bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Mediated Remote Highly Site‐Selective C–H Bond Bromination and Chlorination of Quinolines at the C5 Position that is Geometrically Difficult to Access
Authors: Rao Naidu Sambasiva , Reddy Ganapam Manohar , Sridhar B. , Sarma Maheswaran Harihara
Published: November 2016

A concise, simple, and efficient method for remote C–H bond halogenation (Br and Cl) of 8‐aminoquinoline scaffolds at the geometrically difficult‐to‐access C5 position was explored with diverse substrate combinations in DMF. This protocol made use of inexpensive CuBr2 and CuCl2 as mediators and showed good to excellent yields for as many as 24 substrate combinations. The outstanding site selectivity of the reaction was reflected by the lack of formation of the undesired C7‐halogenated byproduct originating from the high nucleophilic reactivity of the 8‐aminoquinoline scaffold at the C7 position, even if excess amounts of the CuX2 salts were used.
Synthesis of Nontoxic Fluorous Sphingolipids as Molecular Probes of Exogenous Metabolic Studies for Rapid Enrichment by Fluorous Solid Phase Extraction
Authors: Saito Shota , Murai Yuta , Usuki Seigo , Yoshida Masafumi , Hammam Mostafa A. S. , Mitsutake Susumu , Yuyama Kohei , Igarashi Yasuyuki , Monde Kenji
Published: November 2016

Fluorous solid‐phase extraction (FSPE) is a useful technique for efficient selective enrichment of fluorous compounds from nonfluorous molecules. Sphingolipids and their metabolites, which are ubiquitous building blocks of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, play crucial roles, for example, as signaling molecules. However, details of the functions and metabolic mechanisms of exogenous sphingolipids have remained unknown compared with those of their endogenous analogs. To better understand these unknown roles, chemical probes with appropriate biological and physicochemical properties are needed. In this study, we designed and synthesized new fluorous sphingolipids to reveal these roles. Furthermore, we confirmed that they could be efficiently and rapidly separated from normal sphingolipids by FSPE, and that they hardly showed any cytotoxic activity, similarly to normal sphingolipids at the same dose. We also showed that these fluorinated ceramides could act as metabolic substrates for sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2). This demonstrates their potential for further biological studies.
Triazabicyclodecene as an Organocatalyst for the Regiospecific Synthesis of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted N‐Vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Gujral Jagjeet , Peraka Swamy , Reddy G. Surendra
Published: November 2016

Herein we report on the 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) catalyzed enolate‐mediated regiospecific synthesis of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted N‐vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles from simple activated carbonyl compounds and N‐vinyl azides through [3+2] cycloaddition; upon further hydrogenation, 1,4,5‐trisubstituted N‐alkyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles are furnished. Both the organo‐click and hydrogenation reactions proceeded in excellent yields with high rates and selectivities at 25 °C within a few hours.
Efficacy, acceptability and safety of guided imagery/hypnosis in fibromyalgia – A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zech N. , Hansen E. , Bernardy K. , Häuser W.
Published: November 2016

This systematic review aimed at evaluating the efficacy, acceptability and safety of guided imagery/hypnosis (GI/H) in fibromyalgia.
Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS were screened through February 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GI/H with controls were analysed. Primary outcomes were ≥50% pain relief, ≥20% improvement of health‐related quality of life, psychological distress, disability, acceptability and safety at end of therapy and 3‐month follow‐up. Effects were summarized by a random effects model using risk differences (RD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Seven RCTs with 387 subjects were included into a comparison of GI/H versus controls. There was a clinically relevant benefit of GI/H compared to controls on ≥50% pain relief [RD 0.18 (95% CI 0.02, 0.35)] and psychological distress [SMD −0.40 (95% CI −0.70, −0.11)] at the end of therapy. Acceptability at the end of treatment for GI/H was not significantly different to the control. Two RCTs with 95 subjects were included in the comparison of hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) versus CBT alone. Combined therapy was superior to CBT alone in reducing psychological distress at the end of therapy [SMD −0.50 (95% CI −0.91, −0.09)]. There were no statistically significant differences between combined therapy and CBT alone in other primary outcomes at the end of treatment and follow‐up. No study reported on safety.
GI/H hold promise in a multicomponent management of fibromyalgia.

