bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycle deformation behavior of 3D‐printed CF/PEEK honeycomb metamaterials with zero Poisson's ratios
Authors: Han Niudong , Wang Xiaoxu , Zhang Diantang
Published: October 2023

To realize the one‐dimensional deformation of morphing wings, zero Poisson's ratio (ZPR) honeycomb metamaterials have become a popular research topic due to their lightweight, low in‐plane modulus, and high out‐of‐plane strength. A ZPR honeycomb metamaterial is designed and prepared from short‐cut carbon fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) by a 3D printer. The mechanical properties of ZPR honeycomb metamaterials were tested to determine their tensile and bending stiffness. The results show that the metamaterial can achieve 62.3% ± 3.3% in‐plane elastic deformation after optimized structure design. At the same time, metamaterial has a certain bending resistance to keep the airfoil from normal buckling deformation. Moreover, a new test method for evaluating the cycle deformation behavior of flexible morphing wings is proposed. The high‐speed cyclic tension‐compression test showed that H22‐t0.6‐CT has the best stability, which may be related to its lower porosity (2.15% ± 0.12%). These results indicate that ZPR honeycomb metamaterials have great application prospects in the field of morphing wings.

Highlights

The printed CF/PEEK wire is treated as a transversely isotropic material.

ZPR honeycomb metamaterial allows for more than 50% in‐plane deformation.

A new test method to evaluate the cyclic deformation behavior.
Exploration of plant metabolomics variation and absorption characteristics of water‐extracted Rheum tanguticum and ethanol‐extracted Rheum tanguticum by UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS
Authors: Bai Shanshan , Luo Dewei , Zhong Guoyue , Yang Shilin , Ouyang Hui , Rao Xiaoyong , Feng Yulin
Published: October 2023

Background and objective

The herb Rheum tanguticum (RT), a member of the Polygonaceae family, is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has been widely used to treat cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease. The research aimed to identify the different substances from two kinds of RT extraction methods and the in vivo biotransformation of RT components.

Methods

In this study, by using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS), we have investigated the metabolomic variation and the in vivo metabolism of RT. A post‐acquisition data processing software, PeakView, was applied to an accurate qualitative analysis of the chemical components in RT.

Results

Through plant metabolomics analysis, 24 related, differentially expressed metabolites of RT water extract and alcohol extract were obtained. Combined with novel identification strategies and systematic in vivo metabolism analysis, a total of 101 compounds were discovered or tentatively identified in rat serum (including 15 prototype compounds and 86 metabolites).

Conclusion

In this study, a combination of extraction methods, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technology, and in vivo animal metabolism studies have been established for the screening, identification, and research of chemical active components of natural medicines. LC–MS analysis combined with plant metabolomics was used to study the differential metabolites between different extraction methods of RT. Based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS technology, the composition and metabolism of rat plasma before and after RT administration were analysed in vivo, and 15 prototype components and 86 metabolites were detected.
Reducing nitrate and tobacco‐specific nitrosamine level in burley tobacco leaves through grafting on flue‐cured tobacco rootstock
Authors: Feng Yuqing , Zhao Yuanyuan , Li Geng , Shi Hongzhi
Published: October 2023

Nitrosation of pyridine alkaloids in tobacco generates tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), which are notable toxicants in tobacco products and smoke. Burley tobacco, a chloroplast‐ and nitrogen (N)‐deficient phenotype that accumulates high levels of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) in its leaves, is particularly susceptible to TSNAs formation. In this study, reciprocal pot and field grafting experiments were conducted using burley tobacco Eyan No.1 and flue‐cured tobacco K326 to investigate whether grafting burley tobacco scions on flue‐cured tobacco rootstocks could enhance pigment biosynthesis and photosynthesis, while reducing the NO3‐N level in burley tobacco leaves. Grafting burley tobacco scions on flue‐cured tobacco rootstocks significantly increased the total pigment content, photosynthetic rate, biomass, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N), total soluble and reducing sugar, and soluble protein levels in burley tobacco leaves compared with burley tobacco self‐rooting, while decreasing the NO3‐N level and nitrate‐N to total N ratio. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that grafting resulted in upregulated expression of genes involved in starch, sucrose, porphyrin, chlorophyll, and N metabolism, as well as carbon fixation and carotenoid biosynthesis. The findings suggest that grafting on high N use efficiency rootstock is an exceptionally promising means of decreasing NO3‐N accumulation by improving photosynthesis and N metabolism in the scion, thereby reducing the levels of harmful TSNAs.
Release of UPR‐Mp‐37 and UPR‐Mp‐48 white common bean germplasm with improved resistance to ashy stem blight
Authors: Viteri Diego M. , Linares‐Ramírez Angela M. , Vázquez Roberto
Published: October 2023

