bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forensic issues in infant mental health: Challenging systems, clinical risk, future collaborations
Authors: Stafford Brian , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: January 2008

Much clinical work in infant mental health includes working with families of young children involved in the complex arenas of the legal and child protection systems. These systems have their own distinctive languages, cultures, and values, but they share a concern with clinicians about the best interest of the child. This special issue explores selected topics in this area, calling attention to research, policy, and clinical issues in forensic infant mental health. The purpose of the issue is to stimulate additional thinking and additional scholarly attention to these vital issues that have such importance for families around the world.
Infant mental health, child maltreatment, and the law: A jurisprudent therapy analysis
Authors: Clark James J. , Sprang Ginny
Published: January 2008

Scholarly and clinical discussions of the legal issues facing infant mental health professionals typically focus on the seemingly intractable differences in philosophies, goals, and approaches inherent in the law and the mental health professions. We argue that forensically informed approaches to practice with very young children can potentially enhance many mental health and child welfare outcomes. This article describes the relatively new conceptual frameworks known as “therapeutic jurisprudence” and “jurisprudent therapy.” Using these conceptual frameworks, we analyze representative problems that are typical in infant mental health practice with maltreated children through case examples drawn from their evaluations of children and families in the child protection and legal systems. Demonstrations of how such dilemmas can be approached with enhanced analytic decision‐making and practice approaches are presented. We argue that applying such jurisprudent therapy approaches opens up fresh perspectives for evidence‐based practices that facilitate creative, rigorous, and intellectually stimulating clinical work.
Synthesis of the lipid peroxidation product 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal with 13C stable isotope incorporation
Authors: Jouanin I. , Sreevani V. , Rathahao E. , Guéraud F. , Paris A.
Published: January 2008

The aim of this work was to synthesize 13C internal standards for the quantification of 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation product, and of the etheno‐adducts possibly formed by HNE damage to DNA nucleobases. We designed an eight‐step synthesis starting from ethyl 2‐bromoacetate and giving access to 4‐[(tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl)oxy]‐2(E)‐nonenal. This compound is a precursor of HNE. The scheme was then used to produce the 13C precursor [1,2‐13C2]‐4‐[(tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl)oxy]‐2(E)‐nonenal. [1,2‐13C2]‐HNE was obtained by acid deprotection. All the intermediary and final compounds were fully characterized by IR, HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR. It is the first synthesis of HNE which enables the incorporation of two 13C labels at determined positions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled 5′‐O‐[N‐(Salicyl)sulfamoyl]adenosine (Sal‐AMS‐d4) as an internal standard for quantitation of Sal‐AMS
Authors: Gupte Amol , Subramanian Murali , Remmel Rory P. , Aldrich Courtney C.
Published: January 2008

5′‐O‐[N‐(Salicyl)sulfamoyl]adenosine (Sal‐AMS, 1) is a potent inhibitor of the bifunctional enzyme salicyl‐AMP ligase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This inhibitor acts by disrupting the biosynthesis of the mycobactin siderophores that are essential for the process of iron acquisition. To aid with in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of Sal‐AMS, a stable deuterium‐labelled Sal‐AMS analog (Sal‐AMS‐d4) was synthesized. This deuterium‐labelled analog was used as an internal standard to conduct in vitro plasma and microsomal stability studies. Sal‐AMS was found to be stable for 24 h in human plasma and 1 h in human liver microsomes at 37°C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization of collision induced photon echo in ytterbium vapour
Authors: Rubtsova N N , Ishchenko V N , Khvorostov E B , Kochubei S A , Yevseyev I V
Published: January 2008

Collision induced photon echo generated at the inter-combination transition (6s6p) 3P1 ↔ (6s2) 1S0 of 174Yb in the mixture Yb+Xe is investigated. Collision echo is generated by two unidirectional pulses of resonant radiation with linear and mutually orthogonal polarizations. The collision induced echo appears exclusively due to Yb collisions with buffer, and its polarization coincides with polarization of the first exciting pulse. Experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions for anisotropic depolarizing collisions.
Raman spectroscopy in investigations of mechanism of binding of human serum albumin to molecular probe fluorescein
Authors: Vlasova I M , Saletsky A M
Published: January 2008

The mechanism of binding of molecular probe fluorescein to molecules of human serum albumin was studied by the Raman spectroscopy method. The position of binding Center on human serum albumin molecule for fluorescein is determined. The amino acid residues of albumin molecule, participating in binding of fluorescein at different pH values of solution, are established. The conformation rearrangements of globules of human serum albumin, taking place at binding of fluorescein at different pH values of solution, are registered.
Laser induced collagen remodeling: A comparative study in vivo on mouse model
Authors: Liu Huaxu , Dang Yongyan , Wang Zhan , Chai Xinyu , Ren Qiushi
Published: January 2008

Background and Objective

Many lasers have claimed the clinical efficacy on skin rejuvenation. In this study, the mechanisms of laser induced collagen remodeling were explored systematically on a Kunming (KM) mouse model in vivo by comparing the different non‐ablative laser effects using four different laser treatment modalities.

