bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An extract from wild green oat improves rat behaviour
Authors: Schellekens Charlotte , Perrinjaquet‐Moccetti Tania , Wullschleger Carla , Heyne Andrea
Published: March 2009

An extract of wild green oat (Avena sativa L.), was tested in vivo in rats for its behavioural effects after chronic oral administration via extract‐admixed food. Thirty six male Sprague‐Dawley rats received (A) standard diet (controls), (B) 10 g/kg extract‐admixed food or (C) 100 g/kg extract‐admixed food. The following behavioural tests were performed: elevated plus maze, forced swimming, conditioned avoidance response and tetradic encounter. Body weight, food and fluid consumption were measured and apparent physical appearance was determined twice a week. Apart from a slightly decreased food and fluid intake in the high dose group there were no side effects observed during the treatment. The low dose led to an improvement of active stress response, an enhancement of shock avoidance learning and an increased synchrony in social behaviour. It may be concluded that the wild green oat extract is suitable to improve behavioural initiative in different situations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoscale GPS tomography applied to the 12 June 2002 convective initiation event of IHOP_2002
Authors: Champollion C. , Flamant C. , Bock O. , Masson F. , Turner D.D. , Weckwerth T.
Published: March 2009

The time‐varying three‐dimensional water vapour field derived from mesoscale Global Positioning System (GPS) tomography data is used to describe the water vapour variability in relation to the dynamics of the atmosphere during convective initiation (CI). The paper presents the theoretical framework of GPS tomography at the mesoscale, including aspects related to the assimilation of independent data (e.g. water vapour profiles issued from meteorological balloon soundings). GPS tomography‐derived water vapour density retrievals are validated against lidar, the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer and radiosonde data, even if the short three‐day period of the study prevents conclusions about the real accuracy of the GPS tomography technique.

GPS tomography products are used, in synergy with surface and sounding‐derived meteorological variable measurements, satellite imagery and reflectivity composites from the WSR‐88D network and S‐POL radar, to study environmental conditions leading to the 12 June 2002 CI event during the International H2O Project. On this day, CI was triggered simultaneously, shortly after 2100 UTC, in two locations along an old outflow boundary lying east‐west in the vicinity of the Oklahoma–Kansas border. The study focuses on CI to the east, which was triggered at the intersection of the outflow boundary with a distinct southwest–northeast‐oriented moisture convergence line. The latter formed as the result of a cross‐dryline circulation leading to the penetration of dry air meeting with the moister air mass associated with the southerly low‐level flow east of the dryline. These intersecting boundaries appeared to have provided the necessary triggering mechanism for getting moist surface air parcels up to the level of free convection. Tomography‐derived water vapour fields provided observational evidence of the vertical transport of water vapour above the lifting condensation level and the level of free convection to the south of and along the intersecting boundaries. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Efficient moist physics schemes for data assimilation. I: Large‐scale clouds and condensation
Authors: Stiller O. , Ballard S. P.
Published: March 2009

A cost‐effective, easily maintained linear cloud scheme is presented, which introduces the major effects of condensation and latent heat release and precipitation into the linear model of a four‐dimensional variational assimilation (4D‐Var) system. The condensation scheme is derived within the general framework of statistical cloud schemes and the approximations used make it applicable to a large variety of nonlinear schemes. Forecast trials indicated that the introduction of this scheme into the Met Office numerical weather prediction (NWP) model led to clear improvements of the forecast skill.

Linearization test results are presented which show that the new scheme improves the match between linear and nonlinear models. An example of particularly large local improvements is found near the core of a low‐pressure system over the north Atlantic. Improvements are generally larger in the extratropics than in the tropics, where convection plays a dominant role in the nonlinear model (while it is not represented in the linear model). Experimental linearization tests (where the convection scheme of the nonlinear model has been switched off) show a particularly strong beneficial impact of the new scheme and enable the identification of some convection‐related compensating errors, which partially mask some of the new scheme's benefits when compared with a simpler linear scheme.

The precipitation increments from the linear scheme are found to be broader and show less detail but capture many features of the corresponding increments obtained from the nonlinear model. A method of tuning and post‐processing the precipitation strength is presented and discussed. ©Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Normalized Sorption Coefficient (Koc) Using Least Squares‐Support Vector Machine
Authors: Wang Bin , Chen Jingwen , Li Xuehua , Wang Ya‐nan , Chen Lin , Zhu Min , Yu Haiying , Kühne Ralph , Schüürmann Gerrit
Published: March 2009

