bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small genetic steps lead to mechanical isolation in hummingbird‐pollinated gingers
Authors: Wessinger Carolyn A.
Published: July 2022

Interactions with pollinators are a potent source of natural selection driving the spectacular array of flowering plant diversity on Earth (Kay & Sargent, 2009; Van der Niet et al., 2014). Floral traits play a central role in this process: reliable and effective pollination by animal pollinators depends on complex floral features, including traits that determine pollinator attraction and reward, as well as the mechanics of pollen transfer. Pollinators specify mating events between individuals, and thus differences in flowers have the potential to generate reproductive isolating barriers (floral isolation). A compelling case of floral isolation comes from spiral gingers (Costus), where hummingbird‐adapted species have evolved distinct pollen placement strategies (on the bills vs. foreheads of pollinators) due to differences in flower shape and the arrangements of flower parts. This difference in pollen placement causes a mechanical barrier to cross‐pollination. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kay and Surget‐Groba (2022) dissect the genetic basis of these floral differences using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach. They find small‐effect QTLs that influence multiple correlated traits and allelic effects that suggest a history of directional selection. Their results indicate mechanical isolation reflects adaptive divergence that has built up piecemeal over time.
Responding to change in a medical student rural community service: Insights from activity theory
Authors: Hu Chia‐Yu , Nisbet Gillian , Chang Yu‐Che
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Medical students have voluntarily initiated service‐learning programmes with the aim of providing assistance to medically underserved communities, especially within remote indigenous villages. However, their values and goals have been challenged because rural health care demands have changed considerably since the introduction of integrated delivery system (IDS) programmes, that is, programmes that integrate local health care providers with outreach services provided by contracted hospitals. Our study aimed to explore how a health care service‐learning group negotiates its position and how it responds to the tension of IDS implementation and changes in rural health care demand.

Methods

Medical students who have been engaged in building or operating the health care service‐learning group of one university in Taiwan were invited to participate in the study. We used cultural–historical activity theory (CHAT) to help us interpret the interactions between students, indigenous communities and the public health sectors and to understand the evolution of the service‐learning relationship and its effectiveness.

Results

Eighteen participants were recruited for in‐depth interviews. The implementation of IDS programmes brought change to the rural community and challenges to students' service learning. Utilising cultural–historical activity theory, we highlighted points of fragmentation within the system. This tension lead to medical students' personal conflict and also served as an impetus for change and learning. Flexible goal setting and coping ability were considered critical to the sustainability and maintenance of students' value systems.

Conclusions

IDS implementation can upset the balance of rural health care supply and demand, resulting in accumulating tensions within and between activity systems. Those contradictions exposed medical students to an expansive learning cycle, resulting in transformational change and learning. Under the context of IDS programmes, health care service‐learning can create a ‘win‐win’ situation. Not merely medical students but also community residents gain benefits. This result may be extrapolated to health care service‐learning programmes with similar context.
Knowledge mobilization in critical care and the evolving communication role of nurses
Authors: Kelly Sioban , Garner Jayne , Treadway Victoria , Sadera Girendra
Published: July 2022

Background

The importance of appropriate communication skills within a health care setting rests upon the need for effective information sharing. When successful, this provides a supportive working environment for staff and has a positive impact on patient care and outcomes.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to explore how knowledge/evidence is acquired, shared, and applied in the Critical Care (CC) environment for staff and patients/family members.

Study Design

A qualitative approach was used, consisting of semi‐structured interviews and focus groups. Data analysis was conducted using an iterative thematic approach.

Results

Data collected prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic from United Kingdom (UK) critical care workers (N = 46), patients, and family members (N = 21) identified four communication roles performed by the nursing staff: team member; diplomat; translator and friend.

Conclusions

It was evident that without suitable training and support, the stresses and demands placed upon the nurses could lead to disenfranchisement and burnout.

Relevance to Clinical practice

These findings are relevant and timely given the impact of the pandemic, highlighting the need for accessible and alternate communication strategies to support nurses by reducing stress, moral distress and increasing psychological safety. Improved communication can provide tailored information for staff and patients/family improving the CC experience for all.
Mobile plant microRNAs allow communication within and between organisms
Authors: Loreti Elena , Perata Pierdomenico
Published: July 2022

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are encoded by endogenous miRNA genes and regulate gene expression through gene silencing, by inducing degradation of their target messenger RNA or by inhibiting its translation. Some miRNAs are mobile molecules inside the plant, and increasing experimental evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs represent molecules that are exchanged between plants, their pathogens, and parasitic plants. It has also been shown that miRNAs are secreted into the external growing medium and that these miRNAs regulate gene expression and the phenotype of nearby receiving plants, thus defining a new concept in plant communication. However, the mechanism of miRNA secretion and uptake by plant cells still needs to be elucidated.
Pathophysiology roles for adenosine 2A receptor in obesity and related diseases
Authors: Cai Yuli , Chen Xiaolin , Yi Bo , Li Junfeng , Wen Zhongyuan
Published: July 2022

Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with several comorbidities, including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, leading to serious problems to people's health. Adenosine is a critical extracellular signaling molecule that has essential functions in regulating most organ systems by binding to four G‐protein‐coupled adenosine receptors, denoted A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Among the receptors, a growing body evidence highlights the key roles of the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) in obesity and related diseases. In the current review, we summarize the effects of A2AR in obesity and obesity‐associated non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, to clarify the complicated impacts of A2AR on obesity and related diseases.
Intravenous cannula for percutaneous rescue needle gastrostomy in a neonate with tracheoesophageal fistula—A case report
Authors: Rathod Darshana , Sharma Ankur , BD Vaishnavi , Chhabra Deepak , Meshram Tanvi , Kumari Kamlesh , Rathod Kirtikumar
Published: July 2022

Tracheoesophageal fistula offers concrete difficulties for anesthesiologists, which comprise associated congenital anomalies and more importantly the problems concerning ventilation and oxygenation. Among all the types of tracheoesophageal fistula, ventilatory problems are frequently encountered with type C fistula. Effective ventilation can be a challenge in such cases where the endotracheal tube invariably ventilates the fistula causing stomach inflation and respiratory compromise. Thorough knowledge and experience are of utmost importance when it comes to the successful airway management and better survival of neonates undergoing tracheoesophageal fistula repair. We report a case of a 3‐day‐old neonate, diagnosed with type C tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia posted for thoracoscopic repair. We want to highlight our experience of percutaneous needle gastrostomy done using an intravenous cannula, as a rescue measure for stomach decompression, to manage life‐threatening hypoxia.
ABA‐inducible DEEPER ROOTING1 improves adaptation of maize to water deficiency
Authors: Feng Xuanjun , Jia Li , Cai Yunting , Guan Huarui , Zheng Dan , Zhang Weixiao , Xiong Hao , Zhou Hanmei , Wen Ying , Hu Yue , Zhang Xuemei , Wang Qingjun , Wu Fengkai , Xu Jie , Lu Yanli
Published: July 2022

Root architecture remodelling is critical for forage moisture in water‐limited soil. DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) in Oryza, Arabidopsis, and Prunus has been reported to improve drought avoidance by promoting roots to grow downward and acquire water from deeper soil. In the present study, we found that ZmDRO1 responded more strongly to abscisic acid (ABA)/drought induction in Zea mays ssp. mexicana, an ancestral species of cultivated maize, than in B73. It was proposed that this is one of the reasons why Zea mays ssp. mexicana has a more noticeable change in the downward direction angle of the root and fewer biomass penalties under water‐deficient conditions. Thus, a robust, synthetic ABA/drought‐inducible promoter was used to control the expression of ZmDRO1B73 in Arabidopsis and cultivated maize for drought‐resistant breeding. Interestingly, ABA‐inducible ZmDRO1 promoted a larger downward root angle and improved grain yield by more than 40% under water‐limited conditions. Collectively, these results revealed that different responses to ABA/drought induction of ZmDRO1 confer different drought avoidance abilities, and we demonstrated the application of ZmDRO1 via an ABA‐inducible strategy to alter the root architecture of modern maize to improve drought adaptation in the field.
Intellectual capital and R&D performance improvement: the case of Italian public universities
Authors: Strazzullo Serena , Cricelli Livio , Grimaldi Michele
Published: July 2022

This paper aims to develop a model to analyse and improve the performance of R&D activities in Italian public universities through the intellectual capital (IC) perspective. The extant literature includes several models for R&D analysis, but none quantify the link between IC and universities' research activity performance. This research attempts to fill a gap in knowledge by explicitly focusing on the relationship between IC according to its dimensions and universities' research activity performance. To achieve this aim, we develop a theoretical model and test the model using secondary data from all the Italian public universities through the structural equation modelling method. The findings show that small universities with a good level of relations with external organisations, a good level of internationalisation and solid infrastructure have a higher level of scientific productivity than larger universities that are less internationalised and invest less in infrastructure.
Gallic acid ameliorates thymic involution via activating Sox2 and Nanog
Authors: Guo Li , Cao Jia‐hui , Cheng Deng‐wei , Dong Han , You Li , Sun Yun , Ding Yi , Chai Yu‐rong
Published: July 2022