Materials and Methods

The dorsal skin of KM mice was exposed by depilation before the laser treatments. Four laser treatment modalities were used: the 595‐nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) (10 ms), 1,320‐nm neodymium–yttrium–aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (0.35 ms), 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser with Q‐switched (5 ns), and long‐pulsed (0.3 ms) mode. Each modality exposed one side of the mouse dorsal skin leaving the other side as the contralateral control. Then skin histology, fibroblast number, and the genesis of collagen type I and III were studied by comparing the treatment site and control site at 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after laser treatment. Hydroxyproline content of the skin tissue was measured 4 weeks and 8 weeks after laser exposure.

Results

All laser treatments led to marked improvements in dermal layer thickness and collagen fiber density, and the increase in fibroblast number and hydroxyproline content compared with their own controls. Collagen synthesis and remodeling induced by the Q‐switched 1,064‐nm laser was most effective 4 weeks after treatment, while there was no significant difference among the other three modalities. Among the new collagen genesis after the different laser treatments, collagen type III increased sharply after the Q‐switched 1,064‐nm laser treatment whereas more collagen type I was elicited by the other laser treatment modalities.

Conclusions

The efficacy of photo‐mechanical effects in promoting more effectively the synthesis of collagen type III, whereas the photo‐thermal effect favored more the formation of collagen type I. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:13–19, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary myogenic cells see the light: Improved survival of transplanted myogenic cells following low energy laser irradiation
Authors: Shefer Gabi , Ben‐Dov Nadav , Halevy Orna , Oron Uri
Published: January 2008

Background and Objectives

There is a substantial need for finding new avenues to promote muscle recovery when acute skeletal muscle loss extends beyond the natural capacity of the muscle to recover. Maintenance and regeneration of skeletal muscles depend mainly on resident stem cells known as satellite cells. Nevertheless, there are situations in which a significant loss of muscle tissue exhausts the satellite cell pool. For such cases, cell therapy and tissue engineering are becoming promising alternatives. Thus far, attempts to supplement damaged host muscles with donor satellite cells by means of myoblast transplantation therapy were mostly unsuccessful due to massive and rapid loss of donor cells within few hours after transplantation. This study aims at following the effects of low‐energy‐laser irradiation on the fate of implanted myoblasts.

Study Design

Primary myogenic cells, harvested from male rat skeletal muscles, were irradiated with low energy laser, seeded on a biodegradable scaffold and expanded in vitro. The scaffold containing cells was transplanted into partially excised muscles of host female rats. Donor cells were identified in the host muscle tissue, using Y‐chromosome in situ hybridization.

Results

In this study, we show that laser irradiated donor primary myogenic cells not only survive, but also fuse with host myoblasts to form a host–donor syncytium.

Conclusions

Our data show that the use of low energy laser irradiation (LELI), a non‐surgical tool, is a promising means to enhance both the survival and functionality of transplanted primary myogenic cells. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:38–45, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐energy laser irradiation increases endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and eNOS gene expression possibly via PI3K signal pathway
Authors: Chen Chung‐Huang , Hung Huey‐Shan , Hsu Shan‐hui
Published: January 2008

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the mechanisms by which low‐energy laser irradiation (LELI) may exert some of its angiogenic effects via the PI3 kinase/eNOS signaling pathway and induce endothelial cell migration and neovascularization, an important and necessary part of wound healing.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The possible molecular mechanism of helium–neon (He–Ne) laser irradiation on endothelial cells was proposed. He–Ne laser at 632.5 nm was used to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), and its effect on cell proliferation, nitric oxide secretion, and cell migration was determined.

Results

Irradiation enhanced endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) protein expression, and irradiation of less than 0.26 J/cm2 enhanced eNOS gene expression in HUVEC. The cell migration ability was promoted for HUVEC irradiated with 0.26 J/cm2. This agreed with the vinculin protein expression induced by irradiation. In addition, the angiogenesis was promoted. The induced eNOS expression was inhibited by LY294002, indicating that the effect of laser on EC could be attributed to the up‐regulation of eNOS expression through PI3K pathway at the cellular and molecular levels as a result of the He–Ne laser.

Conclusions

The study has shown that LELI increased endothelial cell proliferation, migration, NO secretion, and identified that activation of PI3K/Akt pathway was a critical step for the elevated for eNOS expression upon LELI. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:46–54, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser preconditioning of calvarial bone prior to an X‐ray radiation injury: A preliminary in vivo study of the vascular response
Authors: Desmons Sophie O. , Delfosse Caroline J. , Rochon Philippe , Buys Bruno , Penel Guillaume , Mordon Serge
Published: January 2008

Background and Objectives

Thermal preconditioning prior to injury induces a cytoprotective effect on soft tissues and promotes their recovery. Lasers are an adequate tool to generate controlled and reproducible heat. X‐ray irradiation induces a chronic antiangiogenic effect on bone, affecting its healing and remodeling processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of laser preconditioning on the re‐vascularization of X‐ray irradiated bone.

