bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Om museologiska utbildningar i Sverige
Authors: Smeds Kerstin
Published: August 2018

Museologi är ett ämne som befattar sig med begreppet Förlust i vår kultur, som existentiellt, filosofiskt och praktiskt problem, kopplat till tiden och främst till den materiella verkligheten. Museologin, liksom också museet, ägnar sig åt studium och analys av människans säregna och fåfänga kamp mot nedbrytningen, förgängelsen, förfallet, förruttnelsen, döden. Museologi är en ”kulturarvsvetenskap”, detta tämligen nya begrepp, som numera täcker också andra ”gamla” vetenskaper, eller delar av dem, såsom kulturhistoria, historia, etnologi och arkeologi. Precis som man om historieskrivningen för drygt 100 år sedan frågade sig om det var vetenskap eller konst, och till slut motvilligt erkände den som vetenskap, är det många som idag frågar sig om museologin överhuvudtaget är vetenskap. Och vad skall den vara bra för.
Annotating the environment. Heritage and new technologies
Authors: Van Mensch Peter
Published: August 2018

This article attempts to make a general inventory of the different initiatives – by institutions as well as private persons – to increase access and interpretation of the environment as mindscape, as network(s) of lieux de mémoire charged with historical and collective memory.
Mode på mode på museerne! Om nye tendenser og udstillingsmåder
Authors: Melchior Marie Riegels
Published: August 2018

Det sker i England i særdeleshed, men tendensen er også at finde i det øvrige Europa og Nordamerika. At udstille, indsamle, bevare og forske i mode (tøj) er blevet et populært og udbredt fænomen blandt både kunst- og kulturhistoriske museer. Udviklingen giver anledning til at spørge, hvilken plads tildeles moden på museerne? Hvorfor sker det netop nu? I hvilken retning går udviklingen? Det er spørgsmål, som tages op i denne artikel, hvor også en nylig, avantgarde modeudstilling på The Victoria and Albert Museum i London, særligt fremhæves. Det drejer sig om udstillingen ”Spectres: When Fashion Turns Back”, kurateret af modemuseologen Judith Clark.
The Spiral as a museum for the future
Authors: Anderson David
Published: August 2018

There is a plethora of new museums which declare themselves institutions for the new century. The Getty Museum in Los Angeles – which could (perhaps unkindly) be described as an ace tea garden with quite a nice museum attached – is one. Another is the Guggenheim in Bilbao. When the new museum in Bilbao opened in1997, the Director of the Guggenheim, Thomas Krems, said, ”That the Museum of the future will no longer resemble the familiar institutional and social form that has quietly and persistently evolved over the past 200 years is a foregone conclusion”.
Øjenåbner – om projekteringen af Eyebeam Atelier i New York City
Authors: Nielsen Simon Glinvad
Published: August 2018

This paper offers an introduction to the planning of a new museum in New York City: The Eyebeam Gallery. The museum will evolve around the making of di- gital art. The ambition of the new museum will be to bring together artists and museum visitors, thus creating a polyphony of voices articulating art forms that are completely new to the world.The architects involved in the project are Diller + Scofidio. So far they have mainly been concerned with the production of experimental works both in Europe and the US. One important point in the building of the Eyebeam Gallery is that the development of new art forms requires the invention of a new form of museum building. With this in mind Diller + Scofidio will design a building which focuses on relationships between new media art and the spaces that will enable and support these relationships. In the building housing the Eyebeam Gallery we can expect a museum with a strong emphasis on the physical experience of digital artwork. Futhermore, we can expect a ”site-specific” (Diller + Scofidio) museum. A building which can be seen as an organic enlargement of the surrounding city and as a mental enlargement of the New York community.
Heilskapens detaljar i Ivar Aasen-tunet
Authors: Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

John Aage Gjestrum and the Ivar Aasen Centre – the whole and the details The last project John Aage Gjestrum was able to conclude in Norway was ’Ivar Aasen-Tunet’, The Ivar Aasen Centre for Norwegian Language and Literature, which was established on the site where Ivar Aasen was born. The institution is specifically dedicated to the documentation, development and promotion of ’Nynorsk’, New Norwegian, which was the result of the lifelong work of the linguist Ivar Aasen (1813–1896). He devoted himself to the study, collection and publication of Norwegian dialects with a view to liberating the Norwegian language from the strong Danish influence apparent in the official ’bokmål’, Dano-Norwegian. Ivar Aasen thus became a key figure in the movement which, since 1885, succeeded in getting the two Norwegian idioms officially accepted.
Kulturella arv och kollektiva minnen: Vem är i behov av vad?
Authors: Pettersson Richard
Published: August 2018

Collective Memories: Who Needs What? Official efforts to preserve our cultural heritage have increased and diversified considerably during the past decades, including such activities as organizing regional and national preservation authorities. In the course of this process, civil inquiries and governmental plans have naturally generated questions and debates. However, along the way, the search for the decisive values for cultural heritage has got lost. What purpose does government preservation of cultural heritage serve? When we speak of threats to the coordination of society ́s heritage, what exactly do we mean? What dictates the official agenda of values for cultural preservation? And why is it a matter of national consideration and legislation?
Stephen T. Asma, Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads: The Culture and Evolution of Natural History Museums
Authors: Hedqvist Erik
Published: August 2018

