bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short communication: Sodium chloride levels in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fingerling feeds free of fish meal
Authors: Aguiar Natalia C. , Zadinelo Izabel V. , Dias Patrícia S. , Mauerwerk Marlise T. , Bombardelli Robie A. , Meurer Fábio
Published: December 2021

Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of increasing NaCl levels on the zootechnical performance of pacu fingerling.
Area of study: The experiments were conducted at the Aquatic Organism Production and Reproduction Systems Laboratory belonging to the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), in the Palotina Sector, Paraná Estate, Brazil.
Material and methods: Seven hundred and fifty fingerlings with an average weight of 3.41 ± 0.09 g were distributed in circular boxes, in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and five replications. Treatments comprised soybean- and maize-based diets containing increasing levels of NaCl (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25%). The experiments were conducted for 50 days. At the end of the experimental period the fish were fasted for 24 hours, anesthetized, weighed and measured to calculate zootechnical performances. Performance data were subjected to an analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test when significant differences were found between the means (p<0.05).
Main results: The influence (p<0.05) of dietary NaCl levels on final weight, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, specific growth rate, average weight gain, clean trunk production, head carcass yield, headless carcass yield, feed intake and survival was assessed. The results indicate that non-salt treated fingerlings along with the 0.25% salt inclusion treatment led to better feed use, as evidenced by apparent feed conversions of 1.64 and 2.02, respectively.
Research highlights: The inclusion of NaCl in pacu fingerling soybean and maize-based diets is not recommended.
Message from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Harrington Ingrid
Published: December 2021

Message from the Editor-in-Chief
Izročitev gradiva evidenc Inženirske zbornice Slovenije
Authors: Škofljanec Jože , Domajnko Boris
Published: December 2021

Po zamenjavi predpisov in informacijskega sistema za podporo vodenja uradnih evidenc je bila ugotovljena potreba po arhiviranju podatkov iz opuščenega sistema. Za ta namen je bilo treba pretvoriti podatke registrov v obliko, primerno za izročitev, zagotoviti dokumentacijo o pretvorbi in dodatno dokumentacijo, ki pojasnjuje kontekst vodenja in upravljanja omenjenih evidenc do izročitve. V sodelovanju z izročiteljem je bil pripravljen in preverjen način kasnejše uporabe gradiva. Izročitev gradiva je bila uporabljena tudi pri oblikovanju predloga dodatnih strokovno-tehničnih navodil, prav tako pa je bilo preizkušeno orodje za oblikovanje sprejemnih informacijskih paketov. Ob navedenem je bilo treba pretehtati tudi morebitno izročanje nekaterih identifikacijskih osebnih podatkov.
Plataformas coworking
Authors: Sánchez Cotobal Jesús Carlos
Published: December 2021

El coworking es un nuevo ecosistema de trabajo que está revolucionando la forma en la que los diferentes profesionales llevan a cabo su trabajo, ya que se basa en compartir un nuevo espacio sin que cada uno pierda su independencia. La esencia del coworking se basa en hablar, compartir, conectar, proponer, unir y ayudar. Y por eso el coworking ha funcionado tan bien, porque todos los seres humanos necesitamos desarrollarnos en comunidad, compartiendo, interactuando y creando cosas en conjunto que no seríamos capaces si lo intentáramos de forma individual.
Assessment of permeability of eroded dentin after the use of universal, self-etch, and conventional systems
Authors: Roma Fábia , Penha Karla , Torres Carlos , Maia-Filho Etevaldo , Firoozmand Leily
Published: December 2021

Dentin hypersensitivity is caused by increased dentinal permeability due to total or partial exposure of dentinal tubules, which in turn can be produced by alterations of dental structures or failure of restorative procedures. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of the application of different kinds of adhesive systems to prevent dentin permeability before and after an erosive challenge. Fifty bovine dentin discs (6x1 mm) were prepared and the specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=10): (SB2) Single Bond 2, (SBU) Universal Single Bond, (CSB) Clearfil SE Bond, (SM) Scotchbond Multipurpose and (C) Control. Hydraulic conductance of dentin was recorded after adhesive application (HC-1) and after erosive challenge (HC-2). Dentin surface images of post-treatment and post-erosive challenge were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney with Bonferroni correction and Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05). Reduction in dentin permeability was observed with the application of adhesive systems (p<0.05). After the erosive challenge, dentin permeability increased for SBU and CSB (p<0.05), while SB2 and SM did not differ in HC-1 or HC-2 (p>0.05). The conventional, self-etching and universal adhesive systems reduce dentinal permeability by more than 80%, and dentin demineralization may contribute to the increased permeability of universal and self-etching systems.
Resistance to fracture due to cyclic fatigue of stainless steel manual files and its association to surface roughness
Authors: Niño-Barrera Javier , Sánchez-Alemán José , Gamboa-Martinez Luis , Cortes-Rodriguez Carlos
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between the roughness of 5 brands of stainless steel endodontic files and their resistance to fracture due to cyclic fatigue. The study included five different brands of stainless steel endodontic files: SybroEndo Triple-Flex Files (Kerr, Glendora, USA), Ready Steel K-Flexofile (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Mani Flexile Files (Mani, Tochigi- Ken, Japan), FKG K-Files (FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and Zipperer Flexicut Files (VDW, Munich, Germany). Twelve files per brand (total 60 files) were evaluated. File surface roughness over an area (Sa) was quantified using a focus variation microscope. Then the files were subject to a cyclical fatigue test to determine the number cycles to fracture due to fatigue and length of fractured fragment. Finally, fractographic analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The electropolished Ready Steel K-Flexofile® files had the highest roughness according to Sa parameters, though they also had the highest resistance to fracture due to cyclic fatigue and the longest fractured fragment. Moderate positive correlation was found between fractured fragment length and roughness. The fractured surface showed characteristics of ductile fracture with cracks and plastic deformation. The electropolished stainless steel Ready Steel K-Flexofile® files were the most resistant to fracture due to cyclic fatigue even though they had highest surface roughness.
Impact of soft tissue graft on the preservation of compromised sockets: a randomized controlled clinical pilot study
Authors: Segnini Bruno , Borges-Filho Fausto , Nicoli Lélis , Gonçalves Marcelo , Marcantonio Cláudio , Oliveira Guilherme , Marcantonio Elcio
Published: December 2021

