bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ZO-1 Regulates Erk, Smad1/5/8, Smad2, and RhoA Activities to Modulate Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Xu Jianliang , Lim Sophia Beng Hui , Ng Mei Yong , Ali Safiah Mohamed , Kausalya Jaya P. , Limviphuvadh Vachiranee , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Hunziker Walter
Published: July 2012

ZO-1/Tjp1 is a cytosolic adaptor that links tight junction (TJ) transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and has also been implicated in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation by interacting with transcriptional regulators and signaling proteins. To explore possible roles for ZO-1 in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), we inactivated the ZO-1 locus by homologous recombination. The lack of ZO-1 was found to affect mESC self-renewal and differentiation in the presence of leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF) and Bmp4 or following removal of the growth factors. Our data suggest that ZO-1 suppresses Stat3 and Smad1/5/8 activities and sustains extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activity to promote mESC differentiation. Interestingly, Smad2, critical for human but not mESC self-renewal, was hyperactivated in ZO-1−/− mESCs and RhoA protein levels were concomitantly enhanced, suggesting attenuation of the noncanonical transforming growth factor β (Tgfβ)/Activin/Nodal pathway that mediates ubiquitination and degradation of RhoA via the TJ proteins Occludin, Par6, and Smurf1 and activation of the canonical Smad2-dependent pathway. Furthermore, Bmp4-induced differentiation of mESCs in the absence of LIF was suppressed in ZO-1−/− mESCs, but differentiation down the neural or cardiac lineages was not disturbed. These findings reveal novel roles for ZO-1 in mESC self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation by influencing several signaling networks that regulate these processes. Possible implications for the differing relevance of Smad2 in mESC and human ESC self-renewal and how ZO-1 may connect to the different pathways are discussed.
Transplantation of side population cells restores the function of damaged exocrine glands through clusterin
Authors: Mishima Kenji , Inoue Hiroko , Nishiyama Tatsuaki , Mabuchi Yo , Amano Yusuke , Ide Fumio , Matsui Makoto , Yamada Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Gou , Tanaka Junichi , Yasuhara Rika , Sakurai Takashi , Lee Masaichi-Chang-il , Chiba Kan , Sumimoto Hidetoshi , Kawakami Yutaka , Matsuzaki Yumi , Tsubota Kazuo , Saito Ichiro
Published: July 2012

Stem cell-based therapy has been proposed as a promising strategy for regenerating tissues lost through incurable diseases. Side population (SP) cells have been identified as putative stem cells in various organs. To examine therapeutic potential of SP cells in hypofunction of exocrine glands, SP cells isolated from mouse exocrine glands, namely, lacrimal and salivary glands, were transplanted into mice with irradiation-induced hypofunction of the respective glands. The secretions from both glands in the recipient mice were restored within 2 months of transplantation, although the transplanted cells were only sparsely distributed and produced no outgrowths. Consistent with this, most SP cells were shown to be CD31-positive endothelial-like cells. In addition, we clarified that endothelial cell-derived clusterin, a secretory protein, was an essential factor for SP cell-mediated recovery of the hypofunctioning glands because SP cells isolated from salivary glands of clusterin-deficient mice had no therapeutic potential, whereas lentiviral transduction of clusterin restored the hypofunction. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that clusterin had an ability to directly inhibit oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Thus, endothelial cell-derived clusterin possibly inhibit oxidative stress-induced hypofunction of these glands.
The omega deformation from string and M-theory
Authors: Hellerman Simeon , Orlando Domenico , Reffert Susanne
Published: July 2012

Abstract

We present a string theory construction of Omega-deformed four-dimensional gauge theories with generic values of ϵ1 and ϵ2. Our solution gives an explicit description of the geometry in the core of Nekrasov and Witten’s realization of the instanton partition function, far from the asymptotic region of their background. This construction lifts naturally to M-theory and corresponds to an M5-brane wrapped on a Riemann surface with a selfdual flux. Via a 9-11 flip, we finally reinterpret the Omega deformation in terms of noncommutative geometry. Our solution generates all modified couplings of the Ω-deformed gauge theory, and also yields a geometric origin for the quantum spectral curve of the associated quantum integrable system.
Surgical Outcomes After Resection of Both Hepatic and Pulmonary Metastases From Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sakamoto Yasuo , Sakaguchi Yoshihisa , Oki Eiji , Minami Kazuhito , Toh Yasushi , Okamura Takeshi
Published: July 2012

Background

The efficacy and the indications of resection of synchronous or metachronous hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) are controversial. This study retrospectively reviewed the cases of CRC patients who underwent both liver and lung resection to define the appropriate indications for surgical resection in patients with hepatic and pulmonary metastases.

