bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat‐cured concrete: Improving the early strength and pore structure by activating aluminosilicate internal curing agent with triisopropanolamine
Authors: Liu Chen , Liu Yunpeng , Liu Zhichao , Hu Chuanlin , Huang Xiao , Yang Lu , Wang Fazhou
Published: April 2019

Although heat‐cured concrete (HCC) has received extensive research interests in recent years, it still suffers from problems including coarsened microstructure, low cement hydration degrees, etc, which limited its application. Some of these problems can be solved by internal curing method resulting in low early strength of HCC and low‐production efficiency. This study addressed this issue by activating the aluminosilicate internal curing agent (lightweight fine aggregate, LWFA) with triisopropanolamine (TIPA). The results indicated that more Al3+ and Fe3+ ions were dissolved from LWFA by TIPA, which assisted the formation of hydrates with cement ions in interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and enhanced the density of ITZ in the early stage. The introduction of TIPA was found to increase the early compressive strength of HCC, by approximately 15.3%, 25.9% and 28.0%, respectively for the cement cured for 1, 3, and 7 days compared with control samples. Moreover, the results of rapid chloride migration and water absorption depth also suggested that coupling the aluminosilicate internal curing agent with TIPA improved the pore structure of HCC.
Highly enhanced thermoelectric performance in BiCuSeO ceramics realized by Pb doping and introducing Cu deficiencies
Authors: Chen Yue‐Xing , Shi Kang-Di , Li Fu , Xu Xiao , Ge Zhen-Hua , He Jiaqing
Published: April 2019

In recent years, BiCuSeO oxyselenides have been developed as a promising thermoelectric material. In this article, PbxBi1−xCu1−ySeO (x = y = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) are prepared by solid‐state reaction method and spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the combinatorial effects of Pb doping and Cu deficiencies on thermoelectric properties are investigated systematically. The transport properties are significantly enhanced due to the optimized carrier density, majorly contributing to the promotion of ZT values. As a result, the maximum ZT of 0.77 at 873 K and average ZT (from 300 to 873 K) of 0.50 are obtained for Pb0.06Bi0.94Cu0.94SeO sample. The values are 0.4 and 1.2 times, respectively, higher than that of pristine sample.
In search of meaning: Lessons, resources and next steps for computational analysis of financial discourse
Authors: El‐Haj Mahmoud , Rayson Paul , Walker Martin , Young Steven , Simaki Vasiliki
Published: April 2019

We critically assess mainstream accounting and finance research applying methods from computational linguistics (CL) to study financial discourse. We also review common themes and innovations in the literature and assess the incremental contributions of studies applying CL methods over manual content analysis. Key conclusions emerging from our analysis are: (a) accounting and finance research is behind the curve in terms of CL methods generally and word sense disambiguation in particular; (b) implementation issues mean the proposed benefits of CL are often less pronounced than proponents suggest; (c) structural issues limit practical relevance; and (d) CL methods and high quality manual analysis represent complementary approaches to analyzing financial discourse. We describe four CL tools that have yet to gain traction in mainstream AF research but which we believe offer promising ways to enhance the study of meaning in financial discourse. The four tools are named entity recognition (NER), summarization, semantics and corpus linguistics.
Detailed genetic analysis of feeding behaviour in Romane lambs and links with residual feed intake
Authors: Marie‐Etancelin Christel , Francois Dominique , Weisbecker Jean‐Louis , Marcon Didier , Moreno‐Romieux Carole , Bouvier Frédéric , Tortereau Flavie
Published: April 2019

Breeding strategies based on feed efficiency are now implemented in most animal species using residual feed intake (RFI) criteria. Although relevant, the correlated responses of feeding behaviour traits resulting from such selection on RFI are poorly documented. We report the estimated feeding behaviour at three time levels (visit, meal and day) and genetic parameters between the feeding behaviour traits and their links with RFI and its components. Feed intake, feeding duration at three time levels (per visit, meal and day), feeding rate, number of visits and time‐between‐visits were estimated for 951 Romane lambs fed via automatic concentrate feeders. Heritability estimates of feeding behaviour traits ranged from 0.19 to 0.54 with higher estimates for the day level than the visit level. Daily feed intake was not genetically linked to feed intake at the visit level, whereas feeding duration between visit and day levels was moderately correlated (Rg = +0.41 ± 0.12). RFI was not significantly correlated with feeding rate, but was positively linked to feed intake and feeding duration at the day level (+0.73 ± 0.09 and +0.41 ± 0.13, respectively) and negatively at the visit level (−0.33 ± 0.14 and −0.22 ± 0.17, respectively). Selecting animals with lower RFI values might modify their feeding behaviour by increasing feed intake and feeding duration at the visit level but decrease the number of visits per day (+0.51 ± 0.14).
Nerve sprouting and neurogenic inflammation characterize the neurogenic detrusor overactive bladder of patients no longer responsive to drug therapies
Authors: Traini Chiara , Del Popolo Giulio , Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria‐Simonetta , Guasti Daniele , Catarinicchia Stefano , Vannucchi Maria Giuliana
Published: April 2019

