bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factor Analytic Study of Self Perception of Graduate and Undergraduate Students
Authors: Baker S. R.
Published: September 2011

45 senior undergraduate student teachers and 50 graduate teachers were each given the same two Q sorts. Each S was instructed to sort statements which were most and least self-descriptive. Factor analyses of sorts showed greater variability in the self descriptions of graduate teachers as compared to undergraduate student teachers.
Use of Teaching Machines with Severely Disturbed Children: A Proposal
Authors: Karmel Richard L. , Cohen Alan H. , Fogel Max L.
Published: September 2011

The possible uses of teaching machines in diagnosis and instruction of severely disturbed children suggest the need for research applications. Qualitative results from a pilot sample have led to the development of a fully automated machine for use with these children.
Individual Consistencies in the Random Generation of Choices
Authors: Wolitzky David L. , Spence Donald P.
Published: September 2011

Ss were instructed to generate random numbers while simultaneously listening to passages of varying degrees of approximation to English, under Recall and No-recall conditions. Randomness of choices was considered an index of attentional capacity and appeared to be a stable individual difference characteristic with a fair degree of generality across stimulus and instructional conditions.
Effect of Angle of Retinal Vision on the Rate of Fluctuation of the Necker Cube
Authors: Dugger James G. , Courson Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

42 naive Ss between the ages of 18 and 22 and free from eye defects viewed 3 Necker cubes in random order in a study of the effect of angle of retinal vision on the rate of fluctuation. Ss fixated on a dot in the center of each cube which was situated left-face-forward-down for 2-min. trials and counted the number of fluctuations. It was found that fluctuations decreased as the angle of retinal vision increased. The decrease in fluctuation rate between the 3° and 8° angles, although evident, was not significant. However, the decrease in fluctuation rate between the 8° and 13° angles was significant at the .01 level. The study suggests this phenomenon may be more subject to external control than realized and could also be a function of personality. More likely, the phenomenon is an interaction of some nomothetic cortical process and the individual's idiographic peculiarities. Fragmentation and distortion were reported by Ss on all 3 of the cubes. These phenomena support a learning interpretation.
Perceptual Mode and Reading Improvement of College Students
Authors: Higgins Norene , Gage Gerald
Published: September 2011

Data suggest EFT scores are related to reading proficiency.
Perception of Prejudice in Mexican-American Preschool Children
Authors: Werner Norma E. , Evans Idella M.
Published: September 2011

Structured doll-play interviews were conducted with 40 Mexican-American children aged 4 and 5 yr. old, to explore where and when skin color discrimination and the evaluation of color differences occur. The study attempted to determine whether discrimination and evaluation occur simultaneously and whether they were functions of the child's age and sex, or exposure to group participation outside the home. The children tended to group the dolls by sex and size before grouping them by skin color. Evaluation on the basis of skin color occurred at the same time the discrimination was made, “good” dolls being white and “bad” dolls dark. After exposure to school the doll with which the child identified was white There was a tendency for boys to perceive the white adult male doll as larger than the dark one of the same size. Major dimensions of good and bad parents and good and bad children were inferred from the children's descriptions of their behavior. Results have been related to comparable studies with regard to Negro and Oriental children and the similarities and differences discussed. Suggestions are made for further research.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: VIII. Edward A. Bilodeau: 1924–1968
Authors: Irion Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

A description of Dr. Bilodeau's education and professional career indicated his contributions to the field of psychology.
Some Properties of Visual Short-Term Memory
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

Ss were exposed to discontinuously presented signals in a compensatory tracking task. Signals were “on” for durations of 16.7, 50, 150, 300, or 500 msec. followed by “off” periods of the same durations. From measures of tracking accuracy under the various on-off combinations, the following conclusions emerge: (a) most of the utilizable visual information is present in the first 15 to 50 msec.; (b) the short-term storage capacity, i.e., the temporal range over which the system can “coast” without input, extends to at least 300 msec.; (c) measures taken under stimulating conditions of long duration and time-varying characteristics result in different assessments of visual short-term memory than those obtained under two-flash (transient response) conditions.
Stick Copying of Designs by Preschool and Young School-Age Children
Authors: Wise James H.
Published: September 2011

An experimental Stick Design Test (SDT) was administered to 339 children ages 3–1 to 7–10 yr. Results indicated that copying ability was primarily a function of developmental age and secondarily a function of socioeconomic class background. Significant Pearson product-moment correlations between Stick Design Test copying performance and Bender-Gestalt Visual Motor Test (.60), Stanford-Binet IQ (–.31), Metropolitan Readiness Test (–.65) and teacher behavioral ratings were found on a sample of 96 kindergarten children. Test-retest ( r = .94) and scorer reliabilities ( rs = .96, .93, .96) were obtained for the experimental SDT.
Interrelationship of Physical, Perceptual-Motor, and Academic Achievement Variables in Elementary School Children
Authors: Singer Robert N.
Published: September 2011