Materials and Methods

A bone chamber was implanted onto the calvaria of rabbits to study the vascularization process. Digital pictures were taken of the vascular plexus at the target bone site using a modified digital camera. Vascular density (VD) was determined using image processing. It was defined as the ratio of blood vessel pixels to the total number of pixels to the region of interest. Laser preconditioning was performed with a diode laser (810 nm, 2 W, 3 seconds, 48 J/cm2, 4 mm). A 12‐week follow‐up study was performed on 20 rabbits divided into four groups: #1: control group (n = 5); #2: laser irradiation alone (n = 5). #3: X‐ray radiation (18.75 Gy) alone (n = 5), #4: laser preconditioning 24 hours prior to X‐ray radiation (n = 5).

Results

VD remained stable during the 12‐week follow up for group #1. No significant difference was observed between laser irradiation group (#2) and control group (#1) (P>0.5). The angiolytic action of X‐ray radiation was confirmed in groups #3 and #4, which were statistically different from group #1 (P<0.001). However, the decrease of the vascularization was limited in group #4 highlighting a different evolution between group #3 and #4 (P<0.05). These results were confirmed by histological analysis.

Discussion and Conclusion

The bone chamber is an effective reproducible method for the longitudinal analysis of the dynamics of vascularization. Our findings have shown that laser preconditioning is capable of preserving vascularization in an X‐ray irradiated bone site, thus suggesting a novel approach for promoting the healing of bone tissue in which the vascular supply has been damaged. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:28–37, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic haemangioma of the median nerve: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Vekris Marios D. , Stafilas Kosmas S. , Zacharis Konstantinos X. , Xenakis Theodore A. , Soucacos Panayotis N. , Beris Alexandros E.
Published: January 2008

Intrinsic haemangioma of the median nerve is an extremely rare tumor that represents a challenge to diagnose and treat. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a 10‐year‐old girl who was diagnosed having an intrinsic haemangioma of the median nerve and treated with total surgical resection of the tumor, under high magnification, using microneurolysis and without the need to resect and graft the median nerve. Three years later, the patient is free of symptoms and no recurrence of the mass was noticed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Localized sensitivity enhanced in vivo 13C MRS to detect glucose metabolism in the mouse brain
Authors: Nabuurs C.I.H.C. , Klomp D.W.J. , Veltien A. , Kan H.E. , Heerschap A.
Published: January 2008

The application of in vivo 13C MR spectroscopy to mouse brain models is potentially valuable for improving the understanding of cerebral carbohydrate metabolism and glutamatergic neurotransmission in various neuropathologies. However, the low sensitivity of 13C nuclei and contaminating signals of lipids in the relatively small mouse brain make this application rather challenging. To meet these technical challenges, localized semi‐adiabatic distortionless enhanced polarization transfer (DEPT) MR spectroscopy in combination with a continuous intravenous [1,6‐13C2] glucose infusion was implemented to detect glucose metabolism in isoflurane‐anesthetized mice at 7T. The signal enhancement and high spectral resolution obtained in these experiments enabled the separate determination of 13C label incorporation into as much as 13 metabolites from a 175 μL volume. Signal increases of glucose (C6), glutamine (C3, C4), and glutamate (C3, C4) were determined with a time resolution of 8.6 min. This study demonstrates an optimized MR method for the application of in vivo 13C MRS in mouse brain. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theory and generalization of monte carlo models of the BOLD signal source
Authors: Martindale John , Kennerley Aneurin J. , Johnston David , Zheng Ying , Mayhew John E.
Published: January 2008

The dependency of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal on underlying hemodynamics is not well understood. Building a forward biophysical model of this relationship is important for the quantitative estimation of the hemodynamic changes and neural activity underlying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. We have developed a general model of the BOLD signal which can model both intra‐ and extravascular signals for an arbitrary tissue model across a wide range of imaging parameters. The model of the BOLD signal was instantiated as a look‐up‐table (LuT), and was verified against concurrent fMRI and optical imaging measurements of activation induced hemodynamics. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High order compact solution of the one‐space‐dimensional linear hyperbolic equation
Authors: Mohebbi Akbar , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: January 2008

In this article, we introduce a high‐order accurate method for solving one‐space dimensional linear hyperbolic equation. We apply a compact finite difference approximation of fourth order for discretizing spatial derivative of linear hyperbolic equation and collocation method for the time component. The main property of this method additional to its high‐order accuracy due to the fourth order discretization of spatial derivative, is its unconditionally stability. In this technique the solution is approximated by a polynomial at each grid point that its coefficients are determined by solving a linear system of equations. Numerical results show that the compact finite difference approximation of fourth order and collocation method produce a very efficient method for solving the one‐space‐dimensional linear hyperbolic equation. We compare the numerical results of this paper with numerical results of (Mohanty, Appl Math Lett 17 (2004), 101–105).© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2008
Jacobi elliptic function solutions of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional dispersive long wave equation by Homotopy Perturbation Method
Authors: Miansari Me. , Ganji D.D. , Miansari Mo.
Published: January 2008

