bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enjeux éthiques de la démarche palliative auprès d’enfants polyhandicapés ou atteints de maladie neurodégénérative
Authors: Mehler-Jacob Claire , Perifano Alessia , Gabolde Martine
Published: November 2019

Le savoir médical, au-delà des repères qu’il permet de construire, ne circonscrit pas l’avenir. En même temps qu’un diagnostic définit la maladie dont souffre un enfant, il définit également tout un champ d’incertitudes quant à la manière dont une maladie grave, une atteinte neurologique, évolutive ou non, va s’exprimer chez un enfant en particulier. La démarche palliative, lorsqu’elle se déploie dans ces situations, vise la meilleure qualité de vie possible pour l’enfant et sa famille, en tenant compte de la singularité et de la complexité de chaque accompagnement. C’est ainsi que chaque projet de vie, quelle que soit sa durée – quelques heures, quelques jours, quelques mois, quelques années – est élaboré avec les soignants à partir de l’état clinique de l’enfant, de ses désirs, de ceux de ses parents, des possibilités, des impossibilités, des incertitudes. Car l’incertitude, au-delà de l’inconfort qu’elle peut générer, est investie comme espace des possibilités, des potentialités, des imprévisibilités. La vie, même menacée, même touchée par une maladie grave, se déploie de façon unique pour chaque enfant. Travailler avec cette incertitude, la reconnaître, lui faire place permet également de construire une alliance avec les familles sur la base d’un échange authentique entre ce que l’on sait et ce que l’on ignore. Une telle alliance est indispensable pour garantir la qualité de l’accompagnement et pour permettre, dans les temps d’aggravation, de penser ensemble le juste niveau de prise en charge, c’est-à-dire de dessiner le chemin de crête entre obstination déraisonnable et perte de chance, dans un mouvement adaptatif permanent.
L’avis 129 du CCNE : un regard éthique partagé avec la société
Authors: Duée Pierre-Henri , Aquili Jeanne , Delfraissy Jean-François
Published: November 2019

Après les États généraux de la bioéthique qui se sont tenus au premier semestre de 2018, le Comité consultatif national d’éthique a souhaité émettre son propre avis dans le cadre d’une contribution à la révision de la loi de bioéthique. De ce fait, l’objet de l’avis 129 était de donner quelques pistes d’évolution dans les neuf thématiques qui constituaient le périmètre des États généraux de la bioéthique, en s’appuyant sur la consultation de la société, ainsi que sur les travaux antérieurs du Comité. La présente analyse est réalisée sur cinq des thèmes inscrits lors de cette consultation, illustrant les enjeux éthiques que posent le numérique en santé, les examens génétiques et la médecine génomique, les modalités du don et des transplantations, la procréation et la fin de vie.
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux ou la prospérité ordinaire
Authors: d'Iribarne Alain
Published: November 2019

Le dynamisme économique d’un village, dont la mort par abandon est pourtant annoncée, dépend bien plus de la vie collective locale que de l’action de l’État. En témoigne les mesures prises en faveur de l’attractivité et pour le maintien d’une offre de soin médical.
Le christianisme, témoin de quelle transcendance ?
Authors: Bouthors Jean-François
Published: November 2019

Les combats de l’Église catholique sont devenus illisibles par l’écart croissant entre sa doctrine, qui confond unité et unanimité, et les réalités sociales. Il lui faut retrouver l’esprit de controverse propre à sa matrice hébraïque.
Le Venezuela face au scandale du mal
Authors: García Sánchez Pedro José
Published: November 2019

La tragédie du Venezuela s’apparente à ce que Ricœur appelle le scandale du mal. Elle est marquée par la spoliation du domaine public et des violences multiples. Mais une transition est en marche.
Critique de Newton et pensée de la temporalité (Hegel, Schelling)
Authors: Authier Raphaël
Published: November 2019

La lecture de Newton joue un rôle décisif dans l’élaboration par Hegel et par Schelling de leur « philosophie de la nature », et dans leur manière de définir le rapport de la philosophie aux sciences positives. Hegel et Schelling, à partir d’un constat initial commun (Newton aurait fait malgré lui de la métaphysique, bien qu’il ait voulu s’en garder) développent deux lectures tout à fait divergentes. Hegel estime que Newton aurait dû s’en tenir au refus de la métaphysique. Schelling au contraire regrette que Newton n’ait pas davantage pris conscience du nécessaire enracinement des concepts scientifiques dans des catégories métaphysiques. Nous tentons de montrer que cette divergence s’enracine dans un débat, lancé par Newton lui-même, sur le caractère réel ou conventionnel des forces décrites par la physique moderne. Cette analyse conduit à souligner un paradoxe : alors que Hegel développe une épistémologie très favorable au travail des sciences positives, il prend une position radicalement hostile aux conséquences philosophiques de la révolution galiléenne et newtonienne, Schelling quant à lui, développe à la fois une épistémologie méfiante vis-à-vis de l’indépendance des sciences positives, et une vision très moderne de la structure de l’univers, du statut des forces et de la définition de la matière. La place du temps naturel dans les systèmes de Hegel et de Schelling pourra ainsi être clarifiée.
« Φυσις et φυσις [ne sont] pas la même chose. » Φυσις, physique, métaphysique dans la pensée de Heidegger de part et d’autre du tournant
Authors: Valeyre Fanny
Published: November 2019

