bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neopatrimonialismo, diferenciação funcional e a relação centro-periferia revisitada
Authors: Fernandes Ribeiro Marcos Abraão , Torres Junior Roberto Dutra
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem o objetivo de negar a validade teórica do conceito de neopatrimonialismo, formulado por Simon Schwartzman, para compreender os dilemas de exclusão política do Brasil contemporâneo, pois o conceito é baseado em uma leitura apologética do diagnóstico de Max Weber sobre o Ocidente. A partir da análise bibliográfica, defendemos que o conceito de neopatrimonialismo está preso a uma visão empírica e teoricamente insustentável da modernidade política, que idealiza a dimensão democrática e constitucional do poder político moderno e ignora sua dimensão autocrática e não constitucional. Em seguida, apresentamos como alternativa teórica a sociologia política de Niklas Luhmann, pois descreve a política moderna como dividida nos circuitos de poder formal e constitucional, e informal e não constitucional. Desta forma, podemos analisar os processos de exclusão política no centro e na periferia sem a presença de idealizações sobre os países centrais.
Discursos parlamentares sobre a Amazônia: sobre o que falam os deputados brasileiros
Authors: Barros Antonio Teixeira de
Published: January 2021

Analisa os discursos parlamentares sobre a Amazônia brasileira (2000-2017). O objetivo é examinar como o tema foi tratado na arena legislativa, sob quais perspectivas e que argumentos são acionados pelos deputados. O corpus compreende 2.778 pronunciamentos, que foram categorizados em 25 temas para a análise de conteúdo, com o auxílio do software NVivo. As principais conclusões mostram que o valor da terra como insumo para a produção agrícola e pecuária é o argumento predominante nos debates, destoando do discurso internacional de viés florestal. O debate é conduzido pela agenda do Poder Executivo, especialmente no que se refere aos seguintes temas: desmatamento, clima, regularização fundiária, áreas de preservação e terras indígenas. O discurso parlamentar dominante reforça a tese de antiecologismo do Congresso Nacional, com um nítido alinhamento à perspectiva ambientalista liberal voltada para a defesa do agronegócio.
O confinamento do outro lado do oceano: a experiência de crianças e adolescentes durante a epidemia da Covid-19 na França
Authors: Martinhago Fernanda
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo apresenta dados que retratam como foi o confinamento na França durante a epidemia da Covid-19, precisamente, para o público infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi aportar alguns elementos que possibilitem avançar na compreensão de como as crianças e os adolescentes vivenciaram a experiência do confinamento, na França. A metodologia elegida para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi a etnografia virtual. Por meio dos materiais publicados nos jornais franceses e no site da radio France Culture foi possível ter contato com as experiências vivenciadas pelas famílias no confinamento. Estas publicações forneceram subsídios para compreender que manter as crianças e os adolescentes confinados somente no espaço familiar, ou seja, privados do lugar não-familiar (escolas, parques, ruas), implica no processo subjetivo enquanto constituição de sujeito, cujo progresso torna-se inviável de ocorrer sem transitar entre esses dois lugares.
Dos diagnósticos aos manuais: mercado farmacêutico e transtornos mentais da infância em questão
Authors: Mazon Marcia da Silva
Published: January 2021

O intuito do artigo é situar o momento de mudança - tanto nos artigos como nos procedimentos de pesquisa - que marca o DSM III enquanto forma de abordagem dos transtornos psiquiátricos situando a indústria farmacêutica na conformação de novos discursos. Este é o momento da reemergência do TDAH e marca o confronto com a abordagem psicodinâmica freudiana que será secundada pela alternativa de testes e procedimentos estatísticos. Qual o contexto destas transformações? Mobilizamos autores da sociologia econômica para pensar o mercado de medicamentos enquanto campo de lutas – luta em torno dos critérios de classificação da realidade - tão bem como a dinâmica de interatuação com o campo da saúde. O artigo parte de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental. O argumento é o de que a nosologia do TDAH como qualquer outro arbitrário cultural, não é neutra e expressa relações de poder. Se diversas pesquisas apontam o poder médico como poder biopolítico, é possível constatar como novos arranjos entre indústria farmacêutica e psiquiatria ampliam o espaço de atuação da primeira alcançando adolescência e infância somando a atuação da indústria farmacêutica como reforço biopolítico.
Knowing Not What To Believe: Digital Space and Entanglement in Life of Pi, Gravity, and Interstellar
Authors: Brown William
Published: January 2021

In this essay, I argue that Life of Pi, Gravity, and Interstellar exemplify a cinema of entanglement. I do this by analyzing how the films’ depictions of vast space are ‘sublime’, while also considering how these sublime moments are made using computer-generated imagery. This sublime is potentially paradoxical in that the images are computer-generated (i.e. ‘fake’), while film theorists have historically considered the awe inspired by cinema to depend upon the indexicality of the (analogue) image (i.e. cinematographic images depict something real, with that reality being separate from humans). However, drawing on Immanuel Kant’s ‘mathematical sublime’ and Gilles Deleuze’s ‘powers of the false’, I argue how these three films stage a sense not of sublime detachment but of sublime entanglement.
Digital 3D, Parallax Effects, and the Construction of Film Space in Tangled 3D and Cave of Forgotten Dreams 3D
Authors: Whissel Kristen
Published: January 2021

