bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tarpusavio santykių kokybė Lietuvos šeimose
Authors: Maslauskaitė Aušra
Published: January 2019

This article is dedicated to the exploration of marital quality in the Lithuanian families and based on the analysis of the sociological survey data (N=500). Marital quality is measured with the Marital Satisfaction (EMS) scale. The article examines the effect of marital quality on the emotional cohesion, conflict level, conflict management style, role sharing in the domestic work and attitudes toward the partnership formation patterns.

Married or cohabiting women in Lithuanian society are more dissatisfied with the marital quality than men are. Gender is the strongest factor, which predicts marital quality. Testing other variables, i.e. class, age, family structure or family background proved no significant connection with the marital quality. Marital quality positively affects the emotional cohesion of partners, reduces the conflict level and leads to the symmetrical role sharing in the couple. Higher levels of satisfaction with marital life are bound with the positive attitudes toward the institutional partnership formation patterns.
Kam sociologams hermeneutika?
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: 1. Sverdiolas, Arūnas. 2002. Būti ar klausti. Hermeneutinės filosofijos studijos – 1. Vilnius: Strofa. 2. Sverdiolas, Arūnas. 2003. Būti ar klausti. Hermeneutinės filosofijos studijos – 2. Vilnius: Strofa.
Delinkventų santykiai su policija ir artimiausia aplinka
Authors: Vileikienė Eglė
Published: January 2019

The article presents sociological research of the at-risk child’s and police officers. By this research the relationships between the at-risk child’s and those police officers directly working with them is analyzed. In addition the following are concerned in causes of delinquency and the relationship between delinquents and their parents, peer group and teachers. The collected data interpretation is based on the contemporary criminological theories.
Sociologijos metodas. Istorinio proceso analizė
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to explore the concept of sociological method by specifying the historical aspects of classical sociological thought. Sociological method is best seen as one of the chief heirs of the Enlightenment: it can be understood first of all as the historical realisation of the Enlightenment’s conception of a measurement and verification. Nevertheless, from its inception, sociology has been a confluence of many methodological streams. The concept of method is in fact highly ambiguous.

This article offers a critical examination of the methodological modifications throughout the history of sociological thought. A central thesis of this article is that the very idea of method cannot be separated from the idea of meta-method.
Asimiliacijos prielaidos ir mokyklos pasirinkimas: pirmokų tėvų grupių palyginimas
Authors: Leončikas Tadas
Published: January 2019

The article assesses social aspects of ethnicity through analysis of differences exhibited by those who choose different primary schools (there are sectors of educational system in Lithuania that differ in language of instruction – Lithuanian, Russian, or Polish) for their children. On the basis of 2005 survey data, the groups of parents are found to differ with regard to basic social characteristics. Assimilation prospects are seen as related to strategies of social mobility. It is concluded that school cannot be considered an independent factor in assimilation process. The choice of a school is the result of parents’ integration and of their assimilative attitudes rather than the other way round. Having assessed ethnic diversity of first-graders’ parents, the conclusion is made that the Russian language as such and schools with instruction in Russian tend to accommodate a larger share and spectrum of the non-Lithuanian population than the analogous Lithuanian institutes.
Socialinės gerovės koncepcijos ir pilietybės renta kaip viešosios politikos orientyrai
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas , Norkus Zenonas
Published: January 2019

The article provides a metatheoretical analysis of the ideas of social welfare and public policy goals recorded in the essential documents of the contemporary Lithuanian state. Two methods are applied: a hermeneutical-historical analysis of legal and political texts, and that of rational reconstruction, which is used to infer metatheoretical foundations of the value and normative statements expressed in these texts. The most important among them is the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania which is considered as social contract constituting Lithuanian political nation. Three layers of the citizenship rights – civil rights, political rights, and social rights – are identified in the body of Constitution. They are considered as historically contingent local reflections of the different epochs of the history of Western world, claiming universal significance for some of its outcomes. Two alternative – an individualistic and a holistic one – concepts of social welfare together with methodologies of its measurement are discussed as alternative resources to provide philosophical-sociological metatheory for the text of Constitution. This combination of the methods referred to above is applied also for the analysis of the strategical long-term planning documents elaborated by the Lithuanian political parties and Lithuanian government. This analysis is used to advance the proposal to use the concept of citizenship rent to describe the paramount goal of the Lithuanian national policy under conditions of eurointegration and globalization. The „citizenship rent“ is defined as surplus life chances conditional on the membership in the political nation and due to its comparative advantages that can be augmented by means of public policy.
Psichoneurologiniai pensionatai: socialinio darbo ar disciplinarinės visuomenės institutas?
Authors: Rimšaitė Eglė
Published: January 2019

One of the most established forms of care for people with mental disabilities and mental illnesses in the former Soviet Union and in Central and Eastern Europe was treatment in large institutions – psycho neurological care homes. From one side, these institutions are integral part of social care systems and they pursue goals of social work: integration, inclusion, clients’ needs satisfaction. From the other side, various scientists portray institutions of this type as totalitarian institutions (Tobis, 2000) or disciplinary society institutions (Foucault, 1998),

criticize them for violation of human rights and humiliation of human dignity.

