bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of atypical and anomalous melanocytic lesions
Authors: Cochran Alistair J. , Binder Scott , Morton Donald L.
Published: March 2010

Atypical and anomalous melanocytic lesions are tumors that cannot be determined by microscopy to be certainly benign or fully malignant. The malignant potential of these borderline lesions is unknown and logical determination of best therapy is challenging, in particular whether lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy have a place in their management. Lesions that fall into this category include atypical Spitzoid lesions, atypical cellular blue nevi, combined nevi, deep penetrating nevi, ancient nevi, desmoplastic nevi, balloon cell nevi and proliferation nodules of congenital nevi. We report our experience managing patients with these problematic tumors and discuss our approaches to determining the true location of lesional cells in sentinel nodes.

Cochran AJ, Binder S, Morton DL. The role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of atypical and anomalous melanocytic lesions.
Stem cell marker upregulation in normal cutaneous vessels following pulsed‐dye laser exposure and its abrogation by concurrent rapamycin administration: implications for treatment of port‐wine stain birthmarks
Authors: Loewe Robert , Oble Darryl A. , Valero Teresa , Zukerberg Lawrence , Mihm Martin C. , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: March 2010

Port‐wine stains (PWS) represent a group of vascular malformations that are usually accompanied by psychological distress for affected patients, often reflected in high treatment demand. Although the pulsed‐dye laser (PDL) was established as standard therapy for PWS more than a decade ago, therapeutic outcome may be unsatisfactory. One of the main drawbacks to successful PDL therapy is PWS revascularization shortly after laser exposure. Therefore, inhibition of revascularization should improve therapeutic outcome of PDL therapy. In this study, we first evaluated the effects of various light energies on normal cutaneous vessels over a period of 14 days, particularly the proliferation and stem cell marker expression of dermal endothelial cells, which were found to be highest 8 days following laser exposure. We found that PDL exposure induced dose‐dependent damage of dermal vessels up to energy densities of 6 J/cm2, above which no increase in PDL‐induced effects were observed with the energies employed in this study. In dermal endothelial cells of PDL‐exposed skin, we found strong expression of the proliferation marker Ki‐67 as well as the stem cell marker nestin but not other stem cell markers such as CD133 and CD166. The influence of rapamycin (RPM), used as an adjuvant to PDL exposure, was also investigated. RPM administration reduced Ki‐67 and nestin expression in dermal endothelial cells and increased PDL‐induced destruction of dermal vessels, indicating that the use of RPM after PDL exposure may be an interesting new approach for prolonging and improving PWS laser therapeutic outcome.

Loewe R, Oble DA, Valero T, Zukerberg L, Mihm MC Jr, Nelson JS. Stem cell marker upregulation in normal cutaneous vessels following pulsed‐dye laser exposure and its abrogation by concurrent rapamycin administration: implications for treatment of port‐wine stain birthmarks.
Hypothesis: The metastatic niche theory can elucidate infantile hemangioma development
Authors: Mihm Martin C. , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: March 2010

Recent advances in the understanding of the metastatic phenomenon in cancer have led to the description of a metastatic niche. This concept describes a site prepared for the tumor cells in areas frequently associated with metastasis for the individual tumor studied. This niche is a “soil” that allows for the tumor cell or “seed” to lodge and grow. Certain aspects of the biology of infantile hemangioma cells suggest a relationship to the placenta as a possible site of origin for the hemangioma precursor cells. In this article, a relationship between the placenta, with or without a chorangioma and the hemangioma sites of localization, is hypothesized. The placenta is suggested as the site of humoral factors that prepare a niche similar to the function of malignant tumor cells. If the hypothesis proves to be valid, clues for possible treatment are outlined.

Mihm MC, Nelson JS. Hypothesis: the metastatic niche theory can elucidate infantile hemangioma development
INVIOLABLE LAWS, IMPOSSIBLE TO KEEP: ORWELL ON EDUCATION, SUFFERING, AND THE LOSS OF CHILDHOOD
Authors: Stillwaggon James
Published: March 2010

Scholars from multiple disciplines have commented on the divided nature of childhood as a historical construction: a period of life to be valued in itself as well as a means to adulthood. In this essay, James Stillwaggon considers George Orwell's “Such, Such Were the Joys,” an autobiographical account of his childhood education, as a site of conflicting views on childhood. On analyzing Orwell's own conflicted memories, Stillwaggon describes education as a process of suffering the loss of childhood and inquires into the adult subject's maintenance of such loss in memory. Drawing from Deborah Britzman and Jacques Lacan, Stillwaggon suggests that the adult subject's maintenance of a childhood state irrevocably lost is a melancholic identification against the transformative powers of the school.
COMPULSORY AUTONOMY‐PROMOTING EDUCATION
Authors: Schinkel Anders
Published: March 2010

