bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum gas microscopy of Rydberg macrodimers
Authors: Hollerith Simon , Zeiher Johannes , Rui Jun , Rubio-Abadal Antonio , Walther Valentin , Pohl Thomas , Stamper-Kurn Dan M. , Bloch Immanuel , Gross Christian
Published: May 2019

Bonding's outer limit

In a Rydberg state, an atom has been very nearly, but not quite, ionized. This puts the electron relatively far from the nucleus, and two atoms in such a state can thus form a rather long-range bond. Hollerith
et al.
observed this phenomenon in fine detail by exciting pairs of ultracold rubidium atoms along the diagonal of an optical lattice. The authors resolved the vibrational state structure spectroscopically and showed that the Rydberg dimers manifested bond lengths exceeding 700 nanometers.

Science
, this issue p.
664
Curbing the costs of chemical manufacturing
Authors: Caille Seb
Published: May 2019

Renewable feedstocks and fewer process steps can reduce financial and environmental costs
Sydney Brenner (1927–2019)
Authors: Kenyon Cynthia
Published: May 2019

Pioneer of molecular biology and genetics
Health insurance and education: major contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia
Authors: Guarnizo-Herreño Carol C , Watt Richard G , Garzón-Orjuela Nathaly , Suárez-Zúñiga Elizabeth , Tsakos Georgios
Published: May 2019

Background

Health inequalities, including inequalities in oral health, are problems of social injustice worldwide. Evidence on this issue from low-income and middle-income countries is still needed. We aimed to examine the relationship between oral health and different dimensions of socioeconomic position (SEP) in Colombia, a very unequal society emerging from a long-lasting internal armed conflict.

Methods

Using data from the last Colombian Oral Health Survey (2014), we analysed inequalities in severe untreated caries (≥3 teeth), edentulousness (total tooth loss) and number of missing teeth. Inequalities by education, income, area-level SEP and health insurance scheme were estimated by the relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality (RII and SII, respectively).

Results

A general pattern of social gradients was observed and significant inequalities for all outcomes and SEP indicators were identified with RII and SII. Relative inequalities were larger for decay by health insurance scheme, with worse decay levels among the uninsured (RII: 2.57; 95% CI 2.11 to 3.13), and in edentulousness (RII: 3.23; 95% CI 1.88 to 5.55) and number of missing teeth (RII: 2.08; 95% CI 1.86 to 2.33) by education, with worse levels of these outcomes among the lower educated groups. Absolute inequalities followed the same pattern. Inequalities were larger in urban areas.

Conclusion

Health insurance and education appear to be the main contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia, posing challenges for designing public health strategies and social policies. Tackling health inequalities is crucial for a fairer society in a Colombian post-conflict era and our findings highlight the importance of investing in education policies and universal health care coverage.
Consideration for primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators differ between specialities
Authors: Mistry Amar , Vali Zakariyya , Taher Abu , Sidhu Bharat , Li Xin , Newton Michelle , Ng Ghulam Andre
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates remain variable despite established guideline recommendations. This study aims to assess whether being managed by a cardiologist has an impact on whether patients are considered for an ICD for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Design/Methods

Single-centre, retrospective, observational study of patients identified to have severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) on echocardiography (n = 129) between 1 and 30 June 2016 with cross-sectional assessment at 1 year. An assessment of ICD consideration at 1 year following the echocardiogram was documented, in addition to the specialty of the managing physician (group 1—electrophysiologist/heart failure specialist; group 2—all other cardiologists; group 3—non-cardiologist).

Results

129/1173 (11%) transthoracic echocardiographies (s) were identified to have severe LVSD. 52 (40%), 37 (29%) and 40 (31%) were managed by group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively. Mean age was 74.7 (±12.6) years with a predominance of male gender (70.5%). An ICD was not considered in 47.3%. Those managed by a cardiologist were more likely to be considered for an ICD than a non-cardiologist (63.9% vs 30.0%; OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.8 to 8.8, p = 0.001) with a greater survival at 1 year (89.9% vs 52.5%, OR 8.1 95% CI 3.2 to 20.4, p < 0.001). Group 1 were more likely to consider ICD than group 2 cardiologists (75.0% vs 45.9%; OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.7, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

There is significant variation between cardiologists and non-cardiologists, as well as within different cardiology subspecialists, when considering the option of ICD therapy for primary prevention.
Rethinking our definition of operative success: predicting early mortality after emergency general surgery colon resection
Authors: DeWane Michael P , Davis Kimberly A , Schuster Kevin M , Maung Adrian A , Becher Robert D
Published: May 2019

Background

The postoperative outcomes of emergency general surgery patients can be fraught with uncertainty. Although surgical risk calculators exist to predict 30-day mortality, they are often of limited utility in preparing patients and families for immediate perioperative complications. Examination of trends in mortality after emergent colectomy may help inform complex perioperative decision-making. We hypothesized that risk factors could be identified to predict early mortality (before postoperative day 5) to inform operative decisions.

Methods

This analysis was a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2012–2014). Patients were stratified into three groups: early death (postoperative day 0–4), late death (postoperative day 5–30), and those who survived. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore characteristics associated with early death. Kaplan-Meier models and Cox regression were used to further characterize their impact.