From the outlook of two confronting perspectives, the following article discusses the main mission of these institutions: promoting integration to society by supplying social services or aggravating the social exclusion by limiting residents’ rights, possibilities and privacy.
Etnometodologija lietuviškai, arba Oh, Harold, mon amour!
Authors: Kraniauskas Liutauras
Published: January 2019

Review: Garfinkel, Harold. 2005. Etnometodologiniai tyrimai. Vilnius: VU Specialiosios psichologijos laboratorija.
Švietimo dialektika
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Horkheimer, Max; Adorno, Theodor W. 2006. Apšvietos dialektika. Filosofiniai fragmentai. Vilnius: Margi raštai.
Andropovo klausimu. Komunizmas kaip lyginamosios istorinėssociologinės analizės problema (I)
Authors: Norkus Zenonas
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the problem of the macrosociological classification of the communist societies, called „Andropov’s question“ alluding to the complaint of the Soviet leader (and the head of KGB for some 15 years) that he doesn’t know society under his rule. Pretheoretically, „communist societies“ can be identified as „societies shaped by the attempt to realize the Karl Marx utopian idea of society without classes and alienation“. „Andropov‘s question“ surfaces after one rejects the ideological self-descriptions of these societies as „socialist“. Author draws distinction between two strategies to face this question: the emic and the etic one. Emic perspective is represented by the critical Marxist analysis of the communist societies, classifying them as „degenerated worker’s state“, „deformed socialism“ or „state capitalist“ societies. Etic perspective is represented by non-Marxist theories of communism. The author proposes to classify them depending on the strategy of comparison used for concept formation and explanation. In the theories of communism as totalitarianism, communism is described as a pathology of modernity. This kind of analysis emphasizes the uniqueness of communism, with Nazist Germany as sole comparable case. The theories of communism as one of the many ways leading to modernity highlight its features shared with „normal“ modern societies and consider communism as an incomplete modernity. Theories of communist neotraditionalism (to be discussed in the sequel to this paper) use the social reality of traditional societies or those from the „third world“ where modernization has failed as communism’s mirror.
Analitinės Ralfo Dahrendorfo kategorijos
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to identify and critically assess the key concepts, ideas and the epistemological principles of Ralf Dahrendorf as a theorist of social conflict. Dahrendorf tries to combine the insights of Marxian sociology with the new 20th century realities and develops the beginnings of a systematic theory of conflict which emphasizes the existence of a plurality of “imperatively coordinated associations” and therefore of conflicting classes engendered by them. The article goes on to show how the conceptual framework of Dahrendorf can be more fruitfully pursued by emphasizing that Marx’s notion of social class is not so outmoded, and specifying the conceptual connections between the various class definitions and criteria.
Magistrų integracija į darbo rinką: magistrantūros studijų absolventų sociologinės apklausos analizė
Authors: Beresnevičiūtė Vida , Poviliūnas Arūnas
Published: January 2019

The article is based on the data of the representative sociological survey of the master‘s studies graduates of 2001–2005. The survey was conducted by “RAIT“ company on the order by the Public Policy and Management Institute. The analysis of the sociological survey data of master‘s studies graduates was based on the following major aspects: structural which embraced the analysis of the graduates’ position in the labour market; functional which examined the readiness of the graduates for the labour market, and evaluative which is related to the evaluation of the graduates’ professional integration.

The functional analysis of the graduates’ integration into the labour market revealed that only a part of the surveyed graduates consider their studies as facilitating in their preparation for the employment. Two-thirds agree that the master’s studies helped them prepare for their professional activity and guarantee a more successful professional career. A larger part of the graduates thinks that their wages do not comply with their acquired education.

