bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyberhate
Authors: LEVIN BRIAN
Published: July 2003

American extremists have traditionally cultivated technology to enhance efficiency and promote goals. This article concentrates on how domestic right-wing and other extremists have used computer networks to these ends. Although the concept of a guerrilla insurgency through “leaderless resistance” became a factor in right-wing extremist movements before the Internet's advent, cyberspace hastened its popularity. The Internet has been useful to hatemongers and extremists because it is economical and far reaching, and online expression is significantly protected by the First Amendment. Various court decisions have established that not all communication is protected, in cyberspace or elsewhere. Although the government cannot regulate Internet expression because it offends sensibilities, it can regulate expression that constitutes crimes that fall under various unprotected areas of speech. Courts have convicted hatemongers who use the Internet to communicate threats rather than merely ideas. Private service providers and foreign governments have greater latitude to prohibit offensive and hateful expression that does not constitute a threat.
Technological Facilitation of Terrorism
Authors: BALLARD JAMES DAVID , HORNIK JOSEPH G. , McKENZIE DOUGLAS
Published: July 2003

This article notes the difficulty in defining cyberterrorism and several problems associated with identifying the potential misuses of the Internet and the World Wide Web by terrorist groups. In particular, the use of digital steganography has recently been identified as an emerging and alarming trend by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. This technological innovation is used as a case study of the complexities surrounding cyberterrorism, its definition, and how democracies can deal with these advances in communication technology. Supplementing this discussion is a review of the various social, regulatory, and legal forms of social intervention related to controlling electronic communications. The conclusion of this article includes an analytical framework from which additional research into these issues could be conducted and suggests how policy solutions for said complexities could be formulated.
Terror in Cyberspace
Authors: STANTON JOHN J.
Published: July 2003

There is an inverse relationship between public access to the Internet and the inability of governments and institutions to control information flow and hence state allegiance, ideology, public opinion, and policy formulation. Increase in public access to the Internet results in an equivalent decrease in government and institutional power. Indeed, after September 11, 2001, Internet traffic statistics show that many millions of Americans have connected to alternative news sources outside the continental United States. The information they consume can be and often is contrary to U.S. government statements and U.S. mainstream media reporting. Recognizing this, terrorists will coordinate their assaults with an adroit use of cyberspace for the purpose of manipulating perceptions, opinion, and the political and socioeconomic direction of many nation-states.
Cyberterrorism
Authors: EMBAR-SEDDON AYN
Published: July 2003

There is considerable debate about whether cyberterrorism poses a serious threat to society. Although much has been dramatized in the popular media, there is legitimate danger. Because the term cyberterrorism has been improperly used and overused, a clear understanding of the danger of cyberterrorism must begin with a clear definition. Currently, computer networks are attacked and compromised daily because of the security's inability to keep pace with the growth of connectivity and because of readily available hacking tools and techniques. Because most critical infrastructure is networked, it is at risk. Although many of the daily invasions are hackers trying to get in just to see if they can, acts of vandalism, or denial-of-service attacks, individuals are gaining access to sensitive information. The real danger of cyberterrorism, however, lies in the computer's use as both a terrorist tactic and a force multiplier.
Overcoming Educational Exclusion
Authors: BROWN RICHARD HARVEY
Published: July 2003

This article provides an historical contest for efforts in the United States to overcome educational exclusion since World War II, from academic apartheid to affirmative action and, more recently, from race-based criteria of selection to what is called diversity. Central criticisms and problems of diversity are identified, their validity is assessed, and suggestions as to how they may be rejoined or overcome are provided.
Defending Multiculturalism
Authors: SCHUBERT J. DANIEL
Published: July 2003

Multiculturalism is currently under attack in both the academy and society. Whereas the concept of hegemony has often been used in conceptualizing defenses of multiculturalism, the argument is made that a shift to a concern with symbolic violence would be a more appropriate and empowering defense against this backlash. Drawing primarily on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, it is argued that a focus on symbolic violence shows the ways in which daily practices produce and foster domination, including those practices of the dominated themselves. This shift will contribute to the empowerment of previously subordinated groups.
The Multiple Discourses of Anthropology
Authors: STOCKTON SHARON
Published: July 2003

Anthropological writing, perhaps more than any other academic discourse, had been caught in the cross-fire of postmodern discussions about the crisis of representation and the imperialism of knowledge. The legitimacy of the field demands that the writer be an objective transcriber of the nature of some other - that she not take to this observation and transcription the force of her own subjectivity. In recent years the problems of objectivity have been exacerbated by criticisms from within and without the discipline of anthropology that call into question no only the history of the field but also the very premises that authorize it. This study explores the extent to which the discipline of anthropology has rewritten itself in the face of these criticisms.
From Ivory Tower to Town Hall
Authors: HOWARD LEIGH ANNE
Published: July 2003

