bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved ionization measurements with intense ultrashort XUV and X-ray free-electron laser pulses
Authors: Tkachenko Victor , Büscher Martin , Höppner Hauke , Medvedev Nikita , Lipp Vladimir , Rossi Giulio Maria , Capotondi Flavio , Finetti Paola , Pedersoli Emanuele , Nikolov Ivaylo , Danailov Mitcho , Giannessi Luca , Prandolini Mark J. , Toleikis Sven , Mecseki Katalin , Windeler Matthew , Ziaja Beata , Tavella Franz , Teubner Ulrich
Published: April 2019

Modern free-electron lasers (FEL) operating in XUV (extreme ultraviolet) or X-ray range allow an access to novel research areas. An example is the ultrafast ionization of a solid by an intense femtosecond FEL pulse in XUV which consequently leads to a change of the complex index of refraction on an ultrashort timescale. The photoionization and subsequent impact ionization resulting in electronic and atomic dynamics are modeled with our hybrid code XTANT(X-ray thermal and non-thermal transitions) and a Monte Carlo code XCASCADE(X-ray-induced electron cascades). The simulations predict the temporal kinetics of FEL-induced electron cascades and thus yield temporally and spatially resolved information on the induced changes of the optical properties. In a series of experiments at FERMI and LCLS, single shot measurements with spatio-temporal encoding of the ionization process have been performed by a correlation of the FEL pump pulse with an optical femtosecond probe pulse. An excellent agreement between the experiment and the simulation has been found. We also show that such kind of experiments forms the basis for pulse duration and arrival time jitter monitoring as currently under development for XUV-FELs.
Mapping the Potential Interactions between UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Regime and World Trade Law
Authors: Broude Tomer
Published: April 2019

The 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH) was not intended to have legal repercussions in international trade. Nevertheless, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) may interact with trade regulation under various scenarios. The CSICH “Representative List” inscribes numerous ICH elements with real and potential international commercial aspects and consequent trade law implications. These emergent trade law–ICH regime dynamics require not only some critical reflection (for example, is safeguarding of ICH ultimately dependent on commodification or, at least in some cases, significantly prone to commercial capture?) but also doctrinal legal analysis. This article undertakes a survey of many plausible ICH–trade interactions (generally excluding intellectual property issues), providing an analytical framework with reference to a series of case sketches of selected CSICH inscriptions such as kimjang, beer culture in Belgium, and yoga. These and other cases may indeed raise issues under world trade law, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the General Agreement on Trade in Services, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, and subsidies regulation. Trade law may have underestimated the significance of ICH as a growing field. At the same time, ICH law may be developing without thinking through how it is impacted by commercial interests and international trade law.
Safeguarding the Art of Pizza Making: Parallel Use of the Traditional Specialities Guaranteed Scheme and the UNESCO Intangible Heritage Convention
Authors: Deacon Harriet
Published: April 2019

“Traditional” foodways are represented as an important part of cultural heritage in Europe. Two legal instruments aim to play a role in safeguarding them—namely, the Traditional Specialties Guaranteed (TSG) scheme and the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. These instruments are sometimes used in parallel—for example, in the TSG registration for “Pizza Napoletana” and the nomination of “the art of Neapolitan ‘pizzaiuolo’” to one of the lists of the Convention. While recognizing the important role of state actors in this process, this article proposes going beyond a simple “misappropriation” thesis to look at the possible economic effects of registration and inscription.
Food as Heritage and Multi-Level International Legal Governance
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: April 2019

This article focuses on the issue of framing of food in international law, as a means to highlight the specific dimensions of food that are the focus of food as heritage under the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The specific example of Mexican traditional cuisine is used as a prism through which to analyze regulatory choices across a range of organizations in the United Nations System, yielding a number of frames: food as heritage, food as a human right, food as indigeneity, food as biodiversity, and food as a regulatory object. The frames are natural consequences of the mandates of the bodies addressing food, and the article argues that food as heritage needs to be more clearly engaged with other dimensions of food in international law, lest food becomes just a tourist attraction under the intangible heritage regime.
From the Mediterranean Diet to theDiaita: The Epistemic Making of a Food Label
Authors: Marques da Silva Antonio José
Published: April 2019

The Mediterranean Diet was one of the first food-related nominations on the international cultural heritage list. By introducing the concepts of “epistemic community” and “governmentality” to analyze this heritagization process, I will evaluate the participation and consent of “the Mediterranean people” and their belief in a common identity based in a holistic conception of this food tradition—the so-calleddiaita. My goal is to demonstrate that the inscription’s proposal was motivated first by a long-term strategy aimed at promoting an “umbrella brand” of agro-food products extended to the whole Mediterranean space. Then, I will emphasize the attempt to design a model of property rights protection that is adequate for this food label, which was later presented within the realm of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization as a measure for safeguarding thediaitaas an item of intangible cultural heritage. Finally, I will argue that this claim totally omits the rights of the numerous expatriates living outside this region.
Co-receptor tropism and genetic characteristics of the V3 regions in variants of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected subjects
Authors: Guo J. L. , Yan Y. , Zhang J. F. , Ji J. M. , Ge Z. J. , Ge R. , Zhang X. F. , Wang H. H. , Chen Z. W. , Luo J. Y.
Published: April 2019