White common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) breeding lines (BL) UPR‐Mp‐37 (Reg. no. GP‐315, PI 703030), and UPR‐Mp‐48 (Reg. no. GP‐316, PI 703031) with improved resistance to ashy stem blight [caused byMacrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Goidanich] were developed at the University of Puerto Rico. Both these BL had lower severity (mean scores of 4.1–4.7) to PRI21M. phaseolinaisolate compared with white common bean genotypes ‘Bella’, ‘Beníquez’, NY6020‐4, and ‘Verano’ that had a susceptible response (scores >7.0). UPR‐Mp‐37 was selected from the cross NY6020‐4/A 195//SEA 5 while UPR‐Mp‐48 was derived from the common bean population BAT 477/NY6020‐4//PRA154. UPR‐Mp‐37 has an indeterminate growth habit type III, initiates flowering at 30 days after planting, reaches harvesting maturity at 89 days, and has an average weight of 27.4 g per 100 seed. UPR‐Mp‐48 has a determinate growth habit type I, initiates flowering and matures at 33 and 85 days after planting, respectively, and has an average weight of 29.6 g per 100 seed. Both BL had over 800 kg ha−1seed yields in Isabela, Puerto Rico. The resistance of UPR‐Mp‐37 and UPR‐Mp‐48 BL can be introgressed into susceptible white beans to reduce the disease severity.
Recent advances in microfluidic fiber‐spinning chemistry
Authors: Song Yan , Yu Xiao‐Qing , Chen Su
Published: October 2023

Fiber‐spinning chemistry (FSC) has emerged as a promising micro‐reaction platform due to its high‐specific surface area, efficient heat and mass transfer, and enhanced reaction rate. The FSC strategy employs spinning fibers as microreactors, lessening the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and realizing the design of micro/nanoscale fibers and the synthesis of nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in FSC in respect of preparation mechanisms and technical advantages. Various FSC strategies, including microfluidic spinning, electro‐microfluidic spinning (EMS), and microfluidic blow spinning (MBS) are emphasized. In particular, the regulation of microfluidic chips in the FSC process is introduced. Additionally, the application of the FSC strategy is summarized in the synthesis of fluorescent nanomaterials, nonweaving for multidimensional fibers, and all‐weather smart textiles. Finally, the advanced progress and future perspectives are discussed. Overall, this review will provide theoretical guidance for the design of well‐defined micro/nanoscale fibers based on the FSC platforms.
Twisted Bilayer Graphene: A Journey Through Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Rakkesh R. Ajay , Rebecca P. N. Blessy , Naveen T. B. , Durgalakshmi D. , Balakumar S.
Published: October 2023

Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) has emerged as a fascinating research frontier in condensed matter physics and materials science. This review article comprehensively overviews recent advances and future perspectives in studying TBG. The challenges associated with fabricating and characterizing TBG structures, including precise control of the twist angle and accurate determination of electronic properties, are discussed. Furthermore, the intriguing phenomena observed in TBG, such as superconductivity, insulating phases, and correlated electron states, shedding light on their underlying mechanisms, are explored. Scalability and device integration of TBG are explored, along with potential engineering strategies to tailor its properties for specific applications. By synthesizing and analyzing the latest scientific reports, a roadmap for further research is provided and the promising prospects for TBG are highlighted.
Association between fractional exhaled nitric oxide and therapeutic adherence to controller management in pediatric asthma patients
Authors: Cleves Daniela , Vargas Pedro , Acuña‐Cordero Ranniery , Aguilera‐Otalvaro Paula , Camargo Bethy , Aristizábal‐Duque Ricardo , Rodríguez‐Martínez Carlos E.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Guidelines for asthma management recommend, before establishing additional therapeutic behaviors, to confirm correct use and adequate therapeutic adherence to treatment. Evidence exists on the use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) values for monitoring therapeutic adherence in adults. It is important to establish whether there is a correlation between FeNO and therapeutic adherence in children. This study aims to provide new knowledge about the relationship between FeNO and therapeutic adherence in asthmatic children.

Materials and Methods

Analytical cross‐sectional study including asthma patients 5–18 years of age, attending follow‐up at Hospital Militar Central (HMC) between May and November 2022 in Colombia. A sociodemographic survey was carried out, followed by the Pediatric Inhaler Adherence Questionnaire (PIAQ), and asthma control test (ACT) or childhood asthma control test (cACT). We defined adequate therapeutic adherence as not missing a single application of inhaled steroids in the last 15 days according to PIAQ. A poisson regression model was carried out including relevant predictors for therapeutic adherence such as FeNO values, age, tobacco exposure at home, atopy, and time since initiation of use of inhaled controller.

Results

Eighty‐two children with a median age of 10 years (interquartile range: 7–12 years) were included. Adequate therapeutic adherence was reported by 68.3%. After adjusting for age, sex, exposure to cigarette smoke, duration of controller therapy, and atopy, FeNO < 20 ppb was independently associated with adequate therapeutic adherence (RR = 1.5, p = .04, 95% confidence interval: 1.03–2.19).