For third- and sixth-grade children height, weight, grip strength of the dominant and non-dominant hands, elbow flexion and elbow extension strength, hip flexion and hip extension strength, dynamic balance, ball-throwing accuracy, speed of hand-arm movement, eye-hand coordination, stimulus discrimination and hand speed, perceptual ability, academic achievement, and intelligence were measured. (a) Intercorrelations among variables were low and often not significant for sixth- and third-grade children, (b) correlations were of similar magnitude for the two age groups, and (c) perceptual-motor tasks did not correlate any higher with intelligence tests than did simple motor tasks or physical characteristics.
Further Comments on Matters Relevant to Investigations of Subliminal Phenomena: A Reply
Authors: Silverman Lloyd H.
Published: September 2011

This paper constitutes a reply to the Wiener and Kleespies' (1968) rejoinder to Silverman and Spiro's (1967) article on “The partial cue controversy and matters relevant to investigations of subliminal phenomena.” Discussion is focused on a consideration of: (1) the data offered by Silverman and Spiro in support of the subliminal model; (2) the data presented by Guthrie and Wiener (1966) in support of the partial cue model; (3) the evidence cited by Silverman and Spiro bearing on two subject variables relevant to the question of whether a subliminal effect can be demonstrated.
Item Analysis, Inter-Examiner Reliability and Scoring Problems for Koppitz Scoring on the Bender Gestalt for Six-Year-Olds
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Kalil John
Published: September 2011

Research is necessary to establish reliability and validity for the Koppitz method of scoring the Bender-Gestalt test. To help clarify the utility of the Bender technique with the first grade child 654 protocols were scored and various analyses conducted. An item analysis was done showing the frequency of each type “error;” reliability coefficients for three examiners scoring independently were established; items which were most difficult for examiners to score were identified; an hypothesis as to why these were the most difficult items was tested; and some suggestions were made as to why examiners make certain scoring errors. Error items vary widely in their incidence for first grade 6-yr.-old child, with certain Koppitz error items occurring 92% of the time and othes as infrequently as 1%. Nevertheless, reliability of scoring for three examiners is very high, ranging between .91 and .96. Certain items are difficult for examiners to agree upon and these are the items children have difficulty executing. The authors feel the Bender-Gestalt technique has utility for the 6-yr.-old and the Koppitz method of scoring adds significantly to the interpretation of such reproductions.
Facial Displays of Fear, Sadness and Pain
Authors: Boucher Jerry D.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that there are separate and distinguishable facial expressions for feat, sadness and pain. 14 photos were rated by 22 Js in the first experiment and 25 photos were rated by 25 Js in the second experiment. The Js showed a significant preference for either fear, sadness or pain in the labeling of 36 of the 39 total photos. In another experiment involving a much larger J group which used a response list of stories, these findings were replicated.
Personality Differences in Serial Learning under Distraction
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: September 2011

Previous work by Shanmugan had indicated that extraverts were able to perform better than introverts while under distraction. This experiment used serial learning of number groups, with a previously learned list of number pairs as a distractor in the final part of the experiment. It was found that greater percentage savings were obtained by extraverts under these conditions. In a third group of Ss initial distraction was arranged by placing a number pair in a group of four numbers. Extraverts also learned faster under these conditions. Several explanations of the present data are possible: (1) Jensen proposed that extraverts are more resistent to response competition, (2) Eysenck suggested that arousal, and hence, consolidation processes are less marked and intertere less in short-term memory in extraverts, (3) differences in strength of initial registration in very short-term memory may underlie the effect.
Double-Alternation Learning by Retardates
Authors: Brown David R. , Schrier Allan M.
Published: September 2011

12 retardates were trained on 4-trial double-alternation problems. Ss who reached a criterion of 80% correct during 200 consecutive trials were given a series of problems of increasing length, the longest being a 40-trial problem. 7 of the 12 Ss met criterion and none of these 7 experienced any difficulty in responding on the longer problems. Only 3 of the 7 Ss who learned could verbalize the solution to the problem.
Level of Aspiration and Athletic Performance
Authors: Harari Herbert
Published: September 2011

Feedback of success or failure in running a specified distance was given to Ss with the aim of varying their levels of aspiration. Feedback was presented with reference to past performance of either self or group. The expenditure of effort and subsequent running performance of 48 male Ss in 6 experimental conditions showed that increased level of aspiration based on self-reference feedback of success yielded optimum athletic performance.
Effects of Selected Physical Activities upon Motor Performance, Perceptual Performance and Academic Achievement of First Graders
Authors: O'Connor Colleen
Published: September 2011

