bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuevas alfabetizaciones en un entorno multimodal: nuevas necesidades lectoras para un entorno textual múltiple
Authors: Sánchez Claros Juan Patricio
Published: December 2019

The new technologies of information, the development of the media and the massive presence of multimedia devices have brought a renewal of the traditional concept of literacy. Multimodality in the media, in the dissemination of knowledge and the communication formats have brought a change in the system of reception of media objects and each of its integral elements. This multimodal environment is part of the daily life of students who access through a scenario of screens and images across a virtual environment in which both textual and visual are integrated as an informational continuum that requires to users new interpretation skills. And, consequently, a new approach to media literacy should be the subject of attention from educators.Media literacy implies the need to address new visual skills, new reading skills and especially new skills for integration and analysis, among those who cannot be set aside on the critical apparatus necessary. This paper discusses the content of these skills, some critical tools for multimodal approach speech as well as the role the four substrata of discourse, design, production and distribution, typical of Critical Analysis of Multimodal Discourse are analysed.
Hábitos de lectura en universitarios. Caso licenciatura de Administración de la Unidad Académica Profesional Tejupilco
Authors: Cardoso Jiménez Daniel , Bobadilla Beltrán Salvador , Pérez Chávez Manuel Antonio
Published: December 2019

La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los hábitos de lectura que poseen los estudiantes de la licenciatura de Administración de la Unidad Académica Profesional Tejupilco dependiente de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México durante el período 2017A, la población estuvo formada por 156 estudiantes de ambos sexos con un tamaño de muestra de 111 estudiantes. Para identificar los hábitos de lectura se aplicó el cuestionario de hábitos de lectura (CHL) estructurado y valido obteniendo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.859; la información recabada se procesó con el paquete estadístico SPSS ver 17, para determinar su frecuencia y porcentaje de incidencia de los hábitos de lectura.

El 55% de la población son mujeres, 50% de los estudiantes provienen de comunidades rurales, el 61.1% de sus padres no leen un libro año y 70% no leyeron con sus hijos cuando eran pequeños, 56% de los estudiantes no reciben un libro de regalo al año, el 44.4% nunca visita la biblioteca para leer, 58.35% de la población estudiantil presentan problemas de lectura, el 66.75% tiene facilidad para concentrarse al leer y son felices cuando leen, 60% de los estudiantes les gusta leer libros de aventuras, viajes, naturaleza, ciencia y tecnología, románticos, humor, deportes y ciencia ficción, el 55.6% lee para aprender, el 66.7% dedica menos de una hora a la lectura a la semana, el 77.8% dedica a leer menos de una hora al día,  el 72.2% de los estudiantes no leen los libros que les recomiendan sus maestros, 66.7% de los estudiantes comentan que los maestros no toman en cuenta las lecturas extra clase como puntaje en la calificación, un 55%  lee en silencio, no hay discusión, ni comentarios, ni debate de libros y finalmente el 75% de los maestros dejan lecturas y piden trabajos.
,,Unterhändler ausländischer Dichter“. : Johann Diederich Gries’ Calderón-Übersetzungen
Authors: CANAL HÉCTOR
Published: December 2019

Abstract Johann Diederich Gries gilt als einer der ersten professionellen Literaturübersetzer im modernen Sinne, wie anhand seiner Calderón-Übersetzungen gezeigt wird. Gries wurde zunächst nur als Helfer zu einer Bearbeitung für die Weimarer Bühne
unter Goethes Leitung herangezogen, er entwickelte daraus ein ambitioniertes Großprojekt, das neue Maßstäbe setzte. Aus Gries’ Korrespondenz und Übersetzungsmanuskripten werden die Grundsätze und Komplexität seines Vorhabens, die Schwierigkeiten, die sich
aus der Editionslage und der fremden Theaterkonventionen ergaben, sowie seine Versuche, die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums durch Rezensionen zu wecken, dargelegt.Johann Diederich Gries can be regarded as one of the firsts professional translators of literature in modern meaning, as the article
analyses on the basis of his Calderón translations. Initially, Gries had been consulted only as a helper for an adaption of Weimar’s theatre under Goethe’s management. Based on that, Grieß then developed an ambitious project, wich set a new high standard. The analysis
of Gries’ correspondence and translation manuscripts enables an explanation of the principles and complexity of his project, of the problematic editorial situation and foreign theatrelic conventions, and of his trial to obtain the attention of the public through reviews.
Discurso des Scheiterns. : Das Schiffbruch-Narrativ und seine Wendepunkte
Authors: WOLF BURKHARDT
Published: December 2019

