bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a Consensus Framework and Risk Profile for Agents of Opportunity in Academic Medical Centers: Implications for Public Health Preparedness
Authors: Farmer Brenna M. , Nelson Lewis S. , Graham Margaret E. , Bendzans Carly , McCrillis Aileen M. , Portelli Ian , Zhang Meng , Goldberg Judith , Rosenberg Sheldon D. , Goldfrank Lewis R. , Tunik Michael
Published: December 2010

Agents of opportunity (AO) in academic medical centers (AMC) are defined as unregulated or lightly regulated substances used for medical research or patient care that can be used as “dual purpose” substances by terrorists to inflict damage upon populations. Most of these agents are used routinely throughout AMC either during research or for general clinical practice. To date, the lack of careful regulations for AOs creates uncertain security conditions and increased malicious potential. Using a consensus-based approach, we collected information and opinions from staff working in an AMC and 4 AMC-affiliated hospitals concerning identification of AO, AO attributes, and AMC risk and preparedness, focusing on AO security and dissemination mechanisms and likely hospital response. The goal was to develop a risk profile and framework for AO in the institution. Agents of opportunity in 4 classes were identified and an AO profile was developed, comprising 16 attributes denoting information critical to preparedness for AO misuse. Agents of opportunity found in AMC present a unique and vital gap in public health preparedness. Findings of this project may provide a foundation for a discussion and consensus efforts to determine a nationally accepted risk profile framework for AO. This foundation may further lead to the implementation of appropriate regulatory policies to improve public health preparedness. Agents of opportunity modeling of dissemination properties should be developed to better predict AO risk.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:318-325)
Agent of Opportunity Risk Mitigation: People, Engineering, and Security Efficacy
Authors: Graham Margaret E. , Tunik Michael G. , Farmer Brenna M. , Bendzans Carly , McCrillis Aileen M. , Nelson Lewis S. , Portelli Ian , Smith Silas , Goldberg Judith D. , Zhang Meng , Rosenberg Sheldon D. , Goldfrank Lewis R.
Published: December 2010

Background:Agents of opportunity (AO) are potentially harmful biological, chemical, radiological, and pharmaceutical substances commonly used for health care delivery and research. AOs are present in all academic medical centers (AMC), creating vulnerability in the health care sector; AO attributes and dissemination methods likely predict risk; and AMCs are inadequately secured against a purposeful AO dissemination, with limited budgets and competing priorities. We explored health care workers' perceptions of AMC security and the impact of those perceptions on AO risk.

Methods:Qualitative methods (survey, interviews, and workshops) were used to collect opinions from staff working in a medical school and 4 AMC-affiliated hospitals concerning AOs and the risk to hospital infrastructure associated with their uncontrolled presence. Secondary to this goal, staff perception concerning security, or opinions about security behaviors of others, were extracted, analyzed, and grouped into themes.

Results:We provide a framework for depicting the interaction of staff behavior and access control engineering, including the tendency of staff to “defeat” inconvenient access controls. In addition, 8 security themes emerged: staff security behavior is a significant source of AO risk; the wide range of opinions about “open” front-door policies among AMC staff illustrates a disparity of perceptions about the need for security; interviewees expressed profound skepticism concerning the effectiveness of front-door access controls; an AO risk assessment requires reconsideration of the security levels historically assigned to areas such as the loading dock and central distribution sites, where many AOs are delivered and may remain unattended for substantial periods of time; researchers' view of AMC security is influenced by the ongoing debate within the scientific community about the wisdom of engaging in bioterrorism research; there was no agreement about which areas of the AMC should be subject to stronger access controls; security personnel play dual roles of security and customer service, creating the negative perception that neither role is done well; and budget was described as an important factor in explaining the state of security controls.

Conclusions:We determined that AMCs seeking to reduce AO risk should assess their institutionally unique AO risks, understand staff security perceptions, and install access controls that are responsive to the staff's tendency to defeat them. The development of AO attribute fact sheets is desirable for AO risk assessment; new funding and administrative or legislative tools to improve AMC security are required; and security practices and methods that are convenient and effective should be engineered.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:291-299)
Developing National Standards for Public Health Emergency Preparedness With a Limited Evidence Base
Authors: Nelson Christopher , Chan Ed , Chandra Anita , Sorensen Paul , Willis Henry H. , Dulin Stephanie , Leuschner Kristin
Published: December 2010

Objective: The paucity of evidence and wide variation among communities creates challenges for developing congressionally mandated national performance standards for public health preparedness. Using countermeasure dispensing as an example, we present an approach for developing standards that balances national uniformity and local flexibility, consistent with the quality of evidence available.

Methods: We used multiple methods, including a survey of community practices, mathematical modeling, and expert panel discussion.

Results: The article presents recommended dispensing standards, along with a general framework that can be used to analyze tradeoffs involved in developing other preparedness standards.

