bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Regionalism Reconsidered: Globalization and the Remaking of Political Economic Space
Authors: MacLeod Gordon
Published: March 2003

Amid the near frenzied exaltation of economic globalization and a purported decline of the nation state, a range of subnational regional economies and urban metropoles are increasingly being canonized as the paradigmatic exemplars of wealth creation. Indeed, across many of the advanced developed countries a whole host of academics, consultants, influential commentators, politicians and bourgeois interest groups are readily invoking the region to be the appropriate site for regulating global capitalism. In a recent article in IJURR, though, John Lovering disputes this emerging New Regionalism, viewing it to be seriously compromised by several practical and theoretical inadequacies. This article has two principal aims. First, and while sympathetic to the general tenor of Lovering’s critique, it offers a rejoinder through some sobering reflections on what might be recovered from the range of New Regionalist perspectives currently vying for attention within critical studies of regional development. Second, it presents a series of future theoretical directions for a geopolitically sensitive regional research agenda, drawing on recent thinking from the new regional geography, globalization and the politics of scale, institutional‐relational state theory and the regulation approach. An argument is made that a synthesis of these perspectives might intensify our understanding of the social and political construction of regions, the uneven geography of growth, and the moments of re‐scaled regionalized state power that now enframe the process of economic governance.
Fertility among Recent Immigrant Women to Canada, 1991: An Examination of the Disruption Hypothesis
Authors: Ng Edward , Nault François
Published: March 2003

Recent studies show that current fertility is higher for women who immigrated to Canada than for Canadian‐born women. This represents a reversal of the historical pattern that can perhaps be partly explained by the more pronounced decline of fertility among the Canadian‐born compared with the foreign‐born population and the higher proportion of Non‐Europeans among recent immigrants.

Recent studies also provide support for the disruption hypothesis which suggests that during the period immediately following immigration, foreign‐born fertility is depressed but subsequently rises somewhat and then declines as duration of stay in Canada increases.

However, this article shows that fertility immediately following immigration does not appear to be disrupted by the immigration process: immigrant women who came to Canada between 1986 and 1991 had a higher current fertility than those who immigrated in earlier periods. This finding was obtained by calculating the ratio of infants age 0 to women of childbearing ages using 1991 census data. Previous studies that had found a disruption effect used a ratio of children aged 0 to 4.
Migration To Israel: The Mythology of “Uniqueness”
Authors: Shuval Judith T.
Published: March 2003

The article explores the widespread assumption that immigration to Israel is a unique phenomenon which differs structurally from migration to other places. This assumption stems from the view that migrants to other destinations generally leave a place they consider home to find a new home. In terms of the Israeli construction, Jews have been “strangers” in their countries of origin and seek to find a new home by means of migration.

The Law of Return (1950), which established an open‐door policy for Jews and extensive support benefits for immigrants in a context of presumed social consensus, has generally been thought to be sui generis. The article considers evidence that shows that in the 1980s and 1990s, Israel is becoming more like other Western countries which admit large numbers of refugees, asylum seekers, foreign workers, persons seeking family unification and diaspora migrants.

As in other migration societies, multi‐ethnicity poses problems of cultural integration and some groups seek actively to retain major elements of their earlier cultural heritage.

Immigrants have become an identifiable political force to be reckoned with. There is more overt questioning within the society of the open‐door policy for Jewish immigrants than in previous years. Nevertheless, the tradition of “uniqueness” remains strong in the sociology of migration in Israel. Consideration of the empirical reality at the end of the 1990s suggests that the sociology of migration in the Israel context has many important parallels in other societies and is best understood in a global context of theory and practice.
International Migration and the Global Agenda: Reflections on the 1998 UN Technical Symposium
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: March 2003

As a cross‐border phenomenon affecting many countries, migration should be an important area for international cooperation. Yet such cooperation has been slow to emerge. Politically, the topic has been marked by interest conflicts and differing national policy approaches. As a field of social scientific research, it has been characterized by fragmentation according to disciplines, paradigms, methodologies and ideologies.

The 1998 United Nations Technical Symposium on International Migration and Development was therefore highly significant as a step towards a global response, although as a meeting of experts it fell short of the intergovernmental deliberations some states (especially emigration countries) have called for.

The Symposium reviewed knowledge on the links between migration and development and discussed the relative success of various policy approaches. A number of key themes emerged. An inclusive research framework is needed which takes account of all types of population mobility and all stages of the migratory process. The contributions of a range of social scientific disciplines and paradigms should be integrated. An important advance has been the growing understanding of the role of social networks and cultural capital in the migratory process.

