bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the tumor‐promoting activity of additives in biomaterials: Inhibition of metabolic cooperation by phenolic antioxidants involved in rubber materials
Authors: Tsuchiya Toshie , Fukuhara Kiyoshi , Hata Hideyo , Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Miyata Naoki , Katoh Fumitaka , Yamasaki Hiroshi , Nakamura Akitada
Published: May 2005

For the detection of tumor‐promoting activities of phenolic antioxidants, the inhibitory activities on the intercellular gap‐junctional communication were investigated using the V79 metabolic cooperation (MC) assay. Among eight antioxidants, 4,4′‐butylidene‐bis(3‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butyl‐phenol), 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(4‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) (MBMBP), and styrenated phenol (SP) showed stronger inhibitory activities than lithocholic acid, which is known to be a tumor promotor. However, 4,4′‐thio‐bis(3‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol), Irganox 1010, and 1330 did not inhibit at any concentrations. When the single‐electron oxidation potentials were compared among antioxidants, the electrochemical ease estimated with the first oxidation potential was correlated with the cytotoxic potentials (r = 0.88), but not with the inhibitory activities in an MC assay. The tumor‐promoting activity of MBMBP was also investigated using an in vitro, two‐stage Balb/c 3T3 transformation assay. MBMBP did not show initiating activity, but significant promoting activity at concentrations of both 1 and 2.5 μg/ml were noted. These concentrations were close to the lowest effective inhibitory concentration (1.3 μg/ml) of MBMBP in an MC assay. In conclusion, there is a possibility that the phenolic antioxidants that show inhibitory activities in an MC assay contribute to the enhancement of tumor incidence induced by biomaterials. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of glutaraldehyde in calcification of porcine heart valves: Comparing cusp and wall
Authors: Girardot Marie‐Nadia , Torrianni Mark , Dillehay Dirck , Girardot Jean‐Marie
Published: May 2005

Experiments were performed to better understand the relationship between glutaraldehyde and calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves, using both the cusps and the wall of porcine aortic roots. The results of the first experiment, for which 3H‐labeled glutaraldehyde solutions were used, indicated that binding of glutaraldehyde in cusps and wall is concentration‐dependent, that the wall contains significantly less glutaraldehyde than the cusp, and that glutaraldehyde, which penetrates in the wall at similar rates from the intima and the adventitia, is homogeneously distributed throughout the wall after 7 days of fixation, except for the intima side, where it is significantly lower. The results of the second experiment, for which cusps and 1‐cm2 pieces of wall from glutaraldehyde‐fixed porcine aortic roots were implanted subdermally in young rats, indicated that for both types of tissue, calcification appears to first initiate predominantly in the cell nuclei before extending to the other structures. After 8 weeks of implantation, whereas the cusps were completely calcified, calcification of the wall was limited to two longitudinal bands 150–300 μm thick, located below the adventitia and intima surfaces. The results of the third experiment indicated that cusp calcification, which decreased significantly after a 12‐month storage period, was reset to high levels by reexposing the valves to glutaraldehyde at the end of the 12‐month storage period. Wall calcification remained constant under all tested conditions. The results suggest that the mechanism(s) of calcification in the wall and the cusp may be different, and that calcification may be relted to a particular molecular configuration resulting from exposure to glutaraldehyde. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of diepoxy compounds used for biomaterial modification
Authors: Nishi Chika , Nakajima Naoki , Ikada Yoshito
Published: May 2005

The toxicity of various diepoxy compounds used for biomaterials crosslinking was investigated with a cell culture method and compared with an in vivo method. The neutral red uptake by cells was used to count the number of cells still alive after contact with the diepoxy compounds, because this method was more sensitive in cell counting than the other four methods studied in this work. The amount of neutral red taken up by cells depended strongly on the activity of cells in comparison with other methods; only small amounts of neutral red were taken up when cells were in a low activity state even if they were still alive. The in vitro toxicity of diepoxy compounds evaluated by the neutral red method revealed a good correlation with that found by the in vivo Draize test. The in vitro cytotoxicity to a cell line of L929 was closely related to that of primary culture cells of the normal rabbit cornea epidermal cell. The toxicity of diepoxy compounds was lower as their chain was longer, probably because of the lower chemical reactivity. All the diepoxy compounds investigated in this study exhibited lower cytotoxicity than formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and a water‐soluble carbodiimide. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Studies on the tumor‐promoting activity of polyurethanes: Depletion of inhibitory action of metabolic cooperation on the surface of a polyalkyleneurethane but not a polyetherurethane
Authors: Tsuchiya Toshie , Takahara Atsushi , Cooper Stuart L. , Nakamura Akitada
Published: May 2005

