bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Innovation and the Role of the State: Learning from the Portuguese Experience on Multi-Level Interactions
Authors: Pinto Hugo , Nogueira Carla , Guerreiro J. André , Sampaio Fábio
Published: January 2021

The state is facing turbulent times. Financial and economic turmoil, growing inequalities, disinvestment in public and social services, and political disenchantment are but a few problems that contemporary society is facing, while traditional policies are failing to deliver the desired results. Social innovation is a possible approach to deal with emergent social needs. Research and policy experimentation on social innovation increased in the last decade, but many questions remain open. One key interrogation regards the relation of social innovation with the state. How can the state, considering the multi-level interactions that necessarily exist between different stakeholders, promote these practices? Using the case of Portugal, and the recent implementation of a pioneer public programmed dedicated to social innovation—Portugal Social Innovation—, this article contributes to the understanding of the role the state in the promotion of social innovation and the challenges, tensions, and difficulties experienced by those involved in the sector, whether as practitioners of social innovation or as heads of public institutions responsible for assisting in the development and implementation of social innovations. The article presents data gathered from a focus group involving the representatives from key third sector associations and officials responsible for public institutions that support the implementation of social innovation at the relevant levels of government (national, regional, local). Results show opportunities and tensions between the third sector and the different levels of the state, and a difficulty to adapt the processes and practices of public administration to the dynamic and creative nature of social innovation.
Cataract Surgery Outcomes in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Dubey Rahul , Chan Kenny , Lertsumitkul Somsak , Grigg John , McCluskey Peter Joseph
Published: January 2021

Aim: To prospectively assess the visual acuity outcomes of phacoemulsification surgery in 2 tertiary referral hospitals over an 8-year period, and to compare the outcomes achieved by ophthalmology consultants and registrars in routine clinical practice to assess the appropriateness of patient allocation.Methods: This prospective/retrospective case series of phacoemulsification surgery recruited patients from 1 July 2000 to 30 Dec 2008. Patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination before and after surgery.Phacoemulsification and insertion of intraocular lens was performed by consultants and senior and junior registrars, who were allocated by the treating consultant. Postoperative review was conducted 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery.Results: Of the 1812 cases, 1596 (88.1%) were complication free. The mean postoperative visual acuity was 0.17 LogMAR (6/9 Snellen equivalent), with 1630 cases (90.0%) achieving 0.30 LogMAR (6/12) or better. Consultants, and senior and junior registrars all achieved similar postoperative visual acuities of 0.15 to 0.17 LogMAR (p = 0.5). There was a significantly different rate of vitreous loss between the 3 groups (p = 0.002), with consultants at 2.9% (9/309), senior registrars at 1.9% (15/804) and junior registrars at 5.3% (37/699).Conclusions: The visual acuity outcomes and complication rates confirm that quality care is being delivered to patients. The different complication rates between consultants and registrars reflect consultants allocating themselves more complicated cases and the training of junior registrars. The similar postoperative visual acuities achieved showed that allocation of patients among consultants and registrars was appropriate and good visual acuity outcomes were delivered to all patients.
Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis and Contact Lens Wearers
Authors: Sahin Ozlem Gurses , Taheri Nusret
Published: January 2021

Aim: To determine the differences between total and serum-specific immunoglobulin E levels in patients with type 1 allergic conjunctivitis and asymptomatic contact lens wearers. The correlation of total serum immunoglobulin E level of asymptomatic contact lens wearers with contact lens wearing time, and total duration of contact lens use was also evaluated.Methods: This was a case-control study involving 25 asymptomatic contact lens wearers, 25 patients with type 1 allergic conjunctivitis, and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Total serum immunoglobulin E levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum-specific IgE analysis against the listed indoor, food, and outdoor allergens were studied by immunofluorescence assay for participants whose total serum immunoglobulin E levels were >100 IU/mL. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations were used for bivariate analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level.Results: The mean level of total serum immunoglobulin E was greater for patients with type 1 allergic conjunctivitis than for contact lens wearers and controls. Serum-specific immunoglobulin E detected in patients with type 1 allergic conjunctivitis was against indoor, food, and outdoor allergens, while serum-specific immunoglobulin E detected in contact lens wearers was only against outdoor allergens. A statistically significant correlation was found for total serum immunoglobulin E levels of contact lens wearers with contact lens wearing time.Conclusions: These results suggest that differences in serum total and specific immunoglobulin E levels exist between patients with type 1 allergic conjunctivitis and CL wearers and controls. Further research in a larger group of patients is needed to validate these findings.
Ahmed Valve Implantation in an Eye with Choroidal Haemangioma
Authors: Din Norshamsiah Md , Yueh Lee M , Kala Sumugam S , Rahman Ropilah A
Published: January 2021

