bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miR‐21‐Trigged Precise Photodynamic Therapy Through a “Locking‐Unlocking‐Boosting” ROS Production Strategy
Authors: Zhu Mengting , Liang Tao , Zhao Yupei , Li Zhen
Published: November 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands out as a highly promising modality for tumor treatment, yet previous works have primarily centered around either boosting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor tissues or restricting it in normal tissues. The current challenge lies in the urgent need to achieve precise modulation of ROS production by simultaneously controlling both aspects. To achieve this goal, a precise PDT platform through a “locking‐unlocking‐boosting” ROS production strategy is presented, in which the generation of ROS is modulated by bidirectionally regulating the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles (LnNPs), thus ROS production is “locked” in normal tissues but “boosted” in tumor tissues. In detail, by introducing an energy acceptor BHQ3, the UCL is initially quenched to prevent Chlorin e6 (Ce6) from generating ROS. However, under the tumor microenvironment with overexpressed miR‐21, LnNPs are sequestered from BHQ3 to “unlock” ROS generation and then assembled with QDs@B2, which functions as an antenna to sensitize LnNPs luminescence, to further “boost” ROS generation. With the assistance of spherical nucleic acids, this therapeutic agent effectively traverses the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), enabling efficient PDT for glioblastoma.
Composite Scaffold Materials of Nanocerium Oxide Doped with Allograft Bone: Dual Optimization Based on Anti‐Inflammatory Properties and Promotion of Osteogenic Mineralization
Authors: Li Yuqiao , Huang Yongkang , Yang Houzhi , Li Yuxin , Luo Gan , Ma Yuan , Cheng Haiyang , Long Yubin , Xia Weiwei , Liu Haiying , Fang Huayi , Du Yaping , Sun Tianwei , Wang Kaifeng , Zhai Xinyun
Published: November 2024

Spinal fusion technique is widely used in the treatment of lumbar degeneration, cervical instability, disc injury, and spinal deformity. However, it is usually accompanied by a high incidence of fusion failure and pseudoarthrosis, placing higher demands on bone implants. Therefore, materials with good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and even induce bone ingrowth, which can be used to improve spinal fusion rate and bone regeneration, have become a hot research topic. Here, ultra‐small cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are prepared and loaded onto the surface of the homograft bone surface to prepare a composite scaffold AB@PLGA/CeO2. The composite scaffold shows the competitive ability to promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro. In vivo experiments show that AB@PLGA/CeO2 has a good bone enhancement effect. In particular, good biological effects of collagen fiber formation, osteogenic mineralization, and tissue repair are shown in intervertebral implant fusion. Further, transcriptome sequencing confirms that CeO2 NPs promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen formation. Meanwhile, CeO2 NPs can regulate the function of the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway to exert its ability to promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization and affect p53 and cell cycle signaling pathway to regulate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Hence, the proposed scaffold is a promising strategy for intervertebral fusion in the clinic.
Boosting mRNA‐Engineered Monocytes via Prodrug‐Like Microspheres for Bone Microenvironment Multi‐Phase Remodeling
Authors: Wu Yuansheng , Zhu Yingjie , Chen Jie , Song Lili , Wang Chunping , Wu Yanglin , Chen Yanyang , Zheng Jiancheng , Zhai Yuankun , Zhou Xiang , Liu Youwen , Du Yawei , Cui Wenguo
Published: November 2024

Monocytes, as progenitors of macrophages and osteoclasts, play critical roles in various stages of bone repair, necessitating phase‐specific regulatory mechanisms. Here, icariin (ICA) prodrug‐like microspheres (ICA@GM) are developed, as lipid nanoparticle (LNP) transfection boosters, to construct mRNA‐engineered monocytes for remodeling the bone microenvironment across multiple stages, including the acute inflammatory and repair phases. Initially, ICA@GM is prepared from ICA‐conjugated gelatin methacryloyl via a microfluidics system. Then, monocyte‐targeting IL‐4 mRNA‐LNPs are then prepared and integrated into injectable microspheres (mRNA‐ICA@GM) via electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. After bone‐defect injection, LNPs are controlled released from mRNA‐ICA@GM within 3 days, rapidly transfecting monocytes for monocyte IL‐4 mRNA‐engineering, which effectively suppressed acute inflammatory responses via polarization programming and paracrine signaling. Afterwards, ICA is sustainably released as well via cleavable boronate esters across multiple stages, cooperatively boosting the mRNA‐engineered monocytes to inhibit coenocytic fusion and osteoclastic function. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicated that mRNA‐ICA@GM can not only reverse the inflammatory environment but also suppress monocyte‐derived osteoclast formation to accelerate bone repair. In summary, mRNA‐engineered monocytes and ICA prodrug‐like microspheres are combined to achieve long‐lasting multi‐stage bone microenvironment regulation, offering a promising repair strategy.
Sustainable Biopolymers in Eco‐Friendly Triboelectric Energy Harvesting
Authors: Li Zekun , Yu Aifang , Zhai Junyi , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: November 2024

