bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of graduated compression stockings on blood velocity in the deep venous system of the lower limb in the postnatal period
Authors: Jamieson R , Calderwood CJ , Greer IA
Published: July 2007

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK and is also a major cause of long‐term morbidity. Recent UK national guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis, which includes the use of graduated compression stockings (GCS), for high‐risk women to reduce the risk of VTE in both the antenatal and postpartum period. This study of 17 women examined the effects of GCS on the deep venous system in the immediate postpartum period and found a statistically significant reduction in the diameter of the common femoral vein (CFV) (pre‐ versus post stocking diameter: mean 10.39 mm [SD 2.09] versus mean 9.69 mm [SD 1.99]) and an increase in the rate of blood velocity in the CFV (pre‐ versus post stocking velocity: mean 10.0 cm/s [SD 2.7] versus 13.9 cm/s [SD 4.2]) 30 minutes after application of thigh length GCS in women 1 or 2 days following a singleton vaginal delivery at term. This confirms reduction in venous stasis in the deep venous system in the immediate postpartum woman by the use of GCS, supporting their use in improving venous function in this context.
Mitochondrial DNA deletions induce the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase energy stress pathway and result in decreased secretion of some proteins
Authors: Prigione Alessandro , Cortopassi Gino
Published: July 2007

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions occur sporadically in zygotic and somatic tissues and reach their highest concentration in substantia nigra. Previously, we noted the increase of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) transcript by microarray in multiple cells and tissues bearing deletions. In this work, we demonstrate that the induction of AMPK transcript is dependent on deletions by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and also demonstrate a deficiency in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in the same cells. Consistent with AMPK induction, its known targets SREBF1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1) and ATG12 were inhibited and induced, respectively. AMPK induction is known to decrease secretory processes in some cells, and the secretion of both osteoprotegerin (OPG) and fibronectin (FN) proteins to the extracellular space was significantly deficient. Deletions caused a defect in the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ribosylation factor‐like 2 (ARL2) transcript, which is known to be important in secretion and interacts with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and thus AMPK. The deletion‐dependent dysfunctions occurred even in cells bearing less than 30% deletions, suggesting that the concept of a high biological ‘threshold’ for deletions should be further revised downward. The defects in ATP synthesis, induction of the AMPK and SREBF1 transcripts, and decreased expression of ARL2 and secretion of OPG and FN were recapitulated by low doses of rotenone, demonstrating that they were a specific consequence of electron transport chain inhibition. Thus, mtDNA deletions result in cellular energy depletion, which causes the induction of AMPK and its regulated targets, and inhibit secretion of some proteins. We integrate these observations into a pathophysiological model for how mitochondrial deletions cause disease.
Can the Study of Natural Vegetation Succession Assist in the Control of Soil Erosion on Abandoned Croplands on the Loess Plateau, China?
Authors: Jiao Juying , Tzanopoulos Joseph , Xofis Panteleimon , Bai Wenjuan , Ma Xianghua , Mitchley Jonathan
Published: July 2007

In the Loess Plateau, China, arable cultivation of slope lands is common and associated with serious soil erosion. Planting trees or grass may control erosion, but planted species may consume more soil water and can threaten long‐term ecosystem sustainability. Natural vegetation succession is an alternative ecological solution to restore degraded land, but there is a time cost, given that the establishment of natural vegetation, adequate to prevent soil erosion, is a longer process than planting. The aims of this study were to identify the environmental factors controlling the type of vegetation established on abandoned cropland and to identify candidate species that might be sown soon after abandonment to accelerate vegetation succession and establishment of natural vegetation to prevent soil erosion. A field survey of thirty‐three 2 × 2–m plots was carried out in July 2003, recording age since abandonment, vegetation cover, and frequency of species together with major environmental and soil variables. Data were analyzed using correspondence analysis, classification tree analysis, and species response curves. Four vegetation types were identified and the data analysis confirmed the importance of time since abandonment, total P, and soil water in controlling the type of vegetation established. Among the dominant species in the three late‐successional vegetation types, the most appropriate candidates for accelerating and directing vegetation succession were King Ranch bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) andLespedeza davurica(Leguminosae). These species possess combinations of the following characteristics: tolerance of low water and nutrient availability, fibrous root system and strong lateral vegetative spread, and a persistent seed bank.
River Restoration in the Twenty‐First Century: Data and Experiential Knowledge to Inform Future Efforts
Authors: Palmer Margaret , Allan J. David , Meyer Judy , Bernhardt Emily S
Published: July 2007

