bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of atezolizumab immunogenicity: Efficacy and safety (Part 2)
Authors: Peters Solange , Galle Peter R. , Bernaards Coen A. , Ballinger Marcus , Bruno René , Quarmby Valerie , Ruppel Jane , Vilimovskij Alexandr , Wu Benjamin , Sternheim Nitzan , Reck Martin
Published: September 2021

Antibody therapeutics can be associated with unwanted immune responses resulting in the development of anti‐drug antibodies (ADA). Optimal methods to evaluate the potential effects of ADA on clinical outcomes in oncology are not well established. In this study, we assessed efficacy and safety, based on ADA status, in patients from over 10 clinical trials that evaluated the immune checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab as a single agent or as combination therapy for several types of advanced cancers. ADA can only be observed post randomization, and imbalances in baseline prognostic factors can confound the interpretation of ADA impact. We applied methodology to account for the confounding effects of baseline clinical characteristics and survivorship bias on efficacy. Adjusted meta‐analyses revealed that despite numerical differences in overall survival and progression‐free survival between ADA‐positive and ADA‐negative patients from some studies, ADA‐positive patients from studies with an overall treatment effect derived benefit from atezolizumab, compared with their adjusted controls. Based on large, pooled populations from atezolizumab monotherapy or combination studies, unadjusted descriptive analyses did not identify a clear relationship between ADA status and frequency or severity of adverse events. Data also suggested that any ADA impact is not driven by neutralizing activity. Collectively, this exploratory analysis suggests that the potential for ADA development should not impact treatment decisions with atezolizumab.
Offshoring, Wages, and Skill Premiums: Firm‐level Evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Liang , Qiu Bin , Xu Xiaocong , Sun Shaoqin
Published: September 2021

Using detailed Chinese manufacturing firm production and trade data from 2000 to 2006, this study finds that offshoring significantly increases firms’ average wages. First, using the quasi‐natural experiment of China's accession to the World Trade Organization, we investigate how a reduction in offshoring costs affects the manufacturing firm's wages and find that a productivity effect and a job‐relocation effect are two possible channels. Second, the dynamic decomposition of industry‐level wages indicates that the within‐firm effect is 0.547, accounting for 31.5 percent of the total variation. Finally, a Mincer‐type regression shows that offshoring also increases within‐firm skill premiums. Our findings have strong implications for the government related to framing appropriate industrial policies to raise wages and reduce income inequality.
Mapping the nutrient adequacy of farm production and food consumption to target policy in Uganda
Authors: Marivoet Wim , Ulimwengu John M.
Published: September 2021

Motivation

Spatial variation in crop and livestock production, combined with variation in market purchases and food transfers, lead to geographic differences in malnutrition that can inform food system policies.

Purpose

This article quantifies nutrient production and consumption by sub‐region in Uganda, to identify the magnitude and location of gaps left by farm households’ own production, market purchases, and food transfers relative to household nutrient requirements.

Methods and approach

Using the fourth round of Uganda’s National Panel Survey (2013/2014), we convert households’ food production and consumption to nutrient equivalents, then identify the spatial pattern of nutrient inadequacy relative to requirements in each sub‐region. To inform policy, we identify the main food sources of five key micronutrients as well as their least‐cost alternatives to fill corresponding gaps.

Findings

Sufficient calories and protein are generally available from farm production, purchases, and transfers, but alarming deficits can be seen in the supply of calcium, iron, and zinc as well as vitamins A and B12. Deficits are especially marked in the North East sub‐region. A variety of foods currently available in small quantities could be scaled up to fill these gaps.

We find severe limitations in the available data, however, revealing the need for future work to cover all nutrient sources throughout the year with sufficient spatial and temporal precision to target interventions.

Policy implications

The data analysed provide a suggestive but incomplete picture of how farm production, food markets, and transfers could be enhanced to meet nutrient requirements. Candidate foods for production and marketing to fill nutrient gaps include diverse vegetal crops, milk, and fish. Perishability, transport, and high production costs currently limit supply while low incomes limit demand, implying that a variety of food system interventions as well as social protection transfers are needed to fight hidden hunger in Uganda.
Measuring child‐rearing goals for parents with young children: A scoping review
Authors: Ho Grace W.K. , Chan Athena C.Y. , Gross Deborah A.
Published: September 2021

This scoping review summarizes and consolidates the parenting goals for young children captured in existing parent‐report measures, and the characteristics of studies that employed them. Five electronic databases were systematically searched to identify original studies that used a self‐report measure for parenting goals during the child's first 5 years. Characteristics of the parenting goals measures and the studies that employed them were extracted and synthesized. A deductive approach was used to reduce the parenting goals items across instruments into representative domains. Fourteen original parenting goals measures and their modifications (i.e., 24 unique measures in total) were identified in 44 research articles from 41 original studies. Items from these measures were synthesized into 33 representative domains. Findings will inform the direction of future research and the development of a comprehensive measure of parenting goals for parents with young children that can be applied across cultures, economic backgrounds, informants, and parenting contexts.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the University of British Columbia Geriatric Dentistry Program: Clinical education and service
Authors: Tong Nicholas , To Shunhau , Wyatt Chris C.L.
Published: September 2021

Background and Objective

In Canada, the COVID‐19 pandemic was associated with significant morbidity and mortality in older adults, particularly those in long‐term care (LTC). Access to oral health services was limited during the pandemic due to public health restrictions. The aim of this paper was to describe the impact of the pandemic on the clinical education and service of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Geriatric Dentistry Program (GDP), which provides care to LTC residents.

