bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Muscle Adaptations Following 80 Weeks of Resistance Exercise in Older Adults
Authors: Miller Ryan M. , Bemben Debra A. , Bemben Michael G.
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

We followed and documented skeletal muscle adaptations from 4 resistance exercise (RE) prescriptions in older adults over the course of a 2-year, 80-week training study.

Methods:

Forty-three older men and women—65.2 (3.5) years, 167.2 (7.5) cm, and 72.5 (14.7) kg—completed one of the following RE prescriptions: high-load 2 days per week (HL2D; n = 12), low-load 2 days per week (LL2D; n = 9), high-load 3 days per week (HL3D, n = 12), or low-load 3 days per week (LL3D, n = 10). High-load prescriptions consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions with 80% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) and low-load prescriptions completed 3 sets of 16 repetitions with 40% 1-RM. Each session consisted of 12 exercises targeting major muscle groups and training loads were adjusted every fifth week to maintain progressive overload. Participants completed 40 weeks of supervised training, had a 2-month break, and then resumed another 40 weeks of supervised training. Bone-free lean body mass (BFLBM) and appendicular lean mass (ALM) were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the rectus femoris with diagnostic ultrasound across the intervention.

Results and Discussion:

Groups responded similarly with significant increases in total strength (54.9%), upper body strength (42.7%), lower body strength (61.5%), and specific strength (50.3%, strength/BFLBM) over 80 weeks (all P < .001). Significant increases for BFLBM (3.0%), ALM (3.5%), and mCSA (48.7%) were also observed (all P ≤ .019). The only difference among groups indicated HL3D displaying significantly greater percent increase than LL2D for ALM (P = .043).

Conclusions:

Resistance exercise performed 2 or 3 days per week with moderate to heavy loads can improve muscle strength and induce small but perhaps clinically significant increases in BFLBM and mCSA in older adults over a 2-year period of supervised training.
“I Am Tensing”: Thoughts on Active and Passive Language in the Description and Expression of Emotion in Psychotherapy
Authors: Roffman Andrew E.
Published: March 2021

My intention in writing this paper is to outline the different effects of active and passive language use in psychotherapy when it comes to the expression and description of emotion. I will argue for the value of helping clients shift from passive to active language as they describe their emotional experience; that this shift deepens a client's engagement in the moment, allowing for embodiment, ownership, and accountability especially regarding distressing emotion. I will describe how mindfulness adds a further step in deepening this process. I will offer exceptions for the promotion of active over passive language, as well as an exercise so that readers may experiment with similar shifts in their own emotional expression as a means of having a direct experience of the effects of active language.
Deadness as a Feeling Considered Through the Lens of The Walking Dead
Authors: Katzman Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

Zombie films and shows have accelerated in popularity through the decades, and the genre is produced the world over. The Walking Dead, one such show, has been rated among the most popular cable network television programs since its inception. When watching a herd of zombie walkers, the viewer faces some important questions. In some ways, many can identify with the experience of the zombie, as it reflects the psychological state of inner deadness. The psychodynamic literature has a rich history describing this experience. A review of these ideas and the metaphor of the zombie help guide us in the treatment of our patients who do not experience themselves as truly living. The Walking Dead also provides a glimpse into the response of detachment to a viral pandemic, and how we might discover our best self during such times while helping our patients to do the same.
Social Experience Interacts with Serotonin to Affect Functional Connectivity in the Social Behavior Network following Playback of Social Vocalizations in Mice
Authors: Petersen Christopher L. , Davis Sarah E. D. , Patel Bhumi , Hurley Laura M.
Published: March 2021

Past social experience affects the circuitry responsible for producing and interpreting current behaviors. The social behavior network (SBN) is a candidate neural ensemble to investigate the consequences of early-life social isolation. The SBN interprets and produces social behaviors, such as vocalizations, through coordinated patterns of activity (functional connectivity) between its multiple nuclei. However, the SBN is relatively unexplored with respect to murine vocal processing. The serotonergic system is sensitive to past experience and innervates many nodes of the SBN; therefore, we tested whether serotonin signaling interacts with social experience to affect patterns of immediate early gene (IEG; cFos) induction in the male SBN following playback of social vocalizations. Male mice were separated into either social housing of three mice per cage or into isolated housing at 18–24 d postnatal. After 28–30 d in housing treatment, mice were parsed into one of three drug treatment groups: control, fenfluramine (FEN; increases available serotonin), or pCPA (depletes available serotonin) and exposed to a 60-min playback of female broadband vocalizations (BBVs). FEN generally increased the number of cFos-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons within the SBN, but effects were more pronounced in socially isolated mice. Despite a generalized increase in cFos immunoreactivity, isolated mice had reduced functional connectivity, clustering, and modularity compared with socially reared mice. These results are analogous to observations of functional dysconnectivity in persons with psychopathologies and suggests that early-life social isolation modulates serotonergic regulation of social networks.
Cadmium and lead distribution in pyrite ores
Authors: Cao Jielong , Ren Shixing , Wang Chunlin , She Jingye , Jiang Yanjun , Liu Yanyi , Zhou Yuting , Wang Lulu , Wang Jin , Wang Yuxuan , Liu Juan , Chen Yongheng
Published: March 2021

