bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cause or consequence? Exploring the role of phenotypic plasticity and genetic polymorphism in the emergence of phenotypic spatial patterns of the European eel
Authors: Mateo Maria , Lambert Patrick , Tetard Stéphane , Castonguay Martin , Ernande Bruno , Drouineau Hilaire
Published: November 2016

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla), and generally, temperate eels, are relevant species for studying adaptive mechanisms to environmental variability because of their large distribution areas and their limited capacity of local adaptation. In this context, GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model, was developed to explore the role of adaptive phenotypic plasticity and genetic-dependent habitat selection, in the emergence of observed spatial life-history traits patterns for eels. Results suggest that an interaction of genetically and environmentally controlled growth may be the basis for genotype-dependent habitat selection, whereas plasticity plays a role in changes in life-history traits and demographic attributes. Therefore, this suggests that those mechanisms are responses to address environmental heterogeneity. Moreover, this brings new elements to explain the different life strategies of males and females. A sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters associated with the optimization of fitness and growth genotype were crucial in reproducing the spatial life-history patterns. Finally, it raises the question of the impact of anthropogenic pressures that can cause direct mortalities but also modify demographic traits and act as a selection pressure.
On the equivalence and non-equivalence of Dirac and Faddeev–Jackiw formalisms for constrained systems
Authors: Ramos J.
Published: November 2016

We present a comparative analysis between the Dirac method and the original Faddeev–Jackiw formalism for constrained systems, such as Dirac free field, Proca model, electromagnetism coupled to matter, and source-free Maxwell field. We establish the possible differences between the approaches and show that they are not completely equivalent.
Photoionization of the francium 7P3/2 state
Authors: Collister R. , Zhang J. , Tandecki M. , Aubin S. , Gomez E. , Gwinner G. , Orozco L.A. , Pearson M.R. , Behr J.A.
Published: November 2016

We have measured the non-resonant photoionization cross section of the 7P3/2 state of francium for 442 nm light to be 20.8 ± 7.1 Mb. Atoms were irradiated in a magneto-optical trap, and we deduce the photoionization rate from the change in trap lifetime. The result is consistent with a simple extrapolation of known cross sections for other alkali atoms.
Laboratory transition probabilities for studies of nucleosynthesis of Fe-group elements1
Authors: Lawler J.E. , Sneden C. , Cowan J.J. , Den Hartog E.A. , Wood M.P.
Published: November 2016

The synthesis of iron (Fe-) group elements was different in the early Galaxy than it is today. Measurements of the relative Fe-group elemental abundances in old metal-poor stars yield information on the Galactic chemical evolution and some information on early supernovae (SNe). Improved laboratory data on transition probabilities is essential to this effort. It is also essential to understand and map the limits of standard photospheric models based on one-dimensional and local thermodynamic equilibrium approximations.
DOES FISCAL DEFICIT CROWD OUT PRIVATE CORPORATE SECTOR INVESTMENT IN INDIA?
Authors: MOHANTY RANJAN KUMAR
Published: November 2016

This paper examines the impact of fiscal deficit and its financing pattern on private corporate sector investment in India, for the period from 1970–1971 to 2012–2013. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Models, the study finds that fiscal deficit crowds out private investment both in the long run and in the short run. The results also show that internal (domestic) financing of fiscal deficit has significant negative impact on private investment but external (foreign) financing of fiscal deficit has insignificant effect. In the short run, availability of bank credit plays a more important role in investment decision making than the rate of interest in India. The study suggests that government should maintain the fiscal deficit within a sustainable level by reducing its unnecessary non-developmental expenditure, subsidies etc. The government should restructure its financing pattern of fiscal deficit since internal financing has a significant negative impact on private investment.
A Decision Model for Berth Allocation Under Uncertainty Considering Service Level Using an Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Liu Changchun , Xiang Xi , Zhang Canrong , Zheng Li
Published: November 2016

This paper focuses on the berth allocation problem, which is to determine where and when the vessels to be loaded and unloaded at a terminal within a given planning horizon, with consideration of uncertain factors, mainly including the arrival and operation time of the calling vessels. Based on the concept of service level which is commonly used in the inventory system, a decision model is constructed to minimize the cost of baseline schedule, which includes delay cost and nonoptimal berthing location cost. According to the specific characteristics of the model, the upper and lower bounds are found. And due to the NP-hardness of the constructed model, an adaptive differential evolution is employed to solve the problem. Finally, extensive numerical experiments are conducted to test the performance of the proposed models and solution approaches.
Non-equilibrium steady states of a Markov generator of weak coupling limit type modeling absorption-emission of m and n photons
Authors: Cruz-de la Rosa Marco A. , Quezada Roberto
Published: November 2016