Today, many liberal philosophers of education worry that certain kinds of education may frustrate the development of personal autonomy, with negative consequences for the individuals concerned, the liberal state, or both. Autonomy liberals hold not only that we should promote the development of autonomy in children, but also that this aim should be compulsory for all schools, private or public, religious or nonreligious. In this article, Anders Schinkel provides a systematic overview, categorization, and analysis of liberal arguments for compulsory autonomy‐promoting education. He finds that none of these arguments can justify compulsory autonomy‐promoting education, whether because they depend on empirical evidence that is not available, because they have as their basis an overly demanding concept of autonomy, or because they are intrinsically flawed in some way or another. Schinkel concludes with some suggestions as to what this means for the direction future research should take.
SOCIAL CURRENCIES AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY: AN ENDURING BOND OF COMMON GOOD
Authors: Primavera Heloisa
Published: March 2010

The article examined the phenomenon of social currencies, asserting they are indispensable for the operation of Solidarity Economy, as it was first called in Latin America and is now accepted worldwide. The essay emphasized that social currencies are created and managed by communities, used as a medium of exchange and unit of account but not as a store of value because they produce no interest when they are not in use: this makes them useful to distribute wealth and useless to speculation or accumulation of capital. The article argued for the need for social currencies, extending from Latin America to North America, Europe, and beyond. It focused mainly on Brazil, where there has been a National Secretariat for Solidarity Economy at the Ministry of Labor and Employment since 2003, and Argentina, where thousands of “barter clubs” (clubes de trueque) emerged in the mid‐1990s and became quite necessary during the crisis of late 2001.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (254 NM) INACTIVATION OF PATHOGENS ON FOODS AND STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES
Authors: SOMMERS CHRISTOPHER H. , SITES JOSEPH E. , MUSGROVE MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

Ultraviolet Light (254 nm) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved nonthermal intervention technology that can be used for decontamination of food surfaces. In this study, the use of ultraviolet light (UV‐C) at doses of 0.5–4.0 J/cm2 to inactivate a cocktail of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus that were surface‐inoculated on frankfurters, bratwurst, shell eggs, chicken drumsticks, boneless skinless chicken breasts, boneless pork chops, tomatoes and jalapeno peppers was investigated. The pathogens displayed similar sensitivities to UV‐C on individual food products. Pathogen reductions ranged from approximately 0.5 log/g on raw meat and poultry to almost 4 log/g on tomatoes, while the pathogens were not recovered from stainless steel at a UV‐C dose of 0.4 J/cm2. Use of UV‐C light should be given serious consideration as a technology for routine surface decontamination of food contact surfaces and appropriate food products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Ultraviolet light (UV‐C) is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved intervention technology that can be used to inactivate pathogenic bacteria in liquid foods and water, food contact surfaces, and food surfaces. This work indicates than UV‐C would be an effective technology for inactivation of foodborne pathogens on the surfaces of frankfurters and sausages immediately prior to packaging, shell eggs immediately prior to cracking in the production of liquid egg products, and smooth skinned produce such as tomatoes and jalapeno peppers prior to further processing. This work provides pathogen inactivation kinetics for food processors and government regulatory agencies.
DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN READY‐TO‐EAT FOODS, READY‐TO‐COOK FOODS AND FRESH‐CUT PRODUCE IN KOREA
Authors: CHUNG MYUNG‐SUB , KIM CHANG‐MIN , HA SANG‐DO
Published: March 2010

Levels of total aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms and various pathogens in convenient foods including ready‐to‐eat foods (RTE), ready‐to‐cook foods (RTC) and fresh‐cut produce (FCP) in Korea were investigated. A total of 244 samples comprising 145 samples of RTE, 39 samples of RTC and 60 samples of FCP were purchased from hyper chain stores located in six different provinces. APC levels of RTE showed a relatively wide range of 1.9–7.8 log10cfu/g, while APC levels of RTC and FCP were relatively high at 6.3–8.1 log10cfu/g. Coliform contamination was detected in approximately 50% of the samples at levels up to 5 log10cfu/g. Escherichia coli was most frequently detected in convenient foods, and followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in only one sample and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected in any sample. These results show that convenient foods in Korea can be contaminated by various pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, precautionary measures are necessary for consumer protection including improving sanitary conditions in the processing plants for RTE, RTC and FCP products in Korea.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Accurate and up‐to‐date data for microbiological contamination of convenient foods including ready‐to‐eat foods, ready‐to‐cook foods and fresh‐cut produce are necessary for consumer protection to improve sanitary conditions in food processing plants in Korea. Known contamination levels of indicator organism and/or pathogenic bacteria can be used by administrators to establish national regulations for control of foodborne diseases.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE EFFICACY OF CHEMICAL AND IRRADIATION TREATMENTS TO INACTIVATE SALMONELLA ON CILANTRO (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.)
Authors: VILLAGÓMEZ NAAXIÉLLI SERNA , HERRERA ERIKA A. NERI , OROZCO R. LEOPOLDO , WILD‐PADUA GRACIELA , ITURRIAGA MONTSERRAT H.
Published: March 2010