The pyrite ores are strategic industrial resources which generally serve as raw material for producing sulfuric acid. However, during the mining and industrial processing activities, associated toxic elements of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) could be released into the surroundings, posing a significant threat to local environment and human health. In this study, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement (IRMM) sequential extraction scheme was used to investigate the geochemical fractionation of Cd and Pb in pyrite ores from a mining area located in Yunfu, western Guangdong, China. The results showed that most of Cd and Pb (>90%) were predominantly found in the geochemically mobile fractions, indicating that Cd and Pb were readily bioaccessible thus easily assimilated and accumulated by organisms. FESEM-EDS results showed that the studied pyrite ores were mainly composed of O, S, and Fe, while the XRD characterizations suggested that FeS2 and SiO2 were the major minerals. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope and element mapping characterization further confirmed that FeS2 was the main mineral of pyrite ores which contained relatively enriched toxic heavy metals (e.g., Pb and Cd). The findings highlight that an extremely large amount of geochemically mobile heavy metals can be released into the environmental media during the mining and utilization processes of pyrite ores based on IRMM sequential extraction protocol. Therefore, proper countermeasures against environmental risks of utilizing pyrite ores should be taken to mitigate the impacts on local ecosystem and human health.
Spread of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary Greek hospital
Authors: Kontopoulou Κonstantina , Meletis Georgios , Pappa Styliani , Zotou Sofia , Tsioka Katerina , Dimitriadou Panagiota , Antoniadou Eleni , Papa Anna
Published: March 2021

Bacterial carbapenem resistance, especially when mediated by transferable carbapenemases, is of important public health concern. An increased number of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in a tertiary hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece, called for further genetic investigation.

The study included 29 non-repetitive carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae isolates phenotypically characterized as MBL-producers collected in a tertiary hospital in Greece. The isolates were screened for the detection of carbapenemase genes (K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (blaKPC), Verona-integron-encoded MBL-1 (blaVIM-1), imipenemase (blaIMP), oxacillinase-48 (blaOXA-48) and New Delhi MBL (blaNDM)). The genetic relationship of the isolates was determined by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The whole genome sequences (WGS) from two NDM-positive K. pneumoniae isolates were further characterized.

The presence of New Delhi MBL (blaNDM) gene was confirmed in all K. pneumoniae isolates, while blaKPC and blaVIM-1 genes were co-detected in one and two isolates, respectively. The RAPD analysis showed that the isolates were clustered into two groups. The whole genome sequence analysis of two K. pneumoniae isolates revealed that they belonged to the sequence type 11, they carried the blaNDM-1 gene, and exhibited differences in the number and type of the plasmids and the resistant genes.

All MBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates of the study harbored a blaNDM gene, while WGS analysis revealed genetic diversity in resistance genes. Continuous surveillance is needed to detect the emergence of new clones in a hospital setting, while application of antimicrobial stewardship is the only way to reduce the spread of multi-resistant bacteria.
Para uma sociologia da ressignificação
Authors: Bachur João Paulo
Published: March 2021

Resumo O conceito de ressignificação desenvolvido por Butler designa a inversão política de um termo depreciativo por aqueles que dele fazem uso e que passam a lhe atribuir um sentido positivo, afirmativo. Essa concepção, porém, permanece refém da teoria dos atos de fala de matriz fonocêntrica. O artigo faz uma crítica da categoria da ressignificação e sugere ampliá-la sociologicamente incorporando a mobilização coletiva (Bourdieu) e a produção documental (Latour) como dimensões indispensáveis para conferir materialidade aos processos históricos de ressignificação.
Inclusão da Interseccionalidade no âmbito dos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Stelzer Joana , Kyrillos Gabriela M.
Published: March 2021

Resumo O estudo aborda o conceito de interseccionalidade das opressões ou desigualdades interseccionais - cunhado em 1989, por Kimberlé Crenshaw - e seu potencial analítico para a concretização do acesso das mulheres aos Direitos Humanos. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica e documental, de aplicação do método hipotético-dedutivo, a pesquisa possui caráter descritivo e explicativo. Conclui-se que as discriminações de gênero interagem com outras categorias estruturais, como raça, produzindo processos de exclusão particulares que são barreiras no acesso a direitos, sendo a interseccionalidade uma ferramenta com grande potencial para melhor compreender esses processos e minimizá-los.
A teoria dos dois demônios: resistências ao processo brasileiro de justiça de transição
Authors: Oliveira David Barbosa de , Reis Ulisses Levy Silvério dos
Published: March 2021

