bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Estimate of the Birth Rate in East and West Pakistan
Authors: Zelnik Melvin , Khan Masihur Rahman
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of an attempt at estimating
the current birth rates in East and West Pakistan. In the absence of an
adequate registration system, estimates of vital rates are dependent on
alternative sources of data and various techniques of estimation. In the
case of Pakistan, where registration systems are extremely defective,
the two major alternative sources of data are the Population Growth
Estimation (PGE) experiment and the (1951 and 1961) decennial censuses
of population. The PGE is an attempt to acquire knowledge of the level
of birth and death rates in Pakistan by matching information obtained,
for a sample of the population, from periodic surveys and continuous
registration of events as they occur [3, pp.37-65]. Preliminary
findings from data collected in 1962 indicate, for total Pakistan, a
birth rate of 56 and a death rate of 18, resulting in a growth rate of
38 [11]. A subsequent report based on slightly modified data, and
presenting results for both sections of the country, indicates a birth
rate of 58 and a death rate of 21 for East Pakistan, with a birth rate
of 55 and a death rate of 22 for West Pakistani 12].There is reason to
believe that the birth rate estimated by the PGE for total Pakistan is a
reasonably close approximation of the actual birth rate but that the
estimated death rate is too low (and consequently, that the indicated
rate of growth is too high)
Industrialisation and Culture
Authors: Ibrahim Rashid
Published: July 2018

The impact of industrialisation and technology on culture
presents a big problem in the context of developing countries. It has
varied aspects and widespread implications which cannot be covered
adequately in a short article. At the most, one may hope to raise
certain relevant questions and attempt partial answers. If the
discussion helps to stimulate thinking on the subject, and to draw the
attention of economic planners, it would be worthwhile. Such thinking is
vital for the smooth transition of backward feudal societies to modern
advanced economies. At present, unfortunately, not much thought is
given, in the developing countries themselves, to the impact of
development process on the various forms and manifestations of culture1,
or of culture and cultural institutions on the development
process.
Waterlogging and Salinity in the Indus Plain : Some Basic
Consideration
Authors: Dorfam Robert
Published: July 2018

It takes more than ordinary population for a group of
strangers to recommends changes in the efforts of a great nation to
contend with a problem that goes that goes to the very roofs of its
social structure and its livelihood. Yet we did just that in our Report
on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain[l]. We hoped our
recommendations would be considered sympathetically and debated fully,
that our sound suggestions would be adopted and our unsound ones
forgiven. All this has been granted us, and more. The months since the
Panel's report was prepared have been eventful for the economic
development of West Pakistan. It is hard to cast our minds back to the
gloom that filled the atmosphere when the Panel was convened. Food
production had been stagnant for the past several years, sem and thur
were spreading through the most productive portions of the Plain,
expensive efforts to control these twin menaces had been baffled. WAPDA
knew, of course, that in principle tubswells could do the job, but there
were more failures to report than successes
Financing Development Plans in Pakistan
Authors: Griffin Keith B.
Published: July 2018

Pakistan is beginning her Third Five Year Plan1 in a mood of
great optimism. After the disappointment of the First Plan, the country
was able to make undoubted progress during the Second. All the major
objectives of the Second Five Year Plan were exceeded and there were few
important shortfalls of the specific sub-sector targets. Perhaps the
most important of these were a) the failure to use all the resources
allocated to family planning and b) the relatively slow rate of growth
of exports of cotton manufactures; of second order importance was c) the
growing shortage of cement2
Nesâî’nin (ö. 303/915) Şiîlikle İthamı
Authors: ABA Veli
Published: July 2018

Hadisler, raviler ve telif edilen eserler çeşitli

açılardan belli kriterlere tabii tutularak uzmanlarınca incelenirler. Bu

inceleme neticesinde ortaya çıkan sonuca göre belli bir hüküm verilir.

Dolayısıyla tarihi süreçte bir ravi hakkında değişik görüşler ileri sürülmüş

olabilir. Bu görüşlerin gerçek olup olmadıkları ise kimi zaman tam olarak

ortaya çıkarılamaz ve bir ravi hak etmediği bir suçlama ile karşı karşıya

kalabilir. Cerh-ta’dîl kriterleri bağlamında bazan bir ravinin eleştirilmesiyle

ilgili farklı maddelerin ileri sürülmüş olduğu görülür. Bunlardan biri de

ravinin Şiîlikle suçlanmasıdır. Hadis bilim dalına başta Sünen olmak üzere

birçok kıymetli eser kazandıran Nesâî de Şiîlik suçlamasına maruz kalmış

muhaddislerden biridir. Kaynaklarda Nesâî hakkında ileri sürülen bu tür

ithamlar yer almış olsa da bunlar sağlam delillere dayanmamaktadır. Fakat yine de

söz konusu ithamlar kendisini tartışma konusu yapmış, ilerleyen zaman diliminde

bu tür ithamlar onun gündeme gelmesine neden olmuştur. Tabiatıyla hadiste

otorite olan Nesâî’nin tenkit sebebi olan bir vasıfla anılması dikkatleri

üzerine çekmiştir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu iddiaların dayandırıldığı bilgilerin

sıhhati ve ileri sürülen delillerin geçerliliği incelenmiş böylece Nesâî’nin

Şiîlikle ithamının ne derece doğru olduğu ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. İleri

sürülen bilgi ve deliller bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirildiğinde

aslında Nesâî’nin takip ettiği metotla iki grup arasında devam eden

mücadelelere karşı bilinçli bir denge politikası ortaya koymaya çalıştığı

anlaşılmaktadır.
Simboličke i značenjske funkcije flore u Pričama iz davnine Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić
Authors: Babić Vanda , Vekić Denis
Published: July 2018

