bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro regulated expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in ventral midbrain neurons from Nurr1‐null mouse pups
Authors: Eells Jeffrey B. , Rives Julia E. , Yeung Sin Kei , Nikodem Vera M.
Published: August 2002

The transcription factor Nurr1, an orphan member of the steroid‐thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily, is essential for the proper terminal differentiation of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Disruption of the Nurr1 gene in mice by homologous recombination abolishes synthesis of dopamine (DA) and expression of DA biosynthetic enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in the ventral midbrain without affecting the synthesis of DA in other areas of the brain. At birth, however, dopaminergic neuron precursors in Nurr1 null (−/−) pups remain as shown by continued expression of residual, untranslated Nurr1 mRNA not altered by homologous recombination. Since Nurr1 disruption is lethal shortly after birth, to further investigate the developmental properties of these neurons, dissociated ventral midbrain neurons from newborn pups were grown for 5 days on an astrocyte feeder layer, subjected to various treatments and then evaluated for expression of TH by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. Initially, a small percentage of neurons (0.26% ± 0.07%) from the ventral midbrain of Nurr1 −/− pups were TH‐immunoreactive (TH‐IR). No change in TH expression was observed in the presence of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or DA alone or in combination. Treatment with forskolin (Fsk), however, significantly increased the percentage of TH‐IR neurons (1.36% ± 0.15%). Combination of Fsk, BNDF, and DA further increased the percentage of TH‐IR neurons (2.58% ± 0.50%). Therefore, these data suggest that dopaminergic neuron precursors, which develop in vivo without Nurr1, remain in an undifferentiated condition that is permissive to the induction of TH in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:322–330, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitory effect of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin on cAMP‐induced differentiation of rat C6 glial cell line
Authors: Takanaga Hiromi , Kunimoto Manabu , Adachi Tatsumi , Tohyama Chiharu , Yasunobu Aoki
Published: August 2002

Dioxin is suspected to cause adverse effects on the development of the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the neurotoxic effects of dioxin on the differentiation of astrocytes, rat C6 glial cell line was used as a model, because these cells are induced to express astrocyte markers and to change the cell morphology toward an astrocytic phenotype by increasing intracellular cAMP levels. When C6 cells were simultaneously exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and N6,O2′‐dibutylyl cAMP (dbcAMP), the expression of cytochrome P‐450 1A1 (CYP1A1) was dramatically increased, and the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was moderately decreased in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, extension of astrocytic processes was inhibited by 1 nM TCDD that did not reduce cell viability. TCDD also inhibited the induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in a dose‐dependent manner, until the end of a 72‐hr exposure period. This inhibition was restored by the addition of an antagonist of AhR, α‐naphthoflavone. These results indicate that TCDD inhibits astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells, which may be mediated by an AhR‐dependent pathway. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:402–409, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurofilament cytoskeleton disruption does not modify accumulation of trophic factor mRNA
Authors: Robert Patrick , Peterson Alan C. , Eyer Joël
Published: August 2002

Previously we described a transgenic mouse model in which neurofilaments are sequestered in neuronal cell bodies and withheld from the axonal compartment. This model and other transgenic models with disrupted neurofilaments are used widely to investigate the role of the neurofilament cytoskeleton in normal neurons and in inherited or acquired diseases. To interpret such studies, it is important to establish whether the maldistribution of neurofilaments has major secondary consequences on the cell biology of the affected neurons. Notably, multiple perturbations of the nervous system simultaneously affect both the neuronal cytoskeleton and neurotrophin expression. To determine whether the expression of neurotrophic factors or their receptors is perturbed by a primary disruption in neurofilaments, we compared the accumulated mRNA levels for ciliary neuroptrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, and the α CNTF receptor in mature transgenic mice and their littermate controls. Consistently with the prolonged survival of neurons expressing atypical or abnormally distributed neurofilaments, no obvious changes were observed for any of the mRNA species examined. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:487–492, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are stronger North‐Atlantic southwesterlies the forcing to the late‐winter warming in Europe?
Authors: Otterman J. , Atlas R. , Chou S.‐H. , Jusem J. C. , Pielke R. A. , Chase T. N. , Rogers J. , Russell G. L. , Schubert S. D. , Sud Y. C. , Terry J.
Published: August 2002

