bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma exchange therapy reduces the nursing care needed in Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Färkkila Markus , Penttila Paula
Published: December 2006

The authors compared the effect of plasma exchange therapy on the need for nursing care for 26 patients with acute idiopathic Guillain‐Barre syndrome The patients were randomized either to a plasma exchange (PE) or conservative treatment group The need for nursing care and the need for specialist nursing services was assessed daily by the nurses at the Department of Neurology At first, the average need for care was the same for the two groups of patients, but the pattern of care over time was different, with the PE group needing more care at the beginning and then very much less care, whilst the conservative group needed a more uniform amount of care over the entire stay at hospital. In the PE group the need for specialist nursing services increased markedly, and the need for nursing care decreased rapidly after the first 2 weeks to a level lower than that needed by control group patients, probably because PE increased muscle forces of patients. This study suggests that PE treatment is useful in reducing patients’ needs for nursing care, especially after the first 2 weeks following the treatment
Nurses’ attitudes and satisfaction in two psychogeriatric wards: their structure and correlates
Authors: Harper David J , Manasse Paul R , Newton J Tim
Published: December 2006

This study investigated the structure and correlates of previously published job satisfaction and attitude measures for nurses through an analysis of responses from staff working in two psychogeriatric wards A number of inter‐correlations were found between the attitude and satisfaction scales Factor analysis revealed that one of the attitude scales was multi‐dimensional and it is suggested that future research should not assume the uni‐dimensionality of attitude and satisfaction constructs It is concluded that psychometric research has important limitations, that a multiplicity of research strategies (both quantitative and qualitative) should be employed in future investigations and that more importance should be accorded to the organizational context of job satisfaction
The Work Environment Scale: a comparison of British and North American nurses
Authors: Baker Gus A. , Carlisle Caroline , Riley Martin , Tapper James , Dewey Michael
Published: December 2006

Previous research into stress in nursing has identified different sources of stress for different specialities without specifying the source of that stress or providing comprehensive understanding of the variables that might contribute to it This study examines the work environment of 209 nursing staff using the Work Environment Scale Significant differences were found between a UK sample and the original American norms Further research highlighted significant interactional effects between demographic variables and the subscales of the WES, and these may form the basis for future research
Problem‐based learning in nurse education: an Australian view
Authors: Creedy Debra , Horsfall Jan , Hand Brian
Published: December 2006

This paper addresses the need to adopt teaching‐learning approaches in nursing education that develop links between theory and clinical practice in a meaningful way Problem‐based learning (PBL) is such an approach and is gaining popularity in tertiary nursing programmes in Australia PBL, as an example of the constructivist philosophy, focuses on students’ existing knowledge as a starting point for conceptual change teaching The implications for the nurse educator's role when using PBL are discussed in terms of assumptions about the nature of teaching and learning, conceptual change teaching, ability to focus, the role of negotiation, and the ability to analyse student learning These factors are seen to be critical components of the pedagogy necessary for nurse educators to utilize PBL approaches effectively
Greipp's model of ethical decision making
Authors: Greipp Mary Elizabeth
Published: December 2006

Nurses need to become more aware of everyday ethical decisions and the many factors which influence them in order to develop skills in this cognitive process This author's model of ethical decision making has been designed and developed to illustrate an overall conception of the interaction between nurse and client within an ethical framework. This model lends itself to the examination of all factors which enter into the ethical decision making process descriptive, normative and meta‐ethics

SUMMATION

Greipp's model of ethical decision making clarifies the ethical process by defining ethical behaviour within the centre of the model, and delineating relevant variables on both the caregiver's and care recipient's sides which can dramatically alter the outcome of the decision making process The value of this model for the practitioner lies in its diagrammatic structure which will keep the nurse focused and aware of the influence that psychosociocultural variables have on decision making interactions

The model also makes evident the power of those potential inhibitors (variables) to violate basic ethical principles and negate the framework Locating the violation is essential in finding a solution “Men are not evil Most of the evil gets done without malice Evil comes less from malice and sadism than from good intentions that are stupid and low‐level” (Maslow 1972)

Each professional nurse carries responsibility for right behaviour and right knowledge The search and quest for that behaviour and knowledge is a never‐ending process fired by a commitment to personal ideals and professional excellence
The use of the first person in academic writing: objectivity, language and gatekeeping
Authors: Webb Christine
Published: December 2006