The graduates are sure that their education and the professional competence are better valued by the society than the size of their income, material wellbeing and connections. Noting that high self-evaluation is prerogative for successful social integration, it is possible to maintain that the professional studies provided with the basis for more successful social integration.
Instituciniai domenai, įtampos laukai ir institucinės inovacijos. Sociologiniai aspektai
Authors: Rinkevičius Leonardas
Published: January 2019

This article explores the structural roots of institutional fields of tensions. It singles out four societal domains – bureaucratic, economic, academic, and civic – and elaborates on different doctrines, steering mechanisms and ethos prevailing in such domains. It draws on Max Weber’s concepts of “ideal types’ of politically and economically-oriented action as a theoretical predecessor of the concept of domains and institutional tensions. It also draws on Giddens’ interpretation of social structuring processes, and develops a notion of institutional learning by proposing a concept of inter-institutional learning. The recent case of developing a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania is deployed in this article inter alia as an illustration of the tensions arising between different institutional domains, as an illustration of dominance of certain principles, steering

mechanisms and ethos pertaining to particular institutional domains, e.g. bureaucratic and economic, whereas other domains such as civic are neglected or marginalized. It is also conceived as an example illuminating the opening of possible ways in the search for institutional innovations.
Ieškant sociologijos metodo. Georgas Simmelis ir didmiesčio tikrovės ribos
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Georg Simmel. 2007. Sociologija ir kultūros filosofija. Vilnius: Margi raštai.
Gamtosaugos nusikaltimų politika: Maskvos valdžios praktika
Authors: Dubovik Olga L.
Published: January 2019

Criminal laws in most countries in most periods envisaged liability for crimes contemporary considered as environmental (poaching, water pollution, etc.). However, before the eighties of the last century, such crimes have never been legislatively consolidated and were gener­ally incorporated in different sections of formal acts, until international community and legislative authorities, as well as scientist have launched certain measures to improve that situation – a com­mon European approach to environmental crime combating activities and implementation of this approach through legislative acts. So the article examines the evolution of criminal environmental legislation system, referring to scientific research and international initiatives undertaken in this concern. It also discusses criminal environmental policy concept and structure, presenting its main components. At the same time the author emphasizes that the formation of criminal environmental policy in general is still in progress and discusses factors which prevent this policy from being stable, formalized and integrated. The author also stresses that reforms in the legislation and establishment of new authorizes bodies undertaken by international community and by certain countries individually did not achieve the main goals, since the number of committed crimes is still increasing and the consequences of such crimes are becoming more severe. These and other circumstances require special research of environmental crime in order to discover new trends of this type of crime and to find new measures to combat it. So the article continues to discuss this problem referring to data presenting current situation with environmental crime in Russia.
Pernelyg daug atidėtų vykdyti bausmių? Lenkijos ar Centrinės ir Rytų Europos problema?
Authors: Krajewski Krzysztof
Published: January 2019

This paper starts with an analysis of certain problems and issues regarding penal law and penal policies in Poland. However, it appears that these problems are not limited to Poland only. An analysis of comparative statistical data shows that they have a broader /European or, more precisely, a Central and Eastern European dimension. That is, they seem to be of a more general character and of significance in the context of a broader European discussion. Moreover, they may constitute a crucial component of the discussion on the approximation and unification of criminal law and penal policies in the European Union. Today, there are still substantial differences in this area not only between all the member states but particularly between the “old” and “new” members. Hence, there is a great need for considerable efforts to change and improve the existing situation.
Sociologijos sąvokų daugiareikšmiškumas
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

The article offers a critical examination of the idea of standardization of concepts throughout the newest history of sociological thought. Because of their prior commitments to either universalism or relativism, sociologists have been blind to the possibilities of relationism. It is argued that sociologists must acknowledge the relational nature of definitions and learn to live with this understanding. Although the concepts are not so divergent as is commonly assumed, the significance of the idea of standardization is limited. Certain isolated abstract concepts cannot be evaluated on one-dimensional basis. It is argued that it is necessary to negotiate concepts at a higher level of metatheoretical abstraction. In the construction of the relational scheme, four main paradigmatic views are discernable: macro, micro, conflictual, integrationist.
Atotolio šeima: nauja užduotis šeimos sociologijai
Authors: Juozeliūnienė Irena , Kanapienė Laura , Kazlauskaitė Airina
Published: January 2019

The article deals with new family structures as consequences of temporal migration of one or both parents abroad, while their children live in Lithuania alone, looked after by relatives, state institutions. The extent of this trend poses a challenge to family institution. The questions are raised whether these transnational family structures become an alternative to a nuclear family as was the case with cohabitation, commuting families, and LATs? What cognitive and emotional charge is contained within the public discourse of these families and how these new structures can be conceptualized in the academic field? The authors of the article seek to discuss the results of three sociological research studies, carried out from 2004 to 2006. Triangulation of methods and theoretical reflection of this new family form is presented. The data disclose the way families with parents abroad are portrayed in Lithuanian press and internet portal. Stigmatization and stigma management strategies experienced by children are reported. Theoretical reflection of new family form in terms of family stress and social exchange theories are discussed as well as explication of risk dimension and social networking are suggested.
Sovietinės modernybės virsmas: nuo Černobylio bei Ignalinos iki Žaliųjų judėjimo ir Sąjūdžio
Authors: Baločkaitė Rasa , Rinkevičius Leonardas
Published: January 2019