We examine a possible mechanism leading to late‐winter warming, and thus to an early spring in Europe. From the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis, we extract for the years 1948–99 ocean‐surface winds over the eastern North Atlantic, and air temperatures at the surface Ts, and at the 500 hPa level T500 in late‐winter and spring. Ts is extracted at six European locations, all at 50.5°N, ranging in longitude from 1.9°E (northeastern France) to 26.2°E (Ukraine). To quantify the advection of maritime air into Europe, we evaluate for three‐pentad groups the index Ina of the southwesterlies at 45°N, 20°W; Ina is the average wind speed at this point if the direction is from the quadrant 180–270° (when the direction is different, the contribution counts as zero). In late winter, correlations Cit between Ina and Ts are substantial, up to the 0.6 level in western Europe (but weaker correlations for Poland and Ukraine). Cit drops sharply by mid‐March, occasionally taking negative values subsequently. This drop in Cit indicates that maritime air advection is no longer associated closely with the surface‐air warming; the role of insolation becomes important, and thus the drop in Cit marks the arrival of spring. Correlations CiΔ between Ina and our lapse‐rate parameter Δ, the difference between Ts and T500, indicate that the flow of warm maritime‐air from the North Atlantic into this ‘corridor’ at 50.5°N is predominantly at lower tropospheric level. By computing the best linear fit to Ina and Ts, the trends for the period 1948–99 are evaluated. The trends are appreciable in the second half of February and the first half of March: for Ina, the trends are 0.41 m s−1 and 0.15 m s−1 per decade in pentad groups 10–12 and 13–15 respectively (Ina increased from 1948 to 1999 by 2.10 m s−1 and 0.77 m s−1); for Ts, the trends for western Germany are 0.36°C and 0.43°C per decade in these two respective pentad groups (Ts in this location increased from 1948 to 1999 by 1.86°C and 2.19°C). Such higher near‐surface temperatures would markedly influence snow‐melt, and thus absorption of insolation by the surface. Our three‐pentad analysis points to the interval from mid‐February to mid‐March as the end of‐winter period in which the southwesterlies over the eastern North Atlantic become stronger and the surface‐air temperatures in Europe rise markedly, the lapse rate becomes steeper, and concurrently the longitudinal temperature gradient between the Somme (France) and the Oder (Germany–Poland border) (about −4°C in 1948 for the 10° longitude distance) is reduced by 0.8°C, i.e. by 20% of its 1948 value. Our thesis, that the observed late‐winter warming and the concomitant advancement of spring in Europe results, at least in part, from stronger southwesterlies over the North Atlantic, merits further investigations. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Effects of atmospheric circulation on ice conditions in the southern Baltic coastal lagoons
Authors: Girjatowicz Józef Piotr
Published: August 2002

Relationships between atmospheric circulation patterns and ice conditions in the southern Baltic coastal lagoons were explored. Ice data consisted of number of ice days (L) and duration of ice season (S) in the Szczecin Lagoon (off Karnin), the Puck Bay (off Puck) and the Vistula Lagoon (off Krasnoflotskoye) from 1950/1951 to 1989/1990.

Atmospheric circulation patterns for the period studied were extracted from Lityński's ‘Calendar of atmospheric circulation types’ developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMWM). A circulation pattern was identified by three numerical parameters: the zonal circulation index, the meridional circulation index, both pertaining to a zone delimited by coordinates 40–60°N, 0–35°E, and the surface pressure index for Warsaw.

The number of days with individual atmospheric circulation patterns occurring from October to March was calculated. Subsequently, the selected patterns were combined by wind direction sectors and several month‐long periods that most closely correlated with ice conditions. The highest linear correlation coefficients (r>0.8) were obtained for the relationship between the number of days with winds from the east from December to February and December to March and the winter number of ice days (L). Somewhat higher were multiple correlation coefficients with winds from the east and west as circulation type predictors. Slightly lower correlation coefficients for the sectors and circulation periods mentioned were obtained for the duration of the ice season (S), although some of the coefficients were significant even at the probability level of α=0.01.

Higher correlation coefficients were obtained for correlations involving ‘cold’ circulation patterns (sector NE+E+SE winds) and ice conditions than for those involving ‘warm’ patterns (sector SW+W+NW). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Low‐temperature Raman spectra of polycrystalline NH4F and ND4F
Authors: Shurvell H. F. , Brown R. J. C. , Fredericks P. M. , Rintoul L.
Published: August 2002

Raman spectra of polycrystalline ammonium fluoride and fully deuterated ammonium fluoride were recorded at various temperatures between 80 and 300 K. The spectra were obtained using a cold stage attached to a Raman microscope. At low temperatures the Raman lines were sharper and shifted to higher wavenumbers compared with their room temperature counterparts. However, no indications of any crystalline phase change were observed at low temperatures. A strong line at 2876 cm−1 was assigned to the infrared inactive symmetric NH stretching mode ν1(A1). A very strong line at lower wavenumbers (2818 cm−1) was assigned to the antisymmetric stretching mode ν3(F2). Observed deuterium isotope shifts were in agreement with those calculated using the Redlich–Teller isotope product rule. The degenerate bending modes ν2(E) and ν4(F2) were observed in the Raman spectra of NH4F and ND4F for the first time. The ν2 fundamental was split into doublets in the low‐temperature spectra, as predicted from a factor group analysis based on the known crystal structure. Three bands due to translational lattice modes were observed between 400 and 200 cm−1 in the spectra of both isotopic molecules. Several bands in both spectra are assigned to overtones and combinations involving an ammonium ion libration, but no bands directly attributable to ammonium ion librations were observed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of quantitative determination of doxorubicin with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lorén A. , Eliasson C. , Josefson M. , Murty K. V. G. K. , Käll M. , Abrahamsson J. , Abrahamsson K.
Published: August 2002

