bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced oral bioavailability of quercetin by a new non‐aqueous self‐double‐emulsifying drug delivery system
Authors: Wang Qiang , Hu Caibiao , Qian Airui , Liu Tian , Zhang Hong , Zhang Yali , Xia Qiang
Published: July 2016

The present study investigated a new non‐aqueous self‐double‐emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) to enhance oral bioavailability of quercetin (QT), a drug with poor water solubility. The new formulation was prepared using a modified two‐step method and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The optimized formulation consisted of oil‐in‐oil emulsions and hydrophilic surfactant that could spontaneously emulsify to oil‐in‐oil‐in‐water (O/O/W) double emulsions in the mixed aqueous gastrointestinal environment, with drugs mainly encapsulated in the inner oil phase of the double emulsions. Furthermore, the non‐aqueous QT‐SDEDDS exhibited sustained release of quercetin under conditions mimicking gastrointestinal tract, and gave significantly higher AUC and Cmax than did quercetin control suspension (p < 0.05). In particular, the AUC of the non‐aqueous QT‐SEDDS was about 5.22‐fold higher than that of drug control suspension, with an absolute bioavailability of 26.67%. The obtained results demonstrated that SDEDDS was successfully developed and could be a promising technique for improving the oral bioavailability of quercetin with low solubility.

Practical applications:

Conventional SDEDDS is mainly designed to encapsulate, protect, and release hydrophilic bioactive components. Hence, the new non‐aqueous SDEDDS could as a drug delivery system to encapsulate hydrophobic drug with low oral bioavailability. Pharmacokinetic studies have displayed increased relative bioavailability (more than fivefold) of QT‐SDEDDS compared to quercetin suspension in rats after oral administration, with an absolute bioavailability of 26.67%. The new formulation was prepared using a modified two‐step method, which is widespread and easy to handle. Furthermore, the used excipients are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for addition to food and/or drug products. Regard to industrial production aspects, the non‐aqueous SDEDDS have the chance to be exploited as drug delivery system in commercial products. Hence, the non‐aqueous SDEDDS could be applicable delivery system for hydrophobic compounds with low oral bioavailability.

(i) The new non‐aqueous QT‐SDEDDS could spontaneously emulsify to oil‐in‐oil‐in‐water (O/O/W) double emulsions upon mild agitation by dilution in aqueous media; and (ii) after oral administration in rats, the non‐aqueous SDEDDS displayed an absolute bioavailability of 26.67%, which was 5.22 times higher than that of quercetin control suspension.
A Metal‐Free Oxidative Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling ofN‐Aryl Tetrahydroisoquinolines and 2‐Methylazaarenes Using a Recyclable Oxoammonium Salt as Oxidant in Aqueous Media
Authors: Fang Li , Li Zhenhua , Jiang Zhijiang , Tan Zhiyong , Xie Yuanyuan
Published: July 2016

A metal‐free oxidative cross‐dehydrogenative coupling ofN‐aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines and 2‐methylazaarenes in water under mild conditions has been developed. 4‐Acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate was employed as a mild oxidant that can be recovered and reused directly. The reaction proceeds through formation of an iminium ion in situ followed by condensation with various nucleophiles, providing the desired products in moderate to good yields.
Direct Synthesis of γ‐Keto Sulfones from Allylic Alcohols: One‐Pot Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Generation of Enones Followed by Water‐Mediated 1,4‐Addition of Organosulfinates
Authors: Vellakkaran Mari , Andappan Murugaiah M. S. , Nagaiah Kommu , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu
Published: July 2016

Allylic alcohols were exploited as synthetic precursors of γ‐keto sulfones. The reaction involved the one‐pot generation of α,β‐enones in situ from the allylic alcohols by using a PdII–dioxygen catalytic system and subsequent sulfa‐Michael addition in the presence of water. Importantly, water was identified as a sustainable substitute for a toxic copper salt to promote organosulfonyl addition. Diverse examples of aromatic and aliphatic γ‐keto sulfones were prepared. Specially, Ar–X (X = Br, Cl) bonds were tolerated, which indicated a chemoselective catalytic system for the preparation of halogen‐bearing γ‐keto sulfones. This one‐pot method does not require an acid, a base, or isolation of any intermediate. Control experiments indicated that the active catalyst of the first step also promoted the subsequent C–S bond‐formation reaction. Water was found to accelerate the reaction rate and to be involved in the protonolysis of the σ‐alkylpalladium complex, as corroborated by deuterium incorporation.
A Mild Method for the Direct Fluorination of Pyrroles by Using a Lipophilic Anionic Phase‐Transfer Catalyst
Authors: Hiramatsu Kenichi , Tamamura Hirokazu
Published: July 2016

A mild fluorination method for pyrroles, based on anionic phase‐transfer catalysis by using Selectfluor, a lipophilic phosphoric acid, and a base in an apolar solvent is described. The thus obtained fluorinated pyrroles bearing a wide variety of functional groups are attractive building blocks for medicinal chemistry.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective α‐Allylation of Chiral Sulfinimines
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Jiang Shende , Procopiou George , Stockman Robert A. , Yang Guang
Published: July 2016