Methanol extracts prepared from three polyetherurethanes (PEUs), namely PU4, PU6, and PU8, which were synthesized using 4,4′‐diphenylmethanediisocyanate, poly(tetramethylene oxide), and 1,4‐butanediol, showed an inhibitory action on the gap‐junctional intercellular communication in a V79 metabolic cooperation (MC) test system. However, the inhibitory potentials of methanol extracts did not correlate with the tumorigenic potential of the polyurethanes in 1‐year rat implantation studies. When the MC test was carried out using glass dishes partly coated with low molecular weight PEU, the inhibitory activity was clearly detected on the surface of the polyurethane coating but not on that of the noncoated glass area. The inhibitory activity of the three PEUs investigated using polyurethanecoated dishes correlated with the values of the polyurethane's tumorigenic potential in the rat implantation study. Various polyurethanes containing polybutadiene (PBD), hydrogenated polybutadiene (HPBD), or a fluoropolyether glycol (FPEG) as the soft segment were also tested using coated dishes in the MC assay. The threshold inhibitory response of FPEG–PU was 10‐fold less than that of PU4, and neither PBD–PU nor HPBD–PU showed any inhibition in the MC test system. Both the FPEG and aliphatic soft segment containing polyurethanes decreased, and had minimal influence on the gap junctional intercellular communication. Thus, the tumor‐promoting potential of PBD–PU, HPBD–PU, and FPEG–PU was considered to be lower than those of the PEUs based on these in vitro test results. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental long‐term study of titanium ions eluted from pure titanium miniplates
Authors: Bessho Kazuhisa , Fujimura Kazuma , Iizuka Tadahiko
Published: May 2005

A long‐term study of titanium miniplates, which are in wide clinical use, was conducted to clarify their usefulness as a permanent fixing device. We examined by scanning electron microscopy the surfaces of removed plates and the accumlation of titanium in the organs of Japanese white rabbits. Two years after implantation the titanium plates were only slightly corroded. In addition, marked titanium accumulation was noted in the organs, especially in the lungs. However, the accumulation of titanium in the organs of animals with left distomolar mandibular fracture was highest at 3 months after implantation, and then gradually decreased over 2 years. Titanium miniplates have recently been used clinically in humans and no adverse reactions have yet been reported. The present findings suggest the use of titanium miniplates as permanent fixing devices. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biomaterial‐induced dysfunction in the capacity of rabbit alveolar macrophages to kill staphylococcus epidermidis RP12
Authors: Giridhar G. , Myrvik Q. N. , Gristina A. G.
Published: May 2005

The effect of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), titanium alloy, and silicone discs on the capacity of rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM) to kill RP12 strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (RP12) was studied in vitro. When freshly harvested AM were preincubated with PMMA discs for 3 h and subsequently assayed for RP12 killing, there was no change in the RP12 killing capacity of AM. However, when AM were incubated with PMMA discs for 6 or 18 h at 37°C in 5% CO2, the RP12 killing capacity of AM was reduced to 15% and 4%, respectively. Preincubation of AM with titanium alloy for 6 h reduced RP12 killing capacity of AM to 30%, and to 21% in 18‐h incubation. Silicone discs did not affect the RP12 killing by AM at 6 h of preincubation, but reduced RP12 killing (35%) by AM when preincubated, for 18 h. Preincubation of AM with PMMA discs for 3 or 6 h did not affect the level of PMA‐elicited oxidative burst of AM as measured by a luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescent assay. Superoxide dismutase, which eliminated the oxidative burst of AM by 90%, did not affect the RP12 killing by AM. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An improved model for bacterial encrustation studies
Authors: Sarangapani Shantha , Cavedon Katherine , Gage David
Published: May 2005

A comparative evaluation of various biomaterials for their resistance to bacterial colonization and encrustation in infecred urine is an important area in urological biomaterials research. This article describes an in vitro dynamic perfusion system that allows four reactors containing 24 1‐in. catheter samples (6 per reactor) to be simultaneously perfused at a constant flow rate by synthetic urine. A common urease‐producing urinary pathogen, Proteus mirabilis, was maintained at a level of 106 colony‐forming units/mL for 7 days in the dynamic perfusion reactors. The pH and bacterial population were monitored every 24 h and the percentage of encrustation on latex and hydrogel‐coated commercial catheter materials gave reproducible results in three different runs, 15.2 ± 3.65% and 13.8 ± 2.58%, respectively. A major issue of inlet clogging due to ascending bacteria or ammonia has been rectified using a dismountable inlet assembly. An incubator coupled with a cooling system allowed accurate temperature maintenance of 37°C in all four reactors. Results from scanning electron microscopy of some latex samples are also presented. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Degradation of polyetherurethane by subcutaneous implantation into rats. II. Changes of contact angles, infrared spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Sato Michio , Xi Tingfei , Nakamura Akitada , Kawasaki Yasushi , Umemura Takashi , Tsuda Mitsuhiro , Kurokawa Yuji
Published: May 2005

