bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Can You See and Hear Me Now?” The Implementation of Camera Phones in the Home Care Setting
Authors: Sugrue Mary , Riggs Virginia
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this article is to relay to the reader the details of a program developed by Valley Home Care to place camera phones in the home care setting. This program was established to create a more cost-efficient and time-saving means to evaluate and monitor wounds, establish a plan of care, and obtain Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) data without compromising care. Although the program is still in the initial stage, the results have been promising. The camera phones have allowed for a more direct link between the patient in the home and the specialists who are determined to provide quality care.
Palliative Wound Care at the End of Life
Authors: Hughes Ronda G. , Bakos Alexis D. , O’Mara Ann , Kovner Christine T.
Published: March 2005

Wound care, a form of palliative care, supports the health care needs of dying patients by focusing on alleviating symptoms. Although wound care can be both healing and palliative, it can impair the quality of the end of life for the dying if it is done without proper consideration of the patient’s wishes and best interests. Wound care may be optional for dying patients. This article will discuss the ethical responsibilities and challenges of providing wound care for surgical wounds, pressure ulcers, and wounds associated with cancer as well as wound care in home health compared to end of life.
Rising manufacture exports and terms of trade: the case study of Korea
Authors: Sarkar Prabirjit
Published: March 2005

This study observed rapidly rising shares of manufactured and electronic goods in Korea’s total exports and a trend decline in Korea’s terms of trade over the period of this study (1967-2001), in accordance with the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. Contrary to the expectation of Prebisch, the increasing proportion of manufactured and electronic goods in Korea’s exports exerted no favourable influence on the course of Korea’s terms of trade. In fact, this study supports the later extension to the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, that rather than an emphasis on relations between types of commodities there should be an emphasis on relations between types of countries.
The use of indigenous knowledge in development: problems and challenges
Authors: Briggs John
Published: March 2005

The use of indigenous knowledge has been seen by many as an alternative way of promoting development in poor rural communities in many parts of the world. By reviewing much of the recent work on indigenous knowledge, the paper suggests that a number of problems and tensions has resulted in indigenous knowledge not being as useful as hoped for or supposed. These include problems emanating from a focus on the (arte)factual; binary tensions between western science and indigenous knowledge systems; the problem of differentiation and power relations; the romanticization of indigenous knowledge; and the all too frequent decontextualization of indigenous knowledge.
Random effect models for repeated measures of zero-inflated count data
Authors: Min Yongyi , Agresti Alan
Published: March 2005

For count responses, the situation of excess zeros (relative to what standard models allow) often occurs in biomedical and sociological applications. Modeling repeated measures of zero-inflated count data presents special challenges. This is because in addition to the problem of extra zeros, the correlation between measurements upon the same subject at different occasions needs to be taken into account. This article discusses random effect models for repeated measurements on this type of response variable. A useful model is the hurdle model with random effects, which separately handles the zero observations and the positive counts. In maximum likelihood model fitting, we consider both a normal distribution and a nonparametric approach for the random effects. A special case of the hurdle model can be used to test for zero inflation. Random effects can also be introduced in a zero-inflated Poisson or negative binomial model, but such a model may encounter fitting problems if there is zero deflation at any settings of the explanatory variables. A simple alternative approach adapts the cumulative logit model with random effects, which has a single set of parameters for describing effects. We illustrate the proposed methods with examples.
Efficient models for correlated data via convolutions of intrinsic processes
Authors: Lee Herbert KH , Higdon Dave M , Calder Catherine A , Holloman Christopher H
Published: March 2005

Gaussian processes (GP) have proven to be useful and versatile stochastic models in a wide variety of applications including computer experiments, environmental monitoring, hydrology and climate modeling. A GP model is determined by its mean and covariance functions. In most cases, the mean is specified to be a constant, or some other simple linear function, whereas the covariance function is governed by a few parameters. A Bayesian formulation is attractive as it allows for formal incorporation of uncertainty regarding the parameters governing the GP. However, estimation of these parameters can be problematic. Large datasets, posterior correlation and inverse problems can all lead to difficulties in exploring the posterior distribution. Here, we propose an alternative model which is quite tractable computationally - even with large datasets or indirectly observed data - while still maintaining the flexibility and adaptiveness of traditional GP models. This model is based on convolving simple Markov random fields with a smoothing kernel. We consider applications in hydrology and aircraft prototype testing.
Population estimation using the multiple system estimator in the presence of continuous covariates
Authors: Zwane Eugene , van der Heijden Peter
Published: March 2005

