bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NAD(P)H:Quinone Acceptor Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Activatable Salicylamide H+/Cl− Transporters
Authors: Roy Naveen J. , Save Shreyada N. , Sharma Virender Kumar , Abraham Benchamin , Kuttanamkuzhi Abhijith , Sharma Shilpy , Lahiri Mayurika , Talukdar Pinaki
Published: June 2023

NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a detoxifying enzyme overexpressed in tumors, plays a key role in protecting cancer cells against oxidative stress and thus has been considered an attractive candidate for activating prodrug(s). Herein, we report the first use of NQO1 for the selective activation of ‘protransporter’ systems in cancer cells leading to the induction of apoptosis. Salicylamides, easily synthesizable small molecules, have been effectively used for efficient H+/Cl− symport across lipid membranes. The ion transport activity of salicylamides was efficiently abated by caging the OH group with NQO1 activatable quinones via either ether or ester linkage. The release of active transporters, following the reduction of quinone caged ‘protransporters’ by NQO1, was verified. Both the transporters and protransporters exhibited significant toxicity towards the MCF‐7 breast cancer line, mediated via the induction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and lysosomal deacidification. Induction of cell death via intrinsic apoptotic pathway was verified by monitoring PARP1 cleavage.
A Versatile Urea Type Linker for Functionalizing Natural Glycans and Its Validation in Glycan Arrays
Authors: Serna Sonia , Artschwager Raik , Pérez‐Martínez Damián , Lopez Rosa , Reichardt Niels‐Christian
Published: June 2023

The isolation from organisms and readily available glycoproteins has become an increasingly convenient source of N‐glycans for multiple applications including glycan microarrays, as reference standards in glycan analysis or as reagents that improve bioavailability of protein and peptide therapeutics through conjugation. A problematic step in the isolation process on a preparative scale can be the attachment of a linker for the improved purification, separation, immobilization and quantification of the glycan structures. Addressing this issue, we firstly aimed for the development of an UV active linker for a fast and reliable attachment to anomeric glycosylamines via urea bond formation. Secondly, we validated the new linker on glycan arrays in a comparative study with a collection of N‐glycans which were screened against various lectins. In total, we coupled four structurally varied N‐glycans to four different linkers, immobilized all constructs on a microarray and compared their binding affinities to four plant and fungal lectins of widely described specificity. Our study shows that the urea type linker showed an overall superior performance for lectin binding and once more, highlights the often neglected influence of the choice of linker on lectin recognition.
PROTOCOL: In‐person interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Welch Vivian , Tanjong Ghogomu Elizabeth , Dowling Sierra , Choo Wan Yuen , Yunus Raudah M. , Mohd Tengku A. M. Tengku , Haitas Niobe , Bomze Sivan , Dahrouge Simone , Garcia Edward , Holt‐Lunstad Julianne , Lasgaard Mathias , Lim Michelle H. , Mulligan Kate , Salzwedel Douglas M. , Qualter Pamela , Hébert Paul C. , Mikton Christopher
Published: June 2023

This is the protocol for an evidence and gap map. The objectives are as follows: This EGM aims to map available evidence on the effects of in‐person interventions to reduce social isolation and/or loneliness across all age groups in all settings.
Recent Developments in Reactor Automation for Multistep Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Clayton Adam D.
Published: June 2023

Reactor automation is revolutionising the way new chemical processes are discovered and developed. Assigning repetitive aspects of chemical synthesis to machines, such as experimental execution and data collection, provides more time for researchers to focus on critical interpretation and creative problem solving. The ability to autonomously prepare late‐stage intermediates and complex products, rather than just simple starting materials, will play a central role in applications such as the efficient exploration of chemical space and responsive manufacturing. However, translating automated technologies from specific single‐step tasks to more general multistep syntheses remains a significant challenge, owing to high structural diversity and chemical/physical interdependencies between the steps. Robotic batch and continuous flow platforms are gradually becoming more universal, providing access to a wider range of chemistries required to achieve autonomous multistep synthesis. Advances in process analytical technologies have enhanced our ability to monitor interconnected reactions in real‐time, thus accelerating data collection and giving greater process control for ensuring a high standard of safety and product quality. Integration of these tools with control software creates a feedback loop, which can be harnessed for adaptive and flexible multistep screening or holistic self‐optimisation. This review presents recent developments in the application of automated reactor technologies for multistep chemical synthesis, including batch and continuous flow platforms. Specifically, this review highlights how the integration of control software with advanced process analytical technologies and machine learning algorithms are accelerating the synthesis of complex molecules.
Current understanding and distinct features of multifocal and multicentric breast cancers
Authors: Avera Elizabeth , Valentic Lilia , Bui Loan
Published: June 2023

Background

Multifocal (MF) and multicentric (MC) breast cancers are referred to as synchronous, multiple ipsilateral breast cancers; however, the definitions vary among the literature, which has made understanding and analyzing these diseases challenging.

