bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infertilité et hypogonadisme primaire acquis après herniorraphie inguinale bilatérale
Authors: Punga-Maole A.M.-L. , Mobile K. , Mbongo A.B.
Published: October 2010

L’hypogonadisme primaire acquis par atrophie testiculaire (AT) ischémique bilatérale est peu fréquent parmi les causes d’infertilité. Les auteurs rapportent chez un patient de 35 ans ayant consulté pour infertilité, une AT d’origine ischémique après une cure chirurgicale de hernie inguinale bilatérale selon la technique de Mac-Vay. Le bilan hormonal était typique: LH et FSH élevées, testostérone basse. La fréquence plus élevée d’AT après cure de hernie inguinale par les techniques sous tension comparée à celle consécutive aux techniques sans tension est rappelée. Ce cas clinique s’ajoute aux cas rares d’AT parmi les causes d’infertilité.
Pseudotumeur inflammatoire du cordon spermatique sur testicule ectopique: à propos d’un cas
Authors: Sarr A. , Dial C. , Sow Y. , Gaye M. , Thiam A. , Fall B. , Diao B. , Ba M. , Diagne B.A.
Published: October 2010

Les auteurs rapportent le premier cas de pseudotumeur du cordon spermatique observé chez un sujet présentant une ectopie testiculaire. L’exploration chirurgicale avait permis de retrouver une masse funiculaire surplombant le testicule, masse dont l’analyse histologique était revenue en faveur d’une funiculite pseudotumorale. À travers l’analyse de ce cas et une revue de la littérature, nous allons discuter des aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de ces tumeurs paratesticulaires rares.
“Turn that thing off!” parent and adolescent predictors of proactive media monitoring
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Coyne Sarah M.
Published: October 2010

Though much research has focused on the positive outcomes of parents’ monitoring of adolescents’ media use, few studies have examined predictors of parents’ media monitoring. Accordingly, the current study was designed to assess both parent and child predictors of proactive media monitoring during adolescence. Participants consisted of 478 families who completed parenting and media questionnaires at two time points, approximately one year apart. Results revealed that both maternal and paternal authoritative parenting predicted proactive media monitoring. Specifically, parental connection and regulation were associated with increased levels of prearming (also called active mediation); regulation was associated with higher levels of cocooning (also called restrictive mediation); and autonomy was associated with higher levels of deference. Additionally, adolescents’ self regulation, media use, and age all predicted lower levels of parental cocooning. This research highlights the importance of examining both parent and child factors when determining what strategies parents use to monitor the media.
Opioids and psychological issues: A practical, patient‐centered approach to a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy
Authors: Clark Michael R. , Galati Steven A.
Published: October 2010

The use of long‐term opioid therapy for the management of chronic pain remains controversial. The highlighted consequences of long‐term opioid therapy are aberrant drug‐taking behaviors, abuse, and dependence. However, the limitations of this treatment modality usually can be attributed to a lack of efficacy and adverse events. Patients that remain refractory to long‐term opioid therapy for chronic pain often have a psychiatric disorder that is acting as a barrier to effectiveness. While standardized approaches to the evaluation of a patient to receive long‐term opioid therapy are established, little data exists to document their ability to limit opioid abuse or enhance their efficacy. Screening questionnaires and other attempts at predicting or detecting opioid‐related substance use disorders fail to determine the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders. A comprehensive approach for the psychiatric evaluation of patients with chronic pain will address specific barriers to successful chronic pain management and optimize the chances for success with long‐term opioid therapy.
Electrical stimulation and ultrasound in regional anesthesia
Authors: Urmey William F.
Published: October 2010

Nerve localization can be achieved by eliciting either a functional needle endpoint (e.g. mechanical paresthesia, motor response to electrical stimulation) or anatomical endpoint (e.g. periarterial injection, ultrasonographic imaging). The most widely used method to determine a functional endpoint is by the use of electrical nerve stimulation. Increasingly, ultrasonographic guidance is being used to determine anatomical endpoint in conjunction with or in place of electrical nerve stimulation. Peripheral nerve stimulation utilizes an oscillating square wave (pulse) of electrical current at a given frequency, current amplitude, and pulse duration that are very accurate in locating peripheral nerves. Nerve stimulation is very specific but has been lacking in sensitivity. Newer technology, including sequential electrical nerve stimulation, maintains the accuracy while increasing the sensitivity of this modality. Ultrasonographic guidance can also be very specific and sensitive for nerve location. Compared to electrical nerve stimulation, compact portable ultrasound units are much more expensive. To date, no differences have been shown in block success or complication rates between the two techniques. It is important to maintain proficiency in the use of both electrical nerve stimulation and ultrasonographic guidance for optimal practice and teaching of peripheral nerve or plexus anesthesia. Ideally both techniques may often be used in conjunction, enabling the practitioner and patient the benefits of each technique during simultaneous use.
HapMap tag-SNP analysis confirms a role forCOMTin schizophrenia risk and reveals a novel association
Authors: Voisey J. , Swagell C.D. , Hughes I.P. , Lawford B.R. , Young R.M. , Morris C.P.
Published: October 2010