This essay analyzes how parallax effects in Cave of Forgotten Dreams 3D (2010) and Tangled 3D (2010) effectively blur the boundaries between the past and present, sight and touch, and diegetic space and the space of reception in order to give form to themes concerning the dimensionality of the moving image. I show how these films function as ideal case studies for demonstrating digital 3D’s transformation of film space by organizing seeing, knowing, and feeling along the screen’s z-axis.
Coinage in Spain in the Aftermath of the Islamic Conquest
Authors: Kurt Andrew
Published: January 2021

Chapter Six considers the end of the Visigothic kingdom, which came in 711 with the Muslim invasion from northwest Africa, and how the new Islamic state and its minting compared with that of the previous regime. In ten years, Islamic coinage in Iberia moved from wholly Latin inscriptions to bilingual to wholly Arabic legends. It is believed that multiple minting sites were rapidly consolidated into one single gold mint at the new capital, Cordoba. The strictly gold minting of the late Visigothic era gave way to minting in gold dinars (solidi) and copious issues of bronze coins. Temporarily, Islamic coins in Iberia had reduced gold purity levels, but these were soon raised to the high Islamic and Byzantine standards.
James Bond and Art Cinema
Authors: Holliday Christopher
Published: January 2021

The James Bond films are an enduring example of “escapist” popular cinema
seemingly at odds with the filmmaking traditions of European modernism.
However, this chapter offers the 007 film series as a candidate for Britain’s
contribution to the European Art Cinema tradition. From Maurice Binder’s
opening credits for Dr. No (1962), reminiscent of experimental filmmaker
Len Lye, to the discontinuous editing patterns and jump cuts of On Her
Majesty’s Secret Service (1969), 1960s Bond cinema formally registers the
violation of the classical norms and stylistic traits upon which art cinema
was predicated. This chapter accordingly identifies how the stylistic
transformation of the early Bond films can be woven into the art cinema
traditions and political modernism of post-war European filmmaking.
“Unlike Men, The Diamonds Linger:” Bassey and Bond Beyond the Theme Song
Authors: Murugan Meenasarani Linde
Published: January 2021

This chapter directs attention to Shirley Bassey’s voice as both constituting and contesting the white male gaze of the James Bond franchise. I consider Bassey in relation to the politics of race and gender as she sonically invokes a long tradition of racial mimicry by both black and white women singers. Bassey furthers this tradition in that her influence can be traced beyond her various theme songs for the Bond films in the more recent performances by white artists. As Bassey’s Welsh and mixed-race identity gives a different contour to our understanding of what and who constitutes “Britishness,” her synecdochal relationship to the James Bond film series also allows us to reconsider the possibilities for black women’s voices in cinema.
Extending the Haunted Mansion : Spatial Poaching, Participatory Narratives and Retrospective Transmedia
Authors: Williams Rebecca
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers detailed discussion of the transmediality of theme parks and how their narratives and experiences extend across media forms. It takes Disney’s Haunted Mansion as an extended case study, a ride which has been turned into a feature film, but has also seen its narrative universe expanded across comics and novelizations, board games, and video games. Despite the fact that the ride lacks a coherent story, fans have demanded a greater narrative to the ride, causing tensions between Disney and its fans. Introducing the concepts of spatial poaching and retrospective transmedia, the chapter focuses on how producers and fans co-construct transmedia narratives through physical spaces, and over extended periods of time.
Embodied Transmedia and Paratextual-Spatio Play : Consuming, Collecting and Costuming Theme Park Merchandise
Authors: Williams Rebecca
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how hierarchies of cultural value operate in relation to theme park merchandise through the example of Disney pin-trading which allows fans to display their fan identities (e.g. preference for certain characters, attractions, or hotels) or presence at particular events (via the acquisition of limited edition event pins). It also explores how theme park fans display their fandom on their bodies via clothing and subversive forms of costuming known as DisneyBounding. The link between clothing and specific sites within the park allows fans to engage in forms of ‘embodied transmedia extension’ since fans can engage in ludic imaginative spaces. The chapter acknowledges how theme park fans enter into acts of commercial exchange whilst also operating their own hierarchies regarding acts of consumption.
Introduction
Authors: Kuuliala Jenni
Published: January 2021

The starting points for this book are late medieval imitatio Christi and
the valorization of pain, and their importance for saints’ lives. It presents
gender and dis/ability as vital concepts for such analysis. Bodily suffering
has been seen as a definitive factor for female saint’s cults; while this
book does not question these conclusions, it stresses the importance
of the ambiguity of gender as a historical category and in defining the
characteristics of a saint’s cult, and approaches dis/ability as a cultural
construct incorporating positive connotations of certain bodily variations.
The introduction also discusses source-critical aspects that must be taken
into account when using medieval canonization processes for the study
of saints’ lives and the accounts of contemporary witnesses.
Theory and reception
Authors: Spaans Ronny
Published: January 2021

