bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Soil Moisture Suction on Germination of Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Grable Albert R. , Danielson Robert E.
Published: July 2010

Corn and soybeans were planted in soil‐filled glass tubes which were continuously aerated with known mixtures of CO2, O2, and N2. Initial soil moisture suction was varied independently of gas composition. Various aspects of germinative growth were measured during and after various intervals of aeration.

The results indicate that the kind and extent of response obtained from a given CO2 treatment was influenced in varying degrees by time, soil suction, plant species, and the growth variables measured. The importance of excessive CO2 as a causal agent of plant injury during germination has probably been overestimated. Corn and soybeans during germination tolerated, and sometimes were stimulated by, CO2 concentrations higher than those normally found in soils. When CO2 was sufficiently high to cause severe toxicity, seedlings recovered quickly upon aeration with air. Comparatively small changes in soil moisture suction often completely overshadowed the effect of different CO2 levels on root growth. In general, growth increased as soil moisture suction decreased; but excessive soil moisture, apart from the aeration treatments used, severely limited or completely stopped germinative growth. With corn the effect occurred at soil saturation and was probably due to reduced O2 diffusion rates. With soybeans the effect occurred at a lesser moisture content and was due primarily to invasion by pathogenic organisms.
Uptake, Movement and Transfer of Rb, S, Cl and Fe Through Stolonaceous Plants as Affected by Moisture Stress
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Ammerman C. B. , Dunavant B. G.
Published: July 2010

The movement of Rb, S, Cl, and Fe through a series of plants connected by segments of a single parent stolon as affected by moisture stress and the transfer of Rb, S, and Cl from one plant to another when their roots were growing together in the same pot was studied for St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt Kuntze, var. ‘Floratine’).

Approximately one‐fourth of the Rb and S and one‐half of the Cl taken up by the plants from the soil moved through stolons to other plants.

When two series of pots were arranged so that the middle plant of each had root systems in the same pot, differential moisture treatments on one stolon affected the ratio between total movement and uptake for Rb and S and to a lesser extent Cl in the system. This ratio was less or greater than normal when the water supply was excessive or deficient, respectively. The direction of movement was always towards the youngest plant in series.

Rubidium, S, and Cl moved out of one plant into another growing in the same pot and then through stolons to additional plants. Stress conditions on the receptor stolon did not affect movement of the three elements to the same degree.

The uptake Fe from FeCl3, Fe2O3, FeSO4, and FeCO3 was very low amounting to 2.35, 0.70, 0.083, and 0.070%, respectively. For FeCl3 the low percentage recovery was attributed to relatively high soil Fe and fixation. For the others it was probably due to low solubility. Uptake was so low for FeSO4 that movement through stolons was difficult to measure. However for FeCl3, Fe2O3, and FeCO3 movement was dominantly towards new growth in every case similar to Rb, S, and Cl Absorption of Fe from the plant material into the bodies of rabbits seemed to be independent of source.
The Frond Size of Bracken Fern on Forested Outwash Sand in Northern Lower Michigan
Authors: Hellum A. K. , Zahner R.
Published: July 2010

The length of the bracken frond (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum L. Kuhn) and the density of frond stocking are strongly influenced by soil profile development and overstory cover type, as measured on 70 sites. Under aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides) or jack pine (Pinus banksiana cover, bracken growth increases with increasing degree of soil podzolization, from a Grayling sand entisol to a moderately well‐developed Kalkaska sand spodosol. On spodosols, bracken growth is better under aspen forest than under jack pine, and both of these forest cover types provide for better bracken growth than do stands of oak (Quercus rubra and Q. velutina) or open areas. On entisols, bracken growth is poor under all overstories, and the frond size is not affected by cover. The soil effect is attributable to enrichment of the B horizon with increased podzolization. The forest cover effect was correlated with time of emergence of bracken and protection of emerging fronds from spring frosts. The soil influence on frond size is strong enough that, with due caution concerning overstory cover, bracken fern can be used as a site indicator for aspen or jack pine on deep outwash sand soils in northern Lower Michigan.
Phosphorus Fixation by Soils in Relation to Extractable Iron Oxides and Mineralogical Composition
Authors: Ramulu U. S. Sree , Pratt P. F. , Page A. L.
Published: July 2010

The fixation of P was studied for 12 acid soils that contained various amounts of free iron oxides. A significant correlation (r = 0.77) was obtained between P fixation and dithionite extractable Fe, but regression analysis showed that soils which contained kaolinite as the only clay mineral fixed more P and were in a different population than soils that contained both vermiculite and kaolinite. Data are presented which show that Fe in the interlayers of vermiculite is not active in P fixation but is extractable with dithionite.

