bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An observational study and quantification of the actives in a supplement with Sambucus nigra and Asparagus officinalis used for weight reduction
Authors: Chrubasik Cosima , Maier Thorsten , Dawid Corinna , Torda Thomas , Schieber Andreas , Hofmann Thomas , Chrubasik Sigrun
Published: March 2008

The aim of the study was to obtain information on the content of co‐active compounds of a food supplement recommended as a weight reduction diet and on its short‐term effectiveness and safety as a starter for lifestyle change. Eighty participants completed the protocol. The Sambucus nigra L. berry juice enriched with flower extract and tablets containing berry powder and flower extract provided a total of 1 mg anthocyanins, 370 mg flavonol glycosides and 150 mg hydroxycinnamates per day; the Asparagus officinalis L. powder tablets provided 19 mg saponins per day. After the diet, the mean weight, blood pressure, physical and emotional well‐being and the quality of life had significantly improved (ITT analysis). The effectiveness and tolerability of the regimen were rated as very good or good by most of the completers. It remains to be established if any particular compounds contribute to the efficacy of the diet. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport of aspalathin, a Rooibos tea flavonoid, across the skin and intestinal epithelium
Authors: Huang Miao , du Plessis Jeanetta , du Preez Jan , Hamman Josias , Viljoen Alvaro
Published: March 2008

Since Rooibos tea contains high levels of flavonoid antioxidants with potential health benefits when taken orally or applied topically, the quantity of the antioxidants crossing the physiological barriers is of scientific, clinical and commercial importance. This study investigated the in vitro transport of aspalathin, a unique flavonoid constituent of Rooibos tea, across intestinal epithelial cells and the human skin. The transport studies were conducted for both pure aspalathin solutions and extracts from unfermented (or green) Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) aerial plant material across human abdominal skin in vertical Franz diffusion cells and Caco‐2 cell monolayers in Transwell 6‐well plates. The results obtained from the percutaneous permeation studies demonstrated that only 0.01% of the initial aspalathin dose from both the test solution and extract permeated through the skin, which was in accordance with the prediction from its log P value of −0.347. A portion of 0.07% of the initial aspalathin dose penetrated the different layers of the skin for the green Rooibos extract solution and 0.08% for the pure aspalathin solution. The transport of aspalathin across Caco‐2 cell monolayers was concentration dependent and reached almost 100% (Papp = 20.93 × 10−6 cm/s) of the initial dose in the highest concentration tested for the extract, while it was only 79.03% (Papp = 15.34 × 10−6 cm/s) of the initial dose for the highest concentration of the aspalathin solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of volatile biomarkers in liver cancer blood using solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Xue Ruyi , Dong Ling , Zhang Si , Deng Chunhui , Liu Taotao , Wang Jiyao , Shen Xizhong
Published: March 2008

Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the detection of liver cancer volatile biomarkers. Headspace SPME conditions (fiber coating, extraction temperature and extraction time) and desorption conditions were optimized and applied to the determination of volatiles in human blood. Between the liver cancer group (n = 19) and the normal group (n = 18), positive rates of 19 volatile compounds among the total of 47 detected were found to be different with statistical significance (p < 0.05, chi‐squared test). We suggested hexanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and octane, of the 19 compounds, as biomarkers of liver cancer with clinical diagnostic value. The sensitivity and specificity of 94.7% and 100% for hexanal, 84.2% and 100% for 1‐octen‐3‐ol, and 89.5% and 100% for octane were obtained, respectively, after the cutoff values had been properly established. These results show that SPME‐GC/MS is a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the investigation of volatile disease markers in human blood. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Including environmental flow requirements as part of real‐time water resource management
Authors: Hughes D. A. , Mallory S. J. L.
Published: March 2008

South African water resources legislation requires that environmental flow requirements are included as part of water resource management. An operational management method is presented that relies upon simulating natural flow conditions based on inputs of near real‐time observations of rainfall and a set of operating rules. The operating rules define the reservoir releases and water use supply curtailments that ensure downstream environmental flow objectives will be met. The focus is on managing the variability of continuous low flows, while a suitable method for managing event‐based high flow releases remains elusive. The main limitation to the successful implementation of the low flow approach is the lack of legislated control over run‐of‐river water abstractions. While this limitation is expected to be overcome, as the provisions of new legislation are implemented, water managers may still lack the capacity to exercise the necessary controls over abstraction. There is no reason why the method could not be applied outside South Africa, given compatibility in the definition of environmental flow requirements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic entrepreneurship, collaborative innovation, and wealth creation
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Ireland R. Duane , Snow Charles C.
Published: March 2008

