bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State, Economic Policy and Industrial Relations in the 1980s: Problems and Trends
Authors: Rehn Gosta
Published: March 2007

Most governments have today abandoned the belief that trade union leaders are able, through wage restraint, to save them from the evils of inflation and unemployment, only if full employment were pursued in the ordinary Keynesian way, i.e. via general reflation. Money wage increases are more determined by economic and psychological forces among grass-roots workers and employers than by centralized rational thinking. Because of this one cannot expect governments to press unemployment down much below the present 'natural rate': 7-8 percent. The recommendation often heard nowadays that trade unions should permit wage relativities to vary according to varying profitability of enterprises and branches of industry and thus promote productive restructuring by stimulating worker mobility in desirable directions is however also questionable. Taxing the 'good' by high wages and subsidizing the 'bad' by low wages may put a brake on, rather than accelerate, the restructuring. This paper argues that it is better to promote worker mobility by an active labour-market policy, generously helping those willing to move or retrain themselves for productive jobs. An active labour-market policy would also reduce the entrepreneurial costs of increasing production and employment. To reduce the specific costs connected with expansion by a reallocation of social charges, other taxes and subsidies thus making expansion in itself an anti-inflationary force, is a principle that could be applied more widely and effectively than hitherto.
Working Time Reductions in Australian Industry: Did They Create Jobs and Who Funded Them?a
Authors: Mangan John , Steinke John
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between reductions in the length of the standard working week in Australian industry and employment and wages as they emerged in the period 1976-85. Reductions in standard working hours in Australia were seen by many as a means of reducing unemployment. The results obtained suggest that no general relationship existed between working time changes and employment levels, but rather varied between industries. The potentially divisive issue of the funding of work time changes is also examined.
European Social Policy after Maastricht: The 'Social Dialogue' and 'Subsidiarily'
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews recent changes in the institutional conditions ofa European social policy, especially the new codecision rights of the 'social partners' under the Maastricht Social Protocol. To assess the potential of the new institutional framework to add a meaningful social dimension to the integrated European market, the paper places Maastricht and its aftermath in the context of both the history of social policy as well as the overall institutional structure of the European Community. Drawing on theory derived from the study of neo-corporatism, the paper argues that the key for a productive 'social dialogue' rests with business; that business has no incentives to promote an activist, market-correcting social policy at Community level and will therefore likely use its codecision rights to delay or prevent legislation; and that neither the unions nor the European Commission, the incipient European Community executive, have a capacity to make business change its strategic calculation.
Is Lean Production the Solution?
Authors: Papahristodoulou Christos
Published: March 2007

The Japanese system of lean production is the most efficient way for manufacturing cars argue Womack et al. in their MIT study The Machine that Changed the World (1990). They strongly recom- mend Western companies to learn and adapt to it, if they want to survive in the 1990s. This paper shows that lean production per se is not sufficient to explain the Japanese superiority unless favourable macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions prevail (precisely as for mass production). It also points to some methodological and analytical deficits in the MIT study.
Employee Participation in the Subsidiaries of Multinational Enterprises: Two Anglo-Indian Case Studies
Authors: Lumley Roger , Misra Santrupt
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings from case studies carried out in two multinational enterprises. Structures and practices of employee participation in plants of the Indian subsidiary are compared with those in matched plants of the British parent company. The principal finding is that parent company management influenced employee participation in subsidiaries less through direct policies than by the indirect effects of control over business strategy and resources, and through 'auto-controls'. Legislation defined the basic structures of participation in the Indian plants, but not the way these bodies operated. Within each plant, management used employee participation to obtain and retain control in periods of crisis.
Management Practice or Structural Factors: The Case of America Versus Japan in the Car Industry
Authors: Williams Karel , Haslam Colin , Johal Sukhdev , Williams John , Adoroff Andy , Willis Robert
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the determinants of Japanese success against America in the car industry. It examines the physical productive performance gap between the national sectors in terms of hours to build, and the financial performance of major companies in terms of value added and cash flow. It then outlines the pertinent structural variables before demonstrating their relevance to the competitive outcome in this case. The conclusion is that management action may be relevant to competition within national settlements, but structural variables are likely to be decisive in competition between social settlements where structural variables like wages and hours worked have different values.
Corporatist Tendencies in the Euro-Polity: The EU Directive of 22 September 1994, on European Works Councils
Authors: Knutsen Paul
Published: March 2007

