bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“If it is left, it becomes easy for me to get tested”: Use of oral self‐tests and community health workers to maximize the potential of home‐based HIV testing among adolescents in Lesotho
Authors: Amstutz Alain , Kopo Mathebe , Lejone Thabo I , Khesa Lefu , Kao Mpho , Muhairwe Josephine , Glass Tracy R , Labhardt Niklaus D
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Home‐based HIV testing fails to reach high coverage among adolescents and young adults (AYA), mainly because they are often absent during the day of home‐based testing. ADORE (ADolescent ORal tEsting) is a mixed‐method nested study among AYA in rural Lesotho, measuring the effect of home‐based secondary distribution of oral HIV self‐tests (HIVST) on coverage, as well as exploring how AYA perceive this HIV self‐testing model.

Methods

ADORE study was nested in a cluster‐randomized trial. In intervention village‐clusters, oral HIVST were left for household members who were absent or declined testing during a testing campaign. One present household member was trained on HIVST use. Distributed HIVST were followed up by village health workers (VHW). In control clusters no self‐tests were distributed. The quantitative outcome was testing coverage among AYA (age 12 to 24) within 120 days, defined as a confirmed HIV test result or known status, using adjusted random‐effects logistic regression on the intention‐to‐treat population. Qualitatively, we conducted in‐depth interviews among both AYA who used and did not use the distributed HIVST.

Results

From July 2018 to December 2018, 49 and 57 villages with 1471 and 1620 consenting households and 1236 and 1445 AYA in the control and intervention arm, respectively, were enrolled. On the day of the home‐visit, a testing coverage of 37% (461/1236) and 41% (596/1445) in the control and the intervention arm, respectively, were achieved. During the 120 days follow‐up period, an additional 23 and 490 AYA in control and intervention clusters, respectively, knew their status. This resulted in a testing coverage of 484/1236 (39%) in the control versus 1086/1445 (75%) in the intervention arm (aOR 8.80 [95% CI 5.81 to 13.32]; p < 0.001). 21 interviews were performed. Personal assistance after the secondary distribution emerged as a key theme and VHWs were generally seen as a trusted cadre.

Conclusions

Secondary distribution of HIVST for AYA absent or refusing to test during home‐based testing in Lesotho resulted in an absolute 36% increase in coverage. Distribution should, however, go along with clear instructions on the use of the HIVST and a possibility to easily access more personal support.
The HIV drug optimization agenda: promoting standards for earlier investigation and approvals of antiretroviral drugs for use in adolescents living with HIV
Authors: Rojo Pablo , Carpenter Deborah , Venter François , Turkova Anna , Penazzato Martina
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Most clinical trials for new antiretroviral (ARV) agents are conducted among narrowly defined adult populations. Only after safety and efficacy have been clearly demonstrated among adults living with HIV are trials including adolescents, children and infants conducted. This approach contributes to significant delays in the availability of optimal new ARV regimens for infants, children and adolescents. This commentary discusses issues related to the inclusion of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years in initial HIV clinical phase 3 trials of novel antiretrovirals (ARVs) or conducting parallel phase 3 clinical trials among adolescents.

Discussion

The absorption, metabolic and excretion or elimination pathways for drugs do not significantly differ between adolescents and adults. In fact, dosing recommendations for ARVs are the same for adults and adolescents who meet the age and weight criteria. Although conducting clinical trials among adolescents present special challenges (e.g. consenting minors and concerns about trial completion and contraception), these challenges can be addressed to obtain high‐quality trial results. Importantly, new agents and optimized combinations have more favourable dosing schedules and side‐effect profiles and are more effective ARV agents with higher HIV drug resistance thresholds, which would be extremely beneficial to improve outcomes among HIV‐positive adolescents.

Conclusions

Adolescents may not present with significantly different pharmacokinetic characteristics from those in adults. Including HIV‐positive adolescents in phase 3 ARV clinical trials, either with adults or in specific adolescent studies conducted in parallel, would allow adolescents to access promising, more effective treatment for HIV years earlier than with the current stepwise approach.
The endemic GII.4 norovirus‐like‐particle induced‐antibody lacks of cross‐reactivity against the epidemic GII.17 strain
Authors: Du Jialiang , Gu Qiong , Liu Yan , Li Qiming , Guo Tai , Liu Yueyue
Published: September 2020

Norovirus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine is promising against human norovirus infection. Unfortunately, genetic diversity of norovirus hindered the development of this vaccine. In this study, the immunogenicity of norovirus VLPs induced by the endemic GII.4 and the epidemic GII.17 genotypes, and the cross‐reactivity between them as well as GI.1 and GII.3 VLPs were evaluated in mice by using serum IgG and histo‐blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking antibodies as index. Results showed well immunogenicity of both GII.4 and GII.17 VLPs in mice. Serum IgG GMT (Geometric Mean Titer) were 3.63 (GII.4) and 3.88 (GII.17) respectively, and sustained to the 15th week. The HBGA blocking antibodies were 130 (GII.4) and 360 (GII.17) respectively at the end of the 4th week. Additionally, there was a dramatically statistical difference found in the cross‐reactivity within genogroup (GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001), and also showed similar difference between genogroups (GI.1 vs. GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001). Summarized the pPICZa pichi pichia expression system showed a potential to be the alternative for expression of norovirus VLPs in secretion form, and the little cross‐reactivity found between the endemic strain and the epidemic strain provides an evident for the consideration of selecting candidates of norovirus vaccine strains.
Impacts of non‐Saccharomyces species and aeration on sequential inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce lower alcohol Merlot wines from Washington state
Authors: Aplin Jesse J , Edwards Charles G
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Species of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts isolated from Washington vineyards were evaluated for their abilities to reduce alcohol contents of wines. As many of these yeasts benefit from some oxygen, the effect of limited aeration was also studied.

