bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drawing and ultimate tensile properties of nylon 6/nylon 6 clay composite fibers
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Wang Chuen‐Kai , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Li Peng , Tsou Chi‐Hui , Lai Yu‐Ching , Tsai Fang‐Chang
Published: March 2012

This study systematically investigated the drawing and ultimate tenacity properties of the Nylon 6 (NY6)/nylon 6 clay (NYC) composite fiber specimens prepared at varying NYC contents and drawing temperatures. The achievable draw ratio (Dra) values of NY6x(NYC)y as‐spun fiber specimens initially increase in conjunction with NYC content, and then approach a maximum value, as their NYC contents and drawing temperature approach the 0.5 wt% and 120°C, respectively. The percentage crystallinity (Xc) values of NY6x(NYC)y as‐spun fiber specimens increased significantly, as their NYC contents increased from 0 to 2 wt%. As revealed by high power wide angle X‐ray diffraction analysis, α form NY6 crystals grew at the expense of γ form NY6 crystals originally present in NY6x(NYC)y as‐spun fiber specimens as their draw ratios increased. The ultimate modulus, tenacity, and orientation factor values of NY6x(NYC)y fiber specimens approach a maximum value, as their NYC contents and drawing temperatures approach the 0.5 wt% and 120°C optimum values, respectively. The thermal and melt shear viscosity experiments were performed on NY6x(NYC)y resins and/or fiber specimens to determine the optimum NYC content and possible deformation mechanisms accounting for the interesting drawing, orientation, and ultimate tenacity properties found above. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Processing‐structure‐property relationships in solid‐state shear pulverization: Parametric study of specific energy
Authors: Brunner Philip J. , Clark Joshua T. , Torkelson John M. , Wakabayashi Katsuyuki
Published: March 2012

Solid‐state shear pulverization (SSSP) is a unique processing technique for mechanochemical modification of polymers, compatibilization of polymer blends, and exfoliation and dispersion of fillers in polymer nanocomposites. A systematic parametric study of the SSSP technique is conducted to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the process and establish the basis for a range of current and future operation scenarios. Using neat, single component polypropylene (PP) as the model material, we varied machine type, screw design, and feed rate to achieve a range of shear and compression applied to the material, which can be quantified through specific energy input (Ep). As a universal processing variable, Ep reflects the level of chain scission occurring in the material, which correlates well to the extent of the physical property changes of the processed PP. Additionally, we compared the operating cost estimates of SSSP and conventional twin screw extrusion to determine the practical viability of SSSP. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the degree of exfoliation on the thermal conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Laske Stephan , Duretek Ivica , Witschnigg Andreas , Mattausch Hannelore , Tscharnuter Daniel , Holzer Clemens
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of exfoliated silicate layers on the thermal conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites. The correlation of thermal conductivity with the degree of exfoliation is examined and compared to common mineral fillers like talcum. The results clearly show that not only the filler content but also the size and number of the main particles (specific surface) influence thermal conductivity significantly. With respect to this, the smaller the particles and the more particles are in the matrix, the higher the increase in thermal conductivity. Compared to common fillers, the increase in thermal conductivity is considerably higher with exfoliated layered silicates and directly depends on the degree of exfoliation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Phosphorus gettering of iron by screen‐printed emitters in monocrystalline Czochralski silicon wafers
Authors: Pletzer Tobias M. , Suckow Stephan , Stegemann Elmar F. R. , Windgassen Horst , Bätzner Derk L. , Kurz Heinrich
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we demonstrate single‐sided screen‐printed emitters in thin monocrystalline Czochralski silicon (Cz‐Si) wafers with an improved gettering of iron compared with conventional double‐sided POCl3 emitters. The phosphorus dopant pastes used have to be chosen carefully to provide a sufficiently low emitter sheet resistance and to avoid iron contamination. The iron concentration is determined in a non‐destructive way from the minority carrier lifetime obtained by quasi‐steady‐state photoconductance measurements, down to levels not yet demonstrated for screen‐printed emitters. In addition, the well‐known metastable boron–oxygen complexes in Cz‐Si have been transferred into a stable state by light‐induced degradation prior to these measurements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back‐contacted back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells featuring an insulating thin film for decoupling charge carrier collection and metallization geometry
Authors: Reichel Christian , Granek Filip , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: March 2012

