bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Au sujet	de et à propos de – une	analyse lexicographique, discursive et linguistique
Authors: Porhiel Sylvie
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article étudie deux prépositions composées : au sujet de et à propos de . Nous analyserons tout d'abord ces prépositions d'un point de vue lexicographique. Bien que synonymes, au sujet de et à propos de ne bénéficient pas d'un traitement lexicographique identique et leur statut, en tant qu'unités lexicales ‘autonomes’ est peu clair. L'analyse des articles de dictionnaire montre que ces prépositions peuvent avoir plusieurs lectures. La deuxième partie étudie au sujet de et à propos de d'un point de vue discursif et linguistique. Elle introduit une distinction par rapport à l'analyse des articles de dictionnaire : la place de la préposition dans la phrase. Selon qu'elle est détachée ou ‘accrochée’, elle n'a pas la même fonction : dans le premier cas elle introduit une thématique et il faut alors s'affranchir du cadre syntaxique de la phrase, dans le deuxième cas elle focalise.
L'analyse de la construction En tout N par D. Leeman : quelques remarques
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article se propose de réexaminer l'analyse du complément circonstanciel en tout ( e ) N menée d'un point de vue harrissien dans Leeman (1998). Au travers de l'étude d'un certain nombre de problèmes et d'exemples, une solution est proposée en termes de stéréotypes, qui permet de rapprocher la structure étudiée de la structure proche en N .
Pour quoi
Authors: Lefeuvre Florence
Published: December 2008

RÉSUMÉ L'objet de cet article est d'examiner la préposition pour lorsqu'elle est suivie du pronom quoi . Elle est prise dans une tension entre le maintien de son statut prépositionnel au sein du groupe pour quoi et sa disparition en tant que préposition avec l'adverbe pourquoi . Pour se distinguer de l'adverbe pourquoi , le groupe pour quoi se rattache à des supports particuliers et récurrents, dans des tournures syntaxiques qui lui sont propres ; il est généralement employé avec des valeurs différentes de celle de la cause. Lorsqu'il ne peut pas s'utiliser, pour des raisons syntaxiques ou sémantiques, ses emplois sont complétés par un réseau de locutions prépositionnelles proches de pour , par exemple en raison de et en vue de dans en raison de quoi et en vue de quoi .
Indifférent : un adjectif	psychologique à part
Authors: Tayalati Fayssal
Published: December 2008

Résumé Le but de cet article est d’apporter une explication à la possibilité qu’a l’adjectif indifférent en français de pronominaliser de deux façons différentes son complément indirect. L’hypothèse avancée est que cette propriété syntaxique est reliée de façon directe au rôle sémantique associé au complément. Nous décrirons par la même occasion certains des emplois de cet adjectif et les propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques qui lui sont propres. Les principales sont l’indétermination du sentiment de l’indifférence et la double orientation sentimentale inhérente à indifférent , deux propriétés qui le distinguent de l’ensemble des expressions adjectivales et verbales du sentiment.
Les relations de discours rhétoriques et praxéologiques dans la description des propriétés des constituants parenthétiques
Authors: Roulet Eddy
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article montre que la prise en compte des relations praxéologiques, en plus des relations rhétoriques traditionnellement étudiées jusqu’ici, permet de décrire non seulement le rôle des constituants non langagiers du discours ou les relations entre les échanges d’un dialogue, mais aussi le rôle des constituants parenthétiques, qui ont résisté jusqu’ici à une analyse syntaxique ou textuelle. Il montre aussi comment, dans une approche modulaire de la complexité de l’organisation du discours, on peut rendre compte de propriétés particulières de constructions problématiques sans recourir à des solutions ad hoc , en exploitant et en combinant des catégories motivées de manière indépendante dans le modèle.
Les marqueurs de thématisation : des thèmes phrastiques et textuels
Authors: Porhiel Sylvie
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article montre que les marqueurs de thématisation tels que en ce qui concerne X, concernant X, du point de vue (de) X , etc. sont des marqueurs de thème singuliers. La première partie passe en revue les propriétés phrastiques classiquement attribuées au thème et conclut que de ce point de vue les introducteurs thématiques et leurs compléments sont des thèmes. La deuxième partie montre que les marqueurs de thématisation sont aussi des thèmes textuels. La dernière partie illustre comment les marqueurs de thématisation s’intègrent dans des organisations complexes avec des hiérarchisations, des problèmes de « portée » (empan textuel) et des découpages en paragraphe plus ou moins concordants.
La scalarité : autant de moyens d'expression, autant d'effets de sens
Authors: Hadermann Pascale , Pierrard Michel , Van Raemdonck Dan
Published: December 2008

