bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational and clinical potential of the Federal Register of children with short bowel syndrome
Authors: Rozinov Vladimir M. , Ampar Fatima B. , Samorokovskaya Mariya V. , Isakov Mikhail A.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Short bowel syndrome is a medical and social problem characterized by high mortality and disability rates, controversial tactics, resource-intensive therapy, and lack of legal support. In 2016, the Russian Association of Pediatric Surgeons initiated the creation of the Federal Register of Children with Short Bowel Syndrome.
AIM: This study conducts an audit of the Register to identify the prevalence of the pathological syndrome, establish the causes of its formation and trends in transforming the therapeutic paradigm, determine the pattern, nature, and frequency of various complications, establish factors limiting its informativeness involving representatives of implementors and users, and justify changes increasing database organization and clinical significance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Register has 334 patients registered. Of these, 23 children died, and five were removed from the Register at 18. The Quinta software package was used to collect, process, and manage geographically distributed data with information about patients data, identification of medical organizations, diagnosis, the content of therapeutic measures, and the structure of complications.
RESULTS: The Register contains data on patients from 71 regions of Russia. Bowel resections prevailed among the initial interventions due to necrotizing enterocolitis (18.0%) and intestinal atresia (17.4%). Reconstructive interventions (125), including serial transverse enteroplasty and spiral intestinal lengthening and tailoring techniques, were implemented in 37 and 24 cases. One hundred and eighty patients needed parenteral nutrition: 18 patients required total parenteral nutrition, and 162 patients needed partial parenteral nutrition. Enteral feeding was used in 193 cases, meeting the needs of 31 children and supplementing parenteral therapy for 162 children. The structural flaw of the Register is the absence of a section on palliative care.
CONCLUSIONS: The identified limitations of the Register indicate the need to improve the provided primary information, form a platform for supporting medical decisions, create a palliative care unit, and integrate with state health development programs.
To the 75th Anniversary of Kalust G. Franciyanc
Authors: Novoshinov Gleb V.
Published: April 2022

The paper describes the professional activities and merits of the pediatric surgeon Kalust G. Franciyanc, in celebration of his anniversary.
To the 70th Anniversary of Aleksey N. Smirnov
Authors: Golovanev Maksim A.
Published: April 2022

The paper describes the professional activities and merits of the pediatric surgeon Aleksey N. Smirnov in celebration of his anniversary.
Transpharyngeal closed reduction displacement of the first cervical vertebra in children
Authors: Wan Zongmiao , Minasov Timur B. , Yakupova Ekaterina R. , Ginoyan Akop O. , Saubanov Radmir A.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Currently, the treatment of children with atlantoaxial rotational block has no standard protocol. The proposed conservative methods are difficult and require long-term hospitalization, whereas surgical treatment is associated with a risk of complications.
AIM: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the transpharyngeal closed reduction method for first cervical vertebral displacement in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study presents the analysis results of clinical cases of 46 children with atlantoaxial rotational fixation with types III subluxations by Fielding and Hawkins the CI transpharyngeal closed reduction method. The average age of the patients was 4.5 2.6 years. The time of admission of patients after the disease onset varied from 1 to 30 days. The reduction technique consisted of the following elements: 1. A bracket is installed for traction behind the skull along the axis; 2. The surgeon pulls the bracket along the axis, while using the index finger of the other hand in the oropharynx fixes the anterior arch of the atlas, creating a fulcrum; 3. Rotational displacement of the atlas is eliminated by rotational movements with simultaneous traction along the axis; and 4. The anatomical position of the atlas and axis is controlled by an X-ray image intensifier.
RESULTS: Only in one case of recurrent dislocation was noted after 4 days. The efficiency of primary reduction was 97.8%. Pain syndrome on the visual analog scale was reduced by 62.3%. Neurological deficit recurrence was not noted. The average bed-day was 2.5 1.3 days.
CONCLUSION: Transpharyngeal closed reduction method for first cervical vertebral displacement in children of the younger age group is effective for atlantoaxial rotational fixation treatment in early admitted patients, which determines the prospects for its wider application in the practice of specialized hospitals.
Reforms and Reformers on the Question of the Causes, Features and Results of the State-Legal Transformation of Prussia at the Beginning of the 19th Century
Authors: Baev Valery G.
Published: April 2022