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine and maps to a commonly deleted region that increases schizophrenia risk. A non-synonymous polymorphism (rs4680) inCOMThas been previously found to be associated with schizophrenia and results in altered activity levels ofCOMT. Using a haplotype block-based gene-tagging approach we conducted an association study of sevenCOMTsingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 160 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 250 controls in an Australian population. Two polymorphisms including rs4680 and rs165774 were found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia. The rs4680 results in a Val/Met substitution but the strongest association was shown by the novel SNP, rs165774, which may still be functional even though it is located in intron five. Individuals with schizophrenia were more than twice as likely to carry the GG genotype compared to the AA genotype for both the rs165774 and rs4680 SNPs. This association was slightly improved when males were analysed separately possibly indicating a degree of sexual dimorphism. Our results confirm thatCOMTis a good candidate for schizophrenia risk, by replicating the association with rs4680 and identifying a novel SNP association.
The benefits of “sleeping on things”: Unconscious thought leads to automatic weighting
Authors: Bos Maarten W. , Dijksterhuis Ap , van Baaren Rick B.
Published: October 2010

We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that unconscious thought leads to an automatic weighting process whereby important decision attributes receive more weight, and unimportant decision attributes receive less weight. In three experiments, participants chose between cars with few important positive attributes and many unimportant negative attributes (“Quality cars”), and cars with many unimportant positive attributes and few important negative attributes (“Frequency cars”). In all experiments, unconscious thinkers showed a stronger preference for Quality cars than immediate decision makers, showing that unconscious thought indeed evokes an automatic weighting process. An alternative explanation is refuted and implications are discussed.
Schulische Gesundheitsförderung bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Ottova Veronika , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Studien zeigen, dass Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund in einigen gesundheitsbezogenen Bereichen mehr gefährdet sind als jene ohne Migrationshintergrund. Im Rahmen der schulischen Gesundheitsförderung zeigten sich insbesondere Lebenskompetenzprogramme als Erfolg versprechend. Die PrimaSchule Studie hat die Wirksamkeit eben solcher Programme bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund sowie aus sozial schwächeren Verhältnissen untersucht.
Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstruction of a freshwater oasis in savannah grassland at FLK North, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Ashley Gail M. , Barboni Doris , Dominguez-Rodrigo Manuel , Bunn Henry T. , Mabulla Audax Z.P. , Diez-Martin Fernando , Barba Rebeca , Baquedano Enrique
Published: October 2010

The records of early hominins are commonly localized both temporally and spatially even in archaeologically rich basins like Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The FLK North site was discovered in 1960, but the reason for the exact location of this dense concentration of fossils and stone tools on a lake-margin flat has not been explained. We present new geological and geochemical information from six excavations in upper Bed I, which revealed up to 1.4-m-thick carbonate deposits, attesting to the presence of freshwater springs in the area surrounding FLK North. The δ18O signatures of the tufa are typical for meteoric water that has evolved during evaporation. Tuff IF that caps the sequence was deposited on uneven topography with the highest area a low-relief ridge between two faults at the archaeological site and lowest areas being sites of groundwater discharge. The model proposed here is that rainfall on adjacent highlands was transported to the basin where faults acted as conduits for water. Similar hydrogeological settings at modern lakes Manyara and Eyasi, currently support lush groundwater forest and woodland despite arid climate. FLK North may have been an “oasis” offering freshwater and shelter for consuming meat by both carnivores and hominins.
ON COMMON DIVISORS OF MULTINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
Authors: BERGMAN GEORGE M.
Published: October 2010

Erdős and Szekeres [‘Some number theoretic problems on binomial coefficients’, Aust. Math. Soc. Gaz.5 (1978), 97–99] showed that for any four positive integers satisfying m1+m2=n1+n2, the two binomial coefficients (m1+m2)!/m1!m2! and (n1+n2)!/n1!n2! have a common divisor greater than 1. The analogous statement for k-element families of k-nomial coefficients (k>1) was conjectured in 1997 by David Wasserman.

Erdős and Szekeres remark that if m1,m2,n1,n2 as above are all greater than 1, there is probably a lower bound on the common divisor in question which goes to infinity as a function of m1 +m2 . Such a bound is obtained in Section 2.

The remainder of this paper is devoted to proving results that narrow the class of possible counterexamples to Wasserman’s conjecture.
INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN BOTSWANA
Authors: LANGENI TABITHA T.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate intergenerational transmission of reproductive behaviour in Botswana. The major source of data was the 2001 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey where a nationally representative random sample of men and women aged 10–64 years was selected using a stratified two-stage probability sample design. Covariates in the analysis include age, education, marital status, religion, age at first birth, residence, duration at residence and contraceptive use. The main analytical technique is linear regression. The results indicate that the reproductive behaviour of older generations has a significantly positive influence on the reproductive behaviour of the subsequent generation, but does not affect the subsequent generation homogenously. The effect appeared much stronger for women who initiated childbearing at an older age, for women who had never been to school, and for the cohort aged 50–59 years. These findings suggest that number of siblings, as a reproductive behaviour determinant, may very well have confounded previous reproductive behaviour analyses in Botswana. The study draws attention to the importance of the effect of origin family size in determining reproductive behaviour outcomes in Botswana.
The effects of mass transfer on the global stability of the rotating-disk boundary layer
Authors: THOMAS CHRISTIAN , DAVIES CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2010

Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of surface suction and injection on the global behaviour of linear disturbances in the rotating-disk boundary layer. This extends earlier work, which considered the case with no mass transfer. For disturbances in the genuine base flow, where radially inhomogeneity is retained, mass injection at the disk surface led to behaviour that remained qualitatively similar to that which was found when there was no mass transfer. The initial development of disturbances within the absolutely unstable region involved temporal growth and upstream propagation, as should be anticipated for an absolute instability. However, this did not persist indefinitely. Just as for the case without mass transfer, the simulation results suggested that convective behaviour would eventually dominate, for all the Reynolds numbers investigated. In marked contrast, the results obtained for flows with mass suction indicate a destabilization due to the effects of the base-flow radial inhomogeneity. It was possible to identify disturbances excited within the absolutely unstable region that grew continually, with a temporal growth rate that increased as the disturbance evolved. The strong locally stabilizing effect of suction on the absolute instability, which gives rise to large increases in critical Reynolds numbers, appears to be obtainable only at the expense of introducing a new form of global instability. Analogous forms of global behaviour can be found in impulse solutions of the linearized complex Ginzburg–Landau equation. These solutions were deployed to interpret and make comparisons with the numerical simulation results. They illustrate how the long-term behaviour of a disturbance can be determined by the precise balance between radial increases in temporal growth rates, corresponding shifts in temporal frequencies and diffusion/dispersion effects. This balance provides some insight into why disturbances that are absolutely unstable, for the homogenized version of the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow, may become, in the genuine radially inhomogeneous flow, either globally stable or globally unstable, depending on the level of mass transfer that is applied at the disk surface.
Three-dimensional flow evolution after a dam break
Authors: FERRARI A. , FRACCAROLLO L. , DUMBSER M. , TORO E. F. , ARMANINI A.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the wave propagation on a plane dry bottom after a dam break is analysed. Two mathematical models have been used and compared with each other for simulating such a dam-break scenario. First, the fully three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for a weakly compressible fluid have been solved using the new smooth particle hydrodynamics formulation, recently proposed by Ferrari et al. (Comput. Fluids, vol. 38, 2009, p. 1203). Second, the two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWEs) are solved using a third-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory finite-volume scheme. The numerical results are critically compared against the laboratory measurements provided by Fraccarollo & Toro (J. Hydraul. Res., vol. 33, 1995, p. 843). The experimental data provide the temporal evolution of the pressure field, the water depth and the vertical velocity profile at 40 gauges, located in the reservoir and in front of the gate. Our analysis reveals the shortcomings of SWEs in the initial stages of the dam-break phenomenon in reproducing many important flow features of the unsteady free-surface flow: the shallow water model predicts a complex wave structure and a wavy evolution of local free-surface elevations in the reservoir that can be clearly identified to be only model artefacts. However, the quasi-incompressible Navier–Stokes model reproduces well the high gradients in the flow field and predicts the cycles of simultaneous rapid decreasing and frozen stages of the free surface in the tank along with the velocity oscillations. Asymptotically, i.e. for ‘large times’, the shallow water model and the weakly compressible Navier–Stokes model agree well with the experimental data, since the classical SWE assumptions are satisfied only at large times.
SOME FREQUENTLY-ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT SHOSTAKOVICH'S ‘ORANGO’
Authors: McBurney Gerard
Published: October 2010

Q: What is ‘Orango’?

A:Orango is an unfinished satirical opera, sketched in 1932 when Shostakovich was in the middle of writing Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.
FRUITS OF SORABJI'S INDIAN SUMMER: ‘IL TESSUTO D'ARABESCHI’ AND ‘FANTASIETTINA ATEMATICA’
Authors: Inglis Brian
Published: October 2010

The Anglo-Indian composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (1892–1988) is best known for his virtuosic, highly decorative and complex style of piano music and vast post-Romantic scale, as typified by his magnum opus, Opus Clavicembalisticum. In his last creative period (post-1973), however, he composed a number of more concise works which depart from the idiom of the piano. This article examines two of these works, Il tessuto d'arabeschi (1979) for flute and string quartet, and Fantasiettina Atematica (1981) for wind trio. It looks primarily at the place of these two works in Sorabji's oeuvre as a whole, but also the wider issues of Sorabji's compositional approach and musical attitudes in later life.
Shifting Boundaries between Free and Unfree Labor: Introduction
Authors: Brown Carolyn , van der Linden Marcel
Published: October 2010

