bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed Tetracycline Initiation Increases Mortality Risk in Patients With Japanese Spotted Fever: Retrospective Analysis Using a National Inpatient Database
Authors: Kutsuna Satoshi , Ohbe Hiroyuki , Matsui Hiroki , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: October 2022

Background

This study aimed to determine the relationship between time to tetracycline therapy initiation and disease outcome in patients hospitalized with Japanese spotted fever (JSF).

Methods

Patients with JSF enrolled in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database from July 2010 to March 2021 were included in the analysis. Patients who received tetracycline on the day of admission were compared with those who received tetracycline later during their hospital stay using inverse probability of treatment weighting. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were total hospitalization cost and length of hospital stay.

Results

A total of 1360 patients were included, of whom 1060 (78%) received tetracycline on the day of admission (early tetracycline group), and 300 (22%) received tetracycline later (delayed tetracycline group). Patients in the delayed tetracycline group had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those in the early tetracycline group (3.9% vs 1.4%; odds ratio, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.34–6.47), significantly higher hospitalization costs, and longer hospital stays than those in the early tetracycline group.

Conclusions

The prognosis of patients with JSF is worse if tetracycline administration is delayed; therefore, physicians should initiate tetracycline on admission if JSF is suspected as a possible diagnosis.
Genomic Investigation to Identify Sources of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Healthcare Personnel in an Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Sansom Sarah E , Barbian Hannah , Hayden Mary K , Fukuda Christine , Moore Nicholas M , Thotapalli Lahari , Baied Elias J , Kim Do Young , Snitkin Evan , Lin Michael Y ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenter Program
Published: October 2022

Background

Identifying the source of healthcare personnel (HCP) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is important to guide occupational safety efforts. We used a combined whole genome sequencing (WGS) and epidemiologic approach to investigate the source of HCP COVID-19 at a tertiary-care center early in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

Remnant nasopharyngeal swab samples from HCP and patients with polymerase chain reaction–proven COVID-19 from a period with complete sample retention (14 March 2020 to 10 April 2020) at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, underwent viral RNA extraction and WGS. Genomes with >90% coverage underwent cluster detection using a 2 single-nucleotide variant genetic distance cutoff. Genomic clusters were evaluated for epidemiologic linkages, with strong linkages defined by evidence of time/location overlap.

Results

We analyzed 1031 sequences, identifying 49 clusters that included ≥1 HCP (265 patients, 115 HCP). Most HCP infections were not healthcare associated (88/115 [76.5%]). We did not identify any strong epidemiologic linkages for patient-to-HCP transmission. Thirteen HCP cases (11.3%) were attributed to a potential patient source (weak evidence involving nonclinical staff that lacked location data to prove or disprove contact with patients in same cluster). Fourteen HCP cases (12.2%) were attributed to HCP source (11 with strong evidence).

Conclusions

Using genomic and epidemiologic data, we found that most HCP severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections were not healthcare associated. We did not find strong evidence of patient-to-HCP transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Immune Senescence Markers Predict the Cellular Immune Response to BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Van Praet Jens T , De Groote Marie , De Bacquer Dirk , Verhalleman Ellen , Welvaert Ziggy , Emmerechts Jan , Reynders Marijke , De Vriese An S
Published: October 2022

Background

Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of frailty and accelerated immune senescence, potentially affecting the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination.

Methods

Humoral and cellular responses against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were determined in 189 COVID-naive hemodialysis patients at week 4 and 8 after vaccination with 2 doses of BNT162b2. Frailty indicators and immune senescence markers were determined at baseline to identify predictors of the immune response.

Results

Controlling for age, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs, walking pace, and the clinical frailty score correlated negatively and hand grip strength positively with the humoral response. Controlling for age, the proportions of memory CD4+ T cells, memory CD8+ T cells, CD28null T cells, and CD57+CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with the humoral response, whereas the proportions of memory CD4+ T cells and CD28null T cells correlated negatively and the CD4/CD8 ratio positively with the cellular response. In a multivariate model, only the proportions of memory CD4+ T cells and CD28null T cells independently predicted the cellular response.

