bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra‐large color difference and small subtense
Authors: Carter Robert , Huertas Rafael
Published: November 2009

Color difference calculations are usually applied to match or tolerance of small differences between large (>2°) visual fields. In contrast, we examine here the application of ultra‐large color differences to enhance conspicuousness and discriminability of small (1° subtense or smaller) visual targets, e.g., in visual information displays. We show that CIEDE2000, and color difference metrics based on the OSA Uniform Color Space and CIECAM02 are superior to CIELAB and CIELUV. Considering gray scale only, we show that Whittle's JND metric of achromatic contrast is as good as L* for this purpose, while also modeling contrast polarity and “crispening.” Furthermore, using this JND metric, we replicate Highnote's finding that elongation of small targets affects their apparent contrast. We discuss the perceived fading of color differences when targets become smaller, and suggest practical methods to mitigate the adverse effect on color conspicuousness and discriminability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.
An algorithm for generating color scales for both categorical and ordinal coding
Authors: Breslow Leonard A. , Trafton J. Gregory , McCurry J. Malcolm , Ratwani Raj M.
Published: November 2009

Previous research has shown multihue scales to be well‐suited to code categorical features and shown lightness scales to be well‐suited to code ordinal quantities. We introduce an algorithm, Motley, that produces color scales varying in both hue and lightness, intended to be effective for both categorical and ordinal coding, allowing users to determine both absolute and relative quantities efficiently and accurately. The algorithm first determines the lightnesses of scale colors to maximize perceived lightness differences and establish the lightness ordering, generating separate search spaces for each scale position. It then selects hues by heuristic search to maximize the discriminability of the scale. It produces scales that are ordered with respect to lightness but unordered with respect to hue and thus more discriminable than typical multihue lightness scales. In an experimental evaluation on human subjects, Motley's scales enabled accurate judgments of relative quantity, with response times superior to unordered multihue scales and comparable to ordered lightness scales, and enabled accuracy and speed of judgments of absolute quantity superior to lightness scales and comparable to multihue scales. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.
Optimized InfiniBandTMfat‐tree routing for shift all‐to‐all communication patterns
Authors: Zahavi Eitan , Johnson Gregory , Kerbyson Darren J. , Lang Michael
Published: November 2009

Clustered systems have become a dominant architecture of scalable high‐performance super computers. In these large‐scale computers, the network performance and scalability is as critical as the compute‐nodes speed. InfiniBandTMhas become a commodity networking solution supporting the stringent latency, bandwidth and scalability requirements of these clusters. The network performance is also affected by its topology, packet routing and the communication patterns the distributed application exercises. Fat‐trees are the topology structures used for constructing most large clusters as they are scalable, maintain cross‐bisectional‐bandwidth (CBB), and are practical to build using fixed‐arity switches. In this paper, we propose a fat‐tree routing algorithm that provides a congestion‐free, all‐to‐all shift pattern leveraging on the InfiniBandTMstatic routing capability. The algorithm supports partially populated fat‐trees built with switches of arbitrary number of ports and CBB ratios. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, detailed switch and host simulation models were developed and multiple fabric topologies were run. The results of these simulations as well as measurements on real clusters show an improvement in all‐to‐all delay by avoiding congestion on the fabric. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pattern informatics approach to earthquake forecasting in 3D
Authors: Toya Y. , Tiampo K. F. , Rundle J. B. , Chen Chien‐chih , Li Hsien‐Chi , Klein W.
Published: November 2009

Natural seismicity is correlated across multiple spatial and temporal scales, but correlations in seismicity prior to a large earthquake are locally subtle (e.g. seismic quiescence) and often prominent in broad scale (e.g. seismic activation), resulting in local and regional seismicity patterns, e.g. a Mogi's donut. Recognizing that patterns in seismicity rate are reflecting the regional dynamics of the directly unobservable crustal stresses, the Pattern Informatics (PI) approach was introduced by Tiampoet al. and Rundleet al. in 2002. In this study, we expand the PI approach to forecasting earthquakes into the third or vertical dimension, and illustrate its further improvement in the forecasting performance through case studies of both natural and synthetic data. The PI characterizes rapidly evolving spatio‐temporal seismicity patterns as angular drifts of a unit state vector in a high‐dimensional correlation space, and systematically identifies anomalous shifts in seismic activity with respect to the regional background. 3D PI analysis is particularly advantageous over 2D analysis in resolving vertically overlapped seismicity anomalies in a highly complex tectonic environment. Case studies will help to illustrate some important properties of the PI forecasting tool. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reputation, framing strategies and user's choice of content on the Web: an empirical study
Authors: Constantiou Ioanna , Hoebel Natascha , Zicari Roberto V.
Published: November 2009