In this work, the efficacy of decontamination treatments to inactivate Salmonella enterica on cilantro throughout storage under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH) was evaluated. Bunches of cilantro (10 g) were inoculated with a rifampicin‐resistant S. enterica strain (ca. 106 cfu/mL) and held at 22C/60 min. Inoculated cilantro (ca. 5.8 log cfu/g) was then stored at: (1) 22C for 2 days under 100 or 30% RH; (2) 5C for up to 8 days under 100 or 60% RH. Periodically, inoculated cilantro was treated with water, chlorine (200 mg/L), peracetic acid (80 mg/L) or gamma rays (0.5, 1 and 2 kGy). At time 0, reductions of Salmonella with chlorine, peracetic acid or water were 2.6, 2.1 and 1.0 log cfu/g, respectively. At 22C, the effectiveness of disinfection treatments to remove or kill Salmonella cells from cilantro significantly decreased as the storage time elapsed (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed at 5C. On day 0, irradiation of cilantro at a dose of 0.5, 1 or 2 kGy reduced the pathogen by 3.5, 4.5 and 6 log cfu/g, respectively. At 22C, the efficacy of irradiation decreased (P < 0.05), while at 5C, it remained constant regardless of RH.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study demonstrates how the efficacy of decontamination treatments is modified during the storage of cilantro under constant temperature and relative humidity. The decrease in treatment efficacy suggests that microorganisms colonizing the cilantro surface may produce biofilms that provide protection; the level of naturally occurring microflora may also have an influence on its effectiveness. The results reinforce the concept that once cilantro is contaminated with Salmonella, the pathogen can survive chemical disinfection or irradiation, and eventually multiply on cilantro throughout its shelf life.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF FOOD BARS
Authors: MAHANNA K. , LEE S.Y.
Published: March 2010

Increased use of conjoint analysis during the concept testing stage of food product development raises the question of whether conjoint analysis results translate into successful product development. Five food bar concepts from a previous conjoint analysis study targeted for the “Overall” panel, “Female” segment, “Male” segment, “Label Readers” segment and “Calorie Health Nuts” segment, were used for consumer testing. Standardized packaging was also developed to test elements not easily perceived from the product itself, i.e., low fat, low calorie and other nutritional information. The “Female #1 – commercial (Fiber One)” bar had the highest overall acceptance, 6.9 on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Packaging significantly increased all ratings. Cluster analysis results were compared with segmentation from conjoint analysis. Similar results were found, showing there were clusters of consumers specifically interested in prototypes developed for specific conjoint analysis segments, which supports that conjoint analysis results translate into actual products.
OPTIMIZATION OF SYNBIOTIC FERMENTED FOOD FROM HYDROSOLUBLE SOY EXTRACT APPLYING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SENSORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Authors: MONDRAGÓN‐BERNAL OLGA , RODRIGUES MARIA ISABEL , ANDRÉ BOLINI HELENA MARIA , MAUGERI FRANCISCO
Published: March 2010

In this work, a synbiotic food from hydrosoluble soy extract was developed and tested. Food products made from soymilk have frequently been rejected because of their peculiar leguminous flavor. Although lactic fermentation promotes an improvement in final flavor, Bifidobacterium produces acetic acid, which renders off flavor in the product. To improve sensory features of soymilk's synbiotic beverage, 16 flavor compounds were evaluated by preliminary affective tests using hedonic scale. The ideal sweetness and flavor were optimized using experimental design and just‐about‐right scale. Sucrose concentration presented the highest significant effect (P ≤ 0.05). Products with higher sucrose contents (9.0–11.2 g/100 mL) and 0.08–0.16 g/100 mL of flavoring presented ideal sweetness. For ideal flavor, 11 g/100 mL sucrose content or higher with any amount of flavoring was considered ideal. In conclusion, predictive models for responses with respect to the ideal flavor and sweetness, overall acceptance and purchasing attitude of a soymilk symbiotic food were obtained and validated, with highly accepted and positive purchase intent (70%) by target public.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of the just‐about‐right scale in sensory test is employed to measure the ideal amount of a determined compound that should be added to promote greater acceptance and preference according to the taste panel. Given that the sensory tests for the choice of the ideal are carried out in a linear manner and with one variable at a time, the present study has innovated in the application of the just‐about‐right scale, simultaneously evaluating two aspects of the ideal (sweetness and flavor) with a central composite rotatable design experimental design, and using the response surface methodology applied in the optimization of soymilk's symbiotic food. Predictive models for responses could be obtained to different sensorial optimizations in food researches.
THE INFLUENCE OF AUDITORY CUES ON THE PERCEPTION OF, AND RESPONSES TO, FOOD AND DRINK
Authors: SPENCE CHARLES , SHANKAR MAYA U.
Published: March 2010

