bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brazilians’ experiences with iron fortification: evidence of effectiveness for reducing inadequate iron intakes with fortified flour policy
Authors: Vieira Diva Aliete dos Santos , Steluti Josiane , Verly-Jr Eliseu , Marchioni Dirce Maria , Fisberg Regina Mara
Published: August 2016

Objective

To assess Fe intake, calculate the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake and identify food contributors to Fe intake during 2003 and 2008 in a population-based study, reflecting before and after the mandatory fortification of flour with Fe.

Design

Two cross-sectional population-based studies conducted in 2003 and 2008. Dietary intake was evaluated by 24 h recall and the Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) was used to estimate within-person variance and prevalence of inadequate Fe intake. The statistical analysis was conducted considering the complex survey design.

Setting

São Paulo, Brazil.

Subjects

Adolescents, adults and elderly adults of both sexes, interviewed in 2003 (n 2386) and 2008 (n 1661).

Results

The Fe intake mean increased in all populations in the post-fortification period. A reduction of over 90 % was observed in the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake among men for all age groups analysed. When evaluating women, despite the substantial reduction (over 63 %), prevalence of inadequate Fe intake remained high (34 %) in those aged 19–50 years. Major food contributors to Fe intake before fortification were beans, beef, vegetables and dairy. There was an alteration in the contributors in the post-fortification period, with bread, beef, beans and biscuits as main contributors.

Conclusions

The mandatory fortification with Fe significantly furthered the reduction in the prevalence of inadequacy, except among women of reproductive age, and changed the main contributors to this nutrient in the studied population. Therefore, monitoring of Fe addition in flour is essential to assess compliance to the fortified flour policy and to guarantee a safe Fe intake for all the population.
Pesticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations from Togo and Benin
Authors: Agboyi L. K. , Ketoh G. K. , Martin T. , Glitho I. A. , Tamò M.
Published: August 2016

The diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.) is the major insect pest of cabbage crops in Togo and Benin. For control, farmers very often resort to spraying chemical insecticides at high dosages with frequent applications. Bioassays were carried out on three populations ofP. xylostella, two from Togo (Kara and Dapaong) and one from Benin (Cotonou), to assess their level of susceptibility to currently used insecticides. A reference strain ofP. xylostellafrom Matuu in Kenya was used as a control. In the laboratory, three insecticide representatives of different chemical families (deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl and spinosad) were assayed against third instar larvae ofP. xylostella. Results revealed thatP. xylostellapopulations from Dapaong, Kara and Cotonou were more resistant to deltamethrin (13 to 59-fold at LC50level, 149 to 1772-fold at LC90level) and chlorpyrifos ethyl (5 to 15-fold at LC50level, 9 to 885-fold at LC90level) than the reference strain. Spinosad was more toxic toP. xylostellapopulations than the other insecticides with LC50and LC90values less than 1 µg/ml and 15 µg/ml, respectively. However, the population from Cotonou appeared significantly more resistant to spinosad compared to the reference strain. These results are discussed in the light of developing an integrated pest management strategy for reducing the selection pressure of spinosad.
Identifying Remote Halo Giants in High-Latitude Fields with Kepler 2
Authors: Peterson Ruth C.
Published: August 2016

This work sketches how SDSSugrcolors and Kepler 2 in halo fields can identify red giants 50–100 kpc distant with minimal metallicity bias. For these mildly-reddened, metal-poor giants, (g-r)oyields the effective temperatureTeffto 100 K. K2 can detect the p-mode oscillations of red giants and measure their frequency of maximum power νmax. This sets the luminosityLboland thus the distance, plus an estimate of metallicity [Fe/H].
Exploring the vertical age structure of the Galactic disc
Authors: Casagrande Luca
Published: August 2016

While in external or high-redshift galaxies we can only measure integrated stellar properties at best, the Milky Way offers us the unique opportunity to study its individual baryonic components, including stars. We use oscillations measured in red giant stars by the Kepler satellite to derive stellar ages and explore the vertical age structure across few kpc of the Milky Way disc. We find that old stars dominate at increasing Galactic heights, whereas closer to the plane a rich zoology of ages exists. The age distribution of stars shows a smooth distribution over the last 10 Gyr, which together with a flat age-metallicity relation is consistent with a quiescent evolution for the Milky Way disc since a redshift of about two.
The evolution of the spiral galaxy M51a
Authors: Kang Xiaoyu , Zhang Fenghui , Chang Ruixiang
Published: August 2016

A simple model for M51a is constructed to explore its evolutionary history by assuming its disk grows from continuous gas infall, which is shaped by a free parameter-the infall-peak time tp. By adopting a constant infall-peak time tp = 7.0Gyr, our model predictions can reproduce most of the observed constraints and still show that the disk of M51a forms inside-out. Our results also show that the current molecular gas surface density, the star-formation rate and the UV-band surface brightness are important quantities to trace the effect of recent interactions on galactic star-formation process.
The impact of stellar feedback on high-z galaxy populations
Authors: Hirschmann Michaela , De Lucia Gabriella
Published: August 2016