Conclusions: Standards can be developed using existing evidence, but would be helped immensely by a stronger evidence base.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:285-290)
Improved parameter bounds for set‐membership EIV problems
Authors: Cerone Vito , Piga Dario , Regruto Diego
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we consider the set‐membership error‐in‐variables identification problem, that is the identification of linear dynamic systems when output and input measurements are corrupted by bounded noise. A new approach for the computation of parameters uncertainty intervals is presented. First, the problem is formulated in terms of nonconvex optimization. Then, a relaxation procedure is proposed to compute parameter bounds by means of semidefinite programming techniques. Finally, accuracy of the estimate and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm are discussed. Advantages of the proposed technique with respect to previously published ones are discussed both theoretically and by means of a simulated example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazolecarbaldehydes with 1,2‐Phenylenediamines and 2‐Aminophenols
Authors: Nayak Maloy , Batra Sanjay
Published: December 2010

A new approach for the synthesis of novel annulated‐pyrazoles is presented. This protocol includes an intermolecular condensation followed by a copper‐mediated intramolecular CN or CO coupling reaction. The method is applied to a range of substituted 4‐iodopyrazolecarbaldehydes which react with 1,2‐phenylenediamines or 2‐aminophenols to yield substituted 2,4‐ or 1,4‐dihydrobenzo[b]pyrazolo[4,3‐e][1,4]diazepines or substituted‐2H‐ or 1H‐benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4‐f][1,4]oxazepines, respectively.
A mother and daughter with the p.R443X mutation of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: Genotype and phenotype analysis
Authors: Sohn Young Bae , Kim Su Jin , Park Sung Won , Park Hyung‐Doo , Ki Chang‐Seok , Kim Chi Hwa , Huh Seung Won , Yeau Sunghee , Paik Kyung‐Hoon , Jin Dong‐Kyu
Published: December 2010

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase. Most reported patients are males because of X‐linked recessive inheritance pattern. Only a few female patients with Hunter syndrome have been reported, and there is no prior report of offspring from a patient with Hunter syndrome. In this report, we describe a woman with mild manifestations of Hunter syndrome who gave birth to a daughter. Both the mother and daughter carried the p.R443X mutation in exon 9 of the ID2S gene. Iduronate‐2‐sulfatase activity in the mother was as low as that found in male Hunter syndrome patients, but it was in the low‐normal range in her daughter. Unlike her mother, the daughter did not show any physical signs of Hunter syndrome, and urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycan was within normal range. However, she had severe pulmonary vein stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and a large atrial septal defect and died at 11 months of age. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further delineation of the Van den Ende–Gupta syndrome
Authors: Ali Rehab , Almureikhi Mariam , Al‐Musaifri Fatima , Bhat Venkatraman , Teebi Ahmad , Ben‐Omran Tawfeg
Published: December 2010

Van Den Ende–Gupta syndrome (VDEGS) is an infrequently described disorder characterized by arachnodactyly, camptodactyly, blepharophimosis, malar hypoplasia, narrow nasal bridge, convex nasal ridge, and everted lower lip. Patients show normal growth and cognition. We report on three male and three female cases from four consanguineous families, of which three belong to the same highly inbred tribe from Qatar. The phenotype in the patients is remarkably homogeneous. VDEGS has been suggested both to follow an autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, but our observations suggest an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, although genetic heterogeneity cannot be excluded. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent interstitial 1p36 deletions: Evidence for germline mosaicism and complex rearrangement breakpoints
Authors: Gajecka Marzena , Saitta Sulagna C. , Gentles Andrew J. , Campbell Lindsey , Ciprero Karen , Geiger Elizabeth , Catherwood Anne , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Shaikh Tamim , Shaffer Lisa G.
Published: December 2010

Deletions of chromosome 1p36 are one of the most frequently encountered subtelomeric alterations. Clinical features of monosomy 1p36 include neurocognitive impairment, hearing loss, seizures, cardiac defects, and characteristic facial features. The majority of cases have occurred sporadically, implying that genomic instability plays a role in the prevalence of the syndrome. Here, we report two siblings with mild phenotypic features of the deletion syndrome, including developmental delay, hearing loss, and left ventricular non‐compaction (LVNC). Microarray analysis using bacterial artificial chromosome and oligonucleotide microarrays indicated the deletions were identical, suggesting germline mosaicism. Parental phenotypes were normal, and analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) did not show mosaicism. These small interstitial deletions were not detectable by conventional subtelomeric FISH analysis. To investigate the mechanism of deletion further, the breakpoints were cloned and sequenced, demonstrating the presence of a complex rearrangement. Sequence analysis of genes in the deletion interval did not reveal any mutations on the intact homologue that may have contributed to the LVNC seen in both children. This is the first report of apparent germline mosaicism for this disorder. Thus, our findings have important implications for diagnostic approaches and for recurrence risk counseling in families with a child with monosomy 1p36. In addition, our results further refine the minimal critical region for LVNC and hearing loss. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further evidence for the pathogenicity of 15q24 microduplications distal to the minimal critical regions
Authors: Roetzer Katharina M. , Schwarzbraun Thomas , Obenauf Anna C. , Hauser Erwin , Speicher Michael R.
Published: December 2010

