bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Interacting Groups Remember
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , Betts Kevin R. , Sánchez-Manzanares Miriam , Tindale R. Scott
Published: July 2017

Remembering and learning by groups in organizations involves a number of complex challenges. Group remembering encompasses all of the memory processes associated with individuals as well as the social processes involved with collaboration. To guide our review, we explore the roles that cognitive, social, and motivational processes play in group remembering. Additionally, contexts have dramatic influences on group remembering and learning. Thus, we consider how task, group composition, and organizational characteristics impact the processes of group remembering and its vital functions for learning in groups. Shared cognitive representations emerge as key constructs in this research and reflect the combined cognitive-social-motivational processes applicable to many contexts. Throughout this chapter, we rely upon organizational examples of group remembering and learning in groups. We conclude that a critical factor that differentiates effective from ineffective groups in organizations is a group’s willingness to remember and learn from its experiences.
Group and Intergroup Creativity
Authors: Paulus Paul B. , Kenworthy Jared B.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we explore a variety of issues related to creativity and innovation in group and intergroup contexts. We draw a distinction between creativity in individuals versus groups and discuss some of the major theories of group creativity. We describe the search for creative synergy in group creativity and the paradigms designed to enhance collaborative creativity. We evaluate the research that has examined the role of different types of diversity on group creativity, and we consider the role of various constraints to the creative process. We discuss how certain intergroup and interteam contexts and factors can impact innovation in groups. Finally, we point out some limitations of the research in these areas and suggest potential areas of future research.
Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust
Authors: Dinesen Peter Thisted , Sønderskov Kim Mannemar
Published: July 2017

Due to its wide-ranging implications for social cohesion in diversifying Western countries, the question of the potential negative consequences of ethnic diversity for social trust is arguably the most contentious question in the literature on social trust. In this chapter we critically review the empirical evidence for a negative relationship between contextual ethnic diversity (measured locally within countries) and social trust. We cautiously conclude that there are indications of a negative relationship, although with important variations across study characteristics including national setting, context unit analyzed, and conditioning on moderating influences. Building on the review, we highlight a number of paths for theoretical and methodological advances, which we argue would advance the literature on the relationship between ethnic diversity and social trust.
Cultural Persistence or Experiential Adaptation?
Authors: Dinesen Peter Thisted , Sønderskov Kim Mannemar
Published: July 2017

Studying social trust of immigrants and descendants of immigrants provides leverage for testing whether trust is a persistent cultural trait or, rather, a trait formed and updated by contemporary experiences. The analytical thrust comes from the fact that immigrants were born in (or, in the case of descendants, have ties with) one country, but now resides in another. If trust is a cultural trait, immigrants’ trust should continue to reflect trust in their ancestral country; whereas their trust should be aligned with trust of natives in their present country if it is shaped by experiential conditioning. In this chapter we first review studies using immigrants to study the roots of trust. Second, we critically discuss these previous studies and pinpoint a number of theoretical, methodological, and substantive shortcomings as well as avenues for addressing these in future research. Finally, we provide new empirical evidence on the roots of trust using a new dataset of immigrants from Sweden.
Music in the Aftermath of the 2011 Utøya Massacre
Authors: Knudsen Jan Sverre
Published: July 2017

This chapter is an analysis of the music performed at the memorial ceremony following the 2011 massacre where national extremist Anders Breivik killed 77 people, most of them young delegates at a summer camp of the Labour Party. Following an introductory discussion of theory of music, emotion, and nationhood, the chapter analysis takes the reader deep into a moment of emotional nationalism, just one month after the attack, providing a detailed description of the repertoire, production, and the performances at the ceremony. Knudsen argues that the ceremony expressed desires to rebuild national community and tolerance.
Aspirations, Global Futures, and Lessons from Sámi Popular Music for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents case studies of three Sámi musicians, focusing on their aspirations for collective rights, cultural distinctiveness, and self-determination. Contrary to early twentieth-century fears that vocal genres like joik were disappearing, music has become one of the most important elements in stories of Sámi cultural survival in the twenty-first century. The chapter examines the role that music plays in valuing nature and imagining alternatives to dominant power regimes in the context of climate change. The author argues that in the face of threats to global survival, historians could give more priority to questions about how the past speaks to us and what it teaches us about survival.
Hip Hop as Public Pedagogy
Authors: D'Urso Alexandra
Published: July 2017