This study aims to analyze and provide a historical and legal assessment of administrative, economic, and social transformations in Prussia in the first half of the 19th century to study the circumstances and conditions of the formation of a new political, legal, and economic reality of the country. Moreover, the role of specific personalities who made a mark in history during this period is explored to obtain an idea of what administrative, legal, and economic patterns they reshaped in the management system. The author focuses not on the transformations but on the personalities whose hands have produced those transformations (an objective series of events) in Prussian Germany. Reformers-researchers (first, Stein, Gardenberg, V. Humboldt) realized their own private interest, but the totality of personal interests was already of public interest, and they themselves acted as its subjects. The success of the reformation was also determined by the prevailing atmosphere in the country, which was filled with great philosophers, historians, and writers with their ideas and deeds. The author concludes that science in Germany was more than science. She actively participated in the process of transformation in the country.
The author proves that the Prussian reformation, despite the different ideas of the participants about its goals, objectively contributed to the creation of the foundations of the bourgeois state on the basis of the monarchical form of government. As a legacy of the reformation stage, the Prussian statehood created in the second half of the 19th century was passed into the hands of Otto von Bismarck. Thus, it was not Bismarck who paved the way for Hitler. The reformers handed him a state building almost built according to their schemes which even the iron chancellor could not rebuild. In addition, we must consider that the modernization of Prussia developed in opposition to the counter-reformation, its legal expression was the so-called Carlsbad resolutions, which decelerated the dynamics of reforms.
Conceptual Approaches to the Organization of Prosecutorial Activities in the Fight Against Global Corruption
Authors: Kakitelashvili Mikhail M.
Published: April 2022

On the basis of analysis of international acts, national legislation, and law enforcement practice, the article shows the conceptual approaches in the organization and activities of prosecutorial authorities in the fight against corruption. This article aims to determine optimal ways to improve the legal status of the prosecutors office to improve its effectiveness against corruption.

The objectives of the study are to identify international principles in the organization of international anti-corruption bodies; to identify the problems of organization in the activities of specialized anti-corruption prosecution services; to determine the main directions of prosecutorial activities in the fight against corruption; to identify the role of international cooperation of prosecutors in the fight against corruption.

The object of the study were public relations formed in the process of the prosecutors office in the fight against corruption, and the subject the rules of law governing the activities of prosecutorial authorities and the practice of their application.

The methodology of research is general scientific methods of knowledge (dialectical, analysis and synthesis, modeling, and so on).

The article contains a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of foreign countries regulating the activities of prosecutors in the fight against corruption. Particular attention is paid to the organization and activities of prosecutorial authorities of CIS countries. Proceeding from the specifics of organization and activity, prosecutorial authorities of foreign countries are endowed with different volumes of powers in combating corruption. The engagement of prosecution authorities worldwide in combating corruption has led to the creation of specialized units within their structure. In many countries, however, an inter-agency opposition exists between specialized anti-corruption bodies and prosecutors offices due to overlapping responsibilities.

The prosecution authorities of Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and other countries have the greatest powers in the criminal and non-criminal spheres. Prosecutors offices in these countries are empowered to supervise the implementation of anti-corruption legislation and coordinate anti-corruption activities of the entire law enforcement system. A promising direction to improve the effectiveness of prosecution is the introduction of SWOT-analysis in its activities. Moreover, based on interstate training centers, a need for the advanced training of prosecutors persists. Considering the positive experience of creating the European Public Prosecutors Office, the expediency of granting the Coordinating Council of Prosecutors General of the CIS countries with additional powers to coordinate the activities of prosecution authorities in the fight against corruption was substantiated.
Binding Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the Transformation of Russian Legislation in the Era of Digitalization
Authors: Tymoshenko Andrey A.
Published: April 2022

On the basis of the analysis of the law enforcement practice of foreign countries and the doctrinal views of foreign researchers, this article examines the question behind national authorities trust in the broad interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights of the provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
The challenges in the digital progress force legislators to pay increasing attention to the implementation of the interests of his own country, contrary to the approaches demonstrated in other countries. Implementing the road maps of socially significant projects is impossible due to the rejected priorities of Russias domestic policy.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has the legitimate right to defend the internal logic of the protectionist measures of the national authorities protecting the economic foundations of society, the priorities of its social policy, and the security of the state.
Improving the Regulation of the Cryptocurrency Market through the Development of the Idea of Fast Law
Authors: Tymoshenko Andrey A.
Published: April 2022

This article describes the main provisions of the rapid law concept the idea of introducing blank norms into legislation, the content of which is possible by accessing special databases designed to consider the threats posed by the free circulation of cryptocurrency assets to the greatest extent.
These conclusions are based on the analysis of the dangers of using cryptocurrencies by broad segments of the population, the lack of effective mechanisms for controlling their turnover, including the acquisition and exchange for other financial assets.
The concept of fast law can also be used in other areas, such as in the regulation of industrial or transport securities.
Features of the Mechanism of Committing Crimes Related to the Unknown Disappearance of Minors
Authors: Khmeleva Alla V. , Tskhovrebova Ilona A.
Published: April 2022

On the basis of the study materials of criminal cases concerning the unknown disappearance of minors, the types of crimes committed under these circumstances are systematized, information about persons committing such crimes is provided, and the mechanism of committing crimes against minors and the motives for which they are usually committed are outlined.
Clinical pathology and diagnostics of nystagmus
Authors: Apaev Aleksander V.
Published: April 2022