Co-receptor tropism has been identified to correlate with HIV-1 transmission and the disease progression in patients. A molecular epidemiology investigation of co-receptor tropism is important for clinical practice and effective control of HIV-1. In this study, we investigated the co-receptor tropism on HIV-1 variants of 85 antiretroviral-naive patients with Geno2pheno algorithm at a false-positive rate of 10%. Our data showed that a majority of the subjects harboured the CCR5-tropic virus (81.2%, 69/85). No significant differences in gender, age, baseline CD4+T-cell counts and transmission routes were observed between subjects infected with CXCR4-tropic or CCR5-tropic virus. The co-receptor tropism appeared to be associated with the virus genotype; a significantly more CXCR4-use was predicted in CRF01_AE infections whereas all CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC were predicted to use CCR5 co-receptor. Sequences analysis of V3 revealed a higher median net charge in the CXCR4 viruses over CCR5 viruses (4.0vs.3.0,P< 0.05). The predicted N-linked glycosylation site between amino acids 6 and 8 in the V3 region was conserved in CCR5 viruses, but not in CXCR4 viruses. Besides, variable crown motifs were observed in both CCR5 and CXCR4 viruses, of which the most prevalent motif GPGQ existed in both viral tropism and almost all genotypes identified in this study except subtype B. These findings may offer important implications for clinical practice and enhance our understanding of HIV-1 biology.
Comparison of sea ice classification methods based on satellite scatterometer and radiometer data in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Pang Xiaoping , Gao Xiang , Ji Qing
Published: April 2019

Information on sea ice type is an important factor for deriving sea ice parameters from satellite remote sensing data, such as sea ice concentration, extent and thickness. In this study, sea ice in the Weddell Sea was classified by the histogram threshold (HT) method, the Spreen model (SM) method from satellite scatterometer data and the strong contrast (SC) method from radiometer data, and this information was compared with Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt) sea ice-type ship-based observations. The results show that all three methods can distinguish the multi-year (MY) ice and first-year (FY) ice using Ku-band scatterometer data and radiometer data during the ice growth season, while C-band scatterometer data are not suitable for MY ice and FY ice discrimination using HT and SM methods. The SM model has a smaller MY ice classification extent than the HT method from scatterometer data. The classification accuracy of the SM method is the higher compared to ship-based observations. It can be concluded that the SM method is a promising method for discriminating MY ice from FY ice. These results provide a reference for further retrieval of long-term sea ice-type information for the whole of Antarctica.
The interaction between oxytocin receptor gene methylation and maternal behavior on children's early theory of mind abilities
Authors: MacKinnon Anna L. , Feeley Nancy , Gold Ian , Hayton Barbara , King Leonora , Nagy Corina , Robins Stephanie , Turecki Gustavo , Zelkowitz Phyllis
Published: April 2019

Theory of mind, the ability to represent the mental states of others, is an important social cognitive process, which contributes to the development of social competence. Recent research suggests that interactions between gene and environmental factors, such as oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms and maternal parenting behavior, may underlie individual differences in children's theory of mind. However, the potential influence of DNA methylation of OXTR remains unclear. The current study investigated the roles of OXTR methylation, maternal behavior, and their statistical interaction on toddlers’ early emerging theory of mind abilities. Participants included a community sample of 189 dyads of mothers and their 2- to 3-year-old children, whose salivary DNA was analyzed. Results indicated that more maternal structuring behavior was associated with better performance, on a battery of three theory of mind tasks, while higher OXTR methylation within exon 3 was associated with poorer performance. A significant interaction also emerged, such that OXTR methylation was related to theory of mind among children whose mothers displayed less structuring, when controlling for children's age, sex, ethnicity, number of child-aged siblings, verbal ability, and maternal education. Maternal structuring behavior may buffer the potential negative impact of hypermethylation on OXTR gene expression and function.
Distribution of a habitat specialist: Mopane woodland structure determines occurrence of Near Threatened Lilian’s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae
Authors: MZUMARA TIWONGE I. , MARTIN ROWAN O. , TRIPATHI HEMANT , PHIRI CHAONA , AMAR ARJUN
Published: April 2019

