bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical Investigation of the Role of Lateral Mixing in the Evolution of Nonprecipitating Cumulus. Part II: Dissolving Stage
Authors: Pinsky M. , Khain A.
Published: October 2019

A minimalistic analytical model allowing analysis of the dissolving stage of nonprecipitating convective clouds is proposed. The model takes into account two mechanisms: turbulent mixing with a dry environment and cloud volume settling. The temporal changes in the spatial structure of a cloud and in its immediate environment in the course of cloud dissolving are analyzed. The comparison of the effects of a temperature increase in the course of cloud descent and mixing with dry surrounding air shows that the descent is a dominating factor determining a decrease in the liquid water content (LWC), while mixing has a stronger effect on the cloud shape. Narrowing/broadening of clouds due to lateral mixing with dry air during cloud dissolving is determined by the potential evaporation parameter proportional to the ratio of the saturation deficit in the cloud environment to LWC. An equation for cloud dissolving time is obtained. After a cloud totally dissolves, it leaves behind an area with humidity exceeding that of the environment. The main parameter determining the dissolving time is the downdraft velocity. It should exceed 50 cm s−1 in order to provide reasonable dissolving time. The turbulent intensity, LWC, and humidity of the environment air also have an impact on dissolving time: the lower the LWC and the humidity of environment air, the faster cloud dissolving is. The simple solution presented in this paper can be useful for evaluation of cloud characteristics at the dissolving stage and can be included in procedures of parameterization of cloud cover formed by nonprecipitating or slightly precipitating cumulus clouds (Cu). Values of the environment humidity and temperature, LWC at cloud top, cloud width, vertical velocity of downdraft, and the turbulent coefficient should be parameters of this parameterization.
Gene Expression Analysis to Investigate Biological Networks Underlying Nasal Inflammatory Dysfunctions Induced by Diesel Exhaust Particles Using an In Vivo System
Authors: Kim Hyun Soo , Kim Byeong-Gon , Park Sohyeon , Kim Nahyun , Jang An-Soo , Seo Young Rok , Park Moo Kyun
Published: October 2019

Objectives:

Diesel exhaust particles (DEP)s are notorious ambient pollutants composed of a complex mixture of a carbon core and diverse chemical irritants. Several studies have demonstrated significant relationships between DEP exposure and serious nasal inflammatory response in vitro, but available information regarding underlying networks in terms of gene expression changes has not sufficiently explained potential mechanisms of DEP-induced nasal damage, especially in vivo.

Methods:

In the present study, we identified DEP-induced gene expression profiles under short-term and long-term exposure, and identified signaling pathways based on microarray data for understanding effects of DEP exposure in the mouse nasal cavity.

Results:

Alteration in gene expression due to DEP exposure provokes an imbalance of the immune system via dysregulated inflammatory markers, predicted to disrupt protective responses against harmful exogenous substances in the body. Several candidate markers were identified after validation using qRT-PCR, including S100A9, CAMP, IL20, and S100A8.

Conclusions:

Although further mechanistic studies are required for verifying the utility of the potential biomarkers suggested by the present study, our in vivo results may provide meaningful suggestions for understanding the complex cellular signaling pathways involved in DEP-induced nasal damages.
Psychopathological outcomes of adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms
Authors: Winsper Catherine , Wolke Dieter , Scott Jan , Sharp Carla , Thompson Andrew , Marwaha Steven
Published: October 2019

Objective:

Despite considerable morbidity and functional losses associated with adolescent borderline personality disorder, little is known about psychopathological outcomes. This study examined associations between adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms and subsequent depressive, psychotic and hypomanic symptoms.

Methods:

We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants were adolescents living in the community who had data for all longitudinal outcomes ( N = 1758). We used logistic regression and path analysis to investigate associations between borderline personality disorder (five or more probable/definite symptoms) reported at age 11–12 years and depressive and psychotic symptoms reported at age 12 and 18, and lifetime hypomanic symptoms reported at age 22–23 years.

Results:

Adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms were associated with psychotic symptoms (odds ratio: 2.36, confidence interval: [1.82, 3.06]), diagnosis of depression at age 18 years (odds ratio: 1.30, confidence interval: [1.03, 1.64]) and hypomanic symptoms (odds ratio: 2.89, confidence interval: [2.40, 3.48]) at 22–23 years. Path analysis controlling for associations between all outcomes indicated that borderline personality disorder symptoms were independently associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.97, p < 0.001) at 12 years and hypomanic (β = 0.58, p < 0.01) symptoms at 22–23 years. Borderline personality disorder symptoms were also associated with psychotic symptoms at age 12 years (β = 0.58, p < 0.01), which were linked (β = 0.34, p < 0.01) to psychotic symptoms at age 18 years.

