bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review : Molecular Basis of Addictive States
Authors: Nestler Eric J.
Published: March 2007

Drug addiction can be viewed as a form of neural plasticity—drug—induced neural plasticity. This is because most features of addiction develop gradually and progressively in response to repeated exposure to a drug of abuse and can persist for a long time, perhaps even a lifetime, after discontinuation of drug administration. Within this context of neural plasticity, studies of drug addiction offer a unique opportunity to establish the biological basis of a complex and clinically relevant behavioral abnormality. This derives from the fact that many aspects of addiction can be reproduced with increasing accuracy in laboratory animals. The availability of animal models, in turn, has made it possible to identify specific regions of the brain that mediate behavioral aspects of addiction. Identification of these discrete brain regions has made it possible to begin the process of identifying the molecular and cellular basis of addiction mediated via these regions. This situation for drug addiction contrasts markedly with that for most other model systems of neural plasticity, for which behavioral, let alone clinical, correlates are not readily apparent. It also contrasts with many other neuropsychiatric abnormalities, for example, schizophrenia and depression, for which animal models are much less straight forward and much more difficult to interpret. Advances made in the field of drug addiction have the potential of providing insight into the types of mechanisms underlying other forms of neural plasticity and even, per haps, other neuropsychiatric abnormalities. The goal of this review is to describe recent progress in under standing the molecular basis of addictive states. The Neuroscientist 1:212-220, 1995
Monoamine Transporters: Basic Biology with Clinical Implications
Authors: Amara Susan G.
Published: March 2007

Biogenic amine transporters mediate two important steps in the reuptake and recycling of monoamines released by neurons in the central nervous system. First, high-affinity transporters found in the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells mediate the removal of neurotransmitter from the extracellular space, thus terminating the action of the monoamines serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Within the cell, vesicular transporters repackage monoamines into vesicles for additional cycles of release. Two gene families are involved in the transport of the biogenic amines—the Na+/Cl--dependent plasma membrane carriers and the H+-dependent vesicular amine carriers. These transporters are known to regulate neurotransmitter con centrations in monoaminergic pathways and are the primary targets for a wide variety of clinically important antidepressants, antihypertensives, stimulants, and stimulant drugs of abuse. The Neuroscientist 1:259-267, 1995
REVIEW ■ : Regulation of Extracellular K and pH by Polarized Ion Fluxes in Glial Cells: The Retinal Müller Cell
Authors: Newman Eric A.
Published: March 2007

Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, exhibit a high degree of functional and morphological polarization. An inward rectifying K+ channel, the dominant ion channel in Müller cells, is localized preferentially to cell endfeet, which terminate on the vitreal surface of the retina and on blood vessels. Two acid/ base transport systems, an Na+/HCO 3- cotransporter and a CI-/HCO3 - anion exchanger, also are localized preferentially to the endfeet. These functional specializations facilitate the ability of Müller cells to regulate extracellular ion levels in the retina. Müller cells regulate extracellular K+ levels by transporting K+ away from the neural retina to the vitreous humor and the subretinal space. Müller cells may also regulate retinal CO2 and pH by the combined action of cell carbonic anhydrase and acid/base transporters localized to the endfeet, and they may control blood flow by the depolarization-induced release of potassium and protons from cell endfeet onto blood vessels. The physiology of ion transport in CNS astrocytes is not understood as well as it is in Müller cells. The presence of inward rectifying K+ channels and acid/base transporters in astrocytes, however, suggests that these cells may utilize mechanisms similar to those of Müller cells in regulating the extracellular microenvironment and in controlling blood flow. The Neuroscientist 2:109-117, 1996
REVIEW ■ : Pain Mechanisms
Authors: Devor Marshall
Published: March 2007

Over the last few years, a new synthesis has emerged concerning the neural mechanisms of acute and chronic pain. This new model deals far more successfully than do classical models with the peculiarities of chronic pain syndromes seen in the clinic. As in earlier models, Aδ- and C-nociceptive afferents detect the initial noxious event. In addition, however, this input is now known to rapidly trigger a central hyperexcitability state ("central sensitization") that amplifies sensory signals subsequently entering the CNS along other afferent fiber types. As a result, in the presence of central sensitization, pain sensation is evoked by Aβ touch input, as well as by Aδ- and C-nociceptor input. Tenderness in subacute (e.g., inflammatory) pain, for example, is due to both peripherally sensitized nociceptors and centrally amplified, low-threshold input. The new synthesis also stresses the common ground between the subacute pain of injured tissue and the chronic pain that sometimes develops after nerve injury (i.e., neuropathic pain). In the event of neuropathic pain, the affected afferent axons and their sensory cell somata in the associated dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) become hyperexcitable to applied stimuli. Some even fire spontaneously. Hyperexcitability of the afferent neuron apparently results from specific changes in the regulation of membrane channel and receptor proteins. The resulting ectopic discharge (ectopia) contributes a direct neuropathic pain signal. In addition, neuropathic ectopia sets up and maintains a central sensitization state that amplifies ongoing pain and is responsible for pain on weak stimulation of adjacent areas of skin and deep tissues with residual innervation. The discovery that normal and ectopic Aβ touch input, as well as Aδ- and C-nociceptor input, contributes to subacute and chronic pathophysiological pain states opens previously unanticipated avenues for clinical pain control. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:233-244, 1996
■ REVIEW : The Primate Superior Colliculus and the Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
Authors: Kalesnykas Rimas P. , Sparks David L.
Published: March 2007