The near-threatened Lilian’s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae is a small parrot endemic to the Zambezi basin in south-east Africa. The species has a fragmented distribution predominantly within mopane woodlands and is widely referred to as a mopane specialist. The harvesting of mopane trees for charcoal production and timber are having widespread impacts on this woodland habitat, raising concerns over its capacity to support biodiversity. This study aimed to understand the key drivers determining the occurrence of Lilian’s Lovebird in the mopane woodlands of Zambia, focusing particularly on aspects of woodland structure, including the size and density of trees. We used a MaxEnt species distribution model based on historical species occurrence data, to inform selection of 116 survey plots in the Luangwa, Luano and Zambezi valleys. Each plot was sampled for Lilian’s Lovebirds and woodland structure described. Occurrence of Lilian’s Lovebird was found to be positively associated with the size of mopane trees (both height and diameter at breast height) suggesting that large ‘cathedral’ mopane trees provide a key resource for the species and that conservation efforts should focus on the protection of sites containing large trees. No Lilian’s Lovebirds were recorded in areas where they previously occurred to the west of Lower Zambezi National Park, and there was an absence of ‘cathedral’ mopane habitat in this area.
Ductal stenting to improve pulmonary blood flow in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and critical pulmonary stenosis after balloon valvuloplasty
Authors: Haddad Raymond N. , Hanna Najib , Charbel Ramy , Daou Linda , Chehab Ghassan , Saliba Zakhia
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To assess the feasibility, safety, and efficiency of ductal stenting in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum or critical pulmonary stenosis after balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.

Background:

Ductal stenting in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is a re-emerging and promising technique. There is little data available on its outcomes after establishing prograde pulmonary blood flow.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed all neonates with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum or critical pulmonary stenosis who underwent ductal stenting after balloon valvuloplasty. Ductal stenting was performed either in the same setting (group A) or a few days later after balloon valvuloplasty (group B). We compared the two groups.

Results:

Eighteen coronary stents were transvenously delivered and successfully deployed in 18 newborns. There was no procedure-related mortality. The median hospital stay post-intervention was 6 days with a mean discharge oxygen saturation of 94%. Group A had a shorter overall hospital stay with a shorter overall time of irradiation but with a longer overall procedural time. On a follow-up of 18 months, no re-intervention for stent failure or overflow was undertaken. The median stent patency based on echocardiography was 12 months.

Conclusion:

Stenting the arterial duct in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum or critical pulmonary stenosis is a feasible, safe, and efficient technique. It avoids surgery or long hospital stay with prostaglandin infusion. The minimal 6 months stent longevity provides a period of time long enough to decide whether the right ventricular diastolic function is normalised or Glenn surgery is still needed.
Differences in Cardiovascular Health Metrics in Emergency Medical Technicians Compared to Paramedics: A Cross-Sectional Study of Emergency Medical Services Professionals
Authors: Cash Rebecca E. , Crowe Remle P. , Bower Julie K. , Foraker Randi E. , Panchal Ashish R.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals face high physical demands in high-stress settings; however, the prevalence of cardiovascular health (CVH) risk factors in this health care workforce has not been explored. The primary objective of this study was to compare the distribution of CVH and its individual components between a sample of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics. The secondary objective was to identify associations between demographic and employment characteristics with ideal CVH in EMS professionals.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey based on the American Heart Association’s (AHA; Dallas, Texas USA) Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) was administered to nationally-certified EMTs and paramedics. The LS7 components were scored according to previously described cut points (ideal = 2; intermediate = 1; poor = 0). A composite CVH score (0-10) was calculated from the component scores, excluding cholesterol and blood glucose due to missing data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR; 95% CI) for demographic and employment characteristics associated with optimal CVH (≥7 points).

Results:

There were 24,708 respondents that were currently practicing and included. More EMTs achieved optimal CVH (n = 4,889; 48.8%) compared to paramedics (n = 4,338; 40.6%). Factors associated with higher odds of optimal CVH included: higher education level (eg, college graduate or more: OR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.97-2.59); higher personal income (OR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.37); and working in an urban versus rural area (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.23-1.40). Paramedic certification level (OR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78-0.91), older age (eg, 50 years or older: OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.58-0.73), male sex (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.50-0.56), working for a non-fire-based agency (eg, private service: OR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.62-0.74), and providing medical transport service (OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.94) were associated with lower odds of optimal CVH.

Conclusions:

Several EMS-related characteristics were associated with lower odds of optimal CVH. Future studies should focus on better understanding the CVH and metabolic risk profiles for EMS professionals and their association with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), major cardiac events, and occupational mortality.

Cash RE, Crowe RP, Bower JK, Foraker RE, Panchal AR. Differences in cardiovascular health metrics in emergency medical technicians compared to paramedics: a crosssectional study of Emergency Medical Services professionals.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(3):288–296.
No Difference in Cognitive Dysfunction Among Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis or Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Alcocer-Castillejos Natasha , Jiménez-González Ariadna , Hinojosa-Azaola Andrea
Published: April 2019