Abstract Vom Untergang zur See zu handeln, führt in der westlichen Erzähltradition seit Homer auf kosmologische und existentielle, politische und ökonomische Belange. Will man von einem regelrechten ,,Schiffbruch-Narrativ“ sprechen, dann ist dieses nicht
nur durch eine longue durée motivischer und struktureller Beständigkeit ausgezeichnet, sondern auch durch einen hohen Grad an sprachlich-formaler Selbstreflexivität und seit der Neuzeit durch die Engführung nautischer mit poetischen Innovationen. Wendepunkte markiert
das Scheitern nunmehr in seefahrts- und auch literaturhistorischer Hinsicht, weshalb man, wie im Portugal der Entdeckerzeit, von einem maritimen ,,discurso“ sprechen kann.In the Western narrative tradition since Homer, relating to sea losses leads to cosmological and existential,
political and economic concerns. The ,,shipwreck narrative“ is characterized by a long-lasting motivic and structural consistency. But furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of linguistic and formal self-reflexiveness, and since modern times, it brings together nautical with poetic innovations.
The sinking now marks turning points in terms of maritime navigation as well as literary history, which is why, as in Portugal of the time of discovery, one can speak of a maritime ,,discurso“.
Komik und Katastrophe in Christoph Ransmayrs ,,Die Unsichtbare. Tirade an drei Stränden“ (2001) sowie ,,Damen & Herren unter Wasser“ (2007)
Authors: WOHLLEBEN DOREN
Published: December 2019

Abstract Komik, Ransmayrs Büchern zu Unrecht oft abgesprochen, wird in den beiden ,,Spielformen des Erzählens“, dem Meta-Theaterstück sowie der Bildergeschichte, mit Katastrophe zusammengedacht: Ransmayr verschränkt einen frühneuzeitlichen Katastrophenbegriff
als innerdramaturgischen Vorgang, der die Wendung hin zu einem meist guten Ende bezeichnet, mit einem (post-)modernen Konzept im Sinne einer ubiquitären, permanenten Krisenkategorie. Er taucht seine grotesken Figuren in das Medium des Humors, in poetisch verfremdete Wasserwelten, und
schärft den gesellschaftskritischen Blick für das, was unter der Oberfläche liegt.Often unrightfully dismissed as comedy, Ransmayr’s books reflect catastrophe, and are conceived in terms of both of the ,,play forms of narration“: the meta-theater piece as well
as the picture story. Ransmayr interweaves a concept of catastrophe from the early modern period as an inwardly dramaturgical procedure, often taking a turn to a mostly positive ending, with a post-modern inflection in the sense of a ubiquitous, permanent state of crisis. He plunges his grotesque
characters into the medium of humor, in poetically alienated water worlds, sharpening the socio-critical gaze for that which lies beneath the surface.
Crossmodal learning of target-context associations: When would tactile context predict visual search?
Authors: Chen Siyi , Shi Zhuanghua , Zang Xuelian , Zhu Xiuna , Assumpção Leonardo , Müller Hermann J. , Geyer Thomas
Published: December 2019

It is well established that statistical learning of visual target locations in relation to constantly positioned visual distractors facilitates visual search. In the present study, we investigated whether such a contextual-cueing effect would also work crossmodally, from touch onto vision. Participants responded to the orientation of a visual target singleton presented among seven homogenous visual distractors. Four tactile stimuli, two to different fingers of each hand, were presented either simultaneously with or prior to the visual stimuli. The identity of the stimulated fingers provided the crossmodal context cue: in half of the trials, a given visual target location was consistently paired with a given tactile configuration. The visual stimuli were presented above the unseen fingers, ensuring spatial correspondence between vision and touch. We found no evidence of crossmodal contextual cueing when the two sets of items (tactile, visual) were presented simultaneously (Experiment 1). However, a reliable crossmodal effect emerged when the tactile distractors preceded the onset of visual stimuli 700 ms (Experiment 2). But crossmodal cueing disappeared again when, after an initial learning phase, participants flipped their hands, making the tactile distractors appear at different positions in external space while their somatotopic positions remained unchanged (Experiment 3). In all experiments, participants were unable to explicitly discriminate learned from novel multisensory arrays. These findings indicate that search-facilitating context memory can be established across vision and touch. However, in order to guide visual search, the (predictive) tactile configurations must be remapped from their initial somatotopic into a common external representational format.
Are the facial gender and facial age variants of the composite face illusion products of a common mechanism?
Authors: Gray Katie L. H. , Guillemin Yvonne , Cenac Zarus , Gibbons Sophie , Vestner Tim , Cook Richard
Published: December 2019

When the upper half of one face (‘target region’) is spatially aligned with the lower half of another (‘distractor region’), the two halves appear to fuse together perceptually, changing observers’ subjective perception of the target region. This ‘composite face illusion’ is regarded as a key hallmark of holistic face processing. Importantly, distractor regions bias observers’ subjective perception of target regions in systematic, predictable ways. For example, male and female distractor regions make target regions appear masculine and feminine; young and old distractor regions make target regions appear younger and older. In the present study, we first describe a novel psychophysical paradigm that yields precise reliable estimates of these perceptual biases. Next, we use this novel procedure to establish a clear relationship between observers’ susceptibility to the age and gender biases induced by the composite face illusion. This relationship is seen in a lab-based sample (N = 100) and is replicated in an independent sample tested online (N = 121). Our findings suggest that age and gender variants of the composite illusion may be different measures of a common structural binding process, with an origin early in the face-processing stream.
Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Authors: Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Sekula-Neuner Sylwia , Trouillet Vanessa , Liu Hui-Yu , Kumar Ravi , Powell Annie K , Hirtz Michael
Published: December 2019