The superior colliculus is a brainstem structure playing a critical role in orienting movements of the head, pinnae, and eyes. The superior colliculus acts as an important intermediary between sensory and motor signals, issuing motor commands that are translated into the appropriate temporal code required by the motoneuron pools. Collicular cells are broadly tuned with respect to the direction and amplitude of the movements they initiate, and a large population of collicular neurons is active before each movement. How information is extracted from the spatial and temporal profile of the active population and how the translation of the motor command progresses from the anatomically (spatially) organized map of saccade direction and amplitude found in the colliculus to the level of the temporally-coded motoneuron commands are important, but unsolved, problems. This review considers this spatial-to-temporal transformation, a prime motivating problem in oculomotor research. Recent findings have led to alterations of previously held views of the role of the primate superior colliculus in generating movements that orient our sense organs toward visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. Some of these most current findings are presented in this review. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:284-292, 1996
■ REVIEW : Parallel Processing, Asynchronous Perception, and a Distributed System of Consciousness in Vision
Authors: Zeki S.
Published: March 2007

The primate visual brain is characterized by a set of parallel, multistage systems that are specialized to process different attributes of the visual scene. They occupy spatially distinct positions in the visual brain and do not project to a unique common area. These processing systems are also perceptual systems, because the result of activity in each leads to the perception of the relevant visual attribute. But the different processing-perceptual systems require different times to complete their tasks, thus leading to another char acteristic of the visual brain, a temporal hierarchy for perception. Together, these two characteristics—of parallel processing and temporal hierarchy—suggest that each processing-perceptual system can act with fair autonomy. Studies of the diseased human brain show that activity in separate processing-perceptual systems—especially those concerned with color and motion—can lead to the perception of the relevant attribute even when the other processing systems are inactive and that activity in individual processing- perceptual systems has a conscious experience as a correlate, which suggests that consciousness itself is a modular, distributed system. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:365-372, 1998
Neuregulins in Schwann Cell Development
Authors: Felts Paul A.
Published: March 2007

In the PNS, Schwann cells are important both as support cells for small, unmyelinated axons, and for support and the production of myelin sheaths around larger axons, thereby permitting rapid axonal conduction. During development, successful myelination requires that Schwann cell precursors develop from multipotential cells within the neural crest, avoid apoptotic cell death, migrate with developing nerves, proliferate, and, finally, mature into myelinating Schwann cells. Recently, the important role of a large family of growth factors, termed the neuregulins (NRGs), in this developmental progression has begun to be elucidated. NRGs are produced by several cell types, including developing sensory and motor neurons, whose axons will project to the peripheral nerves. In NRG knockout animals, there is a severe reduction in the number of Schwann cell precursors in neural crest-derived peripheral ganglia, which indicates that NRGs are important beginning early in Schwann cell development. Presented here is a brief update of recent progress in our understanding of the actions of NRGs in Schwann cell development, and of the inter actions between NRGs and their receptors. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:8-11, 1999
The 24-7-52 Job: Family Caregiving for Young Adults with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness
Authors: Doornbos Mary Molewyk
Published: March 2007