DNA copy number alterations in 15q24 have repeatedly been reported in patients exhibiting mild to moderate developmental delay and dysmorphic features. To date, mainly microdeletions have been described, and comparison of overlapping regions allowed the definition of minimal critical regions (MCRs) for microdeletions as well as microduplications. These MCRs are associated with distinct phenotypes. Recently, a family with a new microduplication distal to these MCRs was reported. However, for this alteration the typical phenotypical consequences could not yet be determined. Here we present another family with a nearly identical microduplication exhibiting a broad clinical spectrum including developmental delay, autistic traits and dysmorphic features. Our data suggest that microduplications adjacent and distal to the known MCRs are variable in expressivity and are associated with distinct features. They might represent a novel and recurrent microduplication syndrome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase stability and melting behavior of the α and γ phases of nylon 6
Authors: Zhang Yanzhu , Zhang Yi , Liu Siwei , Huang Aiping , Chi Zhenguo , Xu Jiarui , Economy James
Published: December 2010

The phase stability and melting behavior of nylon 6 were studied by high‐temperature wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that most of the α phase obtained by a solution‐precipitation process [nylon 6 powder (Sol‐Ny6)] was thermodynamically stable and mainly melted at 221°C; the double melting peaks were related to the melt of α crystals with different degrees of perfection. The γ phase formed by liquid nitrogen quenching (sample LN‐Ny6) melted within the range 193–225°C. The amorphous phase converted into the γ phase below 180°C but into the high‐temperature α phase at 180–200°C. Both were stable over 220°C. α‐ and γ*‐crystalline structures were formed by annealing but were not so stable upon heating. Typical double melting peaks were shown on the DSC curve; melt recrystallization happened within the range 100–200°C. The peak at 210°C was mainly due to the melting of the less perfect crystalline structure of the γ phase and a fraction of the α phase; the one at 219°C was due to the high‐temperature α‐ and γ‐phase crystals. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The failure behavior of a polyurethane composite coating in 3.5% NaCl solution under ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: He Shaoping , Xiong Jinping , Tang Yuming , Zuo Yu
Published: December 2010

The failure process of inorganic zinc‐rich/micaceous iron oxide epoxy/aliphatic polyurethane composite coating in 3.5% NaCl solution under ultraviolet irradiation (UV) was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. UV irradiation significantly accelerated failure process of the composite coating in NaCl solution. The effect of UV on failure process of the coating system in 3.5% NaCl solution may be divided into two stages: in the early stage, the thermal effect generated by the ultraviolet irradiation is the main reason leading to the increase in coating porosity, but this effect is not serious and the coating remains high impedance and good protection ability. In the latter stage, the fracture of polymer chains in the top coating by UV irradiation is the main factor resulting in quick decrease of coating performance. CN and CO bonds in polyurethane coating are broken by UV irradiation, leading to quick increase of the coating porosity and decrease of the coating resistance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The Neuroprotective Effects of Reg‐2 Following Spinal Cord Transection Injury
Authors: Fang Marong , Wang Jing , Huang Jian‐Ying , Ling Shu‐Cai , Rudd john A. , Hu Zhi‐Ying , Yew David T. , Han Shu
Published: December 2010

This study was designed to elucidate the potential neuroprotective effects of Reg‐2 (regeneration gene protein 2) in a rodent model of spinal cord transection injury at the ninth thoracic level. Reg‐2 at 100 and 500 μg, recombinant rat ciliary neurotrophic factor, or vehicle were delivered intrathecally using Alzet miniosmotic pumps. We found that Reg‐2 treatment significantly reduced neuronal death in the spinal cord. There was also an attenuation of inflammation at the injury site and an increase in white matter sparing and retained myelination. Retrograde tracing revealed that Reg‐2 protected axons of long descending pathways at 6 weeks post‐SCI, and the number of FluoroGold‐labeled neurons in spinal and supraspinal regions was also significantly increased. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed that the spared white matter contained neurofilament‐positive axons. Moreover, behavioral improvements were revealed by Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scores and grid‐walk analysis. These results suggest that Reg‐2 might promote functional recovery by increasing axonal growth, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and attenuating spinal cord secondary injury after SCI. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cochlear Labyrinth Volume in Euarchontoglirans: Implications for the Evolution of Hearing in Primates
Authors: Armstrong Stephanie D. , Bloch Jonathan I. , Houde Peter , Silcox Mary T.
Published: December 2010

