bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications
Authors: Kellens Karel , Baumers Martin , Gutowski Timothy G. , Flanagan William , Lifset Reid , Duflou Joost R.
Published: August 2017

Additive manufacturing (AM) proposes a novel paradigm for engineering design and manufacturing, which has profound economic, environmental, and security implications. The design freedom offered by this category of manufacturing processes and its ability to locally print almost each designable object will have important repercussions across society. While AM applications are progressing from rapid prototyping to the production of end‐use products, the environmental dimensions and related impacts of these evolving manufacturing processes have yet to be extensively examined. Only limited quantitative data are available on how AM manufactured products compare to conventionally manufactured ones in terms of energy and material consumption, transportation costs, pollution and waste, health and safety issues, as well as other environmental impacts over their full lifetime. Reported research indicates that the specific energy of current AM systems is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of conventional manufacturing processes. However, only part of the AM process taxonomy is yet documented in terms of its environmental performance, and most life cycle inventory (LCI) efforts mainly focus on energy consumption. From an environmental perspective, AM manufactured parts can be beneficial for very small batches, or in cases where AM‐based redesigns offer substantial functional advantages during the product use phase (e.g., lightweight part designs and part remanufacturing). Important pending research questions include the LCI of AM feedstock production, supply‐chain consequences, and health and safety issues relating to AM.
Experiences of Antenatal Care Among Women Who Are Socioeconomically Deprived in High‐Income Industrialized Countries: An Integrative Review
Authors: Origlia Paola , Jevitt Cecilia , Sayn‐Wittgenstein Friederike zu , Cignacco Eva
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Socioeconomic deprivation in high‐income industrialized countries is a key factor in poor perinatal outcomes. Limited access, utilization, and quality of antenatal care seem to play an important role in poor perinatal outcomes.

Methods

This integrative review aimed to explore experiences of antenatal care among women who are socioeconomically deprived in high‐income industrialized countries. A search was conducted using 5 databases for articles published from 2004 to 2014. Six qualitative and 3 quantitative articles were selected. These were systematically appraised for quality independently by 3 researchers. Relevant themes were identified and organized into categories.

Results

The disadvantages experienced in antenatal care by women who are socioeconomically deprived start before the first contact with health care services and are notable throughout the entire pregnancy. There is disparity in choice of medical or midwifery service provision models. Six categories emerged during review: choice of service provision model, feeling valued, various types of discrimination, structural and interpersonal accessibility, comprehensibility and trustworthiness of information, and engagement and sense of responsibility. Categories underscored the importance of the woman's relationship with the antenatal care provider.

Discussion

Antenatal care models with women‐centered approaches and continuity of care, such as midwifery models, have potential to increase the satisfaction of women with low socioeconomic status with care; this may increase antenatal care utilization and improve perinatal outcomes.
Myology of the forelimb of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda, Abelisauridae) and the morphological consequences of extreme limb reduction
Authors: Burch Sara H.
Published: August 2017

Forelimb reduction occurred independently in multiple lineages of theropod dinosaurs. Although tyrannosaurs are renowned for their tiny, two‐fingered forelimbs, the degree of their reduction in length is surpassed by abelisaurids, which possess an unusual morphology distinct from that of other theropods. The forelimbs of abelisaurids are short but robust and exhibit numerous crests, tubercles, and scars that allow for inferences of muscle attachment sites. Phylogenetically based reconstructions of the musculature were used in combination with close examination of the osteology in the Malagasy abelisaurid Majungasaurus to create detailed muscle maps of the forelimbs, and patterns of the muscular and bony morphology were compared with those of extant tetrapods with reduced or vestigial limbs. The lever arms of muscles crossing the glenohumeral joint are shortened relative to the basal condition, reducing the torque of these muscles but increasing the excursion of the humerus. Fusion of the antebrachial muscles into a set of flexors and extensors is common in other tetrapods and occurred to some extent in Majungasaurus. However, the presence of tubercles on the antebrachial and manual elements of abelisaurids indicates that many of the individual distal muscles acting on the wrist and digits were retained. Majungasaurus shows some signs of the advanced stages of forelimb reduction preceding limb loss, while also exhibiting features suggesting that the forelimb was not completely functionless. The conformation of abelisaurid forelimb musculature was unique among theropods and further emphasizes the unusual morphology of the forelimbs in this clade.
Congenital muscle dystrophy and diet consistency affect mouse skull shape differently
Authors: Spassov Alexander , Toro‐Ibacache Viviana , Krautwald Mirjam , Brinkmeier Heinrich , Kupczik Kornelius
Published: August 2017

