bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly luminescent pH-responsive carbon quantum dots for cell imaging
Authors: Fan Xiaohui , Wang Yang , Li Bo , Shen Chang , Sun Zhengguang , Zhan Yuan , Zhang Yuhong
Published: March 2022

Carbon quantum dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous interest owing to their idiosyncratic functions and wide-ranging applications. However, it remains a great challenge to empolder an integrated CDs combining high luminescence, biocompatibility and luminescence color tunability for bioimaging via simple approach. In this work, pH-responsive carbon quantum dots (Si-CDs) with high luminescence (quantum yield = 74.8%) were fabricated by one-step hydrothermal method using (3-mercaptopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-580) as modifier for the first time. The optical properties of the as-prepared Si-CDs can be controlled from obvious green–blue–violet transformation by altering the pH. More importantly, the change is reversible and repeatable. In addition, the Si-CDs have good biocompatibility and chemically inert in vitro cell system simulation. Such non-toxic, environmental friendly, low-cost, inert CDs materials are promising candidates for biomedical and pH-sensitive sensors.
Dynamic growth/etching model for the synthesis of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides via chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Pollmann Erik , Maas André , Marnold Dave , Hucht Alfred , Neubieser Rahel-Manuela , Stief Mike , Madauß Lukas , Schleberger Marika
Published: March 2022

The preparation of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides on an industrially relevant scale will rely heavily on bottom-up methods such as chemical vapour deposition. In order to obtain sufficiently large quantities of high-quality material, a knowledge-based optimization strategy for the synthesis process must be developed. A major problem that has not yet been considered is the degradation of materials by etching during synthesis due to the high growth temperatures. To address this problem, we introduce a mathematical model that accounts for both growth and, for the first time, etching to describe the synthesis of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. We consider several experimental observations that lead to a differential equation based on several terms corresponding to different supply mechanisms, describing the time-dependent change in flake size. By solving this equation and fitting two independently obtained experimental data sets, we find that the flake area is the leading term in our model. We show that the differential equation can be solved analytically when only this term is considered, and that this solution provides a general description of complex growth and shrinkage phenomena. Physically, the dominance suggests that the supply of material via the flake itself contributes most to its net growth. This finding also implies a predominant interplay between insertion and release of atoms and their motion in the form of a highly dynamic process within the flake. In contrast to previous assumptions, we show that the flake edges do not play an important role in the actual size change of the two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide flakes during chemical vapour deposition.
Atomistic Hartree theory of twisted double bilayer graphene near the magic angle
Authors: Cheung Christopher T S , Goodwin Zachary A H , Vitale Valerio , Lischner Johannes , Mostofi Arash A
Published: March 2022

Twisted double bilayer graphene (tDBLG) is a moiré material that has recently generated significant interest because of the observation of correlated phases near the magic angle. We carry out atomistic Hartree theory calculations to study the role of electron–electron interactions in the normal state of tDBLG. In contrast to twisted bilayer graphene, we find that such interactions do not result in significant doping-dependent deformations of the electronic band structure of tDBLG. However, interactions play an important role for the electronic structure in the presence of a perpendicular electric field as they screen the external field. Finally, we analyze the contribution of the Hartree potential to the crystal field, i.e. the on-site energy difference between the inner and outer layers. We find that the on-site energy obtained from Hartree theory has the same sign, but a smaller magnitude compared to previous studies in which the on-site energy was determined by fitting tight-binding results to ab initio density-functional theory (DFT) band structures. To understand this quantitative difference, we analyze the ab initio Kohn–Sham potential obtained from DFT and find that a subtle interplay of electron–electron and electron–ion interactions determines the magnitude of the on-site potential.
Arbitrating financial disputes—are they different and what lies ahead?
Authors: Blair William , Uyar Gökçe , Cheng Grace , Zhao Yang
Published: March 2022

The subject of this article is arbitrating financial disputes that arise from financings and financial products, usually in the international context, and typically of higher value. The article looks at how the subject has developed in China’s financial markets, as well as those of the West. It concludes that some financial disputes do have different characteristics from other commercial disputes, depending on the type of dispute in question. Though financial transactions often provide for the courts to have jurisdiction, particularly the courts of major financial centres, arbitration is in fact also widely used in financial disputes. An important consideration for financial institutions is the recent and widespread introduction of rules as to ‘early determination’ by many arbitral institutions. A potentiality of these is to make arbitration more ‘finance friendly’ for financial institutions, and their counterparties, but there remains a reluctance on the part of tribunals to use them. Some of the principal components of the practical application of ‘early determination’ provisions are clarified in the article. Finally, some views are offered on what may lie ahead for the arbitration of financial disputes, particularly in the field of technology and green finance.
Neurofilament light chain: defining the analyte
Authors: Leckey Claire A. , Zetterberg Henrik
Published: March 2022

