bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taktschiebebrücken in Mischbauweise ‐ Talbrücke Scherenbusch
Authors: Fischer O. , Genetzke C. , Reinhard T.
Published: April 2013

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird anhand der Talbrücke Scherenbusch die Mischbauweise mit konventioneller Vorspannung im Bauzustand und zusätzlicher externer Vorspannung für das Endsystem diskutiert und mit zwei weiteren Überbauten verglichen. Ein internationaler Vergleich für die Bauweise wird durchgeführt und Konsequenzen im Hinblick auf die zu‐künftige Normung erörtert.
Bemessungsdiagramme und ‐tabellen zur Querkraftbemessung nach DIN 1045‐1
Authors: Mainz J.
Published: April 2013

Es werden Bemessungsdiagramme und ‐tabellen zur Bestimmung der Querkraftbewehrung gemäß DIN 1045‐1 vorgestellt. Mit ihnen kann auf die langwierige Anwendung der Formeln aus der Norm verzichtet werden. Sie ermöglichen eine rasche, wirtschaftliche Bemessung. Auch die Gurtanschlußberechnung kann als Näherung bestimmt werden.
Querkraftbemessung nach DIN 1045‐1, Benutzerfreundliche Darstellung der Nachweise für Stahlbetonbauteile
Authors: Albrecht U.
Published: April 2013

Querkraftbemessung und Nachweise der Schubkraftübertragung zwischen Balkensteg und Gurten sowie zwischen Fertigteilen und Ortbeton sind neu geregelt. Die in DIN 1045‐1 angegebenen Gleichungen werden vereinfacht dargestellt. Beispiele runden den Beitrag ab.
Neue Durchstanzbewehrung für Elementdecken
Authors: Eligehausen R. , Vocke H. , Clauss A. , Furche J. , Bauermeister U.
Published: April 2013

Der Beitrag beschreibt eine neue Durchstanzbewehrung aus speziellen Gitterträgern für Flachdecken zur weiteren Erhöhung der Durchstanztragfähigkeit. Aufgrund experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen wurde eine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung für diese "Filigran‐Durchstanzbewehrung" erteilt. Sie kombiniert die Vorteile einer erhöhten Schubtragfähigkeit mit der Möglichkeit eines einfachen Einbaus parallel zu den Gitterträgern der Elementdecke.
Beschränkung der Rißbreite bei kombinierter Beanspruchung aus Last und Zwang
Authors: Fehling E. , Lautbecher T.
Published: April 2013

Ausgehend von den Regeln der DIN 1045‐1 zur rechnerischen Ermittlung der Rißbreite wird im Beitrag ein Näherungsverfahren abgeleitet, welches eine Beschränkung der Rißbreite für die kombinierte Beanspruchung aus äußerer Last und Zwang ermöglicht. Zur Anwendung in der Praxis werden Berechnungshilfen in Diagrammform zur Verfügung gestellt.
Verhalten von Ultrahochfesten Betonen (UHPC) unter Brandbeanspruchung
Authors: Schneider U. , Diederichs U.
Published: April 2013

Die Verwendung von Hochleistungsbetonen hat in den letzen Jahren weltweit einen enormen Trend nach oben erfahren. Innovativen Unternehmen und Labors ist es zu verdanken, daß diese Entwicklungen basierend auf soliden Untersuchungen stetig fortgeführt werden. Ultrahochfeste Betone stellen dabei die letzte Stufe dieser Forschungsentwicklung dar.

Permeabilität ist bekanntlich ein Indikator zur Quantifizierung der Dauerhaftigkeit bei Betonen. Permeabilität steht aber auch in enger Relation zum Abplatzverhalten bei Betonen unter Temperaturbeanspruchung, d.h. sie ist ev. maßgebend für eher weniger gute Eigenschaften von Hochleistungsbetonen in diesem Zusammenhang.

Dieser Bericht stellt einen Auszug aus einem noch laufenden Forschungsprojekt an der TU‐Wien dar, welcher sich mit dem Abplatz‐ und Temperaturverhalten von UHPC‐ Betonen bei unterschiedlichen Brandbelastungen befaßt. Dazu werden die derzeitig vorliegenden Versuchsergebnisse und die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dokumentiert.
Hochwasserschäden am Schürmannbau Teil 1 / Entwicklung, Ursache, Umfang, erste Sanierungsprinzipien
Authors: Eibl J. , Ruckenbrod C. , Schlüter F.‐H. , Haß H. , Löffler M. , Schmid Ch.
Published: April 2013

Der Rohbau des ursprünglich für die Abgeordneten des Deutschen Bundestages geplanten sog. "Schürmannbaus" in Bonn schwamm durch ein Jahrhunderthochwasser im Dezember 1993 infolge eines nicht ordnungsgemäß hergestellten Hochwasserschutzes auf und wurde dabei stark geschädigt. Hierbei handelt es sich um den größten Bauschadensfall der Bundesrepublik. In dem vorliegenden vierteiligen Beitrag soll ein umfassender Überblick über das gesamte Projekt gegeben werden, vom Schadenshergang bis zur Sanierung und zum Weiterbau zum Funkhaus für die "Deutsche Welle".