Least squares‐support vector machine (LS‐SVM) was used to derive a quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) model for predicting the soil sorption coefficient normalized to organic carbon, Koc, from 24 fragment‐specific increments and four further molecular descriptors, employing a training set of 571 organic compounds and three external validation sets. The combinational parameters of LS‐SVM were optimized by adaptive random search technique (ARST). ARST could search the optimal combinational parameters of LS‐SVM from the solution space in a simple and quick way. The developed LS‐SVM model was compared with the model established by multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis using the same data sets. Generally, the LS‐SVM model performed slightly better than the MLR model with respect to goodness‐of‐fit, predictivity, and applicability domain (AD). The ADs of the LS‐SVM and MLR models were described on the basis of leverages and standardized residuals. Both the LS‐SVM and MLR models had wide ADs within a given reliability (standardized residual<3 SE units), but the LS‐SVM model was superior for compounds with high leverages.
Toward elevated agrobotics: Development of a scaled‐down prototype for visually guided date palm tree sprayer
Authors: Shapiro Amir , Korkidi Eran , Demri Amnon , Ben‐Shahar Ohad , Riemer Raziel , Edan Yael
Published: March 2009

Agricultural operations at great heights are typically laborious, expensive, and dangerous for human workers. Spraying and pollinating date palm trees, for instance, is currently done manually by a team of several workers from a platform lifted 18 m or more above the ground. This method is extremely unsafe, and many accidents have occurred due to instability when the platform is in a lifted position. In this paper we present the concept of an autonomous field robot that will effectively and accurately spray and pollinate date clusters. A scaled‐down prototype has been designed and consists of a visually controlled robotic arm that guides the jet of a mounted sprayer directly to the date clusters completely autonomously and from a short distance. Rather than requiring an expensive dedicated platform, this robotic apparatus can be towed by a standard tractor operated by a single driver, with no human worker operating in the heights. This system can minimize risk of injury, significantly save manpower, and deliver the spray with maximum accuracy, thereby reducing chemical disposal. The spraying guidance system is based on a proportional controller that uses feedback from an image processing system combined with a small dead band. The system was modeled mathematically, and the effect of each component on overall performance was evaluated by simulation. Results were used for tuning the experimental system controller parameters. Experiments were performed to evaluate the tracking performance of the visually guided tracking system on a single tree and a 10‐m‐long runway at a distance of 6 m. These dimensions were inspired by the conditions at a typical orchard. During the experiment the sprayer was towed along the runway 19 times, during which the speed of the wagon was varied between 0.7 km/h (0.2 m/s) and 12 km/h (3.3 m/s). Experimental results indicate that up to a wagon ve1ocity of 1.25 m/s the tracking error was reasonably low and stayed below 10 deg from the center of the target (typical date spraying speed is 1.1 m/s). However, at higher speeds the tracking quality reduced progressively and some drift (i.e., accumulated error) was noticed in the pan axis due to image processing speed. The simulations and experiments with a scaled‐down prototype show feasibility of the presented method and demonstrate how this new approach facilitates more efficient high‐altitude agricultural robotics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beijing Airport Terminal 3
Authors: Manning Martin , Falter Holger , Henley Richard , Cross Paul , Asaoka Yasohiko , Kerry Jonathan , Dallard Pat , Kwok Michel , Ho Goman , Delaney Ronan
Published: March 2009

Between October 2003 and July 2004, Arup, in a joint venture with the Dutch airport planners NACO and the architects Foster & Partners, designed the Terminal and Ground Transportation Centre needed for the 2008 Olympic games at Beijing Airport. Work commenced on site in March 2004 and ended almost four years later with the opening ceremony in February 2008. This was the team's third airport together, the forerunners being Stansted Airport, London, in the late 1980s and Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong, in the late 1990s. For each terminal the basic engineering diagram is similar.

The design of airport terminals is predominantly influenced by functionality. Externally, they are constrained by the movements of land transportation systems on one side and aircraft on the other. Internally, large numbers of people and baggage must flow from entrances to departure gates or arrivals gates to exits. Both the non‐public areas, like the baggage‐handling facilities, and the public areas need column‐free spaces to provide maximum flexibility and unimpeded passenger flow.

Forces in roofs and floors increase with the square of the span and result in large member sizes, but these must be limited because the overall height of airport facilities is restricted. Furthermore, a deep roof structure will impair the ability for natural light to pass through the roof into the building's interior. Both requirements can only be achieved with a carefully integrated design.

Airport terminals are characterized by the fact that the climatic and other physical conditions for which they must be designed vary across the world. For example, whereas Chek Lap Kok had to withstand typhoon wind loads and is located in a subtropical climate, Beijing is in an active seismic zone and experiences large seasonal temperature fluctuations. However, they must be able to accommodate the same aeroplanes worldwide while exhibiting their own form with respect to geometry, modularity, repetition and the use of information technology in the design, analysis, specification and fabrication.

Today, fabrication technology is changing rapidly thanks to the application of computerized analysis and fabrication methods in engineering. This in turn influences the structural concept and design. A manifestation of this is illustrated below.
Spanning the River Rhine with a new cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Löckmann Hans , Marzahn Gero A.
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on the design and construction of the new bridge over the River Rhine being built near the cities of Wesel and Büderich, Germany, the “Niederrheinbrücke”.