This chapter is a contribution to the literatures on hip hop and identity politics among two rappers of color in Scandinavia. Locating the artists’ pedagogical practices within global flows of resistance in hip hop culture, the concept of public pedagogy is employed for analyzing how these artists use hip hop as a medium for education and activism outside of formal educational institutions. The analysis focuses on counter-hegemonic representations of identity in the music of Adam Tensta and Eboi. The author argues that the two artists have situated themselves as public pedagogues and catalysts for social change and that they have confront right-wing populism and deconstruct Nordic notions of Otherness in their music In doing so, the artists provide nuanced counter-narratives that share insight into how global struggles for resources and neoliberal policies in the welfare state are brought to bear upon individuals living in the Nordic countries.
Urban Music and the Complex Identities of “New Nationals” in Scandinavia
Authors: Marstal Henrik
Published: July 2017

This chapter contributes to the emerging literature on musicians of immigrant parentage in Scandinavia, analyzing significant moments in the careers of four artists: Adam Tensta in Sweden, Karpe Diem in Norway, and Natasja and Outlandish in Denmark. They have all confronted whiteness as a hegemonic dimension of national identity, with implications for racial coding of genres. Immigrant populations of color have gained a significant presence in African American genres and have advocated for transcultural or multicultural conceptions of nationhood. This chapter analyzes significant political moments in the careers of the four artists and how they interact with local Scandinavian histories of freedom and democracy. The idea of New Nationals is adopted in the interpretation of these new and more multicultural conceptions of nationhood across Scandinavia.
Sámi Festivals and Indigenous Sovereignty
Authors: Hilder Thomas R.
Published: July 2017

This chapter is a contribution to the literatures on Sámi cultural history, Nordic postcolonial studies, and music festivals. Drawing inspiration from social theory, the chapter explores how the proliferation of festivals has helped in the formation of local and transnational Sámi publics in the Nordic region. It argues that festivals help foster a sense of transnational Sámi community and work toward cultural self-determination at three levels: the local, the Nordic, and the global. In showing how resistance to nation-states is performed and how sovereignty is enabled in festivals, the chapter highlights the significance of Sámi culture for reconsidering broader political issues of transnationalism and globalization in the Nordic countries today. The main case studies are the Kautokeino Easter Festival and the Riddu Riđ
đu Festival.
Inclusive Popular Music Education?
Authors: Kallio Alexis A. , Vakeva Lauri
Published: July 2017

This chapter surveys the history of popular music education in Nordic countries and explores scenarios for possible interpretations, resulting in a rich and informed critique of the field. The chapter offers a comparative overview of approaches to popular music education in the Nordic countries, focusing on the rationales for including popular music in the curriculum. A dominant rationale has been that popular music has unique democratic potentials. The analysis brings nuance to the situation, arguing that popular music genres “are not necessarily democratic in and of themselves.” Popular music education policies can, in fact, be instruments of social exclusion.
Christian Metal and the Translocal North
Authors: Jousmäki Henna
Published: July 2017

This chapter offers insight into one of the region’s vibrant metal cultures. The analysis begins by addressing the unique place of the Nordic region in the global networks of the metal genre since the early 1990s. Conceptually, the chapter explores how notions of locality are changing with the global circulation of Christian metal in social media services, most notably YouTube. The argument is that the geography of this religious youth pop culture is expanded by the media evolution, while a distinct sense of origin remains. The analysis highlights affordances of YouTube’s search engine–based global video platform, especially user production, sharing, and interaction. The case studies are YouTube publics of the Finnish band Scandinavian Metal Praise from Finland and the Australian band Horde, illustrating how youth participation in the music’s transnational social media space redefines not only the music’s geography but also its national and religious youth identities.
Images of Animals in Rock Art
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: July 2017

Images of animals are among the most frequent marks people made on rock surfaces. They occur around the world in more than 100 countries, in caves, rock shelters, and in open air. They were made as early as about 40,000 years ago until very recently. Between those dates and across those regions, there is much variation in the way images of animals have come down to us. Determining how to interpret images of animals is complicated by that fact that most ethnographic accounts of attitudes to animals and to making images depend on knowledge of the expressed views of the present-day people. It is hazardous to attempt to infer the meanings from the images alone, at least in part because of variation through time and space. Nevertheless, it seems likely that differences between sets of images imply different worldviews, although similarities do not in themselves necessarily signify similar worldviews.
Creolization in the Investigation of Rock Art of the Colonial Era
Authors: Challis Sam
Published: July 2017