Strategic entrepreneurship refers to firms' pursuit of superior performance via simultaneous opportunity‐seeking and advantage‐seeking activities. Both small and large firms face impediments while pursuing strategic entrepreneurship. While small firms' opportunity‐seeking skills may be strong, their limited knowledge stocks and lack of market power inhibit their ability to enact the competitive advantages necessary to appropriate value from opportunities the firms choose to pursue. In contrast, large firms are skilled at establishing competitive advantages, but their heavy emphasis on the efficiency of their existing businesses often undermines their ability to continuously explore for additional opportunities. Building on a variety of theories, including network, learning, resource‐based, and real options, we suggest that collaborative innovation can enable both types of firms to overcome their respective challenges. Collaborative innovation is the pursuit of innovations across firm boundaries through the sharing of ideas, knowledge, expertise, and opportunities. For small firms, we contend that pursuing entrepreneurship collaboratively allows them to preserve their creativity and flexibility while mitigating the inherent liabilities of smallness. We argue that collaborative innovation permits large firms to exploit their advantage‐creating skills while concurrently exploring for opportunities outside their current domain. Thus, small and large firms that learn how to integrate strategic entrepreneurship and collaborative innovation are well positioned to create wealth. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Entrepreneurial actions, innovation, and appropriability
Authors: Burgelman Robert A. , Hitt Michael A.
Published: March 2008

Entrepreneurs take strategic action to create value. They can do so individually or collaboratively, and currently researchers are interested in learning the extent to which collaboration can increase the total entrepreneurial value created. Taking entrepreneurial strategic action naturally involves the pursuit of self‐interest, but entrepreneurial self‐interest can only be served if it simultaneously serves collective interests, such as those of customers, investors, partners, and other relevant constituencies. Currently, researchers are also interested in identifying the most effective ways in which individual and collective interests can be jointly pursued. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Sample designs for measuring the health of small racial/ethnic subgroups
Authors: Elliott Marc N. , Finch Brian K. , Klein David , Ma Sai , Do D. Phuong , Beckett Megan K. , Orr Nathan , Lurie Nicole
Published: March 2008

Most national health surveys do not permit precise measurement of the health of racial/ethnic subgroups that comprise <1 per cent of the U.S. population. We identify three potentially promising sample design strategies for increasing the accuracy of national health estimates for a small target subgroup when used to supplement a small probability sample of that group and apply these strategies to American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) and Chinese using National Health Interview Survey data. These sample design strategies include (1) complete sampling of targets within households, (2) oversampling selected macrogeographic units, and (3) oversampling from an incomplete list frame.

Stage (1) is promising for Chinese and AI/AN; (2) works for both groups, but it would be more cost‐effective for AI/AN because of their greater residential concentration; (3) is somewhat effective for groups like Chinese with viable surname lists, but not for AI/AN. Both (2) and (3) efficiently improve measurement precision when the supplement is the same size as the existing core sample, with diminishing additional returns as the supplement grows relative to the core sample, especially for (3). To avoid large design effects, the oversampled geographic areas or lists must have good coverage of the target population. To reduce costs, oversampled geographic tracts and lists must consist primarily of targets.

These techniques can be used simultaneously to substantially increase effective sample sizes (ESSs). For example, (1) and (2) in combination can be used to multiply the nominal sample size of AI/AN or Chinese by 8 and the ESS by 4. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Fe3O4/TiO2 Core/Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles as Photokilling Agents for Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Chen Wei‐Jen , Tsai Pei‐Jane , Chen Yu‐Chie
Published: March 2008

A photokilling approach for pathogenic bacteria is demonstrated using a new type of magnetic nanoprobe as the photokilling agent. In addition to their magnetic property, the nanoprobes have other features including a photocatalytic property and the capacity to target bacteria. The nanoprobes comprise iron oxide/titania (Fe3O4@TiO2) core/shell magnetic nanoparticles. As dopamine molecules can self‐assemble onto the surface of the titania substrate, dopamine is used as the linker to immobilize succinic anhydride onto the surfaces of the Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles. This is followed by the immobilization of IgG via amide bonding. We demonstrate that the IgGFe3O4@TiO2 magnetic nanoparticles not only have the capacity to target several pathogenic bacteria, but they also can effectively inhibit the cell growth of the bacteria targeted by the nanoparticles under irradiation of a low‐power UV lamp within a short period. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains, such as multiantibiotic‐resistant S. pyogenes and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are used to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Two‐Dimensional Monovalent Copper Halide Coordination Polymers Incorporating Anti‐Conformation 3,3′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Johnston Lindsey L. , Ursini Andrew J. , Oien Nathan P. , Desciak Matthew P. , Rarig Randy S. , Zubieta Jon , LaDuca Robert L.
Published: March 2008

Hydrothermal treatment of aqueous mixtures of copper(II) halides and 3,3′‐bipyridine (3,3′‐bpy) has afforded the coordination polymers [CuCl(3,3′‐bpy)]n (1) and [Cu2Br2(3,3′‐bpy)]n (2), which were analyzed via single crystal X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The structure of 1 consists of two‐dimensional (2‐D) layers constructed from the linkage of castellated one‐dimensional (1‐D) [CuCl]n stepped chains through anti‐conformation 3,3′‐bpy tethers. Compound 2 presents a related 2‐D sheet motif, albeit built from infinite 1‐D [Cu2Br2]n ladders strutted by 3,3′‐bpy ligands in anti conformation. In both cases neighboring 2‐D sheets stack into 3‐D via weak C–H···halogen interactions.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Purely Inorganic Open‐framework Bimetallic Phosphite with Intersecting 12‐ and 16‐membered Ring Channels
Authors: Li Gaijuan , Xing Yan , Liu Yunling , Liu Xianchun , Xu Ning , Song Shuyan
Published: March 2008

