bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of sonication and freezing as initial treatments before microwave-vacuum drying of cranberries
Authors: Staniszewska Izabela , Staszyński Szymon , Zielińska Magdalena
Published: October 2019

The aim of study was to determine the influence of sonication and freezing on the kinetic of the microwave-vacuum drying, energy consumption and physical properties of whole cranberries as well as evaluate the applicability of sonication instead of freezing in order to change their physical properties and the drying kinetic of whole cranberries. Microwave-vacuum drying of whole cranberries with/without initial treatments took from 12 ± 1 to 14.5 ± 0.5 minutes. All of treatments did not significantly shorten the drying time of cranberries. However, they increased SMER values even by 31%. Despite of cryogenic freezing, all of treatments significantly increased the values of Dew. Sonication combined with drying allowed to obtain dried berries characterized by the lowest cohesiveness (0.19±0.02), springiness (0.62±0.02) and chewiness (3.4±0.8 N), while cryogenic freezing combined with drying allowed to obtain dried fruits characterized by highest springiness (0.75±0.03) and low chewiness (3.3±0.5 N). The highest lightness (32.2±0.7), redness (32.6±0.8), and yellowness (11.1±0.7) were found for fruits subjected to initial convective freezing before drying. The efficiency of sonication in color change was comparable to cryogenic freezing and much lower than convective freezing. All of initial treatments increased such thermal properties of dried cranberries as thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.
Editorial
Authors: Kowalsky Sharon A.
Published: October 2019

As we begin Volume 13, Aspasia would like to take this opportunity to congratulate several of our contributors. First, congratulations to Rochelle Ruthchild on her receipt of the Association of Women in Slavic Studies Outstanding Achievement Award (see the citation “In Recognition: Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild” following this introduction). In addition, Emily Gioielli’s article, “‘Home Is Home No Longer’: Political Struggle in the Domestic Sphere in Postarmistice Hungary, 1919–1922,” which appeared in Volume 11 (2017), received an honorable mention for the 2018 Mark Pitt away Article Prize in Hungarian Studies by the Hungarian Studies Association. Aspasia is pleased to extend its congratulations to Rochelle and Emily.
PD-L1/PD-1 Biomarker for Metastatic Urothelial Cancer that Progress Post-platinum Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Wei Phin , Tan Wei Shen , Inman Brant A.
Published: October 2019

Background:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are extremely expensive and most patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) do not benefit significantly from their use.

Objective:

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine response rates and survival outcomes on patients with mUC progressing despite prior platinum-based chemotherapy receiving ICI stratified by biomarker status.

Methods:

We performed a comprehensive literature search for all articles in PubMed and Embase up to 06/15/2019 to identify all studies pertaining to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor targeted therapies for mUC that reported biomarkers. Given that biomarkers are reported on different scales and with different metrics, we defined each biomarker as either positive or negative using the definitions implemented in each individual trial. We meta-analyzed the data, reconstructed overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves, and analyzed response rates by biomarker status. OS and PFS were analyzed in a pooled Kaplan-Meier analysis and pseudo-individualized patient data (IPD) extracted.

Results:

We identified 1429 manuscripts of which 8 met inclusion criteria, with a total of 1837 treated patients with outcomes data. On proportional hazards survival analysis, patients in the biomarker negative group were associated with a lower PFS (HR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18 - 1.85, p < 0.001) and lower OS (HR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.32 - 1.80, p < 0.001) when compared to the biomarker positive group. Response data was available for 1641 patients and random effects proportion show complete response in 8% and 3% in biomarker positive and negative patients, respectively.

Conclusions:

ICI therapy for metastatic UC post platinum therapy has a higher overall response rate, OS and PFS in patients who are biomarker positive compared to those who are negative. However, some patients who are biomarker negative do achieve complete responses. A better biomarker for patient selection is essential before biomarkers can be used to stratify candidates for ICI therapy.
Characteristics of fetal and maternal heart rate tracings during labor: A prospective observational study
Authors: Ramadan Mohamad K. , Fasih Rana , Itani Saadeddine , Salem Wehbe Georges R. , Badr Dominique A.
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND:

Fetal well-being is assured during labor and delivery with the employment of electronic fetal heart monitoring (EFHM). In uncommon instances, maternal heart rate (MHR) instead of fetal heart rate (FHR) can be the source of signals on monitors (signal ambiguity) leading to erroneous interpretation and management. Information about MHR characteristics are comparatively inadequate. We aim to analyze and compare MHR and FHR characteristics during the first and second stages of labor.

METHODS:

A prospective cohort study was conducted in a single tertiary care center during a one year period. Fifty one healthy full term women with singleton pregnancies during labor were enrolled. Uterine contractions, MHR and FHR were recorded simultaneously during both stages of labor by monitors designed for twin gestation.