The paper outlines the design and bidding process as well as the construction of the new bridge, which will be the longest cable‐stayed bridge in Germany.

The new Rhine crossing is only the second cable‐stayed bridge in Germany to use parallel strands (Suspa DSI) rather than steel wire ropes (locked coil ropes) and contributes to a new generation of cable‐stayed bridges in Germany.
Viaduct over the Nalón River in Spain – A new experience with ‘strict box’ composite bridges
Authors: Calzón Julio Martínez , Corral Álvaro Serrano , Jiménez Carlos Castañón , Navarro Miguel Gómez
Published: March 2009

The motorway viaduct over the Nalón River is 1100 m long and 27 m wide. The longitudinal structural system consists of a single strict composite box that takes advantage of the different properties of structural steel and concrete, going beyond the double composite action systems already in use for a long time. The box girder is enlarged by means of composite trusses connected to the upper slab at both sides of the deck. Longitudinally, the structure can be divided into two sections:

– a 660 m long curving approach section over the river plain

– a 440 m long straight section crossing the riverbed. The central part of this section is a 124 m span rigid frame composed of a box girder with varying depth and two elegant piers, one on each side of the river.

The bridge was constructed by launching from both abutments. The launching of the main section, due to the varying depth of the box girder in the main span, required longitudinal auxiliary elements in order to launch it in the same way as the spans of constant depth. A temporary pier was built in the middle of the river in order to reduce the cantilever in the main span to a moderate length. The viaduct construction was completed in May 2007.
Centner Footbridge bridges the gap between steel structural design and digital fabrication
Authors: Adriaenssens Sigrid , Ney Laurent , Bodarwe Eric , Dister Vincent
Published: March 2009

The Centner Footbridge at Verviers, Belgium, is a successful design and artifact that links structural optimization and digital steel plate cutting techniques. This steel structure is designed as a statically determinate beam and has a U‐profile in cross‐section. The webs serving as the safety barriers are assembled from 10 different steel plates that exhibit a laser‐cut aperture pattern. The aperture pattern and the steel plate thicknesses have been structurally optimized to deal with the maximum shear forces that occur. For construction purposes, the numerical FE analysis model was translated into a graphic digital model that serves as input data for the steel laser cutter. Once the laser has cut the aperture pattern, the plates are welded together and finished in the fabricator's workshop. The bridge was transported in one piece and installed overnight on site. Recently, the concept of the aperture patterned steel plates has also been successfully applied to other winning design projects. These designs demonstrate that the innovative link between structural optimization and digital steel cutting techniques offers a new and elegant solution for structural systems with a large variety of spans and shapes.
Analytical calculation model for unstiffened elements with nonlinear stress‐strain relationships under uniform compression
Authors: Niederegger Philipp , Knobloch Markus , Fontana Mario
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an improved analytical calculation model for unstiffened elements with nonlinear stress‐strain relationships (e.g. aluminium and stainless steel) subjected to uniform in‐plane compression. The model takes material nonlinearity into account by means of the Ramberg‐Osgood constitutive law. It is based on the results of a numerical parametric study of the load‐carrying behaviour of unstiffened elements. A comparative study shows good agreement between test results and analytically determined strengths according to the new calculation model.
Beyond ETAG 002: U‐type Bonding Geometries for Structural Glazing
Authors: Hagl Anneliese
Published: March 2009

Consecrated in the year 2000, the Herz‐Jesu Church in Munich features a glass façade with advanced, bonded loadbearing structures, Ref. [1]. The exterior of the church was built almost completely in glass, creating the timeless shape of a parallelepiped as shown in Figure 1. The structural framework to the glass façade consists of loadbearing glass beam elements with lengths of up to 6.72m bonded to stainless steel channels by silicone adhesives. This design – leading to a U‐type bonding geometry by joining the glass beams to the steel stringers of parallel‐flange channel‐type cross‐sections, see Figure 2 – required comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations. Existing regulations such as the European guideline ETAG 002, Ref. [2], were not applicable due to their limited scope. Whereas ETAG 002 covers only simple two‐sided bonding geometries (explicitly excluding three‐sided bonding designs), the bonding used here is more complex geometrically, leading to significantly different mechanical characteristics.
Composite beam composed of steel and precast concrete (modularized hybrid system). Part III: Application for a 19‐storey building
Authors: Hong Won‐Kee , Park Seon‐Chee , Lee Ho‐Chan , Kim Jin‐Min , Kim Seung‐Il , Lee Seung‐Geun , Yoon Ki‐Joon
Published: March 2009

