bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japanese marine algae: New combinations, new names and new species
Authors: Yoshida Tadao
Published: February 2006

Several new species, combinations and names are described or proposed for the following species of algae reported from Japan: Gloiocladia japonica comb. nov. (=Gloioderma japonicum Okamura), Mazzaella hemisphaerica comb. nov. (=Rhodoglos‐sum hemisphaericum Mikami), Melanamansia mitsuii comb. nov. (=Amansia mitsuii Segawa), Ptilo‐cladia divaricata comb. nov. (=Crouania divaricata Okamura), Analipus gunjii comb. nov. (=Chordaria gunjii Yendo), Elachista okarnurae nom. nov. (=Elachista globosa Takamatsu), Gelidium inagakii nom. nov. (=Gelidium nanum Inagaki), Mastocarpus yendoisp. nov. (=Gigartina mamillosa sensu Yendo), Melobesia masakii nom. nov. (=Metobesia pacifica Masaki) and Porphyra yamadae sp. nov. (=Porphyra crispata sensu Okamura and Ueda).
Mannitol metabolism of the epiphytic mangrove red alga Caloglossa leprieurii (Ceramiales): A long‐term field study
Authors: Karsten Ulf , Barrow Kevin D. , King Robert J.
Published: February 2006

The concentrations of mannitol and floridean starch were determined in a 1–year field study of the epiphytic red alga Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) J. Agardh from warm temperate waters of eastern Australia. Seasonal environmental data for air and water temperature, day length and rainfall were recorded. The mannitol content and the floridean starch content varied significantly between collections but no seasonal responses were observed, nor were the contents correlated with any of the abiotic factors. A possible function of the starch pool as a supply for respiratory substrates under emergent conditions is discussed. All data indicate that productivity and biomass of C. leprieurii are affected by short‐term abiotic and/or biotic conditions rather than controlled directly by seasonally fluctuating environmental factors. In addition, the activity of three highly specific enzymes (mannitol‐1–phosphate dehydroge‐nase, mannitol‐1–phosphatase, mannitol‐dehydroge‐nase) and one non‐specific enzyme (hexokinase), all of which are involved in the mannitol cycle, were measured in cell‐free extracts every 2 weeks. All enzymes showed marked changes in activity over the year, but again no clear patterns emerged, neither with season nor in relationship to one another. On the basis of the results here, C. leprieurii is considered to be a 'season responded rather than a ‘season anticipator’.
Multiple pathways of excitation energy flow in the photosynthetic pigment system of a cryptophyte, Cryptomonas sp. (CR‐1)*
Authors: Mimuro Mamoru , Tamai Naoto , Murakami Akio , Watanabe Masakatsu , Erata Mayumi , Watanabe Makoto M. , Tokutomi Mitsue , Yamazaki Iwao
Published: February 2006

Energy transfer pathways in a cryptophyte, Cryptomonas sp. (CR‐1 strain) were investigated mainly by the steady state fluorescence spectroscopy and the time‐resolved spectrum. Cryptomonas sp. (CR‐1) contains chlorophyll (Chi) a, Chi c2, carotenoids and cryptomonad phycoer‐ythrin (Cr‐PE565), the last of which is known to be located in the lumenal side of the thyiakoid membranes. The spectral heterogeneity cf pigments was resolved by fluorescence spectra; there were at least five emission bands of Chi a at ‐196°C. Chlorophyll C2 and carotenoids transferred independently to the common Chi a form (Chi a663), and Cr‐PE565, to the different form (Chi a682). Chlorophyll c2 was not an intermediary component of energy transfer from carotenoid to Ch a; this is a common phenomenon to green algae and brown algae. The Chi a663 and Chi a682 are postulated to be located in the light‐harvesting chlorophyll protein (LHC) II; thus, the energy is accumulated on Chi a682‘n LHC II. The energy transfer step in Cr‐PE;565, was short, which was shown by a small, time‐dependent red‐shift of the emission. In the photosystem (PS) II core, two fluorescence components were resolved at 688 and 696 nm. The former was the trap at cryogenic temperatures. A large red‐shift induced by the low temperature was explained by an equilibrium between Chi a682 in LHC II and Chi a688 in PS II core. The presence of Chi a682 emission at physiological temperature is a unique feature of this alga. This was also reported in dinophyceae, which contain peridinin‐ChI a‐protein in the lumenal side of the thyiakoid membrane. Thus, this modification might be common in systems where the antenna complexes bind to the LHC II on the lumenal side. Based on the spectral data, we proposed a model for the molecular organization of PS II and the energy transfer pathways in cryptophyceae.
Chrysocapsopsis rupicola: A new genus and species in the Chrysophyceae
Authors: Thompson Rufus H. , Wujek Daniel E.
Published: February 2006

Chrysocapsopsis rupicola gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae) is described. It differs from Chrysocapsa and the closely related genera Chrysocapselia and Tetrachrysis by possessing both epiphytic and planktonic forms within the same life‐history. Reproduction is by budding which produces short irregular branches within a gelatinous mass. Four or more aplanospores are produced from each mother cell; no motile cells were observed.
Microhabitat and morphometric variation of two Chaetophoracean (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyta) species in tropical streams of southeastern Brazil
Authors: Branco Ciro Cesar Zanini , Necchi Orlando
Published: February 2006

