bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Phase I Study of Foretinib, a Multi-Targeted Inhibitor of c-Met and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2
Authors: Eder Joseph Paul , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Appleman Leonard J. , Zhu Andrew X. , Miles Dale , Keer Harold , Cancilla Belinda , Chu Felix , Hitchcock-Bryan Suzanne , Sherman Laurie , McCallum Stewart , Heath Elisabeth I. , Boerner Scott A. , LoRusso Patricia M.
Published: May 2010

Purpose: Foretinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor targeting Met, RON, Axl, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. We conducted a phase I, first-time-in-human, clinical trial using escalating doses of oral foretinib. The primary objectives are to identify a maximum tolerated dose and determine the safety profile of foretinib. Secondary objectives included evaluation of plasma pharmacokinetics, long-term safety after repeated administration, preliminary antitumor activity, and pharmacodynamic activity.

Experimental Design: Patients had histologically confirmed metastatic or unresectable solid tumors for which no standard measures exist. All patients received foretinib orally for 5 consecutive days every 14 days. Dose escalation followed a conventional “3+3” design.

Results: Forty patients were treated in eight dose cohorts. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 3.6 mg/kg, with a maximum administered dose of 4.5 mg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and lipase. Additional non–dose-limiting adverse events included hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, proteinuria, and hematuria. Responses were observed in two patients with papillary renal cell cancer and one patient with medullary thyroid cancer. Stable disease was identified in 22 patients. Foretinib pharmacokinetics increased linearly with dose. Pharmacodynamic evaluation indicated inhibition of MET phosphorylation and decreased proliferation in select tumor biopsies at submaximal doses.

Conclusions: The recommended dose of foretinib was determined to be 240 mg, given on the first 5 days of a 14-day cycle. This dose and schedule were identified as having acceptable safety and pharmacokinetics, and will be the dose used in subsequent phase II trials. Clin Cancer Res; 16(13); 3507–16. ©2010 AACR.
Role of Type 1 IFNs in Antiglioma Immunosurveillance—Using Mouse Studies to Guide Examination of Novel Prognostic Markers in Humans
Authors: Fujita Mitsugu , Scheurer Michael E. , Decker Stacy A. , McDonald Heather A. , Kohanbash Gary , Kastenhuber Edward R. , Kato Hisashi , Bondy Melissa L. , Ohlfest John R. , Okada Hideho
Published: May 2010

Purpose: We hypothesized that the type 1 IFNs would play a pivotal role in antiglioma immunosurveillance through promotion of type 1 adaptive immunity and suppression of immunoregulatory cells.

Experimental Design: We induced de novo gliomas in Ifnar1−/− (deficient for type 1 IFN receptors) or wild-type mice by intracerebroventricuar transfection of NRas and a short hairpin RNA against P53 using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. We analyzed the survival of 587 glioma patients for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in type 1 IFN–related genes.

Results: Ifnar1−/− mice exhibited accelerated tumor growth and death. Analyses of brain tumor–infiltrating lymphocytes in Ifnar1−/− mice revealed an increase of cells positive for CD11b+Ly6G+ and CD4+FoxP3+, which represent myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, respectively, but a decrease of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) compared with wild-type mice. Ifnar1−/− mouse–derived glioma tissues exhibited a decrease in mRNA for the CTL-attracting chemokine Cxcl10, but an increase of Ccl2 and Ccl22, both of which are known to attract immunoregulatory cell populations. Dendritic cells generated from the bone marrow of Ifnar1−/− mice failed to function as effective antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, depletion of Ly6G+ cells prolonged the survival of mice with developing gliomas. Human epidemiologic studies revealed that SNPs in IFNAR1 and IFNA8 are associated with significantly altered overall survival of patients with WHO grade 2 to 3 gliomas.

Conclusions: The novel Sleeping Beauty–induced murine glioma model led us to discover a pivotal role for the type 1 IFN pathway in antiglioma immunosurveillance and relevant human SNPs that may represent novel prognostic markers. Clin Cancer Res; 16(13); 3409–19. ©2010 AACR.
The Rac1 Regulator ELMO1 Controls Vascular Morphogenesis in Zebrafish
Authors: Epting Daniel , Wendik Björn , Bennewitz Katrin , Dietz Christian T. , Driever Wolfgang , Kroll Jens
Published: May 2010

Rationale
:

Angiogenesis is regulated by the small GTPase Rac1. The ELMO1/DOCK180 complex forms a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1, regulating its activation during cell migration in different biological systems.

Objective
:

To investigate the function of ELMO1/DOCK180 in vascular development.

Methods and Results
:

In situ hybridization studies for
elmo1
identified a vascular and neuronal expression in zebrafish. Morpholino-based expression silencing of
elmo1
severely impaired the formation of the vasculature, including intersomitic vessels, the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel, the parachordal vessel, and the development of the thoracic duct in
tg(fli1:EGFP
) embryos. Mechanistically, we identified Netrin-1 and its receptor Unc5B as upstream activators of the ELMO1/DOCK180 complex, regulating its functional interaction and leading to Rac1 activation in endothelial cells and vessel formation in zebrafish.