Recent findings

The incidence ranges from 1% to 60%, with a higher prevalence in pre‐menopausal women. MF and MC breast cancers, compared with unifocal breast cancers, tend to be more aggressive and are associated with lower survival rates, higher recurrence, and lymph node metastasis. Typically, patients with MF/MC breast cancers are treated with radical surgery, while breast conservation therapy may also be considered. Investigations have focused on elucidating the distinct biological features of MF/MC breast cancers, including the clonality of the cancers, the genetic alterations, and the impact of these features on disease aggressiveness and patient prognosis.

Conclusion

These findings will broaden the understanding of these breast cancer subtypes and aid in the development of more tailored treatment plans for patients.
Soliton versus the gas: Fredholm determinants, analysis, and the rapid oscillations behind the kinetic equation
Authors: Girotti Manuela , Grava Tamara , Jenkins Robert , McLaughlin Ken T‐R , Minakov Alexander
Published: June 2023

We analyse the case of a dense modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) soliton gas and its large time behaviour in the presence of a single trial soliton. We show that the solution can be expressed in terms of Fredholm determinants as well as in terms of a Riemann–Hilbert problem. We then show that the solution can be decomposed as the sum of the background gas solution (a modulated elliptic wave), plus a soliton solution: the individual expressions are however quite convoluted due to the interaction dynamics. Additionally, we are able to derive the local phase shift of the gas after the passage of the soliton, and we can trace the location of the soliton peak as the dynamics evolves. Finally, we show that the soliton peak, while interacting with the soliton gas, has an oscillatory velocity whose leading order average value satisfies the kinetic velocity equation analogous to the one posited by V. Zakharov and G. El.
Tissue‐Specific RNA Localization in the Uterus During Implantation, Decidualization and Placentation: Technical Nuances of Various Labeling Approaches
Authors: Dewar Amanda , Deng Wenbo , Sun Xiaofei , Dey Sudhansu K.
Published: June 2023

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a sensitive method used to localize a specific sequence of DNA or RNA in biological samples, including cells, tissue sections or whole organs. RNA ISH can be used to determine spatial gene expression using a single‐stranded probe with a reverse‐complementary sequence. Cell‐specific gene expression has been studied using mRNA and protein levels. Signals produced by RNA probes are usually more specific than those produced by antibodies in immunostaining. Currently, ISH is the most widely used method to localize mRNA molecules. Traditionally, probes were labeled with radioactive isotopes, but the cumbersome procedures and potential health risk limit their acceptance. Recently, probes labeled with nonradioactive materials including digoxigenin, biotin and various fluorophores have been developed. The tyramide signal amplification system further enhances the sensitivity of detection. These methods have been applied in numerous studies in various tissues including reproductive organs. This article details three methods of RNA in situ hybridization: radioactive in situ hybridization, digoxigenin in situ hybridization, and digoxigenin‐tyramide signal amplification fluorescein in situ hybridization. The pros and cons of each protocol are discussed. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Radioactive in situ hybridization (radioactive‐ISH)

Basic Protocol 2: Digoxigenin in situ hybridization (DIG‐ISH)

Basic Protocol 3: Digoxigenin‐tyramide signal amplification fluorescein in situ hybridization (DIG‐TSA‐FISH)
The effect of different concentrations and temperatures of sodium hypochlorite irrigation on pain intensity following endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: A randomized, double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Mokhtari Hadi , Milani Amin Salem , Zand Vahid , Shakuie Sahar , Nazari Leila
Published: June 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the severity of pain after endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis following the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at different temperatures and concentrations.

Methods

In this randomized, controlled clinical trial, 72 patients with mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis were randomly assigned to six groups. The teeth were anesthetized and the root canals were prepared. During the instrumentation, the root canals were irrigated with NaOCl solution at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% and temperatures of 2.5°C, 22°C, and 40°C, 2.5°C were achieved through cryotherapy. Assessment of pain was conducted before, immediately after, and 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. After obturation, the patients recorded their pain intensity at different time intervals on the visual analog scale (VAS) and reported the number of analgesics tablets they used. The frequency of analgesics tablets and their effect on pain sensation was recorded in the second part of the form. Repeated measures two‐way analysis of variance test was used to compare the trend of pain changes over time between two intervals of time in each group. Friedman's nonparametric test was used to compare the intragroup mean score of pain over time and Kruskal–Wallis for comparing the intergroup mean score.

Results

Changes in VAS pain scores of all the groups were significant over time (p < .001). Pain in all the groups decreased immediately after treatment and increased 3 h after treatment. There were no significant differences in pain ratings and the number of analgesics tablets used in the groups of NaOCl with different concentrations and temperatures over time.

