bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child Custody: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Warburg Ronald
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this essay is to give an aperçu of the varying approaches for the disposition of child custody cases developed by American law during the past thirty years and the Rabbinical Courts of Israel (hereinafter referred to as theBeth Din), a contemporary repository of the sources of Jewish law. The study that follows is not to be read as “a history of child custody” in the sense of tracing this legal topic as it might have developed over the course of time.

Though there will be occasion to allude to the relevant principles of American law and principles of Jewish law, it is the jurisprudential perspective rather than the substantive content which is the primary theme.

I. A parent's relationship to his child may be viewed as a status carrying with it certain responsibilities and duties owed to the child with reference to care, education, and support. When a family breaks up through death, divorce, separation, child neglect or abandonment, the individual who performs most of the parental functions, who lives and cares for the child is said to have custody of the child, even though someone else may exercise some other parental rights and obligations.

In determining a custody dispute between natural parents and proceedings involving a natural parent and a third party, American courts have frequently based their decisions on two doctrines.
Ideal family size in the Irish Republic
Authors: Wilson-Davis K.
Published: May 2019

Summary From a survey conducted in the Irish Republic, data on ideal family size are given. Irish wives have high family size preferences, the overall mean ideal family size being 4.3 children. The Irish data are compared with American and western European; they show that the ideals of wives in Ireland are significantly higher than in these other countries. The concept of ideal family size appears to possess validity in its own right, and is not solely a rationalization of actual fertility experience.
Husbands' attitudes towards abortion and Canadian abortion law
Authors: Osborn R. W. , Silkey B.
Published: May 2019

Among a sample of 601 married men, whose wives are in the reproductive ages, religious affliation is strongly related to opinions about the permissibility of abortion under varied circumstances and Canadian abortion law. Education and other influences are altered when the effects of religion are included but some differentials persist within religious groupings. These suggest that secular trends towards increasing levels of education may tend to narrow religious-based differentials in abortion attitudes. An association of permissive attitudes towards abortion with use of highly effective contraceptive methods and with prior use of abortion is found.
Menstrual regulation clients in a village-based family planning programme
Authors: Bhatia Shushum , Ruzicka Lado T.
Published: May 2019

Menstrual regulation (MR) was introduced as one of the components of the village-based family planning and meternal and child care programme initiated by the Cholera Research Laboratory, Dacca, in 70 villages in Matlab thana in October 1977. Social and demographic characteristics of the MR clients are compared with those of the users of other contraceptive methods offered by the programme. Reasons for pregnancy termination and the high continuation rates of contraceptive use after MR suggest that, in particular, the younger women are becoming increasingly conscious of controlling their childbearing and spacing their pregnancies.
Infant mortality in a North-Swedish geographical isolate, 1950–70
Authors: Modrzewska Krystyna
Published: May 2019

Infand mortality for the period 1950—70 has been analysied in a North-Swedish isolate, a population characterized by a high incidence of schizopherenic psychoses and other neuorpsychiatric disorders. Infand mortality is higher than in Sweden generally. As many as 45·9% of the deceased infands in the population sccumbed during the first week of their life, compard to 28·1% in the general Swedish population.
Biosocial correlates of perinatal mortality: experiences of an Indian hospital
Authors: Saksena D. N. , Srivastava J. N.
Published: May 2019

Perinatal mortality among hospital deliveries in Lucknow city in 1976–77 is compared with the results of earlier studies. The effect of biological and socioeconomic factors is considered. High risk cases, for which special care should be provided, are noted.
Secular changes in age at menarche and adult stature in Hebridean women
Authors: Clegg E. J.
Published: May 2019

Data are presented on age at menarche and adult stature in 905 women from the islands of Lewis and Harris, born between 1920 and 1949. Menarcheal age showed no tendency to fall in women born between 1920 and 1935, but thereafter successive year-of-birth groups showed an almost continous decline. There were no significant changes in stature in successive groups.

The changes have been correlated with trenda in affluence, as indicated by unemployment levels. In women born between 1932 and 1941 there was good agreement between average unemployment during various periods of childhood and menarcheal age, but among later-born individuals the relationship broke down. It is suggested that during the earlier period unemployment was associated with some degree of biological deprivation, but that during the later period the introduction of rationing and later, of the Welfare State, buffered the growing child against economic hardship.