Significance

We provide a systematic review with meta‐analysis on guided imagery and hypnosis for fibromyalgia. Current analyses endorse the efficacy and tolerability of guided imagery/hypnosis and of the combination of hypnosis with cognitive–behavioural therapy in reducing key symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Thermodynamics, electrostatics, and ionic current in nanochannels grafted with pH‐responsive end‐charged polyelectrolyte brushes
Authors: Chen Guang , Das Siddhartha
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we study the thermodynamics, electrostatics, and an external electric field driven ionic current in a pH‐responsive, end‐charged polyelectrolyte (PE) brush grafted nanochannel. By employing a mean field theory, we unravel a highly nonintuitive interplay of pH and electrolyte salt concentration in dictating the height of the end‐charged PE brush. Larger pH or weak hydrogen ion concentration leads to maximum ionization of the charge‐producing group—as a consequence, the resulting the electric double layer (EDL) energy get maximized causing a maximum deviation of the brush height from the value (d0) of the uncharged brush. This deviation may result in enhancement or lowering of the brush height as compared to d0 depending on whether the PE end locates lower or higher than (h is the nanochannel half height) and the salt concentration. Subsequently, we use this combined PE‐brush‐configuration‐EDL‐electrostatics framework to compute the ionic current in the nanochannel. We witness that the ionic current for smaller pH is much larger despite the corresponding magnitude of the EDL electrostatic potential being much smaller—this stems from the presence of a much larger concentration of ions at small pH and the fact that ions have very large mobilities. In fact, this ionic current shows a steep variation with pH that can be useful in exploring new designs for applications involving quantification and characterization of ionic current in PE‐brush‐grafted nanochannels.
Carbon Foam Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles for Electrochemical CO2 Conversion
Authors: Ma Sichao , Liu Jianfeng , Sasaki Kazunari , Lyth Stephen M. , Kenis Paul J. A.
Published: November 2016

Electrochemistry is a promising method to recycle CO2 into useful carbon feedstock and for storing intermittent renewable energy. To date, Au and Ag nanoparticles are the most active catalysts for electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO. However, agglomeration reduces the activity and the high cost slows widespread commercialization. Suitable support materials are thus needed to improve catalyst utilization. We explore carbon foam (CF) as a catalyst support. Compared with carbon black or graphene nanoplatelets, CF has higher surface area, larger pores, and more defects, resulting in improved uniformity of Ag nanoparticle distribution as well as higher activity and efficiency for CO2 conversion to CO.
Estimation of lateral force contribution of boundary elements in steel plate shear wall systems
Authors: Verma Abhishek , Sahoo Dipti Ranjan
Published: November 2016

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are used as lateral force‐resisting systems in new and retrofitted structures in high‐seismic regions. Various international codes recommend the design of SPSWs assuming the entire lateral load to be resisted by the infill plates. Such a design procedure results in significant overstrength leading to uneconomical and inefficient use of materials. This study is focused on the estimation of contribution of boundary elements in resisting the lateral force considering their interaction with the web plates of SPSW systems. Initially, the relative contribution of web plates and boundary frames is computed for a single‐bay single‐story frame with varying rigidity and end connections of boundary elements. Nonlinear static analyses are carried out for the analytical models inOpenSeesplatform to quantify this contribution. Later, this study is extended to the code‐based designed three‐story, six‐story, and nine‐story SPSWs of varying aspect ratios. Based on the results obtained, a new design procedure is proposed taking the lateral strengths of the boundary frames into account. Nonlinear time‐history analyses are conducted for 40 recorded ground motions representing the design basis earthquake and maximum considered earthquake hazard levels to compare the interstory and residual drift response and yield mechanisms of SPSWs designed as per current practice and the proposed methodology. Finally, an expression has been proposed to predict the lateral force contribution of the infill plate and the boundary frame of SPSWs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic laser speckle angiography achieved by eigen‐decomposition filtering
Authors: Li Chenxi , Wang Ruikang
Published: November 2016

A new approach is proposed for statistically analysis of laser speckle signals emerged from a living biological tissue based on eigen‐decomposition to separate the dynamic speckle signals due to moving blood cells from the static speckle signals due to static tissue components, upon which to achieve angiography of the interrogated tissue in vivo. The proposed approach is tested by imaging mouse ear pinna in vivo, demonstrating its capability of providing detailed microvascular networks with high contrast, and high temporal and spatial resolutions. It is expected to provide further opportunities for laser speckle imaging in the biomedical and clinical applications where microvascular response to certain stimulus or tissue injury is of interest.

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Predictors of bystander behaviors and sexual assertiveness among college women attending a sexual assault prevention program
Authors: Hahn Christine K. , Morris Jill M. , Jacobs Gerard A.
Published: November 2016

Identifying predictors of bystander behaviors and sexual assertiveness can help to inform sexual assault prevention programs on college campuses. College sorority members (N = 141) completed measures of sexual assault history, rape myth acceptance, bystander self‐efficacy, sexual assertiveness, and bystander behaviors before attending The Women's Program, which is a bystander‐based sexual assault prevention program. Regression analyses were conducted. Lower rape myth acceptance and greater bystander self‐efficacy predicted more engagement in bystander behaviors and higher sexual assertiveness. A total of 28 participants completed a 2‐week follow‐up survey that included measures of rape myth acceptance, bystander self‐efficacy, and sexual assertiveness. T‐test analyses were conducted. Rape myth acceptance was significantly lower among participants at 2‐week follow‐up compared to baseline. Implications for sexual assault prevention on college campuses are discussed.
Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of the new PDE10A radioligand [18F]AQ28A
Authors: Wagner Sally , Teodoro Rodrigo , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Kranz Mathias , Scheunemann Matthias , Fischer Steffen , Wenzel Barbara , Egerland Ute , Hoefgen Norbert , Steinbach Jörg , Brust Peter
Published: November 2016

