bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Producer versus the Consumer
Authors: Waterhouse Benjamin C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates how the national debate over consumer protection underwent a remarkable transformation during the mid-1970s largely in response to the successes of an increasingly mobilized and organized corporate lobbying community. Once a relatively uncontested social goal, consumerism emerged from the contested politics of a stagflationary decade as a fraught clash of interests. To analyze the mechanisms of business lobbying and its effect on the shifting politics of consumer product regulation, the chapter traces the origins, rise, and slow death of Ralph Nader's biggest legislative priority for the consumer movement in the 1970s: a consumer protection agency in the federal government. Designed to institutionalize consumerism by inserting what Nader called a “consumer perspective” into the national regulatory apparatus, the Consumer Protection Agency (CPA) was a constant fixture on the congressional docket from 1969 to 1978.
Uncertain Victory
Authors: Waterhouse Benjamin C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how the debate over the Chrysler bailout within the business community highlighted persistent tensions over what “free market” solutions really should look like, as well as business's ongoing policy struggle with the liberal regulatory state. By the end of the 1970s, industrial lobbyists led by major employers' associations had notched a number of significant political victories and established themselves as powerful players in national policymaking. Organized business groups played key roles in stopping the forward tide of liberal reform legislation and spreading a market-oriented, antiregulatory vision throughout American political culture. For many lobbyists and executives, however, such achievements represented only a starting point toward loftier goals: the severe rollback of environmental, consumer, and workplace regulations and the comprehensive overhaul of the regulatory apparatus.
Conclusion
Authors: Minta Michael D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the overall findings of the present study and its implications for minority representation in the US Congress, and suggests paths for further research. Topics covered include the implications for racial, ethnic, and class-based politics; implications for coalition politics, implications for political representation, legislative responsiveness and democratic accountability, legislators' motivations and strategic group uplift, congressional and bureaucratic relations, limitations of strategic group uplift, and public policy implications. This book does not argue that white legislators cannot represent the interests of black and Latino constituents; rather, it highlights the important role that racial and ethnic minorities play in improving the policymaking process through strategic group uplift and by bringing distinctive perspectives to policymaking and congressional oversight.
The Great Project of an Idle Life
Authors: Saint-Amand Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how idleness is one of the contradictory figures that weave through Jean-Jacques Rousseau's works. The problem of idleness pervades Rousseau's philosophical writings and dominates his autobiographical works. The chapter aims to trace the various paradoxes that inhabit the question for Rousseau and to explore why it engages him as political philosopher, moralist, and writer alike. After considering his anthropological ruminations on work, as well as his praise of labor, the chapter shows how Rousseau creates a radical esthetics of désoeuvrement (lack of occupation), the keystone of his program to valorize inactivity and validate subjectivity, which he also envisions as a return to origin. Rousseau thus develops a notion of idleness as decadence, a corruption of natural human energy and an evasion of patriotic duty.
The Institutions of Reflexivity
Authors: Rosanvallon Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the increasingly active role of constitutional courts. These courts have established themselves—not without reservations and challenges—as an essential vector of the push for greater reflexivity. For a long time the United States, India, and the German Federal Republic stood out as exceptions because of their traditional emphasis on judicial review. Now, however, constitutional courts of one sort or another are at the heart of democratic government everywhere. Indeed, some scholars go so far as to discern a veritable “resurrection” of constitutional thought. It is noteworthy that these new constitutional courts on the whole receive strong support from the public, as numerous comparative surveys have shown, and they count among the most legitimate of democratic institutions.
On the Importance of Not Being Elected
Authors: Rosanvallon Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the issue of whether or not it is democratic for a handful of unelected judges to be able to impose their views on the representatives of the people. For nearly a century, Americans have been fearful that the fundamental principles of democracy might by perverted by one form or another of judicial power. This issue, an inevitable consequence of constitutional review, came to be called “the countermajoritarian difficulty” in the 1960s. This chapter delves into the issue of judicial power by returning to constitutional courts, which exist because reflexivity is an essential part of democracy. Thus, these courts acquire a functional legitimacy. The chapter then asks if constitutional judges must be elected in order for these courts to be fully legitimate.
