bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Value of Dual-Energy CT Iodine for Characterization of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma and Better Prediction of Metastatic Cervical Lymph Nodes
Authors: Huang YI-Long , Jiang Yuan-Ming , Zhang Zheng-Hua , Zhao Wen , Jiang Yue , Lin Yang , He Bo , Han Dan
Published: June 2020

Background: The preoperative assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) is considered a challenging clinical problem in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients. Ultrasonic examination is significant for the cervical LNM in PTMC patients, but there are difficulties and limitations in observing lymph nodes in the cervical central region. Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic value of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) iodine for characterization of PTMC and better prediction of metastatic cervical lymph nodes of PTMC. Patients and Methods: Ninety-five patients with PTMC who underwent DECT examinations were retrospectively enrolled in the study. The iodine image morphological features of primary tumor were analyzed in the arterial phase and quantitative DECT parameters of the primary tumor were recorded in the arterial and venous phase. Chi-square test and independent-sample t test were performed to compare the differences of morphological features and quantitative parameters of tumors between LNM and non-LNM groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to assess the diagnostic performance of each DECT parameter and their combinations. Results: Six primary tumor morphological features of the LNM group demonstrated significant differences compared with the non-LNM group (all p < 0.05). Normalized iodine concentration (NIC) and normalized CT value in the LNM group were significantly higher than those of the non-LNM group in both arterial and venous phase, respectively (all p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) was improved from 0.814 to 0.843 after adding maximum diameter compared with incomplete thyroid capsule alone. In addition, the combination of NICs in arterial and venous phases had higher AUC than other quantitative parameters. Conclusion: Morphological features and quantitative parameters of DECT are valuable for predicting cervical LNM in patients with PTMC.
The Epidemiology of Subjective Sleep Quality in the Citizens of Kermanshah, Iran
Authors: Kakabaraee Keivan , Khazaie Habibolah , Chehri Azita , Seidy Maryam
Published: June 2020

Background: Subjective sleep quality plays a pivotal role in health, quality of life, and efficient performance. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of subjective sleep quality in the citizens of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on all the citizens of Kermanshah in 2017. In total, 450 subjects were selected via multistage random sampling. Based on the inclusion criteria, 416 were evaluated using a self-report questionnaire of demographic characteristics and Petersburg sleep quality index (PSQI; Baisi et al., 1989). Results: In 79% of the participants, the mean score of PSQI was above the cutoff point (m = 6.64). The analysis of the questionnaires indicated the highest frequency of sleep disorders to be in the components of subjective sleep quality from the perspective of the respondents, delayed sleep, sleep disorders, and daily functional disorders. In addition, 10.6% of the subjects used very high doses of sedatives, while 10.3% used relatively high doses of these pills. Minimal sleep disorders were reported as well. Poor sleep quality was less common in women, and significant correlations were observed between age and sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness. Conclusions: According to the results, subjective sleep quality was favorable in the citizens of Kermanshah. Considering the significant effects of sleep quality on performance and quality of life, attention must be paid to this aspect of health by healthcare planners and managers.
"Aesthetic Craze" in China — Its Cause and Significance
Authors: Gao Jianping ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2020

From 1978 to 1985 there was a craze for aesthetics in China. This was anticipated by a "great aesthetics discussion" between 1956 and 1962, but its cause lay more in its significance for Chinese society immediately after the Cultural Revolution. It played an important part in the ideological liberation movement, which transformed the minds of the Chinese; it encouraged the spread of Western ideas in China, and it broke up the ossified Zhdanovist system in Uterary and artistic theory, making the Chinese reflect on their own tradition, recognize Western culture and thus try to develop an aesthetics of both China and the world.
Responsivt forældresamarbejde i skolen
Authors: Lund Gro Emmertsen
Published: June 2020

Responsivt forældresamarbejde handler om skolens måde at møde og samarbejde med elevernes forældre på. For skolens professionelle er forældresamarbejdet en del af kerneopgaven. Undersøgelser viser dog, at samarbejdet ofte opleves svært og krævende, hvilket kan have store negative konsekvenser for de implicerede, ikke mindst familierne. Responsivt forældresamarbejde tager afsæt i de professionelles ansvar og kompetencer og lægger fokus på de forholdemåder og handlinger, hvormed de professionelle indgår i og faciliterer samarbejdsprocesser med forældrene. Artiklen redegør for, hvad responsivt forældresamarbejde betyder, og hvordan det kan se ud i praksis. Artiklen viser, hvordan de dominerende diskurser om forældresamarbejde stiller sig hindrende i vejen for et responsivt forældresamarbejde. Hermed argumenteres for et behov for en ny diskurs, som artiklen forsøger at give et bud på.
The objects of exclusive public property: gaps in legislation and case law
Authors: Vinnitskiy Andrey
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the provisions of current legislation establishing the categories of the objects of exclusive public property and regulating their legal regime. The author explores, generalizes and critically analyzes the practice of arbitration courts on consideration of property disputes involving objects of exclusive public property. The topic in question is examined in the context of the foreign and Russian public trust doctrine. Particular attention is paid to the critical analysis of the Decree of Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of 12.27.1991 No.3020-1 and its practical implementation. The following conclusions were made: 1) the concept of exclusive property objects is similar to the category of public domains in Roman Law countries; 2) the Decree of Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of 12.27.1991 No.3020-1 cannot be used as a normative criterion for the objects of exclusive property; 3) the relevant list of categories of exclusive property objects has not yet been systematized. The author underlined the need for qualitative development and prompt passage of the federal law “On the State and Municipal Property”, which would establish the exhaustive list of the categories of objects attributed as the exclusive public property, as well as codify their legal regime, including inalienability from property of the corresponding public formation, and inapplicability of the statutes of limitation for protecting the right to property by public administration.
Mitigating memory effects during undulatory locomotion on hysteretic materials
Authors: Schiebel Perrin E , Astley Henry C , Rieser Jennifer M , Agarwal Shashank , Hubicki Christian , Hubbard Alex M , Diaz Kelimar , Mendelson III Joseph R , Kamrin Ken , Goldman Daniel I
Published: June 2020

