bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Heteroatom‐Containing Propynals with S‐, N‐Binucleophiles.
Authors: Demina M. M. , Novopashin P. S. , Kon'kova T. V. , Sarapulova G. I. , Afonin A. V. , Medvedeva A. S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Carbostannylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Silver(I) Species.
Authors: Porcel Susana , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Sesquiterpene from the Seeds of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchi.
Authors: Zhan Zha‐Jun , Li Cheng‐Ping , Shan Wei‐Guang
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chlorahololides A (I) and B (II), Two Potent and Selective Blockers of the Potassium Channel Isolated from Chloranthus holostegius
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Ping , Gao Zhao‐Bing , Wang Fang‐Dao , Liao Shang‐Gao , Chen Hua‐Dong , Zhang Chuan‐Rui , Hu Guo‐Yuan , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dodecaborate‐Conjugated Cholesterols for Efficient Boron Delivery in Neutron Capture Therapy.
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki , Ueno Manabu , Lee Jong‐Dae , Ban Hyun Seung , Justus Eugen , Fan Ping , Gabel Detlef
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mycenarubins A (I) and B (II), Red Pyrroloquinoline Alkaloids from the Mushroom Mycena rosea.
Authors: Peters Silke , Spiteller Peter
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Michael Addition in Neat Water: A Rapid, Efficient and Green Method for the Preparation of Acyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: Qu Gui‐Rong , Zhang Zhi‐Guang , Geng Ming‐Wei , Xia Ran , Zhao Lin , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Total Synthesis of the Zinc Matrixmetalloproteinase Inhibitor Ageladine A Featuring a Biogenetically Patterned 6π‐2‐Azatriene Electrocyclization.
Authors: Meketa Matthew L. , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Bacteria‐Templated Sonochemical Route for the in situ One‐Step Synthesis of ZnS Hollow Nanostructures.
Authors: Zhou Han , Fan Tongxiang , Zhang Di , Guo Qixin , Ogawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbon Hollow Nanospheres from Chlorination of Ferrocene.
Authors: Katcho Nebil A. , Urones‐Garrote Esteban , Avila‐Brande David , Gomez‐Herrero Adrian , Urbonaite Sigita , Csillag Stefan , Lomba Enrique , Agullo‐Rueda Fernando , Landa‐Canovas Angel R. , Otero‐Diaz L. Carlos
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Thiopyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Antimycobacterial Agents.
Authors: Ballell Lluis , Field Robert A. , Chung Gavin A. C. , Young Robert J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gasification of Low‐Rank Solid Fuels with Thermochemical Energy Recuperation for Hydrogen Production and Power Generation
Authors: Hayashi J.‐I. , Hosokai S. , Sonoyama N.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitroso and Azo Compounds in Modern Organic Synthesis: Late Blooming but very Rich
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Kawasaki Masanori
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia and Hydroxide with Aryl Halides: The Direct Synthesis of Primary Anilines and Phenols
Authors: Willis Michael C.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Oxyprenylated Secondary Plant Metabolites
Authors: Epifano Francesco , Genovese Salvatore , Menghini Luigi , Curini Massimo
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal‐Assisted Multicomponent Reactions Involving Carbon Monoxide — Towards Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Stanetty Peter
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Thiols
Authors: Koval' I. V.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Photon Physical Organic, and Polymer Chemistry: Theory, Techniques, Chromophore Design, and Applications
Authors: Strehmel Bernd , Strehmel Veronika
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methods and Protocols of Modern Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Amblard Muriel , Fehrentz Jean‐Alain , Martinez Jean , Subra Gilles
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Marine Bromotyrosine Derivatives
Authors: Peng Jiangnan , Li Jing , Hamann Mark T.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Lycopodium Alkaloids
Authors: Kobayashi Jun'Ichi , Morita Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysis by Organometallic Compounds
Authors: Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pentacoordinated and Hexacoordinated Compounds
Authors: Hall C. D.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphines and Related Tervalent Phosphorus Systems
Authors: Allen D. W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Basic Organometallic Chemistry Related to Catalytic Cycles
Authors: Maitlis Peter , Chiusoli Gian Paolo
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Derivatives of Cyclobutane
Authors: Butenschoen Holger
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Feeling the Force of Supramolecular Bonds in Polymers
Authors: Vancsco G. Julius
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions Involving Radical Intermediates
Authors: Aldabbagh Fawaz , Bowman W. Russell , Storey John M. D.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anticancer Drugs from Nature—Natural Products as a Unique Source of New Microtubule‐Stabilizing Agents
Authors: Altmann Karl‐Heinz , Gertsch Juerg
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Natural Products of Filamentous Fungi: Enzymes, Genes, and Their Regulation
Authors: Hoffmeister Dirk , Keller Nancy P.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isoflavonoids of the Leguminosae
Authors: Veitch Nigel C.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chimerism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus — 3 Hypotheses
Authors: Kremer Hovinga I. C. L. , Koopmans M. , de Heer E. , Bruijn J. A. , Bajema I. M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General and Theoretical Aspects of Anilines
Authors: Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactive Intermediates in Crystals: Form and Function
Authors: Campos Luis M. , Garcia‐Garibay Miguel A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Spectroscopy, Photophysics and Photochemistry of Anilines
Authors: Yang Jye‐Shane
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Chemistry of Anilines
Authors: Wojcik Grazyna Maria
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Voltage life characteristics of epoxy micaceous insulation systems under flexural stress
Authors: Mitsui Hisayasu , Yoshida Katsuhiko , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Voltage endurance tests under flexural stress were carried out on high‐voltage rotating machine insulations with various mica tapes. The following interesting observations were obtained from the test data.

