bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Interpret?
Authors: RAZ JOSEPH
Published: August 2007

Abstract. My article is about legal interpretation, but not about the question: how to interpret the law. Rather its aim is to make us consider seriously the question: Why is interpretation central to legal practices? After all not all normative practices assign interpretation such a central role. In this regard the law contrasts with morality. The reason for the contrast has to do with the status of sources in the law. There are no “moral sources” while legal sources are central to the law. Legal interpretation is primarily—I will suggest—the interpretation not of the law, but of its sources. To understand why interpretation is central to legal practices requires understanding the role of sources in the law: the reasons for having them, and hence also the ways in which they should be treated. I will show how reflections about these topics connect with some traditional jurisprudential puzzles, such as the relations between law and morality. Are there gaps in the law? Is the law or its interpretation objective or subjective?
Fragments of a Theory of Legal Sources
Authors: GUASTINI RICCARDO
Published: August 2007

Abstract.The author discusses a number of issues in the theory of legal sources. The first topic is whether sources should be conceived of as acts or texts. The alternatives are connected with two competing theories of legal interpretation (viz., the cognitive theory and the sceptical theory), which entail different concepts of legal rules and law‐making. The second topic is whether a “formal” or a “material” criterion of recognition of sources should be preferred. The third section is devoted to the analysis of rules of change. Four theories of rules of change are discussed, and five kinds of such rules are distinguished. The fourth section concerns judicial law‐making, with special reference to the creation of new legal rules by constitutional courts.
Naming Men as Men: Implications for Work, Organization and Management
Authors: Collinson David , Hearn Jeff
Published: August 2007

This paper seeks to contribute to the growing interest in naming men as men as part of a critical analysis of gendered power relations in organizations. The paper highlights the way in which men and masculinities are frequently central to organizational analysis, yet rarely the focus of interrogation. They remain taken for granted and hidden. Examining recent studies that contribute to a critical analysis of gendered power relations, we consider the growing interest in multiplicity, diversity and difference. In particular, we explore the issue of ‘multiple masculinities’ as well as some of the conceptual difficulties that surround it. Arguing for an approach which addresses the unities, differences and interrelations between men and masculinities, we suggest that critical studies of gendered power need to examine the management of organizations in much more detail. Highlighting five masculinities that seem to be routinely embedded in managerial discourses and practices, we conclude by advocating further research in this previously neglected area.
Removing Macho Management: Lessons from the Field of Education
Authors: Court Marian
Published: August 2007

This article examines discourses of management and leadership in the light of gender inequalities in social relations and in educational administration in particular. It is argued that women's viewpoints and critiques of masculinist managerial perspectives are important in debates about alternative models of leadership. Interview data from a recent study of a group of six women working in teaching/managing positions in some primary and secondary schools in New Zealand is used to analyse a leadership style and philosophy which cuts across traditional gendered splits between private and public spheres, emotionality and rationality, teaching and administration. In this holistic approach, emphasis is placed on integrating such dichotomies through affiliation with others and power sharing. The paper concludes that such a management style must be supported and valued for the contribution it can make to improving organizational cultures and enhancing school learning and teaching environments.

An original version of this paper was presented at the NZARE 13th National Conference at Knox College, Dunedin, New Zealand on 30 November 1991.
Re‐Eroticizing the Organization: An Exegesis and Critique
Authors: Brewis Joanna , Grey Christopher
Published: August 2007

This paper examines an important recent development in thinking on the role of sexuality and eroticism within organizations, namely Re‐eroticization theory. The paper contextualizes this development by contrasting it with modemist‐masculinist and modernist‐feminist discourses on eroticism and organizations prior to synthesizing the many disparate strands of Re‐eroticization theory. Re‐eroticization is then examined critically in terms of its theoretical assumptions and the nature of its emancipatory promise. In particular, it is argued that Re‐eroticization theory retains an unacknowledged essentialism which renders its emancipatory claims problematic, and is overly sanguine with respect to violent forms of eroticism.
Equal Opportunities Policies, Employment and Patriarchy
Authors: Buswell Carol , Jenkins Sarah
Published: August 2007

This paper, based on research in the North of England, seeks to examine the interconnections between equal opportunities policies, women's employment and patriarchy in a local labour market. It is argued that organizations develop a selection of public patriarchal strategies, most notable of which are the denial of inequality and the use of ‘time’ to segregate and disadvantage women within the labour market and labour process. It is masculine culture which has determined the shape and operation of equal opportunities policies where time commitment, individualism and priority to employment are necessary in order to achieve. Equal opportunities policies fail to address not only structural inequalities but also the role that organizations themselves play in maintaining gender segregation. By individualizing women the policies may also undermine women's own employment coping strategies which depend on assistance from other women both inside and outside the employment setting.
Pregnancy, the Family, and Work: An Historical Review and Update of Legal Regulations and Organizational Policies and Practices in the United States
Authors: Norton Sue M.
Published: August 2007