The first diastereoselective allylation reaction at the α‐position of ketones by using tert‐butanesulfinamide as a chiral auxiliary is explored. Excellent yields and high diastereomeric ratios were achieved under palladium catalysis in the presence of a readily available achiral phosphine ligand. The chiral auxiliary was removed in quantitative yield under the optimized conditions without any racemization.
Effects of seismic isolation on the seismic response of a California high‐speed rail prototype bridge with soil‐structure and track‐structure interactions
Authors: Li Yong , Conte Joel P.
Published: July 2016

With the launch of the high‐speed train project in California, the seismic risk is a crucial concern to the stakeholders. To investigate the seismic behavior of future California High‐Speed Rail (CHSR) bridge structures, a 3D nonlinear finite‐element model of a CHSR prototype bridge is developed. Soil‐structure and track‐structure interactions are accounted for in this comprehensive numerical model used to simulate the seismic response of the bridge and track system. This paper focuses on examining potential benefits and possible drawbacks of the a priori promising application of seismic isolation in CHSR bridges. Nonlinear time history analyses are performed for this prototype bridge subjected to two bidirectional horizontal historical earthquake ground motions each scaled to two different seismic hazard levels. The effect of seismic isolation on the seismic performance of the bridge is investigated through a detailed comparison of the seismic response of the bridge with and without seismic isolation. It is found that seismic isolation significantly reduces the deck acceleration and the force demand in the bridge substructure (i.e., piers and foundations), especially for high‐intensity earthquakes. However, seismic isolation increases the deck displacement (relative to the pile cap) and the stresses in the rails. These findings imply that seismic isolation can be promisingly applied to CHSR bridges with due consideration of balancing its beneficial and detrimental effects through using appropriate isolators design. The optimum seismic isolator properties can be sought by solving a performance‐based optimum seismic design problem using the nonlinear finite‐element model presented herein. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unrelated Future Costs and Unrelated Future Benefits: Reflections on NICE Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal
Authors: Morton Alec , Adler Amanda I. , Bell David , Briggs Andrew , Brouwer Werner , Claxton Karl , Craig Neil , Fischer Alastair , McGregor Peter , van Baal Pieter
Published: July 2016

In this editorial, we consider the vexing issue of ‘unrelated future costs’ (for example, the costs of caring for people with dementia or kidney failure after preventing their deaths from a heart attack). The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance isnotto take such costs into account in technology appraisals. However, standard appraisal practice involves modelling the benefits of those unrelated technologies. We argue that there is a sound principled reason for including both the costs and benefits of unrelated care. Changing this practice would have material consequences for decisions about reimbursing particular technologies, and we urge future research to understand this better. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laryngotracheal reconstruction with a prefabricated fasciocutaneous free flap for recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Olivia T. , Tamaki Akina , Rezaee Rod P. , Zender Chad A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Prefabricated composite free flaps have been described as a technique for reconstruction of laryngotracheal defects.

Methods

We present a 74‐year‐old woman with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who was initially treated with thyroidectomy, tracheal resection, and subsequent vocal cord medialization. The patient's recurrent disease was treated with partial laryngectomy and reconstruction using a prefabricated composite free flap. A 2‐stage procedure was performed using conchal cartilage to create a prefabricated radial forearm free flap.

Results

The patient's airway was successfully reconstructed with preservation of speech and swallow function.

Conclusion

This case provides further evidence supporting the use of prefabricated free flaps in airway reconstruction and the ability to obtain successful outcomes in a patient with multiple prior surgeries in the operative field and requiring adjuvant external beam radiation therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2512–E2514, 2016
Mediating and moderating processes in the relationship between multicultural ideology and attitudes towards immigrants in emerging adults
Authors: Musso Pasquale , Inguglia Cristiano , Lo Coco Alida , Albiero Paolo , Berry John W.
Published: July 2016

Few studies examine intercultural relations in emerging adulthood. Framed from the perspective of the Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies (MIRIPS) project, the current paper examined the mediating role of tolerance and perceived consequences of immigration in the relationship between multicultural ideology and attitudes towards immigrants. Additionally, the moderating role of context was analysed. A two‐group structural equation modelling was performed on data collected from 305 Italian emerging adults living both in northern and in southern Italy with different socio‐political climates towards immigrants. In both groups, tolerance and perceived consequences of immigration mediated the relationship between multicultural ideology and attitudes towards immigrants. Also, this indirect relationship was significantly higher for the northern than southern Italians. These findings provide provisional evidence of mediating and moderating processes in the relationship between multicultural ideology and attitudes towards immigrants and suggest important implications for practitioners interested in promoting intercultural relations among emerging adults.
Are Asian cultures really less ageist than Western ones? It depends on the questions asked
Authors: Vauclair Christin‐Melanie , Hanke Katja , Huang Li‐Li , Abrams Dominic
Published: July 2016