Optical nystagmus is an involuntary oscillatory movement. Nystagmus can occur as an isolated nosology and lead to decreased visual functions in combination with other pathologies. A decreased visual function, including visual acuity, is observed in many patients with optic nystagmus. Patients with optical nystagmus were noted by ophthalmologists with a significant difference in the acuity of monocular and binocular vision, which is much higher in the second case. As a rule, a difference is observed in visual acuity in the straight and forced position of the head. Frequently, nystagmus is combined with refractive errors. Some authors consider astigmatism the most common form of ametropia in nystagmus, and nystagmus itself, a predisposing factor for the presence of astigmatism. An important task in diagnostics is the quantitative eye movement assessments since the tactics of treatment and the prognosis of the course of the disease depend on this. One of the problems in the examination of patients with nystagmus is the assessment of the fundal condition. Modern optical coherence tomographs are helpful in the objective diagnostics of retinal structures of the posterior pole of the eye, as well as improved software, such as the Eye Tracking system, and an increased scanning speed allowed reliable studies even with spontaneous oscillatory eye movements and a significantly decreased visual acuity. With nystagmic relative amblyopia, both photosensitivity and fixation were violated, which may indicate the presence of organic changes in the central parts of the retina and a primary fixation violation.
Structure of corneal opacities in children in a specialized hospital practice
Authors: Mamakaeva Indira R. , Pleskova Alla V. , Katargina Lyudmila A.
Published: April 2022

AIM: To evaluate the nosological structure of various etiologies in a specialized pediatric ophthalmosurgical center for 5 years (from 2016 to 2020)
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Eye Pathology in Children of the Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases from January 01, 2016, to December 31, 2020, and collected and summarized clinical observations in children with corneal opacity (CO) of various etiologies. Statistical annual reports and case histories of children who were hospitalized in the pediatric surgical department were analyzed. The analysis of discharge epicrisis was conducted only in children with corneal changes of various natures.
RESULTS: The proportion of children with corneal opacities from 2016 to 2020 was 13.5% (954 children out of 7066 hospitalized). Secondary CO was determined in most cases and amounted to 75.2%. The leading nosologies were congenital corneal opacities (24.8%), post-traumatic changes (33.6%), and post-inflammatory corneal degenerations (37.1%). Penetrating keratoplasty was more often performed in congenital pathology (55.8%), and scarification was more often used in the group of children with postuveal CO (96.3%).
CONCLUSION: Corneal opacities in children have a significant role in the overall structure of the visual organ pathology in children and have a large polymorphism. CO was secondary in the vast majority of children. Therefore, methods of CO prevention were searched. The general nosological structure did not undergo significant fluctuations throughout the study period.
Еye manifestations of Gaucher’s disease
Authors: Kogoleva Ljudmila V. , Bobrovskaja Julija A. , Milash Sergey V.
Published: April 2022

Gauchers disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease that belongs to the group of sphingolipidoses. This pathology is caused by a lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase deficiency, which leads to its substrate, glucosylceramide, accumulation in macrophages, and leads to damage to the nervous system, parenchymal organs, and the hematopoietic system. The literature reported isolated cases of vision organ damages such as oculomotor function disorders and violations of the structure of the vitreous, retina, cornea, choroid, and conjunctiva. During diagnosis, these clinical symptoms may cause interpretation and, possibly, substitution therapy evaluating difficulties. Retinal changes in Gauchers disease are poorly understood, but they are an important symptom of this disease, which dynamically visualizes and evaluates the substrate deposition in the preretinal and intraretinal layers. The effectiveness of replacement therapy based on the presence of retinal lesions remains controversial.
Herein, presented the description of a clinical case of a 10-year-old boy with ocular manifestations of Gauchers disease, a rare orphan disease. The comprehensive ophthalmological examination results revealed preretinal changes in whitish foci in the paramacular zone, microstructural changes in the central retina according to optical coherence tomography, and moderate changes in retinal functions according to electroretinogram, as well as visual field defects and decreased light sensitivity. The revealed changes indicate a violation of metabolic processes in the retinal layers of the eye, which leads to retinal foci (gosher) formation. Noninvasive visualization of these deposits helps assess the disease course and the substitution therapy effectiveness. The management of patients with Gauchers disease requires an interdisciplinary approach with the mandatory involvement of an ophthalmologist.
A LOCALIZAÇÃO E IMPLANTAÇÃO DAS VILAS MILITARES PELA AERONÁUTICA NAS CIDADES PAULISTAS
Authors:   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Chaves Danilo Ferreira , Costa Sandra Maria Fonseca da ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Souza Adriane Aparecida Moreira de ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap
Published: April 2022