In spite, or sometimes because, of extensive employment legislation, women have still not achieved economic equality. Traditionally, pertinent employment legislation either singled women out for less‐preferential treatment (treating women very differently from men) or treated them exactly the same as men. Both extremes may be based on the idea that the workplace is essentially male, and women should either be prohibited from entering the workplace, or should accept standards designed around male employees. An historical review of the issue of pregnancy/family leave examines the impact of such gendering. Recent legal developments are described. Finally, additional changes that would help create a more gender‐neutral workplace are identified and discussed.
The Anatomy of ‘Free Choice’ Prostitution
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: August 2007

This paper draws on an ethnographic study of a self‐employed prostitute, her receptionists and her clients. It describes the prostitute's business and her working life, and considers the dynamics of power and control within the prostitute‐client exchange. The paper argues that issues of control and consent in prostitution are more complex than many current feminist analyses suggest.
Women's Work: A Challenge to the Sociology of Work
Authors: Tancred Peta
Published: August 2007

This article confronts the Sociology of Work with the nature of women's work, arguing that this long‐standing sociological speciality is threaded through with numerous ontological conceptions that make it difficult not only to understand women's work, but also the changing contours of men's work. On the basis of three key areas in the Sociology of Work — the definition of work, the nature of the firm/organization and the definition of skill — the disjunctures with the nature of women's work are underlined. Feminist research — on housework, homeworking, the link between the productive and reproductive spheres, the sexuality of organization, the gendered nature of skill and on emotional labour, to mention only a few examples — is argued to have contributed profoundly to our rethinking of the workplace for both women and men. Examples of recent feminist conceptualizations of work are provided as illustrations of the direction in which the Sociology of Work could proceed.
Gendered Organizational Cultures: Narratives of Women Travellers in a Male World
Authors: Gherardi Silvia
Published: August 2007

The paper will present various self‐identity narratives of women pioneers in male occupations who ‘take their place’ in a male gendered organizational culture. These narratives belong to a single discourse of what may be called ‘travellers in a male world’. This discourse presumes the existence of a territory marked out as male which is trespassed upon by females who are formally members of the same occupational community, but who, in actual practice, must stake out their positions in the field. Social structures coerce discourse positions and set up a series of expectations and social obligations, although several subject positions can be taken up for oneself, and for the ‘other’. This process has been labelled ‘positioning gender relations within an organizational culture’ and has been described as liminal work, performed discursively and in transitional spaces. Gender relations can therefore be viewed as cultural performances learned and enacted on appropriate occasions both by men and women.
Radiotherapy of classic and human immunodeficiency virus‐related Kaposi's sarcoma: results in 1482 lesions
Authors: Caccialanza M , Marca S , Piccinno R , Eulisse G
Published: August 2007

Background  The lesions of the various forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which are relatively radiosensitive, have been treated with different modalities of radiotherapy, with heterogeneous aims and results.

Objective  To verify the effectiveness and safety of radiotherapy on a large number of lesions endowed (classic KS) with a prolonged follow‐up.

Methods  A retrospective study was done on 711 lesions of classic KS and 771 lesions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related KS, treated with traditional X‐ray therapy.

Results  In classic KS, a cure rate of 98.7% resulted after 13.5 years from the end of radiotherapy. In three lesions (0.42%) in the same patient, an acute radiodermatitis occurred after traumatic action. In HIV‐related KS, a complete remission was obtained in 91.43% of the lesions, partial remission in 6.74% and non‐response in 0.51% at 1 to 46 months from the end of radiotherapy.

Conclusion  Radiotherapy showed to be a safe and effective method, with relevant importance in the therapeutic strategy of KS.
Ten polymorphic microsatellites from freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii
Authors: LI JIALE , WANG GUILING , BAI ZHIYI , YUE GENERAL HUA
Published: August 2007

Freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, is the most economically important mussel species in China. Due to overexploitation and changes of water quality, H. cumingii is facing serious population decline and local extinction. We have isolated and characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from a genomic DNA library enriched for CA and AG repeats with the aim of developing a set of codominant DNA markers for analysing genetic diversity and population structure of this species. The average allele number of the 10 markers was 7.8 per locus, ranging from two to 16 in 24 unrelated individuals. Nine of 10 markers conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and inherited independently, suggesting these microsatellites could be useful for studying population genetics, designing conservation strategies and developing breeding programs.
Isolation and identification of eight microsatellite loci in the Cherokee darter (Etheostoma scotti) and their variability in other members of the genera Etheostoma, Ammocrypta, and Percina
Authors: GABEL JENNIFER M. , DAKIN ELIZABETH E. , FREEMAN BYRON J. , PORTER BRADY A.
Published: August 2007

The Cherokee darter Etheostoma scotti is a federally threatened fish endemic to the Etowah River system of northwest Georgia. In order to analyse the population structure and genetic diversity of this fish, eight tetranucleotide microsatellite genetic markers were developed. The marker set was applied to 13 additional darter species to test cross‐species amplification and polymorphism. Successful amplification was obtained for all eight loci in each of the 13 other species of darters, with between seven and eight polymorphic loci per species.
Why do they burn the ‘bush’? Fire, rural livelihoods, and conservation in Zambia
Authors: ERIKSEN CHRISTINE
Published: August 2007