The modern governments are conceived as to draw their legitimacy based on universal rational knowledge and the concept of controllable and calculable risks as a tool for ensuring progress and welfare of society. The multiple risks and uncertainties of modernisation that the governments were incapable to deal with caused a deficit of legitimacy and institutional ambiguity (or the institutional void as Hajer suggested calling it). Consequently, new actors and new political arenas or spaces have emerged and are expected to lead to institutional innovation. The Soviet system represents the version of the modern state which based its legitimacy on the principle of rationalism applicable towards external nature and was challenged by multiple risks and side effects of its industrial development that led to the deficit or even absence of legitimacy. The crisis of legitimacy of the Soviet state and institutional void, this paper argues, was a key premise for the former Soviet republics such as Lithuania to restore its’ statehood and indepe­ndence in search of new democratic participatory modes of governance. The theoretical perspective based on governance transformations induced by the crisis of legitimacy, uncertainties of modernisation and institutional void in the former Soviet system of governance is illuminated by two empirical cases rooted in the nuclear energy sector, namely the accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine in 1986, and public controversy around the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania.
Ateities kolonizavimas
Authors: Murphy John W.
Published: January 2019

Central to this paper is the idea that the world, including the future, is in the process of being colonized. In general, what this means is that persons do not have control of their experiences. In terms supplied by Marx, they are alienated and lost in a threatening world.

To be post-colonial means that persons have gained the insight necessary to retrieve history. Rather

than enslaved by history, and thus determined a priori by social conditions, they are able to create themselves and new institutional arrangements. They are not restricted by history, and thus unable to invent the future, but can begin to rethink radically about the nature of collective identity and social integration. Only in this manner can the remnants of colonization be abandoned.

In order to counteract colonization, what is needed is more utopian thought. Contrary to what many

critics may believe, utopianism is neither irrational nor indicative of fantasy. Central to utopian thinking, instead, is a refusal to be entrapped in the traditional portrayal of social reality.
Etnonacionalizmo politika: konceptuali postkolonijinė ir postsocialistinė schema
Authors: Allahar Anton L.
Published: January 2019

The present paper aims to propose a schema for analysing the contemporary politics of national and ethnic identity in post-colonial and post-socialist states. To this end it will seek: (a) to provide a comprehensive operational definition of nationalism, (b) to qualify that definition by the addition of the adjective ‘ethnic,’ (c) to assess the extent to which the concept ‘ethnic nationalism’ can help us to understand some of the politics of ethnicity and national identity in a post-independence setting, and (d) to problematize the notion of ‘false consciousness’ in ethno-national political appeals. My argument will be situated within the broad theoretical framework of a non-reductionist, neo-Marxist class analysis, for it is my conviction that ethno-national consciousness and politics are better understood if we are able to trace the concrete class interests and motives of their promoters. In other words, whether as sentiment or as movement, nationa­lism cannot be divorced from the class interests of its leading promoters. But one must be cautious when absolutizing the class claim, for in the specific case of ethnic nationalism, for example, Robin Williams has noted that “to dismiss ethnicity as false consciousness ignores the clear evidence that ethnies often sacrifice economic interests in favour of symbolic gains” (1994:64-65), and even beyond this, as Ronaldo Munck reminds us, “nationalism matters because people die for it” (1986:2).
Europinio tapatumo sunkumai: diskursas, kultūra, politika ir post-nacionalizmas
Authors: Švarplys Andrius
Published: January 2019

The paper expresses constructivist approach to the issue, asking the question: what there are essiantialdiscourses on European identity problem? The cultural, national, philosophical and political discourses shape European identity.

