bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British professional child care: a preliminary citation analysis
Authors: Potter David , Potter Sylvia
Published: February 2008

Human services are increasingly regarded as a discrete field of study and an area of public concern. However, little work has been done outside the USA in determining the make‐up of knowledge in the field. This paper presents an initial attempt to study what constitutes the knowledge base for the child care profession in the UK. To do this the citations of five British child care journals were analysed for 1993. Reference type, country code and self‐citations of journals and authors were recorded and analysed. Comparisons were drawn with an earlier citation study of social work. The study confirmed a 1:1 relationship between books and journals and showed the diffuseness of the sources upon which child care professionals draw. Although books were the most cited category individual books were rarely cited multiply. A core of journals was identified but child care journals were only fifth in frequency of citations after books, other journals, grey literature and other child‐orientated journals. This suggests that the child care profession in the UK is outward‐looking, although almost wholly dependent on the English language. Pointers for further research are suggested.
Electronic paper — can it be real?
Authors: Gimson Roger
Published: February 2008

Some people have used the phrase ‘electronic paper’ to suggest that electronic information displays may replace the printed page. Progress towards the ideal of electronic paper is reviewed along several dimensions: the technologies, such as the display surface, the appearance, such as the page layout, and the function, such as the styles of interaction, that are currently available and may become possible in the future.
Applications of artificial intelligence in the electricity supply industry
Authors: Short Mike
Published: February 2008

Artificial intelligence, including expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms, is increasingly being applied to the solution of a wide range of problems in the monitoring and operation of electricity supply systems. Following the privatization of the Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales in 1990, there is an overriding commercial incentive for the privatized electricity companies to operate the high voltage transmission networks as economically as possible without compromizing their reliability in a climate of substantial uncertainty as to the generator prices and availabilities that are bid into the pool from day to day and the energy trading contracts that have to be implemented. These circumstances often mean that the transmission and distribution networks must operate close to their defined security limits and still be capable of surviving severe disturbances. Hence artificial intelligence is being applied to the development of online real‐time monitoring systems to assist the electricity supply companies' control room engineers. This paper reviews this field and presents two case studies.
A new era in machine translation research
Authors: Hutchins John
Published: February 2008

In the 1980s the dominant framework of MT was essentially ‘rule‐based’, e.g. the linguistics‐based approaches of Ariane, METAL, Eurotra, etc.; or the knowledge‐based approaches at Carnegie Mellon University and elsewhere. New approaches of the 1990s are based on large text corpora, the alignment of bilingual texts, the use of statistical methods and the use of parallel corpora for ‘example‐based’ translation. The problems of building large monolingual and bilingual lexical databases and of generating good quality output have come to the fore. In the past most systems were intended to be general‐purpose; now most are designed for specialized applications, e.g. restricted to controlled languages, to a sublanguage or to a specific domain, to a particular organization or to a particular user‐type. In addition, the field is widening with research under way on speech translation, on systems for monolingual users not knowing target languages, on systems for multilingual generation directly from structured databases, and in general for uses other than those traditionally associated with translation services.
Setting the context for teaching business information
Authors: Hall Hazel
Published: February 2008

How do we teach information management students about the business environment? • How can we design courses on information sources and services provision that interest and motivate students?
Discussion groups on the Internet as sources of information: the case of social work
Authors: Berman Yitzhak
Published: February 2008

Information technology is a facilitator in knowledge diffusion by enabling individuals to communicate directly in personal exchange. This includes interactive communications through newsgroups and discussion groups. Two discussion groups were analysed, the Social Work Discussion Group SOCWORK, and ABUSE‐L, a professional forum for child abuse issues. Three types of communication were identified: information transfer, requests for information and discussion of issues. The discussion of issues was the main type of communication in both discussion groups, followed by the request for information and then information transfer. Communications in the discussion groups were dominated by a small number of people. Policy issues were the main topic of discussion in both groups. The control of information technology by academics appears to limit the participation of social work practitioners in determining the agenda of the discussion group or the contents of the communications. Social worker practitioners have not increased their access to information even though the technology to make it accessible exists.
BLAISE‐LINE: enigma, anomaly or anachronism?
Authors: Nicholas David , Boydell Louise
Published: February 2008

BLAISE‐LINE provides online access to all of the British Library's major catalogues. It provides access to other major bibliographies as well, notably those of the Library of Congress and Whitaker (British Books in Print). Altogether it boasts 21 files, all of a bibliographic nature, and some 15 million records. Nevertheless, it is a pigmy amongst the online giants. BLAISE‐LINE represents the very essence of the traditional library oriented online service, what with its MARC records, Dewey numbers and Library of Congress headings. This together with its raw command driven interface makes it very much the dinosaur of the online world. A survey was conducted to see what its users thought of it and whether it has much of a future in the bright, brash world of the Internet. The findings showed that its target audience — professional librarians — use it extensively for a whole range of routine library tasks and have few complaints to make about it. They used it quite differently to other online hosts. Efficiency and not user‐friendliness was uppermost in their minds — and BLAISE scored highly on the former.
Evaluation of BBC Scotland Library Services
Authors: Oppenheim Charles , Walker Vola
Published: February 2008

