bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distração osteogênica da sínfise mandibular como opção de tratamento ortodôntico: relato de caso
Authors: Maia Luiz Guilherme Martins , Gandini Júnior Luiz Gonzaga , Gandini Márcia Regina Elisa Aparecida Schiavon , Moraes Mila Leite de , Monini André da Costa
Published: November 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: o problema transversal em Ortodontia pode ser de origem dentária, esquelética ou uma combinação de ambas e pode ser tratado de várias maneiras de acordo com o tipo de tecido envolvido e o arco dentário acometido. Em se tratando de um problema esquelético e maxilar, o ortodontista poderá lançar mão da disjunção ortopédica, dependendo da idade óssea, obtendo uma correção da atresia, um alinhamento dentário espontâneo resultante do aumento no perímetro do arco e um sorriso mais amplo, beneficiando esteticamente o paciente. Porém, este tratamento de disjunção mandibular se torna inviável, já que este osso tem sua sutura fusionada precocemente. A expansão neste caso é alveolar e sua estabilidade é questionada. OBJETIVO: relatar um caso clínico, apresentando uma nova alternativa de tratamento para o apinhamento inferior: a Distração Osteogênica da Sínfise Mandibular (DOSM). Neste procedimento, é feita uma osteotomia sagital na sínfise, criando-se uma sutura artificial para que uma separação óssea seja conseguida, utilizando uma mecânica com aparelho disjuntor de Hyrax modificado. RESULTADOS: os resultados do tratamento apresentado mostram uma melhora na forma do arco, diminuição do corredor bucal, correção do apinhamento dentário e também uma estabilidade do tratamento, sem dano aos tecidos adjacentes. Neste caso clínico, a DOSM se mostrou uma excelente opção de tratamento.
Estudo radiográfico digital indireto do efeito da expansão de maxila cirurgicamente assistida (EMCA) sobre o septo nasal
Authors: Gonçales Eduardo Sanches , Assis Diogo Souza Ferreira Rubim de , Capelozza Ana Lúcia Álvares , Alvares Luiz Casati
Published: November 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: a deficiência transversal da maxila é caracterizada pela atresia maxilar, palato ogival, apinhamento e rotação dos dentes, além da mordida cruzada posterior (uni ou bilateral). O tratamento dos pacientes com esta deficiência consiste no alargamento das bases ósseas maxilares. Nos pacientes com maturidade esquelética, a expansão da maxila é obtida através de procedimentos ortocirúrgicos (conhecidos como expansão de maxila cirurgicamente assistida - EMCA) que podem gerar efeitos sobre a cavidade e sobre o septo nasal. OBJETIVO: avaliar o comportamento do septo nasal frente aos procedimentos de EMCA. METODOLOGIA: foram avaliadas radiografias cefalométricas em norma póstero-anterior e radiografias oclusais totais de maxila, obtidas pela técnica convencional e posteriormente digitalizadas, de 16 pacientes submetidos à EMCA pela técnica de osteotomia Le Fort I subtotal. As radiografias foram obtidas no período pré-operatório (inicial) e pós-operatório mediato ou ao final da expansão e foram digitalizadas e mensuradas utilizando o programa DIGORA. Foram medidas, ainda, as distâncias entre os dentes (caninos, primeiro pré-molares, segundo pré-molares, primeiros molares e segundos molares). RESULTADOS: após a análise estatística pode-se constatar o aumento das distâncias interdentárias e intermaxilares, além do aumento da largura da porção basal da abertura piriforme e das distâncias entre a parede lateral da porção basal da abertura piriforme e o septo nasal. CONCLUSÃO: a EMCA é um procedimento eficaz, capaz de alargar a porção basal da abertura piriforme, que parece não influenciar no posicionamento do septo nasal.
Análise genética de problemas craniofaciais: revisão da literatura e diretrizes para investigações clínico-laboratoriais (parte 1)
Authors: Cruz Ricardo Machado , Oliveira Silviene Fabiana de
Published: November 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: cada vez mais se descobre que os genes têm papel fundamental na etiologia dos problemas craniofaciais, no entanto, o conhecimento das bases da genética humana ainda está muito distante da prática diária do cirurgião-dentista clínico. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho é ser uma fonte de consulta, provendo o leitor com conceitos e nomenclaturas pertinentes à área da genética humana. METODOLOGIA: os autores apresentam e revisam os principais tópicos relacionados à genética investigativa, sobretudo no que diz respeito às doenças ou distúrbios multifatoriais e complexos que alteram o processo normal de crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: é essencial que esses profissionais se atualizem para poder acompanhar os progressos atuais e futuros, tanto na área clínica investigativa quanto na área das pesquisas moleculares laboratoriais.
Transferência: amor ao saber
Authors: Gobbato Gilberto Gênova
Published: November 2007

Procura-se evidenciar um novo direcionamento para a questão do amor de transferência com o ensino de Jacques Lacan. Trata-se, antes de mais nada, do questionamento do lugar do analista para responder a esse amor. A tese de Lacan é de que esse amor é endereçado ao saber: o analisando coloca o analista na posição de sujeito suposto saber, de um saber consistente, de um saber que sabe. Entretanto, da perspectiva do analista o saber não sabe. O analista deve conduzir a análise visando esse não saber como verdade.
Realidade: uma razão que não se explica, mas se crê
Authors: Azzi Izabel Cristina de Souza
Published: November 2007