We study detailed balance and non-equilibrium steady states of a Markov generator of weak coupling limit type, modeling absorption and simultaneous emission of [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-photons, with [Formula: see text]. In the case [Formula: see text], under natural constraints on the absorption and emission rates, there exist infinitely many non-equilibrium steady states which are convex linear combination of even and odd states.
Some cohomogeneity one Einstein–Randers metrics on 4-manifolds
Authors: Deng Shaoqiang , Li Jifu
Published: November 2016

The Page metric on [Formula: see text] is a cohomogeneity one Einstein–Riemannian metric, and is the only known cohomogeneity one Einstein–Riemannian metric on compact [Formula: see text]-manifolds. It has been a long standing problem whether there exists another cohomogeneity one Einstein–Riemannian metric on [Formula: see text]-manifolds. In this paper, we construct some examples of cohomogeneity one Einstein–Randers metrics on simply connected 4-manifolds. This shows that, although cohomogeneity one Einstein–Riemmian 4-manifolds are rare, non-Riemannian examples may exist at large.
COLLABORATION CAPABILITY IN VIRTUAL TEAMS: EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE ON DIVERSITY AND INNOVATION
Authors: BATARSEH FADI S. , USHER JOHN M. , DASPIT JOSHUA J.
Published: November 2016

Virtual teams are being increasingly utilised in industry given their ability to bring together diverse knowledge and experience from individuals who are not geographically proximal. Having a diversity of knowledge within virtual teams is noted to benefit innovation outcomes; however, leveraging the benefits of diversity (both deep and functional-level) is likely to require a capability to facilitate collaboration among team members. In this study, we empirically validate a measure of collaboration capability (CCAP) and examine its role in enhancing the benefits of diversity on innovation within virtual teams. Using a sample of 375 design and software engineers working in virtual teams from a high-tech firm in Silicon Valley, we find that CCAP significantly moderates the relationship between functional-level diversity and innovation, but no significant influence is found for a similar moderating influence on deep-level diversity and innovation. The implications for the study of virtual teams are discussed and recommendations are offered for organisations using virtual teams.
A Comparative Study of Adaptive Order Tracking Techniques for Rotating Machinery Analysis: Computer Experiments and Practical Implementations
Authors: Veljković Dejan Ž. , Todorović Petar M.
Published: November 2016

This paper presents and investigates recursive order tracking (OT) techniques based on the least mean-square (LMS) method and the Vold–Kalman (VK) algorithm with a one pole structural equation, both of which could be realized as real-time applications. Additionally, for comparisons, two common adaptive OT filters are considered: the recursive least-squares (RLS) method and the VK algorithm with a two pole structural equation. The numerical implementations of the considered methods, through simulations on a representative noisy synthetic signal, including both close and crossing orders spectral components, are performed. The results indicate a possible degradation in the tracking performance of the RLS algorithm and the effectiveness of the simple LMS method, as well as both considered VK algorithms, for OT and distinguishing. The influence of the sampling frequency on the choosing of a weighting factor for the VK recursive OT filters is further investigated to extend the guidelines from the literature for using these methods. Two examples of practical implementations of the considered recursive OT methods are given: (i) the separation of the crossing orders arising in the laboratory test bench of the two unbalanced rotors rotating at independent frequencies and (ii) the one engineering application of fault diagnosis in the massive reduction gear on an excavator with a cable crowd, based on the distinguishing and separation of close orders. The experimental results justify the implementation of the proposed techniques as OT tools in industrial applications.
Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases in Homologous Recombination
Authors: McVey Mitch , Khodaverdian Varandt Y. , Meyer Damon , Cerqueira Paula Gonçalves , Heyer Wolf-Dietrich
Published: November 2016

Homologous recombination (HR) is a central process to ensure genomic stability in somatic cells and during meiosis. HR-associated DNA synthesis determines in large part the fidelity of the process. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that DNA synthesis during HR is conservative, less processive, and more mutagenic than replicative DNA synthesis. In this review, we describe mechanistic features of DNA synthesis during different types of HR-mediated DNA repair, including synthesis-dependent strand annealing, break-induced replication, and meiotic recombination. We highlight recent findings from diverse eukaryotic organisms, including humans, that suggest both replicative and translesion DNA polymerases are involved in HR-associated DNA synthesis. Our focus is to integrate the emerging literature about DNA polymerase involvement during HR with the unique aspects of these repair mechanisms, including mutagenesis and template switching.
Long-term high-fat diet induces hippocampal microvascular insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Fu Zhuo , Wu Jing , Nesil Tanseli , Li Ming D. , Aylor Kevin W. , Liu Zhenqi
Published: November 2016

