bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method for acquisition of equivalent material parameters considering orthotropy of stator core and windings in SRM
Authors: Hu Shenglong , Zuo Shuguang , Liu Mingtian , Wu Hao
Published: February 2019

To solve the problem of the orthotropic material parameters acquisition, a novel method for the acquisition of the equivalent material parameters considering the orthotropy of the stator core and the windings in a switched reluctance motor (SRM) is proposed. First, a theoretical analysis of the influences of the orthotropic material parameters on the vibration characteristics is implemented. Second, according to the finite element (FE) equivalent model and the modal parameters obtained by the modal test, the equivalent orthotropic material parameters of the stator core and the windings are captured, respectively. Finally, considering the complex connections among components, a FE model of a SRM is established and validated by the modal test. The results indicate that the vibration characteristics of the FE model of the stator core and the windings with the orthotropic features can be analysed by assigning the equivalent orthotropic material parameters; the elastic modulus Ex (Ey) and the shear modulus Gxy have effects on both the symmetric modal frequencies and the antisymmetric modal frequencies; the shear modulus Gxz (Gyz) only affects the antisymmetric modal frequencies; the elastic modulus Ez can neither change the symmetric modal frequencies nor the antisymmetric modal frequencies.
Noise reduction of axial‐flux motors by combining various pole‐arc coefficients and circumferential shifting of permanent magnets: analytical approach
Authors: Deng Wenzhe , Zuo Shuguang
Published: February 2019

The electromagnetic noise of an axial‐flux in‐wheel motor (AFWM) is reduced by combining various pole‐arc coefficients and circumferential shifting of permanent magnets (PMs) here. First, the analytical model of the air‐gap magnetic field for the AFWM with various pole‐arc coefficients and circumferential shifting of PMs is established. The influence of edging effect and stator slotting is taken into account through the radial correction function and complex relative permeance function, respectively. Subsequently, the torque and electromagnetic noise of the AFWM are derived analytically. A multi‐objective optimisation of the AFWM is then implemented by the NSGA‐II (non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm) based on the proposed analytical approach. Finally, the electromagnetic performance and vibroacoustic characteristics of the initial and optimised motors are compared and analysed. The results show that the proposed method by combining various pole‐arc coefficients and circumferential shifting of PMs can reduce the noise of axial‐flux motors effectively, without sacrificing the output torque. This study is of great significance for the vibration and noise reduction of axial‐flux motors.
Hamiltonian energy‐balance method for direct analysis of power systems transient stability
Authors: Machado Emanuelle , Pessanha Jose Eduardo Onoda
Published: February 2019

This paper outlines a Hamiltonian energy‐balance function for computing stable and unstable regions of power systems. Once the generator model is defined, a certain number of variables (holonomic constraints) specifies its state properties (prefault, fault‐on, and postfault) entirely. The change between the postfault (final) and prefault (initial) states is expressed by an energy balance equation (crucial for solving many dynamical problems). State equations (instead of swing equation) with the properties (or functions) of the system are built using the prefault and postfault energies (kinetic and potential) of the generators. When a large disturbance occurs, the ‘migration’ from one state to another is computed using concepts of least action principle, conservation, and dissipation of energy, perturbation theory and calculus of variations. The method is tested with two electric power systems, where the classical model represents the synchronous generators. Prefault, fault‐on, and postfault regions are clearly characterised on 3D energy surfaces indicating whether the generators remain (or not) stable after a fault in the power system. The trajectories of the Hamiltonian energies of the generators are projected on 2D planar projection maps. The results provided important insights into transient stability problems not seen so far.
Dynamic niche artificial bee colony algorithm for output control of MCR‐WPT system
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Chen Wei
Published: February 2019

The variations of parameters in magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer (MCR‐WPT) system leads to system detuning problem. When the operation frequency is shifted from the resonant frequency of the system, output power of load (PL) will reduce greatly. The mathematical formulation of PL is similar to a multimodal function of the operation frequency. All the maximums of PL are needed to confirm the operation frequency. This study describes a dynamic niche artificial bee colony (DNABC) algorithm for locating all the optimums of multimodal function. By judging the increment of individual fitness, DNABC algorithm divides the solution space into peaky niche and candidate niche, and updates the boundary of niches dynamically. It transforms searching multiple maximum values in the whole solution space into searching one global maximum in each niche. Taking a 3‐coil MCR‐WPT system as an example, the simulation and experiment results show that DNABC algorithm is affected little by the number of population and has high convergence speed and high optimisation accuracy.
Generalized multi-plane gravitational lensing: time delays, recursive lens equation, and the mass-sheet transformation
Authors: Schneider Peter
Published: February 2019

