bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In children with primary ciliary dyskinesia, which type of lung function test is the earliest determinant of decline in lung health: A systematic review
Authors: Zafar Adnan , Hall Michael
Published: October 2022

Background

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections and worsening obstructive lung disease. Kidney and brain involvement is less common and is associated with overlapping ciliopathies/syndromes. The lungs are impacted early in the course of the disease, so it is vital to monitor lung function and recognize any decline by doing appropriate lung function tests. This systematic review compares different lung function tests and analyzes which one becomes abnormal earlier in the disease.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted following the methodology in the “Cochrane Handbook on Systematic Reviews for diagnostic tests.” The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses were used to report the results. The risk of bias assessment was done using “The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews tool for interventional studies.” A meta‐analysis was not performed due to the small sample size. All studies were analyzed by using Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool.

Results

After screening for the duplication of results and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were assessed by reading the full texts. Out of these, eight were finally included in this systematic review. The total sample size from all studies was 165, including 80 males. All the studies used spirometry as a lung function test, whereas multiple breath washout was used in five studies. Other tests used for comparison were computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 6‐min walk test, DLCO, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, and PaO2. Lung clearance index (LCI) by multiple breath washout had a stronger association with the structural changes on CT/MRI than spirometry indices like forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of lung volume (FEF 25–75).

Conclusions

Based on the evidence from this systematic review, LCI becomes abnormal earlier than FEV1 or FEF 25–75 and positively correlates with the findings on high‐resolution CT. It has limitations like the lack of reference values and a complex technique to perform the test.
Theoretical Study of the Performance and Efficiency Droop of a ZnO‐Based Multiquantum Well Light‐Emitting Diode
Authors: Sadeghi Madavani Hamid Reza , Dehdashti Jahromi Hamed , Abdolahzadeh Ziabari Ali , Kamaly Abbas
Published: October 2022

A zinc oxide‐based multiquantum well light‐emitting diode is proposed in this paper. MgZnO is used as the barrier, and CdZnO compound is used as the quantum well. Due to difficulties toward synthesis of p‐ZnO, a p‐GaN layer is used as the top layer. Also, a p‐MgZnO layer is utilized as electron‐blocking layer. The performance and efficiency droop (ED) of the modeled device then are studied with different Mg and Cd concentration, thickness of quantum barrier, number of quantum well, and carrier concentration of p‐GaN layer. During an optimization operation, the optimized values of these parameters are determined. It is revealed that the carrier concentration of p‐GaN layer is the most influencing parameter on the quantum efficiency and ED of the modeled device.
Safety of macitentan for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: Real‐world experience from the OPsumit® USers Registry (OPUS) and OPsumit® Historical USers cohort (OrPHeUS)
Authors: McLaughlin Vallerie V. , Channick Richard , Kim Nick H. , Frantz Robert P. , McConnell John W. , Melendres‐Groves Lana , Miller Chad , Ravichandran Ashwin , Rodriguez‐Lopez Josanna , Brand Monika , Leroy Sandrine , Wetherill Graham , Chin Kelly M.
Published: October 2022

Macitentan is an oral endothelin receptor antagonist for the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The OPsumit® USers Registry (OPUS) and the OPsumit® Historical USers cohort (OrPHeUS) medical chart review provide real‐world data for patients newly initiating macitentan. This study aims to describe the characteristics, safety profile, and clinical outcomes of PAH patients newly treated with macitentan in the combined OPUS/OrPHeUS data set. OPUS was a prospective, multicenter, long‐term, observational drug registry from April 2014 to June 2020. OrPHeUS was a retrospective, US, multicenter chart review: observation period October 2013 to March 2017. All analyses were descriptive. At registry closure in June 2020, the combined population consisted of 5654 patients, of whom 81.9% were diagnosed with PAH. For these 4626 patients, median duration of macitentan exposure observed was 14.5 (Q1 = 5.2, Q3 = 29.0) months; idiopathic PAH (54.8%) was the most common form of PAH; macitentan was initiated as monotherapy (37.9%), or as part of double (48.0%) or triple therapy (14.1%); discontinuation due to nonhepatic/hepatic adverse events occurred in 17.1%/0.3% of patients; 9.9% of patients experienced ≥1 hepatic adverse events; Kaplan–Meier estimates showed that at 1 year 59.9% (95% confidence interval: 58.3, 61.5) of patients were free from hospitalization and survival was 90.4% (89.3, 91.3). This analysis of real‐world data from the combined OPUS and OrPHeUS populations demonstrated that macitentan is well tolerated in a large, diverse population of PAH patients, with overall and hepatic safety profiles consistent with previous macitentan clinical trials.
Dynamic reliability analysis of gear transmission system based on sparse grid numerical integration and saddle‐point approximation method
Authors: Chen Junhua , Chen Longmiao , Qian Linfang , Chen Guangsong , Miao Wei
Published: October 2022