The central aim of the 1994 European Works Councils directive is to establish institutions in transnational enterprises with the explicit purpose of improving the rights of the employees to information and consultation in general, and to information concerning 'transnational questions which significantly affect workers' interests' in particular. Historically, the directive is placed within the context of reform demands from the social democratic mainstream in international trade unionism dating back to the 1960s. Since Commission proposals for such a directive had been strongly opposed and successfully defeated by employer interests, especially UNICE, for a long time, the actual adoption of the directive in September 1994 came as a cold shower for these interests. The development of the tripartite power relationship between the Commission and the peak organizations of labour and capital at European level in the tug of war up to the final adoption of the directive seems to indicate the emergence of a peculiar Euro- corporatism.
The ETUC and its Role in Advancing the Cause of European Worker Participation Rights
Authors: Abboff Keith
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the political development of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), the peak organization representing the regional interests of national trade unions operating in Europe. It argues that the ETUC is better understood as a political lobby group rather than an orthodox trade union, and that its influence at the level of European politics is the criterion by which its effectiveness should be gauged. The vehicle used to carry this claim is a case study that elaborates the role played by the organization in lobbying for European Union legislation on worker participation rights. The article finds that changes in the legislative procedures of the EU and moves to implement a single market had positive implic'ations for the ETUC's external political legitimacy, and that this proved influential in the spread of worker participation practices in European multinationals and the eventual adoption of EU legislation in this area. From these insights the article concludes with some comment on the theory of regional trade unionism.
The Origins of Social Phobia
Authors: Hudson Jennifer L. , Rapee Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

A greater understanding of the origins of social phobia is much needed. The research to date is limited by the relatively small number of studies that sample clinical populations of individuals with social phobia. There is, however, research derived from related areas such as shyness, social anxiety, self-consciousness, peer neglect, and social withdrawal that contributes to a richer understanding of the etiology of social fears. Combining these areas of research, this review addresses four main factors that may be important to the origins of social phobia: (a) genetic factors; (b) family factors; (c) other environmental factors; and (d) developmental factors.
Skills for Child Management and Family Support
Authors: Kelley Mary Lou , Embry Lynne H. , Baer Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the effects of a training program designed to teach one couple skills for better managing its child's behavior and for increasing occurrence of positive, reciprocal family interactions. Specifically, parents were taught to: (1) improve instructions to the child; (2) differentially attend to their child's behavior; and (3) improve support of one another by increasing interspouse consistency when responding to the child. A multiple baseline design across parent behaviors was employed. Training was conducted and data were collected in the home via direct observation of the family's behavior. Results suggest that compliant child behavior increased substantially when the parents were trained to differentially attend to their child. Introduction of spouse support and family interaction training yielded immediate increases in family interactions, interspouse consistency, and the occurence of positive statements among family members.
Critical Issues in Behavior Therapy
Authors: Turkat Ira Daniel , Forehand Rex
Published: March 2007

The history of psychotherapy describes the emergence and decline of various models of intervention. The recent proliferation of behavior therapy technology is examined in this perspective. While empiricism appears to be the greatest asset of behavioral technology, many problem areas are emerging which threaten the existence of behavior therapy. Problem areas are specified and potential solutions are delineated.
Delayed and Immediate Reinforcement
Authors: Mayhew Gerald L. , Anderson John
Published: March 2007

Mentally retarded adolescents experienced both immediate and delayed reinforcement in a classroom setting. Appropriate work behavior was triggered using a token reinforcement system. A reversal design was used in which baseline periods alternated with each type of reinforcement period. Both delayed and immediate reinforcement conditions were accompanied by levels of appropriate behavior above that of the baseline condition. Immediate reinforcement procedures resulted in higher levels of behavior than during delayed reinforcement; delayed reinforcement resulted in greater resistance to extinction after reinforcement had been terminated. No differences in generalization of the appropriate work behavior to another class period occurred as a result of the different reinforcement conditions.
Home-Based Treatment of Severe Disruptive Behaviors
Authors: Budd Karen S. , Leibowitz J. Michael , Riner Linda S. , Mindell Carol , Goldfarb Ann L.
Published: March 2007

A home-based reinforcement package was implemented to decrease serious disruptive and aggressive behaviors in three groups of six pre-school and kindergarten-age children, who participated across successive summers in an intensive nine-week remedial program. For each group, the effectiveness of experimental treatment was evaluated in a multiple baseline design across three target behaviors: off-area, physical aggression, and negative statements. Results showed that the home-based package was highly effective for all target responses of all children in the first two groups, but failed to modify disruptive responses of two children in the third group. Potential explanations for the discrepant results, as well as supplementary findings on untreated variables and some individual treatment components, are discussed.
Perspectives in the Behavioral Treatment of Depression
Authors: Hersen Michel , Bellack Alan S.
Published: March 2007