Conclusions

Markers of immune senescence, but not frailty indicators, independently predict the cellular immune response after vaccination in hemodialysis patients, overruling the effect of chronological age.
Management of hard tissue abnormalities and digital orthopaedics using additive manufacturing techniques
Authors: Das Manojit , Alam Rukhsar , Das Monalisa , Biswal Basudev , Samal Barada Prasanna , Patnaik Ashis , Panda Sushanta Kumar , Owuor Peter Samora , Patra Prabir , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar
Published: October 2022

Additive manufacturing technologies are expected to disrupt the majority of the traditional way of manufacturing methods, particularly in the field of medical and healthcare. Bones and teeth are vital organs that are susceptible to various disorders due to environmental, traumatic, genetic factors and inherent malignant disorders. Most of the implants/prostheses normally used are cast and have a standard size and shape. Additive manufacturing has opened opportunities to replace these hard tissues with customized implants, prostheses or the whole additive manufactured organ itself while considering anatomical/structural parts and functional aspects of the body. It helps to visualize and mimic internal organs/models, pre-planning via simulation, anatomical demonstration, treatments and surgical teaching/training to technical staff by medical professionals. The current review covers additive manufacturing applications for the possible treatment of osteosarcoma, bone tumors, traumatic fracture, congenital anomalies, dental diseases, vertebral and cranial abnormalities, etc. from toe to head highlighting printing of long bones, short bones, cartilages, teeth and more based on the general classification of bones shape, that is, the external shape and size of different bones with some case studies. The article has also touched upon the additive manufacturing competitive edge over the conventional methods in terms of complexity, easiness, cost-effectiveness and reduced time. However, the internal structures have not been addressed so far in additive manufacturing which could be a new corner to enhance the properties of bones and teeth in the future.
Introduction
Authors: DeGloma Thomas , Brekhus Wayne H. , Force William Ryan
Published: October 2022

This introductory chapter discusses the complex history of symbolic interactionism (SI) along with the theoretical and methodological foundations of this multifaceted and broadly relevant perspective in the field of sociology. Rather than seeing SI as a well-defined program, the volume’s editors view contemporary SI as a rich and varied field of scholarship, and those who use SI as scholars who draw inspiration from multiple influences, blending them into new lenses with which to study the emergence or creative performance of meaning in a diverse variety of contexts and situations. In line with this vision, this handbook takes a flexible and expansive view of SI, rather than a rigid and orthodox position, both historically and in terms of our assessment of the field today. To this end, the introduction discusses four important developments that are reshaping the broad field of contemporary symbolic interactionist scholarship: the blending of SI with cultural sociology to form new visions of cultural interactionism, a renewed engagement with classical pragmatism, the growing significance of formal interactionism, and an expanding emphasis on power, inequalities, and intersectionality in contemporary SI research. The scholars who have contributed to this handbook demonstrate these developments in different ways. Finally, the chapter presents a brief overview of this handbook, which is organized into four parts: (I) theoretical and methodological orientations; (II) culture, context, and symbolic interaction; (III) power and inequalities; and (IV) environment, disasters, and risk. In the process, we stress the timely and unique characteristics of each chapter.
Heraclitus the Mythographer, On Unbelievable Stories
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the evidence for the date, authorship, and context of Heraclitus’s Peri Apiston (On Unbelievable Stories; De Incredibilibus). Little can be said with certainty, but we are probably dealing with a 1st- or 2nd-century AD text, the only work by this Heraclitus to survive. The text is a valuable document for hermeneutic practices in Greek culture in the imperial period in that it shows both points of continuity with notable forerunners and distinctive innovations. The chapter discusses the relationship between this text and the earlier one of Palaephatus. It examines the narrative structure of the Peri Apiston text and the evidence this provides for an ancient readership. It describes the various hermeneutic approaches apparent in the text—rationalization, allegory, Euhemerism, and etymology—and observes that they are not explicitly differentiated from one another.
Heraclitus the Allegorist,Homeric Problems
Authors: Konstan David
Published: October 2022

A certain Heraclitus (otherwise unknown) composed, probably around the year 100 ce, an allegorical interpretation of major scenes in the Iliad and Odyssey, bearing the title (in one manuscript), Homeric Problems: On What Homer Expressed Allegorically concerning the Gods. The ostensible purpose is to rescue Homer from the charge of blasphemy for his crude representation of the gods, for which he had been criticized by some philosophers (Heraclitus singles out Plato and Epicurus). Heraclitus employs etymology (favored by Stoics) and other devices to show that “Ares,” for example, may mean “war” rather than the god himself, and that “Apollo” (in the first book of the Iliad) stands for the sun (which brings on the plague), not the deity. Heraclitus also argues that Homer’s heroes are paradigms of virtue (e.g., Odysseus is a paragon of wisdom and endurance). The work, though rhetorical in nature, is an important complement to Pseudo-Plutarch On the Life and Poetry of Homer, Cornutus’s Compendium of Greek Theology, and other works, and a link in the development of Christian allegoresis.
Greek Mythography and Scholia
Authors: Villagra Nereida
Published: October 2022