Despite some highly visible projects that have resulted in environmental benefits, recent efforts to quantify the number and distribution of river restoration projects revealed a paucity of written records documenting restoration outcomes. Improving restoration designs and setting watershed priorities rely on collecting and making accessible this critical information. Information within the unpublished notes of restoration project managers is useful but rarely documents ecological improvements. This special section of Restoration Ecology is devoted to the current state of knowledge on river restoration. We provide an overview of the section’s articles, reflecting on lessons learned, which have implications for the implementation, legal, and financing frameworks for restoration. Our reflections are informed by two databases developed under the auspices of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis project and by extensive interactions with those who fund, implement, and permit restoration. Requiring measurable ecological success criteria, comprehensive watershed plans, and tracking of when and where restoration projects are implemented are critical to improving the health of U.S. waters. Documenting that a project was put in the ground and stayed intact cannot be equated with ecological improvements. However, because significant ecological improvements can come with well‐designed and ‐implemented stream and river restorations, a small investment in documenting the factors contributing to success will lead to very large returns in the health of our nation’s waterways. Even projects that may appear to be failures initially can be turned into success stories by applying the knowledge gained from monitoring the project in an adaptive restoration approach.
Ethanol Preference Is Inversely Correlated With Ethanol‐Induced Dopamine Release in 2 Substrains of C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Ramachandra Vorani , Phuc Steven , Franco Ana Crystal , Gonzales Rueben A.
Published: July 2007

Background:  The C57BL/6 mouse model has been used extensively in alcohol drinking studies, yet significant differences in ethanol preference between substrains exist. Differences in ethanol‐induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum could contribute to this variability in drinking behavior as dopamine has been implicated in the reinforcing properties of ethanol.

Methods:  A 2‐bottle choice experiment investigated the difference in ethanol preference between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NCrl animals. Microdialysis was used to determine dopamine release and ethanol clearance in these 2 substrains after intraperitoneal injections of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg ethanol or saline.

Results:  C57BL/6J mice exhibited significantly greater ethanol preference and less ethanol‐stimulated dopamine release compared with C57BL/6NCrl mice. The intraperitoneal injections of ethanol caused a significant increase in dopamine in both substrains at all 3 doses with significant differences between substrains at the 2 highest alcohol doses. Saline injections had a significant effect on dopamine release when given in a volume equivalent to the 3 g/kg ethanol dose. Ethanol pharmacokinetics were similar in the 2 substrains at all 3 doses.

Conclusions:  Ethanol‐induced dopamine release in the ventral striatum may contribute to the differences in alcohol preference between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NCrl mice.
Intake of Energy Drinks in Association With Alcoholic Beverages in a Cohort of Students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina
Authors: Oteri Alessandro , Salvo Francesco , Caputi Achille Patrizio , Calapai Gioacchino
Published: July 2007

Background:  Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and β‐complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread.

Methods:  With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire.

Results:  A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night.

Conclusions:  Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Managerial Entrenchment
Authors: Cespa Giovanni , Cestone Giacinta
Published: July 2007

When stakeholder protection is left to the voluntary initiative of managers, relations with social activists may become an effective entrenchment strategy for inefficient CEOs. We thus argue that managerial turnover and firm value are increased when explicit stakeholder protection is introduced so as to deprive incumbent CEOs of activists' support. This finding provides a rationale for the emergence of specialized institutions (social auditors and ethic indexes) that help firms commit to stakeholder protection even in the case of managerial replacement. Our theory also explains a recent trend whereby social activist organizations and institutional shareholders are showing a growing support for each other's agenda.
An Empirical Analysis of the Strategic Use of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Siegel Donald S. , Vitaliano Donald F.
Published: July 2007

Recent theories of the strategic use of corporate social responsibility (CSR) emphasize the role of information asymmetry and how CSR is likely to be incorporated into a firm's product differentiation strategy. A key empirical implication of these theories is that firms selling experience or credence goods are more likely to be socially responsible than firms selling search goods. Using firm‐level data, we report evidence that is consistent with this hypothesis.
Autocracy vs. Democracy
Authors: MUFTUOGLU YUSUF
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
Turkey Is No Model for Muslims
Authors: MAHATHIR MOHAMAD
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
Binary Regression in Truncated Samples, with Application to Comparing Dietary Instruments in a Large Prospective Study
Authors: Midthune Douglas , Kipnis Victor , Freedman Laurence S. , Carroll Raymond J.
Published: July 2007

