bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOPIELLA BANKS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Adams Phillip A. , Garland J. Allan
Published: December 2009

The green lacewing, Chrysopiella brevisetosa n. sp., occurs in the northwestern United States and Alberta, Canada. The description includes figures comparing head and terminalia of this species with those of C. pallida
RELEASE RATES AND ATTRACTION OF PVC LURES CONTAINING SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANT OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Release rates of synthetic attractant of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), from a PVC formulation were determined by weight loss. They varied in direct proportion to the initial concentration of the attractant and also with the size of the pellet. Release rates declined by about 50% over the time intervals of 10–40 days and 40–100 days. Initially they were two to three times lower at 10°C than at 21°C, but were far more constant over time at the lower temperature. A pellet weighing 130 mg containing 42 μg of attractant released an estimated .1–1 μg/day, or 4–40 ng/h, which is close to the rate of emission by a calling female (Silk et al. 1980), and field trapping data showed that a lure this size attracted the same number of males as a calling female.
CONTROL OF APHID DENSITY BY A COMPLEX OF PREDATORS
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Nealis V. , Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

A series of field experiments using large field cages were used to evaluate the role of aphidophagous predators on the population dynamics of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. The pea aphid numbers increased rapidly in the cages to as much as 5 times the density in the adjacent fields. The difference between densities in the cage and field decreased as the season progressed. No significant differences in fecundity of the aphids were found either in clip cages in the field and cages, or in the laboratory using field-collected aphids that were allowed to larviposit for 24 h. We used an earlier simulation model of the aphid to show that if fecundity alone were responsible it would have to be 3 times the maximum rate we have ever observed. The return of the aphid density to the field value when one cage was removed and the aggregation of predators show the importance of predator movements in limiting prey numbers.
PREDATION OF APHIDS BY COCCINELLID LARVAE
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Ives P. M. , Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

We studied first and fourth instar larvae of Coccinella trifasciata L., C. Californica Mannerheim, C. undecimpunctata L., and Cycloneda polita Casey searching for Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on alfalfa seedlings and for A. dirhodum (Walker) on oat seedlings, in the laboratory. Styles of search varied considerably, but each species of larva could capture aphids on each species of plant. Observed differences in relative abundance of the four species of adult coccinellid in alfalfa and oat fields are not related to the success of their larvae in finding aphids.
COMPARISON OF PREDATION RATES
Authors: Gilbert N.
Published: December 2009

Consider a predator which, when hungry, has a discovery rate (= search rate × probability of finding prey) of a prey per unit time. When satiated, its demand rate for prey is 1/T, where T is the time-interval between successive prey captures when the predator is surrounded by excess of prey. Both a and T may vary with temperature, etc. Let s(N) be the expression for prey survival rate, during an infinitesimal time-period dt, as a function of prey density N.
FIELD TESTS FOR MEDICAGO RESISTANCE AGAINST THE POTATO LEAFHOPPER (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Fiori B. J. , Dolan D. D.
Published: December 2009

A collection of 70 Medicago introductions were field tested for resistance against potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), damage. All M. sativa L. ssp. sativa and most ssp. mixtures were susceptible. All ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli, one ssp. mixture sativa and caerulea (Lessing ex Ledebour) Schmalhausen, ssp. × varia (Martyn) Arcangeli and M. pironae Vis were resistant receiving one-half or less damage than the standard cultivars during four seasons of testing. Resistant introductions were slower in regrowth, attained less height, had smaller leaflets, thinner, tougher stems, and more prostrate growth than standard cultivars. Results suggest most observed resistance is due to avoidance of tough stems for oviposition.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF METACLISIS FOERSTER (HYMENOPTERA, PLATYGASTRIDAE, INOSTEMMATINAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic species of the genus Metaclisis are revised. Of 18 species recognized, 16 of them new to science as follows: M. acericola (Quebec, Ontario), M. acerina (Quebec, Ontario, Illinois), M. aceris (Quebec, Ontario), M. acuta (Arizona), M. alticola (New Mexico), M. annae (Texas), M. attenuata (California), M. borealis (Labrador), M. ensifer (California), M. filicornis (Ontario), M. longula (Illinois, Maryland, Ontario), M. masoni (Manitoba), M. pumilio (Ontario, Quebec, Illinois, Maryland, N. and S. Carolina), M. sulcata (Eastern Canada and U.S.A., Tennessee), M. verna (Ontario), and M. vernalis (Quebec, Ontario, Maryland). M. carinata (Ashmead) ♀ and M. floridana (Ashmead) ♂ are redescribed and the male of M. floridana is newly described. A generic diagnosis of Metaclisis and keys to females and males of Nearctic species are given. The higher classification, bionomics, world distribution, and character states of Metaclisis species are discussed.
TOXICITY OF PROPOXUR IN WET AND DRY MINERAL SOIL TO ADULTS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

In greenhouse tests conducted in moist acid mineral soils, propoxur was highly toxic and fast acting as an adulticide against flies of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), and many other types of adult insects. Some flies in contact with the surface of treated soil were killed in 30 sec or less. When banded at depths of 1, 3.5, and 7 cm, propoxur moved upward and reached peak toxicity to flies standing on the surface in ca. 5, 20, and 35 days, respectively. Deeper placement of the insecticide resulted in lower levels of peak toxicity. Toxicant from 5 to 10 cm depth treatments was still detectable 6 months after soil treatment. Adulticide tests demonstrated that propoxur could be leached downward by addition of excess water to the soil surface. Under the conditions of tests where flies in cages landed at random on treated soils in miniplots, no toxicity was detected when the surface of the treated soil became air dry.

