bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Minimal Persistent Inflammation on Nasal Mucosa of Experimental Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Lei Fei , Zhu Dongdong , Sun Jianjun , Dong Zhen
Published: February 2010

Background

Minimal persistent inflammation (MPI) is considered another piece of the complex puzzle of allergic inflammation. Although some studies regarding MPI have been reported, no study has evaluated the effects of MPI on the structure changes at the site of allergic reaction. This study investigates whether long-time MPI during allergic rhinitis (AR) results in some features of tissue remodeling in the nasal mucosa.

Methods

An animal model of MPI was developed by repeated nasal challenge with low concentration of ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized guinea pigs. The models were assessed by allergic symptom after antigen challenge, eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 expression on nasal epithelial cells. The histopathological changes in nasal mucosa were determined by Alcian blue—periodic acid–Schiff and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 was examined by immunofluorescence under a confocal laser scan microscope.

Results

When sensitized animals were challenged with the low concentration of 0.01% OVA, the symptom of sneezing disappeared, but there were still mild eosinophils infiltration and weak ICAM-1 expression, which indicated the success of MPI models. Moreover, the number of goblet cells and the percentage area of collagen deposition were both mildly increased. The expression of MMP-9 and TGF-β1 was also weakly elevated.

Conclusions

We have successfully established MPI models and proved long-time MPI may result in mild features of remodeling in the nasal mucosa, which provide new insights into the unexpected potential effects of MPI on the structural changes.
Rheologic Properties of Sinonasal Mucus in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis
Authors: Saito David M. , Innes Anh L. , Pletcher Steven D.
Published: February 2010

Background

Mucociliary clearance is impaired in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clearance of sinonasal secretions is influenced by its rheological properties. The purpose of this study was to describe the rheological properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with CRS and correlate them with disease severity.

Methods

Twenty-three adult subjects with CRS underwent collection of sinonasal secretions. Samples were analyzed using the AR2000 cone and plate rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) to determine the dynamic viscosity and elasticity. These properties were used to calculate mucus clearance indices. All patients completed the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Recent sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were electronically reviewed and scored according to the Lund-McKay staging system.

Results

The mean dynamic elasticity and viscosity of sinus mucus at 1 Hz were 78.24 ± 103.4 Pa and 22.09 ± 29.62 Pa, respectively. The mean elasticity and viscosity values at 10 Hz were 118.9 ± 155.5 Pa and 32.36 ± 45.58 Pa, respectively. Three indices of disease severity (SNOT-20 score, Lund-McKay score, and nasal polyps) correlated with increased mucus viscoelasticity and/or worsened mucociliary clearance indices (MCIs).

Conclusions

This study establishes the range of rheological properties of sinonasal mucus in patients with CRS and suggests an association between disease severity and MCIs.
The Effect of an Adhesive External Nasal Dilator Strip on the Inspiratory Nasal Airflow
Authors: Seren Erdal
Published: February 2010

Background

We studied the affect of an adhesive external nasal dilator strip (ENDS) on the inspiratory nasal airflow. A prospective study was performed.

Methods

Twenty-two healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. All volunteers analyzed the inspiratory nasal sound samples before and while wearing a commercially available ENDS. This nasal sound analysis includes the spectral analysis and average sound intensities in low frequency (Lf), medium frequency (Mf), and high frequency (Hf).

Results

In the sound analyses, an increase was found in sound intensity at Hf when the nasal strips were not worn whereas a decrease was found in sound intensity at Hf when the nasal strips were on.

Conclusions

Changes in the nasal geometry of the anterior part of the nose by wearing nasal strips affects the pattern of nasal airflow and transforms it into a laminar pattern.
Septal Deviation and Nasal Resistance: An Investigation using Virtual Surgery and Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Garcia Guilherme J.M. , Rhee John S. , Senior Brent A. , Kimbell Julia S.
Published: February 2010

Background

Septal deviation is an extremely common anatomic variation in healthy adults. However, there are no standard criteria to determine when a deviated septum is clinically relevant. Presently, selection of patients for septoplasty is based on mostly clinical examination, which is prone to observer bias and may lead to unsuccessful treatment. The objective of this article is twofold. First, we investigate whether the location of a septal deviation within the nasal passages affects nasal resistance. Second, we test whether computer simulations are consistent with rhinomanometry studies in predicting that anterior septal deviations increase nasal resistance more than posterior deviations.

Methods

A three-dimensional computational model of a healthy nose was created from computed tomography scans. Geometry-deforming software was used to produce models with septal deviations. Computational fluid dynamics techniques were used to simulate nasal airflow and compute nasal resistance.

Results

Our results revealed that the posterior nasal cavity can accommodate significant septal deviations without a substantial increase in airway resistance. In contrast, a deviation in the nasal valve region more than doubled nasal resistance. These findings are in good agreement with the rhinomanometry literature and with the observation that patients with anterior septal deviations benefit the most from septoplasty.