Summary We examine two issues of importance in nutritional epidemiology: the relationship between dietary fat intake and breast cancer, and the comparison of different dietary assessment instruments, in our case the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the multiple‐day food record (FR). The data we use come from women participants in the control group of the Dietary Modification component of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trial. The difficulty with the analysis of this important data set is that it comes from a truncated sample, namely those women for whom fat intake as measured by the FFQ amounted to 32% or more of total calories. We describe methods that allow estimation of logistic regression parameters in such samples, and also allow comparison of different dietary instruments. Because likelihood approaches that specify the full multivariate distribution can be difficult to implement, we develop approximate methods for both our main problems that are simple to compute and have high efficiency. Application of these approximate methods to the WHI study reveals statistically significant fat and breast cancer relationships when a FR is the instrument used, and demonstrate a marginally significant advantage of the FR over the FFQ in the local power to detect such relationships.
Discoloration of Fired Kaolinitic Clays (Study of Fe3+ Coordination by Mössbauer and UV‐ViS‐NIR Spectroscopy)
Authors: Hanzlicek T. , Niznansky D. , Dedecek J. , Steinerova M. , Straka P. , Triskova J.
Published: July 2007

The final color of a ceramic body is generally determined by the contents of Fe3+ ions. The Central European market accepts kaolinitic clays for the production of tableware, electro‐insulators, and wall tiles only if the Fe2O3 in chemical analyses of the kaolin does not exceed 1.0 wt%. The chemical analyses calculate the content of all iron components as if they were in the form of Fe2O3 and then their quantity excludes even good‐quality clay from the ceramic industry of white bodies. We found that oxidizing firing of the samples fired at over 1180°C changes the color in cases where the initial Fe3+ component is in the form of hydro ferric oxide [FeO(OH)] or if the ferric ions were added to the white kaolin samples in the form of ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O]. The Mössbauer spectroscopy confirms the presence of only diluted Fe3+ ions. The UV‐ViS‐NIR spectroscopy confirms that even if the concentration of Fe2O3 is above 3.0 wt%, these ions of Fe3+ in the case of their initial hydro ferric oxide formed in clay are incorporated into the mullitic structure in tetrahedral coordination. The iron‐coloring effect depends on the coordination of Fe3+ ions with the studied discoloring effect of fired bodies—the very small and well‐distributed particles enter into the formatted mullitic structure.
Thermal Stability of Air Plasma Spray and Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Chen Dianying , Gell Maurice , Jordan Eric H. , Cao Eric , Ma Xinqing
Published: July 2007

Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were produced by conventional air plasma spray (APS) and solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) processes. Both TBCs were isothermally heat treated from 1200° to 1500°C for 100 h. Changes in the phase content, microstructure, and hardness were investigated. The nontransformable tetragonal (t′) phase is the predominant phase in both the as‐sprayed APS and SPPS TBCs. APS and SPPS coatings exhibit similar thermal stability behavior such as densification rate, hardness increase, and grain coarsening rate. Both the as‐received and heat‐treated APS and SPPS TBCs show a bimodal pore size distribution with nano‐ and micro‐size pores. After 1400°C/100 h heat treatment, equiaxed grains replace the columnar structure in APS TBCs and the splat structure disappears. Vertical cracks remain after the 1500°C/100 h exposure in SPPS TBCs. The monoclinic phase appears in APS TBCs after a 1400°C/100 h exposure and in SPPS coatings after a 1500°C/100 h exposure.
Predicting Pay Grade in the U.S. Military by Gender and Ethnic Minority Status1
Authors: Stoever Colby J. , Schmaling Karen B. , Gutierrez Casey A. , Fonseca Carol , Blume Arthur W.
Published: July 2007

This study examined predictors of pay grade for ethnic minorities and women in the U.S. military using hierarchical regression analyses. In the analysis including all personnel, being a woman and ethnic minority status were negative predictors of pay grade after controlling for education and years of service. In the analysis using enlisted personnel, the interaction between years of service and minority status showed that more years of service was associated with higher pay grade among ethnic majority enlisted personnel after controlling for education and years of service. In the model using officers, being a woman was a negative predictor of pay grade after controlling for education and years of service. Future studies, implications, limitations, and strengths are discussed.
Gender Differences in a Comparison of Two Tested Etiological Models of Cigarette Smoking Among Elementary School Students1
Authors: Swaim Randall C. , Perrine Nicholas E. , Aloise‐Young Patricia A.
Published: July 2007

The theory of reasoned action (TRA), theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a revised TPB were evaluated using manifest variable structural equation modeling among 4th‐ through 6th‐grade students for effectiveness in predicting lifetime cigarette use. TRA was an adequate model for female students, but not male students. TPB resulted in improved model fit over TRA for both male and female students, and a revised TPB model improved fit marginally among female students. Tests for differences across gender indicated that the relationship between intention to use and lifetime cigarette use was stronger among female compared to male students. The results indicate that the TPB is an effective model for predicting lifetime cigarette use among late elementary‐school‐aged children.
Is a Stage Model a Useful Approach to Explain Car Drivers' Willingness to Use Public Transportation?
Authors: Bamberg Sebastian
Published: July 2007

