bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOWARDS A SAFE PLACE FOR CHILDREN IN TODAY'S RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS
Authors: A. Alraout Ali
Published: September 2016

Most Arab cities are experiencing tremendous urbanization processes and challenges. Despite the fact that Arab cities are developing fast, social factors in planning and urban design have been neglected. Many of the urban problems that Arab cities experience today result from an unbalanced approach to development, where physical development has been given priority over spiritual, cultural. and social requirements. The concern of the societal needs in urban planning and design is often intended for adults regardless of the growing number and needs of the younger population. This paper focuses on children because their needs are the least considered in planning and design of cities. The paper motivates urban authorities, of the Arab world, to be sensitive to the needs of urban children and to find suitable tools and mechanisms to consider children in their strategic and physical planning process. Towns and cities must be made safe and children friendly. This paper discusses the various forces that influence Arab children in the wake of industrialization, urbanization, 1nodernization, and globalization. It will specifically focus on diverse social and cultural ills that have emerged among Arab children, which are attributed to living in a stressful physical environment, one that neglects their needs and marginalizes their existence in the fabric of the developing cities. This paper will address the following questions: why are cities not planned with the needs of children in mind? What are the characteristics of cities that are positive for children? In addition, the paper calls for a more holistic approach to planning and rephrasing the role of urban planners and designers in producing spaces and places for Arab children where they will enjoy their growing cities and neighborhoods.
URBANIZATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: A CHALLENGE FOR JAMAICA
Authors: Leiska J. Powell
Published: September 2016

The rapid pace of urbanization has presented numerous challenges for developing countries such as Jamaica. The effects of urbanization coupled with poor environmental and development practices have exerted tremendous pressure on the country's fragile and limited natural resources. This issue is exacerbated by poverty, poor urban planning and management and lack of enforcement of existing land use regulations. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the challenges in reversing negative environmental trends and practices which is increasing the vulnerability of the population, economy, infrastructure and other vulnerable elements of the society to the devastating impacts of natural hazards. The growing threats from hurricanes and tropical storms has have occurred over the last 10 years have highlighted the need for more sustainable developtnent. The report concludes with a number of recommendations that are critical to address the never ending cycle of environmental degradation.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE MALAYSIAN ECONOMY AND ITS SPATIAL INCIDENCE ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Mohit Mohammad Abdul
Published: September 2016

The economy of Malaysia has undergone changes from its agricultural base to import-substitution during the 1960s and finally to export-orientation after 1968, associated with an influx of significant amount of direct foreign investment (DFI). These changes of the production base of the country led to concomitant changes in the structure of employment from agriculture to rnanufacturing and finally to services. Studies so far undertaken mostly concentrate on the macro aspect of this transformation process. No attempt has been made to study the structural changes of the national economy through analyzing the production/employment structure of the regions/states of Malaysia. In spite of adopting and implementing a number regional development policies and strategies from 2MP, it is anticipated that the structural transformation has not been uniform across the different regions of the country. Therefore, this paper provides a spatial analysis of the structural changes in the structure of production and employment that has occurred across fourteen states of Malaysia. The study found that the economic growth process has been unequal across the 14 states of Malaysia, accentuating the regional disparities in income and employment growth. Both federal govenunent development expenditure and private investments in different states of Malaysia have not been proportionate to their shares of national population and this partially explains the reason for the interregional differences of economic growth in the country.
GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION MODELLING FOR KUALA LUMPUR WATER RESOURCE PLANNING
Authors: Stek Pieter E.
Published: September 2016

Portable water consumption in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding area is expected to grow by 34% from 2005 to 2010. This increase in demand will be met by the construction of new reservoirs. However, reservoirs are dependent on rainfall and during prolonged periods of drought, as occurred in 1998, they could become empty. Therefore it is of great importance to develop alternative sources of water supply, including groundwater, to mitigate the effects of a serious water crisis. In this paper, results from a preliminary study on Kuala Lumpur's groundwater resources are presented. Modelling of the city's groundwater resources is extremely difficult given the limitations imposed by data availability and the karstic nature of some aquifers. Hence, the research presented here serves as a starting point for further studies rather than providing any definitive conclusions. In addition to the study results, the planning implications of groundwater extraction are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN POPULATION DENSITY AND TRANSPORTATION FUEL CONSUMPTION IN MALAYSIAN CITIES
Authors: Siew Yin Neoh , Chin Siong Ho
Published: September 2016

This paper describes an exploratory study to analyze the relationship between urban population density and transportation energy consumption in the context of urban planning. Urban population density is used because it is commonly accepted as "proxy" for urban form pattern analysis in terms of degree of centralization. This paper reviews sustainable urban form, relationship between urban transportation and urban population density. Based on the secondary data, multi regression analysis on the relationship between urban population density and transportation fuel consumption on Malaysian cities are carried out. In this analysis, three main variables are explored: population density, private vehicle ownership and transportation fuel consumption. In order to understand the relationship between population density and transportation energy consumption, other selected global cities are used as benchmarks in relation to selected Malaysian cities.
The Socio-Technical Factors in the Use of GIS at the Planning Departments of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall
Authors: Mohd Hussain Mohd Ramzi , Johar Foziah
Published: September 2016

