bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Alkylation of Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2: Formation and Crystal Structures of Neutral and Cationic Addition Compounds
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: January 2014

Ylide Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2 (1) is the hydrolysis product of carbone C(PPh3)2 and reacts with MeI to produce the corresponding salt [Ph3PCH(Me)P(O)Ph2]I (2). Deprotonation of the cation of 2 with K[N(SiMe3)2] in methyl cyclohexane or toluene gives neutral ylide Ph3PCMeP(O)Ph2 (7). Addition of AlBr3 at the oxygen atom of 7 involves simultaneous uptake of a proton along with formation of [Ph3PCH(Me)P(OAlBr3)Ph2][AlBr4] (9). Small amounts of resultant proton bridged [H{Ph2(O)PCH(Me)PPh3}2][I3]3 (10) were isolated during attempts to silylate 2 with trimethylsilytriflate; the main product was found to be [Ph3PCH(Me)P(O)Ph2](O3SCF3) (8). In the course of our studies several by‐products with cation [Ph3PCH2P(O)Ph2]+ (4 to 6) were obtained. All compounds were characterized by multiple NMR and X‐ray analyses.
Organic–Inorganic Thin Films from TiCl4 and 4‐Aminophenol Precursors: A Model Case of ALD/MLD Hybrid‐Material Growth?
Authors: Sundberg Pia , Karppinen Maarit
Published: January 2014

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a sophisticated thin‐film production technology for relatively simple inorganic materials based on sequential self‐saturated surface reactions. Combining ALD with molecular layer deposition (MLD) – a variant of ALD based on purely organic precursors – offers in principle an elegant way to fabricate 2D organic–inorganic hybrid materials in an atomic/molecular layer‐by‐layer manner. In practice, however, the ALD/MLD process has disadvantages such as being prone to unwanted double surface reactions of the organic precursor molecule, which may seriously hinder the ideal film growth. Here we report the deposition of (Ti–O–C6H4–N=)n thin films from precursors TiCl4 and 4‐aminophenol (AP) with the essentially ideal growth rate of 10–11 Å per ALD/MLD cycle. We attribute the steady growth of the Ti–AP hybrid to the following facts: (1) the AP molecule is heterobifunctional and consists of a stiff aromatic backbone; moreover, (2) the –Cl ligands in TiCl4 are small enough not to cause steric hindrance. The Ti–AP films deposited at 120–160 °C were stable in ambient air and of high quality, with a root‐mean‐square (rms) roughness of 0.2–0.3 nm, a refractive index of 1.86–1.91 and a density of 1.9–2.2 g/cm3.
A Divergent Enantioselective Synthesis of 9‐J1‐Phytoprostane and 9‐A1‐Phytoprostane Methyl Ester
Authors: Porta Alessio , Chiesa Francesco , Quaroni Marco , Persico Marco , Moratti Remigio , Zanoni Giuseppe , Vidari Giovanni
Published: January 2014

The first syntheses of 9‐J1‐phytoprostane and 9‐A1‐phytoprostane methyl ester were achieved enantioselectively using a divergent approach from a common intermediate sulfone 4. The divergence was accomplished using a sigmatropic rearrangement (swap protocol) to give sulfone 5 in 47 % overall yield. The two upper side‐chains, with a stereodefined E double bond, were installed using consolidated Julia–Lythgoe olefination reactions of sulfones 4 and 5, with the same enantiopure α‐protected aldehyde 6.
Metal–Organocatalytic Tandem Azide Addition/Oxyamination of Aldehydes for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino α‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Shyam Pranab K. , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: January 2014

The tandem reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with trimethylsilyl azide and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yloxy in the presence of chiral amines and iron complexes as the catalysts in a one‐pot reaction enantioselectively afforded β‐azido α‐oxyaminated aldehydes. Further synthetic modification of the product afforded β‐amino α‐hydroxy esters in good yields with good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
Fast Determination of Ciprofloxacin by Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection and Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection
Authors: Montes Rodrigo H. O. , Marra Mariana C. , Rodrigues Monike M. , Richter Eduardo M. , Muñoz Rodrigo A. A.
Published: January 2014

We report fast, precise, selective, and sensitive electroanalytical methods for the determination of ciprofloxacin in milk and pharmaceutical samples by batch‐injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA‐AMP) and by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively‐coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE‐C4D). Both methods required simple sample preparation protocols before analysis (milk samples were just diluted and tablets powdered and dissolved in electrolyte/water). The analytical features of BIA‐AMP and CE‐C4D methods include, respectively, low relative standard deviation values for repetitive measurements (2.8 % and 1.7 %, n=10), low detection limits (0.3 and 5.0 µmol L−1), elevated analytical frequency (80 and 120 h−1) and satisfactory accuracy (based on comparative determinations by HPLC and recovery values for spiked samples).
Electrochemical Determination of Organic Compounds in Automotive Fuels
Authors: Santos André L. , Takeuchi Regina M. , Muñoz Rodrigo A. A. , Angnes Lúcio , Stradiotto Nelson R.
Published: January 2014