Im ersten Teil wird über den Schadenshergang, die Ursache für das Aufschwimmen, die Schadenserkundung sowie über erste Sanierungsprinzipien berichtet.
Hochwasserschäden am Schürmannbau Teil 3 / Wiederherstellung der Lagesicherheit
Authors: Ruckenbrod C. , Schlüter F.‐H. , Haß H. , Löffler M. , Schmid Ch.
Published: April 2013

Teil 3 berichtet über die Wiederherstellung der Lage‐ und Auftriebssicherheit. Hierzu mußte die Wasserhaltungsanlage instandgesetzt und die vorhandenen Hohlräume bis über 50 cm Höhe unter der Bodenplatte unter Berücksichtigung von Verformungskriterien kraftschlüssig verpreßt werden.
Gekoppelte Aussteifungssysteme. Steuerung des Tragverhaltens
Authors: Strutz J.‐S. , Ruth J.
Published: April 2013

Es werden Aspekte der Steuerung des Tragverhaltens von bestehenden gekoppelten Aussteifungssystemen aus Stockwerkrahmen und Scheibe erörtert. Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf den Steifigkeitseigenschaften der Koppelelemente.Möglichkeiten und Auswirkungen verschiedener Steifigkeitsverteilungen der Koppelelemente werden exemplarisch auf Basis der FEM aufgezeigt. Des weiteren wird für die somit entstehenden nachgiebig gekoppelten Aussteifungssysteme ein geschlossener Ansatz zur Analyse auf Grundlage von Differentialgleichungen vorgestellt.
Das Querdehnungsverhalten hochfester und ultrahochfester Betone
Authors: Basche H. D. , Kliver J. , Schneider H.
Published: April 2013

Während das Querdehnverhalten für normalfeste Normalbetone durch zahlreiche Untersuchungen als bekannt angesehen werden kann, finden sich für hochfeste Normalbetone nur wenige und z. T. widersprüchliche Angaben. Das Querdehnverhalten ultrahochfester Betone ist bisher kaum untersucht worden. In diesem Bericht werden die Ergebnisse von Versuchen zur Bestimmung des Querdehnverhaltens hochfester und ultrahochfester Betone vorgestellt.
Große Kesselgerüste mit Stützen aus Stahlbeton
Authors: Tachwaly K. , Lehnen D.
Published: April 2013

In großen Braunkohlenkraftwerken werden die Kesselgerüste in aller Regel als Stahlkonstruktionen ausgeführt. Es besteht jedoch auch die Möglichkeit, die aus Gründen der betrieblichen Sicherheit erforderlichen Stahlbetontreppentürme in ein ansonsten aus Konstruktionsstahl gefertigtes Kesselgerüst zu integrieren. Im Beitrag wird ein mögliches Konzept für eine solche Mischbauweise vorgestellt.
FIP + CEB = fib
Authors: Litzner H.‐U.
Published: April 2013

Ein Rückblick auf eine 50jährige Erfolgsgeschichte
Zum Einfluß der Temperatur während der Nachbehandlung auf Risse in Bodenplatten und Weißen Wannen
Authors: Springenschmid R.
Published: April 2013

Forschungsarbeiten haben gezeigt, daß Biegespannungen verursacht durch hohe Temperaturgradienten am ersten Tag in Betonbodenplatten mehr zu Rissen beitragen können, als zentrische Zugspannungen verursacht durch Bodenreibung. Betonbauteile, die im Kern bei hohen, in der Randzone aber bei niedrigen Temperaturen erhärten, erhalten nach dem Abkühlen des Kernes eine thermische Vorspannung, die die Rißempfindlichkeit erheblich vermindert. Wenn Temperaturrisse zu befürchten sind, soll die Oberfläche des Betons daher vom Beginn der Erhärtung an durch Besprühen mit Wasser oder reflektierende Nachbehandlungsmittel kühl gehalten werden.
Temperatur‐ und Festigkeitsmodellierungen durch Praxiswerkzeuge
Authors: Nietner L. , Schmidt D.
Published: April 2013

Temperatur‐ und Spannungsberechnungen hydratisierender Betonbauteile sind mittlerweile Stand der Technik und vielfach bereits Bestandteil entsprechender Bauverträge. Die meisten der zur Verfügung stehenden Modelle sind jedoch für die Bauausführung aufgrund der Komplexität der Eingabeparameter und des Berechnungsaufwandes wenig praktikabel. Darüber hinaus ist die Bedienung ihrer resultierenden Softwarepakete oft kompliziert und wenig transparent. Der Beitrag stellt deshalb die Grundlagen eines praxisorientierten Softwarewerkzeuges sowie dessen Anwendung an anspruchsvollen Bauvorhaben vor.
Adaptive Brückenbauwerke unter Verwendung modularer Verstärkungskonzepte
Authors: Girmscheid Michael , Busse Daniel , Zedler Thomas , Empelmann Martin , Hamm Stephan
Published: April 2013

Brücken werden planmäßig für eine Lebensdauer von 80 bis 100 Jahren ausgelegt. Eine genaue Prognose der Verkehrsentwicklung und der Bedarf an verkehrlicher Infrastruktur sind aufgrund der zahlreichen Randbedingungen über diesen Zeitraum nur mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten möglich. Daher werden Lösungen für künftige Brücken vorgestellt, bei denen die Brücke nachträglich durch strukturelle Adaptionsmaßnahmen an geänderte Randbedingungen angepasst werden kann. Die grundsätzliche Idee ist, eine primäre Struktur (z.B. Hohlkasten) durch ein modulares System sekundärer Strukturen (d.h. Streben, Fachwerke) zu ergänzen. Dabei soll die Adaption ohne große bauliche Maßnahmen am Bestandsbauwerk weitgehend unter laufendem Verkehr stattfinden können. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wurden die Grundlagen für eine derartige adaptive Brückengestaltung sowie ein modulares Verstärkungskonzept entwickelt und in einem zweiten Schritt die Wirkung der vorgeschlagenen Adaptionen anhand eines praxisnahen Beispiels untersucht.