The paper empirically evaluates the utility of a stage approach in describing car drivers' decisions to change to public transportation. Data from 2 samples are used to test whether 5 subgroups assumed to represent an ordered sequence of decision stages derived from an extended version of the model of action phases (Gollwitzer, 1996) is clearer than the changed one. Contrary to expectations, cluster analysis indicates that a 4‐cluster solution is most adequate. Whereas the profiles of 3 clusters fit the expected features of the precontemplation, contemplation, and maintenance stages, the existence of separated preparation and action stages was not confirmed. Evidence was also mixed for the assumption that the assignment to the decision stages can be predicted by specific motivational variables.
General Beliefs and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Environmental Concerns in the TPB
Authors: De Groot Judith , Steg Linda
Published: July 2007

This study tested whether the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985) could explain people's intention to use a park‐and‐ride facility (transferium) in Groningen, The Netherlands. We extended the TPB by including egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric concerns. A questionnaire study was conducted among 218 respondents who regularly visit the center of Groningen for work or shopping. Environmental concerns were directly related to attitudes toward using the transferium. However, the 3 types of concerns were not directly related to intention to use the transferium. Furthermore, positive attitudes, positive subjective norms, and high perceived behavioral control toward the use of the transferium were related to stronger intention to use the transferium. Limitations and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Male Gender Identity in an XX Individual with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Jorge Juan Carlos , Echeverri Carolina , Medina Yailis , Acevedo Pedro
Published: July 2007

Introduction

In spite of significant changes in the management policies of intersexuality, clinical evidence show that not all pubertal or adult individuals live according to the assigned sex during infancy.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical management of an individual diagnosed as a female pseudohermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) simple virilizing form four decades ago but who currently lives as a monogamous heterosexual male.

Methods

We studied the clinical files spanning from 1965 to 1991 of an intersex individual. In addition, we conducted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the abdominoplevic cavity and a series of interviews using the oral history method.

Main Outcome Measures

Our analysis is based on the clinical evidence that led to the CAH diagnosis in the 1960s in light of recent clinical testing to confirm such diagnosis.

Results

Analysis of reported values for 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, from 24-hour urine samples during an 8-year period showed poor adrenal suppression in spite of adherence to treatment. A recent MRI study confirmed the presence of hyperplastic adrenal glands as well as the presence of a prepubertal uterus. Semistructured interviews with the individual confirmed a life history consistent with a male gender identity.

Conclusions

Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that XX intersex individuals with CAH should be assigned to the female sex, this practice harms some individuals as they may self-identify as males. In the absence of comorbid psychiatric factors, the discrepancy between infant sex assignment and gender identity later in life underlines the need for a reexamination of current standards of care for individuals diagnosed with CAH.
Hydrogen Sulphide: A Novel Endogenous Gasotransmitter Facilitates Erectile Function
Authors: Srilatha Balasubramanian , Adaikan P. Ganesan , Li Ling , Moore Philip K.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

In a pilot study, we found that the novel gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), had a vasodilatory and proerectile action on the cavernosum. In the present work, we explored the ability of the cavernosum to synthesize H2S and its mechanism on the cavernosal pathways.

Aim

To evaluate the physiopharmacological responses and mechanism in the erectile function of H2S in rabbit cavernosum.

Methods

Rabbit corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle tissue (N = 5) was homogenized and incubated with L-cysteine (10 mM) and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (2 mM) to detect H2S formation. In isometric tension studies on rabbits (N = 12), the effect of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; stable H2S donor, 100 µM–3.2 mM) was evaluated on the relaxant and contractile pathways in the cavernous smooth muscle using standard pharmacological tools.

Main Outcome Measures

In vitro evidences for cavernosal H2S formation and proerectile pharmacological effects.

Results

H2S was readily synthesized in the rabbit CC (2.1 ± 0.4 nmol/mg protein). In organ bath studies, NaHS consistently relaxed the rabbit CC in a concentration-dependent manner. MDL 12,330A and 1-H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one inhibited the NaHS relaxation by 22.5% and 14.7%, respectively. All three enzyme inhibitors (aminooxyacetic acid [AOAA], β-cyanoalanine [β-CA], and DL-propargylglycine [PAG][1 mM]) markedly increased the noradrenergic contractile neurotransmission of CC strips to field stimulation with minimal reversal by cysteine (1 mM) indicating the possible inherent inhibition of the relaxant H2S formation. AOAA, β-CA, or PAG had no significant effect on nitrergic relaxation of noradrenaline-precontracted CC strips.