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EVALUATING STAKEHOLDERS' PREFERENCES: RECONCILING HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN KUALA LUMPUR TRADITIONAL AREAS
Authors: Wan Abdullah Zawawi Noor Amila , Abdullah Alias
Published: September 2016

Unchecked redevelopments are destroying our unique multi-cultural heritage. The subsistence of this built heritage is threatened by demolition, unsympathetic changes and rapid redevelopment pace. Escalating market value increasingly replaces these buildings with newer and higher density structures. Most often, the decisions pertaining to traditional shophouse redevelopment are based on guidelines inherited from the monocultural British system, whose perspectives narrowly represent the multi-cultural society in Malaysia. On top of that, involvement of direct stakeholders, namely owners and tenants, are minimal in the decision process. This paper is part of an ongoing research to provide an objective evaluation for traditional shophouse redevelopment, incorporating multiple stakeholders' preferences. It focuses on explming conflicts and values of the stakeholders using Multiple Criteria Analysis, or MCA technique. Using a common MCA technique, the Analytical Hierarchy Process, or ARP, stakeholders' preferences on a set of criteria for redevelopment decision are derived and compared. It is found that stakeholders' preferences are dissimilar even within their homogenous groups. This study contributes to discovering the potential of MCA to increase transparency in redevelopment decisions involving built heritage and multiple stakeholders.
CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE FUSED DATA FOR LAND USE MAPPING IN DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Authors: Mohd Noor Norzailawati , Abdullah Alias , Hashim Mazlan
Published: September 2016

Land use mapping in development plan basically provides resources of information and important tool in decision making. In relation to this, fine resolution of recent satellite remotely sensed data have found wide applications in land use/land cover mapping. This study reports on work carried out for classification of fused image for land use mapping in detail scale for Local Plan. The LANDSATTM, SPOT Pan and IKONOS satellite were fused and examined using three data fusion techniques, namely Principal Component Transfonn (PCT), Wavelet Transform and Multiplicative fusing approach. The best fusion technique for three datasets was determined based on the assessment of class separabilities and visualizations evaluation of the selected subset of the fused datasets, respectively. Principal Component Transform has been found to be the best technique for fusing the three datasets, where the best fused data set was subjected to further classification for producing level of land use classes while level II and III pass on to nine classes of detail classification for local plan. The overall data classification accuracy of the best fused data set was 0.86 (kappa statistic). Final land use output from classified data was successfully generated in accordance to local plan land use mapping for development plan purposes.
MOTIVATION AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ENHANCING EXERCISE ACTIVITIES : A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Pandey Ravi P. , Awasthi Purnima
Published: September 2016

Motivation is the base of all kinds of activities associated with any game. Without a sportsman's desire and determination to progress his/her performances, all other psychological factors such as confidence, strength, focus, and emotions are worthless. Empirical literature of health management indicates that in sport activities, motivational factors are essential when attempts to sustain standards are made by sportsmen. As a result, knowledge towards sustainment of a sportsman's motivation turns into more and more investigation in sport, in the form of both involvement and competition. The usually held view is that motivation is either 'good' (intrinsic) or 'bad' (extrinsic). Though, this understanding is limited and promotes a mistaken understanding of extrinsic motivation and its unstable influences on sports participation. Intrinsic motivation is associated with the natural fun and enjoyment related with sport participation. For example, some athletes naturally enjoy running fast or striking the ball 'sweetly'. In contrast, amotivation is a lack of or decrease in motivation. In between these two opposing forms of motivation is extrinsic motivation, which is generally related with the achievement of some goal, such as winning an Olympic Gold Medal. Thus, it becomes important to come across and understand these intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors that affect players' sports activities. The present review focuses on studies related motivational factors that may be implicated in management of health and wellbeing and gaining positive outcomes in terms of enhancing the quality of sports activity among players.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN NORTHEAST INDIA:A SWOT ANALYSIS
Authors: Choudhury Deepjyoti
Published: September 2016

Accumulation of human capital has always paved the way for economic development provided the accumulation and savings are organised and structured by a formal credit institution. But regions where majority of the populations reside in rural areas, with low infrastructure and literacy rate, the benefits of a formalised credit institutions have always not been tasted. Timely availability of credit and timely saving of the capital is of great necessity for the wellbeing of weak and deprived section of the population and thereby creating greater economic development. For instance the Credit-Deposit ratio of Northeast India to Rest of India is 35:73, which is a clear indicator of unutilised bank's resources in Northeast India. Financial Inclusion has been thought as an answer to bank the unbanked and bring the weaker sections of society specially the rural people under the umbrella of authorised financial services provided by regulated financial institutions. The technological revolution and the vast use of ICT in banking sector has paved a way for the financial institution and are adopting branchless banking as their strategy. Branchless banking is expected to make their efforts successful towards financial inclusion. In this paper attempt has been made to understand the concept of Branchless banking and how it can be implemented in Northeast India.
Teksty o Marduku i ich wpływ na Księgę Deuteroizajasza
Authors: Małecki Zdzisław
Published: September 2016