The Symposium discussed the need for strategies which reflect the ambivalence of women’s experience: international migration can be both a source of exploitation and abuse, and an opportunity for greater autonomy.

Issues of settlement and return of migration were debated: both need to be considered in strategies for maximizing the benefits of migration for the various participants. An urgent need for better public information and education on migration and settlement was noted.

Overall, the Symposium showed the great complexity of links between migration and development. It also found that a knowledge base does exist for greatly improved policy formation and international cooperation in this area of growing global significance.
The Discourse and Dimensions of Irregularity in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Crush Jonathan
Published: March 2003

South Africa’s migration policy since 1994 has been described as contradictory and confused. Indeed, there are profound differences of opinion within government and civil society over the best means to deal with what is believed to be a massive and threatening increase in clandestine migration and irregular employment.

Clarity of thought and policy debate has been hampered by an inflammatory discourse which fixates on the issue of numbers, and views all migrants as a problem and threat. Partly this reflects fundamental inadequacies in systems of data collection and analysis, and partly a poor understanding of the causes and character of cross‐border migration in Southern Africa.

As a corrective, this article presents an overview of the causes and spatial/sectoral distribution of irregular employment in post‐apartheid South Africa, drawing on recent research. It then critically examines efforts to ascertain the dimensions of undocumented migration to South Africa, concluding that the results are fundamentally flawed by the methodologies used. The article then disaggregates irregular migration and assesses current knowledge about each subcategory.

In conclusion, the article argues for a comprehensive labour market survey as the foundation for a coordinated and rational approach to the challenges of irregular migration and employment.
People for Sale: The Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach towards Human Trafficking
Authors: Van Impe Kristof
Published: March 2003

The article addresses the question of how to develop appropriate measures to tackle trafficking in women, based on the findings of a study of trafficking between the Philippines and Belgium. It argues that there is no easy or uni‐dimensional solution to human trafficking, since it is influenced by a complex set of factors, often working in combination with one another. It concludes that control measures alone cannot stop the flow of trafficking in women and that a legal approach which relies solely on one type of legislation would be too narrow. An effective strategy must combine and balance punitive measures with protection of human rights, stricter border control and the removal of the root causes of irregular movements. Measures must be agreed and coordinated between origin, transit and receiving countries.
The Dark Side of Democracy: Migration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa
Authors: Crush Jonathan
Published: March 2003

South Africa prides itself on having one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. The Bill of Rights guarantees a host of basic political, cultural and socio‐economic rights to all who are resident in the country. Yet there have been persistent reports that citizen intolerance of non‐citizens, refugees and migrants has escalated dramatically since 1994.

This article documents this process through presentation of results of national public opinion surveyed by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP).

The surveys show that intolerance is extremely pervasive and growing in intensity and seriousness. Abuse of migrants and refugees has intensified and there is little support for the idea of migrant rights. Only one group of South Africans, a small minority with regular personal contact with non‐citizens, is significantly more tolerant.

These findings do not augur well for migrant and refugee rights in this newly democratic country, or early acceptance of the UN Convention on the protection of migrant workers.
Some Migration Dynamics Specific to Southern Europe: South‐North and East‐West Axis
Authors: Carella Maria , Pace Roberta
Published: March 2003

This article examines the magnitude and determinants of migration from east to west (Europe) following the collapse of communism, and from south (Africa) to north (Europe).

Special attention is given to assessing numbers and characteristics (including illegal) of the flows, and also to reasons for and success of bilateral agreements and cooperative projects by the governments of Italy and Spain designed to check and control the flows.

Notwithstanding tighter controls on visas for Third World nationals, migration to western Europe does not seem to have abated. In Italy, illegal migration from the east (Albania in particular) is connected, directly or indirectly, with the criminal underworld.

The inventory of legal texts and agreement protocols between Spain and Morocco designed to resolve many issues relating to migration, reflect long‐standing relations between the two countries. Political and economic relations between Italy and Albania, on the other hand, have developed only within the framework of recent policies.

While the presence of Moroccans in Spain and Albanians in Italy is not yet demographically significant, the authors predict that, in the absence of further appropriate political and economic measures, numbers will increase.
International Migration Policies: 1950‐2000
Authors: Appleyard Reginald
Published: March 2003

Policies on international migration since the Second World War reflect the enormous changes in economic, social and political situations around the world.