Le sens du nom grec de φύσις, et celui de la physique aristotélicienne, sont au cœur de la compréhension heideggerienne de la métaphysique, qu’il s’agisse, dans les années 1920, de refonder celle-ci en retrouvant ses possibilités initiales, ou, à la fin des années 1930, de l’assumer pour pouvoir la dépasser, puis de la laisser. De part et d’autre du tournant, la φύσις, dans sa surabondance et dans son dépliement, permet en effet de rendre compte de l’émergence de deux domaines, ceux de la physique et de la métaphysique. Toutefois, la plurivocité diachronique et synchronique de φύσις, telle qu’elle est mise en lumière en 1929-1930, se trouve ensuite comprise de manière plus radicale. Il ne s’agit plus de repérer l’évolution du sens de φύσις et la coexistence de significations contemporaines, mais de mettre au jour le télescopage, dans la pensée aristotélicienne, de deux significations qui diffèrent de manière historiale.
Empédocle dans la palinodie du Phèdre
Authors: Ponce Emma
Published: November 2019

L’importance de la figure d’Empédocle dans le Phèdre a été négligée par les commentateurs. Cet article entend montrer qu’elle permet pourtant de donner un nouvel éclairage au mythe de l’attelage ailé. Son point de départ consiste à mettre en relation une nouvelle interprétation du fragment 29 d’Empédocle, qui identifie le Sphairos à un Éros n’ayant plus d’ailes sur le dos, avec le dépassement du dos du ciel par les âmes ailées qui a lieu dans ce mythe du Phèdre . Le dos du ciel serait en effet la transposition platonicienne de la surface externe du Sphairos évoquée dans le fragment, de sorte que son dépassement équivaudrait à un dépassement du matérialisme empédocléen vers l’intelligible. Quant à Éros, Platon prend sur ce point le contre-pied de la critique empédocléenne de la religion traditionnelle, en en faisant moins le Sphairos que l’élan qui mène au-delà de celui-ci.
Reconsidering the Local Politics of Welfare: The Example of the Newburgh Controversy (1961-1962)
Authors: Boussac Tamara
Published: November 2019

Cet article s’intéresse à une controverse locale autour de l’assistance et à ses effets sur les réformes fédérales au début des années 1960. En 1961, la petite ville de Newburgh, dans l’État de New York, adopta une réforme drastique afin de restreindre l’éligibilité aux programmes d’assistance. Alors qu’une controverse nationale se développait autour du coût des politiques sociales, du travail en contrepartie des aides et de la fraude, les élus de l’État de New York et de l’État fédéral furent contraints de prendre position sur une réforme du système d’assistance. Les collectivités locales et les citoyens ordinaires sont rarement placés au centre de l’élaboration des politiques sociales aux États-Unis. Cet article suggère cependant que, loin d’être de simples détails de l’histoire de l’État-providence américain, les mobilisations locales devraient être davantage intégrées dans cette histoire. Au cours de la deuxième moitié du xx e  siècle, celles-ci eurent en effet un effet transformateur en incitant les élus fédéraux à réévaluer les programmes d’assistance qui avaient été créés pendant le New Deal.
Articuler écologie et féminisme dans les années 1970
Authors: Cambourakis Isabelle
Published: November 2019

Alors qu’on insiste le plus souvent sur l’absence d’un courant écoféministe en France et sur le peu d’engagement des Français·e·s dans le mouvement contre le nucléaire militaire des années 1980, l’approche localisée du Centre des Circauds, espace de formation à la non-violence créé au début des années 1970, permet d’analyser la diffusion et l’imbrication du féminisme et de l’écologie dans des espaces en marge des mouvements sociaux. Cet article analyse tout particulièrement les camps d’été organisés en non-mixité par des femmes du Centre entre 1976 et 1978 et le rôle qu’ils ont joué dans l’émergence d’un mouvement féministe-pacifiste européen et dans la diffusion d’une sensibilité écoféministe qui adosse une critique des relations de genre à celle de la modernité, d’une médecine perçue comme masculine, de l’industrie pharmaceutique et du capitalisme. L’analyse de la presse écologiste et féministe comme des entretiens avec des ancien·ne·s des Circauds rend ainsi visible des pratiques féministes hétérodoxes et des bricolages du quotidien permettant de résoudre les contradictions de femmes qui, dans les années 1970, veulent faire tenir ensemble leurs différents engagements.
Les logiques sociales de l’iconographie contestataire : le cas du quartier d’El Príncipe à Ceuta
Authors: Fernández García Alicia
Published: November 2019