Objective: To characterize cognitive function in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) in comparison with other chronic conditions, and to investigate its association with disease activity, and other psychological factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study including patients with AAV, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 30), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 29). Patients underwent a standardized neuropsychological battery (NEUROPSI). Sleep quality, fatigue, depression, and anxiety levels were assessed. Results: A total of 60 patients with AAV were included, median age of 54 years, and disease duration of 5.6 years. Prevalence of cognitive dysfunction (CD) in AAV patients was similar to RA and CKD (35%, 40%, and 39.3%, respectively, p = .88). When AAV patients with (n = 21) and without (n = 39) CD were compared, significantly more patients with CD had high disease activity (67% vs. 31%, p = .009). Abnormal performance was more frequent in the executive functions in the three groups (45% AAV, 51.7% RA, and 50% CKD), followed by language (25%, 13.8%, and 25%, respectively). Verbal and visual attentional tests were more frequently impaired in patients from the CKD group (p = .021), and psychomotor functions were more frequently affected in AAV patients (p < .05). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) total score (especially anxiety) was higher in patients with memory impairment than in those with normal memory function (M = 6.79, SD = 4.53 vs. M = 4.5, SD = 3.6, p < .01). Neither Sleep Quality Index nor fatigue scale scores differed between those cognitively impaired and not impaired. Conclusions: No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of CD among the three clinical populations. (JINS, 2019, 25, 595–602)
Local experience in Saudi Arabia of selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90 microspheres for the treatment of unresectable liver tumours
Authors: Al Omran Bedoor , Hamour Nazar
Published: April 2019

Aim:

To assess local experience in Saudi Arabia of the effectiveness and tolerability of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) in patients with liver tumours.

Materials and methods:

In a retrospective study, patients with unresectable liver tumours treated with yttrium-90-labelled resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres®, Sirtex, Australia) at the King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam (KFSHD) were followed up for at least 12 months, or until death. Data were extracted from medical records. The primary outcome measure was overall survival (OS). Tumour response was recorded using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST): tumour control (TC) was defined as the proportion of patients with stable disease (SD), partial response (PR) and complete response (CR).

Results:

A total of 30 patients (21 males, 9 females) with hepatocellular carcinoma (76⋅7%), metastatic colorectal cancer (13⋅3%), cholangiocarcinoma (6⋅7%) or carcinoid tumour (3⋅3%) were evaluated. Mean OS was 16⋅98 months. Eighty-five percent of patients showed TC, 35% had SD, 15% a PR and 35% a CR. No severe complications were observed. Four deaths were considered unrelated to treatment.

Findings:

In this cohort, SIRT showed similar efficacy to that in other studies, with an acceptable tolerability profile. SIRT appears a feasible procedure for liver tumour treatment in the KFSHD.
Southeast Asian Trajectories of Labour Mobility: Precarity, Translocality, and Resilience
Authors: Tappe Oliver , Nguyen Minh T.N.
Published: April 2019

Within and across Southeast Asian national borders, there has been a growing circulation of labour, capital, people, and goods. Meanwhile, urbanisation, agrarian changes, and liberal economic restructuring have been drawing a large section of the rural population into mobile economies and trade networks. This special issue explores the linkage between mobility and the growing precaritisation of labour resulting from neoliberalised development policies, nationalist citizenship regimes, and discourses, and arbitrary state power. Arguably, the consequent insecurity and uncertainty have profound implications for the social and economic life of migrant labourers. Although these conditions engender dangers and risks, they also hold possibilities for crafting translocal livelihoods and social relations. In this introduction, we investigate the diverse trajectories of labour migration in Southeast Asia through a critical discussion on the concept of ‘precarity’ that underscores the resilience of labour migrants despite the precarious conditions of their lives. The special issue suggests that, while precarious labour has long been part of regimes of control and exploitation in the region, precarity today is shaped by the blurry boundaries between the legal and the illegal, between local and global lives, and between different worlds of belonging.
Loss-Framed Arguments Can Stifle Political Activism
Authors: Levine Adam Seth , Kline Reuben
Published: April 2019

Research commonly finds that citizens are loss averse: they dislike losses far more than similarly sized gains. One implication is that arguments for policy change framed in terms of losses to be avoided often have a larger impact on public opinion than arguments framed in terms of gains to be enjoyed. Although several scholars have observed this pattern with respect to public opinion, we know far less about the effect of loss- and gain-framed arguments on political activism. This is a critical omission given the disproportionate impact of political activists on the policymaking process. Using field and survey experiments, we investigate the impact of gain- and loss-framed arguments on climate change activism. We find that loss-framed arguments can be less mobilizing, even when they are otherwise more persuasive, than gain-framed arguments. Our results deepen our theoretical understanding of what motivates political activism, especially in an era of professionalized politics.
Reevaluation of the Late Pleistocene Slip Rate of the Haiyuan Fault Near Songshan, Gansu Province, China
Authors: Yao Wenqian , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Oskin M. E. , Wang Wei , Li Zhanfei , Prush Veronica , Zhang Jinyu , Shao Yanxiu , Yuan Zhaode , Klinger Yann
Published: April 2019