Sturge Weber syndrome is a rare phakomatoses characterised by vascular hamartomas affecting the leptomeninges, and cutaneous and ocular structures. Glaucoma results from angle anomalies, overproductionfrom ciliary body haemangioma, or reduction in aqueous outflow secondary to increased episcleral venous pressure. The presence of a choroidal haemangioma in an eye with advanced glaucoma adds to the complicated postoperative recovery. This report is of a 9-year-old girl with a right-sided facial naevus flammeus who was referred for advanced glaucoma in the right eye. The eye was buphthalmic, her intraocular pressure was 25 mm Hg while using 4 topical antiglaucoma medications, and the visual acuity was 6/36. The optic disc had advanced cupping with a pale neuroretinal rim. Her visual field was severely constricted with fixation splitting. She underwent Ahmed valve implantation with controlled filtration via nylon stenting of the tube. Her postoperative recovery was complicated, and she needed further ligation of the tube to reduce drainage. Six weeks later, her intraocular pressure was controlled at 14 mm Hg without any antiglaucoma medication after removal of the nylon stent. Managing an eye with advanced glaucoma in the presence of a choroidal haemangioma needs meticulous controlled drainage to prevent detrimental postoperative complications.
Total White Hypopyon: an Unusual Presentation of Phacolytic Glaucoma
Authors: Khialdin Safinaz Mohd , Zahidin Aida Z. Mohd , Hamzah Jemaima Che , Rahman Ropilah Abdul
Published: January 2021

Phacolytic glaucoma normally presents with clinical features of eye pain and redness, anterior chamber inflammation, and increased intraocular pressure. This report is of a patient with phacolytic glaucoma, which presented as a total white hypopyon in a non-inflamed eye. Other possible causes of pseudohypopyon in this age group such as endogenous endophthalmitis or Masquerade syndrome were excluded before the patient underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. She achieved satisfactory visual acuity postoperatively.
Surgical Repair of Descemet’s Membrane Detachment Following Phacoemulsification by Intracameral Air Injection and Suture Fixation
Authors: Kannan Balaji , Balaji Vijayalakshmi , Gonvindarajan Kummararaj , Kummararaj Shereen
Published: January 2021

Post-surgical Descemet’s membrane detachment is a rare complication that has a serious visual impact if not treated adequately. This report is of a 74-year-old patient with Descemet’s membrane detachment after phacoemulsification who underwent successful repair by intracameral air injection and suture fixation.
Oculosporidiosis Presenting as a Conjunctival Polyp in North India
Authors: Rana Parveen , Mathur Satyavir Kishor , Nada Manisha , Chhabra Sonia
Published: January 2021

Rhinosporodiosis, caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, is a chronic localized granulomatous disease of the mucus membrane. This report is of a patient with oculosporidiosis involving the conjunctiva with a clinical presentation in the form of polyp. The patient was treated by surgical excision, and the resected tissue was submitted for histopathological examination, which confirmed the diagnosis.
Repeated pupillary capture and pigmentary glaucoma after implantation of reversed three-piece sulcus intraocular lens
Authors: Nguyen Ha-Uyen T , Yeu-Lin Elizabeth , Lin Albert P
Published: January 2021

A 58-year-old man underwent phacoemulsification, anterior vitrectomy, and areversed three-piece intraocular lens placement in the sulcus. He developed pseudophakic pupillaryblock with optic capture of the intraocular lens four months later and underwent intraocularlens repositioning combined with surgical iridectomy. After 18 months, he had elevated intraocularpressure that was thought to be secondary to complicated cataract surgery, and he wasprescribed topical glaucoma medications. He had poor adherence and follow-up attendance.After another six months, he presented to the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA, withan intraocular pressure of 30 mmHg and advanced pigmentary glaucoma. The intraocular lensoptic was captured by the pupil after dilation. A trabeculectomy and intraocular lens exchangewas performed. Reversed intraocular lens in the sulcus may present as repeated intraocular lenspupillary capture and result in the development of pigmentary glaucoma.
Cavernous haemangioma of the retina
Authors: Lusthaus Jed , Wong James , Horowitz Greg
Published: January 2021

A 29-year-old man was found to have an incidental finding of peripheral cavernous haemangioma of the retina (CHR). Fundus examination revealed peripheral retinopathy with fine haemorrhage. Traditional appearance of CHR was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. OCT showed the saccular appearance with an overlying epiretinal membrane, consistent with CHR. All other investigations were negative and there was no suggestion of systemic dermatological or neurological involvement.CHR is a rare and usually incidental finding associated with a small risk of associated systemic vascular and neurological involvement. We have demonstrated the fundal and OCT appeaance of peripheral CHR, which is an important clinical and diagnostic finding.
Detection of clinically occult parotid gland and lymph nodal metastases in a case of meibomian gland carcinoma using 18-FDG PET CT
Authors: Joshi Prathamesh Vijay , Lele Vikram Ramchandra , Gandhi Rozil
Published: January 2021

Meibomian gland carcinoma is a rare malignancy of the eyelid. We report a case ofusing 18-Flurodeoxyglocose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (18-FDGPET-CT) for the detection of metastatic disease in a 60-year-old patient with meibomian glandcarcinoma.
Rare orbital malignancies in xeroderma pigmentosum – a case series and review of literature
Authors: Raza Rizvi Syed Ali , Yusuf Faraz , Amitava A K , Arif S H , Vasenwala M , Mehdi Ghazala
Published: January 2021

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genodermatosis, with a defect affecting recovery of ultraviolet-induced damages and characterized by a high rate of malignancies of the exposed skin areas. Inheritance is autosomal recessive and consanguinity of parents is common. We report two siblings with a history of consanguinity having XP with rare orbital malignancies. The first case had orbital amelanotic melanoma and the second case had sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) with orbital extension. In this case series, we have discussed and reviewed orbital malignancies in XP with respect to this report and other cases in the literature. Although early detection and treatment of these malignancies will reduce morbidity and mortality, genetic counselling remains the most important protective measures for XP.
Non-surgical management of lacrimal canaliculitis following insertion of SmartPlug
Authors: Li Emmy Y. , Cheng Andy C , Yuen Hunter K
Published: January 2021