A la recherche d’une propagande nationaliste, les autorités de Ceuta, ville espagnole enclavée au Maroc, ont procédé à une instrumentalisation de l’iconographie et de la toponymie urbaines. Contrairement à cet art public qui est celui des monuments officiels du centre-ville, dans le quartier périphérique d’El Príncipe, l’art urbain est né dans un contexte de déclassement social et il apparaît comme une pratique spontanée qui dépasse le désir d’embellir et cherche à subvertir le modèle social. À la manière des Muralistes mexicains qui revendiquaient une fonction sociale et idéologique de la création, l’espace public à Ceuta et notamment ses murs, se mettent au service d’une expression sociale communautaire dont les finalités sont multiples. Dans le cas du quartier El Príncipe, les mafias de la drogue ont tâché de marquer ce territoire de leur empreinte sociale et d’en disputer le monopole aux autorités locales. Mais les rues de ce quartier sont aussi devenues l’expression du malaise social et de la radicalité religieuse. Cette contribution se veut ainsi une étude des murs du quartier d’El Principe de Ceuta comme espaces de propagande djihadiste, comme lieux d’une contre-culture mafieuse et d’une iconographie contestataire.
Leadership Styles That Mostly Promote Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Doğru Çağlar
Published: November 2019

Creating social value with the help of social entrepreneurship is among the most meaningful goals of ventures in the modern world. The intent of this chapter is to evaluate the effects of different leadership styles on social entrepreneurship theoretically. A detailed literature scanning was conducted in order to find correlations between different leadership styles and social entrepreneurship so as to note which of them mostly promotes social entrepreneurship. Among the leadership styles included in the study, there exists entrepreneurial leadership, responsible leadership, innovative leadership, value-based leadership, visionary leadership, strategic leadership, transformational leadership, authentic leadership, cultural leadership, paternalistic leadership, servant leadership, ambidextrous leadership, ethical leadership, and negative leadership styles. As a consequence, all of the leadership styles included in this chapter, except for negative leadership styles, were proposed to promote social entrepreneurship based on the related literature.
Gaining Strategic Advantage through Social and Technological Innovation
Authors: Doğru Çağlar
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, innovation, one of the most important factors for contemporary organizations and even countries, is analyzed in depth. The concept of innovation is divided into two major fields, which are social innovation and technological innovation. The relationship between these two innovation types and gaining strategic advantage are figured out in a macro perspective. To achieve this, the strongest innovators in Europe were selected. Among them are Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Germany, and Norway. To compare the countries, Social Innovation Index and European Innovation Scoreboard were employed to get secondary data. It was observed that by investing more on social and technological innovation, these European countries perform better and gain strategic advantage, which helps them build sustainable future.
Leadership for Sustainability: Connecting Corporate Responsibility Reporting and Strategy
Authors: Markota Vukić Nikolina , Omazić Mislav Ante , Pejic-Bach Mirjana , Aleksić Ana , Zoroja Jovana
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes how and why normative justification for corporate responsibility has been replaced with business case thinking. Modern organizations do link their non-financial reports to strategy because corporate responsibility is seen as a source of competitive advantage, growth, motivation, and innovation. Non-financial reporting potentiates companies to understand, learn, and redefine their social and environmental impacts and its cost; how to minimize both impact and cost; and how to capitalize on challenges that management face on a daily basis. The connection between CR strategy and non-financial reporting is described along with how it is relevant for the successful business of modern organizations. By improving CR strategies and developing unique non-financial reporting, organizations can be more effective and efficient in the local community, which will positively reflect on their business model and in achieving higher sustainability levels.
Social Entrepreneurs as Servant Leaders
Authors: Akella Devi , Eid Niveen
Published: November 2019

This chapter critically examines the servant leadership style of social entrepreneurs. Qualitative data from social enterprises in Palestine and Lukes third dimension power framework are used to explore the intricate forces of power, manipulation, and domination hidden within the service and follower-oriented model of servant leadership. Insights are provided on how the concept of ‘service', the focal aspect in both social enterprises and servant leadership, could be another facet of soft and insidious power exercised by the social entrepreneurs over their followers. A political model of servant leadership is developed that demonstrates how social entrepreneurs could be imposing power and control over their followers under the guise of social mission, creation of social value, serving and empowering their followers and the community.
Explaining the Interaction Between Leader Ambidextrous Behavior, Employee Ambidexterity, and Organizational Ambidexterity
Authors: Attar Melis , Kalfaoğlu Serap
Published: November 2019

