bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Organic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fractions at Very Low Concentrations in Wastewater Effluents
Authors: Sattayatewa Chakkrid , Arnaldos Marina , Pagilla Krishna
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop simple, accurate, and inexpensive measurement protocols for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved non‐reactive phosphorus (DNRP) at low levels in wastewater effluents. Two protocols are presented—one to measure DON exclusively, and the other to measure DON and DNRP simultaneously. Currently, DON and DNRP are calculated indirectly by subtracting the dissolved inorganic fractions from the total dissolved concentration, resulting in significant errors. To increase the accuracy of DON measurements, effluent sample pretreatment using ion exchange to remove nitrate was applied. Spectrometric methods were selected to measure the inorganic fractions—the second derivative UV spectroscopy method for nitrate, and the malachite green method for orthophosphate. These methods, combined with the optimized persulfate digestion of the samples, can be used to measure total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus accurately. The measurement ranges attained were 0.05 to 3 mg N/L for DON and 0.01 to 0.5 mg P/L for DNRP.
Efficacy and Reliability of Upgraded Industrial Treatment Plant at Porto Marghera, near Venice, Italy, in Removing Nutrients and Dangerous Micropollutants from Petrochemical Wastewaters
Authors: Verlicchi Paola , Cattaneo Serena , Marciano Ferdinando , Masotti Luigi , Vecchiato Giuseppe , Zaffaroni Carlo
Published: October 2012

Chemical and petrochemical wastewaters contain a host of contaminants that require different treatment strategies. Regulation of macropollutants and micropollutants in the final discharge from industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have become increasingly stringent in recent decades, requiring many WWTPs to be upgraded. This article presents an analysis of a WWTP treating petrochemicals in Porto Marghera, Italy, that recently was upgraded following legislative changes. Because of strict legal limits for macropollutants and micropollutants and a lack of space necessary for a full‐scale WWTP overhaul, the existing activated sludge tank was converted into a membrane biological reactor. The paper presents experimental data collected during a five‐month investigation showing the removal rates achieved by the upgraded plant for macropollutants (particularly nitrogen compounds) and micropollutants (heavy metals and organic and inorganic toxic compounds).
Metal Ion and Other Key Water Quality Constituent Attenuation in Soil Columns
Authors: Debroux Jean‐François , Smith David W. , Lichty Craig W. , Carlson Dan
Published: October 2012

A set of soil columns was constructed to simulate discharge of disinfected tertiary treated wastewater to a river via nearby land application or indirect discharge. The system was primarily designed to observe the fate of metal ions and nutrients. The following three experiments were conducted: (1) flow through saturated soils only, which simulates indirect discharge where water is directly applied to groundwater; (2) flow through unsaturated soil followed by saturated flow, which simulates vadose then saturated zone transport; and (3) saturated flow only using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid‐metal chelates, which determined effects of metal organic complexes on metal mobility through the soil. Metal ion attenuation was substantial but not complete in experiments 1 and 2 (removal: 68% Cu2+, 43% Ni2+, 98% Pb2+, and 96% Hg2+), which was somewhat contrary to modeling results. Cyanide attenuation was also monitored (92% removal). In experiment 3, lead attenuation was somewhat reduced (92% removal) and delayed (requiring additional residence time); copper attenuation was significantly reduced (38% removal) and delayed; and nickel concentrations were higher in the 28‐day sample (>80 µg/L) than in the column feed water (58 µg/L). Near‐complete denitrification and total phosphorus attenuation were observed. For the water quality constituents studied, unsaturated (vadose zone) transport did not appear to add additional benefit.
How to Optimize Hollow‐Fiber Submerged Membrane Bioreactors
Authors: Heran M. , Aryal R. , Shon H.K. , Vigneswaran S. , Elmaleh S. , Grasmick A.
Published: October 2012

Membrane fouling is linked to reversible or irreversible accumulation of macromolecules and solids on membrane surfaces and to the irreversible adsorption inside pores. If reversible accumulation can be controlled by filtering in subcritical conditions, then adsorption could also be minimized by reducing the soluble organic matter [extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products (SMP)]. This research shows how the choice of operating parameters related to biological reaction (solid retention time and the organic loading rate) can influence the process rate and the by‐product (SMP) production. It also illustrates how suspension characteristics and membrane aeration can influence membrane fouling control according to the hollow fiber configuration and to the different scales of observation. The investigations were based on the definition of different fouling level and fine‐tuning of a model to better understand the effects of operating parameters on membrane bioreactor filtration.
A Cascade of Anoxic and Oxic Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors for Treatment of Synthetic Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Chen Y.W. , Wang J.M. , Zang C.L. , Huang Q. , Liu M.Q. , Zhu S.M. , Shen S.B.
Published: October 2012

