bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convenția de la Lanzarote privită prin prisma unor prevederi din partea specială a Codului penal al Republicii Moldova și din cea a Codului penal al României
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova, BRÎNZA Serghei , STATI Vitalie ,   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova
Published: September 2021

To ensure a proper prevention and combating of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse against children the provisions of the special parts of Moldovan and Romanian Criminal Codes should be in line with art. 18-23 of Lanzarote Convention. However, Moldovan and Romanian Criminal Codes do not reflect entirely these provisions. Unjustified deflections from the provisions of art. 18-23 of Lanzarote Convention have a negative impact on unifying the international provisions on preventing and combating sexual exploitation and sexual abuse against children. To facilitate the compatibility of the special parts of Moldovan and Romanian Criminal Codes with Lanzarote Convention, the authors of this article highlight solutions to improve legal provisions.
Particularitățile procedurii de contestare a actelor executorului judecătoresc în legislația din Republica Moldova
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova, COBAN Igor
Published: September 2021

Enforcement is a fundamental institution of civil procedural law and an essential component of justice in a state governed by the rule of law. Enforcement in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights is an integral part of the „right to a fair trial”. The mere recognition of the right or the obligation of the debtor to restore the violated or contested right is often not enough. The legislator of the Republic of Moldova modernized the enforcement system by reforming it to the private system of enforcement of civil court documents. The object of this study is the particularities of the procedure for contesting the acts of the bailiff according to the legislation of the Republic of Moldova.
Accesul lucrătorilor migranți cu statut iregular fără forme la dreptul la muncă
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova, SADOVEI Nicolae , CEBOTARI Mihail
Published: September 2021

International labor migration flows include a significant number of migrant workers who for specific reasons infringe residence rules in destination countries. These persons are considered to be the most vulnerable category of migrants, being prone to serious violations of their fundamental rights. States of destination have practically universally adopted policies to restrict and control irregular migration. In this context, the objective of this article is to establish the possibility for irregular migrant workers to benefit from the rights and results of their work, and to establish the limits and prohibitions that arise in the event of irregularity. The article examines both the international instruments and practice as well as regional and national approaches used by states in this field.
Poate oare fi proiectat un model universal al organului de inspecție judiciară?
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova, NEGRU Andrei , CRECIUN Natalia ,   Facultatea de Drept a Universității de Stat din Moldova
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the paper is to estimate the possibility to design a faultless model of judicial inspection body, which would contribute equally to guarantee judicial independence and judicial responsibility, as a mechanism of exercising good judicial self- governance. To achieve the purpose the organization and the functioning of the entity with specific attributions of judicial inspection have been examined and the international standards in this field have been interpreted. As a conclusion, we found that it is impossible to design a universal model of judicial inspection. This fact, however, does not exclude the possibility of institutionalization of a judicial inspection that is appropriate for a certain judicial system, for a certain legal system, with constant concern for the reformation of such an entity, in the general context of consolidating Justice.
Efectele pandemiei SARS-CoV-2 asupra activității și procedurii în fața Curții Europene a Drepturilor Omului
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, POPESCU Corneliu-Liviu
Published: September 2021

At the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the European Court of Human Rights ruled and then extended the decision to suspend part of its activity, as well as certain procedural time-limits, including time-limit for referral to the Court through the means of a state or an individual application. These measures do not comply with the European Convention on Human Rights, nor with the Rules of the Court. The control of the regularity of these measures may be exercised by the judicial formations of the Court, acting in the specific cases.
Prestaţia compensatorie în Codul civil român
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, BAIAS Flavius Antoniu , STOICESCU Stela ,   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București
Published: September 2021

This study aims to describe the legal regime of the compensatory payment, with reference to the legislative framework, the sources of inspiration of the regulation, as well as to the current national case-law in this matter, which confirms, by the large number of cases solved after the entry into force of the Civil Code, the social utility of this legal institution. On the basis of the case law examples provided, the authors analyze the legal nature of the compensatory allowance by distinguishing it from similar institutions – the maintenance obligation between ex-spouses or the right to compensation – the conditions to be fulfilled when granting compensatory payment, the criteria used to impose, modify or terminate the obligation, and the substantive and procedural law difficulties of these disputes.
Dreptul românesc în Basarabia – înainte și după Marea Unire
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, BAIAS Flavius Antoniu , PINTILIE Constantin ,   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București
Published: September 2021