RESULTS:

When compared to FHR, MHR had significantly lower baseline rate during 1st and 2nd stages ( p < 0.0001). It demonstrated also more marked beat-to-beat variability during both stages ( p < 0.0001). MHR showed significantly more accelerations ( p = 0.03 and p = 0.008) and less decelerations ( p < 0.0001 and p = 0.021) during 1st and 2nd stages respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

All characteristic parameters and patterns produced by FHR could be mimicked by MHR as well, though, at different frequencies. Understanding EFHM patterns suspected to be MHR artefacts and the employment of modern monitors that simultaneously obtain and display FHR and MHR can unmask ambiguity and avert related misinterpretation problems. Similar studies should be conducted in high-risk groups where the potential for fetal hypoxia/acidosis is increased.
Upacara Adat Ngaruwat Bumi sebagai Kajian Nilai Budaya Masyarakat Adat Banceuy dalam Melestarikan Lingkungan
Authors: Haryanti Amelia
Published: October 2019

Upacara adat ngaruwat bumi adalah tradisi yang rutin dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat adat di kampung Banceuy Kabupeten Subang Jawa Barat sebagai bentuk dan upaya dalam melestarikan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan nilai-nilai budaya adat dalam melestarikan lingkungan yang dilakukan masyarakat adat Banceuy. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yang bersifat deskripsi atau menggambarkan secara tepat sifat-sifat suatu gejala sosial, baik individu-individu, kelompok-kelompok, dan keadaan sosial tertentu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dengan melaksanakan upacara dan ritual adat ngaruwat bumi, masyarakat adat Banceuy dapat mempertahankan dan melestarikan lingkungannya. Untuk itu dibutuhkan usaha dan dukungan dari semua lapisan masyarakat dalam mempertahankan keberadaan masyarakat adat ini agar keberadaannya tetap terlindungi dari derasnya arus modernisasi yang terus menerus berkembang.
Critical parameters for tall oil separation I: The importance of the ratio of fatty acids to rosin acids
Authors: DOGARIS IOANNIS , LINDSTROM MIKAEL , HENRIKSSON GUNNAR
Published: October 2019

Tall oil is a valuable byproduct in chemical pulping of wood, and its fractions have a large spectrum of applications as chemical precursors, detergents, and fuel. High recovery of tall oil is important for the economic and environmental profile of chemical pulp mills. The purpose of this study was to investigate critical parameters of
tall oil separation from black liquor. To investigate this in a controlled way, we developed a model test system using a “synthetic” black liquor (active cooking chemicals OH- and HS- ions), a complete process for soap skimming, and determination of recovered tall oil based on solvent extraction and colorimetric analysis, with good reproducibility. We used the developed system to study the effect of the ratio of fatty acids to rosin acids on tall oil separation. When high amounts of rosin acids were present, tall oil recovery was low, while high content of fatty acids above 60% significantly promoted tall oil separation. Therefore, manipulating the content of fatty acids in black liquor before the soap skimming step can significantly affect the tall oil solubility, and hence its separation. The findings open up chemical ways to improve the tall oil yield.
Sinop’taki İşlek Kafeteryaların Türkçe Bilinci ve Türk Kültürel Değerleri Bağlamında İncelenmesi
Authors: ŞAHİN Nurullah
Published: October 2019

Dünya
kültür ve medeniyet tarihine bakıldığında Türk kültür ve medeniyetinin önemli
bir mihenk taşı olduğu görülmektedir. Dört bin yılı aşkın bilinen tarihleri
boyunca Türkler; Asya’da, Avrupa’da ve Afrika’da sayısız devlet kurmuş,
gelişmiş bir medeniyet meydana getirmiştir. İnsanlık tarihinin en köklü
milletlerinden biri olan Türkler, tarihin birçok kırılma noktasında dünya
siyasetine yön vermiş ve uygarlıkların oluşumunda etkin rol oynamıştır. Bu
çalışmanın amacı; Türk kültür ve medeniyetine ait çeşitli ögelerin Sinop il
merkezinde yer alan işlek mekânlarda ne oranda yansıtıldığına ve yaşatıldığına
dair bir durum tespiti yapabilmektir. Araştırma, betimsel nitelikte bir
çalışmanın ürünü olmakla birlikte veri toplama esnasında gözlem yönteminden
faydalanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde ise, betimsel analiz yöntemi
kullanılmıştır.

Öncelikle
araştırmada, Sinop il merkezinde yer alan işlek kafeteryalarda Türk kültür ve
medeniyetine ait unsurlar araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Sinop il merkezinde yer
alan ve insanların en çok tercih ettiği kafeteryalar gezilerek bu
kafeteryaların isimleri, menüleri, mekân dizaynları, kullanılan aksesuarları
gibi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Böylelikle kafeteryaların bu özelliklerinde
Türk kültür ve medeniyetinin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulardan
yola çıkarak Sinop il merkezinde yer alan işlek mekânların Türk kültür ve
medeniyetine ait ögelere belli oranlarda yer verdiği ve bu mekânlarda
çoğunlukla yabancı kültürlere ait unsurlara yer verildiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Impact of Community Oriented Traffic Policing on Red Light Violations
Authors: ÖZBARAN Yavuz
Published: October 2019