Despite the historical importance of fire as a savanna land management tool, much controversy still surrounds discussions on anthropogenic fire utilization and the sustainability of indigenous land management practices in African savannas. This controversy is arguably a result of a discord between official fire policies and actual indigenous fire practices – a discord based on a gap in existing knowledge of, and a lack of informed literature on, the importance of fire for socio‐economic and environmental survival in savanna environments. Addressing a continuing lack of research on the political ecology of fire, this study investigates the historical and present day socio‐economic, environmental and political frameworks that affect anthropogenic burning regimes and land management in the Kafinda Game Management Area and Kasanka National Park in Zambia. A series of participatory research activities revealed the continuing importance of fire to rural livelihoods, but that a mismatch in desired burning regimes exists between local stakeholders. The paper argues that local power relations are preventing the local communities from adopting burning regimes that would be more environmentally sustainable and more in line with present day farming systems.
Flow‐induced Platelet Activation and Damage Accumulation in a Mechanical Heart Valve: Numerical Studies
Authors: Alemu Yared , Bluestein Danny
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  A model for platelet activation based on the theory of damage, incorporating cumulative effects of stress history and past damage (senescence) was applied to a three‐dimensional (3‐D) model of blood flow through a St. Jude Medical (SJM) bileaflet mechanical heart valve (MHV), simulating flow conditions after implantation. The calculations used unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes formulation with non‐Newtonian blood properties. The results were used to predict platelet damage from total stress (shear, turbulent, deformation), and incorporate the contribution of repeated passages of the platelets along pertinent trajectories. Trajectories that exposed the platelets to elevated levels of stress around the MHV leaflets and led them to entrapment within the complex 3‐D vortical structures in the wake of the valve significantly enhanced platelet activation. This damage accumulation model can be used to quantify the thrombogenic potential of implantable cardiovascular devices, and indicate the problem areas of the device for improving their designs.
Biomechanical Properties of Decellularized Porcine Pulmonary Valve Conduits
Authors: Seebacher Gernot , Grasl Christian , Stoiber Martin , Rieder Erwin , Kasimir Marie‐Theres , Dunkler Daniela , Simon Paul , Weigel Günter , Schima Heinrich
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Tissue‐engineered heart valves constructed from a xenogeneic or allogeneic decellularized matrix might overcome the disadvantages of current heart valve substitutes. One major necessity besides effective decellularization is to preserve the biomechanical properties of the valve. Native and decellularized porcine pulmonary heart valve conduits (PPVCs) (with [n = 10] or without [n = 10] cryopreservation) were compared to cryopreserved human pulmonary valve conduits (n = 7). Samples of the conduit were measured for wall thickness and underwent tensile tests. Elongation measurement was performed with a video extensometer. Decellularized PPVC showed a higher failure force both in longitudinal (+73%; P < 0.01) and transverse (+66%; P < 0.001) direction compared to human homografts. Failure force of the tissue after cryopreservation was still higher in the porcine group (longitudinal: +106%, P < 0.01; transverse: +58%, P < 0.001). In comparison to human homografts, both decellularized and decellularized cryopreserved porcine conduits showed a higher extensibility in longitudinal (decellularized: +61%, P < 0.001; decellularized + cryopreserved: +51%, P < 0.01) and transverse (decellularized: +126%, P < 0.001; decellularized + cryopreserved: +118%, P < 0.001) direction. Again, cryopreservation did not influence the biomechanical properties of the decellularized porcine matrix.
Cytokine Profiles in Acute Liver Failure Treated With Albumin Dialysis
Authors: Ilonen Ilkka , Koivusalo Anna‐Maria , Repo Heikki , Höckerstedt Krister , Isoniemi Helena
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Cytokines are released within the liver in response to hepatic injury, and acute liver failure (ALF) triggers systemic inflammation. Pro‐inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α] and interleukin‐8 [IL‐8]) and anti‐inflammatory (interleukin‐10 [IL‐10] and interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) cytokines and the lymphocyte activation marker (interleukin‐2‐soluble receptor alpha chain [IL‐2sRα]) were monitored in 49 ALF patients considered for liver transplantation and treated with albumin dialysis (molecular adsorbent recirculating system [MARS]). Twenty‐six patients were categorized by clinical outcome as “good” (native liver recovered) and 23 as “poor” (patient bridged to liver transplantation or deceased). MARS did not clearly affect cytokine profiles during treatment; only IL‐10 levels decreased in the whole patient population and mostly in patients with the worst prognosis. In the good outcome group, IL‐8 and IL‐6 levels decreased during treatment; on the contrary, in poor outcome patients IL‐6 levels even increased. Initial IL‐2sRα levels were higher in poor outcome patients relative to the good outcome subset. Cytokine profiles seem to differ in ALF according to patient outcome. A deeper understanding of cytokine patterns during pathogenesis could reveal prognostic markers and aid the development of immunomodulating ALF therapies.
Is Laterality Associated With a Higher Rate of Hip Arthroplasty on the Dominant Side?
Authors: Stea Susanna , Bordini Barbara , Viceconti Marco , Traina Francesco , Cervini Armando , Toni Aldo
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The authors analyzed data collected by the Registry of the Orthopedic Prosthetic Implantology in Italy. They found a higher rate of total hip arthroplasty on the right side (58%) in comparison with the left side in patients affected by primary coxarthrosis. To test whether laterality was the cause of this, they checked the prevalence of the upper and lower limbs in 262 patients treated for monolateral total hip prosthesis. They found that the percentage of left‐handed patients was very low (0.8–6.5%). The percentage of left‐footed patients was, instead, 26.5% for power tasks. They observed that, while the rate of arthroplasties on the right side was similar to that of the left side (50.7 and 49.3%) in the right‐footed patients, there was a clear‐cut prevalence in the number of operations on the right hip (76.8%) in comparison to the left one (23.2%) in the left‐footed patients. The authors suggested that, in left‐footed patients, the right side was subjected to greater stress.
Artificial Device for Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation in Rats
Authors: Ordodi Valentin Laurentiu , Paunescu Virgil , Ionac Mihai , Sandesc Dorel , Mic Ani Aurora , Tatu Calin Adrian , Mic Felix Aurel
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Blood oxygenation devices are an essential component of any cardiopulomonary bypass circuit in various species of laboratory animals. When using larger animals like dogs or pigs, the human and pediatric blood oxygenators could be easily used, but the disadvantage of these species is the scarcity of biochemical and genetic assays for experimental follow‐up. However, small rodents like rats have plenty of biochemical assays, but their size requires special oxygenators adapted for their small blood volume and often primed with blood of another animal or other physiological solution. We showed the new design of a blood oxygenator with direct blood–gas contact in an open circuit, specially designed for rats in which the blood oxygenation takes place in a slowly rotating plastic tube with blood spread onto its inner walls in a thin layer. The oxygenator is simple and efficient, does not require priming with the blood of another rat, has a small dead volume, is reusable, and easy to clean and sterilize.
Motor Cortical Excitability in Patients with Poststroke Epilepsy
Authors: Kim Jee Hyun , Lee Hyang Woon , Cohen Leonardo G. , Park Kee‐Duk , Choi Kyoung‐Gyu
Published: August 2007