This scientific commentary refers to ‘A map of neurofilament light chain species in brain and cerebrospinal fluid and alterations in Alzheimer’s disease’ by Budelier et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac045).
Compatibility in the Law of Treaties and Stability in International Law
Authors: Costelloe Daniel
Published: March 2022

Questions concerning ‘compatibility’ in the law of treaties have been at the heart of international disputes in recent years. The answers to these questions can have potentially significant repercussions for several areas of international co-operation. A fundamental premise of international law operates in the background to courts’ and tribunals’ approach to questions regarding compatibility in the law of treaties: the idea that, where possible, existing treaty relations should remain in place. That objective of maintaining stable treaty relations, while infrequently articulated, is central to the legal and political relations among states. This article explores the ways in which the concept of compatibility in the law of treaties is informed by that objective.
Red herring pathogenic variants: a case report of premature ventricular contraction-triggered ventricular fibrillation with an incidental pathogenic LMNA variant
Authors: Garmany Ramin , Neves Raquel , Ali Ahmed Fatima , Tester David J. , Cannon Bryan C. , Giudicessi John R. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Background

Pathogenic variants in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) can lead to a wide range of phenotypes from dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies and conduction abnormalities to partial lipodystrophies. This case highlights a coincidental pathogenic LMNA variant identified in a patient with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). We demonstrate the need for careful interpretation of pathogenic variants identified in cardiomyopathy genes by highlighting a case in which a coincidental pathogenic LMNA variant was found in a patient with premature ventricular complex (PVC)-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF).

Case summary

We present the case of a 16-year-old male with SCA secondary to VF. Genetic testing identified a maternally inherited pathogenic variant in LMNA annotated c.1961dup; p.T655Nfs*49. The patient received an implantable cardiac defibrillator and was discharged on nadolol. The patient’s two brothers were also variant-positive. However, the patient and both brothers had normal chamber dimensions on echocardiogram and no late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The family members with the variant were recommended to have prophylactic implantable cardiac defibrillators and thus sought a second opinion. The patient received an appropriate shock and device interrogation identified PVCs. Electrophysiology study identified PVC-induced VF which was ablated with no recurrent ventricular arrhythmias/implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies over 8 months of follow-up. Although the variant in LMNA could lead to cardiac arrest, the clinical phenotype was consistent with a non-genetic aetiology. The family members were told to have periodic cardiac evaluation.

Discussion

This case demonstrates the identification of a coincidental pathogenic variant in a cardiomyopathy gene in a patient with cardiac arrest. Although this variant could lead to cardiomyopathy, it appears the cardiac arrest was not due to the pathogenic variant. This highlights the need to consider the clinical phenotype when interpreting genetic test results for cardiomyopathies even in the presence of a positive genetic test result.
Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for detection of COVID-19 at a residential private college
Authors: Landstrom Michelle , Braun Evan , Larson Ellen , Miller Merrill , Holm Geoffrey H
Published: March 2022

Many colleges and universities utilized wastewater surveillance testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA as a tool to help monitor and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic on campuses across the USA during the 2020–2021 academic year. We sought to assess the efficacy of one such program by analyzing data on relative wastewater RNA levels from residential buildings in relation to SARS-CoV-2 cases identified through individual surveillance testing, conducted largely independent of wastewater results. Almost 80% of the cases on campus were associated with positive wastewater tests, resulting in an overall positive predictive value of 79% (Chi square 48.1, Df = 1, P < 0.001). However, half of the positive wastewater samples occurred in the two weeks following the return of a student to the residence hall following the 10-day isolation period, and therefore were not useful in predicting new infections. When these samples were excluded, the positive predictive value of a positive wastewater sample was 54%. Overall, we conclude that the continued shedding of viral RNA by patients past the time of potential transmission confounds the identification of new cases using wastewater surveillance, and decreases its effectiveness in managing SARS-CoV-2 infections on a residential college campus.
Integrative analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles reveals new insights into the molecular foundation of fruit quality formation in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Authors: Chu Shunpeng , Wang Shuoshuo , Zhang Ruimin , Yin Mengmeng , Yang Xiaoyu , Shi Qinghua
Published: March 2022