The article aims to present some elements regarding the history of Romanian law in Bessarabia from 1812 until the period immediately following the Great Union. The evolution of Romanian law in this period could be described by three determinants: unity, survival and unification. In 1812 there was a cohesive system of legal norms in Bessarabia, a true autochthonous law, so that the annexation of Bessarabia by the Tsarist Empire did not mean the automatic replacement of the applicable rules of conduct, but some legal institutions survived until the Great Union. Moreover, immediately after the annexation of Bessarabia, there was the intention to draw up a „Civil Code for Bessarabia”, the jurist Petru Manega succeeding in carrying out such a project following the model of the Napoleonic Code. The last stage analyzed is that of the process of legislative unification of Bessarabia, a difficult process and, unfortunately, with a short-term effect. Last but not least, the study aims to bring up in actuality the personality and the work of two illustrious Romanian lawyers, Andrei Rădulescu and Vespasian Erbiceanu.
Reflectarea jurisprudenței Curții de Justiție a Uniunii Europene privind clauzele abuzive în materia executării silite în dreptul român, în special în ceea ce privește regimul contestației la executare
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, STANCU Mirela
Published: September 2021

"Although the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union is commonly reflected in the practice of the national courts, unfortunately, more than ten years after Romania's accession to the European Union, there are still some syncopations at the legislative level. There are an example in that sense some of the provisions of the Romanian Code of Civil Procedure relating to the contestation against the forced execution (contestatia la executare). Indeed, on closer examination, it appears that these provisions do not fully comply with the requirements which, according to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, must be respected by national legislation in order to stop the application of unfair terms in contracts concluded by a professional with consumers. The present article aims at such an examination of the provisions of the Romanian Code of Civil Procedure regarding the contestation against the forced execution from the perspective of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of unfair terms. Thus, after having identified from the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice the requirements that must be met by national legislation in order to stop the application of unfair terms in contracts concluded by a professional with consumers, the provisions of the Romanian Code of Civil Procedure relating to the contestation against the forced execution, the stay of execution and the time limit for the contestation will be examined from the perspective of the said jurisprudence. Finally, and without claiming to be exhaustive, in this article, the author also puts forward a possible interpretation of the national provisions examined from the point of view of the case law of the Court of Justice."
Resume pengantar ekonomi
Authors: Ananda Dea
Published: September 2021

Resume pengantar akuntasi dea ananda ekis c nism 90100121084
Understanding the emergence of drawing behaviour with age: a multi-metric analysis
Authors: Martinet LIson , Sueur Cédric , Beltzung Benjamin , Pelé Marie
Published: September 2021

We need specific and objective methods to analyse the temporal changes of drawing in children, especially those too young to communicate via verbalisations. We asked 134 children, ranging from three to ten years old, and 38 adults to draw on a tablet under two conditions: free drawing and self-portrait. We then used seven metrics from three categories (spatial, temporal, and colorimetric) in a principal component analysis (PCA). Three dimensions of the PCA explained 77% of the variance in the drawings. We named these dimensions as diversity, sequentiality, and efficiency, which provided a mechanism for better understanding the intentionality and representativeness behind drawing. Gender had no effect, but age influenced all three dimensions differently. This multi-metric approach is a powerful tool for investigating the ontogenetic development of drawing, and could be used to understand the evolution of this behaviour by applying it to the study of primates, or to reveal drawing characteristics in people with autism and depression or those from different cultures.
tugas ekonomi 1 fahmi
Authors: ARIFUDDIN FAHMI IKHSAN
Published: September 2021

resume tentang ilmu ekonomi dan cabang ilmu ekonomi
Revitalisasi BUMDesa Melalui Pengelolaan Potensi Lokal Untuk Mewujudkan BUMDesa Yang Sehat Dan Mandiri
Authors: Hidayat Muhammad , Latief Fitriani , hidayah Nur , Asbara Nurkhalik Wahdanial
Published: September 2021

This community service activity was carried out in Kabba Village which was intended to provide assistance related to the revitalization of the BUMDes in Kabba Village. This service was carried out in two stages, namely field observations and implementation of assistance through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method which focused on three problems, namely Identification of Business Prospects, Selection of appropriate businesses and assistance in preparing BUMDes Financial Reports. From the FGD, it can be concluded that there are three prospective businesses to be managed and appropriate business analysis steps have also been submitted In this service activity, In this community service, training on the preparation of financial reports is also carried out which is intended to make sure that financial statements can be prepared in accordance with accounting standards in Indonesia.
Tugas resume ilmu ekonomi
Authors: arianti Andi eriping
Published: September 2021

Tugas resume ilmu ekonomi
TUGAS RESUME PPKN MELANI EKIS C
Authors: Melani
Published: September 2021

TUGAS RESUME PPKN MELANI EKIS C
Resume Ilmu Ekonomi
Authors: Hasni
Published: September 2021

