bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of implant design on survival and success rates of titanium oral implants: a 10‐year prospective cohort study of the ITI® Dental Implant System
Authors: Karoussis Ioannis K. , Brägger Urs , Salvi Giovanni E. , Bürgin Walter , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: December 2004

Aim: The aim of this 10‐year study (observation time 8–12 years, mean: 10 years) was to compare the survival rates, success rates and incidences of biological complications using three different implant designs of the ITI® Dental Implant System.

Material and methods: In 89 dental patients treated comprehensively, a total of 112 hollow screw (HS), 49 hollow cylinder (HC) and 18 angulated hollow cylinder (AHC) implants were installed depending on the available bone volume and according to prosthetic needs. One and 10 years after surgical placement, clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed. The incidences of peri‐implantitis according to various thresholds were registered over 10 years of maintenance.

Results: Success criteria at 10 years were set at: pocket probing depth (PPD)5 mm, bleeding on probing (BoP)−, bone loss < 0.2 mm annually. The survival rate for HS was 95.4%, for HC 85.7% and for AHC 91.7%. Ninety percent of all the HS, 71% of the HC and 88% of the AHC did not present with an incidence of peri‐implantitis over the 10 years, HC having significantly higher incidence of peri‐implantitis than HS (P< 0.004). With the success criteria set above, a success rate for HS of 74%, for HC of 63% and for AHC of 61% was identified at 10 years. However, including a definition of PPD6 mm, BoP − and bone loss < 0.2 mm annually for success, the rates for HS were 78%, for HC 65% and for AHC 67%, respectively. Basing success criteria purely on clinical parameters (without radiographic analysis), such as: PPD5 mm and BoP−, the success rates increased to 90%, 76% and 89%, respectively. With PPD6 mm and BoP – as success criteria chosen, the respective rates were 94%, 82% and 94% for HS, HC and AHC implants, respectively.

Conclusions: A significantly higher survival rate as well as a significantly lower incidence of peri‐implantitis was identified for hollow screw design ITI® Dental Implants after 10 years of service when compared to hollow cylinder design ITI® Dental Implants (95.4% vs. 85.7%; 10% vs. 29%). Depending on the setting of the threshold criteria for success, success rates are highly variable and hence, reporting of success rates with elaboration on the criteria set appears crucial for comparison of different studies.
Histologic findings at augmented bone areas supplied with two different bone substitute materials combined with sinus floor lifting
Authors: Ewers Rolf , Goriwoda Walter , Schopper Christian , Moser Doris , Spassova Else
Published: December 2004

This case report is focused on the histologic findings of bone tissue supplied with two different hydroxyapatites (HAs) used for maxillary sinus floor grafting in the same patient after various healing intervals. An insufficient unilateral sinus floor grafting with Bio‐Oss® biomaterial was followed by an additional grafting procedure with Algipore® biomaterial performed 4 years later. Bone samples obtained during second‐stage dental implantation contained the interesting combination of Bio‐Oss®, a bovine anorganic bone substitute, and Algipore®, a porous algae‐derived HA, in close vicinity, yet after different healing periods. Light microscopy exhibited satisfactory osseointegration of both grafting materials. However, Bio‐Oss® biomaterial showed no evidence of substantial remodeling after a healing period of 4.5 years. On the other hand, Algipore® particles demonstrated signs of remodeling by being locally resorbed and partially replaced with newly formed bone already within 6 months.
Patterns of tissue remodeling after placement of ITI® dental implants using an osteotome technique: a longitudinal radiographic case cohort study
Authors: Brägger Urs , Gerber Claude , Joss Andreas , Haenni Stephan , Meier Andreas , Hashorva Enkeljd , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to document radiographically tissue remodeling patterns around ITI® implants placed according to an osteotome technique. In 19 consecutive patients from a private practice, 25 implants of the ITI® Dental Implant System were placed subjacent to the sinus floor. Implant beds were pre‐prepared with pilot drills and/or using the Summers Osteotome Kit®. Bio Oss® particles were mixed with autologous bone and inserted into the apex area. Implants were placed self‐tapping. The sinus floors were thereby pushed up with attempts not to sever the Schneiderian membrane. Healing occurred submerged or semi‐submerged and was uneventful in 24/25 implants. At 1 year, all implants had been restored with crowns or short fixed partial dentures. One implant was lost in the first 3 weeks, but was replaced 6 months later in a second attempt. Intraoral radiographs were obtained presurgically and postsurgically at 3 and 12 months. The mean preoperative distance between the sinus floor and the crest was 7.0 mm (range 2.3–10.3 mm). The mean distances between the implant apex and the initial sinus floor were: 3.66±1.74 mm mesially and 4.44±1.62 mm distally. The mean height of the new bone reaching apically and mesially to the implants was 1.52±2.48 mm at surgery, but was reduced significantly to 1.24±1.30 mm at 3 months and 0.29±1.91 mm after 12 months (Hotelling's test P≤0.01). Similar values were obtained at the disto‐apical aspects. In an attempt to assess periapical bone/graft remodeling, a novel index was applied: 0=no bone/graft visible, 1=cloudy appearance of new bone/graft, 2=clearly visible new bone/graft disappearing structures of original sinus floor, 3=new bone/graft with new cortical plate and the former boundary of the sinus floor disappearing. This index increased statistically significantly from baseline to 12 months (Hotelling's test P≤0.02). In conclusion, this study shows that in areas with reduced bone height subjacent to the sinus, an osteotome technique may provide a minimally invasive way to obtain implant abutments predictably. The grafted area apical to the implants undergoes shrinkage and remodeling. The original boundary of the sinus is eventually consolidated and replaced by a new cortical plate. In addition to the linear measurements, the novel index may assist in assessing periapical remodeling at implants placed with an osteotome technique.
Radiologic measurements of the mandible: a comparison between CT‐reformatted and conventional tomographic images
Authors: Tomomi Hanazawa , Tsukasa Sano , Kenji Seki , Tomohiro Okano
Published: December 2004