Conclusions

In the model, anterior septal deviations increased nasal resistance more than posterior deviations. This suggests, in agreement with the literature, that other causes of nasal obstruction (dysfunction of the nasal valve, allergy, etc. ) should be carefully considered in patients with posterior septal deviations because such deviations may not affect nasal resistance. This study illustrates how computational modeling and virtual manipulation of the nasal geometry are useful to investigate nasal physiology.
Polymorphisms in the SERPINA1 (Alpha-1-Antitrypsin) Gene are Associated with Severe Chronic Rhinosinusitis Unresponsive to Medical Therapy
Authors: Kilty Shaun J. , Bossé Yohan , Cormier Chantale , Endam Leandra Mfuna , Desrosiers Martin Y.
Published: February 2010

Background

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a serine protease inhibitor that blocks the protease, neutrophil elastase. Previous population studies have suggested that heterozygote status for the AAT gene (SERPINA1) is a risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). This implies a potential genetic predisposition to CRS tied to AAT deficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SERPINA1 gene and CRS.

Methods

DNA extracted from a population of 206 patients diagnosed with CRSwNPs and 196 postal code–matched controls was used. A maximally informative set of tagging SNPs from SERPINA1 on chromosome 14q were selected from the HapMap data set (International HapMap Consortium, Nature 437:1299–1320, 2005) and genotyped on the Sequenom platform (Sequenom, San Diego, CA).

Results

Successful genotyping was performed for 32 of 33 SNPs. Two SNPs (rs1243168 and rs4900229) located upstream of the SERPINA1gene, were associated with CRS. Individuals homozygous (TT)for these SNPs had an increased probability of having CRS with an odds ratio of 5.95 and 1.49, respectively. Subgroup analysis according to severity of disease identified each SNP to be increasingly common in individuals as disease severity increased (p < 0.001). These individuals were also less likely to be responsive to medical therapy (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Polymorphisms of the SERPINA1 gene are associated with clinically severe CRS. These results, from a small subset of individuals with CRS, suggest that defects in AAT may be implicated in a subset of individuals unresponsive to conventional therapy and suggests that alternate therapies may be required for their management.
Synergistic Induction of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Th2 Cytokine in Nasal Polyp Fibroblasts
Authors: Nonaka Manabu , Fukumoto Akira , Ogihara Nozomu , Sakanushi Atsuko , Pawankar Ruby , Yagi Toshiaki
Published: February 2010

Background

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is elevated in airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma and triggers dendritic cell–mediated activation of Th2 inflammatory responses. Although allergic chronic sinusitis is a Th2 inflammatory disease of the upper airway, the mechanism underlying the predominance of Th2 responses still has to be clarified. We investigated the expression of TSLP in cytokine-treated nasal polyp fibroblasts.

Methods

Fibroblast lines were established from nasal polyp tissues. Their expression of TSLP mRNA was evaluated by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The amount of TSLP in the supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Nasal polyp fibroblasts have the capacity to produce TSLP in response to stimulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Combined stimulation with TNF-alpha + a Th2 cytokine (IL-4 or IL-13) was synergistic for TSLP production by the nasal polyp fibroblasts. This response was time and dose dependent. The TNF-alpha + Th2 cytokine (IL-4 or IL-13)–induced TSLP production was strongly inhibited by interferon gamma but not by IL-10.

Conclusions

These results suggest that nasal polyp fibroblasts play a role in the development and regulation of Th2-type inflammation in the upper airway by producing TSLP.
Intellectual Capital Revisited: A Citation Analysis of Ten Years of Research in the Area (1997‐2007)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ruiz Óscar , Fernández‐Menéndez José
Published: February 2010

The aim of this paper is to monitor the scientific development of the intellectual capital (IC) field by analyzing the citation patterns of the IC articles published in ISI journals in the period 1997‐2007. Our research examines the extent to which citation is allocated according to a normative process of universalism or a social process defined by particularistic variables. The results of a regression analysis summarizing both approaches shows that some universalistic predictors of quality such as the impact factor of the journal and the accuracy of the articles are positively related to the number of citations. Thus, the field is slowly moving toward a more universalistic‐oriented discipline, and the practice of citing considering functionally irrelevant characteristics has a limited influence. It seems clear that IC is, more than a fashionable topic, a loose collection of ideas that is still developing its scientific paradigm.
What Can Be Done About School Shootings?
Authors: Borum Randy , Cornell Dewey G. , Modzeleski William , Jimerson Shane R.
Published: February 2010

School shootings have generated great public concern and fostered a widespread impression that schools are unsafe for many students; this article counters those misapprehensions by examining empirical evidence of school and community violence trends and reviewing evidence on best practices for preventing school shootings. Many of the school safety and security measures deployed in response to school shootings have little research support, and strategies such as zero-tolerance discipline and student profiling have been widely criticized as unsound practices. Threat assessment is identified as a promising strategy for violence prevention that merits further study. The article concludes with an overview of the need for schools to develop crisis response plans to prepare for and mitigate such rare events.
Is the Health and Wellbeing of University Students Associated with their Academic Performance? Cross Sectional Findings from the United Kingdom
Authors: El Ansari Walid , Stock Christiane
Published: February 2010