The article is aimed at answering the question if the Babylonian texts, depicting Marduk as the creator of the world, had any influence on the text and theology of the Book of Deutero-Isaiah. In these texts Marduk speaks about himself as the creator and master of the whole world. Some contemporary exegetes, who have compared Babylonian texts with the text of the Book of Deutero-Isaiah, want to see their influence on the editing and theology of this Book.
Spotkanie św. Pawła z przemienionym Jezusem pod Damaszkiem a przemienienie Jezusa na górze
Authors: Dzik Marek
Published: September 2016

The article describes a possible connection between the transfiguration of Jesus and the meeting of St. Paul with the glorified Jesus at Damascus. The article is divided into two parts. In the first part, the author tries to find the main common elements between the two stories. He accounts for them: three versions of each story, the main characters of each story and the similar courses of each story. In the second part, the author compares the terminology of each Gospel pericope with the terminology of each Acts pericope. He states that in each pair there are very important identical words such as Ἰησοῦς, φωνή, ἀκούώ λέγω. In the pairs: Mat 17, 1–8 and the Act 9, 3–9; Mat 17, 1–8 and Act 22, 6–11; Mat 17, 1–8 Act 26, 12–18 even more identical and important words can be found. It allows the author to come to the conclusion that the story of the transfiguration of Jesus and the meeting of St. Paul with the glorified Jesus at Damascus are harmonized. It is probably done to prove that St. Paul is an apostle because he saw the transfigured (glorified) Jesus as did St. Peter (and the other apostles).
Współukrzyżowani z Chrystusem i wolni od mocy grzechu (Rz 6, 1–14)
Authors: Witkowski Stanisław
Published: September 2016

Pericope Rom 6, 1–14 gives a clear answer to a thesis expressed in the form of accusation: should we remain in sin so that grace may be given the more fully? In his argumentation Paul clearly illustrates the absurdity of this question. How can we remain in sin if we have died for it, were buried and crucified with Christ? Furthermore, a new, until now unknown, way of life opened before us. We received a new beginning and new future. Sin lost its enslaving power over us. The reality of eschatological life obliges us to remain in intimacy with Christ, to be steered towards God and determined in the fight not to be overcome by sin.
Odniesienia do osoby i tekstów św. Pawła w Regule św. Benedykta
Authors: Dąbek Tomasz Maria
Published: September 2016

The Rule of St. Benedict is norm of the life for Christian monks in Occident. According to the biblical index in the edition of R. Hanslik (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 75) in the Rule are citations from 30 and allusions from 39 texts of Corpus Paulinum in 82 places of RB. More of one time are citations or allusions to Rom 2, 11; 12, 10; 1 Cor 4, 12; 9, 27; 10, 4; Eph 4, 37; Phil 2, 8; 2 Tim 3, 13; 5, 20; 2 Tim 4, 2. This is a good example of reading and use of the Bible in ancient monasticism and also help for contemporary monks and nuns.
Życie i działanie św. Pawła Apostoła w świetle liturgii Kościoła
Authors: Maciaszek Paweł
Published: September 2016

In the liturgical calendar St. Paul is mentioned twice – for the first time on the day of his conversion (25 January), and then during the celebration – in common with St. Peter the Apostle – when the congregation contemplates his life and martyr’s death (29 June). In this article, through the analysis of liturgical texts about St. Paul – biblical readings and forms of the Holy Mass, and Liturgy of the Hours – the spiritual richness and depth of mysteries of salvation are transmitted to the Church community by this Apostle of the Nations. The Apostle of Tarsus, through his life and deeds, showed us the power of the Holy Spirit operating in mankind, who makes us God’s children and lets us live not according to worldly but according to spiritual values. By giving His gifts to people, He contributes to the development of the Church. The Apostle is also the example of acceptance of the Gospel, which is revealed through preaching the Good News to all peoples. He shows that one can endure pain and suffering for sake of the Gospel. And sacrificing our life, giving it for the act of salvation leads to friendship with Christ and brotherly love. The liturgical texts which are designed to be prayed on St. Paul’s days deeper the certainty that God’s people have that Jesus was resurrected and is alive, and wishes to lead each man on the way to salvation.
Świętowanie niedzieli przez udział w Eucharystii (panorama historyczna)
Authors: Superson Jarosław A.
Published: September 2016