In vivo degradation of polyetherurethanes (PEUs) was studied using two kinds of PEUs, U‐3 and U‐8, coated on a base film of ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL). U‐3 is a nonsegmented PEU prepared from 4,4′‐diisocyanato‐diphenylmethane (MDI) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO 1000). U‐8 is a segmented PEU prepared from MDI, PTMO 1000, and 1,4‐butanediol. Previous studies of PEUs were conducted using gel permeation chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. In this study, the explanted materials were examined with contact angle measurement, ATR‐FTIR, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. All data obtained by these methodologies indicate that the PTMO/MDI oligomers diffused to the material surface in the early stage of implantation. Then, the lowmolecular‐weight fraction of the oligomers leached out from the surface to the exudate. Degradation became dominant after 2–4 weeks. In the case of PU‐8, the PTMO fraction decreased approximately 35–40% from the surface at 24 weeks postimplantation. In the case of PU‐3, the loss of coating material (U‐3) on the base film (EVAL) was observed after 10 weeks. The PTMO fraction of the surface U‐3 remained on EVAL at 6 weeks postimplantation, however, it was 64% of the initial material. The molecular weight of the U‐3 remaining on EVAL also decreased. Degradation of U‐3 occurred more rapidly than that of U‐8. The data obtained with our materials were insufficient in determining evidence of oxidative degradation with IR or NMR spectra. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of a vinyl pyrrolidone/poly(propylene fumarate) resorbable bone cement
Authors: Gresser Joseph D. , Hsu Shu‐Hwa , Nagaoka Hisanori , Lyons Charles M. , Nieratko Donald P. , Wise Donald L. , Barabino Gilda A. , Trantolo Debra J.
Published: May 2005

A resorbable bone cement was formulated from N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (VP), the unsaturated polyester poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), and the inorganic filler tribasic calcium phosphate (hydroxy apatite). Cure, initiated by benzoyl peroxide and accelerated by N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐toluidine, resulted in the formation of VP crosslinks between polyester chains. During cure the cement hardened from a viscous moldable putty to a rigid structure with a shore D hardness of 50–60. The purpose of this study was to determine the fractions of PPF and VP incorporated into the crosslinked structure. Dissolution of the cured cement in water followed by extraction of the residue in tetrahydrofuran indicated that over 90% of the PPF was crosslinked over the range of PPF/VP ratios explored, but that the fraction of VP used in formation of crosslinks depended linearly on the PPF/VP ratio. Kinetic analysis of these data suggests that k′pp/kpf (the reactivity ratio) was ∼2.0 where k′pp is the rate constant for the addition of VP radical to VP monomer leading to formation of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and kpf is for the addition of VP radical to PPF unsaturation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomic force microscopy of conditioning agents on dentin
Authors: Marshall G. W. , Balooch M. , Kinney J. H. , Marshall S. J.
Published: May 2005

Dentin conditioners provide a microporous surface for penetration by bonding agents. This study used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to examine the initial steps in the conditioning process of dentin using three demineralizing agents, 0.5 M EDTA, and dilute solutions of phosphoric (3mM, 6mM) and citric (5 mM) acids, in order to establish the relationships between demineralization and changes in surface morphology. Polished dentin disks had a 10‐nm‐thick gold pattern applied which served as a height reference. Samples(n = 3/agent) were examined at baseline and at 2‐s intervals for up to 120 s for each agent. EDTA (0.5 M) was used as received; other conditioners were diluted to slow the rates of demineralization for detailed study. The surfaces of the peritubular and intertubular regions were altered differently. Initially subsidence rates were equal and linear, but after a 100‐nm depth change the intertubular rates decreased. For phosphoric acid and citric acid, the movement of the intertubular surface was uniform and the surfaces remained smooth. However, the intertubular surfaces were rough for the EDTA treatment. The surface subsidence reached a plateau after a depth change of about 0.5μm, which resulted from a limit to the contraction of the demineralized and hydrated collagen scaffold. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bonding capacity in bone of HIP‐processed HA‐coated titanium: Mechanical and histological investigations
Authors: Wie H. , Herø H. , Solheim T. , Kleven E. , Rørvik A. M. , Haanæs H. R.
Published: May 2005

The main problems using plasma‐sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) as a coating material on metallic implants are its porosity, low fatigue strength, and weak adherence to the metallic substrate. To overcome these problems a new technique using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has been developed for producing HA‐coated titanium (Ti) implants. Specimens produced at a maximum temperature of 850°C and a maximum pressure of 720 bar displayed a dense, glassy, 25‐μm thick coating with small amounts of porosity and a mean surface roughness of 0.7μm, as compared with 1.6 μm for sandblasted Ti. Twenty conical HA‐coated (720 and 100 bar pressure) and 10 noncoated Ti implants were inserted through the cortex of the lower margin of the mandibles of sheep and allowed to heal for 60 days. Push‐out tests for implants processed at 720 bar pressure showed substantially higher bone/implant bonding values than for sandblasted Ti implants. Histological studies indicated a direct contact and probably chemical bonding between bone tissue and the HA coatings. The area of contact was almost 3 times as large as for the Ti implants. The adherence of the 100‐bar coating to the Ti surface was inferior to the 720‐bar coating, as shown by the loosening of the coatings in several areas. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fibroblast adhesion onto methyl–silica gradients with and without preadsorbed protein
Authors: Williams R. L. , Hunt J. A. , Tengvall P.
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to evaluate the interfacial interactions between proteins and cells and a model surface which varied in its surface energy. The adsorption of proteins from single and binary solutions was studied using ellipsometry and the adhesion and spreading of L929 fibroblasts has been quantified using image analysis. The results demonstrated that after 24 h incubation, multilayer adsorbed fibrinogen appeared to produce a surface most conducive to cell adhesion and spreading on both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of the material. Fibronectin on its own did not produce an optimal surface for cell spreading. Albumin produced a suitable surface for cell spreading on the hydrophilic part of the surface, but created a highly unsuitable surface on the hydrophobic region of the specimens. Competition between proteins for adsorption to the surface and changes in protein conformation was evident, particularly on the hydrophobic part of the material, and this was shown to influence cell adhesion and spreading. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of surface topology on the osseointegration of implant materials in trabecular bone
Authors: Wong M. , Eulenberger J. , Schenk R. , Hunziker E.
Published: May 2005

