bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irish pig farmer’s perceptions and experiences of tail and ear biting
Authors: Haigh Amy , O’Driscoll Keelin
Published: December 2019

Abnormal behaviours such as ear and tail biting of pigs is of significant welfare and economic concern. Currently, pig welfare legislation is under renewed focus by the EU commission and is likely to be enforced more thoroughly. The legislation prohibits routine tail docking and requires adequate enrichment to be provided. In Ireland, tail-docking is still the most utilised control mechanism to combat tail biting, but biting is still widespread even in tail-docked pigs. In addition, as pig farms are almost all fully slatted, bedding type material cannot be provided. Thus, the opinions, and practices of farmers in countries like Ireland, which may need to make significant adaptations to typical pig management systems soon, need to be considered and addressed. We carried out a survey of pig farmers during 2015 in order to gain a greater understanding of the extent of biting on Irish farms, perception on the most important preventive measures, current enrichment use and actions following outbreaks. Fifty-eight farmers from 21 Counties responded with an average herd size of 710 ± 597 sows (range 90–3000 sows). Only two farms had experienced no biting in the last year. Of the farms that had experienced tail biting (88%), 86% had also experienced ear biting. The most common concerns relating to biting were condemnation and reduced productivity of bitten pigs with both receiving an average score of 4 (most serious). Ear biting occurred most commonly in the 2nd stage (approximately 47–81 days from weaning) weaner and tail biting in the finishing stage. The most important preventive measures were felt to be taking care of animal health, restricting density, maintaining an even quality of feed/content and maintaining good air movement. Sixty-five percent of respondents added additional enrichment following an outbreak. Chains were the most common form of enrichment currently used (83%). Those not using chains favoured wood, toys and rope (17%). Identification of the most effective and accessible control and prevention measures both for the animals and for the farming community is thus essential. Improved understanding of the concerns and practices of producers, which this survey contributes to, is a first step towards this aim.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of pharmacological potentials of Campsis radicans L
Authors: Islam Mirazul , Jannat Tabassum , Kuddus Md. Ruhul , Rashid Mohammad Abdur , Haque Mohammad Rashedul
Published: December 2019

Background

Campsis radicansL. is a flowering plant in Bangladesh, traditionally used for the treatment of several human diseases. In this study, in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and in vivo analgesic, hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities of organic soluble fractions of crude methanol extract ofC. radicansleaf were investigated using appropriate experimental models.

Methods

The leaves ofC. radicanswere collected, authenticated, dried and extracted with methanol at room temperature for 30 days. The concentrated methanol extract was partitioned to petroleum-ether (PESF), dichloromethane (DMSF) and ethyl acetate (EASF) soluble fractions. The antioxidant activity of these fractions was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau’s spectrophotometric method. The thrombolytic activity was assessed by measuring clot lysis ability whereas the membrane stabilizing activity was evaluated by heat- and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis assay. Tail immersion procedure and acetic acid- induced writhing model were used to measure the analgesic activity ofC. radicans. The hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities were determined by oral glucose tolerance test, castor oil-induced diarrheal model and thiopental-sodium induced sleeping time test in mice, respectively.

Results

All the organic soluble fractions ofC. radicanscontained phenolic compounds varying from 6.38 to 60.13 mg of GAE/gm of extractive, while in DPPH assay, EASF showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50is 4.69 μg/ml. The PESF exhibited highest thrombolytic activity (57.14% clot lysis) and the DMSF showed maximum 53.95% inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis of human RBCs. In both tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing models, the PESF, DMSF, EASF at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, induced a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the painful sensation in mice. Substantial (P < 0.05) anti-hyperglycemic activity of test samples was found in mice loaded with glucose at the same doses mentioned earlier. Castor oil induced diarrheal test of the plant extractives has shown significant effect in comparison to control group. In CNS antidepressant activity assay, the test samples were able to reduce the duration of sleep in mice caused by thiopental administration.

Conclusion

All these findings revealed thatC. radicanspossess significant antioxidant, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, analgesic, hypoglycemic, anti-diarrheal and CNS antidepressant activities.
Externalization at work: responses to migration policies from the Global South
Authors: Stock Inka , Üstübici Ayşen , Schultz Susanne U.
Published: December 2019

The term “externalization” is used by a range of migration scholars, policy makers and the media to describe the extension of border and migration controls beyond the so-called ‘migrant receiving nations’ in the Global North and into neighboring countries or sending states in the Global South. It refers to a wide range of practices from controls of borders, rescue operations, to measures addressing the drivers of migration. The ambition of this Special Issue is to contribute to the mapping of the responses to externalization dynamics. The different articles in this volume are chosen to exemplify some of these processes at different levels of analysis. Through diverse disciplinary perspectives, the authors show how practices of externalization are being confronted, succumbed, modified and contested by individual (would-be) migrants, civil society actors and the host states’ institutions in different parts of the globe. In an effort to move away from a sole focus on border zones in the Global North, the Special Issue contributes to emerging literature shifting the locus of analysis to places in the Global South, which are conventionally understood as “transit” or “sending” countries in Africa, America as well as within Europe itself.
Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) and the modifiable risk factors of stroke
Authors: Lenahan Cameron , Huang Lei , Travis Zachary D. , Zhang John H.
Published: December 2019

