bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of the transition between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in the newtTaricha torosa
Authors: Ashley-Ross Miriam A. , Bechtel Brett F.
Published: December 2003

California newts (Taricha torosa) are capable of locomotion in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The transition between swimming and terrestrial walking was examined by videotaping individual Tarichawalking both up and down a ramp, inclined at 15° to the horizontal, that had its lower end immersed in water and its upper end out of the water. When ascending the ramp, California newts first approached it by swimming, then used their limbs to walk while still in water, and finally left the water using a normal terrestrial walking gait. The reverse of this sequence was observed when individuals descended the ramp. In both directions, Taricha used a lateral sequence walk with a duty factor of approximately 76% when out of the water. Timing of footfalls was more variable in water and featured shorter duty factors, leading to periods of suspension. Comparison of angular and timing variables revealed effects due to direction and degree of immersion. Few timing variables showed differences according to stride within sequence (indicating whether the animal was in or out of the water), suggesting that the basic walking pattern is equally good in both environments.
The binding and recall of snapshot memories in wood ants (Formica rufaL.)
Authors: Graham Paul , Durier Virginie , Collett Thomas S.
Published: December 2003

Insects can locate spatial goals by means of 2-D retinotopic views of the surrounding landmarks, which they memorise from the vantage point of the goal. Wood ants acquire such snapshot memories while fixating conspicuous landmarks with frontal retina, and their snapshots extend horizontally at least 120°into the periphery. Are spatially separate items within such an extended snapshot bound together so that a snapshot is recalled as a whole, or are its components recognised individually?

We approached this question by training ants to find food midway between two upright black cylinders of different sizes and then examined where they searched when they were given two cylinders of the same size. If the ants know which cylinder replaces the small cylinder and which the large, they should search at a position where the two equal-sized cylinders subtend the same angles as do the training cylinders when viewed from the feeder. Ants conformed to this prediction under one condition, searching at a shorter distance from the substitute for the large cylinder than from the substitute for the small cylinder. But, under another condition, ants were unable to distinguish between the two equal-sized cylinders. Ants failed when white curtains completely surrounded the platform on which the cylinders were placed. They succeeded when one side of the platform had a patterned curtain.

We suggest that ants take two snapshots at the feeding site, one when facing the small cylinder and one when facing the large cylinder, and that each snapshot includes the patterned curtain, if it is there. Ants will view the patterned curtain with the lateral retina of one eye when facing the small cylinder and with the lateral retina of the other eye when facing the large cylinder. Our data suggest that there may be associative links between these spatially separate components of the snapshot, which cause the memory of the small cylinder or the large cylinder to be recalled according to which eye sees the curtain. It seems that an extended snapshot not only enhances the accuracy of localisation but can also increase the reliability of snapshot recall, provided that the components of a snapshot are bound together.
The tale of the tail: limb function and locomotor mechanics inAlligator mississippiensis
Authors: Willey Jeffrey S. , Biknevicius Audrone R. , Reilly Stephen M. , Earls Kathleen D.
Published: December 2003

Crocodilians tow their large muscular tail behind them during terrestrial bouts when they high walk (a walking trot). Analysis of ground reaction forces in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) revealed the consequences of tail-dragging. Individual limb and tail ground reaction force records show that the hindlimbs of Alligator take on a substantial role in body mass support consistent with the more caudal location of its center of mass due to the presence of a particularly heavy tail (representing nearly 28% of total body mass). Furthermore, because the constant drag imposed by the tail is substantial, both fore- and hindlimbs in Alligatorhave a heightened propulsive role as a means of countering the net braking effect of the tail. Ground reaction forces of the whole body were used to assess how well Alligator was able to utilize mechanical energy-saving mechanisms (inverse pendulum or mass-spring). A high-walking Alligator recovers, on average, about 20% of its mechanical energy by inverse pendulum mechanics. These modest energy recovery levels are likely to be due to a combination of factors that may include low locomotor speed,imprecise coordination of contralateral limbs in the trot, frequent dragging of feet of protracting limbs during swing phase and, possibly, tail dragging.
Inhibition of the increased 17β-estradiol-induced mast cell number by melatonin in the testis of the frog Rana esculenta, in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Izzo Gaia , d'Istria Michela , Serino Ismene , Minucci Sergio
Published: December 2003

In the present study, we have utilized 17β-estradiol to induce the increase of mast cell number in order to verify the melatonin effect on mast cell accumulation in the frog testicular interstitium. Data obtained from in vivo experiments confirm that 17β-estradiol increases the mast cell number and indicate a melatonin-inhibitory role in their accumulation in the frog testis. In addition, melatonin interferes with the effects of estradiol on the increase of mast cell number in short-term cultured testes, and this result has also been obtained in a dose-response experiment at physiological concentration. The data suggest that melatonin acts on mast cell number directly via its local action in the frog gonads. In conclusion, our study shows, for the first time, that melatonin may interfere, probably via estrogen receptors, with the differentiation and/or proliferation of mast cells induced by estradiol treatment either in vivo or in vitro in the testis of the frog Rana esculenta.
Effect of aestivation on long bone mechanical properties in the green-striped burrowing frog,Cyclorana alboguttata
Authors: Hudson Nicholas J. , Bennett Michael B. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: December 2003