Conclusions

These pioneering studies provide evidence for the endogenous formation of H2S and its proerectile relaxant effect on the cavernosum, with the possibility of involvement of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway.
Finasteride 5 mg and Sexual Side Effects: How Many of these are Related to a Nocebo Phenomenon?
Authors: Mondaini Nicola , Gontero Paolo , Giubilei Gianluca , Lombardi Giuseppe , Cai Tommaso , Gavazzi Andrea , Bartoletti Riccardo
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Sexual adverse experiences such as erectile dysfunction (ED), loss of libido, and ejaculation disorders have been consistent side effects of finasteride in a maximum percentage of 15% after 1 year of therapy. Such data could be seen as far from reality, if compared to a higher percentage that may be found in any common clinical practice.

Aim

This study aims to explain the dichotomy between literature's data and clinical practice data.

Methods

One hundred twenty patients with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), sexually active and with an International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function (IIEF-EF) domain ≥25 were randomized to receive finasteride 5 mg concealed as an “X compound of proven efficacy for the treatment of BPH” for 1 year with (group 2) or without (group 1) counseling on the drug sexual side effect. The phrase used to inform group 2 patients was “. . . it may cause erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, problems of ejaculation but these are uncommon”.

Main Outcome Measures

The estimation of side effect was conducted at 6 and 12 months using the male sexual function-4 (MSF-4 item) questionnaire and a self-administered questionnaire.

Results

One hundred seven patients completed the study. Group 2 patients (N=55) reported a significant higher proportion of one or more sexual side effects as compared to group 1 (N=52) (43.6% vs. 15.3%) (P =0.03). The incidence of ED, decreased libido, and ejaculation disorders were 9.6, 7.7, and 5.7% for group 1, and 30.9, 23.6, and 16.3% for group 2, respectively (P =0.02, P =0.04, and P =0.06).

Conclusion

In the current study, blinded administration of finasteride was associated with a significantly higher proportion of sexual dysfunction in patients informed on sexual side effects (group 2) as compared to those in which the same information was omitted (group 1) (P =0.03). A scenario similar to group 2 of the current study is likely to occur in clinical practice, where the patient is counseled by the physician and has access to the drug information sheet. The burden of this nocebo effect (an adverse side effect that is not a direct result of the specific pharmacological action of the drug) has to be taken into account when managing finasteride sexual side effects.
Functional and Morphological Improvement in Erectile Tissue of Hypertensive Rats by Long-Term Combined Therapy with Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor and Losartan
Authors: Toblli Jorge Eduardo , Cao Gabriel , Lombraña Alejandra , Rivero Miguel
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is highly associated to cardiovascular disease, especially arterial hypertension. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) are both common and efficient therapy in patients with ED and arterial hypertension, respectively.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil (S), and of ARB Losartan (L) in a continuous combined therapy for a long term on penile structures in a hypertensive rat model.

Methods

During 6 months, four groups of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and one of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, as control group, were studied: no-treatment SHR, SHR with L, SHR with S, SHR with S+L, and no-treatment WKY. Cavernous smooth muscle (CSM) and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) from cavernous arteries, collagen type III (COL-III), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in cavernous space were evaluated.

Main Outcome Measure

Functional and morphological differences between S and L in a continuous combined therapy vs. either drug as monotherapy on penile structures.

Results

After 6 months, SHR that received L, S, or combined therapy showed a similar reduction in blood pressure compared with untreated SHR. Nevertheless, SHR+L+S and control WKY showed significantly lower values of (i) CSM (P  < 0.01), (ii) VSM (P  < 0.01), and (iii) COL-III (P  < 0.01) when compared with the untreated SHR and also with the SHR with monotherapy. Additionally, SHR+L+S, presented a higher eNOS expression in sinusoidal endothelium in comparison with the untreated SHR and the SHR with monotherapy (P  < 0.01). In vitro studies revealed that SHR+L+S displayed a better relaxation response to acetylcholine than the untreated SHR and the SHR with monotherapy (P  < 0.01).

Conclusions

These results suggest that a long-term combined therapy using L and S is a useful tool for functional and structural modification in cavernous tissue from SHR.
Sex After Seventy: A Pilot Study of Sexual Function in Older Persons
Authors: Smith Lizette J. , Mulhall John P. , Deveci Serkan , Monaghan Niall , Reid M.C.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Limited information is available regarding sexual functioning among adults aged 70 years and older.

Aims

To assess sexual functioning among older men and women, and ascertain patient–physician communication patterns about sexual functioning.

Methods

Prospective participants were approached prior to scheduled appointments with their primary care physician. In-depth sexual histories were obtained along with data on their demographic, medical, psychological, and cognitive status.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual functioning was assessed using standardized questionnaires, and simple yes/no questions were administered to ascertain information regarding patient–physician communication practices about sex.