We consider several aspects of the generalized multi-plane gravitational lens theory, in which light rays from a distant source are affected by several main deflectors, and in addition by the tidal gravitational field of the large-scale matter distribution in the Universe when propagating between the main deflectors. Specifically, we derive a simple expression for the time-delay function in this case, making use of the general formalism for treating light propagation in inhomogeneous spacetimes which leads to the characterization of distance matrices between main lens planes. Applying Fermat’s principle, an alternative form of the corresponding lens equation is derived, which connects the impact vectors in three consecutive main lens planes, and we show that this form of the lens equation is equivalent to the more standard one. For this, some general relations for cosmological distance matrices are derived. The generalized multi-plane lens situation admits a generalized mass-sheet transformation, which corresponds to uniform isotropic scaling in each lens plane, a corresponding scaling of the deflection angle, and the addition of a tidal matrix (mass sheet plus external shear) to each main lens. The scaling factor in the lens planes exhibits a curious alternating behavior for odd and even numbered planes. We show that the time delay for sources in all lens planes scale with the same factor under this generalized mass-sheet transformation, thus precluding the use of time-delay ratios to break the mass-sheet transformation.
Multi-item Optimal control problem with fuzzy costs and constraints using Fuzzy variational principle
Authors: Roul Jotindra Nath , Maity Kalipada , Kar Samarjit , Maiti Manoranjan
Published: February 2019

An imperfect multi-item production system is considered against time dependent demands for a finite time horizon. Here production is defective. Following [Khouja and Mehrez J. Oper. Res. Soc. 45 (1994) 1405–1417], unit production cost depends on production, raw-material and maintenance costs. Produced items have same fixed life-time. Warehouse capacity is limited and used as a constraint. Available space, production, stock and different costs are assumed as crisp or imprecise. With the above considerations, crisp and fuzzy constrained optimal control problems are formulated for the minimization of total cost consisting of raw-material, production and holding costs. These models are solved using conventional and fuzzy variational principles with equality constraint condition and no-stock as end conditions. For the first time, the inequality space constraint is converted into an equality constraint introducing a pseudo state variable following Bang Bang control. [Roul et al., J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 32 (2017) 565–577], as stock is mainly controlled by production, for the control problems production is taken as the control variable and stock as state variable. The reduced optimal control problem is solved by generalised reduced gradient method using Lingo-11.0. The models are illustrated numerically. For the fuzzy model, optimum results are obtained as fuzzy numbers expressed by their membership functions. From fuzzy results, crisp results are derived using α-cuts.
Joint pricing, services and quality decisions in a dual-channel supply chain
Authors: Chen Jiumei , Zhang Wen , Liu Zhiying
Published: February 2019

With the rapid development of the Internet, many manufacturers nowadays are increasingly adopting a dual-channel to sell their products,i.e., the traditional retail channel and online direct channel. In this paper, we focus on retail service, manufacturer’s direct service and quality effort, and present an analytical framework to examine the optimal decisions in dual-channel supply chain between the manufacturer and the retailer. Considering the efficacy of different supply chain structures, centralized and decentralized models are established. By using the backwards induction and the two-stage optimization technique in Stackelberg game, the corresponding analytical equilibrium solutions are obtained. Our analysis shows that the degree of customer loyalty to the direct channel strongly influences the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s services and quality strategies in the decentralized dual-channel supply chain, but not in the centralized model. Our results also point out that compared to centralized model, for any given selling price, the ratio of profit margins of selling one unit in the direct and retail channels determines the retailer’s service strategy; and the manufacturer will raise the level of direct channel service, but put less effort on quality improvement in the decentralized model. Finally, numerical examples present the contrasting view that disparate interests within a dual-channel supply chain can actually realize improving outcomes.
A Case Report of Plantar Psoriasis Treated with Homoeopathy
Authors: Rahman Shamsur , Dey Joy
Published: February 2019

Psoriasis on the hands and feet often appears on the palms and soles that are called palmopantar psoriasis. Treatment in modern medicine uses local and systematic antibiotics. Homoeopathy has mentioned medicines for plantar psoriasis. A case reported was a female of 7 years of age suffering from symptoms of itching, red scaly plaques, eruption with very offensive odour which aggravates at night, burning in both hands and feet which aggravates at night, weight-bearing area of the sole had painful cracking, scaling, swelling and blister. Also, she had burning on both hands and feet which aggravates at night and was diagnosed as plantar psoriasis. The homoeopathic medicine Syphilinum 1000C was prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms, Materia Medica and miasm. Plantar psoriasis was reduced considerably within 10 days, and it disappeared completely in 2 months 20 days. No recurrence of plantar psoriasis was observed for another 5 years as well. Photographs during follow-up visits have provided as documentary evidence about the effectiveness of homoeopathic medicine Syphilinum 1000C in plantar psoriasis.
Understanding Psychological Conflicts in Patients with Essential Hypertension and Exploring Matching Homoeopathic Remedies
Authors: Patel Neha
Published: February 2019