Does what we hear influence our perception of, and behaviors toward, food and drink? If so, what are the mechanism(s) underlying these cross‐modal effects? While many people intuitively believe that our sense of hearing has little influence on our experiences of foodstuffs, the evidence that has been published to date suggests that this is not always the case. In this article, we review the growing body of empirical research demonstrating that what we hear can affect our perception of, and responses to, food and drink. We review both laboratory‐based research and real‐world (ecological) studies of the effects of music and other auditory stimuli on people's food‐related behaviors. This research has revealed that what we hear (be it music, the sounds we make while eating, or even pure tones or bursts of white noise) can have a dramatic effect on our perceptions of food and drink. Auditory stimuli influence people's consumption rates, their preference ratings and their flavor assessments, and have even been shown to significantly impact on the overall amount that people consume. We highlight a number of explanations, including multisensory integration, attention, associative learning and expectations, that have all been put forward in order to account for these cross‐modal effects.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This manuscript examines the relationship between what people hear and their food and drink experiences, perceptions and behaviors. In previous research, auditory cues have been shown to influence people's purchasing decisions, flavor evaluations and their consumption rates of food and drink. The multisensory approach inherent to this line of research provides a means of enhancing culinary experiences for people in the years to come. In fact, some important practical interventions have already been made. For example, the Fat Duck restaurant in Bray, England serves a “sounds of the sea” seafood dish. Those who select this dish are presented with a plate of seafood that is reminiscent of a beach, with an iPod (hidden in a seashell with the earphones poking out) that plays a “sounds of the sea” soundtrack. Innovations such as these, based on a solid understanding of the cognitive psychology and neuroscience of multisensory integration, may increasingly help to heighten our enjoyment and experience of food and drink.
CONVENTIONAL AND PROBIOTIC YOGURTS DIFFER IN SENSORY PROPERTIES BUT NOT IN CONSUMERS' PREFERENCES
Authors: MAJCHRZAK DOROTA , LAHM BIRGIT , DÜRRSCHMID KLAUS
Published: March 2010

The objective of this work was to examine whether probiotic and conventional yogurts differ regarding their sensory properties and the consumers' preferences. Using quantitative descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated the overall quality of yogurt samples over two sessions by rating the intensity of sensory descriptors on a 10‐unit scale from commercially available plain full‐fat conventional (6) and probiotic (3) yogurts, served in a randomized order. Consumers' preferences were determined by 50 untrained individuals applying the paired difference test for preference. Generally, the mean overall quality score of probiotic yogurt was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than one of the conventional products. This finding could be attributable to certain different properties of appearance (whey separation), texture (homogeneity, smoothness and thickness), taste/flavor (sweet and creamy) and aftertaste. Based on the results of descriptive sensory evaluation and the paired difference test, it appears that despite some observed differences in sensory properties, there were no significant differences in consumers' preferences between probiotic and conventional yogurt.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the present study, it has been observed that among the investigated samples, yogurts with the higher overall sensory quality were probiotic. The probiotic samples showed significantly less distinctive syneresis, higher smoothness and were more homogenous than the conventional products. The mean intensity of sourness, but principally the sweet taste and creamy flavor was more distinctive in probiotic samples. The consumers' preference of probiotic and conventional yogurts evaluated by the paired difference test showed that the conventional product was preferred, but the difference was not statistically significant. It means that trained panelists differentiated conventional and probiotic yogurts in sensory properties, but there were no significant consumer‐perceived differences between yogurts with and without probiotic culture.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEDONIC SCALES AND END‐ANCHOR COMPRESSION EFFECTS
Authors: LAWLESS HARRY T. , CARDELLO ARMAND V. , CHAPMAN KATHRYN W. , LESHER LARRY L. , GIVEN ZACHARY , SCHUTZ HOWARD G.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to compare the relative performance of hedonic scaling methods, including the labeled affective magnitude (LAM) scale. In the first study, three versions of the LAM were used to evaluate 20 phrases that described diverse sensory experiences. One scale was anchored to “greatest imaginable like/dislike for any experience” and another used the “greatest imaginable like” phrase of the LAM but with the interior phrases repositioned relative to “any experience.” The scale anchored to “any experience” showed a smaller range of scale usage and lower statistical differentiation, relative to the LAM scale, with the repositioned scale intermediate. Two further experiments compared the LAM to the nine‐point hedonic scale, an 11‐point category scale using the LAM phrases, and to a three‐label line scale, a simplified version of the LAM with only the end phrases and the neutral center‐point phrase. All scales showed similar differentiation of juices in the second study and sensory experience phrases in the third. A modest advantage for the LAM scale in the second experiment did not extend to the third study. Researchers should be careful in the choice of high end anchors for hedonic scales, as a compressed range of scale usage may result in lower product differentiation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Hedonic scales for food acceptability are widely used in new product development for consumer testing and in food preference surveys. A desired goal of efficient sensory evaluation testing is the ability of tests to differentiate samples on the basis of scale data, in this case scales commonly used for food acceptability and preference testing. Scales which are able to differentiate products more effectively are less likely to lead to Type II error in experimentation, in which true differences between products are not detected. Such errors can lead to lost opportunities for product improvements or to enhanced chances for taking undetected risks in the case of false parity conclusions.
Morphometry and abnormalities of the feet of Kaimanawa feral horses in New Zealand
Authors: Hampson BA , Ramsey G , Macintosh AMH , Mills PC , De Laat MA , Pollitt CC
Published: March 2010

Objective The present study investigated the foot health of the Kaimanawa feral horse population and tested the hypotheses that horses would have a large range of foot morphology and that the incidence of foot abnormality would be significantly high.