Conclusion:

Adolescents with borderline personality disorder symptoms are at future risk of psychotic and hypomanic symptoms, and a diagnosis of depression. Future risk is independent of associations between psychopathological outcomes, indicating that adolescent borderline personality disorder symptoms have multifinal outcomes. Increasing awareness of borderline personality disorder in early adolescence could facilitate timely secondary prevention of these symptoms subsequently, helping to prevent future psychopathology.
The Other side of ‘us’: Alterity construction and identification work in the context of planned change
Authors: Skovgaard-Smith Irene , Soekijad Maura , Down Simon
Published: October 2019

How do we use the Other to make sense of who we are? A common assumption is that people positively affirm social identities by excluding an inferior Other. This article challenges that restricted notion by focusing on the variation and situational fluidity of alterity construction (othering) in identification work. Based on an ethnographic study of a change project in a public hospital, we examine how nurses, surgeons, medical secretaries, and external management consultants constructed Others/otherness. Depending on micro-situations, different actors reciprocally differentiated one another horizontally and/or vertically, and some also appropriated otherness in certain situations by either crossing boundaries or by collapsing them. The article contributes to theorizing on identification work and its consequences by offering a conceptualization of the variety of othering in everyday interaction. It further highlights relational agency in the co-construction of social identities/alterities. Through reciprocal othering, ‘self’ and ‘other’ mutually construct one another in interaction, enabled and constrained by structural contexts while simultaneously taking part in constituting them. As such, othering plays a key role in organizing processes that involve encounters and negotiations between different work- and occupational groups.
How do people judge fairness in supervisor and peer relationships? Another assessment of the dimensions of justice
Authors: Fortin Marion , Cropanzano Russell , Cugueró-Escofet Natàlia , Nadisic Thierry , Van Wagoner Hunter
Published: October 2019

The ultimate goal of organizational justice research is to help create fairer workplaces. This goal may have been slowed by an inattention to the criteria that workers themselves use to ascertain what they believe is fair. Referred to as ‘justice rules’, these were originally determined by theoretical considerations and organized in four dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational justice). There have been few attempts to investigate how far these classical norms represent fairness experiences and concerns in modern workplaces, especially in the context of working with peers. In a person-centric study, we investigate which rules people use when judging the fairness of interactions with supervisors and peers. This allows us to identify 14 new justice rules that are not taken into account by traditional measures. When subjected to factor analysis in follow-up studies, the enlarged set of rules suggests a more parsimonious structure for organizational justice, with only three dimensions apiece for supervisor and peer justice. We term these factors relationship, task, and distributive justice. Furthermore, we find that the resulting model of justice rules is a good predictor of attitudes in relation to supervisors and peers and can provide additional insights into how to understand and manage justice.
Network Goal Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems: Testing Dynamic Network Theory in Complex Social Networks
Authors: Westaby James D. , Parr Adam K.
Published: October 2019

Grounded in dynamic network theory, this study examined network goal analysis (NGA) to understand complex systems. NGA provides new insights by inserting goal nodes into social networks. Goal nodes can also represent missions, objectives, or desires, thus having wide applicability. The theory ties social networks to goal nodes through a parsimonious set of social network role linkages, such as independent goal striving, system supporting, feedback, goal preventing, supportive resisting, and system negating (i.e., those who are upset with others in the pursuit). Moreover, we extend the theory’s system reactance role linkage to better account for constructive conflicts. Two complex systems were examined: a team’s mission and an individual’s work project. In support of dynamic network theory, using the Quadratic Assignment Procedure, results demonstrated significant shared goal striving, system supporting, and shared connections between goal striving and system supporting. These findings manifest what we coin as multipendence: Systems having some actions independently involved with goals, while others are dependently involved in the associated network. NGA also demonstrated that the goal nodes manifested strong betweenness centrality, indicating that goal striving and feedback links were connecting entities across the wider system. Strategies to plan network goal interventions are illustrated with implications for practice.
Structural study and thermal behavior of composites: Polyamide 66/glass fibers: The reinforcement ratio effect on the kinetics of crystallization
Authors: Makhlouf Azzedine , Layachi Abdelheq , Kouadri Imane , Belaadi Ahmed , Satha Hamid
Published: October 2019

The present research aims at studying the kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization of the polyamide 66 matrix and its composites with the presence of a glass fiber load. To achieve that goal, the non-isothermal crystallization of polyamide 66 has been studied by means of DSC. The ratio of tested reinforcement varies from 7% to 50% of glass fiber in mass. The modeling, by the theories of Jeziorny and those of Mo, has allowed us to study the influence of adding this reinforcement, as well as the variation of the rate of cooling, on the kinetics of crystallization of the composites in question, which has been manifested by a remarkable change in the nucleation mechanism of the polyamide 66 matrix. Regarding the reinforcement effect, the incorporation of the glass fibers load into the polyamide 66 matrix has caused the appearance of exothermic peaks in a higher temperature range and that for all the working materials. Finally, the results showed that the Mo model is the most suitable for the study of polyamide 66/glass fiber crystallization kinetics.
On the Other Hand…: Enhancing Promotional Effectiveness with Haptic Cues
Authors: Maille Virginie , Morrin Maureen , Reynolds-McIlnay Ryann
Published: October 2019

