bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of discourse pragmatics in the acquisition of subjects in Italian
Authors: SERRATRICE LUDOVICA
Published: July 2005

This longitudinal study investigates the distribution of null and overt subjects in the spontaneous production of six Italian-speaking children between the ages of 1 year, 7 months and 3 years, 3 months. Like their peers acquiring other Romance null-subject languages, the children in this sample produced more overt subjects as their mean length of utterance in words (MLUW) increased. Pronominal subjects, and specifically first person pronouns, accounted for an increasingly larger proportion of the overt subjects used. The distribution of both pronominal and lexical subjects was further investigated as a function of the informativeness value of a number of pragmatically relevant features. The results showed that as early as MLUW 2.0 Italian-speaking children can use null and overt subjects in a pragmatically appropriate way. The relevance of these findings is discussed with reference to performance limitation and syntactic accounts of subject omission, and implications are drawn for a model of language development that incorporates the mastery of pragmatics in the acquisition of syntax.
CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE AND CONCEPTUAL TRANSFER: WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTS?
Authors: Odlin Terence
Published: July 2005

This chapter surveys recent work on language transfer and focuses on the intersection of second language acquisition (SLA) and linguistic relativity in what is often termedconceptual transfer. The two most famous exponents of relativity, Wilhelm von Humboldt and Benjamin Lee Whorf, developed their ideas largely from their study of Kawi and Hopi respectively, and both scholars viewed crosslinguistic influence as a manifestation of the “binding power” (to use Whorf's characterization) of language on thought. The views of von Humboldt and Whorf diverge in some ways, and the difference is relevant not only to issues in SLA such as ultimate attainment but also to theories of linguistic relativity. Indeed, some recent work on conceptual transfer indicates that even highly proficient learners may never free themselves entirely of the “binding power” of L1. The research reviewed also includes work with native speakers of different languages, suggesting real cognitive differences related to language in, for example, spatial concepts. The importance of distinguishing concepts from meanings is emphasized, as is the difference between meaning transfer and conceptual transfer. The chapter discusses in detail research on transfer involving spatial, temporal, and affective meanings, with some of the studies being interpreted as evidence of conceptual transfer.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Authors: Ortega Lourdes , Iberri-Shea Gina
Published: July 2005

Both common sense and expert knowledge tell us that learning a language other than the mother tongue is a complex process that happens through and over time. Time, indeed, is a construct implicated in many of the problems that second language acquisition researchers investigate. The purpose of this chapter is to survey longitudinal SLA research published in the last three years and to offer a critical reflection of best current longitudinal practices and desirable directions for future longitudinal SLA research. We highlight recent trends in longitudinal SLA research, paying particular attention to broad design choices and foci of research organized around four trends in SLA longitudinal investigation, and we describe key exemplary studies under each trend. We close by reflecting on some of the challenges and opportunities that await these longitudinal research programs in the future.
APTITUDE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: July 2005

Recent second language acquisition (SLA) research into the cognitive abilities implicated in implicit, incidental, and explicit learning, and in learning and performance on tasks differing in their information processing demands has prompted new theoretical frameworks for conceptualizing L2 aptitude. This research is reviewed and related to measures of abilities operationalized in existing aptitude tests, as well as to measures of abilities that are the focus of more recent research in cognitive psychology. Finally, prospects for developing aptitude tests to serve the purposes of predicting both early and advanced level language learning success are discussed in the light of the SLA findings and aptitude frameworks reviewed.
IMPACT OF LITERACY ON ORAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH
Authors: Tarone Elaine , Bigelow Martha
Published: July 2005

In this chapter we describe a body of research on oral language processing that we believe has important implications for applied linguistics. This research documents the effects of literacy on human oral language processing. Studies in this area show that illiterate adults significantly differ from literate adults in their performance of oral processing tasks that require an awareness of linguistic segments. These studies provide evidence that the acquisition of the ability to decode an alphabetic script changes the way in which the individual processes oral language in certain kinds of cognitive tasks. At the same time, based on research establishing a clear reciprocal relationship between oral language processing skills and literacy, researchers on first language acquisition are extending the scope of their study to explore the way in which an individual's language competence is altered and extended by literacy itself. In this discussion, we describe the broad outlines of this new body of research and scholarship, and explore the implications for our understanding of second-language acquisition, and particularly for theories and research that explore the impact of “noticing” on SLA. We conclude by stressing the social and theoretical importance of including clearly-identified illiterate adults in our growing database on second language acquisition research.
CURRENT APPROACHES TO RESEARCHING SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNER PROCESSES
Authors: Wigglesworth Gillian
Published: July 2005

