bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Social Value Orientation and Budget Levels on Group Performance and Performance Variance
Authors: Upton David R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In this paper I examine the effects of social value orientation (SVO) and group incentive contracts on performance and performance variance. SVO includes three main personality types: prosocials (who value cooperation and equality in outcomes); individualists (who focus upon their own rewards); and, competitors (who seek relative advantage over others, even at their own expense). In an experiment I form groups of participants based on their SVO and assign them to one of three incentive contracts: a piece-rate contract that pays all employees an equal share of any group output, and two budget-linear contracts (with a medium and a high budget target) that pay zero compensation below the budget target, an equal share of a bonus if the budget target is met and a piece-rate for output above the budget target. Group performance is highest for groups of prosocials and lowest for groups with competitors and SVO has a greater effect under a medium rather than a high budget over latter periods of the experiment. Further, SVO appears to play a role in influencing performance variance. These results illustrate the potential of considering individual difference measures such as SVO in conjunction with formal control systems such as budgets to enhance motivation and coordination within organizations.
The Case for Post-Modern Management Accounting: Thinking Outside the Box
Authors: Birnberg Jacob G.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: I argue that the time has come for management accounting researchers to again consider the orientation of our research. Over the past several decades, the focus of research in management accounting has evolved. Initially, research was heavily influenced by the needs of practice. After the Ford Foundation's initiative to professionalize business education, research became more and more theoretical and inward-facing. At a time when practice is in need of assistance, our current focus has led to research that is primarily intended to enhance current models rather than assist in solving the problems of practice. After arguing that there is a need for a change, I offer several examples of new research areas where management accounting research could assist practice.
Interdependencies in Organization Design: A Test in Universities
Authors: Chung Tze Ki Jennie , Harrison Graeme L. , Reeve Robert C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study replicates and extends the Abernethy and Lillis (2001) interdependencies model of organization design to Australian universities. The model proposes interdependent relations among strategy, structure, and performance measurement systems affecting effectiveness and efficiency. We find support for the model. Further, we modify the model to take account of differences between the hospital and university contexts, producing a better fit and suggesting some tailoring may be important in different contexts. Our results have implications for management control systems design in universities, and more generally.
Association of Metformin, Elevated Homocysteine, and Methylmalonic Acid Levels and Clinically Worsened Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Wile Daryl J. , Toth Cory
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

The severity of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients varies for unclear reasons. Long-term use of metformin is associated with malabsorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin [Cbl]) and elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels, which may have deleterious effects on peripheral nerves. The intent of this study was to clarify the relationship among metformin exposure, levels of Cbl, Hcy, and MMA, and severity of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. We hypothesized that metformin exposure would be associated with lower Cbl levels, elevated Hcy and MMA levels, and more severe peripheral neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a prospective case-control study of patients with type 2 diabetes and concurrent symptomatic peripheral neuropathy, comparing those who had received >6 months of metformin therapy (n = 59) with those without metformin exposure (n = 63). Comparisons were made using clinical (Toronto Clinical Scoring System and Neuropathy Impairment Score), laboratory (serum Cbl, fasting Hcy, and fasting MMA), and electrophysiological measures (nerve conduction studies).

RESULTS

Metformin-treated patients had depressed Cbl levels and elevated fasting MMA and Hcy levels. Clinical and electrophysiological measures identified more severe peripheral neuropathy in these patients; the cumulative metformin dose correlated strongly with these clinical and paraclinical group differences.

CONCLUSIONS

Metformin exposure may be an iatrogenic cause for exacerbation of peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Interval screening for Cbl deficiency and systemic Cbl therapy should be considered upon initiation of, as well as during, metformin therapy to detect potential secondary causes of worsening peripheral neuropathy.
Effects of Long-Term Fenofibrate Treatment on Markers of Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Forsblom Carol , Hiukka Anne , Leinonen Eeva S. , Sundvall Jouko , Groop Per-Henrik , Taskinen Marja-Riitta
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

Although fenofibrate was associated with less progression of albuminuria in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, it is unknown if it has any effect on renal function. We explored if there were changes in commonly available markers of renal function during fenofibrate treatment in the FIELD Helsinki cohort excluding statin users.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

One hundred and seventy subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to micronized fenofibrate (200 mg/day) or placebo for 5 years. In this substudy, we measured several markers of albumin excretion and renal function.

RESULTS

After intensified treatment, blood pressure and fasting glucose decreased in both groups while A1C remained at 7.2%. Plasma creatinine increased with fenofibrate while urine creatinine remained comparable between the groups, resulting in significant decreases in both creatinine clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)-4 and Cockroft-Gault equations in the fenofibrate group. Cystatin C increased during fenofibrate treatment. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and diurnal urine protein remained unchanged, whereas overnight urinary albumin excretion rate showed minor decreases in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

We report concomitant decreases in creatinine clearance and eGFR by fenofibrate. These changes complicate the clinical surveillance during fenofibrate treatment. We could not demonstrate the beneficial effects of fenofibrate on albumin excretion. A novel finding is the increase of cystatin C in type 2 diabetic patients during fenofibrate treatment. The clinical relevance of the changes needs to be assessed in a long-term outcome study of renal function.
Associations of Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone With Surrogate Markers of Insulin Resistance Among U.S. Adults Without Physician-Diagnosed Diabetes: NHANES, 2003–2006
Authors: Zhao Guixiang , Ford Earl S. , Li Chaoyang
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with surrogate markers of insulin resistance (IR) in U.S. adults without physician-diagnosed diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Cross-sectional data (n = 3,206) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006 were analyzed.