A Força Aérea Brasileira foi criada em 1941 e na década de 1950 o Estado brasileiro se mobilizou com o objetivo de construção de vilas militares pelo país. O local que mais recebeu os aportes do Governo Federal foi a região Sudeste e, no estado de São Paulo foram construídas as vilas militares da Aeronáutica nas cidades de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Guaratinguetá e Pirassununga. Considerando as Forças Armadas como essenciais à execução da política de segurança nacional e a defesa da pátria, este trabalho pretende aumentar o debate acadêmico sobre a escolha da localização e a implantação destas estruturas militares nas respectivas cidades paulistas, como também o papel que desempenham no desenvolvimento urbano, pois as vilas militares possuem seu urbanismo próprio e suas características tipológicas arquitetônicas.
UMA ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA DOS ESTUDOS DE VULNERABILIDADE SOCIOAMBIENTAL SANITÁRIA, NA CIDADE RIBEIRINHA DA AMAZÔNIA
Authors:   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Santos Lucas de Sousa , Lima Viviana Mendes ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Costa Sandra Maria Fonseca da ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap
Published: April 2022

O presente artigo busca contribuir com uma abordagem teórica e metodológica da avaliação socioambiental sanitária da cidade de Afuá, a partir do contexto Espaço, Ambiente e Saúde. Pretende-se diagnosticar as áreas mais suscetíveis a vulnerabilidade, a partir dos padrões socioeconômicos e de infraestrutura sanitária da cidade. Afuá é uma pequena cidade ribeirinha do Delta da Amazônia, estado do Pará, margeada pelos rios, estabelecendo ao noroeste da Ilha de Marajó. Uma cidade instalada sobre várzea e que possui uma desenvolvimento dinâmica interligada ao rio. Diante disso, pretende-se abordar estratégias metodológicas para o da pesquisa que envolve a temática dos indicadores socioambientais, principalmente no campo do Planejamento Urbano e Regional.
HISTÓRICO DE OCUPAÇÃO NAS BACIAS DAS REPRESAS JAGUARI E PARAIBUNA E O IMPACTO NA COBERTURA DE TERRA EM APPS: 1985-2020
Authors:   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Cunha Clazieli Renata de Paula da , Vogt Nathan David ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Toniolo Maria Angélica ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap
Published: April 2022

Nas últimas décadas a paisagens do Rio Paraíba passaram a ser ocupadas por plantações de eucalipto e moradia secundária ocupadas por aposentados e pessoas que buscam um estilo alternativo de vida, mais próximo à natureza. No entanto, pouco se entende como as mudanças de ocupação dessas paisagens afetam a cobertura da terra nas áreas adjacentes de preservação permanente - APPs. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o processo histórico de ocupação nas bacias dos reservatórios Paraibuna- Paraitinga e Jaguari e verificar como os diferentes tipos de ocupação (agricultura, pecuária, moradia secundária, silvicultura) estão relacionados com o aumento ou a estagnação da regeneração florestal especificamente nas APPs da região.
PSA COMO INCENTIVO A CONSERVAÇÃO DO VALE DO PARAIBA, SP
Authors:   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Silva Oscarina Teodora Prado Santos , Vogt Nathan David ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap, Toniolo Maria Angélica ,   Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Univap
Published: April 2022

O reconhecimento do papel da floresta para a conservação dos ecossistemas, os serviços ecossistêmicos, estão se caracterizando com uma forma de promover a conservação a partir do desenvolvimento econômico local. Em sua maioria, os pequenos proprietários rurais conseguem identificarem a importância da manutenção da vegetação nativa para a conservação dos serviços ecológicos em escala local, mas ainda não identificam os resultados de sua ação local para a qualidade ambiental em escala regional e mundial. Os estudos de percepção têm apontado que agricultores têm intenção de aumentar florestas apenas quando há incentivos para, não vislumbrando a possibilidade de retorno econômico para a conservação dos ecossistemas (Mendonça, 2013). O código florestal proporciona a partir do Pagamento por serviços ambientais – PSA o pagamento ou incentivo a serviços ambientais como uma retribuição, monetária ou não, as atividades que possam promover a conservação e a melhoria dos ecossistemas, proporcionando direta ou indiretamente atender socialmente e economicamente a sociedade e ao meio em que estamos inseridos.
AGROFLORESTA URBANA: UM ESTUDO DE CASO NO BAIRRO CAMPOS DE SÃO JOSÉ – SÃO JOSÉ DOS CAMPOS/SP
Authors:   Centro de Estudos da Cultura Popular - Projeto Ecomuseu dos Campos de São José, Cunha Marcelo Vitor Rodrigues da , Jesus Lucas Paixão França de ,   Centro de Estudos da Cultura Popular - Projeto Ecomuseu dos Campos de São José, Lima Willian Nakamura de ,   Centro de Estudos da Cultura Popular - Projeto Ecomuseu dos Campos de São José
Published: April 2022