While terrestrial locomotors often contend with permanently deformable substrates like sand, soil, and mud, principles of motion on such materials are lacking. We study the desert-specialist shovel-nosed snake traversing a model sand and find body inertia is negligible despite rapid transit and speed dependent granular reaction forces. New surface resistive force theory (RFT) calculation reveals how wave shape in these snakes minimizes material memory effects and optimizes escape performance given physiological power limitations. RFT explains the morphology and waveform-dependent performance of a diversity of non-sand-specialist snakes but overestimates the capability of those snakes which suffer high lateral slipping of the body. Robophysical experiments recapitulate aspects of these failure-prone snakes and elucidate how re-encountering previously deformed material hinders performance. This study reveals how memory effects stymied the locomotion of a diversity of snakes in our previous studies (Marvi et al., 2014) and indicates avenues to improve all-terrain robots.
Slow oscillation-spindle coupling predicts enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Hahn Michael A , Heib Dominik , Schabus Manuel , Hoedlmoser Kerstin , Helfrich Randolph F
Published: June 2020

Precise temporal coordination of slow oscillations (SO) and sleep spindles is a fundamental mechanism of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. SO and spindle morphology changes considerably throughout development. Critically, it remains unknown how the precise temporal coordination of these two sleep oscillations develops during brain maturation and whether their synchronization indexes the development of memory networks. Here, we use a longitudinal study design spanning from childhood to adolescence, where participants underwent polysomnography and performed a declarative word-pair learning task. Performance on the memory task was better during adolescence. After disentangling oscillatory components from 1/f activity, we found frequency shifts within SO and spindle frequency bands. Consequently, we devised an individualized cross-frequency coupling approach, which demonstrates that SO-spindle coupling strength increases during maturation. Critically, this increase indicated enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence. Our results provide evidence that improved coordination between SOs and spindles indexes the development of sleep-dependent memory networks.
Control of adaptive action selection by secondary motor cortex during flexible visual categorization
Authors: Wang Tian-Yi , Liu Jing , Yao Haishan
Published: June 2020

Adaptive action selection during stimulus categorization is an important feature of flexible behavior. To examine neural mechanism underlying this process, we trained mice to categorize the spatial frequencies of visual stimuli according to a boundary that changed between blocks of trials in a session. Using a model with a dynamic decision criterion, we found that sensory history was important for adaptive action selection after the switch of boundary. Bilateral inactivation of the secondary motor cortex (M2) impaired adaptive action selection by reducing the behavioral influence of sensory history. Electrophysiological recordings showed that M2 neurons carried more information about upcoming choice and previous sensory stimuli when sensorimotor association was being remapped than when it was stable. Thus, M2 causally contributes to flexible action selection during stimulus categorization, with the representations of upcoming choice and sensory history regulated by the demand to remap stimulus-action association.
Mouse brain transcriptome responses to inhaled nanoparticulate matter differed by sex and APOE in Nrf2-Nfkb interactions
Authors: Haghani Amin , Cacciottolo Mafalda , Doty Kevin R , D'Agostino Carla , Thorwald Max , Safi Nikoo , Levine Morgan E , Sioutas Constantinos , Town Terrence C , Forman Henry Jay , Zhang Hongqiao , Morgan Todd E , Finch Caleb E
Published: June 2020

The neurotoxicity of air pollution is undefined for sex and APOE alleles. These major risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were examined in mice given chronic exposure to nPM, a nano-sized subfraction of urban air pollution. In the cerebral cortex, female mice had two-fold more genes responding to nPM than males. Transcriptomic responses to nPM had sex-APOE interactions in AD-relevant pathways. Only APOE3 mice responded to nPM in genes related to Abeta deposition and clearance (Vav2, Vav3, S1009a). Other responding genes included axonal guidance, inflammation (AMPK, NFKB, APK/JNK signaling), and antioxidant signaling (NRF2, HIF1A). Genes downstream of NFKB and NRF2 responded in opposite directions to nPM. Nrf2 knockdown in microglia augmented NFKB responses to nPM, suggesting a critical role of NRF2 in air pollution neurotoxicity. These findings give a rationale for epidemiologic studies of air pollution to consider sex interactions with APOE alleles and other AD-risk genes.
Structural basis for capsid recruitment and coat formation during HSV-1 nuclear egress
Authors: Draganova Elizabeth B , Zhang Jiayan , Zhou Z Hong , Heldwein Ekaterina E
Published: June 2020