In 1905, Henry Nevinson, at the time a well-known British journalist, visited Angola. He discovered that the slave trade was still going on in secret in that region, many years after it had officially been abolished. Deep inside Southern Africa slaves were caught; they were forced to walk hundreds of miles to the coast until they arrived at Katumbella, where “the slaves were rested, sorted out, dressed, and then taken on over the fifteen miles to Benguela, usually disguised as ordinary carriers.” In Benguela's main street,

there is a government office where the official representative of the “Central Committee of Labor and Emigration for the Islands” (having its headquarters in Lisbon) sits in state, and under due forms of law receives the natives, who enter one door as slaves and go out of another as serviçaes. Everything is correct. The native, who has usually been torn from his home far in the interior, perhaps as much as eight hundred miles away, and already sold twice, is asked by an interpreter if it is his wish to go to [the island of] San Thomé, or to undertake some other form of service to a new master. Of course he answers, “Yes.” It is quite unnecessary to suppose, as most people suppose, that the interpreter always asks such questions as, “Do you like to fish?” or “Will you have a drink?” though one of the best scholars in the languages of the interior has himself heard those questions asked at an official inspection of serviçaes on board ship. It would be unnecessary for the interpreter to invent such questions. If he asked, “Is it your wish to go to hell? ” the serviçal would say “yes” just the same. In fact, throughout this part of Africa the name of San Thomé is becoming identical with hell, and when a man has been brought hundreds of miles from his home by an unknown road and through long tracts of “hungry country”—when he also knows that if he did get back he would probably be sold again or killed —what else can he answer but “yes”? Under similar circumstances the Archbishop of Canterbury would answer the same. The serviçal says “yes,” and so sanctions the contract for his labor. The decencies of law and order are respected.
The Civil Rights Origins of Illegal Immigration
Authors: Ngai Mae M.
Published: October 2010

The present immigration system is based on a core paradox. The method of allocating visas for the admission of permanent residents is based on principles of equality and fairness because all countries have the same quota. Yet visa demand varies widely. The principle of formal equality has disparate effects, being inclusionary for some and exclusionary for others. Four countries persistently max out on their caps—China, India, Mexico, and the Philippines—leading to long waits, easily ten to twenty years or more, and hence pressures for unlawful entry. The system generates an ever-larger caste-population of unauthorized immigrants.
Nationalism and Sectarian Violence in Liverpool and Belfast, 1880s–1920s
Authors: Jenkins Gareth
Published: October 2010

This article focuses upon the local cultures of Liverpool and Belfast, two cities wracked by recurrent communal sectarian strife. My analysis contributes to a growing appreciation of the locality and region as sites of accommodation, negotiation, and resistance to “nationalizing forces.” I argue that in Liverpool secularization and democratization contributed to local Tory Democracy's loss of control over popular sectarianism and to the subsequent development of a dynamic working-class movement that generated sustained Protestant-Catholic violence. In contrast, Ulster Unionism largely contained and controlled sectarian violence in Belfast. With the national threat of Irish Home Rule, the movement intervened, drawing Protestant working-class activity away from the street into “representative” structures, which were designed to harness and “police” popular sectarianism. Consequently, I examine whether the growing nationalization of British political culture from 1880 to the 1920s exacerbated or contributed to the resolution of entrenched sectarian strife within the two cities.
Globalisation and resistance: struggles over common sense in the global political economy
Authors: STEPHEN MATTHEW
Published: October 2010

This article develops and applies the role of ‘common sense’ in a Gramscian theory of transnational counter-hegemony. Building on recent interpretative literature on the alter-globalisation movement, it applies this framework to then evaluate empirically the impact of the alter-globalisation movement on the realm of global ‘common sense’ understandings of the world in the period 2002 to 2007. It shows that there is little empirical support for the notion that the alter-globalisation movement effected a legitimation crisis for neo-liberalism as a hegemonic project on a global scale. Instead, a more ambivalent and potentially reactionary situation amongst collectively held norms is revealed. This indicates the shortcomings of the alter-globalisation movement as a coalition of social forces capable of mounting an ideological attack on neo-liberalism and forging a new intellectual-moral bloc.
Health technology assessment for resource allocation decisions: Are key principles relevant for Latin America?
Authors: Pichon-Riviere Andres , Augustovski Federico , Rubinstein Adolfo , Martí Sebastián García , Sullivan Sean D. , Drummond Michael F.
Published: October 2010

Objectives: A set of fifteen key principles (KP) has been recently proposed to guide decisions on the structure of HTA programs, the methods of HTA, the processes for conducting HTA and the use of HTA findings in decision-making. The objective of this research is to explore whether these KPs are relevant and useful in Latin America (LA), and to what extent they are being applied.

Methods: A Web-based survey was sent to 11,792 HTA researchers and users in LA to explore the perceived relevance of each KP, its current level of application and the gap between these two.

Results: We received 1,142 responses from nineteen LA countries (9.7 percent response rate). The subgroup of KP related to Methods and to the Use of HTA received the higher mean scores in the relevance scale (9.00 and 8.94). Level of current application scored low in all KP (3.2 to 4.9). Higher gaps were observed in principles related to the use of HTA in decision making and to the processes for conducting HTA. Countries with more developed HTA showed higher scores in the degree of current application (5.3 versus 3.4, p < .01) and lower gaps (3.84 versus 5.21, p < .01). Researchers, compared with research users, scored the relevance of the KPs higher.

