bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Brown’s “Men”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses Blacks in places like Maryland’s Eastern Shore that intensified their efforts to liberate themselves by running away, which also meant that the efforts by kidnappers intensified as well. It highlights Harriet Tubman’s risky efforts in helping liberate enslaved people with the help from free Blacks in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. It also recounts her expanding her role as an Underground Railroad conductor and liberator, and her fundraising activities among abolitionists and abolitionist societies, especially in Massachusetts and Upstate New York. The chapter mentions abolitionists like William H. Seward, former governor of and senator for New York, who provided assistance after learning Tubman’s accomplishments. It details how Mary Edmundson and her sister Eliza Wigham sent contributions for Tubman to Thomas Garrett to support her mission to rescue her parents.
The Burdens and Rewards of Informal Cancer Caregivers
Authors: Tan Kelly R , Gray Tamryn F , Erardy Alyson , Kent Erin E
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a foundational overview of cancer caregiving and the role of social work in this context. The chapter reviews the broad landscape of cancer caregiving, key social worker competencies for providing psychosocial support to caregivers, relevant theories, and commonly reported positive and negative experiences by cancer caregivers. The chapter then describes best practices in assessing caregiving-related psychosocial issues including timing of assessments and validated measures. The chapter introduces exemplars of evidence-based interventions that social workers can apply when addressing caregiving-related psychosocial issues with a specific focus on dyadic interventions. The chapter concludes with policy and practice considerations for the field of social work.
Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Cancer
Authors: Cincotta Nancy , Paul Sarah , Patneaude Arika
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the experience of children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer and their support networks as they cope with the diagnosis and its treatment. At a phase in life when “growing up” should be the primary focus, cancer poses unique challenges. Assisting individuals with cancer through a developmental framework and in the context of the culture of the family and the communities in which they grow are emphasized as being integral to the helping process. Incorporating cultural humility and responsiveness and understanding the intersection between facing cancer at young ages and the developmental tasks at hand (such as identity formation, mastering decision-making skills, and finding a place in family and peer networks) provides a framework for facilitating coping with cancer and enabling growth throughout the illness journey, whether facing issues around survivorship or at the end of life.
The Increasing Role of Credentialing, Certification, and Continuing Education
Authors: Nwachuku Brittany , Bires Jennifer , Leff Vickie
Published: February 2024

This chapter seeks to help oncology and palliative social workers understand the history, nature, and goals of licensure and certification, and the role of continuing education to increase knowledge on how to provide culturally humble psychosocial care across practice settings. These core tenets provide the basis for education of a quality workforce, and are recognized by employers, licensing bodies, and the public. Having an evidence-based certification, licensure, and education underscores the role of social work in the field of serious illness and health, encourages funding opportunities, and provides the public with assurance of excellence for their social work services. The barriers patients face with a cancer diagnosis are always evolving; therefore, this chapter stresses the importance for oncology and palliative social workers to stay educated and informed on the best practices to serve their patient populations.
Creating Partnerships
Authors: Fooks-Parker Stephanie , Jones Barbara , Schapmire Tara
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores how social workers face unique challenges when engaging in interprofessional collaboration. This chapter highlights how the leadership skills and strategies social workers bring to a team can help all members of the team manage potential conflict and embrace collaboration for the larger benefit of patients and families. In addition, the chapter discusses the need for social workers to foster collaboration, by applying and expanding profession specific health care competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice. Several case studies are used throughout the chapter to describe strategies and competencies. Last, the chapter contends that as social workers continue to promote their unique value and demonstrate their contributions to interprofessional teams, the opportunities for education, research, and policymaking are ever present and expanding.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Korie Little , Kim Rebecca Y.
Published: February 2024

Pastors of multiracial churches are people who, for one reason or another, ended up occupying a role in society that holds considerable promise but that is particularly challenging. It is pastors of color who occupy the role of the multiracial church pastor that are situated in social locations that afford them a unique opportunity to take people beyond “happy talk” and lead in matters of racial equality and justice. Yet potential and practice are not synonymous. These pastors will have to choose a hard road ahead if they want to lead others toward a more equal and just racially diverse America. This book describes who they are, the joys and challenges that come with being pastors of multiracial churches, and the implications of being a pastor of color of multiracial churches, for them and the broader American racial landscape.
Estranged Pioneers
Authors: Edwards Korie Little , Kim Rebecca Y.
Published: February 2024

