bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral First-Ray Amputation of the Foot Due to Severe Tophaceous Gout Complicated by Infection and Discharged Sinus
Authors: Sariyilmaz Kerim , Eren Ilker , Ozkunt Okan , Sungur Mustafa , Kilicoglu Onder I. , Dikici Fatih
Published: March 2018

Background:

Gout is a purine metabolism disease. Tophaceous gout may cause joint destruction and other systemic problems and sometimes may be complicated by infection. Infection and sinus with discharge associated with tophaceous gout are serious complications, and treatment is difficult. We present a patient with tophaceous gout complicated by infection and discharging sinus treated by bilateral amputation at the level of the first metatarsus.

Methods:

A 43-year-old man previously diagnosed as having gout, and noncompliant with treatment, presented with tophaceous gout associated with discharging sinus and infection on his left first metatarsophalangeal joint. Because of the discharging sinus associated with the tophaceous deposits, the soft-tissue and bony defects, and the noncompliance of the patient, amputation of the first ray was undertaken, and a local plantar fasciocutaneous flap was used to close the defect. After 8 months, the patient was admitted to the emergency department with similar symptoms in his right foot, and the same surgical procedure was performed.

Results:

One year after the second surgery, the patient had no symptoms, there was no local inflammatory reaction over the surgical areas, and laboratory test results were normal.

Conclusions:

Gout disease with small tophi often can be managed conservatively. However, in patients with extensive lesions, risk of superinfection justifies surgical treatment. Results of complicated cases are not without morbidity; therefore, early surgical treatment may prevent extremity loss and further complications. In severe cases, especially with compliance issues, amputation provides acceptable results.
Influence of allelic variations in relation to norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors on psychopathic traits: a pilot study
Authors: Durand Guillaume
Published: March 2018

Background

Past findings support a relationship between abnormalities in the amygdala and the presence of psychopathic traits. Among other genes and biomarkers relevant to the amygdala, norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors might both play a role in psychopathy due to their association with traits peripheral to psychopathy. The purpose is to examine if allelic variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms related to norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors play a role in the display of psychopathic traits and executive functions.

Methods

Fifty-seven healthy participants from the community provided a saliva sample for SNP sampling of rs5522 and rs5569. Participants then completed the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Short Form (PPI-SF) and the Tower of Hanoi.

Results

Allelic variations of both rs5522 and rs5569 were significant when compared to PPI-SF total score and the fearless dominance component of the PPI-SF. A significant result was also obtained between rs5522 and the number of moves needed to complete the 5-disk Tower of Hanoi.

Conclusion

This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors on the presence of psychopathic traits. Suggestions are provided to enhance the reliability and validity of a larger-scale study.
A pluriatividade como estratégia de sobrevivência dos agricultores familiares da região Centro-Oeste brasileira
Authors: Amaral Giselle de Oliveira , Pereira Benedito Dias , Ananias Dayanne Darth , Zambrano Daniel Sneyder Campo
Published: March 2018

A pluriatividade vem se constituindo em um dos caminhos para o desenvolvimento rural, especialmente porque representa alternativa para o incremento da renda da família que reside no meio rural. Com recorrência aos microdados da PNAD de 2011, pesquisa realizada pelo IBGE, objetiva-se analisar em que medida a pluriatividade influencia na reprodução e sobrevivência da família rural na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Por meio do modelo de seleção amostral com logit multinomial são pesquisados determinantes da escolha da família em participar apenas de atividades agrícolas, não agrícolas ou ser pluriativa. Os resultados revelam que uma elevação dos anos de estudo e do número de componentes aumenta a chance da família ser pluriativa e a chance da família estar empregada, bem como reduz a chance da dependência de rendas do não trabalho.
Friedel‐Crafts and Related Alkylation Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , A. Pletnev Alexandre
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Formation of Alkenes by Elimination
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zeni Gilson
Published: March 2018

Dehydrogenation

Dehydrohalogenation and Elimination of Alkyl Halides

1,1‐Dihalides

1,2‐Dihalides

1,3‐Dihalides

Trihaloalkanes

β‐Halo Ethers

Halohydrins

Halo Aldehydes and Ketones

Halo Carboxylic Acids

Halo Esters

β‐Halo Sulfonates

Amines

β‐Halo Amines and Derivatives

Amine Oxides (Cope Elimination)

Quaternary Ammonium Salts

N‐Alkyl‐N,N‐Disulfonimides

N‐Nitrosocarboxamides

Nitro Compounds

Diazo Compounds

β‐Substituted Azides

Ethers

β‐Substituted Ethers

Sulfides

α‐Halosulfides

β‐Halosulfides

β‐Hydroxysulfides

Sulfoxides

β‐Alkoxy‐ and Hydroxy‐Sulfoxides

Sulfones

α‐Halosulfones (Ramberg—Bäcklund Reaction)

