bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary Concentrations of Phytoestrogens Are Not Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Pan An , Talaei Mohammad , Yuan Jian‐Min , Lee Bee‐Lan , Ong Choon Nam , Koh Woon‐Puay
Published: June 2021

Objective

We evaluated the relation between urine concentrations of phytoestrogens and risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in middle‐aged and older Chinese.

Methods: Urine phytoestrogen metabolites (including isoflavones and lignans) were assayed by HPLC among 564 T2D cases and 564 controls in a nested case‐control study within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Morning urine samples were collected from participants free of diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer (1999‐2004). Incident self‐reported T2D cases were identified during the follow‐up at 2006‐2010, and controls were matched for age and date of urine collection, sex and dialect group.

Results: The multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across quartiles of urine isoflavones were 1.00, 0.76 (0.52‐1.11), 0.78 (0.53‐1.14) and 0.79 (0.54‐1.15), respectively (P‐trend=0.54); and the ORs (95% CIs) for lignans were 1.00, 0.87 (0.60‐1.27), 1.10 (0.77‐1.56) and 0.93 (0.63‐1.37), respectively (P‐trend=0.93). No significant associations were found for individual metabolite of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycetin, and equol) or lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone).

Conclusions

The present study did not find a significant relation between urine concentrations of phytoestrogen metabolites andT2D risk in Chinese population.

Funding sources: The study was supported by NIH R01 CA144034 and UM1 CA182876, and Singapore Tier 1 grant.
Iron Status and Mortality in Stable and Unstable Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Authors: Ling Wenhua , Li Xinrui , Ding Ding , Zhang Yuan , Su Dongfang , Wang Min , Xia Min , Qiu Jian , Hu Gang
Published: June 2021

Objective

We sought to assess the relationship of indices of iron status and the risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with and without acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods and results: The study sample included 1181 CAD patients (692 with ACS and 489 with stable CAD). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of circulating iron, ferritin and hepcidin with all‐cause and CVD mortality. After an average follow‐up of 4.1 years, 144 deaths were recorded, 108 of which were due to CVD. After adjusting for clinical CVD risk factors and inflammatory markers, ferritin and hepcidin were positively associated with CVD mortality in ACS group, hazard ratios (HR) (95% CIs) Q4 versus Q1: 4.05 (1.53‐10.7) and 2.86 (1.09‐7.48), respectively. Circulating iron showed an inverse association with CVD mortality in stable CAD group, HR (95% CI) Q4 versus Q1: 0.23 (0.08‐0.63). The discriminative abilities when including and excluding iron status into traditional clinical CVD models were 2.1% in all CAD patients, 3.1% in ACS patients, and 3.6% in stable CAD patients.

Conclusion

Iron status was different in stable and unstable CAD patients. Circulating iron was inversely associated with the risks of mortality in stable CAD patients, while plasma ferritin and hepcidin were positively associated with mortality risks in ACS patients.
Inverse Association Between Vitamin D Status and Diabetes in a Clinic‐Based Sample of Hispanic Adults in Puerto Rico
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Ramos‐Trautmann Grisel , González Lilliana , Díaz‐Luquis Giselle , Perez Cynthia
Published: June 2021

Diabetes has been associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Objective

examine the association between the vitamin D status and diabetes in a clinic‐based sample of Hispanic adults in Puerto Rico.

Methods

Demographics and laboratory test results for serum 25(OH)D, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) were extracted from medical records. Serum 25(OH)D levels were classified as deficient (‹12 ng/ml); inadequate (12‐20 ng/ml); insufficient (21‐29 ng/ml) and optimal (蠅30 ng/ml).

Results

From a total of 716 records included, 63.3% were females, mean age was 54.1±14.9 y, mean BMI was 30.1±6.3 kg/m2 and mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 24.3±8.6 ng/ml. Most were classified as diabetics (41.1%). Those with diabetes had lower 25(OH)D levels compared to pre‐diabetic and normal glucose status (p<0.05). Serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely correlated to FBG and HbA1c (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, BMI and seasonality, there was a greater risk of diabetes, but not prediabetes, in those with serum 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/ml. This risk increased from 1.8 times in those with vitamin D insufficiency to 4.2 times in those with vitamin D deficiency (<12 ng/ml).

Conclusion

Diabetes risk significantly increased as serum 25(OH)D levels decreased in this group of Hispanic adults, underscoring the importance of routinely screening high risk individuals for vitamin D deficiency and offer supplementation to normalize serum levels. Supported in part by 8G12MD007600 from NIMHHD.
Serum 25−Hydroxyvitamin D3 ((25(OH)D3) and Mammography Density Among Mexican Women
Authors: Romieu Isabelle , Amadou Amina , Rinaldi Sabina , Fedirko Veronika , Biessy Carine , Lajous Martin , Yunes Elsa , Lopez‐Ridaura Ruy , Torres Mejia Gabriela , Ortiz‐Panozo Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Low levels of vitamin D and high mammography density (MD) have been associated with higher risk of breast cancer. Although some evidence suggested an inverse association between vitamin D intake and MD, no studies have investigated this association among women in Latin American countries. We examined whether serum 25−hydroxyvitamin D3 ((25(OH)D3) levels were related to MD in a cross‐sectional study nested within the Mexican Teacher's Cohort (ESMaestras). This study includes 491 premenopausal women. MD was assessed using a computer‐assisted method. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Linear regression was used to estimate the association of different measures of MD with serum 25(OH)D3. Median serum 25(OH)D3 level was 27.3 ± 6.93 ng/ml. 8.35% of women had 25(OH)D3 levels < 20 ng/ml. Season was associated with 25(OH)D3 (P <0.001). Preliminary analyses showed that body mass index (BMI) and total physical activity were significantly related to serum 25(OH)D3 (r = −0.109, P =0.019 and r =0.095, P=0.003, respectively). In the multivariate linear regression, no significant association was observed overall. However, in stratified analyses, higher serum 25(OH)D3 levels (蠅 27.3 ng/ml) were significant related to percent MD in non‐obese women (BMI<30) (β = −0.560, P=0.016).