Adaptive bridges using modular strengthening strategies “Adaptive tube‐in‐tube bridges”

Bridges are usually designed for an 80 to 100 year design life. Due to a variety of constraints a detailed prediction of traffic growth and future requirements on infrastructure is hardly possible for this period. Therefore, alternative concepts are being developed for future bridges where the bridge can react flexible on varying boundary conditions. It is the main idea to add a modular system of secondary structures (e. g. struts, trusses) to the primary system (e. g. box girder) under the premise of minimizing the impact on traffic. Within a research project the basic requirements of an adaptive bridge design are explained and a modular strengthening concept is developed. The proposed adaption concepts are studied in detail using a typical box girder bridge.
Ebene und räumliche nichtlineare Berechnungen im Tunnelbau am Beispiel aktueller und geplanter Baumaßnahmen
Authors: Schikora Karl , Piegendorfer Markus , Filus Matthias
Published: April 2013

Wird durch nachträgliche Baumaßnahmen die Überdeckung eines Tunnelbauwerkes stark reduziert oder treten große zusätzliche Lasten auf, sind meist räumliche Berechnungen nicht zu vermeiden. Bei der Modellierung von Boden oder Gebirge werden in der Regel nichtlineare Materialgesetze verwendet. Aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen sollten die Tunnelschalen mit linear elastischen Materialgesetzen erfasst werden. Wenn diese “linearen” räumlichen Berechnungen trotz zusätzlicher konstruktiver Maßnahmen keine ausreichende Systemsicherheit anzeigen, können nichtlineare Berechnungsverfahren der Tunnelschalen zum Ziel führen. Bei unbewehrten Tunnelinnenschalen oder extremen lokalen Abgrabungen der Überdeckung von bestehenden Tunnelbauwerken sind nichtlineare Berechnungen der Tunnelschalen erforderlich. Wie eine nichtlineare Berechnung in solchen Fällen aufzubauen ist und wie die bei einer nichtlinearen Berechnung erforderlichen Laststeigerungen im FE‐Modell Boden‐Tunnel berücksichtigt werden können, ohne das Tragverhalten des Bodens zu verfälschen, wird im Folgenden gezeigt.

Plane and three‐dimensional analysis in tunneling using the example of current and planned construction

If the soil cover above an existing tunnel is significantly reduced due to additional construction measures or if additional large loads are introduced it is often necessary to perform a three dimensional analysis. While modeling soil or rock non linear material laws are typically employed. For economic reasons linear elastic material laws should be applied for the tunnel lining.If a linear analysis in combination with modifications to the existing structure does not provide a sufficient level of safety of the overall system a non‐linear analysis approach may be an useful alternative for the design of tunnel linings. Non‐linear analysis of tunnel linings is required for unreinforced inner tunnel linings or in cases of significant local removal of the soil cover of existing tunnel structures. For such cases this paper outlines how a non‐linear analysis can be structured and how the necessary load increments should be considered in the soil‐tunnel FE model to correctly reflect the bearing behavior of the soil.
Development of a novel telomerase assay using the PPDK–luciferin–luciferase detection system
Authors: Karasawa K. , Sano Y. , Arakawa H.
Published: April 2013

Telomerase participates in malignant transformation or immortalization of cells, and has attracted attention as an anticancer drug screening and diagnostic tumor marker. We developed a novel telomerase assay called the PPDK–luciferin–luciferase system bioluminescence assay (PLLBA) using pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK). In this assay, pyrophosphate produced by the telomerase reaction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is converted to ATP by PPDK, and ATP is detected by the firefly luciferin–luciferase reaction. In this work, telomerase substrate was obtained in accordance with the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Telomerase‐positive (500 cells/assay), ‐inactive (heated for 10 min at 85 °C) and ‐negative (only Chaps lysis buffer) samples were used. As a result, the findings clearly showed that the signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio of the positive cells was 39.5. After the telomerase reaction and PCR, PLLBA was completed ~ 120 s later. A high level of reproducibility was obtained with ‐ coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.1% (positive cells). The detection limit for cells using telomerase was one cell per assay. This assay for telomerase activity was also shown to be adaptable to human cancer‐derived cell lines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and psychosocial functioning in adolescents and young adults with anorectal malformations and chronic idiopathic constipation
Authors: Athanasakos E P , Kemal K I , Malliwal R S , Scott S M , Williams N S , Aziz Q , Ward H C , Knowles C H
Published: April 2013

Background

Faecal incontinence (FI) and constipation occur following corrective surgery for anorectal malformations (ARMs) and in children or adults with chronic constipation without a structural birth anomaly (chronic idiopathic constipation, CIC). Such symptoms may have profound effects on quality of life (QoL). This study systematically determined the burden of FI and constipation in these patients in adolescence and early adulthood, and their effect on QoL and psychosocial functioning in comparison with controls.

Methods

Patients with ARMs or CIC were compared with age- and sex-matched controls who had undergone appendicectomy more than 1 year previously and had no ongoing gastrointestinal symptoms. Constipation and FI were evaluated using validated Knowles–Eccersley–Scott Symptom (KESS) and Vaizey scores respectively. Standardized QoL and psychometric tests were performed in all groups.

Results

The study included 49 patients with ARMs (30 male, aged 11–28 years), 45 with CIC (32 male, aged 11–30 years) and 39 controls (21 male, aged 11–30 years). The frequency of severe constipation among patients with ARMs was approximately half that seen in the CIC group (19 of 49 versus 31 of 45); however, frequencies of incontinence were similar (22 of 49 versus 21 of 45) (P < 0·001 versus controls for both symptoms). Physical and mental well-being were significantly reduced in both ARM and CIC groups compared with controls (P = 0·001 and P = 0·015 respectively), with generally worse scores among patients with CIC. Both were predicted by gastrointestinal symptom burden (P < 0·001). There were no statistically significant differences in state or trait psychiatric morbidity between groups.