This article critically reviews the electroanalytical methods devoted for the determination of organic compounds in automotive fuels that can range from contaminants to additives typically introduced into liquid biofuels and liquid fossil fuels. Contaminants such as aldehydes and ketones in bioethanol, free fatty acids and glycerol in biodiesel, and sulfur and nitrogen organic compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel, and additives such as colour markers and antioxidants added to fuels were determined by electroanalytical methods. Special focus is given to electrodes, electrochemical techniques, and sample preparation strategies. Future directions of research on electroanalysis of liquid fuels are presented.
Mixing and matching mitochondrial aminoacyl synthetases and their tRNAs: a new way to treat respiratory chain disorders?
Authors: Tyynismaa Henna , Schon Eric A.
Published: January 2014

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are an important cause of human disease and from a therapeutic standpoint, these disorders are currently untreatable. New studies now show that a non‐cognate mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetase can overcome the respiratory defect caused by an mt‐tRNA mutation and that the isolated carboxy‐terminal domain of human mt‐leucyl tRNA synthetase can ameliorate the pathologic phenotype.
Assimilating catchment processes with monitoring data to estimate sediment loads to the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Pagendam D.E. , Kuhnert P.M. , Leeds W.B. , Wikle C.K. , Bartley R. , Peterson E.E.
Published: January 2014

Quantifying riverine sediment loads, and the uncertainty around these estimates, is important for monitoring the impact of land use on ecologically sensitive receiving waters such as the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. We used a Bayesian Hierarchical Modelling approach that assimilates information from a process model for runoff, a mechanistically motivated statistical model for sediment generation and observed runoff and sediment load data. The approach was trialled on a 10‐year dataset collected from a 14‐km 2 sub‐catchment in the Burdekin basin, Australia. Using our model, we were able to estimate daily sediment concentrations, discharges and loads (with credible intervals) over a 10‐year period, including 3 years where there were long periods of missing observational data. We found that for the high‐frequency monitoring undertaken at the study site, credible intervals around sediment loads were narrow. Credible intervals were substantially wider in years where observational data were not available and load estimates relied on the underlying processes and neighbouring observations. The method presented here is the first attempt at assimilating discharge and concentration measurements with process models for the purpose of sediment load estimation. The potential for quantifying loads entering the Great Barrier Reef lagoon is promising, particularly for ephemeral streams that are typical of arid and semi‐arid Australia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioaccumulation of fullerene (C60) and corresponding catalase elevation in Lumbriculus variegatus
Authors: Wang Jiafan , Wages Mike , Yu Shuangying , Maul Jonathan D. , Mayer Greg , Hope-Weeks Louisa , Cobb George P.
Published: January 2014

Fullerene (C60), with its unique physical properties and nanometer size, has been mass-produced for many applications in recent decades. The increased likelihood of direct release into the environment has raised interest in understanding both the environmental fate and corresponding biological effects of fullerenes to living organisms. Because few studies have emphasized fullerene uptake and resulting biochemical responses by living organisms, a toxicity screening test and a 28-d bioaccumulation test for Lumbriculus variegatus were performed. No mortality was observed in the range of 0.05 mg C60/kg dry sediment to 11.33 mg C60/kg dry sediment. A biota-sediment accumulation factor of micron-sized fullerene agglomerates (µ-C60) was 0.032 ± 0.008 at day 28, which is relatively low compared with pyrene (1.62 ± 0.22). Catalase (CAT) activity, an oxidative stress indicator, was elevated significantly on day 14 for L. variegatus exposed to µ-C60 (p = 0.034). This peak CAT activity corresponded to the highest body residues observed in the present study, 199 ± 80 µg C60/kg dry weight sediment. Additionally, smaller C60 agglomerate size increased bioaccumulation potential in L. variegatus. The relationship between C60 body residue and the increased CAT activity followed a linear regression. All results suggest that C60 has a lower bioaccumulation potential than pyrene but a higher potential to induce oxidative stress in L. variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1135–1141. © 2014 SETAC
Unsustained complete response of less than 24 months after autologous stem cell transplantation predicts aggressive myeloma with short survival
Authors: Chim Chor Sang , Liu Herman , Lie Albert Kwok Wai , Chan Eric Yuk Tat , Ho Sandy , Wong Michael , Kwong Yok Lam
Published: January 2014

