bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M
Published: December 2007

Quantitative measurements were made on the volume of saliva secreted hourly by the parotid glands of merino sheep over a period of 24 hours on three separate days. At the same time fluctuations in the concentration of urea and total nitrogen in the saliva were studied in relation to the production of ammonia in the rumen and changes in the level of blood urea that occurred throughout the day.

Both the rumen ammonia and the blood urea levels followed a relatively simple cyclical pattern over each 24‐hour period. However, two distinct phases were apparent in the salivary nitrogen cycle. The first, a short phase, followed the stimulation changes associated with eating. The second phase was prolonged and more complex. It was influenced by changes in the level of blood urea, but additional factors also operated in the second phase.

Changes in the second phase of the salivary nitrogen cycle have been discussed in relation to fluctuations in the concentration of rumen ammonia and blood urea.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND OXYTETRACYCLINE ON THE FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATES IN TRYPTOPHAN BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Gibson F , McDougall Barbara
Published: December 2007

Previous experiments on the effects of chloramphenicol and the tetracyclines on the biosynthesis of tryptophan in Escherichia coli have been extended using a number of tryptophan auxotrophs. The formation of indole, anthranilic acid and 5‐dehydroshikimic acid is inhibited by chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. There is some variation among different strains with respect to the sensitivity of the aromatic pathway to the antibiotics.

It is suggested that the antibiotics possibly interfere in some reaction leading to the formation of 5‐dehydroshikimic acid. The present results provide further evidence that the mode of action of chloramphenicol and of the tetracyclines are related in some way.
THE ACTION OF PHOSPHATIDASE A, SODIUM OLEATE AND GANGLIOSIDE ON THE EXOTOXINS OF CL. WELCHII AND ON THE NEUROTOXIN OF SHIGELLA SHIGAE
Authors: North EA , Pawlyszyn G , Doery Hazel M
Published: December 2007

The lethal effect of the exotoxins of Clostridium perfringens and Cl. ovitoxicum in mice is antagonised by phosphatidase A. In this respect, and in the fact that they are inactivated by sodium oleate and ganglioside in vitro, these toxins behave like those of Gram‐positive bacteria previously studied. By contrast phosphatidase A, sodium oleate and ganglioside do not protect against Shigella shigae neurotoxin. Previous work had indicated that inactivation of toxins by both sodium oleate and ganglioside was in the nature of non‐specific adsorption to protein, whilst Shiga toxin has been proved to be a protein. Comment is made on these and other points of interest.
RECOVERY OF STRIGOMONAS ONCOPELTI AFTER DRYING FROM THE LIQUID STATE
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

The flagellate Strigomonas oncopelti has been recovered after drying from the liquid state in a high concentration (50 p.c.) of glucose. Lower concentrations of the sugar are less effective.

Deterioration of the desiccates is influenced strongly by storage temperature, being relatively rapid at room temperature and less so at 4° C. At −20° C. the desiccates show a high stability and approximately 5 p.c. of the cells exhibit active motility when rehydrated after storage for six months.
THE EFFECT OF HEPATOTOXINS ON E260 VALUES OF LIVER AND OF SERUM
Authors: Gallagher CH
Published: December 2007

The extinction coefficients at 260 mμ (E260) of acid extracts of liver homogenates and of serum were measured in rats killed serially after dosing with the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine, or with lethal or non‐lethal doses of carbon tetrachloride.

Both lasiocarpine and CCl4 at either dose rate produced a fall in the E260 value of liver within 1–5 hours of administration and a concomitant rise in the E260 value of serum. The change in E260 values was more rapid with CCl4 than with lasiocarpine and the rise in serum E260 was greater for a given fall in liver E260 value with CCl4 than with lasiocarpine. Although lasiocarpine caused a slower change, the fall in E260 values for liver was eventually greater with the alkaloid than with either dose of CCl4.

The loss from cells of cytoplasmic material which absorbs light at 260 mμ within 1–3 hours of dosing with CCl4, long before the effect of mitochondrial damage becomes evident, supports the hypothesis that cellular injury is first exerted by CCl4 at the cell membrane rather than at the mitochondrial membrane.

The inverse relationship between E260 values of liver and of serum for lasiocarpine indicates that this hepatotoxin, like CCl4, increases the permeability to oxidised pyridine nucleotides of the cell membrane as well as of the mitochondrial membrane. The effect on cell permeability evidently occurs very soon after administration of the alkaloid.

It is suggested that the determination of the E260 values of acid extracts of serum might provide an early, simple test for the diagnosis and evaluation of certain types of toxic liver damage.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL MOUSE PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Fisher Stephen
Published: December 2007

Significant amounts of antibody capable of protecting mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge with living staphylococci of strain 90B (Smith), suspended in mucin, were found in 53 out of 100 human sera. Fifty of these sera had been obtained from normal blood donors and 50 from patients suffering from boils; the sera from these two groups contained similar amounts of antibody.