Conclusions
:

Our data have identified a novel signaling cascade regulating vasculature formation in zebrafish.
Effects of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation on Active and Passive Force Generation in Human Atrial Myofibrils
Authors: Belus Alexandra , Piroddi Nicoletta , Ferrantini Cecilia , Tesi Chiara , Cazorla Olivier , Toniolo Luana , Drost Maurice , Mearini Giulia , Carrier Lucie , Rossi Alessandra , Mugelli Alessandro , Cerbai Elisabetta , van der Velden Jolanda , Poggesi Corrado
Published: May 2010

Rationale
:

Chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) is associated with atrial contractile dysfunction. Sarcomere remodeling may contribute to this contractile disorder.

Objective
:

Here, we use single atrial myofibrils and fast solution switching techniques to directly investigate the impact of cAF on myofilament mechanical function eliminating changes induced by the arrhythmia in atrial myocytes membranes and extracellular components. Remodeling of sarcomere proteins potentially related to the observed mechanical changes is also investigated.

Methods and Results
:

Myofibrils were isolated from atrial samples of 15 patients in sinus rhythm and 16 patients with cAF. Active tension changes following fast increase and decrease in [Ca
2+
] and the sarcomere length–passive tension relation were determined in the 2 groups of myofibrils. Compared to sinus rhythm myofibrils, cAF myofibrils showed (1) a reduction in maximum tension and in the rates of tension activation and relaxation; (2) an increase in myofilament Ca
2+
sensitivity; (3) a reduction in myofibril passive tension. The slow β-myosin heavy chain isoform and the more compliant titin isoform N2BA were up regulated in cAF myofibrils. Phosphorylation of multiple myofilament proteins was increased in cAF as compared to sinus rhythm atrial myocardium.

Conclusions
:

Alterations in active and passive tension generation at the sarcomere level, explained by translational and post-translational changes of multiple myofilament proteins, are part of the contractile dysfunction of human cAF and may contribute to the self-perpetuation of the arrhythmia and the development of atrial dilatation.
Lack of Association Between Stroke Symptom Knowledge and Intent to Call 911
Authors: Fussman Chris , Rafferty Ann P. , Lyon-Callo Sarah , Morgenstern Lewis B. , Reeves Mathew J.
Published: May 2010

Background and Purpose—

Excessive prehospital delay between acute stroke onset and hospital arrival is an ongoing problem. Translating knowledge of stroke warning signs into appropriate action is critical to decrease prehospital delay. Our objectives were to estimate the proportion of Michigan adults who would react appropriately by calling 911 when presented with hypothetical stroke-related scenarios and to examine the association between knowledge of warning signs and calling 911.

Methods—

In 2004, questions regarding initial response to health-related scenarios were added to the Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, a population-based telephone survey of adults. We calculated the proportion of respondents who would call 911 in response to 3 stroke-related scenarios and examined the association between stroke warning sign knowledge and 911 activation.

Results—

Among 4841 adults, 27.6% (95% CI, 26.2 to 29.0) had adequate knowledge of stroke warning signs (defined as reporting 3 correct warning signs), and 14.0% (95% CI, 12.9 to 15.1) reported they would call 911 for all 3 stroke-related scenarios. Knowledge of specific stroke warning signs was only modestly associated with calling 911 in response to medical scenarios that involved the same stroke symptom (OR, 1.17 to 1.39). Even among those with adequate knowledge of stroke warning signs, only 17.6% (95% CI, 15.5 to 20.0) would call 911 for all 3 stroke scenarios.

Conclusions—

In this population-based survey, stroke symptom knowledge was not associated with the intent to call 911 for stroke. This study emphasizes the critical role of motivation in addition to symptom knowledge to reducing delay time to hospital arrival for stroke.
An Association Between Clotting Factor VII and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Authors: Green David , Foiles Nancy , Chan Cheeling , Kang Joseph , Schreiner Pamela J. , Liu Kiang
Published: May 2010

Background and Purpose—

To investigate associations of procoagulants (factor VII [FVII], FVIII, von Willebrand factor) with subclinical atherosclerosis, we examined participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Methods—

Clotting factor assays were performed in 1254 participants 23 to 37 years of age (baseline) and repeated at ages 38 through 50 (follow-up). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured at follow-up.

Results—

Baseline levels of procoagulants (%), mean (SD) were: FVII, 76 (18); FVIII, 102 (38); and von Willebrand factor, 108 (47). At follow-up, all had increased by 40% to 55%. After age adjustment, mean common carotid IMT increased from the lowest to the highest tertile of FVII in the total group (0.787 to 0.801;
P
=0.007), in whites (0.772 to 0.790;
P
=0.002), and in men (0.807 to 0.827;
P
=0.015). All associations were attenuated by multivariable adjustment. However, participants with FVII values in the highest tertile at one or both examinations, compared with those in the lowest tertile, had greater common carotid IMT after age and multivariable adjustment (0.806 versus 0.778;
P
<0.05). Baseline FVIII was associated with greater internal carotid IMT in the total group, in whites, and in women after age adjustment but not multivariable adjustment. No associations were seen for von Willebrand factor.