Results

A total of 18 803 patients were analyzed. Overall 30-day mortality was 12.5% (3316); of these, 37.1% (899) were early deaths. The preoperative factors most predictive of early death were septic shock (OR 3.62, p<0.001), ventilator dependence (OR 2.81, p<0.001), and ascites (OR 1.63, p<0.001). Postoperative complications associated with early death included pulmonary embolism (OR 5.78, p<0.001), presence of new-onset or ongoing postoperative septic shock (OR 4.45, p<0.001) and new-onset renal failure (OR 1.89, p<0.001). Patients with both preoperative and postoperative shock had an overall mortality rate of 47% with over half of all deaths occurring in the early period.

Conclusions

Nearly 40% of patients who die after emergent colon resection do so before postoperative day 5. Early mortality is heavily influenced by the presence of both preoperative and new or persistent postoperative septic shock. These results demonstrate important temporal trends of mortality, which may inform perioperative patient and family discussions and complex management decisions.

Level of evidence

Level III. Study type: Prognostic.
Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Bioactive Components ofTripterygium wilfordii
Authors: Li Jianheng , Hao Jijun
Published: May 2019

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. (TWHF), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis in China. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the bioactive components of TWHF have effective therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of triptolide and celastrol (the two major TWHF components) as well as their analogues in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we review and discuss the molecular mechanisms and structure features of those two bioactive TWHF components, highlighting their therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative diseases.
Love in extrema ratio
Authors: Pani Paolo , Maselli Andrea
Published: May 2019

The tidal deformability of a self-gravitating object leaves an imprint on the gravitational-wave signal of an inspiral which is paramount to measure the internal structure of the binary components. We unveil here a surprisingly unnoticed effect: in the extreme mass-ratio limit the tidal Love number of the central object (i.e. the quadrupole moment induced by the tidal field of its companion) affects the gravitational waveform at the leading order in the mass ratio. This effect acts as a magnifying glass for the tidal deformability of supermassive objects but was so far neglected, probably because the tidal Love numbers of a black hole (the most natural candidate for a compact supermassive object) are identically zero. We argue that extreme mass-ratio inspirals detectable by the future laser interferometric space antenna (LISA) mission might place constraints on the tidal Love numbers of the central object which are roughly eight orders of magnitude more stringent than current ones on neutron stars, potentially probing all models of black hole mimickers proposed so far.
Functions of bounded higher variation in the fractional Sobolev spaces
Authors: Tu Qiang , Wu Chuanxi
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we establish fine properties of functions of bounded higher variation in the framework of fractional Sobolev spaces. In particular, inspired by the recent work of Brezis–Nguyen on the distributional Jacobian, we extend the definition of functions of bounded higher variation, which defined by Jerrard–Soner in [Formula: see text], to the fractional Sobolev space [Formula: see text], and apply Cartesian currents theory to establishing general versions of coarea formula, chain rule and decomposition property.
Maximality of orders in Dedekind domains
Authors: Rothkegel Beata
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we discuss when an order in a Dedekind domain is maximal.
p-Phenylene-bridged zinc phthalocyanine-dimer as hole-transporting material in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Molina Desiré , Ruiz-Preciado Marco A. , Sadegh Faranak , Álvaro-Martins Maria João , Grätzel Michael , Hagfeldt Anders , Sastre-Santos Ángela
Published: May 2019

The synthesis and characterization of a [Formula: see text]-phenylene-bridged ZnPc dimer along with a preliminary study of this material as hole transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells is described. The maximum efficiencies that obtained are 15.2% for ZnPc-[Formula: see text]-ZnPc 1, thus demonstrating the potential of the Pc dimers that could pave the path to achieve highly efficient PSCs (PCE >20%).
Single-Phase Heat Transfer of R245fa + Lubricant Oil Mixtures Inside Horizontal Smooth and Microfin Tubes
Authors: Liu Yufei , Watanabe Kazuhide , Jige Daisuke , Inoue Norihiro
Published: May 2019

The effect of lubricant oil on the single-phase heat transfer of R245fa inside horizontal smooth and microfin tubes was experimentally investigated. Tests were conducted using a horizontal smooth tube with an inner diameter of 8.32[Formula: see text]mm and two microfin tubes with equivalent diameters of 8.9 and 8.7[Formula: see text]mm, fin height of 0.12 and 0.18[Formula: see text]mm, and number of fins of 65 and 85, respectively. The heat transfer coefficients were measured for pure R245fa and R245fa + lubricant oil mixture in the Reynolds number range of 2000–10000, heat fluxes of 5 and 10[Formula: see text]kWm[Formula: see text], and refrigerant temperatures of 30∘C and 45∘C at the test section inlet. Oil concentration was varied at 1, 2 and 5[Formula: see text]wt.%. The results showed that the heat transfer of pure R245fa agreed well with previous correlations. However, the heat transfer coefficients of the R245fa + lubricant oil mixtures were lower than those of the pure R245fa, and decreased with an increase in oil concentration for both smooth and microfin tubes. The reduction in heat transfer was more marked for the HF tube than for the smooth and LF tubes. For the HF tube, the decrease in heat transfer was apparently more pronounced at higher oil concentrations from 2 to 5[Formula: see text]wt.% owing to immiscibility between the oil and refrigerant.
The China–US Trade War and Future Economic Relations
Authors: Lau Lawrence J.
Published: May 2019