Analyzing the heritage of Christianity, we see that since the very beginning, Sunday, the first day of the week, has always been the day of common Church gathering to celebrate the Eucharist. In the very beginning, as pointed by Tertullian, the celebration took place at night because of the precessions. Night or dawn gave more privacy and security. After the Edict of Milan it became a custom that a Mass should be celebrated after three o’clock, or at night, if they fell around so-called Quattro Tempora. In the middle ages it was believed that any time of the day is good to celebrate the Eucharist, but missa conventualis et sollemnis in hora Tertia. After the Council of Trent the time of the main Sunday Eucharist – summa – was determined by the bishop and in Poland it was at 10.00 AM. Often before this Mass was a Mass primaria celebrated. In the beginning of XX century the Code of Canon Law of 1917 stated that it was not allowed to celebrate a private Mass earlier than an hour before dawn or an hour after noon. For the solemnities that had its own vigil, the celebrations of the Eucharist took place in the evening. The purpose of that practice was to prepare for the celebration of the solemnity of the next day. Along with industrialization, introduction of different work shifts, persecution of the Church and other specific circumstances, it was allowed to celebrate Mass in the evening. This rule was especially visible during the Second World War and shortly after when the Sunday evening Mass was celebrated for the prisoners of war, those who were detained and foreigners. After the Church adapted the rule that the canonical hour for the Vespers would be called Vespers I, a discussion on the celebration of the Mass on Saturday evening started among the moral theologians. Participation in the Saturday evening Mass was supposed to satisfy the obligation of participation in the Sunday Mass and the holy days de praecepto. The Church recognized that there was a large group of the faithful who practiced sports and hunted on Sundays and that there was also an insufficient number of priests in some parishes. Therefore, so-called pre-holyday Mass was introduced to enable more participation in the Masses. The document Eucharisticum Mysterium of 1967 definitely recognized that the participation in Saturday vigil Mass satisfied the obligation of Sunday Mass participation. It was reconfirmed again by the Code of Canon Law in 1983 and by Dies Domini of John Paul II and the II Council of the Church of Poland.
Niedzielna suma
Authors: Mieczkowski Janusz
Published: September 2016

In the first centuries of Christianity the Holy Mass was celebrated once a day only, also on Sundays. From V century it became necessary to celebrate more Masses in the same day because communities expanded and their members weren’t able to participate together in justone Holy Mass. The Main Mass (High Mass) usually was established between 9 and 11 in the morning. This Mass offered for the parishioners was celebrated by a pastor very solemnly with festive singing. It had the best liturgical things, garments, aspersion and processions, along with a sermon followed by special prayers for the dead.
Historia formularza mszalnego uroczystości Wszystkich Świętych
Authors: Szczych Jan
Published: September 2016

The cult of the saints had its beginning in the Christian ancient times. Since then it was transformed in its own celebrations in honour of All the Saints. The official liturgy of the feast-day of Omnium Sanctorum (All Saints) was stabilized in close relation to the development of collective worship of the saints in the West. The historical liturgical witnesses from the Middle Ages and of the Trident Council time demonstrate a progressive and very natural process of establishment the missal texts of this liturgical celebration. The form of some liturgical directions in the current Missale Romanum (Latin Missal), unchanged for ages, confirms the continuity and constancy of this celebration in the history of Catholic Church. These missal directions explicitly show the same idea of celebration and timeless meaning of the All Saints Solemnity.
Propozycja obrzędów Pierwszej Komunii Świętej dzieci w parafii
Authors: Szczepański Jan
Published: September 2016

The article contains an outline for the ceremony of the First Communion of children in the parochial church. It is based on historical research investigating the ways of preparing children for the First Communion in the Catholic Church of Western Europe and in Poland. The goal of this article is to create a new, original concept of this ceremony in order to improve the participation of children and all the faithful in a better and deeper experience of the First Communion. The liturgy is meant to be easier to comprehend by the children. In the rites one of the ways of supporting those attempts will be through children’s gestures performed during the renewal of baptismal promises.
Терапия первичного гипотиреоза α-липоевой кислотой. Обзор результатов исследований
Authors: Savustyanenko A.V.
Published: September 2016

Первичный гипотиреоз встречается в общей популяции с частотой 0,5–1 % и включает в себя врожденные и приобретенные (вследствие аутоиммунного тиреоидита, после оперативного удаления щитовидной железы либо лечения ее радиоактивным йодом) формы. Базовой терапией первичного гипотиреоза является назначение заместительной терапии L-тироксином. При этом сочетанное назначение L-тироксина и α-липоевой кислоты позволяет более эффективно бороться с окислительным стрессом, гиперлипидемией, гиперреактивностью иммунной системы, эндотелиальной дисфункцией и неврологическими нарушениями, наблюдаемыми у больных с первичным гипотиреозом, по сравнению с монотерапией L-тироксином. Применение α-липоевой кислоты было эффективно у взрослых и детей, при парентеральном и/или пероральном введении.
On steady heat flow problem involving Yang-Srivastava-Machado fractional derivative without singular kernel
Authors: Yang Ai-Min , Han Yang , Li Jie , Liu Wei-Xing
Published: September 2016

In this article, we present a new application for the Yang-Srivastava-Machado
fractional derivative without singular kernel to the steady heat flow
problem. The Sumudu transform is used to find the analytical solution of the
fractional-order heat flow.
influence of altitude and slope on the density of Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm & Viv. in the Mount of Tessala (Western Algeria)
Authors: El Bouhissi Mayssara , Mehdadi Zoheir , El Zerey Wael
Published: September 2016