Biopolymer‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (B‐TENGs) represent an innovative fusion of eco‐friendly, sustainable energy‐harvesting technology with renewable and environmentally benign biopolymer material. This integration not only introduces novel pathways for advancing green energy solutions but also offers a critical approach to addressing contemporary environmental challenges and fostering sustainable progress. Over the past few years, B‐TENGs have seen rapid and remarkable growth in the realm of biopolymers, device architecture, and their applications (e.g., implantable power source, electronic medicine, human anatomical and physiological movements monitoring sensors, etc.). In this review article, the promising developments in harnessing triboelectric biopolymers are encapsulated, enumerate their representative applications, evaluate the pros and cons of these biopolymers, highlight key challenges for future research, and offer strategic recommendations for innovating and realizing advanced B‐TENGs.
Controllable Synthesis of BixOyBrz/TiO2 Heterojunctions with Excellent Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Activities for Phenol
Authors: Fang Guoli , Niu Zhuoyi , Zhang Gang , Yan Xianghui , Wei Jie , Israr Jahanzaib
Published: November 2024

BixOyBrz/TiO2 composites have been synthesized by hydrothermal method, with TiO2 nanoparticles being employed as substrate. During the process of hydrothermal reaction, both temperature and pH have been utilized to effectively regulate the Bi/Br atomic ratio of BixOyBrz/TiO2 composites. In essence, the competitive reaction between OH− and Br− in the solution is the key factor to form BixOyBrz with different Bi/Br atomic ratios. Under visible light, the prepared Bi4O5Br2/TiO2 heterojunction demonstrates higher photocatalytic activity than other BixOyBrz/TiO2 composites for phenol and Rh B. The removal rate of phenol with Bi4O5Br2/TiO2 heterojunction is up to 92.1% after irradiation for 75 min. The excellent photocatalytic activities of Bi4O5Br2/TiO2 heterojunction are mainly attributed to its optimized microstructure and the matching band energy structure, whereby TiO2 nanoparticles with ≈10 nm diameter uniformly arranged on ≈10.2 nm thick Bi4O5Br2 nanosheets. Moreover, the heterojunction structure promotes the separation of photo‐generated electrons and holes in Bi4O5Br2/TiO2, while and h+ are the main active species during its photocatalytic processes.
Transparent, Sprayable Plastic Films for Luminescent Down‐Shifted‐Assisted Plant Growth
Authors: Müller Rosa , Okokhere‐Edeghoghon Bibian , Janowicz Norbert J. , Bond Andrew D. , Kociok‐Kohn Gabriele , Cox Lynne M. Roxbee , Garzon Diana , Waine Toby W. , Truckell Ian G. , Gage Ewan , Thompson Andrew J. , Busko Dmitry , Howard Ian A. , Saavedra Monica S. , Richards Bryce S. , Breiner Boris , Cameron Petra , Wright Dominic S.
Published: November 2024

The world's steadily growing population and global heating due to climate change are a threat to food security. To meet this challenge, novel technologies are needed to increase crop production in a sustainable way. In this work, the use of luminescent down‐shifting (LDS) materials based on molecular Eu3+‐containing polyoxotitanates for plant growth enhancement is investigated. Using a systematic design strategy to optimize down‐shifting properties, conversion of the ultraviolet spectral range to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is achieved with quantum yields as high as 68%. The prototype Eu3+‐compound can be incorporated into water‐based acrylic varnish that can be spray‐coated onto existing greenhouses. Comparing coated with uncoated greenhouses, basil plants produce 9% more leaf dry weight per plant, and a highly significant 10% increase in individual leaf dry weight. The coating reduces the amount of transmitted PAR by 8% but has advantageous effects on diffuse radiation and in reducing the internal mean temperature. Although there is some uncertainty as to the contribution of down‐shifting, with the bulk of the increase probably being due to higher diffused light and the reduction in maximum daily temperatures, this study establishes a model for the design of LDS paints for real‐world agricultural applications.
A Review of Principles, Analytical Methods, and Applications of SEM‐EDS in Cementitious Materials Characterization
Authors: Li Lihui , Mao Lixuan , Yang Jian
Published: November 2024

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) is an indispensable and versatile technique that provides detailed 2D spatial insights into the microstructure of heterogenous cementitious systems. To foster clear and systematic understanding of SEM‐EDS analysis in advancing research on cementitious materials, the state‐of‐the‐art principles, analytical approaches, and applications of SEM‐EDS analysis in cementitious systems are reviewed. This review aims to assist researchers in selecting the most appropriate strategy for SEM‐EDS analysis to quantify phase assemblage, elucidate environmental interactions, and investigate microstructure evolution in cementitious systems. The fundamental concepts related to equipment, signal generation, acquisition of diverse EDS data are first presented. Subsequently, various analysis approaches, including point analysis, grid analysis, and mapping analysis are discussed. This review then emphasizes the practical significance and potential value of SEM‐EDS analysis in addressing phase quantification challenges pertaining to cementitious systems. It is posited that the SEM‐EDS analysis holds the promise of becoming the characterization backbone for quantitative research on cementitious systems.
AI‐Enhanced Gait Analysis Insole with Self‐Powered Triboelectric Sensors for Flatfoot Condition Detection
Authors: Issabek Moldir , Oralkhan Sabyrzhan , Anash Adeliya , Nurbergenova Nuriya , Balapan Azat , Yeshmukhametov Azamat , Rakhmanov Yeltay , Kalimuldina Gulnur
Published: November 2024