En filosof och collegeprofessor i Chicago, Stephen T. Asma, har med öppna sinnen vandrat genom salarna i vår tids stora naturhistoriska museer. Han har i en i fjol utkommen 125 bok insiktsfullt skildrat dagens utställningar i de naturhistoriska museerna i Paris, London, New York och i hemstaden Chicago. Han har också uppsökt de båda bevarade äldre utställningarna i Galerie d’anatomie comparée i Paris och Hunterian Museum i London för att undersöka spåren av naturhistorisk museipraktik före evolutionsteorin.
Rolf Kjellstrom & Gunnar Ternhag (red.): Museer som minnen - minnen av museer
Authors: Gjestrum Jan Aage
Published: August 2018

Da Göran Rosander (1933-1996) gikk bort ble det et tomrom i det nordiske etnolog- og museumsfaglige miljøet. Den 8-9. oktober 1997 ble det holdt et seminar pa Dalarnas museum i Falun til minne om Goran Rosander. Tittelen pa seminaret var Museer som minnen - minnen av museer og Nordiska museet, Dalarnas museum og Dalarnas forskningsråd var arrangører.
De islandske museers placering i kulturdebatten
Authors: Þhorarinsdóttir Ragnheiður H.
Published: August 2018

Icelandic museums and their position in public culture Icelandic museums are rooted in the national romantic movement of the 19th century and - as in the other Nordic countries - in the romantic search for a cultural identity. The National Museum was founded in 1863 in a period when the struggle for independence from Denmark culminated. Icelandic nationalism was again challenged in World War 2 which was also coincided with a period of an accelerated modernization.
Industriminnen under hundra år
Authors: Nisser Marie
Published: August 2018

The Industrial Heritage in Sweden. I00 years of activities. Since the turn of the century 1900 attention has been paid to the Swedish Industrial Heritage. The development of activities concerned with the industrial past can be described in four phases.
A hundred texts on Nordic museums in 'Museum'
Authors: Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

In 1948 UNESCO and ICOM started to publish «Museum». During 47 years this journal has been an important source of information to the world of museums and museology. The bibliography presented here gives access to 100 articles by Nordic authors in the period 1948-1994.
Klassikern: Om friluftsmuseer och bygdemuseer i Skandinavien 1930
Authors: Bloch Marc
Published: August 2018

Marc Bloch ( I 886-1944), den berömde franske historikern, ledare för Annalesskolan, författare till det klassiska arbetet om feodalismen, 'La societé féodale'(1939-40),medlem av den franska motståndsrörelsen och avrättad av ockupationsmakten, gjorde 1930 en resa till Skandinavien, där han bl a lärde kanna Anders Sandvig, Olav Midttun, Jan Petersen och Sigurd Grieg i Norge, samt Viggo Bröndal i Danmark. De skandinaviska friluftsmuseerna gjorde starkt intryck och han skildrade dem i följande tidskriftsartikel.
Kritisk kuratering. Udstillingspraksis udviklet i perspektiv af 1960- og 1970’ernes institutionskritik
Authors: Schwartz Charlotte Præstegaard
Published: August 2018

This project description presents a curatorial practice that is part of a post.doc. investigating the contemporary cultural and political focus on participatory agendas. The curatorial practice takes a critical stand towards this focus, and suggests exhibition formats and educational strategies that address participation as critical reflection. The research unfolds in two exhibitions dealing with some of the notable tendencies within contemporary museological and curatorial studies, where museum and exhibition spaces are not considered as spaces of showcasing or conservation of art, but on the contrary are perceived as active spaces of production. Referring to Doreen Massey’s seminal work For Space – first published in 2005 – art spaces are thought of as a product of interrelations and recognised as always being under construction. In the research project institutional critique from the 1960s and 1970s avant-gardes is used as an analytical approach and as a method of spatial and political criticism and articulation that can be applied not only to the art world, but to spaces and institutions in general, which is a point made by Simon Sheikh. The two exhibitions are not to be considered as institutional critique, but as critical exchanges with and about contemporary art. The exhibitions are made in collaboration with two non-commercial art spaces in Copenhagen and will be on show in the spring of 2017.
Still standing. On the use of dioramas and mannequins in Sámi exhibitions
Authors: Mathisen Silje Opdahl
Published: August 2018

This article is about the use of dioramas in Sámi exhibitions. The author discusses the use of a specific exhibition technique where a mannequin and a taxidermied reindeer are grouped together, and often placed in an illusionary winter landscape. She has named this the Lappish Equipage. This form of representation has a long history both inside and outside museums, and it can be found in both Sámi and ethnic Norwegian and Swedish museums. The author discusses how this diorama works, and how its chequered past through appearances in various types of exhibitions makes it problematic to use in contemporary museum exhibitions about the Sámi. On the other hand, the author also points out that if the Lappish Equipage is re-framed and re-contextualized, and its exhibition history is consciously activated, the Lappish Equipage has a potential to work as a contact point between Sámi history and visitors in the museums today.
Museums and museologies in Norway
Authors: Brenna Brita
Published: August 2018