Researchers have experienced difficulties in having papers which are based on qualitative research accepted for publication because the papers have been written in the first person Arguments are presented to show why the use of the neutral, anonymous third person is deceptive when applied to quantitative research because it obliterates the social elements of the research process With regard to research in the qualitative, critical and feminist paradigms, it is further argued that the use of the first person is required in keeping with the epistemologies of the research and in the pursuit of reflexivity Links are made between these arguments and the process of reviewing for academic journals Conclusions are drawn in favour of the use of the first person, where this is appropriate to the mode of research reported and where an author is giving a personal judgement arrived at on the basis of reasonable evidence In keeping with this position, this paper is written in the first person
The stability of quality of life experience in people with Type 1 diabetes over a period of a year
Authors: Hanestad Berit Rokne , Cand Grethe Albrektsen
Published: December 2006

The aim of the present study was to examine the stability of self‐reported quality of life experience over a period of 1 year using a standard measure consisting of 29 items measuring satisfaction in the physical, social, psychological and behavioural/activity life domains and 11 well‐being scales One hundred and six people with Type 1 diabetes attending a Norwegian diabetes clinic participated in the study At first and second assessment, questionnaires were administered and completed at the diabetes clinic Regression coefficients for the linear relationship between the assessments were relatively high indicating stability in reported quality of life experience over a period of 1 year Comparisons between subjects experiencing life events relating to personal and/or family problems during the 12‐month period and those not showed that, in addition to stability coefficients being relatively high for both groups, the majority of the stability coefficients for the group reporting life events were not significantly different from the stability for the group reporting no life events
Changes in the smoking and drinking habits of future fathers from the onset of their wives’ pregnancies
Authors: Hyssala Lusa , Rautava Paivi , Sillanpaä Math , Tuominen Juhani
Published: December 2006

Changes in smoking and drinking habits of fathers of young families expecting their first baby were studied in maternity health care clinics The first phase of the Finnish Family Competence Study included a total of 1414 fathers Of these, 1279 responded to the questionnaire, the drop‐out rate being 95% Basic educational level, age, occupation and location of present and childhood home were used as demographic variables Socio‐economic factors of the father, his wife and his parents were also studied The fathers were asked to give their own estimation of their smoking and alcohol consumption before and during the wife's pregnancy Changes were seen in alcohol consumption, studied in relation to the amount consumed at one drinking time, frequency of alcohol consumption, age, and location of childhood home Changes in smoking habits were studied in the same way According to the fathers’ own assessment, they reduced smoking and drinking of alcohol during their wives’ pregnancies Parents seem to transmit their own patterns of health behaviour to their children, and the model provided by them is highly important
Nursing power and practice in the United Kingdom National Health Service
Authors: Keen Justin , Malby Rebecca
Published: December 2006

Over the last decade the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom has experienced major organizational change Successive government initiatives designed to improve local management of hospitals have tended to marginalize nurses Resource Management, a major initiative, which is the model adopted in the NHS Review for hospital management for the 1990s, appeared initially to offer nurses an opportunity to influence decision‐making directly In practice, nurses’ experiences of Resource Management were mixed This study of the six hospitals which piloted the introduction of Resource Management showed that nurses did not always grasp the opportunity to enhance their power and practice There was evidence from the study that the introduction of information technology curbed innovations in practice, and removed nurses from patient care delivery
Technical curriculum models: are they appropriate for the nursing profession?
Authors: Maclean Barbara Lois
Published: December 2006

The technical view of curriculum epitomized by the Tylerian objectives‐based model focuses on measurable, quantifiable outcomes Partly because of the drive to legitimize nursing as a profession, nursing education has accepted the Tylerian approach to demonstrate acceptable levels of competence for nursing practice This paper examines the appropriateness of the behavioural measurement of outcomes for nursing in the present decade, using the framework of Habermas’ knowledge–constitutive interests It is contended that nursing educational practices have not kept pace with changes in the ethos of nursing practice in the 1990s Nursing education must shift its focus from the technical curriculum to encompass humanistic principles and critical reflection, compatible with currently accepted nursing values
The non‐existence of non‐compliant families: the influence of Humberto Maturana*
Authors: Wright Lorraine M , Marie Anne
Published: December 2006

Non‐compliance is not only an epistemological error but a biological impossibility This profound statement arises from the influence of Humberto Maturana's revolutionary meta‐theory of cognition The definitions and significant implications of two major theoretical concepts of this meta‐theory of cognition, namely structural determinism and objectivity‐in‐parenthesis, are discussed These radical concepts challenge the approved North American Nursing Diagnostic Association's nursing diagnosis of non‐compliance Maturana's theory reveals the impossibility of instructive interaction, leading the authors to conclude the non‐existence of non‐compliant families
The drama of nursing
Authors: Holmes Colin Adrian
Published: December 2006