Résumé De nos jours, le concept de scalarité surgit dans des études consacrées à des phénomènes très variés dont la quantification, la gradation, la comparaison et l’intensification. La question qui mérite d’être examinée est de savoir si la représentation scalaire peut être posée comme réellement sous-jacente à ces phénomènes et si, dans le cas d’une réponse affirmative, elle permettrait d’unifier le traitement de structures à première vue très divergentes, attestées non seulement en français mais aussi dans une grande variété de langues. C’est à cette question que le présent volume tentera d’apporter des éléments de réponse.
Les comparaisons comme SN exprimant le plus haut degré
Authors: Leroy Sarah
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article porte sur deux constructions comparatives, comme + SN , Adj comme SN et SN comme SN , qui expriment grammaticalement la scalarité et, de plus, passent, suivant les interprétations, de l’expression d’un degré relatif à un étalon à l’expression d’un degré absolu, du plus haut degré. On montre tout d’abord que l’interprétation intensive d’ Adj comme SN relève de la construction elle-même (du type de SN en particulier) et que SN comme SN , toujours intensif, maintient une ambiguïté fondamentale quant à sa référence. On insiste ensuite sur le rôle du SN et sur la charge appréciative qu’il acquiert, et on donne un panorama des niveaux de scalarité des différentes constructions dans leurs différentes interprétations.
La scalarité d'indéfinis à sélection arbitraire
Authors: Larrivée Pierre
Published: December 2008

Résumé La notion d’échelle est envisagée dans cet article à travers les interprétations à polarité négative et de libre-choix des expressions de sélection arbitraire qui que ce soit et any . Ces interprétations reposent sur un modèle scalaire analogue, ce qui permet d’expliquer qu’elles se trouvent rendues régulièrement par les mêmes expressions à travers les langues. Un modèle scalaire ne semble pas immédiatement tangible dans les problématiques impératives du type Pick any card , où la sélection arbitraire diffère par la valeur existentielle et l’absence de valeur qualitative. Ces différences tiennent cependant à un choix relevant de la liberté de l’interlocuteur sur des occurrences non distinguables. L’ensemble des occurrences étant néanmoins concernées, on est autorisé à conclure que la dimension scalaire de ces cas et d’autres impératives problématiques demeure.
Comment devenir scalaire
Authors: Tovena Lucia M.
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article se propose d’examiner des expressions additives en italien. L’idée générale que je défends est qu’il faut distinguer entre la scalarité lexicale des items tels que l’italien perfino et le français même , et la scalarité contextuelle de l’italien neanche , qui possède aussi une lecture purement additive. En plus, il y a des lectures parasitairement scalaires que des expressions additives pures telles que anche en italien et aussi en français peuvent avoir lorsque le domaine se trouve être ordonné. L’idée spécifique que je défends est que (a) les items purement additifs doivent vérifier la présupposition existentielle traditionnellement associée à tous les éléments de la classe, alors que (b) les scalaires lexicalisent l’instruction de l’accommoder (ainsi qu’une contrainte d’ordre) et (c) neanche ne précise pas le choix de la stratégie pour satisfaire cette présupposition et peut ainsi avoir les deux lectures.
« Un ciel… gris de chez gris… » : de la construction X de chez X à Adj de chez Adj : du locatif à l'intensif
Authors: Schnedecker Catherine
Published: December 2008

Résumé Réputée représentative du « parler jeune » et du français oral, la construction Adj de chez adj (gris de chez gris) est d’autant plus intéressante d’un point de vue strictement linguistique qu’elle est pour le moins inattendue, compte tenu des contraintes syntaxiques du français. Pour en comprendre l’émergence, il est nécessaire de s’interroger sur son histoire de manière à repérer ce qui, à partir d’une construction à fonction de localisation, fortement contrainte au niveau du verbe-recteur et de la nature du complément, a «permis» syntaxiquement l’apparition de l’adjectif et sémantiquement l’expression de l’intensité.
Les structures et les hommes
Authors: Péron Sylvie , Vaissermann Alain
Published: December 2008

Résumé Les chiffres parlent d’eux-mêmes. Ils mettent en évidence l’accroissement du travail quotidien des secteurs et des psychiatres malgré le manque de moyens matériels par fermeture des lits d’hospitalisation et le peu de création en structures alternatives à l’hospitalisation, mais aussi malgré la baisse tragique de la démographie du corps de métier infirmier et médical, notamment dans cette spécialité.
Les sanctions éducatives
Authors: Doumit-El Khoury Arlène , Chabrand Catherine , Fourié Hélène , Laroche Françoise , Compans Sylvie
Published: December 2008

Résumé Les sanctions éducatives, ont « pour objet d’apporter une réponse mieux adaptée aux faits commis par les mineurs lorsque les mesures éducatives se révèlent inappropriées et que le prononcé d’une peine constituerait une sanction trop sévère ».
Entretien avec Nicole Questiaux
Authors: Questiaux Nicole , Ladsous Jacques
Published: December 2008

Résumé Nicole Questiaux a répondu favorablement et bien simplement à ma demande d’entretien. Nous nous sommes retrouvés le 21 mars au Cedias-Musée social, pour évoquer la situation du travail social en ce début du xxi e siècle, ou plus exactement la situation de tout ce qui tourne autour des problèmes sociaux. Le Cedias se préparait à célébrer les trente ans de l’année 1975 1 , ce qui était effectivement l’occasion de comparer cette période à celle que nous traversons aujourd’hui dans un contexte très différent (Jacques Ladsous).
Pour un humanisme du divers
Authors: Abdallah-Pretceille Martine
Published: December 2008