A new three‐dimensional open‐framework cobalt‐zinc phosphite [Co(H2O)4Zn(HPO3)2]·H2O (1), has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, XRD, IR and SQUID magnetometer. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$ with a = 7.552(5), b = 7.671(5), c = 9.443(5) Å, α = 88.538(5)°, β = 89.109(5)°, γ = 87.056(5)°, V = 546.1(6) Å3, Z = 2. The structure of 1 consists of corner‐shared (cs) four‐membered‐ring chains formed by alternating ZnO4 tetrahedra and HPO3 pseudopyramids, which are further linked through CoO2(H2O)4 octahedra giving rise to a three‐dimensional (3‐D) neutral open‐framework with intersecting 12‐ and 16‐MR channels. The synthesis of system required the presence of L‐histidine which is not incorporated into the structure of the product. It is noteworthy that compound 1 represents the only known example of purely inorganic open‐framework cobalt‐zinc phosphite.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) Hexabromo‐diselenate(II)‐bis{dibromodiselenate(I)}, [PPh4]2[Se2Br6(Se2Br2)2], the Salt of a Mixed‐valence Bromoselenate(II,I) Anion
Authors: Janickis Vitalijus , Necas Marek
Published: March 2008

The Red crystals of [PPh4]2[Se2Br6(Se2Br2)2] (1) were obtained when selenium and bromine reacted in the solution of acetonitrile in the presence of tetraphenylphosphonium bromide. The crystal structure of 1 has been determined by X‐ray diffraction and refined to R = 0.0201 for 4024 reflections. The crystals are triclinic, space group $\rm P{\bar 1}$ with Z = 2 and a = 11.2757(4) Å, b = 12.3347(5) Å, c = 12.4948(5) Å, α = 113.152(4)°, β = 114.745(4)°, γ = 91.208(3)° (120(2) K). In the solid state the anion of 1 is built up of the Se2Br6 core and two Se2Br2 molecules each of which is linked to one of the trans‐positioned terminal Brt atoms of the Se2Br6 core. The central Se2Br6 part consists of a nearly planar arrangement of two planar SeBr4 units sharing a common edge through two μ2‐bridging Br atoms. The contact between the Brt and the SeI atom of the Se2Br2 molecule is 3.0872(5) Å and can be interpreted as a bond of the donor‐acceptor type with the Brt as donor and the Se2Br2 molecule as acceptor. The terminal SeII–Br and μ2Br–SeII bond lengths are 2.3654(4), 2.6699(5) Å and 2.5482(5), 3.0265(5) Å, respectively. The bond lengths in the coordinated Se2Br2 molecule are: SeI–SeI = 2.2686(5) Å, SeI–Br = 2.3779(5) and 2.3810(5) Å.
Determination of the Uranium(VI) and ‐(IV) Species in Uranium Ores
Authors: Cecal Alexandru , Raileanu Marian
Published: March 2008

The determination of the two species of uranium(VI and IV) present in 6 uranium ores was studied in relation to the chemical and mineralogical composition, humidity, and pH of the samples taken over from the mine. X‐ray diffraction studies, performed on the uranium ores in powder form allowed to establish their mineralogical composition. Thechemical analysis pointed out the presence, besides the two uranium species, of some microelements able to influence the UVI/UIV ratio in minerals and to leach out UVI as uranyl ions from the corresponding minerals.
Tantalum(IV) Iodide, TaI4: A Molecular Solid Consisting of Dimers of Dimers, Ta4I16
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Wiglusz Rafal , Pantenburg Ingo , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: March 2008

Although incongruently melting at 398 °C, single crystals of TaI4 were obtained as a by‐product during a reaction which was designed for Rb{Pr6C2}I12. The crystal structure of TaI4 [triclinic, $\rm P{\bar 1}$ (no. 2); a = 705.9(1), b = 1062.3(2), c = 1072.3(2) pm, α = 79.55(2), β = 89.78(2)°, γ = 75.57(2)°, V = 765.1(5)106 pm3; Z = 2, R1 = 0.042 for I0 > 2σ(I0)] contains tetrameric molecules which consist of two face‐sharing dimers of TaI6 octahedra which share a common edge. The Ta‐Ta distance in the face‐sharing dimers is 297.5(1) pm and may be associated with a single bond. Theoretical calculations exhibit two degenerate HOMOs which are occupied by four electrons; two four‐center‐two‐electron bonds is, therefore, a better description of the metal‐metal bonding situation in Ta4I16.
Well‐Ordered Crystals of TaI5. The Formation of the Ternary Iodide CsTaI6
Authors: Habermehl Katja , Pantenburg Ingo , Held Peter , Meyer Gerd
Published: March 2008