Insulin action on hippocampus improves cognitive function, and obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with decreased cognitive function. Cerebral microvasculature plays a critical role in maintaining cerebral vitality and function by supplying nutrients, oxygen, and hormones such as insulin to cerebral parenchyma, including hippocampus. In skeletal muscle, insulin actively regulates microvascular opening and closure, and this action is impaired in the insulin-resistant states. To examine insulin’s action on hippocampal microvasculature and parenchyma and the impact of diet-induced obesity, we determined cognitive function and microvascular insulin responses, parenchyma insulin responses, and capillary density in the hippocampus in 2- and 8-mo-old rats on chow diet and 8-mo-old rats on a long-term high-fat diet (6 mo). Insulin infusion increased hippocampal microvascular perfusion in rats on chow diet by ~80–90%. High-fat diet feeding completely abolished insulin-mediated microvascular responses and protein kinase B phosphorylation but did not alter the capillary density in the hippocampus. This was associated with a significantly decreased cognitive function assessed using both the two-trial spontaneous alternation behavior test and the novel object recognition test. As the microvasculature provides the needed endothelial surface area for delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and insulin to hippocampal parenchyma, we conclude that hippocampal microvascular insulin resistance may play a critical role in the development of cognitive impairment seen in obesity and diabetes. Our results suggest that improvement in hippocampal microvascular insulin sensitivity might help improve or reverse cognitive function in the insulin-resistant states.
Airborne Infectious Agents and Other Pollutants in Automobiles for Domestic Use: Potential Health Impacts and Approaches to Risk Mitigation
Authors: Sattar Syed A. , Wright Kathryn E. , Zargar Bahram , Rubino Joseph R. , Ijaz M. Khalid
Published: November 2016

The world total of passenger cars is expected to go from the current one billion to >2.5 billion by 2050. Cars for domestic use account for ~74% of the world’s yearly production of motorized vehicles. In North America, ~80% of the commuters use their own car with another 5.6% travelling as passengers. With the current life-expectancy of 78.6 years, the average North American spends 4.3 years driving a car! This equates to driving 101 minutes/day with a lifetime driving distance of nearly 1.3 million km inside the confined and often shared space of the car with exposure to a mix of potentially harmful pathogens, allergens, endotoxins, particulates, and volatile organics. Such risks may increase in proportion to the unprecedented upsurge in the numbers of family cars globally. Though new technologies may reduce the levels of air pollution from car exhausts and other sources, they are unlikely to impact our in-car exposure to pathogens. Can commercial in-car air decontamination devices reduce the risk from airborne infections and other pollutants? We lack scientifically rigorous protocols to verify the claims of such devices. Here we discuss the essentials of a customized aerobiology facility and test protocols to assess such devices under field-relevant conditions.
Pinoresinol Diglucoside Alleviates oxLDL‐Induced Dysfunction in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Yao Jinpeng , Zou Zhipeng , Wang Xiangfen , Ji Xiaoping , Yang Jun
Published: November 2016

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Deposition of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is one of the initiators and promoters of atherosclerosis. Eucommia lignans were shown to possess antihypertensive effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pinoresinol diglucoside (PD), a Eucommia lignan, on oxLDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction. HUVECs were treated with oxLDL and/or PD followed by assessing radical oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, nitrogen oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with specific assays kits, mRNA levels with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and protein levels with western blot. PD abolished oxLDL‐induced ROS and MDA production, apoptosis, upregulation of lectin‐like oxidized LDL recptor‐1 (LOX‐1), intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B‐cells (NF‐κB), and activation of p38MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinases)/NF‐κB signaling. Meanwhile, PD alleviated oxLDL‐caused inhibition of SOD activity, eNOS expression, and NO production. These data demonstrated that PD was effective in protecting endothelial cells from oxLDL‐caused injuries, which guarantees further investigation on the clinical benefits of PD on cardiovascular diseases.
Physical Metallurgy of Modern Creep-Resistant Steel for Steam Power Plants: Microstructure and Phase Transformations
Authors: Igwemezie V. C. , Ugwuegbu C. C. , Mark U.
Published: November 2016

The fact that the microstructure of steel depends on its composition and the heat treatment given to it has been heavily exploited in the design of steel for power plant applications. To obtain a steel that can function at the higher temperature where power plants operate without failure for extended life, heat treatment is needed to produce fine and highly stable dispersion of carbides, nitrides, and intermetallic compounds in the microstructure of the material. A significant contribution also comes from solid solution strengthening by substitutional solutes. We review here various types of phases, microstructures, functions, and interacting effects of the various alloying elements in the design of steel for modern power plant application.
Mass Spectrometry of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Johánek Viktor , Ostroverkh Anna , Fiala Roman , Rednyk Andrii , Matolín Vladimír
Published: November 2016

The chemical analysis of processes inside fuel cells under operating conditions in either direct or inverted (electrolysis) mode and their correlation with potentiostatic measurements is a crucial part of understanding fuel cell electrochemistry. We present a relatively simple yet powerful experimental setup for online monitoring of the fuel cell exhaust (of either cathode or anode side) downstream by mass spectrometry. The influence of a variety of parameters (composition of the catalyst, fuel type or its concentration, cell temperature, level of humidification, mass flow rate, power load, cell potential, etc.) on the fuel cell operation can be easily investigated separately or in a combined fashion. We demonstrate the application of this technique on a few examples of low-temperature (70°C herein) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (both alcohol- and hydrogen-fed) subjected to a wide range of conditions.
Discontinuous Deformation Analysis Coupling with Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods for Contact Simulations
Authors: Sun Yue , Feng Xiangchu , Xiao Jun , Wang Ying
Published: November 2016