β‐Hydroxysulfones

β‐Acyloxysulfones

Other β‐Substituted Sulfones

Disulfones

Sulfonyl Halides

β‐Oxyselenides

Selenoxides

Tellurides

Organosilanes

β‐Halosilanes

β‐Oxysilanes and ‐Stannanes

β‐Aminosilanes

Dehydration of Alcohols

Sulfonate Esters

Sulfates

Phosphates and Thiophosphates

Xanthates

Thiocarbonates

Carbamates

N‐Methyl‐4‐alkoxypyridinium Iodides

1,2‐Diols and Derivatives

1,2‐Disulfonates

1,3‐Diols

Acetals

Dithioacetals

Aldehydes and Ketones

Lactols

Carboxylic Acids

Acid Halides

Acid Anhydrides

Esters and Lactones

Amides and Lactams

Nitriles

Miscellaneous Reactions
Formation of Alkenes by Wittig and Related Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zeni Gilson
Published: March 2018

Wittig Reaction

β‐Oxido Ylids

Ylid Anions

Phosphonates

Phosphonamidates [(R2N)(RO)POCHLiR]

Phosphonic Acid Bis‐Amides [(R2N)2POCHLiR]

Phosphinothioic Amides [PhPS(NR2)CHLiR]

Phosphine Oxides

Arsenic Reagents

Sulfur Reagents

Selenium Reagents

Tellurium Reagents

Boron Reagents

Peterson Reaction (Oxysilane Elimination) and Related Reactions

Isonitriles

Miscellaneous Reactions
Halogenation of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Aliphatic Halogenation

Allylic Halogenation

Benzylic Halogenation
Halogenation of Alcohols
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Direct Methods

Via Sulfonates

Via Haloformates

Other Approaches

Diols
Halogenation of Sulfur and Selenium Compounds
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Halogenation of Carbonyl and Related Compounds
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals

Lactols

Carboxylic Acids

Acid Halides

Esters and Lactones

Amides and Lactams

Imides and Related Compounds

Nitriles
Radiative corrections to masses and couplings in universal extra dimensions
Authors: Freitas Ayres , Kong Kyoungchul , Wiegand Daniel
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Models with an orbifolded universal extra dimension receive important loop-induced corrections to the masses and couplings of Kaluza-Klein (KK) particles. The dominant contributions stem from so-called boundary terms which violate KK number. Previously, only the parts of these boundary terms proportional to ln(ΛR) have been computed, where R is the radius of the extra dimension and Λ is cut-off scale. However, for typical values of ΛR ∼ 10 · · · 50, the logarithms are not particularly large and non-logarithmic contributions may be numerically important. In this paper, these remaining finite terms are computed and their phenomenological impact is discussed. It is shown that the finite terms have a significant impact on the KK mass spectrum. Furthermore, one finds new KK-number violating interactions that do not depend on ln(ΛR) but nevertheless are non-zero. These lead to new production and decay channels for level-2 KK particles at colliders.
Altered movement during single leg hop test after ACL reconstruction: implications to incorporate 2-D video movement analysis for hop tests
Authors: Welling Wouter , Benjaminse Anne , Seil Romain , Lemmink Koen , Gokeler Alli
Published: March 2018

Purpose

There is a lack of objective factors which can be used in guiding the return to sport (RTS) decision after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of the current study was to conduct qualitative analysis of the single leg hop (SLH) in patients after ACLR with a simple and clinical friendly method and to compare the possible difference in movement pattern between male and female patients.

Methods

Sixty-five patients performed the single leg hop (SLH) test at 6.8 ± 1.0 months following isolated ACLR. Digital video camcorders recorded frontal and sagittal plane views of the patient performing the SLH. Knee flexion at initial contact (IC), peak knee flexion, knee flexion range of motion (RoM), and knee valgus RoM were calculated. In addition, limb symmetry index (LSI) scores were calculated.

Results

No differences were found in movement pattern between males and females. Movement analysis revealed that males had a decrease in knee flexion at IC (p = 0.018), peak knee flexion (p = 0.002), and knee flexion RoM (p = 0.017) in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg. Females demonstrated a decrease in peak knee flexion (p = 0.011) and knee flexion RoM (p = 0.023) in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg. Average LSI scores were 92.4% for males and 94.5% for females.

Conclusions

Although LSI scores were > 90%, clinical relevant altered movement patterns were detected in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg. Caution is warranted to solely rely on LSI scores to determine RTS readiness.

Clinical trial registry name and registration

The University of Groningen, ID 2012.362.

Level of evidence

III.
Preoperative Chemotherapy May Not Influence the Remnant Liver Regenerations and Outcomes After Hepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Authors: Inoue Yoshihiro , Fujii Kensuke , Tashiro Keitaro , Ishii Masatsugu , Masubuchi Shinsuke , Yamamoto Masashi , Shimizu Tetsunosuke , Asakuma Mitsuhiro , Hirokawa Fumitoshi , Hayashi Michihiro , Narumi Yoshihumi , Uchiyama Kazuhisa
Published: March 2018

Background

Various chemotherapy regimens have been shown to improve outcomes when administered before tumor excision surgery. However, there is no consensus on the utility of multidisciplinary treatment with preoperative chemotherapy for treating colorectal liver metastasis (CLM).

Materials and methods

Two hundred‐fifty patients who underwent hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed using propensity score matching. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated with a focus on the effect of pre‐hepatectomy chemotherapy on regeneration of the remnant liver in patients with CLM. The remnant liver volumes (RLVs) were postoperatively measured with multidetector computed tomography on days 7 and months 1, 2, 5, and 12 after the operation.