Methods

Data were collected from UBC GDP AxiUm dental software records, including number of dental appointments in 2019 and 2020. Data on revenue in 2019 and 2020 based on clinical production were collected through financial summary reports. Data on the number of educational rotations were collected from summary reports from scheduling software.

Results

In 2020, significant reductions in clinical service, revenue, and productivity were observed in the UBC GDP relative to 2019. The number of GDP appointments for June‐December 2020 was lower by 68%. The clinical productivity reduced by 67% for the same period. Expenses were slightly reduced. The overall number of LTC clinical rotations for students were only slightly lower for undergraduate students in 2020 than in 2019, and it increased for graduate students.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic and associated public health restrictions had a negative impact on the clinical service and productivity of the UBC GDP in 2020 relative to 2019. However, clinical educational rotations to LTC were slightly increased in 2020 relative to 2019. Dental care for LTC residents can be provided if rigorous administrative controls, engineering controls and personal protective equipment are employed.
Visual snow syndrome, the spectrum of perceptual disorders, and migraine as a common risk factor: A narrative review
Authors: Klein Antonia , Schankin Christoph J.
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of this narrative review is to explore the relationship between visual snow syndrome (VSS), migraine, and a group of other perceptual disorders.

Background

VSS is characterized by visual snow and additional visual and nonvisual disturbances. The clinical picture suggests a hypersensitivity to internal and external stimuli. Imaging and electrophysiological findings indicate a hyperexcitability of the primary and secondary visual areas of the brain possibly due to an impairment of inhibitory feedback mechanisms. Migraine is the most frequent comorbidity. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that other perceptual disorders, such as tinnitus, fibromyalgia, and dizziness, are associated with VSS. Clinical overlaps and parallels in pathophysiology might exist in relation to migraine.

Methods

We performed a PubMed and Google Scholar search with the following terms: visual snow syndrome, entoptic phenomenon, fibromyalgia, tinnitus, migraine, dizziness, persistent postural‐perceptual dizziness (PPPD), comorbidities, symptoms, pathophysiology, thalamus, thalamocortical dysrhythmia, and salience network.

Results

VSS, fibromyalgia, tinnitus, and PPPD share evidence of a central disturbance in the processing of different stimuli (visual, somatosensory/pain, acoustic, and vestibular) that might lead to hypersensitivity. Imaging and electrophysiological findings hint toward network disorders involving the sensory networks and other large‐scale networks involved in the management of attention and emotional processing. There are clinical and epidemiological overlaps between these disorders. Similarly, migraine exhibits a multisensory hypersensitivity even in the interictal state with fluctuation during the migraine cycle. All the described perceptual disorders are associated with migraine suggesting that having migraine, that is, a disorder of sensory processing, is a common link.

Conclusion

VSS, PPPD, fibromyalgia, and chronic tinnitus might lie on a spectrum of perceptual disorders with similar pathophysiological mechanisms and the common risk factor migraine. Understanding the underlying network disturbances might give insights into how to improve these currently very difficult to treat conditions.
Patient's perspectives of injection‐site pain in intracavernosal therapy
Authors: McAllister Bría J. , Bazo Alvaro E.
Published: September 2021

In this article, we report on patient's self‐reported anticipated and actual experiences of injection‐site pain while learning intracavernosal therapy. This is significant because anticipated pain has a strong bearing on the willingness of patients to pursue this form of treatment. We looked at 25 men undergoing teaching for intracavernosal injections for erectile dysfunction of mixed aetiology to assess their anticipated pain levels against actual pain levels experienced while injecting. Patients used a standard 0–10 pain score to indicate the level of pain they expected to experience while injecting prior to giving themselves an injection. They were subsequently asked to indicate how painful they actually found the injection. We found that, despite the fact that the majority of patients surveyed expected to experience moderate to severe levels of pain, post‐injection they reported either no pain or mild pain. Men undergoing teaching for penile self‐injection tend to overestimate the injection‐site pain caused by such treatment. Being able to reassure prospective patients of the ease of injection therapy may improve uptake.
Impact of electronic medical records and COVID‐19 on adult Goals‐of‐Care document completion and revision in hospitalised general medicine patients
Authors: Curtis Claire A. , Nguyen Maria U. , Rathnasekara Greasha K. , Manderson Rachel J. , Chong Mae Y. , Malawaraarachchi Janith K. , Song Zheng , Kanumuri Priyanka , Potenzi Bradley J. , Lim Andy K. H.
Published: September 2021

Background

Conversion from paper‐based to electronic medical records (EMR) may affect the quality and timeliness of the completion of Goals‐of‐Care (GOC) documents during hospital admissions and this may have been further impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Aims

To determine the impact of EMR and COVID‐19 on the proper completion of GOC forms and the factors associated with inpatient changes in GOC.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of adult general medicine admissions (August 2018–September 2020) at Dandenong Hospital (Victoria, Australia). We used interrupted time series to model the changes in the rates of proper GOC completion (adequate documented discussion, completed ≤2 days) after the introduction of EMR and the arrival of COVID‐19.