In this study, back‐contacted back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells featuring a large emitter coverage (point‐like base contacts), a small emitter coverage (point‐like base and emitter contacts), and interdigitated metal fingers have been fabricated and analyzed. For both solar cell designs, a significant reduction of electrical shading losses caused by an increased recombination in the non‐collecting base area on the rear side was obtained. Because the solar cell designs are characterized by an overlap of the B‐doped emitter and the P‐doped base with metal fingers of the other polarity, insulating thin films with excellent electrical insulation properties are required to prevent shunting in these overlapping regions. Thus, with insulating thin films, the geometry of the minority charge carrier collecting emitter diffusion and the geometry of the interdigitated metal fingers can be decoupled. In this regard, plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposited SiO2 insulating thin films with various thicknesses and deposited at different temperatures have been investigated in more detail by metal‐insulator‐semiconductor structures. Furthermore, the influence of different metal layers on the insulation properties of the films has been analyzed. It has been found that by applying a SiO2 insulating thin film with a thickness of more than 1000 nm and deposited at 350 °C to solar cells fabricated on 1 Ω cm and 10 Ω cm n‐type float‐zone grown silicon substrates, electrical shading losses could be reduced considerably, resulting in excellent short‐circuit current densities of more than 41 mA/cm2 and conversion efficiencies of up to 23.0%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a measurement tool to assess perceptions of palliative care
Authors: Milne Donna , Aranda Sanchia , Jefford Michael , Schofield Penelope
Published: March 2012

Objectives

Understanding patient's perceptions about palliative care is necessary to make an effective referral. The aim was to develop and validate a measure of patient perceptions.

Methods

Items were generated through patient, family caregiver and health professional interviews. The Perceptions of Palliative Care Instrument (PPCI) was administered to 85 patients with advanced cancer (AC). A subset (n = 39) completed it 7 days later. Participants also completed the Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS), the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the Distress Thermometer (DT) for validation purposes.

Results

Factor analysis revealed four domains (positive and negative emotional and cognitive reactions to palliative care, emotional and practical palliative care needs and perceptions of health) and eight subscales with factor loadings for all items above 0.51, explaining 61–81% of the total variance. Reliability analyses revealed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients >0.76). Intraclass correlation coefficients showed moderate to strong correlations between time points indicating stability over time. All POS items correlated with two or more dimensions of the PPCI (allr > 0.30); ESAS total distress correlated positively with the palliative care needs domain and the DT with needs and perceived burden (allr > 0.30).

Conclusions

The PPCI is a four‐factor, 37‐item measure that assesses perceptions of palliative care held by patients with AC. The measure has good internal consistency, test–retest reliability and convergent validity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social cognitive influences on physical activity participation in long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Phillips Siobhan M. , McAuley Edward
Published: March 2012

Background

Although physical activity is beneficial for breast cancer survivors, the majority do not meet public health physical activity recommendations. The purpose of this study was to test a social cognitive theory model of physical activity behavior in a sample of long‐term breast cancer survivors using both self‐report and objective measures of physical activity.

Methods

Participants (N = 1527) completed measures of physical activity, self‐efficacy, goals, outcome expectations, fatigue, and social support at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up. A subsample (n = 370) was randomly selected to wear an accelerometer. It was hypothesized that self‐efficacy directly and indirectly influences physical activity through goals, social support, fatigue, and outcome expectations. Relationships were examined using panel analysis within a covariance modeling framework.

Results

The hypothesized model provided a good model‐data fit (χ2 = 1168.73, df = 271,p = <0.001, CFI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.04) in the full sample when controlling for covariates. At baseline, self‐efficacy directly and indirectly, via goals, outcome expectations, and social support, influenced physical activity. These relationships were also supported across time. Additionally, the hypothesized model was supported in the subsample with accelerometer data (χ2 = 656.88, df = 330,p < 0.001, CFI = 0.95, SRMR = 0.05).

Conclusions

This study validates a social cognitive model for understanding physical activity behavior in long‐term breast cancer survivors. Future studies should be designed to replicate this model in other breast cancer survivor populations, and the findings should be applied to the development of future physical activity programs and studies for this population. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory characterization of metal‐oxide sensors intended for in situ analyses of pheromones – SOMMSA approach
Authors: Wehrenfennig Christoph , Schott Matthias , Gasch Tina , Sauerwald Tilman , Düring Rolf‐Alexander , Vilcinskas Andreas , Kohl Claus‐Dieter
Published: March 2012

We present pheromone measurements of metal‐oxide gas sensors in a laboratory setup using a ‘selective odorant measurement of a multi‐sensor array’. The array was equipped with commercial gas sensors and measured with constant temperatures and a temperature cycle to increase the sensitivity. To compare and to calibrate the measurement of insect pheromones, we used a portable GC‐MS with an electro‐antennographic detection system for insect antennae. In order to reach a proof of principles for the intended use of the system for in situ analyses in viticulture and the development of a portable biosensor, we tested the sensors with the main component E7,Z9‐Dodecadien‐1‐yl acetate of the pheromone of the grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana).
Pachastrissamine from Pachastrissa sp. Inhibits Melanoma Cell Growth by Dual Inhibition of Cdk2 and ERK‐mediated FOXO3 Downregulation
Authors: Yoo Hyun , Lee Yun Sang , Lee Sukjin , Kim Sanghee , Kim Tae‐Yoon
Published: March 2012