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch Republic dominated global trade. Historical
research has stressed the positive effects of exchanges of goods and knowledge.
In literary criticism, the merchant-poet Joannes Six van Chandelier (1620–1695) is
similarly presented as a poet with an interest in the material world. But Six’s work
includes a number of poems on exotic materials that not yet have been examined.
These texts show that global trade, to a greater extent than previously understood,
gave rise to a certain moral anxiety. I argue that Six’s approach to exotics drugs
is therefore determined by a process of self-criticism, but that it also contributed
to an important shift in early modern science, from drug lore based on mythical
concepts, to botany based on experience and observation.
Drugs as explosives
Authors: Spaans Ronny
Published: January 2021

In this chapter I focus on gunpowder, both in the sense of materials for warfare,
and fireworks for public celebrations. The Dutch word for gunpowder, buskruit,
proves the close connection with the topic for this study, kruid, ‘spice’. I show
how in his poems Six distances himself from gunpowder by demonstrating a
punishment on the ‘Dutch body’, both on his own body and ‘the body’ of the city
of Delft. I argue that this is the theme of two poems Six wrote on accidents with
his loaded pistols, and a poem he wrote to the explosion of the gunpowder depot
in Delft in 1654. But in this Chapter too, we learn to know Six as a pragmatic poet. I
show how glorifying poems to the Orange Prince Frederick Henry were furnished
with references to gunshots and fireworks.
Drugs as intoxicants
Authors: Spaans Ronny
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, I discuss the poetic inspiration that was associated in the Renaissance
with such concepts as furor poeticus (poetic madness), ecstasy and
enthousiasmos. I show how Joannes Six van Chandelier gives poetic madness
a material foundation by linking it to exotic drugs such as cachou. I then show
how Six, in a poem addressed to his doctor, Simon Dilman, and to the theologian
Johannes Hoornbeeck, emphasises both the medical and the religious dangers
of furor poeticus. Here Six presents himself as a weak and fragile rhymester, but
in a positive sense, to distance himself from negative associations that poetic
madness gave rise to, such as the thirst for divine knowledge and perfection. In
other texts, some of which were addressed to the pastor Pieter Wittewrongel, we
see how Six distinguishes between a Christian and a pagan ecstasy.
The Dialectics of Mass Culture
Authors: Lie Sulgi
Published: January 2021

Jameson reads popular Hollywood films as political allegories. Three
different levels of allegory can be distinguished, which in my opinion are
characterized by a growing degree of abstraction. In his interpretation of
Jaws and The Godfather, allegory describes the mode of personification of
class relationships that have become invisible. The fictional characters
are decoded as allegorical representatives of different class positions.
The abstract dimension of collective processes is thus simultaneously
embodied and kept open by means of concrete characters. In Jameson’s
analysis of Dog Day Afternoon, we can observe a change in his use of
allegory, away from the concrete character towards abstract spatial images.
In this film, it is precisely the manifest political dimension of the
character played by Al Pacino that sabotages the political significance of
the film, while the evocation of totality is set in motion by an apparently
insignificant secondary character, and, finally, by the airport images in
the film’s conclusion, which are completely detached from any figurative
personification.
New Bodies in Cities
Authors: Johri Rachana
Published: January 2021

Globalizing cities in India offer the promise of escape from caste- and
gender-based identities, but those who make the journey often encounter
difficulties, including the fragmentation of their home experience, and
even violence once they get to the city. Lower-middle-class girls are seen
as a challenge to ideals of chaste Indian womanhood, while Dalit boys and
girls are challenging dominant ideals in Brahmanical India by questioning
the nation state and its inherited ideals, including the caste system. This
paper draws on cinematic and lived narratives to argue that cities in
India are characterized by highly contested spaces, bodily practices, and
technologies of the self, where the body of the city, and bodies in the city,
are the lived realities of these tense negotiations.
Prefiguring 1921
Authors: Wickhamsmith Simon
Published: January 2021

The literature that formed the basis of Mongolia’s revolutionary writing was
based upon the traditional shamanic nomadic herding culture of the steppe
and upon the vajrayāna Buddhism that the population had practiced since
the late sixteenth century. The themes that occupied these pre-revolutionary
writers – social relationships, love, religious observance, the impact of the
weather on livestock – were later adapted to fit with socialist ideology. In
this way, the prayers and humor, the observations of how Mongolian society
was changing, and the lyrics inspired by traditional Indo-Tibetan literature
reveal both the thematic and stylistic contexts that would influence writers’
responses to the new society and the expectations of their readers.
The Enlightenment Nation as a Site of Practice
Authors: Kostantaras Dean
Published: January 2021

The present chapter moves across eighteenth-century Europe and offers many illustrations of how people engaged with the ideas described in the previous chapter and sought to put them into practice, often with the aim of freeing their particular nations from the scourge of backwardness and attaining parity with those deemed to have reached a higher state of ‘refinement’ or ‘perfection.’ Particular stress is placed on educational initiatives and the production of dictionaries and grammars, works which, by making the nation’s language an effective medium for modern scholarship, echoed the aims of earlier French and English lexicographical ventures.
The New China and Chinese-Americanness
Authors: Peterson William
Published: January 2021