Abstract: This study was carried out to compare the accuracy of determination of the mandibular contour and the position of the mandibular canal in cadaver mandibles by the multiplanar reconstruction method (MPR‐CT), which has recently come to be used widely for preoperative examinations, with those by tomographic techniques and to evaluate the usefulness of MPR‐CT. Using three imaging systems, i.e. Quantum CT scanner, Scanora, and OP‐100, a total of 6 sites were scanned in the molar regions of 3 cadaver mandibles. The images obtained were measured twice each by 4 radiologists. The anatomic structures measured were the height and thickness of the mandible, distance from the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal, and distance from the buccal cortical bone to the mandibular canal. After scanning, the scanned areas of the mandibles were sliced at a thickness of 2 mm, and soft X‐ray images of these slices were obtained. The values of the above 4 anatomic structures obtained by measurements in the soft X‐ray radiograms using digital‐display calipers were regarded as true values. When compared with the true values, the errors in the distance from the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal were within 1 mm (±1 mm) in 93.7% of the measurements by Direct‐CT, 89.6% of the measurements by MPR‐CT, 87.5% of the measurements by Scanora, and 47.9% of the measurements by OP‐100, and the accuracy of the 4 methods ranked in the order of Direct‐CT, MPR‐CT, Scanora, and OP‐100. A similar tendency was observed in the measurements of other anatomic structures, and statistically significant differences were observed among the methods. Thus, MPR‐CT allows more accurate measurements than by the other 2 tomographic techniques,and to be useful as a preoperative examination for implant surgery.
Low‐level laser therapy stimulates bone–implant interaction: an experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Khadra Maawan , Rønold Hans J. , Lyngstadaas Ståle P. , Ellingsen Jan E. , Haanæs Hans R.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) with a gallium‐aluminium‐arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser device on titanium implant healing and attachment in bone. This study was performed as an animal trial of 8 weeks duration with a blinded, placebo‐controlled design. Two coin‐shaped titanium implants with a diameter of 6.25 mm and a height of 1.95 mm were implanted into cortical bone in each proximal tibia of twelve New Zealand white female rabbits (n=48). The animals were randomly divided into irradiated and control groups. The LLLT was used immediately after surgery and carried out daily for 10 consecutive days. The animals were killed after 8 weeks of healing. The mechanical strength of the attachment between the bone and 44 titanium implants was evaluated using a tensile pullout test. Histomorphometrical analysis of the four implants left in place from four rabbits was then performed. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis was applied for analyses of calcium and phosphorus on the implant test surface after the tensile test. The mean tensile forces, measured in Newton, of the irradiated implants and controls were 14.35 (SD±4.98) and 10.27 (SD±4.38), respectively, suggesting a gain in functional attachment at 8 weeks following LLLT (P=0.013). The histomorphometrical evaluation suggested that the irradiated group had more bone‐to‐implant contact than the controls. The weight percentages of calcium and phosphorus were significantly higher in the irradiated group when compared to the controls (P=0.037) and (P=0.034), respectively, suggesting that bone maturation processed faster in irradiated bone. These findings suggest that LLLT might have a favourable effect on healing and attachment of titanium implants.
Analysis of MG63 osteoblastic‐cell response to a new nanoporous implant surface by means of a microarray technology
Authors: Carinci Francesco , Pezzetti Furio , Volinia Stefano , Francioso Francesca , Arcelli Diego , Marchesini Jlenia , Caramelli Elisabetta , Piattelli Adriano
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Surface implant modifications have been shown to have a relevant importance in modifying cell response. Expression profiling by DNA microarray is a new molecular technology that allows the analysis of gene expression in a cell system. By using DNA microarrays containing 19,200 genes, we identified in osteoblast‐like cells line (MG‐63) on new implant surface (nanoPORE, Out‐Link, Sweden and Martina, Due Carrare, Padova, Italy), several genes whose expressions were significantly down‐regulated. The differentially expressed genes cover a broad range of functional activities: (a) immunity, (b) vesicular transport (c) apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. It was also possible to detect some genes whose function is unknown. The data reported are, to our knowledge, the first genetic portrait of an implant surface. They can be relevant to better understand the molecular mechanism of implant osseointegration and as a model for comparing other materials.
Effects of cortical bone perforation on experimental guided bone regeneration
Authors: Nishimura Ichiro , Shimizu Yoshinaka , Ooya Kiyoshi
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cortical bone perforation histologically and histomorphometrically on guided bone regeneration (GBR) in rabbits. After elimination of the periosteum, cortical bone defects of two sizes were made in the external cortical plate of the frontal bone (Group A: 1×15 mm; Group B: 3×15 mm). A non‐resorbable membrane filled with autogenous blood was placed in the experimental area and secured with titanium pins. After 1 and 2 weeks, vascularized connective tissue and new bone were generated in the space surrounding the defects in both the groups. The amount of vascularized connective tissue generated in Group B was greater than that in Group A at 1 week. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was expressed on the bone surrounding the perforation. The expression of ALP was more extensive in Group B than in Group A and was proportional to the breadth of perforation. At 2 weeks, the perforated region was almost covered with new bone in Group A. ALP was expressed at the periphery of newly formed bone. The expression of ALP was proportional to the breadth and height of perforation. At 6 weeks, semicircular outgrowth of bone towards the periphery of the perforated region was observed in both the groups. Newly formed bone volume and ALP expression in Group B were more extensive than those in Group A. At 12 weeks, the space was filled with bone and connective tissue in both the groups. There was no difference in ALP expression between Groups A and B. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant differences between both the groups (two‐way ANOVA, P<0.01). We conclude that a larger perforation is associated with prompter bone formation in the secluded space during GBR.
Immediate occlusal loading of Osseotite implants in the lower edentulous jaw
Authors: Testori Tiziano , Meltzer Alan , Fabbro Massimo Del , Zuffetti Francesco , Troiano Miguel , Francetti Luca , Weinstein Roberto Lodovico
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Objective: This paper reports the results of a prospective multicenter clinical study on immediately fully occlusally loaded full‐arch screw‐retained prostheses with distal extensions (hybrid prostheses) supported by Osseotite implants inserted in edentulous lower jaws.