Current trends on the Internet indicate an increasing supply of content from anonymous users (e.g. blogs), which may become popular among website visitors. Motivated by these Internet trends, the present study explores the tradeoffs between the source's reputation and the way content is displayed or offered on the web page as well as the effects of both on the Internet user's choice of information services. The study builds upon behavioral economics and focuses on the interaction between background and local context effects on the individual's choice. In particular, the study investigates the tradeoffs between the source's reputation, representing the background context and the provision of enriched content (e.g. source bundled with a picture or a video) representing local context. The research involved a set of experiments based on hypothetical choice or matching tasks. The main findings indicate that there are significant interaction effects between reputation and enriched content, in the form of content related pictures, video and users' recommendations, which affect the user's choice of information services. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical studies of quasi‐static tectonic loading and dynamic rupture of bi‐material interfaces
Authors: Langer S. , Olsen‐Kettle L. M. , Weatherley D. K. , Gross L. , Mühlhaus H.‐B.
Published: November 2009

Dynamic simulations of homogeneous and bi‐material fault rupture are modeled using different loading approaches. We demonstrate that a numerical method of quasi‐static loading is capable of immediately loading bi‐material interfaces to rupture without the iteration over multiple time steps. We show that our method is a computationally inexpensive approach to tectonic loading and is capable of loading a fault to failure. We observe earthquake rupture speed, slip distances and slip rates for homogeneous and bi‐material faults for various applied stresses, friction properties and material contrasts across the bi‐material interface. We comment on causes for unilateral rupture growth. The results are consistent with experimental results and highlight the importance of material heterogeneity in determining the rupture characteristics of earthquake faults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of simplicity: a self‐organizing group communication overlay
Authors: Ripeanu Matei , Iamnitchi Adriana , Foster Ian , Rogers Anne
Published: November 2009

Group communication primitives have broad utility as building blocks for distributed applications. The challenge is to create and maintain the distributed structures that support these primitives while accounting for volatile end‐nodes and variable network characteristics. Most solutions proposed to date rely on complex algorithms or on global information, thus limiting the scale of deployments and acceptance outside the academic realm. This article introduces a low‐complexity, self‐organizing solution for building and maintaining data dissemination trees, which we refer to as Unstructured Multi‐source Overlay (UMO). UMO uses traditional distributed systems techniques: layering, soft‐state, and passive data collection to adapt to the dynamics of the physical network and maintain data dissemination trees. The result is a simple, adaptive system with lower overheads than more complex alternatives. We implemented UMO and evaluated it on a 100‐node PlanetLab testbed and on up to 1024‐node emulated ModelNet networks. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate UMOs low overhead, efficient network usage compared with alternative solutions, and the ability to quickly adapt to network changes and to recover from failures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep quality, cortisol levels, and behavioral regulation in toddlers
Authors: Scher Anat , Hall Wendy A. , Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Weinberg Joanne
Published: November 2009

This study examines the association between nighttime sleep characteristics and cortisol levels and how these variables relate to aspects of children's temperament and behavior. Twenty‐seven healthy children, aged 12–36 months, attending group childcare settings, participated in the study. Each child's sleep was measured at home with actigraphy over three nights. Saliva samples were collected by the mothers at bedtime and within 30 min of awakening. In addition, both the mother and the daycare teacher rated the child's behavioral difficulties and negative emotionality. It was found that children with more fragmented sleep displayed higher awakening cortisol levels compared to children with more efficient sleep. Moreover, elevated awakening cortisol levels were correlated with teachers' ratings of internalizing behavior and negative emotionality. These preliminary findings suggest that awakening cortisol may serve as a useful index of adrenocortical reactivity in young children, signaling a disturbance in physiological regulation, and underscore the need for more research pertaining to the dynamic associations between sleep and HPA‐axis across the 24‐hr period. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 44–53, 2010
Synthesis and Solid State Structures of the Hydrogen‐Bonded Hexamolybdoplatinate(IV) Tetramer [(PtMo6O24)4H23]9– and the Hexamolybdoplatinate(IV) Trimers [(PtMo6O24)3H16]8– and [(PtMo6O24)3H14]10–
Authors: Day Victor W. , Goloboy James C. , Klemperer Walter G.
Published: November 2009

The [(PtMo6O24)3H16]8–, [(PtMo6O24)3H14]10–, and [(PtMo6O24)4H23]9– anions have been crystallized as tetra‐n‐butylammonium and tetra‐n‐butylammonium/triethylammonium salts and structurally characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Together with the [(PtMo6O24)2H7]9– and [(PtMo6O24)2H9]7– anions described by Lee and Sasaki in 1994, these anions form a homologous series of hydrogen‐bonded aggregates where stacks of protonated [α‐PtMo6O24]8– anions are stabilized by hydrogen‐bonding interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Composite Cover Picture with Contributions from Five Authors (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 34/2009)
Authors: Bonchio Marcella , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Poblet Josep M. , Pope Michael T. , Yamase Toshihiro
Published: November 2009

