bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O TRABALHO COMO PRINCÍPIO EDUCATIVO: um estudo de caso nos agroecossistemas do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA/Castanhal)
Authors: Sousa Romier Da Paixão , Costa Raquel De Jesus , Chagas Hemelyn Soares das , Cruz Renilton Freitas
Published: August 2018

O presente estudo reflete sobre a inserção do trabalho como princípio educativo no processo de formação agroflorestal no Campus Castanhal do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA/Castanhal). As experiências ocorreram nas Unidades Pedagógicas de Experimentação Agroecológica (UPEA) através de espaços teórico/práticos envolvendo professores, educandos de diferentes cursos e níveis de ensino e agricultores. Essas experiências demonstraram que a modificação da lógica de pensar o trabalho, não como um “adestramento” em relação à técnica, mas como princípio educativo, é fundamental na ressignificação da formação dos profissionais das ciências agrárias. É importante para a formação de sujeitos com capacidade reflexiva, crítica e dimensional da realidade dos agroecossistemas. Verificou-se que o trabalho como princípio educativo na educação agroflorestal se constitui numa práxis pedagógica que precisa ser discutida e ampliada nas instituições de ciências agrárias.Palavras-chave: Trabalho e Educação – Práxis Pedagógica – Educação Agroflorestal – Agroecossistema.
Length of Working Age of Males in Pakistan: 1973
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The objective of this paper is to provide some estimates of
the length of working life for males in Pakistan, using the more
recently available data. The length of working life is defined as the
average length of time for which a cohort can expect to remain in the
labour force i.e. either actively employed or seeking employment. This
measure is, determined by the levels of age-specific mortality of a
hypothetical cohort and its levels of age-specific labour force
participation. Therefore an improvement in mortality would tend to
increase the length of economically active life and its deterioration
would tend to shorten it. Other factors which influence the age-specific
labour force participation and age-specific mortality rates are the
indirect determinants of this measure. For example, improvements in
health and medical facilities may reduce the incidence of premature
retirements caused by physical ailments or disorders. Also, migration,
nuptiality, fertility and school attendance rates may influence labour
force participation rates and thereby affect the length of working
life.
Are "Consistent Time Series Data Relating to Pakistan's
Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries" Inconsistent? A Reply
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The importance of consistent and reliable data cannot be over
emphasised. The main sources of data relating to Pakistan's large-scale
manufacturing industries have been the periodical censuses of
manufacturing industries (CMIs) which collect data on capital stock,
value of output, value added, employment, etc. However, these data
suffered from two major defects. First as the censuses failed to cover
all the industrial establishments, the data suffered from consider¬able
undercoverage. Second the written down values of capital stock as
reported in the CMIs do not reflect actual productive capacities.
Therefore an attempt was made earlier in [5, 6] to overcome the problems
created by these defects.
Labour Content of Traded Manufactured Goods
Authors: Nishat Surraiya
Published: August 2018

The present paper is an extension of an earlier study on
"Labour Content and Structure of Pakistan's Manufactured Exports". While
in the former study a partial method (labour employed in home goods
sectors only) was used to estimate the total labour requirements of
exports, the present paper takes into account all the inter-industry
linkage effects to calculate total labour requirements for manufactured
exports as well as for manufactured imports. The basic aim of this study
is to seek the verification of the HeckscherOhlin (H-O) theorem with
respect to Pakistan's trade of manufactured goods, i.e., to test whether
Pakistan's exports are relatively more labour intensive than her imports
or not? The paper has been divided into four sections. The first section
describes the methodology and data, while the second summarizes and
analyses the final results. An international comparison of labour
intensity has been made in the third section,• whereas the last section
discusses the conclusions and policy implications.
Fertility Control and Income Distribution in Developing Countries
With National Family Planning Programmes
Authors: Ogawa Naohiro
Published: August 2018

Development policy, by and large, has emphasized economic
transfor¬mation in the direction of sustained and rapid increases in the
national product. In developing countries, however, the recent rapid
economic gains have been unequally distributed among countries, regions
within countries and socio¬economic groups.1 As a result of such
economic inequality, development planners have increasingly questioned
the validity of aggregate growth as the main objective of development
strategy, thus turning their attention to social transformation in the
direction of a more widespread access of the population to provisions of
government goods, such as education, health services and adequate
housing [35]. Such a development policy involves an interdisciplinary
and comprehensive approach in which population policy has a significant
role to play.
The Demand for Fertilizer: A Critical Review
Authors: Hamdani Khalil A. , Haque Nadeem Ul
Published: August 2018