This article explains how dialogic communication and critical pedagogy might work together to build educational practices that build a tradition of public discourse. After summarizing contemporary problems that separate the classroom from the community, the article positions Martin Buber's dialogue as a way to realize critical pedagogy. The article concludes by advocating that educators use a dialogical approach to pedagogy so that students understand their role in creating and sustaining a community that is mutually beneficial.
Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: GARMON CECILE W.
Published: July 2003

Communicated concepts of property ownership, including intellectual property, depend on cultural values and norms. In many parts of the world, conceptual private ownership lacks definitive regulations that apply in the Western world. This lack of cultural parallelism reflects and engenders significant problems in an age where growing technological advances spread ideas and devices across cultural boundaries bringing philosophical, financial, and other practical concerns that create questions about the role of local norms in governing international transference of innovations. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the focus of enormous contemporary international diplomatic efforts to the business of innovative technology and the artistic arena of music, literature, and art. This article briefly outlines the historical development of Western IPRs, illustrates many problems from a non-ethnocentric study of the topic.
The Columbia Social Essay
Authors: BERGESEN ALBERT J.
Published: July 2003

The hegemony of the United States in the world, New York in the United States, and Columbia University in New York provided for a triple hegemony in intellectual life for a number of intellectuals/professors, whose primary format was the social essay. Open in content, critical in tone, diffusely left or progressive in orientation, the Columbia social essayists (Lionel Trilling, Daniel Bell, Meyer Schapiro, Richard Hofstadter, C. Wright Mills) provided the dominant discourse on moral and intellectual issues during the height of postwar American hegemony in the world system.
Proles, Entrepreneurs, or Public Scholars?
Authors: STANLEY MARY B.
Published: July 2003

Faculty in higher education are socially, politically, and economically situated such that they must as individuals, and collectively, take a stand on the nature and future of academic life. The positions available to faculty are shaped by the vast structural changes that accompany late capitalism. Most feared is that of faculty as powerless, contingent work force; experts without position or security of tenure, always on the move, their competenceis on their backs and in their laptops; competencies quickly outmoded. Another option, faculty as entrepreneurs, may seem exciting to many. But that too has limitations in terms of the long-standing commitment of higher education to democratic values beyond market capitalism. A third option is to reenter public space as public scholars and there reconnect with a critical inquiry into what democracy means and how might institutions, including higher education, pursue in practice, ideals suddenly found essential after September 11, 2001.
Liberating Insights from a Cross-cultural Sexuality Study About Women
Authors: BENKERT HOLLY
Published: July 2003

In this article, the author reflects on some of the difficulties encountered when conducting cross-cultural qualitative research. The article begins with a description of a focus group study that researched how feminist women define sexual liberation. The author then examines some of the issues inherent when including participants from different countries, races, ages, and sexual orientation. The findings point to insights about research issues including language, research methods, age, race, sexuality, traditional practices, and cultural norms. Lastly, the author encourages dialogue as a way to address issues of difference and increase collective consciousness.
Friendships Between Black and White Women
Authors: GRANGER DOROTHY
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on the challenges facing one European American woman as she delved into a topic that has seen little research. What is the essence of friendships between Black women and White women, and how do cross-racial female dyads negotiate their differences? For the researcher, the challenge was in developing an appropriate methodology that could elicit honest responses from participants who sit on either side of a racial divide. Eight women in four cross-racial friendship dyads were interviewed individually and in their friendship dyad to discover the effect racial difference has on friendship negotiation. Questions posed revolve around race, class, power, and political possibilities for impacting racism. The data revealed the possibilities for crossing the racial divide that has historically kept Black women and White women at a distance. It showed the potentiality for these women to experience not only equal but sustaining friendships.
Blue Wolf Says Goodbye for the Last Time
Authors: KENNY CAROLYN BEREZNAK , SA-ĔTS NANG JAADA
Published: July 2003

In this article, the author describes her experience in the Haida Gwaii, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and with the Haida people, a First Nation of North America; quotes participants in her study; and interweaves her narrative with reflective comments. The theme of the article is the interplay between life and work and how a culturally meaningful work has expanded the possibilities for the author's own human development. The aesthetic dimension is a critical aspect of this essay because the expression of beauty is important to the author and because the focus of her research is the role of the arts in the revitalization of indigenous societies.
Leap of Faith
Authors: MICHAEL MARY LOU
Published: July 2003