In this article, we try to obtain approximate Jacobi elliptic function solutions of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional long wave equation using Homotopy Perturbation Method. This method deforms a difficult problem into a simple problem which can be easily solved. In comparison with HPM, numerical methods leads to inaccurate results when the equation intensively depends on time, while He's method overcome the above shortcomings completely and can therefore be widely applicable in engineering. As a result, we obtain the approximate solution of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional long wave equation with initial conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2008
Preparation and characterization of branched and linear sulfonated poly(ether ketone sulfone) proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications
Authors: Park Hye Seok , Seo Dong Wan , Choi Seung Woo , Jeong Young Gi , Lee Ju Ho , Kim Dong Il , Kim Whan‐Gi
Published: January 2008

Branched sulfonated poly(ether ketone sulfone)s (Br‐SPEKS) were prepared with bisphenol A, bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone, 3,3′‐disodiumsulfonyl‐4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone, and THPE (1,1,1‐tris‐p‐hydroxyphenylethane), respectively, at 180 °C using potassium carbonate in NMP (N‐methylpyrrolidinone). THPE, as a branching agent, was used with 0.4 mol % of bisphenol A to synthesize branched copolymers. Copolymers containing 10–50 mol % disulfonated units were cast from dimethylsulfoxide solutions to form films. Linear sulfonated poly(ether ketone sulfone)s (SPEKS) were also synthesized without THPE. The films were converted from the salt to acid forms with dilute hydrochloric acid. A series of copolymers were studied by Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sorption experiments were conducted to observe the interaction of sulfonated polymers with water and methanol. The ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), a measure of proton conductivity, was evaluated. The synthesized Br‐SPEKS and SPEKS membranes exhibit conductivities (25 °C) from 1.04 × 10−3 to 4.32 × 10−3 S/cm, water swell from 20.18 to 62.35%, IEC from 0.24 to 0.83 mequiv/g, and methanol diffusion coefficients from 3.2 × 10−7 to 4.7 × 10−7 cm2/S at 25 °C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1792–1799, 2008
Thermoreversible covalent crosslinking of maleated ethylene/propylene copolymers with diols
Authors: van der Mee M. A. J. , Goossens J. G. P. , van Duin M.
Published: January 2008

The objective of this study is the thermoreversible crosslinking of maleated ethylene/propylene copolymer (MAn‐g‐EPM) using the equilibrium reaction with diols. Covalent hemi‐ester crosslinks are formed via the reaction of anhydrides with alcohols, while an equilibrium shift at elevated temperatures may result in their removal. High conversions to hemi‐ester are obtained at low temperatures in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid, whereas conversions are low at high temperatures. The presence of microphase‐separated aggregates acting as physical crosslinks was demonstrated for MAn‐g‐EPM and all crosslinked materials. The covalent crosslinks were only formed within the aggregates, resulting in stronger aggregates that persisted to higher temperatures. The tensile strength and elasticity were significantly improved upon increasing level of crosslinking, whereas the type of diol has less influence. The covalently crosslinked MAn‐g‐EPM was reprocessable via compression molding at temperatures above 175 °C. Irreversible diester formation occurred for the longer diols, but did not prevent reprocessing, while short diols evaporated. Both effects lowered the level of crosslinking, resulting in significantly changed mechanical properties. The reprocessability does not originate from an equilibrium shift, but from a dynamic exchange between crosslinked and non‐crosslinked functional groups, which allows crosslinks to disconnect and the corresponding chain segments to diffuse between aggregates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1810–1825, 2008
Well‐defined complex macromolecular architectures by anionic polymerization of styrenic single and double homo/miktoarm star‐tailed macromonomers
Authors: Driva Paraskevi , Lohse David J. , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: January 2008

Styrenic single and double star‐tailed macromonomers were synthesized by selective reaction of living homo/miktoarm stars with the chlorosilane groups of 4‐(chlorodimethylsilyl)‐ and 4‐(dichloromethylsilyl)styrene, respectively. The in situ anionic homopolymerization of macromonomers with sec‐BuLi and copolymerization with butadiene and styrene, led to single/double homo/miktoarm star‐tailed molecular brushes and combs, as well as a block copolymer consisting of a linear polystyrene chain and a double miktoarm (PBd/PS) star‐tailed brush‐like block. Molecular characterization by size exclusion chromatography, size exclusion chromatography/two‐angle laser light scattering, and NMR spectroscopy, revealed the high molecular/compositional homogeneity of all intermediate and final products. These are only a few examples of the plethora of complex architectures possible using the above macromonomers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1826–1842, 2008
Sorption and swelling of poly(DL‐lactic acid) and poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) in supercritical CO2: An experimental and modeling study
Authors: Pini Ronny , Storti Giuseppe , Mazzotti Marco , Tai Hongyun , Shakesheff Kevin M. , Howdle Steven M.
Published: January 2008