Four studies [2, 3, 7, and 11] and a comment [1] on the demand
for fertilizer have appeared in this Review: All fit similar demand
specifications to aggregate data for roughly the same time period.
Surprisingly, each presents distinctly different results. Together, the
studies provide 28 estimates of the price elasticity of fertilizer
demand of which only seven are significant and even these range from -
1.21 to 0.46.1 The studies are split evenly on the policy issue of price
subsidization. The implications of these results are difficult to
assess. If little consensus is possible among researchers on empirical
estimates from the same data, the policy implications of the estimates
can be seriously discounted. Whether this is a necessary or extreme
assessment is the principal question of interest posed by the current
state of research on the demand for fertilizer. The aim of this paper is
to review the past research with the intention to assess the conflicting
estimates. We begin with a brief statement of the underlying
methodology; we then critically review each past study; and, finally, we
conclude with an over-all assessment of past research on the demand for
fertilizer.
Household Demand for Natural Gas in Pakistan
Authors: Javed Anees
Published: August 2018

The roles which energy plays in the life of a nation as well
as between nations have increased manifold in the twentieth century.
Countries which are generously endowed with energy resources are
considered stronger, both economically and politically. The only source
of energy which is significantly •available in Pakistan vis-a-vis her
requirements is natural gas. Its use in indus¬trial, commercial and
domestic spheres of the economy is gaining increasing popularity. Its
demand is rising day by day because of its low price, contin¬uous flow
and other advantages which it has over other types of fuels. This paper
attempts to look at demand characteristics in the domestic sector of the
.gas market. This analysis pertains to the Punjab and the NWFP provinces
where the Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd. is the sole distributor of gas
to domestic consumers.
A Note on Economic Analysis of Consumer Demand for Raw and
Processed Fluid Milk in Lahore
Authors: Anjum Muhammad S.
Published: August 2018

One of the first and most noticeable features of early stages
of economic development is a marked increase in the demand for food.
This is brought about by two factors: a rapid expansion of the entire
population and a wide¬spread prosperity that may both raise the general
level of income and increase the proportion of the high and middle
income groups, especially in the urban centres. Except for changes in
age distribution, population growth causes the demand for all types of
food to expand whereas rising per capita income creates a much larger
demand for particular types of food such as milk and other dairy
products.
Are "Consistent Time Series Data Relating to Pakistan's
Large-scale Manufacturing Industries" Inconsistent? Remarks to A.R.
Kemal's Reply to a Comment
Authors: Koht Norbye Ole David
Published: August 2018

In a comment [4] I discussed the methods used in two articles
by A.R. Kemal [1, 2] which aimed at presenting new time series for the
develop¬ment of Pakistan's large scale manufacturing industries during
the period 1959-1960 to 1969-1970. I found the methods questionable, and
concluded that the new series probably were more misleading than the
existing official statistics. To illustrate the weakness of the
methodology I gave some numerical examples from Kemal's own material,
and I also compared his figures with some data from other sources. In a
reply to my comments [3] Kemal finds my observations either marginal or
not well founded or even ■directly wrong. Since Kemal's reply in part
builds on a misrepresentation of some of my comments and since his
rejection of my objections on some points is not substantiated, I find
it necessary to come back to this subject once more with some few
remarks.
Effect of Unionization, Product Market Concentration and Foreign
Trade on Inter-Industry Wage Structure
Authors: Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Determinants of the inter-industry wage differentials in
Pakistan's manufacturing sector are identified in this study. It is
argued that only the skill of the production workers cannot explain all
the differences in the wages. Results of this study suggest those
workers' organization and industrial characteristic such as
profitability, capital intensity and product market structure do have a
bearing on industrial wage level.
Public Sector Investment Planning for Developing Countries By E.
V. K. FitzGerald. London : MacMillan Press Ltd. 1978. xv + 200 pp.Price
: £ Stg. 3.50.
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

While the book under review provides a critical evaluation of
cost-benefit analysis, it mainly focuses on the relevance and utility of
project evaluation techniques for development planning. It has been
argued in the book that no project can be meaningfully evaluated in
isolation because its impact not only is confined to the project itself
but tends to spill over to other projects as well. Such spill-over
effects become all the more critical when the induced economic effects
of that project are not marginal. In addition to the interdependence
between projects, the author has drawn attention to an oft-neglected but
very important aspect of cost-benefit analysis: Shadow prices are not
very meaningful in the context of project evaluation exercise in the
real world if they are computed without considering the structure of the
economy, the pace of development and income distribution.
Underemployment in Pakistan
Authors: Robinson Warren C. , Abbasi Nasreen
Published: August 2018

The paper measures the degree of underemployment in Pakistan
through direct and indirect approaches. In the direct approach, persons
working for less than 35 hours per week are classified as underemployed.
The indirect approach uses estimates of productivity per worker to
determine underemployment in different sectors. The study concludes that
underemployment in Pakistan is small and is largely concentrated in
family organized production units in agriculture, trade and services.
Dynamic Stability, Wage Subsidies and the Generalized
Harris-Todaro Model
Authors: Khan M. Ali
Published: August 2018

