bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An optimum multiparameter mixing analysis of the shelf waters in
the Ross Sea
Authors: BUDILLON G. , PACCIARONI M. , COZZI S. , RIVARO P. , CATALANO G. , IANNI C. , CANTONI C.
Published: October 2003

The analysis of the mixing processes involving water masses on the Ross Sea continental shelf is
one of the goals of the CLIMA project (Climatic Long-term Interactions for the Mass balance in Antarctica).
This paper uses extended Optimum MultiParameter analysis (OMP), which is applied to four datasets
collected during the cruises of 1994/95, 1995/96, 1997/98 and 2000/01 in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Data
include both hydrological, (temperature, salinity, and pressure; T, S, and P, respectively) and chemical
parameters (O2, Si(OH)4, PO4, and NO3+NO2). The OMP analysis is based on the assumption that the mixing
is a linear process which affects all parameters equally so that each sample shows physical/chemical
properties that are the result of the mixing of some properly selected Source Water Types (SWTs). OMP thus
evaluates the best set of contributions by all SWTs to each sample, and allows the spatial distribution and
structure of the water masses in a basin to be evaluated. Ocean circulation may subsequently be inferred by
means of a deeper analysis of the spreading of the water mass. In this study, the “real” Redfield ratios
observed in the Ross Sea were used to correct the equations referring to the chemical parameters in
accordance with the extended version of OMP. The solutions include some physically realistic constraints.
The results allow a detailed description of the water mass distribution, validated through comparison with
some “canonical” thermohaline characteristics of the Ross Sea hydrology. In particular our results verify the
spreading of the HSSW over the entire continental shelf and emphasize the key role it plays in the ventilation
of the deep waters outside the Ross Sea. In addition a description is given of the intrusion of relatively warm
waters coming from the open ocean and flowing at some specific locations at the continental shelf break.
Benthic diatom flora of freshwater and saline lakes in the Larsemann Hills and Rauer Islands, East Antarctica
Authors: SABBE KOEN , VERLEYEN E. , HODGSON D.A. , VANHOUTTE K. , VYVERMAN W.
Published: October 2003

A floristic and taxonomic survey was made of the diatom communities of sediments and microbial mats in 66 freshwater and saline lakes and pools in the Larsemann Hills, Rauer Islands and Bølingen Islands (continental eastern Antarctica). A total of 31 taxa were distinguished, 10 of which could not be identified to species (nine) or even generic (one) level, either because they have most probably not yet been described or because they belong to species complexes that are in need of revision. Four new combinations are proposed; three species are reported for the first time from continental Antarctica, while another three are confirmed for eastern Antarctica for the first time. Analysis of literature data on Antarctic lacustrine diatoms shows that taxonomic practice has a profound influence on the assessment of distribution patterns. Force-fitting of European and North American names to Antarctic taxa and erroneous identifications have contributed to an underestimation of endemism in the diatom flora of Antarctic inland waters. In addition, changing concepts on species boundaries during the last decade influence the interpretation of biogeographic patterns. The application of a more fine grained taxonomy will almost certainly reveal a higher degree of endemism in Antarctica, and especially continental Antarctica. The present case study shows that in the Larsemann Hills Antarctic endemics account for about 40% of all freshwater and brackish taxa, while the biogeographic distribution of about 26% is unknown, mainly due to their uncertain taxonomic identity. This contradicts the view that cosmopolitanism prevails in Antarctic diatoms.
VEGETATION AND PLANT USE IN POSTCLASSIC OTUMBA
Authors: McClung de Tapia Emily , Aguilar Hernández Boris Aramis
Published: October 2003

The study of macrobotanical remains recovered from excavations
at Otumba provides evidence for past vegetation and the plants
used by inhabitants of different sectors of the archaeological
site. Opportunistic weedy genera commonly associated with crops
were common among the archaeological specimens. Evidence for
domesticated plants includes maize (Zea mays) and frijol
(Phaseolus sp.), together with numerous genera that
do not appear to have been domesticated as yet, such as
Amaranthus sp., Chenopodium sp.,
Portulaca sp., and Salvia sp. The relative
abundance of uncarbonized plant specimens in association with
carbonized materials is discussed. The possibility of differential
plant use among inhabitants of the nucleated core with respect
to the dispersed residential zone is also considered.
STORM-GOD IMPERSONATORS FROM ANCIENT OAXACA
Authors: Sellen Adam T.
Published: October 2003

This paper analyses the imagery on two different Zapotec ceramic
forms: an open-ended cylinder and an effigy vessel, both from
the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. In this study, I propose
that the figures on these objects represent impersonators of
the Zapotec storm god Cocijo. The impersonators would probably
have been rulers playing the role of this god and are carrying
out a ritual associated with the agricultural cycle of corn.
A comparative method that combines historical archaeology,
ethnography, and iconographic analysis reveals clues to the
function and significance of the vessels. The study leads to
the conjecture that these objects were used in connection with
blood offerings during corn-harvest rituals. These conclusions
address the nature of ancient Zapotec religion and cosmology
and provide evidence that the Zapotec performed rain and fertility
rituals associated with the corn harvest similar to those of
other cultural groups in Mesoamerica.
LATE HOLOCENE FIRE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE COPAN VALLEY, HONDURAS
Authors: Rue David , Webster David , Traverse Alfred
Published: October 2003

Pollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.3-m sediment core from
Aguada Petapilla, a peat bog, provides evidence of late Holocene
vegetation and fire history in the Copan Valley, Honduras. Low
concentration and preservation problems characterized the pollen
flora, but there are taxa present indicative of major agricultural
trends, including Zea mays. Microscopic charcoal fragments
are well represented and record continued burning in the region
since the lowest level of the core (5700 B.P. [3750 B.C.]).
Presence of Zea indicates that maize farming was initiated
by as early as 2300 B.C. Three peaks in charcoal-fragment frequencies
occur in periods centered approximately at 900 B.C., 400 B.C., and
A.D. 600. Fires in this relatively dry region of the southern Maya
Lowlands (whose mean annual rainfall is about 1,400 mm) could have
resulted from natural forest fires or human agricultural clearing at
any time in the Holocene. This contrasts with wetter areas of tropical
Central and South America (mean annual rainfall of about
2,500–4,000 mm) where significant climatic drying is required
to ignite primary tropical forest.
Direct construction method for conservation
laws of partial differential equations
Part I: Examples of conservation law
classifications
Authors: ANCO STEPHEN C. , BLUMAN GEORGE
Published: October 2003

An effective algorithmic method is presented for finding the local conservation laws for
partial differential equations with any number of independent and dependent variables. The
method does not require the use or existence of a variational principle and reduces the
calculation of conservation laws to solving a system of linear determining equations similar
to that for finding symmetries. An explicit construction formula is derived which yields a
conservation law for each solution of the determining system. In the first of two papers (Part
I), examples of nonlinear wave equations are used to exhibit the method. Classification results
for conservation laws of these equations are obtained. In a second paper (Part II), a general
treatment of the method is given.
Propagation of hexagonal patterns near onset
Authors: DOELMAN ARJEN , SANDSTEDE BJÖRN , SCHEEL ARND , SCHNEIDER GUIDO
Published: October 2003

For a pattern-forming system with two unbounded spatial directions that is near the onset to instability, we prove the existence of modulated fronts that connect (i) stable hexagons with the unstable trivial pattern, (ii) stable hexagons with unstable roll solutions, (iii) stable hexagons with unstable hexagons, and (iv) stable roll solutions with unstable hexagons. Our approach is based on spatial dynamics, bifurcation theory, and geometric singular perturbation theory.
From Polyvariant flow information to intersection and union types
Authors: PALSBERG JENS , PAVLOPOULOU CHRISTINA
Published: October 2003

Many polyvariant program analyses have been studied in the 1990s, including k-CFA, polymorphic splitting, and the cartesian product algorithm. The idea of polyvariance is to analyze
functions more than once and thereby obtain better precision for each call site. In this paper
we present an equivalence theorem which relates a co-inductively-defined family of polyvariant flow analyses and a standard type system. The proof embodies a way of understanding
polyvariant flow information in terms of union and intersection types, and, conversely, a way
of understanding union and intersection types in terms of polyvariant flow information. We
use the theorem as basis for a new flow-type system in the spirit of the λCIL-calculus of Wells,
Dimock, Muller and Turbak, in which types are annotated with flow information. A flow-type
system is useful as an interface between a flow-analysis algorithm and a program optimizer.
Derived systematically via our equivalence theorem, our flow-type system should be a good
interface to the family of polyvariant analyses that we study.
Manufacturing datatypes
Authors: HINZE RALF
Published: October 2003

This article describes a general framework for designing purely functional datatypes that
automatically satisfy given size or structural constraints. Using the framework we develop
implementations of different matrix types (for example, square matrices) and implementations
of several tree types (for example, Braun trees and 2-3 trees). Consider representing square
n×n matrices. The usual representation using lists of lists fails to meet the structural constraints:
there is no way to ensure that the outer list and the inner lists have the same length. The
main idea of our approach is to solve in a first step a related, but simpler problem, namely
to generate the multiset of all square numbers. To describe this multiset we employ recursion
equations involving finite multisets, multiset union, addition and multiplication lifted to
multisets. In a second step we mechanically derive from these recursion equations datatype
definitions that enforce the ‘squareness’ constraint. The transformation makes essential use of
parameterized types.
Developing a high-performance web server in
Concurrent Haskell
Authors: MARLOW SIMON
Published: October 2003

Server applications, and in particular network-based server applications, place a unique
combination of demands on a programming language: lightweight concurrency, high I/O
throughput, and fault tolerance are all important. This paper describes a prototype web
server written in Concurrent Haskell (with extensions), and presents two useful results: firstly,
a conforming server could be written with minimal effort, leading to an implementation in
less than 1500 lines of code, and secondly the naive implementation produced reasonable
performance. Furthermore, making minor modifications to a few time-critical components
improved performance to a level acceptable for anything but the most heavily loaded web
servers.
11 Compiler Pragmas
Authors: PEYTON JONES SIMON
Published: October 2003