The Politics of Presence
Authors: Rosanvallon Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a new politics of presence, which takes on a variety of forms. For society itself presence is a new way of understanding what belongs to the realm of the political. It has also given rise to a “new militancy of presence,” the role of which has grown as traditional representative organizations have declined. Charitable organizations long served to “educate the social gaze,” but in recent years many other groups have begun to fill this role. For example, there are groups that specialize in publicizing the plight of the children of illegal immigrants threatened with expulsion, and other groups that take up the cause of laid-off workers. The role of these groups is not simply to defend the interests of the people they represent. It is rather to give them social existence, to bring them recognition as a community, and to raise their plight as a political issue.
Interactive Democracy
Authors: Rosanvallon Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores recent practices of participatory democracy. A government is said to be close to its citizens if it does not stand on ceremony, if it is prepared to step down from its pedestal to confront criticism directly and engage in debate or seek outside opinions—in other words, if it recognizes that formal institutions are not enough and that it must seek to establish more flexible and direct relations with the people. Since the 1990s, many initiatives of this sort have been attempted in any number of countries. Although the number of such experiments remains relatively small, the interest they have aroused attests to a profound evolution in our perception of what constitutes a legitimate government.
Introduction: The Saturnalian Pattern
Authors: Barber C. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the connections between Shakespeare's comedies and Elizabethan holidays. It argues that the saturnalian pattern came to Shakespeare from many sources, both in social and artistic tradition. It appeared in the theatrical institution of clowning: the clown or Vice, when Shakespeare started to write, was a recognized anarchist who made aberration obvious by carrying release to absurd extremes. The cult of fools and folly, half social and half literary, embodied a similar polarization of experience. One could formulate the saturnalian pattern effectively by referring first to these traditions: Shakespeare's first completely masterful comic scenes were written for the clowns. But the festival occasion provides the clearest paradigm. It can illuminate not only those comedies where Shakespeare drew largely and directly on holiday motifs, like Love's Labour's Lost, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Twelfth Night, but also plays where there is relatively little direct use of holiday, notably As You Like It and Henry IV.
The Folly of Wit and Masquerade in Love’s Labour’s Lost
Authors: Barber C. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost. It argues that the most striking thing about the play is how little Shakespeare used exciting action, story, or conflict; how far he went in the direction of making the piece a set exhibition of pastimes and games. The play is a strikingly fresh start, a more complete break with what he had been doing earlier in his career. The change goes with the fact that there are no theatrical or literary sources, so far as anyone has been able to discover, for what story there is in the play—Shakespeare, here and in A Midsummer Night's Dream, and nowhere else, makes up everything himself, because he is making up action on the model of games and pastimes.
Rule and Misrule in Henry IV
Authors: Barber C. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Shakespeare's Henry IV. The two parts of Henry IV are an astonishing development of drama in the direction of inclusiveness, a development possible because of the range of the traditional culture and the popular theater, but realized only because Shakespeare's genius for construction matched his receptivity. Early in his career, Shakespeare made brilliant use of the long standing tradition of comic accompaniment and counterstatement by the clown. Now suddenly he takes the diverse elements in the potpourri of the popular chronicle play and composes a structure in which they draw each other out. The implications of the saturnalian attitude are more drastically and inclusively expressed here than anywhere else, because here misrule is presented along with rule and along with the tensions that challenge rule. Shakespeare dramatizes not only holiday but also the need for holiday and the need to limit holiday.
Testing Courtesy and Humanity in Twelfth Night
Authors: Barber C. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Very little happens in the Twelfth Night, much of the time people are merely talking, especially in the first half, before the farcical complications are sprung. Shakespeare is so skillful by now in rendering attitudes by the gestures of easy conversation that when it suits him he can almost do without events. In the first two acts of Twelfth Night he holds our interest with a bare minimum of tension while unfolding a pattern of contrasting attitudes and tones in his several persons. Yet Shakespeare's whole handling of romantic story, farce, and practical joke makes a composition which moves in the manner of his earlier festive comedies, through release to clarification.
Introduction
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of a neuromolecular vision of the brain. This means a new scale at which the brain and nervous system was conceptualized, and a new way in which their activities were understood. At this molecular level, the structure and processes of the brain and central nervous system were made understandable as material processes of interaction among molecules in neurons and the synapses between them. These were conceived in terms of the biophysical, chemical, and electrical properties of their constituent parts. At this scale, in a profoundly reductionist approach, despite the recognition that there was much that could not yet be explained, there seemed nothing mysterious about the operations of the nervous system. Indeed, mental processes—cognition, emotion, volition—could be explained in entirely material ways, as the outcome of biological processes in the brain.