In a recent contribution, Neary has shown that paradoxes and
instability correspond in the two-sector model with proportional
differentials in factor returns, leading one to downgrade the importance
of these paradoxes. In this paper, we examine the extent to which this
result extends to the Generalized Harris-Todaro Model of which the
proportional differential setting is a simple special case. In
developing the argument, we generate a variety of comparative-statics
results of consequence for development theory. The implications of these
results for the conduct of commercial policy are also brought
out.
Income Distribution in Keynesian Growth Models and Financing of
Development Plans
Authors: Bhaduri Amit
Published: August 2018

In the usual format of Keynesian growth models investment
governs saving: higher investment causes more profits either through
greater capacity utilization (normal 'multiplier') or through rising
price. (‘Profit inflation,) which, in turn, generates the matching level
of savings. The present paper argues that such methods of financial
higher investment plans are neither socially desirable nor even
sustainable over time In an underdeveloped mixed economy. Consequently,
alternative institutional and financial arrangements, where. crucial
role Is assigned to a public distribution system of essential goods and
profits of public enterprises, becomes imperative.
Population and Agricultural Development Models: The Promise of
the Third Generation
Authors: Yotopoulos Pan A.
Published: August 2018

The first and second generation economic demographic models
concentrated on the consequences of population growth. These were judged
negative in the former, or possibly having some positive Kuznetsian
effects in the latter. The proposed third-generation model examines
conjointly both consequences and determinants of population growth, and
analyzes them at the level of the agricultural household. In such a
model the effects of population growth on agricultural development
cannot be determined a priori but become the subject of empirical
investigation.
Basic Needs in the Year 2000
Authors: Streeten Paul
Published: August 2018

The paper distills the main lessons of recent country and
sector work on Basic needs approaches to development. It argues that,
drawing on this experience and adopting appropriate policies, the basic
needs of the world's poor can be met in a shorter period of time, and
with fewer resources i.e. by the year 2000-than if the more conventional
approach of relying solely on rising incomes is chosen. Raising the
earning opportunities of the poor remains a central thrust of the
strategy, but it has to be supplemented by actions in the public sector
and within households.
Western Textbook Theory and the Developing Countries
Authors: Bottomley Anthony
Published: August 2018

This paper deals with the adaptation of traditional Western
textbook economic theory to the problems of developing countries. It
treats wages, rents and interest together with Keynesian and classical
economy-wide models from this standpoint. The value of labour's marginal
product will vary with the wage, rents with the land tenure system and
interest rates with the size of and security on a loan. Inflationary
Keynesian-inspired growth is likely to be unacceptable. Advance must
therefore occur in a supply-originated classical manner.
Basic Needs and the Division of Labour
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: August 2018

In the basic needs literature remarkably little critical
attention has been devoted to the role of labour. In this paper the
prevailing dominant approach to the notion of basic needs and the basic
needs 'strategy' of development is criticised, primarily for neglecting
human labour as a central, integrating life activity. It is argued that
two alternative 'visions' of development exist which imply different
perspectives on 'employment'. The paper then considers what should be
the crucial elements in the nature and division of labour for a
humanistic strategy of development, and concludes by proposing a
reorientation of employment data collection.
The Analysis of Food Poverty: An Illustration from Kenya
Authors: Crawford Eric , Thorbecke Erik
Published: August 2018

The study describes a methodology which is used to estimate
the magnitude and regional distribution of food poverty among Kenyan
smallholders. One-fourth of all smalll1Older-households were estimated
to have a food intake below the recommended daily allowance. Notable
differences were found in the provincial incidence of food poverty.
Despite these inter province differences, considerable variation in food
consumption levels appeared within regions. Some possible causal factors
underlying the prevailing pattern of food poverty are brought out.
The Trade Effects of a South Asian Customs Union: An Expository
Study
Authors: Rahman M. Akhlaqur , Bijuyan Ayubur Rahman , Reza Sadrel
Published: August 2018

The paper estimates the static trade effects of a customs
union comprising Bangladesh, India, Nepal. Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Although these effects arc found to vary between countries, for the
region as a whole the trade-creation effects appear to be greater than
the trade-diversion effects. Despite their smallness, the direct ion of
the change indicated by the static results seems encouraging to possible
attempts at the formation of a customs union among South Asian
countries.
Issues in the Theory of Human Capital : Education as
Investment
Authors: Machlup Fritz
Published: August 2018