The importance of surface topology and implant material composition on osseointegration in trabecular bone was investigated using three commercially used implant materials and surface‐texturing procedures which included blasting, high temperature acid etching, and hydroxyapatite (HA) coating. Surface roughness and spacing parameters were measured for each implant group with a laser interferometric profilometer. Cylindrical implants were press‐fit into trabecular bone sites in the knee of mature miniature pigs. After 12 weeks in situ, osseointegration was evaluated by (1) mechanical pushout tests to measure bone‐implant interface strength and (2) quantitative morphometric measurements of the percent implant surface covered by bone. We found that HA‐coated implants showed superior osseointegration in terms of both pushout failure load and surface coverage by bone measurements. An excellent correlation (r2 = .90) was found between the average roughness of the implant surface and pushout failure load. New methods for altering the local topologic and/or chemical state of the implant surface (i.e., by acid etching) may provide an important new avenue of research for improving the osseointegrative properties of orthopedic materials. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of biomechanical properties and morphogenesis of in vitro tissue engineered cartilage
Authors: Ma P. X. , Schloo B. , Mooney D. , Langer R.
Published: May 2005

Neocartilage was engineered by culturing bovine chondrocytes on poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibrous nonwoven scaffolds. The biomechanical properties and morphologies of the PGA‐chondrocyte constructs were studied over 12 weeks of in vitro culture. PGA scaffolds without cells lost their mechanical strength and structural integrity between week 2 and week 3 in culture. The thickness of the PGA‐chrondrocyte constructs decreased by 35% during the first 3 weeks, but the thickness increased from week 3 to week 9 to a thickness 42% higher than that of the starting scaffolds, which was then maintained. Safranin O staining of PGA‐chondrocyte constructs revealed increasing proteoglycan formation over time. The compressive modules of PGA‐chondrocyte constructs increased with in vitro culture time, and reached the same order of magnitude as that of normal bovine cartilage at week 9. The aggregate modulus of the PGA‐chondrocyte constructs decreased by 57% over the first 2 weeks but then increased, reaching the same order of magnitude as normal bovine cartilage at week 12. The apparent permeability of the PGA‐chondrocyte constructs, which was initially four orders of magnitude above that of normal cartilage, decreased between weeks 1 and 3 and thereafter remained the same order of magnitude as that measured for normal cartilage. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐dimensional structures of the central regulatory proteins of the bacterial phosphotransferase system, HPr and enzyme IIAglc
Authors: Chen Y. , Fairbrother W. J. , Wright P. E.
Published: May 2005

Enzyme IIA and HPr are central regulatory proteins of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) system. Three‐dimensional structures of the glucose enzyme IIA domain (IIAglc) and HPr of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli have been studied by both X‐ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. Phosphorylation of HPr of B. subtilis and IIAglc of E. coli have also been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the binding interfaces of B. subtilis HPr and IIAglc have been identified from backbone chemical shift changes. This paper reviews these recent advances in the understanding of the three‐dimensional structures of HPr and IIAglc and their interaction with each other. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acidic fibroblast growth factor gene 5′ non‐coding exon and flanking region from hamster DDT1 cells: Identification of the promoter region and transcriptional regulation by testosterone and aFGF protein
Authors: Hall Jeffrey A. , Harris Marie A. , Intres Richard , Harris Stephen E.
Published: May 2005

Selected clones of Syrian hamster DDT1‐MF2 cells are responsive to testosterone for growth. Heparin binding growth factor 1 (HBGF‐1) or acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) can replace testosterone (T) in the stimulation of growth in these cells. This phenomena is correlated with testosterone's ability to elevate aFGF mRNA two‐ to threefold in DDT1 cells. To better understand the possible mechanisms of regulation of aFGF mRNA by steroids and other growth factors, we isolated the aFGF 5′ non‐coding exon and its flanking region from a EMBL3 DDT1 genomic library, using a 5′ non‐coding exon 69 bp DDT1 aFGF cDNA probe. Clones spanning 30 kb of genomic DNA were isolated. After restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis, the clones were shown to contain all of the 5′ non‐coding exon included in the cDNA and approximately 10 kb of 5′ flanking region. RNase protection and primer extension assays confirmed that the 5′ non‐coding exon is included in the DDT1 aFGF mRNA and that a major transcription start site is approximately 136 bp upstream of the 5′ non‐coding splice junction of this exon. The 5′ flanking region DNA was inserted into pBLCAT3 reporter gene and transfected into DDT1 cells. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays demonstrated that there are promoter elements in the −1645/−392 and −392/+131 regions of the aFGF gene in the context of DDT1 cells. NIH 3T3 cells, on the other hand, show no CAT activity with these aFGF‐CAT plasmids. CAT assays also demonstrated that addition of testosterone (T) or aFGF to DDT1 cells increased CAT activity threefold. This activity was mapped to −1645 to −4 bp region of this DDT1 aFGF gene promoter. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of women's trauma‐integrated services at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Authors: Salasin Susan E.
Published: May 2005