The Norwegian museum landscape has been refurbished during the last decades. Smaller and topographically scattered units have been merged into large museum conglomerates, small streams of funding have become regular rivers of governmental financial support, and the notion of the societal role has become the landmark for all museums to navigate by. Museological research and education has grown from being a wild flower to become a modest perennial in the museum field. This article will from such a modest museological perspective outline some of the basic features of the changes museums and museology has gone through. The particular perspective from which the author views the field is the MA-programme in museology at the University of Oslo.
Circadian disruption and divergent microbiota acquisition under extended photoperiod regimens in chicken
Authors: Hieke Anne-Sophie Charlotte , Hubert Shawna Marie , Athrey Giridhar
Published: August 2018

The gut microbiota is crucial for metabolic homeostasis, immunity, growth and overall health, and it recognized that early-life microbiota acquisition is a pivotal event for later life health. Recent studies show that gut microbiota diversity and functional activity are synchronized with the host circadian rhythms in healthy individuals, and circadian disruption elicits dysbiosis in mammalian models. However, no studies have determined the associations between circadian disruption in early life, microbiota colonization, and the consequences for microbiota structure in birds.

Chickens, as a major source of protein around the world, are one of the most important agricultural species, and their gut and metabolic health are significant concerns. The poultry industry routinely employs extended photoperiods (>18 hours’ light) as a management tool, and their impacts on the chicken circadian, its role in gut microbiota acquisition in early life, and consequences for later life microbiota structure remain unknown. In this study, the objectives were to a) characterize chicken circadian activity under two different light regimes (12/12 hours’ Light/Dark and 23/1 hours Light/Dark), b) characterize gut microbiota acquisition and composition in the first four weeks of life, c) determine if gut microbiota oscillate in synchrony with the host circadian, and d) to determine if fecal microbiota is representative of cecal microbiota. Expression of clock genes (clock, bmal1, and per2) were assayed, and fecal and cecal microbiota was characterized using 16s rRNA amplicon analyses from birds raised under two photoperiod treatments.

Chickens raised under 12/12 LD photoperiods exhibited rhythmic clock gene activity, which was absent in birds raised under the extended (23/1 LD) photoperiod. This study is also the first to report differential microbiota acquisition under different photoperiod regimes. Gut microbiota members showed a similar oscillating pattern as the host, but this association was not as strong as found in mammals. Finally, the fecal microbiota was found to be not representative of cecal microbiota membership and structure. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate the use of photoperiods to modulate microbiota acquisition, and show its potential utility as a tool to promote the colonization of beneficial microorganisms.
Constraints on neural redundancy
Authors: Hennig Jay A , Golub Matthew D , Lund Peter J , Sadtler Patrick T , Oby Emily R , Quick Kristin M , Ryu Stephen I , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth C , Batista Aaron P , Yu Byron M , Chase Steven M
Published: August 2018

Millions of neurons drive the activity of hundreds of muscles, meaning many different neural population activity patterns could generate the same movement. Studies have suggested that these redundant (i.e. behaviorally equivalent) activity patterns may be beneficial for neural computation. However, it is unknown what constraints may limit the selection of different redundant activity patterns. We leveraged a brain-computer interface, allowing us to define precisely which neural activity patterns were redundant. Rhesus monkeys made cursor movements by modulating neural activity in primary motor cortex. We attempted to predict the observed distribution of redundant neural activity. Principles inspired by work on muscular redundancy did not accurately predict these distributions. Surprisingly, the distributions of redundant neural activity and task-relevant activity were coupled, which enabled accurate predictions of the distributions of redundant activity. This suggests limits on the extent to which redundancy may be exploited by the brain for computation.
Single-particle cryo-EM structure of a voltage-activated potassium channel in lipid nanodiscs
Authors: Matthies Doreen , Bae Chanhyung , Toombes Gilman ES , Fox Tara , Bartesaghi Alberto , Subramaniam Sriram , Swartz Kenton Jon
Published: August 2018

Voltage-activated potassium (Kv) channels open to conduct K+ ions in response to membrane depolarization, and subsequently enter non-conducting states through distinct mechanisms of inactivation. X-ray structures of detergent-solubilized Kv channels appear to have captured an open state even though a non-conducting C-type inactivated state would predominate in membranes in the absence of a transmembrane voltage. However, structures for a voltage-activated ion channel in a lipid bilayer environment have not yet been reported. Here we report the structure of the Kv1.2–2.1 paddle chimera channel reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. At a resolution of ~3 Å for the cytosolic domain and ~4 Å for the transmembrane domain, the structure determined in nanodiscs is similar to the previously determined X-ray structure. Our findings show that large differences in structure between detergent and lipid bilayer environments are unlikely, and enable us to propose possible structural mechanisms for C-type inactivation.
Optogenetic dissection of mitotic spindle positioning in vivo
Authors: Fielmich Lars-Eric , Schmidt Ruben , Dickinson Daniel J , Goldstein Bob , Akhmanova Anna , van den Heuvel Sander
Published: August 2018

