bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams
Authors: Tambusay Asdam , Suryanto Benny , Chong Karen , Suprobo Priyo
Published: April 2022

To decarbonise the current construction sector and meet the global net-zero target, there is a pressing need to develop an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement concrete. Alkali activated and geopolymer concrete have much to offer in this regard. At present, however, there is limited study on the behaviours of alkali activated structural members, particularly on flexural members, which encompass most practical design situations. This paper presents a database of 37 tests on slender alkali activated and geopolymer concrete beams available in the literature, with the aim to investigate the flexural strengths of this alternative concrete when used as a structural member. In addition, the results of nonlinear finite element analyses on fourteen reinforced geopolymer concrete beams are presented to highlight key influencing factors governing the behaviour and failure of flexural members. Of particular interest is to study the influence of reinforcement ratio, compressive strength, and material brittleness on the overall strength and ductility. Overall, it is shown that the flexural response of geopolymer concrete beams under short-term loading is comparable to that of ordinary reinforced concrete beams.
Arachidonic acid, a clinically adverse mediator in the ovarian cancer microenvironment, impairs JAK‐STAT signaling in macrophages by perturbing lipid raft structures
Authors: Hammoud Mohamad K. , Dietze Raimund , Pesek Jelena , Finkernagel Florian , Unger Annika , Bieringer Tim , Nist Andrea , Stiewe Thorsten , Bhagwat Aditya M. , Nockher Wolfgang Andreas , Reinartz Silke , Müller‐Brüsselbach Sabine , Graumann Johannes , Müller Rolf
Published: April 2022

Survival of ovarian carcinoma is associated with the abundance of immunosuppressed CD163highCD206high tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and high levels of arachidonic acid (AA) in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that both associations are functionally linked. Transcriptional profiling revealed that high CD163 and CD206/MRC1 expression in TAMs is strongly associated with an inhibition of cytokine‐triggered signaling, mirrored by an impaired transcriptional response to interferons and IL‐6 in monocyte‐derived macrophages by AA. This inhibition of pro‐inflammatory signaling is caused by dysfunctions of the cognate receptors, indicated by the inhibition of JAK1, JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 phosphorylation, and by the displacement of the interferon receptor IFNAR1, STAT1 and other immune‐regulatory proteins from lipid rafts. AA exposure led to a dramatic accumulation of free AA in lipid rafts, which appears to be mechanistically crucial, as the inhibition of its incorporation into phospholipids did not affect the AA‐mediated interference with STAT1 phosphorylation. Inhibition of interferon‐triggered STAT1 phosphorylation by AA was reversed by water‐soluble cholesterol, known to prevent the perturbation of lipid raft structure by AA. These findings suggest that the pharmacologic restoration of lipid raft functions in TAMs may contribute to the development new therapeutic approaches.
Antiochos Hierax (Antiochus Hierax)
Authors: Heller André
Published: April 2022

Antiochos Hierax was the second son of the Seleucid king Antiochos II Theos and his wife Laodike, and brother of Seleukos II Kallinikos. During the Third Syrian War (246–241
bce
), Antiochos rebelled from his brother (the so‐called “War of Brothers”) and established an independent sway over Asia Minor. However, his rule was too weak to prevent the expansionist policy of Attalos I of Pergamon. Finally, Hierax had to flee and was slain in Thrace (226
bce
).
Dreams, Pharaonic Egypt and ancient Near East
Authors: Mouton Alice
Published: April 2022

In the ancient Near East and Egypt, dreams were considered to be produced by sleep. Some of them were interpreted as divine messages, whereas others were “bad dreams” that needed to be exorcized.
Tunable Surface Chemistry in Heterogeneous Bilayer Single‐Atom Catalysts for Electrocatalytic NOx Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Lv Xingshuai , Mou Tong , Li Jianwei , Kou Liangzhi , Frauenheim Thomas
Published: April 2022

Electrochemical NOx reduction reaction (NOxRR) holds promise for both nitrogen pollution management and low‐temperature ammonia (NH3) synthesis; however, it relies on catalysts with controllable reaction pathways and product selectivity. For this purpose, heterogeneous bilayer single‐atom catalysts (BSACs) with tunable surface chemistry are proposed as a general design strategy in heterogeneous catalysis. For example, NOxRR on a series of bilayer N‐doped graphene (GN) supported single‐atom catalysts (denoted as M2–CmNn–GN) are systematically investigated. The BSACs can not only circumvent the undesired metal aggregation and N–N coupling step, but also preserve the advantages of tunable reactivity from a dual‐atom site. The intrinsic dipole moment stemming from the asymmetric structure of the heterogeneous BSACs enables enhanced local electric field around reactive sites and allows effective control of chemisorption of reaction species. Interestingly, the polarization‐dependent activation of NOx greatly affects the reaction path, limiting potential, and selectivity of the NOxRR. This study highlights a universal strategy for the rational design of catalysts with high performance for NH3 electrosynthesis and beyond.
Molybdenum Carbide Electrocatalyst In Situ Embedded in Porous Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanotubes Promotes Rapid Kinetics in Sodium‐Metal–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Hao Hongchang , Wang Yixian , Katyal Naman , Yang Guang , Dong Hui , Liu Pengcheng , Hwang Sooyeon , Mantha Jagannath , Henkelman Graeme , Xu Yixin , Boscoboinik Jorge Anibal , Nanda Jagjit , Mitlin David
Published: April 2022