The aim of the study is to examine the relationships between ambidextrous leadership behaviors (i.e., task-oriented, relation-oriented, change-oriented, and external) in the context of leader behavior level and employee ambidextrous performance (i.e., exploitation and exploration) in the context of individual employee level by suggesting that the interaction of these two may result in organizational ambidexterity. This study aims to contribute to the immature ambidexterity literature by developing some propositions based on the previous ambidexterity researches related to ambidexterity of leaders, employees, and entire organizations. Taking into account ambidextrous leadership theory, it is proposed that while the leaders' task-oriented and relation-oriented behaviors are positively related to the employees' exploitation behaviors, the leaders' change-oriented and external behaviors are positively related to the employees' exploration behaviors. It is recommended for further studies to investigate the possible propositions with quantitative research designs.
Authentic Leadership, Leader Optimism, and Follower Affective Commitment
Authors: Baker Nevra
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of authentic leadership together with the leader emotional expressivity of optimism on follower affective commitment towards the organization. This study was undertaken in the format of an experiment that is followed by a survey in which four groups of different fictional leader types were created, and respondents were asked to answer questions about their self-rated potential affective commitment towards the organization with the assumption that the respondents were actually working with the described leader. The findings of this study reveal that both authentic and inauthentic leaders who display optimism arouse higher levels of affective comitment by their followers as compared to their non-optimistic counterparts.
Financial Globalization and Economic Growth
Authors: Gündüz Murat
Published: November 2019

The relationship between financial development and economic growth is one of the interesting topics of economic researches. Financial globalization is a term used to open up capital markets to the international arena and to capitalize on developed countries to developing countries. This chapter investigates the causality relationship between financial globalization and economic growth. In this study, the panel causality test of Emirmahmutoğlu and Kose (2011) was used for the European Union countries by using data from 1996-2016 period. According to the causality analysis conducted for the European Union, there is a causality from general financial globalization index to economic growth, from de facto financial globalization to economic growth and from economic growth to De jure financial globalization index.
How to Reform the Incomplete EMU?
Authors: Utkulu Utku
Published: November 2019

The chapter examines how it is possible to design a mechanism to relieve the well-known problems of the incomplete Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and thus reduce its costs. A monetary union can be very fragile and governments of member countries face serious adjustment problems, especially when hit by large, permanent asymetric shocks This leaves the EU with the problem of unsustained debts and fiscal unsustainability. This chapter explores the possibility the EU becomes a fiscal union i.e. “full/complete monetary union” by focusing on the EMU agenda of the EU and evaluating future challenges. In light of findings, some policy implications are drawn.
Does the Euro Zone Really Need a Common Budget?
Authors: Caetano José , Vieira Isabel , Vieira Carlos
Published: November 2019

The implementation of a monetary union in Europe, to take full advantage of the Single Market's potential benefits, has not hitherto delivered the expected results. On the contrary, the euro area has been afflicted by many troubles, including anemic growth, unemployment, and inequality. Many blame the euro's defective design, and especially its incapacity to promote economic convergence and provide adjustment and stabilization mechanisms. Others blame fiscal indiscipline by some of its members. The latter view prevailed when shaping the austerity policies imposed on the countries more affected by the financial and sovereign debt crises, intensifying an economic recession with dramatic social consequences. As a result, citizens' distrust in the European Union's institutions grew, along with support for nationalistic political forces opposing the European integration project. This chapter assesses one of the main deficiencies of the euro's governance model – lack of automatic stabilization – and discusses proposals to overcome it.
Comparison of the European Union Countries and Turkey's Macroeconomic Indicators with Best Worst Method
Authors: Yapa Koray , Durmus Mert , Tayyar Nezih , Akbulut İbrahim
Published: November 2019

Macroeconomic indicators are used to evaluate the current performance and forecast the future state of the economy. Within the scope of the chapter; macroeconomic indicators such as GDP per capita, unemployment, inflation, real interest rates, and growth rates constitute the criteria of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model. The European Union (EU) countries and Turkey are the alternatives of the MCDM problem. Best Worst Method (BWM) is an MCDM method developed by Jafar Rezaei in 2015. In this method, the decision-maker identifies only the best and worst criteria and compares them with the remaining criteria. In this chapter, the macroeconomic indicators of Turkey and EU countries analyzed by BWM. As a result of the study, Luxembourg ranks first, Denmark second, and Sweden third. The last three countries are Portugal, Croatia, and Greece. Turkey ranks 24th.
The Relationship Between Stock Market Indices of the Biggest Six Economies of the European Union and BIST 100
Authors: Ögel Serdar , Temizel Fatih
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between stock market indices of the biggest six economies of the European Union and BIST 100. In this context, this study used the daily time series regarding indices of DAX for Germany, CAC 40 for France, FTSE MIB for Italy, IBEX 35 for Spain, AEX for Holland, FTSE 100 for United Kingdom, and BIST 100 for Turkey from 2014 to 2018. To test whether there is a co-integration relationship among indices, Johansen co-integration test was used. Since a co-integration relationship was not found between series, causality relationship between the European stock market indices and Turkey was tested with Granger causality test by establishing standard VAR model. As a result, a unidirectional Granger causality relationship was found from DAX, FTSE 100, CAC 40, IBEX 35, and AEX to BIST 100 according to lag length 1 and 2. However, a unidirectional Granger causality relationship was only found from FTSE MIB to BIST 100 for lag length 1. For lag length 1 and 2, no causality relationship was found from BIST 100 to the selected European stock market indices.
Managerial Decision-Making Process in the Modern Business Conditions in the EU
Authors: Melovic Boban , Veljkovic Slavica Mitrovic , Cirovic Dragana , Radojicic Ivana Djakovic
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyzes the differences of decision-making process in the EU member countries, caused by differences in main dimensions of national culture of each of them. The influence of different cultural dimensions on decision-making process is explained. Thanks to the application of qualitative research method and deductive approach, there are conclusions about specificities of decision-making process, in particular EU countries. Using the inductive approach, content analysis method and method of synthesis, the EU countries were grouped regarding to the decision-making styles that are the most appropriate in each of them, based on the characteristics of the cultural framework that exist within them. Obtained results may help managers to better understand their decision-maker role in different cultural environment and it would enable them to apply the appropriate decision-making style, which would increase the quality of business decisions that are being made.
Russia's Role in the Unification Process of Ukraine to EU
Authors: Yildirim Zafer
Published: November 2019