Using high resolution X‐ray computed tomography data we examined the relationship between cochlear labyrinth volume and body mass in extant, non‐primate euarchontoglirans, and in two fossils, to allow for comparison with the results of Kirk and Gosselin‐Ildari (2009). Modern primates have significantly higher cochlear labyrinth volumes relative to body mass than other euarchontoglirans, which may be related to a downward shift in the highest and lowest audible frequencies over the course of primate evolution, and to the relative increase in brain size observed in Euprimates. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Tibial Shape and Presentation Among Catarrhine Taxa
Authors: Turley Kevin , Guthrie Emily H. , Frost Stephen R.
Published: December 2010

The proximal component of the talo‐crural joint, the tibia, was compared, using geometric morphometrics, in 240 specimens from 10 extant taxa to identify differences in shape and the factors influencing them. The specimens were laser scanned, digitally reconstructed, and landmarked. Regression analysis was used to evaluate tibial shape, and significant amounts of shape variation among taxa were due to body mass, tibial size, superfamily, and substrate preference in the whole tibia, as well as, separate analysis of the distal tibial articular facets, and the medial malleolar facet. The most important factor for whole tibial shape was tibial robusticity, which closely correlated with body mass. However, substrate preference was also a significant factor in tibial shape and independent from body mass. Substrate preference was also the most important factor defining distal articular morphology. Principal components analysis and pairwise permutation tests were used to compare differences in morphology among taxa. Nearly all were significantly different in overall tibial shape, and distal morphology. Shape and presentational morphology associated with body mass, tibial size, superfamily, and substrate preference were identified, along with the similarities and differences among individual taxa. These were visualized by TPS deformation of an exemplar surface. Relationships among these factors were assessed with their dot‐product. Results demonstrated that size significantly influenced proximal presentation, while substrate preference influenced articular morphology. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Sealed Osteons of Cortical Diaphyseal Bone. Early Observations Revisited With Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Congiu Terenzio , Pazzaglia Ugo E.
Published: December 2010

The frequency, structure, mode of formation and significance of sealed osteons remain unsettled. Sealed osteons have been reported as an unusual finding in the cortical bone of experimental animals: we extended the observation to human cortical bone studied with SEM. Tibial bone specimens from three patients who sustained a traumatic below‐the‐knee amputation were used in the study. The observed total mean density of osteons was 19.25/mm2 and the percentage of sealed and partially sealed osteons was 4.2% and 1.7% respectively. The material sealing the central canal showed an X‐ray microanalysis spectrum with the same Ca/P ratio as the peripheral lamellae and a lower carbon signal. The morphology suggested a reactivation of bone apposition triggered by exclusion of the occluded canal from blood flow rather than a physiological evolution of the closing process of secondary osteons. This presupposes collapse and degeneration of the central vessel before the osteoblasts resting on the inner surface of the canal could start to lay down new bone matrix. This explanation is consistent with a dynamic model of intracortical blood flow. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust reliable tracking controller design against actuator faults for LPV systems
Authors: Song Lei , Yang Jianying
Published: December 2010

A robust reliable tracking controller design method is developed against actuator faults for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems under a passive control framework. This method is based on a newly proposed stability condition for LPV systems, which is a more general condition than the existing results. An important contribution of this method is that it could handle relatively wider range of actuator faults due to the extra freedom degree introduced by a new slack variable in the stability condition. Numerical example shows the effectiveness and superiority of our method.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Lack of association between markers in the ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGA6 and ITGB3 and autism in an Irish sample
Authors: Cochrane Lynne E. , Tansey Katherine E. , Gill Michael , Gallagher Louise , Anney Richard J.L.
Published: December 2010

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in three core areas—language, social interaction and restricted/repetitive behaviours. It is generally accepted that genetics plays a large role in the aetiology of autism, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We recently published evidence of an association between autism and the ITGA4 gene [Conroy et al., 2008]. Two genomic regions have shown evidence of linkage to autism in multiple studies— 2q31‐q33 and 17q21‐q22. Both of these regions harbour multiple integrin subunit genes. We tested markers in ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGAV and ITGB3 for association with autism in the Irish autism sample. No markers in ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGAV and ITGB3 were found to be associated with autism. Three 3‐marker haplotypes in ITGAV, ITGA3 and ITGA6 were found to be nominally associated (0.01<P<0.05) and to have unremarkable findings. Our data indicates that in the Irish autism sample the integrin genes tested here do not play an important role in the aetiology of autism.
Haploinsufficiency of Gtf2i, a gene deleted in Williams Syndrome, leads to increases in social interactions
Authors: Sakurai Takeshi , Dorr Nathan P. , Takahashi Nagahide , McInnes L. Alison , Elder Gregory A. , Buxbaum Joseph D.
Published: December 2010