A novel coupling scheme is presented to combine the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) and the interior penalty Galerkin (IPG) method for the modeling of contacts. The simultaneous equilibrium equations are assembled in a mixed strategy, where the entries are derived from both discontinuous Galerkin variational formulations and the strain energies of DDA contact springs. The contact algorithms of the DDA are generalized for element contacts, including contact detection criteria, open-close iteration, and contact submatrices. Three representative numerical examples on contact problems are conducted. Comparative investigations on the results obtained by our coupling scheme, ANSYS, and analytical theories demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Paper on Designing Costless THz Paper Optics
Authors: Siemion A. , Kostrowiecki-Lopata P. , Pindur A. , Zagrajek P. , Sypek M.
Published: November 2016

Designing diffractive optical elements is crucial for efficient development of THz techniques. Here, we consider paper structures and we analyze their advantages and disadvantages in fast prototyping. The discussion about using material parameters like refractive index and absorption coefficient in designing diffractive optical elements is shown. We analyze the influence of phase step mismatch, of attenuation of real structure, and of nonuniform illumination on the efficiency of the structure. All these features result in worsening of the diffraction efficiency but they do not seem to have such significant influence as shadow effect introduced by fast varying zones. Diffractive elements can be designed with very good accordance with experimental results which makes them ideal for possible applications. Paper optics scan be used more for fast prototyping; nevertheless its performance can be increased by placing it inside water protecting foil.
Dosimetric Improvements with a Novel Breast Stereotactic Radiotherapy Device for Delivery of Preoperative Partial-Breast Irradiation
Authors: Snider III James W. , Mutaf Yildirim , Nichols Elizabeth , Hall Andrea , Vadnais Patrick , Regine William F. , Feigenberg Steven J.
Published: November 2016

Objective: Partial-breast irradiation (PBI) with external-beam radiotherapy has produced higher than expected rates of fair-to-poor cosmesis. Worsened outcomes have been correlated with larger volumes of breast tissue exposed to radiation. A novel breast-specific stereotactic radiotherapy (BSRT) device (BSRTD) has been developed at our institution and has shown promise in delivering highly conformal dose distributions. We compared normal tissue sparing with this device with that achieved with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)-PBI. Methods: Fifteen women previously treated with breast conservation therapy were enrolled on an institutional review board-approved protocol. Each of them underwent CT simulation in the prone position using the BSRTD-specific immobilization system. Simulated postoperative and preoperative treatment volumes were generated based on surgical bed/clip position. Blinded planners generated IMRT-PBI plans and BSRT plans for each set of volumes. These plans were compared based on clinically validated markers for cosmetic outcome and toxicity using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: The BSRT plans consistently reduced the volumes receiving each of several dose levels (Vx) to breast tissue, the chest wall, the lung, the heart, and the skin in both preoperative and postoperative settings (p < 0.05). Preoperative BSRT yielded particularly dramatic improvements. Conclusion: The novel BSRTD has demonstrated significant dosimetric benefits over IMRT-PBI. Further investigation is currently proceeding through initial clinical trials.
Timing of Hormone Withdrawal in Children Undergoing 131I Whole-Body Scans for Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Turpin Sophie , Lambert Raymond , Deal Cheri
Published: November 2016

Background: Little objective pediatric data exist to guide the optimal time needed to achieve thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels ≥30 μIU/mL prior to performing 131I or 123I whole-body scan (WBS) imaging in children with thyroid cancer in the post-thyroidectomy period or after hormone discontinuation. Methods: Retrospective study of patients aged 5-19 years who underwent WBS. Patient data collection included type and duration of withdrawal (liothyronine [L-T3], levothyroxine [L-T4], or post-thyroidectomy status without hormonal replacement) and TSH measured prior to WBS (level and timing). Results: A total of 175 TSH level measurements were performed in 68 patients. Thirty-five TSH values were obtained 2-7 weeks postoperatively and 101 values were obtained 2-8 weeks post L-T4 withdrawal. One patient in each group had a TSH level <30 μIU/mL. There was no difference in TSH levels between 3 weeks and 4 weeks postoperatively (p = 0.14) or post L-T4 cessation (p = 0.21). Thirty-nine TSH measurements were obtained 1-28 days post L-T3 withdrawal. Three patients had to be rescheduled due to inadequate TSH levels, including one after 14 days L-T3 withdrawal. Conclusion: TSH levels ≥30 μIU/mL were achieved at 3 weeks post thyroidectomy or after L-T4 withdrawal and after at least 2 weeks following L-T3 cessation.
The IMPACT Study (Influence of Sensor-Equipped Microcatheters on Coronary Hemodynamics and the Accuracy of Physiological Indices of Functional Stenosis Severity)
Authors: Wijntjens Gilbert W.M. , van de Hoef Tim P. , Kraak Robin P. , Beijk Marcel A. , Sjauw Krischan D. , Vis M. Marije , Madera Cambero Maribel I. , Brinckman Stijn L. , Plomp Jacobus , Baan Jan , Koch Karel T. , Wykrzykowska Joanna J. , Henriques José P. , de Winter Robbert J. , Piek Jan J.
Published: November 2016

