bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Digital Twin Modeling and Applications for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
Authors: Lukman Grace Firsta , Lee Cheewoo
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the potential of Digital Twin (DT) technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) and establishes a foundation for its modeling and applications. While DTs have been widely applied in complex systems and simulation software, their use in electric motors, especially PMSMs, remains limited. This study examines physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid modeling approaches and evaluates their feasibility for real-time simulation, fault detection, and predictive maintenance. It also identifies key challenges such as computational demands, data integration, and the lack of standardized frameworks. By assessing current developments and outlining future directions, this work provides insights into how DTs can be implemented for PMSMs and drive advancements in industrial applications.
Evaluating High-Precision Machine Learning Techniques for Optimizing Plate Heat Exchangers’ Performance
Authors: Hou Gang , Zhang Dong , An Zhoujian , Yan Qunmin , Jiang Meijiao , Wang Sen , Ma Liqun
Published: February 2025

Plate heat exchangers have the advantages of high heat transfer coefficients and compact structures, and they are widely used in aerospace, nuclear power, and other fields. Nevertheless, several scalability challenges have emerged during the utilization process. If not addressed promptly, the issue will reduce heat transfer efficiency, consequently causing energy waste, diminished production capacity, and a shortened lifespan. In this study, we employed the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm model and the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) algorithm model to monitor the health status of plate heat exchangers. This was achieved by fine-tuning the hidden layers and neurons of the models. The individual model exhibiting the highest prediction accuracy was incorporated into a more sophisticated ensemble model to monitor the health status of plate heat exchangers. The study revealed that the MLP 2 × 64 + LSTM 2 × 64 model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, scoring 0.9942. According to the simulation program for plate heat exchangers, the fouling thermal resistance was determined to be 0.0003 m2·K/W when the heat exchange efficiency decreased by 50%. An early warning threshold was established within the health condition value (HCV), triggering an alert when the heat transfer efficiency of the plate heat exchanger fell below 50%. Combining the LSTM and MLP algorithms provides new ideas and technical support for the health assessment and maintenance of plate heat exchangers.
Microalgae-Assisted Microbial Fuel Cell for Treatment of Difficult Waste Streams
Authors: Rusanowska Paulina , Dębowski Marcin , Zieliński Marcin
Published: February 2025

Microalgae microbial fuel cells (pMFCs) are distinguished by their ability to combine waste utilization with the simultaneous recovery of energy and valuable materials. The generation of high current density is linked to the efficient electron transfer to the anode via the anodic biofilm and the high photosynthetic activity of the microalgae cultivated in the cathode chamber. This review explores the impact of wastewater type on energy production and wastewater treatment. Additionally, it discusses the challenges related to microalgae growth in the cathode chamber, the necessity of aeration, and the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the anode chamber. The efficiency of microalgae in utilizing nutrients from various types of wastewater is also presented. In conclusion, the comparison between wastewater treatment and energy balance in pMFCs and conventional wastewater treatment plants is provided. On average, MFCs consume only 0.024 kW or 0.076 kWh/kg COD, which is approximately ten times less than the energy used by activated sludge bioprocesses. This demonstrates that MFCs offer highly efficient energy consumption compared to traditional wastewater treatment systems while simultaneously recovering energy through exoelectrogenic, bioelectrochemical processes.
Advances in Reducing Household Electrical and Electronic Equipment Energy Consumption in Standby Mode: A Review of Emerging Strategies, Policies, and Technologies
Authors: Gheorghe Andrei Cosmin , Andrei Horia , Diaconu Emil , Andrei Paul Cristian
Published: February 2025

Standby power consumption in household electrical and electronic equipment remains a persistent source of energy waste worldwide. Despite regulatory measures and ongoing technological developments, a considerable amount of electricity is still consumed by devices in standby or “off-mode”, resulting in higher utility costs and carbon emissions. This review synthesizes the latest research to clarify the scale of standby energy consumption, discusses relevant policies and regulations, and explores intelligent technologies and behavioral strategies that minimize energy consumption. Starting from the theoretical analysis and modeling of equipment consumption in standby mode to the implementation of intelligent systems to reduce it, the paper highlights heuristic optimization methods, smart grid integration, and occupant-centered interventions, all of which demonstrate tangible energy savings. This research was carried out in close connection with current policies regarding energy consumption and sustainable development, respectively, with the implementation of new technologies. Thus, in accordance with the latest European directives, the intelligent systems used have reduced the energy consumption of some common household appliances by 26.68 kWh. Additionally, knowledge gaps, particularly regarding user behavior, data granularity, and the integration of advanced analytics that limit the efficacy of current solutions, are identified. Recommendations for future research, emphasizing the importance of harmonized policies, precise data measurement, and artificial-intelligence-driven approaches for further reducing standby loads, are finally presented.
Evaluation of Fish and Seafood Consumption in the Adult Population of an Italian Coastal Region and Health Risk Perception from Exposure to Methylmercury
Authors: Spagnolo Anna Maria , Maurella Cristiana , Sartini Marina , Bozzetta Elena
Published: February 2025