Amounts of Fe extracted with oxalate were significantly correlated with P fixation (r = 0.95). In this regard, except for one soil that contained moderate amounts of gibbsite, all soils were in the same population. The data suggest that oxalate does not remove Fe from the interlayers of vermiculite but that dithionite does. The oxalate method, as modified, would provide a more quantitative means to determine the relationship between iron‐oxides and the P‐fixing capacity of soils similar to those studied.
Routine Counting of 32P in Colored Solutions from Dry Ashed Plant Samples Utilizing Čerenkov Radiation
Authors: White Ronald P. , Ellis B. G.
Published: July 2010

A technique for routine liquid scintillation counting of 32P in dry ashed plant tissue by utilizing Čerenkov radiation was shown to be effective when corrections for color quenching in the samples were made by the use of an external standard source of radioactivity. A comparison of this method with that of counting plant tissue briquettes with a G‐M tube indicated a great increase in counting efficiency. This technique requires no contamination of the 32P samples with liquid scintillator substances.
Corn (Zea mays L.) Root Configuration as Influenced by Some Row‐Interrow Variants of Tillage and Straw Mulch Management
Authors: Allmaras R. R. , Nelson W. W.
Published: July 2010

Combinations of tillage and straw mulch strips produced various patterns of horizontally nonuniform matric suction and temperature under the row vs. the interrow. These nonuniformities were observed to soil depths ≥ 45 cm. Straw mulch strips decreased the average soil temperature and matric suction. A spring‐plow interrow decreased the average soil temperature compared to no tillage, but the effect on matric suction depended on the initial soil water.

Root dry weight and configuration were changed by tillage and straw mulch treatments, but the same treatments produced different root growth in 2 years of study. Straw mulch strips between rows increased root weight and lateral proliferation in the year of higher average soil temperature and matric suction, but decreased them in the year of lower soil temperature and matric suction. Straw mulch strips over the row decreased root and shoot dry weight, decreased lateral proliferation in the year of higher temperatures and matric suctions, and increased lateral proliferation in the year of lower temperatures and matric suctions. Compared to no tillage, a spring‐plow interrow reduced lateral proliferation at depths less than 20 cm.

Early shoot growth and subsequent grain yield were greatest on treatments producing greater lateral proliferation at shallow depths early in the season.
Cation Exchange Behavior of a Zeolitic Sodic Soil
Authors: El‐Nahal M. A. , Whittig L. D.
Published: July 2010

A strongly saline‐sodic Pond clay loam soil was found to contain approximately 22% of the zeolite analcime. The anomalous cation exchange behavior of this soil was attributed to the presence of analcime. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Na (Ex Na) measured with K or NH4 were more than twice those measured with Li, Mg, or Ba. The exchange of K for Na, Mg for Na, and Na for K, by incremental extraction, gave evidence that the excess Na of the soil was released by exchange rather than by mineral dissolution, and that analcime was the source of that excess Na.

Extraction of the analcime soil with Li, Mg, or Ba offered a fair measure of the exchange properties of the nonzeolitic portion of the soil.
The Three Stages of Drying of a Field Soil
Authors: Idso S. B. , Reginato R. J. , Jackson R. D. , Kimball B. A. , Nakayama F. S.
Published: July 2010

Six major drying experiments were conducted on a smooth, bare field of Avondale clay loam at Phoenix, Arizona, during all seasons of the year. Intensive measurements of evaporation, soil‐water contents, soil temperatures, soil heat flux, albedo, and net radiation allowed us to delineate the three classical stages of soil drying. The first stage was characterized by potential evaporation. The second stage was characterized by drying of the soil surface, resulting in a significantly reduced evaporation rate. This stage continued until the volumetric water content at the soil surface reached a value of about 0.06, the predicted starting point for stage three for this soil—based on the assumption that physical adsorption takes place in the first two molecular layers of water surrounding the soil particles. Simple albedo measurements often predicted the transition points between the different stages.
Rates of Nitrate Uptake with Sudangrass and Microbial Reduction in a Field
Authors: Ardakani M. S. , Flühler H. , McLaren A. D.
Published: July 2010

Removal of nitrate from a field soil by sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and by conversion by microorganisms are accounted for with the aid of a convective dispersion equation with a sink term. Rates of nitrate disappearance from the soil showed sharp increases associated with irrigation or rainfall and seemed to decrease exponentially with soil moisture potential. Leaching displayed similar increases which subsided three to four days after irrigation. Plant uptake accounted for about 50% of added nitrate, organic matter and residual nitrate for about 34%, leaching for another 4%, and the balance was unaccounted for. While a nitrate balance showed a percentage distribution of nitrate in a soil‐plant system, rate measurement revealed a time‐dependent function for the plant uptake of nitrate in the system which is essential for stochastic or mechanistic model studies.
Use of the Nitrate Soil Test to Predict Sweet Corn Response to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Roberts S. , Weaver W. H. , Phelps J. P.
Published: July 2010

A precise procedure for routinely interpreting soil test NO3 as a fertilizer guide should help achieve more efficient use of N on crops with a high N requirement. The present study was designed to calibrate soil test NO3 for predicting relative (percent of maximum) yield and the N‐requirement index (NRI) of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) using Mitscherlich‐type functions. The total N fertilizer requirement for the crop was equated to the potential yield increase multiplied by the NRI.