Effects of 2 treatments, traditional physical education and physical activities suggested by Kephart, showed a significant difference in favor of the Kephart activities on measures of motor ability and internal lateral awareness. No significant difference was found between treatments on measures of academic achievement, external lateral awareness, lateral preference, or ability to draw geometric forms.
Social Perception of Internal-External Control
Authors: Miller Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

420 male and 324 female Ss were given photographs, previously scaled as being high, moderate, or low in physical attractiveness, and were instructed to fill out Rotter's I-E scale as they thought the person in the photograph would. Persons low in attractiveness were perceived as more external in I-E control than persons either high or moderately attractive, there being no difference between the latter. In addition, males perceived females as significantly more external than males, although female Ss did not make this distinction. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the relevance of I-E in interpersonal perception, and in particular the cue value of physical attractiveness in evoking varying perceptions of I-E in a first impression setting.
Detection Theory and Memory Processes: Are They Compatible?
Authors: Grasha Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

Recent retention research has applied the concepts of the Tanner and Swets signal detection model to recognition and recall measures. While the literature is not extensive, the evidence tentatively suggests that d' and criterion changes are potentially useful descriptive constructs. Several methodological problems were noted in the literature reviewed. Specifically, comparative analyses of the data are difficult since different detection procedures were employed to estimate d' and criterion changes as a function of the same retention variables. In addition, an empirical relationship needs to be established between memory system output (e.g., response strength, familiarity, etc.) and the rating scale values which are fundamental to a retention detection analysis. Finally, a clear framework is needed for d' and criterion changes in memory.
Voice Confrontation in Individuals with Normal and Defective Speech Patterns
Authors: Weston Alan J. , Rousey Clyde L.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of Ss were used to study the effect of listening to one's own voice. One group, of 10 male and 10 female Ss without speech defects, heard themselves and responded by marking equivalent forms of a semantic differential inventory. The second group, characterized by speech or voice defects, followed the same procedure. A third group, without speech problems, marked the semantic differential inventory without hearing themselves. Analysis of covariance indicated that Ss with speech defects show a greater reaction to hearing themselves than do Ss without speech defects. Also, women with and without speech defects show a significantly greater semantic differential reaction to hearing their own voices than did the control group.
Monitoring Performance on Visual and Auditory Displays
Authors: Jones Thomas N. , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to compare the monitoring performance of Ss using a visual display with the performance of Ss using an auditory display. 24 Ss were randomly assigned to monitor either the visual or the auditory display for a 3-hr. period. Two measures of performance, reaction time and probability of responding, were obtained during the monitoring session. An analysis of the results indicates that Ss who monitored the auditory display had shorter reaction times, higher probability of responding, and less variability than Ss who monitored the visual display.
Modification of Selected Bender Designs and Interpretation of the First Graders' Visual-Perceptual Maturation with Implications for Gestalt Theory
Authors: Pope Peggy , Snyder Robert T.
Published: September 2011

30 first graders of average ability were administered Cards 3 and 7 of the Bender-Gestalt test and 4 modifications of each. Cards judged easy were reproduced with slightly less error. Interpretation of performance was in terms of the Gestalt principle of good continuation.
Longitudinal Corroboration of a Cross-Sectional Study of Development of Preschool Children with the Arrow-dot Test
Authors: McCormick Clarence C. , Schnobrich Janice N.
Published: September 2011

Children in a Montessori preschool were administered a series of tests at the beginning of the school year and retested on the same battery 8 mo. later, at the end of the school year. The children exhibited a mean gain of about 11 points on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test IQ. They also exhibited a decline in Impuisivity and an increase in Superego scores, on the average, as measured by the Arrow-Dot Test. These longitudinal results corroborate an earlier cross-sectional analysis; and, as these results follow a prediction from Freudian theory, give indication of construct validity for the test.
Phonetic Symbolism in Four Voiceless Fricatives
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D.
Published: September 2011

48 Ss rated four voiceless fricatives, f, s, sb, and th on 12 bipolar scales of a semantic differential. Analysis of variance revealed significant main effects and significant interaction effects for Sound × Dimension ( p < .001) and Sound × Scale ( p < .001). The greater sensitivity of the presumed kinesthetic scales for some sounds suggests that both the scale and the articulatory characteristics of a sound may determine whether ratings reflect primarily denotative or connotative semantic systems.
Learning Impairment in Schizophrenic and Brain-Damaged Patients
Authors: Whitman James R.
Published: September 2011

An experiment reporting evidence of one type of learning impairment in schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients was replicated. Results supported the findings in the first experiment relating to these two diagnostic groups. A random sample of patients in the experiment was selected for additional testing. The correlations between performance in the experiment and intelligence test scores and also performance on a clinical test battery for diagnosing brain injury are reported.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XI. Alvah R. Lauer: 1896–1967
Authors: Hill Paul F.
Published: September 2011