A survey was carried out of users, and potential users of the BBC Scotland Information Research Library services. Two postal questionnaires were sent out in the summer of 1995 to more than 100 individuals and organisations in Scotland. Based upon a 50% response rate, various conclusions could be drawn. Internal respondents were very satisfied with the services they currently received, but were, unsurprisingly, unwilling to pay significant sums to receive the services. There is some potential interest from outside the BBC in the Library's Events Guide. The exercise was undertaken both to assess the potential market for the Events Guide and to raise awareness generally of the Library's services. The results provide valuable pointers to how the BBC Scotland library services can develop, and, in time, the survey may turn out to have been a valuable marketing tool in its own right.
Working habits of six US information science faculty: where does technology fit?
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth , Gorman Colleen , Hauke Jeff , Will Marina
Published: February 2008

In June/July 1995, a graduate seminar group in the School of Library and Information Science in Indiana University completed a case study of six faculty members and their perceptions of the role of technology in their work as academic authors. The study is one of series undertaken in a New Technology and Publishing seminar which has been run over a three year period: the underlying approach is a stakeholder analysis of the impact of technology in the academic publishing sector. Previous seminar groups have reported on document supply in 1993 and on the role of technology in six Mid‐West publishing operations in 1994. The study reported here explores the perspective of authors, and may be of interest to those concerned with the delivery of material to working academics (librarians, learned societies, document delivery services) as it reveals details of working habits that have not been explored extensively in the disciplinary sector of Information Science.
Professional futures — why the prospects are so rosy
Authors: Hyams Elspeth
Published: February 2008

Many information professionals fear for the future of their jobs as a result of further IT implementation, corporate downsizing, outsourcing and other influences. However the author feels that prospects for the profession have never been better. Through the use of IT, the information profession will find a means dramatically to change the public perceptions of information professionals.
Global virtual graduate schools: learning in cyberspace
Authors: Sutherland Ewan
Published: February 2008

The paper first reviews the evolution of the ideas about the strategic management of information technology and how these ideas are seen today. Secondly, an examination is made of the explosive growth of the Internet and of the World Wide Web, both in terms of the profusion of new technologies and in the increasing access to the Internet from homes and offices. The development of electronic exhibitions, forums and journals is then discussed, together with ideas of virtual and digital libraries and the implications these have for teaching. A personal narrative is provided showing the evolution of the author's use of the Internet for teaching. The possibilities and problems of developing virtual schools are then discussed, both for the global virtual business school and the global virtual library school. Finally, conclusions are drawn, some key issues identified and some warnings issued.
Lubricants for COLD STARTING
Authors: ARTER K.T.
Published: February 2008

In Canada and parts of the Middle West, temperatures well below 0°F. are not uncommon in winter. In such cases, S.A.E. 10 W. Motor Oils are regularly used and these may even be diluted with up to 15% kerosene to overcome starting difficulties. Dilution is not a very good practice and the use of high V.I. motor oils of low pour point, suitably inhibited to give resistance to oxidation at operating temperatures is preferable.
EVALUATION of ENGINE PRESERVATIVE OILS
Authors: SELLEI HELEN
Published: February 2008

The use of “preservative” motor oils was a development of the recent war. The need for rust prevention has been recognised for many years, but only in the last decade were efforts concentrated to prevent rusting in an efficient and scientific way. Engine oil specifications have changed during the past ten years to comply with the higher requirements resulting from changes in engine design. The preservative type motor oils, which were developed during the same period, must meet these more rigid specifications and also act as corrosion preventives. Engine Preservative Oils serve the double function of preservation and lubrication. As a preservative, the oil should fully protect steel or any other metal which may be found in an engine assembly, whether the engine is stored or in operation. As a lubricant, it must comply with the exacting requirements set for automotive and aircraft engines. Because of the complexity of aircraft motors, specifications are generally more severe for aircraft than automotive engine preservatives. Illustrations of these specifications are presented for automotive oils, and only reference will be made to aircraft oils. Film forming engine preservatives, as required by the U.S. Bureau of Ships, will not be discussed because of lack of oily constituents.
The Mechanism of Action of Extreme Pressure (E.P.) Lubricants
Authors: DAVEY W.
Published: February 2008