The implications of changes in the volume and composition of international migration have increasingly become an issue of major concern to governments in all countries.

Following emigration from Europe to countries of the New World as a result of war‐damaged economies, reconstruction witnessed high demand for migrant labour, mainly from parts of southern Europe. But by the early 1970s, decline in economic growth, unexpected impacts of the guest‐worker scheme, and an increase in refugees from Third World countries led, in due course, to an era of restriction on entry of asylum‐seekers and tighter controls over undocumented migration to developed countries.

A “new era” evolved during the 1990s, characterized by growing interdependence of major economic powers. Globalization led not only to a significant demand for highly‐skilled and professional workers, but also to decision‐making on some aspects of the migration process being transferred from the national to the regional level, and an increase in the influence of multinational corporations.

The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new “international migration regime” that incorporates all types of migration.
Return Migration by German Guestworkers: Neoclassical versus New Economic Theories
Authors: Constant Amelie , Massey Douglas S.
Published: March 2003

Neoclassical economics and the new economics of labour migration posit very different motivations for international migration. The former assumes that people move abroad permanently to maximize lifetime earnings whereas the latter assumes they leave temporarily to overcome market deficiencies at home. As a result, the two models yield very different conceptualizations of return migration. We draw upon each theoretical model to derive predictions about how different variables are likely to influence the probability of return migration. We use data from the German Socio–economic Panel to test specific hypotheses derived from each model. Finding some support for both perspectives, we suggest that migrants may be heterogeneous with respect to their migratory motivations. If so, then parameters associated with the determinants of return migration in any population of international migration will reflect a blending of parameters associated with two distinct economic rationales. Equations estimated separately for remitting and non–remitting migrants lend support to this interpretation, meaning there may not be one unitary process of return migration, but several.
Integration Versus Exclusion: Youth and the Labour Market in Russia
Authors: Chuprov Vladimir , Zubok Julia
Published: March 2003

This article analyses difficulties in the process of social integration of young people in a society undergoing transition. Particular attenttio is devoted to conflicts between youth as a social group and adult society, which can result in social exclusion. Findings are based on longitudinal sociological surveys covering youth in 12 regions of the Russian Federation since 1990. This research is part of an ongoing project entitled ‘Youth Integration and Social Exclusion’. Using the concepts of ‘integration’ and ‘exclusion’, a detailed assessment is made of conflicts involving youth in the labour market, and of the difficulties they face, such as unemployment, violation of work rights, and declining occupational status. The impact of these factors on young people’s work motivation in the period 1990‐98 is assessed.
International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty‐First Century: Global Trends and Issues
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: March 2003

Globalisation leads to increases in all kinds of cross‐border flows, including movements of people. In recent years international migrationhas grown in volume, and is now an important factor of social transformation in all regions of the world. States classify migrants into certain categories, and seek to encourage certain types of mobility while restricting others. However,control measures are often ineffective if they are not based on understanding of the economic, social and cultural dynamics of migration. The article reviews causes and patterns of migration, and discusses some key issues: migration anddevelopment, international cooperation, settle‐ment and ethnic diversity, and migration as a challenge to the nation‐state. It is argued that most national governments have taken a short‐term and reactive approach to migration. Effortsat international regulation are also relatively under‐developed. There is a need for long‐term cooperative strategies to achieve agreed goals such as: ensuring orderly migration and preventing exploitation by agents and recruiters;safeguarding the human rights of migrants; making migration an instrument of sustainable development; avoiding conflicts with populations of migrant‐receiving areas, and maximising positive aspects of social and culturalchange.
The Washington Consensus and Transition In Russia: History of a Failure
Authors: Sapir Jacques
Published: March 2003

This document examines the impact on the Russian economy between 1992 and 1998 of the macro‐economic prescriptions arising from the “Washington Consensus”. After recalling the origin of those prescriptions and showing that they never truly constituted a consensus, owing to the criticisms both internal and external to which they gave rise, the author shows that their application in Russia has resulted in new and scathing criticisms. The obsession with fighting inflation and the neglect of the micro‐economic and institutional bases of any realistic macro‐economy has led to an economic disaster. The demonetarisation of the Russian economy, and the extent and duration of the depression, are for the most part the result of the implementation of economic policies directly inspired and influenced by the “Washington Consensus”. The existence of internal theoretical inconsistencieswithin the standard macro‐economic philosophy also explains the inability to correct the prescriptions once their negative effects have been discovered.
Growth, Crisis, and Recovery in East Asia
Authors: Hugon Philippe
Published: March 2003