The chapter gives a description of the mythographical material that can be found in four corpora of scholia—the scholia to Homer, Pindar, Euripides, and Apollonius Rhodius—from a synchronic perspective. A formal classification is proposed, following two criteria: the function of the mythographical scholia in relation to the main poetic text they comment on (scholia can provide additional information to the main text, an explanation, or a comparison) and the structure or mode of the scholia (they can be narratives, Zittatennester, or lists). The chapter first describes the origin of scholiastic corpora and the relationship between mythography and scholia, and then discusses each corpus of scholia separately.
The Mythographical Impulse in Early Greek Poetry
Authors: Nieto Hernández Pura
Published: October 2022

This chapter proposes that the distinction between mythology and mythography, despite their differences, is less sharp than is often assumed. It is common to establish a strong divide between an “original,” “creative,” mythmaking era that coincides with oral poetic compositions and a later, merely imitative, explanatory, and unoriginal period marked by written prose texts. But if mythography seems concise and dry, lacking the rich nuances of poetic expression, this owes to differences of genre or modes of composition rather than to date or nearness to a supposed primary, inspired period of Greek mythmaking. It is therefore possible to see how some characteristic features of mythography (such as the systematization, ordering, expurgation, and interpretation of stories) are also employed in the Iliad and the Odyssey, and by Hesiod and other archaic poets. For example, catalogues and genealogies are frequently used in archaic poetry and by the mythographers as a means of ordering and systematizing scattered stories. Common to both, too, is an acknowledgment of different versions of a story and the rectification of elements considered erroneous or impious. Finally, the interpretative aspect of mythography can also be found in the archaic poets, who often employ etymological explanations of words or names and other types of glosses, and even full-blown allegory. All these categories overlap, as the examples provided attest. Whether early poets were or not aware of these features as constituting distinct mythographical modes, the typology proposed here should suffice to show that mythography is coeval with what we understand by mythology.
Parthenius, Erotika Pathemata
Authors: Francese Christopher
Published: October 2022

Erotika Pathemata (“Disastrous Love Stories”) is a prose collection dating to the 40s or 30s bce. The author, Parthenius of Nicaea, was a Greek poet from Asia Minor, taken captive in Roman wars but freed because of his learning. He collaborated with Roman authors, including Vergil, and dedicated this work to the poet Cornelius Gallus. The stories, rewritten from various local Greek chroniclers and Peripatetic philosophers, run the gamut from mythological to semi-historical to historical time. There are little-known variations on familiar types and amusing sidelights on well-known mythological figures. The passions are typically illicit, the endings almost always disastrous. Parthenius edits out divine intervention and obviously fantastic elements, and gravitates to the grotesque, violent, and extreme violations of human custom, such as parricide, incest, and cannibalism. There is pathos, yet Parthenius treats these events in a distanced way, not without dry humor and paradox. Parthenius’s taste for mythographical novelty and historical subject matter, and his sympathetic treatment of illicit passion, have some parallels in contemporary Roman literature, for example Propertius’s Tarpeia elegy (4.4). But overall, Parthenius’s peculiar, antiheroic approach to erotic mythology represents a road not taken in extant Latin literature and differs markedly from the Greek novels that emerged later.
Rationalizing and Historicizing
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses rationalization, a historicist approach to myth. It offers a chronological survey of the most important ancient and post-antique rationalizers writing in Greek and Latin and analyzes their different methods and approaches. It then uses a case study of rationalistic interpretations of the Minotaur to examine the dynamics of the tradition. The chapter shows that rationalization is flexible in its applications. It can both produce historiographically appropriate forms of myths and remove biologically impossible elements of them. It is a tradition concerned, above all, with manipulating the material of myth in new and innovative ways, so that rationalizations produce novel versions of traditional stories.
Allegorizing and Philosophizing
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L.E.
Published: October 2022

