bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TO PREDICTION OF CANTONESE SOY SAUCE BREWING AND CHANGING PATTERN CONCERNING TOTAL NITROGEN AND α‐AMINO ACID NITROGEN
Authors: YANG LAN , ZHAO MOU‐MING , ZHAO HAI‐FENG , SU GUO‐WAN , GAO XIAN‐LI
Published: May 2010

In the present study, the artificial neural network was used to predict the brewing of traditional Cantonese soy sauce and its changing pattern with regard to total nitrogen (TN) andα‐amino acidic nitrogen (AN). The effects of parameters during brewing on the contents of TN and AN were modeled by various networks. After the 7‐40‐2 network was determined statistically, it was used to extract the possible correlations between TN and AN, and the relative significance of some factors. It was found that the change of TN and AN contents with the change of time and acidic protease activity was strongly correlated with an R value of 0.9848 and 0.9916, respectively. As for the relative significances of inputs, aging time is the key factor for both outputs during the moromi aging. And for other inputs, it was temperature > pH > neutral protease activity > acid protease activity for TN, and temperature > acidic protease activity > neutral protease activity > pH for AN, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Because of its open‐air brewing and lengthy brewing time of Cantonese soy sauce, it was difficult to predict its quality indices, the contents of total nitrogen and α‐amino acidic nitrogen, which would change with outside factors (time and temperature) and inside factors (protease activity and pH values). So the study on brewing‐state predication and changing pattern of quality indices were performed by using the artificial neural network on an experimental scale. And results from this preliminary study would help manufacturers to foresee the change and contents of quality indices accurately in the brewing process on an industrial scale. Furthermore, it was anticipated that more effective control and improvement on the quality of traditional Cantonese would be achieved in the future study. Finally, the trained network also can be used in the research of online prediction for other time‐consuming natural fermentation.
Changes in nursing home residents during an innovation based on the theory of gerotranscendence
Authors: Wadensten Barbro
Published: May 2010

wadensten b. (2010) Changes in nursing home residents during an innovation based on the theory of gerotranscendence. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 108–115

Aims and objectives.  The aim of the present study was to investigate how residents were affected when an intervention based on the theory of gerotranscendence and guidelines derived from the theory was introduced in a nursing home.

Background.  The notion that communication is essential in staff‐resident interaction is widely accepted both in theory and practise, as is the notion that communicative behaviour influences patient outcomes. No studies as yet have focused on whether residents are influenced by staff use of guidelines derived from the theory of gerotranscendence.

Design.  The study was explorative in nature and used a qualitative approach.

Methods.  Data were collected through interviews with residents and participant observations; qualitative content analysis was performed. Sample size: six residents.

Results.  The study shows that many residents reviewed and thought about their lives, and that this aspect changed during the study period. Some residents’ descriptions of their situation revealed that certain changes in social life on the ward had occurred. These changes could be an effect of the intervention.

Relevance to clinical practice.  For nurses working in gerontological care, it is a challenge to get to know and provide the best nursing care and individual treatment for each resident; this involves a holistic view helping residents in their ageing process. The use of guidelines derived from the theory of gerotranscendence could help nurses promote positive ageing and constitute one way of treating residents in a more individualized manner.
Developing person‐centred practice: nursing outcomes arising from changes to the care environment in residential settings for older people
Authors: McCormack Brendan , Dewing Jan , Breslin Liz , Coyne‐Nevin Ann , Kennedy Kate , Manning Mary , Peelo‐Kilroe Lorna , Tobin Catherine , Slater Paul
Published: May 2010

mccormack b., dewing j., breslin l., coyne‐nevin a., kennedy k., manning m., peelo‐kilroe l., tobin c. & slater p. (2010) Developing person‐centred practice: nursing outcomes arising from changes to the care environment in residential settings for older people. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 93–107

Aim.  To present the nursing outcomes from the evaluation of developments in the care environment in residential settings for older people.

Design.  The evaluation data reported here is derived from a larger national programme of work that focused on the development of person‐centred practice in residential services for older people using an emancipatory practice development framework. A multi‐method evaluation framework was utilised. Outcome data were collected at three time points between December 2007 and September 2009. The data reported here were collected using an instrument called the ‘Person‐Centred Nursing Index’.

Findings.  Heavy workload was the main cause of stress among nurses. Personal and professional satisfaction with the job was scored highest by the total sample of nurses. Nineteen factors were examined using the Person‐Centred Nursing Index. Statistically significant changes were observed in 12 of these. In addition, there were statistically significant changes in nurses’ perceptions of caring, indicating a shift from a dominant focus on ‘technical’ aspects of care, to one where ‘intimate’ aspects of care were more highly valued.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings highlight the importance of the development of effective teamwork, workload management, time management and staff relationships in order to create a culture where there is a more democratic and inclusive approach to practice and space for the formation of person‐centred relationships.
Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Black Sea Bream,Sparus macrocephalus
Authors: Zhang Jinzhi , Zhou Fan , Wang Lei‐lei , Shao Qingjun , Xu Zirong , Xu Junzhuo
Published: May 2010

