bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Henologie bei Platon und Plotin
Authors: Halfwassen Jens
Published: September 2007

Aristotle construed metaphysics primarily in terms of ontology, whereas Plato had developed a different approach to the philosophy of principles. The main task of the metaphysical theory of principles is the quest for the absolute. For Plato, however, the absolute is the one; and this idea – most influentially advocated by Plotinus – is the foundation of a tradition that construes metaphysics mainly in terms of henology. The central aspects of this doctrine are the idea of the transcendence of the absolute one, the perspective of negative theology, and – in Plotinus – a genuinely philosophical kind of mysticism.
Eros, Dialektik und Rhetorik
Authors: Cürsgen Dirk
Published: September 2007

The article analyses the relation between logos and myth in Plato’s philosophy using the Phaidros as a representative example; this includes the investigation of the function of the myth in this dialogue. The palinode proves to be the central unifying element of the Phaidros, and thus the dialogue s core. The second speech of Socrates mediates between the different parts of the Phaidros, its themes, motives and thoughts: for example love, rhetoric, dialectic, forms, different kinds of knowledge and speech or of souls and gods. These entities are connected in the myth with the aim of mutual elucidation. While the myth is to be seen on a metaphorical level, the logos has to reflect the relation of the myth’s themes in a rational and discursive manner. Thus, the myth gives the dialogue its epistemological purpose.
Die Opposition des Johannes de Polliaco gegen die Schule der Gandavistae
Authors: Hödl Ludwig
Published: September 2007

In spite of the fact that Henry of Gent (†1293) had a major and lasting influence on the developments at the University of Paris after the condemnation of the errores philosophorum in 1277, the Gandavistae – pupils of Henry of Gent – are hardly known by their proper names in the history of philosophy. As a member of the theological and philosophical faculty, Henry broke with the predominant Averroistic approach to Aristotle’s conception of science and concentrated, instead, on the Aristotelian tradition. He defended a revised version of the Aristotelian doctrine of the categories along the lines of the pseudo-Boethian Liber de sex principiis and ascribed fundamental eminence to relatio, a category which was considered ontologically “debilissimus” among the Aristotelians. John de Polliaco († p. 1321) was a pupil of Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Gent and Godfrey of Fontaines during the seventies of the 13th century. In his Quodlibet I, q. 7, dating from 1307, he gave a controversial account of the notion of relation that was favoured by Henry’s adherents: “Does the relation, expressed as a (modal) respect, differ from the respects (respectus) expressed by the six principles?” In this discussion he attacks the intentional and modal interpretation given by the Gandavistae and calls them non-reales. Is this accusation already an indication of the rise of 14th century nominalism?
Constructing new organizational realities
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn
Published: September 2007

The emergence of network society implies that all actors face new demands, research being no exception. In processes of interactive learning, together with other actors, research can no longer claim exclusive domains. Instead, it has to become a general innovation partner. Innovation partner is, however, not only an intellectual position. It refers, first and foremost, to specific forms of work in specific but variable contexts. The challenges are not only epistemological, but organizational. This article explores, on the basis of experience from workplace development programmes in Norway, the nature of some of these challenges, and the epistemological-organizational responses that need to be worked out to meet them.
The standard employment relationship in the information society
Authors: Bosch Gerhard
Published: September 2007

In the view of most authors, the long-established standard employment relationship (SER) has little future in the information society as external structural change comes to replace internal structural change. This article shows that, contrary to these beliefs in most industrialised countries, employment relationships have tended to become more stable in recent years, particularly among skilled workers, for the reason that spatial proximity and close social communication is gaining increasing importance in knowledge-based work. The author identifies the following six different causes underlying improvements or deterioration in the SER: (1) Flexibilisation of product markets, (2) rising female employment rates, (3) combination of education/training and work, (4) rising educational levels among the working population, (5) labour market regulation and deregulation, and (6) the employment situation. Changes in the SER are not being driven solely by the computerisation of production but also by other, very different forces which are at least as significant as technological change. The article concludes with an alternative paradigm taking as its starting point a new balance of internal and external mobility. As an alternative to the "Anglo-Saxon" model of the deregulated labour market, the author proposes a revitalisation of internal and occupational labour markets.
The Finnish workplace development programme
Authors: Arnkil Robert
Published: September 2007