This is a very complete review of the research work carried out on the very important subject of E.P. Lubricants. In this work Dr. Davey has himself taken a very prominent part. No one is therefore more capable of preparing this very valuable contribution than he.
The LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF SOME DRY FILMS
Authors: STUART A.H.
Published: February 2008

The friction characteristics of dry films formed on the surface of metals by natural or artificial means has been investigated in some detail, both in this country and in the U.S.A. for some years past. The work is of more than academic interest and has been stimulated by an ever increasing number of industrial problems which call for dry film lubrication in their solution.
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS
Authors: DAVEY W.
Published: February 2008

The science of lubrication has developed slowly from the earliest use of oils and fats of animal or plant origin, such as tallow and castor oil, to the modern design of lubricants for a specific purpose. The slow evolution of scientific lubrication has been due in part to the complicated nature of lubrication and lubricants, and also to the need to concentrate on the development of lubricants to satisfy the requirements of new and improved mechanisms. Research into the nature of lubrication and the relation between composition and properties of lubricants has been limited by the production demands for more and better lubricants.
Lubrication — an aid to preventive maintenance
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

PLANNED maintenance infers the existing of a system of plant inspection together with definite and regular action which will eliminate (so far as possible) risk of breakdown.
“DETERGENCY” in crankcase oils
Authors: MUSGRAVE F.F.
Published: February 2008

ABOUT ten years ago in the United States oils of the “detergent” type had come into rather general use for some diesel engine operation because they permitted longer periods of satisfactory operation than could be obtained with plain mineral oils. Since that time accumulated research and field service have shown that “detergent” type oils could be utilized to advantage and their field of use has broadened. How then can they be defined?
Reclaiming cutting oils
Authors: HARMAN H.M.
Published: February 2008

CUTTING oils for reclaiming will come from the distribution trolleys employed for collecting the used coolants, and from the swarf house. They should be kept in their respective catagories where possible, straight cutting oils being clarified in a centrifuge and soluble oils being handled in saline tanks.
OIL TESTS reveal MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
Authors: FLINT MORRIS B.
Published: February 2008

When lubrication control takes its place with other maintenance methods, it provides additional means for attaining the ultimate goal of satisfactory, economical performance and maximum service from the equipment. It further offers engineers an aid in extending the useful life of the oil while materially reducing the cost of major overhauls with loss of operating time. In this article, the author urges the greater use of on‐the‐job tests of lubricating oils by maintenance staffs themselves, who are capable of interpretating the results and utilizing them to forestall mechanical troubles.
Discussion of The FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF VISCOSITY
Authors: ROEGIERS MICHEL
Published: February 2008

MICHEL ROEGIERS is Managing Director of Societe des Huiles de Gavel & Roegiers, Elektrion Oil Laboratories, Ghent, Belgium, and has carried considerable research in the subject of this paper. In former work, referred to in this paper, he has derived, by physicomathematical reasoning from the Boltzmann‐formula, a set of isothermal laws applying to the macroscopic properties of normal fluids and their mixtures. Those of our readers who are interested in Physico‐Chemistry and Rheology, and who are competenl to do so, may like to discuss this paper in our columns, and we invite them to do so, with particular emphasis upon its ultimate value to practical lubrication.
The new CIT‐CON LUBRICATING OIL REFINERY
Authors: HACKLER MEL
Published: February 2008

The Cit‐Con Oil Corporation was formed by the Cities Service Oil Company and the Continental Oil Company for the purpose of constructing and operating a refinery to produce only lubricating oils and wax. The plant was built at Lake Charles, Louisiana, and was completed during 1949, so that 1950 was its first full year of operation.
Selection of oils for industrial hydraulic systems
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

DEVELOPMENT of hydraulic systems for the transmission of motion, force or power may he considered to have begun with the introduction of the hydraulic press, one of the great inventions that marked the Industrial Revolution during the latter half of the 18th Century. (It was patented in 1795 by the Yorkshireman, Joseph Bramah, renowned in his day for many innovations, including the beer‐engine). For many years after its introduction the hydraulic press represented industrial hydraulics.
The use of Infra‐Red Radiant Heat equipment in the lubricant industry
Authors: MORLEY E.S.
Published: February 2008

The use of infra red radiant heat equipment has extended in recent years to most industries, including the lubricating oil industry. Not only is this equipment valuable for the stoving and drying of new and reconditioned oil barrels, but a still more modern adaption is to assist the emptying of grease kegs and oil barrels. Our readers in the oil industry will quickly appreciate the importance and value of infra red units, but users of lubricants, who may not be already conversant with these methods will probably observe its possibilities within their own industries.
STEAM CYLINDER LUBRICATION
Authors: SMITH D.A.E.
Published: February 2008

