bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital holographic interferometry for cultural heritage structural diagnostics: A coherent and a low‐coherence optical set‐up for the study of a marquetry sample
Authors: Kosma K. , Andrianakis M. , Hatzigiannakis K. , Tornari V.
Published: January 2018

Cultural heritage conservation is an active field of research, where there is an ever‐growing demand for nondestructive and noninvasive diagnostic techniques, for performing remote analysis and diagnosis of the condition of historical structures and pieces of art, often of very high cultural and historical value. In this context, holographic interferometry is a very well‐established optical technique for research in cultural heritage, which brings together some very basic and critical properties such as contactless examination and nondestructivity, accuracy, repeatability, and a wide range of applicability. In this paper, the optical technique of digital holographic interferometry is tested on mock‐up, art‐related targets, with 2 different light sources, in an attempt to expand the technique towards a new approach that will profit from an easy‐to‐operate, inexpensive, and tunable source, offering a broad spectrum and wavelength selectivity, according to the needs of the experiments. Examples are presented, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modified experimental scheme for defect mapping, to be used in structural documentation reports, and for its exploitation in future hybrid optical diagnostic systems and data processing.
A review of contraceptive methods for women with cardiac disease
Authors: Jakes Adam D , Coad Felicity , Nelson‐Piercy Catherine
Published: January 2018

Key content

The importance of effective contraception in women with cardiac disease is discussed.

Circulatory changes in pregnancy can cause unmasking and decompensation of pre‐existing cardiac disease.

Information is provided for obstetricians, cardiologists and other healthcare professionals that will enable them to counsel women with cardiac disease appropriately about contraceptive options.

Learning objectives

To appreciate the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and why this can lead to decompensated heart disease.

To gain an understanding of the most appropriate contraceptive methods for women with cardiac disease.

To appreciate the cautions and contraindications for commonly used contraceptives in women with cardiac disease.
Diagnosis and management of tubo‐ovarian abscesses
Authors: Munro Kirsty , Gharaibeh Asma , Nagabushanam Sangeetha , Martin Cameron
Published: January 2018

Key content

Tubo‐ovarian abscesses represent a severe form of pelvic inflammatory disease and carry high morbidity.

Diagnosis is made by combining the clinical picture (fever, pelvic pain and pelvic adnexal mass) with raised inflammatory markers and radiological findings demonstrating an abscess.

Initial management with intravenous antibiotics may not be successful.

Surgical intervention may be indicated but the optimal timing is not clear and image‐guided drainage can be a possible alternative to surgery.

Surgery may be conservative or involve pelvic clearance and will depend on the clinical situation.

Learning objectives

To be able to recognise and initiate prompt treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo‐ovarian abscesses.

To understand appropriate antibiotic treatment and/or radiological drainage.

To be able to identify indications for timely surgical intervention and explore the optimal surgical approach of laparoscopic versus open surgery.

Ethical issues

Delays in treatment may have adverse effects on future fertility.

Who is appropriate for fertility‐preserving treatment?
Diabetes insipidus in pregnancy
Authors: Quigley James , Shelton Cliff , Issa Basil , Sripada Sreebala
Published: January 2018

Key content

There are various types of diabetes insipidus that occur due to different pathology that occurs outside of, during, and as a result of pregnancy.

All pregnant women presenting with polyuria and polydipsia should be investigated with blood tests including urea and electrolytes, calcium levels and thyroid function tests. Plasma and urine osmolality can also be helpful in making the diagnosis. Additional symptoms that are suggestive of diabetes insipidus secondary to other underlying pathology (e.g. a pituitary tumour) are likely to require radiological imaging.

Women diagnosed with diabetes insipidus should have regular consultant review in clinic with monitoring of serum electrolytes. They should also receive an antenatal anaesthetic review. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted during labour and they should be managed on delivery suite with senior obstetric and anaesthetic input.

Pre‐eclamptic toxaemia (PET) and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) can exacerbate diabetes insipidus as hepatic dysfunction leads to a reduction in vasopressinase metabolism. Furthermore, it has been suggested that pituitary hypoperfusion due to this syndrome could also be a cause of gestational diabetes insipidus. These women present a therapeutic challenge as they are in a volume‐depleted state as a consequence of DI, however they require judicious fluid management because of their PET.

Early detection and effective management will reduce morbidity and mortality in both the mother and fetus. Untreated or undiagnosed, it has the potential to have serious consequences for the expectant mother and fetus.

Learning objectives

To understand the different subtypes of diabetes insipidus, their pathophysiologies and their effects during the ante‐, peri‐ and postnatal periods.

To appreciate that diabetes insipidus can herald the onset of underlying hepatic dysfunction with associated serious maternal and fetal consequences arising from both the biochemical abnormalities associated with diabetes insipidus and the secondary problems of impaired liver function.