Punctal plugs are popular device used for treatment of dry eyes. The SmartPlug, with its special thermodynamic properties, has the advantage to conform to the shape of the punctal ampulla and proximal canaliculus, and offers effective occlusion. However, SmartPlug related complications are not uncommon and surgical interventions are often required for management of persistent infection. This is a report of two middle-aged Asian women who developed chronic lacrimal canaliculitis after insertion of the SmartPlug Punctal Plug. Attempts at removing the SmartPlug failed and prolonged topical antibiotics resulted only in partial resolution of the infection. Subsequent forced irrigation with penicillin solution via the affected puncta using large bore lacrimal canula successfully led to complete resolution of the canalculitis.
The role of intrastromal voriconazole in deep resistant fungal keratitis
Authors: Singh Punit K
Published: January 2021

Targeted delivery of voriconazole (azole) by intrastromal perilesional injectionmay be a new safe and effective way to treat cases of deep-seated challenging fungalkeratitis responding poorly to conventional treatment.
Diagnostic value of contrast sensitivity test and conjunctival impression cytology for the detection of sub-clinical vitamin-a deficiency
Authors: Gondhowiardjo Tjahjono Darminto , Andriyani Irma , Gumay S. , Artini Widya , Werdhana R.A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To determine whether or not contrast sensitivity test and conjunctival impression cytology can be used as diagnostic tools to detect sub-clinical vitamin-A deficiency; and if there is a correlation within the two diagnostic methods.Methods: A series of diagnostic studies comprising of contrast sensitivity test, conjunctival impression examination and serum retinol concentration were performed on literate children, six to ten years old, at West Java Elementary School. All subjects underwent a basic eye examination. Sample size, receiver operator curve, negative and positive predictive values, sensitivity and specificity were calculated.Results: A total of 109 subjects out of 154 elementary school children corresponding to the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Forty-four (41.9%) children were detected to have sub-clinical vitamin-A deficiency. The contrast sensitivity test had a sensitivity value of 45.5% and a specificity value of 50.8% with a positive predictive value of 40%. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 49.5% (95% CI 38.1%- 60.9%), whereas the conjunctival impression cytology test had a sensitivity value of 90.9%, and a specificity value of 16.4% with a positive predictive value of 43.9%. The ROC area was 56.1% (95% CI 45.0% - 67.1%). Pearson’s analysis showed that there is no correlation between the two diagnostic tools (p 0.538).Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that neither the contrast sensitivity test nor the conjunctival impression cytology was found to be a favorable screening tool to detect sub-clinical vitamin-A deficiency. Moreover, there is no correlation between the two methods.
The role of the TB T-spot test in patients with tubercular retinal vasculitis
Authors: Lee Elin , Sanjay Srinivasan , Teoh Stephen
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To report tuberculosis (TB) T-spot diagnosis and management of two cases of presumptive tubercular retinal vasculitis in Singapore.Method: Retrospective case reports.Results: Two patients were diagnosed with presumptive TB retinal vasculitis using clinical features, TB T-spot test and ancillary investigations. They were successfully treated with a combination therapy of oral steroids, anti-tuberculosis medications and pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP). Follow-up demonstrated resolution of symptoms and signs with no complications arising from anti-tuberculosis medications.Conclusions: TB retinal vasculitis presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Ocular TB diagnosis is often presumptive, as confirmatory evidence of organisms from the eye has low yield. The results of culture and Mantoux test require a long waiting period. TB T-spot provides rapid results with high sensitivity and specificity, thus holding promise as a diagnostic tool. Management of TB retinal vasculitis is multi-modal and multi-disciplinary requiring oral steroids and pan-retinal photocoagulation by the ophthalmologists and anti-tuberculosis medications by the Physicians.
Sterile keratitis post collagen cross-linking (CXL) therapy for treatment of keratoconus
Authors: Mehta Ankur , Barry Richard , Liew Simon , Knox-Cartwright Nathanial
Published: January 2021