11.1 Inlining  145

11.2 Specialization  145
L'organisation informationnelle: aspects linguistiques et discursifs
Authors: Grobet Anne
Published: October 2003

Partant de l'hypothèse qu'une partie des difficultés rencontrées par l'analyse de la structure informationnelle, et en particulier par la notion de “topique”, résulte de la complexité constitutive de cette structure, cet article se donne pour tâche de distinguer quelques uns de ses composants ainsi que différents niveaux auxquels elle peut être analysée (énoncé et discours); la réflexion s'articule essentiellement autour de l'approche de Lambrecht (1994) et de l'approche développée à Genève par Roulet (1996, à paraître a et b) et Grobet (1996, 1999, à paraître). Après avoir été traités de manière isolée, les différents niveaux d'analyse sont décrits sous l'angle de leurs interrelations.
The semantic field of Old French Astele: the pitfalls of the medieval gloss in lexicography
Authors: Rothwell William
Published: October 2003

The case of astele is used in this article to demonstrate how Old French organized its semantic fields differently from the modern language, with more synonymy and polysemy. Consequently, dictionaries of Old French need to take account of this situation when compiling their entries if they are to reflect accurately the semantic organization of the language rather than that of modern French. This raises the question of the use to be made of the thousands of multilingual glosses which, in line with this medieval linguistic attitude, are liable to be dismissed as vague or inaccurate and so excluded from dictionaries.
Status and habitat associations of birds on Lembata Island, Wallacea, Indonesia, with reference to a simple technique for avifaunal survey on small islands
Authors: Trainor Colin R.
Published: October 2003

The islands of Wallacea were surveyed most intensely by field ornithologists in the nineteenth century, and again in the 1990s. However, the status and habitat use of bird species on many islands remains unknown. This study examined birds in several natural and disturbed habitats on Lembata (also known as Lomblen) Island, Indonesia. A total of 78 bird species were recorded including six endemic to the Lesser Sundas, an additional three Wallacean endemics and a total of 27 resident forest species. Including published records, 91 bird species have been recorded for Lembata. Extrapolation from the cumulative number of new species in the 45 samples gave an expected Total Bird Richness of 103.4 species. The frequency of occurrence of Lesser Sundas endemic bird species, all Wallacean endemics and Lesser Sundas endemic subspecies, forest-dependent species and frugivores was greatest in closed canopy forest (at higher elevations). Conversely, generalist “Australo-Papuan” species, granivores and nectarivores occurred more frequently in lowlands (including human-modified habitats). Protected area proposals were made in 1982, but there has been no management of natural areas for biological conservation on Lembata. Conservation activities aiming to stem forest loss and fragmentation in an Important Bird Area in southern Lembata, which includes significant populations of the Flores Green Pigeon Treron floris (Globally Vulnerable), may be an important step. Merits of the “Species list” survey method are discussed.
DELIMITATION OF GENERA IN APIACEAE WITH EXAMPLES FROM SCANDICEAE SUBTRIBE SCANDICINAE
Authors: SPALIK K. , WOJEWÓDZKA A. , DOWNIE S. R.
Published: October 2003

Of the 455 known genera in Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), 41% are monotypic and 26% comprise only two or three species each. Similarly, of the 16 genera constituting Scandiceae Spreng. subtribe Scandicinae Tausch, seven (Balansaea Boiss. & Reut., Kozlovia Lipsky, Krasnovia Schischk., Myrrhis Mill., Myrrhoides Fabr., Sphallerocarpus DC. and Todaroa Parl.) are monotypic, and two (Neoconopodium Pimenov & Kljuykov and Tinguarra Parl.) are bitypic. Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe, using molecular (rDNA ITS), morphological and anatomical data, indicates that the number of genera may be reduced with only three, Todaroa, Sphallerocarpus and Myrrhis, retained as monotypic. Remaining taxa form eight clades that are supported by high bootstrap values and are morphologically distinct. Four of these clades (Anthriscus Pers., Geocaryum Coss., Osmorhiza Raf. and Scandix L.) are equivalent to currently recognized genera. Kozlovia, Krasnovia and Neoconopodium form a well-supported clade that may be recognized as the single genus Kozlovia, and Myrrhoides is grouped with Chaerophyllum L. Tinguarra and Athamanta L. form a monophyletic group that is well supported by analyses of morphology, fruit anatomy, and combined morphological, anatomical and ITS sequence data; however, this group is not maintained in separate analyses of ITS sequences. Similarly, the group formed by Conopodium W. D. J. Koch and Balansaea is monophyletic in morphological, anatomical, and combined analyses, but is not supported by the separate analyses of ITS sequence data. All of these groups are well delimited on the basis of fruit characters that have long been regarded as essential in umbellifer taxonomy. One new combination is proposed: Athamanta montana (Webb ex H. Christ.) Spalik, A. Wojew. & S. R. Downie.
THE GENUS AGALMYLA (GESNERIACEAE-CYRTANDROIDEAE)
Authors: HILLIARD O. M. , BURTT B. L.
Published: October 2003