Conclusions: KPs seem to be very relevant to most HTA researchers and users in LA. However, the current level of application was considered uniformly poor. Higher gaps were observed in KPs related to the link between HTA and decision making, highlighting one of the major challenges for the countries in the region.
Estimating the direct costs of bowel cancer services provided by the National Health Service in England
Authors: Bending Matthew W. , Trueman Paul , Lowson Karin V. , Pilgrim Hazel , Tappenden Paul , Chilcott Jim , Tappenden Janine
Published: October 2010

Objectives:Bowel cancer is the second most common cancer in England and Wales, accounting for approximately 13,000 deaths per year. Economic evaluations and national guidance have been produced for individual treatments for bowel cancer. However, it has been suggested that Primary Care Trusts develop program budgeting or equivalent methodology demonstrating a whole system approach to investment and disinvestment. The objective of this study was to provide a baseline framework for considering a whole system approach to estimate the direct costs of bowel cancer services provided by the National Health Service (NHS) in England.

Methods:A treatment pathway, developed in 2005, was used to construct a service pathway model to estimate the direct cost of bowel cancer services in England.

Results:The service pathway model estimated the direct cost of bowel cancer services to the NHS to be in excess of £1 billion in 2005. Thirty-five percent of the cost is attributable to the screening and testing of patients with suspected bowel cancer, subsequently diagnosed as cancer-free.

Conclusions:This study is believed to be the most comprehensive attempt to identify the direct cost of managing bowel cancer services in England. The approach adopted could be useful to assist local decision makers in identifying those aspects of the pathway that are most uncertain in terms of their cost-effectiveness and as a basis to explore the implications of re-allocated resources. Research recommendations include the need for detailed costs on surgical procedures, high-risk patients and the utilization of the methods used in this study across other cancers.
Evaluating HTA principles
Authors: Neumann Peter J. , Drummond Michael F. , Jonsson Bengt , Luce Bryan R. , Schwartz J. Sanford , Siebert Uwe , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: October 2010

Thank you for the opportunity to respond to the letter by Gibson and Little. The authors raise several points that require a response. First, they claim that we inaccurately characterized the DERP/Washington State Medicaid agency, and did not appreciate that the DERP and the Washington State Medicaid agency have different missions. On the contrary, however, we fully recognized that DERP's mission is to conduct systematic reviews and not to make recommendations, whereas Washington State uses the reviews in making recommendations for their Medicaid enrollees. We specifically noted in the study that “Washington Medicaid is one of fourteen participants in the DERP. DERP researchers conduct health technology assessments for drug classes. Participants in the DERP, such as the Washington Medicaid program, retain local authority for interpreting DERP reports and for decision making regarding which drugs to pay for.” We chose to analyze DERP/Washington State as a single entity for our exercise because we were interested in analyzing the link between the HTA conducted and the decisions that follow them.
How small can small be: The compound eye of the parasitoid waspTrichogramma evanescens(Westwood, 1833) (Hymenoptera, Hexapoda), an insect of 0.3- to 0.4-mm total body size
Authors: FISCHER STEFAN , MÜLLER CARSTEN H.G. , MEYER-ROCHOW V. BENNO
Published: October 2010

With a body length of only 0.3–0.4 mm, the parasitoid waspTrichogramma evanescens(Westwood) is one of the smallest insects known. Yet, despite its diminutive size, it possesses compound eyes that are of oval shapes, measuring across their long axes in dorsoventral direction 63.39 and 71.11μm in males and females, respectively. The corresponding facet diameters are 5.90μm for males and 6.39μm for females. Owing to the small radii of curvature of the eyes in males (34.59μm) and females (42.82μm), individual ommatidia are short with respective lengths of 24.29 and 34.97μm. The eyes are of the apposition kind, and each ommatidium possesses four cone cells of the eucone type and a centrally fused rhabdom, which throughout its length is formed by no more than eight retinula cells. A ninth cell occupies the place of the eighth retinula cell in the distal third of the rhabdom. The cone is shielded by two primary and six secondary pigment cells, all with no apparent extensions to the basement membrane, unlike the case in larger hymenopterans. The regular and dense packing of the rhabdoms reflects an effective use of space. Calculations on the optics of the eyes ofTrichogrammasuggest that the eyes need not be diffraction limited, provided they use mostly shorter wavelengths, that is, UV light. Publications on the visual behavior of these wasps confirmTrichogramma’s sensitivity to UV radiation. On the basis of our findings, some general functional conclusions for very small compound eyes are formulated.
NEW SPECIES IN OLD WORLD BOEHMERIA (URTICACEAE)
Authors: Wilmot-Dear C. M. , Friis I. , Thomas Z.
Published: October 2010

Four new species of Boehmeria (Urticaceae) are described and named: Boehmeria listeri Friis & Wilmot-Dear and B. manipurensis Friis & Wilmot-Dear from the eastern part of the Himalayas, B. leptostachya Friis & Wilmot-Dear from southern China (Yunnan), Thailand and northern Sumatra, and B. subintegra Friis & Wilmot-Dear from Papua New Guinea. The species are illustrated and mapped and their habitat ranges are described, and conservation assessments have been produced for all.
Entorhinal cortex volume in older adults: Reliability and validity considerations for three published measurement protocols
Authors: PRICE C.C. , WOOD M.F. , LEONARD C.M. , TOWLER S. , WARD J. , MONTIJO H. , KELLISON I. , BOWERS D. , MONK T. , NEWCOMER J.C. , SCHMALFUSS I.
Published: October 2010