In this article a historical overview of the evolution of the Women's Trauma Integrated Services model at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is presented. Milestones in women's services policy development at SAMHSA (1992–1998) and in trauma treatment development for four different trauma populations (1960–1998) are discussed. SAMHSA's 5‐year Women, Co‐Occurring Disorders and Violence Study (1998–2003) is described, and the rationales for a number of basic decisions about the study design are presented. New knowledge application initiatives and plans at SAMHSA to further develop the Women's Trauma Integrated Services Model are outlined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 379–393, 2005.
Characteristics of women engaged in treatment for trauma and co‐occurring disorders: Findings from a national multisite study
Authors: Becker Marion A. , Noether Chanson D. , Larson Mary Jo , Gatz Margaret , Brown Vivian , Heckman Jennifer P. , Giard Julienne
Published: May 2005

Using data from a common cross‐site protocol administered at study enrollment, in this article we examine key characteristics of 2,729 participants in the Women, Co‐Occurring Disorders and Violence Study (WCDVS), including demographics, physical health, mental health, substance abuse, trauma experiences, parenting status, and past history of service use. These data are important because they represent the first federal initiative that addresses the significant lack of appropriate services for women with co‐occurring substance use and mental health disorders who have experienced trauma. Study findings reveal a very vulnerable population with extensive histories of abuse and substantial physical and mental health service needs. Data suggest a pressing need for increased availability of physical and mental health services capable of serving the complex needs of women with co‐occurring disorders and histories of interpersonal violence (physical and/or sexual abuse). Equally important are funding strategies to support needed services. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 429–443, 2005.
Trauma‐informed or trauma‐denied: Principles and implementation of trauma‐informed services for women
Authors: Elliott Denise E. , Bjelajac Paula , Fallot Roger D. , Markoff Laurie S. , Reed Beth Glover
Published: May 2005

In this article, we attempt to bridge the gap between practice (service delivery) and philosophy (trauma theory, empowerment, and relational theory). Specifically, we identify 10 principles that define trauma‐informed service, discuss the need for this type of service, and give some characteristics of trauma‐informed services in eight different human service areas. The areas include outreach and engagement, screening and assessment, resource coordination and advocacy, crisis intervention, mental health and substance abuse services, trauma‐specific services, parenting support, and healthcare. We draw upon the experiences of the nine sites involved in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration's (SAMHSA) 5‐year grant project, Women, Co‐occurring Disorders and Violence Study (WCDVS), and include the recommendation that consumers be integrated into the design and evaluation of services. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 461–477, 2005.
Determination of volatile carboxylic acids in animal wastes by (GC)2 of their benzyl esters
Authors: Monseur X. , Walravens J. , Dourte P. , Termonia M.
Published: May 2005

The C1 ‐C6 fatty acids present in various types of heterogeneous animal wastes were isolated by steam distillation and determined as benzyl esters by high resolution gas chromatography. Glass capillary columns, deactivated with barium carbonate and coated with UCON HB 5100, allowed the analysis of benzyl formate, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and caproate in less than 20 minutes. Recovery tests, performed on more than 50 different samples, indicated a benzylation yield and an overall efficiency higher than 99%, with a standard deviation of 2.6% (C5) to 6.0% (C1). The absolute detection limit ranged from 0.3 picomole (caproic acid) to 1.0 picomole (formic acid).
Determination of the cephalosporin Ro 13‐99041 in plasma, urine, and bile by means of ion‐pair reversed phase chromatography
Authors: Trautmann K. H. , Haefelfinger P.
Published: May 2005

An HPLC method has been developed for the determination of the cephalosporin antibiotic Ro 13‐9904 in plasma, urine, and bile of dogs and of human volunteers using the technique of ion‐pair chromatography with a LiChrosorb RP‐18 column. The three mobile phases employed contained tetrapentyl‐, tetraoctyl‐ and hexadecyltrimethyl‐ammonium bromide, respectively, as lipophilic counterions. The chromatographic conditions chosen allowed simple and rapid sample preparation. Plasma was deproteinized with ethanol and the supernatant was directly injected onto the column; urine and bile were diluted with mobile phase and injected without any purification. The detection limit for the cephalosporin was about 0.5 μg/ml for plasma samples and approximately 5 μg/ml for bile and urine.
Improved automated simultaneous determination of isosorbide dinitrate and its metabolites in plasma by capillary column gas chromatography
Authors: Lutz D. , Rasper J. , Gielsdorf W. , Settlage J. A. , Jaeger H.
Published: May 2005

An automated specific and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of isosorbide dinitrate and its metabolites isosorbide‐2‐mononitrate, isosorbide‐5‐mononitrate, isomannide mononitrate, and isoidide mononitrate at concentrations down to 0.5, 1, 3, 2, and 2 ng/ml, respectively, in human plasma is described. The procedure involves the extraction of the drug and its metabolites together with their internal standards isomannide dinitrate and o‐nitrobenzyl alcohol from plasma with dicholromethane.