This exploratory paper considers a few possibilities for conceiving nursing as a form of aesthetic praxis More specifically, drawing on the works of Erving Goffman on dramaturgy, and Elizabeth Burns on theatre, it makes some suggestions concerning nursing as a form of dramatic performance, and briefly attempts to relate this to concepts of praxis drawn from the writings of Hannah Arendt and critical social theorists In contrast to Goffman's dramaturgy, which stresses the artifice of social relations and suggests a cynical view of human interactions, a critical theory of dramatic praxis introduces a normative dimension in which performance may become self‐realizing and emancipatory as it aspires to the status of aesthetic praxis Conceived in such terms, nursing practice becomes a powerful form of self‐expression which has the potential to become liberating for the nurse and the patient
The nature of dilemmas in dialysis nurse practice
Authors: Wellard Sally
Published: December 2006

Dilemmas are a part of nurse practice In situations where a problem potentially has two or more unsatisfactory resolutions, the nurse chooses which course of action to take The decision to choose constitutes a dilemma This study focuses on the dilemmas faced by nurses in dialysis units and the context in which they occur A qualitative design was employed, using open interviews with eight nurses currently employed in dialysis nursing This approach was taken in order to explore and gain in‐depth understanding of the dilemmas in practice Analysis reveals that dilemmas encountered in dialysis nursing emerge from conflicts in relationships with other people in the work environment The dilemmas relate to the nurses’ perception of the limited power they have in the determination of their practice This powerlessness is reinforced by their perceived and real isolation from nurses working outside their area of practice Traditionally, literature on dilemmas in nursing has focused on the development of ethical frameworks to guide practice and the resolution of dilemmas However, the findings of this study suggest that if nurses are to deal with dilemmas effectively, both for the nurse and the patient, there must be an examination of the structural constraints affecting their practice Models that are employed by nurses to guide practice must account for the structural elements in the work environment
Patient satisfaction with care in the emergency department
Authors: Lewis Kathryn E , Woodside Reida E
Published: December 2006

This paper looks at the patient satisfaction levels with care in an emergency department (ED) setting Specific aspects of nursing care, information given to patients, auxiliary personnel and ED environment are examined in the light of the current literature on the subject Recommendations for practice are provided to assist the nurse and administrator in updating their accountability to the ED patient
Quality of life as quality of being: an alternative to the subject–object dichotomy
Authors: Draper Peter
Published: December 2006

The opening section of this paper is concerned with certain questions concerning the concept ‘quality of life’ Is it possible for one person to make judgements about the quality of life of another? If it is possible, then is it morally acceptable? Given that quality of life is a concept and therefore not amenable to direct observation, which visible phenomena will be chosen as its indicators, and how can their choice be justified? Do the components of a life of quality vary from person to person, or can features be identified which are common to all? Next, it is argued that instruments which have been developed to measure quality of life give clues to the ontological beliefs of their authors, those which address fragments of the human experience, or accept the artificial limits of the subjective/objective dichotomy, are expressive of a fractured and reductionist view of what it means to be a human being Finally, it is suggested that the adoption of insights drawn from Heidegger's work would enable us to develop a rather more unified view of quality of life as quality of being, and that this theoretical principle might constitute a common link between nurses of varying professional backgrounds
Facilitator not teacher: a role change for tutors in open learning nursing education
Authors: Bailey Diane
Published: December 2006

Open learning is now an established, if rapidly changing, part of postcompulsory education and training in the United Kingdom It has also developed in significant ways within nurse education A key role in successful open learning is that of the tutor Differences between the activities of teaching and facilitation are defined and ways of mapping the tutor's role within these are suggested Differences in approach can be clustered around the topics of the locus of control, learning methodology, the learning context and media, and the curriculum These are discussed in turn to elicit what are the key issues for tutoring in relation to each one
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: knowledge and attitudes of nurses in Northern Ireland
Authors: Melby V , Boore J R P , Murray M
Published: December 2006