Language learning is a complex set of processes that largely take place in the learner's head. The extent to which learners consciously focus on specific aspects of language, the degree to which they notice particular features of language, and how this is done has been the object of considerable debate in different theoretical approaches to second language acquisition. For researchers in second language acquisition, one dilemma is how to find out what learners notice, and how, if at all, they incorporate this into their developing linguistic knowledge. Here, I discuss three approaches to researching learner cognitive processes that can be used to identify the knowledge that learners have about their second language, and obtain some insights into the cognitive processes of learners. These approaches have the potential to contribute to our understanding of how learners learn a second language, and, therefore, how this task may be facilitated. The first approach attempts to tap directly into the learner's thought through the use of think-aloud protocols, whereas the second involves having learners engage with activities that encourage them to talk aloud, thus providing insights into their thought processes. The third approach uses planning effects on task performance to investigate how learners monitor their language.
LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGY INSTRUCTION: CURRENT ISSUES AND RESEARCH
Authors: Chamot Anna Uhl
Published: July 2005

This chapter begins with definitions and an overview of methods used to identify learners' strategies, then summarizes what we have learned from the large number of descriptive studies of strategies reported by language learners. Research on language learning strategies has a history of only about thirty years, and much of this history has been sporadic. The 1980s and early 1990s were a period of substantial research on language learning strategies, much of it descriptive. This period was followed by an apparent loss of interest in language learning strategies, judging by limited reported research and few related conference presentations. Recently, however, a number of new investigations have reinvigorated the field. The focus of the chapter is on the evolution of research on language learning strategy intervention studies, the issues that have emerged from this research, and metacognitive models that can be useful in the language classroom. The discussion concludes by setting out directions for future research.
PROGRESS AND PROCRASTINATION IN SECOND LANGUAGE READING
Authors: Bernhardt Elizabeth
Published: July 2005

This chapter presents a model of second language reading that illustrates the evolution of research and thought from the 1970s and 1980s, characterized as being influenced extensively by schema theory and psycholinguistics, and from 1990s thought and research that investigated the interdependence of language and literacy hypothesis versus the threshold hypothesis. The chapter then synthesizes the perspectives by acknowledging the necessary components of a contemporary L2 reading model, including L1 literacy level, L2 knowledge level, recognizing the interactions of background knowledge, processing strategies, vocabulary level, relationships between and among various cognate and non-cognate L1s and L2s, as well as the need to examine emerging L1/L2 readers in addition to adult L2 readers. The review argues for a compensatory processing conceptualization: one that recognizes that knowledge sources act in an interactive, synergistic fashion, not an additive one. Finally, the chapter notes a set of impediments to conducting research in the field: assessing subjects in languages unknown to researchers and the assessment of L1 literacy in an array of languages, and concludes with the recognition that second language reading is a critical area for research and scholarship well beyond the borders of applied linguistics.
CONTEXT AND LITERACY PRACTICES
Authors: Reder Stephen , Davila Erica
Published: July 2005

This chapter reviews recent progress in resolving tensions between conceptions of literacy as a system of locally situated cultural practices and conceptions of literacy as a broader system of written language that transcends specific individuals and local contexts. Such theoretical tensions have arisen out of earlier, long-standing literacy debates—the Great Divide, the Literacy Thesis, and even debates about situated cognition itself. Recent reviews and critiques of the “New Literacy Studies” examined here—Brandt and Clinton, 2002; Collins and Blot, 2003; Street, 2003a, 2003b—are reaching toward new theoretical ground to address emerging concerns about the adequacy of current literacy theories framed in terms of locally situated social practices. This new work should be of interest not only to those working in the field of literacy but also to applied linguists in general, because the core issues have to do with the nature and role of context in language use, whether in oral or written form.
TECHNOLOGIES FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LITERACY
Authors: Murray Denise E.
Published: July 2005

