bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difference between Own and Friend's Socioeconomic Status as a Predictor of Psychological Differentiation
Authors: Filsinger Erik E.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the difference between own and friend's socioeconomic status would be a better predictor of psychological differentiation than either variable would be separately. The hypothesis was supported by reanalysis of published data. Findings are discussed in terms of self-selection of environments.
Expectancy Bias in Scoring as a Function of Ability and Ethnic Labels
Authors: Babad Elisha Y.
Published: September 2011

A fourth-grader's handwritten worksheet was attributed to a gifted or non-gifted child (ability label) with either a European (high ethnic status) or Moroccan (low ethnic status) name. Grades given to the worksheet varied as a function of the ability label, and to a smaller extent as a function of the interaction between ethnic and ability labels.
Comparison of Wisc-R Performance of Urban and Rural Special Education Students
Authors: Morris John D. , Kelsey Edith , Martin Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between WISC-R subtest profiles and geographic environment (urban or rural) for 178 special education (Learning Disabled and Educable Mentally Handicapped) students (54 females and 124 males; 114 Negroes and 64 Caucasians), ranging in age from 6 yr., 3 mo. to 15 yr., was explored in relation to the children's race and specific type of disability. Urban children performed significantly better than rural children on all subtests except Coding. Moreover, the mean WISC-R profiles differed significantly in shape for the urban and rural children. There was a significant discrepancy in verbal and performance scores for rural children but not urban children. Extensions to a previous comparison of the WISC-R performance of urban and rural children in the standardization sample (Kaufman & Doppelt, 1976) are discussed.
Attitudes towards Recycling in Two Different British Columbia Geosocial Urban Populations
Authors: Pirot Michael
Published: September 2011

Attitudes towards recycling were sampled in two different British Columbia urban populations, one highly metropolitan and the other a small urban population. For both samples, the use of the local recycling depots was uniformly low, but awareness of the importance of recycling and willingness to separate materials for recycling was uniformly high. Geosocial differences did not suggest attitudinal differences concerning recycling on comparable questions of both samples.
Social Judgments by Children of Short Stature
Authors: Stabler Brian , Whitt J. Kenneth , Moreault Denise M. , D'Ercole A. Joseph , Underwood Louis E.
Published: September 2011

Recent psychiatric literature suggests that short stature in childhood may be associated with poor social judgment and a lack of adaptive competitiveness. In the present study these personal characteristics were evaluated for short children using the Picture Arrangement subtest from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). The test was administered either under experimental-competitive or standard conditions to 31 short male children and to 29 age-matched boys of normal stature. Significant differences in mean scaled scores were found between the short and normal groups. Increased scores under the competitive condition were observed for both groups. In contrast to previous reports, these results suggest that short children respond positively to competitive tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of emphasizing coping mechanisms of short children.
How Senegalese Secondary School Students Feel about Euro-African Mixed Marriage
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

To describe Senegalese students' feelings and understand their viewpoints and motivations towards Euro-African mixed marriage, we interrogated 882 students from all public secondary schools with 7 forms (Lycée) in Senegal. Supporters and opponents of mixed marriages are of equal importance. The reasons put forward in favour of such marriages were material (by 11%), affective (“I am for mixed marriages on condition that partners love each other strongly enough,” 19%), and cultural (“Struggle against racialism,” 15%). The latter argument was also used by detractors but under a different form (“Loss of cultural identity,” 16%). About 21% of our subjects were against mixed marriages because they add difficulties to an already risky adventure. Sex, age, and socio-economic status of pupils' fathers when evaluated were significant. Comparison with previous studies suggests a much more accommodating attitude towards inter-racial marriage seems to come out of our study. Indeed, Fougeyrollas and Diarra reported only a third of their subjects were in favour of such marriage.
Dominance among Captive Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus) in a Competitive/Cooperative Situation
Authors: Buchholz Dennis J.
Published: September 2011

8 pairs of male red-winged blackbirds were tested in an operant conditioning situation wherein both the response perch and food hopper were freely available to both members of a pair. It was observed that familiarization with a territory and epaulet visibility are not critical to maintenance of dominance in reproductively inactive birds. The potential usefulness of competitive/cooperative tasks for the study of dominance behavior is discussed.
Personality Inventory Correlates of Outcome in a Follow-up Study of Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Young Rhodes C. , Gould Edward , Glick Ira D. , Hargreaves William
Published: September 2011

