bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(1‐aryloxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐phenylpiperazine derivatives suppress Candida albicans virulence by interfering with morphological transition
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Huang Jun‐Jun , Sun Xiuyun , Huang Xiaorong , Fu Shuna , Yang Liang , Liu Xue‐Wei , He Fei , Deng Yinyue
Published: September 2018

Clinical treatment of Candida albicans infections has become more difficult due to the limited development of antifungal agents and the rapid emergence of drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of a series of piperazine derivatives and the evaluation of their inhibitory activity against C. albicans virulence. Thirty‐four (1‐aryloxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐phenylpiperazine derivatives, including 25 new compounds, were synthesized and assessed for their efficacy against the physiology and pathogenesis of C. albicans. Several compounds strongly inhibited the morphological transition and virulence of C. albicans cells, although they did not influence the growth rate of the fungal pathogen. A leading novel compound, (1‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐4‐(1‐biphenylol‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐piperazine), significantly attenuated C. albicans virulence by interfering with the process of hyphal development, but it showed no cytotoxicity against human cells at a micromolar level. These findings suggest that (1‐aryloxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐phenylpiperazine derivatives could potentially be developed as novel therapeutic agents for the clinical treatment of C. albicans infections by interfering with morphological transition and virulence.
Trichoderma gamsii affected herbivore feeding behaviour on Arabidopsis thaliana by modifying the leaf metabolome and phytohormones
Authors: Zhou Dongmei , Huang Xing‐Feng , Guo Jianhua , dos‐Santos Marcia L. , Vivanco Jorge M.
Published: September 2018

Plants can re‐programme their transcriptome, proteome and metabolome to deal with environmental and biotic stress. It has been shown that the rhizosphere microbiome has influence on the plant metabolome and on herbivore behaviour. In the present study, Trichoderma gamsii was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana rhizosphere soil. The inoculation of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana with T. gamsii significantly inhibited the feeding behaviour of Trichoplusia ni and affected the metabolome as well as the content of phytohormones in Arabidopsis leaves. T. gamsii‐treated plant leaves had higher levels of amino acids and lower concentrations of sugars. In addition, T. gamsii‐treated plant leaves had more abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of salicylic acid (SA) and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in comparison with the untreated plants. Furthermore, the inoculation with T. gamsii on different signalling mutants showed that the induction of defences were SA‐dependent. These findings indicate that T. gamsii has potential as a new type of biocontrol agent to promote plant repellence to insect attacks.
European Society of Cardiology 2018
Authors: Kurian Martin J. , Rentzepis Peter J. , Carracher Ann M. , Close Kelly L.
Published: September 2018

Martin J. Kurian, Peter J. Rentzepis, Ann M. Carracher, and Kelly L. Close are of Close Concerns (http://www.closeconcerns.com), a healthcare information company focused exclusively on diabetes and obesity care. Close Concerns publishes Closer Look, a periodical that brings together news and insights in these areas. Each month, the Journal of Diabetes includes this News feature, in which Kurian, Rentzepis, Carracher, and Close review the latest developments relevant to researchers and clinicians.
The Materiality of Accounting Errors: Evidence from SEC Comment Letters
Authors: Acito Andrew A. , Burks Jeffrey J. , Johnson W. Bruce
Published: September 2018

We gain unique insights into materiality judgments about accounting errors by examining SEC comment letter correspondence. We document that managers typically use multiple quantitative benchmarks in their materiality analyses, with earnings being the most common benchmark. In most of the cases we review, managers deem the error immaterial despite its exceeding the traditional “5 percent of earnings” rule of thumb, often in multiple periods and by a large degree. Instead of attempting to conceal these overages, managers tend to forthrightly acknowledge them, often asserting that the benchmark is abnormally low during the violation period. We find that 17–26 percent of these “low benchmark” assertions are suspect (although none of these “low benchmark” assertions are challenged by the SEC). We also document substantial variation in the extent to which qualitative factors are mentioned as considerations. The SEC generally is deferential toward managers' arguments and judgments but is more likely to challenge immateriality claims when managers admit there are qualitative factors that indicate errors are material.
The role of dietitians in residential aged care: How do cooks and chefs perceive their contribution?
Authors: Farrer Olivia , Sasanelli Letizia , Matwiejczyk Louisa , Yaxley Alison , Miller Michelle
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study aimed to explore how dietitians could work with cooks and chefs to contribute to best practice.

Methods

Data from interviews and focus groups comprising 38 chefs, cooks and food service managers were analysed. Inductive line‐by‐line coding of transcripts was conducted within a critical realist framework. Coding was completed independently by two authors before reaching consensus on themes.

Results

Four main themes emerged: (i) knowledge sharing; (ii) communication; (iii) collaboration; and (iv) accessibility. Participants praised dietitians’ knowledge and expertise, but some raised concerns about inconsistency in the advice they received.