Conclusion

FI and constipation are major determinants of poor QoL in adolescents and young adults with ARMs and in those with CIC.
The problem of the poor control arm in surgical randomized controlled trials (Br J Surg 2013; 100: 172–173)
Authors: Smart N J
Published: April 2013

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Uncertainty in ethical consumer choice: a conceptual model
Authors: Hassan Louise , Shaw Deirdre , Shiu Edward , Walsh Gianfranco , Parry Sara
Published: April 2013

The market place has seen significant growth in the demand for ‘ethical’ products and services. Yet, consumers often experience knowledge, evaluation and choice uncertainties in decision‐making processes, particularly in relation to products such as ethical clothing. The authors explore this pertinent form of consumer uncertainty through three qualitative studies of ethical consumers that examine their approaches to clothing consumption. In‐depth interviews and focus groups confirm uncertainty arises; the results also identify the causes and consequences of consumer uncertainty in this context. The causes of uncertainty pertain to issues surrounding complexity, ambiguity, conflict and credibility that give rise to uncertainties that result in delaying purchase decisions, compromising beliefs and negative emotions. This study contributes to literature by offering a holistic understanding of the challenges facing consumers when making ethical choices.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocatalytic Syntheses of Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Müller Michael
Published: April 2013

Tertiäre Alkohole finden sich als Strukturmerkmal in einer Vielzahl von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen und Naturstoffen. Die Biosynthese dieser Naturstoffe bietet somit prinzipiell eine gute Möglichkeit zur Identifikation geeigneter enzymatischer Verfahren zur Darstellung enantiomerenreiner oder ‐angereicherter tertiärer Alkohole. Bislang konnten hierfür aber nur relativ wenige enzymatische Methoden in biotechnologische Verfahren umgesetzt werden. Im Gegensatz zur enzymatischen asymmetrischen Synthese chiraler sekundärer Alkohole, die effizient und hoch selektiv durch Reduktion prochiraler Ketone in hohen Ausbeuten bei gleichzeitig breiten Substrat‐ und Enzymspektren erfolgt, gibt es bislang kein allgemein anwendbares Verfahren für die Synthese tertiärer Alkohole. In dem Artikel wird eine Zusammenfassung der bislang identifizierten biokatalytischen Methoden gegeben. Zudem erfolgt eine kritische Diskussion dieser Verfahren im Hinblick auf mögliche biotechnologische Anwendungen.
“Waren Sie schon bei Beireis?”
Authors: Brandes Georg
Published: April 2013

Eine der merkwürdigsten Personen des 18. Jahrhunderts war Gottfried Christoph Beireis. Man erzählte über ihn, er sei unvergleichlich reich und besäße eine große Sammlung von Kunstschätzen und Raritäten. Er galt als universell gebildeter Professor. Seine Wirkungsstätte Helmstedt gehörte zu den bedeutendsten protestantischen Universitäten und Professor Beireis verschaffte ihr eine besondere Anziehungskraft.
Neuartige Enzyme
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: April 2013

Natürliche Enzyme sind unübertroffen in ihrer Stereoselektivität, aber sie beherrschen nicht alle Reaktionen, die man in der organischen Synthese gerne katalysieren würde. Vor zwei Jahren gelang das Design einer Diels‐Alderase, und jetzt haben Forscher das Spektrum der enzymatischen Synthesen um die Herstellung des stark gespannten Cyclopropan‐Dreiecks erweitert.
Zweiter Signalweg für Hedgehog
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: April 2013

Der Hedgehog‐Signalweg steuert die Wanderung, Vermehrung und Spezialisierung von Zellen. Entsprechend wurden Blocker entwickelt, um sie bei der Krebstherapie einzusetzen. In Studien verloren Testpatienten so massiv Gewicht, dass sie die Studie abbrechen mussten. Die Erklärung ist ein nun gefundener, zweiter Signalweg: Hedgehog greift auch in den primären Energiestoffwechsel der Zellen ein.
Cercis siliquastrum Tree Leaves as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Ag(I): Response Surface Optimization and Characterization of Biosorption
Authors: Zolgharnein Javad , Shariatmanesh Tahere , Asanjarani Neda
Published: April 2013

The Cercis siliquastrum tree leaves are introduced as a low cost biosorbent for removal of Ag(I) from aqueous solution in a batch system. FT‐IR, XRD analysis, and potentiometric titration illustrate that the adsorption took place and the acidic functional group (carboxyl) of the sorbent was involved in the biosorption process. In addition, it was observed that the pH beyond pHpzc 4.4 is favorable for the removal procedure. The effect of operating variables such as initial pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and sorbent mass on the Ag(I) biosorption was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The proposed quadratic model resulting from the central composite design approach (CCD) fitted very well to the experimental data. The optimum condition obtained with RSM was an initial concentration of Ag(I) of 85 mg L−1, pH = 6.3 and sorbent mass 0.19 g. The applicability of different kinetic and isotherm models for current biosorption process was evaluated. The isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies showed the details of sorbate‐sorbent behavior. The competitive effect of alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions during the loading of Ag(I) was also considered.
When Home Is No Longer “Sweet”: Family Violence and Sharia Court–Annexed Mediation in Indonesia
Authors: Syukur Fatahillah Abdul , Bagshaw Dale Margaret
Published: April 2013