Results

We included a total of 5147 patients. The pre‐EMR GOC proper completion rate was 27.7% (overall completion, 86.5%). There was a decrease in the proper completion rate by 2.21% per month (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.83 to −1.58) after EMR implementation despite an increase in overall completion rates (91.2%). The main reason for the negative trend was a decline in adequate documentation despite improvements in timeliness. COVID‐19 arrival saw a reversal of this negative trend, with proper completion rates increasing by 2.25% per month (95% CI: 1.35 to 3.15) compared with the EMR period, but also resulted in a higher proportion of GOC changes within 2 days of admission.

Conclusions

EMR improved the timeliness and overall completion rates of GOC at the cost of a lower quality of documented discussion. COVID‐19 reversed the negative trend in proper GOC completion but increased the number of early revisions.
“Did I just do that?”—Six‐month‐olds learn the contingency between their vocalizations and a visual reward in 5 minutes
Authors: Keren‐Portnoy Tamar , Daffern Helena , DePaolis Rory A. , Cox Christopher M. M. , Brown Ken I. , Oxley Florence A. R. , Kanaan Mona
Published: September 2021

It has been shown that infants can increase or modify a motorically available behavior such as sucking, kicking, arm waving, etc., in response to a positive visual reinforcement (e.g., DeCasper & Fifer, 1980; Millar, 1990; Rochat & Striano, 1999; Rovee‐Collier, 1997; Watson & Ramey, 1972). We tested infants to determine if they would also change their vocal behavior in response to contingent feedback, which lacks the social, emotional, and auditory modeling typical of parent‐child interaction. Here, we show that in a single five‐minute session infants increase the rate of their vocalizations in order to control the appearance of colorful shapes on an iPad screen. This is the first experimental study to demonstrate that infants can rapidly learn to increase their vocalizations, when given positive reinforcement with no social element. This work sets the foundations for future studies into the causal relationship between the number of early vocalizations and the onset of words. In addition, there are potential clinical applications for reinforcing vocal practice in infant populations who are at risk for poor language skills.
A self‐comfort oriented pattern of regulatory behavior and avoidant attachment are more likely among infants born moderate‐to‐late preterm
Authors: Fuertes Marina , L. Gonçalves Joana , Barbosa Miguel , Almeida Rita , Lopes‐dos‐Santos Pedro , Beeghly Marjorie
Published: September 2021

Infants born preterm (<37 gestational weeks, GW) are at increased risk for regulatory difficulties and insecure attachment. However, the association between infants' regulatory behavior patterns and their later attachment organization is understudied in the preterm population. We addressed this gap by utilizing a Portuguese sample of 202 mother–infant dyads. Specifically, we compared the regulatory behavior patterns of 74 infants born moderate‐to‐late preterm (MLPT, 32–36 GW) to those of 128 infants born full‐term (FT, 37–42 GW) and evaluated the associations of these regulatory patterns with later attachment. Infants' regulatory behavior patterns (Social‐Positive Oriented, Distressed‐Inconsolable, or Self‐Comfort Oriented) were evaluated in the Face‐to‐Face‐Still‐Face paradigm at 3 months, and their attachment organization (secure, insecure‐avoidant, or insecure‐ambivalent) was evaluated in the Strange Situation at 12 months corrected age. In both samples, the Social‐Positive‐Oriented regulatory pattern was associated with secure attachment; the Distressed‐Inconsolable pattern with insecure‐ambivalent attachment; and the Self‐Comfort‐Oriented pattern with insecure‐avoidant attachment. However, compared to FT infants, infants born MLPT were more likely to exhibit a Self‐Comfort‐Oriented pattern and avoidant attachment. Most perinatal and demographic variables were not related to infant outcomes. However, infants with a higher 1‐min Apgar were more likely to exhibit the Social‐Positive‐Oriented regulatory pattern and secure attachment.
An implementation science approach to geriatric screening in an emergency department
Authors: Southerland Lauren T. , Hunold Katherine M. , Van Fossen Jenifer , Caterino Jeffrey M. , Gulker Peg , Stephens Julie A. , Bischof Jason J. , Farrell Erin , Carpenter Christopher R. , Mion Lorraine C.
Published: September 2021

Background

The Geriatric Emergency Department (ED) Guidelines recommend screening older adults during their ED visit for delirium, fall risk/safe mobility, and home safety needs. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the Expert Recommendations for Implementation Change (ERIC) tool for preimplementation planning.