RESULTS

Although fermentations of a high sugar Merlot grape must (310 g L−1) did not reach dryness, inoculation of Metschnikowia chrysoperlae, Mt. pulcherrima, Meyerozyma guillermondii, Pichia kluyveri, or P. membranifaciens yielded in wines with lower amounts of ethanol without excessive levels of acetic acid. Aeration frequently resulted in wines with less ethanol but with more acetic acid compared to non‐aerated fermentations. Inoculation of Mt. pulcherrima or My. guilliermondii into another Merlot grape must that contained a lower initial amount of fermentable sugar (266 g L−1) resulted in dry wines that contained less alcohol.

CONCLUSIONS

Inoculation of My. guilliermondii or Mt. pulcherrima before primary alcoholic fermentation resulted in wines with reduced alcohol contents without excessive acetic acid production. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Differences in oxidative susceptibilities between glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in dried scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscle during storage: an oxidation kinetic assessment
Authors: Xie Hong‐Kai , Zhao Guan‐Hua , Wu Zi‐Xuan , Li De‐Yang , Zhao Man‐Tong , Li Ao , Liu Hui‐Lin , Zhou Da‐Yong , Zhu Bei‐Wei
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Phospholipids, the main lipid component in marine shellfish, mainly comprise glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE). GPC and GPE in marine shellfish, especially scallop, carry n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), although different types of glycerophospholipids (GP) have different health benefits on human health. Moreover, different GP subclasses such as GPC and GPE have different oxidative susceptibilities in complex food systems. The present study compared the oxidative susceptibilities of GPC and GPE in dried scallop during storage by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and kinetic models, and also investigated the effects of natural phenolic antioxidant on their susceptibilities.

RESULTS

The results showed that GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) contents in samples continuously reduced during storage at two different temperatures. The first‐order kinetic model better reflected the changes of GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) in samples than the zero‐order kinetic model during storage. According to the oxidation rate (k) obtained from first‐order kinetic models, GPE possessed a greater oxidation rate than GPC during storage. Moreover, the results showed that antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB, polar polyphenolic antioxidants) significantly decreased the oxidation rates of GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) in samples during storage, and GPC could be more effectively protected by AOB compared to GPE.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides a practical method for accurately evaluating the oxidative susceptibility of different phospholipid classes in complex food systems. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple co‐pigments of quercetin and chlorogenic acid blends intensify the color of mulberry anthocyanins: insights from hyperchromicity, kinetics, and molecular modeling investigations
Authors: Khalifa Ibrahim , Du Jing , Nawaz Asad , Li Chunmei
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

The effect of multiple co‐pigments on the color intensification of mulberry anthocyanins (ACs) using spectroscopic techniques in combination with a molecular docking study was studied. The hyperchromicity of ACs co‐pigmented with chlorogenic acid (CH) and quercetin (Q) blends was measured and their color stability in liquid and encapsulated particle models was evaluated.

RESULTS

Multiple co‐pigments exhibited higher hyperchromicity, pKH‐values, and heat‐stability than their individual counterparts. Surflex‐docking findings confirmed that stronger binding occurred between multiple ligands and AC than single ones due to their extra ‐OH, ‐COOH groups, and delocalization systems. The binding was allowed by increased H‐bonding, van der Waals forces, and π‐π sites by the extra groups of the multiple co‐pigments with AC in aqueous juice and whey particle‐based models.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of the ternary mixture of phenolic acid‐flavonol‐anthocyanin which could be used as promising food red‐colorants. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Using foliar nitrogen application during veraison to improve the flavor components of grape and wine
Authors: Cheng Xianghan , Liang Yanying , Zhang Ang , Wang Panpan , He Shuang , Zhang Kekun , Wang Jiexing , Fang Yulin , Sun Xiangyu
Published: September 2020

Nitrogen is involved in the winemaking process from grapevine growth to wine fermentation, and its precise utilization in vineyards can regulate grape and wine quality. Foliar nitrogen application during veraison (FNAV) could prevent nitrogen deficiency in grape and must in nitrogen‐deficient vineyards. Moreover, FNAV also could improve certain flavor components of grape and wine, but little attention has been paid to FNAV. Therefore, this paper mainly reviews the difficulties encountered in current applications of nitrogen in vineyards and wineries, and the advantages of FNAV over the addition of nitrogen in soil and wineries. And it discusses that FNAV can increase yeast‐assimilable nitrogen and phenolics, and scarcely affect volatile components of grape (must and wine), and points out the existing problems including the core issue and then puts forward future research directions. This information may indicate future directions for research, and provide a reference for viticulturists and winemakers on the precise application of nitrogen on grapevine and must to further improve grape and wine quality in nitrogen‐deficient vineyards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparing cell‐free circulating tumorDNAmutational profiles of disease‐free and nonresponders patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Khandelwal Alok R. , Greer Adam H. , Hamiter Mickie , Fermin Janmaris Marin , McMullen Thomas , Moore‐Medlin Tara , Mills Glenn , Flores Jose M. , Yin Hong , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O.
Published: September 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether somatic nonsynonymous variants in tumor tissue can potentially be identified in circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) of head and neck oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients using next‐generation sequencing and can predict recurrence or persistence disease.