In this study, a cascade of anoxic and oxic fluidized bed biofilm reactors system was carried out to treat synthetic municipal wastewater. The parameters of the influent flow rates and C/N ratios were discussed. System performance was acceptable for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and total nitrogen removal. A decrease of ammonia and total nitrogen removal efficiencies, however, was observed when the influent flow rates increased to 5.04 and 6.12 l h−1. Total nitrogen removal decreased at the influent C/N ratio of 3:1. The measured ratios of COD reduction in the anoxic column to nitrogen removal through nitrification‐denitrification were 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, and 3.1 g COD/g−1 N on average when the influent C/N ratios changed from 6:1 to 3:1. The observed sludge yield (Yobs) was 0.169 g VSS g COD−1 because of perfect denitrification in the anoxic column and the relatively long solids retention time.
A Comparative Study of the Removal of 3‐Indolebutyric Acid using Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Solmaz Seval Kutlu Akal , Azak Hilal , Morsunbul Tulay
Published: October 2012

In this study, advanced oxidation technologies, namely Fenton Process (FP), Fenton‐Like Process (FLP), ozonation (O3) and O3/H2O2 processes, were applied to synthetic wastewater containing 3‐indolebutyric acid (IBA). The effectiveness of each process was investigated at different pH values, Fe+2, Fe+3, O3 and H2O2 concentrations with respect to the removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). The best removal efficiencies were seen at pH 3 and 2 mM Fe concentration in both FP and FLP, in which the optimum H2O2 concentrations were 6 mM for FP and 10 mM for FLP. Optimum process conditions were pH 12 for the O3 process, pH 9 for the O3/H2O2 process and 1:1 O3/H2O2 molar ratio. The highest COD removal efficiency was 86 percent, obtained in the O3/H2O2 process and the highest TOC removal efficiency was obtained at 77 percent in the FP.
Performance Evaluation of Sequencing Batch Reactor for Beverage Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Authors: El‐Kamah Hala , Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: October 2012

Attempts were made in this study to examine the effectiveness of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the treatment of beverage industrial wastewater. The SBR was operated at three different organic loading rates (OLRs): 2, 1.7 and 1.1 kg COD/m3 d. Results of continuous long‐term operation showed that by decreasing OLR from 2 to 1.7 kg COD/m3 day, the removal efficiency was increased from 95.5 to 99.3% for COD, from 95.3 to 98.1% for BOD and from 87 to 97.7% for TSS. While further decreasing of the OLR to 1.1 kg COD/m3 day, there is no significant adverse effect on organics removal. Also, residual total nitrogen (TN) concentration decreased by decreasing the OLR. However, increasing the OLRs exerted a slightly negative effect on the removal of total phosphorous. On the other hand, the experimental data indicated that the substrate utilization kinetic followed Monod's kinetics model approximately. The maximum specific substrate utilization rate (μmax), half velocity coefficient (Ks), growth yield coefficient (Y) and decay coefficient (Kd) were 2.94 d−1, 15.22 mg/L, 0.2384 g VSS/g COD and 0.2019 h−1, respectively.
Removal of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions using Microspherical Particles of Fly Ash
Authors: Witek‐Krowiak Anna , Szafran Roman G. , Modelski Szymon , Dawiec Anna
Published: October 2012

Batch sorption experiments were carried out for the removal of cationic dyes (methylene blue and malachite green) from their aqueous solutions using sorbent made from fly ash‐a waste material. Effects of various experimental parameters: initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, solution temperature, surfactant addition and ionic strength on the fly ash sorption of dyes were evaluated. The isothermal data for sorption followed the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity obtained for methylene blue and malachite green was 36.05 mg/g and 40.65 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies indicate that sorption on fly ash follows the pseudo‐second order kinetics. Present research suggests that fly ash could be an appropriate adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions.
Determining the speed of sound, density and bulk modulus of rapeseed oil, biodiesel and diesel fuel
Authors: Nikolic Boban , Kegl Breda , Markovic Sasa , Mitrovic Melanija
Published: October 2012

Modern tendencies in the development of diesel engines include the operation
of the system for injecting diesel fuel at pressures higher than 100 MPa.
Knowing the characteristics of liquid fuels such as speed of sound, bulk
modulus and density depending on pressure, is important for predicting the
behavior of fuel injection systems for diesel engines and optimization of the
same. The paper presents an original method and apparatus (device) for
determining the speed of sound and density of fluids depending on the
pressures. With this method, values of these characteristics for rapeseed
oil, biodiesel and conventional diesel fuel at pressures up to 160 MPa are
determined. The method is non-destructive, it can also be applied to higher
pressures than 160 MPa, as well as other liquid fluids that are used at high
pressure - hydraulic oil, for example.
Therapeutic Effects of PPARα Agonists on Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Models
Authors: Chen Ying , Hu Yang , Lin Mingkai , Jenkins Alicia J. , Keech Anthony C. , Mott Robert , Lyons Timothy J. , Ma Jian-xing
Published: October 2012