A partir do estudo dos textos de Freud e Lacan, procura-se demonstrar haver no interior da relação do sujeito com os objetos, constitutivos de sua realidade, um vazio de referência que determina que a realidade psíquica se constitui de uma perda. Para a psicanálise, o acesso à verdade, ou realidade, está ligado à própria divisão do sujeito e ao discurso que o circunda. Pretende-se mostrar que a realidade é uma ordem, ou razão, de estabilidade lógica, à qual o sujeito está assentido, ou seja, crê, sem explicação, e que depende de um princípio de ordenação discursivo, que só pode se exercer se não for questionado pelo sujeito.
Karyotype abnormalities and their clinical significance in a group of chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Otero Luize , Ornellas Maria Helena , Azevedo Alexandre Mello de , Tavares Rita de Cássia , Pires Virgínia , Abdelhay Eliana , Bouzas Luis Fernando , Fernandez Teresa de Souza
Published: November 2007

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), karyotyping is a valuable tool for monitoring engraftment and disease status. Few studies have examined the prognostic significance of karyotypes in patients who underwent HSCT for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of pretransplantation cytogenetic status in relation to outcomes following HSCT in CML patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series study at Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Cytogenetic analysis was performed by G banding on 39 patients treated with HSCT. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were in the chronic phase and eight were in the accelerated phase. Prior to HSCT, additional chromosomal abnormalities on the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome were found in 11 patients. The most frequent additional abnormality was a double Ph, which was observed in four cases. Following HSCT, full chimeras were observed in 31 patients (79.5%). Among these, 23 (82.3%) had presented Ph as the sole abnormality. Mixed chimeras were observed in seven patients, of which three had additional abnormalities. Only one case did not present any cytogenetic response. Five patients presented cytogenetic relapse associated with clinical relapse following HSCT. Twenty-seven patients are still alive and present complete hematological and cytogenetic remission. CONCLUSION: In our study, the presence of additional abnormalities was not associated with worse outcome and relapse risk. Also, no differences in survival rates were observed. Our study supports the view that classical cytogenetic analysis remains an important tool regarding HSCT outcome.
Isolation and mycelial growth of Diehliomyces microsporus: effect of culture medium and incubation temperature
Authors: Nascimento José Soares do , Eira Augusto Ferreira da
Published: November 2007

The false truffle is one of the main problems in the production of the Agaricus brasiliensis in Brazil and the control of this fungal competitor has been rather difficult due to difficulties in the isolation and cultivation of this pathogen. This experiment was conducted in three stages, the first consisting of the isolation of Diehliomyces microsporus starting from portions of the fruiting body and through the ascospores suspension; second, D. microsporus cultivated in vitro at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC in six different culture media (CSDA, OCDA, PCDA, ODA, PDA, CDA); third, D. microsporus was inoculated on sterilized compost for formation of the fruiting body. The colony formation from tissue of D. microsporus starting from portions of fruiting body was more efficient than germination of the ascospores. Compost medium (CDA) allowed a larger diameter of the D. microsporus colony, followed by the medium made up of compost and potato mixture, favoring a denser composition. The largest mycelial growth speed of D. microsporus occurred when the culture was incubated at 28 and 30ºC. Incubation temperatures lower than 15ºC or above 35ºC inhibited the mycelial growth of D. microsporus completely. The fruiting bodies were obtained easily in sterilized compost and later inoculated along with mycelial competitor.
Response surface methodology to evaluation the recovery of amylases by hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Severo Júnior João Baptista , Oliveira Laura Sampaio de Sá , Sardeiro Fernanda Silva , Souza Roberto Rodrigues de , Lopes Francisco Luiz Gumes , Santana José Carlos Curvelo , Tambourgi Elias Basile
Published: November 2007

This work aimed to study the pH and the transmembrane pressure effects during the recovery of alpha and beta amylases enzymes from corn malt (Zea mays) by hollow fiber membrane. The optimal condition was obtained for a statistical model, established by response surface methodology (RSM). The response surface analysis showed that the best operation condition for amylolitics enzymes recovery by hollow fiber membrane was 0.05 bar and pH 5.00, while the enzymes were purified about of 26 times.
In vitro evaluation of different chemical agents for the decontamination of gutta-percha cones
Authors: Souza Rogério Emílio de , Souza Eduardo Antônio de , Sousa-Neto Manoel Damião , Pietro Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues
Published: November 2007

This study evaluated the effectiveness of three disinfectants used in Dentistry for decontamination of gutta-percha cones. Sixty gutta-percha cones were contaminated with standardized pure cultures of five species of microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albicans ATCC CBS-ICB/USP 562, Bacillus subtilis spores ATCC 6633 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175). The cones were treated with 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine aqueous solution (PVP-I; Groups 1 and 2), 5.25% aqueous sodium hypochlorite (Groups 3 and 4) and paraformaldehyde tablets (Group 5). All chemical agents were efficient for the cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones in short time periods.
Influence of iron on mineral status of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars
Authors: Silveira Vivian C. da , Oliveira Anna P. de , Sperotto Raul A. , Espindola Luciana S. , Amaral Lívio , Dias Johnny F. , Cunha João B. da , Fett Janette P.
Published: November 2007