The steam engine was the first practical means of producing mechanical power from the heat of combustion of a fuel, and its introduction was a vital factor in the progress of the Industrial Revolution. For many years the development of the steam reciprocating engine continued apace, but in the early years of the present century introduction of the steam turbine and internal combustion engine made available alternative methods of power production. From then on interest in the steam reciprocating engine tended to slacken and, although it has shown a number of notable improvements, far more spectacular advances have been made in other power units.
The effects of light on LUBRICANTS & FUELS
Authors: ROSS RONALD K.
Published: February 2008

THIS very broad subject may be divided into two main sections:
Animal and vegetable Oils, Fats & Waxes
Authors: GRIFFITHS C.
Published: February 2008

In the first article in this series, the author dealt with general classification and composition of oils, fats and waxes, and this went on to discuss the properties of drying and non‐drying vegetable oils. In this second part, the properties of animal and fish oils, fats and waxes will be considered.
Plant Value Improved by Lubrication
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

EVEN after large schemes of plant modernisation involving the installation of new machinery and the rebirth of old, there are still many items of plant which, because of shortages of replacement parts or lack of capital with which to replace them, are doing necessary work but inefficiently and at low rates of production. The answer, to Management's queries as to how best to improve productivity and reduce running costs with the minimum of outlay, is, in many cases, lubrication. The paramount role played by lubrication in industry is undoubtedly its application to old plant. The outlay is relatively small; the benefits may be enormous.
laboratory evaluation of lubricating greases
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH today a lubricating grease may be made without soap and with its liquid component partly or even wholly non‐petroleum in origin, it is convenient and still correct to consider greases as soap thickened oils: the vast majority of them still are and will continue so to be for many years to come.
cavitation in journal bearings
Authors: McBROOM H.L
Published: February 2008

The existence of cavitation in the divergent part of a lubricating oil film has long been presumed, but its occurrence has so far been demonstrated only in a very limited way and its consequences are scarcely appreciated. The investigation now described provides on a small scale a more definite indication of certain primary effects of cavitation in a lubricated bearing. It shows also that the pressure conditions in the divergent part of the film as postulated in some recent theoretical analyses are not confirmed by experiment. While possible damage to the bearing surfaces has been under investigation for some time, this may be considered a secondary effect and is not discussed here.
laboratory evaluation of lubricating greases
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Parts One and Two in this series, which appeared in our February and March issues, dealt with Viscosity, Penetrometers, Rheometers, Penetration Methods, Limits and Variations, etc. The fourth part will cover miscellaneous properties, tests for which are included in modern specifications. Readers are reminded that Mr. Ellis's book, “Lubricant Testing—Introducing Recent Developments in Testing Technique” will be published very shortly.
laboratory evaluation of lubricating greases
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Previous articles in this series have dealt, mainly, with the rheological aspect of grease testing. This part, in conclusion, deals with miscellaneous properties and tests which are included in many modern specifications. Readers interested in the Testing of Lubricants generally, will find considerable information about modern testing instruments and practice in Mr. Ellis's book, just published, and of which details are advertised in this issue.
THE RECLAMATION of USED OILS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles will deal with many aspects of reclaiming used lubricating oils. The second instalment will deal with the action of filter earths and various type of filtering apparatus used and this will be followed by descriptions of actual treatments. Reclamation of cutting oils will also be covered in a later instalment.
Planned Lubrication at The Steel Company of Wales
Authors: Harber H.
Published: February 2008

Part One, dealing with lubrication organization, storing and handling appeared in our August issue. Parts Two and Three covering, respectively, Service Testing and Blast Furnace Lubrication appeared in September.
Fluorescence in Oils
Authors: Williams A.E.
Published: February 2008

INVISIBLE ultra‐violet rays possess the property of making many substances, whether solids or liquids, fluoresce in darkness or half light. Substances so irradiated re‐emit light in distinct colours which are quite unlike their normal appearance. Physical variations, or chemical differences, too minute for easy detection by other means, determine the different fluorescent colours. For example, raw olive oil will fluoresce yellow, refined olive oil bluishgreen. Fatty oils which have been solvent‐extracted generally have a violet fluorescence, whereas the normal pressed oils give a characteristic yellow reaction. By comparison with known standards, admixtures can readily be graded, and a preliminary treatment with an adsorption agent such as fuller's earth or activated carbon facilitates detection by removing from the oil, impurities which interfere with the fluorescent reactions.
LUBRICATION PROBLEMS IN ROAD TRANSPORT
Authors: HOLMES S.E. , WHITE H.M.
Published: February 2008

MOST modern internal combustion piston engines when under power have such a contented purr that many people contend that no serious lubrication problems of a technical variety remain to be solved, and that the only problems worth mentioning are those which are solely of an economic nature. Such views are, in their own way, flattering to the oil manufacturer who has striven hard, in conjunction with engine manufacturers, to bring these engines to a high pitch of reliability in a relatively short time. However, complacency in a world of change can be a dangerous thing.
Oil Film Extent in Complete Journal Bearings
Authors: COLE J.A. , HUGHES C.J.
Published: February 2008