Retinal vascular leakage, inflammation, and neovascularization (NV) are features of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, has shown robust protective effects against DR in type 2 diabetic patients, but its effects on DR in type 1 diabetes have not been reported. This study evaluated the efficacy of fenofibrate on DR in type 1 diabetes models and determined if the effect is PPARα dependent. Oral administration of fenofibrate significantly ameliorated retinal vascular leakage and leukostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in Akita mice. Favorable effects on DR were also achieved by intravitreal injection of fenofibrate or another specific PPARα agonist. Fenofibrate also ameliorated retinal NV in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model and inhibited tube formation and migration in cultured endothelial cells. Fenofibrate also attenuated overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and blocked activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and nuclear factor-κB in the retinas of OIR and diabetic models. Fenofibrate’s beneficial effects were blocked by a specific PPARα antagonist. Furthermore, Pparα knockout abolished the fenofibrate-induced downregulation of VEGF and reduction of retinal vascular leakage in DR models. These results demonstrate therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on DR in type 1 diabetes and support the existence of the drug target in ocular tissues and via a PPARα-dependent mechanism.
Constitutive STAT3 Phosphorylation Contributes to Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mashili Fredirick , Chibalin Alexander V. , Krook Anna , Zierath Juleen R.
Published: October 2012

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is involved in cytokine- and nutrient-induced insulin resistance. The role of STAT3 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis is incompletely defined. We tested the hypothesis that STAT3 signaling contributes to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in T2D. Protein abundance and phosphorylation of STAT3 signaling molecules were determined in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from BMI- and age-matched overweight individuals with normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and T2D patients. The direct role of STAT3 in the development of lipid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance was determined using small interfering (si)RNA. Phosphorylated STAT3, phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein abundance was increased in skeletal muscle from T2D patients. STAT3 phosphorylation positively correlated with free fatty acid level and measures of insulin sensitivity in NGT but not T2D patients. Palmitate exposure led to a constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3, increased protein abundance of SOCS3, and development of insulin resistance in L6 myotubes. These effects were prevented by siRNA-mediated STAT3 silencing. In summary, STAT3 is constitutively phosphorylated in skeletal muscle from T2D patients. STAT3 gene silencing prevents lipid-induced insulin resistance in cultured myotubes. Collectively, our results implicate excessive STAT3 signaling in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in T2D.
Identification of Serum Metabolites Associated With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Using a Targeted Metabolomic Approach
Authors: Floegel Anna , Stefan Norbert , Yu Zhonghao , Mühlenbruch Kristin , Drogan Dagmar , Joost Hans-Georg , Fritsche Andreas , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Hrabě de Angelis Martin , Peters Annette , Roden Michael , Prehn Cornelia , Wang-Sattler Rui , Illig Thomas , Schulze Matthias B. , Adamski Jerzy , Boeing Heiner , Pischon Tobias
Published: October 2012

Metabolomic discovery of biomarkers of type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk may reveal etiological pathways and help to identify individuals at risk for disease. We prospectively investigated the association between serum metabolites measured by targeted metabolomics and risk of T2D in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam (27,548 adults) among all incident cases of T2D (n = 800, mean follow-up 7 years) and a randomly drawn subcohort (n = 2,282). Flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify 163 metabolites, including acylcarnitines, amino acids, hexose, and phospholipids, in baseline serum samples. Serum hexose; phenylalanine; and diacyl-phosphatidylcholines C32:1, C36:1, C38:3, and C40:5 were independently associated with increased risk of T2D and serum glycine; sphingomyelin C16:1; acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholines C34:3, C40:6, C42:5, C44:4, and C44:5; and lysophosphatidylcholine C18:2 with decreased risk. Variance of the metabolites was largely explained by two metabolite factors with opposing risk associations (factor 1 relative risk in extreme quintiles 0.31 [95% CI 0.21–0.44], factor 2 3.82 [2.64–5.52]). The metabolites significantly improved T2D prediction compared with established risk factors. They were further linked to insulin sensitivity and secretion in the Tübingen Family study and were partly replicated in the independent KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) cohort. The data indicate that metabolic alterations, including sugar metabolites, amino acids, and choline-containing phospholipids, are associated early on with a higher risk of T2D.
Understanding Culture Wars through Satirical/Political Infotainment TV: Jon Stewart andThe Daily Show's Critique as Mediated Re-enactement of the Culture War
Authors: Grondin David
Published: October 2012

Abstract:

Recent US culture wars have been waged through televised entertainment news (infotainment TV). The imprint left by Jon Stewart and The Daily Show on mainstream news outlets has been analyzed in political communication studies and media studies. However, no one has so far made a case for Jon Stewart as a protagonist in these culture wars, especially because Stewart himself wants to stay clear of and set himself apart from them. This paper looks at the performativity of these culture wars in infotainment TV as the medium and locus where the culture wars are waged. While I recognize the crucial role played by Jon Stewart and The Daily Show in critiquing news-media coverage of American politics, I nevertheless contend that Stewart can also be seen as a culture warrior, albeit an unwilling one, and that, by giving him a voice, the medium of infotainment TV is turning him into such a warrior. My argument is predicated on the belief that satirical/political infotainment TV is an important locus of the culture wars and must be studied carefully because it plays a political role in mediating their re-enactment. Using this news-media satirical form as epistemological grounding, I first focus on how these culture wars play out in satirical/political infotainment TV and show that infotainment TV, because it is mediated as such, both critiques and re-enacts the culture wars and affects the American journalistic mediascape. I then examine satirical infotainment TV as political practice.
SAP Is Required for the Development of Innate Phenotype in H2-M3–Restricted CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Bediako Yaw , Bian Yao , Zhang Hong , Cho Hoonsik , Stein Paul L. , Wang Chyung-Ru
Published: October 2012