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was performed using excitation at 488 nm in a blood plasma–doxorubicin–silver colloid system. With a blood plasma content of 1%, a partial least‐squares calibration of the doxorubicin was made in the 10–750 nM range. Predictions for a test set generated a root mean square error of prediction of 70 nM. The use of SERS and chemometrics in complex systems made it possible to use the highly informative Raman signals even at low concentrations without the need for sample pretreatment such as extraction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra and phase transition in Cd(CN)2·G clathrates [G = HCCl3, HCBr3, CH3CCl3, (CH3)3CCl or CHCl2CHCl2]
Authors: Kanesaka Isao , Kita Yuki , Nishikiori Shin‐Ichi
Published: August 2002

Vibrational spectra of Cd(CN)2·G clathrates were observed and changes in the spectral features with temperature analyzed, deducing phase transitions. A two‐step transition was found in the clathrates with G = HCCl3 (Tc = 188, 122 K), HCBr3 (249, 134 K) and CH3CCl3 (228, 154 K). The upper transition is ascribed to the ordering of the three‐site structure, pointing out similarity in the manner of interaction between the clathrates with C3v and Td guests. The lower transition is of a new type, which is considered to be an ordering process of dipoles. In Cd(CN)2·CHCl2CHCl2 a phase transition was found at 160 K. Its low transition temperature is ascribed to the difference in disordered structures between the C3v and CHCl2CHCl2 systems. 2H NMR spectral features of Cd(CN)2·DCCl3 are reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman mapping in the elucidation of solid salt eutectic and near eutectic structures
Authors: Berg Rolf W. , Kerridge David H.
Published: August 2002

The distribution of the different components of solidified eutectic or near‐eutectic salt mixtures (eutectics) was examined by use of Raman microscope mapping of the structures formed when these melts were slowly cooled. Seven binary and one ternary system were investigated. In most cases the component crystallized phases consisted of roughly rounded areas of about 0.5–5 µm across, the areas alternating in all directions across the sections. These three‐dimensional structures may best be described by the term ‘conglomerate.’ The size of these areas depended on the cooling rate and the composition. When unidirectional cooling was applied it was possible for the system (KCl–Na2SO4, 60 : 40 mol/mol) to observe lamellar arrangements of the component phases, in an arrangement closely similar to what is frequently found among metallic or ceramic eutectics. Each area, conglomerate or lamellar, did not consist of a pure chemical component, although having one component in a high concentration. Probably the behaviour represents separation on solidification due to the limiting solid solubility. The ‘conglomerate’ structures are very different from what has been found for metallic or ceramic eutectics. Small changes in composition, in sectioning direction and in solidification technique were found to result in relatively small differences. The major effect was found to result from the rate of solidification, faster cooling causing markedly smaller rounded areas with the ‘conglomerate’ becoming much finer grained. The high area of ‘interphasial’ contact between the solid solutions is considered to be responsible for the unexpectedly high electrical conductivity previously found and to give rise to part of the melting enthalpy differences between those of solidified salt eutectics and those of the corresponding unmelted mechanical mixtures of the component salts. Mixtures with a larger variation away from the eutectic composition also showed a ‘conglomerate’ structure, but with bigger and more irregular areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytosterols–what plant breeders should focus on
Authors: Miettinen Tatu A
Published: August 2002

The present paper compares effects of plant stanol and sterol esters on metabolism of cholesterol and plant sterols in studies designed to lower serum cholesterol in man. The ultimate aim is to emphasize factors on which plant breeders should focus when trying to develop new nutritionally interesting plant products for effective lowering of serum cholesterol and plant sterol levels. The findings indicate that fat solubility of phytostanol esters followed by their effective intestinal hydrolysis, preferentially of unsaturated fatty acid esters, allows sufficient micellar solubilization of unesterified plant stanols for prevention of cholesterol and plant sterol absorption, and subsequent lowering of their serum concentrations. Plant sterol esters apparently result in similar changes but, in contrast to stanol esters, increase their own absorption. Resulting increased serum plant sterol levels could occasionally approach values seen in phytosterolemia, a strongly atherogenic hereditary metabolic abnormality. Thus, plants producing oils rich in plant stanols esterified with unsaturated fatty aids would be preferable for preparation of functional foods with roughly 2 g/day of plant stanols in reasonable low amounts of calories.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.
Is the UICC pathological node status system useful? comparison with the Japanese Breast Cancer Society pathological node status system
Authors: Hayashi Mitsuhiro , Sakamoto Goi , Akiyama Futoshi , Kasumi Fujio , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

The UICC and the Japanese Breast Cancer Society have different TNM classifications. There is a large discrepancy between the pathological node status in the UICC (UICC‐NS) and JBCS (JBCS‐NS) systems. We compared the UICC‐NS with the JBCS‐NS.