The position of the mitotic spindle determines the plane of cell cleavage, and thereby daughter cell location, size, and content. Spindle positioning is driven by dynein-mediated pulling forces exerted on astral microtubules, which requires an evolutionarily conserved complex of Gα∙GDP, GPR-1/2Pins/LGN, and LIN-5Mud/NuMA proteins. To examine individual functions of the complex components, we developed a genetic strategy for light-controlled localization of endogenous proteins in C. elegans embryos. By replacing Gα and GPR-1/2 with a light-inducible membrane anchor, we demonstrate that Gα∙GDP, Gα∙GTP, and GPR-1/2 are not required for pulling-force generation. In the absence of Gα and GPR-1/2, cortical recruitment of LIN-5, but not dynein itself, induced high pulling forces. The light-controlled localization of LIN-5 overruled normal cell-cycle and polarity regulation and provided experimental control over the spindle and cell-cleavage plane. Our results define Gα∙GDP–GPR-1/2Pins/LGN as a regulatable membrane anchor, and LIN-5Mud/NuMA as a potent activator of dynein-dependent spindle-positioning forces.
Structural basis for Scc3-dependent cohesin recruitment to chromatin
Authors: Li Yan , Muir Kyle W , Bowler Matthew W , Metz Jutta , Haering Christian H , Panne Daniel
Published: August 2018

The cohesin ring complex is required for numerous chromosomal transactions including sister chromatid cohesion, DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulation. How cohesin engages its chromatin substrate has remained an unresolved question. We show here, by determining a crystal structure of the budding yeast cohesin HEAT-repeat subunit Scc3 bound to a fragment of the Scc1 kleisin subunit and DNA, that Scc3 and Scc1 form a composite DNA interaction module. The Scc3-Scc1 subcomplex engages double-stranded DNA through a conserved, positively charged surface. We demonstrate that this conserved domain is required for DNA binding by Scc3-Scc1 in vitro, as well as for the enrichment of cohesin on chromosomes and for cell viability. These findings suggest that the Scc3-Scc1 DNA-binding interface plays a central role in the recruitment of cohesin complexes to chromosomes and therefore for cohesin to faithfully execute its functions during cell division.
The expression and clinical significance of GADD45A in breast cancer patients
Authors: Wang Junnan , Wang Yiran , Long Fei , Yan Fengshang , Wang Ning , Wang Yajie
Published: August 2018

Background

Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha (GADD45A) was previously found to be associated with risk of several kinds of human tumors. Here, we studied the expression and clinical significance of GADD45A in breast cancer.

Methods

We performed an immunohistochemical study of GADD45A protein from 419 breast cancer tissues and 116 adjacent non-neoplastic tissues.

Results

Significantly high GADD45A expression were observed in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (P < 0.001) and were independently correlative with estrogen receptor negative (P = 0.028) and high Ki-67 index (P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with high GADD45A expression levels had a worse long-term prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (P = 0.041), but it was not an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = 0.058).

Conclusions

GADD45A expression levels are significantly correlative with estrogen receptor status and Ki-67 index in human breast cancer. Patients with triple negative breast cancer might be stratified into high risk and low risk groups based on the GADD45A expression levels.
Trends in hepatocellular carcinoma research from 2008 to 2017: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Miao Yan , Zhang Ying , Yin Lihong
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To comprehensively analyse the global scientific outputs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research.

Methods

Data of publications were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace IV and Excel 2016 to analyse literature information, including journals, countries/regions, institutes, authors, citation reports and research frontiers.

Results

Until March 31, 2018, a total of 24,331 papers in HCC research were identified as published between 2008 and 2017. Oncotarget published the most papers. China contributed the most publications and the United States occupied leading positions in H-index value and the number of ESI top papers. Llovet JM owned the highest co-citations. The keyword “transarterial chemoembolization” ranked first in the research front-line.

Conclusions

The amount of papers published in HCC research has kept increasing since 2008. China showed vast progress in HCC research, but the United States was still the dominant country. Transarterial chemoembolization, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell were the latest research frontiers and should be paid more attention.
Coherence
Authors: Hartemann F. V. , Wu Sheldon S. Q. , Baldis H. A.
Published: August 2018

Herein we review the concept of coherence, with a special emphasis on electromagnetic coherence. The article is organized as follows. After a brief discussion of dispersion, the radiation characteristics of free electrons are described in some detail, within the framework of classical electrodynamics. For point charges, the radiation is always coherent because no cutoff is introduced. For extended charge distributions, however, there is a physical scale that sets the transition from coherent to incoherent radiation; this mechanism is discussed as well as spatial coherence (transverse modes), phase noise in free‐electron devices, nonlinear coherent scattering processes (Compton, Kapitza‐Dirac, ponderomotive), and radiative corrections. Next, the coupling of bound electrons to electromagnetic fields in quantum systems, as exemplified by the atomic laser, is reviewed, together with recent major advances in this field, including chirped pulse amplification (CPA), temporal shaping and imaging, and femtosecond (10−15 s) optics. A “chirped” pulse is characterized by a frequency that has temporal dependence.

