bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A facile one-pot synthesis of Cu–Cu2O concave cube hybrid architectures
Authors: Huang Caijin , Long Zhen , Miyauchi Masahiro , Qiu Xiaoqing
Published: March 2014

Novel Cu–Cu2O concave cube hybrid architectures were preparedviaa facile solution method.
Design and syntheses of hybrid supramolecular architectures: based on [Fe(C2O4)3]3− metallotectons and diverse organic cations
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Wenqiang , Guo Dong , Zhang Ao , Song Yaoguang , Zhang Yiheng , Huang Keke
Published: March 2014

Employing [Fe(C2O4)3]3− (C2O42− = oxalate) metallotectons as building units, a series of 3D iron–organic compounds were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and TGA.
Structural, spectroscopic and theoretical studies of a vapochromic platinum(ii) terpyridyl complex
Authors: Zhang Rui , Liang Zhenning , Han Ali , Wu Haotian , Du Pingwu , Lai Wenzhen , Cao Rui
Published: March 2014

A combination of spectroscopic methods, crystallographic analyses, and theoretical studies provides a rationale to understand the nature of the structural and electronic response of the simplest platinum(ii) terpyridyl complex to acetonitrile.
Electron-correlated fragment-molecular-orbital calculations for biomolecular and nano systems
Authors: Tanaka Shigenori , Mochizuki Yuji , Komeiji Yuto , Okiyama Yoshio , Fukuzawa Kaori
Published: March 2014

One can perform the interaction energy analysis of protein–ligand systems in atomic detail on the basis of the fragment molecular orbital method.
Excited state deactivation pathways of neutral/protonated anisole and p-fluoroanisole: a theoretical study
Authors: Omidyan Reza , Rezaei Hajar
Published: March 2014

CC2 PE profiles of neutral and protonated anisole in the electronic ground and S1 (1ππ*) excited state. Excitation of anisole and protonated anisole to the S1 (1ππ*) with sufficient excess energy (≈5.0 eV), leads the excited systems to the bond cleavage of O–CH3 and C–OCH3 respectively.
Investigation on spin-flip reaction of Re + CH3CN by relativistic density functional theory
Authors: Xiao Yi , Ji Wen-Xin , Wei-Xu Wei-Xu , Chen Xian-Yang , Wang Shu-Guang
Published: March 2014

The minimal energy reaction pathway of Re + CH3CN has been investigated. The minimal energy crossing point is determined with the help of DFT fractional occupation-number (FON) approach.
Hydrothermal synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a three-dimensional cobalt(ii) – aminophenyltetrazolate coordination polymer
Authors: Smith Tiffany M. , Tichenor Michael , Zhang Yuan-Zhu , Dunbar Kim R. , Zubieta Jon
Published: March 2014

The three-dimensional [Co3(OH)2(H2O)2(aptet)4] exhibits magnetic properties consistent with a ferrimagnetic chain with the non-compensating resultant moment of one Co(ii) per trinuclear Co(ii) subunit and ac magnetic susceptibility indicative of glassy-like magnetic behavior.
Fractionation of sulphur relative to iron during laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses of sulphide minerals: implications for quantification
Authors: Gilbert S. E. , Danyushevsky L. V. , Goemann K. , Death D.
Published: March 2014

In this study we investigate the effect that the mineral composition has on the quantification of sulphur by Laser Ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) between a range of sulphide minerals: pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pentlandite and tetrahedrite.
The visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Alizarin red S using Bi-doped TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Sood Swati , Mehta Surinder Kumar , Umar Ahmad , Kansal Sushil Kumar
Published: March 2014

Ultrasonic assisted sol–gel synthesized Bi-doped TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles with a good crystallinity and high surface area were prepared. The 1% Bi-doped TiO2 catalyst showed the highest photocatalytic activity under visible light.
A simple and efficient fluorophoric probe for dual sensing of Fe3+and F−: application to bioimaging in native cellular iron pools and live cells
Authors: Kar Chirantan , Samanta Soham , Mukherjee Sandipan , Datta Barun K. , Ramesh Aiyagari , Das Gopal
Published: March 2014

A quinoline functionalized fluorophore exhibited high selectivity towards Fe3+ions and the ligand–metal complex showed excellent selectivity towards F−ions.
Highly enantioselective oxidative tandem cyclization reaction: a chiral ligand and an anion cooperatively control stereoselectivity
Authors: He Yu-Ping , Wu Hua , Xu Lue , Su Yong-Liang , Gong Liu-Zhu
Published: March 2014

The unprecedented combination of a palladium(ii) complex with a chiral Bu-QUOX ligand and a chiral phosphoric acid enables the highly efficient asymmetric oxidative tandem cyclization reaction, providing a straightforward method to access chiral 6,5-bicyclic aza-heterocycles in moderate to good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Synthesis, optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of conjugated alternating copolymers incorporating 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole or fluorenone units: a comparative study
Authors: Delbosc Nicolas , Yahya Wan Zaireen Nisa , Lemaitre Noëlla , Berson Solenn , Fuchs Franz , Grévin Benjamin , Faure-Vincent Jérôme , Travers Jean-Pierre , Demadrille Renaud
Published: March 2014