Resume mengenai ilmu ekonomi
Structural Transphobia Is Associated with Psychological Distress and Suicidality in a Large National Sample of Transgender Adults
Authors: Price Maggi , Hollinsaid Nathan , McKetta Sarah , Mellen Emily Jeanne , Rakhilin Marina , Hollinsaid Nathan Louis
Published: September 2021

Purpose: Transgender adults face increasingly discriminatory laws/policies and prejudicial attitudes in many regions of the United States (US), yet research has neither quantified state-level transphobia using indicators of both, nor considered their collective association with transgender adults’ psychological wellbeing, hindering the identification of this potential social determinant of transgender mental health inequity. Methods: We therefore used factor analysis to develop a more comprehensive structural transphobia measure encompassing 29 indicators of transphobic laws/policies and attitudes at the state level, which we linked to individual-level mental health data from a large national sample of 27,279 transgender adults (ages 18–100) residing in 45 US states and the District of Columbia (DC).Results: Controlling for individual- (i.e., demographics), interpersonal- (i.e., perceived discrimination), and state- (i.e., income inequality, religiosity) level covariates, transgender adults from US states with higher (vs. lower) levels of structural transphobia reported more severe past-month psychological distress and were more likely to endorse past-year and lifetime suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts.Conclusion: Findings provide novel evidence that state-level transphobic laws/policies and attitudes collectively shape a range of important mental health outcomes among transgender adults in the US. Multilevel intervention strategies, such as affirming mental health treatments, provider-training interventions, and supportive legislation, are needed to address structural transphobia’s multifaceted nature and negative mental health consequences.
COVID Feel Good – A Self-Help Virtual Therapeutic Experience for Overcoming the Psychological Distress of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a European Multicentric Trial
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Di Lernia Daniele , Tuena Cosimo , Bernardelli Luca , Maldonado Jose Gutiérrez , Garcia Marta Ferrer , Meyer Marie Lisa , Shiban Youssef , Castelnuovo Gianluca , Pagnini Francesco , Pedroli Elisa , Sforza Francesca , Clementi Alex , Wiederhold Brenda K. , Serino Silvia
Published: September 2021

The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of a self-help virtual therapeutic experience (COVID Feel Good) for reducing the psychological burden experienced during the COVID-19 lockdown across different countries. For this purpose, we focused on participants recruited from June 2020 to May 2021 in the context of a European multicenter project including four university/academic sites. Primary outcome measures were depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, perceived stress levels and hopelessness. Secondary outcomes were the experienced social connectedness and the level of fear experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the efficacy of the intervention in a multicentric context, we evaluated the strength of evidence supporting the COVID Feel Good computing a single summary estimate of the effect across the different countries. Using separate linear mixed-effect models, the most consistent result across the different countries was an improvement of the perceived stress level after the participation in the COVID Feel Good intervention. By pooling the results of the models using a random-effect meta-analysis, we found that COVID Feel Good intervention was associated a decrease in the perceived general distress [mean standardized effect size for general distress in the treatment groups compared to the control conditions was 0.52 (p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.89] and with an increase the perceived social connection [mean standardized effect size for social connection using COVID Feel Good compared to the control conditions was -0.50 (p = < 0.001, 95% CI: -0.76, -0.25)]. Globally findings suggest the efficacy of the proposed protocol and contribute the growing literature supporting the use of digital psychological interventions to reduce the psychological stress among general population during the COVID-19 crisis.
Dynamics of Contention in the Gig Economy: Rage Against the Platform, Customer, or State?
Authors: Wood Alex , Martindale Nicholas , Lehdonvirta Vili
Published: September 2021

Protest in the gig economy has taken many forms and targets (platforms, customers, and state officials). However, researchers are yet to adequately account for this diversity. We use a European survey of Upwork and PeoplePerHour platform workers in the remote gig economy to investigate worker orientation towards different forms of protest. Results reveal that worker anger, dependence, and digital communication shape contention in the remote gig economy. Support for collective organisation is associated not only with anger at platforms but also workers’ dependence on the platform and communication with other workers. Whereas individual action against clients is associated only with anger and communication but not communication and support for state regulation is associated only with anger but not dependence or communication. We conclude that despite the novelty of these emergent social relations, the relational approach entailed by Mobilisation Theory can aid explanation of contention in the gig economy by shedding light on the dynamic process by which solidarity and dependence alter the perceived costs and benefits of particular remedies to injustice
Socioecology shapes child and adolescent time allocation in twelve hunter-gatherer and mixed-subsistence forager societies
Authors: Lew-Levy Sheina , Reckin Rachel , Kissler Stephen M. , Pretelli Ilaria , Boyette Adam H. , Crittenden Alyssa N. , Hagen Renée , Haas Randall , Kramer Karen , Koster Jeremy , O’Brien Matthew J. , Sonoda Koji , Surovell Todd A. , Stieglitz Jonathan , Tucker Bram , Lavi Noa , Ellis-Davies Kate , Davis Helen Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

