bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of an Unusual Heterometallic Europium(III) Amidinate Complex
Authors: Sroor Farid M. , Hrib Cristian G. , Hilfert Liane , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: June 2015

The reaction of EuI2(THF)2 with 3 equiv. of the recently discovered lithium‐cyclopropylethinylamidinate Li[c‐C3H5–C≡C–C(NCy)2] (1) (Cy = cyclohexyl) unexpectedly afforded the heterometallic europium(III) amidinate complex [{c‐C3H5–C≡C–C(NCy)2}Li{c‐C3H5–C≡C–C(NCy)2}2Eu(μ‐I)2Li(THF)2] (2) in the form of bright yellow, air‐ and moisture‐sensitive crystals. An X‐ray diffraction study of 2 revealed several unusual structural features. It comprises a double “ate” complex of the tentative trivalent europium(III) bis(cyclopropylethinylamidinate) derivative [c‐C3H5–C≡C–C(NCy)2]2EuIIII. “Ate” complex formation occurred not only through retention of one equiv. of lithium iodide but also through addition of one equiv. of Li[c‐C3H5–C≡C–C(NCy)2]. The Li atom in the iodo‐bridged Eu(μ‐I)2Li(THF)2 part of the molecule is tetrahedrally coordinated, whereas the second lithium atom is only tricoordinate through the presence of a rare monodentate (dangling) amidinate ligand.
Influence of the Different Dicarboxylate Ligands on The Topological Net of Manganese(II) Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Crystal Structures. and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Deng Xiaoqi
Published: June 2015

The self‐assembly of MnII ions and 1,4‐bis(2‐methyl‐imidazole‐1‐yl)benzene (bip) with two different dicarboxylate ligands, benzophenone‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2bda) and 1,4‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2nda) via hydrothermal synthesis resulted in two interesting coordination polymers, [Mn(bda)(bip)]n (1) and [(Mn(nda)(bip)0.5(H2O)]n (2). Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analyses, as well as IR spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits an unusual polycatenated 2D+2D→3D framework. Complex 2 shows a twofold interpenetrated pcu net. In addition, the solid‐state photoluminescent properties of 1 and 2 were investigated at room temperature.
The Struggle for Equity: An Examination of Surgical Services at Two NGO Hospitals in Rural Haiti
Authors: Matousek Alexi C. , Matousek Sarah B. , Addington Stephen R. , Jean‐Louis Rodolphe , Pierre Jean Hamiltong , Fils Jacky , Hoyler Marguerite , Farmer Paul E. , Riviello Robert
Published: June 2015

Background

Health systems must deliver care equitably in order to serve the poor. Both L’Hôpital Albert Schweitzer (HAS) and L’Hôpital Bon Sauveur (HBS) have longstanding commitments to provide equitable surgical care in rural Haiti. HAS charges fees that demonstrate a preference for the rural population near the hospital, with free care available for the poorest. HBS does not charge fees. The two hospitals are otherwise similar in surgical capacity and rural location.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed operative case‐logs at both hospitals from June 1 to Aug 31, 2012. The records were compared by total number of operations, geographic distribution of patients and number of elective operations. Using geography as a proxy for poverty, we analyzed the equity achieved under the financial systems at both hospitals.

Results

Patients from the rural service area received 86 % of operations at HAS compared to 38 % at HBS (p < 0.001). Only 5 % of all operations at HAS were performed on patients from outside the service area for elective conditions compared to 47 % at HBS (p < 0.001). Within its rural service area, HAS performed fewer operations on patients from the most destitute areas compared to other locations (40.3 vs. 101.3 operations/100,000 population, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Using fees as part of an equity strategy will likely disadvantage the poorest patients, while providing care without fees may encourage patients to travel from urban areas that contain other hospitals. Health systems striving to serve the poor should continually evaluate and seek to improve equity, even within systems that provide free care.
Reproductive interference via display signals: the challenge of multiple receivers
Authors: Wheatcroft David
Published: June 2015

Sexually selected traits important in both mate and competitor recognition provide an opportunity to understand the tradeoffs associated with reproductive and competitive interference. When co‐occurring species compete over similar resources, selection may promote signal similarity to facilitate competitive interactions in opposition to selection for signal divergence to maintain assortative mating. Bird song provides a classic example of contrasting selection on signal design, because songs function both in mate discrimination and in territorial advertisement. Similarity in songs aids competitor recognition both within and across species, and song convergence or mixing is widespread in the songbirds. Two related mechanisms can maintain mate recognition in the face of song convergence. First, multiple recognition signals, both across and within signaling modalities, provide a basis for mate and competitor discrimination using different sets of cues. Second, stricter female song preferences may allow interspecific male–male competitive communication without compromising female mate discrimination. I suggest that increased understanding of the neurobiology underlying song recognition will provide insight into the relative importance and prevalence of these different mechanisms along a continuum of species divergence.
Patterns of occurrence and abundance of roosting geese: the role of spatial scale for site selection and consequences for conservation
Authors: Jankowiak Łukasz , Skórka Piotr , Ławicki Łukasz , Wylegała Przemysław , Polakowski Michał , Wuczyński Andrzej , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: June 2015

