bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Dauerhaftigkeit der Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonkonstruktion in Schwimmbadluft und ‐wasser
Authors: Schäper Michael
Published: July 2011

Die untersuchten Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonkonstruktionen für Dach und Wand von Hallenbädern zeigen in der Schwimmbadluft im Normalzustand keine Bewehrungskorrosion. Zwar ist die Betonoberfläche tief karbonatisiert, und eine gewisse geringe Chlorideindringung ist gegeben, aber der Beton bleibt ausreichend trocken. Eine unvorhergesehene Wasserbeaufschlagung jedoch, verbunden mit weiterem Chlorideintrag, führt rasch zu chlorid unterstützter Karbonatisierungskorrosion. Diese wird beschleunigt durch die erhöhte Raumtemperatur von 30 °C und mehr.

Die Stahlbetonkonstruktion des Beckens im Hallen‐ und Freibad zeigt ebenfalls im Normalzustand keine Korrosion, der Chlorgehalt des Wassers ist zu gering und der CO2‐ und O2‐Zutritt ist begrenzt. Aber aus Rissen austretendes Wasser wirkt als unvorhergesehenes, Korrosion auslösendes Wasser für die Beckenaußenseiten und für die umgehende Stahlbetonkonstruktion. Das Beckenwasser trägt dort durch ständige Erneuerung Chloride in die Oberfläche, die solche Korrosion verstärken.

Es wird vorgeschlagen, für die Konstruktionsteile, für die eine nachträgliche Wasserbeaufschlagung nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, besondere Dauerhaftigkeitsmaßnahmen vorzusehen. Die Bauherren sind vom Planer aufzufordern, Wartungspläne zu erstellen, um unvorhergesehene Wasserbeaufschlagungen frühzeitig zu erkennen. Es werden Planungshinweise für schwind‐ und rissarme Beckenkonstruktionen gegeben.

Durability of reinforced and prestressed concrete constructions exposed to air and water of swimming pools

The examined reinforced and prestressed concrete constructions for roof and wall of indoor swimming pools, exposed to the swimming pool air, do not show any corrosion of the embeded steel under normal conditions. The concrete surface is deeply carbonated and a certain chloride intruding is given, but the concrete remains in a sufficiently dry state. An unexpected water admission however, connected with further chloride entry, leads rapidly to chloridesupported carbonating corrosion. This is accelerated by the increased ambient temperature of 30 °C and more. The reinforced concrete construction of the pool itself, indoor and outdoor, shows also in normal state no corrosion, the chloride content of the water and the CO2 and O2‐admission is limited. But unexpected water, leaving the pool by cracks, causes steel corrosion on the outside of the pool and on surrounding reinforced concrete structures. This basin water carries by steady renewal considerably chlorides into the concrete surface, strengthening the corrosion.

It is suggested for construction parts, for which an unexpected water‐admission can not to be excluded, to take special durability measures. The owners are to be requested by the planner to provide maintenance plans in order to recognize unexpected water admissions promptly. Planning advices to result for the concrete constructions only a little shrinking and a few cracks are given.
Prediction, prevention and management of postresection liver failure
Authors: Hammond J S , Guha I N , Beckingham I J , Lobo D N
Published: July 2011

Background

Postresection liver failure (PLF) is the major cause of death following liver resection. However, there is no unified definition, the pathophysiology is understood poorly and there are few controlled trials to optimize its management. The aim of this review article is to present strategies to predict, prevent and manage PLF.

Methods

The Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies using the terms ‘liver resection’, ‘partial hepatectomy’, ‘liver dysfunction’ and ‘liver failure’ for relevant studies from the 15 years preceding May 2011. Key papers published more than 15 years ago were included if more recent data were not available. Papers published in languages other than English were excluded.

Results

The incidence of PLF ranges from 0 to 13 per cent. The absence of a unified definition prevents direct comparison between studies. The major risk factors are the extent of resection and the presence of underlying parenchymal disease. Small-for-size syndrome, sepsis and ischaemia–reperfusion injury are key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PLF. Jaundice is the most sensitive predictor of outcome. An evidence-based approach to the prevention and management of PLF is presented.

Conclusion

PLF is the major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver resection. There is a need for a unified definition and improved strategies to treat it.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 2′‐Fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA‐Modified Oligonucleotides
Authors: Bundgaard Jensen Troels , Pasternak Anna , Stahl Madsen Andreas , Petersen Michael , Wengel Jesper
Published: July 2011

We describe the synthesis and binding properties of oligonucleotides that contain one or more 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA thymine monomer(s). Incorporation of 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA thymine into oligodeoxynucleotides decreased thermal binding stability slightly upon hybridization with complementary DNA and RNA with the smallest destabilization towards RNA. Thermodynamic data show that the duplex formation with 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides is enthalpically disfavored but entropically favored. 2′‐Fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides exhibit very good base pairing specificity following Watson–Crick rules. The 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA monomer was designed as a monocyclic mimic of the bicyclic α‐L‐LNA, and molecular modeling showed that this indeed is the case as the 2′‐fluoro monomer adopts a C3′‐endo/C2′‐exosugar pucker. Molecular modeling of modified duplexes show that the 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides partake in Watson–Crick base pairing and nucleobase stacking when incorporated in duplexes while the unnatural α‐L‐riboconfigured geometry of the sugar is absorbed by changes in the sugar–phosphate backbone torsion angles. The duplex behavior of our new nucleotide follows that of α‐L‐LNA, by and large.
Imidazole to NHC Rearrangements at Molybdenum Centers: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Brill Marcel , Díaz Jesús , Huertos Miguel A. , López Ramón , Pérez Julio , Riera Lucía
Published: July 2011