Empirical evidence suggests that anger and anxiety are associated with essential hypertension. This study attempts to unearth not just the psychological conflicts but also the type and quality of conflicts that lead to these emotional factors and to explore homoeopathic remedies matching the conflicts. For instance, internal conflict was seen in all patients with essential hypertension. The type of internal conflict was intrapersonal conflict, and the quality was suppressed anger/hostile impulses or sudden outburst of anger towards persons/things and unacceptable dependency in most patients. Unconscious conflicts expressed as ego-defences also were seen in all patients with essential hypertension, of which somatisation and suppression were seen in most patients. Homoeopathic similimum matching the conflicts helps in enhancing our knowledge of remedies.
A quantitative central limit theorem for the excursion area of random spherical harmonics over subdomains of S2
Authors: Todino Anna Paola
Published: February 2019

In recent years, considerable interest has been drawn by the analysis of geometric functionals for the excursion sets of random eigenfunctions on the unit sphere (spherical harmonics). In this paper, we extend those results to proper subsets of the sphere S2, i.e., spherical caps, focussing, in particular, on the excursion area. Precisely, we show that the asymptotic behaviour of the excursion area is dominated by the so-called second-order chaos component and we exploit this result to establish a quantitative central limit theorem, in the high energy limit. These results generalize analogous findings for the full sphere; their proofs, however, require more sophisticated techniques, in particular, a careful analysis (of some independent interest) for smooth approximations of the indicator function for spherical cap subsets.
Orthogonal co-cultivation of smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell layers to construct in vivo-like vasculature
Authors: Choi Jong Seob , Seo Tae Seok
Published: February 2019

Development of a three-dimensional (3D) vascular co-cultivation system is one of the major challenges to provide an advanced analytical platform for studying blood vessel related diseases. To date, however, the in vivo-like vessel system has not been fully realized due to the difficulty of co-cultivation of the cells with orthogonal alignment. In this study, we report the utilization of microfabrication technology to construct biomimetic 3D co-cultured vasculature. First, microwrinkle patterns whose direction was perpendicular to the axis of a circular microfluidic channel were fabricated, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured inside the microchannel, leading to an in vivo-like circumferential VSMC layer. Then, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured on the circumferentially aligned VSMC, and the success of double layer formation of HUVEC-VSMC in the circular microchannel could be monitored. After HUVEC cultivation, we applied shear flow in order to induce the orientation of HUVEC parallel to the axis, and the analysis of orientation angle and spreading area of HUVECs indicated that they were changed by shear stress to be aligned to the direction of flow. Thus, the HUVEC and VSMC layer could be aligned with a distinct direction. The expression level of VE-Cadherin located at the boundary of HUVECs implies in vivo-like vascular behavior. The proposed in vitro microfluidic vascular assay platform would be valuable for studying vascular diseases with high reliability due to in vivo-likeness.
Comparison of channels in operator algebras
Authors: Łuczak Andrzej
Published: February 2019

Two quantum channels are compared in terms of their “noisiness.” The channel E is considered to be less noisy than the channel F, denoted by F≺E, if for an arbitrary ensemble of states {φ1, …, φr}, the states Eφ1,…,Eφr are more distinguishable than the states Fφ1,…,Fφr. The relation ≺ is characterized for arbitrary von Neumann algebras in arbitrary dimension.
1-D particle-in-cell simulations of electron acoustic solitary structures in an electron beam-plasma
Authors: Abid A. A. , Lu Quanming , Qureshi M. N. S. , Gao X. L. , Chen Huayue , Shah K. H. , Wang Shui
Published: February 2019

Electrostatic solitary (ES) structures have been frequently observed in the solar wind, Earth’s and other planetary magnetosphere and are the most widely theoretically studied waves in literature. However, there are very few studies in which simulations and theoretical studies have been performed simultaneously. In this paper, we perform 1-D electrostatic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations of electrostatic solitary (ES) waves in a plasma which consists of immobile ions, and cold, beam and hot electrons. It is found that for a small value of electron beam velocity, ES structures are formed due to the steepening of initially quasi monochromatic electron acoustic (EA) waves. We interpret these ES structures as electron acoustic solitary (EAS) structures, which agree with the rarefactive (negative electrostatic potential) electron acoustic solitary structures obtained theoretically as a solution of the Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation. We found that polarity of solitary structures depends on the drift velocity of electron beam and formation of electric field spikes are consistent with the ES waves observations from Earth’s magnetosphere.
Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnSe:Mn quantum dots and their optical properties
Authors: Nishimura Hisaaki , Lin Yuxin , Hizume Masayuki , Taniguchi Taichi , Shigekawa Naoteru , Takagi Tomomi , Sobue Susumu , Kawai Shoichi , Okuno Eiichi , Kim DaeGwi
Published: February 2019