Agalmyla Blume (including Dichrotrichum de Vriese and Tetradema Schltr.) (Gesneriaceae-Cyrtandroideae) is revised. Ninety-seven species are recognized, 62 of them newly described, and these are divided into three sections with distinct geographical ranges. Sect. Agalmyla (24 species) is restricted to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan; sect. Exannularia (19 species) is the only section on Sulawesi and has a few species nearby; sect. Dichrotrichum (54 species) is represented in the Philippine Islands (excluding Palawan) by 13 species, in the Moluccas by two species, and in New Guinea by 39 species. No species is found in more than one of these areas and the key to sect. Dichrotrichum is therefore split between the Philippine species and those on the Moluccas and New Guinea. There are thus four keys altogether. The affinity and geographical distribution, both of the whole genus and of the sections, are discussed, and special attention is given to distribution of species in relation to the geological terranes of New Guinea. Points of interest and taxonomic importance in the morphological features are noted in a separate section.
Sea Beans and Nickar Nuts. BSBI Handbook No. 10. E. Charles Nelson. 2000. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles. 156pp. ISBN 0 90 1158 29 1. £13.95 (softback). DOI: 10.10M/S096042860221015X
Authors: ATKINSON R.
Published: October 2003

..
‘Properization’ and formal changes in high medieval saints' offices: the offices for Saints Henry and Kunigunde of Bamberg
Authors: HANKELN ROMAN
Published: October 2003

The offices for Saints Henry and Kunigunde, patrons of the diocese of
Bamberg, are transmitted in both monastic and secular forms that manifest
several stages of development. In the century after the canonizations of
Henry and Kunigunde (1146 and 1200, respectively) their Offices seem to have
been celebrated with a preponderance of chants from the common of saints. During
the thirteenth century, however, novae historiae, newly composed offices
with rhymed or partially rhymed texts and chants in modal order, replaced
the older offices. This process parallels in some respects the phenomenon
that James McKinnon called ‘properization’. Also examined are questions of
how and why newly composed historiae could supplant the traditional forms of
these Offices.
Discrete mechanics and variational integrators
Authors: Marsden J. E. , West M.
Published: October 2003

This paper gives a review of integration algorithms for finite dimensional
mechanical systems that are based on discrete variational principles. The
variational technique gives a unified treatment of many symplectic schemes,
including those of higher order, as well as a natural treatment of the discrete
Noether theorem. The approach also allows us to include forces, dissipation
and constraints in a natural way. Amongst the many specific schemes treated
as examples, the Verlet, SHAKE, RATTLE, Newmark, and the symplectic
partitioned Runge–Kutta schemes are presented.
Pregnancy in maternal congenital heart disease: a review
Authors: Schmaltz Achim A.
Published: October 2003

Improved diagnosis and corrective cardiac surgery has led to an increasing number of women with congenital heart diseases reaching reproductive age. Pregnancy places considerable strain on the heart and circulation, requiring marked cardiorespiratory adaptation. Today, with the exception of the Eisenmenger syndrome, there is no increased mortality associated with pregnancy in congenital heart disease. In contrast, there is still considerable morbidity, due to congestive heart failure, thromboembolic complications and disturbances of rhythm.
A GENERIC FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING CLINICAL DECISIONS INTEGRATING DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH EVIDENCE IN PRETERM BIRTH
Authors: KHAN KS , HONEST  , BACHMANN LM
Published: October 2003

Ancient Egyptian medical papyri (1550BC) emphasised diagnosis by examination as the cornerstone of the decision to treat or not to treat an ailment. Today the information about the likelihood of diagnosis (and related prognosis) that interventions purport to treat comes from a combination of tests as shown in Figure 1. In addition to easy-to-obtain history (risk factors and symptoms) and examination (signs), current testing includes sophisticated investigations (haematology, biochemistry, radiology, microbiology, etc), which can also be invasive and expensive. Obstetricians routinely incorporate many test results into decision-making concerning management of women at risk of preterm birth, but studies to examine the ways in which even a small number of these tests alter the benefit and harm of treatments are rare.
ABSENT-END-DIASTOLIC FLOW VELOCITY IN THE UMBILICAL ARTERY
Authors: BISHRY GASSER EL , STURGISS STEPHEN N
Published: October 2003

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) as a consequence of uteroplacental insufficiency is an important contributor to perinatal death, neonatal morbidity and long-term health problems. Progressive uteroplacental dysfunction leads to placental respiratory failure and fetal hypoxaemia, which triggers compensatory fetal haemodynamic changes including blood flow redistribution towards essential fetal organs (brain, heart and adrenal glands) at the expense of the other body systems. The duration of the compensatory phase is variable, sometimes lasting weeks, and appears not to have deleterious short-term consequences. With further disease progression, the compensatory mechanisms reach their limit and myocardial dysfunction occurs. Once the disease enters this decompensatory phase, the fetus is at high risk of multisystem organ failure and in-utero demise. There is no effective in-utero therapeutic intervention. The main aim of management is to deliver the baby when the risks of antenatal demise and irreversible end-organ dysfunction associated with further prolongation of the pregnancy are greater than the risks from delivery.
Mammalian sperm molecules that are potentially important in interaction with female genital tract and egg vestments
Authors: Tulsiani Daulat R.P. , Abou-Haila Aida
Published: October 2003