To appraise the current theories of the link between PET and diabetes insipidus.
Small rubber particle proteins from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum promote stress tolerance and influence the size and distribution of lipid droplets and artificial poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) bodies
Authors: Laibach Natalie , Schmidl Sina , Müller Boje , Bergmann Maike , Prüfer Dirk , Schulze Gronover Christian
Published: January 2018

Natural rubber biosynthesis occurs on rubber particles, i.e. organelles resembling small lipid droplets localized in the laticifers of latex‐containing plant species, such as Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. The latter expresses five small rubber particle protein (SRPP) isoforms named TbSRPP1–5, the most abundant proteins in rubber particles. These proteins maintain particle stability and are therefore necessary for rubber biosynthesis. TbSRPP1–5 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and the proteins were found to be localized on lipid droplets and in the endoplasmic reticulum, with TbSRPP1 and TbSRPP3 also present in the cytosol. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed pairwise interactions between all proteins except TbSRPP2. The corresponding genes showed diverse expression profiles in young T. brevicorniculatum plants exposed to abiotic stress, and all except TbSRPP4 and TbSRPP5 were upregulated. Young Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpressed TbSRPP2 and TbSRPP3 tolerated drought stress better than wild‐type plants. Furthermore, we used rubber particle extracts and standards to investigate the affinity of the TbSRPPs for different phospholipids, revealing a preference for negatively charged head groups and 18:2/16:0 fatty acid chains. This finding may explain the effect of TbSRPP3–5 on the dispersity of artificial poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) bodies and on the lipid droplet distribution we observed in N. benthamiana leaves. Our data provide insight into the assembly of TbSRPPs on rubber particles, their role in rubber particle structure, and the link between rubber biosynthesis and lipid droplet‐associated stress responses, suggesting that SRPPs form the basis of evolutionarily conserved intracellular complexes in plants.
In the grass species Brachypodium distachyon, the production of mixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) occurs in the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Kim Sang‐Jin , Zemelis‐Durfee Starla , Jensen Jacob Krüger , Wilkerson Curtis G. , Keegstra Kenneth , Brandizzi Federica
Published: January 2018

Mixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) is a glucose polymer with beneficial effects on human health and high potential for the agricultural industry. MLG is present predominantly in the cell wall of grasses and is synthesized by cellulose synthase‐like F or H families of proteins, with CSLF6 being the best‐characterized MLG synthase. Although the function of this enzyme in MLG production has been established, the site of MLG synthesis in the cell is debated. It has been proposed that MLG is synthesized at the plasma membrane, as occurs for cellulose and callose; in contrast, it has also been proposed that MLG is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, as occurs for other matrix polysaccharides of the cell wall. Testing these conflicting possibilities is fundamentally important in the general understanding of the biosynthesis of the plant cell wall. Using immuno‐localization analyses with MLG‐specific antibody in Brachypodium and in barley, we found MLG present in the Golgi, in post‐Golgi structures and in the cell wall. Accordingly, analyses of a functional fluorescent protein fusion of CSLF6 stably expressed in Brachypodium demonstrated that the enzyme is localized in the Golgi. We also established that overproduction of MLG causes developmental and growth defects in Brachypodium as also occur in barley. Our results indicated that MLG production occurs in the Golgi similarly to other cell wall matrix polysaccharides, and supports the broadly applicable model in grasses that tight mechanisms control optimal MLG accumulation in the cell wall during development and growth. This work addresses the fundamental question of where mixed linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) is synthesized in plant cells. By analyzing the subcellular localization of MLG and MLG synthase in an endogenous system, we demonstrated that MLG synthesis occurs at the Golgi in Brachypodium and barley. A growth inhibition due to overproduced MLG in Brachypodium supports the general applicability of the model that a tight control of the cell wall polysaccharides accumulation is needed to maintain growth homeostasis during development.
A new automated turbidimetric immunoassay for the measurement of canine C‐reactive protein
Authors: Piñeiro Matilde , Pato Raquel , Soler Lourdes , Peña Raquel , García Natalia , Torrente Carlos , Saco Yolanda , Lampreave Fermín , Bassols Anna , Canalias Francesca
Published: January 2018

Background

In dogs, as in humans, C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein that is rapidly and prominently increased after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. CRP measurements are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Objectives

The study aim was to develop and validate a turbidimetric immunoassay for the quantification of canine CRP (cCRP), using canine‐specific reagents and standards.

Methods

A particle‐enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was developed. The assay was set up in a fully automated analyzer, and studies of imprecision, limits of linearity, limits of detection, prozone effects, and interferences were carried out. The new method was compared with 2 other commercially available automated immunoassays for cCRP: one turbidimetric immunoassay (Gentian CRP) and one point‐of‐care assay based on magnetic permeability (Life Assays CRP).