The green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata, survives extended drought periods by burrowing underground and aestivating. These frogs remain immobile within cocoons of shed skin and mucus during aestivation and emerge from their burrows upon heavy rains to feed and reproduce. Extended periods of immobilisation in mammals typically result in bone remodelling and a decrease in bone strength. We examined the effect of aestivation and, hence,prolonged immobilisation on cross-sectional area, histology and bending strength in the femur and tibiofibula of C. alboguttata. Frogs were aestivated in soil for three and nine months and were compared with control animals that remained active, were fed and had a continual supply of water. Compared with the controls, long bone size, anatomy and bending strength remained unchanged, indicating an absence of disuse osteoporosis. This preservation of bone tissue properties enables C. alboguttata to compress the active portions of their life history into unpredictable windows of opportunity, whenever heavy rains occur.
Stereoselective Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Glycoside by Boronic Acid
Authors: Ohe Takeru , Kida Toshiyuki , Zhang Wanbin , Nakatsuji Yohji , Ikeda Isao
Published: December 2003

The alkaline hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucoside, α-D-galactoside, and β-D-mannoside was selectively accelerated by addition of methyl boronic acid, as compared to that of the corresponding β-D-glucoside, β-D-galactoside, and α-D-mannoside. In the case of p-nitrophenyl α (or β)-D-glucoside, the α/β selectivity was increased up to 110 when four molar equivalents of methyl- or phenylboronic acid were added.
Hydrolysis of Acetyl-methionine-containing Dipeptides Promoted by Palladium(II) Complexes Containing Methionine-amino Acids as Ligands
Authors: Luo Xuemei , Chen Xiaohua , Song Yongcheng , Zhu Longgen
Published: December 2003

The [Pd(N,S-Met-a′a′H)(N,S-AcMet-aaH)]+(a′a′H and aaH = amino acids) was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometer(ESI-MS) and 1H NMR, in which Met-a′a′H, as ligand, coordinates to Pd(II) via thioether and terminal amino group, and AcMet-aaH, as substrate, coordinates to Pd(II) via thioether and deprotonated amide nitrogen of methionine. The Met-a′a′ bond in ligand is intact, the Met-aa bond in substrate, however, is activated toward hydrolysis. The difference in hydrolysis behavior between ligand and substrate may be due to a fused six-membered and five-membered ring formation via thioether, deprotonated amide nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of methionine residue in substrate.
Novel Synthesis of 5-Phenyliodonium Triflate Substituted Uracil Nucleosides
Authors: Roh Kyoung Rok , Kim Joong Young , Kim Yong Hae
Published: December 2003

5-Phenyliodonium triflate substituted uracil nucleosides have been prepared by one step reaction of uracil nucleosides with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene-trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
Molecular Recognition by Novel Macrotetracyclic Cyclophanes Having Dipeptide Segments
Authors: Tanaka Akinori , Shimada Shintaro , Hirohashi Tomoko , Hayashi Takashi , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: December 2003

Novel macrotetracyclic cyclophanes, which are constructed with four cyclophane units having eight dipeptide moieties, have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The guest-binding behavior of the host toward water-soluble porphyrines was examined by electronic spectroscopy.
T-Site Selective Photocleavage of DNA by Cationic Schiff Base Complex of Manganese(III)
Authors: Sakamoto Fuminori , Sumiya Tomoyuki , Fujita Masaaki , Tada Toshiji , Tan Xiang Shi , Suzuki Eiji , Okura Ichiro , Fujii Yuki
Published: December 2003

Manganese(III)-Schiff base complexes of cationic salen and salph derivatives were newly prepared and their molecular structures were determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The cationic salph complex effectively cleaved T-site of DNA in ca. 88% selectivity upon visible light irradiation.
STM Observation of Chiral 1,2-Dihydroxyoctadecane Monolayer Self-assembled on the Graphite Surface
Authors: Qian Pu , Nanjo Hiroshi , Yokoyama Toshiro , Suzuki Toshishige M
Published: December 2003

Chiral 1,2-dihydroxyoctadecane (C16H33CH(OH)CH2OH) self-assembled on graphite surface was observed by STM and the molecular patterns obtained were interpreted by homochiral association of constituent molecules at hydroxyl groups.
Synthesis of Heterodiquinanes by Photoreaction of β-Keto Esters with Oxime Methyl Ethers Derived from 3-Acyl-1,2-dihydrocinnoline-1,2-dicarboximides
Authors: Tanaka Satoko , Seguchi Kazuyoshi
Published: December 2003

Photoreaction of hydrazodicarboximide with β-keto esters in acetonitrile in the presence and absence of triethylamine afforded intriguing heterodiquinane-based tricycles in moderate yields, together with both rearranged and dimeric products.
Time-resolved UV-Vis Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Conformational Rearrangement in the Electron Transfer of Cytochrome c
Authors: Wu Ling-Ling , Huang Huai-Guo , Li Jing-Xin , Luo Jin , Lin Zhong-Hua
Published: December 2003

The present work used mainly electrochemical in situ time-resolved UV-Vis subtractive reflectance spectroscopy to study the electron transfer process of cytochrome c in the presence of promoter(the equal molal mixture of guanine and cytosine). Three new absorption bands, 420 nm, 450 nm and 500 nm, are observed in the spectra with different time resolutions, as well as two bipolar absorption bands 250 nm and 300 nm. All the results show that the electron transfer of cytochrome c is accompanied by significant conformational rearrangement.
Novel Cage Polycarbosilanes. Preparation and Characterization of Dodecamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and Its Derivatives
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Inamasu Naoko , Nishihara Yasushi , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2003