Fish is a nutrient-rich food important for the well-being of all age groups. However, through fish ingestion, organisms are also exposed to various contaminants such as mercury, which can be biomagnified to reach the highest levels of concentration in predatory fishes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of fish and seafood products in the population of an Italian coastal region and to investigate the perception of risk by consumers. A closed-ended questionnaire was administered for this purpose. Regarding the habit of eating fish and seafood products, 92% of the interviewees reported consuming these regularly. Fresh, frozen, and canned products were eaten one to three times a week by 55.0%, 52.1%, and 65.6% of participants, respectively. Swordfish and tuna, species at high risk of methylmercury contamination, were consumed one or more times a month by 79.5% of respondents. Only 37.4% showed awareness of the possible health risk, with 81% citing chemical causes (e.g., methylmercury). Combined actions are needed to contain the risk of exposure to contaminants, such as mercury, through the ingestion of fish and seafood products, including greater consumer information on species to be limited, fisheries monitoring, and controls on contaminant emissions.
Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Rumen-Protected Fermented Soybean Meal Investigated Using the Nylon Bag and In Vitro Gas Production Method
Authors: Li Chen , Ji Hongjin , Kong Fanlin , Dai Dongwen , Wang Shuo , Long Shenfei , Fu Qi , Li Shengli , Yang Kailun
Published: February 2025

Fermented soybean meal (FSM) can improve protein utilization efficiency but is easily degraded in the rumen; therefore, it cannot provide sufficient metabolizable protein (MP) for dairy cows. Here, the rumen degradation characteristics of FSM combined with tannin extracts from quebracho or chestnut trees or heat-treated were investigated regarding in vitro gas production and in situ in the rumens of three fistulated cows. The results of the rumen in situ incubation showed that the dry matter (DM) degradation rate decreased in the three rumen treatments. Compared with those of the FSM, the effective degradation rate of the FSM with chestnut tannin was significantly reduced and the rumen undegradable protein was significantly increased. The MP% (DM%) and MP (DM% × DM recovery) indicators in the FSM with chestnut or quebracho tannins increased, but the difference was not significant, whereas those of the FSM decreased following heat treatment. The results concerning in vitro gas production showed that tannin could reduce the rate of biogas production of the slowly degraded part. In conclusion, chestnut tannin is more suitable for protecting FSM from rumen degradation than heat treatment. This study provides a feasible treatment solution for applying FSM to dairy cows, which improves the soybean meal protein utilization efficiency and reduces the amount of soybean meal used.
Surface Fuel Dynamics in Mechanically Treated Power Line Corridors in Portugal
Authors: Lopes Dalila , Fernandes Paulo M.
Published: February 2025

Electric power transmission lines both cause and are impacted by wildfires and fuel breaks are crucial to mitigate wildfire hazard along and in conjunction with these infrastructures. Information about fuel dynamics is crucial for planning and maintaining fuel treatments, namely, to define their frequency. We sampled mechanically treated power line corridors representative of wide variation in climate, soil, and plant communities in Portugal and at different times since treatment. Non-destructive methods were used to assess ground cover and height per fuel stratum and the corresponding phytovolumes and fine fuel loads were calculated. Variability in fuel metrics was described by fitting logistic generalized linear models or linearized power functions based on time since disturbance and categorical variables for the effect of regeneration strategy, soil-richness structure, and climate. Time since treatment dominated fuel abundance and recovery was faster in communities of obligate resprouters in comparison with obligate or facultative seeders and in light- versus heavy-textured soils. No apparent effect of local climate was found given the short-lived impact of fuel treatments under the productive regional Mediterranean climate. The results provide a decision-making basis to refine the current treatment periodicity. Mechanical-treatment intervals of 3–5 years or 6–10 years are advised, respectively, for wildfire control and to minimize infrastructure damage.
Utilizing an Enhanced YOLOv8 Model for Fishery Detection
Authors: Jiang Hanyu , Zhong Jiacheng , Ma Fuyu , Wang Cheng , Yi Ruiwen
Published: February 2025