Melanoma cells are relatively resistant to apoptosis compared with other tumor cell types, and thus, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are not effective in treating melanoma. Pachastrissamine (PA) exhibits cytotoxic activity and promotes apoptosis in several cancer cells. However, its specific molecular mechanisms have not been characterized fully. This study investigated the antimelanoma effect of PA, an anhydrophytosphingosine derived from marine sponge, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The data demonstrated that treatment with PA inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and subsequent ERK‐mediated FOXO3 phosphorylation in melanoma cells. Interestingly, PA did not inhibit AKT‐mediated FOXO3 phosphorylation. Therefore, it appears that PA‐induced apoptosis results from the inhibition of ERK. Furthermore, intravenous administration of PA was found to suppress melanoma cell growth in a C57BL6 mouse without causing side effects. Additionally, PA inhibited the production of Cdk2, which is involved in cell cycle regulation. Taken together, inhibition of melanoma cell growth by PA is a result of the inhibition of ERK‐mediated FOXO3 downregulation and decreased Cdk2 levels. The results of this study imply that dual inhibition of the ERK pathway and cell cycle progression could be an effective approach to control the growth of melanoma cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical characterization of sub‐32‐nm semiconductor materials and processes using advanced ion beam–based analytical techniques
Authors: Hopstaken M. J. P. , Pfeiffer D. , Copel M. , Gordon M. S. , Ando T. , Narayanan V. , Jagannathan H. , Molis S. , Wahl J. A. , Bu H. , Sadana D. K. , Czornomaz L. , Marchiori C. , Fompeyrine J.
Published: March 2012

The authors have addressed the application of advanced ion beam–based analytical techniques to various physical characterization aspects in sub‐32‐nm semiconductor front‐end‐of‐line materials and processes. We have presented the application of 18O‐isotope labeling in combination with SIMS depth profiling to follow O‐migration in high‐k/metal gate stacks. We have also demonstrated the application of complementary low‐energy ion scattering and time‐of‐flight SIMS surface analysis to determine high‐k thin film closure and growth mode for different deposition techniques. We have also proposed alternative Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (DSIMS) protocols for the quantitative analysis of phosphorous ultra‐shallow junctions, resulting in more accurate near‐surface P‐profile and in situ B‐doped Si1−xGex epitaxial films with explicit correction of sputter and ionization yield variations as function of [Ge]. We have demonstrated the feasibility of backside SIMS on appropriate III–V high‐mobility channel stacks, resulting in unprecedented depth resolution at the source/drain metal–contact/III–V interface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Functional Delivery of siRNA using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Ultralarge Pores
Authors: Na Hee‐Kyung , Kim Mi‐Hee , Park Kihyun , Ryoo Soo‐Ryoon , Lee Kyung Eun , Jeon Hyesung , Ryoo Ryong , Hyeon Changbong , Min Dal‐Hee
Published: March 2012

Among various nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted extensive attention for developing efficient drug‐delivery systems, mostly due to their high porosity and biocompatibility. However, due to the small pore size, generally below 5 nm in diameter, potential drugs that are loaded into the pore have been limited to small molecules. Herein, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery strategy based on MSNs possessing pores with an average diameter of 23 nm is presented. The siRNA is regarded as a powerful gene therapeutic agent for treatment of a wide range of diseases by enabling post‐transcriptional gene silencing, so‐called RNA interference. Highly efficient, sequence‐specific, and technically very simple target gene knockdown is demonstrated using MSNs with ultralarge pores of size 23 nm in vitro and in vivo without notable cytotoxicity.
Granum‐Like Stacking Structures with TiO2–Graphene Nanosheets for Improving Photo‐electric Conversion
Authors: Yang Nailiang , Zhang Yu , Halpert Jonathan E. , Zhai Jin , Wang Dan , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2012

Solar energy is commonly considered to be one of the most important forms of future energy production. This is due to its ability to generate essentially free power, after installation, with low environmental impact. Green plants, meanwhile, exhibit a process for light‐to‐charge conversion that provides a useful model for using solar radiation efficiently. Granum, the core organ in photosynthesis consists of a stack of ~10–100 thylakoids containing pigments and electrons acceptors. Imitating the structure and function of granum, stacked structures are fabricated with TiO2/graphene nanosheets as the thylakoids unit, and their photo‐electric effect is studied by varying the number of layers present in the film. The photo‐electric response of the graphene composites are found to be 20 times higher than that of pure TiO2 in films with 25 units stacked. Importantly, the cathodic photocurrent changes to anodic photocurrent as the thickness increases, an important feature of efficient solar cells which is often ignored. Here graphene is proposed to perform similarly to the b6f complex in granum, by separating charges and transporting electrons through the stacked film. Using this innovation, stacked TiO2/graphene structures are now able to significantly increase photoanode thickness in solar cells without losing the ability to conduct electrons.
End‐to‐end performance of transmit antenna selection and generalized selection combining in dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relay network in the presence of feedback errors
Authors: Yılmaz Ahmet , Kucur Oğuz
Published: March 2012