All pastors of multiracial churches at this moment in U.S. history can be considered pioneers. Pioneers venture into the unknown, hoping to forge a new path forward. The unspoken bargain is that the knowledge and resources gained on their journeys could be beneficial for the communities they leave. However, pastors of color of multiracial churches are estranged pioneers. They leave the familiar to explore a new way of doing church, but their ventures are not valued or celebrated as something that will potentially benefit the communities they come from. What’s more, their sense of identity is challenged or destabilized in the process. Alienation characterizes their journey. This chapter examines this alienation and how it varies among African American, Asian American, and Hispanic American pastors that head multiracial churches.
Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy
Published: February 2024

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the nature of regret and its role in decision-making. Contrary to influential philosophical accounts of regret, it argues that we should only regret choices we make that were not justified at the time, based on the information that was available to us. Consequently, it suggests that many of us should have fewer regrets than we do and that we should worry less than we do about whether we might come to regret a decision. In making this case, it engages with important areas of philosophical debate, such as reasons, time and justification, the temporal self, values and valuing, responsibility, the causal framing of events and self-forgiveness. The result is a complex, novel account of when we should regret the things that we do. In addition, the book explores how experiences of regret are shaped by social discourses, especially those about gender and parenthood. It examines how regret has become politicised in debates about abortion and trans identities, and reveals ways in which regret is used to regulate people’s reproductive choices. Through this cultural politics of regret, it challenges assumptions about gender identities and the expectations of regret that are attached to certain people’s decisions. In so doing, it shows how confronting these assumptions and expectations can help to promote people’s autonomy and well-being. Weaving these threads together, this book highlights the personal and political significance of regret.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: February 2024

The introduction invites readers to explore how religion, education, and social change connect in the lives of African American educators during the 20th century. It wrestles with how or why some educators have been inspired to participate in movements for social change by and through their faith convictions. It explores the initial observation that underneath and alongside much of the social change in the United States is a continued intersection of education and religion. The introduction orients readers to the complexity of the categories of Black religion, Black radicalism, social change, and religious education. It outlines how these ideas are used in the book and demonstrates how listening to the stories of religious activist-educators expands these categories.
Albert Cleage Jr.
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 8 highlights Albert Cleage Jr.’s influence on innovation in the work of Black Christian communities and religious education. Much like his colaborer in religious education, Olivia Pearl Stokes, Cleage championed the reimagination of the Black church and Black theology. His approach differed, however, in his reliance on iconography, specifically the image of the Black Madonna and child. This chapter discusses Cleage’s early experiences, many involving race-based discrimination, that grounded his understanding of Black theology in a revolutionary commitment to Black people and the divinity of Black people. Cleage’s commitment to this belief culminated in the formation of the Shrine of Black Madonna of the Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church. This chapter further overviews Cleage’s support of Black nationalism as a Black nation within the American nation. Cleage’s nationalist pedagogy included extensive training of church leaders as well as the establishment of Mtoto House to communally raise and educate children.
History and Geography
Authors: Liberman Anatoly
Published: February 2024

This chapter begins with the word viking, coined in medieval England but made famous in the world from Scandinavian sources. (The capitalization of viking in Modern English cannot be justified on historical grounds.) Next comes an essay on yeoman, another native English term but known only from the history of England. Both words have attracted the attention of numerous researchers. It appears that viking has been explained convincingly enough from the technology of medieval seafaring, and later discussion obscures, rather than illuminates, the picture. Recently, some progress has also been made with yeoman because cognates of yeo- have turned up in an old but formerly neglected publication. With Cockney, we remain in England. (Among other things, the use of the word by Langland and Shakespeare is discussed at length.) The derivation of Cockney once caused fierce battles and a rift between British and American etymologists. Few people remember that painful episode. The etymological riddle has been more or less solved. With Buckeye and Hoosier, the narrative moves to the United States (to Ohio and Indiana, respectively). The documentation on the origin of the nickname Buckeye State is known because the beginning of the story does not remain a secret. By contrast, the origin of Hoosier has been a bone of contention, very much like the origin of Cockney. As with yeoman, good progress has been made in recent years. The present chapter defends an explanation of Hoosier as a version of a proper name.
The Romans Explore the North
Authors: Schulz Raimund J.
Published: February 2024