Urothelium and Lamina Propria (LP) are considered an integrate sensory system which is able to control the detrusor activity. Complete supra‐sacral spinal cord lesions cause Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity (NDO) whose main symptoms are urgency and incontinence. NDO therapy at first consists in anti‐muscarinic drugs; secondly, in intra‐vesical injection of botulinum toxin. However, with time, all the patients become insensitive to the drugs and decide for cystoplastic surgery. With the aim to get deeper in both NDO and drug's efficacy lack pathogenesis, we investigated the innervation, muscular and connective changes in NDO bladders after surgery by using morphological and quantitative methodologies. Bladder innervation showed a significant global loss associated with an increase in the nerve endings located in the upper LP where a neurogenic inflammation was also present. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) anomalies and fibrosis were found in the detrusor. The increased innervation in the ULP is suggestive for a sprouting and could condition NDO evolution and drug efficacy length. Denervation might cause the SMC anomalies responsible for the detrusor altered contractile activity and intra‐cellular traffic and favour the appearance of fibrosis. Inflammation might accelerate these damages. From the clinical point of view, an early anti‐inflammatory treatment could positively influence the disease fate.
Reconciling place attachment with catchment‐based flood risk management: What can we learn from film?
Authors: Bark Rosalind H. , Sutherland Paula
Published: April 2019

A catchment‐based approach to flood risk management (FRM) is gaining prominence in the United Kingdom. It is undertaken with wider awareness of multiple stakeholders, as part of a catchment scale understanding, and, as with other approaches, can visually re‐shape place. Land cover and land management change at this scale also has the potential to reconfigure landscape values and place attachment. Researchers have used qualitative, quantitative, and mapping approaches to understand place attachment. Here we explore secondary data, specifically, we transcribe and code the stories of five Mytholmroyd, West Yorkshire residents from the short film, Calder about the December 26, 2015 floods. We find place attachment, identity, and social capital are interconnected and feature strongly in the mitigation and prevention phase, post‐disaster. Our findings suggest better understanding of place attachment can support a more catchment scale approach to FRM policy and practice.
Cervical vertebral body growth and emergence of sexual dimorphism: a developmental study using computed tomography
Authors: Miller Courtney A. , Hwang Seong Jae , Cotter Meghan M. , Vorperian Houri K.
Published: April 2019

The size and shape of human cervical vertebral bodies serve as a reference for measurement or treatment planning in multiple disciplines. It is therefore necessary to understand thoroughly the developmental changes in the cervical vertebrae in relation to the changing biomechanical demands on the neck during the first two decades of life. To delineate sex‐specific changes in human cervical vertebral bodies, 23 landmarks were placed in the midsagittal plane to define the boundaries of C2 to C7 in 123 (73 M; 50 F) computed tomography scans from individuals, ages 6 months to 19 years. Size was calculated as the geometric area, from which sex‐specific growth trend, rate, and type for each vertebral body were determined, as well as length measures of local deformation‐based morphometry vectors from the centroid to each landmark. Additionally, for each of the four pubertal‐staged age cohorts, sex‐specific vertebral body wireframes were superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis to determine sex‐specific changes in form (size and shape) and shape alone. Our findings reveal that C2 was unique in achieving more of its adult size by 5 years, particularly in females. In contrast, C3–C7 had a second period of accelerated growth during puberty. The vertebrae of males and females were significantly different in size, particularly after puberty, when males had larger cervical vertebral bodies. Male growth outpaced female growth around age 10 years and persisted until around age 19–20 years, whereas females completed growth earlier, around age 17–18 years. The greatest shape differences between males and females occurred during puberty. Both sexes had similar growth in the superoinferior height, but males also displayed more growth in anteroposterior depth. Such prominent sex differences in size, shape, and form are likely the result of differences in growth rate and growth duration. Female vertebrae are thus not simply smaller versions of the male vertebrae. Additional research is needed to further quantify growth and help improve age‐ and sex‐specific guidance in clinical practice.
Nerve growth factor is expressed and stored in central neurons of adult zebrafish
Authors: Cacialli Pietro , Gatta Claudia , D'Angelo Livia , Leggieri Adele , Palladino Antonio , de Girolamo Paolo , Pellegrini Elisabeth , Lucini Carla
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, was initially described as neuronal survival and growth factor, but successively has emerged as an active mediator in many essential functions in the central nervous system of mammals. NGF is synthesized as a precursor pro‐NGF and is cleaved intracellularly into mature NGF. However, recent evidence demonstrates that pro‐NGF is not a simple inactive precursor, but is also secreted outside the cells and can exert multiple roles. Despite the vast literature present in mammals, studies devoted to NGF in the brain of other vertebrate models are scarce. Zebrafish is a teleost fish widely known for developmental genetic studies and is well established as model for translational neuroscience research. Genomic organization of zebrafish and mouse NGF is highly similar, and zebrafish NGF protein has been reported in mature and two‐precursors forms. To add further knowledge on neurotrophic factors in vertebrate brain models, we decided to determine the NGF mRNA and protein distribution in the adult zebrafish brain and to characterize the phenotype of NGF‐positive cells. NGF mRNA was visualized by in situ hybridization on whole‐mount brains. NGF protein distribution was assessed on microtomic sections by using an antiserum against NGF, able to recognize pro‐NGF in adult zebrafish brain as demonstrated also in previous studies. To characterize NGF‐positive cells, anti‐NGF was employed on microtomic slides of aromatase B transgenic zebrafish (where radial glial cells appeared fluorescent) and by means of double‐immunolabeling against NGF/proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; proliferation marker) and NGF/microtube‐associated protein2 (MAP2; neuronal marker). NGF mRNA and protein were widely distributed in the brain of adult zebrafish, and their pattern of distribution of positive perikaryal was overlapping, both in males and females, with few slight differences. Specifically, the immunoreactivity to the protein was observed in fibers over the entire encephalon. MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in the majority of NGF‐positive cells, throughout the zebrafish brain. PCNA and aromatase B cells were not positive to NGF, but they were closely intermingled with NGF cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that mature neurons in the zebrafish brain express NGF mRNA and store pro‐NGF.
Plasma CADM1 promoter hypermethylation and D‐dimer as novel metastasis predictors of cervical cancer
Authors: Rong Guodong , Zhang Meijuan , Xia Wenying , Li Donghua , Miao Juan , Wang Hong
Published: April 2019