Well ordered single crystals of TaI5 (orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 1396.2(2), b = 2009.5(4), c = 660.7(1) pm, Z = 8, R1 for 967 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0381) were obtained from a reaction of the elements. The structure determination confirms Müller's prediction of 1978. Single crystals of CsTaI6 (monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 1362.3(2), b = 709.9(1), c = 1736.2(3) pm, β = 128.77(1)°, Z = 4, R1 for 1140 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0378) were obtained by the oxidation of tantalum with CsI3. Both crystal structures contain [TaI6] octahedra which are edge‐connected to Ta2I10 dimers in TaI5 and isolated as [TaI6]− anions in the salt Cs[TaI6] (CsWCl6 type of structure).
Cs2Hg27, das quecksilberreichste Amalgam – ein naher Verwandter der Bergman‐Phasen
Authors: Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: March 2008

Cs2Hg27, the Mercury‐richest Amalgam with Close Relationship to the Bergman Phases

By electrolyzing a solution of cesium iodide in N,N‐dimethylformamide at 2 °C on a mercury cathode the amalgam Cs2Hg27 can be synthesized. It crystallizes in an own cubic structure type (space group $Im{\bar 3}$, a = 16.557(4) Å). The structure can be rationalized by a system of concentrical polyhedral spheres, in close analogy to the Bergman phases.
A 2‐fold Interpenetrated Framework based on Tetranuclear Heterometallic Cluster: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Liu Guang‐Xiang , Xu Heng , Ren Xiao‐Ming
Published: March 2008

A 2‐fold parallel interpenetrated polymer, ZnCo(OH)(pheno)(p‐BDC)1.5·H2O (1) (pheno = phenanthrene‐9,10‐dione; p‐BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, ICP and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca and affords a three‐dimensional (3D) six‐connected α‐Po network. The magnetic behavior for 1 was studied in the temperature range of 1.8‐300 K.
Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation Chemistry of Ramsdellite‐Type LiCrTiO4
Authors: Kuhn A. , Martín M. , García‐Alvarado F.
Published: March 2008

LiCrTiO4, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic ramsdellite structure, has been obtained by heating spinel LiCrTiO4 at 1250 °C in air. The refined cell parameters are a = 4.9835(6) Å, b = 9.5095(8) Å and c = 2.9282(2) Å, space group Pbnm, as determined from Rietveld refinement of X‐ray powder diffraction data. The intercalation chemistry of LiCrTiO4 has been investigated. Lithium can be extracted from LiCrTiO4 due to oxidation of CrIII at rather high potential 4 V. On the other hand, lithium intercalation proceeds readily at 1.5 V due to the reduction of tetravalent titanium. Regarding practical applications, as an electrode for lithium rechargeable batteries, specific capacities of 100 and 120 mAh·g−1 are developed at 0.1 mA·cm−2, respectively. These findings point out that the ramsdellite form of LiCrTiO4 may be an ambivalent electrode, which can be used either as the positive electrode or the negative electrode of a lithium ion rechargeable battery.
Zur Problematik individueller thermodynamischer Aktivitätskoeffizienten einzelner Ionensorten in Elektrolytlösungen hoher Konzentration
Authors: Ferse Armin
Published: March 2008

On the Individual Thermodynamic Activity Coefficients of Single Ion Species in Electrolyte Solutions at High Concentrations

The individual activity coefficients of the single ion species, which are produced by dissociation of aqueous electrolytes, are necessary for the thermodynamic treatment of equilibrations and processes involving electrolytes. The determination of these values is one of the basic quests of electrochemistry and a controversial topic. This problem is unsolvable using classical thermodynamics.

In this paper a mathematical method is shown, which can be used to split the mean activity coefficients into the values for the individual ion species of an electrolyte. For this determination the mean activity coefficients have to be expressed in the power form of equation. The concept based on the adaptation of a product function for the concentration development of the mean activity coefficients to the experimental data and their separation into factor functions of a predefined structure, which represent the concentration development of the individual activity coefficients of the single ion species of the electrolyte.

This mathematical method was used to calculate the individual activity coefficients of the single ion species of alkali chlorides, alkaline earth chlorides, alkaline earth perchlorates, hydrohalic acids and alkali hydroxides.

In summary, all the calculated single ion activity coefficients are in good agreement with the expected theoretical considerations. A proportionality to the reciprocal diameter of the unhydrated cation is clearly recognizable. The calculated individual activity coefficients correspond in every case with the assumption about their size, which can be reproduced using a variety of electrochemical investigations and experiments.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structures and Thermal Stability of Two Novel Lanthanide Complexes: [Er4(tp)6(H2O)6], [Lu(tp)1.5(H2O)3]
Authors: Xie Su‐Li , Xie Bi‐Qin , Tang Xiao‐Yong , Wang Ning , Yue Shan‐Tang
Published: March 2008