Procedures Abnormality was defined as a variation from what the two veterinarian assessors considered as optimal morphology and which was considered to impact negatively on the structure and/or function of the foot. Fifteen morphometric variables were measured on four calibrated photographic views of all four feet of 20 adult Kaimanawa feral horses. Four morphometric variables were measured from the lateromedial radiographs of the left forefoot of each horse. In addition, the study identified the incidence of gross abnormality observed on the photographs and radiographs of all 80 feet.

Results There was a large variation between horses in the morphometric dimensions, indicating an inconsistent foot type. Mean hoof variables were outside the normal range recommended by veterinarians and hoof care providers; 35% of all feet had a long toe conformation and 15% had a mediolateral imbalance. Abnormalities included lateral (85% of horses) and dorsal (90% of horses) wall flares, presence of laminar rings (80% of horses) and bull‐nose tip of the distal phalanx (75% of horses). Both hypotheses were therefore accepted.

Conclusions The Kaimanawa feral horse population demonstrated a broad range of foot abnormalities and we propose that one reason for the questionable foot health and conformation is lack of abrasive wearing by the environment. In comparison with other feral horse populations in Australia and America there may be less pressure on the natural selection of the foot of the Kaimanawa horses by the forgiving environment of the Kaimanawa Ranges. Contrary to popular belief, the feral horse foot type should not be used as an ideal model for the domestic horse foot.
Diagnostic PCR to identify five rare species of Cypriniformes in China
Authors: YUAN W. A.
Published: March 2010

The major problem that fisheries managers face when trying to enforce the law is identifying fish species. This problem is even worse when it comes to identifying eggs, larvae, bloodstains, scales, mucous stains, and mixtures of these in markets, restaurants and fishing areas. To assist in the acquisition of urgently needed conservation and management data on rare and endangered fish catch and sale, we have developed and tested a highly streamlined molecular genetic approach to identify Cypriniformes fish species. We used species‐specific primers and species‐specific ladders in a seven‐primer multiplex polymerase chain reaction format based on DNA sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) to discriminate simultaneously among five rare and endangered Cypriniformes species in China. This technique distinguished samples with 100% accuracy. This genetic approach will be useful for the assessment, management and conservation of fish.
The in vitro response of human retinal endothelial cells to cytokines and other chemically active agents is altered by coculture with vitreous‐derived hyalocytes
Authors: Tojo Naoki , Kashiwagi Yoshiko , Yamamoto Shuichi , Yamamoto Teiko , Yamashita Hidetoshi
Published: March 2010

Background:  Ocular angiogenesis is regulated by polypeptides including cytokines, which are known to affect vascular endothelial cells. We have reported that hyalocytes interact with vascular endothelial cells, and some cytokines affect these interactions.

Aims:  To determine the effect of various chemically active agents on the viability of endothelial cells alone and cocultured with hyalocytes.

Methods:  The viability of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) was determined after exposure to IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα and VEGF using the MTT assay. These results were compared to the viability when the HRECs were cocultured with porcine hyalocytes that had been exposed to different types of cytokines. The effects of bevacizumab, fenofibrate and dexamethasone on the viability of HRECs in coculture with hyalocytes were also assessed.

Results:  Ten micrograms/millilitre of bevacizumab decreased the percentage of living HRECs stimulated by VEGF without hyalocytes, but with the hyalocytes, 100 μg/ml of bevacizumab was required to decrease the percentage of viable HRECs stimulated by VEGF. Fenofibrate, at 5 μg/ml, decreased the viability of HRECs stimulated by IL‐1β and VEGF without hyalocytes but could not decrease the viability of HRECs cocultured with hyalocytes. Dexamethasone, at 50 μg/ml, decreased the viability of HRECs stimulated by IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and VEGF without hyalocytes but could not decrease the viability of HRECs cocultured.

Conclusions:  Coculturing HRECs with vitreous‐derived hyalocytes depressed the effects of cytokines, bevacizumab, fenofibrate and dexamethasone. This suggests that the vitreal hyalocytes may play a role in pathogenic endothelial cell proliferation in vivo. Future studies to better understand this pathobiology should utilize coculture systems of HRECs and vitreal hyalocytes.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE QUESTIONS
Authors: Jokes Franklin T. , Macdonald S. L.
Published: March 2010

This department is designed to serve as a medium for the exchange of ideas on questions and questioning in the sciences. Questions will be printed from various sources—college entrance examinations, text‐books, etc., etc. Comment is invited. Suggestions and criticisms as to character, adaptability, and usefulness are desired. Readers of this journal are invited to propose questions and problems which will be of general interest, or of a type which will be useful in the class‐room. It is not expected that questions which will not be useful to pupils will be frequently printed.