During herpesvirus infection, egress of nascent viral capsids from the nucleus is mediated by the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC). NEC deforms the inner nuclear membrane (INM) around the capsid by forming a hexagonal array. However, how the NEC coat interacts with the capsid and how curved coats are generated to enable budding is yet unclear. Here, by structure-guided truncations, confocal microscopy, and cryoelectron tomography, we show that binding of the capsid protein UL25 promotes the formation of NEC pentagons rather than hexagons. We hypothesize that during nuclear budding, binding of UL25 situated at the pentagonal capsid vertices to the NEC at the INM promotes formation of NEC pentagons that would anchor the NEC coat to the capsid. Incorporation of NEC pentagons at the points of contact with the vertices would also promote assembly of the curved hexagonal NEC coat around the capsid, leading to productive egress of UL25-decorated capsids.
Microglia TREM2R47H Alzheimer-linked variant enhances excitatory transmission and reduces LTP via increased TNF-α levels
Authors: Ren Siqiang , Yao Wen , Tambini Marc D , Yin Tao , Norris Kelly A , D'Adamio Luciano
Published: June 2020

To study the mechanisms by which the p.R47H variant of the microglia gene and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk factor TREM2 increases dementia risk, we created Trem2R47H KI rats. Trem2R47H rats were engineered to produce human Aβ to define human-Aβ-dependent and -independent pathogenic mechanisms triggered by this variant. Interestingly, pre- and peri-adolescent Trem2R47H rats present increased brain concentrations of TNF-α, augmented glutamatergic transmission, suppression of Long-term-Potentiation (LTP), an electrophysiological surrogate of learning and memory, but normal Aβ levels. Acute reduction of TNF-α activity with a neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody occludes the boost in amplitude of glutamatergic transmission and LTP suppression observed in young Trem2R47H/R47H rats. Thus, the microglia-specific pathogenic Trem2 variant boosts glutamatergic neuronal transmission and suppresses LTP by increasing brain TNF-α concentrations, directly linking microglia to neuronal dysfunction. Future studies will determine whether this phenomenon represents an early, Aβ-independent pathway that facilitates dementia pathogenesis in humans.
Nanobody-directed targeting of optogenetic tools to study signaling in the primary cilium
Authors: Hansen Jan N , Kaiser Fabian , Klausen Christina , Stüven Birthe , Chong Raymond , Bönigk Wolfgang , Mick David U , Möglich Andreas , Jurisch-Yaksi Nathalie , Schmidt Florian I , Wachten Dagmar
Published: June 2020

Compartmentalization of cellular signaling forms the molecular basis of cellular behavior. The primary cilium constitutes a subcellular compartment that orchestrates signal transduction independent from the cell body. Ciliary dysfunction causes severe diseases, termed ciliopathies. Analyzing ciliary signaling has been challenging due to the lack of tools to investigate ciliary signaling. Here, we describe a nanobody-based targeting approach for optogenetic tools in mammalian cells and in vivo in zebrafish to specifically analyze ciliary signaling and function. Thereby, we overcome the loss of protein function observed after fusion to ciliary targeting sequences. We functionally localized modifiers of cAMP signaling, the photo-activated adenylyl cyclase bPAC and the light-activated phosphodiesterase LAPD, and the cAMP biosensor mlCNBD-FRET to the cilium. Using this approach, we studied the contribution of spatial cAMP signaling in controlling cilia length. Combining optogenetics with nanobody-based targeting will pave the way to the molecular understanding of ciliary function in health and disease.
Book Review: Open Divide: Critical Studies on Open Access
Authors: Kraus Joseph R.
Published: June 2020

This book provides a good variety of diverse and critical perspectives on open access (OA) issues. There are fifteen contributors to the thirteen chapters, one preface, and one introduction. Part One contains six chapters covering global issues, and Part Two contains seven chapters on North/South issues. This book focuses on the viewpoints of researchers, librarians, information professionals, publishers, and library users in the Global South. Many of the chapters, the preface, and the introduction are available online. See https://scidecode.com/en/open-divide-critical-studies-on-open-access/ provided by Mr. Herb. Individual chapters are licensed CC-BY-NC 4.0, but not the book as a whole.
Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Grossowicz Michal , Bialik Or M. , Shemesh Eli , Tchernov Dan , Vonhof Hubert B. , Sisma-Ventura Guy
Published: June 2020