High band gap copolymers containing were synthesized and compared for application in bulkheterojunction solar cells.
The mechanism for production of abiogenic formate from CO2 and lactate from glycerine: uncatalyzed transfer hydrogenation of CO2 with glycerine under alkaline hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Shen Zheng , Gu Minyan , Zhang Min , Sang Wenjing , Zhou Xuefei , Zhang Yalei , Jin Fangmin
Published: March 2014

The solvent isotope effect was investigated by 1H-, 2H-, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and HPLC analyses to discover the mechanism for uncatalyzed transfer hydrogenation of CO2 with glycerine under alkaline hydrothermal conditions.
Synthesis of three-dimensional self-standing graphene/Ni(OH)2 composites for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Jiang Chunhui , Zhan Beibei , Li Chen , Huang Wei , Dong Xiaochen
Published: March 2014

Using surface active agents, three-dimensional (3D) self-standing graphene/Ni(OH)2 composites with different morphologies, such as nanoflowers, nanoslices and nanoparticles, are directly synthesized by a facile in situ electrodeposition method.
Digitally-patterned nanoprobe arrays for single cell insertion enabled by wet tapping
Authors: Seo Yoon Ho , Kim Lo Hyun , Prinz Fritz B. , Ryu WonHyoung
Published: March 2014

Wet tapping of nanoparticles for precisely-patterned nanoprobe arrays was developed to fabricate cell insertion tools for parallel multiple cell probing.
Performance improvement of activated nanoporous carbon supported gold catalyst as an anode for direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhao Qinglan , Wu Chun , Wang Yi , wei Wei , Wang Xianyou , Yi Lanhua
Published: March 2014

A new carbon carrier A-NPC was firstly loaded with Au nanoparticles used for direct borohydride–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells.
Technique for rerouting without traffic disruption in optical networks
Authors: Meloni G. , Sambo N. , Berrettini G. , Cugini F. , Potì L. , Castoldi P.
Published: March 2014

A novel lightpath rerouting technique is proposed, allowing data lossless rerouting without requiring additional optical transponders. Data lossless rerouting effectiveness is demonstrated considering a 112 Gbit/s polarisation multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying lightpath and coherent receiver.
Compact phase shifter based on highly anisotropic liquid crystals for microwave frequency
Authors: Jiang Di , Xu Huan , Pivnenko Mike , Chu Daping
Published: March 2014

A compact microwave phase shifter was designed and fabricated using highly anisotropic liquid crystals (LCs). It comprises a thin LC layer between a ground plane and a directly coupled and inverted microstrip line. The proposed folding configuration is beneficial for size reduction. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the compact size devices with reasonably good performance.
Compact flip‐chip interconnection 8 × 50 Gbit/s EADFB laser array module for 400 Gbit/s transceiver
Authors: Kanazawa S. , Fujisawa T. , Ohki A. , Takahata K. , Sanjoh H. , Iga R. , Ishii H.
Published: March 2014

The first compact electroabsorption modulators integrated with distributed‐feedback (EADFB) laser array module using flip‐chip interconnects have been fabricated for a 400 Gbit/s transceiver. Eight 50 Gbit/s EADFB lasers and an optical multiplexer were monolithically integrated on one chip in an area of only 3.2 × 4.8 mm. The flip‐chip interconnects provide a higher modulation bandwidth. Clear eye opening was achieved for all eight lanes under 50 Gbit/s operation.
Smart antennas aided wideband detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Qing Haobo , Liu Yuanan , Xie Gang
Published: March 2014

A smart antennas assisted wideband spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radios is presented. The proposed method operates simultaneously over the total wideband channels rather than one single channel each time. In this approach, the wideband spectrum sensing issue is transformed into estimating the number of occupied channels based on the Hannan‐Quinn criterion, and then determining the occupancy status for each channel by the sample power. Neither noise power estimation nor prior knowledge of the primary user signal is required, making the proposed algorithm robust to noise uncertainty and suitable for blind detection. Simulations are presented to validate the benefits of this approach and the results show that this scheme is superior to the existing sensing algorithms.
Compact triple‐band antenna for WiMAX and WLAN applications
Authors: Verma S. , Kumar P.
Published: March 2014

A triple‐band planar antenna with a compact radiator is proposed for 2.3/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN applications simultaneously. The proposed antenna consists of an inverted‐L (IL)‐shaped radiating element and a parasitic element in the ground plane to generate three resonant modes for triple‐band operations. Each of the three resonant bands can be tuned separately to cover other wireless applications also. Owing to the coupling of the IL‐driven element and the parasitic element, a compact radiator of 10 × 17.3 mm2 is realised for triple‐band operations. Some key parameters affecting the antenna performance have been analysed using computer simulations. To validate the simulation results, the prototypes of the proposed antenna are fabricated on an inexpensive FR‐4 substrate and tested. Good radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna have been obtained. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
Low conversion loss full E‐band seventh‐harmonic mixer with compact filter
Authors: Ding De‐zhi , Xu Jin‐ping
Published: March 2014