Aim

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth malignant tumor in women worldwide. The metastasis is still the major reason for the treatment failures of most CC patients. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) promoter methylation and plasma D‐dimer levels have been reported to be increased in many types of cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of combinatorial assay of plasma CADM1 promoter hypermethylation and D‐dimer as a metastasis marker in CC.

Methods

Two hundred and ninety‐two patients with newly diagnosed cervical diseases and 70 healthy women were enrolled. A validation set comprised 36 Stage I CC patients and followed for 3 years. Plasma CADM1 promoter methylation and D‐dimer levels were detected.

Results

The total coincidence rate of CADM1 promoter methylation status was 93.3% between 45 pair‐matched tissue and plasma samples. Plasma CADM1 methylation levels in CC patients were higher than other benign disease groups (P = 0.000). Plasma CADM1 methylation levels had statistically differences between CC patients with and without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.049) or in CC patients with and without distant metastasis (P = 0.000). Similarly, plasma D‐dimer levels in CC patients were higher than other benign disease groups (P < 0.05). D‐dimer levels were only statistically different between CC patients with and without distant metastasis (P = 0.003). Combined assay of the two parameters for metastasis prediction has high sensitivity (80.4%) and specificity (90.5%).

Conclusion

Combinatorial assay of plasma CADM1 methylation and D‐dimer is a promising metastasis marker in cervical cancer.
Are the Religiously Observant Discriminated Against in the Rental Housing Market? Experimental Evidence from Israel
Authors: Sansani Shahar
Published: April 2019

In this article, I test for discrimination against the religiously observant in the Israeli rental housing market. I perform a correspondence study where half of the requests have a religious signal (“basad” written at the top of the request), while the other half do not. Because the requests are identical otherwise, differences in call‐back rates represent the causal effect of writing “basad” at the top of the request. I find that requests with a religious signal receive 12 percent fewer positive responses than requests with no such signal, with this differential being greater with female landlords and in cities with more left‐leaning voters, higher mean incomes, and higher education levels.
Evidence for shock‐induced anhydrite recrystallization and decomposition at the UNAM‐7 drill core from the Chicxulub impact structure
Authors: Salge T. , Stosnach H. , Rosatelli G. , Hecht L. , Reimold W. U.
Published: April 2019