Complete response (CR) predicts superior survivals in myeloma. To define the impact of duration of CR posttransplantation on survivals, 71 myeloma patients, who underwent an intended early (a staged approach) or frontline use of bortezomib‐based induction, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) were studied. Achievement of CR was assessed every 4‐weekly until maximal response after ASCT and then 6‐weekly thereafter. All patients had follow‐up time of ≥24 months from time of best response, of whom 27 failed to attain CR (non‐CR) whereas 44 achieved CR. At 12, 18 and 24 months post‐ASCT, 3 (4.2%), 6 (8.4%) and 11 (15.4%) patients lost CR, respectively, with maximal survival difference observed in the group with CR durations of ≥24 or <24 months. Patients with unsustained CR had survival inferior to those never achieving CR (p = 0.05). Unsustained CR of <24 months was associated with international staging system stage III (p = 0.007) and shorter postrelapse survival (p < 0.001). Both overall survival and event‐free survival were superior in myeloma patients with CR of ≥24 months (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, international staging system stage I/II, CR/nCR post‐ASCT and CR duration of ≥24 months remained favourable prognostic factors for both overall survival and event‐free survival. In conclusion, CR of <24 months is an independent adverse risk factor for survival with a short postrelapse survival. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population‐based screening for Lynch syndrome in Western Australia
Authors: Schofield Lyn , Grieu Fabienne , Amanuel Benhur , Carrello Amerigo , Spagnolo Dominic , Kiraly Cathy , Pachter Nicholas , Goldblatt Jack , Platell Cameron , Levitt Michael , Stewart Colin , Salama Paul , Ee Hooi , Raftopoulous Spiro , Katris Paul , Threlfall Tim , Edkins Edward , Wallace Marina , Iacopetta Barry
Published: January 2014

We showed earlier that routine screening for microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) led to the identification of previously unrecognized cases of Lynch syndrome (LS). We report here the results of screening for LS in Western Australia (WA) during 1994–2012. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for loss of MMR protein expression was performed in routine pathology laboratories, while MSI was detected in a reference molecular pathology laboratory. Information on germline mutations in MMR genes was obtained from the state's single familial cancer registry. Prior to the introduction of routine laboratory‐based screening, an average of 2–3 cases of LS were diagnosed each year amongst WA CRC patients. Following the implementation of IHC and/or MSI screening for all younger (<60 years) CRC patients, this has increased to an average of 8 LS cases diagnosed annually. Based on our experience in WA, we propose three key elements for successful population‐based screening of LS. First, for all younger CRC patients, reflex IHC testing should be carried out in accredited pathology services with ongoing quality control. Second, a state‐ or region‐wide reference laboratory for MSI testing should be established to confirm abnormal or suspicious IHC test results and to exclude sporadic cases by carrying out BRAF mutation or MLH1 methylation testing. Finally, a state or regional LS coordinator is essential to ensure that all appropriate cases identified by laboratory testing are referred to and attend a Familial Cancer Clinic for follow‐up and germline testing.
Anti‐β2M monoclonal antibodies kill myeloma cells via cell‐ and complement‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Mingjun , Qian Jianfei , Lan Yongsheng , Lu Yong , Li Haiyan , Hong Bangxing , Zheng Yuhuan , He Jin , Yang Jing , Yi Qing
Published: January 2014

Our previous studies showed that anti‐β2M monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at high doses have direct apoptotic effects on myeloma cells, suggesting that anti‐β2M mAbs might be developed as a novel therapeutic agent. In this study, we investigated the ability of the mAbs at much lower concentrations to indirectly kill myeloma cells by utilizing immune effector cells or molecules. Our results showed that anti‐β2M mAbs effectively lysed MM cells via antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which were correlated with and dependent on the surface expression of β2M on MM cells. The presence of MM bone marrow stromal cells or addition of IL‐6 did not attenuate anti‐β2M mAb‐induced ADCC and CDC activities against MM cells. Furthermore, anti‐β2M mAbs only showed limited cytotoxicity toward normal B cells and nontumorous mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that the ADCC and CDC activities of the anti‐β2M mAbs were more prone to the tumor cells. Lenalidomide potentiated in vitro ADCC activity against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition capacity induced by the anti‐β2M mAbs by enhancing the activity of NK cells. These results support clinical development of anti‐β2M mAbs, both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide, to improve MM patient outcome.
Oncolytic vaccinia virus demonstrates antiangiogenic effects mediated by targeting of VEGF
Authors: Hou Weizhou , Chen Hannah , Rojas Juan , Sampath Padma , H. Thorne Stephen
Published: January 2014

Oncolytic vaccinia virus has been shown to induce a profound, rapid and tumor‐specific vascular collapse in both preclinical models and clinical studies; however, a complete examination of the kinetics and levels of collapse and revascularization has not been described previously. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound was used to follow tumor perfusion levels in mouse tumor models at times after vaccinia therapy. It was observed that revascularization after viral therapy was dramatically delayed and did not occur until after viral clearance. This indicated that oncolytic vaccinia may possess a previously undescribed antiangiogenic potential that might synergize with the reported anti‐vascular effects. Despite a rapid loss of perfusion and widespread hypoxia within the tumor, it was observed that VEGF levels in the tumor were suppressed throughout the period of active viral infection. Although tumor vasculature could eventually reform after the viral therapy was cleared in mouse models, anti‐tumor effects could be significantly enhanced through additional combination with anti‐VEGF therapies. This was initially examined using a gene therapy approach (Ad‐Flk1‐Fc) to target VEGF directly, demonstrating that the timing of application of the antiangiogenic therapy was critical. However, it is also known that oncolytic vaccinia sensitizes tumors to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in the clinic through an unknown mechanism. It is possible this phenomenon may be mediated through the antiangiogenic effects of the TKIs. This was modeled in mouse tumors using sunitinib in combination with oncolytic vaccinia. It was observed that prevention of angiogenesis mediated by oncolytic vaccinia can be utilized to enhance the TKI therapy.
Visual Attention and Attribute Attendance in Multi‐Attribute Choice Experiments
Authors: Balcombe Kelvin , Fraser Iain , McSorley Eugene
Published: January 2014

