bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical and structural properties of m ‐plane GaN substrates grown by ammonothermal method and GaN epilayers grown on these substrates
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Rudziński M. , Kucharski R. , Zając M. , Doradziński R. , Sierzputowski L. P. , Garczyński J. , Serafińczuk J. , Strupiński W. , Misiewicz J. , Dwiliński R.
Published: June 2010

m ‐plane oriented GaN substrates of size 6 x 8 mm have been obtained by ammonothermal method and used to growing GaN epilayers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The structural and optical properties have been determined for both m ‐plane GaN substrates and GaN epilayers deposited on these substrates. Excellent structural quality of m ‐plane GaN substrates has been confirmed by very narrow XRD peaks (the full‐width‐half‐maximum for the symmetrical (10.0) and asymmetrical (20.1) peaks are 16 and 19 arcsec, respectively) and the low concentration of threading dislocation density (∼ 104 cm‐2). In addition, these substrates exhibit quite good optical quality: the energy gap‐related transition is clearly observed at room temperature in photoluminescence and contactless electroreflectance spectra. The optical quality becomes excellent for GaN epilayers deposited on these substrates. In low temperature reflectance spectra very narrow intrinsic exciton lines which are very sensitive to the optical selection rules typical for the hexagonal symmetry were observed. In low temperature photoluminescence spectra a strong bound exciton line, relatively strong FXA and FXB lines and no emission band around 3.42 eV, which could be associated with the stacking faults, were observed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
(Ga,In)P emitter composition effect on the performance of (Ga,In)P/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs grown by MOCVD
Authors: Zeng Yuping , Lövblom Rickard , Ostinelli Olivier , Bolognesi C. R.
Published: June 2010

(Ga,In)P/GaAsSb DHBTs with different emitter sizes were fabricated with the standard triple‐mesa process on wafers with GaInP [Ga] emitter contents of 0, 0.15, 0.24 in the emitter. The effect of the gallium content on the DC and RF characteristics of the DHBTs was studied. It was found that gain increases as the Ga mole fraction increases. This is due to a reduced surface recombination current and intrinsic recombination current with increasing [Ga]. 0.45 × 9.5 μm2 devices with a Ga content of 0.24 show the highest cut‐off frequency of 387 GHz. This is attributed to the reducing barrier at the E/B interface, which eases the injection of electrons from the emitter into the GaAsSb base. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical anisotropy of two‐photon absorption in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells measured by photoluminescence
Authors: Morita Ken , Niki Nobuyoshi , Kada Tkahiro , Isu Tosiro
Published: June 2010

Photoluminescence (PL) as a consequence of a two‐photon absorption excitation was measured in a GaAs/AlGaAs (001) multiple quantum well (MQW) at room temperature and an optical anisotropy of the two‐photon absorption was investigated by PL intensity depending on the polarization direction of the normal‐incidence excitation light. The anisotropic behavior with a four‐fold rotation symmetry was observed in the polarization dependence. Strength of the two‐photon absorption reaches its maximum when the excitation light is polarized to the [110] and [1$ \bar 1 $0] directions. It was found that the anisotropic behavior becomes more significant as the excitation energy approaches near the two‐photon absorption edge. The anisotropy parameter |σ| determined by the theoretical fitting curve reaches ∼ 2 at the two‐photon absorption edge, which was about 4 times larger than that of the bulk GaAs (|σ| ∼ 0.5). (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Monolithic electro‐optically modulated vertical cavity surface emitting laser with 10 Gb/s open‐eye operation
Authors: Germann T. D. , Strittmatter A. , Mutig A. , Nadtochiy A. M. , Lott J. A. , Blokhin S. A. , Karachinsky L. Ya. , Shchukin V. A. , Ledentsov N. N. , Pohl U. W. , Bimberg D.
Published: June 2010

A vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser with a monolithically integrated electro‐optical modulator (EOM VCSEL) is fabricated using metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. 3 dB extinction ratio of the modulator at a very low power consumption and open‐eye operation of the EOM VCSEL at 10 Gb/s is demonstrated. The modulation of the 845 nm output is temperature‐stable up to 85 °C. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN field effect transistors
Authors: Chen Z. , Pei Y. , Chu R. , Newman S. , Brown D. , Chung R. , Keller S. , DenBaars S. P. , Nakamura S. , Mishra U. K.
Published: June 2010