Iron is an essential nutrient for plants. In aerobic conditions, Fe is highly unavailable for plant uptake, and Fe deficiency can be severe in plants grown in calcareous soils. In waterlogged soils, however, Fe availability increases and can reach toxic concentrations. Rice is an important staple crop worldwide and faces iron deficiency or excess, depending on the growth conditions. To contribute to the study of mechanisms involved in response to Fe deficiency and resistance to Fe excess, experiments were carried out with rice cultivars BR-IRGA 409 (I409, susceptible to Fe toxicity) and EPAGRI 108 (E108, resistant to Fe toxicity) grown in culture solutions and submitted to Fe excess, control concentration or deficiency (500, 6.5 or zero mg L-1 Fe, respectively). Analysis of shoot dry weight confirmed the resistance of E108 plants to Fe excess. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of four different Fe3+compounds. The parameters obtained match those expected for ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite (and/or citrate) and Fe-nicotianamine. Mineral concentrations were determined using the PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) technique. E108 plants had lower Fe concentrations than I409 plants when exposed to excess Fe. Except for lower Mn levels in roots and shoots, the excess of Fe did not result in lower nutrient concentrations in the susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant one. I409 plants seem to be affected directly by Fe toxicity rather than by secondary effects on mineral nutrition, whereas E108 plants seem to make use of the avoidance mechanism in the resistance to Fe overload. Both cultivars responded to Fe deficiency with allocation of P from roots to shoots. In addition to being more resistant to iron overload, E108 plants seem to be more efficient in inducing Fe deficiency responses.
Stimulation of antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation by abiotic stresses in leaves of Momordica charantia
Authors: Agarwal Sheela , Shaheen Robina
Published: November 2007

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate both the antioxidant response system and oxidative stress in leaves from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) subjected to NaCl, UV-B and water stresses at three different stages of plant growth: pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering. Except for peroxidase (POX), all enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione reductase (GR), as well as concentrations of ascorbate (ASA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) exhibited maximum values at the flowering stage under all three stresses. All the enzyme activities, SOD, CAT, POX, PPO, GR and the concentrations of ASA, H2O2 and TBARS were elevated under NaCl and UV-B stresses at all growth stages with the exception of H2O2 concentration at the post-flowering stage under UV-B radiation. Greater quantities of the inorganic ions Na+ and Cl- were accumulated at all growth stages under salt stress. Drought led to decreases in the concentrations of H2O2, ASA and activities of PPO and GR; conversely, it led to elevated concentrations of TBARS and activities of SOD, CAT, POX at all three stages in comparison with control values. The POX activity at the third stage was, however, reduced. The photosynthetic pigments decreased at all stages under all stresses. The chlorophyll stability index decreased under NaCl stress, accelerated only at the post-flowering stage under UV-B radiation and significantly increased at pre- and post-flowering stages under water stress. The protein concentration under NaCl stress decreased except at the pre-flowering stage and under UV-B and water stresses the protein concentration was higher than that of the control and NaCl treatment. It is suggested that M. charantia exhibits a protection mechanism against oxidative damage by maintaining a highly induced antioxidant system under all three stresses.
Derivação com veias de membro superior após trombólise de aneurisma de artéria poplítea: alternativa para salvamento de membro
Authors: Corrêa João Antonio , Dias Maria Carolina Cozzi Pires de Oliveira , Fioretti Alexandre César , Yamazaki Yumiko Regina , Maffei Jr. João Paulo , Almeida Rogério Duque de , Batistela Fabio Roberto , Kafejian Ohannes
Published: November 2007

Os autores relatam um caso de aneurisma de artéria poplítea trombosado em que se realizou fibrinólise com sucesso na fase aguda. Foram utilizadas veias de braço para realização do enxerto e exclusão do aneurisma, pois o paciente havia sido previamente submetido à safenectomia bilateral e revascularização do miocárdio com as veias do outro braço. Apesar das dificuldades, o salvamento do membro foi alcançado.
Karyotype characterization and ZZ/ZW sex chromosome heteromorphism in two species of the catfish genus Ancistrus Kner, 1854 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Amazon basin
Authors: Oliveira Renildo R. de , Feldberg Eliana , Anjos Maeda B. dos , Zuanon Jansen
Published: November 2007

We present karyotypic characteristics and report on the occurrence of ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in Ancistrus ranunculus (rio Xingu) and Ancistrus sp. "Piagaçu" (rio Purus), of the Brazilian Amazon. Ancistrus ranunculus has a modal number of 2n=48 chromosomes, a fundamental number (FN) of 82 for both sexes, and the karyotypic formula was 20m+8sm+6st+14a for males and 19m+9sm+6st+14a for females. Ancistrus sp. "Piagaçu" presented 2n=52 chromosomes, FN= 78 for males and FN= 79 for females. The karyotypic formula was 16m+8sm+2st+26a for males and 16m+9sm+2st+25a for females. The high number of acrocentric chromosomes in karyotype of Ancistrus sp. "Piagaçu" differs from the majority of Ancistrini genera studied so far, and may have resulted from pericentric inversions and translocations. The lower number of chromosomes in A. ranunculus indicates that centric fusions also occurred in the evolution of Ancistrus karyotypes. We conclude that karyotypic characteristics and the presence of sex chromosomes can constitute important cytotaxonomic markers to identify cryptic species of Ancistrus. However, sex chromosomes apparently arose independently within the genus and thus do not constitute a reliable character to analyze phylogenetic relations among Ancistrus species.
Description of Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) larvae from the Jaguaribe River estuary, Itamaracá island, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: França Elton J. , Severi William , Castro Maviael F. , Medeiros Tatiane N. , El-Deir Ana Carla A.
Published: November 2007