Two populations of Chaetophora elegans (Roth) C. Agardh and two of Stigeoclonium helveticum Vischer were investigated for microhabitat characteristics and morphological variation in streams of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Different patterns of microhabitat distribution were found between species investigated. Populations of C, elegans were distributed under relatively narrow microhabitat conditions (high irradiance, low depth, moderate to high current velocity, rocky substrata and lower values of niche width) and showing little morphometric variation (colony diameter, main axis cell size, and apical branch number), Stigeoclonium helveticum occurred under more diverse microhabitat conditions, revealed by lack of significant difference between sampling units with and without the alga and wider niche width, but also exhibited relatively narrow morphometric variation (plant length, main axis cell and ateral branch cell sizes). The narrow microhabitat conditions and smaller niche width of C. elegans can explain its low abundance (percentage cover) in streams from the area studied as well as in other regions of São Paulo State, In contrast, the wider variation of microhabitat conditions and the higher niche widths of S. helveticum suggest that this green alga is able to grow in a high number of stream ecosystems in the region investigated, ranging from undisturbed to highly disturbed habitats. Thus. the results suggest that S. helveticum is a generalist species.
Granulocyte functions and changes in ability with age in newborns; Report no. 1: Flow cytometric analysis of granulocyte functions in whole blood
Authors: MORIGUCHI NAOHIKO , YAMAMOTO SEIICHIROU , ISOKAWA SADAYUKI , ANDOU ATUSHI , MIYATA HIROSHI
Published: February 2006

Background: Serious bacterial infections occur with higher frequency in the first weeks of life than in other age groups and this may be, in part, related to functional impairment of neonatal granulocytes. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the characteristics of granulocyte function during the neonatal period.

Methods: The expression of adhesive molecules on the surface of granulocytes present in umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood obtained at 5 days and 1 month after birth, H2O2 production and protease activity in granulocytes were studied by comparison with adult blood.

Results: Although there were no significant differences observed with respect to the expression of CD11b on the surface of granulocytes between each age group and adults, l‐selectin was significantly lower in cord blood as compared with adult blood. Production of H2O2 by granulocytes was significantly lower for cord blood than peripheral blood from 1 month old infants or that from adults in the presence of either phorbol myristate acetate or N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine stimulation. The intracellular activity of elastase and collagenase within granulocytes exhibited a higher tendency for cord blood as compared with adult blood.

Conclusions: Decreased functions of part of the phagocyte system during early infancy were clearly observed.
Polyethylene skin wrapping accelerates recovery from hypothermia in very low‐birthweight infants
Authors: DUMAN NURAY , UTKUTAN SELVINAZ , KUMRAL ABDULLAH , KÖROG˘LU TOLGA F. , ÖZKAN HASAN
Published: February 2006

Background: Thermal management of the very low‐birthweight (VLBW) infant is a cornerstone of neonatology because thermal stress is an important determinant of survival. This prospective study was designed to determine the effects of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping on heat loss in VLBW infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) promptly after birth.

Methods: Thirty consecutively inborn infants weighing <1500 g were allocated to a wrap or non‐wrap group within an incubator after admission to the NICU. Axillary and incubator temperatures were taken on arrival at 1 and 2 h.

Results: Infants in the wrap group reached a normal axillary temperature faster then non‐wrap infants and required lower incubator temperatures.

Conclusions: Polyethylene film wrapping effectively helps to correct hypothermia in VLBW infants admitted to the NICU.
Survey of parents, nurses, and school principals on their perceptions of the controversial role of schools in health promotion
Authors: GROSS SAMUEL , AVNER COHEN HERMAN , KAHAN ERNESTO
Published: February 2006

Background: The aim of this paper was to study the perceptions of parents, nurses, and school principals of the role of the health services in elementary schools.

Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to the heads of parents’ committees, school nurses, and school principals of 35 randomly selected elementary public schools in Israel. Respondents were asked to qualify the degree of importance of the traditional and contemporary roles of the school health‐care team.

Results: Response rates were 80.0% for parents, 100% for nurses, and 97.1% for principals. All respondents agreed that both the traditional and new roles are very important. Nurses rated three interconnected roles significantly lower than parents and school principals: ‘Evaluation of students with behavioral problems’, ‘Evaluation of students with low academic performance’, and ‘Follow up and care of students with behavioral problems and low performance’.

Conclusions: Nurses, parents and school principals in Israel agree that the traditional roles of health teams in elementary schools, that is, providing first aid and ensuring school hygiene, are very important. Most are ready to accept a move from an illness‐based to a social‐based model, with less time spent on screening and surveillance and more on identifying and managing special needs of children and staff.
Panniculitis in childhood and adolescence
Authors: MORAES ANA JP , SOARES POLLYANA MF , ZAPATA AURA L , LOTITO ANA PN , SALLUM ADRIANA ME , SILVA CLOVIS AA
Published: February 2006

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to describe the clinical manifestations and treatment of patients with panniculitis.