This article is based on the evaluation of the Finnish Workplace Development Programme, TYKE-FWPD, by a team led by the author. The programme ran as a national government programme from 1996 to 2003, and has been continued, with modifications, in 2004 through 2009. Until the early 1990s the main focus of working life development in Finland was technological. During the past decade a shift in the emphasis has occurred toward work organization and human resources development. As part of this process, TYKE-FWDP has played an important role. The programme aims at accelerating working life development be means of improvements in learning networks and methods as well as by encouraging cooperation between researchers and research institutes, workplace parties, social partners and governmental agencies and institutions at national and regional levels. The idea is that as change agencies, firms can influence their own future by engaging in a complex learning process, long-term multi-dimensional interaction and networking. Highly developed learning strategies will give companies a competitive edge, and thus directly or indirectly also secure or enhance positive employment development. The evaluation, carried out in 2002–2003, showed that the Programme has been successful on many counts: sustainable results have been achieved at the company and organisational level, learning networks have been enhanced between different institutions related to innovation and workplace development, and the programme enjoys a very high legitimacy among key stakeholders, including the social partners.
Feeling as knowing — Part I
Authors: Järvilehto Timo
Published: September 2007

The theoretical approach described in a series of articles (Jarvilehto, 1998a,b,c, 1999, 2000) is developed further in relation to the problems of emotion, consciousness, and brain activity. The approach starts with the claim that many conceptual confusions in psychology are due to the postulate that the organism and the environment are two interacting systems (”Two systems theory”). The gist of the approach is the idea that the organism and environment form a unitary system which is the basis of subjective experience. This starting point leads to the conception of emotions as reorganization of the organism-environment system, and entails that emotion and knowledge are only different aspects of the same process. In the first part of the article the general outline of the approach is sketched, and in a subsequent second part (Jarvilehto, 2001) the relations between emotions, consciousness, and brain activity will be discussed in detail.
On the (African) origins of Palenquero subject pronouns
Authors: Schwegler Armin
Published: September 2007

Summary

A principal aim of this paper is to show that (1) the Palenquero (Colombia) pronominal system in toto needs to be
revised in the direction of greater Africanicity, and (2) speakers of Kikongo must have played a dominant role in the formation
of Palenquero. This study offers evidence for the multiple (European, African, and Euro-African) origins of the Palenquero
person/number markers. I argue that the traditional etymological analyses of these markers are fundamentally flawed in two
respects: First, i- (1sg.), o- (2sg.), and e- (3sg.) — allegedly Spanish-derived pronouns
— are actually of African rather than European descent; and second, the genesis of y- ‘I’ involved
convergence instead of direct linear descent from a single language (i.e., Spanish yo). This investigation revindicates
earlier studies that have sought to emphasize the importance of the African substrate to the evolution of Atlantic contact
vernaculars in general.

Résumé

Le but principal de cet article est de montrer (1) que le système pronominal du palenquero (Colombie) est globalement
plus africain qu’on ne l’admet généralement, et (2) que le kikongo a dû jouer un rôle
important dans la formation de cette langue. Cette étude offre des arguments en faveur d’origines multiples
(européennes, africaines et euro-africaines) pour le système pronominal palenquero, et montre que les analyses
étymologiques traditionnelles des pronoms palenqueros souffrent de plusieurs défauts (par exemple, je montre que
i- (1sg.), o- (2sg.) et e- (3sg.) ne sont pas d’origine européenne, mais africaine). Cet article
tend donc à confirmer les études antérieures qui ont cherché a souligner l’importance du substrat
africain dans l’évolution des langues de contact atlantiques en général.

Zusammenfassung

Ein Hauptziel dieser Studie ist zu zeigen, dass (1) das Pronominalsystem im Palenquero (Kolumbien) in toto
stärker von afrikanischen Sprachen als bisher angenommen beinflusst wurde, und (2) Kikongo eine wichtige Rolle in der
Genese des Palenquero gespielt hat. Dieser Beitrag liefert Beweise für den unterschiedlichen (afrikanischen,
europäischen, und euroafrikanischen) Ursprung verschiedener Palenquero-Pronomen. Die Studie zeigt auch, dass die
traditionellen etymologischen Analysen dieser Pronomen revidiert werden müssen (die Pronominalformen i-
(1sg.), o- (2sg.), und e- (3sg.) zum Beispiel haben keinen europäischen sondern einen afrikanischen
Ursprung). Meine Schlussfolgerungen unterstützen diejenigen Studien, die versucht haben, die Wichtigkeit des
afrikanischen Substrats in der Genese der atlantischen Kontaktsprachen ganz allgemein hervorzuheben.
Philological evidence for *e and *o in Pre-Old Japanese
Authors: Miyake Marc Hideo
Published: September 2007