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) regulates the level of the second messengers cAMP and cGMP in particular in brain regions assumed to be associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. A better understanding of the pathophysiological role of the expression of PDE10A could be obtained by quantitative imaging of the enzyme by positron emission tomography (PET). Thus, in this study we developed, radiolabeled, and evaluated a new PDE10A radioligand, 8‐bromo‐1‐(6‐[18F]fluoropyridin‐3‐yl)‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[1,5‐a]quinoxaline ([18F]AQ28A). [18F]AQ28A was radiolabeled by both nucleophilic bromo‐to‐fluoro or nitro‐to‐fluoro exchange using K[18F]F‐K2.2.2‐carbonate complex with different yields. Using the superior nitro precursor, we developed an automated synthesis on a Tracerlab FX F‐N module and obtained [18F]AQ28A with high radiochemical yields (33 ± 6%) and specific activities (96‐145 GBq·μmol−1) for further evaluation. Initially, we investigated the binding of [18F]AQ28A to the brain of different species by autoradiography and observed the highest density of binding sites in striatum, the brain region with the highest PDE10A expression. Subsequent dynamic PET studies in mice revealed a region‐specific accumulation of [18F]AQ28A in this region, which could be blocked by preinjection of the selective PDE10A ligand MP‐10. In conclusion, the data suggest [18F]AQ28A is a suitable candidate for imaging of PDE10A in rodent brain by PET.
Air temperature in Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and Vaygach Island from 1832 to 1920 in the light of early instrumental data
Authors: Przybylak Rajmund , Wyszyński Przemysław
Published: November 2016

In this article, the results of an investigation into the air temperature conditions in Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and Vaygach Island (NZR) from 1832 to 1920, on the basis of all available early instrumental data gathered during exploratory and scientific expeditions, are presented. Traditional analysis based on mean monthly data was supplemented by an approach less popular in the scientific literature, i.e. the additional use of daily data. Moreover, the daily data used were not limited only to mean daily air temperature, but include also maximum daily temperature, minimum daily temperature and diurnal temperature range. Such rich sets of data allowed for more comprehensive and precise recognition of air temperature conditions in the NZR. Based on these kinds of daily data, it was also possible to calculate the number of so‐called ‘characteristic days’ (i.e. the number of days with temperatures exceeding specified thresholds) and day‐to‐day temperature variability and, for the first time, to determine different characteristics of thermal seasons (duration, onset and end dates) according to Baranowski's (1968) proposition. The results were compared with contemporary temperature conditions (1981–2010) to estimate the range of their changes between historical and present times.

Analysis reveals that in 1832–1920, the NZR was markedly colder than today in all seasons. Coldest was autumn (on average by ca 5 °C), and least – summer (by 1.6 °C). Mean annual air temperature was colder than today by about 3 °C. The majority of mean monthly air temperatures in historical times lie within two standard deviations from the modern mean. This means that values of air temperature in historical times lie within the range of contemporary air temperature variability. Different air temperature characteristics calculated on the basis of daily data for the NZR for historical/contemporary periods also confirm the occurrence of climate warming between the studied periods.
The importance of electrode location in cochlear implantation
Authors: O'Connell Brendan P. , Hunter Jacob B. , Wanna George B.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

As indications for cochlear implantation have expanded to include patients with more residual hearing, increasing emphasis has been placed on minimally traumatic electrode insertion. Histopathologic evaluation remains the gold standard for evaluation of cochlear trauma, but advances in imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to determine scalar electrode location in vivo. This review will examine the relationship between scalar location of electrode arrays and audiologic outcomes. In addition, the impact that surgical approach, electrode design, and insertion depth have on scalar location will be evaluated.

Data Sources: PubMed literature review

Review Methods: A review of the current literature was conducted to analyze the relationship between scalar location of cochlear implant electrode arrays and speech perception outcomes. Further, data were reviewed to determine the impact that surgical variables have on scalar electrode location.

Results

Electrode insertions into the scala tympani are associated with superior speech perception and higher rates of hearing preservation. Lateral wall electrodes, and round window/extended round window approaches appear to maximize the likelihood of a scala tympani insertion. It does not appear that deeper insertions are associated with higher rates of scalar translocation.

Conclusion

Superior audiologic outcomes are observed for electrode arrays inserted entirely within the scala tympani. The majority of clinical data demonstrate that lateral wall design and a round window approach increase the likelihood of a scala tympani insertion.

