bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfering With Others - Re-configuring Ethnography as a Diffractive Practice
Authors: Mellander Elias , Wiszmeg Andréa
Published: July 2016

This essay will concern itself with what we – ethnologists or ethnographers by any other name – do. Not primarily “do” in terms of activities we undertake; we interview, we observe, we write, we send emails, we have coffee, we print stacks of paper, we structure administrative chores, we go to meetings, we apply for grants, etc. Rather, we want to address the “do” in terms of what we make, or bring into the world through ethnography. What is it that we through the combination of all of our practices bring into being? What is that bringing into being dependent on? And, how does it influence the world? The first step to addressing these questions is outlining ethnography itself and how we – the authors – choose to articulate it. Articulation, as articulated by Donna Haraway is a process of signifying and of putting things together, letting them be diverse and maybe even in friction with one another and themselves. The concept connotes an on-going indeterminacy. The articulations made in research, we argue, should be allowed to be of a searching quality, as well as being relational and expressive. They should not excuse themselves, neither make greater claims than they can fulfill. They should never be conclusive.
Caracterização bioquímica de fitases produzidas por fungos isolados na região do Alto Paranaíba em Minas Gerais
Authors: Crivelari da Cunha Marilia , Monteiro Paulo Sérgio , Queiroz Mendes Fabrícia
Published: July 2016

No Brasil, a adição de fitases em ração animal tem sido usada para minimizar os efeitos antinutricionais doácido fítico, além de diminuir os impactos ambientais e a adição de fósforo na ração. Este estudo teve comoobjetivo avaliar a produção de fitases e caracterizar, bioquimicamente, as enzimas produzidas por fungosisolados na região do Alto Paranaíba, no estado de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados quatro isolados de Rhizopussp., obtidos a partir de amostras de amendoim e dois isolados de Aspergillus niger, um isolado de Trichodermasp., um isolado de Xylaria sp. e um isolado de Fusarium sp., obtidos no banco de culturas do laboratório deMicrobiologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), campus Rio Paranaíba. Os isolados de Rhizopus sp.,Thichoderma sp. e Fusarium sp. não apresentaram atividade enzimática significativa, enquanto os isolados deA. niger e Xylaria sp., por apresentarem atividade enzimática significativa, foram selecionados para a etapa decaracterização bioquímica. Na fermentação no estado líquido, um dos isolados de A. niger apresentou maioratividade enzimática (0,89 U.mL-1) em 216 h, enquanto na fermentação no estado sólido, o isolado de Xylariasp. apresentou maior atividade enzimática (2,88 U.g-1) em 264 h. A fitase de Xylaria sp. apresentou pH ótimoigual a 2,5, temperatura ótima de 45 °C e manteve 91% de atividade residual, após ser mantida a 50 °C durante15 min., enquanto a fitase de A. niger apresentou pH ótimo igual a 3, temperatura ótima de 60 °C e manteve68% de atividade residual, após ser mantida a 70 °C durante 15 min. Os resultados indicam que as enzimasapresentam potencial para aplicação industrial.
Eficácia da palpação abdominal como método de diagnóstico de gestação em coelhas
Authors: Gomes da Silva Kassy , Ertal Elizabeth , Polo Giovanna , Iobe Tasqueti Ubirajara
Published: July 2016

A palpação abdominal é uma técnica comum para diagnóstico de gestação em coelhas de produção, porém poucossão os estudos de sua eficiência para a espécie. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da palpaçãoabdominal no diagnóstico de gestação aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de gestação. Um total de 20 coelhas foi distribuídoem dois grupos: controle (não gestantes, n=10) e experimental (gestantes, n=10). Ultrassonografia abdominalfoi utilizada para confirmar a gestação das fêmeas do grupo experimental. A palpação abdominal foi realizadaem todas as coelhas por dois examinadores, aos 7, 14, 21, 28 dias após o início do estudo. O índice de acerto nodiagnóstico foi de 72,5%, 92,5%, 97,5% e 100% aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias do estudo. Concluiu-se que a palpaçãoabdominal apresentou-se eficiente a partir do 14º. dia, podendo ser indicado como um método de diagnóstico degestação para essa espécie.
O eLearning em estabelecimentos prisionais: possibilidades e limites para a inclusão digital e justiça social
Authors: Reis Monteiro Angélica Maria , Moreira José António , Leite Carlinda
Published: July 2016

As mudanças decorrentes do progresso tecnológico, característico da globalização deram origem a uma “nova sociedade” baseada na informação e no conhecimento, que gera, inevitavelmente, novas desigualdades educativas, mais evidentes em grupos menos favorecidos e em situação de exclusão social, como é o caso das pessoas em situação de reclusão. Este fato justifica que, em contexto prisional, para além da garantia do direito à educação, seja preciso ter em atenção a qualidade da formação no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de competências-chave para a participação na sociedade digital e em rede. Este artigo aborda o processo de formação num estabelecimento prisional português, com recurso ao eLearning, analisando o contributo deste procedimento para a promoção da justiça social. Neste sentido, são apresentadas as vantagens e as limitações desta modalidade de aprendizagem a partir da percepção de formandas reclusas. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário e de um focus group, e foram analisados através de análise de conteúdo. Como principais resultados apontam-se, ao nível de justiça social, o aumento da oportunidade de acesso e de participação em ambientes digitais. Como vantagens da formação, as participantes expressaram, ainda, o aumento da autoestima e o desenvolvimento de competências de aprendizagem. Por outro lado, a desmotivação e a dificuldade de conciliação da formação com a rotina diária foram os principais obstáculos identificados.
Advertising expenditures in Brazil and its connection with the international economy
Authors: Pesavento Fábio , Marques André
Published: July 2016