Corneal collagen cross-linking therapy is a relatively new treatment for progressing corneal ectasias such as keratoconus. Here the authors discuss the case of a 22-year-old male who underwent collagen cross-linking for treatment of progressive keratoconus, who then developed a serious post operative complication of a sterile keratitis.
Outcomes following orbital decompression surgery for dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
Authors: Ha Jerome How Ing , Leong James , Martin Peter , Ghabrial Raf , Benger Ross
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of orbital decompression surgery for dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Design: Ten years (2000-2010) retrospective case series.Methods: Thirty-eight orbits (with dysthyroid optic neuropathy) of 119 surgical orbital decompressions. Patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, who underwent orbital decompression surgery at Sydney Eye Hospital (Sydney, Australia), were investigated for outcome measures.Results: Thirty-five orbits were eligible for data analysis. Orbital decompression surgery improved visual acuity in 29 orbits and maintained visual acuity in four orbits. In patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy, there was a statistically significant mean improvement in visual acuity of 2.8 lines postoperatively (standard deviation = 3.2; 95% confidence interval 3.9 to 1.7, p-value < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences invisual acuity amongst different combinations of orbital walls being decompressed, with the majority of orbits had the medial orbital wall decompressed. This may reflect the small number of decompressions performed in each subgroup. Orbital decompression surgery reduced proptosis by a mean of 3.2 mm (standard deviation = 2.9; 95% confidence interval -4.32 to -2.07; p-value < 0.05). Medial and lateral orbital walls decompression resulted in the greatest mean reduction in proptosis. There were no severe visual impairment cases postoperatively (VA worse than 6/60). There were two patients with new onset diplopia postoperatively. There were three orbits with bleeding and one orbit with CSF leakage, all without major sequelae postoperatively.Conclusion: Regardless of surgical access, orbital decompression surgery is effective and safe in the management of dysthyroid optic neuropathy and in reducing proptosis in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
Occupational eye hazard – a case of perforating industrial nail injury to the eye
Authors: Lee Elin , Madhav Wagle Ajeet
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To report the management and outcome of an unusual case of occupational perforating ocular industrial nail injury involving the posterior pole. Methods: Observational case report. A 48-year-old Chinese male construction worker presented with perforating industrial nail injury.Results: The patient underwent primary globe repair and foreign body removal followed by staged pars plana vitrectomy with endophotocoagulation and cyclopropane gas tamponade for repair of the vitreous incarceration at the posterior exit wound, a subsequent laser retinopexy with silicone oil tamponade for an inferior retinal detachment extending from the perforation site and finally silicone oil removal with a scleral fixated intraocular lens implant. His best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/100 six months after the initial injury. Conclusion: Perforating ocular injuries involving the posterior pole often present with severe visual impairment and significant management challenges. We report a case of perforating ocular nail injury, which was managed successfully with staged surgical procedures.
Determinants and outcome of periocular dirofilariasis in a cohort of patients with demonstrable live worm from the ocular and adnexal parasitic granulomas
Authors: Prabhu Padma Balagopal , Raju Kuzhupally Vallon
Published: January 2021

Purpose: We attempt to describe the unique diagnostic features of dirofilariasis affecting the eye, a rare disease caused by the nematode dirofilaria repens. Case report: The cohort includes 5 adult cases of ocular dirofilariasis. Migratory oedema was present in all but one case. The occurrence of the lesions near the medial canthus in all the cases including subconjunctival mass suggests predictable pattern of migration of the worm. Absence of systemic eosinophila and lack of marked eosinophilic infiltration around the parasitic granuloma in histopathology indicates alternative immune response against the parasite. Persistence of live worm despite antihelminthic drugs can be accounted by the presence of a thick capsule which protects the filaria against adulticidal and larvicidal drugs. Surgical exicision was curative in all cases.Conclusion: Our case series points to the importance of having high index of suspicion and early detection of ocular dirofilariasis as it is amenable to simple and effective treatment.
Correlation of refractive error with axial length and corneal topography
Authors: Ruia Surabhi , Kishore Poonam , Singh Vinita , Chaudhary Nitin
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To collect and analyze normative data about corneal topography and axial length in various refractive errors in Indian population.Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Materials and Method: Three hundred eyes (150 patients) of age group 12-35 yrs were arranged in 5 groups according to refractive status; Group 1 (n=44): myopia of SphericalEquivalent (SE) > 6 D; Group 2 (n=67): myopia of SE >0.5 D to 6 D; Group 3 (n=88): nearly emmetropic of SE -0.5 D to +0.5 D; Group 4 (n=59): hypermetropia of SE >0.5 to 6 D; Group 5 (n=42): hypermetropia of SE > 6 D. Axial length(AL), central radius of curvature of cornea (CR), central power of cornea (CK) , Al/CR ratio for each group were documented . Correlation with SE and among each other was studied. Results: Mean AL (in mm) of myopic patients (n=111) was 24.23 ± 1.34, emmetropic (n=88) 22.62 ± 0.94 and hypermetropics (n=101) 20.73 ±0.94. Mean CR (in mm) of myopic patients was 7.55 ± 0.35, emmetropics was 7.70 ±0.32, and hypermetropes was 7.99 ±0.35. Mean CK (in D) of myopics was 44.86±2.59, emmetropes was 43.91±1.76, and hypermetropes was 42.32±1.89. Mean AL/CR ratio of myopics was 3.22 ± 0.29, emmetropics 2.94± 0.07, and hypermetropics 2.60 ± 0.19. AL was negatively correlated with SE(r=-0.91, p<0.0001) and positively with AL/CR(r=0.88, p<0.0001) and CK (r=0.36, p<0.0001). CR was negatively correlated with AL/CR (r=-0.74, p<0.0001) while positively correlated with SE (r=0.62, p<0.0001). CK showed positive correlation with AL/CR (r=0.75, p<0.0001) while negative correlation with SE (r=-0.61, p<0.0001). AL/CR was negatively correlated withSE(r=-0.95, p<0.0001). Conclusion: This study showed a negative correlation between axial length and refractive error and between AL/CR ratio and refractive error with stronger inverse relationship in hypermetropes than myopes. There was a positive correlation of CR with SE with a weaker direct relationship in myopes than hypermetropes.
Femtosecond laser-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty (FSALK) versus microkeratome-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty (MALK) for the treatment of anterior corneal dystrophy.
Authors: Almousa Radwan , Daya Sheraz M
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To compare the visual outcome of femtosecond laser-assisted anterior keratoplasty (FSALK) and microkeratome-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty (MALK) in anterior corneal dystrophy.  Methods: retrospective comparative chart review of 7 eyes that underwent FSALK and 7 eyes that underwent MALK. The primary outcome was the visual outcome of both procedures. The secondary outcome was the recurrence of the corneal dystrophies.Results: Mean follow-up time was 30±14(7-51) months for the FSALK group and 127±28(80-127) months for the MALK group. In the FSALK group the preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved from 20/63 to 20/25 at 36 months. In the MALK group there was 1 eye with documented BSCVA over 36 months follow-up; it improved from 20/160 preoperatively to 20/32 at 36 months. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at 36 months improved from 20/100 preoperatively to 20/63 in the FSALK group and from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/63 in the MALK group. Five eyes with Reis-Bucklers showed a clinical recurrence at a mean of 142±13(125-152) months. Two eyes with granular dystrophy showed a clinical recurrence at 23 and 80 months of follow-up. One eye in the MALK group had epithelial ingrowth. One eye in the FSALK group with compromised ocular surface due to 2 previous penetrating keratoplasty, suffered bacterial keratitis that ended up with corneal scarring. Conclusion: Both procedures improve visual outcome for anterior corneal dystrophy. FSALK has theoretical advantages over MALK; however, larger prospective studies are needed to prove this.
Association of PDGFRA gene polymorphisms and early-onset myopia in South Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Purwoko Mitayani , Reki Winarto , Winarni Tri Indah
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Myopia is a refraction error that may caused by corneal curvature (CC) anomaly. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene was determined to have an effect on CC. The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in PDGFRA gene and early-onset myopia in South Sumatera tribes, a part of Indonesian ethnic group.