People like graspable objects more when the objects are located on the dominant-hand side of their body or when the handles point toward their dominant-hand side. However, many products do not have handles or are not graspable (e.g., services, objects hanging on the wall). Can nongraspable products nevertheless benefit from the effects of appealing to viewers’ dominant hands? The present research shows that, yes, consumers respond more positively to nongraspable products if a haptic cue (an object that is graspable or suggestive of hand action) is located within the same visual field as the target and is positioned to appeal to the viewer’s dominant hand. This result is driven by the creation and transfer of perceived ownership from cue to target. These findings extend the use of haptic cues to nongraspable products and uncover the critical role played by perceived ownership, including its ability to transfer from one object to another located in the same visual field. Moreover, the current research demonstrates situations in which the use of haptic cues will not enhance response.
Determination of haemoglobin A1c levels using high-performance liquid chromatography of bloodstains
Authors: Acar Kemalettin , Kurtulus Dereli Ayse , Avci Esin , Zeybek Volkan , Kutlu Erdi , Demir Süleyman , Senol Hande
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to determine haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in bloodstains shed on glass and fabric surfaces on specified test dates. Blood samples were taken from 26 patients (13 diabetic and 13 non-diabetic). Initial HbA1c levels were detected by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and bloodstains were created on both cotton fabric and glass surfaces. Samples were processed at different ages (0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days) by diluting distilled water and then measuring HbA1c levels by HPLC again. In all stains, HbA1c levels could be determined by using HPLC, but there was a moderate rise in accordance with the age of the stains. A statistically significant difference was found for bloodstains on clothes compared to those on glass surfaces. Receiver operating curve analysis found a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.923 (cut-off 6.55) for glass surfaces on the seventh day; a sensitivity of 1.0, a specificity of 0.846 (cut-off 6.45) for clothes on the seventh day; a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.923 (cut-off 6.85) for clothes on the 56th day; and a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.846 (cut-off 7.55) for glass surfaces on the 56th day. In conclusion, this study found that HbA1c levels could be measured with high reliability from forensic bloodstains by using HPLC. Thus, in cases where DNA data banks cannot identify individuals, it would make sense to turn to those who have a medical history of diabetes among the suspects with the results of high HbA1c levels.
An Investigation of the Roles of Group Identification, Perceived Ability, and Evaluative Conditions in Stereotype Threat Experiences
Authors: Laurin Raphael
Published: October 2019

The Multi-Threat Framework distinguishes six qualitatively distinct stereotype threats. Up to now, few studies have been performed to identify the situational and individual determinants of different stereotype threat experiences. This study investigates the role of group identification, perceived ability, and evaluative conditions (private/public) in six stereotype threat experiences for 261 French Physical Education Students. The results show that the expression level of the different stereotype threats does not vary according to evaluative conditions. In contrast, group identification affects all the forms of stereotype threats, and for three forms of stereotype threats, this effect is moderated by the perceived ability level. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics based on open reed weaving and tailored fiber placement technology
Authors: Ashir Moniruddoza , Nocke Andreas , Cherif Chokri
Published: October 2019

The textile-technical integration of shape memory alloys into reinforcing fabrics for the development of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) has been developed in recent years. This is aimed at reproduction, automation, and series production as well as reduced delamination of shape memory alloys in FRPs, and higher force transmission from shape memory alloys to FRPs. This type of integration can be executed in several ways, for example, by weaving or by tailored fiber placement technology. We present a comparative study of the functional properties of adaptive FRPs based on both types of technology. In order to conduct this study, functionalized reinforcing fabrics for the formation of adaptive FRPs were produced by open reed weaving and tailored fiber placement technology. Subsequently, they were infused by means of a thermosetting resin system. After the fabrication of adaptive FRPs, their functional properties were characterized and evaluated. Results show that the maximum deformation of adaptive FRPs produced by open reed weaving technology was higher than those produced by tailored fiber placement technology. Therefore, the adaptive FRPs produced by open reed weaving technology are more suitable for the formation of grippers, aerodynamically effective flaps, or robotic hands than that of adaptive FRPs produced by tailored fiber placement technology.
Preparation and fuzzy evaluation of wool hollow yarn
Authors: Yongfu Xu , Zhang Yi , yuan Gao Yuan
Published: October 2019