Gear systems are widely used in various mechanical transmission systems. This paper aims to develop an effective and practical method for dynamic reliability analysis of gear transmission system. The proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the dynamic reliability of gear transmission system by adopting the fourth‐moment SPA method. First, a nonlinear dynamics model of a single‐stage spur gear transmission system is established, which simultaneously takes into account the nonlinear backlash, time‐varying meshing stiffness, and static transmission error. After that, a dynamic reliability model for the tooth surface contact fatigue failure of gear system is established with the uncertainty of the motion, structure, and material parameters using stress‐strength interference (SSI) theory. To be specific, the sparse grid numerical integration (SGNI) method is applied to solve the statistical characteristic parameters of the dynamic reliability of the system. The probability distribution of the performance function is obtained with the fourth‐moment SPA method. Test examples show that the results of the proposed method are consistent with the results obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and superior to the maximum entropy with fractional moments (ME‐FM) method, which verifies the effectiveness of this approach. Finally, the dynamic reliability of the gear transmission system with respect to load times is evaluated.
Improved Iterative Quantum Algorithm for Ground‐State Preparation
Authors: Liang Jin‐Min , Lv Qiao‐Qiao , Shen Shu‐Qian , Li Ming , Wang Zhi‐Xi , Fei Shao‐Ming
Published: October 2022

Finding the ground state of a Hamiltonian system is of great significance in many‐body quantum physics and quantum chemistry. An improved iterative quantum algorithm to prepare the ground state of a Hamiltonian is proposed. The crucial point is to optimize a cost function on the state space via the quantum gradient descent (QGD) implemented on quantum devices. Practical guideline on the selection of the learning rate in QGD are provided by finding a fundamental upper bound and establishing a relationship between the algorithm and the first‐order approximation of the imaginary time evolution. Furthermore, a variational quantum state preparation method is adapted as a subroutine to generate an ancillary state by utilizing only polylogarithmic quantum resources. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by numerical calculations of the deuteron molecule and Heisenberg model without and with noises. Compared with the existing algorithms, the approach has advantages including the higher success probability at each iteration, the measurement precision‐independent sampling complexity, the lower gate complexity, and only quantum resources are required when the ancillary state is well prepared.
Silver nitrate therapy for persistent tracheocutaneous fistula following prolonged tracheostomy and invasive ventilation: A case report
Authors: Sweeney Duncan J. , Chao Caroline , Ridgers Anna , Knee Chong Christine , Goldblatt Joshua , Seevanayagam Siven , Howard Mark E.
Published: October 2022

We report the case of a man with severe Guillain‐Barré syndrome who developed a persistent tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) following prolonged tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation. Following tracheostomy decannulation, the TCF had a deleterious effect on non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation efficacy and ability to effectively clear airway secretions due to air leaking from the patent stoma. This case highlights a non‐surgical approach to TCF management that is not well‐described in the literature and presents an alternative management option for cohorts of patients in which the risk associated with surgical interventions may be undesirable.
Novel criteria for stability and ℓ1‐gain analysis of switched positive time‐delay systems
Authors: Wang Peng , Sang Hong , Niu Ben
Published: October 2022

This research concerns stability and ‐gain analysis for discrete‐time switched positive systems with time‐varying delay. The switching among subsystems is orchestrated by a state‐dependent switching mechanism. Different from the existing relevant results for discrete‐time switched time‐delay systems with the similar switching framework, an ameliorative switching manner associated with a novel step‐dependent multiple linear copositive Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) is established, which eliminates the common constraint in the construction of the conventional LKF. Also, new criteria with less conservativeness are derived for the switched positive time‐delay systems to be asymptotically stable with an ‐gain performance. Finally, the proposed theoretical techniques are verified through the simulation example.
Advances in Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin
Authors: Wan Zhouyuanye , Zhang Hongjie , Guo Yanzhu , Li Haiming
Published: October 2022

The depletion of traditional fossil energy sources and increasing environmental concerns have sparked continued interest in the development and utilisation of renewable energy sources. Lignin is a renewable resource with an abundant aromatic ring structure and low price. However, the complex structure and low reactivity of lignin limit the development of its application. The depolymerization of lignin is considered to be an effective solution to this dilemma. The catalytic depolymerization of lignin allows the preparation of value‐added fine chemicals, such as monophenols and high‐grade biofuels, partially replacing some products based on petroleum resources. In order to produce biofuels and value‐added chemicals on a large scale through lignin depolymerization, it is necessary to develop efficient catalysts and mature catalytic systems. This review provides an overview of recent advances in catalytic depolymerization of lignin, both in terms of biocatalytic and chemical methods, respectively. Biocatalytic methods depolymerize lignin through the action of fungi, bacteria and enzymes. Chemical methods for depolymerization of lignin include pyrolysis, acid catalysis, base catalysis, oxidative catalysis, hydrogenolysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. In addition, through a detailed discussion of catalyst types, reaction mechanisms and product properties, we summarise the current opportunities and challenges for the catalytic conversion of lignin and provide an outlook on future developments in this field.
Fabrication of a ZnO Hexagonal Plates/rGO Composite for Application in Nitrite Sensing and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Khan Mohd Quasim , Khan Rais Ahmad , Ahmad Khursheed , Kim Haekyoung
Published: October 2022