The bones of the mammalian skull respond plastically to changes in masticatory function. However, the extent to which muscle function affects the growth and development of the skull, whose regions have different maturity patterns, remains unclear. Using muscle dissection and 3D landmark‐based geometric morphometrics we investigated the effect of changes in muscle function established either before or after weaning, on skull shape and muscle mass in adult mice. We compared temporalis and masseter mass and skull shape in mice with a congenital muscle dystrophy (mdx) and wild type (wt) mice fed on either a hard or a soft diet. We found that dystrophy and diet have distinct effects on the morphology of the skull and the masticatory muscles. Mdx mice show a flattened neurocranium with a more dorsally displaced foramen magnum and an anteriorly placed mandibular condyle compared with wt mice. Compared with hard diet mice, soft diet mice had lower masseter mass and a face with more gracile features as well as labially inclined incisors, suggesting reduced bite strength. Thus, while the early‐maturing neurocranium and the posterior portion of the mandible are affected by the congenital dystrophy, the late‐maturing face including the anterior part of the mandible responds to dietary differences irrespective of the mdx mutation. Our study confirms a hierarchical, tripartite organisation of the skull (comprising neurocranium, face and mandible) with a modular division based on development and function. Moreover, we provide further experimental evidence that masticatory loading is one of the main environmental stimuli that generate craniofacial variation.
Computed tomographic findings in 12 cases of canine multi‐centric lymphoma with splenic and hepatic involvement
Authors: Jones I. D. , Daniels A. D. , Lara‐Garcia A. , Peters L. M. , Mantis P.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To describe the CT findings in a population of dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma that involved the spleen and liver.

Materials and Methods

Clinical records between January 2008 and June 2015 were reviewed. Thoracic and abdominal CT examinations of patients diagnosed with multi‐centric lymphoma were evaluated by a board‐certified radiologist. A diagnosis of multi‐centric lymphoma with splenic and hepatic involvement was based upon cytological identification and immunophenotyping of neoplastic lymphocytes in cellular samples harvested from a peripheral lymph node, the spleen and the liver.

Results

Twelve dogs were included in this study, of which 11 had B‐cell lymphoma; immunophenotyping was inconclusive in one dog. The spleen appeared normal in seven dogs and nodules were identified in five dogs. Splenic nodules were hypoattenuating in four of five dogs and isoattenuating in one of five. After contrast administration, three of five appeared hypoattenuating and two of five isoattenuating. The liver appeared normal in 10 dogs and hepatic nodules were identified in two dogs. All hepatic nodules were isoattenuating before contrast and hypoattenuating following contrast administration.

Clinical Significance

The CT appearance of the spleen and liver was normal in the majority of dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma. Fine needle aspiration of the spleen and liver is recommended when using CT to stage dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma.
Mortality due to trauma in cats attending veterinary practices in central and south‐east England
Authors: McDonald J. L. , Cleasby I. R. , Brodbelt D. C. , Church D. B. , O'Neill D. G.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To identify important demographic and spatial factors associated with the risk of trauma and, more specifically, road traffic accident‐related mortality, relative to other diagnoses in cats.

Methods

A sample of 2738 cats with mortality data derived from the VetCompass primary‐care veterinary database was selected for detailed study. Generalised linear models investigated risk factors for mortality due to trauma and due to road traffic accidents versus other causes.

Results

A greater proportion of younger cats died through traumatic and road traffic accident‐attributed causes relative to other causes of mortality. There was no apparent association of trauma‐ or road traffic accident‐related death with urban environments or areas where there is increased human population density.

Clinical significance

These findings highlight that veterinary advice which aims to reduce the likelihood of death through trauma, and specifically road traffic accidents, should focus on demographic attributes including age. All geographical locations should be considered as of equal risk.
Effects of different salinities on the osmoregulatory capacity of Mediterranean sticklebacks living in freshwater
Authors: Rind K. , Beyrend D. , Blondeau‐Bidet E. , Charmantier G. , Cucchi P. , Lignot J.‐H.
Published: August 2017

Three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) of the Camargue region (Rhone delta, northern Mediterranean Sea) occupy coastal mesohaline lagoons and freshwater canals. In this study, the acclimation capacity to different salinities of a population living in freshwater canals was investigated. Freshwater (FW; 5 ‰) individuals were compared to fish acclimated for at least 2 weeks to brackish water (BW; 15 ‰) and seawater (SW; 30 ‰). Blood osmotic pressure and gill Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) gene expression of the α1 subunit and α1a and α1b isoforms were determined at these salinities. NKA protein expression in the gill ionocytes and the remodelling of these cells were also investigated through NKA immunolabelling and electron microscopy. Blood osmolalities of fish acclimated to FW, BW and SW were significantly different. Branchial NKA α1a and α1b expressions also differed, with a higher expression of NKA α1b in fish acclimated to SW. Gill ionocytes in fish acclimated to FW were located along the lamellae and at their base and appeared elongated, whereas these cells were restricted to gill filaments in fish acclimated to SW with a round shape. Finally, electron microscopy revealed three different types of apical structures for these ionocytes: a honeycomb‐like structure and a dome shape in FW, and deeply encrypted in SW. This study shows that ionocyte cell type and morphology, and gill NKA expression are salinity‐dependent. This branchial remodelling is directly linked to the physiological homeostatic status reached by the fish. It also highlights that sticklebacks of the Camargue region can rapidly acclimate to different salinities and can easily migrate between FW canals and mesohaline coastal lagoons.
Litigation in the Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement
Authors: Franta Benjamin
Published: August 2017