A fixed‐tuned low conversion loss full E‐band seventh‐harmonic mixer is presented. Mixing diodes are arranged as a single balanced configuration so that the RF signal is only mixed with LO odd harmonics and the idle mixing products are reduced by half. By replacing the traditional stepped impedance resonator filter with a newly developed two‐stage compact microstrip resonating cell filter, the length of the filter has declined 64%. Measurement results indicate that the conversion loss of the seventh‐harmonic mixer is 21.5 ± 5 dB in the frequency range of 60–90 GHz.
Infrared small target detection in compressive domain
Authors: Li Li , Li Hui , Li Tian , Gao Feng
Published: March 2014

A novel approach to detect an infrared small target in the compressive domain is presented. First, the original infrared image is projected on a sensing matrix to obtain the measurement vector. Then the target and the background are recovered simultaneously from the measurements based on low‐rank and sparse matrix decomposition. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method not only works well under different complex backgrounds with less data storage, but also outperforms some existing methods in both subjective and objective qualities.
Improved combining method for design of quasi‐cyclic LDPC codes
Authors: Liu Yuan‐hua , Zhang Mei‐ling , Niu Xin‐liang
Published: March 2014

An improved combining method is proposed for constructing quasi‐cyclic low‐density parity‐check (QC‐LDPC) codes with large girth and few short cycles. Large girth QC‐LDPC codes can be obtained by carefully designing one component code with large girth. By properly designing the other component codes, a lot of QC‐LDPC codes with very few short cycles can be designed. Simulations show that compared with Chinese remainder theorem based QC‐LDPC codes and progressive edge‐growth based QC‐LDPC codes, the proposed QC‐LDPC codes have much less short cycles and better performance.
FIR–IIR adaptive filters hybrid combination
Authors: Ferro H.F. , Chamon L.F.O. , Lopes C.G.
Published: March 2014

To enhance the performance in IIR system identification scenarios, a hybrid combination of FIR and IIR adaptive filters (AFs) via a supervisor that senses which one is performing best is proposed. The FIR‐LMS AF is short, providing fast and robust convergence, whereas the IIR‐LMS AF is slow but accurate. The stagnation effect caused by the different convergence rates is tackled through cyclic weight transfers FIR → IIR, which also ensure good tracking properties. A design technique for the transfers cycle length is proposed, providing good convergence while keeping computational cost low.
Wideband branchline coupler using symmetrical four‐strip interdigitated coupler
Authors: Jung Young‐Bae
Published: March 2014

A wideband 180° branchline coupler with an interdigitated coupler is presented, which is composed of symmetrical four quarter‐wavelength strips and replaces a long branch of 3λg/4 length in conventional ring hybrid couplers. Using the proposed structure, this coupler has a wideband performance of 62% at the centre frequency with compact size. Furthermore, an excellent power dividing balance of ±0.25 dB and a phase difference of ±2° between output ports are realised. The proposed coupler is easy to design and fabricate with a single dielectric substrate in a microstrip structure.
Liquid 1-propanol studied by neutron scattering, near-infrared, and dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Sillrén P. , Matic A. , Karlsson M. , Koza M. , Maccarini M. , Fouquet P. , Götz M. , Bauer Th. , Gulich R. , Lunkenheimer P. , Loidl A. , Mattsson J. , Gainaru C. , Vynokur E. , Schildmann S. , Bauer S. , Böhmer R.
Published: March 2014

Liquid monohydroxy alcohols exhibit unusual dynamics related to their hydrogen bonding induced structures. The connection between structure and dynamics is studied for liquid 1-propanol using quasi-elastic neutron scattering, combining time-of-flight and neutron spin-echo techniques, with a focus on the dynamics at length scales corresponding to the main peak and the pre-peak of the structure factor. At the main peak, the structural relaxation times are probed. These correspond well to mechanical relaxation times calculated from literature data. At the pre-peak, corresponding to length scales related to H-bonded structures, the relaxation times are almost an order of magnitude longer. According to previous work [C. Gainaru, R. Meier, S. Schildmann, C. Lederle, W. Hiller, E. Rössler, and R. Böhmer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 258303 (2010)] this time scale difference is connected to the average size of H-bonded clusters. The relation between the relaxation times from neutron scattering and those determined from dielectric spectroscopy is discussed on the basis of broad-band permittivity data of 1-propanol. Moreover, in 1-propanol the dielectric relaxation strength as well as the near-infrared absorbance reveal anomalous behavior below ambient temperature. A corresponding feature could not be found in the polyalcohols propylene glycol and glycerol.
Fragmentation mechanisms for methane induced by 55 eV, 75 eV, and 100 eV electron impact
Authors: Wei B. , Zhang Y. , Wang X. , Lu D. , Lu G. C. , Zhang B. H. , Tang Y. J. , Hutton R. , Zou Y.
Published: March 2014

The fragmentation of CH42+ dications following 55 eV, 75 eV, and 100 eV electron impact double ionization of methane was studied using a cold target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy. From the measured momentum of each recoil ion, the momentum of the neutral particles has been deduced and the kinetic energy release distribution for the different fragmentation channels has been obtained. The doubly charged molecular ions break up into three or more fragments in one or two-step processes, resulting in different signatures in the data. We observed the fragmentation of CH42+ dications through different mechanisms according to the momentum of the neutral particles. For example, our result shows that there are three reaction channels to form CH2+, H+, and H, one synchronous concerted reaction channel and two two-step reaction channels. For even more complicated fragmentation processes of CH42+ dications, the fragmentation mechanism can still be identified in the present measurements. The slopes of the peak in the ion-ion coincidence spectra were also estimated here, as they are also related to the fragmentation mechanism.
Two algorithms to compute projected correlation functions in molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Carof Antoine , Vuilleumier Rodolphe , Rotenberg Benjamin
Published: March 2014