Conclusion

Dietitians working in residential aged care are ideally positioned to act as advocates for residents and food services. However, findings suggest that experiences of working with dietitians are mixed. Aged care menu guidelines and quality measures could assist, not only in promoting a consistent approach to dietetic advice, but also a system for benchmarking satisfaction and best practice.
Decidualization modulates a signal transduction system via protease‐activated receptor‐1 in endometrial stromal cells
Authors: Goto Kaori , Kawano Yasushi , Utsunomiya Takafumi , Narahara Hisashi
Published: September 2018

Problem

Decidual cells are thought to be involved in the maintenance of pregnancy. We conducted this study to evaluate the cellular function of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) transitioning to decidualization.

Methods of study

Normal endometrial specimens were obtained from premenopausal patients who had undergone hysterectomies for subserosal leiomyomas. Decidualization of the ESCs (DSCs) was induced by incubating subconfluent cells in media containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and dibutyryl‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We first analyzed the expression profile of protease‐activated receptor‐1 (PAR‐1) between ESCs and DSCs. To investigate the intracellular signal transduction system in the DSCs, we incubated cells with thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP‐6). The levels of IL‐8, monocyte chemo‐attractant protein‐1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the culture medium were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway was detected by a Western blot analysis. The activation was evaluated for the expression of p21.

Results

PAR‐1 receptor expression is upregulated in DSCs. The productions of chemokine and MMP‐1 increased in the DSCs with the addition of TRAP‐6. The activity of both the ERK‐1 and ERK‐2 isoforms was increased by 5‐15 minute after TRAP‐6 treatment. p70 S6 kinase showed the strongest expression after 1 hour. p21 was strongly observed in ESCs compared to the DSCs.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that cell function is changed by decidualization in association with increasing PAR‐1 expression. The upregulation of PAR‐1 may have some influence on pregnancy in the decidua.
Estradiol‐regulated innate antiviral responses of human endometrial stromal fibroblasts
Authors: Patel Mickey V. , Shen Zheng , Rossoll Richard M. , Wira Charles R.
Published: September 2018

Problem

The contribution of fibroblasts to innate immune protection of the human female reproductive tract (FRT) against viral pathogens is relatively unknown.

Method of Study

Endometrial (EM), endocervical (Cx) and ectocervical (ECx) fibroblasts were isolated from hysterectomy patients and grown in vitro. Fibroblasts were treated with the viral mimic poly (I:C) in the presence or absence of the sex hormone estradiol (E2), with gene expression measured by real‐time RT‐PCR and protein secretion by ELISA.

Results

Poly (I:C) induced the expression of the interferon‐stimulated genes (ISG) MxA, OAS2 and APOBEC3G, and the cytokines MCP‐1, IL‐8, IL‐6, CCL20, IFNβ and RANTES by fibroblasts from all three sites. ISG upregulation was dependent upon Type I IFN signaling. E2 inhibited the poly (I:C)‐induced upregulation of MxA and OAS2 in EM fibroblasts, but not Cx or ECx fibroblasts. E2 upregulated SDF‐1α by EM fibroblasts but had no effect on secretion of other cytokines either alone or in the presence of poly (I:C). Conditioned media (CM) from poly (I:C)‐treated or E2‐treated fibroblasts significantly reduced HIV infection of CD4+ T cells.

Conclusion

Stromal fibroblasts represent a level of innate immune protection against viral pathogens in the FRT beyond that seen with epithelial cells and immune cells. Our findings indicate that fibroblasts FRT are selectively responsive to E2, capable of initiating an antiviral response against viral pathogens and may play a role in preventing HIV infection of CD4+ T cells.
Associations of maternal immune response with MeHg exposure at 28 weeks’ gestation in the Seychelles Child Development Study
Authors: McSorley Emeir M. , Yeates Alison J. , Mulhern Maria S. , van Wijngaarden Edwin , Grzesik Katherine , Thurston Sally W. , Spence Toni , Crowe William , Davidson Philip W. , Zareba Grazyna , Myers Gary J. , Watson Gene E. , Shamlaye Conrad F. , Strain J. J.
Published: September 2018

Problem

Maternal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure may be associated with immune response during pregnancy.

Method of study

In the high fish‐eating Seychelles Child Development Study Nutrition Cohort 2, we examined the association between maternal MeHg, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and immune markers (Th1:Th2; TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, MCP‐1, TARC, sFlt‐1, VEGF‐D, CRP and IL‐6) at 28 weeks’ gestation. Linear regression examined associations between MeHg exposure and immune markers with and without adjustment for PUFA.

Results

In all models, as MeHg concentrations increased, the Th1:Th2 ratio, total Th1 and individual Th1 (IL‐1β, IL‐2, TNF‐α) concentrations decreased. MeHg was not associated with total Th2 cytokines but was associated with a decrease in IL‐4 and IL‐10. MeHg was positively associated with TARC and VEGF‐D and negatively associated with CRP. There was a significant interaction between MeHg and the n‐6:n‐3 ratio, with MeHg associated with a larger decrease in Th1:Th2 at higher n‐6:n‐3 PUFA ratios. The n‐3 PUFA were associated with lower CRP, IL‐4 and higher IFN‐γ. The n‐6 PUFA were associated with higher IL‐1β, IL‐2, TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐10, CRP and IL‐6.