Thymic ageing precedes other organs, which is mainly caused by the gradual loss of thymic epithelial cells, and the thymic epithelial progenitor cells have been found in human and adult mouse. Stem cell transcription factors, sex‐determining region Y‐box2 (Sox2) is strongly involved in organogenesis. Homeobox transcription factor Nanog (Nanog) has been applied in cell reprogramming to generate induced multipotential stem cells for its related pluripotency, and its functions in the thymus remain undefined. Gallic acid, one of the natural products of polyphenols, has been used to counter ageing. In this study, we investigated the alteration of Nanog and Sox2 in the thymus of the natural ageing and D‐galactose‐induced accelerated ageing mice and further explored the effects of gallic acid on their expression. 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐retaining assay was also performed to trace the thymic progenitor cells. Our study indicated that Nanog and Sox2 showed age‐dependent decrease in the thymus of mice. Nanog, Sox2 and BrdU‐positive cells were also found to be abundant in the area of cortex‐medulla junction (CMJ) of the thymus, which suggested that thymic adult stem cells/progenitor cells may exist in this position. Gallic acid can upregulate the expression of Nanog and Sox2, which suggested it may promote thymus regeneration from age‐related atrophy and D‐galactose‐induced damage by activating the thymic progenitor cells and increasing the expression of Nanog and Sox2.
What goes up must come down: Theory and model specification of threshold dynamics
Authors: Paul Hannah L. , Philips Andrew Q.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Despite the frequent use of time series models in the social sciences, they have often remained within the confines of assuming purely linear dynamic effects. We contend that many theories involve relationships that are inherently non‐linear.

Methods

We discuss several approaches to modeling a variety of these types of non‐linear autoregressive data‐generating processes, specifically threshold effects.

Results

We replicate and extend a recent analysis, and show evidence of threshold processes.

Conclusion

In doing so, we show that threshold models allow us to test richer, more complex theoretical implications about dynamic effects.
First detection and molecular characterization of Dientamoeba fragilis in cattle
Authors: Yildiz İbrahim , Erdem Aynur Zeynep
Published: July 2022

Dientamoeba fragilis is a flagellated protozoan with amoeba‐like morphology that inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract. It is endemic in a vast geography around the world, including developed countries. There are limited studies on non‐human hosts of the parasite, and suitable hosts have not been clarified. The parasite has been detected in non‐human primates, pigs, cats, dogs and rats. There is no study in the literature investigating and detecting the presence of this parasite in cattle. In this study, stool samples taken from 163 different cattle and calves from 11 different farms between March 2017 and May 2022 were examined for the detection of D. fragilis via PCR. Trichrome staining was performed on all PCR‐positive samples. The isolates with the expected amplicon size were sequenced using the 18S ribosomal RNA region, and their genotypes were determined by BLAST analysis. Sequences were analysed with the most similar and reference sequences in the literature, forming a phylogenetic tree. We detected D. fragilis in 31 (19.01%) of the 163 stool samples. D. fragilis cysts/trophozoites were detected by trichrome staining method in six of 31 samples. All PCR products selected for molecular analysis from positive samples had the same nucleotide sequence. As a result of BLAST analysis, all sequences were determined to belong to D. fragilis genotype 1. This study determined for the first time that cattle are suitable hosts for D. fragilis. Furthermore, the parasite subtype we detected belongs to genotype 1, which is the most common type in humans, suggesting that the parasite may have a zoonotic character. Our result is important in terms of the epidemiology of the parasite, as the mode of transmission is controversial, and available data on its suitable hosts are limited.
Genetic variation in HIF‐2α attenuates ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia in high‐altitude deer mice
Authors: Ivy Catherine M. , Velotta Jonathan P. , Cheviron Zachary A. , Scott Graham R.
Published: July 2022

The gene encoding HIF‐2α, Epas1, has experienced a history of natural selection in many high‐altitude taxa, but the functional role of mutations in this gene is still poorly understood. We investigated the influence of the high‐altitude variant of Epas1 in North American deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the control of breathing and carotid body growth during chronic hypoxia. We created hybrids between high‐ and low‐altitude populations of deer mice to disrupt linkages between genetic loci so that the physiological effects of Epas1 alleles (Epas1H and Epas1L, respectively) could be examined on an admixed genomic background. In general, chronic hypoxia (4 weeks at 12 kPa O2) enhanced ventilatory chemosensitivity (assessed as the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia), increased total ventilation and arterial O2 saturation during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxia, and increased haematocrit and blood haemoglobin content across genotypes. However, the effects of chronic hypoxia on ventilatory chemosensitivity were attenuated in mice that were homozygous for the high‐altitude Epas1 allele (Epas1H/H). Carotid body growth and glomus cell hyperplasia, which was strongly induced in Epas1L/L mice in chronic hypoxia, was not observed in Epas1H/H mice. Epas1 genotype also modulated the effects of chronic hypoxia on metabolism and body temperature depression in hypoxia, but had no effects on haematological traits. These findings confirm the important role of HIF‐2α in modulating ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, and show that genetic variation in Epas1 is responsible for evolved changes in the control of breathing and metabolism in high‐altitude deer mice.

image

Key points

High‐altitude natives of many species have experienced natural selection on the gene encoding HIF‐2α, Epas1, including high‐altitude populations of deer mice.