Results

The within‐run and between‐day imprecision were <1.7% and 4.2%, respectively. The assay quantified CRP proportionally in an analytic range up to 150 mg/L, with a prozone effect appearing at cCRP concentrations >320 mg/L. No interference from hemoglobin (20 g/L), triglycerides (10 g/L), or bilirubin (150 mg/L) was detected. Good agreement was observed between the results obtained with the new method and the Gentian cCRP turbidimetric immunoassay.

Conclusions

The new turbidimetric immunoassay (Turbovet canine CRP, Acuvet Biotech) is a rapid, robust, precise, and accurate method for the quantification of cCRP. The method can be easily set up in automated analyzers, providing a suitable tool for routine clinical use.
Identification and correction of human errors in real‐time – a blood banking surveillance system
Authors: Jamal Saba , Shaikh Isra , Sohail Shomaila , Ata Uzma , Saeed Aamir , Saleem Shazia
Published: January 2018

Background

Human errors are a major challenge in blood banking. Innovative ICT‐based strategies for error interception and prevention must be developed and investigated for their efficacy.

Materials and Methods

A browser‐based Blood Bank Management Information System (BBMIS) intercepting real‐time human errors was implemented at The Indus Hospital Blood Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. Data were analysed for 6 blood bank, and three transfusion‐related categories of errors intercepted, from December 2013 to December 2016, during which the blood centre drew 45 425 donors.

Results

A total of 413 errors were intercepted and corrected. There was an attempt to prepare 16 of 2199 quarantined components. Reagent quality assurance was not performed in 3 of 1126 instances. There were 169 misinterpretations of 113 536 blood groups, 44 of 90 850 mismatches at donor blood group reconfirmation and wrong blood group labelling in 98 of 141 417 cases. At unit verification, 26 of 28 581 units were not physically discarded. Wrong blood in tube was identified in 7 of 24 962 cases. Incorrect sample tube was selected for testing in 25 of 32 857 cases. There were 11 attempts to issue units to the wrong patient of 14 644 issues.

Conclusion

Auto‐generated alerts on interception of human errors in real‐time eliminate bias of under‐reporting due to human dependent surveillance systems, thus, providing a better representation of the range of human errors in the blood bank and transfusions. The BBMIS was able to intercept errors at inception, halting further processing and prompting the user to take corrective actions, thus, enabling correction of all errors in the studied categories.
Identical genotypes of community‐associated MRSA (ST59) and livestock‐associated MRSA (ST9) in humans and pigs in rural China
Authors: Bi Z. , Sun C. , Börjesson S. , Chen B. , Ji X. , Berglund B. , Wang M. , Nilsson M. , Yin H. , Sun Q. , Hulth A. , Wang Y. , Wu C. , Bi Z. , Nilsson L. E.
Published: January 2018

This study investigated the prevalence of MRSA in samples taken in households, with and without backyard pigs in villages in a rural area of Shandong Province, China. Community‐associated MRSA and livestock‐associated MRSA, belonging to ST59 and ST9, respectively, were identified in both humans and pigs. The genotypic and phenotypic comparison of isolates indicates that bidirectional transmission of MRSA has occurred between humans and pigs in the villages.
Never at rest: insights into the conformational dynamics of ion channels from cryo‐electron microscopy
Authors: Lau Carus , Hunter Mark J. , Stewart Alastair , Perozo Eduardo , Vandenberg Jamie I.
Published: January 2018

The tightly regulated opening and closure of ion channels underlies the electrical signals that are vital for a wide range of physiological processes. Two decades ago the first atomic level view of ion channel structures led to a detailed understanding of ion selectivity and conduction. In recent years, spectacular developments in the field of cryo‐electron microscopy have resulted in cryo‐EM superseding crystallography as the technique of choice for determining near‐atomic resolution structures of ion channels. Here, we will review the recent developments in cryo‐EM and its specific application to the study of ion channel gating. We will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the current technology and where the field is likely to head in the next few years.