Stroke is a devastating disease that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is either blocked or ruptured, consequently leading to deficits in neurological function. Stroke consistently ranked as one of the top causes of mortality, and with the mean age of incidence decreasing, there is renewed interest to seek novel therapeutic treatments. The Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) is a multifunctional protein found on the surface of a variety of cells. Research has found that that SR-B1 primarily functions in an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic capacity. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of SR-B1 and focus on its potential correlation with the modifiable risk factors of stroke. SR-B1 likely has an impact on stroke through its interaction with smoking, diabetes mellitus, diet, physical inactivity, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and sickle cell disease, all of which are critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of stroke.
Orthogonally coupled geometrical constraints in optics design
Authors: Kimmel Jyrki
Published: December 2019

Modern optical multi-camera systems require integrating many camera modules in a small volume. A new space-saving concept for such imaging systems is presented, based on intersecting optical paths that utilize one or more common elements for the respective optical paths. The principles for the optimization for such systems is examined, providing the theory for geometric optimization constraints. These principles can become useful in designing e. g. spatially challenging 360-degree imaging systems for surveillance and consumer applications.
Trials of reuse the Pb-containing wastes of crystal glass factories into useable new materials
Authors: Hamzawy Esmat M. A. , El-Sherbiny Samya I. , Saber Abdullah M.
Published: December 2019

Background

Lead-containing glass wastes from crystal factories have environmentally harmful problems. In the current work, the reduction and the feasibility of recycling of such waste through the preparation of glass in the ternary system containing wastes—silica'sand—soda-lime-silica glass, were investigated in different ceramic or composite materials.

Results

The ceramic samples are characterized by crystallization of kilchoanite (Ca3Si2O7) in addition to mixed Ce oxides [i.e., CeO2 and Ce2O3] in Pb-containing waste alone. In the other ceramic samples containing the three constituents, low quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and wollastonite were developed. The microstructures of the later ceramics show scattered needles and interlocked ones spread in glassy matrix. The density, porosity, and compression strength values of ceramic samples were between 0.392 and 2.743 g/cc, 9.33% and 30.19%, and between 10.26 and 83.25 KN/mm2, respectively. However, sintered Pb glass-containing wastes have the highest porosity, lowest density, and compression strength. The leachability of Pb in ceramic samples, according to the standard method by ASTM-D3987 (American Standard for Testing Materials, 2012), was between 0.025 and 0.007 mg/L which is lower than the legal value (5 mg/L).

Conclusion

The present product can be used in insulation, cladding brick, and as refractory (up to 900 °C) for the samples containing the three constituents.
Quinazolin-4-one derivatives lacking toxicity-producing attributes as glucokinase activators: design, synthesis, molecular docking, and in-silico ADMET prediction
Authors: Khadse Saurabh C. , Amnerkar Nikhil D. , Dave Manasi U. , Lokwani Deepak K. , Patil Ravindra R. , Ugale Vinod G. , Charbe Nitin B. , Chatpalliwar Vivekanand A.
Published: December 2019

Background

A small library of quinazolin-4-one clubbed thiazole acetates/acetamides lacking toxicity-producing functionalities was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antidiabetic potential as glucokinase activators (GKA). Molecular docking studies were done in the allosteric site of the human glucokinase (PDB ID: 1V4S) enzyme to assess the binding mode and interactions of synthesized hits for best-fit conformations. All the compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzymatic assay for GK activation.

Results

Data showed that compounds 3 (EC50 = 632 nM) and 4 (EC50 = 516 nM) showed maximum GK activation compared to the standards RO-281675 and piragliatin. Based on the results of the in vitro enzyme assay, docking studies, and substitution pattern, selected compounds were tested for their glucose-lowering effect in vivo by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal rats. Compounds 3 (133 mg/dL) and 4 (135 mg/dL) exhibited prominent activity by lowering the glucose level to almost normal, eliciting the results in parallel to enzyme assay and docking studies. Binding free energy, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions of most active quinazolin-4-one derivatives 3 and 4 with key amino acid residues of the 1V4S enzyme were studied precisely. Preliminary in-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction was carried out using SwissADME and PreADMET online software which revealed that all the compounds have the potential to become orally active antidiabetic agents as they obeyed Lipinski's rule of five.

Conclusion

The results revealed that the designed lead could be significant for the strategic design of safe, effective, and orally bioavailable quinazolinone derivatives as glucokinase activators.
Excitation process under the ramp-step waveform of inductive source-induced polarization method
Authors: Ji Yanju , Wu Yanqi , Wu Yuheng , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2019