Due to the complexity of underwater lighting, image clarity and color are significantly affected. Furthermore, in the underwater environment, marine organisms often blend into the background due to their similar colors, making them difficult to distinguish. These organisms are often obscured by various obstacles, and there are varying degrees of overlap between them, posing substantial challenges for underwater object detection using deep learning methods. To address these challenges, we developed an improved object detection model based on YOLOv8, which is robust and less sensitive to noise. We designed the Global Context 3D Perception Module (GC3DPM) to enable global context feature modeling and 3D perception. Additionally, we introduced the Channel Aggregation Efficient Downsampling Block (CAEDB) for more efficient upsampling and to improve the network’s expressive power and information flow through channel aggregation functionality. We further optimized the detection head for more effective use of the top-layer network’s rich semantic information, and addressed the class imbalance that was present in the data. Our proposed method achieves 82.1% precision, 76.5% recall, 79.2% F1-score, 83.3% mAP50, and 48.6% mAP50-95, while reducing the parameter count by 8.3%. The results demonstrate that our method provides an efficient and reliable automatic detection technology for precision underwater fishing.
Gut Microbiota and Neurotransmitter Regulation: Functional Effects of Four Traditional Chinese Fermented Soybean (Sojae Semen Praeparatum)
Authors: Zhang Lin , Su Huo , Wang Siqi , Fu Yujie , Wang Manyuan
Published: February 2025

This study aims to evaluate the potential disease prevention and treatment functions of four types of traditional Chinese fermented Sojae Semen Praeparatum (SSP) by analyzing their nutritional active components and their effects on the gut microbiota. Raw soybeans and the four SSPs were administered as dietary supplements to normal SD rats for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, and 6 to assess changes in the gut microbiota. Our results revealed that different fermentation methods resulted in variations in soybean isoflavone content. Fermented soybeans promoted the growth of beneficial microorganisms associated with short-chain fatty acid production in the gut microbiota, such as Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, compared to unfermented soybeans. Supplementation with SSPs fermented with different processes increased the diversity of the rat gut microbiota, except for the fermented group of qingwenjiedu decoction (QW). The dominant gut microbiota in the fermented group of Artemisia Annuae Herba and Mori Folium (QS) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, while the dominant gut microbiota in the fermented group of Ephedrae Herba and Perillae Folium (MZ) showed antidepressant effects. In the neurotransmitter analysis, MZ reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, the fermented group without Chinese medicine (DD) decreased dopamine levels, and both QS and QW increased norepinephrine levels. Correlation analysis highlighted connections between gut microbiota, neurotransmitters, and chemical levels. The results indicate that SSPs may contribute uniquely to health by maintaining intestinal balance and improving neurological disorders while predicting a potential association between neurotransmitters and gut microbiota by correlation analysis.
Estimation of Equivalent Pore Aspect Ratio in Rock Physics Models and Validation Using Digital Rocks
Authors: Queiroz Luiz Eduardo , Grana Dario , Fernandes Celso Peres , Mukerji Tapan , de Figueiredo Leandro Passos , Mantovani Iara Frangiotti
Published: February 2025

Complex pore structures with multiple inclusions challenge the predictive accuracy of rock physics models. This study introduces a novel method for estimating a single equivalent pore aspect ratio that optimizes rock physics model predictions by minimizing discrepancies with experimental measurements in porous rocks with multiple inclusions with variable aspect ratios and proportions. The proposed methodology uses digital rock physics numerical simulations for validation. A comparative analysis is conducted between the equivalent aspect ratio derived from optimized rock physics models, numerical simulations, and the aspect ratio distribution estimated from digital rock samples. The approach is tested on both synthetic and real core samples, demonstrating its robustness and applicability to field data, including core samples and well log data. The validation results confirm that the method enhances predictive accuracy and offers a versatile framework for addressing pore complexity in subsurface rock formations.
A Review of Carboniferous-Triassic Tectonic-Magmatic Evolution of Luang Prabang–Loei Metallogenic Belt in Laos and Thailand and Implications for Gold–Copper Mineralization
Authors: Guo Linnan , Zaw Khin , Liu Shusheng , Yang Yongfei , Nie Fei , Wu Songyang , Shi Meifeng , Huang Chunmei , Zhang Xiangfei , Liang Huimin , Zeng Xiangting , Xu Siwei
Published: February 2025

The Luang Prabang (Laos)–Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt is located on the northwestern margin of the Indochina Block. It is one of the most important gold–copper metallogenic belts in Southeast Asia. This region underwent tectonic and magmatic evolution in the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic period within the Paleo-Tethys realm, resulting in complex metallogenic processes. Consequently, epithermal Au-Ag, porphyry-skarn Au-Cu, and hydrothermal vein-type gold deposits were formed. However, the genetic type of the vein-type gold deposits is still not fully understood. The relationship between the three types of gold deposits and the regional tectonic evolution has not been summarized up until today. We summarize the previous mineralization characteristics and exploration data of commonly known deposits and combine them with new evidence and ore deposit insights from our recent studies on the source and evolution of ore-forming fluids in the region. We confirm that the hydrothermal vein-type gold deposits in the belt are typical orogenic gold deposits. Based on previous regional tectonic-magmatic-metallogenic studies, metallogenic characteristics, and temporal and spatial distribution of three types of typical gold–copper deposits in the belt, we synthesize and establish a regional metallogenic model related to the subduction-closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and subsequent continental–continental collision process, resulting in the formation of epithermal Au-Ag during the late Permian-early Triassic subduction, porphyry-skarn Au-Cu in the early–middle Triassic period during the closure of the ocean, and orogenic Au during the late Triassic collision. Since there are few reports on the geochemical characteristics of gold–copper deposits and their related magmatic rocks, the potential for gold–copper mineralization and their links to the magmatic rocks in the belt still needs further study.
Psychometric Properties and Normative Data Using Item Response Theory Approach for Three Neuropsychological Tests in Waranka Children Population
Authors: Fierro Bósquez María José , Fuentes Mendoza Eliana María , Olabarrieta-Landa Laiene , Abiuso Lillo Trinidad , Orozco-Acosta Erick , Mascialino Guido , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos , Rivera Diego
Published: February 2025

Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Shortened Version of the Token Test (SVTT), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III), and the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) using an item response theory (IRT) framework and to establish normative data for Waranka children and adolescents based on their ability scores. Methods: A total of 436 healthy people aged between 6 and 17 participated in this study. The factor structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the difficulty and discrimination parameters using IRT through the two-parameter logistic model for the SVTT and PPTV-III, while for the ROCF, the graded response model was used. The ordinal alpha and McDonald’s omega were used for reliability. Results: For most items, a low ability was enough to achieve the highest scores for the ROCF and SVTT. For the PPVT-III, the items aligned sequentially based on the difficulty, and a low level of ability was enough to achieve the highest score for the first 40 items. The ROCF, SVTT, and PPVT-III demonstrated adequate reliability. The ROCF copy and immediate recall scores were influenced by the mean parents’ years of education (MPE) and quadratic age interaction. The SVTT performance was affected by the quadratic age and sex interaction, and the PPVT-III by the interaction effect of the MPE and quadratic age. Conclusions: This is the first study to analyze the psychometric properties of the ROCF, SVTT, and PPVT-III through IRT models that are accurate and relevant for the validity of the obtained data and generate normative data in the under-represented nation of Ecuador for clinical and research purposes.
The Role of Interdisciplinary Convergence for Mental Health Among Korean Military Servicemen: Focusing on Depression and Salivary Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulfate
Authors: Jang Daeyeon , Ryu Wonjung
Published: February 2025