In this article we critically consider the efficacy of psychotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of depressed outpatients. Problems with the design of each of the recent major studies are identified; suggestions for improved methodologies are offered. Comments on the current "status of the art" by leading experts in the field are considered. Finally, advances in the social skills treatment of depression are discussed. Factors requiring further research attention in the next decade are identified.
Nonverbal Components in the Communication of Assertiveness
Authors: Mcfall Miles E. , Winnett Rochelle L. , Bordewick Mark C. , Bornstein Philip H.
Published: March 2007

Male and female subjects, viewing only the nonverbal behavior of high/ low male and female models, rated model behavior according to (a) the degree to which nine body parts conveyed information regarding level of assertiveness, (b) overall assertiveness, (c) a semantic differential scale, (d) the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule completed by subjects instructed to place themselves in individual model's roles, and (e) narrative forms indicating means by which various body parts communicated information regarding models' levels of assertiveness. Results indicated high assertive models were distinguished from low for all dependent measures on the basis of nonverbal cues alone. Moreover, nonverbal behavior revealed more information regarding level of assertiveness for male than for female models. In addition, particular body dimensions (i.e., hands, arm position, and overall body cues) were found significantly more salient than others in the communication of assertiveness. These findings were discussed with regard to research and practice in assertion training.
Self-Report Assessment of Assertive Behavior
Authors: Beck J. Gayle , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: March 2007

Self-report scales for the assessment of assertive behavior are reviewed. Special attention is devoted to the issues of norms, reliability of measurement, validity, use of factor analytic strategies, social desirability, and reading difficulty. Nine scales which sample assertive behavior or related cognitions are critiqued. A number of conceptual issues are raised and directions for future research are suggested.
Three Methods of Memory Training for Severely Amnesic Patients
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Ryan Christopher , Turner Samuel M. , Kanagy Marilyn , Barry Kathleen , Kelly Lily
Published: March 2007

The results of memory training are reported for three densely amnesic patients. It was found that these patients were able to successfully learn the specific content of what was taught, utilizing either rote rehearsal or elaboration methods, but none of the patients demonstrated any generalization of learning strategies to unfamiliar material. The general conclusion was that densely amnesic patients can learn specific items of information, and that such learning may facilitate competence in activities of daily living. However, mnemonic devices involving verbal elaboration and imagery that have been successfully taught by professional mnemonists to normal individuals do not appear to be effective with amnesic patients.
On the Modification of Acceptability Ratings for Alternative Child Treatments
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Katz Roger C.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the acceptability of three child behavior therapy techniques (DRI, positive practice, and timeout). A fourth treatment (humanistic parenting) also was included for control purposes. Ratings were obtained from 96 introductory college students before and after they received systematic instruction in the use of the behavioral procedures. Preliminary results showed a clear preference for DRI, followed by humanistic parenting, and positive practice. Timeout received the least favorable evaluation. During the postinstruction phase, each of the three behavioral approaches was judged more favorably than before and, furthermore, there no longer were any consistent differences between them. Ratings on humanistic parenting declined as the behavioral treatments were judged more acceptable. The results extend Kazdin's earlier findings and indicate that acceptability ratings for alternative treatments are by .o means immutable. Behavioral treatments can be made more acceptable by appropriate educational means.
"Hypoglycemic" Anxiety
Authors: Klonoff Elizabeth A. , Biglan Anthony
Published: March 2007

Treatment of a case of anxiety believed to be associated with hypoglycemia is reported. The treatment involved relaxation training and changes in the contingent relationship between anxiety and eating. A reversal design was employed to demonstrate the functional relationship between anxiety and eating. Results suggest that it may be a mistake to advise patients who may be hypoglycemic to eat whenever they experience symptoms. Implications of the role of reinforcement in other psychophysiological disorders are discussed.
Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Brown Timothy A.
Published: March 2007

Disturbances in body image are often regarded as a cardinal feature of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The various approaches to assessing body-image disturbances in anorexics and bulimics are detailed, including body-part size estimation techniques, distorting image methods, silhouettes, and attitudinal measures. The marked inconsistency of findings across studies comparing anorexics or bulimics with some "control" group on body-image variables is discussed in terms of variations in measurement techniques, subject characteristics, and experimental setting. The reliability and validity of existing measures are discussed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided, in addition to a brief presentation of therapeutic approaches to treating body-image disturbances.
Interruption and DRI in the Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior Among Mentally Retarded and Autistic Self-Restrainers
Authors: Underwood Lee A. , Figueroa Rolando G. , Thyer Bruce A. , Nzeocha Anthony
Published: March 2007