The strong performance of the Brazilian economy during the 2000s allows the expansion of various sectors, including the advertising market, associated with the growth of the domestic market and the intensification of trade relations with other countries. The main objective of this study is to test the Relative Constancy Principle (RCP) in the context of greater integration with international economy, controlling for several factors that may exhibit some influence on the performance of the advertising market. We adopt a panel data of two periods for 49 countries and estimate a linear fixed effects model with dummies, controlling for the heterogeneity and unobserved factors of the countries. The results suggest that the advertising market of China, the United States and India have significant patterns above the average. The study does not support the RCP, yet they identify important regularities in those countries in relation to the advertising market. The level of activity and international reserves have a significant effect on the advertising market in countries; the higher the share of industry and services (urbanization), the higher the expenses on advertising; the inflation rate is nonlinearly related to the advertising market performance; the economic freedom index and the presence of Generations X and Y are associated with a reduction in advertising expenditure.
Meter scale variation in shrub dominance and soil moisture structure Arctic arthropod communities
Authors: Hansen Rikke Reisner , Hansen Oskar Liset Pryds , Bowden Joseph J. , Treier Urs A. , Normand Signe , Høye Toke
Published: July 2016

The Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the rest of the world. This impacts Arctic species both directly, through increased temperatures, and indirectly, through structural changes in their habitats. Species are expected to exhibit idiosyncratic responses to structural change, which calls for detailed investigations at the species and community level. Here, we investigate how arthropod assemblages of spiders and beetles respond to variation in habitat structure at small spatial scales. We sampled transitions in shrub dominance and soil moisture between three different habitats (fen, dwarf shrub heath, and tall shrub tundra) at three different sites along a fjord gradient in southwest Greenland, using yellow pitfall cups. We identified 2,547 individuals belonging to 47 species. We used species richness estimation, indicator species analysis and latent variable modeling to examine differences in arthropod community structure in response to habitat variation at local (within site) and regional scales (between sites). We estimated species responses to the environment by fitting species-specific generalized linear models with environmental covariates. Species assemblages were segregated at the habitat and site level. Each habitat hosted significant indicator species, and species richness and diversity were significantly lower in fen habitats. Assemblage patterns were significantly linked to changes in soil moisture and vegetation height, as well as geographic location. We show that meter-scale variation among habitats affects arthropod community structure, supporting the notion that the Arctic tundra is a heterogeneous environment. To gain sufficient insight into temporal biodiversity change, we require studies of species distributions detailing species habitat preferences.
Critical independence and personal integrity revisited
Authors: Lemmens Paul H.H.M.
Published: July 2016

Lemmens, P. (2016). Critical independence and personal integrity revisited. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(1), 13-14. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i1.230In my contribution I will deal with the topic of conflicts of interests through four short stories about the potential harms in collaboration between research and industry. I will let you analyze the stories yourself and draw from them your own issues to be debated later.
Equatorial ionization anomaly in the low‐latitude topside ionosphere: Local time evolution and longitudinal difference
Authors: Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2016

Although the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) has been widely studied, it was seldom investigated from observations for the topside ionosphere. In this paper, the climatology characteristics of the latitudinal structure of topside ion density (Ni) were investigated in detail using ROCSAT‐1 and DMSP Ni observations. EIA double‐peak structure may exist at 600 km, depending on longitude, local time, season, and solar activity, while it is not a prevalent characteristic at 840 km even at solar maximum sunset. Local time evolution of the EIA at 600 km was presented. The double‐peak structure begins to appear at noontime, being later than the appearance of the EIA in F2 peak region. The pronounced EIA induced by the strong prereversal enhancement at solar maximum begins to appear at 19:00 LT and can last to premidnight; EIA crest‐to‐trough ratio is largest (lowest) at March equinox (June solstice) and reaches a maximum at 20:00 LT in all seasons. EIA structure shows evident longitudinal difference. Pronounced EIA exists around about 100°E at 13:00 LT at the two equinoxes and June solstice, while it exists at more extensive longitudes (about 90°E to 240°E) at December solstice. The trans‐equator plasma transport induced by neutral winds can weaken the double‐peak structure in the topside ionosphere. The longitudinal difference in the EIA structure at 600 km is related to the longitudinal variations of equatorial upward plasma drift and geomagnetic declination.
Single Crystal Sub‐Nanometer Sized Cu6(SR)6 Clusters: Structure, Photophysical Properties, and Electrochemical Sensing
Authors: Gao Xiaohui , He Shuijian , Zhang Chunmei , Du Cheng , Chen Xi , Xing Wei , Chen Shengli , Clayborne Andre , Chen Wei
Published: July 2016