Recently, design and fabrication of electrochemical sensors have received huge attention because of their high sensitivity, cost‐effectiveness, good selectivity, simple processing, and low detection limit. Herein, we have fabricated zinc oxide (ZnO) hexagonal plates/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite under benign approach. Different characterization techniques and approaches such as XRD, SEM, EDX, UV‐vis, and XPS were utilized to authenticate the formation and phase purity of ZnO/rGO composite. Further, we have modified active surface area (3 mm) of bare glassy carbon electrode using ZnO/rGO as electro‐catalyst (electrode material) for the construction of nitrite sensor. This modified electrode (ZnO/rGO/GCE) demonstrated low‐limit of detection (DL) of 0.1 μM with good sensitivity of 2.47 μA/μMcm2. Moreover, fabricated ZnO/rGO/GCE exhibited excellent selectivity, stability and repeatability towards the detection of nitrite. Additionally, ZnO/rGO was also applied as photo‐catalyst towards photo‐catalytic hydrogen (H2) generation. The ZnO/rGO showed good H2 generation rate of 650.3 μmolg−1h−1 compared to the pristine rGO or ZnO.
Biofunctional Nanodot Arrays in Living Cells Uncover Synergistic Co‐Condensation of Wnt Signalodroplets
Authors: Philippi Michael , Richter Christian P. , Kappen Marie , Watrinet Isabelle , Miao Yi , Runge Mercedes , Jorde Lara , Korneev Sergej , Holtmannspötter Michael , Kurre Rainer , Holthuis Joost C. M. , Garcia K. Christopher , Plückthun Andreas , Steinhart Martin , Piehler Jacob , You Changjiang
Published: October 2022

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of transient signaling platforms in the plasma membrane has remained a key experimental challenge. Here, biofunctional nanodot arrays (bNDAs) are developed to spatially control dimerization and clustering of cell surface receptors at the nanoscale. High‐contrast bNDAs with spot diameters of ≈300 nm are obtained by capillary nanostamping of bovine serum albumin bioconjugates, which are subsequently biofunctionalized by reaction with tandem anti‐green fluorescence protein (GFP) clamp fusions. Spatially controlled assembly of active Wnt signalosomes is achieved at the nanoscale in the plasma membrane of live cells by capturing the co‐receptor Lrp6 into bNDAs via an extracellular GFP tag. Strikingly, co‐recruitment is observed of co‐receptor Frizzled‐8 as well as the cytosolic scaffold proteins Axin‐1 and Disheveled‐2 into Lrp6 nanodots in the absence of ligand. Density variation and the high dynamics of effector proteins uncover highly cooperative liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS)‐driven assembly of Wnt “signalodroplets” at the plasma membrane, pinpointing the synergistic effects of LLPS for Wnt signaling amplification. These insights highlight the potential of bNDAs for systematically interrogating nanoscale signaling platforms and condensation at the plasma membrane of live cells.
Integrated Construction Improving Electrochemical Performance of Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on Ant‐Nest Amphiphilic Gel Electrolytes
Authors: Mu Hongchun , Zhang Zekai , Lian Cheng , Tian Xiaohui , Wang Gengchao
Published: October 2022

Aqueous integrated stretchable supercapacitors (ISSCs) have attracted extensive attention due to the intrinsic safety in future wearable electronics. However, aqueous ISSCs usually suffer from low energy density and poor dynamic deformation stability owing to the conventional hydrogel electrolytes’ narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) and dissatisfied interface bonding. Herein, an ant‐nest amphiphilic polyurethane hydro/organogel electrolyte (sAPUGE) with a wide ESW (≈2.2 V) and superb self‐adhesion is prepared by electrospinning, which interacts with carbon‐based stretchable electrodes for the construction of flame‐retardant PU‐based sAPUGE‐ISSC. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of chemical bonding and mechanical meshing between the electrode and gel electrolyte interface, as‐assembled sAPUGE‐ISSC delivers a high energy density of 13.7 mWh cm−3 (at a power density of 0.126 W cm−3) and outstanding dynamic deformation stability (98.3% capacitance retention after 500 stretching cycles under 100% strain). This unique hydro/organogel electrolyte provides a pathway toward the next generation of wearable energy products in modern electronics.
Edge‐Nitrogen Enriched Porous Carbon Nanosheets Anodes with Enlarged Interlayer Distance for Fast Charging Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Chong , Yang Wang , Ma Guang , Che Sai , Li Yun , Jia Yan , Chen Ni , Huang Guoyong , Li Yongfeng
Published: October 2022

