bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of surgical trainee participation on sinus surgery outcomes
Authors: Meier Josh C. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Gray Stacey T. , Holbrook Eric H. , Gliklich Richard E. , Metson Ralph
Published: September 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the effect of otolaryngology trainee participation on clinical outcomes in patients who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Study Design

Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data.

Methods

Patients enrolled in a sinus surgery outcomes study between May 2011 and March 2013 were stratified into two groups—those who were operated on by an attending alone and those operated on by an attending with a trainee present (resident, fellow, or both). Patients completed quality of life (QOL) surveys including the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), and EuroQol 5‐dimension survey preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), complication rates, and survey scores were compared between groups.

Results

The study population consisted of 452 patients. The attending alone (n = 119) and trainee (n = 333) groups were statistically comparable in terms of patient demographics, disease severity, and extent of surgery. Mean operative time was significantly shorter in the attending‐alone group (80.0 vs. 90.6 minutes, P < .01). Mean EBL (105 mL attending vs. 117 mL trainee, P = .39) and complication rates (3.3% attending vs. 0.6% trainee, P = .07) were similar between groups. Observed changes in QOL measures following ESS were comparable between groups, although absolute improvement in the SNOT‐22 scores (19.0 attending vs. 24.5 trainee, P = .05) did show a trend toward greater improvement in the trainee group.

Conclusions

Trainee participation in ESS is associated with prolongation in surgical time; however, such participation was not found to adversely affect patient safety or clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 126:316–321, 2016
Existence and general decay for nondissipative hyperbolic differential inclusions with acoustic/memory boundary conditions
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Chen Kewang
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we prove the existence and general energy decay rate of global solution to the mixed problem for nondissipative multi‐valued hyperbolic differential inclusions

urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201400343:mana201400343-math-0001with memory boundary conditions on a portion of the boundary and acoustic boundary conditions on the rest of it. For the existence of solutions, we prove the global existence of weak solution by using Galerkin's method and compactness arguments. For the energy decay rates, we first consider the general nonlinear case of h satisfying a smallness condition, and prove the general energy decay rate by using perturbed modified energy method. Then, we consider the linear case of h: and prove the general decay estimates of equivalent energy.
Surface pressure‐induced isothermal 2D‐ to 3D‐transitions in Langmuir films of poly(ε‐caprolactone)s and oligo(ε‐caprolactone) based polyesterurethanes
Authors: Schöne Anne‐Christin , Kratz Karl , Schulz Burkhard , Reiche Jürgen , Santer Svetlana , Lendlein Andreas
Published: September 2015

Surface pressure‐induced isothermal 2D‐ to 3D‐transitions in Langmuir films of biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and oligo(ε‐caprolactone) based polyester‐urethanes P(OCL‐U)s are investigated in order to gain deeper insights into the influence of the linker species on the crystallization and aggregation behavior of macromolecules in a biomimetic aqueous environment. The presence of three urethane linkers derived from 2, 2 (4), 4‐trimethyl‐hexamethylene‐diisocyanate (TMDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and lysine ethylester diisocyanate (LDI) induces remarkable changes in the mesoscopic structure compared to PCL Langmuir films. The pronounced changes in the morphology of the 3D structures co‐existing with the Langmuir film above a collapse surface pressure are visualized by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). Hysteresis of the compression–expansion isotherm in the surface pressure range of the 2D‐ to 3D‐transition indicates the influence of the urethane linkers on the diffusion‐limited kinetics and on the reversibility of this phase transition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The missing piece: cancer prevention within psycho‐oncology — a commentary
Authors: Rosberger Zeev , Perez Samara , Bloom Joan , Shapiro Gilla K. , Fielding Richard
Published: September 2015

In this commentary, we review the place of prevention within the field of Psycho‐Oncology. The thrust of Psycho‐Oncology's clinical and research efforts have historically focused on behavioral and social factors implicated in the cancer patients' experience from detection and diagnosis, to treatment, survivorship and end of life along the cancer trajectory. This conceptualization has raised the standards for research, leading to a better understanding of the patient experience and the delivery of highly effective interventions to improve quality of life. Emerging data on the role of potential prevention behaviors (e.g., diet and exercise, smoking cessation, screening, etc.) suggests that Psycho‐Oncology has a significant role to play in understanding and intervening on a population level to reduce cancer incidence. We present and describe an expanded model of research in Psycho‐Oncology which incorporates psychosocial variables in prevention research to complement Holland et al.'s (1998, 2010) original model. The implications of this model are discussed in relation to research, clinical work and training within the discipline of Psycho‐Oncology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of substrate temperature and N2/Ar flow ratio on the stoichiometry, structure and hardness of TaNx coatings deposited by DC reactive sputtering
Authors: Valdez K. , Espinosa‐Arbeláez D. G. , García‐Herrera J. E. , Muñoz‐Saldaña J. , Farias M. H. , De la Cruz W.
Published: September 2015