Summary

Purpose: To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying poststroke epilepsy (PSE), we evaluated motor cortical function in chronic stroke patients with (N = 18) and without (N = 18) PSE.

Methods: We measured resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes, cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical inhibition (ICI), influenced by GABAergic neurotransmission, and intracortical facilitation (ICF), influenced by glutamatergic activity, to transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Results: We found (1) larger MEP amplitudes and ICF, in the affected than unaffected hemispheres of patients in the PSE group but not in patients without epilepsy, and (2) comparably higher RMT and longer CSP in the absence of differences in ICI, H‐reflexes or F‐waves in the affected and unaffected hemispheres of both PSE and non‐PSE patients.

Conclusions: Enhanced cortical excitability in the affected hemisphere, possibly related to increased glutamatergic activity, could be one of the mechanisms contributing to the development of poststroke epilepsy.
Efficacy of Periosteal Stimulation Therapy for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis‐Associated Chronic Knee Pain: An Initial Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Weiner Debra K. , Rudy Thomas E. , Morone Natalia , Glick Ronald , Kwoh C. Kent
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of periosteal stimulation therapy (PST, osteopuncture) for the treatment of chronic pain associated with advanced knee osteoarthritis.

DESIGN: Randomized, controlled clinical trial.

SETTING: Outpatient pain clinic.

PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐eight community‐dwelling older adults with moderate knee pain or greater for 3 months or longer and Kellgren‐Lawrence (K‐L) grade 2 through 4 radiographic severity (80% had K‐L 4).

INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to receive PST or control PST once a week for 6 weeks.

MEASUREMENTS: Pain severity and self‐reported function (Western Ontario and McMasters University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)) and physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)) were assessed at baseline, after the last PST session (post), and 3 months later (follow‐up). Pain severity was also assessed monthly using the multidimensional pain inventory short form.

RESULTS: Pain was reduced significantly more in the PST group than in the control PST group at post (P=.003; mean WOMAC pain subscale baseline 9.4 vs 6.4) and 1 month later (P<.001), but by 2 months, pain levels had regressed to pre‐intervention levels. The group‐by‐time interaction for the WOMAC function scale was significant at post (P=.04) but not at follow‐up (P=.63). No significant group differences were found for the SPPB. Neither analgesic use nor global improvement differed between groups. There were four treatment dropouts.