RESULTS

The age-adjusted prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, high homeostasis model assessment-IR, high GHb, and fasting and 2-h hyperglycemia decreased linearly across quintiles of 25(OH)D but increased linearly across quintiles of PTH (except for a quadratic trend for fasting hyperglycemia). After extensive adjustment for potential confounders, the relationships between 25(OH)D and the markers of IR and 2-h hyperglycemia persisted. Only hyperinsulinemia was positively associated with PTH (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Among U.S. adults without physician-diagnosed diabetes, low concentrations of serum 25(OH)D were associated with markers of IR. The role of PTH in IR deserves further investigation.
Glycated Albumin and Glycated Hemoglobin Are Influenced Differently by Endogenous Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Koga Masafumi , Murai Jun , Saito Hiroshi , Kasayama Soji
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

Glycated albumin (GA) relative to A1C is a useful marker of short-term glycemic control. We investigated whether endogenous insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes has different effects on GA and A1C levels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A1C, GA, and GA-to-A1C ratio were compared in 202 type 2 diabetic patients by type of treatment. Effect of β-cell function determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-%β) on GA-to-A1C ratio was examined. In addition, GA-to-A1C ratio was compared between type 2 diabetic patients and 16 patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

In type 2 diabetic patients, GA-to-A1C ratio was significantly higher in those treated with insulin than in those treated with diet or oral hypoglycemic agents. HOMA-%β showed a significant inverse correlation with GA-to-A1C ratio. This ratio was higher in type 1 diabetic patients than in type 2 diabetic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In diabetic patients with decreased insulin secretion, serum GA levels are higher relative to A1C.
Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Using a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor and Intraperitoneal Insulin Delivery
Authors: Renard Eric , Place Jerome , Cantwell Martin , Chevassus Hugues , Palerm Cesar C.
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

Attempts to build an artificial pancreas by using subcutaneous insulin delivery from a portable pump guided by an subcutaneous glucose sensor have encountered delays and variability of insulin absorption. We tested closed-loop intraperitoneal insulin infusion from an implanted pump driven by an subcutaneous glucose sensor via a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Two-day closed-loop therapy (except for a 15-min premeal manual bolus) was compared with a 1-day control phase with intraperitoneal open-loop insulin delivery, according to randomized order, in a hospital setting in eight type 1 diabetic patients treated by implanted pumps. The percentage of time spent with blood glucose in the 4.4–6.6 mmol/l range was the primary end point.

RESULTS

During the closed-loop phases, the mean ± SEM percentage of time spent with blood glucose in the 4.4–6.6 mmol/l range was significantly higher (39.1 ± 4.5 vs. 27.7 ± 6.2%, P = 0.05), and overall dispersion of blood glucose values was reduced among patients. Better closed-loop glucose control came from the time periods excluding the two early postprandial hours with a higher percentage of time in the 4.4–6.6 mmol/l range (46.3 ± 5.3 vs. 28.6 ± 7.4, P = 0.025) and lower mean blood glucose levels (6.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.9 ± 0.6 mmol/l, P = 0.036). Time spent with blood glucose <3.3 mmol/l was low and similar for both investigational phases.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate the feasibility of intraperitoneal insulin delivery for an artificial β-cell and support the need for further study. Moreover, according to a semiautomated mode, the features of the premeal bolus in terms of timing and amount warrant further research.
Phase formation in sodium dodecylsulfate solutions in the presence of salicylic acid for preconcentration purposes
Authors: Starova Viktoriia , Kulichenko Sergey
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of surfactant-rich phases in aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate solutions in the presence of salicylic acid was investigated. The effect of acidity, electrolyte and salicylic acid concentrations on the parameters of phase formation were studied. Optimal conditions for microcomponent preconcentration were found. The features of solubilization efficiency changes of organic substances depending on their charge and hydrophobicity were established. High efficacy of preconcentration of strongly hydrophobic, positively charged substrates by low-temperature surfactant-rich phases obtained in the sodium dodecylsulfate-salicylic acid-sodium chloride ternary system is shown.
Lidocaine hydrochloride preparations with ionic and non-ionic polymers assessed at standard and increased skin surface temperatures
Authors: Musial Witold , Kokol Vanja , Voncina Bojana
Published: October 2009

