bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based economic analysis demonstrates that ecosystem service benefits of water hyacinth management greatly exceed research and control costs
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. , Harms Nathan E. , Magen Cedric , Liang Dong , Nesslage Genevieve M. , McMurray Anna M. , Cofrancesco Al F.
Published: May 2018

Invasive species management can be a victim of its own success when decades of effective control cause memories of past harm to fade and raise questions of whether programs should continue. Economic analysis can be used to assess the efficiency of investing in invasive species control by comparing ecosystem service benefits to program costs, but only if appropriate data exist. We used a case study of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms), a nuisance floating aquatic plant, in Louisiana to demonstrate how comprehensive record-keeping supports economic analysis. Using long-term data sets, we developed empirical and spatio-temporal simulation models of intermediate complexity to project invasive species growth for control and no-control scenarios. For Louisiana, we estimated that peak plant cover would be 76% higher without the substantial growth rate suppression (84% reduction) that appeared due primarily to biological control agents. Our economic analysis revealed that combined biological and herbicide control programs, monitored over an unusually long time period (1975–2013), generated a benefit-cost ratio of about 34:1 derived from the relatively modest costs of $124 million ($2013) compared to the $4.2 billion ($2013) in benefits to anglers, waterfowl hunters, boating-dependent businesses, and water treatment facilities over the 38-year analysis period. This work adds to the literature by: (1) providing evidence of the effectiveness of water hyacinth biological control; (2) demonstrating use of parsimonious spatio-temporal models to estimate benefits of invasive species control; and (3) incorporating activity substitution into economic benefit transfer to avoid overstating benefits. Our study suggests that robust and cost-effective economic analysis is enabled by good record keeping and generalizable models that can demonstrate management effectiveness and promote social efficiency of invasive species control.
Effects of preservation method on canine (Canis lupus familiaris) fecal microbiota
Authors: Horng Katti R. , Ganz Holly H. , Eisen Jonathan A. , Marks Stanley L.
Published: May 2018

Studies involving gut microbiome analysis play an increasing role in the evaluation of health and disease in humans and animals alike. Fecal sampling methods for DNA preservation in laboratory, clinical, and field settings can greatly influence inferences of microbial composition and diversity, but are often inconsistent and under-investigated between studies. Many laboratories have utilized either temperature control or preservation buffers for optimization of DNA preservation, but few studies have evaluated the effects of combining both methods to preserve fecal microbiota. To determine the optimal method for fecal DNA preservation, we collected fecal samples from one canine donor and stored aliquots in RNAlater, 70% ethanol, 50:50 glycerol:PBS, or without buffer at 25 °C, 4 °C, and −80 °C. Fecal DNA was extracted, quantified, and 16S rRNA gene analysis performed on Days 0, 7, 14, and 56 to evaluate changes in DNA concentration, purity, and bacterial diversity and composition over time. We detected overall effects on bacterial community of storage buffer (F-value = 6.87, DF = 3, P < 0.001), storage temperature (F-value=1.77, DF = 3, P = 0.037), and duration of sample storage (F-value = 3.68, DF = 3, P < 0.001). Changes in bacterial composition were observed in samples stored in −80 °C without buffer, a commonly used method for fecal DNA storage, suggesting that simply freezing samples may be suboptimal for bacterial analysis. Fecal preservation with 70% ethanol and RNAlater closely resembled that of fresh samples, though RNAlater yielded significantly lower DNA concentrations (DF = 8.57, P < 0.001). Although bacterial composition varied with temperature and buffer storage, 70% ethanol was the best method for preserving bacterial DNA in canine feces, yielding the highest DNA concentration and minimal changes in bacterial diversity and composition. The differences observed between samples highlight the need to consider optimized post-collection methods in microbiome research.
Taxonomic monograph of Oxygyne (Thismiaceae), rare achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs with strongly disjunct distribution
Authors: Cheek Martin , Tsukaya Hirokazu , Rudall Paula J. , Suetsugu Kenji
Published: May 2018

Oxygyne Schltr. (Thismiaceae) is a rare and little-known genus of achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic perennial herbs with one of the most remarkable distributions of all angiosperm plant genera globally, being disjunct between Japan and West–Central Africa. Each species is known only from a single location, and in most cases from a single specimen. This monographic study names, describes and maps two new species, Oxygyne duncanii Cheek from cloud forest in SW Region Cameroon and O. frankei Cheek from gallery forest in the Central African Republic, representing the first new Oxygyne species described from Africa in 112 years, and raising the number of described Oxygyne species from four to six. Oxygyne duncanii is remarkable for sharing more morphological characters with two of the three Japanese species (O. hyodoi C.Abe & Akasawa, O. shinzatoi (H. Ohashi) Tsukaya) than with the geographically much closer type species of the genus, O. triandra from Mt Cameroon. Based mainly on herbarium specimens and field observations made in Cameroon and Japan during a series of botanical surveys, we provide descriptions, synonymy, mapping and extinction risk assessments for each species of Oxygyne, together with keys to the genera of Thismiaceae and the species of Oxygyne. The subterranean structures of African Oxygyne are described for the first time, and found to be consistent with those of the Japanese species. We review and reject an earlier proposal that the Japanese species should be segregated from the African species as a separate genus, Saionia Hatus. The only character that separates the two disjunct species groups is now flower colour: blue or partly-blue in the Japanese species compared with orange-brown in the African species. Studies of the pollination biology and mycorrhizal partners of Oxygyne are still lacking. Two of the six species, O. triandra Schltr. and O. hyodoi, appear to be extinct, and the remaining four are assessed as Critically Endangered using the IUCN 2012 criteria. To avoid further extinction, an urgent requirement is for conservation management of the surviving species in the wild. Since few achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs have been successfully cultivated from seed to maturity, ex situ conservation will not be viable for these species and protection in the wild is the only viable option. While natural habitat survives, further botanical surveys could yet reveal additional new species between Central Africa and Japan.
Altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness and density in relation to climate, habitat heterogeneity, and migration influence in a temperate montane forest (South Korea)
Authors: Kim Jin-Yong , Lee Sanghun , Shin Man-Seok , Lee Chang-Hoon , Seo Changwan , Eo Soo Hyung
Published: May 2018