This is the first report of molybdenum carbide‐based electrocatalyst for sulfur‐based sodium‐metal batteries. MoC/Mo2C is in situ grown on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes in parallel with formation of extensive nanoporosity. Sulfur impregnation (50 wt% S) results in unique triphasic architecture termed molybdenum carbide–porous carbon nanotubes host (MoC/Mo2C@PCNT–S). Quasi‐solid‐state phase transformation to Na2S is promoted in carbonate electrolyte, with in situ time‐resolved Raman, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical analyses demonstrating minimal soluble polysulfides. MoC/Mo2C@PCNT–S cathodes deliver among the most promising rate performance characteristics in the literature, achieving 987 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, 818 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1, and 621 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1. The cells deliver superior cycling stability, retaining 650 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.5 A g−1, corresponding to 0.028% capacity decay per cycle. High mass loading cathodes (64 wt% S, 12.7 mg cm−2) also show cycling stability. Density functional theory demonstrates that formation energy of Na2Sx (1 ≤ x ≤ 4) on surface of MoC/Mo2C is significantly lowered compared to analogous redox in liquid. Strong binding of Na2Sx (1 ≤ x ≤ 4) on MoC/Mo2C surfaces results from charge transfer between the sulfur and Mo sites on carbides’ surface.
Real‐Space Crystal Structure Analysis by Low‐Dose Focal‐Series TEM Imaging of Organic Materials with Near‐Atomic Resolution
Authors: Biran Idan , Houben Lothar , Weissman Haim , Hildebrand Mariana , Kronik Leeor , Rybtchinski Boris
Published: April 2022

Structural analysis of beam‐sensitive materials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) represents a significant challenge, as high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM) requires high electron doses that limit its applicability to stable inorganic materials. Beam‐sensitive materials, e.g., organic crystals, must be imaged under low dose conditions, leading to problematic contrast interpretation and loss of fine structural details. Here, HRTEM imaging of organic crystalline materials with near‐atomic resolution of up to 1.6 Å is described, which enables real‐space studies of crystal structures, as well as observation of co‐existing polymorphs, crystal defects, and atoms. This is made possible by a low‐dose focal‐series reconstruction methodology, which provides HRTEM images where contrast reflects true object structure and can be performed on contemporary cryo‐EM instruments available to many research institutions. Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), a perchlorinated analogue of CuPc, and indigo crystalline films are imaged. In the case of indigo crystals, co‐existing polymorphs and individual atoms (carbonyl oxygen) can be observed. In the case of CuPc, several polymorphs are observed, including a new one, for which the crystal structure is found based on direct in‐focus imaging, accomplishing real‐space crystal structure elucidation. Such direct analysis can be transformative for structure studies of organic materials.
HectoSTAR μLED Optoelectrodes for Large‐Scale, High‐Precision In Vivo Opto‐Electrophysiology
Authors: Vöröslakos Mihály , Kim Kanghwan , Slager Nathan , Ko Eunah , Oh Sungjin , Parizi Saman S. , Hendrix Blake , Seymour John P. , Wise Kensall D. , Buzsáki György , Fernández‐Ruiz Antonio , Yoon Euisik
Published: April 2022

Dynamic interactions within and across brain areas underlie behavioral and cognitive functions. To understand the basis of these processes, the activities of distributed local circuits inside the brain of a behaving animal must be synchronously recorded while the inputs to these circuits are precisely manipulated. Even though recent technological advances have enabled such large‐scale recording capabilities, the development of the high‐spatiotemporal‐resolution and large‐scale modulation techniques to accompany those recordings has lagged. A novel neural probe is presented in this work that enables simultaneous electrical monitoring and optogenetic manipulation of deep neuronal circuits at large scales with a high spatiotemporal resolution. The “hectoSTAR” micro‐light‐emitting‐diode (μLED) optoelectrode features 256 recording electrodes and 128 stimulation μLEDs monolithically integrated on the surface of its four 30‐µm thick silicon micro‐needle shanks, covering a large volume with 1.3‐mm × 0.9‐mm cross‐sectional area located as deep as 6 mm inside the brain. The use of this device in behaving mice for dissecting long‐distance network interactions across cortical layers and hippocampal regions is demonstrated. The recording‐and‐stimulation capabilities hectoSTAR μLED optoelectrodes enables will open up new possibilities for the cellular and circuit‐based investigation of brain functions in behaving animals.
Efficient Production of Solar Hydrogen Peroxide Using Piezoelectric Polarization and Photoinduced Charge Transfer of Nanopiezoelectrics Sensitized by Carbon Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhou Xiaofeng , Yan Fei , Lyubartsev Alexander , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei , Conesa José C. , Hedin Niklas
Published: April 2022

