bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled C—O versus C—N Allylic Functionalization of Terminal Olefins.
Authors: Strambeanu Iulia I. , White M. Christina
Published: January 2014

Depending on the reaction conditions and especially the reaction time, the substrates can be converted to either aminooxazolines or imidazolidinones (with the respective other being a side‐product in small amounts).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Carbohydrate Appended Hydrazinocyclopentenes with Potent Glycation and α‐Glucosidase Inhibition Activities.
Authors: Ajish K. R. , Joseph Nayana , Rani M. Priya , Raghu K. G. , Vineetha V. P. , Radhakrishnan K. V.
Published: January 2014

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel alkylidenecyclopentene glycohybrids like (IV) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides and 1‐Bromoalkynes at Room Temperature.
Authors: Rasolofonjatovo Evelia , Theeramunkong Sewan , Bouriaud Alexandra , Kolodych Sergii , Chaumontet Manon , Taran Frederic
Published: January 2014

The title mild reaction offers a direct route to new 1,4,5‐trisubstituted triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Mediated Azide—Alkyne Ligation to 1,5‐ and 1,4,5‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Smith Christopher D. , Greaney Michael F.
Published: January 2014

A regioselective method for the synthesis of different substituted triazole derivatives under mild reactions conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids as Unique Solvents in One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐(N,2,2,2‐Tetranitroethylamino)‐3‐R‐furazans.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Aleksandrova Nataly S. , Palysaeva Nadezhda V. , Struchkova Marina I. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu.
Published: January 2014

The prepared furazanes are thoroughly investigated by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of Anthrapyran‐2‐ones and the Total Synthesis of the Natural Product (.+‐.)‐BE‐26554A.
Authors: Rixson James E. , Skelton Brian W. , Koutsantonis George A. , Gericke Kersten M. , Stewart Scott G.
Published: January 2014

This straightforward approach gives access to a new series of anthrapyran‐2‐ones as well as to the antibiotic and antitumor compound (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of cis‐3‐Fluoropiperidin‐4‐ol, a Building Block for Medicinal Chemistry.
Authors: Shaw Simon J. , Goff Dane A. , Boralsky Luke A. , Irving Mark , Singh Rajinder
Published: January 2014

Both enantiomers of the title compound (III) are available with high enantioselectivities by using either quinine‐ or quinidine‐derived organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives via One Pot Multicomponent Condensation in Water.
Authors: Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Norouzi Masoomeh
Published: January 2014

A novel series of Hantzsch‐pyridine derivatives is prepared by reaction of nano aluminum nitride and aromatic aldehydes with 3‐oxobutanoate derivatives (II) under catalyst‐free and eco‐friendly conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative CH/CH Direct Coupling of Heterocyclic N‐Oxides.
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Yahui , Wang Yue , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: January 2014

The highly efficient and regioselective oxidation represents a practical preparation of unsymmetrical and symmetrical bisheteroaryl molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: A One Pot Microwave Assisted Synthesis of 3‐Acyl‐2,4‐dihydroxyquinoline (III) Followed by Synthesis of 7‐Methyldibenzo[c,f][2,7]naphthyridin‐6(5H)‐ones (V) via Three Routes.
Authors: Pitchai P. , Uvarani C. , Gengan R. M. , Mohan P. S.
Published: January 2014

The title compounds (V) are obtained by applying microwave and photochemical techniques under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclic Amino Acid Derivatives via a [2,3]‐Stevens Rearrangement and Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Nash Aaron , Soheili Arash , Tambar Uttam K.
Published: January 2014

Unnatural cyclic amino acid derivatives are accessible through a palladium‐catalyzed tandem allylic amination/Stevens rearrangement followed by ring‐closing metathesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Xyolide.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy P. Sivaramakrishna , Reddy B. Phaneendra , Yadav J. S. , Al Ghamdi Ahamad Al Khazim
Published: January 2014

A stereoselective total synthesis of xyolide (I) is described employing MacMillan α‐hydroxylation, Steglich esterification, and ring closing metathesis as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Conjugated Benzimidazole Carbene‐Based Ruthenium Sensitizer for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells.
Authors: Li Wen‐Ren , et al. et al.
Published: January 2014

Compared with the dye CBTR the conjugated thiophene on compound (I) enhances the molar extinction coefficient of the intraligand π—π* transition and the intensity of the lower energy metal to ligand transfer band.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Azo‐3‐cyano‐iminocoumarin Dyes.
Authors: Bouattour A. , Fakhfakh M. , LeBigot Y. , Abid S. , Ammar H.
Published: January 2014

A three‐step procedure based on the formation of azo aldehydes, Knoevenagel condensation and reaction with isocyanate or thioisocyanate derivatives paves the way towards the synthesis of new N‐substituted iminocoumarin derivatives (VII) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: How to Prepare a Good Cu/ZnO Catalyst or the Role of Solid State Chemistry for the Synthesis of Nanostructured Catalysts
Authors: Behrens Malte , Schloegl Robert
Published: January 2014

Review: <50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Crystal Chemistry of Alkaline Earth‐ and Rare Earth‐Oxocobaltates
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: January 2014

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Our Journey to the Chemistry of Metallabenzynes
Authors: Jia Guochen
Published: January 2014

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Catalysis: A new Approach to Polymers
Authors: Robert Carine , Thomas Christophe M.
Published: January 2014