Flatfoot is an orthopedic malformation where the inner foot arch flattens during motion, potentially leading to chronic musculoskeletal issues. Monitoring foot conditions is essential, as existing screening methods often need more objectivity and cost‐effectiveness. This research develops an insole‐based screening device using self‐powered triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as tactile sensors and Arduino hardware setup. TENG converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, offering simple fabrication, cost‐effectiveness, longevity, and high‐output power benefits. The device records the electrical output generated by foot movements via Arduino and sends data via Bluetooth to the processing tool. Machine learning algorithms employing the Random Forest Classifier process the data to detect flatfoot conditions accurately after training sessions. For data collection, 100 participants are asked to march and walk for the same duration and distance, ensuring consistent output. Analysis reveals that the insoles' middle sensors produce higher electricity levels in individuals with flatfoot, showing a uniform pressure distribution across the foot and contact in the arch area. In contrast, individuals with normal feet exert more pressure on the toe and heel foot areas. The system achieves an overall accuracy of 82%, demonstrating the insole's potential as a commercial flatfoot detection device.
2D Electrodes From Functionalized Graphene for Rapid Electrochemical Gold Extraction and Reduction From Electronic Waste
Authors: Yang Kou , Nikolaev Konstantin G. , Li Xiaolai , Erofeev Ivan , Mirsaidov Utkur M. , Kravets Vasyl G. , Grigorenko Alexander N. , Qiu Xueqing , Zhang Shanqing , Novoselov Kostya S. , Andreeva Daria V.
Published: November 2024

Electronic waste (e‐waste) contains substantial quantities of valuable precious metals, particularly gold (Au). However, inefficient metal recovery leads to these precious metals being discarded in landfills, causing significant water and environmental contamination. This study introduces a two‐dimensional (2D) electrode with a layered graphene oxide membrane functionalized by chitosan (GO/CS). The GO/CS membrane acts as an ion‐selective layer and demonstrates capabilities in the electrochemical extraction and reduction of Au ions. The multiple functional groups of GO and CS offer high cooperativity in ion extraction and reduction, achieving 95 wt.% extraction efficiency within 10 min. The simultaneous extraction and electrocatalytic reduction of Au ions within the membrane leads to the formation of ready‐to‐use metallic Au forms such as chips and sensors. Such an approach eliminates the processing steps required to convert extracted gold into functional products, reducing time, cost, and energy. This direct formation of usable Au components enhances the efficiency of the recovery process, making it economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The gold mining market is projected to be valued at $270 billion by 2032, with the recycling segment reaching $10.8 billion, highlighting the substantial benefits and economic potential of efficient e‐waste recycling technologies.
Synchronization of networked mechanical systems without velocity information
Authors: Jiang Shanchan , Zhang Yan , Du Yingxue , Zhang Zhicheng
Published: November 2024

This paper studies the synchronization problem in a network of interconnected mechanical systems where the velocity information of the interacting agents is unavailable. To achieve this, a distributed law related to the kinetic and potential energies of the considered system is proposed. Specifically, by introducing an auxiliary system and a distributed filter, it is shown that the proposed algorithm enables the synchronization of the considered system by merely using the local position measurements. Moreover, it is also shown that, compared with the existing literature, the derived synchronization conditions are irrelevant to the eigenvalues of Laplacian matrix, thus circumventing the global information of the underlying system. Moreover, on condition that the absolute position information is available, it is also shown that apart from the synchronization of agents, the discrepancy between the position variable of the original system and that of the auxiliary variable tends to zero eventually. Finally, a concrete example and some comparisons are conducted to support the formulated setup and the obtained theoretical results.
Distributed model predictive control for asynchronous multiagent systems with self‐triggered coordinator
Authors: Chen Qianqian , Li Shaoyuan
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates a distributed model predictive control strategy for asynchronous nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) with external disturbances via self‐triggered generators and prediction horizon regulators. First, a shrinking constraint related to the error between the actual state and the predicted state is introduced into the optimal control problem to enhance the robustness of the system. Then, the triggering interval and the corresponding prediction horizon are determined by altering the expression of the Lyapunov function, thus achieving a trade‐off between control performance and energy loss. By implementing the proposed algorithm, the coordination objective of the MASs is achieved under asynchronous communication. Finally, the recursive feasibility and closed‐loop stability are proven successively. An illustrative example is conducted to demonstrate the merits of the presented approach.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of atypical visual attention towards non‐social stimuli in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Hinz Julian R. , Eikeseth Fillip F. , Chawarska Katarzyna , Eikeseth Svein
Published: November 2024

Research on attention towards non‐social stimuli in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased over the past decade; however, findings have been inconsistent. It has been suggested that stimuli relating to common circumscribed interests (CIs) elicit more attention than non‐CI related stimuli. This meta‐analysis synthesizes results from 31 studies that compared attention towards non‐social stimuli in children with ASD under the age of five with typically developing (TD) controls using eye‐tracking. Additional subgroup analysis comparing studies that employed non‐social stimuli related to CIs frequently reported in adults with ASD to studies using non‐CI related stimuli were conducted. Meta‐regressions with age, sex, stimulus dimension, nonverbal DQ, and symptom severity were conducted. Results show small (g = 0.39) but significantly higher attention towards non‐social stimuli for the ASD group. However, when studies were split based on stimulus type no significant differences for non‐CI related stimuli was found. Meanwhile studies employing CI related stimuli reported significant large effects on attention allocation (g = 0.69). None of the conducted regressions reached significance. The findings show increased non‐social attention in children with ASD is driven by CI related content rather than a general non‐social attentional bias. The findings and future research directions are discussed.
Organ toxicities associated with diet‐induced obesity in rats: Investigation of changes in activities selected enzymes
Authors: Bati Bedia
Published: November 2024