If the authorship of rock art by particular groups is assumed, the very object under study can unwittingly be falsely attributed. Our interpretations have largely failed to incorporate evidence, in the colonial era and before, for the integration, mixing, and métissage of new peoples from two or more previously different ethnic groups. The results are equally assumed—namely: that one essential group impacted on the other, and the consequent imagery is a record of this secular narrative. Contrary to these simplistic reflections, creolization emphasizes cultural resilience, subversive agency, and a theoretical usefulness that enables better understandings of the rock art of people on the far side of colonial frontiers and texts.
Taphonomy on the Surface of the Rock Wall
Authors: Chalmin Emilie , Hœrlé Stéphane , Reiche Ina
Published: July 2017

Whether as engravings, drawings, paintings, stencils, or prints, rock art was made on rock surfaces devoid of protective coating. From the moment of its manufacture, it has therefore been subject to a range of environmental conditions and susceptible to a range of environmental impacts, each of which could have changed through time. In this chapter, the authors discuss the biotic, mechanical, and chemical processes that can affect rock art at its interface with the rock matrix and the atmosphere, together known as taphonomy. Given the complex interplay of age, environment, and processes, understanding alteration mechanisms affecting rock art sites and adequately assessing ways of mitigating deterioration require site-specific investigations and complementary scientific fields.
‘Enigmatic Images from Remote Prehistory’
Authors: Jones Andrew Meirion , Díaz-Guardamino Marta
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores questions of ontology in rock art analysis. More specifically, it argues that the distinction between ‘informed’ methods and ‘formal’ methods reproduces some problematic dichotomies, such as the distinction between active subjects and inert objects, culture and nature, and a conceptualization of meaning as being external to the art itself. The chapter proposes a move away from such an ontologically hierarchical approach to rock art analysis to a relational approach in which there is no ontological priority between the different elements that make up the rock art assemblage. It emphasizes that placing formal methods at the heart of rock art studies, alongside analogy, shifts the questions we ask of rock art away from simple epistemologically derived enquiries to ontological questions. To illustrate this the chapter examines case studies of parietal art of the European Palaeolithic and Comanche rock art in North America.
Love and Economics
Authors: Marino Patricia
Published: July 2017

This chapter is a philosophical discussion of the relationship between love and economics. Because problems like the gender wage gap are analyzed through economic reasoning but also involve relations like love, and because economic methods are increasingly used to address a wide range of domains including family life, this relationship is important to understand. On the face of it, there is a tension between love, which is often thought to essentially involve caring and other-regarding preferences and attitudes, and the self-interestedness characteristic of neoclassical models of human behavior. The article analyzes various attempts to finesse the difficulty, such as Gary Becker’s characterization of altruism in terms of interdependent utility functions and Ann Cudd’s distinction between self-interestedness and selfishness, then draws on philosophical literature to examine implications of various approaches.
Access to Intermediate Appellate Courts
Authors: Songer Donald R. , Haire Susan B.
Published: July 2017

The formal organization of court systems and jurisdictional rules established by legislatures often determine which litigants will have their cases reviewed by an appellate court. While some procedural obstacles are straightforward in their application, others require judicial interpretation with research findings suggesting that judges’ policy goals are related to decision-making on threshold issues. Even if there are no jurisdictional constraints, some losing litigants weigh the costs and benefits of pursuing an appeal. Still, filing an appeal does not guarantee full consideration of the issues raised by an appellant. Caseload pressures have contributed to screening procedures that result in only a minority of cases being closely scrutinized by an appellate panel. This chapter examines research on this winnowing process that characterizes litigant access to intermediate appellate courts.
Law Clerks
Authors: Ward Artemus
Published: July 2017

Law clerks are central to the judicial process. Yet questions persist about whether they exercise undue influence. Clerkships are prestigious and clerk selection is driven by increasing competition. Hired for a single year, clerks take on considerable responsibility. At the agenda-setting stage, clerks screen incoming cases to help judges determine those that are worthy of review. Law clerks do research, prepare their judges for oral argument, and suggest how cases ought to be decided. Clerks take part in opinion writing by drafting the initial opinions that explain their judges’ positions. Clerks assist judges in the coalition formation process by discussing the cases and negotiating with other clerks. Post-clerkship career paths can not only be lucrative but also provide opportunities for former clerks to continue to influence their former bosses. Ultimately, research shows that while clerks necessarily influence the judicial decision-making process, they have not usurped judicial authority.
Opinion Writing
Authors: Corley Pamela C.
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews the literature on opinion writing, focusing on the United States Supreme Court. It is important to understand the words used, the reasoning employed, and the tests devised by the Court. It is the legal rule extracted from the rationale of the decision that provides guidance for the future. Thus, the opinion of the court matters, not just the vote on the merits, and understanding how the opinion writing process works is essential to understanding the development of the law. This chapter includes a summary of the research on opinion assignment, the influence of law clerks in writing opinions, coalition formation, concurrences and dissents, and research analyzing the content of court opinions.
Courts and Executives
Authors: Yates Jeffrey L. , Boddery Scott
Published: July 2017