Resumo O processo de justiça transicional brasileiro é constantemente desafiado por discursos contrários capazes de simbolizar a chamada “teoria dos dois demônios”, criada na Argentina após o fim do regime de 1976-1983. A pesquisa problematizou de qual maneira o uso discursivo desta teoria foi distinto nas experiências de transição da Argentina e do Brasil. O trabalho utilizou-se de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, especialmente analisando-se os discursos políticos veiculados por meio de jornais e de registros do Congresso Nacional brasileiro. Concluiu-se pela aproximação no uso da teoria dos dois demônios em ambos os países, embora isso tenha ocorrido em períodos diferentes e com fins distintos.
Elementos para uma análise da formação das políticas de bem-estar na Grã-Bretanha a partir da Teoria da Reprodução Social
Authors: Alencar Thiago Romão de
Published: March 2021

Resumo Esse artigo aborda a relação das políticas sociais britânicas com as contradições de gênero e raça específicas do sistema capitalista e a maneira como este se desenvolveu naquela formação social. A partir do arcabouço da Teoria da Reprodução Social, traçamos essa relação desde a sua gênese, mostrando como a formulação e aplicação dessas políticas no começo do século XX ajudaram a cristalizar materialmente determinadas relações de gênero e concepções específicas de cidadania, nação e trabalho assalariado que na prática consagravam divisões internas à classe trabalhadora como um todo, instituindo papeis sociais hierarquizados entre os diferentes grupos subalternos.
COVID-19: análise crítica da distribuição constitucional de competências
Authors: Maffini Rafael
Published: March 2021

Resumo O COVID-19 produzirá consequências ainda incalculáveis, em face da quais o Direito precisará apresentar soluções satisfatórias para um momento de crise como este. O Brasil, na linha do que vem ocorrendo numa série de outros países, está adotando medidas de enfrentamento ao surto de coronavírus, de acordo com a distribuição de competências legislativas e administrativas (materiais) prevista na Constituição Federal. O presente artigo busca, de um lado, apresentar a sistematização de tais competências constitucionais e, de outro, analisar criticamente se tal arranjo constitucional de funções legislativas e administrativas é satisfatório ao enfrentamento da crise causada pelo COVID-19.
German Jurisprudence in the 21st century: law and its media
Authors: Amato Lucas Fucci
Published: March 2021

Abstract This review critically assesses the book Legal theory and the media of law, by Thomas Vesting. The author seeks to present a multidisciplinary conception of jurisprudence, analyzing the coevolution between legal phenomena, their self-descriptions and the dissemination media of communication, from oral cultures to computer networks. The paper posits Vesting’s contribution in the modern path of German jurisprudence and philosophy of law.
Os 30 anos do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e os horizontes possíveis a partir da Justiça Restaurativa: influxos abolicionistas em tempos de expansão punitiva a partir da extensão acadêmica
Authors: Rodrigues Ellen
Published: March 2021

Resumo O presente trabalho visa refletir sobre o sistema da Justiça Juvenil no Brasil na ocasião dos 30 anos de aprovação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Lei 8069/1990). Não se limitando a análises meramente tecnicistas, o estudo busca destacar aspectos de como a realidade atual foi construída ao longo dos processos históricos e político-criminais, do período colonial à contemporaneidade. Ademais, o presente estudo apresenta possibilidade de aplicação da Justiça Restaurativa no âmbito da Justiça Juvenil, mesmo diante do cenário de expansão punitiva que marca a presente quadra histórica. Do ponto de vista teórico, o recorte aqui estabelecido privilegia a pesquisa bibliográfica, com destaque para autores como Zehr1, Dünkel; Horsfield & Păroşanu2, Achutti3, entre outros. Não obstante, o trabalho conta com abordagem empírica através da qual são relatadas as ações restaurativas realizadas no âmbito do programa de extensão acadêmica NEPCrim (Núcleo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Ciências Criminais da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora), através do projeto Além da Culpa: Justiça Restaurativa para adolescentes, desenvolvido em parceria com a defensoria pública local. Tal proposta metodológica propõe destacar destaca como a Justiça Restaurativa vem sendo desenvolvida na prática, seus desafios, perspectivas e compromisso com práticas libertárias.
Avaliação econômica da produção de camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) sob a condição de risco no município de Acaraú, Ceará
Authors: Dias Jeronimo Marcelino , Campos Kilmer Coelho , Campos Robério Telmo , Araújo Rogério César Pereira de , França Francisco Mavignier Cavalcante
Published: March 2021