2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-Dodecamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (1) was synthesized for the first time via three steps in 56% overall yield through triple silylation with three dichlorodimethyldisilane molecules of two trianionic molecules derived from bis(phenylthio)methane. The molecular structure of 1 was shown to be slightly distorted from an ideal bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton by X-ray analysis. The derivatization of 1 and UV spectra of those compounds are described.
Synthesis of α-Methoxy-α,β-unsaturated Esters by Iodine-oxidation of the Anions of Fischer-type Carbene Complexes
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Fuchibe Kohei
Published: December 2003

α-Methoxy vinyl tungsten species, generated by the deprotonation reaction of Fischer-type carbene complexes or by the Michael addition of lithium enolates to α,β-unsaturated carbene complexes, were found to give α-methoxy-α,β-unsaturated esters in good yields by iodine-oxidation in the presence of silver triflate.
Syntheses, Structures, and Insulin-like Activities of Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes with Tetra- and Penta-dentate Histidine Derivatives
Authors: Kawabe Kenji , Suekuni Tomonari , Inada Takanori , Yamato Kazuhiro , Tadokoro Makoto , Kojima Yoshitane , Fujisawa Yae , Sakurai Hiromu
Published: December 2003

[VO(pmH)(ClO4)], [VO(HeY)], and [VO((pm)2H)](ClO4) were prepared by reactions of VOSO4 and pmH (N-2-pyridylmethyl-(S)-histidine), HeY (N,N′-ethylene-(S)-histidine-(S)-tyrosine), and (pm)2H (N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-(S)-histidine), respectively, and followed with Ba(ClO4)2. X-ray structure analysis of [VO(HeY)] showed that a pentadentate ligand and an oxoanion were coordinated with a vanadium(IV) ion, thereby forming a distorted octahedral geometry. In in vitro evaluation using isolated rat adipocytes, a tetradentate complex [VO(pmH)(ClO4)](IC50 = 0.762 mM) was found to be more active at lower concentration than VOSO4 (IC50 = 3.56 mM) in term of IC50 value, a 50% inhibition concentration of FFA release from the adipocytes. On the other hand, two VO complexes of pentadentate (HeY and (pm)2H) ligands were found to be inactive for insulin-like activities.
Investigations of the Thermal Inversion Rates of Azobenzenes in Supercritical and Gaseous CO2: A Shift from the Energy-Transfer-Limited to the TST-Valid Region at Low Densities
Authors: Usui Toshinori , Funahashi Shigenobu , Takagi Hideo D , Asano Tsutomu
Published: December 2003

Studies of slow thermal Z/E isomerization reactions around the N=N double bond of azobenzenes in supercritical and gaseous carbon dioxide revealed that a shift from the energy-transfer-limited to the TST-valid region predicted by Kramers takes place at relatively low densities.
Quantitative Separation of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions by Triple-phase Separation Method
Authors: Komatsu Yu , Umetani Shigeo , Tsurubou Shigekazu , Michiue Yuichi , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: December 2003

The triple-phase separation system has been designed for the first time combining the solvent-extraction and the ion-exchange methods. Owing to the reverse selectivity tendency of the solvent extraction and the ion exchange methods for alkaline earth metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+), the quantitative separation could be achieved by the triple-phase separation method.
A Facile Synthesis and Electro-optical Properties of New Liquid Crystals Having a vic-Difluoro Olefinic Moiety
Authors: Kanie Kiyoshi , Tanaka Yoichiro , Takehara Sadao , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2003

A facile method for the difluorination of olefins was exploited and applied to the synthesis of novel liquid crystals (LCs) having a vic-difluoro olefinic moiety. The physical and electro-optical properties of these LCs were compared with those of the corresponding parent olefinic LCs.
Bioaffinity Sensor to Anti-DNA Antibodies Using DNA Modified Au Electrode
Authors: Katayama Yoshiki , Nakayama Masamichi , Irie Hiroshi , Nakano Koji , Maeda Mizuo
Published: December 2003

Calf thymus DNA was modified on Au electrode as chemoreceptive ligand. This sensor responded selectively to anti-DNA antibody which recognizes DNA molecule. This sensing system is potentially worthy for the development of biosensor of DNA binding proteins.
Proton Conductive Silica Gels Doped with Several Acids and Their Application to Electric Double-Layer Capacitor
Authors: Matsuda Atsunori , Honjo Hiroshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro , Minami Tsutomu
Published: December 2003

Polyvinyl alcohol-containing silica gels doped with HClO4, H2SO4, or H3PO4 prepared by the sol-gel method exhibited high proton conductivities of 10−5-10−2S cm−1 at room temperature. Totally solid state electric double-layer capacitors fabricated using the gels as an electrolyte and activated carbon powder, ACP, as a polarizable electrode showed large capacitances of 31-44F/(gram of total ACP), which were comparable to those of the capacitors with liquid electrolytes.
Molecular Imprinting of Protected Amino Acids in Ultrathin Multilayers of TiO2 Gel
Authors: Lee Seung-Woo , Ichinose Izumi , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: December 2003