The present study describes the external morphology and morphometry of the initial development of Atherinella brasiliensis, and contributes toward broadening knowledge on its biology. A total of 88 larvae and 14 juveniles were used to characterize the morphological development and analyze body proportions. Fish with standard lengths (SL) from 1.4 to 77 mm were used in the study. Larvae hatch at an average of 1.4 mm SL. In the preflexion stage, the larval body is enveloped by a finfold, which begins behind the head. Pectoral fins are the first to be formed and preflexion larvae have four characteristic dendritic chromatophores on the head. The flexion stage begins at an average of 4.4 mm SL; dorsal and anal fins already exhibit pterygiophores and a terminal, somewhat up-turned mouth. At 6.8 mm SL, the flexion stage ends. In the postflexion stage, larvae present greater ossification of the dorsal and anal fin rays, exhibit pelvic fin buds and a darkening of lateral pigmentation. At an average of 8.8 mm SL, head pigmentation intensifies and pelvic fins exhibit conspicuous ossifying rays. Larvae at 11.8 mm SL have all fins formed; the second dorsal fin is the last to be formed at an insertion point posterior to the anal fin. The juvenile period begins at approximately 12 mm SL. At this stage, A. brasiliensis has an anal fin located at the median portion of the body and the posterior end of pectorals surpasses the origin of pelvic fins, which are located at the midpoint between the pectoral and anal fins. Scales are present on the dorsal-lateral region behind the head. The morphological features of A. brasiliensis herein described allow an adequate identification of its larvae and differentiate them from hemiramphid and other atheriniform larvae, thus broadening knowledge on the larval biology of the species.
Age and growth of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 in the Brazilian South-Southeast Region during 1996-2001
Authors: Vaz-dos-Santos André M. , Rossi-Wongtschowski Carmen Lúcia D. B.
Published: November 2007

This is the first detailed study on the age and growth of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi in Brazilian waters. A total of 3,651 specimens obtained from surveys and sampling landings using trawlers and long-lines in the South-Southeast Region (21ºS to 34ºS) between 1996 and 2001 were analyzed. Readings of sliced and burned otoliths were conducted on 686 individuals (397 females, 129 males and 160 young - sex not identified), identifying opaque and translucent zones. Marginal increment and edge type percentage methods were used for validation, resulting in one ring per year, formed during summer-autumn. Fish with no more than eight rings and six years of age were found, the two first rings after the core being formed during the first year. Back-calculation methods were applied to length/age data and the parameters of von Bertalanffy's growth model were fitted based on average length per ring. The value of maximum theoretical length varied between 470.27 mm and 807.40 mm; growth coefficient varied from 0.1657 to 0.3555 year-1 and the theoretical age at length zero between -1.2846 and -0.4552 years. Growth of females and males differed significantly. The techniques applied and the results obtained are discussed and compared with studies on hake conducted in Uruguay and Argentina, providing important information for the management of the species in Brazil, where it presents clear signs of overexploitation.
Deteção de Mycobacterium tuberculosis em amostras clínicas por reação em cadeia da polimerase utilizando primers baseados na região intergênica plcB-plcC
Authors: Pinto Júnior Hermides , Bica Claudia Giuliano , Palaci Moisés , Dietze Reynaldo , Basso Luiz Augusto , Santos Diógenes Santiago
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um sistema para o diagnóstico molecular da tuberculose por reação em cadeia da polimerase, do inglês polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pela construção de primers baseados na diferença da organização de uma região intergênica da fosfolipase (phospholipase) C (região plcB-plcC), que diferencia Mycobacterium tuberculosis das outras micobactérias. MÉTODOS: Um produto de PCR com o tamanho esperado (432 pb) foi obtido somente de M. tuberculosis e M. africanum. Um total de 33 isolados micobacterianos e 273 amostras clínicas de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose foram examinados. Estes foram submetidos ao estudo comparativo da técnica de PCR contra o cultivo. RESULTADOS: Os dados mostraram 93,8% de exatidão para PCR contra o cultivo (p < 0,0001), 93,1% de sensibilidade (IC: 88,7-96,0) e especificidade de 96,4% (IC: 96,1-99,4). O valor de Kappa foi de 0,82, demonstrando um alinhamento perfeito para a verificação do grau de concordância entre os testes. CONCLUSÃO: O uso da região plcB-plcC para a amplificação por PCR é mostrado como uma ferramenta importante e de confiança para o diagnóstico específico de tuberculose nas amostras clínicas analisadas.
Um estudo retrospectivo dos aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose na comunidade do Complexo de Manguinhos localizado em área urbana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2000-2002
Authors: Mendes Joycenea Matsuda , Fonseca Leila de Souza , Lourenço Maria Cristina , Ferreira Rosa Maria Carvalho , Saad Maria Helena Feres
Published: November 2007