Two profoundly mentally retarded adolescents who displayed both self-injurious behavior (SIB) and self-restraint were treated with a mild interruption (I) procedure alone, and I combined with the differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI). Interruption combined with DRI proved highly effective in reducing the SIB of one student, but not of the other. Possible reasons for these differential results are discussed.
Teaching Conflict Resolution Skills to the Chronically Mentally Ill
Authors: Douglas Margaret S. , Mueser Kim T.
Published: March 2007

Previous research on social skills training has demonstrated its usefulness as an adjunct treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders. At the Medical College of Pennsylvania at Eastem Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, an acute-care psychiatric hospital, a social skills training group has been in operation for over 3 years. The group is unique in its format in several ways that are described in this article. Data collected over the 3-year period are also presented. The major findings indicate that even over a very brief period of time during an acute hospitalization, patients can learn basic conflict resolution skills. Some predictors of skill acquisition were also identified.
Assessment-Derived Treatment of Children's Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: March 2007

The objective of assessment-derived treatment is to formulate therapeutic interventions that are based upon an identification of the variables that control the occurrence of clinical disorders. This article presents a discussion of several concerns related to the process of assessment-derived treatment of children's disruptive behavior disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder). The use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1I1-R), diagnostic interviewing, behavior checklists, and direct observational methodologies for purposes of conducting a functional behavioral analysis is reviewed. The role of family variables and academic curriculum also are considered as components of a comprehensive assessment focus. A decision format that indicates the selection of therapeutic strategies as a function of identified controlling relationships is presented.
The Effects of Divorce on Children's Adjustment
Authors: Shaw Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

Divorce has become one of the most frequent environmental stressors experienced by children. This article reviews present conceptualizations of children's adaptation to divorce. Most notably, researchers have moved away from the view that family structural variables, such as single-parent status, necessitate the development of psychopathology in children. In recent years, investigators have shifted their attention to events that accompany marital dissolution, rather than the event of divorce per se. Such process variables have been identified as more salient correlates of children's adjustment. Additionally, the article examines children's short-and long-term adjustment to divorce, specific problem areas that are common among children from divorced families, and directions for future investigations.
Homicide as a Risk Factor for PTSD Among Surviving Family Members
Authors: Amick-Mcmullan Angelynne , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S.
Published: March 2007

In this National Institute of Justice-funded study, random digit dialing telephone survey methodology was used to screen a large, nationally representative sample (N = 12,500) of the noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population to identify surviving family members and friends of victims of criminal homicide and alcohol-related vehicular homicide. A total of 9.3% of the national sample had lost a family member or friend to homicide. Immediate family survivors (n = 206) completed an interview assessing demographic characteristics and DSM-1II-R criteria for homicide-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The interview participation rate was 84%. Among immediate family survivors, 23.3% developed PTSD at some point in their lifetimes, and 4.8% met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD during the preceding 6 months. Survivors of criminal and vehicular homicide victims were equally likely to develop PTSD. Survivors who experienced the homicide during their childhood, adolescence, or adulthood also showed equal likelihood of PTSD. Clinical implications of findings are discussed.
The Effects of Feedback on the Behavior of Depressed Inpatients in Two Structured Interactions
Authors: Herbert James D. , Nelson-Gray Rosemery , Herbert Diana L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the responsivity of depressives' behavior to contingent social feedback within the framework of Coyne's and Lewinsohn's models of depression. Subjects included 10 depressed inpatients, 8 nondepressed psychiatric inpatients, and 10 nondepressed individuals. Each subject participated in two structured interactions with an experimenter in baseline phases and phases in which ongoing contingent feedback was provided by a pair of observers. The results revealed that the behavior of all three subject groups was responsive to the feedback in both interactions. The results are consistent with past research demonstrating social skills problems among depressed individuals but do not support the notion of a social skill deficit in depression. The results are consistent with Coyne's model of depression and suggest that the problematic social behavior often associated with depression may be modifiable by immediate veridical feedback from others.
Verbal-Nonverbal Correspondence Training with ADHD Children
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a general description of the applicability of verbal-nonverbal correspondence-training procedures in the management of five cases with Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Two cases additionally met criteria for conduct problems. These five cases, males aged 6 to 10 years were intervened with one of three correspondence-training procedures: (a) reinforcement of do-report, (b) reinforcement of report-do, and (c) reinforcement set-up on report. A changing-criterion design with multiple-baseline features was used with all cases. Consistently lower levels of hyperactivity and conduct problems were noted during the introduction of each procedure. Generalization and maintenance (follow-up) data are also reported. The strengths, limitations, and cost-effectiveness of correspondence training and future research with the present population are discussed.
Discrimination Training in the Treatment of Pica and Food Scavenging
Authors: Johnson Cynthia R. , Hunt Frances M. , Siebert Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