Few of the studies focusing on family caregiving have dealt with families caring for a young adult member with a serious and persistent mental illness. This qualitative study expands our understanding of the caregiving processes in these families. The narrative responses of 76 family caregivers from National Alliance for the Mentally Ill chapters across the United States were analyzed using content analysis. Five caregiving processes were identified including monitoring, managing the illness, maintaining the home, supporting/encouraging, and socializing. Family caregivers cited a need for information about the illness and available resources with which to prepare themselves for their caregiving responsibilities. Multiple client outcomes were used by the caregivers to evaluate the effectiveness of their efforts. Comparisons are made between these results and the findings of empirical studies in the broader caregiving literature.
Parental Differences and Changes in Marital Quality, Psychological Well-Being, and Sensitivity with Firstborn Children
Authors: Broom Betty L.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this panel study were to learn the extent to which mothers' and fathers' parental sensitivity, marital quality, and psychological well-being differed and changed from when theirfirstborn children were 3 months old to when they were 212 years old. Mothers and fathers exhibited similar levels of psychological well-being, marital quality, and parental sensitivity at both observations. Significant declines in marital qualityfor both did not lead to reduced psychological well-being or diminished parental sensitivity for either parent. Quality of the marriage relationship and parental age played a significant role in the development of father-child relations but not in mother-child relations. The sex of the infant was not associated with parental sensitivityfor either parent.
Framing the Genetic Testing Issue
Authors: MURPHY PRISCILLA , MAYNARD MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This study examined ways in which the congressional testimony of public policy factions used interpretive frames to lend advantage to their own views of genetic testing. The authors applied semantic network analysis to four sessions of congressional testimony. Using the cultural theory of risk, they divided testifiers into bureaucratic, entrepreneurial, and egalitarian cultures. The authors then cluster-analyzed testimony of each policy camp to expose word patterns that delineated each group's policy frame. Within a shared frame about privacy and fairness, the entrepreneurs emphasized rules for appropriate access; the egalitarians, personal concerns for family and self; and the bureaucrats, safety through government programs.
Excerpts from Science and Engineering Indicators 2000
Authors:   NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD
Published: March 2007

Excerpts from Science and Engineering Indicators 2000, the biennial report to Congress from the National Science Board, present new data on public attitudes toward and public understanding of science and technology. Selections from the chapter on the significance of information technologies (IT) are provided as well.
Cultivating the Civic Scientist
Authors: CHUI GLENNDA , PETIT CHARLES , RIORDAN MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

As part of the symposium “Cultivating the Civic Scientist” at the 2001 American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting, a panel of two science journalists and a scientist explored key issues surrounding the civic scientist concept. This panel discussion is based on part of that conversation.
Policy-Oriented Theories
Authors: Albinski Marian
Published: March 2007

Policy research, as any other kind of research, has to be guided by a theory. Theories in the traditional sense, that is, theories aiming at description, explanation and prediction, however, are not sufficient for this task. In all policy processes three elements are of central importance: (a) the existing situation; (b) goals, values, and other normative elements; (c) action aiming at goal realization with the existing situation as a starting point. Policy research must be guided by a policy oriented theory, in other words, a theory covering all these elements. In this article construction ofsuch theories is advocated. It shows that such theories are feasible.
Alternatives to Validity
Authors: Lindblom Charles E.
Published: March 2007

The conventional scientific preoccupation with validation of knowledge is challenged: One might say that it itself lacks validity. Campbell's endorsement of it in his article in this issue of Knowledge is the point of departure. Noting that Campbell assumes rather than argues the case for such a preoccupation, this article proceeds to examine the grounds on which it might be justified and the counterarguments. It also suggests what other kinds of activities social scientists engage in other than pursuing valid knowledge, and why it makes sense that they do.
Improving the Prospects of Organizational Change Initiatives
Authors: Wolf W.C.
Published: March 2007

Many people across a variety of disciplines have assumed responsibilities in recent decades for bridging gaps which exist between knowledge producers and knowledge users within organizations. All share a common concern—linkage. Considerable variance characterizes the manner in which these individuals attempt to make things happen within organizations, because neither standardized procedures nor blueprints exist to guide their actions. Two instruments that have been designed to address the erratic and unpredictable linkage practices of these individuals are introduced and discussed. One is a linkage methodology; the other is a survey inventory. Developmental efforts described suggest that both instruments deserve a place in the portfolios of persons responsible for change initiatives within organizations.
Advocacy Evaluation
Authors: Sonnichsen Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Knowledge accretion in organizations is a haphazard process and many organizations have no formal mechanisms for collecting and using information to improve decision making. Evaluators can fulfill that role, although their impact on organizational policy is often problematic. Advocacy evaluation is an activist approach to the practice of internal evaluation that can remedy this difficulty and enhance visibility of evaluation results and recommendations. To increase the impact of evaluatron in organizations, however, evaluators must view themselves as change agents and migrate from the traditional position of neutrality to an activist role in the organization. Internal evalua tors, to become organizationally influential and optimally effective, must adopt an advocacy role and actively pursue approval and implementation of evaluation recommendations. Successful internal evaluation can be accomplished by blending objective, scientific evaluation practices with a change agent perspective. The FBI evaluation office uses this approach, and this article is based on that experience.
Overcoming Resistance to Change
Authors: Johnston William P. , Oman Ray C.
Published: March 2007