Level of Evidence

N/A.
Two‐in‐One: λ‐Orthogonal Photochemistry on a Radical Photoinitiating System
Authors: Hurrle Silvana , Lauer Andrea , Gliemann Hartmut , Mutlu Hatice , Wöll Christof , Goldmann Anja S. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: November 2016

An alkyne functional radical photoinitiator, 2‐(4‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoyl)phenoxy)ethyl hex‐5‐ynoate, and evidence that both reactive moieties – the alkyne and the photoinitiator terminus – can be independently addressed with light of disparate wavelength (λ‐orthogonality) are introduced. The alkyne functionality is subjected to a visible light (420 nm) induced copper‐catalyzed Huisgen reaction, which is employed for the selective functionalization of the initiator with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. This reaction proceeds completely λ‐orthogonal in the presence of the UV‐reactive photoinitiating moiety. Conversely, it is demonstrated that the alkyne functionality of the photoinitiator is quantitatively orthogonal to UV irradiation emitted by the pulsing action of an excimer laser (351 nm, pulsed‐laser polymerization, PLP) and the generated radical species. In turn, the PEGylated initiator can readily be employed as a macrophotoinitiator during PLP. The introduced λ‐orthogonally addressable dual functional initiator can be used in a wide range of applications, including surface lithography and post‐synthetic modification of photocured materials.

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Patient‐reported neuropathic pain in adolescent and young adult cancer patients
Authors: Acquazzino Melissa A. , Igler Eva C. , Dasgupta Mahua , Simpson Pippa , Browning Meghen B. , Brandow Amanda M.
Published: November 2016

Background

Neuropathic pain, a known complication of cancer and its treatments, negatively impacts quality of life. There are limited data using screening tools to aid in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain in cancer patients. Our primary objective was to determine the proportion of adolescent and young adult cancer patients reporting neuropathic pain on a patient‐completed, neuropathic pain screening tool.

Procedures

This prospective, cohort study enrolled patients 14–39 years of age who were receiving therapy for primary cancer diagnosis, cancer relapse, or had recently completed treatment. The painDETECT, a patient‐completed, neuropathic pain screening tool used down to age 14, was administered a maximum of three times in on‐therapy patients and once in off‐therapy patients. Provider documentation of neuropathic pain at the corresponding visit was abstracted from the medical record.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients participated. Median (interquartile range) age at study enrollment was 18.1 (16–19.4) years and 47% were female. Cancer diagnoses included 41% leukemia, 26% solid tumor, 23% lymphoma, and 10% central nervous system tumor. The proportion of patients reporting neuropathic pain was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16–40%) in on‐therapy patients and 11% (95% CI 3–27%) in off‐therapy patients. In patients reporting neuropathic pain, only 26% had a clinical diagnosis of neuropathic pain documented in the medical record at the corresponding visit.

Conclusions

Neuropathic pain occurs in one in four adolescents and young adults receiving cancer therapy. Use of screening tools may increase the detection of neuropathic pain in adolescents and young adults receiving cancer therapy and could ultimately improve pain treatment.
A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS IN A SCHOOL‐BASED MINDFULNESS AND YOGA PROGRAM: LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
Authors: Dariotis Jacinda K. , Mirabal‐Beltran Roxanne , Cluxton‐Keller Fallon , Feagans Gould Laura , Greenberg Mark T. , Mendelson Tamar
Published: November 2016

Identifying factors relevant for successful implementation of school‐based interventions is essential to ensure that programs are provided in an effective and engaging manner. The perspectives of two key stakeholders critical for identifying implementation barriers and facilitators—students and their classroom teachers—merit attention in this context and have rarely been explored using qualitative methods. This article reports the results of a study on the qualitative perspectives of fifth‐ and sixth‐grade participants and their teachers of a 16‐week school‐based mindfulness and yoga program in three public schools serving low‐income urban communities. Four themes related to program implementation barriers and facilitators emerged: program delivery factors, program buy‐in, implementer communication with teachers, and instructor qualities. Feedback from students and teachers is discussed in the context of informing implementation, adaptation, and future development of school‐based mindfulness and yoga programming in urban settings.
Mesoionic insecticides: a novel class of insecticides that modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Holyoke Caleb W , Cordova Daniel , Zhang Wenming , Barry James D , Leighty Robert M , Dietrich Robert F , Rauh James J , Pahutski Thomas F , Lahm George P , Tong My‐Hanh Thi , Benner Eric A , Andreassi John L , Smith Rejane M , Vincent Daniel R , Christianson Laurie A , Teixeira Luis A , Singh Vineet , Hughes Kenneth A
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

As the world population grows towards 9 billion by 2050, it is projected that food production will need to increase by 60%. A critical part of this growth includes the safe and effective use of insecticides to reduce the estimated 20–49% loss of global crop yields owing to pests. The development of new insecticides will help to sustain this protection and overcome insecticide resistance.

RESULTS

A novel class of mesoionic compounds has been discovered, with exceptional insecticidal activity on a range of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. These compounds bind to the orthosteric site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and result in a highly potent inhibitory action at the receptor with minimal agonism. The synthesis, biological activity, optimization and mode of action will be discussed.