The relationship between flexural stress and voltage life is comparatively differentiated by the mica tape construction. In a region exceeding a certain level of flexural stress, voltage lives are shortened abruptly for the insulation with mica papers only. On the other hand, for the insulation with mica splittings only, voltage lives are shortened more slowly with an increase of flexural stress, compared with the case for the insulation with mica papers only. Generally, breakdown occurs on the tensile side for the insulation with mica papers only, but on the compressive side for the insulation with mica splittings only. In the case of insulation using a combination of mica papers and mica splittings, breakdown occurs mostly on the compressive side, some‐times on the tensile side when voltage is rather low. As the displacement becomes larger, the breakdown path becomes longer for the insulation with mica papers only, and shorter for the insulation with mica splittings only. It becomes longer with the increase of voltage, when the displacement is constant.

From an examination of the relationships between nondestructive insulation characteristics and voltage life, almost no correlation was found between conventionally known characteristics (tan δ0, Δ tan δ and ΔC/C0) and voltage life. However, comparatively clear correlation was found between the void formation coefficient K and voltage life.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen at Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with a Novel Cobalt(III) Schiff's Base Complex
Authors: Shamsipur Mojtaba , Najafi Mostafa , Hosseini Mohammad‐Reza Milani , Sharghi Hashem
Published: July 2007

A carbon paste modified electrode with a new cobalt(III) Schiff's base complex (CPME) and its application to electrocatalytic activity for dioxygen reduction is developed. The electrochemical behavior and stability of the CPME as well as the two‐electron reduction of O2 at the electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and rotating disk electrode methods. At the CPME, the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide occurs at potentials where it is not observed at a bare carbon paste electrode. The CPME exhibited potent and persistent electrocatalysis for O2 reduction in acetate buffer solutions of pH 4.0 with an overpotential of about 800 mV lower than unmodified CPE and drastic increase in the peak current. The heterogeneous rate constant for the reduction of O2 at the surface of CPME was determined by hydrodynamic voltammetry using the Koutecky–Levich plot. A possible catalytic mechanism is proposed and discussed.
Determination of Cd and Pb in Phosphorites and Phosphate Fertilizers by Means of a Portable Voltammetric Analyzer Based on “Virtual Instrumentation”
Authors: Maroulis Marios , Economou Anastasios , Voulgaropoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2007

This works reports the determination of cadmium and lead in phosphorite rocks and phosphate fertilizers by means of a portable voltammetric analyzer based on the “virtual instrumentation” principle. The analyzer consists of a home‐made potentiostat, a conventional three‐electrode cell and a magnetic stirrer interfaced to a PC with control and data acquisition software developed in LabVIEW 7.1. The apparatus operates in the square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) detection mode and utilizes wax‐impregnated graphite working electrodes covered in‐situ with a thin film of mercury. The phosphorite and fertilizer samples were subjected to pre‐treatment with concentrated acid before the analysis. Different acids were accessed and compared in terms of sensitivity and background characteristics. Comparison of the results obtained by SWASV and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) indicates that no statistical difference exists between the two techniques.
Numerical simulations of 3D free surface flows by a multilayer Saint‐Venant model
Authors: Audusse E. , Bristeau M. O. , Decoene A.
Published: July 2007