Many Japanese historical linguists reconstruct a four-vowel system without *e and *o for Proto-Japonic (PJ), the ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages. However, a few (Unger 1993 [1977], Hattori 1978–79, Thorpe 1983, Serafim 1999a, 1999b) have reconstructed PJ *e and *o. Until now, arguments for PJ *e and *o have been based on (a) Japonic internal and comparative reconstructions and (b) Japonic languages attested from the eighth century onward. In this paper I test the PJ *e and *o hypothesis using two other types of evidence: pre-eighth century transcriptions and Sino-Japanese readings borrowed prior to the eighth century.
Supplétion et récurrence des thèmes pronominaux nostratiques
Authors: Cavoto Fabrice
Published: September 2007

In this paper, it is shown that most of the language families claimed to derive from a common Nostratic protolanguage exhibit complex pronominal systems characterized by intricate patterns of recurrence and suppletion in the personal, demonstrative and possibly interrogative pronominal stems. The analysis proposed here, employing the strict principles of the comparative method, shows that these patterns are probably not due to coincidence but rather represent a new argument in favor of the Nostratic hypothesis.
From transitive to causative in Japanese
Authors: Narrog Heiko
Published: September 2007

Modern Japanese has a morphological causative, formed by suffixes on the verb, and lexical causatives. The morphological causative has been in use since Late Old Japanese. However, the etymology of this morphological causative and the status of related causative formations in Old Japanese remain unclear. This paper supports the view that lexical causative formations in Old Japanese are the direct predecessors of the morphological causative. In their morphological, syntactic, and semantic features they form a chain of morphologization with the productive causative that emerged from them. Similar diachronic developments have also been observed in Sanskrit and North American languages. Thus, the formation of a morphological causative from a lexical pattern, a path of development that has received little attention, seems to constitute a crosslinguistically valid source for the evolution of productive causatives. It is proposed that the type of change observed here is an exaptation of fossilized morphological material, which, in several important aspects, runs counter to the directionality of change posited in mainstream grammaticalization theory.
Regulation of vocal output by chimpanzees finding food in the presence or absence of an audience
Authors: Brosnan Sarah F. , de Waal Frans B.M.
Published: September 2007

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) give both food barks and pant hoots upon encountering food and regulate their calls based upon such factors as food quantity, quality, and possibly divisibility. Although it has been determined that several species, both primate and non-primate, regulate their food calls based upon the presence or absence of an audience, this has not been systematically explored with chimpanzees. Group-housed chimpanzees were given access to either large or small quantities of food when they had either visual access to companions (Audience condition) or were visually isolated (No Audience condition). We predicted that chimpanzees would call more for larger quantities of food and more in the presence of an audience. As expected, food calling was greater for large quantities of food than small quantities. The effect of an audience was more complex. A visible audience increased the rate of food calling for a large, sharable quantity of food, yet decreased the rate for a small, non-sharable quantity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chimpanzee vocal expression is sensitive to social context, and that they are able to regulate the information made available to others in accordance with predicted future interaction.
Acoustic structure and contexts of emission of vocal signals by black lemurs
Authors: Gosset Delphine , Fornasieri Isabelle , Roeder Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2007

We investigated the vocal repertoire of a Malagasy primate: the black lemur (Eulemur macaco macaco). The first study allowed the characterization of 16 different vocal signals on the basis of acoustic parameters. Black lemurs emit sparse harmonic sounds, dense harmonic sounds, spectrally structured noise (Beeman, 1998) and a wide variety of grunts. The second study focused on the behavioral context of emission of these signals and used the pre- and post-event histogram method (Douglass and Sudd, 1980; Preuschoft, 1995a). It provides statistical demonstration of the association between a signal and other behaviors of the emitter, thus giving insight into the latter’s motivations. Four signals are linked to affiliative and agonistic interactions. Three signals express a state of alarm, and two appear related to discomfort. Most grunts are linked to contact and signal precisely the emitter’s level of vigilance. Other interdisciplinary communication studies could benefit from methodology and software used here.
Listening comprehension, shadowing and simultaneous interpretation of two ‘non-standard’ English speeches
Authors: Sabatini Elisabetta
Published: September 2007

Ten final-year interpreting students, all native speakers of Italian, were asked to perform three tasks using two ‘non-standard’ English speeches, one by an Indian speaking English as a second language (speaker A), and one by an American speaking English as a native language with a strong accent (speaker B). The duration of each speech was about 11 minutes, of which a different section was used for each task. First, subjects listened to the initial part of each speech (about 3 minutes) and were tested for listening comprehension. They then shadowed part of the speeches (about 2 minutes), after which they simultaneously interpreted the remainder from English into Italian. The working hypotheses were that: (i) the three tasks involve an increasing level of complexity: listening comprehension being the simplest and simultaneous interpretation the most difficult; (ii) ‘non-standard’ language in the source speech is a potential problem trigger for the interpreter. Performance in the three tasks was evaluated by examining the subjects’ answers to questions in the listening comprehension task (the highest score possible being 12), and by transcribing the shadowing and the simultaneous interpretation (both scored on a 12 point scale). In addition, subjects’ handling of previously identified problem areas in each simultaneous interpreting task was evaluated, again on a 12 point scale. Scores for each task were divided into bands, to distinguish between ‘very high’, ‘high’, ‘low’, and ‘very low’. Performance in the three exercises partly reflected their growing complexity, listening comprehension being the simplest and simultaneous interpretation the most difficult. The non standard characteristics of the two speeches were indeed difficult for some of the subjects to interpret. Taking Gile’s Effort Model as a theoretical basis, the study also provides some insight as to which phase of simultaneous interpretation caused most difficulties.
Prosodic phenomena in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Ahrens Barbara
Published: September 2007