Design: Using a random sampling method, population-based, case control study included 100 subjects aged 18-40 years from Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia.

Methods: Visual acuity was measured by Snellen chart and CC was measured by manual keratometer. DNA sample from buccal swab was investigated with Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) PCR and visualized in agarose gel.

Results: Median of CC for the right eye was 7.73 (7.07-8.63) mm and the left eye was 7.73 (7.04-8.69) mm. There was no difference between CC in myopic and normal subjects. Distribution of mutant allele in rs17084051, rs7677751, rs7682912, and rs2114039 were higher in myopic subject compare to those of normal control. Significant association between PDGFRA gene polymorphism and early-onset myopia was found only in rs17084051 (p = 0.009) and rs7677751 (p = 0.001).

Conclusions: Mutant type allele A of rs17084051 and mutant type allele T of rs7677751 of PDGFRA gene polymorphism are associated with early-onset myopia in South Sumatera tribes in this study.
Macular thickness in diabetic retinopathy without clinically significant macular edema
Authors: Rao Krishna , Chandra Ravi , Rao Lavanya , S Shailaja , Hazarika Manali
Published: January 2021

Aim: To measure macular thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in various grades of diabetic retinopathy with no clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and its comparison with non-diabetics.

Design: Prospective cross–sectional study.

Methods: Macular thickness was measured by OCT in 72 healthy volunteers (107 control eyes), 45 patients with mild and moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (78 eyes) and 37 patients with severe NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (66 eyes). Patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) as assessed by stereoscopic evaluation or photographs were excluded. One-way ANOVA test to compare the mean thickness and Tukey's test for multiple comparison between groups were used.

Results: Central subfield thickness (CST) was 238.57 ± 25.077 µm, 251.22 ± 24.649 µm, and 270.45 ± 28.956 µm in the three groups respectively. As the severity of retinopathy increased, the macular thickness significantly increased (p = < 0.001) in all the nine zones on OCT. There was a significant increase in CST noted in all the grades of retinopathy when compared with non-diabetics (p = 0.004, p = < 0.0001). No significant difference in macular thickness was noted between genders, irrespective of their groups (p = 0.72), or between the three groups in all the nine zones (p = 0.609).

Conclusion: There is a significant increase in CST in all grades of retinopathy, as well as with increasing severity of retinopathy when compared to non-diabetics. This warrants the need to obtain OCT measurements even in patients with moderate NPDR without CSME to rule out subclinical DME.
Case series of cultivated oral mucosa epithelium transplantation for limbal stem cell failure
Authors: Oh Kah Lay , Zahidin Aida , Md Noh Umi Kalthum , Mohd Khialdin Safinaz , Ooi Ghee Chien , Then Kong Yong
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To report a case series of seven eyes (six patients) with severe limbal stem cell failure who underwent cultivated oral mucosa epithelium transplantation (COMET) in preparation for corneal transplant surgery and assess the change in visual acuity postoperatively.

Design: Case series.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of an interventional case series of six patients with severe limbal stem cell deficiency who underwent COMET between 2012 and 2015 was performed. Six eyes had COMET followed by corneal transplant, and one eye had corneal transplant preceding COMET. The change in the visual acuity after operation was evaluated.

Results: A total of six patients with seven eyes were studied. All of them had severe ocular surface disease with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) secondary to chemical injury (five eyes), SJS (one eye), and severe ocular rosacea (one eye). Four eyes had improvements in visual acuity, two of which achieved best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/12.