In this study, an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis was used to explore the molecular foundation of fruit quality in two parent lines of Citrullus lanatus with distinct flesh characteristics, including ‘14-1’ (sweet, red, and soft) and ‘W600’ (bitter, light yellow, and firm), as well as the corresponding F1 population (bitter, light yellow, and firm). Numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the fruit samples: 3766 DEGs for ‘14-1’ vs. ‘W600’, 2767 for ‘14-1’ vs. F1, and 1178 for F1 vs. ‘W600’ at the transition stage; and 4221 for ‘14-1’ vs. ‘W600’, 2447 for ‘14-1’ vs. F1, and 446 for F1 vs. ‘W600’ at the maturity stage. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that a gene module including 1111 DEGs was closely associated with flesh taste and color, and another gene module including 1575 DEGs contributed significantly to flesh texture. The metabolomic results showed that there were 447 differential metabolites (DMs) for ‘14-1’ vs. ‘W600’ fruits, 394 for ‘14-1’ vs. F1, and 298 for F1 vs. ‘W600’ at the maturity stage. Combining WGNCA and metabolomic results, several DEGs and DMs were further identified as hub players in fruit quality formation: 6 DEGs with 4 DMs for flesh sweetness; 6 DEGs with 13 DMs for bitterness; 9 DEGs with 10 DMs for flesh color; and 9 DEGs with 4 DMs for flesh texture. Altogether, these observations not only expand our knowledge of the molecular basis of fruit quality in watermelon, but also provide potential targets for future watermelon improvement.
The antimicrobial interventions of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) in mitigating cross-contamination of foodborne pathogens during the retail soaking process
Authors: Jung Yangjin , Guo Mengqi , Gao Jingwen , Jang Hyein , Matthews Karl R
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of commercially available antimicrobials for fresh produce—electrolyzed water (EW; around 60 mg/L of free chlorine), a combination of lactic acid and phosphoric acid-based (LPA) and citric acid-based (CA)—was compared with tap water (TW) in preventing cross-contamination during the soaking step of crisping at a retail setting. A bunch of cilantro ((103.7±14.9) g/bunch) was inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, S. enterica and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), or E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes (around 5.0 log CFU/g). One inoculated and seven non-inoculated cilantro bunches were soaked in 76 L of TW, EW, LPA, and CA for 5 min. Two additional soakings, each with eight bunches of non-inoculated cilantro, were performed in the same soaking water. To determine the cross-contamination of inoculated foodborne pathogens via soaking water, the cilantro samples and soaking water following each soaking step were subjected to microbiological analyses using selective media supplemented with nalidixic acid (100 μg/mL). During the first soaking, significantly greater reductions in Salmonella ((2.9±0.5) log CFU/g), E. coli O157:H7 ((3.0±0.1) log CFU/g), and L. monocytogenes ((2.7±0.3) log CFU/g) on cilantro were achieved with EW compared to soaking with TW, LPA, and CA (P<0.05). Cross-contamination of foodborne pathogens from inoculated cilantro to non-inoculated cilantro was completely mitigated by EW during three subsequent soaking events. With the exception of TW soaking water, no inoculated foodborne pathogens were detected in the 100 mL soaking water of EW, CA, and LPA collected. Including an appropriate concentration of chemical antimicrobial in water during the soaking step of crisping aids in mitigating cross-contamination of foodborne pathogen(s) in cilantro bunches.
S-wave modelling of the Showa-Shinzan lava dome in Usu Volcano, Northern Japan, from seismic observations
Authors: Takeo Akiko , Nishida Kiwamu , Aoyama Hiroshi , Ishise Motoko , Kai Takeru , Kurihara Ryo , Maeda Takuto , Mizutani Yuta , Nakashima Yuki , Nagahara Shogo , Wang Xiaowen , Ye Lingling , Akuhara Takeshi , Aoki Yosuke
Published: March 2022