This article elucidates the effect on the researcher of researching across the difference of religious and political ideology. Drawing on journaled experience, the author identifies how three aspects of self (her feminism, her faith as a Jew, and her capacity to grow and change) were affected by evangelical Protestant female activists and their culture. She then reflects on how that experience is manifested in her life today, revisiting these three aspects of self and noting significant influences on her life and work. She concludes the article by offering advice to individuals contemplating research across difference.
The Subjective Experience of Race and Gender in Qualitative Research
Authors: SHERMAN RICHARD
Published: July 2003

The author presents a study on African American female managers and the glass-ceiling phenomenon. The article addresses the concerns of gender and racial biases of the researcher-participant interaction that could negatively or positively influence the research findings. The author presents five possible biases to consider when conducting similar studies on African American female managers by a White male researcher.
The Evolution of Identities in the Process of Studying Differences
Authors: TAIRA SUSAN SHIMIZU
Published: July 2003

This article begins with the researcher's story of incarceration as a Japanese American during World War II. It sets the stage for understanding the conflicted search for identity that has become integral to her personal narrative and is addressed in her study of women of color. The study of women of color was designed to serve the voices and stories of the women's experiences of exclusion from the advantages and privileges afforded members of the dominant group. In challenging the master narrative, the women's oppositional narrative navigated the contradictory and paradoxical world they experience daily. Similar experiences in history were also part of the collective unconscious of their people. In moving against the oppressive grain of socially constructed expectations, the women deconstructed their identities in recognition of the multiple and evolving power relationships they experience in complex contexts. The resulting multiple identities freed them of the anxiety for one authentic or unitary self. The article concludes with bell hooks's “celebration of the opposition spirit of solidarity and equality.” It is through this unity and love that changes from domination can be realized. That love includes the self-love vital to cleansing oppressive experiences and coming together as a community of caring.
Participatory Art Research
Authors: VEROFF SUSIE
Published: July 2003

Participatory art research involves the process of research/action (art production) and reflection while seeking solutions to collective educational problems expressed, in this case, by a group of postsecondary Inuit students studying in Montreal, Quebec. The findings of the research, expressed through a critical ethnographical account, confirm that art used in this way can be a transformative, facilitating tool for stimulating relational knowledge and critical consciousness, making the research process a shared experience of collaboration and growth for all involved. The diversity expressed through this universal channel, artistic expression, becomes rich and illuminating and stimulates understanding about both identity and culture.
Globalization and the Transformation of Environmental Governance
Authors: SONNENFELD DAVID A. , MOL ARTHUR P. J.
Published: July 2003

In this introduction, the editors suggest a framework for the study of globalization and environmental governance, review important contemporary developments in supranational environmental governance, and introduce individual contributions to the special issue. Held, McGrew, Goldblatt, and Perraton's distinction between hyperglobalist, skeptical, and transformationalist perspectives on dynamics of globalization is useful in the study of the transformations in environmental governance around the world today. Three important innovations are examined: the development of supranational environmental institutions, increased use of market-based regulatory instruments, and the rise of global civil society involvement. Emergent transformations in global environmental governance are not inevitable, and neither are they sufficient for sustainability. Rather, they are constantly threatened by the interests and actions of economic actors and constrained as well by politics, geography, and global inequality. Persistent efforts by interested parties are required to retain salience, maintain momentum, and extend effectiveness of the new forms of environmental governance.
Governance, Trade, and the Environment in the Context of NAFTA
Authors: SANCHEZ ROBERTO A.
Published: July 2003

The increasing importance of ideas and practices of free trade in the world economy requires a better understanding of the role of trade in creating opportunities for development. This study analyzes new forms of governance created in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It finds that environmental groups' participation in NAFTA's implementation has declined while market actors have become increasingly empowered. The study finds that 8 years after NAFTA's passage there are generally diminished expectations that the agreement's environmental provisions and institutional frameworks will help control negative environmental consequences of increased trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This brings into question NAFTA's reputation as a “green” trade agreement. The narrow and technical interpretation of the NAFTA's provisions has been oriented toward avoiding trade barriers rather than understanding and improving the complex interactions between trade, the environment, and development.
Government and Environmental Innovation in Europe and North America
Authors: ASHFORD NICHOLAS A.
Published: July 2003