The immediate and the real impacts of the China–US trade war on the Chinese and US economies are assessed. It is shown that while the impacts are negative and significant, they are smaller in both absolute terms and relative to GDP for the US than for China, but manageable by both economies. However, the economic and technological competition between the two economies is likely to continue even after the tariff war is settled. The Chinese economy will continue to grow at a faster real rate than the US economy and will likely surpass the US economy in terms of aggregate real GDP in the early 2030s. It will take longer for the overall Chinese technological level to catch up to that of the US. In terms of real GDP per capita, it will likely be the end of the twenty-first century before China catches up with the US.
How Sysadmins Devalue Themselves
Authors: Limoncelli Thomas A.
Published: May 2019

Q: Dear Tom, How can I devalue my work? Lately I’ve felt like everyone appreciates me, and, in fact, I’m overpaid and underutilized. Could you help me devalue myself at work? A: Dear Reader, Absolutely! I know what a pain it is to lug home those big paychecks. It’s so distracting to have people constantly patting you on the back. Ouch! Plus, popularity leads to dates with famous musicians and movie stars. (Just ask someone like Taylor Swift or Leonardo DiCaprio.) Who wants that kind of distraction when there’s a perfectly good video game to be played?
Co-Designing Learning Materials to Empower Laypersons to Better Understand Big Data and Big Data Methods
Authors: Schilling Lisa M. , Pena-Jackson Griselda , Russell Seth , Corral Janet , Kwan Bethany , Ressalam Julie
Published: May 2019

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus' Data Science to Patient Value Program and 2040 Partners for Health sought to create open learning materials for engaged citizens and community leaders regarding big data and big data methods to support their collaboration in patient-centered and participatorybased community research and evaluation. 2040 is a local nonprofit organization that cultivates partnerships in Aurora, Colorado neighborhoods to tackle critical health needs. Our goal was to co-design and co-create a series of big data learning modules accessible to community laypeople, so they might better understand big data topics and be empowered more actively engage in health research and evaluation that uses big data methods.
Data Science Summer Academy for Chicago Public School Students
Authors: Mobasher Bamshad , Dettori Lucia , Raicu Daniela , Settimi Raffaella , Sonboli Nasim , Stettler Monica
Published: May 2019

In this article, we describe DePaul University's summer data science academy for Chicago Public School students which was, in part, funded through the SIGKDD Impact Award program in 2018. The goal of the academy was to increase awareness about data science among high school students. The program specifically aimed to broaden participation of underrepresented groups in computing by targeting economically disadvantaged, African American, Hispanic, and female students. A cohort of 15 high school students from the Chicago Public School system participated in this week-long lab-based data science program learning about a variety of data science methods and their applications, including data visualization, distance-based methods, classification, clustering and others. The group comprised of 75% African American and Hispanic students, 58.3% of whom were female.
Takotsubo Syndrome Associated with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ezad Saad , McGee Michael , Boyle Andrew J.
Published: May 2019

Background. Takotsubo syndrome is a reversible heart failure syndrome which often presents with symptoms and ECG changes that mimic an acute myocardial infarction. Obstructive coronary artery disease has traditionally been seen as exclusion criteria for the diagnosis of takotsubo; however, recent reports have called this into question and suggest that the two conditions may coexist. Case Summary. We describe a case of an 83-year-old male presenting with chest pain consistent with acute myocardial infarction. The ECG demonstrated anterior ST elevation with bedside echocardiography showing apical wall motion abnormalities. Cardiac catheterisation found an occluded OM2 branch of the left circumflex artery with ventriculography confirming apical ballooning consistent with takotsubo and not in the vascular territory supplied by the occluded epicardial vessel. Repeat echocardiogram 6 weeks later confirmed resolution of the apical wall motion abnormalities consistent with a diagnosis of takotsubo. Discussion. This case demonstrates the finding of takotsubo syndrome in a male patient with acute myocardial infarction. Traditionally, this would preclude a diagnosis of takotsubo; however, following previous reports of takotsubo in association with coronary artery dissection and acute myocardial infarction in female patients, new diagnostic criteria have been proposed which allow the diagnosis of takotsubo in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease. This case adds to the growing body of literature that suggests takotsubo can coexist with acute myocardial infarction; however, it remains to be elucidated if it is a consequence or cause of myocardial infarction.
MiR-21-3p Plays a Crucial Role in Metabolism Alteration of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells during Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury via AKT/CDK2-FOXO1 Pathway
Authors: Lin Zhuoyong , Liu Zhongwei , Wang Xi , Qiu Chuan , Zheng Shixiang
Published: May 2019