The Neuromolecular Brain
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the neuromolecular and plastic brain. Ideas about plasticity and the openness of brains to environment influences, from initial evidence about nerve development, through the recognition that synaptic plasticity was the very basis of learning and memory, to evidence about the influence of environment on gene expression and the persistence throughout life of the capacity to make new neurons—all this made the neuromolecular brain seem exquisitely open to its milieu, with changes at the molecular level occurring throughout the course of a human life and thus shaping the growth, organization, and regeneration of neurons and neuronal circuits at time scales from the millisecond to the decade. This was an opportunity to explore the myriad ways in which the milieu got “under the skin,” implying an openness of these molecular processes of the brain to biography, sociality, and culture, and hence perhaps even to history and politics.
The Visible Invisible
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the diverse attempts to render “mind” thinkable by means of images. Advances in clinical medicine from the nineteenth century onward went hand in hand with the penetration of the gaze of the doctor into depths of the body itself. There are now many examples of analogous advances linked to the structural imaging of the brain—in the detection of tumors, the identification of lesions, and the mapping of the damage caused by injury or stroke. Thanks to such images, the mind of the neuroscientist, the neurologist, and the psychiatrist now seem able to “walk among the tissues themselves.” Yet, however similar the images of brain function are to those of brain structure, they mislead if they seem to allow the mind of the neuroscientist to walk among thoughts, feelings, or desires. Technology alone, even where it appears to measure neural activity, cannot enable the gaze to bridge the gap between molecules and mental states.
All in the Brain?
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the question of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and examines the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry from this perspective. Despite the penetrating gaze of neuroscience, which has opened up the brain to vision in so many ways, psychiatric classification remains superficial. This neuromolecular vision seems incapable of grounding the clinical work of psychiatry in the way that has become routine in other areas of medicine. Despite the conviction of most practitioners that they deal with conditions that have a corporeal seat in the brain of the afflicted individual, psychiatry has failed to establish the bridge that, from the nineteenth century on, underpinned the epistemology of modern clinical medicine—the capacity to link the troubles of the troubled and troubling individuals who are its subjects with the vital anomalies that underpin them.
Personhood in a Neurobiological Age
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the neurobiological self. It argues that the emerging neuroscientific understandings of selfhood are unlikely to efface modern human beings' understanding of themselves as persons equipped with a deep interior world of mental states that have a causal relation to their action. Rather, they are likely to add a neurobiological dimension to human beings' self-understanding and their practices of self-management. In this sense, the “somatic individuality” which was once the province of the psy- sciences, is spreading to the neuro- sciences. Yet psy is not being displaced by neuro: neurobiological conceptions of the self are being construed alongside psychological ones.
Introduction
Authors: Jamal Amaney A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of book's main themes. This book explores Kuwait and Jordan as two states that have similar clientelistic ties to the United States. Both are monarchies holding parliamentary elections, and each has similar levels of support for its Islamist opposition movements. However, the two states vary in their levels of anti-American sentiment among these Islamist opposition forces. This core difference reveals how concerns about a country's international relations shape state–society relations more broadly. Although the book builds its argument by focusing on the cases of Kuwait and Jordan, it also draws on evidence from two other monarchies that have varying degrees of anti-American sentiment among their Islamist opposition as well: Morocco and Saudi Arabia. Further, it extends the findings to Palestine's democratic experience, which resulted in Hamas' parliamentary victory in 2006.
Becoming Jordan and Kuwait
Authors: Jamal Amaney A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a detailed historical analysis of the emergence of regime clientelism in Jordan and Kuwait. It illustrates how the end of the Cold War restructured the ways in which international hierarchy shifted debates about democratization at the domestic level. During the Cold War, the bipolar nature of the world order meant that if the United States were to lose its ally in Jordan, the Soviet Union would be able to step up on the back of a new regime. If the United States then decided to cut off economic and security ties to Jordan, Jordanians might find comfort in the fact that the Soviet Union could play a role in continuing to secure Jordan's interests. Thus, those who resisted anti-American presence in the Arab world could launch their concerns more effectively because of an alternate patron—the Soviet Union—in the global order.