A key issue distinguishing prominent evolutionary models of human life history is whether prolonged childhood evolved to facilitate learning in a skill- and strength-intensive foraging niche requiring high levels of cooperation. Considering the diversity of environments humans inhabit, children’s activities should also reflect local social and ecological opportunities and constraints. To better understand our species’ developmental plasticity, the present paper compiled a time allocation dataset for children and adolescents from twelve hunter-gatherer and mixed-subsistence forager societies (n=690; 3-18 years; 52% girls). We investigated how environmental factors, local ecological risk, and men and women’s relative energetic contributions were associated with cross-cultural variation in child and adolescent time allocation to childcare, food production, domestic work, and play. Annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, and net primary productivity were not strongly associated with child and adolescent activity budgets. Increased risk of encounters with dangerous animals and dehydration negatively predicted time allocation to childcare and domestic work, but not food production. Gender differences in child and adolescent activity budgets were stronger in societies where men made greater direct contributions to food production than women. We interpret these findings as suggesting that children and their caregivers adjust their activities to facilitate the early acquisition of knowledge which helps children safely cooperate with adults in a range of social and ecological environments. These findings compel us to consider how childhood may have also evolved to facilitate flexible participation in productive activities in early life.
State-led agricultural subsidies drive monoculture cultivar cashew expansion in northern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Rege Anushka , Lee Janice Ser Huay
Published: September 2021

Agricultural commodity production constitutes an important livelihood source for farmers but significantly contributes to tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss. While the socioecological effects of agricultural commodities such as palm oil, cocoa and coffee are well studied, the effects for commodities such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale) have received less attention. Global cultivated area for cashew increased rapidly from 526,250 ha in 1980 to ~5.9 million ha in 2018. India is the world’s second largest cashew producer, with cashew farms often occurring adjacent to remnant forests. To mitigate deforestation for cashew expansion, it is necessary to understand present-day land use policies and management practices that drive this expansion. Through semi-structured interviews (n=65) and a literature review on agricultural policies in India, we evaluated the role of state-led land use policies in cashew expansion and characterised present-day cashew farming systems in the Sawantwadi-Dodamarg landscape in India. Agricultural subsidies introduced from 1980s to 1990s encouraged cultivar cashew expansion and influenced land use conversion from rice and privately owned forest to cashew. Farmers preferred cultivar cashew as they produced higher yields faster, although they required more agrochemical inputs and were susceptible to pests and wildlife depredation. About 80% of farmers had planted cashew farms by clearing forests in the past 30 years and expressed interest to continue the same. Farmers avoided applying for government-sponsored compensation for crop losses due to wildlife depredation and chose instead to expand cultivar cashew into forested areas. Our study deepens the understanding of how government-led agricultural subsidies drive farmers’ uptake of cashew cultivars, farmers’ cashew management practices, and how these factors drive deforestation in this landscape at the state and farm level. We recommend further research with equitable stakeholder participation in cashew farming systems to devise sound planning for forest conservation and sustainability standards for the cashew industry.
O dystrybucji synonimicznych przyimków i operatorów adnumeratywnych
Authors: Przepiórkowski Adam , Pater Julia , Pastwa Maciej
Published: September 2021

The article presents the results of questionnaire studies on the nominal – ad-verbal and post-prepositional – distribution of Polish prepositions and adnumeral operators of the form około ‘ a b o u t ’, od... do... ‘from... to...’, po ‘each’, and między ‘between’. These results demonstrate that adnominal operators około, od... do... and między are acceptable to various degrees, from the highly acceptable około, to the at best marginally accept-able między. They also confirm the existence of the distributive operator po, albeit limited to the positions of the subject and, perhaps, accusative object. Also the prepositions około, od... do..., and po are acceptable to various degrees and only in ad-verbal nominative, accusative and genitive positions.
Korpusomat – stan obecny i przyszłość projektu
Authors: Kieraś Witold , Kobyliński Łukasz
Published: September 2021

The article presents the Korpusomat web application for creating user’s own annotated linguistic corpora. The application offers an automatic annotation of texts and the ability to search it based on the annotation of inflectional and syntactic features of words and named entities. All annotation layers are presented along with examples of their application in linguistic analysis. The Korpusomat also offers statistical summaries of the collected data, as well as the possibility of sharing the created corpora with other users.
Formuła zalecenia służb jako wyraz grzeczności językowej w epistolografii polskiej XVII i XVIII wieku
Authors: Sicińska Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