Résumé Il s’agit de comprendre pourquoi la composition plurielle de la société est aujourd’hui posée comme un problème. Il s’agit aussi de trouver les modes de traitement possibles sur les plans politique, social et éducatif.
Interculturel et travail social
Authors: Chobeaux François , Laieb Nahima , Vitale Stefano
Published: December 2008

Résumé Comment articuler les valeurs des usagers propres à leurs cultures, leurs positions sociales, leurs histoires ; celles des intervenants sociaux, que l’on souhaite émancipatrices et libératrices ; et celles des institutions publiques, davantage liées à la transmission de normes collectives ?
How multiple external representations are used and how they can be made more useful
Authors: Schwonke Rolf , Berthold Kirsten , Renkl Alexander
Published: December 2008

In two studies, students' difficulties in using multiple external representations were effectively addressed. In a first explorative study (N = 16), we investigated the allocation of visual attention (as assessed by gaze data) on external representations, its relation to learning and learners' beliefs on the representations' functions. Results confirmed that students were not aware of the functions. In a subsequent experiment (N = 30), we analysed effects of informing students about the function of diagrams in worked examples on learning, mediating effects of visual attention and moderating effects of prior knowledge. The instruction had strong effects on learning, which were partially mediated by visual attention. Prior knowledge moderated both, the effects of the instruction on visual attention and of visual attention on learning. Implications for research into multiple representations and instructional design are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nineteenth‐century population structure of Ireland and of the Irish in England and Wales: An analysis by isonymy
Authors: Smith Malcolm T. , Macraild Donald M.
Published: December 2008

This article uses isonymy to test predictions about the genetic structure of Irish populations made on the basis of geography and population history, and compares the mid‐nineteenth century population of Ireland with the late nineteenth century Irish‐born population resident in England and Wales. Surname data were derived from (1) the householders named in the index to Griffith's valuation of Ireland, a survey undertaken between 1846 and 1864, and (2) of Irish‐born residents named in 1881 census of England and Wales. Visual representation of the Griffith's valuation isonymy matrix by multidimensional scaling (MDS) gives a result very close to the geographical distribution of Irish counties, and Mantel matrix correlation shows random isonymy between counties to be negatively associated with geographical distance, generally decaying according to a pattern of isolation‐by‐distance, with exceptions that can be explained in terms of Irish population history. Some 141,360 Irish‐born residents in England and Wales at the 1881 census were assigned to an Irish county of origin, and random isonymy by county of birth for this group also shows a close correspondence to Irish geography. The Mantel matrix correlation between the Irish in Ireland and the Irish in England is 0.855, R2 = 0.7306, indicating that the emigrant Irish in England were representative of the populations of the Irish counties from which they were derived. This result, together with the strong geographical patterning of surnames in Ireland, suggests that isonymy can be used to investigate the population structure and origin of Irish emigrant groups in Britain and potentially throughout the Irish diaspora. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adiponectin and type 2 diabetes in Samoan adults
Authors: Dibello Julia R. , Baylin Ana , Viali Satupaitea , Tuitele John , Bausserman Linda , Mcgarvey Stephen T.
Published: December 2008

Objective:

Previous studies have established an association between adiponectin and type 2 diabetes. It is unclear whether adiponectin will be useful among Samoan Islanders, characterized by markedly elevated levels of obesity, in differentiating those at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

Cross‐sectional, genetic epidemiology study of obesity in American Samoa and Samoa 2002–2003 (n = 1,599). Logistic regression provided adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between adiponectin, diabetes, and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose).

Results:

There is a significant decreasing trend in the odds of diabetes and prediabetes across increasing quintiles of adiponectin with an OR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 5.0) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5, 5.7), respectively, in the lowest relative to the highest quintile of adiponectin (P‐for‐trend = 0.004 and 0.001).

Conclusions:

Adiponectin is an important correlate, independent of other risk factors, of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes among Samoan islanders and may help distinguish those at higher risk of developing this disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total estradiol levels in migrant and British‐born British Pakistani women: Investigating early life influences on ovarian function
Authors: Pollard Tessa M. , Unwin Nigel , Fischbacher Colin , Chamley Jagdip K.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that women who grow up in energetically stressed environments have later menarche and lower total estradiol levels during their reproductive years than do women who grow up in less energetically stressed environments. We assessed total estradiol in a serum sample taken 9–11 days after the start of the menstrual cycle in 26 women who grew up in Pakistan and migrated to the UK as adults, in 28 British‐born British Pakistani women, and in 25 British‐born women of European origin. Women who grew up in Pakistan reported a later menarche than women who grew up in the UK. However, we found no significant differences between the groups in total estradiol level. Thus our findings do not support the hypothesis that estradiol levels are partially determined during early life. However, having considered our findings in relation to those of other studies, we conclude that new methodological approaches are needed to provide a more definitive test of the hypothesis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Searching for the origin of Gagauzes: Inferences from Y‐chromosome analysis
Authors: Varzari Alexander , Kharkov Vladimir , Stephan Wolfgang , Dergachev Valentin , Puzyrev Valery , Weiss Elisabeth H. , Stepanov Vadim
Published: December 2008