Two novel lanthanide complexes with the formula [Er4(tp)6(H2O)6] (1) and [Lu(tp)1.5(H2O)3] (2) (tp = terephthalate) were synthesized by treating Er(NO3)3, Lu(NO3)3 with terephthalic acid under hydrothermal conditions, respectively. The structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The crystal 1 is of orthorhombic, space group Pbca(61) with a = 9.6656(2) Å, b = 26.2338(5) Å, c = 37.9022(7) Å, C48H36Er4O30, M = 1761.81, Z = 8, V = 9610.69(32) Å3, F(000) = 6688, R1 = 0.0326 and ωR = 0.0650. The crystal of 2 is of triclinic, space group $P{\bar 1}$ with a = 7.8204(1) Å, b = 9.5355(1) Å, c = 10.6348(1) Å, α = 68.869(1)°, β = 71.081(1)°, γ = 75.151(1)°, C24H24Lu2O18, M = 475.19, Z = 2, V = 690.98(1) Å3, F(000) = 454, R1 = 0.0215 and ωR = 0.0474. Both of the two coordination polymers exhibit sandwich‐like packing structures.
Gas Storages in Microporous Metal‐Organic Framework at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Zhu Long‐Guan , Xiao Hong‐Ping
Published: March 2008

[Co2(bdc)2(ted)]·2DMF·3H2O (2), (DMF = N,N′‐dimethylformamide, bdc = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate dianion, ted = triethylenediamine) was prepared and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, TGA, powder X‐ray analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray determination. At ambient temperature the material [Co2(bdc)2(ted)] (1) was found to be high adsorbent of methane but poor adsorbent of hydrogen.
Learning from experience and trading volume
Authors: Subrahmanyam Avanidhar
Published: March 2008

We build a model where trading allows inexperienced agents to discern useful information sources. Upon losing money by trading on invalid information sources, investors learn from their experience and switch to alternative sources. Such activity leads to initial expected losses but later profitable trades. Trading activity is found to be increasing in the mass of such agents. Volume is greatest in firms with uncertain cash flows. Further, a greater number of information sources implies greater volume. This is consistent with the explosive growth in volume accompanying the growth of the internet, which presumably increases the number of heterogeneous information sources.
Genetics of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Groop Leif
Published: March 2008

The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance in the same persons has been called the metabolic or insulin-resistance syndrome. In 1998 WHO proposed a unifying definition for the syndrome and chose to call it the metabolic syndrome rather than the insulin-resistance syndrome. Although insulin resistance has been considered as a common denominator for the different components of the syndrome, there is still debate as to whether it is pathogenically involved in all of the different components of the syndrome. Clustering of the syndrome in families suggests a genetic component. It is plausible that so-called thrifty genes, which have ensured optimal storage of energy during periods of fasting, could contribute to the phenotype of the metabolic syndrome. Common variants in a number of candidate genes influencing fat and glucose metabolism can probably, together with environmental triggers, increase susceptibility to the syndrome. Among these, the genes for β3-adrenergic receptor, hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, IRS-1, PC-1, skeletal muscle glycogen synthase, etc. appear to increase the risk of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, novel genes may be identified by genome-wide searches.
Diet, blood pressure and hypertension
Authors: Hermansen Kjeld
Published: March 2008

Prevention of hypertension, and control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension, are necessary for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle modifications are one of the most important tools for effective lowering of blood pressure. Most randomized controlled studies have shown that even a modest weight loss of 3–9 % is associated with a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of roughly 3 mm Hg in overweight people. Limitation of sodium chloride in food has historically been considered the critical change for reducing blood pressure. Changes in sodium intake do affect blood pressure in older persons and in patients with hypertension and diabetes, whereas its role in population blood pressure has proven controversial. Recent meta-analyses indicate that adequate intake of minerals, e.g. potassium and probably calcium, rather than restriction of sodium, should be the focus of dietary recommendations. Although epidemiological data point to a direct relation between the intake of saturated fat, starch and alcohol, as well as an inverse relationship to the intake of omega-3 fatty acids and protein, our knowledge about macronutrients and blood pressure is scanty. It may well prove more productive to look at food instead of placing emphasis on single nutrients. Thus the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) demonstrates that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, fibre and minerals (calcium, potassium and magnesium) produces a potent antihypertensive effect. Such a diet is not very restrictive and should not produce compliance problems. Further high-quality research on the influence of macronutrients and food will yield data for updated recommendations, enabling better prevention and control of the blood pressure problem.
The Dubious Distinction between Principal and Accessory Claims in Nigerian Human Rights Jurisprudence
Authors: Nwauche ES
Published: March 2008

What began as an exercise in defining the jurisdiction of the Nigerian Federal High Court over fundamental human rights has now turned into a well established principle that Nigerian courts will not entertain an action for the enforcement of a fundamental human right contained in chapter IV of the 1999 constitution through the Fundamental Human Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules unless it is the principal claim. In other words, if the action for the enforcement of a fundamental human right is an accessory or subsidiary claim, the action must be started by a writ of summons. This article demonstrates that this distinction is dubious, irrelevant and impossible to make, and leads to a miscarriage of justice.
Early German Legal Anthropology: Albert Hermann Post and His Questionnaire
Authors: Lyall Andrew
Published: March 2008