Decision strategies in multi‐attribute choice experiments are investigated using eye‐tracking. The visual attention towards, and attendance of, attributes is examined. Stated attendance is found to diverge substantively from visual attendance of attributes. However, stated and visual attendance are shown to be informative, non‐overlapping sources of information about respondent utility functions when incorporated into model estimation. Eye‐tracking also reveals systematic nonattendance of attributes only by a minority of respondents. Most respondents visually attend most attributes most of the time. We find no compelling evidence that the level of attention is related to respondent certainty, or that higher or lower value attributes receive more or less attention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The carewell in hospital questionnaire: A measure of frail elderly inpatient experiences with individualized and integrated hospital care
Authors: Bakker Franka C. , Persoon Anke , Schoon Yvonne , Marcel GM , Rikkert Olde
Published: January 2014

Given our aging society with an increasing number of frail elderly patients, we must provide integrated care tailored to their complex needs regarding health and well‐being. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire designed to assess how frail hospitalized elderly patients experience several important aspects of individualized and integrated care. An 8‐item questionnaire was developed using input from a panel representing the target group and administered to patients age ≥70 years from surgical, medical, and geriatric departments to measure data characteristics, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness. A total of 470 questionnaires were returned, including 78 for test‐retest reliability. Data were missing from 1.7% to 7.0% within the individual questions. The percentage of questions answered with “don't know” ranged 3.8% to 21.9%. Cronbach's α for internal consistency was 0.70. Test‐retest intraclass correlation was 0.75. Achievement of goals during the hospital stay was significantly correlated with the questionnaire score. Scores did not differ significantly between departments or between the before and after measurements related to an innovative intervention study in healthcare delivery. The CareWell in Hospital questionnaire has good content validity, internal consistency, and test‐retest reliability and warrants further research to explore responsiveness. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:324–329. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Microwave neural modeling for silicon FinFET varactors
Authors: Marinković Zlatica , Crupi Giovanni , Schreurs Dominique M. M.‐P. , Caddemi Alina , Marković Vera
Published: January 2014

The FinFET architecture is currently attracting increasing attention to enable further downscaling of the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The interest towards the FinFET technology for microwave applications is not only limited to transistors but extended also to varactors. Therefore, there is a need for efficient and accurate varactor models in the high‐frequency range. In this paper, an artificial neural network‐based behavioral model of varactors fabricated in advanced FinFET technology is proposed. The model is developed and verified by comparing measured and simulated scattering parameters up to 50 GHz. The extracted model can reproduce very well the measured behavior of the tested varactor before and after applying the de‐embedding procedure based on open dummy structure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The correct account of nonzero differential conductance in the saturation regime in the MOSFET compact model
Authors: Turin Valentin , Zebrev Gennady , Makarov Sergey , Iñiguez Benjamin , Shur Michael
Published: January 2014

We suggest a simple and versatile approach for the correct account of differential conductance in the saturation regime that provides a monotonic decrease of the differential conductance from its maximum value to its minimum positive or even negative value. We present all equations also in normalized form, which simplifies the analysis and usage of the approach. On the basis of the suggested approach, we have developed ‘internal’ (does not include source and drain resistance) metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor compact model and have incorporated one into an Electronic Design Automation software Symica as Verilog‐A module. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do heavy metal ATPases contribute to hyperaccumulation?
Authors: Park Won , Ahn Sung‐Ju
Published: January 2014

Plants contain metal chelators and transporters that regulate metal homeostasis. The HMA3 and HMA4 genes encode proteins belonging to the PIB‐type. Recently, some studies on the characterization of the HMA2 gene from several plants for potential application in phytoremediation have been reported. This ATPase family of integral membrane transporter proteins that transport transition metals are probably involved in mediating metal‐resistant and metal‐hyperaccumulating traits. While HMA3 may contribute to metal detoxification by sequestering Cd into the vacuole, HMA4 acts as a physiological master switch during the process of metal hyperaccumulation, and HMA2 and HMA4 play roles in root to shoot metal translocation. The focus of this review is the discussion on the different functions of HMA3, HMA4, and HMA2 in various plant species. It is hypothesized that a refined distinction and description of the roles of several types of these metal transporters in plants will be essential for the development of schemes to genetically modify plants that accumulate specific metals, with subsequent use in either phytoremediation or in improving human nutrition. Enhanced expression of HMA3 and HMA4 is a prerequisite for hyperaccumulation and hyperresistance in hyperaccumulators. Through genetic engineering, these genes are able to generate nontoxic, metal‐free crops to produce safe food.
Invertase activity limits grain yield of maize under salt stress
Authors: Hütsch Birgit W. , Saqib Muhammad , Osthushenrich Tanja , Schubert Sven
Published: January 2014