In the presence of continuous covariates, standard capture-recapture methods assume either that the registrations operate independently at the individual level or that the covariates can be stratified and log-linear models fitted, permitting the modelling of dependence between data sources. This article introduces an approach where direct dependence between registrations is modelled leaving the continuous covariates in their measurement scale. Simulations show that not accounting for possible dependence between registrations results in biased estimation of both the population size and standard error. The proposed method is applied to Dutch neural tube defect registration data.
Software reliability modelling and prediction with hidden Markov chains
Authors: Durand Jean-Baptiste , Gaudoin Olivier
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this paper is to use the framework of hidden Markov chains (HMCs) for the modelling of the failure and debugging process of software, and the prediction of software reliability. The model parameters are estimated using the forward-backward expectation maximization algorithm, and model selection is done with the Bayesian information criterion. The advantages and drawbacks of this approach, with respect to usual modelling, are analysed. Comparison is also done on real software failure data. The main contribution of HMC modelling is that it highlights the existence of homogeneous periods in the debugging process, which allow one to identify major corrections or version updates. In terms of reliability predictions, the HMC model performs well, on average, with respect to usual models, especially when the reliability is not regularly growing.
Two-component mixtures of generalized linear mixed effects models for cluster correlated data
Authors: Hall Daniel B , Wang Lihua
Published: March 2005

Finite mixtures of generalized linear mixed effect models are presented to handle situations where within-cluster correlation and heterogeneity (subpopulations) exist simultaneously. For this class of model, we consider maximum likelihood (ML) as our main approach to estimation. Owing to the complexity of the marginal loglikelihood of this model, the EM algorithm is employed to facilitate computation. The major obstacle in this procedure is to integrate over the random effects’ distribution to evaluate the expectation in the E step. When assuming normally distributed random effects, we consider adaptive Gaussian quadrature to perform this integration numerically. We also discuss nonparametric ML estimation under a relaxation of the normality assumption on the random effects. Two real data sets are analysed to compare our proposed model with other existing models and illustrate our estimation methods.
Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe
Authors: Thompson Stuart , Watson Winsor H.
Published: March 2005

The nudibranch mollusc Melibe leonina swims by bending from side to side. We have identified a network of neurons that appears to constitute the central pattern generator (CPG) for this locomotor behavior, one of only a few such networks to be described in cellular detail. The network consists of two pairs of interneurons, termed `swim interneuron 1' (sint1) and`swim interneuron 2' (sint2), arranged around a plane of bilateral symmetry. Interneurons on one side of the brain, which includes the paired cerebral, pleural and pedal ganglia, coordinate bending movements toward the same side and communicate via non-rectifying electrical synapses. Interneurons on opposite sides of the brain coordinate antagonistic movements and communicate over mutually inhibitory synaptic pathways. Several criteria were used to identify members of the swim CPG, the most important being the ability to shift the phase of swimming behavior in a quantitative fashion by briefly altering the firing pattern of an individual neuron. Strong depolarization of any of the interneurons produces an ipsilateral swimming movement during which the several components of the motor act occur in sequence. Strong hyperpolarization causes swimming to stop and leaves the animal contracted to the opposite side for the duration of the hyperpolarization. The four swim interneurons make appropriate synaptic connections with motoneurons, exciting synergists and inhibiting antagonists. Finally, these are the only neurons that were found to have this set of properties in spite of concerted efforts to sample widely in the Melibe CNS. This led us to conclude that these four cells constitute the CPG for swimming. While sint1 and sint2 work together during swimming, they play different roles in the generation of other behaviors. Sint1 is normally silent when the animal is crawling on a surface but it depolarizes and begins to fire in strong bursts once the foot is dislodged and the animal begins to swim. Sint2 also fires in bursts during swimming, but it is not silent in non-swimming animals. Instead activity in sint2 is correlated with turning movements as the animal crawls on a surface. This suggests that the Melibe motor system is organized in a hierarchy and that the alternating movements characteristic of swimming emerge when activity in sint1 and sint2 is bound together.
Undetectable apolipoproteinA-Igene expression suggests an unusual mechanism of dietary lipid mobilisation in the intestine ofCyprinus carpio
Authors: Concha Margarita I. , López Rodrigo , Villanueva Julieta , Báez Nadya , Amthauer Rodolfo
Published: March 2005

High density lipoprotein (HDL) has been shown to play an important role in the dietary lipid mobilisation in the carp. In spite of this, previous studies have failed to demonstrate the synthesis of the major protein component of HDL, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), in the proximal intestine of the carp. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of apoA-I throughout the entire intestine. Curiously, no transcription of the apoA-I gene could be detected either by northern blot or RT–PCR assays in the intestinal mucosa, in clear contrast with the abundant cytosolic immunoreactive apoA-I detected in almost all intestinal segments, which suggests a different origin for this protein. In addition, the detection of specific, but low affinity, binding sites for apoA-I in the carp intestinal brush-border membranes (BBM), and the strong interaction with BBM, which is highly dependent on temperature, points to an important contribution of membrane lipids in apoA-I binding to the intestinal mucosa. This idea was reinforced by the ability of carp apoA-I to associate with multilamellar phospholipid vesicles.
Respiratory changes throughout ontogeny in the tobacco hornworm caterpillar,Manduca sexta
Authors: Greenlee Kendra J. , Harrison Jon F.
Published: March 2005