An 8‐wk experiment was conducted to determine the optimal protein requirement of juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus, (initial weight 13.13 ± 0.21 g, mean ± SD) in 18 300‐L indoor flow‐through circular fiberglass tanks provided with sand‐filtered aerated seawater. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain varying protein levels ranging from 31.95 to 48.53% at about 3% protein increments by substituting corn oil and α‐starch for fish meal. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish in a completely randomized design. Twenty uniform‐sized fish were stocked in a 300‐L indoor flow‐through circular fiberglass tank. After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing levels of dietary protein up to 41.8% (P< 0.05) and both showed a declining tendency thereafter. Survival could not be related to dietary treatments. Both condition factor and protein efficiency ratio declined while dietary protein levels increased (P< 0.05). The highest and the lowest values of hepatosomatic index were found in fish fed 31.9 and 41.8% protein diets (P< 0.05), respectively, and showed no significant difference among other treatments (P >0.05). Feed efficiency ratio (FER) improved as dietary protein level increased, with the maximum FER in the 41.8% protein diet, although this was not significantly different from the 45.2% protein diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of main ingredients of diets tended to improve as the protein level increased, although they decreased to a different extent at higher levels of dietary protein. The highest ADC values of organic matter and protein were both found for fish fed 41.8% protein diet, while lipid and energy were at 38.5 and 45.2% protein diet, respectively. The whole‐body protein content was positively correlated with dietary protein levels, while lipid content was negatively correlated. The muscle crude protein and crude lipid contents were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by dietary protein level, while moisture and ash showed no significant differences (P >0.05). Dietary protein levels had significant influences on plasma parameters (P< 0.05). The concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglyceride, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase significantly reduced with dietary protein level except plasma total protein contents which presented reverse trend. Analysis of dose (protein level)–response (SGR) with second‐order polynomial regression suggested that the optimal dietary protein requirement was 41.4%.
Chemical Composition and Digestibility of Three Mexican Safflower Meals Used as Ingredients in Diets for Whiteleg Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Galicia‐González Alfonso , Goytortúa‐Bores Ernesto , Palacios Elena , Civera‐Cerecedo Roberto , Moyano‐López Francisco J. , Cruz‐Suárez Lucía E. , Ricque‐Marie Denis
Published: May 2010

The nutritional value of three safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, meals used as ingredients in diets for Litopenaeus vannamei was determined in terms of chemical composition and in vivo and in vitro digestibility. Three safflower meals were used: a whole safflower meal (WSM; 20.6% crude protein and 34.6% lipids) prepared in our laboratory; a low‐protein safflower meal (LPSM; 27.5% crude protein and 1.8% lipids) and a high‐protein safflower meal (HPSM; 36.7% crude protein and 1.0 lipids), both produced at commercial scale. The most abundant essential amino acid in safflower meals was arginine, while lysine and methionine were the least abundant; the most important fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Apparent protein digestibility of HPSM (89.4%) and LPSM (87.6%) meals were significantly higher than that of WSM (72.3%). Lipid digestibility of WSM (93.7%) was higher than that of the defatted meals (LPSM 76.1% and HPSM 60.7%). Carbohydrate digestibility was very high (>96.8%) in all safflower meals. In vitro pH‐stat protein digestibility and in vivo protein digestibility were significantly correlated. LPSM and HPSM have chemical compositions and digestibilities more suitable to be used as ingredients for shrimp feeds, especially HPSM, which could be used as source of digestible protein and carbohydrates.
Energy Budget of Early Juvenile Cobia, Rachycentron canadum
Authors: Watson Aaron M. , Holt G. Joan
Published: May 2010

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, aquaculture is a rapidly developing field with considerable information known about juvenile production, but rearing conditions and protocols for hatchery production are not fully optimized. Setting up an energy budget for young cobia would facilitate the identification and optimization of factors controlling their rapid growth. This study measured several of the components of the energy budget of six different size classes (25–50 mm total length; 8.67–75.45 mg dry weight) of recently weaned cobia including growth rate, daily feed consumption, and metabolic rate. As expected, their specific growth rates were high ranging from 36.8% body dry weight/day in the smallest fish to 17.6% in the largest size class. Cobia grew an average of 2.6 mm/d or 6.9 mg dry weight/day. Daily ration levels were high, decreasing from 19 to 14% of body wet weight/day as the cobia grew. The high growth rates and food intake were concomitant with high feed conversion efficiencies that ranged from 1.66 in the smallest fish to 1.18 in the largest size class. Oxygen consumed by individual fish increased significantly with size from 0.10 to 0.54 mg/h with a scaling exponent for standard metabolic rate to dry weight of 0.805. The proportion of consumed energy used for metabolism remained fairly constant at 42–49% throughout the size ranges evaluated, while the cost of growth decreased with increasing size from 27% of consumed calories to 19%. Waste (fecal + urinary) calories, estimated by balancing the energy budget, averaged 34% of consumed calories. From this work, it is apparent that the rapid growth rates exhibited by cobia during the early juvenile phase result from high‐energy intake (consumption) and high feed efficiencies and not from any metabolic efficiency.
Nucleic Acid Content Changes of a Tropical Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita Fed Gelatinized and Nongelatinized Starch Diet
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Sahu Narottam P. , Pal Asim K. , Kumar Shivendra , Sagar Vidya , Sinha Amit K. , Ranjan Jayant
Published: May 2010