The number of people suffering from conditions associated with HIV infection is growing steadily These people require care from nurses who should be well trained to undertake all the various aspects of nursing care Surveys have indicated that health professionals associate AIDS with minority groups such as homosexuals, drug‐abusers and prostitutes Incidents of sub‐optimal nursing care of AIDS patients, or suspected AIDS patients belonging to these minority groups, have been well documented Surveys have revealed much ignorance and confusion among the general public as well as among health professionals with regard to this controversial syndrome This study aimed to measure nurses’ knowledge and attitudes towards homosexuals, drug‐abusers and prostitutes, who through their lifestyle are at increased risk for HIV infection Questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of 800 nurses in Northern Ireland The sample was stratified by several demographic variables A response rate of almost 60% was achieved Nurses appeared to have a moderate knowledge of issues related to HIV infection, but there were large gaps in their knowledge of the terminology used in HIV infection Nurses were not extremely worried about AIDS itself However, homosexuals, prostitutes and drug‐abusers were seen to be at least partly responsible for their own illness. Implications for nursing care and for nurse education are discussed
Long‐term care personnel assess their attitudes and knowledge of the older adult
Authors: Huber Margie , Reno Beverly , McKenney James
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare long‐term care employees’ attitude and knowledge about myths of ageing and normal age changes, before and after exposure to formal educational sessions The researchers investigated if there was a difference in knowledge level and change in attitudes of long‐term care employees after educational sessions The subjects for this study were denned as persons who had any contact with the residents at St Charles Care Center The final data set used in the analysis contained 84 observations Each participant attended three 1‐hour classes which consisted of simulation of handicaps, normal age‐related changes, and myths and realities of ageing Overall, there was a significant increase in knowledge from the pre‐test to the post‐test The study also tested for a negative (anti‐aged) bias attitude and a positive (falsely proaged) bias attitude among the individuals At the end of the study there was still a slight negative biased attitude towards ageing The data suggest that continuing education is an effective means of influencing the knowledge and attitudes of personnel in long‐term care facilities Recommendation for future research should be that this study be replicated in another long‐term care facility with the addition of a job satisfaction tool
Academic levels in nursing
Authors: Davis Bryn D , Burnard Philip
Published: December 2006

With the developments of new academic courses in nursing comes the need for a debate about educational levels This paper offers a discussion of some of the issues involved in such a debate and draws upon data collected from professors of nursing in the United Kingdom, masters students in a Dutch college and from the American literature on the topic The need to be able to distinguish between diploma, bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees is highlighted and various suggestions about how such distinctions may be made are offered
Adventurous outdoor activities: a review and a description of a new service delivery package for clients with learning difficulties who have behaviours which challenge services or society
Authors: Massey Paul , Rose Steven
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this paper is to describe the need for and the creation of a new service delivery package for the client with learning difficulties whose behaviour challenges services or society, or who is a‘victim of the system', and not responding to available resources Adventure‐based courses are delivered in a context of supportive therapy which effects measurable change There is continuing research‐based evaluation of this new approach which will be reported in due course
Patient participation: its meaning and significance in the context of caring
Authors: Ashworth Peter D , Longmate M Ann , Morrison Paul
Published: December 2006

The ideal that patients should be participants in their own care has found wide acceptance amongst nurses Yet within the academic discipline of nursing little has been done to clarify the nature of participation In this paper, a phenomenology of participation is presented as it applies to the caring work of nursing Participation requires (a) attunement to a mutual 'stock of knowledge at hand’, (b) emotional and motivational attunement to the other's concerns, (c) taking for granted (and implicitly assuming the other takes it for granted) that one can contribute worthily, (d) feeling that one's identity is not under threat Though it is difficult to attain, participation appears to embody many of the ideals central to current thinking in nursing Moreover, the attempt to build participatory relationships with patients is ethically required of members of a‘caring’ profession
Assessing quality of life: the basis for withdrawal of life‐supporting treatment?
Authors: Fulbrook Paul
Published: December 2006

In this paper, the ethical issue is addressed of withdrawing life support by asking the question,‘What is quality of life?’ It focuses on the assessment of quality of life, examining how such assessments are made, and highlighting the inability of critically ill patients to participate in decisions regarding termination of their life
The use and limitations of Phaneuf's Nursing Audit
Authors: Sparrow Shelagh , Robinson Jane
Published: December 2006

The use of Phaneuf's Nursing Audit in an action research project that is investigating quality assessment and peer review is discussed A brief description of the project is given followed by an analysis of the audit tool This analysis suggests that the tool has more disadvantages than advantages The paper concludes with a discussion about why the tool may be of use despite the disadvantages identified
An examination of the implications of adopting a process approach to curriculum planning, implementation and evaluation
Authors: Sutcliffe Liz
Published: December 2006