Community
oriented policing is a philosophy that underlines the requirement of citizens'
involvement in crime prevention activities. One of the major traffic crime was
red light running in Karakopru town of Sanliurfa Province of Turkey. Because of
the inadequate enforcement resources, however, police department couldn’t
succeed to prevent red light violations. The police department, hence, initiated
a community red light watch program to decrease the violations. The purpose of
this study was to quantify the effect of the community red light watch program,
which was performed by the honorary traffic inspectors. To assess the effect of
this program, we employed a pre/post-implementation design. For the current
study, the camera records of the five program sites, two non-program sites, and
two control sites were utilized. Findings of this study revealed that red light
violations did not decrease at the beginning period; however, six months after
the program commenced the violations decrease overall 27% at program sites. Friedman
test analyze results suggested a Chi-square value of 7,600 which was
significant (p<.05) for the program sites. The program did not yield a
significant violation change for non-program and control sites. The results
suggest that community-oriented policing programs can be implemented in traffic
enforcement area successfully. However, to prevent traffic violations the
programs need to be supported with tactics of deterrence theory, and other
policing strategies.
Etiology and Short term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Hospitalized Patients : A Single Center Study
Authors: Mahbub Tania , Niger Chowdhury Rifat , Khanam Rawshan Arra , Faruq Mohammad Omar
Published: October 2019

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However it is a treatablecondition. Any disease when associated with AKI, mortality and morbidity increase manifolds.1 Early diagnosis andtreatment is important to reduce morbidity, mortality and ICU admission. Causes of AKI may vary in country to countryeven within the country. International society of Nephrology has set a high ambitious goal “0 by 25” targeting zerodeath due to untreated AKI by 2025. Heading this challenge, it is important to know the causes of AKI worldwide.However, most of the AKI studies have been done in the developed countries and limited information is availableregarding Asia, Africa and south America. Inspired by this slogan, this study was directed to find out the causes of AKIin admitted patients in United Hospital Limited between July 2015 to February 2017. Total 98 patients were includedin the study. In our study, Infection and cardio-renal syndrome were the leading causes of AKI. Drug induced AKI alsocontributed a significant portion.

Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2019; 7(2): 77-80
Pewarnaan Benang Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Nila (Indogofera)
Authors: Wiraningtyas Agrippina , Ruslan R , Sandi Ahmad , Nasir Muh.
Published: October 2019

Telah dilakukan kegiatan pewarnaan benang tenun menggunakan zat warna alam dari daun nila (Indigofera). Metode yang digunakan dalam pengambilan ekstrak zat warna dari daun nila digunakan metode fermentasi. Sedangkan pada pewarnaan benang dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu mordanting, pewarnaan, fiksasi dan pengeringan benang. Hasil kegiatan pada proses fermentasi diperoleh ekstrak daun nila berwarna biru gelap dan memiliki aroma khas. Pada proses pewarnaan benang diperoleh benang hasil pencelupan dalam ekstrak daun nila memberikan warna abu-abu. Fiksasi dengan dengan tawas dan kapur menghasilkan benang berwarna biru keabuan sedangkan fiksasi dengan tunjung menghasilkan benang berwarna abu kecoklatan.
PENINGKATAN EFEKTIVTAS PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK DAN TEAMWORK
Authors: Fathurrahman Arif , Sumardi Sumardi , Yusuf Adi E , Harijanto Sutji
Published: October 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran dengan meneliti variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya, diantaranya yaitu kompetensi pedagogik dan teamwork berdasarkan metode kuantitatif. Kompetensi pedagogik dan teamwork sebagai variabel bebas sedangkan variabel terikat adalah efektivitas pembelajaran. P enelitian ini mengkaitkan lingkup unit analisis, yaitu guru SMK swasta yang berstatus Guru Tetap Yayasan (GTY) di Kecamatan Cibungbulang Kabupaten Bogor pada tahun 2018. Populasi berjumlah 168 orang dengan jumlah sampel 119 orang yang ditentukan dengan metode proportional random sampling. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengumpulan data dengan menyebar angket dan menggunakan likert. Teknik analisis menggunakan korelasi regresi parsial dan korelasi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif yang signifikan antara kompetensi pedagogik dan efektivitas pembelajaran dengan koefisien korelasi (ry1) = 0,201 dan terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara teamwork dan efektivitas pembelajaran dengan koefisien korelasi (ry2) = 0,759, dan terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara kompetensi pedagogik dan teamwork secara bersama-sama dengan efektivitas pembelajaran dengan koefisien korelasi (ry12) = 0,769. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa efektivitas pembelajaran dapat ditingkatkan melalui kompetensi pedagogik dan teamwork. Kata Kunci : Kompetensi Pedagogik, Teamwork, Efektivitas Pembelajaran
EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MULTIPEL REPRESENTASI TERHADAP PENGUASAAN KONSEP MATERI GAYA SENTRAL PADA MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN FISIKA
Authors: Hartini Tri Isti , Liliasari Liliasari , Setiawan Agus , Ramalis Taufik Ramlan
Published: October 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penguasaan konsep dan efektivitas penerapan pembelajaran berbasis multipel representasi terhadap penguasaan konsep materi gaya sentral pada mahasiswa pendidikan fisika. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester 3 yang berjumlah 32 orang. Rancangan penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu pre experimental dalam bentuk one shot case study. Instrumen pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah tes hasil belajar penguasaan konsep gaya sentral mahasiswa yang sesuai dengan indikator pemahaman konsep menggunakan Anderson and Krathwohl Bloom’s Taxonomy Revised. Data dianalisis melalui teknik analisis deksriptif tentang penguasaan konsep gaya sentral mahasiswa dengan menggunakan kriteria penguasaan konsep dan efektivitas pembelajaran menggunakan multipel representasi (MR). Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan nilai rata-rata untuk penguasaan konsep gaya sentral, dari seluruh indikator yaitu menjelaskan dan mencontohkan, mengklasifikasi, menganalisis, membandingkan serta mengevaluasi, diperoleh bahwa indikator dengan penguasaan konsep tertinggi terdapat pada indikator mengklasifikasikan dengan kategori sangat baik, sedangkan penguasaan konsep terendah terletak pada indikator membandingkan, dengan kategori cukup. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran mekanika berbasis multipel representasi efektif diterapkan pada materi gaya sentral mahasiswa pendidikan fisika.
Implementation of the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model in Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology Research
Authors: Dünker Nicole , Jendrossek Verena
Published: October 2019