The NRI was calculated from N rate studies as the amount of N required per unit increase in sweet corn yield. ‘Stylepak’ sweet corn was grown 2 years in a row at a Warden silt loam (Xerollic Camborthids) site with rates of NH4NO3 the first year to give 84, 168, 252, 336, and 504 kg N/ha and a carry‐over of from 10 to 70 ppm N the second year. Functions showed a range from 10 to 40 ppm soil NO3‐N was correlated with relative yields ranging from 62 to 98% of maximum and the NRI's range from 26 kg N/ton of yield increase up to 98 kg N/ton. It was concluded that with as low as 10 ppm NO3‐N, the potential yield increase multiplied by the NRI equated to a requirement of 251 kg N/ha. A soil test of 40–50 ppm NO3‐N correlated with 98–99% of maximum yield and indicated little or no fertilizer was needed. The NRI soil testing approach has definite advantages because it eliminates the controversial practice of calculating a fertilizer equivalent from soil NO3 and fertilizer requirements can be calculated to fit different yield potentials of localized soil and cropping conditions.
Adsorption of Radiostrontium by Soil Treated with Alkali Metal Hydroxides
Authors: Spalding Brian P.
Published: July 2010

Twelve soils from areas used for the disposal of low‐level radioactive solid waste at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory were examined for their ability to adsorb trace levels of Sr. Radiostrontium adsorption, in the presence of normal soil Ca levels, was determined following the addition of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NaCl, and Na‐polyacrylate. With soils from C horizons, the average thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the Na‐Ca(Sr) exchange reaction decreased from 0.063 to 0.00041 after treatment with 0.4 meq/g of NaOH, indicating a large increase in the selectivity for Ca(Sr) adsorption. With samples from A or B horizons, this effect was not observed due to the dissolution of soil organic matter; Na‐polyacrylate interfered with the adsorption of Ca(Sr) in the same manner as the NaOH‐solubilized soil organic matter. Selectivity differences between trace levels of Sr and the macroamounts of soil Ca were quite small (< 5%) in both the treated and untreated soils. A multiple regression analysis indicated that three soil properties (percent organic matter, exchangeable Ca + Mg, and exchangeable acidity) explained 77% of the variation in Sr adsorption by alkali‐treated soils. In untreated soils, the exchangeable Ca + Mg and exchangeable acidity explained 70% of the variation in the adsorption of Sr. The response of the soils to alkali treatment generally followed the lyotropic series: Li> Na > K.
Oligomerization of Syringic Acid, a Lignin Derivative, by a Phenoloxidase
Authors: Liu Shu‐Yen , Minard Robert D. , Bollag Jean‐Marc
Published: July 2010

Syringic acid, a phenolic derivative from lignin, could be polymerized by a iaccase from the fungus Rhizoctonia praticola, and various oligomers ranging from dimers to hexamers were determined. Seven different dimers could be established by mass‐spectrometric analysis, and each dimer yielded oligomers with corresponding molecular characteristics. The molecular structure of two dimers and one trimer, as well as their methylated or reductively acetylated derivatives, were identified by high‐resolution mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Syringic acid was also converted to 2,6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone, and this monomer could not be further oxidized by the fungal enzyme.
Use of a Technical Soil Classification System in Evaluation of Corn and Soybean Response to Deep Tillage
Authors: Denton H. P. , Naderman G. C. , Buol S. W. , Nelson L. A.
Published: July 2010

Crop response to soil management practices is determined in part by soil properties. Soil classification systems provide a readily available measure of soil properties. If information about crop response to soil management practices can be transferred between locations based on soil classification information, this will aid in the adoption of optimum management practices. As a test of the usefulness of soil classification information in transfer of response information, a technical soil classification system was used to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) response to deep tillage across a range of soil, climate, and management conditions. Three deep tillage systems—subsoiling under the row, subsoiling under the row plus bedding, and chisel plowing—were compared with a shallow tillage system, disking only, in 16 experiments with corn and 13 with soybeans on North Carolina farms. Soils in the fields were classified according to a technical soil classification system adapted from the Fertility Capability Classification (FCC) system. Response to deep tillage varied significantly among soil groups in the technical classification system. Yield increases due to deep tillage varied by soil group from 36 to 3% with corn, and from 25 to −2% with soybeans. A general recommendation based on results across all soils would have led to nonoptimum choices of tillage practices on half of the soil groups. Response was related to texture and thickness of Ap and E horizons, and texture of Bt horizons. The largest yield increases occurred on soils with sandy Ap and E horizons over loamy Bt horizons. No significant yield responses occurred on soils with loamy Ap horizons overlying clayey Bt horizons. The technical soil classification system was found to have considerable potential as a basis for transfer of tillage response information.
Manganese Availability and Uptake by Rice in Acid Sulfate Soils
Authors: Moore P. A. , Patrick W. H.
Published: July 2010