Usando a técnica de Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) para reflorestar uma área degradada às margens do rio Alambari no bairro Campos de São José na região Leste do município de São José dos Campos e como ferramenta para envolver a comunidade na atividade de preservação e conservação do patrimônio cultural e ambiental local, o conceito de Ecomuseu. Inserido na comunidade de forma participativa o Ecomuseu desenvolve uma ação de seis anos a margem do Rio Alambari, encontrando em uma área degradada a possibilidade de produção de alimentos e regeneração ecológica. Este trabalho cita e ressalta a importância e eficiência na implantação do Sistema Agroflorestal em um contexto urbano de degradação ambiental, demonstrando a viabilidade da junção entre a produção florestal e alimentar, trazendo bem-estar, saúde e conscientização a camadas sociais diversas.
Visual Colonization: Scenes, Objects, and Main Content of Postcards from German East Africa
Authors: Banschikova Anastasia
Published: April 2022

The paper deals with colonial representation of German East Africa in postcards, issued for exposure of conquered territories to the empire’s metropolis population. To the lesser degree they present peoples of distant land, their culture and life, concentrating more on (controversial) “achievements” brought by colonizers, like military stations, churches and Christian missions, infrastructure, askari troops recruited from local population etc. On these postcards we can see various species of acacias and palm trees, numerous Araberstrasse and Kaiserstrasse, monuments to the emperor and chancellor, ships in the Dar es Salaam bay, “native beauty” and “native quarters”. On the one hand, postcards reflect what colonizers wanted to display in their homeland, on the other — what homeland wished to see: images of exotic hot tropics, success of German administrators and troops. Content, scenes, objects shown on the postcards are analyzed in the article as specific patterns of “visual colonization”.
Is it Legitimate to Talk about Historical Politics before the “Memorial Era”? (on the Example of Russia of the 16th – 17th Centuries)
Authors: Boldin Vladimir
Published: April 2022

In modern works of historians and political scientists, various issues of the broad field of “memory studies” are given more and more space, but the problem field remains quite narrow and is reduced to the “abuse” of the past, the phenomenon of “memory wars”, collective trauma and strategies of “detraumatization”. At the same time, at all times, the task of historians has been to organize the historical narrative, embed selected facts and events into it, and form a certain historical optics. In Russia, too, there is a historical policy based on a long tradition, the beginning of which can be attributed to the 12th century. Its heyday falls on the 16th — 17th centuries. Using this example, the article proves the validity of the study of historical politics in this or earlier epochs.
“Print Capitalism in the Global Village”: Information and Communication Aspects of Nation-Building
Authors: Sharova Veronika
Published: April 2022

The subject of the article is information and communication aspects of the socio-political processes of our time, which in general can be characterized as related to the phenomenon and concept of the nation. The close relationship between modernization in a broad sense, the development of a more or less unified information space and nation-building processes was noted and analyzed back in the 1980s. in the works of representatives of the constructivist trend in sociology and historical science (E. Gellner, B. Anderson, E. Hobsbawm, etc.). It seems that at present there are many grounds for “rechecking” this theory in relation to the current state of mass communications in multicultural societies, including post-Soviet ones. It is suggested that in the current state of the infosphere, the traditional mechanisms of mass information that contributed to the policy of nation states are currently competing, and not always successfully, with the network communities of “national citizenship”. Conclusions are made about how the specificity of this experience influences the formation of national identity, discourse of the nation, as well as images of historical memory.
Sokollu Damat Mehmed Pasha — Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Abidulin Alim
Published: April 2022

The article examines the biography of Sokollu Damat Mehmed Pasha, who was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire for almost fifteen years during the reign of three sultans: Suleiman I, Selim II, Murad III. The paper pays particular attention to the process of making Sokolovich's career. The authors highlight the fact that high intelligence, analytical thinking skills and courage allow Mehmed Sokoll to attract the attention of the sultans and win their trust and respect. The authors analyze the military campaigns in which Sokolovich took part and which he led. The conclusion drawn in this article is that the heyday of the Ottoman Empire ended with the death of this outstanding person, who, despite his origin, has always remained a patriot of the Ottoman Empire.
Political Modernization in the States of South Asia: Historical Trends and Current Models
Authors: Emelyanova Natalia
Published: April 2022