Methods: From January 1983 to December 2002, 4294 patients were treated for pediatric rheumatological diseases at Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Of these, 35 children and adolescents (0.8%) presented with panniculitis: erythema nodosum (EN) or Weber–Christian disease (WCD). Clinical characteristics, laboratory exams, biopsy of the lesion, treatment and clinical course were studied.

Results: Of the 35 patients, 29 presented with EN and six with WCD, one of these with cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis. Mean age at symptom onset was 85 months (6–204 months) and the mean duration of follow up was 55 months (1–144 months). All the patients presented with inflammatory subcutaneous nodules. The patients with WCD presented with systemic manifestations and cutaneous atrophy. The principal etiologies of EN were streptococcal infection (42%), undetermined (13.5%), pulmonary tuberculosis (10%), and acute rheumatic fever (10%). Biopsy of the nodules indicated septal panniculitis in 14 patients with EN and lobular panniculitis without vasculitis in the patients with WCD, one of which had cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis. There was recurrence in 11 patients (38%) with EN and in all those with WCD. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were used in 15 patients with EN and corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs in the six patients with WCD. Three patients died.

Conclusions: EN is the most frequent panniculitis, with a benign course and is mainly associated with infections. WCD is a severe disease, with systemic involvement, that proceeds with cutaneous atrophy and requires the use of corticosteroids and or immunosuppressive drugs.
Suppressive effect of α2 Heremans–Schmid glycoprotein on in vitro calcification of osteogenesis
Authors: YOSHIDA YUJI , TAKAHASHI YUKIHIRO , YOSHIKAWA TAKAFUMI , NONOMURA AKITAKA , YOSHIOKA AKIRA
Published: February 2006

Background:  α2 Heremans–Schmid glycoprotein (α2HS glycoprotein) is predominantly found in bone. To date, we have investigated plasma α2HS levels in immature babies and neonates as well as the histological distribution in various neonatal tissues in order to clarify its physiological significance. In an effort to understand the physiological function of α2HS glycoprotein in bones, we studied the effects of α2HS glycoprotein in cultured osteogenesis model using rat marrow cells.

Methods:  We added different concentrations of α2HS glycoprotein to cultured marrow cells, including osteoblasts in the presence of dexamethasone, in an attempt to elucidate the effects of α2HS glycoprotein on osteoblast growth and bone calcification in vitro.

Results:  The results showed that total DNA content was significantly increased with 0.2–20 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein, but was neither suppressed nor increased with 200 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein. Although ALP activity increased with 0.2 or 2 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein, it decreased with 20 or 200 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein. While 0.2 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein had no effect on calcium or osteocalcin content, 2 nM (f.c.) α2HS glycoprotein decreased both calcium content and osteocalcin content by about half, and no calcium or osteocalcin was observed with 20 or 200 nM (f.c.). Calcium staining of cultured marrow cells revealed that the number of stained cell tubercles decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner.

Conclusion:  These findings suggest that α2HS glycoprotein regulates the growth of osteoblasts and acts as an inhibitory factor in the regulation of bone calcification.
Antipyretics and delirious behavior during febrile illness
Authors: OKUMURA AKIHISA , FUKUMOTO YUKIKO , HAYAKAWA FUMIO , NAKANO TAKASHI , HIGUCHI KAZUO , KAMIYA HITOSHI , WATANABE KAZUYOSHI , MORISHIMA TSUNEO
Published: February 2006

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to study the use of antipyretics in children with delirium associated with fever in order to clarify their possible adverse effects.

Methods: The use of antipyretics was investigated in 26 children with delirious behavior associated with fever. Temporal relation between delirious behavior and the use of antipyretics was recognized in six children.

Results: In four children, delirious behavior was observed soon after administration of antipyretics. The antipyretics used were acetaminophen in two children, mephenamate in one, and diclofenac in one. In the other two children, delirious behavior was observed when body temperature began to fall 1–2 h after administration of antipyretics. The antipyretics used were acetaminophen in one child and mephenamate in one.

Conclusion: A temporal relationship between antipyretics and delirious behavior was observed in some patients with febrile delirium. This suggests that antipyretics can be a trigger of delirium.
Theophylline metabolism in acute asthma with MxA‐indicated viral infection
Authors: ITAZAWA TOSHIKO , ADACHI YUICHI , NAKABAYASHI MOTOKAZU , FUCHIZAWA TATSUYA , MURAKAMI GYOKEI , MIYAWAKI TOSHIO
Published: February 2006

Background: Although viral infection might alter theophylline metabolism in acute asthma, there are some difficulties in detecting infection due to various kinds of viruses in a clinical setting.

Methods: To evaluate the usefulness of assessment of MxA protein in acute asthma exacerbated by viral infection, MxA protein expression in lymphocytes was assayed by flow cytometric analysis in whole peripheral blood in 21 children (aged 0–6 years) receiving continuous theophylline infusion for management of asthma attack. Serum theophylline levels were measured at 24 and 72 h after initiating theophylline infusion.