The level of cancer biomarkers in cells, tissues or body fluids can be used for the prediction of the presence of cancer or can even indicate the stage of the disease. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most commonly used biomarker for early screening and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, a combination of three techniques (click chemistry, the biotin–streptavidin–biotin sandwich strategy and the use of antigen–antibody interactions) were combined to implement a sensitive fluorescent immunosensor for AFP detection. Three types of functionalized glasses (dibenzocyclooctyne- (DBCO-), thiol- and epoxy-terminated surfaces) were biotinylated by employing the respective adequate click chemistry counterparts (biotin–thiol or biotin–azide for the first class, biotin–maleimide or biotin–DBCO for the second class and biotin–amine or biotin–thiol for the third class). The anti-AFP antibody was immobilized on the surfaces via a biotin–streptavidin–biotin sandwich technique. To evaluate the sensing performance of the differently prepared surfaces, fluorescently labeled AFP was spotted onto them via microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS). Based on the fluorescence measurements, the optimal microarray design was found and its sensitivity was determined.
On the Origin of SN 2016hil—A Type II Supernova in the Remote Outskirts of an Elliptical Host
Authors: Irani Ido , Schulze Steve , Gal-Yam Avishay , Lunnan Ragnhild , Brink Thomas G. , Zheng WeiKang , Filippenko Alexei V. , Yang Yi , de Jaeger Thomas , Nugent Peter E. , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Fremling Christoffer , Neill James Don , Rebbapragada Umaa , Masci Frank J. , Sollerman Jesper , Yaron Ofer
Published: December 2019

Type II supernovae (SNe) stem from the core collapse of massive (>8 M
⊙) stars. Due to their short lifespan, we expect a very low rate of such events in elliptical hosts, where the star formation rate is low, and which are mostly comprised of an old stellar population. SN 2016hil (iPTF16hil) is an SN II located in the extreme outskirts of an elliptical galaxy at z = 0.0608 (projected distance 27.2 kpc). It was detected near peak (M

r
 ∼ −17 mag) 9 days after the last non-detection. The event has some potentially peculiar properties: it presented an apparently double-peaked light curve, and its spectra suggest low metallicity content (Z < 0.4 Z
⊙). We place a tentative upper limit on the mass of a potential faint host at

using deep optical imaging from Keck/LRIS. In light of this, we discuss the possibility of the progenitor forming locally and other more exotic formation scenarios such as a merger or common-envelope evolution causing a time-delayed explosion. Further observations of the explosion site in the UV are needed in order to distinguish between the cases. Regardless of the origin of the transient, observing a population of such seemingly hostless SNe II could have many uses, including an estimate the amount of faint galaxies in a given volume, and tests of the prediction of a time-delayed population of core-collapse SNe in locations otherwise unfavorable for the detection of such events.
The Structure of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections in the Extreme-ultraviolet Passbands
Authors: Song H. Q. , Zhang J. , Li L. P. , Liu Y. D. , Zhu B. , Wang B. , Zheng R. S. , Chen Y.
Published: December 2019

So far, most studies on the structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are conducted through white-light coronagraphs, demonstrating that about one third of CMEs exhibit the typical three-part structure in the high corona (e.g., beyond 2

), i.e., the bright front, the dark cavity, and the bright core. In this paper, we address the CME structure in the low corona (e.g., below 1.3

) through extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) passbands and find that the three-part CMEs in the white-light images can possess a similar three-part appearance in the EUV images, i.e., a leading edge, a low-density zone, and a filament or hot channel. The analyses identify that the leading edge and the filament or hot channel in the EUV passbands evolve into the front and the core later within several solar radii in the white-light passbands, respectively. What is more, we find that the CMEs without an obvious cavity in the white-light images can also exhibit the clear three-part appearance in the EUV images, which means that the low-density zone in the EUV images (observed as the cavity in white-light images) can be compressed and/or transformed gradually by the expansion of the bright core and/or the reconnection of the magnetic field surrounding the core during the CME propagation outward. Our study suggests that more CMEs can possess the clear three-part structure in their early eruption stage. The nature of the low-density zone between the leading edge and the filament or hot channel is discussed.
Anisotropic Mass Segregation in Rotating Globular Clusters
Authors: Szölgyén Ákos , Meiron Yohai , Kocsis Bence
Published: December 2019

We investigate the internal dynamics of anisotropic, rotating globular clusters with a multimass stellar population by performing new direct N-body simulations. In addition to the well-known radial mass segregation effect, where heavy stars and stellar remnants sink toward the center of the cluster, we find a mass segregation in the distribution of orbital inclinations as well. This newly discovered anisotropic mass segregation leads to the formation of a disk-like structure of massive objects near the equatorial plane of a rotating cluster. This result has important implications on the expected spatial distribution of black holes in globular clusters.
The Generalized Ion-sound Speed in Space and Astrophysical Plasmas
Authors: Saberian E.
Published: December 2019