To obtain an internal S-wave velocity structure, we conducted a passive seismic campaign with 21 1-Hz seismometers on and around the Showa-Shinzan lava dome, which emerged during the 1943–1945 eruption of Usu Volcano, Japan. Before the campaign, we calibrated seismometers and found slight phase-response differences between seismometers of less than 1–2°. After the campaign, we extracted seismic wavefield by taking cross-correlations of vertical-component ambient noise records between seismic sites. We developed a new method to measure phase velocities of the Rayleigh wave automatically by assuming layered structure and finally obtained 1-D S-wave velocity models in summit, roof and base regions. The obtained S-wave velocity right beneath the intruded lava dome is higher than that in surrounding areas by a few tens of per cent down to a few hundred metres below sea level, indicating narrow but deep existence of the root of the lava dome. The obtained S-wave velocity at depths shallower than ∼50 m inside the lava dome in the summit area was ∼1 km s−1, significantly lower than that predicted from the density of  2.3 × 103 kg m−3 estimated in previous muon-radiography studies and a conventional scaling, indicating the effect of cracking in the lava dome.
Worm Control on Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Greenback YR’ variety cabbage was seeded on 5 Sept into 40 inch rows at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was a Willacy fine sandy loam. Plots measured 50 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by one row of grain sorghum. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Nov through a C02 powered ground ,\ iprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (30 psi, 4 flat-fan nozzles per plot). Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 7 days post-spray by counting larvae on 10 randomly ; Mlected plants per plot.
Control of Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage, 1986
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 19 Jun at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of 2 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 16 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A 2 row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles/row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 psi, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 22 Sep and evaluated 29 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larval populations.
Foliar Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were transplanted 22 Apr, near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plyac spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 21 May, 4, 18, 26 Jun, 3, 10, 17, 23, 30 Jul, 7, 13, and 20 Aug. Thiodan 3EC (1 qt/acre) for harlequin bug control was tank mixed with the Biobit and Dipel 4AF treatments made 18 Jun, and after. Visual estimates of foliar damage (defoliation by larvae and feeding damage of remaining foliage by harlequin bugs) were made 16, 27 May, 3, 10, 17, 24 Jun, 2, 8, 15, 22, 29 Jul, 6, 13, and 19 Aug.
European Corn Borer (ECB), Fall Army Worm (FAW), and Corn Earworm (CEW) Control on Sweetcorn, 1985
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Damicone J.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 19 Jun in So. Deerfield, MA in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 30 ft long, and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows per plot. The soil was a fine, sandy loam with a pH of 7.1. 750 lb x 10N:10P2O5:10K2O per acre was applied as a band at planting, followed by 450 lb/acre sidedressed on 30 Jul. Atrazine at 1 lb (AI)/acre and alachlor at lVa lb. (AI)/acre was applied on 25 Jun. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer equipped with drop nozzles, at 60 psi and in 125 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on 22 and 26 Aug, and 1 and 6 Sep. On 12 Sep, 25 ears were randomly selected and examined from each plot and the number of ears infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels were recorded as damaged.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Corn, 1986
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Silver Treat’ sweet com were planted 10 Jul into a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25-ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance ·prayer with one nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. All treatments were applied on 18 Aug. Twenty plant whorls were rated for fall armyworm damage on 22 Aug as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, up to 10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% feeding damage; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and (5) whorl destroyed. Twenty whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live armyworm larvae were counted. On 29 Sep, 20 ears were harvested, weighed, and rated for ‘worm’ damage as follows: (1) clean ear, no damage; (2) tip-damage, less than 3.6 cm of visible damage from the tip; and (3) culls (damage greater than 3.6 cm from the tip or damage to the side and/or bottom of the ear).
Control of Fall Armyworm (FAW) by Aerial Applications of Liquid Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Webb S. E.
Published: March 2022