Conclusions

Within the study's limitations, we concluded that there was no significant difference between concentrations of 0.5%, and 1% and temperatures of 2.5°C, 22°C, and 40°C in pain intensity following endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.
Genetic mapping of the Rcs2 locus in soybean cultivar Kent for resistance to frogeye leaf spot
Authors: McDonald Samuel C. , Buck James W. , Li Zenglu
Published: June 2023

The fungal disease frogeye leaf spot (FLS) can reduce yield up to 30% in susceptible soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] cultivars. The Rcs2 locus in the cultivar Kent provides resistance to all the named Cercospora sojina races currently found in the United States; however, this locus for resistance to FLS has not been molecularly mapped yet. F2:3 and recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from a cross of Forrest × Kent were phenotyped in greenhouse assays with isolate S23 of C. sojina, and reactions were determined using a visual estimate of disease severity. A bulked segregant analysis and linkage mapping with Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) markers in the F2:3 population located the Rcs2 locus on chromosome 11. The locus was mapped in the RIL population derived from the same pedigree and refined to a 336 kb interval by evaluating recombination break points in the RILs. This region contains 31 gene models, and Kent has polymorphisms in 11 of these genes and/or promoter regions of the Williams82.a2.v1 genome. The Rcs2 locus and linked markers reported will be useful in marker‐assisted selection for FLS resistance. This research will also guide future efforts to understand the landscape of FLS resistance in United States soybean germplasm and to discover the causal genes for Rcs2 resistance.
Curriculum as invader: Normalising white place in the Australian curriculum
Authors: Smith Bryan
Published: June 2023

Curriculum, as a policy and way of moving through educational experience, is entwined with an ongoing history of invasion in Australia and similar invader‐colonial contexts. As a result of this, the conceptual foundations of curriculum in Australia reproduce colonial epistemologies as normative modes of knowing and consideration. One way of seeing how this is possible and easily reproduced is through a consideration of how renderings and representations of “place” – the complex entanglements of lands, histories, and identit(y/ies) – mediate both how (a) invasion can be normalised as a historical, geographic, and political “placial” reality, and (b) students and teachers might experience education in and of place. Indeed, “place” is a central guiding concept in official curriculum policy just as much as place is an experienced curriculum both within the school and in the broader world. In this respect, this paper looks to unpack how the concept of place is represented in curriculum policy and the attendant assumptions and implicit discourses that this (re)produces about the experiences of people in/of invaded place. Through a look at the coming revision to the Humanities and Social Science's learning area of the Australian Curriculum, I look to how the curriculum as policy frames place as synonymous with invader place epistemically and how this mediates what students can know and themselves feel about the embodied experience of learning about/in/of place.
Review tips for handling pre‐admission requests from students with disabilities
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: June 2023

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits postsecondary institutions from denying a student admission on the basis of disability (34 C.F.R. § 104.42). Many institutions understand they cannot make preadmission inquiries into whether an applicant has disabilities. Indeed, at most colleges and universities, the risk of direct discrimination by denying admission to a student with disabilities is minimal.
CUNY Settles Claim of Student with Vision Impairment
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: June 2023

The U.S. Department of Justice, through the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, has reached a voluntary compliance agreement with the City University of New York. This agreement requires CUNY to prepare and implement systemwide policies to ensure improved accessibility of educational content, proper training of staff and facility, and effective modifications and auxiliary aids and services (https://bit.ly/3OD3icq).
An expert's tips on notetaking: Implications for students receiving accommodations
Authors: Hamblet Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2023

Notetaking is challenging for a lot of students. And it may be the subject of a lot of accommodation requests for your office. In his new book, Outsmart Your Brain: Why Learning is Hard and How You Can Make It Easy, cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham explains that effective learning strategies require active thinking, and he recommends strategies informed by the research. While Willingham doesn’t directly address students with disabilities, his suggestions have implications for how students should utilize their accommodations.
Observation is an important leadership skill
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: June 2023

A few months ago, my siblings and I agreed it was necessary to place my mother in a skilled nursing facility. It's something you swear you’ll never do, but at 91, with congestive heart failure and progressing vascular dementia, it was the best decision for everyone. Deciding on the right facility required a lot of research and several visits. I helped with some of that from a distance, but we’d already selected the facility by the time I came to town for the transition.
Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity in kidney fibrosis
Authors: Hadpech Sudarat , Thongboonkerd Visith
Published: June 2023