Radiotherapy (RT) is part of standard cancer treatment. Innovations in treatment planning and increased precision in dose delivery have significantly improved the therapeutic gain of radiotherapy but are reaching their limits due to biologic constraints. Thus, a better understanding of the complex local and systemic responses to RT and of the biological mechanisms causing treatment success or failure is required if we aim to define novel targets for biological therapy optimization. Moreover, optimal treatment schedules and prognostic biomarkers have to be defined for assigning patients to the best treatment option. The complexity of the tumor environment and of the radiation response requires extensive in vivo experiments for the validation of such treatments. So far in vivo investigations have mostly been performed in time- and cost-intensive murine models. Here we propose the implementation of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model as a fast, cost-efficient model for semi high-throughput preclinical in vivo screening of the modulation of the radiation effects by molecularly targeted drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the application spectrum, advantages and limitations of the CAM assay and summarizes current knowledge of its applicability for cancer research with special focus on research in radiation biology and experimental radiation oncology.
White-Rot Fungi Control on Populus spp. Wood by Pressure Treatments with Silver Nanoparticles, Chitosan Oligomers and Propolis
Authors: Casado-Sanz María Milagrosa , Silva-Castro Iosody , Ponce-Herrero Laura , Martín-Ramos Pablo , Martín-Gil Jesús , Acuña-Rello Luis
Published: October 2019

There is growing interest in the development of non-toxic, natural wood preservation agents to replace conventional chemicals. In this paper, the antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles, chitosan oligomers, and propolis ethanolic extract were evaluated against white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, with a view to protecting Populus spp. wood. In order to create a more realistic in-service type environment, the biocidal products were assessed according to EN:113 European standard, instead of using routine in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Wood blocks were impregnated with the aforementioned antifungal agents by the vacuum-pressure method in an autoclave, and their biodeterioration was monitored over 16 weeks. The results showed that treatments based on silver nanoparticles, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 ppm, presented high antifungal activity, protecting the wood from fungal attack over time, with weight losses in the range of 8.49% to 8.94% after 16 weeks, versus 24.79% weight loss in the control (untreated) samples. This was confirmed by SEM and optical microscopy images, which showed a noticeably higher cell wall degradation in control samples than in samples treated with silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, the efficacy of the treatments based on chitosan oligomers and propolis gradually decreased over time, which would be a limiting factor for their application as wood preservatives. The nanometal-based approach is thus posed as the preferred choice for the industrial treatment of poplar wood aimed at wood-based engineering products (plywood, laminated veneer lumber, cross-laminated timber, etc.).
Factors Predicting Voluntary and Involuntary Workforce Transitions at Mature Ages: Evidence from HILDA in Australia
Authors: Gong Cathy Honge , He Xiaojun
Published: October 2019

The fast population ageing has generated and will continue to generate large social, economic and health challenges in the 21th century in Australia, and many other developed and developing countries. Population ageing is projected to lead to workforce shortages, welfare dependency, fiscal unsustainability, and a higher burden of chronic diseases on health care system. Promoting health and sustainable work capacity among mature age and older workers hence becomes the most important and critical way to address all these challenges. This paper used the pooled data from the longitudinal Household, Incomes and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey 2002–2011 data to investigate common and different factors predicting voluntary or involuntary workforce transitions among workers aged 45 to 64. Long term health conditions and preference to work less hours increased while having a working partner and proportion of paid years decreased both voluntary and involuntary work force transitions. Besides these four common factors, the voluntary and involuntary workforce transitions had very different underlying mechanisms. Our findings suggest that government policies aimed at promoting workforce participation at later life should be directed specifically to life-long health promotion and continuous employment as well as different factors driving voluntary and involuntary workforce transitions, such as life-long training, healthy lifestyles, work flexibility, ageing friendly workplace, and job security.
Influence of Contact Stress on Surface Microstructure and Wear Property of D2/U71Mn Wheel-Rail Material
Authors: Liu Chun-Peng , Zhao Xiu-Juan , Liu Peng-Tao , Pan Jin-Zhi , Ren Rui-Ming
Published: October 2019

