bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vancouver Chinatown in Transition
Authors: Li Eva Xiaoling , Li Peter S.
Published: January 2013

Much has been written about Chinatowns in North America as a self-sustained community with fairly complete social institutions. Chinatowns emerged under an era of racism and discrimination and offered some degrees of protection and opportunity to the Chinese. Historically, Vancouver’s Chinatown suffered from a public image of an unhygienic and immoral neighborhood where Chinese resided and where Chinese shops and businesses congregated. This image began to change in the 1930s as the Chinese reshaped Chinatown to suit the racial ideology of a culturally exotic neighborhood that offered Oriental cuisine and festivities to Canadians. As more Chinese immigrated to Canada after World War II, a new Chinese middle class began to emerge. Although Vancouver Chinatown continued to grow and to retain the image of a tourist attraction, it has ceased to be the choice residential and business location for the Chinese. In contrast, Richmond south of Vancouver has developed into a vibrant and affluent business and residential enclave for middle-class Chinese. This article argues that the emergence and decline of Vancouver’s Chinatown have been shaped by the nature of race formation in society as well as the internal composition and social organization of the Chinese community.
Chinatown Sydney: A Window on the Chinese Community
Authors: Inglis Christine
Published: January 2013

Chinatowns have long constituted one of the most visible social indicators of overseas Chinese communities. Their origins owe as much to the enforcement of segregation by majority groups and colonial governments as they do to the desire of Chinese immigrants to maintain their cultural links to the homeland and provide for their own welfare. Yet, changes since the 19th century mean that such analyses fail to adequately reflect the new circumstances and situation of Chinese minorities in a globalizing and transnational world where the very nature of minority incorporation has been undergoing extensive change. This paper examines the changing nature and role of Chinatown among the Sydney Chinese. In doing so, it questions the extent to which the metaphor of Chinatown or the alternative model of ethnoburb to describe Chinese settlement in North America necessarily captures the reality of Chinese patterns of settlement in Sydney with its relatively large and diverse Chinese population.
The Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Decline of the Left in Singapore
Authors: Cheng Yinghong
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Represented by the Barisan party and mainly participated in by ethnic Chinese, the leftist movement in Singapore was the thrust behind the island’s independence (1965) and the major political opposition to the ruling PAP (People’s Action Party). But within several years after independence, the movement disappeared as the PAP’s one-party regime grew in strength. Based on the leftist publications of that period, this article argues that Maoist China’s influence, the Cultural Revolution in particular, significantly contributed to the decline of the movement. The radicalization and dissolution of Singapore’s leftist movement was one example of the destructive impact of Maoism and the Cultural Revolution on overseas Chinese politics in the 1960s.
Over de betekenis van het werk van Jan van Scorel omstreeks 1530 voor oudere en jongere tijdgenoten (I)
Authors: Bruyn J.
Published: January 2013

In 1966 (Note 3) the writer tentatively identified the author of a small group of paintings, done between 1515 and around 1525 (Fig. 1), as the Haarlem painter Cornelis Willemsz., who according to Van Mander was the first teacher of both Jan van Scorel and Maerten van Heemskerck, probably around 1510. Confirmation of this hypothesis can hardly be expected to come from stylistic similarities between the works of the older artist and those produced by Scorel and Heemskerck around 1530, influenced as these latter are by contemporary Italian art. To the works of'Cornelis Willemsz.' may now be added two altar-wings and a St. Mary Magdalene (Figs. 2 and 4, present whereabouts of both unknown) dating from the years around 1530 and clearly exhibiting different phases of the influence of the St. Mary Magdalene Jan van Scorel executed in Haarlem when he worked there in 1527 and subsequent years (Fig.3). These pictures clearly demonstrate that the new style Scorel introduced in Haarlem had its impact not only on young artists of his own generation - such as Maerten van Heemskerck - but also on an older artist, who had possibly been his teacher. The latter's St. Mary Magdalene, clumsy as it is, must have won a certain appreciation among younger artists (cf. Figs. 5 and 6, Notes 10 and II).
Denial of Change: The Military Revolution as Seen by Contemporaries
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: January 2013

The introduction and spread in Europe of gunpowder came in the context of a wave of technological innovations, which – especially initially – masked the potential of and changes that eventually resulted specifically from gunpowder. Since Michael Roberts identified the latter as “Military Revolution”, historians have debated its dating, and whether it was an evolution and a revolution. But was gunpowder the cause of these changes, or itself one of a complex of interacting changes reflecting a change in mentality which embraced innovations and explored their potential? Significantly, this article shows that many contemporaries did not perceive gunpowder as the crucial or even the only cause of change. Many even denied that there was any progress at all, in keeping with an earlier and enduring mentality in which classical Antiquity was seen as an age superior to the present. Only gradually, symbolised by the “Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns”, did a new consensus emerge, acknowledging that the world had changed fundamentally since Antiquity, and that the changed instruments of war, as well as the state structures underpinning warfare, had become much mightier. Even then, technology was seen – and probably rightly so – as only one cause, not the only one.
American Ways of War since 1945
Authors: Trauschweizer Ingo
Published: January 2013