Pica and scavenging are serious, sometimes life-threatening behaviorproblems among a significant percentage of individuals with mental retardation. This study describes procedures developed to reduce life-threatening pica and food scavenging in two adolescents with severe to profound mental retardation. Treatment was designed to teach the subjects to discriminate safe from unsafe items by training them to ingest only those items put on a specified placemat and to communicate with simple signs or gestures to obtain more food to be put on the mat. Discrimination was achieved by praising subjects when they selected and ingested items from their placemats and delivering a mild punisher when attempts to ingest nonplacemat items were made. A multiple baseline design across settings was used to evaluate the effects of the treatment package in three inpatient settings. All environments were "baited" with both edible and inedible items. Our treatment procedures appeared to be effective in reducing pica in each of the settings. Generalization of treatment effects to natural environments for one of the two subjects was documented.
Female Sexual Desire, Response, and Behavior
Authors: Hurlbert David Farley , Apt Carol
Published: March 2007

This study explores sexual desire, response, and behavior in satisfied versus dissatisfied marriages as perceived by women, while controlling for female sexual satisfaction. Seventy-eight married couples participated in a structured interview and a series of open-ended interviews designed to gather behavioral self-report sexual data. The study had three objectives. First, the association between sexual desire and frequency of sex for both husbands and wives was examined. Second, a typology for female sexual response was developed based on the wives' self-report description of their sexual activities. Five types of sexual responses were identified in these sexual activities through cluster analysis; there were significant differences in how the wives responded to sex between groups. Third, sexual behaviors experienced during the reported sexual activities were assessed in open-ended interviews. Significant differences were found between the groups of marriages in sexual activities. These differences in sexual behavior with women in satisfied and dissatisfied marriages are explored.
Patient-Therapist Interaction in the Behavioral Treatment of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
Authors: Keijsers Ger P. J. , Schaap Cas P.D.R. , Hoogduin Cees A. L. , Lammers Mirjam W.
Published: March 2007

Although effective behavioral techniques have been developed, what aspects of the patient-therapist interaction affect treatment outcome remain largely unknown. This study hypothesized that the interaction between patient and therapist develops over several phases. Further, the association between behavior modes and treatment outcome was expected to alter as that interaction developed. Thirty patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia were treated with a standardized behavioral treatment program of 12 sessions. The interpersonal verbal therapist and patient behavior modes were studied at Sessions 1, 3, and 10, using an observational instrument. It was found that behavior modes change over the course of treatment, in line with predictions derived from social-psychological models. The hypothesis that establishing a therapeutic relationship requires an empathic and nondirective stance by the therapist in Session 1 was pardy confirmed.
Cumulative Meta-Analysis: A Consideration of Indicators of Sufficiency and Stability
Authors: Mullen Brian , Muellerleile Paige , Bryant Birgit
Published: March 2007

This article considers the application of cumulative meta-analysis, defined as the procedure of performing a (new) meta-analysis at every point during the history of a research domain. Two distinct facets of cumulative knowledge are identified: sufficiency (“Are additional studies needed to establish the existence of the phenomenon?”) and stability (“Will additional studies change the aggregate picture of the phenomenon?”). These two facets of cumulative knowledge define the purpose of the present effort: How can we determine whether a cumulative meta-analytic database has achieved sufficiency and stability? The authors delineate indicators of sufficiency and stability that might be derived from cumulative meta-analyses and explore the use of these indicators in a set of previously published meta-analytic databases. Discussion explores both retrospective and prospective implications of this approach to cumulative knowledge and compares the implications of this approach to cumulative knowledge with alternative views of social psychology as history.
Morally Questionable Tactics: Negotiations between District Attorneys and Public Defenders
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Darley John M. , Robinson Robert J.
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire study about bargaining tactics was conducted among 163 public defenders (PDs) and district attorneys (DAs) in the criminal justice system. The authors hypothesized that PDs (defensive roles) would perceive questionable tactics to be more appropriate than would DAs (offensive roles), that PDs and DAs would elevate their approval of questionable tactics for counteraggression purposes, and that PDs would elevate their approval for counteraggression to a greater extent than would DAs. Results supported these hypotheses. The authors also examined the basis of the status quo bias, because previous status quo bias studies always confounded power with defensive role. After testing four status quo bias hypotheses, results suggested that, contrary to previous explanations, a defender-challenger framework sometimes provides a better account of the status quo bias than does a power framework.
Rejection Sensitivity and Depressive Symptoms in Women
Authors: Ayduk Ozlem , Downey Geraldine , Kim Minji
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that interpersonal loss that communicates rejection increases the risk for depression specifically in individuals who not only expect rejection but are also concerned about preventing it. Accordingly, the role of rejection sensitivity (RS)—the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to rejection—in women’s depressive reactions to rejection by a romantic partner was examined. A 6-month longitudinal study of college women revealed that women high in RS compared with those who are low became more depressed when they experienced a partner-initiated breakup but not when they experienced a self-initiated or mutually initiated breakup. By contrast, RS was not associated with increased depression in response to failing to achieve an academic goal. These results support the view that depression in high-RS women is a reaction to a loss in a valued goal domain, that is, failure to prevent rejection in an important relationship.
Attributions in Marriage: Integrating Specific and Global Evaluations of a Relationship
Authors: McNulty James K. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: March 2007