Background—

The Navvus pressure sensor–equipped microcatheter allows to measure functional stenosis severity over a work-horse guidewire and is used as a more feasible alternative to regular sensor-equipped wires. However, Navvus is larger in diameter than contemporary sensor-equipped guidewires and may, thereby, influence functional measurements. The present study evaluates the hemodynamic influence of the Navvus microcatheter.

Methods and Results—

In patients with intermediate coronary stenosis, coronary pressure and flow velocity were measured using a dual sensor–equipped guidewire before and after introduction of Navvus. Patients were randomized to microcatheter-first or guidewire-first measurement. The primary end point was the difference in hyperemic stenosis resistance index between measurements before and after introduction of Navvus. Measurements were completed in 28 patients (28 stenoses). Mean hyperemic stenosis resistance was 0.37±0.19 Hg/cm/s for wire-only assessment and 0.48±0.26 Hg/cm/s after Navvus introduction (
P
<0.001). Bland–Altman analysis documented a mean bias of +0.11 Hg/cm/s (limits of agreement: −0.13 to 0.36), proportional to mean hyperemic stenosis resistance (Spearman ρ =0.61;
P
=0.001). Passing–Bablok analysis revealed absence of a constant difference but significant proportional difference between the methods. Mean fractional flow reserve was 0.86±0.06 for wire-only assessment and 0.82±0.07 after Navvus introduction (
P
<0.001). Bland–Altman analysis documented a mean bias of −0.033 (limits of agreement: −0.09 to 0.03), proportional to mean fractional flow reserve (Spearman ρ =0.40;
P
=0.036). Passing–Bablok analysis revealed significant constant and proportional differences between methods. Similar results were documented for resting indices of stenosis severity.

Conclusions—

Introduction of the Navvus microcatheter leads to clinically relevant stenosis severity overestimation in intermediate stenosis.
Coagulation Testing in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Taking Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Purrucker Jan C. , Haas Kirsten , Rizos Timolaos , Khan Shujah , Poli Sven , Kraft Peter , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Dziewas Rainer , Binder Andreas , Palm Frederick , Jander Sebastian , Soda Hassan , Heuschmann Peter U. , Veltkamp Roland , Dichgans M. , Gröschel K. , Eicke M. , Ertl M. , Hennerici M. G. , Hobohm C. , Höhle T. , Jüttler E. , Khaw A. , Kraft A. , Köhrmann M. , Meisel F. , Neumann-Haefelin T. , Opherk C. , Röther J. , Schmid E. , Seidel G. , Tanislav C. , Thomalla G. , Wartenberg K. , Weimar C.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

In patients who present with acute ischemic stroke while on treatment with non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), coagulation testing is necessary to confirm the eligibility for thrombolytic therapy. We evaluated the current use of coagulation testing in routine clinical practice in patients who were on NOAC treatment at the time of acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

Prospective multicenter observational RASUNOA registry (Registry of Acute Stroke Under New Oral Anticoagulants; February 2012–2015). Results of locally performed nonspecific (international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time) and specific (antifactor Xa tests, hemoclot assay) coagulation tests were documented. The implications of test results for thrombolysis decision-making were explored.

Results—

In the 290 patients enrolled, nonspecific coagulation tests were performed in ≥95% and specific coagulation tests in 26.9% of patients. Normal values of activated partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio did not reliably rule out peak drug levels at the time of the diagnostic tests (false-negative rates 11%–44% [95% confidence interval 1%–69%]). Twelve percent of patients apparently failed to take the prescribed NOAC prior to the acute event. Only 5.7% (9/159) of patients in the 4.5-hour time window received thrombolysis, and NOAC treatment was documented as main reason for not administering thrombolysis in 52.7% (79/150) of patients.