This article challenges certain tenets of the theories of reflexive law and ecological modernization. Although farsighted prevention-oriented and structural changes are needed, some proponents of these theories argue that the very industries and firms that create environmental problems can through continuous institutional learning, the application of life-cycle analysis, dialogue and networks with stakeholders, and implementation of “environmental management systems” be transformed into sustainable industries and firms. Although useful, these reforms are insufficient. It is not marginal or incremental changes that are needed for sustainability but rather major product, process, and system transformations—often beyond the capacity of the dominant industries and firms. This article also questions the alleged failure of regulation to stimulate needed technological changes and identifies the conditions under which innovation for sustainability can occur. Finally, it discusses differences in needed policies for industrialized and developing countries.
Integrating Environmental and Economic Policy Making in China and Taiwan
Authors: ROCK MICHAEL T.
Published: July 2003

What, if anything, are two of East Asia's high-growth economies—China and Taiwan—doing to integrate environmental considerations into economic policy making? The two case studies developed here demonstrate that innovative officials in each have found ways to get powerful economic agencies to take environmental considerations into account. In China, national officials in the State Environmental Protection Administration and local officials in city-level environmental protection bureaus use a city-level environmental rating, ranking, and public disclosure program along with an environmental target responsibility system to get mayors to invest in environmental improvement. In Taiwan, the building of a tough and competent environmental regulatory agency that simply bypassed the government's premier industrial policy agency forced the latter to integrate environmental considerations into industrial policy making. In both instances, there is some evidence that these innovations are working. But in both, much more needs to be done.
Data on Higher Education in the United States
Authors: BRINT STEVEN
Published: July 2003

Higher education is a mixed sector. It includes many public institutions as well as many independent colleges and universities. It also includes some for-profit enterprises. Data resources for the study of higher education are generally very good. This is particularly true for studies of students, faculty, institutional quality, and financial resources. This article provides a catalog of existing data resources, including comments about limitations in the quality of some data sources. The article also discusses data resources needs for the future. These needs will focus on key changes in higher education: the rise offor-profit enterprises and private resources, new markets for postsecondary education, new instructional technologies, and changing social partnership activities. The article concludes by describing a number of studies that could be conducted using data on higher education to address issues high on the agenda of students of the nonprofit sector.
Religious Organizations
Authors: CHAVES MARK
Published: July 2003

This article distinguishes the following three types of religious organizations: congregations, denominational organizations (religious organizations that are not congregations but that mainly produce religion), and religious nonprofits (religious organizations that work mainly in functional fields other than religion). For each type of religious organization, I discuss the key questions we might ask, the current data resources relevant for answering these key questions, and the appropriate action for advancing empirical research. I also describe the political economy of data production on religious organizations.
Databases for Research on Nonprofit Health Care Organizations
Authors: GRAY BRADFORD H. , CLEMENT JAN P.
Published: July 2003

As tax-exempt entities that compete in commercial markets with for-profit organizations, nonprofit health care organizations present stimulating intellectual challenges to the theorist and the empiricist alike. Because of third-party payment and policy intensiveness of health care, much information is available to researchers. Most research has focused on comparisons with for-profits and on public policy issues. This article describes the major streams of research on health care delivery organizations and the main sources and types of data that are available to researchers. We suggest criteria for evaluating data sources and identify some limitations and barriers that now exist. We conclude by identifying and assessing the data problems that could confront researchers interested in ownership issues in health care and by offering suggestions on how the more serious ones might be addressed to facilitate improved research.
Current Data Resources on Nonprofit Arts Organizations
Authors: KAPLE DEBORAH A.
Published: July 2003

This article presents and examines the data sources that are currently available for conducting research on nonprofit arts organizations in the United States. It gives a detailed look at how the field has developed and why particular data problems exist. It examines the data necessary to understand sufficiently the largely uncharted territory of nonprofit arts organizations and it gives an overview of the key data sources that do exist. It summarizes recent efforts of scholars and researchers to assemble better databases on arts organizations and, finally, it makes recommendations for further research to be pursued.
Nonprofit Organizations in American History
Authors: HAMMACK DAVID C.
Published: July 2003

Every question concerning U.S. nonprofit organizations and its nonprofit sector as a whole has a historical dimension. Changing state and federal laws have always determined both what nonprofit corporations and associations can do and who can join and lead them. Conflicts over individual freedom, the nature of government, the role of various religions, race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other matters have always shaped these laws. Learning about the nonprofit sector has just begun, but large numbers of books and data sources—many noted in this article—are relevant. Numbers of nonprofit employees grew from near zero to 1% of the U.S. labor force in 1900, to 3% in 1960, and 9% in 2000. Consumer wealth, steadily increasing government subsidies, and expanded individual rights explain the growth. The sector limits religious and other cultural conflicts and promotes diversity, while increasing inequality.
Nonprofit Organization Data
Authors: LAMPKIN LINDA M. , BORIS ELIZABETH T.
Published: July 2003