Strain 90B, known in the United States as strain Smith, and three other strains of staphylococci also obtained from the United States resembled one another in the following characters: the formation of mucoid colonies; the slight production of coagulase; high virulence, particularly in mucin suspension, to mice by the intraperitoneal route; and the presence of a common heat‐stable component which was highly immunogenic in mice. These characters were not shared with a number of strains of staphylococci originating from Australia and England, and selected to represent the commoner types of pathogenic staphylococci encountered in human medicine and including three strains isolated from bovine mastitis.

Strain 90B (Smith) and similar strains are thus not typical of the commonly occurring staphylococcus pathogenic to man. General conclusions about the pathogenesis of staphylococcal disease in man and resistance to it, drawn from studies on strains of this type, may therefore not be valid.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THYMUS GRAFTS IN HIGH AND LOW LEUKAEMIA STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Sparrow N , Nakamura K , Ishidate M
Published: December 2007

Subcutaneous isografts of whole thymuses in mice of strains AKR and C3H have demonstrated that graft growth is determined partly by the age of the host, but primarily by the age of the graft.

Thymuses from one‐week‐old C3H mice in six‐month‐old hosts underwent weight changes synchronous with the growth and involution of the thymus in intact C3H mice.

AKR thymuses grew to a larger size, and exhibited higher mitotic activity than C3H thymus grafts in (AKR × C3H)F1 hybrid mice.

No changes were observed in the absolute weight or mitotic activity of the lymphoid organs of mice bearing actively growing axillary thymus grafts.

A slight relative weight increase was observed in the axillary lymph nodes draining the graft site, compared with the opposite axillary nodes, but this was not associated with increased mitotic activity in these nodes.
BIURET REACTIVE MATERIALS IN SEMEN
Authors: Wales RG , Scott TW , White IG
Published: December 2007

A satisfactory method of estimating biuret reactive material in semen is described. Human, ram, bull, fowl and dog semen vary in protein, proteose and peptide content. Values for biuret reactive material range from 1·80 gm./100 ml. in fowl semen to 7·32 gm./100 ml. in bull semen. Proteolysis occurred in human semen during incubation but was not detected in the semen of other species studied.

Considerable species differences occurred in the amount of protein precipitated on heating semen at pH 4·6.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR ASEPTIC ULTRAFILTRATION
Authors: Thayer JR , Owen GC
Published: December 2007

An apparatus is described which has been designed for the rapid sterile ultrafiltration of antiseptic‐free biological material to give a high degree of concentration and purification.
THE EVIDENCE FOR THE SURVIVAL AND REGENERATION OF DONOR EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS IN ORTHOTOPICALLY‐GRAFTED SKIN HOMO‐TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Dineen JK , Szenberg Aleksander
Published: December 2007

The present studies have shown that some epithelial elements of donor origin survive the homograft response and that, provided adequate physical protection, particularly against desiccation, is given to the graft, these elements may regenerate.

Regeneration of follicular epithelium was invariably observed as early as 8 to 10 days after homotransplantation of skin in specifically presensitized mice. Regeneration of both follicular and surface epithelial elements is usually completed by about the 16th day after grafting in these animals. By comparison, epithelial regeneration was delayed, and was observed much less frequently in homografts transferred to non‐immune recipients.

Inhibition of the regenerative capacity of the donor tissues by X‐irradiation before transplantation prevented or grossly delayed regeneration of both follicular and surface epithelia in the graft area.

An immunological test based upon Mitchison's (1956) design was used to demonstrate the presence of antigens of both donor and host provenance in the regenerated tissues. The presence of donor elements was confirmed by showing that the transfer of appropriately presensitized and normal spleen cells of the recipient strain to X‐irradiated mice bearing the regenerated homografts resulted in destruction of the regenerated tissues.

Homograft regeneration was promoted by passive administration of serum obtained from mice hyper‐immunized with donor‐type spleen cells. This finding suggested that an “enhancement” phenomenon might play an important rôle in the fate of the regenerating tissues.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN HUMAN (THIERSCH) SKIN GRAFTS
Authors: Opit LJ , Savage JP
Published: December 2007

Glucose metabolism in human split skin (Thiersch) grafts, when measured in vitro, is shown to be mainly by glycolysis with a low rate of oxygen uptake. Doubling of glucose uptake and lactate production as well as oxygen uptake by 0·1 mM 2:4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) is interpreted as supporting the conception that this glycolytic activity is not simply due to inadequate oxygen perfusion but is a feature of skin metabolism in vivo. The ability of skin to maintain an oxygen uptake for at least four hours without substrate suggested that skin glycogen might be the endogenous carbohydrate capable of sustaining respiration but measurements of glycogen levels in skin before and after incubation demonstrate that glycogen itself is unlikely to provide this pool, at least in the in vitro system.
THE CLOTTING OF THE BLOOD OF AN AMPHIBIAN, BUFO MARINUS LINN
Authors: Hackett Earle , LePage Rex
Published: December 2007

The blood clotting mechanism of the toad Bufo marinus was investigated in vitro using techniques commonly employed in the study of the prothrombin‐thrombin and fibrinogen‐fibrin stages of human blood coagulation.