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cytotoxic Palmerolides
Authors: Lisboa Marilda P. , Dudley Gregory B.
Published: January 2014

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Studies on Heterogeneous Catalysts at the Atomic Scale: From Supported Metal Particles to Two‐dimensional Zeolites
Authors: Freund Hans‐Joachim , Heyde Markus , Nilius Niklas , Schauermann Swetlana , Shaikhutdinov Shamil , Sterrer Martin
Published: January 2014

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review and Comprehensive Analysis of Degradation Mechanisms of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Mocoteguy Philippe , Brisse Annabelle
Published: January 2014

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Tuning for Oxide‐Based Nanomaterials as Efficient Photocatalysts
Authors: Jing Liqiang , Zhou Wei , Tian Guohui , Fu Honggang
Published: January 2014

Review: 334 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspectives on Electron‐Assisted Reduction for Preparation of Highly Dispersed Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Liu Chang‐Jun , Zhao Yue , Li Yingzhi , Zhang Da‐Shuai , Chang Ze , Bu Xian‐He
Published: January 2014

Review: 45 refs.
Enantiomeric Separation of Underivatized Amino Acids: Predictability of Chiral Recognition on Ristocetin A Chiral Stationary Phase
Authors: Wagdy Hebatallah A. , Hanafi Rasha S. , El‐Nashar Rasha M. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2014

The present work aimed to investigate the predictability of the chromatographic behavior for the separation of underivatized amino acids on ristocetin A, known as Chirobiotic R, using a DryLab high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development software, which is typically used to predict the effect of changing various chromatographic parameters on resolution in the reversed phase mode. After implementing the basic runs, and judging the predictability via the computed resolution map, it can be deduced that the chiral recognition mechanisms tend towards a hydrophilic interaction chromatography rather than the reversed phase mode, which limits the ability of DryLab software to predict separations on Chirobiotic R. Chirality 26:132–135, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why do firms hold so much cash? An innovation explanation
Authors: Lin Shannon
Published: January 2014

Theory holds that knowledge has positive economic consequences. While US corporations defend record high level cash holdings citing the precautionary motive in response to changing firm characteristics, I find that knowledge‐based innovation can partially explain these changes. Using distance to the nearest research university as a measure of knowledge intensity, I show that knowledge‐intensive firms hold more cash, even after controlling for firm R&D. Moreover, knowledge‐intensive firms exhibit higher marginal value of cash and save more cash from cash flows than their less knowledge‐intensive counterparts. Overall, the precautionary motive appears to dominate the agency motive, with the effect of knowledge on cash holdings strengthening over time. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a robust internal model control PID controller based on linear quadratic gaussian tuning strategy
Authors: Jin Qi‐bing , Liu Li‐ye
Published: January 2014

A design procedure of the robust IMC‐PID controller based on the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) tuning strategy is proposed to avoid the cut‐and‐try method in tuning the internal model control proportional integral derivative (IMC‐PID) controller parameters. In this paper, the relationship between the optimal controller and the maximum sensitivity function is established. Then the relationship between the maximum sensitivity function and the IMC‐PID parameter is established. The IMC‐PID parameter can be tuned by the above two relationships. In other words, the tuned IMC‐PID parameter depends on the optimal controller parameter which is designed by the LQG tuning strategy. The application to design a process of the IMC‐PID controller shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the first order plus the dead time (FOPDT) system and the second order plus the dead time (SOPDT) system. Simulation results present that the proposed method shows the tradeoff between the dynamic performance and the system robustness.
Chromatic analysis of blue ballpoint pen inks and related dyes
Authors: Feraru Daniela Laura , Mihaly Maria , Meghea Aurelia
Published: January 2014

Analysis of ballpoint pen inks on questioned documents is often required in the field of forensic analysis to identify the writing implement used in the commitment of a crime. In forensic work, it is thus necessary to identify the manufacturer of the pen or the specific ink product.

In this article, a forensic analysis is documented for discrimination of a series of ballpoint pastes to identify the chromatic components used for blue ballpoint pen inks and thus to establish the writing instrument used in a questioned document. To achieve this, data of various adequate techniques have been corroborated: X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible–near‐infrared spectrophotometry, in diffuse reflection and transmission modes, completed by trichromatic analyses, and thin layer chromatography. A protocol consisting of four steps has been proposed, in which various components provided by a database of reference dyes are removed, selected, and combined to assess the possible identity of an unknown pen ink paste among a set belonging to the same color pallet. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 169–177, 2015
Cross‐Linked Imidazolium Salts as Scavengers for Palladium
Authors: Buscemi Roberto , Giacalone Francesco , Orecchio Santino , Gruttadauria Michelangelo
Published: January 2014

Five imidazolium‐based materials have been synthesised and used for the first time as palladium scavengers. Radical reactions of suitable bis‐vinylimidazolium salts led to a series of insoluble materials through homo‐polymerisation, immobilisation with a 3‐mercaptopropyl‐modified silica gel or co‐polymerisation with ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate. These materials were screened as palladium scavengers with a set of palladium(0) and palladium(II) compounds in different solvents and at different starting amounts of palladium. In many cases, residual amounts of palladium were lower than 5 ppm, as requested for the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. The application of one of these materials as a palladium scavenger in a Suzuki coupling reaction resulted in a 29‐fold abatement of the palladium content in the final product with respect to the control reaction.
Correcting Psychotherapists' Blindsidedness: Formal Feedback as a Means of Overcoming the Natural Limitations of Therapists
Authors: Macdonald James , Mellor‐Clark John
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Monitoring of client progress in psychological therapy using formal outcome measures at each session has been shown to increase the effectiveness of treatment. It seems likely that this ‘feedback’ effect is achieved by enabling therapists to identify clients at risk of treatment failure so that therapists can pay greater attention to client difficulties, which may be hindering therapeutic work. To date, little attention has been given to understanding relevant mechanisms of formal feedback in psychological therapy. In order to understand and maximize the benefits of feedback, it is essential to explore potential mechanisms contributing to this effect. Research in social psychology may help to explain how feedback works.