Mean household size (used as an estimate of mean sibship size) fell over the period of study, but its pattern of change was different from that of menarcheal age. It is suggested that this factor played at most aminor role in fluencing the results of the investigation.
Population structure in the western Pyrenees: II. Migration, the frequency of consanguineous marriage and inbreeding, 1877 to 1915
Authors: Abelson Andrew
Published: May 2019

In an earlier paper (Abelson, 1978) it was suggested that relationships between population density, migration, and the frequency of consanguineous marriage depended on variation in the social class composition of populations. For two valleys in the western Pyrenees, it was found that migration distances are shorter in areas with lower population density and that this could in part be attributed to the effects of social class independently of the occupations of the population (Abelson, 1979). The present paper investigates further the relationships between migration, the frequency of consanguineous marriage and inbreeding in the Roncal valley in Navarre, Spain, for the period 1877–1915. The Roncal valley contains seven villages, each a separate administrative unit. Almost all the total population of 3900 live in these nucleated villages and there are few isolated households. The area of the valley is 420 km2, and the population density 9·28 inhabitants/km2.
Specificity of carbohydrate transport inTrypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: Ruff M. D. , Read C. P.
Published: May 2019

Trypanosoma equiperdumwas found to take up glucose, mannose, fructose and glycerol but not galactose. Data with inhibitors suggested that the absorption of these compounds occurred by mediated processes. The inhibitory activity of various compounds indicated that three separate sites were involved in transport, two for glycerol and one for the hexoses.
A treatise of the Sharīf al-Murtadā on the legality of working for the government (Mas'ala fī 'l-‘amal ma‘a 'l-sulṭān)
Authors: Madelung Wilferd
Published: May 2019

The problem of the lawfulness of accepting and holding office under an illegitimate ruler posed itself in the Imāmī Shī'a from an early date. Imāmī Shī‘ism considered the historical caliphate, with the exception of the reign of 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib, as invariably usurpatory and illegitimate. The rule of the Muslim community in succession to the Prophet was the exclusive right of 'Alī and the Imams from among his descendants. They had been pushed aside from their rightful position, first by the three caliphs preceding 'Alī and later, by the Umayyads and the 'Abbāsids. On the other hand, the Imams from the fourth, 'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn, had ceased actively to seek to rule through the overthrow of the usurpatory caliphate. The sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Ṣādiq, rejected in particular any offer of help to restore him to his rightful position by force and strictly forbade his followers to engage in revolutionary activity on behalf of the Imams until the rise of the Qā'im Imam who would claim his right to rule with the sword. This quietist policy was consistently followed by his successors and came to be reflected in Imāmī belief and doctrine which did not anticipate a return of the Imams to rule before the coming of the eschatological Mahdī.
The Origins of Kalᾱm
Authors: Cook M. A.
Published: May 2019

That the dialectical technique of Muslim kalām is a borrowing from Christian theology is no secret. Its extra-Islamic origin has indeed been asserted by van Ess with great forthrightness in the context of his recent publication of an early kalām text. The text in question is an anti-Qadarite polemic ascribed to al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya (d. c. 100 A.H.); it lacks a title, but may conveniently be designated Questions against the Qadarites. Van Ess accepts the ascription, and dates the tract to the 70s of the first century of the Hijra. Since the text contains no contemporary historical reference or colour, and. the ascription rests on the sole authority of the Zaydī imāam al-Hādī (d. 298), the case for so early a dating rests heavily on the theological style and content of the tract. Many of the arguments advanced by van Ess are questionable, and the result could not be said to constitute proof. But it would be churlish to reject the case for an early dating out of hand, and difficult to sustain one later than the first half of the second century. The text is thus an archaic one, and provides an appropriate starting-point for an inquiry into the origins of kalām.
The treaties of the early Mamluk sultans with the Frankish states
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: May 2019

Arabic sources have preserved the texts of seven treaties concluded in the second half of the seventh/thirteenth century between the Mamluk sultans al-Ẓāhir Baybars and al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn on the one hand, and various authorities in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and in Antioch-Tripoli on the other. Four are given by the Egyptian chancery clerk al-Qalqashandī in his encyclopaedic compilation, Ṣubḥ al-a'shā. This was completed in 814/1412, over 120 years after the extinction of the Frankish states, but the treaties were transcribed (as al-Qalqashandī tells us) from an earlier work by a clerk in Qalāwūn's chancery, Muḥammad b. al-Mukarram. Two of Qalāwūn's other treaties are found in his biography, written by the contemporary chancery clerk, Muḥyi al-Dīn ibn 'Abd al-Ẓāhir (d. 692/1292). Yet another of Qalāwūn's treaties was preserved by the contemporary chronicler, Baybars al-Manṣurī (d. 725/1325).
‘Vocalic alternation’ in the Balti, the Lhasa, and the Sherpa verb, as a guide to alternations in Written Tibetan, and to Proto-Tibetan Reconstruction
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: May 2019

