bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Falsification in Clinical Trials
Authors: RESNIK DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article uses an infamous case of data falsification in clinical research as a starting point for a deeper analysis of some of the motivations and obligations that could encourage misconduct in a clinical setting. The article argues that the use of alternative, less rigid experimental designs and protocols could help lessen the pressures on researchers to falsify clinical data pertaining to patient records, and that it is worth considering alternative designs to benefit patients and help promote integrity in medical research.
A Lab of Her Own?
Authors: STEINKE JOCELYN , LONG MARILEE
Published: March 2007

Television teaches children gender-specific behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics. By observing male and female characters on television, children learn to label certain characteristics and behaviors as masculine or feminine and to assign traditional gender-role stereotypes to careers. This study examines the portrayals of female characters on four popular television series for children and discusses those portrayals in the light of other research on television and socialization. The study found that over twice as many male characters as female characters and twice as many male scientists as female scientists were shown on these series. Females were most often seen as pupils or apprentices, laboratory assistants, or science reporters, and less often as expert scientists. Of the 86 females appearing in these programs, 68 were portrayed in secondary roles as students or laboratory assistants.
Incentives and Impediments to Scientists Communicating Through the Media
Authors: GASCOIGNE TOSS , METCALFE JENNI
Published: March 2007

This article examines the factors that encourage or discourage scientists to communicate their work through the media. A survey of Australian scientists found that they believed that media coverage of their work had significant benefits but that their research organizations offered them little support and often greeted their efforts with indifference. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the position is not very different in other countries. This study discusses a number of implications for managers of publicly funded research institutions and indicates changes they may consider to both the practices and the culture of their organizations.
Scientific Literacy and the Competition for Public Attention and Understanding
Authors: PAISLEY WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

Specialized knowledge with a claim on the public's attention and understanding can be characterized as topical literacy. Among such literacies, scientific literacy has recently captured significant attention. The author describes three popular perspectives on scientific literacy—science content, how science works, and the impact of science on society—and analyzes their rationales and appropriateness for the task at hand.
Effective Public Involvement in Public Decisions
Authors: GLICKEN JESSICA
Published: March 2007

Historically, decisions affecting the general public have been made with input from selected people—those with responsibility for the decisions or with applicable technical expertise. Increasingly, the broader public is demanding more direct involvement in decisions that will affect their lives. Articulating the public's position on a given issue can be difficult as the “public” represents a broad spectrum of needs and desires that can conflict or change on any given issue. This article presents an analysis of the evolving role of the public in public decisions and offers a rigorous approach for eliciting usable information from the public.
Managed Care Litigation: Legal Doctrine at the Boundary of Tort and Contract
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Patil Neena M.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the various approaches to how the law should assign responsibility in a system where health care financing and delivery are combined. Health law scholars have been debating whether conflicts in managed care between individual patient needs and preserving assets for the patient population should be resolved by tort or contract law. Until recently, the literature has been dominated by scholars arguing that managed care should be guided by contractual arrangements and concepts to stimulate the market changes occurring in health care delivery. We summarize the arguments for and against both contract and tort, along with recent attempts to bridge the gap between the two approaches. The case in favor of a contract regime fails to account for the hybrid nature of managed care delivery and the context in which managed care litigation arises. Thus, tort law retains a fundamental monitoring role in the managed care era.
Institutional and Economic Influences on the Adoption and Extensiveness of Managerial Innovation in Hospitals: The Case of Reengineering
Authors: Walston Stephen Lee , Kimberly John R. , Burns Lawton Robert
Published: March 2007

In the recent past, a number of managerial innovations—including product line management, total quality management, and reengineering—have swept through the hospital industry. Given their pervasiveness and their cost, understanding the mix of factors that influences their adoption is of theoretical interest and practical relevance. The research reported here focuses on this general question by examining influences on the adoption and extensiveness of a particular managerial innovation, hospital reengineering. The results suggest that while economic and institutional factors have influenced the adoption and extensiveness of hospital reengineering, institutional forces play a more important role. The greater influence of institutional forces may be attributed to the high degree of uncertainty in health care, the causal ambiguity of the innovation, and the anticipatory actions of hospitals attempting to position themselves in a rapidly changing environment.
HMO Use of Diagnostic Tests: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Chernew Michael
Published: March 2007