CONCLUSION: PST affords short‐term modest pain reduction for older adults with advanced knee OA. Future research should test the effectiveness of booster treatments in sustaining analgesic benefits and of combining PST with therapeutic exercise in ameliorating disability risk.
Effectiveness of Education and Individualized Counseling in Reducing Environmental Hazards in the Homes of Community‐Dwelling Older Women
Authors: Wyman Jean F. , Croghan Catherine F. , Nachreiner Nancy M. , Gross Cynthia R. , Stock Holly Hatch , Talley Kristine , Monigold Melinda
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of an education and counseling intervention on reducing environmental hazards in the homes of older women.

DESIGN: Secondary analysis from a randomized, controlled trial with two arms: fall prevention program and health education program (control). Environmental hazards were assessed at baseline and immediately posttreatment (12‐weeks).

SETTING: Participants' homes.

PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred seventy‐two community‐dwelling women aged 70 and older at risk for falling.

INTERVENTION: The fall prevention program involved a comprehensive fall risk evaluation, exercise, education, individualized counseling, and referrals. The health education program included topics unrelated to fall prevention. With the exception of the fall risk evaluation conducted by a nurse practitioner, baccalaureate‐prepared nurses carried out the interventions.

MEASUREMENTS: Summed and individual scores for hazards related to the bathroom, floor surfaces, lighting, furniture, stairways, and storage areas.

RESULTS: Environmental hazards were found in all homes, with a baseline mean±standard deviation of 10.7±2.6 total hazards and range of four to 17 hazards. Analysis of within‐group changes indicated that the fall prevention group had significantly fewer bathroom, lighting, and total hazards after the intervention, whereas the health education group had significantly fewer bathroom hazards but more floor hazards. At follow‐up, the fall prevention group had significantly fewer lighting hazards and total hazards than the health education group.

CONCLUSION: Education and counseling have only modest effects in helping older women make recommended home modifications. To be most effective in reducing environmental hazards, fall prevention programs may need to provide and install safety devices.
Thermoforming Process for Fabricating Oral Appliances: Influence of Heating and Pressure Application Timing on Formability
Authors: Yamada Junko , Maeda Yoshinobu
Published: August 2007

Objectives:
This study was designed to examine the influence of heating and pressure application timing for thermoplastic soft materials on formability during the thermoforming process.

Methods:
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and a high shock‐absorbing material (Hybrar) were used. Five specimens (20 × 10 × 4 mm) were heated to temperatures of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200°C and then placed under a 4 N static weight with an indentation tip. The forming capability index (FI) was evaluated by rating the shape, size, and surface texture changes of the indentation tip reproduction in specimens using specially developed scales. The suitable temperature range for forming (STF) was determined by FI. Heat‐holding capability of the two materials was also evaluated by the temperature changes in the cooling process using a digital thermometer. Timing of air pressure application was examined with the time‐dependent change in negative pressure among three types of forming machines.

Results:
STF of the EVA (80–120°C) was lower than that for Hybrar (140–160°C). The time required to reach the lower limit of the STF was statistically different between the two materials (EVA: 41 seconds, Hybrar: 13 seconds) (p < 0.05). The maximum negative pressure (MNP) of the three forming machines ranged from −12 to –60 cmHg and time to reach the temperature, 5–60 seconds.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that heating conditions for each type of sheet material should be predetermined by the STF. Forming process should be performed with the high MNP before reaching the lower limit of the STF.
Occlusal Changes Following Posterior Tooth Loss in Adults. Part 2. Clinical Parameters Associated with Movement of Teeth Adjacent to the Site of Posterior Tooth Loss
Authors: Craddock Helen L. , Youngson Callum C. , Manogue Michael , Blance Andrew
Published: August 2007

Purpose:
Much anecdotal evidence is available on tooth positional changes following loss of an adjacent tooth, but only a few studies are available. In Part 1 of this series, supraeruption was assessed and Generalized Linear Models were made to determine the clinical parameters associated with the supraeruptive process. The models demonstrated that clinical parameters were not only associated with the extent of supraeruption, but also with the type of eruption present. This investigation of tooth positional changes adjacent to sites of posterior tooth loss attempts to provide increased understanding of the magnitude, direction, and associated features that may be helpful in decision making and treatment planning in the clinical setting.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred patients with an unopposed posterior tooth, with 100 age, sex, and bone level matched controls, were drawn from patients undergoing routine restorative care at Leeds Dental Institute. Study models were scanned, and the extent of eruption, type of eruption of the unopposed tooth, the overbite, overjet, buccal occlusion, and degree of crowding in the dentition, tipping, rotation, and buccal movement of the teeth associated with the edentulous site were recorded. Generalized Linear Models were developed to examine associations between each tooth movement and patient or dental factors.

Results:
A statistical significance in the degree of tipping of teeth both mesial and distal to the extraction site was detected between the subject and control groups. There was also a significant difference in rotation of the tooth mesial to the site. Four Generalized Linear Models were produced of the types of non‐vertical movements found in teeth associated with sites of tooth loss.