Salt stress reduces grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) due to poor kernel setting but not due to decreased grain filling. In the present study, it was tested whether acid invertase activity is decreased in developing kernels of maize under salt stress, and if assimilate supply is limited. The relatively salt‐sensitive maize hybrid Pioneer 3906 was compared with the more salt‐resistant hybrid SR 12. Salt stress caused a significant decrease in grain yield which was due to a 50% decrease in kernel number. No source limitation was observed, as the sucrose concentrations in kernels were significantly increased under salt stress for both genotypes. In contrast, glucose and fructose concentrations in kernels were significantly decreased. Salt stress caused a significant inhibition of soluble acid invertase activity to 19% in hydroponics 5 d after pollination (5 DAP) and to 50% in the soil culture experiment (2 DAP). The decrease in enzyme activity was the same for both genotypes. In the soil experiment, the highest soluble acid invertase activity was found 2 DAP with a steep decline until 8 DAP in Pioneer 3906. It is concluded that a decrease in acid invertase activity is a key factor associated with limited kernel setting under salt stress but additional factors may be responsible for genotypic differences.
Gender and ethnic disparities in colon cancer presentation and outcomes in a US universal health care setting
Authors: Amri Ramzi , Stronks Karien , Bordeianou Liliana G. , Sylla Patricia , Berger David L.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Access to care is a pillar of U.S. healthcare reform and could potentially challenge existing ethnic and gender disparities in care. We present a snapshot of these disparities in surgical colon cancer patients in the largest public hospital in Massachusetts, a state leading in providing universal healthcare, to indicate potential changes that might result from universal care access.

Methods

All surgical colon cancer patients at Massachusetts General Hospital (2004–2011) were included. Baseline characteristics, perioperative, and long‐term outcomes were compared.

Results

Among 1,071 patients, the 110 (10.3%) minority patients presented with more comorbid (mean Charlson score 0.84 vs. 0.71; P = 0.039), metastatic (21.8% vs. 14%; P = 0.026), and node‐positive disease (50% vs. 38.8%; P = 0.014). Women (n = 521; 48.6%) had less screening diagnoses (overall: 17.8% vs. 22.6%; P = 0.049, screening age: 26.4% vs. 32.7%; P = 0.036) with subsequently higher rates of metastatic disease on pathology (11.3% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.02). Multivariate adjustment for baseline staging makes outcome disparities no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions

Significant gender and ethnic disparities subsist at baseline despite long‐standing low‐threshold healthcare access, although seemingly mitigated by enrollment into high‐level care, empowering equal chances for underprivileged groups. The outcomes are also a reminder that universal healthcare will not be a panacea for the deeply rooted and dynamic causes of presentation inequalities. J. Surg. Oncol 2014; 109:645–651. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the Fear of Sleep Inventory (FOSI) in an Urban Young Adult African American Sample
Authors: Huntley Edward D. , Hall Brown Tyish S. , Kobayashi Ihori , Mellman Thomas A.
Published: January 2014

The Fear of Sleep Inventory (FOSI) was developed to identify factors that contribute to sleep disturbances in individuals exposed to trauma. This investigation examined the psychometric properties of the FOSI in a sample of African American young adults residing in urban areas. A 5‐factor structure was derived from an exploratory factor analysis and then verified by confirmatory factor analysis. FOSI factors were positively correlated with the severity of PTSD (rs = .30 to .58, all ps < .001) and insomnia symptoms (rs = .36 to .64, all ps < .001). Individuals with probable PTSD or insomnia had higher scores on the total FOSI and each of the factors compared to those without probable PTSD (all ps < .001; effect sizes: r = .32 to .62) or insomnia (all ps < .001; effect sizes: r = .42 to .70). These data expand the evidence that the FOSI identifies factors contributing to sleep disturbances in trauma‐exposed individuals.
Predictors of Treatment Engagement in Ethnically Diverse, Urban Children Receiving Treatment for Trauma Exposure
Authors: Fraynt Rebecca , Ross Leslie , Baker Bruce L. , Rystad Ida , Lee Janet , Briggs Ernestine C.
Published: January 2014

Keeping traditionally underrepresented children and their families engaged in treatment until completion is a major challenge for many community‐based mental health clinics. The current study used data collected as part of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set to examine whether racial/ethnic disparities exist in treatment duration and completion in children seeking treatment for trauma exposure. We then explored whether disparities persist after accounting for other variables associated with children's social contexts and the treatment setting. The sample included 562 ethnically diverse children receiving services from a child abuse prevention and treatment agency in Southern California. The results indicated that African American children had significantly shorter trauma‐informed treatment duration and higher rates of premature termination than Spanish‐speaking Latino children. These disparities persisted even with other variables associated with treatment duration and completion (e.g., child's age, level of functional impairment, and receipt of group and field services) in the model. Implications and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
The Hidden Effects of Child Maltreatment in a War Region: Correlates of Psychopathology in Two Generations Living in Northern Uganda
Authors: Olema David Kani , Catani Claudia , Ertl Verena , Saile Regina , Neuner Frank
Published: January 2014