Conclusions—

FVII is associated with common carotid IMT in young adults, but the strength of the association is modified by other cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as body mass index. FVIII is associated with internal carotid IMT only in age-adjusted analyses, and no associations were observed for von Willebrand factor.
Diffusion and the Constitutionalization of Europe
Authors: Elkins Zachary
Published: May 2010

This article begins with a rather forceful defense of the explanatory role of formal institutions—and, in particular, constitutions—in the study of democratization. Important aspects of constitutions play a significant part in shaping the quality, type, and survival of institutional arrangements in new democracies. With this assumption, the article turns seriously to theories of constitutional design, any of which must grapple with the overwhelming prima facie evidence of constitutional diffusion. It is well known that constitutional ideas travel easily across contexts. However, scholars until now have lacked even basic empirical evidence regarding the patterns of constitutional similarity across time and space. This article introduces exactly this sort of evidence in the context of 19th-century Europe, employing a new data set expressly designed for such a purpose. The analysis uncovers a number of new insights regarding the spread of constitutional ideas in Europe, insights that disturb some of the classic narratives of democratization in these cases.
Evidence-Based Prosecution of Intimate Partner Violence in the Post-Crawford Era
Authors: Messing Jill Theresa
Published: May 2010

The Crawford v. Washington decision has prompted changes in the way that intimate partner violence (IPV) is prosecuted. This research uses logistic regression to examine the victim, offender, and offense characteristics associated with the decision to prosecute a sample ( N = 904) of domestic violence arrestees under an evidence-based prosecution strategy post- Crawford. Documentation of injury and police taking the perpetrator into custody at the scene of the crime have the greatest effect on the decision to prosecute, although the victim’s willingness to assist with prosecution is also a significant factor. Future researchers should seek to replicate these findings, better understand current prosecution strategies, and determine the criminal justice and social service interventions best equipped to combat IPV in the post- Crawford era.
Cultures of Violence and Acts of Terror
Authors: Mullins Christopher W. , Young Joseph K.
Published: May 2010

Although uniquely positioned to provide insight into the nature and dynamics of terrorism, overall the field of criminology has seen few empirically focused analyses of this form of political violence. This article seeks to add to the understanding of terror through an exploration of how general levels of violence within a given society influence the probability of political dissidents within that society resorting to terror as a form of political action. Drawing on the legitimation–habituation thesis, the authors explore whether general levels of legitimate and illegitimate violence within a society predict terrorist violence (both internal and external in direction) within that society. To do so, the authors use zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to perform time series cross-sectional analysis on predictors of terrorist events from the Global Terrorism Database. The authors find support for their core hypothesis and provide a discussion of the implications for the findings within their data and for future criminological research on terrorism.
Effect of Practice on Stepping Movements Onto Laterally Compliant Raised Structures: Age Differences in Healthy Males
Authors: Yang Bing-Shiang , Ashton-Miller James A.
Published: May 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine effects of practice and age on step-up movements onto raised structures. Background: Falls from laterally compliant structures, such as stepladders, often cause injuries in elderly persons. Although age differences in step-up movements onto raised structures with unexpected structural compliance have been reported, practice effects of such movement control have not been investigated. Method: Movement behavior of 20 healthy adults (10 young and 10 older males) was measured while they stepped up onto a raised structure with no compliance (i.e., rigid) (C0), a small amount of mediolateral compliance (C1), or greater mediolateral compliance (C2). The conditions C 0, C1, and C2 were presented in three sets of six fixed-order trials with step-up movements performed at a comfortable speed. Practice effects in step-up behavior were examined by comparing data within each trial block with the use of repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Practice significantly reduced the stepping duration ( Ts) needed to complete the step-up movement ( p < .001). With practice, older males reduced their lateral oscillations 26% to 40% for C1 and C2, whereas the corresponding results for young males lay between 8% and 17%, respectively. The age difference in Ts decreased across six consecutive trials but remained significant, especially on the structure with greater compliance. Conclusion: With practice, both young and elderly men adapted their stepping behavior to the presence of lateral structural compliance, but it is noteworthy from a fall-injury prevention perspective that the elderly men required more trials to do so. Application: Designers and users of raised structures, such as stepladders, should be aware of the age difference of people using such structures and should minimize the structure compliance when designing them.
Care Coordination in Intensive Care Units: Communicating Across Information Spaces
Authors: Miller Anne , Weinger Matthew B. , Buerhaus Peter , Dietrich Mary S.
Published: May 2010