Method and material: Sixty‐two patients were enrolled in four clinical centers. Three hundred and twenty‐five Osseotite implants were inserted and occlusally loaded according to an immediate loading protocol. The temporary prosthesis was delivered 4 h from surgery. The final prosthesis was delivered after 6 months. Marginal bone loss was monitored from periapical radiographs using a computerized technique.

Results: Two implants failed to integrate within 2 months of occlusal loading. A cumulative implant success rate of 99.4% was achieved for a period of 12–60 months postplacement (mean 28.6±14.1 (SD) months). Crestal bone loss around the immediately loaded implants was similar to that reported for standard delayed loading protocols.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible by an immediate occlusally loaded hybrid prosthesis supported by five to six Osseotite implants represents a viable alternative treatment to classic delayed loading protocols.
Problems related to an intraoral approach for experimental surgery on minipigs
Authors: Olsen Mikal Lynge , Aaboe Merete , Hjørting‐Hansen Erik , Hansen Axel Kornerup
Published: December 2004

The purpose of the present study was to compare block and particulated bone grafts for jaw augmentation in combination with immediate implant placement. Bone defects measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 30 mm were prepared on each side of the mandible of eight minipigs. After a healing period of 3 months, the defects in four animals were augmented with iliac crest grafts as a block or particulated graft, combined with immediate implant insertion. Clinical inspection was performed after 14 days. Complete exposure of grafts and implants was discovered. The surgical procedures were altered in the fifth animal. Inspection was made after 4 days showing no alterations. However, after another 7 days, grafts and implants were exposed. Consequently, the study was discontinued and all eight animals were killed. It is concluded that an intraoral approach is not applicable for this type of experimental surgery in minipigs. This paper describes some of the presumed reasons for the failure of the study.
Hard‐tissue alterations following immediate implant placement in extraction sites
Authors: Botticelli Daniele , Berglundh Tord , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2004

Background: The marginal gap that may occur following implant installation in an extraction socket may be resolved by hard‐tissue fill during healing.

Objective: To study dimensional alterations of hard tissues that occur following tooth extraction and immediate placement of implants.

Material and methods: Eighteen subjects with a total of 21 teeth scheduled for extraction were included. Following flap elevation and the removal of a tooth and implant installation, clinical measurements were made to characterize the dimension of the surrounding bone walls, as well as the marginal defect. No membranes or filler material was used. The flaps were subsequently replaced and secured with sutures in such a way that the healing cap of the implant was exposed to the oral environment. After 4 months of healing a re‐entry procedure was performed and the clinical measurements were repeated.