Roosting site selection by geese is a key factor for survival during migration and wintering. Birds should select sites that minimize thermoregulation demands and predation risk, and maximize foraging efficiency. We used data on the spatial location of geese roosting sites in Poland to compare landscape features and the conservation status of roosting and non‐roosting sites at different scales ranging from 5 to 50 km. Logistic regression revealed that the sites selected by geese had larger waterbody size than non‐selected sites, and surrounded by a smaller coverage of woodland at the scale of 50 km. They also were more often Natura 2000 sites. The most important factors positively affecting the abundance of geese were the size of waterbody and low coverage of artificial area (mostly urban) within a 50 km radius. Several further factors also influenced the roosting site selection. Regardless to the scale a large coverage of farmland (mostly rapeseed) positively affected roosting geese whereas forest coverage had a negative effect. Spatial hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the roosting sites were densely located in regions characterized by the most intensive agriculture. Farming intensity therefore seems to increase the abundance of geese, and consequently, to increase a possible conflict between goose conservation and food production. To alleviate the conflicts we delineated areas that may be most affected and where the conservation measures should be implemented first. As geese respond to environmental factors at different spatial scales this scale‐dependency should be included in the conservation and management of goose populations.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of a Novel Sodium 3‐(3‐Alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropoxy)‐3‐oxopropane‐1‐sulfonate at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Kumar Pandari Phani , Nayak Rati Ranjan , Kanjilal Sanjit
Published: June 2015

The present paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of surface properties of a novel series of anionic surfactant, namely sodium 3‐(3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropoxy)‐3‐oxopropane‐1‐sulfonate with varying alkyl chain length (C8–C16). Synthesis involves initial formation of the 3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropyl acrylate along with fatty acrylate during the direct esterification of fatty alcohol with acrylic acid in the presence of 0.5 % NaHSO4 at 110 °C followed by sulfonation of the terminal double bond of the 3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropyl acrylate. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for surface and thermodynamic properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC (γcmc), efficiency of surface adsorption (pC20), surface excess (Γmax), minimum area per molecule at the air–water interface (Amin), free energy of adsorption (∆G°ads), free energy of micellization (∆G°mic), wetting time, emulsifying properties, foaming power and calcium tolerance. Effect of chain length on CMC follows the classic trend, i.e. decrease in CMC with the increase in alkyl chain length. High pC20 (>3) value indicates higher hydrophobic character of the surfactant. These surfactants showed very poor wetting time and calcium tolerance, but exhibited good emulsion stability and excellent foamability. Foaming power and foam stability of C14‐sulfonate were found to be the best among the studied compounds. Foam stability of C14‐sulfonate was also studied at different concentrations over time and excellent foam stability was obtained at a concentration of 0.075 %. Thus this novel class of surfactant may find applications as foam boosters in combination with other suitable surfactants.
Seismicity Studies in Eastern Dharwar Craton and Neighbouring Tectonic Regions
Authors: Srinagesh D. , Chadha R.K. , Raju P. Solomon , Suresh G. , Vijayaraghavan R. , Sarma A.N.S. , Sekhar M. , Murty Yvvbsn
Published: May 2015

Various developmental activities like installation of hydroelectric projects, multipurpose projects, nuclear power plants, rapid urbanization and industrial growth needs mapping seismically active faults and correlating with the regional tectonics. This is the present day demand from the society to seismologists at large. To meet this demand the agencies involved in earthquake research, National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), recently commissioned state of art broad band seismological networks in Andhra Pradesh and adjoining states in southern peninsular shield to study the seismic activity in eastern Dharwar craton. Installation of seismic networks namely Andhra Pradesh seismic network, Koyna seismic network, and shield seismic networks operated by National Geophysical Research Institute in southern peninsular shield tremendously improved the capabilities of monitoring the earthquake activity in near real time. This article deals with the application and necessity of monitoring micro earthquake activity by installing network of seismic stations along pre existing zones of weakness, which have been earlier subjected to major earthquakes like Kinnerasani-Godavari fault (Bhadrachalam region), Gundlakamma river fault (Ongole region) and characterizing the nature of faulting associated with the above.
Anal Sac of a Cladid Crinoid from Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir Basin, Odisha
Authors: Chakraborty Abhijit , Bhattacharya* H. N.
Published: May 2015