Sharia court–annexed mediation was first implemented in the Indonesian judiciary system in 2008. The majority of mediators in Sharia courts are male judges who are obligated by civil procedure law to initially settle disputes amicably prior to the litigation process. The authors argue that court‐annexed mediation has the potential to be the champion of Indonesian legal reform as it has similar characteristics to musyawarah, the indigenous way of resolving conflicts. However, given the prevalence of violence against women in disputes arising from separation and divorce, mediators must have appropriate awareness, knowledge, skills, and techniques to identify, understand, and handle these cases.
Storians: Building on Indigenous Knowledge to Enhance Ni‐Vanuatu Mediative Capacity
Authors: Walker Polly O.
Published: April 2013

This article examines the elicitive style of conflict resolution training implemented in Vanuatu through the Kastom Governance Partnership, an international collaboration between Australian and Ni‐Vanuatu institutions. The workshops sought to elicit and articulate a framework of managing conflict that built on kastom mediation, introduced Western conflict resolution frameworks and skills, and provided critical reflection on both. The aim of the workshops was to build the mediative capacity of Ni‐Vanuatu chiefs in dealing with conflicts impacted by introduced change. The training outcomes indicate both strengths and challenges of elicitive‐style workshops designed to elide the hegemony of Western conflict resolution training.
Conflict Resolution: The Faksoro Custom of the Rotumans of the South Pacific
Authors: Appiah‐Marfo Samuel Yaw
Published: April 2013

Geographically, Rotuma is located at approximately 12° S latitude and 177° E longitude on the western margins of Polynesia. The island lies about 300 miles north of the Republic of Fiji. Politically, Rotuma's administration was under the authority of a district officer, who was responsible to a commissioner, and a governor in Fiji. Rotuma is a disputatious society but does not use violent means to resolve differences. There are five different conflict resolution mechanisms practiced on this island. These are the belief in immanent justice, avoidance of confrontation, mediation, arbitration courts, and the custom of faksoro. This article will focus on the faksoro custom by examining the ritual processes, understanding their cosmological meanings, and exploring their overall potency in resolving conflicts. Also implications of faksoro outside Rotuma society are discussed. My data analysis was based on re‐storying with critical examination of the faksoro custom as the “ritual apology” of the indigenous people of Rotuma in the South Pacific.
Conflict Resolution Practices of Arctic Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Gendron Renée , Hille Charlotte
Published: April 2013

This article presents an overview of the conflict resolution practices of indigenous populations in the Arctic. Among the aboriginal groups discussed are the Inuit, the Aleut, and the Saami. Having presented the conflict resolution methods, the authors discuss the types of conflicts that are currently present in the Arctic, including interpersonal, intercultural, environmental, and economic. The authors argue the need to develop culturally appropriate conflict resolution mechanisms.
Reaction of the Silylene PhC(NtBu)2SitBu with 4,4′‐Bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone and Treatment of the Silylene PhC(NtBu)2SiC(SiMe3)3 with 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone
Authors: Azhakar Ramachandran , Roesky Herbert W. , Holstein Julian J. , Dittrich Birger
Published: April 2013

The reaction of LSitBu [L = PhC(NtBu)2] (1) with 4,4′‐bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone resulted in the [1+2]‐cycloaddition product silathiacyclopropane 3, bearing a three‐membered SiCS ring. The reaction of LSiC(SiMe3)3 (2) with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone leads to the [1+4]‐cycloaddition product 4. In 3 the silicon atom is five‐ and in 4 it is four‐coordinate. Compounds 3 and 4 were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The molecular structures of 1, 3, and 4 were unequivocally established by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Small‐Molecule Activation at Uranium(III)
Authors: Gardner Benedict M. , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: April 2013

Over the last 15 years or so, it has been shown that low‐valent, electron‐rich uranium(III) complexes exhibit a wide variety of reactivity towards small molecules. As a result, the field of uranium‐mediated small‐molecule activation chemistry has undergone significant development in recent years. The classical organometallic reactivity patterns of oxidative addition and reductive elimination that dominate the chemistry of transition‐metal complexes are much less common for uranium. Owing to the invocation of the 5f orbitals for bonding and the highly polarising nature of the actinide centre, the prevalent reactivity observed for non‐aqueous uranium compounds is that of migratory insertion, σ‐bond metathesis and redox activity, and this can account for the often unexpected chemistry encountered with these species. This microreview focuses on the activation chemistry of trivalent uranium complexes towards the important small molecules dinitrogen (N2), nitric oxide (NO), azide (N3–), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Detection of malfunctions in sensor networks
Authors: Alavi–Shoshtari Maryam , Williams David E. , Salmond Jennifer A. , Kaipio Jari P.
Published: April 2013

Due to the increasing availability of sensors of moderate cost, large scale sensor networks are currently considered for different tasks. One of these is the monitoring of air quality with several, possibly hundreds of sensors that may cover an extensive area, or may be difficult to access. In this paper, we consider the detection of sensor malfunctions in sensor networks. A change in the statistics of a particular sensor can be either due to local variability or a malfunction, and thus simple change detection approaches do not necessarily apply. Here, we estimate the output of each sensor based on all the other sensors using approximate Wiener filters. The approach focuses on the variance of the related prediction errors and also facilitates the control of the trade‐off between the probability of detecting a potential sensor malfunction and the related degree of errors. As a case study, we consider daily ozone data from the Houston air quality monitoring network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Next generation biorefineries will solve the food, biofuels, and environmental trilemma in the energy–food–water nexus
Authors: Zhang Y.‐H Percival
Published: April 2013