This essay considers the literature about an American way of war. It pays particular attention to the U.S. in the world since 1945, but also situates contemporary American warfare in its longer historical trajectory. It addresses the early Cold War era, the Vietnam War era, and the post-Cold War era as distinct periods in which different threats, or threat perceptions, shaped American strategy; yet it also shows underlying continuities in the national security ideology, heavy emphasis on technological solutions, and the search for proper operational approaches and doctrine.
Erratum: AWAL RIYANTO (2012) Cyrtodactylus hikidai sp. nov. (Squamata: Gekkonidae): a new bent toed gecko from Mount Ranai, Bunguran island, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3583, 22–30.
Authors: RIYANTO AWAL
Published: January 2013

(Erratum)
Psychosocial profiles of early retirees based on experiences during post-working life transition and adjustment to retirement
Authors: Fernández Juan-José , Alcover Carlos-María , Crego Antonio
Published: January 2013

Early retirement is a kind of occupational withdrawal that affects a heterogeneous group of workers. In order to identify types of retirees with similarities in their way of exiting from working life, satisfaction with post-working life and socio-demographic characteristics, we administered an adaption of the Retirement Satisfaction Inventory (Floyd et al., 1992) to a sample of 638 Spanish early retirees. Data using cluster analysis showed two major groups of retirees: workers who desired to accept the offer of early retirement and non-volunteers. Regarding the first group, the results show that pursuing personal interests during post-working life motivates their organizational exit. They reported less pressure from their employers during the exit process, and experienced high levels of freedom and control of their lives after leaving work. However, non-volunteer retirees stated that pressure from their employers was the reason for their early retirement. Within this group, two subgroups can be identified as a function of their educational level and professional status. The description of the experience of transition to retirement and satisfaction with post-working life is an approach aimed to understand a complex and heterogeneous experience.
Processes Influencing Rain-Field Growth and Decay after Tropical Cyclone Landfall in the United States
Authors: Matyas Corene J.
Published: January 2013

This study measured rain-field sizes for tropical cyclones (TCs) after U.S. landfall and related changes in size to the diurnal cycle and extratropical transition (ET). For 45 TC landfalls, the spatial properties of the rain fields were calculated through an analysis of radar reflectivity returns within a geographic information system. Variables representing the conditions of the atmosphere and storm attributes were examined at three times and as changes over two time periods to account for lags between condition onset and change in raining-area sizes. Mann–Whitney U tests illustrated which of these variables had significantly different median values when the total raining area or high-reflectivity regions increased or decreased in areal extent over two 12-h periods after landfall. Results indicate that the diurnal cycle influenced changes in rain-field size. Rain-field growth occurred during the late morning and early afternoon, which is between the times for peak areal extent of oceanic- and land-based precipitation in the tropics. The rain fields of TCs completing an ET within 74 h of landfall increased in areal extent during the first 12 h after landfall and decayed during the second 12-h period as they neared the completion of ET. The availability of moisture, which was not related to either the diurnal cycle or processes associated with ET, was also important to rain-field growth or decay. In addition, it was discovered that, for the United States, landfall times have shifted from a peak before midnight during 1950–96 to after midnight during 1995–2008.
Weather Pattern Classification to Represent the Urban Heat Island in Present and Future Climate
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Schlünzen K. Heinke
Published: January 2013

A classification of weather patterns (WP) is derived that is tailored to best represent situations relevant for the urban heat island (UHI). Three different types of k-means-based cluster methods are conducted. The explained cluster variance is used as a measure for the quality. Several variables of the 700-hPa fields from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) were tested for the classification. The variables as well as the domain for the clustering are chosen in a way to explain the variability of the UHI as best as possible. It turned out that the combination of geopotential height, relative humidity, vorticity, and the 1000–700-hPa thickness is best suited. To determine the optimal cluster number k several statistical measures are applied. Except for autumn (k = 12) an optimal cluster number of k = 7 is found. The WP frequency changes are analyzed using climate projections of two regional climate models (RCM). Both RCMs, the Regional Model (REMO) and Climate Limited-Area Model (CLM), are driven with the A1B simulations from the global climate model ECHAM5. Focusing on the periods 2036–65 and 2071–2100, no change can be found of the frequency for the anticyclonic WP when compared with 1971–2000. Since these WPs are favorable for the development of a strong UHI, the frequency of strong UHI days stays the same for the city of Hamburg,Germany. For other WPs changes can be found for both future periods. At the end of the century, a large increase (17%–40%) in the frequency of the zonal WP and a large decrease (20%–26%) in the southwesterly WP are projected.
Differences in the Potential Hydrologic Impact of Climate Change to the Athabasca and Fraser River Basins of Canada with and without Considering Shifts in Vegetation Patterns Induced by Climate Change
Authors: Kerkhoven E. , Gan T. Y.
Published: January 2013