Results: Fifty‐two marginal defects exceeding 3 mm were present at baseline: 21 at buccal, 17 at lingual/palatal, and 14 at approximal surfaces. At the re‐entry eight defects exceeding 3.0 mm remained. During the 4 months of healing, the bone walls of the extraction underwent marked change. The horizontal resorption of the buccal bone dimension amounted to about 56%. The corresponding resorption of the lingual/palatal bone was 30%. The vertical bone crest resorption amounted to 0.3±0.6 mm (buccal), 0.6±1.0 mm (lingual/palatal), 0.2±0.7 mm (mesial), and 0.5±0.9 mm (distal).

Conclusion: The marginal gap that occurred between the metal rod and the bone tissue following implant installation in an extraction socket may predictably heal with new bone formation and defect resolution. The current results further documented that marginal gaps in buccal and palatal/lingual locations were resolved through new bone formation from the inside of the defects and substantial bone resorption from the outside of the ridge.
Cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive periodontitis: influence of smoking and stress
Authors: Kamma Joanna J. , Giannopoulou Catherine , Vasdekis Vassilis G. S. , Mombelli Andrea
Published: December 2004

Background: Cigarette smoking and stress are considered risk factors that have been associated with periodontal disease progression. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the direct influence of smoking on the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients. Cytokine production may also be influenced by smoking and stress leading to an imbalance that disturbs the host–parasite relationship.

Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IL‐8 in aggressive or early onset periodontitis (EOP) patients and in healthy controls (H), psychosocial stress being considered as modifying factor.

Material and Methods: Sixty‐five EOP and 35 periodontally healthy individuals participated in this cross‐sectional study. All the participants were interviewed about their smoking habits and their stressful social events. Clinical examination included the assessment of plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD). GCF was collected using durapore strips, from four sites per patient, randomly selected in each quadrant. The total amounts of IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were measured in a total of 400 samples using commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results: All clinical parameters were significantly higher in the EOP group compared to the H group. There were no significant differences between EOP smokers and EOP non‐smokers with regard to plaque accumulation, CAL and PPD of the sampling sites, whereas mean CAL and PPD of the diseased sites were greater in EOP smokers than in EOP non‐smokers. In addition, EOP smokers seemed to have significantly less BOP and greater bone loss compared to EOP non‐smokers. Significant interactions between “EOP” and “smoking” were present for total amounts of IL‐1β and IL‐4. IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8 showed significant main effects with healthy smokers and healthy non‐smokers, respectively. For IL‐8, stress presented a statistically significant interaction with smoking status and EOP (F=4.742, p=0.030). More specifically EOP smokers were statistically affected by stress.

Conclusions: Smoking influences host‐related factors including cytokine network. The relative importance of smoking and stress‐related alterations and their precise mode of action in increasing the risk of aggressive periodontitis remains to be elucidated.
The impact of childhood sexual abuse on dental fear
Authors: Willumsen Tiril
Published: December 2004

Abstract  – 

Objective:  Dental fear is a risk factor for poor oral health. Thus, treatment of dental fear is a challenge to dentists. The consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may include dental fear. A history of CSA complicates dental fear treatment, and it is often a secret. The aim of this study was to explore differences in subjective evaluations of use of dental services, experiences of dental treatment situations, dental appearance and dental problems in women who report both CSA and dental fear, and women who report dental fear only.

Methods:  In an anonymous survey, 58 women with dental fear and a history of CSA were compared with 25 women with dental fear without CSA. Twenty‐five women without dental fear acted as a control group.

Results:  No differences between dental fear patients with and without a history of CSA were found in subjective evaluations of use of dental services, dental appearance and dental problems, or in the scores on the Dental Fear Scale (DFS). Women who reported a history of CSA and dental fear had statistically significant higher scores on the Dental Belief Scale (DBS).

Conclusion:  The results suggest that women who report dental fear and a history of CSA assess interpersonal factors concerning communication, trust, fear of negative information and lack of control as more fear evoking than women who report dental fear without a history of CSA.
Utilities of dentin regeneration among insured and uninsured adults
Authors: Ismail Amid I. , Birch Stephen , Sohn Woosung , Lepkowski James M. , Belli Robert F.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  – 

Objectives:  This population‐based study measured utilities (preferences measured under conditions of uncertainty) of dentin regeneration (DR), a potential new therapy, root canal therapy (RCT), and extraction (EXT).

Methods:  A representative sample of dentate adults (aged 18–69 years) was randomly selected from the Detroit area. A computer program was used to administer the standard gamble (SG) method and record utility score (US) for treatment options of a tooth with reversible pulpitis using the SG method. For the SG method, two anchor states were used: filled tooth with full oral health and filled tooth with severe and continuous pain leading to EXT. Additional data were obtained using a self‐administered questionnaire.

Results:  Out of the 807 adults who resided in 446 screened and selected households, a final sample of 630 adults who resided in 368 households were interviewed. The mean US for DR with 75 and 95% success rates were 72.5 and 86.2 (on a 0–100 scale), respectively. The US for RCT and immediate EXT were 75.6 and 31.3, respectively. Eleven per cent of the adults valued DR with 95% success probability higher than a simple filling with full oral health for life. There were no statistically significant differences in the average US of DR between insured and uninsured adults. Factors such as gender, race, education, income and insurance status, experiences with EXTs or root canal treatment, regularity of dental visits, quality of life, and quality of oral health were not significantly associated with the scores of DR. There was, however, a small but significant interaction between race and dental insurance, and race and gender.