After presenting the meaning and scope of allegory and philosophical allegoresis, and their relation to mythology in antiquity and late antiquity, this chapter points out how central the defense of myths from charges of impiety was to philosophical allegoresis. The main exponents of the allegoresis of myths from Theagenes onward are presented, The chapter argues that in Stoicism the allegoresis of myths was not only a rhetorical device or an etymologizing exercise but part and parcel of philosophy. It provided the link between physics and theology, which was essential to the Stoic immanentistic system in which everything is matter, including the divinity and souls. After presenting an analysis of mythological allegoresis from early to imperial Stoicism, the chapter argues against a merely apologetical role for Stoic allegoresis, i.e. its use as a defense and legitimization of Stoic philosophy. The Stoics integrated the allegoresis of myths into their philosophical system because they valued traditional expressions such as myth and rituals and their absorption into a broad philosophical system based on the Logos. Allegoresis was later part and parcel of philosophy in Middle and Neoplatonism, when a debate arose between “pagan” and Christian Platonists about which myths and traditions to consider susceptible of allegoresis. This meant to determine what mythological traditions contained philosophical truths expressed symbolically, which philosophy had to decode.
Mythography and Politics
Authors: Patterson Lee E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the role mythography played in the process of political mythopoesis (mythmaking)—that is, the use of myth to further such political goals as asserting hegemonic status, ennobling a community’s origins, and establishing kinship ties through heroic ancestors. Historians, geographers, and other chroniclers of this mythopoesis took various stances in terms of credulity. Some were invested in the myth and its political applications; most took a more neutral stand about the political claims while perpetuating a canon because of its prevalence in collective memory; and some rejected a particular version, and thus its attendant political usage, as they applied correctives to the narrative based on individual perceptions of canon, authenticity, and plausibility.
Mythography and Greek Vase Painting
Authors: Topper Kathryn
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines points of overlap between mythography and Greek vase painting. Although vase painters had different goals from mythographers, they used similar organizational and rhetorical strategies to present and reflect on myth. The chapter shows that the strategies of narrative, catalogue, and pendant can be detected in both vase painting and mythography. The François vase is discussed as an example of visual narrative and catalogue; the “Heroines pyxis” in London is treated as a second instance of catalogue; and Makron’s skyphos depicting the abduction and recovery of Helen is offered as an instance of pendant images. While vase paintings were not strictly mythographic in themselves, the examples considered in this chapter suggest that painters expected viewers to be adept at the same sorts of narration and comparison that made mythographic thought possible. The chapter ends by discussing some limitations of the approach that compares vase painting and mythography.
Mythography and Roman Wall Painting
Authors: Leach Eleanor Winsor
Published: October 2022

In the first sustained study how Roman wall painting intersects with mythography, this essay explores how both the depiction of myth on walls and the interpretative recreation of mythical narratives by viewers reflect a mythographical mindset. In a careful selection of case studies, the author considers: episodic narratives (Odyssey frieze from the Esquiline); variations on a theme (Actaeon in Casa del Frutteto and Casa di Epidius Rufus); synoptic mythography (Dirce cycle in Casa di Giulio Polibio); and ensemble collections with thematic connections (Casa di Giasone, Casa dei Dioscuri). All of these place active demands on the viewer in seeking connections to literary works as well as the “myth” itself. By contrast, the work of Philostratus, with its fictive educational setting, offers a glimpse how a rhetor might employ such interpretative strategies in the service of paideia.
Retelling Greek Myths on Roman Sarcophagi
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on the mythological narratives that decorated Roman sarcophagi of the 2nd to 3rd centuries ce, considering how they might be read and understood within the wider framework of mythography. It considers how they compare to different types of mythography—systematic mythography that collects and organises myths into coherent accounts, and interpretative mythography, which seeks to explain myths by rationalising them, or reading them as allegories of philosophical or ethical truths. These two approaches are first discussed with relation to two different retellings of the myth of Theseus and Ariadne. The chapter then looks at the thematic grouping of myths on sarcophagi before turning to discuss the ways that the mythological narratives of the deaths of Hector and Patroclus were treated differently on sarcophagi produced in different areas of the Roman world. Mythological sarcophagi selected from the wider corpus of myths those which could be particularly related to the funerary context. However, individual retellings could vary between more narrative versions, where the funerary message was left open for the viewer or purchaser to create, to those where the funerary symbolism was more explicitly stated by the use of particular visual techniques such as adding portrait features, or by displaying comparable mythological stories together.
Mythography and Christianity
Authors: Nimmo Smith Jennifer
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows how significant Christian apologists and authors made extensive use of Graeco-Roman mythology to create their own hostile accounts of its gods and heroes, using every technique, too, of the pagan schools of rhetoric. They were also strongly influenced by Hellenistic Jewish sources. They built on one another’s information, omitting or adding different themes and interpretations, in response to their times. The effect of Constantine’s conversion in 312 ce and his legislation was only briefly shaken by Julian’s reign; by 392, pagan cults had been banned. The Christian faith rose above the sack of Rome in 410 to refute, but not entirely to forget, Graeco-Roman mythology.
Hellenistic Mythography
Authors: Smith R. Scott , Trzaskoma Stephen M.
Published: October 2022

The main aim of this chapter is to survey and problematize our current state of knowledge of mythographical scholarship during the Hellenistic period. This era is widely considered crucial in the formation of mythography, but aside from the surviving work of Palaephatus, all the other evidence is scattered, fragmentary, and difficult to interpret. The chapter presents three case studies considering the work of Asclepiades of Tragilus, Lysimachus of Alexandria, and Apollodorus of Athens to test the identification of these three authors as mythographers and finds the evidence inconclusive, highlighting the need for new and further research into myth reception in the Hellenistic era.
Staging Karma
Authors: Riedel Friedlind
Published: October 2022