(1) Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the “Thank You, Sorry, Love” (TSL) program for improving relationships on mental health and hormones of military soldiers in Korea. (2) Methods: We focused on soldiers’ levels of depression and salivary DHEA-S. The effectiveness evaluation of the program used the pretest–posttest control group design, one of the Quasi-experimental design models. The program evaluation used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up for a treatment group and a control group. The sample comprised 40 military soldiers, who were divided into an experimental group (n = 20) receiving the TSL intervention and a control group (n = 20) without intervention. The study was conducted from June to September 2016, and the effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated through pre-test, post-test, and four-week follow-up tests. (3) Results: Our results revealed that soldiers’ depression and DHEA-S levels significantly differed between the two groups. During the analysis of the program’s effectiveness in which the pre-test was controlled, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in the post-test (F = 12.666, p < 0.01, ES = 0.255) and the follow-up test (F (1, 39) = 13.319, p < 0.01, ES = 0.265) in DHEA-S. (4) Conclusions: These findings imply that the TSL program can be an effective intervention for soldiers suffering from depression while helping to produce clinical guidelines that could be made available in the field of military social work in Korea, which are still in their beginning stages.
Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Depression: Mediators of Medication Adherence in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Saguban Reynita , Shanmugam Sumathi Robert , Rondilla Evalynn , Buta Joyce , Alatawi Nuha Ayad H. , Maestrado Richard , Alkubati Sameer A. , Mostoles Romeo , Alrashidi Nojoud Abdullah , Alreshidi Maha Sanat
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Healthcare providers’ understanding of how self-efficacy and social support affect medication adherence and depression in dialysis patients can lead to holistic interventions and improve outcomes. This study aimed to investigate how self-efficacy and social support indirectly influence the relationship between medication adherence and depressive symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing dialysis. Methods: We employed a cross-sectional observational study design with 668 CKD patients from outpatient departments (OPDs) and dialysis centers in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected between April and May 2024. Results: The participants had a relatively high level of self-efficacy (median = 82.00/100) and greater perception of social support (median = 75.500/84) with minimal to mild depressive symptoms (median = 15.00/63); however, 50% of participants scored ≥ 5 (out of 10) on the level of adherence to their medication regimen. Depression was prevalent, with a mean score of 5.03 on the PHQ-9 scale, and was positively correlated with nonadherence. Social support and self-efficacy were negatively correlated with depression, and both partially mediated the link between depression and non-adherence. Conclusions: This study found that, despite high social support and self-efficacy, a significant number of patients with CKD on dialysis exhibited medication non-adherence. Depression has emerged as a key factor influencing adherence, even in the presence of social support and self-efficacy. These findings suggest that depression is crucial for CKD management. Healthcare providers, owing to their frequent interactions with patients with CKD, are ideally placed to screen for depression and incorporate management strategies into patient care plans. By addressing both the biological and psychological aspects of CKD, they can empower patients to take a more active role in their treatment, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.
What Nurses’ Work–Life Balance in a Clinical Environment Would Be
Authors: Alasiry Sharifa M , Alfridi Fauzia Naif , Bahri Hibah Abdulrahim , HamdanAlshehri Hanan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Nurses’ workplaces are critical to both the levels and types of care nurses can deliver as well as to employee retention. The quality of the workplace environment is a significant predictor of employment outcomes, such as improved care and a decrease in nurses’ desire to leave their work. Moreover, a favourable work environment can significantly improve organisational performance. A healthy nursing workplace is a safe, empowering, and fulfilling place of employment in which all healthcare personnel work tirelessly for patients’ optimal health and wellness. The aim of this study is to identify the association between workplace environment and work engagement among nurses in clinical settings. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional correlational design was used. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 349 nurses from various hospitals in the central northern region of Saudi Arabia. A four-part electronic questionnaire eliciting information on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, job characteristics, work-related quality of life (WRQoL), and work engagement was collected. All ethical guidelines for scientific research on human beings were strictly followed. Results: The participants had average levels of WRQoL. However, they had generally moderate to high levels of work engagement, which reflects their moderate to low intention to leave work. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant positive link between the WRQoL and work engagement of the participants. Conclusions: When the nurses’ WRQoL improved, their work engagement increased significantly. Improving WRQoL will almost definitely enhance nurses’ work engagement, which will reduce nurses’ intentions to leave their employment. It is advised that nurses enhance their WRQoL in order to increase their engagement in the workplace, have fewer thoughts about leaving, and make fewer plans to leave.
Effects of a Targeted Concurrent Training Program on the Exercise Adherence in Female Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Herrero-Zapirain Igor , Alvarez-Pardo Sergio , Castañeda-Babarro Arkaitz , García-Heras Fabio , Pons-Llanas Olga , Oliete-Ramírez Elena , Mielgo-Ayuso Juan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Increased time and adherence to physical activity, as well as increased intensity of physical activity, is one of the determining factors in improving survival and avoiding disease recurrence in female breast cancer survivors. The study aims to determine the effect of a 12-session concurrent training program on increasing moderate/vigorous physical activity time in this population. Methods: A total of (N = 72) female breast cancer survivors were randomized into an intervention group and a control group to perform a 12-session concurrent training program. The GPAQ questionnaire measured the time and intensity of physical activity and work they performed before starting the program and three months after completion of the program. Results: A total of (N = 15) women in the intervention group and (N = 22) women in the control group completed the questionnaire before and three months after completing the program. A significant increase in moderate, vigorous, and combined physical activity (PA) was observed in the intervention group (IG) in comparison to the control group (CG) at three months following the intervention. While these results are promising, it is important to note that the observed improvements in PA adherence reflect associations rather than direct causal relationships. While these changes are statistically significant, they also reflect meaningful improvements in clinical outcomes. A notable finding was the significant decrease in sedentary time observed in the IG, which is likely to have contributed to the observed improvement in adherence. Conclusions: Concurrent training shows an increment in the time and intensity of daily physical activity performed by breast cancer survivors, which is a determining aspect of the survival and non-relapse of the disease in this population.
An Exploratory Study of First-Year Students’ Mental Health Support and Problematic Use of Social Media
Authors: Limniou Maria , Raja Munira , Donovan Mia , Hands Caroline
Published: February 2025

First-year university students face mental health challenges like adjusting to independence, forming new friendships and coping with academic pressures. Research highlights mixed findings on social media use; some students use social media to connect with family and/or friends while experiencing mental health issues (i.e., loneliness, depression and anxiety), and others turn to social media for support. This study explores the associations between problematic social media use, mental health and perceived support from university, friends and family while considering EDI (Equality, Diversity and Inclusion) factors such as age, gender and disability. EDI promotes fairness and equal opportunities for learning and support ensuring all students receive equitable access to resources regardless of their individual differences. A total of 158 first-year student participants from the Psychology, Electrical Engineering and Electronics and Computer Science departments completed an online questionnaire. Regression analysis revealed that females used social media more frequently than males and problematic social media use was linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression, but not loneliness. University and friend support was associated with depression only, while family support showed no significant relationship with anxiety, depression and loneliness. Addressing these issues is critical to promoting student well-being and academic success.
Comparative Genomics Reveals Gene Duplication and Evolution in 26 Aurantioideae Species
Authors: Liu Jiaxuan , Wu Jiaxin , Silaiyiman Saimire , Ouyang Lejun , Cao Zheng , Shen Chao
Published: February 2025

