bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Corporate Governance on Earnings Management: The Case Of Pakistan Textile Industry
Authors: Shahzad Ahmad  , Asad Sarfaraz Khan  , Dr. Muhammad Zahid
Published: December 2021

Due to globalization and expansion in the world markets, the sensitivity of investor’s confidence has become a challenge especially in the wake of issues related to stock prices, earnings management (EM), the stability of income levels and corporate governance (CG) application. This study aims to explore the usefulness of four traits of corporate governance mechanism in constraining earnings management activities. By using five years’ observations of 109 textile companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the period 2013-2017. Traits comprising of board size, gender diversity, board experience and qualification of board member are analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Results of the study submit that board experience; finance qualification and business qualification have a negative significant impact on EM thus contends that experienced board members having business and finance qualification discourage earnings manipulation. While, positive and significant impact of board size on earnings management is an indication of loss of control due to its large size. Moreover, gender diversity and chartered accountancy are found irrelevant to EM in our case.
Ecotourism Consumption Values in the Unfamiliar Market and Mediating Role of Destination Image
Authors: Mobeen Jamshed Khattak  , Dr. Jamshed Khan  , Bashir Khan
Published: December 2021

This empirical study aims to determine the dimensions of the perceived value that are considered by the market that is unfamiliar to the ecotourism in relation to ecotourism purchase intention. The study also examines the role of destination image as mediators on the relation between perceived value and ecotourism purchase intention. Data was collected through a survey by self-administered structured questionnaire. The data from 355 respondents are analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analyses and regression analysis. The study findings reveal that three significant predictors i.e. conditional value, emotional value and epistemic value influence ecotourism purchase intention in the unfamiliar market. The strongest influence comes from conditional value, followed by emotional value and epistemic value. Result of this study also reveals that perceived value consisting of these three dimensions significantly influences ecotourism purchase intention. Destination image partially mediate relationship between perceived value and ecotourism purchase intention. This study concludes that only three perceived values significantly affect ecotourism purchase intention in the unfamiliar market. The conceptual model of this study is grounded in the priori causal model. Inferring strong causal effect may be considered as a limitation as it is not based on mixed models method. For deep understanding of the metaphor of values, future studies can carry qualitative investigation by experimental designs or focus groups. Connivance sampling technique also put limitation on the generalization of the study. The present study add to comprehensive understanding about the perceived values that are evaluated by individuals who are unfamiliar with ecotourism. While there is extensive research both for demand and supply in the area of ecotourism, this studyprovide the perceived values considered by the potential tourists who are unfamiliar to ecotourism.
The Sustainable Marketing Mix of Tourism and Visitors Fulfilment: An Empirical Evidence From Cultural Tourists To Pakistan
Authors: Asia Umar Khan  , Dr. Qadar Bakhsh Baloch  , Rabia Naseer
Published: December 2021

Sustainability is a basic requisite while promoting cultural tourism for a destination. UNEP and WTO have provided a full agenda for sustainable tourism that consists of twelve aims. One of those aims is visitor fulfillment that includes tourist satisfaction provided with safety and justice. After an extensive literature review the present study has listed down the success factors of tourism marketing and viewed through the lens of sustainability aims, has developed a conceptual framework consisting of the marketing mix dimensions of sustainable tourism and their effect on satisfaction of a sample (400) of foreign cultural tourists to Pakistan. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis was conducted to test for the hypothesized effect of the seven independent variables i.e. Product Price, Placement, Promotion, People, Physical Evidence and Process on tourist satisfaction. It was found that Product, Price, People, Physical Evidence and Process have a significant positive whereas; Placement has aninsignificant negative and Promotion has a significant negative effect on tourist satisfaction.
Transfer Of Knowledge Through The Lens Of rganizational Culture: A Literature Review
Authors: Shabana Gul  , Dr. Waseef Jamal  , Dr. Waseef Jamal
Published: December 2021

This study aims to summarize the possible relationship between the transfer of knowledge and organizational culture and highlight the empirical relevance between them. For this purpose, a literature review of 169 articles (both qualitative and quantitative studies) has been conducted that have attempted to provide evidence of their relationship. Future empirical research suggestions for understanding the relationship between organizational culture and transfer of knowledge are also provided
Reversing the Brain Drain of Human Capital through China Pakistan Economic Corridor
Authors: Dr. Fahad Khan Afridi  , Dr. Muhammad Asif  , Dr. Rashda Qazi  , Dr. Waleed Afridi
Published: December 2021