Objective: This study explores the interactions among phases of team coordination, patient-related information, decision-making levels, and role holders in intensive care units (ICUs). Background: The effects of communication improvement initiatives on adverse patient events or improved outcomes have been difficult to establish. Conceptual inconsistencies and methodological shortcomings suggest insufficient understanding about clinical communication and care coordination. Method: Data were collected by shadowing a charge nurse, fellow, resident, and nurse in each of eight ICUs and recording each of their conversations during 12 hrs (32 role holders during 350 hrs). Results: Hierarchical log linear analyses show statistically significant three-way interactions between the patient information, phases of team coordination, and decision levels, χ2( df = 75) = 212, p < .0001; between roles, phases of team coordination, and decision levels, χ2( df = 60) = 109, p < .0001; and between roles, patient information, and decision levels, χ2( df = 60) = 155, p < .0001. Differences among levels of the variables were evaluated with the use of standardized parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Conclusion: ICU communication and care coordination involve complex decision structures and role interactions across two information spaces. Different role holders mediate vertical and lateral process flows with goals and directions representing an important conceptual transition. However, lateral isolation within decision levels (charge nurses) and information overload (residents) are potential communication and care coordination vulnerabilities. Results are consistent with and extend the findings of previous studies. Application: The profile of ICU communication and care coordination provides a systemic framework that may inform future interventions and research.
A Diagnostic System Using Broad Categories With Clinically Relevant Specifiers: Lessons for Icd-11
Authors: Kingdon D. , Afghan S. , Arnold R. , Faruqui R. , Friedman T. , Jones I. , Jones P. , Lloyd K. , Nicholls D. , O'Neill T. , Qurashi I. , Ramzan A. , Series H. , Staufenberg E. , Brugha T.
Published: May 2010

A diagnostic system for ICD-11 is proposed which commences with broad reorganization and simplification of the current categories and the use of clinically relevant specifiers. Such changes have implications for the positioning of diagnostic groups and lead to a range of possibilities for improving terminology and the juxtaposition of individual conditions. The development of ICD-11 provides the fi rst opportunity in almost two decades to improve the validity and reliability of the international classification system. Widespread change in broad categories and criteria cannot be justified by research that has emerged since the last revision. It would also be disruptive to clinical practice and might devalue past research work. However, the case for reorganization of the categories is stronger and has recently been made by an eminent international group of researchers (Andrews et al., 2009). A simpler, interlinked diagnostic system is proposed here which is likely to have fewer categories than its predecessor. There are major advantages of such a system for clinical practice and research and it could also produce much needed simplification for primary care (Gask et al., 2008) and the developing world (Wig, 1990; Kohn et al., 2004).
Arming the Embargoed: A Supply-Side Understanding of Arms Embargo Violations
Authors: Moore Matthew
Published: May 2010

Nearly every international arms embargo has been systemically violated by arms exporting states. Although much work has been done exploring why states transfer arms, little has been done to answer the question of why states choose to violate arms embargoes. Earlier studies have found that states transfer arms to one another for a variety of economic and strategic reasons. This study constructs a time series cross-section data set to test whether the same interests that drive dyadic arms transfers also influence the likelihood and size of arms embargo violations. Using a two-stage model of dyadic arms transfers, this study finds that measures for arms import dependence and alliance portfolio similarity best predict the likelihood and size of arms embargo violations. These results provide evidence that state decisions to violate embargoes are driven by political interests more than economic interests.
How Should Minimum Wages be Set in Australia?
Authors: Watts Martin J.
Published: May 2010

Two recurring themes in submissions by industry groups and the Coalition Government to Safety Net Cases administered by both the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and the Australian Fair Pay Commission, as well as in decisions by both Commissions, have been that (1) an improvement in the tax/transfer arrangements for the low paid is a partial substitute for minimum wage increases; and (2) the family circumstances of low wage recipients should influence the degree of minimum wage adjustment. In this paper it is argued that conflation of the wage and tax/transfer systems introduces major contradictions into the principles of minimum wage adjustment, and that reliance on the tax/transfer system leads to adverse economic and social consequences. A simple rule for minimum wage adjustment is advocated, with the minimum wage level also being periodically recalibrated to enable the ongoing social inclusion of its recipients. Finally, in the international literature, the macroeconomic consequences of modest minimum wage adjustment remain contested, but this debate becomes largely irrelevant if the Federal Government renews its commitment to full employment through a Job Guarantee. Then the minimum wage also becomes the nominal anchor of the wage and price system.
Better than Nothing? Is Non-union Partnership a Contradiction in Terms?
Authors: Johnstone Stewart , Ackers Peter , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: May 2010