Results

Of the 74 eligible patients approached, 50 (68%) participated. The participants had a mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 81 ± 6 years and most (56%) were women. Eighteen percent of the women and 41% of the men were sexually active. The most commonly reported sexual activity was intercourse for men and masturbation for women. Among the women, the most commonly cited reason for being sexually inactive was “no desire,” whereas for most men, it was “erectile dysfunction.” Sexual function scores for women were low across each category (lubrication, desire, orgasm, arousal, pain, and satisfaction.) For men, low sexual function scores were found in the domains of erectile function, orgasm, and overall satisfaction, but not desire. Only 4% of the women (vs. 36% of men) reported initiating a discussion about sexual function with their physician in the past year, whereas 7% of the women (vs. 32% of men) reported that their physician inquired about the topic in the preceding year. Finally, 32% of the women (vs. 86% of men) felt that physicians should initiate discussions about sexual function.

Conclusion

In this study of older adults, a minority reported current sexual activity. Among sexually inactive women, most did not wish to resume activity, whereas desire for sexual activity remained high among men, despite substantial problems with erectile dysfunction.
Effect of Hyperprolactinemia in Male Patients Consulting for Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Mannucci Edoardo , Fisher Alessandra D. , Lotti Francesco , Ricca Valdo , Balercia Giancarlo , Petrone Luisa , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario
Published: July 2007

Introduction

The physiological role of prolactin (PRL) in male sexual function has not been completely clarified.

Aim

The aim of this study is the assessment of clinical features and of conditions associated with hyperprolactinemia in male patients consulting for sexual dysfunction.

Methods

A consecutive series of 2,146 (mean age 52.2 ± 12.8 years) male patients with sexual dysfunction was studied.

Main Outcome Measures

Several hormonal and biochemical parameters were studied along with validated structured interviews (ANDROTEST and the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction [SIEDY]). Mild hyperprolactinemia (MHPRL; PRL levels of 420–735 mU/L or 20–35 ng/mL) and severe hyperprolactinemia (SHPRL, PRL levels >735 mU/L, 35 ng/mL) were considered.

Results

MHPRL and SHPRL were found in 69 (3.3%) and in 32 (1.5%) patients, respectively. Mean age and the prevalence of gynecomastia were similar in the two groups and in subjects with normal prolactin values. MHPRL was not confirmed in almost one-half of the patients after repetitive venous sampling. Hyperprolactinemia was associated with the current use of antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, and benzamides. SHPRL was also associated with hypoactive sexual desire (HSD), elevated thyrotropin (TSH), and hypogonadism. The association between HSD and SHPRL was confirmed after adjustment for testosterone and TSH levels, and use of psychotropic drugs (hazard ratio [HR]=8.60[3.85–19.23]; P <0.0001). In a 6-month follow-up of patients with SHPRL, testosterone levels and sexual desire were significantly improved by the treatment.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that SHPRL, but not MHPRL, is a relevant determinant of HSD. Gynecomastia does not help in recognizing hyperprolactinemic subjects, while the use of psychotropic medications and HSD are possible markers of disease. In the case of MHPRL, repetitive venous sampling is strongly encouraged.
SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION, SERUM RESISTANCE, HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY AND EXTENDED‐SPECTRUM β‐LACTAMASE‐PRODUCING KLEBSIELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Authors: GUNDOGAN NESLİHAN , YAKAR UFUK AYDIN
Published: July 2007

This study aimed at the isolation and identification of Klebsiella spp. from dairy product to establish their public health significance by determining their virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis were identified in 25 (58%), 11 (26%) and 7 (16%) isolates, respectively. A high prevalence of Klebsiella isolates had virulence factors such as siderophore production (63%), serum resistance (32.5%) and hemolytic activity (58%). ESBL‐producing Klebsiella spp. was detected in 35% of the isolates. Resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested was found to be much higher in the ESBL‐producing Klebsiella spp. than in non‐ESBL‐producing isolates. All ESBL‐producing Klebsiella spp. showed high‐level resistance to cephalosporins and monobactams. The majority of the serum resistant, siderophore, hemolysin and ESBL producers were K. pneumoniae.
VALIDATION OF HEATING CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION OF DIRECT ACIDIFIED BEEF SUMMER SAUSAGE FOR ELIMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7
Authors: GETTY KELLY J.K. , SYNOGROUND ADAM , ROBERTS MICHELLE N.
Published: July 2007