Better information on the nonprofit sector in the United States is needed to help answer questions about the impact and accountability of nonprofits. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 990 is the best source of data for researchers, as filing is legally required for most nonprofits. Major exceptions are those with less than $25,000 in gross receipts and religious congregations or related organizations. All private foundations must file a Form 990-PF annually regardless of size. This article describes the current IRS data sources and details their strengths and limitations for different research purposes. Additional data needed to illuminate gaps in knowledge are noted, along with recommendations for future research. These include improving financial accounting for nonprofits and standardizing data definitions and reporting formats. Only with accurate and reliable data can research help inform decision making and lead to increased effectiveness within the nonprofit sector.
Evaluating Nonprofit Databases
Authors: GRØNBJERG KIRSTEN A.
Published: July 2003

The nonprofit sector's increasing size, political relevance, and visibility to social scientists demands data on the sector's scope, characteristics, and trends. National and statewide data initiatives have responded to these needs, but most databases remain problematic, especially at the level of local communities. Knowledge about the sector is therefore likely to be incomplete and/or biased. This article reports on efforts to create and assess a comprehensive non-profit database, using Indiana as a test case. Three institutional databases (IRS registration, state incorporation, and phone listings) were combined and supplemented from local listings in 11 communities. We included an alternative hypernetwork sampling strategy for comparison purposes. The results show major gaps in the Internal Revenue Service and state incorporation databases and a surprisingly small overlap between the two. The databases, and various definitions of the sector, differ in their portrait of the sector, and the profile differences vary from one community to the next.
Theobiology
Authors: RAYBURN CAROLE A. , RICHMOND LEE J.
Published: July 2003

Theobiology proposes that not only pertinent disciplines from the sciences be brought into theological, psychology-of-religion, and spirituality discussions and analyses but that this be done on a systematic, consistent basis. Theobiology does not presume any primacy of the sciences over theology or the psychology of religion/spirituality or vice versa. Nor is revealed knowledge or divine revelation seen as any less important than scientific knowledge. In this theory and methodology, sciences serve as tools or aids to give us deeper understanding of theology and psychology of religion/spirituality. Theobiology theoretical undergirdings include the philosophical approach, with search for truth coming about through logical reasoning rather than factual direct observation and analysis of bases and concepts of fundamental beliefs, and hermeneutics recognizing that all sciences are needed for the most accurate, appropriate interpretation of theological matters.
Nonreductive Physicalism and Soul
Authors: BROWN WARREN S.
Published: July 2003

Cognitive neuroscience has raised important questions regarding the religious understanding of persons as bodies inhabited by nonmaterial souls (dualism). Although physicalism (monism) offers an alternative, this view has typically been associated with reductionism that is inconsistent with a religious view of persons. Nonreductive physicalism provides a description of human nature that is more resonant with a theological perspective. Nonreductive physicalism entails abandonment of reductionism in science and of body-soul dualism in theological anthropology. This article suggests that nonreductive physicalism preserves the critical properties and attributes of human nature, and potentials for human experience, which have been described in religious scriptures and assigned to the soul. It is argued that a critical feature of a religious view of persons is a capacity for the deepest forms of personal relatedness. Thus, soul is an attribute of physical human beings that is an emergent property of the capacity and experiences of personal relatedness.
The Pyramids of Sciences and of Humanities
Authors: GORSUCH RICHARD L.
Published: July 2003

The 1900s' truth criteria were easily met in science but not easily met in the humanities and religions. This approach was founded in the classical view of science: describing the research so that others may replicate it. This new approach gave science a major way of establishing truth not available to humanities and religion. Physics was seen as the base of science, with natural and social sciences built upon it as in a pyramid. The advent of postmodernism called the notion of “finding the truth” into question. Exegesis of a radical postmodernism shows that science provides nomothetic truth, that is, truth based on replication, whereas the humanities and revelation provide idiographic truth, that is, truth based on a unique experience, and each has separate rules for justifying a belief. The resulting dual pyramid, one for science and one for humanities, provides bases of beliefs in truths in the sciences, including psychology, and in the humanities, including religion.
Is Faith an Emotion?
Authors: RAMÍREZ-JOHNSON JOHNNY , FAYARD CARLOS , GARBEROGLIO CARLOS , JORGE RAMÍREZ CLARA M.
Published: July 2003

To understand the meaning of religious faith within the context of theobiology, this study reports on the findings of a study of breast cancer (BC) patients and how they defined faith with emotion words and reported via open-ended short narratives how religious faith helped them in coping with their BC. When defining faith, BC patients preferred positive emotion words (82.9%) over negative emotion words (17%). Still, the fact that negative emotion words were used at all indicates the need to understand religious faith as a construct that encompasses negative as well as positive emotions. BC patients confirmed the historical views of Thomas Aquinas on the role of emotions in religious faith.
Beyond Equality
Authors: NIXON JOHN S.
Published: July 2003

The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. For we were all baptized by one Spirit into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, slave or free—and we were all given the one Spirit to drink.