The fossil fuel divestment movement has been described as the fastest‐growing disinvestment movement in history, and in recent years it has continued to expand. Despite its growth, however, the movement has made little use of legal action, instead utilizing tactics of public pressure and persuasion, and the future role of litigation in the movement is unclear. To consider litigation's potential role in the movement and the challenges it may face, I examine the first and only case of litigation in the fossil fuel divestment movement thus far: Harvard Climate Justice Coalition et al. v President and Fellows of Harvard College et al. (2015), in which seven Harvard students (including the author) filed suit to compel the university to divest its endowment from fossil fuel companies. I examine motivations for filing the suit in the context of the broader fossil fuel divestment movement, the case's history, and the challenges faced by the suit, including arguments surrounding causation, particularization, representation of future generations, limiting principles, and framing. I then discuss potential opportunities for fossil fuel divestment litigation in the future. As the field of climate change law develops further, litigation over fossil fuel investments could grow in frequency and importance.
Safety, efficacy, and persistence of long‐term mirabegron treatment for overactive bladder in the daily clinical setting: Interim (1‐year) report from a Japanese post‐marketing surveillance study
Authors: Kato Daisuke , Tabuchi Hiromi , Uno Satoshi
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To report interim 1‐year results from a 3‐year surveillance study evaluating safety, efficacy, and persistence of long‐term mirabegron for overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

Patients starting treatment with mirabegron for urinary urgency, daytime frequency, and urgency incontinence associated with OAB were registered and followed up for 3 years. Data were collected on adverse drug reactions (ADR), changes in OAB symptoms, changes in Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and treatment discontinuations. Treatment persistence rates were calculated by Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results

Eighty‐one ADR were observed in 72/1139 patients (6.3%) through 1 year of mirabegron treatment, with the incidence highest during the first month. No significant change in residual urine volume was observed at any observation point up to 1 year of mirabegron treatment. Mirabegron was deemed “effective” in 883/1091 patients (80.9%) at 1 year/discontinuation. Total OABSS was decreased with statistical significance at 3, 6 months, and 1 year, or at discontinuation (P < 0.001 at each time point). Kaplan–Meier treatment persistence rates were 84.8% at 3 months, 77.6% at 6 months, and 66.0% at 1 year. Treatment persistence rates were similar for male and female patients but significantly higher for patients aged ≥65 years (67.3%; n = 908) compared with those aged <65 years (59.8%; n = 231; log‐rank test: P = 0.032).

Conclusions

Long‐term OAB treatment with mirabegron was well‐tolerated, with effectiveness maintained through 1 year. Mirabegron treatment persistence was higher than has been previously reported, and was greater in patients aged ≥65 years compared with those aged <65 years.
Influencing everyday activities in a nursing home setting: A call for ethical and responsive engagement
Authors: Mondaca Margarita , Josephsson Staffan , Katz Arlene , Rosenberg Lena
Published: August 2017

This study focuses on influence that older adults, living in nursing homes, have over everyday activities. Everyday activities are key to sustain a sense of stability, predictability, and enjoyment in the local world of people's everyday and therefore a critical dimension of the person‐centeredness framework applied within gerontology. This narrative ethnographic study aimed to shed light on how influence can be situated contextually, and how it can emerge through activities as well as how it is negotiated in everyday by frail older adults living in a nursing home. Residents, staff members, and significant others from one nursing home in an urban area of Sweden participated in this study. Data were gathered through fieldwork, including participant observation and formal and informal conversations during a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed through a narrative interpretative approach. The findings are presented in narrative form as exemplars. The exemplars—Craquelures as justification, Seeking a place for other life worlds and An almost perfect trip—reveal a gap between the client‐centeredness framework and lived experiences regarding older adults’ influence in everyday activities. The role of everyday activities in the context of frailty is discussed in terms of ethical and responsive engagement, and implications for health‐care practices are considered.
Perinatal high fat diet increases inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons regulating gastric functions
Authors: McMenamin C. A. , Travagli R. A. , Browning K. N.
Published: August 2017

Background

Previous studies suggest an increased inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons following exposure to a perinatal high fat diet (PNHFD); the underlying neural mechanisms, however, remain unknown. This study assessed the effects of PNHFD on inhibitory synaptic inputs to DMV neurons and the vagally dependent control of gastric tone and motility.

Methods

Whole‐cell patch clamp recordings were made from DMV neurons in thin brainstem slices from Sprague‐Dawley rats fed either a control diet or HFD (14 or 60% kcal from fat, respectively) from embryonic day 13 onwards; gastric tone and motility were recorded in in vivo anesthetized rats.