Though the notion of union-management partnership commands an extensive body of literature, little is known about non-union partnership arrangements. This article addresses the relatively unexplored issue of non-union partnership through a detailed case study of WebBank, a British Internet bank. Three main themes are explored. First, we seek to understand more about the meaning of — and rationale for — partnership in non-union settings. Second, we explore the operation of non-union partnership in practice. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of non-union partnership from the perspectives of various organizational actors. The article suggests that in judging the effectiveness of a partnership arrangement, or indeed any voice regime more generally, there is a need to re-consider the benchmarks for success, and to place them in the context of contemporary employment relations. The evidence suggests that it would be deeply unhelpful and inaccurate to dismiss a non-union partnership a priori as a ‘contradiction in terms’.
The Relationship between New Work Practices and Employee Effort
Authors: Ollo-Lopez Andrea , Bayo-Moriones Alberto , Larraza-Kintana Martin
Published: May 2010

In the context of the debate about the effectiveness of implementing new work practices, such as job rotation, teamwork and enhancing job autonomy, this article analyses their relationship with different dimensions of workers’ effort. Using two different but complementary data sets, our study reveals that in general these new work practices are associated to greater voluntary and involuntary mental effort, with a weaker link with involuntary physical effort. Besides this general trend our study also shows that different practices play different roles in different dimensions of employee effort.
How Industrial Relations Shape Managerial Strategies for Plant Closure in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yu-Jen
Published: May 2010

The aim of this article is to explore the linkages between institutional arrangements (IAs) of industrial relations and strategies of plant closure. I argue that IAs constrain or facilitate the discretion of plant closure, while the managerial strategy for plant closure is restricted by IAs. Through six case studies in Taiwan, the article concludes that the employers whose IAs are characterized as ‘authoritarian domination’ adopted strategies to close the plants down in an unlawful way, whilst those whose IAs are characterized as ‘paternalist bargaining and consulting’ closed their plants down in a lawful way.
Home Literacy Environment and Its Role in the Achievement of Preschoolers With Disabilities
Authors: Carlson Elaine , Bitterman Amy , Jenkins Frank
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the home literacy environment of a nationally representative sample of preschoolers with disabilities and their subsequent receptive vocabulary and reading comprehension skills using data from the Pre-Elementary Education Longitudinal Study. Results from linear regressions indicated that only a small amount of the total variance in children’s receptive language and passage comprehension skills was explained by the home literacy environment. However, the home literacy environment of 3- to 5-year-olds with less severe disabilities was a significant predictor of scores on a test of receptive vocabulary and reading comprehension in later years. The home literacy environment was not a significant predictor of receptive vocabulary or reading comprehension for children with moderate to severe disabilities.
Mixture Models for Ordinal Data
Authors: Breen Richard , Luijkx Ruud
Published: May 2010

Cumulative probability models are widely used for the analysis of ordinal data. In this article the authors propose cumulative probability mixture models that allow the assumptions of the cumulative probability model to hold within subsamples of the data. The subsamples are defined in terms of latent class membership. In the case of the ordered logit mixture model, on which the authors focus here, the assumption of a logistic distribution for an underlying latent dependent variable holds within each latent class, but because the sample then comprises a weighted sum of these distributions, the assumption of an underlying logistic distribution may not hold for the sample as a whole. The authors show that the latent classes can be allowed to vary in terms of both their location and scale and illustrate the approach using three examples.
Human Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of Intramuscular Midazolam Administered by Autoinjector
Authors: Reichard Douglas W. , Atkinson Andrew J. , Hong S. Peter , Burback Brian L. , Corwin Michael J. , Johnson Jerry D.
Published: May 2010

Midazolam in an autoinjector was evaluated in an open‐label dose escalation study involving 39 healthy participants. Safety and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for doses ranging from 5 to 30 mg. No serious adverse events were noted during the study. Two participants (30 mg) experienced changes in their electrocardiogram (trigeminy and prolongation of QRS complex) that met the criteria for dose‐limiting adverse events. No significant respiratory depression was noted during the study. The midazolam doses studied exhibited a median tmax of 0.5 hours with a geometric mean terminal elimination half‐life value of 4.1 hours (range, 2.9–4.5 hours). The extent of systemic exposure, assessed by area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax), tended to increase proportionally with increasing doses from 5 to 30 mg; however, for the male 30‐mg group, there was evidence of a larger than proportional increase in AUC.
Predicting Criminal Recidivism in Adult Male Offenders
Authors: Jones Natalie J. , Brown Shelley L. , Zamble Edward
Published: May 2010

In an attempt to bridge the gap between research and practice in the domain of criminal risk assessment, this study compared the predictive accuracy of dynamic risk assessments attained via an exhaustive research protocol to that achieved by the proxy ratings generated by parole officers. After an initial prerelease assessment, 127 male offenders under community supervision in Ontario, Canada, were assessed by parole officers and researchers at three different intervals (i.e., 1, 3, and 6 months postrelease). Cox regression survival analyses with time-dependent covariates and receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed moderate to high levels of predictive accuracy in both research-based and parole officer ratings (area under the curve [AUC] = .79 and .76, respectively). The strongest prediction model combined the research-based time-dependent dynamic factors with static items (AUC = .86), thus offering provisional support for the inclusion of prospectively rated dynamic factors in risk assessment protocols.
Exploiting Attractiveness in Persuasion: Senders’ Implicit Theories About Receivers’ Processing Motivation
Authors: Vogel Tobias , Kutzner Florian , Fiedler Klaus , Freytag Peter
Published: May 2010