Conclusion

Maternal MeHg was associated with markers of immune function at 28 weeks’ gestation. A significant interaction between MeHg and the n‐6:n‐3 ratio on the Th1:Th2 ratio suggests that the n‐3 PUFA may mitigate any immunosuppressive associations of MeHg. The n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA were associated with suppressive and stimulatory immune responses, respectively. Overall, the associations were of small magnitude, and further research is required to determine the clinical significance.
Exploring a Personal Social Knowledge Network (PSKN) to aid the observation of connectivist interaction for high‐ and low‐performing learners in connectivist massive open online courses
Authors: Duan Jinju , Xie Kui , Hawk Nathan A. , Yu Shengquan , Wang Minjuan
Published: September 2018

This study adds a new perspective to the observations about connectivist interaction behavior in cMOOCs by extending the notion of network building from the perspective of individuals. We explore the possibility of building a learning network named Personal Social Knowledge Network (PSKN) to support in the monitoring of learning performance and interaction in cMOOCs. The sample in this study included 284 preservice teachers and their learning lasted approximately 12 weeks. Data were primarily gathered by PSKN graphs. The results revealed a correlation between connectivist interaction measured by the PSKN (including density structure) and learning performance. The results also revealed differences in connectivist interaction behavior and patterns, indicated by PSKN (densities and structures), for high‐ and low‐performing learners in cMOOCs. The high‐performing learners show deeper knowledge interaction and social communication in addition to simple knowledge sharing and social communication. Additionally, as time passed and the PSKN of high‐performing learners extended further, their interaction behavior became more complex and their role had gradually changed from “learning” to “teaching” as well as from knowledge acceptance to knowledge creation in cMOOCs.
Group tagging: Using video tagging to facilitate reflection on small group activities
Authors: Qarabash Haneen , Heslop Philip , Kharrufa Ahmed , Balaam Madeline , Devlin Marie
Published: September 2018

Collaborative learning in class‐based teaching presents a challenge for a tutor to ensure every group and individual student has the best learning experience. We present Group Tagging, a web application that supports reflection on collaborative, group‐based classroom activities. Group Tagging provides students with an opportunity to record important moments within the class‐based group work and enables reflection on and promotion of professional skills such as communication, collaboration and critical thinking. After class, students use the tagged clips to create short videos showcasing their group work activities, which can later be reviewed by the teacher. We report on a deployment of Group Tagging in an undergraduate Computing Science class with 48 students over a semester. Through our analysis of interviews and log data, we show that Group Tagging helped the students remain attentive and on‐task during group work, and encouraged them to participate more during group activities.
Inglorious glorification and attachment: National and European identities as predictors of anti‐ and pro‐immigrant attitudes
Authors: Kende Anna , Hadarics Márton , Szabó Zsolt Péter
Published: September 2018

Anti‐immigrant attitudes are not only widespread among Eurosceptic nationalists, but also among people who feel that immigration threatens European values and identity. We therefore assumed that the connection between nationalism and xenophobia can only partially explain the rise of hostile attitudes in the post‐2015 period. In two online surveys (N = 1,160), we compared how (a) glorification versus attachment and (b) national versus European identity can predict anti‐immigrant and anti‐Muslim attitudes in Hungary. In the first study, national and European glorification predicted higher anti‐immigrant and anti‐Muslim prejudice. However, attachment with Europe predicted positive, while attachment with Hungary predicted negative attitudes towards immigrants. We replicated this pattern in a second study and found that the different predictions of national versus European identities were mediated by attitudes towards the EU. Eurosceptic attitudes were associated with increased hostility towards both immigrants and Muslim people and reflected a perceived contradiction between the interest of the nation and that of the EU. We conclude that for a better understanding of intergroup hostility towards Muslim immigrants in Europe, we need to simultaneously consider the psychological phenomenon of ingroup glorification and the values and norms of the social categories with which people identify.
Disulfide reductase systems in liver
Authors: Miller Colin G , Schmidt Edward E
Published: September 2018

Intermediary metabolism and detoxification place high demands on the disulfide reductase systems in most hepatocyte subcellular compartments. Biosynthetic, metabolic, cytoprotective and signalling activities in the cytosol; regulation of transcription in nuclei; respiration in mitochondria; and protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum all require resident disulfide reductase activities. In the cytosol, two NADPH‐dependent enzymes, glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, as well as a recently identified NADPH‐independent system that uses catabolism of methionine to maintain pools of reduced glutathione, supply disulfide reducing power. However the necessary discontinuity between the cytosol and the interior of organelles restricts the ability of the cytosolic systems to support needs in other compartments. Maintenance of molecular‐ and charge‐gradients across the inner‐mitochondrial membrane, which is needed for oxidative phosphorylation, mandates that the matrix maintain an autonomous set of NADPH‐dependent disulfide reductase systems. Elsewhere, complex mechanisms mediate the transfer of cytosolic reducing power into specific compartments. The redox needs in each compartment also differ, with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial inter‐membrane space and some signalling proteins in the cytosol each requiring different levels of protein oxidation. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of the disulfide reductase systems in major subcellular compartments of hepatocytes, integrating knowledge obtained from direct analyses on liver with inferences from other model systems. Additionally, we discuss relevant advances in the expanding field of redox signalling.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc
Seed traits, not density or distance from parent, determine seed predation and establishment in an Afrotropical forest
Authors: Rosin Cooper , Poulsen John R.
Published: September 2018