A calcareous anal sac of a probable cladid crinoid, referable to Cyathocrinitacea family is reported for the first time from late Carboniferous-early Permian siliciclastics of Talchir basin, Angul district, Odisha. A cladid affinity for this crinoid specimen is confirmed from tubular, anteriorly tapered anal sac with slightly alternating, multiple rows of calcified plates, hexagonal or modified hexagonal, pentagonal and polygonal plate sutures with pitted plate surface. Generic identification is not attempted due to the incomplete preservation of the specimen. The preservation of this exclusive marine organism in the fine siliciclastics attests to a marine depositional milieu.
Report on Glaciogenic Talchir Deposits from Koradi Area, Nagpur District, Central India: Lithofacies and Petrography
Authors: Murkute Y. A.
Published: May 2015

The four lithofacies namely, i) basal massive diamictite, ii) stratified diamictite and sandstones, iii) medium-to fine-grained sandstones and iv) siltstones-shale, are noted from Talchir Formation of the Koradi area, Maharashtra, Central India. The basal massive diamictites that are laterally discontinuous, unstratified and matrix- to clast-supported represent the continental tills. These deposits are inferred to be deposited under subglacial conditions by grounded ice during ice retreat. The stratified diamictite and sandstones unit shows the decrease in the boulder and cobble clasts and increase in pebble clasts. These are deposited by melting of glaciers at outwash plains. Medium- to fine-grained sandstones are associated with the very thin, fine-grained sand and clay layering (varves). These deposits represent glaciolacustrine depositional conditions in the glacial regions, caused by the development of still water bodies and even ice-dammed lakes.

The petrographic characteristics of stratified diamictite and sandstones (Sds) and medium- to fine-grained sandstones bring out textural immaturity also suggesting the deposition close to the source in cold- arid climatic conditions under interior type of continental block provenance. The wide range of grain size values from medium to very fine sands with polymodal grain size distribution, poor sorting, positive to very positive skewness, and very leptokurtic to leptokurtic nature of sediments divulge the glacial environment for the deposition.

The palaeocurrent analysis shows unimodal palaeocurrent bearing vector mean of 323° and the consistency ratio of 67%. The critical value of vector strength/ magnitude (r) for Rayleigh's test is 0.367 at the 0.05 significance level. The computed value of χ2 (42.37) is greater than critical value (24.73) for 11 degree of freedom at the 0.01 significance level, which indicate significant paleocurrent direction.
Megaloolithus Dinosaur Nest from the Lameta Formation of Salbardi Area, Districts Amravati, Maharashtra and Betul, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Srivastava Ashok K. , Mankar Rupesh S.
Published: May 2015

The present paper contributes the new locality of a nest of sauropod dinosaur from fluvial sediments of the Lameta Formation of Salbardi area. On the basis of shape, size and microstructures of the shell, it is identified as Megaloolithus. The new locality is away from the known nesting sites of dinosaurs already been reported i.e., Nagpur and Jabalpur, therefore bears significance in reconstruction of palaeogeographic boundary of dinosaurs-nesting sites.
A case of dual atrioventricular nodal nonreentrant tachycardia: An unusual cause of tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Akbarzadeh Mohammad Ali , Fazelifar Amir Farjam , Bafruee Negar Bahrololoumi
Published: June 2015

We report on a 45‐year‐old female who developed cardiomyopathy due to incessant dual atrioventricular nodal nonreentrant tachycardia. Her condition was completely resolved by performing radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway.
Dedicated time for deliberate practice: one emergency medicine program’s approach to point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) training
Authors: Hayward Melissa , Chan Teresa , Healey Andrew
Published: June 2015

Point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) has become an essential skill in the practice of emergency medicine (EM). Various EM residency programs now require competency in basic PoCUS applications. The education literature suggests that deliberate practice is necessary for skill acquisition and mastery. We used an educational theory, Ericsson’s model of deliberate practice, to create a PoCUS curriculum for our Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada EM residency.

Although international recommendations around curriculum requirements exist, this will be one of the first papers to describe the implementation of a specific PoCUS training program. This paper details the features of the program and lessons learned during its initial 3 years. Sharing this experience may serve as a nidus for scholarly discussion around how to best approach medical education in this area.
A Community-Led Medical Response Effort in the Wake of Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Kraushar Matthew L. , Rosenberg Rebecca E.
Published: June 2015

On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the neighborhood of Red Hook in Brooklyn, New York. The massive tidal surge generated by the storm submerged the coastal area, home to a population over 11,000 individuals, including the largest public housing development in Brooklyn. The infrastructure devastation was profound: the storm rendered electricity, heat, water, Internet, and phone services inoperative, whereas local ambulatory medical services including clinics, pharmacies, home health agencies, and other resources were damaged beyond functionality. Lacking these services or lines of communication, medically fragile individuals became isolated from the hospital and 911-emergency systems without a preexisting mechanism to identify or treat them. Medically fragile individuals primarily included those with chronic medical conditions dependent on frequent and consistent monitoring and treatments. In response, the Red Hook community established an ad hoc volunteer medical relief effort in the wake of the storm, filling a major gap that continues to exist in disaster medicine for low-income urban environments. Here we describe this effort, including an analysis of the medically vulnerable in this community, and recommend disaster risk reduction strategies and resilience measures for future disaster events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:354–358)
Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Floods
Authors: Chen Long , Tan Hongzhuan , Cofie Reuben , Hu Shimin , Li Yan , Zhou Jia , Yang Tubao , Tang Xuemin , Cui Guanghui , Liu Aizhong
Published: June 2015