After a few references to the early literature on human
capital, from Petty via Smith, Engel, and Nicholson to Marshall, various
issues in current theory of human capital are briefly reviewed. They
include questions regarding categories of " tangible human capital" and
"intangible nonhuman capital;" investment in raising children. in
schooling, and in research and development; depreciation of human
capital through obsolescence, loss of strength, illness, retirement, and
death; conflicts between efficiency and equality in the educational
system; wrong educational mix resulting in waste or even net loss; the
problem of complementarity among different kinds of physical and human
capital; and the complexity of econometric rese3rch on comparative
returns to different investments.
Inequality of Income and of Disutility
Authors: Theil Henri
Published: August 2018

Income has been distributed unequally since times immemorial.
Efforts to statistically estimate income distributions and income
inequality date back to the beginning of econometrics. The Pareto
distribution and the Gini concentration index are among the most
well-known examples. There is inequality among the incomes of the people
who constitute a nation; there is also inequality among the per capita
incomes of different nations. We may presume that the latter type of
inequality has increased substantially since the Western world started
its economic development, but the actual measurement of this increase is
seriously hampered by the fact that the per capita incomes of different
nations are expressed in different currencies. Attempts to express these
per capita incomes in a common currency by means of the usual exchange
rates will typically lead to substantial errors.
Pierre D. Thionet. Quelques problemes concemtlnt les sondages.
Goettingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1978. 137pp.
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

The publication reviewed is number 9 in the series" Applied
Statistics and Econometrics" edited by Gerhard Tintner, Pierre Desire
Truonet, and Heinrich Strecker. The purpose of the series is to publish
papers " too long for ordinary journal articles, but not long enough for
books . ... . . Upon acceptance, speedy publication can be promised".
The abstracts in English, French, and German, usual in this series, are
missing from the copy reviewed. The book consists of ten chapters:
sampling theory; multi -stage sampling and other fundamental problems;
optimum stratification; variances; sampling with replacement and other
theoretical issues; experimental design; information theory; a
posteriori raising factors ; order statistics; Bayesian methods. Such an
ambitious content within 130 pages requires parsimonious presentation.
One chapter has been squeezed into hardly more than four pages. The
chapter on a posteriori raising factors will be useful in developing
countries and particularly when samples do not work out as designed. It
will also be refreshing to those limited to the literature in the
English language.
P.R. Brahmananda. Growth/ess Inflation by Means of Stockless
Money: A New Classical Treatise on Rising Prices. Bombay: Himalaya
Publishing House. 1981. pp.xvi+471. Price: Rs.9S.00.
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

Traditionally inflation has been seen as a purely economic
problem. In recent years studies have emphasized that the present day
inflation is more than an economic problem. It has deep roots in the
political and social systems which have strong connections with the
economic mechanism of society. Inflation is analysed and conceptualized
as :I problem in political economy. It is a worldwide phenomenon but it
has become most pertinent in the case of developing countries where the
socio-economic fabric of the society is far removed from that of the
developed countries on whose experience the prevalent economic theories
of inflation are based. As such when the theories completely divorced
from reality are applied in the developing economies they aggravate the
situation further. The book under review is free from this blemish as it
examines the problem of inflation with reference to the socio-economic
and political set-up of the developing countries in general and to the
Indian situation in particular.
Maximizing National Product by the Choice of Industries
Authors: Tlnbergen Jan
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to bridge a communication gap
between economists and public opinion. It is the author's answer to a
stubborn misunderstanding. He shows why in the early phases of
development concentration on lbour-intensive activities maximizes
national product and, consequently, the possibility to grow. An
additional argument in favour of such a policy is that it contributes
maximally to reducing unemployment.
Infant-Child Mortality and Son Preference as Factors Influencing
Fertility in Pakistan
Authors: Rukanuddin Abdul Razzaque
Published: August 2018

The paper explores and then establishes the role of infant and
child mortality on fertility levels in Pakistan, largely because of
universal and prolonged breastfeeding practices in the country It is
found that the tendency to compensate for child death is stronger among
those couples who had a male child loss than among those with
experiences of female child losses. 11 is contended that if the
Population Welfare Programme is to be implemented successfully in
Pakistan, the current emphasis on supply of contraceptive services will
have to yield to that on more comprehensive maternal and child health
services.
Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqui. Issues in Islamic Banking: Selected
Papers, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation. 1983 , I 52pp.Author and
Subject Indexes.
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi
Published: August 2018

The book under review is a compilation of the author's
articles and lectures that highlight the prominent developments in the
literature on the subject of Islamic banking and inform the reader of
the current state of debate on it. One of the earliest and main
contributors to this topic is the author himself. The focus of this
review will mainly be on "Economics of Profit-Sharing", which is the
title of the fourth chapter of the book and is among his latest
contributions. This chapter is a significant contribution as it is the
first attempt to formalise the concept of profit sharing into an
analytical model and, therefore, demands closer scrutiny. However, in
the remaining chapters of the book, the author has drawn attention to
some of the fine points made in the literature on this topic. Since some
of these points appear to be controversial to me, I will briefly discuss
them before moving on to the analytical chapter of the book.
Book Notes
Authors: Staff PIDE
Published: August 2018