Abstract

The future roles of biomass and carbohydrate for meeting needs of food/feed, renewable materials, and transportation fuels (biofuels) remain controversial due to numerous issues, such as increasing food and feed needs, constraints of natural resources (land, water, phosphate, biomass, etc.), and limitations of natural photosynthesis, as well as competing energy conversion pathways and technologies. The goal of this opinion article is to clarify the future roles of biomass and biorefineries using quantitative data other than adjective words. In most scenarios, human beings could have enough biomass resource from plant photosynthesis for meeting the three goals at the same time: feeding 9 billion people, providing renewable materials, and producing transportation biofuels that could replace nearly all fossil fuel‐based liquid fuels used in the land transportation in 2050. Land transport means will pass through transitions from internal combustion engines plus liquid fuels, to hybrid systems, to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), while battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could play a minor role. Next generation biorefineries based on artificial photosynthesis featuring ultra‐high energy efficiency and low‐water consumption could produce a large amount of carbohydrate and/or other biocommodities from hydrogen/electricity andCO2. In conclusion, it is time to develop next generation biorefineries, which will efficiently utilize nonfood biomass for the coproduction of multiple products from biofuels, biochemicals, to food/feed, and even store electricity/hydrogen by fixingCO2to carbon‐containing chemicals and biofuels. Next generation biorefineries will address the food, biofuels, and environment trilemma at the same time.
CYP1A expression in liver and gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after waterborne exposure to two phenanthrene derivatives, 1-methylphenanthrene and 4-methylphenanthrene
Authors: Wolińska Lidia , Brzuzan Paweł , Woźny Maciej , Łuczyński Michał K. , Góra Maciej
Published: April 2013

Phenanthrenes (Phs) substituted with alkyl groups are a class of compound present in the environment, and they appear to be toxic to developing fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of waterborne exposure to two monomethyl derivatives of phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene (1M-Ph) and 4-methylphenanthrene (4M-Ph), on cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression in fish gills and liver. Juvenile common roaches (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed to water with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of 1M-Ph, 4M-Ph, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; positive control), each at a dose of 100 µg/L, or to water with DMSO alone (negative control group) for 2 d and 7 d. Significant CYP1A responses with regard to treatment and exposure duration were noted (2-way analysis of variance [ANOVA]) in gills (p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively) and liver (p < 0.001). The 2 monomethyl Phs did not induce consistent gene expression changes, except for 4-MPh, which elevated the CYP1A messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level in the liver at the end of the treatment (almost 4-fold; p < 0.05; 7 d). As was expected, exposure to BaP resulted in elevation of CYP1A mRNA expression in treated fish compared with the control group. Expressions after 2 d and 7 d were approximately 220- and 180-fold higher in liver and 8- and 6-fold higher in gills respectively. The CYP1A protein levels remained stable in both tissues, with one notable exception in roach liver treated for 2 d with BaP (∼ 6-fold increase; p < 0.05). The different effects of the 1- and 4-methylphenanthrenes on CYP1A gene expression in roach liver suggest a relationship between chemical or 3-D structure of the differentially substituted monomethyl Phs and their biological activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1604–1610. © 2013 SETAC
Statistical reporting deficiencies in environmental toxicology
Authors: Bosker Thijs , Mudge Joseph F. , Munkittrick Kelly R.
Published: April 2013

Null hypothesis significance testing is one of the most widely used forms of statistical testing in environmental toxicology. In this short communication, the authors show that the reporting of statistical information when using null hypothesis significance testing is frequently inadequate in environmental toxicology research. The authors demonstrate this by analyzing the statistical information reported for papers employing t tests or analyses of variance in the Environmental Toxicology section of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2010, which comprised 68% of papers published by this journal in that year. Of these papers, 60% fail to report exact p values, 85% fail to provide degrees of freedom, and 90% fail to report critical effect sizes. Statistical power was reported in only <2% of the published papers. The insufficient provision of statistical information makes interpretation of study results by reviewers and readers difficult. Consistently reporting exact p values with degrees of freedom, considering and explicitly stating biologically relevant critical effect sizes, and reporting statistical power associated with nonsignificant results would be easy to implement and would promote scientific progress in environmental toxicology through increased statistical transparency. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1737–1739. © 2013 SETAC
Observations of limited secondary effects to benthic invertebrates and macrophytes with activated carbon amendment in river sediments
Authors: Beckingham Barbara , Buys David , Vandewalker Heather , Ghosh Upal
Published: April 2013

Amendment of activated carbon to sediments has been shown to effectively reduce the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants, but concerns have been raised about the potential toxicological impacts of administering a strong sorbent into sediments. The present study provides a summary of several investigations carried out as part of a pilot-scale study in a river to understand the secondary effects of activated carbon added to reduce the bioavailability of sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyls. While some previous laboratory amendment studies have found reduced lipid content in freshwater worms exposed to activated carbon-treated sediments, the authors did not observe an impact with fine-granular activated carbon-amended sediments aged in the field. Benthic community studies did not find differences between control and activated carbon-treated field sites over 3 yr of postapplication monitoring. Laboratory studies with submerged aquatic plants indicated reduced growth in sediments amended with ≥5% activated carbon, which was attributed to volume dilution of nutritional sediment or bulk density changes and was also observed when the sediment was amended with biochar and inert perlite. Since in situ sorbent amendment is likely to be implemented in depositional sediment environments, potential negative impacts will likely be short-term if the treated site is slowly covered with new sediment over time. Overall suitability of activated carbon amendment for a site will depend on balancing ecosystem and human health benefits from contaminant bioavailability reduction with any potential negative impacts expected under field conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1504–1515. © 2013 SETAC
Development of underground construction engineering in the Czech Republic / Entwicklung des unterirdischen Ingenieurbaus in der Tschechischen Republik
Authors: Barták Jir̆í , Hilar Matouš , Pruška Jan
Published: April 2013