Information and communication technology (ICT) has been used in language classrooms for more than two decades. Over this time, classroom use has moved from drill, text manipulation, and word processing to more interactive and communicative applications such as e-mail, chat, and web-based programs, requiring learners to acquire computer literacies. This chapter will begin by discussing both the parameters of ICT and the scope of literacies. It is then organized around discussion of the two types of literacies at the intersection of ICT and L2 learning: how new technologies facilitate acquisition of L2 literacies and what L2 literacies are needed for learners to participate in an increasingly digital world. Although research has mostly been limited to small-scale context-dependent case studies of individual classrooms, it has identified a number of issues that need to be considered as teachers (and learners) use ICT for language learning. Although ICT provides a natural context for learner autonomy, that autonomy needs to be developed systematically. In addition, ICT provides a context for learner identity formation through hybrid uses of language(s), in ways unexpected by teachers and learners. These new ways of using language may empower and motivate learners. Similarly, whereas ICT provides opportunities for collaboration and interaction, they are not automatic, and instruction needs to be skillfully scaffolded for learners to benefit from such opportunities.
Ontologies for supporting engineering analysis models
Authors: GROSSE IAN R. , MILTON–BENOIT JOHN M. , WILEDEN JACK C.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we lay the foundations for exchanging, adapting, and interoperating engineering analysis models (EAMs). Our primary foundation is based upon the concept that engineering analysis models are knowledge-based abstractions of physical systems, and therefore knowledge sharing is the key to exchanging, adapting, and interoperating EAMs within or across organizations. To enable robust knowledge sharing, we propose a formal set of ontologies for classifying analysis modeling knowledge. To this end, the fundamental concepts that form the basis of all engineering analysis models are identified, described, and typed for implementation into a computational environment. This generic engineering analysis modeling ontology is extended to include distinct analysis subclasses. We discuss extension of the generic engineering analysis modeling class for two common analysis subclasses: continuum-based finite element models and lumped parameter or discrete analysis models. To illustrate how formal ontologies of engineering analysis modeling knowledge might facilitate knowledge exchange and improve reuse, adaptability, and interoperability of analysis models, we have developed a prototype engineering analysis modeling knowledge base, called ON-TEAM, based on our proposed ontologies. An industrial application is used to instantiate the ON-TEAM knowledge base and illustrate how such a system might improve the ability of organizations to efficiently exchange, adapt, and interoperate analysis models within a computer-based engineering environment. We have chosen Java as our implementation language for ON-TEAM so that we can fully exploit object-oriented technology, such as object inspection and the use of metaclasses and metaobjects, to operate on the knowledge base to perform a variety of tasks, such as knowledge inspection, editing, maintenance, model diagnosis, customized report generation of analysis models, model selection, automated customization of the knowledge interface based on the user expertise level, and interoperability assessment of distinct analysis models.
Solutions for product configuration management: An empirical
study
Authors: YEH JINN-YI , WU TAI-HSI
Published: July 2005

Customers can directly express their preferences on many options when
ordering products today. Mass customization manufacturing thus has emerged
as a new trend for its aiming to satisfy the needs of individual
customers. This process of offering a wide product variety often induces
an exponential growth in the volume of information and redundancy for data
storage. Thus, a technique for managing product configuration is
necessary, on the one hand, to provide customers faster configured and
lower priced products, and on the other hand, to translate customers'
needs into the product information needed for tendering and manufacturing.
This paper presents a decision-making scheme through constructing a
product family model (PFM) first, in which the relationship between
product, modules, and components are defined. The PFM is then transformed
into a product configuration network. A product configuration problem
assuming that customers would like to have a minimum-cost and customized
product can be easily solved by finding the shortest path in the
corresponding product configuration network. Genetic algorithms (GAs),
mathematical programming, and tree-searching methods such as uniform-cost
search and iterative deepening A* are applied to obtain solutions to this
problem. An empirical case is studied in this work as an example.
Computational results show that the solution quality of GAs retains 93.89%
for a complicated configuration problem. However, the running time of GAs
outperforms the running time of other methods with a minimum speed factor
of 25. This feature is very useful for a real-time system.
Engineering industry controllers using neuroevolution
Authors: HEWAHI NABIL M.
Published: July 2005

Neuroevolution, or evolving neural networks with evolution algorithms such as genetic algorithms, is becoming one of the hottest areas in hybrid systems research. One of the areas that become under research using neuroevolutions is the controllers. In this paper, we shall present two engineering controllers based on neuroevolutions techniques. One of the controllers is used to monitor the temperature and humidity in an industry. This controller is having a linear behavior. The second controller is concerned with scheduling parts in queues in an industry. The scheduling controller is having a nonlinear behavior. The results obtained by the proposed controllers based on neuroevolution are compared with results obtained by traditional methods such as neural networks with backpropagation and ordinary simulation for the controller. The results show that the neuroevolution approaches outperform the results obtained by other methods.
THE SYMBOLISM OF JADE IN CLASSIC MAYA RELIGION
Authors: Taube Karl A.
Published: July 2005