Albert Hermann Post (1839–95) is an almost forgotten figure in the history of legal anthropology, yet he was the first anthropologist to propose the study of the legal relations of indigenous peoples. His questionnaire is presented here in English for the first time. It was distributed in the 1890s and the answers, from Cameroon, Mali, Western Sudan, Uganda, German East Africa, German South West Africa, Madagascar, and the Solomon and Marshall Islands, were published by Steinmetz in 1903, after Post's death. The questionnaire gives an insight into the state of German anthropology at the time and, however naïve the method, the answers provide in many cases the only written evidence for the period on the societies studied. This article also considers Hildebrandt's reassessment of Post and gives an account of the circumstances leading up to the distribution of Josef Kohler's later questionnaire.
BODY HEIGHT IN RELATION TO RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION IN POLAND
Authors: KRZYŻANOWSKA M. , BORYSŁAWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

A survey was conducted among 2800 students studying in Wrocław, Poland. The questionnaire included questions on the body height of the students and their parents, and place of residence and migration patterns of the students themselves, their parents and their grandparents. Body height in both students and their parents was positively correlated with the size of their place of residence. This was particularly true for male students and their fathers. Body height in students and parents from mobile families was not significantly different from that of their peers from non-mobile families. Body height in mobile individuals was generally between that of non-mobile individuals from rural areas and that of non-mobile individuals from large urban centres. Students from families that had migrated from smaller urban centres to larger ones were taller than students from families that had migrated from rural areas to urban centres. Body height in students was also correlated with the kind of migration that took place. In the students’ mothers, body height was higher if the maternal grandparents moved from smaller urban centres to larger urban centres than if the maternal grandparents moved from rural areas to urban centres. In female students, body height depended on whether their mothers had migrated from smaller places of residence to larger places of residence, but was not affected by the degree of migration. Intra-generational migration during the generation of the students’ grandparents was associated with increased body height in the students’ mothers. On the other hand, intergenerational migration during the generations of the students’ grandparents and parents was associated with increased body height in the students’ fathers and in female students. Body height was not a reliable indicator of whether an individual migrated from rural areas to Wrocław. Far more reliable indicators were the size of the place the student lived their whole life and whether the family had lived in an urban environment for at least two generations.
Linear feedback control and estimation applied to instabilities in spatially developing boundary layers
Authors: CHEVALIER MATTIAS , HŒPFFNER JÉRÔME , ÅKERVIK ESPEN , HENNINGSON DAN S.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the application of feedback control to spatially developing boundary layers. It is the natural follow-up of Högberg & Henningson (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 470, 2002, p. 151), where exact knowledge of the entire flow state was assumed for the control. We apply recent developments in stochastic models for the external sources of disturbances that allow the efficient use of several wall measurements for estimation of the flow evolution: the two components of the skin friction and the pressure fluctuation at the wall. Perturbations to base flow profiles of the family of Falkner–Skan–Cooke boundary layers are estimated by use of wall measurements. The estimated state is in turn fed back for control in order to reduce the kinetic energy of the perturbations. The control actuation is achieved by means of unsteady blowing and suction at the wall. Flow perturbations are generated in the upstream region in the computational box and propagate in the boundary layer. Measurements are extracted downstream over a thin strip, followed by a second thin strip where the actuation is performed. It is shown that flow disturbances can be efficiently estimated and controlled in spatially evolving boundary layers for a wide range of base flows and disturbances.
Breakup of electrified jets
Authors: COLLINS ROBERT T. , HARRIS MICHAEL T. , BASARAN OSMAN A.
Published: March 2008

Breakup of electrified jets is important in applications as diverse as electrospraying, electroseparations and electrospray mass spectrometry. Breakup of a perfectly conducting, incompressible Newtonian liquid jet surrounded by a passive insulating gas that is stressed by a radial electric field is studied by a temporal analysis. An initially quiescent jet is subjected to axially periodic shape perturbations and the ensuing dynamics are followed numerically until pinch-off by both a three-dimensional but axisymmetric (two-dimensional) and a one-dimensional slender-jet algorithm. Results computed with these algorithms are verified against predictions from linear theory for short times. Breakup times, ratios of the sizes of the primary to satellite drops formed at pinch-off, and the Coulombic stability of these drops are reported over a wide range of electrical Bond numbers, NE (ratio of electric to surface tension force), Ohnesorge numbers, NOh (ratio of viscous to surface tension force), and disturbance wavenumbers, k. Effect of surface charge on interface overturning is investigated. Furthermore, the influence of electrostatic stresses on the dynamics of pinch-off and the mechanisms of satellite drop formation is also addressed.
The rheology of a semi-dilute suspension of swimming model micro-organisms
Authors: ISHIKAWA TAKUJI , PEDLEY T. J.
Published: March 2008