Results

RLV regeneration and blood test results did not significantly differ between patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy versus those who did not immediately after surgery or at any time point from postoperative day 7 to postoperative month 12. The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survival (OS) rates for all patients were 94.6, 86.2, and 79.9%, respectively; the corresponding disease‐free survival (RFS) rates were 49.3, 38.6, and 33.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS and RFS between the two groups after hepatic resection. The recurrence rates, including marginal and intrahepatic recurrences, as well as resection frequency of the remnant liver were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

Preoperative chemotherapy may have no appreciable benefit for patients with CLM in terms of perioperative and long‐term outcomes.
British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on the Management of Erectile Dysfunction in Men—2017
Authors: Hackett Geoff , Kirby Mike , Wylie Kevan , Heald Adrian , Ossei-Gerning Nick , Edwards David , Muneer Asif
Published: March 2018

Background

This is an update of the 2008 British Society for Sexual Medicine (BSSM) guidelines.

Aim

To provide up-to-date guidance for U.K. (and international) health care professionals managing male sexual dysfunction.

Methods

Source information was obtained from peer-reviewed articles, meetings, and presentations. A search of Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Reviews was performed, covering the search terms “hypogonadism,” “eugonadal or hypogonadism or hypogonadal or gonadal,” and “low or lower testosterone,” starting from 2009 with a cut-off date of September 2017.

Outcomes

We offer evidence-based statements and recommendations for clinicians.

Results

Expert guidance for health care professionals managing male sexual dysfunction is included.

Clinical Translation

Current U.K. management has been largely influenced by non-evidence guidance from National Health Service departments, largely based on providing access to care limited by resources. The 2008 BSSM guidelines to date have been widely quoted in U.K. policy decision making.

Conclusions

There is now overwhelming evidence that erectile dysfunction is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, such that newly presenting patients should be thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular and endocrine risk factors, which should be managed accordingly. Measurement of fasting serum glucose, lipid profile, and morning total testosterone should be considered mandatory in all newly presenting patients. Patients attending their primary care physician with chronic cardiovascular disease should be asked about erectile problems. There can no longer be an excuse for avoiding discussions about sexual activity due to embarrassment.
Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results From a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gaither Thomas W. , Awad Mohannad A. , Murphy Gregory P. , Metzler Ian , Sanford Thomas , Eisenberg Michael L. , Sutcliffe Siobhan , Osterberg E. Charles , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: March 2018

Background

Bicycle riding has become an increasingly popular mode of transportation and exercise, especially among women, and previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between cycling and sexual dysfunction, albeit using non-validated questionnaires.

Aim

We aimed to explore the relationship between cycling and sexual and urinary dysfunction.

Methods

Cyclists were recruited to complete a survey through Facebook advertisements and outreach to sporting clubs across 5 English-speaking countries. Swimmers and runners were recruited as a comparison group.

Outcomes

Participants were queried using validated questionnaires, including the Female Sexual Function Index, the American Urological Association Symptom Index, and non-validated questions about history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), genital numbness, and genital saddle sores (all self-reported).

Results

3,118 (53.3%) Women completed the survey, comprising 1,053 (34%) non-cyclists, 1,656 (53%) low-intensity cyclists, and 409 (13%) high-intensity cyclists. After adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, tobacco use, race, marital status, urinary symptoms, and sexual activity, high-intensity cyclists had lower odds of self-reported sexual dysfunction compared to non-cyclists (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.7, P = .02). There were no statistically significant differences in urinary symptoms across groups. Compared to non-cyclists, both low- and high-intensity cyclists had higher odds of reporting a previous UTI (aOR 1.4, P < .001, and aOR 1.4, P = .009, respectively), genital numbness (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, P < .001, and OR 9.1, P < .001, respectively), and saddle sores (OR 6.3, P < .001, and OR 22.7, P < .001, respectively).

Clinical Translation

Women cyclists were more likely to report other genitourinary conditions, including UTIs, genital numbness, and saddle sores.

Conclusions

This is the largest study comparing cyclists to other athletes with respect to sexual and urinary function. The study is limited by its cross-sectional design and sampling methods. We found that women cyclists were no more likely to report sexual dysfunction or urinary symptoms than swimmers or runners.
Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective
Authors: Chimni B. S.
Published: March 2018

The article offers an alternative account of the evolution, formation, and function of customary international law (CIL) from a third world perspective. It argues that there is an intimate link between the rise, consolidation, and expansion of capitalism in Europe since the nineteenth century and the development of CIL that is concealed by the supposed distinction between “formal” and “material” sources of CIL. In fact, both “traditional” and “modern” CIL sustain the short-term and systemic interests of global capitalism. It proposes a “postmodern” conception of CIL that would contribute to the global common good.
Management of priapism with a trial of exercise in the emergency department
Authors: Gravel Jonathan , LeBlanc Constance , Varner Catherine
Published: March 2018