This paper reports on an empirical study on prosody in English-German simultaneous interpreting. It discusses prosody with particular reference to its tonal, durational and dynamic features, such as intonation, pauses, rhythm and accent, as well as its main functions, i.e. structure and prominence. Following a review of previous studies on the topic, a conceptual approach for the analysis of prosody in terms of structure and prominence is developed and subsequently applied to an authentic corpus of professional simultaneous interpretation consisting of three German versions of a 72-minute English source text. Prosodic patterns in the corpus are analyzed by means of a computer-aided method using the software PRAAT. The findings confirm that prosodic features are interdependent and that those in the target texts show certain characteristics that are specific to simultaneous interpreting.
Roles of community interpreters in pediatrics as seen by interpreters, physicians and researchers
Authors: Leanza Yvan
Published: September 2007

This paper is an attempt at defining more clearly the various roles of community interpreters and the processes implicitly connected with each of them. While the role of the interpreter is a subject that has been widely discussed in the social science literature, it is less present in the biomedical one, which tends to emphasize the importance of interpreting in overcoming language barriers, rather than as a means of building bridges between patients and physicians. Hence, studies looking at interpreted medical interactions suggest that the presence of an interpreter is more beneficial to the healthcare providers than to the patient. This statement is illustrated by the results of a recent study in a pediatric outpatient clinic in Switzerland. It is suggested that, in the consultations, interpreters act mainly as linguistic agents and health system agents and rarely as community agents. This is consistent with the pediatricians’ view of the interpreter as mainly a translating machine. A new typology of the varying roles of the interpreter is proposed, outlining the relation to cultural differences maintained therein. Some recommendations for the training of interpreters and healthcare providers are suggested.
Probing quality criteria in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Pradas Macías Macarena
Published: September 2007

This article describes an empirical study designed to contribute to research into interpreting quality by moving towards a definition of the criterion of ‘fluency’ in the evaluation of simultaneous interpreting. Based on an interdisciplinary review of the literature and preliminary tests of the production and perception of pauses and their effect on speech comprehension, ‘silent pauses’ are investigated as a subparameter of fluency. Following the line of research initiated by Collados (1998), the study analyses the quality expectations of 43 expert users as well as their evaluation of German-Spanish interpretations manipulated by additional silent pauses. Although the differences found in the evaluation study cannot be shown to be statistically significant, there are trends indicating that the principal hypothesis, whereby silent pauses as a subparameter of fluency have a negative effect on fluency evaluation, has received some empirical support. Subjects appear to have detected and responded to the experimental stimulus (two levels of additional silent pauses between 2 and 6 seconds in duration) by giving lower mean ratings for ‘fluency’ to the experimental videos than to the control.
Grammatical formatives in a generative lexical theory: The case of Modern Greek και
Authors: Ingria Robert
Published: September 2007

Work within the framework of the Generative Lexicon (GL) has, to this point, concentrated on the lexical categories: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Serious research on the non-lexical (minor) categories has not yet been undertaken. In this paper, I examine the polysemous behavior of Modern Greek και (ke “and”) and examine the ways in which GL theory can be used to account for its behavior, as well as the limitations of GL theory in treating και. Since this paper raises as many questions as it answers with regard to some of the more striking uses of και, it should be considered a report on work in progress.
Les connecteurs de reformulation c’est-à-dire en français et ðilaði en grec
Authors: Vassiliadou Hélène
Published: September 2007

Summary

The aim of this paper is to present a contrastive analysis of reformulation markers in French (c’est-à-dire) and in Greek (δηλαδή). Within this perspective, we propose to examine in which cases we can substitute one marker to the other in order to verify if they are equivalent or not. The analysis shows coincidences in their prototypical functions such as explanation and definition, whereas differences arise when pragmatic factors are involved. Assuming that those differences have roots in discourse, parallel differences are expected to be found in their semantic instructions. We argue that their comparison can lead us on one hand, to seize their common properties allowing them to permute in similar contexts, and, on the other hand, new markers, that were not taken into account initially, can reveal new data for this study.
Implantation d’un tri lexical respectant la particularité des noms propres
Authors: Tran Mickaël , Maurel Denis , Savary Agata
Published: September 2007