Tekstovi s elementima mitskog jezika često su oni u kojima se nalaze simboličke vrijednosti te prenesena i prikrivena značenja svega što se naoko čini sasvim obično i svakodnevno. Motivima u umjetničkim i narodnim bajkama svojstvena je plošnost izričaja, no u njihovoj selektivnoj uporabi često se kriju vrijednosti i značenja koja se mogu protumačiti detaljnijim istraživanjem i razumijevanjem značenjskog konteksta stvaranja bajke. Ovaj rad polazi od ideje da se autorica Priča iz davnine u svojim bajkama služila motivskim i značenjskim spektrom koji se aplicira na floru u slavenskoj mitologiji. Korištenje pojedinih primjera flore nosi simboličke i značenjske funkcije koje se mogu detektirati proučavanjem korpusa mitskih motiva i elemenata koji su se baštinili u slavenskoj mitologiji i etnobotanici.
Thrombocytosis in Febrile Illness in Children of Age Three Months to 14 Years at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Thakur Sajan Kumar , Kattel Pramod
Published: July 2018

Background and Objectives: Acute febrile illness is common presentation in children. Thrombocytosis can be used as a predictor of febrile illness in children. The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence and causes of thrombocytosis among febrile children and to access the utility of platelet count as a potential predictor of serious bacterial infection alone or in association with other predictors.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done in 290 febrile children following convenience sampling method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS. Univariate analysis using chi-square test for categorical and independent samples and “t” test for continuous variables were done.Results: Thrombocytosis was present in 13.1% of cases. Most cases had mild thrombocytosis (10%) whereas moderate thrombocytosis was present in 2.8% of cases and 0.3% cases had severe thrombocytosis. Lymphocyte level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein also showed a significant association with thrombocytosis (p<0.05). Serious bacterial infection was present in 209 cases out of which 30 children had thrombocytosis but was not significant compared to children with non serious bacterial infection with thrombocytosis (p=0.171).Conclusion: Thrombocytosis was found to have an association with febrile illnesses. More so, it indicated a fair discriminate ability to diagnose infectious cause of disease. However there was no statistical significance between thrombocytosis and serious bacterial infection.
Hindering factors of infant feeding practices among the mothers of mid western part of Nepal
Authors: Pyakurel Manita , Bhandari Sujeeta , Bhatta Rishi
Published: July 2018

Background and Objectives: This study was aimed to provide baseline information on infant feeding knowledge, practices and hindering factors for proper feedings.Material and Methods: Among the 185 women with less than one year child coming on immunization clinic of health post of Chisapani Village Development Committee, infant feeding knowledge, practices were assessed by interviewing with semi structured questionnaire and focus group discussion.Results: Male children were more exclusively breastfed (33%) than female (27%) and exclusive breast feeding was lower in fifth and sixth month of age. All of them were aware that the baby should be fed only breast milk for 6 months, but the exclusive breastfeeding practice was found only in a very few mothers. Most of them had fed solid food after 3 months.Conclusion: Knowledge and practices on infant feeding do not go along despite the adequacy of knowledge due to the hindering factors like poverty, working mother, lack of support from family members and lack of support from the government infant. The gap between knowledge and practice can be lessened via informative activities on lactation management, endorsing policies and rights for mothers-infants relationship.
Conceptual models of the playfulness construct: Additive, balanced, or synergistic?
Authors: Barnett Lynn A.
Published: July 2018

Four conceptual models and measures of adult playfulness were investigated and compared. Each proffers different constitutive dimensions underlying the construct, and argues that the explanation for playfulness lies within the independent or relative contributions of the dimensions, or in their interactive relationship. 646 undergraduate university students with complete data on all four measures, as well as on a self-rated criterion assessment, participated in the study. The findings indicated the extent to which each model was best regarded as an additive, balanced, or synergistic relationship, and further revealed their differential efficacy and predictive power in capturing and elucidating the adult playfulness construct. An alternative model is proposed in which the most powerful predictors are synthesized. Contributions toward an increased understanding of playfulness in young adults were identified from the collation of results and their competing hypotheses, and directions for the trajectory of further research utilizing the conceptual frameworks were presented.
Optimization and characterization of friction surfaced coatings of ferrous alloys
Authors: Shariq Mohammed , Srivastava Madhulika , Tripathi Rupam , Chattopadhyaya Somnath , Vilaca Pedro , Gubeljak Nenad , Krolczyk Grzegorz
Published: July 2018