Download the File
South-South Co-operation: Trade Relations between Indonesia and
South Asia
Authors: Kalirajan K.
Published: August 2018

The paper examines the existing trade links between Indonesia
and South Asia and Identifies problems constraining the relations
between the regions. It also investigates possible areas of trade
expansion. The paper concludes that trade relations between Indonesia
and South Asia have slowly and steadily grown over time though they are
still small In absolute terms. It also elucidates the future prospects
and concludes that Indonesia South Asia trade may increase in
future.
Robert L. Ayers. Banking on the Poor. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
The MIT Press. 1983. 255pp.Appendices; notes; index.
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad
Published: August 2018

This book is about "Robert McNamara's efforts to reorient the
World Bank towards a more explicit concern with poverty alleviation in
the world's poor countries." The World Bank is one of the most important
(and probably the biggest) financial institutions which have been
providing both technical and financial assistance to many developing
countries for more than thirty years. The traditional role of the Bank
has been that of helping the developing countries in their process of
development by providing loans for projects with maximum growth effects.
For quite a number of years in the post-war period these loans were
granted mainly for infrastructure projects which were considered a
prerequisite for development. An evaluation of such projects was
relatively easy as their effects on the rest of the economy were easily
quantifiable. Loans for social-overhead projects received relatively low
priority as their output was not directly measurable and the element of
risk was also high in such loans.
Wheat-market Flows in the Punjab
Authors: Cornelisse Peter A.
Published: August 2018

The first of two articles on the operation of the wheat market
in Pakistan, the present article describes the magnitude and composition
of wheat flows between farmers, middlemen and consumers in the Punjab.
The flows emanating from the agricultural sector and those moving from
various sources of supply to consumers have been separately illustrated
in two diagrams. A wheat trade table shows the volumes of wheat handled
by traders and the position which groups of traders assume in the
wheat-trade chain. Further, a brief account is given of the activities
of these groups of traders.
The Project Monitoring System in Pakistan: An Evaluation
Authors: Sahibzada Shamim A. , Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

The primary function of this paper is to analyse and assess
the functioning of the monitoring and ongoing evaluation system during
project implementation in Pakistan. In other words, it is the appraisal
of the effectiveness of the system which is aimed at. However, it should
be mentioned here that the system of monitoring and ongoing evaluation
which is examined in the paper is related to projects in the agri.
culture and rural development fields. This is because of lack of data in
other areas. Initially we shall examine some of the terminological
concepts in monitoring and evaluation. This is followed by a description
of the system as it exists in Pakistan at the national, provincial and
project levels. The system's functioning at the project level is
illustrated briefly with a number of case studies. The paper concludes
with suggestions for policy-makers to improve the operational
effectiveness of the monitoring system in Pakistan.
Agricultural Policy Issues in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

Agriculture, in many ways, remains the most dominant activity
in Pakistan. It provides a way of life to almost three-quarters of the
country's population: over 55 percent of the labour force works directly
in agriculture and about 30 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and
over 35 percent of the export earnings were contributed by agriculture
in 1984. That three-quarters of the population engaged in agriculture
cannot produce adequate supply of food and fibre at reasonable prices
for the one quarter working in other sectors indicates a low level of
productivity in crop and livestock production. Agricultural growth in
the past 35 years or so has been uneven in terms of both rates and
commodity balances. Also, the benefits from growth have varied
significantly across regions and between farm groups. Markets and public
policy have not always provided the right economic incentives and
environment for sustained and equitable growth.
The Performance of Pakistan's Agricultural Markets in the Green
Revolution Perspective
Authors: Mohammad Faiz
Published: August 2018

The performance of the existing agricultural marketing system
in developing countries has been a subject of considerable debate in the
past many years.' One of the many issues of this debate concerns the
ability of the traditional marketing I)'Stem to adopt new technology and
to accommodate any increase in agricultural productivity without leaving
"harmful" effects on the consumer or on the farmer. Other things being
equal, any agricultural marketing system which enables the farmer to
benefit from the adoption of a new farm technology, at least as much as
other market participants would do, may be regarded as having performed
''well'' [14]
Consumption and Employment Effects of Income Redistribution in
Pakistan
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad , Malik Muhammad Hussain
Published: August 2018