Both manganese and rhenium complexes of the type [M(bipy)(CO)3(N‐RIm)]+ (bipy=2,2′‐bipyridine) undergo deprotonation of the central CH group of the N‐alkylimidazole (N‐RIm) ligand when treated with a strong base. However, the outcome of the reaction is very different for either metal. For Mn, the addition of the equimolar amount of an acid to the product of the deprotonation affords an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex, whereas for Re, once the deprotonation of the central imidazole CH group has occurred, the bipy ligand undergoes a nucleophilic attack on an ortho carbon, affording the CC coupling product. The extension of these studies to pseudo‐octahedral [Mo(η3‐allyl)(bipy)(CO)2(N‐RIm)]+ complexes has allowed us to isolate cationic NHC complexes (MnI‐type behavior), as well as their neutral imidazol‐2‐yl precursors. Theoretical studies of the reaction mechanisms using DFT computations were carried out on the deprotonation of [Mn(bipy)(CO)3(N‐PhIm)]+, [Re(bipy)(CO)3(N‐MesIm)]+, and [Mo(η3‐C4H7)(bipy)(CO)2(N‐MesIm)]+ complexes (Mes=mesityl) at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) (LANL2DZ for Mn, Re, and Mo) level of theory. Our results explain why different products have been found experimentally for Mn, Mo, and Re complexes. For Re, the process leading to a CC coupling product is clearly more favored than those forming an imidazol‐2‐yl product. In contrast, for Mn and Mo complexes, the lower stabilizing interaction between the central imidazole and ortho bipy C atoms, along with the higher lability of the ligands, make the formation of an NHC‐type product kinetically more accessible, in good agreement with experimental findings.
Vesicles Formation Induced by Layered Double Hydroxides in Mixture of Lauryl Sulfonate Betaine and Sodium Dodecyl Benzenesulfonate
Authors: Nie Hongqian , Song Shue , Hou Wanguo
Published: July 2011

This paper reports that structurally positively charged layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanoparticles induce the vesicle formation in a mixture of a zwitterionic surfactant, lauryl sulfonate betaine (LSB), and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS). The existence of vesicles was demonstrated by negative‐staining (NS‐TEM) and freeze‐fracture (FF‐TEM) transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The size of vesicles increased with the increase of volume ratio (Q) of Mg3Al‐LDHs sol to the SDBS/LSB solution. A new composite of LDHs nanoparticles encapsulated in vesicles was formed. A possible mechanism of LDHs‐induced vesicle formation was suggested. The positive charged LDHs surface attracted negatively charged micelles or free amphiphilic molecules, which facilitated their aggregation into a bilayer membrane. The bilayer membranes could be closed to form vesicles that have LDHs particles encapsulated. It was also found that an adsorbed compound layer of LSB and SDBS micelles or molecules on the LDHs surface played a key role in the vesicle formation.
Lanthanum Chloride Promoted Proliferation with Enhanced S‐phase Entry and Inhibited Potassium Currents of NIH 3T3 Cells
Authors: Zhang Liping , Li Zhuoyu , Yang Pin
Published: July 2011

The effects of La3+ on proliferation, cell cycles, apoptosis and ion channels were investigated in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells and its possible mechanisms were explored. Our data showed that La3+ promoted cell proliferation with increased S‐phase entry and inhibited the outward potassium currents in a concentration‐dependent manner in NIH 3T3 cells. La3+ and Ca2+ had synergistic effect on cell proliferation and cell cycles. It showed that Ca2+ was needed for La3+‐promoted cell cycle progression. Using the whole‐cell voltage‐clamp technique, we found that La3+ blocked the outward potassium current in a concentration‐dependent manner in NIH 3T3 cells. Lanthanum ions can increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration through inhibition of potassium currents, which induce a series of physiological changes and improve proliferation of cells. This may be one of the molecular mechanisms of lanthanum ions induced cell proliferation. The present work provides a new perspective for understanding the biological and toxicological effects of lanthanum.
Polyclonal Treg cells modulate T effector cell trafficking
Authors: Davidson Todd S. , Shevach Ethan M.
Published: July 2011

In this study, we have analyzed the in vivo dynamics of the interaction between polyclonal Foxp3+ Treg cells, effector T (Teff) cells, and DCs in order to further our understanding of the mechanisms of Treg cell‐mediated suppression. Cotransfer of polyclonal activated Treg cells into healthy mice attenuated the induction of EAE. Suppression of disease strongly correlated with a reduced number of Teff cells in the spinal cord, but not with Treg cell‐mediated inhibition of Th1/Th17 differentiation. Cotransfer of Treg cells with TCR‐Tg Teff cells followed by immunization by multiple routes resulted in an enhanced number of Teff cells in the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization without an inhibition of Teff‐cell differentiation. Fewer Teff cells could be detected in the blood in the presence of Treg cells and fewer T cells could access a site of antigen exposure in a modified delayed‐type hypersensitivity assay. Teff cells recovered from LNs in the presence of Treg cells expressed decreased levels of CXCR4, syndecan, and the sphingosine phosphate receptor, S1P1 (sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1). Thus, polyclonal Treg cells influence Teff‐cell responses by targeting trafficking pathways, thus allowing immunity to develop in lymphoid organs, but limiting the number of potentially auto‐aggressive cells that are allowed to enter the tissues.
Double‐ and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR antigens and peptides in long‐term latently infected individuals
Authors: Commandeur Susanna , Lin May Y. , van Meijgaarden Krista E. , Friggen Annemieke H. , Franken Kees L. M. C. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Korsvold Gro E. , Oftung Fredrik , Geluk Annemieke , Ottenhoff Tom H. M.
Published: July 2011