Methods

Reviewed were data on 1,684 invasive ductal carcinomas at the Cancer Institute Hospital from 1981 to 1986. Each case was categorized according to the UICC‐NS and JBCS‐NS, respectively. Overall survival 10 years after surgery (OS) by UICC‐NS and JBCS‐NS was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

OS with UICC‐NS and number of case were, respectively, 87.8% and 968 for pN0, 83.9% and 93 for pN1a, 71.6% and 190 for pN1bi, 60.0% and 25 for pN2, 58.8% and 51 for pN1bii, 55.7% and 238 for pN1biii, 54.2% and 24 for pN1biv, 44.8% and 58 for pN3, and 20.6% and 34 for pM (LYM). Differences between pN1a and pN1bi and pN3 and pM (LYM) were significant (p < 0.05). In JBCS‐NS, they were 87.8% and 968 for n0, 75.3% and 384 for n1α, 51.3% and 152 for n1β, 46.6% and 141 for n2, 21.2% and 33 for n3, 0% and 2 for n4d and n4i, respectively. Differences between n0 and n1α, n1α and n1β, and n2 and n3 were significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

With a large number of classification factors, UICC‐NS was more complicated and hard to show significant difference in OS than JBCS‐NS. But the latter also had redundant classifications. So, it is necessary to establish a new, simple, and easy‐to‐register node classification in future. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:255–260. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiologic differences between women with colorectal cancer and women with ovarian cancer
Authors: Eltabbakh Gamal H. , Natarajan Nachimuthu , Piver M. Steven , Mettlin Curtis J.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

The difference between the epidemiologic features of women with colorectal cancer and those with ovarian cancer has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study is to review the epidemiologic features of women with colorectal cancer and compare them with those of women with ovarian cancer.

Methods

The epidemiologic features of 705 women with colorectal cancer were compared with those of 503 women with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Both groups included all women with the confirmed respective histologic diagnoses admitted to Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1996 who returned a voluntary self‐administered epidemiologic questionnaire.

Results

Women with ovarian cancer were significantly younger, had higher education and income, had fewer children, and were more likely to have never been married and nulligravid than those with colorectal cancer. There was a significant difference in the contraceptive history between both groups among women ≥45 years of age. More women with ovarian cancer had a family history of ovarian cancer and more women with colorectal cancer had a family history of colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

The epidemiologic features of women with colorectal cancer are different from those with ovarian cancer. The difference between both groups might indicate difference in the environmental or genetic etiology of both cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:283–288. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further studies on the interrelationship of aluminum and silicon in patients receiving aluminum hydroxide therapy for dyspepsia and factors that relate to the solubilization of aluminum
Authors: Roberts N.B. , Zhu H. , Kim J.Y. , Shin H.R. , Kim J.I. , Choi S.Y.
Published: August 2002

It is known that the intake of aluminum‐containing antacids is related to increases in serum concentration and the urinary output of aluminum, and that silicon intake as orthosilicic acid may facilitate renal excretion of aluminum. However, how either the amount of antacid ingested or the therapy period affects these and the subsequent interrelationship of aluminum and silicon has not been fully investigated. In addition, factors that affect the solubility of aluminum hydroxide need further clarification. A study of 122 patients with dyspepsia who were receiving aluminum hydroxide therapy and 144 healthy controls confirmed that, in the patients, serum and urine aluminum (0.39 ± 0.21 and 2.02 ± 2.0 μmol/L, mean ± 1 SD, respectively) were slightly but significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with the controls (0.21 ± 0.13 and 1.55 ± 0.89). However, there was no evidence of any association between these changes and the amount ingested or the therapy period. Urine silicon although increased in the patients (716 ± 488 μmol/L) compared with the controls (472 ± 333 μmol/L) was not affected by the amount or time of therapy but was just significantly correlated with the urine (r = +0.19, P = 0.03) and serum aluminum (r = +0.13, P = 0.05) in the combined groups. Thus, the renal excretion of silicon and aluminum may in some part be interdependent. Studies into factors that affect the solubility of aluminum from aluminum hydroxide indicated that at a pH > 3.5 the solubility of aluminum reduced significantly. However, addition of 5 or 20 mmol/L phosphate had no significant effect. With a synthetic food, solubility of aluminum was markedly increased even at the elevated pH 5.5. Thus, the pH, as well as the chemical complexity of the mixture, is an important factor in affecting solubilization of aluminum. The potential of increased exposure to aluminum could be dependent on co‐ingestion with food components and may explain the increased risk to renal failure patients on aluminum‐containing phosphate binders. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:9–19, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantum Monte Carlo study of energy differences in C4H3and C4H5isomers*
Authors: Krokidis Xénophon , Moriarty Nigel W. , Lester William A. , Frenklach Michael
Published: August 2002