Adverse life experiences are a major risk factor for psychopathology. Studies from industrialized countries have consistently shown the detrimental effects of child maltreatment on the mental health of the victims. Research in war‐affected populations, however, has mostly been restricted to the psychological damage caused by the war. Both war trauma and child maltreatment have rarely been studied simultaneously. In a comparative study of 2 generations living in severely war‐affected regions in Northern Uganda, we determined the relationship between both trauma types and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and suicide ideation. A total of 100 adolescents, 50 with and 50 without a history of abduction by the rebel army with both their parents (100 mothers and 100 fathers) living in camps in northern Uganda were interviewed. The study showed that both generations were severely affected by war and child maltreatment. Both trauma types were independently correlated with psychological disorders in the adolescent group. Only child maltreatment, however, not war violence, accounted for PTSD symptoms in the parent group (β = .253, p = .002). We conclude that, even in the context of severe war, the impact of child maltreatment on psychological disorders surpasses the damage of war trauma.
Predictive accuracy of first post‐treatment PET/CT in HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Koshkareva Yekaterina , Branstetter Barton F. , Gaughan John P. , Ferris Robert L.
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine whether the result of first posttreatment positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) is predictive of outcome in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), and whether PET/CT accuracy is affected by human papillomavirus (HPV) status.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were available for 61 patients with OPSCC, treated in 2004 to 2012 at a single tertiary academic referral center, with at least one baseline and one posttreatment PET/CT. Clinical follow‐up was obtained every 3 months thereafter. The median follow‐up time was 36 months (range 3–100 months).

Results

Of 61 patients, 48 (79%) had negative first posttreatment PET/CT results; and overall, 18 of the 61 patients (30%) recurred. All accuracy measures for PET/CT were higher in HPV‐positive patients, including a 93% negative predictive value (NPV). Patients with positive PET/CT results had poorer survival on Kaplan‐Meier analyses. On multivariate analysis of factors predictive of recurrence, two parameters were significant: HPV status (P = 0.0046) and PET/CT result (P <0.0001).

Conclusions

A negative first posttreatment PET/CT result is associated with better prognosis and rare recurrence, especially in patients with HPV‐positive status. Less frequent radiologic surveillance is warranted in patients with HPV‐positive OPSCC and a negative first posttreatment PET/CT scan.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 124:1843–1847, 2014
Laryngeal chondrosarcoma: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Dubal Pariket M. , Svider Peter F. , Kanumuri Vivek V. , Patel Amit A. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Laryngeal chondrosarcoma (LC) is a rare entity, reportedly comprising less than 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Consequently, the incidence and survival of patients with this slow‐growing tumor has been difficult to study. Our objective was to evaluate incidence, organized by patient demographics, as well as long‐term survival trends of this malignancy using a population‐based database.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of the United States National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry.

Methods

The SEER database was searched for patients diagnosed with LC between 1973 and 2010. Data analyzed included patient demographics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival.

Results

One‐hundred and forty‐three cases were identified, representing 0.2% of all laryngeal tumors. Median age at diagnosis was 61.7 years. Men and women constituted 76.2% and 23.8% of patients, respectively. Tumors were locally invasive with 37.7% T4 disease and infrequent regional and distant metastases. The 1‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year disease‐specific survival for LC was 96.5%, 88.6%, and 84.8%, respectively, compared to 88.3%, 68.2%, and 59.3%, respectively for patients with all other laryngeal tumors (P values < 0.01). Relative survival was 94.9% at 1 year, 88.5% at 5 years, and 88.4% at 10 years.

Conclusions

This analysis represents the largest LC study sample to date, allowing for evaluation of incidence and long‐term survival. LC occurs infrequently, is locally invasive, but only rarely metastasizes. Prognosis for LC is significantly better than for other laryngeal malignancies.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 124:1877–1881, 2014
Effect of duration of denervation on outcomes of ansa‐recurrent laryngeal nerve reinnervation
Authors: Li Meng , Chen Shicai , Wang Wei , Chen Donghui , Zhu Minhui , Liu Fei , Zhang Caiyun , Li Yan , Zheng Hongliang
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the efficacy of laryngeal reinnervation with ansa cervicalis among unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) patients with different denervation durations.

Study Design

We retrospectively reviewed 349 consecutive UVFP cases of delayed ansa cervicalis to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) anastomosis. Potential influencing factors were analyzed in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Stratification analysis performed was aimed at one of the identified significant variables: denervation duration.

Methods

Videostroboscopy, perceptual evaluation, acoustic analysis, maximum phonation time (MPT), and laryngeal electromyography (EMG) were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Gender, age, preoperative EMG status and denervation duration were analyzed in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Stratification analysis was performed on denervation duration, which was divided into three groups according to the interval between RLN injury and reinnervation: group A, 6 to 12 months; group B, 12 to 24 months; and group C, > 24 months.