The authors present an experimental and analytical investigation of the modularized hybrid system (MHS) that utilizes the composite structure described in previous studies, that of a wide steel flange and precast concrete. The objective of this paper was to introduce the application of the MHS structural system to a high‐rise building in which one additional floor was added while the overall building height was maintained. The 68‐m‐tall, 18‐storey steel building was redesigned to a 19‐storey building using the composite beams, which combine the merits of ductile steel and concrete components to withstand external loading while reducing floor height. The bottom flange of the steel beam is reinforced with concrete at a manufacturing plant, eliminating the use of temporary pour forms. The erection process of the composite beams is identical to that of traditional steel construction. This paper also describes more than 30 potential applications of high‐rise composite construction using the MHS frames. The advantages of the MHS are presented in terms of reduced structural steel tonnage and shortened construction schedules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on seismic behaviour of a new hybrid structure with shaking table test and numerical analysis
Authors: Cheng Ming , Lu Xilin
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a study on a hybrid high‐rise structure that has two structural systems: the main one is a mega‐frame consisted of mega‐columns, strengthened floors and the outrigger truss on the top; the secondary one consists of typical floors between the strengthened floors. Because of the complexity and innovation of the structural system, a detailed study, including shaking table test and numerical analysis, is needed to research the seismic property of the hybrid structure. First, a 1/50 shaking table model was tested by the State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering of Tongji University to obtain the frequencies of the free‐vibration modes and dynamic property of the model. Second, this paper used 3D finite element analysis software, named MIDAS, to build the numerical models. Two kinds of models were made to simulate the shaking table model and the prototype structure, respectively, and then a comparison between the analytical and experimental results was presented in this paper to verify the numerical models. In addition, the seismic behaviour of the prototype was analysed by the MIDAS. Finally, the structural system of the new hybrid structure was verified to be valid and applicable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where quants go wrong: a dozen basic lessons in commonsense for quants and risk managers and the traders who rely on them
Authors: Wilmott Paul
Published: March 2009

Quants and risk managers keep making the same mistakes over and over again. Each time this happens the losses increase in value. A small amount of commonsense and some basic mathematics can stop this happening. However, this requires quants, risk man agers and their bosses to move their attention away from complexity towards robustness of models1. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
The discrete gamma pool model
Authors: Jäckel Peter
Published: March 2009

We propose a model for the dynamics of losses and spreads on portfolios for the purpose of pricing exotic variations of synthetic collateralised tranche obligations such as Loss Triggered Leveraged Super‐Senior notes, multi‐callable CDOs, and, by implication of the latter, options on forward starting CDOs. Also, we discuss how features such as the counterparty's right to deleverage upon a loss trigger event in a leveraged super senior can be understood as an embedded Bermudan swaption, and how this can be catered for in a numerical implementation. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
5‐Aminotetrazolium 5‐Aminotetrazolates – New Insensitive Nitrogen‐rich Materials
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles
Published: March 2009

Isomeric 5‐aminotetrazolate salts with the 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium (4) and the 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium (5) cations have been synthesized in high yields and purity by the metathesis reaction between silver 5‐aminotetrazolate (3) and a suitable tetrazolium iodide salt (1 and 2). In addition we synthesized the free acid 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐iminotetrazole (7) by deprotonation of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) using potassium hydroxide. 7 was alternatively used to synthesize 4. All three compounds (4, 5 and 7) were characterized using analytical and spectroscopic methods and the crystal structures of 4 and 7 were determined by low temperature X‐ray measurements (4: Monoclinic, P21/n, a = 6.7422(4) Å, b = 9.8362(5) Å, c = 13.0637(8) Å, β = 97.985(5)°, V = 857.95(9) Å3, 7: Triclinic, P\bar{1}, a = 6.256(1) Å, b = 6.773(1) Å, c = 6.773(1) Å, α = 102.24(3)°, β = 97.96(3)°, γ = 100.39(3)°, V = 271(3) Å3). Due to the interest of nitrogen‐rich compounds as energetic materials, the heats of formation of 4 and 5 were experimentally determined using bomb calorimetry and their validity was checked by means of quantum chemical calculations (MP2). Predicted detonation parameters for these materials are similar to commonly used energetic compounds and their low sensitivities make them interesting candidates as a new class of environmentally friendly insensitive ionic salts.
Preparation and Molecular Structure of a Cyclic Bisgermylene with two Lutidine Bridging Groups
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Zabula Alexander V. , Pape Tania , Hupka Florian
Published: March 2009

The cyclic tetraamine 2, prepared by the hydrogenation of tetraimine 1, was used for the preparation of the macrocyclic bisgermylene 3 with two lutidine bridging groups. The molecular structure determination of tetraamine 2 exhibits a Ci‐symmetric molecule in the solid state. The macrocyclic bisgermylene 3 shows weak intramolecular Ge···Ge and Ge···N interactions in the solid state.
with MII = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu: Four New Coordination Polymers based on 4,4′‐Bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) and Acetylenedicarboxylate (ADC2–)
Authors: Stein Irena , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: March 2009

