reuse in fermentation processes for the production of biofuels and bio‐based feedstock chemicals were presented. Semi‐batch preozonation with 3.0% (w/w) ozone at 1 L min−1 resulted into a considerable inactivation of the indigenous heterotrophic bacteria in the wastewater with less than 0.0002% comprising the ozone‐resistant fraction of the microbial population. The disinfection process was modeled using first‐order inactivation kinetics with a rate constant of 4.39 × 10−3 s−1. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were reduced by 30% in 1‐h experiments. COD depletion was also modeled using a pseudo‐first‐order kinetics at a rate constant of 9.50 × 10−5 s−1. Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values were reduced by 60% up to 20 min of ozonation followed by a plateau and some slight increases attributed to partial oxidation of recalcitrant materials. Ozone also had no substantial effect on the concentration of ammonium and phosphate ions, which are essential for microbial growth and metabolism. Preliminary tests indicated that oleaginous microorganisms could be cultivated in the ozonated wastewater, resulting in relatively higher cell densities than in raw wastewater and comparable results with autoclave‐sterilized wastewater. This process could potentially produce significant quantities of oil for biofuel production from municipal wastewater streams. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
In‐hospital death according to dementia diagnosis in acutely ill elderly patients: the REPOSI study
Authors: Marengoni A. , Corrao S. , Nobili A. , Tettamanti M. , Pasina L. , Salerno F. , Iorio A. , Marcucci M. , Bonometti F. , Mannucci P.M. ,   on behalf of SIMI Investigators
Published: November 2010

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore the association of dementia with in‐hospital death in acutely ill medical patients.

Methods

Thirty‐four internal medicine and 4 geriatric wards in Italy participated in the Registro Politerapie SIMI—REPOSI—study during 2008. One thousand three hundred and thirty two in‐patients aged 65 years or older were enrolled. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of dementia with in‐hospital death. Socio‐demographic characteristics, morbidity (single diseases and the Charlson Index), number of drugs, and adverse clinical events during hospitalization were considered as potential confounders.

Results

One hundred and seventeen participants were diagnosed as being affected by dementia. Patients with dementia were more likely to be women, older, to have cerebrovascular diseases, pneumonia, and a higher number of adverse clinical events during hospitalization. The percentage of patients affected by dementia who died during hospitalization was higher than that of patients without dementia (9.4 versus 4.9%). After multiadjustment, the diagnosis of dementia was associated with in‐hospital death (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0–4.5). Having dementia and at least one adverse clinical event during hospitalization showed an additive effect on in‐hospital mortality (OR = 20.7; 95% CI = 6.9–61.9).

Conclusions

Acutely ill elderly patients affected by dementia are more likely to die shortly after hospital admission. Having dementia and adverse clinical events during hospital stay increases the risk of death. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Content analysis of language‐promoting teaching strategies used in infant‐directed media
Authors: Vaala Sarah E. , Linebarger Deborah L. , Fenstermacher Susan K. , Tedone Ashley , Brey Elizabeth , Barr Rachel , Moses Annie , Shwery Clay E. , Calvert Sandra L.
Published: November 2010

The number of videos produced specifically for infants and toddlers has grown exponentially in the last decade. Many of these products make educational claims regarding young children's language development. This study explores infant media producer claims regarding language development, and the extent to which these claims reflect different distributions of strategies known to promote young children's language development in live contexts. A content analysis of 58 DVDs for children under the age of three years was conducted. Claims related to language development and general knowledge information were identified from packaging and promotional materials. Video content was examined scene‐by‐scene for language‐promoting strategies. Finally, scene‐level content matching the specific language or general knowledge claims was ‘tagged’. Videos with more explicit language claims had a significantly higher percentage of scenes with language content and language‐promoting strategies than those without such claims. Verbal labels of onscreen referents were common across videos. Onscreen print significantly co‐occurred with language claims, which was surprising given that infants were the target audience and they cannot read. Production techniques that are likely to increase orientation to important language content, such as sound effects, and audience elicitation, significantly co‐occurred with language content, but point/give objects or follow gaze teaching strategies and vocabulary definitions were only infrequently used. Implications for the creation of developmentally appropriate videos for infants and toddlers are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High RAD51 mRNA expression characterize estrogen receptor‐positive/progesteron receptor‐negative breast cancer and is associated with patient's outcome
Authors: Barbano Raffaela , Copetti Massimiliano , Perrone Giuseppe , Pazienza Valerio , Muscarella Lucia Anna , Balsamo Teresa , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana , Ripoli Maria , Rinaldi Monica , Valori Vanna Maria , Latiano Tiziana Pia , Maiello Evaristo , Stanziale Pietro , Carella Massimo , Mangia Alessandra , Pellegrini Fabio , Bisceglia Michele , Muda Andrea Onetti , Altomare Vittorio , Murgo Roberto , Fazio Vito Michele , Parrella Paola
Published: November 2010