Conclusions:
Teeth adjacent to the site of tooth loss may undergo non‐vertical movements. Teeth mesial to the extraction site had a tendency to tip distally. The degree of tipping was increased in upper teeth and in subjects with a cusp‐to‐cusp buccal occlusion. Rotation of teeth mesial to the extraction site was more prevalent in the lower arch. Tipping of the tooth distal to the extraction site could be extreme and was found to be more prevalent in subjects with a reduced (Code 1) overbite and in the lower arch. Rotation of teeth distal to the extraction site was greater in the upper arch and was also associated with a reduced (Code 1) overbite. It also had an association with rotation of the tooth mesial to the extraction site. Models of non‐vertical movement are likely to be of limited value due to overdispersion, indicating a high degree of variability within the model.
Evaluation of Dental Students as Instructors in Preclinical Prosthodontics and Occlusion Courses
Authors: Nimmo Arthur , Mitchell Gail S. , Penfield Randall D. , Hall Alana
Published: August 2007

Purpose:
While facing a shortage of faculty members, dental schools need to be innovative in their educational methodologies. One approach to augment student learning would be to mentor dental students as participating faculty in current courses. A study was undertaken to evaluate dental students as instructors in preclinical prosthodontics and occlusion courses.

Materials and Methods:
In spring term 2003, three senior dental students (4DN) and four full‐time faculty were assigned as faculty for each of two preclinical courses: fixed prosthodontics and complete denture prosthodontics. In the summer term 2003, two junior dental students (3DN) and five full‐time faculty were assigned to teach in the occlusion preclinical course. Each course had previously been conducted with a total of seven full‐time faculty. Three types of outcome assessment were accomplished: (1) evaluation by the 2DN students of full‐time faculty and student instructors at the end of the course using a standardized university scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent); (2) a survey of student instructors about their experience; and (3) a course debriefing with selected 2DN students.

Results:
The overall mean instructor‐quality score assigned to the student instructors, 4.5 (SD, 0.7), was slightly higher than that of faculty instructors, 4.2 (SD, 0.9). Student instructors were rated higher than or equal to full‐time faculty based on the mean response scores for all ten evaluation questions. The greatest difference between faculty and student ratings was in the category of “respect and concern for the students” in all courses. In addition, information gathered from eight student instructors indicated that the experience was a very positive one overall with an increased interest in an academic career noted. Comments from the 2DN students in the debriefing sessions were positive about having student instructors.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated that from the perspective of second year dental students, senior and junior dental students were accepted as preclinical instructors in prosthodontics and occlusion preclinical courses. Additionally, senior and junior students who participated in student teaching had a positive experience. The use of dental students as preclinical faculty in prosthodontics and occlusion appears to be a viable approach for mentoring students in careers in academics, providing student instructors with higher learning experiences, and supplementing the efforts of full‐time faculty.
Thermal Conductivity of Porous Silicon Carbide Derived from Wood Precursors
Authors: Pappacena K. E. , Faber K. T. , Wang H. , Porter W. D.
Published: August 2007

Biomorphic silicon carbide (bioSiC), a novel porous ceramic derived from natural wood precursors, has potential applicability at high temperatures, particularly when rapid temperature changes occur. The thermal conductivity of bioSiC from five different precursors was experimentally determined using flash diffusivity and specific heat measurements at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1100°C. The results were compared with values obtained from object‐oriented finite‐element analysis (OOF). OOF was also used to model and understand the heat‐flow paths through the complex bioSiC microstructures.
Phase Transformations in the High‐Temperature Form of Pure and TiO2‐Stabilized Ta2O5
Authors: Brennecka Geoff L. , Payne David A. , Sarin Pankaj , Zuo J.‐M. , Kriven Waltraud M. , Hellwig Holger
Published: August 2007

The high‐temperature forms of undoped tantalum pentoxide (H‐100Ta2O5) and TiO2–modified Ta2O5(H‐92Ta2O5–8TiO2) were investigated byin situsynchrotron X‐ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. Two unquenchable and reversible phase transformations were observed in pure H‐Ta2O5, while only one was detected for TiO2‐stabilized H‐Ta2O5. Diffraction studies were consistent with displasive transformations, but hot‐stage Raman spectroscopy indicated the existence of transient intermediate forms during the transformations. Use of complementary techniques enabled the reinterpretation of phase transformations in light of a newly proposed crystal structure model for H‐Ta2O5,1and emphasized the structural contributions of the oxygen sublattice.
Effect of Antimony Concentration on the Crystalline Structure, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Properties of (Na0.5K0.5)0.945Li0.055Nb1−xSbxO3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Li Huidong , Shih Wan Y. , Shih Wei‐Heng
Published: August 2007