Since the majority of the questions will be of a comparatively simple character, solutions and answers will not be published unless specifically asked for. Teaching suggestions are wanted.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the Department desires to serve his readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
Problem Department
Authors: Kuenzi N. J. , Prielipp Bob
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of interest to people engaged in the study of mathematics and science. All readers are invited to both propose and solve problems. In submitting solutions and proposals the following guidelines should be observed.
Software Reviews
Authors: Gore Kay
Published: March 2010

Computer Science II: File Structure

Charged Particles II

South Dakota: An Economic and Math Simulation
SOFTWARE REVIEWS
Authors: Gore Kay
Published: March 2010

ARBPlot

Chemical Principles for the Introductory Laboratory

What's My Logic

A Treasure Hunt of Facts

StatView

Tonk in the Land of the Buddy‐Bots
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

Micro Messenger

Trigonometry of the Right Triangle

Word Problems

Multiplication Brigade
Children's Books Reviewed
Authors: Bennett Gladys Jenkins , Hughes Candace S.
Published: March 2010

Maps and Globes Jack Knowlton

Hurricane Watch Franklyn M. Branley

Sunshine Makes the Seasons Franklyn M. Branley

Heart Disease America's No. 1 Killer Dr. Alvin and Virginia B. Silverstein

Cuts, Breaks, Bruises and Burns Joanna Cole

Auks, Rocks, and the Odd Dinosaur Inside Stories from the Smithsonian Institute by Peggy Thomson

The Secret Life of Cosmetics: A Science Experiment Book Vicki Cobb

A Children's Zoo Tana Hoban

Milk Donald Carrick

Wallaby Creek Joyce Powzyk

Being a Twin, Having a Twin Maxine Rosenberg
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

The Sky 2.0

Geometric preSupposer: Points and Lines

Balance of Power

Codes and Cyphers

Success With Math: Ratio and Proportion

Science Toolkit
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

Copy II Mac
TM
(v. 6.2) Central Point Software, Inc.

Math Rabbit: School Edition The Learning Company P.O. Box 2168 Menlo Park.

Science Tool Kit—Master Module Broderbund Software.
Software Reviews
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

A.I.—An Experience in Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems Inference Engine (ESIE)

The Expert System Starter Kit

KNOWOL: The Knowledge Oriented Language
Software Reviews
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

TRIGONOMETRY

CALCULUS
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

Alcohol

Discovery Lab

Voltage Plotter

USA Social and Geographical Database

Hometown—A Local Area Study

Heat and Light

Drug Alert
Software Reviews
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

Math Blaster Plus!

Cube Builder

Alge‐Blaster

Word Problems‐Level B
Software Reviews
Authors: Miller Anne , Radziemski Kathy
Published: March 2010

Scientific Reasoning Series: Batteries and Bulbs

More Teasers From Tobbs: Fractions and Decimals

Texas Instruments Inc. Attn: Data Systems Group M/S 2151 P.O. Box 2909 Austin, Texas 78769–2909

Sunburst Communication Software
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Mystery Objects

Physics

Sensei Geometry
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Mystery Matter

Jumping Math Flash

Quest for Files: Science Rocks and Minerals The Upper Crust
Software Review
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Field Ecology Simulation
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Super Vocab Machine

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: A Matter of Mystery

That's Life: Human Body Exploration
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Weather=

How Weather Works=
Software Review
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

ENLIST Micros
Book Reviews
Authors: Shroyer Gail
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

The Great Physicists from Galileo to Einstein. George Gamow

Snakes of the World. Chris Mattison
Book Reviews
Authors: Shroyer Gail
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Sidereus Nuncius or The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo Galilei

Young Children Continue to Reinvent Arithmetic in 2nd Grade: Implications of Piaget's Theory Constance Kamii with Linda Leslie Joseph

Amazing Science Series Q. L. Pearce Illustrated by Mary Ann Fraser
The Effect of Instructional Approach on Mathematics Anxiety and Achievement
Authors: Norwood Karen S.
Published: March 2010

Two different instructional approaches were used in six sections of a developmental arithmetic course at a community college. The instrumental approach emphasized the memorization of rules and formulas. The relational approach was concept oriented, and presented mathematics as a cluster of related concepts. Anxiety was measured using the Fennema‐Sherman Math Anxiety Scale (MAS). The instrument used to measure achievement was the Arithmetic Skills Test (AS) of the Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills of the College Boards. The pre‐ and posttest scores of the same versions of the MAS and the AS were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Although a significant difference between the posttest MAS scores of the two groups was found, no difference between the adjusted mean scores was found on the AS (p>.05). The results suggested that students with high mathematics anxiety are more comfortable with a highly structured, algorithmic course than with a less structured, conceptual course in developmental arithmetic.
Empowerment of Elementary School Teachers to Implement Science Curriculum Reforms
Authors: Ben‐Chaim David , Joffe Nitza , Zoller Uri
Published: March 2010