Methods

The cross‐sectional survey was conducted among ED nurses at an academic medical center. The survey was adapted from the CFIR Interview Guide Tool and consisted of 21 Likert scale questions based on four CFIR domains. Potential barriers identified by the survey were mapped to identify recommended implementation strategies using ERIC.

Results

Forty‐six of 160 potential participants (29%) responded. Intervention Characteristics: Nurses felt geriatric screening should be standard practice for all EDs (76.1% agreed some/very much) and that there was good evidence (67.4% agreed some/very much). Outer setting: The national and regional practices such as the existence of guidelines or similar practices in other hospitals were unknown to many (20.0%). Nurses did agree some/very much (64.4%) that the intervention was good for the hospital/health system. Inner Setting: 67.4% felt more staff or infrastructure and 63.0% felt more equipment were needed for the intervention. When asked to pick from a list of potential barriers, the most commonly chosen were motivational (I often do not remember (n = 27, 58.7%) and It is not a priority (n = 14, 30.4%)). The identified barriers were mapped using the ERIC tool to rate potential implementation strategies. Strategies to target culture change were identifying champions, improve adaptability, facilitate the nurses performing the intervention, and increase demand for the intervention.

Conclusion

CFIR domains and ERIC tools are applicable to an ED intervention for older adults. This preimplementation process could be replicated in other EDs considering implementing geriatric screening.
The experiences of frontline nurses in Wuhan: A qualitative analysis of nurse online diaries during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chen Hua , Wang Ying , Liu Zengmei
Published: September 2021

Aims and objective

To explore the experiences of frontline nurses through analyzing nurse online diaries during the pandemic.

Background

Over 42,600 healthcare professionals took care of patients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan in the initial months between 23 January 2020 and 8 April 2020. Many used to write online diaries on Sina Microblog and still wrote about their experiences in the front line on this site. However, there has been little research on frontline nurses' experiences in the initial months of the pandemic through analyzing their narratives.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze online diaries written by frontline nurses in Wuhan. A total of 205 entries in online diaries were collected from 12 frontline nurses, as accessible to those who subscribed to Sina Microblog social media site, between 23 January 2020 and 8 April 2020. NVivo12 was used to help analyze the data, and COREQ reporting guidelines were also used in this study.

Results

Two themes were identified: constructing a better self and constructing a strong support network. A better self was constructed in describing positive emotions, commitment to care, pride and achievements, and whole‐person growth. A strong support network was constructed through social support via different sources and gaining self‐support via narrating their personal experiences in diaries.

Conclusions

Frontline nurses demonstrated personal growth, psychological well‐being, and professionalism in the process of constructing a better self and a strong support network.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings indicate that frontline nurses can use narratives as debriefing opportunities and a way of gaining self‐support. We suggest that online communities of professional support be used as an essential platform for sharing narratives and gaining a more comprehensive understanding of frontline nurses in the COVID‐19 pandemic and other global public health events.
The work of nurses to provide good and safe services to children receiving hospital‐at‐home: A qualitative interview study from the perspectives of hospital nurses and physicians
Authors: Aasen Line , Johannessen Anne‐Kari , Ruud Knutsen Ingrid , Werner Anne
Published: September 2021

Aim

To explore and describe the work performed by the nurses providing hospital‐at‐home care to children and their families from the perspectives of hospital nurses and physicians.

Background

To reduce capacity pressure on hospitals, various ambulatory services combining hospital and home treatment have emerged. Studies have shown that children and their families are satisfied with hospital‐at‐home when the parents experienced the professionals possessed the necessary competences. Knowledge is limited about nurses and physicians’ perspectives on the work performed and competence needed when children receive hospital treatment in the family's home.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design with semi‐structured interviews was used. Sixteen nurses and physicians from two hospitals in Norway working in hospital‐at‐home for children were recruited to interview. Data were analysed using systematic text condensation. In preparing the manuscript, we applied the COREQ guidelines. The theory on ‘expert nursing’ supported the discussion of results.

Results

We identified three categories through analysis; building a trustful relationship with the family and the sick child; performing essential skills in paediatric nursing care in hospital‐at‐home; and nurses serving as the ‘hub’ between the different parties.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the complexity of the work performed by hospital nurses when children received hospital‐at‐home. Building a trustful relationship and alliance with the child and the family formed the cornerstone of accomplishing good and safe paediatric care. The nurses became a coordinating and collaborating ‘hub’ for actors involved, taking care of patient safety on a daily basis.