Towards the end of the second century bce, the Greek mariner Eudoxus, sailing at the behest of the Ptolemies, discovered the monsoon system governing the Indian Ocean. Now voyages could be made from the end of the Red Sea and southern Arabia over the open seas to the west coast of India. In the west, the defeat of Carthage and Roman military expansion into Spain and Gaul prepared the way for the exploration of territories that had been only selectively explored by the Greeks. Caesar and other commanders of the late Republican and Augustan eras presented themselves as both conquerors and explorers. They led armies and fleets into Britain and the Baltic Sea and by land towards the Elbe River. In doing so, they opened new avenues for merchants and scholars whose experiences had a great impact on the Latin and Greek literature of the time.
Relational Needs and Need Deprivation
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

Chapter 4 explores the effects of group membership and explains why identification, social approval, and cooperation play a significant role in the human need system. We discuss the processes behind identity formation, social categorization, and identification, and show how they influence the way individuals perceive themselves and their environment. In this regard, we also focus on aspects that can accentuate intergroup differences and enhance intergroup rivalry and conflict. We start with a discussion of identity in general and show how identity formation can affect individuals’ perception of reality. Here, innate conflicts which can arise during identity formation, and which can certainly be triggered by external factors (e.g., social exclusion, identity confusion, perceived threat, or traumatic events), can lead to severe need deprivation. Despite our emphasis on the negative outcomes of need deprivation, we show that humans are also innately driven to behave in a prosocial manner.
Canceling Lawyers
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley
Published: February 2024

Lawyers take pride in a professional tradition of representing unpopular clients, understanding it as a contribution to the rule of law and the practice of toleration in a polarized society. This does not mean that lawyers are fully insulated from criticism for the clients they represent. The seemingly intractable debate over accountability for representing nasty clients is in part the result of a deep, structural tension between the institutions and procedures of the legal system, and the underlying issues and controversies about which people disagree. We also care about the attitudes and motives of lawyers, which play an important role in evaluating the actions of others. Much of the frustration experienced by lawyers who are criticized for representing unpopular clients arises from what lawyers see as the public’s inability to understand the rule of law and the function of the legal system in resolving conflicts over rights and justice. Using a series of case studies, this book explores the possibility that both lawyers and their critics are right. There is genuine value in a system of formal law that aims at settling social disagreement, but that is not the whole story. Public criticism of lawyers may reflect the sense that the legal system has fallen short of ideals of fairness and inclusiveness. Accepting a certain amount of public criticism is necessary to avoid a dangerous isolation of the legal profession from accountability to the broader political community, or from the humanity of lawyers being submerged by their professional role.
Case Studies: Boycotts of Law Firms and the Ethics of Informal Social Sanctions
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley
Published: February 2024

Informal social pressures, such as boycotts, are a time-honored way of protesting injustices. A liberal society ought to permit and even welcome such avenues for citizens to make their voices heard. Recently, however, lawyers have themselves become the targets of boycotts. Some law student activists have attempted to put pressure on the firms representing large fossil fuel companies, as a way of stigmatizing powerful actors who exacerbate climate change. Lawyers have long been criticized for uncritically serving wealthy clients. However, the legal system has the potential to create significant social value by settling normative controversy in a reasonably orderly and fair manner. Whether the student actions are understood as mob rule or the continuation of an honorable tradition of holding lawyers accountable for not serving the public interest is a test of one’s views about the appropriate relationship between formal and informal power in a liberal democracy.
A Political Scenario for Successful Reform
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Pessimism about reform in Japan is understandable, but it can blind one to the potential for change. Low growth, technology, and other megatrends are producing splits both among various interest groups in the LDP support base as well as within each of them. In the absence of good productivity, aging is leading to unpopular tax hikes on working-age people. Technology and climate change are causing big splits among Japan’s leading corporations. The bureaucracy is increasingly divided between reformers and defenders of vested interests. The rise in non-regulars is forcing change in the labor movement. While the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) seems to have a lock on power, that power rests not on popular support, but on the fecklessness of the opposition. Those disenchanted with the LDP increasingly stay home. The LDP has to fear that, if the opposition gets its act together, it could again lose power over issues of reform and revival, as in 2009, this time in a lasting fashion.
The Runners I Look Up To
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

Exemplars are role models. They are the people we admire. In running, exemplars can include teammates, coaches, local runners, and elite-level and Olympic competitors. Exposure to these people provides a great opportunity to learn and grow more excellent ourselves, if we manage responses to them suitably. This chapter investigates how to learn from excellent others in the context of sport. The first section examines characteristics of exemplars, the people we admire. It explores the ways in which admiration of them can go awry, in general and in the athletic context. For example, it addresses the misuse of authority figures like coaches in the sport and raises concerns about admiring the wrong people. The second section names several exemplars in distance running whose characters merit our admiration. Finally, the third section explores how we can proceed from admiring an excellent person to exhibiting these excellences ourselves.
Good and Fast
Authors: Little Sabrina B.
Published: February 2024