Altitudinal patterns in the population ecology of mountain bird species are useful for predicting species occurrence and behavior. Numerous hypotheses about the complex interactions among environmental factors have been proposed; however, these still remain controversial. This study aimed to identify the altitudinal patterns in breeding bird species richness or density and to test the hypotheses that climate, habitat heterogeneity (horizontal and vertical), and heterospecific attraction in a temperate forest, South Korea. We conducted a field survey of 142 plots at altitudes between 200 and 1,400 m a.s.l in the breeding season. A total of 2,771 individuals from 53 breeding bird species were recorded. Altitudinal patterns of species richness and density showed a hump-shaped pattern, indicating that the highest richness and density could be observed at moderate altitudes. Models constructed with 13 combinations of six variables demonstrated that species richness was positively correlated with vertical and horizontal habitat heterogeneity. Density was positively correlated with vertical, but not horizontal habitat heterogeneity, and negatively correlated with migratory bird ratio. No significant relationships were found between spring temperature and species richness or density. Therefore, the observed patterns in species richness support the hypothesis that habitat heterogeneity, rather than climate, is the main driver of species richness. Also, neither habitat heterogeneity nor climate hypotheses fully explains the observed patterns in density. However, vertical habitat heterogeneity does likely help explain observed patterns in density. The heterospecific attraction hypothesis did not apply to the distribution of birds along the altitudinal gradient. Appropriate management of vertical habitat heterogeneity, such as vegetation cover, should be maintained for the conservation of bird diversity in this area.
SUEÑOS Y PALABRAS: OS SONHOS DE QUEM? AS PALAVRAS DE QUEM?
Authors: Cruz-Báez Samarys Lynette
Published: May 2018

O presente trabalho analisa quais as concepções de linguagem e de sujeito contidas no livro didático Sueños y palavras utilizado nas escolas públicas de Porto Rico. O objetivo da pesquisa foi refletir sobre quais as implicações dessas concepções na apropriação da linguagem em uso na interação com outrem e na constituição subjetiva dos estudantes.  Para isso, foram analisadas as atividades das 12 unidades do livro a partir de uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica enunciativo-discursiva bakhtiniana. Os resultados constatam que tanto a concepção de língua quanto a concepção de sujeito são abstraídas de contextos intersubjetivos de interação verbal em que a linguagem percebida como prática social, o que traz implicações no ensino e na aprendizagem da linguagem, pois se anula a possibilidade de agentividade do sujeito e a dialogicidade.
ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR SUPERVISIONADO NA EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL DE NÍVEL MÉDIO EM ENFERMAGEM E A PERSISTÊNCIA DA CENTRALIDADE DO “SABER FAZER”.
Authors: Neves Luara Cristiane Dourado , Tonini Adriana Maria
Published: May 2018

Esta artigo apresenta as influências do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado (ECS) na formação profissional do Técnico em Enfermagem, segundo as perspectivas de estudantes egressos do período de práticas em campo. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com onze egressos do ECS de um Curso Técnico em Enfermagem, sendo suas narrativas submetidas à análise de conteúdo, de acordo com as proposições de Laurence Bardin. A análise dos dados apontou uma forte convergência da formação prática, a supervalorização do saber fazer, a discrepância entre teoria e prática e a incisiva  influência da precariedade do sistema de saúde público na formação desses profissionais.
AS CRIANÇAS E O GUIA DOS MUSEUS BRASILEIROS COMO OBJETOS DE ESTUDO
Authors: Carvalho Cristina
Published: May 2018

O artigo se propõe a apresentar os resultados de uma primeira análise do Guia dos Museus Brasileiros e concepções de criança, escola e museu por parte de instituições culturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro listadas nessa obra. Enquanto procedimento metodológico, utilizou-se de análise de conteúdo e de discurso na apreciação do Guia e no contato via e-mail e telefone com as instituições. Em diálogo com autores que se debruçaram sobre a temática da cultura, da infância e dos museus, constatou-se equívocos e ambiguidades na elaboração do Guia e nas concepções apresentadas pelas instituições, reiterando a difícil relação entre as escolas e os museus, já apontada em outras pesquisas.
AMIZADE E CORAGEM DA VERDADE NAS NARRATIVAS DE PROFESSORES HOMOSSEXUAIS
Authors: França Filipe Gabriel Ribeiro
Published: May 2018