Piezoelectric semiconductors have emerged as redox catalysts, and challenges include effective conversion of mechanical energy to piezoelectric polarization and achieving high catalytic activity. The catalytic activity can be enhanced by simultaneous irradiation of ultrasound and light, but the existing piezoelectric semiconductors have trouble absorbing visible light. A piezoelectric catalyst is designed and tested for the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It is based on Nb‐doped tetragonal BaTiO3 (BaTiO3:Nb) and is sensitized by carbon quantum dots (CDs). The photosensitizer injects electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor, while the piezoelectric polarization directed electrons to the semiconductor surface, allowing for a high‐rate generation of H2O2. The piezoelectric polarization field restricts the recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. A production rate of 1360 µmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 of H2O2 is achieved under visible light and ultrasound co‐irradiation. Individual piezo‐ and photocatalysis yielded lower production rates. Furthermore, the CDs enhance the piezocatalytic activity of the BaTiO3:Nb. It is noted that moderating the piezoelectricity of BaTiO3:Nb via microstructure modulation influences the piezophotocatalytic activity. This work shows a new methodology for synthesizing H2O2 by using visible light and mechanical energy.
Experimental and Theoretical Advances on Single Atom and Atomic Cluster‐Decorated Low‐Dimensional Platforms towards Superior Electrocatalysts
Authors: He Tianwei , Puente‐Santiago Alain R. , Xia Shiyu , Ahsan Md Ariful , Xu Guobao , Luque Rafael
Published: April 2022

The fundamental relationship between structure and properties, which is called “structure‐property”, plays a vital role in the rational designing of high‐performance catalysts for diverse electrocatalytic applications. Low‐dimensional (LD) nanomaterials, including 0D, 1D, 2D materials, combined with low‐nuclearity metal atoms, ranging from single atoms to subnanometer clusters, are currently emerging as rising star nanoarchitectures for heterogeneous catalysis due to their well‐defined active sites and unbeatable metal utilization efficiencies. In this work, a comprehensive experimental and theoretical review is provided on the recent development of single atom and atomic cluster‐decorated LD platforms towards some typical clean energy reactions, such as water‐splitting, nitrogen fixation, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions. The upmost attractive structural properties, advanced characterization techniques, and theoretical principles of these low‐nuclearity electrocatalysts as well as their applications in key electrochemical energy devices are also elegantly discussed.
Chiral porphyrin assemblies
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Tianyu , Jiang Jianzhuang , Liu Minghua
Published: April 2022

Porphyrins are among the most important macrocycles because they perform many essential functions in living systems and serve as building blocks in many functional materials. Incorporating the chirality into porphyrins can aid biomimetic research and the exploration of new functional materials. In this review, recent developments in chiral porphyrin assemblies are highlighted. The review is mainly divided into two sections: the different strategies for constructing chiral porphyrin assemblies and the applications. The formation of chiral porphyrin assemblies can be from porphyrin molecules substituted with chiral groups; achiral porphyrins induced by chiral additives and spontaneous deracemizations of achiral porphyrins during the assemblies. We also provide an overview of the applications of chiral porphyrin assemblies in chiral sensing, asymmetry catalysis, circularly polarized luminescence, and so on. The further challenge in the field is discussed.
Subjective cognitive decline and stage 2 of Alzheimer disease in patients from memory centers
Authors: Jessen Frank , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Kleineindam Luca , Spottke Annika , Altenstein Slawek , Bartels Claudia , Berger Moritz , Brosseron Frederic , Daamen Marcel , Dichgans Martin , Dobisch Laura , Ewers Michael , Fenski Friederike , Fliessbach Klaus , Freiesleben Silka D. , Glanz Wenzel , Görß Doreen , Gürsel Selim , Janowitz Daniel , Kilimann Ingo , Kobeleva Xenia , Lohse Andrea , Maier Franziska , Metzger Coraline , Munk Matthias , Preis Lukas , Sanzenbacher Carolin , Spruth Eike , Rauchmann Boris , Vukovich Ruth , Yakupov Renat , Weyrauch Anne‐Sophie , Ziegler Gabriel , Schmid Matthias , Laske Christoph , Perneczky Robert , Schneider Anja , Wiltfang Jens , Teipel Stefan , Bürger Katharina , Priller Josef , Peters Oliver , Ramirez Alfredo , Boecker Henning , Heneka Michael T. , Wagner Michael , Düzel Emrah
Published: April 2022

Introduction

It is uncertain whether subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in individuals who seek medical help serves the identification of the initial symptomatic stage 2 of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum.

Methods

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal data from the multicenter, memory clinic–based DELCODE study.

Results

The SCD group showed slightly worse cognition as well as more subtle functional and behavioral symptoms than the control group (CO). SCD–A+ cases (39.3% of all SCD) showed greater hippocampal atrophy, lower cognitive and functional performance, and more behavioral symptoms than CO–A+. Amyloid concentration in the CSF had a greater effect on longitudinal cognitive decline in SCD than in the CO group.