A 60‐d feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary gelatinized (G) and nongelatinized (NG) starch on deposition of nucleic acid in liver and muscle of Labeo rohita juveniles. Two hundred and thirty‐four juveniles (av. wt. 2.53 ± 0.04 g) were randomly distributed into six triplicate experimental groups. Six semipurified diets containing graded levels of (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100) NG and G corn starch, were prepared accordingly: T1 (100% NG, 0% G); T2 (80% NG, 20% G); T3 (60% NG, 40% G); T4 (40% NG, 60% G); T5 (20% NG, 80% G); and T6 (0% NG, 100% G). After a feeding period of 60 d, DNA content in muscle and liver decreased linearly with increasing level of G starch in the diet, whereas protein/DNA in muscle increased linearly with increasing levels of G starch in the diet. No significant effect of G starch on RNA deposition in liver and muscle was found. RNA/DNA ratio increased linearly with increasing level of gelatinized starch in the diet. Results from this study indicate that protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratio in muscle increase with increasing levels of G starch in the diet, which also reflects in terms of growth performance.
Anglo‐Italian Cultural Relations before and during the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: GASH JOHN
Published: May 2010

This introduction sketches some of the key factors and moments in Anglo‐Italian contact from the Roman occupation of Britain to the emergence of the Grand Tour in the seventeenth century as a channel for cultural interchange. It then indicates some of the changes that occurred in the nature of that interchange during the eighteenth century. These are explored in the ensuing essays, whose subjects range from the impact in Italy of the writings of Hobbes, through the motivations and prejudices of British travellers to the peninsula, to the reciprocal journeys to England of Italian painters and art dealers.
The Changing View of Rome in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: SWEET ROSEMARY
Published: May 2010

This article surveys the responses of British travellers to Rome in the long eighteenth century, as expressed in topographical literature, correspondence and diaries, and considers how these were shaped by changing domestic preoccupations. British depictions of the city in its ancient and modern state are compared with the accounts that they would have encountered in the topographical literature and prints available in Rome and in the information offered to them by the local ciceroni. This comparison highlights revealing differences between the Rome that the Romans sought to project and the one the British wished to see.
The Advantages of ‘Demi‐Naturalization’: Mutual Perceptions of Britain and Italy in Hester Lynch Piozzi's Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy and Germany
Authors: D'EZIO MARIANNA
Published: May 2010

In 1789 Hester Lynch Piozzi's Observations and Reflections Made in ... France, Italy, and Germany appeared in London. The subjectivity featuring in Piozzi's work offers an innovative and romantic version of the Grand Tour, narrated by a woman with an eye to publication. Sensations work as an emotional filter, through a spontaneous flow of personal reflections on Italy, and Piozzi's privileged position as the wife of an Italian – her ‘demi‐naturalization’– gave her an advantage over other British travellers and the freedom to go beyond the classical narrative of Italy and enjoy the pleasure of the unknown.
The Leviathan in Naples: Vico's Response to Hobbes's Life and Works
Authors: SERGIO EMILIO
Published: May 2010

During Vico's lifetime Hobbes's philosophy was interpreted in various ways: as a product of the new natural philosophy, as an example of political thought inspired by an Epicurean conception of human nature and as a counter to the anti‐royalist party in Naples. Vico's study of Hobbes, probably through his reading of two works in Valletta's library, did not involve an uncritical acceptance of his thought. In Vico's view, Hobbes mistrusted the idea of defining human nature through human history. However, Vico's attitude to Hobbes was not purely negative, and he recognised the importance of Hobbes's thought for modern political debate.
Giambattista Biffi and His Role in the Dissemination of English Culture in Eighteenth‐Century Lombardy
Authors: GUERRA LIA
Published: May 2010

This article explores the relationship between eighteenth‐century English periodicals and the Italian journal Il Caffè, with a particular focus on the role of cultural mediator played by the nobleman Giambattista Biffi, from Cremona. The investigation is based on research into the collection of Biffi's manuscripts (copies of, or translations from, English journals such as The Spectator, The Idler and The Guardian) held at the Biblioteca Statale di Cremona. The article highlights some of Biffi's particular interests and the means by which he was able to infiltrate them into the pages of Il Caffè, even in contributions not written by himself.
Genome‐wide analysis of POU3F2/BRN2 promoter occupancy in human melanoma cells reveals Kitl as a novel regulated target gene
Authors: Kobi Dominique , Steunou Anne‐Lise , Dembélé Doulaye , Legras Stéphanie , Larue Lionel , Nieto Laurence , Davidson Irwin
Published: May 2010