In a complete (360°) journal bearing, it is difficult to predict the extent of the oil film, particularly when estimating the friction loss. An experimental technique has been developed for photographing the film extent in glass bearings operating under reasonably practical conditions. Photographs are given showing the oil film extent in complete bearings of different forms under various operating conditions, and the results are discussed qualitatively.
“miles per quart +”
Authors: NUTTALL J.M.
Published: February 2008

In this series of articles, the author reviews some of the problems involved in the lubrication of modern automobiles and suggests how the use of additive treated oils can assist in their solution. This part reviews the fundamental points concerning automobile engine lubrication and part two will deal with Additives. Later parts will cover fuels, oil consumption and drain periods, transmission lubricants, chassis lubrication, etc.
LUBRICATION OF MODERN BEARING‐FITTED SHEAVES, ROLLERS AND WINCHES FOR FISHING VESSELS
Authors: Grindrod J.
Published: February 2008

MOST FISHING VESSELS EMPLOYED ON different kinds of trawling are equipped with quite a number of sheaves and blocks for paying out and hauling in the trawls. These sheaves must rotate freely and be made of wear‐resisting material, since‐otherwise grooves are worn in their tracks and the galvanising on the trawl wire becomes damaged.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

AS we have already observed, the road transport undertaking which operates large numbers of vehicles has a very real interest in the quality of the lubricants they use, for this has a direct influence on running costs. This is also true of the older form of public transport, the railway, where in fact the quality of the oils and greases may be even more important.
Some Experiments in the Lubrication of STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

The lubricating properties of a variety of metal surfaces interposed by a variety of lubricants can be derived to a great extent by a running test, accelerated by heavy loading, whereby friction, temperature and wear can be measured.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

WHEN WE THINK OF LUBRICATIONS TODAY we mentally classify them into two quite distinct groups : oils and greases. This was by no means always the case, for the earliest lubricants were mechanical mixtures of solid and liquid fats and more often than not, had a grease‐like structure at ordinary temperatures, It is quite probable that the first attempts deliberately to solidify liquid lubricants were made for purely economical reasons; the need to find cheaper materials than fats like tallow. Solids such as soapstone—which is itself a lubricant—were extensively employed, but many other strange bodies were at times included; cork dust, manila pulp, naphthaline and caoutchouc all figure in the old recipes.
some notes on the lubrication of AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

Previous parts in this series have dealt respectively with the Transmission (November) and Ground Drive and Chassis (December).
ROTARY SHAFT SEALS
Authors: Jagger E:T.
Published: February 2008

THIS paper describes an investigation to establish the mechanism by which sealing is achieved in the conventional synthetic rubber oil seal when used on a rotating shaft.
LUBRICATION PROBLEMS AT NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
Authors: Cooper LA. , Davies B.R.
Published: February 2008

Among the secondary problems arising out of new industrial developments and techniques one of the most frequent is that of lubrication. The manufacturer of lubricants, through his own research facilities, is bound to keep abreast, if not ahead, of current developments so that his products may give satisfactory service under novel conditions.
Lubrication of Rotary High Vacuum Pumps
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

Rotary high‐vacuum pumps are oil‐lubricated. The lubricating oil acts as a seal against atmospheric pressure, and to enable it to do this the pump is normally submerged, or virtually submerged, in the oil. In the course of operation of the pump, the oil inevitably becomes contaminated with substances extracted from the system under evacuation. This complicates the questions involved in selection of the oil and has given rise to a number of remarkable devices to limit the accretion of contaminants.
Lubrication of Rotary High Vacuum Pumps
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article dealing with Degrees of Vacuum, Pump Design, Use of Cold Traps, etc., appeared in our October issue.
THE PERFORMANCE OF ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATES AS LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES
Authors: Larson Read
Published: February 2008

The use of either sulfur‐or phosphorus‐containing additives in lubricants had its beginning prior to 1920. However, it was not until the late 1930's that metal dithiophosphates, specifically Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates, began to receive attention as lubricating oil anti‐oxidants and bearing corrosion inhibitors. The anti‐wear characteristics which have put them in the forefront in the last few years, while known then was not required in the internal combustion engines of the time. The current high performance V‐8 engines used with multi‐viscosity graded oils puts great emphasis on all the three functions of anti‐oxidant, bearing corrosion inhibitor and particularly anti‐wear agent.
The Lubrication of Mechanical Handling Equipment
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