Priapism is characterized by persistent penile erection in the absence of sexual arousal or desire that does not subside with orgasm. Although relatively uncommon, it is a genitourinary emergency that necessities prompt work-up and appropriate management, as there is a time-dependent relationship between total duration of erection and an increasing risk of permanent erectile dysfunction. Confirming the type of priapism is key to proper management, but the majority of cases presenting to the emergency department are ischemic in nature. Conservative management strategies for ischemic priapism are sparsely described in the literature but generally include ice pack application to the area, cold showers, masturbation and rarely, exercise. These strategies lack sound evidence, but the risks of attempting them are minimal as long as access to more definitive treatment is not delayed. Lower-limb exercise as a first-line treatment warrants further study in the undifferentiated emergency department priapism population. The case we present and discuss here illustrates the potential benefits of a trial of acute lower-limb exercise, specifically stair climbing, as a treatment for medication-induced priapism. If effective, this simple non-invasive management strategy may decrease the time to effective treatment, requires minimal resource utilization, and ultimately, avoids the need for more invasive treatment.
Bifurcation of nonlinear Tollmien–Schlichting waves in a high-speed channel flow
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Walton Andrew
Published: March 2018

Plane Poiseuille flow has long served as the simplest testing ground for Tollmien–Schlichting wave instability. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive comparison of equilibrium Tollmien–Schlichting wave solutions arising from new high-resolution Navier–Stokes calculations and the corresponding predictions of various large-Reynolds-number asymptotic theories developed in the last century, such as double-deck theory, viscous nonlinear critical layer theory and strongly nonlinear critical layer theory. In the relatively small to moderate amplitude regime, the theories excellently predict the behaviour of the numerical solutions at Reynolds numbers of order $10^{6}$ and above, whilst for larger amplitudes our computations suggest the need for further asymptotic theories to be developed.
A novel approach to process brittle ice for continuous flow analysis of stable water isotopes
Authors: PYNE REBECCA L. , KELLER ELIZABETH D. , CANESSA SILVIA , BERTLER NANCY A. N. , PYNE ALEX R. , MANDENO DARCY , VALLELONGA PAUL , SEMPER STEFANIE , KJÆR HELLE A. , HUTCHINSON ED , BAISDEN W. TROY
Published: March 2018

Brittle ice, which occurs in all intermediate-depth and deep ice cores retrieved from high-latitude regions, presents a challenge for high-resolution measurements of water isotopes, gases, ions and other quantities conducted with continuous flow analysis (CFA). We present a novel method of preserving brittle ice for CFA stable water isotope measurements using data from a new ice core recovered by the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) project. Modest modification of the drilling technique and the accommodation of non-horizontal fractures (‘slanted breaks’) in processing led to a substantial improvement in the percentage of brittle ice analyzed with CFA (87.8%). Whereas traditional processing methods remove entire fragmented pieces of ice, our method allowed the incorporation of a total of 3 m of ice (1% of the 261 m of brittle ice and ~1300 years of climate history) that otherwise would not have been available for CFA. Using the RICE stable water isotope CFA dataset, we demonstrate the effect of slanted breaks and analyze the resulting smoothing of the data with real and simulated examples. Our results suggest that retaining slanted breaks are a promising technique for preserving brittle ice material for CFA stable water isotope measurements.
Wine Consumption in Norway: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Authors: Gustavsen Geir Wæhler , Rickertsen Kyrre
Published: March 2018

The Norwegian per capita sales of wine have more than doubled over the past 20 years, while the sales of sprits and beer have declined. These changes are likely to be the effect of changes in economic, demographic, and attitudinal factors as well as the availability of wine. We estimated age-period-cohort (APC) logit models using data from a large repeated cross-sectional survey over the period 1991–2015. The estimation results indicate substantial effects of the APC variables as well as income, availability, and attitudes. The model was used to simulate wine consumption over the life cycle in different birth cohorts. The simulation results indicate that wine consumption frequency increases by age, and younger cohorts are expected to increase their consumption frequencies more than older cohorts, which suggests an increased wine consumption over time. (JEL Classifications: D12, J10, Q13)
Consensus between Ratings of Red Bordeaux Wines by Prominent Critics and Correlations with Prices 2004–2010 and 2011–2016: Ashton Revisited and Expanded
Authors: Luxen Marc F.
Published: March 2018

Wine consumers and producers make decisions partly on ratings of wine critics. Research into reliability (correspondence of repeated ratings of the same wines by one critic) and consensus (correspondence of ratings between critics or competitions) have yielded low estimates. However, Ashton (2013), looking at the consensus among only prominent critics of red Bordeaux, vintages 2004–2010, found a correlation of around 0.60. Here, I revisit these data, and extend the analyses to the years 2011–2016 for the same wines, but with additional new critics. Agreement among the critics (r = 0.57) of these new years is comparable to those found by Ashton (r = 0.60), with a slight upward trend. Overall, critics agree more about what they do not like. Regarding prices and ratings, wines score below-average ratings when they cost less than 35 euro, and higher ratings between 35 and 100 euro. In wines more than 100 euro there is no correlation between ratings and price. (JEL Classification: C99)
Seeing Like a Settler Colonial State
Authors: Jacobs Margaret D.
Published: March 2018