Tissue engineering scaffolds require a controlled pore size and structure to host tissue formation from cell populations. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) processing can be used to form porous scaffolds in which the escape of CO2 from a plasticized polymer melt generates gas bubbles that shape the pores. The process is difficult to control with respect to changes in final pore size, porosity, and interconnectivity, while the solubility of CO2 in the polymers strongly affects the foaming process. An in‐depth understanding of polymer CO2 interaction will enable a successful scaffold processing. Amorphous poly(DL‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) and poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymers are attractive candidates for fabricating scaffolds. In this study, CO2 sorption and swelling isotherms at 35 °C and up to 200 bar on a variety of homo‐ and copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acids are presented. Sorption is measured through a gravimetric technique using a suspension microbalance and swelling by visualization. The obtained results are modeled using the Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 483–496, 2008
Increase in molecular mobility of an amorphous polymer deformed below Tg
Authors: Munch Etienne , Pelletier Jean‐Marc , Vigier Gérard
Published: January 2008

An extensive mechanical spectroscopy study in the low‐frequency range is proposed to evidence and characterize the effect of a deformation below the glass transition temperature (Tg) on the mobility in an amorphous bisphenol‐A polycarbonate. The mechanical treatment induces the appearance of a peak more than 100 K below Tα, which presents the characteristics of a relaxation associated to an unstable nature. This phenomenon is related to the creation of shear‐induced high‐mobility zones. The characteristics of these zones appear to be independent of the deformation level applied to the system. The use of a specific procedure allows the determination of the values of the apparent activation energy of the mechanism. The apparent activation energy increases continuously from the values of the β‐relaxation to the main α‐relaxation ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 497–505, 2008
The identification of children with cleft palate and sleep disordered breathing using a referral system
Authors: MacLean J.E. , Fitzsimons D. , Hayward P. , Waters K.A. , Fitzgerald D.A.
Published: January 2008

Background

Cleft palate is associated with an increased risk of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) but the magnitude of this risk and specific risk factors are unclear. A better understanding of these components of risk will aid the early identification of SDB in this group of children.

Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics and results of sleep studies undertaken in a cohort of children with cleft palate. Clinical features will be examined to determine potential associations with SDB in this group.

Method

A retrospective chart review was undertaken to ascertain sleep study results and clinical data for all children with cleft palate. Clinical features of interest included age, gender, syndrome diagnosis, cleft classification, and surgical status.

Results

A total of 99 sleep studies were available from 62 children. The sample included a select group of children with cleft palate with features predictive of a high risk of SDB. Baseline sleep study results were consistent with SDB for 87% of children and 28% (15 of 54) of these children demonstrated severe SDB. Uni‐variate analysis showed that age, syndrome, and surgical status had significant association with the severity of SDB. On multi‐variate analysis only surgical status maintained this association, such that pre‐palatoplasty/pharyngoplasty was associated with more severe SDB. Follow‐up studies were completed in one‐third of the cohort.

Conclusion

Children with cleft palate appear to have a significant risk of SDB. A prospective study of a population of children with cleft palate is needed to further define the characteristics of this risk and important risk factors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:245–250. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of optimal characteristics of face‐masks for valved‐holding chambers (VHCs)
Authors: Amirav Israel , Newhouse Michael T.
Published: January 2008

Inhaled drugs are frequently given to infants and young children with a pressurized metered‐dose inhaler (pMDI) attached to a valved‐holding chamber (VHC) with face mask. In young children and infants who cannot breathe through a mouthpiece, the face mask serves as the interface between the patient and the VHC.

Although the mask interface is one of the most important factors determining the dose of medication delivered from the VHC to the nose and mouth in these patients, its optimal characteristics are not well known. Recent studies clearly identify several face mask factors that determine the success or failure of drug delivery with these devices.

This review summarizes the most important features of an optimal mask design such as: face seal/leak, volume of dead space, contour, flexibility, transparency, weight and cost. By optimizing these characteristics it should be possible to improve mask design. This will maximize the magnitude and reduce the variability of the dose presented to the respiratory tract while making the mask more comfortable and patient/caregiver‐friendly. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:268–274. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deltorphin analogs restricted via a urea bridge: structure and opioid activity
Authors: Zieleniak Agnieszka , Rodziewicz‐Motowidło Sylwia , Rusak Łukasz , Chung Nga N. , Czaplewski Cezary , Witkowska Ewa , Schiller Peter W. , Ciarkowski Jerzy , Izdebski Jan
Published: January 2008