An explicit derivation of the Mori-Zwanzig orthogonal dynamics of observables is presented and leads to two practical algorithms to compute exactly projected observables (e.g., random noise) and projected correlation function (e.g., memory kernel) from a molecular dynamics trajectory. The algorithms are then applied to study the diffusive dynamics of a tagged particle in a Lennard-Jones fluid, the properties of the associated random noise, and a decomposition of the corresponding memory kernel.
Impedance matched absorptive thermal blocking filters
Authors: Wollack E. J. , Chuss D. T. , Rostem K. , U-Yen K.
Published: March 2014

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized absorptive thermal blocking filters for cryogenic microwave applications. The transmission line filter's input characteristic impedance is designed to match 50 Ω and its response has been validated from 0 to 50 GHz. The observed return loss in the 0 to 20 GHz design band is greater than 20 dB and shows graceful degradation with frequency. Design considerations and equations are provided that enable this approach to be scaled and modified for use in other applications.
Al insertion and additive effects on the thermoelectric properties of yttrium boride
Authors: Maruyama Satofumi , Prytuliak Anastasiia , Miyazaki Yuzuru , Hayashi Kei , Kajitani Tsuyoshi , Mori Takao
Published: March 2014

The aluminoboride YxAlyB14 (x ∼ 0.57, 0.41 ≤ y ≤ 0.63) has been found to show striking p-n control of the thermoelectric properties through variations of the y occupancy of the Al site. The effect of Al was investigated in further extremes. Polycrystalline samples of Al-free YxB14(x ∼ 0.55; “YB25”) were successfully synthesized in sufficient amounts for bulk spark plasma sintering (SPS) samples and their thermoelectric properties were investigated. Y0.56Al0.57B14 was also prepared in comparison, and further Al was added to the samples through SPS treatment. We observed that Y0.55B14 exhibits large positive Seebeck coefficients, ∼1000 μV K−1, around room temperature and the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient largely decreases with increase of temperature while that of Y0.56Al0.57B14 is proportional to T−1/2, indicating a strong effect of Al on the electronic structure around the Fermi level. Y0.55B14 was found to be strongly disordered with a relatively low thermal conductivity and short localization length of 0.65 Å which is close to that previously determined for the disordered and thermally glass-like compound YB66. Occupancy of Al could not be increased further for the Al-rich sample, although Al was discovered to act as a sintering aid to enhance density and ZT could be significantly improved by 50%.
Comment on “Effective thermal conductivity in thermoelectric materials” [J. Appl. Phys. 113, 204904 (2013)]
Authors: Apertet Y. , Ouerdane H. , Goupil C. , Lecoeur Ph.
Published: March 2014

In a recent article, Baranowski et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 113, 204904 (2013)] proposed a model that allegedly facilitates optimization of thermoelectric generators operation as these latter are in contact with hot and cold temperature baths through finite conductance heat exchangers. In this Comment, we argue that the results and analyses presented by these authors are misleading since their model is incomplete and rests on an inappropriate assumption derived from thermoelectric compatibility theory.
Response to “Comment on ‘Effective thermal conductivity in thermoelectric materials’” [J. Appl. Phys. 113, 204904 (2013)]
Authors: Baranowski Lauryn L. , Jeffrey Snyder G. , Toberer Eric S.
Published: March 2014

It is commonly claimed that achieving maximum power from a thermoelectric generator necessitates electrical load matching conditions instead of the operating condition derived for maximum generator efficiency. Here, we explain why the electrical load matching claim for maximum power in a design optimization is flawed and show that the load condition derived for maximum efficiency always produces more power. Finally, we consider a CPM generator, and prove that the electrical condition for maximum efficiency is indeed the electrical condition for maximum power, maximum power density, maximum power/cost of thermoelectric material, and maximum power/weight of thermoelectric material, when the leg length of the thermoelectric generator is a design variable.
Direct imaging of crystal structure and defects in metastable Ge2Sb2Te5 by quantitative aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Ross Ulrich , Lotnyk Andriy , Thelander Erik , Rauschenbach Bernd
Published: March 2014

Knowledge about the atomic structure and vacancy distribution in phase change materials is of foremost importance in order to understand the underlying mechanism of fast reversible phase transformation. In this Letter, by combining state-of-the-art aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with image simulations, we are able to map the local atomic structure and composition of a textured metastable Ge2Sb2Te5 thin film deposited by pulsed laser deposition with excellent spatial resolution. The atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy investigations display the heterogeneous defect structure of the Ge2Sb2Te5 phase. The obtained results are discussed. Highly oriented Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films appear to be a promising approach for further atomic-resolution investigations of the phase change behavior of this material class.
Design and fabrication of a CMOS-compatible MHP gas sensor
Authors: Li Ying , Yu Jun , Wu Hao , Tang Zhenan
Published: March 2014