Well‐constrained fault slip rates are important for understanding strain partitioning within a fault system and the associated seismic hazard. The Haiyuan fault is a significant active strike‐slip fault in the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau with ongoing controversy over its late Pleistocene slip rate. Previous work by Lasserre et al. (1999) suggested a slip rate of 12 ± 4 mm/year, which is higher than recent geodetically determined rates on adjacent fault sections. We reanalyze and reevaluate the slip rates benefiting from new high‐resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging data at their two sites, located north of the Songshan village. Based on this data, we revise field‐mapped offset constraints. At the Majia Wan site, we document a sinistral displacement of 130 ± 10 m of the crest and 93 ± 15 m of the base of T1/T2 terrace riser, respectively. At the Xuanma Wan site, the offset of T4/T1′ terrace riser is updated to be 68 +3/−10 m. Combining new geochronology dates, we assess the abandonment age of T2 as 26.0 ± 4.5 ka and T1 as 9,445 ± 30 year. These data suggest a slip rate between 5.0 +1.5/−1.1 and 8.9 +0.5/−1.3 mm/year since ~ 26 ka, based on the upper terrace and lower terrace reconstruction, respectively. Our reevaluation supports that apparent slip rate discrepancies in northern Tibet possibly share a systematic bias due to the use of lower‐terrace reconstruction to interpret the age of offset.
Low‐Frequency Induced Polarization of Porous Media Undergoing Freezing: Preliminary Observations and Modeling
Authors: Coperey A. , Revil A. , Abdulsamad F. , Stutz B. , Duvillard P. A. , Ravanel L.
Published: April 2019

We investigate the thermal dependence of the complex conductivity of nine porous materials in the temperature range +20 °C to −10 or −15 °C. The selected samples include three soils, two granites, three clay‐sands mixes, and one graphitic tight sandstone. A total of 12 experiments is conducted with one sample tested at three different salinities. Our goal is to use this database to extend the dynamic Stern layer polarization model in freezing conditions. We observe two polarization mechanisms, one associated with the effect of the change in the liquid water content and its salinity upon the polarization of the porous material. A second mechanism, at higher frequencies (>10 Hz), is likely associated with the polarization of ice. At low frequencies and above the freezing point, the in‐phase and quadrature conductivities depend on temperature in a predictable way. This dependence is due to the dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers with temperature. Below the freezing point, the in‐phase and quadrature conductivity follow a brutal decay with temperature. This dependence is modeled through an exponential freezing curve function. We were also able to determine how the (apparent) formation factor and surface conductivity change with temperature and water content below the freezing point. Our model is able to replicate the data at low frequencies and predicts correctly the fact that the ratio between the normalized chargeability and the surface conductivity is independent of the water content and temperature and equals a well‐defined dimensionless number R.
Quantifying the Impact of Satellite Sampling on the Dynamic Modeling of the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Ruan Haibing , Lei Jiuhou
Published: April 2019

In this study, the CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite) and GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite) observations and the simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model are used to investigate the impact of local time of satellite sampling on the dynamic modeling of the thermosphere. Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Mode simulations are sampled along the satellite orbits to obtain the synthetic observations and to reconstruct the global thermosphere. By comparing with the simulated “true” base, the relative deviations of the dynamic reconstructions are further characterized as a function of the local time of satellite sampling. It is found that the relative deviations would become relatively large when the satellite crosses the dawn‐dusk local time sectors. Our further investigation indicates that this spatial–temporal dependence would be greatly reduced, as the data from one more satellite are blended. The CHAMP and GRACE observations are also utilized to assess this local time dependence of the thermospheric forecasting.
How Much Nubia‐Eurasia Convergence Is Accommodated by the NE End of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (SE Spain)? Constraints From GPS Velocities
Authors: Borque M. J. , Sánchez‐Alzola A. , Martin‐Rojas I. , Alfaro P. , Molina S. , Rosa‐Cintas S. , Rodríguez‐Caderot G. , de Lacy C. , García‐Armenteros J. A. , Avilés M. , Herrera‐Olmo A. , García‐Tortosa F. J. , Estévez A. , Gil A. J.
Published: April 2019

We present the first GPS‐derived geodetic observations from the NE end of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone obtained from the Bajo Segura GPS network (SE Spain). The network has 11 GPS sites and was sampled four times between 1999 and 2013. Despite the low signal‐to‐noise ratio of the residual velocities obtained, the velocities are nonzero at 95% confidence level. We postulate that the GPS data point to the partitioning of deformation into the NNW–SSE shortening and a N70E left‐lateral component. The maximum deformation rates are located along the two main active faults in the study area. The maximum shortening rates (north component) in the southern region of the Bajo Segura Basin vary from west to east, ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mm/year along the Bajo Segura Fault Zone. On the northern border of the basin, along the Crevillente Fault Zone, left‐lateral displacement varies between 0.4 and 0.7 mm/year in the E‐W direction. The GPS‐based regional geodynamic models of the Western Mediterranean indicate that the residual shortening of the Eurasia‐Nubia plate convergence is accommodated in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula and the Algero‐Balearic Basin. Our results indicate that part of this residual deformation occurs at the NE end of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone, but significant deformation must be accommodated also to the north (External Betics) and to the south (Cartagena Basin and offshore area). We postulate that Eurasia‐Nubia plate convergence is transferred to the Eastern Betics because of the thin and rigid (potentially oceanic) crust of the Algero‐Balearic Basin, which acts as an indenter.
Extended Hilbert Transform and Application for Seismic Attributes
Authors: Zhang Gulan , Li Yong , Wang Tingyi , Du Hao , Luo Fan , Zhan Yizong
Published: April 2019