A complex of carbobenzyloxy-L-alanine and titanium n-butoxide was adsorbed to hydroxylated surfaces repeatedly to produce ultathin multilayers, which, upon removal of the amino acid template, showed selective binding of carbobenzyloxy-L-amino acids.
Chemical Species Active for Selective Oxygenation of Methane with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Vanadium-containing Compounds
Authors: Seki Yasuhiro , Mizuno Noritaka , Misono Makoto
Published: December 2003

UV-vis data revealed that monoperoxomonovanadate is an active species for liquid-phase oxygenation of methane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed vanadium-containing catalysts in trifluoroacetic anhydride.
Self-assembled Monolayers of Dendron-thiol on Solid Substrate
Authors: Bo Zhishan , Zhang Li , Zhao Bing , Zhang Xi , Shen Jiacong , Höppener Stephanie , Chi Lifeng , Fuchs Harald
Published: December 2003

A polyther dendron with a thiol group at the focal point was synthesized and well characterized, and then used for the preparation of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) on metal surface. The monolayers on metal surface were studied by Fourier transform surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy(FT-SERS) and STM etc.
The Half-sandwich Hydride and 16-Electron Complexes of Rhodium and Iridium Containing (1S,2S)-N-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine: Relevant to the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Mashima Kazushi , Abe Tomoyuki , Tani Kazuhide
Published: December 2003

We prepared the half-sandwich hydride and 16-electron complexes of rhodium and iridium bearing an anion of (1S,2S)-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine: for the iridium catalyst system, a 16-electron complex 2b and an 18-electron, hydride complex 3b were synthesized, while only a 16-electron complex 2a was detected for the rhodium catalyst.
Simple and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Δ9(11)-3-Hydroxy, Δ1,4- and Δ1,4,9(11)-3-Ketosteroids by Selective Dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxy-12-Ketosteroids
Authors: Kongkathip Boonsong , Kongkathip Ngampong , Khunnavutimanotum Ponsak , Sakee Uthai
Published: December 2003

Hecogenin can be selectively dehydrogenated to the corresponding Δ9(11)-3-hydroxysteroid, Δ1,4- and Δ1,4,9(11)-3-ketosteroids by the treatment of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) with a variety of solvents.
Efficient Construction of A,B-Rings Component for Syntheses of Phycocyanobilin and Its Derivative
Authors: Jayasundera Krishanthi Padmarani , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: December 2003

Total syntheses of phycocyanobilin and its photoactivatable derivative were accomplished by developing a new and versatile method for the construction of A,B-rings component, which consists of the Wittig-type new coupling reaction of 4-(1-methoxyethyl)-3-methyl-5-tosyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one and a 2-formyl pyrrole derivative in the presence of nBu3P and a base, followed by reduction with aluminum amalgam and subsequent acid treatment.
Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of trans-2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines: Effect of Substituent on Enantioselectivity
Authors: Kawanami Yasuhiro , Iizuna Noriko , Okano Kiyoka
Published: December 2003

Kinetic resolution of racemic N-arylmethylated trans-2-acetoxy-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrrolidines by using lipasecatalyzed transesterification has been studied. The enantioselectivity depends significantly on the structure of the aryl ring and N-3,5-dimethylbenzylpyrrolidine was found to be the best substrate for the present reaction.
Multilayer Organic Electroluminescent Device with Dithienosilole Derivative
Authors: Adachi Akira , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka , Kido Junji , Okita Koichi
Published: December 2003

Dithienosilole derivatives (DTS) improved an electron injection efficiency of the typical organic electroluminescent device, indicating that DTS may have a high electron affinity.DTS also exibited a blue light emitting and hole injection properties.
Extremely High Pseudo-Capacitance of RuO2 Highly Dispersed on Glassy Carbon
Authors: Takasu Yoshio , Matsuo Chiemi , Ohnuma Takeshi , Ueno Mitsuo , Murakami Yasushi
Published: December 2003

By means of a model electrode method, it has been found that the ruthenium oxide highly dispersed on glassy carbon produces an extremely large surface charge density which corresponds to more than one proton adsorbs on every ruthenium loaded on the glassy carbon, if the charge was supposed to be caused only by the adsorption of proton on the RuO2.
Fabrication of Quasi-solid-state Dye-sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells Using Low Molecular Weight Gelators
Authors: Kubo Wataru , Murakoshi Kei , Kitamura Takayuki , Wada Yuji , Hanabusa Kenji , Shirai Hirofusa , Yanagida Shozo
Published: December 2003

Low molecular weight gelators were applied to solidify the redox electrolyte in dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells. The resulting quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells showed comparable efficiency and higher stability than the similar cell with the liquid phase redox electrolyte.
Studies on the Behavior of Partially Oxidized Tributylborane as a Radical Initiator for Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) Polymerization
Authors: Okamoto Yasushi , Takahata Kazunori , Saeki Kenji
Published: December 2003