Climate, which sets broad limits for migrating species, is considered a key filter to species migration between contrasting marine environments. The Southeast Mediterranean Sea (SEMS) is one of the regions where ocean temperatures are rising the fastest under recent climate change. Also, it is the most vulnerable marine region to species introductions. Here, we explore the factors which enabled the colonization of the endemic Red Sea octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) along the SEMS coast, using sclerite oxygen and carbon stable isotope composition (δ18OSC and δ13CSC), morphology, and crystallography. The unique conditions presented by the SEMS include a greater temperature range (∼15 °C) and ultra-oligotrophy, and these are reflected by the lower δ13CSCvalues. This is indicative of a larger metabolic carbon intake during calcification, as well as an increase in crystal size, a decrease of octocoral wart density and thickness of the migrating octocoral sclerites compared to the Red Sea samples. This suggests increased stress conditions, affecting sclerite deposition of the SEMS migrating octocoral. The δ18Osc range of the migrating M. erythraea indicates a preference for warm water sclerite deposition, similar to the native depositional temperature range of 21–28 °C. These findings are associated with the observed increase of minimum temperatures in winter for this region, at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.27 °C decade−1 over the last 30 years, and thus the region is becoming more hospitable to the Indo-Pacific M. erythraea. This study shows a clear case study of “tropicalization” of the Mediterranean Sea due to recent warming.
Effect of Digital Noise Reduction of Hearing Aids on Music and Speech Perception
Authors: Kim Hyo Jeong , Lee Jae Hee , Shim Hyun Joon
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives: Although many studies have evaluated the effect of the digital noise reduction (DNR) algorithm of hearing aids (HAs) on speech recognition, there are few studies on the effect of DNR on music perception. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of DNR on music, in addition to speech perception, using objective and subjective measurements. Subjects and Methods: Sixteen HA users participated in this study (58.00±10.44 years; 3 males and 13 females). The objective assessment of speech and music perception was based on the Korean version of the Clinical Assessment of Music Perception test and word and sentence recognition scores. Meanwhile, for the subjective assessment, the quality rating of speech and music as well as self-reported HA benefits were evaluated. Results: There was no improvement conferred with DNR of HAs on the objective assessment tests of speech and music perception. The pitch discrimination at 262 Hz in the DNR-off condition was better than that in the unaided condition (p=0.024); however, the unaided condition and the DNR-on conditions did not differ. In the Korean music background questionnaire, responses regarding ease of communication were better in the DNR-on condition than in the DNR-off condition (p=0.029). Conclusions: Speech and music perception or sound quality did not improve with the activation of DNR. However, DNR positively influenced the listener’s subjective listening comfort. The DNR-off condition in HAs may be beneficial for pitch discrimination at some frequencies.
Test-Retest Reliability of Level-Specific CE-Chirp Auditory Brainstem Response in Normal-Hearing Adults
Authors: Jamal Fatin Nabilah , Arafat Dzulkarnain Ahmad Aidil , Shahrudin Fatin Amira , Marzuki Muhammad Nasrullah
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives: There is growing interest in the use of the Level-specific (LS) CE-Chirp® stimulus in auditory brainstem response (ABR) due to its ability to produce prominent ABR waves with robust amplitudes. There are no known studies that investigate the test-retest reliability of the ABR to the LS CE-Chirp® stimulus. The present study aims to investigate the test-retest reliability of the ABR to the LS CE-Chirp® stimulus and compare its reliability with the ABR to standard click stimulus at multiple intensity levels in normal-hearing adults.Subjects and Methods: Eleven normal-hearing adults participated. The ABR test was repeated twice in the same clinical session and conducted again in another session. The ABR was acquired using both the click and LS CE-Chirp® stimuli at 4 presentation levels (80, 60, 40, and 20 dBnHL). Only the right ear was tested using the ipsilateral electrode montage. The reliability of the ABR findings (amplitudes and latencies) to the click and LS CE-Chirp® stimuli within the same clinical session and between the two clinical sessions was calculated using an intra-class correlation coefficient analysis (ICC).Results: The results showed a significant correlation of the ABR findings (amplitude and latencies) to both stimuli within the same session and between the clinical sessions. The ICC values ranged from moderate to excellent. Conclusions: The ABR results from both the LS CE-Chirp® and click stimuli were consistent and reliable over the two clinical sessions suggesting that both stimuli can be used for neurological diagnoses with the same reliability.
UMA DIALOGIA ENTRE OS DIREITOS HUMANOS E A ÉTICA BIOCÊNTRIA: A TERRA PARA ALÉM DO “ANTROPOCENO”
Authors: Campello Lívia Gaigher Bósio , Do Amaral Raquel Domingues
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo analisa a necessidade de estabelecer um diálogo entre a linguagem dos direitos humanos e a ética da ecologia profunda, visando uma mudança do significado de sujeito de direito para reduzir os efeitos negativos da atividade humana no meio ambiente na nova época geológica do Antropoceno. Nesse intuito, é estudada a importância de uma mudança cultural da sociedade através de uma aproximação do homem com a natureza. Ainda, é analisado o conceito de sujeito de direito e sua relação com a propriedade, destacando as consequências disso para a relação do ser humano com os seres não humanos. Por fim, é estudada a possibilidade de uma intertextualidade entre o artigo 225 da Constituição Federal de 1988 com a teoria “Earth Jurisprudence” de Thomas Berry. Em conclusão, foi verificada a necessidade mudança do paradigma jurídico antropocêntrico atual através de uma ética biocêntrica que busque uma harmonia entre os direitos humanos e os direitos dos seres não humanos, sendo que, com esse intuito, também concluiu-se que a teoria “Earth Jurisprudence” se harmoniza com o positivismo brasileiro e com os direitos humanos. Para tanto, utiliza a pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, com uma análise de obras, artigos científicos e legislações. O método é dedutivo, partindo de conceitos universais, buscando-se sua particularização.
The benefits of smoking cessation on survival in cancer patients by integrative analysis of multi‐omics data
Authors: Yang Sheng , Liu Tong , Liang Geyu
Published: June 2020