To investigate the relationship between surface microstructure and wear mechanism in D2/U71Mn wheel-rail material under different contact stress conditions, rolling wear tests using a GPM-40 wear machine to simulate the wheel-rail operation was performed. After wear tests, an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro-hardness testers were used to characterize the microstructure and fatigue wear cracks. The results show that the thickness of the plastic deformation layer and surface hardness is increased with the increase of contact stress. Under high contact stress condition (1200 MPa), the severe plastic deformation layer led to the formation of fatigue wear of wheel-rail samples. Under a contact stress of 700 MPa, the wear mechanism of samples is adhesive wear and wear rate is low. With the increase of contact stress, the fatigue cracks are gradually severe. Under a contact stress of 1200 MPa, the wear mechanism of samples becomes fatigue wear and the fatigue wear cracks cause the increase of wear rate. The fatigue wear can accelerate the wear failure of wheel-rail samples. The fatigue wear cracks of wheel samples are severer than that of rail samples due to both the rate of plastic strain and the content of proeutectoid ferrite.
Engineered Liver-On-A-Chip Platform to Mimic Liver Functions and Its Biomedical Applications: A Review
Authors: Deng Jiu , Wei Wenbo , Chen Zongzheng , Lin Bingcheng , Zhao Weijie , Luo Yong , Zhang Xiuli
Published: October 2019

Hepatology and drug development for liver diseases require in vitro liver models. Typical models include 2D planar primary hepatocytes, hepatocyte spheroids, hepatocyte organoids, and liver-on-a-chip. Liver-on-a-chip has emerged as the mainstream model for drug development because it recapitulates the liver microenvironment and has good assay robustness such as reproducibility. Liver-on-a-chip with human primary cells can potentially correlate clinical testing. Liver-on-a-chip can not only predict drug hepatotoxicity and drug metabolism, but also connect other artificial organs on the chip for a human-on-a-chip, which can reflect the overall effect of a drug. Engineering an effective liver-on-a-chip device requires knowledge of multiple disciplines including chemistry, fluidic mechanics, cell biology, electrics, and optics. This review first introduces the physiological microenvironments in the liver, especially the cell composition and its specialized roles, and then summarizes the strategies to build a liver-on-a-chip via microfluidic technologies and its biomedical applications. In addition, the latest advancements of liver-on-a-chip technologies are discussed, which serve as a basis for further liver-on-a-chip research.
Human Milk Oligosaccharide, Phospholipid, and Ganglioside Concentrations in Breast Milk from United Arab Emirates Mothers: Results from the MISC Cohort
Authors: McJarrow Paul , Radwan Hadia , Ma Lin , MacGibbon Alastair K.H. , Hashim Mona , Hasan Hayder , Obaid Reyad Shaker , Naja Farah , Mohamed Hamid Jan Jan , Al Ghazal Hessa , Fong Bertram Y.
Published: October 2019

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), phospholipids (PLs), and gangliosides (GAs) are components of human breast milk that play important roles in the development of the rapidly growing infant. The differences in these components in human milk from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied in a cross-sectional trial. High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry was used to determine HMO, PL, and GA concentrations in transitional (5–15 days) and mature (at 6 months post-partum) breast milk of mothers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results showed that the average HMO (12 species), PL (7 species), and GA (2 species) concentrations quantified in the UAE mothers’ transitional milk samples were (in mg/L) 8204 ± 2389, 269 ± 89, and 21.18 ± 11.46, respectively, while in mature milk, the respective concentrations were (in mg/L) 3905 ± 1466, 220 ± 85, and 20.18 ± 9.75. The individual HMO concentrations measured in this study were all significantly higher in transitional milk than in mature milk, except for 3 fucosyllactose, which was higher in mature milk. In this study, secretor and non-secretor phenotype mothers showed no significant difference in the total HMO concentration. For the PL and GA components, changes in the individual PL and GA species distribution was observed between transitional milk and mature milk. However, the changes were within the ranges found in human milk from other regions.
Macroporous Oil-Sorbents with a High Absorption Capacity and High-Temperature Tolerance Prepared Through Cryo-Polymerization
Authors: Haleem Abdul , Wang Jia-Yun , Li Hui-Juan , Hu Chuan-Shan , Li Xi-Chuan , He Wei-Dong
Published: October 2019

The facile preparation and admirable performance of macro-porous poly(lauryl acrylate)-based oil-sorbents for organic solvents and oils are reported in this manuscript. Cryo-polymerizations of lauryl acrylate (LA) with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker were carried out at temperatures below the freezing point of the polymerization mixture. The polymerization medium and pore-forming agent was 1,4-dioxane. The influences of the total monomer concentration, EGDMA content and cryo-polymerization temperature on the structure of the obtained P(LA-co-EGDMA) cryogels were investigated with the techniques of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Through the modulation of the crosslinking density and porosity of these cryogels, the P(LA-co-EGDMA) oil-sorbents demonstrated a high absorption capacity for organic solvents and oils, recyclability and high-temperature tolerance. The absorption capacity reached 20–21 and 16–17 g/g for toluene and gasoline oil, respectively. Those fabricated sorbents survived high temperatures up to 150 °C without any change in absorption capacity as well as porosity. Considering the convenient synthesis process and absorption performance, the present work offers a remarkable opportunity to bring polymer cryogels to practical application in waste oil clean-up.
Improved Direct Current Electrical Properties of Crosslinked Polyethylene Modified with the Polar Group Compound
Authors: Zhang Chengcheng , Chang Jianxin , Zhang Hongyu , Li Chunyang , Zhao Hong
Published: October 2019