The effect of substrate temperature and N2/Ar flow ratio on the stoichiometry, structure and hardness of TaNx coatings prepared on (111) Si substrates by DC reactive sputtering was investigated. For the structural, chemical and morphological analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Auger electron scanning and atomic force microscopy were respectively used. Hardness values of thin films were determined using the work of indentation model from nanoindentation measurements. TaN stoichiometric coatings were obtained for samples deposited at room temperature. The stoichiometric TaN phase was not obtained by increasing the temperature up to 773 K, even when increasing the N2/Ar flow ratio. Even when a saturation in nitrogen content was achieved, nitrogen vacancies are still present in those samples. For coatings prepared at 773 K and low N2/Ar flow ratio, a phase mixture between TaNx and cubic α‐Ta was observed, while a cubic structure δ‐TaN was formed by increasing the N2/Ar flow ratio. A maximum in hardness and (38 GPa) was obtained for the sample deposited at 773 K and a N2/Ar flow ratio of 0.2, which presented a δ‐TaN cubic crystalline structure and a roughness value of 1.6 nm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stranger than fiction in the archives: The controversial death of William Cowbridge in 1538
Authors: Freeman Thomas S. , Royal Susan
Published: September 2015

This essay considers the life, death, and afterlife of William Cowbridge a religious eccentric executed for heresy in 1538. It explores the significance of his religious beliefs, which became the source of a heated controversy between the Protestant martyrologist John Foxe and the Catholic polemicist Nicholas Harpsfield. The case casts light on a range of issues, including the dynamic between Protestant and Catholic controversialists, the use of the label of ‘madness’ in argument, and the value of archival documentation alongside the use of oral sources in Reformation-era polemic. It also yields insight into Thomas Cromwell’s authority over the English Church during the late 1530s, and highlights his position among Henrician evangelicals as a source of influence and aid. Finally, it offers a critique about interpretations of early modern belief and the designation of the label ‘Lollard’.
16Stimator: statistical estimation of ribosomal gene copy numbers from draft genome assemblies
Authors: Perisin Matthew , Vetter Madlen , Gilbert Jack A , Bergelson Joy
Published: September 2015

The 16S rRNA gene (16S) is an accepted marker of bacterial taxonomic diversity, even though differences in copy number obscure the relationship between amplicon and organismal abundances. Ancestral state reconstruction methods can predict 16S copy numbers through comparisons with closely related reference genomes; however, the database of closed genomes is limited. Here, we extend the reference database of 16S copy numbers to de novo assembled draft genomes by developing 16Stimator, a method to estimate 16S copy numbers when these repetitive regions collapse during assembly. Using a read depth approach, we estimate 16S copy numbers for 12 endophytic isolates from Arabidopsis thaliana and confirm estimates by qPCR. We further apply this approach to draft genomes deposited in NCBI and demonstrate accurate copy number estimation regardless of sequencing platform, with an overall median deviation of 14%. The expanded database of isolates with 16S copy number estimates increases the power of phylogenetic correction methods for determining organismal abundances from 16S amplicon surveys.
Tunable Valley Polarization and Valley Orbital Magnetic Moment Hall Effect in Honeycomb Systems with Broken Inversion Symmetry
Authors: Song Zhigang , Quhe Ruge , Liu Shunquan , Li Yan , Feng Ji , Yang Yingchang , Lu Jing , Yang Jinbo
Published: September 2015

In this Letter, a tunable valley polarization is investigated for honeycomb systems with broken inversion symmetry such as transition-metal dichalcogenide MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se) monolayers through elliptical pumping. Compared to circular pumping, elliptical pumping is a more universal and effective method to create coherent valley polarization. When two valleys of MX2 monolayers are doped or polarized, a novel anomalous Hall effect (called valley orbital magnetic moment Hall effect) is predicted. Valley orbital magnetic moment Hall effect can generate an orbital magnetic moment current without the accompaniment of a charge current, which opens a new avenue for exploration of valleytronics and orbitronics. Valley orbital magnetic moment Hall effect is expected to overshadow spin Hall effect and is tunable under elliptical pumping.
Centro-Apical Self-Organization of Organic Semiconductors in a Line-Printed Organic Semiconductor: Polymer Blend for One-Step Printing Fabrication of Organic Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Jin Lee Su , Kim Yong-Jae , Young Yeo So , Lee Eunji , Sun Lim Ho , Kim Min , Song Yong-Won , Cho Jinhan , Ah Lim Jung
Published: September 2015