Key Results

The non‐selective GABAA antagonist, BIC (10 μmol L–1), induced comparable inward currents in PNHFD and control DMV neurons, but a larger current in PNHFD neurons at higher concentrations (50 μmol L–1). Differences were not apparent in neuronal responses to the phasic GABAA antagonist, gabazine (GBZ), the extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, THIP, the GABA transport blocker, nipecotic acid, or the gliotoxin, fluoroacetate, suggesting that PNHFD altered inhibitory transmission but not GABAA receptor density or function, GABA uptake or glial modulation of synaptic strength. Similarly, the increase in gastric motility and tone following brainstem microinjection of low doses of BIC (1‐10 pmoles) and GBZ (0.01‐0.1 pmoles) were unchanged in PNHFD rats while higher doses of BIC (25 pmoles) induced a significantly larger increase in gastric tone compared to control.

Conclusions and Inferences

These studies suggest that exposure to PNHFD increases the tonic inhibition of DMV neurons, possibly contributing to dysregulated vagal control of gastric functions.
Towards CRISPR/Cas crops – bringing together genomics and genome editing
Authors: Scheben Armin , Wolter Felix , Batley Jacqueline , Puchta Holger , Edwards David
Published: August 2017

With the rapid increase in the global population and the impact of climate change on agriculture, there is a need for crops with higher yields and greater tolerance to abiotic stress. However, traditional crop improvement via genetic recombination or random mutagenesis is a laborious process and cannot keep pace with increasing crop demand. Genome editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) allow targeted modification of almost any crop genome sequence to generate novel variation and accelerate breeding efforts. We expect a gradual shift in crop improvement away from traditional breeding towards cycles of targeted genome editing. Crop improvement using genome editing is not constrained by limited existing variation or the requirement to select alleles over multiple breeding generations. However, current applications of crop genome editing are limited by the lack of complete reference genomes, the sparse knowledge of potential modification targets, and the unclear legal status of edited crops. We argue that overcoming technical and social barriers to the application of genome editing will allow this technology to produce a new generation of high‐yielding, climate ready crops.

Contents

Summary
682

I.
Introduction
682

II.
Genomic‐based crop improvement before CRISPR/Cas
683

III.
Genome assembly as the starting point for genome editing
684

IV.
Identifying targets for genome editing using functional genomics
685

V.
Using CRISPR/Cas to improve crops
685

VI.
Improving the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas system
688

VII.
An emerging new breeding process
690

VIII.
Conclusion
694

Acknowledgements
694

References
694
Deciphering adipose tissue heterogeneity
Authors: Lynes Matthew D. , Tseng Yu‐Hua
Published: August 2017

Obesity is an excess accumulation of adipose tissue mass, and, together with its sequelae, in particular type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, obesity presents a major health crisis. Although obesity is simply caused by increased adipose mass, the heterogeneity of adipose tissue in humans means that the response to increased energy balance is highly complex. Individual subjects with similar phenotypes may respond very differently to the same treatments; therefore, obesity may benefit from a personalized precision medicine approach. The variability in the development of obesity is indeed driven by differences in sex, genetics, and environment, but also by the various types of adipose tissue as well as the different cell types that compose it. By describing the distinct cell populations that reside in different fat depots, we can interpret the complex effect of these various players in the maintenance of whole‐body energy homeostasis. To further understand adipose tissue, adipogenic differentiation and the transcriptional program of lipid accumulation must be investigated. As the cell‐ and depot‐specific functions are described, they can be placed in the context of energy excess to understand how the heterogeneity of adipose tissue shapes individual metabolic status and condition.
Preparation‐related structural diversity and medical potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with ginseng pectins
Authors: Chen Qilei , Zhu Lin , Tang Yina , Zhao Zhongzhen , Yi Tao , Chen Hubiao
Published: August 2017

Pectins isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a global health challenge. Soil‐to‐bench procedures of ginseng pectin preparation significantly affect the polysaccharide structures. Various forms of ginseng pectins rich in homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan‐I, rhamnogalacturonan‐II, and arabinogalactan have demonstrated independent or collaborative effects on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, immunological dysfunction, and neoplasms. Monosaccharide compositions, peptide contents, degrees of esterification and methylation, and inter‐ and intramolecular linkages all influence pectin bioactivity. Understanding the preparation–structure and structure–function relationships of ginseng pectins can lead to safer and more pertinent treatment of diabetes with efficacy‐oriented modifications of the pectins. To reach this goal, standardization of preparation procedures, understanding of intricate structures, and exploration of complex interactions with receptors are crucial steps to take full advantage of the medical potential of ginseng pectins.
Apical cytoskeletons and junctional complexes as a combined system in epithelial cell sheets
Authors: Yano Tomoki , Kanoh Hatsuho , Tamura Atsushi , Tsukita Sachiko
Published: August 2017