By slow diffusion of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) into a solution of a respective metal salt and acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC), single crystals of four new coordination polymers ∞1[MII(4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4](ADC)·4H2O (MII = Mn, Fe, Co; P, Z = 1) (1–3) and ∞1[Cu(4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4](ADC)·4H2O (C2/c, Z = 4) (4) were obtained. In all compounds octahedral MII(H2O)4N2 units are connected by 4,4′‐bipyridine ligands to form chain‐like polymers. In 4 these octahedra are elongated due to Jahn–Teller distortion. The acetylenedicarboxylate dianions are bound by hydrogen bonds to the ∞1[MII(4,4′‐bipy)2/2(H2O)4] chains to form a 3 D network. Surprisingly, the acetylenedicarboxylate dianions are not part of the first coordination sphere of the transition metal ions.
Maternal tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency: The course of two pregnancies and follow‐up of two children in a mother with 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Authors: Giżewska M. , Hnatyszyn G. , Sagan L. , Cyryłowski L. , Żekanowski C. , Modrzejewska M. , Nestorowicz B. , Kubalska J. , Walczak M.
Published: March 2009

No reports are available about the course of pregnancies in women with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies or the effects of treatment with BH4, l‐dopa/carbidopa and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐OHTrp) on fetal development. We present for the first time the case of a mother with late‐diagnosed mild form of 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency, the course of her two subsequent pregnancies and clinical evaluation with follow‐up of two offspring. In both pregnancies neurotransmitter precursors, as well as BH4 dosages were increased proportionally to the mother's weight gain. To prevent maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU) syndrome, special attention was paid to increasing BH4 dosages. Both pregnancies were complicated by threatened premature labour, by the mother's nicotinism and additionally, in the first pregnancy, by gestational diabetes mellitus and vaginitis. The first child was born in the 31st week of pregnancy with the symptoms of moderate intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and brain malformation in the form of right sided closed‐lip schizencephaly with absence of septum pellucidum. Although the girl demonstrates mild left‐sided hemiparesis, her psychological development at the age of 8 years is above average. The second child was born in the 37th week of pregnancy without brain anomalies and at the age of 5 years his psychomotor development is appropriate for the age. As the cause of brain malformations resulting in physical impairment in the first child is unknown, more data are essential to verify conclusions about the influence of the mother's BH4 deficiency and the safety of her treatment for fetal development.
The developing and restructuring superior cervical ganglion of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellusvar.albina)
Authors: Toscano Cauê Pereira , de Melo Mariana Pereira , Matera Júlia Maria , Loesch Andrzej , Ribeiro Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel
Published: March 2009

Post‐natal development comprises both maturation (from newborn to adult) and ageing (from adult to senility) and, during this phase, several adaptive mechanisms occur in sympathetic ganglia, albeit they are not fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed at detecting whether post‐natal development would exert any effect on the size and number of a guinea pig's superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Twenty right SCGs from male subjects were used at four ages, i.e. newborn (7 days), young (30 days), adult (7 months) and old animals (50 months). Using design‐based stereological methods the volume of ganglion and the total number of mononucleate and binucleate neurons were estimated. Furthermore, the mean perikaryal volume of mononucleate and binucleate neurons was estimated using the vertical nucleator. The main findings of this study were a combination of post‐natal‐dependent increases and decreases in some variables: (i) 27% increase in ganglion volume, (ii) 24% and 43% decreases in the total number of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively, and (iii) 27.5% and 40% decreases in the mean perikaryal volume of mono and binucleate neurons, respectively. Despite the fall in neuron numbers found here, post‐natal development is not only associated with neuron loss, but also embraces other structural adaptive mechanisms, which are discussed in this paper.
Indulgence as self‐reward for prior shopping restraint: A justification‐based mechanism
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Johar Gita Venkataramani
Published: March 2009

This research investigates the effects of refraining from a purchase temptation at one point in time on choices made at a subsequent opportunity to purchase or consume a tempting product. Four experiments involving scenarios and real decisions demonstrate that the salience of restraint at a prior impulse buying opportunity causes consumers to reward themselves subsequently by choosing indulgence over non‐indulgence. We show that indulgence is likely to increase only when prior restraint is salient and hence can be used as a justification. As expected, an index of reasons for vs. against buying mediates the relationship between prior impulse purchase decision and indulgent choice. In further support of the mechanism, we find that prior indulgence can have the same effect as prior restraint, if the prior indulgence is made justifiable. Finally, we show that prior shopping restraint can increase indulgence without a corresponding increase in self‐esteem. These findings extend our understanding of self‐regulation and demonstrate that everyday consumer decisions such as responses to impulse buying opportunities can have consequential downstream effects.
Adjuvant use of liquid alginate suspension for post‐tonsillectomy morbidity: Double‐blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy
Authors: Yener Murat , Gultekin Erdogan , Ozdemir Ismail
Published: March 2009

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of liquid alginate suspension in alleviating post‐tonsillectomy morbidity in adult patients.