In this study, the release of lidocaine hydrochloride was assessed considering the use of both the ionic and the non-ionic polymeric carrier at temperatures of 22°C, 32°C, and 42°C; temperature of 32°C was chosen as the reference surface body temperature. The obtained release rates and respective amounts of lidocaine hydrochloride loaded both to methylcellulose beads and polyacrylic acid beads were compared with respective viscosity, pH and conductivity of the studied systems. The release of lidocaine hydrochloride from the methylcellulose system is influenced by temperature; with the increase of temperature the release rate decreases whereas the viscosity increases. In the polyacrylic acid system, release rates are lower, however, in the first stage they are slightly increasing with the increase of temperature. The final amount of released drug after 24 h increases with the temperature of the release process environment, and it is higher in case of a methylcellulose system. The maximum differences between the released amounts for methylcellulose were in the range of 15 %, whereas in case of polyacrylic acid, the difference was approximately 12 %. Thus, this research is important for patients with differentiated skin surface temperature conditions to whom a local analgesic is to be applied.
Intercalation of non-aromatic heterocyclic amines into layered zirconium glycine-N,N-dimethylphosphonate
Authors: Yang Xin , Fu Xiang-Kai , Zeng Ren-Quan
Published: October 2009

New materials were prepared by intercalation reactions between layered zirconium glycine-N,N-dimethylphosphonate (ZGDMP) and non-aromatic heterocyclic amines: piperazine, piperidine, and morpholine. X-ray powder diffraction patterns showed that the entrance of piperazine, piperidine, and morpholine caused an interlayer expansion of 0.40 nm, 0.66 nm, and 0.67 nm, respectively. The infrared spectra were in agreement with an acid-base reaction, involving layered acid host COOH of ZGDMP and basic center atoms of guest molecules. Thermogravimetric curves revealed thermal stability of the intercalation compounds and content of the inserted amine molecules. These results indicate that non-aromatic heterocyclic amines were intercalated into the galleries of host ZGDMP.
High repetition rate, tunable, Q-switched diode pumped Tm:YLF laser
Authors: Gorajek Ł. , Jabczyński J. , Żendzian W. , Kwiatkowski J. , Jelinkova H. , Sulc J. , Nemec M.
Published: October 2009

The aim of work was to characterize a simple oscillator consisted of Tm:YLF crystal end-pumped by a fiber coupled diode laser and active Q-switch with tunability option. About 7 W with near 35% slope efficiency was demonstrated in a free-running mode. The divergence angle was about 4.3 mrad and estimated parameter M2 < 1.3. Continuous tuning by means of Lyot’s filter, consisted of 2 quartz plates in the range of 1879.0–1939.4 nm with less than 1-nm linewidth, was achieved. For the best case (10-ms pump pulse duration, 42-A pump current corresponding to 266 mJ of pump energy), the Q-switched energy was 10.5 mJ with pulse duration of 22 ns corresponding to near 0.5 MW peak power. The 2.5 W of average power with 12.6-kW peak power and 2000-Hz repetition rate was demonstrated for cw pumping regime.
Multi-STFT for adaptive SCPS phase determination
Authors: Sitnik R.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a fast and reliable approach for phase modulo 2π-calculation from a single fringe pattern. It calculates correct phase values even for very complex and variable shape gradients based on a locally variable fringe period determined for the entire image. In the paper, a new two-step method for wrapped phase calculation is proposed. It is performed through the use of a method based on a multiple local fast Fourier transform for estimation of a local fringes period map and a 5-point spatial carrier phase shifting (SCPS) formula for phase modulo 2π-calculation. The described approach is verified by a correct demodulation of a real fringe pattern taken by a 3D-shape measurement system.
Basic features of a charged particle dynamics in a laser beam with static axial magnetic field
Authors: Dubik A. , Małachowski M.J.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, the trajectory and kinetic energy of a charged particle, subjected to interaction from a laser beam containing an additionally applied external static axial magnetic field, have been analyzed. We give the rigorous analytical solutions of the dynamic equations. The obtained analytical solutions have been verified by performing calculations using the derived solutions and the well known Runge-Kutta procedure for solving original dynamic equations. Both methods gave the same results. The simulation results have been obtained and presented in graphical form using the derived solutions. Apart from the laser beam, we show the results for a maser beam. The obtained analytical solutions enabled us to perform a quantitative illustration, in a graphical form of the impact of many parameters on the shape, dimensions and the motion direction along a trajectory. The kinetic energy of electrons has also been studied and the energy oscillations in time with a period equal to the one of a particle rotation have been found. We show the appearance of, so-called, stationary trajectories (hypocycloid or epicycloid) which are the projections of the real trajectory onto the (x, y) plane. Increase in laser or maser beam intensity results in the increase in particle’s trajectory dimension which was found to be proportional to the amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave. However, external magnetic field increases the results in shrinking of the trajectories. Performed studies show that not only amplitude of the electric field but also the static axial magnetic field plays a crucial role in the acceleration process of a charged particle.