Wool hollow yarn not only has the characteristics of being skin-friendly and warm, it also has good air and moisture permeability; thus, it has great development potential. Here, we first show that the water-soluble (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) fiber ratio in core-spun yarn should not exceed 30%; to ensure smooth spinning, a core yarn linear density of 3.4–5.6 tex was selected by theoretical analysis. Second, using rabbit hair fiber with tencel fiber, which has high tenacity, as an environmentally friendly blended outsourcing fiber, and water-soluble (PVA) fiber for the core yarn, we prepared five types of core-spun yarns. Water-soluble (PVA) fiber was removed in 20 min to prepare wool hollow yarn using room temperature water. Finally, properties of the wool hollow yarn produced, such as breaking strength, breaking elongation, evenness of CV (coefficient of variation) value, >3 mm hairiness index, and deviation from linear density after removing PVA, were tested and analyzed, and evaluated comprehensively by means of fuzzy mathematics. The results showed that the hairiness of wool hollow yarn was improved, the mechanical properties and evenness of sliver and hairiness were decreased, and the overall properties of hollow yarns with a core yarn content of 25% were the best.
The Interplay of Travelers’ Psychological Distance, Language Abstraction, and Message Appeal Type in Social Media Advertising
Authors: Wang Saerom , Lehto Xinran
Published: October 2019

Effectiveness of destination advertising to potential tourists has been enhanced with the use of personalized orientation. After an online search for information about a destination, individuals are exposed to advertisements related to the destination on their social media newsfeed. However, further understanding is warranted in terms of how these destination messages should be crafted. Thus, our research aims to uncover how destination advertising design, message appeal type, and language abstraction level interact with a message recipient’s psychological distance to his or her trip to influence consumer response to the advertising. Based on construal level theory, we conducted a scenario-based experiment, using manipulated messages and psychological distance state to assess message effectiveness. The findings show that the type of message design respondents favor can vary either by perceived temporal distance to their travel plans or spatial distance to the travel destination.
Health Capability and Psychological Effects of Regular Exercise on Adults: Middle-Aged and Older
Authors: Cho Dongwook , Kim Sae-Hyung
Published: October 2019

This study sought to determine whether there is any difference on participation in regular exercise between middle-aged and older adults and to determine whether the benefits of regular exercise differed between middle-aged and older adults in terms of health capability, mood, or anxiety symptoms and life-satisfaction level. The results indicated that older adults engaged in regular exercise more frequently than middle-aged adults. In addition, exercise participants among middle-aged adults had the better health capabilities, lower depression and anxiety symptoms, and higher life-satisfaction level than nonparticipants. On the other hands, older adults tended to be negatively associated with depression and anxiety symptoms and be positively correlated with life-satisfaction level than middle-aged adults even if middle-aged adults had the better health capabilities. These findings might be beneficial to provide appropriate exercise programs, to prevent and minimize the negative symptoms of anxiety and depression, and to facilitate the life-satisfaction level.
Minorities overlooked: Group-based power-sharing and the exclusion-amid-inclusion dilemma
Authors: Juon Andreas
Published: October 2019

Ethnic power-sharing has been accused of decreasing ethnic inequality in unequal ways: while benefitting larger ethnic minorities, it often tends to overlook the smallest groups. Paradoxically, ethnic micro-minorities may thus find themselves in even more marginalised positions in power-sharing regimes than under institutional settings lacking any mandated inclusion. This article tests for the existence of this exclusion-amid-inclusion dilemma using a new group-based dataset that distinguishes between different types of power-sharing. The findings indicate that this dilemma indeed exists for ethnically based, but not for more liberal types of power-sharing, which increase all minorities’ political status in an equal, albeit less strong, manner. The article concludes that adopting one form of power-sharing or the other means not only prioritising one form of equality over another, but also making a decision with severe political ramifications for the numerically most vulnerable ethnic minority communities.
The plight of civic parties in divided societies
Authors: Murtagh Cera
Published: October 2019

Civic political parties in divided societies occupy an ambiguous place in the power-sharing literature. Scholarship tends to focus on ethnic parties and assumes civic actors to be marginal. The empirical reality tells a different story: civic parties have contributed to peace, stability and democracy in some of the world’s most deeply divided places by playing a mediating role, acting as a moderating force and representing otherwise marginalised groups. Drawing from interviews with representatives from civic parties, ethnic parties and civil society in Northern Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and broader institutional analysis, I argue that civic parties’ survival can be explained by the fact that they meet therein not only with barriers but also critical openings. They adapt to this opportunity structure, with different party types developing under different forms of power-sharing. In illustrating the relationship between governance models and civic parties, this article underlines the importance of post-settlement institutional design.
Power-sharing: A gender intervention
Authors: McCulloch Allison
Published: October 2019

Power-sharing may be a leading model for the inclusion of ethnic minorities in post-conflict government, but it is also considered a gender-blind approach to conflict regulation. In this article, I identify recent openings and shifts in power-sharing theory that suggest a new receptivity to the adoption of a gender perspective. Specifically, I focus on two major developments that have emerged over the last three decades – the widening of the power-sharing universe and the refinement of its institutional prescriptions – which have opened up analytical and political space for the inclusion of women in power-sharing theory. Building on these developments, I identify extant gender gaps in power-sharing theory, discuss strategies for overcoming them through the adoption of what I call least-ascriptive-most-prescriptive rules, and outline areas for future research on integrating a gender perspective into power-sharing theory and practice. While power-sharing theory may initially appear resistant to a gender intervention, I demonstrate there is new analytical space in the theory for such a venture.
Feminist reflections on discourses of (power) + (sharing) in power-sharing theory
Authors: Byrne Siobhan
Published: October 2019