The Hilbert transform (HT) has been widely used in seismic data processing and interpretation. However, HT results exhibit lower noise robustness and resolution. This paper extends HT by introducing three orders greater than or equal to 0 and the sign function in frequency domain and propose an extended Hilbert transform (EHT) which has many advantages over the HT—particularly noise robustness, resolution, and a variety of applications. The output of EHT depends on the choice of the three orders and the sign function. Analysis of synthetic cosine signal and hypothetical channel model shows that EHT helps to retain the desired characteristics of HT while overcoming its shortcomings and exhibits better noise robustness and higher resolution than HT. Analysis of real 3‐D seismic data application demonstrates that EHT shows a very desirable ability to capture subtle geologic features and can be well used for seismic attributes and other fields involving digital data processing.
Reiner Gamma: A Magnetized Elliptical Disk on the Moon
Authors: Garrick‐Bethell Ian , Kelley Megan R.
Published: April 2019

The geologic origin of the Moon's crustal magnetic anomalies is unknown. Reiner Gamma is one of the most studied anomalies, and it is correlated with symmetric bright albedo markings known as swirls. Here we propose that its source magnetization arises from a uniformly magnetized elliptical disk, resulting from the melt sheet or floor deposits of an oblique impact crater. The magnetization was likely acquired in a dynamo field and may be as high as ~70 A/m, perhaps due to incorporation of impactor materials. The disk produces vertical fields at its edges that may channel solar wind flux to the surface, producing an elliptical dark region, while neighboring regions remain shielded and bright. Interestingly, the disk appears to be magnetized along its semiminor axis. Measurements of the low altitude magnetic field at Reiner Gamma would test these predictions and help answer additional questions about its interaction with the solar wind.
Regularized Coulomb Friction Laws for Ice Sheet Sliding: Application to Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Joughin Ian , Smith Benjamin E. , Schoof Christian G.
Published: April 2019

The choice of the best basal friction law to use in ice‐sheet models remains a source of uncertainty in projections of sea level. The parameters in commonly used friction laws can produce a broad range of behavior and are poorly constrained. Here we use a time series of elevation and speed data to examine the simulated transient response of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, to a loss of basal traction as its grounding line retreats. We evaluate a variety of friction laws, which produces a diversity of responses, to determine which best reproduces the observed speedup when forced with the observed thinning. Forms of the commonly used power law friction provide much larger model‐data disagreement than less commonly used regularized Coulomb friction in which cavitation effects yield an upper bound on basal friction. Thus, adoption of such friction laws could substantially improve the fidelity of large‐scale simulations to determine future sea level.
Evaluating the Updip Extent of Large Megathrust Ruptures Using Pcoda Levels
Authors: Lay Thorne , Rhode Andrea
Published: April 2019

When slip at shallow depth occurs during large subduction zone thrust events, P wave energy enters the water layer and establishes pwP, the reverberating waves called “water bounces” that follow pP. For water depths ≥5–6 km (i.e., near the trench) above the shallow slip, pwP manifests in a strong ~10‐s period ringing that can persist for minutes into the teleseismic P wave coda at all azimuths. Deeper slip can generate shorter‐period pwP ringing at trenchward azimuths. At large distances, Pcoda windows have several‐minute‐long intervals free of secondary arrivals. We consider rmsPcoda/rmsP amplitude ratios at distances from 80° to 120° as a potential proxy for occurrence of shallow slip for 39 MW 7.5+ megathrust earthquakes from 1990 to 2016 with estimated slip distributions. Ratios for the 15‐ to 7‐s‐period band have a strong bimodal distribution, with higher average Pcoda/P amplitudes observed for ruptures with slip extending to shallow depth.
Formation, Development, and Propagation of a Rare Coastal Coccolithophore Bloom
Authors: Matson Paul G. , Washburn Libe , Fields Erik A. , Gotschalk Chris , Ladd Tanika M. , Siegel David A. , Welch Zoë S. , Iglesias‐Rodriguez M. Debora
Published: April 2019