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the association of free gingival graft (FGG) or collagen-matrix xenograft (CMX) to deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG) on the preservation of post-extraction sockets with facial-wall defects. Sixteen patients who presented a maxillary tooth with a facial bone defect and indication of extraction were selected. After the surgical procedure, all the post-extraction sockets were filled with DBBG and covered with a collagen membrane. The cervical part of the socket was then sealed with either FGG or CMX. Clinical and tomographic analyses were performed at baseline and 4 months after the grafting procedure. The FGG sockets showed higher values for the width of the bone ridge than the CMX sockets at 4 months. There was no difference regarding biopsy composition. In conclusion, regardless of the type of soft tissue graft used, socket preservation with DBBG at sites presenting facial bone defects enabled implant placement without further guided bone regeneration, whether the sockets were sealed with FGG or CMX.
Prevalence of three-rooted primary mandibular first and second molars: clinical and radiographic findings in a Mexican population
Authors: Moyaho-Bernal María , Carrasco-Gutiérrez Rosendo , Jiménez-Flores Rosario , Juárez-Luna Gladis , López-Del Pino Gerardo , Mendoza-García Luz , Teutle-Coyotecatl Bernardo
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and describe the clinical and radiographic findings of three-rooted primary mandibular first and second molars in a Mexican population. Intraoral periapical radiograph, orthopantomogram or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were obtained. A total 2284 children from the state of Puebla, Mexico were examined, of whom 20 presented an anatomic variant in tooth crown shape. Of the total teeth with crown alterations, 10 first and 5 second primary mandibular molars were found to have supernumerary roots. In one case, it was possible to obtain micro-CT images. The study recorded prevalence, unilateral or bilateral occurrence, and ratio between sexes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Clinical findings were presence of an anatomical variation (tuberculum paramolare / right and/or left cervical convexity) in primary mandibular first molars. Second molars presented conventional crown morphology. Prevalence of three-rooted primary mandibular first and second molars was 0.44% and 0.22%, respectively. Male: female ratio for presence of threerooted primary mandibular first molars was 4:1, showing genetic predisposition in males, and for second molars it was 1.5:1, with no predisposition according to sex. The clinical and radiographic anatomical variants in primary molars should be considered by pediatric dentists during routine care because they may cause difficulties in restorations.
ENERJİ FİYATLARININ BORSA İLE ETKİLEŞİMİ
Authors: ÖZER Nevin , AKSOY Zehra Tanyeli
Published: December 2021

Hisse senetlerinin fiyat belirlenmesinde kullanılan iskonto oranı makroekonomik değişkenlerin bir fonksiyonudur. Enerji fiyatlarının ekonomik aktiviteler üzerindeki etkisi vasıtasıyla dolaylı etkisi ve işletmelerin temel maliyet girdisi olması nedeniyle de doğrudan etkisinin hisse senetleri fiyatları üzerinde bir etkiye sebep olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2011-2020 yılları arasında enerji fiyatlarının seçilmiş borsa endeksleri üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu etki araştırılırken Johensen-Juselius eş bütünleşme testi, Granger nedensellik testi ve VAR modeline dayalı varyans ayrıştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde J-J eş bütünleşme testi sonucunda kurulan modellerde uzun dönemli ilişki, Granger nedensellik analizinde ise sadece doğalgazdan BIST-ELEKTRİK’e doğru ve petrolden BIST-ELEKTRİK’ e doğru nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Varyans ayrıştırma modelinde ise petrol ve doğalgazın etkisi BIST-100, BIST-ELEKTRİK ve BIST-SINAİ endekslerinde önemsenmeyecek kadar az; BIST-TÜM endeksinde 30 günlük dönemin sonunda ise %93,9 oranında kendi şoklarından etkilenirken, % 4,78 oranında petrolden kaynaklı yaşanan şoktan etkilenmekte ve % 1,23 oranında doğalgazdan kaynaklı yaşanan şoktan etkilenmektedir. Özetle borsa endekslerinin enerji fiyatlarından etkilendiği ancak bu etkinin çok küçük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Borsa endekslerinde diğer makroekonomik değişkenlerin daha etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Demographic Development of the Bulgarian Lands in Prehistory and Antiquity
Authors: Shterionov Shtelijan
Published: December 2021