Field effect transistors (FETs) on both GaN and AlGaN buffers were grown and compared. Development of high quality AlGaN is the key to obtain high performance AlGaN buffer FETs. An optimized Al0.04Ga0.96N layer on SiC substrate had (002) and (201) X‐ray rocking curves with full wide at half maximum (FWHM) of 140 and 450 arc sec, respectively, indicates the comparable crystal quality of AlGaN to that of a typical GaN layer. X‐ray reciprocal space mapping and ω –2θ scans showed that the AlGaN barriers grown on GaN and Al0.04Ga0.96N buffers had different Al compositions and thickness, which was attributed to the compositional pulling effect. At room temperature, the AlGaN buffer FET had a sheet carrier concentration and electron mobility of 8.3×1012 cm‐2 and 1750 cm2/Vs, respectively. AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN FETs demonstrated a status‐of‐the‐art power added efficiency (PAE) of 53.5%, and a status‐of‐the‐art power gain of 13.4 dB at a drain bias of 20 V at 30 GHz. This device also exhibited lower output conductance and better pinch‐off due to the improved electron confinement resulting from the increase in the effective buffer energy height. The device results imply that AlGaN buffer FETs are promising devices for highly scaled transistors in RF applications in the Ka‐ band and beyond. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared single photon avalanche detectors
Authors: Campbell Joe C. , Hu Chong
Published: June 2010

There are a number of mature and emerging applications that require the ultimate in sensitivity, i.e., single photon detection. A promising candidate is the single photon avalanche diode (SPAD). Its performance is measured in terms single photon detection efficiency, dark count probability (dark count rate), operating temperature, spectral response, jitter, and afterpulsing. Quenching circuits for SPADs have also become active areas of research. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization field crossover in semi‐polar InGaN/GaN single quantum wells
Authors: Shen H. , Garrett G. A. , Wraback M. , Zhong H. , Tyagi A. , DenBaars S. P. , Nakamura S. , Speck J. S.
Published: June 2010

We present an electroreflectance study of the polarization field in semi‐polar (10$ \bar 1\bar 1 $) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) oriented InGaN quantum wells (QW). For the ($ \bar 1\bar 1 $) sample, the flat‐QW condition (the electric field in the QW is zero) is at a reverse bias voltage. For the (11$ \bar 2 $2) sample, the flat‐QW condition is at a forward bias voltage larger than the turn on voltage of the diode. However, the flat‐barrier condition (the electric field in the barrier region is zero) is at a forward bias voltage less than the turn on voltage of the diode. The flat‐QW condition and the flat‐barrier condition are determined by examining the zero‐crossing and the Franz‐Keldysh oscillations in the electroreflectance signal for (10$ \bar 1\bar 1 $) and (11$ \bar 2 $2) InGaN QWs, respectively. From the corresponding bias voltages, we deduce the polarization field in the QWs and conclude that in the semi‐polar InGaN/GaN QW there is a crossover angle between the polar and non‐polar orientations where the polarization field vanishes. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of UV optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in traditional organic and novel bio‐molecular solvents
Authors: Qin Liqiao , Shing Christopher , Sawyer Shayla
Published: June 2010

Two types of ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed in a bio‐molecular solvent and in ethanol. The mixtures were characterized by photoluminescence and absorbance measurements. Strong UV emission was observed near the band gap of ZnO at 380 nm. The parasitic green emission which normally appears in ZnO suspensions was weakened when ZnO was dispersed in the bio‐molecular solvent. Suspensions were spin‐cast on quartz, and then Al contacts were deposited by a standard lift‐off process via e‐beam lithography. Point contact current‐voltage characteristics of the samples were measured under equal intensity conditions using 340 nm UV LED and white LED sources. The ratio of the UV photo‐generated current to dark current was as high as 105. Finally, the photocurrent response spectrum was measured. The results show that ZnO nanoparticle is favourable for visible blind UV photodetectors. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Dunlap‐Hinkler Denise , Kotabe Masaaki , Mudambi Ram
Published: June 2010

Breakthrough innovations are difficult to create, yet they are critical to long‐term competitive advantage. This highlights the considerable opportunities and risks that face corporate entrepreneurs. We study the complex explorative and exploitative entrepreneurial processes of multinational firms operating in the global pharmaceutical industry. We analyze over 1,500 new drug approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We find that a successful track record in breakthrough innovation significantly increases the likelihood of a current breakthrough, while achievements in nongeneric incremental innovation do not have a significant effect. A strong foundation in generic incremental innovation hinders breakthrough performance. Thus, incremental innovation processes appear to be heterogeneous. Products that emerge from joint ventures and alliances are more likely to be breakthroughs. Foreign subsidiary participation in innovation processes did not significantly inhibit breakthroughs. These suggestive findings support the decentralization literature that highlights the benefits associated with exploiting knowledge from foreign centers of excellence. Contrary to the literature arguing that younger firms tend to have greater advantages in exploration, we do not find firm age to be a significant predictor of the likelihood of breakthrough innovation. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
A study of the moderating effects of firm age at internationalization on firm survival and short‐term growth
Authors: Carr Jon C. , Haggard K. Stephen , Hmieleski Keith M. , Zahra Shaker A.
Published: June 2010