Conclusion:  This population‐based study found that DR was highly preferred to other standard treatment options.
Soluble hemoglobin–haptoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 as a lineage‐specific marker in the reactive hemophagocytic syndrome
Authors: Schaer Dominik J. , Schleiffenbaum Boris , Kurrer Michael , Imhof Alexander , Bächli Esther , Fehr Jörg , Moller Holger J. , Moestrup Soren K. , Schaffner Andreas
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) is a disease of overwhelming macrophage activity triggered by infection, malignancy or autoimmune disorders. Currently used laboratory markers for the quantitative assessment of monocyte/macrophage activation lack lineage‐restricted expression patterns and thus specificity. Serum levels of the macrophage specific scavenger receptor CD163 were detemined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were found to be highly increased in patients with RHS (median 39.0 mg/L). Significantly lower levels were determined in patients with sepsis (median 9.1 mg/L), acute mononucleosis (median 8.2 mg/L), Leishmania infection (median 6.7 mg/L) and healthy controls (median 1.8 mg/L). Follow‐up of patients with a relapsing course of the disease revealed close correlations of sCD163 with clinical disease activity, serum ferritin and other markers of macrophage activity. Large sinusoidal accumulations of CD163 expressing macrophages actively engaged in phagocytosis of blood cells were detected in spleen sections of RHS patients. Our data suggests sCD163 to be a macrophage‐specific marker in patients with disorders of inappropriate macrophage activation.
Coculture of native human acute myelogenous leukemia blasts with fibroblasts and osteoblasts results in an increase of vascular endothelial growth factor levels
Authors: Glenjen Nils Idar , Hatfield Kimberley , Bruserud Øystein
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Objectives: Angiogenesis seems important in the development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is constitutively secreted by the AML blasts for a subset of patients, but it can also be released by non‐leukemic bone marrow cells. Methods: VEGF levels were determined after coculture of native human AML blasts with fibroblast lines, osteoblastic sarcoma cell lines, normal bone marrow stromal cells and normal osteoblasts. Cultures were prepared with leukemic and non‐leukemic cells separated by a semipermeable membrane or in direct contact. Results: The non‐leukemic cells usually showed higher spontaneous VEGF release than AML cell populations. Coculture of AML blasts with HFL1 fibroblasts caused a supra‐additive increase of VEGF levels when the cell populations were cultured separately, and the increase was also observed when cells were cultured in direct contact. An increase was also observed when AML blasts were cultured with osteoblastic sarcoma cells, normal bone marrow stromal cells and normal osteoblasts. Coculture had divergent effects on VEGF mRNA levels both for leukemic and non‐leukemic cells, but increased mRNA levels were commonly observed especially for the non‐leukemic cells. Cytokine inhibition experiments suggest that IL1 is important for the VEGF‐increasing crosstalk, whereas the mechanisms are probably heterogeneous for coculture with osteoblasts. Conclusion: The bi‐directional crosstalk via local cytokine networks between AML blasts and non‐leukemic cells results in increased local VEGF levels, an observation suggesting that VEGF‐targeting antiangiogenic therapy should be considered as a general therapeutic strategy in AML.
Reversal of heart failure in thalassemia major by combined chelation therapy: a case report
Authors: Tsironi M. , Deftereos S. , Andriopoulos P. , Farmakis D. , Meletis J. , Aessopos A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  In patients with thalassemia major (TM) who are non‐compliant with long‐term desferrioxamine (DFO) chelation, survival is limited mainly because of cardiac complications of transfusional hemosiderosis. Combined chelation therapy with DFO and deferiprone has maximized the efficacy of the therapy and reduced cardiological complications. The aim of this report is to present the results of this combination in a desperate case of heart failure.
Re‐immunisation schedule in leukaemic children after intensive chemotherapy: a possible strategy
Authors: Fioredda Francesca , Plebani Alessandro , Hanau Guia , Haupt Riccardo , Giacchino Mareva , Barisone Elena , Balbo Luciano , Castagnola Elio
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  The aim of this retrospective study was to test the residual humoral immunity to compulsory vaccines after the end of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in a cohort of 70 Italian children. All the patients, who had been immunised according to the Italian schedule prior to the disease, were tested for antibody levels against tetanus and hepatitis B at a median of 10 months after the end of therapy. Median age at diagnosis of leukaemia was 48 months, and median age at vaccine titration was 84 months. The protective level of antibodies for tetanus and hepatitis B was shown in 83% and 81% of patients, respectively; the remaining 17% and 19% were not protected against the two pathogens. Double negativity was observed in only four of 62 (6%) patients in the cohort. These data were comparable with published data regarding healthy children of the same age and from the same geographical areas. Therefore, given the direct and indirect costs of performing laboratory tests, as well as the cost of revaccination, our proposal is to continue the vaccination schedule according to the child's age without any titration screening 6 months after the end of therapy. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations.
PET‐CT imaging of combined brachial and lumbosacral neurolymphomatosis
Authors: Kanter Pazit , Zeidman Aliza , Streifler Jonathan , Marmelstein Victor , Even‐Sapir Einat , Metser Ur , Stein Gideon Y. , Cohen Amos M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Neurolymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of progressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. A 44‐yr‐old man with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma presented with unilateral progressive peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy after the 7th cycle of R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) therapy. No pathology in the nervous system was evident by computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head, spinal axis and plexuses and by repeated analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. However, the hybrid modality of positron emission tomography (PET) of fluorinated deoxyglucose (FDG) combined with CT scan (PET‐CT) showed unilateral involvement of both the brachial and lumbosacral nervous plexuses. A complete recovery of neurological manifestations and normalization of PET‐CT followed intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. The diagnosis and localization of neurolymphomatosis may be supported by PET‐CT imaging.
Effects of bone morphogenetic protein‐6 on periodontal wound healing in a fenestration defect of rats
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Kuang , Shen Chin , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Hsieh Yao‐Dung , Fu Earl
Published: December 2004