HIF‐2α regulates ventilation and carotid body growth in hypoxia, and so the genetic variants in Epas1 in high‐altitude natives may underlie evolved changes in control of breathing.

Deer mice from controlled crosses between high‐ and low‐altitude populations were used to examine the effects of Epas1 genotype on an admixed genomic background.

The high‐altitude variant was associated with reduced ventilatory chemosensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, but had no effects on haematology.

The results help us better understand the genetic basis for the unique physiological phenotype of high‐altitude natives.
Spaces of the forest-based bioeconomy in Finnish Lapland and Catalonia: practitioners, narratives and forgotten spatialities
Authors: Morales Diana
Published: July 2022

Over the last decade, the bioeconomy has been increasingly promoted as a strategy able to shift our economies away from fossil fuels and boost local economic growth, especially of rural areas in Europe. The bioeconomy is an important part of the European Union agenda, it is promoted through European wide strategies that are translated into local and regional policies. However, the bioeconomy does not unfold equally across regions; it has different implications influenced by the spaces and the narratives with which the policies are created and implemented. Amongst all the actors participating in the bioeconomy strategies, local practitioners play a crucial role in interpreting the narratives and implementing the policies in a way that makes sense for their local contexts. Hence, there is a need to understand how local and regional practitioners apply bioeconomy strategies to grasp how those are expressed in different regional contexts. Through the case studies of the forest-based bioeconomy in Catalonia and Finnish Lapland, this paper explains why economic narratives prevail in the local bioeconomy and how regional spatialities are affected by it. The cases show that the bioeconomy remains close to economic growth and is applied through regional economic development policies, thus focusing on specific economic sectors and hindering the role of the bioeconomy in a wider regional transformation. Understanding the narratives and how these reflect the spatialities help us to advance a spatially sensitive approach to the bioeconomy, this is, a bioeconomy practised according to the socio-spatial conditions, closer to ideas of inclusivity, plurality and justice, and with a greater role in a wider regional transformation, rather than the greening of specific economic sectors.
Intergenerational intimacy geopolitics: family interviewing and generations of memory in occupied Palestine
Authors: Garner Taylor , Mansour Nadia , Marshall David J.
Published: July 2022

Critiquing the state-centrism of mainstream geopolitical scholarship, feminist geopolitics has long emphasized the need to attend to how embodied and emotional experiences of everyday life are also bound up within geopolitical processes such as conflict and displacement. Similarly, the subfield of geographies of children, youth, and families has emphasized the ways in which the everyday lives and spaces of young people are implicated within broader scale geopolitical and economic processes. In both of these interrelated strands of research, the intimacy of home and family have emerged as seemingly unlikely sites of geopolitics. Although the gendered power dynamics of the family have received attention, less often considered is the way that inter-generational interactions within and outwith the family are also intertwined within and constitute a form of geopolitics. This paper examines generational encounters, differences, and gaps, as sites of geopolitics, where resistance, resilience, and political subjectivities are formed, performed, and negotiated. To do so we draw upon two separate but related research projects examining the spaces of intergenerational memory in occupied Palestine, one examining Palestinian women’s intergenerational memories of the occupation and resistance, and the other exploring intergenerational memories of a contested religious heritage site. These empirical case studies demonstrate how intergenerational relations are constrained and enlivened by differences in life-course vis-à-vis historical geopolitical events. Examining how memory and meaning are negotiated across generations injects temporality into the concept of intimacy geopolitics, defined as a set of distant and proximate spatial relations, emotional attachments, and embodied encounters through which geopolitics is performed. Alongside this conceptual contribution, we seek to advance a secondary methodological contribution to the geographies of children, youth, and families by reflecting upon the benefits and challenges to conducting intergenerational interviews in family homes and elsewhere.
Extremal Control and Modified Explicit Guidance for Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Kawamura Evan , Azimov Dilmurat
Published: July 2022

This study aims to develop and integrate guidance and control functions for applications such as rendezvous and docking, trajectory planning, entry descent and landing, executing maneuvers, and minimum fuel consumption. The utility of integrated nonlinear optimal control and explicit guidance functions replaces linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control laws. This approach leverages unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight autonomy, thereby paving the way for creating an autonomous control technology with real-time target-relative guidance and re-targeting capabilities. A 360 deg roll maneuver combines extremal control and modified explicit guidance in which “explicit” means the acceleration commands are functions of time. The roll maneuver accurately reaches the desired position and velocity vectors through the proposed integration. Satisfying the first-order necessary optimality conditions demonstrates that the roll maneuver has extremal trajectories. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time analyzing and testing the Weierstrass condition and the first- and second-order conditions of optimality for UAVs. Second-order conditions show that the 360 deg roll maneuver with explicit rotational attitude guidance does not have an optimal trajectory but yields an extremal trajectory.
Morphological ontogeny of Platynothrus coulsoni sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Camisiidae) from Spitsbergen (Norway)
Authors: Seniczak Anna , Seniczak Stanisław
Published: July 2022