Fertilisation is a highly programmed process by which two radically
different cells, sperm and egg, unite to form a zygote, a cell with somatic
chromosome numbers. Development of the zygote begins immediately after
sperm and egg haploid pronuclei come together, pooling their chromosomes
to form a single diploid nucleus with the parental genes. Mammalian
fertilisation is the net result of a complex set of molecular events
which allow the capacitated spermatozoa to recognise and bind to the
egg's extracellular coat, the zona pellucida (ZP), undergo the acrosome
reaction, and fuse with the egg plasma membrane. Sperm-zona (egg)
interaction leading to fertilisation is a species-specific
carbohydrate-mediated event which depends on glycan-recognising proteins
(glycosyltransferases/glycosidases/lectin-like molecules) on sperm plasma
membrane (receptors) and their complementary glycan units (ligands) on
ZP. The receptor-ligand interaction event initiates a signal transduction
pathway resulting in the exocytosis of acrosomal contents. The hydrolytic
action of the sperm glycohydrolases and proteases released at the site of
sperm-egg interaction, along with the enhanced thrust generated by the
hyperactivated beat pattern of the bound spermatozoon, are important
factors regulating the penetration of egg investments. This review focuses
on sperm molecules believed to be important for the interaction with the
female genital tract, passage through cumulus oophorus and attachment to
ZP, induction of the acrosome reaction, secondary binding events, and
passage through the ZP. An understanding of the expression and modifications
of molecules thought to be important in multiple events leading to
fertilisation will allow new strategies to block these modifications and
alter sperm function.
Confocal microscopy analysis of the activity of mitochondria contained within the ‘mitochondrial cloud’ during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Wilding Martin , Carotenuto Rosa , Infante Vincenzo , Dale Brian , Marino Marcella , Di Matteo Loredanna , Campanella Chiara
Published: October 2003

We have used ratiometric confocal microscopy and three fluorescence techniques to study the distribution and activity of mitochondria in frog oocytes during the early stages of oogenesis. Mitochondria in frog oocytes during oogenesis were characterised by a high ratio in the ‘mitochondrial cloud’ and peri-nuclear region and a low ratio in mitochondria freely dispersed within the cytoplasm. We tested whether the high ratio visualised by the three techniques represented mitochondrial membrane potential by perturbing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethyl)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) caused the immediate destruction of the membrane potential, and consequent loss of fluorescence from the membrane-potential-sensitive confocal channel. In contrast, nigericin caused an increase in membrane potential represented by a steady increase in fluorescence ratio. These data demonstrate that mitochondrial activity can be measured during oogenesis in frog oocytes, and suggest that the mitochondrial cloud and perinuclear regions are characterised by highly active mitochondria.
Suppression of meiosis by inhibitors of m-phase proteins in horse oocytes with low meiotic competence
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Love Charles C. , Choi Young Ho , Varner Dickson D. , Wiggins C. Nicole , Reinoehl Christina
Published: October 2003

Germinal vesicle (GV)-stage horse oocytes with diffuse chromatin are meiotically incompetent and degenerate in culture, whereas horse oocytes having condensed chromatin within the GV are meiotically competent. Degeneration of incompetent oocytes in culture may be related to premature GV breakdown, which could possibly be prevented by inhibition of m-phase protein activity. We examined the effects of 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), butyrolactone and roscovitine on GV-stage horse oocytes. Culture in the presence of 2 mM 6-DMAP for 24 h suppressed meiosis (2% MI or MII compared with 38% for untreated oocytes). The proportion of GV-stage oocytes having condensed chromatin was not different between 6-DMAP culture and directly fixed controls; however, the proportion of oocytes with diffuse chromatin was significantly lower, and more oocytes with diffuse chromatin had atypical chromatin than did controls (p < 0.01). Culture with butyrolactone at 100 mM suppressed meiosis (5% MI + II). Again, this treatment maintained GV-stage oocytes having condensed chromatin, but the proportion of oocytes with diffuse chromatin was significantly reduced compared with directly fixed controls (p < 0.05). Culture with roscovitine at 25 μM was also effective in maintaining GV-stage oocytes having condensed
chromatin; however, culture with 100 μM roscovitine did not suppress meiosis or maintain oocytes in the GV stage. These results indicate that meiosis in GV-stage horse oocytes having condensed chromatin may be suppressed by inhibitors of m-phase protein activity; however, oocytes originally having diffuse
chromatin appear to degenerate in culture even in the presence of these inhibitors.
Nuclear remodelling and the developmental potential of nuclear transferred porcine oocytes under delayed-activated conditions
Authors: Yin Xi-Jun , Cho Seong-Keun , Park Mi-Ryeung , Im Yeo-Jeoung , Park Joung-Ju , Bhak Jong-Sik , Kwon Deug-Nam , Jun Sun Hong , Kim Nam-Hyung , Kim Jin-Hoi
Published: October 2003