H2-M3–restricted T cells have a preactivated surface phenotype, rapidly expand, and produce cytokines upon stimulation, and, as such, are classified as innate T cells. Unlike most innate T cells, M3-restricted T cells also express CD8αβ coreceptors and a diverse TCR repertoire: hallmarks of conventional MHC Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. Although invariant NKT cells are also innate T cells, they are selected exclusively on hematopoietic cells (HC), whereas M3-restricted T cells can be selected on either hematopoietic or thymic epithelial cells. Moreover, their phenotypes differ depending on what cells mediate their selection. Although there is a clear correlation between selection on HC and development of innate phenotype, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) is required for the development of invariant NKT cells and mediates signals from signaling lymphocyte activation molecule receptors that are exclusively expressed on HC. Based on their dual selection pathway, M3-restricted T cells present a unique model for studying the development of innate T cell phenotype. Using both polyclonal and transgenic mouse models, we demonstrate that although M3-restricted T cells are capable of developing in the absence of SAP, SAP is required for HC-mediated selection, development of preactivated phenotype, and heightened effector functions of M3-restricted T cells. These findings are significant because they directly demonstrate the need for SAP in HC-mediated acquisition of innate T cell phenotype and suggest that, due to their SAP-dependent HC-mediated selection, M3-restricted T cells develop a preactivated phenotype and an intrinsic ability to proliferate faster upon stimulation, allowing for an important role in the early response to infection.
C5a Receptor-Dependent Cell Activation by Physiological Concentrations of Desarginated C5a: Insights from a Novel Label-Free Cellular Assay
Authors: Reis Edimara S. , Chen Hui , Sfyroera Georgia , Monk Peter N. , Köhl Jörg , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D.
Published: October 2012

The complement anaphylatoxins C3a, C5a, and desarginated C5a (C5adesArg) play critical roles in the induction of inflammation and the modulation of innate and acquired immune responses after binding to their G protein-coupled receptors, C3a receptor and C5a receptor (C5aR). The role of C5adesArg in inducing cell activation has been often neglected, because the affinity of C5adesArg for C5aR has been reported to be much lower than that of C5a. We have used a novel label-free cellular assay to reassess the potential of C5adesArg to induce activation of transfected and primary immune cells. Our results indicate that physiological levels of C5adesArg induce significant levels of cell activation that are even higher than those achieved by stimulating cells with analogous concentrations of C5a. Such activation was strictly dependent on C5aR, because it was completely abrogated by PMX-53, a C5aR antagonist. Pharmacological inhibition of specific G proteins located downstream of C5aR indicated differential involvement of Gα proteins upon C5aR engagement by C5a or C5adesArg. Further, mass spectrometric characterization of plasma-derived C5a and C5adesArg provided important insight into the posttranslational modification pattern of these anaphylatoxins, which includes glycosylation at Asn64 and partial cysteinylation at Cys27. Although the context-specific physiological contribution of C5adesArg has to be further explored, our data suggest that C5adesArg acts as a key molecule in the triggering of local inflammation as well as the maintenance of blood surveillance and homeostatic status.
Narrow Groove and Restricted Anchors of MHC Class I Molecule BF2*0401 Plus Peptide Transporter Restriction Can Explain Disease Susceptibility of B4 Chickens
Authors: Zhang Jianhua , Chen Yong , Qi Jianxun , Gao Feng , Liu Yanjie , Liu Jun , Zhou Xuyu , Kaufman Jim , Xia Chun , Gao George F.
Published: October 2012

The MHC has genetic associations with many diseases, often due to differences in presentation of antigenic peptides by polymorphic MHC molecules to T lymphocytes of the immune system. In chickens, only a single classical class I molecule in each MHC haplotype is expressed well due to coevolution with the polymorphic TAPs which means that resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens are particularly easy to observe. Previously, structures of chicken MHC class I molecule BF2*2101 from B21 haplotype showed an unusually large peptide-binding groove that accommodates a broad spectrum of peptides to present as epitopes to CTLs, explaining the MHC-determined resistance of B21 chickens to Marek's disease. In this study, we report the crystal structure of BF2*0401 from the B4 (also known as B13) haplotype, showing a highly positively charged surface hitherto unobserved in other MHC molecules, as well as a remarkably narrow groove due to the allele-specific residues with bulky side chains. Together, these properties limit the number of epitope peptides that can bind this class I molecule. However, peptide-binding assays show that in vitro, BF2*0401 can bind a wider variety of peptides than are found on the surface of B4 cells. Thus, a combination of the specificities of the polymorphic TAP and the MHC results in a very limited set of BF2*0401 peptides with negatively charged anchors to be presented to T lymphocytes.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ B Cell-Specific–Deficient Mice Have an Impaired Antibody Response
Authors: Ramon Sesquile , Bancos Simona , Thatcher Thomas H. , Murant Thomas I. , Moshkani Safiehkhatoon , Sahler Julie M. , Bottaro Andrea , Sime Patricia J. , Phipps Richard P.
Published: October 2012