The Gagauzes are a small Turkish‐speaking ethnic group living mostly in southern Moldova and northeastern Bulgaria. The origin of the Gagauzes is obscure. They may be descendants of the Turkic nomadic tribes from the Eurasian steppes, as suggested by the “Steppe” hypothesis, or have a complex Anatolian‐steppe origin, as postulated by the “Seljuk” or “Anatolian” hypothesis. To distinguish these hypotheses, a sample of 89 Y‐chromosomes representing two Gagauz populations from the Republic of Moldova was analyzed for 28 binary and seven STR polymorphisms. In the gene pool of the Gagauzes a total of 15 Y‐haplogroups were identified, the most common being I‐P37 (20.2%), R‐M17 (19.1%), G‐M201 (13.5%), R‐M269 (12.4%), and E‐M78 (11.1%). The present Gagauz populations were compared with other Balkan, Anatolian, and Central Asian populations by means of genetic distances, nonmetric multidimentional scaling and analyses of molecular variance. The analyses showed that Gagauzes belong to the Balkan populations, suggesting that the Gagauz language represents a case of language replacement in southeastern Europe. Interestingly, the detailed study of microsatellite haplotypes revealed some sharing between the Gagauz and Turkish lineages, providing some support of the hypothesis of the “Seljuk origin” of the Gagauzes. The faster evolving microsatellite loci showed that the two Gagauz samples investigated do not represent a homogeneous group. This finding matches the cultural and linguistic heterogeneity of the Gagauzes well, suggesting a crucial role of social factors in shaping the Gagauz Y‐chromosome pool and possibly also of effects of genetic drift. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Nanoscale Molecular Switch Triggered by Thermal, Light, and Guest Perturbation
Authors: Duriska Martin B. , Neville Suzanne M. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Cashion John D. , Halder Gregory J. , Chapman Karena W. , Balde Chérif , Létard Jean‐François , Murray Keith S. , Kepert Cameron J. , Batten Stuart R.
Published: December 2008

Schaltbar: In einem diskreten metallosupramolekularen Nanoball (siehe Bild), der mit dem „Bottom‐up“‐Verfahren hergestellt wurde, tritt ein lösungsmittelabhängiges, physikalisch steuerbares Umklappen des Elektronenspins auf. Das Umklappen lässt sich thermisch, durch Licht oder durch das Lösungsmittel auslösen und kann durch Bestrahlen mit grünem und rotem Laserlicht zwischen „an“ und „aus“ hin und her geschaltet werden.

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Metal–Organic Spheres as Functional Systems for Guest Encapsulation
Authors: Imaz Inhar , Hernando Jordi , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , Maspoch Daniel
Published: December 2008

Music of the spheres: Infinite coordination polymerization of Zn2+ ions and a multitopic ligand produces metal–organic micro‐ and nanospheres that can be used as functional matrices. The spheres can encapsulate combinations of active substances, such as organic dyes, magnetic nanoparticles, or luminescent quantum dots (see image), which results in spheres that are luminescent in the blue, green, and red regions of the spectrum.

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Developmental toxicity associated with receptor tyrosine kinase Ret inhibition in reproductive toxicity testing
Authors: Clemens George R. , Schroeder Raymond E. , Magness Steven H. , Weaver Elizabeth V. , Lech Joseph W. , Taylor Vanessa C. , Masuda Esteban S. , Baluom Muhammad , Grossbard Elliott B.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

Urogenital abnormalities are among the most common of all human birth defects. In developmental toxicity studies with the Syk kinase inhibitor R788, a spectrum of findings, including renal agenesis, were observed. R788 has also been found to inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Ret kinase is known to be an essential component in the signaling pathway required for renal organogenesis and ureteric duct formation. Previously known is that mutant mice without the c‐ret gene, develop urogenital malformations including renal agenesis.

METHODS:

In GLP developmental toxicity studies, gravid rabbits were treated orally with R788 at doses of 0, 10, 22, and 50 mg/kg/day (gestation days 7–19) and gravid rats received 0, 5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg/day (gestation days 6–17) by the same route. The activity of R406 against Ret kinase was assessed in biochemical and cell‐based assays.

RESULTS:

A dose‐dependent increase in malformations, including renal and ureteric agenesis and a specific major vessel anomaly, retroesophageal right subclavian artery, was observed in both the rat and rabbit. R788 proved to be a potent inhibitor of Ret kinase.

CONCLUSIONS:

R788 promoted a spectrum of developmental toxicity, including renal and ureteric agenesis and a specific major vessel abnormality, retroesophageal right subclavian artery, in two different species. These effects are likely the result of inhibition of Ret kinase given its importance in the normal ontogeny of the urogenital and cardiovascular systems across species. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of human teratogenicity by the astute clinician method: Review of illustrative agents and a proposal of guidelines
Authors: Carey John C. , Martinez Lynn , Balken Elizabeth , Leen‐Mitchell Marsha , Robertson Julia
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: The determination that an exposure is a human teratogen is a complex process involving the application of the principles of teratology, epidemiology, biology, and clinical medicine. Shepard suggested that the “rare exposure/rare defect” or “case report method”, the astute clinician model, was one approach for establishing teratogenicity. The purpose of this article is to review selected exposures with the goal of identifying principles that lead to a working proposal for the application of this approach. METHODS: We selected three known exposures — penicillamine, fluconazole and mycophenolate mofetil — for detailed review. These agents were chosen because their evidence for causation arises mostly from clinical observations in the context of biologic plausibility. RESULTS: All three agents were originally detected based on astute observations by clinicians reporting on individual cases of a distinctive pattern of malformation or, in the case of penicillamine distinctive phenotype, after the rare exposure. All three have varying degrees of biologic evidence that support the hypothesis that each represents a human teratogen. All three meet Shepard's criteria for “proof.” CONCLUSIONS: The basic premise of this approach depends on the rarity of both the exposure and the outcome. We propose guidelines for utilization of this approach in the determination of human teratogenicity. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Coetzee Magdalena , Haag Marianne , Kruger Marlena C.
Published: December 2008