Four decades of dedicated research provided insight into new techniques, methods and procedures in determining qualifications of and the training required for safe motor vehicle driving.
Effects of Age and Intelligence on Trail Making Test Performance and Validity
Authors: Goul William R. , Brown Marvin
Published: September 2011

The literature contains evidence that age and intelligence affect Trail Making Test (TMT) performance and probably its validity as a screening device for organicity. This study systematically explored the nature of these effects. The TMT and WAIS were administered to 93 brain-damaged patients and 106 control patients, ranging in age from 20 to 72 yr. The results showed that: (1) TMT performance decreased with age, as did TMT validity; (2) TMT performance increased with intelligence; and (3) Reitan's (1958) cut-off point misclassified half the control patients, the misclassification rate increasing markedly with age. The results clearly indicate the need for local age-corrected norms.
Cognitive Innovation and Stimulus-Seeking: A Study of the Correlates of the Obscure Figures Test
Authors: Kish George B.
Published: September 2011

A series of four studies was conducted examining a variety of correlates of the Obscure Figures Test. Using hospitalized alcoholic patients as Ss, the OFT was found to be positively related to education, intelligence, and numerical aptitude, manual and finger dexterity, sensation-seeking, scientific and computational interests, and to the K, Ma, and Es scales of the MMPI. Negative relationships were found with Social Introversion and Welsh's R scale of the MMPI. The results were felt to support an analysis of “cognitive innovation” in terms of capacity to innovate and interest in stimulational variety.
Galvanic Skin Responses to Motion Pictures
Authors: Kaiser Charles , Roessler Robert
Published: September 2011

Number and amplitude of galvanic skin responses (GSRs) during rest, during a bland and during a stressor film were examined in 20 male student Ss. The Zuckerman Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) was administered before and after both stressor and bland films. The greatest number and amplitude of GSRs were produced during the stress film and the least during the bland film. A direct relationship between number and amplitude of GSRs and MAACL scores was obtained. In addition, these GSR indexes paralleled variations in the content of the stressor film. These results support the interpretation that cognitive factors are important in understanding mechanisms of psychological stress.
Using Proximities Analysis in the Quantification of Stimulus Similarity
Authors: Ellis Newton C.
Published: September 2011

Proximities analysis of similarities data was the objective of this study. Experimental questions were: Can the psychological space implied by judgments of similarity be recovered and represented metrically; will it approximate the preconstructed physical space of the stimuli, and if so, what are the implications? Complex, physically similar stimuli were constructed according to rules of circumplex analysis; similarities judgments were obtained using the complete method of triads, and judgment data were examined by proximities analysis. Results demonstrated that the psychological space was recoverable and it closely resembled the physical similarity of the stimuli. The importance of these findings and their implications for other research were discussed.
Evoked Cortical Potentials: Relation to Hand Dominance and Eye Dominance
Authors: Culver Charles M. , Tanley James C. , Eason Robert G.
Published: September 2011

The amplitude and symmetry of right- and left-occipital lobe evoked potentials (EPs) to right and left visual-field stimulation were studied as a function of hand and eye dominance in female Ss. For all Ss, right-lobe EP amplitudes were greater than left-lobe during left visual-field, but not right visual-field, stimulation. Left-eyed Ss had significantly greater EP amplitudes than right-eyed Ss. Comparing this study with previous ones suggests a sex difference in the relationship of handedness to right lobe-left lobe asymmetry.
Spontaneous Activity in Septal and Hippocampal-Lesioned Rats
Authors: Winocur Gordon , Mills John A.
Published: September 2011

30 rats were assigned in equal numbers to control, hippocampal, and septal groups. Ss were observed in a novel situation for three 15-min. sessions with 24 hr. between sessions and measures taken of their sniffing, walking, and grooming rates. The most important difference occurred in the third session when it was found that the type of lesion exerted control over the habituation of different responses. In walking, there was a tendency for Ss in the hippocampal and control groups to decrease their rate over time, while septal-lesioned Ss tended to increase their rate. Both septal and control groups decreased their sniffing rate, whereas the hippocampal group did not. In grooming, neither the hippocampal nor the septal group showed an increase in rate, whereas the control Ss did. The results of the septal-lesioned Ss were regarded as consistent with a conventional response-inhibition hypothesis while the data of the hippocampal group suggested a deficit in attentional mechanisms.
Creativity, Insolence, and Attractiveness of Female Experimenters
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Huber Herman
Published: September 2011

In a study with 143 undergraduates, correlations were run between scores for (a) insolence and creativity and (b) insolence and adventurousness, under two different conditions: an attractive female served as E or E was a female chosen for her unattractiveness. Significant correlations were obtained for both (a) and (b) among female Ss, but males showed a significant correlation between creativity and insolence only in the condition in which E was an attractive female. Females were significantly less insolent than males. The results have implications for creativity research and for the issue of artifacts in experimental research.
Perception of Self and of Peers by Economically Deprived Black and Advantaged White Fifth Graders
Authors: White William F. , Richmond Bert O.
Published: September 2011