Methods

A total of 39 patients with both hepatic and pulmonary metastases from CRC underwent both liver and lung resection from January 1987 to December 2009. The relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) from the resection for the first metastasis were evaluated by a Kaplan–Meyer analysis. Prognostic factors were analyzed using the log‐rank test and a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The median RFS and the 5‐year RFS rate of all patients were 12 months and 2.6 %, respectively. The median survival time (MST) and 5‐year OS rate of all patients were 66 months and 48.3 %, respectively. The MST of the patients with a long (>1 year) disease‐free interval (DFI) could not be calculated, but their 5‐year OS rate was 73.7 %. In contrast, the MST and 5‐year OS rate of the patients with a short (<1 year) DFI were 29 months and 37.5 %, respectively. The short DFI was the only prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Aggressive surgical resection of both hepatic and pulmonary metastases from CRC should be undertaken in selective patients, including those with a long DFI.
trans‐10,cis‐12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enhances Endurance Capacity by Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation and Reducing Glycogen Utilization in Mice
Authors: Kim Jun Ho , Kim Jonggun , Park Yeonhwa
Published: July 2012

The supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to improve endurance by enhancing fat oxidation during exercise in rodents and humans. This study was designed to investigate the isomer‐specific effects of CLA on endurance capacity and energy metabolism in mice during exercise. Male 129Sv/J mice were divided into three dietary groups and fed treatment diet for 6 weeks; control, 0.5 % cis‐9,trans‐11 (c9,t11) CLA, or 0.5 % trans‐10,cis‐12 (t10,c12) CLA. Dietary t10,c12 CLA induced a significant increase in maximum running time and distance until exhaustion with a dramatic reduction of total adipose depots compared to a control group, but there were no significant changes in endurance with the c9,t11 CLA treatment. Serum triacylglycerol and non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations were significantly lower in the t10,c12 fed mice after exercise compared to control and the c9,t11 CLA fed‐animals. Glycogen contents in livers of the t10,c12 fed‐mice were higher than those in control mice, concomitant with reduction of serum l‐lactate level. There were no differences in non‐exercise physical activity among all treatment groups. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1β, uncoupling protein 2 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in skeletal muscle during exercise were significantly up‐regulated by the t10,c12 CLA but not the c9,t11 CLA. These results suggest that the t10,c12 CLA is responsible for improving endurance exercise capacity by promoting fat oxidation with a reduction of the consumption of stored liver glycogen, potentially mediated via PPARδ dependent mechanisms.
Hétérosexualités, corps et care : l’exemple des hommes d’Ardecom
Authors: Desjeux C.
Published: July 2012

Ardecom (1979–1986), une association ayant milité pour la contraception hormonale masculine, se met en place en France suite au mouvement féministe des années 1970. En analysant le vécu de ces hommes qui ont expérimenté une contraception hormonale, il est proposé de voir comment ils ont pu proposer un autre modèle « hétérosexuel hybride ». Cet article s’appuie sur des entretiens et la presse des années 1980 dans laquelle certains d’entre eux témoignent.
Acyl‐CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) recruits the protein phosphatase PPM1L to ER–Golgi membrane contact sites
Authors: Shinoda Yasuharu , Fujita Kohsuke , Saito Satoko , Matsui Hiroyuki , Kanto Yusuke , Nagaura Yuko , Fukunaga Kohji , Tamura Shinri , Kobayashi Takayasu
Published: July 2012

PPM1L
physically interacts with
ACBD3
by two hybrid (View interaction)
The function of the NADPH thioredoxin reductase C‐2‐Cys peroxiredoxin system in plastid redox regulation and signalling
Authors: Cejudo Francisco Javier , Ferrández Julia , Cano Beatriz , Puerto-Galán Leonor , Guinea Manuel
Published: July 2012

Protein disulphide–dithiol interchange is a universal mechanism of redox regulation in which thioredoxins (Trxs) play an essential role. In heterotrophic organisms, and non‐photosynthetic plant organs, NADPH provides the required reducing power in a reaction catalysed by NADPH‐dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR). It has been considered that chloroplasts constitute an exception because reducing equivalents for redox regulation in this organelle is provided by ferredoxin (Fd) reduced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain, not by NADPH. This view was modified by the discovery of a chloroplast‐localised NTR, denoted NTRC, a bimodular enzyme formed by NTR and Trx domains with high affinity for NADPH. In this review, we will summarize the present knowledge of the biochemical properties of NTRC and discuss the implications of this enzyme on plastid redox regulation in plants.
Variations in cephalic vein venography for device implantation–Relationship to success rate of lead implantation
Authors: Tokano Takashi , Nakazato Yuji , Shiozawa Tomoyuki , Konishi Hirokazu , Hiki Masaru , Kato Yoshiteru , Komatsu Sayaka , Yamase Miki , Komatsu Kaoru , Hayashi Hidemori , Sekita Gaku , Suwa Satoru , Bito Fumiyasu , Kizu Kyoko , Sumiyoshi Masataka , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Lead implantation using the cephalic vein (CV) cutdown technique has been well established, but is not always expected to achieve high success rates. We studied the relationship between preoperative CV venography and the success rate of lead implantation.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty one CV venographies were performed in 205 patients (mean age 75 years, 113 males). Leads were inserted via the CV cutdown technique with a guidewire and sheath. Variations in CV venography included usage of the right and left CVs. The success rate of lead implantation was studied.