Osteoblasts in culture can differentiate into mature mineralizing osteoblasts when stimulated with osteogenic agents. Clinical trials and in vivo animal studies suggest that specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may benefit bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affect osteogenesis in osteoblasts and the transdifferentiation into adipocytes. Results from this study show that long‐term exposure to AA inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in these cells, which might be prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)‐mediated. DHA exposure also inhibited ALP activity which was evident after both short‐ and long‐term exposures. The mechanism whereby DHA inhibits ALP activity is not clear and needs to be investigated. Although long‐term exposure to PUFAs inhibited ALP activity, the mineralizing properties of these cells were not compromised. Furthermore, PUFA exposure did not induce adipocyte‐like features in these cells as evidenced by the lack of cytoplasmic triacylglycerol accummulation. More research is required to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of action of PUFAs on bone. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative stress resistance through blocking Hsp60 translocation followed by SAPK/JNK inhibition in aged human diploid fibroblasts
Authors: Lee Young‐Hee , Govinda Bhattarai , Kim Jae‐Cheol , Kim Tae‐Il , Lee Nan‐Hee , Lee Jung‐Chang , Yi Ho‐Keun , Jhee Eun‐Chung
Published: December 2008

The stress‐activated protein kinase/c‐JunN‐terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathway is a well‐known senescence‐related stress activated protein kinase. Multiple environmental stresses induce programmed cell death, such as apoptosis. Normal human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells have a limited life spanin vitro, halting proliferation after a fixed number of cell divisions. Aged passage HDF showed resistance to oxidative stress involving heat shock proteins (Hsp60) through a mechanism involving the translocation of Hsp60 from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The present study showed that the translocation of Hsp60 from the mitochondria to the cytosol followed by high levels ofp‐SAPK/JNK activation as a result of oxidative stress was observed in the young cells only. The inhibition of SAPK/JNK activation by SP600125 under oxidative stress almost completely blocked the translocation of Hsp60 in both young and aged cells. This suggests that aged HDF cells are resistant to oxidative stress by blocking the translocation of Hsp60 from the mitochondria to the cytosol followed by SAPK/JNK inhibition. Overall, the mechanism of resistance by oxidative stress in aged cells is induced by blocked of the translocation of Hsp60 followed by SAPK/JNK inactivation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KAI1/CD82 decreases Rac1 expression and cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in H1299 lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Choi Un‐Jong , Jee Bo‐Keun , Lim Young , Lee Kweon‐Haeng
Published: December 2008

Although the KAI1/CD82 protein has been reported to inhibit cell metastasis in many studies, its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of KAI1/CD82 on the metastatic phenotype in H1299 lung carcinoma cells. These studies were based on the pivotal role that the acquisition of motile phenotype plays on the initial steps of metastasis. KAI1/CD82‐mediated morphological changes were observed using phase contrast microscopy. We report here, that a KAI1/CD82‐induced phenotypic change was involved in the decrease of Rac1 expression and GTPase activity. However, we found that KAI1/CD82 did not regulate Rac1 mRNA levels. This suggests the existence of another regulatory mechanism of Rac1 protein maturation or activation. To identify the signaling pathway of Rac1 regulation, we investigated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, since the PI3K/Akt pathway regulates Rac1 activation and mTOR is known to play a regulatory role in protein translation. H1299/CD82‐transfectants showed lower mTOR expression and cell growth than the control group. The data obtained from this study suggested that KAI1/CD82 decreased the metastatic phenotype of H1299 lung carcinoma cells by down‐regulating Rac1 expression through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum creatinine ratio: A novel predictor of mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with normal and abnormal renal function
Authors: Kini Annapoorna S. , Sarkar Kunal , Rafael Oana C. , Jakkula Madhavi , Kaplish Dheeraj , Lee Paul , Suleman Javed , Krishnan Prakash , Kim Michael C. , Sharma Samin K.
Published: December 2008