Eight cyclic heptapeptides related to the full sequence of deltorphin have been synthesized. The synthesis of linear peptides containing diamino acid residues in positions 2 and 4 was carried out on a 4‐methylbenzhydrylamine resin. Depending on protection procedures, the N‐protected peptide‐resins or N‐protected peptide amides with free amino groups in the side chains were obtained, which were subsequently treated with bis‐(4‐nitrophenyl)carbonate to form a urea unit. Opioid activities of the peptides were determined in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) assays. Several compounds showed high δ opioid agonist potency and high selectivity for δ receptors. The results were compared with those obtained earlier for respective 1–4 deltorphin analogs. The conformations of these peptides have been studied using 2D‐NMR in H2O/D2O and molecular dynamics. We observed that the backbone rings had well defined conformations, while the Tyr and Phe side chains and the C‐terminal tail had significant conformational freedom. The bioassay data and conformational parameters of these peptides were compared with those of previously described, corresponding 1–4 deltorphin analogs. This comparison permitted an assessment of the role of the C‐terminal peptide segment in defining the conformation and receptor interaction of the N‐terminal portion and provided insight into the relationship between the putative bioactive conformations and bioactivity. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the interaction between Aβ 1–42 and glyceraldehyde phosphodehydrogenase
Authors: Verdier Yann , Földi István , Sergeant Nicolas , Fülöp Lívia , Penke Zsuzsa , Janáky Tamás , Szücs Mária , Penke Botond
Published: January 2008

Advances in the understanding of AD pathogenesis have recently provided strong support for a modified Aβ protein cascade hypothesis, stating that several different Aβ assemblies contribute to the triggering of a complex pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo, Aβ rapidly forms fibrils (fAβ), which are able to interact with various molecular partners, including proteins, lipids and proteoglycans. In a previous study aimed to identify some of these molecular partners of fAβ, we demonstrated that the GAPDH was specifically coprecipitated with fAβ. The aim of this study was to characterize this interaction. First, it was shown by TEM that synthetic GAPDH directly binds fAβ 1–42. Then rat synaptosomal proteins were purified and incubated with different forms of Aβ in various conditions, and the presence of GAPDH among the proteins coprecipitated with Aβ was studied by western blotting. Results showed that the interaction between GAPDH and fAβ 1–42 is nonionic, as is not impaired by increasing salt concentrations. GAPDH is coprecipitated not only by fAβ, but also by nonfibrillar forms of Aβ 1–42. The 41–42 Aβ sequence seems to be important in the interaction of GAPDH and Aβ, as more GAPDH was coprecipitated with fAβ 1–42 than with fAβ 1–40. GAPDH extracted from various subcellular fractions including mitochondria, was shown to interact with fAβ. Our data demonstrate a direct interaction between Aβ and GAPDH and support the possibility that this interaction has an important pathogenic role in AD. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping but not coping in health and social care: masking the reality of running organisations beyond safe design capacity
Authors: Wolstenholme Eric , Monk David , McKelvie Douglas , Arnold Steve
Published: January 2008

This paper develops a hypothesis that the “normal” mode of operation for many organisations today is beyond their safe design capacity. Evidence for this has emerged from a number of studies carried out to promote systemic practice in local health communities in the U.K. This work has identified mismatches between how managers claim their organisations work and the observed behaviour, which can only be explained by surfacing informal coping policies, many with unintended consequences for patient care and costs. There are important messages in the paper for Health and Social Care management, the meaning of data and for modelling, and the paper contains reflections from senior management involved in the studies. The key message of the paper is that affordable and sustainable downstream capacity additions in patient pathways can be identified, which both alleviate upstream problems and eliminate the need for excessive coping policies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coadsorption reaction between (CH3)2S and H2O on Rh(100) studied by NEXAFS and XPS
Authors: Nomoto T. , Sumi O. , Yagi S. , Soda K. , Namatame H. , Taniguchi M.
Published: January 2008

The coadsorption reaction between (CH3)2S and H2O on a Rh(100) surface has been investigated by S K‐edge near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and XPS techniques. The dissociation of (CH3)2S to methanethiolate (CH3S)—occurs at 90 K. NEXAFS and XPS results indicate that methanethiolate bonds to H2O via its sulfur atom at 170 K. At elevated temperature, the dissociation rate of molecules is much higher than in other adsorption systems, such as on a clean Rh(100) surface. Therefore, it seems that H2O damages the SC bonds of both (CH3)2S and methanethiolate upon heating. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of gold nanoclusters deposited on HOPG by atmospheric plasma treatment
Authors: Demoisson Frédéric , Raes Marc , Terryn Herman , Guillot Jérôme , Migeon Henri‐Noel , Reniers François
Published: January 2008

The interest of gold nanoparticles in the field of nanocatalysis and nanosensors is growing. For example, carbon nanotubes covered with gold nanoclusters could present interesting properties in catalysis or/and in devices based on catalytic reaction such as chemical gas sensor. Unfortunately, the characterization of nanoparticles deposited onto a substrate is generally not a trivial exercise. Indeed, in many cases, the amount and size of material deposited is in the range of the sensitivity limits and the spatial resolutions of the techniques used. In that respect, our system, i.e. gold deposited onto a carbon support, is a favourable case, due to the high difference between the atomic numbers of gold and carbon.