The structure of the catalyst and the influences of oxygen and water on the activity for MMA polymerization were investigated. The main component of partially oxidized tributylborane was found to be butoxydibutylborane. Higher oxygen concentrations in the atmospheric gas tended to result in higher levels of polymerization activity within the oxygen concentration range of 0.1 to 0.2 mole percent relative to the catalyst. The presence of 0.3 to 0.5 mole, per mole of the catalyst, of water resulted in improvements in activity. The above results suggest that the catalyst contains some active species such as peroxides, or butyl radicals as a precursor and that oxygen and water promote both the formation and elimination of such active species.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Peroxovanadium(V) Complex Containing N-Carboxymethylhistidine as a Model for the Vanadium Haloperoxidase Enzymes
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Nishida Kazuya , Miyata Nanako , Okamoto Ken-ichi
Published: December 2003

The peroxovanadium(V) complex containing N-carboxymethylhistidine (cmhist) was synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray analysis as a model compound for the vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase enzymes. The complex takes a heptacoordinate structure consisting of a quadridentate cmhist ligand, a side-on bound peroxo group, and an oxo group. The coordination polyhedron is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid.
A New Type of Dry-developed Positive Deep UV Resist Using Polymer Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Authors: Guo Yinzhong , Feng Fei , Miyashita Tokuji
Published: December 2003

It is described that poly (N-tetradecylmethacrylamide) (PTDMA) LB films can produce directly a new type of positive fine pattern by decomposing effectively with Deep UV without any development (dry-developed resist).
Regioselective Reductive Ring Opening of Cyclic 1,2- and 1,3-Benzylidene Acetals
Authors: Chandrasekhar S , Reddy Y Ravindra , Reddy Ch Raji
Published: December 2003

A combination of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and AlCl3 was found to be a superior hydride source for reductive ring opening of cyclic benzylidene acetals of both 1,2- and 1,3-diols.
Spirosendan, a Novel Spiro Limonoid from Melia Toosendan
Authors: Nakatani Munehiro , Zhou Jian-Bo , Tadera Kenjiro , Naoki Hideo
Published: December 2003

Spirosendan, a new skeletal limonoid prossessing a spiro-structure, was isolated from the root bark of Melia toosendan (Meliaceae). The structure is proposed on the basis of extending spectroscopic means.
Molecular Structure and Photoluminescence of Square-anitiprismatic Europium Octahydrate Cations in [Eu(H2O)8]2 [V10O28]·8H2O Crystallines
Authors: Yamase Toshihiro , Naruke Haruo , Wéry Ana Maria San José , Kaneko Masahiko
Published: December 2003

[Eu(H2O)8]3+ cations in [Eu(H2O)8]2[V10O28]·8H2O form an approximately square-antiprismatic configuration. This configuration provides another model for the Eu3+ aqua ion in aqueous solutions. The lifetime of the 5D0 state for [Eu(H2O)8]3+ is 0.13 ± 0.01 ms at 4.2K, leading to a validity of the luminescence lifetime method for the determination of the number of bonded water molecules (within the Eu-O distances of 2.5Å).
Enzymatic Polymerization of Dicarboxylic Acid and Glycol to Polyester in Solvent-Free System
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi , Inada Kojiro , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: December 2003

Candida antarctica lipase induced polymerization of a dicarboxylic acid and glycol in a solvent-free system, despite the heterogeneous mixture of the monomers and catalyst. The chain length of the monomers strongly affected the yield and molecular weight of the product polyester.
A Facile Preparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Primary Selenoamides Using 4-Methylselenobenzoate as a New Selenating Reagent
Authors: Ishihara Hideharu , Yosimura Katsuhiro , Kouketsu Mamoru
Published: December 2003

Aliphatic and aromatic primary selenoamides 2 were isolated by the reaction of the corresponding aliphatic and aromatic nitriles with potassium 4-methylselenobenzoate in the presence of BF3·Et2O in moderate from high yields.
Selective Inclusion Phenomena in Lithocholamide Crystal Lattices; Design of Bilayered Assemblies through Ladder-type Hydrogen Bonding Network
Authors: Hishikawa Yukio , Aoki Yuriko , Sada Kazuki , Miyata Mikiji
Published: December 2003

The substitution of lithocholic acid (1) to lithocholamide (4) led to the finding of the formation of channel-type inclusion compounds with a limited range of organic substances, such as alcohols, ketones and so on. The inclusion behavior of 4 is greatly different from those of the known hosts of bile acids and their derivatives.
Reaction of Interstitial Cyanide Ions in a Hydrotalcite-like Material with Organic Chlorides
Authors: Suzuki Eiichi , Inoue Atsushi , Ono Yoshio
Published: December 2003

A hydrotalcite-like material, Mg6Al2(OH)16Cl2−xCNx·4H2O (x = 1.53–1.94), was prepared and tested as a reagent for the nucleophilic substitution for chlorine atom of C6H5CH2Cl, C4H9Cl, and C3H7Cl by the CN− ions in the interlayer of the material. The corresponding organic cyanides were obtained at 353 K in a non-polar solvent, toluene.
Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interaction between Glycolipids and Glycoconjugate Polystyrenes at the Air-water Interface
Authors: Matsuura Kazunori , Kitakouji Hiromoto , Tsuchida Akiko , Sawada Naoki , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto , Kobayashi Kazukiyo
Published: December 2003

Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction at the air-water interface was investigated by π-A isotherms of GM3 (ganglioside monosialate 3, NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer) and LacCer (lactosyleramide, Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer) in the presence of glycoconjugate polystyrenes bearing Gg3 oligosaccharide (GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc), lactose, and cellobiose.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Norbornene under Water–Gas-Shift Reaction Conditions. Selective Formation of Co-dimeres with Lactone Terminus
Authors: Zhou Da-Yang , Zhang Shi-Wei , Onitsuka Kiyotaka , Takahashi Shigetoshi
Published: December 2003

Carbonylation of norbornene in the presence of a rhodium carbonyl catalyst under water–gas-shift reaction conditions gave a norbornene–carbon monoxide co-dimer having an enol–lactone structure in a high yield.
The Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (H2O)[Ge5O10] and [(CH3)4N][Ge10O20OH], Two Novel Porous Germanates
Authors: Xu Yan , Fan Wei , Chino Naotaka , Uehara Kazuhiro , Hikichi Shirou , Mizuno Noritaka , Ogura Masaru , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: December 2003

Two novel porous germanates, [Ge5O10](H2O) (1) and [Ge10O20OH] [(CH3)4N] (2), are synthesized by a hydrothermal method using TMA (tetramethylammonium), and characterized by X-ray crystallography, showing that a novel type of 3 membered rings (two octahedral GeO6 and one tetrahedral GeO4) exists in 1, and the OH− anions are located in the center of double 4-membered rings in 2.
Synthesis of 3,3′-Disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridines from 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-quinone
Authors: Conn Costa , Shimmon Ronald
Published: December 2003

A route to 3,3′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridines from 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-quinone is described. The methodology involves the 1,2-addition of an organometallic reagent to the quinone, followed by lead tetraacetate cleavage of the diol. This, in turn, is followed by Lúche or Wolf–Kishner reduction affording diols or alkanes respectively.
Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing
Authors: Vargo Stephen L. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: December 2003

Marketing inherited a model of exchange from economics, which had a dominant logic based on the exchange of “goods,” which usually are manufactured output. The dominant logic focused on tangible resources, embedded value, and transactions. Over the past several decades, new perspectives have emerged that have a revised logic focused on intangible resources, the cocreation of value, and relationships. The authors believe that the new perspectives are converging to form a new dominant logic for marketing, one in which service provision rather than goods is fundamental to economic exchange. The authors explore this evolving logic and the corresponding shift in perspective for marketing scholars, marketing practitioners, and marketing educators.
Working memory skills and educational attainment: evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age
Authors: Gathercole Susan E. , Pickering Susan J. , Knight Camilla , Stegmann Zoe
Published: December 2003

The relationship between working memory skills and performance on national curriculum assessments in English, mathematics and science was explored in groups of children aged 7 and 14 years. At 7 years, children's levels of attainment in both English and mathematics were significantly associated with working memory scores, and in particular with performance on complex span tasks. At 14 years, strong links persisted between the complex working memory test scores and attainments levels in both mathematics and science, although ability in the English assessments showed no strong association with working memory skill. The results suggest that the intellectual operations required in the curriculum areas of mathematics and science are constrained by the general capacity of working memory across the childhood years. However, whereas success in the acquisition in literacy (tapped by the English assessments at the youngest age) was also linked with working memory capacity, achievements in the higher‐level skills of comprehension and analysis of English literature assessed at 14 years were independent of working memory capacity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cognitive representation of filmic event summaries
Authors: Schwan Stephan , Garsoffky Bärbel
Published: December 2003

The present study compared two types of film summaries and a complete film event portrayal of two different event sequences, measuring their perceived structure during presentation and the subsequent ability to recall them. The summaries were based on the model of behavioural perception (Newtson & Engquist, 1976; Zacks & Tversky, 2001) and either retained the borders (breakpoints) or the middle parts (non‐breakpoints) of each segment of the event sequence. It was found that breakpoint‐keeping summaries were perceived to be more structured and were recalled more coherently and comprehensively than non‐breakpoint‐keeping summaries. On the other hand, breakpoint‐keeping summaries were not recalled any more completely than event portrayals that had not been shortened. Also, breakpoint‐keeping summaries showed only moderate overlap in their recalled event steps. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The name game: acceptability, bonus information and group size
Authors: Morris Peter E. , Fritz Catherine O. , Buck Sarah
Published: December 2003

Our previous research demonstrated the effectiveness of the name game when learning the names of group members. In three experiments we conclude our study of the name game by demonstrating that it is very acceptable to participants and successful with larger groups. Experiment 1 compared the simple and elaborate name games. In the latter, participants learned a word provided by each person in addition to their full name. This ‘bonus’ information was very well learned without detriment to the name learning. Participants rated both versions of the name game as a good use of time and worth playing again although the elaborate name game was rated as more fun. Experiments 2 and 3 used the name game with groups of around 25, finding very good recall of full names. The role of retrieval in the effectiveness of the name game was again demonstrated to be essential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warfarin‐associated multiple digital necrosis complicating heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and Raynaud's phenomenon after aortic valve replacement for adenocarcinoma‐associated thrombotic endocarditis
Authors: Warkentin Theodore E. , Whitlock Richard P. , Teoh Kevin H.T.
Published: December 2003