The article focuses on the analysis of the realities of political and modernization processes that determine the historical and political development of modern countries of the South Asian subregion. The political process in the states of South Asia is considered in the context of the main milestones of state and nation-building. In this regard, the article touches upon the following significant subjects: the shift in the emphasis of nation-building in modern India as the largest non-Western democracy, the departure from the policy of isolationism in Nepal, the influence of the military-bureaucratic apparatus on instability in Pakistan and Bangladesh, the influence of the ethno-national conflict (Sinhalo-Tamil armed conflict) in Sri Lanka on the political process, “training democracy” in the Kingdom of Bhutan, attempts at democratic reforms in the Republic of Maldives. It is noted that despite the ethnic, confessional and political-cultural diversity, the Southern countries have points of contact in the common past: firstly, for a long time (until the late Middle Ages) they existed within the framework of a single socio-cultural community of Indian civilization; secondly, most of them share a common colonial past, which made a kind of “inoculation” of Western political institutions. The main trends of the modern historical and political development of South Asian countries are revealed: the potential instability of political systems, the asynchrony of the temporal experience of political modernization processes, the pendulum-like legitimization of power (from strengthening national identity to returning to democratic transformations, and vice versa), the deideologization of mass political consciousness. The political modernization processes of South Asian countries are also considered in the context of strengthening religious identity and the success of religious nationalisms in the political life of states. It is concluded that the lack of demand for moderate reformism in modern South Asian countries over the past decades can be explained in several socio-philosophical perspectives: firstly, as a result of a natural rollback of forced institutional modernization, followed by a new round of modernization according to the type of the most effective Western model of socio-political development, which is universal; secondly, as one of the variants of the plurality of modernity, when religious revival is perceived as one of the possible interpretations of modernization, taking into account the socio-cultural context, in which there is no place for secular cosmopolitanism.
“Bokhmit” in the Rus Primary Chronicle and Chronographic Texts
Authors: Vilkul Tatiana
Published: April 2022

The presentation of the religion of “Bokhmit” (i.e. Muhammad) by the Bulgarian missionaries at the court of Prince Vladimir, reported by the Rus Primary Chronicle s.a. 986, is based upon the Slavonic translation of the Chronicle of George Hamartolos. The same Hamartolos’ text is preserved, in somewhat modified form, in the Chronograph according to the Great Narration. The author compares in detail the narrations by the Greek and the Rus chroniclers. Such a comparison highlights the intentions of the latter: what he opted to use, and what he omitted when composing the legendary narrative of the choice of the faith by Vladimir. The resulting narration was very mundane so that even dogmatic questions were reported as “not to eat pork, not to drink wine”, etc. The understanding of the principles of the composition helps to clarify the very devisings of the choice of the faith, including the dialogue of Vladimir with the Germans (“nemtsy”). Two possible ways of the formation of this narrative are suggested in the paper.
Classical and Arabic Geographers’ Images of Scythia: a Comparison
Authors: Kalinina Tatyana
Published: April 2022

This article shows the difference between the classical and the medieval Arabic writers' representations of Scythia. The author analyses some specific examples of this difference which is substantial in spite of the fact that medieval Arab authors were aware of the classical traditions of describing the Earth, and largely followed them. The difference in the perception of Scythia and its population depended on the traditions, specific representations, creation of the image of this land, as well as the changes which had taken place over the centuries. The concept of chronotope introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin helps to understand the essence of the changes in the image of Scythia.
What Was Said and Not Said in the Structure of Late Imperial and Early Soviet Wills
Authors: Tarasyutina Evgenia
Published: April 2022

The Soviet legal system, which included both basic decrees and a large volume of complementary decrees and circulars, rebuilt the outdated imperial legislation, which still did not lose its legitimacy to the full extent. Transition to a New Economic Policy and creation of a complete legislative framework (including the Civil Code 1922) made possible the work of notaries and the development of the institution of inheritance. The will was a clear legal act, but within it its own structure developed, which depended on the different social roles of the one who left the will. In the 1920s, the continuity of structures in wills was preserved, which, in the early Soviet era, ensured the flexibility of law enforcement.
The Military Factor in the Context of the Issue of the Social Support of Nazism in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Sofronov Konstantin
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the article is to define the role of the military element in the formation of the social prerequisites for the supporting the National Socialist movement during the Weimar Republic in historyography. The novelty of this study lies in indentifying the nature and degree of participation of World War I veterans, servicemen, as well as members of paramilitarist organizations in the development of the NSDAP and its military wing. As a result of the study, the orientation of Nazi propaganda was identified to attract former servicemen as electoral support, to involve both broad strata of employed and representatives of the elite in leadership positions in the ranks of stormtroopers, and some features of the development of relations between the officers of the Reichswehr and the Nazi movement.
The Comparative Analysis of Formula Elements in the Text of Landnámabók‘s Elder Editions
Authors: Litovskikh Elena
Published: April 2022

The paper compares facsimile copies of manuscript pages of the two elder versions of the medieval Icelandic historical work “Book of Settlements” (Landnámabók): AM 107 fol. for the Sturlubók version and AM 105 fol for the Hauksbók version. A technical comparison is facilitated by the fact that both these manuscripts from the Arnamagnæan Collection in Reykjavik are written in the same hand, being copies made in the mid-17th century by the renowned Icelandic scribe Jón Erlendsson from non-surviving autographs of those versions. We have determined the ratio of the formalized text (introductory characteristics of persons, genealogical lists, and topographic information) to vísur and þættir. The analysis using the proposed methodology leads to an unambiguous conclusion that both of the investigated versions of the “Book of Settlements” go back to the same exemplar.
Etude on Comparative Source Studies: Example of Medieval English Manor
Authors: Vinokurova Marina
Published: April 2022