Methods

A total of 22 OPSCC patients with tumor tissue and respective plasma samples were included in this study. Matching cfDNA and tumor tissues were processed, and DNA sequencing was conducted using the MiSeq platform. Variants were identified using Biomedical Genomic Workbench and Genialis's online data analysis platform for Swift Biosciences' Accel‐amplicon panels.

Results

Among 11 nonresponders, 6 matched mutations were detected in 5 patients suggesting a predictive factor for patients with likelihood of recurrence. The matched variants and their allele frequencies identified in the nonresponder group were (tumor DNA/cfDNA in %): TP53 G325fs (27/0.62), TP53 R282W (48/1.74), TP53 R273C (39/2.17), FBXW7 R505G (30/0.6), FBXW7 R505L (31/0.65), and TP53 Q331H (56.5/0.52). Interestingly, the matched somatic mutations were only detected in patients who did not respond to therapy or had persistent disease.

Conclusions

Somatic nonsynonymous variants in tumor tissue can potentially be identified in cfDNA of OPSCC patients using NGS. The likelihood of variant detection in cfDNA is greater in nonresponders, especially in human papillomavirus‐negative nonresponders, rendering it beneficial as a less invasive detection method for disease persistence/recurrence and prognosis.

Level of evidence

Cohort study.
Success of minimally invasive salivary gland surgery—Quality of life, prognostic factors
Authors: Weigelt Frederike , Borzikowsky Christoph , Hoffmann Markus , Laudien Martin
Published: September 2020

Objective

Goal of this study was to investigate, whether sialendoscopy in obstructive salivary gland disorders affects patients' oral health‐related quality of life compared to healthy individuals, and to determine factors that might influence this relationship.

Study design

Retrospective observational study.

Setting

University of Kiel, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.

Subjects and methods

A group of 130 patients, undergoing sialendoscopy between 01/2004 and 06/2017 was considered. Oral health‐related quality of life was assessed using the OHIP‐G14 (Oral Health Impact Profile) in combination with a custom‐made questionnaire on satisfaction and success in relation to sialendoscopy.

Results

Oral health‐related quality of life of patients without dentures or with removable dentures was significantly worse than in the healthy population, whereas the necessity of multiple additional follow‐up treatments was associated with worse oral health‐related quality of life. No essential predisposing factors were identified. Average satisfaction with the intervention was observed to be x̅ = 4.33 (SD = 3.69) on a visual analogue scale from 1 (=very satisfied) to 10 (=very unsatisfied). A longer follow‐up period and a higher patients' age were positively related, whereas removal of salivary gland during follow‐up was negatively related to satisfaction. In 113 cases (86.9%) long‐term preservation was accomplished and 115 (88.5%) patients would repeat a sialendoscopy in case needed.

Conclusion

In summary, sialendoscopy resulted in long‐term high subjective and objective success rates. However, oral health‐related quality of life scores did not reach those levels found in the healthy population.
Higher differentiability for solutions of stationary p‐Stokes systems
Authors: Giannetti Flavia , Passarelli di Napoli Antonia , Scheven Christoph
Published: September 2020

We consider weak solutions to stationary p‐Stokes systems of the type
in , where the function satisfies p‐growth conditions in ξ and depends Hölder continuously on x. By we denote the symmetric part of the gradient and we write for the convective term. In this setting, we establish results on the fractional higher differentiability of both the symmetric part of the gradient and of the pressure π. As an application, we deduce dimension estimates for the singular set of the gradient , thereby improving known results on partial ‐regularity for solutions to stationary p‐Stokes systems.
Combined imaging of potassium and sodium in human skeletal muscle tissue at 7 T
Authors: Gast Lena V. , Völker Stefanie , Utzschneider Matthias , Linz Peter , Wilferth Tobias , Müller Max , Kopp Christoph , Hensel Bernhard , Uder Michael , Nagel Armin M.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To validate the feasibility of quantitative combined potassium (39K) and sodium (23Na) MRI in human calf muscle tissue, as well as to evaluate the reproducibility of the apparent tissue potassium concentration (aTPC) and apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC) determination in healthy muscle tissue.

Methods

Quantitative 23Na and 39K MRI acquisition protocols were implemented on a 7 T MR system. A double‐resonant 23Na/39K birdcage RF coil was used. Measurements of human lower leg were performed in a total acquisition time of TANa = 10:54 min/TAK = 8:06 min and using a nominal spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 × 15 mm3/7.5 × 7.5 × 30 mm3 for 23Na/39K MRI. Two aTSC and aTPC examinations in muscle tissue were performed during the same day on 10 healthy subjects.