Neither the concept of self nor the feelings about peers appeared to be different between 98 economically deprived black and 111 advantaged white fifth graders. Although the sample is small and the reading ability of some of the children is poor, both groups perceived the connotative meaning of “activity” as the primary characteristic of importance.
The Halstead Category Test of Brain Dysfunction: Feasibility of a Short Form
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: September 2011

Although the Halstead Category Test is one of the best indicators of brain dysfunction among the subtests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, it has been used infrequently by psychologists in clinical settings. The feasibility of a short form was considered. For the test protocols of 41 Ss the product-moment correlation for errors on odd items and total errors was .90, on even items and total errors, .99. The split-half correlation was .97. Research on the discriminative power of a short form was discussed; a short form is apparently feasible for use by the psychologist.
Ego Defenses and Perceptual Styles
Authors: Bogo Norman , Winget Carolyn , Gleser Goldine C.
Published: September 2011

This study explored similarities between Voth's personality construct (ego-close—ego-distant) and that of Witkin (field-dependent—field-independent), especially with reference to ego defenses. A measure of autokinesis, the Figure-drawing Test, the Rod-and-frame Test and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory were administered to 45 men and 52 women. The correlations between autokinetic scores and the Figure-drawing Test and Rod-and-frame Test scores were of low order and not significant. Correlations between Figure-drawing and Rod-and-frame Test scores and between combined Figure-drawing—Rod-and-frame scores and the subcategories of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory tended to confirm previous findings. Predicted relations between the autokinetic effect and ego defenses were obtained only for men. Other significant sex differences are presented. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.
A Situational Restriction of the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness: Test Anxiety
Authors: Sherrill David
Published: September 2011

A single-statement version of the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness and the 16-item Test Anxiety Scale were administered to 79 college undergraduates under “test” and “no-test” conditions in an attempt to establish the validity of the S-R as a measure of test anxiety. Parallel responses to both instruments suggest the acceptability of the S-R.
Indian Students' Pre- and Post-Election Perceptions of Nixon and Humphrey
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Mohan Jitendra
Published: September 2011

Using the AVA, 34 Indian students were asked to give their perceptions of Richard Nixon and of Hubert Humphrey in October, 1968, and again in January, 1969. Four identical clusters were found for each condition: N-H (pre), N-H (post), N-N, and H-H, all centered around AVA Pattern 9713 (Administrative Pattern). However, the average interprofile correlations for these four conditions showed statistically significant differences, suggesting the outcome of the election influenced Ss' public image of the candidates.
Effect of Aging upon Rapid Syllable Repetition
Authors: Shanks Susan J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation was concerned with rapid syllable repetitions produced by 120 female Ss ranging from 20 to 80 yr. of age. Rate and periodicity data were obtained from graphic level tracings of tape recordings of the task produced at comfortable pitch and loudness levels. The findings demonstrated that aging was not a significant factor in female Ss ability to repeat syllables rapidly.
Adaptation to Prismatically Displaced Vision as a Function of Degree of Displacement and Amount of Feedback
Authors: Van Laer Elizabeth , Schwartz Allen , Van Laer John
Published: September 2011

Degree of prismatic displacement and amount of feedback significantly affected adaptation. Asymptotic performance levels indicated that complete adaptation had occurred only in those Ss who received extra feedback during adapting trials. The asymptotic performance of Ss who had received limited feedback reflected differences in degree of optical displacement; the amount of adaptation or learning they showed was approximately proportional to the degree of optical displacement. The magnitude of the aftereffect was significantly influenced by amount of feedback received during adaptation but not by degree of prismatic displacement.
Effect of Role-Empathy on Height of Human Figures Drawn by Male Alcoholics
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Leipold William D. , Leipold Val
Published: September 2011

120 male alcoholics were asked to draw a picture of themselves, a murderer, a victim and the victim's parent. Analysis of heights of drawings indicated that self drawings were significantly larger than all other drawings (which did not differ significantly among themselves on this variable). These results were interpreted as lending some support to the hypothesis that male alcoholics will encounter difficulty in empathizing with others, as reflected by a reduction in the drawings of these others when compared with self drawings.
Differential Effects of Threat-Induced Stress on Tracking Performance
Authors: Bergstroem Bengt
Published: September 2011

Tracking performance in position, rate, and acceleration control systems was studied experimentally under short-term psychological stress induced by electric shocks. 30 army conscripts were divided into 3 matched groups which trained 1, 3, and 13 hr. on the tracking tasks. It was hypothesized that performance decrements under stress would be greater for the more complex and less well learned tasks. The results showed significant tracking impairment of roughly the same order of magnitude for the three systems and learning levels, thus the hypotheses were rejected. Plots of heart rate against performance indicated a linear relation, which was interpreted as a partial confirmation of the activation theory. Adaptation to stress was rapid.
Range and Correlation
Authors: Weaver Lelon A. , Kristiansson Gunnar
Published: September 2011