Ukraine's efforts to unite the EU since it gained independence caused some splits in the heterogeneous Ukrainian society. They induced discontent within the Russian Federation as well; because Russia considers itself the inheritor of the former United Soviet Socialist Republic. When Ukrainian President Yanukovych announced that the partnership treaty with the EU was suspended just before the due date for signing, a crisis broke out in Ukraine. Consequently, Yanukovych left the country. Russia reacted to the situation by invading Crimea. Moreover, the EU's Ukraine policy was not clear enough. The main objective of this study is to reveal if Russia was hindering Ukraine's integration to the EU or it was the motive for the process. There are different points of view on that matter. In this chapter, those points will be analyzed under the following subtitles: “Russian Politics of Ukraine”, “EU-Ukraine Relations”, and “EU-Russia Relations.”
Introduction to Solid Waste and Its Management
Authors: Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Abu Amr Salem S.
Published: November 2019

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal has become an increasingly serious problem in many parts of the world. In general, greater economic prosperity and a higher percentage of urban population correspond to a greater amount of solid waste produced. However, less effort has been exerted in the proper management of solid wastes produced by urban dwellers, particularly in developing countries. This chapter introduces the basic MSW rules. MSW composition, production, and collection are also highlighted. Furthermore, the concept of landfilling and waste decomposition is discussed in this chapter.
Effective Waste Water Treatment and its Management
Authors: Prabu Sakthivel Lakshmana , Suriyaprakash TNK , Kandasamy Ruckmani , Rathinasabapathy Thirumurugan
Published: November 2019

Worldwide there is an increasing industrialization leads to increased disposal of uncontrolled waste products into the environment which made the environment more pollute and creates hazards. Industrial wastewater is having a major role in the environmental pollution. The major physical, chemical and biological products of the wastewater are solid content, organic matter, in-organic compounds, detergents, soap, cleaning products, metals, gases, volatile compounds, numerous pathogenic microorganisms, nutrients and toxic compounds. Untreated wastewater can cause various environment pollutions problems such as eutrophication or oxygen depletion in the environment. Hence a effective wastewater treatment process and its management is necessary to reduce the contaminants in the permissible levels in the treated waste streams. The final outcome of an effective wastewater treatment and its management is to ensure and provide an appropriate environment protection to the living things and public human beings in the world.
Chemical and Biological Processes for Nutrients Removal and Recovery
Authors: Pedemonte Dafne Crutchik , Frison Nicola , Tayà Carlota , Ponsa Sergio , Fatone Francesco
Published: November 2019

This chapter gives an overview on the main technologies for nutrient removal from industrial wastewater by focusing on principles and operational parameters of real applications. A plethora of technologies can achieve the nutrients removal from wastewater depending mainly on their concentration and forms; however, biological nitrification and denitrification and chemical precipitation are the most common processes used today to remove nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Stripping, adsorption and membrane based processes for nutrients recovery can be economically viable only when nitrogen concentration is higher than 1.5-2 gN/L. On the other hand, phosphorus recovery should always be pursued and struvite crystalization is the most common option that should be evaluated together with biological phosphorus accumulation in sludge or plants for the following post-processing and valorization.
Integrated Leachate Treatment Technology
Authors: Daud Zawawi , Awang Halizah
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, the performance of combined treatment of municipal landfill leachate is reviewed. Although individual physico-chemical treatments are suitable for the removal of heavy metals and hydrolyzation of some organic compounds, a combination of two physico-chemical treatments or physico-chemical and biological is required for optimum treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. A combination of two physico-chemical treatments can give optimum results in removal of recalcitrant organic compounds from stabilized leachate, as reflected by a significant decrease of the COD values after treatment. On the other hand, a combination of physico-chemical and biological treatments is required to achieve effective removal of NH3-N and COD with a substantial amount of biodegradable organic matter. In many cases, physico-chemical treatments are suitable for pre-treatment of stabilized leachate. The objective of this paper is to highlight various types of integrated leachate treatments as it has been difficult to get optimum efficiency from single approached treatment.
Water Quality Prediction Using Statistical Tool and Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Beerala Arun Kumar , R. Gobinath , G. Shyamala , Manvitha Siribommala
Published: November 2019