POU3F2 is a POU‐Homeodomain transcription factor expressed in neurons and melanoma cells. In melanoma lesions, cells expressing high levels of POU3F2 show enhanced invasive and metastatic capacity that can in part be explained by repression of Micropthalmia‐associated Transcription Factor (MITF) expression via POU3F2 binding to its promoter. To identify other POU3F2 target genes that may be involved in modulating the properties of melanoma cells, we performed ChIP‐chip experiments in 501Mel melanoma cells. 2108 binding loci located in the regulatory regions of 1700 potential target genes were identified. Bioinformatic and experimental assays showed the presence of known POU3F2‐binding motifs, but also many AT‐rich sequences with only partial similarity to the known motifs at the occupied loci. Functional analysis indicates that POU3F2 regulates the stem cell factor (Kit ligand, Kitl) promoter via a cluster of four closely spaced binding sites located in the proximal promoter. Our results suggest that POU3F2 may regulate the properties of melanoma cells via autocrine KIT ligand signalling.
Outcome of medical treatment for horses with foot pain: 56 cases
Authors: GUTIERREZ‐NIBEYRO S. D. , WHITE II N. A. , WERPY N. M.
Published: May 2010

Reasons for performing study:Currently, there are limited data regarding the long‐term outcome of horses with foot pain treated with corrective shoeing, rest and rehabilitation, and intrasynovial anti‐inflammatory medication to target lesions detected with MRI.

Objective:To report the long‐term (≥12 months) outcome of horses with foot lesions following medical therapy.

Hypotheses:1) There is no association between clinical parameters considered and a poor response to therapy. 2) Horses with a deep digital flexor tendinopathy are less likely to respond to medical therapy than horses without a deep digital flexor tendinopathy.

Methods:The medical records of horses with foot pain subjected to MRI examination and medical therapy (2005–2007) were evaluated retrospectively. Data collected included history, signalment, occupation, duration and severity of lameness at the time of MRI, radiological and MRI abnormalities. Number of treatments, complications and long‐term response to treatment were obtained by detailed telephone questionnaires. Association between clinical and MRI findings and long‐term lameness were investigated.

Results:Frequent abnormal structures included the navicular bone, the deep digital flexor tendon, the navicular bursa and the distal interphalangeal joint. Thirty‐four of 56 horses (60.7%) failed to return to previous level of exercise due to persistent or recurrent lameness or owners' decision to decrease the horse's athletic level; however, 11 horses (32.3%) were being used for light riding. Prognosis for horses with concurrent deep digital flexor tendon, navicular bone and navicular bursa lesions was worse than horses with individual lesions. Deep digital flexor tendinopathy was strongly associated with persistent or recurrent lameness.

Conclusions:Horses with multiple foot lesions managed with conservative therapy have a guarded prognosis for long‐term soundness. Deep digital flexor tendinopathies negatively influence prognosis.
Colic in geriatric compared to mature nongeriatric horses. Part 1: Retrospective review of clinical and laboratory data
Authors: SOUTHWOOD L. L. , GASSERT T. , LINDBORG S.
Published: May 2010

Reason for performing study: It is the impression of some surgeons that geriatric horses have a lower survival rate compared to mature nongeriatric horses following colic surgery. One possible reason for this is that geriatric horses may be more critically ill at admission and have more severe disease than mature nongeriatric horses.

Objective: To compare admission historical, physical examination and laboratory data for geriatric and mature nongeriatric horses referred for signs of colic.

Methods: Medical records of horses admitted with a presenting complaint of colic between 2000 and 2006 were reviewed. Geriatric horses ≥16 years (n = 300) and mature nongeriatric horses 4–15 years (n = 300). Information obtained included duration of colic prior to admission, admission level of pain, heart rate, intestinal borborygmi, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentrations and peritoneal fluid total protein. Data were analysed using a Chi‐squared test or an analysis of variance. Level of significance was P<0.05.

Results: There was no difference between geriatric and mature horses in the duration of colic prior to admission or in admission heart rate, PCV, or plasma creatinine or blood lactate concentrations. However, geriatric horses were more likely to be moderately painful and less likely to be bright and alert than mature horses; and less likely to have normal intestinal borborygmi than mature horses. Peritoneal fluid total protein concentration was higher in geriatric than mature horses.

Conclusions and potential relevance: Geriatric horses presenting with signs of colic had a similar admission cardiovascular status based on heart rate, PCV, and plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentration to mature horses. Geriatric horses, however, may have different causes of colic, which may be more serious than mature horses based on pain, lack of intestinal borborygmi and peritoneal fluid total protein concentration.
Constructing maximal subgroups of orthogonal groups
Authors: Holt Derek F. , Roney-Dougal Colva M.
Published: May 2010

In this paper we construct the maximal subgroups of geometric type of the orthogonal groups in dimension d over GF(q) in O(d3+d2log q+log qlog log q) finite field operations.
Targeting Cell Metabolism in Cancer Patients
Authors: Vander Heiden Matthew G.
Published: May 2010

Dichloroacetate can safely modify glucose metabolism in aggressive
brain tumors when administered to patients.
Taking Out the Trash
Authors: Alumkal Joshi
Published: May 2010

Activation of long-term repeat promoters restores oncogene expression and promotes survival of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Too Much ROCK Is Bad for the Brain
Authors: Bentley-Lewis Rhonda
Published: May 2010

