bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Trump Flipped Michigan
Authors: Marsh Sally
Published: January 2020

Twelve Michigan counties that voted for Barack Obama in both 2008 and 2012 flipped to assure Donald Trump’s surprising 2016 victory in this supposed “blue wall” state. To understand how this happened, this chapter tracks the tactics and organizational capabilities of the statewide Trump and Clinton campaigns and looks closely at rural Manistee County, where a pronounced swing from Obama to Trump coincided with increased voter turnout. As the research reveals, the Trump campaign inspired new grassroots enthusiasm and tapped into preexisting conservative networks, including those built by Americans for Prosperity-Michigan and the Tea Party. While local Democrats exhibited tepid support for Clinton, strong anti-establishment and identity-based sentiments fueled support for Trump.
Trump’s Trump: Lou Barletta and the Limits of Anti-Immigrant Politics in Pennsylvania
Authors: Thom Elizabeth , Skocpol Theda
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the underpinnings and limits of ethno-nationalism in the politically pivotal state of Pennsylvania by tracking the career of Lou Barletta, US congressman and former mayor of Hazleton in the declining rustbelt area of Luzerne County. Often known as Donald Trump’s political godfather, Barletta rose to political fame by attacking Hispanic immigrants as criminals and sponsoring severe restrictions on their rights. He went on to win a seat in the US House and become one of the first members of Congress to endorse Trump’s 2016 candidacy. The president then recruited Barletta to run for the Senate in 2018 and strongly backed his campaign based on highlighting threats from immigrants. But Barletta lost, illuminating the limits of anti-immigrant appeals in statewide and national politics.
Saving America Once Again, from the Tea Party to the Anti-Trump Resistance
Authors: Gose Leah E. , Skocpol Theda , Williamson Vanessa
Published: January 2020

Both the grassroots spread of more than a thousand local Tea Parties starting in 2009 and the current spread of as many as two thousand anti-Trump resistance groups are instances of an electorally sparked citizen movement. Ordinary citizens horrified at the election of a president and Congress at the opposite end of the partisan spectrum mobilized to “save America” as they believe it should be. Both times, participants sought to foster civic engagement and redirect public agendas and party politics. Drawing from current research on local resistors in multiple states, this chapter makes comparisons to earlier Tea Partiers—considering participants’ characteristics and views as well as the structure and activities of local groups and their impact on political parties.
The Texas-Sized Impact of Beto O’Rourke’s 2018 Senate Campaign
Authors: Oehmler Eliza , Zoorob Michael
Published: January 2020

After years of decline, Democrats in Texas have recently worked to make their party competitive again. This chapter examines the organizational precursors and products of the Robert “Beto” O’Rourke 2018 campaign for US Senate—in particular, the effects of two campaign efforts: Beto’s visits to all 254 Texas counties, and his campaign’s mass voter mobilization infrastructure with a large paid staff, more than seven hundred field offices, and thousands of volunteers. Although O’Rourke did not unseat Ted Cruz, his campaign contributed to big down-ballot Democratic successes, built a statewide network of volunteers, and convinced the national Democratic Party to invest in Texas politics.
How Grassroots Resistance Networks Boosted Pennsylvania Democrats in 2018
Authors: Frank Maximilian
Published: January 2020

After the 2016 election, Americans formed thousands of anti-Trump grassroots resistance groups across the country. This chapter draws from in-depth interviews and other evidence to explore the electoral activities and impact of such groups in six pivotal Pennsylvania swing counties around Philadelphia and Lehigh Valley. Formed in suburban and rural areas without historically strong Democratic Parties, these resistance groups revitalized local Democratic Party organizations and elected like-minded candidates to political office. Their members registered new Democratic voters and recruited, trained, and deployed volunteers to canvass door-to-door during crucial campaign moments. These groups, predominantly led by women, also supported many women candidates at both the federal and state level. Despite their broad support of Democratic candidates, resistance groups retained varying degrees of independence from party organizations and navigated occasional friction with incumbent party leadership. Resistance efforts helped Pennsylvania Democrats in 2018 and improved their future prospects, though questions remain about the extent to which they will remain independent of the Democratic Party in 2020 and beyond.
Losing Our Minds
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