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process contributing to kidney fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. This process is characterized by decreased epithelial phenotypes/markers and increased mesenchymal phenotypes/markers. Tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are commonly susceptible to EMT by various stimuli, for example, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), cellular communication network factor 2, angiotensin‐II, fibroblast growth factor‐2, oncostatin M, matrix metalloproteinase‐2, tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA), plasmin, interleukin‐1β, and reactive oxygen species. Similarly, glomerular podocytes can undergo EMT via these stimuli and by high glucose condition in diabetic kidney disease. EMT of TECs and podocytes leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, respectively. Signaling pathways involved in EMT‐mediated kidney fibrosis are diverse and complex. TGF‐β1/Smad and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways are the major venues triggering EMT in TECs and podocytes. These two pathways thus serve as the major therapeutic targets against EMT‐mediated kidney fibrosis. To date, a number of EMT inhibitors have been identified and characterized. As expected, the majority of these EMT inhibitors affect TGF‐β1/Smad and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways. In addition to kidney fibrosis, these EMT‐targeted antifibrotic inhibitors are expected to be effective for treatment against fibrosis in other organs/tissues.
Weight‐based discrimination and disordered eating behaviors in a cohort of U.S. sexual minority young adults
Authors: Gordon Allegra R. , Egan Kelsey A. , Wang Monica L. , Ziyadeh Najat J. , Kenney Erica L. , Rosario Margaret , Austin S. Bryn
Published: June 2023

Objective

Though prevalent, weight‐based discrimination is understudied and has been linked to disordered eating behaviors (DEB) among adolescents and adults. Sexual minority populations experience elevated risk of DEB, but little is known about the role of weight discrimination in this elevated risk.

Methods

Participants were 1257 sexual minority women and men (ages 18–31 years) in the US Growing Up Today Study cohort. We examined cross‐sectional associations between weight discrimination victimization and three DEB in the past year: unhealthy weight control behaviors, overeating, and binge eating. Generalized estimating equations, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Three in 10 participants (31%) reported weight‐based discrimination victimization. Sexual minority young adults who reported weight‐based discrimination had greater relative prevalence of unhealthy weight control behaviors (PR [95% CI]: 1.92 [1.35, 2.74]), overeating (3.15 [2.24, 4.44]), and binge eating (3.92 [2.51, 6.13]), compared with those who reported no weight‐based discrimination. Associations with overeating and binge eating remained significant after adjusting for BMI.

Discussion

The role of weight‐based discrimination, and its intersections with other forms of stressors for sexual minority young adults, must be included in efforts to advance eating disorder prevention for this underserved population.

Public Significance

Three in 10 sexual minority young adults in this study had experienced weight‐based discrimination, a common but understudied form of discrimination. Sexual minority young adults who experienced weight‐based discrimination were at greater risk of disordered eating behaviors than those who had not experienced weight‐based discrimination. These findings suggest that weight‐based discrimination may be an important—and preventable—risk factor for disordered eating behaviors among sexual minority young adults.
Unequivocally large, but not enormous: An examination of the nutritional content of objective and subjective binge‐eating episodes using ecological momentary assessment data
Authors: Presseller Emily K. , Karbassi Nikoo , Gian Christina , Juarascio Adrienne S.
Published: June 2023

Objective

This study compared the macronutrient profiles of subjective binge‐eating episodes (SBEs), objective binge‐eating episodes (OBEs), and typical eating episodes.

Method

Twenty‐one adults with binge eating completed ecological momentary assessment of all eating episodes for 2 weeks, including detailed monitoring of food types and portions. Binge‐eating episodes (N = 237) were coded as OBEs (n = 76) or SBEs (n = 161). Calories and macronutrients were computed using manufacturer information and USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Multilevel regression models compared the eating episode types on caloric and macronutrient content.

Results

OBEs contained an average of 121.5 (95.1) g fat, 363.7 (289.1) g carbohydrates, 65.2 (38.2) g protein, 20.9 (16.4) g fiber, and 2856.2 (1869.2) calories. SBEs contained 31.6 (30.5) g fat, 76.5 (54.0) g carbohydrates, 20.5 (21.6) g protein, 5.3 (5.9) g fiber, and 695.1 (505.9) calories. Although OBEs contained significantly more calories and grams of all macronutrients than SBEs (p < .001), the macronutrient proportions of OBEs and SBEs did not differ. The proportions of carbohydrates (p = .005) and protein (p < .001) in SBEs significantly differed from typical eating episodes.

Discussion

Our findings offer preliminary evidence that OBEs and SBEs are more comparable in macronutrient profile than typical eating episodes.