The computational treatment of multilingual language resources (as in the Prolex projet, cf (Grass et al. 2002)) should respect lexical conventions admitted by each language’s native speakers. These conventions may vary from one language to another, as in the case of alphabetical sorting algorithm. This algorithm must take a number of universal as well as language-dependent particularities into account, such as the distinction of upper- and lowercase letters, the sorting bi-directionality (from the left to the right or conversely), the role of diacritics (resulting either in variants of a letter, as é, è and ê in French, or in independent letters, as å in Danish or ą in Polish), the role of punctuation characters, the multi-character letters (as ch or ll in Spanish, or dzs in Hungarian) and the ligatures (as œ in French, or ß in German).

We describe a Unicode-based sorting algorithm inspired by (LaBonté 1998) for proper names. In the particular case of the sorting of the proper names, three additional points are to be taken into account : the presence of numerical values (Arab numerals or Roman numerals), the variation of spelling of the ligatures and the permutation in the sorting of the multi-word units.

Apart from the word list to be sorted, its input is a language-dependent code table which defines the language’s alphabet, the number of algorithm’s passes, the direction of each pass, and the order of letters or groups of letters in each pass. The implementation of the algorithm is done by a finite-state transducer which allows a fast assignment of sort keys to words. The algorithm proved correct for European languages such as English, French, and Polish, as well as for Thai. It outperforms other sorting algorithms, such as those implemented in Intex (Silberztein 1993) and Unitex (Paumier 2003) systems.
Mapping function to form
Authors: Boucher Paul
Published: September 2007

The position and meaning of Modern French adjectives is discussed in the generative syntax framework. The classical analysis of Cinque (1995), by N-raising to some functional position, is rejected for a number of reasons, notably its inability to account for changes in position since the Old French period. After a brief discussion of some typological and diachronic facts, two ‘semantic’ analyses are considered, those of Bouchard (1998) and Larson (1998). Based on Larson’s mapping model, the present study proposes an analysis of the position and meaning of adjectives in French in terms of movement of ‘restrictive’ and ‘evaluative’ adjectives to the pre-N position and the presence of logical operators of existence and genericity within DP. This analysis is supported by both semantic and syntactic facts: constraints on the determiner, as well as on modification, stress and coordination, defective semantic features.
Règles d’ordre des éléments Non Régis
Authors: Teston-Bonnard Sandra
Published: September 2007

In the first part of the paper we give an overwiew of a natural syntactic class of constituents defined by means of a specific set of criteria : the “non régis” (NR) (non integrated in the grammatical structure of the utterance). This class, gathers, various kinds of grammatical units of non canonical syntactic status in traditional descriptions : sentence adverbials, appositions, interjections, non canonical subordinate clauses, discourse particles… In the second part of the paper we show that, contrary to current assumptions, these linguistic units are not randomly combined with the core elements of the sentence. They are inserted in the utterance according to specific ordering rules and distributional constraints.

These constraints are studied at two levels : constraints on their possible insertions in grammatical structures (microsyntax), constraints on the positions they can occupy in relation with the “macrosyntactic” nucleus of the utterance (the part of the utterance bearing its illocutionnary force) as defined in Blanche-Benveniste (84, 90).
Bridging the Cleft
Authors: Ahlemeyer Birgit , Kohlhof Inga
Published: September 2007

Using real translation data, this paper examines the facts and reasons underlying the various translations of English it-clefts into German.
Corpora of translated English-German texts reveal that only about a third of English it-clefts (or less, depending on text type) are translated with the German equivalent, a Spaltsatz. This may in part be due to differences in the restrictions the two languages place on the focused XP with regard to both grammatical function and category.
Against this background we look at the different structures that German uses to render the English it-cleft. It is notable that even where the German Spaltsatz is a grammatically possible translation, other structures are frequently employed instead. This shows that factors such as the discoursefunction (s) of cleft sentences also play a decisive role in selecting stylistically well-formed translations.
After a thorough study and analysis of a small sample of translated it-clefts (English-German) in their contexts, we propose the following hypothesis: The main discourse function of English it-clefts — the focusing of an XP element — may not only be translated into German with a Spaltsatz, but can also be presented adequately by introducing specific word orders, focusing particles, or both. In this way, the often cumbersome German cleft construction is dropped in favor of mono clausal sentences.
The Polysemous Cognates Swedish gå and English go
Authors: Viberg Åke
Published: September 2007