In 1998, the Canadian historian and politician Michael Ignatieff wrote: “All nations depend on forgetting: on forging myths of unity and identity that allow a society to forget its founding crimes, its hidden injuries and divisions, its unhealed wounds.” Ironically, Ignatieff's home country has belied his assertion. Canada has engaged in collective remembering of one of its hidden injuries—the Indian residential schools—through a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) from 2009 to 2015. Australia, too, has reckoned since the 1990s with its own unhealed wounds—the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, or, in common parlance, the “Stolen Generations.”
LITTLEWOOD–PALEY CHARACTERIZATIONS OF ANISOTROPIC WEAK MUSIELAK–ORLICZ HARDY SPACES
Authors: LI BO , SUN RUIRUI , LIAO MINFENG , LI BAODE
Published: March 2018

Let $A$ be an expansive dilation on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\times [0,\infty )\rightarrow [0,\infty )$ an anisotropic growth function. In this article, the authors introduce the anisotropic weak Musielak–Orlicz Hardy space $\mathit{WH}_{A}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ via the nontangential grand maximal function and then obtain its Littlewood–Paley characterizations in terms of the anisotropic Lusin-area function, $g$-function or $g_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{\ast }$-function, respectively. All these characterizations for anisotropic weak Hardy spaces $\mathit{WH}_{A}^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ (namely, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(x,t):=t^{p}$ for all $t\in [0,\infty )$ and $x\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ with $p\in (0,1]$) are new. Moreover, the range of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ in the anisotropic $g_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{\ast }$-function characterization of $\mathit{WH}_{A}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ coincides with the best known range of the $g_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{\ast }$-function characterization of classical Hardy space $H^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ or its weighted variants, where $p\in (0,1]$.
The Politics of International Oversight: Strategic Monitoring and Legal Compliance in the European Union
Authors: FJELSTUL JOSHUA C. , CARRUBBA CLIFFORD J.
Published: March 2018

States often violate international agreements, both accidentally and intentionally. To process complaints efficiently, states can create formal, pretrial procedures in which governments can negotiate with litigants before a case ever goes to court. If disputes are resolved during pretrial negotiations, it can be very difficult to tell what has happened. Are governments coming into compliance? If so, are they only doing so when they have accidentally committed a violation or even when they are intentionally resisting? Or are challenges simply being dropped? This paper presents a formal model to address these questions. We develop our theory in the context of the European Union (EU). To test our model, we collect a new dataset of over 13,000 Commission infringement cases against EU member states (2003–2013). Our results suggest that accidental and intentional noncompliance both occur, but that intentional noncompliance is more common in the EU. We find that the Commission is an effective, if imperfect, monitor and enforcer of international law. The Commission can correct intentional noncompliance, but not always. It strategically drops cases that it believes it is unlikely to win.
A HEAVENLY SON OF ZEUS (DIOG. LAERT. 6.76 = CERCIDAS, FR. 54 LIVREA)
Authors: López Cruces Juan L.
Published: March 2018

In hisLives of Eminent Philosophers(6.75–6) Diogenes Laertius mentions, among the various traditions of how Diogenes the Cynic met his end, the belief that he committed suicide by retention of the breath. He cites as his authority for this the poet Cercidas of Megalopolis (c.290–post 215b.c.e.), who, between some fifty and a hundred years after the death of the Cynic, celebrated his ascent to heaven in the following verses.
Long-term monitoring of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Asia's largest tropical coastal lagoon, Chilika, India
Authors: Gupta Vandana Kumari , Sen Areen , Pattnaik Ajit K. , Rastogi Gurdeep , Bhadury Punyasloke
Published: March 2018

The present study undertaken in the largest coastal lagoon of Asia, Chilika, deals with monthly monitoring of benthic foraminifera assemblages in terms of distribution pattern, diversity and variations in taxonomic composition spanning over a period of 20 months. In total, 13 species of benthic foraminifera represented by eight families were identified in the lagoon. The stations in the Southern sector of the lagoon showed relatively low foraminifera abundance yet high diversity whereas higher abundance and lower diversity were observed in stations located in the Central sector which indicates the spatial patterning of the assemblage. Live foraminifera abundance was sparse in the study area indicating the stressed nature of the lagoon environment. The dissolved nutrient concentration of bottom water reflected significant seasonal variation. The stressed nature of the lagoon is further indicated by the dominance of the genus Ammonia across the inner sectors of the lagoon, a genus known to inhabit impacted habitats. Overall these data can serve as a baseline proxy for understanding palaeontological assemblages of foraminifera in similar shallow-water settings globally.
‘Our Own Poor’: Transnational charity, development gifts, and the politics of suffering in Sylhet and the UK
Authors: GARDNER KATY
Published: March 2018

Based on fieldwork in Bibiyana, northeast Bangladesh, this article compares the transnational charity offered to known individuals by migrant, UK-based families with the philanthropic efforts of the multinational company Chevron, which operate a large gas field in the neighbourhood. Applying Fassin's notion of the ‘politics of suffering’ to both types of exchange, the article argues that the two types of giving are underlain by incommensurate moral economies. While in instances of transnational charity, social inequality and the compassion felt towards the suffering of known people, or ‘our own poor’, underscore the exchanges, in the philanthropic efforts of ‘community engagement’ the inequality of giver and receiver is repressed and the exchange is animated by a moral economy. The latter is rooted in Christianity, in which compassion guides actions towards the suffering of unknown, anonymous strangers.
‘You Can Give Even if You Only Have Ten Rupees!’: Muslim charity in a Colombo housing scheme
Authors: OSELLA FILIPPO , WIDGER TOM
Published: March 2018