This research explores a model, based on the types of change proposed, for its contribution to understanding the source of resistance to change in federal organizations. The model is tested using approximately 350 proposals for change made by the General Accounting Office and by federal agencies' own management analysis units. The model uses types of change, a surrogate for employee self-interest, as a major factor in organizational resistance. Strategies are suggested that change advocates can use to increase their effectiveness.
U.S. Biomedical Science and Technology
Authors: Vaughan Christopher , Smith Bruce L.R. , Porter Roger J.
Published: March 2007

Citizens of the United States and other developed countries have very high expectations about health care. In consequence, an increasing proportion of these nations' gross national products (GNPs) are devoted to medicine, and the health care industry is fast becoming a major part of the world economy. In the United States, spending on health care and health care technology could become a large drain on the national economy in the next century; alternatively, the trend toward greater spending worldwide could boost the U.S. economy if the nation becomes a net exporter of health care expertise and technology. The authors analyze the complex factors iinportant to a vital health care industry, compare aspects related to international competitiveness, and make policy recommendations for the future.
Collaboration, For Better or For Worse
Authors: Borden Carla M.
Published: March 2007

In this overview of three Smithsonian Institution seminars on collaboration excerpted in issues of Knowledge, the seminar organizer draws on highlights of the discussions and additional sources to describe the practice and purpose of collaboration in general, as well as in a number of specific, different fields of inquiry. Looking at conditions that affect not only the opportunities for collaboration but also its likelihood of success, the author posits possible relationships among collaboration, interdisciplinarity, and specialization. Collaborative work never seems to be valued more highly than individual effort, yet it is apparently unavoidable in the world of learning, and is growing in guantity and scope.
Uses, Value, and Benefits of Knowledge
Authors: Machlup Fritz
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that the use of knowledge refers not to the information, not to the process of transmitting messages, but to the contents the knowledge conveyed by it However the delivery system is often mistaken for the knowledge it delivers, resulting in misplaced values Intellectual knowledge can only be acquired by people willing to exert themselves for the sake of becoming more knowledgeable and better educated Expressing his frustrations with miscon ceptions among vanous producers of knowledge, the author reminds them that equitable availability and distribution of benefits must be considered in the developmental stages of systems that disseminate knowledge Only then will the wise use of knowledge be encouraged for societal good
The Need to Eat
Authors: BROWN REVA BERMAN , HERRING RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This article examines the decision making preceding a particular event—the 50th anniversary dinner-dance held for employees of a British chemical firm—and the factors influencing the choice of activity and venue. Through the analysis of influences on the decision process, the article seeks to demonstrate that although the process fell generally into Simon's bounded rationality model of satisficing behavior, other psychological and philosophical issues were also important and should be considered in other more general decision-making processes. These psychological and philosophical issues are discussed, and a modified model is put forward.
Fundamental Reorganization in Scientific Administration
Authors: OIGENBLICK LUYDMILLA , GOLDBERG ALBERT I. , HAREL GEDALIAHU
Published: March 2007

The system of science in the former Soviet Union was based on a command administration that centralized decision making at government ministries. In 1987, the government introduced the new system of khozraschet, or accountability, granting a greater degree of administrative freedom to research institutes but obligating them to take responsibility for financing their activities. In a 1991 survey, scientists at three Moscow research and development institutes expressed a high degree of support for the administrative changes. The study of the three institutes revealed that major structural alterations had already taken place. By the beginning of 1996, many of the expectations for improved conditions had not been fulfilled, as a high degree of instability became evident in the Russian scientific system. The Russian example demonstrates the need for balance in institutional arrangements to advance science: change must provide solutions to all system problems or else substantial damage can be done to the scientific enterprise.
Commentary: Intellectual Property Rights and Knowledge Dissemination in Research Joint Ventures
Authors: VONORTAS NICHOLAS S.
Published: March 2007

Intellectual property rights affect the incentives of firms to participate in research joint ventures, collaborate efficiently with their partners, and exploit the knowledge created by a joint venture. Economists and policy analysts know little about the effects of intellectual property rights on the rate of formation, organization, nature of research, and expected economic impacts of research joint ventures. The proliferation of interfirm cooperation in R&D requires addressing those issues. It also requires a better understanding of the relationship between intellectual property rights and national innovation systems.
Civic Science
Authors: SCHMANDT JURGEN
Published: March 2007

Civic science is built on the premise that many development issues are so complex that they require careful interdisciplinary assessment of current conditions, future trends, and possible solutions, and that stakeholders are well placed to advise on actions which incorporate community preferences and goals. The author outlines how civic science principles work in three contexts: Project ARIDAS (a plan for sustainable development in the semiarid regions of Brazil), water and development planning in the Rio Grande/Río Bravo Basin in Texas and Mexico, and environmental risk assessment for the Houston (Texas) area.
Report: Science Communication—An Increasing Endeavor in Germany
Authors: GOEPFERT WINFRIED
Published: March 2007