O município de Acaraú é o segundo maior polo de produção de camarão do Estado do Ceará e o terceiro maior do Brasil. Essa atividade gera empregos diretos e indiretos a grande parte da população desse município, sendo considerada uma das atividades de grande relevância socioeconômica local. Nessa perspectiva, objetiva-se analisar economicamente propriedades rurais produtoras de camarão no município de Acaraú, no Estado do Ceará. Os dados de natureza primária foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questionários para uma amostra de 22 produtores rurais. Utilizam-se como métodos as análises tabular, descritiva e o cálculo de indicadores econômicos, tanto sob condições determinísticas quanto de risco, sendo este pelo método Monte Carlo e utilizando-se o software ALEAXPRJ. Conclui-se que todos os produtores expressam, em média, margens bruta e líquida positivas, permitindo a permanência deles na atividade em curto e longo prazo. Observa-se que 22,73% dos carcinicultores registraram prejuízos.
Практические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных
Authors: Сомонова О. В. , Антух Э. А. , Долгушин Б. И. , Елизарова А. Л. , Сакаева Д. Д. , Сельчук В. Ю. , Трякин А. А. , Черкасов В. А.
Published: March 2021

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Практические рекомендации по лечению хронического болевого синдрома у онкологических больных
Authors: Когония Л. М. , Новиков Г. А. , Орлова Р. В. , Сидоров А. В.
Published: March 2021

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A Fiscal Rule to Achieve Debt Sustainability in Colombia
Authors: Arbeláez María Angélica , Benítez Miguel , Steiner Roberto , Valencia Oscar
Published: March 2021

In order to enhance fiscal sustainability and regain “investment grade” credit rating, in 2011 Colombia implemented a fiscal rule (FR) on the Central Government's structural balance. Investment grade was rapidly attained, and FR targets were complied with, until 2019. Using the Synthetic Control Method, we provide evidence that the FR promoted fiscal discipline. Nevertheless, public debt has increased continuously and is now expected to exceed 60 percent of GDP, in large part driven by the pandemic. We argue that the FR should be reformed so as to incorporate a debt anchor. Using a regime change model and the IMFs buffer risk methodology, we show that the prudent debt level should not exceed 48 percent of GDP and that in order to achieve this in the medium term, a policy mix increasing revenues to 17.8 percent of GDP (from 15.5 percent during 2016-2019) and reducing primary expenditure to 15 percent (from 16 percent during 2016-2019) is required. FR's performance would also benefit from changes in its institutional design.
Рarliamentary Elections in India 2014: the New Political Realities
Authors: Kashin V. , Shaumyan T.
Published: March 2021

Parliamentary elections in India were held from April 7 to May 12, 2014 and ended with a convincing victory of conservative Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), leader of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), and a crushing defeat for the Indian National Congress (INC) from the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) created in 2004. BJP won 282 seats in Parliament for the first time in 30 years which was sufficient for the formation of a single-party government, while Congress has only 44 seats – the lowest result for all years of the independence of Republic of India. The election results are natural and reflect the real balance of power in the political arena of the country at the moment. BJP victory was largely achieved thanks to the wide support its leader Narendra Modi received from the Indian electorate. The defeat of the Congress shows a deep and prolonged crisis in the party and the inability of the current representatives of the dynasty of Nehru-Gandhi to cope with it due to lack of political will and constructive ideas that meet the modern needs of the society. Numerous regional parties are still limited in scope, which narrows the chance of their political influence to the borders of one state and prevents the creation of a coalition that is ready to compete with the NDA and UPA. The key issue for Narendra Modi as Prime Minister will be the problem of development, economic growth and achievement of economic self-sufficiency – the slogan is highly attractive to the younger generation of voters. Being an explicit pragmatist, Modi is going to manage the country on the principle that if something does not serve the interests of India, especially the interests of economic growth, India would not do this. According to many experts, his government in the short and long term context will focus on such areas as agriculture, energy, law and order, administrative reform and international relations. Narendra Modi describes Russia as a "time-tested and reliable friend, who supported India in difficult periods of its history, and a major partner in building the foundations of India's defense capability." He intends to raise the Russian-Indian relations to a higher level and is looking for a meeting with V. Putin before the end of this year.
Metabolic, Organoleptic and Transcriptomic Impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Linear and Substituted Esters
Authors: Marullo Philippe , Trujillo Marine , Viannais Rémy , Hercman Lucas , Guillaumie Sabine , Colonna-Cecaldi Benoit , Albertin Warren , Barbe Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2021

Esters constitute a wide family of volatile compounds impacting the organoleptic properties of many beverages including wine and beer. They can be classified according to their chemical structure. Higher Alcohols Acetate differ from Fatty Acids Ethyl Esters whereas a third group, Substituted Ethyl Esters, contributes to the fruitiness of red wines. Derived from yeast metabolism, the biosynthesis of Higher Alcohols Acetates and Fatty Acids Ethyl Esters has been widely in-vestigated at the enzymatic and genetic level. In this work, we confirmed their effective contri-bution in the fruity perception in young red wines by evaluating the effect of their depletion by chemical and sensorial analyses. As previously reported, two pairs of esterases respectively en-coded by the paralogue genes (ATF1, ATF2) and (EEB1 and EHT1) are mostly involved in the bi-osynthesis of Acetate of Higher alcohols and Fatty Acids Ethyl Esters. However, those esterases have a moderate effect on the biosynthesis of Substituted Ethyl Esters that depends to another pair of genes, MGL2 and YJU3 encoding for mono-acyl lipases. These new findings complete our un-derstanding of esters metabolism in the context of wine alcoholic fermentation. In order to evaluate the sensorial impact of esters we attempted to produce a red wine without esters by generating a multiple deletion strain. Surprisingly, we failed to abolish all the esterase activities revealing unsuspected physiological consequences of ester biosynthesis routes. A preliminary RNA-seq analysis depicted the overall impact of the multiple deletion of ATF1, ATF2, EEB1 and EHT1 that triggers the expression shift of 1124 genes involved in nitrogen and lipid metabolism but also chromatin organization and histone acetylation, suggesting an unsuspected regulatory role of ester metabolism
Views of Community Pharmacists on Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Jordan: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Saleh Doaa , Abu Farha Rana , Mukattash Tareq , Barakat Muna , Alefishat Eman
Published: March 2021