The effectiveness of a typical production process for eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 in directly acidified all‐beef summer sausage was evaluated for formulations of different fat contents (approximately 8 and 17%) and types of direct acidulant (encapsulated citric or lactic acid). Raw batter inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to an initial level of ca. 7.4 log cfu/g was stuffed into 64‐mm casings and processed according to a thermal processing schedule used by a small commercial processor for directly acidified summer sausage products (maximum internal product temperature of 70C, followed by cold showering). For all‐beef summer sausage, log reductions ranged from 5.3 to 5.5 cfu/g when product reached 64.4C (148F) internal temperature (IT) and 70C (158F) IT, and from 6.3 to 6.5 log cfu/g reductions when product reached 37.8C (100F) IT after thermal processing and cold showering. No differences in E. coli O157:H7 counts were observed for products with different fat or acid contents.
Early detection of autism spectrum disorders: Screening between 12 and 24 months of age
Authors: Nadel Stephen , Poss Jane E.
Published: July 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present nurse practitioners (NPs) with information on screening for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children between 12 and 24 months of age. Recommendations are also provided for appropriate referrals and initiation of early intervention (EI).

Data sources: Review of published literature about ASD.

Conclusions: Children with ASD exhibit impaired social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication deficits, and repetitive, restricted, and stereotyped patterns of behavior or interests. Studies show that these children benefit from beginning intensive EI as soon as possible.

Implications for practice: Early detection enables children with suspected ASD to be evaluated by specialists and entered into treatment programs at the earliest possible opportunity. Because of the importance of early diagnosis of ASD, it is critical that NPs use established screening instruments to maximize time and increase the reliability of the assessment.
Care of the menopausal patient: A nurse practitioner’s view
Authors: Dehn Barbara
Published: July 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the benefits and risks of hormone therapy (HT) and other treatment options for early postmenopausal women.

Data sources: Published clinical trials, selected peer‐reviewed literature, and recent clinical practice guidelines.

Conclusions: Results of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) studies on HT may not be directly applicable to healthy, early postmenopausal women suffering from hot flushes. HT is the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. The benefits of HT in relieving menopausal symptoms are likely to exceed the risks in this population.

Implications for practice: The results of the WHI reinforce the importance of individualized care based on a woman’s medical history, medical needs, and desired outcomes. Nurse practitioners can help their patients put recent results into perspective. When HT is used, nurse practitioners should consider using lower doses and reevaluate the need for therapy annually.
The Appraisal of Environmentally Sensitive Options for Flood Alleviation Using Mathematical Modelling
Authors: GARDINER J. L. , DEARSLEY A. F. , WOOLNOUGH J. R.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

A Study of the river Colne from Rickmansworth to its confluence with the river Thames at Staines was commissioned to examine the flood risk and alleviation possibilities. Holistic appraisal of the catchment involved a comprehensive assessment of environmental resources concurrently with hydrological analysis and construction of a one‐dimensional computational hydraulic model of the complex river, canal, and lake system.

Model prediction of flood areas and depths allowed the potential flood damage to be assessed throughout the valley. An iterative process to derive the best practical environmental option was carried out interactively by the multi‐disciplinary team. This process was made possible by the swift analysis of alternative options provided by the river model.

The nine local authorities and many environmental interest groups involved were consulted throughout, and advised on the formal and public consultation required to complete the study. The environmental framework and model will provide a test‐bed for the detailed design, construction, operation, and post‐investment phases. The model has been used already in the assessment of significant development planning proposals.
The Measurement of Plumbosolvency Propensity to Guide the Control of Lead in Tapwaters
Authors: COLLING J. H. , WHINCUP P. A. E. , HAYES C. R.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

A laboratory‐scale lead‐pipe rig has been developed into an accelerated test for ‘plumbosolvency propensity’. High alkalinity water supplies from Anglian Water show either relatively high or low propensity characteristics which appear to be related to the form of the crystal deposit. These have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. The paper describes the uses of the test to (1) supplement random survey data, (2) investigate mixed waters, and (3) optimize orthophosphate dosing.
Developments in Water and Environmental Management in Europe
Authors: WADDINGTON J. IAN
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The paper traces the development of water services in Europe and their separation in most countries from other aspects of environmental management. Increasingly, decisions regarding management of the environment, both in relation to human health and protection of the ecosystem, have to be made on an inter‐sectoral basis. The interdependence of different parts of the ecosystem is emphasized together with the importance of pathways, involving transfer between air, water, soil, and biological tissue. Effective co‐ordination among the various sectors involved in environmental management is now a minimum requirement at national, regional, and local levels, and the pros and cons of fully integrated management are explored.
Biofouling in Wells and Aquifers
Authors: HOWSAM P.
Published: July 2007