Clarifying the demographic state of humankind during all periods of its historical development is an issue that has long been of interest to the scientific community. This paper traces the specifics and trends in the dynamics of the main demographic processes and structures of the population that has inhabited the Bulgarian lands in prehistory and antiquity. Their analysis allows us to establish that, according to the parameters of the studied indicators, the studied area can be related to the Mediterranean area, whose development was ahead of the rest of the world at that time.
براہوئی ہائیکو تیٹی متل ،وساہت او شرک و پال آتا درشانی
Authors: Asia Sattar  , Dr. Abdul Haleem Sadiq  , Dr. Abida Baloch
Published: December 2021

Haiku is a form of Japanese poetry which is comprised of 5-7-5 verses. This genre of poetry has been transferred to the other languages of the globe simultaneously.  The Brahui literature also adopted this genre of poetry like the other languages of the world till the end of the twentieth century. In the Brahui literature, this genre of poetry was practiced from time to time. The Brahui Haikus, mostly the subjects like, nature, love, patriotism, culture, and the religious matters have been discussed from the last fifty years. This paper focuses the proverbs, riddles and superstitions in the Brahui Haikus to let the people know about the background of this genre.
براہوئی ناول ’’معجزہ‘‘ نا جاچ اس
Authors: Mangal Safia Sultana
Published: December 2021

It has been written more than twenty (20) Novels in Brahui language, on different topics. and Mr. Nadir Shahwani is most prominent Novelist of Brahui which has wrote five Novels so far. One of these is Majiza (Miracle). In this research paper it has been discussed, that this novel reflects the critically view of relations to the condition of our society. Various aspects of our society, both Islamic and the secular aspects have been explored, especially the merits of Hinduism have been highlighted. The research paper also attempts to examine the current position of Brahui novel in the contemporary age.
براہوئی مزاحمتی شاعری: ردوم و پس منظر
Authors: Ghamkhawar Muhammad Khan
Published: December 2021

Throughout history, revolutions and collective resistance to oppression have found inspiration and expression through poetry. Pithy and powerful, poetry is a popular art form at protests. Poets have directly played their roles in revolutionary struggles, and their poems have always expressed protest against harsh realities as well as dreams of liberty across a wide range of styles and genres. In this article we will go through different times of Brahui poetry of resistance to colonialism, discussing the specific approach takes in its political context.
New Media: Challenges and Opportunities for Brahui Journalism in Balochistan.
Authors: Niaz Dr. Babrak , Dr. Allauddin  , Baloch Dr. Muhammad Fahim , Chhachhar Dr. Abdul Razaque
Published: December 2021

This paper attempts to shed light on Brahui Journalism its geneses and challenges it faces in the era of contemporary technological advancements. Globally new media is replacing traditional way of communication. The reach and impact of new media is far stronger and long lasting than traditional media. Brahui language newspapers and magazines are facinghardships to use and adopt alternate media platforms. Lack of resources and less technological and IT skills are hurdles in this transition. The newspapers published in Brahui language completely depends on government advertisements in the absence of wellestablished private sector. The owners of the newspapers are bound to follow government policies in every aspect, therefore journalists want to switch to new media with prime objective to highlight contemporary social, political, cultural and religious issue of Balochistan and to find better revenue generating opportunities to decrease dependency on government advertisements.
PERCEPTION OF FUTURE TEACHERS ABOUT MOTHER TONGUE EDUCATION IN BRAHUI LANGUAGE AT PRIMARY LEVEL
Authors: Zarina Waheed  , Abdul Wahab  , Waheed Bahadur
Published: December 2021

Brahui language has its own uniqueness and value as it is one of the oldest languages of Pakistan and considered as a Dravidian language. The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of future Brahui speaking teachers about mother tongue education in Brahui language at primary level in Balochistan. In this study, a qualitative approach was used. The research design was case study and site of the study was Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University Quetta. Semi-structure interviews were conducted from the Brahui speaking future teachers of B.Ed. (Hons.) 7th semester (5), M.A Education 3rd semester (5) and M.Phil. (5). The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was used as method for data analysis. The data analysis revealed two main themes as need of Brahui mother tongue education in Brahui majority schools and teacher training for Brahui mother tongue education.
مکتبہ ِ دُرخانی نا سیاسی پس منظر
Authors: Hyat Ghamkhawar
Published: December 2021