In spite of the fact that Swedish gå and English go are historically rather closely related in a transparent way, both verbs are translated by their etymological counterpart only in around one third of the cases, as evidenced from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus. The article compares the patterns of polysemy formed by the major senses of the two cognates in each language against the background of some typological studies
Using a Parallel Corpus to Validate Independent Claims
Authors: Santos Diana , Oksefjell Signe
Published: September 2007

This paper examines the results from two corpus-based contrastive studies. Both studies offer cross-linguistic claims about the language pair English-Portuguese. We attempt to replicate the studies and check the findings against a different corpus, viz. the English—Portuguese part of the English—Norwegian Parallel Corpus, to see whether the regularities observed in the original corpora can be confirmed. After a brief presentation of each study, we describe how we gathered equivalent data, present our findings in the new corpus, and discuss some possible reasons for discrepancies in relation to the earlier studies. The topics investigated are boundary-crossing movement descriptions (after Slobin 1997) and perception verbs (after Santos 1998).
Radio Talk
Authors: Engel Dulcie M.
Published: September 2007

It has often been observed that present perfect forms in English and French have quite differing functions. These perfects are considered here in a parallel description of English and French radio talk. An examination of talk shows and news bulletins in two corpora of the same length and from the same day illustrates some interesting points with regards to the use of the perfect in different genres, and the contrasting functions of the perfect in the two languages. It is concluded that radio talk is a collection of sub-genres within a single environmental context. Tense distribution and usage in each language is one element that contributes to this particular pattern.
Comparative Scandinavian syntax circa 1980–2000
Authors: Sveen Andreas
Published: September 2007

This article offers an overview of comparative syntactic research covering the Scandinavian languages in the last couple of decades. Most of this research has been conducted within Principles-and-Parameters theory, mostly its Government-Binding phase, and a brief outline of theoretical developments in the 70’s leading up GB theory is included. Comparative Scandinavian syntax research is exemplified both by studies contrasting Scandinavian languages as a whole with English, by studies examining contrasts between Insular and Mainland Scandinavian, and finally with regard to some internal Mainland Scandinavian differences.
Review of Ebeling (2000): Presentative Constructions in English and Norwegian. A Corpus-based Contrastive Study
Authors: Altenberg Bengt
Published: September 2007

Bengt Altenberg

University of Lund

Sweden
The structuring of experience in the grammars of Pitjantjatjara and English
Authors: Rose David
Published: September 2007

This paper briefly surveys grammatical resources in the Australian language Pitjantjatjara, for representing the experience of its speakers, and contrasts these with corresponding resources in English. The focus is on types of grammatical structure, interpreted from the perspective of discourse semantics, using the analytic tools of systemic functional linguistics (SFL). However the field is built up in steps so that no prior knowledge of (SFL) is expected of the reader. The starting point is with types of structure within clauses, for construing experience as configurations of people, things, processes, places and qualities. An ‘orbital’ model is proposed for interpreting these structures. This is the basis for analysing structures that link clauses in series, including types of interdependency and logical relations between clauses. A ‘serial’ model is proposed for interpreting these types of structure. Finally these resources for structuring experience within and between clauses are contextualised in patterns of discourse, using extended text examples.
Preverbal positions in three Germanic languages
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe
Published: September 2007

This study investigates the opposition between intra-clausal and extra-clausal positions in the preverbal domain in English, German and Dutch. It is argued that some of the traditional criteria used to distinguish between these positions, especially the criterion of pronominal resumption, are not entirely reliable, and a number of new criteria are introduced, including distribution in non-declarative contexts. On the basis of these descriptive refinements, it is proposed that the opposition between intra-clausal and extra-clausal positions can be defined functionally in terms of the scope of illocution markers: the intra-clausal position falls within the scope of illocution, whereas the extra-clausal position is outside its scope. This functional generalization does not only help to explain the various formal criteria that distinguish the two positions, but it is also in line with their typical discourse functions.
Ideational grammatical metaphor
Authors: Steiner Erich
Published: September 2007