The analysis is carried out by fused silica capillary gas chromatography using a 63Ni‐electron capture detector. The method is applied to the pharmacokinetics of isosorbide dinitrate in humans.
An approach to high‐speed micro‐HPLC
Authors: Jinno Kiyokatsu
Published: May 2005

The possibility of high‐speed micro‐HPLC has been investigated using a short micro‐column (35 mm × 0.5 mm i.d.) packed with 3 μm ODS particle. The results indicate that this approach has considerable potential for good separations with short analysis time. A typical example shows only three minutes is required with a plate count of 3,800 to separate seven PAHs.
Determination by MS‐MS of 1,1‐dichlorodimethyl sulfone from pulp mill bleach plant effluents in aquatic organisms
Authors: Lindström Krister , Schubert Ralf
Published: May 2005

Gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD), GC combined with mass spectrometry (MS), GC with multi‐stage mass spectometry (MS‐MS), and direct inlet MS‐MS have been used to determine 1,1‐dichlorodimethyl sulfone (DDS) in aquatic organisms in the receiving waters outside a pulp mill bleach plant. Both GC‐MS‐MC and direct inlet MS‐MS of tissue extracts of fish and mussel appear to be sensitive, selective, and rapid analytical techniques for the determination of DDS.
Splitless injection in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Buskhe A. Farbrot , Berg B. E. , Gyllenhaal O. , Greibrokk T.
Published: May 2005

A splitless injection technique, allowing 0.5 μl injections on 50 μm i.d. columns, has been developed.
Determination of serum metabolic profiles of bile acids by microcolumn liquid chromatography/laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Andreolini F. , Beale S. C. , Novotny M.
Published: May 2005

A method for the determination of individual free and conjugated bile acids in serum using microcolumn liquid chromatography coupled with a laser‐induced fluorescence detector is described. Bile acids are separated into free/glycine‐conjugate and taurine‐conjugate fractions using a Sep‐Pak SIL cartridge. The taurine‐conjugated bile acid fraction is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Subsequently, free and conjugated bile acids are labeled using 4‐(bromomethyl)‐7‐methoxycoumarin as a fluorogenic reagent, producing stable derivatives that can be excited by the 325 nm line of a He/Cd laser. Prior to their fluorimetric detection, the individual components of a bile acid serum profile are separated by reversed‐phase microcolumn liquid chromatography.
Retention prediction of large and condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed‐phase microcolumn liquid chromatography with diphenylsilica stationary phase
Authors: Jinno K. , Katoh T. , Okamoto M. , Fetzer J. C. , Biggs W. R.
Published: May 2005

The retention behavior of condensed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been investigated with diphenylsilica stationary phases in reversed‐phase microcolumn liquid chromatography. The results were correlated with two parameters which indicate size and shape of the molecules. Since the resulting equation can be used for retention prediction of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, computer‐assisted “standardless” identification is accomplished for “unknown” compounds contained in the standard.
Analytical characteristics of combined gas chromatographic systems: Packed precolumn‐open tubular column
Authors: Berezkin V. G. , Popova T. P. , Korolev A. A. , Shiryaeva V. E. , Vasin L. S. , Lipavskii V. N.
Published: May 2005

The peculiarities of the flow splitting technique for sample injection into a capillary column have been discussed. A comparative investigation of reproducibility of the analytical results obtained for two gas chromatographic systems using flow splitting [1) sample injector‐packed predolumn‐splitter‐open tubular capillary column and (2) sample injector‐splitter‐open tubular capillary column] has been carried out. It was experimentally shown that the first system ensures considerably better reproducibility for the results concerning the composition of the analyzed mixtures. Other advantages of the first system are also discussed.
On column injection‐dual channel analysis of essential oils
Authors: Bicchi C. , Frattini C. , Nano G. M. , D'Amato A.
Published: May 2005

A system to analyze a complex mixture simultaneously on two different columns after one single on‐column injection is described. The splitting device, the possibilities of component identification by searching in a data base for Kovats indices on two different polarity stationary phases, and a practical example of an essential oil analysis are presented.
Multi‐element selective radio frequency plasma detector for capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Skelton R. J. , Markides K. E. , Farnsworth P. B. , Lee M. L. , Yang F. J.
Published: May 2005

A radio frequency plasma detector for element specific detection in gas chromatography is described. The detector is comprised of a radio frequency (300 kHz) discharge between electrodes in helium, and utilizes a low‐resolution emission spectrometer to monitor selected spectral emission lines produced when the helium discharge decomposes and excites the atomic constituents in the chromatographic column effluent. The spectrometer is tuned to an atomic emission line in the near‐infrared portion of the spectrum, and the emission intensity from the discharge region of a selected line is used to monitor the concentration of the element producing that line. Acceptable detector sensitivity was achieved by the use of a high‐throughput optical system. Selectivity was achieved by a combination of correct line selection, plasma and carrier gas purification, and plasma gas doping.
Quality test of a mechanical switching valve for two‐dimensional open tubular gas chromatography
Authors: Adam S. T.
Published: May 2005