At the authors of this paper best knowledge, the precise analytical solutions and theoretical analysis of the trajectories and energy gains by the charged particles accelerated in the laser beam and magnetic field are lacking in up to date publications. The authors have an intention to clarify partly some important aspects connected with this process. The presented theoretical studies apply for arbitrary charged particle and the attached figures-for electrons only.
A simple method for defect area detection using active thermography
Authors: Dudzik S.
Published: October 2009

In this paper a simple method for defect area detection in the subsurface layer of materials was presented. The method uses active infrared thermography. A statistical detectivity ratio was introduced for a quantitative characterization of areas containing defects. The described algorithm of defect area detection was tested for a material with a low thermal diffusivity. The results of experimental and simulation investigations are presented. It was stated that the statistical detectivity ratio can be used to detect regions of defect presence, even for the non-uniformly heated surfaces.
Fractal-like diffractive arrangement with multiple focal points
Authors: Mihailescu M. , Preda A. , Sobetkii A. , Petcu A.
Published: October 2009

In this paper we introduce a diffractive structure with a geometry which contains multiple Fresnel zone plates (MFZP) disposed in an arrangement based on a fractal-like rule. The corresponding diffracted intensity in planes perpendicular to the propagation axe presents two or more focal points. Their position and magnitude depend on geometrical parameters of the MFZP and on dimensions in the fractal-like arrangement. In our simulations we also analyze the influence in diffraction pattern of different non-binary phase levels in the MFZP plane. The MFZP structures with different values of geometrical and phase parameters are addressed to an optoelectronic device liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM), the experimental and simulation results are in a good agreement. The MFZP geometry with better optical parameters in diffraction pattern is then made on glass using electron beam lithography technique.
Polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: application for optical bit memory
Authors: Kawaguchi H.
Published: October 2009

We summarize recent results on polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and their application to optical buffer memory. All-optical flip-flop operation with very low switching energies and high repetition rates is achieved. An optical buffer memory consisting of a two-dimensional array of polarization-bistable VCSELs, in which the bit state of the optical signal, “0” or “1”, is stored as a lasing linear polarization state of 0 or 90°. Input data stored as the polarization states of the first VCSEL are transferred to the polarization states of the second VCSEL. In our experiments with 980 nm polarization-bistable VCSELs, 10 Gbit/s optical buffering, 2-bit optical buffering, and a shift register function have been successfully demonstrated.
Geotechnical and mineralogical properties of weak rocks from Central Greece
Authors: Ioanna Ilia , Dimitrios Rozos , Theodora Perraki , Paris Tsangaratos
Published: October 2009

Thirty bulk samples of hard soils-soft rocks such as marls, originating from Euboea Island and Peloponnesus area, were investigated to evaluate their geotechnical behavior. Specifically, by conducting a series of physical and geotechnical tests, such as liquid limit and plastic limit tests, along with the estimation of the grain size fraction, Slake Durability and Point Load Test. Certain parameters were determined and used for empirical correlations with their mineralogical characteristics. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric and thermal analysis, succeeded by textural analysis performed by Optical Microscope. With the help of the above mentioned tests, we interpreted the observed geotechnical behavior of the examined weak rocks by means of mineralogical composition and texture. Durability and the unconfined compressive strength was found to be influenced by high percentages in carbonate minerals. In addition, it was found that a decrease in clay content resulted in higher strength and durability values. The concluded empirical correlations verified the influence of these parameters and gave a general overview of the engineering behavior of the examined weak rocks.
Accurate hypocentre locations in the Middle-Durance Fault Zone, South-Eastern France
Authors: Imposa Sebastiano , Fourno Jean-Pierre , Raffaele Rosario , Scaltrito Antonio , Scarfi Luciano
Published: October 2009

A one-dimensional velocity model and station corrections for the Middle-Durance fault zone (south-eastern France) were computed by inverting P-wave arrival times recorded on a local seismic network of 8 stations. A total of 93 local events with a minimum of 6 P-phases, RMS 0.4 s and a maximum gap of 220° were selected. Comparison with previous earthquake locations shows an improvement for the relocated earthquakes. Tests were carried out to verify the robustness of inversion results in order to corroborate the conclusions drawn from our findings. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve routine earthquake locations and represents a further step toward more detailed seismotectonic studies in this area of south-eastern France.
Modeling Heterogeneity in Relationships Between Initial Status and Rates of Change: Treating Latent Variable Regression Coefficients as Random Coefficients in a Three-Level Hierarchical Model
Authors: Choi Kilchan , Seltzer Michael
Published: October 2009

In studies of change in education and numerous other fields, interest often centers on how differences in the status of individuals at the start of a period of substantive interest relate to differences in subsequent change. In this article, the authors present a fully Bayesian approach to estimating three-level Hierarchical Models in which latent variable regression (LVR) coefficients capturing the relationship between initial status and rates of change within each of J schools (Bw j, j = 1, …, J) are treated as varying across schools. Specifically, the authors treat within-group LVR coefficients as random coefficients in three-level models. Through analyses of data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, the authors show how modeling differences in Bwj as a function of school characteristics can broaden the kinds of questions they can address in school effects research. They also illustrate the possibility of conducting sensitivity analyses using t distributional assumptions at each level of such models (termed latent variable regression in a three-level hierarchical model [LVR-HM3s]), and present results from a small-scale simulation study that help provide some guidance concerning the specification of priors for variance components in LVR-HM3s. They outline extensions of LVR-HM3s to settings in which growth is nonlinear, and discuss the use of LVR-HM3s in other types of research including multisite evaluation studies in which time-series data are collected during a preintervention period, and cross-sectional studies in which within-cluster LVR slopes are treated as varying across clusters.
Köln-Timişoara Molecular Activity Combined Models toward Interspecies Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Chicu Sergiu  A. , Putz Mihai  V.
Published: October 2009