One major deficiency of state-of-the-art galaxy formation models consists in their inability of capturing the observed galaxy downsizing trend significantly over-estimating the number density of low-mass galaxies, in particular at high redshifts. Employing an enhanced galaxy formation model with a full chemical enrichment scheme (DeLucia et al., 2014), we present an improved model for stellar feedback (based on parametrizations from cosmological zoom simulations), in which strong gas outflows occur due to bursty star formation at high z, while star formation is mainly “quiescent” not causing any significant outflows anymore at low z. Due to the stronger gas outflows at high z, early star formation is strongly delayed towards later times. This helps to sufficiently detach the evolution of galaxy growth from the hiearchical dark matter assembly resulting in a fairly good agreement with the evolution of the observed stellar mass function (SMF, see Fig. 1). With our new feedback scheme, we can also successfully reproduce many other observational constraints, such as the metallicity content, the cold gas fractions or the quiescent galaxy fractions at both low and high redshifts. The resulting new-generation galaxy catalogues (Hirschmann et al., in prep) based on that model are expected to significantly contribute to the interpretation of current and up-coming large-scale surveys (HST, JWST, Euclid). This will, in turn, provide a rapid verification and refinement of our modeling.
Can we infer the Initial Mass Function of galaxies at z ~ 2?
Authors: Nanayakkara Themiya , Glazebrook Karl ,   The ZFIRE Team
Published: August 2016

Recent studies show increasing evidence for the possibility of the Initial Mass Function (IMF) of galaxies to vary as a function of numerous physical parameters. These studies mainly focus on the low redshift galaxies (at z≤0.1) and is not backed by any studies at higher redshifts. Using MOSFIRE data from KECK, we use the Hα Equivalent-Width (EW) as a proxy for the IMF to study in situ IMF of galaxies at z ~ 2. In this proceedings we focus on the underlying physics of this method and present our initial findings. More work is needed to interpret the results accurately and will be presented in our future papers.
Photometric Redshifts in the Hawaii-Hubble Deep Field-North
Authors: Yang G. , Xue Y. Q. , Luo B. , Brandt W. N. , Alexander D. M. , Bauer F. E. , Cui W. , Kong X. , Lehmer B. D. , Wang J.-X. , Wu X.-B. , Yuan F. , Yuan Y.-F. , Zhou H. Y.
Published: August 2016

We derive zphot for sources in the entire (~0.4 deg2) H-HDF-N field with the EAzY code, based on PSF-matched broad-band (U band to IRAC 4.5 μm) photometry. Our catalog consists of a total of 131,678 sources. We find σNMAD = 0.029 for non-X-ray sources. We also classify each object as a star or galaxy through SED fitting. Furthermore, we match our catalog with the 2 Ms CDF-N main X-ray catalog. For the 462 matched non-stellar X-ray sources, we improve their zphot quality (σNMAD = 0.035) by adding three additional AGN templates. We make our photometry and zphot catalog publicly available.
The Galaxy UV Luminosity Function Before the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Mason Charlotte A. , Trenti Michele , Treu Tommaso
Published: August 2016

We present a model for the evolution of the galaxy ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) where star formation is linked to the assembly of dark matter halos under the assumption of a mass dependent, but redshift independent, efficiency. With a calibration at a single redshift, and no further degrees of freedom, our model captures the evolution of the UV LF over all available observations (0≲ z ≲ 10). We make predictions for reionization and future high-redshift surveys with JWST and WFIRST.
Comparison of Approaches to Photometric Redshift Estimation of Quasars
Authors: Tu Yang , Zhang Yan-Xia , Zhao Yong-Heng , Tian Hai-Jun
Published: August 2016

We probe many kinds of approaches used for photometric redshift estimation of quasars, including KNN (K-nearest neighbor algorithm), Lasso (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator), PLS (Partial Least Square regression), ridge regression, SGD (Stochastic Gradient Descent) and Extra-Trees.
The Distribution of Stellar Populations within Galaxies
Authors: Sodré Laerte , de Novais Patricia Martins
Published: August 2016

Stellar populations are fossil records of several physical processes which occur in galaxies and their distribution within these objects may provide important clues on how they form and evolve. By using parameters from image processing we have been developing a new approach to understand the spatial distribution of stellar populations and how this is correlated with the form and evolution of galaxies. In this work we present some results obtained with data from the CALIFA survey.
The Planck List of High-z source candidates: A laboratory for high-z star-forming galaxies
Authors: Montier L.
Published: August 2016

The Planck satellite (Planck 2015 results. I) has provided the first FIR/submm all-sky survey with a sensitivity allowing us to identify the rarest, most luminous hig-z dusty star-forming sources on the sky. The Planck list of high-z source candidates (PHZ, PIP XXXIX subm) has been built and charcaterized over 25% of the sky by selecting the 2151 brightest red submm sources at a 5' resolution (Montier et al. 2010). Follow-up observations with Herschel/SPIRE over 228 Planck candidates have already shown that 93% of these candidates are actually overdensities of red sources (PIP XXVII 2015), while 12 Planck high-z candidates are identified as strongly lensed star-forming galaxies at redshift between 2.2 and 3.6 (Canameras et al. 2015). The first confirmed Planck proto-cluster candidate has been revealed to be a double structure at z = 1.7 and zz = 2.03 (Flores-Cacho et al. 2015). The PHZ opens a new window on these extreme star-forming systems at high-z, providing a powerful laboratory to study the mechanisms of galaxy evolution and enrichment in the frame of the large scale structure growth.
Toward unveiling internal properties of Hii regions and their connections at the cosmic noon era
Authors: Shimakawa Rhythm , Kodama Tadayuki , Hayashi Masao , Tadaki Ken-ichi , Suzuki Tomoko L. , Koyama Yusei , Tanaka Ichi , Yamamoto Moegi
Published: August 2016