The research aims to assess the effect of CPEC on reversing the brain drain of Pakistan’s human capital. The research study is based on secondary data by using research articles, economic surveys, Bureau of Immigration and Overseas Employment etc. CPEC being a multibillion-dollar “Game Changer” can enhance the socio-commerce dimensions by reversing the brain drain of human capital of the country. It can only be possible by devising a viable strategic plan by the government for “Diaspora engagement policies”. The local and overseas Pakistanis should be involved in the projects only through their mobilization and engagement just like China and India did. Although, the present research article gives an insight to socio-economic impact of CPEC on Pakistan.
The Predictability and profitability of Trading Range Break-out Trading Rules: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange
Authors: Syed Arshad Ali Shah  , Dr.Anwarul Mujahid Shah  , Dr.Saiful Mujahid shah
Published: December 2021

The efficient market hypothesis has been one of themost extensively researched topics in the academic literature for decades. An implication ofweak form of efficiency is that the technical trading rules will not produce abnormal returns. The purpose of this research is to analyze findings of application of trading range breakout test on daily closing share prices of 100 companies listed on a Pakistan Stock Exchange over ten years from 2006 to 2015,thus examining its efficiency at the weak form. The results show strong support for trading range break-out rules having both predictability and profitability for PSX. It refers that the returns from these rules are not same as investors earn from a naïve buy and hold strategy. The uses of the trading range break-out rules produce abnormal returns to investors and hence nullify the weak form of efficiency on PSX.
Analysis of Various Factors Contributing To Police Corruption In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Rahman Hussain  , Dr. Habibullah Nawab  , Hazrat Bilal  , Muhammad Ishaq
Published: December 2021

Around the world police institution has been established for ensuring peace, enforcing law and protecting life and property of public. Policeplays a vital role in controlling crimes in society and their services are considered as good, but police corruption has also been occurred throughout history and therefore it is by no means a new phenomenon. In Pakistan too police are perceived as corrupt and there exist various social, economic, political and structural causes of police corruption.The multiplicity of these causes and its aftermaths in delivery of justice require immense research in the field. Looking into the issue the current study was conducted in province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to know the opinion of in-service police about prevalence of corruption in police department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the contributing factors which compel police personnel for corruption. Data was collected through structured questionnaires from in-service police, using purposive sampling techniques. The data collected from 150 respondents who were serving in police department.According to findings of the study 88.7% respondents opined that corruption prevails in police department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study identified low salaries, lack of accountability, recruitment through bribes, political patronage, corruption of senior officers, lack of public awareness and lack of resources as major causes of police corruption. To eliminate corruption from police department, the study suggestsstrict and unbiased accountability, increase in salaries, public awareness,discouraging political interference, establishment of an independent commission for controlling corruption and strict disciplinary action against those involved in corruption.
Country Governance and Corporate Governance as determinants of Firm Efficiency; Empirical Study of Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Nisar Khan  , Dr. Muhammad Ilyas  , Dr. Saima Urooge
Published: December 2021

Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) report of 2011 state that financial crises and failure of large corporation is due to weak governance system. Therefore, governments and regulatory bodies are convinced to ensure effective CG practices and strict regulatory requirements must be imposed. The primary aim of this research is to examine the effect of corporate governance both at country and firm-level on the firm’s efficiency of Pakistani listed non-financial firms. The empirical analyses consist of two parts. Initially firm efficiencies such as overall technical efficiency, Pure Technical efficiency and Scale efficiency are measured through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique over a 10 years’ period from 2008 to 2017.These efficiency scores are used as proxies for firm performance. In the second stage, CGboth at firm and country level are used as independent variables to examine its impact on firm efficiencies scores. The results findings support the theoretical justifications that efficient system of CG and regulatory system ensures disclosures. These disclosures not only enhance accounting information quality but also help in reducing agency cost which in return improve investors protection. Thus, managers tend to take decisions in the best interest of shareholder by utilizing firm resources efficiently and effectively and as a result enhance firm efficiency.
A Mystery of Academic and Industrial Skill Discordance among Business Graduates in Pakistan
Authors: Dr. Naveed Hussain Shah  , Dr. Imtiaz Ali Khan  , Dr. Burhan Ali Shah  , Dr. Faisal Khan
Published: December 2021