Results

No major kink was observed in 71% of the right CV cases and 43% of the left CV cases. Leads were successfully implanted in over 90% of these patients. A major kink in the CV was found in 15% of the right CV cases and 34% of the left CV cases and successful lead implantation was around 80% in this population. The overall success rate tended to be higher for the right side (83%) than for the left side (71%).

Conclusion

Severe kinks or variations in the CV that hinder lead manipulation were less frequent in the right CV. Therefore, a higher success rate of lead implantation by the cutdown technique is expected for the right CV.
Current strategies of anticoagulation therapy for patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yasaka Masahiro
Published: July 2012

Cardioembolic stroke accounts for 20–30% of acute brain infarctions in Japan. This condition is often severe and has poor outcomes. Non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is the most common cardiac source of emboli in cardioembolic stroke. Anticoagulants are recommended for preventing stroke in patients with NVAF, and these patients were usually treated with warfarin. However, the use of warfarin has many limitations. Approximately half of the patients with NVAF, who show indications for warfarin treatment, are treated with warfarin. Bleeding complications, including intracranial hemorrhages, are common during warfarin treatment; this is a huge concern of warfarin treatment. Warfarin‐associated intracranial hemorrhage is often severe and devastating. Several novel anticoagulants that can overcome the limitations of warfarin have been introduced in the market or are under development. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological properties of novel anticoagulants and current strategies of anticoagulation therapy for preventing stroke in patients with NVAF.
Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Kim Young‐Shin , Tang Tze‐Chun , Wu Yu‐Yu , Cheng Chung‐Ping
Published: July 2012

The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, 1‐month test–retest reliability, and congruent validity of the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire (C‐SBEQ). Study 1, in which 5751 Taiwanese adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the adequacy of the original four‐factor structure of the C‐SBEQ using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal‐consistency reliability using Cronbach α. Study 2, in which 108 adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the 1‐month test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). We examined the congruent validity of the C‐SBEQ by examining the consistency between self‐reported and teacher‐ and classmate‐nominated experiences of bullying involvement in Study 2. The results of CFA supported the four‐factor structure of the C‐SBEQ in Taiwanese adolescents. The test–retest and internal reliability values of all subscales of the C‐SBEQ were at acceptable to satisfactory levels. Nominated adolescents had significantly higher self‐reported scores on three C‐SBEQ subscales than non‐nominated ones, and the levels of agreement between self‐reported and nominated victims were moderate. The results of this study indicate that the C‐SBEQ is appropriate for assessing bullying experiences in Taiwanese adolescents.
Plasticizer incident and its health effects in Taiwan
Authors: Li Jih‐Heng , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: July 2012

The May 23, 2011, plasticizer incident was one of the most serious food safety issues that ever occurred in Taiwan. Most, if not all, plasticizer‐contaminated food items were due to malicious replacement of palm oil with phthalate plasticizer(s) in the cloudy‐agent formulas by two upstream manufacturers. The incumbent agencies in Taiwan took necessary actions to minimize the harm caused by the incident and to ease the panic of the general public. In this paper, the incident was briefly reviewed and the situations of phthalate exposure in general public and pregnant women were assessed. Subsequently, the associations between phthalates exposure and the adverse health effects, such as shortened anogenital distance in baby boys, premature thelarche in young girls, endometriosis, adenomyosis, and leiomyoma in women, and decreased semen quality in men, were discussed. Food safety issue has become a worldwide concern and early detection of potential new toxicants in the foods is indispensable. Therefore, it is imperative to establish an international network for early warning or sentinel on food safety.
Exits, Voices and Social Investment
Authors: Dowding Keith , John Peter
Published: July 2012

Over fifty years ago, Albert Hirschman argued that dissatisfied consumers could either voice complaint or exit when they were dissatisfied with goods or services. Loyal consumers would voice rather than exit. Hirschman argued that making exit easier from publicly provided services, such as health or education, would reduce voice, taking the richest and most articulate away and this would lead to the deterioration of public services. This book provides the first thorough empirical study of these ideas. Using a modified version of Hirschman's account, examining private and collective voice, and viewing loyalty as a form of social investment, it is grounded on a dedicated five-year panel study of British citizens. Given government policies over the past decade or more which make exit easier from public providers, this is a timely publication for all those who care about the quality of government services.
Carthusian Choir Stalls and the Misericord in Italy
Authors: Allen Joanne
Published: July 2012

The majority of choir stalls in Italy lack misericords. Their unusual presence in Piedmont and the Valle d'Aosta most probably reflects their proximity to, and the influence of, northern Europe. This paper reveals that the rare instances of misericords elsewhere in Italy are connected to the Carthusian order. Rather than performing an artistic role, their presence is derived from the specific rubrics of Carthusian liturgy, which legislated in detail on the correct use of misericords. The Cistercians also regulated their use, but a similar correlation cannot be assessed because of the lack of surviving furniture. The Carthusian connection, meanwhile, suggests a purely liturgical function for the carved rests, expanding the study of misericords beyond stylistic and iconographic analyses.
The Crompton Closing: Imports and the Decline of America's Oldest Textile Company
Authors: MINCHIN TIMOTHY J.
Published: July 2012