Organic ligand‐protected metal nanoclusters have attracted extensively attention owing to their atomically precise composition, determined atom‐packing structure and the fascinating properties and promising applications. To date, most research has been focused on thiol‐stabilized gold and silver nanoclusters and their single crystal structures. Here the single crystal copper nanocluster species (Cu6(SC7H4NO)6) determined by X‐ray crystallography and mass spectrometry is presented. The hexanuclear copper core is a distorted octahedron surrounded by six mercaptobenzoxazole ligands as protecting units through a simple bridging bonding motif. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide insight into the electronic structure and show the cluster can be viewed as an open‐shell nanocluster. The UV–vis spectra are analyzed using time‐dependent DFT and illustrates high‐intensity transitions involving primarily ligand states. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized copper clusters can serve as promising nonenzymatic sensing materials for high sensitive and selective detection of H2O2.
Deferiprone‐induced agranulocytosis: 20 years of clinical observations
Authors: Tricta Fernando , Uetrecht Jack , Galanello Renzo , Connelly John , Rozova Anna , Spino Michael , Palmblad Jan
Published: July 2016

Use of the iron chelator deferiprone for treatment of iron overload in thalassemia patients is associated with concerns over agranulocytosis, which requires weekly absolute neutrophil counts (ANC). Here, we analyze all episodes of agranulocytosis (n = 161) and neutropenia (n = 250) during deferiprone use in clinical trials (CT) and postmarketing surveillance programs (PMSP). Rates of agranulocytosis and neutropenia in CT were 1.5% and 5.5%, respectively. Of the agranulocytosis cases, 61% occurred during the first 6 months of therapy and 78% during the first year. These events appeared to be independent of dose, and occurred three times more often in females than males. Their duration was not significantly shortened by use of G‐CSF. No patient with baseline neutropenia (n = 12) developed agranulocytosis during treatment, which raises questions about the validity of prior neutropenia as a contraindication to use. Only 1/7 novel neutropenia cases in CT progressed to agranulocytosis with continued treatment, indicating that neutropenia does not necessarily lead to agranulocytosis. The agranulocytosis fatality rate was 0% in CT and 15/143 (11%) in PMSP. Rechallenge with deferiprone produced agranulocytosis in 75% of patients in whom the event had already occurred, and in 10% with previous neutropenia. Weekly ANC monitoring allows early detection and interruption of therapy, but does not prevent agranulocytosis from occurring. Its relevance appears to decrease after the first year of therapy, when agranulocytosis occurs less often. Based upon analysis of data collected over the past 20 years, it appears that patient education may be the key to minimizing agranulocytosis‐associated risks during deferiprone therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1026–1031, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Hematology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On causality in nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics of the Plebański class
Authors: Schellstede Gerold O. , Perlick Volker , Lämmerzahl Claus
Published: July 2016

We investigate the Plebański class of electrodynamical theories, i.e., theories of nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics that derive from a Lorentz‐invariant Lagrangian (or Hamiltonian). In any such theory the light rays are the lightlike geodesics of two optical metrics that depend on the electromagnetic background field. A set of necessary and sufficient conditions is found whose fulfillment secures that the optical metrics are causal in the sense that the light rays are lightlike or timelike with respect to the underlying space‐time metric. Thereupon we derive conditions on the Lagrangian, or the Hamiltonian, of the theory such that the causality conditions are satisfied for all allowed background fields. (The allowed values of the field strength tensor are those for which the excitation tensor is finite and real.) The general results are illustrated with several examples.

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Selective Oxytrifluoromethylation of Allylamines with CO2
Authors: Ye Jian‐Heng , Song Lei , Zhou Wen‐Jun , Ju Tao , Yin Zhu‐Bao , Yan Si‐Shun , Zhang Zhen , Li Jing , Yu Da‐Gang
Published: July 2016

Reported is the first oxy‐trifluoromethylation of allylamines with carbon dioxide (CO2) using copper catalysis, thus leading to important CF3‐containing 2‐oxazolidones. It is also the first time CO2, a nontoxic and easily available greenhouse gas, has been used to tune the difunctionalization of alkenes from amino‐ to oxy‐trifluoromethylation. Of particular note, this multicomponent reaction is highly chemo‐, regio‐, and diastereoselective under redox‐neutral and mild reaction conditions. Moreover, these reactions feature good functional‐group tolerance, broad substrate scope, easy scalability and facile product diversification. The important products could also be formed with either spirocycles or two adjacent tetrasubstituted carbon centers.
Mechanical and thermal properties of low density polyethylene composites filled with dye‐loaded shell powder
Authors: Yang Wenye , Ge Liuqin , Lv Han , Xia Meisheng , Ji Xiaosheng , Yao Zhitong
Published: July 2016