Identifying genes involved in social behavior is important for autism research. Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a developmental syndrome with unique neurocognitive features, including low IQ, deficits in visuospatial and visual‐motor abilities, hypersensitivity to sounds, hypersociability, and increased general anxiety. The syndrome is caused by a recurrent hemizygous deletion of the 7q11.23 region, containing about 28 genes. One of genes in the region, GTF2I, has been implicated in the hypersociability and visuospatial deficits of WBS based on genotype–phenotype correlation studies of patients with atypical deletions. In order to clarify the involvement of GTF2I in neurocognitive function, especially social behavior, we have developed and characterized Gtf2i‐deficient mice. We found that homozygous deletion of Gtf2i causes lethality during embryonic development with neural tube closure defects and exencephaly, consistent with other reports. Gtf2i heterozygous animals show no gross changes in brain structure or development. Furthermore, heterozygous animals show no alterations in learning and memory, including spatial memory as assessed by the Morris water maze, but show alterations in the recognition of novel objects. Interestingly, they show increased social interaction with unfamiliar mice and do not show typical social habituation processes, reminiscent of the hypersociability observed in WBS patients. The mice do not appear to show increased anxiety, supporting a specific effect of Gtf2i on defined domains of the WBS phenotype. These data indicate that Gtf2i is involved in several aspects of embryonic development and the development of social neurocircuitry and that GTF2I haploinsufficiency could be a contributor to the hypersociability in WBS patients.
The autism risk genes MET and PLAUR differentially impact cortical development
Authors: Eagleson Kathie L. , Campbell Daniel B. , Thompson Barbara L. , Bergman Mica Y. , Levitt Pat
Published: December 2010

Candidate risk genes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified, but the challenge of determining their contribution to pathogenesis remains. We previously identified two ASD risk genes encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase MET and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR), which is thought to modulate availability of the MET ligand. We also reported a role for Met signaling in cortical interneuron development in vitro and a reduction of these neurons in uPAR (mouse ortholog of PLAUR) null mice, suggesting that disruption of either gene impacts cortical development similarly. Here, we modify this conclusion, reporting that interneuron numbers are unchanged in the neocortex of Metfx/fx/ Dlx5/6cre mice, in which Met is ablated from cells arising from the ventral telencephalon (VTel). Consistent with this, Met transcript is not detected in the VTel during interneuron genesis and migration; furthermore, during the postnatal period of interneuron maturation, Met is co‐expressed in glutamatergic projection neurons, but not interneurons. Low levels of Met protein are expressed in the VTel at E12.5 and E14.5, likely reflecting the arrival of Met containing corticofugal axons. Met expression, however, is induced in E12.5 VTel cells after 2 days in vitro, perhaps underlying discrepancies between observations in vitro and in Metfx/fx/ Dlx5/6cre mice. We suggest that, in vivo, Met impacts the development of cortical projection neurons, whereas uPAR influences interneuron maturation. An altered balance between excitation and inhibition has been postulated as a biological mechanism for ASD; this imbalance could arise from different risk genes differentially affecting either or both elements.
Highly Strained 2,3‐Bridged 2H‐Azirines at the Borderline of Closed‐Shell Molecules
Authors: Banert Klaus , Meier Barbara , Penk Enrico , Saha Biswajit , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Grimme Stefan , Rüffer Tobias , Schaarschmidt Dieter , Lang Heinrich
Published: December 2010

Substituted 1‐azidocyclopentenes and 1‐azidocyclohexenes were photolyzed to generate 2,3‐bridged 2H‐azirines. In the case of bridgehead azirines with a six‐membered carbocycle, detection by NMR spectroscopic analysis was possible, whereas even kinetically stabilized bridgehead azirines with a five‐membered ring could not be characterized by low‐temperature NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thus, a recent report on the latter heterocycles was corrected. Depending on the substitution pattern, irradiation of 1‐azidocyclopentenes either led to products that can be explained on the basis of short‐lived 2,3‐bridged 2H‐azirines, or gave secondary products generated from triplet nitrenes. The diverse photoreactivity of 2,3‐bridged 2H‐azirines was also studied by quantum chemical methods (DFT, CCSD(T), CASSCF(6,6)) with respect to the singlet and triplet energy surfaces. The ring‐opening processes leading to the corresponding vinyl nitrenes were identified as key steps for the observed reactivity.
The Growth Process
Authors: Tanner James M.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Cells and the Growth of Tissues and Organs

Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells

Regenerating and Nonregenerating Tissues

Control of Organ Size

The Dynamic State of the Body Constituents

Cell Growth and Organ Growth

The Nervous System

Muscle

Adipose Tissue

The Skeleton

Prenatal Growth

The Auxology of the Embryo

Growth of the Fetus

Postnatal Growth

The Human Growth Curve

Regulation of Growth: Canalization and Catch‐Up

Growth from Birth to 2 Years

Mathematical Modeling of the Postnatal Growth Curve

Structural Average, Mean‐Constant Curves

The Concept of Maturational or Development Age

Types of Growth Data: Longitudinal and Cross‐Sectional

Growth of Different Tissues and Parts of the Body

Evolution of the Human Growth Curve

ENVOI: A Glance Toward the History of Auxology
Growth Hormone‐Releasing Peptides
Authors: Bowers Cyril Y.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Chemistry