We examine existing empirical studies addressing the intersection of American courts and the Executive and explore multiple aspects of dynamics between these two primary branches of government. We assay the literature on the formal powers of the president and how courts have shaped and adjusted the legal authority and reach of the federal executive. We also investigate how presidents can influence American public policy through less direct pathways such as agenda-setting. However, one of the president’s most renowned powers is that of appointment—and we assess how presidents have helped shape the landscape of American law through the appointment of judicial actors and consider the politics of the federal judicial selection process. Finally, we address the president’s primary legal arm—the Solicitor General’s Office—and investigate the office’s influence on Supreme Court policy-making.
Appointing Federal Judges
Authors: Scherer Nancy
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the historical development of the modern-day lower court appointment process. When lower court judgeships were used as patronage, the process ran smoothly from nomination by the president through confirmation by the Senate. Today, however, these judgeships are used for other political purposes by the president and senators. This is because elites (party leaders and interest groups) associated with each of the two major parties follow the process closely, and they demand that the “right” kind of judges be appointed to the lower federal courts. In turn, presidents and senators now use the lower court appointment process to “score points” with these key party-affiliated elites. Thus, as the two parties cater to interest groups and party bases on the opposite ends of the ideological spectrum, and presidents and senators follow suit, the lower court appointment process has become highly partisan and contentious.
The Supreme Court and Public Opinion
Authors: Ura Joseph Daniel , Merrill Alison Higgins
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the reciprocal relationships between the Supreme Court and public opinion. Scientific research on this topic is divided into a pair of overlapping research agendas. The first considers the development of public attitudes about the Supreme Court among the American people and the consequences of those attitudes for judicial behavior and the Court’s institutional integrity. The second considers how Americans’ policy attitudes influence the behavior of justices and the decisions of the Supreme Court and how the Court’s decisions influence public opinion. We review and discuss the current state of knowledge in these areas and describe some fruitful directions for additional scholarly inquiry.
The Strategic Analysis of Judicial Behavior and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Westerland Chad L.
Published: July 2017

This chapter uses the separation of powers (SOP) literature to explore the application of strategic models to judicial behavior. Strategic conceptions of judicial decision-making are often presented as a theoretical alternative to the attitudinal model. A review of the basic SOP model highlights the key institutional assumptions that motivate the different major variants of the SOP model and the differences with the attitudinal model. While the empirical literature reveals a tremendous amount of progress in the past twenty-five years, empirical support for the classic statutory SOP model remains elusive. However, the same cannot be said for newer institutional legitimacy models. The chapter concludes with suggestions for directions of future research.
The Use of Observational Data to Study Law and the Judiciary
Authors: Benesh Sara C.
Published: July 2017

The study of courts has been tremendously advanced via the availability of data, key to an empirical, scientific analysis of the decision-making of the political actors that make up the judiciary. Data availability has also enabled a rich and complete description of the courts’ work. This chapter considers the evolution of the study of the subfield of political science that considers judges and courts with particular focus on the role of data therein. It concludes that the Spaeth database, and other, similar multi-user publicly available databases, have had a huge influence on the evolution of public law into mainstream political science. While some argue over the specifics of the plethora of coding decisions made in the creation of such databases, the positive impact they have had on the scholarship about courts cannot be overstated.
Appointing Supreme Court Justices
Authors: Nemacheck Christine L.
Published: July 2017

This chapter assesses the literature on Supreme Court appointments and considers directions for future research. Early work on appointments tended to be in the form of broad political histories or more narrow historical accounts of individual appointments. But as the field developed, much of the work on appointments centered on the confirmation process, including the determinants of senators’ confirmation votes and presidents’ success in getting their Supreme Court nominees confirmed. Was this success due to congressional deference to the president’s appointment power? Or, did presidents’ success result from an active and anticipatory selection stage in which presidents strategically consulted with members of Congress in order to pave the way toward a smooth confirmation? To answer these questions, recent work on appointments has focused on the selection stage. The evidence seems to support the latter—presidents anticipate problems and work with members to garner support for a confirmable nominee.
Tractarian Visions of History
Authors: Parker Kenneth
Published: July 2017