Both success and crisis in East Asia are interpreted, in the “Washington Consensus”, byreference to the laws of the market, and to the economic policies and institutional frameworks of “countries”. This approach rules out consideration of the connections between economics and politics, the context of imperfect competition, the role of goal‐oriented policies, and regional interdependence. This article provides an introduction to the debate about the main factors used to explain growth in East Asia, and goes on to analyse the regionalisation process in a context of growth, crisis, and recovery by “regional contagion”.
Violence, Easy Money, and Justice in Brazil: 1980–1995
Authors: Zaluar Alba
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to discuss the connections between drug trafficking and poverty, with particular reference to the various official institutional mechanisms that impact on these connections. It presents the findings of field research done in three districts of the city of Rio de Janeiro between 1998 and 2000 and an interpretation of the findings of a survey conducted on the functioning of the justice system in Campinas and Rio de Janeiro between 1993 and 1998 in respect of drug‐related crime. The results are provided in the form of statistical data (compiled on the basis of investigations and judicial cases recorded in the Livro do Tombo of the various criminal courts), interpret‐ations derived from reading 364 case files of trials in 1991 and the results of interviews given by judges, lawyers, public defenders, prosecutors, and prisoners in the two cities.
Work, Family, State and Market: Income Packaging for Older Households
Authors: Rein Martin , Turner John
Published: March 2003

We use the concept of “income packaging” to explore the economic position of older people historically and comparatively. Income packaging focuses on the evolving economic role of the State in occupational pensions, earnings and assets. By contrast, the life course perspective focuses on the relations across generations. While these approaches differ in emphasis, they also overlap and are complementary. The idea of income packaging was first developed by Rein, Rainwater and Schwartz (1986) in a comparative study of three mature welfare states (the United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States) in order to highlight the importance of examining both the source and the level of income and to correct for the neglect of enterprise and the overemphasis on the development of the welfare state. The concept has been used by historians to describe the coping strategy of older people in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on these historical studies, we examine the evolution of incomepackaging among older people over time and across countries.
Czech Social Reform after 1989: Concepts and Reality
Authors: Pot˚uček Martin
Published: March 2003

The goal of this paper is twofold: to present a description of the most important institutional changes taking place in Czech social policy after 1989, and to offer the explanation of these changes in a broader cultural, economic and political framework. The significant economic, social and cultural conditions of the country, in which social policy operates, comprise the disposable economic resources, the concept and realization of economic reform including changes in ownership rights, the capacity of public administration, the way political democratization is designed and implemented, and political priorities and concepts of the political elite actually in power. Recent developments in the labour market and the new patterns of employment policy are discussed in more detail. After that, the incidence of poverty and the ongoing social and economic stratification are associated with the new approaches to the construction of a social security system which has been composed of three main tiers (or “pillars”): social insurance, state social support, and social assistance. As a conclusion, the sensitive points of the present state of Czech social policy, along with crucial decisions to be taken in the future, are identified.
Transition Countries of Central Europe Entering the European Union: Some Social Protection Issues
Authors: Rys Vladimir
Published: March 2003

A brief overview of essential choices facing the transition countries of central Europe with regard to social security policy precedes the discussion of some selected issues related to their entry into the European Union (EU). While not much weight is given to the idea of these countries bringing in yet another social model, the problem of social dumping is considered more seriously, particularly in view of the continuing impact of neoliberal ideology. The central issue of maintaining equilibrium between economic and social development is then examined in the context of current preparations for accession, and attention is drawn to the inherent weakness of the present EU policy, which deals with economic aspects of social protection only and fails to give the populations concerned a clear vision of attainable social goals for the future.
Labour shortages and employability: A European and international approach
Authors: Bollérot Patrick
Published: March 2003

Labour shortages combined with persistent large–scale unemployment are attracting increasing attention from actors and observers in the economic and social sectors. Shortages appear to be the effect on the employment market of a rapid economic revival after years of crisis and unemployment, indicating a mismatch between labour supply and demand. Basically, they result from either the absence of a potential reserve of economically inactive labour, or the inadequate employability of some of those actively employed. This article aims to provide a global view of the situation as it affects particularly those European Union countries which are most attuned to the problem. It describes the shortages in these various countries, their main causes, and the approaches, either envisaged or already implemented, to remedying them.
Old–age security in Bhutan: From lump–sum payments towards a pension scheme
Authors: Schmähl Winfried
Published: March 2003