Few studies have examined the association between smoking status (including former smokers) at diagnosis and overall survival among cancer patients. We aimed to assess the benefits of quitting smoking on cancer prognosis in cohorts of cancer patient smokers obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated to evaluate smoking behavior at cancer diagnosis (reformed smokers vs. current smokers) in association with overall survival using multivariate‐adjusted Cox regressions analysis. According to our analyses, quitting smoking was the independent protective factor for overall survival in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) (HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48–0.94). Comprehensive analysis of multicomponent data across reformed and current smokers identified a total of 85 differential expressed genes (DEGs) affected by different modes of genetic and epigenetic regulation, potentially representing cancer drivers in smokers. Moreover, we provided a smoking‐associated gene expression signature, which could evaluate the true effect on prognosis with high power (HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.19–2.43, AUC = 0.65, 0.67, and 0.70 for 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival, respectively). This signature was also applicable in other smoking‐related cancers, including bladder urothelial carcinoma (HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.01–2.88), cervical carcinoma (HR = 5.69, 95% CI = 1.37–23.69), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.41–2.76), lung adenocarcinoma (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.16–2.57), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HR = 4.28, 95% CI = 1.47–12.47). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that quitting smoking at diagnosis decreases risk of death in cancer patients. We also provide a smoking‐associated gene expression signature to evaluate the effect of smoking on survival. Lastly, we suggest that smoking cessation could comprise a part of cancer treatment to improve survival rates of cancer patients.
Process Pathway Controlled Evolution of Phase and Van‐der‐Waals Epitaxy in In/In2O3 on Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Elibol Kenan , Mangler Clemens , Gupta Tushar , Zagler Georg , Eder Dominik , Meyer Jannik C. , Kotakoski Jani , Bayer Bernhard C.
Published: June 2020

Many applications of 2D materials require deposition of non‐2D metals and metal‐oxides onto the 2D materials. Little is however known about the mechanisms of such non‐2D/2D interfacing, particularly at the atomic scale. Here, atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is used to follow the entire physical vapor deposition (PVD) cycle of application‐relevant non‐2D In/In2O3 nanostructures on graphene. First, a “quasi‐in‐situ” approach with indium being in situ evaporated onto graphene in oxygen‐/water‐free ultra‐high‐vacuum (UHV) is employed, followed by STEM imaging without vacuum break and then repeated controlled ambient air exposures and reloading into STEM. This allows stepwise monitoring of the oxidation of specific In particles toward In2O3 on graphene. This is then compared with conventional, scalable ex situ In PVD onto graphene in high vacuum (HV) with significant residual oxygen/water traces. The data shows that the process pathway difference of oxygen/water feeding between UHV/ambient and HV fabrication drastically impacts not only non‐2D In/In2O3 phase evolution but also In2O3/graphene out‐of‐plane texture and in‐plane rotational van‐der‐Waals epitaxy. Since non‐2D/2D heterostructures' properties are intimately linked to their structure and since influences like oxygen/water traces are often hard to control in scalable fabrication, this is a key finding for non‐2D/2D integration process design.
Guiding Cell Network Assembly using Shape‐Morphing Hydrogels
Authors: Viola John M. , Porter Catherine M. , Gupta Ananya , Alibekova Mariia , Prahl Louis S. , Hughes Alex J.
Published: June 2020

Forces and relative movement between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial to the self‐organization of tissues during development. However, the spatial range over which these dynamics can be controlled in engineering approaches is limited, impeding progress toward the construction of large, structurally mature tissues. Herein, shape‐morphing materials called “kinomorphs” that rationally control the shape and size of multicellular networks are described. Kinomorphs are sheets of ECM that change their shape, size, and density depending on patterns of cell contractility within them. It is shown that these changes can manipulate structure‐forming behaviors of epithelial cells in many spatial locations at once. Kinomorphs are built using a new photolithographic technology to pattern single cells into ECM sheets that are >10× larger than previously described. These patterns are designed to partially mimic the branch geometry of the embryonic kidney epithelial network. Origami‐inspired simulations are then used to predict changes in kinomorph shapes. Last, kinomorph dynamics are shown to provide a centimeter‐scale program that sets specific spatial locations in which ≈50 µm‐diameter epithelial tubules form by cell coalescence and structural maturation. The kinomorphs may significantly advance organ‐scale tissue construction by extending the spatial range of cell self‐organization in emerging model systems such as organoids.
Flexible, Conformable Organic Semiconductor Proximity Sensor Array for Electronic Skin
Authors: Lv Guangshuang , Wang Haiting , Tong Yanhong , Dong Lin , Zhao Xiaoli , Zhao Pengfei , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun
Published: June 2020