In this paper I want to explore the systemic-functional notion of ‘grammatical metaphor’ from a cross-linguistic perspective. After a brief introduction to the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’, I shall discuss the distinction between ‘congruent’ and ‘metaphorical’ encodings of meaning, as well as the distinction between rankshift, transcategorization, and grammatical metaphor as semogenic resources (Section 1). In a second section, I shall then focus on ideational grammatical metaphors in English and German and revisit the notion of direct vs. indirect mapping of experiential and logical semantics onto lexicogrammar (Section 2). It will be argued that ‘directness of encoding’ within one language can be defined with the help of the concept of ‘transparency’ or ‘motivation’ of encoding between levels. Across and between languages, however, the notion of ‘directness’ either has to be seen from the perspective of one of the languages involved, or from the perspective of a generalized semantics and grammar. In Section 3, I shall then explore the question of the experiential vs. logical encoding of semantic categories across languages, and of how this relates to metaphoricity. I shall exemplify and discuss the fact that in cross-linguistic analyses, one cannot consider any one of a given set of experiential or logical encodings of some unit of meaning as ‘congruent’ or ‘direct’, as long as one does not have a cross-linguistic semantics to establish ‘motivation’ and ‘transparentness’ on. It will also be argued that some of the differences in texts across languages as to what counts as ‘congruent’ can be predicted from comparisons between the language-specific grammatical systems involved. Other differences, however, seem to rely heavily on registerial influences and cultural factors. In Section 4, then, I shall inquire into the question of whether and precisely in what sense we can speak of two different types of grammatical metaphor, dependent on whether they involve a relocation in rank or a mere re-arrangement of mappings of semantic and lexicogrammatical functions. These types of metaphor, it will be argued, have different implications for the metaphoricity of the clause as a whole, as well as for the ‘density’ of the packaging of meaning.
Weaving the web of meaning
Authors: Filipović Luna
Published: September 2007

Talmy’s (1985) typology proposes a classification of languages on the basis of their lexicalization patterns. All languages exhibit the tendency to code either manner or path of motion in the verb, and thus are divided accordingly into two main typological groups. The fact that languages code components of a motion event differently is therefore not a novelty, and it is only the point of departure in this paper. The aim here is to account for why these differences in lexicalization may occur. Many, if not all, languages make use of both patterns in expressions of motion events, and the reasons why one is more prominent and favoured than the other and on what occasions is the subject of the present discussion. Extensive data from Serbian/Croatian is presented in a contrastive setting in order to highlight the claim that the typology is best seen as a cline rather than a dichotomy. Two original hypotheses that explain the use of patterns in Serbian/Croatian are put forward, with the possibility to apply them further in analyses of other languages. It will be observed that the mechanism of lexicalization can be explained only after all the levels where meaning is conveyed in a language, namely morphology, syntax and semantics, are subjected to an analysis in a unifying fashion. Moreover, a network of the crucial spatial and temporal parameters is suggested here in order to distinguish event types and determine the language-specific means that reflect those event differences. Particular attention has been paid to a phase in motion events termed moment-of-change, which is notably absent from the relevant discussions in the literature. Another important contribution is the emphasis on the importance of deixis in the lexicalization of motion events, which has not been given the attention it deserves.
Autonomy as a remedy for language conflict
Authors: Boran Idil
Published: September 2007

Group autonomy is often invoked as a tool to accommodate linguistic diversity and remedy potential conflicts in multilingual societies. This article analyses two different models of autonomy — namely the territorial and personal models — and assesses their ability to adequately respond to demands of linguistic recognition. Each model offers a mechanism for drawing internal boundaries within a given state in a way in which diverse linguistic groups can coexist. But while the territorial model draws internal boundaries in terms of concrete geographic lines, the personal model defines internal boundaries within a state in terms of more abstract lines of identity and group-membership. Analysis of the two models shows that although both models have strengths, they also have limitations. This creates a need to look for ways of integrating the two models such that they complement each other and overcome the limitations inherent in each. But the tension between the two models presents a challenge. As a solution, an asymmetrical integration, which gives precedence to territorial autonomy and supplements it with the personal model, is proposed.
Can anything be done about the “glottophagy” of English?
Authors: Chiti-Batelli Andrea
Published: September 2007

Recent literature reviewed by the author, particularly in German and English, leads him to conclude that there is a growing awareness, primarily in Europe, that the progressive establishment of English in the medium term as an international auxiliary language increasingly endangers the very survival of languages and cultures other than English, with the progressive effect of increasing political domination. On the other hand, it is not at all clear to any of the authors of these studies that the phenomenon is a necessary consequence of the political weight of international domination by the United States and the English-language world, and that accordingly a remedy must be found — above all the creation of a political power with a consistency at least comparable to that of the English-speaking world, and, secondarily, the adoption of a European federal language — and future world language — in the form of a planned language (Esperanto is the only one that is ready to use), which, not being the native language of any single people, nor the official tongue of a great power, would not have the “glottophagic” effect of English. Entirely utopian are those alternatives — merely apparent alternatives — currently being proposed in the face of the hegemony of English, such as mass multilingualism, which is neither realizable in practice nor capable of constituting a valid substitute for a single, worldwide language of communication. Such alternatives, almost certainly doomed to failure, will only confirm the conclusive victory of English and the progressive disappearance of other languages.
Miscommunication between pilots and air traffic control
Authors: Jones R. Kent
Published: September 2007