Obesity stands out as one of the most significant health problems in the modern world. The prevalence of high‐calorie diets (HCDs) globally exacerbates this condition. Throughout history, plants and plant‐derived food products have been utilized for medicinal purposes, demonstrating their efficacy in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Gundelia tournefortii (GT), a plant of interest, is known to possess beneficial properties. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the immunotoxic and neurotoxic effects of two different doses of GT plant extract on the liver, brain, and heart tissues of obese rats. For this purpose, Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: “CG,” “HCDG,” “HCDGUN1,” and “HCDGUN2” At the conclusion of the study, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) biomarkers, were evaluated in the liver, heart, and brain tissues. The study results revealed a statistically significant increase in ADA and MPO activities in the HCDG group compared to the CG group, alongside a significant decrease in the HCDGUN groups compared to the HCDG group. Regarding AChE and BChE activities, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the HCDG group compared to the CG group, whereas an increase was noted in the HCDGUN groups relative to the HCDG group, with the latter approaching values similar to those of the control group. In conclusion, the intake of GT plant extract exhibited positive effects on the immunotoxic and neurotoxic effects induced by HCD in rats with an experimental obesity model, as evidenced by tissue biomarker evaluations.
The Use of CellCollector Assay to Detect Free Cancer Cells in the Peritoneal Cavity of Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Experimental Study
Authors: Wu Yudi , He Fangxun , Liu Liang , Jiang Wei , Deng Jiao , Zhang Yujie , Cao Zhixin , Xu Xiangshang , Gong Jianping
Published: November 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with high incidence and mortality rates globally. The presence of intraperitoneal free cancer cells (IFCCs) is recognized as an independent prognostic factor for CRC patients. However, a clinical gold standard for IFCCs detection is lacking. The GILUPI CellCollector has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in detecting free cancer cells, yet its application for CRC IFCCs detection remains unreported.

Methods

We selected CRC and normal cell lines to evaluate the CellCollector's ability to detect tumor cells. A total of 70 CRC patients and 17 patients with benign disease undergoing laparoscopic procedures were investigated. Peritoneal lavage fluid was collected pre‐ and post‐operation, and both real‐time PCR (CEA mRNA) and CellCollector detection were performed. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of these two methods.

Results

CellCollector can distinguish well between CRC and normal cells in cell line experiments. CellCollector detects IFCCs better than real‐time PCR (CEA) in CRC patients in different TNM Stages. The sensitivity of CellCollector was higher than that of real‐time PCR (84.6% vs. 48.4%), and the specificity of CellCollector was also higher than real‐time PCR (79.1% vs. 60.4%). There was no significant difference in the results of IFCCs detected by CellCollector before and after total mesorectal excision (TME) or complete mesocolic excision (CME) radical colorectomy (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in real‐time PCR detection (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The CellCollector demonstrates superior sensitivity and specificity compared to real‐time PCR for detecting IFCCs in CRC patients, suggesting its potential as a clinical tool for IFCCs detection.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01978444
Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of Doxorubicin Chemotherapy With Cannabidiol in 4T1 Mice Breast Cancer Model
Authors: Tabatabaei Koorosh , Moazzezi Sara , Emamgholizadeh Mohammadreza , Vaez Haleh , Baradaran Behzad , Shokouhi Behrooz
Published: November 2024

Background

High dose chemotherapy is one of the therapeutic strategies for breast cancer and doxorubicin (DOX) as a chemotherapy agent is widely used. DOX indication is limited due to its dose‐depended cardiotoxicity. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD) shows antitumoral and cardioprotective effects, so we hypothesized that CBD administration with high‐dose DOX chemotherapy can improve anticancer activity and reduce cardiotoxic side effects.

Method

Mice breast cancer model established by injecting 4T1 cell lines. One group was not injected by 4T1 cells as a not cancerous group and received normal saline (NS, 0.1 mL). In cancerous groups, first group was considered as cancerous control and received NS (0.1 mL); the second group received CBD (5 mg/kg, IP) on Days 1,7, and 14; in the third group DOX (5 mg/kg, IV) as CBD schedule was administrated; the fourth group treated with CBD 1 day before DOX injection as pretreatment, and the last group was treated with CBD and DOX at same time with previous doses and schedules. On Day 21, all mice were sacrificed, heart and lungs tissues were obtained and histological sections were isolated. SOD2, iNOS, MMP2, MMP9 were evaluated through western blot and TUNEL test preformed for breast tumor.