Methods

Findings on cognitive biases in the field of social psychology are explored and linked to preliminary findings in the field of psychotherapy research.

Results

Research on cognitive biases and expertise is congruent with indications that clinical prediction in psychotherapy is unreliable and that it may be difficult for clinicians to detect errors in their judgement as a result of a lack of clear corrective feedback. This problem is linked to the fact that clinical outcomes occur in a complex ‘noisy’ environment where prediction is inherently difficult.

Conclusion

Formal feedback may derive its benefits from its ability to help correct naturally occurring biases in therapists' assessment of their work. If these biases are seen as normal, but often avoidable if feedback is used, this may pave the way to greater acceptance of formal feedback by clinicians and enhanced outcomes for clients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The use of formal feedback tools can help therapists overcome inevitable limitations in their ability to predict poor response to treatment, enhancing the likelihood of detecting and resolving client difficulties in therapy.
What shall I do now? State‐dependent variations of life‐history traits with aging in Wandering Albatrosses
Authors: Pardo Deborah , Barbraud Christophe , Weimerskirch Henri
Published: January 2014

Allocation decisions depend on an organism's condition which can change with age. Two opposite changes in life‐history traits are predicted in the presence of senescence: either an increase in breeding performance in late age associated with terminal investment or a decrease due to either life‐history trade‐offs between current breeding and future survival or decreased efficiency at old age. Age variation in several life‐history traits has been detected in a number of species, and demographic performances of individuals in a given year are influenced by their reproductive state the previous year. Few studies have, however, examined state‐dependent variation in life‐history traits with aging, and they focused mainly on a dichotomy of successful versus failed breeding and non‐breeding birds. Using a 50‐year dataset on the long‐lived quasi‐biennial breeding wandering albatross, we investigated variations in life‐history traits with aging according to a gradient of states corresponding to potential costs of reproduction the previous year (in ascending order): non‐breeding birds staying at sea or present at breeding grounds, breeding birds that failed early, late or were successful. We used multistate models to study survival and decompose reproduction into four components (probabilities of return, breeding, hatching, and fledging), while accounting for imperfect detection. Our results suggest the possible existence of two strategies in the population: strict biennial breeders that exhibited almost no reproductive senescence and quasi‐biennial breeders that showed an increased breeding frequency with a strong and moderate senescence on hatching and fledging probabilities, respectively. The patterns observed on survival were contrary to our predictions, suggesting an influence of individual quality rather than trade‐offs between reproduction and survival at late ages. This work represents a step further into understanding the evolutionary ecology of senescence and its relationship with costs of reproduction at the population level. It paves the way for individual‐based studies that could show the importance of intra‐population heterogeneity in those processes.
Validation of adipose lipid content as a body condition index for polar bears
Authors: McKinney Melissa A. , Atwood Todd , Dietz Rune , Sonne Christian , Iverson Sara J. , Peacock Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

Body condition is a key indicator of individual and population health. Yet, there is little consensus as to the most appropriate condition index (CI), and most of the currently used CIs have not been thoroughly validated and are logistically challenging. Adipose samples from large datasets of capture biopsied, remote biopsied, and harvested polar bears were used to validate adipose lipid content as a CI via tests of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, biopsy depth, and storage conditions and comparisons to established CIs, to measures of health and to demographic and ecological parameters. The lipid content analyses of even very small biopsy samples were highly accurate and precise, but results were influenced by tissue depth at which the sample was taken. Lipid content of capture biopsies and samples from harvested adult females was correlated with established CIs and/or conformed to expected biological variation and ecological changes. However, lipid content of remote biopsies was lower than capture biopsies and harvested samples, possibly due to lipid loss during dart retrieval. Lipid content CI is a biologically relevant, relatively inexpensive and rapidly assessed CI and can be determined routinely for individuals and populations in order to infer large‐scale spatial and long‐term temporal trends. As it is possible to collect samples during routine harvesting or remotely using biopsy darts, monitoring and assessment of body condition can be accomplished without capture and handling procedures or noninvasively, which are methods that are preferred by local communities. However, further work is needed to apply the method to remote biopsies.
Effect of comorbidities on outcomes and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor effects in patients with predominantly left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure
Authors: Böhm Michael , Pogue Janice , Kindermann Ingrid , Pöss Janine , Koon Teo , Yusuf Salim
Published: January 2014

Aims

Comorbidities are frequent in heart failure and impact outcomes. It is not known whether comorbidities are associated with outcomes in asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction compared to clinical heart failure and whether comorbidities interfere with treatment effects. Our objective was to assess comorbidities and their effects on outcomes in predominantly asymptomatic populations without previous heart failure treatment of the SOLVD prevention trial, compared to symptomatic heart failure patients of SOLVD treatment and to evaluate associations to the effect of enalapril.