To achieve reinforcement and coloring in one combined process of polymer production, a dye‐loaded shell powder (DPSP) based on Congo red and pearl shell powder was prepared and used as a versatile bio‐filler in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). The DPSP was characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical, thermal, and colorimetric properties of prepared LDPE/DPSP composites were investigated as well. Adding DPSP could significantly increase the strength and stiffness of LDPE composites while giving an outstanding coloring performance. Moreover, the impact strength of LDPE composites was improved at lower filler loading rate, and the maximum incorporation content could reach 10 wt % with a good balance between toughness and stiffness of LDPE composites. The thermal performance studies confirmed an increase in thermal stability and heat resistance of LDPE composites with the incorporation of DPSP. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44118.
Preparation of polyacrylate/paraffin microcapsules and its application in prolonged release of fragrance
Authors: Zhang Yu , Song Jia , Chen Hongling
Published: July 2016

The purpose of the present work was to develop a fragrance encapsulation system using polyacrylate/paraffin microcapsules. The Polyacrylate/paraffin microcapsules were fabricated by the method of suspension polymerization in Pickering emulsion. Morphology, size distribution, and thermal resistance of polyacrylate/paraffin microcapsules were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, light scattering particle size analyzer, and thermogravimetric analyzer. Results indicated that the crosslinked PMMA/paraffin microcapsules and P(MMA‐co‐BMA)/paraffin microcapsules prepared under optimal conditions presented regular spherical shape and similar size distribution. The crosslinked P(MMA‐co‐BMA)/paraffin microcapsules exhibited better thermal stability, with a thermal resistance temperature up to 184 °C. Fragrance microcapsules were prepared by encapsulating fragrance into crosslinked P(MMA‐co‐BMA)/paraffin microcapsules. The prolonged release performance of fragrance microcapsules was measured by ultraviolet‐visible near‐infrared spectrophotometer. 63.9% fragrance was retained after exposing fragrance microcapsules in air for 3 months, and the fragrance continued to release over 96 h in surfactant solution (sodium lauryl sulfonate, 20 wt %). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44136.
ADHD plays role in student‐athletes' injuries, well‐being
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2016

CLEARWATER BEACH, FLA. — It's become more widely recognized that some college student‐athletes struggle with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other learning disabilities. Meanwhile, the impact of ADHD on student‐athletes' injury rates has remained somewhat of an unknown in the world of college athletics.
Comparing Different Strategies in Directed Evolution of Enzyme Stereoselectivity: Single‐ versus Double‐Code Saturation Mutagenesis
Authors: Sun Zhoutong , Lonsdale Richard , Li Guangyue , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: July 2016

Saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pockets of enzymes constitutes a viable protein engineering technique for enhancing or inverting stereoselectivity. Statistical analysis shows that oversampling in the screening step (the bottleneck) increases astronomically as the number of residues in the randomization site increases, which is the reason why reduced amino acid alphabets have been employed, in addition to splitting large sites into smaller ones. Limonene epoxide hydrolase (LEH) has previously served as the experimental platform in these methodological efforts, enabling comparisons between single‐code saturation mutagenesis (SCSM) and triple‐code saturation mutagenesis (TCSM); these employ either only one or three amino acids, respectively, as building blocks. In this study the comparative platform is extended by exploring the efficacy of double‐code saturation mutagenesis (DCSM), in which the reduced amino acid alphabet consists of two members, chosen according to the principles of rational design on the basis of structural information. The hydrolytic desymmetrization of cyclohexene oxide is used as the model reaction, with formation of either (R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol. DCSM proves to be clearly superior to the likewise tested SCSM, affording both R,R‐ and S,S‐selective mutants. These variants are also good catalysts in reactions of further substrates. Docking computations reveal the basis of enantioselectivity.
Microkinetic Modeling of Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation on Carbon‐Supported Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Savara Aditya , Rossetti Ilenia , Chan‐Thaw Carine E. , Prati Laura , Villa Alberto
Published: July 2016

Six products are formed from benzyl alcohol oxidation over Pd nanoparticles using O2 as the oxidant: benzaldehyde, toluene, benzyl ether, benzene, benzoic acid, and benzyl benzoate. Three experimental parameters were varied here: alcohol concentration, oxygen concentration, and temperature. Microkinetic modeling using a mechanism published recently with surface intermediates was able to produce all 18 trends observed experimentally with mostly quantitative agreement. Approximate analytical equations derived from the microkinetic model for isothermal conditions reproduced the isothermal trends and provided insight. The most important activation energies are Ea2=57.9 kJ mol−1, Ea5=129 kJ mol−1, and Ea6=175 kJ mol−1, which correspond to alcohol dissociation, alkyl hydrogenation, and the reaction of alkyl species with alkoxy species. Upper limits for other activation energies were identified. The concepts of a sticking coefficient and steric factor in solution were applied.
Development of Bismuth‐Modified PtPd Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Reforming of Polyols into Hydrogen and Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: González‐Cobos Jésus , Baranton Stève , Coutanceau Christophe
Published: July 2016