The study involved a comparison of two diagnostic groups, schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic, randomly assigned to short-term hospitalization (defined as 3 to 4 wk.) versus long-term hospitalization (defined as 3 to 4 mo.). Outcome indices were derived separately from the Health-Sickness Rating Scale and the Psychiatric Evaluation Form, based on ratings at admission, at discharge, and 1 and 2 yr. post-admission. Scores from the intake administration of the MMPI were predictive of outcome for the 26 long-term nonschizophrenics but not for the other groups. To understand the variability in predictive efficacy, all of the self-report data were analyzed for dependability by application of the Wald-Wolfowitz Runs test to the MMPI answer sequences. No response inter-dependency among the total group of 47 nonschizophrenics was noted, but a significant amount was among the combined group of 86 schizophrenics. For the schizophrenics apparently unreliability of response had reduced the potential for prediction from the MMPI.
Demonstration of Possible Effects of Recruitment and Selection Procedures on Correcting the Validity Coefficient for Restriction in Range
Authors: Boone James O. , Lewis Mary A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of recruitment are often overlooked in studies of validity. This paper demonstrates the effects of recruitment on corrections for restriction in range in the univariate case. If Company A were to recruit very specifically for a particular position and Company B recruited for the same position very generally, the unrestricted variances in the applicant groups would be considerably different. This difference would result in a larger corrected correlation for Company B. This difference is demonstrated in the paper for different selection ratios and across 100 values of the unrestricted correlation.
Personality Characteristics and Preferences in Pet Ownership
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidds Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The possibilities for matching pets to owners' personality-types for physical and psycho-social benefits were explored. It was hypothesized that self-identified dog- and cat-lovers would show significant differences on the autonomy, dominance, nurturance, and aggression scales of the Edwards Personal Preference Test. 223 adults completed an experimenter-designed questionnaire and all of the specific Edwards Schedule A questions. An analysis of variance was applied to the scale scores transformed into standardized T scores for each of the Edwards scales. The Scheffé test showed that male cat-lovers were higher and all pet-lovers were lower in autonomy, that male pet- and dog-lovers were higher and female cat-lovers were lower in dominance, that female pet-lovers were higher and all cat-lovers were lower in nurturance, and that male dog-lovers were higher and female dog- and cat-lovers were lower in aggression. The demonstrated differences in owner personality should facilitate matching pets and people to maximize the physical and psycho-social therapeutic benefits of pet ownership.
Validity and Reliability of Alcoholics' Self-Reports of Use of Alcohol Submitted before and after Treatment
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Johnston William E.
Published: September 2011

The subjects were 239 alcoholics who participated in a treatment program for employed alcoholics. Reports on their drinking behavior were obtained at four points: immediately prior to treatment, and at 3, 6, and 12 mo. of the year following residential treatment. Four data sources were used: the subject, his spouse if any (133 were married), his therapist, and his work supervisor. The results indicated high agreement among all four sources on the subjects' drinking behavior, suggesting that any one of the four sources could provide adequate data for program evaluation. It was noted that return rates from all sources decreased during the follow-up year and that a higher proportion of subjects could be assessed by using several data sources.
Role of Nonverbal Behaviors in Social Judgments of Peers' Assertiveness
Authors: Norton-Ford Julian D. , Hogan Douglas R.
Published: September 2011

Separate and interactive effects for 198 subjects or eye contact, vocal fluency and vocal loudness on peers' judgments of a same-sex (male) person's assertiveness, aggressiveness, submissiveness, competence and friendliness are evaluated. Implications for assertiveness training are discussed.
Alcoholic Inpatients' Evaluation of Different Group Experiences
Authors: Verinis J. S.
Published: September 2011

29 short-term alcoholic inpatients were asked to evaluate both open-ended discussion and structured-behavioristic type group experiences in terms of usefulness and the presence/absence of certain curative factors. The results showed that both types of experiences were evaluated very positively and each type had something specific to offer.
Some Consequences of Manipulating Testing Procedures in a Course Using a Personalized System of Instruction
Authors: Langer Philip , Hansen B. Jennings , Parker Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The number of text alternatives in a Personalized System of Instruction were increased from two to three for text modules, and from one to two for film and tape modules. In addition, all tests were standardized at 10 items. Findings were that many students used the first text exam as a study guide; the film and tape data were comparable to previous years. Course implications were discussed.
Schedule and Delay of Reinforcement: Extended Training
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

The results of a study by Capaldi (1978, Exp. 1) were replicated here early in acquisition training. The differences in performance which appeared early in training, however, disappeared with further training. The conclusions regarding the early and middle stages of training, then, do not seem to generalize to extended training.
Estimation of Clinical Significance: A Brief Note
Authors: Horton A. Mac Neill
Published: September 2011