Most previous studies explain the induced polarization (IP) effects in transient electromagnetic (TEM) data using an idealized but unrealizable step-waveform transmitter current. However, the ramp-step waveform, which is commonly applied in TEM measurement, has been given less attention. To explore the effects of the switch-off time, we have compared the IP responses induced by two waveforms: the step and the ramp step. We apply a wire-filament circuit composed of a Debye model and an inductor to identify the differences in the aspect of the energy transfer process. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to illustrate the IP effects in a frozen-soil zone, metallic sulfide ore, and graphite ore and to analyze the relationship between the switch-off time, IP effects, and the polarization parameters. The results indicate that the primary and secondary fields act as excitation sources of the polarization field. In the step waveform case, the excitation source of the polarization field is the secondary field. As the switch-off time increases, the contribution rate of the primary field gradually increases, especially in the high-resistivity media. The finding provides a new understanding of the excitation process of the IP effects and indicates that source contributions are variable in different situations. Moreover, a longer switch-off time weakens the IP effects severely, and in the high-resistivity, high-polarizable media, the IP effects are more sensitive to the switch-off time. Therefore, a suitable switch-off time should be chosen based on the properties of the polarizable media, such as resistivity and time constant. To detect a relatively high-resistivity, high-polarizable body, the switch-off time should be as short as possible. Nevertheless, to detect a relatively low-resistivity polarizable body, the IP effects are fairly insensitive to the switch-off time, so the transmitter waveform can easily meet the requirements.
Diffusion in deformable porous media: Incompressible flow limit and implications for permeability estimation from microseismicity
Authors: Sahay Pratap N. , Müller Tobias M.
Published: December 2019

Injecting fluid in a borehole often has been observed to be causally related with seismicity. The standard explanation assumes that a stress perturbation spreads out and triggers rock failure. It has been suggested that this spreading is governed by Biot’s slow P-wave, which is a diffusion process associated with compressible fluid flow. Because the diffusion constant is proportional to the permeability, the space-time evolution of seismicity is exploited to estimate the permeability. However, the more plausible scenario of incompressible fluid flow is beyond the scope of Biot’s theory. We have examined the diffusion process predicted by the de la Cruz-Spanos poroelasticity theory when the flow is incompressible. Then, the diffusion constant can be two orders of magnitude larger than the Biot diffusion constant. We have determined that seismicity-based permeability estimates strongly depend on whether the flow is compressible or incompressible. Ignoring the incompressible flow scenario might lead to an overestimation of the permeability.
Effects of suicide awareness materials on individuals with recent suicidal ideation or attempt: online randomised controlled trial
Authors: Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Till Benedikt
Published: December 2019

Background

Awareness materials featuring ways of coping with suicidal ideation can reduce suicidal ideation, the so-called Papageno effect. All of the previous experimental studies on this subject have been conducted with individuals not at risk of suicide.

Aims

To assess effects of suicide awareness materials in a sample of individuals with recent suicidal ideation. Trial registration: German Clinical Trial Registry ID number DRKS00013613.

Method

Adults (n = 266) with recent self-reported suicidal ideation or attempt were randomised to read an educative article featuring a lay individual with personal experience of suicidality (n = 86), a similar article featuring a mental health expert (n = 90), or an unrelated article (n = 90) in a double-blind online randomised controlled trial. Questionnaire data were collected before (T1) and immediately after exposure (T2) as well as 1 week later (study end-point, T3) and analysed with linear mixed models. The primary outcome was suicide risk as assessed using the Survival and Coping Beliefs subscale of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI); secondary outcomes were suicide-prevention knowledge and mood.

Results

There was an immediate beneficial effect on suicide risk in the intervention group exposed to the message delivered by the individual with personal experience (group 1) as compared with the control group that was maintained until the study end-point (study end-point: RFLI score mean difference from baseline within group 1 MD = −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to −0.06), mean difference compared with control group MD = −0.71 (95% CI −1.27 to −0.14); d = −0.18). The effect was particularly pronounced for individuals with recent suicide attempt (RFLI score at T3, compared with control group: MD = −1.55 (95% CI −2.52 to −0.57); d = −0.23). Participants in this group also showed increased prevention-related knowledge compared with the control group.

Conclusions

Individuals with a recent suicide attempt appear to benefit from a printed narrative of positive coping with suicidal ideation. The intervention materials do not increase short-term suicide risk.
Denis Williams’s London
Authors: Ohadi-Hamadani Maryam
Published: December 2019

This article is a study of several works by Guyanese artist Denis Williams and the exhibitions of these works. Williams (1923–98) was a key figure in the history of artists of the then British Empire who made their way to London in the middle of the twentieth century (Williams himself arriving in 1946). The article discusses one of Williams’s most celebrated works, Human World (1950), and examines how the artist’s practice engaged with anticolonial resistance and modernist discourse surrounding abstraction. The author also explores and comments on the exhibitions in which Williams participated during his time in London and the reception his works received from artists and critics.
Community Inclusion in PrEP Demonstration Projects: Lessons for Scaling Up
Authors: Reza-Paul Sushena , Lazarus Lisa , Jana Smarajit , Ray Protim , Mugo Nelly , Ngure Kenneth , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Durueke Florita , Idoko John , Béhanzin Luc , Alary Michel , Gueye Daouda , Sarr Moussa , Mukoma Wanjiru , Kyongo Jordan K. , Bothma Rutendo , Eakle Robyn , Dallabetta Gina , Presley Josie , Lorway Robert
Published: December 2019

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a new HIV prevention strategy. A series of demonstration projects were conducted to explore the use of PrEP outside of clinical trial settings. Learning from the failures in community consultation and involvement in early oral tenofovir trials, these PrEP projects worked to better engage communities and create spaces for community involvement in the planning and roll out of these projects. We describe the community engagement strategies employed by seven Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation-funded PrEP demonstration projects. Community engagement has emerged as a critical factor for education, demand generation, dispelling rumors, and supporting adherence and follow up in the PrEP demonstration project case studies. The increasing global interest in PrEP necessitates understanding how to conduct community engagement for PrEP implementation in different settings as part of combination HIV prevention.
Breath holds in spontaneous speech
Authors: Aare Kätlin , Włodarczak Marcin , Heldner Mattias
Published: December 2019