The research objectives are to estimate differences between the potential impact of climatic change to the Athabasca River basin (ARB) and Fraser River basin (FRB) of Canada with and without considering shifts in vegetation patterns induced by climate change and how much the difference will depend on vegetation types and climate. The hydrologic effects of vegetation shifts on ARB and FRB were estimated by applying the Mapped Atmosphere–Plant–Soil System (MAPSS) simulated results based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s First and Second Assessment Report general circulation model (GCM) scenarios to the modified Interaction Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere (MISBA) scheme. According to MAPSS, vegetation shifts in mountainous regions of FRB are expected to be dominated by conifer/broadleaf competition, while in ARB, climate projections of MAPSS predicted a southern expansion of the boreal forest. Because of differences in sublimation, there is a tendency for more snow to accumulate in open grassland than forests. Furthermore, changes to simulated mean annual maximum snowpack, runoff, and basin area covered by grassland are positively correlated to each other. Generally, a 4% increase in snow water equivalent (SWE) results in a 1% increase in mean annual runoff. These relationships hold true in both basins over a wide range of GCM-projected climate conditions and vegetation responses, suggesting that most changes in mean annual flow can be attributed to changes in SWE. Because of the different modeling approaches between MAPSS and MISBA, it seems that the treatment of these processes in vegetation and hydrologic models should be similar before conclusions can be drawn from various stand-alone simulations. Ideally, a land surface scheme should be coupled with a vegetation model in future studies.
Reinventing retirement: New pathways, new arrangements, new meanings
Authors: Sargent Leisa D , Lee Mary Dean , Martin Bill , Zikic Jelena
Published: January 2013

Retirement involves a set of institutional arrangements combined with socio-cultural meanings to sustain a distinct retirement phase in life course and career pathways. In this Introduction to the Special Issue: ‘Reinventing Retirement: New Pathways, New Arrangements, New Meanings,’ we outline the historical development of retirement. We identify the dramatic broad-based changes that recently have shaken this established construct to its core. We describe the main organizational responses to these changes, and how they have been associated with shifting, multiple meanings of retirement. Finally, we present a model that frames two general forms of reinvention of retirement. The first involves continuation of the idea of a distinct and well-defined period of life occurring at the end of a career trajectory, but with changes in the timing, the kinds of post-retirement activities pursued, and meanings associated with this period of life. The second represents a more fundamental reinvention in which the overall concept of retirement as a distinct period in an individual’s life is challenged or rejected, whether because it is not appealing or no longer realistic. We provide examples of how both types of reinvention may manifest in individuals’ careers and lives, and suggest future research directions that follow from our model.
Design considerations for shape memory polymer composites with magnetic particles
Authors: Yu Kai , Westbrook Kristofer K , Kao Philips H , Leng Jinsong , Qi H Jerry
Published: January 2013

Recent experimental investigations demonstrated that by incorporating magnetic particles into shape memory polymer matrices, a fast and remote heating of materials and shape recovery could be achieved by exposing the shape memory polymer composite to an electromagnetic field. The particles served as internal mini-antennas to transform the electromagnetic energy to inductive Joule heat, and subsequently to initiate the recovery of shape memory polymers (SMPs). In this paper, a three-dimensional computational study was carried out to study the coupling between heat transfer from spherically shaped particles and heat-induced shape recovery of SMP composites. The influence of particle size, particle volume fraction, particle heating temperature and rate to the magnetically induced shape recovery behavior was studied. The results in this paper provided a meaningful guidance for further designs and applications of the magnetic particles reinforced shape memory polymer composites.
Microscale liquid-based mechanical elements for multifunctional integration
Authors: Zhan Y , Cha G , Zhuang J , Jia Y , Ju YS
Published: January 2013

We report a novel strategy that exploits the unique mechanical characteristics of microscale liquid elements to enable versatile multifunctional integration of brittle components into load-bearing structures. The preliminary feasibility of this integration strategy is demonstrated experimentally using chemically patterned 500 -µm-thick silicon chips to emulate brittle functional components. A systematic study of the mechanical characteristics of microscale liquid bridges, including the force-gap relations under axial loading and the control of rupture distances, is discussed to help guide the systematic design of liquid-based mechanical elements for multifunctional integration.
Three-dimensional carbon-conductive polymer–silver composite air electrodes for non-aqueous metal air batteries
Authors: Marschilok Amy C , Lee Shu Han , Milleville Christopher C , Chen Peiwen , Takeuchi Esther S , Takeuchi Kenneth J
Published: January 2013