An unwarranted assumption in clinical psychology is to equate the concepts of clinical significance and statistical significance. The intent of this brief note is to present an equation to evaluate the clinical significance of a test measure when the problem is to differentiate two groups and only means and standard deviations of the groups are available. The equation is illustrated by means of an example drawn from the clinical neuropsychological assessment literature.
Balance Theory and other Extra-Balance Properties: An Application to Fairy Tales
Authors: Auster Carol J.
Published: September 2011

In recent years, certain aspens of graph theory have been used as empirical measures of the consistency of relations within a given group structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of applying a formalization of balance theory as well as some measures of extra-balance properties to one particular type of literature, fairy tales. Indeed, balance theory can be applied to fairy tales. The analysis indicates that 100% of the fairy tales ended in complete balance. At the same time, because 63% of the fairy tales maintained complete balance throughout the entire tale, another extra-balance property was needed to indicate changes throughout the plot line. Using a measure of positive relations, 94% (all but one) of the fairy tales ended with complete positive relations.
Effect of Crowding on Alcohol Consumption and Adrenal Functioning in Rats
Authors: Hannon Roseann , Bolter John F.
Published: September 2011

The effects of crowding-induced stress on alcohol consumption and adrenal activity were investigated. The subjects were 28 Sprague-Dawley rats (Tier 1) and 33 of their offspring (Tier 2), placed in Grouped or Isolated housing conditions. Consumption (without constant access to alcohol) and corticosterone levels were measured in Exp. I. Housing conditions had no significant impact on consumption or corticosterone levels for either tier. Females in both tiers consumed significantly more alcohol than males and had significantly higher corticosterone levels. Alcohol consumption and corticosterone levels were not significantly correlated. In Exp. II, alcohol consumption (with constant access to alcohol) and adrenal weights were measured. Grouped rats consumed significantly more alcohol than Isolated ones in Tier 1 but not in Tier 2. For both tiers, Grouped rats had significantly larger adrenal glands than Isolated rats, and females had significantly larger glands than males. The correlations between alcohol consumption and adrenal size were positive for both tiers but significant for Tier 2 only.
Childhood Depression and the Draw-a-Person Test
Authors: Gordon Neal , Lefkowitz Monroe M. , Tesiny Edward P.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the usefulness of employing the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person Test for investigating depressive symptoms in children. Subjects were 166 boys and 182 girls whose combined mean age was 10.53 yr. ( SD = .78). Structural characteristics obtained from the group-administered test were size of figure drawn, vertical placement of figure on a page, and intensity of lines drawn. Depression was assessed by three independent methods: peer nominations, self-ratings, and teacher assessments. No significant relationships were obtained between intensity of line, vertical placement, and depression. A significant negative relationship was obtained between size of figure drawn and teacher-rated depression, for girls only. Present findings are consistent with previous research questioning the validity of utilizing structural characteristics of human figure drawing for assessing depression in children.
Contextual and Motivational CUE Effects on the Comprehension and Recall of Prose
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Robins Sherry L.
Published: September 2011

6 groups of 20 subjects were each presented different introductory material (appropriate context picture; partial context picture; no picture; character-motivation story; no story) in a 3 × 2 design to assess effects on the comprehension and recall of a prose passage. Both the pictures and the story increased the ratings of comprehension, but only the pictures increased performance at recall. It was concluded that for a difficult prose passage, only a contextual schema would provide additional cues for retrieval and that two different schemata have no advantage over a single one.
Maternal Expectation and the Mother-Child Interaction
Authors: Mandelcorn Berenice S. , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

Maternal expectancies and their effect on the interaction between mothers and daughters and mothers and sons were studied in 74 mother-child pairs. Analysis indicated that expectancy is not a unitary concept that can always be measured in one way and that there is a different quality of relationship between mothers and their daughters and between mothers and their sons. These sex differences involve both present and future expectations and are expressed by different behavior on the part of mothers towards their sons and daughters.
Path Analysis of Attitudinal, Dispositional, and Situational Predictions in Impression Formation
Authors: Powell Larry , Hill Sidney R. , Hickson Mark
Published: September 2011

Interpersonal predictions of 126 male subjects and 159 female subjects were analyzed for inferential development using a path model. Task attraction was the predominant extended inference; character impression served as the intermediary dispositional inference. The paths for this development differed for males and females.
Objective Psychological Measurement and Alcoholism: Survey of the Literature 1974
Authors: Knox Wilma J.
Published: September 2011