The nineteenth-century musical drama U Shin Gyi, Lord of Brackish Waters relates karma’s tragic turns: as a result of playing his harp at the shore of an uncharted island, the protagonist ceases to exist and a novel personage—a deity—steps into being in his place. This spectacular transformation, one that can be observed on stage and that expands into ritual, stakes out the limits of the phenomenological body. For the phenomenological body, despite having been theorized as relational and malleable, can never account for radical change. This chapter proposes to rethink phenomena of transformation in terms of cultural techniques (Kulturtechniken). If the musical drama helps us to realize that everything is impermanent, then karmic transformations such as these are as much a matter of aesthetic operations and technical procedures as they are of philosophical or religious reasoning. The chapter comprises a close analysis of musical techniques of staging and showing transformations. What mediates the transformation of the harpist into the deity is a musical instrument that appears on stage, the Burmese harp (saung gauk). Operations of plucking, sounding, and holding the harp, but also stage architecture and music bring about a specific order of phenomaena and process transformations and relations between thing and sign, the real and the imaginary, human and deity.
Guided by a Lizard
Authors: Sveiby Karl-Erik , Skuthorpe Tex
Published: October 2022

This chapter invites the reader to experience and hear the voices of the prehistorical community of the Australian Nhunggabarra First People made alive by their Law stories interpreted by their custodian, Tex Skuthorpe. These Law stories give a unique insight into how precolonial humanity organized respectful relationships with animals. The chapter highlights several of the Nhunggabarra’s organizational solutions and practices, among them the innovative organizing of ‘farms without fences’ as well as a gendered organizing approach that gave women more power over the intergenerational long-term survival of the people than the men. The choice of relational constructivism as epistemology resonates with the experience of the first author and the Law stories, which explicitly describe activities, inter actions, and power relations.
Big HaT, No Cattle
Authors: Cleland Silva Tricia
Published: October 2022

What is in a metaphor? This chapter explores interpretations of the metaphor ‘big hat, no cattle’ and what potential implications these interpretations have on practices within a scientific field of study; in this case, strategic human resource management (SHRM). The chapter opens a discussion to the limitation of research within human management fields and calls for the vital importance of more open-minded, inductive, and inclusive approaches to research that involves, or at least acknowledges, all the species within the context of study. This requires researchers to be held accountable for the stories they tell and to be critical of the limitations to human-centric storytelling.
Working the Dog
Authors: Cudworth Erika
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines how time and space are organized in specific ways around paid human work, walking with dogs, and within the home. In so doing, the chapter contributes to moves critiquing anthropocentric assumptions which form the basis of much of the study of organization(s); by suggesting that the organization of everyday practices and spaces are multispecies. The role of animals has been under-researched in organization studies until recently, and when animal companions are discussed, this tends to be in the context of workplaces, for example veterinary surgeries or linked to public presentation. This chapter, however, focuses on aspects of the mundane in everyday spaces, considering the home and the outside spaces of dog and human walking as important arenas in which organizational relations cohere. The chapter draws on material from an ethnographic study utilizing data from interviews and observations in two UK field sites—the Lea Valley Park in East London, and a village in the East Midlands in England. The chapter finds that homespace and time, and the activity of walking is organized by both dogs and their human companions in ways that involve compromise, labour, and accommodation. However, human working life poses difficulties for the multispecies household in ways which compromise the wellbeing of some humans and many dogs.
Social Media Images of Urban Coyotes and the Constitution of More-than-Human Cities
Authors: Hunold Christian
Published: October 2022

When images of coyotes in North American cities first made the news in the 2000s, they were widely understood to show a wild animal out of place. The coyote in such images served as the natural pole on a nature-culture continuum and the city served as the cultural pole, thus reinforcing the idea that humans and wild predators inhabit categorically different worlds, spatially and ecologically. However, the ubiquity of smart phones and the growing abundance of urban coyotes have since led to a proliferation on social media of images that reveal coyotes as residing in urban settings as opposed to being lost in them. Such images drive processes of multispecies place-making that involve struggles for control and negotiations of acceptable levels of risk, but also give rise to novel expressions of kinship and ways of being well together in multispecies neighbourhoods. Using visual methods, this chapter weaves together insights from human-animal studies, new materialist thinking, and work within organization studies on space to better understand how multispecies place-making remakes urban locations though practices of accommodation. It asks not what images of urban coyotes show, but what they do; how such images do not just represent space and place, but how the joint activities of coyotes and humans (and their companion dogs) made visible on social media are remaking neighbourhood parks in San Francisco and Philadelphia as places that accommodate coyotes as fellow urban dwellers.
The Mate Switching Hypothesis for Infidelity
Authors: Abrams Mike , Abrams Lidia Dengelegi
Published: October 2022