A commercially available mechanical micro switching valve has been tested for inertness. The test mixtures used were a modified Grob test and a solution consisting of eight typical aroma compounds, both at the 2‐ng level. Cryogenic focusing of the sample after chromatography including one passage through the valve revealed that irreversible interaction of some test substances with valve components was rather small. A composite main peak of a chromatogram from a fruit juice aroma exhibiting a “mixed odor” was selectively transferred (heart‐cutting) to a second column and resolved into three peaks. GC‐GC/sniffing assigned a minor peak to a substance formerly hidden under the composite peak. Separate heating of the valve during temperature programming of the column was found to be unnecessary.
Analysis of pharmaceuticals and other solutes of biochemical importance by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: White C. M. , Gere D. R. , Boyer D. , Pacholec F. , Wong L. K.
Published: May 2005

The feasibility of using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for analysis of polar and/or ionic analytes of interest to the pharmaceutical industry is described. Specifically, the analyses of cyclopsporin (a cyclic undecapeptide), several ionophores, and a group of fat‐soluble vitamins are illustrated. The separation of group of fat‐soluble vitamins is evaluated on two bonded stationary phases, DB‐5 (95% dimethyl‐5%‐diphenylpolysiloxane) and DB‐WAX (Carbowax 20M type, “bonded”). Lastly, a new restrictor technology known as a converging‐diverging restrictor is described.
Analysis of volatile fatty acids in biological specimens by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Traitler H. , Fleming S. E. , Koellreuter B.
Published: May 2005

A method was developed to analyze and quantitate volatile fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, iso‐butyric, valeric, and iso‐valeric acid from samples of biological origin. A capillary column system including an automatic on‐column injection device as well as a precolumn of larger internal diameter than the analytical column was elaborated for this purpose.

In order to obtain well resolved and correctly quantifiable chromatographic peaks it turned out to be essential to work under acidic/aqueous conditions. To achieve a better sample transfer into the chromatographic system an organic solvent had to be used together with the aqueous milieu, thus improving wetting properties of the liquid sample plug introduced into the column. Cold on‐column injection was applied in order to avoid discrimination of the various acids due to sample splitting and the automatic technique was chosen in view of the large number of samples from biological extractions which had to be analyzed.
Polysaccharide derivatives as chiral stationary phases in HPLC
Authors: Okamoto Yoshio , Kaida Yuriko
Published: May 2005

Twenty different tris(phenylcarbamate)s of cellulose were synthesized and evaluated as chiral stationary phases for HPLC. Optical resolving power of the tris(phenylcarbamate)s depends on the substituents introduced on the phenyl groups. Optical resolving abilities of amylose tris(phenylcarbamate)s were also evaluated. In most cases, either cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) or amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) exhibited the highest optical resolving ability. Aralkylcarba‐mates such as benzyl‐ and 1‐phenylethylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose were also tested as chiral stationary phases. (S)‐1‐Phenylethylcarbamate of amylose showed a high optical resolving power.
Capillary zone electrophoresis of biological substances with surface‐modified fused silica capillaries with switchable electroosmotic flow
Authors: Smith Joel Tim , Rassi Ziad El
Published: May 2005

A surface modification has been developed which yields fused silica capillaries with switchable electroosmotic flow (anodal/cathodal). The capillary surface is a composite material consisting of unreacted silanol groups, a layer of positively charged quaternary ammonium functions, and a hydrophilic layer of long polyether chains. Because of the presence of positively and negatively charged groups, the net charge of the capillary surface can be varied from positive to negative by changing the pH of the running electrolyte, thus enabling manipulation of the magnitude and direction of the electroosmotic flow. The long polyether chains were effective in shielding biomacromolecules from the charged inner surface of the capillary, thus minimizing electrostatic interaction of the solutes with both unreacted silanols and the quaternary ammonium groups which had been introduced. As a consequence, high separation efficiencies were achieved with proteins, nucleotides, and a series of acidic oligosaccharides.
GC‐MS separation and quantitation of 3‐carboxy‐4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furanpropionic acid and hippuric acid from plasma of patients with renal failure: Application to blood purification methods
Authors: Liebich Hartmut M. , Reichenmiller Anna‐Maria , Wahl Hans‐Günther , Tetschner Birgid , Risler Teut , Eggstein Manfred , Quellhorst Eduard
Published: May 2005

Solid‐phase extraction, capillary GC, and mass selective detection have been used to determine 3‐carboxy‐4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furanpropionic acid (furanpropionic acid) and hippuric acid in the plasma of patients with chronic renal failure. The concentrations of furanpropionic acid and hippuric acid were found to be highly elevated and reached levels of 4.56 ± 2.37 mg/dl (10 to 20‐fold higher than normal) and 12.90 ± 14.06 mg/dl (40 to 60‐fold), respectively. Treatment by hemodialysis and hemofiltration effectively eliminated hippuric acid (on average by 66 and 56%, respectively) but had little effect on furanpropionic acid. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis gave the best long‐term results. Both components were maintained at a lower level than by hemodialysis and hemofiltration.
Optimization of GC detector parameters using electronic pressure control
Authors: Klein Kenneth J. , Larson Paul A. , Breckenridge Jill A.
Published: May 2005

HP 5890 Series II Gas Chromatographs are equipped with prototype hardware enabling electronic pressure programming of all detector and carrier gases. A method of using electronic pressure control (EPC) to optimize detector performance (sensitivity, selectivity, and baseline stability) is demonstrated. With EPC, sample introduction, column separation, and detector performance can be optimized simultaneously without the classical trade‐offs in performance. An example is also presented of the use of a new automated system which enables cool on‐column injection into 250 or 320 μm columns without the need for a retention gap.
High‐speed narrow‐bore capillary gas chromatography in combination with a fast double‐focusing mass spectrometer
Authors: Van Ysacker Peter G. , Brown Jeff , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Leclercq Piet A. , Phillips Andy
Published: May 2005