To suppress space charge accumulation and improve direct current (DC) electrical properties of insulation materials, crosslinked polyethylene modified with 2-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy) ethyl acrylate (XLPE/BHEA) containing polar functional groups was prepared by melt blending. The gel content, thermal elongation, tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity modulus, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) measurement results demonstrated that the BHEA could slightly enhance the crosslinking of polyethylene (PE) and affect the mechanical properties and crystallization of XLPE, and the BHEA molecule was not easy to precipitate from XLPE after the crosslinking process. XLPE modified with 3.0 phr (parts per hundreds by weight) BHEA could effectively suppress space charge accumulation, reduce DC conduction and improve DC breakdown strength of XLPE at a higher temperature. Deeper traps were introduced in XLPE/BHEA composites due to the polar functional groups in BHEA, which could raise the potential charge injection barrier and reduce the charge carrier number and mobility to suppress space charge accumulation and reduce the conduction current density.
Population active, production et productivité dans 21 branches de l'économie française (1896-1962)
Authors: Vincent L-A.
Published: October 2019

C'est un aspect majeur de l'évolution économique en France depuis la fin du XIXe siècle que nous présentons aujourd'hui. Il s'agit des variations de la population active, de la production et de la productivité dans 21 branches de l'économie française, variations retracées pour six périodes délimitées par les années 1896, 1913, 1924, 1929, 1938, 1949 et 1962.

Cette étude n'a pu être menée à bien que moyennant diverses corrections des données brutes et moyennant estimation de certaines données manquantes. D'autre part, la notion de production n'a pu être saisie qu'en faisant abstraction de l'évolution des qualités et en tenant mal compte de la diversification des produits. C'est dire que nos résultats doivent être interprétés avec précaution.

Néanmoins, les grandes lignes de l'évolution sont particulièrement typiques, certaines branches ayant perdu plus de la moitié de leur population active en soixante-six ans (agriculture 56 %, habillement 71 %), tandis que d'autres ont vu la leur plus que quintupler (coefficient des industries chimiques : 5,6), Quant à la durée du travail en heures par personne active et par an, elle a été réduite en moyenne de 25 %, avec peu d'écarts entre les branches. La productivité, définie au moyen d'indices de production par heure de travail pour l'ensemble de la population active, a progressé dans toutes les branches, mais à un rythme très variable, allant de 0,85 % par an dans les mines de charbon jusqu'à 5,6 % par an dans la production d'électricité. L'agriculture se place bien avec un taux moyen de 2,9 % par an. Enfin, les indices de production, qui résultent à la fois des variations de la population active et des progrès de productivité, présentent des écarts considérables : en soixante-six ans, la production d'objets en caoutchouc a été multipliée par 115, la production de papier et de carton par 12, la production des métaux par 5,6, la production agricole par 2,2 et celle de charbon par 1,7.

La comparaison des différentes périodes est également édifiante quant à la productivité moyenne des 21 branches examinées. La première guerre mondiale et son après-guerre (1913-1924) ont permis à la productivité de progresser en moyenne de 1,9 % par an. Par contre, au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale et de son après-guerre (1938-1949) la productivité n'a progressé qu'au taux moyen de 0,6 % par an. Parmi les autres périodes, il faut distinguer la dépression des années 1929-1938, avec un taux de productivité de + 2,1 %, conjugué avec une chute de production de 0,5 % par an. Les autres périodes sont plus normales, avec des taux de production peu inférieurs aux taux de productivité, ces derniers atteignant + 2 % par an de 1896 à 1913, -f 2,9 % par an de 1924 à 1929 et + 5,5 % par an de 1949 o 1962.
Perspectives démographiques régionales en 1970 et 1978
Authors: Croze Marcel , Cazin François
Published: October 2019

Au cours des années récentes, la politique d'aménagement du territoire et de régionalisation des plans nationaux a connu un certain développement, qui est susceptible de s'amplifier dans l'avenir. Aussi est-il indispensable de disposer, dans le cadre régional, non seulement de données sur la situation présente, comme en a fourni par exemple le Recensement de 1962, mais aussi de « perspectives » sinon de prévisions, portant sur un avenir plus ou moins éloigné.

L'LN.S.E.E. a ainsi établi pour le Commissariat du Plan des perspectives démographiques, par circonscription d'action régionale pour 1970 et 1978.

Trois séries de perspectives ont été élaborées : sans migrations, avec migrations intérieures, avec migrations intérieures et extérieures. Il est en effet utile de distinguer les différents facteurs de variation de la population, car l'évolution naturelle doit être considérée comme une donnée sur laquelle il n'est guère possible d'exercer une influence, alors qu'on peut tenter de modifier les courants migratoires.