Support for Democracy and Authoritarianism
Authors: Jamal Amaney A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers quantitative support to the causal logics citizens employ when engaging democracy, authoritarianism, regime stability, and transition in Jordan and Kuwait. Because the argument advanced in this book is multi-layered, the chapter attempts to unpack the argument incrementally. It offers an empirical strategy that gradually addresses the microfoundations of the argument. This argument can be sketched briefly as follows: Citizens in client states (especially those who value access to global economic markets) will want to ensure stable ties to the patron in the event of transition. Therefore, citizens living in countries with organized anti-American opposition movements that have considerable constituency basis will be more likely to favor less democracy to ensure that anti-American forces do not harm relations with the United States. Ultimately, then, citizens in client states with similarly large opposition movements that are less anti-American will more likely favor democratization because the changes in regime will not jeopardize relations with their patron.
Palestine and Saudi Arabia and the Limits of Democracy
Authors: Jamal Amaney A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter extends the analysis to Palestine and Saudi Arabia. In 2002, the road map for peace adopted by the European Union, United States, Russian, and the United Nations called for the necessity of Palestinian reforms in moving the peace process forward. The United States was vocal about the need for the Palestinians to reform their system of government and pushed for Palestinian elections in the early years of the new millennium. However, the United States was hoping that a pro-Fatah alliance would emerge and neglected to state publicly that it would nullify any outcome that was not favorable to its own interests. The Palestinians learned the hard way that the United States would indeed punish the entire population for exercising democracy the wrong way. The case of Saudi Arabia mirrors in many ways the experiences of non-oil-rich states captured in this manuscript. Significant segments of the Saudi public recognize the importance of the Saudi regime in maintaining close alliances with the United States.
The Influence of International Context on Domestic-Level Models of Regime Transition and Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Jamal Amaney A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how anti-Americanism continues to thwart the democratization trajectory in the Arab world. Anti-Americanism has often been seen as simply a problem relevant to East–West relations, terrorism, and the clash of civilizations. However, anti-Americanism has also stifled grassroots efforts toward democratization in the Arab world. The sheer dependence of the Arab world on U.S. patronage has meant that Arab citizens take their cues from the United States to secure the status quo. While the preference for democracy exists on the street, it needs to be fully endorsed by the patron. Anti-American forces have dampened U.S. enthusiasm for democracy, which in turn has stifled democratic demands from below. Given the fact that increasing international dependency has resulted in greater anti-Americanism, the democratic option remains all the more elusive today.
Meaning and Measurement
Authors: Goertz Gary , Mahoney James
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how translation problems are manifested across the qualitative and quantitative cultures for issues related to concepts and measurement. In the quantitative research paradigm, one speaks of variables and indicators. X and Y are normally latent, unobserved variables for which one needs (quantitative) indicators. In practice, quantitative scholars might fuse the variable and the indicator into one entity. Qualitative researchers, on the other hand, tend to use the variable-indicator language which causes a translation problem and does not capture research practices in the qualitative culture. The chapter first considers the notion of “membership function,” which is important in the fuzzy-set approach to concepts, before discussing a fundamental principle of semantic transformations in the qualitative culture: the Principle of Unimportant Variation. It also explains the relationship between scale types and membership functions in fuzzy-set analysis.
The Soviet Blueprint
Authors: Kligman Gail , Verdery Katherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the Soviet blueprint, which established the technology of collectivization that East European leaders followed, with variations, during the 1950s. As the first country in the world to be founded on Marxist–Leninist principles, the Soviet Union had myriad problems to solve. The leaders' ambitious program of social engineering required developing a variety of techniques for carrying out specific tasks, such as obtaining food requisitions, collectivizing agriculture, and so on. These techniques formed the basis for creating “replica” regimes in Eastern Europe following World War II, in a process of technology transfer of almost unparalleled scope. This technological package may be called “the Soviet blueprint,” of which collectivization was a major part. Although the results varied considerably, each East European country was pressed into adopting more or less the same package. Nowhere, however, did the blueprint fully succeed against recalcitrant local realities—not even in the Soviet Union itself.
The Village Community and the Politics of Collectivization, 1945–62
Authors: Kligman Gail , Verdery Katherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the village social organization that collectives were to displace and the process of Romania's collectivization, from the 1945 land reform through the final celebrations in April 1962. At the beginning of the process, some peasants had no land at all, but most had at least a hectare, most worked it with family labor, and most did so largely for subsistence, with some marketing on the side. Both they and their fellow villagers considered them good and worthy people if they worked very hard and controlled their own labor process, not having to work for others. By the end, nearly all Romanian villagers owned no land at all; the small piece they worked for themselves was accorded to them only conditionally, not in permanent ownership; they were able to market very little if anything; and hard work in the collective gained them less admiration than did slacking off and stealing from the collective for their families.