This survey is the third in a series examining objective psychological test data or behavioral measurements on alcoholics published in the United States during a specific year. The 131 articles published in 1974 are divided into two broad categories, treatment orientation and behavior and attitudes of alcoholics. Findings are further divided into subcategories, briefly described, and cross indexed. The resume and conclusion section includes references to current findings.
Construct Structure Associated with Alcohol-Dependent Behavior in Males
Authors: Smith A. Ian , Evans David R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the hypothesis that the dimension of construct structure may differentiate between alcohol-dependent and social-drinking individuals. Based on Kelly's theory of personal constructs, the construct structure of a hospitalized alcohol-dependent sample ( n = 60) was compared to that of a social-drinking group ( n = 60). Construct structure was operationally defined in terms of construct organization and construct content, and the results suggested that the alcohol-dependent subjects' personal construct systems could be described in terms of dilated and loose construing. Although there were significant differences in the demographic composition of the two groups, statistical control was imposed by means of a multivariate analysis of variance and covariance, and the differential pattern of construct organization scores between the two groups was maintained. Data indicated that the psychometric properties of the Repertory Grid Test did not justify the separation of the measures of cognitive complexity and constellatoriness, i.e., the tendency to construe elements in a stereotypic or undifferentiated manner, as distinct variables. In other words, these two dependent measures of construct organization represented similar psychological processes, namely, using psychological predictors (constructs) to discriminate between elements in the construer's perceptual-cognitive environment. The results were discussed in relation to the possible clinical implications for the treatment of alcohol-dependent persons.
Intolerance of Ambiguity and Life Status during Early Adulthood: A Three-Year Follow-up
Authors: Raphael Dennis , Chasen Melanie M.
Published: September 2011

90 Grade 12 girls' scores on intolerance of ambiguity were correlated with 3-yr. follow-up data. While intolerance of ambiguity was significantly related to living away from home and level and traditionalism of desired vocation, the removal of the contributions of intelligence attenuated the first two findings to nonsignificant levels. Results offered some support for the view that intolerance of ambiguity scores would serve as a determinant of life status during young adulthood; these effects, however, were mediated by ability.
Effects of the Behavioral Analysis Model of Follow-Through on the Reading and Arithmetic Achievement by Native American Elementary School Children
Authors: McLaughlin T. F. , Cady Moneda , Bement George
Published: September 2011

The present report compared the achievement of children (K to Grade 3) who had been continuously enrolled in the Behavior Analysis Model of Follow-through to that of poverty and minority children in urban areas without the Follow-through experience. The over-all scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test indicated that the Native American children in the program scored at or above grade level most of the time. The comparison children were below grade level in reading and arithmetic. Positive aspects of the program in the early school years were presented. Other benefits of the program as parental and relative's involvement in the classroom and decision-making were examined.
Authoritarian Traits as Predictors of Preference for Candidates in 1980 United States Presidential Election
Authors: Brant William D. , Batres Alfonso , Hays Ron
Published: September 2011

Responses of 42 males and 42 females to a questionnaire containing items from the dogmatism and F scales showed the right-wing candidate supporters were higher on authoritarianism than adherents of either moderate Republicans or President Carter; left-wing liberal candidate supporters were lowest. Data support the findings of previous research, attest to the reliability and validity of both the D scale and F scale, are consistent with the contention that the D scale is confounded by political ideology, and are inconsistent with Gergen's contention that findings in social psychology are a function of history.
Screening Police Applicants: A Study of Reliability with the MMPI
Authors: Schoenfeld Lawrence S. , Kobos Joseph C. , Phinney Ivan R.
Published: September 2011

The problem of selecting candidates for law enforcement agencies is difficult and poorly understood. Behavioral scientists are becoming more involved as consultants to police departments and are being asked to validate current selection procedures. The MMPI is being used as a screening device. This study explored the interrater reliability of two experienced judges using the MMPI “clinically” in a simulated selection procedure. The judges used markedly different selection strategies and disagreed on nominal placement into two classes on about one-third of the cases. They reached the near maximum non-chance agreement possible, given that they used the nominal classes at different rates. Neither judge was more accurate in his selections than the other despite different selection strategies. They could not improve their over-all individual performances when collaborating. Criterion variables require improved definition before the search for valid predictors can be objectified.
Third-Party Characteristics and Intergroup Conflict Resolution
Authors: Breaugh James A. , Klimoski Richard J. , Shapiro Mitchell B.
Published: September 2011