Conclusions

FeNO values seem to be useful to identify pediatric patients with asthma who have adequate adherence to inhaled steroids in a MIC.
Relevant Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of N‐Glycopyranosides
Authors: Guimarães Bruna Martins , de Oliveira Silva Rayane , de Sales Barbosa Maria Verônica , de Freitas Jucleiton José Rufino , Freitas Juliano Carlo Rufino , de Oliveira Ronaldo Nascimento , de Freitas Filho João Rufino
Published: October 2023

N‐glycosides are produced when an aglycone is connected, for example, using a glycosylation reaction, to the sugar moiety via linkage of C−N bond at anomeric carbon. N‐glycosides are obtained from different precursors, including glucals, 1‐azido glycosides, glycosyl azide, glycosyl isothiocyanate, 2‐deoxy‐2‐iodo‐N‐glycoside, glycosyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol, and 2‐nitroglucal. The biological relevance of N‐glycopyranosides has drowned attracted the attention of several researchers. The scope of this review covers the literature from 2010 to 2022. Recent advances focused on the natural occurrence, synthesis, mechanism, and pharmacological applications of N‐glycopyranosides are discussed.
Synthesis of Novel Polycyclic Alkylated Tetralin Base Oils Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids and Its Lubricating Properties
Authors: Fu Jiajia , Chen Chen , Tang Qiong , Xu Hong , Liu Lei , Dong Jinxiang
Published: October 2023

A novel polycyclic alkylated tetralin (PAT) similar to the naphthenic oil was successfully synthesized through Friedel‐Crafts alkylation. This was accomplished by reacting coal‐based chemical tetralin with 1,7‐octadiene, using Et3NHCl−AlCl3 ionic liquid as a catalyst. To enhance the selectivity towards dialkylated products (C28−2THN), the reaction conditions were systematically studied. Interestingly, the reaction could proceed well even at a low temperature of 0 °C and the selectivity for C28−2THN products could reach 54.0 %. The primary physicochemical properties of PAT were investigated in detail, it was found that the existence of polycyclic structures contributes to high viscosity, better thermal‐oxidative stability and good polarity. Compared with octyltetralins‐ and commercial alkylnaphthalene‐based oil (AN30), the PAT exhibited superior friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties under the load of 100 N at 50 °C due to its rigid cycle structures and flexible chain.
Reproducible and High‐Performance WOLEDs Based on Independent High‐Efficiency Triplet Harvesting of Yellow Hot‐Exciton ESIPT and Blue TADF Emitters
Authors: Yang Ningjing , Yue Guochang , Zhang Yong , Qin Xiaoyu , Gao Zhiqiang , Mi Baoxiu , Fan Quli , Qian Yan
Published: October 2023

Hot exciton organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) emitters can balance the high performance of a device and reduce efficiency roll‐off by fast reverse intersystem crossing from high‐lying triplets (hRISC). In this study, an excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorophore of 2‐(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(pyren‐1‐yl)phenol (PyHBT) with the typical characteristic properties of a hot exciton is developed. With high efficiency of utilization of the exciton (91%), its yellow OLED exhibited high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.6%, current efficiency (CE) of 16.8 cd A−1, and power efficiency (PE) of 17.3 lm W−1. The performance of the yellow emissive “hot exciton” ESIPT fluorophores is among the highest recorded. Due to the large Stokes shift of the ESIPT emitter, non‐energy‐transferred high‐performance white OLEDs (WOLEDs) are developed, which are reproducible and highly efficient. This is possible because of the independent harvesting of most of the triplets in both complementary‐color emitters without the interference of energy transfer. The PyHBT‐based WOLEDs exhibit a maximum EQE of 14.3% and CE of 41.1 cd A−1, which facilitates the high‐yield mass production of inexpensive WOLEDs.
An Ultra‐Flexible Sodium‐Ion Full Cell with High Energy/Power Density and Unprecedented Structural Stability
Authors: Jena Sambedan , Tran Duy Thanh , Park Sehwi , Islam Muhaiminul , Kim Nam Hoon , Lee Joong Hee
Published: October 2023

Futuristic wearable electronics desperately need power sources with similar flexibility and durability. In this regard, the authors, therefore, propose a scalable PAN‒PMMA blend‐derived electrospinning protocol to fabricate free‐standing electrodes comprised of cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanocube cathode and tin metal organic framework‐derived nanosphere anode, respectively, for flexible sodium‐ion batteries. The resulting unique inter‐networked nanofiber mesh offers several advantages such as robust structural stability towards repeated bending and twisting stresses along with appreciable electronic/ionic conductivity retention without any additional post‐synthesis processing. The fabricated flexible sodium ion full cells deliver a high working voltage of 3.0 V, an energy density of 273 Wh·kg−1, and a power density of 2.36 kW·kg−1. The full cells retain up to 86.73% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles at a 1.0 C rate. After intensive flexibility tests, the full cells also retain 78.26% and 90.78% of the initial capacity after 1000 bending and twisting cycles (5 mm radius bending and 40o axial twisting), respectively. This work proves that the proposed approach can also be employed to construct similar robust, free‐standing nanofiber mesh‐based electrodes for mass‐producible, ultra‐flexible, and durable sodium ion full cells with commercial viability.
Electronic and Geometric Effects Endow PtRh Jagged Nanowires with Superior Ethanol Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Yu Renqin , Shao Ruiwen , Ning Fanghua , Yu Yaodong , Zhang Jing , Ma Xian‐Yin , Zhu Rongying , Li Menggang , Lai Jianping , Zhao Yufeng , Zeng Lingyou , Zhang Jiujun , Xia Zhonghong
Published: October 2023