The writers of the Tracts for the Times employed two visions of the Christian past that proved integral to their polemics. The successionist metanarrative of the Christian past linked the absolute and changeless nature of Christian truth claims with the apostolic succession of bishops. The supersessionist metanarrative posited a normative primitive Christianity that had been lost, and that Tractarians sought to restore. A third vision emerged in the private correspondence of several Tractarians. In this private correspondence, Samuel Wood articulated a theory of development that Newman rejected in late 1835 and early 1836, but ultimately embraced in the early 1840s. A clear understanding of these visions of history aid our understanding of Tractarian polemics, for the ways in which they appropriated the Christian past shaped their arguments.
Protestant Reactions
Authors: Atherstone Andrew
Published: July 2017

Protestantism was a major rallying cry during the Tractarian controversies. It was anathematized by some Oxford Movement radicals as a ‘heresy’, and held tenaciously by evangelical campaigners as ‘the pure Gospel of Christ’. Protestant polemicists decried Tractarianism as a revival of Roman Catholicism in an Anglican disguise and called their brothers-in-arms to fight the theological battles of the Reformation over again. Focusing on the events in Oxford itself between 1838 and 1846, this chapter surveys the rhetoric which surrounded three overlapping themes—Protestant Reformers, Protestant Formularies, and Protestant Truth. It shows how these loomed large in the speeches and writings of those who wanted to defend the Protestant hegemony of the Church of England and the University of Oxford.
Tradition and Development
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: July 2017

Tradition as source of religious knowledge had been obscured since the Reformation by the Protestant claim that the Bible, and only the Bible, was the source of Christian knowledge. The use and abuse of Tradition in religious controversy had led Protestants to distrust it. The end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries brought a rediscovery of the concept and an enhanced value to Tradition in the social and religious spheres. The Oxford Movement was to conceive Tradition not as static but as subject to change in continuity. The consequent conception of doctrinal development would prove to be one of the Movement’s most enduring contributions.
Scripture and Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Larsen Tim
Published: July 2017

The Tractarians were deeply committed to Scripture. They insisted that every doctrine had to be proved from the Bible. Writing biblical commentaries were among their main literary projects (this is true even for laywomen such as Christina Rossetti and Charlotte Yonge). In contrast to the surrounding Protestantism, however, the Tractarians denied the right of private judgement, insisting that patristic exegesis should be the authoritative guide. The Tractarians were emphatically opposed to the non-traditional conclusions of modern biblical criticism and unabashedly in favour of retaining allegorical readings. This chapter describes these commitments while also observing how they changed in the second generation of the movement.
Mysticism and Sacramentalism in the Oxford Movement
Authors: Westhaver George
Published: July 2017

Mysticism and sacramentalism were key terms for John Henry Newman, John Keble, and E. B. Pusey because they expressed their understanding of the incarnation and of the relationship of the created order to God. The term ‘mystery’ can describe both the enigmatic character of spiritual knowledge, as it is communicated in Scripture or in the Book of Nature, and the sacramental partaking of the incarnation—that is, the participation in the reality so described. The mystical was closely intertwined with the sacramental for Newman, Keble, and Pusey: the truth which was known was also the life into which one was drawn by participation, illumination, and sanctification.
‘The Communion of the Primitive Church’? High Churchmen in England c.1710–1760
Authors: Sharp Richard
Published: July 2017

Numbers 74, 76, 78, and 81, respectively, of the Tracts for the Times, considered apostolic succession, baptismal regeneration, the Vincentian canon,and eucharistic sacrifice. The Tracts’ extensive catenae, from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century authorities, reflected an enduring High Church preoccupation with following ‘the old paths’ (Jeremiah 6:16), most notably of the ante-Nicene ‘Primitive Church’. Based upon deep patristic learning and antiquarian scholarship, such interest found influential expression through doctrine, liturgy, devotional observance, and in attitudes to Church discipline and order. This chapter analyses early eighteenth-century High Churchmanship in both its political and theological aspects, conforming and Nonjuring. It shows how this High Churchmanship served as a precursor of, influence on, and treasure store for the Oxford Movement.
Devotional and Liturgical Renewal
Authors: Herring George
Published: July 2017

In this chapter the author explores the relationship between the Oxford Movement and liturgical practice. From the beginnings of the Movement in the 1830s, John Henry Newman and other early leaders perceived a danger in an overemphasis on the ceremonial, an attitude that continued to be shared by mainstream Tractarianism after 1845. The 1860s proved to be a pivotal decade, however, with a growing use of eucharistic vestments, incense, and other practices that had been absent in earlier decades. The author analyses the reasons for this change of emphasis, and the relationship between the newer Ritualism and the original aims and methods of the Movement, along with the response of their opponents.
Liberalism Protestant and Catholic
Authors: Morris Jeremy
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the interaction of the Oxford Movement and its followers with Liberalism during the nineteenth century. It analyses the diverse interpretations of Liberalism early in the period, including the political and religious versions, and it traces both the tensions and the points of contact between Tractarianism and Liberal Protestantism. It describes the changing relations between Tractarianism and Liberal Protestantism as a move from conflict towards accommodation. It then proceeds to discuss Liberal Catholicism as a term which encompassed two very different movements, one associated with French Catholicism and influencing the leaders of the Oxford Movement, and the other expressing, later in the century, a development within Anglican High Churchmanship that owed much to Tractarianism but also encompassed key points of difference.
The Parishes
Authors: Herring George
Published: July 2017