Our preliminary results suggest an inverse association between higher serum 25(OH)D3 levels (> median) and MD in premenopausal non‐obese women.
The Effect of Dietary Intake and Lifestyle Factors on Hypertriglyceridemia Prevalence: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003‐2010
Authors: Sutherland Laura , Gee David
Published: June 2021

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. There are many factors that contribute to the development of HTG, such as obesity, age, race, dietary intake, and physical activity. The objective of this study was to use data from NHANES to determine if the prevalence of HTG (> 150 mg/dl) and factors affecting HTG changed from 2003‐06 to 2007‐10. Males and females that participated in an NHANES survey from 2003‐10, who were >20 years old, not pregnant or lactating, and who provided fasting blood samples were used in this study (n=8894). From 2003‐06 to 2007‐10, the prevalence of HTG significantly declined in the overall adult population from 31.5% to 27.3% (p<0.05). In addition, a significant decline in HTG was also see in males, in 40‐59 year olds, in 60+ year olds, in non‐Hispanic whites, in overweight, in obese, and in abdominally obese subjects. A significant decline in the mean dietary intake of total calories (3.6%), total fat (3.9%), total saturated fat (5.3%), and total monounsaturated fat (5.7%), was observed. The use of antihyperlipidemic prescription medication (primarily statins) and diabetic treatment (insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication), significantly and substantially increased from 2003‐06 (13.7% & 6.5%) to 2007‐10 (17.7% & 8.2%). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that access to antihyperlipidemic and/or diabetic prescription medication may have been major factors in the decline of hypertriglyceridemia levels from 2003‐06 to 2007‐10. Changes in dietary intake habits and alcohol intake may also have contributed to the decline in hypertriglyceridemia prevalence.
Hydration and Dietetic Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: Douglas Pauline , McGuffin Lynn , Fitzpatrick Laura , Ball Lauren , Crowley Jennifer , Laur Celia , Rajput‐Ray Minha , Gandy Joan , Ray Sumantra
Published: June 2021

Hydration is essential for life but clinical guidelines on hydration are lacking. Dietitians assess, diagnose and treat nutritional problems for individuals in the UK, ideally placing them to deliver on both acute clinical and preventative aspects of hydration care. The aim of this study was to identify key topics for a training intervention to promote incorporation of hydration care into dietetic practice. A review of literature identified key topics for a cross‐sectional online survey for UK dietitians, containing 18 items on hydration knowledge (n8), attitudes (n4) and practices (n6). Ninety‐seven dietitians completed the survey which prioritised topics for an educational intervention. Knowledge questions where the majority (蠅70%) of dietitians answered correctly were; impact of dehydration on performance tasks (94%), physical signs of dehydration (92%) and the definition of dehydration (76%). More than half of dietitians answered the following knowledge questions incorrectly; European Food Safety Authority fluid requirements for adults (60%), proportion of food and fluids contributing to fluid intakes in UK (65%), water content of the human body (55%). Attitudes towards hydration were favourable (14 ±1.3 out of 16) but self‐reported practice scores identified room for improvement (15 ±2.6 out of 24). In summary, acute clinical hydration knowledge questions scored highly. Hydration knowledge in relation to the general population and personal hydration practices could be identified as key target areas for education.

This research was funded by Danone Waters.
The Extraordinary Evolution of the Great Ape Microbiome
Authors: Ochman Howard
Published: June 2021

The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem inhabited by thousands of bacterial species that can influence health, nutrition and disease. The relationships and interactions between these microbial communities and their hosts suggest a long history of co‐evolution, so we have been investigating the microbiome of great apes to investigate how these gut communities have been shaped by host relatedness, geography, diet and disease. In a series of analyses on the microbiome of great apes, particularly wild populations of chimpanzees and gorillas, we have determined the extent to which the contents of the gut microbiome has changed both over short‐term and over evolutionary timescales as well as key factors that have been vital to the evolution of the human microbiome.
NutriGuides' Mobile App for Development and Education of the Academy Evidence‐Based Nutrition Practice Guidelines
Authors: Ziegler Paula , Acosta Antonia
Published: June 2021