Relevance to clinical practice

The way the nurses approached the children and their families, was the core element of the paediatric nursing expertise and important for the service quality and patient safety. The importance of building a trustful relationship needs to be more acknowledged, and the services would benefit to organise this through continuity of care.
Effects of ferulic acid on muscle development and intestinal microbiota of zebrafish
Authors: Yin Xiaoyu , Liu Wuyun , Chen Hao , Qi Chelimuge , Chen Hongsong , Niu Huaxin , Yang Jingfeng , Kwok Kevin W. H. , Dong Wu
Published: September 2021

Ferulic acid (FA) is one of a common ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine. FA has the interesting property of promoting growth and improving meat quality in livestock, but the mechanism is not understood. This study evaluated both safety and mechanism of efficacy in zebrafish model. At 15 μg/mL or above, FA led to pericardial oedema and delayed growth in zebrafish embryos. Dietary FA promoted growth and feed assimilation in male adult zebrafish. Genes related to myogenic development (myod1, myog and myf5) were significantly upregulated by FA and muscle fibre width in skeletal muscle was increased. At 20 µg/g, FA significantly increased number of goblet cells in zebrafish intestinal tissue, and gut microbiota composition also changed. Based on 16s rRNA gene sequences, 20 μg/g FA decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroides. 20 μg/g FA also stimulated the expression of PPAR‐α, a gene associated with fat metabolism, and decreased the expression of PPAR‐β and PPAR‐γ. These gene expression changes were beneficial to fatty acid synthesis and metabolism and decreased fat deposition. Our overall results indicated that FA can be a safe growth promotor in fish particularly in skeletal muscles.
Anxiety and depression among nurses inCOVIDandnon‐COVIDintensive care units
Authors: Tamrakar Parishma , Pant Sagun Ballav , Acharya Subhash Prasad
Published: September 2021

Background

Frontline nurses dealing with the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic face various mental health challenges ranging from excessive stress and anxiety to severe depression.

Aims

To study the comparative prevalence of anxiety and depression, and their contributing factors, between nurses working in intensive care units (ICU) with COVID‐19 patients (COVID ICU) and nurses working in ICU with patients admitted for other reasons (non‐COVID ICU).

Design

Quantitative comparative cross‐sectional study.

Methods

All frontline nurses working in COVID and non‐COVID ICUs at a tertiary care university hospital in Nepal were included. The data were collected using Google Forms. The groups were evaluated and compared in terms of various relevant variables with self‐designed socio‐demographic questionnaire, the validated Nepali version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ‐12).

Results

The response rate was 100%. Of the 99 nurses who met the inclusion criteria, three were excluded. Out of the 96 nurses included, psychiatric caseness was present in 82 (85.4%). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of psychiatric caseness, anxiety, and depression between the COVID ICU and non‐COVID ICU nurses (caseness of 90.4% vs 79.5%,P = .134; anxiety of 36.5% vs 27.3%,P = .587; and depression of 21.2% vs 9.1%,P = .214, respectively). Among the factors that could potentially lead to psychiatric caseness, anxiety, and depression, statistically significant differences were observed only in relation to sleep disturbances, confidence in caring for patients with COVID‐19 and intentions to discontinue current job, all being significantly higher in COVID ICU nurses.

Conclusion

Anxiety and depression are common in nurses working in both the COVID and non‐COVID ICUs, although the difference is not statistically significant.

Relevance to clinical practice

Early assessment of anxiety and depression in nurses working in all ICUs and their active medical and behavioural interventions are important in protecting this vital work force dealing with the pandemic.
Resource‐to‐consumer ratio determines the functional response of an herbivorous fish in a field experiment
Authors: Capitani Leonardo , Roos Natalia , Longo Guilherme Ortigara , Angelini Ronaldo , Schenone Luca
Published: September 2021

In theoretical ecology, the quantity of resource consumed by a consumer per unit of time, defined as functional response, is of paramount importance. To better understand species interactions over time it is necessary to analyze whether consumer's functional response depends on resource density alone (which is the reference assumption) or on both resource and consumer densities. There are few field studies that, by varying the resource and consumer densities, provide solid empirical evidence to indicate the most suitable model of functional response in complex systems, such as coral reefs. We performed a field experiment with an herbivorous surgeonfish and their resource, a red seaweed, in a near‐pristine reef ecosystem. We measured algal consumption while varying densities of consumers and resources. We fit nine alternative functional response models, which either included or excluded consumer‐dependence. The model selection and the parameter estimation indicated that the functional response of the herbivorous surgeonfish depended on the ratio of seaweed to herbivorous fish densities. These results imply that, within a given density, surgeonfish can share resources but individual's consumption rate decrease with higher fish densities. These results also suggest that mutual intraspecific interference exists at herbivorous fish densities generally observed in the field and it should be considered in predicting consumption rates by herbivorous reef fishes. Finally, this study indicates that models incorporating consumer‐dependence must be considered for understanding herbivorous fish and algae population dynamics when placed in the context of the most biodiverse ecological communities, such as reef ecosystems.
Philosophy, politics, and economics of cryptocurrency I: Money without state
Authors: Bailey Andrew M. , Rettler Bradley , Warmke Craig
Published: September 2021