A pathway that regulates the actin cytoskeleton is hyperactivated in a disorder associated with leaky blood vessels.
Fasting and sport: an introduction
Authors: Maughan R J
Published: May 2010

Most humans observe an overnight fast on a daily basis, and the human body copes well with short duration fasting. Periodic fasting is widely practised for cultural, religious or health reasons. Fasting may take many different forms. Prolonged restriction of food and fluid is harmful to health and performance, and it is often automatically assumed that intermittent fasting will lead to decrements in exercise performance. Athletes who choose to fast during training or competitions may therefore be at a disadvantage. The available evidence does not entirely support this view, but there is little or no information on the effects on elite athletes competing in challenging environments. Prolonged periods of training in the fasted state may not allow optimum adaptation of muscles and other tissues. Further research on a wide range of athletes with special nutrition needs is urgently required. In events where performance might be affected, other strategies to eliminate or minimise any effects must be sought.
Plant form, developmental plasticity, and survival following burial by volcanic tephra
Authors: Antos Joseph A. , Zobel Donald B.
Published: May 2010

The morphological responses of 28 shrub and 109 herbaceous species buried by 5–20 cm of tephra (volcanic aerial ejecta) from Mount St. Helens were examined after 1 year of burial. All shrub species produced adventitious roots in the tephra but the extent of roots varied greatly; three shrub species produced extensive rhizomes in the tephra. Most herbaceous species moved perennating buds into the tephra. Upward movement was accomplished in many ways, including upward growth of normally long rhizomes, accelerated elongation of normally short rhizomes, and development of perennating buds on aerial shoots that penetrated the tephra. Nineteen herbaceous species failed to move their perennating buds into the tephra; many of these are forest-dwelling members of the Liliaceae. Herbaceous plants representing a wide range of morphological types successfully penetrated tephra deeper than 12 cm; other species representing the same morphological types failed to penetrate deep deposits. A range of plasticity in several attributes of growth form appeared following burial.
Upward movement of underground plant parts into deposits of tephra from Mount St. Helens
Authors: Antos Joseph A. , Zobel Donald B.
Published: May 2010

The burial of plants is seldom studied but is potentially important in some ecosystems. For each of eight herbaceous species, about 10 individuals that survived burial by 7 – 15 cm of tephra were totally excavated during both 1981 and 1982. The long rhizomes of Achlys triphylla, Clintonia uniflora, and Smilacina stellata grew upward at an angle, so that 7% of rhizome and 3% of root dry weights were in the tephra in 1981; these values increased to 23 and 19%, respectively, in 1982. Burial reduced the number of shoots produced by each plant. Stolons of Rubus lasiococcus grew straight up and then spread across the tephra surface, although few roots were produced in the tephra. Plants of Arnica latifolia quickly moved rhizomes and roots into the tephra; 50% of underground dry weight was in the tephra by 1982. In two species with short rhizomes (Tiarella trifoliata and Valeriana sitchensis) there was an altered growth form; the rhizome elongated rapidly straight up to the tephra surface. The corm of Erythronium montanum was not relocated upward and it produced no roots in the tephra.
Architecture des jeunes hêtres Fagus sylvatica
Authors: Thiébaut B. , Cuguen J. , Dupré S.
Published: May 2010

The different growth patterns of the beech tree are described from a morphological and architectural point of view in the first part of this paper. In about 10 years, individuals can achieve various forms, according to the growth pattern. About thirty architectural variations are examined in the second part of this study; they reveal a surprising diversity within the species. In seedlings, the interindividual variations confer upon small beeches distinct "social status." In a regeneration, the silviculturist distinguishes individuals as well and poorly grown. This distinction into categories can henceforth rely on an architectural basis. Light and genetics have an important influence on the architecture of young beeches.
Arsenate counterselective enrichment for auxotrophic plant cells works well in theory but not in practice
Authors: Horsch Robert B. , King John
Published: May 2010

Arsenate treatment of plant cell cultures can effectively kill growing cells while sparing quiescent cells. This growth-lethal property provides a basis for counterselective enrichment of conditional-lethal mutants by arresting their growth (under nonpermissive conditions) prior to exposure to arsenate which will kill many of the growing wild-type cells. We have used reconstruction experiments to optimize the enrichment of an adenine-requiring auxotroph (Ad1) from mixtures of predominantly wild-type cells. Substantial enrichment (>50-fold) was achieved by reducing the phosphate concentration, lowering the titers of cells in the culture, and using feeder plates to recover colonies after treatment. Unfortunately, these improvements have not resulted in the isolation of new, stable auxotrophs from mutagenized cultures at much higher rates than by nonselective means. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between theory and practice are discussed.
Incompetence of stem epidermal cells to dedifferentiate and graft
Authors: Walker Dan B. , Bruck David K.
Published: May 2010