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor, has important anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative functions, and it has been associated with diseases including diabetes, scarring, and atherosclerosis, among others. PPARγ is expressed in most bone marrow-derived cells and influences their function. PPARγ ligands can stimulate human B cell differentiation and promote Ab production. A knowledge gap is that the role of PPARγ in B cells under physiological conditions is not known. We developed a new B cell-specific PPARγ (B-PPARγ) knockout mouse and explored the role of PPARγ during both the primary and secondary immune response. In this article, we show that PPARγ deficiency in B cells decreases germinal center B cells and plasma cell development, as well as the levels of circulating Ag-specific Abs during a primary challenge. Inability to generate germinal center B cells and plasma cells is correlated to decreased MHC class II expression and decreased Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 levels. Furthermore, B-PPARγ–deficient mice have an impaired memory response, characterized by low titers of Ag-specific Abs and low numbers of Ag-experienced, Ab-secreting cells. However, B-PPARγ–deficient mice have no differences in B cell population distribution within primary or secondary lymphoid organs during development. This is the first report, to our knowledge, to show that, under physiological conditions, PPARγ expression in B cells is required for an efficient B cell-mediated immune response as it regulates B cell differentiation and Ab production.
A Rare Case of Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
Authors: Guduru Harsha , Shen Jun K. , Lokannavar Harish S.
Published: October 2012

We present a rare case of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, a rare benign glioneuronal tumor of the central nervous system. It generally occurs in the supratentorial region and the temporal cerebral cortex in children and young adults. The most common presentation is epilepsy. The supratentorial tumor without any signs of mass effect or peritumoral edema is the conventionally accepted diagnostic criteria. In this case of a 19-year-old male with intractable epilepsy, atypical features such as the location of the tumor and the presence of mass effect and peritumoral edema made imaging diagnosis difficult. Diagnosis was confirmed through histopathology. Due to its recent discovery and relatively rare occurrence it is important for radiologists to recognize this disease entity.
Novel Dysregulated MicroRNAs in Primary Laryngeal Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Stephen Josena K , Chen Kang Mei , Shah Veena , Schweitzer Vanessa G , Gardner Glendon , Worsham Maria J , Havard Shaleta
Published: October 2012

Introduction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs of 17 to 25 nucleotides that regulate approximately 30% of human genes. They are differentially expressed in various types of cancers compared with noncancerous tissues, suggesting that they may have crucial roles in tumorigenesis. The objective of this study was to identify laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC)-specific miRNAs.

Materials and methods

A retrospective cohort of 10 LSCC and five normal laryngeal squamous epithelium samples were examined using a global miRNA profiling approach (HTG, Tucson, AZ, USA, 800 human miRNAs plus 10 endogenous control miRNAs). The expression status of selected dysregulated miRNAs that were significantly different from normal were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR).

Results

Twenty-three of the 800 human miRNAs had significantly different expression levels (p < 0.05) between LSCC and normal tissues. Fifteen of the 23 have not been previously reported in HNSCC and include: miR-663b, miR-663, miR-193b, miR-1291, miR-720, miR-191, miR-1224-3p, miR-214, miR- 1285, miR-1207-5p, miR-483-5p, miR-1225-3p, miR-1228, miR-1280 and miR-638. Consistently upregulated miR-31 and miR- 193b and differentially expressed miR-663b in LSCC were verified by qPCR.

Conclusion

The 15 novel miRNAs identified in this exploratory study, pending further confirmation and validation, may have clinical utility as LSCC-specific markers.

How to cite this article

Chen KM, Stephen JK, Havard S Shah V, Gardner G, Schweitzer VG, Worsham MJ. Novel Dysregulated MicroRNAs in Primary Laryngeal Squamous Cell Cancer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):76-81.
Clinical Photography for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Practice
Authors: Danesh-Sani Seyed Amir
Published: October 2012

Clinical photography is an essential part of oral and maxillofacial surgery practice. To produce high quality reproducible photos, it is necessary to be familiar with principles of clinical photography. This paper provides oral and maxillofacial surgeons with an overview of principles of photography, archival storage, error avoidance and clinical applications of digital cameras for obtaining a quality image.

How to cite this article

Danesh-Sani SA. Clinical Photography for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Practice. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):87-91.
Biopsy and Tissue Processing Artifacts in Oral Mucosal Tissues
Authors: Kumar Kiran , Shetty Devi Charan , Dua Mahima
Published: October 2012

Artifact refers to an artificial structure or tissue alteration on a prepared microscopic slide—the result of an extraneous factor. It can result in alteration of normal morphologic and cytologic features that may occur as a result of the way the tissue has been handled, right from the time the biopsy, which is surgically obtained till the entire histopathological procedures of fixation, processing, embedding, sectioning and staining are performed on it. The procedures themselves subject to human and material errors resulting in an artifact may interfere with an adequate diagnosis or render the tissue to be undiagnosable. The present review provides in depth knowledge on the mismanagement of tissue during different biopsy sampling techniques and various processing procedures leading to the appearance of artifacts. Such familiarization in turn will contribute to knowledge of the material and instruments required for correct biopsy performance in dentistry, as well as of the material required for correct sample storage, transport and processing thereby necessitating stringent precision in technique at every step to enable an accurate diagnosis.