The paper offers a number of problems connected with specificity and comparative characteristics of manorial records — surveys and court rolls of medieval England. Manorial surveys as a basic type of records include various data concerning lands, tenements, and rents of English peasants, entry fines, heriots, enclosures, different social types of peasantry, etc. A number of them have been thoroughly researched by Russian historians, while manorial court rolls haven’t been yet researched enough. Manorial court rolls if compared with manorial surveys, are sources of another type. They represent everyday life of English medieval peasantry, including its legal aspects as well as crucial role of manorial custom in the relations between peasants and manorial lords; order of manorial courts’ work and their types; crimes and punishments in the manors; borrowings from the system of Common law (e.g. the Jury), etc. Manorial court rolls have been substantially researched in England and in the USA by both historians and legal scholars. This article also deals with the problem of interpretation of numeric and legal “languages” of manorial records.
Danish King Knut V (1146—1157), Son of Magnus, Son of Niels, in the Old Islandic “Knýtlinga Saga” and in Its Danish and West European Sources
Authors: Jackson Tatjana
Published: April 2022

The story of the Danish king Knut Magnusson (1146—1157) is covered in the Old Icelandic “Knýtlinga saga” of the mid-13th century and is based on a number of sources used by its author, Óláfr Þórðarson, nicknamed the White Skald. The comparison of Óláfr’s text with the chronicles of Helmold of Bosau and Saxo Grammaticus, as well as with the Danish annals, makes it possible to reveal errors and inaccuracies in the work of the Icelandic author. At the same time, consideration of the aggregate material of the listed sources against the background of indirect information contained not only in the “Knýtlinga saga” but also in a large number of other Icelandic sagas makes it possible to clarify some historical circumstances that were not reflected in Helmold’s and Saxo’s texts but were laconically recorded by the Danish annals, namely — for what purpose and to which prince Knut went to Rus’ in 1151 or 1152.
European Urbanization in Historical Retrospection
Authors: Guimon Timofey
Published: April 2022

Historians’ view on the history of town was presented at the 3rd International Conference “History of Urbanization of Europe” held in Nizhny Novgorod on October 22, 2021, which was dedicated to the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod. The conference was co-organized by the Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU), the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Historical Institute of Belgrade (the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts). The conference allowed participants and listeners to get acquainted with the latest research on a wide range of problems of the history of European towns from ancient times to the present day. At the conference, papers were delivered summarizing the experience of research and outlining the prospects for cooperation between Russian and Serbian scholars.
The Problem of Isolationism in Russian America: for the 200th Anniversary of the Formation of the Russian Border in the North Pacific (Distinctive Features of the Charter of the Russian-American Company of 1821)
Authors: Petrov Alexander
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of issues related to the consideration of the problem of isolationism of Russian colonies in the North Pacific. The article is written on the basis of interdisciplinary and comparative approaches. In this paper, the key features of the adoption and implementation of the decision to isolate the colonies from visiting foreigners are noted. Distinctive features of the articles of association of the Russian-American Company of 1799 and 1821 are studied. The main directions of development of the Russian colonies are shown and it is noted why prohibitive measures were taken and why it was necessary to abandon isolationism in 1824. The study of these issues is of great importance for understanding the formation and development of international relations in the North Pacific, and the topic itself can receive significant potential for study.
Places of Summer Vacations of Academician Evfimiy Karskiy: Crimea and Beyond (for the 160th Anniversary of His Birth)
Authors: Bondar Larisa
Published: April 2022

The article reconstructs the places of the summer vacancy of the academician-Slavist Evfimiy Fyodorovich Karskiy (1860—1931) during the entire time of his scientific and educational activity (since his graduation from the Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute) on the basis of several groups of sources: reports (published and archival) on Karskiy's summer trips, his scientific publications, official documents (stored in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, the Polish State Archive), published minutes of the Council of the Imperial Warsaw University, correspondence of the scientist from the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Prague, memoirs of members of the academician's family. The favorite places of repeated summer stay of the academician's family are: Grodnenskaya province (Migovo and Ponemun estates), Crimea and the village Luga in the Leningradskaya region. The first trip to the resort — to Alushta —  was taken by E. F. Karskiy, as the rector of the Warsaw University, just before his retirement, at the age of 49. E. F. Karskiy's second trip to the Crimea took place in the summer of 1914. The study managed to identify one of the photographs from the family archive of A. A. Karskyj as image of a dacha of the late 19th — early 20th century, owned by the hydrogeologist I. M. Peddakas, whose appearance was unknown for Alushta historians and museum workers.
“They Began to Bring Me More and More Tatar Things…”: Alexander Berthier de la Garde Crimean Tatar Collection in His Letters to Nikolay Veselovsky (1907—1913)
Authors: Zaytsev Ilya
Published: April 2022