The Alzheimer Conundrum
Authors: Lock Margaret
Published: November 2017

Due to rapidly aging populations, the number of people worldwide experiencing dementia is increasing, and the projections are grim. Despite billions of dollars invested in medical research, no effective treatment has been discovered for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. This book exposes the predicaments embedded in current efforts to slow down or halt Alzheimer's disease through early detection of pre-symptomatic biological changes in healthy individuals. Based on a meticulous account of the history of Alzheimer's disease and extensive in-depth interviews, the book highlights the limitations and the dissent associated with biomarker detection. It argues that basic research must continue, but should be complemented by a public health approach to prevention that is economically feasible, more humane, and much more effective globally than one exclusively focused on an increasingly harried search for a cure.
Marriage, Law, and Society: A Tangled Web
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores marriage in the social and legal context. It looks at who marries, and what marriage seems to mean to them. Marriage is a crucial social institution, and many people bemoan the state of American marriage: opponents of same-sex marriage, supporters of the patriarchal family, anti-divorce moralists, advocates for children, and so on. Marriage may be weaker than before, it may have changed greatly; but it is still fundamental to society and to the lives of people in America. And its consequences reverberate throughout society and the law. Thus the chapter discusses what marriage means in law: the rights and obligations of married couples, including economic rights. It also looks at the darker side of marriage—domestic violence and marital rape.
Common-Law Marriage
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the adventures—and the decline and fall—of the doctrine of common-law marriage in the twentieth century. A common-law marriage was an informal, but perfectly legal, marriage. If a man and woman agreed with each other to be husband and wife, then, from that moment on, they were husband and wife, without a marriage license, a judge or clergyman, witnesses, or anything else. A series of court decisions, in the first half of the nineteenth century, established the doctrine in most of the states. The chapter looks at the social factors which led to the decline of the common-law marriage.
Same-Sex Relationships
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes what might be the last battleground over “traditional” marriage—same-sex marriage, and the social and legal revolution that brought us from an era in which it was never contemplated to one in which, depending on the state, it is either expressly authorized or expressly prohibited. Same-sex marriage has posed—and continues to pose—a challenge to traditional definitions of marriage and family. But, more importantly, the issue implies broader changes in family law—the increasing role of constitutional analysis; limits on the right of government to regulate the family; and the clash between the traditional family form and a new and wider menu of intimate and household arrangements, and all this against the background of the rise of a stronger form of individualism.
Untying the Knot: Divorce and Annulment
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter tracks the divorce story, from the traditional system of fault-based divorce to the new system of divorce on demand. It also takes a look at annulment and the recent backlash that tries, mostly without success, to use the law to try to stem the tide of family breakdown. In the twentieth century, one frequently hears that marriage and the nuclear family are under siege, as divorce—and especially the rise of no-fault divorce—contributes centrally to that image. Aside from divorce, the chapter also looks at two related topics—legal separation and annulment—both of which act as substitutes for divorce, with one still maintaining some illusion of marriage while the other breaks it apart completely.
Dollars and Sense: The Economic Consequences of Divorce
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers developments in the law of property division and spousal support, with some attention to such private arrangements as antenuptial agreements. The issue here is mostly about couples with money—though usually one or both spouses will have to do with less after the divorce. And if there is no money, there is nothing to fight over, nothing to divide. Here, the chapter asks two basic questions: who gets what right now (property division), and if either spouse should share in the other's future earnings (spousal support). The answers are far from simple. These issues are the main concern in divorce negotiation in lawyers' offices and the major time in litigation, particularly since no-fault divorce eliminated most fights about whether a marriage would dissolve.
Whom Do We Belong To? Parentage and the Law
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines further challenges to the traditional family by exploring expanded definitions of legal parentage. It considers advances in reproductive technology, such as in-vitro fertilization and artificial insemination, to say nothing of the use of sperm donors, egg donors, and gestational surrogates. With so many options made available, biological parenthood is now open to infertile couples, single women, and same-sex couples. But these changes challenge the traditional rules of parentage. Family law has thus been forced to adapt to a world in which babies can be made without sex and with ties to multiple adults, whether married or not.