The correlation between the mean and SD of reaction time data for 270 mental retardates was estimated by computing the coefficient for thirds and fifths of the groups and combining those with the r to z technique. The estimates obtained varied from .45 to .88. The effect was demonstrated to be due to restriction of the range of values which occurred when the distribution was ordered in terms of either the mean or SD values.
Psychotherapy versus Voice Therapy for a Child with a Deviant Voice, a Case Study
Authors: Mosby Doris P.
Published: September 2011

A case study is presented of a boy, age 10–11, who had a “severe voice problem” characterized by hoarseness, stridency, tension, low pitch and the presence of vocal cord nodules. He proved resistive to traditional voice therapy techniques in two separate blocks of voice therapy. Only minimal changes were made initially in psychotherapy alone. Nodules continued to recur. However, the modest gains initiated in psychotherapy became more marked in a second block of psychotherapy. The voice therapy alone did not produce such consistent gains. A discernible voice change in the range of normal quality was noted. Behavior became characterized by less manifest tension and diminished aggression in overt acts. Self-insight into how the voice was used aggressively in social interactions was developed. At an ENT examination 4 mo. after termination of psychotherapy, no vocal-cord nodules were found. At an interview follow-up 13 mo. after psychotherapy, personality functioning appeared to be adequate. It is suggested that (1) psychotherapy may be the preferred method of treatment for functional voice deviations which are resistive to the “usually successful” voice therapy and (2) voice therapy in conjunction with psychotherapy seems to yield lasting improvement in both the voice and the behavior of a client.
Dissatisfaction and Sensation-Seeking as Related to Frequency of Daydreaming Reported by Male Subjects
Authors: Windholz George
Published: September 2011

The hypotheses derived from Freud's theory that daydreaming is related to tension reduction, and Leuba's “optimal stimulation” theory that daydreaming is related to sensation seeking, were supported for male Ss. Although the obtained individual correlation coefficients were of low magnitude, together the pattern allowed the conclusion that general daydreaming is related to both tension reduction as well as sensation seeking.
Perceived and Remembered Duration of Films
Authors: Schiff William
Published: September 2011

Immediate and delayed judgments of the durations of two films were obtained. Although Ss tended to overestimate both films, differences in the style and content of the films, and in judgment conditions, failed to produce significant differences in the magnitude or accuracy of judgments. Results implied that Ss “store” “corrected” rather than “raw” temporal experience.
Effect of Pulse on Time Judgment Using Subjects with Fixed Rate Cardiac Pacemakers
Authors: Ochberg Frank M. , Truster Bernard
Published: September 2011

There is disagreement in the literature regarding the correlation of pulse rate and time judgment. The time judgments of 2 groups of Ss were compared before and after standard exercise. 6 Ss with fixed rate cardiac pacemakers and 12 matched controls were given time judgment tasks before and after standard exercise. There was no significant difference between groups in the ratio of pre-exercise to post-exercise judgments. The usefulness of the design employing patients with cardiac pacemakers is emphasized.
Psychophysiological Correlates in Parkinsonism
Authors: Levita Eric , Riklan Manuel
Published: September 2011

“Higher integrative” functions and EMG as well as EKG correlates of arousal were studied in the presence of assumed subcortical involvement. Psychomotor, perceptual, and verbal tests were administered to unilaterally affected parkinsonian patients. Severity of rigidity and autonomic nervous system dysfunction were related to adequacy of voluntary movement. EMG arousal was inversely related to left-handed tapping, heart rate was associated with verbal fluency, and EMG arousal was correlated with heart rate. Results corroborated postulated patterning within a construct of general organismic arousal and yielded specific correlations between arousal systems and integrative functions for parkinsonian Ss. Implications for health and disease were discussed.
Order Effects in Perception of Two Trapezoidal Illusions
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Hansen Karen , Sobrien Sonya
Published: September 2011

2 experiments in which Ss served in more than one condition were performed in order to determine order effects on two perceptual illusions. In the first, expected differences in illusory experiences were a function of complex order effects. In the second experiment, similar order effects significantly influenced the number of illusory experiences reported for three angles of oscillation.
Efficiency of Learning When Both Incidental and Intentional Learning Occur Simultaneously
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