Results

Tumor size and weight significantly decreased in DOX, pretreatment CBD + DOX and CBD + DOX groups. Administration of CBD with DOX could not prevent weight loss. TUNEL test demonstrated the highest tumor cell apoptosis in pretreatment CBD + DOX and CBD + DOX. In lungs belonged to CBD + DOX, there was not any sign of metastasis. Cardiac histopathological examination of pretreatment CBD + DOX and CBD + DOX did not show any sign of congestion or inflammation. In CBD + DOX SOD2 increased, also iNOS, MMP2, and MMP9 decreased compared to DOX.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that simultaneous administration of CBD and DOX can increase antitumoral effect and reduce DOX cardiotoxicity. Nevertheless, CBD can induce cardiotoxicity as administrated alone.
Simultaneous use of disulphide oil for chemical‐enhanced oil recovery by emulsion formation and stability with asphaltene deposition control
Authors: Jahani Shahriar , Kazemzadeh Yousef , Azin Reza , Dehghani Mohammad Rasool
Published: November 2024

Disulphide oil (DSO) is a by‐product of oil and gas refining processes that is generated during the removal of mercaptans and the sweetening of light hydrocarbons. Asphalt deposition, especially asphaltene deposition during enhanced oil recovery methods, reduces oil recovery from the reservoir, so the use of a substance such as DSO, which has the ability to control and reduce asphaltene deposition, can be effective in increasing oil recovery from the reservoir. In this research, a micromodel with a fracture design and a matrix that represents fracture reservoirs was utilized. These tests were conducted in two groups. The first group of tests is related to adding DSO to crude oil and using 70 to 30 vol.% oil–water emulsion containing salt, surfactant, and nanoparticles. The second group involved adding DSO to both crude oil and emulsion. The first group aimed at stimulation and the second group aimed at chemical enhanced oil recovery (C‐EOR). The formation and stability of water‐in‐oil emulsion was done by analyzing the average droplet size. As a result, in the first group of tests with the presence of DSO in the oil, by measuring the average diameter before and after injection of AOS surfactant, it was observed that the average droplet size decreased from 6.89 to 4.01 μm, which indicates an increase in the emulsion stability. In the second group, where DSO was present in both oil and water emulsion in injected oil, it can be seen that the average diameter of the droplets in the surfactant decreased from 5.12 to 3.21 μm.
Pyrolysis of crayfish waste and life cycle assessment of polygeneration process
Authors: Zhang Zhichao , Sui Haiqing , Tian Chao , Sun Hao , Xiong Wei , Wang Lijun , Wang Yubo , Wang Wenxi , Lan Jin , Deng Huijing
Published: November 2024

A fast pyrolysis polygeneration system was investigated using crayfish shells as a resource for the utilization of solid wastes. Results showed that the bio‐oil and the biochar accounted for 26 and 58 wt.% at a pyrolysis temperature of 600°C, respectively. Heterocyclic compounds, specifically pyrrole and pyridine, were generated as the major nitrogen‐containing products in the bio‐oil. A life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrated the environmental impact of the system was the lowest at 600°C compared with that of other pyrolytic temperatures, with ADP of 881 MJ/t, GWP100 of 77.5 kg CO2 eq/t, POCP of −0.0128 kg C2H4 eq/t, AP of −0.0402 kg SO2 eq/t, and EP of 0.501 kg eq/t. Additionally, the cost amounted to 415.27 USD/t of biochar. The study opens a new pathway and insights to transform the shellfishery waste into biochar and platform chemicals efficiently and comprehensively.
Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic performance and power consumption in stirred reactors with perforated Scaba 6SRGT impellers for non‐Newtonian fluid
Authors: Bin Zhang , Li Xianjun , Wan Zhanghao , Yin Yiming , Wu Yikang , Chang Huainan , Tan Xinhao
Published: November 2024

The present study aims to further understand the effect of perforated Scaba 6SRGT impellers on stirring performance and impeller power consumption by numerically investigating the hydrodynamic properties of non‐Newtonian fluids in a three‐dimensional stirred reactor. After model validation, the fluid velocity, stagnant region dimensionless volume, and impeller power consumption are quantitatively analyzed under the conditions of influencing parameters, including blade perforation pitch, ratio of distance between adjacent perforations, and perforation arrangement. The results reveal that the range of distribution of acceleration and peak velocity of the fluid along the radial appear in regions lower and larger than the dimensionless radius of the impeller (|r/R| = 0.45), respectively. Increasing the perforation pitch from 14 to 20 mm increases fluid velocity from 0.284 to 0.305 m/s and power consumption from 26.99 to 27.25 W, while reducing the stagnant region volume from 16.76% to 14.71%. The fluid velocity and impeller power consumption slightly increase with the ratio of distance between adjacent perforations. Circular‐shaped middle perforations yield higher fluid velocities and vorticity compared to lozenge‐shaped ones. The highest and lowest power consumptions are obtained by circular–circular–circular and lozenge–lozenge–lozenge perforation shape arrangements with values of 27.25 and 26.9 W, respectively.
A novel 3D uniformity measurement method in mechanical stirring systems
Authors: Zhang Gai , Fan Mingyang , Xu Jianxin , Sun Hui , Wang Hua
Published: November 2024