The application of nitrogen‐doped porous carbon for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) has attracted tremendous attention. Herein, a series of edge‐nitrogen enriched porous carbon nanosheets (ENPCNs) are synthesized by annealing g‐C3N4 and glucose in a sealed graphite crucible at different temperatures (T = 700, 800, and 900 °C). Surprisingly, under the closed thermal treatment condition, the ENPCNs‐T possess a high N‐doping level (>12.62 at%) and different carbon interlayer distance ranging from 0.429 to 0.487 nm. By correlating the carbon interlayer distance with the N configurations of ENPCNs‐T materials, a reasonable perception of the important influence of pyrrolic N on the increase of carbon interlayer distance is proposed. When applied as anode materials for SIBs, the ENPCNs‐800 exhibits a remarkable capacity (294.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate performance (132.8 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and outstanding cycle life (180.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 104.7%). Meanwhile, the characterizations of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrate that the edge‐nitrogen doping and enlarged carbon interlayer distance improve the capacity and fast charging performance of ENPCNs‐800. Considering the detailed investigation of the Na+ storage mechanism and excellent electrochemical performance of ENPCNs‐800, this work can pave a new avenue for the research of SIBs.
High‐Energy‐Density and High Efficiency Polymer Dielectrics for High Temperature Electrostatic Energy Storage: A Review
Authors: Yang Minzheng , Ren Weibin , Guo Mengfan , Shen Yang
Published: October 2022

Polymer dielectrics are key components for electrostatic capacitors in energy, transportation, military, and aerospace fields, where their operation temperature can be boosted beyond 125 °C. While most polymers bear poor thermal stability and severe dielectric loss at elevated temperatures, numerous linear polymers with linear D‐E loops and low dielectric permittivity exhibit low loss and high thermal stability. Therefore, the broad prospect of electrostatic capacitors under extreme conditions is anticipated for linear polymers, along with intensive efforts to enhance their energy density with high efficiency in recent years. In this article, an overview of recent progress in linear polymers and their composites for high‐energy‐density electrostatic capacitors at elevated temperatures is presented. Three key factors determining energy storage performance, including polarization, breakdown strength, and thermal stability, and their couplings are discussed. Strategies including chain modulation, filler selection, and design of topological structure are summarized. Key parameters for electrical and thermal evaluations of polymer dielectrics are also introduced. At the end of this review, research challenges and future opportunities for better performance and industrialization of dielectrics based on linear polymers are concluded.
Rapid Visualization of Microstructural Evolution during Hot Strip Rolling Using Phenomenological Models and the Laguerre–Voronoi Diagram
Authors: Cui Chunyuan , Cao Guangming , Liu Jianjun , Cao Yang , Zhang Chengde , Liu Zhenyu
Published: October 2022

Microstructural evolution during hot rolling, which is complex and in a state of the black box, has a significant impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel products. Herein, a rapid methodology is developed to track and visualize the evolution of the microstructural state, and a novel approach coupled with phenomenological recrystallization kinetics is proposed to calculate grain size and its distribution by considering the effects of the size, shape, and mixed fraction of nonrecrystallized grains, and by using the Laguerre–Voronoi diagram, the microstructural morphologies are reconstructed. Based on the proposed approach, the variations of the recrystallization fraction, grain size, and its distribution with time during rolling are analyzed, and the microstructural features in various recrystallization stages are discussed. Additionally, this strategy is demonstrated to be time efficient.
A hybrid approach for enhancing and optimizing the power quality and power flow in Smart Grid Connected System
Authors: Dsouza Anil Kumar , T Ananthapadmanabha , MV Likith Kumar
Published: October 2022

This article proposes a hybrid approach for power flow management and power quality (PQ) improvement in smart grid (SG) system. The proposed methodology is designed into two phases, power flow management is the first stage and power quality improvement is the second stage of the system. The key purpose of the proposed method is “to regulate that power flow depends on variation of source and load side parameters deliver the highest PQ.” The initial phase of power flow management is executed by using Improved Binary Sailfish Optimizer (IBSFO) approach. The control signal is recognized by the IBSFO approach against active and reactive power variation. The second phase of power quality enhancement is implemented by K2ORBFNN, which is the combination of Kho‐Kho optimization (KKO) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). The gain parameter of the proportional integral (PI) controller is tuned based on load current, DC link, and voltage sources using K2ORBFNN approach. The prediction of optimal control signal minimizes the error which is obtained by RBFNN approach. The proposed method is utilized to attain compensating non‐linear load current harmonics, compensating reactive load power requirement, compensating unbalanced load current with neutral current. Finally, the performance of proposed system is executed in the MATLAB platform and performance is compared with existing techniques. The efficiency under the trails of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 attains 99.1673%, 99.4567%, 99.8402%, and 99.9879%.
The potential immunotoxicity of emamectin benzoate on the human THP‐1 macrophages
Authors: Wei Ziyi , Wang Weiguo , Fu Wen , Zhang Ping , Feng Hao , Xu Wenping , Tao Liming , Li Zhong , Zhang Yang , Shao Xusheng
Published: October 2022