Background:  Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) may play significant roles in bone formation. The ability of BMP‐6 to promote wound healing has been chosen as the subject of this investigation. In this study, a synthetic rat BMP‐6 polypeptide was applied to a periodontal fenestration defect in rats to elucidate the effects of BMP‐6 on periodontal wound healing.

Material and methods:  Following surgery to create a bony window on the buccal aspects of mandibular molar roots, 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups according to BMP application (0, 1, 3 and 10 µg, respectively). Animals were killed after 28 days and the mandible taken for histological examination. Histometric measurements were performed on sections selected from three levels (coronal, middle and apical levels; with 240 µm apart from the central) of the defect. New bone and cementum formation (including area and thickness) were analyzed and compared.

Results:  In general, minimal new bone was observed on the surgically created defects in the non‐BMP group, whereas a complete osseous healing occurred in all BMP‐6 treated animals. New bone formation (both in area and thickness) was significantly influenced by both the dosage and the examining level, whereas new cementum formation was affected by dosage only. An increase in bone and cementum formation was noted in all three BMP groups when compared with the control group at all examined levels. Among the BMP groups, greatest new bone and cementum formation were noted in the 3 µg group. New cementum thickness increased on the cementum surfaces of the defects compared with the dentinal surfaces in all study groups.

Conclusion:  An increase in new bone and cementum formation was noted after applying a synthetic BMP‐6 polypeptide to a periodontal fenestration defect in rats. Therefore, we suggest that BMP‐6 may play a certain role in periodontal regeneration.
Central nicotinic stimulation reduces vascular conductance in the gingiva in anesthetized rats
Authors: Nakamura Taiji , Ono Kentaro , Honda Eiko , Yokota Makoto , Inenaga Kiyotoshi
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The central effects of nicotine on gingival blood flow and vascular conductance were investigated.

Background:  Nicotine is absorbed in cigarette smoking, which is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Although studies have shown peripheral effects of nicotine on gingival blood flow and gingival vascular conductance, little is known about its central effects.

Methods:  We used laser Doppler flow measurements to investigate the changes of gingival blood flow produced by 5 min intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of (–)‐nicotine ditartrate in rats anesthetized by urethane and α‐chloralose, along with occasional measurements of the blood pressure from the femoral artery.