Ageism is an increasing concern in ageing populations such as Asia and Europe. A prevalent assumption in psychology is that Eastern cultures may be less prone to ageism because of norms and values that honour and respect elders. Yet, evidence for thisculture hypothesisis inconclusive. The current study examines this issue by comparing attitudes towards older people in an Eastern and Western samples of 184 young people from theUKand 249 from Taiwan. Attitudes to old age were measured both as meta‐perceptions (the perceived normative context) and personal attitudes in regard to the cognitive, affective and behavioural components of ageism. Consistent with theculture hypothesis, meta‐perceptions about competence and admiration were more positive in Taiwan than in theUK, yet other meta‐perceptions were more negative pointing to the existence of old age subtypes. Personal attitudes about older people in regard to the affective and behavioural, but not the cognitive component, were more negative in Taiwan than in theUK. Thus, cultural differences in ageism are more nuanced than suggested by previous research. The importance of distinguishing between the normative context and personal attitudes as well as the different components of ageism is highlighted by the present findings.
Autofluorescent gelatin nanoparticles as imaging probes to monitor matrix metalloproteinase metabolism of cancer cells
Authors: Cai Bo , Rao Lang , Ji Xinghu , Bu Lin‐Lin , He Zhaobo , Wan Da , Yang Yi , Liu Wei , Guo Shishang , Zhao Xing‐Zhong
Published: July 2016

In this paper, autofluorescent gelatin nanoparticles were synthesized as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) responsive probes for cancer cell imaging. A modified two‐step desolvation method was employed to generate these nanoparticles whose size was controllable and had stable autofluorescence. As glutaraldehyde was introduced as the crosslinking agent, the generation of Schiff base (CN) and double carbon bond (CC) between glutaraldehyde and gelatin endowed these gelatin nanoparticles distinct autofluorescence. Considering MMPs were usually overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells and they had degradation ability toward gelatin, we utilized these nanoparticles as imaging probes to responsively monitor the MMP metabolism of cancer cells according to the luminance change. As fluorescent probes, these nanoparticles had facile synthesis procedure and good biocompatibility, and provided a smart strategy to monitor cancer cell behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2854–2860, 2016.
Classification of human meningiomas: lights, shadows, and future perspectives
Authors: Barresi Valeria , Caffo Maria , Tuccari Giovanni
Published: July 2016

Meningiomas represent the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in adulthood. They are currently classified into several histotypes and into three grades of malignancy according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the CNS. WHO histological grade is currently the most significant morphological predictor of recurrence risk of meningiomas. For this reason, it is fully taken into consideration in postsurgical therapeutic decision making in patients with meningioma. However, the main drawback of the WHO grading system system is that criteria for its assessment are rather subjective and poorly standardized. Hence, additional factors are warranted to predict recurrence risk of meningiomas, so that patients may actually receive the most appropriate therapy. In recent years, biomolecular pathogenesis of meningiomas has been partially clarified, and many efforts have been made in the identification of molecular factors associated with recurrence risk of meningioma. Here we review WHO criteria currently used for classification of meningiomas and discuss on pitfalls and limits of grading assessment. In addition we present the latest advancement in the knowledge of biomolecular alterations involved in the pathogenesis and progression of meningiomas. Similarly to what has already happened for gliomas, a novel classification integrating histology and molecular information might overcome the limits of histological classification in terms of reproducibility as well as of prognostic and predictive relevance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Products derived from olive leaves and fruits can alter in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Authors: Shakeri Pirouz , Durmic Zoey , Vadhanabhuti Joy , Vercoe Philip E
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The industrial processing of olive generates a high quantity of by‐products. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of products derived from olive trees, i.e. leaves, fruits or kernels as a sole substrate (part A), and crude extract from leaves combined with a substrate (part B) on rumen microbial fermentation in an in vitro batch fermentation system. In this study, total gas production, methane production, and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia in ruminal fluid were measured.

RESULTS

In part A, in vitro fermentation of leaves or fruits yielded a gas and total VFA production that were comparable with control substrate, while most of them produced significantly less methane (up to 55.6%) when compared to control substrate. In part B, amongst leaf extracts, only addition of chloroform extract reduced methane production, which was also associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) in gas production. This effect was associated with a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia production, but not in reduction in VFA concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Olive leaf and olive leaf chloroform extract reduced ammonia production and increased the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen and can assist in developing novel feed additives for methane mitigation from the rumen. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The electrophysiology of thyroid surgery: electrophysiologic and muscular responses with stimulation of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
Authors: Liddy Whitney , Barber Samuel R. , Cinquepalmi Matteo , Lin Brian M. , Patricio Stephanie , Kyriazidis Natalia , Bellotti Carlo , Kamani Dipti , Mahamad Sadhana , Dralle Henning , Schneider Rick , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Barczynski Marcin , Wu Che‐Wei , Chiang Feng Yu , Randolph Gregory
Published: July 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Correlation of physiologically important electromyographic (EMG) waveforms with demonstrable muscle activation is important for the reliable interpretation of evoked waveforms during intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) in thyroid surgery.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Data were reviewed retrospectively for thyroid surgery patients with laryngeal nerve IONM from January to December, 2015. EMG responses to monopolar stimulation of the vagus/RLN and EBSLN were recorded in bilateral vocalis, cricothyroid (CTM), and strap muscles using endotracheal tube‐based surface and intramuscular hook electrodes, respectively. Target muscles for vagal/RLN and EBSLN stimulation were the ipsilateral vocalis and CTM, respectively. All other recording channels were nontarget muscles.