The redshift interval z = 2–3 is known as the cosmic noon that is the most active era of star formation across the Universe (Hopkins & Beacom 2006). In the past decade, many authors have investigated global properties of star-forming (SF) galaxies in this turbulent era, such as gas fractions and gaseous metallicities (e.g. Erb et al. 2006). With those achievements, we are going on to the next stage to understand more details i.e. those physical parameters in star-forming regions. Recent advent of near-infrared instruments typified by MOSFIRE on the Keck telescope, enable us with identifying the physical parameters of Hii regions in ‘typical’ SF galaxies individually (Steidel et al. 2014). Recent highlights suggest higher electron densities, higher ionization parameters, and harder UV radiation fields may be common.

In order to know how galaxy evolution physically correlates with the natures of their star-forming regions, we have explored relationships between the electron density (ne) of ionized gas from the oxygen line ratio and other physical properties, based on the deep spectra of Hα emitters at z = 2.5 by the MOSFIRE. MOSFIRE for the first time provides ne of the galaxies at high-z with a high level of confidence. The result shows the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and the SFR surface density (ΣSFR) are correlated with ne (Shimakawa et al. 2015). The ne-ΣSFR relation could be linked to the star formation law in Hii regions if we assume that hydrogen in Hii regions is fully-ionized. Otherwise, more active star formation per unit area (higher ΣSFRs), may cause higher ionization states. However, we need some specific concerns that obtained physical parameters should depend on the scale dependence, since typical size of Hii region is only <100 pc despite that we study physical states of entire galaxies. Thus we obtain surface-brightness-weighted and ensemble averaged line fluxes for the entire galaxy or the part that falls into the slit width (a few kpc scale size). The thirty meter telescope (TMT) is a powerful instrument to resolve such a difficulty, since its spatial resolution reaches <100 pc on the physical scale at z ~ 2 by AO assistance.
Wide-Angle Quasar Feedback
Authors: Chartas George , Strickland Sarah
Published: August 2016

We present results from the detection of relativistic winds launched near the innermost stable circular orbits of supermassive black holes. A recent detection of a powerful wind in the X-ray-bright narrow absorption line (NAL) z=1.51 quasar HS 0810+2554 strengthens the case that quasars play a significant role in feedback. In both deep Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of HS 0810 we detected blueshifted absorption lines implying outflowing velocities ranging from 0.1c and 0.4c. The presence of both an emission line at 6.8 keV and an absorption line at 7.8 keV in the spectral line profile of HS 0810 is a characteristic feature of a P-Cygni profile supporting the presence of an expanding outflowing highly ionized Fe absorber. A hard excess component is detected in the XMM-Newton observation of HS 0810 possibly originating from reflection off the disk. Modelling of the XMM-Newton spectrum constrains the inclination angle to be < 35° (68% confidence). The presence of relativistic winds in both low inclination angle NAL quasars as well as in high inclination angle BAL quasars implies that the solid angle of quasar winds may be quite large. The larger solid angle of quasar winds would also indicate that their contribution to the regulation of the host galaxy may be more important than previously thought.
New Results on DLA Systems: Statistics
Authors: Rao Sandhya , Turnshek David , Monier Eric , Sardane Gendith
Published: August 2016

The damped Lyman-α absorption-line systems (DLAs) that are observed in quasar spectra arise in neutral-gas-rich regions of intervening galaxies. With the highest neutral hydrogen column densities observed (N(HI) ⩾ 2 × 1020 atoms cm−2), they are known to trace the bulk of the neutral gas content of the Universe, and are thus powerful probes of galaxy formation and evolution. However, DLAs are extremely rare, and since the Lyman-α line falls in the UV for redshifts z < 1.65, not many are known at low redshift due to the limited availability of space data. Our HST surveys for DLAs in strong MgII absorbers have been successful at showing that MgII can be used as an unbiased tracer of DLAs. We present new results on their incidence, or redshift number density, dn/dz, and cosmological neutral gas mass density, ΩDLA, at redshifts 0.11 ⩽ z ⩽ 1.65, and incorporate results from higher and lower redshift studies in the literature to derive the evolution of neutral gas in the Universe.
Massive and dusty Hα emitters in protocluster revealed by ALMA and JVLA
Authors: Lee Minju ,   4C23.56 Protocluster team
Published: August 2016

We investigate the physical properties of Hα emitters (HAEs) associated to the protocluster 4C23.56 at z ~ 2.5 using continuum observations at submm (270 GHz) and radio (3 GHz) frequencies with Atacama Large Mm/submm Array (ALMA) and K. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA). For more details see Lee et al. (in prep).
MHD simulations of ram pressure stripping of disk galaxies
Authors: Ramos-Martínez Mariana , Gómez Gilberto C.
Published: August 2016