Water-soluble Mn2+-doped ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The characteristics of the precursor solutions greatly affected the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the ZnSe:Mn QDs. In QDs synthesized with alkaline precursor solutions, a PL band originating from the intra-3d shell transition of Mn2+ is clearly observed, indicating that Mn2+ ions are thoroughly doped inside the ZnSe QDs. The PL quantum yield of the ZnSe:Mn QDs synthesized under the optimum conditions reached 20%. By introducing a ZnS shell at the surface of the ZnS:Mn QDs, the PL properties were improved and the PL quantum yield was further increased to 30%.
Preparation of porous hydroxyapatite and its application in Pb ions effective removal
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Wang Gang , Marchetti Alessandro , Wu Lin , Wu Laxia , Guan Yebin
Published: February 2019

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) matrices with high porosity were prepared through a high temperature sintering method by using HA powder as raw material, polystyrene (PS) microspheres as pore-forming agents and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution as adhesive. The characterization of HA was carried out by a series of techniques including XRD, FT-IR, FESEM and BET, and showed that the morphology and structure of porous HA material were closely related to the amount of PS and PVA. The adsorption capability for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ in aqueous solution showed that the porous HA possessed a selective and strong uptake of Pb2+ ions and the adsorption efficiency reached 99.8% in 10 min.
Electron acoustic instability in four component space plasmas with observed generalized (r,q) distribution function
Authors: Sehar Sumbul , Qureshi M. N. S. , Shah H. A.
Published: February 2019

Electron acoustic instability in magnetized four component plasma has been studied by employing non-Maxwellian generalized (r, q) distribution function. We observed electron velocity distribution function using Cluster data and found that the electron distribution contains three components, cool, hot and warm beam (strahl) all showing flat-top nature. By fitting the observed distribution with the generalized (r, q) distribution, we used the fitting parameters for cool, hot and beam electron components in the numerical results. We have investigated the effect of beam density, beam temperature, beam velocity and propagation angle on the real frequency and growth rate of the electron acoustic waves in strongly magnetized plasma.
Simulation of productivity and soil moisture under Marandu palisade grass using the CSM-CROPGRO-Perennial Forage model
Authors: Santos Miquéias G. , Boote Kenneth J. , Faria Rogério T. , Hoogenboom Gerrit
Published: February 2019

Crop models are important tools for assisting farmers and crop consultants to make decisions about fertilisation, irrigation and harvest management, because they allow users to understand productivity from the view of integrated sensitivities of basic plant physiological processes. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CSM-CROPGRO-Perennial Forage model (PFM) to simulate regrowth of Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster cv. Marandu under varying irrigation and nitrogen levels. The second objective was to evaluate the water-balance module of the model under soil and climatic conditions in the Cerrado biome of central-eastern Brazil. The experimental data for model evaluation were obtained from a field experiment conducted during 2015, 2016 and 2017, and included herbage production, plant-part composition and plant nitrogen (N) concentration. The results suggest that the model can be used to simulate growth of Marandu palisade grass adequately under different managements of irrigation and N fertilisation. The findings indicate also that the agreement between simulations and field-observed soil moisture shows good performance of the water-balance module of CSM-CROPGRO-PFM. The most important parameterisation required by the model was the determination and calibration of inputs such as the stable soil carbon pool (SOM3) for N mineralisation, which affected the N response, and the soil water-holding characteristics, which affected the irrigation response. The default parameterisation (species, ecotype, cultivar) of cv. Marandu in CSM-CROPGRO-PFM was sufficient for adequate performance of the model for this new environment and new crop management. However, minor modifications of species parameters were helpful to account for winter-kill of foliage.
Central role of G protein Gαi2 and Gαi2
+
vomeronasal neurons in balancing territorial and infant-directed aggression of male mice
Authors: Trouillet Anne-Charlotte , Keller Matthieu , Weiss Jan , Leinders-Zufall Trese , Birnbaumer Lutz , Zufall Frank , Chamero Pablo
Published: February 2019