The objective is to demonstrate the development, use and evaluation of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutriguides' Mobile App. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics NutriGuides Mobile App was launched in 2012 to provide easy access of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Based Guidelines. NutriGuides is an app for use on smart phones, iPads, Android and is available on iTunes and Google store. This unique global communication tool gives users immediate access to over 300 nutrition recommendations from the Evidence Analysis Library®. Nutrition recommendations along with the strength of the supporting evidence ratings are available over a wide range of diseases and conditions, nutrients, foods, nutrition over the life cycle as well as topics in the Nutrition Care process. A 2013 on line survey and a subsequent 16 person focus group chosen from the survey was assembled to verify the effectiveness of the App. The focus group participated in a 90 minute webinar to discuss survey results and develop recommendations for improvement. Participants, for their efforts, received an incentive of a free electronic evidence nutrition practice toolkit for participation. The 32 question survey yielded the following key results: 1. 81.3% from the focus group survey use the I‐Phone. 2. 62.5% of the focus were first time users and the remaining participants had previous App experience. 3. 64.3% of the surveyed App users had a favorable experience and 35.7% has an unfavorable. 4. 78% reported the app is a useful resource for dietitians. These results indicate the NutriGuide Mobile App is valued among dietitians. The findings will be used to develop an improved app for educating on nutrition guidelines worldwide.
Survey of Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Nutrition in a Class of First Year Medical Students Prior to Exposure to a Nutrition Curriculum
Authors: Markell Mariana
Published: June 2021

Attitudes towards and knowledge of nutrition were assessed in an incoming class of First Year Medical Students via an in class paper survey during the first week of school. 157 students (82% of the class) were present. All surveys were returned. There were 85 men (54%) and 72 women (46%). 52 (33%) had taken a prior nutrition course, 13% in high school, 15% in College and 3% at the graduate level. Taking a prior nutrition course correlated with feeling more confident in counseling an obese patient (r=0.22, p=0.006) but not with writing a diet prescription, attitude toward nutrition or actual knowledge as measured by 6 questions, covering vitamins, dietary intake recommendations and motivational interviewing. Mean #right was 2.81+/‐0.1.2. #right correlated with confidence in diet prescription (r=0.18, p=0.028) and belief in the importance of nutrition knowledge (r=0.187, p=0.023). 77% strongly agreed that nutrition knowledge is important for a physician and for therapy of medical diseases but 63% felt unprepared to write a diet prescription, and 42% felt unprepared to counsel an obese patient. We conclude: 1. Incoming First Year Medical Students recognize the importance of nutrition for their future as a physician in the treatment of disease. 2. Confidence in writing a diet prescription did reflect actual knowledge level. 3. Despite a third of the sample having taken a nutrition course previously, there was no correlation of previous course work with knowledge. 4.Lack of knowledge affected confidence in both counseling and writing a diet prescription and may translate to less utilization of nutrition resources during the clinical years. A nutrition thread addressing these issues is being designed and the students will be reassessed at the end of four years.
Obesity and nutrition education, integrating structural factors, increases knowledge and applied learning
Authors: McEligot Archana , Gonzalez Erualdo , Chandler Laura , Bell Sean , Haro Isidro Mercedes , Tran Natalie , Pillazar Lyanna , Kaiser Lucia
Published: June 2021

We developed a novel curriculum and trained under‐represented health profession students to understand individual factors, and structural determinants relevant to local and federal health policies that influence childhood obesity and nutrition in Hispanic populations. Predominantly Hispanic undergraduate students (n = 48) completed the nine‐month program, including coursework, internships, and pre‐ and post‐ program surveys. A comparison group (n = 32) also completed pre/post surveys. The 55‐item survey yielded seven constructs on student's perceived understanding of: 1) future careers in nutrition/childhood obesity; 2) public policies; 3) the built environment 4) built environment and obesity research 5) Latino Health Access (LHA) goals 6) childhood obesity and 7) nutrition. Paired t‐tests showed significant (p < 0.05) knowledge gains for all constructs from baseline to nine‐month. Regression analyses (n = 43), adjusted for gender, age and other covariates showed that the intervention students perceived significantly greater knowledge gains in public policy (p<0.001), the built environment (p<0.015), built environment and obesity research (p<0.002), LHA goals (p<.001), and childhood obesity (p<0.002) than the comparison students. Intervention students also gained multimedia skills, which resulted in over 100 posts, 20 multi‐media presentations and nearly 6,240 service hours. These findings suggest that an interdisciplinary nutrition and childhood obesity education program can improve students' knowledge and experience in multi‐level factors affecting obesity.
One‐year and Two‐year Effects of The USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) on Students' Fruit and Vegetable Intake Frequency and Variety
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chun , Foland Elizabeth , Caito‐Sipe Alexandra , Fly Alyce
Published: June 2021

FFVP is a federally‐funded free fruit (F) and vegetable (V) distribution program. Students in qualified elementary schools receive fresh FV as snacks at school. Most previous studies addressed the program over 1‐year. This study examined both 1‐year and 2‐year effects of FFVP on students' FV intake frequencies and variety. Data were previously collected from students in 20 intervention schools and 4 control schools, matched by propensity score, during 2010‐2012 school years. Students reported their F and V intake frequencies from the previous day. Students also reported whether they ate more than 1 kind of F and more than 1 kind of V every day. These dependent variables were compared over 3 times (pretest, 1‐year posttest, and 2‐years posttest) using hierarchical linear regression to test the difference between students' total F intake frequency, total V intake frequency, frequency of students eating more than 1 kind of F, and more than 1 kind of V after the 1‐ and 2‐year program periods. Results indicated that students ate F more often after 1 year (difference 0.35 times/day, p=0.003) and 2 years (difference 0.59 times/day, p=0.001) of intervention. No improvement was found in intervention students' V intake frequency over time. No change was found in the proportion of students that ate a variety of either F or V. No change was found in F or V intake frequencies and percent of students that ate a variety of F or V daily in control schools over time (p>0.05). Thus, FFVP only improved F intake frequency during the implementation period. Reasons for no improvement in V intake frequency, F variety, and V variety over time need more study.
“Choose Your Plate”: A Nutritional Education Curriculum Intended to Create Young Health Advocates
Authors: Gupta Aditi
Published: June 2021