This research article is about Durkhani School of thoughts, its origin and political objectives of religious intellectual. It discusses the political background of Balochistan and the role of a religious scholar. Although Molanas worked in reaction of British government and their conspiracies but they literary planned to promote Brahui language. The major subject of this article is to found out the conspiracy roots of English Agents how they made and used Brahui language as a weapon or tool of religion. Secondly this shows the literary characteristic of Durkhani Teachers that their role is not motivational regarding fiction. At the end article resulted with recommendations that it needs to research out the literary deficiencies of that period and personalities. The analytical and descriptive approach of research has been adopted to complete the article.
ادبی ادارہ غاتا بنا او کسرشونی
Authors: Zaheer Waheed
Published: December 2021

In this article the role of literary organization has been discussed, it further illustrates the three dimensional affiliation of society, literature and organizations. How they important for each other? Literary circles in shape of non-profiting organization have essential function for national integration to make peace and harmony in any country. In this article the support of government has criticized. The main subject of this article is too discussed and discloses the responsibilities of Brahui literary organization which are more than twenty. Despite of above the department of Brahui, Radio Pakistan Quetta center and Television, they projected and promote the Brahui literature. It concludes with recommendations that interior Balochistan the bulk of organization spreading very low scale of literature which is caused to reduce the standard. The comparative method has been implemented to complete this article.
براہوئی شاعری ٹی لوزی آزموندہ
Authors: Sani Liaquat Ali
Published: December 2021

This research article shows the experimental improvement in Bráhuí poetry although Bráhuí poetry experiences prosperous itself regarding style, rhyme and genre since 1990. It further proves that senior most lyrists have initiated lexical experiment in Bráhuí poetry. When some ones thoughts, opinions and feelings would dresses up with stylistic experience, then it shows the hardship, sorrows' and trial of life, it is known as self defined poetry too, Which deals with your inner life activity. Such feelings generate lexical experiment and improvement in Bráhuí. This was the period when Bráhuí "ĢAZAL" reached its Destination.
Similarities in Free Verses between Ghulam Hussain Shohaz & Nadir Kambriani’s Poetry
Authors: Imran Nadir  , Ali Muhammad Akram , Muhammad Yousaf Mengal
Published: December 2021

In the literary history poem is considered as the building block of all the existing poetry. It is a well-established fact that poem is the genesis of the poetry in any language and likewise Balochi literature is no more an exception. The very initial evolutionary phases of balochi literature in states other than the poemic one. Balochi literary poems have successfully waded through all its phases of development i.e. from first to second and subsequently from second to the third one. it is worth mentioning over here that cataclysmic changes were brought up in the third phase along with the introduction of a many great new varieties, but the basic conventional methods and norms in poem writing remained unchanged. Gulam Hussain Shohaz is widely accepted as a veteran and god -gifted poet as well as a prolific writer of al times in general, and an iconic poem writing figure of the third phase in particular. as far as poem writing is concerned, his style of poem writing introduces as many as three new and unique methodologies. Furthermore, the best he owes as a poem writer are his traditional Balochi style writings. infect his unflinching efforts helped secure the poem a remarkable position in our literature. Thus it would be unfair with the history to brush aside his valuable services and not to accept him as the best classical poem writer of the third Balochi literary phase.
Poverty alleviation through agricultural development: A case study of date palm and vegetable farmers in Panjgoor District of Balochistan
Authors: Muhammad Asif  , Baloch Dr. Mumtaz Ali , Huma Zafar  , Siraj Bashir
Published: December 2021

Agriculture is the main source of earning for human beings and livelihood of 86% of the rural population in developing countries including Pakistan. Studies showed that agricultural development has significantly helped in reducing poverty. The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of agriculture in alleviating poverty in the Panjgoor district of Balochistan. The information was collected from 100 traditional and modern date palm and vegetable farmers. The Data was collected through household survey questionnaires, group discussions and, key informant interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), using descriptive statistics such as, frequency distribution, percentages, ANOVA and mean. Out of six major verities of date, Mozati, Kahraba and among vegetable, okra and soybean played a significant role in improving the socioeconomic conditions (annual income, education and farm inputs such as, water, pesticides, fertilizer and labor charges) in the study area. Overall, modern farmers produced better production and income compared to the farmers engaged in traditional farming. In modern farming practices almost all varieties of date palm and vegetable produced better yield and income compared to traditional farming practices. Findings reflected that the decreasing water volume of kariz and farmers’ poor economic conditions significantly affected the agricultural development which eventually influenced the farming practices, household income and livelihood. Insufficient inputs and   common extension services could not do much in improving the agricultural practices to improve the socioeconomic conditions of small-scale farmers. There is an emerging need to rehabilitate the karizes, provide farmers with the required inputs such as, seed, technologies (trickle irrigation, pollination) grants and modern skills for agricultural development.
The Phonological Variation of Pakistani English in comparison to Standard British English: A case study ofBaloch English speaking students in SBKWU, Quetta
Authors: Zainab Akram  , Dr. Alia Ayub  , Hina Arfeen  , Mehwish Malghani
Published: December 2021