Objective. Sepsis and associated acute kidney injury (SAKI) are determined to be closely related to poor prognosis. Because the metabolic alterations of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are crucial for the occurrence and development of SAKI, we carried out this present study to identify the metabolism changes of TECs during SAKI and relevant mechanisms. Methods. Rat SAKI model and rat tubular epithelial cell line were used in our study. ELISA was used to determine the serum cytokines levels. Protein expressions were examined with Western-Blotting and the transcriptions of RNAs were determined with qRT-PCR. ADP/ATP assay and Oil Red O staining were used to examine the energy and lipid metabolism, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out to determine the interactions between miRNA and specific proteins. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were determined with flow cytometry. Results. Sepsis and AKI were induced 12 h after CLP. Energy and lipid metabolism reduced significantly while FOXO1 levels increased remarkably in TECs during SAKI. The expressions of both AKT and CDK2 and the transcriptions of relevant mRNAs reduced significantly in TECs during SAKI while miR-21-3p expression increased remarkably. Both AKT and CDK2 were determined as the direct targets of miR-21-3p. Furthermore, by in vitro experiments, it was demonstrated that FOXO1 levels were regulated by miR-21-3p in TECs via AKT/CDK2 and AKT/CDK2-FOXO1 pathway was crucial in the regulations of miR-21-3p on lipid metabolism, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis of TECs. Conclusions. MiR-21-3p mediates metabolism and cell fate alterations of TECs via manipulating AKT/CDK2-FOXO1 pathway, and that is crucial in the regulation of energy metabolism of TECs during SAKI.
High-Field (3.4 T) ENDOR Investigation of Asphaltenes in Native Oil and Vanadyl Complexes by Asphaltene Adsorption on Alumina Surface
Authors: Gafurov Marat , Mamin Georgy , Gracheva Irina , Murzakhanov Fadis , Ganeeva Yulia , Yusupova Tatiana , Orlinskii Sergei
Published: May 2019

Vanadyl porphyrin complexes in asphaltenes from heavy (Karmalinskoye) oil and in asphaltene films obtained as a result of adsorption on the surface of aluminum oxide were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and double electron-nuclear resonance (ENDOR) in the W-band frequency range (microwave frequency of 95 GHz, magnetic field of 3.4 T). Mims ENDOR spectra from 1H and 27Al nuclei are observed. ENDOR spectra are different for native oil and asphaltenes from one side and the adsorbed samples from the other side while no significant changes in X- (microwave frequency of 9 GHz) or W-band EPR spectra are found. The results allow supposing that vanadyl porphyrin complexes (at least in the studied asphaltene films) participate in the formation of asphaltene aggregates through the functional groups rather than π−π interactions. The data show the feasibility of the commercial pulsed ENDOR approaches for the investigation of crude oils and their constituents under external influence.
Controlled Release Strategies for the Combination of Fresh and Lyophilized Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Liu Zhongshuang , Jin Han , Xie Qi , Jiang Zhuling , Guo Shouli , Li Ying , Zhang Bin
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate growth factors release kinetics for the combination of fresh platelet-rich fibrin (F-PRF) and lyophilized PRF (L-PRF) with different ratios to promote bone tissue regeneration. First, we quantified the level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) in vitro and analyzed their release kinetics from F-PRF, L-PRF, and the fresh/lyophilized PRF in different weight ratios (F:L=1:1, 1:3, 1:5). The second experimental phase was to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as a functional response to the factors released. To further test the osteogenic potential in vivo, different scaffolds (F-PRF, or L-PRF, or F:L=1:1) were implanted in rabbit cranial bone defects. There was a statistically significant increase in proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs when the culture medium contained different PRF exudates collected at day 14 compared with the negative control group. The results showed that the new bone formation in the fresh/lyophilized PRF (1:1) was much more than that of other groups in defects at both 6 and 12 weeks. Our data suggested growth factor concentration and release kinetics as a consequence of fresh and lyophilized PRF combination, which is an effective way for promoting bone regeneration.
mTORC2 Regulates Lipogenic Gene Expression through PPARγ to Control Lipid Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Guo Zhixin , Zhao Keyu , Feng Xue , Yan Dandan , Yao Ruiyuan , Chen Yuhao , Bao Lili , Wang Zhigang
Published: May 2019

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling to regulate cell proliferation and is associated with cell metabolism. However, the function of mTORC2 in lipid metabolism is not well understood. In the present study, mTORC2 was inactivated by the ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor AZD8055 or shRNA targeting RICTOR in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMECs). MTT assay was performed to examine the effect of AZD8055 on cell proliferation. ELISA assay and GC-MS analysis were used to determine the content of lipid. The mRNA and protein expression levels were investigated by RT/real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. We found that cell proliferation, mTORC2 activation, and lipid secretion were inhibited by AZD8055. RICTOR was knocked down and mTORC2 activation was specifically attenuated by the shRNA. Compared to control cells, the expression of the transcription factor gene PPARG and the lipogenic genes LPIN1, DGAT1, ACACA, and FASN was downregulated in RICTOR silencing cells. As a result, the content of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG), palmitic acid (PA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other 16 types of fatty acid was decreased in the treated cells; the accumulation of TAG, PA, and DHA in cell culture medium was also reduced. Overall, mTORC2 plays a critical role in regulating lipogenic gene expression, lipid synthesis, and secretion in pBMECs, and this process probably is through PPARγ. This finding provides a model by which lipogenesis is regulated in pBMECs.
Salidroside Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Preserving Complex I Activity via DJ-1/Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Pathway
Authors: Li Ruru , Wang Songhai , Li Tao , Wu Leitao , Fang Yan , Feng Yang , Zhang Lingling , Chen Jianzong , Wang Xin
Published: May 2019