The authors evaluate the Science‐Technology‐Society (STS) views, attitudes and literacy of Israeli elementary science school teachers in three in‐depth, longitudinal inservice programs. The programs were aimed at promoting teacher empowerment for the implementation, on a national scale, of a new STS‐oriented elementary science curriculum reform. By using a blend of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the effectiveness of these similar but not identical programs has been determined. It was found that appropriately designed inservice science teacher training courses did induce a shift in the STS views/positions, beliefs/attitudes and literacy of elementary science teachers, and that this shift can be increased by using research‐based data, obtained within an ongoing formative education process.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Numbers and Functions: Steps Into Analysis, R.P. Burn

History of Women in Science for Young People, Vivian Sheldon Epstein

A Mathematical Pandora's Box, Brian Bolt
The Differential Effects of Miras and Mirrors On Eighth‐Grade Females' and Males' Ability to Learn Principles of Plane Mirrors
Authors: Conroy Lynn M. , Tracy Dyanne M. , Eckart Joyce A.
Published: March 2010

In the United States girls and boys are supposedly afforded the same science education opportunities, yet girls continue to score below boys on standardized science tests. In this study of 101 eighth‐grade physical science students, participants took an eight‐day class in which they learned the five principles of plane mirrors. Students were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups using manipulatives: Miras only, Mirrors only, or Miras and Mirrors. Data were analyzed using one‐way and two‐way ANOVAs. Results indicated that males scored significantly higher than females on the chapter test (p < .05). A significant two‐way interaction on a test of retention indicated that females using mirrors only scored lower than males using the combination of Miras and mirrors. Females' and males' ability to learn principles of plane mirrors may be differentially effected by the manipulatives used. Both females and males benefit when Miras and mirrors are used throughout the learning process.
Secondary Science Teachers' Use of Microcomputers During Instruction
Authors: Lehman Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2010

One hundred seventy‐nine secondary science department chairs answered a 20‐item questionnaire concerning the nature and extent of microcomputer use in science instruction in their respective schools. The national sample represented schools in rural, urban, and suburban settings, as well as all geographic regions of the country. Analyses of data revealed that 47% of the secondary science teachers did not use microcomputers during instruction, 40% used them occasionally, and 13% used them in one or more lessons each week. The most frequent applications were simulations (70%), graphing packages (63%), and probes for collecting laboratory data (56%). In addition, 76% of the respondents indicated that microcomputers have had an impact on science laboratory activities in their schools. The department chairs also listed their perceived reasons as to why teachers in their departments did or did not integrate microcomputer use into their science instruction.
STS to Enhance Total Curriculum
Authors: Yager Robert E. , Lutz Martha V.
Published: March 2010

Many nonscientists hold incorrect views of science. These incorrect views of science are rooted in fundamental problems with science education in schools. These problems are discussed in the context of their causes, including a dysfunctional working definition of science. The Science/Technology/Society (STS) movement is described and illustrated as a potential means to correct these problems. Examples derived from statewide efforts in Iowa are used as evidence that STS initiatives are paradigms for curriculum and instructional reform.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Slides, Flips and Turns, S. Wali Abdi, Editor

What's Your Game?, Michael Cornelius and Alan Parr
Use of Inappropriate and Inaccurate Conceptual Knowledge to Solve an Osmosis Problem
Authors: Zuckerman June Trop
Published: March 2010

Two outstanding high school science students each generated a correct answer to an osmosis problem. The solution processes are noteworthy because the problem solvers did not blindly use algorithms. They relied, instead, on conceptual knowledge which was inaccurate and inappropriate to the problem. They thought the osmosis problem was about air pressure, and some of their knowledge about air pressure was inaccurate. Thus, even when students rely on conceptual knowledge to solve a problem, correct answers need not indicate adequate understanding. Characteristics of the problem solvers, salient properties of the problem that could contribute to the problem misrepresentation, and spurious correct answers are identified. Finally, some instructional recommendations and research questions are presented.
Dynamic Polygons and the Graphing Calculator
Authors: DiCarlucci Joseph A.
Published: March 2010

A match stick puzzle is used as a springboard for a secondary classroom investigation into mathematical modeling techniques with the graphing calculator. Geometric models, through their corresponding area formulas, are constructed, tested, and analyzed graphically to fit specified problem conditions. These specialized versions are then synthesized into generalizations that determine a polygon containing integral sides with a given perimeter and area.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Diagnostic and Remedial Mathematics in Special Education, Gerard Giordano, Charles C. Thomas