Conclusion: The use of COMET helps to optimize the ocular surface in severe LSCD for further corneal transplant surgeries. It has helped to improve the graft uptake and subsequent visual improvement, especially in chronic chemical burn cases.
Prevalence of variation in predicted refraction between different intraocular lens formulae
Authors: Ong Keith , Feng Linda
Published: January 2021

Variations of 0.5 D in predicted refraction between the different intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulae may occur in 19.4% cases. This has implications when reporting refractive surprise. It also shows that it is beneficial to consider more than one IOL formula when choosing IOL power for cataract surgery.
Presumed Herpes simplex virus reactivation following LASIK mimicking diffuse lamellar keratitis
Authors: Srirampur Arjun , Garg Prashant , Amula Gangaprasad
Published: January 2021

We report a rare presentation of herpetic stromal keratitis reactivation in a 43-yearold patient who underwent LASIK previously and presented with complaints of photophobia, pain, and redness. On examination, mild congestion was noted with deep-seated, ring-like infiltrate under the LASIK flap with some amount of scarring that was initially confused with diffuse lamellar keratitis. A detailed repeated history led to diagnosing herpetic keratitis reactivation that with timely treatment of antivirals and steroids helped us to achieve a good anatomic and visual outcome for the patient.
Patient satisfaction of pterygium surgery using fibrin glue versus suture autograft
Authors: Mohamad Noh Nur Reza , Yong Geng-Yi , Lee Siew-Ting , Low Kui-Feng , Pan Shin-Wei
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To compare pterygium surgery with fibrin glue autografts and sutured autografts in terms of length of surgery time and postoperative patient satisfaction.

Methods: All pterygium operations performed at Sibu Hospital (Sarawak, Malaysia) between October 1, 2012 and September 30, 2013 were included.

Results: Eighty-one cases were included in the study. The fibrin glue group and suture group had 33 and 48 cases, respectively. The mean age of the patients was 50.56 (SD: 7.61). The fibrin glue group had a shorter mean duration of surgery (17.18 minutes, SD: 10.66) compared to the suture group (22.60 minutes, SD: 12.88) (P = 0.05). Patient satisfaction at first week review was 93.9% for the fibrin glue group and 75.0% for the suture group (P = 0.027, OR 5.2 [95%CI: 1.1, 24.9]). Patient satisfaction at sixth week review was 97.0% for the fibrin glue group and 77.1% for the suture group (P = 0.023, OR 9.5 [95%CI: 1.2, 77.8]). There was no serious adverse event in this study population.

Conclusion: Fibrin glue has shorter mean duration of surgery and significantly higher patient satisfaction at first week and sixth week post-pterygium surgery compared to the suture technique.
Ahmad’s modified trabeculectomy technique
Authors: Ahmad Syed Shoeb
Published: January 2021

Aim or purpose: To present a modified technique of trabeculectomy.

Design: Ahmad’s modified trabeculectomy technique aims to utilize subtle modifications to the classical trabeculectomy technique in order to achieve a better filtering bleb leading to lesser complications.

Methods: Retrospective interventional case series.

Results: Thirty-four patients underwent this surgery. There was a significant difference in the preoperative and postoperative median intraocular pressure (IOP; z = 3.928; p < 0.001). The postoperative IOP (median = 12) was significantly lower than the preoperative IOP (median = 28; interquartile range = 9).

Conclusion: This modification can prove to be an effective method to reduce IOP with minimal complications.
Two cases of spontaneous closure of full-thickness macular hole
Authors: Heng Tan Hung , Ling Kiet Phang , Mohd Ali Haslina
Published: January 2021

We report two cases of spontaneous closure of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). The first was in a patient with relieved traction from tractional macular detachment with spontaneous closure after diagnosis at 16 months. The second case is FTMH that developed after vitrectomy from rhegmatogenous retina detachment with spontaneous closure after diagnosis at 9 months. Spontaneous closure of FTMH is rare and the main treatment is vitrectomy.
A peculiar case of corneal autograft in a patient with bilateral advanced glaucoma
Authors: Bhandari Vipul , Ganesh Sri , Thapliyal Sneha
Published: January 2021

The technique of autograft employs the use of a clear corneal graft from an otherwise blind eye that is transplanted to the fellow eye, which has a visual potential in the same patient. A patient with advanced glaucoma in both eyes presented to us with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy with Ahmed glaucoma valve in the right eye, and cataract and patent peripheral iridotomy with no perception of light in the left eye. The autograft and allograft corneas for bilateral penetrating keratoplasty (PK) were obtained from the contralateral eye and a cadaver eye, respectively. Central corneal button was used for PK. One year after the surgery, the graft host junction was well apposed with no vascularization, corneal surface was clear, sutures were intact, and best corrected visual acuity improved in right eye to 1 logMAR. Bilateral simultaneous PK with autograft in one eye and allograft in the other was done to decrease the chances of rejection.
Implantation of ArtificialIris, a CustomFlex® iris prosthesis, in a trauma patient with an Artisan lens
Authors: Doroodgar Farideh , Jabbarvand Mahmoud , Niazi Feazollah , Niazi Sana , Sanginabadi Azad
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To evaluate probable complications of ArtificialIris implantation with iris-fixated intraocular lens.