1 Cor. 12:12-13
Theobiology and Gendered Spirituality
Authors: KANIS SHARON
Published: July 2003

The gendered nature of human experience influences the interpretation of most life events and human processes. Men and women experience life differently. How does gender affect the development of theology or the practice of spirituality? In particular, what is the impact of embodiment on the development of theology or spirituality? As this article suggests, narrative research provides rich data for understanding the interface between human embodiment and spirituality.
Shamanism as Neurotheology and Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: WINKELMAN MICHAEL
Published: July 2003

Universals of shamanism reflect innate brain processes and representational systems and fundamental aspects of consciousness. Shamanic universals involve psychophysiological dynamics of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and visionary experiences, metaphoric representations produced through integration of innate representational modules, and rituals that produce psychophysiological healing responses. ASCs reflect natural brain processes involving systemic integrative conditions. Universal shamanic representations (e.g., animism, animal allies, and soul flight) use cross-modal integration of specialized innate modules and reflect fundamental aspects of the psychodynamics of self. These prelinguistic emotional, social, and mental processes use presentational symbolism that reflects fundamental structures of consciousness. Therapeutic aspects of shamanism involve the psychophysiological effects of ASCs, ritual and community evocation of neurotransmitter responses, and the functions of spirit concepts in representing and manipulating individual and group psychodynamics. The shamanic paradigm's psychobiological foundations explain the origins and cross-cultural distribution of shamanism, its modern manifestations, and the continued applicability of shamanic practices.
Psychological Distress, Crime Features, and Help-Seeking Behaviors Related to Homophobic Bias Incidents
Authors: ROSE SUZANNA M. , MECHANIC MINDY B.
Published: July 2003

Psychological distress, crime features, and help-seeking behaviors of homophobic bias incidents were explored using a convenience sample of 290 lesbian, gay, and bisexual participants. A majority of the sample (73%) indicated they had been the target of at least one homophobic incident. Participants provided a detailed account of their most serious incident of homophobic victimization. Victims of homophobic sexual assaults reported significantly more posttraumatic stress symptoms than victims of bias threats, victims of other bias acts, or nonvictims. Bias sexual assaults also were more likely to involve a known perpetrator, multiple perpetrators, and previous bias incidents. Bias physical assault victims more often had a history of at least one incident of nonbias violence. Sexual and physical assault victims were more likely to report the incident and to seek other types of help. The results indicate that certain crime types and features result in more psychological distress for bias victims.
An Ethnographer Looks at Neo-Nazi and Klan Groups
Authors: EZEKIEL RAPHAEL S.
Published: July 2003

The author re-examines his fieldwork with neo-Nazi and Klan leaders and followers. He first reviews primary findings: official movement ideology expressed crude social Darwinism and an apocalyptic struggle between Whites (humans) and Jews (children of Satan); everyday beliefs of members spoke more of a fear that they, as Whites, were going to be economic losers; leaders were intelligent, shallow men, and at core were political beings motivated more by a drive for power than by racism; members were male, young, dropouts without work skills, with a deep fear of personal annihilation—social isolates whose membership expressed personal needs that might be satisfied equally by alternative engagements. The article next asks how a working-class youth becomes a neo-Nazi activist and identifies social and personal factors, relating them to other research. It draws implications for prevention, looking at community organizing and education, and then at the relation of militant White racism to ordinary White racism.
Attributions of Hate
Authors: QUIST RYAN M. , WIEGAND DOUGLAS M.
Published: July 2003

Attributions are examined within the context of media representations of an antigay hate crime. It was predicted that media sources from different political/ideological viewpoints would differ in their attributions regarding Matthew Shepard's murder, and these differences in attributions would be associated with overall attitudes toward homosexuality and hate crimes in general. Consistent with the authors' predictions, conservative media representations were less likely to attribute the incident itself to the political climate, thereby downplaying the role of situational factors. At the same time, the same conservative representations presented homosexuality as a controllable condition, thereby emphasizing situational attributions. In addition, a regression analysis suggests that attributions mediate the relationship between political viewpoint and (a) attitudes toward stricter hate crime legislation and (b) sympathy toward the gay community.
Perceptions of Hate Crime Perpetrators and Victims as Influenced by Race, Political Orientation, and Peer Group
Authors: MARCUS-NEWHALL AMY , BLAKE LAURA PALUCKI , BAUMANN JULIA
Published: July 2003