Discipline and Revolution: Classics in Victorian Culture
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

This book explores the dynamics of Classics in the nineteenth-century, focusing on art, opera, and fiction and how artworks come to stand for a self-aware statement about modernity—through the classical past. It raises new questions and new understandings in three major areas of scholarship: nineteenth-century studies, Classics, and the so-called Reception Studies. It examines the discipline of Classics and its place in Victorian culture, as well as some very strong challenges to the Classics as a story, which constitute a need for a major revision of the account. In particular, it considers the relationship between Classics and sexuality. It also discusses the most important revolution of the nineteenth century, and how this affects our understanding of a discipline as a discipline: the loss of the dominant place of Christianity in Victorian Britain.
The Art of Reception: J. W. Waterhouse and the Painting of Desire in Victorian Britain
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how paintings depicting the classical past became a way of talking about—or not talking about—sexual desire by focusing on the art of John William Waterhouse. It considers four of Waterhouse's paintings—Saint Eulalia, Mariamne, Hylas and the Nymph, and Circe Offering the Cup to Odysseus—and shows that they are a paradigmatic site for reflecting on the complexity of the circulation of classical knowledge in Victorian culture—reception in action. It also explores how Waterhouse represents the male subject of desire, and how his representational devices position, manipulate, and implicate the viewer. The discussion places Waterhouse at the center of a Victorian worry about male self-control and erotic openness, and suggests that his case is an example of how one strategy of modern self-definition loves to oversimplify “the Victorians” as a contrastive other to today—and nowhere more obviously than in the field of sexuality.
Only Connect!
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

This chapter relates the historical fiction of early Christianity in the Roman Empire to the intellectual lives of their authors, and uses this to see something of the social network within which the books emerged and to which they spoke. It first considers Victorian biography as a genre, showing that the Victorian recognition of the interweaving of a writer's life and work is part of the reception of the author as a cultural figure. To make this point, the chapter considers Mrs. Gaskell's biography of Charlotte Brontö. It also examines the experience of historicity as a defining characteristic of Victorian culture by focusing on two major representative figures of the era: Charles Kingsley and Fred W. Farrar.
Coda
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

In the ultra-trendy art magazine, The Studio, a magazine that had run important reviews of Waterhouse’s work, some photographs by Wilhelm von Gloeden were published in 1893. Von Gloeden moved from Germany to Sicily in 1878 for his health, where he lived for the last decades of the nineteenth century. He spent his time there taking naked, posed photographs of the local inhabitants. These were sold partly as anthropological studies of the Mediterranean, but mostly as “classical studies”—the Mediterranean body, in the open air. Like Alma-Tadema, he posed his subjects in classical ...
Knowledge Regimes and the National Origins of Policy Ideas
Authors: Campbell John L. , Pedersen Ove K.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter presents a model of the national construction of knowledge regimes—a model based on the comparative historical analysis presented in subsequent chapters. To begin with, knowledge regimes produce the analysis, advice, and other ideas that others have shown often influence public policy. However, knowledge regimes themselves are shaped largely by the nationally specific policymaking and production regimes with which they are associated. Challenges to and changes in production and policymaking regimes often cause changes in knowledge regimes, which is not surprising insofar as institutional change in one area of a political economy can cause change in another, particularly when people believe that institutional complementarities have broken down and try to renew them. As such, this book argues that policy ideas have national origins and the way they are produced is largely determined by nationally specific institutions.
Coordination and Compromise in Germany
Authors: Campbell John L. , Pedersen Ove K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that the German knowledge regime was coordinated through a number of mechanisms that reflected Germany's long-standing formal corporatist institutions as well as the country's strong multiparty proportional representation system of government. However, contrary to what one might expect given these institutional legacies, there were also a considerable number of more informal coordinating mechanisms. Following the end of the Golden Age, Germany faced a crisis of corporatism, which led eventually to an expansion of private policy research organizations, not to mention lobbyists, which increased competition in the knowledge regime. This was a decentralized effort to reform the knowledge regime through a kind of trial-and-error process based upon various privately organized initiatives, but it was blended with somewhat more centralized coordination too, such as deliberate efforts by the state to improve the scientific quality of policy analysis and advice emanating from the semi-public policy research organizations.
Initial Reflections on the National Cases
Authors: Campbell John L. , Pedersen Ove K.