CONCLUSION

Triflumezopyrim insect control will provide a powerful tool for control of hopper species in rice throughout Asia. Dicloromezotiaz can provide a useful control tool for lepidopteran pests, with an underexploited mode of action among these pests. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic structure of the Heusler compound Fe2VAl and its point defects by ab initio calculations
Authors: Bandaru Subrahmanyam , Jund Philippe
Published: November 2016

Density functional‐based first principles calculations are performed to study the electronic structure of Fe2VAl and the formation energy of the intrinsic point defects such as vacancies, antisites, and interstitials. The ab initio calculations performed using an usual exchange‐correlation functional show that pure Fe2VAl is a non‐magnetic semimetal. Defects always change the density of states (DOS) near the Fermi level and alter the electronic properties of the system which could explain the anomalous nature of Fe2VAl which is found semiconducting in experiments and when using a hybrid functional . The relative stability of the different defects has been calculated and antisites appear to be the most favorable defects to form. Spin‐polarized electronic structure calculations reveal that defects like Vanadium vacancies and FeV and VFe antisites induce a magnetic character to the system in agreement with experimental results.
Correcting lateral photon scattering in an InSb infrared detector
Authors: Frühauf Felix , Bauer Jan , Breitenstein Otwin
Published: November 2016

Both luminescence and lock‐in thermography imaging, which are also evaluated quantitatively, are valuable methods for characterizing solar cells. For luminescence imaging of silicon solar cells it was recently discovered that photon scattering in the detector of the used camera leads to a certain amount of blurring, which may be corrected by image deconvolution for enabling a correct quantitative image interpretation. In this work the same effect is investigated for an infrared camera employing a cooled InSb‐based quantum detector. It is found that also here the photon scattering effect exists, though its influence is weaker than for luminescence imaging.
Atom probe tomography of size‐controlled phosphorus doped silicon nanocrystals
Authors: Nomoto Keita , Hiller Daniel , Gutsch Sebastian , Ceguerra Anna V. , Breen Andrew , Zacharias Margit , Conibeer Gavin , Perez‐Wurfl Ivan , Ringer Simon P.
Published: November 2016

Doping of silicon nanocrystals is essential to control their electronic and optical properties. The incorporation of an impurity into a silicon nanovolume is a nontrivial task due to the self‐purification effect. Here, a systematic atom probe tomography study of the phosphorus distribution and incorporation in size‐controlled silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon dioxide is presented. Qualitatively, it turns out that the phosphorus distribution in the system follows a universal, nanocrystal‐size independent trend: phosphorus‐enrichment at the interface with a substantial phosphorus‐incorporation in the silicon nanocrystal as small as 2 nm in diameter. This clearly contradicts strict self‐purification. These observations are explained by the bulk‐solubility and ‐segregation behaviour, kinetic effects related to the diffusion lengths, and nanoscale interface strain. The quantitative determination of the amount of phosphorus atoms per quantum dot enables a systematic understanding of phosphorus‐induced effects on optical and electronic properties of silicon nanovolumes.
Multi‐tasking optimal control of networked control systems: A delta operator approach
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Yuan Huanhuan , Guo Lei , Yang Hongjiu
Published: November 2016

In this paper, the multi‐tasking optimal control problem is addressed in the delta‐domain for a class of networked control systems (NCSs) with external disturbances. A delta‐domain model is proposed to describe the NCSs with random packet dropouts and long‐time delay, and the so‐called ε‐Nash equilibrium is employed to quantify the impacts from the disturbances on the underlying NCSs. The multi‐tasking optimal control strategies are developed and the upper bound for the ε‐Nash equilibrium is provided explicitly. Some simulation results on the two‐area load frequency control system are given to show the validity and applicability of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing Downside or Outer Risk? The Challenge of Measuring Competitive Imbalance in Closed and Open Leagues
Authors: Gayant Jean‐Pascal , Le Pape Nicolas
Published: November 2016

In two seminal articles, Menezes, Geiss, and Tressler (1980) and Menezes and Wang (2005) have defined the concepts of increases in downside and in outer risk. Such notions are useful to give intrinsic characterizations of the notions of prudence and temperance. In this article, we explore a new application about higher‐order risk preferences: the measurement of competitive imbalance in sports leagues. We show that desirable properties for the measurement of imbalance are the inclination to any increase in downside risk in the context of closed leagues, and the aversion to any increase in outer risk in the context of open leagues.
Synthesis and Characterization of [M2(OH)2(C4O4)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (M = Al or Ga)
Authors: Halis Selda , Reinsch Helge , Stock Norbert
Published: November 2016

Two new squarate complexes based on aluminum and gallium, [Al2(OH)2(C4O4)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (1) and [Ga2(OH)2(C4O4)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (2) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric measurements. The structure of 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the structure of 2 was refined from PXRD data. The dinuclear squarate complexes consist of two MO6 polyhedra (M = Al or Ga) interconnected by two squarate ions in axial and two hydroxyl groups in equatorial position. Two water molecules are coordinating to each central metal atom in equatorial position to complete the coordination spheres. Furthermore, a non‐coordinating water molecule is located between the dinuclear units. Hydrogen bonding leads to the interconnection of the molecular complexes to a three‐dimensional network.
Recent Advances in Manganese Doped II‐VI Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Pandey Anshu , Sarma Dipankar Das
Published: November 2016