The pathogenic mechanism of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains to be elucidated; however, mitochondrial dysfunction at the level of complex I and oxidative stress is suggestively involved in the development of PD. In our previous work, salidroside (Sal), an active component extracted from the medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea L., might protect dopaminergic (DA) neurons through modulating ROS–NO-related pathway. However, the mechanism of Sal-induced neuroprotective effects against PD remains poorly understood. Therefore, we further investigated whether Sal plays neuroprotective effects by activating complex I via DJ-1/Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. The results showed that Sal remarkably attenuated MPP+/MPTP-induced decline in cell viability, accompanied by decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents and increases in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as glutathione (GSH) levels. Furthermore, Sal greatly improved the behavioral performance and prevented the severe reduction of TH-positive neuron numbers in the substantia nigra (SN). Moreover, in comparison with the MPP+/MPTP group, Sal increased the nuclear translocation of DJ-1 and Nrf2 and the mitochondrial translocation of DJ-1, accompanied by activating complex I. Furthermore, silencing of DJ-1/Nrf2 inhibited the increase of complex I activity and cell viability elicited by Sal. Together, these results support the neuroprotective effect of Sal against MPP+/MPTP-induced DA neurons damage.
Pros and Cons of Aspirin Prophylaxis for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Kidney Transplantation and Review of Evidence
Authors: Khalil Muhammad Abdul Mabood , Khalil Muhammad Shahab Ud Din , Khamis Said Sayed Ahmed , Alam Sartaj , Daiwajna Rajendra Govindrao , Rajput Ahmed Suleman , Alhaji Mohammed M. , Chong Vui Heng , Tan Jackson
Published: May 2019

Kidney transplant recipients have traditional and nontraditional risk factors which can lead to coronary artery disease and sudden death with a functional graft loss. Aspirin has been used traditionally for prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents. It has beneficial effects in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in general population. Its use for primary prophylaxis is still disputed. Bleeding and theoretical risk of nephrotoxicity are the major concerns about its use. The data on aspirin in kidney transplant population is sparse. This review will focus on various pros and cons of aspirin use for prevention of cardiovascular events in kidney transplant recipients and a way forward.
Association of rs2910164 Polymorphism in miRNA-146 and rs3746444 Polymorphism in miRNA-499 with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Dingjian , Pan Guixia
Published: May 2019

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of miRNA-146 and miRNA-499 polymorphisms with inflammatory arthritis. Methods. A systematic search of studies on the association of miRNA-146 and miRNA-499 polymorphisms with inflammatory arthritis susceptibility was conducted in PubMed, Web of science, Elsevier ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Eventually, 18 published studies were included. The strength of association between miRNA-146/499 polymorphisms and inflammatory arthritis susceptibility was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 18 case-control studies, consisting of 3385 inflammatory arthritis patients and 4584 controls, were included in the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed significant association between miRNA-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and inflammatory arthritis susceptibility in overall population (C vs T, OR: 1.422, 95% CI= 1.159-1.745, P=0.001). Similar results were found in subgroup analysis by region. But we did not find association between miRNA-146 rs2910164 polymorphism and inflammatory arthritis susceptibility in overall population (C vs T, OR: 1.061, 95% CI= 0.933-1.207, P=0.365). Conclusions. The present study indicates that miRNA-499 rs3746444 polymorphism is associated with inflammatory arthritis susceptibility. However, there is lack of association between miRNA-146 rs2910164 polymorphism and inflammatory arthritis susceptibility. But, we also find miRNA-146 rs2910164 and miRNA-499 rs3746444 polymorphism are associated with inflammatory arthritis in Middle East. Therefore, more large-scale studies are warranted to replicate our findings.
ПРОБЛЕМНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНЕ НАВЧАННЯ У ВИЩІЙ МЕДИЧНІЙ ОСВІТІ
Authors: Khlamanova L. I. , Chaikovsky Yu. B.
Published: May 2019

Мета роботи – аналіз літератури про метод проблемно-орієнтованого навчання (PBL – Problem Based Learning), його впровадження в медичну освіту.

Основна частина. Окреслено недоліки та переваги цієї навчальної технології. PBL сприяє появі навичок активного навчання, що є важливим для постійного процесу післядипломного навчання лікарів; навчає вирішувати клінічні ситуації. Але студенти, що навчалися за методом PBL, іноді мали нижчі показники іспитів з фундаментальних дисциплін, ніж ті, хто навчався за традиційною методикою. Оскільки для навчальної моделі PBL надзвичайно важливим є засвоєння фундаментальних дисциплін, ми пропонуємо на доклінічних кафедрах застосовувати активні методи викладання знань шляхом їх інтеграції по горизонталі та вертикалі, практикувати проведення міждисциплінарних занять за сценарієм PBL. Проведення таких занять допоможе поширити ефективність навчання за моделлю PBL на викладання морфологічних дисциплін та фізіології й закріпити базові знання у студентів клінічних кафедр та лікарів під час післядипломної освіти.