In the present work, the scientists were successful in obtaining a friction surfaced coating of mild steel over mild steel, mild steel over stainless steel (AISI 304) and stainless steel over stainless steel using a low-cost conventional milling machine. A 22 factorial method with three replications was used to design the experiments. The influence of variation in rotational speed (1400 rpm and 1000 rpm) and table feed rate (4.17 mm/s and 2.67 mm/s) on coating width, thickness and interface temperature of the coating and substrate was investigated. Multi-response optimization was performed and the developed model was validated by confirmatory experiments. The results showed that, with an increase in rotational speed and table feed rate, width and thickness of the coating decreases, while temperature increases. An infrared (IR) camera provided thermographs that elaborated the distinct stages of heat dissipation during the process of coating formation. The bond integrity and strength of the coating was analyzed by bend tests and Vickers micro hardness test. The results revealed that a higher hardness value was obtained at the interface of the coating as compared to coating and interface.
Chemical composition of chosen phase constituents in austempered ductile cast iron
Authors: Warmuzek Małgorzata , Polkowska Adelajda
Published: July 2018

A procedure a for multi-step characterization of microstructural features observed in austempered ductile cast iron (ADI), was proposed based on the results of microscopic examinations, a local X-ray microanalysis and EBSD-based crystallographic evaluation. The polyphase complex microregions having an increased content of alloying elements such as Mo, Cr, Mn in comparison with that estimated for the alloy's matrix, were observed in the examined material. As a first step, a classification of microregions was performed based on their morphology and specific distribution in the alloy's microstructure. Subsequently, by using established criteria for the selection of microanalysis data for a further microregions discrimination, several groups of particles characterized by a particular ratio of the alloying elements, were distinguished. The particles were classified based on the specific range of the carbide stabilizers concentration revealed, then were ascribed in situ to two types of carbides identified by means of EBSD analysis. Furthermore, the effect of heat treatment conditions on the evolution of the chemical composition of the microregions was examined experimentally and discussed.
Investigation of initial yielding in the small punch creep test
Authors: Çakan Betül Gülçimen , Durmuş Ali
Published: July 2018

Unlike the uniaxial creep test results, the interpretation of small punch (SP) test results is not straightforward due to the complex deformation behavior of SP specimens. Accordingly, the reliability of correlations of SP creep test results with corresponding uniaxial tests is still not clear. One crucial point is that the initial yielding at the beginning of an SP creep test results in the hardening of the material before creep sets in and is thought to affect the creep properties. In this study, to clarify this effect, first an accurate numerical model of the SP creep test has been developed following which this model was used to study the influence of test parameters such as specimen thickness, punch diameter and the radius of the receiving hole on the initial yielding. Varying these parameters changes the deformation mechanisms and thus has a strong effect on the deflection-time curves along with the amount of initial plastic deformation. It was observed that decreasing specimen thickness and the punch diameter increased the initial yielding. Conversely, increasing the radius of the receiving hole resulted in higher initial yielding.
Thermography using a 1D laser array – From planar to structured heating
Authors: Ziegler Mathias , Thiel Erik , Studemund Taarna
Published: July 2018

In the field of optically excited thermography, flash lamps (impulse-shaped planar heating) and halogen lamps (modulated planar heating) have become established for the specific regimes of impulse and lock-in thermography. Flying-spot laser thermography is implemented by means of a rasterized focused laser, e. g. for crack detection (continuous wave operation) and photothermal material characterization (high-frequency modulated). The availability of novel technologies, i. e. fast and high-resolution IR cameras, brilliant innovative light sources and high-performance data acquisition and processing technology will enable a paradigm shift from stand-alone photothermal and thermographic techniques to uniform quantitative measurement and testing technology that is faster and more precise. Similar to an LED array, but with irradiance two orders of magnitude higher, a new type of brilliant laser source, i. e. the VCSEL array (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser), is now available. This novel optical energy source eliminates the strong limitation to the temporal dynamics of established light sources and at the same time is spectrally clearly separated from the detection wavelength. It combines the fast temporal behavior of a diode laser with the high optical irradiance and the wide illumination area of flash lamps. In addition, heating can also be carried out in a structured manner, because individual areas of the VCSEL array can be controlled independently of each other. This new degree of freedom enables the development of completely new thermographic NDT methods.
Dry sliding behavior of the aluminum alloy 8011 composite with 8 % fly ash
Authors: Magibalan Subramaniam , Senthilkumar Palanisamy , Senthilkumar Chinnamuthu , Nagar Annamalai , Palanivelu Rajagounder , Prabu Muthusamy
Published: July 2018