The morphological ontogeny of Platynothrus coulsoni sp. nov. is described and illustrated. This species is the most similar to P. quadristriatus Hammer, 1958 as adult, but differs from it mainly by having more longitudinal ridges on the notogaster and fewer genital setae. Most prodorsal and gastronotal setae of the larva of P. coulsoni are of medium size and smooth, except for barbed h1, and in the nymphs these setae are relatively short. In all instars, one pair of hypostomal setae m is present, and palp femur has one seta. The setation of leg setae of P. coulsoni is generally similar to that of P. punctatus (L. Koch, 1879), but differs from it mainly by having more setae on tarsi I–III of deutonymph and tritonymph, and all tarsi of adult.
Design of the vacuum-centralized control system for the space plasma environment research facility based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System
Authors: Jin Chenggang , Zhang Yongqi , Ling Wenbin , Yang Xinglin , Cheng Jiangnan , Feng Li , Wan Jie , Wang Huan , Lu Yaowen , Li Liyi , E. Peng
Published: July 2022

The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF) is a ground-simulation facility, which is under construction, for studying space plasma. It includes a terrestrial space plasma environment simulation system (T-S system) and near-space plasma environment simulation system (N-S system). Plasma experiments performed on the SPERF require the functional cooperation of each subsystem. Therefore, the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) was selected as the middleware in the engineering phase. Currently, the architecture of a vacuum-centralized control system is almost complete, and it is in the process of debugging. The application of EPICS in the SPERF vacuum-centralized control system has laid a structural foundation for the integration of other control systems and provides a test bed. In this study, we describe the implementation of EPICS for the SPERF vacuum-centralized control system, a procedure from hardware drivers realizing operation panels.
Evaluation of Electronic and Pen-and-Paper Formats of the Inventory of Physical Activity Barriers: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Wingood Mariana , Jones Salene , Gell Nancy M. , Brach Jennifer S. , Peters Denise M.
Published: July 2022

Background: The Inventory of Physical Activity Barriers (IPAB) assesses physical activity participation barriers. Development, refinement, and psychometric evaluation of the IPAB occurred via an electronic format. However, various circumstances may require using a pen-and-paper format. As instrument formats are not always interchangeable, the authors aimed to establish whether 2 different formats (electronic and pen and paper) can be used interchangeably for the IPAB. Methods: This randomized crossover study included 66 community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older (mean age = 73 [SD = 7.6]). Half the sample completed the electronic format of the IPAB first and the pen-and-paper format second, and the other half completed them in reverse order. Tests of equivalence and a Bland–Altman plot were performed. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient between formats was .94, and kappa was .68. The mean difference between the 2 administration forms of the IPAB was 0.002 (P = .96). Both administration formats had high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = .92 and .93) and illustrated construct validity (P ≤ .001 for both administration formats). Conclusion: Pen-and-paper and electronic formats of the IPAB are equivalent and, thus, can be used interchangeably among non-Hispanic whites who are highly educated. The format should be used consistently if completing preintervention and postintervention evaluations or comparing scores.
Physical Education Participation and Student Anxiety, Depression, and/or Stress: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lanier Kacie V. , Killian Chad M. , Wilson Kathryn , Ellis Rebecca
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this review was to identify and summarize research that has been conducted on the potential impact of physical education (PE) on students’ feelings of anxiety, depression, and stress. This review followed the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Twenty-seven articles were identified from four databases: Academic Search Complete, APA PsycInfo, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. Key findings indicated caring, task-involved climates were more likely to be related to reduce feelings of anxiety, depression, and stress, while ego-involving climates were related to heightened symptoms of mental distress. This review demonstrated that participation in PE had an unclear relationship with students’ mental health. To improve the understanding of the relationship and potential impact of PE on students’ mental health, future researchers should apply more rigorous methods to account for environmental factors of the school, program characteristics, social influences, physical activity intensity, and the quality of PE programs.
Stranger than metals
Authors: Phillips Philip W. , Hussey Nigel E. , Abbamonte Peter
Published: July 2022

In traditional metals, the temperature (
T
) dependence of electrical resistivity vanishes at low or high
T
, albeit for different reasons. Here, we review a class of materials, known as “strange” metals, that can violate both of these principles. In strange metals, the change in slope of the resistivity as the mean free path drops below the lattice constant, or as
T
→ 0, can be imperceptible, suggesting continuity between the charge carriers at low and high
T
. We focus on transport and spectroscopic data on candidate strange metals in an effort to isolate and identify a unifying physical principle. Special attention is paid to quantum criticality, Planckian dissipation, Mottness, and whether a new gauge principle is needed to account for the nonlocal transport seen in these materials.
Digitization and validation of a chemical synthesis literature database in the ChemPU
Authors: Rohrbach Simon , Šiaučiulis Mindaugas , Chisholm Greig , Pirvan Petrisor-Alin , Saleeb Michael , Mehr S. Hessam M. , Trushina Ekaterina , Leonov Artem I. , Keenan Graham , Khan Aamir , Hammer Alexander , Cronin Leroy
Published: July 2022