This laboratory experiment examined the differing effects of anticipating a mediator versus an arbitrator upon the negotiating behavior of group spokesmen who represented actual constituencies. In addition, the reputation (attractiveness) of the third party was also manipulated. It was hypothesized, based upon previous research, that representatives facing high-power third parties (arbitrators) would have more difficulty in negotiations. This, in fact, was found. Representatives facing a third party with arbitration power took more time to reach an agreement, used more bargaining dyads and had more deadlocks than did representatives who faced a low-power third party. Contrary to expectations, no main effect was found for third-party reputation. In concluding, the importance of replicating this study's findings was emphasized.
Rapid Development of Latent Inhibition: No Effect of Implanted Site
Authors: Devietti Terry L. , Wittman Timothy K. , Comfort Melinda K.
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data suggested that latent inhibition developed rapidly in rats with unilateral electrode placement in the mesencephalic reticular formation. The present study suggests that electrode placement in such rats is irrelevant to this effect, as rats with implants in other structures as well as unimplanted rats showed the rapid development of latent inhibition.
State and Trait Components of Test Anxiety and Their Implications for Treatment
Authors: Trent James T. , Maxwell Wayne A.
Published: September 2011

This study examines the relationships among state, trait, and test anxiety, and GPA in a sample of 87 undergraduate volunteers. Of those students 21 met the criteria for classification as test-anxious and participated in the treatment portion of the study. Pretreatment, posttreatment and follow-up scores of treated subjects on all anxiety scales and GPA were examined. The results suggest that test anxiety is more similar to trait anxiety than state anxiety. Furthermore, significant negative correlations between anxiety and GPA were noted. The treatment, 4 hr of group desensitization, seemed to be more effective with trait anxiety and test anxiety. The results are discussed in terms of factors which may account for the similarity between trait and test anxiety and the role of desensitization as a treatment.
Cultural Expectations of Thinness in Women
Authors: Garner David M. , Garfinkel Paul E. , Schwartz Donald , Thompson Michael
Published: September 2011

The cultural pressures on women to be thin and diet have been linked to the expression of serious eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. The current study attempts to document and quantify the shift toward a thinner ideal shape for females in our culture over the last 20 years. Data from Playboy centerfolds and Miss America Pageant contestants indicated a significant trend toward a thinner standard. Over the same period there was a significant increase in diet articles in six popular women's magazines. These changes occurred within the context of increasing population weight norms for young women. Biosocial implications including the apparent recent increase in anorexia nervosa are discussed.
Differentiating Therapists from Patients
Authors: Halliday Gordon
Published: September 2011

The socialization of mental therapists is discussed as it particularly applies to differentiating (at least in the minds of therapists) clinicians from patients. Examples of how behaviors or characteristics can be interpreted differently depending on whether they apply to a therapist or a patient are given. While such differentiation in its strong form may indicate professional burnout, in its weaker form it may be helpful in supporting a therapist in his clinical role.
In Defense of the Attitudes toward Women Scale: An Affirmation of Validity and Reliability
Authors: Smith Richard L. , Bradley David W.
Published: September 2011

Numerous references were found as positive evidence of construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability for Attitudes Toward Women Scale. New separate factor analytic studies of the 55-item scale and of its 25-item short form were performed to evaluate and extend previous construct validations. Contrary to earlier reports of structural analysis, an administration of the scale to 208 female and 243 male tennis players yielded only one major factor, accounting for 22% of the total variance. An administration of the 25-item scale to 293 male and 258 female university students also yielded one major factor accounting for 30% and 23% of the total variance, respectively. Separate reliability analyses over female and male subjects yielded alphas of .93 for the 55-item scale and .86 and .90, respectively, for the 25-item scale. A Pearson correlation between the short and long forms produced a coefficient of .99. Recently reported doubts about the instrument's validity were groundless.
Combining Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches to Suicidal Depression: A 42-Month Follow-up
Authors: Nidiffer F. Don
Published: September 2011

A case study illustrates a combined cognitive and behavioral therapy to modify thought patterns and overt behavior of a suicidal depressive adult. The brief treatment was followed by marked improvement which was maintained at follow-periods of 2, 14, and 42 mo.
Self-Esteem and Conservatism among Female College Students
Authors: Houston Lawrence N. , Springer Susan I.
Published: September 2011

In view of the previously reported relationship between self-esteem and authoritarianism as well as the promulgated kinship between authoritarianism and conservatism, this study used the Janis and Field Selfesteem Inventory and the Conservatism Scale to evaluate the relationship between self-esteem and conservatism for 93 white college women. R was .06 between the scales; older students were significantly less conservative than younger ones, Jews less conservative than both Catholics and Protestants, and students majoring in the social sciences were significantly less conservative than those majoring in either literature-arts or mathematics-natural sciences. There were no statistically significant differences for age, religion, or college major on the self-esteem inventory.
Comparison of Performance on the East-West Questionnaire, Zen Scale, and Consciousness I, II, and III Scales
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Cho Jae Hyung
Published: September 2011