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) as one of the typical biological pesticides has a wide range of applications in agriculture. However, the immune toxic effects of EMB in human received limited attention. In our study, THP‐1 macrophage as an in vitro model was used to evaluate immune functions exposed to EMB. We observed that EMB inhibited phagocytic activity and respiratory burst capacity of macrophages without inducing cellular toxicity, implying the potential immunosuppression. Besides, EMB disturbed the cytokines balance embodied in the increase of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, CCL27, CXCL8 mRNA expression and the decrease of IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐10 mRNA expression. EMB could exhibit pro‐inflammatory responses in macrophages and promote the conversion of macrophages to M1 phenotype. Moreover, NF‐κB pathway involved in regulating immune function from KEGG pathway analysis. EMB exposure could activate the NF‐κB pathway in THP‐1 macrophages by exploring the critical proteins. This research provided insights on immunotoxicity evaluation and clarified EMB‐induced immunotoxicity was related to NF‐κB pathway activation.
Kalman-Filter Based Hybridization of Classic and Cold Atom Interferometry Accelerometers for Future Satellite Gravity Missions
Authors: HosseiniArani Alireza , Tennstedt Benjamin , Schilling Manuel , Knabe Annike , Wu Hu , Schön Steffen , Müller Jürgen
Published: October 2022

Proof-of-principle demonstrations have been made for cold atom interferometer (CAI) sensors. Using CAI-based accelerometers in the next generation of satellite gravimetry missions can provide long-term stability and precise measurements of the non-gravitational forces acting on the satellites. This would allow a better understanding of climate change processes and geophysical phenomena which require long-term monitoring of mass variations with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. The proposed accuracy and long-term stability of CAI-based accelerometers appear promising, while there are some major drawbacks in the long dead times and the comparatively small dynamic range of the sensors. One interesting way to handle these limitations is to use a hybridization with a conventional navigation sensor. This study discusses one possible solution to employ measurements of a CAI accelerometer together with a conventional Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) using a Kalman filter framework.

A hybrid navigation solution of these two sensors for applications on ground has already been demonstrated in simulations. Here, we adapt this method to a space-based GRACE-like gravimetry mission. A simulation is performed, where the sensitivity of the CAI accelerometer is estimated based on state-of-the-art ground sensors and further published space scenarios. Our results show that the Kalman filter framework can be used to combine the measurements of conventional inertial measurement units with the CAI accelerometers measurements in a way to benefit from the high accuracy of the conventional IMU measurements in higher frequencies together with the high stability of CAI measurements in lower frequencies. We will discuss the challenges, potential solutions, and the possible performance limits of the proposed hybrid accelerometry scenario.
Correction to: The Values of a Balanced Culture
Authors: Cardona Pablo , Rey Carlos
Published: October 2022

The figures that were missed to be included in Chapter 6 of the original version are given below.
Investigating End-User Acceptance of Last-Mile Delivery by Autonomous Vehicles in the United States
Authors: Saravanos Antonios , Verni Olivia , Moore Ian , Sall Aboubacar , Arriaza Jen , Jivani Sabrina , Bennett Audrey , Li Siqi , Zheng Dongnanzi , Zervoudakis Stavros
Published: October 2022

This paper investigates the end-user acceptance of last-mile delivery carried out by autonomous vehicles within the United States. A total of 296 participants were presented with information on this technology and then asked to complete a questionnaire on their perceptions to gauge their behavioral intention concerning acceptance. Structural equation modeling of the partial least squares flavor (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the perceived usefulness of the technology played the greatest role in end-user acceptance decisions, followed by the influence of others, and then the enjoyment received by interacting with the technology. Furthermore, the perception of risk associated with using autonomous delivery vehicles for last-mile delivery led to a decrease in acceptance. However, most participants did not perceive the use of this technology to be risky. The paper concludes by summarizing the implications our findings have on the respective stakeholders, and proposing the next steps in this area of research.
Introduction to Global Perspectives and Internationalization in ODDE
Authors: Bedenlier Svenja
Published: October 2022

This introductory chapter delves into global perspectives and internationalization surrounding around the field of ODDE by distinguishing and exploring the concepts of global perspectives on ODDE and the globalization and internationalization within ODDE. This introduction outlines the setup of the section, connects the individual chapters, and develops the section per content areas covered. Following this portrayal, implications for ODDE theory, practice, and research in global perspective are then drawn from the contributions in this section. In sum, the chapters call for continuous engagement of researchers and practitioners in the field to facilitate a broad and multifaceted scientific discussion on the practice of ODDE that is mindful of the entanglement of culture, voice, policy, and economics in a global view.
Quantum field theoretic representation of Wilson surfaces. Part I. Higher coadjoint orbit theory
Authors: Zucchini Roberto
Published: October 2022