Research on firm internationalization has focused primarily on the antecedents, rather than outcomes, of the strategic decision to enter foreign markets. In addition, factors moderating the outcomes of internationalization have not received systematic analysis. Aiming to fill these gaps in the literature, the current study examines the moderating effects of firm age on postinternationalization survival and growth. Consistent with the liabilities of newness perspective, we suggest that firm age will have a positive moderating effect on postinternationalization survival. Building from the liabilities of aging perspective, we propose that firm age will have a negative moderating effect on postinternationalization short‐term growth. We test these arguments using a longitudinal sample of 787 firms. Results showed that, postinternationalization, younger firms experienced significantly higher rates of short‐term growth than older firms. Findings regarding firm age and survival, postinternationalization, were, however, not conclusive. Overall, our findings indicate that the timing of internationalization has important implications with regard to the short‐term growth of firms. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
Sensitivity analysis for misclassification in logistic regression via likelihood methods and predictive value weighting
Authors: Lyles Robert H. , Lin Ji
Published: June 2010

The potential for bias due to misclassification error in regression analysis is well understood by statisticians and epidemiologists. Assuming little or no available data for estimating misclassification probabilities, investigators sometimes seek to gauge the sensitivity of an estimated effect to variations in the assumed values of those probabilities. We present an intuitive and flexible approach to such a sensitivity analysis, assuming an underlying logistic regression model. For outcome misclassification, we argue that a likelihood‐based analysis is the cleanest and the most preferable approach. In the case of covariate misclassification, we combine observed data on the outcome, error‐prone binary covariate of interest, and other covariates measured without error, together with investigator‐supplied values for sensitivity and specificity parameters, to produce corresponding positive and negative predictive values. These values serve as estimated weights to be used in fitting the model of interest to an appropriately defined expanded data set using standard statistical software. Jackknifing provides a convenient tool for incorporating uncertainty in the estimated weights into valid standard errors to accompany log odds ratio estimates obtained from the sensitivity analysis. Examples illustrate the flexibility of this unified strategy, and simulations suggest that it performs well relative to a maximum likelihood approach carried out via numerical optimization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences between predicted and established diagnoses of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome in the Polish population: underdiagnosis or loss of affected fetuses?
Authors: Jezela‐Stanek Aleksandra , Ciara Elżbieta , Małunowicz Ewa , Chrzanowska Krystyna , Latos‐Bieleńska Anna , Krajewska‐Walasek Małgorzata ,   The Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) Collaborative Group
Published: June 2010

Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a metabolic disorder in which an error in cholesterol biosynthesis results in congenital anomalies/mental deficits. The results of our previous newborn screening, based on the carrier frequency of the two most common SLOS‐causing mutations in Poland (p.W151X and p.V326L), would make SLOS one of the most frequent recessive disorders in our country (with an incidence of 1:2,300 – 1:3,937). This prompted us to carry out a 3‐year (2006–2008) national surveillance program in which about 2,000 physicians were asked to identify potential SLOS patients pre‐ and postnatally based on clinical identification forms. The incidence of SLOS in Poland was estimated to be from 1:60,941 to 1:105,395 (1: 83,168 ± 22,227) live births, and its 3‐year prevalence 1:866,273 ± 16,242. The mean carrier frequency was calculated to be from 1:123 to 1:165. The notable discrepancy between our previous carrier newborn screening and these prospective data may result from reduced fertility in SLOS carriers, intrauterine death of affected fetuses, or underdiagnosis in postnatal life. Since we did not notice significant data supporting the first two aspects, our study may support the suggestion that screening for the most frequent DHCR7 alleles does not reflect the true disease rates in the Polish population. Hence, further studies in which maternal urinary steroids (7‐dehydroestriol/estriol and 8‐dehydropregnanetriol/pregnanetriol ratios) would serve as screening markers in early pregnancies may be justified.
Off‐channel temporary pools contribute to native riparian plant species diversity in a regulated river floodplain
Authors: Ishida Shinya , Yamazaki Azusa , Takanose Yoichiro , Kamitani Tomohiko
Published: June 2010

Off‐channel temporary pools on riverbanks have characteristic seasonal wet–dry cycles resulting from direct inflow of river water or hyporheic flow seepage. This study addressed two questions regarding the role of temporary pools in supporting diversity of riparian vegetation in a regulated river in Japan: (1) do temporary pools maintain high native riparian plant species diversity? And, (2) how do physical environmental factors affect the pattern of plant species distribution? The study was conducted on a 1‐km section of the Hayade River alluvial fan in Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. Two to five transect belts consisting of 20 contiguous plots (1 m × 1 m) were laid out in two off‐channel temporary pools and six other sites classified by physiognomy. Vascular plant presence, relative elevation, and substratum type were recorded in all plots. Species richness, Simpson's reciprocal index (1/D), and Shannon–Wiener function (H′) were calculated by life form to estimate plant species diversity. Two conclusions could be drawn from the results. First, the temporary pools maintained high native riparian plant species diversity in this regulated river floodplain. Second, several environmental factors (seasonal wet–dry cycle, low elevation, complex micro‐topography, and fine substrata) created spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of moisture conditions in the temporary pools, supporting plant species diversity. For sustainable maintenance of riparian plant species diversity, progressive river‐management should restore original riverine dynamics to generate a shifting mosaic of diverse geomorphology.
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma of the Hand: A Case Report
Authors: Rubin Guy , Rinott Micha , Wolovelsky Alejandro , Elmalach Irit , Rozen Nimrod
Published: June 2010