Water is the most valuable natural resource for all living things and the ecosystem. The quality of groundwater is changed due to change in ecosystem, industrialisation, and urbanisation, etc. In the study, 60 samples were taken and analysed for various physio-chemical parameters. The sampling locations were located using global positioning system (GPS) and were taken for two consecutive years for two different seasons, monsoon (Nov-Dec) and post-monsoon (Jan-Mar). In 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 pH, EC, and TDS were obtained in the field. Hardness and Chloride are determined using titration method. Nitrate and Sulphate were determined using Spectrophotometer. Machine learning techniques were used to train the data set and to predict the unknown values. The dominant elements of groundwater are as follows: Ca2, Mg2 for cation and Cl-, SO42, NO3− for anions. The regression value for the training data set was found to be 0.90596, and for the entire network, it was found to be 0.81729. The best performance was observed as 0.0022605 at epoch 223.
Heavy Metal(loid) Remediation Using Bio-Waste
Authors: Rana Sukanta , Bhakta Jatindra Nath
Published: November 2019

Heavy metal(loid)s are hazardous, biologically non-essential, non-biodegradable and persistent in nature, which can accumulate in plants and animals as well as in environment especially agri- and aqua- culture ecosystems. It is severely responsible for causing several health hazards problems in human, such as, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, nephrological, dermatological, neurological disorders as well as carcinogenic effects. Removal of these heavy metals from living systems is extensively expensive and also unsuccessful in sent percent removal. Therefore, in order to protect the environment, the removal of heavy metal(loid)s from polluted effluents is essential before discharging into environment. Besides various treatment technologies, sorption of metal(loid)s using bio-wastes are highly potent alternatives in recent years. The present chapter deals with the removal efficiencies of various bio-wastes, orange peels, waste tea leaves, rice husk, wheat stalk, sugar cane bagasse, coconut husk, sun flower stalk, corn cob, nut shell, water hyacinth, crab shell particle, activated carbons etc. The present discussion has also revealed that bio-waste could be a low-cost eco-friendly and green emerging alternative technology in treating the metal(loid)s contaminated environment without posing any further adverse environmental impacts.
Assessment of Available Technologies for Hospital Waste Management
Authors: Rai Alok , Kothari Richa , Singh D. P.
Published: November 2019

Modern hospital practices with galloping growth in medical technology facilitate increase human life span, decrease mortality rate and increase natality rate. Life supporting health services generates potentially hazardous and infectious hospital wastes like pharmaceuticals, cottons, food, paper, plastics, radionuclide, sharps, and anatomical parts etc. These wastes are complex in nature with maximum part of municipal solid waste and small part of biomedical waste (anatomical parts, body parts etc.). Improper conduct and management of hospital waste create several problems and nosocomial diseases to human beings and harms environment. Traditional practices included for management are open burning, mixing waste, liquid discharge and waste disposal without treatment normally. Hence, this issue comes in lime light and several guidelines come to sort out this problem. Thus, challenges associated with traditional hospital waste management techniques and modern techniques for management are assessed in general and association with human society in particular in this chapter.
Mystery of Recycling
Authors: Gencer Yasin Galip
Published: November 2019

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” waste hierarchy. Recycling and/or waste minimization is a prerequisite for sustainable value and green environment. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of food is also considered recycling. This chapter starts with an expanded definition of recycling; afterwards, the recycling processes of glass and aluminum are examined in detail. Besides recycling, for a green environment the necessity for reducing and reusing of waste is also considered. Another topic will be the myths of recycling-unknown realities about recycling process. Furthermore, types of recycling and cost-benefit analysis will be explained. Ultimately, the chapter will be concluded by criticisms about recycling, and potential areas for further discussion.
Sustainable Environmental Service - Knowledge Management
Authors: Sukholthaman Pitchayanin , Shirahada Kunio
Published: November 2019

Knowledge management (KM) is a key factor to increase effectiveness of management system. There have been researches of KM on many environmental services. Unfortunately, only a few researches have focused on sustainable service for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). There are evidences of ineffective waste management causing socio-economic and environmental problems, especially in urban areas of developing countries. Humans live in service economy and knowledge society. Waste management is one of the most important public services that all residents should receive while knowledge is needed to make service run smoothly and sustainably. This paper combines concepts of sustainable service and KM to clarify the importance and how these concepts have impacts on societal well-being. Literature reviews and questionnaire surveys are main analysis methods of this paper. Sustainable service with KM roles will be described and co-created values are identified.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Poor Paper Management at Higher Education Institutions in Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Akalewold Fedilu , Ibrahim Abdurahman Hamza , Belay Degwale Gebeyehu
Published: November 2019