Results

The proposed acquisition and postprocessing workflow for 23Na and 39K MRI data sets provided reproducible aTSC and aTPC measurements. In human calf muscle tissue, the coefficient of variation between scan and re‐scan was 5.7% for both aTSC and aTPC determination. Overall, mean values of aTSC = (17 ± 1) mM and aTPC = (85 ± 5) mM were measured. Moreover, for 39K in calf muscle tissue, components of = (1.2 ± 0.2) ms and = (7.9 ± 0.9) ms, as well as a residual quadrupolar interaction of = (143 ± 17) Hz, were determined. The fraction of the fast component was f = (58 ± 4)%.

Conclusion

Using the presented measurement and postprocessing approach, a reproducible aTSC and aTPC determination using 23Na and 39K MRI at 7 T in human skeletal muscle tissue is feasible in clinically acceptable acquisition durations.
T1‐FLAIR imaging during continuous head motion: Combining PROPELLER with an intelligent marker
Authors: Norbeck Ola , van Niekerk Adam , Avventi Enrico , Rydén Henric , Berglund Johan , Sprenger Tim , Skare Stefan
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to describe a T1‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence that is able to produce sharp magnetic resonance images even if the subject is moving their head throughout the acquisition.

Methods

The robustness to motion artifacts and retrospective motion correction capabilities of the PROPELLER (periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction) trajectory were combined with prospective motion correction. The prospective correction was done using an intelligent marker attached to the subject. This marker wirelessly synchronizes to the pulse sequence to measure the directionality and magnitude of the magnetic fields present in the MRI machine during a short navigator, thus enabling it to determine its position and orientation in the scanner coordinate frame. Three approaches to incorporating the marker‐navigator into the PROPELLER sequence were evaluated. The specific absorption rate, and subsequent scan time, of the T1‐weighted FLAIR PROPELLER sequence, was reduced using a variable refocusing flip‐angle scheme. Evaluations of motion correction performance were done with 4 volunteers and 3 types of head motion.

Results

During minimal out‐of‐plane movement, retrospective PROPELLER correction performed similarly to the prospective correction. However, the prospective clearly outperformed the retrospective correction when there was out‐of‐plane motion. Finally, the combination of retrospective and prospective correction produced the sharpest images even during large continuous motion.

Conclusion

Prospective motion correction of a PROPELLER sequence makes it possible to handle continuous, large, and high‐speed head motions with only minor reductions in image quality.
Jasmonate induced alternative splicing responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Feng Guanqiao , Yoo Mi‐Jeong , Davenport Ruth , Boatwright J. Lucas , Koh Jin , Chen Sixue , Barbazuk W. Brad
Published: September 2020

Jasmonate is an essential phytohormone regulating plant growth, development, and defense. Alternative splicing (AS) in jasmonate ZIM‐domain (JAZ) repressors is well‐characterized and plays an important role in jasmonate signaling regulation. However, it is unknown whether other genes in the jasmonate signaling pathway are regulated by AS. We explore the potential for AS regulation in three Arabidopsis genotypes (WT, jaz2, jaz7) in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment with respect to: (a) differential AS, (b) differential miRNA targeted AS, and (c) AS isoforms with novel functions. AS events identified from transcriptomic data were validated with proteomic data. Protein interaction networks identified two genes, SKIP and ALY4 whose products have both DNA‐ and RNA‐binding affinities, as potential key regulators mediating jasmonate signaling and AS regulation. We observed cases where AS alone, or AS and transcriptional regulation together, can influence gene expression in response to MeJA. Twenty‐one genes contain predicted miRNA target sites subjected to AS, which implies that AS is coupled to miRNA regulation. We identified 30 cases where alternatively spliced isoforms may have novel functions. For example, AS of bHLH160 generates an isoform without a basic domain, which may convert it from an activator to a repressor. Our study identified potential key regulators in AS regulation of jasmonate signaling pathway. These findings highlight the importance of AS regulation in the jasmonate signaling pathway, both alone and in collaboration with other regulators.

Significance statement

By exploring alternative splicing, we demonstrate its regulation in the jasmonate signaling pathway alone or in collaboration with other posttranscriptional regulations such as nonsense and microRNA‐mediated decay. A signal transduction network model for alternative splicing in jasmonate signaling pathway was generated, contributing to our understanding for this important, prevalent, but relatively unexplored regulatory mechanism in plants.
The Sciences of Reading and Writing Must Become More Fully Integrated
Authors: Graham Steve
Published: September 2020

Science has greatly enhanced what we know about reading and writing. Drawing on this knowledge, researchers have proffered recommendations for how to teach these two literacy skills. Although such recommendations are aimed at closing the gap between research and practice, they often fail to take into account the reciprocal relation that exists between reading and writing. Writing and writing instruction improve students’ reading and vice versa. Theory and evidence that support this reciprocal relation are presented, and implications for the scientific study of reading and writing, policy, and practice are offered, including the proposal that the sciences of reading and writing need to be better integrated.
Tailoring the Chemical Potential of Crystal Growth Units to Tune the Bulk Structure of Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Du Guifen , Li Huiqi , Chen Qiaoli , Kuang Qin , Jiang Zhiyuan , Xie Zhaoxiong
Published: September 2020