The cover picture depicts not only the internationality of the polyoxometalate community, well‐reflected at the International Polyoxometalate Symposium (Jacobs University, Bremen July 28–August 1, 2009) on which this cluster issue is based, but also the huge scope of these compounds. The diversity of aspects in this issue is highlighted on the cover by a selection of graphics placed over the country of origin of the authors. Structural features (M. T. Pope et al.), mechanisms of formation (J. Poblet et al.), homogeneous oxidation catalysis (O. Kholdeeva et al.), design of enantioselective catalysts (M. Bonchio et al.) and photochemistry based analytical techniques (T. Yamase et al.) are some of the topics you will find. Mr Rami Al‐Oweini (Jacobs University) is thanked for his creative design.
A Cascade Approach to Captodative Trifluoromethylated Enamines or Vinylogous Guanidinium Salts: Aromatic Substituents as Switches of Reaction Direction
Authors: Rulev Alexander Yu. , Muzalevskiy Vasiliy M. , Kondrashov Evgeniy V. , Ushakov Igor A. , Shastin Aleksey V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. , Haufe Günter , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: November 2009

β‐Halo‐β‐(trifluoromethyl)styrenes readily react with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles bearing primary amino groups to afford either the captodative trifluoromethylated enamines or vinylogous guanidinium salts in a selective fashion depending on the electronic natures of the aromatic substituents.
Cyclooligomerization of Mono‐ and Diazulenylethynes Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Hafner Klaus
Published: November 2009

Cyclooligomerization of 1‐ethynylazulenes 1a,b, 6 and 7 as well as 1,2‐bis(azulen‐1‐yl)ethynes 10a,b and 11 with CpCo(CO)2 to the corresponding 1,2,4‐tris(azulen‐1‐yl)benzenes 14a,b, 18 and 19 as well as [bis‐ and tetrakis(azulen‐1‐yl)cyclobutadiene]cobalt complexes 17a,b, 30a,b and 31 is described.
Green Synthesis of Vicinal Dithioethers and Alkenyl Thioethers from the Reaction of Alkynes and Thiols in Water
Authors: Jin Zhuang , Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: November 2009

The reaction of a wide range of alkynes with thiols to give vicinal dithioethers in water, under mild conditions, is reported. In addition, non‐terminal propargyl alcohols react with aryl thiols in water to produce a highly regio‐ andstereoselective monohydrothiolation product, (E)‐alkenyl thioether. Reaction mechanism and computational studies on the selectivity of the product are presented.
Rapid magnetic microfluidic mixer utilizing AC electromagnetic field
Authors: Wen Chih‐Yung , Yeh Cheng‐Peng , Tsai Chien‐Hsiung , Fu Lung‐Ming
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a novel simple micromixer based on stable water suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles (i.e.ferrofluids). The micromixer chip is built using standard microfabrication and simple soft lithography, and the design can be incorporated as a subsystem into any chemical microreactor or a miniaturized biological sensor. An electromagnet driven by an AC power source is used to induce transient interactive flows between a ferrofluid and Rhodamine B. The alternative magnetic field causes the ferrofluid to expand significantly and uniformly toward Rhodamine B, associated with a great number of extremely fine fingering structures on the interface in the upstream and downstream regions of the microchannel. These pronounced fingering patterns, which have not been observed by other active mixing methods utilizing only magnetic force, increase the mixing interfacial length dramatically. Along with the dominant diffusion effects occurring around the circumferential regions of the fine finger structures, the mixing efficiency increases significantly. The miscible fingering instabilities are observed and applied in the microfluidics for the first time. This work is carried with a view to developing functionalized ferrofluids that can be used as sensitive pathogen detectors and the present experimental results demonstrate that the proposed micromixer has excellent mixing capabilities. The mixing efficiency can be as high as 95% within 2.0 s and a distance of 3.0 mm from the inlet of the mixing channel, when the applied peak magnetic field is higher than 29.2 Oe and frequency ranges from 45 to 300 Hz.
Continued alcohol use in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Potash Andrea E. , Karnell Lucy Hynds , Christensen Alan J. , Vander Weg Mark W. , Funk Gerry F.
Published: November 2009

Background

The effect of posttreatment alcohol consumption on health‐related quality of life (QOL) and factors predicting overall QOL and continued alcohol consumption were examined in patients with head and neck cancer.

Methods

Self‐reported alcohol use and abuse 1 year after diagnosis was analyzed.

Results

Although current drinkers (44.5% of 283 patients) had better overall QOL and fewer depressive symptoms, current social drinkers had the best scores, whereas current problem drinkers had the worst. Female sex, fewer depressive symptoms, less pain, and better eating function predicted better QOL. Oral function was the only predictor of 12‐month alcohol use.