Eager to shake off the trappings of the Manchu-dominated Qing Dynasty,
the new government of the Republic of China sought to present an image
of itself at the 1915 San Francisco exhibition as both inheritor of a long and
proud civilization as well as a country embracing modernity. Complicating
the situation was the San Francisco Bay area’s large Chinese population,
a group that in spite of their many years on American soil, was much
maligned and stereotyped by the general population. China’s government
largely followed Japan’s model, with a series of attractive pavilions in
a garden compound, while the so-called “Chinese Village’ in the fair’s
entertainment zone featured an exhibit that provoked much controversy.
From ‘Panda Diplomacy’ to Acrobat Diplomacy
Authors: Peterson William
Published: January 2021

After a long absence from the international exposition stage, China (now
the People’s Republic of China or PRC) under the leadership of marketfriendly
Deng Xiaoping, sought to leave a strong, positive impression on
its Australian neighbors at the Brisbane ’88 Expo. Australia was one of
the first Western nations to deepen its relationship with China in the
post-Mao era, and by 1988 the Australian public was enthralled by the
‘terracotta warriors’ and their acrobatic troupes, long a centerpiece of
cultural diplomacy. China’s modes of self-representation reflected what
Australian admired about the country and just a year before Tiananmen,
the PRC offered up a play banned during the Cultural Revolution (1966-
1976), hinting at a more open, democratic future that was not to be.
Fashion, Dance, and Representing the Filipina
Authors: Peterson William
Published: January 2021

The New York World’s Fair of 1964-1965 offered an unprecedented opportunity
for smaller Asian nations to reach an audience of 54 million American
in the world’s most dynamic city. The country pavilion of America’s former
colony, the Philippines, occupied a commanding position near the iconic
‘Unisphere,’ the fair’s symbol, with a structure that echoed tradition while
proclaiming modernity. The beating heart of the pavilion were its many
guides hailing from the country’s ‘best families’ who presented regular
dance programs. The so-called ‘Philippines Cultural Invasion of New York’
on the occasion of Philippine Week in June 1964 generated an explosion of
Filipino culture into midtown Manhattan, chiefly through folk dance and
spectacular public displays of neo-ethnic and contemporary fusion fashion.
Maximizing Affect, Minimizing Impact with Hansik
Authors: Peterson William
Published: January 2021

With its theme of ‘Feeding the Planet: Energy for Life,’ the 2015 Milan
Exposition offered a unique opportunity for smaller Asian nations to
present their unique culinary heritage before a largely Italian audience.
Korea took the fair’s theme seriously, seeking to educate audiences about
the health benefits of hansik, its distinctive, often fermented, vegetableheavy
cuisine. The Korean pavilion brought fairgoers inside the experience
of how the cuisine works, virtually on a cellular level, in a highly
aestheticized environment resembling an art installation. While hansik
probably won few Italian converts, the youthful energy and exuberance
reflected in the pavilion and its guides that exploded onto the streets of
Milan during Korea week in June 2015 reflected its positive international
cultural branding.
Hard and Soft Power in the Thai Pavilion
Authors: Peterson William
Published: January 2021

With the much-loved King Bhumibol Adulyadej (r.1946-2016) on his virtual
deathbed while the 2015 Milan International Exposition was being planned
and became operational, it is hardly surprising that the pavilion’s content
reflected the nation’s anxieties more acutely than it engaged with the fair’s
food-oriented theme. While the exterior of the national pavilion expressed
an organic, earthy quality that departed for the usual iconic Thai temple
architecture, the interior offered up a series of three discrete sites in
which fairgoers were bombarded with visual stimuli that conflated the
country’s abundant natural resources with corporatized food production,
ultimately wrapping it up in a paean to the King for his role in virtually
single-handedly creating a more efficient agricultural sector.
The Social Life of Heritage-Making
Authors: Graezer Bideau Florence
Published: January 2021

This chapter adopts an anthropological perspective to explore the role played by institutions in the social and historical construction of heritage. Since member states ratified the UNESCO Conventions, national inventories have been collated so that candidacies can be submitted to international lists for recognition and, in turn, return the benefits of this cultural showcase to the nation. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in China and Switzerland, this chapter focuses on the logic underlying processes of selection, which involves both political and administrative bodies. How cultural heritage is interpreted by various stakeholders will be outlined, along with an analysis of practices and narratives that almost inevitably produces friction. The case studies presented here highlight the complexity of cultural meanings and frictions among stakeholders at all levels who claim their ‘rights to cultural heritage’.
Fanvids
Authors: Stevens E. Charlotte
Published: January 2021