This article provides a first quantitative overview of the timing and volumerelated properties of breath holds in spontaneous conversations. Firstly, we investigate breath holds based on their position within the coinciding respiratory interval amplitude. Secondly, we investigate breath holds based on their timing within the respiratory intervals and in relation to communicative activity following breath holds. We hypothesise that breath holds occur in different regions of the lung capacity range and at different times during the respiratory phase, depending on the conversational and physiological activity following breath holds. The results suggest there is not only considerable variation in both the time and lung capacity scales, but detectable differences are also present in breath holding characteristics involving laughter and speech preparation, while breath holds coinciding with swallowing are difficult to separate from the rest of the data based on temporal and volume information alone.

Kokkuvõte. Kätlin Aare, Marcin Włodarczak ja Mattias Heldner: Hinge kinni hoidmine spontaanses kõnes. Artikkel kirjeldab hinge kinni hoidmist spontaansetes vestlustes ajaliste ja kopsumahuga seotud omaduste kaudu. Hinge kinni hoidmist analüüsitakse esmalt selle põhjal, kus see käimasoleva hingamisfaasi kopsumahu ulatuse suhtes asub. Teine fookus on ajalisel faktoril: kus hoitakse hinge kinni käimasoleva hingamisfaasi alguse ja lõpu ning vestlustes sisalduva kõne vm suhtes. Hüpoteeside kohaselt peaks hinge kinni hoidmine ajalisel ja kopsumahuga seotud skaalal toimuma erinevas kohas sõltuvalt sellest, milline kontekst hinge kinni hoidmist vestluses ümbritseb. Tulemused näitavad, et kuigi hinge kinni hoidmine esineb suure varieeruvusega mõlemal skaalal, sisaldab andmestik mustreid, mis eristavad kõneplaneerimisega seotud hinge kinni hoidmist teistest alternatiividest. Tulemustest selgub ka, et neelatustega seotud hinge kinni hoidmist on keeruline muudest eristada vaid aja ja kopsumahuga seotud informatsiooni abil.

Märksõnad: hinge kinni hoidmine, kõnehingamine, spontaanne kõne, vestlused kolme osalejaga
INFLUENCE OF THE ß SOLAR WIND PARAMETER ON STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Ap INDEX IN THE SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE
Authors: Zotov Oleg , Klain Boris , Kurazhkovskaya Nadezhda
Published: December 2019

We have studied the effect of the β solar wind parameter (equal to the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure) on statistical characteristics of the Ap index reflecting the triggering behavior of the activity of Earth’s magnetosphere. The trigger effect of the dynamics of magnetospheric activity consists in the abrupt transition from the periodic mode to the chaotic mode in the solar activity cycle. It is shown that cumulative amplitude distribution functions and power spectra of the Ap index of both the periodic and chaotic modes are well approximated by power and exponential functions respectively. At the same time, the indices of power functions and the indices characterizing the slope of the Ap index spectrum differ significantly in magnitude for the periodic and chaotic modes. We have found that Ap nonlinearly depends on β for both the modes of magnetospheric dynamics. The maximum of the Ap index amplitude for periodic modes is observed when β>1; and for chaotic ones, when β<1. In almost every cycle of solar activity, the energy of the Ap index fluctuations of chaotic modes is higher than that of periodic ones. The results indicate intermittency and its associated turbulence of magnetospheric activity. The exponential character of the spectral density of the Ap index suggests that the behavior of magnetospheric activity is determined by its internal dynamics, which can be described by a finite number of deterministic equations. The trigger effect of magnetospheric activity is assumed to be due to the angle of inclination of the axis of the solar magnetic dipole to the ecliptic plane, on which the dynamics of the β parameter in the solar activity cycle depends.
DETERMINATION OF ELF WAVE CHARACTERISTICS MOST STRONGLY REACTING TO MINOR CHANGES OF IONOSPHERIC ELECTRON DENSITY IN A HIGH-LATITUDE REGION
Authors: Akhmetov Oleg , Mingalev Igor , Mingalev Oleg , Suvorova Zoya , Belakhovsky Vladimir , Chernyakov Sergey
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we use numerical experiment methods to address the problem of determining characteristics of ELF (0.3–3 kHz) electromagnetic waves recorded in the surface layer and providing the maximum amount of information about the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. We have analyzed the effect of the horizontal spatial structure of electron density of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide on propagation of electromagnetic waves. We have identified characteristics that allow us to record them by instrumental methods in conditions of weakly disturbed ionosphere. The density profiles used in numerical experiments have been obtained from data acquired by the Partial Reflection Radar at the Polar Geophysical Institute, located at the radiophysical observatory Tumanny in the Murmansk Region (69.0° N, 35.7° E), and by the IRI2016 model during the March 15, 2013 solar flare and the subsequent magnetic storm on March 17, 2013. The electromagnetic signal propagation model used in this work is the adaptation of gas-hydrodynamic methods to electrodynamic applications. The model is based on the scheme of upwind approximation of spatial derivatives (Godunov’s method with correction of streams). We also use splitting by spatial directions and physical processes. Signal field attenuation due to conductivity and its rotation due to Hall conductivity of the medium are considered in separate splitting steps by analytical formulas.
MANIFESTATIONS OF TWO BRANCHES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY IN THE HELIOSPHERE AND GCR INTENSITY
Authors: Krainev Mikhail
Published: December 2019