The removal of ISM of disk galaxies through ram pressure stripping (RPS) has been extensively studied in numerous simulations (see Roediger 2009 and references therein). The models show that RPS has a significant impact on galaxy evolution (truncation of the ISM will lead to a decrease in star formation and a change in galaxy color). Nevertheless, the role of magnetic fields (MFs) on the dynamics of the gas in this process has not been sufficiently studied, although the influence of the MFs on the large scale structure is well established. This motivated us to perform a 3D MHD simulation of a disk galaxy with an isothermal, non-self gravitating and magnetized gaseous disk in equilibrium with a galaxy potential (Allen & Santillán, 1991). We model RPS on the galactic disk under the wind-tunnel approximation with the use of the RAMSES code (Teyssier, 2002) in order to understand the effects of MFs in RPS.
A selection of AKARI FIS BSC extragalactic objects
Authors: Marton G. , Tóth L.V. , Balázs L. G. , Zahorecz S. , Bagoly Z. , Horváth I. , Rácz I. I. , Nagy A.
Published: August 2016

The point sources in the Bright Source Catalogue (BSC) of the AKARI Far–Infrared Surveyor (FIS) were classified based on their far–IR and mid–IR fluxes and colours using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis method (QDA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The reliability of our results show that we can successfully separate galactic and extragalactic AKARI point sources in the multidimensional space of fluxes and colours. However, differentiating among the extragalactic sub–types needs further information.
The Intricate Role of Cold Gas and Dust in Galaxy Evolution at Early Cosmic Epochs
Authors: Riechers Dominik A. , Capak Peter L. , Carilli Christopher L.
Published: August 2016

Cold molecular and atomic gas plays a central role in our understanding of early galaxy formation and evolution. It represents the component of the interstellar medium (ISM) that stars form out of, and its mass, distribution, excitation, and dynamics provide crucial insight into the physical processes that support the ongoing star formation and stellar mass buildup. We here present results that demonstrate the capability of the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array (ALMA) to detect the cold ISM and dust in “normal” galaxies at redshifts z=5–6. We also show detailed studies of the ISM in massive, dust-obscured starburst galaxies out to z>6 with ALMA, the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI), and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). These observations place some of the most direct constraints on the dust-obscured fraction of the star formation history of the universe at z>5 to date, showing that “typical” galaxies at these epochs have low dust content, but also that highly-enriched, dusty starbursts already exist within the first billion years after the Big Bang.
Ultra-Fast Outflows in Typical Redshift 2 Star-Forming Galaxies
Authors: Roos Orianne , Bournaud Frédéric
Published: August 2016

Galactic outflows are observed in star-forming galaxies up to high redshift. Still, their physical origins are not well understood, and most simulations fail to reproduce all observed parameters from first principles. With the POGO simulations (Physical Origins of Galactic Outflows), we model AGN and stellar feedback (FB) based on physical assumptions, and investigate their impact on the outflow parameters and on the host-galaxy at very high resolution (1.5 pc). Here, we show that AGN and stellar FB couple non-linearly, and that the mass loading of the resulting outflow highly depends on the mass of the host.
Metallicities in cosmological simulations with AGN feedback
Authors: Kobayashi Chiaki , Taylor Philip
Published: August 2016

In our cosmological, chemodynamical simulations, (i) the black hole mass–velocity dispersion relation does not evolve, and black holes actually grow along the relation. (ii) the stellar mass–metallicity relation does not change its shape, while the gas-phase relation has a steeper slope at higher redshifts. (iii) While stellar metallicity gradients are made shallower by galaxy mergers, gas-phase gradients are affected more strongly by AGN feedback.
Prime Focus Spectrograph: A very wide-field, massively multiplexed, optical & near-infrared spectrograph for Subaru Telescope
Authors: Tamura Naoyuki ,   PFS collaboration
Published: August 2016

This short article is about Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS), a very wide-field, massively-multiplexed, and optical & near-infrared (NIR) spectrograph as a next generation facility instrument on Subaru Telescope. More details and updates are available on the PFS official website (http://pfs.ipmu.jp), blog (http://pfs.ipmu.jp/blog/), and references therein.

The project, instrument, & timeline

PFS will position 2400 fibers to science targets or blank sky in the 1.3 degree field on the Subaru prime focus. These fibers will be quickly (~60sec) reconfigurable and feed the photons during exposures to the Spectrograph System (SpS). SpS consists of 4 modules each of which accommodate ~600 fibers and deliver spectral images ranging from 380nm to 1260nm simultaneously at one exposure via the 3 arms of blue, red, and NIR cameras. The instrument development has been undertaken by the international collaboration at the initiative of Kavli IPMU. The project is now going into the construction phase aiming at system integration and on-sky engineering observations in 2017-2018, and science operation in 2019.