Results

Fifty surgical sides were identified in 37 subjects. All target muscle mean amplitudes were significantly higher than in nontarget muscles. With vagal/RLN stimulation, target ipsilateral vocalis mean amplitude was 1,095.7 μV (mean difference range = −814.1 to −1,078 μV, P < .0001). For EBSLN stimulation, target ipsilateral CTM mean amplitude was 6,379.3 μV (mean difference range = −6,222.6 to −6,362.3 μV, P < .0001). Target muscle large‐amplitude EMG responses correlated with meaningful visual or palpable muscular responses, whereas nontarget EMG responses showed no meaningful muscle activation.

Conclusions

Target and nontarget laryngeal muscles are differentiated based on divergence of EMG response directly correlating with presence or absence of visual and palpable muscle activation. Low‐amplitude EMG waveforms in nontarget muscles with neural stimulation can be explained by the concept of far‐field artifactual waveforms and do not correspond to a true muscular response. The surgeon should be aware of these nonphysiologic waveforms when interpreting and applying IONM during thyroid surgery.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 127:764–771, 2017
The Influence of Blend Ratio on the Morphology, Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of PP/LDPE Blends
Authors: Mofokeng Tladi Gideon , Ojijo Vincent , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on how the blend ratio and morphology influence the mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and rheological properties of poly(propylene) (PP)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends. The blend morphology is composed of the major matrix phase and the minor phase, with subinclusions of the major matrix existing within the minor phase. Blends containing low amounts (<20 wt%) of either phase exhibit partial miscibility but the phases are immiscible at higher contents. Partial miscibility of the blends is revealed by scanning electron microscopy studies showing fibril‐like structures and confirmed by rheology. The tensile modulus of the blends decreases with increasing amounts of LDPE, but low LDPE contents exhibit positive deviation from the mixing rule of mixture due to partial compatibility. The crystallinity of PP is affected less than that of LDPE in the blends. Thermomechanical and rheological properties of neat polymers are significantly influenced by blending. The blend ratio and morphology influence impact strength and elongation at break, and the result demonstrates that the 80/20 PP/LDPE blend offers a balance among the mechanical and material properties that are essential for flexible packaging applications.

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Bilateral pedicle anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap combined with bilateral sartorius muscle flap for reconstruction of extensive perineoscrotal and medial thigh defect because of Fournier's gangrene
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Fakin Richard M. , Barth Andrè A. , Giovanoli Pietro
Published: July 2016

Fournier's gangrene is an acute and potentially lethal necrotizing fasciitis that can lead to extensive defects of the perineoscrotal area and lower abdominal wall as well. Such defect poses challenging tasks for both functional and cosmetic reconstruction. Local perforator pedicle flaps and muscle flaps can be employed and combined for such a reconstruction. In this report we present a case of reconstruction of a massive perineoscrotal and upper medial thigh defect because of Fournier's gangrene using a bilateral pedicle anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap and sartorius muscle flap. A 61 year‐old male who suffered from Fournier's gangrene resulted in a perineal, scrotal, and medial thigh defect of 27 × 30 cm2 with exposure of the femoral vessels. A bilateral pedicle ALT flap measuring 30 × 9 cm2 based on two perforators and a bilateral sartorius muscle flap were harvested for soft tissue defect reconstruction and inguinal vessels coverage, respectively. The flaps survived completely, with no recipient or donor site morbidity. The length of follow‐up was 6 months and was uneventful. A bilateral pedicle ALT flap combined with bilateral sartorius flap may be considered as a valid and safe option for an extensive inguinal and perineoscrotal reconstruction in selected cases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:669–673, 2017.
Propagation of nonlinear thermoelastic waves in porous media within the theory of heat conduction with memory: physical derivation and exact solutions
Authors: Garra Roberto
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we study a mathematical model of nonlinear thermoelastic wave propagation in fluid‐saturated porous media, considering memory effect in the heat propagation. In particular, we derive the governing equations in one dimension by using the Gurtin–Pipkin theory of heat flux history model and specializing the relaxation function in such a way to obtain a fractional Erdélyi–Kober integral. In this way, we obtain a nonlinear model in the framework of time‐fractional thermoelasticity, and we find an explicit analytical solution by means of the invariant subspace method. A second memory effect that can play a significant role in this class of models is parametrized by a generalized time‐fractional Darcy law. We study the equations obtained also in this case and find an explicit traveling wave type solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Caregiver Knowledge and Perceived Competency Following Group Education about Sensory Processing Disturbances: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Gee Bryan M. , Peterson Theodore W.
Published: July 2016