Methods and results

This post hoc analysis from the SOLVD prevention and SOLVD treatment trials includes 4228 patients with left ventricular dysfunction and 2569 patients with heart failure. The preexisting comorbidities hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary disease, angina pectoris, renal impairment, and anaemia were similar in SOLVD treatment and SOLVD prevention, with a higher prevalence in SOLVD treatment. Comorbidities are significantly associated with the primary composite of SOLVD time to death or heart failure hospitalization (SOLVD prevention: HR 4.8, CI: 3.2–7.18, P < 0.0001; SOLVD treatment: HR 2.9, CI: 2.12–3.95, P < 0.0001 for more than four comorbidities vs. no comorbidities), and to death, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiovascular death where the effect of the number of coexisting comorbidities was additive. There was no significant interaction of comorbidities with treatment effects of enalapril.

Conclusion

Comorbidities increased events in asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and in symptomatic heart failure, but did not interfere with the effects of enalapril. Comorbidities need to be adequately addressed in clinical trials, which should also involve non‐cardiac treatments in order to improve outcome for heart failure patients.
Recognition of Salmonella by Dectin‐1 induces presentation of peptide antigen to type B T cells
Authors: Jackson Nicola , Compton Evan , Trowsdale John , Kelly Adrian P.
Published: January 2014

Type B T cells recognize peptide–MHC class II (pMHCII) isoforms that are structurally distinct from those recognized by conventional type A T cells. These alternative type B conformers result from peptide loading in the absence of HLA‐DM. Type A conformers are more stable than type B pMHCII conformers but bind the same peptide in the same register. Here, we show that interaction of Salmonella Typhimurium with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) isolated from C3H/HeNCr1 mice results in enhanced presentation of peptide Ag to type B T cells. The effect could be mimicked by purified PAMPs, the most potent of which were curdlan and zymosan, β‐(1,3)‐glucan‐containing polymers that are recognized by Dectin‐1. Blocking of Dectin‐1 with Ab and laminarin inhibited the induction of the type B T‐cell response by BMDCs, confirming its role as a PRR for S. Typhimurium. Splenic DCs (sDCs) expressed Dectin‐1 but were refractive to the induction of type B responses by S. Typhimurium and curdlan. Type B T cells have been shown to escape thymic tolerance and to transfer pathology in an autoimmune disease model. The induction of type B responses by gram‐negative bacteria provides a mechanism by which autoreactive T cells may be produced during infection.
Two Series of Lanthanide Metal‐Organic Frameworks Constructed from Crown‐Ether‐Like Secondary Building Units
Authors: Wang Hao , Wen Rong‐Mei , Hu Tong‐Liang
Published: January 2014

Two series of lanthanide metal‐organic frameworks, [KLn3(FDCA)5(H2O)5]·solvent (1Ln) (Ln = La 1, Ce 2, Pr 3), [K4Ln8(FDCA)14(H2O)30]·2(H2FDCA)·DMAC·10(H2O) (2Ln) (Ln = Eu 4, Gd 5, Tb 6, Dy 7, Er 8, DMAC = N,N‐dimethylacetamide), have been prepared by solvothermal reactions of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (H2FDCA) and KNO3 with the corresponding lanthanide nitrate. X‐ray crystal structure analyses show that 1Ln possesses a 3D network based on the “16‐crown‐6‐like” secondary building unit (SBU), whereas 2Ln exhibits a 1D framework with a “23‐crown‐9‐like” SBU. The structural investigation unambiguously demonstrated that the lanthanide contraction affects the formation of 1Ln and 2Ln. Meanwhile, the solid‐state photoluminescent properties of 4 and 6 were also investigated at room temperature and the luminescence intensity of 4 is sensitive to small molecules.
Microwave‐Assisted Hydrothermal Green Synthesis of Analcime Icositetrahedra: Insight into Intermediates Formed in the Reversed Crystal Growth Process
Authors: Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf , Pourali S. Masoomeh
Published: January 2014

This contribution reports new details that we have observed in the early stages of the reversed crystal growth of zeolite analcime icositetrahedra synthesized by a facile microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method in the presence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a green template. The detailed time‐dependent evolution of the crystallization and the morphology of the crystals were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) analysis. Under microwave irradiation and in the viscous environment provided by CMC, some kinetically controlled stages provided new information about the early stages of analcime crystal growth; hollow microsphere thin‐shell nanoplatelets and nanorods orderly fill the core, and this creates a thick core. The influence of parameters such as CMC concentration, microwave irradiation time, and hydrothermal reaction time on the crystallinity, size, and morphology of the analcime crystals was thoroughly investigated. Perfect large analcime icositetrahedra were obtained only at CMC concentrations and long microwave irradiation times. Moreover, the employment of acid‐treated seeds led to the formation of analcime nanocrystals of 60 ± 20 nm accompanied by the retained ANA parent. Our results suggest that these newly revealed orientations of the precursors could shed light on the early stages of reversed crystal growth of other zeolites and microstructured materials in the field of materials science and crystal engineering.
Benzotriazole Phenoxide Hafnium Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetics of Polymerization Catalysis
Authors: Chuang Hui‐Ju , Wu Ban‐Hsin , Li Chen‐Yu , Ko Bao‐Tsan
Published: January 2014