Para descrever alguns aspectos da tuberculose em favelas, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no Complexo de Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil. Em um total de 290 casos notificados entre 2000 e 2002, 75,8% eram casos novos. A taxa de incidência foi de 157, 205 e 145/100.000, respectivamente. Embora tenha sido observada tendência de diminuição dos números de casos no período de estudo, esta não foi significante, sugerindo manutenção da endemia. Portanto, embora exista um serviço de saúde no local, estratégias mais eficientes devem ser implantadas para auxiliar o Programa de Controle da tuberculose.
Pectus carinatum
Authors: Coelho Marlos de Souza , Guimarães Paulo de Souza Fonseca
Published: November 2007

Dentre as deformidades da parede torácica, o pectus carinatum não tem recebido o mesmo grau de interesse que o pectus excavatum, sendo sua abordagem desconhecida por grande parcela dos pneumologistas, pediatras e cirurgiões torácicos. Isto faz com que estes pacientes não sejam encaminhados para tratamento. Trata-se de deformidade com incidência de 1:1000 adolescentes, oligosintomática, mas que leva a consultas médicas por implicações de ordem estética e emocional, sendo seus portadores introvertidos, não praticantes de exercícios físicos e não freqüentadores de praias ou piscinas para não expor o tórax. O diagnóstico é clínico e visual, e detalhes são obtidos com a radiografia do tórax e a tomografia computadorizada. O tratamento é baseado em organograma bem conhecido, que resume as condutas ortopédicas e cirúrgicas. O compressor dinâmico do tórax, associado a exercícios físicos, é indicado nos adolescentes com tórax flexível no pectus carinatum inferior e pectus carinatum lateral, tendo indicação limitada no pectus carinatum superior. A indicação cirúrgica é feita pela presença da deformidade e com motivação estética, em adolescentes com tórax não flexível, em jovens, e em adultos. Dentre as técnicas relatadas, destaca-se a esternocondroplastia modificada, pelos excelentes resultados estéticos alcançados.
Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil entre 1979 e 2004: magnitude, padrões regionais e diferenças entre sexos
Authors: Boing Antonio Fernando , Rossi Tiana Fávero
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a tendência temporal e a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por câncer de traquéia, brônquios e pulmão no Brasil entre 1979 e 2004. MÉTODOS: Os dados de mortalidade segundo o sexo e as regiões geográficas do Brasil foram obtidos junto ao Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, o qual foi criado pelo Ministério da Saúde em 1975. Os dados populacionais provêm dos censos, da contagem populacional e das estimativas intercensitárias. As taxas de mortalidade foram padronizadas pelo método direto, e as tendências foram analisadas para cada sexo e região utilizando-se o método de Prais-Winsten para regressão linear generalizada. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade por câncer de pulmão correspondeu a aproximadamente 12% da mortalidade geral por neoplasias no Brasil durante o período. A tendência foi de aumento em ambos os sexos e em todas as regiões, exceto na população masculina do sudeste, cujas taxas se mantiveram estáveis entre 1979 e 2004. As maiores taxas foram observadas no sul e no sudeste. Entretanto, a região nordeste foi a que apresentou o maior aumento, seguida pelo centro-oeste e o norte. Em todas as regiões, o incremento nas taxas de mortalidade foi maior entre as mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: O aumento na mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil entre 1979 e 2004 exige medidas públicas que minimizem a exposição aos fatores de risco, sobretudo ao tabaco, e permitam maior acesso aos serviços de saúde para diagnóstico e tratamento.
Teratoma intrapulmonar maduro
Authors: Faria Ricardo Alexandre , Bizon José Alexandre , Saad Junior Roberto , Dorgan Neto Vicente , Botter Marcio , Saieg Mauro Ajaj
Published: November 2007

Relato de caso de um homem de 49 anos com quadro de dor torácica e escarros hemópticos de início há seis meses. Pela radiografia e tomografia de tórax visualizou-se opacificação em lobo superior esquerdo. A broncoscopia mostrou restos hemáticos em segmento brônquico lingular. Frente à necessidade diagnóstica e terapêutica, optou-se por submetê-lo a uma toracotomia inframamilar à esquerda. O estudo anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica revelou teratoma intrapulmonar. O paciente evoluiu satisfatoriamente e segue em acompanhamento ambulatorial.
Expression of Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers in the Human Fetal Testis
Authors: Kerr Candace L. , Hill Christine M. , Blumenthal Paul D. , Gearhart John D.
Published: November 2007