How do partners in close relationships integrate perceptions of specific aspects of the relationship with global evaluations of the relationship as a whole? The attributions that partners make for each other’s behaviors should moderate this process by determining whether specific behaviors have global implications. To evaluate this idea, the current study assessed attributions and daily ratings of global and specific aspects of the relationship in a sample of 82 newlywed couples. Attributions were not associated with either kind of rating directly, but hierarchical linear modeling revealed that attributions were associated with the covariance between global and specific ratings within spouses. Results suggest a mechanism to account for the longitudinal association between attributions and marital satisfaction and point out the importance of measuring global and specific perceptions of relationships independently.
Ethnic and National Stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised
Authors: Madon Stephanie , Guyll Max , Aboufadel Kathy , Montiel Eulices , Smith Alison , Palumbo Polly , Jussim Lee
Published: March 2007

Three studies assessed changes in the content, consensus, and favorableness of 10 ethnic and national stereotypes by replicating and extending the Princeton trilogy. Results indicated that throughout the past 60 years, almost all of the ethnic and national stereotypes that were examined had changed in content, and more than half had changed in consensus. Most changes in consensus reflected increases rather than decreases, suggesting that modern members of stereotyped groups may confront stereotypes more frequently than did previous members of stereotyped groups. However, the damaging effects that consensual stereotypes can have on members of these groups may be tempered by the finding that most of the stereotypes became more favorable. These results are discussed in terms of changing social roles, intergroup contact, and stereotype accuracy.
Beautiful and Blameless: Effects of Victim Attractiveness and Responsibility on Mock Jurors' Verdicts
Authors: Kerr Norbert L.
Published: March 2007

The physical attractiveness of the victim of a crime and the victim's precautiousness were varied in a factorial design. The primary finding was an interaction effect on mock jurors' personal verdicts; the defendant was most likely to be convicted when the victim was both beautiful and blameless.
Separatism, Integration, or Parallel Play?
Authors: Byrne Donn
Published: March 2007

In brief reply to Staats, it is suggested that separatism is in the eye of the beholder, integration is not normally obtained on demand, and parallelism within an identifiable research tradition is to be expected.
Affective State, Attraction, and Affiliation: Misery Loves Happy Company, Too
Authors: Bell Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Sixty male and 60 female subjects were made to feel relatively depressed or relatively elated prior to giving attraction responses toward a target person whose affective state was presented as sad, neutral, or happy. It was hypothesized that, consistent with the Byrne-Clore affective model of attraction, the more pleasant the affective state of the target, the more liking subjects would feel for that person and the more willing they would be to work with him/her. However, consistent with fear-affiliation research, it was also predicted that depressed subjects, relative to elated subjects, would find a depressed target to be a more desirable work partner. Results supported all these hypotheses.
Recipient vs. Third-Party Requests, Recipient Need, and Helping Behavior
Authors: Enzle Michael E. , Harvey Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Subjects received a request for help from either a third-party who was unable to help or from the recipient. The recipient's need was either high or relatively low. Subjects helped significantly more in response to the third-party re- quest than to the recipient request, and significantly more when the recipient's need was high than when it was low.
The Effect of Commitment on Expectancy Value and Expectancy Weight in Social Decision Making
Authors: Gabrenya William K. , Arkin Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Undergraduate students were asked to perform several interracial behaviors. Half of the subjects were committed to their decisions prior to volunteering; the other half were not. Committed subjects volunteered for fewer behaviors and evaluated the behaviors less positively than did uncommitted subjects. Multiple regression analyses revealed that committed subjects placed the most weight on attitudinal considerations whereas uncommitted subjects placed the most weight on personal norm considerations in making their behavioral decisions.
Sex Effects on Bilateral Bargaining as a Function of Interpersonal Context
Authors: Vallacher Robin R. , Callahan-Levy Charlene M. , Messe Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