Different PtPd nanostructured catalysts modified with bismuth have been synthesized on a carbon support. Their activity towards the glycerol electrooxidation reaction has been compared in alkaline medium, and modification with about 10 at % bismuth led to an increase in activity compared with pure metals. Pt9Bi1/C is the most active catalyst for this reaction, with an oxidation onset potential as low as 0.3 V versus RHE. The hydrogen production in a direct electrolysis cell was evaluated. The Pt9Bi1/C anode gave a hydrogen production rate of approximately 0.11 and 0.23 Nm
3 h−1 m−2 with an electrical energy consumption of 1.3 or 1.65 kWh (Nm
3)−1 at 0.55 or 0.7 V, respectively. Compared with traditional water electrolysis, this is an energy saving of between 66 and 57 %. It was also shown by using in situ FTIR spectroscopy that the modification of platinum with bismuth avoids (or at least drastically reduces) C−C bond breakage, which thus increases selectivity towards value‐added C3 compounds. At low potentials, glyceraldehyde is the main reaction product and at higher potentials, glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone act as reaction intermediates to the formation of carboxylates.
Nanoimpacts Reveal the Electron‐Transfer Kinetics of the Ferrocene/Ferrocenium Couple Immobilised on Graphene Nanoplatelets
Authors: Wu Haoyu , Lin Qianqi , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Compton Richard G.
Published: July 2016

The kinetics of the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+) redox couple immobilised on graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in aqueous solution are evaluated by using the nanoimpacts method. Single GNPs modified with poly(vinylferrocene) are allowed to impact a microelectrode. For the duration (ca. 10–100 ms) of the impacts, the GNP adopts the potential of the electrode and acts as a “chemically modified nanoelectrode”. The study of individual impacts facilitates the resolution of fast electron‐transfer kinetics that, for the Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+ couple, is shown to be at least 3±1 s−1.
Chemiresistor Arrays Prepared by Simple and Fast Vapor‐Phase Thiol Place‐Exchange Functionalization of Gold Monolayer‐Protected Cluster Films
Authors: Yang Yang , Cornwell Laura B. , Ibañez Francisco J. , Zamborini Francis P.
Published: July 2016

We describe a simple, versatile, and relatively fast method to alter the sensor selectivity of chemiresistors based on films of Au monolayer‐protected clusters (MPCs) by varying their functionalization via vapor‐phase thiol place‐exchange reactions. Drop‐cast deposited films of hexanethiolate (C6S)‐coated Au MPCs are exposed to volatile thiol liquids, such as mercaptoethanol (HOC2S), mercaptopropionic acid (HOOCC2S), and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (H3COSiC3S), which leads to thiol place‐exchange and new functionalities in the film. Generally, the film is about 10–20 % exchanged during the first 4 to 5 h and 80–90 % exchanged after 24 h. The extent and the rate of exchange decreases as the thickness of the film of C6S Au MPCs increases, leading to irreproducibility issues if film thickness is not carefully controlled. Importantly, the chemiresistive sensing response ratio of 2‐propanol relative to toluene vapor increased significantly from about 0.3 prior to exchange to 2.0 after 24 to 48 h of exchange with HOC2S, showing that the selectivity of the sensor could be significantly altered by this method, which is simpler, faster, and more amenable to a wide variety of ligands compared to solution‐based functionalization methods. The chemiresistive response of an unexchanged C6S Au MPC films and those exchanged with HOC2S, HOOCC2S, and H3COSiC3S demonstrates potential electronic nose applications.
Ist Pudding mit Vanille‐Geschmack mutagen?
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: July 2016

In dem 2015 publizierten Lehrbuch “Technische Biochemie” liest man, dass “Synthetisches Vanillin nicht ohne Bedenken ist”. Deshalb ist es durch das “Beratergremium für umweltrelevante Altstoffe” (BUA) der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker mit der höchsten Gefährdungsstufe “+3” als “krebserzeugend, mutagen, DNS‐Schäden verursachend und Chromosomen verursachend” eingestuft worden. Es wurde wissenschaftlich dargestellt, warum diese Behauptung aufgestellt wurde, wie sie wissenschaftliche widerlegt wurde und warum sie so lange als Gerücht überlebt hat.
Weekly paclitaxel, capecitabine, and bevacizumab with maintenance capecitabine and bevacizumab as first‐line therapy for triple‐negative, metastatic, or locally advanced breast cancer: Results from the GINECO A‐TaXel phase 2 study
Authors: Ferrero Jean‐Marc , Hardy‐Bessard Anne‐Claire , Capitain Olivier , Lortholary Alain , Salles Bruno , Follana Philippe , Herve Robert , Deblock Mathilde , Dauba Jérôme , Atlassi Mustapha , Largillier Rémy
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of first‐line combination therapy with bevacizumab, paclitaxel, and capecitabine for triple‐negative, locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer (LA/MBC).

METHODS

Patients with measurable triple‐negative LA/MBC who had received no prior chemotherapy for their disease received 4‐weekly cycles of paclitaxel (80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 for up to 6 cycles) combined with capecitabine (800 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1‐5, 8‐12, and 15‐19) and bevacizumab (10 mg/kg on days 1 and 14) repeated every 4 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate; secondary endpoints were progression‐free survival, duration of response, overall survival, and safety.