The change in the structure of species communities along environmental gradients is a privileged field of ecology as it allows exploring a continuous progression of situations often in a small area, in this context, we are interested in studying the impact of altitude and slope on the density and the recovery rate of Asphodelus microcarpus population in mountainous ecosystem. Asphodelus microcarpus is an ecological model, which allows us to have an idea about the degree of degradation in mountainous ecosystem, the density increases with advanced degradation stage. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference (P = 0.001) between the 20 selected stations. The principal component analysis revealed that the density is important in low altitudes around 750 m where the slopes are average, this correlation is the result of human pressures that weaken the mountain of Tessala.International Journal of Environment Vol.5(3) 2016, pp.43-56
Evaluation of dum palm kernel activated carbon in chromium and lead adsorption from synthetic waste water
Authors: Mohammed HI , Gutti B , Highina BK
Published: September 2016

This study aimed at the co-current removal of chromium and lead ions from synthetic waste water using dum palm kernel activated carbon. The adsorption experiment was conducted by varying time, pH and concentrations of the simulated solution. The data obtained were analyzed, and the best conditions for the uptake were at pH of 6, equilibrium time of 40 minutes. The two best isotherms models for the adsorption system were Sip, and Dubinin–Radushkevich, models respectively. Based on the Temkin adsorption energy calculated as 9.5793 and 0.4997 J/mol, the uptake of lead and chromium were chemisorption and physico-sorption, respectively. The maximum uptake calculated from Dubinin–Radushkevich plots were 14.1696 and 7.7191 mg/g, for lead and chromium, respectively.International Journal of Environment Vol.5(3) 2016, pp.104-118
Significance of nucleic acid testing in window period donations: Revisiting transfusion safety in high prevalence-low resource settings
Authors: Mangwana S , Bedi N
Published: September 2016

Background: Safe blood transfusion to the people is essential requirement of health care delivery system. Despite the mandatory screening of blood with newest, very sensitive serological test, considerable risk remains for transfusion transmission of virus due to window period infections.  Study was aimed to analyze the efficacy of Mini pool Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing as additional donor screening program and its role in improving blood safety in the high prevalence population. Material and Methods: Study was performed at a tertiary-care, accreditated hospital from June 2013 to December 2015 All negative cases for anti-HIV, anti-HCV and HBsAg by ELISA were subjected to MP-NAT to detect HIV-1, HIV-2 and HCV-RNA with HBV DNA.Results: In 31 months, 20470 donations were received of which whole blood donations were 16997 (83.03%) and 3473 (16.97%) apheresis. Out of 16997 donations, 446 (2.61%) were seroreactive. Out of 16551 sero-negative donors subjected to MP-NAT testing, 17 (0.10%) were NAT reactive (NAT yield -1 in 974). Out of 17 cases, 12 were HBV (1 in 1379), four HCV (1 in 4138) and one HIV NAT reactive (1 in 16551). Conclusion: NAT has improvised the blood safety by detecting the virus in the pre-seroconversion, window period thereby providing much higher sensitivity as compared to newest generation serological tests. In countries with high incidence of infection with significant number of window period donations, NAT can serve as a valuable tool along with other serological testing in high prevalence, resource constrained countries to achieve the goal of zero risk of blood.
Megakaryocytic alterations in thrombocytopenia: A bone marrow aspiration study
Authors: Pokharel S , Upadhyaya P , Karki S , Paudyal P , Pradhan B , Poudel P
Published: September 2016

Background: Megakaryocyte morphology plays an important role in thrombopoiesis. A defect in any stage of megakaryocytopoiesis can lead to dysmegakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytopenia. This study was conducted to understand megakaryocytic alterations and their contribution in the diagnosis of cases of thrombocytopenia.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted on all consecutive cases of bone marrow aspirates of thrombocytopenia over a duration of one year in BPKIHS. Megakaryocyte morphology was studied with a 100X objective. Data were entered into Microsoft excel 10 and analysed with SPSS version 11.5. Descriptive statistics charted and Chi-square tests were done for inferential statistics to find any association at 95% Confidence Interval.Results: Among the 38 subjects, megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (44.7%) was the most common cause of thrombocytopenia.  Hypolobated megakaryocytes (63.2%), bare megakaryocytic nuclei (57.9%) were the common morphological changes in megakaryocytes. Odds of increased megakaryocyte count in megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia was found to be 12.5 times than for other causes of thrombocytopenia and the presence of bare megakaryocytic nuclei in MTP was statistically significant. (p –value<0.05)Conclusion: Many similarities were observed in megakaryocytic morphology among different hematological diseases. However, increased megakaryocyte count and presence of bare megakaryocytic nuclei, hypolobated forms were significant in megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia.
Cyto-histopathological study of Mediastinal lesions
Authors: Bhattarai N
Published: September 2016