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Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches
Authors: Nye Gareth A. , Ingram Emma , Johnstone Edward D. , Jensen Oliver E. , Schneider Henning , Lewis Rohan M. , Chernyavsky Igor L. , Brownbill Paul
Published: January 2018

The placenta is crucial for life. It is an ephemeral but complex organ acting as the barrier interface between maternal and fetal circulations, providing exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products and immunoglobulins. Many gaps exist in our understanding of the detailed placental structure and function, particularly in relation to oxygen handling and transfer in healthy and pathological states in utero. Measurements to understand oxygen transfer in vivo in the human are limited, with no general agreement on the most appropriate methods. An invasive method for measuring partial pressure of oxygen in the intervillous space through needle electrode insertion at the time of Caesarean sections has been reported. This allows for direct measurements in vivo whilst maintaining near normal placental conditions; however, there are practical and ethical implications in using this method for determination of placental oxygenation. Furthermore, oxygen levels are likely to be highly heterogeneous within the placenta. Emerging non‐invasive techniques, such as MRI, and ex vivo research are capable of enhancing and improving current imaging methodology for placental villous structure and increase the precision of oxygen measurement within placental compartments. These techniques, in combination with mathematical modelling, have stimulated novel cross‐disciplinary approaches that could advance our understanding of placental oxygenation and its metabolism in normal and pathological pregnancies, improving clinical treatment options and ultimately outcomes for the patient.

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Factors Affecting the Selection of Refrigerating Equipment in the Citrus Industry: Refrigeration for Frozen Concentrated Citrus Juices
Authors: Rex Harland
Published: January 2018

To the Refrigerating Engineer, the Citrus Industry presents a challenging and interesting array of problems. The tremendous acceptance of Air Conditioning coupled with the wide use of refrigeration in processes of all types has led to development of many acceptable refrigerants and refrigerating machines. For the concentration, freezing, and storage of citrus juices, refrigeration is required at various temperature levels.

Paper published with permission.
Spray Irrigation of Citrus Wastes
Authors: Young W. H. , Thompson E. A.
Published: January 2018

The Citrus Processing industry has come a long way in the last twenty years. In some respects the handling of plant wastes may be said to have kept pace with this growth. Two decades ago, the only by-product was peel oil. Peelings and pulp were hauled away to groves or other suitable locations by crude forerunners of modern dump trucks. The more remote this location was the better since the odor could be terrific. Any suitable lake or city sewer or underground well was used for liquid wastes.

Paper published with permission.
Products From Citrus Peel
Authors: Kilburn R. W.
Published: January 2018

Almost four million tons of citrus fruit were used by the Florida processing plants last year. Juice obtained from citrus represents only approximately half of the weight of the fruit. Two million tons of peel, pulp and seeds, accumulated yearly at processing plants, presents a challenge and an opportunity. This is a large amount of raw material, readily available, concentrated in a relatively small number of locations, and produced over a period of time which makes possible economical handling and processing.

Paper published with permission.
Can Handling Systems
Authors: Stilling J. F.
Published: January 2018

It is well-known that methods for handling empty cans in can plants and packing plants have been undergoing considerable change during the past few years. I know that many of you here today have been active in promoting such changes and in cooperating with the can producers to the end that the changes may be of mutual benefit. That there has been considerable progress in can handling methods is particularly true of the Florida Citrus Industry — which has used over 1-1/2 billion 6 oz. juice cans annually to pack fresh, frozen concentrated orange juice.

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Steam Generation for the Citrus Industry
Authors: Holmes Roger
Published: January 2018

One of the unique features of the Florida citrus industry is the fuel used for steam generation. Usually any industry will use all three of the fossil fuels but due to its geographical location, oil is at present the only one of these economically feasible for the Florida citrus industry.

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Modern Handling of Citrus Fruit From Grove to Plant
Authors: Clapp Harry A. , Dunham E. J.
Published: January 2018

The Florida Citrus Industry can now be classed as big business.

The introduction of frozen concentrates has made possible the full utilization of the crop and its distribution to markets which readily absorb this product.

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Cost Advantages of Bulk Handling Through the Citrus Packing House
Authors: Phillips R. V.
Published: January 2018

The Citrus Industry is always interested in finding economies, but it usually takes some stimulus to bring in new methods. The stimulus for handling fresh fruit in bulk from the field to the packing house came during the 1947–48 citrus season, when delivered-in fruit prices were exceptionally low. With grapefruit widely quoted as low as 5¢ per box on-the-tree, a tremendous amount of interest was generated in finding cheaper methods of handling. Several commercial concerns experimented with various types of bulk handling for fresh fruit by attempting, unsuccessfully, to adapt the cannery fruit systems for this purpose.

Paper published with permission.
Improved Equipment and Methods for Harvesting Citrus
Authors: Coppock G. E. , Jutras P. J.
Published: January 2018

Considerable progress has been made in improving methods and equipment for some phases of citrus harvesting. However, this operation still requires a major portion of the labor in citrus production.

Paper published with permission.
Old and New Ideas in the Citrus Pulp Industry
Authors: Prosser D. S.
Published: January 2018

The annual production of dried citrus pulp within the Florida Citrus Industry has risen during the past twenty five years from a modest beginning to a total of over 330,000 tons per year. To this must be added another 52,000 tons of citrus meal and citrus molasses produced last year so that the combined total by-products production for cattle feed purposes during the 1958–59 season was approximately 380,000 tons. This was estimated to be worth over 14 million dollars.