In this article, we describe what cryptocurrency is, how it works, and how it relates to familiar conceptions of and questions about money. We then show how normative questions about monetary policy find new expression in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. These questions can play a role in addressing not just what money is, but what it should be. A guiding theme in our discussion is that progress here requires a mixed approach that integrates philosophical tools with the purely technical results of disciplines like computer science and economics.
Skin cancer and sun protective behaviours in water‐based sports: A scoping review
Authors: Bennett Hannah Grace , Dahl Lillian Arabella , Furness James , Kemp‐Smith Kevin , Climstein Mike
Published: September 2021

Background

Individuals who participate in outdoor sports are subject to an increased risk of developing skin cancer. To date, there has been no review examining skin cancer and sun protective behaviours specific to outdoor, water‐based sports. Therefore, this scoping reviews objectives were to (a) summarize volume and type of the scientific literature available relating to skin cancer, (b) examine current sun protective behaviours and (c) identify knowledge gaps to inform future research.

Method

A scoping review was conducted to address the objectives following the PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases were searched; identified studies were screened based on title, abstract and full text for outdoor water‐based sports, which examined skin cancer and/or sun protective behaviours. Data were extracted, synthesized and critically appraised using a modified AXIS tool. Percentage frequencies were calculated, and key results were placed in tabular or graphical presentation.

Results

Nine cross‐sectional studies were identified, all defined as low‐level evidence. A combined sample of 4377 participants across six countries and five water‐based sports showed BCC (71%) was the most common skin cancer, followed by melanoma (18%) and SCC (10%). The head (41%) and upper limbs (27%) were the most common location.

Conclusion

This review highlights the minimal research available and demonstrates those in water‐based sports are at high risk of developing skin cancer. Due to difficulty adhering to sun protective behaviours, the most prevalent location is the upper body. Included studies were of low‐level evidence, providing opportunity for future research to expand upon the gaps in the current literature.
Marriage matters for Black middle‐class women: A review of Black American marriages, work, and family life
Authors: Council LaToya D.
Published: September 2021

It is well documented that Black women tend to experience lower marriage participation than non‐Black women because of the marriage squeeze, including an unequal sex‐ratio within age cohorts, and the increase in economic precarity among Black men. The experience of the marriage squeeze impacts poor, and college educated Black women, but this is only one viewpoint. Drawing on work and family research at the intersection of racial identity, gender, and class, I argue that marriage provides Black middle‐class women access to privileges and resources like safety and kin networks within a U.S. nation‐state constrained by racism and sexism. By relying on marriage, Black middle‐class women can realize personal and familial desires, as well as encounter patriarchal oppression. I end this review with a discussion on future directions for research in this area, and a discussion on imagined futures for Black women that incorporates self‐love and self‐actualization.
Method for developing sustainable water resource plans
Authors: Pouya Sahar , Turkoglu Handan
Published: September 2021

With the economic expansion and population growth, water basins have encountered environmental issues, and water basin protection and sustainability have achieved more importance. This study aimed to provide a method to develop sustainable plans for water resources. Thus, it needs to determine the sustainability criteria of a water basin plan and then rank them in terms of their role in the basin sustainability. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, the criteria were prioritized by experts with relevant knowledge and experience. The results revealed that in weighting the sustainability factors of the water basin plan, judgments by academics were affected by their fields of interest, and practitioners' choices reflected their organization's scopes and responsibilities. Considering the differences that emerged over the prioritizations of sustainability dimensions, built environment and ecological sub‐factors, it suggests a flexible method for developing the basin plans which is open to future changes.
Interruptible Power
Authors: Michael E. Webber
Published: September 2021

A leading energy expert examines the causes of the Texas power crisis of February 2021. He finds that many of the contributing factors were well known beforehand and even caused a smaller power outage in 2011. He then lists some steps that could help reduce the potential for another, similar blackout.
A prenylated dsRNA sensor protects against severe COVID-19
Authors: Wickenhagen Arthur , Sugrue Elena , Lytras Spyros , Kuchi Srikeerthana , Noerenberg Marko , Turnbull Matthew L. , Loney Colin , Herder Vanessa , Allan Jay , Jarmson Innes , Cameron-Ruiz Natalia , Varjak Margus , Pinto Rute M. , Lee Jeffrey Y. , Iselin Louisa , Palmalux Natasha , Stewart Douglas G. , Swingler Simon , Greenwood Edward J. D. , Crozier Thomas W. M. , Gu Quan , Davies Emma L. , Clohisey Sara , Wang Bo , Trindade Maranhão Costa Fabio , Freire Santana Monique , de Lima Ferreira Luiz Carlos , Murphy Lee , Fawkes Angie , Meynert Alison , Grimes Graeme ,   ISARIC4C Investigators, Da Silva Filho Joao Luiz , Marti Matthias , Hughes Joseph , Stanton Richard J. , Wang Eddie C. Y. , Ho Antonia , Davis Ilan , Jarrett Ruth F. , Castello Alfredo , Robertson David L. , Semple Malcolm G. , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Palmarini Massimo , Lehner Paul J. , Baillie J. Kenneth , Rihn Suzannah J. , Wilson Sam J.
Published: September 2021