This study focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy 8011 with 8 % fly ash (FA) composite (AA8011-8 % FA), using the stir casting method. The dry sliding wear characteristics of the composite were investigated at various sliding parameters. A three-level central composite design experiment was developed using response surface methodology with various parameters such as load, time, and sliding velocity and varied in the range of 5 to 15 N, 5 to 15 min, and 1.5 to 4.5 m × s−1, respectively. Dry sliding wear tests were performed as per the experimental design using a pin-on disc at room temperature. The regression result obtained indicated that the developed model performed well in relating the wear process parameters and predicted the wear behavior of the composite. The surface plot showed that the wear rate increases with increase in load, time, and sliding velocity. Moreover, the surface morphology of the worn-out composite was examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Review on nanostructures from catalytic pyrolysis of gas and liquid carbon sources
Authors: Zeynalov Eldar B. , Friedrich Joerg F. , Tagiyev Dilgam B. , Huseynov Asgar B. , Magerramova Matanat Ya. , Abdurehmanova Narmin A.
Published: July 2018

Numerous scientific reports devoted to the synthesis of carbon nanostructures (CNS) are published as a way of searching for industrially feasible processes. Researchers try to find efficient and at the same time cheap, affordable and easy-to-use sources of carbon, catalysts and methods of carbon nanotubes production. The present review article highlights research on the synthesis of CNS from gas and liquid feedstock which appears to be the most amenable for large-scale production. Carbon sources, types of catalysts used as well as methods for production of various carbon nanostructures are sequentially described.
Microstructural evolution and high-temperature compressive properties of an extruded Mg–Dy–Zn alloy sheet
Authors: Bi Guangli , Han Yuxiang , Jiang Jing , Luo Xiaomei , Jiang Chunhong , Huang Xiaofeng , Cao Chi , Li Yuandong , Ma Ying
Published: July 2018

Microstructural evolution and compressive properties of an extruded Mg-2Dy-0.5Zn (at.%) alloy sheet at 350°C were investigated. As the compressive strain increased, the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization increased, the fine lamellar 14H long period stacking ordered phase precipitated in the dynamic recrystallization grain, and the Mg12ZnDy phase with an 18R long period stacking ordered structure gradually bent. These secondary phases not only acted as nucleation sites to promote dynamic recrystallization but also restrained grain growth by inhibiting dislocation movement and grain boundary sliding. The compressive yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and compressive strain of the alloy sheet were 161 MPa, 212 MPa, and 12.4% at 350°C, respectively. The high compressive strengths were mainly attributed to grain refinement, kink band strengthening of the 18R long period stacking ordered phase and precipitation strengthening of the fine lamellar 14H long period stacking ordered phase in the dynamic recrystallization grain.
Effect of minor Nd substitution for Y on microstructure and corrosion resistance of extruded Mg–Zn–Y alloy
Authors: Zhang Yuezhong , Wang Xiaoyu , Liu Baosheng , Zhang Kewei , Zhao Xudong , Fang Daqing
Published: July 2018

The influence of minor Nd substitution on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Mg–Zn–Y alloy were investigated. Results indicate that the partial substitution of Nd for Y can effectively refine grains but deteriorate the corrosion resistance of extruded Mg–Zn–Y alloy. The corrosion rates, measured by immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution at 25°C, are 12 and 19 mm · y−1 for the Mg-5.6Zn-1.4Y and Mg-5.6Zn-1.0Y-0.4Nd alloys, respectively. The negative effect of Nd is associated with enhanced microgalvanic corrosion resulting from grain refinement and higher area of second phase, as well as to a degraded protectiveness of the corrosion product layer.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE
Authors: Geletukha G.G. , Zheliezna T.A. , Bashtovyi A.I. , Geletukha G.I.
Published: July 2018

The current state of the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is presented. Prospects for the production of heat from biomass by sectors of consumption until 2050 are estimated. The most important barriers to the development of the sector are analyzed, ways for their complete or partial overcoming are suggested.

The current state of the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is presented. It is shown that according to Ukraine’s energy balance for 2010-2016, the average annual growth of bioenergy is 45 % by the «production of biofuel and wastes» and 35 % by the «total primary energy supply from biofuels and wastes». Despite quite good dynamics of the development, to reach key figures of the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 it is necessary to speed up bioenergy growth. Prospects for the production of heat from biomass by sectors of consumption until 2050 are estimated. The obtained results show that the share of renewables in the total heat production may be over 57 % in 2050. At that the consumption of renewable energy sources will be about 13.8 Mtoe/yr (of which biomass accounts for over 90 %), and the respective replacement of natural gas will come to about 17 billion m3/yr. The most important barriers to the development of bioenergy sector are analyzed, and ways for their complete or partial overcoming are suggested. Ukraine has quite good legal basis for the development of renewable energy. In particular, it includes the feed-in tariff for power produced from alternative energy sources and stimulating tariff for heat produced from alternative energy sources for households and public buildings. For the wider involvement of biomass in the fuel and energy balance of Ukraine it is necessary to provide legal basis and implementation of a number of important measures.Among others, they include creating preconditions for increasing harvesting of wood in Ukraine’s forests, introduction of the electronic biofuel trade system, ensuring fair access of independentproducersofbiomassheattoheatnetworksandother.
Political Islam in Perspective
Authors: zahid Anwar , M Nelofar Ikram
Published: July 2018