Aiming to provide a unified picture of computed activity – quantitative structure activity relationships, the so called Köln (ESIP-ElementSpecificInfluenceParameter) model for activity and Timisoara (Spectral-SAR) formulation of QSAR were pooled in order to assess the toxicity modeling and inter-toxicity correlation maps for aquatic organisms against paradigmatic organic compounds. The Köln ESIP model for estimation of a compound toxicity is based on the experimental measurement expressing the direct action of chemicals on the organism Hydractinia echinata so that the structural influence parameters are reflected by the metamorphosis degree itself. As such, the calculation of the structural parameters is absolutely necessary for correct evaluation and interpretation of the evolution of M(easured) and the C(computed) values. On the other hand, the Timişoara Spectral-SAR analysis offers correlation models and paths for H.e. species as well as for four other different organisms with which the toxicity may be inter-changed by means of the same mechanism of action induced by certain common chemicals.
Soft Alkyl Ether Prodrugs of a Model Phenolic Drug: The Effect of Incorporation of Ethyleneoxy Groups on Transdermal Delivery
Authors: Thomas Joshua  Denver , Majumdar Susruta , Sloan Kenneth  Berry
Published: October 2009

Two different types of soft alkyl ether prodrugs incorporating ethyleneoxy groups into the promoiety have been synthesized for a model phenol (acetaminophen, APAP): alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl type (AOCOM) and N-alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonyl-aminomethyl type (NANAOCAM). The solubilities in isopropyl myristate, SIPM, and water, SAQ, partition coefficients between IPM and pH 4.0 buffer, KIPM:4.0, and the delivery of total species containing APAP through hairless mouse skin from IPM, JMMIPM, have been measured for the prodrugs. The JMMIPM values were accurately predicted by the Roberts-Sloan (RS) equation. Only modest increases in JMMIPM were realized (about 1.4 times) by each type. The only prodrug that was more water soluble and more lipid soluble than APAP did not improve JMMIPM of APAP. This result may be due to the strong association of water molecules with the ethyleneoxy groups, and especially the triethyleneoxy derivative, which dramatically increases the molecular weight and depresses JMMIPM.
Arrays of Regenerated Fiber Bragg Gratings in Non-Hydrogen-Loaded Photosensitive Fibers for High-Temperature Sensor Networks
Authors: Lindner Eric , Chojetztki Christoph , Brueckner Sven , Becker Martin , Rothhardt Manfred , Vlekken Johan , Bartelt Hartmut
Published: October 2009

We report about the possibility of using regenerated fiber Bragg gratings generated in photosensitive fibers without applying hydrogen loading for high temperature sensor networks. We use a thermally induced regenerative process which leads to a secondary increase in grating reflectivity. This refractive index modification has shown to become more stable after the regeneration up to temperatures of 600 °C. With the use of an interferometric writing technique, it is possible also to generate arrays of regenerated fiber Bragg gratings for sensor networks.
Spontaneous and Engineered Compensatory HSV Mutants that Counteract the Host Antiviral PKR Response
Authors: Shah Amish C. , Parker Jacqueline N. , Shimamura Masako , Cassady Kevin A.
Published: October 2009

A virulent recombinant HSV lacking the diploid γ134.5 gene (Δγ134.5) have been investigated over the last two decades both for anti-tumor therapy and as vaccine vectors. The first generation vectors, while safe, are incapable of sustained replication in the majority of treated patients. An interferon inducible host antiviral kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), limits late viral protein synthesis and replication of Δγ134.5 viruses. This review describes the development of new Δγ134.5 vectors, through serial passage selection and direct viral genome engineering, which demonstrate selective PKR evasion in targeted cells and improved viral replication without restoring neurovirulence.
Customized Aspheric Treatment Zone Ablation to Treat Irregular Corneas After Corneal Refractive Surgery
Authors: El Danasoury Alaa M. , Bains Harkaran S.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:

To describe the retreatment of highly aberrated corneas due to previous keratorefractive surgery using topography-guided aspheric treatments.

Methods:

Eight eyes (five patients) with reduced mesopic visual quality due to previous keratomileusis, excimer laser surgery, or radial keratotomy underwent retreatment with the customized aspheric treatment zone (CATz) algorithm with the CXIII excimer laser (NIDEK Co Ltd) to correct corneal wavefront aberrations. Before CATz treatments, all patients were satisfied with their preoperative photopic vision (all 20/30 or better uncorrected) yet were dissatisfied with their vision at night. All eyes had >20 µm (range: 20 to 33 µm) of corneal irregularity before CATz retreatment. All eyes had a flap cut or flap lift procedure for CATz retreatment.

Results:

One year after treatment with CATz, no eyes lost best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA); all eyes had BSCVA of 20/30 or better. Mean modulation transfer function increased by 13% by the end of the first postoperative year. A 0.45-µm decrease was noted in coma 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusions:

The CATz algorithm is effective in the treatment of severe corneal irregularities due to previous corneal surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:S917–S921.]
Axis Alignment and Rotational Stability After Implantation of the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens for Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Hashem Ayman N. , El Danasoury Alaa M. , Anwar Hamed M.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:

To assess axis alignment and stability of the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens (TICL; STAAR Surgical Co) over time.