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization issued a practical approach and Global Action Plan to control the threatening emerging antibacterial resistance. One of the main basis of this plan is the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASPs). This study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ awareness and perception towards antimicrobial resistance and ASPs in Jordan. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with twenty community pharmacists. Convienience sampling was used in the study. Qualitative analysis of the data yielded four themes and eleven sub-themes. All the respondents showed good understanding about the causes of antimicrobial resistance. The most important causes reported by them was the non-restricted prescription of antimicrobials. Most of the pharmacists believed that they are competent to provide ASPs, however, they believed that there are several barriers against the implementation of ASPs in community pharmacies in Jordan. Barriers demonstrated by the pharmacists, including organizational obstacles, resources obstacles, and personal obstacles. As a conclusion, this study revealed several barriers against the implementation of ASPs in community pharmacies in Jordan. Incorporating ASPs in the community pharmacy settings requires proper pharmacist training, several academic disciplines team efforts, and good pharmacy practice of antimicrobial guidelines.
Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids for Precision Oncology Treatment
Authors: Pernik Mark , Bird Cylaina , Traylor Jeffrey , Shi Diana , Richardson Timothy , McBrayer Samuel , Abdullah Kalil
Published: March 2021

The emergence of three-dimensional human organoids has opened the door for development of patient-derived cancer organoid (PDO) models, which closely recapitulate parental tumor tissue. Mainstays of preclinical cancer modeling include in vitro cell lines and patient-derived xenografts, but these models lack the cellular heterogeneity seen in human tumors. Moreover, xenograft establishment is resource- and time-intensive, rendering these models difficult to use to inform clinical trials and decisions. PDOs, however, can be created efficiently and retain tumor-specific properties such as cellular heterogeneity, cell-cell and cell-stromal interactions, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic responsiveness. PDO models and drug screening protocols have been described for several solid tumors and, more recently, for gliomas. Since PDOs can be developed in clinically relevant timeframes and share many characteristics of parent tumors, they may enhance the ability to provide precision oncologic care for patients. This review explores the current literature on cancer organoids, highlighting the history of PDO development, organoid models of glioma, and potential clinical applications of PDOs.
Patellofemoral Chondropathy Areas in Folk Dancers: An MRI Study
Authors: Aksu Neslihan , Atansay Vefa , Aksu Taner , Karalök Işık
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral chondropathy (PFC) is one of the most important causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome. PFC may occur as a result of anatomic reasons such as patellar malalignment and/or increased patellofemoral joint stresses. Most research on this subject has involved sports
injuries and anatomic variations. The literature is scarce on PFC related to the dance. METHODS: Fourteen dancers (14 knees, all male) were found to have PFC based on MRI evaluations and clinical examinations between January 2010 and December 2019 (3 dancers were excluded due to prior surgeries
of the knee). Age, sex, side of injury, range of motion, Q angle, types of dances, body mass index, and patellar specifics (alta, baja, Wiberg) were recorded for 11 dancers included in the study. We observed PFC at the femoral contact areas (FCA) and patellar contact areas (PCA) of Goodfellow
description. RESULTS: Chondral lesions were observed at Gooodfellow areas FCA-3 in 2 dancers, FCA-4 in 5 dancers, PCA-2 in 10 dancers, PCA-3 in 10 dancers, and PCA-4 in 9 dancers. CONCLUSION: Dance styles that include frequent deep flexions and strolling on a flexed knee joint may be risk
factors for chondral lesions in the contact area of the femur in male dancers.
Forecasting and Seismic Detection of Proglacial Debris Flows at Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA
Authors: Beason Scott R. , Legg Nicholas T. , Kenyon Taylor R. , Jost Robert P.
Published: March 2021