Discussion

Our data suggests that SCD serves the identification of stage 2 of the AD continuum and that stage 2, operationalized as SCD‐A+, is associated with subtle, but extended impact of AD pathology in terms of neurodegeneration, symptoms and clinical progression.
Lewis Base‐Catalysed Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Addition for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Pyrrolidinones
Authors: Hartley Will C. , Schiel Florian , Ermini Elena , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: April 2022

We report a catalytic asymmetric protocol for the preparation of chiral pyrrolidinones proceeding via a radical pathway. The chemistry exploits the combination of photoredox catalysis and Lewis base catalysis to realise the first example of asymmetric radical conjugate addition to α,β‐unsaturated anhydrides and esters. The reaction is initiated by photoredox activation of N‐arylglycines to generate, upon decarboxylation, α‐amino radicals. These radicals are then intercepted stereoselectively by α,β‐unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates, whose formation is mastered by a chiral isothiourea organocatalyst. Cyclisation leads to catalyst turnover and formation of enantioenriched pyrrolidinones. The utility of the protocol was demonstrated with application to the synthesis of biologically‐active γ‐amino butyric acids.
Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Labels: A Meta‐Analysis to Guide Probe Selection Amidst Challenges with Available Data
Authors: Cavazos‐Elizondo Daniela , Aguirre‐Soto Alan
Published: April 2022

Fluorescent labels have been paramount in the advancement of molecular biology and related fields, for they unveil Nature's unknowns. Numerous labels have been developed that can be attached to most biomolecules via various labeling chemistries. Practitioners are expected to navigate through the growing libraries of fluorescent probes to select the best one for their target application. It is precisely this vast collection of labels that makes the selection process challenging, often leading to non‐ideal choices. Here, we present a meta‐analysis of fluorescent labels data with the intention of facilitating the selection process. We classify tags into molecular (dyes), macromolecular (proteins), and nanoparticles. Groups are then organised into subgroups by chemical structure. Entries were structured based on cost, absorption and emission wavelengths, Stokes shifts, molar extinction coefficients, quantum yields, lifetimes, and brightness. We correlate chemical composition to available photophysical properties of the fluorophores in their bound‐whenever possible‐and unbound states. The limited access to complete, comparable, and meaningful photophysical data for fluorescent labels and to reliable fluorescence standards, where calibration is still challenging and benchmarks are still ill‐defined, are highlighted to raise critical awareness of the current issues hampering further development of the field.
A phosphorus/sulfur‐containing compound toward simultaneously endowing epoxy resin with good flame retardancy and high transparency
Authors: Ding Haohao , Luo Zhonglin , Wang Biaobing
Published: April 2022

A phosphorus/sulfur‐containing compound (sulfonylbis(3,1‐phenylene) bis(diphenyl‐phosphinate), named as SBPDPP) is designed and synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between diphenylphosphinyl chloride and 4,4‐dihydroxydiphenylsulfone, and its chemical structure is verified by Fourier transform infrared, 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. The incorporation of SBPDPP accelerates the curing process but decreases the glass transition temperature and the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin (EP). The cured EP with 6 wt% SBPDPP passes UL‐94 V0 rating and gives limited oxygen index value of 38.8%, meanwhile maintaining 90% of the transmittance of the pure EP. Its peak heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke production, and total smoke rate are reduced by 40.8%, 42.0%, 26.3%, and 21.9% in comparison with the pure EP, demonstrating that the SBPDPP improved simultaneously the fire safety and smoke suppression. The comprehensive analysis of the char residues after cone calorimeter test and the volatile gasses during the pyrolysis demonstrates that the SBPDPP exerted dual flame retardant effect in the gas and condensed phase. The cured FREPs have promising applications that requiring flame retardancy and maintaining transparency.
Additively manufactured short carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone by coating polyetherimide at the interface using fused filament fabrication
Authors: Wang Pei , Zhang Hongjie , Cao Yitao , Pan Aigang , Wu Weichao
Published: April 2022

The poor interfacial interactions and bonding between short carbon fibers (CFs) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) resin matrix is a great challenge to manufacture high‐performance 3D printed CF/PEEK composites. Therefore, this paper presents a research focusing on the compatibility of CFs and PEEK. We propose an effective method to graft polyetherimide (PEI) onto activated CFs, then, composite filaments with modified fiber contents of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% were prepared using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The chemical structures and surface morphologies of modified CFs were characterized, and the rougher surfaces with more polar groups can enhance the wettability of these CFs, which is improve the physical adhesion with PEEK. The thermal properties and mechanical properties of CF/PEEK composites within different carbon fiber contents were investigated. The results show that the tensile strength, flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 3D printed 5 wt% PEI@CF/PEEK parts were greatly improved by 40.85% (92.4 MPa), 35.70% (151.3 MPa) and 130.22% (26.59 MPa), respectively, which caused by the improvement of interfacial adhesion between CFs and PEEK resin. The results suggested that this modification is an effective approach to coating PEI on the surface of carbon fiber and enhance the mechanical properties of 3D printed PEEK composites. This method provides new insights for fabricating high‐performance 3D printed thermoplastic composites.
Mechanical properties and interfacial interactions in oleyl titanate‐treated blast furnace slag/polypropylene composites
Authors: Akkoyun Serife
Published: April 2022