The important question of whether coherence implies or requires monochromaticity is also addressed. In a classic paper, Roy J. Glauber introduced higher order correlation functions, and demonstrated that coherent fields can be generated with arbitrary Fourier spectra. This formalism is presented in detail in a monograph by Leonard Mendel and Emil Wolf and will be summarized here. Finally, other topics in quantum optics and laser‐plasma interaction physics, related to the general concept of coherence, are briefly discussed, including nonlinear processes, phase conjugation, squeezed states, four‐wave mixing, and decoherence.
Heterogeneity of fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer cells underlies differential sensitivity to palmitate‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Balaban Seher , Lee Lisa S. , Varney Bianca , Aishah Atqiya , Gao Quanqing , Shearer Robert F. , Saunders Darren N. , Grewal Thomas , Hoy Andrew J.
Published: August 2018

Breast cancer (BrCa) metabolism is geared toward biomass synthesis and maintenance of reductive capacity. Changes in glucose and glutamine metabolism in BrCa have been widely reported, yet the contribution of fatty acids (FAs) in BrCa biology remains to be determined. We recently reported that adipocyte coculture alters MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell metabolism and promotes proliferation and migration. Since adipocytes are FA‐rich, and these FAs are transferred to BrCa cells, we sought to elucidate the FA metabolism of BrCa cells and their response to FA‐rich environments. MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells incubated in serum‐containing media supplemented with FAs accumulate extracellular FAs as intracellular triacylglycerols (TAG) in a dose‐dependent manner, with MDA‐MB‐231 cells accumulating more TAG. The differences in TAG levels were a consequence of distinct differences in intracellular partitioning of FAs, and not due to differences in the rate of FA uptake. Specifically, MCF‐7 cells preferentially partition FAs into mitochondrial oxidation, whereas MDA‐MB‐231 cells partition FAs into TAG synthesis. These differences in intracellular FA handling underpin differences in the sensitivity to palmitate‐induced lipotoxicity, with MDA‐MB‐231 cells being highly sensitive, whereas MCF‐7 cells are partially protected. The attenuation of palmitate‐induced lipotoxicity in MCF‐7 cells was reversed by inhibition of FA oxidation. Pretreatment of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with FAs increased TAG synthesis and reduced palmitate‐induced apoptosis. Our results provide novel insight into the potential influences of obesity on BrCa biology, highlighting distinct differences in FA metabolism in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells and how lipid‐rich environments modulate these effects.
Amorphous/Crystalline Hetero‐Phase Pd Nanosheets: One‐Pot Synthesis and Highly Selective Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Yang Nailiang , Cheng Hongfei , Liu Xiaozhi , Yun Qinbai , Chen Ye , Li Bing , Chen Bo , Zhang Zhicheng , Chen Xiaoping , Lu Qipeng , Huang Jingtao , Huang Ying , Zong Yun , Yang Yanhui , Gu Lin , Zhang Hua
Published: August 2018

Similar to heterostructures composed of different materials, possessing unique properties due to the synergistic effect between different components, the crystal‐phase heterostructures, one variety of hetero‐phase structures, composed of different crystal phases in monometallic nanomaterials are herein developed, in order to explore crystal‐phase‐based applications. As novel hetero‐phase structures, amorphous/crystalline heterostructures are highly desired, since they often exhibit unique properties, and hold promise in various applications, but these structures have rarely been studied in noble metals. Herein, via a one‐pot wet‐chemical method, a series of amorphous/crystalline hetero‐phase Pd nanosheets is synthesized with different crystallinities for the catalytic 4‐nitrostyrene hydrogenation. The chemoselectivity and activity can be fine‐tuned by controlling the crystallinity of the as‐synthesized Pd nanosheets. This work might pave the way to preparing various hetero‐phase nanostructures for promising applications.
3D Microstructured Scaffolds to Support Photoreceptor Polarization and Maturation
Authors: Jung Yei Hwan , Phillips M. Joseph , Lee Juhwan , Xie Ruosen , Ludwig Allison L. , Chen Guojun , Zheng Qifeng , Kim Tong June , Zhang Huilong , Barney Patrick , Min Jee , Barlow Katherine , Gong Shaoqin , Gamm David M. , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: August 2018

Blinding disorders of the outer retina involve dysfunction and degeneration of photoreceptors. One potential approach to treat these forms of blindness is to repopulate the outer retina via a simple bolus injection of donor photoreceptors. However, this may not be ideal due to the highly polarized organization of photoreceptors that include apical light sensing photopigments and basal axon terminals. Furthermore, bolus injections create uncertainty with regard to the area, density, and retention of donor cells. Here, a novel and robust microfabrication process is developed to create 3D, micrometer‐sized complex structures in ultrathin and biocompatible elastomer films (nonbiodegradable polydimethylsiloxane and biodegradable poly(glycerol‐sebacate)) that can serve as polarizable photoreceptor delivery scaffolds, consisting of an array of cup‐shaped photoreceptor capture wells that funnel into a microchannel. This “wine glass” scaffold design promotes efficient capture of human pluripotent stem‐cell‐derived photoreceptor cell bodies and guidance of basal axon extensions, ultimately achieving a uniform level of organization and polarization that is not possible with bolus injections or previously described scaffolds. In addition to future therapeutic applications, our scaffold design and materials provide a platform to generate reproducible and scalable in vitro models of photoreceptor‐based diseases.
Mild Base Promoted Nucleophilic Substitution of Unactivated sp3‐Carbon Electrophiles with Alkenylboronic Acids
Authors: Liu Shiwen , Zeng Xiaojun , Hammond Gerald B. , Xu Bo
Published: August 2018

Diverse alkenylboronic acids react smoothly with various sp3‐carbon electrophiles such as unactivated alkyl triflates in the presence of mild bases such as K3PO4. The reaction protocol is very mild and thereby enables high functional group tolerance. This transition metal‐free condition is orthogonal towards the classic transition metal catalyzed Suzuki coupling.