A single preplanting subsurface application of propoxur banded below the soil surface in field experiments provided all season protection against cabbage maggot infestations during normal to relatively dry growing seasons but was ineffective during abnormally wet seasons.
DISTRIBUTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) INSECT PARASITES IN THE CROWNS OF HOST TREES
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

Percentage parasitism by seven insect parasites of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was not significantly different among crown aspects. Parasitism by two hymenopterous parasites was significantly different among crown levels in either one or both hosts. Other parasites were either insufficiently abundant to provide an adequate test, or percentage parasitism differed insignificantly among crown levels or host types. Because percentage parasitism was not generally different among crown levels, any level could have been sampled.
A SIMPLIFIED TERMINOLOGY FOR THE TONOFIBRILLARY STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCLES OF LEPIDOPTERA LARVAE
Authors: Stehr Frederick W. , Neunzig H. H.
Published: December 2009

Adoption of the term “tonofibrillary platelets” for the small, sclerotized areas of muscle attachment on the cuticle of Lepidoptera larvae is advocated and a simplified system of abbreviations for the names proposed by Mutuura (1980) for these areas is suggested.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF EMBRYO COUNTS AND SUCTION TRAP CATCHES TO POPULATIONS DYNAMICS OF MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON TOMATOES IN ONTARIO
Authors: Elliott W. M.
Published: December 2009

The number of large embryos in adult Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) was investigated in 1974–77 as a means of forecasting population trends on field tomatoes. In an incubator the embryo count (e) of apterae and alatae was related to the daily birthrate (N) by the equation N = 0.45 e + 0.33, except in the first 4 days of adult life of the apterae. On field plots of tomatoes, e was only satisfactory for forecasting population trends in 1 of 4 years of observations. This probably occurred because the adults were mainly apterae. The relationship between flights of alatae and populations on tomatoes appeared to differ from year to year. In 1974 the number of alatae in large populations in tomato plots was more closely related to the number of alatae trapped in flight with a suction trap in the week after than in the week before the tomatoes were sampled, suggesting many alatae were leaving the tomatoes. In 1975–77, populations on tomatoes were low and the number of alatae on the plots was more closely related to suction trap catches in the week before than in the week after the counts on tomatoes, suggesting many of the alatae on the plots had recently arrived there. The percentage of alatae among adults on field tomatoes declined with days from planting each year. Red forms always constituted ≥ 50% of populations on tomatoes and in flights, the rest being green.
ESTABLISHMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN 1977 OF CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE), IN WESTERN FORESTS
Authors: Ryan R. B. , Theroux L. J.
Published: December 2009

Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz) is a European parasite of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.), and was one of several species introduced into eastern North America in the 1930's for biological control. Following their release, C. laricinellae and the braconid Agathis pumila (Ratz.) became established and reduced casebearer poulations drastically (Graham 1949). Both parasites are now being used for biological control of the casebearer in western North America. A. pumila was first released in northern Idaho in 1960 (Denton 1979). C. laricinellae was not intentionally released until 1972 (Ryan and Denton 1973), although it probably became established in certain areas earlier (Ryan et al. 1974). The purpose of this paper is an historical documentation of the early distribution and relative abundance of C. laricinellae, made possible largely because of an extensive, one-time survey in 1977 by entomologists of the USDA Forest Service, Northern Region (Flavell 1979).
IMPACT OF SOYBEAN PHENOLOGY ON VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): OVIPOSITION, EGG HATCH, AND ADULT LONGEVITY
Authors: Moscardi F. , Barfield C. S. , Allen G. E.
Published: December 2009

Adult females of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, from larvae fed on progressively aged soybean, Glycine max (L.), foliage had variable reproductive characteristics. Mean oviposition rates ranged from 963.4 to 515.0 eggs/female when larvae fed on early vegetative and senescent leaves, respectively. Average daily oviposition peaked ca. 4 days after adult emergence, decreased sharply to day 10, and remained at a low level until adult mortality. Mean daily egg hatch decreased with female age, but female longevity was not affected significantly.
CONTROL BY FUMIGANTS OF WINTER EGGS OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), ON HARVESTED APPLES
Authors: Herne D.C. , Bond E. J.
Published: December 2009