Seed predators drive patterns in seed mortality and seedling establishment and are posited to contribute to the maintenance of plant species diversity through several mechanisms. Negative density dependence and spatially restricted recruitment are apparently widespread in Neotropical forests, but are little studied in Afrotropical forests, where generalist vertebrates may contribute more to seed mortality than do specialized invertebrates and fungi. We experimentally assessed the roles of seed density and distance from the parent tree for ten tree species in a forest in northeastern Gabon, using exclosures to isolate the effects of different seed predator types. Vertebrates caused greater seed losses than all other mortality agents combined. Unexpectedly, seeds under fruiting conspecific trees had significantly lower removal and higher seedling establishment than those under heterospecific trees or in neutral non‐fruiting locations. Seed density did not significantly affect seedling establishment. Vertebrate seed removal ranged from 0 percent to 100 percent among focal species and was positively correlated with seed mass but had no relationship with species commonness (adult tree density). Seed traits strongly affected patterns of seed removal and seedling establishment and may contribute more to the likelihood of success for an individual seed than do its density or distance from parent. Our results highlight an apparent divergence in patterns of seed mortality and seedling establishment between tropical forest regions and emphasize the need for further comparative study.
SIRT3 activator honokiol ameliorates surgery/anesthesia‐induced cognitive decline in mice through anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory in hippocampus
Authors: Ye Ji‐Shi , Chen Lei , Lu Ya‐Yuan , Lei Shao‐Qing , Peng Mian , Xia Zhong‐Yuan
Published: September 2018

Aims

Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress play two pivotal roles in cognitive impairment after surgery. Honokiol (HNK), as an activator of Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), has potential multiple biological functions. The aim of these experiments is to evaluate the effects of HNK on surgery/anesthesia‐induced cognitive decline in mice.

Methods

Adult C57BL/6 mice received a laparotomy under sevoflurane anesthesia and HNK or SIRT3 inhibitor (3‐TYP) treatment. Cognitive function and locomotor activity of mice were evaluated using fear conditioning test and open field test on postoperative 1 and 3 days. Neuronal apoptosis in CA1 and CA3 area of hippocampus was examined using TUNEL assay. And Western blot was applied to measure the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and SIRT3/SOD2 signaling‐associated proteins in hippocampus. Meanwhile, SIRT3 positive cells were calculated by immunohistochemistry. The mitochondrial membrane potential, malondialdehyde (MDA), and mitochondrial radical oxygen species (mtROS) were detected using standard methods.

Results

Honokiol attenuated surgery‐induced memory loss and neuronal apoptosis, decreased neuroinflammatory response, and ameliorated oxidative damage in hippocampus. Notably, surgery/anesthesia induced an obviously decrease in hippocampal SIRT3 expression, whereas the HNK increased SIRT3 expression and thus decreased the acetylation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). However, 3‐TYP treatment inhibited the HNK's rescuing effects.

Conclusions

These results suggested that activation of SIRT3 by honokiol may attenuate surgery/anesthesia‐induced cognitive impairment in mice through regulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory in hippocampus.
Brain‐selective mild hypothermia promotes long‐term white matter integrity after ischemic stroke in mice
Authors: Liu Li‐Qiang , Liu Xiang‐Rong , Zhao Jing‐Yan , Yan Feng , Wang Rong‐Liang , Wen Shao‐Hong , Wang Lei , Luo Yu‐Min , Ji Xun‐Ming
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke are well documented. However, the mechanisms involved in the effects remain to be clearly elucidated and the role of hypothermia on long‐term white matter integrity after acute ischemic stroke has yet to be investigated.

Aims

To investigate the role of mild focal hypothermia on long‐term white matter (WM) integrity after transient cerebral ischemia.

Results

Mild focal hypothermia treatment immediately after ischemic stroke significantly promotes WM integrity 28 days after the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice. Higher integrity of white matter, lower activation of total microglia, less infarct volume, and better neurobehavioral function were detected in hypothermia‐treated mice compared to normothermia‐treated mice. Furthermore, we found that hypothermia could decrease detrimental M1 phenotype microglia and promote healthy M2 phenotype microglia. In vitro, results also indicated that hypothermia promoted oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation after oxygen glucose deprivation.