In Sino-Tibetan (1972) P. K. Benedict has offered two different accounts of the significance, for Tibeto-Burman (TB) and Sino-Tibetan (ST) reconstruction, of the three types of ‘vocalic alternation’ in the Written Tibetan (WT) verb, a/a/o, e/a/o and o/a/o. His original account (c. 1942–3) reads: ‘Tibetan, however, shows a puzzling type of vocalic alternation in its verbs, in which stems in a regularly take o in the imperative and often either o or e in the present… The e of the present stem is possibly to be interpreted as an effect of the prefixed element’- <*a- [ə-]. Similarly, the o of the imperative stem has perhaps been conditioned by an archaic imperative suffixc -o…' (pp. 126–7). His revised version (1972) reads: ‘The Chinese vowels cannot be explained without setting up a 7-vowel system for ST … and Tibetan verb forms reflect this early system as follows:

ST/TB *a = T aa (no alternation, except in the imperative)

ST/TB *â = T ao

ST/TB *ə = T ae

We can now, by way of illustration, reconstruct TB *g-sât (T gsod-pa, Pf.bsad) …; also TB*səm “breath, voice, spirit”: T sem(s)-pa. Pf. semsbsams “think” …' (p. 126, n. 344).
Participles In 'Afar: Evidence For the Restructuring of Verb Suffixes
Authors: Haywaed E. J.
Published: May 2019

fa In both the Prefix and Suffix conjugations of ‘Afar the distinction between perfect and non-perfect aspects is generally maintained in main verb forms. Mood forms, such as the imperative and jussive, are, however, exceptions to this. The morphological means whereby this aspect distinction is realized is essentially different in the two conjugations although historically one of these means derives from the other. One accidental result of this historical derivation is that two affixes of identical form have come to occupy comparable locations in the structure of the verb. One of them occurs in certain Prefix verb forms, the other in certain Suffix verb forms. In most constructions the functions of these affixes are quite distinct. There are, however, certain constructions in the two conjugations, which clearly correspond functionally to each other, but in which the distribution of the two affixes is anomalous. In this paper the questions are looked at in the light of an internal reconstruction of some areas of the verbal system, with the result that a hypothesis of partial (contextually determined) restructuring is presented as the most plausible means of explaining the anomalies.
Laboratory Studies on the Behavior of the Herbicide Safener CGA-43089
Authors: Nyffeler A. , Gerber H. R. , Hensley J. R.
Published: May 2019

CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile] applied as a seed treatment enables sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] to tolerate metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide]. Improved tolerance of alexandergrass [Brachiaria plantaginea, (Link) A. Hitchc.]Eleusinespp., proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.) and rice (Oryza sativaL.) to metolachlor also was demonstrated. Seven sorghum cultivars, representing widely divergent types of germplasm, responded similarly to the safening effect of CGA-43089 when the cultivars were exposed to metolachlor. Treated sorghum seed may be stored more than 1 yr without a loss of safening activity. In these growth chamber experiments, neither extremes of soil moisture nor temperature reduced the effectiveness of the safener. The predominant site of uptake of CGA-43089 is the coleoptile of sorghum seedlings.
Enhancement of Gibberellic Acid Sensitivity in Corn (Zea mays) by Fluridone and R-40244
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Kisiel Marian J. , Kostusiak Andrzej S.
Published: May 2019

Fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4 (1H)-pyridinone} and R-4-0244 [1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidone], herbicides that block carotenoid synthesis, increase the sensitivity of corn (Zea maysL. ‘Merit’) to exogenously-applied gibberellic acid (GA). Increase in shoot length due to the application of GA to imbibing corn seeds was considerably enhanced by simultaneously applying either fluridone or R-40244. Fluridone was more active in this respect than R-40244.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of 2,4-D and Glyphosate in Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum)
Authors: Schultz M. E. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Low recoveries of total applied14C in translocation studies and erratic control of hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinumL.) in the field showed a need for a balance-sheet study of absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Total recovery of14C-herbicides applied to hemp dogbane in the laboratory was 97% for 2,4-D and 105% for glyphosate. Of the14C recovered after 12 days in the hemp dogbane, 34 to 55% was parent-2,4-D after 2,4-D treatment, and 93 to 96% was parent glyphosate after glyphosate treatment. Only negligible amounts of14C were lost via volatilization or evolution as14CO2. A broadcast treatment with unlabeled herbicide did not significantly affect subsequent absorption, translocation, or metabolism of either herbicide. Total herbicide absorbed and translocated out of the treated area of the leaf generally increased during the subsequent 12 days for 2,4-D but only 3 days for glyphosate. A greater percentage of the total applied 2,4-D (31 vs. 14%) and glyphosate (14 vs. 8%) was translocated from upper rather than lower leaves of hemp dogbane, respectively. Higher temperatures (30 vs. 25 C) resulted in greater translocation of glyphosate (39 vs. 18%) but not 2,4-D (35 vs. 39%). Higher light intensities resulted in greater accumulations of 2,4-D into roots and of glyphosate into untreated areas of the treated leaf. Autoradiographs showed that both herbicides moved through hemp dogbane in a typical symplastic pattern and accumulated in roots and new leaves.
Persistence of Several Controlled Release Formulations of Trifluralin in Greenhouse and Field
Authors: Coffman C. B. , Gentner W. A.
Published: May 2019