The analysis of each of them shows that the efforts to universalise common European culture in the cultural-political discourse result in European Union as transnational state with actually the same

features as of a national state only on the higher supra-national level. The final result is either unfavou­rable Euronationalism and Eurocentrism, or everlasting confrontation between national and euro identity. The alternative way is to cunstruct postnational identity, which means that European identity definition should contain any cultural references (because all cultural meanings still remain national). Postnational European identity receives constitutional face, because people recognize constitutional values as universal while still owning national identities.
Pratarmė
Authors: Balčytienė Auksė , Juraitė Kristina , Reingardė Jolanta
Published: January 2019

Preface to a special issue of “Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas” that contains a number of original papers presented at the international conference “European Public Spheres, Civil Society and Civic Mass Media“, organized by Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas in April 2007.
Šalies įženklinimas: pokyčiai šalies įvaizdžio politikoje
Authors: Dagytė Ina , Zykas Aurelijus
Published: January 2019

In spite of the fact that the rational country image communication is severely criticised by some scholars, it is gaining a big importance worldwide. It is applied for strengthening identities and developing economy, politics, and culture of the countries. In this paper, the phenomena of country branding, emerged at the end of the 20th century in Europe, is discussed in the new perspective, comparing it to other approaches of the country image communication, i.e. the traditions of the USSR and of the USA, trying to find its distinctive features.
Politinės komunikacijos kultūra su europietišku potepiu: Briuselio atvejis
Authors: Balčytienė Auksė , Vinciūnienė Aušra
Published: January 2019

This article looks into research findings of the “Adequate Information Management (AIM)” project in the new light. A principal issue investigated here concerns the political communication culture, or to put it more precisely, the interface between the Brussels correspondents and their political news sources. While focusing on differences that can be detected in the processes of the EU news gathering in Brussels, the article highlights commonalities in reporting as appearing across national communication cultures. Indeed, the communications’ context in Brussels is an interesting research case: for journalists, it creates unique conditions for different journalisms and political communication cultures to meet; for scholars, it requires to address new questions in European communication research.
Europos viešosios erdvės idealai ir Europos Sąjungos žurnalistika
Authors: Mörä Tuomo
Published: January 2019

Transnationalization of European politics and governance clearly causes challenges to the relations between political action, citizens and journalism. This article approaches these challenges by comparing the normative ideals of a public sphere to the conventions of contemporary journalism of the European Union. It seems that the ideals of public sphere, features of the EU’s executive character and media logics do not fit well with each other.
Žiniasklaidos utopija: visuomenės kuriamos žiniasklaidos link
Authors: Pajnik Mojca
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with contemporary mass media dependence on politics and capital and attempts to discern what, if anything, is still public about mass media in general, and public broadcasting in particular. A consideration of the public as a phenomenon of individual aspirations is central to this discussion, seeing as it will help shed light on public broadcasting’s (in)ability to encompass the public’s activity, particularly when addressing the public in its transnational appearances. The paper makes use of public broadcasting in Slovenia as a model through which it examines public broadcasting as a framework for the economic and political interests of the nation-state. The paper proceeds to thematize lack of potential of public broadcasting to address the dispersed public that is emerging transnationally, outside of fixed ideas of identity and national affiliations. The argument is presented as for why contemporary discussions of the potentials of the public in its relation to the media should consider the practices of the public not only in the sphere of mass media, but also beyond and, to a certain extent, in contrast to mass media – through examples of attempts to reactivate the public in the potentials of “public-generated media”.
Sėkmingos Europos komunikacijos link: studijų atradimai ir žiniasklaidos polikos rekomendacijos
Authors: Balčytienė Auksė , Juraitė Kristina , Reingardė Jolanta
Published: January 2019

In the context of media developments world-wide including convergence of media system, journalism homogenization, diversification of political communication, it is important to understand how these processes will affect (trans)formation of the European public sphere. There has been no European news agenda across media in Europe so far, except for rare cases when European Union becomes an issue of top importance across Europe. Most often these are sensational events, crises or official meetings of the EU representatives. On the other hand, journalists are confronted with their audience, which is poorly informed and has inadequate knowledge about the EU. The aim of the article is to reassess the major challenges of European social imaginary by addressing key measures to be taken to communicate Europe effectively.
Šiuolaikinė sociologijos teorija (II)
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to identify and critically assess the key concepts, ideas, and the epistemological principles of the contemporary sociological theory. In light of the “peripheral” concerns, the aim of the paper is to identify and critically assess the meta-methodological principles of the contemporary sociological theory. The article focuses on the relations between sociology, society, modernization, and globalization, including the “borderline” Lithuanian case. In the later analysis, the paper focuses on the differences of social theory and sociological theory, the sociological forms and the criteria of their differentiation. The article attempts to provide an understanding of the conceptual connections between social theory and political philosophy. Although the concept of “theory” has deep roots in the professional discourses of East European intellectuals, sociological theory finds itself in a position where it cannot significantly affect the sociopolitical intellectual agenda. Moreover, the theoretical sociology more and more is identified with the role of the ‘under laborer’. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the deterministic scheme of the old (Soviet) historicism corresponds to the optimistic perspective of the new (Western) historicism. The article points out to an urgent need to re-think the perspectives of sociological theory for contemporary times. The article concludes with discussion of criteria in the assessment of status and value of theoretical sociology.
Multikultūralizmas ir pripažinimo politika: Jacques Derrida ir James Tully
Authors: Bielskis Andrius
Published: January 2019