IN THE EARLY YEARS of the present century it would have been possible to deal with the existing equipment within the confines of a relatively short article; such an article would have been mainly concerned with steam‐driven cranes and shovels, lifts and elevators and the rubber powered catapult system of overhead wires used in large stores for money changing.
Molybdenum Disulphide
Authors: Vineall C.J.C. , Taylor Alan
Published: February 2008

MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE has been developed as a commercial lubricant during the last ten years and since it is a material which is quite different in nature from other bodies used in lubrication, it is not surprising that misconceptions regarding its properties often arise. Criticisms are made at times which have no real justification but, like all false rumours, seem to be taken up with avidity in proportion to their distance from reality.
Sealing Problems of High Speed High Altitude Aircraft and Guided Missiles
Authors: Ellis E.G.
Published: February 2008

ON December 20th, 1910, Mr. E. W. Dunne, the inventor of the arrow‐headed, tail‐less, twin screw biplane, made an experimental flight which deserves greater recognition than it has perhaps received. In order to demonstrate the inherent stability of the design, he flew a circuit at Eastchurch “hands‐off” while writing his observations of its behaviour. To do this he provided the controls with a set of locking levers designed to give a small number of set positions to correspond with turns, climbing, etc. The test was completely successful and Mr. Dunne returned safely to terra‐firma albeit this was the first time that he had turned this particular machine at any height !
Coatings on Molybdenum for High Temperature Sliding
Authors: Rowe G.W.
Published: February 2008

The work on friction in high vacuum was started some years ago in Dr. F. P. Bowdens laboratory in Cambridge University, using an apparatus designed by the late Dr. J. E. Young. The object has been to examine the frictional behaviour of surfaces covered with known films, undisturbed by the contamination always present in a normal atmosphere. A general account of the work was given in Dr. Howe's paper at the Conference on Lubrication and Wear (1957) entitled “Vapour Lubrication and the Friction of Clean Surfaces”. Dr. Rowe was educated at Culford School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he took Mechanical Sciences Tripos in 1944 and Natural Science Tripos Part II (Physics) in 1950. He wrote a thesis on “Adhesion of Clean Metals” in Dr. Bowden's laboratory at Cambridge in 1953. From 1944–46 he was engaged on miniaturisation at the Telecommunications Research Establishment and for the next two years was at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment working on cyclotron design. He currently leads a small group interested in friction, lubrication and wear, at Tube Investments Research Laboratories, Cambridge. He is a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker.
Machining Problems with Uranium and some of the Refractory Metals
Authors: Pigott A.
Published: February 2008

THE USE OF URANIUM as a nuclear fuel has posed a variety of fabricating problems, and among these has been the machining of suitable components. For structural or fuel “canning” purposes only a limited number of metals are suitable from a compatibility and nuclear property point of view and include Niobium, Vanadium, Zirconium and Beryllium. These form part of the refractory metal group well known for the difficulties associated with extraction, purification and fabrication.
Fundamentals of Cutting Tool Lubrication
Authors: Norris R.H. , Lownes E.J.
Published: February 2008

WHEN METALS ARE SHEARED or “cut” a compressive force of high intensity is applied to the metal by the cutting tool. The metal crystals are subjected to this force and the resulting stresses cause certain crystals to slip or flow in various directions along planes of slippage, the direction of slip normally being along planes of greatest atom density.
Industrial Dermatitis with particular reference to Production Engineering
Authors: Pepper C.
Published: February 2008

THIS IS A SUBJECT where the principle “prevention is better than cure” manifests itself. In these days of the highly trained craftsman and the necessity for increased productivity, one of the most important problems of a Production Manager is the maintenance of the health of his employees and the reduction of absenteeism. Iudustrial dermatitis is one of the causes of absenteeism. Since it is not a notifiable disease, complete statistics of its prevalence are not available. However, it has been estimated that 70% of all time lost from occupational diseases originates from industrial dermatitis.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Extreme Pressure Additives
Authors: Oakes V.
Published: February 2008

THE use of organic compounds containing chlorine and/or sulphur as extreme pressure additives is well established and numerous such substances of widely differing chemical types possess EP activity. Until recent years, however, little was known of the mode of action of these substances and of the reasons why chemically related compounds exhibit different EP properties.
JET AND SPACE AGE LUBRICATION
Authors: PALMER E.B.
Published: February 2008

THE JET AGE of today and the Space Age of tomorrow would not be possible without the recent developments in specialised lubricants that have increased the capabilities of fluids, greases, solid films, plastics, ceramics and other specialised lubricating agents. The present and potential use in aeronautical and astronautical flight have imposed and will continue to levy requirements upon lubricants that were beyond the vision or imagination of the lubrication expert of a decade ago. This article does not intend to create the illusion that all our problems have been solved. Rather, it is intended to present the new concepts and capabilities of some of the present products and the potential of the new developments on the basis of knowledge gained through both actual use and through research and development efforts.
HYDRAULIC OIL SEALS
Authors: BOREHAM KENNETH R.
Published: February 2008