Results: At the beginning of theophylline infusion, 11 children had increased expression of MxA protein, indicating viral infected states. After 24 h continuous infusion, there were no differences in theophylline levels between MxA‐negative and MxA‐positive groups. After 72 h infusion, the mean theophylline level of MxA‐positive children was significantly higher than that of MxA‐negative children (9.7 ± 2.2 μg/mL vs 7.3 ± 1.6 μg/mL). The ratio of theophylline clearance at 72 h to that at 24 h in the MxA‐positive group was significantly lower than that of the MxA‐negative group (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 1.4 ± 0.1).

Conclusions: Viral infection appeared to affect theophylline metabolism. Flow cytometric assay of lymphoid MxA protein expression in whole blood is an easy and useful method of evaluating viral infection in acute asthma exacerbation.
IS THERE A SPECIFIC LINKAGE BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE?
Authors: Mizuta Yohei , Takeshima Fuminao , Shikuwa Saburo , Ikeda Satoshi , Kohno Shigeru
Published: February 2006

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition characterized by repetitive sleep‐induced collapse of the upper airways. It is associated with increased risk for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, and traffic accidents. In contrast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disorder defined as various symptoms or esophageal mucosal damage generated by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Patients with OSAS have been reported to have a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms. The increase of transdiaphragmatic pressure in parallel with the large negative intrathoracic pressure produced during apnea events may directly lead to GER. In addition, some studies have demonstrated improvement in GERD with the application of continuous positive airway pressure, most consistently effective treatment for OSAS. However, GER dose not occur with every apnea. Moreover, the common conditions observed in patients with OSAS, including obesity or alcohol ingestion, are also predisposing factors for GER. A more recent investigation in over 1000 subjects failed to show a causal link between both diseases. Thus, the potential relationship between OSAS and GERD remains controversial. Inconsistencies in definitions of both diseases or sampling biases may contribute to the confusing results.
LAPAROSCOPIC AND OPEN COLORECTAL SURGERY IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE: RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Wahl Peter , Hahnloser Dieter , Chanson Christian , Givel Jean‐Claude
Published: February 2006

Background:  Most studies available on laparoscopic colorectal surgery focus on highly selected patient groups. The aim of the present study was to review short‐ and long‐term outcome of everyday patients treated in a general surgery department.

Methods:  Retrospective review was carried out of a prospective database of all consecutive patients having undergone primary laparoscopic (LAP) or open colorectal surgery between March 1993 and December 1997. Follow‐up data were completed via questionnaire.

Results:  A total of 187 patients underwent LAP resection and 215 patients underwent open surgery. Follow up was complete in 95% with a median of 59 months (range, 1–107 months) and 53 months (range, 1–104 months), respectively. There were 28 conversions (15%) in the LAP group and these remained in the LAP group in an intention‐to‐treat analysis. The LAP operations lasted significantly longer for all types of resections (205 vs 150 min, P < 0.001) and hospital stay was shorter (8 vs 13 days, P < 0.001). Recovery of intestinal function was faster in the LAP group, but only after left‐sided procedures (3 vs 4 days, P < 0.01). However, preoperative patient selection (more emergency operations and patients with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score in the open group) had a major influence on these elements and favours the LAP group. Surprisingly, the overall surgical complication rate (including long‐term complications such as wound hernia) was 20% in both groups with rates of individual complications also being comparable in both groups.

Conclusion:  Despite a patient selection favourable to the laparoscopy group, only little advantage in postoperative outcome could be shown for the minimally invasive over the open approach in the everyday patient.
OUTCOMES AFTER ADMISSION ON THE DAY OF ELECTIVE RESECTION FOR COLORECTAL CANCER
Authors: Rothwell Lincoln A. , Bokey E. Leslie , Keshava Anil , Chapuis Pierre H. , Dent Owen F.
Published: February 2006

Background:  When a policy encouraging day of surgery admission (DOSA) was introduced in public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, there were concerns that patient outcomes would be compromised. The aim of the present study was to compare patients having an elective resection for colorectal cancer (CRC) on a DOSA and a non‐DOSA basis in respect of postoperative complications, operative mortality and 2‐year survival.

Methods:  A comprehensive prospective computerized database is maintained for all patients undergoing a resection for CRC at Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia. The present study is based on patients who had an elective resection during the transition to DOSA between January 2000 and December 2003. Background characteristics, comorbidity, perioperative factors, tumour pathology, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and overall survival were compared between 274 DOSA and 103 non‐DOSA patients.

Results:  Of the 24 postoperative complications considered there was a significant difference in only four: DOSA patients were less likely than non‐DOSA patients to have a respiratory complication (16.1% vs 29.1%, P = 0.004), a prolonged organic confusional state (5.5% vs 23.3%, P < 0.001), acute drug withdrawal (0.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.021) or multisystem failure (0.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.021). There was no difference in operative mortality or 2‐year survival.