The mediating effect of face-to-face vs. non-face-toface interaction on sex differences in bargaining was examined. Male and female subjects were paired with either a sameor different-sexed person. Dyad members worked on a pretask for different periods of time and then bargained either face-to-face or apart over monetary rewards. As predicted, mixed-sex dyads reached agreement more quickly when they bargained face-to-face than when apart, while social context did not affect bargaining behavior in same-sex dyads.
Type of Activity and Failure as Mediators of Perceived Crowding
Authors: Morasch Bruce , Groner Norman , Keating John P.
Published: March 2007

High density can hinder or facilitate the attainment of an activity, so activities can be typified as density-hindered or density-facilitated. This quasi-experimental field study was conducted at a high-density street fair to examine if the type of activity (density-hindered or density-facilitated) important to a person in a high-density situation would mediate perceptions of crowding. It was hypothesized that perceptions of crowding would be positively correlated with the importance of density-hindered activities, but negatively correlated with importance of densityfacilitated activities. Additionally, it was hypothesized, on the basis of an attributional model of crowding, that perceptions of crowding would be positively correlated with experienced failure. Support was found for both hypotheses, stressing the importance of examining the person-environment interaction in work on crowding.
Sex Ratios and Occupational Prestige: Three Failures to Replicate a Sexist Bias
Authors: Suchner Robert W.
Published: March 2007

An experiment reported by John Touhey (1974) suggests that as people come to expect increases in the proportion of women in a high status profession, their ratings of the prestige and desirability of that profession decreases. The present study reports three failures to replicate this finding. These failures to replicate should caution researchers regarding the generalizability of the original finding and the extent to which it can be cited as an explanation for fluctuations in occupational prestige.
Similarity of Legal Attitudes, Defendant Social Class, and Crime Intentionality as Determinants of Legal Decisions
Authors: Shepherd Donald H. , Sloan Lloyd R.
Published: March 2007

In a simulated legal case, lenient and harsh "law-andorder" attitude subjects judged an upper or lower class defendant who espoused a similar, opposite, or unstated attitude on the matter. The crime was described as either a voluntary or involuntary manslaughter. The intentional crime and the dissimilar attitude defendant drew the harshest sentences from all subjects apparently due to differences in attributions made about the defendant among these conditions. There were no subject or defendant attitude main effects, and social class had no effect whatsoever on sentencing decisions made here, though it has been shown to have impact for other crimes. Results expand our knowledge of extraneous courtroom influences and suggest that some of these factors change meaning in the context of different crimes.
Some Prerequisites for Becoming a "Really" Applied, Non-Academic Social Psychologist
Authors: Edwards John D. , Holmgren Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Stimulated by recent calls for a more applied orientation and the dearth of academic jobs in social psychology, this study investigated the requirements for becoming an applied, nonacademic social psychologist. Survey data were collected from both applied researchers (N=30) and employers (N=30) regarding the necessity of 26 areas of knowledge and skill for doing applied work in "real world" settings. Both groups rated communication skills the highest, strongly emphasized the importance of jobrelated experience, and placed low value on traditional skills (e.g., laboratory research). The rank order of importance of skills was similar for the two groups although psychologists rated various research methods more highly while organizations favored various business skills. These ratings along with open-ended responses may be useful in planning graduate programs, and also inspire some optimism regarding non-academic employment opportunities for social psychologists.
The Critical School in German Social Psychology
Authors: Stroebe Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in West-German Marxist Psychology are described. The "Kritische Psychologie" claims to have developed with its "functional-historical" analysis a method which allows the assessment of the relevance of existing theories and the derivation of relevant new theories. While it does not quite live up to these claims, the `functional-historical" analysis, With its emphasis on social-structural variables and functional analysis, may offer an interesting counterbalance to the individualistic orientation prevalent in present day social psychology.
Social Comparison Strategies
Authors: Feldman Nina S. , Ruble Diane N.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on the characteristics of comparison others most desired during self-evaluation of abilities suggests that preferences are stronger for similar others than for standard setters. In the present study, conclusions concerning comparison choice strategies were reexamined by allowing subjects to make choices that could simultaneously represent similarity and standard-setting concerns and by examining participants' subjective perceptions of similarity with their comparison choices. The results indicated that subjects' strategies for choosing comparison others incorporated both dimensions and that similarity-based choices, as defined subjectively, did not predominate. Complexities in evaluating social comparison choices are discussed.
Children's Moral Reasoning about Self and Others
Authors: Eisenberg-Berg Nancy , Neal Cynthia
Published: March 2007