We present a multilayer Saint‐Venant system for the simulation of 3D free surface flows with friction and viscosity effects. A vertical discretization of a Navier–Stokes system approximation deduced from a precise analysis of the shallow water assumption leads to a set of coupled Saint‐Venant‐type systems. The idea is to obtain an accurate description of the vertical profile of the horizontal velocity while preserving the robustness and the computational efficiency of the usual Saint‐Venant system.

For each time‐dependent layer, a Saint‐Venant‐type system is solved on the same 2D mesh by a kinetic solver using a finite volume framework. The free surface is directly deduced from the sum of layers water depth.

We validate the model with some numerical academic and realistic examples. We present comparisons with simulations computed with the hydrostatic Navier–Stokes
solver of the Telemac‐3D code developed by Electricité de France. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an electro‐osmotic flow model to study the dynamic behaviour in human meridian
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Huang Vincent C. , Rani H. P.
Published: July 2007

A numerical study has been performed on the proposed bio‐fluid dynamics model to explore and provide some human meridian characteristics. The proposed meridian model involves tissue fluids, which contain ions and nutrition, in the meridian passage. The tissue fluid under investigation can interact with the blood in the capillary vessel at the acupuncture points a through a complex electro‐osmosis transport process occurring in the meridian path. The investigated physical domain consists of a meridian path having three acupuncture points, namely, gall bladder 37, 38, 39, which are connected with their associated small meridian bodies. Based on the proper physiological coefficients, the simulated mean velocity of the tissue fluid has the result of 3.37 cm/min, and is observed to increase and decrease with the hydraulic pressure of the arteriole with the maximum and minimum values of 4.34 and
2.40 cm/min, respectively. Our simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental findings reported in the literature. In the meridian, both blood and tissue fluid flows exhibited complex electro‐osmosis nonlinear behaviour. The immediate response due to the externally applied acupuncture is analysed to reveal the elliptic meridian nature, which is intrinsic in the body fluid. The interaction between the body fluid and blood is as the master and mother, and the influence of the blood circulation on the meridian system and vice versa are also analysed in detail. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extension of some numerical schemes to the analysis of gas and particle mixtures
Authors: García‐Cascales J. R. , Mulas‐Pérez J. , Paillère H.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, several numerical schemes are extended to obtain approximate solutions to the system of equations encountered in the analysis of multiphase mixtures of gas and particles. Both dense and dilute mixtures are studied, the gas is modelled as a perfect gas and the solid is considered incompressible. Although the tests employed throughout this work for studying the behaviour of the schemes are essentially one dimensional, the finite volume method developed permits its application to multidimensional problems in unstructured grids. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of fat distribution on the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Cheung Onpan , Kapoor Ashwani , Puri Puneet , Sistrun Sakita , Luketic Velimir A. , Sargeant Carol C. , Contos Melissa J. , Shiffman Mitchell L. , Stravitz Richard T. , Sterling Richard K. , Sanyal Arun J.
Published: July 2007

The patterns of fat distribution and their relationship to severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are unknown. The objectives of this study were to define the fat distribution patterns and their relationship to histological severity and metabolic parameters in subjects with NAFLD. Anthropometric indices and total body fat were measured in 123 subjects. Fat distribution patterns were defined as: general, abdominal, limb, truncal, and dorsocervical lipohypertrophy (DCL) a novel finding in NAFLD. Eighty-one (66%) of the subjects were obese, and 94 (76%) had abdominal obesity. Thirty-five (28.5%) had DCL. Whereas body mass index (BMI) correlated best with the presence of diabetes (r = 0.22,

P

< 0.05), waist circumference (WC) correlated best with hypertension (r = 0.2,

P

< 0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (r = 0.37,

P

< 0.001), and insulin resistance (homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance [r = 0.68,

P

< 0.0001]). None of the patterns of fat distribution were significantly associated with severity of hepatic steatosis. Abdominal obesity (WC) correlated with inflammation (r = 0.2,

P

< 0.05) only. DCL correlated significantly with the severity of all histological parameters except steatosis. Whereas DCL was the single greatest contributor to the variability in severity of histological parameters, a model combining BMI, WC, and DCL showed the greatest contribution to the variability in severity of individual histological parameters. The addition of steatosis grade to the model significantly increased its contribution to the range of lobular inflammation.

Conclusion:

WC predicts metabolic risk profile with the most significance. However, DCL is most strongly associated with severity of steatohepatitis. WC and BMI added modestly to the contribution of DCL to severity of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Immunoadsorption with single‐use columns for the management of bleeding in acquired hemophilia A: A series of nine cases
Authors: Brzoska Martin , Krause Manuela , Geiger Helmut , Betz Christoph
Published: July 2007

Background:

Acquired hemophilia A in a setting of bleeding or required surgery frequently places patients into a state of critical illness with high mortality. In this context immunoadsorption (IA) can be used to eliminate coagulation inhibitors quickly to employ recombinant coagulation factors more effectively. However, since acquired hemophilia is a rare condition the therapy is little standardized.

Methods:

We report on a retrospective analysis of nine cases of acquired hemophilia A treated with IA using disposable adsorber columns. Data collection was performed by retrospectively reviewing the patients' files regarding clinical course, mode of therapy, inhibitor titers, and coagulation status.

Results:

Inhibitor titers were effectively reduced in all but one patient following the treatment with IA. In two out of seven patients surviving the acute bleeding an inhibitor relapse occurred. The overall remission rate was determined as 77.8% within a median follow‐up of 613 days. In two of our nine patients fatal outcome resulted due to major bleeding complications. IA treatment showed good tolerability and no fatal complications were caused.

Conclusion:

The presented cases support our assumption that patients with acquired hemophilia A benefit from IA with disposable columns in a setting of acute bleeding. This modality of IA is able to eliminate inhibitors reliably and quickly. IA in general is substantially speeding up the progress of therapy preventing bleeding complications constantly threatening the patient and reducing the dosages of coagulation factor therapy. We encourage IA with disposable columns in all bleeding patients with acquired hemophilia to aggressively lower the inhibitors. J. Clin. Apheresis. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Stuber Matthias , Weiss Robert G.
Published: July 2007

Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a powerful noninvasive technique with high soft‐tissue contrast for the visualization of the coronary anatomy without X‐ray exposure. Due to the small dimensions and tortuous nature of the coronary arteries, a high spatial resolution and sufficient volumetric coverage have to be obtained. However, this necessitates scanning times that are typically much longer than one cardiac cycle. By collecting image data during multiple RR intervals, one can successfully acquire coronary MR angiograms. However, constant cardiac contraction and relaxation, as well as respiratory motion, adversely affect image quality. Therefore, sophisticated motion‐compensation strategies are needed. Furthermore, a high contrast between the coronary arteries and the surrounding tissue is mandatory. In the present article, challenges and solutions of coronary imaging are discussed, and results obtained in both healthy and diseased states are reviewed. This includes preliminary data obtained with state‐of‐the‐art techniques such as steady‐state free precession (SSFP), whole‐heart imaging, intravascular contrast agents, coronary vessel wall imaging, and high‐field imaging. Simultaneously, the utility of electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for the visualization of the coronary arteries is discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive MRI assessment of intracranial compliance in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Miyati Tosiaki , Mase Mitsuhito , Kasai Harumasa , Hara Masaki , Yamada Kazuo , Shibamoto Yuta , Soellinger Michaela , Baltes Christof , Luechinger Roger
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To assess the state and dynamics of the intracranial system in idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus (I‐NPH), we determined intracranial compliance using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

The intracranial compliance index (ICCI), which was defined as the ratio of the peak‐to‐peak intracranial volume change (ICVCp‐p) to the peak‐to‐peak cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure gradient (PGp‐p) during the cardiac cycle, was obtained from the net transcranial blood and CSF flow measured with phase‐contrast (PC) cine MRI. ICCI was determined in patients with I‐NPH (N = 7), brain atrophy, or asymptomatic ventricular dilation (VD) (N = 6), and in healthy volunteers (control group; N = 11). The changes in ICCI indices were also analyzed after a CSF tap test (N = 2).

Results

The ICCI in the I‐NPH group was significantly lower than in the control and VD groups, whereas no difference was found between the control and VD groups. The ICVCp‐p was also lower than in the control and VD groups. However, no significant difference was found in the PGp‐p between groups. The ICCI increased after the tap test.

Conclusion

Intracranial compliance analysis with MRI makes it possible to noninvasively obtain more detailed information of intracranial biomechanics in the I‐NPH and to assist in the diagnosis of I‐NPH. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging of J‐coupled resonances in human brain at 3 and 4 Tesla
Authors: Posse Stefan , Otazo Ricardo , Caprihan Arvind , Bustillo Juan , Chen Hongji , Henry Pierre‐Gilles , Marjanska Malgorzata , Gasparovic Charles , Zuo Chun , Magnotta Vincent , Mueller Bryon , Mullins Paul , Renshaw Perry , Ugurbil Kamil , Lim Kelvin O. , Alger Jeffry R.
Published: July 2007

In this multicenter study, 2D spatial mapping of J‐coupled resonances at 3T and 4T was performed using short‐TE (15 ms) proton echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI). Water‐suppressed (WS) data were acquired in 8.5 min with 1‐cm3 spatial resolution from a supraventricular axial slice. Optimized outer volume suppression (OVS) enabled mapping in close proximity to peripheral scalp regions. Constrained spectral fitting in reference to a non‐WS (NWS) scan was performed with LCModel using correction for relaxation attenuation and partial‐volume effects. The concentrations of total choline (tCho), creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr), glutamate (Glu), glutamate + glutamine (Glu+Gln), myo‐inositol (Ins), NAA, NAA+NAAG, and two macromolecular resonances at 0.9 and 2.0 ppm were mapped with mean Cramer‐Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) between 6% and 18% and ∼150‐cm3 sensitive volumes. Aspartate, GABA, glutamine (Gln), glutathione (GSH), phosphoethanolamine (PE), and macromolecules (MMs) at 1.2 ppm were also mapped, although with larger mean CRLBs between 30% and 44%. The CRLBs at 4T were 19% lower on average as compared to 3T, consistent with a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and increased spectral resolution. Metabolite concentrations were in the ranges reported in previous studies. Glu concentration was significantly higher in gray matter (GM) compared to white matter (WM), as anticipated. The short acquisition time makes this methodology suitable for clinical studies. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of clinical upper limb assessments within the framework of the WHO ICF
Authors: Metcalf Cheryl , Adams Jo , Burridge Jane , Yule Victoria , Chappell Paul
Published: July 2007

This paper is intended to provide a practical overview for clinicians and researchers involved in assessing upper limb function. It considers 25 upper limb assessments used in musculoskeletal care and presents a simple, straightforward comparative review of each. The World Health Organization International Classification on Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO ICF) is used to provide a relative summary of purpose between each assessment. Measurement properties of each assessment are provided, considering the type of data generated, availability of reliability estimates and normative data for the assessment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Component mode synthesis with constant mass and stiffness matrices applied to flexible multibody systems
Authors: Gerstmayr J. , Ambrósio J. A. C.
Published: July 2007

In flexible multibody systems, component mode synthesis is used to reduce the size of system matrices of the single bodies from millions to a few hundred, while maintaining the full coupling between body deformation and overall rigid body motion. The combination of clamped eigenmodes and static deformation modes results in a dense and non‐diagonal structure of the system matrices which is computationally costly. In the present paper, the conventional concept of the floating frame of reference is transformed to a description based on absolute coordinates and a corotational linearization of the deformation. The constant mass matrix and the corotated stiffness matrix need to be factorized only once for the whole simulation. In a planar example, component mode synthesis is
applied to this absolute coordinate formulation by using twice as many deformation modes as usual, while the solution of the overall system becomes less expensive due to efficient factorization. The size of the system matrices needs to be increased considerably for each axis of rotation. However, the computational complexity for the factorization reduces from cubic to quadratic. Numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the difference between standard procedures and the methodology now proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐bond crosslinked macroporous thermally reversible hydrogels
Authors: Avny Yair , Zada Anat , Zilkha Albert
Published: July 2007

Non‐bond crosslinked macroporous thermally reversible hydrogels of poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide were obtained by copolymerization with the crosslinking agent cyclic octaethylene glycol fumarate, a 29‐membered ring, having a polymerizable double bond; threading of polymer chains into the macrocyclic ring being the cause for the crosslinking. These hydrogels showed a high swelling capacity in water which could be controlled by varying the molar ratio of monomer/crosslinking agent. They rapidly ‘collapsed’ at 33° and swelled back at low temperatures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of accuracy of fetal urine analysis to predict poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction
Authors: Morris R. K. , Quinlan‐Jones E. , Kilby M. D. , Khan K. S.
Published: July 2007

Objective

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of analysis of fetal urine in the prediction of poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction.

Methods

A systematic review was performed. We conducted extensive electronic searches (database inception–2006). The reference lists of articles obtained were searched for any further articles. Two reviewers independently selected the articles in which the accuracy of fetal urinalysis was evaluated to predict poor postnatal renal function. There were no language restrictions. Data were extracted on study characteristics, quality and results, to construct 2 × 2 tables. Likelihood ratios for positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) test results were generated for the different fetal urinary analytes at various thresholds.

Results

There were 23 articles that met the selection criteria, including a total of 572 women and 63 2 × 2 tables. The two most accurate tests were calcium > 95th centile for gestation (LR + 6.65, 0.23–190.96; LR − 0.19, 0.05–0.74) and sodium > 95th centile for gestation (LR + 4.46, 1.71–11.6; LR − 0.39, 0.17–0.88). β2‐microglobulin was found to be less accurate (LR + 2.92, 1.28–6.69; LR − 0.53, 0.24–1.17).

Conclusion

The current evidence demonstrates that none of the analytes of fetal urine investigated so far can be shown to yield clinically significant accuracy to predict poor postnatal renal function. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelin basic protein as a binding partner and calmodulin adaptor for the BKCa channel
Authors: Kim Hyunyoung , Jo Sooyeon , Song Hye‐Jin , Park Zee‐Yong , Park Chul‐Seung
Published: July 2007

The activity and localization of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) channels are known to be modulated by several different proteins. Although many binding partners have been identified via yeast two‐hybrid screening, this method may not detect certain classes of interacting proteins such as low affinity binding proteins or multi‐component protein complexes. In this study, we employed mass spectrometry to identify proteins that interact with BKCa channels. We expressed and purified the ‘tail domain’ of the rat BKCa channel α‐subunit, a 54‐kDa region that is crucial for expression and functional activity of the channel. Using rat brain lysate and purified ‘tail domain’, we identified several novel proteins that interact with the BKCa channel. These included the myelin basic protein (MBP), upon which we performed subsequent biochemical and electrophysiological studies. Interaction between the BKCa channel and MBP was confirmed in vivo and in vitro. MBP co‐expression affected the Ca2+‐dependent activation of the BKCa channel by increasing its Ca2+ sensitivity. Moreover, we showed that calmodulin (CaM) interacts with the BKCa channel via MBP. Since CaM is a key regulator of many Ca2+‐dependent processes, it may be recruited by MBP to the vicinity of the BKCa channel, modulating its functional activity.
Spatial density‐dependent survival and development at different larval stages of the tiger beetle Cicindela japonica (Thunberg)
Authors: Takeuchi Yuichi , Hori Michio
Published: July 2007

Conspecific competition is an important component of the ecological processes of many species. In the case of sessile consumers, high population densities lead to competition within conspecific populations that, in turn, affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of the individuals involved. This study quantified neighborhood crowding and evaluated the extent of density effects on a tiger beetle (Cicindela japonica Thunberg) population by monitoring individually identified larvae at regular intervals. As an index of conspecific competition, the neighborhood density (the number of other larvae within a given radius for each larva) of each individual was measured. The radius size representing the highest mean coefficient of variation of density was determined as a suitable scale for detecting the density effects. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of three factors (neighborhood density, prey abundance, and environmental influences) on larval survival and development. The analysis revealed that the neighborhood density significantly influenced the survival and development of larvae through every larval stage from the first to the third‐instars. Moreover, the neighborhood density had a stronger influence on larvae of the same instar as compared to that on those of different instars. Our results suggest that density‐dependent mortality affects the tiger beetle larvae due to the lifestyle pattern of these sedentary, ambushing predators that exhibit an aggregated spatial distribution.
SHOWING THE FLY THE WAY OUT OF THE FLYBOTTLE: THE VALUE OF FORMALISM AND CONCEPTUAL REASONING IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Authors: Forsyth Christopher
Published: July 2007

When the holders of endowed chairs give inaugural lectures it is common for the lecture to begin with a respectful tribute to the achievements of the distinguished scholars in whose shoes the incumbent now stands. In the case of a personal chair this is obviously not possible. It is appropriate, though, that I should none the less acknowledge here the intellectual debts that I owe to others. But those who might be mentioned are very numerous. And in order to avoid having to draw invidious distinctions and being bound to offend someone, by commission or omission, I will mention only two giants of scholarship who have both had a profound influence upon me. They are both no longer with us but they remain influential in the work of others including myself.
WHERE DO ENGLISH AND WELSH JUDGES COME FROM?
Authors: Darbyshire Penny
Published: July 2007

This article examines the backgrounds of a sample of 77 English and Welsh judges in an ambitious research project sponsored by the Nuffield Foundation, in which I work-shadowed and interviewed a core sample of 40 judges at every level of the court structure, in 2003–5, with the aim of finding out what modern judges do and what they are like. I interviewed a further 37.
LAW BOOKSELLERS AND PRINTERS AS AGENTS OF UNCHANGE
Authors: Baloch Tariq A
Published: July 2007

Although the transformative influence of the printed word is acknowledged in the history of the common law (I will focus primarily on law books), there is as yet no comprehensive study which looks at how the production and dissemination of that printed word was shaped by “communities of printers, booksellers, readers and (for want of a better word) censors”. Not only does this deprive us of a fascinating narrative on the history of the law book, but also, as a consequence, prevents us from tracking more accurately than before the impact of the printed word on legal development across the centuries. As only a book length study could provide a complete narrative on this history, the present article will focus on one part of this story, namely the impact of the practices of printers and booksellers (who were the most important members of the book trade and will therefore be collectively referred to as “the book trade”) on law book publishing in the eighteenth century.
On transition to cellularity in expanding spherical flames
Authors: JOMAAS G. , LAW C. K. , BECHTOLD J. K.
Published: July 2007

The instant of transition to cellularity of centrally ignited, outwardly propagating spherical flames in a reactive environment of fuelx–oxidizer mixture, at atmospheric and elevated pressures, was experimentally determined using high-speed schlieren imaging and subsequently interpreted on the basis of hydrodynamic and diffusional–thermal instabilities. Experimental results show that the transition Péclet number, Pec = RcℓL, assumes an almost constant value for the near-equidiffusive acetylene flames with wide ranges in the mixture stoichiometry, oxygen concentration and pressure, where Rc is the flame radius at transition and ℓL the laminar flame thickness. However, for the non-equidiffusive hydrogen and propane flames, Pec respectively increases and decreases somewhat linearly with the mixture equivalence ratio. Evaluation of Pec using previous theory shows complete qualitative agreement and satisfactory quantitative agreement, demonstrating the insensitivity of Pec to all system parameters for equidiffusive mixtures, and the dominance of the Markstein number, Ze(Le – 1), in destabilization for non-equidiffusive mixtures, where Ze is the Zel'dovich number and Le the Lewis number. The importance of using locally evaluated values of ℓL, Ze and Le, extracted from either computationally simulated one-dimensional flame structure with detailed chemistry and transport, or experimentally determined response of stretched flames, in the evaluation of Pec is emphasized.
Spontaneous oscillations of a sessile lens
Authors: STOCKER ROMAN , BUSH JOHN W. M.
Published: July 2007

When an oil drop is placed on a water surface, it assumes the form of a sessile lens. We consider the curious behaviour that may arise when the oil contains a water-insoluble surfactant: the lens radius oscillates in a quasi-periodic fashion. While this oscillatory behaviour has been reported elsewhere, a consistent physical explanation has yet to be given. We present the results of an experimental investigation that enable us to elucidate the subtle mechanism responsible. Videomicroscopy reveals that the beating behaviour is generated by a subtle process of partial emulsification at the lens edge and sustained by evaporation of surfactant from the water surface.
Spatial stability and the onset of absolute instability of Batchelor's vortex for high swirl numbers
Authors: PARRAS L. , FERNANDEZ-FERIA R.
Published: July 2007