The Classic Maya esteemed jadeite not only for its preciousness and beauty but also as stone of great symbolic import. This paper examines the religious significance of jade and certain types of jade artifacts among the Classic Maya. In this study, I note that the Classic Maya ascribed a number of meanings to jade, including maize, centrality, and rulership, as well as a material embodiment of wind and the vitalizing breath soul. Because of its close relationship to the breath spirit, jade was an important component of funerary rites and the ritual conjuring of gods and ancestors. Carved in floral form, jade earspools were considered supernatural sources or passageways for the breath spirit, frequently portrayed as a bead or a serpent emerging from the center of the jade flare. A common Classic Maya death expression,och b'ih, pertains directly to resurrection of the soul through the symbolism of earspools. Many of the symbolic meanings and imagery found with Classic Maya jade also appears with other cultures of ancient Mesoamerica, including Teotihuacan, Xochicalco, and the contact-period Aztec. Rather than being wholly of Classic Maya origin, many aspects of this jade symbolism and related artifacts can be also found among the earlier Middle Formative Olmec.
RUBBISH OR RITUAL? CONTEXTUALIZING A TERMINAL CLASSIC PROBLEMATICAL DEPOSIT AT BLUE CREEK, BELIZE: A response to “Public Architecture, Ritual, and Temporal Dynamics at the Maya Center of Blue Creek, Belize” by Thomas H. Guderjan
Authors: Clayton Sarah C. , Driver W. David , Kosakowsky Laura J.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we present the results of our analysis of the contents and context of a Terminal Classic “problematical deposit” at Blue Creek, in northwestern Belize, and consider the kinds of behaviors, ritual and otherwise, that may have been responsible for it. We argue that the deposit is secondary, and not the result of a termination ritual in which whole vessels are smashed in situ on the front of a monumental structure in the site center. Based on analysis of the ceramics found in the deposit, specifically the number of whole pots and the forms of vessels represented, as well as a careful consideration of the stratigraphic evidence, we hypothesize that this problematical deposit may represent the transported remains of feasting events that occurred elsewhere at Blue Creek. The research that we present here has important implications for understanding the behaviors and events that occurred prior to the abandonment of Maya sites during the Terminal Classic period (a.d.830/850–1000). Furthermore, we offer a methodology for the interpretation of problematical deposits that too often go unanalyzed and demonstrate that detailed investigation of such deposits contributes to a greater understanding of Maya ritual behavior.
IN SEARCH OF YAX NUUN AYIIN I: Revisiting the Tikal Project's Burial 10
Authors: Wright Lori E.
Published: July 2005

Recent epigraphic decipherments suggest that the child of a Teotihuacan ruler was installed as the ruler of Tikal ina.d.379. This paper reviews the excavation and osteology of the tomb of this king, Yax Nuun Ayiin I. Estimating the age at death of the skeletons, I found that the skeletons surrounding the principal occupant include at least one adult, who was distinguished by a rare style of dental decoration. I report strontium isotope ratios obtained from the teeth of four of these skeletons. Comparison with a larger data set of strontium isotope ratios on Tikal burials indicates that none of the sampled skeletons from Burial PTP-010 were foreigners to the Maya Lowlands. Although native Tikal children cannot be distinguished from the skeletons of children who lived at nearby Peten sites using strontium isotopes, these results do not support epigraphic readings that identify Yax Nuun Ayiin as a child of Teotihuacan.
CHRONOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR GREATER NICOYA FROM THE SANTA ISABEL PROJECT, NICARAGUA
Authors: McCafferty Geoffrey G. , Steinbrenner Larry
Published: July 2005

The Santa Isabel Project (Nicaragua) is investigating domestic remains from a supposed Postclassic/Ometepe-period regional center on the shore of Lake Nicaragua. However, a suite of twelve C-14 dates from the site suggests that the occupation predates the currently accepted time range for the Ometepe period by several hundred years, calling into question the periodization and associated cultural processes. This paper reports and contextualizes those dates.
STONES, BONES, AND CROWDED PLAZAS: Evidence for Terminal Classic Maya warfare at Colha, Belize
Authors: Barrett Jason W. , Scherer Andrew K.
Published: July 2005

This study provides a synthetic review of the Terminal Classic collapse of the Maya site of Colha, Belize, based on new data drawn from recent lithic and osteological studies and previously reported information. The well-known Colha skull pit has figured prominently in previous hypotheses of the site's collapse, which focus on either warfare or ritual termination. In this review, these two hypotheses are reexamined using data from: (1) shifts in settlement patterns; (2) transitions in lithic production; and (3) the death en masse of at least 55 individuals coincident with the site's abandonment. Based on the evidence presented here, we argue that warfare precipitated Colha's collapse. In light of Colha's role as a secondary site that functioned primarily as a lithic-production locality, the Terminal Classic destruction of the site illustrates the significance of material motivations in Maya warfare and accents the diversity of collapse processes in the Maya Lowlands.
SHOULD LIKE CASES BE TREATED ALIKE?
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: July 2005

It is a familiar slogan in legal circles that “like cases should be treated alike.” This idea is often confused with two others: the rationale of analogical reasoning in adjudication, and the value of coherence. I would like to keep these three issues separate, at least for a while. What is unique about idea of treating like cases alike? I would suggest that the interesting cases (and by “cases,” I do mean judicial decisions, to which this essay is confined) are those in which legal decisions are not entirely determined by reasons. If two similar cases are actually determined by the reasons that apply to them, then there is no need for the principle of treating like cases alike: The determining reasons would do all the work of justifying similar rulings. This is what makes the principle of treating like cases alike uniquely problematic and separate from the questions of analogical reasoning and coherence. In analogical reasoning, for example, the assumption is that if there is a good reason that determines a decision X under circumstances C1, and we now face a similar case C2, then the reason that determines X in C1 may also determine (or support) the decision X under C2. In other words, analogical reasoning typically appeals to the reasons that underlie the previous decision(s) and extends the application of those reasons to the new case. (I will qualify this account of analogy in the last section.)
A Family Reunion The Anthropology of Life, Death and New Year in Soochow
Authors: Aijmer Göran
Published: July 2005