Peptides

Peptides and Partial Peptides

Nonpeptides

Biological Actions

In Vitro

In Vivo

Mechanism of Action

Receptor

Postreceptor

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Clinical Effects: 1989–1998

Synergism

Pulsatile Secretion, Desensitization, and Upregulation

Future Prospects
The Regulation of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism by Growth Hormone
Authors: Fryburg David A. , Barrett Eugene J.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

In Vitro Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I on Protein Metabolism

Effects of Growth Hormone In Vitro

Effects of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I In Vitro

In Vitro Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I on Protein Degradation

In vivo Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I on Protein Metabolism

Effects of Growth Hormone In Vivo

Effects of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I In Vivo

Comparison of the Actions of Growth Hormone, Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I, and Insulin on Protein Metabolism in vivo

Interactions of Growth Hormone with Gonadal Steroids

Growth Hormone and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I as Therapy in Catabolic States
Insulin‐Like Growth Factors: Gene Structure and Regulation
Authors: Lund Pauline Kay
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor IcDNAsand Encoded Precursors

Multiple Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAsand Precursors in Mammals

Multiple Size Classes of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAs

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Gene Structure

Functional Significance of Multiple Mammalian Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAsand Precursors

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNARegulation

Structure And Regulation of the Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Promoters

Insulin‐Like Growth FactorII

Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIIcDNAsand Encoded Precursors

Multiple Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIImRNAs

Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIIGene Structure

Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIImRNARegulation

Transcriptional Control of Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIISynthesis

Post‐Transcriptional Control of Insulin‐Like Growth FactorIISynthesis

Manipulation of the Expression of Insulinlike Growth Factors I andII

Gain of Function Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Transgenics

Loss of Function Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Transgenics

Chimeric Genes and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Gene Regulation

Future Directions
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Actions on Somatic Growth
Authors: Zapf J. , Froesch E. R.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Indirect Evidence that Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Participates in the Regulation of Somatic Growth

Clinical: Correlations Between Growth and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Levels in Serum

Experimental: Growth Hormone‐Dependent Regulation of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor ImRNAand Protein Expression in Various Tissues and the Autocrine/Paracrine Versus Endocrine Role of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I

Direct Evidence that Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Promotes Growth

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I as a Growth and Differentiation Factor In Vitro

Effects of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Administration on Growth In Vivo

Transgenic Animals Overexpressing Growth Hormone or Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I

Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I and Type 1 Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Receptor Knock‐Out Animals

The Somatomedin Hypothesis Revisited
Regulation of Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormones: Relation to Growth and Development
Authors: Brent Gregory A.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Thyroid Hormone Response Elements

Standard Configuration and Sequences

Complex and Unusual Response Elements

Single Half‐Site Elements

Influence of Response Element Position and Orientation on Gene Regulation

Elements that Confer a Negative Response to Thyroid Hormone

Response Elements that Confer Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoform Specificity

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Growth Hormone and Growth Factor Gene Expression

Characterization ofDNAElements that Confer Thyroid Hormone Response

Species Differences in Growth Hormone Gene Regulation

Influence of Retinoic Acid andcAMPon Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression

Interactions of Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Pit‐1 in Regulation of Growth Hormone Gene Expression

Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Expression

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Growth Factors

Regulation of Gene Expression in Nervous System Development

Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms in Neural Development

Effects of Hypothyroidism on Neural Development

Regulation of Neural Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bone

Clinical Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Bone

In Vitro Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Bone Cells

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism: Regulation of Ligand Availability

Characteristics and Tissue Distribution of Deiodinases

Regulation of Deiodinase Expression

Developmental Regulation of Deiodinase Expression

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression in Amphibian Metamorphosis

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene Expression

Prolactin–Thyroid Hormone Interactions and Effects on Gene Expression

Growth and Developmental Abnormalities as A Consequence of Thyroid Hormone Deficiency

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism of Infancy and Childhood

Iodine and Selenium Deficiency

Endemic Cretinism

Influence of Mutant Thyroid Receptors on Growth and Development

Genetic Basis of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone

Influence of Response Element Configuration and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoform on Response Inhibition by Mutant Receptors

Growth in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone as a Function of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Mutant and Thyroid Hormone Treatment

Pituitary Resistance to Thyroid Hormone, Clinical Manifestations, and Mechanism

Animal Models of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
Insulin as a Growth‐Promoting Hormone
Authors: Messina Joseph L.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Insulin Actions and Signaling

Growth‐Promoting Effects of Insulin on Cultured Cells

Synergistic Actions of Insulin and Other Growth Factors in the Promotion of Cell Proliferation