Methods

A prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study comparing the effect of liquid alginate suspension with placebo was performed on 40 patients who underwent tonsillectomy at Derince State Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey. The patients were randomly chosen, and each used liquid alginate suspension four times daily or a placebo solution at the same regimen. Tonsillectomy was performed under general anesthesia by cold dissection and suture ligation. Patients were examined at postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7 for healing, instructed to note the amount of analgesics used, and asked to mark the visual analog score of throat pain every day for a week.

Results

The study group had statistically significant lower pain scores at day 2 (P = 0.03). Study group required less analgesic than the control group during the study period, but the difference was statistically different only on day 2 (P = 0.003) day. Healing was statistically significant on day 5 (P = 0.03) in the study group.

Conclusion

Use of the antireflux suspensions in patients undergoing tonsillectomy may be effective in reducing postoperative morbidity in adjunct with classic analgesics.
Development of an immunobinding dot-blot assay as an alternative for the serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis
Authors: Hernández-Cruz E. , González-Cabriales J.J. , Ordaz-Pichardo C. , de la Cruz-Hernández N.I. , Flores-Gutiérrez G.H.
Published: March 2009

An immunobinding dot-blot assay (DBA) was developed on nitrocellulose paper for the serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis, using Cysticercus cellulosae as antigen. The DBA had an immunological sensitivity of 0.08 mg of antigen protein/ml; however, it showed cross-reactions with antigens of adult Taenia solium and Echinococcus granulosus, but not with Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica antigens. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as the gold standard for obtaining the diagnostic validity of the DBA, giving 84.61%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 97.98% for epidemiological sensitivity, epidemiological specificity and positive and negative predictive values, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the two tests (P < 0.05, kappa = 0.907). This study showed that DBA is an alternative method for the serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis.
Lower bounds for derivatives of solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Biryuk Andrei
Published: March 2009

The main goal of this paper is to obtain the lower bounds

for solutions uν of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with small viscosity ν. We also discuss the application of the above estimate to the theory of turbulence. Namely, we are interested in time-averaged lower bounds, which are important in establishing upper bounds for the turbulent space-scale.
The eigenvalue gap for one-dimensional Schrödinger operators with symmetric potentials
Authors: Huang Min-Jei , Tsai Tzong-Mo
Published: March 2009

We consider the eigenvalue gap for Schrödinger operators on an interval with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. For a class of symmetric potentials, we prove that the gap between the two lowest eigenvalues is maximized when the potential is constant. We also give some related results for doubly symmetric potentials.
A non-existence result for nonlinear parabolic equations with singular measures as data
Authors: Petitta Francesco
Published: March 2009

In this paper we prove a non-existence result for nonlinear parabolic problems with zero lower-order terms whose model is

where Δp=div(|∇u|p−2∇u) is the usual p-laplace operator, λ is measure concentrated on a set of zero parabolic r-capacity (1<p<r) and q is large enough.
On the number of interior peaks of solutions to a non-autonomous singularly perturbed Neumann problem
Authors: Zhao Chunyi
Published: March 2009

We study the following non-autonomous singularly perturbed Neumann problem:

where the index p is subcritical and a(x) is a positive smooth function in . We show that, given ε small enough, there exists a K(ε) such that, for any positive integer K ≤ K(ε), there always exists a solution with K interior peaks concentrating at a strict sth-order local minimum point of a.
Isometries of weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on unbounded domains
Authors: Boyd Christopher , Rueda Pilar
Published: March 2009

We study isometries between weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on unbounded domains in ℂn. We show that weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on unbounded domains may exhibit behaviour different from that observed on bounded domains. We calculate the isometries for specific weights on the complex plane and the right half-plane.
Lie algebras with S3- or S4-action and generalized Malcev algebras
Authors: Elduque Alberto , Okubo Susumu
Published: March 2009

Lie algebras endowed with an action by automorphisms of any of the symmetric groups S3 or S4 are considered, and their decomposition into a direct sum of irreducible modules for the given action is studied. In the case of S3-symmetry, the Lie algebras are coordinatized by some non-associative systems, which are termed generalized Malcev algebras, as they extend the classical Malcev algebras. These systems are endowed with a binary and a ternary product, and include both the Malcev algebras and the Jordan triple systems.
Visual attention-related processing in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tales Andrea , Porter Gillian
Published: March 2009

The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuropsychological testing to assess the integrity of higher order cerebral functions such as memory, cognition, visual perception, language and executive function. However, the onset of AD is insidious and diagnosing the very early stages may be precluded as such tests may lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity. This, together with the potential for similar shortcomings in relation to assessing disease progression and response to treatment, has prompted the search for disease markers based on abnormalities in additional aspects of brain processing. One area receiving increasing investigation is the integrity of visual and visual-attention-related processing.
Coastline sand waves on a low‐energy beach at El Puntal spit, Spain: Linear stability analysis
Authors: Medellín G. , Falqués A. , Medina R. , González M.
Published: March 2009