Measuring the entorhinal cortex (ERC) is challenging due to lateral border discrimination from the perirhinal cortex. From a sample of 39 nondemented older adults who completed volumetric image scans and verbal memory indices, we examined reliability and validity concerns for three ERC protocols with different lateral boundary guidelines (i.e., Goncharova, Dickerson, Stoub, & deToledo-Morrell, 2001; Honeycutt et al., 1998; Insausti et al., 1998). We used three novice raters to assess inter-rater reliability on a subset of scans (216 total ERCs), with the entire dataset measured by one rater with strong intra-rater reliability on each technique (234 total ERCs). We found moderate to strong inter-rater reliability for two techniques with consistent ERC lateral boundary endpoints (Goncharova, Honeycutt), with negligible to moderate reliability for the technique requiring consideration of collateral sulcal depth (Insausti). Left ERC and story memory associations were moderate and positive for two techniques designed to exclude the perirhinal cortex (Insausti, Goncharova), with the Insausti technique continuing to explain 10% of memory score variance after additionally controlling for depression symptom severity. Right ERC-story memory associations were nonexistent after excluding an outlier. Researchers are encouraged to consider challenges of rater training for ERC techniques and how lateral boundary endpoints may impact structure-function associations. (JINS, 2010, 16, 846–855.)
Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in event conceptualization? Expressions of Path among Japanese learners of English
Authors: BROWN AMANDA , GULLBERG MARIANNE
Published: October 2010

Typological differences in expressions of motion are argued to have consequences for event conceptualization. In SLA, studies generally find transfer of L1 expressions and accompanying event construals, suggesting resistance to the restructuring of event conceptualization. The current study tackles such restructuring in SLA within the context of bidirectional cross-linguistic influence, focusing on expressions of Path in English and Japanese. We probe the effects of lexicalization patterns on event construal by focusing on different Path components: Source, Via and Goal. Crucially, we compare the same speakers performing both in the L1 and L2 to ascertain whether the languages influence each other. We argue for the potential for restructuring, even at modest levels of L2 proficiency, by showing that not only do L1 patterns shape construal in the L2, but that L2 patterns may subtly and simultaneously broaden construal in the L1 within an individual learner.
A NOTE ON THE NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR THE REACTION–DIFFUSION PROBLEM WITH A FREE BOUNDARY CONDITION
Authors: ÖZUĞURLU E.
Published: October 2010

The equation modelling the evolution of a foam (a complex porous medium consisting of a set of gas bubbles surrounded by liquid films) is solved numerically. This model is described by the reaction–diffusion differential equation with a free boundary. Two numerical methods, namely the fixed-point and the averaging in time and forward differences in space (the Crank–Nicolson scheme), both in combination with Newton’s method, are proposed for solving the governing equations. The solution of Burgers’ equation is considered as a special case. We present the Crank–Nicolson scheme combined with Newton’s method for the reaction–diffusion differential equation appearing in a foam breaking phenomenon.
Förderung mathematischer Basiskompetenzen in der Grundstufe der Schule für Lernhilfe
Authors: Sinner Daniel , Kuhl Jan
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Um die Effektivität einer mathematischen Fördermaßnahme zu untersuchen, wurden an 6 Lernhilfeschulen 87 Kinder im Alter von 7 bis 11.5 Jahren im Hinblick auf ihre mathematischen Basiskompetenzen vorgetestet. Anhand dieser Vortestwerte wurden die 40 rechenschwächsten Kinder auf zwei Versuchsgruppen verteilt. Hierbei durchlief die Experimentalgruppe (N = 22; ØIQ = 81) eine Förderung mit dem Programm „Mengen, zählen, Zahlen” (MZZ; Krajewski, Nieding & Schneider, 2007 ), während die Kontrollgruppe (N = 18; ØIQ = 77) mit dem „Denktraining für Kinder I” ( Klauer, 1989 ) trainiert wurde. Beide Gruppen erhielten zwölf Förderstunden à 40 Minuten in einem Zeitraum von sechs Wochen. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Experimentalgruppe in ihren mathematischen Basiskompetenzen nach der Förderung im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe signifikant stärker verbessert hatte (d = 0.56). Insbesondere fand eine Steigerung im Bereich des Anzahlkonzepts (= Kardinalzahlverständnis) statt. Die Effekte blieben allerdings nicht über einen Zeitraum von vier Monaten bestehen. Auch ein Transfer auf einfache Rechenoperationen fand nicht statt.
Reexposure and advection of 14C‐depleted organic carbon from old deposits at the upper continental slope
Authors: Tesi Tommaso , Goñi Miguel A. , Langone Leonardo , Puig Pere , Canals Miquel , Nittrouer Charles A. , Durrieu de Madron Xavier , Calafat Antoni , Palanques Albert , Heussner Serge , Davies Maureen H. , Drexler Tina M. , Fabres Joan , Miserocchi Stefano
Published: October 2010