Drill core UNAM‐7, obtained 126 km from the center of the Chicxulub impact structure, outside the crater rim, contains a sequence of 126.2 m suevitic, silicate melt‐rich breccia on top of a silicate melt‐poor breccia with anhydrite megablocks. Total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis of altered silicate melt particles of the suevitic breccia shows high concentrations of Br, Sr, Cl, and Cu, which may indicate hydrothermal reaction with sea water. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectrometry reveal recrystallization of silicate components during annealing by superheated impact melt. At anhydrite clasts, recrystallization is represented by a sequence of comparatively large columnar, euhedral to subhedral anhydrite grains and smaller, polygonal to interlobate grains that progressively annealed deformation features. The presence of voids in anhydrite grains indicates SOx gas release during anhydrite decomposition. The silicate melt‐poor breccia contains carbonate and sulfate particles cemented in a microcrystalline matrix. The matrix is dominated by anhydrite, dolomite, and calcite, with minor celestine and feldspars. Calcite‐dominated inclusions in silicate melt with flow textures between recrystallized anhydrite and silicate melt suggest a former liquid state of these components. Vesicular and spherulitic calcite particles may indicate quenching of carbonate melts in the atmosphere at high cooling rates, and partial decomposition during decompression at postshock conditions. Dolomite particles with a recrystallization sequence of interlobate, polygonal, subhedral to euhedral microstructures may have been formed at a low cooling rate. We conclude that UNAM‐7 provides evidence for solid‐state recrystallization or melting and dissociation of sulfates during the Chicxulub impact event. The lack of anhydrite in the K‐Pg ejecta deposits and rare presence of anhydrite in crater suevites may indicate that sulfates were completely dissociated at high temperature (T > 1465 °C)—whereas ejecta deposited near the outer crater rim experienced postshock conditions that were less effective at dissociation.
Shock‐induced phase transformation of anorthitic plagioclase in the eucrite meteorite Northwest Africa 2650
Authors: Chen De‐Liang , Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Pang Run‐Lian , Chen Jia‐Ni , Li Yang
Published: April 2019

Anorthite is an important constituent mineral in basaltic achondrites from small celestial bodies. Its high‐pressure phase transformation in shocked meteorites has not been systematically studied. In this study, we report the diverse phase transformation behaviors of anorthite in a shocked eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 2650, which also contains coesite, stishovite, vacancy‐rich clinopyroxene, super‐silicic garnet, and reidite. Anorthite in NWA 2650 has transformed into anorthite glass (anorthite glassy vein, maskelynite, and glass with a schlieren texture and vesicles), tissintite and dissociated into three‐phase assemblage grossular + kyanite + silica glass. Different occurrences of anorthite glass might have formed via the mechanism involving shear melting, solid‐state transformation, and postshock thermally melting, respectively. Tissintite could have crystallized from a high‐pressure plagioclase melt. The nucleation of tissintite might be facilitated by relict pyroxene fragments and the early formed vacancy‐rich clinopyroxene. The three‐phase assemblage grossular, kyanite, and silica glass should have formed from anorthitic melt at high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. The presence of maskelynite and reidite probably suggests a minimum peak shock pressure up to 20 GPa, while the other high‐pressure phases indicate that the shock pressure during the crystallization of shock melt veins might vary from >8 GPa to >2 GPa with a heterogeneous temperature distribution.
Entrustable professional activities in health care education: a scoping review
Authors: Shorey Shefaly , Lau Tang Ching , Lau Siew Tiang , Ang Emily
Published: April 2019

Context

The shift in medical education from time‐based learning to outcome‐based learning has drawn much attention to entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as an ideal assessment framework to translate competencies into clinical practice. Given the relative novelty of EPAs, this review aims to highlight research gaps and explore and consolidate available evidence pertaining to the development and implementation of EPAs in health care.

Method

Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework was used to present the findings. The authors performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, MedNar, OpenGrey and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses for English articles published from the inception of each database to May 2018. A manual search of the reference lists of the included studies was conducted and an expert panel was consulted. Two reviewers screened the articles for eligibility using the inclusion criteria. All authors extracted key data and analysed the data descriptively. Thematic analysis was used to categorise the results into themes.

Results

Eighty articles were included in the review. All articles were published between 2010 and 2018. Three major themes and eight sub‐themes were generated: (i) development of EPAs (frameworks for EPA development and implementation, identifying core or specialty‐specific EPAs, and EPAs for faculty development), (ii) evaluation of EPAs and EPA entrustment factors (revised curriculum, entrustment decisions for professional activities, and feedback on implemented EPAs and the development process), and (iii) future directions and recommendations for EPAs (implementation of EPAs in undergraduate medical education and specific disciplines, and other criticisms and recommendations for EPAs).