Gene duplication, as a prevalent phenomenon in the tree of life, provides a potential substrate for evolution. However, its role in the Aurantioideae remains unclear. In this study, we systematically identified, for the first time, a comprehensive landscape of five types of gene duplication in the genomes of 26 species within Aurantioideae, focusing on dissecting the duplication patterns, their potential evolutionary significance, and their impact on gene function and expression. Our results showed that the tandem duplication (TD) was a predominant duplication type and confirmed a shared ancient whole-genome duplication (γWGD) event within Aurantioideae. Ka/Ks indicated that all duplication types are under purifying selection pressure, with TD and proximal duplication (PD) undergoing rapid functional divergence. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed functional specialization among different duplication types, collectively contributing to genome evolution. In addition, comparing the gene expression differentiation of the five gene duplication types between the outer and inner pericarps of Citrus maxima ‘Huazhouyou’, it was found that the proportion of gene expression differentiation in the exocarp was generally higher, suggesting tissue-specific functional roles for duplicated genes in the peel. Furthermore, gene conversion events revealed that Citrus sinensis and Citrus maxima ‘Huazhouyou’ experienced more gene conversion events, supporting that C. sinensis originated through hybridization with C. maxima as the maternal parent. Finally, the comparative analysis of gene families among 26 species in Aurantioideae revealed that small gene families (1–3 members) accounted for a substantial proportion in all species, indicating a lack of recent large-scale genome duplication events in this subfamily. These findings fill a gap in the understanding of gene duplication in Aurantioideae and provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the evolutionary mechanisms and breeding improvements within this group. Additionally, our study offers new insights into the contribution of gene duplication to functional diversification and ecological adaptation in other plants.
Analysis of Plant Growth and Flower Aromatic Composition in Chinese Rosa rugosa Cultivars Under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Ma Ying , Lin Xi-Zhu , Liu Rui-Feng , Wu Ling-Li , Li Jian-An
Published: February 2025

Rosa rugosa is an excellent aromatic plant species valued for both essential oil extraction and ornamental applications. This study aimed to evaluate its adaptive responses, bioaccumulation capacity, and production quality under cadmium (Cd) stress, providing insights for phytoremediation and sustainable agriculture. A controlled pot experiment was conducted using two cultivars (R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and its bud mutation R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’) subjected to various Cd treatments. Growth parameters and physiological indices, such as antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rates, and floral volatile organic compounds, were systematically analyzed. Cd concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mg·kg−1 maintained plant growth, but significantly elevated antioxidant activities (SOD + 65.94–300.53%, POD + 37.58–75.06%, CAT + 12.48–12.62%) and chlorophyll content (+20.27–242.79%). In contrast, 400 mg·kg−1 Cd severely inhibited growth, inducing chlorosis and leaf desiccation. Total floral volatiles showed a hormetic response, peaking at 200 mg·kg−1 (+46.08%). Sesquiterpenoids showed greater Cd-responsiveness than monoterpenoids, though core aromatic profiles remained stable. The species exhibited root bioconcentration BAF > 0.1 and limited translocation TF < 1, indicating phytostabilization potential. Despite tolerance up to 400 mg·kg−1, field application is recommended below 50 mg·kg−1—a threshold exceeding China’s soil Cd limits (GB 15618-2018). These findings position it as a dual-purpose crop for ecological restoration and fragrance production in Cd-impacted areas.
Estimating the Material Footprint at the National Level from 1993 to 2022 Based on Multi-Feature CNN-BiLSTM
Authors: Miao Lizhi , Wang Yannan , Wu Kaiwen , Huang Lei , Kwan Mei-Po
Published: February 2025

Global environmental issues are becoming increasingly serious. As a comprehensive indicator of environmental pressure, the material footprint reflects changing pressures amidst sustainable resource utilization. In this research, we conducted a time series prediction of material footprint using the Multi-Feature CNN-BiLSTM model and analyzed the material footprints of 77 countries or regions as well as four types of influencing factors from 1993 to 2022. The research results showed that: (1) The CNN-BiLSTM model (R2 = 0.861, Adjusted R2 = 0.860, NRMSE = 0.063) demonstrates excellent predictive performance. (2) From 2013 to 2022, the Chinese mainland reported the highest total material footprint, whereas Iceland had the least. Qatar had the highest per capita material footprint, and Pakistan had the lowest. Among the top 50% of countries or regions by average annual per capita material footprint during this period, 12 economies are G20 members, including all G7 nations except Italy. (3) The research results showed that among the top 20 economies, 18 economies are members of the G20, while Argentina and South Africa ranked 24th and 31st, respectively. The accurate spatiotemporal prediction of future material footprints can delineate the trajectory of human activities on the environment, enhance environmental management strategies, and advance sustainable development initiatives.
Alterations in Methionine Cycle and Wnt/MAPK Signaling Associated with HMBi-Induced Cashmere Growth in Goats
Authors: Xi Minjie , Jiang Jiali , Wang Bo , Wang Yihan , Di Meiqi , Cong Yuyan , Zhang Ruiyang
Published: February 2025