Background: Broad ranges of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions are encountered in mediastinum depending on the patient’s age and anatomical site. This study was performed to review our institutional experience of mediastinal masses and to compare the results with various other studies.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted on 112 patients with mediastinal masses who underwent fine needle aspiration cytology and/or biopsy from 14th April 2009 to 4th March 2014 in Department of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital.Results: Out of 112 cases, 70 cases (62.5%) were benign, 38 cases (33.92%) malignant and 4 cases (3.57%) were inconclusive. Mean age of presentation was 34.94 yrs with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Ninety-nine cases (88.4%) were seen in anterior compartment, 12 cases (10.7%) in posterior compartment and 1case (0.9%) in middle compartment. Thymoma (26 cases) was the most common lesion followed by Non Hodgkin lymphoma (17 cases) and germ cell tumor (16 cases).Conclusion: Mediastinal lesions occur more commonly in males with higher frequency of benign lesions, among which thymoma is the predominant lesion.
Ethics and Professionalism in Pathology
Authors: Baral R
Published: September 2016

Pathologists spend most of their professional lives beyond direct view of the public, mostly inside the four walls of the lab. It is the clinicians who face the wrath of the public when something goes wrong. However, with the growing awareness of the public into the decisive role played by the Pathologists in the definitive diagnosis of the disease, the pathologists will soon be the target of the aggrieved patients and relatives.1 The issue of ethics can be dealt when professionalism comes before profession. "Professionalism in medicine requires that physician serve the interests of the patient above his or her own selfinterest." Professionalism aspires to philanthropy, answerability, excellence, duty, service and respect for others. "Professionalism in Pathology is based on the same tenets, but has additional dimensions."The qualities of professionalism for pathologists include 1. Communication with the patients and the clinicians. A small phone call with the clinician will solve most of the clinical mysteries not written in the lab requisition forms; 2. Empathy and Compassion towards patients', colleagues', and laboratory personnel's culture, age, gender, and disabilities; 3. Demonstration of passion, respect and understanding towards the patients; 4. Adherence to guidelines and regulations of the regulatory and accrediting bodies; and 5.Profeciency and knowledge in one's work is valued by the patients more than the credentials, which also enables one to identify deficiencies in peer performance. The basic competencies of professionalism are vital to every pathology report, which in turn is the mirror of the ethics practiced by the pathologist. Evaluating oneself is perhaps the most important tool in maintaining professionalism in the practice of pathology. One colleague recently defined professionalism as “all the things one does when no one is watching,” thus placing personal integrity at the top of the list.
Sideroblastic anemia
Authors: Bhandari P , Hamal R , Shrestha A
Published: September 2016

Sideroblastic anemias are a heterogenous group of disorders that have as a common feature with the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the marrow. We present a case of young female, nursing student who presented with increasing palpitation, fatigue and exertional shortness of breath for the last one year. She had a low hemoglobin and high serum iron. Anemia with iron overload prompted us to do bone marrow study and there were 19% ringed sideroblasts and iron overload fulfilling the diagnosis of sideroblastic anemia. We searched for secondary causes of ringed sideroblast but could not find any culprit. Her cytogenetics report was normal and genetic analysis was not done due to financial reason. Since the diagnosis 3 months back, patient is on pyridoxine, folic acid, deferasirox and still needs regular blood transfusion suggesting that she may be pyridoxine refractory and may develop iron overload.
Comparison of Berman and Ovassapian Intubating airways for fiberoptic orotracheal intubation in anaesthetized patient
Authors: Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar , Singh Satyendra Narayan
Published: September 2016

Background: Intubating oral airways are widely used during fibreoptic orotracheal intubationin order to improve the bronchoscopic visualisation of the glottis and facilitate the procedure. This study compares the visualisation of the glottic opening with bronchoscope using Berman or Ovassapian intubating airway.Methods: We conducted a randomised comparative prospective study one hundred twenty patients with no clinical indicators of the difficult airway. The two oral intubating Berman and Ovassapian airways were compared during fibreoptic endotracheal intubation in anaesthetized patients. The bronchoscopic view, bronchoscopic time, and the total time for intubation were compared.Result: The bronchoscopic view was significantly better with Berman intubating airway (unobstructed view 74%) as compared to the Ovassapian airway (unobstructed 38.4%) (p-value 0.002). The Berman airway provided a significantly shorter duration for visualisation of the vocal cord and intubation of trachea in comparison to the Ovassapian airway.Conclusion: Berman airway provided a better bronchoscopic view as well as shorter bronchoscopic and intubation time as compared to the Ovassapian airway.
Anaesthetic management of a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deﬁciency undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Bhageria Vani , Chowdhury Itee , Goel Nitesh , Pathak Soumi
Published: September 2016

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deﬁcient patients may develop acute haemolysis after exposure to the oxidative stress of surgery, and certain anaesthetic or analgesic agents. The steep Trendelenburg position, pneumoperitoneum, and associated extreme hemodynamic changes in robotic surgery add on to oxidative stress. Here, we present a 68-year-old Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deﬁcient patient who uneventfully underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy focussing on avoidance of drugs predisposing haemolysis, minimising surgical stress, providing adequate anxiolysis, analgesia, stable haemodynamics and depth of anaesthesia that is unique to robotic surgery.
Hypothermic cerebral protection for a patient undergoing aorto-carotid bypass
Authors: Bhusal Surendra , Amatya Ashish Govinda , Pokharel Jeju Nath , Timala Rabindra , Shakya Shakti
Published: September 2016