Fanvids, or vids, are short videos created in media fandom. Made from television and film sources, they are neither television episodes nor films; they resemble music videos but are non-commercial fanworks that construct creative and critical analyses of existing media. The creators of fanvids-called vidders-are predominantly women, whose vids prompt questions about media historiography and pleasures taken from screen media. Vids remake narratives for an attentive fan audience, who watch with a deep knowledge of the source text(s), or an interest in the vid form itself. Fanvids: Television, Women, and Home Media Re-Use draws on four decades of vids, produced on videotape and digitally, to argue that the vid form's creation and reception reveals a mode of engaged spectatorship that counters academic histories of media audiences and technologies. Vids offer an answer to the prevalent questions: What happens to television after it's been aired? How and by whom is it used and shared? Is it still television?
Rethinking Software
Authors: Rieder Bernhard
Published: January 2021

This chapter formulates a conceptual perspective on software, starting
from an attempt to situate the book in relation to existing takes
on the subject. It then moves to a presentation and appropriation of
Simondon’s philosophy of technology, which reserves a central place
to technical creation and evolution. Here, we find an understanding
of technicity as a domain of life that constitutes its own substance and
regularity, whilst remaining a fundamental form of human gesture.
Simondon’s inductive view, which frames technology as multitude of
technical objects rather than idealized techne, grounds the conceptual
and analytical apparatus then brought to the analysis of algorithmic
techniques.
From Universal Classification to a Postcoordinated Universe
Authors: Rieder Bernhard
Published: January 2021

This chapter starts off from standard takes on knowledge organization
and classification in libraries and encyclopedias, but then zeros in on the
field of information retrieval, which develops in fundamental opposition
to even the most visionary of library techniques. Coordinate indexing,
the first technique in this lineage, is explicitly designed to eliminate
the influence of librarians and other knowledge mediators by shifting
expressive power from the classification system to the query and, by
extension, to the information seeker. Order is no longer understood as a
stable map to the universe of knowledge but increasingly as the outcome
of a dynamic and purpose-driven process of ordering. The chapter closes
by discussing coordinate indexing as a precursor of the relational model
for database management.
From Frequencies to Vectors
Authors: Rieder Bernhard
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates early attempts in information retrieval to tackle
the full text of document collections. Underpinning a large number of contemporary
applications, from search to sentiment analysis, the concepts
and techniques pioneered by Hans Peter Luhn, Gerard Salton, Karen Spärck
Jones, and others involve particular framings of language, meaning, and
knowledge. They also introduce some of the fundamental mathematical
formalisms and methods running through information ordering, preparing
the extension to digital objects other than text documents. The chapter
discusses the considerable technical expressivity that comes out of the
sprawling landscape of research and experimentation that characterizes
the early decades of information retrieval. This includes the emergence
of the conceptual construct and intermediate data structure that is
fundamental to most algorithmic information ordering: the feature vector.
Interested Learning
Authors: Rieder Bernhard
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines one of the most active areas where feature vectors
play a central role: machine learning. The Bayes classifier is used as an
entry point into the field, showing how a simple statistical technique
introduced in the early 1960s is surprisingly instructive for understanding
how machine learning operates more broadly. The goal is to shed light
on the core principles at work and to explain how they are tweaked,
adapted, and developed further into different directions. This chapter also
develops the idea that contemporary information ordering represents an
epistemological practice that can be described and analyzed as ‘interested
reading of reality’, a particular kind of inductive empiricism.
Formulas
Authors: Vehlken Sebastian
Published: January 2021

Under the term formulas, this chapter investigates complementary strategies in order to describe the dynamics and functions of biological collectives. It examines how, on the basis of patchy empirical data, attempts were made to construct mathematical models concerned with the geometric form of fish schools or with the algorithms of the local behavior of swarm individuals. It thereby follows traces which link biological swarm research to cybernetic ideas of ‘communication’ or ‘information transmission.’ Equipped with a new technical vocabulary, researchers began to describe swarms as ‘systems’ and were able to conceive of them in new ways. Nevertheless, the first approaches to simulating swarm dynamics in the 1970s received little attention, a fact that was likely due to the inability at the time to display dynamic processes visually.
Martyrdom, Matrilineality, and the Virgin Mary
Authors: Strasser Ulrike
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on a later stage in the Mariana Islands mission and on Father Augustinus Strobach, another purported avatar of Francis Xavier. Inspired by the Spanish ‘Xavier,’ Diego de Sanvitores, Strobach journeyed from Bohemia to the Marianas to suffer martyrdom and help plant the seeds of Christ among the Chamorro. His story underscores that Jesuit self-fashioning was bound up with imposing patriarchal norms and controlling the sexuality of converts, especially women. Matrilineal traditions in the islands became a chief point of friction while also paving the way for the Cult of the Virgin championed by Jesuits like Strobach. Marian devotion became an avenue for indigenous women, as it had long been for European women, to claim influence and agency within patriarchal Christianity.
Unstable constellations: Recognizing cinema out of place
Authors: Vélez-Serna María A.
Published: January 2021