The respiratory system of growing caterpillars is challenged in two distinct ways as they develop from hatchlings to fifth instars preparing for pupation. First, across instars, body sizes and tracheal lengths increase substantially. Second, within each instar, animal mass can more than double while major tracheal respiratory system structures, such as spiracles and large tracheae, are fixed in size until molting. To test whether these growth processes result in a decrease in O2 delivery capacity relative to tissue oxygen needs, we exposed feeding Manduca sexta larvae of various ages to decreasing levels of atmospheric O2 and measured their metabolic rate and ability to feed. We found that near the beginning of all instars, M. sexta were able to maintain gas exchange and feed down to approximately 5 kPa O2, indicating that these insects are able to match tracheal O2 delivery to increased metabolic rates across instars. However, gas exchange and feeding of caterpillars nearing the molt were limited at much higher O2 levels (up to 15 kPa O2), suggesting that caterpillars have limited capacities to increase tracheal O2 delivery as O2 consumption rates increase within instars. It seems possible that the safety margin for O2 delivery may disappear completely in the last hours before ecdysis, providing an ultimate if not proximate explanation for the necessity of molting.
Oxygen and water flux across eggshells ofManduca sexta
Authors: Woods H. Arthur , Bonnecaze Roger T. , Zrubek Brandy
Published: March 2005

Insect eggs must obtain oxygen across the eggshell to support embryonic development. Because eggs are small, obtaining enough oxygen would seem trivial. Recent work, however, has shown that eggs of a moth, Manduca sexta, are oxygen limited at high but realistic temperatures(32–37°C) and that PO2 drops steeply across the eggshell. Here we use theoretical and experimental approaches to partition the total resistance to oxygen flux among several steps in the oxygen cascade from environment to embryo. Standard mass-transfer analysis suggests that boundary layers of air around eggs, and around substrates to which they are attached, offer negligible resistance. Likewise, a mathematical model, parameterized using published and newly obtained morphological data,predicts that air-filled parts of the chorion also do not resist oxygen flux. This prediction was confirmed by experiments that measured rates of carbon dioxide emission from batches of eggs subjected simultaneously to hypoxia and inert gas substitution: depression of metabolic rate by hypoxia was not rescued when the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in air was doubled by substituting helium for nitrogen. The model did predict, however, that a set of subchoral layers (a crystalline chorionic layer, a wax layer and the vitelline membrane) could account for most or all of the total resistance to oxygen flux. Support for this prediction was obtained from two sequential experiments. First, eggs extracted with chloroform:methanol had highly elevated rates of water loss, suggesting that indeed eggs of M. sextaare waterproofed by wax. Second, rates of water loss and carbon dioxide emission from batches of eggs, measured from laying to hatching, changed in parallel over development. These data suggest that a single layer, likely a wax layer or a combination of wax and other subchoral layers, provides the main resistance to water efflux and oxygen influx.
The mechanics of sound production inPanacanthus pallicornis(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae): the stridulatory motor patterns
Authors: Montealegre-Z Fernando , Mason Andrew C.
Published: March 2005

To examine whether sound production in katydids relies on an escapement mechanism similar to that of crickets we investigated the functional anatomy and mechanical properties of the stridulatory apparatus in the katydid Panacanthus pallicornis. Males of this species produce sustained pulses with a sharp low frequency peak of ∼5 kHz and a broad band spectrum between 15 and 25 kHz. Simultaneous recordings of movement and sound indicate that the entire stridulatory file is used for sound production and there is nearly a 1:1 correspondence between the number of cycles in a song and the number of teeth on the file. There is an overall tendency for both the spacing of teeth to increase along the file and the velocity of wing closure to increase as the scraper traverses the file. There is considerable variation,however, in the evenness of tooth spacing and in the instantaneous velocity of wing closure during sound production. The production of sustained pulses appears to depend on resonance in the right tegmen, with the left tegmen acting primarily as a damping element. This resonance is not strongly coupled to the scraper and, unlike crickets, the timing of file-scraper interactions,and therefore the phasing of energy input to wing oscillations, is variable. Similarly, the quality of the sound spectrum varies over the course of a single stridulatory wing-stroke. Based on measurements of tooth spacing on the stridulatory file and cycle-by-cycle frequency of sound output, we predicted the velocity of wing movement that would provide consistent phasing of file-scraper interactions with respect to sound-radiating wing oscillations and compared this with measurements of wing velocity. Acceleration of wing velocity during stridulation results in a closer match to the velocity required for optimal phasing during a portion of the call, and this corresponds with higher amplitudes of radiated sound and the excitation of higher order modes of vibration (evident as distinct harmonic peaks in spectrograms). Our results suggest that in katydid stridulation, the movement of the scraper along the file is not regulated by an escapement mechanism as it is in crickets. Instead, katydids that produce pure-tone songs sweep their wings over a range of velocities, within which some portion matches file tooth spacing to give optimal phasing of energy input to excite a resonance in the right tegmen.
Echolocation call intensity in the aerial hawking batEptesicus bottae(Vespertilionidae) studied using stereo videogrammetry
Authors: Holderied Marc W. , Korine Carmi , Fenton M. Brock , Parsons Stuart , Robson Stuart , Jones Gareth
Published: March 2005