A process may be seen as that which has purpose, organization and structure, facilitating an act of moving forward Thus, a process reflects Bruner's view of education as facilitating cognitive growth and as a way in which individuals explore and gain mastery over a complex world A process approach is not without its problems, namely in that some nursing skills require a precise, predetermined outcome best achieved by the use of behavioural objectives A curriculum promoting growth and continued learning calls for increased funding, which may cause problems in today's financial climate Exploration of concepts calls for careful planning of practical experience and may be difficult where supernumerary status is not fully implemented However, a process approach may reduce the theory practice gap and lead to a reflective and proactive practitioner On‐going education of clinical staff is required and increased communication between educational and clinical staff This approach may lead to a more holistic view of nursing education and achievement measured in not only quantitative but also qualitative terms Solving the problems that a process approach may present may cause nursing education to be enhanced
A behavioural modelling approach to curriculum development and evaluation of health promotion for nurses
Authors: Kelly Michael P , Maloney William A
Published: December 2006

This paper outlines the way in which two behavioural science models may be used in the processes of curriculum development and course evaluation The models are the stress‐coping paradigm associated with the work of Lazarus and the theory of self and identity developed from the work of Mead It is suggested that a clear articulation of the underlying behavioural processes is fundamental in course design and appraisal
Non‐attendance at out‐patient clinics: a case study
Authors: Mason Carolyn
Published: December 2006

Non‐attendance at out‐patient dimes is a persistent, worldwide problem In contrast with previous research, a qualitative approach was used in this study to examine reasons for non‐attendance at out‐patient clinics in one Belfast hospital, by exploring perspectives of general practitioners (GPs), hospital staff and defaulters Findings revealed conflicts of opinion between GPs and hospital staff on appropriate management of certain medical and postnatal patients Patients’ reasons for defaulting were wide‐ranging, however, 32% of those interviewed did not attend, or were recorded as non‐attenders, for reasons relating to inefficient hospital administration. It is concluded that the causes of non‐attendance were multifactorial, and non‐attenders could not be stereotyped as irresponsible Suggested measures to alleviate the problem include discussion between groups of professionals on responsibility for care of medical and postnatal patients, increased negotiation between patients and physicians in order to develop agreed programmes of care, and, where possible, a shifting of the onus of responsibility for making and cancelling appointments onto patients
Consequences of the division of nursing labour for elderly patients in a continuing care setting
Authors: Davies Susan M
Published: December 2006

Detailed analysis of nursing activity has suggested that unqualified nursing auxiliaries provide most of the direct patient care and one‐to‐one contact for elderly patients requiring continuing care In order to investigate the effects of this division of labour on the quality of care received, a comparison of the content of nurses’ verbal interaction with patients was made between qualified and unqualified staff Content analysis of tape‐recorded nurse‐patient interaction revealed recurring types of nurse verbal behaviour and a framework for examining similarities/differences between qualified and unqualified staff was developed. Frequency counts for individual verbal behaviour types suggest some differences between staff grades, particularly in relation to verbal behaviours which attempt to increase the patients’ control over their activities and environment The difficulty of assessing the implications of the differential use of particular verbal strategies is discussed in relation to the absence of evidence to confirm patient outcomes in relation to different verbal techniques Further research in this area is required
Developing Flanagan's critical incident technique to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing care from patients and their nurses
Authors: Norman Ian J , Redfern Sally J , Tomalin Deborah A , Oliver Sarah
Published: December 2006

This paper discusses a development of Flanagan's critical incident technique (CIT) to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing from patients and their nurses on medical, surgical and elderly care wards Stages in undertaking the CIT are identified and presuppositions held by most researchers about the nature of the technique are identified The paper describes how the authors moved to a different set of presuppositions during the course of the study Preliminary analysis of interview transcripts revealed that critical incidents need not always be demarcated scenes with a clear beginning and end, but may arise from respondents summarizing their overall experience within their description of one incident Characteristically respondents were unable to give a detailed account of such incidents but validity may be established by the fact that respondents appear to recount what actually happened as they saw it, and what they said was clearly important to them The researchers found that the most appropriate basic unit of analysis was not the incident itself but happenings’ revealed by incidents that are‘critical’ by virtue of being important to respondents with respect to the quality of nursing care The importance of CIT researchers achieving an understanding of the‘meaning’ of critical happenings to respondents is emphasized Analysis of the interview transcripts is facilitated by the use of INGRES, a relational database computer program which should enable a‘personal
The quality of nurse education in the 1980s
Authors: French Peter
Published: December 2006