Neste texto, trago narrativas produzidas acerca dos conceitos de amizade e coragem da verdade que surgiram durante a minha pesquisa de mestrado a partir dos meus encontros com sete professores que se auto identificaram como homossexuais. Utilizei como referencial teórico-metodológico a perspectiva pós-estruturalista. A partir dessa perspectiva pude problematizar as formas pelas quais os professores vão se constituindo enquanto homossexuais e discutir como esses professores vão se produzindo nas relações de poder, nas relações com o outro e, sobretudo, nas relações consigo mesmos.
RELIGIO CURRICULARE: BIOPOLÍTICA DA VIDA CURRICULAR
Authors: Roseiro Steferson Zanoni , Carvalho Janete Magalhães
Published: May 2018

Partindo da premissa de que as discussões curriculares se intensificam a um ponto irrefreável nos últimos 30 anos, afirma-se que o campo em torno do currículo tem se manifestado, ao modo de Agamben, como uma religião. No chão das escolas, um processo infinito de culto ao currículo preenche as relações educativas, fazendo discursos e práticas serem atravessadas de preocupações organizativas e alimentadas por um dispositivo e de redes de confissão. Assim, objetivando discutir a vida curricular enquanto na sua relação com deidade Currículo, essa pesquisa foi realizada por meio de redes de conversações com professores de escolas públicas afim de indagar como as relações curriculares são estabelecidas. Por fim, aponta não apenas para a sacralidade curricular, mas também para a potência de profanação da vida cotidiana.
A ACEITABILIDADE DA RESERVA DO POSSÍVEL PELO PODER JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO: LIMITE OU POSSIBILIDADE PARA OS GESTORES DA EDUCAÇÃO PÚBLICA?
Authors: Flach Simone De Fátima , Flach Amanda Cristhina
Published: May 2018

A partir de análise bibliográfica e documental, de cunho qualitativo, este texto apresenta como o princípio da reserva do possível tem sido utilizado como justificativa pelo poder público para a inexecução de preceitos legais para com as políticas sociais. Tendo como foco a educação, este artigo expõe sobre o direito à educação na legislação brasileira, responsabilidades dos gestores públicos nas diversas esferas administrativas e como o princípio da reserva do possível tem ou não encontrado guarida junto ao poder judiciário tornando-se matéria jurisprudencial. Ao final, conclui-se que, no campo das discussões e das interpretações legais, o poder judiciário pode tornar-se legitimador da inexecução das responsabilidades públicas.
MAIS TECNOLOGIA, MAIS INCLUSÃO? ANALISANDO O PROGRAMA DE IMPLANTAÇÃO DAS SALAS DE RECURSOS MULTIFUNCIONAIS
Authors: Segabinazzi Marília , Lunardi-Mendes Geovana Mendonça
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho apresenta a discussão do espaço e sentido atribuído às tecnologias digitais no Programa de Implantação das Salas de Recursos Multifuncionais, iniciativa pública destinada à Educação Especial. Trazendo parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa concluída, ancorada no método de análise do ciclo de políticas e aqui recortada nos achados da etapa de análise documental, o estudo mostra que a Educação Especial brasileira, no que diz respeito ao Programa de Implantação das Salas de Recursos Multifuncionais, ainda encontra algumas barreiras para que as tecnologias digitais ultrapassem o mero caráter de ferramentas assistivas e possam lograr outros ganhos a esse alunado.
Irreversible modifications of receptor tyrosine kinases
Authors: Kreitman Matthew , Noronha Ashish , Yarden Yosef
Published: May 2018

Each group of the 56 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) binds with one or more soluble growth factors and coordinates a vast array of cellular functions. These outcomes are tightly regulated by inducible post‐translational events, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ectodomain shedding, and regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Because of the delicate balance required for appropriate RTK function, cells may become pathogenic upon dysregulation of RTKs themselves or their post‐translational covalent modifications. For example, reduced ectodomain shedding and decreased ubiquitination of the cytoplasmic region, both of which enhance growth factor signals, characterize malignant cells. Whereas receptor phosphorylation and ubiquitination are reversible, proteolytic cleavage events are irreversible, and either modification might alter the subcellular localization of RTKs. Herein, we focus on ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases (including ADAM family proteases), cleavage within the membrane or cytoplasmic regions of RTKs (by gamma‐secretases and caspases, respectively), and complete receptor proteolysis in lysosomes and proteasomes. Roles of irreversible modifications in RTK signaling, pathogenesis, and pharmacology are highlighted.
Beware of memes in the interpretation of your results – lessons from gene‐disrupted mice in fertilization research
Authors: Okabe Masaru
Published: May 2018

For decades, researchers in the fertilization field reported various candidate factors involved in sperm–egg interaction through experiments using enzyme inhibitors and/or antibodies. However, almost all of these factors have been shown to be nonessential by gene disruption experiments. Recently, attention has focused on the low reproducibility of papers in many research fields. In this Review, I retrospectively revisit how fertilization factors were misinterpreted and led to wrong hypotheses in relation to the reportedly low reproducibility of scientific papers.
Virtually overcoming grammar learning with 3D application of Loci mnemonics?
Authors: Hagström Josefin , Winman Anders
Published: May 2018