Abstract

This is the first of a series of two papers devoted to the partition function realization of Wilson surfaces in strict higher gauge theory. A higher version of the Kirillov-Kostant-Souriau theory of coadjoint orbits is presented based on the derived geometric framework, which has shown its usefulness in 4-dimensional higher Chern-Simons theory. An original notion of derived coadjoint orbit is put forward. A theory of derived unitary line bundles and Poisson structures on regular derived orbits is constructed. The proper derived counterpart of the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition is then identified. A version of derived prequantization is proposed. The difficulties hindering a full quantization, shared with other approaches to higher quantization, are pinpointed and a possible way-out is suggested. The theory we elaborate provide the geometric underpinning for the field theoretic constructions of the companion paper.
Interacting CFTs for all couplings: thermal versus entanglement entropy at large N
Authors: Grable S.
Published: October 2022

Abstract

In this paper, I calculate the large N limit of marginal O(N) models with non-polynomial potentials in arbitrary odd dimensions d. This results in a new class of interacting pure conformal field theories (CFTs) in d = 3 + 4n for any n ∈ ℤ+. Similarly, in d = 3 + 4n I calculate the thermal entropy for all couplings on R2+4n × S1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3. In 2+1 dimensions I find the strong-to-weak coupling ratio of the thermal entropy to be 4/5, matching recent results, and further extend this analysis to higher odd dimensions. Next, I calculated the vacuum entanglement entropy $$ {s}_{\textrm{EE}}^d $$

s
EE
d

on Sd−2 for all couplings in arbitrary odd d in the large N limit. I find the vacuum entanglement entropy on Sd−2 to be not only solvable but also constant for all couplings λ. Thus, in the large N limit, the vacuum entanglement entropy on Sd−2 for odd d is constant for all λ, in contrast to the thermal entropy which is shown to also be monotonically decreasing with λ in d = 3 + 4n.
Exact $$ T\overline{T} $$ deformation of two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on the sphere
Authors: Griguolo Luca , Panerai Rodolfo , Papalini Jacopo , Seminara Domenico
Published: October 2022

Abstract

We study the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory at genus zero by carrying out the analysis at the level of its instanton representation. We first focus on the perturbative sector by considering its power expansion in the deformation parameter μ. By studying the resulting asymptotic series through resurgence theory, we determine the nonperturbative contributions that enter the result for μ < 0. We then extend this analysis to any flux sector by solving the relevant flow equation. Specifically, we impose boundary conditions corresponding to two distinct regimes: the quantum undeformed theory and the semiclassical limit of the deformed theory. The full partition function is obtained as a sum over all magnetic fluxes. For any μ > 0, only a finite portion of the quantum spectrum survives and the partition function reduces to a sum over a finite set of representations. For μ < 0, nonperturbative contributions regularize the partition function through an intriguing mechanism that generates nontrivial subtractions.
Black holes in Klein space
Authors: Crawley Erin , Guevara Alfredo , Miller Noah , Strominger Andrew
Published: October 2022

Abstract

The analytic continuation of the general signature (1, 3) Lorentzian Kerr-Taub-NUT black holes to signature (2, 2) Kleinian black holes is studied. Their global structure is characterized by a toric Penrose diagram resembling their Lorentzian counterparts. Kleinian black holes are found to be self-dual when their mass and NUT charge are equal for any value of the Kerr rotation parametera. Remarkably, it is shown that the rotationacan be eliminated by a large diffeomorphism; this result also holds in Euclidean signature. The continuation from Lorentzian to Kleinian signature is naturally induced by the analytic continuation of the S-matrix. Indeed, we show that the geometry of linearized black holes, including Kerr-Taub-NUT, is captured by (2, 2) three-point scattering amplitudes of a graviton and a massive spinning particle. This stands in sharp contrast to their Lorentzian counterparts for which the latter vanishes kinematically and enables a direct link to the S-matrix.
Perturbative unitarity and NEC violation in genesis cosmology
Authors: Cai Yong , Xu Ji , Zhao Shuai , Zhou Siyi
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Explorations of the violation of null energy condition (NEC) in cosmology could enrich our understanding of the very early universe and the related gravity theories. Although a fully stable NEC violation can be realized in the “beyond Horndeski” theory, it remains an open question whether a violation of the NEC is allowed by some fundamental properties of UV-complete theories or the consistency requirements of effective field theory (EFT). We investigate the tree-level perturbative unitarity for stable NEC violations in the contexts of both Galileon and “beyond Horndeski” genesis cosmology, in which the universe is asymptotically Minkowskian in the past. We find that the constraints of perturbative unitarity imply that we may need some unknown new physics below the cut-off scale of the EFT other than that represented by the “beyond Horndeski” operators.
Asymptotic Measurement Schemes for Every Observable of a Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Fewster Christopher J. , Jubb Ian , Ruep Maximilian H.
Published: October 2022