A novel three-component composite electrode consisting of a carbon current collector with conductive polymer and silver coating is described here. The composite electrode fabrication strategy is described and the composite electrode is evaluated as a cathode for oxygen reduction in non-aqueous media. This approach is utilized for the first time to prepare three-dimensionally structured carbon–conductive polymer–silver composites, yielding composite electrodes with ∼4× the oxygen reduction capacity of their planar counterparts. Improvement of cathode oxygen reduction activity will increase current capability and power output of metal air batteries, facilitating future development of small, lightweight, and long-life power sources.
Global rights and state activism: Reflections on civil society—State partnerships in health in NW India
Authors: Unnithan Maya , Heitmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2013

This article examines the changing dynamics of development in India, focusing on partnerships between civil society organisations (CSOs)1 and the state in the area of rural health. Drawing on ethnographic perspectives of CSO work, we examine the shifting meaning of these partnerships for the institutions involved and how they function given their differing institutional cultures and values. We argue that the adoption by the state of a global language of rights and its efforts to integrate civil society language, practices and representatives in the policy and implementation of health programmes point to collaborationist models which support the creation of an ‘activist’ state, as they simultaneously strengthen as well as weaken the role of CSOs as mediators in development.
Prophetic Dialogue: A Historical Perspective Bending Time in History to Rediscover the Gospel
Authors: Cardoza-Orlandi Carlos F.
Published: January 2013

Prophetic dialogue becomes a historical and theological rubric that breaks down the modern categories of past, present, and future when interpreting Christian history. Prophetic dialogue suggests an eschatological hermeneutic where past is replaced by memory, present by experience, and future by expectation. Hence, history, from a Christian perspective, is a continuum; history is connected. The author provides examples that illustrate the missiological implications of interpreting history with the rubric of prophetic dialogue and the way in which memory, experience, and expectation transform history into a living witness and an opportunity to rediscover the Gospel anew.
Mission in Prophetic Dialogue
Authors: Kritzinger J.N.J. (Klippies)
Published: January 2013

“Prophetic dialogue” is the underlying ethos or spirituality of Christian mission. This view is rooted theologically in the missio Dei, from which flows a “dimensional” understanding of holistic mission. A “praxis matrix” traces the contextual dynamics of mission, and the concept of “transformative encounter” highlights the complex interaction between Christians and other communities. Two case studies explore the nature of prophetic dialogue: the reconciling work of Maggie Barankitse in Burundi and the sermon of Desmond Tutu at the funeral of Steve Biko in South Africa in 1977. The article concludes with reflection on dialogue as embrace and prophecy as unmasking and imagining.
Mergers and Possibilities: The Intersection of Missiology and Youth Ministry
Authors: Elton Terri Martinson
Published: January 2013

This article develops an intersection for reflecting on the current state of two disciplines, youth ministry and missiology, noting points of convergence and opportunities for future work. After a brief history of each discipline, three themes that youth ministry and missiology both share are explored, followed by examples of their current work and a summary of the state of each discipline today. Both disciplines have frameworks and resources that extend beyond their areas of study. The question is, will they exercise their voice?
Form and Content
Authors: Sulitzeanu-Kenan Raanan , Holzman-Gazit Yifat
Published: January 2013

Crisis inquiries are intended to serve as instruments for restoring legitimacy. This intended goal has led to particular legitimacy-enhancing institutional choices in the design of these ad hoc institutions. This research utilizes a national panel study to test the effect of institutional attributes of a crisis inquiry and the content of its report on its legitimacy, and the effects of the inquiry findings on public opinion regarding the inquired issue. Our results show that only some institutional attributes predicted the legitimacy of the inquiry findings, whereas the content of the report was strongly and consistently associated with report legitimacy.
What Reverses Decentralization? Failed Policy Implementation, Civic Supporters, or Central Bureaucrats’ Expertise? The Case of Brazil’s AIDS Program
Authors: Gómez Eduardo J.
Published: January 2013

This article argues that Brazil’s success in responding to the AIDS epidemic rested in the government’s pursuit of a reversal of decentralization, which entailed the government’s delegation of policy-making autonomy, funding, and discretionary fiscal transfers to the national AIDS program. AIDS bureaucrats achieved this by establishing close partnerships with social health movements and AIDS nongovernmental organizations advocating policy ideas with a historically proven track record of success while resembling similar social health movements in the past. This partnership, in turn, provided AIDS bureaucrats with the legitimacy and influenced needed for policy reform.
Disaster Resiliency and Culture of Preparedness for University and College Campuses
Authors: Kapucu Naim , Khosa Sana
Published: January 2013