Hafnium complexes bearing bis‐ or tetra‐BTP ligands (BTP = N,O‐bidentate benzotriazole phenoxide) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The reactions of [Hf(OiPr)4(iPrOH)] with 2‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4,6‐bis(1‐methyl‐1‐phenylethyl)phenol (CMe2PhBTP‐H), 2‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (tBuBTP‐H), and 2‐tert‐butyl‐6‐(5‐chloro‐2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐methylphenol (TMClBTP‐H) (2.0 mol‐equiv.) in hexane at 30 °C afforded the monomeric hafnium complexes [(CMe2PhBTP)2Hf(OiPr)2] (1), [(tBuBTP)2Hf(OiPr)2] (2), and [(TMClBTP)2Hf(OiPr)2] (3). The bis‐adduct hafnium analogue [(C8BTP)2Hf(OiPr)2] (4) was obtained by similar treatment of the sterically less bulky 2‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(2,4,4‐trimethylpentan‐2‐yl)phenol (C8BTP‐H) as ligand at 0 °C and with a ligand/metal precursor ratio of 2:1, and treatment of [Hf(OiPr)4(iPrOH)] with C8BTP‐H (4.0 mol equiv.) at 30 °C gave the hafnium tetra‐adduct [(C8BTP)4Hf] (5). Single‐site hafnium 4 proved to be an active catalyst in the polymerization of lactide (LA) in solution with “living” and “immortal” characteristics, producing polymers with the expected molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI ≤ 1.30). BTP‐containing Hf complex 5 efficiently catalyzed the polymerization in a controlled fashion even though 160 equiv. of IPA was added to the Hf catalyst present at a low concentration. Kinetic tests for the polymerization of LA were conducted to compare the activities of hafnium alkoxides 1–4; a kinetic study of 4 revealed the polymerizations to be first order in both complex 4 and L‐LA concentrations.
A Robust, Well‐Defined Homogeneous Silver(I) Catalyst for Mild Intramolecular Hydroamination of 2‐Ethynylanilines Leading to Indoles
Authors: McNulty James , Keskar Kunal
Published: January 2014

A highly efficient, chemically stable and well‐defined homogeneous silver(I) catalyst is reported for the room temperature, intramolecular hydroamination of 2‐alkynylanilines leading to indole derivatives.
Diels–Alder Reaction of Ethyl 3‐Benzamido‐2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2H‐pyran‐5‐carboxylate with Alkoxyalkenes as an Effective Approach to Trifluoromethyl‐Containing 3‐Aminobenzoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kondratov Ivan S. , Tolmachova Nataliya A. , Dolovanyuk Violetta G. , Gerus Igor I. , Bergander Klaus , Daniliuc Constantin‐Gabriel , Haufe Günter
Published: January 2014

The Diels–Alder reactions of ethyl 3‐benzamido‐2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2H‐pyran‐5‐carboxylate with ethyl vinyl ether, 2‐methoxypropene, and 1‐ethoxypropene were investigated. Under different reaction conditions, intermediate oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octenones, alkoxycyclohexadienes, or aromatic products [5‐benzamido‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoates] were formed. The reaction is useful for the preparation of some hitherto unknown trifluoromethyl‐containing derivatives of 3‐aminobenzoic acid.
Cyclocondensation of Hydroxylamine with 1,3‐Bis(het)arylmonothio 1,3‐Diketones and 1,3‐Bis(het)aryl‐3‐(methylthio)‐2‐prop­enones: Synthesis of 3,5‐Bis(het)arylisoxazoles with Complementary Regioselectivity
Authors: Raghava Byregowda , Parameshwarappa Gangajji , Acharya Anand , Swaroop Toreshettahally R. , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar
Published: January 2014

Efficient routes for the regioselective synthesis of 3,5‐bis(het)arylisoxazoles with complementary regioselectivity have been developed. The methods involve the cyclocondensation of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with either 1,3‐bis(het)aryl‐monothio‐substituted 1,3‐diketones 1 or with 3‐methylthio‐1,3‐bis(het)aryl‐2‐propenones 2 under various reaction conditions. In the first protocol, diketones 1 were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium acetate/acetic acid (pH 2.2) in refluxing ethanol/benzene to give 3,5‐bis(het)arylisoxazoles 5, in which the het(aryl) moiety attached to thiocarbonyl group of the monothio‐substituted 1,3‐diketones is installed at the 3‐position. On the other hand, the reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with 3‐(methylthio)‐1,3‐bis(het)aryl‐2‐propenones 2 in the presence of barium hydroxide in refluxing ethanol gave 3,5‐bis(het)arylisoxazoles 6 with complementary regioselectivity in high yields. A probable mechanism for the formation of regioisomeric isoxazoles 5 and 6 from precursors 1 and 2 has been suggested.
Synthesis and Reactions of Triptycene‐Derived Bromocalix[5]arenes: Conformational Transformation from Cone to 1,2‐Alternate
Authors: Xia Yu‐Xiang , Han Ying , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: January 2014

Triptycene‐derived p‐dibromocalix[5]arene was synthesized by a fragment‐coupling approach, whereas treatment of the triptycene‐derived calix[5]arene containing three p‐tert‐butyl phenol groups and a 1,8‐dimethoxytriptycene moiety with excess bromine in dichloromethane at room temperature produced triptycene‐derived p‐pentabromocalix[5]arene directly. Methyl etherification and Suzuki coupling reactions were then carried out. As a result, a series of triptycene‐derived calix[5]arene derivatives in fixed cone and 1,2‐alternate conformations were obtained. Moreover, conformation transformations of triptycene‐derived calix[5]arenes from cone to 1,2‐alternate forms could also be achieved.
Highly Regioselective Cascade Formal Nucleophilic Substitution and Aldol Condensation of 2‐Aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic Esters
Authors: Zhang Min , Guo Junkai , Gong Yuefa
Published: January 2014