Infidelity toward obtaining a new partner is commonly abetted by the tendency, especially during the peak reproductive years, to continually assess other potential companions’ mate value, suitability, and availability. The strategy of maintaining a relationship while seeking other partners can be adaptive for several reasons: (1) Whether in service of finding a new partner or not, infidelity offers the male more potential childbearing partners and provides the female a means to obtain genes from a partner with a superior phenotype, (2) extradyadic sex potentially creates a bond with a new partner and can add to one’s perceived security in a relationship while paradoxically easing leaving it, and (3) infidelity can act to mitigate the financial or emotional risks of leaving a partner who has become less desirable. Mate switching infidelity is abetted by many intrinsic factors such as males’ tendency to reflexively attend to those with salient sexual features and females’ propensity to remain vigilant for new partners who offer superior genes, status, and resources. This chapter details these and several other cultural and evolutionary forces that underlie the mate switching hypothesis of infidelity. It also presents case studies to illuminate the psychological and clinical implications of this practice.
Forgiveness for a Partner’s Infidelity
Authors: Dillow Megan R. , Denes Amanda
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers a brief treatment of infidelity as a major relational transgression and discusses several types of infidelity (i.e., sexual, emotional, communicative, and same-sex infidelity). It overviews numerous aspects of granting forgiveness, beginning with a summary of the various conceptualizations of forgiveness, including motivation-based, therapeutic, and communicative perspectives. The measurement of forgiveness is considered, including assessments of forgiveness at varying levels of specificity. Common correlates and predictors of granting forgiveness are identified, including dispositional, situational, physiological, physical, relationship, and social network considerations. Interventions that encourage forgiveness are presented, such as the decision-based model of forgiveness of marital infidelity and the integrative model of forgiveness. Cross-cultural similarities and differences with regard to the antecedents of forgiveness are acknowledged, although available research is limited primarily to Western cultures at this point. Typical strategies for communicating forgiveness to a transgressor are identified, including direct, indirect, and conditional tactics. The limited research on seeking forgiveness is also reviewed by way of an analysis of offender behavior that is most likely to elicit forgiveness (e.g., sincerely apologizing, displaying remorse, taking responsibility). Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the consequences of forgiveness for both the forgiver and the offender, including physical, physiological, psychological, and relational outcomes. Attention is given to the potential dark side of forgiveness, such as exploitation risk for the forgiver, the possibility of prolonging an unhealthy relationship, and compromised extradyadic relationships with close friends and family members who disagree with the decision to forgive the offender.
Renewed Love Between Partners Following Infidelity
Authors: Wade T. Joel , Burch Rebecca L. , Fisher Maryanne L.
Published: October 2022

Infidelity has gained significant research attention within evolutionary and social psychology, but the bulk of this work pertains to issues surrounding defining infidelity, documenting its prevalence, or how people immediately react to infidelity in their relationships. Significantly less research has focused on what transpires in the relationship in the longer-term after the infidelity, and after the faithful partner fully realizes what has occurred. The research that does exist tends to pertain to sex differences in reactions, with men being far less optimistic about the future of their existing relationships. Others have examined the effect of the type of infidelity on relationship termination. This chapter focuses on how couples decide, and the methods they use, to continue relationships and rekindle love after infidelity has occurred.
Cultural Differences and Similarities in the Nature of Infidelity
Authors: Pazhoohi Farid
Published: October 2022

This chapter highlights the variations and diversity of human mating systems and cultural differences and similarities in the nature of and attitudes toward infidelity. Altogether, this chapter reviews and shows what is constituted as infidelity in one culture might not necessarily be considered as infidelity in another culture. While there has been some cross-cultural research to evaluate differences and similarities across societies and populations in infidelity, the literature still lacks proper research on what is considered as infidelity in different cultures, societies, and traditions. The current issues of research such as lack of diversity, (i.e., sample limitation to heterosexual, middle-to-upper-class, white, undergraduate students, from Western and industrialized societies, majority from the United States) are noted. Moreover, this chapter argues that the intense interest among behavioral researchers in identifying a universal sex difference in distress over sexual and emotional aspects of infidelity has resulted in neglect of exploring the nature of infidelity and the cultural variations in the attitudes toward infidelity. Finally, by signifying a limited research that employed a behavioral ecological approach, this chapter calls for cross-cultural research based on a behavioral ecological approach on cultural differences and similarities in the nature of infidelity.
Future Directions for Theory and Research on the Predictors, Nature, and Consequences of Infidelity
Authors: DeLecce Tara
Published: October 2022