Methods:

Thirty-five consecutive eyes of 19 patients received the TICL for treatment of myopic astigmatism. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) and manifest refractive cylinder were measured preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The axis alignment of the TICL was measured using the internal OPD map obtained with the OPD-Scan II (NIDEK Co Ltd).

Results:

Mean refractive cylinder was reduced from 2.80±1.45 diopters (D) preoperatively to 0.63±0.75 D at 3 months postoperatively; MRSE was −7.61±4.02 D preoperatively and −0.14±0.38 D at 3 months. Mean absolute value of the measured axis misalignment from baseline (day 1) to 1 month was 2.90±2.11º and from 1 month to 3 months was 4.6±11.2°. Mean absolute value of the measured changes in axis misalignment from baseline to 3 months was 2.68±2.11° (after excluding one eye that required repositioning due to TICL rotation). At 3 months postoperatively, 96.8% (30/31) eyes had ⩽8° and 90.3% (28/31) had ⩽5° of axis misalignment.

Conclusions:

The TICL showed minimal axis misalignment after implantation and remained stable 3 months postoperatively. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:S939–S943.]
Comparison of Myopic LASIK Centered on the Coaxially Sighted Corneal Light Reflex or Line of Sight
Authors: Okamoto Shigeki , Kimura Kaku , Funakura Masakazu , Ikeda Nobuo , Hiramatsu Hiroyuki , Bains Harkaran S.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:

To compare refractive outcomes of myopic LASIK with centration on the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (CSCLR) to centration on the center of the pupil (line of sight [LOS]).

Methods:

The NIDEK CXIII excimer laser was used to treat 268 eyes with centration on the CSCLR (CSCLR group) and 288 eyes with centration on the LOS (LOS group). For the CSCLR group, the laser ablation was delivered 80% closer to the visual axis. One-month postoperative outcomes were compared.

Results:

Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was −4.88±1.55 diopters (D) (range: −8.50 to −1.25 D) in the CSCLR group and −5.05±1.63 D (range: −9.75 to −1.50 D) in the LOS group. The postoperative MRSE was 0.17±0.39 D (range: −1.38 to −1.25 D) in the CSCLR group and 0.19±0.48 D (range: −1.63 to −1.88 D) in the LOS group. Safety (1.18) and efficacy (1.047) indices were statistically significantly higher in the CSCLR group compared to the LOS group (1.138 and 0.997, respectively) (
P
<.05). This trend was accentuated in a subgroup analysis of patients with >0.25-mm difference between the CSCLR and LOS, favoring the CSCLR group. A statistically significantly greater induction of higher order aberrations (
P
=.04) and coma (
P
=.01) was noted in the LOS group postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Myopic LASIK centered on the CSCLR was significantly safer and more effective than LASIK centered on the pupil (LOS), with significantly lower induction of coma and total higher order aberrations.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S944–S950.]
Total, Corneal, and Internal Ocular Optical Aberrations in Patients With Keratoconus
Authors: Schlegel Zuzana , Lteif Yara , Bains Harkaran S. , Gatinel Damien
Published: October 2009

Purpose:

To measure and compare total, corneal, and internal ocular aberrations using combined wavefront analysis and corneal topography in eyes with keratoconus and eyes with normal corneas.

Methods:

This prospective study comprised eyes of patients with keratoconus and myopic patients seeking refractive surgery. Patients diagnosed with keratoconus and with a classification of “normal” or “keratoconus” on the NIDEK Corneal Navigator corneal disease screening software were selected for inclusion in this study. The normal group comprised eyes with a “normal” classification with 99% similarity. In the normal group, only one eye per patient was randomly selected based on a randomization schedule. Corneal, internal, and total wavefront measurements were provided by the NIDEK OPD-Scan II.

Results:

One hundred eyes with keratoconus and 155 normal eyes were enrolled in the study. Statistically significant higher corneal and internal higher order aberrations were observed in the eyes with keratoconus (
P
<.05). However, an increase in ocular higher order aberrations proportional to corneal higher order aberrations was not observed in the keratoconus group.

Conclusions:

A compensatory effect of increased anterior corneal aberrations by internal aberrations in keratoconic eyes was present for some aberrations. The origin of this compensation and the optical mechanism behind it requires further study. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25: S951–S957.]
Confocal Microscopy of Corneal Stroma and Endothelium After LASIK and PRK
Authors: Amoozadeh Javad , Aliakbari Soheil , Behesht-Nejad Amir-Houshang , Seyedian Mohammad-Amin , Rezvan Bijan , Hashemi Hassan
Published: October 2009

Purpose:

To compare with confocal microscopy the changes in stromal keratocyte density and endothelial cell count due to photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and LASIK.