The survey design has also been under development envisioning a survey spanning ~300 nights over ~5 years in the framework of Subaru Strategic Program (SSP). The key science areas are: Cosmology, galaxy/AGN evolution, and Galactic Archaeology (GA) (Takada et al. 2014). The cosmology program will be to constrain the nature of dark energy via a survey of emission line galaxies over a comoving volume of 10 Gpc3 at z=0.8-2.4. In the galaxy/AGN program, the wide wavelength coverage of PFS as well as the large field of view will be exploited to characterize the galaxy populations and its clustering properties over a wide redshift range. A survey of color-selected galaxies/AGN at z = 1-2 will be conducted over 20 square degrees yielding a fair sample of galaxies with stellar masses down to ~1010M⊙. In the GA program, radial velocities and chemical abundances of stars in the Milky Way, dwarf spheroids, and M31 will be used to understand the past assembly histories of those galaxies and the structures of their dark matter halos. Spectra will be taken for 1 million stars as faint as V = 22 mag therefore out to large distances from the Sun.

PFS will provide powerful spectroscopic capabilities even in the era of Euclid, LSST, WFIRST and TMT, and the effective synergies are expected for further unique science outputs.
Evolution of bulgeless low surface brightness galaxies
Authors: Shao X. , Hammer F. , Yang Y. B. , Liang Y. C.
Published: August 2016

Based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR 7, we investigate the environment, morphology, and stellar population of bulgeless low surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies in a volume-limited sample with redshift ranging from 0.024 to 0.04 and Mr ≤ −18.8. We find that, for bulgeless galaxies, the surface brightness does not depend on the environment. Irregular LSB galaxies have more young stars and are more metal-poor than regular LSB galaxies. These results suggest that the evolution of LSB galaxies may be driven by their dynamics, including mergers rather than by their large-scale environment.
Comparing the host galaxies of different type supernovae
Authors: Liang Y. C. , Shao X. , Dennefeld M. , Chen X. Y. , Zhou L. , Hammer F.
Published: August 2016

We compare the host galaxies of 902 supernovae, including Type Ia, II and Ibc, which are selected by cross-matching the Asiago Supernova Catalog with the SDSS DR7. We further selected 213 galaxies by requiring the light fraction of spectral observations > 15%, which could represent well the global properties of the galaxies. The diagrams related to Dn(4000), HδA, stellar masses, SFRs and specific SFRs for the SNe hosts show that almost all SNe II and most of SNe Ibc occur in SF galaxies. A significant fraction of SNe Ia occurs in AGNs and Absorp galaxies. These results are compared with those of the 689 comparison galaxies where the SDSS fiber captures < 15% of the total light. These comparison galaxies appear biased towards higher 12+log(O/H) (~0.1dex) at a given stellar mass, suggesting the aperture effect should be kept in mind when the properties of the hosts for different types of SNe are discussed.
The quasar clustering and its evolution in a semi-analytic model based on ultra high-resolution N-body simulations
Authors: Oogi Taira , Enoki Motohiro , Ishiyama Tomoaki , Kobayashi Masakazu A. R. , Makiya Ryu , Nagashima Masahiro
Published: August 2016

We investigate clustering properties of quasars using a new version of our semi-analytic model of galaxy and quasar formation with state-of-the-art cosmological N-body simulations (Ishiyama et al. 2015; Oogi et al. 2015). We assume that a major merger of galaxies triggers quasar activity. We find that the quasar bias does not depend significantly on the quasar luminosity, similar to observed trends. This result reflects the fact that quasars with a fixed luminosity have various Eddington ratios and thus have various host halo masses that primarily determine the quasar bias. The quasar bias increases with redshift, which is in qualitative agreement with observations. Our bias value is lower than the observed values at high redshifts, implying that we need some mechanisms that make quasars inactive in low-mass haloes and/or that make them more active in high-mass haloes.
The Keck OSIRIS Nearby AGN (KONA) Survey: AGN Fueling and Feedback
Authors: Hicks Erin K. S. , Müller-Sánchez Francisco , Malkan Matthew A. , Yu Po-Chieh
Published: August 2016

In an effort to better constrain the relevant physical processes dictating the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and the galaxies in which they reside we turn to local Seyfert AGN. It is only with these local AGN that we can reach the spatial resolution needed to adequately characterize the inflow and outflow mechanisms thought to be the driving forces in establishing the relationship between black holes and their host galaxies at higher redshift. We present the first results from the KONA (Keck OSIRIS Nearby AGN) survey, which takes advantage of the integral field unit OSIRIS plus laser and natural guide star adaptive optics to probe down to scales of 5-30 parsecs in a sample of 40 local Seyfert galaxies. With these K-band data we measure the two-dimensional distribution and kinematics of the nuclear stars, molecular gas, and ionized gas within the central few hundred parsecs.
The contribution of major mergers to the creation of spheroidal galaxies and the build up of stellar mass at z≃2
Authors: Lofthouse E. K. , Kaviraj S. , Conselice C. J. , Mortlock A.
Published: August 2016

We investigate the contribution of major mergers to star formation in spheroidal galaxies at z ~ 2. Galaxies are visually classified from a sample of massive galaxies in CANDELS. At the redshifts used, the observed morphological disturbances are due to recent major mergers as minor mergers are too faint. The percentage of blue spheroids showing morphological disturbances is 21 ± 4%, indicating that major mergers are not the dominant star formation mechanism in these galaxies. Thus, minor mergers or cold accretion are likely to be the main drivers of star formation. We investigate the U-band luminosity emission of the sample and find that only a small fraction of the cosmic L(U) is from galaxies involved in a major merger, ~30%. Using the ratio of specific star formation rate for LTGs to mergers and combining this with the results for the luminosity budget shows that only ~6% of the total L(U) emitted at z ~ 2 is due to the major merger process.
The tortoise and the hare: how North's institutional ideas resolved a 19th century Australian fable
Authors: O'CONNELL DARREN , AUSTEN SIOBHAN
Published: August 2016