As a focus on preventative health education continues to grow, there is a rising need to deliver this information at an earlier age to establish long‐term health behaviors. Young people are intimately embedded within their communities and can become prime health advocates for their families and peers. This study intends to establish a well‐versed understanding of the United States Department of Agriculture's “My Plate” nutritional standards using visual learning and photography under a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) framework. Twelve female fourth grade students participated in the study. The group met with the principal investigator for four core educational modules, each of which included a specific lesson and a visual learning activity. Participants also took three photographs of their meals, before and after the curriculum was delivered, to serve as comparison data points. A concluding session was held to demonstrate the participants' comprehension of the material and provide a platform for a “teach‐back” exercise. Quantitative data analysis demonstrates that participants increased their fruit and vegetable consumption and decreased intake of sugary beverages. Qualitative data analysis displayed a thorough understanding of the “My Plate” guidelines amongst participants and indicated that the students were able to repackage the information in novel ways. An elementary school‐based model for nutritional education is relevant for the pediatric population, who is likely to receive their early nutritional science exposure through their teachers. This population is also intimately connected with other individuals and can spread awareness by becoming young health advocates for their communities.
Drinking Water Upon Awakening, a Habit Related To a Higher Total Fluid Intake and Water Intake
Authors: Guelinckx Isabelle , Pohan Rizki , Monrozier Romain , Bardosono Saptawati
Published: June 2021

A high total fluid intake (TFI) is suggested to have a potential protective effect on the kidney; however the prevalence of non‐adherence to total water intake recommendation is high. Driving individuals towards an adequate TFI requires, among other interventions, practical advice. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether drinking water upon awakening (before breakfast) could be a potential lever to an increased TFI. A representative sample of Indonesian children and adults (4‐65 years; N=3835; 64% women) recorded their TFI with a 24h fluid specific diary over 7 consecutive days. The results indicated that subjects (14+ y) who drank 6‐7x/week water upon awakening had a higher mean TFI, beyond the mean volume of water consumed upon awakening, then subjects who drank 蠄1/week or 2‐5x/week water upon awakening. Moreover, they had the highest contribution of water to TFI (蠄1/week: 69%, 2‐5x/week: 76%, 6‐7x/week: 81%) and the lowest contribution of sugared beverages to TFI (蠄1/week: 5%, 2‐5x/week: 4%, 6‐7x/week: 3%). The difference in mean frequency of drinking between the group drinking 6‐7x/week water upon awakening and the other groups was also larger than 1 act. Similar results were observed for children aged 4‐13 y (data not shown). This suggests that creating the habit of drinking water upon awakening potentially could be a practical advice towards an increased TFI.

Water Upon Awakening
N (%)
Water (mL/d) upon awakening a
TFI (mL/d)a
Water (mL/d) a
# drinking acts/d a

≤1/week
360 (12)
34 (11)
1624 (50)
1164 (47)
6.5 (0.2)

2‐5x/week
607 (20)
136 (5)
1905 (39)
1487 (36)
7.7 (0.2)

6‐7x/week
2143 (69)
291 (3)
2524 (21)
2116 (19)
11.1 (0.1)

P‐value
‐‐
<,0001
<,0001
<,0001
<,0001
Maintenance Hemodialysis Lifestyle Intervention Trial: A Pilot and Feasibility Study
Authors: Barnes Jennifer , Harris Alana , Wilund Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is the primary treatment for end‐stage renal disease in the U.S. but only 36% of patients survive beyond 5 years and these patients have poor compliance with lifestyle recommendations. Further, registered dietitians are overtaxed with a high patient load and physical activity is rarely discussed. The objective of this pilot is to establish feasibility for a full‐time lifestyle interventionist (LI) employing social cognitive theory‐based lifestyle counseling in MHD clinics. MHD patients are randomized to either standard care (CON) or standard care plus interaction with a LI counseling on nutrition and physical activity. Nutrition assessments are conducted at baseline, 6 and 12 months. A preliminary analysis was conducted using data from participants who completed baseline and 6 month time points (n=6). These preliminary data suggest that the LI model is feasible with numeric improvements in interdialytic weight gain, serum phosphorus, protein intake, and self‐efficacy. Specifically, LI participants had lower interdialytic weight gains after 6 months (CON 3.3 ± 0.9 vs. LI 2.4 ± 0.5 kg) and lower serum phosphorus (CON 5.0 ± 0.5 vs. LI 4.6 ± 0.6 mg/dL). Protein intake (% of estimated needs) increased over 6 months in the LI group (63 ± 10% baseline vs 73 ± 5% 6 months) whereas CON decreased (68 ± 14% vs 63 ± 8%). These changes were associated with improved self‐efficacy (0‐100 scale with a greater number indicating greater self‐efficacy) for knowledge and controlling intake of phosphorus (CON 61 ± 11; LI 81 ± 8.0) and protein (CON= 71 ± 16; LI= 81 ± 11) in the LI group after 6 months. These data suggest that incorporation of a LI into clinics may be a feasible option for facilitating lifestyle modification in MHD patients.
Supporting Autonomy in a Nutrition Intervention for Overweight/Obese Children Using Self‐Determination Theory with Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Maia Angelina , White Adrienne
Published: June 2021