Recent research on contemporary modalities of Islamic or Muslim philanthropy has focused on processes of subjectification through which givers and recipients of charity are habituated or craft themselves to an ethic of piety, social responsibility, and (neoliberal) economic virtuosity. These studies, however, have concentrated almost exclusively on those who give charity, leading to an over-emphasis on the perspectives of givers, and on their role in determining how the poor might deal with their everyday lives and imagined futures. As a result, small-scale gifting relations in which the Muslim poor may also be involved—making the poor simultaneously giversandrecipients of charity—have been obscured or erased altogether. In this article, we argue that the concerns of the poor might not always or necessarily be those of the wealthy donors of charity. By receivingandgivingsadaqaandzakat, poor and working-class Muslims in a Colombo neighbourhood imagine inclusion and belonging to the wider Muslim community in Colombo, which is not contingent upon the mediation and pedagogical interventions of charitable organizations and (middle-class) pious donors. Importantly, this imagination of inclusion and belonging comes at a time when the Muslim poor are increasingly marginalized by virtue of a (middle-class) discourse that, by framing charity as a means ‘to help the poor to help themselves’, has turned socio-economicupliftmentinto an ethical duty and, consequently, failure to improve oneself has become the symptom of wider moral shortcomings.
The politics of walls: Barriers, flows, and the sublime
Authors: Callahan William A.
Published: March 2018

As Donald Trump’s presidential campaign showed, walls are a hot topic. While ‘globalisation’, with its free flow of capital and goods, characterised world politics after the end of the Cold War, the twenty-first century has witnessed a reassertion of cultural, legal, and physical barriers. It is common to criticise such post-Cold War walls, especially the US-Mexico Barrier and Israel’s West Bank Barrier, as ineffective and immoral. This article problematises such critical discourse by using unlikely juxtapositions (the Great Wall of China) and new conceptual frameworks (gaps, critical aesthetics) to explore: (1) how walls can be a rational security policy; (2) how they are not simply barriers, but can be complex sites of flows; and (3) how walls are not simply texts waiting to be decoded: they are also sites of non-narrative affective experience that can even excite the sublime. This critical juxtaposition of walls first explores what they can tell us about the politics of borders, identity, and foreign policy, and then considers how walls, as concrete visual artefacts, can be examples not simply of ideology, but also of affect. The article aims to understand walls in a different register as active embodiments of political debate – and of political resistance.
NEW EVIDENCE FOR POLITICAL HIERARCHY AND POWER IN THE NORTHERN MAYA LOWLANDS (a.d.600–1000)
Authors: Graña-Behrens Daniel
Published: March 2018

This paper presents new evidence for hierarchy and power among the Classic Maya (a.d.300–1000) from the northern lowlands. It expands the list of identified emblem glyphs, and, more particularly, focuses on emblems with numerals by questioning their meaning and function in terms of political organization. Furthermore, the paper centers on syntax, especially on the practice of structuring personal names and titles in order to isolate titles and emblem glyphs, as well as to rank individuals and further advance our understanding of ancient Maya political organization. Finally, a dynastic sequence of rulers and noblemen from the Chan or Kan kingdom (most probably Jaina) is proposed, as well as divergent monumental traditions within the northern region and a re-evaluation of interpolity relationships.
INTEREST RATE TARGETS AND SPECULATIVE ATTACKS ON PUBLIC DEBT
Authors: Posta Pompeo Della
Published: March 2018

The application of exchange rate target zones modeling to interest rates allows interpreting the puzzles that emerged with the public debt euro area crisis, namely the nonlinear behavior of the interest rates and the fact that some stand-alone countries, not belonging to the euro area, have not been subject to speculative attacks in spite of equally large public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratios. As a matter of fact, this model shows that in the case of a noncredible upper threshold for the interest rate (that may be due to both the lack of room for increasing further the required government primary surplus and/or the absence of a monetary authority acting as a lender of last resort), the resulting public debt unsustainability determines an interest rate nonlinearity and makes the crisis possible for public debt levels that would be stable in the presence of a credible interest rate target.
Evaluation of alkylresorcinols in adipose tissue biopsies as a long-term biomarker of whole-grain wheat and rye intake in free-living Swedish men and women
Authors: Wu Huaxing , Mhd Omar Nor Adila , Håkansson Niclas , Wolk Alicja , Michaëlsson Karl , Landberg Rikard
Published: March 2018

Objective

Wheat and rye, the most consumed whole grains (WG) in the Nordic countries, contain alkylresorcinols (AR) in their bran. AR concentrations in human adipose tissue might reflect long-term WG rye and wheat intake. We aimed to evaluate AR concentrations in adipose tissue biopsies as a long-term biomarker of WG wheat and rye intake in free-living Swedish men and women.

Design

Cross-sectional study. AR concentrations in adipose tissue biopsies were analysed and compared with long-term WG intake assessed by three FFQ (repeated over a period of 14 years in men, 17 years in women) and with plasma AR concentrations.