Three microcapsule formulations, two starch xanthate formulations, and one commercial formulation of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were evaluated in the greenhouse and field for their relative herbicidal efficacy and persistence. Biological assays with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) revealed significant differences among the formulations in phytotoxicity and persistence. The commercial formulation of trifluralin was generally more phytotoxic than the others to Italian ryegrass sown the week of herbicide application. The two starch xanthate formulations and one microcapsule formulation of trifluralin were generally more phytotoxic and more persistent than the commercial formulation to Italian ryegrass sown from 1 through 19 weeks after herbicide application.
Cucullia verbasci an Agent for the Biological Control of Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: May 2019

The host specificity of mullein moth (Cucullia verbasci L.) [Lepidoptera: Caradrinidae (Noctuidae)] and its suitability as a biological control agent of the common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) (Scrophulariaceae) were investigated. Thirty-six plant species in 10 families were tested but sustained feeding by the insect and consistent development occurred only on mullein species. Nibbling on plants other than on mulleins did not prolong the life of the insect significantly longer than larvae without food. Thus, the mullein moth is considered to be a safe agent to release against mullein.
Interaction of Glyphosate with Aromatic Amino Acids on Transpiration inPhaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Shaner D. L. , Lyon J. L.
Published: May 2019

When glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was fed through the transpiration stream of excised bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Red Kidney’) shoots, it was readily absorbed and transported to the leaves where it inhibited transpiration. Maximum inhibition (40 to 50%) resulted from tissue concentrations of 50 to 3000 nmoles glyphosate/g fresh weight, while transpiration was significantly inhibited (20%) by as little as 15 nmoles/g fresh weight. A combination of 5 X 10-4M tyrosine (Tyr) and 5 x 10-4M phenylalanine (Phe) supplied continuously through the transpiration stream prevented the inhibition of transpiration by glyphosate during the course of 8-h experiments. Tyrosine (10-3M) alone delayed the transpiration response to glyphosate by 2 to 3 h but 10-3M Phe alone did not affect the inhibition by glyphosate. Levels of endogenous Tyr and Phe were about 50% lower in glyphosate-treated leaves than in the controls 6 h after treatment.
Control of Weeds in an Oat (Avena sativa)—Soybean (Glycine max) Ecofarming Rotation
Authors: Burnside O. C. , Wicks G. A. , Carlson D. R.
Published: May 2019

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and oats (Avena sativaL.) were grown in a rotation using reduced or no-tillage crop production systems at Lincoln, Nebraska, over a 4-yr period. Oat stubble was treated after harvest with 3.4 kg/ha of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] to reduce the growth of late summer weeds. The following spring soybeans were planted directly into the undisturbed stubble or into a seedbed prepared by tandem discing. Three seedbed preparations, two soybean cultivars, and six preemergence weed control treatments were compared. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 0.8 kg/ha or tandem discing were equally effective in producing a weed-free seedbed. Herbicides applied preemergence on soybeans were still necessary for the reduced tillage or no-tillage production systems if weeds were to be adequately controlled in soybeans without cultivation. Differences in seed-yield occurred between cultivars only when late summer rains benefited the later maturing ‘Williams' soybeans over earlier maturing ‘Wells'. With adequate weed control, soybeans and oats can be grown in a no-tillage, crop rotation, production system in eastern Nebraska to produce high yields with a minimum of labor and soil exposure.
Control of Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) and Understory Vegetation with Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Meyer R. E. , Bovey R. W.
Published: May 2019

Soil-active herbicides were investigated for control of live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.) on the Texas Coastal Prairie and Claypan areas with and without mechanical treatment. Roller chopping before, during, or after herbicide application had very little influence on mortality of live oak compared to the herbicide applied alone. Roller chopping did allow increased grazing of livestock for at least 3 yr after knockdown of the brush. Tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} was generally the most effective herbicide for live oak control; bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil), karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were somewhat less effective, especailly at 2.2 kg/ha. Limited data suggested that hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] also was highly effective for control of live oak. Primary invaders on either mechanically or chemically treated areas were American beautyberry (Callicarpa americanaL.), southern dewberry (Rubus trivialisMichx.), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatumL.), yankeeweed (Eupatorium compositifoliumWalt.), brownseed paspalum (Paspalum plicatulumMichx.), and carpetgrass (Axonopus affinisChase). A herbicide was generally equally effective for live oak control whether applied broadcast or in rows as granules, or applied as sprays to the soil surface or subsurface.
Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Glyphosate Applied in the Recirculating Sprayer to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: McWhorter C. G. , Williford J. R.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine optimum nozzle settings for applying glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in the recirculating sprayer for postemergence control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Herbicide sprays were directed across the row to johnsongrass growing taller than soybeans in July and August. Herbicide not sprayed on johnsongrass was trapped and reused. Glyphosate at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha applied with commercially available 25° spray nozzles provided johnsongrass control and soybean yields equal to those following applications with specialized uniform droplet nozzles. Glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer using only one nozzle per row provided control of johnsongrass equal to or better than that from applications made with two, three, or four nozzles per row. Soybean yield following application of glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha with one nozzle per row was equal to yields obtained following its application with two, three, or four nozzles per row, with or without surfactant at 0.1% in spray solutions. Soybean yield was higher with four nozzles per row than with one nozzle per row when 0.5% surfactant was included in spray solutions. Soybean injury was lower and yield was higher when glyphosate was applied in the recirculating sprayer rather than over-the-top with a conventional sprayer. Glyphosate at 1.12 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer caused more injury to ‘Hill’ and ‘Bragg’ than to ‘Forrest’ or ‘Tracy’ soybeans.
Aspects of Seed Dormancy in Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Authors: Taylorson R. B.
Published: May 2019