Accurate assessment of mixing uniformity is crucial in industrial mixing processes. This study proposes an evaluation method for three‐dimensional (3D) mixing processes that combines dual‐camera positioning and point pattern density fluctuation (PD) based on disordered hyperuniformity. This study employs a positioning method using dual‐camera to achieve precise capture and reconstruction of tracer particles in 3D space. The 3D reconstruction data is then evaluated for mixing performance using the PD method. A relationship model between |k| and time I values with mixing time was established for λ = 1. The results indicate that mixing time decreases with the increase of |k| and decreases with the decrease of I values. To ensure the accuracy of the PD method, feasibility analysis was conducted using conductometry. Additionally, the superiority of the PD method was validated by comparing it with the 3D‐Q method. The impact of bottom height of stirring paddle and motor speed on mixing effect were also investigated. This study establishes a fundamental groundwork and theoretical framework for optimizing parameters of stirring systems and assessing 3D mixing uniformity. It also offers important references and insights for engineering practices and theoretical research in related fields.
Case Series of Thermal Cautery Artifact in Urine Cytology: An Uncommon Finding but a Potential Pitfall
Authors: Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa C. , McIntire Patrick J.
Published: November 2024

Background

Therapeutic modalities used in bladder lesions/neoplasms (electrocautery, fulguration, and laser) could produce morphologic alterations leading to diagnostic challenges. While often seen on histology, they can present in urine cytology as atypia or even raise the concern for malignancy. Herein, we present clinicopathologic findings of four patients with cautery artifact in urine cytology.

Methods

The authors' lists and a computerized search of urine cytology with features of thermal cautery artifact were collated. Slides and clinicopathologic variables (prior specimens, concurrent and follow‐up surgical specimens, age, sex, manner of urine collection, cystoscopy, and treatment procedure during cystoscopy) were reviewed.

Results

Four cases were identified. Procedures performed during cystoscopy included laser therapy (n = 2), postbiopsy cauterization (n = 1), and fulguration (n = 1). All cases showed spindled cells with delicate bipolar cytoplasm, “cigar‐shaped” nuclei, smooth to slightly irregular nuclear membranes, and arranged singly and loosely cohesive to lamellar stacks. Few atypical well‐preserved, undistorted cells were identified in 2/4. The concurrent biopsies showed superficial cellular fragments with thermal artifact (n = 1) and rare atypical cells (n = 2). Follow‐up biopsies in two cases had high‐grade urothelial carcinoma both of which were diagnosed as atypical urothelial cells on cytology.

Conclusion

Thermal cautery artifact in urine cytology is rare and can be seen following laser, electrocautery, and fulguration. The spindling artifact can render some degree of difficulty in assessing for the presence of urothelial atypia both in cytology and biopsy. Familiarity with these cytologic features, knowledge of the treatment procedure, attention to the cytologic findings of well‐preserved cells and repeat sampling in cases with atypical urothelial cells in patients with history of malignancy is essential.
Knockdown of ENO1 promotes autophagy dependent‐ferroptosis and suppresses glycolysis in breast cancer cells via the regulation of CST1
Authors: Huang Guoliang , Lu Lian , You Yuhong , Li Jie , Zhang Kaixiang
Published: November 2024

Autophagy‐dependent ferroptosis and glycolysis play a significant role in tumor development. α‐Enolase (ENO1), a glycolytic enzyme, has been demonstrated to function as a crucial modulator in breast cancer (BC). However, the specific mechanism by which ENO1 influences the ferroptosis and glycolysis of BC remains unclear. qRT‐PCR, along with western blot analysis was applied to investigate ENO1 and cystatin SN (CST1) expression in BC cells. Glycolysis level was measured by extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), lactate production, glucose consumption, and western blot analysis. Ferroptosis was evaluated by iron and lipid peroxidation assay, DCFH‐DA staining, and western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence, together with western blot analysis was adopted for assessing cell autophagy and mTOR signaling pathway. Cell apoptosis and Ki67 level were measured by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ENO1 had abundant existence in BC cell lines. ENO1 silencing inhibited glycolysis but promoted ferroptosis and autophagy. In addition, autophagy inhibitor 3‐MA reversed the impacts of ENO1 silencing on glycolysis and ferroptosis. Meanwhile, mTOR activator MHY1485 demonstrated opposing effects on autophagy. Moreover, CST1 could be extensively found in BC cell lines, and its overexpression reversed the effects of ENO1 silencing on glycolysis and ferroptosis. In vivo experiments illustrated that ENO1 deletion suppressed BC tumor growth, increased the apoptosis rate, restrained cell proliferation, and glycolysis, but promoted ferroptosis and autophagy, as well as reducing CST1 and mTOR signaling. To sum up, ENO1 silencing mediated a utophagy‐dependent ferroptosis and glycolysis in BC cells by regulating CST1.
Design and Synthesis of Multipath Compact Cyclophanes for Quantum Interference Studies
Authors: Heim Salome L. , Gallego Almudena , Bertozzi Valeria , van der Poel Sebastiaan , Ornago Luca , Prescimone Alessandro , van der Zant Herre S. J. , Mayor Marcel
Published: November 2024