The argument that growth and equality are two opposite
objectives and the conviction that if the former is preferred in the
short run, the latter will automatically follow in the long run, though
very popular in the past, have become somewhat controversial in recent
years. Available evidence from the developing countries does not seem to
support the 'trickle down' theory. It is being increasingly felt that
the solution to the problem of poverty does not lie in mere maximization
of the GNP. Economists have now started stressing the need for 'direct
attack on poverty' (6, pp.42- 44] and for specific policies with growth
implications for different groups in the Society (2, p. xiii] .
Redistribution of income among different groups is therefore emerging as
an important policy objective in many developing countries, including
Pakistan.
Educated Unemployed, Educational Subsidies and Growth
Authors: Chaudhuri T. Datta , Khan M. Ali
Published: August 2018

The subject matter of the present study is educated
unemployment, a commonly observed phenomenon. especially in some of the
more populous LDCs like India. Such an inquiry is warranted for two
different reasons. First of all, It is a common observation that
educated unemployment does not deter the demand for education; see, for
example, Blaug et at. [3]. The question that needs to be answered is why
do people go in for education in spite of this widespread unemployment?
Secondly, it is an important policy question for governments of such
LDCs as to whether education should be subsidized or not. Whereas the
long-term gains in productivity accruing from a more educated labour
force are undeniable, there is now also a growing realization that
educational subsidies, by affecting educational costs, have a part to
play in increased educated unemployment. In addition, such subsidies,
being financed by taxes, reduce disposable income and hence further
reduce an already inadequate supply of domestic savings for physical
capital formation.
An Assessment of the Priorities and Efficiency of Pakistan's
Public Sector Educational Expenditure
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi , Mahmood Naushin , Siddiqui Rehana
Published: August 2018

Expenditure on education is very often justified on the
grounds that it is the means of providing equality of opportunity.
Actually, at least two related factors prevent each child from getting
an equal chance to flourish academically. Firstly, in a dual system of
education, elite private schools coexist with the often substandard
government schools (urban and rural) and private schools. Entrance into
the elite private schools is based on influence or wealth. The
recipients of this schooling are prepared for better careers, with
acquired ability and contacts paving the way.
Intersectoral Tax Burdens in Pakistan: A Critical Review of
Existing Evidence and Some New Estimates
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz
Published: August 2018

The study has two objectives: to evaluate existing empirical
work on the subject of sectoral tax burdens, and to present alternative
estimates of relative tax capacity and tax burden for the farm and
non-farm sectors during the Seventies. The result, indicate that whereas
the agricultural sector as a whole was overtaxed compared to the
non-agriculture sector, the higher income groups in the farm sector were
substantially undertaxed as compared to their urban counterparts. This
fact reflects the extreme repressiveness of the agrarian tax structure
in the absence of an effective direct tax on agricultural
income.
Does Female Education Affect Fertility Behaviour in
Pakistan?
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The study explores the relationship between female education
and fertility in Pakistan and is based on data from the Pakistan
Fertility Survey 1975. Only slight differentials were identified between
women with no education and those who had primary or less schooling.
However, women with more than primary education had notably lower
fertility. Also the role of the intermediate variables such as
proportions married, length of breast feeding and contraceptive use had
significant associations with female education.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment.
London: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Reprint 1983. pp.viii+276.
List of books for further reading; Index. Price: £ 8.50 (paperback
edition).
Authors: Haq Zia Ul
Published: August 2018

Amiya Kumar Bagchi, an eminent economist of the modern
Cambridge tradition, has produced a timely treatise, in a condensed
form, on the development problems of the Third World countries. The
author's general thesis is that economic development in the developing
societies necessarily requires a radical transformation in the economic,
social and political structures. As economic development is actually a
social process, economic growth should not be narrowly defined as the
growth of the stock of rich capitalists. Neither can their savings be
equated to capital formation whose impact on income will presumably
'trickle down' to the working classes. Economic growth strategies must
not aim at creating rich elites, because, according to the author,
"maximizing the surplus in the hands of the rich in the Third World is
not, however, necessarily a way of maximizing the rate of
growth".
UNIDO. Industry in a Changing World. New York: United Nat ions.
1983. xvii+369 pp.Illus. Sales No.: E. 83. II. B.6.
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

The book under review is a special issue of the Industrial
Development Survey for the Fourth General Conference of the UNIDO. Its
main aim is to examine structural changes in industry which in t urn
bring about changes in the global pattern of comparative advantage.
Thus, given the very interdependent world of today, policies followed in
developed countries affect the newly induslrializing ones. Thus, for
instance, the rising trend of protectionism in the developed world is
producing serious repercussions in the less developed
countries.
On the Optimal Size of a Buffer Stock -The Case of Wheat in
Pakistan
Authors: Cornelisse Peter A. , Kuijpers Bart
Published: August 2018