Aerial hawking bats use intense echolocation calls to search for insect prey. Their calls have evolved into the most intense airborne animal vocalisations. Yet our knowledge about call intensities in the field is restricted to a small number of species. We describe a novel stereo videogrammetry method used to study flight and echolocation behaviour, and to measure call source levels of the aerial hawking bat Eptesicus bottae(Vespertilionidae). Bats flew close to their predicted minimum power speed. Source level increased with call duration; the loudest call of E. bottae was at 133 dB peSPL. The calculated maximum detection distance for large flying objects (e.g. large prey, conspecifics) was up to 21 m. The corresponding maximum echo delay is almost exactly the duration of one wing beat in E. bottae and this also is its preferred pulse interval. These results, obtained by using videogrammetry to track bats in the field,corroborate earlier findings from other species from acoustic tracking methods.
Androgen control of immunocompetence in the male house finch,Carpodacus mexicanusMüller
Authors: Deviche Pierre , Cortez Luis
Published: March 2005

The immunocompetence handicap (ICH) hypothesis predicts that elevated levels of the gonadal androgen testosterone (T) entail obligatory costs, such as immunosuppression, but evidence supporting this immunosuppressive influence is equivocal. To investigate this question, adult males house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, were exposed to short days and chronically treated with T-filled (T males; N=10) or empty (C males; N=10) Silastic capsules. Testosterone administration increased plasma T levels and the size of the cloacal protuberance, an androgen-dependent secondary sexual characteristic. To study humoral immunity, finches received injections of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and we measured circulating concentrations of antibodies to these cells with a hemagglutination test. All males produced antibodies following four SRBC injections at weekly intervals. Antibody titers in T and C males did not differ 5 days after the fourth injection, but were 59% lower in T than C males 2 weeks later. To study cell-mediated immunity, we measured the local inflammatory response to an injection of phytohemaglutinin (PHA). This response in T and C males was similar 1 day after PHA injection, but was 58% less in T than C males 2 days following the injection. Thus, T and C males mounted similar humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, but T treatment compromised maintenance of these responses. The results, demonstrating immunosuppressive effects of elevated T, are consistent with the ICH hypothesis.
Temporal and spatial changes in the expression pattern of multiple red and green subtype opsin genes during zebrafish development
Authors: Takechi Masaki , Kawamura Shoji
Published: March 2005

Zebrafish have two red, LWS-1 and LWS-2, and four green, RH2-1, RH2-2, RH2-3 and RH2-4, opsin genes encoding photopigments with distinct absorption spectra. Occurrence of opsin subtypes by gene duplication is characteristic of fish but little is known whether the subtypes are expressed differently in the retina, either spatially or temporally. Here we show by in situ hybridization the dynamic expression patterns of the opsin subtypes in the zebrafish retina. Expression of red type opsins is initiated with the shorter-wavelength subtype LWS-2, followed by the longer-wavelength subtype LWS-1. In the adult retina, LWS-2 was expressed in the central to dorsal area and LWS-1 in the ventral and peripheral areas. Expression patterns of green type opsins were similar to those of the red type opsins. The expression started with the shortest wavelength subtype RH2-1 followed by the longer wavelength ones, and in the adult retina, the shorter wavelength subtypes (RH2-1 and RH2-2) were expressed in the central to dorsal area and longer wavelength subtypes (RH2-3 and RH2-4)in the ventral and peripheral areas. These results provide the framework for subsequent studies of opsin gene regulation and for probing functional rationale of the developmental changes by using the power of zebrafish genetics.
Cardiorespiratory and metabolic reactions during entrance into torpor in dormice, Glis glis
Authors: Elvert Ralf , Heldmaier Gerhard
Published: March 2005

Dormice voluntarily enter torpor at ambient temperatures ranging between 0–28°C. This study describes heart rate, ventilation frequency,O2-consumption (defined as metabolic rate),CO2-production and body temperature during entrance into torpor. Their temporal relationship was analysed during the time course of metabolic depression at different ambient temperatures. Body temperature and heart rate were measured in unrestrained dormice with implanted transmitter. Ventilation frequency was monitored by total body plethysmography or infrared video monitoring. To compare entries into torpor at different Tathese periods were distinguished into four different phases: the resting phase prior to torpor, the phase of pre-torpor adjustments, the reduction phase and the phase of steady state torpor. In the pre-torpor phase, dormice increased their ventilation, metabolic rate and heart rate, indicating that the torpid state is initiated by an enhanced metabolic activity for about an hour. This was followed by a rapid reduction of ventilation, metabolism and heart rate,which reached their minimum values long before body temperature completed its decline. The results of the present study show that the entrance into torpor is caused by an active respiratory, cardiac and metabolic depression.
Mechanical analysis of streamlined tubes with non-uniform wall thickness for heat exchangers
Authors: Li Z , Mantell S. C , Davidson J. H
Published: March 2005