This paper provides insight into heliospheric processes and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) modulation occurring due to the presence of two branches of solar activity in this solar layer. According to the topology of solar magnetic fields, these branches are called toroidal (active regions, sunspots, flares, coronal mass ejections, etc.) and poloidal (high-latitude magnetic fields, polar coronal holes, zonal unipolar magnetic regions, etc.). The main cause of different manifestations of the two branches on the solar surface and in the heliosphere — the layer at the base of the heliosphere in which the main energetic factor is the magnetic field — is formulated. In this case, the magnetic fields of the poloidal branch, which have a larger scale but a lower intensity, gain an advantage in penetrating into the heliosphere. A connection is shown between the poloidal branch and the heliospheric characteristics (solar wind velocity field, size of the heliosphere, form of the heliospheric current sheet, regular heliospheric magnetic field and its fluctuations) that, according to modern notions, determine GCR propagation in the heliosphere.
Sustainable Operations Management Through the Perspective of Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
Authors: Atasu Atalay , Corbett Charles J. , Huang Ximin (Natalie) , Toktay L. Beril
Published: December 2019

We review the sustainable operations management research published in the first 20 years of Manufacturing & Service Operations Management (M&SOM), and we outline our hopes for the next 20 years. This review provides a “big picture” overview of trends in the sustainable operations management research in M&SOM, along with an impact assessment both inside and outside the boundaries of operations management research. We provide a brief chronological survey of sustainable operations management publications in M&SOM, as well as a high-level citation analysis. Together, these analyses indicate that the topics studied in the sustainable operations management publications in M&SOM have largely followed some issues of business relevance and have made a substantial scholarly impact both inside and outside our field. We also propose a number of open research directions.
OS PROCESSOS ESPACIAIS DE CONCENTRAÇÃO E CENTRALIZAÇÃO DAS ATIVIDADES URBANAS E DO CAPITAL NA MEGALÓPOLE RIO-SÃO PAULO: UMA PERSPECTIVA PARA A COMPREENSÃO DA PRODUÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA DO ESPAÇO
Authors: Luquez Juliana
Published: December 2019

A última década do século XX e os primeiros quinze anos do século XXI compreendem o intervalo de tempo no qual é possível perceber com bastante clareza as intensas transformações socioespaciais pelas quais os espaços metropolitanos vêm passando dada a intensificação das dinâmicas dos processos em curso. A relação dos processos socioespaciais com a produção do espaço merece novo destaque nas pesquisas sobre a metrópole e sua região, pois é na análise das implicações desses processos que alcançamos possíveis compreensões sobre as complexidades da nova configuração metropolitana. Elegemos para a análise desta problemática os processos de concentração e centralização da dinâmica territorial das atividades econômicas na área metropolitana - dispersa e fragmentada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as novas dimensões da lógica de produção do espaço na Megalópole Rio-São Paulo, que abrange o território da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro e seu Entorno e da Cidade-Região de São Paulo, a partir da perspectiva teórica dos conceitos de concentração e centralização do capital e das atividades urbanas. A análise gravitará na relação entre a dinâmica territorial das atividades econômicas e a centralização de comando, gestão e fluxos (materiais e imateriais) e as implicações dessa relação na reestruturação metropolitana. A partir desta relação poderemos colaborar para a compreensão do processo de reestruturação socioespacial das metrópoles fluminense e paulista e a constante expansão de suas centralidades e limites. Para tanto, buscaremos examinar algumas hipóteses e considerações apresentadas por pesquisadores que vêm debruçando-se sobre a problemática desses processos em áreas metropolitanas a fim de contribuir para o entendimento das complexidades das metrópoles contemporâneas e suas novas características anunciadas através desses processos em curso e colocados aqui em nossa lente de aumento.
Er skortur á framboði eða er engin eftirspurn eftir konum í æðstu stjórnunarstöður?
Authors: Óladóttir Ásta Dís , Aðalsteinsson Gylfi Dalmann , Christiansen Þóra H.
Published: December 2019