In a study of the operation of the wheat market in Pakistan,
Cornelisse and Naqvi [I, p. 116] stated that the pre-harvest wheat stock
in March 1983 of 2,100,000 tons should provide sufficient protection
against a major harvest failure. This conclusion was based on the
observation that a stock of that size corresponded to approximately 40
percent of the marketed surplus of wheat and to 17 percent of domestic
production - very secure proportions according to the prevailing
standards. Two questions, however, remain. One, it is not yet clear what
the chances are that a bad harvest or a series of bad harvests wipes out
the available stock and - if that happens - what is the expected volume
of wheat imports needed to supplement the stock. Two, while security is
one concern in buffer stock management, the cost aspect is another. A
large buffer stock provides excellent security, but it also entails high
costs of storage; a smaller stock may reduce security only slightly and
reduce costs considerably. On the other hand, if a buffer stock is
small, the probability that supplementary imports are needed is
relatively high and so is the expected volume of these imports.
Considering the fact that in Pakistan domestically produced wheat is
much cheaper than imported wheat, this implies that a small stock of
wheat, too, may involve high costs, in this case due to imports. Thus
the question arises: what is the size of the wheat buffer stock that
minimizes costs?
Changes in Poverty and Income Inequality in Pakistan during the
1970s
Authors: Kruijk Hans De , Leeuwen Myrana Van
Published: August 2018

According to Paul Streeten [101, the relationship between
poverty eradication and reducing income inequalities is still an
unsettled question. He mentions empirical studies of eleven countries.
In ten of these countries, poverty and inequality move in the same
direction, both increasing (Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia) or both declining
(Korea, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, Yugoslavia, China and Israel).
The only exception is perhaps Kuwait, where poverty (of Kuwaiti
citizens, but not of the large group of immigrant workers) has been
reduced, while inequality has increased (explanation: oil
wealth).
Price and Income Elasticities of Consumer Goods Imports of
Pakistan
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

Estimation of disaggregated import elasticities for developing
countries presents a formidable data-handling problem. The available
studies on the subject are concerned mostly with the estimation of
income and price elasticities of imports at a disaggregated level
corresponding to the one-digit level of the Standard International Trade
Classification (SITC), see, e.g., Khan [I], Melo and Vogt [4], Nguyen
and Bhuyan [5). Consequently, they apply a common elasticity estimate to
all commodity sub-groups..
Analysis of Inter-Industry Relations in Pakistan for 1975
-76
Authors: Syed Aftab Ali
Published: August 2018

Input-Output tables provide a detailed accounting of the goods
and services that individual industries buy from and sell to each other,
and , therefore, constitute a useful medium for an analysis of the
interdependent nature of the various sectors of an economy. The PIDE's
release of input-output (I-D) tables of Pakistan's economy for the year
1975 -76 [9] is an important contribution in this respect. An 'open'
output determination of model of the Leontief type is applied to the
said data base to delineate the structural interdependence of Pakistan's
economy. Some salient features of the economy such as sectoral
distribution of the value added, cost composition of the value of
sectoral outputs, output and income multipliers are discussed in Section
l. The notion of interdependence arising through technological
interconnections between various sectors implies structural linkages -
both “backward” and “forward”. Quantification of these linkages provides
an effective way of identifying "key sectors" of the economy. Section II
discusses the methodology used and the empirical results obtained
pertaining to key sectors of the Pakistan's economy. Some concluding
remarks are offered in Section Ill.
Fertility Preferences and Contraceptive Use in Pakistan
Authors: Soomro Ghulam Yasin , Farooqui M. Naseem Iqbal
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, established in 1947, is currently experiencing one
of the highest growth rates of population in the world. If the 1972-81
intercensal growth rate continues, the population size would be
approximately 95 million in 1985 and 150 million by the year 2000. The
growing population size is already straining the scarce resources of the
country and will further aggravate the level of socia-economic
development; for the family planning programme which was launched to
check the pace of population growth has not produced any tangible
results. The major criterion for the successful implementation of a
programme is that there should exist an effective demand in the society
which should be matched equally with the supply. In Pakistan, the
reverse has been experienced so far. The programme has been very active
in maintaining an adequate supply of contraceptives without perceiving
the demand situation. For the desired achievement of a programme three
preconditions deduced from the demographic transition theory have been
set forth by Coale [3]. The demand aspect of these includes perceived
choice of an individual and favourable socio-economic conditions for
declined fertility. In order to facilitate transformation of the
perceived choice into behaviour, the availability of appropriate
contraceptive technology is essential.
Unemployment of the Educated and Emigration of Post-Secondary
Graduates from the LDCs
Authors: Blomqvist Ake G.
Published: August 2018