At present, Bhutan’s old–age security still is mostly based on an extended family network. Formal old–age provision is mainly for civil servants, providing, however, only lump–sum payments. This paper analyses the present conditions and obvious deficits of the existing arrangements and outlines possibilities for introducing a pension scheme which provides regular (monetary) income in old age. Income in old age could be increased and costs could be reduced by transforming the existing provident fund totally or partly into a pension scheme. This can be combined with pay–as–you–go and funded elements.
Implizite Einkommensteuer als Messlatte für die aktuellen Rentenreformvorschläge
Authors: Thum Marcel , Weizsäcker Jakob von
Published: March 2003

The rate of return in a PAYG pension system is typically lower than in a funded system. This lower rate of return generates a loss for the contributors which basically acts like an implicit income tax. In this paper, we argue that the implicit income tax is an excellent measure with which to evaluate the upcoming pension crisis in Germany and that it is also much better suited than other measures (such as the contribution rate, the pension level or the rate of return) to understand the impact of various reform scenarios. We also calculate the development of the implicit tax for prominent reform proposals in Germany.
Die Vorteile des Staatsmonopols in der Gebäudeversicherung: Erfahrungen aus Deutschland und der Schweiz
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas von
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the prices charged and the quality of service provided by state monopolies and private insurance companies on the property insurance market. Both the cross-section data from Switzerland and the time-series evidence from Germany strongly suggest that in this specific market the presence of state monopolies is very advantageous for the customers. This raises the question why German academic economists made practically no effort to defend their state insurance monopolies in the debate about the 3rd EU directive on property insurance. Is it possible that peer pressure prevents academic economists from standing up to defend state monopolies, even if these are clearly to the benefit of consumers?
Wie kann die Verbreitung von neuem Wissen in Europa gefördert werden?
Authors: Durth Rainer
Published: March 2003

In knowledge-based economies the effective use of new knowledge is the most important determinant of economic growth, and the capacity to generate and diffuse innovation forms the basis of comparative advantages. Transaction costs are the main reason why new knowledge takes so much time to spread around. Since clusters attract new ideas more easily, transaction costs may also cause regional divergence. European diffusion policies should therefore aim to minimize transaction costs for exchanging knowledge. It is proposed that this could be done by supporting extra-legal contractual relations guaranteed by third parties and by building up a rating system for trustworthiness of transaction partners.
Rentenreformen 1998–2001: Eine (vorläufige) Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Borgmann Christoph , Krimmer Pascal , Raffelhüschen Bernd
Published: March 2003

Since the current German government has stepped into office, there have been numerous corrections to the `pay-as-you-go-financed’ Social Security system. Adjustments to both the pressure of demographics and the labour market will have severe intergenerational impacts, which are reported with the help of generational accounting. Our findings suggest that the recent reform proposals do in fact reduce the burden on future generations. In the early version of the reform proposal mainly the younger generations paid the price, whereas the version which has been passed into law shifts most of the burden to the elderly.
Devisenmarktoperationen und Informationspolitik der Europäischen Zentralbank
Authors: Frenkel Michael , Pierdzioch Christian , Stadtmann Georg
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the foreign exchange market interventions of the European Central Bank (ECB) by studying the information policy of the ECB and examining whether the ECB relied on a specific transmission channel to influence exchange rates. Against the background of a discussion of the transmission channels through which foreign exchange market interventions of central banks may affect exchange rates, we are led to the conclusion that the information policy of the ECB was not in line with the assumptions underlying the transmission channels discussed in the theoretical literature. We argue that this finding could provide a possible explanation for the ineffectiveness of the ECB's foreign exchange market intervention in the fall of 2000.
Stand und Perspektiven der Evaluation der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Hujer Reinhard
Published: March 2003

This paper gives an overview on the design and the evaluation of Active Labor Market Policy (AAMP) in Germany. While expenditure on AAMP is very high (43 billion DM in 2000), a comprehensive evaluation of its effects is missing. We discuss the methodological problems involved and the data requirements for a convincing evaluation. In the past, policy makers did not appear interested in a scientific evaluation of their sometimes erratic AAMP and no appropriate data were made available. This situation is changing slowly and awareness for the necessity of evaluation is increasing. However, there is the risk that some recent attempts by policy makers to foster evaluation may prove counterproductive.
Fiscal and Regulatory Competition: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Oates Wallace E.
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews first the theoretical literature and then the empirical studies of interjurisdictional competition among governments. Of central interest is the normative question of whether fiscal and regulatory competition promotes a more efficient functioning of the public sector or whether it is the source of distortions in the public and private sectors. This is a contentious issue; both the theoretical and empirical literature, while providing some rich insights into the potential impact of such competition, do not give us an unambiguous answer to the general normative question. The concluding section offers the author's thoughts on all this with a leaning towards the view that such competition is, on balance, efficiency-enhancing.
A study of Mind Image Drawings
Authors: Murayama Kumiko
Published: March 2003