Conclusion

Depression, pain, and eating function predicted overall QOL. Alcohol consumption was not associated with QOL, but was associated with better oral function, which in turn predicted better QOL. Alcohol consumption itself does not improve QOL in this population, and these patients should be counseled regarding detrimental effects of continued drinking after treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Sustained dorsal hippocampal activity is not obligatory for either the maintenance or retrieval of long‐term spatial memory
Authors: Broadbent Nicola J. , Squire Larry R. , Clark Robert E.
Published: November 2009

Memories are initially stored in a labile state and are subject to modification by a variety of treatments, including disruption of hippocampal function. We infused a sodium channel blocker (or CNQX) to inactivate the rat dorsal hippocampus reversibly for 1 week following training on a task of spatial memory (the water maze). Previous work with conventional lesions has established that the dorsal hippocampus is essential for both the acquisition and expression of memory in this task. The question in the present study was whether chronic disruption of neuronal activity in the dorsal hippocampus after training would abolish memory or whether memory would survive extended disruption of hippocampal activity. As expected from earlier work, we found that performance was impaired during the infusion period. The critical test occurred 1 week after the lesion was reversed. We found that retention of the water maze recovered to control levels. Accordingly, sustained hippocampal activity following training is not obligatory for either the maintenance of long‐term spatial memory or its subsequent retrieval. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A data assimilation approach to discharge estimation from space
Authors: Neal Jeffrey , Schumann Guy , Bates Paul , Buytaert Wouter , Matgen Patrick , Pappenberger Florian
Published: November 2009

River discharge is currently monitored by a diminishing network of gauges, which provide a spatially incomplete picture of global discharges. This study assimilated water level information derived from a fused satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image and digital terrain model (DTM) with simulations from a coupled hydrological and hydrodynamic model to estimate discharge in an un‐gauged basin scenario. Assimilating water level measurements led to a 79% reduction in ensemble discharge uncertainty over the coupled hydrological hydrodynamic model alone. Measurement bias was evident, but the method still provided a means of improving estimates of discharge for high flows. The study demonstrates the potential of currently available synthetic aperture radar imagery to reduce discharge uncertainty in un‐gauged basins when combined with model simulations in a data assimilation framework, where sufficient topographic data are available. The work is timely because in the near future the launch of satellite radar missions will lead to a significant increase in the volume of data available for space‐borne discharge estimation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of endophytic bacterial strain MGP1 selected from papaya and its biocontrol effects on pathogens infecting harvested papaya fruit
Authors: Shi Jingying , Liu Aiyuan , Li Xueping , Feng Shujie , Chen Weixin
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Traditional approaches to the control of diseases of papaya fruit rely on the use of synthetic chemicals, which can cause serious human health and environmental problems. Endophytes might be used as an alternative to chemicals to effectively control diseases of harvested papaya fruit.

RESULTS: MGP1 was one of the biological control agents that was selected from the pericarp of papaya and identified as Pseudomonas putida biovar A. The bacterium was able to colonise in the lamina, leafstalk, pericarp and pulp of papaya and strongly inhibit ten kinds of phytopathogen. Positive control effects were achieved when fruits were challenged with Phytophthora nicotianae at 24 and 48 h after MGP1 treatment. The control effect of MGP1 on anthracnose of harvested papaya fruit reached 54%. The application of MGP1 at five preharvest stages of papaya significantly reduced the disease index of anthracnose, with the best control effect reaching 63% after application at the florescence stage. However, the rate of latent infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was significantly reduced only after application at the florescence stage.

CONCLUSION: The results indicated the powerful ability of MGP1 as a biological agent. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Race and ethnicity as factors in mental health service use among veterans with PTSD
Authors: Spoont Michele R. , Hodges James , Murdoch Maureen , Nugent Sean
Published: November 2009

Many veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) either do not seek treatment or participate in treatment only episodically. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data to determine rates of mental health care use and to examine whether the odds of service use varied by race or ethnicity. They examined all veterans with a new diagnosis of PTSD during a one‐year period. Analyses used logistic or negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations to measure associations of race and ethnicity with mental health service use after controlling for demographic, disability, and access factors. After adjustment, veteran race, but not Hispanic ethnicity, was associated with decreases in some pharmacotherapy measures and increases in some counseling measures.
Canola single seed analyses to assess commingling of canola commodities
Authors: Barthet Véronique J.
Published: November 2009

Analysis was carried out using a simple base catalyzed derivatization on a single seed crushed in isooctane. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were recovered in the isooctane phase and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Oleic acid content alone was not sufficient to differentiate the various commodities. α‐Linolenic acid content higher or lower than 5% could be used only to differentiate conventional from high stability specialty canola. The commodity classification was improved when both oleic and α‐linolenic acid contents were considered to give a “fingerprint” of the seed.
Functionality at the end of a fatty acid chain – chemical and biological routes to ω‐hydroxylated fatty acids
Authors: Bitto Natalie J. , Graichen Florian H. M. , Monahan Brendon J.
Published: November 2009

Hydroxylated fatty acids are valuable compounds in the chemical industry, being used in various products. ω‐Hydroxylated fatty acids are versatile oleochemicals that can be used in polyester and polyamide production. Although a significant number of conventional synthetic chemistry production routes have been developed for ω‐hydroxy acids, considerable challenge relates to their production in price‐competitive, renewable, and sustainable production systems. The development and utilisation of biological systems for ω‐hydroxy acid production may allow the transition of these compounds from specialty chemical to commodity material. The viability of biological routes to ω‐hydroxylated fatty acids is dependent on the identification of enzymes and systems capable of such modifications. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are currently the only characterised enzymes known to ω‐hydroxylate fatty acids and yeast provides valuable systems to perform the ω‐hydroxylation biotransformations.
Characterization and Crystallization Kinetics of in situ Prepared Poly(propylene terephthalate)/SiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Achilias Dimitris S. , Bikiaris Dimitrios N. , Papastergiadis Efthimios , Giliopoulos Dimitris , Papageorgiou George Z.
Published: November 2009