A flexible and conformal thin film proximity sensor array based on organic semiconductor dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DNTT) is demonstrated, which can be perfectly affixed onto the curved objects such as glass ball, human brain model, and even the deforming human skin. Both spatial position and shape can be registered with fast response when human finger or insulator plastic to be recognized is approaching and removing. This flexible, conformal organic semiconductor sensor array bears merits of low operation voltage (1 V) and ultralow power consumption (0.36 nW), which is ideal for applications of the electronic skin in future wearable electronics.
Dual Function Metallo–Organic Assemblies for Electrochromic–Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Eisenberg Ofir , Algavi Yadid M. , Weissman Haim , Narevicius Julia , Rybtchinski Boris , Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: June 2020

An integrated electrochromic–hybrid supercapacitor (EHSC) is demonstrated; the device’s operation (charging–discharging) is indicated by optical changes (from colored to transparent). The heart of the device is an electrochromic metallo–organic layer that functions as both the battery‐type electrode and the charge indicator. The capacitive electrode is a layered composite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a conductive polymer (poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, PEDOT:PSS). The device operates under low potentials (−0.6 to 2 V), displays high energy and power densities (≈2.2 Wh kg−1 and ≈2529 W kg−1), a high coulomb efficiency (99%), a short charging time (≈2 s), and a charge retention (V½) of ≈60 min. Stability, both in color and energy, for more than 1000 consecutive charging–discharging cycles is demonstrated. No significant changes in device temperature are indicated under the operating conditions. The EHSC is wired with a conventional circuit board to be charged and subsequently to operate a diode. The results demonstrate the potential of metallo–organic assemblies for usage in these types of supercapacitors.
Design and Characterization of a Novel Series of Geometrically Complex Intravaginal Rings with Digital Light Synthesis
Authors: Janusziewicz Rima , Mecham Sue J. , Olson Kevin R. , Benhabbour Soumya Rahima
Published: June 2020

Intravaginal rings (IVRs) represent a sustained‐release approach to drug delivery and have long been used and investigated for hormones and microbicides delivery. For decades, IVRs have been manufactured by injection molding and hot‐melt extrusion with very limited design and material capabilities. Additive manufacturing (AM), specifically digital light synthesis (DLS), represents an opportunity to harness the freedom of design to expand control and tunability of drug release properties from IVRs. A novel approach to IVR design and manufacturing is reported that results in geometrically complex internal architectures through the incorporation of distinct unit cells using computationally aided design (CAD) software. A systematic approach is developed to design through the generation of an IVR library and the effects of these parameters are investigated on ring properties. The ability to precisely and predictably control the compressive properties of the IVR independent of the internal architecture with which control of drug release kinetics can be achieved is demonstrated, thus opening the door for a “plug‐and‐play” platform approach to IVR fabrication.
Transmission‐Type Optical Modulator Based on Graphene Plasmonic Resonator Integrated with Off‐Resonant Au Structure
Authors: Xia Yuyu , Wang Jie , Zhang Yanbin , Shan Yuwei , Dai Yunyun , Chen Ang , Shen Tangyao , Wu Shiwei , Liu Xiaohan , Shi Lei , Zi Jian
Published: June 2020

In this paper, a transmission‐type graphene plasmonic modulator by introducing off‐resonant Au structure is theoretically and experimentally investigated. It is found that the modulation efficiency and bandwidth could be dramatically enhanced compared with bare graphene plasmonic structure. The validity of this proposed method is verified both in the 1D and 2D graphene plasmonic structures: ribbons and holes. This work will open up a new path to design the high‐efficiency modulators, switches, and multispectral detectors.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Controlled by Alcohol Hydrogen‐Bonding and sp3‐C−H Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Murayama Hiroaki , Heike Yoshito , Higashida Kosuke , Shimizu Yohei , Yodsin Nuttapon , Wongnongwa Yutthana , Jungsuttiwong Siriporn , Mori Seiji , Sawamura Masaya
Published: June 2020

Iridium‐catalyzed enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of ketones with formic acid was developed using a prolinol‐phosphine chiral ligand. Cooperative action of the iridium atom and the ligand through alcohol‐alkoxide interconversion is crucial to facilitate the transfer hydrogenation. Various ketones including alkyl aryl ketones, ketoesters, and an aryl heteroaryl ketone were competent substrates. An attractive feature of this catalysis is efficient discrimination between the alkyl and aryl substituents of the ketones, promoting hydrogenation with the identical sense of enantioselection regardless of steric demand of the alkyl substituent and thus resulting in a rare case of highly enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of tert‐alkyl aryl ketones. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that the sp3‐C−H/π interaction between an sp3‐C−H bond of the prolinol‐phosphine ligand and the aryl substituent of the ketone is crucial for the enantioselection in combination with O−H⋅⋅⋅O/sp3‐C−H⋅⋅⋅O two‐point hydrogen‐bonding between the chiral ligand and carbonyl group.

magnified image
Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Promote Angio‐Osteogenesis to Enhance Bone Repair
Authors: Han Hyung‐Seop , Jun Indong , Seok Hyun‐Kwang , Lee Kang‐Sik , Lee Kyungwoo , Witte Frank , Mantovani Diego , Kim Yu‐Chan , Glyn‐Jones Sion , Edwards James R.
Published: June 2020