Conclusion:  The present study shows that DOSA did not adversely affect a wide range of outcomes for patients having a resection for CRC. In fact the results suggest that DOSA may protect against respiratory complications and prolonged postoperative confusion.
IMPACT OF BLOOD FLOW OCCLUSION ON LIVER NECROSIS FOLLOWING THERMAL ABLATION
Authors: Nikfarjam Mehrdad , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan , Malcontenti‐Wilson Caterina , McLaren Wendy , Christophi Christopher
Published: February 2006

Background:  Laser, radiofrequency and microwave are common techniques for local destruction of liver tumours by thermal ablation. The main limitation of thermal ablation treatment is the volume of necrosis that can be achieved. Blood flow occlusion is commonly advocated as an adjunct to thermal ablation to increase the volume of tissue necrosis based on macroscopic and histological assessment of immediate or direct thermal injury. This study examines the impact of blood flow occlusion on direct and indirect laser induced thermal liver injury in a murine model using histochemical methods to assess tissue vitality.

Methods:  Thermal ablation produced by neodymium yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet laser (wavelength 1064 nm) was applied to the liver of inbred male CBA strain mice at 2 W for 50 s (100 J). Treatment was performed with and without temporary portal vein and hepatic artery blood flow occlusion. Animals were killed upon completion of the procedure to assess direct thermal injury or at 24, 48 and 72 h to assess the progression of tissue damage. The maximum diameter of necrosis was assessed by vital staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase. Microvascular changes were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, confocal in vivo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Results:  The direct thermal injury (mean SE) assessed by NADH diaphorase staining was significantly greater following thermal ablation treatment without blood flow occlusion than with blood flow occlusion (3.3 (0.4) mm vs 2.9 (0.3) mm; P = 0.005). Tissue disruption, cracking and vacuolization was more pronounced adjacent to the fibre insertion site in the group treated with thermal ablation combined with blood flow occlusion. There was an equivalent increase in the extent of injury following therapy in both groups that reached a peak at 48 h. The maximum diameter of necrosis in the thermal ablation alone group at 48 h was significantly greater than the thermal ablation combined with blood flow occlusion group (5.8 (0.4) mm vs 5.3 (0.3) mm; P = 0.011). The patterns of microvascular injury were similar in both groups, varying in extent.

Conclusion:  Temporary blood flow inflow occlusion appears to decrease the extent of initial injury measured by vital staining techniques and does not alter the time sequence of progressive tissue injury following thermal ablation therapy.
GUIDELINES FOR SURGICAL AUDIT IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Watters David A. K. , Green Anthony J. , Van Rij Andre
Published: February 2006

Surgical audit is an important part of the process to measure performance, reduce clinical risk and improve quality of care. Recognizing this, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons established a Surgical Audit Taskforce as a subcommittee of the Board of Continuing Professional Standards. This study aims to review the recommendations of the Taskforce for data collection and peer review. The minimum data for whole‐practice, continuing audit have been defined. The method of data collection, devices and databases are personal choices for the individual surgeon. However, there are many benefits of developing an electronic surgical audit, and these include facilitating comparison and sharing of audit data between units. Surgical audits should not only report on work carried out but also ensure that outcomes include key performance indicators such as major complications, readmissions, reoperations, transfers, incident reports, complaints and mortalities. Effective clinical governance demands that issues raised by audit need to be documented and reported together with recommendations for improvement. Surgeons should be proactive in helping to find and implement solutions to the issues arising from surgical audit.
FLUID RESUSCITATION IN MAJOR BURNS
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Fitzgerald Mark , Cameron Peter , Cleland Heather
Published: February 2006

Background:  The Parkland formula is established as the ‘gold standard’ for initial fluid resuscitation for major burns. The purpose of this study was to review our fluid resuscitation practice for major burns to determine whether anecdotal observations of significant variations from the Parkland formula were wide spread and whether any difference could be used as a basis for a revision of fluid resuscitation in major burns.

Methods:  A retrospective review of 127 presentations to The Alfred Burns Unit with total body surface area (TBSA) affected ≥15% was conducted. A retrospective review of the resuscitation data from these patients was compared with the Parkland formula as well as other studies.

Results:  A total of 49 patients with complete data on fluid administration and uncomplicated burns were included in the analysis. Significantly larger volumes of fluid (5.58 mL/kg per %TBSA) were given to these patients in the first 24 h than predicted by the Parkland formula. Mean arterial pressure, pulse rate and urine output were at satisfactory levels. Clinically evident complications from fluid administration were minimal. Mortality was similar to that in other centres.

Conclusion:  Fluid resuscitation volumes significantly higher than those predicted by the Parkland formula were given, without adverse consequences. This retrospective review supports a prospective, multicentre, randomized, controlled study comparing this study with the Parkland formula, resulting in a better guide to initial fluid resuscitation in major burns.
RURAL NEUROTRAUMA IN AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SURGICAL TRAINING
Authors: Bishop Conard V. , Drummond Katharine J.
Published: February 2006

Background:  Australia's vast size and small population preclude a neurosurgical service in most rural areas. Thus, general surgeons often initially manage rural neurotrauma. This study aimed to define the neurotrauma surgical caseload in rural Australia and to examine the level of training and confidence of rural surgeons for neurotrauma management.

Methods:  A questionnaire was sent to all Australian members of the Division of Rural Surgery of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Responses were grouped by distance from a neurosurgical centre and analysed using one‐way anova.