Results:  The i.c.v. injection of nicotine at 15, 50, and 150 µg reduced the gingival blood flow significantly, compared with saline. The maximal reduction was dose‐dependent. Next, we measured the blood pressure and gingival blood flow in the i.c.v. injection of nicotine at 50 µg, to calculate the gingival vascular conductance. The blood pressure was reduced, along with the change of gingival blood flow immediately after the injection, whereas the gingival vascular conductance fell with a time‐lag.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that the reduction of gingival blood flow by central nicotinic stimulation is accompanied in part by a change of vascular tonus in the gingiva.
Reduced hippocampal MT2 melatonin receptor expression in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Savaskan Egemen , Ayoub Mohammed A. , Ravid Rivka , Angeloni Debora , Fraschini Franco , Meier Fides , Eckert Anne , Müller‐Spahn Franz , Jockers Ralf
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  The aim of the present study was to identify the distribution of the second melatonin receptor (MT2) in the human hippocampus of elderly controls and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This is the first report of immunohistochemical MT2 localization in the human hippocampus both in control and AD cases. The specificity of the MT2 antibody was ascertained by fluorescence microscopy using the anti‐MT2 antibody in HEK 293 cells expressing recombinant MT2, in immunoblot experiments on membranes from MT2 expressing cells, and, finally, by immunoprecipitation experiments of the native MT2. MT2 immunoreactivity was studied in the hippocampus of 16 elderly control and 16 AD cases. In controls, MT2 was localized in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal subfields CA1‐4 and in some granular neurons of the stratum granulosum. The overall intensity of the MT2 staining was distinctly decreased in AD cases. The results indicate that MT2 may be involved in mediating the effects of melatonin in the human hippocampus, and this mechanism may be heavily impaired in AD.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the efficacy of melatonin in experimental stroke
Authors: Macleod Malcolm R. , O'Collins Tori , Horky Laura L. , Howells David W. , Donnan Geoffrey A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Melatonin is a candidate neuroprotective drug for ischaemic stroke. Any decision to proceed to clinical trial for such drugs should be based on an unbiased assessment of all available data. Such an assessment should include not only the efficacy of a drug but also the in vivo characteristics and limits – in terms of time window, dose, species and model of ischaemia used – to that efficacy. Here we use a systematic approach to establish the limits to and characteristics of the neuroprotective efficacy of melatonin in experimental stroke. We have used systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the evidence for a protective effect of melatonin in animal models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Fourteen studies were identified describing procedures involving 432 animals. The point estimate for the effect of melatonin was a 42.8% (95% CI 39.3–46.3%) improvement in outcome. Efficacy was greater when ketamine anaesthesia was used, and melatonin was equally effective in permanent or temporary ischaemia. Study quality was generally poor by clinical trial standards, and no evidence was found regarding the efficacy of melatonin in focal cerebral ischaemia in aged, hypertensive or diabetic animals, in species other than rats, or at time windows beyond 2 hr. These findings demonstrate a marked efficacy of melatonin in animal models of focal cerebral ischaemia, identify priority areas for future animal research, and suggest melatonin as a candidate neuroprotective drug for human stroke.
Signal transduction pathways involved in melatonin‐induced neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia in mice
Authors: Kilic Ülkan , Kilic Ertugrul , Reiter Russel J. , Bassetti Claudio L. , Hermann Dirk M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Because of its favorable action profile in humans, melatonin is a particularly interesting candidate as a neuroprotectant in acute ischemic stroke. Until now, the signaling mechanisms mediating melatonin's neuroprotective actions remained essentially uninvestigated. Herein, we examined the effects of melatonin, administered either orally for 9 wk as a stroke prophylactic (4 mg/kg/day) or intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion onset (4 mg/kg), on the activation of signal transduction pathways in mice submitted to 90 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 24 hr of reperfusion. In these studies, melatonin significantly reduced ischemic infarct size by ∼30–35%, as compared with animals receiving diluent (sham) treatment, independent of whether the indole was administered prior to or after ischemia. Under both conditions, animals receiving melatonin exhibited elevated phosphorylated Akt levels in their brains, as determined by Western blots. Additionally, phosphorylation levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐1/‐2 and Jun kinase (JNK)‐1/‐2 were increased following prophylactic, but not acute, melatonin treatment. Our data suggest a role of phosphatidyl inositol‐3 kinase/Akt signaling in acute melatonin‐induced neuroprotection, while ERK‐1/‐2 and/or JNK‐1/‐2 rather appear to be involved in melatonin's long‐term effects.
Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction
Authors: León Josefa , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío , Escames Germane , Tan Dun‐Xian , Reiter Russel J.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Melatonin, or N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine, is a compound derived from tryptophan that is found in all organisms from unicells to vertebrates. This indoleamine may act as a protective agent in disease conditions such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, aging, sepsis and other disorders including ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, melatonin has been proposed as a drug for the treatment of cancer. These disorders have in common a dysfunction of the apoptotic program. Thus, while defects which reduce apoptotic processes can exaggerate cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic conditions are made worse by enhanced apoptosis. The mechanism by which melatonin controls cell death is not entirely known. Recently, mitochondria, which are implicated in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, have been identified as a target for melatonin actions. It is known that melatonin scavenges oxygen and nitrogen‐based reactants generated in mitochondria. This limits the loss of the intramitochondrial glutathione and lowers mitochondrial protein damage, improving electron transport chain (ETC) activity and reducing mtDNA damage. Melatonin also increases the activity of the complex I and complex IV of the ETC, thereby improving mitochondrial respiration and increasing ATP synthesis under normal and stressful conditions. These effects reflect the ability of melatonin to reduce the harmful reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential that may trigger mitochondrial transition pore (MTP) opening and the apoptotic cascade. In addition, a reported direct action of melatonin in the control of currents through the MTP opens a new perspective in the understanding of the regulation of apoptotic cell death by the indoleamine.
Different Endocytosis Pathways of the C5a Receptor and the N‐formyl Peptide Receptor
Authors: Suvorova Elena S. , Gripentrog Jeannie M. , Miettinen Heini M.
Published: December 2004