The effect of antimony concentration on the piezoelectric properties of (Na0.5K0.5)0.945Li0.055Nb1−xSbxO3 was examined for 0≤x≤0.1. The piezoelectric coefficients exhibited a maximum, d33=240 pC/N and d31=−82 pC/N at x=0.04, coinciding with the maximum of the grain size and the apparent density at x=0.04. The grain size, the apparent density, and the piezoelectric coefficients decreased with an increasing x at higher x likely due to the onset of a Sb‐rich second phase. The weight fraction of the tetragonal phase increased with an increasing x to almost unity at x=0.1, likely also contributing to the decrease in the piezoelectric coefficients at higher x.
Expression of cell‐surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in human cyclosporin‐induced gingival overgrowth
Authors: Gnoatto N. , Lotufo R. F. M. , Matsuda M. , Penna V. , Marquezini M. V.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth comprises a variety of signaling pathways (including growth factors and proteoglycans) that are still not completely understood. In the present study, gingival overgrowth was investigated in transplant patients receiving cyclosporin A (cyclosporin A group) and compared with gingival tissues never exposed to the drug (control group) by analyzing the gene expression of the cell‐surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans syndecan‐2, syndecan‐4 and betaglycan.

Material and Methods:  mRNA analysis was carried out by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction amplification of pooled samples from nine patients of the cyclosporin A group and six control subjects. The groups were compared by the Student's t‐test.

Results:  The expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans was increased in the cyclosporin A group (165% for syndecan‐2, 308% for syndecan‐4, and 42% for betaglycan) compared with the control group.

Conclusion:  Our findings agree with the current concept of cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth and provide new evidence that its noncollagenous extracellular matrix is overexpressed.
The levels of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Tsai C‐C. , Chou H‐H. , Wu T‐L. , Yang Y‐H. , Ho K‐Y. , Wu Y‐M. , Ho Y‐P.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Volatile sulfur compounds may be the main source of oral malodor. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between periodontal parameters and volatile sulfur compounds and to evaluate the improvement of several halitosis‐related outcomes by tongue scraping, nonsurgical periodontal treatment (including oral hygiene instruction) and oral hygiene instruction/chlorhexidine + cetyl pyridinium gargling.

Material and Methods:  Seventy‐two chronic periodontitis patients with heavy tongue coating were assessed for oral malodor and periodontal status. Oral malodor was evaluated by measuring the levels of volatile sulfur compounds using OralChroma™ and the organoleptic test score. Thirty participants were selected for the subsequent experiments: tongue scraping; nonsurgical periodontal treatment; and oral hygiene instruction/chlorhexidine + cetyl pyridinium gargling. Twenty‐five participants completed all experimental stages.

Results:  Significant correlations were observed between the organoleptic test score and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercapton (CH3SH), tongue coating score and volatile sulfur compounds, which was also significantly correlated with bleeding on probing percentage and tongue coating score. Tongue scraping significantly reduced the levels of volatile sulfur compounds. Further reduction of volatile sulfur compounds after nonsurgical periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instruction/chlorhexidine + cetyl pyridinium gargling were noted compared with baseline.

Conclusion:  Volatile sulfur compounds, with H2S and CH3SH as the main components, in mouth air are the prominent elements of malodor. Volatile sulfur compounds were decreased by more than 50% after tongue scraping. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instruction/chlorhexidine + cetyl pyridinium gargling maintained a significantly lower level of malodor compared with baseline.
Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor acts as an effective inhibitor of cysteine proteinases gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Bania J. , Kubiak A. , Wojtachnio K. , Polanowski A.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as the major pathogen of periodontitis in adults. This organism produces an array of virulence factors, of which cysteine proteinases, referred to as gingipains K and R, are believed to play a crucial role in pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of gingipains K and R to inhibition by a pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.

Material and Methods:  Enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically using chromogenic turnover substrates. To estimate the value of the association constant (Ka), constant amounts of enzyme were reacted with increasing amounts of inhibitor to reach equilibrium. The Ka was calculated by fitting the experimental data to the given equation.

Results:  In this study it was shown that gingipains are susceptible to pancreatic Kazal‐type trypsin inhibitors (pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors). Bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, having an Arg residue at the P1 position of the reactive site, specifically inhibited the activity of the Arg‐specific cysteine proteinase gingipain R, whereas porcine inhibitor, possessing a Lys residue at the P1 position, exhibited activity only against the Lys‐specific cysteine proteinase gingipain K. The Ka values for the inhibitor–proteinase interaction were 1.6 × 106 m−1 and 2.0 × 104 m−1 for gingipain R and gingipain K, respectively.