A popular topic in athletics is the maximization of performance. Athletes wonder how they can get the most out of themselves to compete well when it really counts. There are many legitimate ways to go about doing so. Runners can emulate the best athletes in the sport, mimicking their workouts and training routines. They can rest well, eat better, and wear carbon-plated shoes. This chapter argues that a focus on moral character can also improve running performance. It introduces a class of virtues called performance-enhancing virtues—virtues that are not only constitutive features of a good life but also help us to run faster. This chapter explores five of these virtues—joy, resilience, patience, perseverance, and humor.
Malebranche and the Cartesian foundations of natural philosophy
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

The towering figure in early 18th century French philosophy is Malebranche. In Chapter 2, the authors investigate Malebranche’s struggles with Cartesian collision theory, and the debates that ensued. For Cartesian philosophers, the material world is a plenum and all change comes about through collisions. Malebranche rehabilitates and refurbishes the Cartesian program of combining impact mechanics and matter theory. Its tensions and explanatory difficulties caused long debates in France, which drew in key figures from abroad. By 1730, his program was thought to have failed at explaining descriptively how bodies act on each other. These findings are wholly new, and the authors explain their significance for philosophical mechanics.
Beyond Newton and Leibniz: Bodies in collision
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

In Chapter 3, the authors continue their investigation of early 18th century collision theory. Having studied the situation in France (in Chapter 2) they now turn their attention to Britain and Germany. The task of building a philosophical mechanics of collision was pursued in Britain after Newton by John Keill and Colin MacLaurin, among others. In Germany, in post-Leibnizian circles, it coalesced around collision theories devised by Jakob Hermann and Christian Wolff. Despite their differences, all ran into similar explanatory difficulties, as the authors show. The chapter demonstrates that, as of the 1730s, European natural philosophy regarded collision theory as the main locus for solving the problem of bodies, and no satisfactory solution was available.
The Problem of Bodies
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

Building on the preceding chapters, the authors widen their purview in Chapter 4 to introduce the central question of the book: the “problem of bodies.” They articulate it in its early 18th century philosophical context, and claim that its solution required philosophers to discharge four distinct tasks: Nature, Action, Evidence, and Principle. Success, they argue, requires a “philosophical mechanics.” They show the broader epistemological and metaphysical challenges at stake in the 1730s, and offer a first glimpse of an emerging tension between the two principal strands of research that comprise philosophical mechanics: physics (dominated by philosophers) and rational mechanics (dominated by mathematicians).
Body and force in the physics of collisions: Du Châtelet and Euler
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

In Chapter 5, “Body and Force in the Physics of Collisions: Du Châtelet and Euler,” the authors follow the attempts of 18th century philosophers to provide an account of bodies as the objects of physics. The authors argue that the two main lines of approach available in the middle of the 18th century, due to Du Châtelet and Euler, respectively, arrived at insurmountable obstacles; and they show the reasons why. This is the end of the road for a philosophical mechanics of collisions based on a physics of extended, impenetrable, material bodies acting on one another by means of contact forces.
Searching for a new physics: Kant and Boscovich
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

After 1750, Kant and Boscovich each offered a radically new way of constructing the spatially extended, impenetrable, mobile, and causally interacting bodies of a satisfactory philosophical physics. On the basis of their new accounts they sought to construct a philosophical mechanics that included a treatment of collisions. Chapter 6 assesses those efforts. It begins with the accounts of bodies offered by Kant and Boscovich, then turns to philosophical mechanics, in first Kant and then Boscovich. The authors conclude that their theories are transformative of the goals of physics in two specific respects, while simultaneously falling short when it comes to a philosophical mechanics of collisions.
Shifting sands in philosophical mechanics
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

Around 1750, the locus for grappling with the problem of bodies changes from philosophy to rational mechanics. In Chapter 7, the authors explain the reasons for this watershed transition. They identify conceptual difficulties with three notions that philosophers had relied on—mass, contact-action, and extended-body motion. They argue that professional philosophers at the time failed to incorporate pertinent advances in mechanics into their accounts of bodies, opening a rift between philosophical physics and rational mechanics. And, they uncover the key challenge within mechanics going forward; namely, the problem of constrained motion. This is the lens in subsequent chapters for analyzing the developments in rational mechanics most relevant to the problem of bodies.
Early work in the rational mechanics of constrained motion
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