A highly regioselective cascade formal nucleophilic substitution and aldol reaction of 2‐aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic esters with salicylic aldehydes is described. Under basic conditions, 2‐aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic esters are easily converted into cyclopropene intermediates by simple 1,2‐elimination of hydrogen chloride. This highly reactive cyclopropene quickly combines with salicylic aldehyde through a regioselective oxa‐addition to the strained C=C bond and a subsequent intramolecular aldol reaction to construct C–O and C–C bonds concomitantly and afford tetrahydrocyclopropa[b]chromene derivatives.
Sequential Catalyst Phosphine/Secondary Amine Promoted [1+4]/Rearrangement Domino Reaction for the Construction of (2H)‐Pyrans and 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐ene Skeletons
Authors: Xie Peizhong , Yang Jie , Zheng Jie , Huang You
Published: January 2014

Sequential catalysis of a [2+4] reaction between a Baylis–Hillman carbonate and a β,γ‐unsaturated α‐oxo ester for the synthesis of 2‐methyl‐2H‐pyran was developed. The use of a Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonate as a C2 synthon is first disclosed in this reaction. This method offers a new approach to the construction of 2‐methyl‐2H‐pyrans and 2‐oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐ene skeletons.
Chemical Modification of Polymer Ion‐Selective Membrane Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Pawlak Marcin , Bakker Eric
Published: January 2014

Membrane/sample interactions play a crucial role in the biomedical application of ion selective electrodes (ISEs). Modulation of membrane surface properties can be used as a way to enhance biocompatibility and in fabrication of biosensors through biomolecules immobilization. This review discusses advances in methods and materials used for the surface modifications of polymeric ion‐selective membranes in view of their applications in clinical diagnostics.
Effects of the commercial antiandrogen flutamide on the biomarkers of reproduction in male Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)
Authors: Bhatia Harpreet , Kumar Anupama , Ogino Yukiko , Du Jun , Gregg Adrienne , Chapman John , McLaughlin Mike J. , Iguchi Taisen
Published: January 2014

The endocrine responses in male Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were evaluated after exposures to biologically active concentrations of the nonsteroidal pharmaceutical, flutamide. Fish were exposed to nominal concentrations of 125 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, and 1000 µg/L of flutamide for 7 d, after which plasma vitellogenin concentration; brain aromatase activity; and hepatic expression of the genes for vitellogenin, choriogenin, and androgen and estrogen receptors were assessed. Qualitative assessment of the testes of the fish exposed to flutamide exhibited hindrance in the transformation of spermatogonia to spermatozoa and increased testicular anomalies, such as multinucleated and pyknotic cells and interstitial fibrosis. An increase in the hepatosomatic index with respect to the controls was noted after treating the fish with flutamide at all concentrations. Vitellogenin was induced in plasma in the 1000 µg/L flutamide group. The activity of aromatase in the brain declined significantly after exposures to flutamide at all concentrations. Males exposed to 1000 µg/L of flutamide showed a downregulation in the genes encoding androgen receptors α and β. The expression of the gene for the estrogen receptor α was induced and of vitellogenin was downregulated after treatment with 250 µg/L to 1000 µg/L of flutamide. The results suggest that 7-d exposures to 125 µg/L to 1000 µg/L flutamide can impair the reproductive endocrine system in male Murray rainbowfish at multiple levels by an antiandrogenic mode of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1098–1107. © 2014 SETAC
A survey of cognitive radio and TV white spaces in Malaysia
Authors: Elshafie H. , Fisal N. , Abbas M. , Hassan W.A. , Mohamad H. , Ramli N. , Jayavalan S. , Zubair S.
Published: January 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) enables spectrum sharing by allowing new unlicensed services from secondary users to operate in pre‐allocated bands in an opportunistic manner. TV white space (TVWS) is a portion of the spectrum in ultra‐high frequency (UHF) and very‐high frequency bands, which is not utilised by primary users in specific time and location. It is envisaged that more spectrum will be available after digital switchover (DSO) TV transmission replaces the current analogue system. Recently, the regulators in the USA and in the UK have given approval for companies to operate new communication systems with the capability of utilising TVWS spectrum. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the CR technology and quantifies the TVWS status in Malaysia to expose the spectrum reuse opportunities for future secondary user deployment. Taking the 18 major cities in Malaysia into consideration, we find that all seven TV stations utilise from two to seven of the UHF channels. In our analysis, three usage scenarios were considered, where the utilisation of the 40 UHF channels is full, half and a third. For each case, it was discovered that TVWS was 82.5%, 65% and 46.1%, which can be opportunistically utilised by CR users. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and developmental mechanisms of mud volcanoes on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China
Authors: Wan Zhifeng , Shi Qiuhua , Zhang Qian , Cai Song , Xia Bin
Published: January 2014