This article reviews twenty-four studies that compare health maintenance organization (HMO) use ofdiagnostic testing services tofee-for-service(FFS) use. Diagnosticservices contribute to both the high level and the growth of health care costs. This review of a series of studies is important because any single study is commonly limited to a small set of diagnostic tests and generally provides analysis restricted to one, or afew, HMOs. Combining evidence from each of the studies yields thefollowing conclusions. Relative to FFS enrollees, HMO enrollees receive fewer inpatient diagnostic tests. Evidence concerning HMO utilization of outpatient testing relative to FFS plans, though mixed, tends to suggest that HMOs do not perform more ofthese services and may performfewer for patients with chronic illnesses. Quality of care does not appear to suffer in HMOs despite lower testing rates, suggesting HMOs reduce testing in situations in which the incremental value is small.
Intention of Inactive Registered Nurses to Return to Nursing
Authors: Fottler Myron D. , Widra Linda S.
Published: March 2007

A mail survey of inactive registered nurses who indicated they were either not employed or employed in a nonnursing field was conducted in the state of Alabama. Results of a multiple regression prediction model indicate their intention to return to nursing is affected by career satisfaction/commitment, demographic, and work history variables. The primary reasons for leaving the nursing field were more personal (i.e., pregnancy/child rearing) than professional. However, professional factors predominated when all the reasons for leaving or returning to the field were identified. Implications for management and policy are discussed.
Competition under Fixed Prices: Effects on Patient Selection and Service Strategies by Hemodialysis Providers
Authors: Farley Donna O.
Published: March 2007

Dialysis services for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are delivered by predominantly private providers competing in local markets. Because prices are fixed by Medicare, providers can only compete on product quality. Using 1990 data and multiple competition measures, this study examines how competition under fixed prices influences hemodialysis providers' strategies for patient selection and service levels. It finds that provider strategies vary with competition, but competitive effects are not dominant and they differ by provider type. Providers with greater competition accept more costly patients, suggesting that competition may be contributing to changes in the Medicare ESRD population to an older and sicker patient mix. Only hospital-based facilities use richer staffing in more competitive markets. For-profit, free-standing facilities in all markets have lean staffing. Rural facilities have higher staff productivity than facilities in concentrated urban markets.
Physician-Hospital Integration and the Economic Theory of the Firm
Authors: Robinson James C.
Published: March 2007

Physicians and hospitals are pioneering new and more coordinated organizational forms under pressure from market competition. Arms-length "doctor's workshop" relationships are yielding to integrated delivery systems and contractual delivery networks. This article analyzes organizational change in health care through the conceptual lens of institutional economics, defined broadly as including agency theory, transactions cost economics, and the dynamic capabilities view of the firm. These theoretical frameworks highlight three distinct functions of organization under managed care: coordination, governance, and innovation.
The Growth of Physician Services for the Elderly in the United States and Canada: 1987-1992
Authors: Katz Steven J. , Welch W. Pete , Verrilli Diana
Published: March 2007

The authors compared the growth of expenditures, prices, and volume and intensity of physician services delivered to the elderly in the United States and Canada from 1987 to 1992 using claims-level data from U.S. Medicare and from Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Services were classified into clinical categories and per capita annualized expenditure, price, and volume growth ratios were calculated for each category. The expenditure growth rate is higher in the United States than in Canada for evaluation and management services (8.8 percent versus 4.5 percent), but it is lower for procedures (2.9 percent in the United States versus 4.8 percent in Canada). For procedures, prices decreased 2.4 percent per year in the United States but increased 1 .0 percent per year in Canada, while volume increased faster in the United States (5.4 percent versus 3.8 percent in Canada). In both countries, high volume growth rates are observed in categories containing newly emerging procedures. Although policies to control prices appear easier to implement than policies to control the volume and intensity of medical care, their success in controlling expenditures is uncertain. Nonetheless, Canada has been more successful at controlling the growth in the volume of procedures than the United States.
Omission-Related Malpractice Claims and the Limits of Defensive Medicine
Authors: Kravitz Richard L. , Rolph John E. , Petersen Laura
Published: March 2007

To describe the malpractice environment as it relates to defensive medicine, the authors studied omission-related claims from a large physician-owned malpractice insurer covering 70 percent of physicians in a northeastern state. During a 12-year period (1977-1989), claims resulting from alleged diagnostic omissions were considered important in less than 9 percent of claims and of central importance in 4 percent. Compared with other claim types, omission-related claims were more likely to be paid, had a higher median payment, and were more often associated with significant patient injury or death; the association with more frequent payments remained after controlling for physician specialty, geographic region, and degree of patient injury. Malpractice claims alleging diagnostic and monitoring omissions are relatively uncommon but appear difficult to defend relative to other claim types. Taken in light of the changing health care environment, these results highlight the limits of defensive medicine and support an expanded focus for medical liability reform.
Monitoring the Consequences of Uninsurance: A Review of Methodologies
Authors: Brown Margaret E. , Bindman Andrew B. , Lurie Nicole
Published: March 2007