This report dealt with a newly introduced method of drawing named, “Mind Image Drawings.” First, the subjects depicted images in their mind freely. Second, the subjects described their own pictures using three epithets. Third, the subjects added “I am” to these words, and read them aloud. Through these techniques, the subjects not only projected the unconscious side of their mind in the drawings, but also could obtain insight into their mind on the cognitive level. Last, the subjects judged their drawings using 17 semantic differential scales. The “originality factor,” the “evaluation factor,” and several types of “expressiveness factors” were extracted in the factor analyses of the scales.
How do 8‐month‐old infants recognize causality in object motion and that in human action?1
Authors: Kosugi Daisuke , Fujita Kazuo
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  In Experiment 1, 8‐month‐old infants were first habituated to the event in which a moving object collided with another behind an occluder, then they were shown the two test events with no occluder: the contact event, in which the two objects actually collided, and the non‐contact event, in which the second object started to move without contact with the first. The infants looked at both events for an equal amount of time. In Experiment 2, in which the first object was a human actor, however, infants looked at the non‐contact event reliably longer than the contact event. In Experiment 3, in which both objects were human actors stood face‐to‐back, infants looked at the non‐contact event longer, whereas in Experiment 4, in which human actors faced toward each other, infants looked at both events equally. In Experiment 5, in which the first actor told the second to go, 10‐month‐old infants looked at both events for an equal amount of time. These results suggest that 8‐ and 10‐month‐old infants appreciate different causal principles between objects and humans, and that, in doing this, they may acknowledge the possibility of communication between humans.
10‐month‐old infants’ inference of invisible agent: Distinction in causality between object motion and human action1
Authors: Kosugi Daisuke , Ishida Hiraku , Fujita Kazuo
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Two habituation experiments investigated 10‐month‐old infants’ interpretation of events where a stationary object began to move without any visible causes. During habituation, infants saw that an object partly hidden by an occluder began to move away from the occluder. Then, they were tested with three test events without the occluder: the ﬁrst event showed a hand pushing the object, the second event showed a hand failing to touch the object, and the last event had no agent. The objects were a ball in Experiment 1, and a person in Experiment 2. The test event that the infants looked at for the shortest duration in Experiment 1 was where the hand pushed the ball, whereas they looked at the three test events almost equal amounts of time in Experiment 2. These results indicate that 10‐month‐old infants responded to the events in terms of causality and could infer the presence of the agent behind the occluder only when they saw the habituation event featuring the ball.
Effectiveness of color in picture recognition memory
Authors: Suzuki Kotaro , Takahashi Rika
Published: March 2003

Investigations were conducted into the effectiveness of color in picture recognition memory. In the study phase, half of the pictures were presented in color and the other half in black and white. In the test phase, half were presented in the same color mode as the study pictures and the other half in the other mode. In immediate and 1‐week‐delayed tests, the recognition performance was highest when color pictures were used in both the study and test phases. The recall for the color mode of the study pictures, however, was not as good, even with the color pictures. This suggests that the effectiveness of color in picture recognition is not necessarily due to the memory for colors in the pictures themselves, but is probably due to the distinctiveness of features highlighted by the colors. We also found that in the recall performance for the color mode it was more difficult to detect the deletion of colors than to detect their addition.
Upward versus Downward Anchoring in Frequency Judgments of Social Facts
Authors: Yamagishi Kimihiko
Published: March 2003