Several hundred people from around the world who are involved in the public communication of science met in Berlin, Germany, in mid-September 1998 for three days of keynote talks, workshops, and other activities. Following is a report on the conference by the conference chair.
Differences in Managed Care Drug Formularies: What can Consumers Learn?
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O.
Published: March 2007

Pharmaceutical coverage has become an especially important issue in health plan design. This article develops an objective measure of drug coverage generosity in managed care drug formularies. Formulary generosity is important because patients respond differently to drugs within a therapeutic class, and so there is benefit in offering a wide variety of products to prescribing physicians. The measure of coverage generosity considers not only the number of products offered to patients through a formulary, but whether plans systematically exclude more expensive products. The correlation between formulary generosity and health plan member satisfaction is analyzed to see if formulary generosity is perceived by subscribes to be related to perceived health plan quality. The findings are that plans vary widely in offering access to pharmaceuticals but that generosity is not highly correlated with health plan satisfaction.
Subacute Care, Medicare Benefits, and Nursing Home Behavior
Authors: Aaronson William E. , Zinn Jacqueline S. , Rosko Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Two policy changes in 1988, one administrative and one legislative, allowed greater Medicare coverage of subacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA) of 1988, in conjunction with an administrative directive, or transmittal, from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), changed the Medicare SNF benefit structure substantially. In this study, we specified a simultaneous equation system to explain the effects of the benefit changes on Medicare use. The results suggest that the two policychanges increased Medicare use in Pennsylvania SNFs substantially; however, the increase was associated with facility and case mix characteristics, which suggest that the increase was largely attributable to reclassification of current patients from other payer categories, Medicaid and self-pay, rather than new admissions. The effects of the MCCA and the HCFA transmittal on increased Medicare use were unanticipated and have important implications for the way in which subacute care is defined and financed infuture benefit discussions.
Who Belongs to HMOs: A Comparison of Fee-for-Service versus HMO Enrollees
Authors: Taylor Amy K. , Beauregard Karen M. , Vistnes Jessica P.
Published: March 2007

As employers have turned to managed care to curtail the rising cost of health care benefits, the number of HMO enrollees has proliferated. Between 1984 and 1994, HMO enrollment incrased from approximately 15 million to over 49 million individuals. Although research has indicated that HMOs have been effective in limiting medical costs, there is mixed evidence in the literature on how they achieve these savings. This article uses data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey to examine one hypothesis for these patterns: that HMOs enroll a healthier population than fee-for-service plans. To test this hypothesis we examine HMO andjee-for-evice enrollees with respect to sxioeconomic variables such as age, race, sex, income, education, health status, and location. Our results indicate that HMOs tend to enroll a younger but not much healthier population than traditional fee-for-service plans, suggesting that self-selection is not a major contriutor to HMO cost savings.
Expenditure Models for Prospective Risk Adjustment: Choosing the Measure Appropriate for the Problem
Authors: Rosenkranz Susan L. , Luft Harold S.
Published: March 2007

Risk adjustment models for health care expenditures typically have been disappointing in their predictive ability for individual enrollees. However, practical applications of risk adjustment often involve groups, not individuals. Therefore, model performance on groups of enrollees may be more meaningful than performance on individuals. The authors propose a new measure of model fit, the sorted-group R2, which measures the correlation between predicted and actual cost averages for groups of enrollees sorted by risk prior to grouping. The authors use this tool to evaluate four models with different explanatory variables and functional complexities. Results indicate that even a model which performs poorly for individual subscriber units and for unselected groups can indeed distinguish between groups of subscriber units where there has been moderate risk selection.
Medicaid HMO Enrollees in the Emergency Room: Use of Nonemergency Care
Authors: Butler Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Medicaid managed care is generally acknowledged to reduce the use of emergency departments (EDs). Yet some studies of Medicaid managed care have shown no change in ED use, and others show wide variation across plans. Because emergency departments may not be the best place to deliver nonemergency care, it is useful to understand the characteristics of enrollees associated with a lower likelihood of ED use for nonurgent conditions. A recent study of Medicaid enrollees in a large Colorado health maintenance organization (HMO) revealed several sociological and psychological factors associated with nonemergency ED visits. The study found that nonemergency visits by people who are female, older, more satisfied with the HMO and their doctor, and enrolled longer in the HMO are less likely to visit the ED, whereas visits on weekends and those by people who live farther from their physicians and people who have more inpatient hospital admissions are more likely to be to the ED.
Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about the Disorder and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Hanson Rochelle F. , Spratt Eve G.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). There is considerable disagreement about what this entity actually entails and, in particular, what types of assessments and interventions to use with these children and families. Children with a history of maltreatment (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and/or severe neglect) are particularly likely to receive this diagnosis, because the behavior problems often seen in these children are presumed to stem from the maladaptive relationships they have had with abusive caregivers. However, many children are receiving this diagnosis because of behavior problems that clearly extend beyond the DSM-IV criteria for RAD. Perhaps the most concerning consequence of the RAD diagnosis is the emergence of novel treatments that lack a sound theoretical basis or empirical support, and may potentially be traumatizing and dangerous to the child. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and synthesize what is known about RAD and attachment disorders and to discuss implications for treatment.
An Investigation of the Clinical Use of the House-Tree-Person Projective Drawings in the Psychological Evaluation of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Palmer Laura , Farrar Anne R. , Valle Maria , Ghahary Nouriman , Panella Michael , DeGraw Donna
Published: March 2007