This study explored the associations between health awareness, health behaviour, subjective health status, and satisfaction of students with their educational experience as independent variables and three outcomes of educational achievement as dependent variables. We undertook two simultaneous cross-sectional surveys among students from one University in the UK during 2008−2009. The first survey was a general health survey; the second survey measured students’ satisfaction with different aspects of their learning and teaching experience. Students’ registration numbers linked the responses of both questionnaires together, and subsequently linked the questionnaires to the university database to import the grades that students actually achieved in their studies. Generally, students (N = 380) exhibited average medium to high satisfaction with their educational experiences. Students’ satisfaction with their educational experiences was not associated with any of the three indicators of educational achievement (actual module mark; perceived own performance; importance of achieving good grades). The associations of educational satisfaction, health, health behaviours, heath complaints and financial parameters with the three outcomes of educational achievement did not differ between male and female students. Each of the health, health behaviours, health complaints and financial parameters were selectively associated with only some but not all three indicators of student educational achievement. We conclude that the findings support a conceptual framework suggesting reciprocal relationships between health, health behaviour and educational achievement. Comprehensive health promotion programmes may have the potential to influence relevant predictors of educational achievement in university students.
Housing and Health in Ghana: The Psychosocial Impacts of Renting a Home
Authors: Luginaah Isaac , Arku Godwin , Baiden Philip
Published: February 2010

This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study investigating the impacts of renting a home on the psychosocial health of tenants in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) in Ghana. In-depth interviews (n = 33) were conducted with private renters in Adabraka, Accra. The findings show that private renters in the AMA face serious problems in finding appropriate and affordable rental units, as well as a persistent threat of eviction by homeowners. These challenges tend to predispose renters to psychosocial distress and diminishing ontological security. Findings are relevant to a range of pluralistic policy options that emphasize both formal and informal housing provision, together with the reorganization and decentralization of the Rent Control Board to the district level to facilitate easy access by the citizenry.
Cytotoxic Effects of 2-Bromopropane on Embryonic Development in Mouse Blastocysts
Authors: Chan Wen-Hsiung
Published: February 2010

2-Bromopropane (2-BP), an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents, is used as a cleaning solvent. Here, we examined the cytotoxic effects of 2-bromopropane (2-BP) on mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage, subsequent embryonic attachment and outgrowth in vitro, and in vivo implantation via embryo transfer. Mouse blastocysts were incubated in medium with or without 2-BP (2.5, 5 or 10 μM) for 24 h. Cell proliferation and growth were investigated with dual differential staining, apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis, and implantation and post-implantation development of embryos were assessed using in vitro development analysis and in vivo embryo transfer, respectively. Blastocysts treated with 5 or 10 μM 2-BP displayed significantly increased apoptosis, and decreased inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) cell number. Additionally, the implantation success rates of 2-BP-pretreated blastocysts were lower than those of untreated controls. In vitro treatment with 5 or 10 μM 2-BP was associated with increased resorption of postimplantation embryos, and decreased placental and fetal weights. Our results collectively indicate that in vitro exposure to 2-BP induces apoptosis, suppresses implantation rates after transfer to host mice, and retards early postimplantation development.
Tissue Response to, and Degradation Rate of, Photocrosslinked Trimethylene Carbonate-Based Elastomers Following Intramuscular Implantation
Authors: Timbart Laurianne , Tse Man Yat , Pang Stephen  C. , Amsden Brian G.
Published: February 2010

Cylindrical elastomers were prepared through the UV-initiated crosslinking of terminally acrylated, 8,000 Da star-poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) and star-poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-D,L-lactide). These elastomers were implanted intramuscularly into the hind legs of male Wistar rats to determine the influence of the comonomer on the weight loss, tissue response, and change in mechanical properties of the elastomer. The elastomers exhibited only a mild inflammatory response that subsided after the first week; the response was greater for the stiffer D,L-lactide-containing elastomers. The elastomers exhibited weight loss and sol content changes consistent with a bulk degradation mechanism. The D,L-lactide-containing elastomers displayed a nearly zeroorder change in Young’s modulus and stress at break over the 30 week degradation time, while the ε-caprolactone-containing elastomers exhibited little change in modulus or stress at break.
Vaccenic and Elaidic Acid Modify Plasma and Splenocyte Membrane Phospholipids and Mitogen-Stimulated Cytokine Production in Obese Insulin Resistant JCR: LA-cp Rats
Authors: Ruth Megan  R. , Wang Ye , Yu Howe-Ming , Goruk Susan , Reaney Martin J. , Proctor Spencer  D. , Vine Donna  F. , Field Catherine  J.
Published: February 2010