The study had explored the cognitive, non-cognitive and vocational skill required by the Pakistani organizations and found that there are various dimension that employer are interested among their potential employee. It was observed that Non cognitive are the more deficient one among the focused and as per gender is concerned their little response as per all skills however on Non-cognitive skills a bet more maturity exist among female candidates whereas the confidence level and lower literacy rate disturb their response on job market. Curriculum covering the Field specific theoretical and practical knowledge there is rare convergence on field specific practical knowledge. The study reveals a higher attention on industry academia collaboration through developing a high level of university-Industry linkages.
The Impact of Work Life Balance, Role Conflict and Work Overload on Employee Turnover Intention through the mediating role of Job Stress
Authors: Syed Majid Khalil  , Sher Nawaz Khan  , Dr. Fayaz Ali Shah
Published: December 2021

The current study is to find out the impact of Work Life balance, Role Conflict and Work Overload on Employees Turnover Intention with the mediating role of job stress of Abdul Wali Khan University (AWKUM) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Working in educational institutions is complex and dynamic in nature, therefore in these conditions employees faces many stresses. Referable to the most troubling of these fears the most affected relationship is the low performance of employees working in Abdul Wali Khan University (AWKUM) because of the stress. Different stressor in the management of universities like Work Life Balance, Role conflict and Work Overload are important determinants of stress. The workplace has some harsh realities, worldwide one of the basic challenges facing in an organization is their employee’s performance affected by stress. The employees who are working in different sectors of an organization have to deal with stress. Similarly, the university workers are among the same to deal with the stress. The performance of an organization is dependent on employee’s working ability and if the employees are in stress than their overall performance will be negatively affected, resulting in inefficiency and staff turnover. . To study stress in universities, the survey has conducted through a questionnaire designed by the Donald A Buckingham (2004) and KavithaVenugobal (2017). The questionnaire was sent to 300 respondents and 270 answered the questionnaire, which represents a response rate of 89.6%. Based on data collected, the correlation and regression of the variables were carried out in SPSS. The outcomes of the analysis show that Work Life Balance negatively affects the stress level of employees while Role Conflict and Work overload positively affect the job stress level of employees. As the job stress is the mediator in the study, its effect on employee turnover intention is positive. This study will help decision-makers to identify important stresses and see their impact on job stress.
The Circle of Innovation: You Can't Shrink Your Way to Greatness Book Review
Authors: Arooj Zeb  , Dr. Anjum Ihsan
Published: December 2021

The book “Circles of Innovation” is written by Tom Peters who is called as the father of branding and a business guru. In this book Tom Peters has given us 15 discrete ideas that logically, systematically and coherently add up to the “one big idea” i.e. Innovation. Through 400 seminars in 47 states and 22 countries in five years, Peters has refined and reinvented his views on innovation. The whole idea of this book is either to be innovative or die. This book is a blend of thoughts, quotes and exclamation points which are very inspiring and thought provoking for the readers. Practical examples of successful businesses have been given which focus on innovation. This book is very inspiring as it has got blog graphics, facts and figures that sources range from Martha Steward to Bill Gates. This book is very helpful for those who want to know about how to bring innovation in the organization. The Circle of Innovation is for all those who run a business of any size; from a six-person department to a large business having 500 plus employees, it empowers the readers to transform their organizations by following the useful tips of innovation mentioned in this book. "No matter where you are in your career, this book is a must read. The younger your thinking, the more you’ll get out of it."
Nexus between Child labor, Sector-specific Growth and International Trade in Pakistan
Authors: Sana Suleman  , Sana Suleman  , H. Nouman Siddique
Published: December 2021

This study focused on analyzing the impacts of different sectors’ growth and globalization on child labor in Pakistan. The order of integration variables was found mix as some were I(0) and some were I(1). That’s why, the long run and short run dynamics were evaluated through ARDL mechanism using data from 1980-2014. The long run and short run inferences revealed that growth reduced child labor significantly in all sectors except services. The urban population growth significantly lessened the child labor as compared to rural population. The FDI significantly decreased the child labor growth while trade openness did opposite. Results suggest that trade policy and labor laws of ILO should be implemented.
The Contribution of Islamic Micro Finance Towards Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Bank of Khyber Khud Kifalat Scheme
Authors: Muhammad Saleem Qazi  , Dr. Muhammad Adil  , Dr. Saima Batool  , Yasir Khan
Published: December 2021