The introduction of dopants into II‐VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) allows for the realization of materials with novel electro‐optical properties. Motivated by its vast potential applications, Manganese doping into II‐VI semiconductor QDs has been studied by several groups. Studies have focused on applications of manganese doped QDs as phosphors, diluted magnetic semiconductors as well as more recently their potential in light harvesting. Herein we review recent advances in understanding the emissive properties and electronic structure of Mn doped QDs. We survey synthetic approaches that have been proposed as well as advantages and disadvantages of conventional approaches to Mn doping. In particular, we discuss the advantages of reduced self‐absorption, as well as the problem of emission tunability. Effects of pressure on manganese emission are discussed. We then summarize recent efforts to tune Mn emission by generating pressure and strain in nanostructured QDs.
Evaluating the Selectivity of Sorbents for Noble Gas Separations across a Range of Temperatures, Loadings, and Gas Compositions
Authors: Lawler Keith V. , Forster Paul M.
Published: November 2016

Selectivity is the primary metric for evaluating the effectiveness of a material for the separation of gas mixtures. However, selectivities are difficult to measure experimentally, and, when measured, are typically reported as a single initial selectivity. We have calculated Xe/Kr selectivity as a function of temperature, pressure, and gas composition for HKUST‐1 and six transition metal formates using binary gas grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC). Our simulation results agree well with IAST predictions of selectivity from experimental data. We find that selectivity depends strongly on temperature and is best determined at the thermal conditions of the desired process. Additionally, we have shown that improvements in pore volume determination lead to significantly important differences in isotherm prediction that simulated selectivities may be improved by more realistic treatment of this parameter.
SEOM Clinical Guideline for treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (2016)
Authors: Lázaro M. , Gallardo E. , Doménech M. , Pinto Á. , del Alba A. González , Puente J. , Fernández O. , Font A. , Lainez N. , Vázquez S.
Published: November 2016

The goal of this article is to provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. The diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is made by pathologic evaluation after transurethral resection. Recently, a molecular classification has been proposed. Staging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer must be done by computed tomography scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis and classified on the basis of UICC system. Radical cystectomy and lymph node dissection are the treatment of choice. In muscle-invasive bladder cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be recommended in patients with good performance status and no renal function impairment. Although there is insufficient evidence for use of adjuvant chemotherapy, its use must be considered when neoadjuvant therapy had not been administered in high-risk patients. Multimodality bladder-preserving treatment in localized disease is an alternative in selected and compliant patients for whom cystectomy is not considered for clinical or personal reasons. In metastatic disease, the first-line treatment for patients must be based on cisplatin-containing combination. Vinflunine is the only drug approved for use in second line in Europe. Recently, immunotherapy treatment has demonstrated activity in this setting.
Preprocessing of Tandem Mass Spectrometric Data Based on Decision Tree Classification
Authors: Zhang Jing-Fen , He Si-Min , Cai Jin-Jin , Cao Xing-Jun , Sun Rui-Xiang , Fu Yan , Zeng Rong , Gao Wen
Published: November 2016

In this study, we present a preprocessing method for quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) tandem mass spectra to increase the accuracy of database searching for peptide (protein) identification. Based on the natural isotopic information inherent in tandem mass spectra, we construct a decision tree after feature selection to classify the noise and ion peaks in tandem spectra. Furthermore, we recognize overlapping peaks to find the monoisotopic masses of ions for the following identification process. The experimental results show that this preprocessing method increases the search speed and the reliability of peptide identification.
The Procuracy as a Subject of Constitutional Debate: Controversial and Unresolved Issues
Authors: PHAM Lan Phuong
Published: November 2016

The people’s procuracy is a transplanted Soviet-style institution in Vietnam, which currently exercises the public prosecution function along with the supervision of judicial activities. Debates about the procuracy’s role and function started as early as when the 1992 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1992 Constitution) was drafted and they were facilitated by the judicial reform policies. In the process of revising the 1992 Constitution, heated debates on the procuracy continued. The subject of these debates included almost every fundamental aspect of the procuracy such as its institutional location, functions, duties, organization, and operation. This article reviews the constitutional debates concerning the procuracy between 2011 and 2013. It analyzes and compares the developments of the debates in this period with those that had occurred in the past, highlighting, in particular, key issues that remain unresolved. It argues that the controversy surrounding the procuracy reflects the legal and political complexities in Vietnam, especially the lack of agreement on institutional issues such as the rule of law, socialist legality, and control of powers.
Untangling the relationship between strategic consistency and organizational performance: An empirical analysis of moderator variables
Authors: Lin Chin-Shien , Dang Van Thac
Published: November 2016

Researchers have advocated various perspectives on the relationship between strategic consistency and organizational performance. This inconclusive debate has created an inadequate theoretical foundation in strategic consistency literature. Therefore, the present study uses strategic planning, strategic change, upper echelons theory, and other literature as the theoretical foundation to empirically examine the moderating roles of organizational slack, environmental dynamism, and top management team attributes in the relationship between strategic consistency and organizational performance. Using 439 electronics companies in the Taiwanese stock market as sample data, the empirical results show that organizational slack, environmental dynamism, top management team tenure, and top management team tenure heterogeneity moderate the relationship between strategic consistency and organizational performance.
A bat on the brink? A range-wide survey of the Critically Endangered Livingstone's fruit bat Pteropus livingstonii
Authors: Daniel Bronwen M. , Green Kathleen E. , Doulton Hugh , Mohamed Salim Daniel , Said Ishaka , Hudson Michael , Dawson Jeff S. , Young Richard P. , Houmadi Amelaid
Published: November 2016