Conclusion

Hypothermia promotes long‐term WM integrity and inhibits neuroinflammation in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury.
European photopatch test baseline series: A 3‐year experience
Authors: Subiabre‐Ferrer Daniela , Esteve‐Martínez Altea , Blasco‐Encinas Rubén , Sierra‐Talamantes Concepción , Pérez‐Ferriols Amparo , Zaragoza‐Ninet Violeta
Published: September 2018

Background

In 2012, a consensus was reached regarding a baseline photopatch test series on the basis of the results of a European multicentre study.

Objectives

To describe experience with the European photopatch test series.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 116 patients tested with the European photopatch test series between 2014 and 2016 was performed.

Results

Fifty‐five positive photopatch test reactions in 25 subjects were recorded, most commonly caused by the topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs ketoprofen, dexketoprofen, and etofenomate. Organic ultraviolet (UV) absorbers constituted the second main category of agents eliciting positive photopatch test reactions. Among UV absorbers, benozophenone‐3 and octocrylene were the most frequent photoallergens. UV absorbers that have been introduced more recently rarely elicited positive photopatch test reactions. Positive patch test reactions were less commonly observed than positive photopatch test reactions, namely, 21 reactions in 14 patients.

Conclusions

We present the largest clinical experience with the European photopatch test baseline series hitherto reported. The results are similar to those underlying the above consensus process, reaffirming the usefulness of this series.
Evaluation of multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation education delivered by either DVD or spoken talk
Authors: Ward Sarah , Sewell Louise , Singh Sally
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a multidisciplinary program of care for patients with chronic respiratory disease. The educational component is an integral component and represents a large proportion of a program. However, it can be difficult to secure regular multidisciplinary input to PR programs.

Objectives

This service evaluation assessed whether DVD presentations are acceptable to patients and effective as an education medium.

Method

Two PR groups were compared; one group received education by DVD and the other by spoken talk. Both groups evaluated the content and delivery of each session and their knowledge was measured using the Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire (BCKQ).

Results

One hundred and twenty‐three patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) took part; 58 evaluated the DVD, 75 the talk sessions. There were no differences between the two groups at baseline with respect to age, gender distribution, or FEV1. Both groups were satisfied with the content (99.46% DVD, 100% talk group) and delivery (100% both DVD and talk groups) of their education sessions. At baseline, there were no between group differences in the mean BCKQ. After PR, significant changes in BCKQ scores were seen within the groups (6.52 points (1.48‐11.37) DVD group and 8.96 points (6.50‐11.19) talk group), again with no differences between the groups.

Conclusion

A DVD‐based education package is both acceptable to PR patients and effective at improving patients’ knowledge of COPD. Using filmed educational talks with PR would have a number of benefits to both the patients and the service and may be a way of increasing the capacity of PR services.
Post‐intestine transplant graft‐vs‐host disease associated with inclusion of a liver graft and with a high mortality risk
Authors: Clouse Jared W. , Kubal Chandrashekhar A. , Fridell Jonathan A. , Pearsall E. Jordan , Mangus Richard S.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

This study reports the incidence, anatomic location, and outcomes of graft‐vs‐host disease (GVHD) at a single active intestine transplant center.

Methods

Records were reviewed for all patients receiving an intestine transplant from 2003 to 2015. Pathology reports and pharmacy records were reviewed to establish the diagnosis, location, and therapeutic interventions for GVHD.

Results

A total of 236 intestine transplants were performed during the study period, with 37 patients (16%) developing GVHD. The median time to onset of disease was 83 days, with 89% of affected patients diagnosed in the first year post‐transplant. Mortality for affected patients was 54% in the 1 year after GVHD diagnosis. Skin lesions were the most common manifestation of GVHD. Other sites of disease included lungs, bone marrow, oral mucosa, large intestine, and brain. The incidence of GVHD was 16% in adult patients, and slightly lower in pediatric recipients (13%). In adults, increasing graft volume (isolated vs multi‐organ) and liver inclusion were associated with increasing risk of GVHD, though this was not seen in pediatric patients.

Conclusion

Overall, 16% of intestine transplant recipients developed GVHD. GVHD is associated with high mortality, and disease in the lungs, brain, and bone marrow was universally fatal.
Cardiovascular disease and related risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Mcphee Patrick G , Claridge Everett A , Noorduyn Stephen G , Gorter Jan Willem
Published: September 2018

Aim

To summarize the literature on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk factors of CVD, and CVD‐related mortality in adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

A systematic review was conducted by searching the PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Selection criteria included adults with CP aged 18 years or over. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for observational studies. Data were reported descriptively.

Results

Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Only one study reported directly on the presence of CVD in adults with CP, which found adults with CP reported greater CVD conditions than adults without CP (15.1 vs 9.1%, p<0.001). The most commonly reported risk factor of CVD in adults with CP was overweight/obesity. Five studies included data on CVD‐related mortality in persons with CP, where CVD‐related and circulatory system‐related deaths were elevated and more common at a younger age in adults with CP than in the general population.