Aggression is controlled by the olfactory system in many animal species. In male mice, territorial and infant-directed aggression are tightly regulated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO), but how diverse subsets of sensory neurons convey pheromonal information to limbic centers is not yet known. Here, we employ genetic strategies to show that mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons expressing the G protein subunit Gαi2 regulate male–male and infant-directed aggression through distinct circuit mechanisms. Conditional ablation of Gαi2 enhances male–male aggression and increases neural activity in the medial amygdala (MeA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral septum. By contrast, conditional Gαi2 ablation causes reduced infant-directed aggression and decreased activity in MeA neurons during male–infant interactions. Strikingly, these mice also display enhanced parental behavior and elevated neural activity in the medial preoptic area, whereas sexual behavior remains normal. These results identify Gαi2 as the primary G protein α-subunit mediating the detection of volatile chemosignals in the apical layer of the VNO, and they show that Gαi2
+
VSNs and the brain circuits activated by these neurons play a central role in orchestrating and balancing territorial and infant-directed aggression of male mice through bidirectional activation and inhibition of different targets in the limbic system.
Male/Female Differences in the Impact of Caring for Elderly Relatives on Labor Market Attachment and Hours of Work: 1997–2015
Authors: Smith Peter M , Cawley Caroline , Williams Allison , Mustard Cameron
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Using representative samples of the Canadian labor market (N = 5,871,850), this study examined male/female differences in the impact of informal care on labor market attachment, and the extent to which differences in labor market participation and employment relationships explained these differences over a 19-year period.

Methods

We examined four outcomes related to labor market impacts associated with caring for elderly relatives: leaving the labor market, working part-time, taking time off work in the previous week, and the amount of time taken off from work. Regression models examined differences between men and women, and the extent to which gendered labor market roles accounted for these differences.

Results

We observed an increase in all labor market outcomes over the study period. Women were more likely than men to experience each outcome. Adjusting for labor market role variables did not change these estimates appreciably. After adjustment for differences in labor market roles women were 73% more likely to leave the labor market, more than 5 times more likely to work part-time, and twice as likely to take time off in the last week due to informal care. Further, for temporary absences to provide care, women took an average of 160 min more per week than men.

Discussion

Taken together, these results suggest an increasing impact of informal care on labor market participation in Canada between 1997 and 2005, and it remains gendered.
Ten years of experience in lung cancer screening in Gdańsk, Poland: a comparative study of the evaluation and surgical treatment of 14 200 participants of 2 lung cancer screening programmes
Authors: Ostrowski Marcin , Marjański Tomasz , Dziedzic Robert , Jelitto-Górska Małgorzata , Dziadziuszko Katarzyna , Szurowska Edyta , Dziadziuszko Rafał , Rzyman Witold
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVES

The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ recommendations confirm the implementation of lung cancer screening in Europe. We compared 2 screening programmes, the Pilot Pomeranian Lung Cancer Screening Programme (pilot study) and the Moltest Bis programme, completed in a single centre.

METHODS

A total of 8649 healthy volunteers (aged 50–75 years, smoking history ≥20 pack-years) were enrolled in a pilot study between 2009 and 2011, and a total of 5534 healthy volunteers (aged 50–79, smoking history ≥30 pack-years) were enrolled in the Moltest Bis programme between 2016 and 2017. Each participant had a low-dose computed tomography scan of the chest. Participants with a nodule diameter of >10 mm or with suspected tumour morphology underwent a diagnostic work-up in the pilot study. In the Moltest Bis programme, the criteria were based on the volume of the detected nodule on the baseline low-dose computed tomography scan and the volume doubling time in the subsequent rounds.

RESULTS

Lung cancer was diagnosed in 107 (1.24%) and 105 (1.90%) participants of the pilot study and of the Moltest Bis programme, respectively (P = 0.002). A total of 300 (3.5%) and 199 (3.6%) patients, respectively, were referred for further invasive diagnostic work-ups (P = 0.69). A total of 125 (1.5%) and 80 (1.5%) patients, respectively, underwent surgical resection (P = 0.74). The number of resected benign lesions was similar: 44 (35.0%) and 20 (25.0%), respectively (P = 0.13), but with a downwards trend. Lobectomies and/or segmentectomies were performed in 84.0% and 90.0% of patients with lung cancer, respectively (P = 0.22). Notably, patients in the Moltest Bis programme underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery more often than did those in the pilot study (72.5% vs 24.0%, P < 0.001). Surgical patients with stages I and II non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounted for 83.4% of the Moltest patients and 86.4% of the pilot study patients (P = 0.44).

CONCLUSIONS

Modified inclusion criteria in the screening programme lead to a higher detection rate of NSCLC. Growing expertise in lung cancer screening leads to increased indications for minimally invasive surgery and an increased proportion of lung-sparing resections. A single-team experience in lung cancer screening does not lead to a major reduction in the rate of diagnostic procedures and operations for non-malignant lesions.
RAPID COMMUNICATION: Residual feed intake in beef cattle is associated with differences in protein turnover and nutrient transporters in ruminal epithelium
Authors: Elolimy Ahmed A , Abdel-Hamied Emad , Hu Liangyu , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W , Loor Juan J
Published: February 2019