Citizens across the world report a declining trust in democratic government and in one another. This chapter argues that the rise in alienation is due largely to the co-optation of democratic institutions. Alienation occurs when citizens feel disempowered, disconnected, and uninformed, and it leads them to opt out of civic life. Elections provide one example where citizens often lack the information needed to reach decisions that align with their underlying values and interests. As the chapter explains, deliberative institutions, however, offer an alternative path by giving citizens the opportunity to participate in decision making and the information necessary to do so in meaningful ways. The implementation of such processes requires civic innovators who push for institutional change, and this chapter introduces one such democratic reformer who created the Citizens’ Initiative Review.
Bureaucracy and Boycott
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 7 discusses how deliberative processes like the Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR) must contend with the same strategic tactics that diminish the integrity of the wider governing system. This chapter tells the story of how CIR organizers lobbied for its permanent implementation and fended off opponents who were wary that it would undermine their power to sway the electorate. Organizers ultimately prevailed, and the CIR became an official governing institution and a commission was set up to oversee it. In 2012, advocates for one of the measures boycotted the process, forcing organizers to scramble to find replacements who could testify on behalf of the measure. The chapter shows how, in both instances, CIR organizers and proponents returned to the initial premise of deliberation, bringing reason back into politics, to ensure that both the institution and the process were successful.
Can Voters Deliberate?
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

Deliberative processes generally result in increased issue-specific knowledge for participants and can lead to opinion change as a result. The question asked in chapter 9 is: Does this translate into increased knowledge and opinion change for the wider public who these processes aim to assist? The chapter summarizes research suggesting that voters often lack the information they need to cast their votes on ballot measures. As detailed in this chapter, studies of Citizens’ Initiative Reviews (CIRs) show the reviews can help voters overcome these information deficiencies. Voters who read the CIR statements were more likely to form opinions that aligned with the balance of information and arguments provided by review participants. Further, voters tend to find the statements both reliable and useful and learn new information about the ballot measure, even if that information does not align with their cultural predispositions.
Calvinism, Conversion, and the Science of the Self
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: January 2020

Rather than laying out an unambiguous account of his experience of regeneration, or of the assurance of salvation, Calvin allowed his spare moments of self-reflection to support narratives of both lysis and crisis conversion. While these tropes had an extended pedigree, their juxtaposition in his description of conversion provided an unstable foundation for the “true and sound wisdom” that made possible the “knowledge of God,” and introduced or identified an ambiguity in the science of the self that would create acute psychological and spiritual concern for future generations of his followers about the experience of new birth and the assurance of salvation that, Calvin believed, was its normal accompaniment. As Calvin’s Institutes began to circulate within the English-speaking world, this ambiguity would resonate in the other kinds of Calvinist life writing in which they developed their understanding of conversion and the science of the self.
Calvin, Calvinism, and Philosophy
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: January 2020

Although John Calvin was not a philosopher by profession, he was educated in the subject; although Calvin became a theologian par excellence, he had no formal theological education. One might expect such a person to be a philosopher first and a theologian second. But Calvin subordinated his philosophy to his theology, without anesthetizing the philosophy. Calvin’s attitude to philosophy was to use it warily, as a tool for the conceptual elaboration of doctrine, and in polemics, with a resistance to speculation. His use of the philosophers of the ancient world was rather eclectic. This chapter argues that Calvin does not follow any one ancient school in appealing to philosophical insights or distinctions from various quarters where he thought they helped his argument, and he introduced these unselfconsciously, but in a way that shows familiarity with them.
Calvinism and War
Authors: Kooi Christine
Published: January 2020

Reformed Protestants found themselves involved in some of the bloodiest conflicts of sixteenth-century Europe. The Reformed criticism and rejection of the old Church made peaceful coexistence unlikely, and when Reformed movements found themselves increasingly under pressure to conform, they grew less and less willing to do so. A life “under the cross” grew less palatable in Calvinist minds, especially since Calvin himself had warned against the spiritual dangers of “Nicodemism,” that is, pretending not to be a dissenter to preserve one’s safety. This chapter argues that one of the major intellectual projects of sixteenth-century Calvinism was to provide a theological rationale for what seemed to most people to be politically unthinkable: war against established government. The leading thinkers of the Reformed movement, in their writings at least, were certainly not reluctant to confront, provoke, and fight back for the sake of the gospel.
The Thematic Lens
Authors: DeGloma Thomas , Papadantonakis Max
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines a comparative framework for ethnographic analysis that combines contributions from formal sociology, symbolic interaction, and the strong program in cultural sociology. Building on the methodological perspective that Eviatar Zerubavel has termed “social pattern analysis,” the authors show how underlying formal properties, including patterns of social interaction, foundational narrative structures, and formulaic modes of performance, tie otherwise quite disparate cases together. Moreover, actors in different contexts merge these social forms with widespread cultural codes, resulting in patterned structures of meaning. Otherwise different cases thus emerge as variant manifestations of a common social theme. Using such social themes as analytic lenses offers great promise for theory construction and serves as a guide for expanding empirical inquiry to a greater range of contexts and cases. Drawing on research pertaining to various topics, the chapter shows how using a thematic lens provides a compelling foundation for comparative multicase analysis while honing the interpretive and descriptive strengths traditionally associated with ethnography on the underlying properties and processes that tie such cases together.
Sequential Comparisons and the Comparative Imagination
Authors: Tavory Iddo , Timmermans Stefan
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines three basic modes of comparison ethnographers wield: shadow comparisons to other cases that inform observations, internal comparisons among observations and other units of analysis within the case, and varieties of external comparison among different field sites. The authors then make two complementary arguments. First, the chapter widens ethnographers’ comparative imagination by arguing that ethnographers need to pay more careful attention to the interplay among different kinds of comparisons. And, second, the case is made that a preferred strategy for external comparison is sequential comparison, in which the ethnographer first abductively finds important puzzles in one field, and only then chooses a second field according to emerging theoretical themes.
Introduction
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