One commercial field, located near Avon, NY, was used for this test. The field was divided into 4 sections and each section contained a subsection of 100 plants in the silking stage. On the silks of each of the 400 plants, 15 newly hatched FAW larvae were deposited on 3 Aug. On 5 Aug, each section was sprayed with 1 of 3 insecticides. Additional sprays of each insecticide were applied on 13 and 19 Aug. A spray of Penncap was substituted for the 19 Aug EPN spray because of PHI. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply the sprays. At harvest (29 Aug), 50 ears from each treatment were evaluated for damage.
Field and Greenhouse Trialss Control of The Gray Garden Slug On Sweet Corn, 1986
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse. Corn seed treated with 2 rates of Magnum and 1 untreated were planted into 5 inch plots on 23 Jun with 1 plant/pot and 10 pots/treatment (total of 120 pots). Three days later, just prior to plant emergence, 1 small slug was placed in each of 10 pots/treatment and allowed to feed for 72 h on plants as they emerged. A clear plastic and mesh cage was placed over each pot to prevent escape. Dried grass clippings were placed over the tops of the sown corn to provide protection and shade. Readings were taken at 48 and 72 h for numbers of dead slugs. Two days after emergence of corn, the procedure was repeated on new plants. Four · days and 6 days after corn emergence, the procedures were again repeated on new plants but with 2 slugs/plant.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted at the St. Gabriel Research Station, Louisiana r Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, St. Gabriel, LA to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides on fall armyworm on sweet corn.! Sweet corn of the cultivar ‘Jubilee’ was planted on 38-inch rows with a plant spacing of 12 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of single row plots 10 ft in length. Pesticides with a liquid formulation were applied to the whorls with a hand-held C02 pressurized ·prayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single hollow cone spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Granular pesticides were applied by hand into the whorls. Treatments were applied on 11 and 25 Sep. A damage index was used to quantify fall armyworm damage. The number of holes > 0.04 sq. inches present on each leaf above the ear (7-8 leaves) were counted on 5 plants in each treatment. The mean number of holes per leaf was calculated and served as an index of fall armyworm damage.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Eggplant, 1986
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 25 ft rows on 22 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 13, 17, 24, 30 Jun; 8, 15, 22, 28 Jul; 5, 12, 20 and 26 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 22, 29 Jul; 5, 13, 18, 25 and 29 Aug from a 20-ft section of row.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes, 1986
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Bishop Guy W.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 29-30 Apr at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, ID. Treatments were applied to 4 row plots, 17 ft long, separated by 3 ft borders of ‘Red Pontiac’ potatoes in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting (IFAP), broadcast (BDCST), in a 10 inch band (BAND) to the soil in front of the closing disk, or sidedressed postemergence (SDPE) using a tractor-mounted Beline applicator and shanking the material into the side of the hill. The broadcast treatment was applied to the soil surface and rototilled in to a depth of 6-8 inches prior to planting. Telone II was injected 12 inches below the soil surface using a hand injector delivering 20 gal/acre 21 days prior to planting. Temik 15G at 2.0 and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre was sidedressed on 28 May. Plots were harvested 23 Sep. Wireworm damage was assessed at harvest by examining 25 tubers from each plot.
CPB Defoliation and Potato Yields with Temik, Five Foliar and One Biological Insecticide, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Wiersma John , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

Two sets of plots were established, one at Grand Forks, ND and one at Crookston, MN. The same 10 treatments were included at each location but randomization was changed. Individual plots were 4 rows X 30 ft in length with a 6 ft aisle between replications. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Temik granules were applied at planting and foliars on the dates indicated. Non-threshold plots were treated 1 Jul. “Threshold” plots were not initially treated until 10% defoliation had occurred which was 10 Jul. All foliar treatments thereafter for threshold and non-threshold plots were applied the same day (19, 31 Jul and 14 Aug). All plots were treated 3 times with the fungicide Bravo 500. The % defoliation was estimated by 3 people and averaged. Yields were taken from the center two rows of each plot, graded #1 or #2, weighed and recorded. The yields at the two locations were averaged.
Potato Yields with Soil Systemic Plus Foliars and Foliars Alone, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Wiersma John , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

Two sets of plots on clay soils under dryland conditions (Grand Forks, ND, Crookston, MN) and one set on irrigated sand (Royalton, MN) were established for this trial. Individual plots were 4 rows × 30 ft in length replicated 4 times at each location and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block. Norchips were grown at Grand Forks and Crookston and Russet Burbanks at Royalton. Four foliar insecticide applications were made at each location on 1, 15 and 30 Jul and 15 Aug. Application was made with a hand held C02 sprayer using about 20 gal total material per acre applied at 40 psi. Three fungicide applications were made at each site and were separate from insecticide applications. Yields were taken from the two center rows of each plot and graded.
Foliar Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Red Lasota’ potatoes were planted 27 Feb, near Four Oaks, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 42 in centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 9, 16, and 23 May. The “As Needed” treatment was applied on 9 and 23 May; this decision was based on the number of larvae present. Evaluations of foliar damage and larvae counts were made 9, 16, and 23 May. Potatoes were harvested and the yield recorded on 21 Jun.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 19 May, at the University of Minnesota Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, MN and the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association Research Farm, Grand Forks, ND. Research plots were of variable length with 36-inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Pretreatment counts were made by counting all 2nd through 4th instar larvae on sufficient plants to yield a minimum of 200 larvae per replication. One insecticide spray was applied 30 Jun, with a C02 powered hand sprayer deUvering 36 gal of water/acre. Percent control was based on pretreatment counts for the first evaluation, and in comparison to the untreated control plots for the second evaluation.
Foliar Sprays for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1986
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 25 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 7, 16, 28 May, and 4 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of CPB larvae and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems per treatment.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1985
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 6 Sep, 18 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inches high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 24 Sep, 2, 8, 15, 22, 29 Oct, and 5 Nov with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 80-115 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On 6 Nov, the numbers of small (less than 0.5 inch in length) and large (0.5 inch or longer) leafemines were counted in a one minute visual search of each plot. The numbers of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (principally the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer)) or stink bugs were determined in a single harvest taken on 11 Nov.
Control of Insect Pests of Alfalfa in Oklahoma, 1986
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard
Published: March 2022