Conclusions

Entrustable professional activities are an essential means to translate competencies into observable and measurable clinical practice. However, high‐level evidence‐based research on the efficacy, development and implementation of EPAs for specific target groups (i.e. undergraduates and staff) and geographical regions (i.e. Asia and Africa) is still lacking, which suggests a direction for future research.
Rational learners and metaethics: Universalism, relativism, and evidence from consensus
Authors: Ayars Alisabeth , Nichols Shaun
Published: April 2019

Recent work in folk metaethics finds a correlation between perceived consensus about a moral claim and meta‐ethical judgments about whether the claim is universally or only relatively true. We argue that consensus can provide evidence for meta‐normative claims, such as whether a claim is universally true. We then report several experiments indicating that people use consensus to make inferences about whether a claim is universally true. This suggests that people's beliefs about relativism and universalism are partly guided by evidence‐based reasoning. In a final study, we show that the rejection of universalism does not generate a simple subjectivism but is associated with a more moderate relativism on which highly atypical positions are regarded as mistaken.
Therapeutic strategies in gastroparesis: Results of stepwise approach with diet and prokinetics, Gastric Rest, and PEG‐J: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Strijbos Denise , Keszthelyi Daniel , Smeets Fabiënne G. M. , Kruimel Joanna , Gilissen Lennard P. L. , de Ridder Rogier , Conchillo José M. , Masclee Ad A. M.
Published: April 2019

Background

Gastroparesis is characterized by abnormal gastric motor function with delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. In our tertiary referral center, patients are treated with a stepwise approach, starting with dietary advice and prokinetics, followed by three months of nasoduodenal tube feeding with “gastric rest.” When not successful, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension (PEG‐J) for long‐term enteral feeding is placed.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of this stepwise approach on weight and symptoms.

Methods

Analyses of data of all referred gastroparesis patients between 2008 and 2016.

Key Results

A total of 86 patients (71% female, 20‐87 years [mean 55.8 years]) were analyzed of whom 50 (58%) had adequate symptom responses to diet and prokinetics. The remaining 36 (decompensated gastroparesis) were treated with three months gastric rest. Symptom response rate was 47% (17/36). Significant weight gain was seen in all patients, independent of symptom response. In the remaining 19 symptom non‐responders, the enteral feeding was continued through PEG‐J. Treatment was effective (symptoms) in 37%, with significant weight gain in all. In 84% of patients, the PEG‐J is still in use (mean duration 962 days).

Conclusions and Inferences

Following a stepwise treatment approach in gastroparesis, adequate symptom response was reached in 86% of all patients. Weight gain was achieved in all patients, independent of symptom response. Diet and prokinetics were effective with regard to symptoms in 58%, temporary gastric rest in 47%, and PEG‐J as third step in 37% of patients.
Neofunctionalisation of basic helix−loop−helix proteins occurred when embryophytes colonised the land
Authors: Bonnot Clémence , Hetherington Alexander J. , Champion Clément , Breuninger Holger , Kelly Steven , Dolan Liam
Published: April 2019

ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX‐LIKE(RSL) genes control the development of structures from single cells at the surface of embryophytes (land plants) such as rhizoids and root hairs.RSLproteins constitute a subclass (VIIIc) of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) classVIIItranscription factor family.

The Charophyceae form the only class of streptophyte algae with tissue‐like structures and rhizoids. To determine if the function ofRSLgenes in the control of cell differentiation in embryophytes was inherited from a streptophyte algal ancestor, we identified the single classVIII bHLHgene from the charophyceaen algaChara braunii(CbbHLHVIII).

CbbHLHVIIIis sister to theRSLproteins; they constitute a monophyletic group. Expression of CbbHLHVIIIdoes not compensate for loss ofRSLfunctions inMarchantia polymorphaorArabidopsis thaliana. InC. brauniiCbbHLHVIIIis expressed at sites of morphogenesis but not in rhizoids.

This finding indicates thatC. brauniiclassVIIIprotein is functionally different from land plantRSLproteins. This result suggests that the function ofRSLproteins in cell differentiation at the plant surface evolved by neofunctionalisation in the land plants lineage after its divergence from its last common ancestor withC. braunii, at or before the colonisation of the land by embryophytes.
Is reducing appetite beneficial for body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta‐analysis from clinical trials assessing body weight management after exposure to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing products
Authors: Hansen Thea Toft , Andersen Sarah Vold , Astrup Arne , Blundell John , Sjödin Anders
Published: April 2019

This review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity. A comprehensive review protocol was prepared before conducting a systematic search in PubMed identifying 517 papers with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria. A thorough risk of bias assessment was performed based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Based on a meta‐analysis, the average of 75 subjects exposed to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing foods during more than 8 weeks coincidently reduced their body weight by 3.60 (1.05; 6.15) kg (mean (95% confidence interval)) more compared with controls. Two studies analysed whether individual reductions in appetite were associated with body weight. Decreased ad libitum energy intake after exposure to the satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions explained 58% (P < 0.001) and 23% (P < 0.001) of the variations in the subsequent weight losses over 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Robust acute effects on appetite were found equally likely to be linked to improved body weight management as sustained effects. Satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions are supported to improve body weight management, but studies specifically designed to demonstrate a causal link remain needed.
Effects of oral healthcare motivation in patients with gingival oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mergoni Giovanni , Magnani Veronica , Goldoni Matteo , Vescovi Paolo , Manfredi Maddalena
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The role of dental plaque in gingival lesions caused by oral lichen planus has not been fully defined. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of oral healthcare motivation on clinical variables in patients with gingival oral lichen planus.