Samkvæmt niðurstöðu úttektar Alþjóðaefnahagsráðsins fyrir árið 2018 mun það taka heimsbyggðina rúmlega 100 ár að ná fullu jafnrétti. Samkvæmt úttektinni hefur Íslendingum tekist að jafna 85% af því kynjabili sem hér hefur ríkt og er Ísland það land sem hefur náð hvað lengst á sviði jafnréttis. Þrátt fyrir það gegnir engin kona stöðu forstjóra í skráðu félagi árið 2019 og afar fáar konur eru í framkvæmdastjórnum. Þá eru konur frekar framkvæmdastjórar í litlum fyrirtækjum, með 1-10 starfsmenn og konur eru í forsvari fyrir 13% stærri fyrirtækja, með fleiri en 50 starfsmenn. Markmið greinarinnar er að skoða hvað veldur því að engin kona gegnir stöðu forstjóra í skráðu félagi á Íslandi og til hvaða ráðstafana er hægt að grípa, að mati kvenna sem nú þegar gegna stjórnunar- og leiðtogastöðum, til þess að auka hlutdeild kvenna í æðstu stjórnunarstöðum. Mikil umræða er um þessar mundir um stöðu kvenna í stjórnum og æðstu stjórnendastöðum á Íslandi og fyrirtæki hvött til þess að auka hlut þeirra. Þá hyggjast stjórnvöld leggja sín lóð á vogarskálar í þessum efnum. Konum er að fækka í stjórnum félaga og sem stjórnarformönnum í skráðum félögum. Í því skyni að leita skýringa á stöðunni var gerð könnun meðal forystukvenna í íslensku atvinnulífi. Alls tóku 186 konur þátt í könnuninni og helstu niðurstöður eru þær að meirihluti svarenda telur aðgerða þörf, jafnvel lagasetningar sem kveður á um að kynjakvóti verði settur á æðstu stjórnunarstöður. Þá þarf menningin og hugarfar að breytast, konur þurfa fleiri tækifæri og karlmenn að axla meiri ábyrgð á fjölskyldulífi.
Investigating single-longitudinal-mode operation of a continuous wave second Stokes diamond Raman ring laser
Authors: Li Muye , Kitzler Ondrej , Spence David J.
Published: December 2019

We report a diamond Raman ring cavity laser resonantly pumped by a tunable Ti:sapphire continuous wave laser. We characterize the laser operation generating first Stokes output and, for the first time, generate second Stokes lasing at a maximum output power of 364 mW with 33.4% slope efficiency at 1101.3 nm. Single longitudinal mode operation is achieved for all first Stokes output powers, but only for lower output powers for second Stokes operation. We discuss possible reasons preventing single longitudinal mode operation.
In-situ DNA hybridization detection based on a reflective microfiber probe
Authors: Li Yanpeng , Fang Fang , Yang Liuyang , Tan ShiJie , Yan Zhijun , Sun Qizhen
Published: December 2019

A label-free biosensor based on a reflective microfiber probe for in-situ real-time DNA hybridization detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The microfiber probe is simply fabricated by snapping a non-adiabatic biconical microfiber through closing the oxyhydrogen flame during fiber stretching. Assisted with the Fresnel reflection at the end of microfiber, a reflective microfiber modal interferometer is realized. The in-situ DNA hybridization relies on the surface functionalization of a monolayer of Poly-L-lysine (PLL) and synthetic DNA sequences that bind to a given target with high specificity. The detection processes of DNA hybridization in various concentration of target DNA solutions are monitored in real-time and the experimental results present a minimum detectable concentration of 10pM with good repeatability. Additionally, the detection specificity is also investigated by immersing the microfiber probe into the non-complementary ssDNA solutions and observing the spectral variation. The proposed biosensor has advantages of high sensitivity, compact size, ease of use and simple fabrication, which makes it has great potential to be applied in a lot of fields such as disease diagnosis, medicine, and environmental science.
Programmable field localization and enhancement effects on a non-structured planar surface with a permittivity gradient
Authors: Gao Hua , Herrmann Eric , Wang Xi
Published: December 2019

We demonstrate electromagnetic field localization and enhancement effects on the non-structured planar surface of a two-dimensional gradient permittivity material. Surface plasmons are excited by a normally-incident Gaussian illumination beam and are confined to subwavelength rings on the surface of the gradient permittivity material. The performance of the surface is programmable by adjusting the permittivity distribution of the material and polarization of incident light. We show that field localization and enhancement effects can be realized at mid-infrared frequencies by conventional semiconductor materials with designed doping distributions. This demonstration suggests a compact and readily accessible platform for materials characterizations with spatially controlled illumination, providing a convenient approach to explore nanospectroscopy and light-matter interactions of nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, nanowires, and organic molecules.
All-optical frequency-resolved optical gating for isolated attosecond pulse reconstruction
Authors: Yang Zhen , Cao Wei , Chen Xi , Zhang Jie , Mo Yunlong , Xu Huiyao , Mi Kang , Zhang Qingbin , Lan Pengfei , Lu Peixiang
Published: December 2019

We demonstrate an all-optical approach for precise characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. An isolated attosecond pulse is produced from high-order harmonics using an intense driving pulse with a proper gating technique. When a weak field is synchronized with the driver, it perturbs the harmonics generation process via altering the accumulated phase of the electron trajectories. The perturbed harmonic spectrum can be formulated as a convolution of the unperturbed dipole and a phase gate, implying the validity of complete reconstruction of isolated attosecond pulses using a conventional frequency-resolved optical gating method. This in situ measurement avoids the central momentum approximation assumed in the widely used attosecond streaking measurement, providing a simple and reliable metrology for an isolated attosecond pulse.
Dynamics study of thermal activation of BAC-Si in bismuth/erbium-codoped optical fiber
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Wei Shuen , Khan Muhammad Talal Ali , Luo Yanhua , Peng Gang-Ding
Published: December 2019