In this work, gold nanoparticles were deposited onto a HOPG (Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite) substrate using an atmospheric plasma. In this preliminary study, HOPG sample has been used as a model surface that could present the same chemical properties as multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

The surface composition was analysed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Narrow region electron spectra were used to extract the chemical‐state information from the C 1s, O 1s and Au 4f peaks. The Au 4f spectral line shape was also analysed using the QUASES–Tougaard software package in order to obtain the in‐depth concentration profile of the resulting nanomaterial. This result evidences a good agreement between experiment and modelling. Indeed, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images highlight a homogeneous distribution of 10 nm‐size gold clusters with a surface coverage of 12% on the HOPG surface, both in agreement with the results obtained with the Tougaard and coworkers method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrected score estimation in the proportional hazards model with misclassified discrete covariates
Authors: Zucker David M. , Spiegelman Donna
Published: January 2008

We consider Cox proportional hazards regression when the covariate vector includes error‐prone discrete covariates along with error‐free covariates, which may be discrete or continuous. The misclassification in the discrete error‐prone covariates is allowed to be of any specified form. Building on the work of Nakamura and his colleagues, we present a corrected score method for this setting. The method can handle all three major study designs (internal validation design, external validation design, and replicate measures design), both functional and structural error models, and time‐dependent covariates satisfying a certain ‘localized error’ condition. We derive the asymptotic properties of the method and indicate how to adjust the covariance matrix of the regression coefficient estimates to account for estimation of the misclassification matrix. We present the results of a finite‐sample simulation study under Weibull survival with a single binary covariate having known misclassification rates. The performance of the method described here was similar to that of related methods we have examined in previous works. Specifically, our new estimator performed as well as or, in a few cases, better than the full Weibull maximum likelihood estimator. We also present simulation results for our method for the case where the misclassification probabilities are estimated from an external replicate measures study. Our method generally performed well in these simulations. The new estimator has a broader range of applicability than many other estimators proposed in the literature, including those described in our own earlier work, in that it can handle time‐dependent covariates with an arbitrary misclassification structure. We illustrate the method on data from a study of the relationship between dietary calcium intake and distal colon cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The feasibility of in vivo measurement of arsenic and silver by x‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Studinski Ryan , O'Meara Joanne , McNeill Fiona
Published: January 2008

This paper describes studies that have been performed to assess the feasibility of measuring arsenic and silver in human skin in vivo using x‐ray fluorescence (XRF). All of the systems could measure arsenic or silver to concentration levels of < 10 parts per million. This level of precision indicates that in vivo XRF is capable of measuring concentrations expected in exposed populations. Skin doses were within the levels, which could be acceptable for in vivo measurement. In vivo XRF studies of these elements are well worth pursuing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of the Second Stage of Labor in Women with Epidural Analgesia
Authors: Jacobson Peri , Turner Leslie
Published: January 2008

M.P., a healthy 21‐year‐old gravida 1 para 0 at 39 2/7 weeks' gestation, was admitted to the hospital while in labor. Her history and prenatal course were uncomplicated. Contractions had begun 9 hours earlier. The vaginal exam upon admission was 4/80/‐1 with membranes intact. She was contracting every 4 minutes. Two hours later, she was re‐examined and her cervix was unchanged. Her contractions were now occurring every 4 to 6 minutes. Her membranes were artificially ruptured in an attempt to augment her labor. An hour later, her contractions had not increased in frequency or duration, so the consulting midwife recommended oxytocin augmentation. M.P. also requested and received epidural analgesia at this time. Seven hours later, after 20 hours of labor, she was fully dilated and the head was at 0 station. Her epidural was discontinued, and 30 minutes later, coached pushing began because she had no spontaneous urge to push. She was instructed to use a closed glottis technique, in several positions, including semi‐Fowler's, lateral, and on her hands and knees. Her pain had returned, and despite encouragement to push with her contractions, she clung to the bed's siderails and cried out through several of her contractions. She was becoming exhausted, and her pushing efforts became increasingly ineffective. Finally, 2 hours and 30 minutes later, she spontaneously birthed a healthy baby boy weighing 3020 g, with 9/9 Apgars. Inspection revealed a second degree tear, which was repaired under local anesthetic. Breastfeeding was not initiated in the immediate postpartum period at M.P.‘s request because of self‐reported exhaustion. When she was seen on her first day postpartum, she expressed concern about the return of severe pain during pushing and was angered that the epidural had been discontinued without her understanding or consent. She stated that she was “still exhausted” from labor and “just wanted to sleep,” so had not attempted breastfeeding. She declined rooming‐in the previous night, and at the time of the visit, the baby remained in the nursery. Later that day, following discussion with her husband, she requested to speak to a patient advocate regarding the discontinuation of her pain medicine.
Tending Communities, Crossing Cultures: Midwives in 19th‐Century California
Authors: Manocchio Regina Teresa
Published: January 2008