Public Significance Statement

The present study compared the calories and grams of macronutrients in objectively large binge‐eating episodes, subjectively large binge‐eating episodes, and typical meals and snacks. Results suggest that objectively and subjectively large binge‐eating episodes demonstrate similar profiles of macronutrients, which are different from the macronutrient profile of meals and snacks. These results may help the eating disorder field better study the impact of subjectively large binge‐eating episodes.
Moderate recreational oyster harvest has variable impacts on biophysical properties of reefs and reef‐associated fauna
Authors: Dunn Robert P. , Pelton Mary M. , Doll Lillian G.
Published: June 2023

Despite the popularity of recreational fishing, our understanding of the impacts of this type of harvest within marine ecosystems generally lags behind the well‐documented effects of commercial fisheries. Intertidal oysters serve as ecosystem engineers within otherwise soft‐bottom estuaries but may be disproportionately susceptible to harvest because of their sessile nature and accessibility at low tide. We used a Before–After–Control–Impact design to investigate the effects of recreational oyster “picking” on the physical structure provided by reefs and the community of reef‐associated mobile fauna. Despite reductions in oyster density on harvested reefs following the fishing season, we did not observe changes in other biophysical properties of reefs. Similarly, we found variable impacts of oyster harvest on the community of reef‐associated fauna, with community diversity changing seasonally on closed reefs but remaining low throughout on harvested reefs. Direct relationships between change in oyster density through time and changes in reef rugosity, faunal diversity, and faunal density were also variable. While oyster harvest removes the physical structure provided by these foundation species, the level of recreational harvest currently occurring in our study system apparently does not exceed the threshold which leads to cascading changes in reef‐associated fauna.
Efficient optimal seismic design method of passive energy dissipation systems based on the inelasticity‐separated finite element method
Authors: Yu Ding‐Hao , Luo Rui , Li Gang , Zhai Zi‐Jie
Published: June 2023

Installing passive energy dissipation dampers in the main structure is an effective way to reduce structural seismic response. The traditional optimal design of passive energy dissipation systems requires a massive nonlinear time history analysis, which is an extremely inefficient process and, as a result, limits its application in practice. In this paper, an efficient optimal design method for dampers is proposed based on the inelasticity‐separated finite element method (IS‐FEM) and genetic algorithm. The IS‐FEM is a novel efficient structural nonlinear analysis method that can avoid the real‐time updating and decomposition of the structural global stiffness matrix in a traditional structure analysis and only requires a small‐scale Schur complementary matrix representing local nonlinear behavior being decomposed per iteration. To make the IS‐FEM available for the analysis of structures equipped with an energy dissipation system, the inelasticity‐separated governing equations of displacement‐based dampers are derived first. Then, an improved constrained optimal genetic algorithm based on population feasibility is presented to enhance the searching ability near the feasible domain boundary. Finally, an efficient damper optimization design method is proposed by combining the developed genetic algorithm with the proposed IS‐FEM‐based analysis procedure for passive energy dissipation structures. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by designing a set of metallic yield dampers to retrofit a steel structure.
The cost‐effectiveness of dapagliflozin in heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction: A European health‐economic analysis of the DELIVER trial
Authors: Booth David , Davis Jason A. , McEwan Phil , Solomon Scott D. , McMurray John J.V. , De Boer Rudolf A. , Comin‐Colet Josep , Bachus Erasmus , Chen Jieling
Published: June 2023

Aims

To determine the cost‐effectiveness of dapagliflozin, added to usual care, in patients with heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction for the UK, German and Spanish payers using detailed patient‐level data from the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the LIVEs of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial.

Methods and results

A lifetime Markov state‐transition cohort model was developed. Quartiles of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score (KCCQ‐TSS) defined health states and monthly transition count data informed transition probabilities. Multivariable generalized estimating equations captured the incidence of HF hospitalizations and urgent HF visits, while cardiovascular deaths and all‐cause mortality were estimated using adjusted parametric survival models. Health state costs were assigned to KCCQ‐TSS quartiles (2021 British pound [GBP]/Euro) and patient‐reported outcomes were sourced from DELIVER. Future values of costs and effects were discounted according to country‐specific rates. In the UK, dapagliflozin treatment was predicted to increase quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and life‐years by 0.231 and 0.354, respectively, and extend the time spent in the best quartile of KCCQ‐TSS by 4.2 months. Comparable outcomes were projected for Germany and Spain. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were £7761, €9540 and €5343/QALY in the UK, Germany and Spain, respectively. According to regional willingness‐to‐pay thresholds, 91%, 89% and 92% of simulations in the UK, Germany and Spain, respectively, were cost‐effective following probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Dapagliflozin, added to usual care, is very likely cost‐effective for HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction in several European countries.
Elucidation of alpha‐amylase inhibition by natural shikimic acid derivates regarding the infrequent uncompetitive inhibition mode and structure–activity relationship
Authors: Cao Junwei , Zhang Jifan , Cao Ruibo , Li Wenyue , Wang Guidan , Cui Lu , Sun Lijun
Published: June 2023