The article publishes 8 letters by the Crimean collector and historian Alexander Berthier de la Garde (1842—1920) addressed to the outstanding Russian Orientalist Nikolay Veselovsky (1848—1918). The letters from 1907 to 1913 are preserved now in the Archive of the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art in Moscow. These documents are an important source for the history of the Crimean Tatar part of the collection of A. L. Berthier De la Garde, which was sold in parts in 1919 shortly before the collector's death. References to the origin of objects, their descriptions and Arabic inscriptions on weapons are very important in the letters. The Appendix contains two notes by N. I. Veselovsky about the portrait of the Crimean Khan Shahin-Giray and the sabre from the collection of A. L. Berthier-De la Garde.
On the Question of Attribution Countermarks “Ear” оn the Coins and Panticapaeum and Phanagoria
Authors: Choref Mikhail
Published: April 2022

Our attention was attracted by the counters of the “ear” group on the tetrahalks of Panticapaeum and Phanagoria with images of Artemis on the obverse and fallow deer on the reverse. We believe that they appeared in the Pontic period. It is possible that they were imposed on the initiative of Neoptolem at temporary mints of military settlements in order to increase the denomination to diobol. It was not by chance that a neutral symbol was chosen, but at the same time, a very well-known symbol to the local population — the “ear”. Its appearance was due to the importance of the Bosporus for Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius as a major food supplier. The same circumstance should explain the fact of placing a counter-frame on that part of the coin field where Artemis’s bow and bow were previously minted. After all, Nepotolem managed to pacify the Bosporus, subordinate it to the power of the Pontic sovereign.
Crimea in the Space of Soviet Everyday Culture
Authors: Olga Sapanzha
Published: April 2022

An analysis of the main stages in the evolution of ideas about Crimea as the main Russian and Soviet resort — from the end of the 19th century to the late Soviet period — is the focus of this paper. Tavrida, the Crimean Republic, and then the Crimean region created a canon of perception of this place — fragments of ancient civilization, “Red Nice” or a real all-Union health resort for all residents of the Soviet Union. It was necessary to fill the Soviet space outside Crimea with signs that represent the history of Crimea and the new Crimean recreational reality for this canon to become an element of everyday culture. These were reflections of history and culture in works of fine and decorative art, industrial design, souvenirs, as well as objects that record memories of a trip to Crimea.
On the Crimean Tatar Tillage and Corn-Trade from the 15th to 18th Century (According to the Written Sources Accounts)
Authors: Konkin Denis
Published: April 2022

The development of agriculture is directly related to the sedentarization of the nomads, primarily concerning the areas inside the Crimean Peninsula. Already in the fifteenth century, there appeared accounts on the practice of agriculture among the nomadic Tatar population in the Northern Black Sea Area. By the sixteenth century, the Crimean Tatar nobility established permanent stationary residences in the peninsula. The Crimean khans pursued an organized policy encouraging settled way of life of the ordinary population. The refusal of nomadism did not mean that the population turned to agriculture. The stationary residence in the Crimea allowed the former nomads to continue cattle-breeding, but with certain corrections, leaving a space for agriculture (the so-called “mobile cattle-breeding”). The account of seventeenth-century sources does not allow the conclusion that the Crimean Tatar economic life in the Crimean Peninsula radically changed by the moment. A certain amount of land resources was now used for farming, and a part of the harvest was exported from the Crimea. However, the sources inform that the Crimean Tatars used to ignore tillage and forced their numerous slaves to do this work. It was only the eighteenth century when, due to the economic and geopolitical changes in the region, agriculture became a really important economic branch among the whole population of the Crimea. Anyway, the development of this branch still was at a low level. The products of agriculture were more in demand inside the peninsula. A part of Crimean grain, primarily wheat, was sold abroad. This export became a significant but never the most important source which filled the khan’s treasury.
Sailing off the Coast of Crimea in Antiquity and Middle Ages: the Results of Research of the Underwater Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Sevastopol State University
Authors: Lebedinski Victor
Published: April 2022

During underwater archaeological investigation in the water area of Sevastopol, a joint expedition of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Sevastopol State University discovered two unique underwater objects. Near the settlement of Balaklava, as a result of exploration using side-scan sonar, the shipwrecks were located, which date back to the 11th — 12th centuries AD Further studies of these deep-water objects (their depth is 85—86 meters) were carried out using a Remotely Operated Vehicle. Well-preserved fragments of wooden structures of ships were found, as well as, on one of the ships, a cargo consisting of amphorae.