Most universities and college campuses across the United States are engaged in developing policies, programs, and systems to reduce risks and maintain safety and security on their campuses. This article identifies key factors such as all-hazards comprehensive emergency plans, continuity of operations plans, emergency information management, leadership support, community partnerships, and training and certification programs that are important for creating disaster-resilient institutions and assessing how different colleges and universities across the country have developed and incorporated these key essentials to prepare for effective disaster response. Results show that developing an all-hazards plan, conducting regular training and exercises, and developing strong community partnerships are the most important elements for creating a disaster-resilient university, well prepared to tackle any calamity or tragedy.
Does it work in Finland? School psychological services within a successful system of basic education
Authors: Ahtola Annarilla , Niemi Pekka
Published: January 2013

The Finnish educational system has become a subject of wide interest during the 2000s due to the country’s success in the OECD’s PISA surveys. One might expect that the challenges of school psychology would also have been solved successfully. However, in reality, Finnish school psychology is suffering from the same types of problems as in many other countries: No large-scale shift from reactive work to active promotion and prevention has taken place, and the number of school psychologists is insufficient. In the present article we delineate critical factors that have hindered the more adequate and effective use of psychological expertise in Finnish educational system. Necessary actions for future development are outlined.
Explaining variation of executive instability in presidential regimes: Presidential interruptions in Latin America
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv
Published: January 2013

Through a conceptual and comparative analysis of 14 presidential interruptions in Latin America between 1980 and 2010, this article seeks to improve the current conceptualization of executive instability in presidential regimes and provide contingent answers to three debates: 1) ‘Do political institutions or pressure from below constitute the greater peril to presidential survival?’; 2) ‘Do presidential interruptions constitute a solution to an ongoing crisis, or further deepen the crisis?’; and 3) ‘Are presidential interruptions good or bad for democracy?’ The article argues that these questions have not been answered satisfactorily because the literature has assumed unit homogeneity, that is, that all interruptions are equal in terms of antecedents and aftermath, when in fact the cases of interruption demonstrate heterogeneity on these issues. This heterogeneity can be explained by two variables: the opposition’s primary motivation for challenging the president; and the degree of undemocratic behaviour demonstrated by the president and opposition during the crisis. Finally, based on these two variables, the article presents a typological map of crises and interruptions that helps define the scope conditions of the concept, captures the heterogeneity between the cases and seeks to provide a useful tool for future analysis of presidential interruptions.
Assessment of Otolaryngic Knowledge in Primary Care Residents
Authors: Error Marc E. , Wilson Kevin F. , Ward P. Daniel , Gale Derrick C. , Meier Jeremy D.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

(1) Determine the amount of exposure to otolaryngology in medical training of non‐otolaryngology residents. (2) Evaluate the general otolaryngic knowledge in these residents.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

A 10‐question multiple‐choice quiz was given to residents in family practice, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and internal medicine during scheduled educational conferences. Residents were also asked if they ever participated in an otolaryngology rotation during medical school or residency. Medical students and otolaryngology residents completed the quiz to act as controls.

Results

A total of 98 examinations were analyzed (49 non‐otolaryngology residents, 10 otolaryngology residents, and 39 second‐year medical students). Only 24% of the non‐ otolaryngology residents had an otolaryngology rotation during medical school. The same amount (24%) had a rotation during residency. The average percentage correct on the quiz was 48%, 56%, and 92% for medical students, non‐otolaryngology, and otolaryngology residents, respectively (P < 0.05). Questions with surprising results included one with an endoscopic image of the middle turbinate and examinees asked to identify the structure (non‐otolaryngology residents = 18% correct). A laryngectomy stoma was shown and participants asked what would happen if the stoma was occluded for 10 minutes (non‐otolaryngology residents = 20% correct).

Conclusion

In this sample of non‐otolaryngology residents, a minority experienced a clinical rotation in otolaryngology during medical school or residency. This nonvalidated questionnaire also suggested significant deficiencies in basic otolaryngic knowledge in these residents. Identifying mechanisms to improve exposure to otolaryngology in the medical training curriculum is needed.
Outsourcing Expert Services by State Transportation Departments
Authors: Yusuf Juita-Elena (Wie) , O’Connell Lenahan
Published: January 2013