The Introduction introduces the concept of being socially, as opposed to (merely) legally undocumented. It briefly explores the relationship of being socially undocumented to Latina/o/x identity and anti-Latina/o/x racism. It establishes the relational egalitarian conception of justice that is employed throughout this book. The Introduction also lays out the framework for the remaining chapters. Chapter 1 articulates a new framework for immigration justice using a more expansive conception of what it means to “be undocumented.” Chapter 2 explores the meaning of having a socially undocumented identity. Chapter 3 argues that “being socially undocumented” is embodied along racial and class lines, an argument continued in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapters 6 and 7 examine what states must do to undermine anti-socially undocumented oppression. The Conclusion draws upon the arguments explored in all the previous chapters.
Socially, Not Legally, Undocumented
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that there is a distinct social group called the “socially undocumented,” which is distinguishable—at least in certain respects—from the social group of legally undocumented people. Furthermore, it is argued that the socially undocumented are an oppressed social group. They are those who are presumed to be undocumented on the mere basis of their appearance, which often entails being taken to “look like” someone who is Mexico and working class, and subjected to demeaning immigration-related constraints on that basis. This chapter also argues that being oppressed as a socially undocumented person entails being subjected to injustice in the realm of immigration.
Fictionalism and Reasons
Authors: Daly Chris
Published: January 2020

Revolutionary forms of fictionalism reach conclusions that seem immodest by the relatively modest means of weighing up one set of reasons against another. This project faces several objections. Is there any attitude other than belief which we can take to the theories we use? Does the fictionalist require an untenable distinction between ordinary and philosophical contexts? Does fictionalism assume an invidious distinction between worlds possessing and not possessing a rejected posit? Is fictionalism unable to explain the success of false theories that are given the fictionalist treatment or the place in such theories of theoretical claims that play no useful role? This chapter seeks to address all of these objections.
Against Hermeneutic Fictionalism
Authors: Liggins David
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers whether hermeneutic fictionalism is preferable to error theory. If we become convinced that the beliefs and assertions apparently involved in a discourse contradict a well-established philosophical doctrine, then we may conclude that the beliefs and assertions are untrue and adopt an error theory of the discourse. Or we may claim that the discourse does not genuinely involve those beliefs and assertions and adopt hermeneutic fictionalism. In this chapter, the author argues that considerations of error avoidance do not support hermeneutic fictionalism over error theory, but rather the reverse, and he defends what has become known as the “phenomenological objection” to hermeneutic fictionalism from Stuart Brock’s attempt to overturn it. The author’s conclusion is that until extra evidence is provided, we should prefer an error theory of a discourse to a hermeneutic fictionalist one.
Fictionalism
Authors: Joyce Richard
Published: January 2020

The moral error theorist maintains that our ordinary use of moral discourse involves ontological commitments that the world fails to satisfy. What, then, should we do with our broken moral discourse? The revolutionary fictionalist recommends maintaining it but removing the problematic ontological commitment, in a manner modeled on our familiar engagements with fictions. The hermeneutic fictionalist, by contrast, claims that this is already how we use moral discourse. One problem for the revolutionary fictionalist is that there is a multitude of possible moral fictions, so why prefer one to another? One problem for the hermeneutic fictionalist is that it really doesn’t feel as if moral discourse resembles an engagement with fiction. Reflection on the nature of the familiar “mini-fictions” of metaphorical language—whereby we say something false as a way of conveying something true—helps solve both these problems in the moral fictionalist’s favor.
Of Rabbits and Men
Authors: Frigg Roman , Salis Fiora
Published: January 2020