Conclusions—

NOAC treatment currently poses a significant barrier to thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. Because nonspecific coagulation test results within normal range have a high false-negative rate for detection of relevant drug concentrations, rapid drug-specific tests for thrombolysis decision-making should be established.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01850797.
Global Enhancement but Local Suppression in Feature-based Attention
Authors: Forschack Norman , Andersen Søren K. , Müller Matthias M.
Published: November 2016

A key property of feature-based attention is global facilitation of the attended feature throughout the visual field. Previously, we presented superimposed red and blue randomly moving dot kinematograms (RDKs) flickering at a different frequency each to elicit frequency-specific steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) that allowed us to analyze neural dynamics in early visual cortex when participants shifted attention to one of the two colors. Results showed amplification of the attended and suppression of the unattended color as measured by SSVEP amplitudes. Here, we tested whether the suppression of the unattended color also operates globally. To this end, we presented superimposed flickering red and blue RDKs in the center of a screen and a red and blue RDK in the left and right periphery, respectively, also flickering at different frequencies. Participants shifted attention to one color of the superimposed RDKs in the center to discriminate coherent motion events in the attended from the unattended color RDK, whereas the peripheral RDKs were task irrelevant. SSVEP amplitudes elicited by the centrally presented RDKs confirmed the previous findings of amplification and suppression. For peripherally located RDKs, we found the expected SSVEP amplitude increase, relative to precue baseline when color matched the one of the centrally attended RDK. We found no reduction in SSVEP amplitude relative to precue baseline, when the peripheral color matched the unattended one of the central RDK, indicating that, while facilitation in feature-based attention operates globally, suppression seems to be linked to the location of focused attention.
Reorientating European Imperialism: How Ottomanism Went Global
Authors: Blumi Isa
Published: November 2016

Scholars have long studied Western imperialism through the prism of pre-World War I literature and journalism. Characterizing this literature as Orientalist has become programmatic and predictable. The sometimes rigid analysis of this literature often misses, however, the contested dynamics within. This is especially the case with analyses of Ottoman contributions to the rise of a Western colonialist ethos – orientalism, imperialism, and racism – reflecting the political, structural, and economic changes that directly impacted the world. Essentially, colonial pretensions – servicing the ambitions of European imperialism at the expense of peoples in the ‘Orient’ – were articulated at a time when patriotic Ottomans, among others, were pushing back against colonialism. This article explores the possibility that such a response, usefully framed as Ottomanism, contributed regularly to the way peoples interacted in the larger context of a contentious exchange between rival imperialist projects. What is different here is that some articulations of Ottomanism were proactive rather than reactive. In turn, some of the Orientalism that has become synonymous with studies about the relationship between Europe, the Americas, and the peoples “East of the Urals” may have been a response to these Ottomanist gestures.
Migrants to Citizens: An Evaluation of the Expansionist Features of Hamidian Ottomanism, 1876–1909
Authors: Akcasu A. Ebru
Published: November 2016

Hamidian Ottomanism (1876–1906) evolved by official design into a nationalist ideology with expansionist ambitions. In analyzing established evaluations of self-legitimating Sunni-Ottoman exclusivist policies in reference to the regime’s interactions with domestic and potential (non-refugee, Muslim) migrants, it becomes evident that this formulation was not a singular narrative composed of two symbiotic components, but was instead bifurcated into distinct discourses. The merging of the two in the state’s dialogue with native, Sunni Muslims blurs the fact that the Hamidian state pro­pa-gated Ottomanism in two spheres: territorial and extraterritorial (natural-born Sunni Ottomans were members both of the territorial nation and of the extraterritorial umma, and thus recipients of both discourses). The ‘Ottoman’ component of ‘Sunni-Ottoman’ exclusivism took precedence over territorial migrants. In the process of the state’s rationalization, the Nationality Law of 1869 had equalized access to membership; the generic Ottoman national was ethno-religiously neutral and did not have a race or creed. The utilization of divine appeal and caliphal authority was, instead, essential to extraterritorial Ottomanism, which prepared the government for immigration without necessarily soliciting it. When this Ottomanism did engender the mobilization and relocation of ideological adherents, however, in the final act of naturalization, national interest outranked all other allegiances, thus exposing ‘Ottomanism’ as the sole ‘exclusivity’ enforced by the Hamidian regime in the rational, domestic field.
Does (Not) Nature Itself Teach You?
Authors: Green Chris E.W.
Published: November 2016

This article explores the theological and pastoral significance of a notoriously troubled and troubling text, 1 Corinthians 11:2–16, asking what this text’s difficulties have to teach us about the purpose of Scripture in the church’s life of worship and witness. It does so, first, by an explication of the text’s “literal sense,” and then by examination of its effective history, especially as exemplified in the works of John Chrysostom, Thomas Aquinas, John Calvin, and Karl Barth. This, in turn, leads to a brief survey of various modern interpretations, such as those offered by Gordon Fee, William Webb, and Lucy Peppiatt. Finally, the article turns to the construction of a possible alternative reading, one that is hopefully better fitted to pentecostal spirituality and theology and, just for that reason, also holds ecumenical promise.
Pentecostals and the World
Authors: Wilkinson Michael
Published: November 2016

This article raises a number of theoretical and methodological issues for studying global Pentecostalism. More specifically, it examines a range of internal debates among Pentecostals about the nature of orthodoxy, orthopraxy, and orthopathy, including related questions about authority and authenticity. The argument maintained in this article is that globalization and the development of global society is uneven and all religions, including Pentecostalism, are attempting to come to terms with the meaning of social change and the role of religion. This can be observed through a range of social interactions, such as those among Pentecostals about the process of social change, the nature of global society, and the role of religion. A number of cases are presented to examine these cultural debates among Pentecostals, including a discussion of the implications for Pentecostal scholarship. The article concludes with a series of methodological questions for scholars of Pentecostalism.
What Has Mercersburg to Do with Azusa?
Authors: Bradnick David
Published: November 2016