The aim of this research is to investigate role of Microfinance in Poverty alleviation. Primary data was used in this research and was collected through personally administered questionnaires from 150 respondents. Results showed that most of the respondents were in favor of the Khud Kafalat scheme because it helped them in increasing their living standards and standard of education of their children due to establishing small scale businesses or expanding existing businesses. Moreover, Khud Kafalat Scheme has a very important role in Poverty alleviation and increased their gross monthly income. Furthermore, their satisfaction can also be depicted from the fact that although they observed no change in their employees’ condition but on individual level, most of them, were still in favor of applying again for the loan, if needed, in the future.
Why do the urgency of stakeholders matter more in the firm performance?
Authors: Maqsood Hayat  , Dr. Shehzad Khan  , Kiran Alim
Published: December 2021

This study is an attempt to scrutinize the importance of different stakeholders with respect to financial performance (FP hereafter) in emerging countries context. Unlike developed countries, every element of the corporate social responsibility (CSR hereafter) is not supposed to generate similar corporate payback in the context of developing countries. Enterprises take considerable care to categorize these stakeholders in proper sequence for better corporate results. It was found empirically that CSR disclosure (CSRD hereafter) relevant to employees and communities have direct relationship with the firm‟s performance in term of earning per share (EPS).The results of this study will portray a comprehensive picture for corporate decision makers to realize the priorities and urgency of different beneficiaries for corporate benefits, existence and prosperity in the context of developing countries like Pakistan.
Vertical Integration and Outsourcing Decision Impact On Firm Performance: A Review Based Research on the Influence of Organizational Governance On firm Performance.
Authors: Sikandar Shah  , Dr. Wisal Ahmad  , Dr. Muhammad Faizan Malik  , Shah Raza Khan
Published: December 2021

This studyexamines that how companies take decision of outsourcing and vertical integration a value-chain activity currently the most complex problem faced by most the organization around the globe and also find the relationship and highlight the role of every activity related to outsourcing and vertical integration. In result of survey and interviews of different small, medium and corporate level companies in KPK, procurement managers and operations managers mostly in view of that outsourcing is thebest way to work in the market, because of the cost reduction, minimumturnaround time and especially in the uncertain market of KPK.
An Explorative Study of Financial Manipulation of Working Women through Discourse
Authors: Uzma Sadiq  , Dr. Nazia Suleman  , Asra Khan
Published: December 2021

The present study aims to find out the role of language in financial manipulation of working women. Financial manipulation refers to the unfair use of someone’s labor and financial resources. The study population comprises of the working women serving in the provincial government departments located in Dera Ghazi Khan Division in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample size of 150 working women through purposive sampling technique is taken for study, and a self-administered questionnaire was served through convenience sampling technique. Dijik’s (2006) idea of manipulation through discourse as appeared in Discourse and Manipulation is taken as theoretical framework for the study. The data is analyzed quantitatively using SPSS.The study concludes that the working women in South Punjab, Pakistan are manipulated financially through various linguistic tools as they intentionally ignore their own needs in order to save family relations and to avoid sarcastic remarks. The study can be helpful for further research to be carried out in the field of women empowerment in society. It can pave the way for future study in the use of language as a tool of manipulation.
Impact of individual psychological contract breach on organizational citizenship behavior at individual level: Mediating role of trust in supervisor
Authors: Athar Marwat  , Dr. Adil Adnan
Published: December 2021

This study investigates the relationship between individual psychological contract breach on organizational citizenship behavior at individual level and to test the mediation effects of trust in supervisor. The study was carried out in software industry of KPK, Pakistan. Data was gathered from 337 operational level executive (i.e. executive, assistant manager, manager) through randomly selected sampling method. Numerous statistical techniques (correlation, regression) had been used to deduct the results. Results indicate that individual psychological contract breach significantly predicts organizational citizenship behavior at individual level and with trust in supervisor and fully mediates the indirect relationship between individual psychological contract breach and organizational citizenship behavior at individual level. This research also provides the empirical evidence regarding significance of individual psychological contract grounded on social exchange and affective events theory in the context of KPK, Pakistan. Lastly, contribution of study, limitations and future directions are also discussed.
Autocratic, Democratic, Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Styles and Contingency of Different Performance Outcomes in SMEs
Authors: Dr. Zafar Iqbal  , Dr. Amna Niazi  , Dr. Hamid Hassan
Published: December 2021