This article explores the demise of the Crompton Company, which filed for bankruptcy in October 1984, causing 2,450 workers in five states to lose their jobs. Crompton was founded in 1807 in Providence, Rhode Island and when it went out of business it was the oldest textile firm in the country, having been in continuous operation for 178 years. Despite its history, scholars have overlooked Crompton, partly because most work on deindustrialization has concentrated on heavy manufacturing industries, especially steel and automobiles. I argue that Crompton's demise throws much light on the broader decline of the American textile and apparel industry, which has lost over two million jobs since the mid-1970s, and shows that textiles deserve a more central place in the literature. Using company papers, this study shows that imports played the central role in causing Crompton's decline, although there were also other problems, including the strong dollar, declining exports, and a reluctance to diversify, which contributed to it. The paper also explores broader trends, including the earlier flight of the industry from New England to the South and the industry's unsuccessful campaign to pass import-restriction legislation, a fight in which Crompton's managers were very involved.
The impact of a dam on the helminth fauna and health of a neotropical fish species Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816) from the upper Paraná River, Brazil
Authors: Karling L.C. , Isaac A. , Affonso I.P. , Takemoto R.M. , Pavanelli G.C.
Published: July 2012

The aim of the present study was to detect changes in the structure of the helminth parasite infracommunities in Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816) from the floodplain of the upper Paraná River after construction of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant. A total of 126 fish in the period before the dam's construction and 56 specimens 10 years after this event were analysed. Three species of parasites were collected before the construction of the dam: Prosthenhysteraobesa Diesing, 1850 (Digenea), Cladocystis intestinalis Vaz, 1932 (Digenea) and Monticellia coryphicephala Monticelli, 1892 (Cestoda), and one nematode species in the larval stage, whose identification was not possible. After dam construction, the following helminth parasites were found: C. intestinalis, M. coryphicephala, Octospiniferoides incognita, Contracaecum spp. larvae and Contracaecum sp. type 2 larvae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes 1993. The diversity of helminth parasites measured by the Brillouin diversity index (HB) differed significantly between the pre- and post-dam periods (mean HB = 0.069 and HB = 0.2, respectively; P= 0.0479; Mann–Whitney U test). The parasite community of S. brasiliensis before the construction of the dam showed concentration of dominance (C) of P. obesa (C = 0.38), while there was no concentration of dominance of any species of parasite (C = 0.22) after the dam's construction. Before the Porto Primavera dam the relative condition factor of fish was 1.0; after the dam's construction it was 0.93 (P <  0.0001; Mann–Whitney U test). This study records the disappearance of the species P. obesa and suggests that there has been local extinction of this parasite. The results show that the anthropic influence on natural systems is interfering with the welfare and health of S. brasiliensis, reflected by its fauna of helminth parasites.
F-actin accumulates in the vulva of female Strongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: Silva C.V. , Gonçalves A.L.R. , Cruz L. , Cruz M.C. , Ueta M.T. , Costa-Cruz J.M.
Published: July 2012

Little is known about the actin cytoskeleton architecture in female Strongyloides venezuelensis and thus to investigate the distribution and concentration of actin, female worms were labelled with phalloidin-rhodamine and visualized under confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that filamentous actin accumulates in the vulva and the concentration of F-actin at this site suggests its important role, especially during oviposition, in the life cycle of S. venezuelensis.
Patients' beliefs about the causes, persistence and control of psychotic experiences predict take-up of effective cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis
Authors: Freeman D. , Dunn G. , Garety P. , Weinman J. , Kuipers E. , Fowler D. , Jolley S. , Bebbington P.
Published: July 2012

Background

There is evidence that patients with schizophrenia benefit from standard cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) only if active techniques are used (‘full therapy’). By contrast, attending sessions but not proceeding beyond engagement and assessment strategies (‘partial therapy’), or simply not attending sessions (‘no therapy’), is not associated with better outcomes. The factors leading to full therapy are unknown. We hypothesized that patients' initial ideas about the nature and extent of their problems would predict use of CBT. A match between patients' views of their problems and the principles underlying treatment would lead to better outcomes.

Method

Ninety-two patients with a recent relapse of psychosis completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) before receiving CBT. We examined whether their illness perceptions predicted the take-up of therapy.

Results

Patients who did not attend sessions believed their problems would not last as long as those who attended them. Those who attended sessions but did not proceed to full therapy had a lower sense of control over their problems and a more biological view of their causes. Patients who took up full therapy were more likely to attribute the cause of their problems to their personality and state of mind. The take-up of therapy was predicted neither by levels of psychiatric symptoms nor by insight.