The study objective was to assess child and parent autonomy and researcher's support of autonomy in a psychoeducational program for overweight/obese children and parents. Motivating ME: Healthy Minds, Healthy Bodies, was implemented in a clinical setting, informed by the Self Determination Theory. Family dyads (n=31; children 9‐11 years) participated in a 12‐week program consisting of six, hour‐long individual counseling sessions for the child and parent, and three 90‐minute group sessions for parents. Phone calls using motivational interviewing (MI) techniques were made during non‐session weeks to provide support. The Treatment Self‐Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) was used to assess motivation (15 questions). The Health Care Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ) was used to assess the researcher's support of autonomy (6 questions). The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Relationships was used to assess support of autonomy in relationships (3 questions). The scales for children ranged from 5=very true to 1=not at all true; the scales for parents ranged from 7=very true to 1=not at all true. Questionnaires were adapted for children using cognitive interviewing. Significant results were found for autonomous motivation of treatment participants in TSRQ (child pre=22.9±5.3, post=25.7±3.7, p=0.048; adult pre=37.8±5.0, post=40.0±2.0, p=0.03). Positive movement was seen for treatment participants for support of autonomy in relationships (child, pre=9.9±2.17, post=10.0±1.9; adult, pre=14.8±1.5, post=15.5±1.9). Results were positive for support of autonomy at post‐test (child, 28.0±0.9; adult, 41.2±0.3). The use of motivational interviewing in a clinical setting appeared to play a role in supporting autonomy, construct in Self‐Determination Theory.
Examine the Knowledge of Nutrition and Physical Activity among 3rd‐Graders using Two Different Teaching Methods in Elementary School
Authors: Melhorn Susan , Crook Tina , Phelps Josh , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

As the number of overweight and obese children is counting to rise, an effective nutrition and physical activity education in public schools is becoming extremely important. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences existed in pre‐ and post‐ nutrition and physical activity test scores of children taught using interactive white boards (IWB) as well as a traditional method. Also to determine if differences existed between post‐test results using IWB compared to the traditional method. Participants were third grade student enrolled in a Elementary School. A total of 47 children age (7 ‐ 9 years) participated in the study, with 24 children receiving lessons using IWB and 23 children receiving lessons using traditional methods. No statistically significant differences were found in post‐test scores between the IBW group and the traditional method group. The IWB group showed a significant increase in the mean nutrition knowledge score from pre‐test (M = 9.29, SD = 2.5) to post‐test (M = 11.29, SD = 2.8); t (23) = ‐5.96, p 蠄 .05 (two tailed). Likewise a significant increases were found in mean score for physical activity knowledge from pre‐test (M = 5.0, SD = 1.4) to post‐test (M = 5.92, SD = 1.28); t (23) = ‐4.84, p 蠄 .05 (two tailed) and in the mean overall score from pre‐test (M = 14.2, SD = 3.44) to post‐test (M = 17.2, SD = 3.7); t (23) = ‐7.6, p 蠄 .05 (two tailed). These results indicate that nutrition and physical activity education classes were effective in improving 3rd graders' knowledge regarding both nutrition and physical activity.
Knowledge and Behaviors Related to Current Diet and Physical Activity Guidelines and Recommendations among African American Parents of Young Children
Authors: Jazwa Amelia , Kareem Jamil , Keong Farrah , Henderson Danielle , Welsh Jean
Published: June 2021

Background

Child obesity has risen dramatically with minority children at greatest risk. Parents play an important role in determining what a young child eats and how physically active they are yet little is known about the extent to which parents are knowledgeable about current guidelines and recommendations. This purpose of this study was to assess the diet‐ and activity‐promoting knowledge and practices among a sample of African American parents of young children.

Methods

In summer 2014, 84 African American parents/primary caregivers (parents) of healthy children age 6 months to < 6 years were recruited from a primary care clinic waiting room and completed a 25‐item questionnaire that assessed their knowledge of evidence‐based diet and activity recommendations and their practices as they relate to their young child.

Results

The majority of respondents (76%) were women, 87.4% low income, and 51% had received prior nutrition training (98% through WIC). One‐third knew that half of children's meals should be fruits and vegetables and 42.0% knew that at lest 50% of their child's grain‐containing foods should be whole grain. Nearly half (47%) knew that consumption of fruit juice should be limited and 62.5% knew that school‐age children should get at least 1 hour per day physical activity. 56% agreed that children often need to try a new food multiple times. 41% agreed that it was OK to make their child something else if they rejected the meal that had been served.

Conclusions

These results suggest that many African American parents of young children may lack knowledge of current child nutrition and feeding practice recommendations.
Long‐Term Effect of a Pulse‐Based Diet and Exercise Training Intervention on Body Composition and Dietary Intake in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Authors: McBreairty Laura , Zello Gordon , Rooke Julianne , Serrao Shani , Pierson Roger , Chizen Donna , Chilibeck Philip
Published: June 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that predisposes women to an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and infertility. We have previously demonstrated that a 16‐week diet and exercise intervention using either a pulse based diet or National Cholesterol Education Program therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) diet, leads to reduced body weight and percent body fat as well as improved reproductive measures in women with PCOS. We hypothesized that these effects would be maintained at 6‐months following the intervention. Baseline dietary assessment in women with PCOS aged 18‐35y (n=54) using a 4‐day food record demonstrate an intake of 2180 kcal which is within 6% of the individual TEE calculated using the EER equations (DRIs – 2002). Ten women who were randomly assigned to the 16‐week intervention receiving either the pulse‐based diet (n=4) or the TLC diet (n=6) while completing an exercise program were followed up at 6‐months post intervention. At 6‐months, women on both diets consumed fewer kcals (2380 vs 1700; p<0.005) and had both a lower fat (95 vs 60g; p<0.005 ) and carbohydrate (286 vs 211g; p<0.05) intake with no difference between diet groups, while protein intake was not different at 6‐months compared to baseline. Both body weight and percent body fat were not different at 6‐months compared to the end of the intervention. These results suggest that both diet interventions in combination with exercise have positive long‐term effects in women with PCOS. Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and Agriculture Agri‐Food Canada
Immunomodulatory effects of methyl 2‐[propanamide‐2'‐methoxycarbonyl]‐benzoate (MPMB) in macrophages: involvement of Akt/PI3k/NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Lee Hee Weon , Kwon Il Seoul
Published: June 2021