Here we report the first demonstration for centro-apical self-organization of organic semiconductors in a line-printed organic semiconductor: polymer blend. Key feature of this work is that organic semiconductor molecules were vertically segregated on top of the polymer phase and simultaneously crystallized at the center of the printed line pattern after solvent evaporation without an additive process. The thickness and width of the centro-apically segregated organic semiconductor crystalline stripe in the printed blend pattern were controlled by varying the relative content of the organic semiconductors, printing speed and solution concentrations. The centro-apical self-organization of organic semiconductor molecules in a printed polymer blend may be attributed to the combination of an energetically favorable vertical phase-separation and hydrodynamic fluids inside the droplet during solvent evaporation. Finally, a centro-apically phase-separated bilayer structure of organic semiconductor: polymer blend was successfully demonstrated as a facile method to form the semiconductor and dielectric layer for OFETs in one- step.
Content of intrinsic disorder influences the outcome of cell-free protein synthesis
Authors: Tokmakov Alexander A. , Kurotani Atsushi , Ikeda Mariko , Terazawa Yumiko , Shirouzu Mikako , Stefanov Vasily , Sakurai Tetsuya , Yokoyama Shigeyuki
Published: September 2015

Cell-free protein synthesis is used to produce proteins with various structural traits. Recent bioinformatics analyses indicate that more than half of eukaryotic proteins possess long intrinsically disordered regions. However, no systematic study concerning the connection between intrinsic disorder and expression success of cell-free protein synthesis has been presented until now. To address this issue, we examined correlations of the experimentally observed cell-free protein expression yields with the contents of intrinsic disorder bioinformatically predicted in the expressed sequences. This analysis revealed strong relationships between intrinsic disorder and protein amenability to heterologous cell-free expression. On the one hand, elevated disorder content was associated with the increased ratio of soluble expression. On the other hand, overall propensity for detectable protein expression decreased with disorder content. We further demonstrated that these tendencies are rooted in some distinct features of intrinsically disordered regions, such as low hydrophobicity, elevated surface accessibility and high abundance of sequence motifs for proteolytic degradation, including sites of ubiquitination and PEST sequences. Our findings suggest that identification of intrinsically disordered regions in the expressed amino acid sequences can be of practical use for predicting expression success and optimizing cell-free protein synthesis.
Electromembrane extraction based on carbon nanotubes reinforced hollow fiber for the determination of plant hormones
Authors: Song Xin-Yue , Chen Juan , Shi Yan-Ping
Published: September 2015

Under electric field force, negatively charged analytes experienced direct and CNTs-assisted mass transfer from the sample solution to the acceptor phase.
Recent advances in hybrid periodic mesostructured organosilica materials: opportunities from fundamental to biomedical applications
Authors: Wahab Mohammad A. , Beltramini Jorge N.
Published: September 2015

Periodic mesoporous organosilica nanostructures functionalized with various active functional groups: from design to biomedical applications.
Properties of surfactants on high salt-affected sandy land in enhanced sand fixation: salt tolerance, adsorption isotherms and ecological effect
Authors: Gong Wei , Zang Yunxiao , Xie Hao , Liu Bailing , Chen Hualin , Li Chenying , Ge Lijuan
Published: September 2015

The water solubilization method was used to study the phase behavior of microemulsion. The adsorption of surfactants on sand particles was investigated at different salinities. The effects of surfactants on soils microbial growth were evaluated.
Effects of electron interference on temperature dependent transport properties of two dimensional electron gas at MgZnO/ZnO interfaces
Authors: Das Amit K. , Misra P. , Ajimsha R. S. , Joshi M. P. , Kukreja L. M.
Published: September 2015

We report the effects of electron interference on temperature dependent transport properties of two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confined at the interface in polycrystalline MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures grown by pulsed laser deposition on c-alumina substrates. On increasing Mg concentration in the MgZnO layer, the sheet electron concentration was found to increase and the sheet resistance was found to decrease. In addition, the electron concentration and mobility were almost temperature independent in the range from 4.2 to 300 K, indicating the formation of 2DEG at the interface. The temperature dependent resistivity measurements showed a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity at low temperatures together with negative magnetoresistance. These were found to be caused by electron interference effects, and the experimental data could be explained using the models of quantum corrections to conductivity.
A spin filter transistor made of topological Weyl semimetal
Authors: Shi Zhangsheng , Wang Maoji , Wu Jiansheng
Published: September 2015

Topological boundary states (TBSs) in Weyl semimetal (WSM) thin film can induce tunneling. Such TBSs are spin polarized inducing spin-polarized current, which can be used to build a spin-filter transistor (SFT) in spintronics. The WSM thin film can be viewed as a series of decoupled quantum anomalous Hall insulator (QAHI) wires connected in parallel, so compared with the proposed SFT made of QAHI nanowire, this SFT has a broader working energy region and easier to be manipulated. And within a narrow region outside this energy domain, the 2D WSM is with very low conductance, so it makes a good on/off switch device with controllable chemical potential induced by liquid ion gate. We also construct a loop device made of 2D WSM with inserted controllable flux to control the polarized current.
Morphological structure governs the process of accessing grammatical gender in the course of production
Authors: Dank Maya , Deutsch Avital
Published: September 2015