A novel micro-hotplate (MHP) gas sensor is designed and fabricated with a standard CMOS technology followed by post-CMOS processes. The tungsten plugging between the first and the second metal layer in the CMOS processes is designed as zigzag resistor heaters embedded in the membrane. In the post-CMOS processes, the membrane is released by front-side bulk silicon etching, and excellent adiabatic performance of the sensor is obtained. Pt/Ti electrode films are prepared on the MHP before the coating of the SnO2 film, which are promising to present better contact stability compared with Al electrodes. Measurements show that at room temperature in atmosphere, the device has a low power consumption of ∼19 mW and a rapid thermal response of 8 ms for heating up to 300 °C. The tungsten heater exhibits good high temperature stability with a slight fluctuation (<0.3%) in the resistance at an operation temperature of 300 °C under constant heating mode for 336 h, and a satisfactory temperature coefficient of resistance of about 1.9‰/°C.
Impact of assembly on signal detection from thin-wall rotors of micro-gyroscopes
Authors: Li Hai , Liu Xiaowei , Wang Bi , Zhang Haifeng
Published: March 2014

The assembly of sealed hollow rotors, a key component in achieving liquid-levitated micro-gyroscopes, represents a significant challenge. The rotor is a thin-wall cylinder composed of materials that are only 100-μm thick. Furnace soldering and hand soldering are used to join the work pieces, but produce defects evident from deformations and surface roughness. Modeling and experiments show that the deformation is related to the temperature during assembly and the mode by which heat is applied to the components. Temperature affects the deformation through thermal stress and air pressure on the rotor, but the mode of heating creates a big difference. Surface deformation of the rotor alters the detecting capacitance and introduces uncertainty in detection sensitivity of the gyroscope. Experiments show that at 220°C, furnace soldering of rotors causes a great decrease in detection sensitivity, leading to a relative uncertainty of nearly 40%. In contrast, hand soldering leads to a relative uncertainty of about 5%. Spot heating of the rotor during assembly is much better than total heating as less thermal stress is generated and the air pressure difference is almost eliminated. Lowering the temperature is helpful to as long as the connection is sufficiently strengthened.
Approximate models for the study of exponential changed quantities: Application on the plasma waves growth rate or damping
Authors: Xaplanteris C. L. , Xaplanteris L. C. , Leousis D. P.
Published: March 2014

Many physical phenomena that concern the research these days are basically complicated because of being multi-parametric. Thus, their study and understanding meets with big if not unsolved obstacles. Such complicated and multi-parametric is the plasmatic state as well, where the plasma and the physical quantities that appear along with it have chaotic behavior. Many of those physical quantities change exponentially and at most times they are stabilized by presenting wavy behavior. Mostly in the transitive state rather than the steady state, the exponentially changing quantities (Growth, Damping etc) depend on each other in most cases. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish the cause from the result. The present paper attempts to help this difficult study and understanding by proposing mathematical exponential models that could relate with the study and understanding of the plasmatic wavy instability behavior. Such instabilities are already detected, understood and presented in previous publications of our laboratory. In other words, our new contribution is the study of the already known plasmatic quantities by using mathematical models (modeling and simulation). These methods are both useful and applicable in the chaotic theory. In addition, our ambition is to also conduct a list of models useful for the study of chaotic problems, such as those that appear into the plasma, starting with this paper's examples.
Furanocoumarins in tedera do not affect ruminal fermentation in continuous culture
Authors: Ghaffari M. H. , Durmic Z. , Real D. , Vercoe P. , Smith G. , Oldham C.
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the forage shrub tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa) on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial fermentation and furanocoumarins degradation in the rusitec. The variables were measured in fermentation liquid on Days 13 and 17 and were compared with a control (lucerne hay). Overall, tedera had greater (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility than lucerne hay on both days of the experiment, but on Day 17 it had lower (P < 0.01) dry matter and crude protein digestibility than lucerne hay. There were no significant differences in concentration of NH3-N and pH between treatments, but NH3-N concentrations in both treatments were lower (P < 0.05) on Day 17 than on Day 13. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in vessels were not affected by treatments, but the concentration of acetate was lower and acetate-to-propionate ratio higher (P < 0.05) in tedera than lucerne hay on Day 13 of the experiment. Furanocoumarins were detected in the tedera treatment only. Their concentration in the fermentation liquid increased immediately after the addition of the plant material to the fermenter, reaching highest concentrations after 2 h. These concentrations gradually declined over the next two sampling times, but 6 h after the ‘feeding’, they were still detectable in the fermentation liquid. It was concluded that (i) tedera had in vitro digestibility and fermentability variables comparable to lucerne; (ii) furanocoumarins were degraded in the fermentation fluid, and (iii) furanocoumarins from tedera did not seem to impede microbial fermentation. Tedera may provide an alternative feed source to hay and grain for filling the summer–autumn feed gap without negatively affecting nutrient digestibility and rumen microbial fermentation.
Contribution of boars to reproductive performance and paternity after homospermic and heterospermic artificial insemination
Authors: Ferreira C. E. R. , Sávio D. B. , Guarise A. C. , Flach M. J. , Gastal G. D. A. , Gonçalves A. O. , Dellagostin O. A. , Alonso R. V. , Bianchi I. , Corcini C. D. , Lucia T.
Published: March 2014