Currently there are 34 universities in Ethiopia which enrolled hundreds of thousands of students which generated large volume of waste paper a year. Therefore, this article has an objective of assessing the socio-economic and environmental impacts of poor paper management at higher education institutions of Ethiopia with a particular focus on Hawassa University. The findings of the study revealed that a large volume of paper is consumed for different academic purposes. Due to the poor management of paper consumption as well as poor waste management practices, the university faced socio-economic and environmental problems. By 2015/16 academic year a total of 94,025 reams of paper were used at Hawassa University. This has created a large volume of waste paper at offices, which resulted in unpleasant working environment. Incineration is the only means of waste paper disposal, which created environmental pollution and health risks to the university community. Moreover, the university also lost a significant amount of money which would have been gained from selling to paper recycling industries.
Applicability of ANN in Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bar Nirjhar , Das Sudip Kumar
Published: November 2019

Cadmium is frequently used and is extremely toxic in relatively low dosages and is one of the principal heavy metals that is responsible for causing kidney damage, high blood pressure, renal disorder, destruction of red blood Cells and bone fracture. Permissible limit to discharge in the inland surface water is 2.0 mg/l, discharge in public sewers is 1.0 mg/l and drinking water is 0.01 mg/l. Adsorption is the only user-friendly technique for the removal of heavy metal. We have developed an ANN model for prediction of percentage removal of Cd(II). A multilayer perceptron with a single hidden layer has been learnt separately by three different algorithms: Backpropagation, Levenberg-Marquardt and Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithms for analysis purpose. Optimization for each one of the four standard transfer functions (in a single hidden layer) has been carried out in all three cases. The ANN model with Backpropagation algorithm, with the second transfer function and 25 processing elements gives the best predictability of the outlet concentration.
Revisiting Gaps in the CALL Literature
Authors: Egbert Joy , Shahrokni Seyed Abdollah , Zhang Xue , Herman David , Yahia Intissar , Mohamed Adnan , Aljarih Faraj M. , Ezeh Chioma , Borysenko Nataliia , Lopez-Lopez Sonia
Published: November 2019

The body of research on CALL tasks and topics grows daily; however, a number of areas remain underrepresented in the literature. While there are many gaps in the CALL research to address, this chapter updates an earlier focus on 8 gaps, chosen because of their perceived importance in language teaching and learning. In presenting the gaps, each section in this chapter: 1) provides a rationale for exploring the topic, 2) briefly reviews studies that typify the extant research in the focal area, and 3) provides recommendations for future research. This chapter encourages all stakeholders in CALL to join in the rigorous and multi-perspective exploration of these and other under-addressed areas and strengthen the use of CALL for language learning and teaching.
Influence of Age Groups and School Types on Informal Learning Through the Use of Social Networking Sites
Authors: Thang Siew Ming , Ng Lay Shi
Published: November 2019

The use of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) as a learning tool is increasingly popular nowadays. This chapter investigates perceptions of 799 secondary-school Malaysian secondary school students of two age-groups, and three school-types (urban, suburban, and rural) towards the use of the SNSs for informal learning purposes. For this chapter, learning that takes place outside the classroom is classified as “informal learning”. Data were analysed quantitatively and comparisons across age-groups and school-types were made. The findings revealed that there was a general acceptance of SNSs as an alternative learning mode and that difference in usage between age groups was not significant. However, the findings across school-types were significant. Suburban and rural students appeared to use the SNSs more frequently for informal learning than urban students. This strongly suggested the need for Government to intensify its efforts in improving ICT infrastructure and facilities in rural areas.
Chinese English Teachers' Perspectives on “hMOOC Flipped Blends”
Authors: Orsini-Jones Marina , Zou Bin
Published: November 2019

This chapter reports two related studies involving experienced university teachers of English language and literature from China, who engaged in reflection on how to blend FutureLearn MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) into their existing English Language Teaching (ELT) curricula while attending courses at Coventry University (UK). The first study relates to 12 lecturers who enrolled on an ‘upskilling' English for Academic Purposes (EAP) summer course in academic year 2016-2017. The second one relates to the experience of 5 visiting scholars who attended classes on module Theories, Methods, and Approaches to Language Learning and Teaching on a postgraduate course (Master's of Art) in English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics in academic years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The MA integrates ‘off-the-shelf' MOOCs into its curriculum. The chapter investigates the Chinese teachers' perspectives on the adoption of ‘hMOOC' distributed flip blends in a Chinese ELT context.
Using a Complex Technology in a Language Course
Authors: Wang Airong
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, how the complex technology of Second Life affects participation in an English course is investigated. With the aim of exploring gender issues, the special affordance of Second Life, i.e. voice-morphing together with sound-isolated parcels, was used. The data set consists of about 33 hours of audio recordings and chat logs of 8,315 words. The results show that in audio10.8% of the course time deals with technological challenges, while in chat 69.2% of the words contribute to technology. Three challenges interfering with participation were identified: software complexity, unreliable functionality of Second Life, and hardware and connectivity issues. To deal with these problems, pedagogical facilitators, technological facilitators, and Second Life -experienced peers made a significant contribution. Based on the results, this chapter analyzes whether Second Life can be widely used in language education, how affordances of it can be learned and taught, and scenarios where Second Life can and cannot be used.
Accounting Reforms for Accountable Public Sector Management
Authors: Lokuwaduge Chitra Sriyani De Silva , Godage Keshara M. De Silva
Published: November 2019