The glaciated Mount Rainier volcano in southwestern Washington State (United States) has a rich history of outburst floods and debris flows that have adversely impacted infrastructure at Mount Rainier National Park in the 20th and 21st centuries. Retreating glaciers leave behind vast amounts of unconsolidated till that is easily mobilized during high-precipitation-intensity storms in the fall months, and during outburst floods during warm summer months. Over 60 debris flows and outburst floods have been documented between 1926 and 2019 at Mount Rainier. Debris-flow activity has led to the closure of campgrounds and visitor destinations, which has limited visitor access to large swaths of the park. This paper documents efforts to characterize and seismically monitor debris flows, map hazards, and develop forecasting approaches for wet and dry weather debris flows. Using the day-of and historic antecedent weather conditions on past debris-flow days, we developed a debris-flow hazard model to help predict those days with a higher relative hazard for debris-flow activity park-wide based on prevailing and forecasted weather conditions. Debris flows are detected in near-real-time using the U.S. Geological Survey Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM) tool. If an event is detected, we can then provide evacuation alerts to employees and visitors working and recreating in the areas downstream. Our goal is to accurately forecast the debris-flow hazards up to 7 days ahead of time and then use RSAM to detect debris flows within minutes of their genesis.
Observations and Analyses of the 9 January 2018 Debris-Flow Disaster, Santa Barbara County, California
Authors: Lancaster Jeremy T. , Swanson Brian J. , Lukashov Stefani G. , Oakley Nina S. , Lee Jacob B. , Spangler Eleanor R. , Hernandez Janis L. , Olson Brian P. E. , DeFrisco Mike J. , Lindsay Donald N. , Schwartz Yonni J. , McCrea Solomon E. , Roffers Peter D. , Tran Christopher M.
Published: March 2021

The post–Thomas Fire debris flows of 9 January 2018 killed 23 people, damaged 558 structures, and caused severe damage to infrastructure in Montecito and Carpinteria, CA. U.S. Highway 101 was closed for 13 days, significantly impacting transportation and commerce in the region. A narrow cold frontal rain band generated extreme rainfall rates within the western burn area, triggering runoff-driven debris flows that inundated 5.6 km2 of coastal land in eastern Santa Barbara County. Collectively, this series of debris flows is comparable in magnitude to the largest documented post-fire debris flows in the state and cost over a billion dollars in debris removal and damages to homes and infrastructure. This study summarizes observations and analyses on the extent and magnitude of inundation areas, debris-flow velocity and volume, and sources of debris-flow material on the south flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Additionally, we describe the atmospheric conditions that generated intense rainfall and use precipitation data to compare debris-flow source areas with spatially associated peak 15 minute rainfall amounts. We then couple the physical characterization of the event with a compilation of debris-flow damages to summarize economic impacts.
Determination of Dynamic Limits for Rig Heave and Running Speed Based on Drilling Parameters, Well Data and Completion Tool Limitations - Case Studies
Authors: Gorski Dmitri , Kvernland Martin , Hals Knut , Blaaflat Margrethe , Ladenhauf Johannes , Aamo Ole Morten , Sangesland Sigbjørn
Published: March 2021

A novel method of utilizing simulations of surge and swab induced by floating rig heave is presented in this paper. The intended applications are in well planning and follow-up of drilling and completion operations. We focus on rig heave during drill pipe connections when the rig's heave compensator cannot be engaged. The method consists of: (1) estimating a dynamic, well- and operation-specific, rig heave limit based on surge & swab simulations at different depths in a well and (2) clearly communicating the dynamic rig heave limit to the rig crew and onshore organization as a simple metric. We present cases where this novel methodology has been tested during the drilling and completion of two offshore wells in Norway, and we elaborate on the operators’ view of the method's advantages. We conclude that complementing the traditional fixed rig-specific heave limit with the dynamic one that is based on the properties of the actual well and the actual drilling/completion parameters offers an opportunity to improve management of risks related to breaching well pressure margins or damaging downhole equipment and to reduce costs through reduction of weather-related non-productive time. We show that the dynamic rig heave limit may differ significantly from well to well and also throughout the same well depending on the kind of operation in the well, depth in the well, well geometry and other parameters related to well and operation properties. Our conclusion is that care should be taken when generalizing a maximum allowed rig heave value as is the industry practice today. The benefits of utilizing dynamic well-specific rig heave limit should be assessed during well planning for any well drilled and completed from a floating rig. Well planning software existing today does not offer this functionality.
Identifying Formation Creep – Ultrasonic Bond Logging Field Examples Validated by Full-Scale Reference Barrier Cell Experiments
Authors: Govil Amit , Nevoy Harald , Hovda Lars , Obando Palacio Guillermo A. , Kjeldaas Geir
Published: March 2021

As part of plug and abandonment (P&A) operations, several acceptance criteria need to be considered by operators to qualify barrier elements. In casing annuli, highly bonded material is occasionally found far above the theoretical top of cement. This paper aims to describe how the highly bonded material can be identified using a combination of ultrasonic logging data, validated with measurements in lab experiments using reference cells and how this, in combination with data from the well construction records. can contribute to lowering the costly toll of P&A operations.