In quantum measurement theory, a measurement scheme describes how an observable of a given system can be measured indirectly using a probe. The measurement scheme involves the specification of a probe theory, an initial probe state, a probe observable and a coupling between the system and the probe, so that a measurement of the probe observable after the coupling has ceased reproduces (in expectation) the result of measuring the system observable in the system state. Recent work has shown how local and causal measurement schemes may be described in the context of model-independent quantum field theory (QFT), but has not addressed the question of whether such measurement schemes exist for all system observables. Here, we present two treatments of this question. The first is a proof of principle which provides a measurement scheme for every local observable of the quantized real linear scalar field if one relaxes one of the conditions on a QFT measurement scheme by allowing a non-compact coupling region. Secondly, restricting to compact coupling regions, we explicitly construct asymptotic measurement schemes for every local observable of the quantized theory. More precisely, we show that for every local system observable A there is an associated collection of measurement schemes for system observables that converge to A. All the measurement schemes in this collection have the same fixed compact coupling zone and the same processing region. The convergence of the system observables holds, in particular, in GNS representations of suitable states on the field algebra or the Weyl algebra. In this way, we show that every observable can be asymptotically measured using locally coupled probe theories.
A Comparative Analysis of Three Computational-Intelligence Metaheuristic Methods for the Optimization of TDEM Data
Authors: Pace Francesca , Raftogianni Adamantia , Godio Alberto
Published: October 2022

We focus on the performances of three nature-inspired metaheuristic methods for the optimization of time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data: the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithms. While GA and PSO have been used in a plethora of geophysical applications, GWO has received little attention in the literature so far, despite promising outcomes. This study directly and quantitatively compares GA, PSO and GWO applied to TDEM data. To date, these three algorithms have only been compared in pairs. The methods were first applied to a synthetic example of noise-corrupted data and then to two field surveys carried out in Italy. Real data from the first survey refer to a TDEM sounding acquired for groundwater prospection over a known stratigraphy. The data set from the second survey deals with the characterization of a geothermal reservoir. The resulting resistivity models are quantitatively compared to provide a thorough overview of the performances of the algorithms. The comparative analysis reveals that PSO and GWO perform better than GA. GA yields the highest data misfit and an ineffective minimization of the objective function. PSO and GWO provide similar outcomes in terms of both resistivity distribution and data misfits, thus providing compelling evidence that both the emerging GWO and the established PSO are highly valid tools for stochastic inverse modeling in geophysics.
A high-density integrated map for grapevine based on three mapping populations genotyped by the Vitis18K SNP chip
Authors: Vervalle Jessica A. , Costantini Laura , Lorenzi Silvia , Pindo Massimo , Mora Riccardo , Bolognesi Giada , Marini Martina , Lashbrooke Justin G. , Tobutt Ken R. , Vivier Melané A. , Roodt-Wilding Rouvay , Grando Maria Stella , Bellin Diana
Published: October 2022

Key message

We present a high-density integrated map for grapevine, allowing refinement and improved understanding of the grapevine genome, while demonstrating the applicability of the Vitis18K SNP chip for linkage mapping.

The improvement of grapevine through biotechnology requires identification of the molecular bases of target traits by studying marker-trait associations. The Vitis18K SNP chip provides a useful genotyping tool for genome-wide marker analysis. Most linkage maps are based on single mapping populations, but an integrated map can increase marker density and show order conservation. Here we present an integrated map based on three mapping populations. The parents consist of the well-known wine cultivars ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Corvina’ and ‘Rhine Riesling’, the lesser-known wine variety ‘Deckrot’, and a table grape selection, G1-7720. Three high-density population maps with an average inter-locus gap ranging from 0.74 to 0.99 cM were developed. These maps show high correlations (0.9965–0.9971) with the reference assembly, containing only 93 markers with large order discrepancies compared to expected physical positions, of which a third is consistent across multiple populations. Moreover, the genetic data aid the further refinement of the grapevine genome assembly, by anchoring 104 yet unanchored scaffolds. From these population maps, an integrated map was constructed which includes 6697 molecular markers and reduces the inter-locus gap distance to 0.60 cM, resulting in the densest integrated map for grapevine thus far. A small number of discrepancies, mainly of short distance, involve 88 markers that remain conflictual across maps. The integrated map shows similar collinearity to the reference assembly (0.9974) as the single maps. This high-density map increases our understanding of the grapevine genome and provides a useful tool for its further characterization and the dissection of complex traits.
Influence of oak chips addition on the physicochemical properties of beer
Authors: Cioch-Skoneczny Monika , Bajerski Mateusz , Klimczak Krystian , Satora Paweł , Skoneczny Szymon
Published: October 2022

The paper discusses the influence of the oak chips addition on physicochemical properties of beer. The research material consisted of wort and beer after the fermentation, brewed in the English porter style. Medium toasted oak chips, from two varieties of an oak tree (French and American), were used. Variants without the addition of oak chips were used as control samples. The research was conducted for three periods: after 18 days, 2, and 3 months. The samples containing oak chips were characterized by higher fermentation efficiency, compared to beers without the addition of chips. Titratable acidity increased with aging time in beers containing the chips. Alcohol content decreased after 3 months in all samples. Increased amounts of oak chips and aging time, resulted in greater free amino nitrogen utilization. Prolonging the storage time of the beer with the addition of oak chips changed the profile of volatile components in the beverages.
Effect of anti-inflammatory therapy on vascular biomarkers for subclinical cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Blanken Annelies B. , Raadsen Reinder , Agca Rabia , van Sijl Alper M. , Smulders Yvo M. , Nurmohamed Michael T.
Published: October 2022

Objective

To assess the effect of 4 years of anti-inflammatory therapy on markers of subclinical vascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Methods

Carotid intima media thickness (IMT), augmentation index (AIx@75) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements were performed repeatedly in 61 RA patients (30 early RA starting with csDMARDs and 31 established RA starting with adalimumab) for 4 years. These markers were also measured in 29 controls with osteoarthritis at baseline (BL).