A series of poly(propylene terephthalate)/silica nanocomposites containing 0.5, 2, 3.5, and 5 wt.‐% SiO2 were prepared by application of the in situ method. The nanocomposites with 3.5 and 5 wt.‐% SiO2 showed an insoluble content because of branching or cross‐linking of the macromolecules, as a result of reaction with the surface hydroxyl groups of silica nanoparticles. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns of the composites were identical with that of neat poly(propylene terephthalate) (PPT). Crystallization kinetics under both isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions was extensively studied. It was found that crystallization rates are enhanced in materials with low silica content, while they are depressed for those with 3.5 and 5 wt.‐% SiO2. Finally, the melting behavior of the samples was investigated. Branching or cross‐linking of the macromolecules due to bonding with silica nanoparticles resulted in reduced recrystallization on heating.

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Noncovalent Nonspecific Functionalization and Solubilization of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes at High Concentrations with a Hyperbranched Polyethylene
Authors: Xu Lixin , Ye Zhibin , Cui Qingzhou , Gu Zhiyong
Published: November 2009

A hyperbranched polyethylene (HBPE) is employed herein for noncovalent nonspecific functionalization and solubilization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in organic solvents. Though constructed solely from ethylene without any specific functionality, this unique hyperbranched polymer has been found to effectively solubilize MWCNTs at surprisingly high concentrations (up to 1 235 mg · L−1) in organic solvents such as chloroform and THF. These solubilities are comparable to and even better than the reported best values obtained through noncovalent specific functionalization with conjugated polymers capable of forming specific π‐π interaction with nanotubes in organic solvents. TEM and XRD results confirm that the nanotubes are completely exfoliated and debundled/de‐entangled upon functionalization with HBPE.

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A Density Functional Study on the Influence of the Molecular Flexibility of Donors on the Insertion Barrier and Stereoselectivity of Ziegler‐Natta Propylene Polymerization
Authors: Taniike Toshiaki , Terano Minoru
Published: November 2009

The performance of MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization is highly dependent on the molecular structures of donors. Density functional calculations were conducted to examine the molecular behaviors of ethylbenzoate (EB), which coadsorbed with an active Ti species during the propylene insertion. It was found that the degree of the molecular flexibility of EB dominated the catalytic nature of the Ti species. The Ti species with geometrically fixed EB was highly isospecific but poorly active, while that with free EB was active but non‐specific. An appropriate confinement of the flexibility was proposed to be essential for active and isospecific propylene insertion, which might be achieved by steric interference between EB molecules adsorbed close to each other on the MgCl2 surface.

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Does massively parallel DNA resequencing signify the end of histopathology as we know it?
Authors: Aparicio Samuel AJR , Huntsman David G
Published: November 2009

Next‐generation DNA sequencing devices have revolutionized cancer genomics by bringing whole genome resequencing of patients' tumours within practical and economic reach. We present an overview of the techniques involved and review early results from the resequencing of cancer genomes. The possible impacts of whole‐genome and trancriptome resequencing in clinical cancer research and the practice of pathology are discussed. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network‐based drugs and biomarkers
Authors: Erler Janine T , Linding Rune
Published: November 2009

The structure and dynamics of protein signalling networks governs cell decision processes and the formation of tissue boundaries. Complex diseases such as cancer and diabetes are diseases of such networks. Therefore approaches that can give insight into how these networks change during disease progression are crucial for better understanding, detection and intervention. The era of network medicine has begun; however, there are fundamental principles associated with molecular networks that are essential to consider for this field to succeed. Here, we introduce network biology and some of its associated technologies. We then focus on the multivariate nature of cellular networks and how this has implications for biomarker and drug discovery using cancer metastasis as an example. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The biological, clinical and prognostic implications of p53 transcriptional pathways in breast cancers
Authors: Abdel‐Fatah Tarek M , Powe Desmond G , Agboola Johnson , Adamowicz‐Brice Martyna , Blamey Roger W , Lopez‐Garcia Maria A , Green Andrew R , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Ellis Ian O
Published: November 2009