An intact mature epidermis precluded formation of approach grafts of stems of five angiospermous species. When the epidermis was excised, unsclerified cortical tissue exhibited tissue responses resulting in wound closure, including cell dedifferentiation and redifferentiation into callus tissue. Removal of the epidermis from both partners resulted in a graft union. Cortical callus tissue proliferated and coalesced to bind the partners. None of these responses associated with grafting or wound closure occurred in either epidermal or subepidermal tissue in intact partners. Whereas cortical cells adjacent to a cut region reacted in a similar way to those underlying the cut, neighboring epidermal cells were usually unaltered. This developmental quiescence of epidermal cells is a unique characteristic, useful in studies of epidermal differentiation and determination.
The effects of disturbance on marsh seed banks
Authors: Smith Loren M. , Kadlec John A.
Published: May 2010

Seed numbers and the species composition of seed banks (germinable seeds) from a marsh adjacent to the Great Salt Lake were compared among five vegetation types prior to a drawdown, during a drawdown, and prior to fire, after fire, and after restoration of normal water levels. Substrate samples were processed in the greenhouse under submersed and moist soil treatments to simulate the two germination conditions found in the field. After the fire, seed movement into the different vegetation types was also estimated. Numbers of germinable seeds were not depleted during the drawdown, possibly owing to increased salinity and the presence of standing vegetation. Fire had little effect on seed banks and subsequent seedling response. In general, seed banks were not affected by disturbance (e.g., burning, drawdown). The movement of seeds into the different vegetation types indicated that seed ingress could be important when one considers potential vegetation change. Seed banks of open water sites contained few germinable seeds when compared with Scirpus lacustris, S. maritimus, Distichlis spicata, and Typha spp. sites. Open water sites were devoid of vegetation and had few physical barriers, and seeds continued to move (air, water) across these areas until a barrier was reached, e.g., sites with vegetation.
Suberization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) locule tissue
Authors: Rao Gonella S. R. L. , Willison J. H. Martin , Ratnayake W. M. Nimal
Published: May 2010

It was demonstrated by electron microscopy that wounded and cultured tomato fruit outer placental (locule) tissue generated lamellated (secondary) walls. BF3 – methanol depolymerization of an extract from these walls and its chromatographic analysis showed the presence of the polymer suberin in the tissue adjacent to the wound after 7 days in culture. Quantitative studies using Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection showed close similarities between the aliphatics of this wound suberin (which constituted 70% of the total monomers recovered) and that generated by protoplasts isolated from the same tissue, particularly among the monofunctional products, but some striking differences among the difunctional products. It is proposed that the results support the concept that protoplast isolation elicits a wound response similar to that elicited by mechanical wounding of the mother tissue, but that the physiological conditions obtained during protoplast isolation and culture result in a modification of this response.
Floret anthesis and pollination in wild oats (Avena fatua)
Authors: Raju M. V. S. , Jones G. J. , Ledingham G. F.
Published: May 2010

Avena fatua L. (wild oats), an introduced annual, is a successful weed in the cultivated fields of the Canadian prairies. Its inflorescence is a determinate panicle consisting of many spikelets, each of which contains two or three florets. During anthesis, the lodicules in each floret swell after water uptake and cause the lemma to diverge and to establish a wide angle between it and the palea. The essential organs in the floret are exposed to the environment and subsequently the anthers dehisce releasing pollen. The pollen grains are dropped on the stigmatic branches, thus effecting self-pollination. Following pollination, the floret closes because of the collapsing of lodicules. The pollen on the stigma germinates after the floret has closed. Anthesis, both in the field and in the growth cabinet, shows a daily rhythm and occurs in the afternoon. This rhythmic floret opening seems to be temperature sensitive. The ambient temperature range for anthesis in the field is 25–28 °C. The wild oat is primarily a chasmogamous species and enforced cleistogamy in the florets can be induced experimentally.
An automated computer-controlled gas-exchange system for continual monitoring of physiological activities in plants
Authors: Mahon John D. , Dennis Maureen F.
Published: May 2010

A computer-controlled automated gas-exchange system was developed to perform repetitive measurements of physiological activities in intact plants. Shoot and root temperatures, flow rates, gas pressures, rates of leaf CO2 and H2O exchange, and rates of CO2 exchange, H2 evolution, and C2H2 reduction by the roots can be determined for four plants in a single experiment. The controlling computer operates 32 switches that control gas flows, sampling devices, lighting, and irrigation and it records and processes analog data from 15 measuring instruments. Rates of physiological activities are calculated automatically and results are printed and stored on diskettes for later plotting or analysis. A wide variety of experimental protocols are possible with little need for computer programming, because the system is controlled by a master program and an interactively developed file of experimental variables. The values recorded from the measuring instruments are proportional (r2 > 0.999) to either independent determinations or to calibration standards and the rates of physiological processes, measured with the system, are reproducible and within expected ranges.
Chemical and ultrastructural studies on the distribution of sporopolleninlike biopolymers in six genera of lichen phycobionts
Authors: Brunner Ueli , Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2010