A generalized ion-sound speed for space and astrophysical plasmas in the regions of near- and far-from-thermal equilibrium is derived in the context of the new formulated invariant Kappa distribution. Inspired by the recent studies on the origin of polytropic behavior in space plasmas, it has been shown that the sound speed is connected to the extended polytropic index of Kappa distributed particles, which itself depends on the invariant Kappa index and the potential degrees of freedom. Generally, the ion-sound speed is a function of the polytropic index of Kappa distributed particles, which varies between two asymptotic regions of equilibrium and anti-equilibrium states. It is found that the ion-sound speed takes its maximum value in an equilibrium plasma and it reduces by approaching to the anti-equilibrium states. Furthermore, dispersion relation of the ion-acoustic waves in our formulism confirms, correspondingly, the recent study on the generalized formulation of Debye shielding in space plasmas. Finally, the classical and generalized relations between the ion-sound speed, the Debye length and the ion oscillation frequency have been discussed.
Unbiased Differential Size Evolution and the Inside-out Growth of Galaxies in the Deep CANDELS GOODS Fields at 1 ≤ z ≤ 7
Authors: Whitney A. , Conselice C. J. , Bhatawdekar R. , Duncan K.
Published: December 2019

We present a size analysis of a sample of ∼49,000 galaxies from the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Survey GOODS North and South fields, using redshift-independent relative surface-brightness metrics to determine an unbiased measure of the differential size evolution of galaxies at 1 ≤ z ≤ 7. We introduce a novel method of removing foreground objects from distant galaxy (z > 3) images that makes use of the Lyman break at 912 Å, in what we call “2D Lyman-break imaging.” The images used are in the rest-frame optical at z < 3 and progressively bluer bands at z > 3. They are therefore subject to K-correction and cosmological dimming effects, which are tested and corrected for. We separately consider a mass-selected sample (with masses in the range 109
M
⊙ ≤ M
* ≤ 1010.5
M
⊙) and a number-density-selected sample (using a constant number density of n = 1 × 10−4Mpc−3). Instead of utilizing the commonly used, but potentially biased, effective radii for size measurements, we measure the redshift-independent Petrosian radius, defined by the parameter η, for each galaxy for three values of η, and use this as a proxy for size. The evolution of the measured radii can be described by a power law of the form R
Petr = α(1+z)
β
kpc where β < 0. We find that the outer radius increases more rapidly, suggesting that as a galaxy grows, mass is added to its outer regions via an inside-out growth. This growth is stronger for the number-density-selected sample, with a growth rate of nearly three in the outer radii compared to the inner. We test and confirm these results using a series of image simulations.
Star Formation Histories of the LEGUS Dwarf Galaxies. III. The Nonbursty Nature of 23 Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies*
Authors: Cignoni M. , Sacchi E. , Tosi M. , Aloisi A. , Cook D. O. , Calzetti D. , Lee J. C. , Sabbi E. , Thilker D. A. , Adamo A. , Dale D. A. , Elmegreen B. G. , Gallagher J. S. , Grebel E. K. , Johnson K. E. , Messa M. , Smith L. J. , Ubeda L.
Published: December 2019

We derive the recent star formation histories (SFHs) of 23 active dwarf galaxies using Hubble Space Telescope observations from the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey. We apply a color–magnitude diagram (CMD) fitting technique using two independent sets of stellar models, PARSEC-COLIBRI and MIST. Despite the nonnegligible recent activity, none of the 23 star-forming dwarfs show enhancements in the last 100 Myr larger than three times the 100 Myr average. The unweighted mean of the individual SFHs in the last 100 Myr is also consistent with a rather constant activity, irrespective of the atomic gas fraction. We confirm previous results that for dwarf galaxies, the CMD-based average star formation rates (SFRs) are generally higher than the FUV-based SFRs. For half of the sample, the 60 Myr average CMD-based SFR is more than two times the FUV SFR. In contrast, we find remarkable agreement between the 10 Myr average CMD-based SFR and the Hα-based SFR. Finally, using core helium-burning stars of intermediate mass, we study the pattern of star formation spatial progression over the past 60 Myr and speculate on the possible triggers and connections of the star formation activity with the environment in which these galaxies live. Approximately half of our galaxies show spatial progression of star formation in the last 60 Myr and/or very recent diffuse and off-center activity compared to RGB stars.
Multi-wavelength Variability Signatures of Relativistic Shocks in Blazar Jets
Authors: Böttcher Markus , Baring Matthew G.
Published: December 2019

Mildly relativistic shocks that are embedded in colliding magnetohydrodynamic flows are prime sites for relativistic particle acceleration and the production of strongly variable, polarized multi-wavelength emission from relativistic jet sources such as blazars and gamma-ray bursts. The principal energization mechanisms at these shocks are diffusive shock acceleration and shock drift acceleration. In recent work, we had self-consistently coupled shock acceleration and radiation transfer simulations in blazar jets in a basic one-zone scenario. These one-zone models revealed that the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of blazars strongly constrain the nature of the hydromagnetic turbulence in the shock layer. In this paper, we expand our previous work by including full time dependence and treating two zones, one being the site of acceleration and the other a larger emission zone. This construction is applied to multi-wavelength flares of the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 3C 279, fitting snapshot SEDs and generating light curves that are consistent with observed variability timescales. We also present a generic study for the typical flaring behavior of the BL Lac object Mrk 501. The model predicts correlated variability across all wavebands, but cross-band time lags depending on the type of blazar (FSRQ versus BL Lac), as well as distinctive spectral hysteresis patterns in all wavelength bands, from millimeter radio waves to gamma-rays. These evolutionary signatures serve to provide diagnostics on the competition between acceleration and radiative cooling.
A rapid assessment of hunting and bushmeat trade along the roadside between five Angolan major towns
Authors: Gonçalves Francisco M. P. , Luís José C. , Tchamba José J. , Cachissapa Manuel J. , Chisingui António Valter
Published: December 2019