It is still unclear whether nuclear envelope breakdown and premature chromosome condensation are essential for the reprogramming of the donor nucleus following somatic nuclear transfer. To address this, we determined the ability of delayed-activated or simultaneously activated porcine oocytes to undergo nuclear remodelling and development following somatic cell nuclear transfer. A small microtubule aster was observed in association with decondensed chromatin following nuclear transfer, suggesting the introduction of a somatic cell centrosome. In the delayed-activated condition, most fibroblast nuclei divided into two chromosome masses and two pronuclear-like structures following transfer into oocytes. In contrast, fibroblast nuclei in the simultaneously activated condition formed a large, swollen, pronuclear-like structure. Microtubule asters were organised in the vicinity of the nucleus regardless of the number of nuclei. More reconstructed oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage in the delayed-activated condition than in the simultaneously activated condition (p < 0.05). Nine piglets were born from two recipient sows following transfer of delayed-activated reconstructed oocytes, while none developed to full term in the simultaneously activated condition. Fingerprint analysis showed that the PCR-RFLP patterns of the nine offspring were identical to that of the donor pig. These results suggest that the activation of recipient oocytes during nuclear transfer probably relates to the nuclear remodelling process, which can affect the ability of embryos created by somatic cell nuclear transfer to develop.
Charters, corporations and codes: entry restriction in modern banking law
Authors: GROSSMAN RICHARD S.
Published: October 2003

This paper examines the evolution of the legal foundation under which commercial banks operated in different countries. The earliest incorporated banks were established under charters issued by sovereigns or legislatures. Subsequently, charters were issued: (1) though corporation law; or (2) via special banking codes. Countries that concentrated their note issues in central banks earlier were less in need of detailed banking codes and were, therefore, more likely to have allowed banks to operate under general corporation laws. By contrast, countries in which note issue was not centralised were more likely to have established a detailed banking code.
Better Campaign Reporting: A View From the Major
Leagues
Authors: Clymer Adam
Published: October 2003

As someone who has reported on this Association for two decades, who
has profited from what I have learned from you, I am deeply honored
to deliver this lecture, following such major figures who have
connected political science to the real world as Lee Hamilton, Donna
Shalala, Pat Moynihan, and, of course, Dick Cheney. Big time.
SEMINAL GOTHIC DISSEMINATION IN HARDY’S WRITINGS
Authors: Hervoche-Bertho Brigitte
Published: October 2003

I think I am one born out of due time, who has no calling here.

* * *

If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst.

— Hardy, “In Tenebris II,” Poems of the Past and the Present

CRITICS HAVE TOO OFTEN dismissed the Gothic elements in Thomas Hardy’s writings as superficial trappings to be found mostly in his minor fiction.1 The aim of this article is to show that the diffusion of Gothic motifs in the whole of Hardy’s literary production is something both intentional and fruitful. The Gothic is indeed a vital part of Hardy’s artistic vision, and it adds to the aesthetic value of his works. His major novels and his poetry are as rife with Gothic lore as his early “minor” fiction.2 This propagation of Gothic elements is central to the dialectic between impregnation and dispersal contained in the etymology of the word “dissemination” (meaning both “sowing” and “scattering”).3
Strangers in the house: reconfiguring the borders of national and cultural identities in contemporary Irish theatre
Authors: SINGLETON BRIAN
Published: October 2003

The Irish literary revival at the beginning of the last century established the concept of ‘house’ as a symbol of ‘nation’ in dramatic writing. Strangers to the house thus took on the mantle of imperialist forces whose colonial project, practices and values had to be resisted and expelled. The allegorical situations of houses and strangers in theatre foreshadowed revolution and eventual independence for the country decades later. Contemporary Irish playwrights continue to use the house/stranger, familiar/foreign dichotomies as templates for their exploration of the current state of the ‘nation’, but they are also beginning to explore the idea that ‘strangeness’ might be a condition that should be embraced to ensure the future health of that nation.
Contemporary drama as a challenge for Polish theatre
Authors: SUGIERA MAŁGORZATA
Published: October 2003

The aim of the paper is to show the impact contemporary drama has had on Polish theatre during the last 50 years. In this period, there were two innovative phases in Polish drama, both having a different impact on the theatre. After 1956, political changes allowed for noticeable transformations in the dramatic and stage conventions, which up to then were dominated by socialist realism. After 1989, political changes brought a few promising debuts, as well as new topics and means of expression, which had been almost completely absent from the Polish stage. At the same time, this paper tries to show in which respect Polish dramaturgy maintained its national uniqueness, while being influenced by world drama.
Early retirement in Europe
Authors: BRUGIAVINI AGAR
Published: October 2003

Retirement behaviour has been the focus of attention of much microeconomic research in recent years. At the same time, most industrialized countries are struggling with reforming their retirement systems to counteract adverse demographic shocks. Early retirement is an important aspect both in explaining retirement behaviour and in forecasting the future of welfare systems. In particular, early retirement is related to an important policy puzzle: it may be optimal to increase the legal retirement age, however we do not know enough of the behavioural response of workers to policy changes and whether these would be effective measures to counteract future fiscal imbalances. Social security systems (and many private pension plans) in Europe have encouraged early exits. This paper reviews the empirical literature on early retirement, with particular reference to OECD countries. The basic message emerging from our work is that much could be learnt by having better quality data, in particular micro-level data that could be used to estimate behavioural responses having under control the many factors affecting retirement decisions, including institutional factors and allowing for full cross country comparability.
Cultural Studies in China: towards closing the gap between elite culture and popular culture
Authors: NING WANG
Published: October 2003