Conclusions

People with psychosis who have psychologically orientated views of their problems, including the potential to gain control over them, may be more likely to engage fully and do well with standard CBT for psychosis, irrespective of the severity of their problems.
Differential functional connectivity within an emotion regulation neural network among individuals resilient and susceptible to the depressogenic effects of early life stress
Authors: Cisler J. M. , James G. A. , Tripathi S. , Mletzko T. , Heim C. , Hu X. P. , Mayberg H. S. , Nemeroff C. B. , Kilts C. D.
Published: July 2012

Background

Early life stress (ELS) is a significant risk factor for depression. The effects of ELS exposure on neural network organization have not been differentiated from the effect of depression. Furthermore, many individuals exposed to ELS do not develop depression, yet the network organization patterns differentiating resiliency versus susceptibility to the depressogenic effects of ELS are not clear.

Method

Women aged 18–44 years with either a history of ELS and no history of depression (n = 7), a history of ELS and current or past depression (n = 19), or a history of neither ELS nor depression (n = 12) underwent a resting-state 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. An emotion regulation brain network consisting of 21 nodes was described using graph analyses and compared between groups.

Results

Group differences in network topology involved decreased global connectivity and hub-like properties for the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and decreased local network connectivity for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) among resilient individuals. Decreased local connectivity and increased hub-like properties of the left amygdala, decreased hub-like properties of the dACC and decreased local connectivity of the left vlPFC were observed among susceptible individuals. Regression analyses suggested that the severity of ELS (measured by self-report) correlated negatively with global connectivity and hub-like qualities for the left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC).

Conclusions

These preliminary results suggest functional neural connectivity patterns specific to ELS exposure and resiliency versus susceptibility to the depressogenic effects of ELS exposure.
A Landmark in Mosaic Studies
Authors: Westgate Ruth
Published: July 2012

The publication of these two volumes completes Neal and Cosh's corpus of all the decorated mosaics known from Roman Britain, the first complete catalogue of mosaics from any of the Roman provinces. It is a tremendous achievement, the culmination of almost ninety years' combined work on the part of the authors, going back to 1959 when David Neal painted his first mosaic at Verulamium. The statistics are mind-boggling: the four volumes of the corpus list nearly 2,000 mosaics (double the number known before the project started), from about 500 sites, with nearly 3,000 illustrations. Just to compile this much material would be a heroic task; the fact that the authors have also painted hundreds of the mosaics tessera by tessera is little short of astonishing.
‘Active ageing’: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool
Authors: BOUDINY KIM
Published: July 2012

‘Active ageing’ is a topic of increasing attention in scientific and policy discussions on ageing, yet there is no consensus on its actual meaning. The current paper proposes a detailed classification of various definitions that have been used since its introduction. These definitions are subjected to critical investigation, and subtle differences with regard to such terms as ‘healthy ageing’ and ‘productive ageing’ are clarified. Bearing the hazards of previous definitions in mind, a comprehensive strategy is initiated. Given that earlier definitions have tended to exclude frail older adults, this strategy pays particular attention to the translation of the active-ageing concept to situations of dependency by centring on three key principles: fostering adaptability, supporting the maintenance of emotionally close relationships and removing structural barriers related to age or dependency.
Dst Index as a Potential Indicator of Approaching GNSS Performance Deterioration
Authors: Filjar Renato , Kos Serdjo , Krajnovic Siniša
Published: July 2012

Space weather disturbances cause considerable effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) performance and operation, affecting society and the economy due to the growing reliance on GNSS, especially in densely populated mid-latitudes. Recent studies hypothesised potential utilisation of the Disturbance storm-time (Dst) index for indication of an approaching ionospheric storm and possible deterioration of the GNSS positioning performance. We challenged the hypothesis in the case of the Halloween 2003 event in an attempt to confirm the direct correlation between the Dst index dynamics and the Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning performance in the mid-latitude Mediterranean area. Our results provide no evidence of the direct Dst-GNSS performance correlation for the observed event.
Finally tagless observable recursion for an abstract grammar model
Authors: DEVRIESE DOMINIQUE , PIESSENS FRANK
Published: July 2012

We define a finally tagless, shallow embedding of a typed grammar language. In order to avoid the limitations of traditional parser combinator libraries (no bottom-up parsing, no full grammar analysis or transformation), we require object-language recursion to be observable in the meta-language. Since existing proposals for recursive constructs are not fully satisfactory, we propose new finally tagless primitive recursive constructs to solve the problem. To do this in a well-typed way, we require considerable infrastructure, for which we reuse techniques from the multirec generic programming library. Our infrastructure allows a precise model of the complex interaction between a grammar, a parsing algorithm and a set of semantic actions. On the flip side, our approach requires the grammar author to provide a type- and value-level encoding of the grammar's domain and we can provide only a limited form of constructs likemany. We demonstrate five meta-language grammar algorithms exploiting our model, including a grammar pretty-printer, a reachability analysis, a translation of quantified recursive constructs to the standard one and an implementation of the left-corner grammar transform. The work we present forms the basis of thegrammar-combinatorsparsing library1, which is the first to work with a precise, shallow model of abstract context-free grammars in a classical (not dependently typed) functional language and which supports a wide range of grammar manipulation primitives. From a more general point of view, our work shows a solution to the well-studied problem of observable sharing in shallowly embedded domain-specific languages and specifically in finally tagless domain-specific languages.
A Graph Polynomial for Independent Sets of Bipartite Graphs
Authors: GE Q. , ŠTEFANKOVIČ D.
Published: July 2012

We introduce a new graph polynomial that encodes interesting properties of graphs, for example, the number of matchings, the number of perfect matchings, and, for bipartite graphs, the number of independent sets (#BIS).