According to the fiction view of models, scientific models are akin to places and characters in literary fiction. The chapter introduces this view and develops a specific version of the view based on the pretense account of fiction. It then turns to the question of how models represent their targets and formulates an account of representation based on the notions of denotation, exemplification, keying up, and imputation. The notion of denotation, it is argued, is usually borrowed from language and so an account of scientific representation can pursue a reductive strategy as regards denotation. Finally, it is pointed out that the fiction view of models in no way implies that models promulgate falsities and that the fiction therefore does not undermine the authority of science.
Religious Fictionalism and Pascal’s Wager
Authors: Brock Stuart
Published: January 2020

This chapter is a re-examination of Pascal’s famous pragmatic argument (Pascal’s Wager) in support of wagering for God, first introduced in Pensées, Part III, §233. It is, in part, a consideration of whether Pascal is best interpreted as advocating a version of fictionalism about the Christian religion. Although it is ultimately concluded that Pascal should not be interpreted this way, his views are remarkably close to the religious fictionalist’s, and, in a sense, his views may be thought of as a precursor to religious fictionalism. In addition, this chapter is also a consideration of how a contemporary fictionalist might adapt Pascal’s argument. Although the new “factionalist” wager suffers from many of the same problems as Pascal’s original wager, it is not vulnerable to them all. In particular, fictionalists can dodge a thorny problem first raised by Antony Duff in 1986.
A Move to Global Design
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter establishes the importance of a global approach to social media technology design. It demonstrates interconnectedness as its core feature, as its methodology, and as its cultural logic. In explaining why a global approach is needed for user experience design, it reviews the historical tradition of three main design paradigms (i.e., applied arts, engineering, and human-centered paradigms) and connects this global move with similar paradigm shifts in other fields like global media studies, social informatics, and technical communication. It then describes what this approach entails and unpacks the concept of interconnectedness. It concludes with a case from fieldwork to illustrate how interconnectedness and interdependence work in global social media design.
Designing for Empowerment With a Critical Practice Approach
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter articulates a practice-oriented critical design approach for empowerment. It situates global design issues concerning structure and agency in a discourse of redistributing power and privileges. It first paints a big picture of the social justice–oriented design scholarship in the disciplines of human–computer interaction (HCI), technical and professional communication, and informatics with its key issues. Then it reviews the development of critical design movement and the turn and re-turn to practice in HCI and design communities. Built on that discussion, it integrates the two into a critical practice approach for empowerment—a relational view of design that centers on everyday practice and aims to transform its inequalities of power.
War of Social Messaging Platforms
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies four social messaging platforms, including WhatsApp (United States), WeChat (China), LINE (Japan), and KakaoTalk (South Korea), and applies a relational view of design to explore how the material and the discursive are fused to articulate culturally sustaining value propositions and global mobilities. Based on a multiyear, multisited transnational study and bilingual literature research, it traces the genre development of four local uptakes of a global technology assemblage from the angle of affordances. In exploring the culturally constructed and technology-mediated process of global mobilities, the chapter discusses how discursive affordances of the local uptakes presented culturally sustaining value propositions to spearhead businesses in global competitions, and how the artifact-based and distributed affordances together enhanced individual users to form identities of global mobilities within their communication ecologies for engagement and empowerment. It asks us to consider how we as designers should address the tension between cultural diversity and cultural sensitivity as part of today’s global cultural diversity reality for social media design.
Reshaping Crossroads Into a Design Square
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

The concluding chapter summarizes the culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2) approach and calls for reshaping the crossroads of global social media design into a design square where a spectrum of thoughts, design traditions, discursive conventions, and epistemological orders converge and interact to spark new ideas. This chapter consists of two parts. The first part reviews the three keywords of the CLUE2 approach—discursive affordances, technological genres, and local uptakes—and discusses how they serve as an agent for change and transformation in routinized everyday practices on a global cultural circuit. The second part highlights three design and research heuristics for this critical, global approach: articulating practice-based human–technology relations, piecing together fragmented experiences into global processes, and enabling and engaging cultural differences out of positionality and reflexivity. This critical social practice view of the CLUE2 approach links design and innovation on the global cultural circuit and promotes a relational view of design, contributing to an uprising school for a relational approach of design that comes from multiple disciplines.
Consequences for Philosophy of Perception
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