In this study, the effect of oleyl titanate coupling agent (oTi) treatment of blast furnace slag (BFS) on the thermal and mechanical properties and especially on the interfacial interactions in BFS filled polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated. The crystallinity of the composites decreases with increasing oTi‐treated BFS loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show an effective surface modification of BFS particles. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy measurements and scanning electron microscopy confirm good interfacial interactions between oTi‐treated BFS and PP matrix. Elongation at break and elastic modulus are significantly increased up to 70% and 22%, respectively. These results are emphasized by a half‐debonding angle of 37.61° which indicates strong interfacial adhesion between oTi‐treated BFS particles and PP matrix. These results clearly show that oTi treatment significantly improves the compatibility between BFS particles and PP matrix. These results will encourage the recycling of BFS and reducing the cost of PP composites used in many industries.
Fabrication of anti‐UV absorbing and antibacterial soybean protein isolate composite film modified with thyme and mangosteen peel extracts
Authors: Lu Yunlong , Huang Youjia , Zhang Tianjing , Zhou Xin , Li Han , Qin Zhiyong
Published: April 2022

In order to reduce the threat of ‘plastic pollution’ and reduce or eliminate some traditional polymer packaging materials, in this study, soybean protein isolate (SPI) composite film, a biodegradable natural polymer film, was prepared by tape casting method with Thyme (Thy) and mangosteen peel extracts (MPE) as antibacterial agents. The antibacterial rates of the composite films against E. coli and S. aureus were 95.79% and 92.63%, respectively, and the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was 70.28%. The composite film had good UV–visible barrier properties. Compared with the pure SPI film, the tensile strength of the composite film was improved, the water absorption, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were reduced, and the contact angle was improved. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the composite film increased and the thermal stability increased. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies showed the polyphenol‐protein of the composite film was bound by hydrophobic interaction. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed good interaction with the protein structure by adding antibacterial substances and their aromatic quinone structures. X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the crystallinity of the composite films increased. Therefore, the composite membrane in this study can be used to prepare high‐strength packaging materials with antibacterial functions.
High performance polyvinyl alcohol/polylactic acid materials: Facile preparation and improved properties
Authors: Wang Wenqiang , Gong Yiming , Sun Qingqing , Li Liuzemu , Xu Airong , Liu Rukuan
Published: April 2022

Developing eco‐friendly products to replace fossil‐based ones which are difficult to degrade and pollute survival environment, is of great significance for human health and environmental protection. Here, the preparation of green polyvinyl alcohol/polylactic acid (PVA/PLA) materials has been achieved for the first time using a simple and effective strategy. Interestingly, after the composite of PVA with PLA, PLA can remarkedly enhance tensile strength, elongation at break, biocompatibility and thermostability of the PVA/PLA material. Moreover, the material is biodegradable in natural environment. At the same time, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectra (IR) techniques are employed to systematically study the effects of PVA/PLA mass ratio on the morphology, crystallinity and chemical structure of the PVA/PLA material and possible interaction between PVA and PLA. It is expected that this study can provide a new insight into the fabrication of green PVA‐based products with high performance and practical application.
Frühzeitiges Versagen bei hochfesten Stahlbetonstützen mit großen Stabdurchmessern
Authors: Wolfger Hannes , Kollegger Johann
Published: April 2022

Der Einsatz hochfester Materialien im Stahlbetonbau ermöglicht die Herstellung schlanker Bauteile. Vor allem im Hochhausbau kann dadurch die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines Gebäudes gesteigert werden, etwa durch die Erhöhung der Nutzflächen aufgrund schlanker Stützen. Untersuchungen aus der Vergangenheit dokumentierten hingegen ein frühzeitiges Bauteilversagen beim Einsatz von hochfestem Beton in Stahlbetonstützen. Vor allem bei zentrischem Druck kann die rechnerische Querschnittstragfähigkeit des Druckglieds aufgrund der Abplatzung der Betondeckung nicht erreicht werden. Diese Untersuchungen waren jedoch vom Bewehrungsgrad (≤ 6 %) und den verwendeten Stabdurchmessern (≤ 25 mm) stark begrenzt. Aus diesem Grund wurden an der TU Wien experimentelle Untersuchungen an hochfesten Stützen durchgeführt, welche in diesem Beitrag beschrieben werden. In zwei Versuchsserien wurde der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Stabdurchmesser (bis 63,5 mm), verschiedener Stahlgüten (B 550 und SAS 670/800) und der Einfluss der Dicke der Betondeckung untersucht. Des Weiteren beinhalten die Versuchsserien Untersuchungen an Stoßausführungen bei Ortbetonstützen und bei Fertigsteilstützen.
Towards closed carbon loop fermentations: Cofeeding of Yarrowia lipolytica with glucose and formic acid
Authors: van Winden Wouter A. , Mans Robert , Breestraat Stefaan , Verlinden Rob A. J. , Mielgo‐Gómez Álvaro , de Hulster Erik A. F. , de Bruijn Hans M. C. J. , Noorman Henk J.
Published: April 2022