Pour interpréter correctement ces perspectives, on ne devra pas perdre de vue les hypothèses adoptées, qui supposent le maintien des mouvements migratoires intérieurs au même rythme que dans la période récente. Les évolutions ainsi calculées ne sont donc pas nécessairement celles qui sont souhaitables ; les perspectives établies constituent seulement un élément d'information destiné à orienter les décisions des organismes qui interviennent dans la politique régionale ; c'est à ceux-ci qu'il appartient d'estimer dans quelle mesure et par quels moyens les courants migratoires doivent et peuvent être modifiés. Il est donc possible que l'évolution réelle soit différente de celle qui résulte de ces perspectives ; toutefois, compte tenu du fait que le sens et l'ampleur des migrations ne sauraient être radicalement modifiés dans les prochaines années, ces perspectives pourront être utilisées avec profit comme premières prévisions pour la période couverte.
Les causes de décès en 1964. Résultats préliminaires
Authors: Deruffe Louise
Published: October 2019

Le présent compte rendu contient les principaux résultats définitifs de la statistique des causes de décès de Vannée 1964. On trouve dans ce document la répartition des décès d'après les principales causes, le sexe et l'âge, ainsi que les aperçus rétrospectifs récents les plus utiles. On peut dégager de ces informations sommaires quelques indications majeures sur les caractéristiques de la mortalité et de ses causes en 1964. Cette statistique est établie d'après les causes auxquelles les médecins ont attribué les décès (causes dites uniques ou principales). Les éléments complémentaires (complications, états morbides concomitants...) figureront dans la statistique détaillée : volume « Statistiques des causes de décès, années 1964, 1965 », en préparation.
Projection de la consommation alimentaire des ménages de 1960 à 1970
Authors: Rottier Georges
Published: October 2019

La projection de la consommation des ménages en 1970 a été réalisée à l'occasion des travaux préparatoires du Ve Plan par la division « Consommation » de l'I.N.S.E.E. en étroite collaboration avec le CREDOC.

Les grandes lignes de ce travail ont été décrites dans un article paru dans le numéro de septembre 1964 de la revue Études et Conjoncture sous le titre « Projection de la consommation des ménages pour 1970 ».

Comme il était prévu, cette étude générale a été complétée par la publication de « dossiers techniques » faisant le point de l'information disponible dans chaque domaine (séries temporelles, données d'enquêtes, comparaisons internationales) et des études économétriques l'utilisant.

Dans le numéro de juin 1963, on trouvera les dossiers relatifs à la demande de transports et aux dépenses d'habillement ; dans le numéro d'octobre 1965, le dossier relatif aux dépenses d'habitation.

Nous publions aujourd'hui l'étude relative aux consommations alimentaires, étude réalisée par M. Georges Rottier, directeur du CREDOC.

Cette étude concerne l'ensemble des consommations alimentaires commercialisées ou non, prises à domicile ou à l'extérieur.

L'analyse a été conduite pour une trentaine de produits en volume et, lorsque cela avait un sens, en quantité ; un bilan nutritionnel sommaire a pu ainsi être établi.

En ce domaine relativement bien connu en effet, il a été possible de distinguer de manière assez systématique l'influence respective sur les évolutions à moyen terme du revenu, des prix réels, de la tendance temporelle résiduelle et de distinguer l'augmentation des quantités des progrès de la qualité.

Comme les autres études prévisionnelles de la consommation dont les résultats ont déjà été publiés, la projection de la consommation alimentaire présentée ici, constitue une prévision autonome de l'évolution probable de la demande en fonction d'un certain nombre d'hypothèses économiques (cf. l'introduction des articles de septembre 1964 et juin 1965 ; voir également page 95 du présent article).

Lors de l'élaboration du Plan, cette prévision a été confrontée aux perspectives de production et de commerce extérieur, d'abord dans le cadre des études techniques préalables, puis au sein des diverses commissions de modernisation. Cependant les grandes lignes des prévisions finalement retenues et qui ont fait l'objet d'une publication, restent suffisamment proches des résultats de l'étude présentée ici pour lui garder tout son intérêt.
Les ressources des ménages par catégorie socio-professionnelle
Authors: Ruault J.-P.
Published: October 2019

Utilisant les données de structure fournies par l'enquête sur les revenus fiscaux de 1962 et des informations exogènes diverses, on a réparti par catégorie de ménage les différentes ressources apparaissant au compte d'affectation des ménages en 1962.

De par la méthode adoptée, les résultats obtenus sont naturellement tributaires des estimations globales des différents types de revenu faites par les comptables nationaux, lesquelles sont souvent fragiles : en particulier, les revenus d'entrepreneurs individuels sont connus très imparfaitement.

Cependant, les données ainsi obtenues permettent d'étudier la structure des revenus des différentes catégories de ménage, et on peut penser que les incertitudes pesant sur les niveaux absolus n'affectent pas de façon sensible l'éventail des revenus moyens des diverses catégories.

Un travail analogue, portant sur l'année 1956, pour laquelle on disposait d'informations sur la structure des revenus, a permis d'étudier l'évolution des revenus moyens des diverses catégories de ménage sur la période 1956-1962 : l'éventail des revenus moyens est resté remarquablement stable durant cette période, les diverses catégories de ménage ayant vu, en moyenne, leur revenu nominal s'accroître dans des proportions sensiblement identiques. Toutefois, si l'on considère les seuls revenus primaires, directement issus de la production, on constate un assez notable élargissement de l'éventail des revenus moyens : la forte croissance des transferts sociaux explique que, malgré l'évolution divergente des revenus primaires, l'éventail des revenus finals soit resté stable.
L'enquête sur l'emploi d'octobre 1962 : différentes définitions de la population active — Demandeurs d'emploi — Durée du travail — Activité des personnes âgées
Authors: Grais Bernard
Published: October 2019

La méthodologie de l'enquête et les résultats traditionnels concernant la population active (répartition par sexe et âge, par catégorie socio-professionnelle, activité économique et statut) ont fait l'objet d'une première publication.