This essay deals with cultural studies, including elite culture and its products (literature and the performing arts), as well as studies of film and TV and other expressions of popular culture in the mainland of China. It lays particular emphasis on the currently prevailing concept of Cultural Studies introduced from the West at the beginning of the 1990s. The author addresses the following issues: how Cultural Studies was introduced into the Chinese context, how it was integrated with existing practices of cultural history and comparative literature studies, how it was institutionalized in China, and how it was developing into a position from where it can engage in a dialogue with Western scholarship against the background of increasing globalization. According to the author, Cultural Studies has much in common with literary studies, especially in the Chinese context. Therefore, these two branches of learning should not necessarily be seen as opposed to one another. Literary and cultural studies are complementary rather than exclusionary towards each other.
The integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine
Authors: KEJI CHEN , HAO XU
Published: October 2003

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of the world's oldest medical systems, having a history of several thousands of years. It is a system of healing based upon the Chinese philosophy of the correspondence between nature and human beings. Its theories refer to yin and yang, the Five Elements, zang-fu, channels-collaterals, qi, blood, body fluid, methods of diagnosis, the differentiation of symptom-complexes, etc. TCM has two main features: a holistic point of view and treatment according to a differentiation of syndromes. The therapeutic methods of TCM involve different approaches, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, tuina bodywork, herbal medicine and qi gong, in order to allow the body to heal itself in a natural way. Western medicine was first introduced into China from the middle of the 17th century. During the first two centuries several different views, related to the future of TCM and the relation between TCM and Western medicine, emerged. Some advocated ‘complete westernization’ of Chinese medicine, others were in favour of keeping it intact, whereas again others recommended the ‘digestion and assimilation of TCM and Western medicine’. Nowadays, more and more people realize that each of the two medical traditions has its own merits and advise that the two systems should benefit from each other's strong points. We offer an argument for integrating Western medicine with TCM. In the 20th century China has maintained and developed three kinds of medical science, that is, TCM, Western medicine, and ‘integrated medicine’. Much has been achieved in clinical, experimental and theoretical research. The development of any science can be furthered by cross-fertilization based on absorption and fusion of whatever useful theory and experience. It is our dream that, in the future, diverse modalities – including TCM, Western medicine and possibly other variants – can work in conjunction with each other as part of a unified team rather than in competition. This integrated approach will ultimately lead to safer, faster and more effective health care.
Evaluating sense disambiguation across diverse parameter spaces
Authors: YAROWSKY DAVID , FLORIAN RADU
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a comprehensive empirical exploration and evaluation of a diverse range of data characteristics which influence word sense disambiguation performance. It focuses on a set of six core supervised algorithms, including three variants of Bayesian classifiers, a cosine model, non-hierarchical decision lists, and an extension of the transformation-based learning model. Performance is investigated in detail with respect to the following parameters: (a) target language (English, Spanish, Swedish and Basque); (b) part of speech; (c) sense granularity; (d) inclusion and exclusion of major feature classes; (e) variable context width (further broken down by part-of-speech of keyword); (f) number of training examples; (g) baseline probability of the most likely sense; (h) sense distributional entropy; (i) number of senses per keyword; (j) divergence between training and test data; (k) degree of (artificially introduced) noise in the training data; (l) the effectiveness of an algorithm's confidence rankings; and (m) a full keyword breakdown of the performance of each algorithm. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses of the algorithms and a hierarchical clustering of these algorithms based on agreement of sense classification behavior. Collectively, the paper constitutes the most comprehensive survey of evaluation measures and tests yet applied to sense disambiguation algorithms. And it does so over a diverse range of supervised algorithms, languages and parameter spaces in single unified experimental framework.
Editorial
Authors: Richards David , Lovell Karina , Salkovskis Paul
Published: October 2003

This special edition of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy is dedicated as a tribute to Isaac Marks, who retires this year from his post as Professor of Experimental Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. All the contributors to this edition are
colleagues who have been greatly influenced by Isaac during their careers. Their papers were written without Isaac knowing of our plans and we were even cheeky enough to ask Isaac to write a paper himself, reflecting on his 40 years involvement in the development of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies. All the papers, including the one by Isaac himself, illustrate some of the areas where
he has made a major contribution to behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies during the last 40 years.