For a long time students of China have held the view that ancestral cults formed one of the pillars of the Imperial state, that they were the backbone of family life and provided the ideological source for the political class. In a vague and general way this is no doubt true. However, from an anthropological perspective, the position of the dead in Chinese society is not well known. China is a vast country with a great variety of ecological circumstances and ethnic substrata, which have contributed to differences in ritual articulation. The most important of the regional differences may have been the divide between the rice-producing areas in the south and those producing wheat and millet in the north. China was sinicised in a slow process by the acceptance of hegemonic influences under shifting political conditions, and we must expect rich and diverse strands within the substrata lingering in the mix that we sometimes superficially designate ‘traditionally Chinese’. Furthermore, we must realise that there have been shifts in these ancestral cults through the ages, and that what was conducted in earlier dynasties might in some important aspects have been rather different from what went on in the later days of the Empire. In this article I wish to continue earlier work on the Chinese cult of the dead in terms of time – cyclical, calendrical and linear.
A Vastu Text in the Modern Age: Vishvakarma Darpan, 1969
Authors: Sachdev Vibhuti
Published: July 2005

1969 was a time of some introspection for the architectural profession in India. The vision of bold architecture that Nehru had nurtured so personally was now in full bloom. It was, after all, a decade since he had urged architects to break the shackles of tradition in support of Chandigarh – an experiment to embolden the spirit of New India. There was a general sense of relief from professionally trained architects, because for them this political support meant that they could now do what they did best. Not out of choice, but training, they were freed from the burden of addressing tradition, and they could now address foreign design. This was also the time when many were ‘returning home’ after training in European and American schools, and were putting into practice what they had learnt abroad. The ‘foreign-returned’ were the ‘real’ architects who took upon themselves the task of educating their clients, and changing the face of India. They were ‘real’ also because only they had had first-hand experience of what was being taught from books in architecture schools all over India. With scholarship schemes set up by the Nehru government facilitating architects to study in America, it was there that many young architects went to complete their education. Once back they would set their euphoria in concrete and glass. And by 1969 there were already quite a few examples of American-inspired designs in the portfolio of Modern India, and its novelty was beginning to wear off.
“The Five Aspects of Conduct” Introduction and Translation
Authors: Holloway Kenneth
Published: July 2005

In 1973 a cache of silk manuscripts was discovered in Mawangdui tomb number three in Hunan province. This was the first extensive collection of silk manuscripts unearthed from such an early period: 168 BCE, during the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 202 CE). Guodian village in the province of Hubei was the site of another exciting discovery in October of 1993. Here archaeologists uncovered a tomb they labelled M1 from 300 BCE in the pre-Qin state of Chu that contained texts written on 804 bamboo strips. These two tombs are separated by one of the most significant period-defining events in ancient history, Qin Shihuang's unification of China. Excavated manuscripts now bridge this historic divide. Some are early editions of major works known from the received tradition. Others were previously unknown having been lost for over two millennia. Of the received texts, the Daodejing has been translated into English based on each of the editions found in Mawangdui and Guodian. The only other text that appears in both of these tombs is “The Five Aspects of Conduct”, which will be made widely available to an English speaking audience for the first time at the end of this article.
Invention of Tradition in Travancore: A Maharaja's Quest for Political Security
Authors: Kooiman Dick
Published: July 2005

Up until the British departure from India, in 1947, hundreds of Indian princely states succeeded in maintaining a semi-autonomous existence beneath the wide umbrella of British paramount power. These states, which were scattered over the whole subcontinent, ranged from large and imposing to tiny and insignificant, and were dominated by Hindu, Muslim and Sikh ruling elites.
Günter Behnisch at 82: interview with Hanno Rauterberg
Authors: Jones Peter Blundell
Published: July 2005

This interview celebrating the 82nd birthday of the ‘Grand old man of German Architecture’ (Die Zeit) sheds some interesting light on questions of tyranny and freedom, of the necessity of imperfection, of struggles to maintain a humane architectural practice in an increasingly pressured and commercial world. It also reveals the underlying reasons why Behnisch could be claimed for Deconstruction while his office's work in many ways predated this so-called movement, and while it pursued an idealistic and optimistic political agenda rather than a cynical or despairing one.
The Baupiloten: building bridges between education, practice and research
Authors: Hofmann Susanne
Published: July 2005

With the exciting period of construction following German reunification now over, German post-war reconstruction has finally come to an end. For a brief period, reunification enlivened the building market with great visions, but now the demand for architecture and employment in the construction industry has sunk dramatically.
Vernacular values in public housing
Authors: Shadar Hadas
Published: July 2005