Privatization has increasingly become a policy option for government agencies struggling to meet rising demands for services but with fewer resources. In the transportation arena, many state departments of transportation (DOTs) have privatized by outsourcing highway functions to the private sector. But the outsourcing of technical and expert services such as those related to the design and construction of highway infrastructure may result in a smaller or less knowledgeable DOT workforce that is unable to perform the necessary contract management to ensure the quality of the work done by contractors. We posit an outsourcing process in which DOTs respond to the combination of increased demand for highway services and growing workforce constraints by contracting out much of the work formerly performed by in-house personnel. This, in turn, can produce perceptions of quality problems regarding the outsourced work and a subsequent expansion of the workforce. We examine the extent to which different highway-related tasks are being outsourced, the effect of workforce and employment factors on outsourcing, the perceptions of highway officials regarding the impact of outsourcing on cost-effectiveness and the service quality of the outsourced work, and subsequent employment levels.
Be(e)coming experts: The controversy over insecticides in the honey bee colony collapse disorder
Authors: Suryanarayanan Sainath , Kleinman Daniel Lee
Published: January 2013

In this article, we explore the politics of expertise in an ongoing controversy in the United States over the role of certain insecticides in colony collapse disorder – a phenomenon involving mass die-offs of honey bees. Numerous long-time commercial beekeepers contend that newer systemic agricultural insecticides are a crucial part of the cocktail of factors responsible for colony collapse disorder. Many scientists actively researching colony collapse disorder reject the beekeepers’ claims, citing the lack of conclusive evidence from field experiments by academic and industry toxicologists. US Environmental Protection Agency regulators, in turn, privilege the latters’ approach to the issue, and use the lack of conclusive evidence of systemic insecticides’ role in colony collapse disorder to justify permitting these chemicals to remain on the market. Drawing on semistructured interviews with key players in the controversy, as well as published documents and ethnographic data, we show how a set of research norms and practices from agricultural entomology came to dominate the investigation of the links between pesticides and honey bee health, and how the epistemological dominance of these norms and practices served to marginalize the knowledge claims and policy positions of commercial beekeepers in the colony collapse disorder controversy. We conclude with a discussion of how the colony collapse disorder case can help us think about the nature and politics of expertise.
The importance of being Uros: Indigenous identity politics in the genomic age
Authors: Kent Michael
Published: January 2013

The objective of this article is to explore the interrelations between human population genomic research, the political strategies of indigenous movements and processes of identity formation. It will do so by analysing the collaboration between the Uros, an indigenous group living on artificial floating islands on Lake Titicaca (Peru), and researchers of the Genographic Project. Claiming descent from the ancient Urus, the islands’ inhabitants used their differentiated ethnic identity as a central resource in a territorial conflict with the Peruvian state. Their engagement with genetics was aimed at obtaining scientific support for their highly contested claims. In fact, the results of genomic research became a central element in the debate waged around the identity of the Uros. This article aims to contribute new insights into the incorporation of genetic research within the political debates waged over the identities of indigenous populations, as well as to the interaction of genetic knowledge with pre-existing discourses for defining ethnic identities. It also analyses the ways in which genetic research is turned into a political resource with the ability to generate significant social effects in the daily lives of studied populations.
The market state vs the good society
Authors: Sivanandan A.
Published: January 2013

In this polemical analysis of the rise of neoliberalism in the UK and the political culture it threw up, the author argues that the market state no longer serves the nation, but transnational capital. Consequently, inequality and poverty have been structured into society. Government rhetoric about the small state, ‘big society’ and localism are cons that smooth the way to privatisation, the undermining of democracy, and the imposition of market morality. It is by resisting the market state and its political culture that new social movements can ‘socialise’ global capital-in-crisis as the labour movement once socialised industrial capital.
Total policing: reflections from the frontline
Authors: Fekete Liz
Published: January 2013

Drawing on discussions at a symposium in June 2012, on ‘Policing communities: race, class and the state’ (organised by the Institute of Race Relations and the Power, Conflict and Justice Research Group, Edge Hill University, in conjunction with the Tottenham Defence Campaign), the author reflects on public order policing, past and present, and traces the ways in which strategies used in Northern Ireland were and are transferred to Britain, especially in relation to black and minority ethnic communities. She draws attention to the ways in which emergency anti-terror legislation and numerous new laws further criminalise and control poor and marginalised communities today. It is only through showing solidarity that a new ‘frontline’ can be established to protect those communities no longer policed ‘by consent’, but ‘by enforcement’. Further analysis on the implications of policing following the Good Friday Agreement is presented by Daniel Holder in his commentary, ‘Police accountability, the Irish peace process and the continuing challenge of secrecy’, in this issue.
Looking up and Seeing Green
Authors: McKee Stephanie , Smith Heather J. , Koch Aubrey , Balzarini Rhonda , Georges Marissa , Callahan Matthew Paolucci
Published: January 2013