Although Al and Fe toxicities have been reported to be major constraints to rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth on acid sulfate soils, it is unclear as to whether or not Mn reaches toxic proportions in these soils. The objectives of this study were: (i) to measure the solubility of Mn in flooded acid sulfate soils cropped to rice, (ii) to determine what controls Mn solubility in these soils, and (iii) to determine the relationships between soil parameters and Mn uptake by rice. Manganese availability and uptake by rice were evaluated in 134 flooded acid sulfate soils in the Central Plains region of Thailand and in a growth chamber experiment utilizing 50 of the same soils. Soil and plant metal analyses were conducted at the panicle differentiation stage of growth in both studies and in the soil prior to transplanting in the growth chamber experiment. Metal activities in soil solutions were determined using GEOCHEM. The results of this study showed that Mn solid phases such as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, phosphates, or silicates were probably not controlling Mn solubility in these soils. Plots of E'‐Mn (the ratio of Mn2+ to the sum of the divalent cations in soil solution) vs. E‐Mn (the ratio of exchangeable Mn to the sum of the exchangeable divalent cations) indicated that the divalent charge fraction attributable to Mn2+ in soil solution was highly correlated to that on the cation exchange capacity. It was hypothesized that cation exchange was the dominant mechanism governing Mn2+ activities in these soils. Although Mn uptake was found to be correlated to Mn2+ activity and E'‐Mn, it was more closely correlated to p(Mn+/Fe2+), indicating that an Fe/Mn interaction may be occurring. Leaf metal analyses also indicated that Mn toxicity probably did not occur.
Automated Regulating and Recording System for Cylinder Infiltrometers
Authors: Matula S. , Dirksen C.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a new system that regulates water applications to ring infiltrometers within ± 1 mL. Water application is triggered when free water on the soil surface reaches a preset lowest level, with a sensitivity of about 0.1 mm. By recording the times of the water application events, either automatically or manually, the maximum infiltration rate as function of time can be determined with high accuracy and minimum effort.
EI/MS/MS spectra of N-monosubstituted cyanoacetamides
Authors: Ilic Natasa , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Mijin Dusan , Nevescanin Marina , Petrovic Slobodan
Published: July 2010

The electron-ionization induced mass spectra of twenty six N-monosubstituted cyanoacetamides were recorded and their fragmentation patterns were studied. The effect of Nalkyl and N-aryl substituent to the fragmentation of the investigated compounds was discussed. Mechanistic generalization lead to a conclusion that fission of the carbon-carbon bonds next to carbonyl function or nitrogen were processes common for N-alkyl and N-(4-substituted phenyl) cyanoacetamides. In some amides, the elimination of acyl group by ketene fragment, gave rise to the more stable ion. Cycloalkyl amides could not fragment by single carbon-carbon bond fission, but subsequent rearrangement result in formation of stable even electron ion. N-(4-substituted phenyl) cyanoacetamides were more stable showing also characteristic fragmentation depending on substituent present at phenyl ring.
Synthesis and crystal structure of and DFT calculations on bisglycinato-bis(p-hydroxymethylpyridine)nickel(II)
Authors: Zhao Pu , Song Jie , Shangguan Rong , Jian Fang
Published: July 2010

A new Ni(II) complex of bisglycinato-bis(phydroxylmethylpyridine) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. The thermal stability of the title complex was also determined. The complex adopts a distorted octahedral geometry and possesses inversion symmetry with the Ni(II) ion as the center of inversion. Density function theory (DFT) calculations of the structure, electronic absorption spectra, electron structure and natural population analysis (NPA) at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory were performed. The predicted geometric parameters and electronic spectra were compared with the experimental values and they supported each other. The NPA results indicate that the electronic transitions were mainly derived from the contribution of an intra-ligand (IL) transition, a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transition and a d-d transition. The electron structure calculations suggest that the central Ni(II) ion uses its 4s and 3d orbitals to form covalent bonds with coordinated N and O atoms. The calculated bond orders are also consistent with the thermal decomposition results. Based on vibrational analysis, the thermodynamic properties of the title complex were predicted and the correlative equations between these thermodynamic properties and temperature are also reported.
Identification of latent phase factors associated with active labor duration in low‐risk nulliparous women with spontaneous contractions
Authors: DENCKER ANNA , BERG MARIE , BERGQVIST LISELOTTE , LILJA HÅKAN
Published: July 2010

Objective. The aim of this prospective study was to identify latent phase predictors of active labor duration. Design. Prospective clinical study. Setting. Two delivery units in Sweden. Sample. Healthy nulliparous women with a normal pregnancy, spontaneous onset of active labor at term, and a cervical dilatation of 4 cm or more on admission to the delivery ward (n = 2,072). Methods. The women were asked to answer questions concerning their food and fluid intake, amount of rest and sleep during the preceding 24 hours and to assess their labor pain, sense of security and expectations of the childbirth on a visual analog scale (VAS). Duration and intervals of contractions, cervical dilatation, and position of the fetal head were noted by the midwife. A multiple regression analysis was performed with active labor duration as the outcome variable. Main outcome measure. Predictive factors of active labor duration. Results. Normal food intake during the preceding 24 hours was associated with short labor duration. A long latent phase, low levels of assessed labor pain and few hours of rest and sleep during the preceding 24 hours were significant independent predictors of extended active labor duration, when high birth weight, long contraction intervals, slight cervical dilatation, intact membranes within 2 hours of admission, high maternal age and malposition of the fetal head were controlled for. Conclusion. New findings are that latent phase duration as well as food intake and the amount of rest and sleep during the preceding 24 hours are independent predictors of labor duration.
A randomized controlled trial comparing vaginal misoprostol versus Foley catheter plus oxytocin for labor induction
Authors: FILHO OLIMPIO B. MORAES , ALBUQUERQUE RIVALDO M. , CECATTI JOSÉ G.
Published: July 2010