The proportion of the United States population without health insurance continues to grow. How will this affect the health of the nation? Prior research suggests that the uninsured are at risk for poor health outcomes. They use fewer medical services and have higher mortality rates than do insured persons. The episodic nature of uninsurance and its prevalence among disadvantaged groups makes it difficult to ascertain the health effects of uninsurance. The goal of this review is to assist researchers and policy makers in choosing methodologies to assess the effects of uninsurance. It provides a compendium of methods that have been used to examine the health consequences of uninsurance, the populations in which these methods have been used, and the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. The review highlights the need for more longitudinal studies that focus on community-based samples of the uninsured.
Can Adverse Selection be Avoided in a Market for Individual Health Insurance?
Authors: Swartz Katherine , Garnick Deborah W.
Published: March 2007

Adverse selection is a potentially significant problem in the individual (nongroup) health insurance markets if states use regulations to restrict insurance companies’ ability to select whom they will insure. In 1993, New Jersey implemented the Individual Health Coverage Program (IHCP), presenting an opportunity to test for adverse selection when insurers’ ability to select enrollees is severely restricted. The authors collected socioeconomic, demographic, and health status data from a sample of 2,211 adults covered by IHCP policies and compared the IHCP enrollee characteristics with those of two control groups of New Jersey residents (uninsured adults and adults with employer group insurance). Adverse selection does not appear to have occurred against the IHCP. However, the IHCP premiums were not cheap, and the findings suggest that people who can afford to purchase individual insurance and do so are, on average, healthier than those who do not choose to enroll, probably because the latter cannot afford insurance.
Do Physicians have Adequate Knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse? The Results of Two Surveys of Practicing Physicians, 1986 and 1996
Authors: Lentsch Kirsten A. , Johnson Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to to determine if physician knowledge of and biases regarding child sexual abuse (CSA) have changed since 1986. A questionnaire, previously used in 1986, was mailed to 370 physicians who see children in Columbus, Ohio. More respondents in 1996 correctly denied an association between specific sociologic factors and the likelihood of CSA. Seventy-two percent of physicians indicated that they check the genitalia of prepubescent females more than 50% of the time, versus 77% in 1986. Physicians who see more than 25 pediatric patients per week were significantly more likely to check the genitalia (p < .001), whereas physicians with more than 10 years experience were less likely to check genitalia (p < .05). Physicians surveyed in 1996 were more knowledgeable about socioeconomic and behavioral aspects of CSA but continued to be deficient in identifying prepubescent female genital anatomy and in reporting suspected abuse. Education is necessary to correct these deficits.
Pediatric Anogenital Exam: A Theory-Driven Exploration of Anticipatory Appraisals and Affects
Authors: Waibel-Duncan Mary Katherine , Sandler Howard M.
Published: March 2007

Smith and Lazarus's 1990 and 1993 theory of cognition-emotion associations guided this exploration of individuals' pre-exam experiences. The study also tested the model's integrity during a stressful event and examined its downward extension to children. A total of 47 girls ages 8 to 14 (M = 11.57, SD = 2.14) and 109 adult guardians of female patients (all ages) completed a brief questionnaire about their pre-exam thoughts and feelings. The majority of participants viewed the impending exam as important and desirable, reported optimism and confidence in their ability to cope or adjust, and described mild-moderate anxiety as well as moderate-high hope/gladness. The majority of adults also reported relatively high levels of sadness. Data supported the model's cognition-emotion associations. This theory-driven research offers a richer understanding of children who may have been sexually abused and their supportive adult guardians and encourages more positive and realistic expectations for these individuals.
The Relationship Between Interview Characteristics and Accuracy of Recall in Young Children: Do Individual Differences Matter?
Authors: Geddie Lane F. , Beer Jessica , Bartosik Sasha , Wuensch Karl L.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between interview characteristics and accuracy of recall in young children, as mediated by child characteristics, was examined. The interview characteristics included preinterview instructions and level of questioning. Fifty-six children ranging from ages 3 to 6 years participated in a Circus Day event and were interviewed 10 days later. Following either instructions or filler questions, children were questioned about the event. Results indicated that based on several individual difference factors, young children varied significantly in the accuracy of their interviews and their ability to resist misleading questions. However, individual differences did not mediate children's ability to benefit from different question types or preinterview instructions. As a whole, children provided limited information to the most open-ended questions and more correct information to highly structured questions. In contrast to the research with older children, younger children did not benefit from preinterview instructions. Suggestions for future research and implications for investigative interviews in the field of child abuse are discussed.
Views of Child Sexual Abuse in Two Cultural Communities: An Exploratory Study among African Americans and Latinos
Authors: Fontes Lisa Aronson , Cruz Mario , Tabachnick Joan
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study investigates knowledge and ideas about child sexual abuse among African Americans and Latinos through focus group discussions. Participants defined and described child sexual abuse, acknowledged that it occurred in their communities, and expressed their sense that family risk factors, risky institutions, and offender propensities were its root causes. Latino participants identified cultural transitions as another contributor. Responses and conversational style differed somewhat by gender and cultural identity. The authors discuss implications for child sexual abuse prevention, intervention, and research.
Predictors of Medical Examinations Following Child and Adolescent Rapes in a National Sample of Women
Authors: Hanson Rochelle F. , Davis Joanne L. , Resnick Heidi S. , Saunders Benjamin E. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Holmes Melisa , Best Connie L.
Published: March 2007