Results:  The response rate was 91%, and 161 rural surgeons were included. In total, 90 surgeons carried out approximately 600 procedures for neurotrauma in 5 years. The number of procedures per surgeon increased with distance from a neurosurgical centre (P < 0.0001), as did pretransport delays (P < 0.001). Combined pretransport and transport time was at least 2 h for 84% of surgeons. The majority (75% or more) of rural surgeons accessed hospitals with necessary basic infrastructure, including 24‐h computed tomography scan, emergency department, and intensive care unit. There was no association between distance from a neurosurgical centre and level of neurosurgical training. Only 28% of rural surgeons had neurosurgery training more advanced than resident level. However, confidence with management of cranial trauma increased significantly with distance. More distant surgeons felt more confident with computed tomography reading (P = 0.02); burr hole (P = 0.02); craniotomy (P = 0.03) and intracranial pressure monitor insertion (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:  A significant volume of neurotrauma is managed surgically in rural Australia as dictated by distance. However, neurotrauma training of rural surgeons has occurred on an ad hoc basis, with those most exposed and most distant developing some confidence. Evidence for specific adequate training is lacking, but this study suggests that it is necessary.
LABORATORY TESTS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE APPENDICITIS
Authors: Yang Horng‐Ren , Wang Yu‐Chun , Chung Ping‐Kuei , Chen Wei‐Kung , Jeng Long‐Bin , Chen Ray‐Jade
Published: February 2006

Background:  Laboratory measurements such as leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration are commonly used as diagnostic aids in patients with suspected acute appendicitis. The present study aimed to clarify the role of these laboratory tests in diagnosing acute appendicitis.

Methods:  The medical records of 897 patients who underwent appendicectomy for suspected acute appendicitis during a 30‐month period were retrospectively reviewed. The laboratory findings were correlated with the histopathology of the excised appendices. Data were analysed to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the individual tests, as well as the test combinations.

Results:  Histologically verified appendicitis was found in 740 of the 897 patients (82.5%). The rise in leucocyte count and neutrophil percentage correlated with the degree of appendiceal inflammation. The median CRP level was much higher in the patients with ruptured appendicitis compared with that in patients with a normal appendix (96.8 vs 39.6 mg/L, P < 0.001). However, patients with uncomplicated appendicitis had a lower median CRP concentration than those with a normal appendix, although the difference was not statistically significant (24.1 vs 39.6 mg/L, P = 0.079). The sensitivity of leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage and CRP in diagnosing acute appendicitis was 85.8, 87.2 and 76.5%, respectively, whereas the specificity was 31.9, 33.1 and 26.1%, respectively. Of the 740 patients with acute appendicitis, only six had all three tests simultaneously within the reference interval.

Conclusions:  Abnormal laboratory findings cannot reliably deliver a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, acute appendicitis is very unlikely when leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage and CRP level are simultaneously normal.
CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF BLUNT SPLENIC TRAUMA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Thompson Stephen R. , Holland Andrew J. A.
Published: February 2006

Background:  Non‐operative management of the great majority of blunt splenic injuries in children has become routine. Debate continues on the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, follow‐up imaging and the duration of physical activity restrictions following injury. The purpose of this study was to review the recent experience of an Australian Paediatric Trauma Centre with splenic trauma to define current practice.

Methods:  A retrospective chart review of patients with splenic trauma admitted to the Children's Hospital at Westmead between November 1995 and December 2003.

Results:  A total of 39 patients with blunt splenic trauma were identified: 20 (51%) were multiply injured. Thirty‐three (85%) children were managed non‐operatively. The most common initial imaging method was computed tomography (n = 28, 72%). Fourteen patients (36%) were admitted to the ICU with a mean length of stay (LOS) of 4.1 days (range 1–13 days). The overall mean LOS was 10.8 days (range 1–43 days). Nineteen patients (50%) had imaging studies performed after diagnosis but before discharge. Further post‐discharge imaging was carried out in 21 cases (54%). There were no deaths, but 10 patients developed complications. The mean documented activity restriction was 7.4 weeks (range 1–16 weeks).

Conclusion:  The majority of children who had suffered blunt splenic trauma were safely managed non‐operatively outside an ICU. In stable patients, there appeared to be no benefits associated with repeated imaging following the diagnosis of splenic trauma. Physical activity restriction in excess of 3–4 weeks did not appear to be warranted.
ARTERIAL VASCULAR CONDUITS IN ADULT ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: Liu Tianqi , Dilworth Pamela , Sosef Meindert , Wang Chuanmin , Crawford Michael , Gallagher James , Verran Deborah
Published: February 2006

Background:  Vascular conduits may be required to gain arterial inflow to the donor hepatic artery in orthotopic liver transplantation.

Methods:  From January 1986 to December 2003, arterial conduits were required in 31/582 (5.3%) adult liver transplant procedures.