Helianthus tuberosus. L is also known as Jerusalem artichoke, sunroot or earth apple. The tubers of Helianthus tuberosus. L are already used as root vegetable and dietary foods. However, the effect of MPMB on macrophage function remains unknown. A compound whose chemical name is methyl 2‐[propanamide‐2'‐methoxycarbonyl]‐benzoate (MPMB)has been extracted from the tuber of Helianthus tuberosus. L. In the present study, we observed an immunomodulating effect of MPMB in macrophages. MTT assay revealed that MPMBis not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml of MPMB. The production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐ααand IL‐6, was significantly reduced in a dose‐dependent manner which is confirmed by ELISA. In addition, western blot analysis showed that pre‐treatment of MPMB for 2h suppressed the expression of Akt, PI3k and CK2α. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis demonstrated that MPMB reduced nuclear translocation of p65 by inhibiting degradation of Iκb‐α. Taken together, these results suggest that MPMB has an immunomodulating effect on macrophage secretory and cellular activities and is a novel compound to treat inflammatory diseases.
High‐calorie diet (HCD) induced elevation in calprotectin and lipocalin‐2 correlates with changes in gut bacteria and their metabolites in a porcine model
Authors: Radhakrishnan Sridhar , Reddivari Lavanya , Yu Haining , Knight Rob , Vanamala Jairam
Published: June 2021

We showed that HCD elevated colonic oxidative stress, inflammation as well as colonocyte proliferation zone (PZ), a biomarker for colon cancer, in pig model. Calprotectin (CP) and lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) are non‐invasive markers of intestinal inflammation, however the HCD influence on these markers and their correlation with PZ, colonic bacteria and their metabolites in a human‐relevant pig model is not known. We hypothesized that HCD elevated CP and LCN2 will correlate with PZ, gut bacteria and their metabolites. To test this hypothesis, pigs (n = 8) were provided either standard diet (SD; 5% fat) or HCD (25% fat) for 13 wk. HCD elevated (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0006) colon digesta CP and LCN2 (ELISA) and these markers correlated (r = 0.521, r = 0.626; P = 0.05) with PZ. HCD consuming animals had reduced fecal Bifidobacterium spp. (16s rRNA sequencing, P = 0.019) that negatively correlated with CP, LCN2 and PZ (r = ‐0.700, r = ‐0.609 and r = ‐0.682, respectively; P = 0.05). HCD consumption also suppressed (P = 0.05) distal colon levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), isobutyrate/isovalerate, that positively correlated with Bifidobacterium spp. (r = 0.607, r = 0.610; P = 0.05). SCFA negatively correlated with CP and LCN2 (r = ‐0.554, ‐0.626 for isobutyrate; r = ‐0.554, ‐0.591 for isovalerate, P = 0.05). These results suggest that fecal CP and LCN2 could be used to predict dietary influences on distal colon that is susceptible to colon cancer. These results have important implications for testing anti‐inflammatory food products and drugs in a human‐relevant pig model.
Loss of Lipoprotein Lipase Expression Reduces Circulating Monocytes and Decreases Bone Marrow Myeloid Proliferation
Authors: Chang Chuchun , Murphy Andrew , Goldberg Ira , Deckelbaum Richard
Published: June 2021

Tissue macrophages (Mq) perpetuate pro‐inflammatory responses that promote metabolic diseases and atherogenesis. Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) is synthesized by Mq and smooth muscle cells and is also associated with endothelial cells. We have reported that dietary saturated fatty acids increased LpL with substantial amounts of LpL being Mq‐associated and heparin‐releasable in the arterial wall. We studied whether LpL expression altered the circulating levels and tissue content of monocytes (MO)/Mq. In transgenic LpL knockout mice rescued by muscle‐specific LpL expression (MCKL0 mice), loss of LpL in the arterial wall reduced the number of aortic Mq by >30% and this reduction was reversed by reconstitution with LpL‐expressing bone marrow (BM) (p<0.05). The decrease in aortic Mq in MCKL0 mice was associated with ~40% reduction in blood total leukocytes, neutrophils, and total and pro‐inflammatory MO (Gr‐1hi) (p<0.05). LpL deficiency significantly decreased BM Mq‐associated markers (F4/80 and TNF‐α), and led to a marked reduction (~50‐70%) in BM expression of transcription factors (PU.1 and C/EBPα) and colony‐stimulating factors (CSFs) and their receptors (CSF‐Rs) required for myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation (p<0.05). BM‐derived MO differentiation to Mq was markedly reduced by 40% in the absence of LpL (p<0.05). Our studies indicate that LpL plays a key role in mediating blood MO levels and MO differentiation to Mq, in part, through affecting CSFs and CSF‐Rs levels.