Necrosis of the digits is a rare complication of warfarin therapy of obscure pathogenesis. We report a 61‐year‐old woman with a 12‐month history of Raynaud's phenomenon who developed multiple digital necrosis following aortic valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis for aortic insufficiency caused by nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Exacerbation of Raynaud's phenomenon occurred during the postoperative period, with daily episodes of ischemia of the fingers and toes that improved with local warming. However, coincident with the occurrence of immune heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, and while undergoing routine warfarin anticoagulation because of the mechanical valve prosthesis, the patient abruptly developed progression of digital ischemia to multiple digital necrosis on postoperative day 8, at the time the international normalized ratio reached its peak value of 4.3. All limb pulses were readily palpable, and vascular imaging studies showed thrombosis only in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins of the right leg. Coagulation studies showed greatly elevated levels of thrombin–antithrombin complexes and prothrombin fragment F1.2 levels, consistent with uncontrolled thrombin generation. After vitamin K administration, no abnormalities of the protein C anticoagulant pathway were identified, consistent with previous studies of other patients with warfarin‐induced necrosis complicating heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Subsequently, the patient was shown to have metastatic breast adenocarcinoma, which explained the patient's initial presentation with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. This patient case suggests that multiple digital gangrene can result from the interaction of various localizing and systemic factors, including compromised microvascular blood flow (Raynaud's phenomenon), increased thrombin generation (heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, adenocarcinoma), and warfarin‐induced failure of the protein C natural anticoagulant pathway. Am. J. Hematol. 75:56–62, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of identification of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura through administrative records: A data validation study
Authors: Segal Jodi B. , Powe Neil R.
Published: December 2003

Administrative data are commonly used to estimate the prevalence of a disease, but the validity of the coding system needs to be evaluated before its use. We assessed the validity of the International Classification of Disease, 9th version, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code of 287.3 for identifying patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Administrative data from inpatients and outpatients seen were retrieved if the patient or insurer was billed with one of three ICD‐9‐CM codes for thrombocytopenic disorders, 287.3, 287.4, and 287.5, as a primary or secondary diagnosis; or was physician‐identified as having ITP. The electronic medical records for these patients were systematically reviewed to identify patients with ITP and with non‐ITP diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and κ scores were calculated separately for inpatients and outpatients. Four‐hundred eighteen records were reviewed. Among inpatients, the sensitivity of code 287.3 for indicating a diagnosis of ITP was 100% [95% confidence interval 94–100%]. The specificity was 89% [95% confidence interval 84–94%]. The percent agreement was 92%, and the κ statistic was 0.80. For outpatients, the sensitivity of the billing code 287.3 was 84% [95% confidence interval 76–91%], a conservative estimate because of how the patients with other diagnoses were selected. The specificity for outpatients was 66% [95% confidence interval 56–76%]. ICD‐9‐CM code 287.3 in administrative billing data is likely to be sufficiently sensitive and specific, particularly when inpatient data are used, for the estimation of the prevalence of ITP. Am. J. Hematol. 75:12–17, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A non‐immunological phospholipid‐dependent coagulation inhibitor associated with IgGλ‐type multiple myeloma
Authors: Takamiya Osamu , Machida Shinichiro , Okuda Masahiro , Nojima Junzo , Koreeda Chikako , Kubara Katuhiko
Published: December 2003

We investigated the rare case of a patient with IgGλ multiple myeloma for whom both prothrombin time and APTT were significantly prolonged. The IgG inhibited coagulation reactions upstream from prothrombin when coagulation was initiated by mRVVT, but not by FXa, as indicated by a chromogenic substrate for FXa. The mPT and the mAPTT showed inhibition of FXa generation in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The IgG inhibited both protein C (indicated by APTT) and FX (indicated by RVV) but not amidolysis for either activated protein C or FXa. The addition of excess phospholipid significantly shortened the prolonged RVVT of the patient. It inhibited the coagulation reactions of normal plasma and was dependent on decreasing the PS concentration in the APTT reagent. It was suggested that the IgG showed lupus anticoagulant (LA)‐like activity that inhibited phospholipid‐dependent coagulation reactions in the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways. However, the IgG did not bind cardiolipin–β2GPI complex, β2GPI, or prothrombin in ELISA assays. The IgG did not bind to either PS or phospholipid complexes in the presence or absence of prothrombin, FX, or FXa. Interestingly, the IgG lost its LA like‐activity when it was degraded to F(ab′)2 and Fc fragments by pepsin. We suspected that the IgG might inhibit the interaction between coagulation factors and acid phospholipid non‐immunologically and that this process requires an intact IgG conformation, although the reaction mode is still not clear. Am. J. Hematol. 75:34–39, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Burns Edward R. , Lou Yenmay , Pathak Anjali
Published: December 2003

The diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) rests on evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in the absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and other known causes of thrombotic microangiopathy. Highly specific diagnostic tools such as serum levels of ADAMTS13 are not routinely available for immediate clinical diagnosis. The presence of schistocytes on a blood smear is the morphologic hallmark of the disease, but no guidelines exist as to the number of schistocytes required to differentiate TTP from other thrombotic microangiopathies. We studied 6 patients with TTP and compared their schistocyte counts with those of 40 normal subjects, 28 patients with chronic renal disease, 5 with preeclampsia, and 5 with normal functioning mechanical heart valves. The mean schistocyte count for the TTP patients was 8.35% versus 0.05% for normal subjects, 0.2% for renal patients, 0.25% for preeclamptic patients, and 0.18% for patients with mechanical valves (P < 0.001). Schistocytes were found on 100% of blood films of TTP patients and ranged from 1.0% to 18.4% of red cells. Schistocytes are found on the smears of 58% of normal individuals and on 80–100% of the other patient groups studied, but always comprise less than 0.5% of the red cell population. An initial schistocyte count of greater than 1% strongly suggests a diagnosis of TTP in the absence of other known causes of thrombotic microangiopathy. Am. J. Hematol. 75:18–21, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐2/Bax ratio are associated with treatment response but not with Rai stage in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Saxena Anurag , Viswanathan Sathiyanarayanan , Moshynska Oksana , Tandon Puneeta , Sankaran Koravangattu , Sheridan David P.
Published: December 2003

Although both Bcl‐2/Bax ratio and Mcl‐1 have been identified to be of clinical relevance in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), there is controversy regarding their role; further, their relative importance is not well delineated. Expression of Bcl‐2, Bax, the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio, and Mcl‐1 in 51 consecutive previously untreated CLL patients and 16 controls was determined by Western blotting. Only 37 patients were treated, all with chlorambucil and prednisone initially. Six patients achieved complete response (CR), 14 were non‐responders (NR), and 17 had a partial response (PR), as defined by NCI criteria. There was considerable inter‐patient variability in protein expression and overlap with healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). All patients with CR had low Mcl‐1 levels compared to the PR + NR group (0.07 ± 0.02 vs. 0.14 ± 0.07, P = 0.043). Higher Mcl‐1 expression as determined by dichotomizing the data was associated with a failure to achieve CR (P = 0.021). The Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was significantly associated with treatment response only when CR and PR were considered together (0.89 ± 0.53 [CR + PR] vs. 3.38 ± 4.47 [NR], P = 0.0118). There was no association with Rai stage. Low Mcl‐1 appears to be a requirement for CR, while low Bcl‐2/Bax ratio is indicative of some response to conventional treatment. Am. J. Hematol. 75:22–33, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of thyroid hormones in human and laboratory animal reproductive health
Authors: Choksi Neepa Y. , Jahnke Gloria D. , St. Hilaire Cathy , Shelby Michael
Published: December 2003

The highly conserved nature of the thyroid gland and the thyroid system among mammalian species suggests it is critical to species survival. Studies show the thyroid system plays a critical role in the development of several organ systems, including the reproductive tract. Despite its highly conserved nature, the thyroid system can have widely different effects on reproduction and reproductive tract development in different species. The present review focuses on assessing the role of thyroid hormones in human reproduction and reproductive tract development and comparing it to the role of thyroid hormones in laboratory animal reproduction and reproductive tract development. The review also assesses the effects of thyroid dysfunction on reproductive tract development and function in humans and laboratory animals. Consideration of such information is important in designing, conducting, and interpreting studies to assess the potential effects of thyroid toxicants on reproduction and development. Birth Defects Res B 68:479–491, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of developmental toxicity in mice treated with Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) In utero
Authors: Jagetia Ganesh Chandra , Baliga Manjeshwar Shrinath
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND: The teratogenic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Alstonia scholaris (ASE) was studied in the pregnant Swiss albino mice administered with 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 mg/kg ASE on Day 11 of gestation. METHODS: Females were allowed to complete the term and parturiate. The litters were monitored regularly for mortality, growth retardation, congenital malformations, and appearance of physiological markers up to 7 weeks post‐parturition (p.p.). RESULTS: The administration of 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg/kg ASE to the pregnant mice on Day 11 did not induce mortality, congenital malformations, or alter the normal growth patterns. A further increase in the herbal extract dose up to 360 or 480 mg/kg resulted in a dose dependent increase in the mortality, growth retardation, and congenital malformations, characterized mainly by bent tails and syndactyly. The administration of higher doses (360 or 480 mg) of ASE also caused a significant delay in the morphological parameters such as fur development, eye opening, pinna detachment, and vaginal opening. The incisor eruption and testes decent were found to be delayed in litters born to the mothers treated with 240–480 mg/kg ASE.CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates clearly that ASE treatment caused teratogenic effect only at doses above 240 mg/kg (>20% of LD50). Lower doses had no developmental toxicity. Birth Defects Res B 68:472–478, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prototypical analysis of adolescent psychopathy: investigating the juvenile justice perspective
Authors: Cruise Keith R. , Colwell Lori H. , Lyons Phillip M. , Baker Michael D.
Published: December 2003

The past ten years have seen a dramatic increase in the empirical investigation of psychopathic characteristics in children and adolescents. In general, the focus of this research has been on the validation of assessment instruments to evaluate psychopathy as well as concurrent and predictive validity. Little attention has been directed toward elucidating the core characteristics of this construct. The current study expands on previous research by asking juvenile justice personnel (424 juvenile detention and probation officers) to identify the core characteristics of the construct via prototypical analysis for both male and female adolescents. Results of separate factor analyses by gender revealed five identifiable dimensions: juvenile delinquency, serious/violent conduct problems, narcissistic/manipulation of others, impulsivity/acting out, and family problems. The results suggest that juvenile justice personnel focus on a wide range of behavioral indicators as indicative of adolescent psychopathy in addition to affective and interpersonal characteristics typically viewed as crucial to the construct by clinicians. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.