Results:  Indications for the conduit included recipient hepatic artery problems (20); hepatic artery thrombosis previous allograft (7) and other (4). The conduits used in 28/31 cases (90%) were deceased donor iliac arteries and the remainder prosthetic grafts. Patients requiring conduits were more likely to be already hospitalized (P = 0.038) or undergoing a retransplant procedure (P = 0.001) than patients not requiring conduits. Both sepsis and haemorrhage caused death in 8/31 (26%) patients requiring conduits versus 42/551 (7.6%) patients not requiring conduits. Death from thrombosis of the iliac artery conduit occurred in two cases and from bacterial infection of a prosthetic conduit in one case. For retransplant procedures, allograft loss was seen in 11/13 (84%) conduit cases versus 11/28 (39%) non‐conduit cases (P = 0.016). Overall allograft survival was significantly lower in the conduit cases than in the non‐conduit cases (P = 0.0001), with 12/31 (39%) allografts being lost within the first 3 months post‐transplantation for the conduit cases.

Conclusion:  Arterial vascular conduits are more commonly required in adult liver transplant recipients who are hospitalized or undergoing retransplant procedures. Allograft survival is poorer in the conduit cases and is associated with complications, particularly sepsis and haemorrhage, following retransplantation procedures.
Current status of biological control of paddy weeds in Vietnam
Authors: KHANH TRAN DANG , XUAN TRAN DANG , CHIN DUONG VAN , CHUNG ILL MIN , ABDELGHANY ELZAAWELY ABDELNASER , TAWATA SHINKICHI
Published: February 2006

Rice is a staple food in Vietnam and accounts for > 7.7 × 106 cultivated ha, which provide 35.5 × 106 t of rice, of which 4.2 × 106 t were exported in 2004. The enlargement of the cropping area and the enhancement of rice yield have rapidly increased the amount of agrochemicals, including herbicides, in crop production in Vietnam. From 1990–2003, the percentage of herbicides in total pesticides has increased ≈ 10‐fold to 30.2%. In addition, the improper use of herbicides caused environmental hazards, unsafe agricultural products, and human health problems. Biological management integrated with traditional weed control techniques might help to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and build eco‐friendly, sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam. This paper reviews the efforts in establishing a strategy for biological management of weeds that was conducted in recent years by Vietnamese weed scientists. This has included cropping system management, water and soil management, integrated pest management, and utilization of plant allelopathy as major components of the strategy. Many plants with strong allelopathic potential can be a source for biological weed suppression and soil fertility improvement. The utilization of allelopathic properties in rice might also help to provide new rice cultivars with weed‐suppressing characteristics.
Effect of δ‐aminolevulinic acid on the herbicidal efficacy of foliar‐applied MTB‐951, a mycoherbicide to control Echinochloa crus‐galli L.
Authors: HIRASE KANGETSU , NISHIDA MAKOTO , SHINMI TATSUO
Published: February 2006

The conidia of a plant pathogen (Drechslera monoceras[Drechsler] Subram. et Jain [= Exserohilum monoceras[Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs]), MTB‐951, which was isolated from native Echinochloa species in Japan, were used as the herbicidal active ingredient. The effects of δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the efficacy of foliar‐applied MTB‐951 on Echinochloa crus‐galli L. were examined. First, foliar‐applied MTB‐951 exhibited almost no efficacy when no dew period was provided. However, the efficacy increased depending on the length of the dew period. MTB‐951 and ALA exhibited an additive effect on E. crus‐galli under 3 day dew conditions, although they exhibited a significant synergistic effect under no‐dew conditions. When the leaves of E. crus‐galli were immersed in deionized water containing the conidia of MTB‐951, cellular electrolyte leakage from the leaves was observed. The ALA increased the electrolyte leakage by MTB‐951 synergistically. Also, ALA increased the number of lesions on the leaves of E. crus‐galli caused by MTB‐951 under light conditions but failed to increase the number under dark conditions. These results suggest that ALA promotes infection with MTB‐951 for E. crus‐galli through its photodynamic action.
Oral sedation with midazolam and diphenhydramine compared with midazolam alone in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: CENGIZ MUSTAFA , BAYSAL ZEYNEP , GANIDAGLI SULEYMAN
Published: February 2006

Background:  The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of oral midazolam and midazolam–diphenhydramine combination to sedate children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:  We performed a prospective randomized double‐blind study in 96 children who were randomly allocated into two groups. Group D received oral diphenhydramine (1.25 mg·kg−1) with midazolam (0.5 mg·kg−1), and Group P received oral placebo with midazolam (0.5 mg·kg−1) alone. Sedation scores, onset and duration of sleep were evaluated. Adverse effects, including hypoxemia, failed sedation, and the return of baseline activity, were documented.

Results:  Diphenhydramine facilitated an earlier onset of midazolam sedation (P < 0.01), and higher sedation scores (P < 0.01). In children who received midazolam alone, 20 (41%) were inadequately sedated, compared with 9 (18%) children who received midazolam and diphenhydramine combination (P < 0.01). Time to complete recovery was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions:  Our study indicates that the combination of oral diphenhydramine with oral midazolam resulted in safe and effective sedation for children undergoing MRI. The use of this combination might be more advantageous compared with midazolam alone, resulting in less sedation failure during MRI.
The effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on pulmonary function in children undergoing anesthesia for minor surgery
Authors: O'ROURKE JAMES M. , KALISH LESLIE A. , MCDANIEL SAMUEL , LYONS BARRY
Published: February 2006

Background:  The objectives of this study were to assess whether children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present for surgery with poorer pulmonary function, and experience a more pronounced deterioration in pulmonary function following anesthesia and surgery, than non‐ETS‐exposed children.