Outcrops of old strata at the shelf edge resulting from erosive gravity‐driven flows have been globally described on continental margins. The reexposure of old strata allows for the reintroduction of aged organic carbon (OC), sequestered in marine sediments for thousands of years, into the modern carbon cycle. This pool of reworked material represents an additional source of 14C‐depleted organic carbon supplied to the ocean, in parallel with the weathering of fossil organic carbon delivered by rivers from land. To understand the dynamics and implications of this reexposure at the shelf edge, a biogeochemical study was carried out in the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean Sea) where erosive processes, driven by shelf dense water cascading, are currently shaping the seafloor at the canyon heads. Mooring lines equipped with sediment traps and current meters were deployed during the cascading season in the southwestern canyon heads, whereas sediment cores were collected along the sediment dispersal system from the prodelta regions down to the canyon heads. Evidence from grain‐size, X‐radiographs and 210Pb activity indicate the presence in the upper slope of a shelly‐coarse surface stratum overlying a consolidated deposit. This erosive discontinuity was interpreted as being a result of dense water cascading that is able to generate sufficient shear stress at the canyon heads to mobilize the coarse surface layer, eroding the basal strata. As a result, a pool of aged organic carbon (Δ14C = −944.5 ± 24.7‰; mean age 23,650 ± 3,321 ybp) outcrops at the modern seafloor and is reexposed to the contemporary carbon cycle. This basal deposit was found to have relatively high terrigenous organic carbon (lignin = 1.48 ± 0.14 mg/100 mg OC), suggesting that this material was deposited during the last low sea‐level stand. A few sediment trap samples showed anomalously depleted radiocarbon concentrations (Δ14C = −704.4 ± 62.5‰) relative to inner shelf (Δ14C = −293.4 ± 134.0‰), mid‐shelf (Δ14C = −366.6 ± 51.1‰), and outer shelf (Δ14C = −384 ± 47.8‰) surface sediments. Therefore, although the major source of particulate material during the cascading season is resuspended shelf deposits, there is evidence that this aged pool of organic carbon can be eroded and laterally advected downslope.
A reevaluation of submarine groundwater discharge along the southeastern coast of North America
Authors: Moore Willard S.
Published: October 2010

New data of fluxes of radium isotopes and concentrations of radium in coastal groundwater enable an estimation of fluxes of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to a large section of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB). The new fluxes are considerably greater than SGD fluxes to this region estimated earlier. The annual average total SGD fluxes, which represent a range of salinity, are 3 times greater than the river fluxes. The highest fluxes of radium and SGD occur in the summer off the coast of Georgia. When scaled per kilometer of shoreline, the SGD flux is the same for the coastlines of Onslow Bay, NC (140 km), a section of the South Atlantic Bight from Onslow Bay, NC, to Cresent Beach, Florida, United States (600 km), and the entire Atlantic Ocean (75,000 km). The fact that each independent estimate is based on different methods and assumptions gives confidence to the results. These SGD fluxes are not restricted to the shoreline but occur throughout the continental shelf. They are important for supplying not only radium but also nutrients, carbon, metals, and freshwater to these coastal waters.
The Caribbean plate: Pulled, pushed, or dragged?
Authors: van Benthem S. , Govers R.
Published: October 2010

Mechanical coupling between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere remains a controversial topic in the geosciences. Beneath the Caribbean plate, shear wave splitting measurements indicate EW strain in the asthenosphere, which can be interpreted as mantle flow driving or resisting motion of the overlying lithosphere. Here, we constrain the average shear traction on the base of the Caribbean plate by balancing all torques. These torques result from body forces that act on the Caribbean (slab pull, ridge push, lateral density variations), from plate boundary friction and from basal shear tractions. We obtain a range of physically realistic torque solutions, which we examine further by computing the corresponding stresses and rotations within the Caribbean plate for comparison with observations. The deformation field for the Caribbean is particularly sensitive to the amount of friction on intraplate faults. Representative models have a good fit with observations and are characterized by (1) a near‐zero basal shear traction (≤0.3 MPa), (2) (lithosphere‐averaged) plate boundary friction ≤ 10 MPa, (3) local forces due to indenters and trench pull, (4) a net pull by the Caribbean slab and (5) intraplate fault shear stresses on the order of tens of megapascals. We conclude that the mechanical coupling of the Caribbean plate to the underlying asthenosphere is small.
Seasonal variability in air‐sea fluxes of CO2 in a river‐influenced coastal margin
Authors: Lohrenz Steven E. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Chen Feizhou , Chen Xiaogang , Tuel Merritt
Published: October 2010

Recent studies in the northern Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere have demonstrated that enhanced biological production in large river plumes may contribute to a net surface influx of atmospheric CO2. However, large rivers also deliver significant amounts of terrestrial carbon into continental margin waters; hence, the potential for large and variable signals in carbon flux exist in these regions. Here, we used a combination of satellite and ship‐based observations to examine variability in surface pCO2 and air‐sea flux of carbon dioxide in relation to variations in river discharge and seasonal environmental conditions. Underway surface pCO2 showed large seasonal differences based on observations acquired during cruises in August 2004, October 2005, and April 2006. Strong cross‐shelf gradients in pCO2 were observed during August 2004 and April 2006, influenced by river outflow. Uniformly high values observed during October 2005 likely reflected the disturbed nature of the system after two major storm events (hurricanes Katrina and Rita). Satellite‐derived assessments of pCO2 were used in conjunction with estimates of wind fields to produce regional maps of surface water pCO2 and air‐sea fluxes. The region was a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in August 2004 (−0.96 to −1.2 mmol C m−2 d−1) and net source during October 2005 and April 2006 (1.0 to 5.4 mmol C m−2 d−1). Uncertainties in flux estimates, particularly for low salinity waters in April 2006, highlighted the need for more extensive in situ observations. Our results illustrate the utility of satellite approaches for providing regional assessments of coastal carbon budgets.
Coastal and mesoscale dynamics characterization using altimetry and gliders: A case study in the Balearic Sea
Authors: Bouffard Jérôme , Pascual Ananda , Ruiz Simón , Faugère Yannice , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: October 2010