We analyse the complexity of exact evaluation of the polynomial at rational points and show a dichotomy result: for most points exact evaluation is #P-hard (assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis) and for the rest of the points exact evaluation is trivial.
Maintenance of changes in food intake and motivation for healthy eating among Norwegian-Pakistani women participating in a culturally adapted intervention
Authors: Helland-Kigen Kaja Marie , Råberg Kjøllesdal Marte Karoline , Hjellset Victoria Telle , Bjørge Benedikte , Holmboe-Ottesen Gerd , Wandel Margareta
Published: July 2012

Objective

To investigate maintenance of changes in food intake and motivation for healthy eating at follow-up 2 data collection after a lifestyle intervention among Pakistani immigrant women.

Design

A culturally adapted lifestyle intervention, aiming at reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data collection including FFQ and questions on intentions to change dietary behaviour was completed at baseline, right after the 7 ± 1 month intervention (follow-up 1) and 2–3 years after baseline (follow-up 2).

Setting

Oslo, Norway.

Subjects

Pakistani women (n 198), aged 25–60 years, randomized into control and intervention groups.

Results

From follow-up 1 to follow-up 2 there was a shift from action to maintenance stages for intention to reduce fat intake (P < 0·001), change type of fat (P = 0·001), increase vegetable intake (P < 0·001) and reduce sugar intake (P = 0·003) in the intervention group. The reduction in intakes of soft drinks with sugar, fruit drinks with sugar and red meats, and the increase in intakes of vegetables and fish from baseline to follow-up 1 were maintained (significant change from baseline) at follow-up 2 in the intervention group. The intake of vegetables was higher (P = 0·019) and the intake of fruit drinks with sugar lower (P = 0·023) in the intervention group compared with the control group at follow-up 2.

Conclusions

The culturally adapted intervention had the potential of affecting intentions to change food behaviour among Pakistani immigrant women long after completion of the intervention and also of leading to long-term maintenance of beneficial changes in diet.
Religion, Social Welfare and Social Policy in the UK: Historical, Theoretical and Policy Perspectives
Authors: Jawad Rana
Published: July 2012

Social science researchers in the UK now accept that religion has returned to public life (Spalek and Imtoual, 2008; Dinham and Lowndes, 2009), after what has been described by Gorski (2005) as a considerable period of ‘intellectual and political repression’ that began in the post-World War II era. This lasted until around the beginning of the 1980s when political events such as the 1979 Iranian revolution, the rise of the ‘moral majority’ in North America and the spread of religious political mobilisation across the world, forced social scientists to recalculate their predictions about the effective demise of religion which had been considered to be a direct consequence of processes of modernisation (Casanova, 1994; Gorski, 2005; Habermas, 2006).
ADAM SMITH ON VANITY, DOMINATION, AND HISTORY
Authors: LUBAN DANIEL
Published: July 2012

Adam Smith's lectures present a bleak theory of history in which the innate human “love of domination” results in the perpetuation of increasingly repressive slave societies. This theory challenges common conceptions about the philosophical and historical foundations of Smith's thought, and accounting for it requires moving beyond traditional dichotomies between an “economic” sphere grounded on asocial wants and a “political” sphere grounded on sociability. For Smith, under the influence of earlier thinkers like La Rochefoucauld, Mandeville, and Rousseau, all human behavior is rooted in our esteem-seeking social nature, and the dominant form of esteem-seeking is a “corrupt” one based on external superiority. Understanding these foundations explains why Smith views both European commercial society and its central motive of economic self-interest as historically contingent, the product of a long series of unintended historical consequences.
WILLIAM MANNING AND THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE DEPENDENT CLASSES
Authors: GOUREVITCH ALEX
Published: July 2012

This article reappraises the political ideas of William Manning, and through him the trajectory of early modern republicanism. Manning, an early American farmer writing in the 1780s and 1790s, developed the republican distinction between “the idle Few” and “the laboring Many” into a novel “political theory of the dependent classes.” On this theory, it is the dependent, laboring classes who share an interest in social equality. Because of this interest, they are the only ones who can achieve and maintain republican liberty. With this identification of the interests of the dependent classes with the common good, Manning inverted inherited republican ideas, and transformed the language of liberty and virtue into one of the first potent, republican critiques of exploitation. As such, he stands as a key figure for understanding the shift in early modern republicanism from a concern with constitutionalism and the rule of law to the social question.
The wide skirt of the bashful ballerina: Hemispheric asymmetry of the heliospheric magnetic field in the inner and outer heliosphere
Authors: Mursula K. , Virtanen I. I.
Published: July 2012