This handbook has presented the current state of the research on the predictors, nature, and consequences of infidelity from a variety of perspectives, including social, clinical, and evolutionary. Although significant advances have been made to understand infidelity, there remain many unanswered questions, leaving plentiful avenues for future directions. This concluding chapter will address in more detail several remaining issues mentioned in previous chapters. Most importantly, “infidelity” lacks a definition that is standardized across studies, and a clearer understanding could be achieved given adequate methods to define infidelity, even if this means converting the construct of infidelity from unidimensional to multidimensional. Once this is accomplished, other issues surrounding infidelity can be explored. Specifically, in addition to a lack of research addressing non-heterosexual dyadic relationships, there is a lack of research on the nature of infidelity in relationships that are polyamorous or entail some degree of socially acceptable nonmonogamy. Relatedly, little research has investigated the consequences of infidelity in cultures that place less value on maintaining monogamy. Furthermore, there is an overreliance on cross-sectional research featuring relatively young participants, which does not address the impact of infidelity across the lifespan, including in the postreproductive years. The remainder of the chapter provides suggestions for ways to incorporate these missing issues into the infidelity literature.
Predicting Online Infidelity
Authors: Fitzgerald Carey J. , Moreno Crystal , Thompson Jody
Published: October 2022

Infidelity, as well as emotional and behavioral responses to infidelity, have been extensively studied in the evolutionary and social psychological literature. However, changing Internet usage by the general population continues to afford new directions to this body of research. With the advent of such websites and applications as Ashley Madison, Seeking Arrangement, and Tinder, the Internet has provided a new environment for humans to engage in both sexual and emotional infidelity on an unprecedented level. This chapter defines sexual infidelity and emotional infidelity within the context of the Internet, then reviews the literature regarding online infidelity (specifically, usage of Ashley Madison and Tinder) with a focus on the situational, dispositional, and cultural factors that influence these behaviors. Variables such as gender, age, income, attachment style, relationship satisfaction, and personality traits—including the five factor model (i.e., the “Big Five”) and the dark triad model—are examined. Same sex infidelity, nonbinary infidelity, and suggestions for future research on this topic are also discussed.
Esther Williams’s Latin Lovers
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: October 2022

Early in Bathing Beauty, Esther Williams’s first musical at MGM, Red Skelton’s character wants to serenade his fiancée, played by Williams. She is about to arrive for her daily swim and Skelton, a songwriter, has composed a song for her. Although he can sing, rather than perform “Magic Is the Moonlight” himself, Skelton has asked Columbian baritone Carlos Ramirez to sing it for him in Spanish. The substitution of Ramirez for Skelton is a foreshadowing of how Williams’s cinematic body could blur certain ideological boundaries of the era through her association with Latinness and its visible displacements onscreen. Central to Williams’s star persona was her frequent association with Latinness. Xavier Cugat appeared in four of her musicals, she starred opposite Ricardo Montalbán in three, and Fernando Lamas, whom she eventually married several years after leaving MGM, appeared in Dangerous When Wet, one of her final efforts at that studio. The chapter concentrates on three musicals: Fiesta, On an Island with You, and Neptune’s Daughter. These films, made shortly after the war ended and as the postwar readjustment of conventional and more rigid gender roles began, offers a revealing glimpse not only of how this studio progressively whitened Montalbán’s Latinness but also how his onscreen ethnicity opened up ways of appreciating what made Williams’s star image, so focused on her athletic body, a more provocative portrayal of femininity in the 1940s than one remembers or that most scholarship on the musical acknowledges.
The Problem of Playing Oneself
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: October 2022

Oscar Levant claimed that Hollywood miscast him as himself. The joke speaks to how closely intertwined failure, achievement, and identity were interwoven for Levant, whose many occupations (pianist, composer, actor, and comic writer) reflected both the opportunities and liabilities of such multifaceted talent. But unlike other secondary characters, Levant brought with him a crossover star persona that served as foil and ballast for the marquee stars he supported. This chapter argues that while Levant’s performances of himself changed only slightly, the shifting emphasis he received across these films through musical performances presented competing solutions to the problem that Levant’s characters posed. How does a cynical, marginalized pianist “play” in the earnest, optimistic genre of the Hollywood film musical, where singing and dancing drive the entertainment? This chapter addresses this question by setting analysis of his onscreen roles within the context of his broader celebrity. Levant’s work as a concert artist and writer, his close relationship with the Gershwins, and his struggles with mental health informed his onscreen roles and characterized the peculiar authenticity that Levant’s characters embodied within the film musical.
“Hard to Replace”
Authors: Broomfield-McHugh Dominic
Published: October 2022