Human primordial germ cells (PGCs) have proven to be a source of pluripotent stem cells called embryonic germ cells (EGCs). However, the developmental potency of these cells in the fetal gonad still remains elusive. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of pluripotent and germ cell marker expression in human fetal testis 7–15 weeks postfertilization (pF) and compares this expression to their ability to derive EGCs. Although the majority of germ cells expressed stem cell markers stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) 1, SSEA4, EMA-1, and alkaline phosphatase, only a small percentage of those (<1%) expressed OCT4, CKIT, and NANOG. Specifically, the number of OCT4+/CKIT+/NANOG+ cells significantly increased in the developing cords during weeks 7–9, followed by a gradual decline into week 15 pF. By week 15 pF, the remaining OCT4+/CKIT+/NANOG+ cells were found in the cords surrounding the periphery of the testis, and the predominant germ cells, CKIT+ cells, no longer expressed OCT4 or NANOG. Based on morphology and early germ cell marker expression, including VASA, PUM2, and DAZL, we suggest these cells are mitotically active gonocytes or prespermatogonia. Importantly, the number of OCT4+ cells correlated with an increase in the number of EGC colonies derived in culture. Interestingly, two pluripotent markers, Tra-1–60 and Tra-1–81, although highly expressed in EGCs, were not expressed by PGCs in the gonad. Together, these results suggest that PGCs maintain expression of pluripotent stem cell markers during and after sexual differentiation of the gonad, albeit in very low numbers.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Phase transition in CeSe, EuSe and LaSe under high pressure
Authors: Singh Sadhna , Singh R. , Gour Atul
Published: November 2007

The high pressure phase transition and elastic behavior of rare earth monoselenides (CeSe, EuSe and LaSe) which crystallize in a NaCl-structure have been investigated using the three body interaction potential (TBIP) approach. These interactions arise due to the electronshell deformation of the overlapping ions in crystals. The TBP model consists of a long range Coulomb, three body interactions and the short range overlap repulsive forces operative up to the second neighboring ions. The authors of this paper estimated the values of the phase transition pressure and the associated volume collapse to be closer than other calculations. Thus, the TBIP approach also promises to predict the phase transition pressure and pressure variations of elastic constants of lanthanide compounds.
Study of the third order nonlinear optical properties of Zn1−xMgxSe and Cd1−xMgxSe crystals
Authors: Derkowska B. , Firszt F. , Sahraoui B. , Marasek A. , Kujawa M.
Published: November 2007

Third order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ<3> of ternary Zn1−xMgxSe and Cd1−xMgxSe crystals have been measured using standard degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) method at 532 nm. The nonlinear transmission technique has been applied to check if our crystals exhibit two-photon absorption. The studied Zn1−xMgxSe and Cd1−xMgxSe solid solutions were grown from the melt by the modified high-pressure Bridgman method. For both crystals the energy gap increases with increasing Mg content.

In the case of Zn1−xMgxSe, it was found that the value of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ<3> decreases with increasing Mg content. An explanation of this behaviour results from the dependence of optical nonlinearities on the energy band gap Eg of the studied crystals. In the case of Cd1txMgxSe with low content of Mg, no response was observed for the studied wavelength since the energy gap in such crystals is smaller than the photon energy of the used laser radiation.

It was also found that the value of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ<3> for Cd0.70Mg0.30Se is higher than for Zn0.67Mg0.33Se. This behaviour can be understood if one take into consideration that the free carrier concentration in Cd1−xMgxSe samples is about four orders of magnitude higher than that in Zn1txMgxSe ones with comparable Mg content respectively. It is commonly known that when the electric conductivity increases, the values of nonlinear optical properties increase.

From the performed measurements one can conclude that the incorporation of Mg as constituent into ZnSe and CdSe crystals leads to a change of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibilities.
Development of a Short-Term Testing Matrix for Estimating Relative Carcinogenic Risk
Authors: Bull R. J. , Pereira M. A.
Published: November 2007

A variety of problems in environmental carcinogenesis, especially those revolving around questions of human exposure to complex mixtures cannot be addressed properly in long-term animal studies. Yet the primary concerns involved with these complex mixtures are those relating to chronic exposure. Considerable progress has been made in describing some of the early events associated with chemical carcinogenesis. It is suggested in the present paper that a collection of shorter-term testing procedures that take advantage of benign lesions could be used to predict relative carcinogenic potency of individual chemicals or complex mixtures if properly developed and validated. Although benign, it is hypothesized that these lesions are sufficiently well related to the development of the malignant state so as to be predictive within the context of particular environmental problems. Because these test systems are potentially selective in their responses to chemical carcinogens it is suggested that a matrix involving two or more systems would be required to adequately estimate relative carcinogenic risk. The bioassays of the Carcinogenesis Testing Matrix are (I) mouse skin initiation/promotion, (2) Strain A mouse adenoma, (3) rat liver foci, (4) cell transformation, and (5) in vivo sister chromatid exchange.
Cocarcinogens and Tumor Promoters and Their Environmental Importance
Authors: Duuren B. L. Van
Published: November 2007

In recent years a great deal of effort has been spent on uncovering new carcinogens and studying the mode of action of well-known carcinogens such as nitroso compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines and their occurrence in air, water, foods and other environmental sources. It has been known for about thirty years that some materials, while non-carcinogenic, can enhance greatly the potency of low-levels of known environmental carcinogens. The first such material to be discovered was the tumor promotor, croton oil, derived from the seeds of a tropical plant, Croton tiglium L, indigenous to India and Sri Lanka. Researchers interested in chemical carcinogenesis have examined its unusual behavior for many years. The active principles of croton oil, the phorbol esters, were finally isolated and chemically characterized. Recently these phorbol esters have become widely available. Consequently, their effects have been examined in a wide range of biochemical and biological studies. The phorbol esters are not environmental factors in cancer causation since they occur in a toxic plant which is not used as a source of animal or human food. Other known tumor promoters are much less active, e.g., anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone) and phenol. Thus, the phorbol esters, although valuable tools in studies on chemical carcinogenesis, are less relevant to environmental health and disease than another group of compounds known as cocarcinogens. Many cocarcinogens are ubiquitous environmental agents and only recently have these compounds been given more attention. It is expected that as more of these agents become known as environmental agents, new advances in cancer prevention will be made.
Adenoma Development in Mouse Lung Following Treatment with Possible Promoting Agents
Authors: Witschi Hanspeter , Kehrer James P.
Published: November 2007