The rheological properties of a cell suspension may play an important role in the flow field generated by populations of swimming micro-organisms (e.g. in bioconvection). In this paper, a swimming micro-organism is modelled as a squirming sphere with prescribed tangential surface velocity, in which the centre of mass of the sphere may be displaced from the geometric centre (bottom-heaviness). Effects of inertia and Brownian motion are neglected, because real micro-organisms swim at very low Reynolds numbers but are too large for Brownian effects to be important. The three-dimensional movement of 64 identical squirmers in a simple shear flow field, contained in a cube with periodic boundary conditions, is dynamically computed, for random initial positions and orientations. The computation utilizes a database of pairwise interactions that has been constructed by the boundary element method. The restriction to pairwise additivity of forces is expected to be justified if the suspension is semi-dilute. The results for non-bottom-heavy squirmers show that the squirming does not have a direct influence on the apparent viscosity. However, it does change the probability density in configuration space, and thereby causes a slight decrease in the apparent viscosity atO(c2), wherecis the volume fraction of spheres. In the case of bottom-heavy squirmers, on the other hand, the stresslet generated by the squirming motion directly contributes to the bulk stress atO(c), and the suspension shows strong non-Newtonian properties. When the background simple shear flow is directed vertically, the apparent viscosity of the semi-dilute suspension of bottom-heavy squirmers becomes smaller than that of inert spheres. When the shear flow is horizontal and varies with the vertical coordinate, on the other hand, the apparent viscosity becomes larger than that of inert spheres. In addition, significant normal stress differences appear for all relative orientations of gravity and the shear flow, in the case of bottom-heavy squirmers.
What does the Ultimatum Game mean in the real world?
Authors: Grace Randolph C. , Kemp Simon
Published: March 2008

The predictive validity of the ultimatum game (UG) for cross-cultural differences in real-world behavior has not yet been established. We discuss results of a recent meta-analysis (Oosterbeek et al 2004), which examined UG behavior across large-scale societies and found that the mean percent offers rejected was positively correlated with social expenditure.
Building a better micro-foundation for institutional analysis
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: March 2008

The target article summarizes important research demonstrating that the canonical model of selfish, economic man is not empirically supported outside competitive settings, and that experimental research conducted in university settings should not be discounted because undergraduates were the subjects. Assuming that individuals are capable of reciprocity and trust provides a firmer foundation for the study of institutions, incentives, and outcomes.
Making it real: Interpreting economic experiments
Authors: Smith Eric Alden
Published: March 2008

The relationship between game play and naturalistic cooperation, generosity, or market involvement is ambiguous at best, making it difficult to link game results to preferences and beliefs guiding decision-making in daily life. Discounting reputation-based explanations because the games are anonymous, while arguing that game play is guided by motivational structures or framing effects reflecting daily life, is inconsistent.
Plasma electron-electron collision effects in proton self-retarding
and vicinage forces
Authors: BARRIGA-CARRASCO MANUEL D. , MAYNARD GILLES
Published: March 2008

This paper presents theoretical results for the influence of plasma
electron-electron collisions in correlated proton stopping forces. First
calculations of the effects of these collisions on the vicinage forces for
plasma matter are shown. In particular, these effects are studied in a
Te = 10 eV and n = 1023
cm−3 plasma yielding a self-retarding proton force
increased more than 11% at maximum value. Also vicinage forces enhances
more than 15% in the analyzed cases. All this implies that plasma
electron-electron collisions play an important role both in non and
correlated ion stopping and must be considered for any application of ion
energy deposition in plasma matter.
Everyday action in dementia: Evidence for differential deficits in Alzheimer's diseaseversussubcortical vascular dementia
Authors: GIOVANNETTI TANIA , SCHMIDT KARA S. , GALLO JENNIFER L. , SESTITO NICOLE , LIBON DAVID J.
Published: March 2008

The relationship between dementia diagnosis and everyday action (e.g., meal preparation, grooming) is not well understood. This study examines differences between individuals diagnosed with vascular dementia (VaD;n= 25)versusAlzheimer's disease (AD;n= 23) on the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT; Schwartz et al., 2003), a performance-based measure that includes three tasks of increasing complexity. The percentage of task steps accomplished, number of errors, and performance times were recorded for each task. While the groups did not differ in dementia severity or overall impairment on the NAT, the VaD group committed more errors (3.3vs.1.6,p= 02). The VaD group also accomplished significantly fewer steps when salient distractor objects were present (74.0%vs.91.3%,p< .01). Correlations between NAT variables and neuropsychological tests suggest the executive control deficits associated with VaD may contribute to specific action difficulties, such as distractor interference and inefficient, error-prone action on complex tasks. In AD, everyday action may be negatively influenced by episodic memory failures. Thus, dementia diagnosis has relevance to everyday function. (JINS, 2006,12, 45–53.)
Neuropsychological and sensory gating deficits related to remote
alcohol abuse history in schizophrenia
Authors: THOMA ROBERT J. , HANLON FAITH M. , MILLER GREGORY A. , HUANG MINGXIONG , WEISEND MICHAEL P. , SANCHEZ FRANCISCO P. , WALDORF V. ANN , JONES AARON , SMITH ASHLEY , FORMOSO MICHAEL J. , CAÑIVE JOSE M.
Published: March 2008