After 1700, the motion of bodies with constraints (internal and external) takes center stage in rational mechanics. In Chapter 8, the authors review the early decades of the century, highlighting developments that were to prove most salient for the problem of bodies. Of particular interest is the wealth of work during this period on the vibrating string and the compound pendulum. Theorists at this time seek general principles and uniform methods for treating constraints. But, as the authors show, they generally fall short of these desiderata. That insufficient outcome would shape the agenda for rational mechanics through the latter half of the century.
Constructive and principle approaches in d’Alembert’s Treatise
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

D’Alembert was the first to attempt a general treatment of constrained-motion mechanics, and his book exemplifies the enormous difficulties involved in the problem of constrained motion. Moreover, the authors argue, D’Alembert’s Treatise on Dynamics is pivotal for the development of philosophical mechanics after 1740. In Chapter 9, the authors introduce the analytic tools of constructive and principle approaches to theories, and of ontic and nomic unity. They argue that taking a principle approach to d’Alembert’s theory is philosophically fruitful, and that the quest for nomic unity in theorizing may be accompanied by a loss of ontic unity. They end by reviewing the consequences for philosophical mechanics.
External obstacles: Lagrange and the mechanics of constraints
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

The zenith of theory-building in the century after the Principia was Lagrange’s treatise on “analytic” mechanics. In this chapter, the authors address two themes: his results in the rational mechanics of constrained motions, and their relevance for philosophical mechanics. The problem of external constraints found a wholesale solution in Lagrange’s analytic mechanics of 1788. Two ingredients were key to his solution: a dynamical law, viz. the Principle of Virtual Velocities; and the method of Lagrange multipliers. This combination allowed him to unify all rational mechanics then available. The authors assess Lagrange’s achievement, via a constructive and then a principle reading of his theory.
Philosophical mechanics in the Late Enlightenment
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius
Published: February 2024

In Chapter 12, the authors show that two projects (nomic and ontic, respectively) for unifying all rational mechanics gained significant momentum around the turn of the century. Nomic unity was based on the Lagrangian Principle of Virtual Velocities, and the ontic unity relied on a constructive approach (due to Laplace) based in a physical object, the “molecule.” Subsequently, the authors argue, work by Cauchy spawned two alternatives to these projects: a new approach to nomic unity, by means of balance laws; and a new approach to ontic unity, based in continuous matter. By 1850, the overall outcome was rampant disunity, with significant implications for the problem of bodies.
Heat-Related Disorders Among Workers
Authors: Kjellstrom Tord , Lim Jeremy , Lee Jason K.W.
Published: February 2024

Workers, especially outdoor workers, are at increased risk for heat-related disorders as a result of climate change. These disorders include both those directly related to heat, such as heat stroke, as well as complications of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic exposure to high temperature can also cause mental health problems and, due to repeated dehydration, chronic kidney disease. In addition, increasing heat and humidity are having profound adverse effects on worker productivity. Increasing temperature and humidity will make it increasingly difficult for strenuous work to be performed in many parts of the world. Measures for the prevention of heat-related disorders in workers include ensuring access to drinking water, not scheduling heavy work during hot periods, implementing heat-warning systems and preparedness planning, providing air conditioning and other means to ensure cool indoor spaces, and designing and siting buildings to reduce indoor heat.
The Public Policymaking Process and the Power of Participation
Authors: Rest Kathleen M.
Published: February 2024

Public policy—the decisions and actions taken by governmental entities—is a powerful tool for addressing societal issues and improving the health and well-being of the public. Public participation in the policymaking process is integral to the principles and values of a democratic society; it informs and builds trust, legitimacy, and accountability of governmental decisions. The policymaking process provides opportunities for the public to initiate, participate in, and influence the focus and outcome of public policy. Governmental agencies and civil society organizations provide and use a variety of mechanisms, tools, and resources to facilitate individual, group, and stakeholder participation in the policymaking process. Often, those most affected by a problem are the most vulnerable and socioeconomically disadvantaged members of a community—a maldistribution of access and power that places a special responsibility on policymaking institutions and those advocating for change. The chapter also includes four textboxes, two of which focus on community action.
Music in Medieval Rituals for the End of Life
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine
Published: February 2024