In the paper, a formal form of proposing services evidenced in Polish epistolography of the 17th and 18th cen-turies is described. The formal and semantic structure of the formula and its evolution has been presented to show, among other things, that in the 17th century the said formula was an integral whole with the formula of applying oneself to grace, e.g. oddawać (zalecać) usługi łasce (‘apply (propose) service to grace’) whereas in the 18th century it was associated with the category of responsibility, e.g. być w obowiązku usług (‘be obliged to serve’) and it assumed new forms such as czekać na rozkazy or czekać rozkazów (‘await orders’). Moreover, it has been indicated that the service formula was also related to other acts of Middle Polish epistolary eti-quette and the nobility politeness model at that time.
Odnajdywanie śladów przeszłości gatunków prasowych. Uwagi historyka języka
Authors: Pietrzak Magdalena
Published: September 2021

This paper deals with issues described as the life of genres. The aim was to present the early beginnings of modern genres, mainly informative ones, in the old press. Therefore it was essential to include modern per-spective in the research of historical material. The problems with isolating old forms/genres of the state-ments and naming them was emphasized in the paper. Research postulates and conclusions were presented and supported by the analyses of the press statements of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Effects of Rapid Induction Heating on Transformations in 0.6% C Steels
Authors: Cryderman Robert , Garrett Dalton , Schlittenhart Zachary
Published: September 2021

Rapid induction hardening of martensitic steel can attain the very high strength levels needed for light-weighting components subjected to high operating stresses. Specimens of martensitic 0.6% C steels were heat treated using a dilatometer to investigate the effects of heating rates of 5 to 500 °C/s to temperatures of 850 to 1050 °C on the transformation to austenite and subsequent transformation to martensite during quenching. Selected specimens were quenched after partial transformation to austenite to assess the initial cementite precipitate size formed in ferrite during heating. Other specimens were isothermally held at the austenitizing temperature to assess cementite dissolution rates. Higher heating rates increased the Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures, and lowered the Ms temperature. Alloy content and prior microstructure also influenced the transformation temperatures.
Causes of Distortion during High Pressure Gas Quenching Process of Steel Parts
Authors: Sims Justin , Li Zhichao , Ferguson B. Lynn
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a computational approach for assessing the potential for distortion when using high pressure gas to quench steel parts. It explains how to account for component geometry, heat transfer coefficient, gas temperature and velocity, heating and cooling rates, and phase transformations. The authors employ finite element modeling methods to determine local phase fraction and displacement in a Ferrium C64 disk for different quench pressures. Simulations at timed intervals show how distortion and phase fraction progress in different areas of the disk and along the edges of an off-center bore. The causes of distortion are examined and explained using the model, with insights into why the cooling rate has a nonlinear relation with distortion.
Advanced Distortion Control for Heat Treated Components
Authors: Hart Tom , Korecki Maciej
Published: September 2021

This paper describes the inner workings of a gas quenching chamber and assesses its potential for high-volume production of precision gears. The cooling manifold in the chamber surrounds the part, which sits on a rotating table. This ensures uniform flow of cooling gas across the top, bottom, and sides of the part and achieves uniform and repeatable quenching results. In addition, because the cooling nozzles can be adjusted to fit the geometry and size of the part, distortion can be effectively controlled.
On the Development of Parametrical Water Quenching Heat Transfer Model Using Quenchometer and Its Validation for All Boiling Regimes
Authors: Jan James , Scott MacKenzie D.
Published: September 2021

Although many have had success using CFD and FEA techniques to predict residual stress and distortion in water quenched aluminum alloys, there are still hurdles in using a computational approach to manage liquid quenching processes due to the lack of a quench severity database. Quench severity is defined by the Grossman number, which does not serve as a heat transfer model for CFD simulation because it omits much of the underlying physics. In this research, a new interpretation of quench severity makes it possible to separate the heat transfer model into two groups, one computable by CFD and one requiring calibration. The objective of this paper is to parameterize the boiling model by quenching conditions and validate the model using data obtained by quenchometer testing.
Quench Oil Cleanliness and Part Quality
Authors: Rowland Eddie , Scott MacKenzie D.
Published: September 2021

Quench oil is susceptible to contamination from carbon deposits, dirt, water, and the byproducts of oxidation. This paper discusses the causes of contamination in quench oil and explains how they lead to reduced oil life, sludge accumulation, loss of production time, unplanned maintenance, variations in the quench curve, surface deposits, and rework costs associated with additional part cleaning. It describes the differences between parts quenched in clean and dirty oil and presents best practices for keeping quench oil clean by removing particulate and water over the course of its life.
Performance Change of Quench Oils Due to Heat and Oxidative Deterioration
Authors: Sugiura Takahito , Ichitani Katsumi , Steiger Greg
Published: September 2021