Identification and evaluation of child sexual abuse is an integral task for clinicians. To aid these processes, it is necessary to have reliable and valid psychological measures. This is an investigation of the clinical validity and use of the House-Tree-Person (HTP) projective drawing, a widely used diagnostic tool, in the assessment of child sexual abuse. HTP drawings were collected archivally from a sample of sexually abused children (n = 47) and a nonabused comparison sample (n = 82). The two samples were grossly matched for gender, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status. The protocols were scored using a quantitative scoring system. The data were analyzed using a discriminant function analysis. Group membership could not be predicted based on a total HTP score.
Weighing Evidence in Sexual Abuse Evaluations: An Introduction to Bayes's Theorem
Authors: Wood James M.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces readers to Bayes's theorem, a simple mathematical formula that can illuminate general issues and assist evaluators in the field of child sexual abuse. The theorem is applied to a case study of sexual abuse allegations that arose during a custody dispute.
Parents' Perceptions of the Risk of Child Sexual Abuse and their Protective Behaviors: Findings from a Qualitative Study
Authors: Collins Mary Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This study examined parents' perceptions of the risk of child sexual abuse and self-reported protective strategies. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 24 parents of preschool-age children, purposefully selected to be diverse in gender, race/ethnicity, age, and personal experience with sexual abuse victimization. The findings support earlier research showing little congruence between perceptions of risk for the general population and perceptions of personal risk. The qualitative methodology provided some reasons for the discrepancy: comparisons parents make between themselves and other parents, characteristics of sexual abuse that affect perceptions, and the tendency of parents to blur the boundaries of sexual abuse with other forms of victimization. Parents identified strategies they used to protect their children from abuse and their underlying thoughts regarding protection. The exploratory results indicate the importance of understanding parents' cognitive processes in estimating risk and acting protectively and suggest further avenues for research.
Documentation and Preservation of Visual Evidence in Child Abuse
Authors: Finkel Martin A. , Ricci Lawrence R.
Published: March 2007

Careful documentation of injuries provides key information for assessment and evidence in child abuse cases. Visual images of medical findings may influence courts and can be used for consultation, peer review, and teaching. Electronic documentation technologies such as still cameras, video cameras, colposcopes, and computer-based imaging allow medical practitioners to preserve visual evidence in an increasingly sophisticated manner. This article discusses the justification for and equipment used to obtain and preserve visual evidence in either still or video format. It also explores a variety of processing, storage, duplication, and computer transmission modalities.
Pediatric Fellowships in Child Abuse and Neglect: The Development of a New Subspecialty
Authors: Jenny Carole
Published: March 2007

Medical care for children and adolescents where abuse or neglect is suspected has become complex and technical. Many general pediatricians and family practitioners are hesitant to care for these children because of the expertise and time required for court hearings. A new group of physicians has developed, who are specialists in child abuse and neglect. If specialized services is to become generally available, fellowship training programs in child abuse and neglect will have to be institutionalized and funded. A new cadre of child abuse physician specialists will serve the needs for future teaching and research in medical schools.
Auditing Constructivist Inquiry: Perspectives of Two Stakeholders
Authors: Rodwell Mary K. , Byers Katharine V.
Published: March 2007

Using the Schwandt and Halpern model of auditing a constructivist study, the article describes an audit from the perspectives of both the auditor and the inquirer requesting the audit. Presented are the steps of the audit as enacted, the issues raised during the experience, and recommendations for those seeking and performing audits of construc tivist inquiries.
What Can Ethnomethodology Say About Power?
Authors: Watson Graham , Goulet Jean-Guy
Published: March 2007