Dynamics along the continental slopes are difficult to observe given the wide spectrum of temporal and spatial variability of physical processes which occur (coastal currents, meanders, eddies, etc.). Studying such complex dynamics requires the development of synergic approaches that use integrated observing systems. In this context, we present the results of an observational program conducted in the Balearic Sea combining coastal gliders and altimetry. The objectives of this experiment are to study regional dynamics using new technologies, such as gliders, in synergy with satellite altimetry and to investigate the limitations and potential improvement to altimetric data sets in the coastal zone. In this regard, new methodologies have been developed to compute consistent altimetric and glider velocities, and a novel technique to estimate absolute glider velocities, combining surface glider geostrophic velocities with integrated currents estimated from the glider GPS positioning, has been applied. In addition, the altimetric velocity computation has been improved, especially in the coastal zone, using high‐frequency along‐track sampling associated with new filtering and editing techniques. This approach proves efficient for homogenizing the physical contents of altimetry and glider surface currents (percentage of standard deviation explained is >40) and characterizing regional dynamics in the Balearic Sea through a combined analysis of a high‐resolution observing system, such as the appearance of anomalous intense mesoscale features missing in the classical circulation scheme of the Balearic Sea.
Anthropogenic air pollution observed near dust source regions in northwestern China during springtime 2008
Authors: Li Can , Tsay Si‐Chee , Fu Joshua S. , Dickerson Russell R. , Ji Qiang , Bell Shaun W. , Gao Yang , Zhang Wu , Huang Jianping , Li Zhanqing , Chen Hongbin
Published: October 2010

Trace gases and aerosols were measured in Zhangye (39.082°N, 100.276°E, 1460 m a.s.l.), a rural site near the Gobi deserts in northwestern China during spring 2008. Primary trace gases (CO: 265 ppb; SO2: 3.4 ppb; NOy*: 4.2 ppb; hereafter results given as means of hourly data) in the area were lower than in eastern China, but still indicative of marked anthropogenic emissions. Sizable aerosol mass concentration (153 μg/m3) and light scattering (159 Mm−1 at 500 nm) were largely attributable to dust emissions, and aerosol light absorption (10.3 Mm−1 at 500 nm) was dominated by anthropogenic pollution. Distinct diurnal variations in meteorology and pollution were induced by the local valley terrain. Strong daytime northwest valley wind cleaned out pollution and was replaced by southeast mountain wind that allowed pollutants to build up overnight. In the afternoon, aerosols had single scattering albedo (SSA, 500 nm) of 0.95 and were mainly of supermicron particles, presumably dust, while at night smaller particles and SSA of 0.89–0.91 were related to pollution. The diverse local emission sources were characterized: the CO/SO2, CO/NOy, NOy/SO2 (by moles), and BC/CO (by mass) ratios for small point sources such as factories were 24.6–54.2, 25.8–35.9, 0.79–1.31, and 4.1–6.1 × 10−3, respectively, compared to the corresponding inventory ratios of 43.7–71.9, 23.7–25.7, 1.84–2.79, and 3.4–4.0 × 10−3 for the industrial sector in the area. The mixing between dust and pollution can be ubiquitous in this region. During a dust storm shown as an example, pollutants were observed to mix with dust, causing discernible changes in both SSA and aerosol size distribution. Further interaction between dust and pollutants during transport may modify the properties of dust particles that are critical for their large‐scale impact on radiation, clouds, and global biogeochemical cycles.
Accounting for subgrid scale topographic variations in flood propagation modeling using MODFLOW
Authors: Milzow C. , Kinzelbach W.
Published: October 2010

To be computationally viable, grid‐based spatially distributed hydrological models of large wetlands or floodplains must be set up using relatively large cells (order of hundreds of meters to kilometers). Computational costs are especially high when considering the numerous model runs or model time steps necessary in calibration and long‐term simulation. To parameterize such models, upscaling procedures are required in furnishing equivalent hydrological model parameters on the grid scale. Here we investigate the effect of a new upscaling technique for hydrological flow parameters dependent upon the small‐scale terrain elevation distribution, namely, resistance to flow, infiltration, and depression storage volume. In the new procedure, these hydrological model parameters on the grid scale become functions of the water table elevation. These functions are established by preparatory, nonrecurring, simulations using the highest available topographic data as input. In this way, the variability and spatial correlation of elevation data on the subscale is preserved on the model scale, at least to some extent. The MODFLOW‐based hydrological model of the Okavango Wetlands is used as a study case. The effectiveness of the new upscaling technique is judged on the basis of comparison of computed flooding patterns with and without implementation of the new technique. It is shown that model results are considerably influenced by this new more flexible parameterization. The partitioning of flows toward the different distributary systems of the Okavango Wetlands is improved by the new technique.