The present study investigated the process of accessing gender information when producing inanimate nouns in Hebrew. The Picture Word Interference paradigm was used to manipulate gender congruency between target pictures and spoken distractors. Naming latency and accuracy were measured.
The gender congruency effect has been tested in various Indo-European languages, with mixed results. It seems to depend on both language-specific attributes and the syntactic context of the utterance.
Speakers’ insensitivity to gender congruency was observed at 3 SOAs (Experiment 1a–1c). Neither the production of bare nouns (Experiments 1 & 3) nor gender-marked NPs (Experiment 2) elicited the effect. Nevertheless, the same procedure and targets revealed a semantic effect.
The present findings in Hebrew deviate from previous results obtained with Indo-European languages. The results are discussed in connection with Hebrew’s nonconcatenative morphological features and the way linguistic characteristics govern the organizational principles of the mental lexicon and lexical access.
What Patients with Addiction Disorders Need from Their Primary Care Physicians: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Press Katharine R. , Zornberg Giselle Z. , Geller Gail , Carrese Joseph , Fingerhood Michael I.
Published: September 2015

Background

Although strong relationships between primary care providers (PCPs) and patients with addictive disease are essential for care, these relationships are often strained. Providers frequently have negative attitudes about treating these patients, in part due to the practical and psychosocial challenges that come with addictive disease. Resulting hostility frequently causes avoidance of primary care by patients with potentially increased morbidity. However, gaining knowledge of patient perspectives on these relationships could improve physician attitudes toward patients with addictive disease and relatedly improve care.

Methods

The authors conducted 18 semistructured interviews of patients with current or prior debilitating addictive disease recruited from a primary care practice in East Baltimore. Interview transcripts were analyzed using editing analysis to reveal major themes.

Results

Participants elucidated several provider characteristics that were essential for successful relationships. Providers needed to be knowledgeable about addiction, feel responsible for treating these patients, emphasize overall health, and engage patients in their own care. Additionally, participants strongly desired providers who treated them as “people” that they cared about. Interestingly, interviewees also frequently cited patient characteristics that could affect the strength of patient-provider relationships. These included being concerned about their health, feeling deserving of care, and having appropriate psychiatric care for concomitant mental health conditions. Practical obstacles and a disorganized mindset impeded patient-provider relationships.

Conclusions

The interpersonal dynamics of the patient-provider relationship are particularly important for patients with addictive disease, as this relationship may be one of the most stable and rewarding in their lives. Patients felt that greater understanding of the practical and psychosocial challenges of addiction enabled providers to more effectively address their health concerns and to be more caring and less judgmental. It is hoped that this work will contribute to providers’ understanding of patients with addictions, thus allowing them to form stronger relationships and ultimately provide better care.
Implicit measures of beliefs about sport ability in swimming and basketball
Authors: Mascret Nicolas , Falconetti Jean‐Louis , Cury François
Published: September 2015

Sport ability may be seen as relatively stable, genetically determined and not easily modified by practice, or as increasable with training, work and effort. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the purpose of the present study is to examine whether the practice of a particular sport (swimming or basketball) can influence automatic beliefs about sport ability in these two sports. The IAT scores evidence that swimmers and basketball players automatically and implicitly associate their own sport with training rather than genetics, whereas non‐sportspersons have no significant automatic association. This result is strengthened when perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in swimming or basketball are high.
Scientific Collaboration: Do Two Heads Need to Be More than Twice Better than One?
Authors: Boyer-Kassem Thomas , Imbert Cyrille
Published: September 2015

Epistemic accounts of scientific collaboration usually assume that, one way or another, two heads really are more than twice better than one. We show that this hypothesis is unduly strong. We present a deliberately crude model with unfavorable hypotheses. We show that, even then, when the priority rule is applied, large differences in successfulness can emerge from small differences in efficiency, with sometimes increasing marginal returns. We emphasize that success is sensitive to the structure of competing communities. Our results suggest that purely epistemic explanations of the efficiency of collaborations are less plausible but have much more powerful socioepistemic versions.
On the lifespan and the blowup mechanism of smooth solutions to a class of 2-D nonlinear wave equations with small initial data
Authors: Bingbing Ding , Witt Ingo , Huicheng Yin
Published: September 2015

This paper is concerned with the lifespan of and the blowup mechanism for smooth solutions to the 2-D nonlinear wave equation
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="partial-differential Subscript t Superscript 2 Baseline u minus sigma-summation Underscript i equals 1 Overscript 2 Endscripts partial-differential Subscript i Baseline left-parenthesis c Subscript i Superscript 2 Baseline left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis partial-differential Subscript i Baseline u right-parenthesis">

∂
t
2

u
−

∑

i
=
1

2

∂
i

(

c
i
2

(
u
)

∂
i

u
)

\partial _t^2u-\sum _{i=1}^2\partial _i(c_i^2(u)\partial _iu)