There is now a growing interest in the importance of bacteria in the understanding of groundwater resources and groundwater engineering. With increasing economic and practical pressures on engineers to optimize groundwater engineering, attention is being turned to well performance. Presently, in water engineering practice there are significant gaps in the understanding of the part played by bacteria in processes which lead to reduced well yield. This paper provides a summary of current knowledge and is based to a large degree on information generated at an international workshop and symposium on the subject, which the author attended in Canada and the USA in 1986, and also on recent studies in the UK.
Sludge Bulking Control with Ozone
Authors: Van LEEUWEN J. , PRETORIUS W. A.
Published: July 2007

Ozonation was studied as a non‐specific means of sludge bulking control. Direct ozonation at 6 g/m3 influent, i.e. 4 gO3/kg sludge per day into the aeration basin of a 150 l/d Phoredox system controlled the growth of filamentous organisms and improved the settleability of the sludge. Bulking control with ozone is not significantly more expensive than with chlorine or with larger settler capacity.
The Bramham Incident, 1980 ‐ An Outbreak of Water‐borne Infection
Authors: SHORT C. S.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

AN OUTBREAK OF gastro‐enteritis in several villages to the North East of Leeds, England, in July 1980 was rapidly traced to the water supply. One of the source boreholes was found to be contaminated by sewage from faulty sewers, via the Magnesian limestone. The combination of circumstances which allowed the contaminated water to enter the supply are described, as are the ways in which systems were improved to prevent any similar incident occurring
The Operational Use of River Corridor Surveys in River Management
Authors: ASH J. R. V. , WOODCOCK E. P.
Published: July 2007

The year 1987‐88 has been designated as European Year of the Environment (EYE). It is against this background that the paper has been prepared, to illustrate how the differing requirements of the river engineer and the conservationist can be intergrated into a working practice for dredging.

The paper outlines the procedures and practices adopted by the Norwich Division of Anglian Water (AW) in implementing the policy decision of Anglian Water (AW) in implementing the policy decision to undertake River Corridor Surveys (RCSs) prior to all major dredging works.

The requirements for the survey and the methodology are discussed, together with the reports produced and the audits carried out. Their impact and implications on the operational aspect of undertaking the dredging works, and the method used to prepare a working site plan and monitor the site are detailed, and some indication of costs is given.
Operating Experiences of Sludge Disinfection and Stabilization at Colburn Sewage Treatment Works, Yorkshire
Authors: HUDSON J. A. , BRUCE A. M. , OLIVER B. T. , AUTY D.
Published: July 2007

A NEW integrated sludge treatment plant was installed at Colburn sewage treatment works (STW) in 1986. The plant comprises a number of novel features including a continuous gravity thickener features including a continuous gravity thickener, a pasteurization unit using submerged combustion of digester gas for sludge heating, a peat‐bed odour control system, and a ‘pump‐our/pump‐in’prefabricated anaerobic digester. Plant operation is controlled automatically by a computer system The performance of the thickener has been in accordance with predictions and has achieved at least a halving of raw sludge volume. The submerged combustion plant has consistently heated the sludge to 70°C with high efficiency of gas utilization before the anaerobic digestion stage. Some problems were experienced with the continuity of supply of the raw sludge but overall the plant has performed very satisfactorily with the production of a high quality disinfected and stabilized sludge for use by local farmers.
Sewage Treatment by Reed Bed Systems
Authors: COOPER P. F. , HOBSON J. A. , JONES SUSAN
Published: July 2007

In the past five years sewage‐treatment systems, based on artificial reed beds, have created much interest in Europe. In the UK, reed bed treatment systems have attracted this interest because of their potential for producing cost‐effective treatment for small communities. In 1985 a UK coordinating group was established to produce an integrated research and development programme for evaluating the process.

This paper briefly describes the principles lying behind reed bed treatment systems, and outlines the progress which has been made to January 1988. The results of performance from eight full‐scale and pilot‐scale systems are presented in detail.
Research into Health Risks at Bathing Beaches in Hong Kong
Authors: HOLMES P. R.
Published: July 2007

STandARDS FOR water quality at bathing beaches are intended to protect the health of swimmers. Until recently no reliable data were available on the relationship between pollution levels as measured by indicator bacteria and the actual level of risk to swimmers. The standard used in Hong Kong uses running median levels of E. coli but is relatively lax, reflecting the lack of alternatives to what are, in some cases, moderately polluted beaches. A prospective epidemiological study has been undertaken to determine what the risks are to swimmers in such circumstances and hence to determine the required level of pollution control. It has been established that there are higher rates of minor ailments among swimmers than among non‐swimming control groups, and that the excess illness rates are pollution‐related for most symptom categories, except eye symptoms. The best indicators were found to be E. coli, and staphylococci. The existing limit of acceptability applied in Hong Kong corresponds to a risk of 15 skin and gastrointestinal cases per thousand swimmers, a reasonably low rate but still a significant public health problem when multiplied by the very large number of swimmers using the beaches in Hong Kong every year.