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a widely used measure of feed efficiency in cattle. Although the precise biologic mechanisms associated with improved feed efficiency are not well-known, most-efficient steers (i.e., with low RFI coefficient) downregulate abundance of proteins controlling protein degradation in skeletal muscle. Whether cellular mechanisms controlling protein turnover in ruminal tissue differ by RFI classification is unknown. The aim was to investigate associations between RFI and signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in ruminal epithelium. One hundred and forty-nine Red Angus cattle were allocated to 3 contemporary groups according to sex and herd origin. Animals were offered a finishing diet for 70 d to calculate the RFI coefficient for each. Within each group, the 2 most-efficient (n = 6) and least-efficient animals (n = 6) were selected. Compared with least-efficient animals, the most-efficient animals consumed less feed (P < 0.05; 18.36 vs. 23.39 kg/d DMI). At day 70, plasma samples were collected for insulin concentration analysis. Ruminal epithelium was collected immediately after slaughter to determine abundance and phosphorylation status of 29 proteins associated with MTOR, ubiquitin-proteasome, insulin signaling, and glucose and amino acid transport. Among the proteins involved in cellular protein synthesis, most-efficient animals had lower (P ≤ 0.05) abundance of MTOR, p-MTOR, RPS6KB1, EIF2A, EEF2K, AKT1, and RPS6KB1, whereas MAPK3 tended (P = 0.07) to be lower. In contrast, abundance of p-EEF2K, p-EEF2K:EEF2K, and p-EIF2A:EIF2A in most-efficient animals was greater (P ≤ 0.05). Among proteins catalyzing steps required for protein degradation, the abundance of UBA1, NEDD4, and STUB1 was lower (P ≤ 0.05) and MDM2 tended (P = 0.06) to be lower in most-efficient cattle. Plasma insulin and ruminal epithelium insulin signaling proteins did not differ (P > 0.05) between RFI groups. However, abundance of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter SLC2A4 and the amino acid transporters SLC1A3 and SLC1A5 also was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in most-efficient cattle. Overall, the data indicate that differences in signaling mechanisms controlling protein turnover and nutrient transport in ruminal epithelium are components of feed efficiency in beef cattle.
Economic Impact of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Yield Loss on Minnesota Raspberry Farms: A Grower Survey
Authors: DiGiacomo Gigi , Hadrich Joleen , Hutchison William D , Peterson Hikaru , Rogers Mary
Published: February 2019

Minnesota was dubbed the ‘raspberry consumption capital of America’ in 2017 by wholesaler Driscoll’s, Inc. Local production of this high-demand fruit, however, is limited by the invasive pest, spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, Diptera: Drosophilidae). Recent research to develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs for MN berry crops indicates that raspberry growers are particularly vulnerable to significant spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses. Spotted wing Drosophila was detected in Minnesota in 2012 across 29 counties. This analysis explores the economic impact of raspberry yield losses associated with spotted wing Drosophila in Minnesota as part of a multifaceted research initiative. An electronic survey of 157 MN berry growers was conducted in November 2017. Eighty-two individual grower surveys were returned (52% response rate). The survey included questions about production acreage, marketing practices, spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses and future production intentions. The results of the e-survey indicate that raspberry growers have borne the highest levels of infestation among MN fruit growers surveyed. Spotted wing Drosophila-related yield losses for raspberry growers ranged from 2 to 100% of planted acreage.The median yield loss for this group of growers was 20% in 2017. Applying the median yield loss to ex-ante production estimates, we conclude that MN growers lost approximately $2.36 million in raspberry sales during the 1 yr studied. Investing in spotted wing Drosophila control measures will help MN growers reduce some of these losses in the future.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kassem Hania , Jaar Bernard G.
Published: February 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant public health burden worldwide and several risk factors have been identified over the years; these have been well-described in the medical literature. Common risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension will be described in other chapters. While this chapter will focus mainly on CKD risk factors observed in developed countries, several of these are also observed in developing countries. It is now well-established that some risk factors are modifiable while others are non-modifiable. In this chapter, we will explore several of these non-modifiable risk factors in more detail, such as age, gender, race, family history, and low birth weight. But we will also discuss some of the modifiable risk factors such as kidney stones, obstructive sleep apnea, smoking, drugs (excluding NSAIDs), diet, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. We will provide a balanced and up to date review of the evidence linking these risk factors with CKD.
Evaluation and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Dass Bhagwan , Hahn William , Mohandas Rajesh
Published: February 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden or abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate. Preventing AKI requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI and accurately identifying those at risk to enable close monitoring of high-risk patients, timely institution of preventative therapy, and early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. The risk of AKI depends on the extent and nature of injury as well as unique patient susceptibility factors. While promising, the utility of biomarkers to improve resource utilization or clinical outcomes remains to be proven. Preventive measures for AKI, including optimization of volume status and avoiding nephrotoxins, are recommended for all patients. The routine use of dopamine, natriuretic peptides, statins, or growth factors is not recommended. There is no role for prophylactic dialysis, and the optimal timing for initiation of renal replacement therapy remains controversial.
Environmental Toxins and the Kidney
Authors: King Joshua D. , Jaar Bernard G.
Published: February 2019