The transition to digital has exacerbated the fragility of existing definitions
of cinema. This chapter lays out the working definitions that will
be used throughout the rest of the book, offering a way beyond medium
specificity that still recognizes cinema as a meaningful category. Taking
elements from apparatus theory, in a materialist rather than metaphysical
sense, the chapter describes cinema as a contingent alignment of space
and practice, both a physical configuration and a social protocol. The
chapter contrasts the perspectives of several authors, including Elsaesser,
Gaudreault, Friedberg, Casetti, Bellour, and Gitelman, to arrive at ten
elements that can be assembled flexibly into something recognizable as
cinema. This lays the groundwork for the empirical case studies in the
chapters that follow.
Film clubs and subcultural cinephile spaces
Authors: Vélez-Serna María A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on cine-clubs and film societies as forms of independent
exhibition practice founded on cinephilia and offering alternative
currencies of cultural value. The discussion of historical trajectories within
subcultural exhibition is grounded in examples from Glasgow ranging
from the 1920s to the present. This long-term view of cinephile presence in
Scotland’s largest city is contextualized in relation to urban transformation
and the music and visual art scenes. The chapter considers institutional
support, venues, and intermediality in these forms of non-theatrical
programming and screening.
The Blind Spot of History
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 studies Miguel Gomes’s Tabu (2012), another eloquent example
of the negative use of cinema for realist ends. As is the case with the The
Act of Killing, Tabu addresses a nation’s tainted historical past by means
of a relentless questioning of the film medium and its representational
properties. Though similar in their self-reflexive method, the two films
differ greatly in their approach. Whereas the former tracks down perpetrators
of genocide in Indonesia in order to obtain the evidence of their
crimes, in the latter, the horrors of Portuguese colonialism in Africa
remain conspicuous by their absence. Both in Mozambique and Lisbon,
where the film was shot, the sombre legacy of colonialism makes itself
felt by resisting representation.
Passages to Reality
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7 addresses the utilisation within film of artforms such as painting,
theatre, poetry and music as a bridge or a ‘passage’ to political and
social reality. Rather than focusing on individual artists and films, the
chapter addresses a national phenomenon, more specifically, selected
works by filmmakers from the states of São Paulo (Beto Brant and Tata
Amaral) and Pernambuco (Cláudio Assis/Hilton Lacerda, Paulo Caldas/
Marcelo Luna), in Brazil, who over the years have bridged across their
regions’ very different social history and geographic situation by means
of a shared artistic and political platform. Their films commingle in the
desire to reassess questions of national identity and social inequality
through an enhanced commitment to realism at the point of production.
The Reality of Art
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8 is a study of Ossessione (Luchino Visconti, 1943), a film universally
recognised as a masterpiece and foundational work of Italian
neorealism, which has inspired new realist film currents and independent
productions around the globe. Accordingly, it has been scrutinised from
a variety of angles by successive generations of scholars. Yet, as is the
case with any masterpiece of this magnitude, the possibilities of novel
approaches to it are inexhaustible. In this chapter, I revisit the crucial topic
of realism in Ossessione through a perspective hitherto underexplored
in scholarship on the film, namely the contribution of opera and music
to its realist endeavour. Under this light, Ossessione changes into an accomplished
example of the aspiration to the total artwork.
A Theoretical Pathway to Contemporary Islam
Authors: Lumina Iulia
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the ways in which modernity was theorized in relation to Islam to analyse the historical contingency of knowledge production on Islam in Western scholarship. It critically interrogates concepts such as history, civilization, and modernity, in which Islam transitions from a timeless other to a distinctive trajectory within multiple modernities. The chapter proposes Paul Rabinow’s framework of the contemporary to open up non-Orientalist and non-binary approaches to the study of Islam. Overall, the chapter stresses three theoretical propositions: a historical approach to epistemology and analytical tools; the need to recognize Muslims as active agents shaping discourses of Islam; and finally, a conceptual openness to emergent phenomena and interrelations between the traditional and the modern.
The Alps and the Grand Tour
Authors: Bainbridge William
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces the origin of the symbols that allowed for the transformation
of the Dolomites into a ‘new playground’. This playground emerged
not only as an alternative destination to the Western Alps, but also as an
alternative ‘community of practice’, built through the recirculation of
interaction rituals historically attached to the Grand Tour. Framed around
the concept of ‘cult geography’ three ingredients are here identified: the
distinction between ‘mountain gloom’ and ‘mountain glory’, the classical
idea of ‘grand scenery’, and the iconic notion of ‘romantic rocks’. The Grand
Tour serves as the first matrix of topographic memory for producing the
first set of iconic symbols recirculating in the ‘invention’ of the Dolomites.
The Golden Age of Mountaineering
Authors: Bainbridge William
Published: January 2021

Key figures such as Albert Smith, Leslie Stephen, and Edward Whymper are
considered key protagonists of the so-called Golden Age of mountaineering.
While alpinists may have conducted themselves to fashion a ‘Golden‐Age’
imagination, it was the institutional framework of London’s Alpine Club
that promoted it, both in terms of the nationalist bombast it sanctioned
and the individual style of masculine performance it required from its
members. Embodied perception and recourse to action are illustrated
here as important features of the Golden Age mentality, features which
also played a role in the formation of a sportive matrix of topographic
memory to be enacted in the process of inventing the Dolomites.
King Laurin’s Garden
Authors: Bainbridge William
Published: January 2021