In two studies, we examined children's reasoning about prosocial moral dilemmas in which the cost of helping and/or the identity of the story protagonist (self versus a third-person other) were varied. In Experiment 1, preschool children who responded to stories in which they themselves were characters verbalized more hedonistic reasoning, used less reasoning in which they were oriented toward the other's needs, and were less likely to say that they should help the needy other than were children who reasoned about third-person others. In Experiment 2, identity of the protagonist, cost of helping for the protagonist (a low cost condition was added), and age of the subject (preschool versus first grade) were varied. For children in the high cost condition (but not the low cost condition), the pattern of results was similar to that in Experiment 1. Age differences in judgments were somewhat greater when the cost of helping was low.
Too Tuned-Out to Take: The Role of Nonverbal Sensitivity in Help-Seeking
Authors: DePaulo Bella M. , Fisher Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relationship between help-seeking and sensitivity to covert and overt nonverbal cues of emotion. In a help-seeking context, covert cues (cues one is trying to hide) would often include signs of annoyance and inconvenience expressed by a potential helper, while overt cues (cues one is trying to convey) would include polite signs of compliance and willingness to give aid. It was hypothesized and found that individuals who seek help readily, compared to those who are more reluctant to ask for help, are relatively more sensitive to overt emotional cues than to covert emotional cues. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Perceived Control and Behavioral Reactions to Crime
Authors: Tyler Tom R.
Published: March 2007

In a recent survey of New Yorkers, Miransky and Langer (1978) found that residents who believed that crime could be controlled made only minimal efforts to utilize door locks. Miransky and Langer argue that this failure to exert potential control represents a relinquishment of responsibility for crime prevention motivated by a fear of the psychological consequences of accepting responsibility for a potentially uncontrollable event. This article suggests the alternative interpretation that Miransky and Langer have confused perceptions of the controllability of crime and perceptions of the controllability of one's own probability of victimization. Results of this study suggest that perceptions of the controllability of one's own probability of victimization are strongly related to crime-prevention behavior. These results do not support the motivational theory of Miransky and Langer.
Coalition Formation in Triads
Authors: Miller Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Triads composed of subjects who were previously unacquainted with one another played a coalition game under one of three conditions. In the Liking Only condition, liking among the triad members was manipulated so that some members liked each other more than others, but each member had the same resources in the coalition game. In the Resources Only, condition, the triad members had different resources, but liking was not manipulated. In the Liking and Resources condition, liking was manipulated so that there were differences in the triad members' liking for one another, and the members had different resources in the coalition game. Liking had a significant effect on coalition formation when there were no differences in resources (Liking Only), and resources had a significant effect when there were no differences in liking (Resources Only). But when there were differences in both liking and resources, the effect of liking was overwhelmed and only resources had a significant effect on coalition formation.
Gender and Sex-Role Orientation Effects on Friendship Choice
Authors: Banikiotes Paul G. , Neimeyer Greg J. , Lepkowsky Charles
Published: March 2007

This investigation explored the impact of gender and sex-role orientation upon the differences in description of ideal same-sex and other sex friends. It was hypothesized that less difference in such description would exist: (I) for androgynous rather than sex-role stereotyped subjects; and (2)for female subjects rather than male subjects. Gender differences affected perceptions whereas sex-role orientation differences did not. This finding confirmed the second hypothesis with female Ss exhibiting significantly less difference in their description of ideal male and ideal female friends than male Ss. Implications of this finding for Bem's (1979) reconceptualization of sex-role orientation were discussed.
Anticipated Sexual Jealousy
Authors: Buunk Bram
Published: March 2007

The relation between anticipated sexual jealousy and a number of variables was investigated in three samples of males and females differing in age, socioeconomic status, and extramarital sexual involvement. Anticipated jealousy was not correlated with self-esteem for males; the correlation between these variables was small for females. A stronger association between anticipated jealousy and emotional dependency was observed A strong negative relationship was found between one's own intended extramarital involvement and jealousy; this is interpreted as evidence for the operation of the norm of reciprocity.