With a small amount of language items i.e. words and one variable i.e. phonology, the present atudy aims to exploring the external and internal influences in language change in terms of phonology. The native Balochi speakers while speaking English as a second language face problems in producing some of English language sounds. The phonological differences were observed amongBalochi English speakers in terms of L1 impact on L2 and the influence of social surroundings have been studied in this paper. Employing qualitative mode of inquiry, the present study was conductedin SardarBahadur Khan Women University (SBKWU), Quetta. The population of this paper consisted of Balochi speaking undergraduate studentsfrom three main regions of Baluchistan, from the English Department. Exploiting convenience sampling, three students from each of the three Baloch regional groups and total of 9 students between ages 19 to 22, were selected as subjects of this study. A list of 20 English words based on problematic utterance of phonemes, was recorded while uttered by the students; transcribed and employing the contrastive analysis the results were displayed in a diagrams. First column displays the region, the second depicts the phonemes uttered by the participants and the third shows the Standard British English pronunciation (SBE). This enabled the researcher to trace the phonological variations, influence of L1 on L2 and the geographical influences on the phonological difference.
براہوئی حروف تہجی و املا نا وئیل آک
Authors: Hanfi Muneer Ahmed , Sani Dr. Liaqaut Ali , Rakhshani Muhammad Akram
Published: December 2021

Man created language for his necessities and God gifted him with the ability of listening, speaking and perceiving with the help of speech and auditory organs. Resultantly, he created the language (a noble act) because of which God rewarded him with the honor of being 'supreme creature. but when we study the structure of language, two things are significant: the first and foremost is the natural thing with which he shares his intense feelings to his fellow beings, and second is the literature which enlightens the next generations and helps the language reach its   destinations. The cause is same with the Brahui Language .it is an ancient language. Its literary era starts from 709 AC. it evolves from Heroghalefi manuscript to Roman, Khat- e-Nask, Sindhi, Afghani and Persian. Since the alphabets of Brahui language are unacceptable, its literature faces a great deal of difficulties in its text. for example, there is a huge difficulty of dictation, for Brahui literary figures failed to structure, specify, or get its alphabet accepted. so different literary figures use different 'Brahui Phonetic Alphabets' which is deteriorating the question of dictation. So it is not easy to solve the conundrum of dictation here.
Case – Renal artery pseudoaneurysm: A life-threatening occurrence following thulium laser lithotripsy
Authors: Monteiro Ajit , Waisanen Kyle M. , Ermolovich Eugene V. , Jung Ichabod S. , Roehmholdt John M.
Published: December 2021

Introduction
Renal artery pseudoaneurysm post-laser lithotripsy is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication. Traditionally, the most common modalities used for treatment of urinary tract stones were holmium laser lithotripsy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. However, thulium laser has recently gained momentum in the treatment of urinary tract stones with increasing use and availability in healthcare systems. We report a case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm post-thulium laser lithotripsy who presented in hemorrhagic shock after ureteral stent removal and was subsequently stabilized by endovascular embolization.
Raising Students’ Cultural Awareness and Developing Their Intercultural Communicative Competence: The Case of the Greek State Primary School EFL Textbooks
Authors: Iakovina Zoumi , Karras Ioannis D.
Published: December 2021

The present study focuses on the critical evaluation of the cultural content incorporated in the 5th and 6th grade English textbooks, which are taught in the Greek state primary school. Given that we are living in the era of increasing globalization, it is deemed essential that aspects of diverse cultures should be reflected in the English textbooks, thus enabling contemporary EFL learners to master the ability to use the English language efficiently in their intercultural interactions regardless of their socio-cultural background. The research findings succinctly reveal that the vast majority of state EFL teachers in Greece are fervent proponents of an intercultural approach in their teaching practices. However, they are not reliant on the prescribed textbooks under scrutiny for promoting the intercultural dimension in their educational methodology, since their cultural input is assessed as deficient and inadequate for dynamic intercultural instruction.
Aportaciones femeninas a las teorías de la comunicación: una propuesta para la docencia y la ciencia
Authors: García-Jiménez Leonarda
Published: December 2021

Las teorías de la comunicación son un campo de estudio en el que con frecuencia se han silenciado las aportaciones de mujeres investigadoras. Por ello, este artículo tiene como principal objetivo desarrollar un marco que analice el campo de la comunicación a partir de la figura de destacadas investigadoras que históricamente han tendido a quedar al margen de los relatos oficiales a pesar de la importancia de sus contribuciones. A partir de la revisión crítica de textos históricos y de referencia, el artículo propone una genealogía de destacadas investigadoras de la primera generación (delimitada entre las décadas de 1930 y 1960) dentro de los enfoques dominantes de las teorías de la comunicación: funcionalista, interpretativo y crítico. Como resultado, esta aproximación hermenéutica y crítica destaca el contexto intelectual de Columbia como epicentro del pensamiento femenino a mediados del siglo XX y recupera a figuras clave, también denominadas «madres fundadoras», en el establecimiento del campo de la comunicación, como fueron: Herta Herzog, Hazel Gaudet, Thelma Anderson, Marjorie Fiske, Hortense Powdermarker, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Mae Huettig, Helen Hughes, Rachel Powell y Mary Q. Innis. Esta propuesta abre y hace más heterogéneo el canon oficial de las teorías de la comunicación, dominado históricamente por figuras masculinas. A modo de conclusión, el artículo plantea la necesidad de incorporar al campo los aportes femeninos, una cuestión que ayudará a superar el sesgo de género con el que todavía se enseñan y se piensan hoy las teorías de la comunicación.
Computational Perspectives on Phonological Constituency and Recursion
Authors: Yu Kristine M.
Published: December 2021