The crisis in modern architecture in the middle of the twentieth century brought about a reaction to total Utopian solutions and ideas and the realization of the importance of ‘place’ and identity. These notions found expression, among others, in a renewed interest in vernacular construction. Vernacular construction is evolutionary and contains key, a priori, aspects of identity and place. As such it constituted a focus of attention and gained special exposure and popularity after the exhibition ‘Architecture without Architects’, held in MoMA, New York in 1964. As a result of this attention, the patio, that external room constituting the heart of the house in the Middle East, in the Mediterranean basin and in the Far East, gained architectural significance. At the same time it found a place in modern housing in the Western world.
Far from home
Authors: Rattray Charles
Published: July 2005

‘Acceptance of the banal conditions of construction enables a good concept to become fit for building,’ say the Dutch architects Claus en Kaan. In The Netherlands, those conditions include a culture of consensus, where the architect has no special authority as creator, tight budgets, strict project management and standardised products. However, their results in these quotidian circumstances are extraordinary: invigorating yet restrained, visceral as well as intellectual. Kees Kaan took me to see one example, their recently completed Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) at Rijswijk — a tour de force of expression, form and experience. But afterwards we began by discussing the product of a quite different building environment: their Royal Netherlands Embassy for Mozambique in Maputo. It was, says Kaan, ‘an adventure’.

There must have been an immediate contrast with the building industry here in Holland, which we might call synthetic, with its absence of craft and its preponderance of off-the-shelf products...
Interpretations of Vitruvius Critical misunderstandings
Authors: FRASER MURRAY
Published: July 2005

This letter was invited as a response to Brian Hatton's review in this issue (pp105–108), and the editors would welcome further correspondence on this theme.
Depression nach Schlaganfall
Authors: Malevani Jaroslav
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung: Depression ist eine häufige Langzeitkomplikation des Schlaganfalls, die mit sehr hohen Prävalenzraten von ca. 20-40% einhergeht und einen ungünstigen Verlauf des Schlaganfalls zu Folge hat. Aufgrund der negativen Auswirkungen der PSD auf den Krankheitsverlauf nach dem Schlaganfall, die zu Reduktion der Therapiemotivation und -Compliance, Verlängerung der stationären Verweildauer, Verschlechterung der Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und der Lebensqualität führen, können hohe gesundheitsökonomische Kosten entstehen. Obwohl eine Reihe Faktoren wie z.B. das Ausmaß körperlicher Behinderung, eine psychiatrische Vorerkrankung oder die vorbestehenden sozialen Rahmenbedingungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten depressiver Symptome stehen können, ist das Entstehen der Poststroke Depression (PSD) nach dem heutigen Stand der klinischen Forschung noch nicht vorhersehbar. Eine frühzeitige Erkennung der PSD sowie eine Initiierung einer konsequenten psychiatrischen Behandlung stellen einen wichtigen Aspekt in der Schlaganfallbehandlung im Rahmen der neurologisch-psychiatrischen Kooperation dar.
Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei übergewichtigen Kindern
Authors: Lehrke Sonja , Koch Nathalie , Hubel Ralph , Laessle Reinhold G.
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die Zahl übergewichtiger Kinder ist in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen. Gut erforscht sind medizinische und psychosoziale Folgebelastungen des Übergewichts; zur Lebensqualität übergewichtiger Kinder liegen jedoch bislang nur wenige Befunde vor. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich daher mit der Fragestellung, ob und in welchen Bereichen Unterschiede in der Lebensqualität zwischen übergewichtigen und normalgewichtigen gesunden bzw. chronisch kranken Kindern vorliegen. An der Studie nahmen insgesamt 87 Probanden: 27 übergewichtige, 30 normalgewichtige gesunde, 30 chronisch kranke (18 diabeteskranke und 12 asthmakranke) Kinder teil. Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität wurde anhand des “Fragebogens zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen - revidierte Form“ (KINDL®, Ravens-Sieberer & Bullinger, 2000 ) erfasst. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine erhebliche Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität übergewichtiger Kinder in mehreren Bereichen hin: Die übergewichtigen Kinder schätzten sich hinsichtlich des Bereichs “körperliches Wohlbefinden“ und der gesamten Lebensqualität deutlich schlechter ein als die normalgewichtigen gesunden und die chronisch kranken Kinder. In den Bereichen “psychisches Wohlbefinden“ und “Freunde“ fanden sich Abweichungen nach unten lediglich im Vergleich zu den normalgewichtigen gesunden Kindern. Übergewichtige und chronisch kranke Kinder waren in ihrer Selbsteinschätzung bezüglich dieser Bereiche miteinander vergleichbar. Die Ergebnisse werden in den bisherigen Forschungsstand eingeordnet und kritisch diskutiert. Perspektiven für die zukünftige Adipositasforschung werden abgeleitet.
Einfluss ethischer Überzeugungen auf das Organspendeverhalten
Authors: Hübner Gundula , Six Bernd
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Ausgehend von der Theorie überlegten Handelns wird ein Erweitertes Modell der Organspende (EMO) abgleitet, in welchem ethische Überzeugungen sowie Misstrauen in ärztliches Handeln als zusätzliche Determinanten des Organspendeverhaltens angenommen werden. Zur Modellvalidierung wurde eine Fragebogenerhebung mit Studierenden (N = 512) durchgeführt. Strukturgleichungsanalysen weisen den Respekt vor der Totenruhe neben der Einstellung und Subjektiven Norm als stärksten Prädiktor der Spendenbereitschaft aus, während der Einfluss moralischer Überzeugungen und des Misstrauens in ärztliches Handeln marginal bleibt. Insgesamt lassen sich mit dem EMO 80% der Varianz in der Spendenbereitschaft, die ihrerseits zusammen mit der Misstrauenskomponente 29% des konkreten Verhaltens aufklären, einen Organspendeausweis auszufüllen oder anzufordern. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung der Totenruhe für die Bereitschaft zur Organspende hin und bestätigen die Grundstruktur des EMO.
A knowledge‐based reactive transport approach for the simulation of biogeochemical dynamics in Earth systems
Authors: Aguilera D. R. , Jourabchi P. , Spiteri C. , Regnier P.
Published: July 2005