A recent call by some feminist conflict mediation practitioners proposes to rename power-sharing: either by prioritizing sharing over power or by replacing ‘power’ with the word ‘responsibility’. The purpose of these discursive reformulations is to move beyond just adding women to power-sharing institutions; instead, these proposals signal a desire to promote inclusion through a feminist emphasis on sharing in power-sharing systems above a masculinist emphasis on power. Inspired by these proposals and reflecting on the experiences of gender mediation experts, I work through critical feminist theories of intersectionality and feminist empowerment to show how power-sharing theory can be reimagined so that power is not just understood as coercive or as a finite resource that can only be divided between a limited number of privileged groups; rather, power can also be productive, as well as a central feature of all hierarchical relationships. I also explore how a feminist care ethic can offer alternative ways of conceiving of sharing in governance. My objective is to demonstrate how feminist approaches can provide a new language of both power and sharing to illuminate pathways through the ‘exclusion amid inclusion’ dilemma in power-sharing theory.
How power-sharing includes and excludes non-dominant communities: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Agarin Timofey , McCulloch Allison
Published: October 2019

As the introduction to the special issue titled Democratisation in Divided Places: Designing Power-Sharing Institutions for Broad Inclusion, this article situates the themes, issues, and findings of the issue in a broad disciplinary perspective. Drawing from theories of constitutional design, peacebuilding, democratisation, and ethnonational accommodation, the article outlines the trade-offs that power-sharing faces in war-to-peace transitions and the implications for non-dominant groups. We articulate what we see as a central problem with contemporary power-sharing arrangements, a phenomenon we call the ‘exclusion amid inclusion’ dilemma. That is, for power-sharing to create stability and pacify the dominant groups, it must marginalise non-dominant groups. These are groups who were neglected in the original design of power-sharing institutions, who remain on the sidelines of postconflict politics, and who face major institutional constraints on their representation and participation in the power-sharing arrangement. Using ‘exclusion amid inclusion’ as an analytical lens, we explain how the articles included in the special issue highlight how different societies have grappled with the question of facilitating broad inclusion in the design of political power-sharing institutions.
Proceedings of the 2019 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium
Authors: Elmore Susan A. , Cesta Mark F. , Crabbs Torrie A. , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Krane Gregory A. , Mahapatra Debabrata , Quist Erin M. , Rinke Matthias , Schaaf George W. , Travlos Gregory S. , Wang Haoan , Willson Cynthia J. , Wolf Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2019

The 2019 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held in Raleigh, North Carolina, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology’s 38th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers’ talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included aging mouse lesions from various strains, as well as the following lesions from various rat strains: rete testis sperm granuloma/fibrosis, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, retro-orbital schwannoma, periductal cholangiofibrosis of the liver and pancreas, pars distalis hypertrophy, chronic progressive nephropathy, and renal tubule regeneration. Other cases included polyovular follicles in young beagle dogs and a fungal blood smear contaminant. One series of cases challenged the audience to consider how immunohistochemistry may improve the diagnosis of some tumors. Interesting retinal lesions from a rhesus macaque emphasized the difficulty in determining the etiology of any particular retinal lesion due to the retina’s similar response to vascular injury. Finally, a series of lesions from the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Non-Rodent Fish Working Group were presented.
Safety Assessment of Food Additives: Case Example With Myrcene, a Synthetic Flavoring Agent
Authors: Mog Steven R. , Zang Yu Janet
Published: October 2019

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safe use of food ingredients, including food additives. Food additives are subject to FDA premarket review and approval, a process conducted by FDA scientists to evaluate the additive’s safety for the intended conditions of use. Typically, an acceptable daily intake level is established by toxicologists based on the highest no observable adverse effect level for the most sensitive noncancer toxicity end point determined from a pivotal nonclinical study with application of an appropriate safety factor. Utilizing other information, including the additive’s use and exposure levels, a safety determination (reasonable certainty of no harm) is made. During ongoing safety assessments, pathologists are often consulted by toxicologists for case-specific reasons, which may include verifying that an observed pathological effect is treatment related and adverse, confirming the determination of the pivotal study, endorsing a mode of action, or evaluating the human relevance of a toxicological effect found in experimental animals. Last year, the FDA took regulatory action to no longer allow the use of the food additive myrcene, a synthetic flavoring agent, based on results from National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies. The cancer and noncancer end points from the rat studies are discussed.
Lipid Embolism in Obese Göttingen Minipigs
Authors: Viuff Birgitte Martine , Straarup Ellen M. , Nowak Jette , Morgills Line , Skydsgaard Mikala , Sjögren Ingrid , Wulff Birgitte S. , Christoffersen Berit Ø.
Published: October 2019