This essay critically engages Jacques Derrida’s and James Tully’s theoretical conceptualizations of multiculturalism and the politics of recognition. It analyzes the possibilities of using deconstruction when reflecting the nature of law and violence as well as how an aporia, revealed by deconstruction, provides us with an alternate understanding of the politics of recognition. James Tully’s Wittgensteinian critique of modern constitutionalism is analysed in the context of (and compared to) Derrida’s deconstruction of law, showing that both social theorists understand multiculturalism and the politics of recognition as an ongoing and open-ended process.
Viešoji sociologija Lietuvoje: pro et contra
Authors: Poviliūnas Arūnas
Published: January 2019

Twenty years of the development of sociology after the reestablishment of independence in Lithuania was intensive: the growth of academic field was followed by formation and proliferation of professional identities and the expansion of the professional activities of sociologists. The article on the basis of (1) critical evaluation of the project of public sociology, (2) P. Bourdieu field theory and (3) the experience of the project of the education of the social entrepreneurs aims to discuss the changes of the limits of sociological field and transformations of sociological habitus. The article also discusses the research project of the field of the professional activities of sociologists.
Darbininkai vyrai ir socialinis kentėjimasšiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje
Authors: Tereškinas Artūras , Dryžaitė Ieva
Published: January 2019

This article focuses on Lithuanian working-class men’s social suffering. Analyzing 19 semi-structured interviews with working class men, it attempts to describe their everyday miseries and to expose social factors contributing to their oppression and domination. The interviews reveal that these men accept their inferior status in the social world. Older working-class men feel unappreciated by employers and co-workers. They are insufficiently integrated into and excluded from the labor market. Younger men are trapped in the unstable, low-salary and, in many cases, illegal jobs. They feel depoliticized, dominated and subordinated by the new forms of symbolic violence produced by the current social, economical and political system. These men’s social suffering and exclusion are also related to their sense of powerlessness. Not only is the sense of powerlessness but also the inability to resist it inherently shameful for the interviewed men. Thus, the working-class men’s “small miseries” can be explained not only by political instability, social disruption, physical and economic hardship but also by their subjective sense of powerlessness and despair. Stigma, indirect discrimination, isolation, depression, and anxiety – all contribute to ordinary suffering of these men.
Socialinių paslaugų sistemos raida gerovės pliuralizmo požiūriu
Authors: Dunajevas Eugenijus
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.
Kultūra ir savimonė: ar gerai mus pažįstate?
Authors: Akande Will A.
Published: January 2019

In a series of studies we investigated the validity of PASCI and explored the congruence in five geographical entities. The present study has been conducted with the aim to know the self-esteem of participants who were students. Due to inconsistent and indeterminate findings, business researchers and cross-cultural scholars have failed to take into account possible interaction between culture/gender and social behaviour (self ). Through analyses of variance, we provide evidence, that nationality yielded highly significant levels of self-esteem. This result was interpreted as adding credence to the view that studying the self is important across cultures. The findings are mirrored in the individualism-collectivism dimensions and reasons for these findings are discussed. In addition, suggestions for future research may lead to Lithuanian data that might be valued as an important mediating factor that can influence other important psychological and behavioural outcomes such as job satisfaction and employee retention in organizations.
Chaosas ir nenuspėjamumas socialinėje teorijoje: svarstymai ir perspektyvos
Authors: Tsekeris Charalambos
Published: January 2019

This paper attempts to offer a comprehensive and critical overview of the crucial role played by chaos and unpredictability within contemporary social thought. It briefly highlights the relevant theoretical and methodological contributions and developments, as well as the largely useful perspectives emerging from the systematic study of chaos. It is argued that chaos and unpredictability should be responsibly acknowledged, embraced and celebrated as both essential features of human societies and unlimited sources of critical possibilities. Eventually, it is very clear that a kind of guided self-organisation (in social or economic organisations and in human societies) is much better than classical Promethean manipulation and control.
Profesinės veiklos tyrimo transformacija
Authors: Poviliūnas Arūnas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to analyze how the accomplishment of the research of the professional activities has changed its initial conception and methodology. The initial conception of the research of professional activities was elaborated in the framework of the Lithuanian National System of Qualifications. The article maintains that Lithuanian National System of Qualifications is based inter alia on the premises of structuralism. After the revision of structural approach the article elaborates the alternative conceptualization of the research of professional activities that is based on sociology of P. Bourdieu including the key concepts of field, habitus and capital.
Pilietinių veiklų rizikos ir motyvacija dalyvauti pilietinėse veiklose šiandieninėje Lietuvos visuomenėje
Authors: Žiliukaitė Rūta
Published: January 2019