Objective

To explore the prevalence and determinants of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 among individuals who had experienced the 1998 floods and had been diagnosed with PTSD in 1999 in Hunan, China. Cluster sampling was used to select subjects from the areas that had been surveyed in 1999. PTSD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, social support was measured according to a Social Support Rating Scale, coping style was measured according to a Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and personality was measured by use of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Scale for Chinese. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by use of a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to reveal the determinants of chronic PTSD.

Results

A total of 123 subjects were interviewed, 17 of whom (14.4%) were diagnosed with chronic PTSD. Chronic PTSD was significantly associated with disaster stressors (odds ratio [OR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.47), nervousness (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.17), and social support (OR: 0.85; 95 CI%: 0.74-0.98).

Conclusions

Chronic PTSD in flood victims is significantly associated with disaster stressors, nervousness, and social support. These factors may play important roles in identifying persons at high risk of chronic PTSD. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:504–508)
Multifractal analysis of ergodic averages in some non-uniformly hyperbolic systems
Authors: YIN ZHENG , CHEN ERCAI , ZHOU XIAOYAO
Published: June 2015

This article is devoted to the study of the multifractal analysis of ergodic averages in some non-uniformly hyperbolic systems. In particular, our results hold for the robust classes of multidimensional non-uniformly expanding local diffeomorphisms and Viana maps.
The role of supervisory behavior, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee turnover
Authors: Mathieu Cynthia , Fabi Bruno , Lacoursière Richard , Raymond Louis
Published: June 2015

Few studies have presented structural turnover models including both job satisfaction and organizational commitment measures. Recent research suggests that perceived supervisor leadership may contribute to employee well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This study proposes a structural turnover intention model including supervisory behavior (person-oriented and task-oriented dimensions), job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Furthermore, the study proposes to test whether this model fits in both small- and medium-sized enterprises and in large enterprises. The sample included 763 employees from different types of organizations who have completed a measure of their perception of their supervisor’s behavior and self-administrated measures of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. Results show that person-oriented leadership behavior affects turnover intentions through job satisfaction and organizational commitment more than task-oriented leadership behavior. Only organizational commitment had a direct effect in explaining turnover intention. Finally, results indicate that the model is applicable both in small- and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises.
A 16-year-old girl with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis and family history of psychotic disorders
Authors: Cleland Neil , Lieblich Samuel , Schalling Martin , Rahm Christoffer
Published: June 2015

Background

Autoimmune NMDA-R encephalitis (ANRE) shares clinical features with schizophrenia. Recent research also indicates that both disorders are associated with dysfunction of theN-Methyl-D-Aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDA-R) subunit 1.

Methods

We present the case of Ms A, 16 years old. Ms A presented with acute personality change, bizarre behaviour, delusional ideas and atypical seizures. She had a family history of psychotic disorders, and autistic traits diagnosed in childhood. She was initially diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. Delayed testing of CSF indicated ANRE. As the patient was a Jehovah's witness the treating team was unable to use gammaglobulin therapy; they instead relied on combined plasmapheresis and rituximab. To exclude the possibility that the affected members of this family shared a gene coding for an abnormal configuration of the NMDA receptor subunit 1 we sequenced the region of theGRIN1gene in DNA extracted from blood in both Ms A and her grandmother.

Results

Ms A’s condition improved dramatically, though her long-term memory is still demonstrably impaired. No genetic abnormality was detected.

Conclusions

This case emphasizes how important it is, for a first episode psychosis, to exclude ANRE and other autoimmune synaptic encephalitides, even in the face of significant family history, and if seronegative, the importance of testing for CSF autoantibodies.
PROTECTING INFERENCES OF FACT IN DEFAMATION LAW: FAIR COMMENT AND HONEST OPINION
Authors: Bosland Jason , Kenyon Andrew T. , Walker Sophie
Published: June 2015

Distinguishing “comment” from allegations of “fact” within the defamation defence of fair comment has long been notoriously difficult. While the defence has recently been replaced by a statutory “honest opinion” defence, the distinction remains highly relevant. There is a real need for judicial determination of the treatment of factual inferences within the defence. In recent years, some judgments have equated “comment” with unverifiable opinions, which would exclude verifiable factual inferences from the defence. This is inconsistent with the defence's aims to protect public reasoning and contrary to its history. We explain how a better approach is possible for English courts.
Unequal Ground: Homelands and Conflict
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: June 2015