The thermal activation of the bismuth active center associated with silicon (BAC-Si) in bismuth/erbium-codoped optical fiber (BEDF) has been investigated in terms of temperature, dwell time, and cooling rate. The experimental results show that temperature and dwell time have significant effects on activation of BAC-Si, and the underlying mechanism is further discussed. Especially, through the optimization of these dynamic parameters, the thermal activation of BAC-Si is achieved with a maximum enhancement

∼

2.5

times of peak luminescence intensity and 1.6 dB/m increment of the on–off gain at

∼

1405

n
m

. Such discovery clearly indicates that thermal treatment with optimized temperature, dwell time, and cooling rate could be an effective way to activate BAC-Si in BEDF.
High-power ytterbium-doped fiber laser delivering few-cycle, carrier-envelope phase-stable 100 µJ pulses at 100  kHz
Authors: Shestaev E. , Hoff D. , Sayler A. M. , Klenke A. , Hädrich S. , Just F. , Eidam T. , Jójárt P. , Várallyay Z. , Osvay K. , Paulus G. G. , Tünnermann A. , Limpert J.
Published: December 2019

We present a carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-stable Yb-doped fiber laser system delivering 100 µJ few-cycle pulses at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. The CEP stability of the system when seeded by a carrier-envelope offset-locked oscillator is 360 mrad, as measured pulse-to-pulse with a stereographic above-threshold ionization (stereo-ATI) phase meter. Slow CEP fluctuations have been suppressed by implementing a feedback loop from the phase meter to the pulse picking acousto-optic modulator. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest CEP stability achieved to date with a fiber-based, high-power few-cycle laser.
Constant intensity conical diffraction in discrete one-dimensional lattices with charge-conjugation symmetry
Authors: Dehghani Mojgan , Yuce Cem , Kottos Tsampikos , Ramezani Hamidreza
Published: December 2019

We engineer anomalous conical diffraction (CD), occurring in discrete one-dimensional lattices with charge-conjugation symmetry when an exceptional point is in the proximity of the modes that compose the initial excitation. The evolving waveform propagates ballistically, acquiring a constant intensity profile within the boundaries of the spreading cone. The linear increase in the total intensity along the propagation direction is responsible for the generation of constant intensity CD.
Enhanced fully optically pumped magnetic resonance with optical sideband auxiliary pumping
Authors: Jiang Z. Y. , Liu X. C. , Lin P. W. , Qu J. F. , Liu H. P.
Published: December 2019

We have proposed a new technique to obtain highly polarized atoms for improving the sensitivity of the all-optical Cs atomic magnetometer. In a Bell–Bloom magnetometer, the resonance pumping from the ground state

F
g

=
3

to the excited state

F
e

=
4

at the D1 line is used to polarize the Cs atoms and populate the sublevels of the

|

F
g

=
4
,

m
F

=
4
⟩

partly as the transition

F
g

=
4
→

F
e

=
3

remains leaking. Here we utilize a modulation technique to generate a sideband frequency to pump both transitions simultaneously, which drives more atoms to the target state

|

F
g

=
4
,

m
F

=
4
⟩

. This improvement significantly increases the magnetic resonance signal but with little effect on its linewidth. It is very suitable for the miniaturization of the atomic magnetometer in the future.
Three-dimensional micropatterning of graphene by femtosecond laser direct writing technology
Authors: Liu Yu-Qing , Mao Jiang-Wei , Chen Zhao-Di , Han Dong-Dong , Jiao Zhi-Zhen , Ma Jia-Nan , Jiang Hao-Bo , yang Han
Published: December 2019

The reduction and patterning of graphene oxides (GOs) have broad applications in gene transfection, cell differentiation control, etc. However, two-dimensional (2D) photoreduction technologies (such as UV lithography) fail to realize the three-dimensional (3D) reduction and patterning of GO, limiting its applications in 3D electronic device interconnection and 3D graphene organ-on-a-chip. Here we developed 3D reduction and patterning of GO by femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology. FsLDW has been adopted for 3D structure fabrication and 2D/3D micropatterning of reduced GOs on GO films. We deem that this technology will advance GO in the evolution of future electronics.
La igualdad en la aplicación de la ley: análisis de algunas objeciones iusfilosóficas
Authors: Iturralde Sesma Victoria
Published: December 2019

El objeto de estas páginas es examinar si la igualdad en la aplicación de la ley que, grosso modo se traduce en la obligación de seguir los precedentes, es un valor positivo o si, por el contrario, se trata de un principio vacío de contenido o que se diluye o contradice otros principios. Para ello, señalo que la aplicación del principio de igualdad requiere establecer cuáles son los términos de comparación: uno, el caso individual que debe decidir el juez y otro, el precedente. Este último puede manifestarse de dos formas: como la ratio decidendi de uno o varios casos individuales o como uno o varios casos individuales análogos. A continuación analizo cada una de las críticas que, desde una perspectiva iusfilosófica, se ha dirigido contra la igualdad en la aplicación para: a) que igualdad equivale a legalidad; b) que la igualdad en la aplicación es un principio meramente formal; c) el carácter vacío de dicho principio dada la indeterminación de la expresión «semejanza relevante»; d) su irrelevancia, puesto que el juez debe decidir caso por caso, y e) la posible injusticia del precedente, que será reiterada por la decisión posterior.
Derecho y literatura: el proyecto de Martha Nussbaum
Authors: Sáenz M. Jimena
Published: December 2019