We analyze four different leadership styles from multiple dimensions to find out the suitability of these styles for the leaders working in Pakistani small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Theoretically, it is an additional perspective in the debate on effectiveness of different leadership styles in different environments for different purposes. It starts with analyzing contemporary theories of leadership and their derivative styles. Next, it discusses the major aspects of organizational environment coming from the broader culture of a country. Subsequently, it tries to provide a more balanced view in the debate on cause and effect of leadership styles and their effectiveness in specific organizational culture. In the empirical analyses the study analyzes the productivity, acceptance and sustainable success of different leadership styles in the organizations working in Pakistan. The data is collected both from business leaders and their relevant followers. The findings of study explains that outputs when measured in terms quantity shows better results for autocratic leadership style while democratic leadership style give better results when measured in terms of quality. Similarly, willingness of followers to continue and their inspirations beyond the formal organizational structure are higher for charismatic and participative leadership styles.
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OF THE RESOURCES IN REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO
Authors: Koleci Baki , Koleci Redon
Published: December 2021

Professor Robert Kaplan of Harvard Business School and David Norton as the Balance Scorecard Collavorative founder and director of Palladium Group with joint research since 1990 and so far have come to the conclusion of how contemporary enterprises advertise in business, stressing that organizations have strategies to well formulated, but 7 out of 10 organizations are not successful in its realization. As a main cause have highlighted the lack of appropriate instrument for realization of the strategy. Their collaboration in the 1990 project "Measurement of performance of the organization" that involved 12 companies and has resulted in the creation of the BSC concept.The concept development is documented in the abovementioned four articles published at the Harvard Busniess Review, and then described in detail in Norton and Kaplan's The Balances Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. At first, this was a new system of performance measurement in organizations that took into account the organization's success from four specific perspectives (financial, consumer, internal processes, and learning and development).The BSC "Measuring Organizational Performance" combines measuring with the organization's strategic plan. The BSC concept of "Performance Measurement of the Organization" states that it is very important to select measurements based on strategic successes rather than to improve the existing performance prospects so that we need to focus on those work processes that need to be performed especially good to be the successful strategy.With the development of the BSC concept "Performance Measurement of the Organization" has come up the combination of financial and non-financial measurements that are created by the organization's strategy. The creators of the measurement measurement for the result of the organization should be in direct relation.Now the BSC "Measuring Organizational Performance" presents a widespread strategic management system, only in the profitable but also in the nonprofit sector of the public sector. Thanks to the perspectives, a framework for the BSC "Measurement of Organizational Performance" was created and for that organizations it was possible to measure how values are created for their customers, how to advance their own ability and invest in the employees, for systems and procedures to advance performance in the future. According to BSC authors, "Performance Measurement of the Organization" as an advanced performance measurement system has developed an inclusive management system, which for the first time enables us to summarize feedback on strategy implementation.
INCLUSIVE TEACHER PROFILE
Authors: Kyurkchiyska Violeta
Published: December 2021

In modern schools, children with different opportunities and needs are trained and educated. The new social reality requires an organization of the educational process involving all students, regardless of their potential. Together students with learning difficulties, with special educational needs, children at risk and those with outstanding opportunities in science, art and sports will be trained. This is called an inclusive schooling system, which is different from the traditional integrated schooling system. The latter has the character of inclusion, i. integrated learning provides an opportunity for children with learning needs to participate in an educational environment for everyone. This is ensured by building a supportive environment that includes appropriate architectural and social living conditions, individual educational programs, complex pedagogical assessment team, special educational tools and equipment, didactic materials and tools, etc. Unlike integrated, inclusive schooling is a humane act that implies no spatial mixing of children, emphasizes on quality education, regardless of opportunities and needs. A process in which integrated learning has a significant place, a process that seeks to eliminate all forms of segregation in education, encompass vulnerable and isolated children, and to encourage and foster the participation of all children.This implies a change in the overall educational process in the center of which is the teacher. One who implements training that responds adequately to the variety of students with different opportunities. One who uses methods and tools, on the basis of which the individuality of the learner is leading and contributing to the mastery of key competences by all students. The inclusive teacher has an adequate teaching (not only for academic knowledge but for developing social and other competencies and support.) Furthermore, an inclusive teacher educates in tolerance and respect for differences and, on the other hand, stimulates the introduction of a pedagogical, child-oriented approach. Working in a team of specialists in the direction of socializing and educating students by creating conditions for increased social contacts and relationships, helping to build self-confidence related to capable achievements and achievements are just some of the tasks. Moreover, the teacher prepares students for a successful transition to every next life stage.The inclusion teacher's profile is built in parallel with the implementation of inclusive education. There are many unresolved issues and challenges ahead of him that will allow him to participate in various trainings.Inclusive teacher qualification more than ever becomes a permanent process that is part of his career development and professionalism.
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS IN EUROPE AND KOSOVO
Authors: Bajrami Vedat
Published: December 2021