The occurrence of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased mortality after percutaneous revascularization procedures. However, the exact correlation between various levels of creatinine elevation relative to the baseline and subsequent mortality in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is not well established. In addition, the relationship between elevated postprocedural creatinine and ensuing mortality in patients with normal baseline renal function needs to be investigated. Methods: All percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients (n = 12,997) were analyzed for any rise in serum creatinine (SCr): CRI group (BSC ≥ 1.5 mg/dl) (n = 1,853) and normal baseline renal function (NBR BSC < 1.5 mg/dl) group (n = 11,144). Patients in each group were analyzed for any elevation in SCr postprocedure and subdivided based on the SCr ratio [peak SCr/Baseline creatinine (BSC)] of <1.25, 1.25–1.5, and >1.5. The overall incidence of CIN (defined as an increment of 25% over baseline creatinine) was 5.9%: 11.3% in the CRI group versus 5.1% in normal BSC group (P < 0.01). Recursive partitioning and Cox hazard modeling were used to assess significant variables associated with mortality within 1 year. Only serum creatinine ratio (SCrR) > 1.5 correlated with increased mortality in both CRI group as well as normal BSC group. Conclusions: SCrR > 1.5 predicts mortality at 1 year after PCI. The association between SCrR > 1.5 and increased mortality at follow‐up is observed in patients with CRI as well as normal baseline renal function. SCrR may thus serve as a useful clinical tool for risk stratification and prognostication of patients after PCI. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subclavian artery intervention with vertebral embolic protection
Authors: Michael Tesfaldet T. , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil
Published: December 2008

Knowing the location of the vertebral and the internal mammary artery ostia is crucial during proximal subclavian artery percutaneous intervention to prevent inadvertent injury to either artery. We report a case of severe proximal left subclavian artery stenosis in a patient with a three‐vessel disease referred to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Retrograde angiography via left radial access allowed visualization of the left internal mammary artery and the left vertebral artery ostia and placement of a Filterwire in the left vertebral artery. The proximal left subclavian artery was successfully stented without complications. Debris was retrieved in the Filterwire. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicalite‐Filled PEBA Membranes for Recovering Ethanol from Aqueous Solution by Pervaporation
Authors: Gu Jin , Shi Xuan , Bai Yunxiang , Zhang Hongmang , Zhang Lin , Huang He
Published: December 2008

Pervaporation (PV) performances of silicalite‐filled polyether‐block‐amide (PEBA) membranes for separation of ethanol/water mixtures have been studied. The effects of silicalite content, ethanol concentration in feed, and feed temperature on the PV performances of the membranes have been investigated. It is found that addition of silicalite can improve PV performances of PEBA membranes. When the silicalite content is 2.0 wt %, both permeation flux and separation factor reach the maximum values, which are 833 g/m2h and 3.6, respectively. With increasing of ethanol in the feed and feed temperature, both separation factor and total flux increased. The higher permeation activation energy of ethanol (Eethanol = 21.62 kJ/mol) compared to that of water (Ewater = 18.33 kJ/mol) for the 2.0 wt% silicalite‐filled PEBA membrane accounts for the increase of the separation factor with feed temperature.
Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy
Authors: Ramesh N. , Jayakumar C. , Nagendra Gandhi N.
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the separation of a near boiling mixture, o‐/p‐xylene. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K) on the separation of o‐/p‐xylene were studied. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the percentage extraction of p‐xylene to different degrees. The percentage extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate significant extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for both cases. The Setschenow constant, ks, a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case.
Mass Transfer Coefficient for Drying of Moist Particulate in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Authors: Makkawi Y. T. , Ocone R.
Published: December 2008

Experiments on drying of moist particles by ambient air were carried out to measure the mass transfer coefficient in a bubbling fluidized bed. Fine glass beads of mean diameter 125 μm were used as the bed material. Throughout the drying process, the dynamic material distribution was recorded by electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and the exit air condition was recorded by a temperature/humidity probe. The ECT data were used to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on the bubble characteristics. The exit air moisture content was used to determine the water content in the bed. The measured overall mass transfer coefficient was in the range of 0.0145–0.021 m/s. A simple model based on the available correlations for bubble‐cloud and cloud‐dense interchange (two‐region model) was used to predict the overall mass transfer coefficient. Comparison between the measured and predicted mass transfer coefficient have shown reasonable agreement. The results were also used to determine the relative importance of the two transfer regions.
Systems Chemistry: Logic Gates, Arithmetic Units, and Network Motifs in Small Networks
Authors: Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Gonen
Published: December 2008

How much “systems chemistry” really exists within small networks?To answer this question, the authors study tertiary networks that facilitate molecular replication through all Boolean logic operations and show how such gates can be wired together to perform computational and feed‐forward based network motifs (see graphic).

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A mixture of molecules can be regarded as a network if all the molecular components participate in some kind of interaction with other molecules—either physical or functional interactions. Template‐assisted ligation reactions that direct replication processes can serve as the functional elements that connect two members of a chemical network. In such a process, the template does not necessarily catalyze its own formation, but rather the formation of another molecule, which in turn can operate as a template for reactions within the network medium. It was postulated that even networks made up of small numbers of molecules possess a wealth of molecular information sufficient to perform rather complex behavior. To probe this assumption, we have constructed virtual arrays consisting of three replicating molecules, in which dimer templates are capable of catalyzing reactants to form additional templates. By using realistic parameters from peptides or DNA replication experiments, we simulate the construction of various functional motifs within the networks. Specifically, we have designed and implemented each of the three‐element Boolean logic gates, and show how these networks are assembled from four basic “building blocks”. We also show how the catalytic pathways can be wired together to perform more complex arithmetic units and network motifs, such as the half adder and half subtractor computational modules, and the coherent feed‐forward loop network motifs under different sets of parameters. As in previous studies of chemical networks, some of the systems described display behavior that would be difficult to predict without the numerical simulations. Furthermore, the simulations reveal trends and characteristics that should be useful as “recipes” for future design of experimental functional motifs and for potential integration into modular circuits and molecular computation devices.
Inhibition of Peroxidase‐Catalyzed Iodination by Cephalosporins: Metallo‐β‐Lactamase‐Induced Antithyroid Activity of Antibiotics
Authors: Tamilselvi A. , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: December 2008

Broad‐spectrum antibiotics with heterocyclic side chains strongly inhibit peroxidase‐catalyzed iodination in the presence of metallo‐β‐lactamase. This suggests that antibiotic resistance due to hydrolysis of the β‐lactam ring in antibiotics would have negative effects on thyroid activity.