Our paper adopts Douglass North's institutional framework to explain why the colonies of Western Australia and South Australia, established in 1829 and 1836, respectively, had considerable disparities in economic growth up the end of 1900. Both colonies were established under different modes of organisation (colonisation). The method adopted for WA harked back to Mercantilism, famously condemned by Adam Smith because it led to under-investment in, and over-exploitation of, colonial assets. SA on the other hand was the product of a radical new theory in colonisation proposed by Edward Gibbon Wakefield whereby land, instead of being given away as in WA, was sold at a fixed price with the proceeds being used to subsidise gender-balanced immigration. Outcomes suggest that SA's method of ‘systematic colonisation’ introduced a better institutional matrix, compared to the initial institutions seeded in WA, allowing SA's economy to develop sooner and at a higher rate of growth. However, once the detrimental effects of its method of foundation were eliminated, occurring on the eve of one of the largest gold discoveries of modern times, WA's institutions finally provided the necessary incentives for economic development such that by the end of 1900, it had equalled SA's level of economic output if not exceeded it.
A questionnaire-based qualitative study of therapist views on computerized CBT
Authors: Newton J. , Sundin E. C.
Published: August 2016

Few studies have explored therapists’ views on computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) and this study aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of accredited therapists’ views on cCBT's role in treating depression. Twelve therapists constituted this self-selected sample (eight female, four male). Mean age was 52 years (range 46–61). The data obtained from a semi-structured questionnaire were analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified and discussed: (1) the standardized nature of cCBT for depression, (2) the importance of the therapeutic relationship in cCBT, and (3) the pros and cons with cCBT as an alternative to CBT. The therapists in this study emphasized that innovations in CBT delivery formats (e.g. internet-based, computerized) show promise. However, participants expressed some views that clash with the evidence-based viewpoint. More work is needed to improve the implementation of evidence-based practice and policy.
General low-temperature reaction pathway from precursors to monomers before nucleation of compound semiconductor nanocrystals
Authors: Yu Kui , Liu Xiangyang , Qi Ting , Yang Huaqing , Whitfield Dennis M. , Y. Chen Queena , Huisman Erik J. C. , Hu Changwei
Published: August 2016

Little is known about the molecular pathway to monomers of semiconductor nanocrystals. Here we report a general reaction pathway, which is based on hydrogen-mediated ligand loss for the precursor conversion to ‘monomers’ at low temperature before nucleation. We apply 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to monitor the key phosphorous-containing products that evolve from MXn+E=PPh2H+HY mixtures, where MXn, E=PPh2H, and HY are metal precursors, chalcogenide precursors, and additives, respectively. Surprisingly, the phosphorous-containing products detected can be categorized into two groups, Ph2P–Y and Ph2P(E)–Y. On the basis of our experimental and theoretical results, we propose two competing pathways to the formation of M2En monomers, each of which is accompanied by one of the two products. Our study unravels the pathway of precursor evolution into M2En monomers, the stoichiometry of which directly correlates with the atomic composition of the final compound nanocrystals.
Spectroscopic and computational investigation of actinium coordination chemistry
Authors: Ferrier Maryline G. , Batista Enrique R. , Berg John M. , Birnbaum Eva R. , Cross Justin N. , Engle Jonathan W. , La Pierre Henry S. , Kozimor Stosh A. , Lezama Pacheco Juan S. , Stein Benjamin W. , Stieber S. Chantal E. , Wilson Justin J.
Published: August 2016

Actinium-225 is a promising isotope for targeted-α therapy. Unfortunately, progress in developing chelators for medicinal applications has been hindered by a limited understanding of actinium chemistry. This knowledge gap is primarily associated with handling actinium, as it is highly radioactive and in short supply. Hence, AcIII reactivity is often inferred from the lanthanides and minor actinides (that is, Am, Cm), with limited success. Here we overcome these challenges and characterize actinium in HCl solutions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics density functional theory. The Ac–Cl and
Ac
−

O

H
2

O

distances are measured to be 2.95(3) and 2.59(3) Å, respectively. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy comparisons between AcIII and AmIII in HCl solutions indicate AcIII coordinates more inner-sphere Cl1– ligands (3.2±1.1) than AmIII (0.8±0.3). These results imply diverse reactivity for the +3 actinides and highlight the unexpected and unique AcIII chemical behaviour.
Bright high-order harmonic generation with controllable polarization from a relativistic plasma mirror
Authors: Chen Zi-Yu , Pukhov Alexander
Published: August 2016