Ultrasonic and sonic log data was acquired in several wells to assess the bond quality behind multiple casing sizes in an abandonment campaign. Data obtained from pulse-echo and flexural sensors was interactively analyzed with a cross-plotting technique to distinguish gas, liquid, barite, cement, and formation in the annular space. Within the methodology used, historical data on each well was considered as an integral part of the analysis. During the original well construction, either water-based or synthetic oil-based mud was used for drilling and cementing operations, and some formation intervals consistently showed high bonding signature under specific conditions, giving clear evidence of formation creep. Log data from multiple wells confirms formation behavior is influenced by the type of mud used during well construction.

The log data provided information of annulus material with a detailed map of the axial and azimuthal variations of the annulus contents. In some cases, log response showed a clear indication of formation creep, evidenced by a high bond quality around the production casing where cement cannot be present. Based on observations from multiple fields in the Norwegian continental shelf, a crossplot workflow has been designed to distinguish formation from cement as the potential barrier element. NORSOK D-010 has initial verification acceptance criteria both for annulus cement and creeping formation as a well barrier element, both involving bond logs; however, in the case of creeping formation it is more stringent stating that "two independent logging measurements/tools shall be applied." This paper aims to demonstrate how this can be done with confidence utilizing ultrasonic and sonic log data, validated against reference barrier cells (SPE-199578).

Logging responses like those gathered during full-scale experiment of reference barrier cells with known defects were observed in multiple wells in the field. Understanding the phenomenon of formation creep and its associated casing bond signature could have a massive impact on P&A operations. With a successful qualification of formation as an annulus barrier, significant cost and time savings can be achieved.
Reservoir Drilling, Completion and Breaker Fluid Qualification for Direct Injection Wells on the Johan Castberg Field – A Multi-Disciplinary Study to Secure Injectivity
Authors: Eliasson Charlotte , Braadland Ove , Kaarigstad Håvard , Mathisen Anne-Mette , Ibragimova Zalpato , Salmelid Bjarne
Published: March 2021

For the Johan Castberg field development project, injector wells are important for achieving high production and overall high recovery factors. Injectivity has become more important due to limitations in injection pressures and required control of fracture growth. Securing injectivity has been identified as one of the project’s main risks, making drill-in fluid and breaker fluid system qualification a vital parameter for success. Operational procedures and completion design also affect the effectiveness of breaker fluid placement and, thus, the overall injectivity of the well. In this paper, we present a cross-disciplinary systematic approach for the reservoir drill-in fluid and breaker fluid qualification to ensure injectivity in these wells.

Two wells were selected for covering the expected pressure and temperature range of the field in an environmentally sensitive area. Two independent fluid systems were designed, where the bridging material consisted of either sized salt particles or calcium carbonate particles. The open hole completion design has been optimized for an effective breaker fluid placement, using a modified gravel pack system with a wash pipe. The displacement sequence has been optimized for effective deployment. An extensive laboratory test matrix for both the reservoir drilling fluid (RDF) and breaker fluid system was established, including thorough analysis of the interaction between the deposited filter cake and the breaker fluid system. The RDF and breaker fluid formulation optimization was performed whilst keeping in mind the operational requirements and the well’s future injectivity

The presented results show successful qualification of two independent fluid and breaker fluid systems where filter cake breakthrough is achieved within the desired time frame. The fluid systems in combination with the lower completion design and operational procedures ensure maximal reservoir exposure of the breaker fluid solution and enable rapid deterioration of the filter cake.
How Close is Too Close? Saving Undrillable Slots Through Top-Hole Jetting and Drilling in Al-Shaheen Field, Offshore Qatar
Authors: Cousso Olivier , Bilal Ahmed , Sikal Anas , Momot Fabien , Cullen Matthew , Bejaoui Fakhreddine , El Abid Ammar , Aleshin Alexey
Published: March 2021

A new joint venture operator, established to take over an existing strategic producing field with ongoing drilling operations, took the opportunity to design a new collision avoidance standard, based on the latest WPTS (Wellbore Positioning Technical Section) probability method collision avoidance rules. This has been combined with an innovative execution approach to safely and successfully unlock slots on congested platforms and drill some of the most difficult well trajectories in this complex field from the very first well.

Al Shaheen field, offshore Qatar, is one of the most challenging fields worldwide in terms of collision avoidance. When drilling extended-reach wells from the last-remaining and most challenging slots, with top-hole separation as low as three feet centre-to-centre at the conductor pipe shoe, close collaboration with all parties is required to manage collision risk, minimise production loss, and ensure all well objectives are achieved. The execution strategy includes simple jetting and rotating BHA designs for 3D-profile trajectories, remote real-time monitoring including 24/7 survey QA/QC and validation, and mitigation through a decision-making matrix customised for the specific drilling challenges.

The platform configuration and challenges in the drilling environment are discussed, together with the theory of the selected collision avoidance rule and the resulting risk matrix. A brief review of why jetting is selected as the only allowable drilling technique in major risk situations plus the story of the evolution of Al Shaheen jetting BHAs follows. Finally, three case studies of top-hole operations describe the practical application of the techniques discussed. The selected case studies describe the jetting operation from the deepest CP (Conductor pipe), the deepest well jetted, and the first 23-in jetting operation carried out by the operator.