Parents or teachers (n = 10) of children diagnosed on the autism spectrum and exhibiting sensory processing disorders (SPD) attended a series of six weekly educational sessions designed to increase the participants' knowledge of SPD, skills in interacting with children exhibiting SPD and confidence in intervening with children exhibiting undesirable behaviours stemming from SPD. The sessions consisted of group classroom instruction with instructional methods including PowerPoint‐assisted lecture/discussion and short video clips. Pre‐test and post‐test assessment was made of the participants' (a) self‐perceived knowledge of sensory processing concepts; (b) actual knowledge of sensory processing concepts; and (c) self‐rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting behaviours related to SPD. Statistical analysis revealed significant gains were achieved on all measures. The results were interpreted as indicating that group classroom instruction is an effective means of increasing such caregivers' self‐perceived knowledge of sensory processing concepts, actual knowledge of sensory processing concepts and self‐rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting behaviours related to SPD. Future research to assess the short‐term and long‐term impacts of these gains and to gauge the relative effectiveness of various contents for such sessions is recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ondansetron Exposure Changes in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Lemon Lara S. , Zhang Hongfei , Hebert Mary F. , Hankins Gary D. , Haas David M. , Caritis Steve N. , Venkataramanan Raman
Published: July 2016

Pregnancy results in many physiologic changes that can alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of medications used during pregnancy. One of the primary factors leading to these pharmacokinetic changes is altered activity of drug‐metabolizing enzymes. Ondansetron is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 (primary metabolic pathway), 2D6, and 1A2, all of which are altered during pregnancy. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron at three different gestational time points in a 26‐year‐old, pregnant, Caucasian woman with normal liver and kidney function, who was maintained on ondansetron 8 mg administered orally 3 times/day throughout her pregnancy. Serial plasma samples were collected from the subject over one 8‐hour dosing interval at 14, 24, and 35 weeks’ gestation (representing early‐, mid‐, and late‐pregnancy time points, respectively). Ondansetron plasma concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Ondansetron area under the plasma concentration–time curve decreased progressively across gestation (634 ng hr/ml in early pregnancy, 553 ng hr/ml in mid‐pregnancy, and 387 ng hr/ml in late pregnancy), with a corresponding increase in apparent oral clearance (12.6 L/hr in early‐pregnancy, 14.5 L/hr in mid‐pregnancy, and 20.7 L/hr in late‐pregnancy). The decreased area under the plasma concentration–time curve and exposure to ondansetron across gestation is likely due to increased activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 during pregnancy. We were not able to study this patient during the postpartum period; however, as with other CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrates, the apparent activities of these isoenzymes are likely return to baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe ondansetron pharmacokinetics across gestation. Additional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are needed to confirm our results and to evaluate clinical impact; however, in the meantime, clinicians should be aware of these pharmacokinetic changes in ondansetron exposure during pregnancy.
Melanin from a physicochemical point of view
Authors: Menter Julian M
Published: July 2016

Melanin has an ambivalent nature; it can act as a protective or anti‐protective agent, depending on its previous history. In this article we briefly review the current state of understanding of melanin structure and biosynthesis, its binding with drugs and metals, its adsorption and (photo)semiconductive properties, and its ability to couple redox reactions There is now a greater appreciation of the structural and spectroscopic differences between 5,6‐dihydroxyindole and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid melanins and a greater knowledge of the kinetics of eumelanin to pheomelanin and neuromelanin transformations and the molecular links among them. The scope of drug and metal binding to melanin has expanded. Recent work has shown that melanin can act as an electronic–ionic conductor. Melanin can couple redox reactions for biologically and commercially relevant solid and gaseous systems. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The yeast transcription elongation factor Spt4/5 is a sequence‐specific RNA binding protein
Authors: Blythe Amanda J. , Yazar‐Klosinski Berra , Webster Michael W. , Chen Eefei , Vandevenne Marylène , Bendak Katerina , Mackay Joel P. , Hartzog Grant A. , Vrielink Alice
Published: July 2016

The heterodimeric transcription elongation factor Spt4/Spt5 (Spt4/5) tightly associates with RNAPII to regulate both transcriptional elongation and co‐transcriptional pre‐mRNA processing; however, the mechanisms by which Spt4/5 acts are poorly understood. Recent studies of the human and Drosophila Spt4/5 complexes indicate that they can bind nucleic acids in vitro. We demonstrate here that yeast Spt4/5 can bind in a sequence‐specific manner to single stranded RNA containing AAN repeats. Furthermore, we show that the major protein determinants for RNA‐binding are Spt4 together with the NGN domain of Spt5 and that the KOW domains are not required for RNA recognition. These findings attribute a new function to a domain of Spt4/5 that associates directly with RNAPII, making significant steps towards elucidating the mechanism behind transcriptional control by Spt4/5.
The effect of molecular structure of organic compound on the direct high‐pressure synthesis of boron‐doped nanodiamond
Authors: Ekimov Evgeny A. , Kudryavtsev Oleg S. , Turner Stuart , Korneychuk Svetlana , Sirotinkin Vladimir P. , Dolenko Tatiana A. , Vervald Alexey M. , Vlasov Igor I.
Published: July 2016