We report a case of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma with giant collagen rosettes in the hand of a 21-year-old female. This is a clinically and radiological benign appearing tumor that has a high rate of recurrence and metastasis.
Folate Polyglutamylation is Required for Rice Seed Development
Authors: Anukul Nampeung , Ramos Riza Abilgos , Mehrshahi Payam , Castelazo Anahi Santoyo , Parker Helen , Diévart Anne , Lanau Nadège , Mieulet Delphine , Tucker Gregory , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Barrett David A. , Bennett Malcolm J.
Published: June 2010

In plants, polyglutamylated folate forms account for a significant proportion of the total folate pool. Polyglutamylated folate forms are produced by the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). The FPGS enzyme is encoded by two genes in rice, Os03g02030 and Os10g35940. Os03g02030 represents the major expressed form in developing seed. To determine the function of this FPGS gene in rice, a T-DNA knockout line was characterised. Disrupting Os03g02030 gene expression resulted in delayed seed filling. LC-MS/MS-based metabolite profiling revealed that the abundance of mono- and polyglutamylated folate forms was significantly decreased in seeds of the knockout line. RT-qPCR detected an increase in the transcript abundance of folate biosynthesis genes in seed of the knockout plant, whereas the folate deglutamating enzyme γ-glutamyl hydrolase mRNA level was reduced. Our study has uncovered a novel role for folate polyglutamylation during rice seed development and a potential feedback mechanism to maintain folate abundance.
Ultrasound measurements of lower extremity soft tissue and interstitial fluid thickness may be used as an early indicator of dehydration
Authors: Summers Richard L. , Woodward LouAnn H. , Jackson Loretta , Martin David S. , Platts Steven H.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

Several studies have suggested that clinical indicators of a patient’s fluid status that are frequently used in practice are highly variable and not useful in the differentiation of these patients. In this study, we examine the potential use of ultrasound measurements of soft tissue and interstitial fluid thickness for the detection of conditions of mild to moderate dehydration.

Materials and methods

This study involved healthy subjects in which a mild dehydration was a consequence of tilt bed rest (average loss of plasma volume of ~10%). The soft tissue and interstitial thickness superficial to the calcaneous and immediately below the lateral malleolus were measured in the supine position using high frequency ultrasound both before and after the treatment. Also the echocardiographic measurements of orthostatic induced changes in stroke volume were obtained.

Results

In the eight healthy subjects studied, there was an average of a 13% diminution in both the ankle and pretibial soft tissue and interstitial thickness after tilt bed rest (p = 0.05) that coincided with mildly decreased orthostatic induced changes in stroke volume.

Conclusions

Traditional tilt testing has been a less than satisfactory technique for determining the hydration status of patients. This study looks at the possibility of using ultrasound as a method for the objective measurement of tissue dehydration. The method was able to detect significant changes in tissue interstitial fluid under conditions of mild dehydration. Since the technique obtains measurements in the supine position, it also obviates creating orthostatic symptoms in restrictive clinical environments.
Sex‐specific relationships among attachment security, social values, and sensation seeking in early adolescence: Implications for adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviour
Authors: Sarracino Diego , Presaghi Fabio , Degni Silvia , Innamorati Marco
Published: June 2010

In early adolescence, attachment security reflects not only the quality of ongoing relationships with parents, but also how adolescents process social relationships with “others” – that is, their “social value orientation” – with possible implications for adolescents’ risk‐taking. In this study, a sample of Italian early adolescents were administered self‐report measures in order to examine the relationships (a) between early adolescents’ perceived attachment security to mothers and fathers, social values (related to family and the socio‐cultural context), and sensation seeking (as a temperamental predisposition to risk‐taking), and (b) between these variables and adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviour. Adolescents were more securely attached to the same‐sexed parent. Further, attachment security with the opposite‐sexed parent predicted more conservative social value orientations, and lower levels of problem behaviour. In contrast, sensation seeking predicted self‐enhancement and openness‐to‐change values to a greater extent, and, in girls, lower levels of attachment security to mothers and fathers.
Flax oil-mediated activation of PPAR-γ correlates with reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation in obese spontaneously hypertensive/NDmcr-cp rats, a model of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Chechi Kanta , Yasui Naomi , Ikeda Katsumi , Yamori Yukio , K. Cheema Sukhinder
Published: June 2010