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Copper (II)/RuPHOX‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Mannich‐Type Reaction of Glycine Schiff Bases with Cyclic Ketimines
Authors: Shao Qihang , Wu Liang , Chen Jianzhong , Gridnev Ilya D. , Yang Guoqiang , Xie Fang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: August 2018

A Cu(II)/RuPHOX‐catalyzed enantioselective Mannich‐type reaction of glycine Schiff bases with cyclic ketimines was developed, affording chiral α,ß‐diamino acid derivatives in good yields with moderate to good ee and dr values. This provides an efficient methodology for furnishing chiral Cβ‐tetrasubstituted α,β‐diamino acid precursors. The catalytic system is compatible with a series of substrates. In addition, an interesting nonlinear effect of the catalyst's enantiomeric composition on reaction enantioselectivity was observed.

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Dynamic behavior and damping characteristics of carbon black polymer composites at high strain rates
Authors: Akl Wael , Baz Amr M.
Published: August 2018

The dynamic stress–strain behavior and the damping characteristics of carbon black (CB)/polymer composites at high strain rates are measured using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. These characteristics are determined for polyurethane impregnated with 20% CB nanoparticles and compared with those of pristine polyurethane at strain rates ranging between 2,400 and 7,000 s−1. The obtained results indicate that the CB/polymer composites exhibit highly hysteretic stress–strain characteristics and have high storage modulus as well as high loss factor as compared to pristine polyurethane polymers. With such characteristics, the CB/polymer composites are observed to dissipate energy much higher than that dissipated by pristine polymers.
The influence of biological affinity and sex on morphometric parameters of the clavicle in a South African sample
Authors: Scott Shelby , Peckmann Tanya R. , Alblas Mandi (Amanda)
Published: August 2018

Objectives

The present study aims to investigate the influence of environmental and functional factors associated with biological affinity and musculature on sexual dimorphism of the clavicle, and to develop population‐specific methods of sex estimation from the clavicle.

Methods

The maximum length of the clavicle (MAXL), the sagittal diameter of the clavicle (SAGD), and the vertical diameter of the clavicle (VERD) were measured. The left clavicles of 198 South African coloured individuals (108 males and 90 females) were examined.

Results

Overall, the results of this study indicate that the SAGD of the clavicle is more sexually dimorphic than the VERD in the South African coloured sample. When the black American, white American, and Greek discriminant functions were applied to the South African coloured metric data, females were more accurately classified than males overall. Population‐specific discriminant functions were created for the South African coloured sample. The original accuracy showed that females (85.5%) were more accurately classified than males (78.1%). Overall, the multivariate discriminant function demonstrated a higher correct classification of South African coloureds than the univariate discriminant functions. The results also suggest that univariate discriminant function equations are more accurate for sex estimation than univariate sectioning points in the South African coloured sample.

Conclusions

Overall, the results of the present study indicate that the clavicle is an accurate predictor of sex and its dimensions are population‐specific. Therefore, discriminant functions of the clavicle should only be used for sex estimation in forensic anthropology with the populations from which they were derived. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Uncertain Limits Between Classical and Quantum Physics: Optical Dispersion and Bohr's Atomic Model
Authors: Jordi Taltavull Marta
Published: August 2018

It is commonplace to recount the history of quantum physics on the basis of phenomena that have found no satisfactory explanation in the context of so‐called classical physics. This is the case of, for example, blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, specific heats, and series of spectral lines. This story goes in another direction: new knowledge about quantum physics not only emerged from the need to explain new phenomena that conflicted with old theoretical structures, but also from the attempts to provide a quantum explanation of phenomena, like optical dispersion, which for a long time had found a very convincing explanation in old physical models, such as the resonance model. The boundary between classical and quantum domains of knowledge was not fixed a priori, but historically negotiated in the context of specific problems, including the problem of optical dispersion.
Resonant Transmission through Topological Metamaterial Grating
Authors: Jia Hongwei , Gao Wenlong , Xiang Yuanjiang , Liu Haitao , Zhang Shuang
Published: August 2018

Recently, artificial photonic structures that exhibit nontrivial topological properties have attracted growing attention due to their capability of achieving one‐way backscatter immune transport of light. While photonic crystals are predominantly employed for achieving nontrivial topologies, effective medium approach based on metamaterials has been recently proposed for realizing topologically protected unidirectional surface states. In this article, a microscopic model to investigate the transmission of topological metamaterial grating is constructed based on the scattering processes involving unidirectional surface states. The numerically simulated transmission efficiency of the grating can be precisely reproduced by the model. The model demonstrates that the sharp transmission resonance of the grating results from the constructive interference of the topologically protected one‐way surface states. The present work provides an intuitive picture for understanding the scattering processes and resonance behaviors of the topologically protected one‐way surface states. Benefitting from the sharp spectral features of the supported resonances, the proposed grating structure may be potentially used for sensing applications.
Application of Barley‐ and Lentil‐Protein Concentrates in the Production of Protein‐Enriched Doughnuts
Authors: Eckert Ewelina , Wismer Wendy , Waduthanthri Kosala , Babii Oksana , Yang Jingqi , Chen Lingyun
Published: August 2018