This article addresses the social history of midwifery and nursing on the California frontier between 1835 and 1885. Drawing on the published interviews of Juana Machado de Ridington (1814–1901) and Apolinaria Lorenzana (born in 1795), this study addresses the practice of midwifery in this culturally diverse frontier setting. The identity of the nineteenth‐century Californiana midwife was based on the multiple roles she played in the communities she served. In addition to midwife (as we know it today), these identities included the role of lay minister, godmother, foster mother, and interpreter/translator. Previous histories have tended to marginalize these women and have failed to recognize their importance on the frontier both as women and as caretakers. The primary source material available tended to give only secondary attention to these midwives and their experiences. It is important that we preserve a place in history for these midwives and understand as best we can the ways in which they served their communities.
Cervical Cancer Screening Practices of Certified Nurse‐Midwives in the United States
Authors: Murphy Patricia Aikins , Schwarz Eleanor Bimla , Dyer Jane M.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine how closely certified nurse‐midwives in the United States follow contemporary cervical cancer screening guidelines. A survey was sent to 264 randomly selected certified nurse‐midwives. Survey questions included demographics and clinical scenarios addressing initiation, frequency, and cessation of screening. Responses were received from 60% of the sampled certified nurse‐midwives who had valid mailing addresses; 127 were eligible for the analytic sample. Many nurse‐midwives initiate cervical cancer screening earlier than guidelines recommend; 72% would initiate screening in an 18‐year‐old within 1 month of coitarche, while 36% would begin screening virginal girls at age 18, and many continue cervical cancer screening after guidelines recommend cessation. More than 60% of the respondents would continue screening a woman who had undergone total hysterectomy for symptomatic fibroids who had no history of dysplasia, and half would continue to screen a 70‐year‐old woman with a 30‐year history of previous normal Pap tests. In addition, despite guidelines which recommend less frequent screening, more than one‐quarter (28%) would continue annual screening in a 35‐year‐old woman with three or more normal tests. Certified nurse‐midwives are performing cervical cancer screening more frequently than current guidelines recommend. Comparisons to the practice of other providers are offered. Education to limit unnecessary testing is needed.
Tobacco Intervention Training in American College of Nurse‐Midwives Accredited Education Programs
Authors: Price James H. , Mohamed Iman , Jeffrey James D.
Published: January 2008

The objective of this study was to assess the content, amount of time, and educational techniques used in tobacco intervention training in American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) accredited programs. All 43 ACNM‐accredited programs were surveyed; 34 (79%) responded. Almost one in three programs (29%) offered fewer than 3 hours of instruction in tobacco education. The programs were more likely to offer training in the clinical science areas and least likely to offer training in the sociopolitical areas. Few programs (38%) required students to be taught smoking cessation techniques with patients in a clinical setting. The main barriers to teaching more (>3 h) tobacco education were not enough time in the curriculum (28%) and not having staff who are adequately trained (15%). Midwife education programs need to increase their instructional efforts, especially in the clinical science and sociopolitical areas, if midwives are to meet their goals of keeping women healthy, and in the case of pregnancies, making it a healthy experience for the woman and her newborn. This may require the development of a model core tobacco curriculum for all ACNM‐accredited programs.
Nutritional Counseling for Vegetarians During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Penney Debra S. , Miller Kathleen G.
Published: January 2008

A woman's nutritional status directly affects pregnancy outcome and the quality of breast milk after birth. Clinicians who provide prenatal care have an important role in assessing the nutritional status of women and directing them to appropriate resources while respecting their choices. Vegetarian and vegan diets may present with unique nutrient deficiencies that can be addressed during prenatal nutritional counseling.
Differences in Contraceptive Choice Among Female Adolescents at a State‐Funded Family Planning Clinic
Authors: Heavey Elizabeth J. , Moysich Kirsten B. , Hyland Andrew , Druschel Charlotte M. , Sill Michael W.
Published: January 2008

Our objective was to examine differences in contraceptive choice among female adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds both before and after an appointment for reproductive health care at a community‐based, state‐funded, family planning clinic. This study utilized data collected from 4237 charts from young women attending a family planning clinic. Logistic regression was utilized to examine variables associated with the following main questions: (1) the selection of use or nonuse of contraception; (2) the selection of barrier versus hormonal contraception; and (3) within those who selected hormonal contraception, the preference for injectable versus oral hormonal methods. We found that race, age, school status, and type of health insurance were all associated with contraceptive decision‐making among female adolescents. Some but not all of these associations remained after the clinic visit, which included no‐cost contraception.