Childhood rape occurs frequently in our society and is associated with adverse consequences. Despite the severity of these outcomes, there appear to be many obstacles for children to receive postrape medical care. To date, it is unclear what proportion of childhood rape victims receive postrape medical examinations or what factors predict receipt of this medical care. This study investigated the factors predicting immediate medical care for women who were raped during childhood. Data for the study were obtained from the final wave of the 2-year, longitudinal National Women's Study. Results indicated that the majority of women did not receive medical care following their childhood rape. Although women raped as adolescents were more likely to receive a postrape exam, logistic regression analyses indicated that rape characteristics (e.g., reporting the assault, concerns about sexually transmitted diseases [STDs]) mediated the relationship between age of victimization and receipt of medical care. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Television Shopping for Apparel in the United States: Effects of Perceived Amount of Information on Perceived Risks and Purchase Intentions
Authors: Kim Minjeong , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: March 2007

In a two‐part study, the amount and types of information available in television‐shopping segments selling apparel were examined. In Phase 1, a content analysis of 60 segments selling apparel was conducted. In Phase 2, using an experimental format, a convenience sample of 128 middle‐aged women (M = 46 years) viewed a 6‐minute television‐shopping segment selling apparel and assessed perceived risk, perceived amount of information available in the segment, and purchase intentions, and they answered some open‐ended questions about their information‐searching activities. Taken together, results of Phases 1 and 2 revealed that when making apparel purchases, participants needed product and customer service information; however, in some segments, that information was never available or was available in less than half the segments coded. Results also revealed that the amount of information perceived from a television‐shopping segment selling apparel was negatively related to perceived risk and positively related to purchase intent.
An Aesthetic Approach to Virtual Community
Authors: Rehm Marsha L.
Published: March 2007

Because virtual communities increasingly influence thought and practice in everyday life, family and consumer sciences professionals need to understand their nature and consequences. This article proposes that an aesthetic approach, defined as the ability to synthesize diverse elements into reciprocal relationships and coherent wholes, can help us create and interpret virtual community experiences. Three aesthetic qualities can be applied to virtual communities: Diversity contributes unique ideas and vitality, unity emphasizes shared themes and goals, and reciprocity leads to mutually supportive and dynamic relationships among community participants. Family and consumer sciences professionals should draw on aesthetic concepts to enhance the diversity of membership and ideas, promote common purpose, facilitate opportunities for imaginative relationships, and conduct research with regard to virtual communities.
Service‐Life Expectancy of Household Appliances: New Estimates from the USDA
Authors: Ruffin Marilyn Doss , Tippett Katherine S.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to develop current estimates of average service‐life expectancy under one owner for widely owned items of major equipment by using the actuarial or current life table method. Information on year of acquisition of selected appliances in use and on those discarded within the previous year was collected from a national sample of about 12,000 households. Actuarial tables were constructed to develop service‐life expectancies for ranges, refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes dryers, washers, and televisions. When the estimates developed from this study were compared with estimates developed by the USDA in 1957 through 1961, service life for most items acquired new remained about the same. The service‐life expectancy of items acquired used was, in most cases, slightly less in 1972 than in 1957 through 1961.
Clothing Style Differences: Their Effect on the Impression of Sociability
Authors: Johnson Barbara Hunt , Nagasawa Richard H. , Peters Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This research examines the effect of clothing style differences on the formation of the impression of sociability. A two‐by‐four factorial experiment was designed to measure the effect of four costumes on the impressions of sociability formed by males and females of a female peer. The sample included 60 male and 60 female college students, from which 15 males and 15 females were assigned randomly to view each of the experimental costumes and to respond on an Impression Measure. Photographs of a female college student wearing two in‐fashion costumes and two out‐of‐fashion costumes were used to determine the degree of sociability attributed to her when she wore different clothing styles. Analysis of variance and the eta squared correlation ratio were used to determine the type and strength of the relationships within the data. Both male and female college students evalu ated a female peer when she wore in‐fashion clothing as being more sociable than when she wore out‐of‐fashion clothing. The effect of clothing style on the impression of sociability was found to be statistically significant and conceptually important.
Housework Time of Husband and Wife
Authors: Nickols Sharon Y. , Metzen Edward J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined factors related to the time husbands and wives spent in housework. The sample consisted of 1,156 structurally intact families in which the spouses were able‐bodied and less than 65 years of age. Data were from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Multiple regression analysis was the statistical procedure used in this study. Variables related to wife's housework time were her employment status, family size, and husband's employment characteristics. The most im portant factor which placed a constraint upon the wife's housework hours was time spent in the labor force, while family size served as a pressure to increase housework time. Husbands allocated relatively little time to housework and a low level of explained variance in husband's housework hours was achieved. Husband's employment limited his time inputs to housework. Wife's average hourly earnings and wife's labor force hours were positively related to husband's housework hours, although the impact was quite modest. Consideration was given to the reciprocal relationship be tween husband's and wife's role performance and possible implications for family time manage ment.
Energy Conservation: Family Values, Household Practices and Contextual Variables
Authors: Hogan M. Janice , Paolucci Beatrice
Published: March 2007