The Livingstone's fruit bat Pteropus livingstonii is endemic to the small islands of Anjouan and Mohéli in the Comoros archipelago, Indian Ocean. The species is under threat from anthropogenic pressure on the little that remains of its forest habitat, now restricted to the islands’ upper elevations and steepest slopes. We report the results of the most comprehensive survey of this species to date, and present recommendations for ongoing field conservation efforts and monitoring. Morning counts were conducted at roost sites in the wet and dry seasons during 2011–2013. Habitat structure around the roosting sites was characterized and roost numbers compared, to investigate the potential effect of habitat loss and degradation. We estimate the population to comprise c. 1,260 individuals distributed across 21 roosts on the two islands. All occupied roosting sites were restricted to a narrow altitudinal range, and roosting populations in agroforestry areas were smaller than those found in degraded and undisturbed forest. Only one of the 16 roosts on Anjouan was found in undisturbed, old-growth forest with no nearby signs of clearance for agriculture or landslides following tree-felling upslope. Following a suspected severe population decline as a result of widespread and long-term forest loss Livingstone's fruit bat has been recategorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Leishmania infantum: illness, transmission profile and risk factors for asymptomatic infection in an endemic metropolis in Brazil
Authors: DOS SANTOS MARQUES LETÍCIA HELENA , DA ROCHA IARA CAIXETA MARQUES , REIS ILKA AFONSO , DA CUNHA GISELE MACEDO RODRIGUES , OLIVEIRA EDWARD , PFEILSTICKER THAIS RIBEIRO , DE ARAÚJO VALDELAINE ETELVINA MIRANDA , MORAIS MARIA HELENA FRANCO , RABELLO ANA , CARNEIRO MARIÂNGELA
Published: November 2016

To evaluate the distribution of asymptomatic infection byLeishmania infantumin a metropolis in Brazil with different relative risks (RRs) for disease and risk factors associated with the infection, an ecological study was conducted using a Bayesian approach to estimate the RR of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) based on cases between 2008 and 2011. The areas were categorized and selected according to disease incidence: low (area-1), medium (area-2) and high (area-3). Cross-sectional study enrolling 935 children was used to estimate the prevalence of infection byL. infantum. Volunteers from these three areas were tested forL. infantuminfection by ELISA (rK39 and soluble antigens). Infection prevalence rates were estimated and compared with the RR of disease. Multilevel logistic regression model evaluated the relationship between infection and the analysed variables. The RR of HVL was distributed heterogeneously in the municipality. The infection prevalence rates were: 34·9% in area-1; 29·3% in area-2; and 33·6% in area-3, with no significant differences between these areas. The variables ‘Presence of backyards in the neighbourhood’ and ‘Younger children’ were associated withL. infantuminfection. We conclude that infection byL. infantumaffects a significant proportion of the infant population regardless of the RR of disease.
Nuclear Families in a Nuclear Age: Theorising the Family in 1950s West Germany
Authors: CHAPPEL JAMES
Published: November 2016

This essay explores the imagination of the family in 1950s West Germany, where the family emerged at the heart of political, economic and moral reconstruction. To uncover the intellectual origins of familialism, the essay presents trans-war intellectual biographies of Franz-Josef Würmeling, Germany's first family minister, and Helmut Schelsky, the most prominent family sociologist of the period. Their stories demonstrate that the new centrality of the family was not a retreat from ideology, as is often argued, but was in fact a reinstatement of interwar ideologies in a new key: social Catholicism in the former case, National Socialism in the latter. These divergent trajectories explain why Würmeling and Schelsky, despite being two central defenders of the family in the 1950s, could not work together. The essay follows their careers into the 1960s, suggesting that the fractious state of familialism in the 1950s helps us to understand its collapse in the face of the sexual revolution.
Valvar aortico-ventricular tunnel: an insight into the development of the great arteries
Authors: Maghrabi Khadijah , Gandhi Sanjiv , Harris Kevin C.
Published: November 2016

Aorto-left ventricular tunnel is a rare congenital heart lesion, with an incidence of <0.1% of all CHD. We present a unique case of a valvar aorto-left ventricular tunnel in a neonate, in belief that our findings may shed some light on the developmental origins of this lesion.
Utilization ofM. sativassp.caerulea×M. sativassp.sativahybridization in improvement of alfalfa aluminium tolerance
Authors: Milić Dragan , Taški-Ajduković Ksenija , Nagl Nevena , Atlagić Jovanka , Karagić Đura
Published: November 2016