Heterospermic AI is commonly used in swine despite preventing precise evaluation of individual boar fertility. The present study compared the contribution of four boars (A, B, C and D) for reproductive performance and for paternity using homospermic and heterospermic (AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD) AI (n = 204 for homospermic AI; n = 307 for heterospermic AI). Blood samples from the four boars, from all sows inseminated with heterospermic doses and from the umbilical cords of their piglets, as well as tissue smears from mummified fetuses, were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Differences among boars were detected for the in vitro oocyte penetration rate and for the number of spermatozoa per oocyte (P < 0.05), but not for sperm motility, mitochondrial functionality and integrity of the membrane, acrosome and DNA (P > 0.05). Homospermic and heterospermic AI resulted in similar (P > 0.05) farrowing rates (90.5% and 89.9%, respectively) and total litter size (12.4 ± 0.4 and 12.7 ± 0.7, respectively). Farrowing rate was lower for Boar B than for Boar C (P < 0.05), but no other differences in reproductive performance among boars were observed with homospermic AI. The SNPs determined the paternity of 94.2% of the piglets sired by heterospermic AI. In the AC pool, paternity contribution per boar was similar (P > 0.05), but differences between boars occurred in all other pools (P < 0.05). Boar D achieved the greatest paternity contribution in all pools and parity categories (nearly 60%), whereas Boar B sired the fewest piglets (at most 40%). Reproductive performance was similar with homospermic and heterospermic AI, but differences in performance among boars undetected with homospermic AI were only evident after genotyping the piglets sired through heterospermic AI.
Grazing in sagebrush rangelands in western North America: implications for habitat quality for a sagebrush specialist, the pygmy rabbit
Authors: Camp Meghan J. , Rachlow Janet L. , Shipley Lisa A. , Johnson Timothy R. , Bockting Kelly D.
Published: March 2014

Livestock grazing is one of the primary uses of sagebrush rangelands in western North America; therefore, an understanding of the ecological implications of grazing on habitat quality for sagebrush-dependent wildlife is needed to help land managers balance multiple objectives for land use. We studied effects of cattle grazing on components of habitat for an uncommon sagebrush habitat specialist, the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis), which has been petitioned for endangered or threatened status in the USA. We evaluated multiple components of habitat before and after grazing in replicated control and treatment plots in a mesic, high-elevation sagebrush-steppe environment in south-western Montana, USA. We predicted that grazing would decrease the biomass of herbaceous forage, alter security cover, and increase rate of collapse of rabbit burrows, and we expected that these effects would be more pronounced during summer than spring. As expected, cattle grazing reduced the biomass of perennial grasses available to pygmy rabbits after grazing that occurred during either spring or summer, and the biomass of forbs after spring grazing. In contrast, grazing did not markedly influence the functional properties of vegetation related to predation risk or the integrity of rabbit burrow systems. In the context of the stocking rate of the allotments in our study (7.3 acres/Animal Unit Month, 2.95 ha/Animal Unit Month), annual cattle grazing did not seem to markedly change habitat for pygmy rabbits in our study area; however, longer-term and higher intensity grazing might result in more pronounced habitat changes. Understanding the ecological implications of cattle grazing on habitat quality for pygmy rabbits and other sagebrush-dependent wildlife can guide conservation strategies for these species on sagebrush rangelands managed under multiple-use policies.
Dynamics of quantum turbulence of different spectra
Authors: Walmsley Paul , Zmeev Dmitry , Pakpour Fatemeh , Golov Andrei
Published: March 2014

Turbulence in a superfluid in the zero-temperature limit consists of a dynamic tangle of quantized vortex filaments. Different types of turbulence are possible depending on the level of correlations in the orientation of vortex lines. We provide an overview of turbulence in superfluid
4
He with a particular focus on recent experiments probing the decay of turbulence in the zero-temperature regime below 0.5 K. We describe extensive measurements of the vortex line density during the free decay of different types of turbulence: ultraquantum and quasiclassical turbulence in both stationary and rotating containers. The observed decays and the effective dissipation as a function of temperature are compared with theoretical models and numerical simulations.
Two-photon excitation improves multifocal structured illumination microscopy in thick scattering tissue
Authors: Ingaramo Maria , York Andrew G. , Wawrzusin Peter , Milberg Oleg , Hong Amy , Weigert Roberto , Shroff Hari , Patterson George H.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Superresolution microscopy has made much progress in improving resolution and imaging speed over the past several years, but the ability to image below the diffraction limit in thick scattering specimens has not kept pace. In many interesting samples, such as
Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster
, mouse, or human tissues, resolution is limited primarily by scattering rather than diffraction. In this paper, we show that the combination of multiphoton excitation with multifocal structured illumination microscopy gives high quality resolution-doubled images even in thick opaque samples, which until now have resisted superresolution techniques. Since the majority of model organisms and human tissues are opaque to some degree, this advance brings superresolution imaging to a substantial fraction of biological problems.
Nkx6.1 regulates islet β-cell proliferation via Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 nuclear receptors
Authors: Tessem Jeffery S. , Moss Larry G. , Chao Lily C. , Arlotto Michelle , Lu Danhong , Jensen Mette V. , Stephens Samuel B. , Tontonoz Peter , Hohmeier Hans E. , Newgard Christopher B.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Loss of pancreatic islet β cells occurs in both major forms of diabetes, and strategies for restoring β cells are needed. The homeobox transcription factor NK6 homeobox 1 (Nkx6.1) activates β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion when overexpressed in pancreatic islets, but the molecular pathway involved in the proliferative response is unknown. We show that Nkx6.1 induces expression of orphan nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, members 1 and 3 (Nr4a1 and Nr4a3), which stimulate proliferation via two mechanisms: (
i
) increased expression of the cell cycle inducers E2F transcription factor 1 and cyclin E1; and (
ii
) induction of anaphase-promoting complex elements, and degradation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. These studies reveal a new bipartite pathway for activation of β-cell proliferation that could guide development of therapeutic strategies for diabetes.
Engineering of yeast hexose transporters to transport
d
-xylose without inhibition by
d
-glucose
Authors: Farwick Alexander , Bruder Stefan , Schadeweg Virginia , Oreb Mislav , Boles Eckhard
Published: March 2014