This study contributed to testing the family management conceptual framework, i.e., relation ships among values, contextual variables and management practices. Primary research objectives were to determine: (1) if differences existed in the adoption rate of household energy conservation practices in families with varying husband‐wife commitment to values; (2) if adoption of energy conservation practices varied with contextual variables. Survey data collected from 157 families in a multistage probability sample were used. Based on multivariate statistical analyses, the value of eco‐consciousness was found to be a predictor of energy conservation behavior. The value of eco‐ consciousness was positively related to wife's education, husband's education and his occupation. Although the model is incomplete, it is postulated that a holistic model of management can be built with empirical support found in partial models.
Career Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Related to Job Strain and Marital Satisfaction of Teachers and Their Spouses
Authors: Zimmerman Karen W. , Skinner Denise A. , Birner Roger
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to study dual‐employed couples examining the relation ship between the variables of job strain, job satisfaction, and marital satisfaction, controlling for different employment orientations (work vs. career). Seventy‐nine married couples from a random sample of 200 Wisconsin home economics teachers and their spouses provided the self‐report data for analysis. No significant differences were found between teachers and spouses who are highly involved in their careers and those who are work oriented on the variables of job strain, job satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Analysis did reveal a signif icant positive relationship between job satisfaction and marital satisfaction and a significant negative relationship between job strain and job satisfaction for the couples in this study.
Assessment of Child‐Rearing Behaviors of Midwestern Rural Parents
Authors: Crase Sedahlia Jasper , Clark Sam , Pease Damaris
Published: March 2007

The Iowa Parent Behavior Inventory (IPBI) was developed and utilized as part of the NC‐124 regional research project. Behaviors of rural Iowa parents (part of the regional project sample) were measured over a one‐year period during which they remained relatively stable. When parent behaviors were analyzed in relation to a variety of demographic variables, parent and child ages were found to be the most salient variables. Negative correlations were found between age for both parents and the IPBI factors Reasoning Guidance and Intimacy and be tween the child's age and the IPBI Intimacy factor. Positive correlations were found between child's age and the IPBI factors Limit Setting and Reasoning Guidance. Number of siblings and ordinal position were negatively correlated with the IPBI factor Parental Involvement. Number of siblings was positively related to the IPBI factors Limit Setting and Responsiveness in fathers. Sex of child was not a significant demographic variable in the study.
Pressure Analysis as a Design Research Technique for Increasing the Comfort of Nursing Brassieres
Authors: Costantakos Anastasia V. , Watkins Susan M.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this research were to determine whether localized pressure on areas of the breasts, shoulders, and back of nursing mothers could be decreased by varying specific design features of a nursing bra and whether objectively measured changes in pressure were related to noticeable changes in subjective perception of bra comfort. Ten nursing mothers were tested wearing their own bras, a specially selected sports bra, and four modified versions of the sports bra. The pressure exerted by each bra model was monitored using a load analyzer system. Each subject was asked to rate the comfort of each bra in comparison with the previously worn model. Statistically significant reductions in pressure were observed for several of the design features tested. In all cases, objective readings of pressure reductions were accompanied by subjective ratings of increased comfort.
Child Development Research In Home Economics: State of the Art
Authors: Dickerscheid Jean D.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the contributions of child development research in home eco nomics during the past two decades to the understanding and prediction of children's behavior are assessed. The uniqueness of this contribution to the macro child development field is elucidated through attention to aims of the profession, problems selected for study, and methodologies employed. Sub stantive achievement in the areas of parent‐child relationships, personality de velopment, and daycare/preschool education are summarized. Much of the re search contributes to knowledge of the socialization process with some begin ning efforts in the area of cognition. Physical‐motor development needs increased attention to fulfill the “whole child” philosophy of the field. Preschool‐ age children have received the most attention of any age group while infancy has been largely ignored. The future is bright with potential. Researchers are encouraged to characterize future research by working as teams on problem areas of mutual interest, to move from descriptive, normative studies to more causal explanations of behavior, to address the complex array of biogenetic, social, contextual and temporal factors impacting on behavior, and to give attention to the polyadic nature of this array.
Parental Child‐Rearing Behavior Perceived by Parents and School‐Age Children in Divorced and Married Families
Authors: Teleki Jane K. , Powell Judith A. , Claypool P. Larry
Published: March 2007

The Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) was administered to children (ages 7 to 11 years) and parents in 29 divorced and 30 married families to determine if perceptions of parental behavior differ as a function of member ship in a divorced or married family. Dimension scores of the CRPBI—acceptance,psychological control, lax discipline—constituted the dependent variables. There were no significant differences on acceptance. This finding is inconsistent with previous research. For psychological control, mean dimension scores indicated that children of married fathers viewed their fathers as exercising more psycho logical control than did children of divorced fathers. Forlax discipline, mean dimension scores revealed that children of divorced fathers perceived their fa thers as more lax in discipline than did children of married fathers. In divorced families, children reported fathers more lax in discipline than mothers. Finally, thelax disciplinemean dimension scores for self‐reports by mothers showed that divorced mothers perceived themselves as more lax in discipline than did married mothers. Results indicate that children's perceptions of their fathers' parental behavior are consistent with previous findings that divorced fathers are less re strictive with their children than married fathers.
Effects of Structure in Instruction and Materials on Preschoolers' Creativity
Authors: Moran James D. , Sawyers Janet K. , Moore Amy Jo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of structure in instructions and materials on preschoolers' creativity. Forty‐seven preschool children were assigned to one of four conditions: structured instructions with either structured or unstructured materials, and unstructured instructions with either structured or unstructured materials. In a subsequent session the materials were reversed, with the instructions remaining constant. Analysis revealed that flexibility scores were significantly lower with structured materials compared to unstructured materials, especially given structured instructions. The data suggest that the use of struc tured materials limits the preschooler's ability to produce a variety of ideas.
Effects of Human Capital Factors on Income and Net Asset Amounts of Older Women
Authors: Wellen Patricia D. , Peck Claudia J.
Published: March 2007

This study uses the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances to model and test the effects of human capital factors on income and net asset amounts of older women, while controlling for their sociodemographic characteristics. Older women, for the purpose of this study, are 65 years of age and over. Chow test results indicate that disaggregating both income and net asset models to control for marital status increases the amount of variation explained by the human cap ital factors. Additionally, based on Chow test results, specification of the net asset model includes dummy variables to measure the unique effects of human capital characteristics for each age cohort. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression mod els specify educational levels and work history patterns as human capital factors affecting income and net asset amounts of older women. Neither human capital factor affects income for married women. Results indicate that education is the only human capital factor related to income for unmarried older women. Only vocational education, relative to a college education, has a positive effect on net assets for married older women across all age cohorts. For unmarried older women, having a high school education or less, relative to a college education, has a negative effect on net asset amounts. Unmarried women's work history patterns—full‐time continuous, full‐time interrupted, and dual part‐time and full‐ time work—have a negative effect on net asset amounts, relative to never having worked, for the early‐late and middle‐late age cohorts. For unmarried women in the late‐late cohort only the full‐time continuous work history pattern has an effect on net asset amounts.
Child Development Research and the Poor Children of America: A Call for a Developmental Contextual Approach to Research and Outreach
Authors: Mckinney Marvin H. , Abrams L. Annette , Terry Patterson A. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The number of American children living under persistent and pervasive poverty increases each year. For example, poverty rates are greater among African American and Latino children than among European American children. Yet most studies of child developmentfocus on European American, middle‐class samples and do not consider the actual ecology of children's development. Such studies have limited applicability for developing, delivering, or sustaining policies or programs pertinent to the diverse groups comprising America's poor children. Accordingly, we present a developmental contextual model of child development thatfocuses on diversity and context; that suggests means to synthesize research with policy and program design, delivery, and evaluation; and that promotes both multiprofessional collaboration and research‐outreach partnerships with communities. Finally, to change the developmental trajectories of America's poor children, we call for scientific focus on the issue of how to develop and sustain successful policies and programs.
A Method to Identify Occupational Stereotypes
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Freeburg Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to develop a method to identify occupational stereotypes and to use that method to investigate the content of one occupational stereotype. The method developed included the use of multiple sources of data (both qualitative and quantitative), multiple methods of analysis, and manifold evidence of validity. Data sources included the popular press, human subject responses, and cartoons. Clothing and appearance cues and personal attributes, which were components of the stereotype, were identified and analyzed using statistical techniques. Content‐, criterion‐, and construct‐related sources provided evidence to infer validity of the content, and the method used to identify the content, of an occupational stereotype.
Infant Child Care and Compliance in the Second Year: A Short‐Term Longitudinal Analysis of Contextual Factors
Authors: Caldera Yvonne M. , Shine Stephanie
Published: March 2007