Although there is a deep and wide consensus that international conflict over territory is especially common and destructive, there is less agreement over what it is about territory that leads to these outcomes. Understanding the role of territory in international conflict requires complementing realist and materialist understandings of the value of territory with one grounded in the constructivist theories that dominate studies of nationalism and geography. Doing so recognizes that homeland territoriality, because it raises the value of a specific territory and provides an imperative to establish sovereignty over it, plays a distinctive role in driving international conflict. This article presents a systematic, replicable operationalization of the homeland status of territory that, because it is consistent with constructivist theories of nationalism, can be used to integrate constructivist understandings of the role of territory into quantitative studies of territorial conflict. This measure is then used to test the implication that the loss of subjectively defined homeland territory increases the likelihood of international conflict relative to the loss of nonhomeland territory. The findings that dividing homelands is especially likely to lead to conflict are corroborated by a second novel measure of the homeland status of territory that is based on the identification of co-ethnics in a territory before the border was drawn.
Judicial Answer to the Application of a Market Level Adjuster and the Broad Construction of a Complaint under the South African Pension Funds Act
Authors: Mhango Mtendeweka
Published: June 2015

The jurisdiction of the Adjudicator is one of the most litigated and academically debated subjects in modern South African pension law. This note adds to the debate by discussing a recent case decided by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Mungal. In this case, the court construed the Adjudicator's jurisdiction broadly and, in the process, made some important pronouncements which warrant academic commentary. This article argues that Mungal should be welcomed because it clarified that the Adjudicator has jurisdiction to determine disputes against insurers of underwritten pension fund organizations. The author maintains that, by construing the Adjudicator's jurisdiction broadly, the court empowered the Adjudicator to achieve its mandate of disposing of complaints in a procedurally fair, economical and expeditious manner, and to extend services to lay complainants.
Accountability in Northern Uganda: Understanding the Conflict, the Parties and the False Dichotomies in International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice
Authors: McKnight Janet
Published: June 2015

The conflict in northern Uganda presents a unique study in comparing international, domestic and traditional responses to justice and stability amid prolonged conflict. This article explains the colonial and political background of the country and the emergence of the parties to the fighting, and describes the violations of international humanitarian and human rights law committed by all armed groups. It examines the various responses to these violations, focusing on Uganda's Amnesty Act, International Criminal Court indictments, the Juba peace talks, and traditional conflict resolution and reconciliation ceremonies, and explores how these mechanisms for negotiating peace and instilling justice are facilitating or interfering with each other. Overall, it attempts to discover how this interplay between international idealism, regional and national politics, cultural influences and logistical feasibility not only presents important lessons concerning the conflict in Uganda, but also reflects and informs false dichotomies in international criminal law and transitional justice.
Status of the mountain ungulate prey of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi, Mongolia
Authors: Tumursukh Lkhagvasumberel , Suryawanshi Kulbhushansingh R. , Mishra Charudutt , McCarthy Thomas M. , Boldgiv Bazartseren
Published: June 2015

The availability of wild prey is a critical predictor of carnivore density. However, few conservation programmes have focused on the estimation and monitoring of wild ungulate populations and their trends, especially in the remote mountains of Central Asia. We conducted double-observer surveys to estimate the populations of ibex Capra sibirica and argali Ovis ammon in the mountainous regions of Tost Local Protected Area, South Gobi province, Mongolia, which is being considered for designation as a Nature Reserve. We also conducted demographic surveys of the more abundant ibex to examine their sex-ratio and the survival of young during 2012–2013. The estimated ibex population remained stable in 2012 and 2013 and the estimated argali population increased from 108 in 2012 to 230 in 2013. The biomass of wild ungulates was c. 6% that of livestock. Mortality in young ibex appeared to increase after weaning, at the age of 12 months. We estimated the population of wild ungulates was sufficient to support 14–18 adult snow leopards Panthera uncia. The adult snow leopard population in our study area during 2012–2013, estimated independently using camera-trap-based mark–recapture methods, was 12–14. Based on our results we identify the Tost Local Protected Area as an important habitat for the conservation of these ungulates and their predator, the Endangered snow leopard, and recommend elevation of its status to a Nature Reserve.
Taking the lead on climate change: modelling and monitoring the fate of an Amazonian frog
Authors: Courtois Elodie A. , Michel Elodie , Martinez Quentin , Pineau Kevin , Dewynter Maël , Ficetola Gentile F. , Fouquet Antoine
Published: June 2015