Quantum Monte Carlo and a series of other ab initio as well as density functional theory calculations were performed for the enthalpy of formation of C4H3and C4H5radicals. The computed ΔfH2980values, in kcal/mol, are 126.0 forn‐C4H3, 119.4 fori‐C4H3, 83.4 forn‐C4H5, and 76.2 fori‐C4H5, all with one standard deviation of 0.6 kcal/mol. The enthalpy differences between thenandiisomers of C4H3and C4H5are predicted to be substantially lower than those obtained in recent theoretical studies. The nature of the middle CC bond in these radicals was examined using the electron localization function topological analysis performed by bonding evolution theory for partitioning the molecular space into regions with clear chemical meaning. This analysis shows that thenisomers are represented by a unique Lewis structure while theiisomers are represented by a resonance description. For the latter systems, the middle CC bond is only mildly conjugated and the corresponding degree of conjugation is calculated. These results signify higher prominence of the even‐carbon‐atom reaction pathways in the formation of the first aromatic ring in hydrocarbon pyrolysis and oxidation, consistent with the past kinetic modeling and recent experimental studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 808–820, 2001
Thermal decomposition of 2‐ethylhexyl nitrate (2‐EHN)
Authors: Bornemann Holger , Scheidt Friedrich , Sander Wolfram
Published: August 2002

The decomposition mechanism of 2‐ethyl‐hexylnitrate (2‐EHN), an important additive to diesel fuel to improve the cetane number, was investigated in solution and in the gas phase. In trans‐decalin as solvent, an activation barrier for the thermal decomposition of 39 kcal/mol was determined, and thus the decomposition is slow at temperatures below 100°C. Under high pressure conditions (2.4 kbar) the decomposition rates decrease, in accordance with a radical mechanism. Flash vacuum pyrolysis with subsequent detection of the products via mass spectroscopy or matrix IR spectroscopy allows to identify NO2, formaldehyde, and several olefins as the major decomposition products. These data allow proposing a consistent mechanistic scheme for the 2‐EHN decay. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 34–38, 2002
Towards a knowledge management consultation system
Authors: Connell Con , Klein Jonathan H. , Loebbecke Claudia , Powell Philip
Published: August 2002

Knowledge is a source of competitive advantage but moves towards inter‐organizational collaboration mean that firms must give a high priority to knowledge management to ensure that they obtain maximum benefit from both internally generated and acquired knowledge. Knowledge transfer either to collaborators or internally is performed both on a person‐to‐person basis or more often by machine‐to‐person interaction. While knowledge management has been researched, there is little work that tries to model the fundamental interactions between repositories of knowledge or expertise and those seeking to acquire it. This paper introduces the concept of a knowledge management consultation system. The paper provides a characterization of the structure and functioning of such a system, in particular considering its necessary components, and distinguishes between knowledge, need and the carriers of these components. A model incorporating these components is proposed and an example is used to illustrate the scope and relationship of the components within the model. Implications of the model and its role in a research agenda for organizationally useful knowledge management systems are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of Transcription Factor HNF3γ in the Effect of o‐Aminoazotoluene on Glucocorticoid Induction of Tyrosine Aminotransferase in Mice Sensitive to its Hepatocarcinogenic Action
Authors: Kropachev Konstantin Y. , Kaledin Vasily I. , Kobzev Victor F. , Plisov Sergei Y. , Levashova Zoia B. , Merkulova Tatyana I.
Published: August 2002

In the rodent liver, hepatocarcinogens inhibit the glucocorticoid induction of several liver‐specific genes, including tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). A distinct positive correlation exists in mice between the extent of inhibition of TAT induction after acute administration of o‐aminoazotoluene (OAT) and the frequency of liver tumors after chronic exposure to the carcinogen. To elucidate the mechanism of the carcinogenic action, the effects of OAT on the DNA‐binding activity of several transcription factors participating in the glucocorticoid regulation of TAT gene expression were studied. The experimental inbred male mice were sensitive (A/He and SWR/J, tumor induction frequency of 75–100%, TAT induction inhibition of 35–50%) and resistant (CC57BR/Mv and AKR/J, 0–6% and 10–15%, respectively) to OAT. Gel retardation experiments showed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3)γ DNA‐binding activity was strongly reduced in nuclear extracts from the livers of OAT‐treated A/He and SWR/J mice but only slightly reduced in CC57Br/Mv and AKR/J mice. The DNA‐binding activities of Ets, AP1 family members, and GME binding proteins were unaffected. HNF3γ DNA‐binding activity was reduced by 1 h after OAT administration and remained low for 1 mo, as did inhibition of TAT induction in the liver. These results suggested that the inhibitory effect of OAT on the glucocorticoid induction of TAT is mediated by reduced HNF3γ DNA‐binding activity. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) of atropisomeric PCBs, combining a narrow bore β‐cyclodextrin column and a liquid crystal column
Authors: Harju Mikael , Haglund Peter
Published: August 2002