Objective. To compare effectiveness and safety of 25 μg vaginal misoprostol versus Foley catheter and oxytocin for cervical ripening and labor induction in pregnant women with unripe cervices. Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. A public maternity in Recife, Brazil. Sample. A total of 240 pregnant women. Methods. Women with a term or post‐term, live, singleton fetus in cephalic presentation, intact membranes, Bishop score <6, not in labor, medically indicated for labor induction. They were randomly divided in Group 1, where 119 women received 25 μg of intravaginal misoprostol every 6 hours for a maximum of four doses; and Group 2, where 121 women had a 14‐F Foley catheter inserted into their cervical canal. Once past the internal os, the balloon was inflated. Intravenous oxytocin was initiated after the balloon was spontaneously extruded from the cervix or after 24 hours. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding baseline characteristics. Misoprostol was more effective in inducing labor than Foley catheter and oxytocin. Mean induction‐to‐vaginal delivery time with misoprostol was shorter (17.3 vs. 20.2 hours, p = 0.016). There were more vaginal deliveries in the misoprostol group at 12 (p < 0.001) and 18 (p = 0.007) hours, but the difference was no longer statistically significant at 24 and 48 hours. There were no significant differences in uterine contraction abnormalities, puerperal infection or neonatal outcomes. Conclusions. Vaginal misoprostol is more effective than and as safe as Foley catheter and oxytocin for induction of labor in term and post‐term pregnancy.
Maternal risk factors for postterm pregnancy and cesarean delivery following labor induction
Authors: ROOS NATHALIE , SAHLIN LENA , EKMAN‐ORDEBERG GUNVOR , KIELER HELLE , STEPHANSSON OLOF
Published: July 2010

Objective. To investigate risk factors associated with postterm pregnancy and cesarean delivery following labor induction. Design. Population‐based cohort study. Setting. Sweden. Population. From the Swedish Medical Birth Register, a total of 1,176,131 singletons births from gestational week 37 and onwards, between 1992 and 2006. Methods. Unconditional logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measures. Risk of postterm pregnancy (delivery at ≥42 weeks) and cesarean delivery following labor induction. Results. Among 1,176,131 births, 8.94% were delivered postterm. Compared to normal weight women, the risk of postterm pregnancy in obese women was almost doubled (adjusted OR: 1.63, 95% CI 1.59–1.67). The risk of postterm pregnancy increased with increasing maternal age and was higher among primiparous women. The risk of cesarean section (CS) following labor induction postterm, increased with maternal age and BMI, and was more than doubled among women 35 years and older (adjusted OR 2.28, 95% CI 2.04–2.56). A fivefold risk of CS was seen among nulliparous women (adjusted OR 5.05, 95% CI 4.71–5.42). Parous women with a previous CS undergoing labor induction had a sevenfold increased risk of CS postterm (adjusted OR 7.19, 95% CI 5.93–8.71). Conclusions. Nulliparity, advanced maternal age and obesity were the strongest risk factors for postterm pregnancy and CS following labor induction in postterm pregnancy. Including maternal risk factors to the cervical assessment may improve prediction of vaginal delivery following labor induction in postterm pregnancy.
A history of freshwater diatom research in New Zealand
Authors: CASSIE VIVIENNE
Published: July 2010

New records to the freshwater diatom flora of New Zealand were made by British and European diatomists in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly from collections of interested amateurs. Between 1960 and 1975 several taxonomic papers were published in the United Kingdom on diatomite deposits, and ecological surveys were carried out in New Zealand on freshwater phytoplankton. During the last decade sediment studies have been made and significant contributions on diatom taxonomy have come from European workers.
E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock (1858–1922): a pioneer ecologist
Authors: SEAWARD M. R. D.
Published: July 2010

Edward Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock (1858–1922) was an experienced all-round field naturalist who spent much of his life working on the flora of Lincolnshire. From 1891 to 1920 he held the living at Cadney in his native county. This was a poor, sparsely populated parish; since Woodruffe-Peacock had to visit his widely scattered parishioners on foot, he became by inclination and necessity a tremendous walker, which afforded him the opportunity to make regular observations and to record the natural changes occurring over a limited area. His notes, written on the spot and analysed soon after in his study, formed the basis for a very considerable number of publications and also for the voluminous manuscript of his Rock-soil flora of Lincolnshire. This manuscript, now housed in the Botany School at Cambridge University, shows him to be well ahead of his time in his ecological approach to natural history: it is not surprising that the renowned ecologist A. G. Tansley recognised the originality of Woodruffe-Peacock's pioneer work and indeed offered to publish the Flora at his own expense. Unfortunately due to ill-health (and his subsequent death) Woodruffe-Peacock was unable to undertake the necessary editorial work required to reduce his manuscript to a publishable length, but the Flora and his remarkable herbarium (its future in Lincoln currently uncertain) continue to be invaluable sources of information for researchers.
The Columbia Biological Series, 1894–1974: a bibliographic note
Authors: CAIN JOE
Published: July 2010