This study assessed the long-term effects of dietary vaccenic acid (VA) and elaidic acid (EA) on plasma and splenocyte phospholipid (PL) composition and related changes in inflammation and splenocyte phenotypes and cytokine responses in obese/insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. Relative to lean control (Ctl), obese Ctl rats had higher serum haptoglobin and impaired T-cell-stimulated cytokine responses. VA and EA diets improved T-cell-stimulated cytokine production; but, only VA normalized serum haptoglobin. However, EA- and VA-fed rats had enhanced LPS-stimulated cytokine responses. The changes elicited by VA were likely due changes in essential fatty acid composition in PL; whereas EA-induced changes may due to direct incorporation into membrane PL.
Phenological Classification of the United States: A Geographic Framework for Extending Multi-Sensor Time-Series Data
Authors: Gu Yingxin , Brown Jesslyn  F. , Miura Tomoaki , Van Leeuwen Willem J. D. , Reed Bradley  C.
Published: February 2010

This study introduces a new geographic framework, phenological classification, for the conterminous United States based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data and a digital elevation model. The resulting pheno-class map is comprised of 40 pheno-classes, each having unique phenological and topographic characteristics. Cross-comparison of the pheno-classes with the 2001 National Land Cover Database indicates that the new map contains additional phenological and climate information. The pheno-class framework may be a suitable basis for the development of an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-MODIS NDVI translation algorithm and for various biogeographic studies.
Surface Transmission or Polarized Egress? Lessons Learned from HTLV Cell-to-Cell Transmission
Authors: Jin Jing , Sherer Nathan , Mothes Walther
Published: February 2010

Commentary on Pais-Correia, A.M.; Sachse, M.; Guadagnini, S.; Robbiati, V.; Lasserre, R.; Gessain, A.; Gout, O.; Alcover, A.; Thoulouze, M.I. Biofilm-like extracellular viral assemblies mediate HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission at virological synapses. Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 83-89.
Modified Knowles toggle pin technique with nylon monofilament suture material for treatment of two caudoventral hip luxation cases
Authors: Olcay B. , Çetinkaya M. A.
Published: February 2010

The coxofemoral joint is the most commonly luxated joint in dogs and cats. Coxofemoral luxations are generally craniodorsal; caudoventral coxofemoral luxations are relatively rare occurrences and may be accompanied by fracture of the greater trochanter.

The aim of our study was to report the results of a modified Knowles toggle pin application in two caudoventral hip luxations for which closed reduction had not been achieved. Medical records of dogs and cats, which had been presented at our institution between September 1999 and October 2007, were reviewed for cases of coxofemoral luxation. In total, the case records of 67 cats and 147 dogs were found. Of these cases, there was one cat and one dog with caudoventral coxofemoral luxation. For both cases, the toggle pin technique was the method of treatment. The cat had a good clinical recovery within three days after surgery. The dog, which also had a cruciate ligament rupture in the same limb and medial patellar luxation in the contralateral limb, was presented with severe lameness and pain approximately two and a half months after surgery, at which time fracture of the femoral head was diagnosed. Functional recovery was achieved after a femoral head and neck ostectomy had been performed.
Effect of exercise on kinetic gait analysis of dogs afflicted by osteoarthritis
Authors: Moreau M. , Lussier B. , Beraud R.
Published: February 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effects of moderate exercise on kinetic gait analysis using a force platform in dogs with hindlimb lameness due to osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Ten control dogs (Control) and 10 dogs presented with chronic and stable hind-limb lameness (OA) were recruited. Dogs were subjected to force platform gait analysis to determine baseline data. They were thereafter trotted for a distance of 1.2 km on a short leash, lead by the same handler at a gait convenient for each of them (ranging from slow to fast trot), after which the gait analysis was immediately repeated to determine post-exercise values. Peak and impulse of the vertical and braking / propulsion forces were analysed using a linear model for repeated measures and Bonferroni sequential correction.

Results: In the Control group, the differences between baseline and post-exercise data were not significant. Conversely, post-exercise peak (p = 0.020) and impulse (p = 0.009) values of the vertical force, as well as the peak of the propulsion force (p = 0.009) values were significantly lower than baseline in the OA group.

Clinical relevance: This study demonstrates the significant effect of a moderate amount of exercise in exacerbating hindlimb lameness in dogs clinically afflicted by OA. It is suggested that: 1) exercise should be considered as a potential factor of variation in future force platform gait analyses and an effort should be made to limit bias in data recording; and 2) an exercise-based protocol could be added to the standard force platform gait analysis to potentially increase its sensitivity in the detection of lame dogs.
Successful revision of a femoral head ostectomy (complicated by postoperative sciatic neurapraxia) to a total hip replacement in a cat
Authors: Doyle N. D. , Schwartz Z. , Liska W. D.
Published: February 2010

A three-year-old neutered male Domestic Medium Hair cat was referred for evaluation of a right hindlimb monoparesis of one month duration following a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) performed elsewhere. Examination of the limb revealed muscle atrophy and decreased sensory perception over the sciatic nerve distribution with conscious proprioception and postural reaction deficits. The tentative diagnosis was sciatic neurapraxia.