Peak assignment and quantification of PCBs in environmental samples is a time‐consuming and costly process, and the analysis of atropisomeric PCBs is even more laborious and costly due to the elaborate analytical work involved. GC×GC can solve some of the problems entailed by increasing congener resolution and instrument sensitivity. In this study, a comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) system was utilized with a combination of a permethylated β‐cyclodextrin column in the first dimension and a liquid crystal column in the second dimension. Using this system, in a single GC×GC run six out of nine studied atropisomeric PCBs (PCBs 91, 132, 135, 136, 149, and 176) can be resolved, and two (PCBs 84 and 174) can be partially separated from coeluting congeners in a mixture of 144 congeners (the most abundant congeners in technical PCBs). The chiral resolution (RS) of the enantiomeric pairs ranged between 0.6 and 2.0, with PCB 132 having the highest resolution. Furthermore, the congers that (partially) coelute with enantiomers of PCBs 84, 95, and 174 have low abundance in technical PCB as well as in environmental samples. Thus, all of the nine target PCBs could be separated from significant interfering compounds in a single GC×GC run. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 300–305, 2001
Shape selectivity: A key factor in comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatographic analysis of toxic PCBs
Authors: Haglund Peter , Harju Mikael , Ong Ruby , Marriott Philip
Published: August 2002

A number of toxic planar PCBs, that is, PCB 77, 105, 118, 126, 156, and 169, were successfully separated from other PCB congeners present in technical PCB formulations using comprehensive GC×GC. The planar PCBs were selectively retained using a liquid crystal column, which was used as the first‐dimension column. A short and narrow bore (0.25 m×0.1 mm) nonpolar 5%‐phenyl‐methylpoly‐siloxane column was used as the second‐dimension column. A longitudinally modulating cryogenic system (LMCS) was used to modulate the first‐dimension signal. Since the planar PCBs elute from the first column at relatively high oven temperatures they were rapidly eluted from the second column. Altogether, this resulted in a significant peak sharpening, and a 20‐fold increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio, as compared to standard one‐dimensional GC. This column set also seems to separate seven frequently measured congeners, that is, PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180, from other major PCB congeners. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 306–311, 2001
Comprehensive isotachophoresis–capillary zone electrophoresis using directly inserted columns having different diameters with a periodic counterflow and dual ultraviolet detectors
Authors: Bowerbank Christopher R. , Lee Milton L.
Published: August 2002

Isotachophoresis (ITP) coupled to capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) in a comprehensive manner was used to separate mixture components in both insufficient and sufficient quantities without heart‐cutting or splitting. Examples of comprehensive ITP‐CE involving multiple CE injections of preconcentrated ITP zones are demonstrated. In the comprehensive arrangement, all of the sample in the first dimension (ITP) is subjected to analysis in the second dimension (CE), without significant sample loss or decrease in sample detectability resulting from removal of a portion of the sample. This is especially important for analytes at low concentrations which may form a single mixed zone instead of individual ITP zones. Direct on‐line coupling of ITP to CE in this comprehensive arrangement involved the use of columns having different diameters with one directly inserted inside of the other. A computer‐controlled counterflow was applied when the isotachophoretic sample stack reached the bifurcation point. Large volume (10 μL) injections were made using an electrically insulated commercial polymeric rotary valve injector for increased reproducibility compared to previous comprehensive ITP‐CE studies, with ITP and CE retention time RSD's ranging from 2 to 5%. An ultraviolet (UV) detector positioned at the bifurcation point was used to determine the beginning of CE injection. Application of a splitting voltage at the bifurcation point showed no affect on analyte transfer into the CE column. In using multiple injections of the ITP band(s), CE column overloading was not observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 361–370, 2001
Chiral capillary electrophoresis of the methaqualone rotamers: Indication of a stereoselective metabolism
Authors: Zaugg Sandra , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: August 2002

Methaqualone (MQ, 2‐methyl‐3‐o‐tolylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one) is a hypnotic and anticonvulsive drug in which the rotation about the nitrogen‐to‐aryl bond between the planar 2‐methyl‐quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one structure and the o‐tolyl moiety is sterically hindered. MQ is thus a chiral substance whose enantiomers are shown to be separable by acidic chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) in presence of (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (OHP‐β‐CD). Using a pH 2.5 phosphate buffer containing 8 mM OHP‐β‐CD, chiral discrimination is possible up to an intracapillary temperature of at least 70°C. For a given capillary length, optimized separation is attained at the lowest running temperature. CE is demonstrated to be a simple and an attractive approach for analysis of MQ enantiomers in alkaline extracts of urines that were collected after single‐dose administration of a tablet containing 250 mg MQ. Electropherograms obtained with urines collected at different time intervals after drug intake reveal that the size ratio of the two peaks allocated to MQ is changing with time, thus indicating the existence of a stereoselective metabolism of that drug. For unambiguous elucidation of the stereoselectivity, however, chiral analyses of urinary MQ metabolites will have to be undertaken. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 96–101, 2001
Enantioselective packed column SFC for the separation of 2‐oxatetracyclo [5.4.0.01,8.05,11] undec‐9‐ene derivatives
Authors: Desmet Koen , Sandra Pat , Vízvárdi Kristóf , Hoornaert Georges J. , Van der Eycken Erik
Published: August 2002