Medieval documents reveal that for centuries of European history, singing for a person at the moment of death was considered to be the ideal accompaniment to a life’s ending. Rituals for the dying were well developed, practiced widely, and thoroughly integrated with music. Indeed, these rituals reveal that music, rather than the Eucharist, held a privileged position at the final breath. Music in Medieval Rituals for the End of Life examines and recovers, to the extent possible, the music sung for the dying during the Middle Ages. The book offers a view of the plainchant repertory through the sources of individual institutions. The first four chapters contain a series of “case studies”: close readings of rituals from diverse communities, each as it appears in a single manuscript source. The rituals’ chants are transcribed into modern notation and analyzed, both for their relationships between text and melody and for their functions within the rituals. Created for the powerful and the poor, the educated and the uneducated, women and men, monastics, clerics, and laity, these manuscripts offer a glimpse into the religious practices that distinguished communities from one another and bound them together within a single tradition. The book provides the first editions of the rituals’ chants and considers the functions of the music. Why was music given such a prominent position within the deathbed liturgies? Why did communities gather and sing when a loved one was dying? The manuscripts reveal a lost art of comforting the dying and the grieving.
The Reliability of Our Moral Judgments
Authors: Saemi Amir
Published: February 2024

The chapter argues for two constraints: the Conscience Constraint and the Accessibility Constraint. The Conscience Constraint identifies moral norms by actions that are dictated by moral conscience. The Accessibility Constraint states that moral obligations are not sensitive to inaccessible reasons. Philosophical utilitarianism and the Kantian view are two different ways of looking at ethics. Philosophical utilitarianism and the Conscience Constraint imply that, given our uncertainty about Scriptural injunctions that go against our moral judgments, we should rely on our independent moral judgments. The Kantian view and the Accessibility Constraint imply that, given our ignorance of the reasons behind Scriptural injunctions, our own independent moral judgments are reliable. Moreover, the chapter argues that the Conscience Constraint and the Accessibility Constraint are in line with the spirit of the Muʿtazilites’ view of morality and discusses the case of Abraham’s sacrifice in light of those constraints.
Forged under Fire: US Partnership with Colombia and Mexico
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

The introduction lays out the central argument of the book—that US security assistance facilitated greater improvements for partner-nation security sector effectiveness and accountability in Colombia than in Mexico. It defines security assistance and security sector reform and reviews the literature on the factors that render such pursuits effective, with particular attention to their effect on democratic governance. The existing literature focuses heavily on the design of donor-country programs, underestimating the agency of recipient countries in determining outcomes. This book dissects the role of stakeholders in Colombia and Mexico in supporting or undermining improved security sector governance and seeks to answer how donor countries can take advantage of favorable conditions in recipient countries while safeguarding against potential spoilers. Given the book’s attention to the interplay between donor governments and the political context in recipient countries, it contributes to the growing body of literature on “second-generation” security sector reform.
The Security Sector in Latin America
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 1 evaluates the suitability of the paired comparison of Colombia and Mexico. It surveys the history of military and police forces and US security policies, including counterdrug activities, in Latin America in the twenty-first century. Given the prominence of security threats in Colombia and Mexico and their perceived implications for Washington, the two countries became the most significant beneficiaries of US security assistance in Latin America. Some differences between Colombia and Mexico include the state’s governing capacity, the political ambitions of nonstate armed groups, and national attitudes toward the United States. Yet Colombia and Mexico exhibit comparable criminal threats, political systems, and institutional capacity challenges, and Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative were sufficiently similar in design and ambition to warrant a comparative study.
Finding Common Ground
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 6 explores the degree to which party system institutionalization affected interparty consensus on security sector reform and the robust adoption of US security assistance in Colombia and Mexico. In Colombia, the centripetal orientation of the party system, convergence on security policy to address an existential crisis, and a public mandate to pursue an aggressive security strategy enabled Plan Colombia’s relative success. In Mexico, disagreements about the extent to which organized crime groups posed an existential threat to the state reinforced the programmatic polarization of the country’s leading parties. These disagreements rendered security policies an electoral issue. Interparty polarization and the politicization of security ultimately denied Mexico the continuity needed to sustain security sector reform across presidential administrations, despite the consistency of Mérida Initiative programming and US support.
Clouds, CLAW, and a Greek Goddess
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2024