Grant Funding Source: NIH‐HL40404 (RJD); HL450945 (IJG); T32‐DK007674 /HL007343 (CLC)
Infant Gut Microbiota Composition And Metabolism Can Be Influenced by Extensively Hydrolyzed Casein In Vitro
Authors: Gross Gabriele , de Boer Paulo , Bobeldijk‐Pastorova Ivana , Ouwens Anita , van Tol Eric , Keijser Bart
Published: June 2021

The human gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease development. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of extensively hydrolyzed casein and hydrolysate‐containing infant formulas on infant gut microbial composition and metabolism in vitro.

Specific extensively hydrolyzed casein and infant formula based thereon were pre‐digested and subsequently introduced in TNO's in vitro I‐screen colon fermentation model inoculated with feces from healthy infants. Microbiota community structure, short chain fatty acid production and proteolytic digestion of the casein hydrolysate were assessed.

Overall peptide profiles of the finished formula and the hydrolysate remained unaffected by pre‐digestion. Incubation with the predigested infant formula or the specific hydrolysate influenced microbiota composition. Furthermore, butyrate production was increased as compared to control conditions. Finally, peptide and amino acid metabolism were influenced by incubation with extensively hydrolyzed casein.

In conclusion, this study shows that specific extensively hydrolyzed casein and corresponding infant formula can impact microbiota composition and SCFA production in an in vitro colon fermentation model. These aspects might contribute to related beneficial health effects.

The study was financially supported by Mead Johnson Nutrition.
All trans‐Retinoic Acid Mediates Wnt/β‐catenin Signaling through MED28 in Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Hsieh Nien‐Tsu , Huang Chun‐Yin , Li Chun‐I , Lee Ming‐Fen
Published: June 2021

MED28 exhibits several cellular roles, including a Mediator subunit for transcription and an interactor with Grb2, Src kinases, actin cytoskeleton, and merlin. MED28 is also found highly expressed in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. All trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), a family member of the essential nutrient vitamin A, has been used in the patients of acute promyelocytic leukemia and explored in the prevention and treatment of other types of cancer. Our laboratory previously showed that MED28 mediates Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in human colon cancer; the current study is to further investigate the effect of ATRA on MED28 in colorectal cancer. ATRA reduced the expression of MED28 in HCT116, HT29, SW480, and SW620 colon cancer cells. The transcriptional activity of the TOPflash reporter construct decreased upon ATRA treatment. Moreover, ATRA reduced the expression levels of cyclin D1 and c‐Myc. Our data indicate that ATRA exhibits a repressive effect on Wnt/β‐catenin signaling through MED28 in colorectal cancer.

(This work was supported by the grant NSC102‐2320‐B‐309‐001‐MY3 to M‐F Lee.)
Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Are Differentially Regulated by Time and Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Neonatal Pig Intestinal Epithelial Cells, IPECJ2
Authors: Nieforth Leanne , Odle Jack , Jacobi Sheila
Published: June 2021

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGlyRP) are a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. PGlyRP1, 3, and 4 have direct bactericidal activity, while PGlyRP2 is bound and secreted from cells and hydrolyzes peptidoglycan through amidase activity. PGlyRP3 is expressed in human colon‐like CaCO‐2 cells and is known to enhance anti‐inflammatory responses post‐bacterial challenge. This study hypothesized that PGlyRP expression in IPECJ2 cells would be regulated by time post‐confluence and by long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) treatment. IPECJ2 cells were grown to confluence and mRNA abundance was measured by RT‐PCR. PGlyRP 2 and 4 were expressed in IPECJ2 cells and differentially regulated over time (P < 0.001). PGlyRP2 mRNA abundance decreased over 16d (P < 0.001), whereas PGlyRP4 mRNA abundance increased over time. In addition, LC‐PUFA (n‐3 and n‐6) dose‐dependently increased expression of PGlyRP2 mRNA by 100‐175% within 24h compared to vehicle‐treated cells (P< 0.05). PGlyRP4 mRNA increased 65 % when treated with 100 μM eicosapentaenoic acid (n‐3) compared to vehicle treated cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, IPECJ2 cells express PGlyRP2 and 4, have differential patterns of expression over time post‐confluence and are acutely regulated by LC‐PUFA. These data implicate a potential mechanism for dietary LC‐PUFA to modulate intestinal health by altering mucosal signaling mechanisms between luminal microbiotia, enterocytes and the mucosal immune system. Funded by Undergraduate Research Grant.
Global DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation Differ in Hepatocellular‐ and Cholangio‐Carcinoma and Relate to Survival Rate
Authors: Udali Silvia , Guarini Patrizia , Moruzzi Sara , Ruzzenente Andrea , Tammen Stephanie , Guglielmi Alfredo , Conci Simone , Pattini Patrizia , Choi Sang‐Woon , Friso Simonetta
Published: June 2021

DNA hydroxymethylation has been recently recognized as a novel epigenetic mark. Primary liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC), are highly prevalent but epigenetically poorly characterized. Aims were to determine by a LC/MS/MS method methylcytosine (mCyt) and hydroxymethylcytosine (hmCyt) content in HCC and CC tissues as compared with homologous non‐neoplastic tissues and to analyze the survival rate according to mCyt and hmCyt levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) DNA. Thirty‐one HCC and 16 CC patients participated to the study; mCyt content was significantly lower in HCC than CC tissues (3.97% vs 5.26% respectively, p<0.0001). HCC tissues showed a lower mCyt compared to non‐neoplastic tissues (3.97% vs 4.82% mCyt, respectively, p<0.0001). No such difference was instead detected for the comparison of CC and non‐neoplastic tissues. HmCyt was similar in HCC and CC tissues, while it was reduced in HCC and CC as compared to homologous non‐neoplastic tissues (0.044 vs 0.128, p<0.0001 for HCC and 0.030 vs 0.124, p=0.026 for CC).The survival rate at 48 months in liver cancer patients with PBMCs mCyt>5.59% was higher than in those with lower mCyt levels (p=0.034).