Complete ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in C1 pathway with 12 transferred electrons is highly desirable yet challenging in direct ethanol fuel cells. Herein, PtRh jagged nanowires synthesized via a simple wet‐chemical approach exhibit exceptional EOR mass activity of 1.63 A mgPt−1 and specific activity of 4.07 mA cm−2, 3.62‐fold and 4.28‐folds increments relative to Pt/C, respectively. High proportions of 69.33% and 73.42% of initial activity are also retained after chronoamperometric test (80 000 s) and 1500 consecutive potential cycles, respectively. More importantly, it is found that PtRh jagged nanowires possess superb anti‐CO poisoning capability. Combining X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as density functional theory calculations unveil that the remarkable catalytic activity and CO tolerance stem from both the Rh‐induced electronic effect and geometric effect (manifested by shortened Pt─Pt bond length and shrinkage of lattice constants), which facilitates EOR catalysis in C1 pathway and improves reaction kinetics by reducing energy barriers of rate‐determining steps (such as *CO → *COOH). The C1 pathway efficiency of PtRh jagged nanowires is further verified by the high intensity of CO2 relative to CH3COOH/CH3CHO in infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy.
Broad‐Range‐Response Battery‐Type All‐in‐one Self‐Powered Stretchable Pressure‐Sensitive Electronic Skin
Authors: Liang Xing , Zhang Xiaoyu , Hu Zhenyu , Sun Qi , Liu Muxiang , Gu Puzhong , Yang Xiao , Huang Jia , Zu Guoqing
Published: October 2023

Highly sensitive self‐powered stretchable electronic skins with the capability of detecting broad‐range dynamic and static pressures are urgently needed with the increasing demands for miniaturized wearable electronics, robots, artificial intelligence, etc. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve this kind of electronic skins. Here, unprecedented battery‐type all‐in‐one self‐powered stretchable electronic skins with a novel structure composed of pressure‐sensitive elastic vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanowire‐based porous cathode, elastic porous polyurethane /carbon nanotube/polypyrrole anode, and polyacrylamide ionic gel electrolyte are reported. A new battery‐type self‐powered pressure sensing mechanism involving the output current variation caused by the resistance variation of the electrodes and electrolytes under external pressure is revealed. The battery‐type self‐powered electronic skins combining high sensitivity, broad response range (1.8 Pa–1.5 MPa), high fatigue resistance, and excellent stability against stretching (50% tensile strain) are achieved for the first time. This work provides a new and versatile battery‐type sensing strategy for the design of next‐generation all‐in‐one self‐powered miniaturized sensors and electronic skins.
Advances of Zn Metal‐Free “Rocking‐Chair”‐Type Zinc Ion Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Bai Youcun , Zhang Heng , Liang Wenhao , Zhu Chong , Yan Lijin , Li Changming
Published: October 2023

Aqueous zinc ion battery (AZIBs) has attracted the attention of many researchers because of its safety, economy, environmental protection, and high ionic conductivity of electrolytes. However, the battery greatly suffers from zinc dendrite produced by zinc metal anode leading to poor cycle life and even unsafe problems, which limit its further development for various important applications. It is known that the success of the commercialization of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is mainly due to replacement of lithium metal anode with graphite, which avoids the formation of Li dendrite. Therefore, it is an important step to develop aqueous zinc ion anode to replace conventional zinc metal one with zinc‐metal free anode material. In this review, the working principle and development prospect of “rocking‐chair” AZIBs are introduced. The research progress of different types of zinc metal‐free anode materials and cathode materials in “rocking‐chair” AZIBs is reviewed. Finally, the limitations and challenges of the Zn metal‐free “rocking‐chair” AZIBs as well as solutions are deeply discussed, aiming to provide new strategies for the development of advanced zinc‐ion batteries.
Tunable Contacts of Bi2O2Se Nanosheets MSM Photodetectors by Metal‐Assisted Transfer Approach for Self‐Powered Near‐Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Wang Guangcan , Liu Fengjing , Chen Ruichang , Wang Mingxu , Yin Yanxue , Zhang Jie , Sa Zixu , Li Pengsheng , Wan Junchen , Sun Li , Lv Zengtao , Tan Yang , Chen Feng , Yang Zai‐xing
Published: October 2023

Owing to the Fermi pinning effect arose in the metal electrodes deposition process, metal–semiconductor contact is always independent on the work function, which challenges the next‐generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, a metal‐assisted transfer approach is developed to transfer Bi2O2Se nanosheets onto the pre‐deposited metal electrodes, benefiting to the tunable metal–semiconductor contact. The success in Bi2O2Se nanosheets transfer is contributed to the stronger van der Waals adhesion of metal electrodes than that of growth substrates. With the pre‐deposited asymmetric electrodes, the self‐powered near‐infrared photodetectors are realized, demonstrating low dark current of 0.04 pA, high Ilight/Idark ratio of 380, fast rise and decay times of 4 and 6 ms, respectively, under the illumination of 1310 nm laser. By pre‐depositing the metal electrodes on polyimide and glass, high‐performance flexible and omnidirectional self‐powered near‐infrared photodetectors are achieved successfully. This study opens up new opportunities for low‐dimensional semiconductors in next‐generation high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Network of Inorganic Nanocrystals Can Swell: Study of Swelling‐Induced Surface Instability
Authors: Park Se Young , Lee Seongjae , Lee Seunghan , Kim Jungwook , Char Kookheon , Kang Moon Sung
Published: October 2023