Climate change is expected to have important impacts on biodiversity. However, cases showing explicit links between species decline and climate are scarce, mostly because of a lack of baseline data. Tropical ectotherms with narrow altitudinal ranges are particularly sensitive to climate change; for example the frogPristimantis espedeusmay be at risk, with only nine populations known to date in French Guiana, all on isolated massifs. Ecological niche modelling indicated that these populations could disappear by 2070. To facilitate testing of this prediction we conducted a study to design an efficient, cost-effective monitoring protocol, combining occupancy rate estimations using passive acoustic recorders, and abundance estimations using acoustic repeated counts and capture–mark–recapture. We found the passive recorders to be effective, with a detection probability of 0.8. Two recording sessions were sufficient to estimate occupancy rates reliably. A minimum of 57 surveyed sites were required to detect a decline of 15% in occupancy between two consecutive monitoring events. Acoustic repeated counts and capture–mark–recapture yielded similar density estimates (1.6 and 1.8 calling males per 100 m2, respectively). Based on these results we present a protocol based on passive acoustic recording and abundance monitoring to monitorP. espedeuspopulations.
The skin migratory stage of the schistosomulum ofSchistosoma mansonihas a surface showing greater permeability and activity in membrane internalisation than other forms of skin or mechanical schistosomula
Authors: DE JESUS JEREMIAS WANDER , DA CUNHA MELO JOSE RENAN , BABA ELIO HIDEO , COELHO PAULO MARCOS ZECH , KUSEL JOHN ROBERT
Published: June 2015

Skin schistosomula can be prepared by collecting them after isolated mouse skin have been penetrated by cercariaein vitro. The schistosomula can also migrate out of isolated mouse skin penetrated by cercariaein vitroand from mouse skin penetrated by cercariaein vivo. Schistosomula can also be produced from cercariae applied through a syringe or in a vortex. When certain surface properties of the different forms of schistosomula were compared, those migrating from mouse skin penetrated by cercariaein vivoorin vitrohad greatly increased permeability to membrane impermeant molecules such as Lucifer yellow and high molecular weight dextrans. These migrating forms also possessed surfaces which showed greatly enhanced uptake into internal membrane vesicles of the dye FM 143, a marker for endocytosis. This greatly enhanced activity and permeability of the surfaces of tissue migrating schistosomula is likely to be of great importance in the adaptation to the new host.
Role of mitochondria in the leishmanicidal effects and toxicity of acyl phloroglucinol derivatives: nemorosone and guttiferone A
Authors: MONZOTE LIANET , LACKOVA ALEXANDRA , STANIEK KATRIN , CUESTA-RUBIO OSMANY , GILLE LARS
Published: June 2015

Nemorosone (Nem) and guttiferone A (GutA) are acyl phloroglucinol derivatives (APD) that are present in different natural products. For both compounds anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties have been reported. In particular, an anti-leishmanial activity of both compounds was demonstrated. The aim of this study was to explore the possible role of mitochondria in the anti-leishmanial activity of Nem and GutA in comparison with their action on mammalian mitochondria. Both APD inhibited the growth of promastigotes ofLeishmania tarentolae(LtP) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0·67 ± 0·17 and 6·2 ± 2·6μm; while IC50values for cytotoxicity against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were of 29·5 ± 3·7 and 9·2 ± 0·9μm, respectively. Nemorosone strongly inhibited LtP oxygen consumption, caused species-specific inhibition (P< 0·05) of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II) from LtP-mitochondria and significantly increased (P< 0·05) the mitochondrial superoxide production. In contrast, GutA caused only a moderate reduction of respiration in LtP and triggered less superoxide radical production in LtP compared with Nem. In addition, GutA inhibited mitochondrial complex III in bovine heart submitochondrial particles, which is possibly involved in its mammalian toxicity. Both compounds demonstrated at low micromolar concentrations an effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential in LtP. The present study suggests that Nem caused its anti-leishmanial action due to specific inhibition of complexes II/III of mitochondrial respiratory chain ofLeishmaniaparasites that could be responsible for increased production of reactive oxygen species that triggers parasite death.
Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: de Wit S. J. , van der Werf Y. D. , Mataix-Cols D. , Trujillo J. P. , van Oppen P. , Veltman D. J. , van den Heuvel O. A.
Published: June 2015

Background.

Impaired emotion regulation may underlie exaggerated emotional reactivity in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), yet instructed emotion regulation has never been studied in the disorder.

Method.

This study aimed to assess the neural correlates of emotion processing and regulation in 43 medication-free OCD patients and 38 matched healthy controls, and additionally test if these can be modulated by stimulatory (patients) and inhibitory (controls) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Participants performed an emotion regulation task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after a single session of randomly assigned real or sham rTMS. Effect of group and rTMS were assessed on self-reported distress ratings and brain activity in frontal-limbic regions of interest.

Results.

Patients had higher distress ratings than controls during emotion provocation, but similar rates of distress reduction after voluntary emotion regulation. OCD patients compared with controls showed altered amygdala responsiveness during symptom provocation and diminished left dlPFC activity and frontal-amygdala connectivity during emotion regulation. Real v. sham dlPFC stimulation differentially modulated frontal-amygdala connectivity during emotion regulation in OCD patients.