We present a case of Takayasu arteritis with a history of double valve replacement undergoing aorto-carotid bypass and describe the anaesthetic management aimed at preserving cerebral function and protecting the cardiovascular system. The 17-year-old girl presented with recurrent loss of consciousness and absent bilateral radial artery pulses. She had total occlusion of the bilateral carotid arteries and cerebral blood flow was completely dependent on the vertebral artery. Partially clamping the aorta and carotid artery along with hemodynamic effects of general anaesthesia may further compromise the critical cerebral blood flow leading to cerebral injury. So we planned hypothermia for cerebral protection. Since she had to undergo re-sternotomy and with the possibility of haemorrhage during re-sternotomy; femoral artery and vein cannulation was done and cardiopulmonary bypass pump was started before sternotomy. Cooling was started effectively on cardiopulmonary bypass. Our aim was to provide cerebral protection by induced hypothermia at 25 degree Celsius and support of circulation with cardiopulmonary bypass. Aorto-left carotid artery bypass graft was placed with postoperative improvement in symptoms of the patient at one year follow up. A brief review of the perioperative anticoagulant management in such patients with prosthetic mechanical valves is also mentioned. Hence hypothermia and support of circulation with cardiopulmonary bypass can be considered in a patient with critical cerebral blood flow.
Food as a Weapon: Interview with Andrea Graziosi
Authors: Fusco Idamaria , Quagliarotti Desirée A.L.
Published: September 2016

The interview with Andrea Graziosi deals with the shocking concept of a ‘political famine’. During human history, famines have not always been a ‘natural’ consequence of a bad harvest, or of a dry period, but have often taken on political overtones. As Graziosi explains, a political famine is ‘the use of hunger in order to achieve political or military aims: to make an enemy surrender, to force someone to do or accept something he does not like, to subjugate or destroy a people’. Therefore, in the first answer Graziosi explains that the political or military use of hunger has been a very common phenomenon throughout the centuries. In the Soviet Union there were severe political famines, for example in 1921–22, in 1931–33 and in 1946–47, as the author says in the second answer; and the same happened in other socialist countries characterised by a ‘planned’ economy. Between them, Graziosi reminds us (in the third answer) of the case of the Chinese famine in 1958–59, which followed Mao’s Great Leap Forward and which has many similarities and differences with Stalin’s political famines. To conclude, in the fourth answer Graziosi comes back to nowadays, dealing with more recent political famines and underling that in our contemporary world we could discover other cases of a political use of hunger. In few words – Graziosi is sure – ‘food will still be used also as a political tool’.
The student experience of applied equivalence-based instruction for neuroanatomy teaching
Authors: Greville W. James , Dymond Simon , Newton Philip M.
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Esoteric jargon and technical language are potential barriers to the teaching of science and medicine. Effective teaching strategies which address these barriers are desirable. Here, we created and evaluated the effectiveness of standalone learning ‘equivalence-based instruction’ (EBI) resources wherein the teaching of a small number of direct relationships between stimuli (e.g., anatomical regions, their function, and pathology) results in the learning of higher numbers of untaught relationships. Methods: We used a pre and post test design to assess students’ learning of the relations. Resources were evaluated by students for perceived usefulness and confidence in the topic. Three versions of the resources were designed, to explore learning parameters such as the number of stimulus classes and the number of relationships within these classes. Results: We show that use of EBI resulted in demonstrable learning of material that had not been directly taught. The resources were well received by students, even when the quantity of material to be learned was high. There was a strong desire for more EBI-based teaching. The findings are discussed in the context of an ongoing debate surrounding ‘rote’ vs. ‘deep’ learning, and the need to balance this debate with considerations of cognitive load and esoteric jargon routinely encountered during the study of medicine. Conclusion: These standalone EBI resources were an effective, efficient and well-received method for teaching neuroanatomy to medical students. The approach may be of benefit to other subjects with abundant technical jargon, such as science and medicine.
Revisiting Foucault: Thinking with The History of Sexuality at Forty
Authors: Chiang Howard
Published: September 2016

This critical introduction discusses the major interventions of this special issue commemorating the fortieth anniversary of Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. The aim of the five essays collected in this issue is to neither dismiss nor glorify Foucault. Reengaging with Foucault's work on sexuality, they instead articulate a range of penetrating insights that should be of interest to any scholar concerned with the ethics of historical practice. Above all, they show that historical truthfulness is always relative, historical methodology carries political power, and historical scholarship lives unpredictable afterlives. This provides cultural historians a tremendous degree of flexibility in thinking with Foucault's history of sexuality today.
Dark matter in galaxies
Authors: Zasov A V , Saburova A S , Khoperskov A V , Khoperskov S A
Published: September 2016