From its inception the Oxford Movement was intended to be as much practical as theoretical. In this chapter the author explores the nature and extent of Tractarianism beyond Oxford. The chapter provides a statistical analysis of its progress which is followed by examinations of its liturgical life, including the promotion of the daily service, the creation of eucharistic communities at the heart of its parishes, and the consequent restoration and reordering of church buildings and their furnishings. The chapter discusses the introduction of the practice of confession and the expansion of parochial education, and also gives an evaluation of the opposition Tractarians could encounter.
The Architectural Impact of the Oxford Movement
Authors: Doll Peter
Published: July 2017

In this chapter the author argues that church buildings and their architecture influenced by the Oxford Movement cannot be understood apart from their essential grounding in the worship and self-understanding of the Church. This study sets the consideration of such church buildings in the wider context of the history of the Church of England both before and after the Reformation. The churches of the Church of England preceding and following the Oxford Movement articulate an Anglican sense of belonging to the Church universal and are thus a valuable contribution to the faith and witness of the Church far beyond the Anglican Communion.
The Influence of the Oxford Movement on Poetry and Fiction
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: July 2017

In this chapter the author explores the influence of the Oxford Movement on literature by examining a number of lesser-known works of poetry and fiction within the larger context of Victorian culture. The authors considered include Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Cecil Frances Alexander, Charlotte Yonge, Felicia Skene, John Mason Neale, and Margaret Oliphant. The religious elements of their poetry and fiction expressed a critical relationship to Victorian culture, lending their works a radical edge. The content, form, and style of these writers had a marked impact on the literature of their period, whether later writers were following them or reacting violently against them.
The Twentieth-Century Literary Tradition
Authors: Spurr Barry
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores significant aspects of the Tractarian tradition, surviving into the twentieth century, in the works of T. S. Eliot, John Betjeman, W. H. Auden, Rose Macaulay, Charles Williams, Dorothy Sayers, and Barbara Pym. By the twentieth century, virtually every reference in literature to Anglican faith and practice reflected the Oxford Movement, but the most concentrated influence of Tractarianism is to be found in the writers discussed here. All of them, at various periods in their lives, were deeply immersed in the Catholic movement of the Church of England and their poetry and prose must be appreciated in light of that commitment and tradition.
Histories and Anti-Histories
Authors: Nockles Peter
Published: July 2017

The historiography of the Oxford Movement has been characterized by contention and partisanship. Hagiographical accounts have been offset by a vigorous tradition of ‘anti-histories’. Both sides often used the past to support a current party or denominational position, a characteristic that was evident in the commemorations of the centenary of the Oxford Movement in 1933. Another key division occurred within the pro-Tractarian accounts between those who viewed the Oxford Movement primarily as the origin of the Anglo-Catholic revival within the Church of England and those who viewed it as finding its natural terminus in the conversion of its followers to the Roman Catholic Church.
Did the Oxford Movement Die in 1851?
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: July 2017

The conversion of a considerable number of supporters of the Oxford Movement between 1845 and 1851 raised a chorus of condemnations, but also led to the publication of the individual reasons which had led the converts to Rome. In such writings, the converts insisted that the path they had taken was the result of mature consideration and of inescapable dictates of conscience: to remain in the Church of England, they claimed, would have endangered their souls. They maintained that those who remained in the Church of England did so at the cost of abandoning the very principles which had inspired the Movement; they took refuge in and looked for Anglican legitimacy under the banner of private judgement.
Tractarianism and the Lake Poets
Authors: Prickett Stephen
Published: July 2017

In this chapter the author looks at the influence of Coleridge and Wordsworth on the Tractarians. Whereas Keble openly declared his admiration for Wordsworth in his Christian Year and Lectures on Poetry, the no less profound influence of Coleridge on Newman, though rarely acknowledged, was clearly present, both in his Anglican and Catholic periods. The chapter concludes with discussion of the revolutionary implications of Keble’s Crewian Oration, which was given in 1839 when Oxford bestowed an honorary degree on Wordsworth. This discussion draws upon the only extant translation of the Latin text, which is in the author’s possession, and has never been published.
Consolidation and Challenge: 1990—Present
Authors: Best Thomas F.
Published: July 2017