The α‐amylase inhibition and binding behaviors of shikimic acid and its structural analogues were studied. Uncompetitive inhibition characteristic of shikimic acid was identified through several linear transformation equations of enzymatic data considering the good linearity. Interestingly, the change in concentrations of starch would not decrease the inhibitory effects of shikimic acid with various concentrations used in present study. The inhibitory effect reduced greatly after the ethyl esterification of shikimic acid. Gallic acid was distinguished from shikimic acid by a benzene ring and exhibited lower inhibition than shikimic acid. Shikimic acid affected the α‐amylase structure by binding to the non‐active site but did not quench the α‐amylase fluorescent intensity. However, gallic acid anchored with a subsite containing some fluorescent residues at the entrance of active pocket, quenching the fluorescence intensity of α‐amylase strongly. The difference in shikimic acid and gallic acid made the changes in their binding sites as well as the binding behavior. Conclusively, the carboxyl and hexatomic ring with one double‐bond played an important role in binding of shikimic acid with the non‐active sites of α‐amylase. Shikimic acid has potentials as a functional‐factor in α‐amylase inhibition for controlling the postprandial blood sugar level.
Impact of gamma irradiation and guava leaf extract on the quality and storage stability of chicken patties
Authors: Sadiq Anam , Arshad Muhammad Sajid , Amjad Roshaan Bint , Munir Haroon , Rohi Madiha , Khalid Waseem , Nadeem Muhammad Tahir , Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
Published: June 2023

The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the impact of gamma irradiation and guava leaf extract (GLE) on chicken meat patties. The effects of treatments on chicken meat patties were determined by physicochemical, stability (oxidative and microbial), and antioxidant status during different packaging (aerobic and vacuum) at storage intervals (0, 5, and 10 days). The changes in physicochemical parameters of chicken patties were observed on various treatments, storage intervals, and different packaging. The TBARS and POV were found to increase significantly (p < .05) on 2 kGy and with the passage of storage time. The results of microbial load in samples were found to decrease on gamma irradiation with and without GLE. The antioxidant profile in chicken patties was with respect to control. Slight changes were seen in sensory parameters on different treatments at storage intervals. It is concluded that gamma irradiation eliminated the microbes and different concentrations of GLE improve the stability and antioxidant profile of chicken patties.
Implications of updated staging system for p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Is valuable prognostic information being omitted?
Authors: Vo Kim , Ladbury Colton , Tam Andrew , Maghami Ellie , Kang Robert , Villaflor Victoria , Agulnik Mark , Gernon Thomas , Glaser Scott , Amini Arya
Published: June 2023

Background

This study characterized whether the updated AJCC 8th edition nodal staging system for p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) resulted in the loss of prognostic value.

Methods

The NCDB was queried for patients with node‐positive p16+ OPSCC. The prognostic impact of nodal size, nodal quantity, nodal laterality, and extracapsular extension (ECE) on overall survival (OS) was assessed.

Results

In the clinical cohort, inferior 5‐year OS was observed in patients with more than one positive lymph node (p < 0.001; 82% vs. 86%), ECE (p < 0.001; 82% vs. 75%), or nodal size >6 cm (p < 0.001; 66% vs. 82%). In the pathologic cohort, inferior 5‐year OS was observed in patients with > four positive lymph nodes (p < 0.001; 76% vs. 90%), ECE (p < 0.001; 83% vs. 92%), or largest nodal size >6 cm (p < 0.001; 81% vs. 89%).

Conclusions

Simplifications in the current p16+ OPSCC staging system led to loss of prognostic information in nodal staging.
Clinical outcome of endoscopic‐assisted transoral surgery for superficial cancer of pharyngo‐esophageal junction
Authors: Furue Yasuaki , Hori Keisuke , Tomioka Toshifumi , Fujii Satoshi , Okano Wataru , Shinozaki Takeshi , Kadota Tomohiro , Yoda Yusuke , Hayashi Ryuichi , Yano Tomonori
Published: June 2023

Background

Endoscopic‐assisted transoral surgery (TOS) for superficial cancer of the pharyngo‐esophageal junction (PEJ) is risk of stricture, and therapeutic outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes of endoscopic‐assisted TOS for superficial PEJ cancers.

Methods

We retrospectively compared clinical outcomes of endoscopic‐assisted TOS for superficial PEJ cancers (group A) and of other sites in the hypopharynx (group B).

Results

The group A comprised 12 lesions in 12 patients, and group B comprised 198 lesions in 146 patients. Group A and group B exhibited en bloc resection rates of 100% and 99%. Median operative times were 82 and 37 min (p < 0.001). The frequency of stricture and local recurrence in group A was significantly higher in group B (42% vs. 1%, p < 0.001; 25% vs. 6%, p = 0.036). All adverse events could be managed with conservative treatments.