Significance

Besides
d
-glucose,
d
-xylose is the second most abundant sugar present in lignocellulosic biomass that is regarded as a renewable feedstock for biotechnological production of fuels and chemicals. Simultaneous consumption of both sugars—a prerequisite for economically feasible bioconversions—has primarily been prevented by one impediment: all known
d
-xylose transporters are competitively inhibited by
d
-glucose. Using a growth-based screening platform, we could identify two positions in yeast hexose transporters Hxt7 and Gal2 that can be mutated to yield glucose-insensitive xylose transporters. One of the positions is conserved among the hexose transporter family members, which opens the possibility to transfer our findings to other biotechnologically relevant organisms. This work will also significantly contribute to the understanding of sugar-transport mechanisms.
Introduction to quantum turbulence
Authors: Barenghi Carlo F. , Skrbek Ladislav , Sreenivasan Katepalli R.
Published: March 2014

The term quantum turbulence denotes the turbulent motion of quantum fluids, systems such as superfluid helium and atomic Bose–Einstein condensates, which are characterized by quantized vorticity, superfluidity, and, at finite temperatures, two-fluid behavior. This article introduces their basic properties, describes types and regimes of turbulence that have been observed, and highlights similarities and differences between quantum turbulence and classical turbulence in ordinary fluids. Our aim is also to link together the articles of this special issue and to provide a perspective of the future development of a subject that contains aspects of fluid mechanics, atomic physics, condensed matter, and low-temperature physics.
The way to intercultural learning is through the stomach – Genre-based writing in the EFL classroom
Authors: Bubel Claudia , Spitz Alice
Published: March 2014

This article reports on and analyzes the products of a series of English as a Foreign Language lessons revolving around the topic of food, which resulted in German students mediating typical recipes from their native languages and home cultures into English. To enable learners linguistically to transfer their findings into English a genre-based approach (cf. Henry & Roseberry 1996, 1998, 2001a & b) was taken. The resulting texts, “cultural translations” in the sense of Norton (2008), are analyzed in terms of their content, structure, and lexis in order to determine their authenticity with respect to the linguistic features characteristic of the genre, as well as with respect to their potential to provide insight into the students’ home cultures.
How permeable is the formal-informal boundary at work?
Authors: Holmes Janet , Marra Meredith , King Brian W.
Published: March 2014

Talk about food at work is typically overlooked as peripheral, just like other relationally-oriented discourse (e.g. small talk and humor). Drawing on a data set of workplace interactions recorded in formal and informal settings, we demonstrate how food talk erodes and troubles formality boundaries. The distinctive distribution of food talk at the boundaries of workplace interaction creates a duality: because it occurs at boundaries, food talk is regarded as irrelevant; when it occurs in non-boundary positions, it has the interactional effect of reducing formality, regardless of its legitimacy as a business topic. In practice, food talk “indexes” boundaries and informality. Each time it occurs at boundaries, or creates informality, this indexicality is reinforced. We demonstrate just how food talk indexes informality in meeting talk.
Talking about taste
Authors: Ankerstein Carrie A. , Pereira Gerardine M.
Published: March 2014

There is a relative dearth of taste words in English, in contrast to words for other senses. We argue that this does not reflect an accompanying lack of knowledge about taste or an inability to perceive tastes. Taste knowledge was explored in an object description task and a rating task in an experimental setting and showed that whilst participants knew a lot about taste, they used few words to describe it. A search of taste words in a public corpus showed that taste words are often derivative from a source noun, refer to components, and that they are also ambiguous and polysemous. Our lack of accurate and diverse taste words has led many to assume that we are not able to perceive a wider range of tastes, which taste receptor studies have disputed. Words have been assumed to map directly onto physiological and psychological constructs in a number of fields, including not only taste but semantic memory, and this idea of language restricting thought needs to be challenged.
Exploring philosophy of place
Authors: Turk Andrew G.
Published: March 2014