=
0

=0

, where

c
i

(
u
)
∈

C

∞

(

R

n

)

c_i(u)\in C^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)

,

c
i

(
0
)
≠
0

c_i(0)\neq 0

, and

(

c
1
′

(
0
)

)
2

+
(

c
2
′

(
0
)

)
2

≠
0

(c_1’(0))^2+(c_2’(0))^2\neq 0

. This equation has an interesting physical background as it arises from the pressure-gradient model in compressible fluid dynamics and also in nonlinear variational wave equations. Under the initial condition
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis u left-parenthesis 0 comma x right-parenthesis comma partial-differential Subscript t Baseline u left-parenthesis 0 comma x right-parenthesis right-parenthesis equals left-parenthesis epsilon u 0 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis comma epsilon u 1 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

(
u
(
0
,
x
)
,

∂
t

u
(
0
,
x
)
)
=
(
ε

u
0

(
x
)
,
ε

u
1

(
x
)
)

(u(0,x), \partial _tu(0,x))=(\varepsilon u_0(x), \varepsilon u_1(x))

with

u
0

(
x
)
,

u
1

(
x
)
∈

C
0

∞

(

R

2

)

u_0(x), u_1(x)\in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^2)

, and

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

is small, we will show that the classical solution

u
(
t
,
x
)

u(t,x)

stops to be smooth at some finite time

T

ε

T_{\varepsilon }

. Moreover, blowup occurs due to the formation of a singularity of the first-order derivatives

∇

t
,
x

u
(
t
,
x
)

\nabla _{t,x}u(t,x)

, while

u
(
t
,
x
)

u(t,x)

itself is continuous up to the blowup time 

T

ε

T_{\varepsilon }

.
Majority Control and Minority Protection
Authors: Goshen Zohar , Hamdani Assaf
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines legal issues concerning majority control and minority protection in firms with concentrated ownership governance structures, with particular emphasis on the tradeoff between the goals of protecting minority shareholders and allowing controllers to pursue their vision and how corporate law should balance these conflicting goals. Focusing primarily on Delaware corporate law, it suggests that holding a control block allows majority shareholders to pursue their idiosyncratic vision in the manner they see fit, even against minority investors’ objections. Idiosyncratic vision refers to the subjective value that entrepreneurs attach to their business idea or vision, and this chapter considers its role in the value of control. It also discusses the perils of asymmetric information and differences of opinion, as well as the risk of agency costs for minority investors.
Coercion Theory
Authors: Patterson Gerald R.
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes research supporting a stage model for the progression of antisocial behavior from early childhood through late adolescence. Early coercion within the family leads to growth in a child’s oppositional behavior, which in turn undermines school readiness and can precipitate early influence of deviant peers. Antisocial behaviors in middle childhood are prognostic of deviant peer group association in early adolescence. Involvement with deviant peers and deviancy training in adolescence account for the progression from antisocial behavior to violence, arrests, and multiple forms of problem behavior. The chapter reviews randomized intervention studies that have shown that parent management training leads to reduced coercion, increased positive interactions with parents, less deviant peer involvement, and ultimately, fewer serious antisocial behaviors in adolescence. In this sense, application of the coercion model to understanding and changing antisocial behavior is one of the few success stories of a translational research enterprise.
A Brief History of Metamemory Research and Handbook Overview
Authors: Dunlosky John , Tauber Sarah (Uma) K.
Published: September 2015

Metamemory has a rich history: Its empirical and theoretical roots can be traced back to at least 1965, although metamemory techniques have been developed and discussed since Aristotle. In this chapter, we describe the origins of metamemory research by showcasing some founders of the field and their methodological and theoretical contributions. Joseph Hart conducted what is considered the first objective metamemory research, John Flavell coined the term metamemory in 1971 and provided theoretical fodder for the field, and Ann Brown brought early attention to metamemory by emphasizing its relevance to education. In 1990, Nelson and Narens introduced a framework that unified the field, which remains influential today. The chapter follows the early progression of metamemory research and foreshadows contemporary approaches to metamemory. It ends with a user’s guide to this handbook, including an overview of each section, an introduction to individual chapters, and recommendations for how to approach the Handbook.
Sources of Bias in Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Tidwell Joe W. , Buttaccio Daniel , Chrabaszcz Jeffrey S. , Dougherty Michael R. , Thomas Rick P.
Published: September 2015