Hunting and related bushmeat trade are activities which negatively impact wildlife worldwide, with serious implications for biodiversity conservation. Angola’s fauna was severely decimated during the long-lasting civil war following the country’s independence. During a round trip from Lubango (Huíla province), passing through the provinces of Benguela, Cuanza sul, Luanda, Bengo and finally to Uíge, we documented a variety of bushmeat trade, mainly along the roadside. This included snakes, rodents, duikers, antelopes, bush pigs, small carnivores and bird species. Despite being considered a subsistence activity for inhabitants in rural areas, it is concerning due to the increasing number of people becoming dependent on bushmeat trade for income generation and demand for bushmeat in the main cities. There is an urgent need to assess the impact of this activity on wildlife populations, in order to create alternative sources of income in rural areas and more effective policies focused on effective conservation of the rich biodiversity of Angola.
Large carnivores and zoos as catalysts for engaging the public in the protection of biodiversity
Authors: Consorte-McCrea Adriana , Fernandez Ana , Bainbridge Alan , Moss Andrew , Prévot Anne-Caroline , Clayton Susan , Glikman Jenny Anne , Johansson Maria , López-Bao José Vicente , Bath Alistair , Frank Beatrice , Marchini Silvio
Published: December 2019

Addressing the biodiversity crisis requires renewed collaborative approaches. Large carnivores are ambassador species, and as such they can aid the protection of a wide range of species, including evolutionarily distinct and threatened ones, while being popular for conservation marketing. However, conflicts between carnivores and people present a considerable challenge to biodiversity conservation. Our cross disciplinary essay brings together original research to discuss key issues in the conservation of large carnivores as keystone species for biodiversity rich, healthy ecosystems. Our findings suggest the need to promote coexistence through challenging ‘wilderness’ myths; to consider coexistence/conflict as a continuum; to include varied interest groups in decision making; to address fear through positive mediated experiences, and to explore further partnerships with zoos. As wide-reaching institutions visited by over 700 million people/year worldwide, zoos combine knowledge, emotion and social context creating ideal conditions for the development of care towards nature, pro-environmental behaviors and long-term connections between visitors and carnivores. Based on current research, we provide evidence that large carnivores and zoos are both powerful catalysts for public engagement with biodiversity conservation, recognizing barriers and suggesting future ways to collaborate to address biodiversity loss.
The study of the endothelial protective properties of the L-norvaline combination with mexidol in the simulation of L-NAME-induced NO deficiency
Authors: Konovalova Elena A. , Chernomortseva Elena S.
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The endothelium is considered as a target for the prevention and treatment of pathological processes leading to cardiovascular diseases.

Materials and methods: Endothelial dysfunction was simulated in male rats using an e-NOS inhibitor L-NAME (25 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, 7 days). This pathology was then corrected by administering mexidol at a dose of 60 mg/kg and L-norvaline at a dose of 10 mg/kg, as well as the combination of both at the same doses, intragastrically, through an atraumatic probe, once a day.

Results and discussion: A combination of L-norvaline at a dose of 10 mg/kg and mexidol at a dose of 60 mg/kg against the background of L-NAME-induced endothelial dysfunction has a pronounced endothelial protective effect. This is reflected in the prevalence of endothelial-dependent vascular relaxation, a significant decrease in the coefficient of endothelial dysfunction, as well as the prevention of a decline in the concentrations of stable nitric oxide metabolites and of a decrease in the level of the inflammatory changes marker in the vascular wall. The combination of L-norvaline and mexidol, with different pathogenetic action mechanisms, has a pronounced endothelial protective effect because of their antioxidant properties (mexidol) and donation of nitric oxide (L-arginine).

Conclusion: The investigated drugs showed pronounced endothelial protective activity and can be recommended for further pre-clinical studies.
Program Directors' Perception of Pregnancy and Parenthood in Orthopedic Surgery Residency
Authors: Nemeth Chelsea , Roll Elizabeth , Mulcahey Mary K.
Published: December 2019