Flax oil feeding has been proposed to have beneficial effects on the outcome of the metabolic syndrome due to the highn-3 fatty acid content of flax oil; however, the mechanisms of its action remain largely unknown. We investigated the effects of flax oil feeding on hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR)/NDmcr-cp rats, a genetic model of the metabolic syndrome. Hepatic gene expression of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c was also assessed in order to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. Obese and lean SHR/NDmcr-cp rats were fed high-fat diets enriched with either lard or flax oil for a period of 4 weeks. Obese rats exhibited higher body weight, liver weight and mesenteric fat-, epididymal fat- and renal fat-pad weights, and also TAG and cholesterol concentrations in serum and VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions, when compared with the lean rats (P < 0·001), irrespective of the diets. Concentrations of fasting serum insulin and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were lower in flax oil-fed obese (FO) rats compared with the lard-fed obese (LO) rats (P < 0·01). Flax oil feeding also revealed a significant reduction in hepatic TAG and cholesterol concentrations in obese rats compared with the LO rats (P < 0·05). In addition, FO rats exhibited significantly higher hepatic mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, which negatively correlated (r− 0·98,P < 0·05) with their hepatic lipid levels. These findings suggest that flax oil feeding may activate PPAR-γ-dependent pathways to alter the hepatic lipid metabolism and to increase insulin sensitivity in the obese SHR/NDmcr-cp rats.
On the role of gravity and shear on inertial particle accelerations in near-wall turbulence
Authors: LAVEZZO V. , SOLDATI A. , GERASHCHENKO S. , WARHAFT Z. , COLLINS L. R.
Published: June 2010

Recent experiments in a turbulent boundary layer by Gerashchenko et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 617, 2008, pp. 255–281) showed that the variance of inertial particle accelerations in the near-wall region increased with increasing particle inertia, contrary to the trend found in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. This behaviour was attributed to the non-trivial interaction of the inertial particles with both the mean shear and gravity. To investigate this issue, we perform direct numerical simulations of channel flow with suspended inertial particles that are tracked in the Lagrangian frame of reference. Three simulations have been carried out considering (i) fluid particles, (ii) inertial particles with gravity and (iii) inertial particles without gravity. For each set of simulations, three particle response times were examined, corresponding to particle Stokes numbers (in wall units) of 0.9, 1.8 and 11.8. Mean and r.m.s. profiles of particle acceleration computed in the simulation are in qualitative (and in several cases quantitative) agreement with the experimental results, supporting the assumptions made in the simulations. Furthermore, by comparing results from simulations with and without gravity, we are able to isolate and quantify the significant effect of gravitational settling on the phenomenon.
Resource development and aboriginal culture in the Canadian north
Authors: Angell Angela C. , Parkins John R.
Published: June 2010

This paper examines the relationship between resource development and aboriginal community and cultural impacts in Canada's north from the 1970s to the present. Based on a review of published literature, it is contended that northern centred scholarship can be conceptualised in two phases. These are firstly the community impacts phase (1970 to mid-1990s), a phase guided largely by a cultural politics of assimilation, a sociology of disturbance, and an anthropology of acculturation; and secondly the community continuity phase (mid-1990s to present), a phase underpinned by political empowerment, participatory social impact assessment, and the influence of cultural ecology. Due to these shifting political dynamics and research frameworks, and a lack of longitudinal research in the north over the last four decades, it is concluded that the nature of the relationship between resource development and aboriginal culture remains elusive and subject to wide ranging interpretation. Analysis shows that cultural impacts from resource development are dependent on the scale of development and spatial disturbance. It also shows growing political power in the north, a greater focus on community-based research, and renewed discussion of cultural continuity and how it is defined and assessed over time.
Cold war whaling: Bellingshausen and theSlavaflotilla
Authors: Bulkeley Rip
Published: June 2010

On 7 December 1945 a captured German whaling factory,Wikinger, was allocated to the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement between that country, the United States and the United Kingdom. In the first section, this article presents the first detailed account of howWikingerwas seized by the Royal Navy and eventually transferred to Soviet ownership. The second section illustrates the hostile attitudes of western governments towards theSlavawhaling flotilla during the cold war, and the degree to which their suspicions were focused on the work of scientists assigned to the flotilla. The next four sections trace the fluctuating perceptions and presentations, during the Tsarist and early Soviet periods, of the Imperial Russian Navy's Antarctic expedition of 1819–1821, the problems in respect of Antarctica which confronted Soviet diplomacy and propaganda in the 1940s, and the new story, about Russians having been the first people to discover Antarctica, which was developed in order to address them. It is then possible, in the seventh section, to explain the political utility of theSlavaflotilla in the early 1950s. An eighth section sketches the divergent cultural fortunes of the Bellingshausen expedition and theSlavaflotilla after the period under consideration.