An approach to select the tube wall thickness distribution of streamlined tubes intended for use in heat exchangers is developed. The goal is to retain a streamlined outer profile (resist deformation) and to prevent strain failure due to the applied internal pressure. The effect of the tube wall thickness distribution on heat transfer is also considered. The strain is calculated as a function of several dimensionless geometric ratios and the ratio of the internal pressure to material modulus. Using the finite element method, a set of dimensionless design curves is created for elliptical tube geometries. From these curves, a range of possible materials and tube geometries can be selected that meet a specific strain limit. To illustrate the approach, structure-satisfied elliptical designs are selected and their thermal performance is evaluated for an automotive radiator and an automotive charge air cooler made of polymeric materials. The same method can be extended to tubes of other shapes and materials.
Non-linear analysis of shallow cracks in smooth and notched plates Part 2: Finite element validation
Authors: Wormsen A , Härkegärd G
Published: March 2005

In this Part 2, finite element results are presented to investigate the accuracy of the simplified methods for non-linear analysis of shallow cracks in smooth and notched plates presented in Part 1. The present study considers edge-cracked specimens made of power-hardening elastic-plastic material. The finite element models have been subjected to displacement or force control. Geometry factors for J solutions are tabulated on the basis of two-dimensional finite element calculations, covering different specimen geometries and types of loading. The accuracy of the closed-form geometry factors presented in Part 1 are assessed using finite element calculations. It is observed that the type of loading affects the value of J. For displacement-controlled specimens, a purely elastic analysis yields conservative predictions of J, while elastic predictions of J are non-conservative for force-controlled specimens. The equation proposed for J is found to be in good agreement with finite element results under both force control and displacement control.
How long is a curved beam?
Authors: Stephen N. G
Published: March 2005

For a straight or thin curved beam, the expression for strain energy due to bending is U = M2 L/(2EI); for this to be applicable to a thick curved beam, the requisite length is slightly greater than the centre-line length.
Surface design and tooth contact analysis of an innovative modified spur gear with crowned teeth
Authors: Li J-L , Chiou S-T
Published: March 2005

An innovative modified spur gear with crowned teeth and its generating mechanism are proposed in this study. The main purpose of tooth surface modification is to change line contact to point contact at the middle of gear tooth surfaces in order to avoid edge contact resulting from possible unavoidable axial misalignment. Moreover, the surface of one gear tooth can be generated with just one cutting process, thereby facilitating easy manufacturing. Based on gearing theory, the model for surface design is developed. A tooth contact analysis (TCA) model for the modified gear pair is also built to investigate meshing characteristics, so that transmission errors (TEs) under assembly errors can also be studied. Examples are included to verify the correctness of the models developed and to demonstrate gear characteristics.
Analysis of mechanical errors in disc cam mechanisms
Authors: Wu L-I , Chang W-T
Published: March 2005

This paper presents an analytical method for analysing the mechanical errors of disc cam mechanisms. With the aid of parametric expressions of the cam profile and by employing the concept of equivalent linkage, the error of the follower motion that is due to the variation in each design parameter can be determined analytically. The resulting error equations do not really involve the location of the curvature centre of the cam profile, and thus locating the curvature centre of the cam profile is not essential. The method is validated through analysing a cam mechanism that has an invariant equivalent linkage, and thus an exact solution is available. Compared with the exact solutions, the predicted results have at least four-figure accuracy. For the roller follower cases, the pressure angle has most effect on the resulting error. Owing to the counteraction of the shift angle, the resulting error due to the radial dimension error of the cam profile has relatively smaller variation. In the worst case, owing to the combined effects of various design parameters, the accuracy of the follower motion may degrade considerably. The acceleration error functions have a sudden change at the ends of the motion.
Measurement and interpretation of the heat transfer coefficients of metal foams
Authors: Fuller A J , Kim T , Hodson H P , Lu T J
Published: March 2005

The heat transfer characteristics of FeCrAlY (an iron-based alloy with a melting point of 1510°C sintered foams are presented. The foams have open cells and hollow cell ligaments. The foam samples had a range of cell sizes (1-3 mm) and relative densities (4.6-12.5 percent). Foam cores sandwiched between two conductive substrates were subjected to forced air convection with a constant input heat flux. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient is shown to depend on the effective porosity. Heat transfer is predominantly due to the increased flow mixing that the foam structure promotes. With higher-conductivity materials, the foam also acts to increase the heat transfer by providing an extended surface area, but this is not a strong effect in FeCrAlY foams owing to the low thermal conductivity of 16 W/m K. The FeCrAlY foam is compared with copper foam, and the latter effect is more significant.
Measurement of interface pressure in interference fits
Authors: Lewis R , Marshall M B , Dwyer-Joyce R S
Published: March 2005