Biodegradable metallic materials represent a potential step‐change technology that may revolutionize the treatment of broken bones. Implants made with biodegradable metals are significantly stronger than their polymer counterparts and fully biodegradable in vivo, removing the need for secondary surgery or long‐term complications. Here, it is shown how clinically approved Mg alloy promotes improved bone repair using an integrated state of the art fetal mouse metatarsal assay coupled with in vivo preclinical studies, second harmonic generation, secretome array analysis, perfusion bioreactor, and high‐resolution 3D confocal imaging of vasculature within skeletal tissue, to reveal a vascular‐mediated pro‐osteogenic mechanism controlling enhanced tissue regeneration. The optimized mechanical properties and corrosion rate of the Mg alloy lead to a controlled release of metallic Mg, Ca, and Zn ions at a rate that facilitates both angiogenesis and coupled osteogenesis for better bone healing, without causing adverse effects at the implantation site. The findings from this study support ongoing development and refinement of biodegradable metal systems to act as crucial portal technologies with significant potential to improve many clinical applications.
Metal‐Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials as Highly Efficient Catalysts: Progress and Rational Design
Authors: Shi Zhangsheng , Yang Wenqing , Gu Yuantong , Liao Ting , Sun Ziqi
Published: June 2020

As a typical class of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) possessing prominent advantages of high reactivity, high selectivity, high stability, and maximized atomic utilization, emerging metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon (M‐N‐C) materials, wherein dispersive metal atoms are coordinated to nitrogen atoms doped in carbon nanomaterials, have presented a high promise to replace the conventional metal or metal oxides‐based catalysts. In this work, recent progress in M‐N‐C‐based materials achieved in both theoretical and experimental investigations is summarized and general principles for novel catalysts design from electronic structure modulating are provided. Firstly, the applications and mechanisms on the advantages and challenges of M‐N‐C‐based materials for a variety of sustainable fuel generation and bioinspired reactions, including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and nanozyme reactions are reviewed. Then, strategies toward enhancing the catalytic performance by engineering the nature of metal ion centers, coordinative environment of active centers, carbon support, and their synergistic cooperation, are proposed. Finally, prospects for the rational design of next generation high‐performance M‐N‐C‐based catalysts are outlined. It is expected that this work will provide insights into high‐performance catalysts innovation for sustainable and environmental technologies.
Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation
Authors: Wang Tao , Luo Huimin , Bai Yaocai , Li Jianlin , Belharouak Ilias , Dai Sheng
Published: June 2020

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a family of nonconventional molten salts that offer many advantages, such as negligible vapor pressures, negligible flammability, wide liquidus ranges, good thermal stability, and much synthesis flexibility. The unique solvation environment of these ILs provides new reaction or flux media for controlling formation of solid‐state materials with a minimum perturbation of morphologies. A successful lithiation via ionothermal synthesis using a cost‐effective Li halide as Li source and recyclable ILs as solvents is reported here for the direct recycling of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM 111) cathodes. In addition, the ionic liquids can be readily recycled and reused after ionothermal lithiation. The lithiation of spent cathodes can enable the direct recycling of spent cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries.
A Dual Role by Incorporation of Magnesium in YbZn2Sb2 Zintl Phase for Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Zhang Zongwei , Yan Yirui , Li Xiaofang , Wang Xinyu , Li Juan , Chen Chen , Cao Feng , Sui Jiehe , Lin Xi , Liu Xingjun , Xie Guoqiang , Zhang Qian
Published: June 2020

1‐2‐2‐type Zintl phase compounds have promising thermoelectric properties because of their complex crystal structures and multiple valence‐band structures. In this work, a series of single phase (Yb0.9Mg0.1)MgxZn2−xSb2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1) compounds are prepared by alloying YbZn2Sb2 with 10 at% MgZn2Sb2 and different amounts of YbMg2Sb2. The incorporation of Mg at the Yb site, as well as at the Zn site, not only leads to an effective orbital alignment confirmed by the dramatically enhanced density of states effective mass and Seebeck coefficients, but also increases the point defect scattering, contributing to a low lattice thermal conductivity ≈0.54 W m−1 K−1 at 773 K. Combined with the optimization of the carrier concentration by Ag doping at the Zn site, a highest ZT value ≈1.5 at 773 K is achieved in (Yb0.9Mg0.1)Mg0.8Zn1.2Ag0.002Sb2, which is higher than that of all the previously reported 1‐2‐2‐type Zintl phase compounds.
Enabling Iron‐Based Highly Effective Electrochemical Water‐Splitting and Selective Oxygenation of Organic Substrates through In Situ Surface Modification of Intermetallic Iron Stannide Precatalyst
Authors: Chakraborty Biswarup , Beltrán‐Suito Rodrigo , Hausmann J. Niklas , Garai Somenath , Driess Matthias , Menezes Prashanth W.
Published: June 2020