Two chemoattractant receptors, C5aR (the complement fragment C5a receptor) and FPR (the N‐formyl peptide receptor), are involved in neutrophil activation at sites of inflammation. In this study, we found major differences in the intracellular trafficking of the receptors in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Western blot analysis showed that FPR was stable during a 3 h stimulation with ligand, but C5aR was reduced in quantity by 50%. Not all C5aR was targeted directly for degradation however; a small, but visible fraction of the receptor became re‐phosphorylated upon subsequent addition of ligand, suggesting that some of the receptor had cycled to the cell surface. Light membrane fractions isolated from activated cells showed C5aR distribution at the bottom of a glycerol gradient, colocalizing with the main distribution of the late endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP2, whereas FPR was found at the bottom of the gradient as well as in the middle of the gradient, where it cofractionated with the early/sorting endosomal marker Rab5. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed ligand‐dependent redistribution of C5aR‐EGFP from the plasma membrane to LAMP2‐positive compartments, whereas FPR‐EGFP showed significant colocalization with the early/sorting endosomes. Analysis of endogenous C5aR and FPR in neutrophils revealed a pattern similar to the CHO transfectants: C5aR underwent degradation after prolonged ligand stimulation, while FPR did not. Finally, we confirmed the down‐regulation of C5aR in a functional assay by showing reduced chemotaxis toward C5a in both CHO transfectants and neutrophils after preincubation with C5a. A similar decrease in FPR‐mediated chemotaxis was not observed.
Sorting Nexins – Unifying Trends and New Perspectives
Authors: Carlton Jez , Bujny Miriam , Rutherford Anna , Cullen Pete
Published: December 2004

The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of PX domain‐containing proteins found in yeast and mammalian cells that have been proposed to regulate intracellular trafficking. Mammalian SNXs have been suggested to function variously in pro‐degradative sorting, internalization, endosomal recycling, or simply in endosomal sorting. In yeast, the defining function for these proteins is a regulation of cargo retrieval. Here we examine recent data on the SNX family of proteins and attempt to draw out unifying themes between the work performed in yeast and mammalian systems.
Multidisciplinary approach to the immediate esthetic repair and long‐term treatment of an oblique crown–root fracture
Authors: Villat C. , Machtou P. , Naulin‐Ifi C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  This case report describes the esthetic management of a dental trauma at the first visit and its subsequent treatments to restore the esthetics and function. Today, patients expect adequate esthetics and the ability to confidently smile immediately after the first appointment. In addition, they require that esthetics is maintained throughout the definitive treatment phase as well. After the use of the fractured crown as a temporary replacement crown, an orthodontic extrusion was undertaken to restore the physiological periodontal attachment. The tooth was then splinted for 6 months and at completion of this orthodontic stage, the permanent restoration was fabricated.
Potential efficacy of GTR and autogenous bone graft for autotransplantation to recipient sites with osseous defects: evaluation by re‐entry procedure
Authors: Imazato Satoshi , Fukunishi Kazuhiro
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  This clinical study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or autogenous bone graft for autotransplantation to recipient sites with an osseous defect, based on a substantial assessment of bone regeneration using a re‐entry procedure. Three cases of autotransplantation of a wisdom tooth to the position of first molar, in which moderate to extensive bone loss at the buccal alveolar plate was observed, were studied. Each tooth was transplanted with no additional treatment, or in conjunction with GTR or autogenous bone graft. Four to 20 months after surgery, a re‐entry procedure was performed to visually examine healing. When GTR membrane coverage or bone graft was used, previously absent alveolar bony plates regenerated and the initially exposed roots were covered with newly formed bone, while no bone formation was observed in the case without any additional procedure. These results demonstrate that both GTR and autogenous bone graft are beneficial for obtaining bone regeneration in autotransplantation to defective recipient sites, contributing to retaining space and excluding the contact of gingival connective tissue with periodontal ligaments.
A model of thalamocortical relay cells
Authors: Rhodes Paul A. , Llinás Rodolfo
Published: December 2004

It is well established that the main intrinsic electrophysiological properties of thalamocortical relay cells, production of a low threshold burst upon release from hyperpolarized potential and production of a train of single spikes following stimulation from depolarized potentials, can be readily modelled using a single compartment. There is, however, another less well explored intrinsic electrophysiological characteristic of relay cells for which models have not yet accounted: at somatic potentials near spike threshold, relay cells produce a fast ragged high threshold oscillation in somatic voltage. Optical [Ca2+] imaging and pharmacological tests indicate that this oscillation correlates with a high threshold Ca2+ current in the dendrites. Here we present the development of a new compartment model of the thalamic relay cell guided by the simultaneous constraints that it must produce the familiar regular spiking relay mode and low threshold rebound bursts which characterize these cells, as well as the less‐studied fast oscillation occurring at near‐threshold somatic potentials. We arrive at a model cell which is capable of the production of isolated high threshold Ca2+ spikes in distal branch segments, driven by a rapidly inactivating intermediate threshold Ca2+ channel. Further, the model produces the low threshold spike behaviour of the relay cell without requiring high T‐current density in the distal dendritic segments. The results thus support a new picture of the dendritic tree of relay cells which may have implications for the manner in which thalamic relay cells integrate descending input from the cortex.