Seven fumigants, used alone or in combination, were tested in the laboratory for toxicity to winter eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on harvested apples cv. Red Delicious. Fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB) 6 mg/l. for 4 h at 25°C, and CO2 90% for 72 h at 18°C or for 48 h at 25°C killed 100% of the eggs; CO2 75% for 60 to 168 h killed over 98% of the eggs. No injury or off-flavour of fruit resulted from the treatments though the extended period of storage, ca. 200 days, to break diapause in the eggs did reduce the fruit quality in the usual way. Post treatment storage under controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions did not increase the percentage of eggs killed with 75% CO2. Mixing CO2 with EDB, ethylene oxide, or dichlorvos did not increase egg mortality. Ethylene oxide, dichlorvos, methyl bromide (MBr), and HCN were each ineffective and combinations of MBr + EDB, and MBr + acrylonitrile were also ineffective. Carbon dioxide is a safe, effective fumigant for controlling P. ulmi winter eggs and other pests on harvested apples.
A SIMPLE CHARACTER FOR RECOGNIZING SECOND AND THIRD INSTAR LARVAE OF FIVE CANADIAN MOSQUITO GENERA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Savignac Roger , Maire Alain
Published: December 2009

Second and third instar mosquito larvae of 34 Canadian species belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, and Wyeomyia may be reliably and simply separated by the absence or presence of the thoracic setae, 8-M and 7-T, and even more so by the number of the metathoracic setal support plates. As the 7-T seta is always inserted on a plate, a larva in the third stage will bear one more plate than in the second stage. In the species studied, the number of metathoracic plates is constant for a given genus at a given instar. Thus an intermediate instar larva, once identified to genus, can be assigned to second or third instar fairly readily by counting the number of setal plates on one side of the metathorax.
THE SEVEN LARVAL INSTARS OF SIMULIUM (PHOSTERODOROS) LUGGERI (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Seven larval instars were reliably detected for S. luggeri N. and M. by measuring the length of the postgena. Instars were less reliably separated by the length of the whole larva. The number of rows of posterior hooklets also separated all instars, but these were difficult to count. The presence of an egg-burster clearly identified the first instar, and separated cervical sclerites, the final instar. However, measurement of postgenal length remained the only practical and reliable method for identifying the remaining five instars.
SYNONYMY OFAPHIS HERACLELLADAVIS 1919 WITHAPHIS HELIANTHIMONELL 1879 (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Addicott John F.
Published: December 2009

Aphis heraclellaDavis is synonymized withA.helianthiMonell. This is concluded from the following evidence: (1) the apparent lack of any morphological distinction between these taxa, (2) the phenology of host plant occupation in the field, and (3) host transfer studies.
A MODIFIED CLIP CAGE FOR USE WITH APHIDS AND OTHER SMALL INSECTS
Authors: Addicott John F.
Published: December 2009

Experimental ecologists have frequently used cages to facilitate their understanding of ecological systems. This has been particularly true of ecologists studying aphids and other small insects, and a variety of cage designs have been described, ranging from small screened tents to sleeve cages to clip cages (see Adams and van Emden, 1972). The purpose of this note is to describe a modified clip cage design that is suitable for use on irregular cylindrical surfaces as well as on leaves.
A MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTING THE WHITE CUTWORM, EUXOA SCANDENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hannay C. L. , McLeod D. G. R.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory rearing of the white cutworm, Euxoa scandens (Riley), a pest of flue-cured tobacco in Quebec and asparagus in Michigan, has been hindered to some extent by a disease. This note describes the microsporidium which caused the disease and techniques that inhibit the development of the pathogen.
FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, AND SEX RATIO OF APHIDIUS NIGRIPES (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) PARASITIZING DIFFERENT STAGES OF ITS HOST, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Cloutier Conrad , McNeil Jeremy N. , Regnière Jacques
Published: December 2009

The longevity and age specific fecundity, as well as the sex ratio of the progeny, were obtained for Aphidius nigripes Ashmead females given access to the five developmental stages of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Neither female longevity nor fecundity, as measured by the total number of aphids parasitized, were significantly different for the various host stages. The percentage of females in the progeny decreased as the female parasite aged, and the overall sex ratio of progeny was significantly affected by the host stage attacked although no direct relationship with host size was evident. However in a separate experiment where parasitism was controlled (females not permitted to attack more than 10 hosts per day), the host stage (size) significantly affected the sex ratio of progeny, with more females emerging from larger than smaller hosts.