The present study was designed to examine the relation between infant care and compliance in toddlers in a short‐term longitudinal sample. This study also attempted to investigate mother and child moderators of this relationship. Sixty mothers participated when their toddlers were 14 months old, and 52 at 18 months. By 12 months, 20 infants had experienced full‐time child care, 20 part‐time child care, and 20 exclusive mother care. At both times, mothers were videotaped with their toddler during a compliance task. Part‐time infant care children were less compliant with mother at 14 months, but this difference disappeared by 18 months. Maternal instrumental style was most predictive of compliance and noncompliance at both ages.
An Uncommon Friendship: Ethnographic Fiction Around Finance Equity in Texas
Authors: Gerla Jacqueline Parten
Published: March 2007

Is there a relationship between equity and excellence in the schools of today? Does there exist a gulf between what the wealthy schools and the poor schools can do for their students? And what of the students who attend the poor schools? Do they notice the discrepancies? Do they care? In this ethnographic fiction, the author examines these issues as she weaves the stories of two lives into one. In 1950, Gideon, the son of a Black sharecropper, and Lou, the daughter of a White rancher, meet and develop a friendship that spans their differences and their lifetimes. As they try to make sense of the events of their world, and as they struggle to deal with the injustices before them in their own way, they humanize an impersonal dicotomy. And they are one.
Dance as a Mode of Research Representation
Authors: Blumenfeld-Jones Donald S.
Published: March 2007

Dance as a viable representation mode for research is discussed in the light of Clifford Geertz's assertion that ideas can be reflectively addressed through the arts. Dance is described as an autonomous field of aesthetic perception with its own meaning working through the categories of motion, time, space, and shape. Western culture is described as logo centric and nondance, fixed on the myth of words as transparent conveyors of thought. Adopting a hermeneutical stance, the transparency of words is critiqued and, ironically, dance is analogized to text, although not words. How dance can be treated as text is elaborated by using the Ricoeurean idea of action as meaningful text.
Fence Sitting for a Better View: Finding a Middle Ground Between Materialism and the Linguistic Turn in the Epistemology of History
Authors: Steinberg Marc W.
Published: March 2007

Over the past several decades the social sciences have experienced an expansion of historical research. Much of this historical work is linked to the new social history that has significant materialist roots in cultural Marxism and the Annales school. In the past several years this epistemology has been challenged by members of the linguistic turn who draw on poststructuralism and deconstructionism. They seek to debunk what they see as the metanarratives of this materialist ontology, and produced an alternative historiography center on the analysis of discourse. The author argues that the linguistic turn raises important issues, but many of its practitioners hypostatize discourse and create an alternative essentialism. To explicate these problems the study uses as an exemplar the recent work of historian Patrick Joyce. The author alternatively proposes a discourse analysis drawing on Bakhtinian literary theory, which focuses on the social construction of meaning through language. This alternative recognizes the material and social foundations of meaning construction and retains a conception of agency while bringing discourse into historical explanation.
A Participatory Inquiry Paradigm
Authors: Heron John , Reason Peter
Published: March 2007