In the last thirty years of pedagogical practice, particular attention has been paid to the inclusion of children with special education needs, multi-lingual children in multi-cultural environments and children living in poverty. Nowadays, inclusive education is a subject and a requirement of all European institutions in the EU and the Council of Europe, many families, experts, non-governmental organizations and individuals. The paper is a result of a research of education systems, systems of support, legislation and evaluation of positive practice in the nine countries of the European Union and Kosovo. The condition for the research countries to be included in the sample is based on the population number not being larger than 8 million. Because of the relevance of the comparative analysis, two older state members of the European Union were chosen (Austria, the Flemish and the French region of Belgium), fourrecent EU member states (Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia and Slovenia), three Scandinavian countries (Iceland, Finland and Norway) and Kosovo.The aim of the research, besides defining the currentand basic definitions in exploring the description of the education systems of individual countries, is to present practices of inclusion of children with disabilities and multi-lingual children to carry out the processes of inclusion. The aim was achieved through the tasks of including children with SEN and multi-lingual children in individual countries in Europe and in the Kosovo, through the analysis of the legal framework andthe organization of the education system in the individual countries enabling inclusive processes, by determining differences in relation to the systems of individual countries which are inclined to mainstream or special education, by identifying the support the particular groups of learners: children with SEN and multi-lingual children receive within the school system, by bringing out examples of good practices. Countries with high income rate per capita and low level of unemployment have a better organized system of inclusion of all CSEN, they provide more support and services at the local level.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONTENT (1-3 CLASSES)
Authors: Georgieva Sladuna
Published: December 2021

Education is one of the main factors for the socialization of adolescents on the one hand, and on the other is called upon to foster the personal development of each child. It is necessary for the modern education system not only to prepare the young generation to successfully solve problems of a different nature, but also to solve them effectively in a personal, professional and national level. This article presents results of a comparative analysis of the content of the course on technology and entrepreneurship in the first to third grade of BULVEST 2000 Publishing House, Anubis Publishing House, JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT BULGARIA, SOFIA, publishing team Nikolay Tsanev, Genoveva Yotova, Dochka Kyuchukova, Emilia Palamarkova, Magdalena Delinesheva, Orchidea Delieva. The European education policy, which includes all eight key competences to be on an equal footing [4], is also implemented with the subject "Technology and Entrepreneurship". The law on pre-school and school education creates new, exceptional opportunities for more flexible, creative and independent planning and organization of the process of technology education in primary school age. The Technology and Entrepreneurship Curriculum for 1-3 grade is part of the cultural and educational field "Technological Education and Vocational Education". It has a common mission to progressively develop technological literacy and competence of students as an essential element of their general culture and general education. The learning process is oriented not so much to the final results of the practical work as to the processes and the technology for their achievement. The goals related to the contemporary economic life, education in initiative, entrepreneurship and responsibility are confirmed by "Ordinance №5 from 30.11.2015. for general education promulgated in the State Gazette, issue 95 of 08.12.2015 "[3]. They meet the requirements to master basic knowledge, skills and attitudes that are geared not only to work and environmental protection but also to the world of technology and technology. Emphasis is placed on textbook content and accessibility and science requirements, in line with learners' educational needs, ie the use of a variety of educational approaches and didactic technologies to achieve optimal educational outcomes. State educational standards and a syllabus on Technology and Entrepreneurship are a new challenge for primary teachers and specialists. The Ministry of Education and Science determines not only a new name, but also important priorities in curriculum content, time allocation, and technologies for learning two key competencies.
THE EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE SERBIAN STATE TO THE ALBANIAN MINORITY IN SERBIA
Authors: Mustafë Mustafa Liburn
Published: December 2021