We reanalyze the observations of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) made by the Pioneer 10 and 11 and Voyager 1 and 2 heliospheric probes since 1972, and calculate the HMF sector occurrence ratios and tangential component strengths in the different regions of the heliosphere. Observations at the distant probes and at 1 AU show a very consistent picture of the HMF sector structure in the entire heliosphere, and even beyond the termination shock. HMF observations by the probes also support the southward shift of the heliospheric current sheet (the bashful ballerina phenomenon), which is observed earlier at 1–2 AU by the Ulysses probe and Earth‐orbiting satellites, and verify the HCS shift over a wide range of radial distances until the distant heliosphere. Pioneer 11 and Voyager 1 show that the development of northern polar coronal holes was very systematic and active during all the four solar minima since mid‐1970s, while Voyager 2 observations show a less systematic and delayed development of southern coronal holes in 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. This delay in the evolution of southern coronal holes with respect to the rapid and systematic evolution of northern coronal holes leads to a larger extent of northern coronal holes and the southward shift of the HCS for a few years in the late declining phase of each solar cycle. Although evidence for the connection between the different evolution of polar coronal holes and the bashful ballerina phenomenon is obtained here only for three solar cycles, this may be a common pattern for solar coronal hole evolution since the southward shift of the HCS has occurred at least since solar cycle 16.
Methane from UV‐irradiated carbonaceous chondrites under simulated Martian conditions
Authors: Schuerger Andrew C. , Moores John E. , Clausen Christian A. , Barlow Nadine G. , Britt Daniel T.
Published: July 2012

A UV photolytic process was studied for the production of methane from carbonaceous chondrites under simulated Martian conditions. Methane evolution rates from carbonaceous chondrites were found to be positively correlated to temperature (−80 to 20°C) and the concentration of carbon in the chondrites (0.2 to 1.69 wt%); and decreased over time with Murchison samples exposed to Martian conditions. The amount of evolved methane (EM) per unit of UV energy was 7.9 × 10−13 mol J−1 for UV irradiation of Murchison (1.69 wt%) samples tested under Martian conditions (6.9 mbar and 20°C). Using a previously described Mars UV model (Moores et al., 2007), and the EM given above, an annual interplanetary dust particle (IDP) accreted mass of 2.4 × 105 kg carbon per year yields methane abundances between 2.2 to 11 ppbv for model scenarios in which 20 to 100% of the accreted carbon is converted to methane, respectively. The UV/CH4 model for accreted IDPs can explain a portion of the globally averaged methane abundance on Mars, but cannot easily explain seasonal, temporal, diurnal, or plume fluctuations of methane. Several impact processes were modeled to determine if periodic emplacement of organics from carbonaceous bolides could be invoked to explain the occurrence of methane plumes produced by the UV/CH4process. Modeling of surface impacts of high‐density bolides, single airbursts of low‐density bolides, and multiple airbursts of a cascading breakup of a low‐density rubble‐pile comet were all unable to reproduce a methane plume of 45 ppbv, as reported by Mumma et al. (2009).
Capillary trapping in sandstones and carbonates: Dependence on pore structure
Authors: Tanino Y. , Blunt Martin J.
Published: July 2012

Residual non‐wetting phase saturation and wetting‐phase permeability were measured in three limestones and four sandstones ranging in porosity from 0.13 to 0.28 and in absolute permeability from 2 × 10−15 to 3 × 10−12 m2. This paper focuses on the residual state established by waterflooding at low capillary number from minimum water saturation achieved using the porous plate technique, which yields the maximum residual under strongly water‐wet conditions. The pore coordination number and pore body‐throat aspect ratio of each rock were estimated using pore networks extracted from X‐ray microtomography images of the rocks. Residual saturation decreases with increasing porosity, with no apparent difference in magnitude between the limestones and sandstones at a given porosity. Thus intraparticle/intra‐aggregate microporosity does not significantly alter the efficiency of capillary trapping in the rocks considered presently. Residual saturation broadly decreases as conditions become less favorable for snap‐off, i.e., with decreasing pore aspect ratio and increasing coordination number. The measured residual saturations imply that capillary trapping may be an effective mechanism for storing carbon dioxide in both sandstones and carbonates provided that the systems are strongly water‐wet.
The effectiveness of N2O in depleting stratospheric ozone
Authors: Revell Laura E. , Bodeker Greg E. , Smale Dan , Lehmann Ralph , Huck Petra E. , Williamson Bryce E. , Rozanov Eugene , Struthers Hamish
Published: July 2012