The following paper is divided into three parts. The first part recounts the history of tunnelling in the Czech Republic (CR). There is mention of the extensive underground spaces below several historic towns, the unique Rudolf's gallery constructed in 1582 to 1593 on the direct order of Hapsburg Emperor Rudolf II, and the first sewerage system in Prague with a sewage treatment plant completed in 1907, designed by the English engineer W.H. Lindley. More than 16 railway tunnels older than 150 years are still in operation in the CR, the oldest being the three Nelahozeves Tunnels from 1848 (two older tunnels, Tr̆ebovický and Slavíc̆, were closed). The second part of the paper is devoted to tunnelling technologies used in the CR. Major technologies are mentioned – e.g. the ring method connected with Prague metro construction and the NATM – the prevailing tunnelling method in the CR since the 1990s. The last part of the paper presents some important non‐transport underground structures in the CR (i.e. structures for water, power and utility purposes).

Dieser Artikel ist in drei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der erste Teil geht auf die Geschichte des Tunnelbaus in der Tschechischen Republik ein. Zunächst werden die weiten unterirdischen Systeme beschrieben, die es unterhalb vieler historischer Städte gibt, so die einzigartigen Stollen Rudolfs, erbaut von 1582 bis 1593 auf direkten Befehl des Habsburger Kaiser Rudolf II, und das erste Kanalisationsnetz der Republik in Prag mit einer Abwasserbehandlungsanlage, entworfen vom englischen Ingenieur W.H. Lindley und fertiggestellt 1907. In der Tschechischen Republik sind noch immer mehr als 16 Eisenbahntunnel älter als 150 Jahre in Betrieb, die ältesten sind die drei Nelahozeves Tunnel von 1848 (zwei ältere Tunnel, Tr̆ebovický und Slavíc, wurden bereits stillgelegt). Der zweite Teil des Artikels widmet sich den Tunnelbaumethoden, die in der Tschechischen Republik eingesetzt wurden. Wichtige Bauweisen werden erwähnt, z.B. die Ringmethode, die verbunden wird mit der Konstruktion der Prager Metro, und die Neue Österreichische Tunnelbauweise, die am weitesten verbreitete Tunnelbauweise in der Tschechischen Republik seit den 1990er‐Jahren. Der letzte Teil des Artikels präsentiert einige wichtige unterirdische Konstruktionen der Tschechischen Republik unabhängig vom Transportwesen (Wasser‐, Elektrizitäts‐ und Versorgungswesen).
Development of railway tunnels in the Czech Republic using modern tunnelling methods / Die Entwicklung von Eisenbahntunneln in der Tschechischen Republik mit modernen Tunnelvortriebsverfahren
Authors: Mar̆ík Libor , Hasík Otakar
Published: April 2013

The density of the railway network in the Czech Republic is 122 km/1, 000 km2, among the highest in Europe. Despite the fact that the surface relief cannot be compared to that of Alpine countries, the development of tunnels has been inherently associated with the development of railways in our country. The first railway tunnels were driven as early as 1845 and the number grew to 109 by 1900. At the end of World War II in 1945, 100 years after the construction of the first tunnel, there were 143 railway tunnels in our republic. After the assumption of power by the communist regime, the development of tunnels stagnated and the Iron Curtain prevented even the opportunity for contacts with engineers in countries with developed tunnel construction and engineering. Modern tunnelling methods were only employed after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, when the intention to incorporate the Czech Republic into the European infrastructure initiated the development of railway transit corridors. The corridors are selected railway routes where higher speeds are possible than on our current railway network, the majority of which runs on tracks from the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, and entailed modification of horizontal and vertical alignments.

Die Dichte des Eisenbahnnetzes in der Tschechischen Republik beträgt 122 km pro 1.000 km2 und es ist damit eines der dichtesten in Europa. Trotz der Tatsache, dass die topografischen Gegebenheiten nicht mit denen der Alpenländer verglichen werden können, ist die Entwicklung von Tunneln untrennbar mit der Entwicklung der Eisenbahn in der tschechischen Republik verbunden. Die ersten Eisenbahntunnel wurden bereits 1845 aufgefahren und die Zahl wuchs auf 109 im Jahr 1900 an. Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges im Jahre 1945, 100 Jahre nach dem Bau des ersten Tunnels, gab es 143 Eisenbahntunnel. Nach der Machtübernahme durch das kommunistische Regime stagnierte die Entwicklung der Tunnel und der Eiserne Vorhang verhinderte sogar die Möglichkeit von Kontakten mit Ingenieuren in Ländern mit einer weiter entwickelten Tunnel‐ und Maschinenbauindustrie. Moderne Tunnelvortriebsmethoden kamen erst nach der friedlichen Revolution 1989 zur Anwendung, als das Bestreben, die Tschechische Republik in die europäische Infrastruktur zu integrieren, zur Entwicklung von Transitkorridoren für die Eisenbahn führte. Die Korridore sind ausgewählte Bahnstrecken, auf denen höhere Geschwindigkeiten möglich sind als auf dem derzeitigen Schienennetz. Die Mehrzahl verläuft auf Trassen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert und aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, und bedingten daher Änderungen bezüglich der horizontalen und vertikalen Trassierung.
Quantification and restoration of extensional deformation along the Western Iberia and Newfoundland rifted margins
Authors: Sutra Emilie , Manatschal Gianreto , Mohn Geoffroy , Unternehr Patrick
Published: April 2013