Pigs are used as a model of human obesity, both for metabolic characterization and for evaluation of pharmacological interventions. Over a period of 7 years, acute death or clinical signs requiring immediate euthanasia were observed in 12 obese Göttingen minipigs (GMs) included in different pharmacological studies. The GM were fed ad libitum on normal chow-diet and the unscheduled deaths occurred in animals treated with drug candidates as well as in untreated animals. The most prominent clinical signs requiring euthanasia included varying degrees of respiratory distress; and on histopathological examination, thickening of the alveolar septa due to vacuolation was observed throughout the lung in 10 of the 12 animals. Furthermore, vacuolation in glomeruli of the kidney was detected in 9 of the 10 animals. Oil red O staining of cryosections demonstrated that the vacuoles both in lung and kidney contained lipid, and immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the lipid was localized in the lumen of blood vessels establishing the occurrence of fatal pulmonary lipid embolism. Additionally, lipogranulomatous inflammation in the abdominal adipose tissue was observed in all the GMs with lipid emboli.
Society of Toxicologic Pathology Digital Pathology and Image Analysis Special Interest Group Article*: Opinion on the Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Digital Toxicologic Pathology
Authors: Turner Oliver C. , Aeffner Famke , Bangari Dinesh S. , High Wanda , Knight Brian , Forest Tom , Cossic Brieuc , Himmel Lauren E. , Rudmann Daniel G. , Bawa Bhupinder , Muthuswamy Anantharaman , Aina Olulanu H. , Edmondson Elijah F. , Saravanan Chandrassegar , Brown Danielle L. , Sing Tobias , Sebastian Manu M.
Published: October 2019

Toxicologic pathology is transitioning from analog to digital methods. This transition seems inevitable due to a host of ongoing social and medical technological forces. Of these, artificial intelligence (AI) and in particular machine learning (ML) are globally disruptive, rapidly growing sectors of technology whose impact on the long-established field of histopathology is quickly being realized. The development of increasing numbers of algorithms, peering ever deeper into the histopathological space, has demonstrated to the scientific community that AI pathology platforms are now poised to truly impact the future of precision and personalized medicine. However, as with all great technological advances, there are implementation and adoption challenges. This review aims to define common and relevant AI and ML terminology, describe data generation and interpretation, outline current and potential future business cases, discuss validation and regulatory hurdles, and most importantly, propose how overcoming the challenges of this burgeoning technology may shape toxicologic pathology for years to come, enabling pathologists to contribute even more effectively to answering scientific questions and solving global health issues. [Box: see text]
Self-concept of adolescents with visual impairments
Authors: Manitsa Ifigeneia , Barlow-Brown Fiona , Lyons Evanthia
Published: October 2019

An account is given of a current research project which is examining the impact of social inclusion on the self-concept of adolescents with visual impairments and the way this differs from their typically developing sighted peers. The study considers developmental and cognitive theories which are used to explain the development of self-concept in typical and atypical adolescents and the impact of social inclusion on this particular aspect of mental health.
The intravascular ultrasound morphometry of iliac veins in subjects without severe chronic venous insufficiency and its implications for treatment indications and stent size selection
Authors: Dzieciuchowicz Łukasz , Krzyżański Radosław , Kruszyna Łukasz , Krasinski Zbigniew , Gabriel Marcin , Oszkinis Grzegorz
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to report the intravascular ultrasound morphometry of iliac veins and its relation to demographic and anthropometric factors in subjects without chronic venous insufficiency.

Methods

Thirty-three patients, without chronic venous insufficiency – qualified to great saphenous vein stripping due to unilateral, primary varicose veins – participated in the study. During the surgery, left and right external iliac veins, common iliac veins and inferior vena cava were interrogated with intravascular ultrasound. The morphometric analysis included measurement of a cross-sectional area at normal, non-stenosed vein segments (ref-CSA) and at the point of the most prominent narrowing (minimal lumen area (MLA)). Based on these measurements, a percentage of stenosis (S%) and calculated lumen diameter of interrogated veins were determined according to the following formulas, S% = (ref-CSA–MLA)/ref-CSA × 100 and CLD = 2 × √(ref-CSA/π), respectively.