Sensitivity of alfalfa to acidity and aluminium (Al) toxicity in soil is the major limiting factor in broadening of its growing area. Due to lack of Al tolerance in primary alfalfa germplasm, there is a need for transfer of genes for Al tolerance from otherMedicagogermplasm. One of the identified sources of Al tolerance isM. sativassp.caeruleaaccession PI 464724, which was used as a female parent in our study. The objectives of this study were: (i) obtaining the tetraploid offspring from 2x–4x M. sativassp.caerulea–M. sativassp.sativaspontaneous crosses, and (ii) development of a breeding strategy for Al/acid tolerance in alfalfa, usingM. sativassp.caeruleaas a source of Al tolerance. Out of eleven fully developed plants, five were morphologically similar toM. sativassp.caerulae, while six plants were similar toM. sativassp.sativa. All tested plants were fertile, with the pollen viability ranging from 21.45 to 97.09% and the average number of ovules per plant from 8.80 to 12.29. Eleven SSR primer pairs confirmed the hybrid nature ofM. sativassp.caerulae×M. sativassp.sativaoffspring. Both the Cluster Analysis and the Principal Coordinates Analysis separated plants in thecaerulaetype from plants in thesativatype, with one exception. Strategies based on conventional and molecular marker breeding efforts could lead towards development of tolerant alfalfa cultivars and successful crop production on acidic, Al-contaminated soils.
The ICRC's legal position on the notion of armed conflict involving foreign intervention and on determining the IHL applicable to this type of conflict
Authors: Ferraro Tristan
Published: November 2016

This article looks at the legal position of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on situations in which a State, a coalition of States or an international or regional organization intervenes in a pre-existing armed conflict, either giving support to one of the parties or exercising control over a non-State armed group party to the armed conflict (hereafter “non-State party”). For the purposes of this article, foreign intervention is considered to be a form of “co-belligerency” of such a degree that it makes the intervening power a party to the armed conflict. Situations in which there is no objective link between the foreign intervention in the territory of a third State and a pre-existing armed conflict in that same territory are therefore excluded from the scope of this article.

The aim of this article is to describe how the ICRC determines the applicability of international humanitarian law to such situations, based on the existing law and an approach that examines each bilateral relationship between belligerents separately.

The article also explains why the ICRC abandons the use of the term “internationalized internal armed conflict”, which is misleading in that it suggests that only the law of international armed conflict applies. The ICRC is therefore using new terminology for the legal classification of such situations; this change is intended to align the terminology used with the realities of the applicable law.
PETER COMESTOR'S LECTURES ON THEGLOSSA“ORDINARIA” ON THE GOSPEL OF JOHN THE BIBLE AND THEOLOGY IN THE TWELFTH-CENTURY CLASSROOM
Authors: ANDRÉE ALEXANDER
Published: November 2016

The traditional account of the development of theology in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is that the emerging “academic” discipline of theology was separated from the Bible and its commentary, that the two existed on parallel but separate courses, and that the one developed in a “systematic” direction whereas the other continued to exist as a separate “practical” or “biblical-moral” school. Focusing largely on texts of an allegedly “theoretical” nature, this view misunderstands or, indeed, entirely overlooks the evidence issuing from lectures on the Bible — postills, glosses, and commentaries — notably the biblicalGlossa “ordinaria.”A witness to an alternative understanding, Peter Comestor, master and chancellor of the cathedral school of Paris in the second half of the twelfth century, shows that theology was created as much from the continued study of the Bible as from any “systematic” treatise. Best known for hisHistoria scholastica, a combined explanation and rewrite of the Bible focusing on the historical and literal aspects of sacred history, Comestor used the Gloss as a textbook in his lectures on the Gospels both to elucidate matters of exegesis and to help him deduce doctrinal truth. Through a close reading of Comestor's lectures on the Gospel of John, this essay reevaluates the teaching of theology at the cathedral school of Paris in the twelfth century and argues that the Bible and its Gloss stood at the heart of this development.
THE TWENTY-FIVE JOYS OF OUR LADY AN ENGLISH MARIAN ROSARY OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY FROM BODLEIAN LIBRARY MS DON. D. 85
Authors: HIRSH JOHN C.
Published: November 2016

“The Twenty-five Joys of Our Lady” is a study, examination, and critical edition of an unpublished fifteenth-century Middle English prose devotion preserved in Bodleian Library MS Don. d. 85. It is here associated with twenty-five “Joys of Our Lady” and presented as a vernacular Marian rosary, the first such to be identified in the period. The introduction to the edition considers early liturgical influences upon what became the tradition of Our Lady's Joys, their late-medieval development both across Europe and across England, and the circumstances that usually indicated fewer in number than is present in the devotion printed here. The introduction also concerns itself with the presence and practice of the rosary itself in late-medieval England and elsewhere and the limited evidence that has come down to us for its presence and circulation in England, including woodcut evidence in Caxton and allusions in other Latin devotions. It further indicates an ambiguity in this devotion's treatment of Christ's passion and concludes by considering the role and importance of joy as a pervasive, if often ignored, Christian attitude present in late-medieval English devotion.