Many recent papers describe the structure of the Iberia and Newfoundland rifted margins; however, none of them propose kinematic restorations of the complete rift system to quantify the amount of extension necessary to exhume mantle and initiate seafloor spreading. In our study, we use two pairs of cross sections considered as conjugate lines: one across the Galicia Bank‐Flemish Cap and the other across the Southern Iberia Abyssal Plain‐Flemish Pass. Both transects have been imaged by reflection‐ and refraction‐seismic methods and have been drilled during Ocean Drilling Program Legs 103, 149, 173, and 210. Drilling penetrated parts of the rift stratigraphy and the underlying basement. The cross sections can therefore be considered as the best‐documented conjugate transects across present‐day hyperextended, magma‐poor rifted margins. The aim of this paper is threefold: (1) provide a detailed description of the crustal architecture of the two conjugate sections, (2) define the extensional structures and their ages, and (3) quantify the amount of strain and strain rate accommodated along these lines. This paper proposes a quantitative description of extension along the Iberia‐Newfoundland rift system and discusses the limitations and problems in quantifying extensional deformation along hyperextended rifted margins.
Independent confirmation of global land warming without the use of station temperatures
Authors: Compo Gilbert P. , Sardeshmukh Prashant D. , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Brohan Philip , Jones Philip D. , McColl Chesley
Published: April 2013

Confidence in estimates of anthropogenic climate change is limited by known issues with air temperature observations from land stations. Station siting, instrument changes, changing observing practices, urban effects, land cover, land use variations, and statistical processing have all been hypothesized as affecting the trends presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and others. Any artifacts in the observed decadal and centennial variations associated with these issues could have important consequences for scientific understanding and climate policy. We use a completely different approach to investigate global land warming over the 20th century. We have ignored all air temperature observations and instead inferred them from observations of barometric pressure, sea surface temperature, and sea‐ice concentration using a physically based data assimilation system called the 20th Century Reanalysis. This independent data set reproduces both annual variations and centennial trends in the temperature data sets, demonstrating the robustness of previous conclusions regarding global warming.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma nodal surgery directed by a preoperative radiographic map utilizing CT scan and ultrasound in all primary and reoperative patients
Authors: Lesnik David , Cunnane Mary Elizabeth , Zurakowski David , Acar Gul Ozbilen , Ecevit Cenk , Mace Alasdair , Kamani Dipti , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: April 2013

Background

To study the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination (PE), ultrasonography (US), contrastenhanced computed tomography (CT) and in preoperative detection of macroscopic nodal metastasis in primary/recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients to determine if the routine addition of CT would be beneficial in accurate preoperative lymph‐node surgery planning.

Methods

In a tertiary center prospective study, 162 PTC patients underwent preoperative lymph‐node evaluation by PE, US, and CT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value (PPV/NPV) of each nodal detection technique were calculated in central/lateral cervical compartments. The gold standard for diagnostic‐accuracy was surgical pathology.

Results

In patients undergoing primary (Group I)/revision (Group II) surgical treatment for PTC, combined US/CT yielded significantly higher sensitivity for macroscopic lymph‐node detection in both lateral and central neck, most marked in Group I‐central compartment.

Conclusions

Combined preoperative US/CT provides reliable, objective, preoperative macroscopic nodal metastasis map to design rational nodal surgery in primary/revision PTC patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 191–202, 2014
Internet‐mediated physician–patient interaction focusing on extracranial hemangiomas and vascular malformations
Authors: Wiegand Susanne , Marggraf Johannes , Wilhelm Thomas , Eivazi Behfar , Werner Jochen A.
Published: April 2013

Background

Internet‐mediated communication in health care is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to analyze internet‐mediated physician–patient interaction in an angioma center.

Methods

Patient‐related e‐mails received between January 2002 and June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed regarding the diagnosis of hemangiomas or vascular malformations. Additionally, the visitors' statistics of the corresponding website ‘‘www.angiome.de” was evaluated.

Results

Five hundred forty‐eight e‐mails matched the criteria of the study. From 2002 to 2008, the number of messages registered annually increased by a factor of 20 and the average number of e‐mails per patient tripled. The number of new patients contacting the center via e‐mail increased from 12 to 72 per year. The website ‘‘www.angiome.de” was visited 8490 times in 2008 and 13,291 times in 2009.

Conclusion

The presence of the internet is relevant to get in touch with new patients and to provide information for nonprofessionals and experts especially in diseases with low incidence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 187–190, 2014
Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Rabinovics Naomi , Mizrachi Aviram , Hadar Tuvia , Ad‐El Dean , Feinmesser Raphael , Guttman Dan , Shpitzer Thomas , Bachar Gideon
Published: April 2013

Background

Solid organ recipients are at an increased risk of developing various malignancies. We investigated the incidence, clinical features, and outcome of patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer after organ transplantation.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients who underwent solid organ transplantation (kidney, liver, lung, heart) treated at our institution from 1992 to 2010.

Results

Of 2817 organ recipients, 175 patients (6.1%) developed 391 head and neck malignancies. Cutaneous malignancies were the most common (93%): squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 51%) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC; 42%). The average interval from transplantation to diagnosis of head and neck malignancy was 7.3 years, with liver recipients diagnosed earlier. Eighteen percent of patients presented with an aggressive pattern of head and neck cancer, including 24% of patients with cutaneous SCC.

Conclusion

Organ transplantation recipients are at a higher risk to develop head and neck cancer with an aggressive behavior characterized by multiple recurrences and decreased survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 181–186, 2014