Language confusion is a frequent cause of pilot error. Although English was made the common language of world aviation in 1951, miscommunication and crashes in which communication was a contributing factor are common. Standard phrases used by air traffic controllers in the United States contain numerous confusing elements. These include ambiguities, misnomers and illogicalities. Phrases are not derivations of a master plan as they should be. The inability of English to express specific directions to pilots without confusion disqualifies it as a language for permanent use by aviation.
A sociolinguistic perspective on Arabisation and language use in Algeria
Authors: Mostari Hind Amel
Published: September 2007

The Algerian National Constitution stipulates that Classical Arabic is the only official language of the nation, which is supposedly used by all members of the speech community. French is regarded as a foreign language and is taught starting from the fourth year of the primary level. The Algerian diglossic situation is characterized by the use of Classical Arabic and French as high varieties used in formal and public domains, and colloquial dialects, namely Algerian Arabic and Berber, as low varieties for informal and intimate situations. In public domains, Classical Arabic is present virtually everywhere and used (especially at the written level) in varying degrees. In some domains, such as education or the physical environment, Classical Arabic dominates; in other domains such as the economy, Classical Arabic is used in parallel with French. This linguistic reality is primarily the outcome of many years of intensive campaigns of Arabisation and major political and even financial decisions, beginning right after independence, aimed at promoting the status of Classical Arabic and giving to Algeria its Arabo-Muslim identity.

The present paper examines the process and outcomes of Arabisation and its effects on language use, providing a brief historical sketch of the Arabisation process in various domains, including its application in public life, notably in administration, the physical environment and education. The Arabisation process has touched practically all spheres of public life previously characterized by the sole use of the French language. Also discussed is the impact of Arabisation on language use at the institutional and individual levels. The impact of Arabisation has been significant in some domains, namely education and the physical environment, but less evident in others, such as in university studies, especially in scientific and medical departments, where French remains the main medium of instruction and communication. The paper also encompasses a brief survey of the linguistic rights of Berbers under the Arabisation process, and at the same time it also attempts to address the issue of the Arabisation process in relation to other concepts, notably Islam and Islamism; ‘Arabisation’ does not mean ‘Islamisation.’ Finally, the results of the Arabisation campaigns are analyzed and critiqued. Arabisation has faced many criticisms, among them paucity of human and financial means, as well as the lack of a coherent strategy of implementation in which the political and sociolinguistic realities of the Algerian speech community are taken into consideration.
Books and their association
Authors: Sikosek Marcus
Published: September 2007

The beginnings of today’s Hector Hodler Library in Rotterdam go back to the year 1903, when the newly-founded Swiss Esperanto Society started receiving books because of its journal. Officially founded in December 1908, it was sold as early as 1912 to Hector Hodler, director of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA) in Geneva. After Hodler’s untimely death in 1920, UEA became the owner of the collection. For the duration of a dispute about the headquarters of the Association, the UEA Library was successfully stored at the Palais Wilson, in Geneva, where it survived World War II. For personal reasons, the longtime functionary of UEA Hans Jakob held off on transferring the library to Rotterdam, where the Association established its headquarters in 1955. It was not until the period 1960–67 that the bulk of the books arrived. During that time many items of various kinds and various sources had been added. Now the Hector Hodler Library — its exact name as of 1980–serves as a working library for the Association and for many researchers interested in interlinguistics.
The promise (and challenge) of an innovative narrative psychology
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: September 2007

In this article, I outline what are, in my view, the major conceptual and institutional weaknesses of narrative psychology. However, because my objective is to legitimatize narrative as an alternative vision of psychology, I frame these criticisms as challenges for narrative psychologists to overcome. I argue that narrative psychology has not clearly defined the meaning, scope and basic principles of a narrative approach. I ask: What does narrative mean? Is narrative ethnocentric? Is narrative a science? Can narrative reconcile with the mainstream without losing its critical spirit? Can narrative survive in the academy? Although the challenges are significant, I argue that narrative psychology offers the promise of a systematic form of inquiry that explores meaning and intention in human lives. Narrative research promises to bring us closer to the real subject matter of psychological investigation, that of human intention and meaning, in its appropriate interpretive context.
Living stories
Authors: Schank Roger C. , Berman Tammy
Published: September 2007

Knowledge is composed of stories — primarily the stories we experience, and much less the stories we are told. We have difficulty remembering what others tell us, but schools are designed to teach by telling. Story Centered Curricula place learners in stories that mirror the real life world of working professionals, enabling them to learn through experience, and to remember the stories they have lived.