The paper critically evaluates the notion that political Islam is a threat to world peace. The argument is developed in the light of Islamic history and fundamentals of Islam and the research is based on primary and secondary sources. There was a time when magical influence of Muslims in every field of life (socio-economic, Political scientific) was conspicuous. For instance, Al Farabi's books influenced platonic theories. Similarly influence of Sufism on the works of William James, Goethe, August Comte, Nietzsche, Voltaire and Rousseau also cannot be over looked. Muslims taught geology, geography understanding of mathematics rules of philosophy and Industrial Arts and quality of products. Islamic state and society showed many signs of internal decay by 11th Century. The symptoms of decadence were discernible even earlier, the decline of the power and prestige of the caliphs even in their own capital. So, the problems lay with Muslim rulers and parties in rule but not with political Islam. The result was weak administration which shook the foundations of Islamic Empire. It is very important to have a state in order to preach Islam that is why, Mohammad (SWS) established Madina as a political entity to prevail justice on the lines of Quranic injunctions.
Distributed Combinatorial Maps for Parallel Mesh Processing
Authors: Damiand Guillaume , Gonzalez-Lorenzo Aldo , Zara Florence , Dupont Florent
Published: July 2018

We propose a new strategy for the parallelization of mesh processing algorithms. Our main contribution is the definition of distributed combinatorial maps (called n-dmaps), which allow us to represent the topology of big meshes by splitting them into independent parts. Our mathematical definition ensures the global consistency of the meshes at their interfaces. Thus, an n-dmap can be used to represent a mesh, to traverse it, or to modify it by using different mesh processing algorithms. Moreover, an nD mesh with a huge number of elements can be considered, which is not possible with a sequential approach and a regular data structure. We illustrate the interest of our solution by presenting a parallel adaptive subdivision method of a 3D hexahedral mesh, implemented in a distributed version. We report space and time performance results that show the interest of our approach for parallel processing of huge meshes.
High Vitamin C Status Is Associated with Elevated Mood in Male Tertiary Students
Authors: Pullar Juliet , Carr Anitra , Bozonet Stephanie , Vissers Margreet
Published: July 2018

Micronutrient status is thought to impact on psychological mood due to the role of nutrients in brain structure and function. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of vitamin C status with mood state in a sample of male tertiary students. We measured fasting plasma vitamin C levels as an indicator of vitamin C status, and subjective mood was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. One hundred and thirty-nine male students aged 18 to 35 years were recruited from local tertiary institutes in Christchurch, New Zealand. The average plasma vitamin C concentration was 58.2 ± 18.6 (SD) µmol/L and the average total mood disturbance score was 25.5 ± 26.6 (possible score −32 to 200 measuring low to high mood disturbance, respectively). Plasma vitamin C concentration was inversely correlated with total mood disturbance as assessed by POMS (r = −0.181, p < 0.05). Examination of the individual POMS subscales also showed inverse associations of vitamin C status with depression, confusion, and anger. These findings suggest that high vitamin C status may be associated with improved overall mood in young adult males.
Analysis of Wave Distribution Simulated by WAVEWATCH-III Model in Typhoons Passing Beibu Gulf, China
Authors: Shao Weizeng , Sheng Yexin , Li Huan , Shi Jian , Ji Qiyan , Tan Wei , Zuo Juncheng
Published: July 2018

The Beibu Gulf is an important offshore region in the South China Sea for the fishing industry and other human activities. In 2017, typhoons Doksuri and Khanun passed the Beibu Gulf in two paths, at maximum wind speeds of up to 50 m/s. Typhoon Doksuri passed the Beibu Gulf through the open waters of the South China Sea and Typhoon Khanun moved towards the Beibu Gulf through the narrow Qiongzhou Strait. The aim of this study is to analyze the typhoon-induced wave distribution in the Beibu Gulf. WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) is a third-generation numeric wave model developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which has been widely used for sea wave research. The latest version of the WW3 (5.16) model provides three packages of nonlinear term for four wave components (quadruplets) wave–wave interactions, including Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA), Full Boltzmann Integral (WRT), and Generalized Multiple DIA (GMD) with two kinds of coefficients, herein called GMD1 and GMD2. These four packages have been conveniently implemented for simulating wave fields in two typhoons after taking winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at 0.125° grids as the forcing fields. It was found that the GMD2 package was the recommended option of the nonlinear term for quadruplets wave–wave interactions due to the minimum error when comparing a number of simulated results from the WW3 model with significant wave height (SWH) from ECMWF and altimeter Jason-2. Then the wave distribution simulated by the WW3 model employing the GMD2 package was analyzed. In the case of Typhoon Doksuri, wind-sea dominated in the early and middle stages while swell dominated at the later stage. However, during Typhoon Khanun, wind-sea dominated throughout and swell distributed outside the bay around the east of Hainan Island, because the typhoon-induced swell at mesoscale was difficult to propagate into the Beibu Gulf through the narrow Qiongzhou Strait.
Source Apportionment of PM2.5 during Haze and Non-Haze Episodes in Wuxi, China
Authors: Chen Pulong , Wang Tijian , Kasoar Matthew , Xie Min , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Mengmeng
Published: July 2018

Chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Wuxi at urban, industrial, and clean sites on haze and non-haze days were investigated over four seasons in 2016. In this study, high concentrations of fine particulate matter (107.6 ± 25.3 μg/m3) were measured in haze episodes. The most abundant chemical components were organic matter (OM), SO42−, NO3−, elemental carbon (EC), and NH4+, which varied significantly on haze and non-haze days. The concentrations of OM and EC were 38.5 ± 5.4 μg/m3 and 12.3 ± 2.1 μg/m3 on haze days, which were more than four times greater than those on non-haze days. Source apportionment using a chemical mass balance (CMB) model showed that the dominant sources were secondary sulfate (17.7%), secondary organic aerosols (17.1%), and secondary nitrate (14.2%) during the entire sampling period. The source contribution estimates (SCEs) of most sources at clean sites were lower than at urban and industrial sites. Primary industrial emission sources, such as coal combustion and steel smelting, made larger contributions at industrial sites, while vehicle exhausts and cooking smoke showed higher contributions at urban sites. In addition, the SCEs of secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols on haze days were much higher than those on non-haze days, indicating that the secondary particulate matter formations process was the dominating reason for high concentrations of particles on haze days.
Test of the Deception Hypothesis in Atlantic Mollies Poecilia mexicana—Does the Audience Copy a Pretended Mate Choice of Others?
Authors: Witte Klaudia , Baumgärtner Katharina , Röhrig Corinna , Nöbel Sabine
Published: July 2018

Animals often use public information for mate-choice decisions by observing conspecifics as they choose their mates and then copying this witnessed decision. When the copier, however, is detected by the choosing individual, the latter often alters its behavior and spends more time with the previously non-preferred mate. This behavioral change is called the audience effect. The deception hypothesis states that the choosing individual changes its behavior to distract the audience from the preferred mate. The deception hypothesis, however, only applies if the audience indeed copies the pretended mate choice of the observed individual. So far, this necessary prerequisite has never been tested. We investigated in Atlantic molly males and females whether, first, focal fish show an audience effect, i.e., alter their mate choices in the presence of an audience fish, and second, whether audience fish copy the mate choice of the focal fish they had just witnessed. We found evidence that male and female Atlantic mollies copy the pretended mate choice of same-sex focal fish. Therefore, a necessary requirement of the deception hypothesis is fulfilled. Our results show that public information use in the context of mate choice can be costly.
Capability by Stacking: The Current Design Heuristic for Soft Robots
Authors: Mahon Stephen T. , Roberts Jamie O. , Sayed Mohammed E. , Chun Derek Ho-Tak , Aracri Simona , McKenzie Ross M. , Nemitz Markus P. , Stokes Adam A.
Published: July 2018

Soft robots are a new class of systems being developed and studied by robotics scientists. These systems have a diverse range of applications including sub-sea manipulation and rehabilitative robotics. In their current state of development, the prevalent paradigm for the control architecture in these systems is a one-to-one mapping of controller outputs to actuators. In this work, we define functional blocks as the physical implementation of some discrete behaviors, which are presented as a decomposition of the behavior of the soft robot. We also use the term ‘stacking’ as the ability to combine functional blocks to create a system that is more complex and has greater capability than the sum of its parts. By stacking functional blocks a system designer can increase the range of behaviors and the overall capability of the system. As the community continues to increase the capabilities of soft systems—by stacking more and more functional blocks—we will encounter a practical limit with the number of parallelized control lines. In this paper, we review 20 soft systems reported in the literature and we observe this trend of one-to-one mapping of control outputs to functional blocks. We also observe that stacking functional blocks results in systems that are increasingly capable of a diverse range of complex motions and behaviors, leading ultimately to systems that are capable of performing useful tasks. The design heuristic that we observe is one of increased capability by stacking simple units—a classic engineering approach. As we move towards more capability in soft robotic systems, and begin to reach practical limits in control, we predict that we will require increased amounts of autonomy in the system. The field of soft robotics is in its infancy, and as we move towards realizing the potential of this technology, we will need to develop design tools and control paradigms that allow us to handle the complexity in these stacked, non-linear systems.
Comparison of the Properties of Activated Carbons Produced in One-Stage and Two-Stage Processes
Authors: Bergna Davide , Varila Toni , Romar Henrik , Lassi Ulla
Published: July 2018