Conclusions

Endoscopic‐assisted TOS is not ideal for treating superficial PEJ cancers compared to other sites.
Predictors of outcome in cryptoglandular anal fistula according to magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review
Authors: Teymouri Alireza , Keshvari Amir , Ashjaei Ali , Ahmadi Tafti Seyed Mohsen , Salahshour Faeze , Khorasanizadeh Faezeh , Naseri Amirhosein
Published: June 2023

Background and Aims

Anal fistula (AF) with cryptoglandular origin tends to recur, and multiple risk factors are implicated. Recently, some magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with predictive value for disease outcomes have been proposed. These intrinsic anatomic features include those of the AF and its surrounding structures. This study aims to clarify the prognostic role of MRI in AF.

Methods

We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and EBSCO databases. Two independent reviewers conducted the search and screened the articles. We selected studies that used MRI to assess AF and reported its relationship to disease outcome. We extracted data regarding the study design, type of intervention, outcome, MRI‐measured items, and their significance.

Results

Out of 1230 retrieved articles, 18 were eligible for final inclusion, and a total of 4026 patients were enrolled in the selected studies. For preoperative MRI, the significant items affecting the outcome were the length of the fistula, horseshoe type, presence of multiple tracts, supralevator extension, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value. Other studies investigated the healing process using postoperative MRI.

Conclusion

This review found that MRI can be useful in the management of AF, both preoperatively and postoperatively. Factors, such as fistula length, horseshoe type, presence of multiple tracts, supralevator extension, and ADC value were found to be significantly associated with treatment outcomes. The presence of the fistula tract and the development of new abscesses on postoperative MRI was found to hinder the healing process. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Short T dynamic panel data models with individual, time and interactive effects
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuhiko , Pesaran M. Hashem , Smith L. Vanessa
Published: June 2023

This paper proposes a transformed quasi‐maximum likelihood (TQML) estimator for short
dynamic fixed effects panel data models allowing for interactive effects through a multifactor error structure. The proposed estimator is robust to the heterogeneity of the initial values and common unobserved effects, while at the same time allowing for standard fixed and time effects. It is applicable to both stationary and unit root cases. The order condition for identification of the number of interactive effects is established, and conditions are derived under which the parameters are locally identified. It is shown that global identification in the presence of the lagged dependent variable cannot be guaranteed. The TQML estimator is proven to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. A sequential multiple testing likelihood ratio procedure is also proposed for estimation of the number of factors which is shown to be consistent. Finite sample results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed procedure for determining the number of factors performs very well, and the TQML estimator has small bias and root mean square error (RMSE) and correct empirical size in most settings. The practical use of the TQML approach is demonstrated by means of two empirical illustrations from the literature on cross county crime rates and cross country growth regressions.
Evaluation of reproducible cryogel preparation based on automated image analysis using deep learning
Authors: Behrendt Florian , Cseresnyés Zoltán , Gerst Ruman , Gottschaldt Michael , Figge Marc Thilo , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2023

Cryogels represent a class of porous sponge‐like materials possessing unique properties including high‐fidelity reproduction of tissue structure and maximized permeability. Their architecture is mainly based on an interconnected network of macropores that provides sufficient stability while allowing the movement of substances through the material. In most cryogel applications, the pore size is very important, especially when the material is used as a 3D scaffold for tissue culture, applied as a filter, or utilized as a membrane. In this study, poly(dimethylacrylamide‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels have been prepared by two preparation methods to investigate the reproducibility of homogeneous pore structures and pore sizes. Automated image analysis algorithms were developed to rapidly evaluate cryogel pore sizes based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The quantification approach contained a unique combination of classical and deep learning–based algorithms. To validate the accuracy of the two models, we compared the results obtained from automated SEM image analysis with those from manual pore size determinations and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) measurements. Effect sizes were calculated to compare the results from manual and automated pore size measurements for the cryogel reproducibility series. 81% of the values obtained revealed only trivial differences, which strongly suggests that automated image analysis can reliably substitute the manual evaluation of cryogel pore sizes. The use of an adapted reactor setup yielded cryogels with heterogeneous morphologies in the absence of recognizable pore structures. With the conventional cryogel preparation using plastic syringes, the obtained cryogels represented highly reproducible morphologies and pore sizes in the range between 17 and 22 μm. Calculated effect sizes within the cryogel replicate series revealed only trivial differences between the obtained pore sizes in 83.5% or 99.4% of the data (classical approach and deep learning‐based approach, respectively).
SPC212 human mesothelioma cells underwent apoptosis, oxidative stress, and morphological deformation following Astaxanthin treatment
Authors: Kaçar Sedat , Semerci Sevimli Tuğba , Şahintürk Varol
Published: June 2023