Epithelial cell sheet formation is central to many aspects of vertebrate development and function. For example, it is a major principle of differentiation in embryogenesis and regeneration, enables the compartmentalization of tissues, and is the basis for the maintenance of homeostasis throughout the body. A key characteristic of biologically functional epithelial cell sheets is a clear difference between the top and bottom sides owing to the apicobasal polarity of the cells in the sheet, as seen in the simple polar epithelia. Epithelial cell sheets are formed by cell–cell adhesion conferred by junctional complexes, in particular via tight junctions (TJs), which thus create a paracellular barrier. This review focuses on the apical side of the sheet, which serves as the front line. The apical membranes and TJs of the various tissues have specific characteristics that enable them to function and adapt to their biological context: each system must be robust, but also dynamic and flexible to maintain homeostasis. Here, we describe various apical cytoskeletal structures that are critical to the integrity of epithelial cell sheets. We also discuss the association of apical cytoskeletal networks with TJs, which thus forms a combined system, tentatively termed the TJ–apical complex.
The rice cultivar Baixiangzhan harbours a recessive gene xa42(t) determining resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Liang Li Q. , Wang Cong Y. , Zeng Lie X. , Wang Wen J. , Feng Jin Q. , Chen Bing , Su Jing , Chen Shen , Shang Fu D. , Zhu Xiao Y. , Lin Fei
Published: August 2017

Bacterial leaf blight (BB) is among the “top 3” diseases in rice production. Breeding resistant cultivars has been the most effective strategy for BB management. The inbred cultivar Baixiangzhan (BXZ) showed a broad spectrum of resistance to five Xoo pathotypes in China, including the prevalent and highly virulent Xoo pathotypes Chinese Race V (CV), which can overcome the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21. The resistance heredity of BXZ has been explored in this study. A single recessive major resistance gene, which designated as xa42(t), confers resistance against the tested Xoo pathotypes CV. Linkage analysis lands xa42(t) on chromosome 6, and genetic mapping confines it to 3.9 cM region flanked by RM20558/RM20547 and RM20580. A further seven markers were developed from this interval for high‐resolution mapping, and the xa42(t) locus was narrowed to 34.8 Kb segment bounded by RM20572 and DT46. The only functionally predicted gene included in the target region is LOC_Os06g45960 if based on the ‘Nipponbare’ reference sequence. This candidate gene is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 protein.
Mini grasping basket forceps for endobronchial foreign body removal in pediatric patients
Authors: Hata Atsushi , Nakajima Takahiro , Ohashi Kota , Inage Terunaga , Tanaka Kazuhisa , Sakairi Yuichi , Wada Hironobu , Fujiwara Taiki , Suzuki Hidemi , Iwata Takekazu , Yoshino Ichiro
Published: August 2017

Background

Appropriate device selection is crucial for endobronchial foreign body removal using a bronchoscope. In pediatric patients, bronchoscopy requires the use of a thin device due to the narrow access to the airway, limiting the range of useful endobronchial devices. We herein review our experience in endobronchial foreign body removal with a focus on the type of bronchoscope and the instruments used in comparison with the literature, and investigate the utility of mini grasping basket forceps (FG‐55D, Olympus®; and Zero Tip™, Airway Retrieval Basket, Boston Scientific).

Methods

Between April 2008 and April 2016, foreign bodies were removed from the airway of 12 pediatric patients by bronchoscopy. These cases are reviewed in this study. The clinical presentation, location and characteristics of the foreign bodies, and the type of bronchoscope and instruments used were analyzed.

Results

A consecutive series of 12 pediatric patients was retrospectively reviewed, and the therapeutic characteristics investigated. Nuts were the most frequently observed foreign body. Seven of the 12 pediatric patients required an ultrathin bronchoscope (diameter, 2.8 mm) for foreign body removal. Only one patient required a rigid scope in addition to flexible bronchoscopy. The most frequently used instrument was a mini grasping basket forceps (n = 7; 58%), which was used with a 1.2 mm instrument channel (n = 4; 33%).

Conclusions

The use of a mini grasping basket forceps in combination with an ultrathin flexible bronchoscope was useful for removing smooth, soft materials such as a nuts or beans in pediatric cases.
Assessing barriers to adherence in routine clinical care for pediatric kidney transplant patients
Authors: Varnell Charles D. , Rich Kristin L. , Nichols Melissa , Dahale Devesh , Goebel Jens W. , Pai Ahna L. H. , Hooper David K. , Modi Avani C.
Published: August 2017