This study examines an unprecedented bloom of Emiliania huxleyi along the California coast during the NE Pacific warm anomaly of 2014–2015. Observations of coccolithophore populations from microscopy and flow cytometry, surface current data derived from high‐frequency radar, and satellite ocean color imagery were used to track the population dynamics of the bloom in the Santa Barbara Channel. Results show a coastal bloom of mostly E. huxleyi that reached cell concentrations up to 5.7 × 106 cells per liter and a maximum spatial extent of 1,220 km2. We speculate that the rare cooccurrence of warm water, high water column stability, and an extensive preceding diatom bloom during the anomaly contributed to the development of this bloom. Flow cytometry measurements provided insight on the phases of bloom development (e.g., growth versus senescence) with calcified cells comprising up to 64% of particles containing chlorophyll a and detached‐coccolith:cell ratios ranging from 10 to >100. Lagrangian particle trajectories estimated during two nonoverlapping 48‐ and 72‐hr periods showed the changes in the surface structure of the bloom due to advection by surface currents and nonconservative biological and physical processes. Time rates of change of particulate inorganic carbon were estimated along particle trajectories, with rates ranging from −4 to 6 μmol·L−1·day−1. The approach presented here is likely to be useful for understanding the evolution of coastal phytoplankton bloom events in a general setting.
Ready or Not Here I Come: A Qualitative Investigation of Students’ Readiness Perceptions for Study Abroad/Away
Authors: Bikos Lynette H. , Manning Scott B. , Frieders Zachary J.
Published: April 2019

Participation in education abroad is frequently considered to be a high-impact educational practice that will contribute to global learning outcomes and psychosocial development. Yet inequities in participation rates and lackluster reentry outcomes remain concerning. Our purpose was to investigate what students perceived to be preparatory for the upcoming study abroad/away programs in which they were enrolled. Consensual qualitative research–modified ( Spangler, Liu, & Hill, 2012 ) was used to analyze 1,199 responses from 458 students (up to three responses per student) regarding what best prepared them for study abroad. Participants were from three institutions with a mean age 20.69 ( SD = 2.70; 72% female). Regarding race/ethnicity, 55% were White/Caucasian, 17% Asian/Asian American, 16% Hispanic/Latin#, and 4% Black/African American; 4% were international students. Responses mapped well onto social cognitive career theory’s (SCCT) model of how basic career interests develop over time ( Lent, 2013 ; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ). The correspondence of our results with SCCT provides reciprocal support for (a) the validity of SCCT as a theoretical frame to understand choice behaviors and (b) SCCT’s predictive utility in future investigations of education abroad. Disaggregation of data permitted comparisons of readiness. Previous international travel was the most frequent preparation for White/Caucasian students, previous study abroad was for international students, and moving away from home was most cited for students who withdrew. Further investigation of these differences has implications for (a) disparate access to resources, (b) program selection, and (c) tailoring preparation to maximize student engagement in global learning.
Multi-electron transfer enabled by topotactic reaction in magnetite
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Yan , Wu Lijun , Duan Yandong , Kisslinger Kim , Chen Chunlin , Bock David C. , Pan Feng , Zhu Yimei , Marschilok Amy C. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Wang Feng
Published: April 2019

A bottleneck for the large-scale application of today’s batteries is low lithium storage capacity, largely due to the use of intercalation-type electrodes that allow one or less electron transfer per redox center. An appealing alternative is multi-electron transfer electrodes, offering excess capacity, which, however, involves conversion reaction; according to conventional wisdom, the host would collapse during the process, causing cycling instability. Here, we report real-time observation of topotactic reaction throughout the multi-electron transfer process in magnetite, unveiled by in situ single-crystal crystallography with corroboration of first principles calculations. Contradicting the traditional belief of causing structural breakdown, conversion in magnetite resembles an intercalation process—proceeding via topotactic reaction with the cubic close packed oxygen-anion framework retained. The findings from this study, with unique insights into enabling  multi-electron transfer via topotactic reaction, and its implications to the cyclability and rate capability, shed light on designing viable multi-electron transfer electrodes for high energy batteries.
A dynamic thermoregulatory material inspired by squid skin
Authors: Leung Erica M. , Colorado Escobar Melvin , Stiubianu George T. , Jim Steven R. , Vyatskikh Alexandra L. , Feng Zhijing , Garner Nicholas , Patel Priyam , Naughton Kyle L. , Follador Maurizio , Karshalev Emil , Trexler Matthew D. , Gorodetsky Alon A.
Published: April 2019

Effective thermal management is critical for the operation of many modern technologies, such as electronic circuits, smart clothing, and building environment control systems. By leveraging the static infrared-reflecting design of the space blanket and drawing inspiration from the dynamic color-changing ability of squid skin, we have developed a composite material with tunable thermoregulatory properties. Our material demonstrates an on/off switching ratio of ~25 for the transmittance, regulates a heat flux of ~36 W/m2 with an estimated mechanical power input of ~3 W/m2, and features a dynamic environmental setpoint temperature window of ~8 °C. Moreover, the composite can manage one fourth of the metabolic heat flux expected for a sedentary individual and can also modulate localized changes in a wearer’s body temperature by nearly 10-fold. Due to such functionality and associated figures of merit, our material may substantially reduce building energy consumption upon widespread deployment and adoption.
Light-dependent grazing can drive formation and deepening of deep chlorophyll maxima
Authors: Moeller Holly V. , Laufkötter Charlotte , Sweeney Edward M. , Johnson Matthew D.
Published: April 2019

Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCMs) are subsurface peaks in chlorophyll-a concentration that may coincide with peaks in phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity. Work on the mechanisms underlying DCM formation has historically focused on phytoplankton physiology (e.g., photoacclimation) and behavior (e.g., taxis). While these mechanisms can drive DCM formation, they do not account for top-down controls such as predation by grazers. Here, we propose a new mechanism for DCM formation: Light-dependent grazing by microzooplankton reduces phytoplankton biomass near the surface but allows accumulation at depth. Using mathematical models informed by grazing studies, we demonstrate that light-dependent grazing is sufficient to drive DCM formation. Further, when acting in concert with other mechanisms, light-dependent grazing deepens the DCM, improving the fit of a global model with observational data. Our findings thus reveal another mechanism by which microzooplankton may regulate primary production, and impact our understanding of biogeochemical cycling at and above the DCM.
Ultrafast nematic-orbital excitation in FeSe
Authors: Shimojima T. , Suzuki Y. , Nakamura A. , Mitsuishi N. , Kasahara S. , Shibauchi T. , Matsuda Y. , Ishida Y. , Shin S. , Ishizaka K.
Published: April 2019

The electronic nematic phase is an unconventional state of matter that spontaneously breaks the rotational symmetry of electrons. In iron-pnictides/chalcogenides and cuprates, the nematic ordering and fluctuations have been suggested to have as-yet-unconfirmed roles in superconductivity. However, most studies have been conducted in thermal equilibrium, where the dynamical property and excitation can be masked by the coupling with the lattice. Here we use femtosecond optical pulse to perturb the electronic nematic order in FeSe. Through time-, energy-, momentum- and orbital-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy, we detect the ultrafast dynamics of electronic nematicity. In the strong-excitation regime, through the observation of Fermi surface anisotropy, we find a quick disappearance of the nematicity followed by a heavily-damped oscillation. This short-life nematicity oscillation is seemingly related to the imbalance of Fe 3dxz and dyz orbitals. These phenomena show critical behavior as a function of pump fluence. Our real-time observations reveal the nature of the electronic nematic excitation instantly decoupled from the underlying lattice.
A Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface protein recruits ubiquitin to trigger host xenophagy
Authors: Chai Qiyao , Wang Xudong , Qiang Lihua , Zhang Yong , Ge Pupu , Lu Zhe , Zhong Yanzhao , Li Bingxi , Wang Jing , Zhang Lingqiang , Zhou Dawang , Li Wei , Dong Wenzhu , Pang Yu , Gao George Fu , Liu Cui Hua
Published: April 2019

Ubiquitin-mediated xenophagy, a type of selective autophagy, plays crucial roles in host defense against intracellular pathogens includingMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb). However, the exact mechanism by which host ubiquitin targets invaded microbes to trigger xenophagy remains obscure. Here we show that ubiquitin could recognize Mtb surface protein Rv1468c, a previously unidentified ubiquitin-binding protein containing a eukaryotic-like ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. The UBA-mediated direct binding of ubiquitin to, but not E3 ubiquitin ligases-mediated ubiquitination of, Rv1468c recruits autophagy receptor p62 to deliver mycobacteria into LC3-associated autophagosomes. Disruption of Rv1468c-ubiquitin interaction attenuates xenophagic clearance of Mtb in macrophages, and increases bacterial loads in mice with elevated inflammatory responses. Together, our findings reveal a unique mechanism of host xenophagy triggered by direct binding of ubiquitin to the pathogen surface protein, and indicate a diplomatic strategy adopted by Mtb to benefit its persistent intracellular infection through controlling intracellular bacterial loads and restricting host inflammatory responses.
Observation of an oxonium ion intermediate in ethanol dehydration to ethene on zeolite
Authors: Zhou Xue , Wang Chao , Chu Yueying , Xu Jun , Wang Qiang , Qi Guodong , Zhao Xingling , Feng Ningdong , Deng Feng
Published: April 2019

Zeolite-catalyzed dehydration of ethanol offers promising perspectives for the sustainable production of ethene. Complex parallel-consecutive pathways are proposed to be involved in the reaction network of ethanol dehydration on zeolites, where the initial step of ethanol dehydration is still unclear particularly for the favorable production of ethene at lower temperature. Here we report the observation of a triethyloxonium ion (TEO) in the dehydration of ethanol on zeolite H-ZSM-5 by using ex situ and in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. TEO is identified as a stable surface species on the working catalyst, which shows high reactivity during reaction. Ethylation of the zeolite by TEO occurs at lower temperature, leading to the formation of surface ethoxy species and then ethene. The TEO-ethoxide pathway is found to be energetically preferable for the dehydration of ethanol to ethene in the initial stage, which is also supported by theoretical calculations.