These data indicate that all developmental stages of M. euphorbiae, when presented separately, are suitable to A. nigripes.
INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) GALLERY LENGTH UTILIZING HOST CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Nebeker T. E. , Hackney O. P. , Hocking R. R.
Published: December 2009

A technique is presented that requires no direct measurement of gallery length to estimate the total gallery length. Required to obtain the estimate are: (1) an appropriate model for time of year, sample period, and host, (2) tree diameter at breast height, (3) length of infested bole, (4) total tree height, and (5) inner bark thickness. The technique is accurate, less time consuming, and less expensive than direct estimation techniques.
IDENTIFICATION OF HOST ORIGIN OF PARASITES OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY FATTY ACID COMPOSITION
Authors: Kudon Louis H. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: December 2009

The free fatty acid composition of the southern pine beetle,Dendroctonus frontalisZimmermann, and associated bark beetles was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The lipid composition of several species of hymenopterous parasites matched the bark beetle hosts from which they were reared. Lipids from field collected parasites were compared with the lipid composition of possible bark beetle hosts to determine host of origin. Parasites ovipositing on a host were usually found to have a lipid composition matching that host. Approximately 20% of the parasites that were observed attempting to parasitize the southern pine beetle apparently developed on other bark beetle hosts.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE UTILITY OF THE PRECIPITIN TEST FOR EVALUATION OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR–PREY RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: McIver James D.
Published: December 2009

A serological technique, the precipitin test, was examined as a method for determining the feeding habits of the spider Pardosa sternalis Thorell (Araneae: Lycosidae). Radial immunodiffusion responses were significantly influenced by quantity of prey consumed, the time elapsed between spider feeding and serological analysis, and the temperature at which spiders were maintained after feeding. Maximum antigen detection time after feeding was 150–200 h for spiders fed varying quantities of prey and held at 25°C and over 400 h for those held at 4°C. Ouchterlony double diffusion tests indicated that although two congeneric prey species could be distinguished from one another, significant cross-reactivity between the two was observed. No such cross-reactivity occurred between more distantly related prey species. The feasibility for utilizing precipitin analyses in field studies of predator–prey relationships is discussed.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) XV. SEX PHEROMONE CROSS ATTRACTANCY AMONG THE THREE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF THE DECLARATA GROUP
Authors: Byers J. R. , Underhill E. W. , Steck W. F. , Chisholm M. D. , Teal P. E. A.
Published: December 2009

Male release-recapture experiments show that under natural photoperiod there is no cross attractancy between species of the sympatric pairs E. declarata and E. campestris or E. declarata and E. rockburnei, but that there is between the parapatric pair, E. campestris and E. rockburnei. When the calling periods of E. declarata and E. campestris females are synchronized by photoperiod manipulation there is cross attraction between these two species as well. However, in mating discrimination tests between E. declarata and E. campestris the normally strong bias against interspecific mating is only partially overcome by synchronizing mating activity rhythms. The residual tendency for conspecific mating is more likely due to imperfect synchronization of mating rhythms or differences in close range courtship behavior than to differences in attraction pheromone. Males of all three species are attracted to the same synthetic attractants. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the attraction pheromones of the three species in the declarata group are very similar and are unlikely to play a major role in reproductive isolation, which is probably effected primarily by differences in circadian rhythms of mating activity.
VAPOUR DEGREASING. A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DEGREASING AND CLEANING ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
Authors: McKillop W. B. , Preston W. B.
Published: December 2009

Vapour degreasing and cleaning of entomological specimens proved to be a viable alternative to standard methods. Defined change in colour upon degreasing clearly portrayed the effectiveness of this new technique.
TRAPPING ELM BARK BEETLES IN THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, WITH A NEW RECORD FOR SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS, (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Buth J. L. , Ellis R. A.
Published: December 2009

The first outbreak of Dutch elm disease in Manitoba was recorded in 1975 in Brandon, Selkirk, and Winnipeg (Hildahl 1977). The primary vector of the disease in Canada is the native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichh.). The smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.), is considered the primary vector in most of the United States. In Canada, the latter species occurs throughout most of southern Ontario, parts of south-central Quebec, and has been recorded in New Bmnswick (Sterner et al. 1976).
TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AS EGG PARASITOIDS OF SEPEDON FUSCIPENNIS (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE) AND OTHER AQUATIC DIPTERA
Authors: Juliano Steven A.
Published: December 2009

At least two species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitize the eggs of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in freshwater habitats of central New York. Trichogramma julianoi Platner and Oatman parasitizes S. fuscipennis and Elgiva sundewalli Fries (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Trichogramma sp. near californicum Nagaraja and Nagarkatti parasitizes S. fuscipennis, E. sundewalli, Tetanocera spp. (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), and pyralid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). T. julianoi was most active in early and late summer. T. sp. near californicum was most active in mid- and late summer. Another undescribed species, similar to Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius), occurs in the same habitats but does not parasitize S. fuscipennis. Its primary hosts are Stratiomyidae (Diptera). Mortality of S. fuscipennis eggs due to Trichogramma varied significantly over the summer and reached 43.6% in late July and early August. A list of parasitoids reared from eggs of insects collected in fresh-water habitats is given.
THE INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION ON TOXICITY AND AVAILABILITY OF A PESTICIDE (METHOXYCHLOR) TO BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE), SOME NON-TARGET AQUATIC INSECTS AND FISH
Authors: Sebastien R. J. , Lockhart W. L.
Published: December 2009