This article starts with a critique of Guba and Lincoln's outline of competing paradigms for research, in particular arguing that the constructivist position fails to account for experiential knowing. The arguments for a participatory worldview are articulated based on a subjective-objective ontology; an extended epistemology of experiential, presentational, propositional, and practical ways of knowing; a methodology based on cooperative relations between coresearchers; and an axiology that affirms the primary value of practical knowing in the service of human flourishing.
Life History's History: Subjects Foretold
Authors: Tierney William G.
Published: March 2007

This article considers three different issues that pertain to life history research—where the author, the "I," fits into the text, where the Other fits into the project, and how we represent the Other and our selves in the text. The author suggests that autoethnography and life stories are powerful research tools that ultimately enable a writer to deal with difference and to ensure that, in doing so, people are not all assimilated into one mainstream sameness. The article highlights these issues by way of three research projects. One project pertains to understanding college preparation programs for low- income youth; a second project investigates the success of Native Americans in overcom ing educational obstacles. The third project considers the anatomy of hate by studying gay bashers. Ultimately, the article focuses on notions of polyphony and multivocality in culture and how we use them in the development of life histories.
(How) Can a Man Do Feminist Ethnography of Education?
Authors: Levinson Bradley A.
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to work through the epistemological, methodological, and ethical questions involved when a man attempts to contribute to feminist theory and practice with ethnographic knowledge. He discusses the precursors to such a project by recounting the history of male contributions to feminist anthropological scholarship and reviewing current debates about the problems of interpretation and praxis in feminist ethnography. Drawing on fieldwork at a Mexican secondary school, the author presents the dilemmas he faced and insights he garnered in focusing his inquiry on Mexican schoolgirls and their mothers. He also discusses the problematic nature of his inquiry with sexist schoolboys and the ways this inquiry may still contribute to feminist knowledge. Reflecting on these experiences, he establishes the centrality of feminist educational ethnography in the outlook for feminist social change and argues for a pluralistic conception of feminist educational ethnography that might find a valuable place for male contributions.
"Then You Know How I Feel": Empathy, Identification, and Reflexivity in Fieldwork
Authors: Ellingson Laura L.
Published: March 2007

This article extends the discussion of the subjective and positioned nature of the researcher in ethnography by examining how a cancer survivor conducting fieldwork in an oncology clinic shapes and is shaped by the experience. Narratives of lived experience interrupt the academic essay to demonstrate my dynamic understanding of the clinic and the connections between my experiences and those of the patients and staff. I explore how my experiences with cancer shape how I understand the patients and staff; how viewing the clinic from multiple viewpoints affects my understanding of it; and how this process influences my understanding of my own experiences as a cancer survivor.
Pornographic Lives
Authors: JENSEN ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article argues that narrative accounts are an important source of information about the connection between pornography and violence against women. The article reports on interviews with men about pornography use. When analyzed in conjunction with narrative accounts of women's experiences, these interviews support the feminist antipronography critique. The narratives show how pornography can (a) be a factor in shaping a male-dominant view of sexuality, (b) contribute to a user's difficulty in separating sexual fantasy and reality, (c) be used to initiate victims and break down resistance to sex, and (d) provide a training manual for abuse.
Sexual Harassment in the Chinese Workplace
Authors: LUO TSUN-YIN
Published: March 2007

This study employed a questionnaire survey method to examine the characteristics of sexual harassment experiences and the dynamics of attitudes toward sexual harassment among male and female workers in Taipei. An occupationally representative sample of male and female workers was recruited to participate in the survey. The study found that 1 in 4 workers in Taipei experienced some sort of sexual harassment in the workplace: 36% (n = 493) of the surveyed women and 13% (n = 415) of the surveyed men reported experiencing workplace sexual harassment. The most frequently reported type of sexual harassment is unwanted sexual jokes/comments, followed by unwanted deliberate body contact, and unwanted requests/pressure for a date. The major source of sexual harassment came from coworkers of the opposite sex; the majority of the alleged victims attributed the sexual harassment incident to insensitivity of the initiator. The study considers three explanations of sexual harassment among Chinese workers: the victimblame/trivialization model, the natural/biological explanation, and the power/manipulation model. The study found no consistent relationship between the self-rated attitudes toward sexual harassment and the self-reported experiences of sexual harassment.
Women, War, and the Violence of History
Authors: DAVIES SUSANNE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the construction, enactment, and implications of Anzac mythology in the shaping of Australian history and gendered relations. This distinctively Australian mythology, it is argued, has privileged a particular male perspective of war and has thus contributed to a dominant understanding of the past that valorizes militarism and masculinity and reinforces dichotomous conceptions of sex and race. The exclusion of women's experiences of war via the Anzac mythology is explored. Finally, the different strategies adopted by feminist activists in recent years to challenge this silencing are detailed and evaluated.