Three studies evaluated the influence of extralegal bias factors on mock jurors' perceptions of hate crimes. Race of victim (African American, Caucasian), race of perpetrator (African American, Caucasian), and political orientation (self-identified conservative, liberal) were manipulated in Experiment 1. Results indicated differential perceptions such that certainty of guilt and sentence ratings were greatest when the victim was African American and the perpetrator was Caucasian. Experiment 2 used a noncollege sample and found results parallel to Experiment 1. Experiment 3 examined the role of peer group and found Caucasians sentenced the defendant more severely when the victim was African American, but only when the defendant's peer group encouraged the attack. This research highlights the importance of examining extralegal factors within the context of hate crimes.
Good Intentions
Authors: FRANKLIN KAREN
Published: July 2003

This article explores the practical enforcement of laws that increase criminal penalties for bias-related crimes. A review of the literature suggests that penalty-enhancement statutes are meeting some of their goals. At the same time, police implementation is highly variable, prosecutions are rare, and convictions are even rarer. This article summarizes the practical and legal hurdles to enforcement of hate crime laws, including issues regarding enforcement by local police, difficulties in proving motivation, and controversies surrounding deterrence and the larger societal impact of the laws. Because hate crime laws have been operationalized with little or no attention to societal power dynamics and social inequalities, their paradoxical consequences may include disproportionate punishment of minorities whom they were intended to protect. Furthermore, hate crime laws shine their spotlight on relatively powerless individuals at the bottom of the social order and away from the societal institutions that promote or condone discriminatory conduct.
Hate Crime as a Crime Category Worthy of Policy Attention
Authors: COGAN JEANINE C.
Published: July 2003

After more than a decade of legislative activity on hate crimes, a growing number of people are challenging the validity of hate crimes as a separate crime category with separate punishments. The question that begs to be answered is whether hate crimes are deserving of a separate and unique policy response. The author argues that they are by addressing a number of key factors including: the long-standing existence of crime hierarchies; the historical role of the federal government to protect individuals from harm; the increased impact of hate crimes on the victim; how hate crimes serve to intimidate entire communities, are widespread and underreported, and not impossible to determine motive. The author also provides a historical perspective on hate crimes as a crime category and a summary of federal and state hate crime legislation. She lists legitimate concerns of hate crime policy and urges a focus on prevention.
Introduction
Authors: LANGMAN LAUREN
Published: July 2003

With television, electoral politics has been transformed from competition between groups over interests to competitions between elites for audience share. How has electronic reproduction impacted the “aura” of politics in an “amusement society”? Douglas Kellner illustrates how media-produced images and spectacles of the presidency are similar to movies and soap operas. Chris Rojek argues that Nixon was the last president with a real aura, “post-auratic” presidents are shaped by media considerations. Lauren Langman shows how Zippergate was little more than an expensive soap opera whose audiences saw Bill and Monica as a hero and heroine assaulted by puritanical villains. For Terry Clark, given shifts in the “political culture” in which the majority is socially liberal and economically conservative, political leaders must have images that can embrace both positions, Bill Clinton as the model. Gary Fine and Emily Eisenberg ask why Nixon and Clinton evoke such powerful feelings and suggest the political images and values of earlier times shape later perceptions. Finally, Michael Weinstein and Deena Weinstein show how following 9/11, the country needed a strong resolute leader, and so the media transformed George Bush—overnight he went from a rather mediocre, “accidental” president to the strong leader fighting for democracy.
Suppose They Gave a Culture War and No One Came
Authors: LANGMAN LAUREN
Published: July 2003

L'affaire Clinton, a president lured by the thong of temptress Monica, became the major media spectacle of the late '90s. Rural, Southern, conservative Christians regarded him as the symbol of the social, sexual, and civil rights revolutions of the '60s that had been an affront to their values. The attempt to remove him from office was a “culture war” in which his detractors had not understood just how far the political center of the country had moved. Given greater levels of education, more women in the workforce, and growing cosmopolitanism, the country had become more socially liberal and regarded his peccadilloes as his own business. Moreover, the rank hypocrisy of his accusers gave them little credibility. Nevertheless, as a political soap opera, its cast of characters, its sex, sin, betrayals, courtroom drama, and contrition was another step eroding the boundaries of the political and entertainment in an “amusement society.”
The Presidency and the New Political Culture
Authors: CLARK TERRY NICHOLS
Published: July 2003