Insulin as A Growth‐Promoting Hormone in vivo

Insulin as an Embryonic Growth Factor

The Role of Insulin as an Embryonic Growth Factor in Rodents

The Role of Insulin as an Embryonic Growth Factor in Chickens

Leprechaunism and Rabson‐Mendenhall Syndrome

Insulin and Liver Regeneration

Knockout Mouse Models of Insulin Resistance

How Insulin Induces Growth

Regulation of Gene Expression by Insulin

Insulin and Apoptosis
Modeling the Transport and Reaction Mechanisms of Copper Oxide CVD
Authors: Arana‐Chavez David , Toumayan Edward , Lora Federico , McCaslin Christopher , Adomaitis Raymond A.
Published: December 2010

In this paper we consider the CVD of copper oxide, a semiconductor with demonstrated potential for solar hydrogen production by the photo‐electrochemical (PEC) splitting of water. Extensive experiments with a hot‐wall CVD reactor and a cuprous iodide/oxygen precursor system are conducted, revealing unexpected film deposition patterns and temperature/oxygen partial pressure dependencies. An evolutionary sequence of mathematical models is developed to understand the observed behavior, starting with an empirical response surface model (RSM) to rigorously determine the trends indicated in the data. Then, a series of physics‐based models are developed to gain a theoretical understanding of the thermodynamic, reaction, and chemical species transport mechanisms at work in this reactor. In contrast to previously published research where gas‐phase reaction and particle nucleation were identified as the key processes, our model predictions suggest the deposition process is largely governed by surface reactions.
Basal cell adenoma with extensive squamous metaplasia and cellular atypia: A case report with cytohistopathological correlation and review of the literature
Authors: Paker Irem , Yilmazer Demet , Turker Arikok Ata , Saylam Guleser , Hucumenoglu Sema
Published: December 2010

Basal cell adenoma (BCA) is a rare benign basaloid neoplasm of the salivary gland. There are four histopathological types of BCA: solid, tubular, trabecular, and membranous. It is known that focal squamous metaplasia may be seen in some BCAs, but it is rare to see extensive squamous metaplasia, especially with cellular atypia. Here, a 25‐year‐old male with right parotid swelling is presented. Ultrasonography revealed a 2‐cm well defined mass in his parotid gland. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), performed prior to surgical excision, showed a highly cellular tumor composed of basaloid cells, forming small duct‐like or tubular structures containing basement membrane‐like material, as well as squamous cells with hyperchromatic, enlarged, pleomorphic, and bizzare nuclei. We made a cytopathological diagnosis of “basaloid neoplasm” and also reported that the differential diagnosis included BCA, cellular pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. The patient underwent total parotidectomy. Both frozen and permanent sections showed a BCA with membranous, tubulotrabecular pattern, and extensive squamous metaplasia. Some of the squamous cells showed significant nuclear hyperchromasia, enlargement, and pleomorphism. As far as we know, this is the first case of BCA with extensive squamous metaplasia and prominent cellular atypia. This case has been presented to show that squamous metaplastic cells with hyperchromatic, enlarged, bizarre, and pleomorphic nuclei can be seen on FNA smears of a benign tumor like BCA. Also, the differential diagnosis of BCA of the salivary gland is discussed here. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the urinary bladder: A case report
Authors: Nawal Rao Ram , Sinha Shalu , Babu Suresh , Mehrotra, Ravi
Published: December 2010

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are malignant small round cell tumors, which exhibit a variable degree of neural differentiation. These tumors are usually found in the extraosseous soft tissue and rarely in bones. Occasional cases of PNETs of the urinary bladder have been reported on histopathology. However, to the best of our knowledge, none have been diagnosed on fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A patient presented to the out‐patient department with complaints of a slowly progressive lump in the lower abdomen, which was diagnosed as PNET on FNAC. The smears showed a dispersed population and sheets of malignant small round cells with focal rosette formation and perivascular arrangement of tumor cells. Periodic acid‐Schiff staining showed strong cytoplasmic positivity. Immunocytochemistry of the cytology smears also showed strong membrane positivity for CD99 (MIC‐2), which was also confirmed on histopathological examination. PNET of the urinary bladder is a distinct entity, which can be diagnosed on FNAC and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of PNET should be considered as a differential diagnosis in urinary bladder masses, especially in adolescents and young adults. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives having a hydroxy‐substituted benzene ring and the influence of their structures on the apoptosis‐inducing activity against leukemia cells
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoko , Matsumura Yuriko , Ishii Takuya , Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Kurita Keisuke
Published: December 2010