Setting

The Cohort of Swedish Men between 1997 and 2010 and the Swedish Mammography Cohort between 1987 and 2003, Sweden.

Subjects

Men (n149) and women (n109).

Results

Long-term WG rye intake estimated with repeated FFQ correlated (r=0·31–0·41,P<0·01) with adipose-tissue AR concentrations, while WG wheat intake correlated only weakly (r=0·17–0·33,P<0·05). Total AR concentration in adipose tissue was 61 % lower in women than in men at similar energy-adjusted WG wheat and rye intakes, but plasma concentrations were similar. AR concentrations in adipose tissue correlated well with plasma concentrations (r=0·49–0·81,P<0·001).

Conclusions

AR in adipose tissue reflected long-term WG rye but not WG wheat intake, probably due to poor precision in estimating WG wheat intake by FFQ. AR in adipose tissue appears promising as a biomarker of long-term WG rye intake but should be adjusted for sex.
Robust hedging in incomplete markets
Authors: SHEN SALLY , PELSSER ANTOON , SCHOTMAN PETER
Published: March 2018

We considered a pension fund that needs to hedge uncertain long-term liabilities. We modeled the pension fund as a robust investor facing an incomplete market and fearing model uncertainty for the evolution of its liabilities. The robust agent is assumed to minimize the shortfall between the assets and liabilities under an endogenous worst-case scenario by means of solving a min–max robust optimization problem. When the funding ratio is low, robustness reduces the demand for risky assets. However, cherishing the hope of covering the liabilities, a substantial risk exposure is still optimal. A longer investment horizon or a higher funding ratio weakens the investor's fear of model misspecification. If the expected equity return is overestimated, the initial capital requirement for hedging can be decreased by following the robust strategy.
μManager: Open Source Software for Light Microscope Imaging
Authors: Stuurman Nico , Amdodaj Nenad , Vale Ron
Published: March 2018

No longer are biologists content to peer through the oculars of a microscope. Eyes have been replaced by digital cameras. Instead of manual control of microscope stages, filters and light sources, modern microscopes have become fully robotic. Image acquisition and robotic movements require computer control. With such equipment it is possible to automatically record images at multiple wavelengths, carry out time-lapse recordings of living cells using very short exposure times and low light doses, and even to record images at multiple positions (e.g. from a multi-well plate) without operator intervention. Clearly, computer control of light microscope image acquisition is making many new experimental imaging strategies possible in the biological sciences.
Low Vacuum SEMs: Latest Generation Technologies and Applications
Authors: Neijssen William , Lich Ben , Carleson Pete
Published: March 2018

Since becoming popular more than a decade ago, low vacuum scanning electron microscopes (SEM) have continued to evolve. The latest systems offer uncompromised performance over an unprecedented range of sample chamber vacuum conditions. Instruments are now available that provide near-nanometer resolution in all vacuum modes and the ability to operate at pressures as high as 4000 Pascals (~30 Torr). Low vacuum operation eliminates much of the sample preparation required for conventional (high vacuum) SEM. Insulating samples can be imaged without conductive coatings. Wet, dirty, outgassing samples can be examined without drying and fixing. Systems can also be configured with a wide range of ancillary capabilities for imaging, analysis, and sample manipulation, including advanced secondary, backscattered, and transmitted electron detection, X-ray spectrometry, electron backscatter diffraction, and focused ion beam (FIB) manipulation. The current generation of systems combine speed, flexibility, repeatability, and ease of use, making them the ideal solution for any laboratory that must satisfy a wide range of imaging and analytical demands.
Preparation of the Yeast Pichia pastoris for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yount Benjamin A , Lin-Cereghino Joan , Lin-Cereghino Geoff P , Fox Marcia M
Published: March 2018

The methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris is a model organism for the study of autophagy and peroxisome biogenesis. Being able to look at the organism via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can yield valuable data on the morphology of the secretory pathway and many other organelles of interest. However, preparing the yeast for TEM work can be very arduous and costly. One of the reasons P. pastoris is so hard to prepare for visualization is because its cell wall is very thick and tough compared to the membrane of a mammalian cell. Thus, P. pastoris is notoriously difficult to infiltrate with fixatives, a step necessary to maintain its ultrastructure. This article outlines an efficient and cost effective way to prepare P. pastoris for TEM without the need for certain specialized equipment. With this protocol, excellent pictures can be obtained by using the buffers, KMnO4, sorbitol, and PIPES, along with glutaraldehyde. These components preserve the ultrastructure of the yeast without any apparent artifactual change in morphology.
Multi-Axial Stage for a Stereo Dissecting Microscope
Authors: Zhang Zhaojie
Published: March 2018

The stereo dissecting microscope is a widely used instrument for macro-structure observation and documentation. The emergence of digital imaging, along with sophisticated imaging software, makes this macro-imaging more efficient. It also makes possible certain special imaging modes that are difficult to accomplish with traditional (film) imaging, such as extended depth of focus imaging ( EDF), automatic mont aging, etc. These special imaging techniques often require dedicated hardware on the microscope, such as a motorized stage.
A Low-Cost Salt Plate Holder for Micro FT-1R
Authors: Benko James
Published: March 2018

FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy is an instrumental technique for measuring the infrared spectrum of materials. Many organic compounds have characteristic spectra that can be used for their identification, and specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl. amine, etc.) have characteristic bands at certain frequencies.