This project investigated the effect of incidental visual stimuli on the efficiency of learning factual material. Verbal learning situations were employed to investigate whether tachistoscopically presented incidental word stimuli, intended to facilitate learning, would result in test performance which was: (1) improved and (2) related to stimulus magnitude, (3) sex, (4) color, or (5) the method of control of the presentation of focal material and cue word. The results imply that it may be possible to improve the efficiency of the learning of factual material in the classroom by as much as 42% if incidental and intentional learning occur simultaneously.
Integrative Functions in Parkinsonism
Authors: Levita Eric , Riklan Manuel
Published: September 2011

The effects of neurological involvement upon integrative performance were assessed through visual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive test performance of parkinsonian and cardiac patients. No significant differences were obtained between the test results of parkinsonian and cardiac patients. For parkinsonian patients no significant variations in “higher integrative” functions could be attributed to differences in sex, age, extent of voluntary movement impairment, and laterality or severity of neurological involvement. Degree of autonomic nervous system impairment was related to psychological performance only in one test (“Odd Words” test). It was suggested that perceptual-cognitive performance of groups of parkinsonian Ss does not necessarily qualify as “organic” in the usual psychological sense.
Personality Correlates of Complexity-Simplicity
Authors: Grove Michael S. , Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

To test inferences derived from previous research in personality and creativity, 61 undergraduates were given a variety of personality measures and a group of 28 Ss were exposed to an authoritarian speech to see whether the speech would increase their liking of hostile humor. Although the authoritarian speech did not influence humor preferences, the personality correlates of complexity-simplicity preferences were consistent with research by Barron (1963) and others. Number of points on the polygons correlated .90 with subjective ratings of complexity by males and .92 with subjective ratings of complexity by females. Implications are discussed, including whether or not symmetry may be equated with simplicity and asymmetry with complexity.
“The Birth of a Test”: The Sensory Quotient
Authors: Cappon Daniel , Banks Robin
Published: September 2011

A multi-modal pattern-discrimination test has been used to differentiate sections of a general urban population: occupational groups within an industry, academic groups within a school, and persons attending performing arts. The differentiation is in terms of sensory competence based on performance on four sensory modalities, yielding both individual and group sensory profiles as well as an over-all score, the Sensory Quotient.
Relationship between Measures of Psychological Differentiation and Intellectual Ability
Authors: Dubois Thomas E. , Cohen Walter
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with the nature of the relationship between measures of psychological differentiation and intellectual ability. Significant correlations ranging from –.21 to –.56 ( N = 143) were obtained between field-independence measures and diverse measures of intellectual achievement many of which ostensibly have little or no relationship to embedding contexts, spatial-perceptual skills or non-verbal organization. The adequacy of Witkin's notion that significant relationships between measures of field-independence and intelligence can be explained on the basis of a common requirement for overcoming embedded contexts was questioned. An alternative interpretation was proposed and other lines of evidence consistent with this viewpoint were presented.
Perception of Sign Language of the Deaf
Authors: Breger Ilana
Published: September 2011

Non-verbal communication via gesture is basic to human experience. The purpose of this study was to explore with naive Ss the accuracy of identification of symbols expressed in sign language of the deaf, hypothesizing that these symbols would be correctly identified beyond chance expectations.
Position Effects in Play Equipment Preferences of Nursery School Children
Authors: Witt Peter A. , Gramza Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

The position preferences of 4 groups of nursery school Ss were studied in a laboratory playroom. A large and small trestle were interchanged between center and corner positions in a series of play sessions. The frequency with which Ss used trestles in each position was recorded. A significant difference between sessions for 3 groups indicated that the trestle in the center position received more use than the one in the corner. Also, the large trestle placed in the center was used more than the small trestle when it was in the center position. The interaction of position and trestle size was noted along with the importance of studying other specifiable parameters affecting a child's use of play equipment.
Some Effects of Inflating Information Feedback on the Acquisition of a Discrete Lever-Positioning Response
Authors: Federico Pat-Anthony
Published: September 2011

160 military trainees who were randomly placed into four equal groups were taught to displace a lever to an initial target by an error training procedure. Unknown to these Ss, the target position shifted; Ss were then trained to move the lever to this new target. During this phase of countertraining (CT), information feedback (IF) was inflated by different factors for each of the three experimental groups. The control group in this stage received the same unamplified IF which all groups were given during initial training. Ss receiving exaggerated IF neither engaged in more hunting behavior for the CT target, nor oscillated around it over and above those Ss not given misproportioned IF. Individual differences in responding were greater for the control group than any of the experimental groups. The second half of countertraining for all groups was marked by a progressive deterioration in S-alignment. The most pronounced effects of IF distortion did not occur during the first CT trial as expected. All Ss approached at the same rate a common asymptote as a limit. There was an absence of any powerful tendency to perseverate in moving to the initial target during countertraining. The cognitive relationship established by some of the groups between the IF- and R-scale did not differ suggesting that some of the transformations adopted were psychologically meaningless.
An Hypothesis concerning the Relation between Drive and Size Estimation for Paranoids and Nonparanoids within Specific Schizophrenic Subgroups
Authors: Magaro Peter A.
Published: September 2011