We have examined under what conditions it might be feasible to enhance the sensitivity of the mouse lung adenoma bioas-say. In mice given one single dose of urethan, the number of tumors formed can be increased 2-4 fold by repeated treatments with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The minimum number of injections required to increase the number of tumors which develop is 4 and treatment may begin as late as 4 months after urethan and still be effective. BHT has no effect on tumor development in strains of mice resistant to adenoma formation or in susceptible mice treated with other carcinogens. Although it was initially thought that BHT enhances adenoma formation by stimulating type II cell proliferation in lung, new data suggest that massive cell proliferation is not necessarily a prerequisite for enhancement of tumor formation. A dose of BHT too small to produce noticeable type II cell division (50 mg/kg) enhances tumor development, whereas repeated treatment with oxygen, although stimulating cell division in lung, is without effect on tumor development. In addition, treatment of mice with BHT and SKF 525A, which prevents BHT-induced lung damage, enhances tumor formation as efficiently as does BHT alone.
Application of the Hydra Assay for Rapid Detection of Developmental Hazards
Authors: Johnson E. Marshall , Gabel Bradley E.G.
Published: November 2007

Adult hydra and artificial “embryos” composed of randomly reaggregated cells of dissociated hydra were exposed to test chemicals. The lowest concentration killing adult hydra became the numerator, and the lowest concentration disrupting development of “embryos” became the denominator of a ratio. This adult toxic (A) to developmentally toxic (D) or A/D ratio from hydra was compared to the A/D ratio calculated from published reports employing standard laboratory animals. Data from rodents were considered if both adult and developmental toxicities were consistent for: species, route, and duration of treatment and had a direct dose-response relationship indicating that the toxic manifestations were near the low end of a dose-response curve. The minimal expression of adult toxicity was usually loss in body weight, but developmental toxicity varied from abnormal development or death to reduced fetal weight. The hydra assay proved as effective as standard safety evaluations in rodents at detecting developmental hazards, i.e., substances capable of disrupting the conceptus at a small fraction of the minimal dose toxic to adults. It also was as effective as rodents in establishing that the majority of substances are capable of disrupting development of the conceptus only at doses also toxic to adults.
Postnatal Functional Analysis of Prenatal Exposure of Rats to 915 MHz Microwave Radiation
Authors: Jensh Ronald P. , Vogel Wolfgang H. , Brent Robert L.
Published: November 2007

Thirty pregnant Wistar strain albino rats were used to determine the effects of chronic prenatal exposure to 915 MHz microwave radiation at a continuous wave power density level of 10 mW/cm2 on postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development. Eleven rats were irradiated in a fully characterized anechoic chamber from days 1 to 21 of gestation. Mean total exposure time was 6544 min. Nineteen rats were used as control animals. All animals delivered and raised their offspring (F1a) until weaning at 30 days of age Ten days later females were rebred and a standard teratologic evaluation was completed on the resultant F1b fetuses. Maternal brain, liver, kidneys, and ovaries were removed, weighed, examined, and fixed in formalin. The F1a (irradiated) neonates were given four perinatal reflex tests (surface righting, air righting, auditory startle, visual placing). One physiological parameter, eye opening, was also observed. Weekly weights were recorded throughout the study period. At 60 days of age the offspring were randomly given 3 of 6 tests (conditioned avoidance response, water T-maze, open field, activity wheel, forelimb hanging, swimming). At 90 days of age reproductive capability was evaluated and a standard teratologic analysis performed on the resultant F2 offspring. The brain, liver, kidneys, and gonads of all F1a offspring were removed, weighed, examined, and fixed in formalin. No significant morphologic or neurobehavioral alterations were observed due to chronic prenatal exposure to 915 MHz microwave radiation at a continuous wave power density level of 10 mW/cm2.
Human Breast Milk Contamination in the United States and Canada by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants: Current Status
Authors: Calabrese Edward J.
Published: November 2007

Widespread contamination of human breast milk with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been repeatedly documented in population surveys in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. Unfortunately, it was not until the most recently published assessments that a strong effort has been made to apply proper biostatistical sampling methodologies to such surveys. This deficiency, along with frequent omission of information on variables known to affect the levels of such contaminants in breast milk, makes precise historical comparisons difficult. Given these uncertainties, it appears that organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk have not noticeably changed over the past two decades in the United States despite the regulatory restriction placed on several of these substances, such as DDT, since 1970. The surveys have revealed that total DDT levels continue to approach and exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) level recommended by WHO. Perhaps of greatest concern is the ubiquitous contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of breast milk, with levels of the upper 30% of the population being within a factor of 10 of those levels producing adverse health effects in humans and monkeys. The carcinogenic risk assessment for consumption of PCB-contaminated breast milk is also discussed.
Effects of Low-Level Cadmium Intake on the Contractility and Morphology of the Rat Aorta
Authors: Hart J. L. , Joyce E. C.
Published: November 2007