Sources of bias in confidence and probability judgments, for example conservatism, overconfidence, and subadditivity, are some of the most important and rigorously researched topics within judgment and decision making. However, despite the seemingly obvious importance of memory processes on these types of judgments, much of this research has focused on external factors independent of memory processes, such as the effects of various types of elicitation format. In this chapter, we review the research relevant to commonly observed effects related to confidence and probability judgment, and then provide a memory-process account of these phenomena based on two models: Minerva-DM, a multiple-trace memory model; and HyGene, an extension of Minerva-DM that incorporates hypothesis generation. We contend that accounting for the dependence of judgments on memory provides a unifying theoretical framework for these various phenomena, as well as cognitive models that accurately reflect real-world behavior.
Neuroeconomics
Authors: Aimone Jason A. , Houser Daniel
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes the major tools, methods, and areas of study in neuroeconomics, a young but flourishing multidisciplinary field of economics that investigates the genetic, structural, and functional mechanisms underlying behavioral differences that lead to heterogeneity in economic choices. The main objective of neuroeconomics is to better understand how neural activity results in an emergent cognitive capacity for economic behavior and to identify the biological foundation of human social and economic decision making. The chapter first considers the methods used in the field to study how the human brain functions to influence economic choices, followed by a discussion of neuroeconomics tools such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and chemical manipulations. It then turns to the application of neuroeconomics in the study of social exchange in environments involving trust and betrayal.
The Double Burden of Malnutrition
Authors: Averett Susan L. , Wang Yang
Published: September 2015

In this chapter, the authors explore the double burden of malnutrition. Although undernutrition remains a pressing issue in developing countries, for many developing nations obesity rates are rising, and obesity is emerging as a significant driver of adverse health outcomes displacing more traditional concerns of malnutrition and infectious disease. For the first time in human history, the number of overweight people rivals the number of underweight people. The chapter begins by defining and documenting the problem, then examines factors leading to its rise. The authors conclude the chapter with a discussion of potential policy responses, along with an economic rationale for such intervention.
Inequality and Heights
Authors: Blum Matthias
Published: September 2015

This chapter discusses opportunities and limitations of height inequality, especially the role of social status and income distribution in determining height inequality. The more unequal the income distribution in a society, the more unequal the corresponding height distribution. At one time, the height gap between rich and poor teenagers in industrializing England was as high as 22 cm (8.7 inches); today, height inequality tends to be much lower (on the order of a few centimeters) because the gap between rich and poor in developed countries tends to be smaller. Results presented here suggest that height inequality is driven by differences in purchasing power, education, physical workload, and epidemiological environment. In a modern setting, social safety and redistribution of income is also relevant. An introduction into the literature helps illustrate opportunities this methodology has to offer to understand better the dynamics of the way populations experience economic development.
Fascism in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Achcar Gilbert
Published: September 2015

This chapter regards as “fascist” attempts to build mass movements on the basis of three elements: paramilitary organization, ultranationalism and totalitarianism. Most discussions of fascism in the MENA region seek to pin the fascist label on Arab movements opposed to British and French colonialism and/or to Zionism. The claim that fascist movements were present in Arab countries from the 1930s until the end of the Second World War is based on the assumption that “the Arabs” were sympathetic to the Axis powers. However, only three organizations and a less formal political current in the Arab world were truly inspired by European fascism: the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP); the Lebanese Phalangist Party (al-Kata’ib); the Young Egypt movement (Misr al-Fatat); and the Arab nationalist current in Iraq whose key figures belonged to Al-Muthanna Club circles. Despite animosity toward British colonial domination and Zionism, it is striking how limited the impact of fascism and Nazism in the Arab world remained.
Conformity and Divergence in Interactions, Groups, and Culture
Authors: Hodges Bert H.
Published: September 2015

Humans have a natural affinity for conformity and coordination that is essential to culture, to groups, and to dialogical relationships. It is equally true that the dynamics of relationships, groups, and culture depend on tendencies to diverge, to differentiate, and to dissent. Evidence from anthropology, as well as social, developmental, and cognitive psychology, reveals remarkably convergent accounts of the complex interplay of divergence and convergence in an array of contexts. Conversational alignment, synchrony, mimicry, imitation, majority-minority dynamics, dissent, trust, intra- and cross-cultural diversity, social learning, and the formation and development of cultures all reveal complex patterns of selectivity and fidelity that continue to surprise researchers. The general pattern is one illustrated by young children: They are most willing to be guided by those who tell the truth and those who care about others. Issues of convergence and divergence are fundamental social phenomena, and they deserve fresh attention.
Linguistic Evidence as a Window into the Prehistory of Oceania
Authors: Pawley Andrew
Published: September 2015

Historical linguistics is a key witness in reconstructing the prehistory of Oceania. The extraordinary number of Papuan (non-Austronesian) language families in Near Oceania is consistent with archaeological evidence that this region was settled over 40,000 years ago. One family, Trans New Guinea, is exceptional in its wide distribution, suggesting that its expansion was underpinned by technological advances. Most Austronesian languages of Oceania fall into a single branch of the family, Oceanic, indicating that they stem from a bottleneck in the Austronesian expansion into the southwest Pacific, associated with the formation of Proto Oceanic (POc). The final stages of this formative period almost certainly took place in the Bismarck Archipelago and the subsequent rapid dispersal of Oceanic languages across the southwest Pacific can be connected with the region's colonization by bearers of the Lapita archaeological culture. The reconstructed lexicon of POc provides information about early Lapita material culture and social organization.
Nishitani Keiji: Practicing Philosophy as a Matter of Life and Death
Authors: Parkes Graham
Published: September 2015