A unique organic–inorganic hybrid network composed of inorganic nanocores (ranging from semiconductors to metallic ones) interconnected through organic molecules can be produced by crosslinking the organic ligands of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals in assemblies. This work reports that this network, which is conventionally considered an inorganic film, can swell when exposed to a solvent because of the interaction between the solvent and the organic linkage within the network. Intriguingly, this work discovers that drying the solvent of the swollen organic–inorganic hybrid network can significantly affect the morphology owing to the swelling‐induced compress stress, which is widely observed in various organic network systems. This work studies the surface instability of crosslinked organic–inorganic hybrid networks swollen by various organic solvents, which led to buckling delamination. Specifically, this work investigates the effects of the i) solvent–network interaction, ii) crosslinking density of the network, and iii) thickness of the film on the delamination behavior of the crosslinked network.
Cancer Cell Membrane‐Based Materials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lu Yongping , Fan Linming , Wang Jun , Hu Mingxiang , Wei Baogang , Shi Ping , Li Jianshu , Feng Jinyan , Zheng Yu
Published: October 2023

The nanodelivery system provides a novel direction for disease diagnosis and treatment; however, its delivery effectiveness is restricted by the short biological half‐life and inadequate tumor targeting. The immune evasion properties and homologous targeting capabilities of natural cell membranes, particularly those of cancer cell membranes (CCM), have gained significant interest. The integration of CCM and nanoparticles has resulted in the emergence of CCM‐based nanoplatforms (CCM‐NPs), which have gained significant attention due to their unique properties. CCM‐NPs not only prolong the blood circulation time of core nanoparticles, but also direct them for homologous tumor targeting. Herein, the history and development of CCM‐NPs as well as how these platforms have been used for biomedical applications are discussed. The application of CCM‐NPs for cancer therapy will be described in detail. Translational efforts are currently under way and further research to address key areas of need will ultimately be required to facilitate the successful clinical adoption of CCM‐NPs.
Transient Zwitterions Dynamics Empowered Adaptive Interface for Ultra‐Stable Zn Plating/Stripping
Authors: Wu Xingxing , Xia Yufan , Chen Shuang , Luo Zhen , Zhang Xuan , Lu Yingying , Pan Hongge , Xu Ben Bin , Yan Mi , Jiang Yinzhu
Published: October 2023

A highly reversible zinc anode is crucial for the commercialization of zinc‐ion batteries. However, the change in the microstructure of the electric double layer originated from the dynamic change in charge density on the electrode greatly impacts anode reversibility during charge/discharge, which is rarely considered in previous research. Herein, the zwitterion additive is employed to create an adaptive interface by coupling the transient zwitterion dynamics upon the change of interfacial charge density. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations suggest the molecular orientation and adsorption groups of zwitterions will be determined by the charging state of the electrode. ZnSO4 electrolyte with zwitterion fulfills a highly reversible Zn anode with an average Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.85%. Zn/Zn symmetric cells achieve greatly enhanced cycling stability for 700 h with extremely small voltage hysteresis of 29 mV under 5 mA cm−2 with 5 mAh cm−2. This study validates the adaptive interface based on transient dynamics of zwitterions, which sheds new light on developing highly reversible metal anodes with a high utilization rate.
A Universal Additive Design Strategy to Modulate Solvation Structure and Hydrogen Bond Network toward Highly Reversible Fe Anode for Low‐Temperature All‐Iron Flow Batteries
Authors: Yang Jing , Yan Hui , Zhang Qi‐an , Song Yuanfang , Li Ying , Tang Ao
Published: October 2023

Aqueous all‐iron redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising competitors for next‐generation grid‐scale energy storage applications. However, the high‐performance operation of all‐iron RFBs in a wider temperature range is greatly hindered by inferior iron plating/stripping reaction and low solid–liquid transition temperature at Fe anode. Herein, a universal electrolyte additive design strategy for all‐iron RFBs is reported, which realizes a highly reversible and dendrite‐free Fe anode at low temperatures. Quantum chemistry calculations first screen several organic molecules with oxygen‐containing functional groups and identify N,N‐Dimethylacetmide (DMAc) as a potential candidate with low cost, high solubility, and strong interactions with Fe2+ and H2O. Combined experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations subsequently demonstrate that adding DMAc into the FeCl2 solution effectively reshapes the primary solvation shell of Fe2+ via the Fe2+‐O (DMAc) bond and breaks hydrogen‐bonding network of water through intensified H‐bond interaction between DMAc and H2O, thereby affording the Fe anode with enhanced Fe/Fe2+ reversibility and lower freezing point. Consequently, the assembled all‐iron RFB achieves an excellent combination of high power density (25 mW cm−2), long charge‐discharge cycling stability (95.59% capacity retention in 103 h), and preeminent battery efficiency at −20 °C (95% coulombic efficiency), which promise a future for wider temperature range operation of all‐iron RFBs.
Understanding the use of spectrum‐based fault localization
Authors: Amario de Souza Higor , de Souza Lauretto Marcelo , Kon Fabio , Lordello Chaim Marcos
Published: October 2023