Results

Median ref-CSA, S% and calculated lumen diameter were 265.3 mm2, 45.8% and 18.4 mm for inferior vena cava; 193.9 mm2, 62.4% and 15.7 mm for left common iliac veins; 166.9 mm2, 35.7% and 14.2 mm for right common iliac veins; 136.5 mm2, 48.0% and 12.8 mm for left external iliac veins and 140.9 mm2, 46.3% and 13.5 mm for right external iliac veins. There were statistically significant differences between left and right common iliac veins ref-CSA, common iliac veins S% and common iliac veins calculated lumen diameter (p = 0.03, p < 0 and p = 0.03, respectively). The S% of left external iliac veins was greater in women 52.2 versus 37.2% in men (p = 0.04). Neither age nor anthropometric factors had any influence on the calculated lumen diameter of the analysed veins. A negative correlation between the left common iliac veins S% and the age was observed (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

In adult subjects, the calculated lumen diameter of the common iliac veins is greater on the left side and is not influenced by age and body size. Common iliac vein stenosis occurs more frequently on the left side, decreases with age and tends to be more frequent in women.
Medical and end-of-life decision making in adolescents’ pre-heart transplant: A descriptive pilot study
Authors: Cousino Melissa K , Miller Victoria A , Smith Cynthia , Uzark Karen , Lowery Ray , Rottach Nichole , Blume Elizabeth D , Schumacher Kurt R
Published: October 2019

Background:

Adolescents and young adults undergoing heart transplantation experience risks of morbidity and mortality both pre- and post-transplant. To improve end-of-life care for this population, it is necessary to understand their medical and end-of-life decision-making preferences.

Aim:

(1) To examine adolescent/young adult decision-making involvement specific to heart transplant listing, and (2) to characterize their preferences specific to medical and end-of-life decision making.

Design:

This cross-sectional research study utilized survey methods. Data were collected from October 2016 to March 2018.

Setting/participants:

Twelve adolescent and young adult patients listed for heart transplant (ages = 12–19 years) and one parent for each were enrolled at a single-center, US children’s hospital.

Results:

Consistent with their preferences, the majority of adolescent/young adult participants (82%) perceived a high level of involvement in the decision to be listed for transplant. Patient involvement in this decision was primarily by way of seeking advice or information from their parents and being asked to express their opinion from parents. Despite a preference among patients to discuss their prognosis and be involved in end-of-life decision making if seriously ill, only 42% of patients had discussed their end-of-life wishes with anyone. Few parents recounted having such discussions. Preferences regarding the timing and nature of end-of-life decision-making discussions varied.

Conclusions:

Although young people are involved in the decision to pursue heart transplantation, little attention is paid to involving them in discussions regarding end-of-life decision making in a manner that is consistent with individual preferences.
Specifying Future Behavior When Assessing Risk Perceptions: Implications for Measurement and Theory
Authors: Waters Erika A. , Ackermann Nicole , Wheeler Courtney S.
Published: October 2019

Background. Many theories assert that high perceived risk motivates health behavior change; the empirical literature shows mixed findings. Purpose. To determine whether, for whom, and under what circumstances specifying a future behavior when assessing perceived risk (i.e., “conditioning” risk perception items on behavior) improves data quality and strengthens the perceived risk-intentions/behavior relationship. Methods. Internet panel participants ( N = 787, 58.8% no college experience, 44.4% racial/ethnic minority, 43.7% men, 67.3% aged 18–49 years, 59.0% nonadherent to physical activity guidelines) answered 8 colon cancer perceived risk items in a within-subjects design. Participants answered 4 types of risk perception items: absolute and comparative perceived likelihood and absolute and comparative feelings of risk. Participants answered each type of item twice: once conditioned on not engaging in physical activity and once unconditioned. Results. Compared to unconditioned items, conditioned items elicited fewer “don’t know” (DK) responses (OR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68–0.93), higher risk perceptions ( b = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.49–0.61) and stronger positive correlations with intentions ( zSteiger = 5.46, P < 0.001) and behavior ( zSteiger = 5.10, P < 0.001). The effect of conditioning was more pronounced for perceived likelihood than feelings of risk items (OR = 2.21; 95% CI, 1.63–3.01 and b = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.08–0.20 for DK responding and risk perception magnitude, respectively). The effect on risk perception magnitude (except absolute feelings of risk) was higher among people with higher health literacy (χ2(3) = 8.11, P = 0.04). Conclusions. Researchers who examine whether perceived risk motivates precautionary behavior should consider conditioning risk perception items on behavior to increase the validity of the statistical conclusions they draw and to gain insight into the nature of perceived risk and its relation to behavior.
From palliative to curative intent: PET/CT findings in the light of breast cancer intrinsic subgroup
Authors: Brunet Maxime , Cazeau Anne-Laure , Ben Rejeb Houda , Catena Vittorio , Grellety Thomas
Published: October 2019

Purpose:

Among breast cancer subgroups, Luminal A is the subgroup with the best prognosis. We report the case of a young woman presenting with a localized luminal A breast cancer with a suspicious liver lesion on initial positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan staging.

Case description:

A 31-year-old woman presented with localized breast cancer accessible to curative treatment. However, PET/CT staging revealed an increase of focal activity in the liver, suspicious of a secondary malignant localization, changing the care towards palliative intent. Discrepancy between breast cancer luminal A subtype and the liver lesion led to further investigations (contrast ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy), excluding a malignant process, and were in favor of toxic hepatitis, probably secondary to herbal tea consumption.