Frequency estimation of social facts in two methods of judgment elicitation was investigated. In the “narrow‐range” condition, subjects answered questions in the format: “Out of 100 incidents, how many belong to category X?” In the “wide‐range” condition, the frequency for the same event was assessed with respect to “Out of 10,000”. Judged frequencies in the wide‐range condition were divided by 100, and were compared with the corresponding judgments in the narrow‐range condition. Such comparisons were made for low‐frequency and high‐frequency events. Previous research has shown that, for low‐frequency events, judged frequencies are proportionally greater in the narrow‐range than in the wide‐range condition. These results reflect cognitive processes of implicit anchoring, whereby judged frequencies lie close to small numbers within the response ranges provided. I call this process “downward anchoring,” and predicted that this tendency would be replicated in the present study. Moreover, I predicted that assessments about high‐frequency events would evoke similar cognitive processes operating in the opposite direction. By such “upward anchoring,” judged frequencies would lie close to relatively larger numbers within the given response ranges. Consequently, I predicted that judged frequencies for high‐frequency events would be proportionally greater in the wide‐range condition than in the narrow‐range condition. These predictions were confirmed.
“Living Our Faith:” The Lenten Pastoral Letter of the Bishops of Malawi and the Shift to Multiparty Democracy, 1992–1993
Authors: Mitchell Maura
Published: March 2003

From 1964 to 1993, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda ruled the nation of Malawi by a singular mixture of terror and ritualized paternalism, relying on religious institutions to bolster his own moral authority. In the changing global and regional political context of the early 1990s, however, it was the Roman Catholic bishops of Malawi who challenged the prevailing culture of silence. In the lenten pastoral letter entitled “Living Our Faith,” the seven bishops reproached the Banda regime for its authoritarianism. Relying on New Testament images of Christians as inherently free, the bishops ultimately contributed to the development of representative democracy. Acting not as biased proponents of specific political groups but rather as the champions of government accountability and human dignity, Malawan Catholic clerics and the external rituals and symbols of their faith have attained (at least in the short term) a greater prestige and popular appeal in a religiously heterodox nation.
Self‐Consciousness in Shame: The Role of the ‘Other’
Authors: Crozier Ray W.
Published: March 2003

Although several philosophical approaches to shame emphasize the role of the ‘other’ this has attracted less attention from psychologists. The psychological construct of self‐awareness does not adequately account for the shift in perspective that is involved in shame or embarrassment. This paper outlines a framework for the analysis of shame which emphasises the adoption of another perspective on the self. It proposes that shame is experienced when an individual recognises that an action can give rise to a negative interpretation by others of core aspects of the self, even if he or she does not share that interpretation and there is no self‐attribution of responsibility for any wrongdoing. The framework is applied to the analysis of two episodes from Elizabeth Gaskell’s novel, North and South. The character is described as experiencing intense shame, despite her belief that she has behaved properly, and this is accompanied by her preoccupation with how her behaviour can be interpreted by others.
Tolerance & Forgiveness: Virtues or Vices?
Authors: Smith Tara
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between tolerance, forgiveness, and justice. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, it argues that tolerance and forgiveness are not independent virtues vying with justice for our allegiance, but that they fall under justice’s imperative to judge other people objectively and treat them as they deserve. Misguided extensions of tolerance and forgiveness imperil the very values that ethics is designed to promote. Thus tolerance and forgiveness are neither virtues nor vices; they are appropriate only when authorised by justice. The paper clarifies the common confusion of tolerance with respect for individuals’ rights, and argues that forgiveness is not a supererogatory act of generosity, but is sometimes morally required.
Constructing Neonarratives: A Pluralistic Approach to Research
Authors: Steward Robyn
Published: March 2003

Practitioners in the visual arts and education can find researching their field a tricky business. They are often caught within the debate about the values of qualitative vs quantitative research, as well as the need to reflect the reality of visual arts practices in a changing world. The selection of an approporiate research method is no easy task. This paper presents a way of approaching research in art and education using a narratological approach to develop neonarratives. Such a method can satisfy calls for rigour while offering contemporary views of the issues under investigation.
Going to War with the 3 Rs
Authors: Juggins Mike
Published: March 2003

This article describes the experiences of a mature dyslexic university art student in a predominantly word‐based education system. An autobiographical form is used, placing the writer's personal experience into broader contexts where commentary is made on typical as opposed to good practice. The paper concludes by offering some recommendations which would be beneficial for all art students, but are absolutely vital for dyslexic students.
The Trouble with GCSE and Critical Studies
Authors: Bloxham Annabel , Wass Kitty
Published: March 2003

Most of the pupils of Surbiton High School found the Critical Studies section in GCSE Art challenging, difficult and less rewarding than art practice. The art staff addressed this problem, and this study describes the methods we used to integrate critical studies with practical Art and Design which the majority of students found acceptable and enjoyable and resulted in improved standards.
Federal Reserve Monetary Policy and Industry Stock Returns
Authors: Jensen Gerald R. , Johnson Robert R. , Bauman W. Scott
Published: March 2003