A new political culture (NPC) is transforming the presidency. The NPC is redefining the rules by which politics is played and replacing class politics and clientelism/patronage. The NPC includes: (a) transforming the classic Left-Right, (b) explicitly distinguishing social and fiscal/economic issues, (c) increasing emphasis on social issues, (d) growing market individualism and social individualism, (e) questioning the welfare state, (f) increasing issue politics and citizen participation and declining hierarchical political organizations, and (g) growing participation among younger, educated, professional, and affluent individuals and societies. In addition, (a) William Clinton and other recent presidents illustrate the deeper dynamics, (b) the NPC is international (Blair and Schroeder illustrate), (c) key cultural changes by other leaders and citizens show that presidents match the emergence of the NPC, (d) political parties are key in ignoring or implementing citizen priorities, (e) globalization and the rise of entertainment (foreshadowed by Benjamin) demonstrate NPC preferences, and (f) brief cases and surveys of citizens and cities document key points.
Tricky Dick and Slick Willy
Authors: FINE GARY ALAN , EISENBERG EMILY
Published: July 2003

Although American politics depends on partisan rivalry, typically partisans are able to distinguish dislike for a president's policies and politics from hatred for the individual. Yet some presidents provoke unabashed antipathy that cannot be explained merely by policy differences within a partisan arena. How do these powerful emotions arise? To explain this animus, we argue that it is not their actions while president but the way that the despised president comes to typify issues of the period in which a previous political generation was imprinted. Presidential hatred is involved in generational politics and is grounded in the cultural past rather than the political present. We argue that the controversial reputations of Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton were grounded in debates over American politics of the late 1940s and the late 1960s. In the case of Nixon and Clinton, we suggest that hatred facilitates scandal rather than scandal causing hatred.
Hail to the Shrub
Authors: WEINSTEIN MICHAEL A. , WEINSTEIN DEENA
Published: July 2003

With regard to the American presidency, the prestige media perform the primary function of nonpartisan interested mediation between the president and his supporters and the loyal opposition to the president. This article draws on the formal sociology of Georg Simmel as a theoretical background, the American prestige newspapers as a resource, and the presidency of G. W. Bush before and immediately after 9/11/01 as a case study. When, as in the instance of the crisis following the 9/11 skyjackings, there is no partisan opposition to the president, the prestige media take up that role as interested mediators to try to ensure what they as representatives of hegemonic capitalism consider to be the proper functioning of the office.
Introduction
Authors: HONDAGNEU-SOTELO PIERRETTE
Published: July 2003

This article discusses the trajectory of scholarship as it has moved from the “immigrant women only” approach, one closely aligned with sex-role theory, to one that examines both men and women as gendered actors in migration and that recognizes key institutions as distinctively gendered. Early proclamations of immigrant women's emancipation have been reassessed, and the consequences of immigrant women's employment on gender equality in the family no longer seem as straightforward as they once did. New arenas, such as gendered transnational communities, the geographical and spatial contours of immigrant occupational sex segregation, and the inclusion of youth and children in gendered analysis of immigrant communities are also changing the landscape of the gender and immigration literature.
Engendering Migration Studies
Authors: PESSAR PATRICIA R.
Published: July 2003

This review highlights contributions made by scholars who have treated gender as a central organizing principle in migration and suggests some promising lines for future inquiry. Many significant topics emerge when gender is brought to the foreground, such as how and why women and men experience migration differently and how this contrast affects settlement, return, and transmigration. A gendered perspective demands a scholarly reengagement with those institutions and ideologies immigrants create and encounter in order to determine how patriarchy organizes family life, work, law, public policy, and so on. It encourages an examination of the ways that migration simultaneously reinforces and challenges patriarchy in its multiple forms. Several migration scholars have replaced early feminist frameworks in which gender hierarchy was privileged with more comprehensive and flexible models. These map the simultaneity of gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, class, and legal status on the lives of immigrant and native-born men and women.
The Intersection of Work and Gender
Authors: MENJÍVAR CECILIA
Published: July 2003

This article examines the intersection of U.S. employment and gender relations in the family lives of Guatemalan and Salvadoran immigrant women and how immigration experiences affect gendered perceptions of work. It is based on intensive interviews with 26 Salvadoran women in San Francisco and 25 Guatemalan-ladinas and indigenous women in Los Angeles, complemented with ethnographic observations. The study shows that immigration affects gender relations, sometimes transforming and other times affirming them. Such changes do not depend automatically on entering paid work but on important social processes of working outside the home in the new context. A partial explanation can be found in the interaction between the structure of opportunity that these Central Americans encounter and their own social position, such as their ethnicity and class. This analysis prevents a universalizing of the employment experiences of immigrant women and a portrayal of these women's experiences in simple or unidirectional terms.