If experiences are alienable, it is impossible for philosophers of perception to embrace a particular form of naïve realism. Naïve realism is the appealing view that in perception we are perceptually related to objects and properties in the world. But anyone acknowledging alien experiences of the bias-driven kind will find a full embrace of naïve realism challenging. The strongest form of naïve realism, austere relationalism, rejects any explanatory role for representations. But with respect to the kinds of experiences from which we might most often feel alienation, austere relationalists are forced into an untenable position. In order to account for ways racist and sexist bias could affect perception, we should therefore adopt a hybrid of naïve realism and representationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter first offers narratives introducing actors in the book’s major case studies. In India, these include members of the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, which has sought to enlist global allies to press the Indian government for stronger action against caste discrimination, and its critics in the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. The right-wing populist UK Independence Party’s aims for British secession from the European Union are highlighted, as are its claims that the prospect of European Union accession for predominantly Muslim Turkey is a chief reason why Britain should leave. The Turkish case is introduced via street scenes of activists confronting police amid the country’s rising authoritarianism. Then the chapter outlines the book’s major claims for how a robust institutional cosmopolitanism can be shown to orient to political humility rather than arrogance. Variants of cosmopolitanism are discussed, and the book’s argument is previewed by chapter.
The “Soul of Democracy”
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how political humility can or should be promoted, through the adoption of a primarily instrumental approach to democracy informed by Ambedkar’s own instrumentalism and his one person, one value vision of the “soul of democracy.” The approach is primarily rather than wholly instrumental, because it can accommodate some limited claims of intrinsic value for equal democratic citizenship as a public affirmation of equal status for individuals. It does not, however, presume that democratic participation necessarily enables autonomy or embodies equality. Both can be frustrated for persistent electoral minorities. A primarily instrumental approach is shown to orient more clearly to political humility, in part by emphasizing mechanisms of challenge before an impartial arbiter in legal and ombuds systems. Such an approach cannot guarantee that political humility will prevail. It does, however, provide individuals with important resources for challenging forms of political arrogance, while also promoting a systemic orientation to political humility.
The Global Challenge of the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter highlights the importance of enabling individuals to give input and lodge challenges beyond the state through detailing the actions and views of those in the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR). It first gives details on the grounded normative theory approach adopted in the book, involving the direct conduct and incorporation of empirical research in the development of normative claims. Then NCDHR’s formation and primary efforts are discussed, including its member organizations’ documentation of caste-related discrimination and violence, oversight of government agents, and contributions to Dalit social and economic development. The campaign’s global outreach is detailed, with emphasis on engagement with United Nations human rights bodies. Throughout, activists’ own views are presented on the importance of their globally oriented challenges, and on the justifiability of airing their country’s “dirty linen,” against claims by their critics that they are disloyal and engaged in a neo-imperial conspiracy against India.
The Arrogance of States
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the current global system is structurally oriented to political arrogance. It inappropriately permits states to summarily reject the standing of actors such as the National Campaign on Dalit Human rights to file any actionable rights-based challenges vertically, to global bodies, and the standing of individual “outsiders” or other states to file horizontal challenges. Such rejections are inappropriate because the claims being dismissed are typically based in the very rights that ground states’ sovereign prerogatives to dismiss them. The current system is also shown to be strongly conducive to political vices of apathy and selfishness. The identification of each political vice, it is argued, highlights reasons to support an institutional global citizenship approach, alongside collective-action problems and other reasons offered by institutional cosmopolitan theorists. Some possible individual duties of global citizenship to support global institutional development are then discussed, and some stringent recent objections to such duties are engaged.
The Soul of Global Democracy
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers some objections lodged by universalist moral theorists. First it addresses Martha Nussbaum’s rejection of robust cosmopolitan institutions on grounds that they would not respect collective domestic choices. Such a stance is shown to give too little attention to domestic repression. Simon Caney’s partly instrumental model of cosmopolitan democracy is shown to provide important insights. It places such strong emphasis on respecting “reasonable disagreement” among persons, however, that it could affirm democratic outcomes deeply skewed in favor of the global majority. An alternative is outlined, informed by Ambedkar’s “soul of democracy” vision of social democracy. It would work to constitutionalize some global economic aim rights, including freer movement of persons, and support the development of related challenge mechanisms. Some practical insights to inform the development of such a framework, and rights specifications processes within it, are taken from the case of the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, and from the European and other regional governance contexts.
Political Arrogance and National Belonging
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers arrogance claims lodged by members of the UK Independence Party, against the backdrop of Britain’s “Brexit” referendum to leave the European Union (EU). Many UKIP respondents see EU institutions as inappropriately treating national communities as not authorized to set policy in line with their own distinctive national priorities. And, they argue that EU free movement rules inappropriately impose a more cosmopolitan vision of membership on national communities—especially when prospective members such as Turkey are a “poor fit” with the British nation. Some Turkish respondents challenge such poor fit claims. Further challenges are raised to democratic theory arguments that give strong emphasis to national belonging. Overall, it is shown, claims for the moral and empirical distinctiveness of nations are difficult to sustain, and thus so are nationalist objections to democracy beyond the nation-state.
Conclusion
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter concludes the book by examining how Ambedkar’s own thought on democracy and individual rights within the deeply diverse Indian context could inform efforts to develop a framework of more cosmopolitan, more democratically accountable political institutional at the regional and ultimately global levels. It reviews the argument of the book by chapter, then explores a possible “Ambedkarian” model for advancing the development of democratic institutions and forms of political humility beyond the state. Such a model would focus on softening barriers and promoting interaction between national communities, while promoting some types of broader identification as a means of advancing rights protections. The chapter closes with discussion of a future project on feasibility issues related to the development of such a framework.
Introduction
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