Recent studies identify stock return patterns associated with changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy. We find that these return patterns prevail across sixteen industry stock indices. However, significant cross‐industry variation exists as the apparel industry exhibits mean annual returns that are 50% higher under an expansive Fed policy than under a restrictive policy, while the same return difference for the oil industry is only 20%. This cross‐industry variation suggests that monetary conditions may be used by investors to estimate different expected returns across industries. Furthermore, the findings support the view that monetary considerations should be considered in ex ante asset pricing models such as the CAPM.
Differences in Perstistence in Aggregated and Disaggregated UK Stock Returns: A Reconciliation
Authors: Steeley James M.
Published: March 2003

Studies of the persistence in the returns series of UK stocks, using inter alia variance ratios, have documented clear differences between the relatively low levels of persistence in individual security returns and the relatively high levels of persistence in the returns of portfolios composed of these same securities. In this paper, I reconcile this contrast by showing that portfolio return variance ratios should not be expected to reflect (own) persistence levels in the component security returns, but instead should reflect a ‘cross‐persistence’ between the securities. I calculate synthetic portfolio variance ratios from measures of security return ‘cross‐persistence’ and find that they replicate closely the observed portfolio return variance ratios, which provides empirical support for the theoretical results.
Venture Capital and Private Equity: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Wright Robbie Mike, Ken
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the existing literature on venture capital and private equity. The paper emphasises the importance of examining venture capital in the light of recent developments in corporate finance and its distinctiveness from other forms of finance. In order to understand current developments, the paper adopts a framework which combines industry/market and firm levels of analysis. Existing literature is reviewed using this framework. Industry level issues relate to rivalry between firms, the power of suppliers and customers, and the threats from new entrants and substitutes. Firm level issues concern deal generation, initial and second screening, valuation and due diligence, deal approval and structuring, post‐contractual monitoring, investment realisation, and entrepreneurs’ exit and recontracting with venture capitalists. This is followed by a review of the evidence on the performance of venture capital firms. The paper suggests potentially fruitful areas for further research including the extension of analysis to cover all stages of venture capital investment, examination of the inter‐linkages between industry and firm level issues and between stages in the venture capital process, as well as further analysis of deal structuring issues and investment realisation and recontracting.
The Articulation of Returns and Accounting‐Related Variables when Returns Lead Earnings: UK Evidence
Authors: O’Hanlon John
Published: March 2003

This paper constructs a simple setting in which economic returns always lead accounting earnings. It then uses this setting to explore analytically the likely effect of ‘returns leading earnings’ on the properties of the market‐to‐book ratio, accounting profitability, the price‐earnings ratio and profitability persistence. The analysis predicts that ‘returns leading earnings’ will tend to drive up the level of each of the three accounting‐related ratios and will generate certain patterns of association between those ratios. Analysis of data from a sample of UK companies supports many of the predictions.
Developing a Trading Rule from the FTSE‐100 Stock Index Futures Contract: Evidence in Support of the EMH
Authors: Buckle M. J. , Clare A. D. , Thomas S. H.
Published: March 2003

An extensive literature documents the predictability of both short and long horizon returns, over a wide range of sample periods, frequencies and markets. This predictability may represent weak form inefficiency, or it may be caused by a failure to account for a time‐variation in risk. We develop statistically reliable ex ante models of the returns on the FTSE‐100 stock index futures contract and test a simple trading rule based on the out‐of‐sample predictions from these models. We interpret the failure of our ex ante model to produce abnormal returns for a risk neutral investor as evidence in favour of the EMH. Our trading rule results clearly suggest that we should be careful in interpreting such ex ante models as evidence of financial market inefficiency.
The Life Cycle of Initial Public Offering Firms
Authors: Jain Bharat A. , Kini Omesh
Published: March 2003

This study uses an integrated and comprehensive approach to study the evolution of IPO issuing firms to the three basic post‐IPO states: survive as an independent firm, get acquired, or fail. We develop multinomial logit models that utilize information available at or prior to the IPO to predict the probability of subsequent transition to the three post‐IPO states. We find that lower risk, larger firm size, higher investment banker prestige, higher pre‐IPO operating performance, and higher industry R&D intensity increase the probability of survival relative to failure. We also find that higher firm size, higher industry R&D intensity, and industry concentration increase the probability of survival relative to being acquired. Finally, lower risk and higher investment banker prestige increase the probability of being acquired relative to failure. Overall, we identify several factors that influence the probability of subsequent transition to one of the three basic post‐IPO states.