The Columbia Biological Series (1894–1974) was produced by the Department of Biology (later Zoology) of Columbia University, New York, and spanned a wide range of topics within the biological sciences. This paper provides a bibliography for the twenty-five volumes of this series together with basic details on the launch (1894), re-launch (1937), and history of the series. The series receives attention from historians of biology principally as the source for canonical texts in the synthesis period of evolutionary studies, with publications by Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson, and Stebbins. This note provides additional details on the publication history of these volumes. Synthesis historians, myself included, have poorly appreciated how the production of this series fit into efforts to promote Columbia University as a major centre for innovative biological research. We also have poorly understood the relations between these books and the Jesup lecture series, an irregular event sponsored by the department at Columbia. Tracing the series' publication history speaks to both these topics.
The deer of the island of Lampedusa (Pelagian Archipelago, Italy): literary references and osteological evidence
Authors: MASSETP MARCO , ZAVA BRUNO
Published: July 2010

During the nineteenth century, scientific literature and official reports recorded the occurrence of a population of red deer, Cervus elaphus, on the island of Lampedusa (Pelagian Archipelago, Italy). Osteological specimens collected by the zoologist Enrico Hillier Giglioli towards the end of the century confirmed these references. Since cervids are not found among the fossil fauna of the island, the red deer must have been introduced by man although we do not yet know precisely when. The former existence of the species on Lampedusa is discussed by comparison of literary material and bone evidence. The population's probable origins and its taxonomic relationships with other Mediterranean red deer populations are also analysed.
Novel tetracyclic structures from the synthesis of thiolactone-isatin hybrids
Authors: Hans Renate Hazel , Su Hong , Chibale Kelly
Published: July 2010

A simple and straightforward synthetic approach to potential anti-infective thiolactone-isatin hybrids led to the discovery of novel tetracyclic compounds which bear a macrocylic motif containing an unusual bridged amide bond.
DELAMINATION DURING BUCKLING OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS
Authors: Žiliukas Antanas
Published: July 2010

Laminated constructional elements have widespread applications in aerospace. This paper presents of the buckling for E‐Glass. Design solution based by the criteria of strength materials. The delamination of composite constructional elements is determined by the normal and shear stress. The non‐linear strength criterion suggested by the author in case of complex state of stress. Santrauka Kompozitiniu konstrukciju elementu atsisluoksniavimas nustatomas remiantis normaliniais ir tangentiniais itempiais. Autorius siūlo netiesini stiprumo kriteriju, ivertinanti sudetinga itempiu būvi sprendžiant kompozitu atsisluoksniavimo problema.
LOSS OF QUALITY OF ULTRASONIC IMAGES AND POSSIBLE CAUSES
Authors: Pileckas Eugenijus , Apanavičius Remigijus
Published: July 2010

With the increasing use of composite materials in aviation, monitoring the quality of structures, as well as making them and using them, is become more important. Acoustic non‐destructive inspection technology offers a promising way of monitoring, tracking and inspecting the quality of those materials. The article deals with loss of ultrasonic image quality and possible causes. Santrauka Vis plačiau naudojant kompozitines medžiagas aviacijoje aktualeja ir ju kokybes būsenos stebejimas konstrukciju gamybos ir eksploatacijos metu. Akustines neardomosios kontroles technologijos atveria, mūsu nuomone, perspektyvias kompozitiniu medžiagu charakteristiku bei ju parametru stebejimo ir tyrimo galimybes. Straipsnyje nagrinejamas priimtinas kompozitiniu medžiagu tyrimui akustiniu vaizdu formavimo būdas, panaudojant akustines antenu gardeles dinamini spindulio fokusavimo būda.
The Minimization Of Taxable Income and Lost Profits Litigation
Authors: Gaughan Patrick A. , Fuentes Henry
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating Personal Consumption of a Deceased Family Member
Authors: Gilbert Roy F.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Appropriate Formulae for Calculation of the Present Value of a Future Estate1
Authors: Scott R. Haney , PonArul Richard
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Estimating Personal Consumption Costs in Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Patton Robert T. , Nelson David M.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Calculating Future Fringe Benefits in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Cases
Authors: Franz Wolfgang W. , Ashby Scott T.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Qualifications, Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Forensic Economics
Authors: Johnson Walter D.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
The Relationship Between Age, Earnings and the Net Discount Rate Revisited
Authors: de Seve Charles W.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Self-Consumption Allowances, Family Size and Family Structure
Authors: Ciecka James E.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Market Valuation of Household Production
Authors: Dulaney Ronald A. , Fitzgerald John H. , Swenson Matthew S. , Wicks John H.
Published: July 2010

No abstract available.
Health and hygienic conditions of ewe's milk processing from the aspect of food safety
Authors: Dudriková Eva , Poľaková Lucia , Pukáčová Jana
Published: July 2010