The importance of contextual information for memory organization has been advocated by memory research and ancient mnemonic techniques (e.g., method of loci), yet it remains overlooked in most current study environments. Here, German noun gender was presented to 48 participants without prior knowledge of German, either without or within a provided spatial context consisting of a simulated virtual environment that could be explored freely. The three main findings were: in addition to reduced forgetting rate, memory was significantly enhanced when acquisition had occurred with a spatial context than without, in immediate, and delayed cued recall, as well as in delayed free recall. Second, visualization ability predicted spatial context efficiency as a memory aid for cued recall. Lastly, performance of the method of loci‐based method correlated with its perceived efficiency. This is the first study to experimentally demonstrate the potential effectiveness of computer‐induced spatial context on grammar learning.
Auditory driving and affective influences
Authors: Boltz Marilyn G.
Published: May 2018

Past research has shown that variations in musical tempo influence the perceived rate of visual motion. The goal here was to investigate whether this effect is influenced by audiovisual affect. Participants were presented with montages (slideshows) of positive or negative scenes accompanied by positive or negative music whose rate was either the same as, or 15% faster or slower than that of the montage. The results of a subsequent recognition task showed a higher false alarm rate to faster and slower visual scenes in the presence of accelerated and decelerated soundtracks, respectively. Moreover, the magnitude of these effects significantly increased when music–montage pairs displayed a positive and negative affect, respectively. In contrast, variations in visual rate exerted no influence on auditory rate recognition. These findings have implications for audiovisual art forms as well as theories of cross‐modal perception.
Development of an Innovative Low Pressure Die Casting Process for Aluminum Powertrain and Structural Components
Authors: Merchán Mikel , Egizabal Pedro , García de Cortázar Maider , Irazustabarrena Ane , Galarraga Haize
Published: May 2018

An innovative Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) process has been developed for aluminum cast components based on the application of an extra pressure during the solidification process. The new process, named “Low Pressure Squeeze Casting” (LPSC) has been proved to be able to increase the solidification rate, refining the microstructure of the casting, and reducing its shrinkage porosity. Furthermore, the cycle time is also reduced, increasing the productivity of the process. Two demonstrators from the automotive and wind power industries have been produced to validate the process in a relevant industrial environment.
Solid State Foaming of Nickel, Monel, and Copper by the Reduction and Expansion of NiO and CuO Dispersions
Authors: Atwater Mark A. , Luckenbaugh Thomas L. , Hornbuckle B. Chad , Darling Kristopher A.
Published: May 2018

Nickel and its alloys are useful in a range of applications, and nickel foams have increased in popularity for functional applications, such as electrodes. Despite their versatility and interest for burgeoning technologies, there is only one well‐developed method for producing porous nickel commercially. This work introduces a simple method for creating porosity in nickel and Monel (70% Ni, 30% Cu) that results in sub‐micron to micron‐scale pores and grains. This is accomplished by creating oxide dispersions in the metallic matrix and then reducing those oxides at elevated temperature to form pores. It is found that nickel and Monel reach maximum porosity at 800 °C with Monel reaching a higher overall porosity (33% vs. 25% for Ni), whereas Cu exhibited 40% porosity under the same conditions. Varied matrix and oxide pairings are examined microstructurally, and the effects of matrix strength, oxide chemistry, and other factors are considered to determine factors in pore development. Uniquely, this method produces pores within individual metallic particles, so this porosity can be added to other powder methods of solid state foaming to enhance the performance in functional applications.
Biomimetic Ultralight, Highly Porous, Shape‐Adjustable, and Biocompatible 3D Graphene Minerals via Incorporation of Self‐Assembled Peptide Nanosheets
Authors: Li Keheng , Zhang Zhenfang , Li Dapeng , Zhang Wensi , Yu Xiaoqing , Liu Wei , Gong Coucong , Wei Gang , Su Zhiqiang
Published: May 2018

Hybrid nanomaterials with tailored functions, consisting of self‐assembled peptides, are intensively applied in nanotechnology, tissue engineering, and biomedical applications due to their unique structures and properties. Herein, a peptide‐mediated biomimetic strategy is adopted to create the multifunctional 3D graphene foam (GF)‐based hybrid minerals. First, 2D peptide nanosheets (PNSs), obtained by self‐assembling a motif‐specific peptide molecule (LLVFGAKMLPHHGA), are expected to exhibit biofunctionality, such as the biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) minerals. Subsequently, the noncovalent conjugation of PNSs onto GF support is utilized to form 3D GF‐PNSs hybrid scaffolds, which are suitable for the growth of HA minerals. The fabricated biomimetic 3D GF‐PNSs‐HA minerals exhibit adjustable shape, superlow weight (0.017 g cm−3), high porosity (5.17 m2 g−1), and excellent biocompatibility, proving potential applications in both bone tissue engineering and biomedical engineering. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first time to combine 2D PNSs and GF to fabricate 3D organic–inorganic hybrid scaffold. Further development of these hybrid GF‐PNSs scaffolds can potentially lead to materials used as matrices for drug delivery or bone tissue engineering as proven via successful 3D scaffold formation exhibiting interconnected pore‐size structures suitable for vascularization and medium transport.
A Coating that Combines Lotus‐Effect and Contact‐Active Antimicrobial Properties on Silicone
Authors: Rauner Nicolas , Mueller Christoph , Ring Sabine , Boehle Sara , Strassburg Arne , Schoeneweiss Carmen , Wasner Marvin , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: May 2018