Material and Methods

Oral lichen planus patients with symptomatic gingival lesions were randomized in control and intervention groups. The intervention group was instructed to effectively remove bacterial biofilm from dental surfaces, while controls did not receive any advice. The outcome variables were as follows: quality of life (OHIP‐14), pain, plaque index and clinical severity of the disease (Escudier index). Outcome variables were assessed at 0, 4 and 20 weeks and analysed using an ANOVA model for factorial design.

Results

Data from 60 patients were collected. Regression analysis showed a significant positive trend of OHIP‐14, plaque index and Escudier index in the intervention group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Pain did not prove significantly different (p = 0.408).

Conclusions

Plaque control improved both OHIP‐14 and gingival lesion clinical severity. Oral hygienists should be involved in the multidisciplinary management of patients affected by oral lichen planus with gingival lesions.
Effects of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients Older Than 65 Years
Authors: Jiang Hong‐hui , Jian Xiao‐fei , Shangguan Yang‐fan , Qing Jun , Chen Liao‐bin
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To explore the safety and efficacy of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for elderly total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients.

Methods

A prospective controlled study was conducted for patients older than 65 years, who would undergo unilateral TKA with a minimum follow‐up of 2 years. Patients were divided into an ERAS group (n = 106) and a traditional group (n = 141) based on the patients’ willingness to participate in the ERAS program. Baseline parameters of American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and comorbidity were recorded. Complication, mortality, knee function assessment using knee society score and knee range of motion, and perioperative clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of baseline parameters. Although no significant differences were found in postoperative nausea and vomiting, urinary tract infection, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, wound delayed healing, superficial infection, and deep infection, there were significantly fewer total complications in the ERAS group (26/106 vs 52/141; P = 0.039). No significant difference was found in short‐term mortality (1/106 vs 3/141; P = 0.836) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS), knee society score (KSS), and range of motion (ROM) between the two groups. Lower VAS scores were found in the ERAS group at time of postoperative day (POD) 1 (P = 0.012) and POD 5 (P = 0.020); no significant differences were observed at time of postoperative month (POM) 1 and final follow‐up. Higher KSS scores were found in the ERAS group at time of POD 1 (P = 0.013), and POD 5 (P = 0.011), no significant differences were observed at time of POM 1 and final follow‐up. Increased ROM degree was found in the ERAS group at time of POD 1 (P = 0.021); no significant differences were observed at time of POD 5, POM 1 and final follow‐up. Decreased intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.001), total blood loss (P < 0.001), transfusion rate (P = 0.004), and length of stay (P < 0.001) were found in the ERAS group; no significant differences were found in operative time and hospitalization costs between the two groups.

Conclusion

The ERAS program is safer and more efficacious in elderly TKA patients compared to the traditional pathway. It could effectively relieve perioperative pain and improve joint function, and reduce blood transfusion, length of stay, and total complications without increasing short‐term mortality.
Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan, SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution
Authors: Zhang Huichao , Chai Peng , Zhang Hongrui , Hou Zengqian , Chen Shouming , Sun Yanbin , Peng Qing
Published: April 2019

The Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS2 in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS2 due to crystallization of sulfides and fO2 due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.
Structural Change, Expanding Informality and Labor Productivity Growth in Russia
Authors: Voskoboynikov Ilya B.
Published: April 2019

Strong growth, intensive structural change, and expanding informality have characterized many developing and emerging economies in recent decades. Yet most empirical investigations into the relationship between structural change and productivity growth overlook informality. This paper includes the informal sector in an analysis of the effects of structural changes in the Russian economy on aggregate labor productivity growth. Using a newly developed dataset for 34 industries covering the period 1995–2012 and applying three alternative approaches, aggregate labor productivity growth is decomposed into intra‐industry and inter‐industry contributions. All three approaches show that the overall contribution of structural change is growth enhancing, significant, and decreasing over time. Labor reallocation from the formal sector to the informal sector tends to reduce growth through the extension of informal activities with low productivity levels. Sectoral labor reallocation effects are found to be highly sensitive to the methods applied.
Growth in the first 5 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV‐infected children in the IeDEA West African Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Jesson Julie , Ephoevi‐Ga Ayoko , Desmonde Sophie , Ake‐Assi Marie‐Hélène , D'Almeida Marcelline , Sy Haby Signaté , Malateste Karen , Amorissani‐Folquet Madeleine , Dicko Fatoumata , Kouadio Kouakou , Renner Lorna , Leroy Valériane ,   the IeDEA West African Pediatric Collaboration
Published: April 2019

Objective

To describe growth evolution and its correlates in the first 5 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among HIV‐infected children followed up in West Africa.