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Symptom distress, interventions, and outcomes of intensive care unit cancer patients referred to a palliative care consult team
Authors: Delgado‐Guay Marvin O. , Parsons Henrique A. , Li Zhijun , Palmer Lynn J. , Bruera Eduardo
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

The symptom burden of intensive care unit (ICU) patients who are referred to a palliative care team (PCT) has not been characterized to the authors' knowledge, and the response of these symptoms to the palliative care intervention has not been reported.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively reviewed PCT consults for ICU patients who were seen between July 2006 and October 2007. To characterize symptom distress and outcomes in ICU patients who were referred to PCT in a cancer center, information and descriptive statistics about patients' demographics, comorbidities, PCT findings, interventions, and outcomes were obtained. The chi‐square test was used to analyze ICU and PCT mortality, and the signed‐rank test was used to analyze PCT interventions.

RESULTS:

Of 1637 PCT consults, 88 consults (5%) were from the ICU. The median patient age was 60 years (range, 22‐87 years), and 41 patients (46%) were women. The types of cancers were hematologic (19 patients; 22%), gastrointestinal (19 patients; 22%), lung (18 patients; 20%), and others (24 patients; 26%). Nineteen patients were on mechanical ventilation (MV), and 24 patients were on bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP). The findings were delirium (71 patients; 81%), dyspnea (67 patients; 76%), pain (74patients; 84%), fatigue (84 patients; 95%), and anxiety (57 patients; 65%). The interventions used were opioid management (99%), steroids (70%), antipsychotics (76%), and counseling (100%), do not resuscitate conversion (62 of 88 patients; 70%), withdrawal of MV (15 of 19 patients; 79%), and withdrawal of BIPAP (26 of 26 patients; 100%). Improvement was reported in pain (67 patients; 90%), dyspnea (60 patients; 90%), anxiety (51 patients; 80%), and delirium (31 patients; 44%). Thirty‐five patients (40%) were transferred to the palliative care unit (PCU). Fifty‐one ICU/PCT patients (58%) died during admission versus 130 of 1549 (8%) non‐ICU PCT patients (P < .0001). Twenty‐three of 35 patients who were transferred to the PCU (66%) died there versus 212 of 629 patients (34%) who were admitted to the PCU from another service (P < .0001). Thirty‐seven of 88 ICU/PCT patients (42%) were discharged alive.

CONCLUSIONS:

ICU patients who are referred to the PCT have severe symptom distress. The PCT was able to identify multiple problems and make numerous pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic recommendations that improved these symptoms, including the participation in do not resuscitate conversion and withdrawal of MV and BIPAP. Although many patients in this population died, a significant subset, including those who were transferred to the PCU, survived to discharge. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Do phase 1 patients have greater needs for palliative care compared with other cancer patients?
Authors: Finlay Esmé , Lu Hien L. , Henderson Hope , O'Dwyer Peter J. , Casarett David J.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

Phase 1 oncology trial participants often are excluded from hospice. However, it is not known whether they would benefit from hospice services. The objectives of the current study were to define the palliative care needs of these patients and to determine whether their needs are greater than those of other cancer patients.

METHODS:

Two hundred ninety‐seven patients who were undergoing cancer therapy and 69 patients who were enrolled in phase 1 trials at 7 oncology clinics in an urban cancer network were recruited and consented to participate in interviews. Interviewers assessed the prevalence and severity of 10 symptoms using the Global Distress Index of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale and patients' perceived need for 4 services typically provided through hospice: a chaplain, counselor, home health aide, and visiting nurse.

RESULTS:

Patients in the 2 groups had a similar symptom burden. However, after adjusting for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status scores, phase 1 patients were more likely to have 5 of the 10 symptoms and reported greater severity for 6 of the 10 symptoms. Compared with other patients, phase 1 patients were less likely to say they needed a home health aide (4 of 69 patients [6%] vs 198 of 297 patients [67%]), a chaplain (7 of 69 patients [10%] vs 134 of 297 patients [45%]), or a counselor (11 of 69 patients [16%] vs 160 of 297 patients [54%]; chi‐square test: P < .001 for all). They were equally likely to say they needed a visiting nurse (30 of 69 patients [44%] vs 142 of 297 patients [48%]; chi‐square test: P = .516).