This article discusses the use of whaling and history in support of Soviet Antarctic policy between the end of World War 2 and the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958. But theSlavawhaling flotilla did not just play a part in the historicisation of Soviet Antarctic policy. It was itself a historically constituted object, fraught with meanings on both sides of the cold war. For that reason the opportunity is taken to give a more detailed account of the flotilla's origins than has been available hitherto. The author notes that two contributors to this journal have preceded him in some of these matters (Armstrong 1950, 1971; Gan 2009). He ventures to suggest, however, that the connections between whaling, historiography and public information management in Soviet Antarctic policy have not been fully demonstrated before this.
Diversity in representations; uniformity in learning
Authors: Danks David , Rose David
Published: June 2010

Henrich et al.'s conclusion that psychologists ought not assume uniformity of psychological phenomena depends on their descriptive claim that there is no pattern to the great diversity in psychological phenomena. We argue that there is a pattern: uniformity of learning processes (broadly construed), and diversity of (some) mental contents (broadly construed).
It's not WEIRD, it's WRONG: When Researchers Overlook uNderlying Genotypes, they will not detect universal processes
Authors: Gaertner Lowell , Sedikides Constantine , Cai Huajian , Brown Jonathon D.
Published: June 2010

We dispute Henrich et al.'s analysis of cultural differences at the level of a narrow behavioral-expression for assessing a universalist argument. When Researchers Overlook uNderlying Genotypes (WRONG), they fail to detect universal processes that generate observed differences in expression. We reify this position with our own cross-cultural research on self-enhancement and self-esteem.
The socio-ecological approach turns variance among populations from a liability to an asset
Authors: Kesebir Selin , Oishi Shigehiro , Spellman Barbara A.
Published: June 2010

We emphasize the value of the socio-ecological approach in addressing the problem of population variances. The socio-ecological perspective studies how social and natural habitats shape human behaviors, and are in turn shaped by those behaviors. This focus on system-level factors is particularly well-suited to studying the origins of group differences in human behavior.
Determinants of cognitive variability
Authors: Khemlani Sangeet S. , Lee N. Y. Louis , Bucciarelli Monica
Published: June 2010

Henrich et al. address how culture leads to cognitive variability and recommend that researchers be critical about the samples they investigate. However, there are other sources of variability, such as individual strategies in reasoning and the content and context on which processes operate. Because strategy and content drive variability, those factors are of primary interest, while culture is merely incidental.
When nurture becomes nature: Ethnocentrism in studies of human development
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: June 2010

This commentary will extend the territory claimed in the target article by identifying several other areas in the social sciences where findings from the WEIRD population have been over-generalized. An argument is made that the root problem is the ethnocentrism of scholars, textbook authors, and social commentators, which leads them to take their own cultural values as the norm.
It's not just the subjects – there are too many WEIRD researchers
Authors: Meadon Michael , Spurrett David
Published: June 2010

A literature in which most data are outliers is flawed, and the target article sounds a timely alarm call for the behavioural sciences. It also suggests remedies. We mostly concur, except for arguing that the importance of the fact that the researchers themselves are mostly outliers has been underplayed. Improving matters requires non-Western researchers, as well as research subjects.
Development: Evolutionary ecology's midwife
Authors: Panchanathan Karthik , Frankenhuis Willem E. , Barrett H. Clark
Published: June 2010

We agree with Henrich et al. that documenting cultural universality and variability provides an indispensable window into human nature. We want to stress the mediating role development plays between evolution and culture. Moving beyond the mere documentation of universality or variability, developmental approaches can provide mechanistic explanations, linking ecology to phenotype. Combining phylogeny and adaptationism, evolutionary approaches can explain the properties of developmental systems.
Beyond WEIRD: Towards a broad-based behavioral science
Authors: Henrich Joseph , Heine Steven J. , Norenzayan Ara
Published: June 2010

In our response to the 28 (largely positive) commentaries from an esteemed collection of researchers, we (1) consolidate additional evidence, extensions, and amplifications offered by our commentators; (2) emphasize the value of integrating experimental and ethnographic methods, and show how researchers using behavioral games have done precisely this; (3) present our concerns with arguments from several commentators that separate variable “content” from “computations” or “basic processes”; (4) address concerns that the patterns we highlight marking WEIRD people as psychological outliers arise from aspects of the researchers and the research process; (5) respond to the claim that as members of the same species, humans must have the same invariant psychological processes; (6) address criticisms of our telescoping contrasts; and (7) return to the question of explaining why WEIRD people are psychologically unusual. We believe a broad-based behavioral science of human nature needs to integrate a variety of methods and apply them to diverse populations, well beyond the WEIRD samples it has largely relied upon.
Micro-radiography with laser plasma X-ray source operating in air atmosphere
Authors: Pikuz S.A. , Chefonov O.V. , Gasilov S.V. , Komarov P.S. , Ovchinnikov A.V. , Skobelev I.Yu. , Ashitkov S.Yu. , Agranat M.V. , Zigler A. , Faenov A.Ya.
Published: June 2010

K-shell emission from copper target was observed by focusing femtosecond laser pulses very close to the target surface-air interface. It was shown that mechanism of X-ray emission is connected with generation of fast electrons in the air plasma area. Experiments demonstrated that moderate intensity of laser radiation (IL < 1015 W/cm2) was enough to produce considerable flux of X-ray photons of at least 10 keV energy. The parameters of generated X-ray emission were studied. It was found that after propagation through 40 cm thick air layer X-ray spectra consisted of pronounced Kα and Kβ characteristic lines and relatively small Bremsstrahlung continuum. Since transversal source size has an order of a few tens of micrometers, such a source can be used for absorption imaging of micro-objects in standard laboratory conditions. That can be particularly important for diagnostic of medical and biological samples in vivo.
GAMBLING IN CHINA RECONSIDERED: FANTAN IN SOUTH CHINA DURING THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Paulès Xavier
Published: June 2010