The antimicrobial equipment of materials is of great importance in medicine but also in daily life. A challenge is the antimicrobial modification of hydrophobic surfaces without increasing their low surface energy. This is particularly important for silicone‐based materials. Because most antimicrobial surface modifications render the materials more hydrophilic, methods are needed to achieve antimicrobial activity without changing the high water‐contact‐angle. This is achieved in the present work, where SiO2 nanoparticles are prepared and functionalized with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (QAS) in a one‐pot synthesis. The modified nanoparticles are applied onto a silicone surface from suspension with no need of elaborate pretreatment. The resulting surface exhibits a Lotus‐Effect combined with contact‐active antimicrobial properties. The particle surfaces show self‐organizing micro‐ and nanostructures that afford a water‐contact angle of 144° and a hysteresis below 10°. The particles are self‐adhering on the silicone after solvent evaporation and resistant against immersion into and washing with water for at least 5 d. Thereby, the adhesion of the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus to these surfaces is reduced and the remaining bacterial cells are killed within 16 h. This is the first example of a Lotus‐Effect surface with intrinsic contact‐active antimicrobial properties.
Modeling of Actual‐Size Organic Electronic Devices from Efficient Molecular‐Scale Simulations
Authors: Li Haoyuan , Bredas Jean‐Luc
Published: May 2018

Rational development of organic electronic devices requires a molecular insight into the structure–performance relationships that can be established for the organic active layers. However, the current molecular‐scale simulations of these devices are limited to nanometer sizes, well below the micrometer‐sized systems that are needed in order to consider actual‐scale morphologies and to reliably model low dopant concentrations and trap densities. Here, by enabling descriptions of both the short‐range and the long‐range electrostatic interactions in master equation simulations, it is demonstrated that reliable molecular‐scale simulations can be applied to systems 100 times larger than those previously accessible. This quantum leap in the modeling capability allows us to uncover large inhomogeneities in the charge‐carrier distributions. Furthermore, in the case of a blend morphology, charge transport in an actual‐scale device is found to behave differently as a function of applied voltage, compared to the case of a uniform film. By including these features in realistic‐scale descriptions, this methodology represents a major step into a deeper understanding of the operation of organic electronic devices.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle‐Encapsulated CNT Branches Grown on 3D Ozonated CNT Internetworks for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Bhattacharya Pallab , Suh Dong Hoon , Nakhanivej Puritut , Kang Yingbo , Park Ho Seok
Published: May 2018

Multidimensional hierarchical architecturing is a promising chemical approach to provide unique characteristics synergistically integrated from individual nanostructured materials for energy storage applications. Herein, hierarchical complex hybrid architectures of CNT‐on‐OCNT‐Fe are reported, where iron oxide nanoparticles are encapsulated inside carbon nanotube (CNT) branches grown onto the ozone‐treated surface of 3D CNT internetworked porous structures. The activated surface of the 3D ozonated CNT (OCNT) interacts with the iron oxide nanoparticles, resulting in different chemical environments of inner and outer tubes and large surface area. The mixed phases of iron oxide nanoparticles are confined by full encapsulation inside the conductive nanotubes and act as catalysts to vertically grow the CNT branches. This unique hierarchical architecture allows CNT‐on‐OCNT‐Fe to achieve a reasonable capacity of >798 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1, with outstanding rate capability (≈72% capacity retention at rates from 50 to 1000 mA g−1) and cyclic stability (>98.3% capacity retention up to 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of >97%). The improved rate and cyclic capabilities are attributed to the hierarchical porosity of 3D OCNT internetworks, the shielding of CNT walls for encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles, and a proximate electronic pathway for the isolated nanoparticles.
Micromachining‐Compatible, Facile Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite Spin Crossover Actuators
Authors: Manrique‐Juárez María D. , Mathieu Fabrice , Laborde Adrian , Rat Sylvain , Shalabaeva Victoria , Demont Philippe , Thomas Olivier , Salmon Lionel , Leichle Thierry , Nicu Liviu , Molnár Gábor , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: May 2018

[FeII(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) spin crossover particles of 85 nm mean size are dispersed in an SU‐8 polymer matrix and spray‐coated onto silicon microcantilevers. The subsequent photothermal treatment of the polymer resist leads to micrometer thick, smooth, and homogeneous coatings, which exhibit well‐reproducible actuation upon the thermally induced spin transition. The actuation amplitude as a function of temperature is accurately determined by combining integrated piezoresistive detection with external optical interferometry, which allows for the assessment of the associated actuation force (9.4 mN), stress (28 MPa), strain (1.0%), and work density (140 mJ cm−3) through a stratified beam model. The dynamical mechanical characterization of the films evidences an increase of the resonance frequency and a concomitant decrease of the damping in the high‐temperature phase, which arises due to a combined effect of the thickness and mechanical property changes. The spray‐coating approach is also successfully extended to scale up the actuators for the centimeter range on a polymer substrate providing perspectives for biomimetic soft actuators.
Reducing Bacterial Infections and Biofilm Formation Using Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Antibacterial Surfaces
Authors: Mi Gujie , Shi Di , Wang Mian , Webster Thomas J.
Published: May 2018