The bat connection

The heterogeneity of COVID-19 makes it challenging to predict the course of infection in an individual. Upon virus infection, interferons (IFNs) generate the initial signals for cellular defenses. Knowing that defects in IFN signaling are associated with more severe COVID-19, Wickenhagen
et al
. used IFN-stimulated gene expression screening on human lung cells from which they identified a gene for 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) (see the Perspective by Schoggins). OAS1 stimulates RNase L to inhibit the virus with a surprising degree of specificity, targeting the membranous organelles in which it replicates. In most mammals, OAS1 is attached to membranes by a prenyl group. However, billions of humans do not have the prenylated OAS1 haplotype, including many experiencing severe COVID-19. The same is true for horseshoe bats, prolific sources of betacoronaviruses, because of an ancient retrotransposition event. —CA
Blowing Hot and Cold: Body Temperature and the Microbiome
Authors: Huus Kelsey E. , Ley Ruth E.
Published: September 2021

The intestinal microbiome influences host health, and its responsiveness to diet and disease is increasingly well studied. However, our understanding of the factors driving microbiome variation remain limited.
Post-Ore Processes of Uranium Migration in the Sandstone-Hosted Type Deposits: 234U/238U, 238U/235U and U–Pb Systematics of Ores of the Namaru Deposit, Vitim District, Northern Transbaikalia
Authors: Golubev V. N. , Tarasov N. N. , Chernyshev I. V. , Chugaev A. V. , Ochirova G. V. , Kochkin B. T.
Published: September 2021

To assess the nature of the post-ore behaviour of uranium in the Namaru deposit (Khiagda ore field), U–Pb isotope systems and the isotopic composition of uranium (234U/238U and 238U/235U) were studied. The studied samples represent different ore zones of the deposit and were collected along cross-sections both vertically and horizontally. Wide variations in the isotopic composition of uranium and U–Pb isotopic age have been established. Deviations of the 234U/238U ratio from equilibrium values, which for some samples exceed 50%, along with significant variations in the isotopic age, indicate that permafrost layer, which covered the catchment areas of paleovalleys with meteoric oxygen-containing waters ca. 2.5 Ma ago, did not lead to preserving uranium ores at the deposit. Uranium migration took place during the Quaternary period. The effective combining the U–Pb dating and 234U/238U data in assessing the post-ore redistribution of uranium made it possible to recognize: removal of uranium from some zones of the ore body and its accompanying redeposition in others. Wide variations in the 238U/235U (137.484–137.851) ratios throughout the entire studied cross-sections can be explained by the different locations of samples relatively to the ore deposition front and change in redox conditions as this front advanced. Depletion of the light isotope 235U in the lower zone of the ore body may be associated with the influence of ascending carbonic waters established in the regional basement. The effect of such waters on uranium-bearing rocks causes predominant leaching of light 235U.
Mixed stock analysis of genetic compositions of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) mixtures in Lake Michigan: hierarchical spatial heterogeneity and evidence of improving recruitment in Wisconsin spawning populations
Authors: Scribner Kim T. , Brenden Travis O. , Elliott Robert , Donofrio Michael , Bott Kristin , Kanefsy Jeannette , Homola Jared J. , Tsehaye Iyob , Bence James R. , Baker Edward , Auer Nancy
Published: September 2021

Information regarding site occupancy of fish that migrate long distances during nonspawning periods together with estimates of recruitment trends for individual populations can be informative for management, especially when individuals from different spawning populations intermix and are sampled or harvested together. Tendencies for individuals from different populations to preferentially occupy specific regions increases vulnerability to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Using mixed stock analysis (MSA), we estimated population-specific occupancy of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in open-water and nearshore regions of Lake Michigan across a hierarchy of spatial scales. Open-water mixture composition differed between Lake Michigan’s eastern and western basins. Significant heterogeneity in habitat occupancy was also observed at microgeographic scales throughout open-water regions of Green Bay, indicating nonrandom occupancy to regions proximal to natal streams. Estimates of relative recruitment levels determined from MSA extensions indicated increasing recruitment trends for spawning populations associated with Wisconsin tributaries (Oconto–Peshtigo, Fox, and Menominee rivers). Our lake sturgeon results demonstrate the utility of genetic data for informing management efforts for spatially structured, highly migratory species. Similar analyses could prove beneficial for species with similar characteristics.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae alleviate water deficit in Dipteryx alata Vogel: seedling quality and resilience
Authors: Jesus Maílson Vieira , Scalon Silvana de Paula Quintão , Dresch Daiane Mugnol , Linné Jéssica Aline , Lima Vânia Tomazelli de , Reis Lucas Coutinho , Santos Cleberton Correia , Foresti Andressa Caroline
Published: September 2021

Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) is a fruit tree species native to the Cerrado with ecological and economic potential. However, a water deficit can be a limiting factor to the initial growth of this species, requiring knowledge on technologies that can alleviate this stressful effect. We hypothesized that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi contributes to stress mitigation during and after water deficit. Dipteryx alata seedlings were subjected to two water regimes (control: seedlings irrigated daily; and water deficit: irrigation suspension), associated with inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (AM–, without inoculation; AM+, inoculation with Rhizophagus clarum), and three evaluation periods (T0, time zero; F0, zero photosynthesis (7 days of water restriction); REC, recovery (100 days)). Water deficit impaired water relations, decreasing the quality of D. alata seedlings. AM+ seedlings showed higher relative water content (RWC), leaf area ratio, chlorophyll index, and Rubisco carboxylation capacity (A/Ci), which helped in photosynthetic metabolism. Inoculation with R. clarum alleviated the impact of stress on water use efficiency, water potential, RWC, and A/Ci in REC. Inoculation with AMF is a promising management technique in the production of D. alata seedlings for increasing seedling quality and resilience to water deficit.
Cadmium pollution of water, soil, and food: a review of the current conditions and future research considerations in Latin America
Authors: Alves Peixoto Rafaella Regina , Jadán-Piedra Carlos
Published: September 2021

The presence of cadmium (Cd) in food produced in Latin America has been highlighted in recent years. Cadmium can be toxic to humans at low levels, and therefore monitoring its presence in food is relevant for public health. Cadmium concentrations from different sources, such as water, soil, sediment, food, and beverages were examined and discussed to address the non-occupational exposure of the Latin American population to Cd. A literature review was conducted examining publications from 2015 to 2020 and data available in the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. Twenty-eight papers reported on Cd in water, 49 reported Cd in soil and sediments, and 86 reported on Cd in food. We have identified and discussed the factors affecting the environmental behavior and bioaccumulation of Cd, the main species used in monitoring studies, and the necessity for future research. Brazil and Mexico are the countries that provided the most available information, whereas for some countries in Central America, no information was found. The Cd levels in food examined in these studies (mostly fish and cacao) were generally below the established maximum levels, indicating a low risk. When considering the presence of Cd in food, water, and soil, Cd fractionation and chemical speciation studies are fundamental to understanding which forms of Cd are the most toxic. In turn, studies on bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in food are also needed for more adequate risk assessment, but they are currently scarce within Latin America.
Investigating ASEAN’s Participation in Global Value Chains: Production Fragmentation and Regional Integration
Authors: ZHONG SHENG , SU BIN
Published: September 2021

This paper focuses on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—a major final assembler in production—where studies and evidence on the role of the region in global value chains are limited. We seek to provide new evidence regarding the extent and patterns of international fragmentation in ASEAN. To do so, we derive the foreign value-added shares of final products for all global value chains of ASEAN. Using the Asian Development Bank’s multiregional input–output tables for 2000–2017, we document a series of stylized facts. The results show declining foreign value-added shares in ASEAN. Regional economic integration within ASEAN has increased, while value-added contributions vary widely across its members. We find evidence of increasing value-added contributions from emerging economies to ASEAN, whereas the contributions from advanced economies have declined.
May the Fourth (Industrial) Revolution be with You: Value Convergence within Uber’s Sharing Economy
Authors: Tham Aaron , Ogulin Robert
Published: September 2021

This research provides empirical insights to reveal how value convergence occurs within Uber’s sharing economy. Uber’s business model is built on a digital platform that links private vehicle owners and their under-utilized assets to be economic revenue generating units for on-demand transport requests from potential clients. By analyzing adoption values for drivers and users of Uber, we identify antecedent operational and behavioral values for Uber adoption. We add to extant Industry 4.0 research and show value convergence emanating from economic and convenience motives. On the basis of our findings, we develop propositions for value convergence leveraging on cyber-physical systems embedded in Industry 4.0, and its application for theory and practice within the broader domains of the sharing economy.
The Value of PhDs: How the Presence of PhDs in Founding Teams Increases the Attractiveness of Startups for Corporate Investors
Authors: Ferràs-Hernández Xavier , Tarrats-Pons Elisenda , Arimany-Serrat Núria , Armisen-Morell Albert
Published: September 2021

The creation and development of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) is at the core of national prosperity, and constitutes a key activity of the innovation policies of advanced and developing economies. Many of these companies are founded by postgraduates that hold a doctorate (PhDs). Governments foster the creation of NTBFs by PhDs to take advantage of the stock of knowledge which exists in universities and research centers. It is assumed that founders with a high level of specialization and knowledge, such as PhDs, will bring strong competitive advantages to the companies they found. The literature in this regard, however, is scarce and inconclusive. We have studied the role of PhDs in founding teams of NTBFs in a specific kind of entrepreneurial process: corporate venturing. Our conclusions suggest that companies with PhDs are significantly more attractive to corporate venture capital. Corporate venturing has a higher propensity to invest in NTBFs with PhDs in the founding teams, and these companies concentrate a higher number of corporate investors, in a kind of accumulative effect.