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources with a controllable polarization state are powerful tools for investigating the structural and electronic as well as the magnetic properties of materials. However, such light sources are still limited to only a few free-electron laser facilities and, very recently, to high-order harmonic generation from noble gases. Here we propose and numerically demonstrate a laser–plasma scheme to generate bright XUV pulses with fully controlled polarization. In this scheme, an elliptically polarized laser pulse is obliquely incident on a plasma surface, and the reflected radiation contains pulse trains and isolated circularly or highly elliptically polarized attosecond XUV pulses. The harmonic polarization state is fully controlled by the laser–plasma parameters. The mechanism can be explained within the relativistically oscillating mirror model. This scheme opens a practical and promising route to generate bright attosecond XUV pulses with desirable ellipticities in a straightforward and efficient way for a number of applications.
HHLA2, a member of the B7 family, is expressed in human osteosarcoma and is associated with metastases and worse survival
Authors: Koirala Pratistha , Roth Michael E. , Gill Jonathan , Chinai Jordan M. , Ewart Michelle R. , Piperdi Sajida , Geller David S. , Hoang Bang H. , Fatakhova Yekaterina V. , Ghorpade Maya , Zang Xingxing , Gorlick Richard
Published: August 2016

Over the past four decades there have been minimal improvements in outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma. New targets and novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes for these patients. We sought to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of the newest immune checkpoint, HHLA2, in osteosarcoma. HHLA2 protein expression was evaluated in primary tumor specimens and metastatic disease using an osteosarcoma tumor microarray (TMA) (n = 62). The association of HHLA2 with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and five-year-event-free-survival were examined. HHLA2 was expressed in 68% of osteosarcoma tumors. HHLA2 was expressed in almost all metastatic disease specimens and was more prevalent than in primary specimens without known metastases (93% vs 53%, p = 0.02). TILs were present in 75% of all osteosarcoma specimens. Patients whose tumors were ≥25% or ≥50% HHLA2 positive had significantly worse five-year event-free-survival (33% vs 64%, p = 0.03 and 14% vs 59%, p = 0.02). Overall, we have shown that HHLA2 is expressed in the majority of osteosarcoma tumors and its expression is associated with metastatic disease and poorer survival. Along with previously reported findings that HHLA2 is a T cell co-inhibitor, these results suggest that HHLA2 may be a novel immunosuppressive mechanism within the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment.
Assessment of agglomeration, co-sedimentation and trophic transfer of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a laboratory-scale predator-prey model system
Authors: Gupta Govind Sharan , Kumar Ashutosh , Shanker Rishi , Dhawan Alok
Published: August 2016

Nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) is the most abundantly released engineered nanomaterial (ENM) in aquatic environments. Therefore, it is prudent to assess its fate and its effects on lower trophic-level organisms in the aquatic food chain. A predator-and-prey-based laboratory microcosm was established usingParamecium caudatumandEscherichia colito evaluate the effects of nTiO2. The surface interaction of nTiO2withE. colisignificantly increased after the addition ofParameciuminto the microcosm. This interaction favoured the hetero-agglomeration and co-sedimentation of nTiO2. The extent of nTiO2agglomeration under experimental conditions was as follows: combinedE. coliandParamecium>Parameciumonly >E. colionly > withoutE. coliorParamecium.An increase in nTiO2internalisation inParameciumcells was also observed in the presence or absence ofE. colicells. These interactions and nTiO2internalisation inParameciumcells induced statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on growth and the bacterial ingestion rate at 24 h. These findings provide new insights into the fate of nTiO2in the presence of bacterial-ciliate interactions in the aquatic environment.
Export dynamics as an optimal growth problem in the network of global economy
Authors: Caraglio Michele , Baldovin Fulvio , Stella Attilio L.
Published: August 2016

We analyze export data aggregated at world global level of 219 classes of products over a period of 39 years. Our main goal is to set up a dynamical model to identify and quantify plausible mechanisms by which the evolutions of the various exports affect each other. This is pursued through a stochastic differential description, partly inspired by approaches used in population dynamics or directed polymers in random media. We outline a complex network of transfer rates which describes how resources are shifted between different product classes and determines how casual favorable conditions for one export can spread to the other ones. A calibration procedure allows to fit four free model-parameters such that the dynamical evolution becomes consistent with the average growth, the fluctuations and the ranking of the export values observed in real data. Growth crucially depends on the balance between maintaining and shifting resources to different exports, like in an explore-exploit problem. Remarkably, the calibrated parameters warrant a close-to-maximum growth rate under the transient conditions realized in the period covered by data, implying an optimal self organization of the global export. According to the model, major structural changes in the global economy take tens of years.
Spatially governed climate factors dominate management in determining the quantity and distribution of soil organic carbon in dryland agricultural systems
Authors: Hoyle Frances C. , O’Leary Rebecca A. , Murphy Daniel V.
Published: August 2016

Few studies describe the primary drivers influencing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the distribution of carbon (C) fractions in agricultural systems from semi-arid regions; yet these soils comprise one fifth of the global land area. Here we identified the primary drivers for changes in total SOC and associated particulate (POC), humus (HOC) and resistant (ROC) organic C fractions for 1347 sample points in the semi-arid agricultural region of Western Australia. Total SOC stock (0–0.3 m) varied from 4 to 209 t C ha−1 with 79% of variation explained by measured variables. The proportion of C in POC, HOC and ROC fractions averaged 28%, 45% and 27% respectively. Climate (43%) and land management practices (32%) had the largest relative influence on variation in total SOC. Carbon accumulation was constrained where average daily temperature was above 17.2 °C and annual rainfall below 450 mm, representing approximately 42% of the 197,300 km2 agricultural region. As such large proportions of this region are not suited to C sequestration strategies. For the remainder of the region a strong influence of management practices on SOC indicate opportunities for C sequestration strategies associated with incorporation of longer pasture phases and adequate fertilisation.
Identifying the genetic diversity, genetic structure and a core collection of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba accessions using microsatellite markers
Authors: Xu Chaoqun , Gao Jiao , Du Zengfeng , Li Dengke , Wang Zhe , Li Yingyue , Pang Xiaoming
Published: August 2016