The ecumenical movement exists to make the unity of Christ’s church more visible and effective in the churches’ own lives, and in their common witness and service to the world. Since 1990 it has made remarkable progress in such areas as ecclesiology, worship, mission, prophetic witness, and service in global, regional, national, and local contexts. Not least, it has broadened its scope as new partners have come to the table. Churches, councils of churches, bilateral discussions, united and uniting churches, and church aid and development agencies have all contributed to this success. But while ecumenism is now embedded in the lives of many churches, it faces challenges posed by the churches’ declining resources, their growing focus on internal issues, and the general societal distrust of organizations beyond the local level. Notions such as mutual accountability may help the churches live out their ecumenical vocation.
Anselm
Authors: Brown David
Published: July 2017

Anselm’s acceptance of three sources for knowledge of God (in reason, the teaching authority of the Bible and church, and experience) is used to try to overcome the conventional opposition between philosophers and theologians on how Anselm should be interpreted. In particular, due note is taken of aesthetic aspects to his search for understanding and also the various ways in which these might contribute to the holding of his three epistemic sources in creative tension and all within an ideal of monastic contemplation. This aesthetic perspective is explored well beyond its customary location in Cur Deus Homo to include other writings such as On Truth, the Proslogion, and On the Procession of the Holy Spirit. This chapter ends by acknowledging the limitations inherent in Anselm’s approach.
The Inner Witness of the Spirit
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on the recurring theme of God’s Spirit as the witness to God’s reality, in keeping with a lesson from various New Testament writers. It clarifies the nature of the Spirit’s witness by attending to the kind of good news and power highlighted by the New Testament in connection with some remarks from Paul and John on God’s Spirit. The chapter looks to the filial language of Paul, in the wake of Jesus. This language indicates that the Spirit of God seeks to witness not only to God’s reality and faithfulness, but also to one’s having become (or, at least, one’s becoming) a cooperative child of God. The chapter explains how this position gives God’s Spirit a central role in epistemically confirming God’s reality and work.
John Duns Scotus
Authors: Williams Scott M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that John Duns Scotus has several goals in the epistemology of theology: logical consistency, certainty, truth, and right praxis. The first section covers the natural knowledge of God, in which Scotus defends the claim that there are some non-complex univocal concepts, that they can be the building blocks of complex analogical concepts, and that univocal and analogical concepts are applicable to God and to creatures. A genealogy is given of three exegetical mistakes regarding univocity made by some twentieth-century thinkers. The second section covers five ways that one can have supernatural knowledge of God: intuitive cognition, abstractive cognition with the possibility of doubt, abstractive cognition without the opportunity for doubt, biblical exegesis, and faith. The next section discusses the scientific character of theology, and how such knowledge is literally a part of the praxis of loving God. The conclusion discusses how theology can resolve dilemmas in a naturalistic epistemology.
John Wesley
Authors: Koskela Douglas S.
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the epistemological vision of the eighteenth-century Anglican evangelist John Wesley, particularly as it relates to knowledge of God. The primary thesis of the chapter is that Wesley’s epistemology of theology centred on the interplay between testimony and perception of the divine. He understood scripture to provide the primary content of what is known about God and salvation. In this respect, scripture functioned for Wesley as divine testimony to divine salvific work, though this testimony was mediated in various modes through the community of faith. Wesley also considered immediate perception of the divine to provide the strongest and most important evidence that those claims are true. He thus understood the agency of God to be essential to the formation of genuine knowledge of God, a factor which makes divine revelation an inescapable category when coming to terms with Wesley’s epistemology.
Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Wainwright William J.
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on (1) Edwards’s discussion of three basic epistemic modalities (sense perception, rational inference, and rational intuition) and their sanctification; (2) his account of the epistemic status of scripture; and (3) his reasons for thinking that typology is another valid epistemic mode. The chapter includes discussions of Edwards’s doctrine of the spiritual senses, and his views on natural theology and on the relation between reason and revelation. It concludes with an examination of similarities and differences between Edwards’s views on epistemology and those of Karl Barth, and a brief defence of Edwards’s claim that a renewed heart is a necessary precondition of doing good work in theology.
Richard Hooker
Authors: McGrade A.S.
Published: July 2017