Published: November 2017

Let us pause and consider the CHAPTER implications of what we have presented in part I. We begin by reviewing our main findings so far about the national origins of policy ideas. Then we examine their implications for comparative political economy and for arguments about the independence of intellectual enterprises like policy analysis and advising. We conclude with a brief discussion of typologies of policy research organizations....
Peddling Protectionism
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: November 2017

The Smoot–Hawley tariff of 1930, which raised U.S. duties on hundreds of imported goods to record levels, is America's most infamous trade law. It is often associated with—and sometimes blamed for—the onset of the Great Depression, the collapse of world trade, and the global spread of protectionism in the 1930s. Even today, the ghosts of congressmen Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley haunt anyone arguing for higher trade barriers; almost single-handedly, they made protectionism an insult rather than a compliment. This book provides the first comprehensive history of the causes and effects of this notorious measure, explaining why it largely deserves its reputation for combining bad politics and bad economics and harming the U.S. and world economies during the Depression. The book presents an authoritative account of the politics behind Smoot–Hawley, its economic consequences, the foreign reaction it provoked, and its aftermath and legacy. Starting as a Republican ploy to win the farm vote in the 1928 election by increasing duties on agricultural imports, the tariff quickly grew into a logrolling, pork barrel free for all in which duties were increased all around, regardless of the interests of consumers and exporters. After Herbert Hoover signed the bill, U.S. imports fell sharply and other countries retaliated by increasing tariffs on American goods, leading U.S. exports to shrivel as well. While Smoot–Hawley was hardly responsible for the Great Depression, the book argues, it contributed to a decline in world trade and provoked discrimination against U.S. exports that lasted decades. The book tells a fascinating story filled with valuable lessons for trade policy today.
Aftermath and Legacy
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter assesses the aftermath and legacy of the Smoot–Hawley tariff. Smoot–Hawley gave congressional trade policy making a bad name that persists to this day. Those who enacted it promised economic growth and prosperity, but it was followed instead by plummeting exports and depression. The Tariff Act of 1930, the formal name of the Smoot–Hawley tariff, was the last general tariff revision undertaken by Congress. Four years later, Congress ushered in a new era of U.S. trade policy by delegating power to the president to negotiate agreements with other countries to reduce tariffs. This approach gave the United States its current system, embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization. Yet the lessons of Smoot–Hawley continue to be debated whenever trade policy issues rise to the top of the national agenda.
The Religious Right
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of the Religious Right in Kansas. On May 31, 2009, Dr. George Tiller was murdered at the Reformation Lutheran Church in suburban Wichita. As one of the region's few providers of legal late-term abortions, Tiller had earned the ire of antiabortion activists. No issue brought churches as directly into the political arena during the late 1980s and 1990s as abortion. The Religious Right in Kansas gained national attention because of its role in encouraging the Kansas State Board of Education to approve science standards that downplayed the teaching of evolution. The decision raised questions such as: why Kansas was such a hotbed of religious conservatism; or why it mattered that independent evangelical Protestant churches were now on the same side of many issues as conservative Roman Catholics. The chapter explores the implications of the debate over evolution for Kansas religion and politics.
Tokuyama’s Theorem
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the Tokuyama's Theorem, first by writing the Weyl character formula and restating Schur polynomials, the values of the Whittaker function multiplied by the normalization constant. The λ‎-parts of Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series can be profitably regarded as a deformation of the numerator in the Weyl character formula. This leads to deformations of the Weyl character formula. Tokuyama gave such a deformation. It is an expression of ssubscript Greek small letter lamda(z) as a ratio of a numerator to a denominator. The denominator is a deformation of the Weyl denominator, and the numerator is a sum over Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns with top row λ‎ + ρ‎.
Outline of the Proof
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the proof of the equivalence of the two definitions for the λ‎-parts in terms of Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns. The equivalence of these two descriptions is a deep fact that uses subtle combinatorial manipulations depending in an essential way on the properties of λ‎-th order Gauss sums. This equivalence is the key step in demonstrating functional equations. In outlining the proof, the chapter introduces many concepts and ideas as well as several equivalent forms of the result, called Statements A through G. Each statement is an intrinsically combinatorial identity involving products of Gauss sums, but with each statement the nature of the problem changes. The first reduction, Statement B, changes the focus from Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns to “short” Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns, consisting of just three rows.