Developers spend significant time locating and fixing bugs, which is often performed manually. Although spectrum‐based fault localization (SFL) techniques aim at helping developers to locate faults, they are not yet used in practice. Recent studies have investigated how developers use SFL, presenting different conclusions about their effectiveness and usefulness. We carried out a user study to further enhance the understanding of SFL. We assessed whether SFL improves the developers' performance and to what extent SFL leads developers to inspect faulty code excerpts. We also investigated the intention of the developers to use SFL and how they interact with SFL. Twenty‐six participants performed debugging tasks using real programs, with and without using the Jaguar SFL tool. Using SFL, more developers located and fixed the bugs. SFL also led more developers to inspect the faulty code and locate the faulty method. However, they did not spend less time locating the faults. SFL was well‐accepted by the participants, who showed intention to use it in their daily activities. Our results indicate that SFL is useful even when the fault is not ranked among the first positions, leading developers to reach faulty code regions and find the bugs.
Optical Manipulation of Soft Matter
Authors: Chen Xixi , Zhao Yanan , Zhang Yao , Li Baojun , Li Yuchao , Jiang Lingxiang
Published: October 2023

Optical manipulation has emerged as a pivotal tool in soft matter research, offering superior applicability, spatiotemporal precision, and manipulation capabilities compared to conventional methods. Here, an overview of the optical mechanisms governing the interaction between light and soft matter materials during manipulation is provided. The distinct characteristics exhibited by various soft matter materials, including liquid crystals, polymers, colloids, amphiphiles, thin liquid films, and biological soft materials are highlighted, and elucidate their fundamental response characteristics to optical manipulation techniques. This knowledge serves as a foundation for designing effective strategies for soft matter manipulation. Moreover, the diverse range of applications and future prospects that arise from the synergistic collaboration between optical manipulation and soft matter materials in emerging fields are explored.
Defect Strategy in Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Mi Jinshuo , Chen Likun , Ma Jiabin , Yang Ke , Hou Tingzheng , Liu Ming , Lv Wei , He Yan‐Bing
Published: October 2023

Solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs) have great development prospects in high‐security new energy fields, but face major challenges such as poor charge transfer kinetics, high interface impedance, and unsatisfactory cycle stability. Defect engineering is an effective method to regulate the composition and structure of electrodes and electrolytes, which plays a crucial role in dominating physical and electrochemical performance. It is necessary to summarize the recent advances regarding defect engineering in SSLBs and analyze the mechanism, thus inspiring future work. This review systematically summarizes the role of defects in providing storage sites/active sites, promoting ion diffusion and charge transport of electrodes, and improving structural stability and ionic conductivity of solid‐state electrolytes. The defects greatly affect the electronic structure, chemical bond strength and charge transport process of the electrodes and solid‐state electrolytes to determine their electrochemical performance and stability. Then, this review presents common defect fabrication methods and the specific role mechanism of defects in electrodes and solid‐state electrolytes. At last, challenges and perspectives of defect strategies in high‐performance SSLBs are proposed to guide future research.
Experimental investigation of innovative reinforcement method for two‐way concrete slabs using perforated steel plates
Authors: Khaloo Alireza , Khodabakhshi Nahid , Dehkordi Morteza Raissi
Published: October 2023

Improvement of the bonding and interaction between concrete and steel is crucial to achieving an optimal reinforced concrete member. The proposed technique in this paper is using perforated steel plates (PSPs) to reinforce two‐way concrete slabs. In this method, ordinary steel bar reinforcements in the tension region of the concrete slabs were replaced by PSPs. Concrete slabs reinforced with PSPs enhance structural characteristics with respect to concrete slabs reinforced with ordinary reinforcement (OR) due to the higher lateral stiffness of PSPs, the better confinement of concrete within the holes of PSPs, the biaxial performance of the steel in the tension region, and the efficient load transmission mechanism between the steel and concrete. In this paper, a comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted on two‐way concrete slabs reinforced with PSPs and ordinary steel bars. The behavior of PSPs slabs was evaluated in comparison with OR slabs in terms of failure types, ductility, energy absorption, stiffness, ultimate load, cracking load, and force transmission mechanism. Findings revealed that the PSPs slabs have higher ductility, energy absorption, and ultimate strength compared to the OR slabs.
Categorization of formulas for calculation of crack width and spacing in reinforced concrete elements
Authors: van der Esch Anton , Wolfs Rob , Fennis Sonja , Roosen Marco , Wijte Simon
Published: October 2023

Over the last century, over one hundred crack width formulas have been developed to calculate the width and spacing of cracks in reinforced and prestressed concrete elements. It is unclear which formulas are the most accurate. An extensive comparison study is required to determine which formulas accurately describe the crack patterns, consisting of the crack width and spacing. To make such a study possible, this paper proposes categorizing formulas. The categorization of the formulas is based on their applicability, crack pattern representation, and background. The categorization presents an overview of the different assumptions and application areas for describing crack patterns.
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Synthesis of the Cyclopentene Core
Authors: Miguélez Rubén , Barrio Pablo , González José M.
Published: October 2023