This chapter identifies epistemic goods in Hooker’s Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. Hooker de-epistemizes scripture by arguing that it neither claims to provide nor can provide a particular warrant for every act of ordinary life or an immutably binding plan of church governance. This frees us from stressful searching of scripture and encourages us to use reason. Both reason and tradition foster Hooker’s emphasis on community, evident in his sympathy with other churches and with devout adherents of non-Christian religions. He values public worship as an important epistemic good in itself and as a source of other such goods. He also focuses on virtues—godliness or piety as supreme, classical virtues such as justice, courage, and practical wisdom, and the Christian virtues of faith, hope, and charity—and argues convincingly for the inseparability of politics and religion.
The Epistemology of Testimony and Religious Belief
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents and evaluates the central issues and views in the epistemology of testimony, with a particular focus on the following: the nature of testimony and testimony-based belief; the question of whether testimonial knowledge is acquired via transmission or generation; the debate between reductionism and non-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony; and the extent to which interpersonal features of testimonial exchanges are relevant to the epistemic status of testimonial beliefs. The final section then considers two central concerns that arise specifically with respect to religious beliefs formed on the basis of testimony: the Argument from Luck and the Argument from Authority.
Tradition
Authors: Wynn Mark
Published: July 2017

This Chapter considers ‘tradition’ as the context-relative elaboration of an original deposit of revelation. The first part of the chapter explores the need for creative, case-specific judgement in drawing the distinction between those elements of the original deposit that are genuinely revelatory and those that reflect the operation of culturally local assumptions that are now antiquated. The second part of the chapter examines the models of tradition that are implied in the work of two Christian authors of undisputed authority: it considers how Anselm gives tradition, relative to revelation, an ordering and, in turn, extrapolative role; and how Aquinas appropriates various secular concepts for theological use, so stretching their sense, and also how he develops a new account of the hinge between secular learning and revelation.
Origen of Alexandria
Authors: Berchman Robert M.
Published: July 2017

Three philosophical questions guide this chapter: what is mind, what is language, and what is reference (or meaning)? Emphasis centres upon Origen’s episteme of ‘ultimate presuppositions’, first principles, philosophy of mind and language, theory of intentionality, aesthetics of scriptural exegesis, and prayer. His approach to self-knowledge and subjectivity is key to his claims concerning the limits of thought and language, the intentionality of mental acts, and distinctions made between ordinary and ideal languages. As a focusing mechanism, contemplative prayer is examined as an intentionally aesthetic episteme-noesis that gives a logos access to Logos. Here prayer maps ideal types of thought and speech that non-propositionally, discursively, and non-discursively allow for a noesis and praxis of the logikoi, epinoiai, and theoremata of the Logos-Christ. Such mapping denotes Origen’s epistemology of theology as a ‘sigetic-discursive’ model of negative theology.
Augustine
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: July 2017

At the heart of Augustine’s intellectual and spiritual autobiography is a search for wisdom that demands of him sophisticated epistemological reflection. The results—in particular, his identification of the category of rational or justified assent on less-than-certain grounds and his inquiry into the nature and epistemic value of testimony—break dramatic new ground in the history of epistemology. He articulates a concept of belief (as assent to a proposition on the basis of testimony) and distinguishes it from understanding (assent to a proposition on the basis of reasoned insight). Exploiting that distinction, he develops both a rationale for and a detailed account of a systematic method for the rational investigation of theological matters, which he characterizes as belief seeking understanding. Augustine’s famous reflections on the paradox of evil and on the nature of the divine Trinity provide compelling illustrations of his application of this rational method and its results.
Evidence and Theology
Authors: Dougherty Trent
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the role of evidence in the discipline of theology. Theology is a truth-seeking endeavour in which those who pursue it move from the evidence they are given to conclusions about God (with varying degrees of confidence). First it discusses the nature of evidence and theology in general and answering several objections. Then it examines the nature of how evidence functions within theology. Such evidence especially includes relevant experiences and revealed truths from which the theologian seeks to tell a story that resonates well with the evidence, incorporating it into a larger, compelling story.
Introduction
Authors: Buchwald Jed Z. , Fox Robert
Published: July 2017

This Handbook looks at the history of physics since the seventeenth century. It is comprised of four sections, the first of which discusses the place of reason, mathematics, and experiment in the age of the scientific revolution. The first section also covers the contributions of Galileo, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton. The second section deals with the ‘long’ eighteenth century — a period that is often regarded as synonymous with the ‘age of Newton’. The third section encompasses the subcategories of heat, light, electricity, sound, and magnetism, while the fourth and final section takes us into the age of ‘modern physics’, highlighted by landmark achievements such as the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887, Max Planck’s work on the quanta of radiation, Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity of 1905, and the elaboration of the various aspects of what became known as quantum physics between 1900 and 1930.