When components such as bearings or gears are pressed onto a shaft, the resulting interference induces a pressure at the interface. The size of this pressure is important as many components fail because fatigue initiates from press-fit stress concentrations. The aim of the present work was to develop ultrasound as a tool for non-destructive determination of press-fit contact pressures. An interference fit interface behaves like a spring. If the pressure is high, there are few air gaps, so it is very stiff and allows transmission of an ultrasonic wave. If the pressure is low, then interface stiffness is lower and most ultrasound is reflected. A spring model was used to determine maps of contact stiffness from interference-fit ultrasonic reflection data. A calibration procedure was then used to determine the pressure. The interface contact pressure has been determined for a number of different press- and shrink-fit cases. The results show a central region of approximately uniform pressure with edge stress at the contact sides. The magnitude of the pressure in the central region agrees well with the elastic Lamé analysis. In the more severe press-fit cases, the surfaces scuffed which led to anomalies in the reflected ultrasound. These anomalies were associated with regions of surface damage at the interface. The average contact pressure in a shrink-fit and press-fit joint were similar. However, in the shrink-fit joint more uneven contact pressure was observed with regions of poor conformity. This could be because the action of pressing on a sleeve plastically smooths out long wavelength roughness, leading to a more conforming surface.
Fault identification in rotating machinery using artificial neural networks
Authors: Nahvi H , Esfahanian M
Published: March 2005

In this paper, an artificial neural network system is designed and employed for fault prediction of rotating machinery systems. Multi-layer feedforward networks, constituted of non-linear neurons, have been employed. A normalization scheme is implemented on the input and output vectors. The performance of the expert structure is optimized to encounter input data with different intensities and non-regular data. More than 40 rotating machinery faults are introduced into the algorithm. To train the network, the data in the vibration identification chart consisting of vibration signals of common rotating machinery faults are used. Computer software is developed to detect machinery faults by using the above techniques and is validated for fault detection of different machinery systems. It is found that the designed network is capable of identifing unknown faults in rotating machinery. The effectiveness of the proposed neural network algorithm is displayed by several tests.
Dynamics of a compliant mechanism based on flexure hinges
Authors: Choi K-B
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a novel equation of motion for flexure hinge-based mechanisms. The conventional equation of motion presented in previous work does not adequately describe the behaviours of rigid bodies for the following reasons: firstly, rotational directions for a transformed stiffness lack consistency at the two ends of a flexure hinge; secondly, the length of the flexure hinge is not considered in the equation. The equation of motion proposed in this study solves these problems. Modal analyses are carried out using the proposed equation of motion, the conventional equation of motion found in previous work, and a finite element method. The results show that the proposed equation of motion describes the behaviours of the rigid bodies better than the conventional equation of motion does.
Synthesis of MCM-48 Single Crystals with Cube Morphology
Authors: Kong Lingdong , Liu Su , Yan Xuewu , Li Quanzhi , He Heyong
Published: March 2005

MCM-48 single crystals with cube morphology were synthesized by using a new ternary surfactant templating route and controlling the rate of the hydrolysis of Si source.
Highly Aqueous-dispersible Carbon Black Grafted with SAS and AA Copolymers
Authors: Zhao Jian-Yi , Wang Cheng-Yang
Published: March 2005

Carbon black grafted with copolymer of AA and SAS exhibits significant dispersibility in water. Although the grafting ratio is low, sulfonic groups of SAS can effectively stabilize carbon black when dispersed in aqueous media. The advantage of this method is that only low grafting ratio is needed, thus avoiding the complex procedure for high grafting ratio.
Catalyst-free Gas-phase Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Berndt Torsten , Böge Olaf
Published: March 2005

Butadiene, styrene, cyclohexene, allyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, and allyl alcohol were epoxidized in a gas-phase reaction in the absence of a catalyst. The applied oxidizing agent is ozone. With exception of allyl alcohol (selectivity to glycidol: 58%), the selectivity to the corresponding epoxide ranged from 88 to 97%. For acrylonitrile, there was no measureable conversion.
Excess Oxygen in 12CaO·7Al2O3 Studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Hayashi Katsuro , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: March 2005

Oxygen radial (O2−, O−)-accommodated 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) releases oxygen molecules at about 800 °C when heated in helium. The corresponding weight loss nearly accords with that calculated from an amount of the accommodated radicals, providing solid evidence that they are formed by an oxygen gas uptake from the atmosphere. Small difference between the observed and calculated losses suggests the presence of peroxide ion, O22−, which is confirmed by the enhancement of 770 cm−1 band in Raman spectra of the radical-accommodated samples.
Hexagonal Ring Submicro- and Nanocrystals of a La–Hexacyanoferrate Coordination Polymer
Authors: Kondo Nobuyuki , Kurihara Masato , Yamada Mami , Miyake Mikio , Nishijima Masahiko , Ohsuna Tetsu , Mizukami Fujio , Sakamoto Masatomi
Published: March 2005