How to cite this article

Kumar K, Shetty DC, Dua M. Biopsy and Tissue Processing Artifacts in Oral Mucosal Tissues. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):92-98.
Ameloblastoma arising in Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst: A Rare Histologic Variant
Authors: Biradar Vijaykumar Goudappagouda
Published: October 2012

Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) has shown to be of extensive diversity in its clinical and histological features, as well as in its biologic behavior.1In this report, a rare case of ameloblastoma arising in COC is presented.

How to cite this article

Biradar VG. Ameloblastoma arising in Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst: A Rare Histologic Variant. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):106-107.
Rare Tumors of the Neuroectodermal Origin: Report of Five Cases
Authors: Bauer Vladimir , Aleric Zorica , Jancic Ervin , Bujas Tatjana
Published: October 2012

We present a case series of five patients who were diagnosed in our institution with rare tumors of neuroectodermal origin. They were discovered within 1 year, by two otorhinolaryngologists at the county hospital which covers the area of about 1,00,000 inhabitants. Neuroectodermal tumors of the head and neck are rare pathologies, with extremely varied clinical behavior, treatment and prognosis. The lack of symptom specificity, the low incidence of these tumors and the difficulties associated with histopathology are main reasons for delayed diagnosis and treatment. We point out that rare tumors, if considered individually, have a low incidence, some even negligible, but the pathology detected hundreds of types which increases the likelihood that we will encounter some of them in our practice. Second, the practice in medicine does not always follow the statistical and mathematical probabilities but should take into account less possible occurrences.

How to cite this article

Bauer V, Aleric Z, Jancic E, Bujas T. Rare Tumors of the Neuroectodermal Origin: Report of Five Cases. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):108-111.
Type III Second Branchial Cleft Cyst
Authors: Dhoke Priti Rakesh , Khadakkar Sonali Prabhakar , Dhote Kanchan Sandeep , Choudhary Samir Vijay , Harkare Vivek Vishwas , Kamal Nudrat Parvez
Published: October 2012

Cervical congenital cystic masses constitute an uncommon group of lesions usually diagnosed in infancy and childhood. Branchial cleft cysts are congenital lateral neck masses which manifest in the adolescents or in adulthood. They arise from the remnants of the branchial apparatus of embryonic life. Here, in this case, patient was presented with branchial cleft cyst at the age of 70 years. Computed tomography of neck showed well-circumscribed soft tissue mass extending from parotid region to lower cervical region with small ill-defined extension between internal and external carotid arteries which is pathognomonic of type III second branchial cleft cyst. Complete surgical excision was done. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of branchial cleft cyst.

How to cite this article

Choudhary SV, Khadakkar SP, Harkare VV, Dhoke PR, Dhote KS, Kamal NP. Type III Second Branchial Cleft Cyst. Int J Head Neck Surg 2012;3(2):112-114.
The Effect of Three Different Disinfectant Materials on Polyether Impressions by Spray Method
Authors: Ghasemi Ehsan , Badrian Hamid , Hosseini Nafiseh , Khalighinejad Navid
Published: October 2012

Background

Dentists, dental equipments and dental laboratories are exposed to different types of pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of three different types of disinfectant agents: Sodium hypochlorite 0.525%, Epimax and Deconex, on polyether impressions after 5 and 10 minutes.

Materials and methods

In thisin vitroexperimental study, 66 circular samples of polyether impression material of 1 cm diameter and 2 mm thickness were contaminated withStaphylococcus aureus(ATCC29213)Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC27853) andCandida albicansfungus (PTCC5027). Except for control samples, all of them were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite 0.525, Deconex and Epimax by way of spraying. Afterward, they kept in plastic bags with humid rolled cotton for 5 and 10 minutes. In order to isolate bacteria, the samples were immersed in 2% trypsin for 1 hour and then the solution was diluted with normal salin in portion of 1, 1/2, and 1/4. The trypsin suspensions were transferred to culture plates and the number of colonies was counted after 24 and 48 hours for bacteria and after 72 hours for fungus. For data analysis Mann-Whitney statistical test was used (α = 0.05).

Results

Epimax and sodium hypochlorite thoroughly eliminatedCandida albicansas time elapsed from 5 to 10 minutes; however, the other two microorganisms were not eliminated completely. Deconex was completely efficient for all microorganisms when immersion time was enhanced from 5 to 10 minutes. There was a significant difference between efficacy of Deconex-sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite-Epimax forPseudomonas aeruginosain 5-minute immersion (p-value:0/046) Moreover, Deconex and sodium hypochlorite were significantly different forStaphylococcus aureus(p-value:0/046) andPseudomonas aeruginosain 10-minute immersion (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, none of the three disinfection materials could eradicate three different kinds of microorganisms in 5 minutes, but in 10 minutes, Deconex could completely eradicate all microorganisms compared to other disinfection agents, which is a good indicator for high efficacy of this agent in disinfecting polyether impressions.