Conclusions.

We propose that the increased emotional reactivity in OCD may be due to a deficit in emotion regulation caused by a failure of cognitive control exerted by the dorsal frontal cortex. Modulatory rTMS over the left dlPFC may influence automatic emotion regulation capabilities by influencing frontal-limbic connectivity.
Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) reinfection in children in Anhui province
Authors: CHEN G.-P. , WU J.-B. , WANG J.-J. , PAN H.-F. , ZHANG J. , SHI Y.-L. , CAO C. , LI F.-R. , FAN Y.-G. , MENG F.-Y. , YE D.-Q.
Published: June 2015

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute contagious condition caused by a spectrum of human enteroviruses. HFMD reinfection is common in the absence of cross-protection from other virus subtypes. This study focused on reinfection in children in Anhui province, China between 2008 and 2013 using surveillance system data. We classified 8960 cases as reinfected, corresponding to a rate of 2·02%. The reinfection rate was higher in boys than in girls [odds ratio (OR) 1·27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·21–1·32,P< 0·001], children aged < 3 years (OR 3·82, 95% CI 3·58–4·07,P< 0·001), and children living in rural areas (OR 1·09, 95% CI 1·04–1·14,P= 0·001). The reinfection rate in children who were originally infected with non-enterovirus A71 (non-EVA71) enteroviruses was higher than those infected with EVA71 (OR 1·36, 95% CI 1·02–1·80,P= 0·034). Influential factors of reinfection rate included annual incidence (βcoefficient = 0·715,P= 0·002) and the proportion of EVA71 in patients with mild HFMD (βcoefficient = −0·509,P= 0·018). These results demonstrate that boys aged <3 years, especially those in rural areas or regions with a lower EVA71 proportion are more prone to reinfection, and specific health education programmes should be developed to protect these susceptible populations.
Predicting the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in Sichuan province, China using the ARIMA model
Authors: LIU L. , LUAN R. S. , YIN F. , ZHU X. P. , LÜ Q.
Published: June 2015

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, which usually occurs in children aged <5 years. In China, the HFMD situation is worsening, with increasing number of cases nationwide. Therefore, monitoring and predicting HFMD incidence are urgently needed to make control measures more effective. In this study, we applied an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast HFMD incidence in Sichuan province, China. HFMD infection data from January 2010 to June 2014 were used to fit the ARIMA model. The coefficient of determination (R2), normalized Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and mean absolute percentage of error (MAPE) were used to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the constructed models. The fitted ARIMA model was applied to forecast the incidence of HMFD from April to June 2014. The goodness-of-fit test generated the optimum general multiplicative seasonal ARIMA (1,0,1) × (0,1,0)12 model (R2 = 0·692, MAPE = 15·982, BIC = 5·265), which also showed non-significant autocorrelations in the residuals of the model (P = 0·893). The forecast incidence values of the ARIMA (1,0,1) × (0,1,0)12 model from July to December 2014 were 4103–9987, which were proximate forecasts. The ARIMA model could be applied to forecast HMFD incidence trend and provide support for HMFD prevention and control. Further observations should be carried out continually into the time sequence, and the parameters of the models could be adjusted because HMFD incidence will not be absolutely stationary in the future.
Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: Interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use
Authors: Rioux Charlie , Castellanos-Ryan Natalie , Parent Sophie , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. , Séguin Jean R.
Published: June 2015

Temperament and parental practices (PP) are important predictors of adolescent alcohol use (AU); however, less is known about how they combine to increase or decrease risk of AU. This study examined whether age 6 temperament (i.e., impulsivity and inhibitory control) interacted with age 6 coercive PP and/or age 14 parental monitoring to predict AU at 15 years among 209 adolescents. Results showed that low parental monitoring was associated with more frequent AU and that coercive PP interacted with impulsivity to predict AU. This interaction was examined as a function of two models that were not studied before in the prediction of AU: the diathesis–stress model (i.e., impulsive children are more “vulnerable” to adverse PP than those with an easy temperament); and the differential susceptibility model (i.e., impulsive children arealsomore likely to benefit from good PP). Results supported the differential susceptibility model by showing that impulsive children were not only at higher risk for AU when combined with high coercive PP but also benefit from the absence of coercive PP. This supports the suggestion that the conception of certain temperament characteristics, or in this case impulsivity, as a “vulnerability” for adolescent AU, may need revision because it misrepresents the malleability it may imply.
Eye tracking indices of attentional bias in children of depressed mothers: Polygenic influences help to clarify previous mixed findings
Authors: Owens Max , Harrison Ashley J. , Burkhouse Katie L. , McGeary John E. , Knopik Valerie S. , Palmer Rohan H. C. , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: June 2015