We hypothesized that the functional status of p53 transcriptional pathways, rather than p53 protein expression alone, could accurately discriminate between low‐ and high‐risk breast carcinoma (BC) and inform about individuals' tumour biological behaviour. To test this, we studied a well‐characterized series of 990 BCs with long‐term follow‐up, immunohistochemically profiled for p53, its main regulators and downstream genes. Results were validated in an independent series of patients (n = 245) uniformly treated with adjuvant anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. Eleven p53 transcriptional phenotypes were identified with just two main clinical outcomes. (a) Low risk/good prognosis group (active/partially inactive p53 pathways), defined as p53±/MDM4+/MDM2±/Bcl2±/p21±, p53−/MDM4−/MDM2+/Bcl2+/p21± and p53±/MDM4−/MMD2−/Bcl2+/p21±. These tumours had favourable clinicopathological characteristics, including ER+ and long survival after systemic adjuvant‐therapy (AT). (b) High risk/poor prognosis group (completely inactive p53 pathways), defined as p53±/MDM4− MDM2−/Bcl2−/p21−, p53−/MDM4− MDM2+/Bcl2−/p21− and p53±/MDM4−/MDM2−/Bcl2−/p21+. These tumours were characterized by aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and showed shortened survival when treated with AT. Completely inactive p53 pathways but intact p21 axis p53±/MDM4−/MDM2−/Bcl2−/p21+ had the worst prognosis, particularly patients who received AT. Multivariate Cox regression models, including validated prognostic factors for both test and validation series, revealed that the functional status of p53 transcriptional pathways was an independent prognosticator for BC‐specific survival (HR 2.64 and 4.5, p < 0.001, respectively) and disease‐free survival (HR 1.93 and 2.5, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, p53 functional status determined by assessment of p53 regulatory and downstream targets provides independent prognostic value and may help determine more adequate therapeutic regimens for specific subgroups of breast cancer patients. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐related susceptibility to Streptococcus pyogenes infection in mice: underlying immune dysfunction and strategy to enhance immunity
Authors: Goldmann Oliver , Lehne Sabine , Medina Eva
Published: November 2009

Epidemiological studies have shown that the elderly are at higher risk of severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections. In this study, we used a mouse model that displays the age‐related loss of resistance to S. pyogenes infection seen in humans to investigate the impaired immune mechanism underlying the age‐associated susceptibility to this pathogen. Young (2–3 months old) and aged (>20 months old) BALB/c mice were subcutaneously or intravenously inoculated with S. pyogenes and their capacity to control infection was compared. Aged mice showed faster progression of disease, earlier morbidity, and increased mortality when compared with young animals. Since macrophages are critical for host defence against S. pyogenes, we investigated whether susceptibility of aged mice may be due to an age‐associated decline in the functionality of these cells. Our results showed that macrophages from aged mice were as capable as those from young animals to uptake and kill S. pyogenes, but the number of resident tissue macrophages was significantly reduced in the aged host. Treatment of aged mice with macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) significantly increased the number of resident macrophages and improved their response to infection. Our results indicate that treatment with M‐CSF can restore, at least in part, the mechanisms affected by immunosenescence and enhance the natural resistance of aged mice to infection with S. pyogenes. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of interfacial adhesion behaviors by single‐fiber composite tensile tests and surface wettability tests
Authors: Sun Lili , Jia Yuxi , Ma Fengde , Sun Sheng , Zhao Jiang , Han Charles C.
Published: November 2009

The interfacial adhesion and the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite were studied systematically by changing the ratio of the curing agent to epoxy and also the surface treatment of fibers. A strong correlation between the interfacial shear strength and the work of adhesion was found, i.e., the interfacial shear strength is scaled linearly with the interfacial work of adhesion. An empirical formula has been proposed for the relation between the interfacial shear strength and the work of adhesion, from which the equilibrium interatomic distance at the interface between matrix and fiber was evaluated. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1457–1464, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Disseminating Incredible Years Series early‐intervention programs: Integrating and sustaining services between school and home
Authors: Webster‐Stratton Carolyn , Herman Keith C.
Published: November 2009

The Incredible Years (IY) Series is a well‐established set of parent, teacher, and child programs for treating and preventing conduct problems and promoting social competence and emotional regulation in young children. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of this evidence‐based series within the context of a prevention science framework. We first summarize the conceptual grounding of the intervention series including the risk and protective factors that are targeted by IY. We then review the extensive literature demonstrating the impact of the various programs. The bulk of this article, however, focuses on the challenge of disseminating evidence‐based programs with high fidelity. To help overcome these challenges, we describe a model and a set of strategies for implementing IY in community and school settings with high fidelity, so as to help reduce the population prevalence of major childhood mental disorders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The stoichiometry of protein phosphorylation in adipocyte lipid droplets: Analysis by N‐terminal isotope tagging and enzymatic dephosphorylation
Authors: Kanshin Evgeny , Wang Shupei , Ashmarina Lyudmila , Fedjaev Michael , Nifant'ev Ilya , Mitchell Grant A. , Pshezhetsky Alexey V.
Published: November 2009