More than 2 billion individuals are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Knowledge of the key Mtb antigens and responding T‐cell subsets mediating protection against Mtb is critical for developing improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. We previously reported that Mtb DosR‐regulon‐encoded antigens are recognized well by human T cells in association with control of Mtb infection. The characteristics of the responding T‐cell subsets, however, remained unidentified. We have therefore studied the cytokine production and memory phenotypes of Mtb DosR‐regulon‐encoded antigen‐specific T cells from individuals who had been infected with Mtb decades ago, yet never developed TB (long‐term latent Mtb‐infected individuals). Using multi‐parameter flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining for IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and IL‐2, we found double and single cytokine‐producing CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells to be the most prominent subsets, particularly IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+ CD8+ T cells. The majority of these T cells comprised effector memory and effector T cells. Furthermore, CFSE labeling revealed strong CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell proliferative responses induced by several “immunodominant” Mtb DosR antigens and their specific peptide epitopes. These findings demonstrate the prominent presence of double‐ and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses in naturally protected individuals and support the possibility of designing Mtb DosR antigen‐based TB vaccines.
Delayed type hypersensitivity‐induced myeloid‐derived suppressor cells regulate autoreactive T cells
Authors: Singh Vibhuti , Mueller Ulrike , Freyschmidt‐Paul Pia , Zöller Margot
Published: July 2011

Mild but efficient treatments of autoimmune diseases are urgently required. One such therapy, long‐term maintenance of chronic delayed type hypersensitivity, has been described for alopecia areata (AA), a hair follicle‐affecting autoimmune disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy are unknown, but may involve myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). AA‐affected mice were treated with squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADBE). The immunoreactivity of SADBE‐treated AA lymphocytes and of AA lymphocytes co‐cultured with SADBE‐induced MDSCs was analyzed. The curative effect of SADBE was abolished by all‐transretinoic acid, which drives MDSCs into differentiation, confirming a central role for MDSCs in therapeutic SADBE treatment. SADBE and SADBE‐induced MDSCs strongly interfered with sustained autoreactive T‐cell proliferation in response to AA skin lysate (autoantigen), which was accompanied by weak ζ‐chain down‐regulation and strongly impaired Lck activation. In contrast, activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and blockade of the anti‐apoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway by SADBE‐induced MDSCs did not require T‐cell receptor engagement. Apoptosis induction correlated with high TNF‐α expression in SADBE‐induced MDSCs and elevated TNFRI levels in AA lymphocytes. SADBE‐induced MDSCs interfere with persisting autoreactive T‐cell proliferation and promote apoptosis of these T cells, which qualifies MDSCs induced and maintained by chronic delayed type hypersensitivity reactions as promising therapeutics in organ‐related autoimmune diseases.
A Tale of Two Polymorphs – Growth and Characterization of α‐LnNiGa4 (Ln = Y, Gd–Yb) and β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er)
Authors: Menard Melissa C. , Drake Brenton L. , McCandless Gregory T. , Thomas Kandace R. , Hembree Richard D. , Haldolaarachchige Neel , DiTusa John F. , Young David P. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: July 2011

The single crystals of two polymorphs of LnNiGa4, namely, the orthorhombic α‐LnNiGa4 (Ln = Y, Gd–Yb) and, a new polymorph, the tetragonal β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er), were successfully grown by using the self‐flux method. α‐LnNiGa4 (Ln = Y, Gd–Yb) is isostructural to YNiAl4 and can be described as an edge‐sharing polyhedral of Ni@Ga7Ln2 (Ln = Y, Gd–Yb) along the ac‐plane that is sandwiched between the square nets of the Ga atoms along the b‐axis. The structure of β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er) is a distorted variant of the Ce2NiGa10‐structure type with a Ni deficiency and multiple Ga split positions and is structurally related to YNiGa3Ge. The magnetic data for β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er) and the transport properties for α‐LnNiGa4 (Ln = Y, Gd–Tm) and β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er) are reported. Antiferromagnetic correlations are observed in the magnetic susceptibility of β‐LnNi1–xGa4 (Ln = Tb–Er), where the magnetic transitions occurred below 7 K and with effective moments that are consistent with free Ln3+ ions.
One‐Step Stereospecific Strategy for the Construction of the Core Structure of the 5,11‐Methanomorphanthridine Alkaloids in Racemic as well as in Optically Pure Form: Synthesis of (±)‐Pancracine and (±)‐Brunsvigine
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Kumar Ravindra , Banerjee Prabal , Puranik Vedavati G.
Published: July 2011