Barley and lentil proteins have good emulsifying and foaming capacity, which make them suitable ingredients in many food formulations. The aim of this research was to develop protein‐enhanced foods based on barley and lentil proteins using doughnut as a food model. In enriched doughnut formulations, barley proteins were used to substitute for 20% of the wheat flour (doughnuts labeled as barley doughnut, barley/lentil doughnut [BLD], and vegan doughnut [VD]) and lentil proteins were used as an egg replacer (in BLD and VD doughnuts). A VD formulated with barley and lentil proteins to replace egg white protein and milk was also tested. The physicochemical parameters, proximate composition, and sensory qualities of the prepared doughnuts were studied and compared with the control doughnut (CD) containing egg white and milk. The protein‐enriched doughnuts showed better cooking characteristics with reduced cooking loss and diameter reduction compared to the control. In addition, they had a higher protein and β‐glucan content. During the storage‐stability test, the doughnuts containing lentil and barley proteins showed higher values for hardness, chewiness, and gumminess compared to the control. However, the sensory scores for appearance, flavor, and overall liking were rated more favorable toward the CD. It is also noticed that the fat content and caloric values increased for some protein‐enriched doughnut formulations. Considering the consumers’ demand of high‐protein convenient snack foods, the doughnuts prepared with barley and lentil proteins may have potential for commercialization with some improvements.
Polyethylene terephthalate/low density polyethylene/titanium dioxide blend nanocomposites: Morphology, crystallinity, rheology, and transport properties
Authors: Sangroniz L. , Ruiz J. L. , Sangroniz A. , Fernández M. , Etxeberria A. , Müller A. J. , Santamaria A.
Published: August 2018

Physical features of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) immiscible blends, rich in PET, with and without titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are studied. These materials are of industrial interest, because they can be obtained by recycling PET bottles containing TiO2 with their corresponding polyethylene made caps. Their potential application in packaging is investigated. Droplet‐matrix morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy; coalescence occurs during compression molding. Transmission electron microscopy results show that TiO2 nanoparticles are located at the interface between PET and LDPE, forming a physical barrier that favors development of smaller droplets. Thermal analysis results are compatible with the morphology of the blends and the location of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Viscosity obtained by extrusion continuous flow and oscillatory flow measurements in the linear regime show that some of the blends have viscoplastic behavior. Permeability results reveal that 80PET/20LDPE/TiO2 blend nanocomposite shows a balanced barrier character to both oxygen and water vapor. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46986.
Tungsten carbide, boron carbide, and MWCNT reinforced poly(aryl ether ketone) nanocomposites: Morphology and thermomechanical behavior
Authors: Remanan M. , Bhowmik S. , Varshney L. , Jayanarayanan K.
Published: August 2018

This study involves the development and thermo‐mechanical characterization of the individual, binary, and ternary nanocomposites using radiation resistant fillers like boron carbide (B4C), tungsten carbide (WC), and functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (F‐MWCNT) in a high performance polymer, namely, poly aryl ether ketone (PAEK). Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the distribution and dispersion of nanofillers in the matrix. It has been observed that the presence of WC and F‐MWCNT in PAEK matrix significantly enhanced the tensile strength of the composite whereas B4C made it stiff and brittle in nature. The tensile property improvement caused by WC and F‐MWCNT has been correlated with the tensile fracture surface morphology studies. Dynamic mechanical analysis provided insight into the positive effect of nanofillers in delaying the relaxation of polymer chains. The thermogravimetric analysis gave indications on the increase in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites with the increase of nanofillers content. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47032.
Folic Acid Derived Bimetallic‐Doped Hollow Carbon Nanostructures for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Wu Yuhang , Lu Mengting , Li Yuwen , He Panpan , Maddine Sireesh Babu , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming
Published: August 2018

Hydrogen production is one of the most effective methods for combating the global energy crisis. However, improving the electrochemical performance of oxygen‐evolution catalysts is a significant challenge. In this paper, exceptionally active electrocatalysts for oxygen‐evolution reactions (OERs) were successfully developed and characterized by using SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nitrogen‐doped hollow‐carbon‐encapsulated bimetallic nanoparticles (MM′‐NHCNPs) were prepared by using folic acid coordination polymerization. The hollow structure and the synergistic effect of bimetallic doping exhibited remarkable catalytic performance and outstanding stability for the OER in a 1.0 m KOH alkaline electrolyte. For the OER, the overpotential of the best catalyst was only 350 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 58 mV dec−1. High durability was also demonstrated by the MM′‐NHCNPs. Such an MM′‐NHCNP catalyst with excellent electrochemical properties provides a promising material for OERs.
Telbivudine in chronic lymphocytic myocarditis and human parvovirus B19 transcriptional activity
Authors: Van Linthout Sophie , Elsanhoury Ahmed , Klein Oliver , Sosnowski Marzena , Miteva Kapka , Lassner Dirk , Abou‐El‐Enein Mohamed , Pieske Burkert , Kühl Uwe , Tschöpe Carsten
Published: August 2018

Aims

Myocarditis is often associated with parvovirus B19 (B19V) persistence, which can induce vascular damage. Based on the antiviral and anti‐inflammatory properties of telbivudine, we aimed to evaluate its efficacy to protect B19V‐infected endothelial cells in vitro and to treat chronic lymphocytic myocarditis patients with B19V transcriptional activity.