This chapter offers an existential approach to those aspects of Nishitani’s philosophy that are motivated by a profound sense of the utter meaninglessness of existence and by the desire to confront that situation honestly. It examines his idea of the three fields of awareness: consciousness, (beneath it) nihility, and (at bottom) emptiness. Existence on the field of consciousness is too superficial to make for a fulfilling life. Drawing from Nietzsche and Heidegger, as well as from the Zen tradition, Nishitani outlines the field of nihility as a place of death rather than life and argues that if we can endure facing our finitude there will come a turn to the deeper field, of emptiness. On this field, we are able to encounter things “on their home ground” for the first time and also our selves as participants in the network of relations that constitute the world as “a field of force.”
The Cost of Dying Among the Elderly in the United States
Authors: Rose Susannah , Highland Janelle
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines the empirical evidence related to the reasons for the rising healthcare costs, particularly on end-of-life care and the elderly. It evaluates empirical evidence related to people’s preferences in end-of-life care, providing the foundation for a claim that end-of-life care preferences are varied, which therefore calls for a wide conception of autonomy and choice when it comes to end-of-life care decisions. However, given that the quality end-of-life care is generally poor and costs are high, a conception of autonomy is needed that promotes quality improvement and controls costs. This chapter proposes a conception of soft paternalism and choice architecture that provides palliative care as a default choice for people with serious and chronic diseases. The limitations of this proposal are discussed, including significant cost and resources implications.
Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi sp. nov., encompassing nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes used for green manure and environmental services
Authors: Ferraz Helene Luisa Caroline , Marçon Delamuta Jakeline Renata , Augusto Ribeiro Renan , Ormeño-Orrillo Ernesto , Antonio Rogel Marco , Martínez-Romero Esperanza , Hungria Mariangela
Published: September 2015

Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, commonly called rhizobia, are agronomically important because they can provide significant amounts of nitrogen to plants and help in recovery of impoverished soils and improvement of degraded environments. In recent years, with advances in molecular techniques, several studies have shown that these bacteria have high levels of genetic diversity, resulting in taxonomic reclassifications and descriptions of new species. However, despite the advances achieved, highly conserved 16S ribosomal genes (16S rRNA) do not elucidate differences between species of several genera, including the genus Bradyrhizobium. Other methodologies, such as multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), have been used in such cases, with good results. In this study, three strains (SEMIAs 690T, 6387 and 6428) of the genus Bradyrhizobium, isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules of Centrosema and Acacia species, without clear taxonomic positions, were studied. These strains differed from genetically closely related species according to the results of MLSA of four housekeeping genes (dnaK, glnII, gyrB and recA) and nucleotide identities of the concatenated genes with those of related species ranged from 87.8 % to 95.7 %, being highest with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. DNA–DNA hybridization (less than 32 % DNA relatedness) and average nucleotide identity values of the whole genomes (less than 90.5 %) indicated that these strains represented a novel species, and phenotypic traits were determined. Our data supported the description of the SEMIA strains as Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi sp. nov., and SEMIA 690T ( = CNPSo 991T = C 100aT = BR 1804T = LMG 28866T), isolated from Centrosema pubescens, was chosen as type strain.
Bradyrhizobium tropiciagri sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium embrapense sp. nov., nitrogen-fixing symbionts of tropical forage legumes
Authors: Delamuta Jakeline Renata Marçon , Ribeiro Renan Augusto , Ormeño-Orrillo Ernesto , Parma Marcia Maria , Melo Itamar Soares , Martínez-Romero Esperanza , Hungria Mariangela
Published: September 2015

Biological nitrogen fixation is a key process for agricultural production and environmental sustainability, but there are comparatively few studies of symbionts of tropical pasture legumes, as well as few described species of the genus Bradyrhizobium, although it is the predominant rhizobial genus in the tropics. A detailed polyphasic study was conducted with two strains of the genus Bradyrhizobium used in commercial inoculants for tropical pastures in Brazil, CNPSo 1112T, isolated from perennial soybean (Neonotonia wightii), and CNPSo 2833T, from desmodium (Desmodium heterocarpon). Based on 16S-rRNA gene phylogeny, both strains were grouped in the Bradyrhizobium elkanii superclade, but were not clearly clustered with any known species. Multilocus sequence analysis of three (glnII, gyrB and recA) and five (plus atpD and dnaK) housekeeping genes confirmed that the strains are positioned in two distinct clades. Comparison with intergenic transcribed spacer sequences of type strains of described species of the genus Bradyrhizobium showed similarity lower than 93.1 %, and differences were confirmed by BOX-PCR analysis. Nucleotide identity of three housekeeping genes with type strains of described species ranged from 88.1 to 96.2 %. Average nucleotide identity of genome sequences showed values below the threshold for distinct species of the genus Bradyrhizobium ( < 90.6 %), and the value between the two strains was also below this threshold (91.2 %). Analysis of nifH and nodC gene sequences positioned the two strains in a clade distinct from other species of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Morphophysiological, genotypic and genomic data supported the description of two novel species in the genus Bradyrhizobium, Bradyrhizobium tropiciagri sp. nov. (type strain CNPSo 1112T = SMS 303T = BR 1009T = SEMIA 6148T = LMG 28867T) and Bradyrhizobium embrapense sp. nov. (type strain CNPSo 2833T = CIAT 2372T = BR 2212T = SEMIA 6208T = U674T = LMG 2987).
A Model For Sea Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Dynamics In A Seasonally Changing Environment)
Authors: Rittenhouse Matthew A , Revie Crawford W , Hurford Amy
Published: September 2015

Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are a significant source of monetary losses on salmon farms. Sea lice exhibit temperature-dependent development rates and salinity-dependent mortality, but to date no deterministic models have incorporated these seasonally varying factors. To understand how environmental variation and life history characteristics affect sea lice abundance, we derive a delay differential equation model and parameterize the model with environmental data from British Columbia and southern Newfoundland. We calculate the lifetime reproductive output for female sea lice maturing to adulthood at different times of the year and find differences in the timing of peak reproduction between the two regions. Using a sensitivity analysis, we find that sea lice abundance is more sensitive to variation in mean annual water temperature and mean annual salinity than to variation in life history parameters. Our results suggest that effective sea lice management requires consideration of site-specific temperature and salinity patterns and, in particular, that the optimal timing of production cycles and sea lice treatments might vary between regions.
SORBS2transcription is activated by telomere position effect–over long distance upon telomere shortening in muscle cells from patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
Authors: Robin Jérôme D. , Ludlow Andrew T. , Batten Kimberly , Gaillard Marie-Cécile , Stadler Guido , Magdinier Frédérique , Wright Woodring E. , Shay Jerry W.
Published: September 2015

DNA is organized into complex three-dimensional chromatin structures, but how this spatial organization regulates gene expression remains a central question. These DNA/chromatin looping structures can range in size from 10–20 kb (enhancers/repressors) to many megabases during intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions. Recently, the influence of telomere length on chromatin organization prior to senescence has revealed the existence of long-distance chromatin loops that dictate the expression of genes located up to 10 Mb from the telomeres (Telomere Position Effect–Over Long Distances [TPE-OLD]). Here, we demonstrate the existence of a telomere loop at the 4q35 locus involving the sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 gene,SORBS2, a skeletal muscle protein using a modification of the chromosome conformation capture method. The loop reveals acis-acting mechanism modifyingSORBS2transcription. The expression of this gene is altered by TPE-OLD in myoblasts from patients affected with the age-associated genetic disease, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1A, MIM 158900).SORBS2is expressed in FSHD myoblasts with short telomeres, while not detectable in FSHD myoblasts with long telomeres or in healthy myoblasts regardless of telomere length. This indicates that TPE-OLD may modify the regulation of the 4q35 locus in a pathogenic context. Upon differentiation, both FSHD and healthy myotubes expressSORBS2, suggesting that SORBS2 is normally up-regulated by maturation/differentiation of skeletal muscle and is misregulated by TPE-OLD-dependent variegation in FSHD myoblasts. These findings provide additional insights for the complexity and age-related symptoms of FSHD.
Beyond neoliberal economics: the postulates of social justice in polish social economics
Authors: Bińczyk Ewa
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The paper surveys selected standpoints in the Polish humanities that are visibly critical toward neoliberal assumptions and claims of economics. The resources used in the text are: Andrzej Szahaj’s philosophical postulates and assertions; Tadeusz Kowalik’s view; criticism and postulates of social economics articulated by the quarterly magazine Nowy Obywatel (The New Citizen). The purpose of this paper is to construct a possibly cohesive picture of this type of criticism by indicating important similarities between the approaches mentioned above, its strongest arguments, philosophical premises and political inclinations.

Design/methodology/approach

– A conceptual synthesis and interpretation of theoretical standpoints and its philosophical premises, a comparative analysis of the text/content of the magazine (The New Citizen).

Findings

– Each of the three standpoints discussed in the paper proves to be an interesting example of social economics. It is also symptomatic that they share a similar, critical attitude toward the way in which the transformation of the Polish economy from a socialist to a capitalist system had been carried out. The transformation is thereby interpreted as a process that is not accomplished at all from the point of view of the ideals of social justice and integrity.

Practical implications

– The popularization of Polish normative views of economics taking into account the problem of social justice, and the possible transformation of the way in which economic problems are publicly understood in Poland.

Originality/value

– The discussion of non-standard interpretations of Polish transformation and its effects that undermine and challenge neoliberal ideology in economics.