The right to be educated in mother tongue is considered among the most important human rights in the contemporary world. Such a right is guaranteed to the all world communities in spite of the state and international rights, regardless of the location, extent, and size of the community. Every state is obliged to respect and make possible the realization of the rights to be educated in their language to every minority within it, because the right to education in mother tongue is now considered a crucial tool for preserving and strengthening the cultural and ethnic identity, and vice versa, the non-implementation of these rights to certain communities implies the state's tendency towards these communities. Also, minorities are predestined that the educations in their language attend similar to their mother country, based on textbooks and curricula of the respective states, as such a right is guaranteed by international norms and conventions. But such a thing, very often faces a strong resistance from the states where these minorities are, because in these textbooks is reflected the history, culture and tradition of the past, which in most cases is a clash between identities and produce numerous value controversies between the parties. This situation is particularly reflected in some Balkan countries where ethnic minorities are not "bridges" between communities but are "quarrelsome" among communities. In such a situation is the Albanian minority in Serbia, who because of the conflicting past between the two nationalities, the Albanian and the Serbs, are victimized by preventing the right to learn their history, culture, tradition and their mother tongue. Thus the Serbian state, because of the past between the two nations and issues still open with the state of Kosovo, denies Albanians in Serbia using textbooks from this country. This form of approach reflects state policies on curricula and textbooks currently being implemented by the Albanian minority. In this paper we will explain the problems faced by the Albanian minority in Serbia in the field of education, respectively the problems of the lack of textbooks in Albanian language. We will present the causes and obstacles of the lack of school textbooks in Albanian language in Presheva Valley schools, strategies developed by various factors to solve this problem, implicated parties, legal rights issues and the possible solution of this problem.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE LEARNING OF AN UNKNOWN ADDEND IN THE NEW BULGARIAN MATHEMATICS FOR THE SECOND GRADE
Authors: Kirova Gabriela
Published: December 2021

In the last few years, educational reform has taken place in Bulgaria. It also affects the training in mathematics in the elementary classes. A new Law on Pre-school and School Education36 was adopted in 2015, which initiated the reform. Subsequently, the curricula for individual subjects for all grades and educational degrees were established and officially approved by order of the Minister of Education and Science. From the 2017/2018 school year a new curriculum in Mathematics for the second grade37 is in force. One of the elements of the curriculum in this program is the study of the rules for finding unknown addend and finding an unknown multiplier. At the initial stage of primary education study six subjects for finding unknown components are learned: addend and multiplier in the second grade, minuend and divisible in third grade and subtrahend and divider in the fourth grade. With some conditionality, it can be assumed that these elements of the curriculum are preparing for the study of equations in the algebra course in the following grades. In the Bulgarian pedagogical practice, tasks for an unknown component have never been taught in algebraic ways, on an algebraic basis. In the initial grades these tasks and the related rules are always clarified on an arithmetical basis – based on the dependencies that exist between the components and the results in the pairs arithmetic operations: addition and subtraction, on the one hand, and multiplication and division, on the other. Knowledge of the relationship between pairs of arithmetic actions Bulgarian pupils receive yet in the first grade. Then they assimilate the ability to do a check on the action of subtraction using the action addition. Later, in the second grade, as soon as the two new arithmetic actions were taken – multiplication and division, the students assimilated the ability to test the division by multiplication. Moreover, the action division itself in the Bulgarian school is introduced as the opposite of the action multiplication. On the basis of the new curriculum in Bulgaria, a total of nine mathematics training sets were created, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science, as well as by the teachers and distributed in the school network. As far as they are based on a unified curriculum, it cannot be said they are alternative textbooks. These textbooks are variants. In their development, the authors’ teams have applied a variety of methodological approaches to elucidate the new learning content in the lessons of new knowledge. The purpose of the study in this publication is a comparative analysis of the methodological methods of introducing an unknown addend into the nine new mathematics textbooks for the second grade in the lessons of new knowledge. For theory and practice, there is an interest in the advantages and disadvantages of applied approaches in developing and clarifying this component of the curriculum.
APPLICATION OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTER PRESENTATIONS ON GEOMETRY FOR STUDENTS-PEDAGOGUES
Authors: Hristova Gergana
Published: December 2021

Mathematics is a science of the quantitative, spatial and temporal relations of real-world objects. Geometry, along with arithmetic, is an essential part of mathematics.In the training of modern school and university students, it is necessary to use different forms and methods of organizing the educational process that meet the national educational standards. In higher education, interactive methods aim not only at communicating information but also at actively involving students in the learning process – knowledge is gained through individual participation and contact with specific information. Learning activities are related to research and cooperation. Students need to analyse and interpret certain information. Interactive methods require teamwork and dialogue-type communication among the participants. Students participate actively in the learning process, show creativity, and acquire valuable practical experience.In its very nature, mathematical knowledge is abstract. This necessitates the wide use of visual aids. It is important for the students to not only be passive observers and listeners of the teacher’s explanation. The teacher’s role is also very important and is related to how they organize their work in order to motivate and retain the attention of the students.With the help of educational computer presentations, the lecturer and the students are given the opportunity to present in a visual and detailed manner the knowledge about certain mathematical concepts that has to be mastered. The educational presentation presents information that has been didactically processed and presented in such a way that it forms concepts and provokes conclusions.The main idea of this article is related to the use of educational computer presentations with regard to the learning material in Geometry taught in the primary school. In the training of students from the specialities: Pre-school and Primary School Education, Primary School Education and Foreign Language Teaching and Education, during the seminars and the practical exercises on the subjects: Didactics of Mathematics and Math Teaching Methodology, were used presentations prepared in advance. They revealed the sequence of introduction of geometric knowledge for each grade. Then, students took part in a group work on examining curricula and defining the types of geometric tasks/problems by analyzing five of the new mathematics book sets for 3rd grade. The aim was to improve the quality of education by offering students the practical experience and skills they needed for their future professional realization. The process of training and working with students was carried out in May and June 2019.This article is part of the research work on the National Science Program “Young Scientists and Postdoctoral Students” (2018-2020) - https://www.mon.bg/bg/100542. The program aims at stimulating, attracting and retaining young scientists and postdoctoral students with the purpose of ensuring quality reproduction of human potential for research activities.
APPROBATION OF A VALIDATION QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Dimitrova Boryana
Published: December 2021