Clotting of the toad's blood depends upon the presence of calcium ions. The optimum pH is 7·8 and the optimum temperature 35°–40° C. The clot is jelly‐like rather than fibrin‐like and is formed by the coagulation of a “fibrinogen”. Clotted blood becomes fluid again in 2–4 hours through the action of a serum lysin. A prothrombin which is converted quantitatively to a thrombin was demonstrated. The prothrombin is converted by a toad blood leucocyte thromboplastin which is as active as some toad tissue extracts. One‐stage techniques using intrinsic (i.e. blood) sources of thromboplastin revealed no plasma factors similar to human factor V or to anti‐haemophilic globulin. Some of the principles to be followed in the investigation of the blood coagulation mechanism of an animal such as the toad are discussed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE EMIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Hurley JV , Xeros N
Published: December 2007

Electron micrographs have been made of the capillaries and small venules in rat skin at a time following the intradermal injection of homologous serum at which active leucocytic emigration occurs. Stages in the migration of blood leucocytes are illustrated.

Polymorphs escape from small vessels by insertion of a pseudopod into the endothelium followed by amoeboid‐like migration of the cell through the wall of the blood vessel. In some cases penetration occurs down intercellular junctions but in most instances passage through endothelium at other points cannot be excluded. Appreciable delay commonly occurs at either the basement membrane or peri‐endothelial cell layer before eventual escape of the cell into surrounding tissues. Monocytes apparently escape by a similar process.

After passage of leucocytes through the endothelium no residual evidence of such passage is visible. Neither endothelial cells nor the intercellular substance between them differ from their normal structure in vessels in which leucocytic emigration is occurring.
RECOVERIES OF BACTERIA AFTER DRYING ON CELLULOSE FIBRES
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

A number of types of organisms has been dried on cellulose fibres and recoveries have been measured after periods of 3–6 years of storage at room temperature and at 37°C. Mixtures of peptone and glucose and peptone and sorbitol have proved effective preserving agents for desiccates stored at room temperature but ineffective for storage at 37°C. Peptone alone was much more satisfactory than the mixtures at the higher temperature.

A method for routine preservation of bacteria is described.
LEPTOSPIRA ROBINSONI, A NEW SEROTYPE OF THE PYROGENES SEROGROUP
Authors: Alexander AD , Smith DJW
Published: December 2007

Cross‐agglutination and agglutination‐adsorption studies were conducted on a leptospiral strain isolated from a human being in North Queensland. These studies, conducted in two different laboratories, disclosed the presence of a new serotype member of the pyrogenes serogroup designated Leptospira robinsoni.
INTRACELLULAR IONIC INJECTION IN RABBIT VENTRICULAR FIBRES
Authors: Gibbs CL , Johnson EA
Published: December 2007

By means of double‐barrelled microelectrodes filled with appropriate salt solutions we have observed the effects of injecting, iontophoretically, sodium, potassium and chloride ions into muscle fibres of the rabbit right ventricle.

Injection of sodium ions produced a reversible decline in maximum rate of depolarisation and amplitude of the action potential with no change in shape or voltage‐time course of the action potential.

Injection at equivalent rates of equivalent amounts of potassium or chloride ions had no effect.

The changes observed after sodium injection are in agreement with the prediction of the mathematical model of the cardiac action potential described by George and Johnson (1962).
SEPARATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN FRACTIONS IN RAT ERYTHROCYTES BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS
Authors: Clark Peggy
Published: December 2007

59Fe which entered reticulocytes in vitro or was incorporated into developing red cells in vivo could be separated into fractions by a chemical procedure or by centrifugation of red cell haemolysates. The chemical separation depended on the solubility of the iron compounds in acid and in alkaline solutions and usually the ratio of the amounts of iron in the acid and alkaline extracts was 30 to 70. The addition of 10−3 M KCN to reticulocytes before addition of 59Fe changed this ratio to 85 to 15. Particulate matter separated from red cell haemolysates by centrifugation at 6,000 g. for 15 minutes also contained 59Fe. When the 59Fe was incorporated in vitro 28 p.c. was found in the stromal fraction and when 10−3 M KCN was used 90 p.c. was found in the stromal fraction. With in vivo incorporation the stromal fraction contained 19 p.c. of the 59Fe.

The proportions of 59Fe extracted with acid or associated with the stroma were not related to the age of the reticulocytes and did not move to the other fractions on further incubation with iron. There is some evidence to suggest that the iron in the acid extract was that present in the stromal fraction but this has not been proved. However, the iron in all fractions must be principally haemoglobin iron obtained from functional haemoglobin. The separations achieved by the chemical and physical methods suggest that there are different forms of haemoglobin present in red cells which are capable of transporting oxygen.
PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY MYCOBACTERIA ON EXPOSURE TO ISONIAZID. 2.
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Further investigation of pigments produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG exposed to isoniazid established that the compounds were not derived from isoniazid itself. One compound was identified as riboflavine but quantitative comparison of isoniazid sensitive and resistant organisms led to the conclusion that the release of riboflavine was not relevant to the mode of action of isoniazid.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MOTILITY INDUCED BY MORPHINE AND ATROPINE ON FAT ABSORPTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Bennett Susanne , Shepherd Phyllis , Simmonds WJ
Published: December 2007

Emulsified coconut oil was given by intraduodenal infusion to unanaesthetized, restrained rats, producing a steady state of fat absorption. The output of absorbed fat was measured by thoracic duct fistulae and, in other groups, disappearance of fat from the intestinal lumen and rate of movement along the small intestine of an unabsorbable, water miscible marker were measured by intestinal recoveries.