Towards the end of the nineteenth century an epochal turn saw the
Dolomites almost disappear from the background of Venice to become a
fashionable holiday destination for the Austro-German elite. British travellers
lost their exclusive access to the region. The loss of this exclusivity
transformed itself into a nostalgic claim over the real ‘soul’ of the Dolomite
landscape, threatened by Austrian interlopers. The conflicting identity
of the region became then palpable. Having lost their Arcadia, British
admiration was operated by miniaturizing the Dolomites through rock
gardening and by reimagining their history in fairy tales, as exemplified
by the writings of Edwardian polymath Reginald Farrer.
Introduction: Tools for Unravelling Heritage
Authors: Bainbridge William
Published: January 2021

Collins’s theory of symbolic interactionism is here introduced to the
study of landscape heritage. His method for unravelling symbols in
society can be profitably used to identify a signature of prestige indicating
centres of attraction or civilizational poles charged with strong
magnetism. The activation of that signature occurs through three levels
of social circulation that culminate in the inclusion of symbols in the
internal conversation of individuals. In the case of the Dolomites, the
complex cluster of symbolic ingredients emerging in their heritage
formation oscillates between competing zones of civilizational prestige
– Venice and its Romantic aura, Switzerland and its Alpine sensationalism,
Austria and its Germanic folklore, London and its cosmopolitan
modernity – coexisting today in a multi-layered heritage, re-enacted,
at various levels, through the interplay between different imaginative
and contested geographies.
Performing Gender, Performing Documentary in Postsocialist China
Authors: Chao Shi-Yan
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Tang Tang (Zhang Hanzi, 2004) and Mei Mei (Gao
Tian, 2005), two Chinese documentaries. Although each documentary
centers around a female impersonator, they approach their subjects in
distinct ways. While Mei Mei portrays its subject with nuance and intense
emotional investment, Tang Tang emphasizes formal experimentation.
Positioning Tang Tang at the intersection of what I call the film’s “performing
documentary” and the subject’s “performance of gender,” I argue that
the reflexivity permeating Tang Tang foregrounds the openness of the
queer subjectivities it portrays. My investigation further addresses each
film’s subjects as human beings materialized in and through a matrix of
social, political, and economic conditions marked by spatial and temporal
parameters.
Remapping Emergent Islam
Authors: Segovia Carlos A. , Amir-Moezzi Mohammad Ali , Beck Daniel , Costa José , Courtieu Gilles , Gonzalez Ferrín Emilio , Hughes Aaron , Kerr Robert Martin , Lourié Basil , Tesei Tommaso
Published: January 2021

This multidisciplinary collective volume advances the scholarly discussion on the origins of Islam. It simultaneously focuses on three domains: texts, social contexts, and ideological developments relevant for the study of Islam’s beginnings -- taking the latter expression in its broadest possible sense. The intersections of these domains need to be examined afresh in order to obtain a clear picture of the concurrent phenomena that collectively enabled both the gradual emergence of a new religious identity and the progressive delimitation of its initially fuzzy boundaries.
The Jewish and Christian Background of the Earliest Islamic Liturgical Calendar
Authors: Lourié Basil
Published: January 2021

The present study is focused on the early Islamic liturgical calendar and, in particular, on its structural elements that are datable to the lifetime of Muhammad (d. c. 632 / 635), and especially the period preceding the radical change of the Islamic calendar from a lunisolar model to one purely lunar. Sporadic Christian influences in later times are beyond our scope.
‘Martyrs of Love’
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Asghar
Published: January 2021

Asghar Seyed-Gohrab analyses the concept of ‘love’ in the context of Islamic mystical martyrdom. As a concept, love was used increasingly in a religious and mystical context from the Tenth century onward in the Islamic world in such a way that it was often hard to make a distinction between profane and spiritual love. A true lover was often a pious person who would offer everything including his life for the beloved or for love itself. Love was frequently connected with death or to be killed by the beloved either in a metaphorical or literal sense. There are several examples referring to love death and how such a death is interpreted as martyrdom. After an analysis of the origin and the evolution of the concept of love-death to martyrdom in medieval texts, Seyed-Gohrab examines how love martyrdom was reactivated in 20th century Iranian political philosophy for a wide range of purposes. He focuses in particular on the cult of martyrdom, scrutinising how the concept was deployed during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) to propagate a militant ideology, to justify violence, and to convince soldiers that their fight was a spiritual quest to attain the immaterial beloved.
Commemorating World War I Soldiers as Martyrs
Authors: van Henten Jan Willem
Published: January 2021