Most phosphoproteomic studies to date have been limited to the identification of phosphoproteins and their phosphorylation sites, and have not assessed the stoichiometry of protein phosphorylation, a critical parameter reflecting the dynamic equilibrium between phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated pools of proteins. Here, we used a method for measuring phosphorylation stoichiometry through isotope tagging and enzymatic dephosphorylation of tryptic peptides. Using this method, protein digests are divided into two equal aliquots that are modified with either light or heavy isotope tags. One aliquot is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase. Finally, the peptide mixtures are recombined and LC‐MS/MS analysis is performed. With this method, we studied adipocytes of mice stimulated with CL316,243, a β‐3 adrenergic agonist known to induce lipolysis and marked phosphorylation changes in proteins of the lipid droplet surface. In lipid droplet preparations, CL316,243 administration increased phosphorylation of proteins related to regulation of signaling, metabolism and intracellular trafficking in white adipose tissue, including hormone‐sensitive lipase which was 80% phosphorylated at the previously reported site, Ser‐559, and the lipid surface protein perilipin, which was phosphorylated by ∼60 and ∼40% at previously unreported sites, Ser‐410 and Ser‐460.
Ternary magnetic nanocomposites based on core–shell Fe3O4/polyaniline nanoparticles distributed in PVDF matrix
Authors: Petrychuk Mykhaylo , Kovalenko Valery , Pud Alexander , Ogurtsov Nikolay , Gubin Alexey
Published: November 2009

Magnetic, electric, and radioprotector properties of hybrid nanocomposites of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with and without a shell of polyaniline (PANI), which is doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix have been studied. It has been found that the presence of PANI–DBSA as a separate filler in the ternary nanocomposite film, which also contains as another filler the core–shell Fe3O4/PANI–DBSA nanoparticles, facilitates dispersion of the magnetic filler due to the improvement of its compatibility with the PVDF matrix. This leads both to the decrease in coefficient of squareness of the hysteresis loop and to the increase in electromagnetic energy (EME) absorption of the nanocomposite film.

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The properties of LiCe co‐substituted (Na1−xKx)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15‐based ceramics
Authors: Gai Zhi‐gang , Feng Yuan‐yuan , Wang Jin‐feng , Zhao Ming‐lei , Su Wen‐bin , Zheng Li‐mei , Wang Chun‐ming , Zhang Shujun , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: November 2009

The effect of K content on the properties of LiCe co‐substituted (Na1−xKx)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15‐based ceramics was investigated. The Curie temperature (TC) gradually decreases from 641 to 551 °C with increasing the K content. The piezoelectric coefficient d33, thickness coupling factor kt, and mechanical quality factor Q of (Na0.5Bi0.5)0.80(Li0.5Ce0.5)0.10[]0.10Bi4Ti4O15 (x = 0.00) ceramic were found to be 28 pC/N, 25%, and 2693, respectively, together with the high TC (∼641 °C) and stable piezoelectric properties, demonstrating that the (LiCe) modified Na0.5Bi4.5 Ti4O15‐based material a promising candidate for high temperature applications.
Influence of boron content on crystallization and magnetic properties of ternary FeNbB amorphous alloys
Authors: Stokłosa Z. , Rasek J. , Kwapuliński P. , Haneczok G. , Chrobak A. , Lelątko J. , Pająk L.
Published: November 2009

The influence of boron on crystallization and magnetic properties of the Fe98‐xNb2Bx, (x = 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22) group of alloys obtained by melt spinning method were investigated. Relative magnetic permeability (µr), parallel magnetostriction coefficient in saturated magnetic field (λ||s) and resistivity (ρ) were determined for samples in the as quenched state and after 1 h annealing in the vacuum. It was found that the characteristic temperatures, that is the Curie temperature (Tc), the temperature of the first stage of crystallization (Tx1), and the 1‐h temperature of soft magnetic properties optimization annealing (Top) increase with increasing boron content in the examined alloys. The observed increase of the Curie temperatures is explained based on the molecular field approach. Mechanism of the increase of the characteristic temperatures Tx1 and Top with increasing B content is discussed in terms of the diffusion model. Activation energies (Ex1) of the first stage of crystallization were determined. Microstructures of samples in the as quenched state and after annealing were examined by X‐ray diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy methods.
Long‐term adsorption of fetal bovine serum on H/O‐terminated diamond studied in situ by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Ukraintsev E. , Rezek B. , Kromka A. , Broz A. , Kalbacova M.
Published: November 2009

We investigate adhesion of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on diamond surfaces which have alternating H/O‐terminated surface patterns of 30 µm width prepared by hydrogen and oxygen plasma. The samples are immersed into 15% FBS in McCoy's 5A supporting medium and characterized by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) during 6 days of adsorption. Within the first day, 2–4 nm primary layer is formed on both H‐/O‐terminated surfaces. After 6 days, we observe 17 ± 5 nm FBS layer on O‐terminated surface and 35 ± 5 nm layer on H‐terminated surface. Adhesion of the primary and secondary layer is weaker on H‐terminated surface. We present a model of FBS protein layers on H‐/O‐terminated diamond and we discuss implications for a preferential cell growth on O‐terminated diamond. We also show that the preferential cell growth is not affected by the long‐term FBS pre‐adsorption.
Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes plastic actuator
Authors: Biso Maurizio , Ricci Davide
Published: November 2009