In order to use quench oils over extended periods of time, it is necessary to understand how their properties and performance respond to heat and oxidation. This study investigates the effect of thermal and oxidative deterioration on dark and transparent quench oils. It describes the performance and property changes observed using accelerated testing methods and explains how quench oil behaviors in a laboratory setting compare with actual quench furnace usage.
Quenching Process Improvement Through Modeling
Authors: Habean Stefan , Sims Justin , Li Zhichao , Lynn Ferguson B.
Published: September 2021

In this work, the authors employ computer modeling to investigate a quenching process recently demonstrated at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. A matrix of models was run to assess the effects of heat transfer and phase transformation kinetics on residual stress and microstructure in a relatively thick walled tube. The experiments at Karlsruhe were conducted using a high pressure water quench to produce martensite and residual compressive stress in the bore of a 4140 steel tube. Results show that the timing and rate of martensite formation and bainite kinetics have a significant effect on both the in-process and residual stress state.
Influence of Machining on Low Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel
Authors: Oberste-Lehn Ulli , Karl Andreas , Beamer Chad
Published: September 2021

Austenitic stainless steels are carburized or nitrided (i.e., surface hardened) at low temperatures in order to maintain their superior corrosion resistance. Treatment temperature must be low enough to prevent precipitation in the diffusion zone, yet high enough to allow sufficient diffusion depths to meet design specifications. At these temperatures, prior machining processes can have a significant effect not only on diffusion, but also the surface hardness and corrosion resistance achieved. This paper presents practical examples showing how cutting, grinding, honing, and polishing processes influence the results of low temperature surface hardening treatments for stainless steel parts. It also discusses the influence of surface deformation and finish.
Impacts of Machining and Heat Treating Practices on Residual Stresses in Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys
Authors: Frame Lesley D. , Rambarran Indranie , Sala Kevin , Sanders Cameron
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the preliminary results of experiments designed to mimic typical machining and thermal processing practices for aerospace titanium alloys. The most significant finding is that multiple side mill passes result in lower magnitude compressive stresses than a single side pass, which suggests that successive interactions with the milling tool serves to relieve residual stresses at the surface. The most likely mechanism for this is that Ti exhibits significant springback during machining, and multiple tool passes essentially remove the “springback” layer. Each successive removal of material allows stress relaxation in the remaining surface layer. By contrast, with only a single pass, surface residual stresses did not sufficiently relax.
Advances in Low Pressure Carburizing and High-Pressure Gas Quenching
Authors: Heuer Volker
Published: September 2021

Low pressure carburizing (LPC) in combination with high-pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) is a robust and versatile case hardening technology. This paper shows how recent advancements in LPC and HPGQ are being employed in the heat treatment of automotive and aerospace components. Significant progress has been made in areas such as fixturing, load densities, cycle times, distortion control, automation, traceability, and the integration of heat treatment into manufacturing lines. Practical applications are shown for both multiple- and single-layer treatment.
Efficiency Gains and Reductions in Furnace Maintenance Through the Use of High Temperature Ceramic Coating Technology
Authors: Odenthal Greg
Published: September 2021

High-temperature, energy efficient ceramic coatings are being used in heat treating and forging furnaces around the globe to rein in the high cost of refractory maintenance, reduce fuel consumption, and improve furnace efficiencies as well as product quality. These coatings also protect metal from high-temperature oxidation and corrosion. This paper shows how specialized ceramic coatings can provide an energy savings of up to 20% in industrial furnaces while reducing heat-up and turn-around times and extending refractory service life.
Building Out Your ROI: Making Sure Your Next Furnace Acquisition Makes You Money
Authors: Stern Bryan
Published: September 2021

Decisions on capital equipment purchases are often based on the cost of the equipment and expected revenue. Although these are important, they do not provide a full financial picture of the value involved. This paper identifies the many aspects of heat treating that impact the value of a furnace purchase. It discusses hidden costs associated with installing, operating, and maintaining new equipment, the effect of depreciation and inflation, and the influence of unevaluated risk. It presents an analysis framework and tools that can help heat treaters not only make better purchasing decisions, but also know what to charge for services to stay competitive and still hit target breakeven timelines.
3D Simulation of an Automotive Wheel Hub and Induction Hardening Coil to Solve Coil Lifetime Issues
Authors: Muyskens Sean M. , Eddir Tareq I. , Goldstein Robert C.
Published: September 2021