With the view of developing novel apoptosis‐inducing agents against malignant cells, nicotinamide derivatives containing substituted O‐benzoyl‐tyrosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine residues were synthesized. Antiproliferative activity measurements using leukemia U937 cells revealed that the benzoyl‐tyrosine derivative having two hydroxys at C‐2 and C‐3 on the benzoyl group, and the one having a hydroxy at C‐2 and a methoxy at C‐4 proved the most potent among the 9 nicotinamide derivatives. The IC50 values of these compounds were 0.87 and 3.15 µM, which indicates their noteworthy activity compared with epigallocatechin gallate, a catechin component in green tea known for its noticeable activity. The cell death process was confirmed to be the result of apoptosis by agarose gel electrophoresis and dye staining, suggesting the high potential of these compounds as apoptosis‐inducing anticancer agents. Drug Dev Res 72: 289–297, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: MRI correlates and risk factors
Authors: Reijmer Yael D. , van den Berg Esther , de Bresser Jeroen , Kessels Roy P. C. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Algra Ale , Biessels Geert Jan ,   on behalf of the Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study Group
Published: December 2010

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We examined brain imaging correlates and vascular and metabolic risk factors of accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Cognitive functioning and brain volume as well as metabolic and vascular risk factors were assessed twice in 68 patients with no dementia with type 2 diabetes with a 4‐year interval. Thirty‐eight control participants served as a reference group. Volumetric measurements of the total brain, lateral ventricles and white‐matter hyperintensities were performed on 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging scans. A regression‐based index score was calculated on the basis of the reference group to assess changes in cognitive performance over time, adjusted for age, sex and estimated intelligence quotient. Brain volumes were compared between patients with and without accelerated cognitive decline. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors for accelerated cognitive decline within the diabetes group.

Results

Accelerated cognitive decline was found in 17 (25%) patients with type 2 diabetes and was associated with a greater increase in ventricular volume [mean difference (95% confidence interval): 0.23% (0.08–0.38); p = 0.003] and white‐matter hyperintensities volume [0.16% (0.05–0.27); p = 0.006] over the 4‐year period. There were no specific vascular or metabolic risk factors associated with accelerated cognitive decline.

Conclusions

Accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes was associated with progressive changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging, comprising both vascular damage and global atrophy. Exploration of vascular and metabolic risk factors revealed no specific determinants of accelerated cognitive decline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar Hydrogen Evolution with Hydrogenases: From Natural to Hybrid Systems
Authors: Reisner Erwin
Published: December 2010

Natural photosynthesis serves as an inspiration for the development of sustainable fuel‐producing systems. Solar energy is utilized to drive redox catalysis energetically uphill, which allows the storage of electromagnetic energy in the chemical bond of a renewable fuel. Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of protons to hydrogen at high rates with only minimal driving force. The utilization of hydrogenases for hydrogen production by a range of approaches, from in vivo to artificial hybrid systems, is reviewed.
Two Coordination Polymers with Rare Topologies Based on Copper(II) and Ligands Generated by In Situ Reactions
Authors: Li Baiyan , Jin Di , Ma Benhua , Liu Dan , Li Guanghua , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua
Published: December 2010

Hydro(solvo)thermal in situ reactions provide an important strategy for the construction of coordination polymers with interesting structures and topologies. In our study, two interesting coordination polymers [Cu(C2O4)(L1)0.5(H2O)2.5]n (1) (L1 = 3,5‐bipyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) and [Cu3O2(NO3)2(L2)2(H2O)2]n (2) {L2 = 5‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,2‐c](7‐aza‐1‐H‐indazole)} were prepared through an in situ ligand deaminization reaction and an in situ ligand intramolecular amination cyclization reaction, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the formation of an indazole cycle through an in situ intramolecular amination cyclization reaction is reported for the first time. The two coordination polymers present a rare NiP2 topology and kgd topology. Their magnetic properties have also been studied.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to Aldehydes: Synthesis of anti α‐Amino‐β‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Danielsson Jakob , Toom Lauri , Somfai Peter
Published: December 2010

A 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides to aldehydes is described. The azomethine ylides, generated by thermal electrocyclic ring opening of aziridines, adds to aldehydes in good yields with moderate to good selectivities to furnish oxazolidines. The oxazolidines were subsequently hydrolyzed to the corresponding amino alcohols, giving the anti diastereomer as the major product.
Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Modified Sol–Gel‐Derived Carbon Ceramic by Microwave Irradiation, and Its Application for Determination of Adenine at Very Low Potential
Authors: Abbaspour Abdolkarim , Ghaffarinejad Ali
Published: December 2010

In this work the copper oxide nanoparticles simultaneous with sol–gel‐derived carbon ceramic production were synthesized and doped in ceramic by microwave irradiation in a few minutes without using any catalyst and organic solvent. The ceramic composition was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transforms infrared (FT‐IR), and its surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed ceramic with detection limit of 0.1 µM, was used for electrocatalytic determination of adenine at potential about 700 mV lower than its usual oxidation potential.
Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis
Authors: Gebauer Petr , Malá Zdena , Boček Petr
Published: December 2010

Capillary ITP is currently used as one of the most important tools for preseparation and preconcentration of trace analytes in complex or diluted samples. This contribution is a continuation of a series of regularly published reviews on the topic and covers the last 2 years. It brings a survey of related literature organized into following sections: theory and methodology, instrumentation and techniques, and applications.