Female Long Evans hooded rats with an initial mean (± SE) weight of 85.7 ± 1.2 g were exposed to 5 ppm cadmium (Cd) in drinking water for 6 months. Rats which received no Cd in the drinking water served as untreated controls. Weights, systolic blood pressures (tail cuff method), several aspects of aortic ultrastructure, and isolated aortic contractile responses to epinephrine, angiotensin, and potassium chloride at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months were observed in both groups. At none of the testing times was there a significant difference between the weights or systolic blood pressures of the control and Cd-treated groups. Analysis of variance indicated that aortas from control and Cd-treated rats showed similar age-related changes in maximum tension development (contractility) and similar threshold doses. However, Cd-treated aortas developed significantly less maximum tension than control aortas when compared at the same time intervals in response to all of the vasoconstrictors tested. This decreased contractility was apparent at one month and persisted at about the same level (20%) at 2, 3, and 6 months. There were also expected age-related changes in aortic ultrastructure of both groups, and although the 6-month Cd-treated aortas showed more degenerating endothelial cells, differences that might explain the consistent decreases in contractility of the Cd-treated aortas were not observed. The results of this study indicate that chronic low-level Cd treatment causes decreases in aortic contractility, as have previously been reported for acute exposure to Cd, but that this change is not associated with the development of hypertension or with structural changes in the aorta.
Biological Effects of Mount Saint Helens Volcanic Ash on Cultured Human Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: McLemore T. L. , Mauldin J. E. , Marshall M. V. , Teague R. , Ford G. , Busbee D. L. , Wray N. P. , Griffin A. C. , Greenberg S. D.
Published: November 2007

Free alveolar macrophages (FAMs) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy nonsmoking volunteers were incubated with varying concentrations (0–300 μg/ml) of Mt. Saint Helens volcanic ash obtained from either Portland, Oregon, or Pullman, Washington, to assess the cytotoxic effects of the ash on human lung cells. Trypan dye exclusion techniques were employed for assessment of cell viability. Following the initial 24 hour culture with the Portland ash samples, decreased viability was observed at all ash concentrations (P < 0.001 in all instances), and further decreases in viability were noted at 48 and 72 hours for all concentrations of ash tested (P < 0.001 in all instances). When the Pullman, Washington, ash sample was evaluated, a decrease in cell viability was noted for the 300 μg/ml concentration (P < 0.017) after the initial 24 hours in culture. Further decreases in cell viability were noted only when cells were cultured for longer time intervals (48 and 72 hours) (P < 0.05 in all instances). Differences in cellular response to the 2 ash samples were further investigated by exposing FAMs from a single individual to the 2 different types of ash. These studies demonstrated similar cytotoxic effects of the 2 ash samples at all concentrations and times tested (P < 0.30 in all instances) with the exception of the 100 μg/ml concentrations at 72 hours (P < 0.020). These data suggest that the differences observed between the 2 types of ash in the independent studies are probably related to interindividual variation in FAM response to the ash rather than to differences in the cytotoxicities of the 2 ash samples. Cytotoxicity of the volcanic ash was also compared with other environmentally relevant airborne particulates, such as amosite and chrysotile asbestos, as well as amorphous and crystalline silica. These results demonstrated an intermediate cytotoxic effect of the ash between innocuous amorphous silica and the very cytotoxic chrysotile asbestos. The affinity for volcanic ash to adsorb tritiated benzo(a)pyrene (3H-BaP) was also compared with that of amorphous silica and amosite asbestos. These studies demonstrate that volcanic ash has intermediate adsorption qualities (4.3 ± 0.1; pmoles 3H-BaP adsorbed/μg particulate ± SD) between those of amorphous silica (1.9 ± 1.0) and amosite asbestos (7.8 ± 1.2) (P < 0.05 in all instances). These data suggest volcanic ash exhibits moderate biological properties compared with those of other environmentally important airborne particulates. Whether in vitro studies reflect in vivo response of human lung cells to the ash cannot be determined at this time, and follow-up of assessment of individuals exposed to the ash will be required to assess its long-term effects on pulmonary tissue.
Levels of 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and Its Metabolites During Continuous Infusion Paradigms in a Transplacental System
Authors: Turturro A. , Singh N. P. , Bazare J. , Hart R. W.
Published: November 2007

The levels of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) (a teratogen and mutagen) and its metabolites were measured using the hplc in maternal and fetal blood at 20–21 days of gestation in Sprague-Dawley derived CD rats during continuous infusion paradigms which are used in visualization of sister chromatid exchanges. The time course of the maternal values following a dose of 1 g/kg body weight was determined by sampling with an aortic catheter. Fetal levels were taken after a 2-hour intraperitoneal infusion of BrdUrd into the mother. It was found that the maternal level of BrdUrd plateaued at 0.4 mg%, while the level of metabolites gradually increased with time for both techniques. Also, although the overall amount of radioactivity indicated that approximately 40% of the total maternal dose reached the fetus, the fetal concentration of BrdUrd was less than one-seventh the maternal one.