Accounting reforms in the public sector have become one of the most debated aspects of the public sector financial management during the last three decades. Following the steps of developed countries around the globe, Sri Lanka as a developing country made initiatives to adopt international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS). The purpose of this study is to analyse the progress and the challenges they face in adopting IPSAS as a new public management (NPM) reform in Sri Lanka to enhance public sector accountability. Public sector accounting reforms in the developing countries in Asia is relatively under researched. Using the NPM concept, this study attempts to fill this gap. This chapter argues that even though Sri Lanka has initiated the move towards adopting IPSAS, developing countries face practical problems in adopting reforms due to their contextual factors such as limited institutional capacity and resources, high political involvements in decision-making, and high informality.
Internet Financial Reporting in Local Governments
Authors: Magalhães Fábio Rodrigues , Santos Carlos , Ferreira Augusta da Conceição Santos
Published: November 2019

The aim of this transnational comparative research is to analyze if the practice of disclosure of financial information over the Internet by local governments of MERCOSUR countries has been taken into account to increase the transparency of government. To achieve this objective, it was evaluated, for a sample of 374 local governments, the adoption rate and the extent of the practice of disclosure and it was explored, through of interviews, any reasons related to the involvement of local politicians with this practice. The results indicate a limited number of local governments that adopt this practice of disclosure in MERCOSUR, due to the lack of political will, of human resources, and of demand from citizens due to the almost nonexistent adoption of this disclosure practice in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Although Paraguayan data have improved substantially, the analysis of the extent of the practice of IFR to ensure comparability with the first study is restricted to local governments in Brazil.
Intelligent Automated System for Supporting the Collaborative Decision Making by Operators of the Air Navigation System During Flight Emergencies
Authors: Sikirda Yuliya , Kasatkin Mykola , Tkachenko Dmytro
Published: November 2019

This chapter researches pilot and air traffic controller collaborative decision making (CDM) during flight emergencies for maximum synchronization of operators' technological procedures. Deterministic models of CDM by the Air Navigation System's human operators were obtained by network planning methods; their adequacy is confirmed by full-scale modeling on a complex flight simulator. For the sequential optimization of the collaborative two-channel network “Air traffic controller-Pilot” to achieve the end-to-end effectiveness of joint solutions, a multi-criteria approach was used: ensuring the minimum time to parry flight emergency with maximum safety/maximum consistency over the time of operators' actions. With the help of the multiplicative function, the influence of organizational risk factors on flight safety in the air traffic control was evaluated. A conceptual model of System for control and forecasting the flight emergency development on the base of Intelligent Automated System for supporting the CDM by operators was developed.
Computer-Aided Design of Intelligent Control System of Stabilizing Platforms With Airborne Instrumentation
Authors: Sushchenko Olha
Published: November 2019

The chapter includes principles of the computer-aided design of the intelligent control system for stabilizing platform with airborne instrumentation. The emphasis is given to the design of the robust controller. The design procedures including mathematical models development, simulation, analysis, and making a decision using such artificial intelligent approaches as soft computing and expert assessments of obtained results are considered. Two basic problems such as the design of new systems and modernization of operating systems are researched. The first problem can be solved by means of the robust parametric optimization, and the second by means of the robust structural synthesis. The basics of algorithmic, software, and method supports are represented. The generalized structural schemes of the interactive design process are given. This approach allows decreasing engineering time and improving the quality of design systems.
Preparing 21st Century Teachers for Teach Less, Learn More (TLLM) Pedagogies
Authors: Nair Pradeep
Published: November 2019

Higher education institutions face much disruption in the Fourth Industrial Age. The rapid changes in the workplace demand that university graduates exhibit competencies beyond discipline-specific knowledge. To thrive in a complex world filled with rapid advancements in knowledge and technology, graduates must possess lifelong learning skills, think critically and creatively, be socially intelligent, resilient, and adaptive. The demand for these transferable skills requires universities to re-examine their curriculum design, assessment, and delivery methods to ensure learners know, develop, and culminate these skills upon graduation. This chapter explains how this can be achieved through a paradigm shift in the teaching and learning approach by reducing face-to-face teaching to enable greater interaction in the classroom, opportunities for expression, the building of character and other life skills whilst promoting more self-directed and independent learning. Lecturers should revolutionize the way they teach and develop the 21st century competencies skills among the students.