Dans cette seconde partie sont réunies quelques études touchant à ta population active.

Le concept d'activité est loin d'être simple. Deux définitions sont utilisées simultanément dans les enquêtes sur l'emploi, l'une d'elles étant aussi proche que possible de celle des recensements. Il existe, cependant, d'autres définitions notamment dans le domaine des comparaisons internationales. On s'est également avisé récemment que la perception de revenus d'inactivité, pouvait influer sur le concept d'activité. Le terme de « population active » est donc susceptible de recouvrir des situations assez différentes. L'intérêt des enquêtes sur l'emploi est de permettre, par le grand nombre de questions analytiques posées, le passage de l'une à l'autre de ces définitions. Les estimations qui en résultent diffèrent plus en valeur absolue qu'en évolution.

L'enquête apporte quelques informations inédites sur les demandeurs d'emploi. Elle met notamment en évidence une catégorie de chômeurs marginaux qui auraient échappé à un recensement. Ils sont constitués pour 75 % de femmes qui seraient disposées à prendre un emploi si l'occasion s'en présentait. Mais la part la plus importante des demandeurs d'emploi est constituée de personnes engagées dans la vie professionnelle qui cherchent à changer d'emploi. Par ailleurs l'enquête permet de mesurer la durée qui s'est écoulée depuis le début du chômage ou le début de la recherche d'un emploi.

Les informations sur la durée hebdomadaire moyenne de travail sont relativement rares. Dans ce domaine, l'intérêt de l'enquête est, en particulier, d'apporter des informations sur les causes motivant un horaire réduit. Mais l'étude de l'évolution des durées hebdomadaires moyennes par activité économique n'aura de sens que lorsque l'on disposera de toute la série d'enquêtes effectuées sur le même échantillon et dont celle-ci est la première.

L'enquête permet également de mettre en évidence la liaison existant entre la perception d'une retraite ou d'une pension de vieillesse et d'activité des personnes âgées. Dans l'évolution du nombre des personnes actives de 50 ans et plus, les facteurs prépondérants apparaissent comme l'évolution démographique au premier chef, et aussi l'évolution de la proportion de retraités. Mais les variations induites par la diminution du taux d'activité des personnes percevant une retraite apparaissent comme faibles, et l'erreur que l'on peut commettre en évaluant mal cette diminution, comme cela peut se produire aux recensements, en raison notamment de changements dans les habitudes de déclaration de l'activité, semble négligeable par rapport aux autres causes d'erreur.
Results of Giltsrearing in Outdoor Production System
Authors: Alexy Márta , Nagy Géza , Gundel János
Published: October 2019

The applied technology is an alternative approach to pigkeeping-systems. An outdoor pig production breeding sows are kept at pasture either year-round or in a certain period of the year. The important equipments of outdoor pig production are farrowing or grouping sows inhuts, which protect pigs against the effects of extreme weather, and electric fences, which surround and divide the pasture. Concentrate feed can be fed from the ground or from feeders which are made of steel or timber. One of main advantages of this pig keeping system is the total mobilizable keeping technology.Within the scope of the study we are performing an experiment to make a comparison between coventional system and free range sows keeping technology. Pannonhybrid F1 gilts were used in this experiment, 28 gilts were kept on pasture all day and 28 gilts are kept in conventional, indoor system.In this work the results of gilts-rearing are presentated as a part of our two-years experiment.
The Effect of Utilization Systems on the Sward Composition, Yield and Sheep Carrying Capacity of Extensive Grasslands
Authors: Csízi István
Published: October 2019

We analysed the effect of the sheep grazing, the grass cutting and mixed utilization methods on plant composition, yield and live-stock keeping capacity of extensive Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae grassland in the 1996-2000 research period. Analysing the extensive utilizations effects on chanching of the plant composition of extensive grassland established that due to the cutting utilization method the area covering rates of gramineous and usefull weeds were the highest while the grazing utilization-method caused the briggest area covering rate for legumes and unusefull weeds. Analysing the utilized fibrin-fodder yield established that the single utilization methods could not produce the maximum yield and live-stock keeping capacity on the treathea grassland type. Because of things mentioned above we must use the mixed utilization methods to save the maximum phytomass.
The Role of Grasslands in the Diet of Geese
Authors: Gyüre Péter , Nagy Géza , Mihók Sándor
Published: October 2019

A feeding trial was conducted with 4 weeks old growing geese. Feeding treatments were different proportion of chopped grass and grain pellets. Daily DM intake, weekly live weight gains and final live weight was measured. It is concluded that 25% of chopped grass in the diet has similar result as only grain pellet diet. This is good for the economy of goose production.
Stress Response of four Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Varieties with Different Genetic Background
Authors: Kormos Balázs
Published: October 2019

Four different carp varieties were tested for stress reaction, with the help of 10 °C cooling and 100 g/l crowding. The selected varieties represented a broad genetic spectrum of carp species. The stress was monitored by measuring plasma cortisol, glucose and lysozim levels. In each test different varieties showed significantly different reaction to stress. This means that they differ in the trait of general resistance. Thus, this trait can be used in selection programmes and the acquired information helps to understand fish-environment interaction and specific resistance. These traits should be used in selection to improve the breeding of new more tolerant species for intensive farming or for organic production.