Microscopes have been coupled to FT-IR instruments and allow the IR spectrum determination of single particles. This greatly increases the identification possibilities of small particles and contaminants. These particles can be mounted on sodium chloride or potassium bromide salt crystals, since these materials are transparent to infrared radiation.
Multiple Herbicide–Resistant Junglerice (Echinochloa colona): Identification of Genes Potentially Involved in Resistance through Differential Gene Expression Analysis
Authors: Wright Alice A. , Rodriguez-Carres Marianela , Sasidharan Rajkumar , Koski Liisa , Peterson Daniel G. , Nandula Vijay K. , Ray Jeffery D. , Bond Jason A. , Shaw David R.
Published: March 2018

Herbicide resistance, and in particular multiple-herbicide resistance, poses an ever-increasing threat to food security. A biotype of junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] with resistance to four herbicides, imazamox, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, quinclorac, and propanil, each representing a different mechanism of action, was identified in Sunflower County, MS. Dose responses were performed on the resistant biotype and a biotype sensitive to all four herbicides to determine the level of resistance. Application of a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, malathion, with the herbicides imazamox and quinclorac resulted in increased susceptibility in the resistant biotype. Differential gene expression analysis of resistant and sensitive plants revealed that 170 transcripts were upregulated in resistant plants relative to sensitive plants and 160 transcripts were upregulated in sensitive plants. In addition, 507 transcripts were only expressed in resistant plants and 562 only in sensitive plants. A subset of these transcripts were investigated further using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to compare gene expression in resistant plants with expression in additional sensitive biotypes. The qPCR analysis identified two transcripts, a kinase and a glutathione S-transferase that were significantly upregulated in resistant plants compared with the sensitive plants. A third transcript, encoding an F-box protein, was downregulated in the resistant plants relative to the sensitive plants. As no cytochrome P450s were differentially expressed between the resistant and sensitive plants, a single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed, revealing several nonsynonymous point mutations of interest. These candidate genes will require further study to elucidate the resistance mechanisms present in the resistant biotype.
Isolation of diborenes and their 90°-twisted diradical congeners
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Dellermann Theresa , Celik Mehmet Ali , Krummenacher Ivo , Dewhurst Rian D. , Demeshko Serhiy , Ewing William C. , Hammond Kai , Heß Merlin , Bill Eckhard , Welz Eileen , Röhr Merle I. S. , Mitrić Roland , Engels Bernd , Meyer Franc , Braunschweig Holger
Published: March 2018

Molecules containing multiple bonds between atoms—most often in the form of olefins—are ubiquitous in nature, commerce, and science, and as such have a huge impact on everyday life. Given their prominence, over the last few decades, frequent attempts have been made to perturb the structure and reactivity of multiply-bound species through bending and twisting. However, only modest success has been achieved in the quest to completely twist double bonds in order to homolytically cleave the associated π bond. Here, we present the isolation of double-bond-containing species based on boron, as well as their fully twisted diradical congeners, by the incorporation of attached groups with different electronic properties. The compounds comprise a structurally authenticated set of diamagnetic multiply-bound and diradical singly-bound congeners of the same class of compound.
Anti-Aβ drug candidates in clinical trials and plasmonic nanoparticle-based drug-screen for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lee Dongtak , Lee Gyudo , Yoon Dae Sung
Published: March 2018

This review surveys the important developments of drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease and highlights gold nanoparticle-based anti-Aβ drug-screening.
Noninvasive and prospective diagnosis of coronary heart disease with urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Huinan , Zhao Chang , Li Rong , Shen Chengxing , Cai Xiaoshu , Sun Li , Luo Chengfang , Yin Yuechao
Published: March 2018

The SERS spectra of human urine could provide valuable information for the noninvasive and prospective diagnosis of patients with suspected CHD.
Zipping and unzipping monolayers: switchable monolayer oligomerization and adhesion via thiol–disulfide interconversion
Authors: He Jian , Myerson Kyle J. , Zimmt Matthew B.
Published: March 2018

Triphenyleneethynylene (TPE) monolayers at the solution–HOPG interface are oligomerized by the oxidation of pendant thioethers to form disulfide cross-links. Subsequent disulfide reduction unzips oligomers to form monomeric TPE monolayer with pendant thiols.
Enhancement of Y123 dye-sensitized solar cell performance using plasmonic gold nanorods
Authors: Chandrasekhar P. S. , Parashar Piyush K. , Swami Sanjay Kumar , Dutta Viresh , Komarala Vamsi K.
Published: March 2018

The role of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of gold nanorods (Au NRs) on the performance of Y123 dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was investigated.
Reactions of secondary propargylamines with heteroallenes for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles
Authors: Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Pereshivko Olga P. , Nechaev Anton A. , Peshkov Anatoly A. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: March 2018

This focused review aims to summarize recent developments in the processes involving additions of secondary propargylamines to various heteroallenes and subsequent transition metal-catalyzed or electrophile-mediated cyclizations.