RESULTS

Between April 2010 and March 2012, 62 eligible patients were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 57 years, 74% had received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 65% had visceral metastases. Patients received a median of 6 cycles (range, 1‐45 cycles). The objective response rate was 77% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 66%‐88%), including complete response in 19% of patients. The median duration of response was 5.6 months (range, 1.3‐27.6 months). The median progression‐free survival was 7.6 months (95% CI, 6.3‐9.0 months) and the median overall survival was 19.2 months (95% CI, 17.4‐20.9 months). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were hypertension (35% of patients) and neutropenia (23% of patients); 5% of patients experienced febrile neutropenia. Grade ≥2 hand‐foot syndrome, alopecia, and nail toxicity each occurred in 40% of patients (adverse events were recorded before every cycle and graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]). Treatment was interrupted because of toxicity in 22% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

A triplet regimen of paclitaxel, capecitabine, and bevacizumab followed by maintenance therapy with capecitabine and bevacizumab demonstrated high activity and manageable safety in this difficult‐to‐treat population. Cancer 2016;122:3119–26. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Pediatric thyroid FNA biopsy: Outcomes and impact on management over 24 years at a tertiary care center
Authors: Amirazodi Elmira , Propst Evan J. , Chung Catherine T. , Parra Dimitri A. , Wasserman Jonathan D.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Thyroid malignancy is rare in young children, although the incidence increases sharply during adolescence. Nodular thyroid disease and thyroid cancer in children differ substantially from those in adults, because the rates of malignancy among children are roughly 5‐fold higher, and local and distant metastases as well as recurrences are more common. Even with the recent introduction of pediatric guidelines, there remains a paucity of pediatric data on which to base clinical decision making. The objectives of this study were to characterize the outcomes of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of nodular thyroid disease at a pediatric tertiary‐care institution over a 24‐year period and to relate cytopathology to histopathology and management decisions in this population.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patients who underwent preoperative FNAB and thyroid surgery between 1992 and 2015 was conducted. In total, 207 nodules were biopsied among 178 patients.

RESULTS

Adequate FNAB samples were obtained in 74% of biopsies. Sixty‐five patients underwent thyroidectomy after FNAB. In this group, the malignancy rates for lesions deemed benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant on FNAB cytology were 16%, 67%, 71%, and 100%, respectively. Twenty‐seven individuals underwent >1 biopsy; however, no malignancies were identified in these patients. Surprisingly, the rate of malignancy in patients who underwent preoperative FNAB was not significantly different from the rate in those who proceeded directly to surgery (n = 146).

CONCLUSIONS

FNAB remains a valuable tool for preoperative assessment of pediatric thyroid nodules. When samples are adequate for assessment, cytology other than clearly “benign” merits referral for diagnostic or therapeutic thyroidectomy. In this series, FNAB did not reduce rates of surgery for benign disease. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:801‐10. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Adaptable parallel strategy to extract polygons from massive classified images on multi‐core clusters
Authors: Chen Zhenjie , Zhou Chen , Li Manchun , Zhu A‐xing , Huang Qiuhao , Pian Yuzhe
Published: July 2016

It is always computing intensive and time consuming to extract polygons from massive classified images. Although parallel computing can improve the efficiency of geographical data processing, the performance of the conversion suffers from the trade‐off between data decomposition and result stitching. In this paper, we present an adaptable parallel strategy that accelerates the conversion process on a multi‐core cluster. The strategy improves the method of data decomposition and optimizes task scheduling. In our strategy, an adaptable decomposition method is used to partition raster data according to the data complexity of the raster dataset and computing capability of the computing nodes. Moreover, the hierarchical task scheduling optimizes task allocation and load balance among computing nodes for the procedure of parallel conversion and stitching. We implemented parallel algorithms based on a boundary linking algorithm using the adaptable parallel strategy and compared the performance with the performances of conventional parallel strategies. The results show that the processing time of experimental raster data was reduced from 1362.36 to 165.78 s and that a desirable speedup with the maximal value of 8.23 was achieved. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of techniques for designing and managing CPU register file
Authors: Mittal Sparsh
Published: July 2016

Processor register file (RF) is an important microarchitectural component used for storing operands and results of instructions. The design and operation of RF have crucial impact on the performance, energy efficiency, and reliability of the processor, and hence, several techniques have been recently proposed to manage RF in modern processors. In this paper, we present a survey of techniques for architecting and managing CPU register file. We classify the techniques across several parameters to underscore their similarities and differences. We hope that this paper will provide insights to researchers into working of RF and inspire even more efforts towards optimization of RF in next‐generation computing systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MoS2/WS2‐Graphene Composites through Thermal Decomposition of Tetrathiomolybdate/Tetrathiotungstate for Proton/Oxygen Electroreduction
Authors: Luxa Jan , Fawdon Jack , Sofer Zdeněk , Mazánek Vlastimil , Pumera Martin
Published: July 2016

MoS2 and WS2 have been prepared on a conductive graphene support by thermal reduction of tetrathiotungstate/tetrathiomolybdate and graphite oxide. Whereas the catalytic properties towards hydrogen evolution are strongly influenced by the Magnéli phases formed as a byproduct during the synthesis, the catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction of these composite materials is not affected by this phenomenon and these materials exhibit high catalytic activity towards this industrially important reaction.
Boron as an Electron‐Pair Donor for B⋅⋅⋅Cl Halogen Bonds
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Del Bene Janet E.
Published: July 2016