Evolution of crystalline phases with temperature has been studied in materials produced by high‐pressure high‐temperature treatment of 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dimer (9BBN), triphenylborane and trimesitylborane. The boron‐doped diamond nanoparticles with a size below 10 nm were obtained at 8–9 GPa and temperatures 970–1250 °C from 9BBN only. Bridged structure and the presence of boron atom in the carbon cycle of 9BBN were revealed to be a key point for the direct synthesis of doped diamond nanocrystals. The diffusional transformation of the disordered carbon phase is suggested to be the main mechanism of the nanodiamond formation from 9BBN in the temperature range of 970–1400 °C. Aqueous suspensions of primary boron‐doped diamond nanocrystals were prepared upon removal of non‐diamond phases that opens wide opportunities for application of this new nanomaterial in electronics and biotechnologies.
Excitons and fundamental transport properties of diamond under photo‐injection
Authors: Naka Nobuko , Morimoto Hikaru , Akimoto Ikuko
Published: July 2016

Abstractauthoren Exciton diffusivity and carrier mobility are key features in determining transport properties of a material. The optimum values required for high‐performance devices are expected to be realized in undoped intrinsic materials. Diamond, one of the emergent high‐mobility materials, has a wide band gap suited for use in power electronics and optoelectronics. For many years, however, mobility measurement for diamond has been limited by carrier freezing at deep impurity levels. Recently, attempts at utilizing photoexcited carriers in undoped diamond have been made in a wide temperature range and various excitation schemes. A series of investigations demonstrated a wealth of intriguing observations such as dominant role of excitons and emergence of low‐temperature anomaly in momentum relaxation. This article highlights recent experimental advances and progresses in understanding transport properties of photoexcited intrinsic diamond.
Identification and formation mechanism of individual degradation products in lithium‐ion batteries studied by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and atmospheric solid analysis probe mass spectrometry
Authors: Takeda Sahori , Morimura Wataru , Liu Yi‐Hung , Sakai Tetsuo , Saito Yuria
Published: July 2016

Rationale

Improvement of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of performance and robustness requires good understanding of the reaction processes. The analysis of the individual degradation products in LIB electrolytes and on the surface of the electrodes provides vital information in this regard. In this study, mass spectrometric analytical methods were utilized for the identification of the individual degradation products.

Methods

The degradation products in the electrolytes recovered from cycle‐tested cells were separated by liquid chromatography (LC) and their mass spectrometric analysis was conducted by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). For identification of degradation products on the surface of electrodes, atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP)‐MS analysis was conducted by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with an ASAP probe and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source.

Results

The degradation products in the electrolytes, namely carbonate oligomers and organophosphates, were identified simultaneously by LC/ESI‐MS. Their formation mechanisms were estimated, which explain their different compositions at different temperatures. One degradation product was found on the anode surface by ASAP‐MS, and its formation mechanism was explained similarly to those in the electrolyte.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the electrolyte degradation is correlated with the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase, which is an important factor in the performance of LIBs. We expect that further investigation of the degradation products by LC/ESI‐MS and ASAP‐MS will be helpful for studying their degradation processes in LIBs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the structures of photodegradation impurities and pathways of photodegradation of cilnidipine by liquid chromatography/Q‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zeng Hongxia , Wang Fan , Zhu Bingqi , Zhong Weihui , Shan Weiguang , Wang Jian
Published: July 2016

Rationale

The structures of photodegradation impurities in cilnidipine were studied by liquid chromatography/Q‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC/Q‐Orbitrap MS) for the further improvement of the official monographs in Pharmacopoeias. The complete fragmentation patterns of impurities were investigated to obtain their structural information. Two pathways of photodegradation of cilnidipine were also explored to clarify the source of impurities in cilnidipine.

Methods

Chromatographic separation was performed on a Boston Group C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/H2O at a ratio of 75:25 (v/v). In order to determine the m/z values of the molecular ions and formulas of all detected impurities, full scan LC/MS in both positive and negative ion modes was firstly performed using a Thermo LC system coupled with a Q‐Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometer. LC/MS/MS analysis was also carried out on target compounds to obtain as much structural information as possible.

Results

Five novel photodegradation impurities of cilnidipine were separated and identified based on the high‐resolution MS/MS data. Impurity III was synthesized and its structure was confirmed by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR data. Two photodegradation pathways to produce different photodegradation impurities were also revealed in this study.