Mud volcanoes have provided much meaningful information about the deep Earth and the recent crustal and neotectonic movements in an area for over 200 years. However, the triggering mechanisms have puzzled geologists for a long time. This study investigated the factors controlling mud volcano activity and the triggering mechanisms of mud volcano eruptions on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China. The Baiyanggou, Aiqigou and Dushanzi mud volcanoes are all located along the Dushanzi Anticline, which belongs to the third anticline belt on the southern margin of the basin. The extensive, thick mudstone at depth provides a wealth of material for the formation of mud volcanoes. Simultaneously, the overpressure serves as the driving force for the eruption of the mud volcanoes. The torsional–compressional stress field created by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates not only enhanced the abnormal formational pressure in the region but also lead to the development of extensional faults in the core of the Dushanzi Anticline, which served as the conduits for the mud volcanoes. The continuous collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and the regional torsional–compressional stress field may largely control the cyclical activity of the mud volcanoes and serve as their primary trigger mechanism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of a Cetuximab‐based radioimmunotherapy combined with external irradiation manifests in a 3‐D cell assay
Authors: Ingargiola M. , Runge R. , Heldt J.‐M. , Freudenberg R. , Steinbach J. , Cordes N. , Baumann M. , Kotzerke J. , Brockhoff G. , Kunz‐Schughart L.A.
Published: January 2014

Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐overexpressing tumors with radiolabeled anti‐EGFR antibodies is a promising strategy for combination with external radiotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the potential of external plus internal irradiation by [90Y]Y‐CHX‐A″‐DTPA‐C225 (Y‐90‐C225) in a 3‐D environment using FaDu and SAS head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) spheroid models and clinically relevant endpoints such as spheroid control probability (SCP) and spheroid control dose 50% (SCD50, external irradiation dose inducing 50% loss of spheroid regrowth). Spheroids were cultured using a standardized platform. Therapy response after treatment with C225, CHX‐A″‐DTPA‐C225 (DTPA‐C225), [90Y]Y‐CHX‐A″‐DTPA (Y‐90‐DTPA) and Y‐90‐C225 alone or in combination with X‐ray was evaluated by long‐term monitoring (60 days) of spheroid integrity and volume growth. Penetration kinetics into spheroids and EGFR binding capacities on spheroid cells were identical for unconjugated C225 and Y‐90‐C225. Spheroid‐associated radioactivity upon exposure to the antibody‐free control conjugate Y‐90‐DTPA was negligible. Determination of the SCD50 demonstrated higher intrinsic radiosensitivity of FaDu as compared with SAS spheroids. Treatment with unconjugated C225 alone did not affect spheroid growth and cell viability. Also, C225 treatment after external irradiation showed no additive effect. However, the combination of external irradiation with Y‐90‐C225 (1 µg/ml, 24 hr) resulted in a considerable benefit as reflected by a pronounced reduction of the SCD50 from 16 Gy to 9 Gy for SAS spheroids and a complete loss of regrowth for FaDu spheroids due to the pronounced accumulation of internal dose caused by the continuous exposure to cell‐bound radionuclide upon Y‐90‐C225‐EGFR interaction.
Tumor‐associated macrophages exhibit pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory properties by which they impact on pancreatic tumorigenesis
Authors: Helm Ole , Held‐Feindt Janka , Grage‐Griebenow Evelin , Reiling Norbert , Ungefroren Hendrik , Vogel Ilka , Krüger Uwe , Becker Thomas , Ebsen Michael , Röcken Christoph , Kabelitz Dieter , Schäfer Heiner , Sebens Susanne
Published: January 2014

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still ranking 4th in the order of fatal tumor diseases is characterized by a profound tumor stroma with high numbers of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Driven by environmental factors, monocytes differentiate into M1‐ or M2‐macrophages, the latter commonly regarded as being protumorigenic. Because a detailed analysis of TAMs in human PDAC development is still lacking, freshly isolated PDAC‐derived TAMs were analyzed for their phenotype and impact on epithelial‐mesenchymal‐transition (EMT) of benign (H6c7) and malignant (Colo357) pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. TAMs exhibited characteristics of M1‐macrophages (expression of HLA‐DR, IL‐1β, or TNF‐α) and M2‐macrophages (expression of CD163 and IL‐10). In the presence of TAMs, H6c7, and Colo357 cells showed an elongated cell shape along with an increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and reduced expression of epithelial E‐cadherin. Similar to TAMs, in vitro generated M1‐ and M2‐macrophages both mediated EMT in H6c7 and Colo357 cells. M1‐macrophages acquired M2‐characteristics during coculture that could be prevented by GM‐CSF treatment. However, M1‐macrophages still potently induced EMT in H6c7 and Colo357 cells although lacking M2‐characteristics. Overall, these data demonstrate that TAMs exhibit anti‐ as well as proinflammatory properties that equally contribute to EMT induction in PDAC initiation and development.
Mesenchymal stem cell and gelatin microparticle encapsulation in thermally and chemically gelling injectable hydrogels for tissue engineering
Authors: Tzouanas Stephanie N. , Ekenseair Adam K. , Kasper F. Kurtis , Mikos Antonios G.
Published: January 2014