Whether or not phonology has recursion is often conflated with whether or not phonology has strings or trees as data structures. Taking a computational perspective from formal language theory and focusing on how phonological strings and trees are built, we disentangle these issues. We show that even considering the boundedness of words and utterances in physical realization and the lack of observable examples of potential recursive embedding of phonological constituents beyond a few layers, recursion is a natural consequence of expressing generalization in phonological grammars for strings and trees. While prosodically-conditioned phonological patterns can be represented using grammars for strings, e.g., with bracketed string representations, we show how grammars for trees provide a natural way to express these patterns and provide insight into the kinds of analyses that phonologists have proposed for them.
Catalan Journal of Linguistics: The First Twenty Years
Authors: Villalba Xavier
Published: December 2021

Editorial note.
La educación transmedia como estrategia innovadora para integrar lengua y cultura en la enseñanza de ELE
Authors: Herrero Carmen
Published: December 2021

Este artículo recoge diversas experiencias didácticas encaminadas a integrar el aprendizaje de lengua y cultura. El objetivo es plantear cómo se puede desarrollar una sinergia entre las clases de español como lengua extranjera (L2) y las asignaturas de contenidos mediante diversas estrategias de comunicación transmedia. En la primera parte se examinan diversos modelos pedagógicos en el contexto de enseñanza de L2 en el Reino Unido. En la segunda, presentamos los proyectos de transmediaa en L2 que se están realizando desde el Grupo de Investigación Film, Languages and Media in Education (FLAME). El último apartado incluye las conclusiones y futuras líneas de investigación.
El español en el paisaje lingüístico del Reino Unido
Authors: Navas Raquel
Published: December 2021

El objetivo principal de este artículo es explorar el papel del paisaje lingüístico (PL) como herramienta de conexión con la lengua y las culturas hispánicas en un proyecto con estudiantes de español de una institución de educación superior británica.  Con el fin de solventar la falta de vínculo entre las asignaturas de lengua y las de cultura, estas últimas impartidas en inglés, se examina cómo integrar la reflexión lingüística y léxico-gramatical en una asignatura sobre identidad textual mediante el uso de cartelería, señales y otras muestras de español en la comunidad donde viven y estudian los estudiantes.
¿Cómo se diseña un curso de creación de materiales?
Authors: Sabas Elías María
Published: December 2021

La acción formativa de cualquier profesional que se dedica a la enseñanza de lenguas supone un gran valor para la mejora continua de la calidad de su trabajo, así como para el desarrollo de su trayectoria profesional.  Y esta formación no solo se circunscribe al docente de lenguas sino también al formador de formadores, al editor y a los autores de materiales didácticos. En este artículo se va a realizar una reflexión acerca de la importancia que tienen en el sector de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las lenguas los cursos de formación de creación de materiales. Se empezará por exponer la definición del término “material” y sus características. A continuación, se profundizará en la relevancia de estos cursos en el ámbito formativo, así como el tipo de usuario a quien van dirigidos y sus necesidades, la tipología de cursos actual y, por último, los factores a tener en cuenta en el diseño de los cursos de elaboración de material didáctico.
Estrategias para propiciar la propincuidad digital en la adquisición de ELE en contextos de brecha digital
Authors: Gimeno Gimeno Neus
Published: December 2021

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha agravado la equidad en el acceso a la tecnología de muchos estudiantes. Como consecuencia, ha habido un gran ausentismo estudiantil y el concepto de comunidad en el aula se ha visto menoscabado. De ahí que la interacción en la adquisición de lenguas en general y, concretamente, del español como lengua extranjera se haya reducido drásticamente pese a ser uno de los elementos clave en esta disciplina. Por ello, se presentan estrategias que favorecen la propincuidad digital para crear comunidades de aprendizaje vivas y cambiantes y, a su vez, fomentar paralelamente la independencia cognitiva y la interdependencia social desde el modelo de “Comunidad de indagación”.
E-SPORT – RECOMMENDABLE ACTIVITY OR A SAFE HAVEN FOR ADDICTED COMPUTER GAMERS
Authors: Mamroł Andrzej
Published: December 2021