Shoreline sand waves of approximately 125–150 m of wavelength and ≈15 m of amplitude in the offshore direction (reached in a few days) are often observed at the west end of El Puntal spit, Santander, Spain. They tend to last for about 2 months and do not show an evident alongshore propagation during that time. Since wave incidence on that beach is typically very oblique, a shoreline linear stability analysis is performed to test whether those sand waves could be generated by shoreline instability. Because of the low‐energy wave climate and the steep mean bathymetric profile, the predicted wavelength (100–150 m) and growth time (4–8 days) are much smaller than is typical on open ocean beaches. This provides a unique opportunity to test high‐angle wave instability. Thus, the role of the instability on the growth, evolution, and subsequent destruction of the sand waves is examined. A remarkable agreement between predictions and observations regarding the wavelength and growth time is found. Furthermore, by analyzing shoreline instability for a 2 year period where sand waves sometimes occur and sometimes do not, a clear correlation is found between sand wave occurrence and predicted instability growth rate. Intriguingly, results are less satisfactory regarding alongshore migration since the model predicts some migration that is not supported by observations. However, it becomes clear that the instability caused by high‐angle waves is crucial for shoreline sand wave formation at El Puntal and should be considered for any future research.
Neural network‐based estimates of North Atlantic surface pCO2 from satellite data: A methodological study
Authors: Friedrich T. , Oschlies A.
Published: March 2009

A new method is proposed to estimate ocean surface pCO2 from remotely sensed surface temperature and chlorophyll data. The method is applied to synthetic observations provided by an eddy‐resolving biogeochemical model of the North Atlantic. The same model also provides a perfectly known simulated pCO2 “ground truth” used to quantitatively assess the success of the estimation method. Model output is first sampled according to realistic voluntary observing ship (VOS) and satellite coverage. The model‐generated VOS “observations” are then used to train a self‐organizing neural network that is subsequently applied to model‐generated “satellite data” of surface temperature and surface chlorophyll in order to derive basin‐wide monthly maps of surface pCO2. The accuracy of the estimated pCO2 maps is analyzed with respect to the “true” surface pCO2 fields simulated by the biogeochemical circulation model. We also investigate the accuracy of the estimated pCO2 maps as a function of VOS line coverage, remote sensing errors, and the interpolation of missing remote sensing data due to cloud cover and low solar irradiation in winter. For a simulated “sampling” corresponding to VOS lines and patterns of optical satellite coverage of the year 2005, the neural net can successfully reproduce pCO2 from model‐generated “remote sensing data” of SST and Chl. Basin‐wide RMS errors amount to 19.0 μatm for a hypothetical perfect interpolation scheme for remote sensing data gaps and 21.1 μatm when climatological surface temperature and chlorophyll values are used to fill in areas lacking optical satellite coverage.
Temporal variability in emission category influence on organic matter aerosols in the Indian region
Authors: Cherian R. , Venkataraman C. , Ramachandran S.
Published: March 2009

The dependence of carbonaceous aerosol properties, like radiation absorption and hygroscopicity, on the emission source of origin motivate this work. The influence of emission categories, including crop residue and forest burning, biofuel combustion, brick kilns, thermal power plants, diesel transport and “other industry”, is estimated on organic matter (OM) surface concentrations in the Indian ocean region. The approach uses general circulation model predicted OM surface concentrations during a ship cruise, identifies probable source regions for high concentration episodes using the potential source contribution function, and estimates collocated OM emissions resolved by category. Distinct source regions identified, are the Indo‐Gangetic Plain during 20–30th January, 1999, and central/south India during 1–11th March, 1999. Contributing emission categories are primarily biofuel combustion (18 Gg) during 20–30th January, but a combination of forest burning (8 Gg), biofuel combustion (7 Gg) and crop residue (5 Gg) during 1–11th March. The magnitude of emission flux rather than spatial extent of an emission category, was seen to increase its influence on the receptor. This approach can be used to investigate seasonal and inter‐annual variability in emission category influence on atmospheric pollutants.
Dynamical influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the winter monsoon over southeastern Asia
Authors: Mailler Sylvain , Lott François
Published: March 2009

Previous studies have shown (1) that the Tibetan Plateau produces a significant fraction of the two components of the Equatorial Mountain Torque (EMT) in winter, (2) that these torques are in part related to the East Asian cold surges, and (3) that the cold surges affect the convection over the maritime continent. We show here that these relations are strong enough for the convection over the Equatorial South China Sea to be associated with significant signals on the two components of the EMT that can precede by a few days and more the convection. These signals are associated to surface pressure and temperature patterns that are strongly reminiscent of the East Asian cold surges. Our results therefore show that the Tibetan Plateau couple dynamically the midlatitudes and the tropical region, and that the vectors of this dynamical coupling are the cold surges. This coupling also influences the convection over the northern Bay of Bengal, mainland southeast Asia, and Indonesia.
Intraoceanic thrusts in the Nankai Trough off the Kii Peninsula: Implications for intraplate earthquakes
Authors: Tsuji Takeshi , Park Jin‐Oh , Moore Gregory , Kodaira Shuichi , Fukao Yoshio , Kuramoto Shin'ichi , Bangs Nathan
Published: March 2009