Psychological research documents the extent to which physical appearance comparisons are associated with negative emotional experiences, but researchers typically study physical appearance comparisons isolated from other comparison experiences. As part of a signal-contingent experience sampling design, 87 female undergraduate students recorded whether they had made any comparison about any topic after they received a text message at three randomly chosen times a day for 7 days. In contrast to other comparisons, physical appearance comparisons were more likely to be upward contrasts to dissimilar targets associated with increased envy, less inspiration, less pride, and less anxiety. Women who reported more demographically similar close friends reported more envy following physical appearance comparisons in contrast to women who reported more demographically diverse close friends. Women who associated their body with a better quality of life reported more inspiration and less envy following physical appearance comparisons. More demographically diverse close friends and a more positive body image may protect women from the negative emotional consequences associated with physical appearance comparisons. These data indicate that the positive benefits for interpersonal judgments associated with close cross-group friends extend to intrapersonal reactions to physical appearance comparisons.
Staff–Family Relationships in Residential Aged Care Facilities
Authors: Bauer Michael , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre , Tarzia Laura , Chenco Carol
Published: January 2013

The aim of the study was to examine staff and family members’ perceptions of each other’s roles and responsibilities in the Australian residential aged care setting. Data was collected by interview and focus group from 27 staff and 14 family members at five residential aged care facilities in the state of Victoria, Australia. Findings highlight “communication” as the core category supporting the formation of constructive staff–family relationships, as described by three main themes; “building trust,” “involvement,” and “keeping the family happy.” Staff attitudes, mutual cooperation, meaningful engagement, and shared expectations lay the foundation for relationships. Findings suggest that further efforts to establish and sustain good relationships with families are required by facilities. Characteristics, roles, and expectations of staff and family that can both promote and hinder the formation of constructive staff–family relationships are discussed.
Sample Size Requirements for Stable Clustering of Free Partition Sorting Data
Authors: Harloff Joachim , Stringer Adrian , Perry Jennifer
Published: January 2013

Convergence rates of cluster analysis results are studied for six sets of partition sorting data. Hierarchical cluster analysis, fuzzy cluster analysis, k-medoids clustering and four variants of the consensus clustering method are covered. The six data sets are kinship terms, colour plates, drug data, consultancy Web site items, social groups and prenatal tests. Convergence rates depend on the number of clusters extracted, on the clustering method and on the domain. For domains of 25 items or more, cluster analysis results identical to the final result were most consistently obtained using the third method of Gordon and Vichi (2001). Example evaluations are given for the most stable numbers of clusters for five sets of partition sorting using the method of Gordon and Vichi. The interpretations resemble previously published interpretations of results obtained from non-partitioning statistical methods.
Communicating During Organizational Change Using Social Accounts
Authors: Tucker Danielle A. , Yeow Pamela , Viki G. Tendayi
Published: January 2013

One way to improve trust in management during large-scale organization changes is with effective communications. This article looks at three types of social accounts (causal, ideological, and referential accounts) to see which are effective at improving trust during major organizational changes. A field study method explored two organizations and found that ideological accounts were best at improving trust in management. The relationship between ideological accounts and trust was mediated by the success of the social account (i.e., the perceived understanding of the change decision). These findings indicate the benefits of highlighting long-term motives for large-scale organizational change.
A Cultural Capital Perspective of the Effect of a Government–Voluntary Sector Partnership for Enhancing Access to Postsecondary Education
Authors: Lund-Chaix A. A. , Gelles Erna
Published: January 2013

Affordable access to postsecondary education is of growing concern for both families and policy makers. More students have chosen to continue their education after high school over the last several decades, though decisions whether and where to attend are often based on limited knowledge and financial resources. Increasing costs of attendance have sustained inequalities in access for students from varying economic, social, and racial groups—a problem that captures the attention of the government and voluntary sectors alike. The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of Oregon’s government–voluntary sector partnership for improving access to postsecondary education: a private scholarship program and a volunteer mentoring program. In so doing, authors introduce cultural capital theory as a framework for studying nonprofit and voluntary sector activities. Authors suggest a need for further research on the utility of cultural capital in other policy areas that cut across sectors.
Serving and consuming: drink, work and leisure in public houses
Authors: Sandiford Peter John , Seymour Diane
Published: January 2013

This article explores public house (pub) employees’ relationship to alcohol, its service and consumption using data drawn from an ethnographic study of workers in a chain of pubs. These workers experience a particularly complex relationship between their work and their leisure; they belong to a culture in which drinking in public is the norm for consumers and, as employees, they are responsible for enforcing drinking rules within their workplace – which is also where much of their own leisure takes place. The concept of partial consumer is used to analyse the fluidity of the work–leisure and service–consumption divides in this context. The drinking norms that develop within the pub enable these workers to construct contextually variable behavioural norms around drinking behaviour, allowing them to behave differently behind and in front of the bar, the symbolic barrier between work and leisure.
Steady-state creep analysis of polymer matrix composites using complex variable method
Authors: Monfared Vahid , Mondali Mehdi , Abedian Ali
Published: January 2013