A novel fermentation process was developed in which renewable electricity is indirectly used as an energy source in fermentation, synergistically decreasing both the consumption of sugar as a first generation carbon source and emission of the greenhouse gas CO2. As an illustration, a glucose‐based process is co‐fed with formic acid, which can be generated by capturing CO2 from fermentation offgas followed by electrochemical reduction with renewable electricity. This “closed carbon loop” concept is demonstrated by a case study in which cofeeding formic acid is shown to significantly increase the yield of biomass on glucose of the industrially relevant yeast species Yarrowia lipolytica. First, the optimal feed ratio of formic acid to glucose is established using chemostat cultivations. Subsequently, guided by a dynamic fermentation process model, a fed‐batch protocol is developed and demonstrated on laboratory scale. Finally, the developed fed‐batch process is tested and proven to be scalable at pilot scale. Extensions of the concept are discussed to apply the concept to anaerobic fermentations, and to recycle the O2 that is co‐generated with the formic acid to aerobic fermentation processes for intensification purposes.
A primitive model for intercalation–conversion bifunctional battery materials
Authors: Huang Jun , Gao Yu , Peng Zhangquan
Published: April 2022

Exploiting the synergy between intercalation and conversion reactions in a single battery material seems to be an emerging trend. We develop, herein, a primitive physicochemical model to understand the basic features of this new kind of battery material. The model describes intercalation and conversion reactions at the solid‐electrolyte interface, coupled with a solid‐phase diffusion process. Two cases of the electrode–electrolyte interface are considered. In the first case, the conversion reaction does not change the structure of the electrode–electrolyte interface. In the second case, the conversion reaction forms/decomposes a new phase of matter deposited on the electrode surface. The model sheds light on a few interesting aspects of the intercalation–conversion bifunctional system, including two‐stage discharging–charging behavior, interplay between intercalation and conversion reactions, and asymmetry between discharging and charging processes.
Design and implementation of a microcontroller training kit for blend learning
Authors: Mahmood Ahlam F. , Ahmed Kasim A. , Mahmood Hamed A.
Published: April 2022

Today, microcontrollers are of paramount importance in various aspects of life. They are used for design in many industrial fields from simple to highly complex devices. With a COVID‐19 crisis going on, blending learning is the ideal solution for a post‐pandemic society. This paper proposes a blended learning system as a solution to address today's problem in teaching microcontroller courses through collaboration between distance learning with the proposed training toolkit for real work. Implementation of the proposed solution began by constructing an inexpensive training kit (100$), to empower all students, even those in remote rural areas. The distance learning model allows the simulation of the proposed IoT projects electronically anywhere and at any time using the Proteus design suite, which helps students to conduct them before the actual laboratory appointment. Two learning models are programmed in assembly language which is directly related to the internal architecture of the microcontroller and provides access to all the real capabilities of its central processing unit. To get acquainted with all the features offered by the microcontroller integrated circuit, various IoT projects were constructed, each one dedicated to learning its architecture features, important to engineering students. The proposed IoT systems operate with a minimum consuming power that is very important for portable devices. Questionnaire questions for students were formulated to measure the proposed system benefit over three academic years.
Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes with Anti‐Inflammatory Activities from the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47
Authors: Cheng Xue , Wang Juan , Huang Shuhuan , He Jianlin , Hong Bihong , Yu Miao , Niu Siwen
Published: April 2022

Seven new bisabolane‐type sesquiterpenes (1–7), namely penicibisabolanes A–G, together with eight known analogs (8–15) were obtained from the AcOEt extract of the millet fermentation broth of the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47, which was isolated from the fresh root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. The gross structures of new metabolites were determined on the basis of the spectroscopic data (HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra), while their absolute configurations were resolved by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra, in association with specific rotation data. Compound 1 is a rare seco‐trinor‐bisabolane sesquiterpene found in nature, while 3 is the first example of phenolic bisabolanes bearing a methoxy group at C‐1. All the isolates were evaluated their inhibitory effects against NO production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, compounds 7 and 13 showed moderately anti‐inflammatory effects with the inhibitory rate more than 50 % at the concentration of 20 μM.
Copper‐Catalyzed 1,2,5‐Trifunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes Using SR as a Transient Directing Group for Radical Translocation
Authors: Feng Jian , Zhang Fang , Shu Chenyun , Zhu Gangguo
Published: April 2022

Comprehensive Summary

The first Cu‐catalyzed 1,2,5‐trifunctionalization of abundant terminal alkynes is realized by merging hydrogen atom transfer and traceless directing strategy with SR as a transient group, delivering highly functionalized aldehydes in moderate to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. The synthetic utility of this method was demonstrated by the gram‐scale reaction and downstream transformations of the resultant products. Given the high efficient installation of three different functional groups in a single reaction, it can serve as a very attractive method for rapidly assembling complex molecules from readily available starting materials.
Halide‐Free Synthesis of New Difluoro(oxalato)borate [DFOB]−‐Based Ionic Liquids and Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals
Authors: Kang Colin S. M. , Hutt Oliver E. , Pringle Jennifer M.
Published: April 2022