The critical response to the re-pairing of beloved song-and-dance team Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers a decade after their ninth and final film for RKO, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939), was overwhelmingly positive. Yet although it is obvious that the film needs to be read through the lens of the Astaire-Rogers partnership, the project was commissioned for a quite different pairing. Freed was so delighted by the combination of perhaps his two favorite performers, Astaire and Judy Garland, in Easter Parade (1948) that he immediately asked screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green to devise another film for Astaire and Garland as a rapid follow-up. Ultimately, exhaustion and medical problems caused Garland to be unreliable and therefore she was removed from the project—physically, at least—and replaced by Rogers. Yet Garland’s impact on the writing of the screenplay and score of The Barkleys of Broadway was too dominant simply to be written out, leaving the movie with an interesting patina of two especially potent combinations: Astaire-Garland, the popular partnership of the previous year’s hit, and Astaire-Rogers, the much-missed favorite team of the 1930s. This chapter uses archival production sources to consider how the finished movie reflects several competing tensions that the screenwriters, composer, lyricist, and production team had to address as a result of abruptly transforming a movie intended for one stellar partnership into a vehicle for another.
“Hear the Beat of Dancing Feet”
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: October 2022

42nd Street brought Busby Berkeley into the Warner Bros. fold, and initiated a series of highly successful film musicals that rescued the studio’s financial fortunes. The grittily realistic approach to the “backstage” formula, plus attractive diegetic songs by Harry Warren and Al Dubin, are also distinctive, as are its broader political messages in the context of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s victory in the 1932 US presidential election. The script, based on the contemporary novel by Bradford Ropes, went through various iterations, and further revisions were made during production and editing, leaving a number of problems in their wake. The casting of Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler (plus a young Ginger Rogers) also created complications given their widely differing talents. But the film reveals how Hollywood was now trying to battle with Broadway, leaving the much later (1980) stage version of the show to fight back in somewhat uncertain terms.
Expressive Thresholds and Anomalous Utterances
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2022

The convention of bursting into stylized performance has provoked terminological and conceptual debates in film musical scholarship. This article considers the crucial experience of a threshold between an everyday and a musicalized realm, which seems to provide access to a privileged state of existence. Then it explores an additional way in which the film musical pits realism against stylization, concerning the scene of utterance, that is, how musical numbers dramatize social exchange. Musical utterances can be classified as lyric, presentational, or participatory; within each category, scenes can conform to or suspend realism. Anomalous types with no real-life models include scenes of group expression, speechifying, ambient voices, and the virtual show. Analysis of utterance types can provide insights into the double-natured aesthetic of the genre.
The Inter-American Quest for Peace and Justice
Authors: Peace Roger
Published: October 2022

This chapter surveys US-Latin American relations over the course of 180 years, recounting domestic, transnational, and diplomatic efforts to contain and reform U.S. interventionism and establish just societies in Latin America. Chapter sections highlight opposition to the US-Mexican War, 1846–1848; actions taken to avoid another war with Mexico in the early twentieth century; transnational organizing and lobbying aimed at ending US military occupations in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua; successful Latin American diplomatic efforts to establish the principle of non-intervention in international law; multiple challenges to US Cold War policies, liberation theology, and human rights movements; the Central America Movement of the 1980s; Latin American challenges to US violations of international law; and twenty-first-century peace and justice projects in Latin America.
The Ongoing Quest for Marginal Peace in the Arab World
Authors: Mershani Aisha
Published: October 2022

The revolutions of 2011 were not produced in a vacuum. Grievances were transferred from one generation to the next, and as result, the Arab youth of 2011 were part of a long legacy of resistance to state violence and social movements striving for peace with justice. This chapter will map out contemporary histories of Arab resistance with the aim of peace and social justice through three distinct eras—nationalism (1948–1960), neoliberalism (1970–2000), and pro-democracy (2000–2020)—to provide insight into how Arab movements at large and groups and individuals specifically have advocated for peace over several generations. This chapter contributes a framework for how social justice actors are not always guided by ideology, but by necessity. As a result, this chapter argues for a distinct theorization of peace that takes seriously how movements for peace emerged from the margins to battle the violence of colonialism, neoliberalism, and corruption.
Ancient Rome and the Quest for Peace
Authors: Weigel Richard D.
Published: October 2022

Although peace for the ancient Romans was primarily “negative” in that it was both established and maintained by superior military force, they did create peace over substantive geographical areas that lasted for significant periods of time during both the republic and the “pax Romana” of the empire. There were also religious, linguistic, economic, and political actions that helped secure peace in a positive way. Those Romans who commented on the benefits that accompanied peace generally contrasted these with the chaos and bloodshed they associated with civil war and connected them both to a golden age in their early history as well as with their own experiences in the early Empire period.