In this work, we investigated the viability and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated with gelatin microparticles (GMPs) in an injectable, chemically and thermally gelling hydrogel system combining poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based thermogelling macromers containing pendant epoxy rings with polyamidoamine‐based hydrophilic and degradable diamine crosslinking macromers. Specifically, we studied how the parameters of GMP size and loading ratio affected the viability and differentiation of cells encapsulated within the hydrogel. We also examined the effects of cell and GMP co‐encapsulation on hydrogel mineralization. Cells demonstrated long‐term viability within the hydrogels, which was shown to depend on GMP size and loading ratio. In particular, increased interaction of cells and GMPs through greater available GMP surface area, use of an epoxy‐based chemical gelation mechanism, and the tunable high water content of the thermogelled hydrogels led to favorable long‐term cell viability. Compared with cellular hydrogels without GMPs, hydrogels co‐encapsulating cells and GMPs demonstrated greater production of alkaline phosphatase by cells at all time‐points and a transient early enhancement of hydrogel mineralization for larger GMPs at higher loading ratios. Such injectable, in situ forming hydrogels capable of delivering and maintaining populations of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells and promoting mineralization in vitro offer promise as novel therapies for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1222–1230, 2014.
Enaminones in Heterocyclic Syntheses: Part 4. A New One‐Step Synthetic Route to Pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridine and Convenient Syntheses of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines and 1,1′‐(1,4‐Phenylene)bis(1,4‐dihydropyridine)
Authors: Mashaly M. M. , El‐Gogary S. R. , Kosbar T. R.
Published: January 2014

Reactions of cyano olefins with (i) enamino imides afforded novel pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyridines; (ii) enamino esters afforded new 1,4‐dihydropyridines; and (iii) bisenamino ester afforded new 1,1′‐(1,4‐phenylene)bis(1,4‐dihydropyridine). The new derivatives are planned as suggested drug candidates.
Synthesis and Characterization of 11‐Amino‐3‐methoxy‐8‐substituted‐12‐aryl‐8,9‐dihydro‐7H‐chromeno[2,3‐b]quinolin‐10(12H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Han Guangfan , Du Jiawei , Chen Lizhuang , Zhao Lijun
Published: January 2014

A series of 2‐amino‐7‐methoxy‐4‐aryl‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbonitrile compounds 2 were obtained by condensation of 3‐methoxyphenol with β‐dicyanostyrenes 1 in absolute ethanol containing piperidine. The intermediate enamines 3 were prepared by compounds 2 with 5‐substituted‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione using p‐toluenesuflonic acid (TsOH) as catalyst. The title compounds 11‐amino‐3‐methoxy‐8‐substituted‐12‐aryl‐8,9‐dihydro‐7H‐chromeno[2,3‐b]quinolin‐10(12H)‐one 4 were synthesized by cyclization of the intermediate enamines 3 in THF with K2CO3 /Cu2Cl2 as catalyst. The structures of all compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, and 1H NMR spectra. The crystal structure of compound 4i was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Ultrabroadband Er:fiber lasers
Authors: Brida Daniele , Krauss Günther , Sell Alexander , Leitenstorfer Alfred
Published: January 2014

The state of the art of ultrafast Er:fiber technology is reviewed. Such lasers are increasingly used for generation of ultrabroadband and widely tunable pulse trains. Er:fiber sources prove to be flexible, compact and robust with important applications in fundamental and interdisciplinary sciences. After a short overview of different oscillator and amplifier designs the discussion focuses on coherent and tailored supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear germanosilicate fibers. This approach enables a tuning range spanning from the visible to the mid infrared, synthesis of single‐cycle light pulses and passive locking of the carrier‐envelope phase.
Understanding the Compensation of Nonprofit Executive Directors: Examining the Influence of Performance and Organizational Characteristics
Authors: Grasse Nathan , Davis Trenton , Ihrke Douglas
Published: January 2014

In this study we aimed to provide a better understanding of executive compensation in nonprofit organizations. We examined factors including organizational size, market, subsector, organizational type, staffing level, and organizational performance as potential influences driving variation across the nonprofit sector. The models utilize data on the population of nonprofit organizations required to file Form 990 returns with the Internal Revenue Service in order to broadly examine compensation. The results indicate associations between various measures of performance and compensation in nonprofit orga‐nizations and also suggest that different types of nonprofits may be sensitive to different measures of performance.
Modifications in parent feeding practices and child diet during family‐based behavioral treatment improve child zBMI
Authors: Holland Jodi Cahill , Kolko Rachel P. , Stein Richard I. , Welch R. Robinson , Perri Michael G. , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Saelens Brian E. , Epstein Leonard H. , Wilfley Denise E.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To examine associations between modifications in parent feeding practices, child diet, and child weight status after treatment and to evaluate dietary mediators.

Methods

Children classified as overweight or obese and 7‐11 years old (N = 170) completed a 16‐session family‐based behavioral weight loss treatment (FBT) program. Anthropometrics (standardized body mass index (zBMI)), Child Feeding Questionnaire, and 24‐hr dietary recalls were collected at baseline and post‐FBT. Linear regression predicted child zBMI change. Single and multiple mediation tested child dietary modifications as mediators between change in parent feeding practices and child zBMI.

Results

Restrictive parent feeding practices significantly decreased during FBT. Reductions in parent restriction, child weight concern, child's total energy intake, and percent energy from fat, and increases in parent perceived responsibility, and child percent energy from protein, predicted reductions in child zBMI. Change in child total energy intake mediated the relation between parent restriction and child zBMI change after accounting for covariates and additional dietary mediators.

Conclusions

FBT is associated with a decrease in parental restriction, which is associated with reductions in child relative weight, which was mediated by a decrease in child energy intake. Teaching parents to reduce children's energy intake without being overly restrictive may improve child weight.