Marine microbes provide some of the cloud seeds, or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), around which clouds form. According to the CLAW hypothesis, named after its four authors, when temperatures rise, microbes produce dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which eventually leads to CCN and clouds that block sunlight and heat. The CLAW hypothesis is part of a larger idea, Gaia, developed by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis. According to Gaia, Earth’s biota has been a self-regulating system that has kept the planet habitable. An argument for CLAW is the strong correlation between DMS and light levels, while an argument against it is the weak relationship between DMS and temperature. Also, there are many other sources of CCN, including sea salt, organic chemicals, and microbes. Although CLAW has been retired and Gaia has been declared dead, a key concept—the importance of microbes in the planet’s heat budget and thus climate—remains.
How do jokes communicate ideas?
Authors: Horisk Claire
Published: February 2024

This chapter argues that scripted derogatory jokes convey negative stereotypes and ideas by generalized conversational implicature (GCI). The negative stereotypes/ideas are both cancelable and reinforceable. There are two other cases where conversational implicature is a method of conveying information we do not want to state openly: insinuating and misleading without lying. The thesis that GCIs are at work explains both the popular wisdom and empirical findings about derogatory joking. The chapter distinguishes between convincing and unconvincing cancelations of implicatures, and argues that when we say that GCIs are absent or missing in uncooperative conversations, we mean that we do not know if the speaker would openly commit to the implicated content, rather than that the GCI does not cross the listener’s mind.
Intersectionality in Hollywood
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: February 2024

Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced intersectionality as a progressive development of critical race theory (CRT) in the late 1980s. CRT shows how oppression that was once deliberate can continue without intent, as institutionalized or structural racism and misogyny. As a progressive theory, intersectionality seeks to recognize overlooked forms of oppression, using Crenshaw’s initial example as a paradigm case. Crenshaw’s black women clients were hired last, fired first, and denied promotions. There was no relief in court, because although black people and women were protected classes, the black people where they worked were not generally discriminated against and neither were the women. But the black employees were mostly male, and the women employees were mostly white. Crenshaw identified her clients as the intersection of race and gender resulting in their identities as ‘blackwomen.’ Crenshaw’s initial theory allows for expansion in both method and its applications to reality. At the same time, intersectionality is often broadly misunderstood as diversity or inclusion. Crenshaw herself applied intersectionality to female victims of police violence and intersectional analysis serves to highlight how women and minorities fare in disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: February 2024

Wide intersectionality includes privilege and prior vulnerabilities as intersecting factors, whereas narrow intersectionality is limited to multiple oppressions. All intersectional analysis compares oppressed groups to those not oppressed in the same unit. The justification for the absence of oppression is ultimately membership in the group of humans according to principles of what humans owe one another and are not permitted to do to one another. Recognition of shared humanity does not require special activities or information as cosmopolitanism does, and it is more broad than a US-generated lens of racial difference. When oppressions are inflicted by some members of dominant groups against minorities, recourse to humanism becomes important for analysis and assigning blame and responsibility. Except for unenforced ideals in international law, egalitarian humanism is a moral insight and doctrine.
Making Politics (Inter)Personal
Authors: Billard Thomas J
Published: February 2024

This chapter investigates how the National Center for Transgender Equality’s (NCTE) training influenced the communicative activities of “community storytellers” from their Voices for Trans Equality (VTE) and Families for Trans Equality (FTE) programs in interpersonal contexts, from their engagements with community institutions and discussions with in-person interlocutors to their participation in digital dialogues. Additionally, this chapter considers the ongoing role NCTE played within individuals’ social networks beyond these initial trainings, as well as how they capitalized on the power of social networks to influence the broader communication system, including mass media and local and community media. Taken together, NCTE’s social network-focused approach to activism created a “centralized decentralization” that saturated the communication system with voices in support of transgender equality and transformed the conversations circulating through the networked public sphere.
China’s Complex Presence
Authors: Han Enze
Published: February 2024

The introductory chapter of this book serves as a crucial foundation, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the intricate landscape of China as a major global power. It delves into the multifaceted nature of China, elucidating the diverse levels of domestic development it encompasses and the intricacies of its international engagement, which often appear disjointed. Furthermore, the chapter elucidates the conceptual framework that underpins the empirical examination of Chinese influence. It highlights the significance of scrutinizing the actions of both state and non-state actors, shedding light on their intentional and unintentional impacts on global affairs. Additionally, the introductory chapter provides insights into the research methodology employed in the book. Finally, it outlines the book’s organizational structure, offering readers a roadmap for navigating the subsequent chapters and topics to be explored.
Diaspora Engagement
Authors: Han Enze
Published: February 2024