In this paper, end‐to‐end performance of transmit antenna selection (TAS) and generalized selection combining (GSC) is studied in a dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relay network over flat Rayleigh fading channels. In the system, source and destination equipped with multiple antennas, communicate by the help of single relay equipped with single antenna. Source‐destination link is not available. TAS is used for transmission at the source, and GSC is used for reception at the destination. By considering the relay location and the presence of error in feedback channel from the relay to the source, we derive closed‐form outage probability, moment generating function and moments of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio, and closed‐form symbol error probability (SEP) expressions for channel state information (CSI)‐based and fixed relay gains. The diversity order and array gain of the network are obtained for both CSI‐based and fixed relay gains by deriving asymptotical outage probability and SEP expressions. The analytical results are validated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon sequestration potential of parkland agroforestry in the Sahel
Authors: Luedeling Eike , Neufeldt Henry
Published: March 2012

Establishing parkland agroforestry on currently treeless cropland in the West African Sahel may help mitigate climate change. To evaluate its potential, we used climatically suitable ranges for parklands for 19 climate scenarios, derived by ecological niche modeling, for estimating potential carbon stocks in parkland and treeless cropland. A biocarbon business model was used to evaluate profitability of hypothetical Terrestrial Carbon Projects (TCPs), across a range of farm sizes, farm numbers, carbon prices and benefit sharing mechanisms. Using climate analogues, we explored potential climate change trajectories for selected locations. If mature parklands covered their maximum range, carbon stocks in Sahelian productive land would be about 1,284 Tg, compared to 725 Tg in a treeless scenario. Due to slow increase rates of total system carbon by 0.4 Mg C ha−1 a−1, most TCPs at carbon prices that seem realistic today were not feasible, or required the participation of large numbers of farmers. For small farms, few TCP scenarios were feasible, and low Net Present Values for farmers made it unlikely that carbon payments would motivate many to participate in TCPs, unless additional benefits were provided. Climate analogue locations indicated an uncertain climate trajectory for the Sahel, but most scenarios projected increasing aridity and reduced suitability for parklands. The potentially severe impacts of climate change on Sahelian ecosystems and the uncertain profitability of TCPs make the Sahel highly risky for carbon investments. Given the likelihood of degrading environmental conditions, the search for appropriate adaptation strategies should take precedence over promoting mitigation activities.
Management of Digital Tendon Avulsion at the Musculotendinous Junction of the Forearm: A Systematic Review
Authors: Collins Jessica , Ishihara Yoshihiro , Thoma Achilleas
Published: March 2012

Background

Tendon avulsion at the musculotendinous junction caused by digit avulsion amputation or closed injury is a challenging problem, for which the literature lacks definitive recommendations regarding treatment. We have provided a systematic review and developed an algorithm to delineate optimal management of this injury.

Methods

Two independent reviewers undertook a systematic review of the literature to identify articles discussing management of forearm tendons avulsed at their musculotendinous junction. Patient demographics, injury mechanism, injury pattern, type of repair, and outcome were investigated. These data were analyzed to reveal tendencies in management, which were then organized into an algorithm.

Results

Twenty articles fit our criteria for a total of 91 tendons. Cases were mostly males involved in work accidents. Treatment options were tendon resection, reattachment to muscle, tendon transfer, and side-to-side repair. When the digit was replanted, tendons avulsed through avulsion amputations were preferentially treated by reattachment in the case of the thumb, transfers for the index and long fingers, and resection for the ring and small fingers. Reattachment was favored for metacarpophalangeal level amputations, while transfer was selected for proximal phalanx levels. For closed avulsion injuries, flexors were preferentially treated with reattachment or transfer, while extensors underwent transfer or side-to-side repair.

Conclusions

In the management of tendon avulsions at the musculotendinous junction, specific procedures are favored depending on the mechanism of injury, the type of tendon and digit involved, and the level of bone amputation. An algorithm is presented to facilitate optimal treatment based on these injury characteristics.
Can Computed Tomographic Gastrography and Multiplanar Reformatting Aid the Laparoscopic Surgeon in Planning a Gastric Resection? A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Zalev Arthur H. , Grantcharov Teodor , Deitel Wayne
Published: March 2012

Purpose

To assess the value and feasibility of computed tomographic gastrography and multiplanar reformatting in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric resection.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen patients with gastric lesions were included in the study. A supine scan was performed after a hypotonic drug, an effervescent agent, and intravenous contrast. This was followed by delayed prone and decubitus scans. We created multiplanar reformats, transparency rendered images, and endoluminal images. The tumours were localized, and distances were measured to the esophagogastric junction and the pylorus.

Results

Eleven patients underwent resections. Seven had laparoscopic wedge resections for aberrant pancreas (1 patient), carcinoid (1), Castleman disease (1), and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) (4). One patient had an open subtotal gastrectomy for carcinoma due to adhesions. One had a hand-assisted sleeve resection for a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Two had hand-assisted total gastrectomies for carcinoma and a GIST. For surgical planning, the surgeon rated the imaging extremely useful in 7 and useful in 4. Imaging was extremely useful or useful to localize laparoscopically invisible tumours in 6 patients and to relate tumours to the esophagogastric junction or pylorus and to assess localized vs extensive resection in 8. Correlation was excellent between the preoperative imaging and the intraoperative findings.