MP2/aug′‐cc‐pVTZ calculations were performed to investigate boron as an electron‐pair donor in halogen‐bonded complexes (CO)2(HB):ClX and (N2)2(HB):ClX, for X=F, Cl, OH, NC, CN, CCH, CH3, and H. Equilibrium halogen‐bonded complexes with boron as the electron‐pair donor are found on all of the potential surfaces, except for (CO)2(HB):ClCH3and (N2)2(HB):ClF. The majority of these complexes are stabilized by traditional halogen bonds, except for (CO)2(HB):ClF, (CO)2(HB):ClCl, (N2)2(HB):ClCl, and (N2)2(HB):ClOH, which are stabilized by chlorine‐shared halogen bonds. These complexes have increased binding energies and shorter B−Cl distances. Charge transfer stabilizes all complexes and occurs from the B lone pair to the σ* Cl−A orbital of ClX, in which A is the atom of X directly bonded to Cl. A second reduced charge‐transfer interaction occurs in (CO)2(HB):ClX complexes from the Cl lone pair to the π* C≡O orbitals. Equation‐of‐motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM‐CCSD) spin–spin coupling constants,1xJ(B‐Cl), across the halogen bonds are also indicative of the changing nature of this bond.1xJ(B‐Cl) values for both series of complexes are positive at long distances, increase as the distance decreases, and then decrease as the halogen bonds change from traditional to chlorine‐shared bonds, and begin to approach the values for the covalent bonds in the corresponding ions [(CO)2(HB)−Cl]+and [(N2)2(HB)−Cl]+. Changes in11B chemical shieldings upon complexation correlate with changes in the charges on B.
Decentralized Piecewise Fuzzy Output Feedback Control for Large‐Scale Nonlinear Systems with Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Zhong Zhixiong , Shao Zhenhua , Chen Tianxiang
Published: July 2016

This article addresses the decentralized
output feedback control for discrete‐time large‐scale nonlinear systems. The considered large‐scale system contains several subsystems with nonlinear interconnection and time‐varying delay, and Takagi–Sugeno model is used to represent each nonlinear subsystem. We aim at designing a decentralized piecewise fuzzy memory dynamic‐output‐feedback (DOF) controller that guarantees the stabilization and
performance of the resulting closed‐loop control system. First, we propose a model transformation that reformulates the problem of decentralized
output feedback control into the stability analysis with input–output form. Then, we introduce a piecewise Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, where all Lyapunov matrices are not necessarily positive definite. By combining with the scaled small gain theorem, the less conservative solution to the problem of decentralized piecewise fuzzy memory
DOF controller design for the considered system is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The advantage of the proposed method is finally validated using two numerical examples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 268–288, 2016
Topcoat Transmission Measurement and Sensitivity Evaluation for Detection of Thermally Grown Oxide Layer of Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: FUKUCHI TETSUO , ETO SHUZO , OKADA MITSUTOSHI , FUJII TOMOHARU
Published: July 2016

The thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, which forms below the topcoat of thermal barrier coating (TBC), is an important factor that causes topcoat delamination, and its detection is important for health monitoring of TBC. Photoluminescence detects the emission from Cr3+ in the TGO layer upon laser excitation, and is an effective, nondestructive method to detect the TGO layer. In this method, the laser light and Cr3+ photoluminescence must transmit through the topcoat, so the topcoat transmittance is a limiting factor of the measurement sensitivity. In this report, the topcoat transmittance was measured by comparing the photoluminescence intensities from the TGO layer in the presence and absence of the topcoat. The round‐trip transmittance of the topcoat of thickness 300 μm was 1.26%, corresponding to an attenuation coefficient of 7.3 mm‐1. The sensitivity of the luminescence measurement was evaluated by placing ND filters of known attenuation in front of the TGO layer, to simulate the attenuation for different topcoat thickness. The results showed that luminescence measurement is possible for a maximum topcoat thickness of about 700 μm. A method to adjust the photoluminescence intensity for different topcoat thickness is presented.
Electrochemical detectors based on carbon and metallic nanostructures in capillary and microchip electrophoresis
Authors: García‐Carmona Laura , Martín Aida , Sierra Tania , González María Cristina , Escarpa Alberto
Published: July 2016

Carbon and metallic‐based nanostructures have been progressively implemented as innovative electrochemical detectors in CE and microchip electrophoresis (ME). For both type of nanomaterials and toward selected examples, this review details the impact of these nanomaterials for enhanced detection performance in CE, ME, and paper‐based microfluidic devices. The analytical performance and the analytical potential in real world applications is also presented and discussed.
Dopaminergic receptor blockade changes a functional connectivity network centred on the amygdala
Authors: Haaker Jan , Menz Mareike M , Fadai Tahmine , Eippert Falk , Büchel Christian
Published: July 2016