While many compounds are known to be environmental and occupational nephrotoxins, it is often difficult to define the exact contribution of individual toxins to the development of kidney disease. This chapter discusses the relationship of environmental and occupational toxins to kidney diseases, explores the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity of specific agents, stresses the importance of removal from the toxic agent(s), and describes considerations relevant to medical treatment of selected toxic exposures causative of kidney disease. A number of individual nephrotoxins such as heavy metals, silica compounds, herbal medications, and food additives are discussed in more detail, as is the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury due to environmental and occupational toxins. Options for treatment and controversies pertaining to the therapy of toxic agents causative of kidney disease are explored, particularly the role of chelation of heavy metals.
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: He John Cijiang
Published: February 2019

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of ESRD in USA as well as in the world. The incidence and the prevalence of DKD have been increasing regardless of current intervention. The pathology of DKD is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix in GBM and mesangial area. The pathogenesis of DKD is multi-factorial including genetic, metabolic, and hemodynamic changes, which lead to activation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways in the diabetic kidney. Clinically, patients with DKD presents with glomerular hyperfiltration at early stage, then microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and ESRD. However, the disease progression varies greatly among individual patients. Treatment of DKD is limited to hyperglycemic and blood pressure control and use of RAS blockade. Several new drugs such as SGLT2 inhibitors have been on phase 3 clinical trials but research is required to develop more effective drugs to treat DKD.
Cardiovascular Protection in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Waks Jonathan W. , Parekh Rulan S. , Tereshchenko Larisa G.
Published: February 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 15% of the US population, and over 650,000 people have end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Persons with CKD have an increased prevalence of all forms of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. CKD itself is also an independent risk factor for developing all forms of cardiovascular disease. The diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in persons with CKD presents unique difficulties, and many standard therapies for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, such as statins, also tend to be less successful in patients with severe CKD. This chapter will provide an overview of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD and will discuss strategies to diagnose cardiovascular disease and to reduce cardiovascular risk, morbidity, and mortality in this high-risk population.
The Kidney in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Gumber Ramnika , Sethi Akash , Hogan Jonathan J.
Published: February 2019

Patients with cancer are at risk for acute and chronic renal injury. The insult could be from the malignancy directly or a paraneoplastic process or due to treatment. In addition, cancer and its treatments can also lead to electrolyte and acid-base disorders, as well as hypertension. Monitoring kidney function in patients with cancer is important for early detection and management of these complications. This is also important for patients on newer cancer treatments whose renal effects may not be well known. In patients for whom nephrotoxicity is anticipated, specific precautions can be taken for its prevention. This chapter discusses direct tumor involvement of the kidney and treatment-associated kidney disease and closes by examining tumor lysis syndrome and kidney disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Hepatitis-Associated Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Belliere Julie , Faguer Stanislas , Kamar Nassim
Published: February 2019

Viral hepatitis can be associated with extrahepatic manifestations, including kidney injury, mainly glomerulonephritis (GN). The physiopathology of GN is of particular interest because some immune responses, triggered by viral infections, can harm the glomerulus, either via deposition of immune complexes, auto-immune phenomena, or through cytopathogenic effects. This chapter describes the epidemiology of hepatitis A-, B-, C-, and E-associated GN; the clinical and biological presentations; the histological patterns; and management regimens. Few cases of hepatitis A- or hepatitis E-associated GN have been reported. Cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common type of GN diagnosed in patients infected by the hepatitis C virus. Patients infected by hepatitis B mainly develop membranous nephritis. Viral clearance using antiviral therapies, when available, is necessary to improve kidney outcomes.
Cardiac Surgery and the Kidney
Authors: Mazzone Annette L. , Gleadle Jonathan M.
Published: February 2019