With the rapid spreading of resistance among common bacterial pathogens, bacterial infections, especially antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections, have drawn much attention worldwide. In light of this, nanoparticles, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, liposomes, polymersomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been increasingly exploited as both efficient antimicrobials themselves or as delivery platforms to enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. In addition to the emergence of widespread antibiotic resistance, of equal concern are implantable device‐associated infections, which result from bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation at the site of implantation. The ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics against these biofilms often leads to revision surgery, which is both debilitating to the patient and expensive. Toward this end, micro‐ and nanotopographies, especially those that resemble natural surfaces, and nonfouling chemistries represent a promising combination for long‐term antibacterial activity. Collectively, the use of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces to combat bacterial growth and infections is a promising solution to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and biofilm‐related device infections.
Nearly 100% Horizontal Dipole Orientation and Upconversion Efficiency in Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters
Authors: Byeon Sung Yong , Kim Jongchan , Lee Dong Ryun , Han Si Hyun , Forrest Stephen R. , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: May 2018

The relationship between anisotropic orientation and molecular structure of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF)‐based organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) is studied using TADF emitters with carbazole, biscarbazole, and triscarbazole donor units. The bicarbazole and triscarbazole donors are more effective than the carbazole donor in driving the anisotropic orientation of the TADF molecules. A near‐perfect in‐plane orientation of the TADF dipole moment is demonstrated using the triscarbazole donor. In addition, the triscarbazole donor based OLED shows high photoluminescence quantum yield and an upconversion efficiency close to 100%. As a consequence, an external quantum efficiency >30% is obtained.
Phototriggered Selective Actuation and Self‐Oscillating in Dual‐Phase Liquid Crystal Photonic Actuators
Authors: Wei Wanyuan , Zhang Zhewei , Wei Jie , Li Xiaofeng , Guo Jinbao
Published: May 2018

Among different kinds of photoactuators available, those based on liquid‐crystal polymer networks (LCNs) are gathering a great deal of attention due to their fast response and versatility of structural design. However, only a few reports have focused on the phototriggered LCN actuators for complex actuation and multifunction properties. Here, a phototriggered LCN‐based photonic actuator with quasi‐bilayer structure that exhibits fast and reversible shape changes is created by infiltrating a LCN precursor–graphene oxide mixture into a silica opal template, ultraviolet photopolymerization, and removing the template. Particularly, the phototriggered selective actuation behavior is achieved in dual‐phase LCN‐based photonic actuators with macroscopically alternating nematic (N) and isotropic (I) phase, which enables versatile actuation modes and allows multiple shape changes. In addition, a two‐segmented, dual‐phase LCN‐based photonic actuator exhibits self‐oscillating motion when a responsive N‐phase region as localized active point is irradiated, which arises from the self‐shadowing of the passive I‐phase region. To demonstrate the potential application of this self‐oscillating motion behavior, a photoelectric energy conversion device that is capable of converting light energy to electric energy is constructed.
Synthesis of a Bolm's 2,2′‐Bipyridine Ligand Analogue and Its Applications
Authors: Bednářová Eva , Dračínský Martin , Malatinec Štefan , Císařová Ivana , Lamaty Frédéric , Kotora Martin
Published: May 2018

A new method of synthesis of an analogue of Bolm's 2,2′‐bipyridine ligand based on the catalytic [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of 1‐halodiynes with nitriles was developed. Crucial step of the whole synthesis turned out to be homodimerization of a substituted 2‐bromopyridine to the corresponding bipyridine, that was studied and optimized. The newly prepared bipyridine (S,S)‐2 was then tested as a chiral ligand in metal‐catalyzed enantioselective reactions. Out of the studied reactions the most promising results were obtained in epoxide ring opening (82% yield, 98% ee) and Mukaiyama aldol reaction (>96% yield, 99/1 dr, 92% ee). In the case of Mukaiyama‐aldol reaction as well as in the Michael addition, novel ligand 2 proved its robustness compared to Bolm's ligand as it was less sensitive to the purity of used reagents.

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Self‐employed individuals performing different types of work have different occupational safety and health problems
Authors: Park Jungsun , Han Boyoung , Kim Yangho
Published: May 2018

Introduction

We assessed the occupational safety and health (OSH) issues of self‐employed individuals in Korea.

Methods

The working conditions and OSH issues in three groups were analyzed using the Korean Working Conditions Survey of 2014.

Results

Among self‐employed individuals, “Physical work” was more common among males, whereas “Emotional work” was more common among females. Self‐employed individuals performing “Mental work” had more education, higher incomes, and the lowest exposure to physical/chemical and ergonomic hazards in the workplace. In contrast, those performing “Physical work” were older, had less education, lower incomes, greater exposure to physical/chemical and ergonomic hazards in the workplace, and more health problems. Individuals performing “Physical work” were most vulnerable to OSH problems.