Pentecostalism and Mercersburg theology may appear to have little in common with one another. Pentecostalism primarily started as a grassroots movement among underprivileged Christians within the Holiness tradition, while Mercersburg theology was a cosmopolitan school of thought that emerged from within the ivory tower of Reform academia. These two movements possess strong socioeconomic, theological, and practical differences, and some may answer that they have little common ground. After all, until now Pentecostalism and Mercersburg theology have existed and thrived in relative seclusion from each other. This essay, however, initiates a dialogue between these two movements. I propose that numerous similarities exist between Pentecostalism and Mercersburg theology. Furthermore, a consideration of their theological distinctives may act as a catalyst for fruitful interaction.
Private Wealth, Philanthropy, and Social Development
Authors: Barchi Francis , Deng Guosheng , Huang Chien-Chung , Isles Carolyn , Vikse Juliann
Published: November 2016

Growing income inequality has created excessive barriers to social mobility for the poor. Charitable giving by the wealthy can reduce the societal effects of the income gap by reinvestment in public goods such as education. We apply the cipp model to investigate the role of philanthropy in advancing educational opportunities in the United States and China, using historical and contemporary cases of individual philanthropists. The findings suggest that the cases reviewed in this study created mechanisms by which to contribute to social development in their respective countries. Government policies play a key role in philanthropic development, particularly in China. It is important to continue to foster a supportive environment for the sector to grow, which may include expanding tax incentives, emphasizing performance-based funding, and eliminating administrative barriers. In short, educational philanthropy holds great promise for reducing opportunity gaps and economic inequality, by providing the key to success for future generations.
A Multialgorithm Reanalysis-Based Freezing-Precipitation Dataset for Climate Studies in the South-Central United States
Authors: Mullens Esther D. , McPherson Renee
Published: November 2016

Freezing precipitation, including freezing rain, freezing drizzle, and ice pellets, presents substantial hazards to transportation, energy, and infrastructure. Most quantitative climate-length (>30 years) datasets for freezing precipitation are obtained from in situ instrumentation, such as National Weather Service (NWS) automated observing systems or the NWS Cooperative Observer Program, that can be spatially and temporally inhomogeneous. This work investigates whether the 32-km North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) is a viable dataset for developing a comprehensive and high-resolution spatially gridded dataset for freezing precipitation and its associated meteorological environment, with a focus on the south-central United States. NARR includes categorical precipitation type as a variable; to permit a translatable method across other gridded multidimensional reanalyses, however, a multialgorithm approach is also used to extract environmental conditions, event counts, and liquid water equivalent (LWE) for freezing precipitation, defined as total accumulated freezing rain and ice pellets. The resulting datasets are evaluated spatially and temporally against hourly and daily event counts and LWE compiled from 13 first-order NWS stations, the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Data product, and “meteorological phenomena identification near the ground” (mPING) observations. Very good statistical agreement is evident for many of the station sites, and NARR is able, in most cases, to reproduce years with heavy-ice events and the spatial extent of such events. Climatological freezing precipitation tends to be underestimated in the western subdomain and overestimated in the south. It is concluded that the derived datasets could be a useful tool for climatological research and hazard analysis, with some caveats.
Droplet Concentration and Spectral Broadening in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Snider Jefferson R. , Leon David , Wang Zhien
Published: November 2016

Several airborne field experiments have been conducted to verify model descriptions of cloud droplet activation. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and updraft are inputs to a parcel model that predicts droplet concentration and droplet size distributions (spectra). Experiments conducted within cumulus clouds have yielded the most robust agreement between model and observation. Investigations of stratocumulus clouds are more varied, in part because of the difficulty of gauging the effects of entrainment and drizzle on droplet concentration and spectra. Airborne lidar is used here to supplement the approach used in prior studies of droplet activation in stratocumulus clouds.

A model verification study was conducted using data acquired during the Southern Hemispheric VAMOS Ocean–Cloud–Aerosol–Land Study Regional Experiment. Consistency between observed and modeled droplet concentrations is achieved, but only after accounting for the effects of entrainment and drizzle on concentrations produced by droplet activation. In addition, predicted spectral dispersions are 74% of the measured dispersions following correction for instrument broadening. This result is consistent with the conjecture that differential activation (at cloud base) and internal mixing (i.e., mixing without entrainment) are important drivers of true spectral broadening.
Lidar Method to Estimate Emission Rates from Extended Sources
Authors: Willis William B. , Eichinger William E. , Prueger John H. , Hapeman Cathleen J. , Li Hong , Buser Michael D. , Hatfield Jerry L. , Wanjura John D. , Holt Gregory A. , Torrents Alba , Plenner Sean J. , Clarida Warren , Browne Stephen D. , Downey Peter M. , Yao Qi
Published: November 2016