Morphine, 32 mg./kg. in a single dose intraduodenally, decreased lymph flow, lymphatic output of fat and removal from the intestinal lumen. This was due to regurgitation of fat into the stomach by intestinal spasm, but intestinal absorption itself was not affected. Atropine, 1·0 mg./kg./hr. added to the infusion, diminished motility and slowed propulsion but had no consistent effect on absorption. By different mechanisms, both drugs slowed passage through the proximal small intestine and more fat was absorbed proximally than in normal rats.
THE ISOLATION OF A MOUSE LEUKAEMIA VIRUS RESEMBLING FRIEND VIRUS
Authors: Pope JH
Published: December 2007

A virus (WM1‐B strain) was isolated from mice infected with the WM1 virus. It was filterable through a gradocol membrane of 320 mμ. A.P.D. and was sensitive to ether and to heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes.

Macroscopic signs of infection in Q.I.M.R. mice were splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy. The leucocyte levels showed a marked increase, with mononuclear cells predominant. Erythroblasts were present in peripheral blood. Histologically, proliferation of reticulum cells was associated with erythropoiesis and was restricted mainly to spleen, liver and bone marrow, The virus persisted in the serum of infected mice. The mortality was almost 100 p.c.

The WM1‐B virus was apparently a strain of Friend virus. It was neutralized by anti‐serum to Friend virus and the experimental disease it produced resembled that described with Friend virus.
STUDIES ON MEGACOLON IN PIEBALD MICE
Authors: Bielschowsky Marianne , Schofield GC
Published: December 2007

The incidence of megacolon has been studied in an inbred strain of mice (NZY) and in the descendants of NZY mice outcrossed to two other inbred strains (NZC, NZB) and to a fertile pituitary dwarf.

The results of this study indicate that megacolon is an inheritable disease associated with “piebald” and that it is transmitted by both males and females.

The presenting signs and the appearance of the large intestine in affected animals are described together with the features in the enteric plexus which are characteristic of the disease in mice. Attention is drawn to the presence of aganglionic and hypoganglionic segments of gut and the possibility that the length of the aganglionic segment influences the time of onset of megacolon is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF MENADIONE ON THE REDUCTION OF METHAEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Harley JD , Robin Helen
Published: December 2007

The effect of menadione on the reduction of methaemoglobin by normal and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase‐deficient (G6PD‐deficient) human erythrocytes has been studied. With glucose as substrate, menadione caused an increased rate of methaemoglobin reduction in normal but not in G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes. With lactate, menadione produced enhanced methaemoglobin reduction in both normal and G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes.

The effect of menadione appeared somewhat similar in nature to that produced by methylene blue, but of lesser degree and shorter duration. Evidence was presented to show that menadione‐induced methaemoglobin formation may complicate the kinetics of methaemoglobin reduction, particularly with higher concentrations of menadione and lower initial concentrations of methaemoglobin.

It was suggested that menadione enhances the reduction of methaemoglobin mainly by catalysing reduced nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐dependent reduction of methaemoglobin, but also under certain circumstances by stimulating one or more reduced nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide‐dependent pathways of methaemoglobin reduction.
THE TOXICITY OF d‐TUBOCURARINE TO RATS
Authors: Gallagher CH , Koch JH
Published: December 2007

Female Wistar rats were found to be more susceptible to the lethal effect of d‐tubocurarine than were male rats of the same strain and age. The LD50 of d‐tubocurarine administered intraperitoneally was estimated as 0·256 mg./kg. body weight for female rats and 0·328 mg./kg. for male rats.

Sedative doses of sodium amytal were found to protect against the lethal effect of relatively large single doses of d‐tubocurarine. However, doses of sodium amytal repeated over several days had the opposite effect and increased the susceptibility of rats to small doses of d‐tubocurarine. The effect of amytal appears not to be due to sedation.

Rats given several doses of d‐tubocurarine at or above the LD50 did not show any biochemical or histological evidence of liver damage. Long courses of frequent injections of d‐tubocurarine at lower dose rates than the LD50 did not result in any detectable enzymological dysfunction of, or histopathological change in, the liver. It is concluded that although d‐tubocurarine is potentially hepatotoxic by virtue of its effect in vitro on liver mitochondria it is such a highly specific neuromuscular blocking agent at such low dose rates that, under usual conditions, animals die from neuromuscular paralysis before the alkaloid enters the liver in sufficient quantities to cause damage.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: van den Brenk HAS , Jamieson Dana
Published: December 2007

Changes in lung weights, histology and bronchographic appearances are recorded in rats subjected to oxygen at 60 p.s.i. (gauge) pressure (OHP). Capillary congestion, progressing to alveolar exudation and haemorrhage, was the earliest observable change. The results failed to support a postulate that lung damage due to oxygen poisoning is primarily an atelectasis due to bronchial obstruction. Positive pressure inflation of lungs immediately post mortem, did not reverse oxygen damage. Heparinisation of rats was also without effect on such damage. Exposure of lung tissue in vitro to 100 p.s.i. (gauge) pressure of oxygen for five hours failed to cause changes similar to those observed for OHP lungs exposed in vivo.
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Jennis F
Published: December 2007