A Knowledge‐Based Reactive Transport Model (KB‐RTM) for simulation of coupled transport and biogeochemical transformations in surface and subsurface flow environments is presented (http://www.geo.uu.nl/∼kbrtm). The scalable Web‐distributed Knowledge Base (KB), which combines Information Technology (IT), an automatic code generator, and database management, facilitates the automated construction of complex reaction networks from comprehensive information stored at the level of biogeochemical processes. The reaction‐centric approach of the KB‐RTM system offers full flexibility in the choice of model components and biogeochemical reactions. The procedure coupling the reaction networks to a generalized transport module into RTMs is also presented. The workings of our KB‐RTM simulation environment are illustrated by means of two examples of redox and acid‐base chemistry in a typical shelf sediment and an aquifer contaminated by landfill plumes.
A new interpretation of Weimer et al.'s solar wind propagation delay technique
Authors: Bargatze L. F. , McPherron R. L. , Minamora J. , Weimer D.
Published: July 2005

We present an evaluation of the Weimer et al. (2003) scheme designed to model interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) phase front propagation in the solar wind. The new method is based on the fact that IMF fluctuations tend to be rotations contained within planes. Weimer et al. (2003) report that phase front orientations can be found via minimum variance analysis (MVA) with planar normals defined by the minimum variance direction. The phase plane tilt angle results they present appear to be accurate as they vary in a similar fashion to those found utilizing phase front coplanarity analysis using multipoint interplanetary observations (Weimer et al., 2002). Here we report on an attempt to reproduce their results, an effort that failed since Weimer et al. (2003) adopted a nonstandard form of the equation used to calculate the magnetic field variance matrix that composes the basis of MVA. Use of the modified variance matrix forces a reevaluation of the physics underlying their new propagation model. The revised interpretation suggests that phase plane orientations are organized in a coordinate system whose axes are defined by the mean IMF direction and the minimum and maximum perturbation directions perpendicular to the mean field vector. The phase plane normal is found to be the minimum perturbation direction in this coordinate system. Given that the new technique appears to improve the accuracy of estimating solar wind propagation delays and that it requires IMF data from only one interplanetary monitor, testing it as a space weather forecasting tool is clearly motivated.
Rheology of synthetic anorthite‐diopside aggregates: Implications for ductile shear zones
Authors: Dimanov A. , Dresen G.
Published: July 2005