We identified intraoceanic thrusts developed as imbricate structures within the subducting Philippine Sea plate off the Kii Peninsula in central Japan manifesting as strong‐amplitude reflections observed in an industry‐standard three‐dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data set. These imbricate intraoceanic thrusts cut through the oceanic crust as a discontinuous thrust plane striking approximately parallel to the trench. In our survey area, large intraplate earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) over 7 occurred on 5 September 2004, causing strong ground motions on the islands of Japan and tsunami waves. The locations of the intraoceanic thrusts recognized in the seismic data are distributed around the estimated hypocenters of the mainshocks and aftershocks of the 2004 earthquakes. Furthermore, their geometry extracted from the 3D seismic data could explain the kind of complex rupture pattern observed during the 2004 events. Therefore we propose that the intraoceanic thrusts are seismogenically active.
CME interactions with coronal holes and their interplanetary consequences
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Mäkelä P. , Xie H. , Akiyama S. , Yashiro S.
Published: March 2009

A significant number of interplanetary shocks (∼17%) during cycle 23 were not followed by drivers. The number of such “driverless” shocks steadily increased with the solar cycle with 15%, 33%, and 52% occurring in the rise, maximum, and declining phase of the solar cycle. The solar sources of 15% of the driverless shocks were very close the central meridian of the Sun (within ∼15°), which is quite unexpected. More interestingly, all the driverless shocks with their solar sources near the solar disk center occurred during the declining phase of solar cycle 23. When we investigated the coronal environment of the source regions of driverless shocks, we found that in each case there was at least one coronal hole nearby, suggesting that the coronal holes might have deflected the associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) away from the Sun‐Earth line. The presence of abundant low‐latitude coronal holes during the declining phase further explains why CMEs originating close to the disk center mimic the limb CMEs, which normally lead to driverless shocks due to purely geometrical reasons. We also examined the solar source regions of shocks with drivers. For these, the coronal holes were located such that they either had no influence on the CME trajectories, or they deflected the CMEs toward the Sun‐Earth line. We also obtained the open magnetic field distribution on the Sun by performing a potential field source surface extrapolation to the corona. It was found that the CMEs generally move away from the open magnetic field regions. The CME–coronal hole interaction must be widespread in the declining phase and may have a significant impact on the geoeffectiveness of CMEs.
Comparison of acceleration, expansion, and brightness of sprite streamers obtained from modeling and high‐speed video observations
Authors: Liu N. Y. , Pasko V. P. , Adams K. , Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. C. , McHarg M. G.
Published: March 2009

We compare sprite streamer modeling results with high‐speed video recordings of sprites made with 50‐μs temporal resolution. Both the modeling results and the sprite videos show that sprite streamers propagate with acceleration and expansion during the initial stage of sprite development. The acceleration computed from the modeling for the applied electric fields close to the conventional breakdown threshold field is on the order of (0.5–1) × 1010 m s−2 and is in good agreement with the peak values observed experimentally. We further discuss the effects of different spatial and temporal resolutions of an observational system on the visual appearances of sprite streamers. It is found that the large variation in brightness of sprites estimated from several observational studies can be directly attributed to different temporal and spatial resolutions of used instruments. Mainly due to the increasing radius of the streamer head of an accelerating streamer, the brightness of the streamer head increases as well. The comparison results demonstrate that the brightness of a sprite streamer head increases exponentially with time and can span more than 4 orders of magnitude in a very short period of about 1 ms. We propose a method for remote sensing of the sprite‐driving electric field in the mesospheric and lower ionospheric region by measuring the rate of the change of the brightness.
Goniopolarimetric study of the revolution 29 perikrone using the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument high‐frequency radio receiver
Authors: Cecconi B. , Lamy L. , Zarka P. , Prangé R. , Kurth W. S. , Louarn P.
Published: March 2009

We present goniopolarimetric (also known as direction finding) results of the Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), using the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument high‐frequency radio receiver data. Tools to retrieve the characteristics of the SKR sources have been developed that allow us to measure their 3‐D location and beaming angle relative to the magnetic field in the source and, thus, to deduce the location of the footprints of the active magnetic field lines. We present results from these analyses on SKR observed during the revolution 29 perikrone (25–26 September 2006) with a relatively high orbital inclination. These results provide for the first time the observed beaming angle, the invariant latitude, and the local time of the SKR sources. We provide evidence that the SKR is mainly emitted in the right‐hand extraordinary (R‐X) mode and marginally in the left‐hand ordinary (L‐O) mode. We observe the footprint of the active magnetic field lines in the ∼70° to ∼80° northern and southern latitudinal range and in the 0400 to 1600 local time range. The northern sources are observed at slightly higher latitude than southern sources. The location matches that of the UV and IR aurorae. Duskside and nightside sources are also detected.