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have electrical and mechanical properties that make them highly attractive for actuators. They have the ability to deform elastically by several percent, thus storing very large amounts of energy, thanks to their crystalline nature and to their morphology. A bimorph actuator composed of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) and the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl 3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] with a polymer‐supported internal IL electrolyte was previously demonstrated by Aida and coworkers. While several experiments were carried out using SWCNTs, PVdF and a number of ILs, the use of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) instead of SWCNTs is, to our knowledge, a new result that will be presented here. Electrochemical characterizations by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and actuation tests performed applying a square wave of 4 V peak‐to‐peak at frequencies between 0.3 and 2 Hz are reported and discussed.
Electromagnetic shielding properties of MWCNT/PMMA composites in Ka‐band
Authors: Mazov Ilya , Kuznetsov Vladimir , Moseenkov Sergey , Usoltseva Anna , Romanenko Anatoly , Anikeeva Olga , Buryakov Timofey , Kuzhir Polina , Maksimenko Sergey , Bychanok Dmitry , Macutkevic Jan , Seliuta Dalius , Valusis Gintaras , Banys Juras , Lambin Philippe
Published: November 2009

A novel lightweight multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) based polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) composite is shown to present high electromagnetic (EM) shielding. EM shielding effectiveness (SE) was investigated in the frequency range 26–37 GHz (Ka‐band). It was found that SE of the given composites strongly depends on MWCNT content. The highest EM attenuation reaching −37 dB at 28 GHz was observed for polymer film comprising 10 wt.% of MWCNT. Data on SE correlates well with the electrical conductivity measured by four‐probe technique and by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (20 Hz–1 MHz). Both microwave and low‐frequency analysis demonstrate low percolation threshold (lower than 1 wt.%) for the produced MWCNT/PMMA composites. At the same time significant electromagnetic interference absorbance demonstrates the contribution of the absorbance mechanisms specific for carbon nanostructures different of the main conductance mechanism.
Thermal expansion co‐efficient of nanotube–metal composites
Authors: Uddin Sheikh M. , Mahmud Tanvir , Wolf Christoph , Glanz Carsten , Kolaric Ivica , Hulman Martin , Neubauer Erich , Roth Siegmar
Published: November 2009

Thermal expansion exhibits considerable challenges developing residual stresses at the interfaces of different materials treated at high temperature. Electrical devices containing materials with different thermal expansion behaviour very often suffer this problem. Thermal expansion co‐efficient (TEC) of different metals can be tuned by using carbon nanotube (CNT). Metal matrix composites (MMCs) using CNT are fabricated by hot‐press sintering method and TEC of the composites are investigated throughout a wide range of temperature (−155 to 275 °C). Reduction of TEC of the composite materials was observed up to 20% compared to that of pure metals. The effect of CNTs in the matrix materials and the mechanism behind the improvement are explained from the microscopic investigation of the composites.
Carbon nanotube synthesis via ceramic catalysts
Authors: Bachmatiuk Alicja , Bystrzejewski Michal , Schäffel Franziska , Ayala Paola , Wolff Ulrike , Mickel Christine , Gemming Thomas , Pichler Thomas , Borowiak‐Palen Ewa , Klingeler Rüdiger , Hübers Heinz‐Wilhelm , Ulbrich Marek , Knupfer Martin , Haberer Danny , Büchner Bernd , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: November 2009

The potential for ceramics as catalysts for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formation exceeds that of metal catalysts in that ceramics can serve not only as a catalyst particle for CNT nucleation/growth as found with metal catalysts, but they can also serve as a template for the synthesis of carbon nanostructures. They can also be purified more readily. Here we present studies on the growth of CNTs from ceramics in laser pyrolysis and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) routes. We show CNT growth from both nanowires and ceramic particles. In addition, doping of the CNTs can also be achieved through the use of ceramic catalysts. Since ceramic materials are easily removed from the as‐produced samples as compared to metal catalysts, they are attractive for further application, e.g., in carbon‐based electronics.
CVD growth of carbon nanotubes using molecular nanoclusters as catalyst
Authors: Goss K. , Kamra A. , Spudat C. , Meyer C. , Kögerler P. , Schneider C. M.
Published: November 2009

The growth of isolated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using chemical vapour deposition process catalysed by the molecular nanocluster {Mo72Fe30} of the Keplerate structure type in different oxidation states is studied on different substrates. The molecule in its oxidized state (MoVI/FeIII) agglomerates in solution. Thus, nucleation from large catalyst particles cannot provide a narrow CNT diameter distribution. However, a partially reduced and charged form of the same molecule (MoV/MoVI) enables growth from small nucleation sites as evidenced by atomic force microscope imaging, albeit the yield in this case is dramatically reduced.
Silicon carbide nanowires: synthesis and cathodoluminescence
Authors: Huczko Andrzej , Dąbrowska Agnieszka , Savchyn Volodymyr , Popov Anatoli I. , Karbovnyk Ivan
Published: November 2009

Silicon carbide nanowires have been synthesized via a combustion synthesis route. Structural studies showed that obtained SiC nanowires belong dominantly to 3C polytype with zincblend structure. Cathodoluminescence spectra from these nanostructures within the temperature range of 77…300 K, show obvious differences with respect to the bulk materials. The exciton band of the bulk 3C‐SiC is significantly damped and the prevailing line is found to be at 1.99 eV (77 K), proving the key role of defect centers in optical properties of the investigated nanomaterial.

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Purified SiC nanowires.