Radiographs taken prior to the FHO revealed a chronic nonunion right femoral neck fracture. The FHO was performed to remove the remnant of the femoral head and neck remaining in the acetabulum.

Surgery was performed to explore the sciatic nerve and to revise the FHO into a total hip replacement. Sciatic nerve entrapment was present. Tethering sutures and extensive peri-neural adhesions were released to restore nerve gliding. Postoperatively, activity was limited for six weeks; normal activity resumed at eight weeks. Rehabilitation treatments were provided to maximise the patient’s excellent recovery.
Fracture of the anconeal process in two cats
Authors: Hurter K. , Medl N.
Published: February 2010

Two adult Domestic Shorthaired cats were presented with acute forelimb lameness. In one case, there was a history of trauma. A fracture of the anconeal process was diagnosed on the flexed mediolateral radiographs of the elbow in both cats. The fracture was accompanied by a bony avulsion of the tricipital tendon in one animal. Both cats underwent surgical removal of the fractured anconeal process. Follow-up radiographic evaluation was available for one cat six months after treatment; radiographs showed evidence of osteoarthritis. The long-term clinical outcome, based on owner telephone follow-up conducted four and nine years postoperatively, was considered to be satisfactory.
An Analysis of Culture as a Tourism Commodity
Authors: Maccarrone-Eaglen Agata
Published: February 2010

The notion of culture has been the object of multidisciplinary studies attempting, with difficulty, to define this polyhedral social concept expressed in symbolic representations. Culture has a significant role in tourism functioning as an internationally promoted commodity, a role
that has often been the subject of debates among academics concerned about the vilification of culture's primary social role. This article analyzes the complexity of the concept of culture in combination with the characteristics of a product, as conceived in marketing, focusing on the levels
of product theory from Kotler and Armstrong. The research is based on secondary data analysis in the discussion. This incorporates culture's symbolic representations, its tangibility and intangibility, its multiplicity of interpretations and meanings, the ambiguous status of ownership by the
buyer and its versatility to satisfy consumers' needs while functioning as a unit of identification for a society. As a product culture presents a unique configuration with a construct of four different dimensions highlighting the need for special consideration in culture's marketing process.
The research could also be considered as a platform for future investigations on the subject and as supporting material in education.
An open‐flower mutant ofMelilotus alba: Potential for floral‐dip transformation of a papilionoid legume with a short life cycle?
Authors: Hirsch Ann M. , Lee Angie , Deng Weimin , Tucker Shirley C.
Published: February 2010

This paper describes an open‐flower mutant, designatedopf, that we discovered in a genetic screen of fast neutron bombardment mutants in an attempt at floral‐dip transformation ofMelilotus alba(Fabaceae; white sweetclover), an alternative papilionoid legume host forSinorhizobium meliloti. Theopfmutant developed flowers with reflexed sepals and petals, thereby exposing the stamens and carpel, whereas wild‐type sweetclover inflorescences developed closed flowers where the young stamens and carpel remain covered during the early stages of flower development. Based on crosses with the wild type, the mutant segregated as a single, Mendelian recessive. Crosses were successful only when theopfmutant served as the female parent, suggesting that the mutant was male sterile. However, no obvious differences from wild‐type stamen development were observed in theopfmutant. The anther defect was due to indehiscence. However, as the plants approached the end of their life cycle, the frequency of selfing increased. We also investigated whether theopfmutant could be transformed viaAgrobacterium tumefaciensfloral‐dip infiltration because open flowers like those ofArabidopsisappear to be more readily transformable. However, similar to wild‐typeM. alba, theopfmutant is refractory to floral‐dip transformation byAgrobacterium tumefaciens.
Factors Influencing Mammography Participation in Canada: An Integrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Hanson K. , Montgomery P. , Bakker D. , Conlon M.
Published: February 2010

This integrative review critically examines quantitative and qualitative evidence concerning factors influencing the participation of Canadian women in mammography. Empirical studies published between 1980 and 2006 were identified and retrieved by searching electronic databases and references listed in published studies. Among the 1461 citations identified and screened, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria and were independently appraised by two researchers. Extracted data were categorized, summarized, compared, and interpreted within and across studies. The presentation of barriers and facilitators to mammography was guided by the Pender Health Promotion Model. Findings from this review showed that no published studies were specific to settings in Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the three Canadian territories. The most common barriers to screening were membership in an ethnic minority and concerns about pain, radiation, and embarrassment. The recommendation of a health care provider for mammography was found to be the most common facilitator for the engagement of women in this health behaviour. The targeting of specific strategies aimed at overcoming identified barriers and the enhancement of facilitators are essential to improving mammography participation rates throughout Canada.
The BC Cancer Agency Compassionate Access Program: Outcome Analysis of Patients with Esophagogastric Cancer
Authors: Wilson K. S. , Barnett J. B. , Shah A. , Khoo K. E.
Published: February 2010