Fantan 番攤 is a Chinese gambling game based on a draw from a random number of hidden coins or tokens, requiring the player to guess a number out of one, two, three or four. It currently survives only in Macao, but during the Late Qing and Republican periods, fantan was one of the most popular games in South China. Through the investigation of a wide range of sources, this article challenges the bias of standard accounts of gambling, which emphasize its corrupting influence and depict players as powerless victims cheated by the unscrupulous operators of gambling houses.

The reality was less negative. Cheating by proprietors was by no means common and fantan was considered a socially acceptable leisure activity. For many people, it was part of daily life, and tanguan 攤館, the establishments where it was played, were popular venues both enjoyable and secure. They generated a specific kind of conviviality derived from complex interactions among participants. By underestimating the role of fantan (and gambling more generally), one risks overlooking a socially significant activity, something that influenced the way not only heavy gamblers but also ordinary people perceived their own lives and destinies.
Mining, history, and the anti-state Wa: the politics of autonomy between Burma and China
Authors: Fiskesjö Magnus
Published: June 2010

Historically autonomous and fiercely egalitarian, yet far from isolated and extensively implicated in regional, and global, economies of trade and exchange, the Wa people on the Burma–China frontier stand out in the history of marginal peoples refusing to be marginalized. This article addresses the place of mining in the political history of the Wa area – a key part of what has recently been called the Zomia region, but one which differs from many other cases because of its activist statelessness. The history of the Wa areas is outlined and discussed with reference to larger debates over agency, autonomy, and state formation, with particular attention to mining resources and their relation to Wa politics before the mid twentieth century.
Zomian or zombies? What future exists for the peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif?
Authors: Formoso Bernard
Published: June 2010

Against the simplistic thesis that hill peoples are marginal and unruly groups by choice, in conflict with state power, this article shows that, in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, hill peoples develop relationships with lowland state societies that are more complex and ambiguous than usually portrayed. Ethnographic and historical evidence reveals that they compromise and cooperate with the lowland state more often than they oppose it. Although hill peoples are commonly conceived as ‘barbarians’ of the periphery, and ill-treated or instrumentalized accordingly, in some circumstances they played a central role in the defence and the reshaping of pre-modern and modern Southeast Asian states. Moreover, their political and religious acculturation by lowland societies sometimes proves to have been instrumental in the perpetuation of a specific identity under the guise of surface assimilation. This article not only highlights the dynamics of past and present interactions between lowland and upland societies but also questions the future of the latter, in the context of an increasing engulfment by nation-states and, conversely, of new perspectives offered by globalization. The analysis thus demonstrates that hill peoples often take advantage of new forms of partnership resulting from globalization to renegotiate their image and status more favourably, and to counter the pressure exerted by the dominant society. Finally, they appear to be neither Zomian – that is, uncompromising rebels to ‘stateness’ in James C. Scott’s formulation – nor zombies, unable to adapt.
Recent advances in theory of transient luminous events
Authors: Pasko Victor P.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an overview of the recent modeling efforts directed to the interpretation of observed features of transient luminous events termed sprites, blue jets, and gigantic jets. The primary emphasis is placed on interpretation of various emissions documented to date from sprites and comparison of exiting models with recent high‐speed video and satellite‐based observations of sprites. We also discuss the recently advanced theories of blue jet and gigantic jet discharges describing electrodynamic conditions, which facilitate escape of conventional lightning leaders from thundercloud tops and their upward propagation toward the ionosphere. The paper concludes with a brief survey of the recent literature on chemical and global electric circuit effects of sprite and jet discharges.
Coordinated study of coherent radar backscatter and optical airglow depletions in the central Pacific
Authors: Miller E. S. , Makela J. J. , Groves K. M. , Kelley M. C. , Tsunoda R. T.
Published: June 2010

Equatorial plasma depletions have well‐known seasonality and solar‐cycle behavior. Except for a few well‐instrumented sectors, much of these data have come from satellite sounding and in situ observations. We present a climatology of optical airglow images and 50 MHz coherent backscatter from the Pacific sector from solar maximum (January 2002) to solar minimum (January 2009). In contrast to in situ observations, we find that depletion activity remains quite high into solar minimum. However, the depletions and associated backscatter appear later in the evening and backscatter persists longer at solar minimum. Furthermore, we present individual nights that illustrate the day‐to‐day variability of depletion formation and their relationship to coherent backscatter echoes. The echoes originate from the depleted regions early in the evening but disappear as the night progresses.
Variabilities of the equatorial electrojet in Brazil and Perú
Authors: Shume E. B. , Denardini C. M. , de Paula E. R. , Trivedi N. B.
Published: June 2010