Qualified and well-informed citizens are of paramount importance for United Europe's development and prosperity. The issue of their education extends beyond formal education and covers knowledge and skills acquired informally or independently. Public opinion is that well-realized lifelong learning can make a lot of contribution both to the economic development of the countries and to the development of civil society and culture.In the modern world, there is a tendency for change from mass production to the individual one - more and more people want products and services that are specially created according to their personal preferences, they want to be distinguished from others in their possessions, they want to stand out. This trend finds its place in the field of education too: learners want to be able to make choices about what to learn and what not to, to acquire knowledge and skills that will distinguish them from others and make them more competitive in the labor market. But in times of financial crisis, and in some countries like Bulgaria - even when there is none, the education expenditures in the state budget are insufficient, especially for those that are not part of the formal structure of educational institutions. This is also a challenge of the lifelong learning: to provide personalization of learning on the one hand, and on the other to achieve economies of scale so that the unit cost of this education is tolerable for the country concerned.Bulgarian citizens, like everyone else, need to be able to show what they have learned in order to be able to get a promotion at work and/or to have the right to continue their education at higher levels of the formal one. To do this, the individuals need to have access to a system that validates knowledge and skills, that is, one that identifies, documents, evaluates and certifies all forms of training.The demanding market and growing competition require that in the regulatory framework of any validation system, a validation quality assurance system is to be set up and implemented. The scope of this system includes all validation actions in the particular school. Its tasks are related to: 1) identification of the factors influencing the quality of validation in the particular vocational school, 2) determination of the guidelines for correcting the impact of those factors in the desired direction, 3) definition of the system-specific criteria and indicators allowing effective analysis and improvement of the validation process to be carried out.This paper presents the results of the approbation of such a system created for the needs of the Bulgarian vocational schools for the realization of the project "New opportunity for my future".
GATHERING E-EVIDENCE IN CROSS-BORDER CASES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EU LAW
Authors: Chavleski Aleksandar , Galev Goce
Published: December 2021

With the fast development of the digital technology, the need for efficient gathering of digital evidence in criminal cases has risen exponentially. Often, the digital data is stored on servers located abroad, so national authorities cannot obtain them without seeking legal aid from their counterparts in foreign country/territory. This cooperation often doesn’t work seamlessly not only from legal, but from factual reasons as well. Here series of questions regarding national sovereignty, jurisdiction and international law are intertwined. In order to achieve sufficient speed in processing such requests, national authorities tried to bypass their counterparts in foreign countries and communicated directly with the service provider. These investigations are time-sensitive in order both to secure the evidence and its integrity. In order to adequately address these concerns, in June 2016 the Council of EU called the Commission to prepare an e-evidence package, which was eventually presented in April 2018. The aim of this article will be to give a critical overview of the proposed package mainly via its key component – the draft Regulation.
THE DECLINE OF THE WELLFARE STATE IN MODERN SOCIETY
Authors: Sharlamanov Kire
Published: December 2021

The welfare state is a relatively new social phenomenon. Its rudimentary forms appear at the beginning of the 20th century, and it was especially developed immediately after the Second World War. It was created in order to reduce acute social conflicts in societies around the world and to give citizens the minimum conditions for subsistence. From its founding, to this day, the welfare state is at the center of the attention of the professional and general public. This article attempts to define and categorize a state of well-being, but also to consider modern trends that reflect it. Particular attention will be paid to reducing the welfare state and the reasons why it occurs. From the many factors that are often considered in the context of the decline of the welfare state, here we will primarily analyze the demographic, economic and political factors.