Conclusions

Computed tomographic gastrography and multiplanar reformatting are useful aids in preoperative planning of laparoscopic gastric resections.
Involvement of microRNA‐93, a new regulator of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway, in regulation of chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Fu Xin , Tian Jing , Zhang Lei , Chen Ying , Hao Quan
Published: March 2012

The mechanisms underlying ovarian cancer cell resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. In this paper, we utilized microRNA array and real‐time PCR to show that miR‐93 is significantly up‐regulated in cisplatin‐resistant ovarian cancer cells. In vitro assays show that over‐expression and knock‐down of miR‐93 regulate apoptotic activity, and thereby cisplatin chemosensitivity, in ovarian cells. Furthermore, we found that miR‐93 can directly target PTEN, and participates in the regulation of the AKT signaling pathway. MiR‐93 inversely correlates with PTEN expression in CDDP‐resistant and sensitive human ovarian cancer tissues. These results may have implications for therapeutic strategies aiming to overcome ovarian cancer cell resistance to cisplatin.
Ceramide kinase deficiency improves diet‐induced obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Mitsutake Susumu , Date Tomomi , Yokota Hazuki , Sugiura Masako , Kohama Takafumi , Igarashi Yasuyuki
Published: March 2012

Ceramide kinase (CERK) is an enzyme that phosphorylates ceramide to produce ceramide 1‐phosphate. Recently, evidence has emerged that CERK has a role in inflammatory signaling of immune cells. Since obesity is accompanied by chronic, low‐grade inflammation, we examined whether CERK might be involved using CERK‐null mice. We determined that CERK deficiency suppresses diet‐induced increases in body weight, and improves glucose intolerance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CERK deficiency attenuates MCP‐1/CCR2 signaling in macrophages infiltrating the adipose tissue, resulting in the suppression of inflammation in adipocytes, which might otherwise lead to obesity and diabetes.
Down‐regulated expression of family with sequence similarity 3, member B (FAM3B), in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shiiba Masashi , Ishige Shunsaku , Saito Yasuhiro , Shimizub Toshihiro , Minakawa Yasuyuki , Kasamatsu Atsushi , Ogawara Katsunori , Uzawa Katsuhiro , Tanzawa Hideki
Published: March 2012

Purpose: Family with sequence similarity 3, member B (FAM3B), also known as PANcreatic DERived factor (PANDER), is an islet‐specific cytokine predominantly expressed in both pancreatic α‐ and β‐cells. FAM3B is known to induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells, and may therefore be able to regulate apoptosis in other cell types, including cancer cells. However, the role of FAM3B in carcinogenesis is unknown. We previously performed global gene screening using DNA microarray analysis to identify crucial molecules in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The results showed significant down‐regulation of FAM3B in OSCC‐derived cell lines, as compared with human normal oral keratinocytes (HNOKs). The aim of the present study was to clarify the association between FAM3B and OSCCs.

Results: Expression profiles of FAM3B in OSCC‐derived cell lines and human primary OSCCs were examined by real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Significantly decreased expression of FAM3B mRNA and FAM3B protein were observed in five OSCC‐derived cell lines, as compared with HNOKs. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed down‐regulated FAM3B protein expression in primary OSCC samples. In order to examine whether microRNA (miRNA) potentially regulates FAM3B expression, miRNA microarray analysis was performed with OSCC‐derived cell lines. miRNA microarray data showed that miR‐181a, miR‐181b, miR‐200b, and miR‐200c, which can induce imperfect base pairing with the 3′‐untranslated region of FAM3B mRNA, were up‐regulated in all cell lines examined.

Conclusions: These results indicate that decreased FAM3B expression is able to promote OSCC progression and that certain miRNAs may be correlated with the altered expression of FAM3B.
Where do small, weakly inertial particles go in a turbulent flow?
Authors: Gibert Mathieu , Xu Haitao , Bodenschatz Eberhard
Published: March 2012

We report experimental results on the dynamics of heavy particles of the size of the Kolmogorov scale in a fully developed turbulent flow. The mixed Eulerian structure function of two-particle velocity and acceleration difference vectors $\langle {\delta }_{r} \mathbi{v}\boldsymbol{\cdot} {\delta }_{r} {\mathbi{a}}_{\mathbi{p}} \rangle $ was observed to increase significantly with particle inertia for identical flow conditions. We show that this increase is related to a preferential alignment between these dynamical quantities. With increasing particle density the probability for those two vectors to be collinear was observed to grow. We show that these results are consistent with the preferential sampling of strain-dominated regions by inertial particles.
Evaluation of flavonoids and enterolactone in overnight urine as intake biomarkers of fruits, vegetables and beverages in the Inter99 cohort study using the method of triads
Authors: Krogholm Kirstine S. , Bysted Anette , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Jakobsen Jette , Rasmussen Salka E. , Kristoffersen Lis , Toft Ulla
Published: March 2012