The unique core structure of the complex pentacyclic 5,11‐methanomorphanthridine has been constructed stereospecifically in one step by an intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of a non‐stabilized azomethine ylide (AMY), generated by the sequential double desilylation of 14 using AgIF as a one‐electron oxidant. The formation of the single diastereomer in the key step is explained by the preferred transition state produced by endo attack of the AMY on the “Re” face of the dipolarophile. An asymmetric version of the cycloaddition using a chiral dipolarophile was applied to construct the core structure 68 with 63 % ee. This strategy was successfully applied to the formal synthesis of (±)‐pancracine and the total synthesis of (±)‐brunsvigine. An unprecedented and interesting skeletal rearrangement product 49 was observed during the attempted assembly of the E ring from 46 through Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reactions. Mechanisms involving azetidinium salt formation or the Grob‐type fragmentation are advanced to explain the observed rearrangement.
CE methods for analysis of isoforms of prostate‐specific antigen compatible with online derivatization for LIF detection
Authors: Garrido‐Medina Raul , Díez‐Masa Jose Carlos , de Frutos Mercedes
Published: July 2011

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is the usual biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). However, its lack of selectivity has lead to the search for new biomarkers. PSA glycosylation seems to depend on the pathophysiological conditions of the individual. Thus, methods to separate PSA isoforms (peaks) to study their role as PCa markers are needed. In this work, CE methods for PSA isoforms separation, based on the use of different dynamic coatings, are developed using UV detection. Three complementary CE methods allowing the separation of 8 or 9 PSA isoforms are selected. The longest method takes only 17 min, while the shortest one separates 9 isoforms in < 8 min. Depending on the isoforms of interest for their use as PCa biomarker, the CE method to be used can be chosen or various of them can be combined. A remarkable aspect of these methods is that the BGEs employed are devoid of compounds with primary amino groups, making the CE methods compatible with fluorescent on‐column derivatization through amino residues. As a proof‐of‐concept, a preliminary result shows that LIF detection of labeled PSA analyzed by one of the three developed methods permits detection of glycoprotein isoforms.
Protein expression patterns associated with advanced stage ovarian cancer
Authors: Cortesi Laura , Rossi Elena , Casa Lara Della , Barchetti Andrea , Nicoli Alessia , Piana Simonetta , Abrate Martino , Sala Giovanni Battista La , Federico Massimo , Iannone Anna
Published: July 2011

This is a comparative proteomic study on biopsies from patients with ovarian cancer to identify potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in both healthy and tumor tissue, interstitial fluid (normal interstitial fluid and tumoral interstitial fluid and peritoneal effusion. Protein expression/identification was evaluated by 2‐DE and MS analysis: six proteins showed differential expression in tumoral interstitial fluid and tumor tissue compared to normal interstitial fluid and healthy tissue: five were found to be downregulated and identified as galectin 3, glutathione S‐transferase A‐2, retinol binding protein 1, phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein and annexin 5, while the calgranulin, was significantly upregulated in all pathological samples, including the ascitic fluid. Validation of S100A8 overexpression in carcinoma tissue was obtained by immunohistochemistry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an over‐expression of calgranulin by 2‐DE associated with MS/MS analysis on surgical biopsy. The reduced expression of galectin 3 and retinol binding protein 1 in cystic fluid and serum of patients with early stage disease is confirmed in this study. The results highlight alterations in proteins that control cell‐cycle progression and apoptosis, as well as factors that modulate the activity of signal transduction pathways. Moreover, this study suggests that calgranulin expression may be used as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker.
Tauchgang tief ins Atom
Authors: Krausz Ferenc , Naeser Thorsten
Published: July 2011

Wenn alle Vorstellungen von Zeit ihre Gültigkeit verlieren: Mit Laserblitzen von Milliardsteln Sekundenbruchteilen versuchen Physiker, die ultraschnellen Bewegungen von Quantenteilchen in Echtzeit zu verfolgen. Die Experimente im Labor für Attosekundenphysik erlauben schon jetzt immer präzisere Einblicke in die Materie. Und die Lichtpulse werden immer noch kürzer.
Do French low‐income GPs choose to work less?
Authors: Samson Anne‐Laure
Published: July 2011

In France, a significant number of General Practitioners (GPs) earn less than 1.5 times the French minimum salary. Using a representative panel of self‐employed GPs over the years 1993–2004, this paper tests whether these low‐income GPs choose to work less than all other GPs or whether they are constrained to do so. The test is based on measuring reactions to positive and negative demand shocks. As low‐income GPs do not increase activity in response to a positive demand shock but decrease activity in response to a negative demand shock, it appears that their low‐income status is attributable to a strong preference for leisure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impairment of hepatic growth hormone and glucocorticoid receptor signaling causes steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice
Authors: Mueller Kristina M. , Kornfeld Jan-Wilhelm , Friedbichler Katrin , Blaas Leander , Egger Gerda , Esterbauer Harald , Hasselblatt Peter , Schlederer Michaela , Haindl Susanne , Wagner Kay-Uwe , Engblom David , Haemmerle Guenter , Kratky Dagmar , Sexl Veronika , Kenner Lukas , Kozlov Andrey V. , Terracciano Luigi , Zechner Rudolf , Schuetz Guenther , Casanova Emilio , Pospisilik Andrew J. , Heim Markus H. , Moriggl Richard
Published: July 2011

Growth hormone (GH)-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and the glucocorticoid (GC)-responsive glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are important signal integrators in the liver during metabolic and physiologic stress. Their deregulation has been implicated in the development of metabolic liver diseases, such as steatosis and progression to fibrosis. Using liver-specific STAT5 and GR knockout mice, we addressed their role in metabolism and liver cancer onset. STAT5 single and STAT5/GR double mutants developed steatosis, but only double-mutant mice progressed to liver cancer. Mechanistically, STAT5 deficiency led to the up-regulation of prolipogenic sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling. Combined loss of STAT5/GR resulted in GH resistance and hypercortisolism. The combination of both induced expression of adipose tissue lipases, adipose tissue lipid mobilization, and lipid flux to the liver, thereby aggravating STAT5-dependent steatosis. The metabolic dysfunctions in STAT5/GR compound knockout animals led to the development of hepatic dysplasia at 9 months of age. At 12 months, 35% of STAT5/GR-deficient livers harbored dysplastic nodules and ˜60% hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). HCC development was associated with GH and insulin resistance, enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression, high reactive oxygen species levels, and augmented liver and DNA damage parameters. Moreover, activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and STAT3 was prominent.