Chemical treatments were applied on 2 Mar in a dryland field of “Arc” alfalfa on the South Central Research Station at Chickasha, OK. Controls for the alfalfa weevil, blue alfalfa aphid and pea aphid were evaluated. Chemicals were applied using a tractor drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles and calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 20 psi. Temperature at the time of application ranged from 60-70°F and winds were less than 5 mph. Plots were 4 x 7 m and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Population densities of weevil larvae were determined from 25 stem samples taken/plot on each posttreatment sampling date. Larvae were extracted from foliage with Berlese funnels and counts were calculated as larvae/stem. Pretreatment counts indicated an infestation level of 3.3 larvae/stem. Aphids were sampled by clipping 10 stems/plot on each date and washing aphids into a container of alcohol for counting. Initial aphid populations were less than i/stem.
Control of Slugs in No-Till Alfalfa, 1986
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Specker Donald R. , Seaney Robert R. , Hatch Leon W.
Published: March 2022

No-till alfalfa plots were located at Barrett Farm, Etna, NY. On 5 May, the field was prepared by spraying glyphosate (2 qt/acre) on a 105 x 105 ft section of a 4 acre, 2 year-old mixed stand of alfalfa and timothy. On 28 May, the alfalfa was seeded at 13 lb/acre with a John Deere Power Til drill with 8-inch row spacing, and fertilized with 400 lb/acre of 0-18-36. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. An untreated buffer of 15 ft was maintained between every two plots. Each plot measured 8 X 20 ft and contained two holes, 4-inch dia X 6-inch deep, that were excavated with a golf-hole digger. Each hole was covered with a 1 ft-square asphalt shingle wrapped with aluminum foil. The reflective surface keep the hole cool, dark and moist, hence providing an ideal hiding place for slugs and serving as an efficient sampling method. Magnum 90% WP (thiodicarb) was applied as a seed treatment by evenly coating seeds with a water slurry of 8 oz (AIJ/100 lbs of alfalfa seed. Mesurol bait was prepared by coating cracked corn with the wettable powder (using soft drink as a sticking agent) and applied at 20 lb bait/acre. All molluscicidal baits were broadcast evenly by hand over each plot on 8 Jun.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Oklahoma, 1986
Authors: Karner Miles A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in 6-year-stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa in Greer County, OK. Plots were 15 X 60 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. A single application of 12 insecticides, at various rates, was made on 6 Mar ‘86. Insecticides were applied by ground rig equipped with 15 ft bloom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Larval densities were determined 4, 7, 14 and 21-days post treatment by collecting 10 stems from each plot and extracting larvae with Berlese funnels.
Potato Leafhopper Control and Effect of Insecticides on Selected Predators and Parasites, 1986
Authors: Kinney Karl K. , Hunter Keith E. , Dazey Doyle M.
Published: March 2022