Patient‐identified barriers to immunosuppressive medications are associated with poor adherence and negative clinical outcomes in transplant patients. Assessment of adherence barriers is not part of routine post‐transplant care, and studies regarding implementing such a process in a reliable way are lacking. Using the Model for Improvement and PDSA cycles, we implemented a system to identify adherence barriers, including patient‐centered design of a barriers assessment tool, identification of eligible patients, clear roles for clinic staff, and creating a culture of non‐judgmental discussion around adherence. We performed time‐series analysis of our process measure. Secondary analyses examined the endorsement and concordance of adherence barriers between patient‐caregiver dyads. After three methods of testing, the most reliable delivery system was an EHR‐integrated tablet that alerted staff of patient eligibility for assessment. Barriers were endorsed by 35% of caregivers (n=85) and 43% of patients (n=60). The most frequently patient‐endorsed barriers were forgetting, poor taste, and side effects. Caregivers endorsed forgetting and side effects. Concordance between patient‐caregiver dyads was fair (k=0.299). Standardized adherence barriers assessment is feasible in the clinical care of pediatric kidney transplant patients. Features necessary for success included automation, redundant systems with designated staff to identify and mitigate failures, aligned reporting structures, and reliable measurement approaches. Future studies will examine whether barriers predict clinical outcomes (eg, organ rejection, graft loss).
Exploring collaboration in a community‐academic partnership
Authors: Mayer Kala , Braband Barbara , Killen Taylor
Published: August 2017

Objective

Community‐academic relationships characterized by collaboration can contribute to the preparation of public health nursing students, sustainability of partnerships over time, and innovative solutions to pressing health problems. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand relationship characteristics in a community‐academic partnership over time and how the relationship could be improved.

Design and Sample

A descriptive case study was conducted. Study participants included partnership staff, organizational leaders, community residents, and student nurses involved in the partnership between 2011 and 2015.

Measures

Methods included focus groups, documents, interviews, and surveys.

Results

Four main themes emerged and include analysis findings that capture the relationship characteristics between partners and how the relationship could be improved: Time, Communication, Goals, and Sharing.

Conclusions

Findings on how to improve relationship characteristics offer clear suggestions for academic and community partners on ways to move toward collaborative partnerships that can address health inequities and develop a competent and advanced public health nursing workforce in the 21st century.
e‐Health and new moms: Contextual factors associated with sources of health information
Authors: Walker Lorraine O. , Mackert Michael S. , Ahn Jisoo , Vaughan Misha W. , Sterling Bobbie S. , Guy Sarah , Hendrickson Sherry
Published: August 2017

Objective

Guided by the Uses and Gratifications approach, to examine mothers’ use and preference of e‐Health media, and associated contextual factors.

Design and Sample

Cross‐sectional survey of 165 mothers (White, African‐American, and Hispanic) from a stratified random sample.

Measures

Use of online media about mother–baby care; favorite websites about motherhood and best‐liked features of Web sites; channel preferences (Web site, postal mail, text) for receiving three types of health information; and contextual factors, e.g., education.

Results

Media use ranged from 96% for health information searches about babies to 46% for YouTube viewing about mother–baby topics. Contextual factors, such as education, were associated with media use. Babycenter was the most frequently reported favorite Web site and rich, relevant information was the best‐liked feature. Across three health topics (weight, stress/depression, parenting) mothers preferred receiving information by Web site, followed by postal mail and least by text messaging (χ2 statistics, p < .001). Stress and race/ethnicity were among factors associated with preferences.

Conclusions

Mothers widely used e‐Health related media, but use was associated with contextual factors. In public health efforts to reach new mothers, partnering with mother‐favored Web sites, focusing on audience‐relevant media, and adopting attributes of successful sites are recommended strategies.
Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Highlights Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Sensitivity to Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Vale Paulo
Published: August 2017

The chain‐forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum was exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Microscopical examination revealed striking dose–response alterations in chain formation above 245 μm: singlets replaced the dominance of long chain formations. These observations were valid for cells acclimated to halogen light. Under fluorescent light, cells were more resistant to modifications in chain length after H2O2 exposure. Growth along 9 h in the presence of extracellular H2O2 followed an hormesis response in both light regimes. Under halogen light conditions, alterations in chain formation and net growth were related to culture time, inocula concentration and geomagnetic activity (GMA) in the proceeding hours. Below a 16 nT threshold in GMA average growth was 0%, while above 16 nT it was circa +9%, independently if the local static magnetic field was altered by a permanent magnet or not. Mycosporine‐like amino acids that can have an antioxidant role and are easily oxidized decreased from 7.1 to 6.5 pg cell−1 (P < 0.05) under halogen light and exposure to 245 μm H2O2. GMA, as well as UV‐A, increased stress responsiveness that can momentarily protect cells from extracellular H2O2 addition. However, stress response is dependent on bio‐availability of several micronutrients and macronutrients, many found at limiting concentrations in oceanic waters.
Who opposes labor regulation? Explaining variation in employers’ opinions
Authors: Amengual Matthew , Coslovsky Salo , Yang Duanyi
Published: August 2017