Resting‐state connectivity has become an increasingly important measure in characterizing the functional integrity of brain circuits in neuro‐psychiatric conditions. One approach that has recently gained prominence in this regard—and which we use in this study—is to investigate how resting‐state connectivity depends on the integrity of certain neuromodulator systems. Here, we use a pharmacological challenge in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of dopaminergic receptor blockade on whole brain functional connectivity in twenty healthy human subjects. Administration of the D2‐receptor antagonist haloperidol led to a profound change in functional integration in network nodes linked to the amygdala. Compared to placebo and baseline measurements, network‐based statistics and pairwise connectivity analyses revealed reduced connectivity and decreased link strength between the amygdala and the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex and other cortical areas. This was complemented by less extensive but very circumscribed enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and the right putamen during D2‐receptor blockade. It will be interesting to investigate whether these pharmacologically induced shifts in resting‐state connectivity will similarly be evident in clinical conditions that involve a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Our findings might also aid in interpreting alterations in more complex states, such as those seen psychiatric conditions and their treatment. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4148–4157, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isogeometric analysis with trimming technique for quadruple arch‐cut ridged circle waveguide
Authors: Li Peng , Liu Jun , Lin Gao , Lu Shan , Zhang Pengchong
Published: July 2016

The conventional non‐uniform rational B‐spline (NURBS)‐based isogeometric analysis (IGA) preserves the exact description of geometrical shapes and significantly improves the computational accuracy, but suffers from the topological limitations of a single intact NURBS patch in the parameter space, which renders IGA to be applied in complex topology like the ridged structure inconvenient. In this present work, trimming technique which is the isogeometric approach for handling two‐dimensional topologically complicated geometry with a single patch is employed to demonstrate how this issue can be resolved, and further extended to analyze the quadruple arch‐cut ridged circular waveguide. The main benefit of the proposed approach is that only one patch is sufficient to represent the complex two‐dimensional topology such as circular or any degrees of polygonal shapes. Because the finite element constituents of the trimmed elements are calculated and mapped into underlying global control variables by remodeling the trimmed elements as a single patch, various properties of conventional IGA are maintained. Numerical example illustrates the flexibility for describing complicated two‐dimensional domain, and high computational accuracy and efficiency of present method with much less degree of freedom compared to commercial finite‐element software package. Effects of arch‐cut ridge dimensions on the cut‐off wave numbers of modes are investigated in details. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS): A self‐report instrument measuring ageism in the workplace
Authors: King Scott P. , Bryant Fred B.
Published: July 2016

The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS) is designed to measure employees' attitudes and perceptions about workers of different ages in the workplace. In Study 1, an initial 18‐item measure was developed, reflecting five subscales: Intergenerational Contact, Workplace Intergenerational Retention, Positive Intergenerational Affect, Workplace Generational Inclusiveness, and Lack of Generational Stereotypes. Scores on the five WICS subscales were linked to workplace mentoring, opinions about older workers, and job satisfaction. In Study 2, the WICS items and subscales were further refined, and subscale relationships with similar constructs were explored via structural equation modeling. In Study 3, a more occupationally diverse sample was used to support criterion, incremental, discriminant, and external validity. Evidence supports the use of the WICS as a valid and reliable multidimensional measure of an organization's intergenerational climate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 9600‐year record of water table depth, vegetation and fire inferred from a raised peat bog, Prince Edward Island, Canadian Maritimes
Authors: Peros Matthew , Chan Kathleen , Magnan Gabriel , Ponsford Leila , Carroll James , McCloskey Terry
Published: July 2016

A 582‐cm‐long peat core was collected from Baltic Bog, an ombrotrophic peatland in north‐eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. The core was studied for testate amoebae, plant macrofossils, macrocharcoal, peat humification and organic matter content. The results show that Baltic Bog first developed ∼9600 cal a BP as a minerotrophic peatland (fen) dominated by Cyperaceae. At 8200 cal a BP, the fen transitioned into a peat bog dominated by Sphagnum. Between 8200 and 4000 cal a BP, water table depth (WTD) was generally low and the bog surface supported trees such as Picea mariana. From 4000 to 1700 cal a BP, WTD rose and the bog became more open. The macrocharcoal results show that the period ∼2000–1000 cal a BP was characterized by several fire events that may have occurred on the bog surface at the core site. The results presented in this paper correspond closely with previous fossil pollen research done at Baltic Bog and suggest that regional climate change was a key factor in controlling long‐term WTD variability and vegetation change at the site.
Simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Dai Guoliang , Jiang Zhitao , Zhu Lijing , Zhang Qian , Zong Yang , Liu Shijia , Li Changyin , Ju Wenzheng
Published: July 2016

A rapid and high sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma was developed. The analytes and internal standard, digoxin, were extracted from rat plasma via protein precipitation with methanol and separated on an Phenomenex Gemini C18 column within 2 min. Quantitation was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer employing electrospray ionization technique, operating in multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The precursor to product ion transitions monitored for notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Re, and internal standard were m/z 955.5→775.5, 969.6→789.1, and 803.6→283.1, respectively. The assay was validated with linear range of 1.9–380 ng/mL for notoginsenoside R1 and 0.5–100 ng/mL for ginsenoside Re. The intra‐ and interday precisions (RSD%) were within 8.96% for each analyte. The absolute recoveries were greater than 93% for R1 and 96% for Re. Each analyte was stable during all sample storage, preparation, and analytic procedures. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Xuesaitong dispersible tablets in eight rats.