Caryopses (seeds) of fall panicum(Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.) have a dormancy that is not easily overcome. Although accelerated after-ripening for 4 weeks was partially successful in overcoming dormancy, a dark imbibition at 35 C for about a week was more effective and also interacted strongly with an accelerated after-ripening. In either case, activation of phytochrome by red irradiation was required to induce germination. Similarly, alternating temperatures allowed germination of red-treated seeds but constant temperatures did not. More seeds germinated in sealed flasks than in dishes. The enhancement of germination in sealed flasks appeared to be related to increased CO2levels. The data suggested a multiple dormancy in fall panicum seeds. One dormancy, the most intense, was relieved by high-temperature imbibition. The residual dormancy was relieved by active phytochrome and alternating temperatures.
Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) and Coffee Senna (Cassia occidentalis): Geographic Distribution, Germination, and Emergence
Authors: Teem D. H. , Hoveland C. S. , Buchanan G. A.
Published: May 2019

The distribution of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalisL.) in the United States is similar and both species are increasing as problems within their range. Sicklepod is a problem in 11 southern states and increasing in 12 while coffee senna is a problem in 7 states and increasing in 8 states. Both species germinated over a wide range of temperature. Germination characteristics were similar in the range of 15 to 36 C. Germination of coffee senna was drastically reduced at 39 C byRhizopussp. Seedling growth was similar for both species and was maximum from 30 to 36 C. Both species have a hard seedcoat. Abrasion for 5, 10, or 15 s, puncturing with a needle, and sulfuric acid were all effective in initiating germination. Both species emerged from a soil depth of 12.5 cm; however, emergence of sicklepod was more rapid than coffee senna with 63% of the sicklepod seedlings emerging from 2.5 cm after only 3 days.
Potential Effects of Global Atmospheric CO2Enrichment on the Growth and Competitiveness of C3and C4Weed and Crop Plants
Authors: Patterson D. T. , Flint E. P.
Published: May 2019

Mathematical growth analysis techniques were used to evaluate the effects of CO2concentrations of 350, 600, and 1000 ppm (v/v) on growth and biomass partitioning in corn(Zea maysL. ‘Dekalb XL 395’), itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltataL. f.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tracy’], and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic). Controlled environment chambers with day/night temperatures of 28/22 C and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 650 μE (microeinsteins) m-2s-1were used. Dry matter production in the two C3species (soybean and velvetleaf) was increased significantly by raising the CO2concentration above 350 ppm. In corn (a C4species), dry matter production was least at 1000 ppm CO2and did not differ between the 350 and 600 ppm treatments. In itchgrass (also C4), dry matter production was greatest at 600 ppm CO2and did not differ between the 350 and 1000 ppm treatments. Increasing the CO2concentration increased the rate of dry matter production per unit leaf area (net assimilation rate or NAR) in soybean and velvetleaf but either decreased or did not alter NAR in corn and itchgrass. At 45 days after planting, the weed/crop ratios for total dry matter production for velvetleaf/corn and itchgrass/corn were significantly greater at both 600 and 1000 ppm than at 350 ppm CO2. The weed/crop ratio for itchgrass/soybean was less at 1000 ppm than at 350 or 600 ppm CO2. Compared to the value at 350 ppm, the weed/crop ratio for velvetleaf/soybean was greater at 600 ppm and less at 1000 ppm CO2. We conclude that atmospheric CO2enrichment probably will make weeds with the C3photosynthetic pathway more competitive with crops having the C4pathway. Weeds with the C4pathway may become less competitive with crops having the C3pathway.
Dissemination of Weed Seeds by Surface Irrigation Water in Western Nebraska
Authors: Wilson R. G.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted in 1977 and 1978 to evaluate the impact of surface irrigation water on the dissemination of weed seed in the North Platte River Project from May through September each year. Seventy-seven different plant species were found in irrigation water, with germination averaging 26%. Two to five times more weed seed were found in two irrigation canals than in the North Platte River. As water moved through the canals, the weed seed content of the water increased dramatically. The majority of seed collected was found floating on the water surface. Amounts of seed collected varied with time with the largest amounts being collected in June and July and gradually declining in August and September. Samples also were taken to determine the amount of seed entering the field with irrigation water during the growing season. During the 1978 growing season irrigation water disseminated 48,400 seed per ha in the sampled fields.
Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and Activity in Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Authors: Whitwell T. , Banks P. , Basler E. , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

The effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and light on absorption and translocation of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common’] and the effect of temperature and stage of growth on glyphosate activity in horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL.) were determined.14C-glyphosate was used to evaluate the absorption and translocation of foliar-applied herbicide in bermudagrass plants grown at 22 or 31 C and 35 or 80% RH and absorption in excised leaf tips and stem sections. Autoradiography of bermudagrass indicated that downward translocation of14C was extensive with large accumulations in new roots and rapidly growing stolons. RH of 35% decreased14C-glyphosate translocation to the untreated foliage of plants grown at 31 C as compared to 80% RH. RH of 35% also decreased the translocation of14C to the rhizomes and roots of plants grown at 22 C. The absorption of14C was greater in excised leaf tips than stem sections and was greater in the light than in the dark. Horsenettle plants grown at 32 C had shoots which were more rapidly killed by glyphosate but had more regrowth than plants treated at 13 C. Shoots of plants treated while blooming were also more rapidly killed than those treated in the prebloom stage of growth, but the regrowth was not significantly different.
Some Effects of Buthidazole on Corn (Zea mays) Photosynthesis, Respiration, Anthocyanin Formation, and Leaf Ultrastructure
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The effect of the herbicide buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone} on photosynthesis, respiration, anthocyanin formation and leaf ultrastructure of corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3780’) was studied following pre- or postemergence applications. Total photosynthesis and dark respiration were measured with an infrared CO2 analyzer in an open air flow system 12, 18, and 24 days after preemergence treatment with 0, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of buthidazole. The 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha preemergence treatments had no effect on total corn photosynthesis even 24 days after treatment, whereas buthidazole at 2.24 kg/ha inhibited photosynthesis as early as 12 days. Total photosynthesis and dark respiration were also measured in whole plants, 30 cm tall, before herbicide application and 4, 24, 48, and 96 h after postemergence treatment with buthidazole at 0, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg/ha. Following postemergence treatment, buthidazole inhibited total corn photosynthesis at any rate examined as early as 4 h after treatment. Neither pre- or postemergence buthidazole applications influenced respiration with the exception of a transitory increase caused by 0.56 kg/ha 12 days after preemergence treatment and by 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha 4 h after postemergence treatment. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that buthidazole applied postemergence at 0.28 and 1.12 kg/ha reduced or prevented the accumulation of starch in bundle sheath chloroplasts as early as 24 h after treatment. Ultrastructural disruptions in some mesophyll chloroplasts of treated corn plants were also evident. Preemergence application of buthidazole at rates of 0.28, 0.42, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha inhibited anthocyanin formation indicating an alteration in corn metabolism.
Atrazine Dissipation as Affected by Surface pH and Tillage
Authors: Kells J. J. , Rieck C. E. , Blevins R. L. , Muir W. M.
Published: May 2019

Field studies and laboratory analyses were conducted to examine factors affecting degradation of14C-atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] under field conditions. The effects of these factors on weed control under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems were also examined. The amount of radioactivity which was unextractable in 90% methanol increased with time following treatment with14C-atrazine. The rate of formation of unextractable14C compounds was greater under no-tillage and increased with decreasing pH. After 14 to 18 days, a greater amount of extractable atrazine was present in areas receiving lime. The degradation of atrazine occurred more rapidly when surface pH was less than 5.0 compared with a pH greater than 6.5. The effect of lime on the amount of parent atrazine present in the soil was directly correlated to its effect on soil pH. Extractable atrazine in the soil 45 days after treatment was significantly correlated with weed control with the greatest effect under no-tillage.
Ecotypic Variation ofTamarix pentandraEpicuticular Wax and Possible Relationship with Herbicide Sensitivity
Authors: Wilkinson R. E.
Published: May 2019