A new analytical formulation is presented to study the steady-state creep in short fiber composites using complex variable method. In this new approach, both the fiber and matrix creep at low stresses and temperatures. To analyze the crept fiber, a plane stress model was used. Important novelties of the present analytical method are determination of displacement rates with proper boundary conditions in the crept fibers and also using the complex variable method in creep analyzing. It is noteworthy that the method can be useful to study the creep behavior in polymeric matrix composites due to their high capability of creep. Moreover, another significant application of the present method is to study on the creep or elastic behavior of carbon nanotube polymer composites. Finally, the results obtained from the present analytical method (complex variable method) show a good agreement with the existing experimental results.
Energy harvesting and power network architectures for the multibody advanced airship for transport high altitude cruiser–feeder airship concept
Authors: Smith Tim , Bingham Chris , Stewart Paul , Allarton Rich , Stewart Jill
Published: January 2013

This article presents results of preliminary investigations in the development of a new class of airship. Specific focus is given to photo-electric harvesting as a primary energy source, power architectures and energy audits for life support, propulsion and ancillary loads to support the continuous daily operation of the primary airship (cruiser) at stratospheric altitudes (∼15 km). The results are being used to drive the requirements of the FP7 multibody advanced airship for transport programme, which is to globally transport both passengers and freight using a ‘feeder–cruiser’ concept. It is shown that there is a potential trade off to traditional cost and size limits and, although potentially very complex, a first-order approximation is used to demonstrate sensitivities to the economics of the lifting gas. This presented concept is substantially different to those of conventional aircraft due to the airship size and the inherent requirement to harvest and store sufficient energy during ‘daylight’ operation to guarantee safe operation during ‘dark hours’. This is particularly apparent when the sizing of the proposed electrolyser is considered, as its size and mass increases nonlinearly with decreasing daylight duty. The study also considers the integration of photovoltaics with various electrical architectures, in safety critical environments. A mass audit is also included that shows that if the electrolyser was omitted in such systems, the overall impact will be small compared to structural and propulsion masses. It should be noted that although the technology bias is application specific, the underlying principles are much widely applicable to other energy harvesting and power management sectors.
New signal scaling strategies for return phase training in motion-base spaceflight simulator
Authors: Chao Jiangang , Shen Junyi , Chen Wei , Jiang Guohua
Published: January 2013

Signal scaling is an essential step in spaceflight simulation. Thus far, the third-order polynomial scaling method has been widely used for signal scaling; however, in this method, parameter tuning is complicated and may induce perceptible distortion during large-range monotonic signal scaling. In the simulation of spacecraft return, specifically, that of re-entry, acceleration and angular velocity signals may vary considerably over short time periods. Motion perception is important for training astronauts in this phase. In this study, two strategies are proposed to solve these problems using the ‘scaling scope’ parameter. The first strategy is based on the Hermite interpolation polynomial, and the other is based on third-order polynomial scaling. Two methods were developed which make use of the stable region of third-order polynomial scaling. The first method maximizes the stable region to prevent signal distortion, and the other restricts the scaling scope in the stable region. Based on the dynamic characteristics of spacecraft in the return phase, the signal scaling strategies proposed in this study are simulated for trainees’ perception in a motion-base simulator. Simulations were implemented by utilizing the full curves of spacecraft return phase for the first time, and results show that these methods are more advantageous for parameter tuning and can eliminate signal distortion for all input signals. While these methods have a shortcoming in that the trigger velocity (onset cue) is slowed down, this shortcoming is eliminated by employing the moving cueing algorithm. Both the strategies proposed in this article show good performance and can be applied potentially to the motion simulation of the spacecraft return phase.
Scientifically literate action: Key barriers and facilitators across context and content
Authors: Crowell Amanda , Schunn Christian
Published: January 2013

Scientific literacy can also be described as a level of public understanding of science that encourages one to act in concert with scientific consensus. Investigating actions concerned with environmental conservation, we examine the context specificity of this form of scientifically literate action and the differential motivations that predict such action across contexts. We report on a large sample of employees of a mixed urban/rural county in the USA, representing a diverse range of careers, who completed an anonymous survey about their environmental conservation actions at home, at work and in the public sphere. Results indicate that individuals engage at different action levels overall and for different reasons across contexts; limited support was found for the importance of perceived knowledge attainment ability in predicting scientifically informed actions. Implications for policy and program designers and scholars interested in scientific literacy are discussed.