This report presents seasonal and longitudinal variabilities of the equatorial electrojet in the east (Brazil, São Luís: 2.3° S; 315.8° E; 0.5° S dip latitude) and west (Jicamarca, Perú: 11.95° S; 283.13° E; 0.6° N dip latitude) coasts of the continent of South America. Ground‐based magnetic field perturbation measurements ΔH for solar maximum (2001/2002) and solar minimum (2006/2007) conditions from the two equatorial stations (São Luís and Jicamarca) have been used for the study. The ΔH signal which is a measure of the strength of the equatorial electrojet is spectrally analyzed using wavelet analysis. The results of our analysis show that (1) the equatorial electrojet has maxima around equinoxes in Jicamarca, Perú but it has a prominent maximum during Southern Hemisphere summer (centered about December/January) in São Luís, Brazil. The observed seasonal behavior of the equatorial electrojet in São Luís is highly likely due to the large magnetic declination angle (about 20° west) there. (2) The equatorial electrojet is stronger in the west coast (Jicamarca) compared to the east coast (São Luís), irrespective of solar activity condition. (3) The magnitude of the equatorial electrojet is more variable with season and solar cycle over São Luís than over Jicamarca.
Seasonal and interannual variability in the Mozambique Channel from moored current observations
Authors: Ridderinkhof H. , van der Werf P. M. , Ullgren J. E. , van Aken H. M. , van Leeuwen P. J. , de Ruijter W. P. M.
Published: June 2010

Direct observations from an array of current meter moorings across the Mozambique Channel in the south‐west Indian Ocean are presented covering a period of more than 4 years. This allows an analysis of the volume transport through the channel, including the variability on interannual and seasonal time scales. The mean volume transport over the entire observational period is 16.7 Sv poleward. Seasonal variations have a magnitude of 4.1 Sv and can be explained from the variability in the wind field over the western part of the Indian Ocean. Interannual variability has a magnitude of 8.9 Sv and is large compared to the mean. This time scale of variability could be related to variability in the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), showing that it forms part of the variability in the ocean‐climate system of the entire Indian Ocean. By modulating the strength of the South Equatorial Current, the weakening (strengthening) tropical gyre circulation during a period of positive (negative) IOD index leads to a weakened (strengthened) southward transport through the channel, with a time lag of about a year. The relatively strong interannual variability stresses the importance of long‐term direct observations.
Tropical anvil characteristics and water vapor of the tropical tropopause layer: Impact of heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing parameterizations
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Comstock Jennifer M. , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , McFarlane Sally A. , McFarquhar Greg , Allen Grant
Published: June 2010

Two isolated deep convective clouds (DCCs) that developed in clean‐humid and polluted‐dry air masses, observed during the Tropical Pacific Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) and U.K. Aerosol and Chemical Transport in Tropical Convection (ACTIVE) campaigns, respectively, are simulated using a three‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model with size‐resolved aerosol and cloud microphysics. We examine the impacts of different homogeneous and immersion freezing parameterizations on the anvil characteristics and the water vapor content (WVC) in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) for the two DCCs that developed in contrasting environments. The modeled cloud properties such as liquid/ice water path and precipitation generally agree with the available radar and satellite retrievals and in situ aircraft measurements. We find that anvil microphysical properties such as ice number concentration and ice effective radius (rei) are sensitive to the homogeneous freezing parameterizations (HomFPs) under both the clean‐humid and polluted‐dry conditions, while upper level convection and WVC in the TTL air are only sensitive to HomFPs under the polluted‐dry condition. Specifically, the cloud anvil with the Koop et al. (2000) relative humidity dependent scheme has up to 50% and 70% lower ice number than those with other schemes (temperature dependent) for the clean‐humid and polluted‐dry cases, respectively. Consequently, the rei is increased by 20–30 μm in both cases. As a result, extinction coefficient of cloud anvils is reduced by over 30%. Anvil size and evolution are also much affected by HomFPs. Higher immersion‐freezing rate (Bigg, 1953) leads to a stronger convective cloud due to larger latent heat release resulted from much higher freezing rates, with larger ice water path but less precipitation in both humid and dry conditions. Consequently, the domain‐averaged homogeneous freezing rates are enhanced by over 15%. Also, the higher immersion‐freezing rate results in over 1.5 times higher ice number concentrations, much reduced rei in the cloud anvil, and larger anvil size. The moistening effect of deep convection on the TTL clear air is very significant, with increases of a few times relative to the WVC before convection under both humid and dry conditions. Different HomFPs does not make much difference in WVC and upper level convection in the clean‐humid case, but in the polluted‐dry case, the HomFPs with lower nucleation rates predict about 25% lower WVC relative to the HomFPs with higher nucleation rates. Under both humid and dry conditions, the Bigg (1953) immersion freezing predicts about 25% higher WVC relative to the Vali (1975) parameterization, due to stronger transport and the larger anvil area in the domain.