The intrinsic factors affecting the bulk structures of nanocrystallites are not well explored during crystallization. In this study, it is demonstrated that the chemical potential of growth units plays decisive role in governing the final structure of nanocrystals. It is found that the types of reaction vessels are able to vary the chemical potential of growth units, and make the Pt and Pd nanocrystals (NCs) unexpectedly evolve from the cyclic penta‐twinned to the single‐crystal nanostructures. In turn, it is concluded that the crystal growth units with lower chemical potential favor the formation of crystal nuclei with lower chemical potential during the nucleation. This new approach in tuning the bulk structures of NCs enriches the understanding of the crystallization process under supersaturated (nonequilibrium) condition, and would provide a general guidance for controlling nanocrystals with various thermodynamic forms.
Analyzing spatial analytics systems based on Hadoop and Spark: A user perspective
Authors: de Carvalho Castro João Pedro , Chaves Carniel Anderson , Dutra de Aguiar Ciferri Cristina
Published: September 2020

Spatial analytics systems (SASs) represent a technology capable of managing huge volumes of spatial data using frameworks such as Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark. An increasing number of SASs have been proposed, requiring a comparison among them. However, existing comparisons in the literature provide a system‐centric view based on performance evaluations. Thus, there is a lack of comparisons based on the user‐centric view, that is, comparisons that help users to understand how the characteristics of SASs are useful to meet the specific requirements of their spatial applications. In this article, we provide a user‐centric comparison of the following SASs based on Hadoop and Spark: Hadoop‐GIS, SpatialHadoop, SpatialSpark, GeoSpark, GeoMesa Spark, SIMBA, LocationSpark, STARK, Magellan, SparkGIS, and Elcano. This comparison employs an extensive set of criteria related to the general characteristics of these systems, to the aspects of spatial data handling, and to the aspects inherent to distributed systems. Based on this comparison, we introduce guidelines to help users to choose an appropriate SAS. We also describe two case studies based on real‐world applications to illustrate the use of these guidelines. Finally, we discuss chronological tendencies related to SASs and identify limitations that SASs should address to improve user experience.
Characterization of Oxidation Behavior of Mn Fumes Generated in the Vacuum Treatment of Melting Mn Steels
Authors: Chu Jianhua , Bao Yanping , Li Xin , Gao Fang , Wang Min
Published: September 2020

Herein, the phase, composition, morphologies, particle size distribution, and specific surface area of Mn oxide fumes generated after the vacuum treatment of melting Mn steels with different initial Mn contents are characterized. The thermodynamic calculation results reveal that for a given temperature and pressure, Mn vapor generation increases with increasing initial Mn content in steel. Moreover, the experimental results find that the amount of the Mn oxide fumes on the vacuum chamber after vacuum processing gradually increases with increasing initial Mn content in the melt. The fumes on the crucible generated after vacuum processing are composed of mainly coral‐shaped Mn3O4 with the size of 500 nm and a small amount of spherical‐like Mn2O3 with the sizes of 50–200 nm. Meanwhile, the fumes deposited on the furnace chamber contain Mn nanoparticles with the sizes of less than 50 nm, MnO nanorods with the sizes of 50–200 nm, and Mn3O4 nanoparticles with the sizes of 50–500 nm. In addition, the main phase of the fumes deposited on the vacuum chamber gradually changes to elemental Mn with an increase in the initial Mn content. The temperature and particle size are responsible for thermodynamic stability of Mn oxides at the nanoscale.
Inverse enkrasia and the real self
Authors: Rudy-Hiller Fernando ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2020

Non-reflectivist real self views claim that people are morally responsible for all and only those bits of conduct that express their true values and cares, regardless of whether they have endorsed them or not. A phenomenon that is widely cited in support of these views is inverse akrasia, that is, cases in which a person is praiseworthy for having done the right thing for the right reasons despite her considered judgment that what she did was wrong. In this paper I show that non-reflectivist real self views are problematic by focusing on the related but neglected phenomenon of inverse enkrasia, which occurs when an agent commits wrongdoing by following a mistaken evaluative judgment that, unbeknownst to her, runs contrary to her true values and cares. Intuitively, inverse enkratics are blameworthy for their actions although the latter don't express their real selves; therefore, non-reflectivist real self views are false. I assess the implications of this result for the viability of the quality of will paradigm and conclude that the latter survives unscathed to the problems besetting real self views. The lesson is that defenders of the quality of will paradigm should stop talking about real selves altogether.
Statistical analysis of experimental factor optimization in acid esterification of rubber seed oil
Authors: Sai Bharadwaj Aryasomayajula Venkata Satya Lakshmi , Subramaniapillai Niju , Khadhar Mohamad Meera Sheriffa Begum , Narayanan Anantharaman
Published: September 2020

Statistical analysis for esterification of high viscous rubber seed oil (RSO) (feed stock) with a high free fatty acids (FFA) content was presented in this work. Initially a high acid value of 67.6 mg KOH/g oil was observed from raw RSO analysis, which is not in a favorable range. After complete esterification reaction, a reasonable acid value of 3.55 mg KOH/g oil was detected at reaction conditions of 15:1 methanol: oil molar ratio (mol/mol), 3 vol% of catalyst concentration, and 2 hr of reaction time. Statistical analysis of factors affecting the final value is performed using response surface methodology. From the statistical analysis, a significant second‐order quadratic model with apvalue <0.0001 was observed. It is also noticed that molar ratio and reaction time are the most significant factors affecting the final product (esterified oil). The coefficient of determination,R2of value, 0.9672 indicates that there exists a minimum error between predicted and experimental acid values observed.
Gauge Theories and the Standard Model
Authors: Altarelli Guido , Forte Stefano
Published: September 2020