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Stainless Steels for the Citrus Processing Industry
Authors: Tiffin William T.
Published: January 2018

A previous paper presented at this Conference in 1955 was concerned principally with corrosion resistant materials for processing citrus products. Although this paper considered several different materials, each of which might prove satisfactory for certain operating conditions, the citrus processing industry has been able to satisfy most of its requirements with a relatively few alloys. These alloys are principally the chromium and the chromium-nickel alloys that are generally classified as stainless steels. This series of steels lends itself to certain basic treatments that have a very significant effect upon the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. This paper will be concerned principally with these basic treatments and with certain specific treatments for special requirements.

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A Brixometer for Fresh Juice Testing
Authors: Reed Francis S.
Published: January 2018

Industry everywhere is undergoing a complete revolution which is not apparent to the average citizen. The artistic and craftsmanship abilities of the early industrial worker to create a perfect piece of goods has been supplanted by the emphasis on mass production, lower costs and machine precision of the more recent years. As a result of this development a tremendous pressure is being exerted upon industry to produce even more for even less costs which has created a situation where the machines are now capable of exceeding the abilities of the men who operate them.

Paper published with permission.
Flavor Retention of Orange Juice
Authors: Harwell T. W.
Published: January 2018

A practical and relatively inexpensive process using nitrogen or other inert gases has been developed for the protection of flavors in frozen concentrated orange juice. During the 1957–1958 season, this Flavor Retention Process* was adapted to commercial operation in three processing plants in Florida.

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Centrifuges in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Distelkamp Adolf
Published: January 2018

The practical use of the centrifuge was first made about 80 years ago, for the separation of cream from skim milk. In the years since, the applications to which centrifuges have become suitable are too numerous to mention. It is not my intention to give a complete history of centrifuges, but rather, to point out the benefits of the centrifuge to you in the industry. However, a short explanation of the principles is in order. Basically, the principles of a centrifuge are quite simple. Centrifugation is the separation of insoluble materials that have different specific gravities — whether 2 phase liquid-liquid mixtures, liquid-solid mixtures, or 3 phase liquid-liquid-solid mixtures. A centrifuge is merely a rotating settling tank, wherein the settling process is speeded up tremendously, to accomplish in seconds what may have needed hours, days, weeks and even months in a gravity settling process (See Figure 1).

Paper published with permission.
Multiple Packaging
Authors: Lawler Frank K.
Published: January 2018

Some say that anything that is purchased in multiples should be packaged in multiples. Experience, however, has not quite borne out this contention, logical as it seems.

Paper published with permission.
Automatic Lubrication
Authors: Murphy T. M.
Published: January 2018

In the world competitive profit squeeze operation of almost every business venture today one must be ever aware of every area wherein an economic improvement in methods and procedures can be attained. Lubrication methods and procedures — the life blood of machinery — have since just before World War II come under careful scrutiny for improvement and some startling results have been achieved.

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Automated Control of Fruit Flow and Pulp Washing
Authors: MacClarence W. R. , Lang A. A.
Published: January 2018

Automated control is an old story in the concentrate industry and is typified by the normal evaporator control systems, brix blenders, etc. that are installed in all of the concentrate plants. The phase of automation to be discussed here concerns the control of the rate of oranges being conveyed from the storage bins to and through the juicing operation. The purpose of this control system is to allow the extraction, finishing and pulp wash processes to take place at continuous uniform rates in direct and continued relationship to evaporator requirements.

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Integral Rivet Easy Open Ends
Authors: Althen Phillip C.
Published: January 2018

The January, 1964, issue of Market Horizons, a publication of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, summed up one of today’s most exciting challenges with the delightful understatement, “Consumers are requiring the food trades to perform more services.” One of the most important of these mushrooming services is the development of more and better convenience packaging for the consumer who today demands and is willing to pay for easy-to-handle and easy-to-open packages. Because of this market for convenience packaging, plus a host of new products that demand better packaging protection and better merchandising characteristics, the packaging industry is going through another technological revolution.

Paper published with permission.
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Applicable to the Citrus Industry
Authors: Farber Erich A.
Published: January 2018

With the present trend toward increasing output, raising efficiency and improving design in order to do the most with available materials, the problem of heat transfer and a better understanding of it has become an important one. While other techniques may tell one how much heat has to be transferred (or prevented from being transferred), heat transfer principles tell whether it is possible and, if possible, how to do it.