Packed column SFC (pSFC) on a 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate derivative of amylose (Chiralpak AD) has exhibited high enantioselectivity for the separation of 2‐oxatetracyclo [5.4.0.01,8.05,11] undec‐9‐ene derivatives resulting from the UV‐radiation of substituted 4‐phenoxybut‐1‐enes. The speed of analysis compared to normal phase LC and mild conditions compared to capillary GC were valuable characteristics of pSFC for the analysis of these labile products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 163–168, 2001
The Hopkinson tariff alternative to TOU rates in the Israel Electric Corporation
Authors: Woo C.K. , Horii Brian , Horowitz Ira
Published: August 2002

This paper determines three alternative Hopkinson tariffs to replace the Israel Electric Corporation's time‐of‐use (TOU) energy rate. The first apportions any system residual revenue requirement between customer classes, based on their respective historic peak demands. The second collects the same revenue as the current TOU rates. The third allocates generation revenue requirements for base‐load and peaking generation plants in proportion to the base‐load and peak‐period energy consumption of each class, and allocates transmission and distribution revenue requirements in proportion to the connected load of each class. We show that a Hopkinson tariff with demand subscription is an attractive alternative to TOU rates, especially when quantity rationing is essential to maintaining a balance between the provision of energy and the demand for it. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The poverty of economic explanations of consumption and an action theory alternative
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this essay is to critique economic conceptualizations of consumer behaviour and explanations of consumer choice, and to propose an alternative rooted in the philosophy of mind and action, as well as in nascent social psychological and marketing models of purposive behaviour. It is claimed that economic theory harbours ideological and methodological biases in how consumer behaviour is conceived and obscures understanding of the many decision processes constituting consumer behaviour and its causes and effects. A novel multistage model is proposed to account for consumer goal achievement/goal failure, where goal outcomes are hypothesized to be joint functions of consumer actions and physical, social, or other environmental forces. Consumer action, in turn, is proposed to begin with reasoning processes (subject to nonconscious biases found in neural operations), to undergo appraisals of anticipated goal outcomes, which are experienced as positive and negative emotions, to involve a subsequent integrative stage of desire production, where reasoning, emotional, and social processes are integrated and transformed into a decision to act or not, and finally to encompass additional affective and reasoning processes that are initiated in a stage termed, ‘trying to consume’, wherein decisions are planned and implemented, and goal‐directed behaviours activated. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey of essential tremor patients on their knowledge about the genetics of the disease
Authors: Watner Dryden , Jurewicz Eva C. , Louis Elan D.
Published: August 2002

A group of essential tremor (ET) patients were surveyed on their knowledge of the genetics of ET in order to provide important information to clinicians who care for and educate patients about this disease. ET patients were ascertained from neurologists at Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center. A 5‐ to 10‐minute survey was administered to assess knowledge of the genetics of ET. Fifty ET patients had been living with their disease for a mean of 24.2 years. Approximately half (n = 27) reported a family history of ET. When asked, “What causes ET,” 12 (24%) replied that it was “hereditary.” Even among the 27 who reported a family history, only 25.9% replied that it was “hereditary.” A minority of patients (12 [24%]) thought that it was “very likely” that other members of their family would develop the disease some day. Three patients were aware that genetic linkage had been established. Our findings suggest that the majority of patients with ET are not well informed about the genetic basis for the disease. Because of recent advances in genetic research, physicians may need to incorporate more genetic information and education into their practice, including information on risk to other family members and genetic testing. It is hoped that these survey results could be used to improve patient education and to provide clinicians with further insight into patients' perspectives. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Action hand dystonia after cortical parietal infarction
Authors: Burguera J.A. , Bataller L. , Valero C.
Published: August 2002

A 46‐year‐old patient with a pure left cortical infarct affecting mainly the gyrus postcentralis developed action dystonia in the right hand. Mechanisms involved in the genesis of focal secondary dystonia are discussed with emphasis on abnormal cortical sensory processing. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
An analytical and numerical study of the Stefan problem with convection by means of an enthalpy method
Authors: Casella1 E. , Giangi M.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we consider a theoretical and numerical study of the Stefan problem with convection, described by the Navier–Stokes equations with no‐slip boundary conditions. The mathematical formulation adopted is based on the enthalpy method. The existence of a weak solution is proved in the bidimensional case. The numerical effectiveness of the model considered is confirmed by some numerical results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decay estimates of solutions for the wave equations with strong damping terms in unbounded domains
Authors: Ikehata Ryo
Published: August 2002

This paper is concerned with some uniform energy decay estimates of solutions to the linear wave equations with strong dissipation in the exterior domain case. We shall derive the decay rate such as $(1+t)E(t)\le C$\nopagenumbers\end for some kinds of weighted initial data, where E(t) represents the total energy. Our method is based on the combination of the argument due to Ikehata–Matsuyama with the Hardy inequality, which is an improvement of Morawetz method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On diffusion of a single‐phase, slightly compressible fluid through a randomly fissured medium
Authors: Wright Steve
Published: August 2002