Conclusions

Among those impurities, impurities II and III were the main impurities which existed in the cilnidipine available on the market. Impurity II (the Z‐isomer) was mainly produced when cilnidipine powder was directly exposed to daylight while impurity III (containing a piperidine ring) was mainly produced when cilnidipine was exposed to daylight in an ethanolic solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stonemason with accelerated silicosis in the setting of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor therapy
Authors: Baird Timothy , Putt Michael , Dettrick Andrew
Published: July 2016

We present the case of a 26‐year‐old stonemason with accelerated silicosis in the setting of treatment for psoriasis with the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐alpha) inhibitor adalimumab. Accelerated silicosis is an important occupational lung disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options [1]. Although the exact pathogenesis remains unknown, it is suggested that secretion of cytokines, including TNF‐alpha, plays a central role in disease progression [1,2]. Importantly, however, TNF‐alpha inhibitors, in addition to resulting in an increased risk of infection, are also now being seen to cause interstitial lung disease [3,4]. To our knowledge, this is the first documented patient to develop silicosis whilst on TNF‐alpha inhibitor therapy. This case challenges the theory behind TNF‐alpha's exact role in the pathogenesis of silicosis and lung fibrosis, highlights the importance of monitoring individuals with both occupational and drug exposures, and illustrates the increasing difficulties physicians face in investigating patients with pulmonary infiltrates and multiple possible aetiologies.
Comments on the three papers by the FDA/CDER research team on the regulatory perspective of the missing data problem
Authors: Shih Weichung Joe
Published: July 2016

This communication comments on the three papers by the FDA CDER research team on the regulatory perspective of the missing data problem. The focus is on two topics: causal estimand and sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkyl‐1,4‐Benzoquinones – From Synthesis to Application
Authors: Rodikova Yulia A. , Zhizhina Elena G. , Pai Zinaida P.
Published: July 2016

Alkyl‐1,4‐benzoquinones (ABQs) such as 2,3‐, 2,5‐ and 2,6‐dimethyl‐ and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐benzoquinones are versatile building blocks and also have many others applications known for this type of compounds. Nowadays the requirements of environmental safety necessitate revising preparation processes of such compounds and searching for alternative synthesis ways. Until recently, there have been many efforts to develop sustainable green processes. However, the efficiency of proposed methods differs significantly. For this reason, in this review we would like to outline a variety of chemical properties of ABQs in order to show their great potential as chemical precursors, to describe some interesting applications of ABQs and then to give description of existing ABQ synthesis procedures developed in the last few decades. The review summarizes advances in liquid‐phase selective oxidation of alkylphenols with molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and t‐butyl hydroperoxide by using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Consideration of old methods for ABQ synthesis is of interest for understanding the evolution of preferences in the field and for comparing the efficiency of methods.
Low‐Cost and Environmental‐Friendly Kaolinite‐Intercalated Hybrid Material Showing Fast Formaldehyde Adsorbing Behavior
Authors: Yang Hao , Sun Xin , Liu Shao‐Xian , Liu Jian‐Lan , Ren Xiao‐Ming
Published: July 2016

Formaldehydeis a widespread used chemical and its toxicity and volatility threaten seriously human health. Although the active carbon is a cheap and frequently used material for adsorption of formaldehyde indoor or inside new car, the physical adsorption needs too long time and the adsorbed formaldehyde is finally released in air. Herein we report an indeed low‐cost and environmental‐friendly formaldehyde adsorbent, which is made from the mineral kaolinite intercalated with natural amino acid L‐α‐alanine (the intercalated compound is abbreviated as K‐Ala). The hybrid K‐Ala was characterized by elemental analysis for C, H and N; thermogravimetric, infrared spectroscopy and powder x‐ray diffraction. Interestingly, the saturate adsorption is reached within six hours with the maximum adsorption amount of 45.6 milligram HCHO per gram of K‐Ala compared with commercial activated carbons that the adsorption capacity increase more than five times (7.62 mg/g). On the basis of DFT calculations, the mechanism is analyzed for the quick adsorption of formaldehyde.
Spinel MnCo2O4/N,S‐doped Carbon Nanotubes as an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Li Rui , Wang Juan , Zhong Qin , Bu Yunfei
Published: July 2016

The development of inexpensive and effective catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has become one of the most important topics. Herein, we designed a novel MnCo2O4/N,S‐doped carbon nanotubes hybrid nanocomposite, which was synthesized via facile solvothermal and solution‐based oxidation‐precipitation process. After carefully investigated by Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Rotating‐disc electrode (RDE) tests, the result indicated that benefiting from the doping N,S into carbon nanotubes provides superior enhancement of electrocatalytic activity.
Efficient and Versatile Ru/SBA‐15 Catalysts for Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation of the C=C and C=O Bonds under Mild Conditions
Authors: Duraczyńska Dorota , Michalik‐Zym Alicja , Napruszewska Bogna D. , Dula Roman , Socha Robert P. , Lityńska‐Dobrzyńska Lidia , Gaweł Adam , Bahranowski Krzysztof , Serwicka Ewa M.
Published: July 2016

Ruthenium catalysts (0.2‐2 wt.% Ru) supported on SBA‐15 mesoporous silica were prepared by wet impregnation method and characterized with XRD, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, TEM/HRTEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and H2 TPR. The materials were used in liquid phase heterogeneous hydrogenation of acetol, 2‐butanone and methyl 2‐acetamidoacrylate. Catalytic tests were performed in water at ambient temperature and pressure. For all three test reactions the higher catalytic activity was observed for Ru/SBA‐15 catalysts as compared to that of 2 %Ru/SiO2 reference. The superior properties of SBA‐15 supported catalysts in comparison to the reference catalyst are attributed to the uniform size and good dispersion of Ru nanoparticles formed within the SBA‐15 channels, and to the better reducibility of the oxidized surface layer formed at the surface of Ru metal nanocrystals.
Total Synthesis of Antifungal Macrolide Sch 725674
Authors: Reddy Yugendar , Sabitha Gowravaram
Published: July 2016