Two formulations of methoxychlor were compared with regard to toxicity and availability to aquatic organisms. A particulate formulation was less toxic than an emulsifiable formulation to chironomid larvae, stonefly nymphs, and fish. Similarly the particulate methoxychlor was less rapidly accumulated from water by those same animals than was the emulsified methoxychlor. With black fly larvae, the only filter-feeding animal used, the two formulations were about equal in toxicity, but the particulate formulation was accumulated more readily than emulsified material. Both formulations induced larvae to detach from substrate but emulsifiable methoxychlor acted more quickly. At the time of detachment, larvae exposed to the particulate formulation contained an average of 68 times more methoxychlor than larvae exposed to the emulsion.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) XVII. THE GENUS HEBROLETHAEUS SCUDDER
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

The genus Hebrolethaeus Scudder is not monobasic, but contains five distinct species. H. aurantiacus (Distant) from New Caledonia is redescribed. The four other species described as new are H. albus from the New Hebrides, H. concisus from New Caledonia, H. nigrus from the Loyalty Islands, and H. pullus from New Caledonia. H. concisus is also recorded from Norfolk Island, and a key to species is presented.
RECOVERY OF AQUATIC ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS IN A WOODLAND STREAM AFTER DEPLETION BY FENITROTHION TREATMENT
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: December 2009

Fenitrothion injected into a stream at 73 μg/L diminished to 23 μg/L 343 m downstream and resulted in a decline of standing crop of benthic arthropods between 343 and 375 m downstream. Large and small insect larvae were not affected differentially. Most of the kill consisted of Leuctra spp. (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) larvae. Benthos recovery was complete 50 days after the treatment.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF THE NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLE, HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES, IN CENTRAL ONTARIO (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: December 2009

Daily trapping of native elm bark beetles, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichh.), in central Ontario showed that the population is divided into fairly discrete overwintering adult and larval groups. Group proportions depend on the stage of development of the local beetle infestation and disease infection. Both beetles and disease are spread by mass movement of beetles, in late summer and fall, in search of living elm trees in which to feed and overwinter.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF QUEDIINI FROM CHILE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Valdiviodes, and species, V. ashworthi, of Quediini from Chile are described and illustrated. The biology of the species is briefly discussed. A key to the Chilean genera of Quediini is given.
WITHIN-TREE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PUPAE OF THANASIMUS DUBIUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Mizell Russell F. , Nebeker T. Evan
Published: December 2009

Regression models of the form lnY = b0 + b1ln(X−c) + b2X are presented that describe the within-tree distribution of the pupae of Thanasimus dubius (F.), a clerid predator of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. More T. dubius pupae/100 cm2 of bark area were found in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., than in shortleaf pine, P. echinata Miller, and the number increased with increasing tree diameter class. Peak densities were found at a height of 1–4 m.
THE SUITABILITY OF NINE SPECIES OF CRUCIFERAE AS HOSTS FOR THE LARVAE OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Obadofin A. A.
Published: December 2009

The suitability of nine species of Cruciferae as hosts for the larvae of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, was tested in the laboratory using excised cotyledons or true leaves as food and rape (Brassica campestris L.) as the standard. The three types of commercial mustards grown in Canada (yellow-seeded (oriental mustard) and brown-seeded (brown mustard) forms of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.; and yellow mustard, B. hirta Moench) and three weeds (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, shepherd’s purse; Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz, dog mustard; and Sinapis arvensis L., wild mustard) were suitable food plants. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (black mustard), Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb (flixweed), and Sisymbrium loeselii L. (tall hedge mustard) were marginally suitable. Thlaspi arvense L. (stinkweed) was a non-host plant. These observations suggest that an important element of the pest management system for the red turnip beetle should be the elimination of volunteer commercial mustards and the cruciferous weeds, except T. arvense, in April and May to prevent population build-up.
HYADAPHIS TATARICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), A PEST OF HONEYSUCKLE NEW TO NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Boisvert Jean-Maurice , Cloutier Conrad , McNeil Jeremy
Published: December 2009

Damage to honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) has been associated with Hyadaphis tataricae (Ajzenberg), an aphid species of European origin previously unknown in North America. A survey indicated that H. tataricae is present throughout much of the Province of Quebec. Marked differences were observed in the degree to which various species and cultivars of honeysuckle were attacked, in both the Montreal Botanical Garden and the van den Hende Garden in Quebec City.
THE FLIGHT RANGE OF CULICOIDES VARIIPENNIS (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Lillie Thomas H. , Marquardt William C. , Jones Robert H.
Published: December 2009

The flight range of Culicoides variipennis was studied in a bluetongue virus enzootic area during the summer of 1977. Field-collected larvae and pupae were reared to the adult stage in a field laboratory. Approximately 82,200 flies were marked with micronized fluorescent dusts and released and 403 were recaptured in CO2-baited baffle traps. The maximum distance traveled was 0.8 km by a male and 4.0 km by a female. One female was recovered on the release night 2.8 km from the release point. The mean distance traveled (MDT) was 0.8 km on the release night, 2.02 km on one night postrelease, and 2.11 km on two nights postrelease. The MDT for all flies recovered up to eight nights postrelease was 1.89 km.