Activated carbons (ACs) can be produced from biomass in a thermal process either in a direct carbonization-activation process or by first carbonizing the biomass and later activating the bio-chars into activated carbons. The properties of the ACs are dependent on the type of process used for production. In this study, the properties of activated carbons produced in one-stage and two-stage processes are considered. Activated carbons were produced by physical activation of two types of starting materials: bio chars produced from spruce and birch chips in a commercial carbonization plant and from the corresponding raw chips. The activated carbons produced were characterized regarding specific surfaces, pore volumes, and pore size distributions. The un-activated bio chars had varying surface areas, 190 and 140 m2 g−1 for birch and spruce, respectively, and pore volumes of 0.092 and 0.067 cm3 g−1, respectively. On the other hand, 530–617 and 647–679 m2 g−1 for activated bio chars from birch and spruce, respectively, and pore volumes 0.366–0.509 and 0.545–0.555 cm3 g−1, respectively, were obtained. According to the results obtained, two slightly different types of activated carbons are produced depending on whether a one-stage or a two-stage carbonization and activation process is used. The ACs produced in the one-stage process had higher specific surface areas (SSA), according to the BET-model (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), compared to the ones produced in a two-stage process (761–940 m2 g−1 vs. 540–650 m2 g−1, respectively). In addition, total pore volumes were higher in ACs from the one-stage process, but development of micro-pores was greater compared to those of the two-stage process. This indicates that the process can have an influence on the ACs’ porosity. There was no significant difference in total carbon content in general between the one-stage and two-stage processes for spruce and birch samples, but some differences were seen between the starting materials. Especially in the one-stage procedure with 2 and 4 h steam activation, there was nearly a 10% difference in carbon content between the spruce and birch samples.
Adolescent Connectedness with Parents Promotes Resilience among Homeless Youth
Authors: Kessler Kristen M. Aggerbeck , Chatterjee Debanjana , Shlafer Rebecca , Barnes Andrew J.
Published: July 2018

Youth who experience homelessness have worse health and well-being than housed youth. Internal assets, including social competency and positive self-identity, are factors that promote healthy development. This study compared internal assets between homeless and housed youth, and examined whether connectedness with parents moderates the association between homelessness and internal assets. Using data from a large population-based survey of middle- and high-school aged youth, we found that homelessness was associated with lower levels of internal assets. However, having high connectedness with a parent significantly predicted the strength of these assets, suggesting opportunities to promote health equity among homeless youth.
The Role of Resilience in the Sibling Experience of Pediatric Palliative Care: What Is the Theory and Evidence?
Authors: Chin Wei Ling , Jaaniste Tiina , Trethewie Susan
Published: July 2018

Siblings of children with life limiting conditions (LLC) are an important part of the broader family system and require consideration in the holistic care of the family. There can be considerable variation in the functioning and adjustment of these siblings. The current paper explores the resilience paradigm, particularly in the context of siblings of children with LLC and serious medical conditions. The potential impact of children living with a seriously ill brother or sister will be overviewed, and a range of functional outcomes considered. Factors contributing to sibling resilience are detailed, including individual, family, and broader external and social factors. Given the limited research with siblings of children with LLC, literature has also been drawn from the siblings of children with serious and/or chronic medical conditions. Implications for clinical practice and future research are considered. Pediatric palliative care services may be well placed to contribute to this body of research as they have commonly extended relationships with the families of children with LLC, which span across the child’s disease trajectory.
Direct Determination of the Distribution Coefficient of Tridecyl Dimethyl Phosphine Oxide between Water and Hexane
Authors: Fainerman Valentin B. , Sharipova Altynay A. , Aidarova Saule B. , Kovalchuk Volodymyr I. , Aksenenko Eugene V. , Makievski Alexander V. , Miller Reinhard
Published: July 2018

Drop profile analysis tensiometry is applied to determine the distribution coefficient of a nonionic surfactant for a water/hexane system. The basic idea is to measure the interfacial tension isotherm in two configurations: a hexane drop immersed in the surfactant aqueous solutions at different bulk concentrations, and a water drop immersed into a hexane solution of the same surfactant. Both types of experiments lead to an isotherm for the equilibrium interfacial tensions with the same slope but with a concentration shift between them. This shift refers exactly to the value of the distribution coefficient.
Development of Antidandruff Shampoo from the Fermented Product of Ocimum sanctum Linn.
Authors: Punyoyai Chanun , Sirilun Sasithorn , Chantawannakul Panuwan , Chaiyana Wantida
Published: July 2018

This study aimed to investigate Malassezia furfur inhibitory activity of the fermented product from Ocimum sanctum and develop an antidandruff shampoo. The fermented product was obtained by the fermentation process of the aerial part of O. sanctum. Total soluble protein was detected in the fermented product with the amount of 65.32 ± 0.14 mg/100 mL, whereas there was no organic acid. The inhibitory activity against four strains of M. furfur (No. 133, 656, 6000, and 7966) of the fermented product and shampoos containing the fermented product were investigated by broth dilution and agar diffusion method, respectively. The fermented product possessed high antifungal activity with the minimum inhibitory concentrations for 50% (MIC50) of M. furfur 133, 656, 6000, and 7966 of 0.125, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.125 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the antifungal activity against M. furfur 656 was comparable to that of ketoconazole. Shampoo formulation C, which was the best formulation in terms of characteristics and stability, obtained a high level of satisfaction scores in terms of hair smoothness, hair shine, ease in combing, frizz reduction, and triboelectric reduction while brushing. Additionally, the shampoo containing 2% (w/w) of the fermented product of O. sanctum also possessed inhibitory activity against M. furfur 133, 656, 6000, and 7966 with inhibition zones of 13.2 ± 1.6, 12.8 ± 1.1, 18.7 ± 0.3, and 17.0 ± 1.1 mm respectively. Therefore, this shampoo was suggested for use as an antidandruff shampoo.
Automatic Analysis of Archimedes’ Spiral for Characterization of Genetic Essential Tremor Based on Shannon’s Entropy and Fractal Dimension
Authors: Lopez-de-Ipina Karmele , Solé-Casals Jordi , Faúndez-Zanuy Marcos , Calvo Pilar M. , Sesa Enric , Roure Josep , Martinez-de-Lizarduy Unai , Beitia Blanca , Fernández Elsa , Iradi Jon , Garcia-Melero Joseba , Bergareche Alberto
Published: July 2018