This chapter reflects on what factors condition different Southeast Asian states’ responses to China’s influence in the region. It introduces a conceptualization of diaspora politics and how it affects Southeast Asian states’ relations with China. The chapter details the history of Chinese migration to the region and the different patterns of treatment migrants have received in Southeast Asia, using Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand as examples. The chapter then analyzes China’s changing diaspora governance practices in the context of its miraculous rise in recent decades by pointing out how such a changing power dynamic matters for Beijing’s relations with its diaspora and the three countries in Southeast Asia. The chapter concludes with some reflections on how the dynamics of diaspora politics is one important aspect that will continue to define China is perceived by regional states in Southeast Asia and their future relations.
Empire of Rags and Bones
Authors: Berg Anne
Published: February 2024

This book argues that waste management was at the center of the Nazi regime’s imperialist practice, its genocidal war, and the Holocaust. Since waste was simultaneously a contaminating threat, a sign of inefficiency, and a precious resource, ideas about waste avoidance and recycling informed calculations about labor exploitation and murder. With the proclamation of the Four-Year Plan in 1936, the idea of a closed-loop economy undergirded Nazi preparations for war and bound ordinary Germans to the regime and its genocidal logic, precisely because salvaging, scrapping, and extending resources were seen as inherently good and orderly behaviors. The regime developed an economic rationale that linked waste utilization, imperial expansion, and internal purging. The concentration camp complex thus became an essential part of the regime’s waste management infrastructure. Concentrating, removing, and exploiting the labor of Jews and other targets of the Nazi racial state, the regime removed unwanted populations and built up a slave-labor complex for recycling secondary materials, junk, and other discards. Given that most of the labor performed in ghettos and camps was waste labor, even when in the service of strategic goals, the experts who managed labor and allocated raw materials constantly adjusted the economy of value, moving people and things into and out of the category of waste in a desperate effort to meet competing demands of the war economy and the security apparatus. As the regime imploded, wastes of varying sorts piled sky-high, structuring German experiences of defeat and shaping the world’s understanding of the German crimes.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Anne
Published: February 2024

The Introduction explains why waste and recycling were at the center of the Nazi genocide of the Jews. Describing the Nazi Empire as a waste regime, the Introduction outlines the economic logic that pitted slave labor and murder against each other. It moreover links the Nazi Empire to imperial projects and places the Nazi Empire in an extractivist framework. Instead of siting mines for iron and silver, the Nazis mined people and land for secondary materials. Recycling was extraction. Through the brutal exploitation of labor, the regime forged environments of destruction in the name of order and cleanliness, which radicalized its visions for racial mastery. Waste was crucial to this process. Understood as a valuable resource and experienced as a “revolting object” or idea, the contradictory simultaneity of waste underscores the dynamic nature of the Nazi waste regime as it oscillated between extraction and destruction.
Forged in Metal
Authors: Berg Anne
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on metal requisitioning. It describes the administrative structures the Nazis put in place in occupied Poland to facilitate systematic gutting, all the while mobilizing last metal reserves inside the Reich. It then traces the structures for metal requisitioning from 1939 onward and their reliance on forced labor. In the occupied Soviet Union, schemes for its colonization required the creation of infrastructures for the provisioning of troops and transport of loot. Planning for agricultural development and the deliberate starvation of entire populations, the regime was barely able to put in place the infrastructures to supply its own troops. Random violence and opportunistic gutting characterized the Nazi presence until the tide of war turned, as the experience of railway workers illustrates. In the end, the occupiers blew up what few infrastructures they had built and transported trainloads full of junk to “safety.”
The Financial Imperative of Diversity
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents evidence regarding the economic or business case for diversity. There are three particular arguments behind the business case for diversity: (a) Organizational diversity is a business advantage; (b) discrimination is costly, and diversity helps prevent discrimination claims and lawsuits; and (c) diversity in teams can be positively linked with job-related outcomes. Rationale to support the potential positive implications of diversity for financial outcomes includes mirroring shifts in purchasing power and consumer trends; developing successful new products; and reducing advertising, product, and communication failures. The chapter also acknowledges the potential drawbacks of this perspective in terms of oversimplifying complex dynamics and commoditizing people from minoritized backgrounds.
Psychological Explanations for Bias
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the psychological processes that underlie intergroup biases. Stereotypes are widely held, oversimplified images or ideas about people from particular groups, whereas prejudice involves attitudes or feelings toward people because they belong to a certain group. It describes how the mental shortcuts or heuristics that people use can interfere with interpersonal interactions and personnel decisions. It presents a series of examples that demonstrate some of the fundamental processes that sustain biases, preserve the status quo, and often keep organizations from implementing diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives.