bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implements from the Glacial Deposits of North Norfolk
Authors: Cox J.
Published: October 2013

I discovered my first flint implement, a very fine Neolithic axe, in Gresham, in the year 1883, and this find led me to investigate the neighbourhood for other specimens. I was successful in finding many Neolithic implements of various kinds, which have from time to time been exhibited at the meetings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.

Shortly after my first finds, I commenced searching the gravels in the parish for “river drift” implements, but with very little success, as I soon found out that the gravel was of glacial origin, and the sandy surface of most of the district around was also glacial.

The high ground to the north of Gresham consists of what is now fairly well known as the “Cromer-Holt ridge,” and is considered by Mr. F. W. Harmer, F.G.S., to be the terminal moraine of the North Sea ice sheet, built up while the glacier remained stationary for a long period, on its northward retreat. The numerous small valleys were formed by waters from the melting ice while the glacier was in its stationary stage, and may also have been influenced by the later glacier which deposited the chalky boulder clay.
Yorkshire Gravers
Authors: Buckley Francis
Published: October 2013

Reference generally may be made to an article on the Classification of Burins or Gravers by Mr. Miles C. Burkitt, M.A., p. 306, Vol. III. of the Proceedings. The object of this article is to illus-trate Gravers from the Microlithic flint sites in West Yorkshire. Specimens have indeed been found in past years, but it is only recently that they have received recognition. And it is hoped that they may help to solve the problem of the age of this industry.

At present there is no clear evidence to dissociate any of the implements here illustrated from the well known microlithic industry of the Pennine Chain. There is, however, some reason to believe that most, but not all, of the Gravers were made during the earlier period of the local industry; whilst the beaked graver-like tools, absent at first, undoubtedly continued to its later stages. Also that gravers associated with tools of La Madeleine type may be established, stratigraphically below the pygmy series.
Recent Excavations on the Neolithic Site of Sainte-Gertrude, Holland
Authors: Layard Nina Frances
Published: October 2013

In 1924 at the invitation of Dr. Garson, the official delegate of the British Association, I attended the French Congress for the Advancement of Science, which was being held at Liège, and at his request took over for exhibition a large number of flint implements from various parts of East Anglia. I was much struck by the great interest taken in the exhibits, many of these English examples being apparently new to the audience. A desire was expressed by more than one of the professors present that they could oftener have the opportunity of examining typical tools from this country.

While at Liège I paid a visit to the Archaeological Museum, and also to M. Hamel Nandrin's private collection, with its stores of Neolithic specimens from the ateliers of Sainte-Gertrude, Holland, and this impressed me with the necessity of having examples of tools from Continental sites more conveniently at hand in England for reference and comparison than they are at present. I therefore determined to make an effort to secure for home study, some of the abundant spoil from the Sainte-Gertrude workshops.
The Shell Mound Industry of Denmark as Represented at Lower Halstow, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: October 2013

During the year 1924 I made some observations on the North Kent coast between Swalecliffe and Reculver for the purpose of locating the cultural horizon of the Thames pick, an implement which has been found in plenty upon the beach and sea floor in that locality, but which has not yet been indisputably classified by archæologists.

The finds made up to November, 1924, were shown by me to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, but the paper must be considered unsatisfactory since the pivot on which any conclusions from those finds had to turn was the date of the prehistoric pottery. On this question I found there were differences of opinion. On the one hand I was advised that the pottery was of the Early Iron Age, on the other that it was Neolithic. Having made a careful study of all the comparative evidence I could trace, I found myself unable to disregard either opinion. The apparent association of flint implements with the pottery, led me to adopt a Neolithic date, as at the time I had no evidence that Iron Age Man fashioned flint implements.
The Grime's Graves Problem in the Light of Recent Researches
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

The extensive prehistoric flint mining site of Grime's Graves occupïes high ground near the Southern boundary of Norfolk, at a maximum of 100 feet above O.D. It is set amidst wild undulating breck land, here and there densely clothed in bracken, the extensive belts separated by spaces of close cropped turf, or brown heath, conspicuously sprinkled with white patinated flints, a prodigious number of which are flakes of human production.

Many of the hill-tops are crowned by plantations of hardwood and coniferous trees, but there is no evidence that this lonely land of wide expanses was ever more than thinly covered by native timber and one feels that the country as seen to-day is much as the ancient flint miners knew it, thousands of years ago.

Though now so lonely and isolated, for neither high road nor dwelling exists within a mile radius, it was obviously once the centre of great activity, for the total mined area is not less than 34 acres in extent.

Of this, 16½ acres are occupied by 366 cup-shaped hollows, varying from 12 to 70 feet in diameter, all plainly visible on the surface and each denoting an ancient mine shaft. Over the remaining 17½ acres there are no surface indications to suggest the presence of underlying shafts, but excavations during the last four years have definitely established their existence and proved the area to be closely crowded with mine shafts of small diameter.
Further Report on the Epi-Palælithic Factory Site at Lower Halstow, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: October 2013

Through the generosity of the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Fund I have been enabled to continue the investigation of the factory site, the preliminary examination of which was reported in the Proceedings of this Society last year. The “floor” there described was situated on the right bank of the “Sunk Channel” of the River Medway, at a point one mile north of the Church at Lower Halstow. It rested, in part, upon the surface of the London Clay, and, in part, upon the surface of an alluvium which is older than the gravels of the 10-ft. terrace. The covering deposits, consisting of rainwash, peats, and marsh clays, amounted to a thickness of just over six feet.

In area the “floor” occupied some 100 feet by 60 feet and comprised a series of circular patches 3 feet to 4 feet wide and 3 ins. to 4 ins. deep, sunk below the surface of the London Clay. The patches consisted of blackened earth and calcined flints (see Plate I., fig. 2). The flint implements, together with the waste and raw material, occurred more numerously in these patches.

This year the hearths of a further factory site revealed themselves at a point ¼ of a mile north of the Church. They rested upon the surface of the London Clay and were covered by strata, similar both in composition and sequence to those of the northern site.
Note on Recent Excavations in Kents Cavern, Torquay
Authors: Dowie H. G.
Published: October 2013

During the seasons 1926-8 excavations have been undertaken in this cavern by a party of members of the Torquay Natural History Society, co-operating with a sub-committee of Section H of the British Association. A trench 60 feet long has been carried along the northern wall of the chambers known as the Vestibule and the N.E. Gallery so as to pass directly beneath the original position of the Black Band, a prehistoric hearth of very late Magdalenian age discovered in 1866 by William Pengelly. The Black Band adhered to the base of the upper or Granular Stalagmite, and at a depth of 4 feet lower in the Cave-earth, Pengelly had collected a couple of rostrate scrapers, an end-scraper with opposed point, and a bone pin, identified by Miss Garrod in 1926 as belonging to an industry of Middle Aurignacian type.
St. Acheul Implements from High-Level Gravel at Denham, Bucks
Authors: Marsden John G.
Published: October 2013

Three-quarters of a mile N. by W. of the Railway Station at Denham, Bucks., a small rounded promontory juts out into the Valley of the Colne. The Geological Survey map shows this promontory as composed of Reading beds, capped by Glacial Gravel, part of a spread covering all the higher ground between the rivers Misbourne and Colne. In the G. S. memoir on sheet No. 255, the following observation is made:—“In the large embayment between the Thames and the Colne, the Glacial Gravel appears to have been subsequently resorted in places.” A well-known example of this occurs at Croxley Green, 4¼ miles N. by E. of this site. It has been fully described by Messrs. R. A. Smith and H. Dewey (Archæologia, vol. lxvi., pp. 195–214).

Late last autumn I heard that palæoliths had been picked up in the neighbourhood of Denham. On going there to investigate, I found that a cutting of over 200 yards, for a new road running N. and S., had been made through the promontory. Unfortunately the excavation work at this spot was practically finished, and both sides of the cutting had been battered.
The Mutual Relations of the British Neolithic Ceramics
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: October 2013

In 1932 the writer published a catalogue of and a commentary on the Neolithic Pottery of the British Isles, in which emphasis was laid on the essential division, first distinguished by Kendrick nearly ten years ago, into the Windmill Hill (Neolithic A) and Peterborough (Neolithic B) groups, and it was claimed that “evidence is consistent in pointing to a late date for Peterborough ware, with constant contacts with the beakers, while the Windmill Hill antedates this.” Since the publication of this paper, however, re-examination of the material, certain new evidence, and above all a most valuable discussion with Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds have made it clear that this claim for a difference of date all over Britain was unfounded. The most convincing, and indeed almost startling evidence was in the form of certain sherds from the recent excavations by Dr. Cecil Curwen in the causewayed camp of Whitehawk, near Brighton. Dr. Curwen invited the writer to examine and describe the pottery, and a brief commentary was contributed to the report on the excavations. Owing to the exigencies of space and other considerations it was thought advisable to omit from this report any discussion of the wider implications suggested, and to deal with them in a separate paper.

Since the Whitehawk sherds form the real basis of the revised views presented in this paper, it is well to consider them in some detail, at the risk of partial repetition of the account already published elsewhere. (Fig. 1.)
A Bronze Age Spear-head found in Methwold Fen, Norfolk
Authors: Godwin H. , Godwin M. E. , Clark J. G. D. , Clifford M. H.
Published: October 2013

Few regions have yielded so many bronzes as the East Anglian fens, yet accurate records of the circumstances of their discovery exist for a small fraction only of the finds. This is very regretable since this evidence is usually of far more importance been than the objects found. In the case of the Methwold spear-head it has to some extent recovered by the diligence of Major Gordon Fowler, F.S.A., who interviewed the discoverer, Mr. John Harrod of Methwold, and obtained the object for the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge. The only completely satisfactory method is an immediate visit to the site of a discovery, and in this the Fenland Research Committee, which is vitally interested in such finds, is always keen to co-operate.

The site of the discovery may be found immediately below the “un” of Queen's Ground, Methwold Fen (Norfolk 6 in. sheet LXXXI, S.E., 1906 edtn.; Long. 0° 28′ 57″, Lat. 52° 30′ 29″). The spear-head itself (fig. 1) has loops at the junction of the socket and wings. Mr. Estyn Evans, F.S.A., to whom a photograph has been submitted, is of the opinion that this type marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age in Britain, in which case it would date from approximately 1000 B.C.

It would, perhaps, be more conventional to ascribe the spear-head to the end of the Middle Bronze Age.
Dealing with Ebstein's anomaly
Authors: Geerdink Lianne M. , Kapusta Livia
Published: October 2013

Ebstein's anomaly is a complex congenital disorder of the tricuspid valve. Presentation in neonatal life and (early) childhood is common. Disease severity and clinical features vary widely and require a patient-tailored treatment. In this review, we describe the natural history of children and adolescents with Ebstein's anomaly, including symptoms and signs presenting at diagnosis. Current classification strategies of Ebstein's anomaly are discussed. We report on diagnostic methods for establishing the severity of disease that might enhance decision on the timing of surgical intervention. Furthermore, we describe different surgical options for severely ill neonates and multiple surgical interventions after infancy. Only with ample knowledge and understanding of the above, this complex and diverse group of patients can be correctly treated in order to improve not only duration, but also quality of life.
Parallel and nested decomposition for factoid questions
Authors: BOGURAEV BRANIMIR , PATWARDHAN SIDDHARTH , KALYANPUR ADITYA , CHU-CARROLL JENNIFER , LALLY ADAM
Published: October 2013

Typically, automatic Question Answering (QA) approaches use the question in its entirety in the search for potential answers. We argue that decomposing complex factoid questions into separate facts about their answers is beneficial to QA, since an answer candidate with support coming from multiple independent facts is more likely to be the correct one. We broadly categorize decomposable questions as parallel or nested, and we present a novel question decomposition framework for enhancing the ability of single-shot QA systems to answer complex factoid questions. Essential to the framework are components for decomposition recognition, question rewriting, and candidate answer synthesis and re-ranking. We discuss the interplay among these, with particular emphasis on decomposition recognition, a process which, we argue, can be sufficiently informed by lexico-syntactic features alone. We validate our approach to decomposition by implementing the framework on top of IBM Watson™, a state-of-the-art QA system, and showing a statistically significant improvement over its accuracy.
The monetary value of diets consumed by British adults: an exploration into sociodemographic differences in individual-level diet costs
Authors: Timmins Kate A , Hulme Claire , Cade Janet E
Published: October 2013

Objective

To describe the diet costs of adults in the National Diet and Nutrition Study (NDNS) and explore patterns in costs according to sociodemographic indicators.

Design

Cross-sectional diet diary information was matched to a database of food prices to assign a cost to each food or non-alcoholic beverage consumed. Daily diet costs were calculated, as well as costs per 10 MJ to improve comparability across differing energy requirements. Costs were compared between categories of sociodemographic variables and health behaviours. Multivariable regression assessed the effects of each variable on diet costs after adjustment.

Setting

The NDNS is a rolling dietary survey, recruiting a representative UK sample each year. The study features data from 2008–2010.

Subjects

Adults aged 19 years or over were included. The sample consisted of 1014 participants.

Results

The geometric mean daily diet cost was £2·89 (95 % CI £2·81, £2·96). Energy intake and daily diet cost were strongly associated. The mean energy-adjusted cost was £4·09 (95 % CI £4·01, £4·18) per 10 MJ. Energy-adjusted costs differed significantly between many subgroups, including by sex and household income. Multivariable regression found significant effects of sex, qualifications and occupation (costs per 10 MJ only), as well as equivalized household income, BMI and fruit and vegetable consumption on diet costs.

Conclusions

This is the first time that monetary costs have been applied to the diets of NDNS adults. The findings suggest that certain subgroups in the UK – for example those on lower incomes – consume diets of lower monetary value. Observed differences were mostly in the directions anticipated.
Robust finite‐time stability and stabilisation of switched positive systems
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Han Zhengzhi , Wu Hai
Published: October 2013

This study is concerned with robust finite‐time stability and stabilisation of a class of switched positive systems. By using the multiple linear copositive Lyapunov function approach, sufficient conditions of finite‐time stability and finite‐time boundedness are constructed, respectively. l1 ‐gain is used to analyse the disturbance attenuation performance of the systems, and a finite‐time weighted l1 ‐gain is obtained under bounded exogenous disturbances. Then, the problem of robust finite‐time stabilisation of non‐autonomous systems with a weighted l1 ‐gain is solved. All the proposed conditions are formulated in linear programming. Finally, two illustrative examples are given to show the validity of the theoretical results.
First-person action experience reveals sensitivity to action efficiency in prereaching infants
Authors: Skerry Amy E. , Carey Susan E. , Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2013

Significance

When we see a person act (e.g., reach for a cup), we observe physical movements but infer underlying goals. Many have proposed that this ability depends on having produced motor actions oneself. We investigated the relationship between action understanding and production by giving young infants novel experience producing actions. Consistent with prior research, infants exhibited understanding of others’ actions only when they had produced similar actions themselves. However, infants exhibited expectations about action efficiency that went beyond what could be learned from the training, suggesting that some knowledge of goal-directed action precedes this first-person motoric experience.
Global meta-analysis reveals no net change in local-scale plant biodiversity over time
Authors: Vellend Mark , Baeten Lander , Myers-Smith Isla H. , Elmendorf Sarah C. , Beauséjour Robin , Brown Carissa D. , De Frenne Pieter , Verheyen Kris , Wipf Sonja
Published: October 2013

Significance

A major advance of the last 20 y at the interface of biological, environmental, and conservation sciences has been the demonstration that plant biodiversity positively influences ecosystem function. Linking these results to applied conservation efforts hinges on the assumption that biodiversity is actually declining at the local scale at which diversity–function relationships are strongest. Our compilation and analysis of a global database of >16,000 repeat survey vegetation plots from habitats across the globe directly contradict this assumption. We find no general tendency for local-scale plant species diversity to decline over the last century, calling into question the widespread use of ecosystem function experiments to argue for the importance of biodiversity conservation in nature.
Frontalin pheromone biosynthesis in the mountain pine beetle,
Dendroctonus ponderosae
, and the role of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases
Authors: Keeling Christopher I. , Chiu Christine C. , Aw Tidiane , Li Maria , Henderson Hannah , Tittiger Claus , Weng Hong-Biao , Blomquist Gary J. , Bohlmann Joerg
Published: October 2013

Significance

A long-standing question in pheromone biosynthesis is the origin of the mevalonate pathway-derived precursor to frontalin, a key pheromone to the successful mass attack of conifer hosts by
Dendroctonus
bark beetles. Using a combination of genome and transcriptome analysis, functional characterization of expressed proteins, RNA interference, and transcript and metabolite analysis, we provide evidence that frontalin in the mountain pine beetle (
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Hopkins) originates from the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl diphosphate rather than from 10-carbon geranyl diphosphate or 15-carbon farnesyl diphosphate. This result opens the way to study the later steps in frontalin biosynthesis.
QTL Mapping of Fruit Rot Resistance to the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora capsici in a Recombinant Inbred Line Capsicum annuum Population
Authors: Naegele R. P. , Ashrafi H. , Hill T. A. , Chin-Wo S. Reyes , Van Deynze A. E. , Hausbeck M. K.
Published: October 2013

Phytophthora capsici is an important pepper (Capsicum annuum) pathogen causing fruit and root rot, and foliar blight in field and greenhouse production. Previously, an F6 recombinant inbred line population was evaluated for fruit rot susceptibility. Continuous variation among lines and partial and isolate-specific resistance were found. In this study, Phytophthora fruit rot resistance was mapped in the same F6 population between Criollo del Morelos 334 (CM334), a landrace from Mexico, and ‘Early Jalapeno’ using a high-density genetic map. Isolate-specific resistance was mapped independently in 63 of the lines evaluated and the two parents. Heritability of the resistance for each isolate at 3 and 5 days postinoculation (dpi) was high (h2 = 0.63 to 0.68 and 0.74 to 0.83, respectively). Significant additive and epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for resistance to isolates OP97 and 13709 (3 and 5 dpi) and 12889 (3 dpi only). Mapping of fruit traits showed potential linkage with few disease resistance QTL. The partial fruit rot resistance from CM334 suggests that this may not be an ideal source for fruit rot resistance in pepper.
Fitness and Competitive Ability of Botrytis cinerea Field Isolates with Dual Resistance to SDHI and QoI Fungicides, Associated with Several sdhB and the cytb G143A Mutations
Authors: Veloukas T. , Kalogeropoulou P. , Markoglou A. N. , Karaoglanidis G. S.
Published: October 2013

Respiration inhibitors such as the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) and the quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are fungicide classes with increasing relevance in gray mold control. However, recent studies have shown that dual resistance to both fungicide classes is a common trait in Botrytis cinerea populations from several hosts throughout the world. Resistance of B. cinerea to SDHIs is associated with several mutations in the sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD genes, while resistance to QoIs, in most cases, is associated with the G143A mutation in the cytb gene. The objective of the current study was to investigate the fitness and the competitive ability of B. cinerea field strains possessing one of the H272Y/R/L, N230I, or P225F sdhB substitutions and the G143A mutation of cytb. Fitness parameters measured were (i) mycelial growth and conidia germination in vitro, (ii) aggressiveness and sporulation capacity in vivo, (iii) sclerotia production in vitro and sclerotia viability under different storage conditions, and (iv) sensitivity to oxidative stress imposed by diquat treatments. The competitive ability of the resistant isolates was measured in the absence and presence of the SDHI fungicides boscalid and fluopyram selection pressure. The measurements of individual fitness components showed that the H272R/G143A isolates had the lower differences compared with the sensitive isolates. In contrast, the groups of H272Y/L/G143A, N230I/G143A, and P225F/G143A isolates showed reduced fitness values compared with the sensitive isolates. Isolates possessing only the cytb G143A substitution did not show any fitness cost. The competition experiments showed that, in the absence of fungicide selection pressure, after four disease cycles on apple fruit, the sensitive isolates dominated in the population in all the mixtures tested. In contrast, when the competition experiment was conducted under the selection pressure of boscalid, a gradual decrease in the frequency of sensitive isolates was observed, whereas the frequency of H272L and P225F isolates was increased. When the competition experiment was conducted in the presence of fluopyram, the sensitive isolates were eliminated even after the first disease cycle and the P225F mutants dominated in the population. Such results suggest that the sdhB mutations may have adverse effects on the mutants. The observed dominance of sensitive isolates in the competition experiments conducted in the absence of fungicides suggest that the application of SDHIs in alternation schemes may delay the selection or reduce the frequency of SDHI-resistant mutants.
4 Mobility, Territorial Commitments, and Political Organization among Late Bronze Age Polities in Southern Caucasia
Authors: Greene Alan , Lindsay Ian
Published: October 2013

In this case study of territoriality in Armenia's Late Bronze Age Tsaghkahovit Plain we examine land claims and political relations among fortified communities with highly varied subsistence and economic practices, including mobile pastoralism. Integral to political relations between fortress‐based institutions and mobile subjects was the need to create highly legible places for political subjection, authorization, and action. However, the same social, political, economic, and religious institutions that help elucidate the spatial dimensions of politics in the LBA—shrines, workshops, storage spaces, cemeteries—also demonstrate that political claims and commitments to land did not likely resemble the neat borders of absolutist cartographies essential to modern nation‐states. We detail potential models of territorial organization that incorporate the strategies of rule and socioeconomic dynamics derived from a decade of archaeological survey and excavation on the plain by Project ArAGATS. [mobility, complex polities, land, landscape, political economy]
Bromeliad‐associated Reductions in Host Herbivory: Do Epiphytic Bromeliads Act as Commensalists or Mutualists?
Authors: Hammill Edd , Corvalan Paloma , Srivastava Diane S.
Published: October 2013

Many members of the family Bromeliacae are able to adopt epiphytic lifestyles and colonize trees throughout the Neotropics. Bromeliacae do not extract nutrients from their hosts and confer relatively minor costs on their host plants. We suggest that bromeliads, however, may benefit their hosts by providing habitat for predators of host plant herbivores. We report a correlation between bromeliad presence and a reduction in herbivore damage in orange trees, an effect that is increased when bromeliads are colonized by ants. Our results may have important implications for agricultural systems in the Neotropics, where bromeliads are often removed in the belief they are parasitic. We instead demonstrate that bromeliads may impart a benefit to their hosts, and speculate that under particular circumstances they may be part of a three‐species mutualism.
Banting Memorial Lecture 2013 A life in balance: wandering the pathways of control
Authors: Amiel S. A.
Published: October 2013

‘To keep in equilibrium’, one of the Oxford English Dictionary's many definitions of balance, is a desirable target for any life, but has special meaning for the life of a person with diabetes. Achieving balance—between hypo‐ and hyper‐glycaemia; between energy intake and energy consumption; between insulin action and insulin secretion; between attention to diabetes and attention to everything else—remains challenging, but progress has been made over the last three decades, both in our understanding of how nature achieves balance and in the tools we have to try to reproduce the actions of nature in disease states. In particular, the role of the brain in controlling diabetes, from glucose sensing to decision making, has been investigated. Physiological and neuro‐imaging studies are finally being translated into patient benefit, with the aim of improving, as Dr Banting put it, the provision of ‘energy for the economic burdens of life’.
Migraine‐Like Headache With Autonomic Symptoms in Midbrain Malformation
Authors: Capone Jay G. , Simioni Valentina , Tola Maria R.
Published: October 2013

We report a case of midbrain malformation characterized by right deviation of the medulla oblongata associated with elongation and ectasia of the basilar and left vertebral arteries in a patient with a long history of migraine‐like headache with autonomic symptoms.
Distinguishing the histological and radiological features of cystic lung disease in Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome from those of tobacco‐related spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Fabre Aurelie , Borie Raphael , Debray Marie Pierre , Crestani Bruno , Danel Claire
Published: October 2013

Aims

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited genodermatosis that predisposes to cystic lung disease, leading to spontaneous pneumothoraces. This retrospective analysis of five BHD cases (two men, three women) compared lung histology and computed tomography (CT) imaging to a matched cohort of non‐BHD patients with spontaneous pneumothoraces (SPN).

Methods and results

Lung was sampled during pleurodesis to resect bullae. Recurrent pneumothoraces was seen in two patients. Fourteen sets of histological slides (seven in each group) and 10 CT scans (five in each group) were reviewed. CT scans in BHD showed multiple cysts with a basal predominance and intraparenchymal/peribronchial distribution. On histological examination, BHD lungs showed punch‐out cysts with no inflammation, and lacked subpleural fibroelastotic scars and smoking changes. In contrast, all SPN cases showed respiratory bronchiolitis and subpleural fibroelastotic scars.

Conclusions

This study emphasizes the importance of smoking history and topography of the lesions in assessing cystic lung disease. Pathologists need to remain alert to the possibility of BHD in the setting of recurrent pneumothoraces in a non‐smoker, in particular in a woman, at any age, and should take part in a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of cystic lung disease to obtain clinical and CT scan details.
Salt: How much Less should we Eat for Health?: Understanding the Recent IOM Report
Authors: Cook Nancy R.
Published: October 2013

We should all eat less salt – but how much less? 1500 milligrams a day has been recommended as a target – but the US Institute of Medicine caused a media storm this spring with a report that did not support this. Nancy R. Cook, a co-author of the report, explains the evidence, and the reasoning.
Real-Time Analysis of Engine Power, Thermal Efficiency, and Emission
Characteristics Using Refined and Transesterified Waste Vegetable
Oil
Authors: Cubio Greg M. , Capareda Sergio C. , Alagao Feliciano B.
Published: October 2013

The study aims to investigate the real-time engine performance in terms of brake power, thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Waste vegetable oil samples were collected from several sources, mixed, and refined before transesterification. Test fuels include ultralow sulfur diesel and seven waste cooking oil biodiesel blends. Real-time data acquisition of engine performance was implemented using labview program while following the society of automotive engineers (SAE) power test code. Results showed that acid number was reduced by 99% after refining. NOx has reduced by 33% while thermal efficiency increased by 7.5% when using waste vegetable oil biodiesel.
Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosoma mansoni Activity of Thiosemicarbazones and Thiazoles
Authors: Santiago Edna de Farias , de Oliveira Sheilla Andrade , de Oliveira Filho Gevânio Bezerra , Moreira Diogo Rodrigo Magalhaes , Gomes Paulo André Teixeira , da Silva Anekécia Lauro , de Barros Andréia Ferreira , da Silva Aline Caroline , dos Santos Thiago André Ramos , Pereira Valéria Rêgo Alves , Gonçalves Gabriel Gazzoni Araújo , Brayner Fábio André , Alves Luiz Carlos , Wanderley Almir Gonçalves , Leite Ana Cristina Lima
Published: October 2013

Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by a trematode of the genusSchistosomaand affects over 207 million people. Chemotherapy is the only immediate recourse for minimizing the prevalence of this disease and involves predominately the administration of a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Although PZQ has proven efficacy, there is a recognized need to develop new drugs as schistosomicides since studies have shown that repeated use of this drug in areas of endemicity may cause a temporary reduction in susceptibility in isolates ofSchistosoma mansoni. Hydrazones, thiosemicarbazones, phthalimides, and thiazoles are thus regarded as privileged structures used for a broad spectrum of activities and are potential candidates for sources of new drug prototypes. The present study determined thein vitroschistosomicidal activity of 10 molecules containing these structures. During the assays, parameters such motility and mortality, oviposition, morphological changes in the tegument, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory activity caused by these compounds were evaluated. The results showed that compounds formed of thiazole and phthalimide led to higher mortality of worms, with a significant decline in motility, inhibition of pairing and oviposition, and a mortality rate of 100% starting from 144 h of exposure. These compounds also stimulated the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), thereby demonstrating the presence of immunomodulatory activity. The phthalyl thiazole LpQM-45 caused significant ultrastructural alterations, with destruction of the tegument in both male and female worms. According to the present study, phthalyl thiazole compounds possess antischistosomal activities and should form the basis for future experimental and clinical trials.
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF MODELLING METHODS FOR SOFTWARE MAINTAINABILITY PREDICTION
Authors: KAUR ARVINDER , KAUR KAMALDEEP
Published: October 2013

The objective of this paper is statistical comparison of modelling methods for software maintainability prediction. The statistical comparison is performed by building software maintainability prediction models using 27 different regression and machine learning based algorithms. For this purpose, software metrics datasets of two different commercial object-oriented systems are used. These systems were developed using an object oriented programming language Ada. These systems are User Interface Management System (UIMS) and Quality Evaluation System (QUES). It is shown that different measures like MMRE, RMSE, Pred(0.25) and Pred(0.30) calculated on predicted values obtained from leave one out (LOO) cross validation produce very divergent results regarding accuracy of modelling methods. Therefore the 27 modelling methods are evaluated on the basis of statistical significance tests. The Friedman test is used to rank various modelling methods in terms of absolute residual error. Six out of the ten top ranked modelling methods are common to both UIMS and QUES. This indicates that modelling methods for software maintainability predicton are solid and scalable. After obtaining ranks, pair wise Wilcoxon Signed rank test is performed. Wilcoxon Sign rank test indicates that the top ranking method in UIMS data set is significantly superior to only four other modelling methods whereas the top tanking method in QUES data set is significantly superior to 11 other modelling methods. The performance of instance based learning algorithms — IBk and Kstar is comparable to modelling methods used in earlier studies.
ZERO FIELD ENTANGLEMENT IN DIPOLAR COUPLING SPIN SYSTEM AT NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE
Authors: FURMAN GREGORY B. , MEEROVICH VICTOR M. , SOKOLOVSKY VLADIMIR L.
Published: October 2013

A dipolar coupled spin system can achieve internal thermodynamic equilibrium states at negative absolute temperature. We study analytically and numerically the temperature dependence of the concurrence in a dipolar coupled spin-1/2 system in both nonzero and zero fields and show that, at negative temperatures, entangled states can exist even in zero magnetic field.
Scaling Analysis of the Tensile Strength of Bamboo Fibers Using Weibull Statistics
Authors: Shao Jiaxing , Wang Fang , Li Lu , Zhang Junqian
Published: October 2013

This study demonstrates the effect of weak-link scaling on the tensile strength of bamboo fibers. The proposed model considers the random nature of fiber strength, which is reflected by using a two-parameter Weibull distribution function. Tension tests were performed on samples that could be scaled in length. The size effects in fiber length on the strength were analyzed based on Weibull statistics. The results verify the use of Weibull parameters from specimen testing for predicting the strength distributions of fibers of longer gauge lengths.
Analysis of a Larger SNP Dataset from the HapMap Project Confirmed That the Modern Human A Allele of the ABO Blood Group Genes Is a Descendant of a Recombinant between B and O Alleles
Authors: Itou Masaya , Sato Mitsuharu , Kitano Takashi
Published: October 2013

The human ABO blood group gene consists of three main alleles (A, B, and O) that encode a glycosyltransferase. The A and B alleles differ by two critical amino acids in exon 7, and the major O allele has a single nucleotide deletion (Δ261) in exon 6. Previous evolutionary studies have revealed that the A allele is the most ancient, B allele diverged from the A allele with two critical amino acid substitutions in exon 7, and the major O allele diverged from the A allele with Δ261 in exon 6. However, a recent phylogenetic network analysis study showed that the A allele of humans emerged through a recombination between the B and O alleles. In the previous study, a restricted dataset from only two populations was used. In this study, therefore, we used a large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset from the HapMap Project. The results indicated that the A101-A201-O09 haplogroup was a recombinant lineage between the B and O haplotypes, containing the intact exon 6 from the B allele and the two critical A type sites in exon 7 from the major O allele. Its recombination point was assumed to be located just behind Δ261 in exon 6.
A Fast Optimization Method for Reliability and Performance of Cloud Services Composition Application
Authors: Wu Zhao , Xiong Naixue , Huang Yannong , Gu Qiong , Hu Chunyang , Wu Zhongbo , Hang Bo
Published: October 2013

At present the cloud computing is one of the newest trends of distributed computation, which is propelling another important revolution of software industry. The cloud services composition is one of the key techniques in software development. The optimization for reliability and performance of cloud services composition application, which is a typical stochastic optimization problem, is confronted with severe challenges due to its randomness and long transaction, as well as the characteristics of the cloud computing resources such as openness and dynamic. The traditional reliability and performance optimization techniques, for example, Markov model and state space analysis and so forth, have some defects such as being too time consuming and easy to cause state space explosion and unsatisfied the assumptions of component execution independence. To overcome these defects, we propose a fast optimization method for reliability and performance of cloud services composition application based on universal generating function and genetic algorithm in this paper. At first, a reliability and performance model for cloud service composition application based on the multiple state system theory is presented. Then the reliability and performance definition based on universal generating function is proposed. Based on this, a fast reliability and performance optimization algorithm is presented. In the end, the illustrative examples are given.
Role of Copper and Cholesterol Association in the Neurodegenerative Process
Authors: Arnal Nathalie , Morel Gustavo R. , de Alaniz María J. T. , Castillo Omar , Marra Carlos A.
Published: October 2013

Age is one of the main factors involved in the development of neurological illnesses, in particular, Alzheimer, and it is widely held that the rapid aging of the world population is accompanied by a rise in the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer disease. However, evidence from recent decades indicates that Cu and Cho overload are emerging causative factors in neurodegeneration, a hypothesis that has been partially investigated in experimental models. The link between these two variables and the onset of Alzheimer disease has opened up interesting new possibilities requiring more in-depth analysis. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of the association of Cu + Cho (CuCho) as a possible synergistic factor in the development of an Alzheimer-like pathology in Wistar rats. We measured total- and nonceruloplasmin-bound Cu and Cho (free and sterified) contents in plasma and brain zones (cortex and hippocampus), markers of oxidative stress damage, inflammation, and programmed cell death (caspase-3 and calpain isoforms). The ratio beta-amyloid (1-42)/(1-40) was determined in plasma and brain as neurodegenerative biomarker. An evaluation of visuospatial memory (Barnes maze test) was also performed. The results demonstrate the establishment of a prooxidative and proinflammatory environment after CuCho treatment, hallmarked by increased TBARS, protein carbonyls, and nitrite plus nitrate levels in plasma and brain zones (cortex and hippocampus) with a consequent increase in the activity of calpains and no significant changes in caspase-3. A simultaneous increase in the plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio was found. Furthermore, a slight but noticeable change in visuospatial memory was observed in rats treated with CuCho. We conclude that our model could reflect an initial stage of neurodegeneration in which Cu and Cho interact with one another to exacerbate neurological damage.
Privacy-Preserving Health Data Collection for Preschool Children
Authors: Guan Shaopeng , Zhang Yuan , Ji Yue
Published: October 2013

With the development of network technology, more and more data are transmitted over the network and privacy issues have become a research focus. In this paper, we study the privacy in health data collection of preschool children and present a new identity-based encryption protocol for privacy protection. The background of the protocol is as follows. A physical examination for preschool children is needed every year out of consideration for the children's health. After the examination, data are transmitted through the Internet to the education authorities for analysis. In the process of data collection, it is unnecessary for the education authorities to know the identities of the children. Based on this, we designed a privacy-preserving protocol, which delinks the children’s identities from the examination data. Thus, the privacy of the children is preserved during data collection. We present the protocol in detail and prove the correctness of the protocol.
Mutation of NPM1 and FLT3 Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Their Association with Clinical and Immunophenotypic Features
Authors: Chauhan Pradeep Singh , Ihsan Rakhshan , Singh L. C. , Gupta Dipendra Kumar , Mittal Vishakha , Kapur Sujala
Published: October 2013

Background.Mutations in NPM1 and FLT3 genes represent the most frequent genetic alterations and important diagnostic and prognostic indicators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).Objective.We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of NPM1 and FLT3 mutations in 161 patients of de novo AML including adults and children.Results.NPM1 mutation was found in 21% and FLT3 mutation in 25% of the AML patients. Thirteen (8%) samples were positive for both NPM1 and FLT3/ITD mutations. Adult patients had significantly higher frequency of NPM1 mutation than children (25.8% versus 8.8%;P=0.02). Further, NPM1 mutation was found to be more frequent in patients above 45 years of age (P=0.02). NPM1 mutation was significantly associated with higher platelet count (P=0.05) and absence of hepatosplenomegaly (P=0.01), while FLT3/ITD mutation was associated with higher white blood count (P=0.01). Immunophenotypically, NPM1 mutation was associated with the lack of CD34 (P<0.001) and HLD-DR expression (P<0.001), while FLT3/ITD mutation was positively associated with the expression of CD7 (P=0.04). No correlation was found between NPM1 mutation and fusion gene. Interestingly, FLT3/ITD mutation was found to be inversely associated with AML/ETO fusion gene (P=0.04).Conclusions.The results suggest that distinct clinical and immunophenotypic characteristics of NPM1 and FLT3/ITD mutations present further insight into the molecular mechanism of leukemogenesis.
Association between Cysticercosis and Neoplasia: A Study Based on Autopsy Findings
Authors: Cavellani Camila Lourencini , da Silva Aline Cristina Souza , Ribeiro Grace Kelly Naves de Aquino , Oliveira Lívia Ferreira , Ferraz Mara Lúcia Fonseca , Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes
Published: October 2013

Chronic infections including the cysticercosis induce inflammatory cells to produce free radicals and synthesize carcinogenic toxins. The cells with genetic mutations proliferate in a disorganized manner, leading to the development of neoplasia. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the relation between cysticercosis and neoplasia. Patients autopsied were divided into 4 groups: patients with neoplasia and cysticercosis (NC), patients with neoplasia only (NN), patients with cysticercosis only (CC), and patients without neoplasia or cysticercosis (WW). Of 2012 autopsy reports analyzed, 0.4 showed NC. In groups CC and NC, the most common location of the parasite was the brain. There was a predominance of three or more cysticerci in groups NC and CC. In the NC group, all had malignant neoplasms, and was predominance of benign neoplasm in NN group. The digestive system was the most frequent neoplasia. By calculating odds ratio, rate of neoplasia in patients with cysticercosis was 0.74. In conclusion, the demographic profile of patients with cysticercosis and neoplasia is similar to that of patients with cysticercosis alone. The incidence of cysticercosis and neoplasia was greater in older patients suggesting that immunosenescence may contribute to development of neoplasia promoted by cysticercosis.
Dietary Adherence and Satisfaction with a Bean-Based High-Fiber Weight Loss Diet: A Pilot Study
Authors: Turner Tonya F. , Nance Laura M. , Strickland William D. , Malcolm Robert J. , Pechon Susan , O'Neil Patrick M.
Published: October 2013

Objective. Dietary fiber can reduce hunger and enhance satiety, but fiber intake during hypocaloric weight loss diets typically falls short of recommended levels. We examined the nutritional effects and acceptability of two high-fiber hypocaloric diets differing in sources of fiber: (a) beans or (b) fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Methods. Subjects were 2 men, 18 women, mean age = 46.9, and mean BMI = 30.6. Subjects completed 3-day food diaries in each of the two baseline weeks. Subjects were then randomized to four weeks on one of two 1400-calorie diets including 25–35 g fiber primarily from 1.5 cups beans/day or from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Recommended fiber-rich foods were provided. Subjects kept weekly 3-day food diaries and were assessed weekly. Results. Diet conditions did not differ on outcome measures. Both diets increased fiber intake from 16.6 g/day (SD = 7.1) at baseline to (treatment average) 28.4 g/day (SD = 6.5) (). Fiber intake was consistent over treatment. Caloric intake dropped from 1623.1 kcal/day (SD = 466.9) (baseline) to 1322.2 kcal/day (SD = 275.8) (). Mean weight loss was 1.4 kg (SD = 1.5; ). Energy density and self-reported hunger decreased (’s < 0.01) while self-reported fullness increased (). Both diets were rated as potentially acceptable as long as six months. Conclusions. Both diets significantly increased fiber intake by 75%, increased satiation, and reduced hunger. Results support increasing fiber in weight loss diets with a variety of fiber sources.