Conclusion:

Hepatic STAT5/GR signaling is crucial for the maintenance of systemic lipid homeostasis. Impairment of both signaling cascades causes severe metabolic liver disease and promotes spontaneous hepatic tumorigenesis. (Hepatology 2011;54:1398–1409)
SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex subunit BAF60a integrates hepatic circadian clock and energy metabolism
Authors: Tao Weiwei , Chen Siyu , Shi Guangsen , Guo Jinhu , Xu Ying , Liu Chang
Published: July 2011

Many aspects of energy metabolism, including glucose and lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, are under precise control by the mammalian circadian clock. However, the molecular mechanism for coordinate integration of the circadian clock and various metabolic pathways is poorly understood. Here we show that BAF60a, a chromatin-remodeling complex subunit, is rhythmically expressed in the liver of mice. Mice with liver-specific knockdown of BAF60a show abnormalities in the rhythmic expression pattern of clock and metabolic genes and in the circulating metabolite profile. Consistently, knockdown of BAF60a impairs the oscillation of clock genes in serum-shocked HepG2 cells. At the molecular level, BAF60a activates

Bmal1

and

G6Pase

transcription by way of the coactivation of retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα). In addition, BAF60a is present near ROR response elements (RORE) on the proximal

Bmal1

and

G6Pase

promoters and turns the chromatin structure into the active state.

Conclusion:

Our data suggest a critical role for BAF60a in the coordinated regulation of hepatic circadian clock and energy metabolism in mammals. (Hepatology 2011;)
Inflammatory response to liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini in mice depends on host master coregulator MTA1, a marker for parasite-induced cholangiocarcinoma in humans
Authors: Nair Sujit S. , Bommana Anitha , Pakala Suresh B. , Ohshiro Kazufumi , Lyon Amanda J. , Suttiprapa Sutas , Periago Maria V. , Laha Thewarach , Hotez Peter J. , Bethony Jeffrey M. , Sripa Banchob , Brindley Paul J. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: July 2011

Based on the recently established role for the master coregulator MTA1 and MTA1-containing nuclear remodeling complexes in oncogenesis and inflammation, we explored the links between parasitism by the carcinogenic liver fluke

Opisthorchis viverrini

and this coregulator using both an

Mta1

−/− mouse model of infection and a tissue microarray of liver fluke–induced human cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs). Intense foci of inflammation and periductal fibrosis in the liver and kidneys of wild-type

Mta1

+/+ mice were evident at 23 days postinfection with

O. viverrini

. In contrast, little inflammatory response was observed in the same organs of infected

Mta1

−/− mice. Livers of infected

Mta1

+/+ mice revealed strong up-regulation of fibrosis-associated markers such as cytokeratins 18 and 19 and annexin 2, as determined both by immunostaining and by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction compared with infected

Mta1

−/− mice. CD4 expression was up-regulated by infection in the livers of both experimental groups; however, its levels were several-fold higher in the

Mta1

+/+ mice than in infected

Mta1

−/− mice.

Mta1

−/− infected mice also exhibited significantly higher systemic and hepatic levels of host cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-10, and interferon-γ compared with the levels of these cytokines in the

Mta1

+/+ mice, suggesting an essential role of MTA1 in the cross-regulation of the Th1 and Th2 responses, presumably due to chromatin remodeling of the target chromatin genes. Immunohistochemical analysis of ≈300 liver tissue cores from confirmed cases of

O. viverrini

–induced CCA showed that MTA1 expression was elevated in >80% of the specimens.

Conclusion

: These findings suggest that MTA1 status plays an important role in conferring an optimal cytokine response in mice following infection with

O. viverrini

and is a major player in parasite-induced CCA in humans. (Hepatology 2011;)
An ice‐core proxy for northerly air mass incursions into West Antarctica
Authors: Dixon Daniel A. , Mayewski Paul A. , Goodwin Ian D. , Marshall Gareth J. , Freeman Rhaelene , Maasch Kirk A. , Sneed Sharon B.
Published: July 2011

A 200‐year proxy for northerly air mass incursions (NAMI) into central and western West Antarctica is developed from the examination of 19 shallow (21–150 m deep) Antarctic ice‐core non‐sea‐salt (nss) Ca2+ concentration records. The NAMI proxy reveals a significant rise in recent decades. This rise is unprecedented for at least the past 200 years and is coincident with anthropogenically driven changes in other large‐scale Southern Hemisphere (SH) environmental phenomena such as greenhouse gas (GHG) induced warming, ozone depletion, and the associated intensification of the SH westerlies. The Hysplit trajectory model is used to examine air mass transport pathways into West Antarctica. Empirical orthogonal function analysis, in combination with trajectory results, suggests that atmospheric circulation is the dominant factor affecting nssCa2+ concentrations throughout central and western West Antarctica. Ozone recovery will likely weaken the spring‐summer SH westerlies in the future. Consequently, Antarctica could lose one of its best defences against SH GHG warming. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Metastases to the pancreas: The experience of a high volume center and a review of the literature
Authors: Alzahrani Mohammed A. , Schmulewitz Nathan , Grewal Sanjeet , Lucas Fred V. , Turner Kevin O. , McKenzie Josh T. , Sussman Jeffrey J. , Ahmad Syed A.
Published: July 2011

Background

Metastasis to the pancreas (PM) is uncommon. Several types of cancers were reported to metastasize to the pancreas. Surgery is advocated in selected patients when technically feasible and if the patient can be rendered disease free.