Recently, it was shown that of the ozone‐depleting substances currently emitted, N2O emissions (the primary source of stratospheric NOx) dominate, and are likely to do so throughout the 21st century. To investigate the links between N2O and NOx concentrations, and the effects of NOxon ozone in a changing climate, the evolution of stratospheric ozone from 1960 to 2100 was simulated using the NIWA‐SOCOL chemistry‐climate model. The yield of NOx from N2O is reduced due to stratospheric cooling and a strengthening of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation. After accounting for the reduced NOx yield, additional weakening of the primary NOxcycle is attributed to reduced availability of atomic oxygen, due to a) stratospheric cooling decreasing the atomic oxygen/ozone ratio, and b) enhanced rates of chlorine‐catalyzed ozone loss cycles around 2000 and enhanced rates of HOx‐induced ozone depletion. Our results suggest that the effects of N2O on ozone depend on both the radiative and chemical environment of the upper stratosphere, specifically CO2‐induced cooling of the stratosphere and elevated CH4 emissions which enhance HOx‐induced ozone loss and remove the availability of atomic oxygen to participate in NOx ozone loss cycles.
Comparison of penetration electric fields created by the solar wind with Jicamarca data using SWAGE
Authors: Rothwell P. L. , Jasperse J. R. , Grossbard N. J.
Published: July 2012

SWAGE (Solar Wind Acting on the Geophysical Environment) calculates the global ionospheric electric field generated by high‐latitude electrodynamics drivers determined from the time‐shifted solar wind data measured at L1 by joining the Hill‐Siscoe polar cap potential model with the N‐C ionospheric potential solver. Of particular interest are the conditions under which the eastward equatorial penetration electric field near twilight contributes to the pre‐reversal enhancement (PRE). In the present model, it is found that a steeper terminator conductance gradient leads to a more pronounced PRE. The model is statistically consistent with the Jicamarca vertical drift data at twilight during quiet times for eighty‐two days in the years 1998–2005. The model is also consistent with the Jicamarca vertical drift data during the November 2004 magnetic superstorms (Dst < −250 nT) and highlights the importance of including the LT dependence of the ionospheric response. In this comparison, disturbance dynamo (DD) effects are also included. Comparison is much better using the conductance model with a shallower terminator gradient and indicates that the conductance LT profile was relatively unchanged throughout the storms.
A comparison of the effects of CIR‐ and CME‐induced geomagnetic activity on thermospheric densities and spacecraft orbits: Case studies
Authors: Chen Guang‐ming , Xu Jiyao , Wang Wenbin , Lei Jiuhou , Burns Alan G.
Published: July 2012

So far studies of the effect of geomagnetic storms on thermospheric density and satellite orbits have been mainly focused on severe storm events caused by Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The effect of long‐duration, less intensive geomagnetic activity that is related to Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) has not been fully explored. In this paper, thermospheric densities observed by the CHAMP satellite and its orbit parameters are used to compare the responses of satellite orbital altitudes to geomagnetic activity caused by CMEs and CIRs. Three cases are investigated in this paper. Each case had one or two CME storm(s) and one CIR storm that occurred successively. In these cases three out of four CME‐storms were stronger than their corresponding CIR‐storms, but the durations of these CME‐storms were much shorter. Thus, the satellite orbit decay rates during CME‐storms are usually larger than those during CIR‐storms. However, CIR‐storms often had long durations that perturbed satellite orbits for longer periods of time. As a result, the total thermospheric density changes and satellite orbit decays for the entire periods of CIR‐storms were much greater than those for the CME‐storms since these parameters were related to the total energy deposited into the thermosphere/ionosphere, which depended on both the strengths and the durations of the storms. This study indicates that more attention should be paid to CIR storms during the declining phase and during solar minimum, when they occur frequently and periodically. Whereas fewer CME storms occurring under these conditions. We also found that changes in thermospheric densities and CHAMP orbit decay rates correlated well with variations of auroral hemispheric power, but lagging by about 3–6 h.
Crustal deformation along the Dead Sea Transform and the Carmel Fault inferred from 12 years of GPS measurements
Authors: Sadeh M. , Hamiel Y. , Ziv A. , Bock Y. , Fang P. , Wdowinski S.
Published: July 2012

Large‐scale crustal deformation in the Levant is mainly related to the DST and the CFS. The former is an active left lateral transform, bounding the Arabian plate and the Sinai sub‐plate, and the latter branches out of the former and separates the Sinai sub‐plate into two tectonic domains. In this study we obtain the velocities of 33 permanent GPS stations and 145 survey stations that were surveyed in three campaigns between 1996 and 2008. We use a simple 1‐D elastic dislocation model to infer the slip rate and locking depth along various segments of the DST. We infer a 3.1–4.5 mm/yr slip rate and a 7.8–16.5 km locking depth along the DST north of the CFS, and a slip rate of 4.6–5.9 mm/yr and locking depth of 11.8–24 km along the Jericho Valley, south of the CFS. Further south, along the Arava Valley we obtain a slip rate of 4.7–5.4 mm/yr and a locking depth of 12.1–23 km. We identify an oblique motion along the Carmel Fault with ∼0.7 mm/yr left‐lateral and ∼0.6 mm/yr extension rates, resulting in N‐S extension across the Carmel Fault. This result, together with the decrease in DST slip velocity from the Jericho Valley to the segment north of the CFS, confirms previous suggestions, according to which part of the slip between Arabia and Sinai is being transferred from the DST to the CFS.