Sera from 1,050 apparently healthy individuals were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by means of haemagglutination and complement fixation tests. Haemagglutinating antibodies were detected in 24 p.c. and complement‐fixing antibodies in 11 p.c. of the individuals. An increasing prevalance of infection with increasing age was not demonstrated in this series. The results indicate that toxoplasmosis is a common infection in New South Wales.
THE FORMATION OF PLAQUES IN TISSUE CULTURE BY ARBOVIRUSES
Authors: Miles JAR , Austin FJ
Published: December 2007

A number of arboviruses multiply in avian cells in tissue culture but fail to produce plaques in them when grown under an agar overlay. It has been shown that the addition of optimal amounts of DEAE dextran or of protamine enables some such viruses to form clear‐cut plaques to a high titre. The optimal doses do not inhibit plaque production by any arbovirus tested.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Mackerras M Josephine , Marks Elizabeth N
Published: December 2007

Sixty strains of 11 viruses were isolated from 25,901 mosquitoes of 32 species collected at Mitchell River Mission, Cairns and Normanton in 1960 and 1961. The viruses, the local prototype strains and the mosquito species, geographical location and year of repeatable isolations, were:

Group A: Sindbis (MRM39) from Culex annulirostris and Aedes normanensis at Mitchell River (1960) and Cairns (1961); AMM2021 (N544) from Anopheles amictus amictus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus at Normanton (1961).

Group B: Murray Valley encephalitis virus from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961); Kunjin (MRM16) from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960); Kokobera (MRM32) from C. annulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961); Edge Hill (C281) from Aedes vigilax and C. annulirostris at Cairns (1961); Stratford (C338) from Ae. vigilax at Cairns (1961).

Koongol group: Koongol (MRM31) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960) and Normanton (1961); Wongal (MRM168) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960 and 1961).

Ungrouped: MRM1 (found resistant to ether and sodium desoxycholate) from C. anulirostris at Mitchell River (1960); Mapputta (MRM186) from Anopheles meraukensis at Mitchell River (1960) (not reisolated).

C. annulirostris was the commonest mosquito collected (12,124) and the source of 44 of the virus strains.

Eight of the viruses appear to be new. One (Murray Valley encephalitis virus) has previously been isolated from man in Australia and two (Sindbis and AMM 2021) from mosquitoes elsewhere.
STUDIES OF CYTOTOXICITY USING P32
Authors: Forbes IJ
Published: December 2007

A technique is described for detecting damage to cells in culture using P32. The method is relatively simple and results obtained with it are reproducible.

The method depends on the principle that P32 passes from cells into a non‐toxic medium at a rate which is a property of the particular type of cell. Cytotoxic agents cause an increased rate of leakage of P32 from cells.

The method was satisfactory with all of the cultures which were studied: the L‐fibroblast, primary cultures of the 16–6 rat thyroid carcinoma and rat kidney, and subcultures of these rat cells.

Four types of cytotoxic agents were shown to cause an increased loss of P32 from the cells on which they were tested: the natural rat cytotoxin in rabbit serum, NaOH, antisera to rat tissues, and mechlorethamine hydrochloride (“Mustargen”).

Data are presented to show that increased P32 loss is due to cell damage.
ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS IN ERYTHROCYTES EXPOSED TO NAPHTHOQUINONES
Authors: Harley JD , Robin Helen
Published: December 2007

The conversion of oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) to methaemoglobin (MetHb) in normal adult erythrocytes is potently catalysed by some napthoquinones. Under appropriate conditions, the following mechanisms appear to regulate the degree of MetHb formation: (1) catalysis of NADPH‐dependent reduction of MetHb by naphthoquinones; (2) the normal process of NADH‐dependent reduction of MetHb, plus an increase in rate under certain circumstances due to catalysis by naphthoquinones; (3) the phenomena whereby the rates of NADH‐ and NADPH‐dependent reduction of MetHb increase with increasing concentrations of MetHb; (4) retardation of MetHb formation as a result of catalase activity.

Despite these regulating mechanisms, similar relative degrees of MetHb formation and GSH depletion were found in normal erythrocytes exposed to naphthoquinones in the presence of glucose. Oxidative destruction of haemoglobin and osmotic hyperfragility occurred only after gross depletion of GSH. Short of concentrations of 1,2‐naphthoquinone which caused irreversible damage to adult erythrocytes, the pentose phosphate pathway appeared to compensate for metabolic variations which predispose to MetHb formation in erythrocytes taken from the umbilical cord. It is suggested that the pentose phosphate pathway not only facilitates erythrocytic adaptation by responding to oxidant stress, but also maintains balance between the degrees of methaemoglobinaemia and haemolysis in erythrocytes exposed to naphthoquinones.
STUDIES ON PLASMA KININS
Authors: Bishop Elizabeth , Margolis J
Published: December 2007