Paper published with permission.
Research to Improve Methods for the Determination of Pounds-Solids
Authors: Blair James G.
Published: January 2018

While the expression “pounds-solids” is understood by most people in the citrus industry, it is just possible that a specific definition at the beginning of this presentation will be helpful. Pounds-solids is the term used to express the amount of sugar in oranges. This should not be confused with soluble solids which is an expression of the percentage of sugar in the juice. The percentage of soluble solids, or Brix, multiplied by the amount of juice-yield gives pounds of solids. The reason for determining such a figure is to establish an equitable and basic measurement of fruit quality over which the buyer and seller may bargain as to the value. The results are based on sampling and any practical sampling system must be built around the law of probability. Therefore, to a large degree, the over-all program is one of statistics combined with good, sound engineering design. Now that the term pounds-solids has been clearly defined and related to the citrus industry, let us go back and see why, and how, this whole thing came about.

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Wrap-Around Case Packing
Authors: Wood Walter D.
Published: January 2018

Until two or three years ago, the conventional method of getting canned, glassed, or packaged goods to market was to load them into a top-opening regular printed and slotted corrugated case. The packaging operation itself had become pretty well automated through use of drop type and push in equipment. Some had completely automated the system with automatic case openings positioning and gluing and sealing machines. By far the bulk of the packing industry was still in the semi-automatic stage of manual case opening and placing the case on the packer funnel to complete the loading cycle, prior to discharge and conveying to the gluer.

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Waste Heat Recovery From Feed Mill Dryers
Authors: Snyder R. Paul
Published: January 2018

At your citrus processing plant I am sure that you or one of your management team raise quite a noise when your boiler house sends up a pretty white feather of steam. You know that wasted steam is wasted money.

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Measuring Stack Particulate Matter Emission
Authors: Seabury John W.
Published: January 2018

There are many aspects of air pollution: medical, political, sociological — all of which are becoming increasingly a subject of public concern, and quite properly so — for, while it is possible to filter and purify water before drinking it; we must breathe the air just as it comes to us, pure or not pure.

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A New Approach to Evaporation
Authors: Dinnage Derek F.
Published: January 2018

The ever growing need for the removal of water from solutions has brought forward the development of many new techniques. As the state-of-the-art has become more sophisticated, specialist designs have been evolved to cater for particular requirements.

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Can Making Technology
Authors: Armbruster Ronald H.
Published: January 2018

Every day we Americans open more than 140 million cans. Last year our plants turned out the astounding total of 60 billion cans of all sizes and shapes. Of this total, the beer industry alone accounts for 14 billion. This in turn requires almost six million tons of steel. In addition, several hundred thousand tons of aluminum were used. Is it any wonder then, that we refer to the dynamic nature of this can making industry.

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Manufacture of Spiral Wound Composite Cans
Authors: Martin R. M.
Published: January 2018

Spiral wound can manufacturing is an old art. The early cans were used primarily for dry products such as salt and cereals. During World War II the metal shortage precipitated the manufacture of spiral-wound composite paint cans. With the end of the war, this not too successful container reverted to its original metal construction — but a seed had been planted and development continued until, during the 1950’s, the composite biscuit conister became a reality. In 1961, many separate developments led to the award-winning orange juice concentrate can introduced by H. P. Hood and Sons.

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Engineering Control of Noise Problems in Florida’s Citrus Industry
Authors: Oliver Calvin C.
Published: January 2018

Enforced regulations on permissible levels of noise exposure in all industrial plants can be anticipated in the near future. The Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act, which specifies safety and health standards for federal supply contracts, is an example of federal legislation that already imposes such regulation on many industries.

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Sugar Handling Systems
Authors: Kress Walter
Published: January 2018

In the days when manual labor was the only available motive force, a container was limited to what one or two men could conveniently move.

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Legal Aspects of Air and Water Pollution
Authors: Hoffman Kenneth F.
Published: January 2018

In 1971 a citrus processing plant in Central Florida paid $10,000 to settle a lawsuit brought by the Florida Department of Pollution Control for damages and penalties, arising from the unlawful depositing by the company of organic wastes into a fresh water lake.

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Are You Abusing Your Boiler?
Authors: Robinson Ken , Segrest William
Published: January 2018

How many of you could give a true and accurate answer to this question without first giving consideration to the many areas which contribute to the abuse of your boiler?

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Cooling Towers for Process Industry
Authors: Bell Max
Published: January 2018

In the recent past we have seen a dramatic awakening to the problem of properly managing the waste heat being introduced into our water supplies. What was once considered to be an inexhaustible natural resource is now known to have very finite limitations. The accelerating emission of heated wastes to the environment has triggered an acute concern on the part of the public - the legislators - and industry itself. It is generally recognized that few naturally occurring bodies of water are large enough to absorb the staggering amount of future heat loads which could be imposed upon them and that some alternative method of rejecting large quantities of heat must be utilized.