A 4-year-old stand of alfalfa located at the University of Illinois Horticulture Farm, Urbana, Champaign County, IL was used for this study. Insecticide treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom powered by a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 11 gpa at 40 psi. Treatments were applied to plots measuring 50 x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The alfalfa was 12-16 inches tall when it was treated on 25 Jul, 2 weeks prior to the 3rd cutting. An average pretreatment count of 1.16 PLH/sweep was determined by taking 20 sweeps per plot with a 15 inch dia sweep net. All PLH counts included both adults and nymphs. No rain had fallen for 11 days prior to treatment; 0.1 inch was reported on 28 Jul and 0.42 inch was reported on 31 Jul. Wind was minimal during treatment and temperatures were normal.
Control of Alfalfa and Tarnished Plant Bugs in Birdsfoot Trefoil, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Elling Laddie
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at Badger and Roseau, MN in Roseau County. Plots were 25 ft × 50 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made at the onset of bloom (14 Jun) using a ground sprayer with a 12 ft boom. Application pressure was 50 psi with hollowcone nozzles and 25 gal total material per acre. Plan: bug counts were taken from 20 pendulum sweeps per plot. Numbers of nymphs and adults were totaled without regard to age or species.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control in Whorl Stage Field Corn, Conventional Tillage and No Tillage, 1986
Authors: All J.N. , All J.D.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted 11 Aug at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co., in Cecil coarse sandy loam soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2 row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width × 3 ft alleys with 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed into the whorls of seedlings. The test was sprayed twice, 19 and 26 days after planting. Plant damage ratings were made 48 and 61 days after planting using a 0 to 7 damage index of the following: 0, no damage; 1, slight leaf feeding, but no indication of bud damage; 2, moderate leaf feeding, but no bud damage; 3, heavy leaf feeding, and no bud damage; 4, slight to moderate feeding, and slight bud damage; 5, moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage, and moderate to heavy bud damage; 6, heavy leaf feeding, and severe bud damage; and 7, plant virtually destroyed.
Fficacy of Miticides Against Corn Spider Mites, 1986
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

#1: This experiment was conducted in Finney County, KS in a field of sprinkler irrigated corn. Twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows × 10 ft, 50 ft long, and surrounded by 10 ft borders of untreated corn. Prior to treatment application, 4 plants in each plot were selected from the center 2 rows and flagged. Treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and one on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa of water with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. Spider mite counts were made from the flagged plants by searching every other leaf (half plant sample) on each plant for large mites (primarily the adult females). Pretreatment counts were made on 23 Jul and 2 posttreatment counts were made on 8 and 14 Aug. Twospotted spider mites presence was determined by collecting 20 to 40 mites from the flagged plants using a small vacuum sampler and mounting them for microscopic determination of mite species.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Application Methods, 1986
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Hoffman Lynn , McGahen Joseph
Published: March 2022

Three methods of applying corn rootworm insecticides were tested on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, PA, during 1986. Two common soil insecticides were used in the test. Both insecticides were applied at planting, at cultivation, and side-dressed with nitrogen. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications of 9 treatments was used. Plots were 40 ft by 6 rows wide. The at-planting time applications were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 70008 corn planter on 30 Apr. At cultivation treatments were applied on 23 Jun using a Noble8 granular applicator mounted on bicycle wheels. Both at planting and at cultivation applications were applied in 7-inch bands over the row. Liquid nitrogen (160 lb/acre) and liquid formulations of the insecticides were applied on 17 Jun using a tractor mounted liquid nitrogen applicator designed for small plots. The corn was planted no-till on 30 Apr in 30 inch rows at 27,000 plants per acre. In 1986, rainfall was minimal during the months of May and June. On 15 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots rated for damage using the Iowa six category rating svstem (l = no damage; 6 = 3 nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 13 Nov and yield measured from the middle 3 rows of each plot. Corn yields were corrected to a 15.5% moisture content
Evaluation of Molluscicides for Slug Control, 1986
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Sammons Calvin
Published: March 2022