Interpretation

The prevalence of CVD and the risk of death because of CVD in this population seems increased, though the knowledge base is fragmented by studies that are small in size and geographically isolated. Further research is required to understand prevalence of risk factors among adults with CP, in particular overweight/obesity.

What this paper adds

Overweight and obesity are risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that are commonly reported in adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

CVD‐related and circulatory system‐related deaths are elevated in individuals with CP compared to the general population.
RISK AVERSION AND OVERBIDDING IN FIRST PRICE SEALED BID AUCTIONS: NEW EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Füllbrunn Sascha , Janssen Dirk‐Jan , Weitzel Utz
Published: September 2018

Bidding above the risk‐neutral Nash equilibrium in first price sealed bid auctions has traditionally been ascribed to risk aversion. Later studies, however, offer other explanations and even argue that risk aversion plays no or a minor role. In a novel experimental design, we directly test the relationship between risk aversion and overbidding by systematically varying the distribution of risk attitudes in auction markets. We find a significant relationship between our measure of risk aversion and overbidding. (JEL D44, C91)
The evolution of selector gene function: Expression dynamics and regulatory interactions of tiptop/teashirt across Arthropoda
Authors: March Logan E. , Smaby Rachel M. , Setton Emily V. W. , Sharma Prashant P.
Published: September 2018

The transcription factors spineless (ss) and tiptop/teashirt (tio/tsh) have been shown to be selectors of distal appendage identity in an insect, but it is unknown how they regulate one another. Here, we examined the regulatory relationships between these two determinants in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus faciatus, using maternal RNA interference (RNAi). We show that Ofas‐ss RNAi embryos bear distally transformed antennal buds with heterogeneous Ofas‐tio/tsh expression domains comparable to wild type legs. In the reciprocal experiment, Ofas‐tio/tsh RNAi embryos bear distally transformed walking limb buds with ectopic expression of Ofas‐ss in the distal leg primordia. These data suggest that Ofas‐ss is required for the maintenance of Ofas‐tio/tsh expression in the distal antenna, whereas Ofas‐tio/tsh represses Ofas‐ss in the leg primordia. To assess whether expression boundaries of tio/tsh are associated with the trunk region more generally, we surveyed the expression of one myriapod and two chelicerate tio/tsh homologs. Our expression survey suggests that tio/tsh could play a role in specifying distal appendage identity across Arthropoda, but Hox regulation of tio/tsh homologs has been evolutionarily labile.
Large B‐cell lymphoma in the colon and mesocolon of a Thoroughbred racehorse: Detection prior to development of clinical signs using clinicopathological markers of inflammation
Authors: Hill F. I. , Kelly A. R. , Davis A. M. , Tse M. P. Y.
Published: September 2018

In this report, we describe an investigation into the cause of chronic inflammation in a clinically normal 5‐year‐old racing Thoroughbred, finally confirmed to be associated with B‐cell lymphoma. Over a 14‐week period, the horse was regularly evaluated by sequential blood testing, revealing persistent inflammation of unknown origin, unresponsive to treatment. Eventually, an abdominal mass was identified by transabdominal ultrasound and rectal palpation. Surgical exploration revealed an extensive, invasive soft tissue mass in the abdomen. At post‐mortem examination, a mass involving the colon, mesocolon and mesocolonic lymph node was sampled and confirmed as a large B‐cell lymphoma by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In cases of unexplained chronic inflammation in a horse, neoplasia should be considered as a possible aetiology.
Fatigue crack initiation in AA2024: A coupled micromechanical testing and crystal plasticity study
Authors: Efthymiadis Panos , Pinna Christophe , Yates John R.
Published: September 2018

A new combined experimental and modelling approach has been developed in order to understand the physical mechanisms that lead to crack nucleation in a polycrystalline aluminium alloy AA2024 undergoing cyclic loading. Four‐point bending low‐cycle fatigue tests were performed inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope on specimens with a through‐thickness central hole, introduced to localize stresses and strains in a small region on the top surface of the sample. Fatigue crack initiation and small crack growth mechanisms were analyzed through high‐resolution scanning electron microscope images, local orientation measurements using electron‐back‐scattered‐diffraction, and local strain measurements using digital image correlation. A crystal plasticity finite element model was developed to simulate the cyclic deformation behaviour of AA2024. Two‐dimensional Voronoi‐based microstructures were generated, and the material parameters for the constitutive equations (including both isotropic and kinematic hardening) were identified using monotonic and fully reversed cyclic tests. A commonly used fatigue crack initiation criterion found in the literature, the maximum accumulated plastic slip, was evaluated in the crystal plasticity finite element model but could not predict the formation of cracks away from the edge of the hole in the deformed specimens. A new criterion combining 2 parameters: The maximum accumulated slip over each individual (critical) slip system and the maximum accumulated slip over all slip systems were formulated to reproduce the experimental locations of crack nucleation in the microstructure.
The CDS‐bond basis
Authors: Bai Jennie , Collin‐Dufresne Pierre
Published: September 2018