In this work the application of high‐speed narrow‐bore capillary GC in combination with a fast scanning double focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer is evaluated. Special emphasis is placed upon detection limits and scan speed in the full scan mode and in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). In the full scan mode, up to 20 scans per second could be obtained. The detection limits are in the low picogram range in the full scan mode and improve even to 5 to 50 fg in the SIM mode, depending on the sample complexity and mass resolving power. It will be illustrated that by increasing the resolution in the SIM mode, interferences from ions of the same nominal mass‐to‐charge ratio as the ions of interest are significantly reduced. Chemical background noise can therefore be largely eliminated, thus enhancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio.
High temperature vaporizing chambers for large volume GC injections and on‐line LC‐GC
Authors: Boderius Ulf , Grob Konrad , Biedermann Maurus
Published: May 2005

The suitability of some chambers for sample evaporation at high input flow rates (>100 μl/min) was studied by visual experiments. The chambers were at temperatures far above the solvent boiling point in order to achieve the heat transfer required. Shooting liquid owing to violent evaporation, flooding of the chamber as a result of cooling, and excessively high vapor pressure causing backflow into the gas supply system were found to be the limiting factors. Fused silica capillaries into which a piece of wire or polyimide‐free fused silica capillary had been inserted were found to be suitable for the vaporization of “easy” solvents, such as alkanes (up to some 1.7 ml/min), but packed beds were required to achieve favorable evaporation of dichloromethane or methanol/water (up to some 800 and 300 μl/min, respectively).
Capillary electrophoresis in allergen preparation research and in production control
Authors: Pacáková V. , Pechancová J. , Štulík K.
Published: May 2005

A CE method has been developed for the analysis of wasp venoms and pollen extracts of Phleum pratense and Betula verrucosa. Various electrolyte systems can be used but the best separation and reproducibility are attained in 0.15 mol/l phosphoric acid, pH 1.8. UV photometric detection at 190 nm is sufficiently sensitive for determination of the polypeptides and glycoproteins contained in these materials (the detection limit for phospholipase A2 is 0.4 ng). The allergens from wasp venoms and pollen extracts yield characteristic electropherograms which can be used for control of the allergen production. Modification of capillary wall with poly(ethylhydroxy methacrylate) causes a decrease in the migration times and the separation efficiency is retained.
Strand orientation of [α]‐oligodeoxynucleotides in triple helix structures: Dependence on nucleotide sequence
Authors: Sun Jian‐sheng , Lavery Richard
Published: May 2005

The aims of the present theoretical study of the conformations of [α]‐oligodeoxynucleotides forming triple helices with DNA duplexes are to understand the structural and energetic factors involved in [α]‐triple helix formation by means of energy minimization, and to explain the experimentally observed dependence of strand orientation on the nucleotide sequence. It is found that the energetically preferred orientation of the [α]‐oligonucleotide with respect to the homopurine strand depends on the sequence of the homopurine. homopyrimidine tracts. This is a consequence of the structural heteromorphism of base triplets in the intrinsically more stable reverse Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding configuration. Practical rules are proposed for determining the orientation of the nuclease‐resistant [α]‐oligodeoxynucleotide strand which will form the most stable triple helix.
Raman band contours. II: Symmetric top molecules
Authors: Masri Frederick N. , Fletcher William H.
Published: May 2005

The general theory of Raman band contours of symmetric tops is discussed briefly, and a program for the calculation of the band contours for the degenerate bands of prolate and oblate symmetric tops is described. The band contours as a function of the Coriolis coupling constant, zeta, have been computed for the range ζ = −1.0 to + 1.0 and for values of beta (A/B–1) ranging from −0.5 (planar oblate top) to + 3.0. The results, which are presented in tabular and graphical form, can be used to determine approximate values of zeta from the contours of unresolved bands for molecules in which the selection rules are restricted to ΔK = ± 1 or ΔK = ± 2. Limitations and sources of error are discussed.
Lattice Raman spectrum of pyridine‐N‐oxide
Authors: Pujari P. R. , Bist H. D.
Published: May 2005

Stokes and anti‐Stokes components in the lattice vibrational laser excited Raman spectrum of a polycrystalline sample of pyridine‐N‐oxide are reported. The six prominent peaks at 108, 80, 71, 49, 36 and 20 cm−1 have been tentatively assigned to librational and translational lattice oscillations of the molecule.
The effect of the internal field on Raman scattering cross sections
Authors: Nestor James R. , Lippincott Ellis R.
Published: May 2005

The increase in amplitude of incident and Raman scattered radiation brought about by the dielectric nature of liquids is known as the internal field effect and is responsible for increasing scattering cross section with increasing refractive index. This effect has been investigated quantitatively by independent measurements of corresponding liquid and gas phase cross sections of 53 Raman bands, or groups of bands, from 14 different organic compounds. Agreement with proposed theory is obtained in most cases, notable exceptions occurring with hydrogen bonded liquids.