The present paper describes the relation between two skin-resistance measures and size estimation for previously described schizophrenic subgroups; in the acute poor and chronic good subgroups size estimation was positively related to drive for paranoids and negatively related for nonparanoids. Paranoids in the chronic poor subgroup exhibited a negative size estimation-drive relationship. This was considered as due to reduction in drive which allowed emergence of a functioning perceptual organization that permitted S to attend to the task and show a corresponding increase in size estimation.
Visual Alertness in Neonates: Individual Differences and Their Correlates
Authors: Korner Anneliese F.
Published: September 2011

In a study of individual differences in neonates, frequencies and durations of spontaneous visual alertness were recorded and visual pursuit was measured in 32 2- to 3-day-old healthy neonates. Rank correlations of .60, .65, and .74 between the three visual measures suggested that infants who alerted frequently tended also to be the infants who alerted longest and who were most capable of visual pursuit. The results showed not only this intra-individual stability in the visual behaviors but also high variance between infants in their capacity for visual alertness. The infants' sex, parity, birthweight, estimated conceptual age, and postnatal age were not significantly related to the capacity for visual alertness, nor were the moderate levels of obstetric sedation used in this sample. The three visual measures, while tapping a shared capacity, had different correlates. Frequencies and durations of visual alertness were significantly related to a number of variables which had in common, moderate degrees of underlying activation and arousal. These factors did not contribute to visual pursuit. Sensitivity to auditory stimuli was significantly correlated with the capacity for visual pursuit but was unrelated to other visual measures.
Error Increase and Decrease in Minimal Form of Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Cooper Michael R. , Runyon Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Based upon prior research showing that the error associated with the Sander parallelogram is maximal when the diagonal lines are physically omitted rather than physically present, an attempt was made to determine if a similar finding might result from eliminating the shaft in the Mueller-Lyer illusion. An interaction was found between shaft vs no-shaft condition and fins-in vs fins-out. Eliminating the shaft significantly increased error in the fins-in condition and significantly decreased error in the fins-out condition. The results were judged consonant with the previous study involving the Sander parallelogram.
Letter Structure Factors in the Recognition of Alphabetical Arrays Presented in the Right and Left Visual Fields
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Six-letter nonsense arrays made up of the letters H N Z D W J were tachistoscopically exposed either to the right or left of fixation at four displacements to 20 Ss. Structurally similar letters (i.e., the H and N) tended to be recognized with greater difficulty than dissimilar items. Following certain ideas about scanning (Fudin, 1969), the possible effect of letter structure was investigated separately in the first half of targets (letters 1, 2, and 3) and in the last half. This effect was almost exclusively limited to the array-half at each displacement which, because of its position in the visual field, fell in an area of greater visual acuity. Further research concerning the influence of letter structure upon recognition whenever stimuli are briefly presented seems warranted.
Sex-Linked Inheritance of Spatial Ability
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C.
Published: September 2011

Studies involving the inheritance of primary mental abilities in twins have generally shown that spatial ability appears to be the ability most influenced by hereditary factors (Thurstone, Thurstone, & Strandskov, 1955; Vandenberg, 1965). Stafford (1961), using the Identical Blocks Test as a measure of spatial visualization, demonstrated that a sex-linked recessive gene may be involved in the transmission of spatial abilities. The present study represented an attempt to replicate Stafford's earlier work, using a test which represented a reasonably pure measure of spatial visualization ability.
Estimation of Validity for a Test of Game Sense
Authors: Thorpe Joanne , West Charlotte
Published: September 2011

73 Ss were ranked on skill by means of a ladder tournament in badminton. Regression analyses indicated the game sense test score was not effective in predicting rank on the ladder tournament. Intercorrelations of the 10 subtests of the game sense test ranged from –.01 to .67 but were generally nonsignificant. The game sense test was invalid by the approach utilized.
Relationship between Denotative and Connotative Meaning as an Intrasubject Phenomenon
Authors: Ginley Hugh Mc
Published: September 2011

67 Ss responded to a multiple-choice type vocabulary test and then marked semantic profiles for stimulus words and response words which were selected from the test. Ss who responded correctly to stimulus words marked more similar semantic profiles between the stimulus words and their respective correct response words than Ss who missed the stimulus words on the test. Ss who incorrectly responded to stimulus words but who indicated that they knew the words and that their chosen responses were good synonyms of them, marked more similar profiles between the stimulus words and their chosen response words than between the stimulus words and the correct response words.
Note on Some Physiological and Subjective Reactions to Exercise and Training
Authors: Docktor Robert , Sharkey Brian J.
Published: September 2011

Progressive exercise training on the treadmill seemed to reduce both the catecholamine excretion and the subjective effort ratings associated with the exercise for 5 Ss.