Methods:

In this prospective study, 32 eyes (16 myopic patients) were examined with the NIDEK Confoscan 3 confocal microscope before and 6 months after PRK and LASIK. The preoperative mean myopia was −2.85±0.99 diopters (D) (range: −1.00 to −4.00 D) in 24 eyes that underwent PRK and −2.94±0.96 D (range: −2.00 to −4.25 D) in 8 eyes that underwent LASIK. Keratocyte density in the anterior and posterior stroma and the endothelial cell count were measured. Statistically significant changes were assessed using the
t
test.
P
<.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Preoperative hexagonal cell percentage in the LASIK group was 52.17±11.43 and 51.33±10.98 in the PRK group. Postoperatively, the percentages were 52.96±7.55 and 53.34±10.2, respectively. Six months postoperatively, keratocyte density changed by 367.12±103.35 cells/mm
2
(34.7% reduction) in the anterior stroma (
P
<.05) and 9.25±28.28 cells/mm
2
(1.31% reduction) in the posterior stroma (
P
<.05) for the LASIK group. In the PRK group, these values were 319.71±83.45 cells/mm
2
(31.13% reduction) in the anterior stroma (
P
<.05) and 0.17±38.97 cells/mm
2
(0.02% reduction) in the posterior stroma (
P
>.05). The changes in keratocyte densities were not statistically significant between groups (
P
>.05). The mean number of keratocytes decreased by 37.2% in the retroablation zone of the LASIK group (
P
<.05). No changes were noted in endothelial cell counts.

Conclusions:

A significant decrease occurred in the number of stromal keratocytes in the anterior stroma. Despite differences in surgery, the change in keratocyte density and endothelial cell counts were similar between LASIK and PRK groups (
P
>.05). [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S963–S967.]
A Homolog of Formyl Peptide Receptor-Like 1 (FPRL1) Inhibitor from Staphylococcus aureus (FPRL1 Inhibitory Protein) That Inhibits FPRL1 and FPR
Authors: Prat Cristina , Haas Pieter-Jan , Bestebroer Jovanka , de Haas Carla J. C. , van Strijp Jos A. G. , van Kessel Kok P. M.
Published: October 2009

The members of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family are involved in the sensing of chemoattractant substances, including bacteria-derived N-formylated peptides and host-derived peptides and proteins. We have recently described two chemoattractant receptor inhibitors from Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS) blocks the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and the receptor for complement C5a (C5aR), while FPR-like 1 (FPRL1) inhibitory protein (FLIPr) blocks the FPRL1. Here, we describe another staphylococcal chemoattractant-inhibiting protein with 73% overall homology to FLIPr and identical first 25 aa, which we termed FLIPr-like. This protein inhibits neutrophil calcium mobilization and chemotaxis induced by the FPRL1-ligand MMK-1 and FPR-ligand fMLP. While its FPRL1-inhibitory activity lies in the comparable nanomolar range of FLIPr, its antagonism of the FPR is ∼100-fold more potent than that of FLIPr and comparable to that of CHIPS. The second N-terminal phenylalanine was required for its inhibition of the FPR, but it was dispensable for the FPRL1. Furthermore, the deletion of the first seven amino acids reduced its antagonism of the FPRL1, and the exchange of the first six amino acids with that of CHIPS-conferred receptor specificity. Finally, studies with cells transfected with several chemoattractant receptors confirmed that FLIPr-like specifically binds to the FPR and FPRL1. In conclusion, the newly described excreted protein from S. aureus, FLIPr-like, is a potent inhibitor of the FPR- and FPRL1-mediated neutrophil responses and may be used to selectively modulate these chemoattractant receptors.
Nodavirus Infection of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Induces Up-Regulation of Galectin-1 Expression with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Authors: Poisa-Beiro Laura , Dios Sonia , Ahmed Hafiz , Vasta Gerardo R. , Martínez-López Alicia , Estepa Amparo , Alonso-Gutiérrez Jorge , Figueras Antonio , Novoa Beatriz
Published: October 2009

Sea bass nervous necrosis virus is the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis, a disease responsible of high economic losses in larval and juvenile stages of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To identify genes potentially involved in antiviral immune defense, gene expression profiles in response to nodavirus infection were investigated in sea bass head kidney using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. A total of 8.7% of the expressed sequence tags found in the SSH library showed significant similarities with immune genes, of which a prototype galectin (Sbgalectin-1), two C-type lectins (SbCLA and SbCLB) from groups II and VII, respectively, and a short pentraxin (Sbpentraxin) were selected for further characterization. Results of SSH were validated by in vivo up-regulation of expression of Sbgalectin-1, SbCLA, and SbCLB in response to nodavirus infection. To examine the potential role(s) of Sbgalectin-1 in response to nodavirus infection in further detail, the recombinant protein (rSbgalectin-1) was produced, and selected functional assays were conducted. A dose-dependent decrease of respiratory burst was observed in sea bass head kidney leukocytes after incubation with increasing concentrations of rSbgalectin-1. A decrease in IL-1β, TNF-α, and Mx expression was observed in the brain of sea bass simultaneously injected with nodavirus and rSbgalectin-1 compared with those infected with nodavirus alone. Moreover, the protein was detected in the brain from infected fish, which is the main target of the virus. These results suggest a potential anti-inflammatory, protective role of Sbgalectin-1 during viral infection.
Induction of Cross-Priming of Naive CD8+ T Lymphocytes by Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin That Secretes Heat Shock Protein 70-Major Membrane Protein-II Fusion Protein
Authors: Mukai Tetsu , Maeda Yumi , Tamura Toshiki , Matsuoka Masanori , Tsukamoto Yumiko , Makino Masahiko
Published: October 2009