HOW OFTEN does one hear the aggrieved tones of a sufferer asking why he must put up with leakage troubles ? All too frequently such situations occur in all of the very many branches of hydraulics and it seems a pity that in many instances the trouble need not have occurred at all. Obviously, the art of scaling is far from perfect and, in fact, this branch of technology is undergoing some fairly radical development at the present time. Nevertheless, although seals are a necessary evil, many of the occasions when seal trouble is experienced could have been averted if the correct seal had been chosen in the first place and then used to the best advantage.
Development in Lubricant Additives
Authors: CURPHER E.G.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICANTS with detergent and anti‐corrosive properties are now virtually conventional, nevertheless the search for new and better additives continues in order to compensate for the ever changing specifications which confront the modern internal combustion, hydraulic or gas compression engines.
A Radiotracer Method for Studying Lubrication with Glass
Authors: ROWE G.W. , GOLDEN J.
Published: February 2008

GLASS LUBRICATION for hot extrusion of metals was first patented by M. Sejournet and is now widely used. A billet is coated with glass powder, as it emerges from the annealing furnace. This melts and protects the surface from oxidation, and also provides low friction against the container of the extrusion press. The main source of lubricant is, however, a pad of glass powder placed between the die and the billet. If the conditions are suitably chosen, this glass melts steadily during the extrusion and forms a uniform coating less than one‐thousandth of an inch thick over the extruded metal.
WHALE OIL PROCESSING ON A FACTORY SHIP
Authors: WHITE A.A.
Published: February 2008

WHALING IN THE ANTARCTIC began when a whaling station was established at Grytviken in South Georgia in 1904. This company in it's first season employed one whalecatcher and took 195 whales yielding 5,302 barrels of whale oil.
VISCOMETRIC REMINISCENCE
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

If one consults an up‐to‐date list of approximate tests issued by a wholesale lubricating oil concern the following kind of item will be encountered : “150 Solv. Neut. Redwood viscosity at 70°F. 310″, at 140°F. 66″”. The grade number refers to a Saybolt reading and the viscosities are in Redwood seconds. But this is 19G2 and we are well in the kinematic era. Yet reference to empirical viscosity units is by no means uncommon. Brooding on this prompted the author to recall something of efflux viscometers, the transition to the capillary instrument and the persistance of an earlier tradition.
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF LUBRICATION WITH SOLIDS
Authors: BRAITHWAITE E.R. , ROWE G.W.
Published: February 2008

LONG before man learnt to make fire by the friction of wood, he experienced the burden of friction in dragging home his kill. Perhaps it is not too fanciful to suppose that the torn sides of his beast gave the first solid lubricant. Blood and mutton fat were seriously recommended as lubricants for church bell trunnions as recently as the 17th century. Indoed we still reckon fatty acids the best of all boundary lubricants. The range of man's activities has increased enormously in the present century, and particularly in the last few decades. Men have circled the earth in space; a space ship is on its way to examine another planet; terrestrial man is boring to the bottom of the earth's crust; others have descended to the depths of the ocean, and oven established a home on the floor of the Mediterranean, Speeds have increased by factors of thousands, temperatures range from near absolute zero to thousands of degrees; and a new environment of high‐intensity nuclear radiation has been created. Still, objects must move over and along each other in these exotic conditions; and to a large extent solid lubricants can provide the answer to the frictional problems.
RESEARCH ON LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AT THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Authors: HAYWARD A.T.J.
Published: February 2008

The National Engineering Laboratory is one of the larger stations of the British Government's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Current programmes include theoretical and experimental studies of non‐Newtonian lubricants, the development of new methods of measuring the compressibility of hydraulic fluids, research into the behaviour of oils under hydrostatic tension, and investigations of various aspects of the phenomenon of aeration in hydraulic fluids. The Laboratory's facilities for carrying out sponsored research and testing in this field are briefly described.
SOME ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF CUTTING FLUIDS
Authors: DRIVER P. , TAYLOR C.J.
Published: February 2008

THE METAL‐WORKING industry is firmly established as one of the foundations of a modern industrial society. In Britain, which may be taken as fairly representative of such a society, it constitutes the country's largest manufacturing industry employing nearly 3¾ million workers in over 16 theusand plants. Furthermore, apart from the steel industry, which supplies its basic raw material, its anticipated rate of growth is larger than any other industry.
MODERN TECHNIQUES IN LUBRICATION RESEARCH
Authors: DONOVAN B.J.
Published: February 2008