Results

Age, preoperative EMG, and denervation duration were identified as significant variables in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Stratification analysis on denervation duration showed significant differences between group A and C and between group B and C (P < 0.05)—but showed no significant difference between group A and B (P > 0.05) with regard to parameters overall grade, jitter, shimmer, noise‐to‐harmonics ratio, MPT, and postoperative EMG. In addition, videostroboscopic and laryngeal EMG data, perceptual and acoustic parameters, and MPT values were significantly improved postoperatively in each denervation duration group (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Although delayed laryngeal reinnervation is proved valid for UVFP, surgical outcome is better if the procedure is performed within 2 years after nerve injury than that over 2 years.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:1900–1905, 2014
On Vapnik‐Chervonenkis density over indiscernible sequences
Authors: Guingona Vincent , Hill Cameron Donnay
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we study Vapnik‐Chervonenkis density (VC‐density) over indiscernible sequences (denoted VCind‐density). We answer an open question in [1], showing that VCind‐density is always integer valued. We also show that VCind‐density and dp‐rank coincide in the natural way.
The Radius of Gyration of the Products of Hyperbranched Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Zhiping
Published: January 2014

The average mean‐square radii of gyration for the products of the linear polymerization, the star‐shaped polymerization, and the hyperbranched polymerization of AB2‐type monomer in the absence or presence of a multifunctional core initiator are investigated using the Dobson‐Gordon's method. The dependence relationships between the average radii of gyration and the average degree of polymerization calculated using the Dobson‐Gordon's method for the linear polymerization products are in good agreement with those obtained from the matrix algebra method of the rotational isomeric state model. The radii of gyration of the star‐shaped and hyperbranched polymers are much smaller than those of the linear polymers if their average degrees of polymerization are equal. The conversion of groups, the core/monomer feed ratio, and the core functionality affect the average radius of gyration of the products. However, compared with the other factors, the degree of polymerization is the most influential factor on the average radii of gyration for the hyperbranched polymer system.
The expression of CPEB proteins is sequentially regulated during zebrafish oogenesis and embryogenesis
Authors: O'Connell Marcia L. , Cavallo William C. , Firnberg Maytal
Published: January 2014

In many species, there is little transcription in the mature oocyte, and zygotic transcription does not begin immediately after fertilization. In zebrafish, zygotic transcription is not initiated until the mid‐blastula transition, thus the production of new proteins during oogenesis and early embryogenesis is dependent on the translation of maternal mRNAs. In a growing number of species, the translation of key maternal transcripts is coupled to their cytoplasmic polyadenylation. One family of RNA‐binding proteins implicated in this process is the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE)‐binding proteins (CPEBs), which bind to a sequence in the 3′‐untranslated regions of regulated transcripts and mediate their storage/repression or translation. In several species, there is evidence for two classes of CPEBs, a larger oocyte‐type and a smaller CPEB that functions during embryogenesis. This appears to be the case in zebrafish as well, and we now provide evidence suggesting that the oocyte‐type CPEB (zorba) regulates the translation of the embryonic‐type (ElrA) by keeping the ElrA transcript in storage until fertilization. When zorba levels fall, ElrA protein is then produced and available to regulate the translation of additional mRNAs during embryogenesis. We have also identified a potential target of ElrA, the maternal mRNA for hnRNPab, which is a potential homolog of the Drosophila gene squid, whose product plays a role in patterning the Drosophila oocyte and embryo. These data suggest that during zebrafish embryogenesis, cytoplasmic polyadenylation mediates a cascade of translational control whose final targets play central patterning roles during embryogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 376–387, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoluminal MR‐guided ultrasonic applicator embedding cylindrical phased‐array transducers and opposed‐solenoid detection coil
Authors: Rata Mihaela , Birlea Vlad , Murillo Adriana , Paquet Christian , Cotton François , Salomir Rares
Published: January 2014

Purpose

MR‐guided high‐intensity contact ultrasound (HICU) was suggested as an alternative therapy for esophageal and rectal cancer. To offer high‐quality MR guidance, two prototypes of receive‐only opposed‐solenoid coil were integrated with 64‐element cylindrical phased‐array ultrasound transducers (rectal/esophageal).

Methods

The design of integrated coils took into account the transducer geometry (360° acoustic window within endoluminal space). The rectal coil was sealed on a plastic support and placed reversibly on the transducer head. The esophageal coil was fully embedded within the transducer head, resulting in one indivisible device. Comparison of integrated versus external coils was performed on a clinical 1.5T scanner.

Results

The integrated coils showed higher sensitivity compared with the standard extracorporeal coil with factors of up to 7.5 (rectal applicator) and 3.3 (esophageal applicator). High‐resolution MR images for both anatomy (voxel 0.4 × 0.4 × 5 mm3) and thermometry (voxel 0.75 × 0.75 × 8 mm3, 2 s/image) were acquired in vivo with the rectal endoscopic device. The temperature feedback loop accurately controlled multiple control points over the region of interest.

Conclusion

This study showed significant improvement of MR data quality using endoluminal integrated coils versus standard external coil. Inframillimeter spatial resolution and accurate feedback control of MR‐guided HICU thermotherapy were achieved. Magn Reson Med 73:417–426, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution respiratory self‐gated golden angle cardiac MRI: Comparison of self‐gating methods in combination with k‐t SPARSE SENSE
Authors: Paul Jan , Divkovic Evica , Wundrak Stefan , Bernhardt Peter , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Neumann Heiko , Rasche Volker
Published: January 2014

Purpose

To compare the applicability of different self‐gating (SG) strategies for respiratory SG in cardiac MRI in combination with iteratively reconstructed (k‐t SPARSE SENSE) cine data with low and high temporal resolution.