Methods:  Fifty‐four children aged 5–15 years with a history of ETS exposure from one or both parents and 54 children with no such ETS history were included in the study. All participants were presenting for ambulatory surgery and were judged to conform to American Society of Anesthesiology class I or II. Spirometry was performed preoperatively, postoperatively in the recovery ward when the child met criteria for discharge (Aldrete score 8), and before discharge from the day ward.

Results:  The ETS‐exposed group had a significantly lower mean preoperative peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (9.5 points lower percent predicted, 95% confidence interval −18.1 to −1.0, P = 0.03). Although not statistically significant, they also had lower percent predicted baseline mean values of the other spirometric variables that were measured (forced expiratory volume in 1 s −4.5%, P = 0.07; forced vital capacity −4.1%, P = 0.10; forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%−3.6%, P = 0.44). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) performed in recovery were between 8% and 14% worse than preoperative values, but the results were similar in the two groups of children. PFTs performed before hospital discharge demonstrated an near‐complete recovery to baseline values. Again the pattern was similar in exposed and nonexposed children.

Conclusions:  Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with lower preoperative PEFR values, but does not impact on recovery from anesthesia for healthy children undergoing ambulatory anesthesia.
Tramadol vs morphine during adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children
Authors: HULLETT BRUCE J. , CHAMBERS NEIL A. , PASCOE ELAINE M. , JOHNSON CHRIS
Published: February 2006

Background:  Optimal analgesia for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is controversial. Tramadol may represent a superior choice over morphine in this group, with a potential to cause less postoperative sedation and respiratory depression. Optimal perioperative analgesia may allow expensive and time‐consuming preoperative work‐up and postoperative monitoring to be rationalized.

Methods:  Sixty‐six children were randomized to receive either perioperative tramadol or morphine in this double blinded, prospective, controlled trial. Postoperative sedation, pain, respiratory events, and vomiting were then compared between groups.

Results:  There was no significant difference between the two groups in sedation scores 1 h after arrival in recovery (P = 0.24) or at any other time up to 6 h postoperation. There was also no evidence of a difference between the groups in pain scores up to 6 h postoperation. There were fewer episodes of postoperative desaturation (<94%) in the tramadol group up to 3 h postoperation, with 26% fewer episodes in the tramadol group during the second hour postoperation (P = 0.02). Overall, there was a trend toward fewer desaturation episodes in the tramadol group.

Conclusions:  Tramadol may be a suitable drug for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSA. Further work is required to investigate this.
Reconciling niche and neutrality: the continuum hypothesis
Authors: Gravel Dominique , Canham Charles D. , Beaudet Marilou , Messier Christian
Published: February 2006

In this study, we ask if instead of being fundamentally opposed, niche and neutral theories could simply be located at the extremes of a continuum. First, we present a model of recruitment probabilities that combines both niche and neutral processes. From this model, we predict and test whether the relative importance of niche vs. neutral processes in controlling community dynamics will vary depending on community species richness, niche overlap and dispersal capabilities of species (both local and long distance). Results demonstrate that niche and neutrality form ends of a continuum from competitive to stochastic exclusion. In the absence of immigration, competitive exclusion tends to create a regular spacing of niches. However, immigration prevents the establishment of a limiting similarity. The equilibrium community consists of a set of complementary and redundant species, with their abundance determined, respectively, by the distribution of environmental conditions and the amount of immigration.
Algae–bacteria interactions and their effects on aggregation and organic matter flux in the sea
Authors: Grossart Hans‐Peter , Czub Gertje , Simon Meinhard
Published: February 2006

Aggregation of algae, mainly of diatoms, is an important process in marine pelagic systems, often terminating phytoplankton blooms and leading to the sinking of particulate organic matter in the form of marine snow. This process has been studied extensively, but the specific role of heterotrophic bacteria has largely been neglected, mainly because field studies and most experimental work were performed under non‐axenic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that algae–bacteria interactions are instrumental in aggregate dynamics and organic matter flux. A series of aggregation experiments has been carried out in rolling tanks with two marine diatoms typical of temperate regions (Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira rotula) in an axenic treatment and one inoculated with marine bacteria. Exponentially growing S. costatum and T. rotula exhibited distinctly different aggregation behavior. This was reflected by their strikingly different release of dissolved organic matter (DOM), transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and protein‐containing particles (CSP), as well as their bacterial biodegradability and recalcitrance. Cells of S. costatum aggregated only little and their bacterial colonization remained low. Dissolved organic matter, TEP and CSP released by this alga were largely consumed by free‐living bacteria. In contrast, T. rotula aggregated rapidly and DOM, TEP and CSP released resisted bacterial consumption. Experiments conducted with T. rotula cultures in the stationary growth phase, however, showed rapid bacterial colonization and decomposition of algal cells. Our study highlights the importance of heterotrophic bacteria to control the development and aggregation of phytoplankton in marine systems.