Six ecotypes of saltcedar (Tamarix pentandraPall.), an introduced competitive phreatophyte, were collected from Wyoming to Texas and grown at Los Lunas, New Mexico. Cladophyll epicuticular alkane and fatty acid contents were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid and alkane contents varied among the six morphologically-indistinguishable ecotypes. Alkane content patterns varied on the basis or absence of C39and other constituents. Fatty acid contents of the C16to C22were different among the ecotypes. Variation was not explicable on the basis of latitude, light intensity, temperature, nutrition, or water status. Thus, the chemical taxonomy hypothesis of uniform epicuticular alkane quality within a species is not substantiated in saltcedar, and a portion of the ecotypic resistance to postemergence herbicide sprays may be due to differences in epicuticular wax quantity and quality.
Clover Broomrape (Orobanche minor) in the United States
Authors: Frost Cecil C. , Musselman Lytton J.
Published: May 2019

Based on an herbarium survey, clover broomrape (Orobanche minor J. E. Smith) was found to have an 116 yr history in the United States. It has been collected 98 times in a total of 32 counties in 12 states and the District of Columbia, and it appears to have become established in seaports and along railroads. It most commonly parasitizes red and white clover, but also burley tobacco, carrots, and several species of ornamental shrubs and herbs. Distribution of clover broomrape indicates either a pattern of repeated introductions from foreign sources, or a persistence in areas where the parasite has become established. While not presently a significant threat, the potential for damage to crops of economic importance cannot be ruled out. The flowers are autogamous.
Water-Soluble Carbohydrates in Johnsongrass
Authors: McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the water-soluble carbohydrates in johnsongrass[Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.]. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in other than trace amounts in leaves, culms, or rhizomes. Sucrose was the major storage carbohydrate, although glucose and fructose were present throughout most of the life cycle in both leaves and rhizomes. Levels of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in rhizomes were maximum when plants began flowering and minimum at 10 to 30 days after plant emergence. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were at a maximum in leaves within 30 days after plant emergence. Glucose was present only in trace amounts in leaves for about 10 days during initial flowering; fructose was at a maximum at that time. Sucrose in leaves occurred in greatest quantities soon after plant emergence, immediately before flowering, and after flowering. Leaf blades and sheaths contained nearly equal concentrations of carbohydrates, but stems contained greater concentrations than leaves. Basal shoots and secondary culms from nodes on primary culms contained greater concentrations of carbohydrates than leaves on primary culms. Regrowth from clipped shoots had significantly higher concentrations of glucose and sucrose than did unclipped shoots. Rhizomes of clipped plants had significantly less sucrose but more glucose than rhizomes of unclipped plants.
Alachlor and 1,8-Naphthalic Anhydride Effects on Corn Coleoptiles
Authors: Hickey J. Stephen , Krueger W. A.
Published: May 2019

More force was required to induce leaf slippage in coleoptiles from corn (Zea maysL. ‘Tenn 5009′) plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] than in the controls, or in coleoptiles from plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor in combination with 150 ppmw 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (hereafter referred to as NA). NA alone reduced the force required to induce leaf slippage below that of all treatments. Incubation for 16 hr in 10 ppmw IAA (indoleacetic acid) did not lower the force required to induce leaf slippage in coleoptiles from plants grown in the presence of 25 ppmw alachlor even though the length of the coleptiles increased 30% more than coleoptiles not receiving the IAA treatment. Percent dry matter, dry matter per 100 plants, and percent protein increased in coleoptiles from alachlor treated plants, while percent cellulose and lignin decreased. The extent of variation in these parameters was lessened when NA was applied in combination with alachlor, with the exception of percent lignin which was further decreased by the combination treatment. Percent hemicellulose was not affected by alachlor, NA, or their combination.
Crop-Herbicide Sequences on a Southeastern Coastal Plain Soil
Authors: Dowler Clyde C. , Hauser E. W. , Johnson A. W.
Published: May 2019

Weeds in corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.), and soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), grown continuously or in rotation, were controlled with either cultural or herbicidal programs designed for broad-spectrum control. The herbicidal program initially selected for each group was used each year from 1968 to 1971. Herbicides controlled more weeds than cultural practices in all cropping sequences. Weeds were almost eliminated, judging by percent ground cover at harvest time, in five of the eight cropping sequences in each of the last three years of the experiment. Although several rotations drastically reduced the number of weeds, the composition of the weed population was not altered significantly. When cultural weed control practices were used, the cropping sequence and rainfall influenced the level of weeds present at harvest time. More weeds were present at harvest in corn grown continuously and in sequence than in the other crops. In addition to three or four cultivations, we used a yearly average of 86 manhours/ha of hand-hoeing in corn and 195 manhours/ha of hand-hoeing in cotton during the first 6-week period after planting to keep these crops weedfree until the last cultivation. The cropping sequence did not affect the amount of hand-hoeing required in these crops. In general, cropping sequence did not affect crop yield.
Dormancy Variations in Common Purslane Seeds
Authors: Egley G. H.
Published: May 2019