Hexagonal disk crystals of a La–hexacyanoferrate coordination polymer were obtained by reversed micelle technique. The {001} surface capping of the surfactants leads to the hexagonal disk shape evolution with the completely developed {001} surface. The hexagonal disks are changed into hexagonal rings through spontaneous and anisotropic surface etching along the [001] direction from both sides of the hexagonal disk.
Preparation, Characterization, and Electroluminescence Characteristics of α-Diimine-type Platinum(II) Complexes with Perfluorinated Phenyl Groups as Ligands
Authors: Nishida Jun-ichi , Maruyama Akihiro , Iwata Takeshi , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: March 2005

The α-diimine-type platinum(II) complexes having bulky perfluorinated phenyl groups were prepared and the molecular and crystal structures were revealed by X-ray analysis. They showed phosphorescence and electron-accepting properties. The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices showing green luminescence were fabricated.
Control of Pore Size in Mesoporous Silica by Incremental Surface Modification Using Tetramethyl Orthosilicate
Authors: Ishimaru Ryohei , Shibasaki Yusuke , Hara Michikazu , Ueda Mitsuru , Domen Kazunari , N. Kondo Junko
Published: March 2005

The pore size of mesoporous silica is precisely controlled by repeated surface treatment with tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and water. This surface treatment produces a silica monolayer by reaction between surface hydroxy groups and TMOS, and successive water treatment regenerates the surface silanol groups ready for further TMOS modification. This treatment method reduces the pore size of SBA-15 mesoporous silica incrementally by ca. 0.5 nm per treatment step, while preserving the original hexagonal pore structure.
White-emitting Long-lasting Phosphor Sr2SiO4:Dy3+
Authors: Kuang Jinyong , Liu Yingliang
Published: March 2005

A white-emitting long-lasting phosphor is synthesized by the conventional high temperature solid-state method. After irradiation by 185 or 210 nm UV light for 1 min, the Dy3+-doped Sr2SiO4 phosphor emits white color long-lasting phosphorescence, and the phosphorescence can be seen with the naked eye in the dark clearly for more than 1 h even after the irradiation source has been removed. XRD, PL, and TL spectra are used to characterize this phosphor. It is considered that the long-lasting phosphorescence is due to persistent energy transfer from the e-traps to the Dy3+ ions to create the white-emitting long-lasting phosphorescence.
Fabrication of Ferroelectric Self-assembled Fluorinated Polyether Monolayer on Hydrogen-terminated Si(111) Surface
Authors: Okano Takashi , Inari Hirofumi , Ishizaki Takahiro , Saito Nagahiro , Sakamoto Wataru , Takai Osamu
Published: March 2005

Covalently bonded ferroelectric self-assembled monolayers on silicon surface were fabricated via hydrosilylation of terminally allylated and propargylated fluorine-containing polyether adsorbates on hydrogen-terminated Si(111) substrates. Incomplete polarization—electric field loops indicating ferroelectric property were observed in a range of bias voltage ±300 mV.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Diastereoselective Strecker-type Reaction between Trimethylsilyl Cyanide and Chiral Sulfinimines
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2005

Lewis base-catalyzed diastereoselective Strecker-type reaction between trimethylsilyl cyanide and chiral sulfinimines derived from commercially available (S)-(+)-p-toluenesulfinamide and aliphatic aldehydes proceeded smoothly by using a catalytic amount of tetra-n-butylammonium acetate in DMF to afford the corresponding α-amino nitriles with (Ss,R)-configurations in good to high yields and diastereoselectivities.
A New and Facile Route for the Synthesis of Thiocarbamates from Aniline, Carbon Monoxide, and Thiols Mediated by Selenium
Authors: Zhang Xiaopeng , Lu Shiwei
Published: March 2005

A new and facile route for the synthesis of thiocarbamates was reported. Mediated by selenium, aniline reacts very readily with carbon monoxide and thiols in the presence of triethylamine, to afford the corresponding thiocarbamates mostly in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Selenium can be easily recovered and recycled.
Significance of bifid epiglottis
Authors: Stevens Cathy A. , Ledbetter Joel C.
Published: March 2005

Bifid epiglottis is a rare anomaly, which is heterogeneous and is often associated with other anomalies, particularly polydactyly. It has been reported in 40% of patients with Pallister–Hall syndrome and rarely in other syndromes. We report two brothers with bifid epiglottis who also have features suggestive of Bardet–Biedl syndrome. We also review the features seen in 22 patients reported in the literature with bifid epiglottis. No patient had bifid epiglottis as an isolated anomaly. Other malformations include clefts, micropenis, renal abnormalities, anal malformations, hypospadias, hypothalamic hamartomas, hypopituitarism, heart defects, and Hirschprung disease. Bifid epiglottis may be an under‐recognized feature of Bardet–Biedl syndrome and should be considered in these patients, particularly if there are airway symptoms. Many of the anomalies associated with bifid epiglottis have potentially serious consequences and thus, a thorough evaluation of the patient with bifid epiglottis is warranted. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Something more than skill: What are parties really seeking in a mediator?
Authors: Honeyman Christopher
Published: March 2005