Conclusion

The self‐employed are a heterogeneous group of individuals. We suggest development of specific strategies that focus on workers performing “Physical work” to improve the health and safety of self‐employed workers in Korea.
Highly Efficient Syntheses of C−N Axially Chiral 1‐(ortho‐hydroxyaryl)uracil using a Chiral Auxiliary and a Chiral Base
Authors: Hasegawa Futoshi , Yasukawa Yoshifumi , Kawamura Kazushi , Tsuchikawa Hiroshi , Murata Michio
Published: May 2018

We achieved a highly diastereoselective synthesis of 1‐aryl‐6‐aminouracils, which are C−N atropisomeric compounds, through the combined use of a chiral auxiliary and a chiral base under mild conditions. We found that the (R)‐5‐allyl‐2‐oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct‐1‐yl group is a good chiral auxiliary that, when combined with quinidine, efficiently affords 1‐aryl‐6‐aminouracils with high diastereoselectivity (up to 98 % ee after isolation). The chiral alcohol moiety in quinidine appears to be crucial for achieving stereoselectivity during cyclization. Furthermore, the chiral auxiliary was easily removed from the product under acidic conditions to provide the atropisomer with high enantiomeric excess (up to 96 % ee). The developed method is an efficient diastereoselective‐cyclization method for the generation of C−N axial chirality.
Thermally Twistable, Photobendable, Elastically Deformable, and Self‐Healable Soft Crystals
Authors: Gupta Poonam , Karothu Durga Prasad , Ahmed Ejaz , Naumov Panče , Nath Naba K.
Published: May 2018

The first example of a smart crystalline material, the 2:1 cocrystal of probenecid and 4,4′‐azopyridine, which responds reversibly to multiple external stimuli (heat, UV light, and mechanical pressure) by twisting, bending, and elastic deformation without fracture is reported. This material is also able to self‐heal on heating and cooling, thereby overcoming the main setbacks of molecular crystals for future applications as crystal actuators. The photo‐ and thermomechanical effects and self‐healing capabilities of the material are rooted in reversible trans–cis isomerization of the azopyridine unit and crystal‐to‐crystal phase transition. Fairly isotropic intermolecular interactions and interlocked crisscrossed molecular packing secure high elasticity of the crystals.
Isolierung und Charakterisierung von kristallinen, neutralen Diboran(4)‐Radikalen
Authors: Seufert Jens , Welz Eileen , Krummenacher Ivo , Paprocki Valerie , Böhnke Julian , Hagspiel Stephan , Dewhurst Rian D. , Tacke Reinhold , Engels Bernd , Braunschweig Holger
Published: May 2018

Bei der Umsetzung von Diaryldihalogendiboranen(4) mit Bis(amidinato)‐ und Bis(guanidinato)silylenen wurden die ersten neutralen Diboran‐zentrierten Radikale erhalten. Diese formal nicht‐aromatischen 5π‐Elektronen‐Systeme sind sowohl im Festkörper, als auch in Lösung stabil und wurden mittels Einkristallstrukturanalyse, hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie und ESR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Reaktivität eines dieser Radikale mit dem Oxidationsmittel 1,4‐Benzoquinon führte zur Ringöffnung und B‐O‐Bindungsbildung.
Silylarenhydrierung – ein strategischer Ansatz für einen direkten Zugang zu silylierten gesättigten Carbo‐ und Heterocyclen
Authors: Wiesenfeldt Mario P. , Knecht Tobias , Schlepphorst Christoph , Glorius Frank
Published: May 2018

Ein Verfahren zur Umwandlung leicht zugänglicher silylierter Arene in silylierte gesättigte Carbo‐ und Heterocyclen mittels Arenhydrierung wurde entwickelt. Die Substratbreite umfasst Alkoxy‐ und Halogensilylgruppen. Silylgruppen können in eine Vielzahl von funktionellen Gruppen umgewandelt werden und finden Anwendung in der Synthese, der Materialwissenschaft sowie der pharmazeutischen, agrochemischen und Duftstoff‐Forschung. Silylierte gesättigte (Hetero)cyclen sind mit anderen Methoden nur schwer zugänglich. Die Ausbeute der Hydrierung hängt von der Menge des Kieselgel‐Additivs ab. Dieser SiO2‐Effekt ermöglicht ebenfalls eine signifikante Verbesserung des zuvor berichteten Verfahrens für die Hydrierung hochfluorierter Arene (z. B. zu all‐cis‐C6H6F6).
Silylarene Hydrogenation: A Strategic Approach that Enables Direct Access to Versatile Silylated Saturated Carbo‐ and Heterocycles
Authors: Wiesenfeldt Mario P. , Knecht Tobias , Schlepphorst Christoph , Glorius Frank
Published: May 2018

We report a method to convert readily available silylated arenes into silylated saturated carbo‐ and heterocycles by arene hydrogenation. The scope includes alkoxy‐ and halosilyl substituents. Silyl groups can be derivatized into a plethora of functionalities and find application in organic synthesis, materials science, and pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fragrance research. However, silylated saturated (hetero‐ ) cycles are difficult to access with current technologies. The yield of the hydrogenation depends on the amount of the silica gel additive. This silica effect also enables a significant improvement of a previously disclosed method for the hydrogenation of highly fluorinated arenes (e.g., to all‐cis‐C6H6F6).
Water Molecules Gating a Photoinduced One‐Electron Two‐Protons Transfer in a Tyrosine/Histidine (Tyr/His) Model of Photosystem II
Authors: Chararalambidis Georgios , Das Shyamal , Trapali Adelais , Quaranta Annamaria , Orio Maylis , Halime Zakaria , Fertey Pierre , Guillot Régis , Coutsolelos Athanassios , Leibl Winfried , Aukauloo Ally , Sircoglou Marie
Published: May 2018