Previous research suggests a positive correlation between physical attractiveness and the expectation of positive outcomes in social interactions, such as successful persuasion. However, prominent persuasion theories do not imply a general advantage of attractive senders. Instead, the persuasion success should vary with the receivers’ processing motivation and processing capacity. Focusing on the perspective of the sender, the authors elaborate on lay theories about how attractiveness affects persuasion success. They propose that lay theories (a) match scientific models in that they also comprise the interaction of senders’ attractiveness and receivers’ processing characteristics, (b) guide laypersons’ anticipation of persuasion success, and (c) translate into strategic behavior. They show that anticipated persuasion success depends on the interplay of perceived attractiveness and expectations about receivers’ processing motivation (Experiment 1 and 2). Further experiments show that laypersons strategically attempt to exploit attractiveness in that they approach situations (Experiment 3) and persons (Experiment 4) that promise persuasion success.
Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation
Authors: Parker Sharon K. , Bindl Uta K. , Strauss Karoline
Published: May 2010

Being proactive is about making things happen, anticipating and preventing problems, and seizing opportunities. It involves self-initiated efforts to bring about change in the work environment and/or oneself to achieve a different future. The authors develop existing perspectives on this topic by identifying proactivity as a goal-driven process involving both the setting of a proactive goal (proactive goal generation) and striving to achieve that proactive goal (proactive goal striving). The authors identify a range of proactive goals that individuals can pursue in organizations. These vary on two dimensions: the future they aim to bring about (achieving a better personal fit within one’s work environment, improving the organization’s internal functioning, or enhancing the organization’s strategic fit with its environment) and whether the self or situation is being changed. The authors then identify “can do,” “reason to,” and “energized to” motivational states that prompt proactive goal generation and sustain goal striving. Can do motivation arises from perceptions of self-efficacy, control, and (low) cost. Reason to motivation relates to why someone is proactive, including reasons flowing from intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation. Energized to motivation refers to activated positive affective states that prompt proactive goal processes. The authors suggest more distal antecedents, including individual differences (e.g., personality, values, knowledge and ability) as well as contextual variations in leadership, work design, and interpersonal climate, that influence the proactive motivational states and thereby boost or inhibit proactive goal processes. Finally, the authors summarize priorities for future research.
Carcinogenicity Assessments of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Vahle John L. , Finch Gregory L. , Heidel Shawn M. , Hovland David N. , Ivens Inge , Parker Suezanne , Ponce Rafael A. , Sachs Clifford , Steigerwalt Ronald , Short Brian , Todd Marque D.
Published: May 2010

An important safety consideration for developing new therapeutics is assessing the potential that the therapy will increase the risk of cancer. For biotherapeutics, traditional two-year rodent bioassays are often not scientifically applicable or feasible. This paper is a collaborative effort of industry toxicologists to review past and current practice regarding carcinogenicity assessments of biotherapeutics and to provide recommendations. Publicly available information on eighty marketed protein biotherapeutics was reviewed. In this review, no assessments related to carcinogenicity or tumor growth promotion were identified for fifty-one of the eighty molecules. For the twenty-nine biotherapeutics in which assessments related to carcinogenicity were identified, various experimental approaches were employed. This review also discusses several key principles to aid in the assessment of carcinogenic potential, including (1) careful consideration of mechanism of action to identify theoretical risks, (2) careful investigation of existing data for indications of proliferative or immunosuppressive potential, and (3) characterization of any proliferative or immunosuppressive signals detected. Traditional two-year carcinogenicity assays should not be considered as the default method for assessing the carcinogenicity potential of biotherapeutics. If experimentation is considered warranted, it should be hypothesis driven and may include a variety of experimental models. Ultimately, it is important that preclinical data provide useful guidance in product labeling.
Addressing Challenging Behaviors in Head Start: A Closer Look at Program Policies and Procedures
Authors: Quesenberry Amanda C. , Hemmeter Mary Louise , Ostrosky Michaelene M.
Published: May 2010

In this study, Head Start policies and procedures related to child guidance and addressing challenging behaviors were examined. Data were gathered from six Head Start programs in the Midwest, through interviews and document analysis. The findings provide a glimpse into how Head Start programs support children’s social and emotional competence and address young children’s challenging behavior. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Predicting Early Adolescents’ Academic Achievement, Social Competence, and Physical Health From Parenting, Ego Resilience, and Engagement Coping
Authors: Swanson Jodi , Valiente Carlos , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn , Caitlin O'Brien T.
Published: May 2010

This study examined ego resilience and engagement coping as mediators of the relationships between supportive and controlling parenting practices and early adolescents’ academic achievement, social competence, and physical health. Participants were 240 predominantly Mexican American early adolescents, their parents, and their teachers. There were significant positive correlations between supportive parenting and ego resilience and between ego resilience and achievement, social functioning, and health. Supportive parenting was also positively related to engagement coping, which in turn was positively related to achievement and health. Controlling parenting was significantly negatively related to ego resilience but not engagement coping. As hypothesized, ego resilience mediated relationships between supportive or controlling parenting and outcomes. Engagement coping mediated relationships between supportive parenting and academic achievement and supportive parenting and physical health. Findings support the roles of ego resilience and engagement coping in positive functioning across fundamental domains of development.
The Histopathologic and Molecular Basis for the Diagnosis of Histiocytic Sarcoma and Histiocyte–Associated Lymphoma of Mice
Authors: Hao X. , Fredrickson T. N. , Chattopadhyay S. K. , Han W. , Qi C.–F. , Wang Z. , Ward J. M. , Hartley J. W. , Morse H. C.
Published: May 2010

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and histiocyte–associated lymphoma (HAL) of mice are difficult to distinguish histologically. Studies of multiple cases initially diagnosed as HS or HAL allowed us to define HS as round, fusiform, or mixed cell types that were F4/80+, Mac–2+, and PAX5–; that lacked markers for other sarcomas; and that had immune receptor genes in germline configuration. Two other subsets had clonal populations of lymphocytes. The first, HAL, featured malignant lymphocytes admixed with large populations of normal–appearing histiocytes. The second appeared to be composites of lymphoma and HS. Several cases suggestive of B myeloid–lineage plasticity were also observed.
REVIEW PAPER: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases of Nonhuman Primates in the Laboratory Setting
Authors: Bailey C. , Mansfield K.
Published: May 2010

Despite numerous advances in the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases of nonhuman primates in the laboratory setting, a number of infectious agents continue to plague colonies. Some, such as measles virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause sporadic outbreaks despite well-established biosecurity protocols, whereas others, such as retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, have only recently been discovered, often as a result of immunosuppressive experimental manipulation. Owing to the unique social housing requirements of nonhuman primates, importation of foreign-bred animals, and lack of antemortem diagnostic assays for many new diseases, elimination of these agents is often difficult or impractical. Recognition of these diseases is therefore essential because of their confounding effects on experimental data, impact on colony health, and potential for zoonotic transmission. This review summarizes the relevant pathology and pathogenesis of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of laboratory nonhuman primates.
Skeletal–Extraskeletal Angiomatosis in a Dog
Authors: Kuroki K. , Britt L. G. , Franklin S. P. , Henry C. J.
Published: May 2010

An 8-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog had an ill-defined hemorrhagic and painful lesion in the base of the claw of the second digit of the right forelimb. Radiographically, the expansile and lytic lesion affected the distal phalanx. The digit was amputated and submitted for histologic examination. Histologically, the distal phalanx was largely replaced by a mass composed of variably sized cavernous vascular spaces lined by a single layer of flattened endothelial cells. A similar mass was in the subcutis adjacent to the distal phalanx. The benign vascular proliferation involving the medulla of bone and a second tissue type in this dog is consistent with skeletal–extraskeletal angiomatosis as described in humans. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of skeletal–extraskeletal angiomatosis in the veterinary literature.
Anencephaly in a German Shepherd Dog
Authors: Huisinga M. , Reinacher M. , Nagel S. , Herden C.
Published: May 2010

Anencephaly results from defects in neural tube closure early in gestation and, to the authors' knowledge, has not been reported in dogs. In this case, the canine fetus was stillborn at the 62nd day of gestation and had a hypoplastic calvarium, with flattened base of the skull and shallow orbits, causing protrusion of the eyes. Macroscopically, the brain was completely missing. Histologically, well-differentiated nerve fibers, fragments of cerebellar folia, and ganglia with large neurons and glial cells were detected in a loose stroma in sections through the cranial bone and adjacent soft tissue in the rudimentary cranial cavity. Immunohistochemically, single cells within the stroma expressed NeuN, consistent with mature neurons, whereas intracranial ganglion cells and nerves had mild expression of doublecortin. The presence of many immature, and only a few mature, neurons in the rudimentary nerve tissue in this case indicates a failure of physiological brain development and differentiation.
Malignant Pilomatricoma in 3 Dogs
Authors: Carroll E. E. , Fossey S. L. , Mangus L. M. , Carsillo M. E. , Rush L. J. , McLeod C. G. , Johnson T. O.
Published: May 2010

Malignant pilomatricoma, also known as pilomatrix carcinoma and calcifying epitheliocarcinoma (in the human literature), has been considered a rare neoplasm of dogs. The authors present 3 canine cases of malignant pilomatricoma (2 with distant metastasis) and compare its behavior with reported behavior. Cases include an 8-year-old spayed female Airedale Terrier, a 7-year-old male Bassett Hound, and a 12-year-old intact male Giant Schnauzer. In all cases, the histologic features included trabeculae of basaloid cells, abrupt keratinization, “ghost” or “shadow” cells, and various features of malignancy consistent with a diagnosis of malignant pilomatricoma. Metastasis, including that to bone, was confirmed in 2 cases. Four cases of the 13 canine pilomatricomas diagnosed within a 24-month period (2006–2008) at the Ohio State University (2 of which are discussed in this report) were classified as malignant, which suggests that malignant pilomatricoma is more common than previously reported.
Complexity and accountability: The witches’ brew of psychiatric genetics
Authors: Arribas-Ayllon Michael , Bartlett Andrew , Featherstone Katie
Published: May 2010