Among neural disorders related to movement, essential tremor has the highest prevalence; in fact, it is twenty times more common than Parkinson’s disease. The drawing of the Archimedes’ spiral is the gold standard test to distinguish between both pathologies. The aim of this paper is to select non-linear biomarkers based on the analysis of digital drawings. It belongs to a larger cross study for early diagnosis of essential tremor that also includes genetic information. The proposed automatic analysis system consists in a hybrid solution: Machine Learning paradigms and automatic selection of features based on statistical tests using medical criteria. Moreover, the selected biomarkers comprise not only commonly used linear features (static and dynamic), but also other non-linear ones: Shannon entropy and Fractal Dimension. The results are hopeful, and the developed tool can easily be adapted to users; and taking into account social and economic points of view, it could be very helpful in real complex environments.
Thermodynamics in Material Science
Authors: Glasser Leslie , Jenkins H. Donald Brooke
Published: July 2018

n/a
Utilising Unused Energy Resources for Sustainable Heating and Cooling System in Buildings: A Case Study of Geothermal Energy and Water Sources in a University
Authors: Park Kwon Sook , Kim Seiyong
Published: July 2018

Recently, Korea has become increasingly interested in unused, but possibly useful energy resources, due to the world-wide controversy over nuclear power and limitations in renewable energy production. Among these unused resources, the water that is produced in our surroundings is available as a potential energy source for heating, cooling and domestic hot water. This water is relatively stable on the supply side, available as a high-efficiency source in all seasons, and is continuously replenished without polluting the environment. This paper analyses the energy savings generated based on the actual use of a sustainable heating and cooling system that operates using the water escaping from a nearby building. The results indicate the value of protecting the environment as well as reducing energy consumption and associated costs.
An Analytical Model for the Effect of Vertical Wind Veer on Wind Turbine Wakes
Authors: Abkar Mahdi , Sørensen Jens Nørkær , Porté-Agel Fernando
Published: July 2018

In this study, an analytical wake model for predicting the mean velocity field downstream of a wind turbine under veering incoming wind is systematically derived and validated. The new model, which is an extended version of the one introduced by Bastankhah and Porté-Agel, is based upon the application of mass conservation and momentum theorem and considering a skewed Gaussian distribution for the wake velocity deficit. Particularly, using a skewed (instead of axisymmetric) Gaussian shape allows accounting for the lateral shear in the incoming wind induced by the Coriolis force. This analytical wake model requires only the wake expansion rate as an input parameter to predict the mean wake flow downstream. The performance of the proposed model is assessed using the large-eddy simulation (LES) data of a full-scale wind turbine wake under the stably stratified condition. The results show that the proposed model is capable of predicting the skewed structure of the wake downwind of the turbine, and its prediction for the wake velocity deficit is in good agreement with the high-fidelity simulation data.
A Numerical Study on Influence of Temperature on Lubricant Film Characteristics of the Piston/Cylinder Interface in Axial Piston Pumps
Authors: Song Yueheng , Ma Jiming , Zeng Shengkui
Published: July 2018

The loss of kinetic energy of moving parts due to viscous friction of lubricant causes the reduction of piston pump efficiency. The viscosity of lubricant film is mainly affected by the thermal effect. In order to improve energy efficiency of piston pump, this research presents a numerical method to analyze the lubricant film characteristics in axial piston pumps, considering the thermal effect by the coupled multi-disciplinary model, which includes the fluid flow field expressed by Reynolds equation, temperature field expressed by energy equation and heat transfer equation, kinematics expressed by the motion equation. The velocity and temperature distributions of the gap flow of piston/cylinder interface in steady state are firstly numerically computed. Then the distributions are validated by the experiment. Finally, by changing the thermal boundary condition, the influence of thermal effect on the lubricant film, the eccentricity and the contact time between the piston and cylinder are analyzed. Results show that with the increase of temperature, the contact time increases in the form of a hyperbolic tangent function, which will reduce the efficiency of the axial piston pump. There is a critical temperature beyond which the contact time will increase rapidly, thus this temperature is the considered as a key point for the temperature design.