We investigate a biomimetic model of a TyrZ/His190 pair, a hydrogen‐bonded phenol/imidazole covalently attached to a porphyrin sensitizer. Laser flash photolysis in the presence of an external electron acceptor reveals the need for water molecules to unlock the light‐induced oxidation of the phenol through an intramolecular pathway. Kinetics monitoring encompasses two fast phases with distinct spectral properties. The first phase is related to a one‐electron transfer from the phenol to the porphyrin radical cation coupled with a domino two‐proton transfer leading to the ejection of a proton from the imidazole–phenol pair. The second phase concerns conveying the released proton to the porphyrin N4 coordinating cavity. Our study provides an unprecedented example of a light‐induced electron‐transfer process in a TyrZ/His190 model of photosystem II, evidencing the movement of both the phenol and imidazole protons along an isoenergetic pathway.
Direct Real‐Time Monitoring of Prodrug Activation by Chemiluminescence
Authors: Gnaim Samer , Scomparin Anna , Das Sayantan , Blau Rachel , Satchi‐Fainaro Ronit , Shabat Doron
Published: May 2018

The majority of theranostic prodrugs reported so far relay information through a fluorogenic response generated upon release of the active chemotherapeutic agent. A chemiluminescence detection mode offers significant advantages over fluorescence, mainly due to the superior signal‐to‐noise ratio of chemiluminescence. Here we report the design and synthesis of the first theranostic prodrug monitored by a chemiluminescence diagnostic mode. As a representative model, we prepared a prodrug from the chemotherapeutic monomethyl auristatin E, which was modified for activation by β‐galactosidase. The activation of the prodrug in the presence of β‐galactosidase is accompanied by emission of a green photon. Light emission intensities, which increase with increasing concentration of the prodrug, were linearly correlated with a decrease in the viability of a human cell line that stably expresses β‐galactosidase. We obtained sharp intravital chemiluminescent images of endogenous enzymatic activity in β‐galactosidase‐overexpressing tumor‐bearing mice. The exceptional sensitivity achieved with the chemiluminescence diagnostic mode should allow the exploitation of theranostic prodrugs for personalized cancer treatment.
Development of microsatellite markers for Primula oreodoxa (Primulaceae), a distylous‐homostylous species
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Zeng Gui , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite markers were developed for a distylous‐homostylous species, Primula oreodoxa (Primulaceae), to investigate the mating patterns and gene flow in the species.

Methods and Results

Using RAD sequencing, 42,777 contigs were generated. A total of 1566 putative simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were identified by MISA, and 1433 primer sets were designed. After initial screening of 107 SSR loci, 24 loci displayed polymorphism. The number of alleles per locus detected ranged from one to 11 in the sampled populations of P. oreodoxa. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity for each locus ranged from 0 to 0.917 and 0 to 0.816, respectively. Fifteen and 13 of these loci could be successfully amplified in the two congeneric species P. obconica and P. heucherifolia, respectively.

Conclusions

The SSR markers developed here will be valuable for genetic analysis and elucidation of mating patterns in P. oreodoxa.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for analysis of adalimumab administered for Crohn's disease
Authors: Kimura Koji , Yoshida Atsushi , Takayanagi Risa , Yamada Yasuhiko
Published: May 2018

Adalimumab (ADA) is used as a therapeutic agent for Crohn's disease (CD). Although the dosage regimen has been established through clinical trial experience, it has not been analysed theoretically. The present study analysed of sequential changes in the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) after repeated administrations of adalimumab using a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model. In addition, we analysed the validity of the dosage regimen, and the potential efficacy gained by increasing the dose and reducing the interval of administration. The sequential changes in CDAI values obtained with our model were in good agreement with observed CDAI values, which is considered to show the validity of our analysis. We consider that our results showed the importance of a loading dose of adalimumab to obtain remission in an early stage of active CD. In addition, we showed that patients who have an incomplete response to adalimumab can obtain similar efficacy from increasing the dose and reducing the dose interval. In conclusion, our results showed that the present model may be applied to predict the CDAI values of adalimumab for CD. They indicate the validity of the dosage regimen, as well as the efficacy of increasing the dose and reducing the dose interval.
A label‐free fluorescence method for detection of ureC gene and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Zhang Leiyi , Cao Ding , Tang Tenglong , Zuo Zhongkun , Huang Jiangsheng , Duan Lunxi
Published: May 2018

The feasibility of using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based label‐free DNA sensor for the detection of Helicobacter pylori is investigated. In particular, H. pylori ureC gene, a specific H. pylori nucleic acid sequence, was selected as the target sequence. In the presence of ureC gene, the target DNA could be amplified to dsDNA with much higher detectable levels. After added the SYBR green I (SGI), the sensing system could show high fluorescence. Thus, the target DNA can be detected by monitoring the change of fluorescence intensity of sensing system. The clinical performance of this method was determined by comparing it with another conventional technique urea breath test (UBT). The result also showed good distinguishing ability between negative and positive patient, which was in good agreement with that obtained by the UBT. It suggests that the label‐free fluorescence‐based method is more suitable for infection confirmation test of H. pylori. This approach offers great potential for simple, sensitive and cost‐effective identification of H. pylori infection.