Orthopedic surgery has one of the lowest percentages of women of all medical specialties. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of pregnancy and parenthood during orthopedic surgery residency among program directors. An anonymous survey was distributed to all program directors who were members of the American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors. Twenty-six (53%) of 49 male program directors believed that pregnancy and parenthood negatively affected female residents' scholarly activities (
P
=.02), whereas 10 (83%) of 12 female program directors believed that it had no effect. Significantly more program directors believed that pregnancy and parenthood imposed a burden on fellow trainees for female residents than for male residents (77% vs 45.9%, respectively;
P
=.0004). This study demonstrated that orthopedic residency program directors perceive the effects of pregnancy and parenthood more negatively for female residents, especially related to scholarly activities and the burden placed on fellow residents. [
Orthopedics
. 2020; 43(2):e109–e113.]
Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks Are Associated With Increased Rates of Emergency Department Visits After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery
Authors: Jensen Andrew R. , Sharma Abhinav K. , Formanek Blake , Wang Christopher , Buser Zorica , Wang Jeffrey C. , Petrigliano Frank A.
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess trends in the use of perioperative single and continuous peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) and their associations with emergency department (ED) visits after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) surgery. The authors used a large database from a private insurer to identify patients who received perioperative PNBs for arthroscopic RCR surgeries from 2007 to 2015. They analyzed patient demographics as well as trends in perioperative PNB use. They also assessed rates of single shot vs continuous PNB use and compared rates of postoperative ED visits according to PNB type. The rate of perioperative PNB for arthroscopic RCR was higher than previously reported (65.9%) and increased over time (52.8% in 2007 to 64.6% in 2015;
P
=.029). Single shot PNBs were more common than continuous, catheter-mediated PNBs (60.0% vs 6.6%;
P
<.001), although the use of continuous blocks increased at a greater rate during the study period. Patients who received a perioperative continuous PNB were significantly more likely to visit an ED within 7 days of their surgery than those who received a single shot PNB or no PNB (6.71% vs 4.78% vs 4.74%;
P
<.02). The rates of ED visits within each group did not change significantly over time. Continuous PNBs are increasingly common for patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR surgery but are associated with increased rates of postoperative ED visits. Studies are needed to identify the reasons for this increased rate of ED visits and strategies to decrease ED use. [
Orthopedics
. 2020; 43(2): 127–131.]
Portretni galeriji v graškem dvoru in dvorcu Karlau v 17. in 18. stoletju
Authors: König-Lein Susanne
Published: December 2019

V prispevku sta na podlagi sočasnih pisnih virov razi- skani portretni zbirki, ki sta jih okrog leta 1600 zasno- vala nadvojvoda Karel II. in nadvojvodinja Marija in sta bili do 18. stoletja v graškem dvoru in dvorcu Karlau pri Gradcu. Predstavljeni so serije portretov, umetniki in dela, ki so ohranjena v Umetnostnozgodovinskem muzeju na Dunaju. Obravnavani so vzroki za naročilo izjemno številnih otroških portretov. Poleg tega je anali- zirana vloga portretnih serij rimskih cesarjev in kostumskih slik.
Portreti Eleonore Marije Rozalije kneginje Eggenberg, rojene princese Liechtenstein
Authors: Komić Marn Renata
Published: December 2019

Narodna galerija v Ljubljani hrani portret plemkinje, ki je nekdaj veljala za Turjačanko, iz druge polovice 17. stoletja. Na podlagi primerjalne analize je bilo mogo- če v dami na sliki prepoznati Eleonoro Marijo Rozalijo kneginjo Eggenberg (1647−1703). V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati zadnjih raziskav o provenienci, času nastanka in avtorstvu kneginjinih že znanih portretov in še enega novo identificiranega. Posebna pozornost je namenjena javnemu delovanju portretiranke in njene- mu vplivu na umetnostna naročila v dvorcu Eggenberg pri Gradcu.
Franc Ignac grof Inzaghi, ptujski nadžupnik in dekan ter češčenje sv. Viktorina, prvega po imenu znanega petovionskega škofa
Authors: Ciglenečki Marjeta
Published: December 2019

Franc Ignac grof Inzaghi (1691–1768) je bil nadžupnik in dekan ptujske župnijske cerkve sv. Jurija od leta 1731 do smrti. Članek želi osvežiti védenje o grofovem pri spevku k videzu in opremi cerkve, opozarja pa tudi na Inzaghijevo prizadevanje, da bi pridobil papeževo dovo- ljenje za češčenje sv. Viktorina, prvega latinskega ekse- geta in prvega po imenu znanega škofa v Petovioni, ki je umrl mučeniške smrti leta 303. Prispevek podaja stanje raziskav o zgodnjem krščanstvu v Petovioni, predstavlja sv. Viktorina in rodbino Inzaghi, osredotoča pa se na ureditev kapele Žalostne Matere božje in stropno poslikavo v kapeli, delo ptujskega slikarja Franca Antona Pachmayerja in njegovega pomočnika Antona Lerchingerja (1741). Avtorica je skušala prepoznati ikonografski program poslikave, ki jo je primerjala z Viktorinovim komentarjem Apokalipse. Podala je hipotezo, da so v južnem stranskem polju upodobljeni sv. Viktorin in več oseb iz Stare zaveze, o katerih je razpravljal sv. Viktorin.
Evidence-Based Strategies for the Prevention of Chronic Post–Intensive Care and Acute Care–Related Pain
Authors: Bérubé Melanie
Published: December 2019

Chronic pain is prevalent in intensive care survivors and in patients who require acute care treatments. Many adverse consequences have been associated with chronic post-intensive care and acute care-related pain. Hence, interest in interventions to prevent these pain disorders has grown. To improve the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these interventions and their potential impacts, this article outlines the pathophysiology involved in the transition from acute to chronic pain, the epidemiology and consequences of chronic post-intensive care and acute care- related pain, and risk factors for the development of chronic pain. Pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and multimodal preventive interventions specific to the targeted populations and their levels of evidence are presented. Nursing implications for preventing chronic pain in patients receiving critical and acute care are also discussed.
Assessing Patients’ Risk for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: St. Marie Barbara
Published: December 2019