Since collection of 24 h urine samples is very time consuming and difficult to obtain, epidemiological studies typically only obtain spot urine samples. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether flavonoids and enterolactone in overnight urine could substitute flavonoids and enterolactone in 24 h urine as an alternative and more feasible biomarker of fruit, vegetable and beverage intake. A total of 191 individuals in the Inter99 cohort in Denmark completed the validation study. Concentrations of nine urinary flavonoid aglycones (quercetin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, phloretin and apigenin) and enterolactone were determined in overnight and 24 h urine samples, and their validity as biomarkers of fruit, vegetable and beverage intake was evaluated in relation to two independent reference methods (Inter99 FFQ data and plasma carotenoids) by using the method of triads. The intakes of fruit, juice, vegetables and tea reported in the FFQ were reflected by the flavonoid biomarker both in overnight and 24 h urine samples. Validity coefficients for the flavonoid biomarker in overnight urine ranged from 0·39 to 0·49, while the corresponding validity coefficients for the biomarker in 24 h urine ranged from 0·43 to 0·66. Although the validity coefficients were lower for overnight urine than for the 24 h urine flavonoid biomarker, they were still of acceptable magnitude. In conclusion, the results indicate that flavonoids and enterolactone in overnight urine samples may be used as a more feasible biomarker than 24 h urine for the assessment and validation of fruit, juice, vegetable and tea intakes in epidemiological studies.
Depressed fathers' speech to their 3-month-old infants: a study of cognitive and mentalizing features in paternal speech
Authors: Sethna V. , Murray L. , Ramchandani P. G.
Published: March 2012

Background

Depression in fathers in the postnatal period is associated with an increased risk of child behaviour problems. A key potential pathway of risk transmission is exposure of the child to negative cognitions and affect in the context of early parenting. This study examines paternal speech during face-to-face father–infant interactions at 3 months.

Method

Currently depressed (n=19) and non-depressed (n=19) fathers were individually matched on age and education. Speech was coded for cognitive biases and mentalizing statements using a modified version of previous measures of maternal speech. Paternal depression was diagnosed using a structured psychiatric interview.

Results

Depression in fathers was associated with more speech focused on the paternal experience and less on the infants' experience. Depressed fathers' speech comprised more negative and critical utterances, compared with non-depressed fathers.

Conclusions

Important differences emerge in the speech of fathers who experience depression. Examining negative cognitions in the speech of these fathers as early as 3 months may help in understanding children's risk in relation to paternal psychopathology.
The Servant Lord: A Word of Caution Regarding themunus triplexin Karl Barth's Theology and the Church Today
Authors: Johnson Adam J.
Published: March 2012

Contemporary theology exhibits a lively interest in using the traditional doctrine of themunus triplex(the threefold mediatorial office of Christ as prophet, priest and king) to unify our understanding of the person and work of Jesus Christ and ground it in the Old Testament witness. This article explores Karl Barth's contribution to this trend and draws from it a set of reflections for the church today. Scholarly consensus suggests that Barth offers an exceptionally robust development of themunus triplexin shaping the formal structure and material content of his doctrine of reconciliation. In this article I contend that his use of this concept is actually quite superficial in nature. As scholars are wont to point out, Barth incorporates themunus triplexinto eye-catching summary statements throughoutCDIV – but these statements are more ambiguous than they might at first seem. A closer examination of the details of his account of the work of Christ, and particularly his hamartiology, demonstrates that themunus triplexdoes not substantially inform his treatment of these subjects, and that his own unique christological concerns provide the determining influence. While Barth was eager to align his position with that of Reformed orthodoxy, focusing on themunus triplexultimately distracts the reader from his primary concerns. Much the same is true for the church today – when used as a sufficient interpretative device for offering an account of the person and work of Jesus Christ, themunus triplexsuffers the fate of many an artificial schema for biblical interpretation, distracting us from the breadth and depth of the biblical witness by offering an overly tidy, artificially organised account of the material. Nevertheless, when modestly employed, it remains a significant though limited conceptual device for understanding Christ's person and work, which the church should employ in several ways so as to integrate the Old and New Testaments in its proclamation of the Gospel.
The language phenotype of a small geographically isolated Russian-speaking population: Implications for genetic and clinical studies of developmental language disorder
Authors: RAKHLIN NATALIA , KORNILOV SERGEY A. , PALEJEV DEAN , KOPOSOV ROMAN A. , CHANG JOSEPH T. , GRIGORENKO ELENA L.
Published: March 2012