As technocracy has spread, critical analysis of it has stagnated. In part, this is because the critics take an external perspective on technocracy, condemning it for being anti-democratic. This perspective discourages critical theorizing about whether technocrats possess the knowledge that, from an internal perspective, qualifies them to rule: knowledge of the costs and benefits of public policies designed to address people’s social and economic problems. However, once we thus recognize technocracy as an inherently epistemic enterprise, we discover that there is a democratic version of technocracy: ordinary citizens often assume that they, too, know the costs and benefits of policies aimed at solving social and economic problems. Indeed, we discover that much of modern mass politics revolves around competing claims about these costs and benefits. An internal critique of technocracy, then, will have to challenge the knowledge claims of both “technocrats” in the ordinary usage—epistocrats—and those of members of the mass public, or “citizen-technocrats.”
Afterword
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

The socialist element in exitocracy suggests that the left should endorse it in preference to technocracy. For technocracy blocks people’s use of the exit mechanism to solve social problems individually, and we now have reason to think that this is likely to reduce human well-being, at least until the advent of an intellectual revolution that enables a judicious technocracy to arise. But the grip of technocracy on the left is ideationally determined and is, therefore, unlikely to change—unless the left itself experiences a cultural revolution.
Reducing Long-Distance Binding to Logophoric Exemption
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

This chapter re-examines the hypothesis that some anaphors can be long-distance bound independently of their discursive conditions. All analyses of long-distance anaphora, whether they assume binding domain parameterization or covert movement, rely on the existence of a specific type of anaphors that can be bound out of the Condition A domain and are further characterized by monomorphemicity, subject orientation, sloppy readings, and blocking effects. The goal of this chapter is to question this empirical claim and examine the hypothesis that such purported long-distance anaphors can in fact be reduced to exempt anaphors subject to logophoric conditions. Some tests are proposed and applied to Icelandic sig, Mandarin ziji, French soi, and Norwegian seg/sin using online questionnaires. The results suggest that the hypothesis that long-distance binding should be eliminated from the theory and reduced to logophoric exemption is viable—pending further cross-linguistic studies.
The Mycenaean Cemetery of Deiras, Argos, in a Local and Regional Context
Authors: Papadimitriou Nikolas , Philippa-Touchais Anna , Touchais Gilles
Published: January 2020

The Mycenaean cemetery of Deiras has enjoyed relatively little attention by Aegean scholars. This is mainly due to the rather modest character of its contents, which does not favor quantitative analysis of “wealth” and “status” differences among individuals. Based on the assumption that mortuary patterns “mirror” social structure, such approaches have been extensively used to analyze social complexity and “explain” state-formation processes in Mycenaean Greece. Recent theoretical discussions, however, have demonstrated the limitations of such reflexive approaches. Funerals are now seen as dynamic fields of social performance and negotiation, which may skew rather than “reveal” intergroup relations. To understand their importance, one needs to examine them within their specific context, i.e., in dialogue with what preexisted, not what followed. In this chapter, we apply such an approach on the Mycenaean cemetery of Deiras. First we examine the gradual development of the cemetery in the context of Argos and how it related to other burial grounds and the settlement of the site. Then we attempt a comparative examination with other Mycenaean cemeteries of the Argolid. It is suggested that LH IIB/IIIA1 was the period of most intense deposition of valuables in Argolic graves, and the stage during which a number of typically “Mycenaean” practices and symbolisms were standardized. This raises the question whether one should look at this period, rather than the much more diverse LH I–IIA, for the rise of a common code of funerary behavior, which used exclusive ritual performances in the entrances of the tombs and the disposal of material acquisitions as basic indices of social identity. This may have had wider repercussions: the distribution of valuables in LH IIB/IIIA1 suggests that it was during this period when Mycenae acquired a special role as a major re-distributive centre in the Argolid.
The Mycenaean Cemetery at Ayia Sotira, Nemea
Authors: Smith R. Angus K. , Dabney Mary K. , Wright James C.
Published: January 2020