Висновок. Переваги PBL та зазначені особливості деяких шляхів можливого впровадження цієї інноваційної технології в додипломне та післядипломне навчання спрямовані на підвищення якості медичної освіти та узгоджуються з логіко-змістовою моделлю галузевих стандартів підготовки фахівців, здатних до безперервного професійного розвитку.
ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМ РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АНТИБІОТИКІВ ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Posokhova K. A. , Oleshchuk O. M. , Shevchuk O. O.
Published: May 2019

Мета роботи – аналіз проблем раціонального застосування антибіотиків та шляхів їх вирішення при викладанні фармакології.

Основна частина. Проаналізовано основні проблеми, які перешкоджають ефективній антибіотикотерапії у наш час (прогресуюче зростання резистентності мікроорганізмів, нераціональне, надмірне застосування антибіотиків у клінічній практиці) та підкреслено важливість подачі цього матеріалу студентам для усвідомлення ними належних правил використання антибіотиків. 

Висновок. Аналіз причин антибіотикорезистентності, проблем раціонального призначення антибактеріальних препаратів та шляхів їх вирішення при викладанні теми “Фармакологія антибіотиків” є важливою складовою ефективного опанування студентами цього важливого матеріалу з метою використання у майбутній лікарській діяльності.
ПРЕСТИЖНІСТЬ ПРОФЕСІЙ СЕРЕД СТАРШОКЛАСНИКІВ
Authors: Vykhrushch A. V. , Horpinich T. I. , Smyla J.
Published: May 2019

Мета роботи – розглянути особливості становлення системи професійної орієнтації, узагальнити досвід зарубіжних країн, зокрема США, виявити тенденції професійного вибору сучасними старшокласниками, дослідити престижність професій медичного профілю.

Основна частина. У статті проаналізовано підходи до розуміння поняття “професійна орієнтація”, досліджено його історичний розвиток. Вивчено зарубіжний досвід в організації системи професійної орієнтації у взаємозв’язку із соціально-економічними умовами суспільства. Доведено роль Малої академії наук, профільних класів, спеціалізованих конкурсів у професійному самовизначенні майбутніх абітурієнтів. З’ясовано головні тенденції у формуванні системи цінностей старшокласників з метою уточнення окремих аспектів профорієнтаційної роботи в Україні та Польщі.

Висновки. Дослідження довело, що система професійної орієнтації в Україні та сучасному суспільстві загалом потребує використання нових підходів у відповідь на глобалізаційні та інформатизаційні процеси. Вивчення престижності професій у процесі індивідуального розвитку, створення порівняльних характеристик системи цінностей молоді різних країн, вплив полікультурного середовища, пошук психолого-педагогічних закономірностей професійного вибору є найбільш актуальними питаннями подальших наукових розвідок.
РЕЦЕНЗІЯ НА МОНОГРАФІЮ: ГОРПІНІЧ Т. І. ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ЛІКАРІВ В УНІВЕРСИТЕТАХ США / Т. І. ГОРПІНІЧ ; НАУК. РЕД. А. В. ВИХРУЩ. – ТЕРНОПІЛЬ : ТДМУ, 2018. – 412 с.
Authors: Bilavych H. V.
Published: May 2019

Теоретичні засади професійної підготовки майбутніх лікарів в університетах США
Avaliação das posições e situações anatômicas do apêndice em pacientes pediátricos com apendicite aguda
Authors: Aguiar Arthur Almeida , Gusmão Maria Gabriela Dourado de Melo , Mello Amanda Leão Lins e , Velloso Bruna Almeida Andrade , D’Almeida Carolina Vanderley Menezes , Cordeiro Raquel Nogueira , Lima Diego Laurentino
Published: May 2019

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as diferentes posições e situações anatômicas do apêndice em pacientes pediátricos com apendicite aguda. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional do tipo corte transversal, realizado em Agosto de 2015 a Julho de 2016, na Emergência Pediátrica do Hospital da Restauração, na cidade do Recife. A amostra foi composta por 56 pacientes na faixa etária de 7 a 13 anos diagnosticados com apendicite aguda. Os dados clínico-epidemiológicos dos participantes foram obtidos antes do procedimento cirúrgico. Durante a cirurgia, foram coletadas as características anatômicas do apêndice (posição, situação, comprimento e fase da apendicite). RESULTADOS: As posições encontradas foram pélvica (37,5%), retrocecal (28,6%), pré-ileal (10,7%), pós-ileal (8,9%), subcecal (8,9%) e paracecal (5.4%). Quanto à situação, a mais vista foi descendente (46,4%), seguida por ascendente (28,6%), interna (19,6%) e externa (5,4%). As principais manifestações clínicas observadas foram dor em fossa ilíaca direita, vômitos e náuseas, independentemente da posição. Verificou-se que a fase inflamatória da apendicite foi a mais frequente em todas as posições, exceto na subcecal com 60% dos apêndices na fase perfurada. No entanto, não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre a posição subcecal e a fase da apendicite complicada (p=0,367). CONCLUSÃO: A posição pélvica e a situação descendente foram as mais frequentes na população de estudo. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante da posição do apêndice com a fase da apendicite e nem com o quadro clínico.
Cooperative role of c-MYC and E6/E7 from two molecular variants of human papillomavirus type 16 upon proliferation and in vitro transformation of primary human keratinocytes
Authors: Hochmann Jimena , Ferreira Silvaneide , Sobrinho João , Sichero Laura
Published: May 2019