The East-West Questionnaire, Zen Scale and Consciousness I, II, and III scales were administered to 140 college students. As predicted, scores on the East-West Questionnaire correlated positively with the Zen and Consciousness III Scale. The hypothesis that East-West scores would correlate negatively with Consciousness I and II performance was not upheld. Sex differences were found for East-West performance.
Curiosity, Academic Performance, and Class Attendance
Authors: Vidler Derek C.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the correlation between two measures of academic curiosity with academic performance and class attendance for 121 undergraduate college students. Curiosity was related to both variables ( rs of .21 to .27) with moderate significant relationships between the two measures of curiosity (.39) and between academic performance and class attendance (.35).
Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Index and Wisc-R IQ for Educable Mentally Retarded, Learning Disabled, and Normal Children
Authors: Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and the WISC-R Full Scale IQ was examined for 20 educable mentally retarded, 20 learning disabled, and 20 normal children aged 6 to 8½ yr. Selection of children was conducted so that the three groups would be comparable with res pea to age, sex, and race. The mean McCarthy Indexes for the retarded and learning disabled samples were significantly lower than the mean WISC-R Full Scale IQs. When the Index and Full Scale IQ were converted to a common metric and compared, the mean index for the retarded and learning disabled samples remained lower than the Full Scale IQs, although the differences were nonsignificant. The measures correlated significantly for all three samples and ranged from .51 to .82.
Adjustment of American Teachers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bardo John W. , Bardo Deborah J.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 360 American teachers in Victoria were subjected to factor analysis which yielded 3 factors of belongingness, missing friends and family, and quality of housing. These are related to the process of adjustment.
Self-Evaluation and Errors in Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Schneiderman William
Published: September 2011

Self-evaluation procedure was identified as a variable potentially affecting errors in self-reinforcement. 60 subjects learned a discrimination task to criterion and then self-evaluated and self-reinforced in the absence of external reinforcement. Three self-evaluation procedures were employed, overt, covert, and no self-evaluation. Explicit procedures led to greater conservatism in administering self-reinforcement.
Family Environment and Early Behavioral Development: A Structural Analysis of Dependencies
Authors: Fowler Patrick C.
Published: September 2011

Structural analyses of the dependencies between early displays of behavior problems, e.g. aggression, developmental delay, and later family environmental structure are presented for a sample of 19 girls and 16 boys living in the northeastern U.S. Multiple regression analyses show a moderate order of predictability ( R — .56, p < .01) for the regression of an “interpersonal relationships” index on five behavioral indices but a much lower order of predictability ( R — .36, p < .05) for the regression of “organization-control” on these same indices. Although these cross-age (18-mo. interval) correlations are higher than would be expected on the basis of recent theoretical commentary in developmental psychology (Sameroff, 1975), the continuing need for consistent application of multivariate designs within the context of generative models (Barth, 1966) is conspicuous.
Factor Analysis of Data on the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory from Married Couples
Authors: Jacob Theodore , Feiring Candice , Anderson Carol
Published: September 2011

The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory was administered to 264 husbands and 259 wives and the data were factor analyzed separately for males, females, and total sample. The inventory's five subscales (Level of Regard, Empathic Understanding, Congruence, Unconditionality of Regard, and Willingness To Be Known) did not emerge as factors. Instead, two general factors were identified, one related to positive affect and attitudes and the other to negative affect and indifference. Findings were briefly discussed in terms of the work of Bradburn and others.
Relative Influence of Birth Cohort and Social-Event Cohort in Adult Development: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Dixon R. A.
Published: September 2011

The generic definition of cohort, i.e., an aggregate of individuals who experience a similar event within the same time interval, is invoked to derive two cohort-membership groups for each of two samples. Subjects were 1203 and 998 white, middle-aged males who participated in the Institute for Social Research panel study of income dynamics. This exploratory study investigated the relative explanatory power of birth-cohort membership, occupational-cohort membership, and occupational status for a set of four social psychological dependent variables. Occupational-cohort membership was one of the two stronger contributors to the explanation of the variance for each of the dependent variables.
Dogmatism Scores of Polytechnic Teachers in South India
Authors: Benett Y. , Bynner J. , Smithers A. G.
Published: September 2011

Incidental to a curriculum evaluation project in south India, polytechnic lecturers obtained extraordinarily high scores on Rokeach's dogmatism scale. It is hypothesized that this may be related to the revered position of teachers in India.
Simulated Slot-Machine Play with Concurrent Variable Ratio and Random Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement
Authors: Hurlburt Russell T. , Knapp Terry J. , Knowles Steven H.
Published: September 2011