Kidney injury is a frequent and serious complication following cardiac surgery with significant short-term and long-term morbidity. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), utilized during cardiac surgery, is known to contribute to the development of kidney injury, and the perioperative period provides a unique opportunity for testing renoprotective interventions due to the known timing and similarity of the renal insult. In this chapter preoperative risk factors, surgical, anesthetic, and CPB-related factors that may impact on kidney injury are discussed, with a focus on preoperative and perioperative protective therapies. Therapies discussed include preoperative and perioperative administration of pharmacological agents and intraoperative interventions to reduce the risk of kidney injury post cardiac surgery. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of interventions that definitely protect the kidney from injury during cardiac surgery.
Uncertainty and Interpretive Error
Authors: Bruno Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Uncertainty pervades medical diagnosis and can rarely be entirely eliminated. Diagnostic imaging is meant to reduce that uncertainty, ideally to the point where a clinician feels confident enough to choose a course of action. But the process of diagnostic imaging is itself prone to high variability and error. Sources of variability include technical, procedural, and anatomic variation, the variable use of language to describe and report radiological abnormalities, and the range of variability in the manifestations of disease processes Cognitive biases and varying understanding of the prevalence and likelihood of disease among radiologists can also lead to interpretive error. This chapter explores the sources of error and the sources of uncertainty in the radiological process. There is considerable overlap between the two.
Taxonomy and Epidemiology of Error in Radiology
Authors: Bruno Michael A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the prevalence and classification of error types in radiology, including the frequency and types of errors made by radiologists. We will review the relative contribution of perceptual error—in which findings are simply not seen—as compared to other common types of error. This error epidemiology will be considered in the light of the underlying variability and uncertainties present in the radiological process. The role of key cognitive biases will also be reviewed, including anchoring bias, confirmation bias, and availability bias. The role of attentional focus, working memory, and problems caused by fatigue and interruption will also be explored. Finally, the problem of radiologist error will be considered in the context of the overall problem of diagnostic error in medicine.
Advance Care Planning
Authors: Izumi Shigeko
Published: February 2019

Many patients and their families arrive at critical end-of-life decision-making ill-prepared, without any prior conversations about what the patient wants. Advance care planning is a process by which to reflect on and discuss a person’s life values and goals and to communicate preferences regarding future healthcare. The purpose is to ensure that people receive care that is consistent with their values, goals, and preferences at the end of their lives. The role of healthcare professionals is to support and encourage persons at any age or stage of health to begin these conversations to share their values and preferences with their families, friends, and healthcare providers so that their end-of-life care wishes are honored.
Anorexia and Cachexia
Authors: Schack Elizabeth E. , Wholihan Dorothy
Published: February 2019

Anorexia/cachexia syndrome (ACS) is being progressively recognized as a serious aspect of advanced or terminal illness. This chapter focuses on its management, which is complicated by numerous obstacles. These include a lack of clear definitions and guidelines, inconsistency in assessment and management strategies, and knowledge deficits regarding this complex clinical syndrome in health professionals and caregiving families. This chapter highlights this challenge, compounded by the interwoven emotional symbolism of food and nurturance. It focuses on the inherent role of palliative care providers as leaders striving to support, understand, and translate the developing evidence that guides our care. The complex and potentially devastating impact of this problem demands a holistic response. Palliative care nurses are optimally situated to coordinate and administer the necessary multidisciplinary approach to address anorexia and cachexia in advanced, progressive disease.
Medically Administered Nutrition and Hydration
Authors: Lanz Katy M. , Gabriel Michelle S. , Tschanz Jennifer A.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to serve as a resource for nurses to support their ability in caring for patients and families faced with the decision to initiate or discontinue medically administered hydration and nutrition (MAHN). The chapter begins with a review of the clinical indications for considering MAHN followed by a discussion of the current evidence for each of these interventions to address distressing symptoms in the palliative setting. The chapter then reviews current guidelines for MAHN from various professional organizations and then transitions into a discussion of the ethics and legal precedents surrounding the provision or discontinuation of MAHN. The chapter concludes with an overview of additional factors that affect decision-making regarding these interventions (e.g., religious beliefs and culture) and communication strategies to empower nurses to actively participate in discussions about MAHN and support patients and families in this decision-making process.
Complementary and Integrative Therapies in Palliative Care
Authors: Meyer Mary-Anne , Ring Melinda
Published: February 2019

A large portion of adults in the United States use some form of complementary and integrative medicine, but while these therapies are offered in many hospice and palliative care programs, few patients end up accessing the therapies. Studies show that patients who receive these services are more satisfied with their care. Additionally, surveys show that nurses are often the critical factor is assessing a patient’s appropriateness for integrative care and making the referrals. This chapter reviews therapies and supplements that can be used for specific conditions, and it ends with a list of resources to help put ideas into practice.
Bereavement
Authors: Corless Inge B. , Meisenhelder Janice Bell
Published: February 2019

“Bereaved” is the term used for those who have experienced the death of a loved one. Deaths of family members and close friends require various degrees of adjustment depending on the relationship, the ages of the deceased and the bereaved, and the circumstances of the death. In some cases, the death of a loved one will occur when the bereaved is at a younger age, and, in other situations, the death may occur when the individual is a middle-aged adult. Death has consequences for those who survive. Some of these ramifications are emotional and psychosocial and others financial. The variety of circumstances and the levels of support make each situation somewhat individual although there are commonalities. This chapter explores some of those commonalities and the supports that can help the bereaved accommodate to the loss.