Methods

A retrospective review of PM patients at the University of Cincinnati Pancreas Database was performed over a 7‐year time period.

Results

Twenty patients with a median age of 62.5 years were identified. Fifteen patients (75%) were males and (50%) presented with abdominal pain. Nine patients (45.0%) were offered surgical resection, distal pancreatectomy was the most common procedure (n = 4, 44.4%). The commonest pathology was RCC (60%), followed by lung (20%), colon (15%), and breast (5%). Median disease free interval (DFI) was 96 months for RCC, 7 months for other pathologies. Median survival was 19 months for RCC, 8.5 months for other pathologies. Based on DFI, short DFI patients (≤12 months) had worse prognosis (2‐year survival of 40%), as opposed to (2‐year survival of 80%) in longer DFI patients (P = 0.01). RCC patients with a DFI longer than 94 months had a better survival (P = 0.01). Survival of resected PM tended to be longer than non‐resected PM (P = 0.11).

Conclusions

PM from RCC carries a consistently favorable prognosis compared to other pathologies. Surgical resection of PM is a safe and viable option, and, in selected patients, may improve survival. However, a period of expectant management in patients with short DFI may be considered. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:156–161. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Size‐Controlled Nanoassemblies Based on Cyclodextrin‐Modified Dextrans
Authors: Wintgens Véronique , Nielsen Thorbjørn Terndrup , Larsen Kim Lambertsen , Amiel Catherine
Published: July 2011

Nanoassemblies formed by host/guest interactions between two polymers in aqueous media are studied. Two types of polymers with the same dextran backbone are modified with adamantyl or βCD groups. The sizes of the spontaneously formed nanoassemblies depend on the βCD:Ada ratio and on the total concentration and composition of the mixtures. The results can be rationalized by assuming a core/shell structure of the nanoassemblies, the core resulting from associative phase separation of the two polymers and being stabilized by an external shell made of Ada‐grafted dextran and containing ions adsorbed from the solution. Hydrophobic compounds such as benzophenone can be incorporated efficiently without inducing changes in properties of the nanoassemblies.

magnified image
Biodegradable Green Composites from Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and a Polyhydroxy(butyrate‐co‐valerate) (PHBV)‐Based Bioplastic
Authors: Zarrinbakhsh Nima , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar Kumar
Published: July 2011

Biodegradable green composites from distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a major coproduct of the corn ethanol industry, and a polyhydroxy(butyrate‐co‐valerate) (PHBV)‐based bioplastic were successfully produced. Green surface treatment of DDGS was performed and thermogravimetric analysis showed noticeable improvement in the degradation onset temperature of DDGS from 140 to 235 °C; this was a key point during melt processing of the composite. Utilizing compatibilizer improved the adhesion between DDGS and the matrix, which was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The green composite containing treated and compatibilized DDGS showed an enhanced modulus (by about 28% from 1.77 to 2.26 GPa) and an improved heat deflection temperature (by about 21% from 109 to 132 °C) compared to the polymeric matrix, while having tensile and flexural strengths equal to or greater than the respective properties of the matrix.

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Vom antiken Purpur zur organischen Solarzelle
Authors: Hartmann Horst
Published: July 2011

Farbstoffe dienten seit jeher nicht nur dazu, menschliche Lebensräume und den eigenen Körper attraktiver zu gestalten, sondern auch, um Informationen auszutauschen und wichtige Ereignisse im Bild festzuhalten. Ab dem 18. Jahrhundert verwendeten die Menschen dafür synthetische Färbemittel.
Viren mit Leitfähigkeit detektieren
Authors: Rudolph Bettina , Seise Barbara , Triebe Anja , Kaulfuß Toni , Kretschmer Robert , Urban Matthias , Weber Karina , Möller Robert
Published: July 2011

Die Jenaer Biochip‐Initiative hat ein chipbasiertes Verfahren entwickelt, das anders als etablierte Biochips den Gleichstromwiderstand als Messgröße nutzt. Damit lassen sich Krankheitserreger wie das Maul‐und‐Klauenseuche‐Virus schnell und spezifisch identifizieren.
“In Rohstoffe investieren”
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2011

Wie sich europäische Chemieunternehmen an veränderte Wettbewerbsbedingungen anpassen müssen und wo sie weiterhin erfolgreich sind, erläutert Ruben Gil von Aspentech.
Modulation of Electron Tunneling in a Nanoparticle Array by Sound Waves: An Avenue to High‐Speed, High‐Sensitivity Sensors
Authors: Berry Vikas , Saraf Ravi F.
Published: July 2011