The data of longitudinal research project “Civic Empowerment Index of Lithuanian society” show that more than a half of Lithuania’s population thinks that it is likely for an individual who initiates and takes an active part in civic activity to suffer damage due to his/her civic engagement. Analysis presented in this article reveals that people, who do not participate in civic activities, and those, who take and active part in it, do not differ in regard of their attitudes towards likelihood to encounter various threads by being engaged in civic activity. Data also show that people who are more active members of civil society more often indicate that they personally experienced such damage than those, who participate in civic activities rarely. Taking into account these results, the article aims to answer two questions. First, why do people, who have an experience of suffering damages due to their civic engagement or who think that it is likely to

suffer such damages in contemporary Lithuanian society, continue to take an active part in these activities? Second, how damages, perceived by majority of the population, may restrict the involvement of people into collective action?
Subjektyvios pagyvenusių žmonių gyvenimo kokybės socialiniai ekonominiai veiksniai
Authors: Vaznonienė Gintarė
Published: January 2019

This article is intended to review the evolution of quality of life conceptualization in academic literature as well as to analyze the results of subjective quality of life of old people in Lithuania. The scientific analysis of subjective quality of life (well-being) refers to people’s global judgments about their whole quality of life and life satisfaction also giving special attention to the reactions on different social economical factors influencing their quality of life. The subjective quality of life questionnaire was adopted according to internationally accepted subjective quality of life methodologies. The research was based on self-report questionnaires in Lithuanian old people sample (N=602). Research results reveal significant importance of social economic

factors evaluating whole quality of life and its domains of old respondents.
Sociologijos skruzdėlynai ir jų etnomirmekologija
Authors: Kraniauskas Liutauras
Published: January 2019

Review: Burawoy, Michael, Mau-kuei Chang, and Mchelle Fei-yu Hsieh (eds.). 2009. Facing an Unequal World: Challenges for a Global Sociology. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Etnometodologijos programa
Authors: Garfinkelis Haroldas
Published: January 2019

Translation: translated from English by Gracija Pleikienė. This text by Harold Garfinkel – Ethnomethodology’s Program – was published in Social Psychology Quarterly (1996, Vol. 59 No. 1, 5–21). American Sociological Association (ASA) gave permission to republish the text in VU and KU scientific journal Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas (Permission No. 005833, July 5, 2011).
Carlas Schmittas ir politinės teologijos problema
Authors: Kazlauskas Raimondas
Published: January 2019

When Western liberalism won the battle over fascism and communism, it declared ‘the end of history’. The fall of the Berlin Wall and WTC towers has shaken this illusion to the ground. Carl Schmitt treated WWII as the beginning of the fall of Westphalian system. For this reason Schmitt proclaimed political theology as the means for Western identity’s renewal. This notion coined by the Stoic Panaetius referred to the essential dependence of political and cultural phenomena on religion. Schmitt’s version of political theology showed a way out of crisis and was at the same time incompatible with liberal dogmas of tolerance, political correctness and multiculturalism.
Pozityvusis neabejojimo principas
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Nekrašas, Evaldas. 2010. Pozityvus protas. VU: VU leidykla.
Haroldas Garfinkelis ir socialinio veiksmo postfenomenologija (I)
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

This article is written in honour of Harold Garfinkel (October 29, 1923–April 21, 2011), a thinker who has been greatly influential, directly and indirectly, in shaping many fields of academic study. The aim is to explicate the question ‘What is Ethnomethodology?’ by making explicit the early (1967) and late (2002) versions of Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology. This is done in two parts: the first looks at Garfinkel’s attempts to articulate and operationalise different sociological conceptions of social action; the second turns to Harold Garfinkel and Anne Rawls’s re-specification of Durkheim. The article argues that this ‘radical new beginning’ represents an opportunity for sociologists to focus on the unexamined relations between the various postphenomenological conceptions of social action, the critical tradition of social theory, and the ‘visible, however unnoticed’ core of ethnomethodological ‘theory’.
Homo irretitus: politicus, faber, ludens
Authors: Šaulauskas Marius Povilas
Published: January 2019