Methods and results

We evaluated the endothelial‐protective potential of telbivudine in human microvascular endothelial cells‐1, which were infected with B19V. Treatment with 10 ng/mL of telbivudine decreased the B19V‐induced endothelial cell apoptosis and endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. Along with this finding, telbivudine reduced the expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 and of tenascin‐C. The endothelial‐protective properties of telbivudine were also found in tumour necrosis factor‐α‐stressed human microvascular endothelial cells‐1. In addition, oxidative stress in angiotensin II‐stressed and transforming growth factor‐β1‐stressed HL‐1 cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, respectively, was reduced upon telbivudine treatment, illustrating that telbivudine exerts multimodal protective effects. Based on these in vitro findings, four patients severely suffering from an endomyocardial biopsy‐proven myocarditis associated with B19V transcriptional activity (VP1/VP2‐mRNA positive) were treated with telbivudine (600 mg/dL) for 6 months in a single‐patient‐use approach. Follow‐up biopsies 6 months after treatment showed that VP1/VP2‐mRNA levels and CD3 cells decreased in all patients and were associated with an improvement in ejection fraction and New York Heart Association class. These findings were paralleled by a drop in tenascin‐C expression as shown via matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–imaging mass spectrometry.

Conclusions

Telbivudine exerts endothelial‐protective effects in B19V‐infected endothelial cells and improves chronic myocarditis associated with B19V transcriptional activity. These findings will be further evaluated in the clinical exploratory trial: the PreTopic study.
Four misunderstandings about cultural attraction
Authors: Scott‐Phillips Thom , Blancke Stefaan , Heintz Christophe
Published: August 2018

Cultural attraction theory (CAT) is a research agenda the purpose of which is to develop causal explanations of cultural phenomena. CAT is also an evolutionary approach to culture, in the sense that it treats culture as a population of items of different types, with the frequency of tokens of those types changing over time. Now more than 20 years old, CAT has made many positive contributions, theoretical and empirical, to the naturalization of the social sciences. In consequence of this growing impact, CAT has, in recent years, been the subject of critical discussion. Here, we review and respond to these critiques. In so doing, we also provide a clear and concise introduction to CAT. We give clear characterizations of CAT's key theoretical notions, and we outline how these notions are derived from consideration of the natural character of cultural phenomena (Box ). This naturalistic quality distinguishes CAT from other evolutionary approaches to culture.
Mummified Thyroid Nodules: Conventional and Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Features
Authors: Peng Qinghai , Niu Chengcheng , Zhang Qianrong , Zhang Meixiang , Chen Sijie , Peng Qiang
Published: August 2018

Objectives

The purpose of our study was to highlight the conventional and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (US) features of mummified thyroid nodules, which should help differentiate them from histologically proven papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs).

Methods

Thirty‐one patients with 33 mummified thyroid nodules, which showed suspicious US findings that were suggestive of malignancy, as well as 33 patients with 38 surgically confirmed PTCs were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the size, shape, margin, echogenicity, presence of shadowing and halo, presence of punctate echogenic foci, vascularity, and contrast enhancement parameters for each nodule. The final diagnosis of mummified thyroid nodules was confirmed via fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) or surgery.

Results

Of the 33 mummified thyroid nodules, 9 (27.3%) were confirmed by surgery to be benign, and 24 (72.7%) were proven by FNA to be benign. A univariate analysis indicated that the mummified thyroid nodules more frequently showed wider‐than‐tall shapes, marked hypoechogenicity, the presence of posterior shadowing, the absence of nodular vascularity, hypoenhancement or no enhancement, and peak index and area under the curve indices of less than 1 in the findings of preoperative US and contrast‐enhanced US compared to PTCs. A multivariate analysis showed that marked hypoechogenicity and an area under the curve index of less than 1 were independent characteristics related to mummified nodules for discriminating from PTCs (all P < .05).

Conclusions

Benign thyroid nodules may display shrinkage over time and may reveal malignant US features. Awareness of these findings and their connection with initial and follow‐up US examinations should help identify mummified thyroid nodules and to avoid surgical excision or unnecessary FNA.
Normal and Injured Ankle Ligaments on Ultrasonography With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlation
Authors: Alves Timothy , Dong Qian , Jacobson Jon , Yablon Corrie , Gandikota Girish
Published: August 2018

Ultrasonography (US) has been increasingly used in the evaluation of ankle ligamentous injuries given its advantages as a dynamic, efficient, noninvasive, and cost‐effective imaging method. Understanding the anatomy of the ankle ligaments is critical for correct diagnosis and treatment. This pictorial essay describes and illustrates the US scanning technique and potential pitfalls in evaluating the ankle ligaments and also provides an overview of the US appearance of normal and injured ankle ligaments with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. Highlighted structures include the lateral complex, medial/deltoid complex, spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament complex, and syndesmosis.