Total synthesis of the 14‐membered macrolide Sch 725674 has been developed that is based on macrocyclic ring closure either by Yamaguchi or Shiina macrolactonization and the construction of the precursor seco acid by Pd(OH)2 transformation of primary propargyl alcohol/HWE olefination between two fragments is shown.
Optical Properties of Rare‐Earth Doped TiO2 Nanocomposites and Coatings; A Sol‐Gel Strategy towards Multi–functionality
Authors: Smitha V. S. , Saju Pillai , Hareesh U. S. , Swapankumar Ghosh , Warrier K. G. K.
Published: July 2016

A novel facile sol‐gel method was used to synthesize visible‐light responsive and photoluminescent rare‐earth modified titania nanocomposites and coatings. Titania‐silica‐lanthanum phosphate nanocomposite doped with terbium ions (Tb3+) was prepared by an aqueous sol‐gel process and the films fabricated on glass substrates by dip coating are investigated in the present work. Followed by heat treatment at 400 degree Celsius, Tb doped nanocomposite exhibits green luminescence under visible light excitation (484 nm) and PL spectra show intense peaks at 545 nm (5D4‐7F5), characteristic of Tb3+ ion with a life time of ∼0.34 ms. The band gap energy of the nanocomposite was red shifted with Tb doping indicating its visible light response. 0.5 mol% Tb doped nanocomposite coated glass shows ∼66 % methylene blue dye degradation under visible light exposure for two hours while pure titania coating showed the visible light activity of ∼25 % only. 0.5 mol% Tb doped nanocomposite is thus proposed for the development of visible light active, transparent and luminescent coatings on glass substrates. Moreover, the feasibility of a codoping approach (0.25 mol% Tb and 0.25 mol% Eu doped nanocomposite) for getting multiple emission (red and green) by a single excitation wavelength (484 nm) is also demonstrated. A higher decay time of ∼0.48 ms obtained for codoped system shows the possibility of an aqueous sol‐gel approach useful for applications in the area of multi‐color light emissive displays.
Nanoscale Charge Percolation Analysis in Polymer‐Sorted (7,5) Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks
Authors: Bottacchi Francesca , Bottacchi Stefano , Späth Florian , Namal Imge , Hertel Tobias , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: July 2016

The current percolation in polymer‐sorted semiconducting (7,5) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks, processed from solution, is investigated using a combination of electrical field‐effect measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and conductive AFM (C‐AFM) techniques. From AFM measurements, the nanotube length in the as‐processed (7,5) SWNTs network is found to range from ≈100 to ≈1500 nm, with a SWNT surface density well above the percolation threshold and a maximum surface coverage ≈58%. Analysis of the field‐effect charge transport measurements in the SWNT network using a 2D homogeneous random‐network stick‐percolation model yields an exponent coefficient for the transistors OFF currents of 16.3. This value is indicative of an almost ideal random network containing only a small concentration of metallic SWNTs. Complementary C‐AFM measurements on the other hand enable visualization of current percolation pathways in the xy plane and reveal the isotropic nature of the as‐spun (7,5) SWNT networks. This work demonstrates the tremendous potential of combining advanced scanning probe techniques with field‐effect charge transport measurements for quantification of key network parameters including current percolation, metallic nanotubes content, surface coverage, and degree of SWNT alignment. Most importantly, the proposed approach is general and applicable to other nanoscale networks, including metallic nanowires as well as hybrid nanocomposites.
Application of Bayer Red Mud‐Based Flux in the Steelmaking Process
Authors: Zhang Yanling , Li Fengshan , Wang Ruimin , Tian Dongdong
Published: July 2016

Bayer red mud is characterized by its highly oxidizing nature (high Fe2O3 content) and high alkalinity (high Na2O content). It can work as an ideal flux and dephosphorizer in the steelmaking process. In this study, laboratory experiments on the use of Bayer red mud‐based flux in hot metal dephosphorization and simulated steelmaking processes have been carried out. In hot metal dephosphorization, good slag fluidity and a much better separation between the slag and the melt phases are obtained while using Bayer red mud. This result is attributed to the fact that Al2O3 and Na2O present in Bayer red mud act as a flux and serve to decrease the melting point of the CaO–FeO–SiO2‐based slag. For a mass ratio of Bayer red mud:CaO between 1:1 and 2:1, high hot metal dephosphorization ratios (more than 80%) and low final [P] (lower than 0.018%) are obtained. The experimental results obtained while using Bayer red mud‐based flux in simulated steelmaking processes show that good slag fluidity is observed during the entire process. The dephosphorization ratio can be more than 85%, and the final [P] can be lowered to less than 0.005%. No rephosphorization phenomenon is observed in the whole experiment.