Two papers, by Hand and by Rowa, Antony and Swinson, detail the huge advances made in the treatment of the severe and disabling disorders of agoraphobia and OCD, identifying Isaac's enormous contribution. The papers also confirm the international scope of Isaac's influence. These authors
remind us not to forget the relative modernity of effective psychological treatments for these disorders and how dramatic a change there has been in prognosis and clinical outcomes.
ASSESSING THE TAKE UP AND ACCEPTABILITY OF A SELF-HELP ROOM USED BY PATIENTS AWAITING THEIR INITIAL OUTPATIENT APPOINTMENT
Authors: Whitfield Graeme E. , Williams Chris J. , Shapiro David A.
Published: October 2003

This open study measured the proportion of routine referrals from primary care to a psychiatric sector team
with symptoms of anxiety and/or low mood who chose to take up the option of attending a self-help room to use the
CBT self-help manual Mind over mood during a 6-week waiting list period. It assessed changes in psychological
health, dysfunctional attitudes and degree of hopelessness during the period of use of the self-help manual, as well as
patient satisfaction with it. Twenty-two of 42 consecutive referrals attended the room (mean 3.55 sessions – SD 1.71).
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale
(DAS), as well as measures of patient participation and satisfaction, were completed at the beginning and end of the
6-week period for those patients who attended the room. All three scale scores fell significantly over the study period,
and the DAS and BHS scores at 6 weeks were negatively correlated with the number of sessions attended. The patients
generally judged that the self-help intervention was acceptable and effective, and that their knowledge in a number of
key areas had been improved. Conclusions regarding effectiveness are limited by the absence of control group data;
nonetheless, this study does suggest that the provision of a self-help room containing Mind over mood is useful for
patients with anxiety and low mood on a waiting list for a psychiatric outpatient assessment.
CAN WE PREVENT READMISSION? NEEDS FOR CARE AND GAPS IN SERVICE PROVISION
Authors: Cooper Myra , McLees Sheila
Published: October 2003

In a pilot study we aimed to assess needs for care (and gaps in service provision) in readmitted psychiatric
patients. Semi-structured interviews using the Cardinal Needs Schedule were conducted, and case notes were examined.
Most readmitted patients had many needs (clinical and social) that were not being met in the community. Psychological
interventions were required to meet many of the clinical needs, while a broad range of interventions was required to
meet social needs. There was a poor match between the needs identified by the Cardinal Needs Schedule and those
identified at discharge planning.
COMPLEMENTING CBT FOR DEPRESSED ADOLESCENTS WITH LEARNING THROUGH IN VIVO EXPERIENCE (LIVE): CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS, TREATMENT DESCRIPTION, AND FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Gaynor Scott T. , Lawrence P. Scott
Published: October 2003

Based on a behavior-analytic interpretation of the skills acquisition process, a rationale is presented for augmenting a currently available cognitive-behavioral treatment (The Adolescent Coping With Depression course: CWD-A) with a newly developed therapy focusing on the interpersonal interactions and learning occurring in-session (Learning through In-Vivo Experience: LIVE). A description of the practice of LIVE is offered and the results from an initial feasibility study are presented. Using a single-subject methodology, two groups each consisting of 5 adolescents with significant symptoms of depression received the treatment. The intervention consisted of 16 2-hour group sessions occurring over an 8-week period. The first 1-hour of each meeting was taken directly from the CWD-A manual. The second hour was based on the LIVE manual. The adolescents who completed the treatment (n = 8) improved from pretreatment to posttreatment and those who discontinued treatment (n = 2) did not. Improvements were maintained at 3 months follow-up. The treatment produced strong group cohesion and both adolescents and their guardians rated the intervention positively. These results provide initial evidence of the efficacy of complementing CWD-A with LIVE.
SUPPRESSION OF NEGATIVE SELF-REFERENT AND NEUTRAL THOUGHTS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Markowitz Lee J. , Borton Jennifer L. S.
Published: October 2003

Inconsistent results have emerged in thought suppression studies using thought frequency counts as the primary dependent measure. In the present study, we used cognitive and emotional measures to assess the effects of suppressing negative self-referent and neutral thoughts. Although no between-group differences in cognitive outcomes emerged, participants in the negative self-referent thought condition experienced more anxiety, frustration, and hostility than did participants in the neutral thought condition. Affective measures appear necessary to assess the effects of suppressing personally relevant thoughts.
SELF-HELP MANUAL-ASSISTED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY FOR SICKLE CELL DISEASE
Authors: Anie Kofi A. , Green John , Tata Philip , Fotopoulos Christina E. , Oni Lola , Davies Sally C.
Published: October 2003

The feasibility of using a self-help treatment manual to assist a cognitive behavioural therapy programme developed with the aim of improving pain coping ability and quality of life, and reducing psychological distress in sickle cell patients was evaluated. Adult patients attending a London hospital outpatient sickle cell clinic were invited to 12-week cognitive behavioural therapy. Outcome was assessed with measures of pain status, health service utilization, psychological coping (Coping Strategies Questionnaire-revised for Sickle Cell Disease), quality of life (Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36), and mood (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Baseline disease severity data were also collected. No significant differences in baseline data were observed between patients who completed cognitive behavioural therapy and “dropouts”. Improvements over baseline at 12 weeks in patients who completed cognitive behavioural therapy were significant. Active coping and use of physician advised methods for pain increased. Emotional responses decreased, general health and vitality improved, while anxiety reduced. This demonstrates that a brief manual-assisted cognitive behavioural therapy programme is feasible in sickle cell disease, and may help to improve coping, quality of life and mood.