Competing accounts of the effect of globalization on labor politics agree that firms influence regulations, but make contrasting predictions for which firms are most likely to oppose regulations. Using survey data from employers in 19,000 manufacturing firms in 82 developing countries, we examine the determinants of employers’ opinions toward labor regulation. In contrast to the predictions of optimistic theories of globalization, we find that (i) firms that export are more likely to have negative opinions toward labor regulation than those that sell domestically, and (ii) firms that receive foreign direct investment have similar views as firms that rely only on domestic capital. Further, we show that systematic differences in employers’ opinions depend on the intensity of the competitive pressures they face and their use of skilled workers. In doing so, we provide an empirically grounded account of the heterogeneous opinions of key actors in economic policymaking in developing countries.
Pneumonia in the tropics
Authors: Lim Tow Keang , Siow Wen Ting
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Pneumonia in the tropics poses a heavy disease burden. The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. Tropical and poorer countries, especially South East Asia, also bear the brunt of the global tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, accounting for almost one‐third of the burden. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. Fuelled by the ease of air travel, novel zoonotic infections originating from the tropics have led to global respiratory pandemics. As such, clinicians worldwide should be aware of these new conditions as well as classical tropical bacterial pneumonias such as melioidosis. Rarer entities such as co‐infections of leptospirosis and chikungunya or dengue will need careful consideration as well. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery.
Aminoglycoside impregnated cement spacer precipitating acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis
Authors: Salim Sohail Abdul , Everitt Jessica , Schwartz Aaron , Agarwal Mohit , Castenada Jorge , Fülöp Tibor , Juncos Luis A.
Published: August 2017

The current standard of care for prosthetic joint infection includes two‐stage arthroplasty, with antibiotic‐impregnated cement spacers (ACS) utilized between the stages. We report a 75‐year‐old woman with previously normal renal function, who developed acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to biopsy‐proven acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis after ACS placement containing tobramycin and vancomycin. Peak tobramycin level measured 25.3 mcg/mL, the highest value reported in the literature after ACS placement. Intermittent hemodialysis was initiated with subsequent full recovery of renal function. This paper reviews the published literature regarding the accumulation, toxicity and removal dynamics of aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics and vancomycin in renal patients. Obtaining serum AG level should be strongly considered in patients experiencing AKI after ACS. Renal replacement therapy may assist in reducing toxic AG levels.
Insights from Cowichan: A Hybrid Approach to Understanding Suicide in One First Nations’ Collective
Authors: Elliott‐Groves Emma
Published: August 2017

Explanations for suicide are theorized primarily in terms of the individual, seldom considering the interdependent orientation of Indigenous communities. Drawing on the interpersonal theory of suicide and settler colonial theory, this study addresses Indigenous suicide on two levels: the individual and the collective. Twenty‐one interviews were conducted with members of the Cowichan Tribes to understand reasons for suicide in one community. Qualitative analysis identified explanatory constructs proposed by the interpersonal theory as well as negative conditions stemming from colonialism, as proposed by settler colonial theory. These results argue that Indigenous suicidal behavior is best understood from an interdependent standpoint.
Improving urban cellular automata performance by integrating global and geographically weighted logistic regression models
Authors: Mirbagheri Babak , Alimohammadi Abbas
Published: August 2017

In many of the conventional cellular automata (CA) models, particularly Urban‐CA which are used for urban growth, the spatial heterogeneities and local differences of the land use conversion processes are ignored. Global logistic regression (LR) is a popular model employed to define the transition rules of Urban‐CA. By considering the local characteristics, Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR) provides interesting capabilities for urban growth modelling. In this research, in addition to using GWLR in the definition of transition rules, the advantages of integrating GWLR and LR for urban growth simulation were evaluated; these have not been considered in previous studies. Local and global probabilities obtained from the calibration of GWLR and LR were combined to define the transition rules of an Urban‐CA. Urban growth was simulated in the Islamshahr sub‐region located southwest of Tehran, Iran for the two periods 1992‐1996 and 1996‐2002, and data from these periods were used for training and testing the prediction abilities, respectively. In the first period, GWLR showed good performance and a significant contribution to the enhancement of the simulation performance, but in the second period, the effectiveness of LR on the prediction accuracy increased. Due to their complementary roles, the integration of the GWLR and LR models resulted in improved simulation performance in both periods.
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE BY USING OXALIC ACID AS A SACRIFICIAL DONOR
Authors: Jaafar Siti Nur Hidayah , Minggu Lorna Jeffery , Arifin Khuzaimah , Kassim Mohammad , Wan Daud Wan Ramli
Published: August 2017