Paper published with permission.
The Use of Fabric Filters in Air Pollution Control
Authors: Brennan T. J.
Published: January 2018

One of the classic and highly efficient forms of industrial air filtration for particulate dust control is fabric filter baghouse. First used in the 1870–1880’s, they have developed into one of the most versatile, high performance air pollution control devices. These units are now capable of efficiencies in the range of 99.9% on particulate as small as 0.20 of a micron in size. I would like to take just a few moments and trace the evolution of the fabric filter baghouse from its inception to its position today.

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Novel plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of highly conformal SiN films and their barrier properties
Authors: Lee Woo-Jin , Choa Yong-Ho
Published: January 2018

A novel plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique was used to fabricate highly conformal silicon nitride (SiN) films and study their barrier properties. Trisilylamine was used as the main precursor and was introduced into the reaction chamber in 0.3-s pulses while the plasma was excited. The deposited SiN film exhibited good conformality (91%) and an aspect ratio of ∼4.2 (a width of 70 nm and a depth of 300 nm). The film growth rate was 2.0 Å/cycle. The k-value and leakage current were 7.1–6.66 and lower than 1.0 × 10−8 A/cm2, respectively, at a 1 MV charge (8.5 × 10−10–3.5 × 10−8 A/cm2) in the temperature range of 200–400 °C. The wet etch rates of the SiN deposition at 200 and 400 °C were 32.1 and 11.1 nm/min, respectively. The wet etch rate of the films was evaluated in a dilute hydrogen fluoride (HF) solution (H2O:HF = 100:1). The 5.0-nm thick SiN films deposited at 200 and 400 °C exhibited excellent abilities to prevent moisture from entering. By modifying the supply method of the Si precursor, the step coverage improved to the plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition level and the moisture barrier property was maintained even at thicknesses of less than 10 nm.
In-system photoelectron spectroscopy study of tin oxide layers produced from tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition
Authors: Chistiakova Ganna , Mews Mathias , Wilks Regan G. , Bär Marcus , Korte Lars
Published: January 2018

Tin oxide (SnO2) layers were deposited using plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition with tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin precursor and oxygen plasma. The deposited layers were analyzed by spectral ellipsometry, conductivity measurements, and in-system photoelectron spectroscopy. Within a deposition temperature range of 90–210 °C, the resistivity of the SnO2 layers decreases by 5 orders of magnitude with increasing deposition temperature. At the same time, the refractive index at 632.8 nm increases from 1.7 to 1.9. These changes in bulk layer properties are connected to results from photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that decreasing carbon and nitrogen contaminations in the tin oxide layers lead to decreasing optical band gaps and increasing refractive index. Additionally, for the deposited SnO2 layers, a shoulder in the O 1s core level spectrum is observed that decreases with the deposition temperature and thus is proposed to be related to hydroxyl groups.
Effects of chair vibration on indoor annoyance ratings of sonic booms
Authors: Rathsam J. , Klos J. , Loubeau A. , Carr D. J. , Davies P.
Published: January 2018

The effects of perceptible whole-body vibrations on annoyance ratings of sonic booms and other impulsive environmental sounds experienced indoors were studied. Fifteen pairs of test subjects made annoyance ratings while seated in a living room environment. There were two chairs, one isolated from floor vibrations and the other not isolated, and every test subject rated all signals in both chairs. Halfway through each test session, subjects changed seats. Subjects who sat in the isolated chair first gave lower mean annoyance ratings in both halves of the test than subjects who sat in the non-isolated chair first. Annoyance predictions from models using both sound and vibration measures were closer to average annoyance ratings than predictions from a model using sound measures alone. Reformulation of the annoyance model revealed that the presence of perceptible vibration is equivalent to increasing acoustic metric Perceived Level by 4.8 dB when calculated on exterior signals and by 5.6 dB when calculated on interior signals.
The Embodied Origins of Infant Reaching: Implications for the Emergence of Eye-Hand Coordination
Authors: Corbetta Daniela , Wiener Rebecca F. , Thurman Sabrina L. , McMahon Emalie
Published: January 2018

This article reviews the literature on infant reaching, from past to present, to recount how our understanding of the emergence and development of this early goal-directed behavior has changed over the decades. We show that the still widely-accepted view, which considers the emergence and development of infant reaching as occurring primarily under the control of vision, is no longer sustainable. Increasing evidence suggests that the developmental origins of infant reaching is embodied. We discuss the implications of this alternative view for the development of eye-hand coordination and we propose a new scenario stressing the importance of the infant body-centered sensorimotor experiences in the months prior to the emergence of reaching as a possible critical step for the formation of eye-hand coordination.
Strategies for the Control of Balance During Locomotion
Authors: Reimann Hendrik , Fettrow Tyler , Jeka John J.
Published: January 2018