Mutations in DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB) repair genes are involved in the pathogenesis of hereditary mammary tumors, it is, however, still unclear whether defects in this pathway may play a role in sporadic breast cancer. In this study, we initially determined mRNA expression of 15 DSB related genes by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in paired normal tissue and cancer specimen from 20 breast cancer cases to classify them into homogeneous clusters. G22P1/ku70, ATR and RAD51 genes were differentially expressed in the three branches recognized by clustering analysis. In particular, a breast cancer subgroup characterized by high RAD51 mRNA levels and estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive/progesteron receptor (PR)‐negative phenotype was identified. This result was confirmed by the analysis of G22P1/ku70, ATR and RAD51 mRNA levels on paired normal and tumor specimens from an extended breast cancer cohort (n = 75). RAD51 mRNA levels were inversely associated with PR status (p = 0.02) and the highest levels were, indeed, detected in ER‐positive/PR‐negative tumors (p = 0.03). RAD51 immunostaining of a tissue microarray confirmed the inverse relationship between high RAD51 expression and negative PR status (p = 0.002), as well as, the association with ER‐positive/PR‐negative phenotype (p = 0.003). Interestingly, the analysis of microarray expression data from 295 breast cancers indicate that RAD51 increased mRNA expression is associated with higher risk of tumor relapse, distant metastases and worst overall survival (p = 0.015, p = 0.009 and p = 0.013 respectively). Our results suggest that RAD51 expression determination could contribute to a better molecular classification of mammary tumors and may represent a novel tool for evaluating postoperative adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients.
Galectin‐4 functions as a tumor suppressor of human colorectal cancer
Authors: Satelli Arun , Rao Prema S. , Thirumala Seshadri , Rao U. Subrahmanyeswara
Published: November 2010

Development of colorectal cancer (CRC) involves a series of genetic alterations with altered expression of proteins and cell signaling pathways. Here, we identified that galectin‐4 (gal‐4), a marker of differentiation, was down‐regulated in CRC. The goal of this work was to determine the function of gal‐4 in CRC. Toward this goal, the human colon biopsies and tissue microarrays containing a gradient of pathology were analyzed for gal‐4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, migration, motility, forced expression, knockdown, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were used to characterize gal‐4 function. Immunohistochemistry identified that gal‐4 expression was significantly down‐regulated in adenomas and was essentially absent in invasive carcinomas. Forced expression of gal‐4 in gal‐4 −ve cells induced cell cycle arrest and retarded cell migration and motility. Further, gal‐4 sensitized the cells to camptothecin‐induced apoptosis. Gal‐4 knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation, migration and motility. Gal‐4 was found to be associated with Wnt signaling proteins. Finally, gal‐4 expression led to down‐regulation of Wnt signaling target genes. This study demonstrates that loss of gal‐4 is a common and specific event in CRC. This study also shows that gal‐4 exhibits tumor suppressive effects in CRC cells in vitro. Through its ability to interact with and down‐regulate the functions of Wnt signaling pathway, gal‐4 reveals a new dimension in the control of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, gal‐4 may prove to be an important molecule in understanding the biology of CRC.