Batchelor's vortex has been commonly used in the past as a model for aircraft trailing vortices. Using a temporal stability analysis, new viscous unstable modes have been found for the high swirl numbers of interest in actual large-aircraft vortices. We look here for these unstable viscous modes occurring at large swirl numbers (q > 1.5), and large Reynolds numbers (Re >103), using a spatial stability analysis, thus characterizing the frequencies at which these modes become convectively unstable for different values of q, Re, and for different intensities of the uniform axial flow. We consider both jet-like and wake-like Batchelor's vortices, and are able to analyse the stability for Re as high as 108. We also characterize the frequencies and the swirl numbers for the onset of absolute instabilities of these unstable viscous modes for large q.
The effect of waves on subgrid-scale stresses, dissipation and model coefficients in the coastal ocean bottom boundary layer
Authors: SMITH W. A. M. NIMMO , KATZ J. , OSBORN T. R.
Published: July 2007

Six sets of particle image velocimetry (PIV) data from the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean are examined. The data represent periods of high, moderate and weak mean flow relative to the amplitude of wave-induced motion, which correspond to high, moderate and low Reynolds numbers based on the Taylor microscale (Re). The two-dimensional PIV velocity distributions enable spatial filtering to calculate some of the subgrid-scale (SGS) stresses, from which we can estimate the SGS dissipation, and evaluate the performance of typically used SGS stress models. The previously reported mismatch between the SGS and viscous dissipation at moderate and low Reynolds numbers appears to be related to the sparsity of large vortical structures that dominate energy fluxes.

Conditional sampling of SGS stresses and dissipation based on wave phase using Hilbert transforms demonstrate persistent and repeatable direct effects of large-scale but weak straining by the waves on the SGS energy flux at small scales. The SGS energy flux is phase-dependent, peaking when the streamwise-wave-induced velocity is accelerating, and lower when this velocity is decelerating. Combined with strain rate generated by the mean flow, the streamwise wave strain causes negative energy flux (backscatter), whereas the vertical wave strain causes a positive flux. The phase-dependent variations and differences between horizontal and vertical contributions to the cascading process extend to strains that are substantially higher than the wave-induced motion. These trends may explain the measured difference between spatial energy spectra of streamwise velocity fluctuations and spectra of the wall-normal component, i.e. the formation of spectral bumps in the spectra of the streamwise component at the wavenumbers for the transition between inertial and dissipation scales.

All the model coefficients of typical SGS stress models measured here are phase dependent and show similar trends. Thus, the variations of measured SGS dissipation with phase are larger than those predicted by the model variables. In addition, the measured coefficients of the static Smagorinsky SGS stress model decrease with decreasing turbulence levels, and increase with filter size. The dynamic model provides higher correlation coefficients than the Smagorinsky model, but the substantial fluctuations in their values indicate that ensemble averaging is required. The ‘global’ dynamic model coefficients indicate that the use of a scale-dependent dynamic model may be appropriate. The structure function model yields poor correlation coefficients and is found to be over-dissipative under all but the highest turbulence levels. The nonlinear model has higher correlations with measured stresses, as expected, but it also does not reproduce the trends with wave phase.
Bragg scattering by a line array of small cylinders in a waveguide. Part 1. Linear aspects
Authors: LI YILE , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: July 2007

Motivated by potential applications for offshore airports supported on vertical piles, we report a theory of wave diffraction by a periodic array of circular cylinders. The simple case of normal incidence on a rectangular array is studied here, which is equivalent to a line array along the centre of a long channel. An asymptotic theory is developed for cylinders much smaller than the incident wavelength, which is comparable to the cylinder spacing. Focus is on Bragg resonance near which scattering is strong. A combination of the method of multiple scales and the Bloch theorem leads to simple evolution equations coupling the wave envelopes. Dispersion of transient wave envelopes is investigated. Scattering of detuned waves by a large but finite number of cylinders is investigated for frequencies in and outside the band gap. Quantitative accuracy is assessed by comparisons with numerical computations via finite elements. The analytical theory prepares the ground for nonlinear studies and may facilitate future inclusion of real-fluid effects such as vortex shedding.