This chapter, Chaps.10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_3and10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_4present a self-contained introduction to the Standard Model of fundamental interactions, which describes in the unified framework of gauge quantum field theories all of the fundamental forces of nature but gravity: the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. This set of chapters thus provides both an introduction to the Standard Model, and to quantum field theory at an intermediate level. The union of the three chapters can be taken as a masters’ level course reference, and it requires as a prerequisite an elementary knowledge of quantum field theory, at the level of many introductory textbooks, such as Vol. 1 of Aitchison-Hey, or, at a somewhat more advanced level, Maggiore. The treatment is subdivided into three parts, each corresponding to an individual chapter, with more advanced field theory topics introduced along the way as needed. Specifically, this chapter presents the general structure of the Standard Model, its field content, and symmetry structure. This involves an introduction to non-abelian gauge theories both at the classical and quantum level. Also, it involves a discussion of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism, that play a crucial role in the architecture of the Standard Model, and their interplay with the quantization of gauge theories. Chapter10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_3then presents the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. This requires introducing the concepts of CP violation and mixing, and of radiative corrections. Finally, Chap.10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_4presents the strong sector of the theory, which requires a more detailed treatment of renormalization and the renormalization group.
The Standard Model of Electroweak Interactions
Authors: Altarelli Guido , Forte Stefano
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, we summarize the structure of the standard EW theory and specify the couplings of the intermediate vector bosonsW±,Zand of the Higgs particle with the fermions and among themselves, as dictated by the gauge symmetry plus the observed matter content and the requirement of renormalizability
Symmetry Violations and Quark Flavour Physics
Authors: Kleinknecht Konrad , Uwer Ulrich
Published: September 2020

One of the surprising facts in our present understanding of the development of the Universe is the complete absence of “primordial” antimatter from the Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago. The detection of charged cosmic-ray particles by magnetic spectrometers borne by balloons, satellites, and the space shuttle has shown no evidence for such primordial (high-energy) antibaryons; nor has the search for gamma rays from antimatter–matter annihilation yielded any such observation. In the early phases of the expanding Universe, a hot (1032 K) and dense plasma of quarks, antiquarks, leptons, antileptons and photons coexisted in equilibrium. This plasma expanded and cooled down, and matter and antimatter could recombine and annihilate into photons. If all interactions were symmetric with respect to matter and antimatter, and if baryon and lepton numbers were conserved, then all particles would finally convert to photons, and the expansion of the Universe would shift the wavelength of these photons to the far infrared region.
Structured (De)composable Representations Trained with Neural Networks
Authors: Spinks Graham , Moens Marie-Francine
Published: September 2020

The paper proposes a novel technique for representing templates and instances of concept classes. A template representation refers to the generic representation that captures the characteristics of an entire class. The proposed technique uses end-to-end deep learning to learn structured and composable representations from input images and discrete labels. The obtained representations are based on distance estimates between the distributions given by the class label and those given by contextual information, which are modeled as environments. We prove that the representations have a clear structure allowing to decompose the representation into factors that represent classes and environments. We evaluate our novel technique on classification and retrieval tasks involving different modalities (visual and language data).
Care und Case Management – Steuerung im Kontext von Pflegebedürftigkeit
Authors: Klie Thomas
Published: September 2020

Mit dem Pflege-Weiterentwicklungsgesetz 2008 hat der Gesetzgeber Care und Case Management-Strategien sowohl in das Leistungsrecht als auch in die Strukturvorgaben der Pflegeversicherung aufgenommen. Angesichts der Unübersichtlichkeit der Hilfestrukturen, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Schnittstellen zwischen den Sektoren oder auf der Fallebene, wurden ein Rechtsanspruch auf Pflegeberatung gemäß § 7a SGB XI im Sinne von Case Management eingeräumt und für Vernetzungs- und Koordinationsstrukturen im Sinne des Care Managements bundesgesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen und Aufgabenbeschreibungen formuliert. Case Management-Arbeitsansätze können in der Lage sein, die in der deutschen Pflegeversicherung eher vernachlässigte Personenzentrierung stärker zu betonen. Ein Care und Case Management lege artis verschränkt systematisch die Fall- mit der Systemebene. Dass dies in der Praxis in Deutschland fast nirgendwo konsequent umgesetzt wird, arbeitet der Beitrag ebenso heraus wie die Steuerungsfunktionen des Care und Case Managements, die verbunden werden müssen mit systematischen Monitoring-Instrumenten und Planungsprozessen auf regionaler und kommunaler Ebene. Care und Case Management-Strukturen in der Langzeitpflege sind alternativlos, aber zugleich voraussetzungsvoll.
Steuerungsinstrumente für Einrichtungen: Innovative Ansätze zur Steuerung der Leistungserbringung
Authors: Bettig Uwe
Published: September 2020