Based on the overall MDT of 1.89 km, the transmission of a disease agent by C. variipennis becomes theoretically possible if the host population density is greater than one per 3.57 km2. The probability of transmission can be significantly reduced if a 3.57 km2 area surrounding a single C. variipennis breeding site is treated with an effective insecticide.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPRING FLIGHT OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: McLeod D. G. R.
Published: December 2009

A multiple regression analysis was used to establish which weather factors and population parameters were important in determining the emergence pattern of the spring flight of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), as measured by light trap catches. Equations which estimated the slope and intercept of a line representing the probit of cumulative percentage emergence vs. degree days had as independent variables the intercept of the previous year’s regression line and the average temperature for the preceding September, December, February, and April. A comparison of methods used to estimate the emergence pattern showed that the average deviation of the average date method was 5.0 days, the average slope and intercept method 2.8 days, and multiple regression method 1.6 days.
WINTER SAMPLING TO DETERMINE OVERWINTERING SITES AND ESTIMATE DENSITY OF ADULT FLEA BEETLE PESTS OF RAPE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

The three most important flea beetle pests of western Canadian rape crops appear to be selective in choosing their overwintering sites, as the greatest densities of overwintering adults of Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. were found in leaf litter and turf beneath hedges and(or) shelterbelts, while that of Phyllotreta striolata (F.) was found in these materials beneath groves of native trees. Most beetles overwintered near the surface in leaf litter and turf rather than in the underlying soil. Within a habitat, sample to sample variation for each species was usually large and the overwintering populations appear to have an aggregated distribution pattern. Winter samples over a 6-year period from all five habitat types combined or from parkland groves reflected the continuously low level of the field population of Psylliodes punctulata, and a marked increase in the field population of P. striolata that occurred in one year. Winter samples taken from hedges and(or) shelterbelts provided little information on population sizes or trends except for indicating the general low level of the Psylliodes punctulata population. Winter mortality was low for all three species. The foregoing information will be useful for developing future sampling plans so that overwintering flea beetle populations can be estimated more reliably.
EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS ON A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THE OAK LEAF SHREDDER, CROESIA SEMIPURPURANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grant G. G. , Frech D. , MacDonald L. , Doyle B.
Published: December 2009

The oak leaf shredder, Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott), has been a particularly persistent pest of red oak, Quercus rubra, in southern Ontario for several years. It is capable of completely defoliating mature trees leading either to increased susceptibility to disease or mortality. In 1980 about 800 ha in southern Ontario required spraying with Orthenem insecticide (Howse and McDowall 1980). The development of a sex pheromone lure for the oak leaf shredder would be valuable for survey purposes, post-insecticidal spray analysis of adult survival in treated plots, and for potential direct control by means of the disruption technique. Recently mixtures of (E)-11-tetradecenal (E11-14:AL) and Z11-14:AL in the ratios of 80:20 to 90:lO were found to be attractive to male moths (Weatherston et al. 1978). A local outbreak of oak leaf shredder in Sault Ste. Marie afforded an opportunity to determine the insect's response to modifications of the aldehyde blend in order to improve the efficiency of pheromone trapping of this species.
FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF NATIVE HYMENOPTEROUS AND DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF OPEROPHTERA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

Nine species of parasites and one hyperparasite were reared from a complex of the brace spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), and the European winter moth, O. brumata (L.), collected in the Victoria area of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1976 and 1977. Parasitism of the host complex was about 1.5%, mainly due to an unnamed species of Phobocampe (Ichneumonidae). All species of parasites taken in British Columbia on the two hosts have congeneric counterparts on O. brumata in Europe as listed by Wylie (1961); thus the release of exotic species in addition to the two already released in British Columbia may not enhance the biological control of O. brumata. Descriptions and illustrations of cephalic structures of final-instar larvae of the parasites and a key for their separation are given.
LAST INSTAR LARVAE OF PYRAUSTINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The last instar larvae of the tribe Pyraustini of America north of Mexico are described. Thirty-five species and 19 genera are included in this study, Munroeodes Amsel—1 species, Saucrobotys Munroe—1 species, Epicorsia Hübner—1 species, Oenobotys Munroe—1 species, Crocidophora Lederer—1 species, Ostrinia Hübner—3 species, Fumibotys Munroe—1 species, Eurrhypara Hübner—1 species, Phlyctaenia Hübner—1 species, Nealgedonia Munroe—1 species, Mutuuraia Munroe—1 species, Anania Hübner—1 species, Hahncappsia Munroe—5 species, Achyra Guenée—2 species, Helvibotys Munroe—1 species, Sitochroa Hübner—1 species, Uresiphita Hübner—1 species, Loxostege Hübner—5 species, and Pyrausta Schrank—6 species. The last instar larvae of 10 species are described for the first time, Munroeodes thalesalis (Walker), Oenobotys vinotinctalis (Hampson), Crocidophora pustuliferalis Lederer, Nealgedonia extricalis (Guenée), Pyrausta dapalis (Grote), P. fodinalis (Lederer), P. sp. near laticlavia (Grote and Robinson), P. orphisalis Walker, P. tyralis (Guenée), P. unifascialis (Packard). The relationships between the adults and the larvae are discussed. Key to the genera for last instar larvae is given, and the larval characters illustrated.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DRY PLANT MATERIAL IN THE DIET OF THE GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: McKinlay K. S.
Published: December 2009