Method: Development of photophobia, glare, and psychological strain during face-to-face communication in a 23-year-old man with a widespread traumatic iris defect terminate to make a decision for performing implantation an ArtificialIris (HumanOptics, Erlangen, Germany) under the remnant iris without removing the patient’s existing Artisan lens.

Results: Without any intraoperative or postoperative complications, the patient’s visual acuity increased by one line, the endothelial cell loss was comparable with the cell loss associated with standard cataract surgery, and the anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber anatomy did not change. At the final follow-up examination, the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) did not differ from baseline, and we achieved high level of patient satisfaction and subjective vision improvement. We discuss the particular importance of considering the patient’s expectations, the appropriate measurements, ways to perfect color evaluation, and the types of ArtificialIris products.

Conclusion: The implantation of the ArtificialIris in patients with aphakic iris-supported lenses (i.e., preexisting Artisan lenses) is a feasible approach and a useful option for patients with thin irises and iris hypoplasia who are at risk of subluxation or the dislocation of the PCIOL as well as those with sclerally fixed PCIOLs.
Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy necessitating vitrectomy in a tertiary care hospital in coastal Karnataka, South India
Authors: Reddy Narasimha Vasista , Kamath Yogish Subraya , Rao Lavanya G. , Rao Krishna Addoor , Shenoy Shailaja Bhat , Bhandary Sulatha V.
Published: January 2021

Background: The proportion of diabetic patients having vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy and those needing to undergo vitrectomy was documented.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in coastal Karnataka, South India. All patients with diabetes mellitus visiting the ophthalmology department in the study period were screened for retinopathy, and the data regarding the presence of maculopathy and proliferative retinopathy were included as vision-threatening retinopathy.

Results: Of the 1,435 diabetic patients included, 38.4% had retinopathy changes due to diabetes, with 8.71% having vision-threatening retinopathy and 1.81% needing vitrectomy.

Conclusion: Although the proportion of vision-threatening retinopathy is small, the rapidly increasing diabetic population requires the setting up of more resources for tackling this condition, at least at the tertiary levels of the health-care system. However, considering the increased human and economic resources involved in setting up vitrectomy units, more emphasis on strengthening screening programs for early detection and referral to reduce the progression of retinopathy to advanced stages would be appropriate.
Microsporidial stromal keratitis: an uncommon etiology of bilateral simultaneous corneal infection
Authors: Donthineni Pragnya R. , Murthy Somasheila I. , Joseph Joveeta , Garg Prashant , Acharya Manisha , Sangwan Virender
Published: January 2021

We report three cases of bilateral microsporidial keratitis, which is an unusual presentation. All three patients presented with bilateral, simultaneous, asymmetrical, deep stromal corneal infiltrates with symptoms ranging from 5 to 12 months. Predisposing factors were noted in two of three patients. Corneal scrapings for microbiology and histopathology of corneal tissue revealed microsporidial spores from both eyes of all patients. There was no response to medical therapy and all underwent bilateral corneal transplantation. Case one additionally had recurrences in the graft and underwent repeat keratoplasties and eventually keratoprosthesis. Microsporidial stromal keratitis is a possible cause of keratitis in cases of very long-standing, indolent, culture-negative, deep stromal corneal infiltrates. So far, this infection has been reported as unilateral; however, we report these cases of bilateral infection, which is rare. Corneal transplantation is the preferred line of management due to lack of response to medical therapy.
RESPUESTA DEL SORGO A MICORRIZA ARBUSCULAR Y Azospirillum EN ESTRÉS HÍDRICO
Authors: Díaz-Franco Arturo , Garza-Cano Idalia , Pecina-Quintero Víctor , Montes-García Noé
Published: January 2021

Los microorganismos benéficos pueden coadyuvar en la tolerancia de las plantas a condiciones de sequía. Este estudio se hizo en campo para determinar el efecto de la inoculación del hongo micorrízico arbuscular (HMA) Glomus intraradices y de la rizobacteria promotora de crecimiento Azospirillum brasilense, sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de grano de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) sujeto a un manejo con limitaciones de humedad en el suelo (riego restringido y secano). En 2002, semilla de sorgo inoculada con G. intraradices y A. brasilense se sembró y comparó con la fertilización química (120N- 40P-00K), y en 2003 se evaluó el HMA y la fertilización nitrogenada reducida (80N-00P-00K). En ambos experimentos se midió altura de planta y rendimiento de grano; adicionalmente, en 2002 se cuantificó la colonización micorrízica y en 2003 el contenido de proteína en el grano. En 2002, la colonización micorrízica fue mayor en las plantas inoculadas con los simbiontes. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo con la inoculación, independiente de los simbiontes. En 2003, los tratamientos no tuvieron impacto en la altura de planta, pero que el HMA mejoró (P ≤ 0.01) el rendimiento. El contenido de proteína en grano se incrementó (P ≤ 0.01) con el HMA y la fertilización nitrogenada. G. intraradices incrementó (P ≤ 0.01) el rendimiento de grano en los dos años. La condición de riego restringido elevó la altura de planta y el rendimiento de grano en ambos años y el contenido de proteína en 2003, pero no la colonización micorrízica en 2002, en relación con el ambiente de secano. Los resultados demostraron que la inoculación de los simbiontes puede incrementar la productividad del sorgo en condiciones limitadas de humedad en el suelo.
COMPORTAMIENTO AGRONÓMICO DE GENOTIPOS DE GARBANZO EN SIEMBRA TARDÍA EN EL VALLE DEL MAYO, SONORA, MÉXICO
Authors: Padilla-Valenzuela Isidoro , Valenzuela-Valenzuela Ramón I. , Armenta-Castro César M. , Salinas-Pérez Rafael A. , Sánchez-Sánchez Ernesto
Published: January 2021