Results

IMT and AIx@75 at BL were higher in RA compared to OA, while PWV was higher in OA. In RA patients, AIx@75 and PWV decreased in the first 6 months after starting anti-inflammatory therapy. At 48 M, the level of AIx@75 remained lower than before therapy, while PWV at 48 M was comparable to BL (AIx@75: BL 28% (95% confidence interval 25–30%), 6 M 23% (20–26%), 48 M 25% (22–28%); PWV: BL 8.5 (7.8–9.2), 6 M 8.0 (7.1–8.9), 48 M 8.6 (7.6–9.6) m/s). IMT remained stable. There was an effect of disease activity (longitudinally, adjusted for changes over time) on IMT, AIx@75 and PWV.

Conclusion

This study suggests modest beneficial changes in some surrogate markers of subclinical vascular disease after anti-inflammatory therapy. These changes were associated with improvement in disease activity markers. Whether or not these beneficial changes ultimately predict a reduction in clinicalcardiovascular endpoints remains to be established in prospective studies.
Decadal changes in parrotfish assemblages around reefs of Guam, Micronesia
Authors: Taylor B. M. , Duenas A. E. K. , Lange I. D.
Published: October 2022

Modern coral reefs face substantial threats that endanger their capacity to function and provide resources for human populations. Chronic human pressure through exploitation and land-based pollution has led to reef degradation and lower productivity. More recently, this pressure is compounded with successive episodes of coral bleaching across the tropical oceans. However, response trajectories of reef resources to exploitation, habitat degradation, and local management may not be straightforward, as these ecosystems are incredibly complex. We employed a comprehensive and standardized survey of parrotfish assemblages within reef systems in Guam to examine trajectories of biomass and function across a decade of change. Parrotfishes represent one of the most commercially and ecologically important coastal resources throughout Micronesia. We found that parrotfish biomass declined by nearly 30% over the course of ten years, with concomitant decreases in grazing and bioerosion rates at a similar magnitude. There was evidence of fishery exploitation playing a role, but overall patterns were not always aligned with the hypothesis of fishery-induced decline. For example, two-thirds of marine-protected area sites declined in biomass and mean body length was stable for several highly targeted species. Further, most biomass decline stemmed from small species with higher resilience to fishery exploitation, whereby three of the most vulnerable fishery target species either maintained or increased total biomass. The ultimate drivers of parrotfish assemblage trajectories in Guam are likely a complex mixture of exploitation, habitat change from multiple stressors, and responses to management measures. However, the potential future decline in fishery production and ecological function is substantial and merits continuous monitoring and proactive management.
Poly I:C Exacerbates Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice
Authors: Mei Xiaofeng , Lu Ruilong , Cui Lili , Tian Yange , Zhao Peng , Li Jiansheng
Published: October 2022

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Cigarette smoke (CS) and respiratory viruses are major causes of COPD development and exacerbation, but the mechanisms of these compounding factors on inflammation and pathological changes in airway structure still need further investigation.

Purpose

This work aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Poly I:C on pathological changes in CS-induced COPD mice, such as airway inflammation and remodeling.

Methods

From 1 to 8 weeks, the mice were exposed to CS, Poly I:C, or a combination of both. To compare the pathological changes among different groups over time, the mice were sacrificed at week 4, 8, 16, and 24, then the lungs were harvested to measure pulmonary pathology, inflammatory cytokines, and airway remodeling.

Results

Our data revealed that the fundamental characteristics of COPD, such as pulmonary pathological damage, the release of inflammatory mediators, and the remodeling of airway walls, were observed at week 8 in CS-exposed mice and these pathological changes persisted to week 16. Compared with the CS group, the pathological changes, including decreased lung function, inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar destruction, and airway wall thickening, were weaker in the Poly I:C group. These pathological changes were observed at week 8 and persisted to week 16 in Poly I:C-induced mice. Furthermore, Poly I:C exacerbated lung tissue damage in CS-induced COPD mice. The decreased lung function, airway inflammation and remodeling were observed in the combined group at week 4, and these pathological changes persisted to week 24. Our research indicated that Poly I:C enhanced the expression of p-P38, p-JNK and p-NF-κB in CS-exposed mice.

Conclusion

Poly I:C could promote airway inflammation and remodeling in CS-induced COPD mice probably by NF-κB and MAPK signaling.