The kinin‐destroying enzyme in human plasma is inhibited by metal‐binding compounds, e.g. EDTA, and also by analogues of arginine. Inhibition by EDTA appears to involve chelation of a metal on which the enzyme is dependent. The enzyme can be reactivated by a small group of metal cations (zinc, cadmium, cobalt), although other ions of similar size can be utilised to some extent. The inhibition by arginine and its analogues may be competitive. This is in keeping with the proposed carboxypeptidase nature of the enzyme.
THE EFFECT OF LECITHIN ON CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF RABBIT MACROPHAGES
Authors: Day AJ , Gould‐Hurst PRS
Published: December 2007

14C‐Iabelled cholesterol suspensions were incubated with rabbit macrophage homogenates either alone or with animal lecithin or synthetic lecithin added. Partial esterification of the 14C‐labelled cholesterol was brought about by such homogenates. In the presence of either animal lecithin or synthetic lecithin the esterification of the 14C‐labelled cholesterol brought about by macrophage homogenates was appreciably reduced.
THE ARYLSULPHATASES AND RELATED ENZYMES IN THE LIVERS OF SOME LOWER VERTEBRATES
Authors: Roy AB
Published: December 2007

The livers of the marsupials Trichosurus vulpecula and Phascolomis mitchelli, the monotreme Echidna aculeata, the lizard Tiliqua rugosa and the frog Rana temporaria have been studied with regard to their content of arylsulphatases and related enzymes. Type I arylsulphatases were found only in the opossum (T. vulpecula) and the lizard, in very small amounts in the latter. The enzymes were generally similar to the type I arylsulphatases of the eutherian mammals although they differed in their considerably lower pH optima which were in the region of pH 6. Type II arylsulphatases were found in all the species studied. The enzymes had the electrophoretic properties of a sulphatase B from a eutherian mammal but they were not typical of this group as their hydrolyses of nitrophenyl sulphate were not greatly activated by Cl‐ ions and they seemed to combine many of the properties of the sulphatases A and B of the eutheria. It is therefore suggested that the complexity of the arylsulphatases in the eutheria is a recent development in their evolution. No steroid sulphatase could be detected in opossum liver.

Opossum liver could synthesise p‐nitrophenyl sulphate only extremely slowly and no synthesis of androstenolone, oestrone or testosterone sulphates could be detected. Normal opossum urine contained no detectable ester sulphates. A dose of 1‐naphthol was excreted by the opossum mainly in the form of urinary glucuronides and only traces of ester sulphates were formed.
METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY SEMEN AND THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Scott TW , Baggett B , White IG
Published: December 2007

When testosterone‐4‐C14 was incubated with ram, bull, dog, and cock semen, 6–11 p.c. was converted to androstenedione‐C14. Testosterone could not be shown to affect oxidative metabolism of ram, bull, or dog spermatozoa.
UROCANIC AND FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID EXCRETION
Authors: Davis RE , Kelly A
Published: December 2007

The normal range for the urinary excretion of histidine metabolites after an oral loading dose of 15 grams of histidine monohydrochloride was 0–22.3 mg./5 hour urine. The excretion rates of the individual metabolites were formiminoglutamic acid 0–16.6 mg./5 hour urine and urocanic acid 0–9.6 mg./5 hour urine. No significant difference was found between the levels in males and females.

The urines of 31 patients were examined for histidine metabolites after oral loading with 15 grams of histidine monohydrochloride. Twenty‐one patients excreted abnormal quantities of Figlu, and eight also excreted an excess of urocanic acid. Urocanic acid may make a significant contribution to the total histidine metabolites excreted.
PRESERVATION OF YEASTS BY DRYING
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

Eight different strains of yeasts suspended in a mixture of peptone and glucose were dried on cellulose tufts. The recoveries, after storage in vacuo for thirty months at room temperature, ranged from 2–90 p.c. With three of the yeasts, recoveries after drying were shown to increase markedly as the cultures from which suspensions for drying were made, developed from the young to the mature phase. With young cultures most of the losses appeared to occur during the latter stages of desiccation. Variation among recoveries of replicate desiccates was much higher with young than with mature cultures.
THE PATTERN OF LYMPHOPOIESIS IN THE MOUSE THYMUS AFTER CORTISONE ADMINISTRATION OR ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: Ishidate M , Metcalf D
Published: December 2007

The subcutaneous administration of cortisone acetate to C3H and AKR mice was followed by thymic atrophy, decreased mitotic activity in thymic lymphoid cells and a selective destruction of thyimic small lymphocytes. During the succeeding regenerative phase, mitotic activity was higher than in control thymuses and was concentrated around the PAS‐positive reticulum cells of the cortex. Following adrenalectomy, thymic lymphocyte mitotic indices rose and the weight of the thymus increased. The increased mitotic activity was again concentrated around the cortical PAS‐positive reticulum cells.

These findings are further evidence indicating that PAS‐positive reticulum cells are involved in the regulation of lymphocyte mitotic activity in the mouse thymus cortex.
REOVIRUS TYPE 3 INFECTION IN LABORATORY MICE
Authors: Cook Ian
Published: December 2007

1. Reovirus type 3 was isolated from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research mouse colony. Epizootics due to the virus and manifest by diarrhoea, oily hair, jaundice and stunted growth occurred in September, 1961, and February‐March, 1962.