Pollutant emissions to the atmosphere commonly derive from nonpoint sources that are extended in space. Such sources may contain area, volume, line, or a combination of emission types. Currently, point measurements, often combined with models, are the primary means by which atmospheric emission rates are estimated from extended sources. Point measurement arrays often lack in spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy. In recent years, lidar has supplemented point measurements in agricultural research by sampling spatial ensembles nearly instantaneously. Here, a methodology using backscatter data from an elastic scanning lidar is presented to estimate emission rates from extended sources. To demonstrate the approach, a known amount of particulate matter was released upwind of a vegetative environmental buffer, a barrier designed to intercept emissions from animal production facilities. The emission rate was estimated downwind of the buffer, and the buffer capture efficiency (percentage of particles captured) was calculated. Efficiencies ranged from 21% to 74% and agree with the ranges previously published. A comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the lidar methodology was performed, revealing an uncertainty of 20% in the emission rate estimate; suggestions for significantly reducing this uncertainty in future studies are made. The methodology introduced here is demonstrated by estimating the efficiency of a vegetative buffer, but it can also be applied to any extended emission source for which point samples are inadequate, such as roads, animal feedlots, and cotton gin operations. It can also be applied to any pollutant for which a lidar system is configured, such as particulate matter, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
The Intersection of Race, Sexual Orientation, Socioeconomic Status, Trans Identity, and Mental Health Outcomes
Authors: Budge Stephanie L. , Thai Jayden L. , Tebbe Elliot A. , Howard Kimberly A. S.
Published: November 2016

The present study examined patterns in trans individuals’ multiple identities and mental health outcomes. Cluster 1 (socioeconomic and racial privilege; n = 239) was characterized by individuals who identified as trans women or cross-dressers, lesbian, bisexual, or questioning; had associates degrees; reported household incomes of $60,000 or more a year; and were non-Latino White. Cluster 2 (educational privilege; n = 191) was characterized by individuals who identified as trans men or genderqueer, gay, or queer; had a bachelor’s degree; reported household incomes of $10,000 or less a year; and were people of color. There was a pattern of individuals in Cluster 1 who identified with two privileged identities (identifying as White and having higher household incomes), whereas individuals in Cluster 2 identified only formal education as a privilege. Individuals in Cluster 2 reported statistically significant levels of anxiety. Implications of these results for future research and clinical practice are examined.
Self-censorship of Conflict-related Information in the Context of Intractable Conflict
Authors: Shahar Eldad , Hameiri Boaz , Bar-Tal Daniel , Raviv Amiram
Published: November 2016

Self-censorship is of great importance in societies involved in intractable conflict. In this context, it blocks information that may contradict the dominant conflict-supporting narratives. Thus, self-censorship often serves as an effective societal mechanism that prevents free flow and transparency of information regarding the conflict and therefore can be seen as a barrier for a peacemaking process. In an attempt to understand the potential effect of different factors on participants’ willingness to self-censor (WSC) conflict-related information, we conducted three experimental studies in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Study 1 revealed that perception of distance from potential information recipients and their disseminating capabilities lead to higher WSC. Study 2 replicated these results and also showed that fulfilling different social roles has an effect on the WSC. Finally, study 3 revealed that the type of information has a major effect on WSC.
Institutions
Authors: Röling Niels
Published: November 2016

This article uses examples and insights from research in West Africa to analyse the concept of institutions and the consequences of their ‘invisibility’ in normal agricultural development practice. Comparative action research across nine agricultural domains in West Africa supported experiments with multilevel institutional change as a new approach to farm development. The work was inspired by the disappointing results of the prevailing focus on adoption of technology by individual farmers. The programme surprised those involved by showing the extent to which diagnostic studies can uncover institutional impediments to farm innovation and the ability of multi-stakeholder processes organized by and through innovation platforms to create multilevel opportunities for inducing change in institutional regimes. The details of each experience have been published elsewhere. This article concludes that if climate change and other systemic crises threaten agriculture and natural resource management, then institutional literacy and ingenuity offer a way forward.
Introduction: Distraction and the Ethics of Poetic Form inThe Temple
Authors: Kuchar Gary
Published: November 2016

The formal dimensions of George Herbert’s poetry, including prosody and assonance, bear important ethical and spiritual significance. This is especially true in lyrics dealing with the problem of distraction, a crucial concept in 17th-century religious culture and one with a range of historically and theologically discrete meanings. The formal strategies Herbert deploys in lyrics about distraction proved particularly consequential for subsequent poets in the period, especially those writing in the wake of the English Civil War such as Henry Vaughan. For Vaughan, as for Herbert, distraction is a somatic, social, and spiritual problem that touches on the very essence of what it is to be a fully mature Christian.