Recent evidence suggests that changes in brain structure associated
with alcohol abuse are compounded in individuals dually diagnosed with
alcohol abuse and schizophrenia. To investigate the separate, and possibly
interacting, effects of these diagnoses, an event-related brain potential
(ERP) measure of auditory information processing (P50 sensory gating
paradigm) and neuropsychological measures were administered to healthy
control participants with either (1a) no history of alcohol
abuse/dependence, or (1b) a remote history of alcohol
abuse/dependence, and patients with schizophrenia with either (2a) no
history of alcohol abuse/dependence, or (2b) a remote history of
alcohol abuse/dependence. Schizophrenia was associated with impaired
P50 sensory gating and poorer performance across neuropsychological scores
compared to measurements in healthy control participants. Those with a
positive alcohol history had impaired gating ratios in contrast to those
with a negative alcohol history. There were additive effects of
schizophrenia diagnosis and alcohol history for P50 sensory gating and for
neuropsychological scores: attention, working memory, and behavioral
inhibition. For executive attention and general memory there was an
interaction, suggesting that the combination of schizophrenia and history
of alcohol abuse results in greater impairment than that predicted by the
presence of either diagnosis alone. (JINS, 2006, 12,
34–44.)
Forensic Neuropsychology in the Real World
Authors: Ellenberg Leah
Published: March 2008

Forensic Neuropsychology Casebook. Robert L. Heilbronner
(Ed.). 2005. New York: The Guilford Press. 370 pp., $50.00 (HB).

The chapters in Forensic Neuropsychology Casebook read like a
collection of short stories. An experienced forensic neuropsychologist
authors each chapter and each case is presented from a personal point of
view, a viewpoint generally not found in mainstream textbooks. The case
background, test results, and legal proceedings are described along with
the neuropsychologist's thoughts, feelings, insights, and lessons
learned. The practitioners and topics were well chosen to display the
diversity of forensic neuropsychology. Included are adult, pediatric,
civil, and criminal cases. Besides the more common cases such as traumatic
brain injury, medical malpractice, and workers' compensation, more
esoteric topics are covered such as electrical injury, sexual consent
capacity in an Alzheimer's patient, and competence to confess.
Workforce development in South Africa with a focus on public health nutrition
Authors: Steyn Nelia P , Mbhenyane Xikombiso G
Published: March 2008

Objectives

The present paper aims to review and report on the current and predicted future public health nutrition workforce in South Africa. Additionally, it examines ways in which the Department of Health (DOH) is striving to meet the increasing burden of nutrition-related diseases in South Africa.

Methods

The primary sources of data used for the review were reports from the Census office, South African health reviews, mortality and morbidity statistics, and documents from the Health Professions Council of South Africa.

Results

There are fewer than 2000 registered dietitians in South Africa and fewer than 600 of them work in the public health sector. Furthermore, professional nurses – who are the backbone of the primary health-care system and deliver the rudiments of basic nutritional care – are not being trained in sufficient numbers to meet population growth; in 2004 there was only one nurse per 4000 persons. This situation is aggravated by the growing burden of conditions associated with both overnutrition and undernutrition, as well as the enormous demands of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The DOH is striving to meet these increasing needs by means of the Integrated Nutrition Programme as well as a National Human Resources Plan which includes numerous strategies to improve the quantity and quality of health professionals’ training, including dietitians and nutritionists. This plan includes the objective of increasing the public health nutrition workforce to more than 250 newly trained dietitians and nutritionists per annum by 2010.
Women in International Relations: Sediment, Trends, and Agency
Authors: Tétreault Mary Ann
Published: March 2008

Not quite 15 years ago, the International Studies Association (ISA) sponsored an investigation into the status of women in the profession. Most of the conclusions were not too far from what Daniel Maliniak, Amy Oakes, Susan Peterson, and Michael Tierney report in this issue: Women are underrepresented among academics in political science as a whole, and especially in the field of international relations. They also are underrepresented in higher academic ranks. Although they publish at about the same rate as their male counterparts, women's work is far less likely to be cited or mentioned as influential in the field. The “Women in International Relations” study by Maliniak and his coauthors shows that not much has changed—or has it?
An Intersectional Analysis of International Relations: Recasting the Discipline
Authors: Ackerly Brooke , True Jacqui
Published: March 2008

In this essay we use a basic feminist analytical tool, intersectionality, to understand why we do not see more women across the spectrum and at all levels in the international relations field in the United States. Our intersectional analysis reveals that to understand why women are underrepresented in IR, we should not look harder at women in IR but rather at IR as a discipline.
Orographic barriers, high‐resolution TRMM rainfall, and relief variations along the eastern Andes
Authors: Bookhagen Bodo , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: March 2008

Quantifying the degree to which tectonic and erosive processes shape landscapes is key to understanding the evolution of tectonically active mountain belts. Here we explore the interplay of these two processes along the humid, eastern flank of the South American Andes. We use high‐resolution Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and SRTM data to characterize elevation, relief, and hillslope angle of peak rainfall at orographic barriers. Over a distance of more than 3500 km along the eastern flanks, we find that peak rainfall (>3.5 m/yr) occurs at a mean elevation of 1.3 ± 0.17 km, a mean relief of 0.95 ± 0.08 km, and at moderate mean hillslope angles of 18.3 ± 1.7°. We suggest that topographic relief is the best first‐order rainfall predictor and we demonstrate how relief changes along strike south of the Andean orocline alter rainfall distribution. Changes in climatic, sedimentary, and tectonic processes prevent the formation of high relief amounts at the mountain front and these areas are not characterized by pronounced rainfall peak.