Five‐membered carbocycles are ubiquitously found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and other classes of organic compounds. Within this category, cyclopentenes deserve special attention due to their prevalence as targets and as well as key intermediates for synthesizing more complex molecules. Herein, we offer an overview summarizing some significant recent advances in the catalytic assembly of this structural motif. A great variety of synthetic methodologies and strategies are covered, including transition metal‐catalyzed or organocatalyzed processes. Both inter‐ and intramolecular transformations are documented. On this ground, our expertise in the application of C−H functionalization reactions oriented towards the formation of this ring and its subsequent selective functionalization is embedded.
Which ideas, when, and why? An experienced teacher's in‐the‐moment pedagogical reasoning about facilitating student sense‐making discussions
Authors: Krist Christina (Stina) , Shim Soo‐Yean
Published: October 2023

Teaching to support students' sense‐making is challenging. It requires continuous, context‐dependent decision‐making about which student ideas to pursue, when, how, and why. This paper presents a single case study of an experienced teacher, Nadine, as an illustrative case in order to provide a rich description of this teacher's decisional episodes. Specifically, we characterize Nadine's pedagogical reasoning for decisions to make space for or close down student sense‐making while facilitating whole‐class discussions. We analyzed video recordings of (1) Nadine's classroom teaching over the course of two instructional units, (2) classroom moments tagged by Nadine or researchers in the midst of her teaching capturing her rationales for instructional decisions, and (3) interviews about those tagged moments. Using constant‐comparative analytic methods, we identified three dimensions of criteria that Nadine considered in her decisions about whether to pursue student ideas: (1) disciplinary potential, (2) potential for fostering the classroom community, and (3) curricular considerations. We present four episodes that feature Nadine's reasoning, two in which she intentionally made space for student sense‐making and two in which she intentionally closed down lines of student reasoning. Regardless of the decision, the criteria Nadine considered were sometimes aligned, supporting a straightforward decision, and other times created tensions. Across four episodes, we show how Nadine navigated multidimensional criteria; considered students' long‐term trajectories; and considered for whom pursuing sense‐making would be beneficial. We argue that these navigational considerations might serve as focal points as teachers, researchers, and professional learning facilitators make sense of teachers' instructional decisions as they occur during instruction and that leveraging them to open opportunities for discourse with teachers can support complex teaching practices.
Teaching and learning floating and sinking: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Schwichow Martin , Zoupidis Anastasios
Published: October 2023

Floating and sinking (FS) is a key topic in science education, both at primary and secondary levels. The interpretation of FS phenomena, however, is challenging due to the difficulty of the scientific concepts and explanatory models involved (e.g., density, buoyancy), along with students' everyday experiences, which conflict with scientific explanations. Consequently, many studies over the last few decades have investigated how FS could be taught effectively to students of different ages while utilizing multiple teaching approaches. This meta‐analysis summarizes findings from 69 intervention studies on teaching FS conducted between 1977 and 2021. Over all studies, we estimated a mean effect size of g = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.71, 0.99). This large effect size demonstrates that, although FS is a challenging concept, teaching FS is effective even in elementary school. Moreover, in a moderator analysis, we investigate the effect of intervention characteristics, students' age, as well as study design, and assessment features on the mean study effect size. To analyze the effect of these moderator variables, we use a three‐level hierarchical meta‐regression model for dealing with multiple effect sizes from single studies. We found two intervention characteristics that explain variance in study effect sizes: longer lasting interventions result in larger effect sizes and interventions where hands‐on experiments are applied are more effective than those utilizing virtual experiments. Furthermore, studies with a treatment‐control group comparison have significantly smaller effect sizes than studies with a pre‐post design. We discuss the implications of our findings regarding the moderator variables for effective teaching of FS and further research on FS.
Syzygium cumini ameliorates high fat diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, weight gain, hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity through modulation of PTP1B and PPARγ signaling
Authors: Thiyagarajan Gopal , Muthukumaran Padmanaban , Prabhu Durai , Balasubramanyam Muthuswamy , Baddireddi Lakshmi Subhadra
Published: October 2023

Metabolic disorders are majorly associated with insulin resistance and an impaired glucose tolerance. Since, many of the currently available drugs exhibit adverse effects and are resistant to therapies, natural products are a promising alternate in the alleviation of complex metabolic disorders. In the current study, Syzygium cumini methanolic extract (SCE) was investigated for its anti‐diabetic and anti‐adipogenic potential using C57BL/6 mice fed on high fat diet (HFD). The HFD fed obese mice were treated with 200 mg/kg SCE and compared with positive controls Metformin, Pioglitazone and Sodium Orthovanadate. The biometabolites in SCE were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A reduction in blood glucose levels with improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance was observed in SCE‐treated HFD obese mice. Histopathological and biochemical investigations showed a reduction in hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity in SCE‐administered HFD mice. Results showed inhibition of PTP1B and an upregulation of IRS1 and PKB‐mediated signaling in skeletal muscle. A significant decrease in lipid markers such as TC, TG, LDL‐c and VLDL‐c levels were observed with increased HDL‐c in SCE‐treated HFD mice. A significant decrease in weight and adiposity was observed in SCE‐administered HFD mice in comparison to controls. This decrease could be due to the partial agonism of PPARγ and an increased expression of adiponectin, an insulin sensitizer. Hence, the dual‐modulatory effect of SCE, partly due to the presence of 26% Pyrogallol, could be useful in the management of diabetes and its associated maladies.
Structure and Optical Characteristics of DLC Films
Authors: Grayeli Alireza
Published: October 2023