The roles of E6 and E7 oncoproteins of Human Papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) in the progression of immortalized epithelial cells to invasive tumors are not fully understood. Here, we establish a novel link between E6 and E7 of two molecular variants of HPV-16 (AA and E-350G), and c-MYC, regarding the cooperation in promoting malignant transformation of primary human foreskin keratinocytes (PHK). We aimed to study the synergistic effects of E6/E7 and c-MYC upon proliferation, and the in vitro transformation potential of PHK. We evaluated cellular proliferation through the expression of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) protein and colony formation abilities using soft agar and low attachment plates. We observed that E-350G-c-MYC PHKs exhibited discrete higher PCNA levels and formed significantly more colonies in both soft-agar and when growth in low-adhesion culture plates. Overall, we concluded that the E-350G variant co-transfected with c-MYC might promote malignant cellular transformation with a better efficiency than the AA-c-MYC counterpart. The enhanced oncogenic properties exhibited by the E-350G-c-MYC variant offer insights into mechanisms that may operate in human cervical neoplasia, given the higher frequency of its occurrence in the progression of high-grade precursor lesions to invasive carcinomas.
Serum biomarkers for lung cancer screening
Authors: Aquino Flavia Cristina Gonçalves de , Guedes Thais M. , Pires Arthur , Souza Heraldo Possolo de
Published: May 2019

Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. Screening patients at high risk of developing lung cancer is a worldwide priority, since it can be cured if diagnosed in early stages. Currently, screening in high risk individuals is made using low dose computed tomography, however, this method may lead to false-positive tests and overdiagnosis. The usefulness of serum biomarkers would be relevant in two situations: 1) the screening of large groups at high risk of developing lung cancer, where the biomarker should be very sensitive and 2) during the investigation of pulmonary nodules, where the biomarker should be very specific. Several serum biomarkers have been tested to work as biomarkers for lung cancer screening. Unfortunately, so far, none of them has come into current clinical practice. In this review, we analyze some of the serum biomarkers described in the last 10 years, evaluating their potential as tools to detect lung cancer, particularly in smokers. The use of serum biomarkers and imaging methods together seems to be a solution to early diagnosis of lung cancer, more efficient treatment and enhanced chance of cure.
Artificial Neural Network Computer Tomography Perfusion Prediction of Ischemic Core
Authors: Kasasbeh Aimen S. , Christensen Søren , Parsons Mark W. , Campbell Bruce , Albers Gregory W. , Lansberg Maarten G.
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose—

Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a useful tool in the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke, where it can provide an estimate of the ischemic core and the ischemic penumbra. The optimal CTP parameters to identify the ischemic core remain undetermined.

Methods—

We used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimally predict the ischemic core in acute stroke patients, using diffusion-weighted imaging as the gold standard. We first designed an ANN based on CTP data alone and next designed an ANN based on clinical and CTP data.

Results—

The ANN based on CTP data predicted the ischemic core with a mean absolute error of 13.8 mL (SD, 13.6 mL) compared with diffusion-weighted imaging. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.85. At the optimal threshold, the sensitivity for predicting the ischemic core was 0.90 and the specificity was 0.62. Combining CTP data with clinical data available at time of presentation resulted in the same mean absolute error (13.8 mL) but lower SD (12.4 mL). The area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.87, 0.91, and 0.65, respectively. The maximal Dice coefficient was 0.48 in the ANN based on CTP data exclusively.

Conclusions—

An ANN that integrates clinical and CTP data predicts the ischemic core with accuracy.
A new genus and three new species of Phyllocoptini (Acari: Eriophyidae: Phyllocoptinae) from the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, northwestern China
Authors: XUE XIAO-FENG , SONG ZI-WEI , HONG XIAO-YUE
Published: May 2019

A new genus and three new species of eriophyid mites from the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, northwestern China are described and illustrated: Calvittacus regiae gen. nov. and sp. nov. on Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae); Calepitrimerus dendrobenthamiae sp. nov. on Dendrobenthamia japonica var. chinensis (Osborn) Fang (Cornaceae) and Calepitrimerus fopingi sp. nov. on Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume (Lauraceae). All the species are vagrant on the undersurface of leaves. No apparent damages were found on the host plant. A key to the species of Calepitrimerus from China is provided.
Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species
Authors: MUSTELIN TOMAS
Published: May 2019