Variable and random ratio schedules of reinforcement are conceptually contrasted and experimentally compared in a computer simulated “slot machine” task. 20 subjects did not behave differentially in terms of either choice of game or employment of strategy.
A Behavior Analysis Questionnaire for Adolescent Drinkers
Authors: Stumphauzer Jerome S.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item Drinking Analysis Questionnaire is described which has been used to study the learning variables associated with adolescents' alcohol use. Potential applications of the questionnaire are discussed.
Self-Reinforcement by Under-Achieving, Under-Controlled Girls
Authors: Noland Sheryl A. , Arnold Jonathan , Clement Paul W.
Published: September 2011

Two black sixth-grade girls served as subjects in studies, each of which utilized a single person and combined a reversal and a multiple-baseline design. The problems leading to referral included frequent breaking of school rules, academic underachievement, and use of physical force and the threat of violence to get other children to comply with the subjects' requests. An “employer” paid the girls to work for him, to record their own behavior, and to reinforce themselves for movement in the contracted direction. An independent observer tracked three classroom behaviors approximately every other day during each phase for each girl. The first subject increased Attention by 107% and Positive Talk by 333% but failed to reduce Inappropriate Locale when applying self-reinforcement to the indicated target behaviors. The second subject increased Attention by 20% and Positive Talk by 700% but failed to change Inappropriate Locale significantly.
Gender Differences in Performance on Variables Related to Achievement in Graduate-Level Educational Statistics
Authors: Woehlke Paula L. , Leitner Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

To assess gender differences in performance in three graduate level courses in educational statistics, responses from students to a question concerning gender, mathematics pre- and posttests, cloze pre- and posttests, and final exams in statistics were analyzed. Males performed slightly better on the mathematics pretest. When gender and mathematics and cloze pretests were used in multiple regression analyses to predict final examination performance, gender was not a significant predictor for any course. However, the interaction between gender and cloze pretest performance was significant for the Ph.D. level course on multiple regression. Mathematics pretest performance was the primary predictor for performance in the Master's level statistics course; both cloze test and mathematics test performance influenced scores on posttest measure in the Ph.D. level courses. Apparently the influence of entering mathematics ability, comprehension of statistical terminology, and gender varies by the primary emphasis of the course taken. While mathematical ability is most important in basic statistics, it is less important in higher level courses in which an adequate mathematics background is assumed by instructors. In consequence, the importance of comprehension of concepts increases from the Master's level to the advanced Ph.D. level in the educational statistics courses analyzed in this study.
Use of the Internal-External Control Scale to Predict Preferences for Products
Authors: Rudnick Cathy , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

15 male and 15 female undergraduates completed a locus of control survey and a product-preference questionnaire for internally oriented consumer products. The total internal score on the locus of control survey was correlated with the average rating of intent to purchase the internally oriented products. A significant positive correlation indicated that the locus of control scale may be used to predict consumers' behavior when certain products are involved.
Locus of Control and Religious Affiliation
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Bangham William R.
Published: September 2011

To ascertain the relationship between locus of control and religion, 83 subjects from introductory psychology courses were given the Rotter I-E scale and a questionnaire identifying religious affiliation. Analysis indicated greater externality for Catholics than for the Protestants.
Androgyny and Occupational Choice
Authors: Kantner James E. , Ellerbusch Ruth C.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between sex-role orientation and occupational choice was investigated. Sex-role orientation was measured by the Personality Research Form ANDRO Scale of Berzins, Welling, and Wetter (1978). Subjects were 27 male registered nurses and 27 male high school teachers from a midwestern urban center. Chi-squared indicated no significant relationship between sex-role orientation and occupational choice. Implications of results were discussed.
Operationalizing Memory Impairment for Elderly Persons: The Guild Memory Test
Authors: Crook Thomas , Gilbert Jeanne G. , Ferris Steven
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a research criterion for memory impairment in aged persons based on the Guild Memory Test. Normative data for the test were collected from 228 community residents between 60 and 80 yr. of age. Separate norms were established for individuals aged 60 to 69 yr. and those beyond age 70 and, within both age groups, for persons at different levels of performance on the WAIS Vocabulary subtest. Discussion concerns the utility of the criterion.
Prediction of Hypnotizability from Personality Variables of the California Psychological Inventory: A Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: McKnight R. Thomas
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to utilize multiple regression to determine the relationship between scores on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility and subscale scores of the California Psychological Inventory. Although 11 personality variables were significantly correlated to hypnotizability, when multiple regression was applied, only two remained. Responsibility and Psychological-mindedness were negatively related to scores on the Harvard scale and accounted for 18% of the variance. A mathematical predictor formula of hypnotizability was devised.
Correlations of Masculinity and Femininity to Sensation Seeking
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Thomas Carl
Published: September 2011

The Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Sensation Seeking Scale were completed by 129 female and 159 male undergraduates for whom it was hypothesized that masculinity would be directly associated with sensation seeking, while femininity would be inversely associated with sensation seeking. As hypothesized, for both males and females, masculinity was significantly and directly associated with sensation seeking, but magnitudes of correlations were small. For males only, femininity was significantly and inversely associated with sensation seeking. Further investigation of relationships between masculinity and femininity with each of the four sensation-seeking subscales was conducted.
Rated and Actual Performance of High School Students as a Function of Sex and Attractiveness
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Nelson Don A. , Cheap Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

High school pictures of 24 males and 17 females were rated for attractiveness, academic achievement, and sociability by 20 college undergraduates. Grade point averages and scores from standardized achievement tests were obtained from the high school students' school records. Analyses of variance indicated significant effects for sex and attractiveness on all ratings. While no correlations were found between ratings and composite scores on objective achievement tests, females received higher grades than males of a comparable achievement level. Findings suggest that teachers' evaluations are affected not only by academic performance but also by the aspects of the student's physical appearance.
Comparing Value Systems of College Students, Faculty, and Corporate Recruiters
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Munson J. Michael
Published: September 2011

This study compares the value systems of 148 senior business students, 31 business faculty, and 102 corporate recruiters using England's (1967) Personal Values Questionnaire. Multivariate tests show significant differences among the three groups. Implications for career counseling and the design of effective recruitment and motivation systems are offered.
Personality Types in Data from California Psychological Inventory as Defined by Cluster Analysis
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Burger Gary K.
Published: September 2011

The study compared the three personality types delineated by Burger and Cross by obverse factor analysis with those disclosed by an average linkage cluster analytic technique. The data were from three subsamples of 85 men who completed the California Psychological Inventory for Burger and Cross. The standard score profiles within each sample were intercorrelated and then cluster analyzed. Four profile types were replicated across the three subsamples. Two of the types, labeled antisocial and well-adjusted, corresponded fairly closely to the Burger-Cross types. There were differences in the number of types generated, in the proportion of individuals classified, and in the profile shapes.
Response-Set Size and Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: D'Amato May F. , Rubenstein Vicki
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 15 students each learned a single unmixed list of 13 pairs for five anticipation trials followed by a free-recall test. The lists contained pairs of nonsense syllables that rhymed, changed middle letter, reversed the letter order, or were unrelated. All lists involving rules were superior to the list of unrelated pairs. In order of increasing effectiveness the rules were rhyming, middle-letter change, letter reversal. Performance was inversely related to response-set size. The more restrictive rules resulted in increased free recall of the pairs. Results supported the hypothesis that rules are beneficial to the extent that they reduce response-set size.
Phobias and Preparedness: Instructional Reversal of Electrodermal Conditioning to Fear-Relevant Stimuli
Authors: McNally Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The preparedness theory of phobias holds that responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli are insensitive to cognitive-instructional variables. This hypothesis was tested in an electrodermal conditioning experiment in which 16 college students were presented with two fear-relevant stimuli, a picture of a snake and a picture of a spider. One stimulus was reinforced with shock while the other was not. After discrimination training, the subjects were informed that the CS-US contingencies were reversed. They were told that shock would no longer follow the previously reinforced stimulus but might follow the previously nonreinforced stimulus. Actually, no further shocks were delivered. The instructional manipulation produced an immediate reversal of the conditioned electrodermal response curves. The results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli are insensitive to cognitive-instrumental variables.
Attitude Similarity and Attraction to an Employee Group
Authors: Royal Elaine Good , Golden Stanford B.
Published: September 2011

56 college students who had completed a Survey of Attitudes were presented a Survey of Employee Attitudes representing the attitudes of most of the people comprising a hypothetical work group, in which attitudes were portrayed as either 25% or 75% similar to their own. Subjects were then asked to express their attraction to and expectations of the employee group. The hypothesized effect of attitude similarity on attraction was confirmed for both liking and desire to be supervisor of the work group. In addition, the hypothesized effect of similarity of attitudes was confirmed for intelligence, personal adjustment, competence, quantity of work, quality of work, absenteeism rate, accident rate, rule violations, and self-motivation. The hypothesized effect was not confirmed for tardiness rate.
If You Were a Stickleback Fish it Would Be Important to You
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Misgen Darrell J. , Davis Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

Erroneous description of the mating behavior of the stickleback fish appeared recurrently in a widely used text. Since students rely heavily on secondary sources, it becomes important to correct these inaccuracies.