Despite huge potential, automation of synthetic chemistry has only made incremental progress over the past few decades. We present an automatically executable chemical reaction database of 100 molecules representative of the range of reactions found in contemporary organic synthesis. These reactions include transition metal–catalyzed coupling reactions, heterocycle formations, functional group interconversions, and multicomponent reactions. The chemical reaction codes or χDLs for the reactions have been stored in a database for version control, validation, collaboration, and data mining. Of these syntheses, more than 50 entries from the database have been downloaded and robotically run in seven modular chemputers with yields and purities comparable to those achieved by an expert chemist. We also demonstrate the automatic purification of a range of compounds using a chromatography module seamlessly coupled to the platform and programmed with the same language.
Less is more when forming gels by dilution
Authors: Webber Matthew J.
Published: July 2022

Molecular self-assembly yields soft materials arising from the liquid state when diluted
Beyond the gut
Authors: Leonardi Irina
Published: July 2022

Mycobiota modulate immunity and behavior
The cultural landscape of emotions
Between Us: How Cultures Create Emotions
Batja Mesquita
Norton, 2022. 304 pp.
Authors: Majid Asifa
Published: July 2022

Social context plays an important role in shaping how we feel
TIR-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation reactions produce signaling molecules for plant immunity
Authors: Jia Aolin , Huang Shijia , Song Wen , Wang Junli , Meng Yonggang , Sun Yue , Xu Lina , Laessle Henriette , Jirschitzka Jan , Hou Jiao , Zhang Tiantian , Yu Wenquan , Hessler Giuliana , Li Ertong , Ma Shoucai , Yu Dongli , Gebauer Jan , Baumann Ulrich , Liu Xiaohui , Han Zhifu , Chang Junbiao , Parker Jane E. , Chai Jijie
Published: July 2022

Plant pathogen–activated immune signaling by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain converges on Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and its direct partners, Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) or Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). TIR-encoded nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase (NADase) produces signaling molecules to promote exclusive EDS1-PAD4 and EDS1-SAG101 interactions with helper NLR subclasses. In this work, we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–ribosylation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP ribose (ADPR) through ADPR polymerase–like and NADase activity, forming ADP-ribosylated ATP (ADPr-ATP) and ADPr-ADPR (di-ADPR), respectively. Specific binding of ADPr-ATP or di-ADPR allosterically promotes EDS1-SAG101 interaction with helper NLR N requirement gene 1A (NRG1A) in vitro and in planta. Our data reveal an enzymatic activity of TIRs that enables specific activation of the EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 immunity branch.
Inclusion doesn’t lower standards
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: July 2022

The cultural wars raging across the United States have sadly found their way into the world of science. Some university science faculty and administrators are resistant to making changes that would allow more students from underrepresented groups to participate and thrive in the sciences. The rationale for this opposition is often that “accommodating” legitimate social and pedagogical needs of marginalized groups will lower the standards of mastery and excellence in these fields. But this concern is just a crutch that protects faculty and institutions from having to do the work of correcting social injustices in higher education.
In Science Journals
Authors: Ortman Scott , Ferrarelli Leslie K. , Yeston Jake , Lavine Marc S. , Vinson Valda , Sugden Andrew M. , Szuromi Phil , Grocholski Brent , Scanlon Seth Thomas , Stern Peter , Vignieri Sacha , Stajic Jelena , Czajka Caitlin , Wong Wei , Isles Hannah M.
Published: July 2022

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
It takes a (microbial) village to make an algal bloom
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

More than nutrient levels may drive toxic lake growths
Mass layoff looms for Japanese researchers
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: July 2022

Thousands could see their jobs axed in the wake of labor law adopted a decade ago
SARS-CoV-2 infection produces chronic pulmonary epithelial and immune cell dysfunction with fibrosis in mice
Authors: Dinnon Kenneth H. , Leist Sarah R. , Okuda Kenichi , Dang Hong , Fritch Ethan J. , Gully Kendra L. , De la Cruz Gabriela , Evangelista Mia D. , Asakura Takanori , Gilmore Rodney C. , Hawkins Padraig , Nakano Satoko , West Ande , Schäfer Alexandra , Gralinski Lisa E. , Everman Jamie L. , Sajuthi Satria P. , Zweigart Mark R. , Dong Stephanie , McBride Jennifer , Cooley Michelle R. , Hines Jesse B. , Love Miriya K. , Groshong Steve D. , VanSchoiack Alison , Phelan Stefan J. , Liang Yan , Hether Tyler , Leon Michael , Zumwalt Ross E. , Barton Lisa M. , Duval Eric J. , Mukhopadhyay Sanjay , Stroberg Edana , Borczuk Alain , Thorne Leigh B. , Sakthivel Muthu K. , Lee Yueh Z. , Hagood James S. , Mock Jason R. , Seibold Max A. , O’Neal Wanda K. , Montgomery Stephanie A. , Boucher Richard C. , Baric Ralph S.
Published: July 2022