2. The isolated virus was identical with a murine encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from the mouse colony of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, from which the Queensland Institute of Medical Research mouse colony was derived in 1949. It appears likely that the virus has been endemic in the colony since that time.

3. An antibody survey confirmed that infection with reovirus type 3 had been present in the colony at least since 1959 and was widespread in 1962.

4. Infant mice of the colony are resistant to experimental infection with the virus.
THE LOCALISATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CROTON OIL STIMULATION ON TUMOUR INITIATION BY URETHANE IN MICE
Authors: Pound Allan W
Published: December 2007

Groups of mice were painted with a solution of croton oil in acetone on one‐half of the skin of the back twenty‐four hours prior to an injection of urethane. The whole skin of the back was subsequently painted with croton oil weekly for twenty weeks. The number of papillomata developed on the skin was greater on the half given the preliminary application of croton oil. The augmented tumour yield is accounted for by local phenomena produced by the preliminary application of croton oil.
BODY BUILD AND BLOOD PRESSURE OF MEN IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Whyte HM
Published: December 2007

Measurements were made in 100 Australian male blood donors, 40 to 59 years of age, of height, weight, skinfold thickness, circumference of the arm, girth of hips and blood pressure. In 50 the total serum cholesterol level and the cholesterol in low density lipoproteins were measured.

The desirable body weight was exceeded by 20 p.c. on the average and it was estimated that 28 p.c. of the body weight was fat. There was no correlation between blood pressure and arm size, body bulk (weight/height2) or skinfolds. Systolic, but not diastolic, pressure rose with age within this group. The average serum cholesterol level was 248 mg./100 ml. with 79 p.c. in the low density lipoproteins. There was no relationship between cholesterol level and body build.

The results were compared with previously published observations in male Australians 20 to 39 years of age and natives of New Guinea of both age groups. Ageing was accompanied in the Australians, but not in the natives, by increasing body bulk, obesity, blood pressure and serum cholesterol level. The natives maintained “ideal” body bulk and blood pressure at all ages. Blood pressure was related to body build only in the younger group of Australians. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN LYMPHOID CELLS DURING ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Hall JG
Published: December 2007

The amount of adenosine deaminase activity in free‐floating lymphoid cells obtained from the efferent duct of the popliteal node of sheep has been shown to increase after the node was antigenically stimulated by chicken red cells. The increase in cellular enzyme content coincided with the appearance of plasma cells in the lymph and the presence of intra‐cellular antibody.

The activity of the free enzyme was found to be higher in intermediate lymph than in peripheral lymph or blood plasma.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS IN THE TESTIS OF THE AUSTRALIAN PHALANGER (TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA)
Authors: Green Lorna MA
Published: December 2007

A description is given of the location and general histology of the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis of Trichosurus vulpecula.

Appropriate staining methods were employed to demonstrate the various cell contents. The reticular cytoplasm of the polygonal Leydig cells was crowded with numerous variously sized vacuoles. Many vacuoles contained masses of secretory material which also occurred as fine granules, aggregated into a semilunar arrangement, at the periphery of the vacuole. The round, pale‐staining nucleus frequently occupied an eccentric position in the interstitial cells.

An abundant blood supply, taking its origin from the intertubular arteries which supplied the seminiferous tubules, was provided by arterioles and capillaries which vessels were evident between the groups and strands of Leydig cells.
A STRUCTURAL STUDY OF ABNORMAL HAEMOGLOBINS OCCURRING IN NEW GUINEA
Authors: Curtain CC
Published: December 2007

The abnormal haemoglobins E, H and Lepore occur to a limited extent in New Guinea. Specimens of these were compared with their non‐New Guinea counterparts by “fingerprinting”. The haemoglobins E and H were found to be identical with haemoglobins E and H occurring elsewhere. The Lepore haemoglobin was found to be markedly different from a Lepore specimen from an individual of Mediterranean origin, but identical with LeporeHOLLANDIA.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SIMONSEN PHENOMENON
Authors: Warner NL , Szenberg A
Published: December 2007

The inoculation of blood leucocytes from an adult non‐inbred fowl onto the dropped chorioallantoic membrane of non‐inbred eggs results in the production of visible lesions after four days’ further incubation. This reaction is a graft versus host reaction of immunologically competent lymphocytes against major histocompatibility antigens present in the host membrane and is termed the Simonsen phenomenon.

Although tolerance to this range of histocompatibility antigens can be induced in birds, previous studies had failed to show any increase in the proportion of reactive cells following immunisation of the donor bird with the same range of histocompatibility antigens.

Results presented in this paper show that preimmunisation of donor non‐inbred fowls with pooled spleen cells from embryos of the AA inbred line produced an increase in the relative number of reactive cells as assessed by the number of foci produced on subsequent inoculation of blood leucocytes onto membranes of AA eggs.