The neural control of balance during locomotion is currently not well understood, even in the light of considerable advances in research on balance during standing. In this paper, we lay out the control problem for this task and present a list of different strategies available to the central nervous system to solve this problem. We discuss the biomechanics of the walking body, using a simplified model that iteratively gains degrees of freedom and complexity. Each addition allows for different control strategies, which we introduce in turn: foot placement shift, ankle strategy, hip strategy, and push-off modulation. The dynamics of the biomechanical system are discussed using the phase space representation, which allows illustrating the mechanical effect of the different control mechanisms. This also enables us to demonstrate the effects of common general stability strategies, such as increasing step width and cadence.
The Effect of the Presence of an Internet-Connected Mobile Tablet Computer on Physical Activity Behavior in Children
Authors: Kobak Mallory S. , Lepp Andrew , Rebold Michael J. , Faulkner Hannah , Martin Shannon , Barkley Jacob E.
Published: January 2018

Background: Mobile Internet-connected electronic devices provide access to activities that have traditionally been associated with sedentary behavior. Because they are portable, these devices can be utilized in any environment. Therefore, providing children with access to these devices in environments that typically promote physical activity may result in a reduction in physical activity behavior. Purpose: To assess children’s physical and sedentary (ie, sitting) activity with and without the presence of a mobile Internet-connected tablet computer. Methods: A total of 20 children [6.7 (1.9) y old] participated in 2 simulated recess conditions in a gymnasium on separate days. During each condition, children had free-choice access physical activity options and a table of sedentary activities for 40 minutes. During 1 session, the iPad was present, and in the other session, it was not. Physical activity was monitored via an accelerometer, and sedentary time was monitored via a stopwatch. Results: Children significantly (P ≤ .03) reduced average physical activity intensity and increased their sedentary behavior with the iPad present [4.4 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 20.9 (12.4) min sitting] versus the condition without the iPad present [5.3 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 13.6 (13.2) min sitting]. Conclusion: Introducing an mobile Internet-connected tablet computer into a gymnasium reduced children’s physical activity intensity by 17% and increased sedentary behavior by 54%.
Clofazimine for Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China
Authors: Wang Qingfeng , Pang Yu , Jing Wei , Liu Yufeng , Wang Na , Yin Hongyun , Zhang Qing , Ye Zhizhong , Zhu Min , Li Fujian , Liu Ping , Wu Tingting , Chen Wei , Wu Wei , Qin Zhihua , Qiu Chao , Deng Qunyi , Xu Tao , Wang Jing , Guo Ru , Du Yadong , Wang Jun , Huang Hairong , Chen Xiaohong , Chu Naihui
Published: January 2018

We performed a multicenter, prospective, randomized study to investigate the efficacy and safety of clofazimine (CLO) for treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in China. Forty-nine patients infected with XDR-TB were randomly assigned to either the control group or the CLO group, both of which received 36 months of individually customized treatment. The primary endpoint was the time to sputum culture conversion on solid medium. Clinical outcomes of patients were evaluated at the time of treatment completion. Of the 22 patients in the experimental group, 7 (31.8%) met the treatment criterion of “cure” and 1 (4.5%) “complete treatment,” for a total of 8 (36.4%) exhibiting successful treatment outcomes without relapse. In the control group, 6 patients (22.2%) were cured and 6 (22.2%) completed treatment by the end of the study. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in successful outcome rates between the CLO group and the control group. The average sputum culture conversion time for the experimental group was 19.7 months, which was not statistically different from that for the control group (20.3 months;
P
= 0.57). Of the 22 patients in the CLO group, 12 (54.5%) experienced adverse events after starting CLO treatment. The most frequently observed adverse event was liver damage, with 31.8% of patients (7/22 patients) in the CLO group versus 11.1% (3/27 patients) in the control group exhibiting this adverse event. Our study demonstrates that inclusion of CLO in background treatment regimens for XDR-TB is of limited benefit, especially since hepatic disorders arise as major adverse events with CLO treatment. (This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR,
www.chictr.org.cn
] under identifier ChiCTR1800014800.)
Identification of the
In Vivo
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Driver of Iclaprim
Authors: Park Jee Hyun , Craig William , Marchillo Karen , Huang David B. , Andes David R.
Published: January 2018

The neutropenic murine thigh infection model was used to define the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index linked to efficacy of iclaprim against
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213 and
Staphylococcus pneumoniae
ATCC 10813. The 24-h area under the curve (AUC)/MIC index was most closely linked to efficacy for
S. aureus
(
R
2
, 0.65), while both the 24-h AUC/MIC and the percentage of time that drug concentrations remain above the MIC (%
T
>MIC) were strongly associated with effect (
R
2
, 0.86 for both parameters) for
S. pneumoniae
.