Homo Irretitus, a full-fledged netizen of information society posited as the netting and altogether netted human being, has already turned into the basic embodiment of contemporary homo politicus, homo faber and homo ludens. First, the digital divide ceased to be a universal, both endogenous and exogenous, form of social exclusion. The pace of telematically impelled social change has been accelerating for decades, so that the endogenous digital divide rapidly melted into the manifold patterns of continuous social differentiation, thus making digitally incited polarization more and more distinctively manifest only on the exogenous, international scale. Second, due to the globalising power of telematics, businesses and workplace realities are directly dependent on the pace of technological innovations and obtainable competential resources. The habitual habitat of homo faber has been forcefully translated into the digital format. Third, the telematic fabric of everyday activities and popular culture fused into one indistinguishable whole. Homo irretitus ludens became at once indisputable ruler and humble dependent of the global digital universe. Does this threefold transmutation herald a new beginning and abrupt end, or rather amount to a continuous alteration of basic perennials which have been part of life as we know it for centuries?
Šeimos žemėlapio metodas
Authors: Juozeliūnienė Irena , Kanapienė Laura
Published: January 2019

The article presents the author’s analytical method for qualitative family mapping which was created by bringing together elements of psychology and sociology. Although created inductively, this method has two sources: Kvebaek’s sculpture technique and Jorgenson’s research into young families with children. The family mapping method is based on an open concept of the family, the ‘definition of situation’ and is associated with the interpretive tradition in sociology and symbolic interactionism. The gathering of the data includes three steps: listing, mapping and in-depth interviewing. Four characteristics of the method can be distinguished: visualisation of individual conceptualisations, the gathering of verbal and non-verbal information, triangulation within the method and the active (creative) participation of an individual. Examples from empirical data show that the method is contemporary and offers innovative tools for social research. However, the method’s advantages have implications both for the researcher and for research ethics.
Haroldas Garfinkelis ir socialinio veiksmo postfenomenologija (II)
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

This article is written in honour of Harold Garfinkel (October 29, 1923–April 21, 2011), a thinker who has been greatly influential, directly and indirectly, in shaping many fields of academic study. The aim is to explicate the question ‘What is Ethnomethodology?’ by making explicit the early (1967) and late (2002) versions of Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology. This is done in two parts: the first looks at Garfinkel’s attempts to articulate and operationalise different sociological conceptions of social action; the second turns to Harold Garfinkel and Anne Rawls’s re-specification of Durkheim. The article argues that this ‘radical new beginning’ represents an opportunity for sociologists to focus on the unexamined relations between the various postphenomenological conceptions of social action, the critical tradition of social theory, and the ‘visible, however unnoticed’ core of ethnomethodological ‘theory’.
Kaip sociologija gali padėti geriau pažinti Baltijos kelią
Authors: Lauristin Marju , Norkus Zenonas , Vihalemm Peeter
Published: January 2019

The goal of this article is to identify the lacunae in recent research about post-Communist transformations in the Baltic states, a task for which sociology as a social-scientific discipline is uniquely qualified. The paper starts by periodising the two decades of post-Communist transformation which applies across all three Baltic states, providing evidence for a common Baltic way, with Estonia in a pioneering role. This is corroborated by quantitative evidence comparing post-Communist countries in terms of performance. According to received transitological wisdom, economic or political processes (shock therapy or anti-Communist revolution) were decisive factors in the early success of post-Communist transformation. In contrast, this article argues that economic and political explanations are insufficient in accounting for the running order between Baltic states, and calls instead for sociological explanations focusing on cultural differences described in terms of four orientations of the social imaginary and of social action – continuational, restitutive, emulative and innovative.
Sąjūdžio tapatybės beieškant: sovietinėsreflektyviosios modernybės bruožai Lietuvoje
Authors: Dementavičius Justinas
Published: January 2019

This article aims to present the case for a distinctive Sąjūdis identity (Sąjūdis is the Reform Movement of Lithuania) as the basis for consolidating a social movement capable of integrating otherwise diverse networks and social groups in Lithuania during the Perestroika era. Following M. Castells, it explores the self-definition, adversaries and societal goals of the movement as presented by Sąjūdis officials in the first months of its activity, when Sąjūdis actually became ‘the movement of all Lithuania’. The article’s basic claim is that the popularity of Sąjūdis can be explained by its self-representation as a neo-Soviet and multi-issue social movement. In the first case, Sąjūdis was developing a critique of the ‘stagnating Soviet regime’ by using arguments already approved by reformist wing of the Communist party, and thus representing a specific Soviet reflexive modernity. At the same time, as a multi-issue social movement, Sąjūdis took in diverse problems (mainly ecological, social, economical, educational and last and least political), and did not focus on questions of national or state independence as is usually claimed.