In this paper, the Douglas–Peszyńska–Showalter model of diffusion through a partially fissured medium is given a stochastic formulation using the framework for problems in random media as set forth by Jikov, Kozlov and Oleinik. The concept of stochastic two‐scale convergence in the mean is then used to homogenize the randomized micromodels which result. As a consequence of this homogenization procedure, exact stochastic generalizations of results obtained by Clark and Showalter on diffusion through periodically fissured media are derived. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of a non‐singular boundary integral method: Part I. The circular case
Authors: Dreyfuss P. , Rappaz J.
Published: August 2002

In order to numerically solve the interior and the exterior Dirichlet problems for the Laplacian operator, we present here a method which consists in inverting, on a finite element space, a non‐singular integral operator. This operator is a geometrical perturbation of the Steklov operator, and we precisely define the relation between the geometrical perturbation and the dimension of the finite element space, in order to obtain a stable and convergent scheme. Furthermore, this numerical scheme does not give rise to any singular integral.

The scheme can also be considered as a special quadrature formula method for the standard piecewise linear Galerkin approximation of the weakly singular single layer potential, the special quadrature formula being defined by the introduction of a neighbouring curve.

In the present paper, we prove stability and we give error estimates of our numerical scheme when the Laplace problem is set on a disk. We will extend our results to any domains by using compact perturbation arguments, in a second paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotics of eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of non‐homogeneous inextensible filament with an end load
Authors: Shubov Marianna A. , Belinskiy Boris P. , Martin Clyde F.
Published: August 2002

We consider a class of non‐selfadjoint operators generated by the equation and the boundary conditions, which govern small vibrations of an ideal filament with non‐conservative boundary conditions at one end and a heavy load at the other end. The filament has a non‐constant density and is subject to a viscous damping with a non‐constant damping coefficient. The boundary conditions contain two arbitrary complex parameters. We derive the spectral asymptotics for the aforementioned two‐parameter family of non‐selfadjoint operators. In the forthcoming papers, based on the asymptotical results of the present paper, we will prove the Riesz basis property of the eigenfunctions. The spectral results obtained in the aforementioned papers will allow us to solve boundary and/or distributed controllability problems for the filament using the spectral decomposition method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new integral equation approach to the Neumann problem in acoustic scattering
Authors: Krutitskii P. A.
Published: August 2002

We suggest a new approach of reduction of the Neumann problem in acoustic scattering to a uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind with weakly singular kernel. To derive this equation we placed an additional boundary with an appropriate boundary condition inside the scatterer. The solution of the problem is obtained in the form of a single layer potential on the whole boundary. The density in the potential satisfies a uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and can be computed by standard codes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of process parameters in 40 GHz traveling‐wave amplifiers
Authors: D'agostino Stefano , Paoloni Claudio
Published: August 2002

A study on the impact of the variation of the technology process parameters on the performance of a 40 GHz MMIC traveling‐wave amplifier is proposed. In particular, the behavior of the output power as a function of the controllable parameters of the technology process, such as gate length, doping of the active zone, height, and dielectric constant of the substrate, is investigated. The comprehension of the contribution of the various process parameters to the final performance of a wideband traveling‐wave amplifier and their possible tuning are important factors to attain the design requirements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 421–423, 2001.
An inexpensive distance measuring system for navigation of robotic vehicles
Authors: Furse Cynthia , Kamdar Nilesh
Published: August 2002

Robotic vehicles operating indoors may be unable to receive the GPS signals that are commonly used for navigational control. This article describes an inexpensive system for location measurement in the absence of GPS with a range of 7.5 m and a resolution of 3 cm for a mass‐produced cost of under $100. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 84–87, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10241
IP transmission over optical spectral amplitude‐coding CDMA links
Authors: Wei Zou , Ghafouri‐Shiraz H.
Published: August 2002

It has been proposed previously that optical spectral amplitude‐coding CDMA systems have much better performance than other types of optical CDMA systems. In this Letter, the suitability of IP transmission in such systems is investigated, and the performance of the IP traffic transmission over optical spectral amplitude‐coding CDMA links is analyzed. The analytical results indicate that optical CDMA technology is a good candidate for the future IP network. When IP traffic is directly loaded over optical CDMA links, its burst nature will have significant effects on the transmission performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 140–142, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10256
New multiple‐region schemes with multiresolution capabilities for the FDTD analysis of radiating structures
Authors: Laisné Alexandre , Gillard Raphaël , Piton Gérard
Published: August 2002

In this Letter multiple‐region FDTD (MR/FDTD) with compressed near‐field to near‐field transform is presented and compared to classical FDTD. Different MR/FDTD simulation strategies are proposed. The suitability of MR/FDTD for the simulation of surrounded antennas in an array configuration is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 268–273, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10294