Der wesentliche Ansatz zur Steuerung der Leistungserbringung ist der optimale Einsatz des Personals auf allen Ebenen. Diesem Ansatz liegen zwei in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Befragungen zugrunde. Untersucht wurde in Berliner und Brandenburger Einrichtungen, inwieweit das Personalmanagement diesen optimalen Einsatz des Personals zu erreichen versucht. Beide Befragungen zeigen, dass sich das Personalmanagement in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen immer mehr strategisch auf diese Herausforderung einstellt, aber nicht alle Steuerungsinstrumente nutzt, die sinnvoll sein können. Zwei dieser möglichen und sinnvollen Steuerungsinstrumente werden vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzmanagement, das in anderen Branchen etabliert ist, hilft u. a. das Personalmanagement nachhaltiger auszurichten. Die verstärkte Betrachtung der Prozesse unter Einbeziehung der Mitarbeiterperspektive als zweites vorgestelltes Instrument hilft, die Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit und letztlich auch die Bewohnerzufriedenheit zu erhöhen.
Pflegesysteme im internationalen Vergleich
Authors: Kraus Markus , Fößleitner Sophie , Riedel Monika
Published: September 2020

Die demographischen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen werden das deutsche Pflegesystem in den kommenden Dekaden vor große Herausforderungen stellen. Insofern lohnt ein Blick über die Grenzen Deutschlands, wie andere europäische Länder mit dieser Aufgabe umgehen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Ausgestaltung der Steuerungs-, Finanzierungs- und Leistungsstruktur im schwedischen, niederländischen und spanischen Pflegesystem beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend werden die mit der unterschiedlichen Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Pflegesysteme einhergehenden Anreize theoretisch ausgeführt und die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse im Kontext des deutschen Pflegesystems diskutiert. Dieses bietet aufgrund der zentralen Steuerungsstruktur und der daraus resultierenden einheitlichen Leistungsstruktur Anreize für hohe Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Ebenso sind Weichen für hohe allokative Effizienz gestellt, da die Finanzierung aus einer Hand keine Anreize zu einer Leistungsverschiebung birgt. Als Nachteil der monistischen und allein an Arbeitseinkommen anknüpfenden Finanzierung kann die Tendenz zu Unterversorgung gesehen werden.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Leistungsdefinition und individuellen Leistungsbemessung im Kontext Langzeitpflege
Authors: Rothgang Heinz , Kalwitzki Thomas , Cordes Janet
Published: September 2020

Die Ausgestaltung der Pflegeversicherung als nicht bedarfsdeckendes Teilleistungssystem steht zunehmend unter Reformdruck. Die pauschalierte Leistungsgewährung führt dazu, dass im stationären Sektor eine wachsende Lücke zwischen pflegebedingten Kosten und den Leistungen der Pflegeversicherung entsteht und im ambulanten Sektor aus dem gleichen Grund von einer kompensatorisch eingeschränkten Leistungsinanspruchnahme auszugehen ist. Beide Effekte werden zwar zu Recht als Problem des Umfangs der Versicherungsleistungen dargestellt, diese sind jedoch letztendlich Konsequenz einer fehlenden individuellen Bedarfsorientierung.

Die Autoren schlagen daher vor, eine Finanzreform der Pflegeversicherung direkt mit einer Strukturreform zu verbinden, die eine bedarfsorientierte Pflege in jeder Wohnform ermöglicht. Hierzu ist es erforderlich, die übernahmefähigen Leistungen/Leistungsbereiche der Pflegeversicherung unabhängig vom Ort der Erbringung zu definieren und mit einem einheitlichen Preisschema zu hinterlegen. Anhand dieses Kataloges wird es möglich, die individuell bedarfsorientierte Leistungsmenge zu bemessen und den Pflegebedürftigen zuzuordnen. Dies kann zudem genutzt werden, um das Pflegegeld des heutigen Zuschnitts zu einem Cash-for-Care-System für die Pflegepersonen weiterzuentwickeln.
Geriatrische Rehabilitation – Aktueller Stand und zukünftige Entwicklung
Authors: Becker Clemens , Auer Ramona , Rapp Kilian , Grund Stefan , Bauer Jürgen M.
Published: September 2020