A subset of individuals who recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (PASC), but the mechanistic basis of PASC-associated lung abnormalities suffers from a lack of longitudinal tissue samples. The mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain MA10 produces an acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice similar to humans. To investigate PASC pathogenesis, studies of MA10-infected mice were extended from acute to clinical recovery phases. At 15 to 120 days after virus clearance, pulmonary histologic findings included subpleural lesions composed of collagen, proliferative fibroblasts, and chronic inflammation, including tertiary lymphoid structures. Longitudinal spatial transcriptional profiling identified global reparative and fibrotic pathways dysregulated in diseased regions, similar to human COVID-19. Populations of alveolar intermediate cells, coupled with focal up-regulation of profibrotic markers, were identified in persistently diseased regions. Early intervention with antiviral EIDD-2801 reduced chronic disease, and early antifibrotic agent (nintedanib) intervention modified early disease severity. This murine model provides opportunities to identify pathways associated with persistent SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary disease and test countermeasures to ameliorate PASC.
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Toxin-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Pike Colleen M. , Tam John , Melnyk Roman A. , Theriot Casey M.
Published: July 2022

C. difficile
infection (CDI) is a highly inflammatory disease mediated by the production of two large toxins that weaken the intestinal epithelium and cause extensive colonic tissue damage. Antibiotic alternative therapies for CDI are urgently needed as current antibiotic regimens prolong the perturbation of the microbiota and lead to high disease recurrence rates.
Structural Characterization of
Per Os
Infectivity Factor 5 (PIF5) Reveals the Essential Role of Intramolecular Interactions in Baculoviral Oral Infectivity
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Zhang Huanyu , Li Zhuorui , Fu Yan , Wang Xi , Li Jiang , Wang Kangxiaoya , Wang Zhiying , Zhang Tao , Wang Manli , Hu Zhihong , Cao Sheng
Published: July 2022

Per os
infection mediated by PIFs is the highly complex mechanism by which baculoviruses initiate infection in insects. Previous studies revealed that multiple PIF proteins form a large PIF complex on the envelope of virions, while PIF5 functions independently of the PIF complex.
Draft Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ, a Clinical Isolate from Taiwan
Authors: Li Li-Hua , Huang Hsin-Hui , Yang Tsuey-Ching , Wu Chao-Jung
Published: July 2022

We report the draft genome sequence of
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
strain KJ, which was isolated from a sputum sample from a patient with a respiratory tract infection. Multilocus sequence typing analysis suggested that strain KJ belongs to a novel
S. maltophilia
sequence type.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Firmicutes
Strain S
0
AB, a Heterotrophic Iron/Sulfur-Oxidizing Extreme Acidophile
Authors: Vergara Eva , Pakostova Eva , Johnson D. Barrie , Holmes David S.
Published: July 2022

The draft whole-genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic and novel
Firmicutes
strain S
0
AB is reported. The genome comprises 3.3 Mbp and has a GC content of 43.72%. In total, 3,240 protein-coding genes, 56 tRNA genes, and 11 rRNA genes were predicted.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Thalassospira
sp. Strain GO-4, a Marine Bacterium Isolated from a Phenanthrene-Enriched Bacterial Consortium
Authors: Kayama Go , Kanaly Robert A. , Mori Jiro F.
Published: July 2022

The genus
Thalassospira
has often been studied as a potential major contributing member of aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed microbial communities. Here, the complete genome sequence of a new isolate of
Thalassospira
, strain GO-4, was obtained and was confirmed to possess functional genes that are responsible for its metabolism of phthalic acid.
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis Ant Microbiome Assembly Is Unique to Individual Colonies and Castes
Authors: Green Emily A. , Klassen Jonathan L.
Published: July 2022

This study investigates microbiome assembly in the fungus-growing antTrachymyrmex septentrionalis, showing how colony, caste, and lab adaptation influence the microbiome and revealing unique patterns of mollicute symbiont abundance. We find that ant microbiomes differ strongly between colonies but less so within colonies.
Kinetics of Liquid-Phase Condensation of Propylene with Formaldehyde over H–MFI and H–BEA Zeolites
Authors: Bedenko S. P. , Dement’ev K. I. , Tret’yakov V. F.
Published: July 2022