This chapter discusses aspects of place from the perspective of phenomenology. It draws upon the author’s collaborative research on ethnophysiography discussed in earlier chapters of this volume. Ethnophysiography research requires an integrated approach by researchers from many disciplines; i.e. it should be transdisciplinary and utilize an overarching paradigm. Phenomenology is a candidate to provide this overarching paradigm. This paper discusses this issue and also the potential for research in ethnophysiography to contribute to an enhanced understanding of phenomenology. These twin objectives must be carried out in a manner which respects Indigenous knowledges. Hence, the chapter also discusses Indigenous Australian concepts of ‘The Dreaming’ and ‘Tjukurrpa’ and their role as organizing structures for concepts of place.
Philosophical issues in ethnophysiography
Authors: Janz Bruce B.
Published: March 2014

Ethnophysiography is a nascent discipline, one which draws on at least a half-dozen existing disciplines. These disciplines exist in productive tension, a tension which produces a range of possible answers to some central questions. These questions include: What is being analyzed? What issues arise when gathering data? How are questions framed to access data? What is the goal of ethnophysiography? How is human meaning connected to human expression, in the context of place language? What are the implications of applying the reconstructed data? And, if ethnophysiography is to be seen as a nascent discipline, how does it relate to other disciplines? This chapter expands on these questions that will help to develop and strengthen the concepts at the center of ethnophysiography, give it an identity, and suggest further research possibilities.
Hawaiian storied place names
Authors: Louis Renee Pualani
Published: March 2014

“We live in a time of un-naming, in a time when old names for the land, names given in honor, happiness, and sorrow have been set aside for marketing jingles that commemorate little more than a desire for sales, for ka mea poepoe, the round thing, money” (DeSilva 1993). Hawaiian place names are storied symbols reflecting Hawaiian spatial and environmental knowledge. Performed in daily rituals they were a conscious act of reimplacing genealogical connections, recreating cultural landscapes, and regenerating cultural mores. This chapter highlights the sensuous nature of Hawaiian place names, examines the processes by which they are incorporated into the cultural landscape, investigates cultural conflicts and problems involved with naming places in the post-contact/modern-colonial era including the standardization of place names, and advances transmodern solutions that re-place the old names DeSilva refers to without fueling existing cultural conflicts.
A case study in Ahtna Athabascan geographic knowledge
Authors: Kari James
Published: March 2014

Ahtna is an Athabascan language of south-central Alaska centered mainly on the Copper River. Drainage-based files of over 2,200 Ahtna place names have been maintained for over thirty years, making Ahtna one of the best researched geographies for an Alaska Native language (Kari 2008, 2010). There are transparent principles that govern the content, structure, and distribution of Ahtna place names. The Ahtna geographic system is framed in a riverine absolute landmark orientation system (Levinson 2003) with nine directional roots that occur in over sixty derived forms. There is a distinct generative geographic capacity to this system, whereby a specific “sign” combines with an array of generic terms and directionals to facilitate memorization of the geography. The ways in which place names intersect with the directionals are complex and invite further study. Furthermore, the Ahtna system is representative of the Northern Athabascan languages.
Revitalizing place names through stories and songs
Authors: Paskvan Susan
Published: March 2014

Native place names research conducted near Kaltag, Alaska, reveal that the Koyukon Athabascan have an intimate relationship with the land. The land, its resources and its inhabitants are examined through the etymology of the place names. Most Koyukon Athabascan place names are descriptive, are binomial, and can be classified into three semantic categories. Oral histories about place names reveal beliefs, stories, and songs of the people. Challenges and opportunities in passing on this knowledge to the younger generation are explored. Several Athabascan language revitalization efforts are underway that combine indigenous teaching strategies and modern technology.
Language, landscape and ethnoecology, reflections from northwestern Canada
Authors: Johnson Leslie Main
Published: March 2014

I draw on Witsuwit’en, Kaska and Gitksan landscape research to investigate similarities and differences in landscape terminologies, and ethnoecological implications of landscape kinds in northwestern British Columbia and the southern Yukon. Kaska and Witsuwit’en are Athapaskan languages while Gitksan is a Tsimshianic language. Gitksan and Witsuwit’en share similar landscapes and some aspects of social structure, though they are linguistically distinct, and Witsuwit’en and Kaska share some aspects of traditional economy and language, though there are differences in landscape and social structure. This three-way comparison allows exploration of the interaction of language, landscape and ecological perspectives.
Revisiting Tohono O’odham high vowels
Authors: Fitzgerald Colleen M.
Published: March 2014

Tohono O’odham is a language of much phonological interest from a typological perspective. For example, the language has pre-aspiration, multiple patterns of reduplication, morphological truncation, and displays prosodic inconsistency with a quantity-insensitive stress system that nonetheless employs multiple strategies in the prosodic morphology to enhance that prominent syllable. This paper utilizes a variety of sources of evidence, spanning multiple generations of speakers, including Hill and Zepeda’s massive work documenting Tohono O’odham dialects in the 1980s, which remains unpublished for the most part. I focus on the phonological features and distribution of vowels in Tohono O’odham – and argue that the features [high] and [front] interact in this language in previously undocumented ways.