This paper describes a research project which attempted to evaluate the preregistration preparation of nurses as an educational pursuit It argues that two major learning paradigms exist, education and training These paradigms can be differentiated on the basis of three critical aspects of the curriculum which also indicate the key areas for quality assurance These aspects are, the purposes of learning, the extant forms of knowledge and the nature of teacher‐student relationships The paper describes a structural analysis of previous research on nurse education in the United Kingdom, and a student nurse opinion survey which aimed to identify those aspects of their course which were of most significance to student nurses It was concluded that the preregistration preparation of nurses subsumed under a training paradigm and that the major determinant of this was the practice setting There was also some indication that the nursing curriculum was not patient‐centred and that the training paradigm did not encourage personal development in critical thinking, self‐reliance and problem solving The final part of the paper describes an experiment which attempted to demonstrate a link between practice teacher‐student relationships and practitioner competence utilizing video presentation of‘teacher’ behaviours and a patient‐centredness measuring instrument The experiment supported this link In conclusion, it is argued that if UKCC Project 2000 is to avoid a replication of the past then educational development must be focused on the practicum and not just on forging links with higher education if a professional nurse education is to be achieved
Problems with paradigms in a caring profession*
Authors: Robinson Jane J A
Published: December 2006

The terms‘paradigms’ and‘paradigm shifts’ entered everyday language following the publication in 1962 of Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn's original usage of these terms in relation to‘normal’ science has since been inappropriately applied to other areas of formal knowledge Their use in relation to nursing is conceptually flawed, and is an unnecessary distraction from the more modest, but nevertheless rigorous, approaches to the elucidation and generation of knowledge for practice which are required
The Big Seven Model of Personality and Its Relevance to Personality Pathology
Authors: Simms Leonard J.
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTProponents of the Big Seven model of personality have suggested that Positive Valence (PV) and Negative Valence (NV) are independent of the Big Five personality dimensions and may be particularly relevant to personality disorder. These hypotheses were tested with 403 undergraduates who completed a Big Seven measure and markers of the Big Five and personality pathology. Results revealed that PV and NV incrementally predicted personality pathology dimensions beyond those predicted by multiple markers of the Big Five. However, factor analyses suggested that PV and NV might be best understood as specific, maladaptive aspects of positive emotionality and low agreeableness, respectively, as opposed to independent factors of personality. Implications for the description of normal and abnormal personality are discussed.
Edmund Burke and the Sociology of Revolution
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: December 2006

A sociological theory of revolution can be found in the writings of Edmund Burke. This is important because modern sociologists of revolution have neglected Burke in surveying their predecessors; because the modern sociology of revolution has evaded some of the key questions about revolution raised in classical political theory; and because many influential writers on Burke have misrepresented and gravely underrated his theory of revolution. This article presents the evidence for Burke's sociology of revolution and offers a revisionist critique of the conventional scholarship in this area.
The Obligation to Spend: Presidential Impoundment of Congressional Appropriations
Authors: Vale Vivian
Published: December 2006

A recent major controversy has arisen over the habitual impoundment (a term herein defined) of Congressional appropriations by the President through the O.M.B. President Nixon, who made unprecedentedly frequent resort to the practice, claimed both constitutional and statutory authority as well as citing historical precedent. These claims are successively examined, and almost wholly rejected (as indeed they already have been by the federal courts). Rather, impoundment appears as a device whereby President Nixon substituted his own legislative priorities for those of the Congress. The latter therefore strictly limited the practice by statute and sought, as a counterpoise, to improve its own budgetary procedures. This recent reform is in turn evaluated, and the balance of responsibility as between President and Congress in this fiscal area is weighed.
Political Issues and Liberal Support in the February 1974, British General Election
Authors: Lemieux Peter H.
Published: December 2006

This article examines the motivations of voters who supported the Liberal Party in the February, 1974, General Election. The analysis consists of two major sections. In the first, the role of the Party in the election campaign is outlined with special emphasis on the part played by the polls and by Jeremy Thorpe in encouraging Liberal support. The second, and major section, analyses polling data to ascertain the motivations of Liberal supporters. It is argued that Liberal voters chose that party in order to express dissatisfaction with the policy stands and office performance of the major parties. Such voters are shown to have had specific policy disagreements with the major parties and were not simply voicing diffuse discontent in a period of serious crisis.
Symbolic Rewards: Being Bought off Cheaply
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: December 2006