Methods

All HIV‐infected children younger than 10 years followed in the IeDEA pWADA cohort while initiating ART, with at least one anthropometric measurement within the first 5 years of treatment were included in the study. Growth was described according to the WHO child growth standards, using Weight‐for‐age Z‐score (WAZ), Height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) and Weight‐for‐Height/BMI‐for‐age Z‐score (WHZ/BAZ). Growth evolution and its correlates, measured at ART initiation, were modelled in individual linear mixed models for each anthropometric indicator, with a spline term added at the 12‐, 24‐ and 9‐month time point for WAZ, HAZ and WHZ/BAZ, respectively.

Results

Among the 4156 children selected (45% girls, median age at ART initiation 3.9 years [IQR interquartile range 1.9–6.6], and overall 68% malnourished at ART initiation), important gains were observed in the first 12, 24 and 9 months on ART for WAZ, HAZ and WHZ/BAZ, respectively. Correlates at ART initiation of a better growth evolution overtime were early age (<2 years of age), severe immunodeficiency for age, and severity of malnutrition.

Conclusions

Growth evolution is particularly strong within the first 2 years on ART but slows down after this period. Weight and height gains help to recover from pre‐ART growth deficiency but are insufficient for the most severely malnourished. The first year on ART could be the best period for nutritional interventions to optimize growth among HIV‐infected children in the long‐term.
Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road
Authors: Costa Ricardo J.S. , Knechtle Beat , Tarnopolsky Mark , Hoffman Martin D.
Published: April 2019

Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.
Fluid Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery in Track-and-Field Athletes
Authors: Casa Douglas J. , Cheuvront Samuel N. , Galloway Stuart D. , Shirreffs Susan M.
Published: April 2019

The 2019 International Amateur Athletics Federation Track-and-Field World Championships will take place in Qatar in the Middle East. The 2020 Summer Olympics will take place in Tokyo, Japan. It is quite likely that these events may set the record for hottest competitions in the recorded history of both the Track-and-Field World Championships and Olympic Games. Given the extreme heat in which track-and-field athletes will need to train and compete for these games, the importance of hydration is amplified more than in previous years. The diverse nature of track-and-field events, training programs, and individuality of athletes taking part inevitably means that fluid needs will be highly variable. Track-and-field events can be classified as low, moderate, or high risk for dehydration based on typical training and competition scenarios, fluid availability, and anticipated sweat losses. This paper reviews the risks of dehydration and potential consequences to performance in track-and-field events. The authors also discuss strategies for mitigating the risk of dehydration.
The challenge of antimicrobial resistance: What economics can contribute
Authors: Roope Laurence S. J. , Smith Richard D. , Pouwels Koen B. , Buchanan James , Abel Lucy , Eibich Peter , Butler Christopher C. , Tan Pui San , Walker A. Sarah , Robotham Julie V. , Wordsworth Sarah
Published: April 2019

Incentivizing restraint in drug use

The accelerating tide of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major worldwide policy concern. Like climate change, the incentives for individual decision-makers do not take into account the costs to society at large. AMR represents an impending “tragedy of the commons,” and there is an immediate need for collective action to prevent future harm. Roope
et al.
review the issues associated with AMR from an economics perspective and draw parallels with climate change. A major stumbling block for both challenges is to build consensus about the best way forward when faced with many uncertainties and inequities.

Science
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eaau4679
Group formation and cohesion of active particles with visual perception–dependent motility
Authors: Lavergne François A. , Wendehenne Hugo , Bäuerle Tobias , Bechinger Clemens
Published: April 2019

Seeing whom you interact with

Schools of fish and flocks of birds are familiar examples of biological active matter. The motion of individuals is guided by the collective, but without obvious neighbor-to-neighbor interactions. This behavior can be designed into synthetic particles with the right shape or surface properties. Lavergne
et al.
made Janus particles that become active upon light irradiation, but only when they can “see” their neighbors. This property led to the formation of groups of particles that flock together in particular ways without specific pairwise or flow-generated interactions.

Science
, this issue p.
70
Defining the developmental program leading to meiosis in maize
Authors: Nelms Brad , Walbot Virginia
Published: April 2019

Following meiosis in maize

Plants do not set aside a germ-cell lineage from early development as animals do, but instead generate germ cells on demand. Nelms and Walbot, working in maize, took advantage of a size differential between somatic and developing germ cells in the anthers at the top of the maize plant to isolate individual germ cells during the meiotic progression to pollen development. They used single-cell RNA sequencing to study changes in the transcriptome through meiosis. These studies revealed increasing specialization as meiosis progressed, with a reorganization of the transcriptome in a transition during the leptotene stage of meiosis.