A strategy to overcome the unsatisfying catalytic performance and the durability of monometallic iron‐based materials for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is provided by heterobimetallic iron–metal systems. Monometallic Fe catalysts show limited performance mostly due to poor conductivity and stability. Here, by taking advantage of the structurally ordered and highly conducting FeSn2 nanostructure, for the first time, an intermetallic iron material is employed as an efficient anode for the alkaline OER, overall water‐splitting, and also for selective oxygenation of organic substrates. The electrophoretically deposited FeSn2 on nickel foam (NF) and fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes displays remarkable OER activity and durability with substantially low overpotentials of 197 and 273 mV at 10 mA cm−2, respectively, which outperform most of the benchmarking NiFe‐based catalysts. The resulting superior activity is attributed to the in situ generation of α‐FeO(OH)@FeSn2 where α‐FeO(OH) acts as the active site while FeSn2 remains the conductive core. When the FeSn2 anode is coupled with a Pt cathode for overall alkaline water‐splitting, a reduced cell potential (1.53 V) is attained outperforming that of noble metal‐based catalysts. FeSn2 is further applied as an anode to produce value‐added products through selective oxygenation reactions of organic substrates.
Prophylaxis of Crohn's disease recurrence: A surgeon’s perspective
Authors: Wolford Dallas D. , Fichera Alessandro
Published: June 2020

Management of inflammatory bowel disease has evolved extensively in the last three decades. We have learnt a lot about the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease. New effective classes of drugs with the associated potential morbidity have been introduced. New surgical techniques have been popularized leading to a better understanding of the optimal timing of surgery. The result is a very complex subspecialty of gastroenterology and colorectal surgery called the "IBDologist." Only if we manage these complex patients in the context of a multi‐disciplinary team will we be able to obtain outstanding outcomes, specifically with high and sustained remission rates for these patients.
Attachment Tendencies, Big 5 Personality Traits, and Self‐Efficacy as Predictors of Mentors’ Relationships with Aggressive Children
Authors: Cavell Timothy A. , Mutignani Lauren M. , Alfonso Laura , Marie Smith Anne
Published: June 2020

Highlights

It is important for programs to identify those mentor characteristics that predict match quality.

Attachment tendencies, personality traits, and self‐efficacy were examined in this study.

These characteristics differentially predicted match quality for mentors of aggressive children.

Openness and avoidant attachment positively and negatively predicted match quality, respectively.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Bis‐(boryl)alkanes through Boronic Ester Induced Consecutive Double 1,2‐Migration
Authors: You Cai , Studer Armido
Published: June 2020

A general and efficient approach for the preparation of 1,3‐bis‐(boryl)alkanes is introduced. It is shown that readily generated vinylboron ate complexes react with commercially available ICH2Bpin to valuable 1,3‐bis‐(boryl)alkanes. The introduced transformation, which is experimentally easy to conduct, shows broad substrate scope and high functional‐group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction does not proceed via radical intermediates. Instead, an unprecedented boronic ester induced sequential bis‐1,2‐migration cascade is suggested.
Composition‐Tunable Antiperovskite CuxIn1−xNNi3 as Superior Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Jiaxi , Zhang Longhai , Du Li , Xin Huolin L. , Goodenough John B. , Cui Zhiming
Published: June 2020

A group of newly reported antiperovskite nitrides CuxIn1−xNNi3 (0≤x≤1) with tunable composition are employed as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Cu0.4In0.6NNi3 shows the highest intrinsic performance among all developed catalysts with an overpotential of merely 42 mV at 10 mA cmgeo−2. Stability tests at a high current density of 100 mA cmgeo−2 show its super‐stable performance with only 7 mV increase in overpotential after more than 60 hours of measurement, surpassing commercial Pt/C (increase of 170 mV). By partial substitution, the derived antiperovskite nitride achieves a smaller kinetic barrier of water dissociation compared to the unsubstituted InNNi3 and CuNNi3, revealed by first‐principle calculations. It is found that the partially substituted CuxIn1−xNNi3 possesses a thermal neutral and desirable Gibbs free energy of hydrogen for HER, ascribed to the tailoring of the energy of d‐band center arose by the A‐site (A=Cu or In) substitution and a resulting optimization of adsorbate interactions.
Cellulose acetate composite films fabricated with zero‐valent iron nanoparticles and its use in the degradation of persistent organic pollutants
Authors: Aljohny Bassam Oudh , Ahmad Zubair , Shah Sher Ali , Anwar Yasir , Khan Shahid Ali
Published: June 2020

Cellulose acetate (CA), and CA blended with Nicotiana tabacum ash (ACA) membranes have synthesized and fabricated with zero‐valent Fe NPs (ZVI) and named as CA@Fe0 and ACA@Fe0. The as‐synthesized membranes were inspected for the removal and detoxification of toxic organic pollutants. Comparative studies of CA@Fe0 and ACA@Fe0 NPs were investigated for five model pollutants, such as 4‐nitrophenol (4NP), methyl orange (MO), Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), and bromocresol green (BCG). The kinetic model indicated that the apparent rate constant Kapp value of ACA@Fe0 was highest for all model pollutants compared to CA@Fe0 NPs. The Kapp value is derived from pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The Kapp value of MO discoloration was 8.17 × 10−1 min−1 with ACA@Fe0 which is highest than CA@Fe0 (3.08 × 10−1 min−1). The turnover frequency (TOF) was highest for ACA@Fe0 for all the pollutants compared to CA@Fe0 and the highest TOF value was found for CR dye with ACA@Fe0 which is 0.523 h−1. Both the membranes also showed promising antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. Furthermore, CA, ACA membrane and CA@Fe0 and ACA@Fe0 NPs were characterized through FESEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR and TGA analysis.