We investigated the high‐temperature creep strength of fine‐grained anorthite‐diopside rocks at temperatures ranging from 1323 K to 1523 K and at 300 MPa confining pressure in a Paterson‐type gas‐medium deformation apparatus. Flow stress varied between 20 and 450 MPa resulting in strain rates between 6.1 × 10−7 s−1 and 7.5 × 10−4 s−1. Pure diopside and anorthite samples were hot pressed from crushed natural single crystals and glass powders, respectively. Two‐phase samples were produced by hot isostatic pressing of mechanically mixed powders of anorthite glass with 25, 50 and 75 vol % diopside particles. Arithmetic mean grain size of the anorthite matrix is dAn ≈ 3.5 μm. Three different ranges of diopside particle size were used: dDi < 25 μm, <35 μm, and <45 μm. Water content of as is samples was about 0.05 ± 0.02 wt % H2O, and predried samples contain about 0.004 ± 0.001 wt % H2O. At experimental conditions, as is samples are assumed to be water saturated. Water content of predried samples is about 3 times less than that of starting diopside single crystals. The specimens contain about 1 vol % glass located at fluid inclusions and some multiple grain junctions. Two‐grain boundaries examined by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy did not show amorphous layers to a resolution of 1 nm. At experimental conditions, pure diopside aggregates are about 2–3 orders of magnitude stronger than pure anorthite samples for as is and predried specimens, respectively. In general, strength of the two‐phase aggregates increases with increasing diopside content but remains between isostress and isostrain rate bounds. Aggregate strengths predicted from continuum mechanics models are in good agreement with the experimental data for dilute diopside particle mixtures and high‐volume fractions, when diopside particles form a load‐bearing framework. At low stresses (<100–200 MPa) the stress exponent is n ≈ 1, suggesting diffusion‐controlled creep. At higher stresses, mechanical data and microstructures suggest that samples deformed in the transition region between diffusion‐controlled creep and dislocation creep. For pure anorthite and diopside aggregates deforming in dislocation creep we estimated stress exponents of n ≈ 3 and n ≈ 5.5, respectively. For the two‐phase aggregates, n is between n ≈ 3 and n ≈ 5, depending on diopside content. At low stresses, deformation microstructures indicate load transfer from a weak anorthite matrix to stronger diopside particles. Creep activation energies for pure diopside and anorthite mixtures range from 286 kJ mol−1 for wet anorthite deformed at low stresses to 691 kJ mol−1 for dry diopside deformed at high stresses. Activation energies of two‐phase mixtures are between or close to those of the end‐members. As is samples have significantly lower activation energies than predried samples.
Spatial and temporal variability of oceanic heat flux to the Arctic ice pack
Authors: Krishfield Richard A. , Perovich Donald K.
Published: July 2005

In order to simulate the large‐scale structure and temporal variability of oceanic heat flux (Fw) to the Arctic perennial ice pack, observations of heat in the mixed layer and ice dynamics are compared with parameterizations and climatologies. Long‐term drifting platform observations of seawater temperature and salinity (primarily from automated buoys) are used to describe the annual cycle of temperature above freezing (ΔTf) in the mixed layer beneath the ice pack, which are modulated by ice‐ocean friction velocities (u*) determined from the platform drifts to produce estimates of Fw between 1975 and 1998. On average, ΔTf is not negligible in winter, especially in the Transpolar Drift, which implies a positive Fw to the ice pack by means other than solar heating. A parameterization based solely on the solar zenith angle (with a 1 month lag) is found to largely describe the observed ΔTf (with root mean square error of 0.03°C), despite the lack of an albedo or open water term. A reconstruction of Fw from 1979 to 2002 is produced by modulating parameterized ΔTf with u* on the basis of daily ice drift estimates from a composite satellite and in situ data set. The reconstructed estimates are corrected for regional variations and are compared to independent estimates of Fw from ice mass balance measurements, indicating annual Fw averages between 3 and 4 W m−2 depending on the selection of under‐ice roughness length in the ice‐ocean stress calculations. Although the interannual variations in ΔTf are fixed by the parameterization in the derived reconstruction, the dynamics indicate an overall positive trend (0.2 W m−2 decade−1) in Arctic Fw, with the largest variations found in the southern Beaufort Gyre.
Water mass transformation in the Greenland Sea during the 1990s
Authors: Karstensen J. , Schlosser P. , Wallace D. W. R. , Bullister J. L. , Blindheim J.
Published: July 2005

Time series of hydrographic and transient tracer measurements were used to study the variability of Greenland Sea water mass transformation between 1991 and 2000. Increases in tracer inventories indicate active renewal of Greenland Sea Intermediate Water (GSIW) at a rate of 0.1 to 0.2 Sv (1 Sv = 1 × 106 m3 s−1) (10‐year average). A temperature maximum (Tmax) was established at the base of the upper layer (500 m) as a consequence of anomalously strong freshwater input into the near‐surface layer at the beginning of the 1990s. Tmax rapidly descended to 1500 m by 1995 followed by a much slower rate of descent. GSIW became warmer and less saline compared to the 1980s. During the deepening phase of Tmax, atmospheric data revealed above‐average wind stress curl and oceanic heat loss. In addition, high Arctic Ocean sea‐ice export and lack of local sea‐ice formation have been documented for that period. A combination of all these factors may have evoked the renewal of GSIW with anomalously freshwater from the upper layers. The Tmax layer established a stability maximum that inhibits vertical exchange between intermediate and deeper waters. Temperature and salinity of deep waters continued to increase at rates of 0.01°C yr−1 and 0.001 yr−1, respectively. However, since 1993, decrease in and homogenization of deep water transient tracer concentrations indicate that renewal occurred predominantly by addition of Arctic Ocean waters. In 2000 the water column (500 m to 3400 m) required an additional 60 W m−2 (110 W m−2) over the annual mean heat loss to restore its heat content to 1989 (1971) values.