Snakes
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the “Snake Lemma” and uses it to prove the statement that GΓ‎(t) = GΔ‎(t′) is “often” true. It first describes an indexing of the Γ‎ preaccordion and of the Δ‎′ preaccordion; each indexing visits the episodes of the sequence in order from left to right, and after it is finished with an episode, it moves on to the next with no skipping around. Thus both indexings must be in the same episode. If there are resonances, there will be more than one possible pair of snakes. These are obtained through a process of specialization described in the proof. Any one of these pairs of snakes are considered canonical.
Conclusion of the Proof
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the tools to prove that the proof of Theorem 1.2 is reduced to Statement G. It begins with the lemma stating that the cardinality of each Γ‎-pack or Δ‎-pack is a power of 2. It then introduces a proposition in which (σ‎, Σ‎) is an origin for a Γ‎-equivalence class. It is easy to see that a Γ‎-swap does not change α‎, Γ‎(σ‎), while it decreases κΓ‎(σ‎) by 1. To finish the proof of the theorem, the bijection is constructed, where the number of divisibility conditions is necessarily constant when the bijection obtains.
Statement B and Crystal Graphs
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter translates Statements A and B into Statements A′ and B′ in the language of crystal bases, and explains in this language how Statement B′ implies Statement A′. It first introduces the relevant definition, which is provisional since it assumes that we can give an appropriate definition of boxing and circling for Ω‎. The crystal graph formulation in Statement A′ is somewhat simpler than its Gelfand-Tsetlin counterpart. In particular, in the formulation of Statement A, there were two different Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns that were related by the Schützenberger involution. In the crystal graph formulation, different decompositions of the long element simply result in different paths from the same vertex v to the lowest weight vector.
Introduction
Authors: Hoppitt William , Laland Kevin N.
Published: November 2017

This book explores social learning concepts and methods as well as new developments in the field. These methods include: experimental and statistical methods that allow researchers to categorize cases of social learning according to their underlying psychological processes and learning mechanisms; neuroscientific methods for identifying the brain structures, neural circuitry, and physiological processes underlying both social learning and social influences on decision making; and mathematical methods for predicting the pattern of diffusion of novel learned innovations, and for modeling cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution. This introductory chapter presents some definitions such as “social learning,” “imitation,” “innovation,” and “social transmission” and explains why social learning is an important field of study. It also provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Methods for Studying Social Learning in the Laboratory
Authors: Hoppitt William , Laland Kevin N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes research methods for investigating social learning in the laboratory. In recent decades laboratory experiments have been conducted to explore the population-level aspects of social transmission; an example is the investigation of aspects of tradition, diffusion, and innovation. This chapter discusses traditional social learning experimental designs, studies of linear transmission chains and replacement transmission chains, and controlled diffusion studies. It also considers some recent neuroscientific analyses of social learning, which extend the study of social learning beyond the behavioral level. In particular, it examines innovation, the biological bases of social learning, neuroendocrinological studies, social learning of fear, and neural mechanisms of observational learning.
Social Learning Mechanisms
Authors: Hoppitt William , Laland Kevin N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a classification of social learning mechanisms and explains how these mechanisms can be distinguished empirically. In most published social learning studies it is very difficult to determine exactly which mechanisms are operating. This is because experiments are often not designed with this primary purpose. Nonetheless, in such cases a researcher may still wish to draw some inferences about the process underlying a particular case of social learning. The chapter discusses stimulus enhancement, local enhancement, observational conditioning, response facilitation, social facilitation, imitation, observational R-S learning, emulation, opportunity providing, inadvertent coaching, and production imitation. It also considers a pragmatic approach to characterizing mechanisms of social transmission.
Music Genres
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter first sets out book's purpose, which is to study the ideological, social, organizational, and symbolic attributes of twentieth-century American music. Three questions guide the investigation: (1) What are the common economic, organizational, ideological, and aesthetic traits among contemporary music genres? (2) Do music genres follow any patterns in their development, and if so, what explains their similarities and differences? and (3) Using contemporary American musical genres as a point of reference, how can we discover new genre forms and trajectories? It explores these questions in music in order to offer a comprehensive view into both classificatory schema employed to organize sound and sociocultural classification systems in general. The remainder of the chapter discusses the formal characteristics of twelve attributes found across styles of music. These organizational, economic, interpersonal, and aesthetic attributes are used to differentiate one musical style from another, and a given style from one moment in time to the next. Drawing from an inductive coding of histories of sixty American market-based musical forms from the twentieth century, it demonstrates patterns of attributes.