Christopher Honeyman, of Madison, Wis., shows how studying mediation in different cultures produces common characteristics that shed light on, among other things, why local improvement efforts may not be working.
Evaluation of physical and dielectric properties of chloroprene and styrene butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Das Amit , Basu Dipak Kumar
Published: March 2005

The influence of bis(diisopropyl) thiophosphoryl disulfide, a multifunctional rubber additive, on the curing characteristics and physical properties of polychloroprene rubber and styrene butadiene rubber blends was studied. It is evident from the study that covulcanization of SBR and CR following a two‐stage process leads to the development of improved physical properties of the vulcanizates. Dielectric and scanning electron microscopy study supports the occurrence of coherence of the dissimilar rubber blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1492–1504, 2005
Synthesis of alicyclic polymers and characterization of chemical amplified positive photoresists having the same
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Hsieh Ching‐Dong , Tseng Chun‐Chieh
Published: March 2005

To investigate the effects of cyclic structures of polymers on the physical properties of photoresist, a series of copolymers consisting of various comonomers selected from 3,6‐endo,oxo‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), bornyl methacrylate (BMA), methacrylic acid (MA), t‐butyl methacrylate (t‐BMA), and 2‐norborene (NB) was synthesized. The molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and the components of the synthesized copolymers were estimated. Photoresists consisting of the synthesized polymers and photoacid generator were prepared. The dependence of the molecular structures on the developers was investigated. The exposure characteristic curves of the photoresists were studied. The existence of the alicyclic comonomers was clearly found to increase the plasma resistance of the photoresist. The sensitivity, contrast, and exposed real image of the prepared photoresists were all investigated. The results obtained suggest that the alicyclic polymers synthesized in this investigation could be used as positive tone photoresists. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1505–1514, 2005
Compounding of nanocomposites by thermokinetic mixing
Authors: Gopakumar T. G. , Pagé D. J. Y. S.
Published: March 2005

Nanocomposites have been prepared by melt mixing poly(propylene) (PP) and different levels of a premixed montmorillonite‐organoclay masterbatch (PP/clay concentrate). Melt mixing was achieved using a Gelimat, a high‐speed thermokinetic mixer. The Gelimat system is designed to handle difficult compounding and dispersion applications and can achieve mixing, heating, and compounding of products within a minute. Therefore, the thermal history of the compounded polymer is short, which limits degradation. The structure and properties of the nanocomposites prepared with a Gelimat were compared to ones prepared with a twin‐screw extruder. The structure and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites were compared by TEM, X‐ray diffraction, mechanical testing, and rheological analysis. Results indicate that a better dispersion of the clay can be achieved by thermokinetic mixing when compared to extrusion, resulting in better mechanical properties. Calculations, based on simplifying assumptions, showed that the shear rates generated in a Gelimat are at least one order higher than those generally generated in an extruder. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1557–1563, 2005
Resin I: Synthesis and characterization of 2,2′‐dihydroxybiphenyl–urea–formaldehyde terpolymers
Authors: Jadhao Manjusha M. , Paliwal L. J. , Bhave N. S.
Published: March 2005

Terpolymer resins (BPhUF) were synthesized by the condensation of 2,2′‐dihydroxybiphenyl [BPh] and urea [U] with formaldehyde [F] in the presence of an acid catalyst and using varied molar ratios of reacting monomers. Terpolymer resin compositions have been determined on the basis of their elemental analysis and the number average molecular weights of these resins were determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous medium. Viscometric measurements in dimethyl formamide have been carried out with a view to ascertain the characteristic functions and constants. UV‐VIS, IR, and NMR spectra were studied to elucidate the structure. studied to elucidate the structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1605–1610, 2005
Temperature effect on the infrared absorption of ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)
Authors: Wong Y. W. , Leung C. M. , Hui N. M. , Chan H. L. W. , Choy C. L.
Published: March 2005

The intensity of two infrared absorption bands of annealed ferroelectric copolymers [poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)] in the mid‐infrared high‐frequency region was found to be strongly related to the annealing temperature. The vibration modes in the amorphous phase of the copolymers were considered to account for these two bands. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the absorption spectra of the copolymers in the heating and cooling cycle was investigated. In the vicinity of the Curie transition, the absorption bands associated with the CH2 vibrations exhibited a shift in frequency. Two bands were identified as shifting to a high frequency, and one band shifted to a low frequency with heating. These three bands were restored to their room‐temperature frequency with cooling. In addition, copolymers of a higher vinylidene fluoride content exhibited a more pronounced thermal hysteresis in terms of a shift in frequency. This was consistent with the electrical behavior of the copolymers. The trends of the frequency shifts suggested that dipole–dipole coupling existed between two adjacent chains in the all‐trans conformation, which originated from the interaction of the CH2 and CF2 dipoles. The coupling diminished as the copolymers underwent a change in phase above the transition temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1662–1666, 2005