An interview in which a Dene Tha man talks about his people's powers (echint'e) and a passage in which an eminent social scientist discusses sociologically theorized power are examined for the methods by which these powers are produced as objective facts. The methods invite comparison; for example, both the Dene Tha and the theorist characterize visible and tangible phenomena as pointing to underlying forces that are invisible and intangible. If only (but not only) because these forces are invisible and intangible, work has to be performed to make them stick. This does not constitute a problem for the Dene Tha, whose procedures need only be adequate for practical purposes, but it is a self- imposed hurdle for social scientists, who require their procedures to pass the test of theoretical adequacy; however, satisfying that test is no less a practical accomplishment than is constituting Dene Tha powers as effective.
Evaluators' Use of Peer Debriefing: Three Impressionist Tales
Authors: Cooper Joanne E. , Brandon Paul R. , Lindberg Marlene A.
Published: March 2007

Program evaluators are sometimes requested to help their clients identify ways to use evaluation findings, but little guidance for this task has been provided in the literature. How might evaluators grapple with this dilemma? This article discusses the use of peer debriefing as a method for helping evaluators during the final stage of the evaluation of a curriculum in a school of a large state university and presents the implications of these findings for program evaluators and qualitative researchers. The authors employ an impressionist tale format to discuss the impact of the peer debriefing process on the peer debriefer, the principal investigator, and the project director. The method is found to be helpful to evaluators who face issues of roles, the use of expertise, and interpersonal dynamics.
On Becoming Italian American: An Autobiography of an Ethnic Identity
Authors: Travisano Richard V.
Published: March 2007

This article is about growing up Italian in Connecticut after World War II, and the author finding in the 1980s and 1990s that he is supposed to be Italian American, which, to him, is not satisfying to be. The density of family and ethnicity in the first 22 years of the author's life, and how that changed over time, is delineated. The quest for the Ameri can dream, driven by the Newtonian world machine (in both its modern and postmodern modes), has eclipsed the world he grew up in. The author tries to communicate through prose and poetry that what was lost has not been replaced, hasn't even been substituted for. Put over-simply, most of the wine the author now drinks is better than the wine he made with his uncles, grandfather, and cousin. But going to a liquor store is an incredi bly impoverished cultural experience compared to making 200 gallons of wine in one's own cellar.
Separation, Divorce, and Woman Abuse
Authors: KURZ DEMIE
Published: March 2007

There has been far too little attention to the violence that women experience at the hands of male partners during and after separation from a marriage. In this article, I provide evidence for the seriousness of the problem of violence during separation and its consequences. I argue that (a) violence is a significant factor causing women to leave marriages and thus contributes to the high rate of divorce; and (b) violence continues to play a role in the divorce process as couples negotiate for assets after separation. The data presented in this article are from a study based on a random sample of divorced women with children from diverse backgrounds. The data make clear that many women experienced violence both during and after the ending of their marital relationships and that the violence caused some women to leave their marriages and caused others difficulty in negotiating for their share of marital resources. These women's experiences have implications both for how we conceptualize divorce and for social policy issues.
Fraternity Membership, Rape Myths, and Sexual Aggression on a College Campus
Authors: SCHWARTZ MARTIN D. , NOGRADY CAROL A.
Published: March 2007

A rich theoretical and ethnographic literature exists suggesting that fraternity men are particularly prone to be sexual victimizers of women on college campuses. Yet, there is thin empirical evidence for this contention. Here, in a sample from a large midwestern university, there was strong evidence uncovered that male peer support for victimization of women exists, and that it is related to extensive alcohol use. However, there is no evidence that fraternity men are different on these factors from other men. A conclusion is that anti-rape efforts must be broader than only targeting fraternities, and that alcohol education must be a high priority.
Male Student-Athletes and Violence Against Women
Authors: CROSSET TODD W. , PTACEK JAMES , MCDONALD MARK A. , BENEDICT JEFFREY R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between collegiate athletic participation and reported violence against women at Division I institutions. The research is based on the records of 10 judicial affairs offices over a 3-year period from 1991 through 1993. The findings indicate an over-representation of male student-athletes in reports of violence against women (battering and sexual assault). In total, 20 cases of battering and 69 cases of sexual assault are examined. The findings are statistically significant (from p ≤ .05).
Abused Women
Authors: HUTCHISON IRA W. , HIRSCHEL J. DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article describes the multiple efforts made by abused women to seek help. Based on detailed interviews with 419 abused women, the analysis shows that only a very small number have failed to seek assistance. Most of the women have used a variety of sources, including lawyers, counselors, ministers, magistrates, shelters, and, most often, the police. Demographic analysis shows that relationship is the strongest and most consistent predictor of help seeking; married women use available services far more than do cohabitants. Other demographic characteristics emerge as mixed or marginal predictors of help seeking. Agencies oriented to providing services to abused women should be particularly attuned to those who might be underserved.
“It'll Come Right Back at Me”
Authors: SUDDERTH LORI K.
Published: March 2007