The paper intends to describe the phenomenon of practising e-sport by young people. It includes the discussion on the essence of electronic competition, simultaneously indicating the nature of computer games used in this kind of activity. Moreover, considerations on the topic of factors and mechanisms engaging in the e-sport gameplay have been presented. The paper lists potential risks of staying in the virtual reality like: detachement from reality, hallucinations, criminal behavior, obesity and various kinds of illnesses. The main objective of the paper is to asnwer the question – What are the negative consequences of practising e-
-sport? The risk of addiction, frequently mistaken for „hard training”, essential for achieving success, is particularly emphasised. Described content intends to encourage reflection on the point of engaging in this kind of activity by children and teenagers.
EXAMINATION IN DISTANCE LEARNING AND SHAPING THE SUBJECTIVITY OF STUDENTS OF TEACHING FACULTIES
Authors: Borowiec Ewa
Published: December 2021

This paper presents examination activities in a changed pandemic college education setting using the Forms application on the Teams platform. The examination was presented as a form of controlling educational results valued by students and academic teachers. In its implementation it is possible to shape the subjectivity of students through their participation in planning exams, learning the content of education. Research conducted in the action research procedure. The results of the study are described in four scopes of examination activities of preparation, execution, communication and use of results.
IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR WŁODZIMIERZ WŁADYSŁAW GAWORECKI (1933-2020)
Authors: Marciszewska Barbara , Łuczak Mariola , Studzieniecki Tomasz
Published: December 2021

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Rail transport as an element of the national defense security
Authors: Jałowiec Tomasz , Pietrzyk-Wiszowaty Katarzyna , Bartoszek Witold
Published: December 2021

One of the main areas of national security is defense security. Its provision requires many various activities of a political and military nature. An important role is played by the ability to move forces and resources at the army's disposal within the territory of the country and outside it by various modes of transport. From the perspective of current conditions, the expansion of transport networks of all modes of transportation is necessary to ensure the required conditions for the movement of people and the transport of armaments and military equipment, meet the living needs of the population and the possibility of its evacuation, support the Polish Armed Forces and allied forces in the event of a crisis or war. A modern railway network enables the development of the Polish economy and strengthens its link with the world economy. It is also an essential component of national security, the national defense system, and the territorially balanced development of the country. Modern transport infrastructure, modernized rolling stock, and integrated transport management systems reduce costs in the economy while lowering the pressure on the environment. Systematic improvement of transport infrastructure is one of the primary challenges for the nation's development, not only from the economic perspective but also plays a priority role concerning national defense security. The aim of the article is to identify the essence and importance of rail transport for ensuring national defense security. The research problem undertaken has been specified in the following form: To what extent does the development of rail transport affect the national defense security, and what actions should be taken to improve military mobility in rail transport? The material uses several research methods, the leading of which were: literature query, analysis, and synthesis, abstraction, and inference methods. The adopted approach made it possible to obtain a cross-sectional character of the considerations while providing the basis for further, extended research on this highly complex problem.
THE YOUNG ADULTS’ ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO THE PANDEMIC WORLD
Authors: Gerłowska Justyna
Published: December 2021

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic changed lives of almost all humans worldwide. The growing number of restrictions and uncertainty of the future connected with growing isolation took its toll on persons of all ages. The current research investigates the situation and the adaptation strategies of young adults facing the pandemic. The on-line study was conducted in order to observe the changing emotions, behaviours and attitudes of Polish young adults. Herein the results of two time points (April and November/December 2020) data collection results are presented, showing the changes in health protecting behaviours of 1386 students. The differences between gender and working status have been investigated showing the unified attitude towards potential threat which is SARS-CoV-2.
Exploitation of Bentonite for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Abderrahim Kali , Ilyasse Loulidi , Abdelouahed Amar , Fatima Boukhlifi , Chaimaa Hadey , Maria Jabri , Ouchabi Mbarka
Published: December 2021

Bentonite is a clay with interesting surface properties (affinity for water, adsorption capacity for electro-positive compounds….). The characteristics and clarifying properties of bentonite from various companies are the subject of numerous studies. The present work focuses on the study of the efficiency of bentonite and modified bentonite to purify aqueous solutions containing organic pollutants such as phenol. First, before starting the adsorption study, a physical–chemical characterization of the clay by FTIR, BET and XRD techniques was undertaken. The specific surface of the bentonite is calculated by BET. Then, the study of isotherms and kinetics of phenol adsorption on commercial BTC showed that this pollutant can be removed from liquid effluents with a significant percentage. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Finally, the kinetic study performed by UV–Visible was reproduced by FTIR spectroscopy.
Funded Pension Schemes in Aging Societies: A Pure Economic Argument?
Authors: Wolf Ishay , Levi Smadar
Published: December 2021

This study enables different angel to explore central planners’ considerations regarding pension systems in a modern western market with aging influence. In particular, considerable weight has been given to the effect of the crisis due to the pandemic and frequent market turmoil. This study expands the number of players analyzed in the field and takes into consideration different interests among the current and future generations. In addition, we allow differentiation among earning cohorts. By using the overlapping generation model and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that in a wide macroeconomic range, pension equilibrium surprisingly stands with unfunded pension schemes despite the heavy aging influence. Contrary to the classic economic arguments by the World Bank and IMF that were widespread during the 1980s and 1990s, the choice of a pension system is much more complex. We find that the central planner must take into account not only the aging rhythm and market yield but also other parameters, such as the current and future utility perspective, the government’s debt price, GDP per capita growth rate, risk aversion, and the possibility of market turmoil.
Leptin and Its Role in Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: An Overview
Authors: Gelen Volkan , Kükürt Abdulsamed , Şengül Emin , Ahmet Devecı Hacı
Published: December 2021