How to cite this article

Ghasemi E, Badrian H, Hosseini N, Khalighinejad N. The Effect of Three Different Disinfectant Materials on Polyether Impressions by Spray Method. World J Dent 2012;3(3):229-233.
Effect of 1% Metronidazole Rinsing Solution on the Occurrence of Complications after Tooth Extraction: A Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Badrian Hamid , Haghighat Abbas , Khorrami Behnam , Khalighinajad Navid , Rajaei Majid
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Extraction of impacted third molar is a very common operation performed by dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. This surgery is usually done without complications occurring; however, some complications arise from time to time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1% metronidazole rinsing solution on the occurrence of complications after extraction of impacted third molars.

Materials and methods

In this clinical trial study 120 males and females aged 20 to 35 took part, randomly divided into two groups, each including 60 participants. In the case group, mandibular third molar socket was rinsed with 1% metronidazole rinsing solution in duration of the surgery extraction, while normal saline was used for the control group. Afterwards, four common complications—dry socket syndrome, swelling, pain and trismus - were evaluated at 24 hours, 3, 7 and 14 days following the operation. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney and t-test using SPSS software version 16.

Results

Except for pain 24 hours after the operation, none of the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05).

Discussion

The results of this study show that using 1% metronidazole rinsing solution is not helpful in decreasing the occurrence of complications after extraction of an impacted third molar. It is therefore not recommended to use this solution until advantages are proved to prevent bacterial tolerance.

How to cite this article

Haghighat A, Khorrami B, Badrian H, Khalighinajad N, Rajaei M. Effect of 1% Metronidazole Rinsing Solution on the Occurrence of Complications after Tooth Extraction: A Clinical Trial Study. World J Dent 2012;3(3): 234-238.
Availability of Cariogenic Foods in Primary School Canteens of Abha City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Togoo Rafi Ahmed , Meer Zakirulla , Kandlaya Reena , Yaseen Syed Mohammed , Al-Shehri Turki Dhafer , Al-Ghamdi Hatim Ghormallah
Published: October 2012

Objective

To obtain base line data about the availability of cariogenic foods in the primary school canteens in the city of Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods

The present study was performed in 6 to 10-year-old school boys living in Abha city in 2012. Eight public primary schools with canteen facilities were randomly selected and all the children in the schools were included in the study. Data was collected to know the availability of foods which are cariogenic and the students were made to answer a questionnaire that had questions about their source of food intake.

Results

A total number of 1,807 primary school students participated in the study. 87% of the items available in school canteens were cariogenic and only 13% were noncariogenic. 1505 (83%) school children get food from home, 263 (15%) depend entirely on the canteen, 1320 (73%) eat from both home and canteen and only 158 (8%) of the school children rely entirely on homemade food.

Conclusion

The canteens should reinforce the classroom programs relating to food, nutrition and health. Standard guidelines have to be implemented throughout Saudi Arabia about eating habits in school and improve the overall nutritional quality of school food.

How to cite this article

Togoo RA, Meer Z, Kandlaya R, Yaseen SM, Al-Shehri TD, Al-Ghamdi HG. Availability of Cariogenic Foods in Primary School Canteens of Abha City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. World J Dent 2012;3(3):239-242.
Seal that Heals
Authors: LNU Roshni , Benjamin Shiny , Pradhan Shamina , Nainan Mohan T
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Dentinal hypersensitivity can be treated by dentinal tubule occlusion which prevents any stimuli from causing dentinal fluid movement. This in vitro study aims to compare the dentinal tubule occluding capability of four chemical compounds, a bonding agent, a compound of fluoride and hydroxyapatite, potassium oxalate gel and sodium fluoride varnish.

Materials and methods

Forty dentin samples were divided into four groups of 10 samples each. Group A (treated with Clearfil SE Bond), Group B (treated with Remin Pro), Group C (treated with Potassium Oxalate, Vi-sense,) and Group D (treated with Pro Fluoride varnish). The samples were treated with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel prior to application of desensitizing agents to remove the smear layer and open the dentinal tubule orifice. Following the desensitizing treatment the specimens were washed and dehydrated using graded series of ethanol treatments (25, 50, 75, 90 and 100%). After each treatment tubule occlusion was analyzed by scanning electron microscope.

Results

Qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrated potassium oxalate gel to cause maximum tubule occlusion followed by Remin Pro > Sodium fluoride varnish > Clearfil SE Bond.

Conclusion

Life expectancy is increasing and patients are retaining their natural teeth for a longer time due to effective treatment strategies. The results showed the potential use of these products as an effective means of tubule occlusion.

How to cite this article

Benjamin S, Roshni, Pradhan S, Nainan MT. Seal that Heals. World J Dent 2012;3(3):243-246.
The Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status of Asthmatic Children between the Age Group of 6 and 12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Venkataraghavan Karthik , Anandhan Vasanthakumari , Bharathan R , Reddy Nayana V
Published: October 2012

Aim

To assess the prevalence and severity of dental caries and oral hygiene status of 6 to 12 years old children with bronchial asthma.

Materials and methods

The study population consisted of 500 children between the age group of 6 and 12 years old, who were diagnosed with bronchial asthma and were under medication. DMFT score was assessed by WHO criteria (1997) and oral hygiene status was assessed by simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by Greene and Vermillion (1964).