Diets of fresh wheat foliage, rye, or lettuce had to be supplemented with dried wheat leaves, bran, or a dry alfalfa mix to obtain adequate growth and reproduction in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.). It was concluded that the high water content of fresh plant material makes it necessary for this insect to supplement its diet with dry vegetable material and that this may account for the success of toxic bran baits under field conditions.
PTYCHOPSIS PHALARA, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN BANCHINAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Sanborne P. M.
Published: December 2009

Ptychopsis phalara new genus, new species of Banchinae from Ecuador is described and figured. Reasons for placement of the genus in the tribe Lissonotini are discussed.
EFFECTS OF COLONY DIVISION ON FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS IN POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: van Bendegem Jack P. , Gibo David L. , Alloway Thomas M.
Published: December 2009

Three colonies of Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius), each with two foundresses, were bisected during the pre-emergence stage and separated for 20 days. In the absence of the dominant, each subordinate foundrss became an egg-laying queen on her half of the nest. The dominant foundress did not exhibit superior reproductive productivity. The split colonies were reunited by placing the nests approximately 4.0 cm apart in a single nest box. Each foundress and all workers were observed tending both half-colonies, and the original dominance hierarchy was apparently restored in two of the three colonies.
ALLELOCHEMIC ACTIVITY OF AGGREGATION PHEROMONES BETWEEN THREE SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Chong L. , Slessor K. N. , Oehlschlager A. C. , Pierce H. D. , Lindgren B. S.
Published: December 2009

Field experiments tested lineatin, the aggregation pheromone of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), in combination with either S-(+)- or (±)-sulcatol, the pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) and G. sulcatus (LeConte), respectively. Beetles of each species responded maximally to their own pheromone alone or in a binary combination. Slight, but significant cross attraction between Gnathotrichus spp. was evident, and G. retusus was slightly attracted to lineatin. Both Gnathotrichus spp., but not T. lineatum, responded to α-pinene with ethanol. These two compounds had no effect on the allelochemic activity of the pheromones. While mutually inhibitory communication would be of adaptive advantage in bark beetles which compete for an essentially 2-dimensional host, the phloem tissue, little selection pressure would occur among ambrosia beetles which share a more bountiful host, the 3-dimensional sapwood; hence the lack of mutual inhibition between Gnathotrichus spp. and T. lineatum. On the other hand, enantiomer-based specificity in pheromone communication between Gnathotrichus spp. may have been at least a partial basis for speciation. Compatibility of lineatin with either S-(+)- or (±)-sulcatol indicates that in pheromone-based pest management, 2-binary pheromone stimulus release systems can be used instead of 3 single ones.
EFFECTS OF A NATURAL BIVOLTINE STRAIN OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), ON GRAIN CORN YIELDS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, 1973–77
Authors: Foott W. H. , Timmins P. R.
Published: December 2009

A 5-year study of a bivoltine strain of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), showed that first-generation moths deposited more eggs on early-planted corn, whereas second-generation moths oviposited more frequently on late-planted corn. The second generation was much larger than the first generation and caused the greater reduction in yield, regardless of whether the yields were based on physiological losses or a combination of physiological losses and dropped ears. It was shown that delay of harvest beyond the time that moisture content of the corn was sufficiently low for machine harvesting could result in severe yield losses from broken stalks and dropped ears during autumn storms.
REVISION OF THE TRIBE QUEDIINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 5
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

A new species of the genus Quedius Stephens, Q. repens spec, nov., is described from Oregon. It belongs to the Limbifer-group and represents the third species of this species group known from the Pacific coast area.

Additional data on taxonomy, bionomics, and geographical distribution of many species are presented.
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LUBBER GRASSHOPPER, BRACHYSTOLA MAGNA (ORTHOPTERA: ROMALEIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

On 20 April 1978, Mr. Paul Thompson, Program Co-ordinator, Food Production & Inspection Branch, Agriculture Canada, found a dead grasshopper in a meadow near the Canadian National Steamship Terminal at Port aux Basques, Newfoundland. The insect was identified by Dr. D. K. McE. Kevan, Department of Entomology, Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, as an adventive male lubber grasshopper, Brachystola magna (Girard). This is the first record of the lubber grasshopper in ~ewfoundland
TWO-YEAR EFFECTS OF A BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TREATMENT ON SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Dimond J. B. , Spies C. J.
Published: December 2009