Methionine (Met) was the first limiting amino acid identified in cashmere goats, and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi) can effectively provide Met and encourage cashmere growth in goats. However, existing studies have primarily centered on the trait of cashmere growth and have not delved into the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms by which HMBi promotes cashmere growth in goats. In the present study, we combined metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to reveal the effects of HMBi supplementation and its impact on the gene expressions and metabolic profiles within the skin tissue of Liaoning cashmere goats. A total of 14 female Liaoning cashmere goats were randomly allocated to the control (CON) and HMBi groups. The CON group received a basal diet, and the HMBi group was fed the basal diet plus 1.27% HMBi. Our results show that HMBi supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.05) the cashmere length and decreased the cashmere diameter in the goats. The metabolomics results show that the HMBi supplementation increased (variable importance in projection >1 and p < 0.05) the concentrations of Met, 2-Hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMB), proline betaine, and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid in the skin tissue of the goats. For HMB degradation and Met cycle-related genes, compared with the CON diets, the HMBi diets elevated (p < 0.05) LDHD, MAT1A, and AHCY by 86.33%, 154.54%, and 147.89% in the skin tissue, respectively. Regarding genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation, the HMBi supplementation increased (p < 0.05) CCND1, CDK4, IVL, and BMP4 by 113.31%, 107.93%, 291.33%, and 186.21%, respectively. The results of the transcriptome evaluation show that the differential expression genes were mainly enriched (p < 0.05) in the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways. In summary, these findings indicate that the Met cycle, Wnt, and MAPK play important roles in the process of HMBi, promoting cashmere growth in Liaoning cashmere goats.
Leukemia-Derived Dendritic Cells Induce Anti-Leukemic Effects Ex Vivo in AML Independently of Patients’ Clinical and Biological Features
Authors: Klauer Lara Kristina , Rejeski Hazal Aslan , Ugur Selda , Rackl Elias , Abdulmajid Joudi , Fischer Zuzanna , Pepeldjiyska Elena , Frischhut Annalena , Schmieder Nicolas , Völker Antje , Rank Andreas , Schmid Christoph , Schmohl Jörg , Amberger Daniel Christoph , Schmetzer Helga Maria
Published: February 2025

New therapies are highly needed to stabilize remission in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study investigates the value of dendritic cells derived from leukemic blasts (DCleu) to enhance anti-leukemic immunity after T-cell-enriched mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs). We correlated induced anti-leukemic activity with patient data, including biological, clinical and prognostic factors. Additionally, we correlated the frequencies of DC/DCleu and leukemic-specific T cells with the achieved anti-leukemic activity after MLC. We show that mature DC/DCleu can be generated using the immunomodulating Kit-M, which contains granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), without inducing blast proliferation from leukemic whole blood (WB) samples. Activated leukemia-specific immune and memory cells increased after MLC with Kit-M-pretreated WB, leading to improved blast lysis. Enhanced anti-leukemic activity positively correlated with the frequencies of generated DC/DCleu, proliferating leukemic-specific T cells and memory T cells, but not with leukemic blast counts, hemoglobin levels or platelet counts at diagnosis. No correlation was found between improved blast lysis and patients’ prognostic data, including age, gender, ELN risk groups, disease stage and response to induction chemotherapy. These findings underscore the potential of DC/DCleu to evoke robust immune responses and potential immunological memory against AML. Overall, this innovative approach could pave the way for the development of improved immunotherapeutic strategies that function in vivo.
Conservation Genetics of the Endangered Danube Clouded Yellow Butterfly Colias myrmidone (Esper, 1780) in the Last Central European Stronghold: Diversity, Wolbachia Infection and Balkan Connections
Authors: Gwiazdowska Aleksandra , Rutkowski Robert , Sielezniew Marcin
Published: February 2025

The Danube Clouded Yellow (Colias myrmidone) has experienced one of the most dramatic declines among European butterflies. To estimate genetic diversity in the last population in Poland that has survived in the Knyszyn Forest (KF), we analyzed mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (EF-1α) polymorphisms in individuals sampled in 2014 and 2022. The results were compared with genetic data obtained in 2014 from a recently extirpated nearby population (Czerwony Bór, CB). Because mtDNA polymorphisms in insects can be modulated by endosymbionts, the samples were screened for Wolbachia. The polymorphism of EF-1α indicated that diversity was gradually decreasing. The KF experienced rapid demographic processes, manifested by a significant change in allele frequency. The small differentiation in nuclear markers between the KF and CB in 2014 suggests that the regional population used to be genetically uniform. Four COI haplotypes that were identified in this study probably belong to two different haplogroups. Wolbachia was detected only in individuals with one specific haplotype, and the prevalence was female-biased, suggesting the induction of two reproductive manipulations. The most common COI haplotype found in Poland was the same as that reported from other parts of Europe, not only for C. myrmidone but also C. caucasica. These results allow us to question the distinctiveness of each taxa.
The Predictive Role of the Gleason Score in Determining Prognosis to Systematic Treatment in Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Yao-Cheng , Wang Shiow-Ing , Lu Li-Yu , Wu Min-You , Wu Pei-Lin , Hsieh Tzuo-Yi , Sung Wen-Wei
Published: February 2025