Results

The data was collected and analyzed using the SPSS package.15.6% of females had good oral hygiene status when compared to males who almost had 12.6 and 20.8% of children who were in the category of moderate persistent asthma had decayed teeth whereas only 4% of children in severe persistent asthma category had experienced with decayed teeth.

Conclusion

Moderate persistent group of asthmatic children who were consuming orobronchodilator form of medication are found to have high prevalence of dental caries than dry powder and metered dose inhaler.

How to cite this article

Anandhan V, Bharathan R, Venkataraghavan K, Reddy NV. The Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status of Asthmatic Children between the Age Group of 6 and 12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study. World J Dent 2012;3(3):250-254.
An Alternative Approach in Treating Orofacial Pain: A Pilot Study of 24 Patients
Authors: Sharma Shruti , Desai Vela D , Patil Neelkant
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Alternative dentistry is the ever increasing topic of interest in order to unlock the secrets of age old techniques used in the treatment of various diseases. This study was done to relieve pain by alternative therapy and compare four different techniques and their effectiveness in relieving pain.

Materials and methods

The study comprised of 24 subjects on whom four different techniques namely coconut oil therapy, reflexology, warm cold ice pack and ginger therapy were tried.

Results

It was observed that coconut oil therapy was the best analgesic and warm cold ice pack was fastest acting analgesic.

Conclusion

We can efficiently use alternative medicines in treating different levels of pain and reduce the burden of analgesics and its side effects.

How to cite this article

Desai VD, Sharma S, Patil N. An Alternative Approach in Treating Orofacial Pain: A Pilot Study of 24 Patients. World J Dent 2012;3(3):255-256.
Tooth Whitening of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Chan Daniel CN
Published: October 2012

Tooth discoloration of intrinsic etiology such as from tetracycline ingestion can be a major esthetic problem. This clinical report describes the use of an extended whitening treatment of second-degree tetracycline stained teeth. The suggested combination of in-office and home whitening provided a fast whitening result, proper monitoring of the progress of whitening throughout the extended period, and continuous motivation for the patient to complete the whitening treatment.

How to cite this article

Kwon SR, Chan DCN. Tooth Whitening of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth. World J Dent 2012;3(3):257-260.
Necrotizing Fasciitis of Face in Odontogenic Infection: A Rare Clinical Entity
Authors: Vivek GK , Singh Ranjith , Veena GC , Arya Prappanna
Published: October 2012

Necrotizing fasciitis is a progressive, life-threatening, bacterial infection of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue and the underlying fascia, in most cases caused by β-hemolytic group A Streptococcus. Only early diagnosis and aggressive therapy including broad spectrum antibiotics and surgical intervention can avoid systemic toxicity with a high mortality rate. This disease is commonly known to occur in the lower extremities and trunk, and only rarely in the head and neck region, the face being rarest finding. When located in the face necrotizing fasciitis is associated with severe cosmetic and functional complication due to the invasive nature, infection and often due to the necessary surgical treatment. In the following article, we present the successful diagnosis and management of an isolated facial necrotizing fasciitis as a consequence of odontogenic infection.

How to cite this article

Vivek GK, Singh R, Veena GC, Arya P. Necrotizing Fasciitis of Face in Odontogenic Infection: A Rare Clinical Entity. World J Dent 2012;3(3):261-264.
Oral Rehabilitation of a Worn Out Dentition
Authors: Imran Zonera , Siddiqui Talha M
Published: October 2012

Noncarious loss of the tooth surface continues throughout the life of a person. One of the most common causes of the noncarious tooth surface loss is tooth wear which is a common condition found in the elderly. A case is presented here which demonstrates the provision of full mouth rehabilitation to a patient with severe worn out dentition and highlights the complexity associated with the treatment of generalized worn out dentition.

How to cite this article

Farooq I, Siddiqui TM. Oral Rehabilitation of a Worn Out Dentition: A Case Report. World J Dent 2012;3(3):265-268.
Esthetic Problem: Prosthetic Solution for an Ocular Defect
Authors: Prasad Raghavendra , Bhambhani Ritika , Joshi Shalini
Published: October 2012

Anophthalmia (The loss an eye) not only impairs patient's vision but also create a noticeable deformity on facial appearance and esthetics. The condition is a psychological distress for the patient interrupting his routine work. 'sarvendriyanam nayanam pradhanum’ states vision to be the supreme among all the senses. A prosthodontist as an integral member of the craniofacial rehabilitation team can help raise the spirits and ease the mind of the affected. Among various approaches, customized ocular prosthesis achieves better comfort and function between prosthesis and orbital tissues. This is a case report of a female patient of age 22 years had lost her eye as a child due to trauma and the above mentioned prosthesis was planned and fabricated to enhance appearance and boost her confidence. Getting eyesight back is not always possible, but maxillofacial prosthetics can help to reduce the pain of psychological embarrassment. Artistic skills are needed in providing a natural look to the prosthesis; this technique may help in a naturally appearing prosthesis with lesser artistic skills.

How to cite this article

Prasad R, Bhambhani R, Joshi S. Esthetic Problem: Prosthetic Solution for an Ocular Defect. World J Dent 2012;3(3):269-272.