This paper provides a few examples of techniques that are being used at the Thornton Research Centre of “Shell” Research Limited in the development of lubricants. No attempt has been made to provide a detailed description of how the techniques were developed or how they are used. For some of them detailed information is already available in published articles or papers, and references are provided; others are still in the development stage and more information will probably be published at some later date. It will be obvious that to attempt to cover any one of these developments in detail would require much more time than is either at your disposal or mine, and I have therefore given only sufficient detail to perhaps whet your appetites for more. Typical of the sorts of information required for lubricant development are the following :— 1. Accurate temperature measurements of the moving and/or contacting and rubbing surfaces of the mechanism to be lubricated. 2. A qualitative or quantitative assessment of surface damage of contacting or rubbing parts. 3. An accurate measurement of wear rate. 4. An accurate measurement of the chemical change occurring on the surface of rubbing components in the presence of E.P. additives. This list could be extended almost indefinitely but it provides a fair cross‐section of the type of information likely to be required for the development of a lubricant. This sort of information must often be obtained from simulated mechanisms specially instrumented and designed, but we are designing lubricants for actual mechanism, gear trains, transmissions, bearings, clutch plates, etc., where it is extremely rare to find provision or access for the qualitative and/or quantitative examination so desired. As a result very elaborate and complicated methods have sometimes to be employed to obtain the necessary information. The following techniques represent only a few of those that have been used or are being used, but I hope they will demonstrate how some of our difficulties ware overcome.
AUTOMATION IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Consultant A
Published: February 2008

THOSE who are familiar with petroleum technology will know that a great deal of laboratory bench work on products lies behind lubrication research. The lubricant that comes into the hands of the engineer for testing may have a considerable and expensive history, and the tendency for engineers to pass over detailed specifications of the lubricants they employ may indicate that they are unaware of the pre‐history of the materials they are probing. Such physical factors as viscosity, VI and flash point may be covered in the engineer's specification of what he has used, but the subtler, and sometimes significant, properties can well be overlooked. If transition phenomena are critical it could well be that chemical details of the lubricant under test are distinctly relevant. The broad influence of polar groups, or the effect of high naphthenes contents, are well‐known, but seldom does one see a “finger‐print” of a lubricant given with published data from research. Usually, the conventional data is quoted, or more exactly, copied, from the lubricant supplier's specification or “typical analysis.”
Floating and Bouncing on Oil
Authors: HUNT J.B.
Published: February 2008

IN A HYDROSTATIC thrust bearing the two flat metal bearing surfaces are held apart by a film of oil two or three thousandths of an inch thick, the oil film being maintained from a pressurized supply. In this way coefficients of friction between the bearing surfaces can be reduced to very low values, usually less than 0.00005. The Mount Palomar telescope weighing nearly 500 tons is supported on three hydrostatic pads and the whole system can be rotated by a 1/12 h.p. clock motor. In machine tool practice the use of hydrostatic slideways enables the moving member to move along straight lines to a tolerance of a few millionths of an inch. The author has been concerned with the design of hydrostatic thrust bearings for machine tool applications. In this case it is not enough to design a bearing merely to lift a given weight, but the bearing must be designed so that its stiffness (i.e. load per unit deflection, as for a simple spring) is adequate and so that the damping ratio of the oil film is nearly critical. The Mount Palomar bearings have theoretically no stiffness at all, and would be quite unsuitable for machine tool applications, or for any other application where the amount of deflection under load is important or where there is a possibility of vibrattion occurring. In this article the author will show how the stiffness and damping characteristics of hydrostatic thrust bearings can easily be found.
Organised Lubrication under Management Control
Authors: Palmer E.B.
Published: February 2008

WHEN WE CONSIDER that about fifty per cent of all energy produced in the world today is lost through undesirable friction it is easily understandable that millions of dollars annually could be saved by industry through well‐organised lubrication practices. In the aerospace industry, the so‐called “austerity program” is forcing management to review costs again and again. The squeeze on profits plus the increasingly tough competition has sparked investigations into almost every area where more economical practices, without risking harm to some vital function such as quality, service or reliability, could be accomplished. Plant lubrication is one of these areas under scrutiny. This is only one place among the many to save money, but it is a very important one. For some unexplainable reason it is natural for management to assume that lubrication routines are satisfactory and unless a production crisis occurs—one that might be traceable to lubrication—the emphasis is usually on getting things running again, rather than to find time to evaluate the benefits of a properly managed lubrication program.
Some Aspects of Modern Industrial Lubrication
Authors: SMITH ALBERT
Published: February 2008

Since I got married and more or less settled down I seem to have more time for reading. Well that's natural isn't it ? I mean Nellie is reasonably broadminded when it comes to me popping out for a pint but it wouldn't be quite the thing for me to spend every evening of the week in the old “Tacklers Arms” would it ? Besides I don't live in Hindle Way now I'm married so it would be too far to go anyway.