Using an electrostatic self‐assembly process, metal nanoparticles are deposited on polyelectrolyte fibers such that the interparticle distance between the nanoparticles is comparable to the polyelectrolyte's molecular width. By modulating the dielectric properties of the interparticle polymer layer, a highly sensitive, reversible humidity sensor with an ultrafast response time of ≈3 ms is demonstrated. The higher sensitivity at low humidity shows a conductivity increase by over two orders of magnitude in response to a change in relative humidity from 21 to 1%.
Polymersome‐Loaded Capsules for Controlled Release of DNA
Authors: Lomas Hannah , Johnston Angus P. R. , Such Georgina K. , Zhu Zhiyuan , Liang Kang , Van Koeverden Martin P. , Alongkornchotikul Siripong , Caruso Frank
Published: July 2011

The formation of a novel drug‐delivery carrier for the controlled release of plasmid DNA that comprises layer‐by‐layer polymer capsules subcompartmentalized with pH‐sensitive nanometer‐sized polymersomes is reported. The amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) forms polymersomes at physiological pH, but transitions to unimeric polymer chains upon acidification to cellular endocytic pH. These polymersomes can thus release an encapsulated payload in response to a change in pH from physiological to endocytic conditions. Multicomponent layer‐by‐layer capsules are formed by exploiting the ability of tannic acid to act as an efficient hydrogen‐bond donor for both the polymersomes and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) at physiological pH. These capsules show release of a plasmid DNA payload encapsulated within the polymersome subcompartments in response to changes in pH between physiological and endocytic conditions.
Evaluation of the perianal muscular complex in the prenatal diagnosis of anorectal atresia in a high‐risk population
Authors: Ochoa J. H. , Chiesa M. , Vildoza R. P. , Wong A. E. , Sepulveda W.
Published: July 2011

Objectives

To investigate whether sonographic identification of the fetal perianal muscular complex (PAMC) is of value in the prenatal detection of anorectal atresia in a high‐risk population.

Methods

During an 8‐year study period, a total of 189 pregnancies at high risk for fetal anorectal atresia were prospectively examined for the presence/absence of the PAMC on axial ultrasound views of the fetal perineum. The prenatal findings were confirmed postnatally or at the time of postmortem examination.

Results

The median gestational age at examination was 27 (range, 15–37) weeks. The PAMC was identified in 175 fetuses, all of which had a normal anorectal canal at the time of delivery or at postmortem examination. The PAMC was not identified prenatally in the 14 remaining cases, and the anus was absent in 11 fetuses with anorectal atresia and in two with urorectal septum malformation sequence. There was one false‐positive case, in which the anus was anatomically and functionally normal but ectopically located, opening into the vaginal vestibule. Among these 14 cases of anorectal malformation, prenatal dilatation of the distal bowel was seen in nine (64.3%) and intraluminal calcified meconium or enterolithiasis in five (35.7%). Overall, absent PAMC on prenatal sonography in this high‐risk population had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 99%, true‐positive rate of 93% and false‐positive rate of 7% for the diagnosis of anorectal atresia.

Conclusions

In a high‐risk population, the absence of PAMC seems to be a highly sensitive and specific sonographic marker for anorectal atresia. The role of routine sonographic identification of the PAMC at the second‐trimester scan to screen for cases of isolated anal atresia remains to be determined. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single umbilical artery in twin pregnancies
Authors: Klatt J. , Kuhn A. , Baumann M. , Raio L.
Published: July 2011

Objective

Our purpose was to evaluate the antenatal incidence of single umbilical artery (SUA) in twin pregnancies according to chorionicity and to assess its relationship with outcome.

Methods

Consecutive twin pregnancies undergoing ultrasound evaluation at our institutions were included. A targeted sonographic evaluation of the umbilical cord and vessels was performed in all cases. Chorionicity was determined according to standard ultrasound criteria.

Results

A total of 174 twin pregnancies, 100 dichorionic (DC) and 74 monochorionic (MC), were included in the study. An SUA was identified in 17 (9.8%) pregnancies, and in 18 (5.2%) fetuses. No difference was found in the incidence of SUA in DC and MC twins. Among affected pregnancies, all but one DC twin pregnancy were discordant for SUA. Structural and/or chromosomal abnormalities were present in 27.8% of fetuses with SUA. The prevalence of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses and of discordant birth weight (> 20% discordance) was higher in the SUA group than in the rest of the population, although these differences were not statistically significant. Twin pairs discordant for SUA had significantly higher weight discordance than those with normal umbilical cords. The sonographic cross‐sectional area of the SUA did not appear to show the typical adaptive dilatation usually seen in singleton pregnancies with SUA.

Conclusions

The incidence of SUA in twins is higher than in singletons, with no difference between MC and DC twins. Intrapair discordance for SUA in identical twins provides evidence against an exclusively genetic origin of this anomaly. The apparent failure of compensatory dilatation of the umbilical artery in twins with SUA may explain in part the higher risk for fetal growth restriction in these cases. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal left modified myocardial performance index: technical refinements in obtaining pulsed‐Doppler waveforms
Authors: Meriki N. , Izurieta A. , Welsh A. W.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To assess the influence of machine settings (wall motion filter (WMF), angle of insonation, Doppler aliasing) and phase of valve clicks on repeatability of measurement of the fetal left modified myocardial performance index (Mod‐MPI).