Symbolic rewards are shown to be of two types. One variety—that which promises future material rewards—is inherently deserving of scorn, for promises must necessarily be less valuable than actual delivery. But there is another sort of symbolic appeal which is essentially ‘affective’, playing on emotions that knit social groups together and in no way implying delivery of any material commodities. Such symbolic rewards are shown to be far less objectionable than those with promissory overtones. In practice, of course, the two types are often intertwined. This poses genuine problems for policy-makers, but they are problems which require for their resolution analytic groundwork of the sort laid herein.
The Structure of Democratic Socialist Ideology in Britain
Authors: Whiteley Paul
Published: December 2006

This paper examines socialist ideology in Britain in terms of the beliefs and attitudes of two samples, a sample of Labour Members of Parliament and a sample of Parliamentary Labour candidates. Ideology is defined as a structured set of attitudes having a wide range and reasonable internal coherence. The paper shows that the attitudes of respondents with respect to a set of controversial issues in the Labour party, are structured coherently enough to constitute an ideology, and the structure is very similar for both samples. When measuring ideology along a left-right continuum it appears candidates are more left wing than Members of Parliament, and several hypotheses which might account for this are tested with a multiple regression model. It appears that background characteristics are very poor predictors of ideology, and an explanation of ideological differences is provided in terms of contemporary political events in British society, and the early political experiences of respondents.
The Creation and Maintenance of Government: A Neglected Dimension of Hobbes's Leviathan
Authors: Tarlton Charles D.
Published: December 2006

Philosophical preoccupation with moral, legal, and hypothetical problems have led us to neglect those practical (or strategic) dimensions of Leviathan in which Hobbes confronts the problems of how order can actually be politically created from disorder and how, once begun, the germ of order can be perpetuated in stable political society. The possibilities of political creation reside in the idea of confederation and, importantly, in men's fundamental manipulability. The consequent maintenance of political order depends, for Hobbes, on creating conditions in which, without excessive or unnecessary resort to force, men can be made to forebear conflict among themselves and resistance to government. Those conditions, as in the case of political creation, depend upon appearances, illusion, and political manipulation.
The Destiny of the Soldiers: Tradition and Modernity in the Politics of De Valera's Ireland
Authors: Garvin Tom
Published: December 2006

Previous research has established that the original bases of support for the two large Irish political parties differed significantly and that these differences faded within twenty years of the new polity's independence in 1922. The present article uses multiple regression techniques to ascertain if any residual differences remained between the electoral support bases of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael after 1943. It concludes that Fianna Fáil's support remained disproportionately traditionalist and populist and that this feature of Fianna Fáil is a major key to understanding the persisting nuances of difference between Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael.
Reflections on Generational Analysis: Is There a Shared Political Perspective between Men and Women?
Authors: Francis John G. , Peele Gillian
Published: December 2006

Diachronic investigation of partisan choice and issue orientation by generational analysis is a popular method of contemporary political research. There is as well increased interest in the role played by women in politics. Yet studies of European politics have rarely explored the utility of analysis which assumes shared generational political perspectives in explaining differences in the political behaviour and orientations of men and women. This paper evaluates generational analysis as an explanation of differences in the issue orientations of British men and women during the 1970 electoral campaign.
Taking Theory for Granted in International Politics
Authors: Prager Carol A. L.
Published: December 2006

Recent assessments by ‘behavioralists' and others in international politics underscore the lack of quantity and/or quality of theories. While the value of established explanatory scientific theories is indisputable, the justification for clinging to this ideal in international politics no matter what turns up in the course of considerable empirical research merits close scrutiny. Disciplines progress as their students continually evaluate the explanatory structures fields do support. Modes of research then follow epistemological sensibilities rather than being forced Procrustes-like into predetermined models. Two suggestions are advanced here. The first is a study of the inference warrants in the field that effectively explain. The second is visualizing a continuum extending from science to technology, thereby heightening awareness of how many phenomena in the field can profitably be analyzed with reference to relatively more technological forms.
Consent
Authors: Weale Albert
Published: December 2006

This paper analyses the notion of consent. Two approaches to the topic are distinguished: one which analyses consent in terms of the ethical concepts associated with an established institutional practice and a second in which the concept is analysed by reference to behavioural and mental concepts. The second approach is used to develop an analysis by which consent is taken to consist in the inducing of reliance in a hearer by a speaker who undertakes either not to interfere with some future action of the hearer or to undertake a course of action which the hearer has previously proposed. On the basis of this definition a concept of tacit consent is defined, whose force in political argument, it is suggested, is analogous to the legal concept of ‘consideration’ in the law of contract. Finally, the analysis is illustrated in terms of a reconstructed account of Locke's theory of obligation.
The US Aid Relationship: A Test of the Recipient Need and the Donor Interest Models
Authors: McKinley R. D. , Little R.
Published: December 2006