Background: The BC Cancer Agency Gastro-intestinal Tumor Group supports one standard of care (soc) chemotherapy regimen for metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma—specifically, weekly cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5fu) infusion. All other regimens require Compassionate Access Program (cap) approval for public funding. Objectives: We examined response, toxicity, and survival after first-line cap chemotherapy (cap1), or soc and second-line cap chemotherapy (cap2). Patients and Methods: We searched cap records for December 1999 to April 2006, abstracted charts, constructed a database, and undertook survival analyses. Treatment response, serious toxicities, and hospitalizations were recorded. Results: We identified 32 esophageal (10 gastroesophageal junction) and 53 gastric cancer (62%) patients, 55 of whom were stage M1 at diagnosis. Prior therapy consisted of chemoradiotherapy (n = 14), adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 3), and radical surgery (n = 34). Of these 85 patients, 50 received cap1, and 35 received soc, then cap2. Docetaxel and irinotecan regimens accounted for 34% and 36%, 5% and 55%, 16% and 32% respectively of first-, second-, and third-line cap requests. Partial responses were documented with soc (11/35, 31%) and cap1 (6/50, 12%). Grade 3+ toxicity rates were 19/50 (38%) and 6/35 (17%) with cap1 and soc chemotherapy. With cap chemotherapy, 20 hospitalizations occurred, and with soc chemotherapy, 2 hospitalizations. For all patients, median follow-up and survival times were 8.9 months and 9.7 months respectively. Limitations: This is a retrospective analysis of patients deemed suitable to receive non-soc chemotherapy regimens or unsuitable to receive soc chemotherapy. Conclusions: Toxicities in cap chemotherapy regimens were substantial. Survival times were consistent with results of international phase ii and iii trials in esophagogastric cancer.
Resolution of Severe Oncogenic Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia after Resection of a Deeply Located Soft-Tissue Tumour
Authors: Radaideh A. R. M. , Jaradat D. , Abu-Kalaf M. M. , Nusier M. K.
Published: February 2010

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare metabolic bone disease characterized by phosphate leakage from the kidney and subsequent hypophosphatemia. It is caused by a phosphaturic factor produced by certain tumours. Removal of such tumours can completely cure the condition. Here, we report the case of a patient who was crippled with oncogenic osteomalacia. Extensive study revealed a tumour deeply located in the pelvis; removal of the tumour resulted in complete recovery. The tumour was identified as a mesenchymal tumour (mixed connective-tissue variant). The diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.
The Road to Cancer Control Goes through Leukemia Research
Authors: Freireich E. J.
Published: February 2010

Lay people, particularly people in the press, frequently ask the question “When will we cure cancer?” I believe that we will never cure cancer [...]
Templated versus non-templated synthesis of benzo-21-crown-7 and the influence of substituents on its complexing properties
Authors: Jiang Wei , Schalley Christoph A
Published: February 2010

Two procedures for the synthesis of benzo-21-crown-7 have been explored. The [1+1] macrocyclization with KBF4 as the template was found to be more efficient than the intramolecular macrocyclization without template. Pseudorotaxanes form with secondary ammonium ions bearing at least one alkyl chain narrow enough to slip into the crown ether. Substitution on benzo-21-crown-7 or on the secondary ammonium axle alters the binding affinity and binding mode. Compared to dibenzo-24-crown-8, the complexing properties of benzo-21-crown-7 turn out to be more susceptible to modifications at the crown periphery.
Indoor Air Quality in Energy Efficient Housing
Authors: Thatcher T.L
Published: February 2010

Over the past decade, there has been an increasing effort to reduce leakage and air infiltration in new residential construction in order to improve energy efficiency. For example, California's Title 24 Residential Compliance Manual For California's 2005 Energy Efficiency Standards, which went into effect in October 2005, recognizes that air infiltration (leakage) is a “major component of heating and cooling loads,” and section 3 addresses measures to reduce infiltration, such as sealing around penetrations, installing air-retarding wrap, and meeting window performance standards. While reducing infiltration has a positive effect on energy efficiency, a lack of adequate ventilation can lead to poor indoor air quality. Airtight residences need to balance the desire for energy conservation with the need for high quality indoor air. Doing this requires an understanding of the factors which affect air quality in homes.
The Role of HVFA Concrete in the Sustainability of the Urban Built Environment
Authors: Reiner Mark , Rens Kevin , Ramaswami Anu
Published: February 2010