The combination of risk analysis through genuine probabilistic considerations, jetting operations, and appropriate oversight has been used successfully for more than two years and has allowed over twenty of the remaining, most challenging, slots to be saved, ensuring the assets are optimised in the ongoing economically-constrained environment.

The WPTS have now published their proposed industry-standard probability-based collision-avoidance rule. These case-history examples of a similar rule from extreme close-approach drilling will assist other operators considering uptake of the new guidelines, as will the risk matrix developed by the operator. In addition, the jetting technique used as a major mitigation factor is seldom used today in the industry and the lessons learned in jetting BHA design have already benefited another operator in the region.
Casing Exit in Expandable Liner Enables Operator to Avoid Redrilling 3,000-ft Hole Sections in Gulf
Authors: Emelander Tom , Muesel Justin , Carrington Casey
Published: March 2021

After a 13 3/8-in. expandable liner collapsed in a Gulf of Mexico ultradeepwater well, an operator considered a whipstock sidetrack, exiting as deep as possible to finish drilling and completion operations. Exiting the 16-in. casing, industry standards would have called for redrilling and casing an entire hole section. Exiting the expandable liner was an alternative option, but would require a unique solution to operate in the larger internal diameter (ID) and maintain the existing hole size.

The service provider created a fit-for-purpose solution to install a casing window in the 13.77-in. ID expandable liner. The standard casing exit system accommodates 13 3/8-in. casing through 14-in. casing and requires minimal modifications to anchor the actual concave assembly to support a 12.25-in. pilot window. Additional mill runs would then open the 12.25-in. pilot window to a full bore 13 1/2-in. outside diameter (OD) window. Despite never having performed an installation in this size of expandable liner, the provider had a run history for exits with similar modifications and extra trips to enlarge and elongate windows. Job challenges included thin-wall, channeled cement; limited flow rates because of liner pressure limits; equipment availability; and a short lead time.

The 11 1/2-in. OD assembly was quickly modified to enable the anchor engagement in the 13.77-in. ID liner. Within days the mills were dressed to the custom ODs required to enlarge the 12.25-in. pilot window to 13.50-in. On the first run, the whipstock was hydraulically set in the liner. Kickoff was achieved at 19,609-ft to cut a 27.5-ft window and ream a 45-ft rathole in 22 hours. The second bottom hole assembly (BHA) consisted of three mills with 12 1/2-in., 12 3/4-in., and 13-in. ODs. Milling and reaming took 6 hours. The third and final BHA to open the window to a 13 1/2-in. OD consisted of a 13 1/4-in. OD mill and two full-drift mills above. Milling and reaming with this BHA took 29 hours before coming back in with a motor assembly to drill ahead. This installation is the first sidetrack conducted with a whipstock in a 13 3/8-in. expandable.

This paper will show that it is possible to safely and reliably install a casing exit system in difficult applications, such as deep expandable liners, that might previously have been considered unfeasible. This approach provides an opportunity for the industry to significantly reduce non-productive time in such scenarios.
Determining Rig State from Computer Vision Analytics
Authors: Chatar Crispin , Suresha Suhas , Shao Laetitia , Gupta Soumya , Roychoudhury Indranil
Published: March 2021

For years, many companies involved with drilling have searched for the ideal method to calculate the state of a drilling rig. While companies cannot agree on a standard definition of "rig state," they can agree that as we move forward in drilling optimization and with further use of remote operations and automation, that rig state calculation is mandatory in one form or the other. Internally in the service company, many methods exist for calculating rig state, but one new technology area holds promise to deliver a more efficient and cost-effective option with higher accuracy. This technology involves vision analytics. Currently, detection algorithms rely heavily on data collected by sensors installed on the rig. However, relying exclusively on sensor data is problematic because sensors are prone to failure and are expensive to maintain and install. By proposing a machine learning model that relies exclusively on videos collected on the rig floor to infer rig states, it is possible to move away from the existing methods as the industry moves to a future of high-tech rigs. Videos, in contrast to sensor data, are relatively easy to collect from small inexpensive cameras installed at strategic locations.

Consequently, this paper presents machine learning pipeline that is implemented to perform rig state determination from videos captured on the rig floor of an operating rig. The pipeline can be described in two parts. Firstly, the annotation pipeline matches each frame of the video dataset to a rig state. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to match the time of the video with corresponding sensor data. Secondly, additional CNNs are trained, capturing both spatial and temporal information, to extract an estimation of rig state from videos. The models are trained on a dataset of 3 million frames on a cloud platform using graphics processing units (GPU). Some of the models used include a pretrained visual geometry group (VGG) network, a convolutional three-dimensional (C3D) model that used three-dimensional (3D) convolutions, and a two-stream model that uses optical flow to capture temporal information. The initial results demonstrate this pipeline to be effective in detecting rig states using computer vision analytics.