Aufgrund des demographischen Wandels steigt die Zahl hochbetagter, multimorbider Menschen mit Rehabilitationsbedarf und -potenzial. Dieser Entwicklung wurde bereits in den 90er Jahren durch die Unterstützung der geriatrischen Rehabilitation begegnet. Mit ihren diversen Ausgestaltungen hilft diese, die rehabilitativen Bedarfe älterer Menschen in den verschiedenen Versorgungssektoren abzudecken. Dabei erfolgt die gut etablierte und wissenschaftlich fundierte stationäre geriatrische Rehabilitation häufig nach einem akutstationären Aufenthalt. Demgegenüber unterstützt die ambulante und mobile geriatrische Rehabilitation die Versorgung im prä- und poststationären Sektor. Aktuelle Zahlen belegen die Entwicklungsdynamik in diesem Bereich. Der derzeitige Entwicklungsfokus liegt auf der Optimierung präventiver und rehabilitativer Maßnahmen im ambulanten Bereich sowie im stationären Pflegebereich. Unterstützt wird dies durch zahlreiche Innovationsfonds-Projekte des G-BA und durch eine europaweite Zusammenarbeit. Zudem gilt es Gesetze zur Stärkung der Teilhabe älterer Menschen besser umzusetzen.
Effect of new antioxidants: phenolipids on quality of fried French fries and rapeseed oil
Authors: Szydłowska-Czerniak Aleksandra , Rabiej Dobrochna
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of five novel synthetic antioxidants: octyl sinapate (OSA), octyl ferulate (OFA), octyl caffeate (OCA), cetyl sinapate (CSA) and cetyl ferulate (CFA) added to refined rapeseed oil for the first time on antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) in French fries. French fries after frying in enriched oils had higher the AA determined by three assays: 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS = 2907–20,029 μmol TE/100 g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH = 657–6886 μmol TE/100 g), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP = 332–2659 μmol TE/100 g) and total phenolic content (TPC = 44–378 mg SA/100 g) than those prepared in refined rapeseed oil (ABTS = 2146 μmol TE/100 g, DPPH = 403 μmol TE/100 g, FRAP = 218 μmol TE/100 g, TPC = 14 mg SA/100 g). Moreover, the presence of phenolipids in rapeseed oil decreased the oil content in fried French fries by 22–45%. However, the AA and TPC in the fortified oils significantly increased, whereas slower changes in oxidation parameters of supplemented oils after frying were observed. A new lipophilic antioxidants can be useful for the development of management system for the preparation of French fries and the prolongation of frying oil shelf life.
Facilitating efficient coordination in large groups: small incentive payments in nested groups
Authors: Mitani Yohei , Suzuki Kohei
Published: September 2020

Most large real-world organizations contain multiple smaller groups, such as working groups within firms. However, can this sort of nested groups be used to alleviate coordination failures in the larger group? We report on a multi-player Stag Hunt experiment wherein we hierarchically structure a large group into mutually exclusive small groups. We offer varying incentive payments if efficient coordination is achieved at a large or small group level. The novelty of our design is that we hold the total payment size constant between treatments. In our nested incentive treatment, we reduce the reward for achieving large-group coordination by a small amount and reallocate the same amount to successful small-group coordination. The results reveal that incentive reallocations privileging small groups facilitate efficient large-group coordination in the nested group structure.
Poisonings After a Hurricane: Lessons From the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES) During and Following Hurricane Sandy
Authors: German Susan B. , Thomas Pauline A. , Ruck Bruce , Marshall Elizabeth G. , Davidow Amy L.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012, resulting in widespread power outages and gasoline shortages. These events led to potentially toxic exposures and the need for information related to poisons/toxins in the environment. This report characterizes the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES) call patterns in the days immediately preceding, during, and after Hurricane Sandy to identify areas in need of public health education and prevention.

Methods:

We examined NJPIES case data from October through December 2012. Most Sandy-related calls had been coded as such by NJPIES staff. Additional Sandy-related cases were identified by performing a case narrative review. Descriptive analyses were performed for timing, case frequencies, exposure substances, gender, caller site, type of information requests, and other data.

Results:

The most frequent Sandy-related exposures were gasoline and carbon monoxide (CO). Gasoline exposure cases were predominantly males and CO exposure cases, females (P < 0.0001). Other leading reasons for Sandy-related calls were poison information, food poisoning/spoilage information, and water contamination.

Conclusions:

This analysis identified the need for enhanced public health education and intervention to improve the handling of gasoline and encourage the proper use of gasoline-powered generators and cleaning and cooking equipment, thus reducing toxic exposures.
COVID-19, the European Health Union and the CJEU: Lessons from the Case Law on the Banking Union
Authors: BARTLETT Oliver
Published: September 2020

This contribution will draw on the literature that has accumulated on how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has responded to the European Banking Union, which was established in similar crisis circumstances that now face the European Union (EU) in the age of COVID-19, to illustrate the legal issues on which the CJEU’s input will be particularly important in the shaping of any future European Health Union. This contribution will highlight three legal issues in particular: the interpretation of EU Treaty provisions in the health field; the scope of EU competence; and the powers of EU institutions and agencies. This contribution will argue that the CJEU case law to date on health issues is encouraging with respect to competence and agencies, but more cautious with respect to the Treaty’s health provisions.
Bring Back the Politics: The PSPP Ruling in Its Institutional Context
Authors: Violante Teresa
Published: September 2020

In this paper, I argue that the conflict between the German Federal Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union is the story of a clash foretold, if one takes seriously constitutional courts as institutions designed to be “dogs that bite.” The German Court consistently developed a doctrinal tool to guide its role as guardian of the national constitutional order and the democratic principle, and enforced it when the constitutional control of monetary policy measures so required. I analyze the PSPP ruling, focusing on where the Court concluded that the lack of a satisfactory statement of reasons by the European Central Bank prevented it from reviewing the proportionality of the program. I argue that the Court, after conducting a substantive assessment, applied a weak remedy, thereby deferring the last word on the constitutionality of the PSPP to the political branches. In doing so, the Court opens space for the political assessment of a controversial monetary policy, enhancing the politicization of the Economic and Monetary Union, and provides a doctrinal toolbox for national constitutional courts that face competence creep of EU law in their jurisdictions. I conclude that, ultimately, the main merit of constitutional courts’ interventions in the EU integration is that they are in a privileged position to allow for the politicization of technocratic processes.