DNA hypomethylation distinguishes HCC from CC while DNA hypo‐hydroxymethylation characterizes both HCC and CC. PBMCs DNA mCyt content >5.59% relates to a favorable outcome in primary liver cancers.
Prostate Specific Antigen Ratio is Negatively Associated with Blood Cadmium Concentration and Smoking Status
Authors: Vance Terrence , Chun Ock
Published: June 2021

Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases, notably cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. There is evidence that smoking is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, though the mechanisms by and the extent to which smoking may affect prostate cancer risk are unknown. Tobacco smoke contains myriad carcinogens, including cadmium. Cadmium is a toxic transition metal and environmental pollutant found in tobacco, and environmental exposure to cadmium has been associated with greater risk of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that blood cadmium (BCd) would be associated with PSA ratio and that this association would depend on smoking status. We examined the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA), free PSA (fPSA), and fPSA ratio, which better predicts risk of advanced prostate cancer, BCd, and smoking status of 6,007 men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003‐2010. Multiple linear regression was used to predict PSA ratio from BCd, smoking status, age, and ethnicity. Current smokers (CS) were found to have significantly (P < 0.05) lower fPSA and fPSA ratio, and greater BCd compared with non‐smokers (NS) and former smokers (FS) (CS vs. NS: fPSA, 0.31 vs. 0.38 ng/mL; fPSA ratio, 29.1% vs. 31.8%; BCd, 1.30 vs. 0.27 μg/L). Based on the final regression model, BCd was associated with a lower fPSA ratio among CS compared with NS and FS. Compared with NS and FS, for CS a 10% increase in BCd corresponded to a predicted decrease in fPSA ratio of 37% for White and Black men, 54% for Hispanic men, and 217% for other men. These results suggest that smoking is associated with a lower fPSA ratio – and thus potentially greater risk of prostate cancer – and that this effect may be partly attributable to cadmium exposure.

Funding: NIH #1R03CA159421‐01A1
Selection criteria of the dietary index in clinical trial and intervention with patients with breast cancer
Authors: Di Pietro Patricia , Santos Elaine , Cardoso Alyne , Liz Sheyla , Oliveira Soraya
Published: June 2021

Evaluation of diet quality through the use of dietary indexes, can analyze the association between nutrient intake, dietary patterns and types of chronic diseases, including antioxidants aspects necessary to treat the increased oxidative stress present in breast cancer and provides grants for development of effective nutritional intervention. Considering the lack of specific dietary index for this public criteria for selection of diet with the aim of answering the question “What better dietary index to evaluate the quality of diet in women undergoing adjuvant treatment for breast cancer indices were developed, submitted a program of educational intervention?”. A systematic review from the period 1984‐2014, found in Scopus, Medline, SciELO and official sites, 18 unique levels and 19 dietary adaptations or revisions were found. Five inclusion criteria were developed, it was validated; used food frequency questionnaire; evaluating antioxidant rich foods; evaluating foods educational intervention; evaluating foods listed in the questionnaire; being provisionally selected 12 indexes reviewed by five additional criteria if it was used in the Brazilian population; it was adapted for the Brazilian population; it has been used in research on breast cancer; if the dietary recommendations are current, and is the latest version; concluding a selection of four dietary indexes.
Blueberries Attenuate DNA Damage in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Johnson Sarah , Feresin Rafaela , Navaei Negin , Elam Marcus , Hooshmand Shirin , Payton Mark , Levenson Cathy , Arjmandi Bahram
Published: June 2021

Preclinical research findings suggest a role for blueberries in cancer prevention. The objective of this study was to indirectly evaluate the cancer‐preventive effects of blueberries in humans. Forty postmenopausal women with pre‐ and stage 1‐hypertension were randomly assigned to receive either 22 g freeze‐dried highbush blueberry powder or 22 g control powder per day for 8 weeks. Plasma 8‐hydroxy‐2'‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) was measured at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. There was a significant (P < 0.01) difference between groups at 4 weeks of treatment such that levels were lower in the blueberry group. Although not statistically significant, mean 8‐OHdG values were 12.5% lower than baseline at 4 weeks in the blueberry‐treated group (0.32 ± 0.01 ng/mL at baseline, 0.28 ± 0.01 ng/mL at 4 weeks) whereas there was a 12.9% increase in the control group (0.31 ± 0.01 ng/mL at baseline, 0.35 ± 0.02 ng/mL at 4 weeks). Mean 8‐OHdG values increased to that of baseline at 8 weeks in the blueberry‐treated group while there were no changes in the control group. These findings provide indirect evidence that blueberry consumption may exert cancer‐protective effects. Future studies are needed to determine the longer‐term outcomes with respect to cancer.

Support: US Highbush Blueberry Council