The transfer of official bilateral economic aid has become an institutionalized dimension of the relationship between high- and low-income countries. There is, however, considerable confusion about the precise role and foreign policy implications of aid. The paper establishes two explicit models of aid allocation, the recipient need and the donor interest models, which provide different characterizations and explanations of the aid relationship. These models are tested against the distribution of US aid for each of the years 1960–70. Our results provide strong confirmation for the donor interest model, and in general indicate a US aid relationship compatible with the realist image of the international system.
Corporatism or Industrial Democracy?
Authors: Metcalfe Les , McQuillan Will
Published: December 2006

This paper examines the political and organizational presuppositions of industrial policy-making. Empirical evidence about the structure of government-industry relations shows that fears of an authoritarian corporate state are unfounded, and that the institutional conditions described in neo-corporatist analyses of industrial policy-making do not exist, at the national level, or in most sectors of British industry. Organizations and interorganizational relations have evolved piecemeal and not as components of a system of economic management. The British economy is undermanaged rather than overmanaged. Moreover, organizational weaknesses represent a major deficiency because structural changes in the pattern of economic activity are urgently needed. A series of political economy models is presented and used to specify the characteristics of structural problems on the supply side of the economy, and the institutions needed to resolve them. It is proposed that, in order to deal with recurring structural problems, effective and democratic policy processes for the macro management of supply are required.
Ungovernability: Is There Fire behind the Smoke?
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: December 2006

Ungovernability is a catchword of the moment, but analytically the term is a nonsense. A modern Western society can no more do without political authority than it could do without money. This paper defines the supposed threat to governability as the prospect of a fully legitimate government losing its effectiveness, losing popular consent, or both. One threat to effectiveness is an imbalance of resources, with the fiscal dividend of growth failing to keep up with the inertia growth in the costs of public policy. Another is an accumulation of government organizations, losing efficiency by increasing costs of co-ordination and losing effectiveness by adopting contradictory objectives or ends without known means. Authority is only seriously jeopardized by citizens growing increasingly indifferent to an ineffectual government, turning their backs on government and relying upon other major institutions of society to provide for their needs.
On Change: Or, There is No Magic Size for An Increment
Authors: Dempster M. A. H. , Wildavsky Aaron
Published: December 2006

In this article we identify incrementalism in budgetary processes with regularity in the annual change in the appropriation, and non-incrementalism with irregularity in the annual appropriation change. This definition focusses interest on structural changes in the underlying budget processes. These changes may be isolated using a combination of statistical and more conventional techniques. Other meanings of incremental, we argue, are appropriate to different objectives in studying budgeting. We attempt to clarify the confusion surrounding the meaning of incremental and to answer some of the critics of our previous work.
Political Theory and the Child: Problems of the Individualist Tradition
Authors: Haydon Graham
Published: December 2006

Consideration of the status and treatment of the child is a legitimate concern of political theory, and may lead to reappraisal of some commonly deployed arguments. Several respects are indicated in which decisions taken by adults and affecting children may properly be considered political. More specifically, it is argued that (i) anarchist theory; (ii) Nozick's arguments in Anarchy, State and Utopia; and (iii) consent theories of political obligation run into difficulties when the place of children is considered. The argument points, under (i) and (ii), to putative lines of justification of the state; and under (iii) to the conclusion, contrary to common assumption, that those who have not yet attained sufficient understanding to be considered as consenting are not morally obliged to obey the state's laws and agents.
An Approach to the Political Sociology of the Welsh Nationalist Movement
Authors: Rawkins Phillip M.
Published: December 2006

The character and ideology of the Welsh nationalist movement have changed drastically since the founding of an independent party in 1925. This paper seeks to utilize a developmental typology in analyzing data obtained from interviews with nationalist activists in examining such changes. In this way, it is possible to understand how Welsh language militants, ‘respectable’ cultural nationalists, middle-of-the road party workers from rural Wales, and south Wales radicals coexist and cooperate within the fabric of organized nationalism. The investigation of the social dynamics of the movement renders comprehensible both the causes of internal organizational strength and the electoral difficulties facing Plaid Cymru.