Common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) seeds, produced by the same plants, had different degrees of dormancy. The dormancy variations were caused neither by low seed viability nor by location on the plant where seeds were produced. Seed water content and seed age at time of collection contributed to, but were not solely responsible for, the dormancy variations. Immature, brown seeds of high water content were less dormant than the more mature, black seeds of low water content. The immature seeds germinated better in the dark than did the more mature seeds. A puncture in the seed, over the radicle, broke purslane dormancy. Dormancy was not caused by blockage of water imbibition by seeds. Purslane dormancy developed during later stages of seed maturation on the mother plant.
Control of Wild Oats in Oats by Barban Plus Antidote
Authors: Chang F. Y. , Stephenson G. R. , Anderson G. W. , Bandeen J. D.
Published: May 2019

Growth room and field studies indicated that coating the seeds of oats (Avena sativaL.) with NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride) at rates of 0.5 to 1% by seed weight significantly reduced the phytotoxicity of barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) applied to the foliage at rates up to 1.2 kg/ha. Complete protection was obtained when barban was applied at 0.4 kg/ha, the highest rate recommended for the control of wild oats (Avena fatuaL.) in cereal crops. Treatment of oat seeds with this antidote did not reduce the herbicidal effect of barban on wild oats grown in the same soil. Thus, coating oat seeds with the antidote may allow the use of barban for the selective control of wild oats in oat crops. NA seed treatment also slightly reduced oat injury from diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate].
Metabolism of14C-SAN-6706 and14C-Norflurazon in Cranberry Plants
Authors: Yaklich Robert W. , Karczmarczyk Stanislaw J. , Devlin Robert M.
Published: May 2019

The metabolism of14C-SAN-6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and14C-norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] were studied in cranberry plants (Vaccinium macrocarponAit. ‘Early Black’) for a 36-day period. Both compounds were readily translocated with progressively more label being present in the shoot portion with time. The two compounds are demethylated to the desmethyl analogue SAN-9774 (4-chloro-5-amino-2-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone). Berry samples from cuttings contained no detectable radioactivity while samples from 2 year-old cranberry plants contained 20 ppb or less.
Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar Response to Propanil
Authors: Eastin E.F.
Published: May 2019

Sixteen soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars were evaluated for their response to the rice herbicide propanil (3′,4′,-dichloropropionanilide) applied at two growth stages. Application of 3.4 kg/ha resulted in more injury than 0.6 kg/ha. Application at the stage of growth when three nodes on the main stem had completely unrolled leaves (V3) resulted in more injury than when eight nodes had completely unrolled leaves (V8). As determined by seed yield when treated at 3.4 kg/ha propanil at the V3 stage of growth, ‘Pickett 71′, ‘McNair 600′, ‘Tracy’, and ‘Bragg’ were the most tolerant; ‘Hutton’, ‘Hampton 266A’, ‘Bossier’, ‘Ts 74-34′, ‘Semmes', and ‘Forrest’ were moderately sensitive and Dowling’, ‘Davis', ‘Mack’, ‘Dare’, ‘Ranson’, and ‘McNair 800’ were the most sensitive to propanil injury.
Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons
Authors: Taylorson R. B.
Published: May 2019

Germination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.
Weed Interference in Transplanted Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Authors: Friesen G. H.
Published: May 2019

Transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Springset’) kept weed free for 36 days after transplanting, or weeded from the 24th day after transplanting, gave yields equal to those that had been kept weed free throughout the growing season. Conversely, when weeds were allowed to remain in the crop for more than 24 days after transplanting, yields were progressively reduced. Therefore, the ‘critical period’ of weed interference in tomatoes was between 24 and 36 days after transplanting. The yield of tomatoes was reduced significantly when only 5% of the weeds were allowed to remain in the plots longer than 21 days after transplanting. Weed interference appeared to have little, if any, effect on tomato juice quality as measured by color, consistency, and flavor.
Vertical Mowing and Herbicide Treatments on Thatch in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’ and ‘Tifgreen’] were vertically mowed and treated with herbicides alone or in combination at various time intervals during each of 4 yr. All vertically mowed treatments significantly reduced accumulation of thatch, but more than 3 treatments were needed each year for consistently high quality turf. Vertical mowing treatments reduced the accumulation of thatch more than any of the herbicides. Vertical mowing in February prevented a delay in early spring growth of turf. Populations of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] in the summer and chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo], henbit (Lamium amplexicauleL.), and brome grass (Bromussp.) in the winter were increased from vertical mowing when herbicides were not applied for control. None of the herbicide treatments injured bermudagrass turf except oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] when applied in the fall.
Effects of Herbicides on Nitrogen Fixation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Authors: Peters E. J. , Zbiba M. Ben
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], butralin[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], diclofopmethyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate} and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] were evaluated in the greenhouse for effects on growth, nodulation, and NH3 production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and medium red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Some reduction in nodulation occurred from some rates of the herbicides, but reduction in nodulation was usually associated with reduced plant growth caused by herbicidal injury.