Exploring the Numbers 1 to 100: Activities, Learning Center Ideas, and Celebrations, Mary Beth Spann and the Teachers at the Babylon Elementary School

Integrating Research on the Graphical Representations of Functions, Thomas A. Romberg, Elizabeth Fennena, Thomas P. Carpenter
Preservice Mathematics and Science Teachers' Case Studies of a Diverse Population of Workers
Authors: Erickson Dianne K.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen preservice science and mathematics teachers in the last term of a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program completed case studies of workers from a variety of settings including a radio station, department store, manufacturing plant, health care facility, water treatment plant, and engineering firm. These preservice teachers then examined their findings and reflected about the knowledge and skills necessary for high school graduates to be successful in the present day workplace. Finally, the preservice teachers examined how they could personally contribute to these desirable student outcomes within the high school science or mathematics curriculum for which they will eventually be responsible in their future teaching situations.
A Brief Comparison of the U.S. and Chinese Middle School Mathematics Programs
Authors: Jiang Zhonghong , Eggleton Patrick
Published: March 2010

The U.S. generally has a less intense mathematics curriculum in the middle school grades than China. Some factors contributing to the lower intensity in the U.S. mathematics curriculum are textbooks with extensive drill, repetition of content, lack of challenging problem solving, lower curricular and cultural expectations, and ability grouping. In comparison, China utilizes challenging problem solving, sequential development of content without repetition, expectations of hard work, high values for mathematics by the curriculum and culture, and a common curriculum for all as aspects of mathematics instruction. The U.S. is taking a positive direction in its mathematics curriculum with the use of technology and reform while compulsory education is mandating that the theoretical depth of middle school curriculums in China be lowered for all of its students in grades 1–9.
What Does Integration of Science and Mathematics Really Mean?
Authors: Davison David M. , Miller Kenneth W. , Metheny Dixie L.
Published: March 2010

In this era of curriculum reconstruction, considerable attention is being focused on curriculum integration. The integration of science and mathematics continues to be interpreted in different ways. In this article, five different meanings of integration of science and mathematics–discipline specific, content specific, process, methodological and thematic–are investigated along with instructional implications of these different approaches to integration.
The Road To Digitopolis: Perils of Problem Solving
Authors: Lipson Abigail
Published: March 2010

How students solve problems is a topic of central concern both to educational researchers and to math/science teachers: What is the nature of good and poor problem solving? How can students improve their problem‐solving capacities? Teachers are in a unique position to witness problem solving in action, and to draw connections between the classroom experiences of their students and the findings of research. This article presents an instance of problem solving (drawn from a popular children's book) annotated with references to current research in cognition and education. The annotations explore issues such as the effect of performance anxiety on problem solving, how problem solvers handle the experience of confusion, and the role of self‐monitoring and metacognition in problem solving.
Peer Interaction in Science Concept Development and Problem Solving
Authors: Lumpe Andrew T.
Published: March 2010

Cooperative learning is commonly advocated as an effective instructional strategy in classrooms. Years of research support this recommendation. Recently, however, cognitive researchers and theorists suggest that peer group work may possibly enhance concept development and problem solving. The effectiveness of group work, including peer tutoring, cooperative learning, and peer collaboration, may be explained using several theoretical perspectives. Piaget theorized that the importance of peers comes from their ability to share ideas and initiate the equilibration process in individuals. Vygotsky argued that learning takes place in social contexts only to be internalized at a later time. He proposed a “zone of proximal development” to describe the difference between a student's ability to solve a problem alone and with the help of a more knowledgeable person. Researchers focusing on both theoretical positions argue that results support both theories. Additionally, researchers suggest that peer collaboration may enhance concept development and problem solving ability. Recommendations are made for incorporating effective peer learning strategies into instruction.
Sexual Harassment In Chemistry Classrooms: Three Students' Experiences
Authors: Leach Lisa S.
Published: March 2010

Issues of sexual bias and harassment are serious ones for all educators, but perhaps are of the greatest concern for science educators due to the serious underrepresentation of women in scientific fields. Female students are receiving both overt and covert messages from many directions that are turning them away from choices that might lead to science careers, and many of these messages come directly from their science teachers. Sexual harassment is a new and uncharted issue for society in general and educators specifically. This article deals with sexual bias and harassment behaviors of teachers that potentially impede the success and participation of female students in science.
Mathematics Reform: Looking for Insights from Nineteenth Century Events
Authors: Sztajn Paola
Published: March 2010

In the nineteenth century, Warren Colburn defended understanding as the avenue to learning arithmetic and questioned the memorization method in use since the seventeenth century. Colburn's work was appreciated by educators in the common school era, and his book is still considered an important one in the history of mathematics education. Many criticisms of Colburn's ideas, however, emerged during his time, and teaching for understanding never fully reached nineteenth century mathematics classrooms. This episode in the history ofmathematics education raises questions about the success of contemporary attempts to reform school mathematics.