Using a RF‐Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor (RF‐PECVD) Depositions method, employing hydrogen and methane gas, Diamond like carbon (DLC) films were fabricated on glass and silicon substrates. The impact of varying CH4to H2ratios on the resulting film's structure, optical characteristics, and mechanical properties was investigated. The deposition process occurred at methane flow rates spanning 5 to 40 sccm. The films' surface morphology, and roughness were analyzed through Atomic Force Microscopy. Moreover, the Vickers hardness tests was employed to determine the hardness of produced films. The optical behavior of the DLC thin films was explored utilizing UV‐visible spectrometry and ellipsometry. A thorough investigation was conducted to understand how the CH4flow rate influences layer growth, morphology, topography, and how these factors relate to the films' transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, and optical band gap.
Plasma urea:creatinine ratio as a biomarker of gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs with anaemia
Authors: Safrany Ben , Holmes Andrea C. , Adamantos Sophie , Kisielewicz Caroline , Juvet Florence , Macfarlane Laura , McCann Theresa , Diana Paula Valiente , Allerton Fergus
Published: October 2023

Background

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a cause of anaemia in dogs. A reliable, non‐invasive biomarker to differentiate gastrointestinal bleeding from other causes of anaemia would be advantageous to direct clinical decisions in anaemic patients. Plasma urea:creatinine ratio is an accepted biomarker of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in human medicine.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate plasma urea:creatinine ratio as a biomarker of gastrointestinal bleeding in a population of dogs with anaemia.

Methods

This was a prospective cross‐sectional study of dogs with anaemia presenting to referral centres for the investigation of anaemia. Cases were categorised as having overt gastrointestinal bleeding (melena on presentation), occult gastrointestinal bleeding (historical and diagnostic findings consistent with gastrointestinal bleeding without melena at presentation) or anaemia of other cause (confident diagnosis other than gastrointestinal bleeding reached, normal diagnostic imaging of gastrointestinal tract). Urea:creatinine ratio at presentation was calculated by dividing urea (mg/dL) by creatinine (mg/dL).

Results

Ninety‐five dogs were included. Plasma urea:creatinine ratio was not significantly different between dogs with overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding or those with anaemia of other cause (median urea:creatinine ratio 25.8, 20.7 and 22.5, respectively). No significant difference in urea:creatinine ratio was found between dogs with upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (median urea:creatinine ratio 19.4 and 24.6, respectively).

Conclusions

Plasma urea:creatinine ratio was not helpful in differentiating between dogs with anaemia resulting from gastrointestinal bleeding (overt or occult) and those with other causes of anaemia.
Anaesthesia of a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Daly Erica , McFadzean William , Tucker Phillipa Kate
Published: October 2023

A 2‐year‐old, male, entireEudyptula minor, kept in a colony of little penguins, started displaying neurological signs, including stumbling, shaking and ear scratching. Several treatment trials proved unsuccessful, and previous computed tomography failed to yield images of diagnostic quality. Due to the ongoing progression of the disease, the penguin was presented for general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging. On presentation, a full neurological examination was conducted, the abnormalities were localised to vestibular apparatus or cerebellum, with a top differential diagnosis of bilateral otitis interna. The patient was scheduled for general anaesthesia to facilitate magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. There are limited reported data on anaesthesia of little penguins. When anaesthetising this species, there are multiple pre‐anaesthetic considerations: fasting period, availability of suitable monitoring, the presence of a tracheal septum, positioning of the patient, challenging intravenous access and complications such as alterations in normal body temperature and environmental temperature.
Impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on grain and fertilizer supply: Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Mwatu Shadrack Muthami
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on grain and fertilizer supply to Kenya as the sixth largest economy in Africa using the Regression Discontinuity estimator on monthly data spanning from January 2017 to August 2022. The share of the quantity and value of cereals and fertilizer imports by Kenya from Russia and Ukraine in the total quantity and value of cereals and fertilizer imports by Kenya from world are utilized. The share of freight and insurance costs on grain and fertilizer imports by Kenya from Russia and Ukraine in total freight and insurance costs on grain and fertilizer from world have also been used. After controlling for sensitivity and incorporating depreciation of the exchange rate and a dummy on drought as covariates, the results indicate the war has had insignificant impact on imports of grain and fertilizer by Kenya though the impact is negative for grain but positive for fertilizer. The findings have policy implications touching on need for African countries to diversify import sources for grain and fertilizer, enhance productive capacities through investment on irrigation, strengthen diplomatic ties with existing import sources for grain and fertilizer, and invest in climate action to tackle drought incidences.