Although fly-ash as a partial replacement for cement has been utilized for many years, its use has been almost exclusively used in low volume percentages such as 10% or 20% cement replacement. This paper looks at high volume percentage replacements from 40% to 70%. A mini-mix study revealed that 50% and 60% cement replacement percentages were the best candidates for full scale testing. The environmental benefits included a 25% reduction in smog, human health, and fossil fuel reduction compared to the same element built with 100% Portland cement mix. The economic benefits included a 15% capital cost reduction and a 20% life-cycle cost reduction when compared with a 100% Portland cement mix. Full scale testing included a complete mix design in addition to the construction of four concrete infrastructure products. The products built included an alley panel and curb and gutter sections in the City and county of Denver, a precast manhole and lid, and a twin tee prestressed girder. Although cement products are just one of many materials used in the construction of the built environment, its production has a large impact on the environment. Lowering the embodied energy of multiple types of construction materials will have a significant effect on sustainable urban development. Symbiotic recycling of waste material, such as fly ash in concrete, back into the built environment can help reduce materials on the input side and pollution on the output side of the bulk material flow of an urban city.
Building Design Strategies and Their Contribution to Energy Performance for LEED Certification
Authors: Werthan Audrey Kay , Navvab Mojtaba
Published: February 2010

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a national set of standards put forth by the U. S. Green Building Council in 1994 that was intended to inspire building designers to plan greener, more sustainable buildings. LEED offers up to ten points for improved energy optimization performance. It should be noted that achieving these ten points is time consuming, complex, and expensive. This research is a case study that details the process of using a computer simulation study as a building energy optimizing tool in order to achieve these optional points. Determination is made as to how many LEED points can be obtained when basic strategies such as window performance and day-lighting are integrated into one energy optimized building design. The results show that well-established energy conservation methods achieve as few as two or three LEED energy points, thereby possibly offering a disincentive for designers to attempt this difficult challenge. These fundamental efforts to achieve energy optimized building design are the first steps toward high performance building design and offer a fundamental solution to the substantial, negative environmental impacts caused by buildings today.
The University of Delaware Rain Garden: Environmental Mitigation of a Building Footprint
Authors: Grehl Elaine , Kauffman Gerald
Published: February 2010

Green technology best management practices such as rain gardens are often used to retrofit and mitigate the footprints of buildings and impervious cover in watersheds. Rain gardens are a recent technology created to help remedy water abuses. A rain garden promotes the environmental benefits of storm water mitigation, water conservation, groundwater recharge, and reduced waterbody pollution. This research documents the process of implementing a rain garden from initiation through completion on the campus of the University of Delaware in the White Clay Creek National Wild and Scenic River watershed. The design considered the surrounding drainage area, infiltration rates, and plant selection. Through this project the researcher sought to create a demonstration that could inspire the public to create rain gardens. Initial goals of the research included preventing standing water from remaining in the garden after a four-day period, avoiding amendments to the native soil, and foregoing the removal of excavated soil from the rain garden depression off the site. In addition, no plant species were to be planted within the rain garden depression that were not native to within a five-hundred mile radius of Newark, Delaware. From this research, recommendations were generated for those wishing to install a rain garden. These include establishing initial goals, involving stakeholders, considering alternative overflow outlets, and inspecting soils to at least a 6-foot (1.83 m) depth. Further recommendations include stabilizing the contributing drainage area; utilizing aged, triple shredded hardwood mulch; and considering berms for use in capturing runoff and regulating outflows. In addition to mitigating the impacts of stormwater runoff from the buildings and parking lots in the watershed, the rain garden also serves as an outdoor education and research laboratory on campus.
Sustainable Lighting for Healthcare Facilities: More Than Just Lumens Per Watt
Authors: Figueiro Mariana
Published: February 2010

Sustainability is, as the name implies, a movement to ensure long-term, efficient utilization of resources. Sustainability does not imply that resources should be restricted nor that resource utilization should be subsidized. Bill McDonough (McDonough and Braungart 2002) has described sustainability in terms of the three E's: environment, equity, and economy. In the last quarter century the lighting industry has dramatically improved the energy efficiency (environment “E”) and life-cycle cost of lighting (economy “E”). Much less attention has been given to the equity “E.” Lighting standards are still set primarily in terms of illuminances (lumens per square meter) and lumens per watt, both of which are based upon the implicit assumption that the value of lighting can be characterized by the lumen. The lumen is, however, unrelated to other non-visual effects of light, such as the circadian system, and is only indirectly related to our perceptual system. In particular, our current architectural practices do not adequately support the most fragile segments of the population. And no matter how much energy is conserved or how much value engineering is applied, we are not designing or implementing sustainable lighting because we are not supporting many of the people in our built environments. In fact, the role of lighting as it affects human perceptual and circadian functions is almost completely ignored in standards. Arguably, the failure to consider these two human domain functions can be ignored in many modern applications because of the inherent flexibility and robustness of the human species. One segment of construction where the equity “E” should always be more seriously considered, however, is healthcare applications. These applications contain our most fragile humans, and lighting has been shown, for example, to demonstrably affect the lives of seniors and premature infants. But there are no standards to assist architects and engineers in supporting the well-being of these fragile people. To illustrate this assertion, this article focuses on sustainable lighting for healthcare applications where good lighting in all three human domains, visual, perceptual, and circadian, can be best documented.
Combining Building Renovation and Ground Source Heat Pump Installations for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Case Study in Vaasa Finland
Authors: Cooper Joyce , Häkkinen Tarja , Vares Sirje , Jahn Jenni , Pulakka Sakari
Published: February 2010