Methods

Eleven SG variants were compared in five volunteers by assessment of the resulting image sharpness compared with nongated reconstructions. Promising SG techniques were applied for high temporal resolution reconstructions of the heart function.

Results

SG was successful in all volunteers with image‐based SG and the
technique. These approaches were also superior to gating from the respiratory bellows signal on average. Combination with k‐t SPARSE SENSE enabled high temporally resolved visualization of the heart motion with free breathing.

Conclusion

Respiratory SG can be applied for improving image sharpness. Combining SG with iterative reconstruction allows generation of high temporal resolution cine data, which reveal more details of cardiac motion. Magn Reson Med 73:292–298, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isotropic reconstruction of a 4‐D MRI thoracic sequence using super‐resolution
Authors: Van Reeth Eric , Tan Cher Heng , Tham Ivan WK , Poh Chueh Loo
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Four‐dimensional (4D) thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences have been shown to successfully monitor both tumor and lungs anatomy. However, a high temporal resolution is required to avoid motion artifacts, which leads to volumes with poor spatial resolution. This article proposes to reconstruct an isotropic 4D MRI thoracic sequence with minimum modifications to the acquisition protocols. This could be an important step toward the use of 4D MRI for thoracic radiotherapy applications.

Methods

In a postacquisition step, three orthogonal 4D anisotropic acquisitions are combined using super‐resolution to reconstruct a series of isotropic volumes. A new phantom that simulates lung tumor motion is developed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The proposed framework is also applied to real data of a lung cancer patient.

Results

Subjective and objective evaluations show clear resolution enhancement and partial volume effect diminution. The isotropic reconstruction of patient data significantly improves both the visualization and segmentation of thoracic structures.

Conclusions

The results presented here are encouraging and suggest that super‐resolution can be regarded as an efficient method to improve the resolution of 4D MRI sequences. It produces an isotropic 4D sequence that would be impossible to acquire in practice. Further investigations will be required to evaluate its reproducibility in various clinical applications. Magn Reson Med 73:784–793, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding E2 versus SN2 Competition under Acidic and Basic Conditions
Authors: Wolters Lando P. , Ren Yi , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: January 2014

Our purpose is to understand the mechanism through which pH affects the competition between base‐induced elimination and substitution. To this end, we have quantum chemically investigated the competition between elimination and substitution pathways in H2O+C2H5OH2+ and OH−+C2H5OH, that is, two related model systems that represent, in a generic manner, the same reaction under acidic and basic conditions, respectively. We find that substitution is favored in the acidic case while elimination prevails under basic conditions. Activation‐strain analyses of the reaction profiles reveal that the switch in preferred reactivity from substitution to elimination, if one goes from acidic to basic catalysis, is related to (1) the higher basicity of the deprotonated base, and (2) the change in character of the substrates LUMO from Cβ−H bonding in C2H5OH2+ to Cβ−H antibonding in C2H5OH.
VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes are predictors of warfarin‐related outcomes in children
Authors: Shaw Kaitlyn , Amstutz Ursula , Hildebrand Claudette , Rassekh S. Rod , Hosking Martin , Neville Kathleen , Leeder J. Steven , Hayden Michael R. , Ross Colin J. , Carleton Bruce C.
Published: January 2014

Background

Despite substantial evidence supporting a pharmacogenetic approach to warfarin therapy in adults, evidence on the importance of genetics in warfarin therapy in children is limited, particularly for clinical outcomes. We assessed the contribution of CYP2C9/VKORC1/CYP4F2 genotypes and variation in other genes involved in vitamin K and coagulation pathways to warfarin dose and related clinical outcomes in children.

Procedure

Clinical and genetic data for 93 children (age ≤18 years) who received warfarin therapy were obtained. DNA was genotyped for 93 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms using a custom assay.

Results

With a median age of 4.8 years, our cohort included more young children than most previous studies. Overall, 76.3% of dose variability was explained by weight, indication, VKORC1‐1639G/A and CYP2C9 *2/*3, with genotypes accounting for 21.1% of variability. There was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.68; P < 0.001) between actual and predicted warfarin dose using a pediatric genotype‐based dosing model. VKORC1 genotype had a significant impact on time to therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) (P = 0.047) and time to over‐anticoagulation (INR > 4; P = 0.024) during the initiation of therapy. CYP2C9*3 carriers were also at increased risk of major bleeding while receiving warfarin (adjusted OR = 11.28). An additional variant in CYP2C9 (rs7089580) was significantly associated with warfarin dose (P = 0.020) in a multivariate clinical and genetic model.

Conclusions

This study confirms the importance of VKORC1/CYP2C9 genotypes for warfarin dosing in a young pediatric cohort and demonstrates an impact of genetic factors on clinical outcomes in children. Furthermore, we identified an additional variant in CYP2C9 of potential relevance for warfarin dosing in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1055–1062. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.