CONCLUSIONS:

Compared with other patients who had cancer, patients who were participating in phase 1 trials were less likely to want several home care services, although they experienced a greater symptom burden. Further research will be needed to define the palliative care needs of this population. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Defining a molecular phenotype for benign and malignant parathyroid tumors
Authors: Fernandez‐Ranvier Gustavo G. , Khanafshar Elham , Tacha David , Wong Mariwil , Kebebew Electron , Duh Quan‐Yang , Clark Orlo H.
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

It is frequently difficult to establish histologically whether a parathyroid tumor is a parathyroid carcinoma, parathyromatosis, or an atypical adenoma. The authors asked whether these tumors have a distinctive molecular profile, whether benign tumors could be distinguished from malignant tumors, and whether parathyromatosis is a low‐grade parathyroid carcinoma or is benign tissue that can invade other organs.

METHODS:

Samples of parathyroid carcinoma, atypical adenoma, parathyromatosis, parathyroid adenoma, and hyperplasia were obtained for tissue microarray studies. The molecular expression of genes involved in parathyroid tumor progression (HRPT2 [“parafibromin”], galectin‐3, Ki‐67, Rb, p27, and mdm‐2) was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:

Complete loss of parafibromin expression was seen in 5 of 16 (31.3%) parathyroid carcinomas; all parathyromatosis, atypical adenomas, adenomas, and hyperplasia stained positive for parafibromin. Loss of Rb expression was seen in 5 (33.3%) of 15 parathyroid carcinomas and 1 (7.1%) of 14 parathyroid hyperplasias; all parathyromatosis, atypical adenomas, and adenomas stained positive. Galectin‐3 stained strongly positive in 14 (93.3%) of 15 parathyroid carcinomas, and positive in 3 (18.7%) of 16 cases of parathyromatosis, 2 (100%) of 2 atypical adenomas, 1 (5.6%) of 18 adenomas, and 2 (14.3%) of 14 hyperplasias. The Ki‐67 proliferative index was high in 9 (60%) of 15 parathyroid carcinomas, 1 (6.7%) of 15 cases of parathyromatosis, 1 (5.6%) of 18 adenomas, and no atypical adenomas or hyperplasia. P27 and mdm‐2 protein expression did not differ appreciably among the tumor types.

CONCLUSIONS:

No single diagnostic marker currently determines whether a parathyroid tumor is a parathyroid carcinoma, but loss of parafibromin and Rb expression, and overexpression of galectin‐3, generally distinguish parathyroid carcinoma from other parathyroid tumors. Parathyromatosis does not appear to be a low‐grade parathyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Zebrafish neurolin‐a and ‐b, orthologs of ALCAM, are involved in retinal ganglion cell differentiation and retinal axon pathfinding
Authors: Diekmann Heike , Stuermer Claudia A.O.
Published: December 2008

Neurolin‐a and Neurolin‐b (also called alcam and nlcam, respectively) are zebrafish orthologs of human ALCAM, an adhesion protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily with functions in axon growth and guidance. Within the developing zebrafish retina, onset and progression of Neurolin‐a expression parallels the pattern of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation. By using a morpholino‐based knockdown approach, we show that Neurolin‐a (but not Neurolin‐b) is necessary for a crucial step in RGC differentiation. Without Neurolin‐a, a large proportion of RGCs fail to develop, and RGC axons are absent or reduced in number. Subsequently, Neurolin‐a is required for RGC survival and for the differentiation of all other retinal neurons. Neurolin‐b is expressed later in well‐differentiated RGCs and is required for RGC axon pathfinding. Without Neurolin‐b, RGC axons grow in highly aberrant routes along the optic tract and/or fail to reach the optic tectum. Thus, the zebrafish Neurolin paralogs are involved in distinct steps of retinotectal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:38–50, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the mouse amygdala as revealed by enhanced green fluorescent protein gene transfer by means of in utero electroporation
Authors: Soma Miho , Aizawa Hidenori , Ito Yoshimasa , Maekawa Motoko , Osumi Noriko , Nakahira Eiko , Okamoto Hitoshi , Tanaka Kohichi , Yuasa Shigeki
Published: December 2008

The amygdala is located in the caudal part of the ventral telencephalon. It is composed of many subdivisions and is involved in the control of emotion. It is important to know the mechanisms of amygdalar development in order to analyze the pathogenesis of emotional disorders, but they are still not adequately understood. In the present study the migration, differentiation, and distribution of amygdalar neurons in the mouse embryo were investigated by means of in utero electroporation. Ventricular zone cells in restricted regions, that is, the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), the ventral pallium, the lateral pallium, and the diencephalon, were labeled with an expression vector of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. Labeling at embryonic day (E)10 revealed that the central nucleus originates from the neuroepithelium in the ganglionic eminence and the labeling at E11 and E12 revealed that the basolateral complex originates from the neuroepithelium of the ventral and lateral pallia. The introduction of the EGFP gene into the neuroepithelium of the third ventricle at E11 showed that the medial nucleus originates, at least in part, from the neuroepithelium of the diencephalon and migrates over the diencephalo–telencephalic boundary. The radial glial arrangement corresponded well with the initial migration of amygdalar neurons, and the radial processes later formed the boundary demarcating the basolateral complex. These findings indicate that the neurons originating from the temporally and spatially restricted neuroepithelium in both the telencephalon and diencephalon migrate and differentiate to form the mosaic of amygdalar subdivisions. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:113–128, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.