We investigate the cross‐sectional variation in the credit default swap (CDS)‐bond bases and test explanations for the violation of the arbitrage relation between cash bond and CDS contract, which states that the basis should be zero in normal conditions. The evidence is consistent with “limits to arbitrage” theories in that deviations are larger for bonds with higher frictions as measured by trading liquidity, funding cost, counterparty risk, and collateral quality. Surprisingly, we find the basis to be more negative when bond lending fee is higher suggesting that arbitrageurs are unwilling to engage in a negative basis trade when short interest on the bond is high.
Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stevens Jennifer S. , Jovanovic Tanja
Published: September 2018

Social functioning is a key component of recovery after a potentially traumatic experience, and the buffering role of the social support in trauma resilience and recovery has been very well documented. Factors contributing to resilience and recovery are notable because although most people will experience a traumatic event during their lifetimes, only 6% to 10% are diagnosed with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The relationship between an individual and their social environment is determined both by the quality of the social environment itself, and by the individual's perception and understanding of information conveyed by the other people around them. However, little research has considered the contribution of these internal social cognitive processes to PTSD risk or resilience. The current review draws on the existing literature on social cognitive functioning in trauma exposure and PTSD, identifying key questions and themes for future research. We utilized a meta‐analytic approach to assess the evidence for alterations in social cognition in PTSD, finding a consistent large deficit in social cognitive performance in PTSD groups relative to trauma‐exposed and healthy controls. We then reviewed the literature on the interaction of genes and the social environment, supporting the hypothesis that social cognitive deficits are a preexisting risk factor for PTSD. Finally, we reviewed relevant neuroimaging findings, which suggest that alterations in social cognition affect the perception of threat cues in PTSD. Overall, research on social cognition and PTSD is still emerging, but existing findings suggest this is an important and understudied area for the understanding of PTSD.
Unemployment and income‐distribution effects of economic growth: A minimum‐wage analysis with optimal saving
Authors: Brecher Richard A. , Gross Till
Published: September 2018

Theoretically and numerically, we analyze the unemployment and income‐distribution effects of economic growth, in a model with optimal saving (investment) and a minimum wage for unskilled labor. Within this three‐factor model (including skilled labor), an exogenous rise in the growth rate increases unemployment if capital and unskilled labor are complements (versus substitutes), implying a tradeoff between (faster) growth and (lower) unemployment. We also show how the growth rate affects the skill premium and factor shares of national income, providing little support for Piketty's controversial thesis that capital's share is higher when growth is slower.
Changes in cardiometabolic markers in children with Prader–Willi syndrome and nonsyndromic obesity following participation in a home‐based physical activity intervention
Authors: Rubin D. A. , Duran A. T. , Haqq A. M. , Gertz E. R. , Dumont‐Driscoll M.
Published: September 2018

Background

Physical activity is associated with improved cardiometabolic markers in children with nonsyndromic obesity (NSO). Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by obesity.

Objective

To compare cardiometabolic changes in response to a home‐based parent‐facilitated physical activity intervention between children with PWS or with NSO.

Methods

Participants included 18 children with PWS (age = 10.5 ± 0.7y; body fat = 44.6 ± 2.0%) and 30 children with NSO (age = 9.7 ± 0.2y; body fat = 44.8 ± 1.2%). Active Play @ Home was a 24‐week physical activity intervention curriculum containing playground‐based and active video games completed 4 days per week. Pre‐ and post‐intervention measurements included physical activity, body composition, blood samples analysed for glucose, insulin, lipids and cytokines, and insulin resistance computed using the homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR).

Results

All children (n = 48) showed a significant decrease in Interleukin‐8 (3.64 ± 0.24 vs. 3.06 ± 0.22 pg/mL). Children with obesity who did not gain or who lost body fat percentage (n = 18) demonstrated a significant decrease in HOMA‐IR (3.17 ± 0.39 vs. 2.72 ± 0.34) and an increase in high‐density lipoprotein (44.30 ± 2.51 vs. 47.29 ± 2.59 mg/dL). All other measurements showed no significant changes.

Conclusions

The most favourable changes in cardiometabolic factors were observed in children with nonsyndromic obesity who demonstrated no gain or a decrease in body fat percentage.
Investigation of the properties of niobium pentoxide for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Ücker Cátia L. , Gularte Luciano T. , Fernandes Cristian D. , Goetzke Vitor , Moreira Eduardo Ceretta , Raubach Cristiane W. , Moreira Mario L. , Cava Sergio S.
Published: September 2018