Methods

Fetal left Mod‐MPI was evaluated prospectively in 157 morphologically normal fetuses at 19–36 weeks' gestation. In a baseline cohort, a previously published technique and settings were used for measurement of Mod‐MPI. In a second cohort, the influence of WMF, angle of insonation, Doppler aliasing and selection of the phase of the valve clicks on repeatability of measurement of Mod‐MPI was assessed.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for measurement repeatability in the baseline cohort was 0.22. Increase in WMF to 300 Hz or 500 Hz was associated with an increase in ICC to 0.60 and 0.55, respectively. An angle of insonation of < 15° was associated with an increase in ICC to 0.79 and 0.78 at a WMF of 300 and 500 Hz, respectively. A WMF of 300 Hz, angle of insonation of < 15° and absence of aliasing was associated with an increase in ICC to 0.85 and 0.87 at the beginning and peak of the valve click, respectively. Mod‐MPI ranged from 0.35 to 0.48. An increase in calculated MPI was associated with increasing WMF, selection of the beginning vs. peak of the valve clicks and increase in angle of insonation. The presence or absence of aliasing had no effect.

Conclusions

Refinement of machine settings improves repeatability of Mod‐MPI, as does selection of the peak of the valve click. We suggest a consensus be reached as to the precise measurement of MPI, but for the moment would suggest: WMF, 300 Hz; angle of insonation, < 15°; avoiding Doppler aliasing; and selection of valve click peak. Systematic variation in measurement of time intervals may be responsible for the widely varying published normal ranges for Mod‐MPI. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalable context-dependent analysis of emergency egress models
Authors: Massink M. , Latella D. , Bracciali A. , Harrison M. D. , Hillston J.
Published: July 2011

Pervasive environments offer an increasing number of services to a large number of people moving within these environments, including timely information about where to go and when, and contextual information about the surrounding environment. This information may be conveyed to people through public displays or direct to a person’s mobile phone. People using these services interact with the system but they are also meeting other people and performing other activities as relevant opportunities arise. The design of such systems and the analysis of collective dynamic behaviour of people within them is a challenging problem. We present results on a novel usage of a scalable analysis technique in this context. We show the validity of an approach based on stochastic process-algebraic models by focussing on a representative example, i.e. emergency egress. The chosen case study has the advantage that detailed data is available from studies employing alternative analysis methods, making cross-methodology comparison possible. We also illustrate how realistic, context-dependent human behaviour, often observed in emergency egress, can naturally be embedded in the models, and how the effect of such behaviour on evacuation can be analysed in an efficient and scalable way. The proposed approach encompasses both the agent modelling viewpoint, as system behaviour emerges from specific (discrete) agent interaction, and the population viewpoint, when classes of homogeneous individuals are considered for a (continuous) approximation of overall system behaviour.
Acute Up‐Regulation of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Release of Non‐Esterified Fatty Acids by Dexamethasone in Chicken Adipose Tissue
Authors: Serr Julie , Suh Yeunsu , Oh Shin‐Ae , Shin Sangsu , Kim Minseok , Latshaw J. David , Lee Kichoon
Published: July 2011

The mechanism of adipose tissue lipolysis has not been fully elucidated. Greater understanding of this process could allow for increased feed efficiency and reduced fat in poultry. Studies in avian species may provide important insight in developing therapies for human obesity, as lipolytic pathways are highly conserved. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) cleaves triacylglycols, releasing non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into the bloodstream. Glucocorticoids have been shown to elevate circulating NEFA. To determine the regulation of ATGL and regulator proteins comparative gene identification‐58 (CGI‐58) and G(0)/G(1) switch gene 2 (G0S2) by glucocorticoid, 36 chickens received an injection of dexamethasone (4 mg/kg). Saline was administered to an additional 12 birds to determine any effect of stress during handling. Dexamethasone‐injected birds were harvested at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after treatment; saline‐treated birds were collected at 4 and 6 h. Abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood were collected. Gene and protein expression were analyzed via quantitative real‐time PCR and western blot. Compared with the saline group, ATGL expression increased in birds injected with dexamethasone. When dexamethasone response was compared to the untreated group up to 6 h following injection, an increase in ATGL protein was observed as quickly as 0.5 h and increased further from 1 to 6 h. Plasma NEFA and glucose increased gradually from 0 to 6 h, reaching statistical significance at 4 h. These data show that ATGL expression is stimulated by glucocorticoid in a time‐dependent manner.
Modulation of the Selectivity of Immobilized Lipases by Chemical and Physical Modifications: Release of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids from Fish Oil
Authors: Fernández‐Lorente Gloria , Betancor Lorena , Carrascosa Alfonso V. , Palomo Jose M. , Guisan Jose M.
Published: July 2011

Three different lipases (from Candida antarctica fraction B (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginose (TLL), and Rhizomucor miehei (RML)) were immobilized by two different methods, immobilization on CNBr‐activated Sepharose via a mild covalent immobilization or adsorption onto hydrophobic supports (Octyl‐Sepharose). These immobilized preparations were chemically and physically modified on the protein surface (enzyme carboxylic groups with ethylenediamine, amino groups with succinic anhydride, or coating with polyethyleneimine).The activity and selectivity in the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by enzymatic hydrolysis of sardine oil were evaluated. Activity and selectivity were dependent on the different lipases, the immobilization protocols, the modification methods, and the pH of the reaction media. The selectivity (EPA/DHA ratio) of RML immobilized on CNBr‐activated Sepharose was increased after succinylation from 7.5 to 34 at pH 6.0. The selectivity of octyl‐RML improved from 1.5 to 8.5 when pH was increased from 6 to 8. The selectivity and activity of octyl‐TLL increased twofold after PEI coating at pH 6. The properties of CAL‐B derivatives were slightly altered after modification.