This paper revisits a case study presented at Heat Treat 2009, investigating the failure of induction coils used for heat treating automotive wheel hubs. At the time, computer simulation was beginning to allow for virtual prototyping of heat treat applications as an alternative to experimental testing. As explained in the original paper on p. 86 of the 2009 HTS conference proceedings, although simulation helped in the development of a more robust coil, it was not used to pinpoint the cause of failure. In this current work, the authors tackle the same problem aided by more than a decade of improvements in compute power and finite element analysis techniques. To highlight the leaps made in virtual prototyping, the induction hardening coil previously analyzed using an axisymmetric 2D model is now examined using more precise 3D electromagnetic and thermal models while accounting for the rotation of the part.
Does 3D-Printed Coil Perform Better for Induction Hardening and How to Predict the Performance Based on Numerical Simulation?
Authors: Strakova Malvine N. , Eimuss Alvis , Geža Vadims , Ščepanskis Mihails , Hellriegel Marcus
Published: September 2021

This study demonstrates the use of simulation in the design of induction hardening coils. It compares three coil geometries, two of which leverage the flexibility of 3D printing. The paper explains how to set up and run the simulations in order to predict temperature fields, hardness profiles, and microstructure distributions in the workpiece. Based on the simulations, the conventionally manufactured coil and one of the two 3D-printed coils do not achieve the desired martensitic microstructure everywhere along the surface of the workpiece. In the case of the 3D-printed coil, the simulations show that the workpiece overheats in an area where its diameter abruptly changes. To fix the problem, the coil was adapted with an additional winding that carries current in the opposite direction. Simulations show that the redesign reduces hot spot temperature by more than 200 °C, producing the desired microstructure in that area of the workpiece and a more uniform hardness profile.
Residual Stress Measurement Tools and Methods: Industrial View of Current Gaps and Opportunities
Authors: Lee Seung-Yub , Cernatescu Iuliana , Furrer David U.
Published: September 2021

This paper provides an overview of the types of residual stress that engineers deal with and the tools and techniques available to measure it. It identifies the causes of manufacturing-induced residual stress along with their effects. It summarizes the practical aspects of a wide range of measurement methods, including hole drilling, layer removal, contour, lab XRD, and synchrotron analysis. It assesses current challenges and gaps in determining stress in relation to stress type, stress component, microstructure, specimen geometry, materials type, and measurement location.
Effects of Molybdenum on Hardening Properties of Stainless Steels by Low Temperature Vacuum Carburizing and Pre-Treatment
Authors: Cha Sung Chul , Park Heon Joon , Jung Hae Hyuk , Chun Hyun Seok , Heo Sung Bo , Kim Jun-Ho
Published: September 2021

Two stainless steel parts used in automotive engines are carburized in the course of their production to achieve desired properties. To reduce costs and improve product quality, the gas carburizing process that had been used was replaced by low-pressure vacuum carburizing. The two parts are similar in composition except that one contains 0.25 wt% Mo and the other 0.4 wt% Mo. Both also contain around 17 wt% Cr and thus naturally form a Cr2O3 passivation layer that provides corrosion resistance but also acts as a barrier to carbon. As a result, the parts are etched in a pickling solution prior to carburizing. In the initial assessment of the new carburizing and pretreatment process, engineers observed differences in the pitting and oxide regeneration behaviors of the two stainless steels. The paper describes how the engineers determined the cause of the pitting and the extent to which it could be controlled. Because of the tradeoffs involved, the engineers decided to make both parts from the same material and optimize process parameters accordingly.
Gas Cooling – Is Pressure or Velocity Most Important?
Authors: Hill Robert , Scheuring Greg
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of a study examining the cooling rates of two vacuum high-pressure gas quenching furnaces: a large 10-bar furnace equipped with a 600-hp blower motor and a smaller 10-bar furnace with a 300-hp motor. In comparing critical cooling temperatures for H13 in the 1850°F to 1300°F range, the furnace that is almost three times larger in volume (110 vs. 40 ft3 of hot zone) cooled the same workload almost identically to smaller unit. The test results clearly show that gas flow, or velocity, is more meaningful than pressure when it comes to cooling rate.
Hardening of Selective Laser Melted M2 Steel
Authors: Yang Mei , Zhang Yishu , You Haoxing , Smith Richard , Sisson Richard D.
Published: September 2021

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique that can be used to make the near-net-shape metal parts. M2 is a high-speed steel widely used in cutting tools, which is due to its high hardness of this steel. Conventionally, the hardening heat treatment process, including quenching and tempering, is conducted to achieve the high hardness for M2 wrought parts. It was debated if the hardening is needed for additively manufactured M2 parts. In the present work, the M2 steel part is fabricated by SLM. It is found that the hardness of as-fabricated M2 SLM parts is much lower than the hardened M2 wrought parts. The characterization was conducted including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the microstructure evolution of as-fabricated, quenched, and tempered M2 SLM part. The M2 wrought part was heat-treated simultaneously with the SLM part for comparison. It was found the hardness of M2 SLM part after heat treatment is increased and comparable to the wrought part. Both quenched and tempered M2 SLM and wrought parts have the same microstructure, while the size of the carbides in the wrought part is larger than that in the SLM part.
Powder Metallurgical Solution for a Complex Geometry Coupler Requiring High Dimensional Stability and Microstructural Uniformity through Heat Treatment
Authors: Stringer Craig , Wright Andy , Imbrogno Pete
Published: September 2021