Given the growing interest in ground source heat pump and distributed heating installations in general for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, technology implementation planning can benefit from the simultaneous consideration of building renovations. Here, a method for identifying and evaluating scenarios based on cost and greenhouse gas emissions is presented. The method is demonstrated for a case study in Vaasa Finland. The case study considers the insulation of the walls, roof, and base floor and the replacement of windows based on 2003 and 2010 Finnish building codes simultaneously with the possible replacement of existing heat sources with ground source heat pumps. Estimates of changes in heat demand for consecutive renovations are combined with data on renovation, installation, heating costs, and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions data for the current and proposed heat sources. Preferred scenarios are identified and evaluated by building type, construction decade, and current heating source. The results are then placed within the contexts of the Vaasa building stock and policy theory.
A VISIT TO AMHERSTBURG, ONTARIO
Authors: Reed E. B.
Published: February 2010

Being recently on a visit to this pretty little frontier town, I devoted a few hours to my friends the resident Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and well indeed were my labors rewarded, as the sequel will show. The season was rather advanced for Lepidoptera, but there must have been an enormous supply of their larvæ, for I noticed the fatal results of their “grubbing” powers on many of the surrounding trees; oaks, maples, hickory and walnut in particular, were filled with larvæ of Dryocampa senatoria, D. stigma, D. rubicunda, Halesidota caryæ, H. tesselaris, and a variety of species unknown to me by name, though we have taken several similar ones near London. but have failed to rear them.
HABITS OF MELITÆA PHAETON
Authors: C.E.
Published: February 2010

I notice in the Entomologist, No. 4, some remarks on Melitæa phaeton. I think there is something exceptional in the habits of this species, and I hope the observations of your correspondents may give us light.

On 1st May, 1868, one of my young friends in this neighbourhood brought me eleven chrysalids of phaeton, part of which he had found suspended to fence rails, He reported the caterpillars as crawling along the rails, and that he had tried to bring me some of them, but before he could reach me (living four miles distant), all that he had taken had changed to chrysalids. I directed him to search for the food plant.
NOTES ON CANADIAN LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

In our last notes we mentioned the names of various species of moths that, on various grounds, are to be dropped from our list of Canadian Lepidoptera ; we now proceed to mention those that are to be added to the list, as having been captured or determined since its publication in 1865. These, of course, are only what have come under our own notice, but we have no doubt that the number might be largely increased by our readers, notwithstanding that the last two years have been so peculiarly unfavourable to the collectors of Lepidoptera in this country.
NOTES ON CANADIAN LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

Two lists of Canadian Lepidoptera have been published by our Entomological Society; the first one, prepared by Mr. W. Saunders and issued in 1864, contained the names of all the Butterflies, Sphinges, and Bombyces then known to inhabit this country; the next year a second list, prepared by ourselves, was issued, containing the names of species in the remaining families of moths, and some additions to the former list. Since then a number of new species have been captured in this country, whose names may now be added to our lists; great changes have also been made in the generic nomenclature of others, and in some cases the very species has been proved to be erroneous and to require correction.
LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVÆ FIGHTING; AND TENACITY OF LIFE IN LARVA OF CLISIOCAMPA SILVATICA
Authors: Moody Henry L.
Published: February 2010

On returning from a collecting tour, one day in last June, I emptied my larvæ box, putting in a collar box for a short time a larvæ of C. Silvatica, one of the Geometrid and one other Lepidopterous larva: the two last I could not identify, but they were all, Lepidopterous, I did not open the box until three or four hours afterwards, when I found a decided change in the appearance of my larvæ, The C. Silvatica larva was bitten entirely apart, the head and three first segments being in one piece, the three last abdominal segments in another; the remaining segments were in an indistinguishable mass on the bottom of the box. The geometrid larva was in almost as bad condition, but was not bitten apart; the third was uninjured.
THE IMPORTED CURRANT WORM FLY (Nematus ventricostis, Klug.) AND ITS PARASITE (Hemiteles nemativorus, Walsh.)
Authors: Walsh BenJ. D.
Published: February 2010

I wish to correct a few mistakes which I have made in the paper on this subject, which was published in the Entomologist Vol. II., No. 2.

1st. I have said that “not a single American species of Hemiteles, so far as I am aware, has as yet been described under that generic name as occurring north of the West India Islands.” This is incorrect. Mr. Riley, in his Missouri Report, has described two species, viz., H. thyridopteryx♂ ♀ , and H. Cressonii ♂, as found in his State