This article describes the results of an epidemiological study of developmental language disorder (DLD) in an isolated rural Russian population. We report an atypically high prevalence of DLD across all age groups when contrasted with a comparison population. The results are corroborated by a set of comparisons of school-aged children from the target population with their age peers and mean length of utterance matches from the comparison population. We also investigate the relationship between nonverbal cognition, verbal working memory, and expressive language performance in the population, and find statistically significant but small effect sizes. Finally, we describe the complex and heterogeneous structure of the phenotype in the population along with patterns of its vertical transmission on the basis of the exemplar pedigrees, and discuss the implications of our findings for genetic and clinical studies of DLD.
White Matter Changes in OCD Revealed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Fontenelle Leonardo F. , Bramati Ivanei E. , Moll Jorge , Mendlowicz Mauro V. , de Oliveira-Souza Ricardo , Tovar-Moll Fernanda
Published: March 2012

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate white matter (WM) abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its relationship to severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Methods

Conventional and diffusion tensor imaging were acquired in nine patients with OCD and nine gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers. Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were investigated using selected regions of interest (ROIs) analyses and whole brain tract-based spatial statistic analyses. A priori ROIs were placed bilaterally in internal capsule (IC), superior longitudinal fascicule (SLF), cingulate bundle (CB), and corpus calosum (CC).

Results

ROIs analyses showed that, as compared to healthy volunteers, patients with OCD exhibited reduced FA values bilaterally in regions of the posterior limb of the IC and in the SLF and increased MD values bilaterally in the posterior limb of the IC, in the left CB, and in the splenium of CC. Voxelwise analysis showed that, as compared to controls, patients with OCD exhibited reduced FA and increased MD in regions of the cortical spinal tract (genu and posterior limb of internal capsule and corona radiata) and the SLF. Severity of OCD correlated with WM alterations in different brain regions, ie, the left (rho=0.70 [MD]) and right (rho=0.70 [MD]) anterior limb of the IC, the left (rho=0.97 [MD]) and right SLF (rho=0.81 [MD]), and the genu of CC (rho=0.66 [MD]; rho=-0.69 [FA]).

Conclusion

Our findings support the involvement of different WM tracts in OCD and suggest that greater impairment in WM integrity is associated with increased severity of OCD symptoms.
Norms for Performance in the Workplace in Healthy People: Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Study
Authors: Deckersbach Thilo , Stange Jonathan P. , Nierenberg Andrew A.
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Psychiatric conditions affect multiple areas of psychosocial functioning, including functioning in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to establish norms for absenteeism (work days missed due to mental or physical illness) and work performance (quality of work performed when at work) for healthy individuals.

Methods

We selected 300 individuals without psychiatric or medical conditions from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication study (NCS-R). Absenteeism and work performance were assessed using the NCS-R version of the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ).

Results

Employees missed an average of 5.1 days of work in the past year. Absenteeism varied across occupations, with performers of routine tasks, office clerks, and professionals exhibiting the greatest variance in days missed. Work performance ratings were skewed toward high performance ratings and did not differ across occupations. Gender, age, race/ethnicity, and education level did not substantially moderate absenteeism and work performance norms.

Discussion

Skewed ratings for work performance are consistent with previous findings using the HPQ. This may reflect a general tendency that individuals rate themselves favorably when they compare themselves to others.

Conclusion

This study provides normative tables for absenteeism and work performance in individuals without psychiatric or medical conditions, against which individuals with such conditions may be compared.
Obsessive Musical Hallucinations in a Schizophrenia Patient: Psychopathological and fMRI Characteristics
Authors: Bleich-Cohen Maya , Hendler Talma , Pashinian Artashes , Faragian Sarit , Poyurovsky Michael
Published: March 2012

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are relatively common and clinically significant phenomena in schizophrenia patients, suggesting the existence of a separate schizo-obsessive subgroup of the disorder. Although a majority of schizo-obsessive patients have typical ego-dystonic OCS, a meaningful proportion exhibits diagnostically challenging psychopathological phenomena, psychotic in content and obsessive in form. We report the clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of a schizophrenia patient who developed auditory hallucinations with musical content and obsessive in form. We suggest that “obsessive musical hallucinations”, that integrate both psychotic and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-related features, may be mediated by the brain networks believed to be involved in OCD and in auditory musical hallucinations.
Generic Substitution of Antiepileptics: Need for a Balanced View
Authors: Peterson Gregory M.
Published: March 2012

There is considerable interest and debate concerning the place of generic substitution, especially relating to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Sadly, one of the causes of the ongoing debate is confusion, often intentionally fueled by the pharmaceutical industry among health professionals and patients regarding the regulatory determination of bioequivalence. Few understand the correct definition. It is often erroneously stated that to be considered bioequivalent there is an allowed difference in the extent and rate of absorption of 80% to 125% between a generic drug product and the branded standard. This is false and implies that there is a wide leniency allowed, with varying clinical outcomes probable. This myth needs to be countered to ensure the safety of patients. A balanced review of the issues surrounding the generic substitution of AEDs is presented.
Clinical and Pharmacologic Perspectives on the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Jefferson James W.
Published: March 2012