Jan Willem van Henten takes a speech by the English Bishop Arthur
Winnington Ingram from 1914 for the bereaved families of fallen soldiers
as point of departure for a survey of the commemoration of soldiers who
died in World War 1 as martyrs. Winnington Ingram characterises the
soldiers whom he commemorates as martyrs and links them to Stephen,
the proto-martyr of the Church (Acts 7). Van Henten explores whether
Winnington Ingram’s speech is an isolated case or if others also commemorated
soldiers who were killed during the Great War as martyrs,
indirectly or explicitly. Van Henten concentrates on several case studies
about German and British soldiers: a mosaic referring to the soldiers, a
chapel at two German military cemeteries in Belgium (Hooglede and
Menen), and a stained glass window and a table with names of the fallen
at the All Saints Church at Huntingdon (Cambridgeshire). This chapter
discusses the particularities of these commemorations as well as how the
soldiers are associated with martyrdom and the reward of martyrs with
the help of Christian pictorial traditions and specific biblical passages.
Measuring Subjectification: The Reception of Health Education Campaigns and the Evaluation Conundrum
Authors: Berlivet Luc
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse how, from the 1970s onwards, the
organization in charge of planning and implementing health education
in France was led to reflect on the true effect on the public of the films,
radio messages, posters, etc. it produced. After detailing how a tiny group
of ‘modernizers’ aimed to harness the apparently pervasive power of
advertising for the benefit of public health, I explore the difficulties they
encountered in their attempt to evaluate their mass media campaigns.
Interestingly, the conception of human behaviour and risk taking that
underlay the evaluative method which they devised for that purpose
strongly echoes some of Michel Foucault’s most famous analyses on what
he termed ‘problematization’ and ‘subjectification’ processes.
‘One Feels so Much in These Times!’ Emotional Education and the Construction of New Subjectivities: Sex Education Films in Early 1960s GDR
Authors: Laukötter Anja
Published: January 2021

Shown in different formats—from cinema to television—in a variety of
settings, this chapter outlines the role these films played in discourses
on sex education in the GDR in the 1960s, which for their part were highly
influenced by psychology and pedagogy. The article will argue that these
films not only served the pedagogical function of teaching viewers about
sexuality, but also aimed to (re-)produce the ideal of the ‘new man’ for a
newly emerging socialist society that was to be founded on a new way of
educating emotions. Since the education of youth was regarded a key issue
for the construction of new selves, the medium of film with its special
attractiveness for the young generation can be viewed as an instrument
for forming new subjectivities.
Past and present
Authors: Khare Vaijayanti
Published: January 2021

The mountainous desertscape of Ladakh borders China and Pakistan.
The political borders appear to be invisible to the pashmina goatherders
of Changthang, the apricot farmers of Baltiyul, and the yak herders of
Demchok, who wander, absent-mindedly, through this arid land. Often
thought of as shadow trade routes, these circuits are a constant in the
lives of the people and their relationship with nature. This paper outlines
the prevalent interactions and emotions of the people, commodities,
and processes that underpin the shadow nature and future prospects of
this region. Running through history and security, governance without
government, social relationships between state and non-state actors, the
study highlights the relevance, or not, of formalizing these routes in view
of current economic development dynamics.
State approaches to non-state interactions
Authors: Adams Olga Y.
Published: January 2021

The chapter focuses on cross-border relations between the Republic of
Kazakhstan and Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, examining
the attempts of respective states to intervene in and/or co-opt
long-established traditions of transborder flows. Despite having existed
on opposite sides of closely guarded borders for most of the 20th century,
the two adjoining regions managed to keep alive long-established traditions
of cross-border interactions thanks to shared ethnic, cultural, and
linguistic features. The frontier societies there today have lived through
multiple challenges – the indiscriminate border policy of the Soviet era
on Kazakhstan’s side and the tumultuous early years of socialist China
engendered exoduses of people across semi-controlled borders. Almost
all official interactions stopped until the 1990s when new challenges and
opportunities presented themselves and, with them, the revival of informal
cross-border exchanges and states’ attempts to co-opt and control them.
In the shadow of constructed borderlands
Authors: Handke Susann
Published: January 2021

In Europe, China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative primarily
interacts with the institutional and physical landscape of the ‘shared
neighbourhood’ between Russia and the European Union (EU). Norms and
institutions in these ‘borderland’ states reflect an institutional ambiguity
between the Eurasian and EU brands of market integration. In this chapter,
the structures of economic governance in this region and their interaction
with OBOR are examined from institutional and infrastructural
perspectives. It is argued that OBOR is incompatible with current trends
of European economic governance. In Ukraine and the 16+1 states, the
interplay between Chinese state-controlled entities and oligarchic elites
deconstructs formal norms and institutions and reinforces informal
structures. Instability in the borderlands increases, while infrastructure
investments extend the shadowy character of OBOR-induced practices
into the future.
Personal Memories Becoming National History
Authors: Melchior Inge
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 explores the meaning of an emotional collective story of rupture for those who have been deported to Siberia. The chapter shows that the story’s mobilization positively reframed their identities, it legally and symbolically repaired injustices, and assures a continuation of their personal stories within the community. The ethnographic approach, however, discovered the ‘paradox of the experienced’. Although this settled story of rupture has provided recognition for the deportees, it simultaneously makes them fear the loss of the authentic and real, because the postgeneration can never really understand. Due to this perceived ‘privilege of the experienced’ and ‘impossibility for representation’, the deportees avoid closure in order to keep the emotional connection with the past alive and safeguard the nation.