To investigate interference phenomena and conductance properties in mechanically controlled break junctions (MCBJs), macrocycles 1 and 2 (BMCs: for BenzeneMacroCycles), containing a meta‐substituted benzene moiety with solubilizing tert‐butyl groups, as well as structures 3 and 4 (TMCs: for ThiopheneMacroCycles), featuring 2,5‐connected 3,4‐hexyl‐thiophene corners, were synthesized. Macrocycles 1 and 2 respectively 3 and 4 differ in the positions of the acetyl‐protected sulfur anchoring groups, which impacts both, the individual transport efficiency of their parallel electronic pathways and their overall molecular wire lengths. All macrocycles were synthesized based on a series of Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions. For 3 and 4, a 2‐(4‐pyridinyl)ethyl protecting group for the sulfur atoms was successful, while for macrocycles 1 and 2 the more common tert‐butyl protecting group did the job. To our delight, proof‐of‐concept charge transport studies conducted in an MCBJ setup demonstrated the expected trends regarding improved conductance intensities for the TMCs compared to the BMCs. Furthermore, the corresponding molecular plateaus from the breaking experiments were in the expected length range of the S−S distances for all compounds. We also found that the overall conductance seems to follow a more complex transport mechanism than just the sum of contributions from both channels.
Analysis of Optical Window for Constant Cooling Heat Flux‐Based Spectral Splitting in Concentrator Photovoltaic System
Authors: Han Jingyang , Hou Shiqi , Xiao Yixin , Yang Shiyao , Li Kun , Li Yong
Published: November 2024

The solar cells cooled to constant temperature at different concentration ratios (CR) and spectral bands (SB) require the same cooling heat flux (CHF), but the output power varies significantly. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the relationship of CHF‐CR‐SB to provide a reference for photovoltaic systems to select the output power generation of the spectral band under constant cooling heat flux. In this article, a selecting spectra model of a centralized photovoltaic (CPV) system is established and the selection of the spectrum based on CHF and the CR is analyzed. Theory shows that the wider the spectral division of the same CR, the larger the cooling heat flux consumed. The narrower the spectrum division, the higher the CR that the cell receiver can withstand. The experiments show that the higher the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), the lower the cooling heat flux to be consumed. The cooling heat flux of 650 filter consumes 22.74% more than the UV700 filter, which means the demand for CHF is more severe when the heat spectrum distribution is wide. The spectral division should be carried out according to the requirements of high‐energy flux but a small thermal energy proportion to achieve efficient PCE.
InSAR phase gradient reveals fault‐zone controls on the spatial distribution of slow‐moving landslides in the active orogenic region of Hazara‐Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Said Mukhtar , Fu Lv , Wang Teng
Published: November 2024

Slow‐moving landslides play important roles in the landscape evolution and hazards planning. Studies along some strike‐slip faults have shown that the geological structures and bed‐rock lithology significantly contribute the distribution of slow‐moving landslides. However, controls on the distribution of slow‐moving landslides are poorly constrained in active orogenic regions, hindering our understanding of its role in the rapid orogenic process. The Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis in Pakistan is such a prominent geological structure of lesser Himalaya, where the inventory of slow‐moving landslides is scarce. Here, we attempt the interferometric synthetic aperture radar phase‐gradient stacking coupled with a deep‐learning system to provide the first slow‐moving landslides inventory (1066 presently active landslides, 2016–2023) in the Hazara‐Kashmir region. Along with optical imagery and field investigations, we analyse the impacts of fault structures, bed‐rock lithology, topography along with spatial distribution of earthquake and precipitation on the distribution of these slow‐moving landslides. We find that 33% of the detected slow‐moving landslides are distributed within 1000 m to active faults, and show a decreasing trend moving away from fault zones. This pattern strongly suggests that the active thrusting faults in this region significantly controls the distribution of slow‐moving landslides, while topography and precipitation show less impacts. Our study reveals the spatial distribution of slow‐moving landslides in a tectonic complex region with rapid orogenic process, and thus shows potential implications in geomorphology modelling and hazards evaluation for many less‐monitored, contemporary uplifting high‐mountain regions.
Myrrh Oleo‐Gum Resin as a Functional Additive in Pectin and κ‐Carrageenan Composite Films for Food Packaging
Authors: Shah Yasir Abbas , Bhatia Saurabh , Chinnam Sampath , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Tarahi Mohammad , Khan Talha Shireen , Alam Tanveer , Koca Esra , Aydemir Levent Yurdaer , Philip Anil K. , Afzaal Muhammad , Khan Mahbubur Rahman , Pratap‐Singh Anubhav
Published: November 2024

Myrrh oleo‐gum‐resin (MOGR) is a natural substance that has a rich history of medicinal use due to its anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The present study reports on the fabrication and assessment of pectin and K‐carrageenan composite films infused with varying proportions (0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%) of MOGR. Morphological analysis of the film samples was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results indicated that the introduction of MOGR led to a notable increase in surface roughness. The SEM micrographs of the films showed that the MOGR addition had an important effect on the microstructure of the film. The surface hydrophobicity of the MOGR‐loaded films increased, as confirmed by the rise in the contact angle. Moreover, there was an increase in the thickness (0.062 ± 0.004–0.095 ± 0.006 mm) and opacity (1.24 ± 0.07–9.41 ± 0.24) of the films with the addition of MOGR; however, tensile strength (7.30 ± 0.50–4.92 ± 0.34 MPa), elongation at break (32.41% ± 1.0%–29.70% ± 0.24%), and barrier properties decreased. Additionally, a rise in MOGR concentration corresponded to a rise in overall color difference ΔE (0.77 ± 0.03–5.09 ± 0.49) of the films. Notably, the incorporation of MOGR led to an increase in the antioxidant activity of the composite films, indicating potential applications in functional packaging materials.
Rethinking Natural Gas Infrastructure: How Non‐Pipe Alternatives are Shaping Utility Planning
Authors: Nkeih Endam , Deliargyris Katerina , Biondi Andrew
Published: November 2024

As greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction efforts accelerate, utility regulators nationwide are rethinking the role of natural gas in reducing GHG emissions over current levels. A key strategy emerging in several states is the mandatory consideration of non‐pipe alternatives (NPAs); solutions that avoid the need for new natural gas hook‐ups. California, Massachusetts, New York, and Colorado are leading the effort, and other states like Maryland, Hawaii, Oregon, Minnesota, and New Jersey are not far behind. Before gaining approval for traditional new pipeline investments as opposed to pipeline replacement, regulators are requiring utilities to thoroughly analyze the costs and benefits of NPAs. This is compelling natural gas utilities to rethink their business models and find the most effective ways to present NPAs to regulators and customers. With this enhanced scrutiny and regulatory mandates that are increasingly focusing on sustainability, natural gas distribution utilities are at a crossroads. The challenge lies in adapting to these expectations and innovating scalable investments that will meet regulatory demands while driving the transition to a cleaner energy future.
Characterization and Mitigation of a Simultaneous Multi‐Slice fMRI Artifact: Multiband Artifact Regression in Simultaneous Slices
Authors: Tubiolo Philip N. , Williams John C. , Van Snellenberg Jared X.
Published: November 2024

Simultaneous multi‐slice (multiband) acceleration in fMRI has become widespread, but may be affected by novel forms of signal artifact. Here, we demonstrate a previously unreported artifact manifesting as a shared signal between simultaneously acquired slices in all resting‐state and task‐based multiband fMRI datasets we investigated, including publicly available consortium data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We propose Multiband Artifact Regression in Simultaneous Slices (MARSS), a regression‐based detection and correction technique that successfully mitigates this shared signal in unprocessed data. We demonstrate that the signal isolated by MARSS correction is likely nonneural, appearing stronger in neurovasculature than gray matter. Additionally, we evaluate MARSS both against and in tandem with sICA+FIX denoising, which is implemented in HCP resting‐state data, to show that MARSS mitigates residual artifact signal that is not modeled by sICA+FIX. MARSS correction leads to study‐wide increases in signal‐to‐noise ratio, decreases in cortical coefficient of variation, and mitigation of systematic artefactual spatial patterns in participant‐level task betas. Finally, MARSS correction has substantive effects on second‐level t‐statistics in analyses of task‐evoked activation. We recommend that investigators apply MARSS to multiband fMRI datasets with moderate or higher acceleration factors, in combination with established denoising methods.
Alterations of Excitation–Inhibition Balance and Brain Network Dynamics Support Sensory Deprivation Theory in Presbycusis
Authors: Su Meixia , Ren Fuxin , Li Ning , Li Fuyan , Zhao Min , Hu Xin , Edden Richard A. E. , Li Muwei , Li Xiao , Gao Fei
Published: November 2024

Sensory deprivation theory is an important hypothesis involving potential pathways between hearing loss and cognitive impairment in patients with presbycusis. The theory suggests that prolonged auditory deprivation in presbycusis, including neural deafferentation, cortical reallocation, and atrophy, causes long‐lasting changes and reorganization in brain structure and function. However, neurophysiological changes underlying the cognition‐ear link have not been explored. In this study, we recruited 98 presbycusis patients and 60 healthy controls and examined the differences between the two groups in gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in bilateral auditory cortex, excitation–inhibition (E/I) balance (Glu/GABA ratio), dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC), hearing ability and cognitive performance. Then, correlations with each other were investigated and variables with statistical significance were further analyzed using the PROCESS Macro in SPSS. GABA levels in right auditory cortex and Glu levels in bilateral auditory cortex were lower but E/I balance in right auditory cortex were higher in presbycusis patients compared to healthy controls. Hearing assessments and cognitive performance were worse in presbycusis patients. Three recurring connectivity states were identified after dFNC analysis: State 1 (least frequent, middle‐high dFNC strength with negative functional connectivity), State 2 (high dFNC strength), and State 3 (most frequent, low dFNC strength). The occurrence and dwell time of State 3 were higher, on the other hand, the dwell time of State 2 decreased in patients with presbycusis compared to healthy controls. In patients with presbycusis, worse hearing assessments and cognition were correlated with decreased GABA levels, increased E/I balance, and aberrant dFNC, decreased GABA levels and increased E/I balance were correlated with decreased occurrence and dwell time in State 3. In the mediation model, the fractional windows, as well as dwell time in State 3, mediated the relationship between the E/I balance in right auditory cortex and episodic memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test, AVLT) in presbycusis. Moreover, in patients with presbycusis, we found that worse hearing loss contribute to lower GABA levels, higher E/I balance, and further impact aberrant dFNC, which caused lower AVLT scores. Overall, the results suggest that a shift in E/I balance in right auditory cortex plays an important role in cognition‐ear link reorganization and provide evidence for sensory deprivation theory, enhancing our understanding the connection between neurophysiological changes and cognitive impairment in presbycusis. In presbycusis patients, E/I balance may serve as a potential neuroimaging marker for exploring and predicting cognitive impairment.