Opioid use disorder and opioid misuse continue to increase rapidly in prevalence in North America. Nurses play a critical role in managing pain in patients who are at risk for opioid use disorder. The interplay of pain and opioid use disorder provides nurses with an opportunity to address urgent needs while treating patients across the continuum of care. This article reviews strategies for assessing risk for opioid use disorder while treating patients with pain. Implementing these approaches into daily nursing practice may improve patient care and help reduce the incidence of opioid use disorder.
Ferrites in Transfer Molded Power SiPs – Challenges in Packaging
Authors: Thomas Tina , van Dijk Marius , Dreissigacker Marc , Hoffmann Stefan , Walter Hans , Becker Karl-Friedrich , Schneider-Ramelow Martin
Published: December 2019

Transfer-Molding-Process is enjoying growing interest when aiming for novel high-power density System-in-Packages (Power SiPs), where not only transistors and diodes, but also drivers, passives, coils and transformers are supposed to be integrated in one package. Encapsulating modules in a Transfer-Molding-Process induces higher mechanical load onto module components compared to conventional silicone potting. Previous investigations have shown, that integration of delicate components as ferrite cores into molded packages is not as trivial as integration of conventional Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) or power semiconductors; the brittle ferrites tend to fracture during the encapsulation process, resulting in higher ferrite core loss. The present study aims to identify main root causes for ferrite core cracking during manufacturing of molded Power SiPs.

The test vehicle is a symmetrical Printed Circuit Board (PCB) based package with three pairs of E-shaped ferrite cores. The Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) deployed here is characterized to enable filling simulations. Since technical datasheets of ferrites typically lack specifications of mechanical properties, ferrite materials are analyzed in more detail.

Filling simulations and thermo-mechanical simulations are performed in order to gain insight into process-induced stress, which may induce cracks in the ferrites. In addition, different ferrite designs are evaluated regarding core losses and mechanical stability, and thus their tendency to fracture.
A New Halogen-Free Parylene for High Performance & Reliability of Microelectronics in Harsh Environments
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Ke Frank , England Dustin , Summers Angie , Young Lamar
Published: December 2019

The rapid growth and adoption of microelectronics around the world has resulted in an increased awareness of potential environmental issues related to their use and disposal. Halogens, which have had various uses in microelectronics over the years, are known to emit toxic and corrosive gases during the disposal of electronic waste. Many organizations have applied pressure to the electronics industry to eliminate halogens completely (e.g., fluorine, chlorine and bromine) from their products. Among the various efforts towards environmentally-friendly products, making electronics completely halogen-free has gained significant attention, particularly in Asia and Europe. This initiative even impacts conformal coatings worldwide, on which most electronics rely for their long-term protection, reliability and high performance against water and other corrosive harsh environments.

Among the various coating options, the Parylene family of conformal coatings offers beneficial properties to the microelectronics, improved over many properties offered by common epoxies, acrylics, urethanes and silicones. While Parylene N is the only commercially available Parylene that does not contain any halogens, its barrier performance against moisture and other corrosive chemicals is not quite as robust as the other Parylenes. To meet the industry's current and future requirements, a new halogen-free Parylene, ParyFree®, has been developed.

This paper introduces a new Parylene type to the microelectronics industry and shares the characterization and qualification results of ParyFree® Parylene conformal coating for the protection, reliability and robust performance of microelectronics. Testing on the new coating includes IPX water resistance, corrosion resistance and qualification per IPC-CC-830B.
Thin Glass Substrates with Through-Glass Vias.
Authors: Shorey Aric , Nelson Shelby , Levy David , Ballentine Paul
Published: December 2019

Glass substrates with fine-pitch through-glass via (TGV) technology is a promising approach to system in a package (SIP) integration. Millimeter wave applications, in particular, benefit from the superior RF properties, dimensional stability, and surface properties of glass. Glass can be made in very thin sheets (<200 um) which aids in integration and eliminates the need for back-grinding operations. The biggest challenge to adopting glass as a microelectronics packaging substrate is the existence of gaps in the supply chain, caused primarily by the difficulty in handling large, thin glass substrates using existing automation and processing equipment. This paper presents a temporary bonding technology that allows the substrates to be processed in a semiconductor fab environment without the need to modify existing equipment.
Deformable Interconnects with Embedded Devices in Flexible Fan-Out Packages
Authors: Sayeed Sk Yeahia Been , Wilding Daniel , Camara Jose Solis , Vital Dieff , Bhardwaj Shubhendu , Raj P. M
Published: December 2019

A new class of interconnects that exhibit resilience to mechanical deformation are demonstrated with flexible fan-out or embedded-die packages. Active device embedding in flexible substrates is accomplished with direct printed interconnects onto die pads. Such a planar fan-out interconnect technology with a low-cost manufacturable process-flow results in the lowest electrical parasitics compared to flipchip with adhesives or printed-ramp interconnections with surface-assembled devices. The interconnects are made with conductive flexible silver-elastomer composites to sustain elastic deformation. The process is also modified to realize flexible backside-assembled fan-out interconnections where the backside of the die is accessible.
Cu pillar bump development for 7nm Chip package interaction (CPI) technology
Authors: Fu Lei , Bhagavat Milind , Selvanayagam Cheryl , Leong Ken , Barber Ivor
Published: December 2019