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a very promising green method to produce solar fuel. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as photocatalyst for this type of reaction. Improving the performance of TiO2 for PEC water splitting has been ongoing and addition of sacrificial donor especially from waste is an attractive option to achieve this. Oxalic acid is one component in organic waste stream that can be used as sacrificial donor. The TiO2 thin films has been fabricated by coating TiO2 paste on Fluorine Tin oxide (FTO) glass surface. The morphology of the TiO2 thin films were porous and rough with uniform particles size with crystallite size of about 20 nm and dominant anatase peak. The TiO2 photoelectrode undergo PEC testing to measure its photolectroactivity by using oxalic acid as a sacrificial donor in two different type of electrolytes which are distilled water and sodium sulfate (NA2SO4) aqueous solution. The photocurrent produced without addition of oxalic acid is much lower than with the acid. The saturation photocurrent for aqueous NA2SO4 solution and water electrolyte is 0.1 mA/cm2 and negligible respectively. While the photocurrent for addition of oxalic acid in NA2SO4 aqueous solution is 0.5 mA/cm2 and the photocurrent for oxalic acid in water only is 0.9 mA/cm2, which is almost double compared to in NA2SO4 and tenfold in water only. The highest photocurrent produced by TiO2 photoelectrode is by addition of oxalic acid in aqueous (H2O) electrolyte.
Bayesian Annealed Sequential Importance Sampling: An Unbiased Version
of Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Wu Stephen , Angelikopoulos Panagiotis , Papadimitriou Costas , Koumoutsakos Petros
Published: August 2017

The transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo (TMCMC) is one of the efficient algorithms for performing Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in the context of Bayesian uncertainty quantification in parallel computing architectures. However, the features that are associated with its efficient sampling are also responsible for its introducing of bias in the sampling. We demonstrate that the Markov chains of each subsample in TMCMC may result in uneven chain lengths that distort the intermediate target distributions and introduce bias accumulation in each stage of the TMCMC algorithm. We remedy this drawback of TMCMC by proposing uniform chain lengths, with or without burn-in, so that the algorithm emphasizes sequential importance sampling (SIS) over MCMC. The proposed Bayesian annealed sequential importance sampling (BASIS) removes the bias of the original TMCMC and at the same time increases its parallel efficiency. We demonstrate the advantages and drawbacks of BASIS in modeling of bridge dynamics using finite elements and a disk-wall collision using discrete element methods.
Multidisciplinary Design and Optimizations of Swept and Leaned Transonic Rotor
Authors: Razavi Seyed Reza , Sammak Shervin , Boroomand Masoud
Published: August 2017

Optimization problems in many engineering applications are usually considered as complex subjects. Researchers are often obliged to solve a multi-objective optimization problem. Several methodologies such as genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial neural network (ANN) are proposed to optimize multi-objective optimization problems. In the present study, various levels of sweep and lean were exerted to blades of an existing transonic rotor, the well-known NASA rotor-67. Afterward, an ANN optimization method was used to find the most appropriate settings to achieve the maximum stage pressure ratio, efficiency, and operating range. At first, the study of the impact of sweep and lean on aerodynamic and performance parameters of the transonic axial flow compressor rotors was undertaken using a systematic step-by-step procedure. This was done by employing a three-dimensional (3D) compressible turbulent model. The results were then used as the input data to the optimization computer code. It was found that the optimized sweep angles can increase the safe operating range up to 30% and simultaneously increase the pressure ratio and subsequently the efficiency by 1% and 2%. Moreover, it was found that the optimized leaned blades, according to their target function, had positive (forward (FW)) or negative (backward (BW)) optimized angles. Leaning the blade at the optimum point can increase the safe operating range up to 12% and simultaneously increase the pressure ratio and subsequently the efficiency by 4% and 5%.
Effect of level difference between left and right vocal folds on phonation: Physical experiment and theoretical study
Authors: Tokuda Isao T. , Shimamura Ryo
Published: August 2017

As an alternative factor to produce asymmetry between left and right vocal folds, the present study focuses on level difference, which is defined as the distance between the upper surfaces of the bilateral vocal folds in the inferior-superior direction. Physical models of the vocal folds were utilized to study the effect of the level difference on the phonation threshold pressure. A vocal tract model was also attached to the vocal fold model. For two types of different models, experiments revealed that the phonation threshold pressure tended to increase as the level difference was extended. Based upon a small amplitude approximation of the vocal fold oscillations, a theoretical formula was derived for the phonation threshold pressure. This theory agrees with the experiments, especially when the phase difference between the left and right vocal folds is not extensive. Furthermore, an asymmetric two-mass model was simulated with a level difference to validate the experiments as well as the theory. The primary conclusion is that the level difference has a potential effect on voice production especially for patients with an extended level of vertical difference in the vocal folds, which might be taken into account for the diagnosis of voice disorders.
Gut microbes help turn up the heat?
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: August 2017

Cold temperatures induce a switch in cholesterol metabolism that alters the gut microbiota and facilitates thermogenesis.
Papers of note in
Science
357
(6349)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2017

This week’s articles identify a mechanism that targets incompletely translated polypeptides for degradation and review the various roles of a class of dietary tryptophan metabolites in health and disease.
Papers of note in
Science Immunology
2
(13)
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: August 2017

This month’s articles show how agonists of the STING-cGAS pathway in dendritic cells might serve as vaccine adjuvants and how tumor-derived exosomes increase the abundance of an immunosuppressive molecule on monocytes.