This study is based on qualitative analysis of interviews with 30 rape survivors. Participants who had been raped by men they knew often delayed telling anyone about the rape and experienced more negative reactions than those attacked by strangers. Reactions ranged from support and inconsistent support to silence/avoidance and hostility. The unpredictable pattern of reactions made all the survivors more hesitant about discussing their experiences with others. The results suggest the critical importance of the social context in which survivors discuss sexual victimization and why, at times, silence may be the most logical response.
Slow Growth and Urban Sprawl
Authors: Gainsborough Juliet F.
Published: March 2007

Proponents of more regional cooperation in U.S. metropolitan areas have suggested that increasing concern about the effects of unregulated growth creates the possibility of building a regional coalition around combating sprawl. Analysis of public opinion data from New York and Los Angeles suggest a more complicated picture. Suburbanites who are experiencing “city-like” problems in their communities seem increasingly receptive to slow-growth policies. However, residents of the central city in these areas are much less supportive of controls on growth—a problem for the goal of regional coalition building. Furthermore, even among suburbanites, support is not uniform: African-Americans, lower income residents, and those with stronger ties to the city are all less supportive of slow-growth measures.
The City Manager's Knowledge of Grants-in-Aid
Authors: Hebert F. Ted , Bingham Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Evidence from public officials at all levels of government indicates that the profusion and excessive categorization of grants has had adverse consequences. State and local officials complain of an "in formation gap "-confusion and uncertainty as to what grants are available, who administers them, what the varying requirements are, how closely related grants differ, how to go about making proper application [Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1967: 12].
Heterogeneity of the Elderly in Large Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Beckham Barry L. , Kart Cary S.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the degree of homogeneity of the elderly populations in large metro politan areas. For the 33 SMSAs with populations of one million or more in 1970, 18 social, economic, and demographic variables (derived from census materials) which describe the elderly in these SMSA's are examined. These data are subject to factor analysis. Factors are generated for the SMSAs (Q-analysis) and for the variables (R- analysis). Seven significant SMSA factors and five significant variable factors are produced. The conceptual meaning of the factors and their interrelationships are dis cussed. It is concluded that the elderly in large urban areas are by no means uniform in their characteristics. It is suggested, however, that the characteristics of urban elderly populations may be related to geographic location, age of city, climate, history of in- migration, and the industrial and occupational distribution of elderly citizens in cities in which these populations reside. Researchers interested in the elderly are urged to pursue the development of multidimensional taxonomies of the urban elderly.
The Changing Racial Composition of Suburbs 1950-1970
Authors: Guest Avery M.
Published: March 2007

Central city patterns of racial change frequently involve an invasion-succession process in which blacks replace whites in a community. In contrast, suburbs with significant black and white populations have frequently been growing in numbers of both races. This pattern is consistent with the general areal and population growth of the suburban community which has occurred since World War II. Within the suburban ring, com munities with growth of both blacks and whites differ significantly in housing and popu lation characteristics from the Invasion-Succession communities.
Neighborhood Planning and Political Capacity
Authors: Cohen Rick
Published: March 2007

Physical-economic models of neighborhood change, popularly used by neighborhood planners, are beginning to give way to more politically oriented models. The experience of Pennsylvania's Neighborhood Preservation Support System prototype projects provides evidence of this shift. Such models do not call for blind community control, but for facili tating the development of neighborhood political capacities.
The Political Economy of Urban Revitalization
Authors: Guterbock Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The Marxian and pluralist approaches to the study of inner-city revitalization are described and contrasted. Each approach works from different assumptions about the role of the state, the functions of economic development, and the causes of urban change. However, the approaches agree that there is mutual interdependence among cultural, political, economic, and ecological determinants of gentrification, and this is seen as a basis for a possible synthesis that would enhance the usefulness of future research.
Land-Use Concomitants of Urban Fiscal Squeeze
Authors: Cason Forrest M.
Published: March 2007

A case study of the Denver metropolitan area is presented to document how local governments' responses to fiscal pressure are changing the pattern of land use within metropolitan areas from one of relative specialization within constituent jurisdictions to one of metropolitan complexes composed of communities indistinct in terms of their land use. The discussion illustrates that the trade-offs which exist between fiscal productivity and environmental quality in land use decisions have the potential to compel all but high income residential communities to strive for similar mixes of land use.