El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) se siembra en 4640 ha anuales en el valle del Mayo, Sonora y se cosechan 7890 toneladas que se destinan al mercado internacional. Entre las principales limitantes de la producción destacan la falta de estabilidad en el rendimiento y calidad de grano causadas por la rabia (Fusarium sp.), moho gris (Botritys cinerea), y gusano del fruto (Heliothis sp.), que se agudizan con las variaciones de clima de un año a otro. En este estudio se midió el efecto de la fecha de siembra tardía en el rendimiento y calidad de grano y la relación de las condiciones climatológicas con el desarrollo fenológico, la dinámica de floración y fructificación, así como la presencia de enfermedades en garbanzo. Se utilizaron cuatro variedades (‘Blanco Sinaloa-92’, ‘Jamu-96’, ‘Progreso-95’ y ‘Evora-98’) y cuatro líneas experimentales (Lav-205, Cuga-300, T-2001 y L397E2), que se sembraron el 23 de enero del 2004. Los genotipos L397E2, ‘Progreso- 95’, ‘Jamu-96’ y T-2001 superaron en rendimiento al testigo ‘Blanco Sinaloa-92’; además, la línea L397E2 manifestó mejor comportamiento en porcentaje de grano para exportación, calibre de grano, precocidad y mayor amarre de frutos. La variedad ‘Progreso-95’ presentó menor incidencia de enfermedades y alto rendimiento pero el menor calibre de grano. El estudio de dinámica de floración y fructificación demostró que los genotipos precoces fueron más productivos por presentar mayor amarre de vainas que los de ciclo largo en fechas tardías. El rendimiento de grano se asoció significativa y positivamente con altura de planta (r = 0.51) y negativamente con madurez fisiológica y porcentaje de flores abortadas (r = -0.80 y r = -0.40, respectivamente).
H-376, HÍBRIDO DE MAÍZ PARA PRODUCCIÓN DE FORRAJE Y GRANO EN EL BAJÍO Y LA REGIÓN NORTE CENTRO DE MÉXICO
Authors: Peña-Ramos Alfonso , González-Castañeda Fernando , Núñez-Hernández Gregorio , Preciado-Ortiz Ricardo , Terrón-Ibarra Arturo , Luna-Flores Maximino
Published: January 2021

En la región norte centro de México (Estados de Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Durango y Chihuahua) se siembran 47 mil hectáreas con maíz para forraje en condiciones de riego, y alrededor de 94 mil hectáreas para grano, a las cuales se suman 113 mil hectáreas de riego del Estado de Guanajuato en la zona de El Bajío (SIAP, 2007). En la región norte centro la producción media de materia seca de maíz se estima en 15.5 t ha-1 (47.7 t ha-1 de forraje verde) y la de grano en 6.0 t ha-1, aunque algunos productores obtienen más de 20 t ha-1 de forraje seco y más de 10 t ha-1 de grano. En El Bajío el promedio de producción de grano en riego es de 8.2 t ha-1 (SIAP, 2007). Los rendimientos de forraje son similares al promedio nacional que reporta la Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA), pero a nivel experimental se han producido más de 22 t ha-1 (Peña et al., 2004; Núñez et al., 2006). La producción de materia seca de los híbridos que se ofrecen en el mercado varía de 15 a 23 t ha-1 y la digestibilidad de 63 a 79 %, la mayoría por abajo de 70 % (Núñez et al., 2006). La producción y pobre calidad del forraje del maíz disminuyen la eficiencia de la producción lechera, por lo que el uso de híbridos de maíz con mejores características forrajeras podría mejorar los niveles de producción de leche y aumentar las utilidades de los productores. No existen datos oficiales sobre uso de semillas mejoradas en la región, pero se estima que en más de 60 % del área se siembra semilla mejorada.
Adaptación de los dominios científicos, tecnológicos y humanísticos en la academia a causa del COVID-19
Authors: Arellano Espinoza Florcita Janeth , Bonilla María de los Ángeles , Cárdenas Benavides Jonathan Patricio , Pérez Castillo Danny Fernando
Published: January 2021

Los dominios universitarios son sistemas complejos de conocimientos tecnológicos, humanísticos y científicos que se integran en las instituciones de educación superior a sus saberes, cosmovisiones, a sus prácticas culturales y sociales. El objetivo del estudio es conocer los dominios científicos, tecnológicos y humanísticos de las instituciones de educación superior del Ecuador. La investigación cuenta con una metodología de enfoque cualitativo de tipo descriptivo. Una de las conclusiones es que estos aportan como ejes a la planificación estratégica institucional, y ayudan a los procesos sustantivos como es la docencia, investigación y vinculación de las instituciones hacia los diversos problemas que se pueden presentar. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha obligado a la mayoría de las instituciones educativas a la modalidad obligatoria de clases en línea. Para realizar el ajuste, las instituciones han optado por el uso de herramientas tecnológicas, donde el principal involucrado es el educador, por este motivo, los dominios se han involucrado de forma distinta.