Totally, 47 strains of S. aureus and 578 coagulase negative staphylococci were detected in samples from raw ewe milk. The 35 out 47 isolates of S. aureus from ewe milk were positive for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes: sea(4 %), sec (48 %) a sed (48 %). Staphylococcus epidermis (33.04%), Staphylococcus caprae (21.28%) were more prevalent. Staphylococcus chromogenes (7.44 %), Staphylococcus hominis (7.09%), Staphylococcus xylosus (6,92 %), a Staphylococcus warneri (6.40 %) were isolated also in ewes milk. Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3.11 %), Staphylococcus capitis (2.94 %), Staphylococcus simulans (2.08 %) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.73 %) were isolated very rarely from the taken individual milk ewe samples. Sporadically, only in few cases, the others coagulase negative staphylococci were isolated (< 1 %): Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus closii, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus auricularis and Staphylococcus equorum.
Verification of the food safety management system in deep frozen food production plant
Authors: Kolajová Erika , Zeleňáková Lucia , Čapla Jozef , Zajác Peter
Published: July 2010

In work is presented verification of food safety management system of deep frozen food. Main emphasis is on creating set of verification questions within articles of standard STN EN ISO 22000:2006 and on searching of effectiveness in food safety management system. Information were acquired from scientific literature sources and they pointed out importance of implementation and upkeep of effective food safety management system.
Oxidative stability of chilled chicken meat after feeding of selected plants
Authors: Marcinčák Slavomí­r , Popelka Peter , Šimková Jana , Marcinčáková Dana , Martonová Mária
Published: July 2010

The effect of feeding of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, L) and combination of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L) and hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha L) on oxidative stability and sensory properties of produced poultry meat was investigated. Sixty one-day-old commercial broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were used in our experiment, divided into 3 groups, and fed 41 days, as follows: control (K) was fed with standard diet without supplementation of plants; second group (M) was fed with standard diet supplemented with grounded lemon balm in concentration 2 % per 1 kg; and third group was fed with standard diet supplemented with grounded yarrow (2 %) and hawthorn (1 %). Results showed that supplementation with lemon balm, and mainly combination of yarrow and hawthorn in the diet significantly caused reduction of lipid oxidation processes in thigh meat during chilling storage of samples. In addition, supplementation of plants in the diet had positive effect on sensory quality of meat of broiler chickens.
Highly Efficient Route to Functionalized Tetrahydrocarbazoles Using a Tandem Cross‐Metathesis/Intramolecular‐Hydroarylation Sequence
Authors: An Xiao‐Lei , Chen Jia‐Rong , Li Chang‐Feng , Zhang Fu‐Gen , Zou You‐Quan , Guo Ying‐Cen , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: July 2010

The scope of the novel ruthenium‐catalyzed tandem cross‐metathesis/intramolecular‐hydroarylation sequence is described. This methodology offers a practical and efficient synthesis of structurally diverse and complex tetrahydrocarbazoles in good to excellent yields (up to 98 %). Moreover, preliminary efforts towards the development of an enantioselective version of the current process by sequential catalysis with ruthenium complex and chiral amine are presented, with high yields and enantioselectivities (up to 88 % yield and 91 % ee).
Pyrroloquinoline quinone‐dependent carbohydrate dehydrogenase: Activity enhancement and the role of artificial electron acceptors
Authors: Kulys Juozas , Tetianec Lidija , Bratkovskaja Irina
Published: July 2010

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ‐GDH) offers a variety of opportunities for applications, e.g. in highly sensitive biosensors and electrosynthetic reactions. Here we report on the acceleration (up to 4.9 x 104‐fold) of enzymatic ferricyanide reduction by artificial redox mediators (enhancers). The reaction mechanism includes reduction of the PQQ‐GDH by glucose followed by oxidation of the reduced PQQ cofactor with either ferricyanide or a redox mediator. A synergistic effect occurs through the oxidation of a reduced mediator by ferricyanide. Using kinetic description of the coupled reaction, the second order rate constant for the reaction of an oxidized mediator with the reduced enzyme cofactor (kox) can be calculated. For different mediators this value is 2.2 x 106–1.6 x 108 M‐1s‐1 at pH 7.2 and 25°C. However, no correlation of the rate constant with the midpoint redox potential of the mediator could be established. For low‐potential mediators the synergistic effect is proportional to the ratio of kox(med)/kox(ferricyanide), whereas for the high‐potential mediators the effect depends on both this ratio and the concentration of the oxidized mediator, which can be calculated from the Nernst equation. The described effect can be applied in various ways, e.g. for substrate reactivity determination, electrosynthetic PQQ cofactor regeneration or building of new highly sensitive biosensors.
Risk factors for portal venous thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 910–916)
Authors: Senzolo M , Rodriguez K , Nadal E , Burra P
Published: July 2010

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
The subdural space of the spine: A lymphatic sink? Myodil's last message
Authors: Hugh Alan E.
Published: July 2010