This study investigated the kinetic patterns of the liquid-phase Prins condensation of propylene with formaldehyde in the range of 120–180°C over H–MFI and H–BEA zeolites. The apparent reaction order with respect to formaldehyde was found to vary between 0.1 and 0.2 for H–BEA and to be close to zero for H–MFI. The apparent activation energy for H–MFI and H–BEA was 26.1±0.6 kJ/mol and 20.0±4.0 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on these results, the reaction was demonstrated to occur in the intradiffusion or transition region; the calculated Thiele modulus and effectiveness factor further confirmed this fact. The diffusion limitations were partially removed by raising the initial formaldehyde concentration, as indicated by an increase in the apparent order of formaldehyde conversion to 1.0 for H–BEA and to 0.4 in the H–MFI case. To describe the substrate transformations observed, a modernized reaction mechanism was proposed.
Modification of Sesquiterpene Lactones—Dehydrocostus Lactone and Alantolactone—by Click Chemistry Method. Cytotoxic Activity of the Obtained Conjugates
Authors: Artyushin O. I. , Sharova E. V. , Nikolaeva N. S. , Aleksandrova Yu. R. , Semakov A. V. , Neganova M. E. , Brel V. K.
Published: July 2022

A method for modifying sesquiterpene lactones using the click chemistry methodology has been developed. A series of conjugates of alantolactone and dehydrocostus lactone with alkoxy substituted benzylazides was obtained and their cytotoxic profile with respect to tumor cells of the A549, SH-SY5Y, Hep-2 and HeLa lines was evaluated. It has been shown that derivatives containing dehydrocostus lactone motif in their structure exhibit the highest cytotoxic activity.
Adaptation of care for non-communicable diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global case study
Authors: Miller Laura , Alani Ahmad Hecham , Avril Nicolas , Jingree Muksha Luxmi , Atwiine Aston B , Al Amire Khaldoun , Khan Mushtaq , Moe Aye Aye , Nyalwal Beatrice Lydiah Adhiambo , Mohamed Abdirashid Adan , Ruto Titus Kiprono , Kiapi Lilian
Published: July 2022

People living with non-communicable diseases (PLWNCDs) are at greater risk of severe COVID-19 illness. This case study highlights the adaptations that were made to humanitarian health programmes in five countries to reduce exposure risk for PLWNCDs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Common adaptations included facility-level administrative and engineering controls, improved triaging, change in prescribing practices, decrease in frequency of stable patient visits, shift to remote consultations and expanded scope of responsibility for existing community health workers. Despite fears of the impact on health service utilisation, PLWNCDs continued to seek services and changes in utilisation rates between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods were attributed more to factors like population changes, COVID-19 travel restrictions, closure of other health services, and enhanced health education and community engagement. This study highlights the resilience and creativity of frontline health staff and managers, and their ability to make quick shifts in service delivery modalities in response to changes in risk for client groups in accordance with the evolving contextual reality. Other contextual changes such as infectious disease outbreaks, conflicts and natural disasters happen regularly within humanitarian settings, and specific groups are often more at risk. With more specific information about risks for different client groups, targeted approaches can be done to ensure that those most at risk of a specific threat are able to ensure access to sustained services.
Parallel-group, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial of high-flow nasal cannula versus non-invasive ventilation for emergency patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: study protocol
Authors: Ruangsomboon Onlak , Praphruetkit Nattakarn , Monsomboon Apichaya
Published: July 2022

Introduction

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an innovative oxygen-delivering technique, which has been shown to effectively decrease the intubation risk in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure of various aetiologies compared with conventional oxygen therapy. Also, it has proved to be non-inferior to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure primarily due to pneumonia. Evidence on its benefits compared with NIPPV, which is the standard of care for patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPE) with hypoxaemic respiratory distress, is limited. Therefore, we planned this study to investigate the effects of HFNC compared with NIPPV for emergency patients with ACPE.

Methods and analysis

In this single-centred, non-blinded, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial, we will randomly allocate 240 patients visiting the emergency department with ACPE in a 1:1 ratio to receive either HFNC or NIPPV for at least 4 hours using computer-generated mixed-block randomisation concealed by sealed opaque envelopes. The primary outcome is the intubation rate in 72 hours after randomisation. The main secondary outcomes are intolerance rate, mortality rate and treatment failure rate (a composite of intolerance, intubation and mortality). The outcome assessors and data analysts will be blinded to the intervention. These categorical outcomes will be analysed by calculating the risk ratio. Interim analyses evaluating the primary outcome will be performed after half of the expected sample size are recruited.

Ethics and dissemination

This study protocol has been approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (study ID: Si 271/2021). It has been granted the Siriraj Research and Development Fund. All participants or their authorised third parties will provide written informed consent prior to trial inclusion. The study results will be published in a peer-reviewed international journal and presented at national and international scientific conferences.

Trial registration number

TCTR20210413001.