From 2006 to 2008 The Canadian Institute in Greece sponsored the excavation of a Mycenaean chamber tomb cemetery at Ayia Sotira near Koutsomodi in the Nemea Valley. The five modest tombs excavated by the project were undoubtedly associated with the nearby settlement of Tsoungiza, and offer a picture of the mortuary practices associated with this settlement. The practices at Ayia Sotira describe both local funerary customs and more generally “Mycenaean” ones observable throughout Mainland Greece and the Aegean. Explanations for the local character are found in the economic conditions of the nearby settlement, in the local geology, and presumably local customs. These were documented through careful recovery of the stratigraphy and contents of the tombs, including paleobotanical, phytolith, organic residue, and micromorphological analysis. The remarkable similarity of these tombs and their contents to those excavated at neighboring Zygouries confirm the local character of chamber tomb inhumation. Yet comparison with other chamber tomb cemeteries, notably nearby Aidonia, but also with examples in the Corinthia, Argolid, and elsewhere, demonstrate the general features of a common “Mycenaean” practice. Overall, burial practices in the chamber tombs at Ayia Sotira fits our reconstruction of the inhabitants of Tsoungiza being incorporated into a social and political system dominated by the inhabitants of Mycenae during the LH IIIA2–B periods.
Diversity in Life and Death in Early Mycenaean Achaea
Authors: Papazoglou-Manioudaki Lena
Published: January 2020

Achaea, in the Northwest Peloponnese, is an integral part of the Mycenaean world and in the early Mycenaean period went through the same evolutionary processes as the rest of the Myceneaen world. We witness settlement growth and the rise of local elites who manifest their status in stone built and richly furnished tombs, particularly in Western Achaea. In LH IIB the building of tholos tombs reveals the existence of local principalities in Western Achaea, while a hoard of metal vases and weapons permits us to speak of a high status warrior’s burial. This early floruit comes to an end at the beginning of the Palatial period, as the destruction levels in settlements and the plundering of tholos tombs testify. Chamber tomb cemeteries are introduced in LH IIB, starting in Eastern Achaea and prevail all over Achaea in the palatial and postpalatial era.
Langada Revisited
Authors: McNamee Calla , Vitale Salvatore
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates burial practices and cultural identity at the cemetery of Langada on Kos and discusses the evidence for diachronic changes in the context of Koan Late Bronze Age society. More specifically, through an in-depth study of excavation data, this contribution reconsiders three significant aspects of the Langada burial arena. The first one concerns tomb type, size, shape, and spatial distribution. The second and the third aspects concern, respectively, evidence for tomb reuse and mortuary treatments. The analysis of these features is used to compare burial practices, characterize societal structure, and better understand cultural developments. The results of this research imply that the gradual formation of a Mycenaean identity on Kos was the outcome of a long-term process of integration between Greek mainland and local funerary traditions, which came to fruition during Late Helladic IIIA2 and Late Helladic IIIB. During these phases, Mycenaean identity functioned to bind a well-organized Koan society. In the successive Late Helladic IIIC period, on the other hand, the identification of greater variability in material evidence and burial practices suggests that, while Mycenaean culture remained important, Koan society had a more fluid character and a looser structure.
The Power of the Dead
Authors: Smith R. Angus K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the tombs of the Late Minoan III cemeteries at Mochlos and Myrsini Aspropilia over the periods spanning the LM IIIA to LM IIIC. At Mochlos, recent excavations by J. Soles and C. Davaras revealed two separate burial areas including a cemetery of 31 chamber tombs and pit graves and a smaller burial area of seven pit graves. At nearby Myrsini, excavations by N. Platon in the late 1950s revealed a cemetery of 12 chamber tombs and pit graves. The chronology of the Mochlos tombs places them in the LM IIIA and B periods, while the Myrsini tombs span the LM IIIA to C periods. The chapter takes a comparative approach and explores the Mochlos and Myrsini cemeteries in relation to each other, to contemporary tombs on Crete, and to wider mortuary trends during the period. In particular, it focuses on mortuary contexts as a locus of ritual power and examines how they are able to inform us about shifting patterns in the economy and group identity of a regional community.
Funerary Practices, Female Identities, and the Clay Pyxis in Late Minoan III Crete
Authors: D’Agata Anna Lucia
Published: January 2020