Multiyear benefits or carryover effects of single treatments of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) have been suggested in a few reports. Morris (1977) noted that over 2 to 3 years after treatment both defoliation by and oviposition rates of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) were lower in B.t.-treated plots than in untreated plots. Smirnoff et al. (1974) suggested that “metabolic perturbations” in survivors of B.t. treatments affected fecundity and numbers the following year. With other insects, Ruelle et al. (1977) suggested multigenerational effects in the browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, and Pruett et al. (1980) described an “exceptional” case with the Siberian silkworm, Dendrolimus sibericus, where over-wintering larvae harbored sublethal infections of B.t., which spread to subsequent generations.
ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN THE CROWNS OF THE NATURAL AND PLANTED STANDS OF PINUS RADIATA (MONTEREY PINE) IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Voigt W. G.
Published: December 2009

One hundred and ten species of insects together with unidentified spiders and pseudoscorpions were collected in foliage samples of Pinus radiata taken from the three natural mainland populations and two planted populations in California. The diversity of the arthropod community in the crowns of P. radiata D.Don was low with 76% of the total number of individuals accounted for by five species groups and 88% by 11 species groups. Spiders were the most abundant species group, comprising 33% of the total number of individuals. The most abundant insect groups were Homoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera, respectively. The natural stands supported more species at higher population levels than the planted stands which supported only two species at very high population levels and the rest at low levels. The arthropod communities at the borders of the natural stands were more diverse than at the centers of the stands. The degree of similarity between the natural stands seemed to reflect their geographic distribution; Ano Nuevo and Monterey were most alike and the differences between Ano Nuevo and Cambria were greater than those between Monterey and Cambria. Differences in insect communities within and between the natural and planted stands are discussed in detail.
FIRST RECORD OF THRIPOCTENOIDES FROM NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The genus Thripoctenoides (subfamily Entedontinae: Eulophidae) is recorded from North America for the first time, and Thripoctenoides kaulbarsi, new species, is described.
FLAGGING: HOSTS DEFENCES VERSUS OVIPOSITION STRATEGIES IN PERIODICAL CICADAS (MAGICICADA SPP., CICADIDAE, HOMOPTERA)
Authors: White JoAnn
Published: December 2009

Dissections of eggnests of brood XIV, 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) confirmed earlier reports that most eggs do not hatch when the host twig is so damaged that it withers, breaks and dies, i.e., “flags”. However, the proportion of eggs hatching in experimentally broken twigs is intermediate between the proportions hatching in flagged twigs and in live twigs. Evidently, the developmental stage of the egg at the time of twig breakage is the major factor reducing hatching success.

Some of the vigorously growing branches respond to oviposition damage by secreting resin or forming callous tissue, which imprisons many eggs, preventing them from hatching. The data suggest that ovipositing cicadas have developed an oviposition strategy that both maximizes the number and percentage hatch of eggs laid per twig, and reduces the incidence of flagging and host defence responses. Large aggregations of ovipositing females may weaken the host plant and prevent it from responding. On the other hand these aggregations increase twig breakage. However, the proportion of twigs broken is reduced by each cicada species using somewhat different twig sizes, by the smaller species adjusting eggnest structure to fit the twig size used, and by all females positioning their eggnests along the twig in such a way as to avoid overlap.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF LYGAEINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) FROM CANADA
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Lygaeinae are described from Canada. Lygaeospilus brevipilus from British Columbia and Melanopleurus perplexus from Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. L. brevipilus is also recorded from Oregon. The record of M. perplexus in Canada represents an extension of the previously recorded range for the genus Melanopleurus. Revised keys to the species of Lygaeospilus and Melanopleurus are given.
LE GROUPE NÉARCTIQUE MYRMICA LAMPRA (FORMICIDAE, HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Francoeur André
Published: December 2009

Le groupe Myrmica lampra, exclusif à la région néarctique, comprend deux espèces sans caste ouvrière et apparemment parasites d’une autre espèce, Myrmica alaskensis. Les caractéristiques de ce nouveau groupe sont présentées, avec la description d’une nouvelle espèce, M. quebecensis. Suit une discussion sur les affinités taxonomiques du groupe dans le genre, ce qui conduit à la conclusion que le sous-genre paléarctique Dodecamyrmica s’avère artificiel et inutile.
NEW EXTERNAL DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS FOR THE SAWFLIES GILPINIA HERCYNIAE AND G. POLYTOMA (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Goulet Henri
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the sawfly genus Gilpinia Benson, a Palaearctic genus, attack conifers. Smith (1974) listed 24 species, two of which, G. frutetorum (Fabricius) and G. hercyniae (Hartig), were accidentally introduced into North America. Keys to known species of Gilpinia have been published for adults (Enslin 1917; Takeuchi 1940; Gussakovskij 1947; Berland 1947; Benson 1951; Okutani 1958) and for most European larvae (Lorenz and Kraus 1957; Běnes and Kristek 1979).