Science
, this issue p.
52
A pentangular plant inflammasome
Authors: Dangl Jeffery L. , Jones Jonathan D. G.
Published: April 2019

The first plant resistosome structure provides clues to cell death control and immunity
Численное моделирование воздействия сейсмической активности на подводный композитный трубопровод
Authors: Беклемышева К А , Beklemysheva K A , Васюков Алексей Викторович , Vasyukov Aleksei Viktorovich , Голубев Василий Иванович , Golubev Vasilii Ivanovich , Петров Игорь Борисович , Petrov Igor Borisovich
Published: April 2019

Рассматривается задача численного моделирования процесса инициации сейсмической активности на шельфе и еe разрушающего воздействия на композитные нефтепроводы, проложенные по морскому дну. Для описания динамического поведения среды используются определяющие системы уравнений теории упругости и акустики с явным выделением всех слоeв. Полимерный композитный материал трубопровода описывается в рамках вязкоупругой ортотропной модели. Предложен алгоритм, позволяющий для заданного уровня сейсмической активности и прочностных характеристик композита оценить объeм разрушений нефтепровода. Отличительной особенностью разработанного подхода является разбиение задачи на два этапа: полноволновой расчeт распространения сейсмических волн от очага землетрясения к дневной поверхности и расчет элемента композитного трубопровода как объекта сложной формы из анизотропного материала. Для численного расчeта используется сеточно-характеристический метод на гексаэдральных и тетраэдральных расчeтных сетках.
Оптимальные стационарные режимы в управляемой модели бизнес-цикла Калдора
Authors: Асеев Антон Сергеевич , Aseev Anton Sergeevich
Published: April 2019

Изучаются оптимальные стационарные режимы в управляемой версии модели бизнес-цикла Н. Калдора. В качестве управления рассматривается параметр, характеризующий стимулирование спроса государством. Стоимость стимулирующей политики моделируется при помощи квадратичной функции, а функция мгновенной полезности определяется как величина национального дохода, взятая с учетом расходов на стимулирование спроса. В соответствующей оптимизационной задаче доказано существование оптимального стационарного режима и приведены условия, гарантирующие его единственность. Показано, что оптимизация стационарного режима всегда приводит к увеличению как значения функции мгновенной полезности, так и величины потребления по сравнению со стационарными состояниями исходной (неуправляемой) модели. Рассмотрены результаты численного моделирования.
Разностная схема КАБАРЕ с улучшенными дисперсионными свойствами
Authors: Сухинов Александр Иванович , Sukhinov Alexander Ivanovich , Чистяков Александр Евгеньевич , Chistyakov Alexander Evgenjevich
Published: April 2019

Предложена разностная схема для задачи переноса, построенная как линейная комбинация схемы «кабаре» и схемы с центральными разностями. Проведено исследование устойчивости и дисперсионных свойств схемы. Показано, что построенная схема обладает лучшими дисперсионными свойствами для высокочастотных гармоник при малых числах Куранта по сравнению с известной схемой «кабаре» для уравнения переноса. Проведено сравнение погрешностей данной схемы и двухпараметрической разностной схемы третьего порядка точности на основе численных экспериментов на использовавшихся ранее наборах тестовых задач. Показано, что в норме сеточного пространства $L_1$ разработанная схема имеет меньшие погрешности, а также использует более компактный шаблон (при расчете $i$-го узла используются значения узлов $i-1$, $i$, $i+1$), и переход на следующий временной слой осуществляется за меньшее число арифметических операций.
Primary intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible: radiographic evolution and clinicopathological features
Authors: Abt Nicholas B , Lawler Matthew E , Zacharias Joseph , Lahey Edward T
Published: April 2019

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) can be rarely found as a primarily intraosseous lesion and mistaken for other intraosseous or odontogenic pathology. A 65-year-old man had a poorly defined radiolucency distal to the left mandibular second molar root. Periapical radiographs demonstrated a minor radiolucency from 2.5 years prior. An oral and maxillofacial surgeon felt the radiolucency represented periodontal disease, extracting tooth #18. The differential diagnosis of mixed radiolucent/radio-opaque mandibular lesions includes: (1) fibro-osseous lesion, (2) odontogenic and non-odontogenic cyst, (3) infection and inflammatory lesion, or (4) benign or malignant neoplasm (odontogenic, non-odontogenic, or metastatic). Histological analysis revealed low-grade MEC. A composite resection was performed with a 1 cm margin from first molar to ascending ramus. A buccal fat pad advancement flap covered the defect with an iliac crest bone graft placed later for a resulting osseous defect. Careful examination and diagnostic work-up for odontogenic cysts should be provided as they may harbour malignant tumours.