Because Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unconvincingly activates human naive CD8+ T cells, a rBCG (BCG-70M) that secretes a fusion protein comprising BCG-derived heat shock protein (HSP)70 and Mycobacterium leprae-derived major membrane protein (MMP)-II, one of the immunodominant Ags of M. leprae, was newly constructed to potentiate the ability of activating naive CD8+ T cells through dendritic cells (DC). BCG-70M secreted HSP70-MMP-II fusion protein in vitro, which stimulated DC to produce IL-12p70 through TLR2. BCG-70M-infected DC activated not only memory and naive CD8+ T cells, but also CD4+ T cells of both types to produce IFN-γ. The activation of these naive T cells by BCG-70M was dependent on the MHC and CD86 molecules on BCG-70M-infected DC, and was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of DC with chloroquine. Both brefeldin A and lactacystin significantly inhibited the activation of naive CD8+ T cells by BCG-70M through DC. Thus, the CD8+ T cell activation may be induced by cross-presentation of Ags through a TAP- and proteosome-dependent cytosolic pathway. When naive CD8+ T cells were stimulated by BCG-70M-infected DC in the presence of naive CD4+ T cells, CD62LlowCD8+ T cells and perforin-producing CD8+ T cells were efficiently produced. MMP-II-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells were efficiently produced in C57BL/6 mice by infection with BCG-70M. These results indicate that BCG-70M activated DC, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, and the combination of HSP70 and MMP-II may be useful for inducing better T cell activation.
Adoptive Transfer of T Lymphocytes Sensitized against the Prion Protein Attenuates Prion Invasion in Scrapie-Infected Mice
Authors: Gourdain Pauline , Grégoire Sylvie , Iken Saci , Bachy Véronique , Dorban Gauthier , Chaigneau Thomas , Debiec Hanna , Bergot Anne-Sophie , Renault Isabelle , Aucouturier Pierre , Carnaud Claude
Published: October 2009

There is to date no effective way of preventing or curing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The idea of treating those conditions by immunological approaches has progressively emerged over the last ten years. Encouraging results have been reported in Alzheimer disease and in peripheral forms of mouse prion diseases following passive injection of Abs or active immunization against the peptides or proteins presumably at the origin of those disorders. Still, major difficulties persist due to some characteristics of those conditions such as slow evolution, brain location, uncertainties regarding precise pathogenic pathways, and, above all, the fact that the target Ag is self, meaning that it is poorly immunogenic and potentially harmful if tolerance was transgressed. To analyze some of those difficulties, we are developing adoptive cell transfer approaches. In this study, lymphocytes sensitized against the prion protein in nontolerant Prnp−/− mice were transferred into histocompatible wild-type recipients which were partly or totally devoid of their own lymphocytes. Under such conditions, we found that the engrafted T lymphocytes resisted peripheral tolerance, remained reactive for several months against epitopes of the prion protein, and significantly attenuated the progression of prions in secondary lymphoid organs with subsequent delay in the evolution of the neurological disease. Interestingly, those protective T lymphocytes secreted lymphokines and migrated more readily into the host CNS but did not appear to be engaged in cooperation with host B cells for Ab production.
Adenosine Blocks IFN-γ-Induced Phosphorylation of STAT1 on Serine 727 to Reduce Macrophage Activation
Authors: Barnholt Kimberly E. , Kota Rama S. , Aung Hnin Hnin , Rutledge John C.
Published: October 2009

Macrophages are activated by IFN-γ, a proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokine that mediates its downstream effects primarily through STAT1. IFN-γ signaling induces phosphorylation of two STAT1 residues: Tyr701 (Y701), which facilitates dimerization, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding; and Ser727 (S727), which enables maximal STAT1 transcription activity. Immunosuppressive molecules such as adenosine in the cellular microenvironment can reduce macrophage inflammatory and atherogenic functions through receptor-mediated signaling pathways. We hypothesized that adenosine achieves these protective effects by interrupting IFN-γ signaling in activated macrophages. This investigation demonstrates that adding adenosine to IFN-γ-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 and human THP-1 macrophages results in unique modulation of STAT1 serine and tyrosine phosphorylation events. We show that adenosine inhibits IFN-γ-induced STAT1 S727 phosphorylation by >30% and phosphoserine-mediated transcriptional activity by 58% but has no effect on phosphorylation of Y701 or receptor-associated JAK tyrosine kinases. Inhibition of the adenosine A3 receptor with a subtype-specific antagonist (MRS 1191 in RAW 264.7 cells and MRS 1220 in THP-1 cells) reverses this adenosine suppressive effect on STAT1 phosphoserine status by 25–50%. Further, RAW 264.7 A3 receptor stimulation with Cl-IB-MECA reduces IFN-γ-induced STAT1 transcriptional activity by 45% and STAT1-dependent gene expression by up to 80%. These data suggest that A3 receptor signaling is key to adenosine-mediated STAT1 modulation and anti-inflammatory action in IFN-γ-activated mouse and human macrophages. Because STAT1 plays a key role in IFN-γ-induced inflammation and foam cell transformation, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying STAT1 deactivation by adenosine may improve preventative and therapeutic approaches to vascular disease.