Power, performance, and area gains are important metrics driving the CMOS technology from older nodes to newer ones. Over past several decades, a steady downscaling of feature sizes of CMOS technology has been a leading force enabling continual improvement in circuit speeds and cost per functionality. Increase in functionality drives larger number of I/Os, and the scaling driven small IP block sizes force these larger number of I/Os to be accommodated by reduction of I/O pitches. The result is an unrelenting pressure to reduce bump pitches from one generation of CMOS to another. In contrast to 14nm/16nm nodes which used 150um bump pitch coming out of a die, for 7nm node the industry is targeting 130um bump pitch for high performance devices. With this pitch reduction, conventional SnAg solder bumps face limitations in terms of bridging. Cu pillar bumps are the best candidate for smaller bump pitches. However, for large die sizes prevalent in High Performance Computing, the Cu pillar bumps will induce higher stress on the silicon resulting in higher risks of ELK cracking. If copper pillar bumps are not properly developed, then there is a risk of marginal reliability in terms of chip package interaction. The situation becomes even more dire in large die sizes, where CTE mismatch between silicon and laminate substrate magnifies the stress.

The present paper discusses successful development of Cu pillar bumps for 7nm technology. The development program included a 2-step development path. In the first step, extensive thermo-mechanical modeling was done to find optimal design of copper pillar bump for robustness of interactions with 7nm BEOL ELK layers. In the second step, a 460 mm2 7nm Silicon test Vehicle was fabricated and its assembly process was optimized to characterize the copper pillar bumps and prove their extended reliability on 7nm silicon. As a result of this development, copper pillar technology has been qualified on AMD products. Today, copper pillar is a fully integral part of AMD's ever-growing 7nm product offering in High Performance Computing.
IMPROVE CONTROL AMIDST DIE SHRINKAGE AND 3D PACKAGE COMPLICATION
Authors: Young Woo Han , Marshall Mike
Published: December 2019

Die sizes continue to shrink and packaging technologies continue to evolve, but the common thread for all of them is the need for increased precision and tighter process control limits to achieve final package yield. Nearly all packaging technologies require connections in the third dimension, above or below the die, thus adding, quite literally, a new dimension to inspection and metrology requirements. Increased focus on reliability for automotive, health care and even mobile electronics is driving the need for improved process control solutions. The combination of higher packaging complexity and the need for improved reliability are driving changes to the requirements around inspection and metrology. Vertical integration continues to grow at a pervasive rate and the need for improved process control in the third dimension is growing rapidly in order to ensure reliability. Vertical integration is designed into nearly all packaging forms, including TSV, RDL, WLP, Fan-in, Fan-out, with a focus on continued increase in the number of I/Os, the pitch of features (RDL and bump) and the overall package size increasing. This integration drives the need for 3D metrology of feature height and coplanarity. In addition, the need to augment raw 3D metrology with defect inspection and 2D metrology data enables a comprehensive view (insight) into the packaging process. Achieve total bump process control with the combination of data from: (1) 2D defect detection – voids and shorts, foreign material, misprocessing; (2) 2D metrology – bump diameter, bump position, bump presence; (3) 3D inspection – bump too tall, bump too short, statistical process control (SPC); (4) Auto classifications – data must make sense and be easy to interpret.

By combining high speed 2D, 3D metrology with defect inspection and advanced analytics, the quality of process control data can be exponentially improved to enable quick time-to-results for both process development and HVM control.

This paper describes the inspection and metrology challenges of bumps in advanced packaging and the next generation high-throughput bump inspection methodology for wafers with extremely high bump counts as well as the data analysis
New Thin Adhesive for High Density 2.5D Heterogeneous Device Integration with Cu-Cu Hybrid Bonding
Authors: Kayaba Yasuhisa , Nakamura Yuzo , Kamada Jun , Kohmura Kazuo
Published: December 2019

Heterogeneous integration of logic, memory, and sensor chips on interposers (2.5D) has attracted a lot of attention as a candidate for More-than-Moore technology. For the high performance 2.5D devices, high density integration of chips with narrow spacing and high density interconnections with small pitch bonding electrodes are a key technology. In the current bonding technology, solder micro-bumps (>20 μm in diameter) and non-conductive adhesives have been adopted. There may be some limitations for high density device integration with these technologies because of the protrusion of adhesives around the chips, the thermal sliding at the bonding, and the limit of solder micro-bump minimization. Hybrid bonding with a small Cu electrode (<10 μm in diameter) is a strong candidate for improving advanced device integration technology.

Our goal is to develop a new adhesive which gives no protrusion, no thermal sliding, no voids, and high electrical reliability. A spin coating thin adhesive was therefore developed. The new adhesive can be cured at 200 °C. The cured adhesive film has no tackiness and has an optically flat surface. The adhesive film can be temporarily bondable to SiO2 at room temperature. After 200 °C baking, a permanent bonding can be achieved, and there is no degradation of bonding strength and no voids even after 400 °C of baking. For the applicability to the chip-on-wafer process, the adhesive film/Si wafer can be cut into chips by blade dicing without any delamination and without any apparent particles. After bonding the adhesive/Si chip to a bare Si wafer at room temperature, the thermal sliding amount after the thermal compression process (250 °C, 10 min, 1 MPa) was less than 1 μm (under the detection limit) according to optical microscopic measurements. In addition, there was no protrusion of adhesive around the chip corner from SEM. A first trial result for hybrid bonding is also reported.