Information-processing biases may contribute to the intergenerational transmission of depression. There is growing evidence that children of depressed mothers exhibit attentional biases for sad faces. However, findings are mixed as to whether this bias reflects preferential attention toward, versus attentional avoidance of, sad faces, suggesting the presence of unmeasured moderators. To address these mixed findings, we focused on the potential moderating role of genes associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity. Participants included children (8–14 years old) of mothers with (n= 81) and without (n= 81) a history of depression. Eye movements were recorded while children passively viewed arrays of angry, happy, sad, and neutral faces. DNA was obtained from buccal cells. Children of depressed mothers exhibited more sustained attention to sad faces than did children of nondepressed mothers. However, it is important that this relation was moderated by children's genotype. Specifically, children of depressed mothers who carried reactive genotypes across the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CHRH1) TAT haplotype and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) rs1360780 (but not the solute carrier family C6 member 4 [SLC6A4] of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR]) exhibited less sustained attention to sad faces and more sustained attention to happy faces. These findings highlight the role played by specific genetic influences and suggest that previous mixed findings may have been due to genetic heterogeneity across the samples.
Can they recover? An assessment of adult adjustment problems among males in the abstainer, recovery, life-course persistent, and adolescence-limited pathways followed up to age 56 in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Authors: Jennings Wesley G. , Rocque Michael , Fox Bryanna Hahn , Piquero Alex R. , Farrington David P.
Published: June 2015

Much research has examined Moffitt's developmental taxonomy, focusing almost exclusively on the distinction between life-course persistent and adolescence-limited offenders. Of interest, a handful of studies have identified a group of individuals whose early childhood years were marked by extensive antisocial behavior but who seemed to recover and desist (at least from severe offending) in adolescence and early adulthood. We use data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development to examine the adult adjustment outcomes of different groups of offenders, including a recoveries group, in late middle adulthood, offering the most comprehensive investigation of this particular group to date. Findings indicate that abstainers comprise the largest group of males followed by adolescence-limited offenders, recoveries, and life-course persistent offenders. Furthermore, the results reveal that a host of adult adjustment problems measured at ages 32 and 48 in a number of life-course domains are differentially distributed across these four offender groups. In addition, the recoveries and life-course persistent offenders often show the greatest number of adult adjustment problems relative to the adolescence-limited offenders and abstainers.
Robust analysis ℓ1-recovery from Gaussian measurements and total variation minimization
Authors: KABANAVA M. , RAUHUT H. , ZHANG H.
Published: June 2015

Analysis ℓ1-recovery refers to a technique of recovering a signal that is sparse in some transform domain from incomplete corrupted measurements. This includes total variation minimization as an important special case when the transform domain is generated by a difference operator. In the present paper, we provide a bound on the number of Gaussian measurements required for successful recovery for total variation and for the case that the analysis operator is a frame. The bounds are particularly suitable when the sparsity of the analysis representation of the signal is not very small.
On merging two trust-networks in one with bipolar preferences
Authors: BISTARELLI STEFANO , SANTINI FRANCESCO
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we study weighted trust-networks (but also unweighted), where each edge is associated with either a positive or a negative score. Hence, we consider a distrust relationship as well, allowing a user to rate poor experiences with other individuals in his web of acquaintances. We propose an algorithm to compose two of such networks in a single one, in order to merge the knowledge obtained in two different communities of individuals (possibly partially-overlapping), through two different trust management-systems. Our algorithm is based on semiring algebraic-structures, in order to have a parametric computational-framework. Such composition can be adopted whenever two trust-based communities (with the same scope) need to be amalgamated: for instance, two competitor-companies that need to unify the trust-based knowledge on their (sub-) suppliers.
OLMSTED, DE BOW, AND THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE ON THE AMERICAN SLAVE SOUTH
Authors: Maas Harro
Published: June 2015

Scholarship on the American Slave South generally agrees that John Eliot Cairnes’sThe Slave Powerprovided a highly biased interpretation of the functioning and long-term viability of the southern slave economy. Published shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, its partisanship is partly attributed to its clearly stated goal to shift British support from the secession states to the states of the Union. Thus, it is generally agreed, Cairnes sifted his sources to obtain the desired outcome. A more balanced use of the sources at his possession would have provided a very different outcome. This paper will challenge this general assessment of Cairnes’s book by examining in some detail two of Cairnes’s most important sources: Frederic Law Olmsted’s travelogues on the American Slave South and James D. B. De Bow's compilation of statistical data and essays in hisIndustrial Resources, etc., of the Southern and Western States(1852–53). By contrasting De Bow's use of statistical evidence with Olmsted's travelogues, my final purpose is to question the weight of evidence on the American Slave South. Cairnes aimed, I will argue, much more to balance the evidence than is generally acknowledged, but it is misleading to think that balancing a wide range of evidence washes out bias if this evidence itself is politically skewed, as is the rule rather than the exception.