This paper examines the role of complexity in descriptions of the aetiology of common psychiatric disorders. While scientists attest to the discovery of an underlying reality of complex inheritance — the so-called ‘witches’ brew’ of genetic and non-genetic factors — we argue that ‘complexity’ also performs rhetorical work. In our analysis of scientific review papers (1999—2008), we find a relatively stable genre of accountability in which descriptions of complexity appear to neutralize past failures by incorporating different and sometimes competing methodological perspectives. We identify two temporal strategies: retrospective accounting, which reconstructs a history of psychiatric genetics that deals with the recent failures, citing earlier twin studies as proof of the heritability of common psychiatric disorders; and prospective accounting, which engages in the careful reconstruction of expectations by balancing methodological limitations with moderated optimism. Together, these strategies produce a simple-to-complex narrative that belies the ambivalent nature of complexity. We show that the rhetorical construction of complexity in scientific review papers is oriented to bridging disciplinary boundaries, marshalling new resources and reconstructing expectations that justify delays in gene discovery and risk prediction.
Coming out as a philosopher
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: May 2010

In parallel with the empirical work pursued for almost 30 years on the socio-technical networks of science, the author has systematically pursued a philosophical inquiry to compare different ways of producing truth (science and technology being only two ways among several). The principle is to add to the analysis of networks the ‘key’ in which each type of network is able to spread, this key defining for each type of mediation the felicity and infelicity conditions necessary to grasp it. This project aims at providing a positive philosophical anthropology of the moderns instead of the only negative one offered in ‘ We Have Never Been Modern’.
Evaluation of Geese Theatre’s Re-Connect Program: Addressing Resettlement Issues in Prison
Authors: Harkins Leigh , Pritchard Cecilia , Haskayne Donna , Watson Andy , Beech Anthony R.
Published: May 2010

This study examined the impact of Geese Theatre’s Re-Connect program on a sample of offenders who attended it. This program used theatre performance, experiential exercises, skills practice role-plays, and metaphors such as the masks to invite a group of offenders to consider and explore issues connected with their release and reconnecting with a life outside prison. Pre- and postprogram psychometric tests, behavior ratings, and interviews were completed to assess the effectiveness of the program. Significant changes were observed from pre- to posttreatment in terms of self-efficacy, motivation to change, and improved confidence in skills (i.e., social and friendship, occupational, family and intimacy, dealing with authority, alternatives to aggression or offending, and self-management and self-control skills). Improved behavior and engagement within the program was observed over the 3 days of the program. Interviews also revealed the positive impact the program had on the participants. This provides evidence supporting the short-term effectiveness of the Re-Connect program.
Evaluation of the Bone Bridge Between the Bone Tunnels After Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hantes Michael E. , Liantsis Athanasios K. , Basdekis Georgios K. , Karantanas Apostolos H. , Christel Pascal , Malizos Konstantinos N.
Published: May 2010

Background: Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure; it requires drilling 2 tibial and 2 femoral tunnels. Tunnel communication, whether intraoperative or postoperative, is a serious complication: It jeopardizes knee stability and graft function.

Hypothesis: During double-bundle ACL reconstruction, special aimers would be helpful to avoid intraoperative bone bridge fracture. The bone bridge between the bone tunnels would maintain its structural integrity, and no tunnel communication would be observed postoperatively because of tunnel widening.

Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: This prospective study included 32 patients undergoing double-bundle ACL reconstruction. A multidetector computed tomography study was performed at a mean of 17 months postoperatively. The thickness of the bone bridge between the bone tunnels was measured in the femoral and tibial sides on an axial and sagittal plane, respectively, at 3 locations: the level of the joint line, the midportion of the bone bridge, and the base of the bone bridge. The bone density of the bone bridge was measured in Hounsfield units in the same locations. Bone density of the anterior tibial cortex and lateral femoral condyle was measured for comparisons.

Results: Tunnel communication occurred intraoperatively in 1 patient on the tibial side at the level of the joint line. In the rest of the patients, a well-defined triangular bone bridge was present between the 2 tunnels in the femoral and tibial sides. The thickness at the apex of the bone bridge was 2.0 and 2.2 mm for the femur and tibia, respectively. In addition, the density of the bone bridge at its apex was similar to that of cortical bone.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that double-bundle ACL reconstruction, as used with anatomic aimers, produces a low rate of tunnel convergence. The bone bridge remains intact postoperatively, although it is thin at the level of the joint line.