Following the radiological study of a large number of myelograms, starting over 50 years ago when the only clinical contrast medium available to show the contents of the spinal canal was an iodized oil, the author has collected a number of examples where the oil was inadvertently injected into the subdural area, rather than the intended subarachnoid space. By taking follow‐up films at various intervals following the inadvertent injection, it has been possible to study the extent to which the subdural space could become visualized from a lumbar injection, the contrast medium sometimes passing to the top of the cervical region and the lower part of the sacrum. Also, the contrast passed outward along the peri‐neural lymphatic sheaths or spaces of the issuing spinal nerves, where it might remain for months, and under the influence of gravity it could extend for a considerable way. It also passed into abdominal and thoracic lymph vessels and nodes. Considering the morphology, predictability, and ease with which the demonstrated subdural space fills, the author concludes that the subdural region is a true and functionally significant “space,” and an important conduit or functional part of the body's lymphatic system. He also considers that it has implications for the spread or dissemination of various organisms, substances or pathological conditions, as well as being part of the normal conduit for reabsorption of CSF with implications for hydrocephalus, and with potential for misplacement of spinal anaesthetic agents. Clin. Anat. 23:829–839, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into Intramolecular Trp and His Side‐Chain Orientation and Stereospecific π Interactions Surrounding Metal Centers: An Investigation Using Protein Metal‐Site Mimicry in Solution
Authors: Yang Chi Ming , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2010

Metal‐binding scaffolds incorporating a Trp/His‐paired epitope are instrumental in giving novel insights into the physicochemical basis of functional and mechanistic versatility conferred by the Trp–His interplay at a metal site. Herein, by coupling biometal site mimicry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy experiments, modular constructs EDTA‐(L‐Trp, L‐His) (EWH; EDTA=ethylenediamino tetraacetic acid) and DTPA‐(L‐Trp, L‐His) (DWH; DTPA=diethylenetriamino pentaacetic acid) were employed to dissect the static and transient physicochemical properties of hydrophobic/hydrophilic aromatic interactive modes surrounding biometal centers. The binding feature and identities of the stoichiometric metal‐bound complexes in solution were investigated by using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, which facilitated a cross‐validation of the carboxylate, amide oxygen, and tertiary amino groups as the primary ligands and indole as the secondary ligand, with the imidazole (Im) N3 nitrogen being weakly bound to metals such as Ca2+ owing to a multivalency effect. Surrounding the metal centers, the stereospecific orientation of aromatic rings in the diastereoisomerism is interpreted with the Ca2+–EWH complex. With respect to perturbed Trp side‐chain rotamer heterogeneity, drastically restricted Trp side‐chain flexibility and thus a dynamically constrained rotamer interconversion due to π interactions is evident from the site‐selective 13C NMR spectroscopic signal broadening of the Trp indolyl C3 atom. Furthermore, effects of Trp side‐chain fluctuation on indole/Im orientation were the subject of a 2D NMR spectroscopy study by using the Ca2+‐bound state; a CH2(indolyl)/CH5(Im+) connectivity observed in the NOESY spectra captured direct evidence that the NH1 of the Ca2+–Im+ unit interacted with the pyrrole ring of the indole unit in Ca2+‐bound EWH but not in DWH, which is assignable to a moderately static, anomalous, T‐shaped, interplanar π+–π stacking alignment. Nevertheless, a comparative 13C NMR spectroscopy study of the two homologous scaffolds revealed that the overall response of the indole unit arises predominantly from global attractions between the indole ring and the entire positively charged first coordination sphere. The study thus demonstrates the coordination‐sphere/geometry dependence of the Trp/His side‐chain interplay, and established that π interactions allow 13C NMR spectroscopy to offer a new window for investigating Trp rotamer heterogeneity near metal‐binding centers.
A Chemical Strategy for the Relaxivity Enhancement of GdIII Chelates Anchored on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Carniato Fabio , Tei Lorenzo , Cossi Maurizio , Marchese Leonardo , Botta Mauro
Published: July 2010

Functionalised MCM‐41 mesoporous silica nanoparticles were used as carriers of GdIII complexes for the development of nanosized magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Three GdIII complexes based on the 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane scaffold (DOTA; monoamide‐, DOTA‐ and DO3A‐like complexes) with distinct structural and magnetic properties were anchored on the silica nanoparticles functionalised with NH2 groups. The interaction between GdIII chelates and surface functional groups markedly influenced the relaxometric properties of the hybrid materials, and were deeply modified passing from ionic NH3+ to neutral amides. A complete study of the structural, textural and surface properties together with a full 1H relaxometric characterisation of these hybrid materials before and after surface modification was carried out. Particularly for the anionic complex 2 attached to MCM‐41, an impressive increase in relaxivity (r1p) was observed (from 20.3 to 37.8 mM−1 s−1, 86.2 % enhancement at 20 MHz and 310 K), mainly due to a threefold faster water exchange rate after acetylation of the surface NH3+ ions. This high r1p value, coupled with the large molar amount of grafted 2 onto the silica nanoparticles gives rise to a value of relaxivity per particle of 29 500 mM−1 s−1, which possibly allows it to be used in molecular imaging procedures. Smaller changes were observed for the hybrid materials based on neutral 1 and 3 complexes. In fact, whereas 1 shows a weak interaction with the surface and acetylation induced only some decrease of the local rotation, complex 3 appears to be involved in a strong interaction with surface silanols. This results in the displacement of a coordinated water molecule and in a decrease of the accessibility of the solvent to the metal centre, which is unaffected by the modification of ammonium ions to neutral amides.