It is concluded that this represents immunisation to minor histocompatibility antigens in the fowl, and parallels Simonsen's results in mice.
THROMBUS FORMATION IN VITRO: A RHEOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Rozenberg MC , Dintenfass Leopold
Published: December 2007

Blond coagulation has been studied by means of viscometric techniques. Clots obtained have been examined with the light‐ and the electron‐microscope. The degree of platelet aggregation in these clots has been found to be a function of the rate of shear produced in the cone‐in‐conc viscometer. At high rates of shear, morphology obtained resembles that of in vivo thrombosis. The process of blood coagulation was found to be accelerated at higher velocity gradients.
AVIAN BOTULISM IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Grubb WB
Published: December 2007

An outbreak of suspected avain botulism in the Perth metropolitan area was investigated. From the examination of various soil samples and animal specimens it was concluded that the outbreak was in fact botulism and was caused by Clostridium botulinum type Cα. The epidemiology of such outbreaks is discussed.
THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Turner KJ , Jenkin CR , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

It has been shown that vaccination of mice with a living attenuated culture of S. typhimurium results in the production of two types of immunoglobilins. The first phase of antibody production is characterised by a 19S macroglobulin response which disappears after about one month, to have the 7S type antibody which persists for at least six months. The importance of these observations in relation to cellular immunity is discussed.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Pye J , Abbot A
Published: December 2007

Flagella were isolated from Salmonella adelaide and purified. The soluble protein, flagellin, was prepared by treatment of flagella with dilute acid. In the presence of salt, flagellin polymerized to form linear aggregates. Acid dissociation of this polymerized flagellin again yielded flagellin.

Flagellin prepared from polymerized flagellin was characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation, column chromatography, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, amino acid and N.‐terminal amino acid analyses. Electron microscopy of polymerized flagellin showed rods similar in appearance and dimensions to native flagella. Zone centrifugation showed both polymerized flagellin and flagella to be polydisperse.

Flagella contained about 1 per cent of a substance rich in carbohydrate and phosphorus. Flagellin and polymerized flagellin contained, at most, traces of this substance.

Each preparation caused the production of precipitating antibodies in rabbits, and in various serological tests reacted with antibodies to itself and to the other preparations. Double immunodiffusion tests showed that each preparation contained a major and a minor antigen.

It was concluded that the three preparations contained the same protein unit but differed mainly in size and structural organization.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

A wide range of soluble and particulate substances were iodinated and injected into rats. Some preparations were classical antigens; others were heterologous proteins of minimal antigenicity; and others were homologous substances believed to be non‐antigenic.

It was found that all antigens showed a tendency to concentrate in lymphoid follicles, as well as in medullary macrophages. Non‐antigens were taken up to a varying extent by cells in the medulla, but did not localize in lymphoid follicles. The only exception to this rule was rat gamma globulin. In view of the role of globulins in tbe opsonization of particulars antigens, this exception seemed especially significant, The study suggested that the phagocytic cells in lymphoid follicles possessed the capacity to “recognize foreignness”, and the possibility exists that this is mediated by opsonic factors, rather than being an inherent property of the cells.

The localization pattern of iodinated flagellin, and the cellular changes induced by it, were carefully compared with those of equivalent doses nf flagella. The differences in localization were relatively slight, yet the cellular changes typical of the immune response occurred 10–14 days later with flagellin than with flagella. It is unlikely that this delay was due to the chemical differences between the antigens, as polymerized flagellin behaved more like flagella. It appears that a particulate antigen entering a follicular macrophage may cause the more dramatic appearance of plasma cell precursors around it, and the earlier formation of 19S antibodies, but the reasons for this are not clear.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT LYMPHOID ORGANS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Warner NL
Published: December 2007

Involution of the chicken thymus is accompanied by an eventual complete loss of thymic cortex, although the medulla persists throughout life. The immunological competence of cell suspensions prepared from thymic glands of birds ranging in age from several days to nine months was determined by their ability to initiate a graft versus host reaction on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos. On the basis of a constant inoculum, cell suspensions from adult atrophic thymuses were more competent than from those taken prior to involution. However, in terms of total competent cells per thymic lobe, there was little difference.

Whereas cells from young thymuses showed little ability to clear added bacteriophage from the CAM, most adult thymic cell suspensions caused some degree of clearance.

Treatment of young birds with cortisone, and adult birds with thyroid hormone, respectively caused a loss and a restoration of the thymic cortex. A marked change in immunological competence of thymic cell suspensions was subsequently observed.

The results were interpreted to indicate that thymic cortical lymphocytes were not immunologically competent, but that a competent population of cells was present throughout life in the medulla.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS PRODUCED BY THE LOCAL INJECTION OF ADULT FOWL LEUCOCYTES IN CHICKENS
Authors: Warner NL
Published: December 2007

The intradermal injection of adult fowl blood leucocytes into the wattle of homologous chickens has been shown to produce a readily detectable reaction. The intensity can be followed by daily measurements of wattle thickness, the maximum being reached in about 4–5 days, and regressing by 10–12 days.

Histologically, there is a large inflammatory exudate with prominent perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. The reaction is initiated by the injected cells only when a foreign antigen is present in the recipient.

Preimmunisation of the recipient to the donor results in a profound suppression of the response. Donor immunisation does not increase lesion intensity; instead it also seems to cause some reduction.

Blood leucocytes from hormonally bursectomised chickens were also shown to be fully competent by this criterion of immunological reactivity.