Powder metallurgy (PM) is the fabrication process of compacting metal powders to shape and sintering these compacts to yield the final material’s properties. The PM compaction process allows for complex geometries to be formed that would normally lead to long and expensive machining processes from wrought steels. Special alloy selection can allow for hardening of the microstructure during the sintering procedure. The sinter hardened (SH) alloys exhibit good mechanical properties along with good hardenability and dimensional stability and may be a suitable replacement for wrought steels where low distortion from heat treatment or microstructural control is required. In this study, it was found for a complex geometry coupler application, a SH alloy could successfully replace an austenitizing heat treatment process with a low carbon steel. The low carbon steel was found to have micro heterogeneities from heat treatment that lead to premature failure in the application. Dimensional distortion and production variance were also of concern with the low carbon steel. The SH material demonstrated acceptable physical properties, hardness and microstructural uniformity to solve the concerns associated with processing of the low carbon steel coupler. Post processing optimization also added to the life performance of the coupler by tailoring the final microstructure to mating components.
Stress Relief of Coil Springs using Fluidized Bed
Authors: Dickinson Andrew S.
Published: September 2021

After manufacturing coil springs, internal stresses exist within the steel wire. These stresses can lead to defects and may impact the working lifespan of springs. Stress must be relieved to maximize the elastic properties of the spring alloys. Stress relief is a critical step during the manufacturing process, typically using large belt furnaces and convection ovens. The fluidized bed heat treatment system is an alternative for stress relief of small- and medium-sized coil springs. Springs are suspended in a parts basket and deposited into a fluidized bed furnace, consisting of fine aluminum oxide particles gently mixed by an upward air flow. With its high heat transfer coefficient, fluidized bed relieves the stress in coil springs in significantly less time than other conventional heat treatment methods. Bed temperature is accurately controlled using either electric heaters, with excellent thermal uniformity throughout the working area of the bed. Fluidized bed, with its advantages of uniformity and quick turnaround time, render it the best option for the rapid and efficient stress relief processing of coil springs and heat treatment of other metal components.
Alloying Effect on Nitrided Case Characteristics of Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140 Steel
Authors: Rowan Olga K. , Pershing Michael A.
Published: September 2021

Nitriding surface hardening is commonly used on steel components for high wear, fatigue and corrosion applications. Case hardening results from white layer formation and coherent alloy nitride precipitates in the diffusion zone. This paper evaluates the microstructure development in the nitrided case and its effects on the hardness in both the white layer and the substrate for two industry nitriding materials, Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140. Computational thermodynamic calculations were used to identify the type and amount of stable alloy nitrides precipitation and helped explain the differences in the white layer hardness, degree of porosity at the surface, and the hardening effect within the substrate. Some initial insights toward designing nitriding alloys are shown.
Ultra Large Bearings: A Complete Range of Seamless Induction Heating Solutions
Authors: Scarpellini Livia , Bono Marco , Cesano Mario , Ciscato Dario , Pillin Beatrice
Published: September 2021

The Ultra Large Bearing (ULB) industry can increase the production performances by using induction heating on a full range of thermal processes. The paper presents the technological, economical, and process optimizations that can be achieved using induction heating technology in both hardening and tempering. Two different solutions are available for (seamless) race hardening: a high-power induction single shot process for small to medium size rings and induction seamless scan hardening for large sized bearings. The ultra-low frequency induction tempering process is described and compared with a traditional furnace. These technologies are presented and compared to show application ranges, specific features, metallurgical results, and efficiencies in processing and cost.
Retained Austenite Benefits or Avoidance Requires Dependable Determination
Authors: Wingens Thomas
Published: September 2021

Retained austenite may be helpful or detrimental to the life of heat-treated components, but it can be difficult to accurately measure in manufactured steels. Commonly used visual sample investigations are subjective and often incorrect, magnetic measurements require part-specific calibration, and electron backscattering involves expensive equipment, intensive sample preparation, and long measurement times. Recent developments in X-ray diffractometry, however, provide measurements in minutes and can compensate for the influence of carbides in high-carbon steels as well as texture orientations in rolled sheet metals. This paper discusses the use of X-ray diffraction for measuring retained austenite and compares and contrasts it with other methods. It also provides a brief review of the formation of austenite and its effect on carburized gears, TRIP steels, and bearings.