Astaxanthin (ASX) is one of the keto‐carotenoids, which is biologically more active than other counterparts. Besides its variety of beneficial effects, it was reported to exert anticancer effects. Despite its utilization against different cancer types, the effect of ASX on mesothelioma has yet to be well‐studied. In this study, our goal is to ascertain how ASX will affect SPC212 human mesothelioma cells. First, the effective doses of ASX against SPC212 cells were investigated by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Thereafter, with flow cytometry analysis, Annexin‐V and caspase 3/7 assay were implemented for the evaluation of apoptotic cell death and an oxidative stress test was carried out to determine how the free radicals changed. Ultimately, the cells' morphology was examined under a light microscope. The effective doses of ASX were found as 50, 100, and 200 µM. In the Annexin V assay, the total apoptosis increased to around 12%, 30%, and 45% with increasing doses of ASX. In the caspase 3/7 assay, the total apoptosis was around 25% and 38% at 100 and 200 µM. In oxidative stress analysis, reactive oxygen species‐positive cells rose from 4.54 at the lowest dose to 86.95 at the highest dose. In morphological analysis, cellular shrinkage, decrease in cell density, swelling and vacuolations in some cells, membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies are observed in ASX‐treated cells. To conclude, the current study provided insights into the efficacy and effects of ASX against SPC212 mesothelioma cells regarding morphology, proliferation, and cell death for future studies.
Causality and volatility spillovers of banks' stock price returns on BSE Bankex returns
Authors: Subburayan Baranidharan
Published: June 2023

This paper investigates the causal relationships and volatility spillovers between the BSE Bankex index and the stock prices of five major Indian banks (Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Bank, and SBI). Daily data from January 2, 2018 to March 8, 2023 are used, and statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, Unit Root test, Cointegration test, Ganger Causality test, OLS regression, and GARCH model are employed. The study finds bidirectional causal relationships between the bank stocks and BSE Bankex returns, suggesting that the movement of the bank stocks significantly affects the overall market returns and vice versa. The study also finds significant volatility spillovers between the bank stocks and BSE Bankex returns, implying that the shocks in the bank stocks affect the market returns and vice versa. The study's outcomes have practical implications for investors and policymakers. Investors can use the results to make informed investment decisions in the Indian stock market, while policymakers can use the findings to monitor the financial stability of the banking sector and design appropriate policy interventions to address any potential financial crises. Overall, the study's findings suggest that policymakers should proactively monitor and manage market risks to safeguard overall financial stability.
Measuring (biological) materials mechanics with atomic force microscopy. 5. Traction force microscopy (cell traction forces)
Authors: Gil‐Redondo Juan Carlos , Weber Andreas , Vivanco Maria dM. , Toca‐Herrera José L.
Published: June 2023

Cells generate traction forces to probe the mechanical properties of the surroundings and maintain a basal equilibrium state of stress. Traction forces are also implicated in cell migration, adhesion and ECM remodeling, and alteration of these forces is often observed in pathologies such as cancer. Thus, analyzing the traction forces is important for studies of cell mechanics in cancer and metastasis. In this primer, the methodology for conducting two‐dimensional traction force microscopy (2D‐TFM) experiments is reported. As a practical example, we analyzed the traction forces generated by three human breast cancer cell lines of different metastatic potential: MCF10‐A, MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and studied the effects of actin cytoskeleton disruption on those traction forces. Contrary to what is often reported in literature, lower traction forces were observed in cells with higher metastatic potential (MDA‐MB‐231). Implications of substrate stiffness and concentration of extracellular matrix proteins in such findings are discussed in the text.

Research Highlights

Traction force microscopy (TFM) is suitable for studying and quantifying cell‐substrate and cell–cell forces.

TFM is suitable for investigating the relationship between chemical to mechanical signal transduction and vice versa.

TFM can be combined with classical indentation studies providing a compact picture of cell mechanics.

TFM still needs new physico‐chemical (sample preparation) and computational approaches for more accurate data evaluation.
A laudable strategy to manage bacterial panicle blight disease of rice using biocontrol agents
Authors: Ngalimat Mohamad S. , Mohd Hata Erneeza , Zulperi Dzarifah , Ismail Siti I. , Ismail Mohd R. , Mohd Zainudin Nur A. I. , Saidi Noor B. , Yusof Mohd T.
Published: June 2023

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB) disease is a dreadful disease in rice‐producing countries. Burkholderia glumae, a Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped, and flagellated bacterium was identified as the primary culprit for BPB disease. In 2019, the disease was reported in 18 countries, and to date, it has been spotted in 26 countries. Rice yield has been reduced by up to 75% worldwide due to this disease. Interestingly, the biocontrol strategy offers a promising alternative to manage BPB disease. This review summarizes the management status of BPB disease using biological control agents (BCA). Bacteria from the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces have been examined as BCA under in vitro, glasshouse, and field conditions. Besides bacteria, bacteriophages have also been reported to reduce BPB pathogens under in vitro and glasshouse conditions. Here, the overview of the mechanisms of bacteria and bacteriophages in controlling BPB pathogens is addressed. The applications of BCA using various delivery methods could effectively manage BPB disease to benefit the agroecosystems and food security.