Twenty-two new taxa of owlet moths (families Erebidae and Noctuidae) are described along with three status changes from subspecies to species, eleven new synonymies, and twenty-one new combinations. Of the new taxa, one is a new tribe, Annaphilini Mustelin, n. tribe, and twenty-one are new species from southern California: Drasteria convergens Mustelin, n.sp., Tarachidia nigra Mustelin, n.sp., Oncocnemis duplex Troubridge and Mustelin, n.sp., O. helena Mustelin, n.sp., O. sala Mustelin, n.sp., O. kelsoensis Robertson and Mustelin, n.sp., Annaphila scurlockorum Sala and Mustelin, n.sp., Cryphia flavipuncta Mustelin, n.sp., Protoperigea umbricata Mustelin, n.sp., P. subterminata Mustelin, n.sp., P. parvulata Mustelin, n.sp., P. calientensis Mustelin, n.sp., Aseptis fanatica Mustelin, n.sp., Aseptis torreyana Mustelin, n.sp., Apamea robertsoni Mikkola and Mustelin, n.sp., A. digitula Mustelin and Mikkola, n.sp., Photedes sofiae Mustelin, n.sp., Mammifrontia sarae Mustelin, n.sp., Lasionycta sala Troubridge and Mustelin, n.sp., Trichocerapoda harbisoni Mustelin, n.sp., and T. oceanis Robertson and Mustelin, n.sp. The relationship of these new species to their closest relatives is discussed. The following new combinations are proposed to maintain consistency in generic concepts between the European and North American faunas: Agrochola decipiens (Grote, 1881), n. comb., Anarta chartaria (Grote, 1873), n. comb., Anarta trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766), n. comb., Anarta mutata (Dod, 1913), n. comb., Anarta fulgora (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918), n. comb., Anarta castrae (Barnes & McDunnough, 1912), n. comb., Anarta hamata (McDunnough, 1930), n. comb., Anarta oregonica (Grote, 1881), n. comb., Anarta montanica (McDunnough, 1930), n. comb., Anarta columbica (McDunnough, 1930), n. comb., Anarta alta (Barnes & Benjamin, 1924), n. comb., Anarta subalbida (Barnes & Benjamin, 1924), n. comb., Anarta obesula (Smith, 1904), n. comb., Anarta farnhami (Grote, 1873), n. comb., Anarta crotchi (Grote, 1880), n. comb., Anarta oaklandiae (McDunnough, 1937), n. comb., Anarta projecta (McDunnough, 1938), n. comb., Anarta edwardsii (Smith, 1888), n. comb., Anarta florida (Smith, 1900), n. comb., Anarta antica (Smith, 1891), n. comb., and Anarta decepta (Grote, 1883), n. comb.
The Effect of Ocean Ventilation on the Transient Climate Response to Emissions
Authors: Katavouta Anna , Williams Richard G. , Goodwin Philip
Published: May 2019

The surface warming response to carbon emissions is affected by how the ocean sequesters excess heat and carbon supplied to the climate system. This ocean uptake involves the ventilation mechanism, where heat and carbon are taken up by the mixed layer and transferred to the thermocline and deep ocean. The effect of ocean ventilation on the surface warming response to carbon emissions is explored using simplified conceptual models of the atmosphere and ocean with and without explicit representation of the meridional overturning. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of (i) mixed layer thickness, (ii) rate of ventilation of the ocean interior, (iii) strength of the meridional overturning, and (iv) extent of subduction in the Southern Ocean. Our diagnostics focus on a climate metric, the transient climate response to carbon emissions (TCRE), defined by the ratio of surface warming to the cumulative carbon emissions, which may be expressed in terms of separate thermal and carbon contributions. The variability in the thermal contribution due to changes in ocean ventilation dominates the variability in the TCRE on time scales from years to centuries, while that of the carbon contribution dominates on time scales from centuries to millennia. These ventilated controls are primarily from changes in the mixed layer thickness on decadal time scales, and in the rate of ventilated transfer from the mixed layer to the thermocline and deep ocean on centennial and millennial time scales, which is itself affected by the strength of the meridional overturning and extent of subduction in the Southern Ocean.
On the Realism of the Rain Microphysics Representation of a Squall Line in the WRF Model. Part II: Sensitivity Studies on the Rain Drop Size Distributions
Authors: Planche Céline , Tridon Frédéric , Banson Sandra , Thompson Gregory , Monier Marie , Battaglia Alessandro , Wobrock Wolfram
Published: May 2019

A comparison between retrieved properties of the rain drop size distributions (DSDs) from multifrequency cloud radar observations and WRF Model results using either the Morrison or the Thompson bulk microphysics scheme is performed in order to evaluate the model’s ability to predict the rain microphysics. This comparison reveals discrepancies in the vertical profile of the rain DSDs for the stratiform region of the squall-line system observed on 12 June 2011 over Oklahoma. Based on numerical sensitivity analyses, this study addresses the bias at the top of the rain layer and the vertical evolution of the DSD properties (i.e., of Dm and N0*). In this way, the Thompson scheme is used to explore the sensitivity to the melting process. Moreover, using the Thompson and Morrison schemes, the sensitivity of the DSD vertical evolution to different breakup and self-collection parameterizations is studied. Results show that the DSDs are strongly dependent on the representation of the melting process in the Thompson scheme. In the Morrison scheme, the simulations with more efficient breakup reproduce the DSD properties with better fidelity. This study highlights how the inaccuracies in simulated Dm and N0* for both microphysics schemes can impact the evaporation rate, which is systematically underestimated in the model.
History of Testing in the United States: PK–12 Education
Authors: Vinovskis Maris A.
Published: May 2019

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.