Emigration of educated manpower from the LDCs to the
industrialized countries has long been the subject of intense debate,
and attempts at policy intervention to affect the migration flows have
been made at both the national and international levels . At the
nationa1 level, the sending countries have tried to use devices such as
making graduates post bonds when leaving for post-graduate training in
industrialized countries, in order to put pressure on them to return
home. The receiving countries have imposed strict controls on all kinds
of immigration from the LDCs, including the immigration of educated
manpower. These restrictions have sometimes been represented as
reflecting a concern over the possibility that an excessive migration
rate might harm the sending countries, though in reality they have
probably resulted as much from pressure by domestic interest groups who
have tried to forestall competition from immigrant manpower. In the
1970s, there was also extensive discussion of the possibility of
introducing an internationally administered tax on migration, the
proceeds of which would go to the sending countries. This proposal will
be further discussed below.
Differences in Household Characteristics by Income Distribution
in Pakistan
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz , Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The main purpose of this paper is to identify variations in
demographic and economic characteristics of households by income groups.
For almost two decades now development planners have been concerned with
the issue of income disparities and poverty. Whereas previous studies in
this area for Pakistan [2; 9] have focused mainly on quantifying the
extent of poverty in the country, the present work investigates the
qualitative aspects of poorer households. It aims at providing some
empirical insight into the distinctive socio-economic and demographic
circumstances of the poor.
Evaluating the Operational Performance of Manufacturing
Enterprises: An Evaluation Framework and Application to Pakistani
Industry
Authors: Shaikh Abdul Hafeez
Published: August 2018

This study has two objectives; (i) to develop a framework for
evaluating the operational performance of manufacturing enterprises, and
(ii) to evaluate the trend in the performance of Pakistan's vegetable
ghee industry for the 1970- 1980 period, with special focus on its
relative performance under private and public ownerships. Section II is
devoted to the vegetable ghee industry itself - its technology,
development, pricing and distribution policies. In Section III a
framework for performance evaluation is developed. In Section IV we
evaluate in a series of steps - the performance of Pakistan's vegetable
ghee industry. The final section is devoted to concluding
comments.
Monetary Disequilibrium and Inflation: A Monetary Model of
Inflation in Pakistan, 1963-82
Authors: Hossain Md. Akhtar
Published: August 2018

This paper develops and estimates a monetary model of
inflation in Pakistan over the 1963 -82 period. Both domestic and
external factors are identified as the major determinants of inflation.
Dynamic simulation results suggest that the model is able to track the
fluctuations of endogenous variables and, most importantly, the
inflation explosion during the 1970s is clearly predicted by the
inflation equation.
An Assessment of the Distribution of Public-Sector Educational
Investment in Pakistan: 1970-71 - 1982-83 (Review Article, Note,
Comment)
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi , Mahmood Naushin , Siddiqui Rehana
Published: August 2018

Planning documents for the Seventies emphasized the importance
of primary education and the curtailment of the mushrooming growth at
the higher level. Our review suggests that this policy has had only
partial success in implementation. Viewed in the context of educational
planning theory and the evidence available for Pakistan, the policy is
found to be sound. While the benefits of a correct distribution of
investment within the educational sector are self-evident, resource
constraints have been leading to an overall underinvestment in the
educational sector. We show that Pakistan's public sector education is
highly subsidized and so to supplement the limited resources devoted to
it, we recommend, as a possible solution, a selective application of
user charges.
A Tale of Two Hands' (Presidential Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

This may not be the "worst of times" for the discipline of
development economics, but this is also not the "best of times" for it.
The discipline, rocked by a kind of schizophrenia that its votaries
appear to be suffering from, is undergoing a painful, though not
necessarily a Kafkaesque, metamorphosis. The consensus of the decades of
the Fifties and Sixties about the nature and legitimacy of the
discipline and about its 'world-view' has been seriously strained -
indeed, according to some 'observers', already broken down. While the
defenders of the faith [27; 36; 48] refuse to surrender, some of its
erstwhile votaries [11] wish to force on the discipline a Carthaginian
peace. And the dissenters [3; 24] have subjected its predictions and
prescriptions to the "slings and arrows of outrageous
fortune."
Changes in Female Roles in Pakistan: Are the Volume and Pace
Adequate? (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: August 2018

The question that I have set out to answer in today's
presentation is a valueladen one, since I plan to give you my perception
of how adequately (or inadequately) the roles of women are changing in
Pakistan. My conclusions are, however, based on an objective and
scientific evaluation of the existing data. With regard to data, I do
not need to belabour the subject of the shortage of data or the dearth
of good quality data before an audience like the present one. The
shortages and weaknesses of demographic and socio-economic data are all
too well known to you. I will therefore go directly to setting out the
organization of my presentation. I will begin with a brief discussion of
the terms of reference which have guided my analysis. This is followed
by an investigation of the quantifiable changes in the roles of women.
The time period covered under this section falls generally between 1951
and 1981, owing mainly to the availability of census data for these
years. In the third section I will focus on the adequacy of changes in
relation to national targets, as well as the international experience on
the various indicators of change. In the final section, I will discuss
the issues and complexities involved in bringing about changes in the
existing roles and role definitions.