Ziziphus is a genus of spiny shrubs and small trees in the Rhamnaceae family. This group has a controversial taxonomy, with more than 200 species described, including Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba) and Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana), as well as several other important cultivated fruit crops. Using 24 SSR markers distributed across the Chinese jujube genome, 962 jujube accessions from the two largest germplasm repositories were genotyped with the aim of analyzing the genetic diversity and structure and constructing a core collection that retain high genetic diversity. A molecular profile comparison revealed 622 unique genotypes, among which 123 genotypes were genetically identical to at least one other accessions. STRUCTURE analysis and multivariate analyses (Cluster and PCoA) roughly divided the accessions into three major groups, with some admixture among groups. A simulated annealing algorithm and a heuristic algorithm were chosen to construct the core collection. A final core of 150 accessions was selected, comprising 15.6% of the analyzed accessions and retaining more than 99.5% of the total alleles detected. We found no significant differences in allele frequency distributions or in genetic diversity parameters between the chosen core accessions and the 622 genetically unique accessions. This work contributes to the understanding of Chinese jujube diversification and the protection of important germplasm resources.
The tetrameric MotA complex as the core of the flagellar motor stator from hyperthermophilic bacterium
Authors: Takekawa Norihiro , Terahara Naoya , Kato Takayuki , Gohara Mizuki , Mayanagi Kouta , Hijikata Atsushi , Onoue Yasuhiro , Kojima Seiji , Shirai Tsuyoshi , Namba Keiichi , Homma Michio
Published: August 2016

Rotation of bacterial flagellar motor is driven by the interaction between the stator and rotor and the driving energy is supplied by ion influx through the stator channel. The stator is composed of the MotA and MotB proteins, which form a hetero-hexameric complex with a stoichiometry of four MotA and two MotB molecules. MotA and MotB are four- and single-transmembrane proteins, respectively. To generate torque, the MotA/MotB stator unit changes its conformation in response to the ion influx and interacts with the rotor protein FliG. Here, we overproduced and purified MotA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. A chemical crosslinking experiment revealed that MotA formed a multimeric complex, most likely a tetramer. The three-dimensional structure of the purified MotA, reconstructed by electron microscopy single particle imaging, consisted of a slightly elongated globular domain and a pair of arch-like domains with spiky projections, likely to correspond to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, respectively. We show that MotA molecules can form a stable tetrameric complex without MotB and for the first time, demonstrate the cytoplasmic structure of the stator.
Structural Investigation of Park’s Nucleotide on Bacterial Translocase MraY: Discovery of Unexpected MraY Inhibitors
Authors: Chen Kuo-Ting , Chen Po-Ting , Lin Cheng-Kun , Huang Lin-Ya , Hu Chia-Ming , Chang Yi-Fan , Hsu Hua-Ting , Cheng Ting-Jen R. , Wu Ying-Ta , Cheng Wei-Chieh
Published: August 2016

Systematic structural modifications of the muramic acid, peptide and nucleotide moieties of Park’s nucleotide were performed to investigate the substrate specificity of B. subtilis MraY (MraYBS). It was found that the simplest analogue of Park’s nucleotide only bearing the first two amino acids, l-alanine-iso-d-glutamic acid, could function as a MraYBS substrate. Also, the acid group attached to the Cα of iso-d-glutamic acid was found to play an important role for substrate activity. Epimerization of the C4-hydroxyl group of muramic acid and modification at the 5-position of the uracil in Park’s nucleotide were both found to dramatically impair their substrate activity. Unexpectedly, structural modifications on the uracil moiety changed the parent molecule from a substrate to an inhibitor, blocking the MraYBS translocation. One unoptimized inhibitor was found to have a Ki value of 4 ± 1 μM against MraYBS, more potent than tunicamycins.
Queens become workers: pesticides alter caste differentiation in bees
Authors: dos Santos Charles F. , Acosta André L. , Dorneles Andressa L. , dos Santos Patrick D. S. , Blochtein Betina
Published: August 2016

Bees are important for the world biodiversity and economy because they provide key pollination services in forests and crops. However, pesticide use in crops has adversely affected (decreased) queen production because of increased mortality among larvae. Here, we demonstrated thatin vitro-reared queens of a neotropical social bee species (Plebeia droryana) also showed high larval mortality after exposure to an organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos) via larval food. Moreover, most of the surviving larvae that were destined to develop into queens became workers more likely because they ate less food than expected without pesticide skewing thus caste differentiation in this bee species. This adverse effect has not been previously reported for any other social insects, such as honeybees or bumblebees. Queens are essential for breeding and colony growth. Therefore, if our data are applicable to other pantropical social bee species across the globe, it is likely that these bees are at a serious risk of failure to form new colonies.