Adipose tissue (AT) in the body plays a very important role in the regulation of energy metabolism. AT regulates energy metabolism by secreting adipokines. Some of the adipokines released are vaspin, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin and omentin, and leptin. In addition to regulating energy metabolism, leptin plays a role in the regulation of many physiological functions of the body such as regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, nutrition, appetite, insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, coagulation, and apoptosis. Among all these physiological functions, the relationship between leptin, oxidative stress, and apoptosis has gained great importance recently due to its therapeutic effect in various types of cancer. For this reason, in this study, the release of leptin, its cellular effects and its effect on oxidative stress, and apoptosis are discussed in line with current information.
Construction Technology of Precast Pier Foundation Filled with Demolished Concrete Lumps
Authors: Li Wengui , Lei Bin , Luo Zhiyu , Yang Fuzhi
Published: December 2021

Applying of demolished concrete lumps (DCLs) in the pier foundation is an effective way to improve the efficiency of construction waste resource utilization. Fifty-two cylindrical specimens with the size of ∅ 250 mm × 500 mm were fabricated by mixing of DCLs with the fresh concrete (FC) and used to investigate the influence of two key factors, the gradation of the DCLs and the height setting of layered “steel mesh,” on the uniaxial compression and flexural strength properties of the compound concrete specimens. Results indicate that the layered “steel mesh” in the specimens can restrain the settlement and segregation of the DCLs and improve the compressive and flexural strength of the specimens significantly. Normally, there are two types of failure damage mode of the test pieces, the failure of the interface between DCLs and the FC and the fracture failure of the DCLs. When the stress level is below 0.5, the test piece is in the elastic stage. Crack development occurs when stress level further increase to 0.7–0.9. The pieces with the layered pouring height of H2 and the DCLs of R3 present the optimum compressive strength and flexural strength and also best construction effect.
Behavior and Design of Transfer Slabs Subjected to Shear Wall Loads
Authors: Gómez-Bernal Alonso , Arellano Méndez Eduardo , Ángel Quiroz-Guzmán Luis , Juárez-García Hugón , González Cuevas Oscar
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the behavior of a transfer slab system used in medium rise building. For this purpose, two slab-wall full-scale specimens were designed, built, and tested to cyclic loads. The two slab-wall prototypes were exposed to three load stages: (a) vertical load, (b) horizontal load, and (c) vertical and horizontal combined load. The first specimen, SP1, includes a masonry wall situated on top of a squared two-way slab of 4.25 m by side, thickness of 12 cm, on four reinforced concrete girders, while the second specimen, SP2, consists of an identical slab but was constructed with a reinforced concrete wall. Some numerical finite element slab-wall models were built using linear and nonlinear models. The most important results presented herein are the change on lateral stiffness and resistance capacity of the load-bearing wall supported on a slab versus the wall supported on a fixed base and the effects that these walls cause on the slabs. During the experimental test process of horizontal loading, we detected that the stiffness of the two slab-wall systems decreased significantly compared to the one on the fixed base wall, a result supported by the numerical models. The models indicated suitable correlation and were used to conduct a detailed parametric study on various design configurations.
Smart Built Environment Including Smart Home, Smart Building and Smart City: Definitions and Applied Technologies
Authors: Karimi Reyhaneh , Farahzadi Leila , M.E. Sepasgozar Samad , Sargolzaei Sharifeh , M. Ebrahimzadeh Sepasgozar Sanee , Zareian Mohsen , Nasrolahi Akram
Published: December 2021

Technology, particularly over the past decades, has affected the cities and their components, such as building sectors. Consequently, smart building that has currently utilized various technologies which is incorporated into buildings is the core of the present chapter. It provides a comprehensive overview on smart cities, smart buildings and smart home to address what systems and technologies have been incorporated so far. The aim is to review the smart concepts in built environment with the main focus on smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes. State-of-the-art and current practices in smart buildings were also reviewed to enlighten a set of directions for future studies. The Chapter is primarily focuses on 51 articles in smart buildings/homes, as per collected from various datasets. It represents a summary of systems utilized and incorporared into smart buildings and homes over the past decade (2010–2020). Additional to different features of smart buildings and homes, is the discussion around various fields and system performances currently utilized in smart buildings/homes. Limitations and future trends and directions is also discussed. In total, such building/home systems were categorized into 6 groups, including: security systems, healthcare systems, energy management systems, building/home management systems, automation systems, and activity/movement recognition systems. Furthermore, there are a number of surveys which investigated the user’s acceptance and adoption of the new smart systems in homes and buildings, as presented and summarized thereafter in Tables. The present Chapter is a contribution to a better understanding of the functions and performances of such buildings/homes for further implementation and enhancement so that varying demands of smart citizens are fulfilled and eventually contribute to the development of smart cities.