The implementation of next‐generation batteries requires the development of safe, compatible electrolytes that are stable and do not cause safety problems. The difluoro(oxalato)borate ([DFOB]−) anion has been used as an electrolyte additive to aid with stability, but such an approach has most commonly been carried out using flammable solvent electrolytes. As an alternative approach, utilisation of the [DFOB]− anion to make ionic liquids (ILs) or Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals (OIPCs) allows the advantageous properties of ILs or OIPCs, such as higher thermal stability and non‐volatility, combined with the benefits of the [DFOB]− anion. Here, we report the synthesis of new [DFOB]−‐based ILs paired with triethylmethylphosphonium [P1222]+, and diethylisobutylmethylphosphonium [P122i4]+. We also report the first OIPCs containing the [DFOB]− anion, formed by combination with the 1‐ethyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium [C2mpyr]+ cation, and the triethylmethylammonium [N1222]+ cation. The traditional synthetic route using halide starting materials has been successfully replaced by a halide‐free tosylate‐based synthetic route that is advantageous for a purer, halide free product. The synthesised [DFOB]−‐based salts exhibit good thermal stability, while the ILs display relatively high ionic conductivity. Thus, the new [DFOB]−‐based electrolytes show promise for further investigation as battery electrolytes both in liquid and solid‐state form.
Zero‐input‐current ripple high voltage‐gain DC‐DC converters—A new design approach
Authors: Xu Pingfan , Yu Samson S.
Published: April 2022

Although numerous high‐voltage‐gain converters have been proposed, the input current ripple problem associated with high voltage gains is yet to be fully developed. In this paper, a systematic approach is proposed for novel power converter topologies design, to address this problem. With the proposed design guideline, a series of DC‐DC converters with zero input current ripple (ZICR) and high voltage gain are developed. Then, detailed analyses are presented using a typical converter to reveal the working principle and detailed parameters design. Lastly, simulation and experimental verification is conducted, which verifies the effectiveness of this design.
Two‐way decode and forward quadrature media‐based modulation for single‐input multiple‐output scheme
Authors: Bamisaye Ayodeji James , Quazi Tahmid
Published: April 2022

The recently proposed quadrature spatial modulation aided single‐input multiple‐output media‐based modulation (QSM aided SIMO‐MBM) improves the spectral efficiency and achieves a high data rate and overall system error performance when compared with conventional SIMO‐MBM and SIMO schemes. Cooperative network (CN) involves collaboration among nodes to improve wireless network reliability, link quality, and spectral efficiency. This paper investigates the performance of QSM aided SIMO‐MBM in CN by employing the decode and forward relaying technique, which utilizes two source nodes that simultaneously transmit a unique message block on the same time slot to the relay node; the relay node decodes the received message block from both transmitting nodes, before re‐encoding and re‐transmitting the decoded message block in the next time slot to the destinations in order to enhance the error performance of the QSM aided SIMO‐MBM further. Each node can decode the data of the other node using network coding (NC) techniques. Algebraic algorithms are applied to the detected message to accumulate the various transmissions. The theoretical average error probability of the proposed scheme was formulated using a lower bound technique, and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results obtained validated the result. The MCS results achieved exhibit a significant improvement of 8 dB at 6 b/s/Hz for a BER of
and 12 dB at 8 b/s/Hz for a BER of
over the conventional QSM aided SIMO‐MBM scheme. Consequently, the obtained results show that the system configuration with
outperforms the system configuration with
for the proposed scheme.
Lrwd1 impacts cell proliferation and the silencing of repetitive DNA elements
Authors: Kang Tze Zhen Evangeline , Wan Yi Ching Esther , Zhang Zhiguo , Chan Kui Ming
Published: April 2022

LRWD1, also known as ORCA, is a nuclear protein functioning in multiple biological processes. Using its WD40 domain LRWD1 interacts with repressive histone marks and maintains the silencing of heterochromatin regions in mammalian cells. ORCA also associates with the origin recognition complex (ORC) and facilitates prereplication complex formation at late‐replicating origins. However, whether LRWD1 plays a role during development and the functional significance of LRWD1 in vivo remains largely unknown. Using gene‐trap approach we generated Lrwd1 knockout mice and examined the expression of Lrwd1 during embryonic development. We found that Lrwd1 is ubiquitously expressed in the majority of the developing mouse embryo. Depletion of LRWD1 did not affect embryonic development but the postnatal growth of the homozygous mutants is retarded. In vitro cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depleted of LRWD1 displayed a reduced proliferation compared to wild type cells. We also showed that the knockout of Lrwd1 in MEFs increased the expression of the epigenetically silenced repetitive elements but with minimal effect on the expression of protein coding genes. Together, these results suggest that LRWD1 plays an important, but not essential, role in postnatal development by regulating cell proliferation likely through modulating DNA replication.
Urban environments harbor greater oomycete and Phytophthora diversity, creating a bridgehead for potential new pathogens to natural ecosystems
Authors: Dale Angela L. , Feau Nicolas , Berube Jean A. , Ponchart Julien , Bilodeau Guillaume J. , Hamelin Richard C.
Published: April 2022