Este trabajo presenta una lectura de lo que Nussbaum llamó su «proyecto filosófico-literario» que permite vislumbrar cuál es su aporte y mirada distintiva a la discusión sobre las relaciones entre el derecho y la literatura. En base a esta lectura, se plantean una serie de «usos» que de esta pueden hacerse en el campo jurídico, o una serie de puntos donde el diálogo puede ser productivo.
Indícios da formação de emoções provocadas por um estudo da realidade: articulações entre a Neurociência e a perspectiva Estético-ambiental da Educação
Authors: Franco Ronan Moura , Mello Elena Maria Billig , De Freitas Diana Paula Salomão
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa do tipo intervenção pedagógica, que investigou indícios de estímulos emocionalmente competentes e emoções provocados por um estudo da realidade, na perspectiva da Educação Estético-ambiental, argumentando sobre a relevância de práticas educativas que considerem os aspectos neurobiológicos dos envolvidos. Para tanto, foram planejados e executados quatro encontros, com duas turmas de Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual de Uruguaiana/RS, envolvendo 37 estudantes, que produziram 87 registros escritos. Estes registros foram apreciados pelo método da Análise Textual Discursiva, do qual emergiram três categorias. Como resultados, argumentamos que a realização de práticas como a investigação da realidade é capaz de estimular, de forma emocional, mobilizando para a aprendizagem, que acontecerá de forma contextualizada quando articulada à realidade contraditória, vivida por aqueles que a estudam.
Pegada Hídrica… …Água – um recurso finito a preservar: estudo de caso em duas turmas do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
Authors: Gomes Carla Liliana , Dias Isabel Correia , Dos Santos Olga Maria Assunção Pinto
Published: December 2019

A escola, em permanente desafio, exige de toda a comunidade educativa, principalmente dos professores, dinâmicas ajustadas aos paradigmas sociais atuais. Nessa linha de ação, o trabalho dos professores deve refletir práticas pedagógicas inovadoras como resposta aos desafios constantes da sociedade.

Dentro das temáticas que podem ser abordadas nas salas de aula, atividades relacionadas com a Educação Ambiental contribuem para a aquisição de capacidades, comportamentos e atitudes imprescindíveis para manter o equilíbrio entre o Homem e o Ambiente no que tange aos seus recursos naturais limitados, como é exemplo a água. O presente artigo pretende dar a conhecer algumas atividades relativas à temática, em duas turmas de 1.º ciclo do ensino básico (CEB) com alunos dos 1.º, 2.º e 4.º anos de escolaridade.
A VOLATILIDADE DOS RELACIONAMENTOS FAMILIARES E A PRÁTICA DA ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL: UMA ANÁLISE ACERCA DA OMISSÃO LEGISLATIVA DE TUTELA PREVENTIVA-INIBITÓRIA
Authors: Zanette Mariana Serafim , Saleh Scheila Martignago
Published: December 2019

O objetivo geral do presente artigo é promover uma reflexão sobre a volatilidade dos relacionamentos familiares e a prática da alienação parental. Como objetivos específicos, busca-se estudar a formação da multiparentalidade, a volatilidade dos relacionamentos familiares, a alienação parental e analisar a omissão legislativa de tutela preventiva-inibitória à violência psicológica familiar contra as crianças e os adolescentes, dada a importância do tema devida à forte reprovabilidade social da conduta e por ser uma questão sócio-familiar que vem preocupando e ganhando repercussão cada vez maior no âmbito jurídico. No tocante ao método empregado para a confecção do artigo, utilizou-se o indutivo, observando-se o processo histórico-vivencial das famílias brasileiras conforme aquilo que normalmente acontece na sociedade, com supedâneo em pesquisa bibliográfica, jurisprudencial e na sociolegislação brasileira em vigor. Conclui-se que a exposição das crianças e dos adolescentes à sucessivas e novas formações e rompimentos de filiação socioafetiva (volatilidade dos relacionamentos familiares) é extremamente prejudicial ao desenvolvimento psíquico que mostra-se salutar uma providência urgente pelo Poder Legislativo de instituir tutela preventiva-inibitória às práticas de violência psicológica familiar,principalmente quanto à prática de alienação parental.
A Comparative Assessment of the Photogrammetric Accuracy of Mapping Using UAVs with Smart Devices
Authors: Jeong Hohyun , Ahn Hoyong , Shin Dongyoon , Ahn Yushin , Choi Chuluong
Published: December 2019

This article evaluates UAV photogrammetry systems using smartphones and smart cameras. Image triangulation was conducted in accordance with interior orientation parameters, determined by camera self-calibration. Precise orthomosaic images and digital surface
models were generated, and their accuracy was assessed using aerial and terrestrial lidar data. Digital surface models were used to estimate earthwork volumes and verify the suitability of UAV photogrammetry for use on construction sites. Georeferencing accuracy
shows that the smart camera performs about twice as well as the smartphone with reference to checkpoints and polygon parts. Considering rolling shutter in the smartphone, it is possible to increase accuracy. Especially in inclined and rugged topography, the smartphone can benefit from applying
the rolling-shutter method. Earthwork of volume error is often applied as a legal requirement for some countries, and our findings indicate that a smart camera with a drone can be effectively and economically used in earthworks.