Dark matter in galaxies, its abundance, and its distribution remain a subject of long-standing discussion, especially in view of the fact that neither dark matter particles nor dark matter bodies have yet been found. Experts’ opinions range from ‘a very large number of completely dark galaxies exist’ to ‘nonbaryonic dark matter does not exist at all in any significant amounts’. We discuss astronomical evidence for the existence of dark matter and its connection with visible matter and examine attempts to estimate its mass and distribution in galaxies from photometry, dynamics, gravitational lensing, and other observations (the cosmological aspects of the existence of dark matter are not considered in this review). In our view, the presence of dark matter in and around galaxies is a well-established fact. We conclude with an overview of mechanisms by which a dark halo can influence intragalactic processes.
A drop jumps to weightlessness: a lecture demo
Authors: Mayer V V , Varaksina E I , Saranin V A
Published: September 2016

The paper discusses the lecture demonstration of the phenomenon in which a drop lying on a solid unwettable substrate jumps when making the transition to weightlessness. An elementary theory of the phenomenon is given. A jump speed estimate is obtained for small and large drops. The natural vibrational frequency of a flying drop is determined. A full-scale model of Einstein’s elevator is described. Experimental and theoretical results are found to agree satisfactorily.
Spacer-Controlled Supramolecular Assemblies of Cu(II) with Bis(2-Hydroxyphenylimine) Ligands. from Monoligand Complexes to Double-Stranded Helicates and Metallomacrocycles
Authors: Kelly Norman , Taube Franziska , Gloe Kerstin , Doert Thomas , Seichter Wilhelm , Heine Axel , Weigand Jan , Gloe Karsten
Published: September 2016

Reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O or Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O with the bis(2-hydroxyphenylimine) ligands H2L1-H2L4 gave four Cu(II) complexes of composition [Cu2(L1)(NO3)2(H2O)]·MeOH, [Cu2(L2)2], [Cu2(L3)2] and [Cu2(L4)2]·2MeOH. Depending on the spacer unit, the structures are characterized by a dinuclear arrangement of Cu(II) within one ligand (H2L1), by a double-stranded [2+2] helical binding mode (H2L2 and H2L3) and a [2 + 2] metallomacrocycle formation (H2L4). In these complexes, the Cu(II) coordination geometries are quite different, varying between common square planar or square pyramidal arrangements, and rather rare pentagonal bipyramidal and tetrahedral geometries. In addition, solution studies of the complex formation using UV/Vis and ESI-MS as well as solvent extraction are reported.
Comparison of Very Low Energy Diet Products Available in Australia and How to Tailor Them to Optimise Protein Content for Younger and Older Adult Men and Women
Authors: Gibson Alice , Franklin Janet , Pattinson Andrea , Cheng Zilvia , Samman Samir , Markovic Tania , Sainsbury Amanda
Published: September 2016

Very low energy diets (VLED) are efficacious in inducing rapid weight loss but may not contain adequate macronutrients or micronutrients for individuals with varying nutritional requirements. Adequate protein intake during weight loss appears particularly important to help preserve fat free mass and control appetite, and low energy and carbohydrate content also contributes to appetite control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional content (with a focus on protein), nutritional adequacy and cost of all commercially-available VLED brands in Australia. Nutritional content and cost were extracted and compared between brands and to the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) or adequate intake (AI) of macronutrients and micronutrients for men and women aged 19–70 years or >70 years. There was wide variability in the nutritional content, nutritional adequacy and cost of VLED brands. Most notably, even brands with the highest daily protein content, based on consuming three products/day (KicStart™ and Optislim®, ~60 g/day), only met estimated protein requirements of the smallest and youngest women for whom a VLED would be indicated. Considering multiple options to optimise protein content, we propose that adding pure powdered protein is the most suitable option because it minimizes additional energy, carbohydrate and cost of VLEDs.
The Second Round of the PHAR-QA Survey of Competences for Pharmacy Practice
Authors: Atkinson Jeffrey , De Paepe Kristien , Pozo Antonio , Rekkas Dimitrios , Volmer Daisy , Hirvonen Jouni , Bozic Borut , Skowron Agnieska , Mircioiu Constantin , Marcincal Annie , Koster Andries , Wilson Keith , Van Schravendijk Chris
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the results of the second European Delphi round on the ranking of competences for pharmacy practice and compares these data to those of the first round already published. A comparison of the numbers of respondents, distribution by age group, country of residence, etc., shows that whilst the student population of respondents changed from Round 1 to 2, the populations of the professional groups (community, hospital and industrial pharmacists, pharmacists in other occupations and academics) were more stable. Results are given for the consensus of ranking and the scores of ranking of 50 competences for pharmacy practice. This two-stage, large-scale Delphi process harmonized and validated the Quality Assurance in European Pharmacy Education and Training (PHAR-QA) framework and ensured the adoption by the pharmacy profession of a framework proposed by the academic pharmacy community. The process of evaluation and validation of ranking of competences by the pharmacy profession is now complete, and the PHAR-QA consortium will now put forward a definitive PHAR-QA framework of competences for pharmacy practice.