Cell walls of cultured lichen phycobionts of the genera Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Myrmecia, Pseudochlorella, Trebouxia, and Trentepohlia were investigated with cytological and chemical methods with regard to the presence or absence of trilaminar sheaths and (or) resistant biopolymers. Trilaminar cell wall layers occurred in Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Myrmecia, and (less distinctly) Pseudochlorella species. A biopolymer highly resistant to nonoxidative degradation by phosphoric acid occurred only in the isolated and vigorously extracted cell walls of Coccomyxa and Elliptochloris species. The walls of all the other phycobionts, including Myrmecia and Pseudochlorella, were totally degraded, showing that a trilaminar wall layer is not conclusive evidence for the presence of a resistant cell wall polymer. The infrared absorption spectra of the degradation-resistant cell wall polymer of Coccomyxa and Elliptochloris species were not fully identical with those of natural sporopollenins. When the widely used, but chemically less appropriate acetolysis method was applied to either entire cells or isolated but not fully extracted cell walls of Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Myrmecia, Pseudochlorella, Trebouxia, and Trentepohlia species, they all yielded acetolysis-resistant residues whose infrared spectra resembled natural sporopollenin.
Reproductive characteristics of green alder in northwestern Ontario
Authors: Farmer Jr. R. E. , Maley M. L. , Stoehr M. U. , Schnekenburger F.
Published: May 2010

Flowering, seed production, and germination of green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill) were studied in populations north of Lake Superior. Anthesis and fertilization took place from mid-May to early June. Aboutone-third of the lateral buds contained female catkins, and an average of 60% of these catkins were fertilized and bore some seed. A high percentage of seed had abnormal, nonviable embryos. There was wide variation in flowering and seed characteristics among clumps of alder. Reproductive features of individual clumps were not correlated from year to year, suggesting an alternate bearing pattern in which some clumps were productive in any given year. Annual seed rain in individual understory alder stands varied from 0.14 to 2.40 million per hectare. At dispersal seeds exhibited conditional dormancy, which allowed germination at higher temperatures under a long photoperiod. Capacity for germination under a wider range of environments was facilitated by stratification.
Phase properties of membranes after freezing injury in winter wheat
Authors: Kendall Edward J. , McKersie Bryan D. , Stinson Robert H.
Published: May 2010

The structural and compositional changes which occur in cellular membranes after freezing stress were examined in a microsomal membrane fraction from the crown tissue of 7-day-old, nonacclimated Triticum aestivum L. cv. Fredrick seedlings, which were frozen to a lethal temperature of −12 °C. The freezing treatment induced a lipid phase separation and increased the gel to liquid – crystalline phase transition temperature of the isolated membrane fraction from 25 to 65 °C as detected by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. This structural change was not accompanied by significant changes in the fatty acid saturation of the total lipid extract or by changes in the free sterol components, but a 13-fold increase in the free fatty acid – phospholipid ratio was observed in the membranes from the freeze-stressed tissue. It is proposed that the accumulations of free fatty acids and other phospholipid degradation products in the membrane are factors relating to the formation of extensive gel-phase domains and that this structural change contributes to the changes in membrane properties, such as loss of semipermeability and osmotic responsiveness, which are typically observed after freezing stress. Possible mechanisms leading to the accumulation of free fatty acids are discussed.
The growth of Luffa aegyptiaca in response to various nitrogen sources and concentrations
Authors: Okusanya Olubukanla T. , Lakanmi Olusola O.
Published: May 2010

The growth responses of Luffa aegyptiaca to various nitrogen sources and concentrations were investigated. In sand culture at high concentrations of nitrogen, the species showed equally favourable responses to nitrate nitrogen (KNO3 or Ca(NO3)2), ammonium nitrogen ((NH4)2SO4), and the combination of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (NH4NO3). There was poor growth in response to NaNO3, CO(NH2)2, and a solution lacking nitrogen. In lateritic soil, the species responded better to ammonium nitrogen and the combination of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen than to nitrate nitrogen. Growth was generally poorer in lateritic soil than in sand. Neither the nitrogen sources nor their concentrations had any significant effect on root weight or the leaf weight ratio. There was a significant decrease in growth as nitrogen concentration decreased in KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 treatments but it was only at the low concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 that growth was significantly reduced. The shoot: root mass ratio decreased as nitrogen concentration decreased. The nature of the growth media and the ecological habit of the species are used to partly explain its responses to different nitrogen sources and concentrations. The possible application of these results to increasing the production of L. aegyptiaca is also discussed.
Longevity of Olpidium brassicae in air-dry soil and the persistence of the lettuce big-vein agent
Authors: Campbell R. N.
Published: May 2010

A silty clay loam soil infested with Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang, was stored air-dry at about 2% moisture content. Samples were baited at intervals with lettuce to assay for O. brassicae and the lettuce big-vein agent. The longevity end point of O. brassicae was between 20.8 and 22.5 years. The persistence end point of the lettuce big-vein agent was between 18.7 and 20.8 years.
The effects of temperature on the growth and polypeptide composition of several snow mold species
Authors: Newsted W. J. , Huner N. P. A. , Insell J. P. , Griffith M. , Huystee R. B. van
Published: May 2010