This work demonstrates the obtention of Nb2O5 nanoparticles by the microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis method in a fast way and with the use of low temperatures. The heat treatment applied on the samples promotes the phase change in Nb2O5 from pseudohexagonal to orthorhombic as the temperature increases, with a particle size between 7.3 and 32.6 nm. The band gap of the samples decreases with increasing temperature, obtaining a minimum value of 3.04 eV at 800°C. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were assembled using the Doctor Blade coating technique. The photovoltaic parameters of open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current density (Jsc) were evaluated. The cells showed a photovoltaic response, demonstrating that Nb2O5 has a semiconductive potential. The DSSC have different characteristics regarding Jsc and Voc, showing that according to the temperature increase in the semiconductor sample, there is a decrease in the photovoltaic parameters of the cells.
Effects of water immersion and humid weathering on the near‐surface mechanical properties of phosphate laser glass
Authors: Jiang Bo , He Hongtu , Zhang Yafeng , Yu Jiaxin
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the effect of water immersion and humid weathering on the near‐surface mechanical properties of phosphate laser (PL) glass was investigated using nanoindentation. The results indicate that, in the water immersion condition, the reduced modulus and nano‐hardness of PL glass decrease first, then increase and finally keeps unchanged with the increase in immersion duration; however, in the humid weathering condition, they decrease monotonously. The reaction mechanism occurring between water molecules and the glass network, especially during the later stage of the reaction process, determines the near‐surface mechanical properties and their differences when exposed to water and/or humid air. The results in this paper provide additional insight into the nano‐mechanics of glass surfaces, which also help understand the surface alteration process of phosphate laser glass during machining, storage, and serving in wet environments.
The rise and fall of scary numbers: The effect of perceived trends on future estimates, severity ratings, and help‐allocations in a cancer context
Authors: Erlandsson Arvid , Hohle Sigrid Møyner , Løhre Erik , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: September 2018

Statistical information such as death risk estimates is frequently used for illustrating the magnitude of a problem. Such mortality statistics are however easier to evaluate if presented next to an earlier estimate, as the two data points together will illustrate an upward or downward change. How are people influenced by such changes? In seven experiments, participants read mortality statistics (e.g., number of yearly deaths or expert‐estimated death risks) made at two points of time about various cancer types. Each cancer type was manipulated to have either a downward trajectory (e.g., the estimated death risk was 37% in 2012, and was adjusted downward to 22% in 2014), an upward trajectory (e.g., 7% → 22%), or a flat trajectory (e.g., 22% → 22%). For each cancer type, participants estimated future mortality statistics and rated the perceived severity. They also allocated real money between projects aimed at preventing the different cancer types. Participants’ responses indicated that they thought that a trend made out of two data points would continue in the future. People also perceived cancer types with similar present mortality statistics as more severe and allocated more money to them when they had an upward trajectory compared to a flat or downward trajectory. Although there are boundary conditions, we conclude that people's severity ratings and helping behavior can be influenced by trend information even when such information is based on only two data points.
Using Country Sustainability Risk to Inform Sustainable Supply Chain Management: A Design Science Study
Authors: Reinerth Dagmar , Busse Christian , Wagner Stephan M.
Published: September 2018

The sustainability of our global supply chains is an essential concern in strategic supply chain management research. Modern information and communication technologies enable stakeholders to punish buying firms for any sustainability‐related grievances at their suppliers, even in remote locations. This study investigates how the notion of country sustainability risk can inform sustainable supply chain management, in particular with respect to sustainability risk assessment at the individual supplier level. Drawing on institutional theory, we provide insights surrounding the emergence of environmental, social, and governance‐related country‐level sustainability risks and show their implications for and application in sustainable supply chain management. The study employs a design science methodology, based on cooperation with a multidivisional German technology firm, to develop a supply chain sustainability risk (SCSR) map as technological solution design. This article contributes to the study of SCSR by reconciling the scholarly SCSR discourse with the buying firms’ pursuit of efficiency. Moreover, it elucidates the augmentation of a research agenda through a design science approach. In practical terms, the technological solution design can directly inform managers about SCSR at the country level and serves as a decision basis for the management of individual suppliers.
The Action of the Hexokinase Inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose on Cryptosporidium parvum and the Discovery of Activities against the Parasite Hexokinase from Marketed Drugs
Authors: Eltahan Rana , Guo Fengguang , Zhang Haili , Zhu Guan
Published: September 2018

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major species causing mild to severe cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. We have previously observed that 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (2DG) could inhibit both the enzyme activity of C. parvum hexokinase (CpHK) and the parasite growth in vitro. However, the action and fate of 2DG in C. parvum was not fully investigated. In the present study, we showed that, although 2DG could be phosphorylated by CpHK to form 2DG‐6‐phosphate (2DG6P), the anti‐cryptosporidial activity of 2DG was mainly attributed to the action of 2DG on CpHK, rather than the action of 2DG or 2DG6P on the downstream enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (CpGPI) nor 2DG6P on CpHK. These observations further supported the hypothesis that CpHK could serve as a drug target in the parasite. We also screened 1,200 small molecules consisting of marketed drugs against CpHK, from which four drugs were identified as CpHK inhibitors with micromolar level of anti‐cryptospordial activities at concentrations nontoxic to the host cells (i.e. hexachlorphene, thimerosal, alexidine dihydrochloride, and ebselen with EC50 = 0.53, 1.77, 8.1 and 165 μM, respectively). The anti‐CpHK activity of the four existing drugs provided us new reagents for studying the enzyme properties of the parasite hexokinase.