Background: Gleason scores of 8 or higher indicate a poorer prognosis in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). This study aims to perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) among combination therapies with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) in mCSPC patients, stratified by Gleason score ≥8 and <8. Methods: A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, using a PRISMA-guided systematic search strategy, covering January 2013 to June 2024. Results: Twelve studies including 12,652 patients were included in the NMAs. In the overall population, most ARSI combination therapies improved survival outcomes, except for orteronel + androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In the Gleason score ≥8 subgroup, all ARSI combination therapies improved OS, with rezvilutamide showing the highest probability of being the best treatment for OS (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31–0.76, P-scores 0.88). In the Gleason score <8 subgroup, only darolutamide + docetaxel + ADT (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.81) and apalutamide + ADT (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98) improved OS. Conclusions: ARSI combination therapy is effective for mCSPC patients with Gleason score ≥8, but further investigation is needed to confirm its efficacy in patients with Gleason score <8.
A Modified Viscoelastic Point-of-Care Method for Rapid Quantitative Detection of Enoxaparin: A Single-Centre Observational Study
Authors: Hajdu Endre , Molnar Eva , Razso Katalin , Schlammadinger Agota , Arokszallasi Anita , Lukacs Csenge Greta , Fulesdi Bela , Bereczky Zsuzsanna , Olah Zsolt
Published: February 2025

Background: Laboratory monitoring of the effect of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) is generally not necessary. However, prompt evaluation of heparin inhibitory effects (i.e., anti-Xa activity) is important in cases of life-threatening bleeding, need for urgent surgery or acute thromboembolism under LMWH treatment. We aimed to establish a simple and reliable point-of-care method for the detection of enoxaparin. Methods: Eighty patients under enoxaparin therapy and ten healthy volunteers without any anticoagulant treatment were enrolled. Simultaneous measurements of anti-Xa activity using the chromogenic method and clotting times in the absence and presence of polybrene using viscoelastometric assays containing Russell’s viper venom (RVV-test) were performed on the ClotPro device. Results: Among the measured and derived RVV-test parameters, the ratio of the RVV clotting times (RVV CT) detected in the absence and presence of polybrene showed the best statistically significant correlation with anti-Xa activity (r = 0.774, p < 0.001). Based on ROC analysis, we designated RVV CT ratios of 1.02, 1.23 and 1.6 as the best cut-off values for separating anti-Xa ranges below and above 0.3 and 0.6 IU/mL, respectively. If the RVV CT ratio is below or above 1.23, the anti-Xa activity is suggested to be below 0.6 IU/mL or above 0.3 IU/mL with high certainty, respectively. Further differentiation is possible if the RVV CT ratio is measured below 1.02 or above 1.6. In these cases, the measured anti-Xa values are below 0.3 IU/mL or above 0.6 IU/mL, respectively, with high probability and good predictive values. Conclusions: Our method can provide semiquantitative information on the effect of enoxaparin and the expected anti-Xa activity within 10 min in real clinical situations.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning to Support the Analysis of Microscopic Images of Cells and Tissues
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Benfante Viviana , Basirinia Ghazal , Alongi Pierpaolo , Sperandeo Alessandro , Quattrocchi Alberto , Giannone Antonino Giulio , Cabibi Daniela , Yezzi Anthony , Di Raimondo Domenico , Tuttolomondo Antonino , Comelli Albert
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) transforms image data analysis across many biomedical fields, such as cell biology, radiology, pathology, cancer biology, and immunology, with object detection, image feature extraction, classification, and segmentation applications. Advancements in deep learning (DL) research have been a critical factor in advancing computer techniques for biomedical image analysis and data mining. A significant improvement in the accuracy of cell detection and segmentation algorithms has been achieved as a result of the emergence of open-source software and innovative deep neural network architectures. Automated cell segmentation now enables the extraction of quantifiable cellular and spatial features from microscope images of cells and tissues, providing critical insights into cellular organization in various diseases. This review aims to examine the latest AI and DL techniques for cell analysis and data mining in microscopy images, aid the biologists who have less background knowledge in AI and machine learning (ML), and incorporate the ML models into microscopy focus images.
Correction: Shaikh et al. Acoustic Propagation and Transmission Loss Analysis in Shallow Water of Northern Arabian Sea. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 2256
Authors: Shaikh Shahabuddin , Huang Yiwang , Alharbi Ayman , Bilal Muhammad , Shaikh Abdul Sami , Zuberi Habib Hussain , Dars Muhammad Ayoob
Published: February 2025

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