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is commonly encountered in clinical practice but is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, in part because many patients present only with vague somatic complaints instead of typical depressed symptomatology. Once diagnosed, patients with MDD can be treated with pharmacologic and/or nonpharmacologic therapies, but it is difficult to predict how or whether an individual will respond. Studies have shown that the majority of depressed patients fail to remit with initial therapy and, even if remission is achieved, many patients will relapse. While the management of patients with MDD presents challenges, data indicate that the achievement and maintenance of remission can be improved by frequent follow-ups with a clinician who can provide individualized education/support and appropriate referral to other healthcare specialists. Novel pharmacotherapies that are formulated for oncedaily dosing with improved safety profiles can improve adherence to treatment and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with MDD.
Transformationale Führung und Veränderungsbereitschaft
Authors: Herrmann Daniel , Felfe Jörg , Hardt Julia
Published: March 2012

Der Zusammenhang zwischen transformationaler Führung und Veränderungsbereitschaft wurde bislang nur selten untersucht. Obwohl die meisten Studien moderate Zusammenhänge zeigen, gibt es auch abweichende und inkonsistente Befunde. Eine Erklärung dafür ist, dass neutralisierende bzw. verstärkende Einflüsse von Stressoren und Ressourcen bislang unzureichend berücksichtigt wurden. Daher wurden die moderierenden Effekte von Rollenkonflikten, Spannungen zwischen Kollegen und informatorischen Erschwerungen als Stressoren sowie Handlungsspielraum, soziale Unterstützung und organisationale Gerechtigkeit als Ressourcen in einer Studie mit N = 404 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern einer Organisation untersucht, die sich in einem Veränderungsprozess befand. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Möglichkeit, Veränderungsbereitschaft durch transformationale Führung positiv zu beeinflussen zunimmt, wenn die Mitarbeiter über mehr Ressourcen verfügen und weniger Stressoren ausgesetzt sind. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung transformationaler Führung für ein erfolgreiches „Change Management“ diskutiert.
Suicide Deaths and Nonfatal Hospital Admissions for Deliberate Self-Harm in the United States
Authors: Miller Ted R. , Furr-Holden C. Debra , Lawrence Bruce A. , Weiss Harold B.
Published: March 2012

Background: No one knows whether the temporality of nonfatal deliberate self-harm in the United States mirrors the temporality of suicide deaths. Aims: To analyze day- and month-specific variation in population rates for suicide fatalities and, separately, for hospital admissions for nonfatal deliberate self-harm. Methods: For 12 states, we extracted vital statistics data on all suicides (n = 11,429) and hospital discharge data on all nonfatal deliberate self-harm admissions (n = 60,870) occurring in 1997. We used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the significance of day-to-day and month-to-month variations in the occurrence of suicides and nonfatal deliberate self-harm admissions. Results: Both fatal and nonfatal events had a 6%–10% excess occurrence on Monday and Tuesday and were 5%–13% less likely to occur on Saturdays (p < .05). Males were more likely than females to act on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Nonfatal admission rates were 6% above the average in April and May (p < .05). In contrast, suicide rates were 6% above the average in February and March and 8% below it in November (p < .05). Conclusions: Suicides and nonfatal hospital admissions for deliberate self-harm have peaks and troughs on the same days in the United States. In contrast, the monthly patterns for these fatal and nonfatal events are not congruent.
Understanding the Risks of Recent Discharge: The Phenomenological Experiences
Authors: Cutcliffe John , Links Paul , Harder Henry , Bergmans Yvonne , Balderson Ken , Eynan Rahel , Ambreen Munazah , Neibaum Rosanne
Published: March 2012

Background: Evidence indicates that people whose mental health problems lead them to require psychiatric hospitalization are at a significantly increased risk of suicide, and the period of time immediately following discharge after such hospitalizations appears to be a particularly high-risk time. Aims: This paper reports on phenomenological findings from a federally funded, mixed-methods study that sought to better understand the observed increased risk for suicide following discharge from an inpatient psychiatric service. Methods: A purposive sample of 20 recently discharged former suicidal inpatients was obtained. Data were collected from the participants in hermeneutic interviews lasting between 1 h and 2 h and analyzed according to van Manen’s (1997) interpretation of hermeneutic phenomenology. Results: Two key themes were induced: “Existential Angst at the Prospect of Discharge” and “Trying to Survive While Living Under the Proverbial ‘Sword of Damocles’.” Each of these was comprised of five themes with the second key theme – the focus of this paper – encompassing the following: “Needing Postdischarge Support,” “Feeling Lost, Uncertain and Disorientated,” “Feeling Alone and Isolated,” “Suicide Remains an Option,” and “Engaging in Soothing, Comforting Behaviors.” Conclusions: The authors conclude that early exploration of and reconciling patients’ expectations regarding inpatient care for their suicidality would appear to be an empirically based intervention that could diminish the postdischarge risk for further suicide attempts.