Myriosclerotinia borealis (W51), Coprinus spp. (13W1 and 14W2), Typhula idahoensis (W21), and Typhula incarnata (W29) were incubated in the dark on a defined agar medium at permissive (4 °C) and nonpermissive temperatures (22 and 30 °C). Isolates of Coprinus spp. and Typhula spp. required higher temperatures than M. borealis to arrest vegetative growth completely. The effects of incubation at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures on the polypeptide compositions of M. borealis, Coprinus spp., T. idahoensis (W21), and T. incarnata (W29) were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the number of polypeptides in the polypeptide complement of M. borealis and both Typhula species decreased significantly during incubation at nonpermissive temperatures. In contrast, Coprinus sp. (13W1) showed no significant change in the number of polypeptides observed during incubation at nonpermissive temperatures. Furthermore, there appeared to be an increase in the relative proportion of at least three polypeptides during incubation of Coprinus at nonpermissive temperatures. The significance of these species-dependent responses to nonpermissive growth temperatures is discussed.
Electron microscopy of an endoparasitic fungus, Gonimochaete pyriforme, infecting nematodes
Authors: Saikawa Masatoshi , Anazawa Takashi
Published: May 2010

Gonimochaete pyriforme Barron was studied using the electron microscope. Protoplasm in the pyriform-shaped aplanospore is filled with electron-dense vesicles (0.1–0.3 μm) except at the base where it is vacuolated. The globose knob at the apical end of the spore is covered with a very thin adhesive layer (ca. 0.1 μm) whose electron density is slightly enhanced by ruthenium red staining but which does not show a fibrillose appearance. After attachment to the nematode's cuticle, a narrow germ tube (0.15 μm) arises from the globose knob and penetrates through the adhesive layer and the host's cuticle into the nematode body. The adhesive knob of the aplanospore in G. pyriforme is very similar in ultrastructure to the encysted zoospore of Myzocytium humicola Barron and Percy in the Lagenidiales after the cyst has germinated.
Seasonal succession of diatom epiphyton on dense mats of Lemna minor
Authors: Goldsborough L. G. , Robinson G. G. C.
Published: May 2010

Annual sequences of biomass, species diversity, and community composition of epiphytic diatoms on a dense mat of Lemna minor L. growing in a freshwater marsh are described. In 2 successive years, maximum biomass occurred in early spring prior to occlusion of the water surface by the mat, while diversity reached relative maxima in the early summer (during a period of declining total biomass) and late fall. Ambient air temperature (possibly through a relationship with in situ metabolic activity and nutrient availability) was significantly correlated with community ordination scores on a temporal basis. Depth profile maxima of diatom abundance on vertically positioned artificial substrata occurred below the mat, suggesting that light limitation of algal growth within dense mats may be of lesser importance. Dominant diatom species in the spring and fall were generally ubiquitous in the surrounding marsh, while the major taxa in midsummer, Achnanthes hungarica, Amphora veneta, and Navicula twymaniana, may be specific to the Lemna microhabitat. The development of algal community specificity within a defined seasonal range is discussed in terms of the relative importance of host exudates versus exogenous nutrients as the basis for algal-substratum associations.
The effects of oil spill chemicals on transpiration, CO2 exchange, and cuticular structure in Salix interior
Authors: Goudey J. S. , Dale M. , Hoddinott J.
Published: May 2010

The effects of three oil spill chemicals (Corexit 9600, 9550, and 7664) on cuticular structure and function in the sandbar willow Salix interior were assessed from direct observations of the leaf surface, using scanning electron microscopy, and from measurements of water loss through transpiration. Rates of CO2 exchange in the light and dark were also measured. Although the Corexits coated the leaf surfaces, wax plates (crystals) associated with the cuticle were not visibly altered. The dispersants did not increase rates of evaporative water loss. Rates of net CO2 assimilation in the light, however, were reduced by 54, 63, and 94% 1 h after contact with Corexit 7664, 9550, and 9600, respectively. Measurements of surface contact angles and observations on the movement of dye–dispersant mixtures indicated that the rapid inhibition of CO2 assimilation resulted from the spontaneous infiltration of stomata by the dispersants and direct action on the internal tissues of the leaf. Rates of dark respiration were initially unaffected but decreased after 1 day. Further reductions in rates of CO2 exchange were observed over the first 4 days (associated with extensive leaf chlorosis and necrosis); then the rates increased following new tissue growth. Although the dispersants are potent contact poisons, damage to the protective cuticle in Salix interior does not appear to be a major contributing factor to their toxicity.
Influence of water potential on the survival and saprophytic activity of Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 in natural soil
Authors: Ploetz R. C. , Mitchell D. J.
Published: May 2010

The survival of Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 was monitored in a natural Arredondo fine sand incubated under controlled water potentials. In general, survival was greater in soils held at intermediate water potentials of −2 to −15 bars (1 bar = 100 kPa) than in moister or drier soils. Saprophytic colonization of rye stem pieces by R. solani AG 4 in artificially infested, natural soil occurred at five water potentials ranging from −0.05 to −15 bars. Colonization did not occur at −1500 bars. Maximum colonization at any of the former water potentials was detected 1 or 2 days after the beginning of an experiment, but it decreased rapidly after 3 days.