Conclusion:  This finding is the first demonstration of the inhibitory potency of the Kazal‐type specific trypsin inhibitors against cysteine proteinases. These discoveries open new possibilities for the use of naturally occurring inhibitors, displaying activity across enzyme families, as a model in designing new molecules of therapeutic significance.
Beneficial properties of melatonin in an experimental model of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ruiz‐Rabelo Juan F. , Vázquez Reyes , Perea María D. , Cruz Adolfo , González Raul , Romero Ana , Muñoz‐Villanueva María C. , Túnez Isaac , Montilla Pedro , Muntané Jordi , Padillo Francisco Javier
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Pancreatic cancer is a major health problem because of the aggressiveness of the disease and the lack of effective systemic therapies. Melatonin has antioxidant activity and prevents experimental genotoxicity. However, the effect of melatonin in pancreatic cancer has not been tested. Pancreatic carcinogenesis was induced by N‐nitrosobis (2‐oxopropyl)amine (BOP) in Syrian hamsters. Melatonin was administered during the BOP‐induction phase (12 wk) and/or following the postinduction phase (12 wk). Different parameters of oxidative stress including lipid peroxides (LPO) and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) were determined in pancreatic tissue. Also, the presence of atypical hyperplasia (AH), well and moderately differentiated adenomacarcinoma (ADC‐WD and ADC‐MD, respectively) were studied. The administration of BOP induced an intense oxidative stress and ADC induction in the pancreas. The administration of melatonin during the induction or postinduction phase reduced LPO and improved the antioxidant status, as well as drastically reducing the presence of ADC but some AH remained. In conclusion, treatment with melatonin reduced oxidative damage and cancer nodules induced by BOP in the pancreas.
Reactions of the NO redox forms NO+, •NO and HNO (protonated NO–) with the melatonin metabolite N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine
Authors: Hardeland Rüdiger , Backhaus Claudia , Fadavi Azadeh
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The different NO redox forms, NO+, •NO and HNO (= protonated NO–), were compared for their capabilities of interacting with the melatonin metabolite N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK), using NO+SbF6–, PAPA‐NONOate and Angeli’s salt as donors of the respective NO species. Particular attention was paid to stability and possible interconversions of the redox forms. •NO formation was followed by measuring the decolorization of 2‐(trimethylammonio‐phenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (TMA‐PTIO), at different pH values, at which NO+ is, in aqueous solution, either highly unstable (pH 7.4) or relatively stable (pH 2.0). •NO donation by PAPA‐NONOate, as indicated by TMA‐PTIO decolorization, was similar at either pH and 3‐acetamidomethyl‐6‐methoxycinnolinone (AMMC) was formed as the major product from AMK, at pH 7.4 more efficiently than at pH 2.0. At pH 2.0, TMA‐PTIO decolorization by NO+SbF6– was much weaker than by PAPA‐NONOate, but AMMC was produced at substantial rates, whereas neither TMA‐PTIO decolorization nor AMMC formation was observed with the NO+ donor at pH 7.4. As NO+ is also stable in organic, especially aprotic solvents, NO+SbF6– was reacted with AMK in acetonitrile, ethanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate. In all these cases, AMMC was the only or major product. In ethyl acetate, N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxy‐3‐nitrokynuramine (AMNK) was also formed, presumably as a consequence of organic peroxides emerging in that solvent. Presence of tert‐butylhydroperoxide in an ethanolic solution of NO+SbF6– and AMK also resulted in AMNK formation, in addition to AMMC and two red‐fluoresecent, to date unknown products. However, hydrogen peroxide enhanced •NO‐dependent AMMC production from AMK and also from N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine. HNO donation by Angeli’s salt (Na2N2O3) also caused AMMC formation from AMK at pH 7.4, with a somewhat lower efficiency than PAPA‐NONOate, but no AMNK nor any other product was detected. Therefore, all three NO congeners are, in principle, capable of nitrosating AMK and forming AMMC, but in biological material the reaction with NO+ is strongly limited by the extremely short life‐time of this redox form.
A Pilot Survey of Sexual Functioning and Preferences in a Sample of English-Speaking Adults from a Small South Indian Town
Authors: Kar Nilamadhab , Koola Maju Mathew
Published: August 2007

Introduction

There is a dearth of recent information on sexual functioning and preferences from an Indian population.

Aim

To study sexual functioning and preferences in a sample of English-speaking adults in a small town in South India.

Method

Responses were obtained through a postal questionnaire method and were analyzed. Study document included an explanation of the study, sociodemographic details, a sexual functioning questionnaire, a semistructured sexual preference questionnaire, and meanings of terms used in the questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measure

Frequency of various sexual functions, difficulties, and preferences over a period of 1 month.

Results

Sixty-one subjects out of 200 English-speaking persons from a south Indian town returned the questionnaire. Common sexual difficulties included decreased interest in sex (16.4%), arousal difficulties (21.3%), orgasmic difficulties in females (28.6%), and premature ejaculation in males (15.2%). Masturbation was considered wrong by 18% of respondents; with almost 40% of females and 6% of males reported to have never masturbated. There were many differences in the sexual functioning of married compared to unmarried persons and other sociodemographic groups. Practice of various sexual preferences was reported: voyeurism (41.0%), fetishism (18.0%), frotteurism (11.5%), homosexuality (11.5%), telephone scatology (9.8%), and incest (8.2%) being more common. In a small minority, telephone scatology (3.3%), voyeurism (1.6%), and fetishism (1.6%) were reported to be the only method of sexual gratification.

Conclusions

Sexual difficulties were similar to other reports in different cultures. Varieties of preferences were practiced, and there were variations among different sociodemographic groups.