Eight molluscicide treatments were evaluated for slug efficacy on a Canfield silt loam soil in Lawrence Co., PA, during 1986. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 10 treatments was used. On 29 May a pretreatment damage assessment was taken and molluscicides were applied. Applications of liquid molluscicides were implemented using a backpack spray system adjusted to 30 psi and 26 gal/acre liquid output. Flat fan nozzles (LF4 80°) were directed over each row to apply the chemical in a 7-inch band. Granular and bait formulations were applied by hand using the shake method. Corn plants averaged 3 leaves (4 inches high) at the time of application. Much of the field was covered with volunteer rye from the previous year and heavy manure. The study field was bordered by a windbreak. Two pits, 4 inches in diameter by 6 inches deep, were dug in each plot using a golf course core. Each hole was then enclosed with a 6 × 6 inch roof shingle which was covered with aluminum foil to reflect the sun's heat and maintain a moist shelter for the slugs. The pits were checked for slugs 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment. The number of slugs per hole was recorded. No measurable rainfall was recorded within two weeks prior to the application date. Approximately an inch of rain fell a few days after the 7 day posttreatment evaluation.
Black Cutworm Prevention, 1986
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 3 liquid and 4 granular insecticides applied at planting for control of a natural infestation of black cutworm were tested near Leon, Decatur Co., IA. Corn was planted into soybean residue using a strip till method. Plots were planted on 5 May at a rate of 18,000 seed/acre on 38 inch rows. Eighteen treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots were 8 rows by 75 ft. Insecticide treatments were applied using the following procedures. Granular applications were made in a 7 inch band after planting, using an electrically powered John Deere bander mounted on a Honda 110 ATV. Broadcast treatments were applied using Tee-Jet 8004LP nozzles operated at 21 psi and delivering a volume of 20 gal/acre. Banded treatments were made in a 12-14 inch band with Tee-Jet 8003E nozzles, 17 psi, and a spray volume of 10 gal/acre. Stand counts were made on 13 May by establishing a 17.4 ft section at the center of each of the middle 2 rows in each plot and recording the number of plants. Eflicacy was evaluated on 20 May by determining the percent cut plants from the previously established stand count areas. Cut, wilted and missing plants were considered infested. Leaf feeding was not considered. Results were analyzed using an AOV. The means were ranked and separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. All data were normalized before analysis with a SQRT (X = 1.0) transformation. Cutworm flight activity in the area of the test field was monitored prior to and during the study period using a pherocon wing trap baited with a Sentury black cutworm pheromone septum.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Hower Authur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. Experiment I was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. Corn (Doeblers 48X) was planted no-till on 14 May using a 6-row John Deere Max-Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 15 by 90 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Rows 1 and 6 were nontreated guard rows. The plots averaged 94 plants per 80 ft of row. On 7 Aug five plants from each replication were evaluated for root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1 to 6 system with 6 being the most severe damage. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting 3 middle rows from each plot for shelled corn. Experiment II was conducted on the Gadsby farm near Kilgore, Mercer County, PA. Corn (Dekalb 484) was planted in conventionally tilled soil on 13 May using a 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 20 ft plots in a randomized complete block design. Root damage ratings were evaluated over the period of 7 Aug throgh 9 Aug taking five plants per plot and using the Iowa 1-6 system. On 29 Oct 17.5 ft of row was hand harvested per plot and yield was determined based on ear weight.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Contorl, 1985
Authors: Hower Authur A. , Alexander Sandy , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

Three insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. Experiment I was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. Corn was planted on 15 May using a 6-row John Deere Max-Emerge planter with 30-in row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 15 by 90-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Rows 1 and 6 were nontreated guard rows. The plots were thinned to 115 plants per 90 ft of row. On 31 Jul 5 plants from each replication were evaluated for root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1 to 6 system with 6 being the most severe damage. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting 3 middle rows from each plot for shelled corn. Experiment II was conducted on the Drew Smith farm near Pleasant Gap, Centre County PA. Corn was planted 21 May using a 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge no-till planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 50 ft plots in a randomized complete block design. The Dyfonate encapsulated was applied 22 May with flat fan drop nozzles over the row from a small plot sprayer. Root damage ratings were evaluated over the period of 7 through 9 Aug, taking 5 plants per plot and using the Iowa 1-6 system. On 25 Oct 17.5 ft of row was hand harvested per plot and yield was determined. Experiment III was conducted on the Dan Stoltzfus farm near Mill Hall, Clinton County, PA. Corn was planted on 21 May using the same planter and field design described in experiment II. Root damage was determined on 6 Aug and yield as determined on 23 Oct.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 9 year old Redspur Delicious trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatment dates were 15 Apr (pink), 28 Apr (petal-fall), 22 May (2nd cover) and 13 Jun. Refer to the table for treatment dates for each material. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope.
Fall Armyworm Control in Field Corn, 1984
Authors: Johnson Douglas W.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 20 Jun at the Research and Education Center, Princeton. Plots were 20 ft × 4 rows with 15 ft alley between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomzied complete block design. On 26 Jul, when ca. 70% of plants were infested, insecticide treatments were applied. All formulations were applied with a portable COa sprayer, at 30 psi utilizing 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering 26 gal/acre. Plots were sampled at 24 hr and 4 days post application.
Fall Army Worm Control in Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Johnson Douglas W. , Townsend Lee H.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 19 Jun at the Research and Education Center, Princeton, KY. Plots were 20 ft × 4 rows with 15 ft alley between blocks with 40 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. On 25 Jul insecticide treatments were applied. All formulations were sprayed with a portable CO2 sprayer, at 30 psi utilizing 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering 26 gal/ acre. Plots were sampled at 24 h and 5 obviously damaged plants/plot were examined for the presence of live insects. The no. of plants with any live larvae and the no. of live larvae/plant were recorded.