Conclusions:

Questioning PET/CT findings in light of the cancer subtype enabled us to rectify the diagnosis and allow this patient to be treated with curative intent.
A hybrid bat–dragonfly algorithm for optimizing power flow control in a grid-connected wind–solar system
Authors: Gonal Veeresh , Sheshadri GS
Published: October 2019

For the fulfillment of global energy demand, the best options are renewable energy sources due to their ease of availability and non-polluting nature. Hybrid system improves the efficiency of the overall system and provides better balance in energy supply. This study proposes a hybrid bat–dragonfly algorithm for providing optimal power flow in the wind–solar system by tuning the controller parameters. Bat algorithm has the featureless computing time with low accuracy, and dragonfly algorithm has the feature of high accuracy with more computing time. The accuracy of the controller tuning gets improved with less computational time by integrating the operations of both bat and dragonfly algorithms. Fuzzy rationale–based maximum power point tracking extracts the maximum power available in wind–solar system. The results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm provides better execution in the tuning of controller parameters compared with the existing optimization methods with a low level of total harmonic distortion. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid bat–dragonfly algorithm outperforms the benchmark optimization algorithms when tested.
Performance of different hybrid algorithms for prediction of wind speed behavior
Authors: Mostafaeipour Ali , Goli Alireza , Rezaei Mostafa , Qolipour Mojtaba , Arabnia Hamid-Reza , Goudarzi Hossein , Behnam Elham
Published: October 2019

This study seeks to provide a new method by proposing three hybrid algorithms. The proposed algorithms include genetic neural network hybrid algorithm, simulated annealing neural network hybrid algorithm, and shuffled frog-leaping neural network hybrid algorithm. The efficiency and reliability of the presented hybrid algorithms in prediction of wind speed behavior were evaluated using meteorological data of the city of Abadeh for a 10-year period from 2005 to 2015. The forecasting horizon is monthly for this study. The study parameters consisted of TMAX, TMIN, VP, RHMIN, RHMAX, WIND SPEED, PRECIPITATION, and SUNSHINE HOURS. These eight parameters are used as the inputs, and one parameter (ET) is used as the output. Research findings show that the shuffled frog-leaping neural network hybrid algorithm providing a root mean square error value of 0.0761 and reliability of 0.91 is more suitable than other hybrid algorithms for prediction of wind speed behavior in the study area.
Prevalence and characteristics of headache attributed to ingestion or inhalation of a cold stimulus (HICS): A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kraya Torsten , Schulz-Ehlbeck Malte , Burow Philipp , Watzke Stefan , Zierz Stephan
Published: October 2019

Background

Headache attributed to ingestion or inhalation of a cold stimulus (HICS), colloquially called ice-cream headache, is a common form of a primary headache in adults and children. However, previous studies on adults are limited due to the small number of patients. Furthermore, most of the subjects in previous studies had a history of other primary headaches.

Methods

Biographic data, clinical criteria of HICS and prevalence of primary headache were collected by a standardized questionnaire. A total of 1213 questionnaires were distributed; the return rate was 51.9% (n = 629); 618 questionnaires could be analyzed.

Results

In a cohort of 618 people aged between 17–63 years (females: n = 426, 68.9%), the prevalence of HICS was 51.3% (317 out of 618). There was no difference between men and women (51.3% vs. 51.6%). The duration of HICS was shorter than 30 sec in 92.7%. In the HICS group, localization of the pain was occipital in 17%. Trigemino-autonomic symptoms occurred in 22%, and visual phenomena (e.g. flickering lights, spots or lines) were reported by 18% of the HICS group. The pain intensity, but not the prevalence of HICS, was higher when tension-type headache and migraine or both were present as co-morbid primary headaches (Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) 4.58 and 6.54, p = 0.006). There was no higher risk of participants with migraine getting HICS than for those who did not have migraine (odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–1.83; p = 0.496).

Conclusion

The results of this study modified the current criteria for HICS in the ICHD-3 regarding duration and localization. In addition, accompanying symptoms in about one fifth of the participants are not mentioned in the ICHD-3. Neither migraine nor tension-type headache seems to be a risk factor for HICS. However, accompanying symptoms in HICS are more frequent in subjects with another primary headache than in those without such a headache.
Memory, Family, and the Self in Hitler Youth Generation Narratives
Authors: Sahrakorpi Tiia
Published: October 2019

This article examines how the Hitler Youth generation (born 1925–1933) narrativizes their family stories by analyzing archived memoirs, published memoirs, and school essays from the1947–1949 period. The Hitler Youth generation’s postwar recollections of the National Socialist period vary according to medium and time. Both are key to understanding this generation’s struggle to master the Nazi past on national and personal levels. Using Fivush and Merrill’s expanded concept of ecological systems to study family stories, this article illustrates how archived memoirs transfer family stories intergenerationally. Its key finding is that these narratives act as memory tools to transmit stories of Nazi Germany family life; in turn, this reveals narrative gaps and inconsistences and occasionally the narrator’s inability to cope with compromised family members.