Anthropogenic activities contribute to changes in the range and distribution of species. Globalization is resulting in human‐mediated dispersal that is causing a breakdown in normal biogeographic barriers. But the impact of anthropogenic activities on plant pathogen communities is still poorly understood. We conducted an eDNA metabarcoding study to compare communities of oomycetes, a group of eukaryotic microorganisms that comprises important crop and tree pathogens, in urban, natural, and interface environments. Oomycete diversity and abundance were highest in human impacted urban environments and lowest in natural environments, while the interface environments were intermediate. Urban environments had the highest proportion of sites where species of the plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora were found, as well as the largest number of unknown or undescribed Phytophthora species. The taxa overlap between urban and interface environments was one order of magnitude larger than the overlap between urban and natural environments. Our analyses show that urban/natural interface areas likely act as a bridge for invasion into natural environments. This could impact both the natural biota and natural ecosystem processes. Our study serves as a warning that some Phytophthora species introduced from nurseries or spread by human movement could pose a threat to natural ecosystems. Shifting patterns in oomycete communities could interfere with natural ecosystem processes and result in increases in disease and ecosystem declines.
SYMptoms in chronic heart failure imPACT on burden of treatment (SYMPACT): a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Austin Rosalynn C. , Schoonhoven Lisette , Koutra Vasiliki , Richardson Alison , Kalra Paul R. , May Carl R.
Published: April 2022

Aims

This study aimed to describe patient‐reported symptoms and burden of treatment (BoT) experienced by patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). BoT describes the illness workload, individual capacity to perform that work, and resultant impact on the individual. Overwhelming BoT is related to poor quality of life and worse clinical outcomes. This research is the first to explore symptoms and BoT in people with CHF, in the UK.

Methods and results

This is a cross‐sectional questionnaire survey of CHF patients. Participants completed the Heart Failure Symptom Survey (HFSS; max score 10) and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ; max scores: physical 40, emotional 25, and total 105), which measured symptoms. BoT was measured with the Patient Experience with Treatment and Self‐management (PETS; max score 100) questionnaires. Participant characteristics and questionnaire results were summarized using descriptive statistics. Relationships between symptoms and BoT, summarized by the workload and impact indices, were explored using Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficients together with scatter plots. The survey was completed by 333 participants, mean age of 71 (±13) years old. The majority (89%) were recruited from secondary care NHS trusts, and 25% were female. All types of heart failure were represented. Mean symptom scores were as follows: HFSS burden score: 2.4 (±2.1), and MLHFQ scores: physical score 20 (±12.4), emotional score 9.9 (±8.1), and total score 41.3 (±26.3). The highest mean PETS domain scores were exercise [51.3 (±24.7)], diet [40.3 (±22.7)], difficulty with healthcare services [39.9 (±21.3)], and physical and mental fatigue [36.0 (±25.7)]. Pairwise correlations were observed between HFSS scores and MLHFQ physical and emotional sub‐scores with PETS workload and impact indices. Positive correlations were weak to moderate (0.326–0.487) between workload index and symptoms, and moderate to strong between impact index and symptoms (0.553–0.725). The P value was 0.006, adjusted by Bonferroni's correction.

Conclusions

Symptoms are associated with BoT in CHF patients. Although symptom burden was low, CHF patients reported higher levels of burden around self‐care activities of exercise, diet, healthcare interaction, as well as physical and mental fatigue due to engagement with self‐care regimens. Observed higher levels of burden were in key self‐care areas for CHF and suggest areas where service delivery and support of CHF patients may be improved to reduce BoT. Clinicians could individualize their consultations by focusing on troublesome symptoms, as well as alleviating illness workload, which may better enable patients to live well with CHF.
Risk of heart failure among colon and rectal cancer survivors: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Kuiper Josephina G. , van Herk‐Sukel Myrthe P.P. , Lemmens Valery E.P.P. , Kuiper Mathijs J. , Kuipers Ernst J. , Herings Ron M.C.
Published: April 2022

Aims

This population‐based case–control study aims to investigate the occurrence of heart failure (HF) among colon and rectal cancer survivors compared with a cancer‐free control population taking into account pre‐existing cardiovascular risk factors and the influence of treatment.

Methods and results

Colon and rectal cancer survivors diagnosed between 2007 and 2014 were selected from a linked cohort of cancer and primary care data in the Netherlands and matched based on gender, birth year, general practitioner (GP) practice, and follow‐up period to cancer‐free controls. The occurrence of HF was identified based on GP recorded diagnoses after index date (diagnosis date for cases). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolaemia. A total of 5333 colon cancer cases and 2468 rectal cancer cases could be matched to a total of 31 204 cancer‐free controls. A statistically significant increased risk of HF was seen among all cases compared with cancer‐free controls (HR 1.33; 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.59). This was also seen when analysing colon cancer and rectal cancer separately. Being diagnosed with stage IV cancer, having hypertension, or having hypercholesterolaemia statistically significantly increased the risk of HF among colon cancer. Hypertension was a statistically significant risk factor for developing HF among rectal cancer cases.

Conclusions

Colon and rectal cancer survivors are at increased risk for developing HF. More awareness should be created by treating physicians and GPs for this potential increased risk in order to further improve survival.