In the funerary archaeology of LM III Crete, studies aimed at highlighting the specific links existing between gender, age, social status, and material culture are almost nonexistent. On the other hand, the analysis of the funerary system within the framework of the Mycenaean states confirms that different treatments were reserved for males, females, and children. On the basis of those instances for which osteological analyses are available, the funerary evidence of LM III Crete allows us to identify objects that present recurring and significant associations in terms of representation of gender. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the role played by the clay pyxis in relation to female identity. Its adoption on Crete in funerary contexts is an entirely new phenomenon that, starting from the LM IIIA2, documents the use of this vessel as a marker of a specifically female identity.
Musical Propaganda in the Era of the Constitution
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

Focusing on the period 1783–1792, this chapter examines how music was used as a tool of propaganda in the early American republic. Americans used music to craft a central myth of the nation, the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. Music was an important tool of propaganda as debates over how to address crucial financial problems impacting individuals, the states, and the federal government culminated in efforts to restructure the government through the Constitution. As advocates of a more powerful federal government repeatedly turned to musical propaganda, songwriters wrote music to contain popular protest, urge ratification, define the relationship between the people and the new federal government, and promote allegiance to the newly structured government during Washington’s first term as president.
Debating the Embargo in Song
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

Focusing on the period 1806–1811, this chapter examines how Americans used music to address critical political questions prompted by the Napoleonic Wars. The nation faced naval depredations, failed diplomacy, and economic devastation spurred by a broad embargo. As Americans struggled under severe trade restrictions, songwriters used music to address questions about the makeup and purpose of the navy, the prospect of alliance with a European power, and the possibility of avoiding embroilment in a major European war. Music provided an engaging medium not only to address these questions within the first party system but also to prioritize the nation’s goals, including peace, prosperity, and isolationism.
Extending Acts of Motherhood
Authors: Hagen Jamie J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter highlights the different ways mothers engage in storytelling to resist stigma, while also rejecting the idea that they are “bad” mothers. The prevailing story told about what makes a “good” mother relies on the construction of an ideal mother parenting within a specific vision of the nuclear family. Mothers who do not live up to this ideal construction of motherhood are punished through various forms of stigma such as sexual stigma and abortion stigma. This chapter considers the impact of stigma on two groups of women: lesbian mothers and mothers who have had abortions. Mothers from both communities who have faced stigma are finding ways to rewrite the script about how to mother without shame. Some of the forms of resistance these mothers have engaged in include abortion speak-outs, online storytelling through blogs and videos, and storytelling through art. The chapter also explores how community-based initiatives informed by the principles of reproductive justice make possible new narratives of maternity and as well as visions for a future for mothering without stigma.
Queering Reproductive Aid
Authors: Mason Corinne L.
Published: January 2020

In 2017, Global Affairs Canada (GAC) released the Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP), the first policy in Canada to include sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as key concerns. Shortly thereafter, GAC publicized a $650 million commitment to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). However, attention to diversity of women and girls’ sexual orientations and gender identities was absent from GAC’s 2017 SRHR commitments. In this chapter, the author investigates the impact of inclusion rhetoric in FIAP using a mixed method: discursive analysis of FIAP and interviews with GAC and civil society. The author argues that the term “inclusive” appears in FIAP without fixed meaning and is not harnessed to particular aid commitments. Thus, despite a discursive leap toward inclusion of LGBTIQ issues, FIAP continues to operate in a heteronormative and cisnormative frame, which is an epidemic in development policy and programming and has immense impact on LGBTIQ individuals’ access to reproductive care.
Troubling Conceptions of Motherhood
Authors: Mhajne Anwar , Whetstone Crystal
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the ways in which political institutions in three countries—Egypt, Sri Lanka, and Argentina—interact with religious and cultural conceptions of motherhood to provide women with social authority, often through respectability politics. State and societal dynamics in each case forced women to bargain with patriarchy in order to secure political gains using—and therefore reproducing—respectability politics. In each of these three cases from different geographical regions of the world, the authors’ analysis has revealed how women’s “bargaining with patriarchy” by employing patriarchal discourses on respectable femininity and maternal identities enabled some women to engage, challenge, and resist the state. By using respectability politics centered around maternalism and the institution of motherhood, women have helped to advance democratization by challenging human rights abuses and/or furthered women’s participation in politics. With these three cases, the chapter demonstrates how, in certain political and cultural contexts where religion and women’s roles as the foundation of the family significantly structure the lives of women, motherhood has been utilized as a powerful tool for political mobilization and contestation.