bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transmeatal labyrinthectomy with and without cochleovestibular neurectomy
Authors: Silverstein Herbert
Published: May 2014

The surgical anatomy and approach to the internal auditory canal through the transmeatal route is presented.

The results of 22 patients undergoing transmeatal labyrinthectomy with cochleovestibular neurectomy indicated that 15 of 20, or 75 percent, had vertigo cured or markedly improved. The best results were found in patients with Ménière's disease (10/10).

Similar results were found regarding the symptoms of tinnitus. Fifteen of 22 patients, or 68 percent, had tinnitus cured or markedly improved in a six‐month to 36‐month follow‐up. The best results, again, were found in patients with Ménière's disease (8/10).

Patients undergoing transmeatal labyrinthectomy without cochleovestibular neurectomy showed only one of six cases with improvement of tinnitus and three of six cases with vertigo cured or markedly improved.

Transmeatal labyrinthectomy with cochleovestibular neurectomy appears to have the following advantages over transmeatal labyrinthectomy or translabyrinthine section of the VIIIth nerve:

The surgical time is shortened by the direct route to the internal auditory canal.

A second procedure is avoided by not having to obtain abdominal adipose tissue for obliteration of the mastoid cavity.

Complete unilateral ablation of vestibular function is assured.

Best chance of alleviation or improving tinnitus.

The internal auditory canal is routinely inspected to be sure no acoustic neuroma or other pathology is found.

Skill is obtained in transecting the “singular nerve.”
Alternatives in nasal reconstruction (“five flaps and a graft”)
Authors: Tardy M. Eugene
Published: May 2014

Five pedicle flaps and one auricular composite graft deserve increased use and attention in nasal reconstructive surgery. All have in common the high possibility of superior functional and esthetic results while requiring the payment of a minimum penalty of tissue sacrifice. A composite graft of conchal cartilage and adherent post‐auricular skin serves well in the saddle nose deformity of childhood, creating satisfactory tissue augmentation and recreating cartilaginous support for the airway.

The sublabial mucosa of the upper lip provides superior tissue for pedicle flap repair of nasal septal perforations. Tunneled through a small oronasal fistula, the flap is elevated and transposed as a one‐stage procedure. No closure of the donor site is required.

Forehead flaps derived from the precise midline or the non‐hair‐bearing bay of forehead skin (the sickle flap), are useful, non‐delayed flaps carrying considerable tissue of superior color match to nasal defects. A major advantage is the excellent camouflage possible at either donor site area. When nasal reconstruction of greater dimensions becomes necessary, the scalping flap is advantageous. Flap reliability is of a high order, and flap blood supply is unequaled.
Calcifying odontogenic cyst (gorlin's cyst) of the maxillary sinus
Authors: Sudderth Michael E.
Published: May 2014

Occasionally the maxillary sinus is invaded by a cyst or tumor of odontogenic origin. Though usually benign, these lesions may be locally aggressive. A recent case involving bone destruction and sinus opacification is presented.
Unusual otologic manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Gotay Victor
Published: May 2014

The first reported case of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, who 14 years after diagnosis developed bilateral symmetrical ear lobe swelling secondary to lymphocytic infiltrates and its management, is presented. The various otologic and specific skin manifestations of leukemia are discussed and the literature reviewed. The temporal bone findings take the form of leukemic infiltrations, inflammation, and hemorrhage. These may present as a red or thickened tympanic membrane, hemotympanum, exudates in the middle ear, acute otitis media, mastoiditis, conductive or sensori‐neural hearing loss, dizziness, vertigo or facial paralysis.

The specific skin manifestations take the form of nodules, papules, infiltrations, plaques, ulcerations and exfoliative erythroderma. These may present as skin lesions most commonly in the head and neck area, rarely presenting in the auricle and ear canal.
A Fused‐Ring Acceptor Unit in D–A Copolymers Benefits Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Zuo Chuantian , Cao Jiamin , Ding Liming
Published: May 2014

Pentacyclic lactam acceptor unit TPTI invented by our group is proved to be a good building block for efficient D‐A copolymers used in organic solar cells. Here, two D‐A copolymers PBTTPTI and PTTTPTI are developed by copolymerizing TPTI with 2,2′‐bithiophene (BT) or thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (TT). PBTTPTI and PTTTPTI exhibit good solubility and strong interchain π–π interaction even in dilute solution. They possess deep HOMO levels (ca. ‐5.3 eV), partial crystallinity, and good hole mobilities. Blending with PC71BM, PBTTPTI and PTTTPTI give decent power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 6.83% and 5.86%, with outstanding fill factors (FF) of 74.3% and 71.3%, respectively.

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Comparison of the Movement Disorder Society Parkinson's disease dementia criteria with neuropsychological testing
Authors: Barton Brandon R. , Bernard Bryan , Czernecki Virginie , Goldman Jennifer G. , Stebbins Glenn , Dubois Bruno , Goetz Christopher G.
Published: May 2014

The objective of our study was to compare Movement Disorder Society Task Force criteria for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) with the gold standard of traditional neuropsychological testing. A short checklist (Level I) and a protocol of neuropsychological tests (Level II) have been proposed by a Movement Disorder Society Task Force but not fully validated in clinical practice. Ninety‐one Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects were categorized as having dementia or no dementia based on a battery of neuropsychological test results and clinical judgment. The isolated components needed for Level I and Level II diagnoses were then culled from the neuropsychological evaluations and independently used to designate PDD. Compared with traditional neuropsychological testing, the sensitivity and specificity of Level I criteria for PDD was 66.7% and 98.8%, and for Level II criteria 100% and 92.7%, respectively. Using Level II criteria, 6 additional subjects were diagnosed with PDD that were classified as having no dementia when full neuropsychological data were used for the diagnosis. These 6 subjects had more education years and were less impaired on cognitive tests. The Movement Disorder Society's Level II criteria more frequently classify subjects with PDD than does traditional neuropsychological testing. Whereas Level II criteria may overclassify subjects as having PDD, they are very accurate in ruling out dementia. Movement Disorder Society's criteria are practical and timesaving, although full neuropsychological testing may still be needed. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A reflection on plasticity research in writing dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Hamada Masashi , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C. , Edwards Mark J.
Published: May 2014

Much attention has focused on the hypothesis that there is enhanced plasticity of sensorimotor circuits in patients with dystonia. A common experimental method to assess plasticity in dystonia research is paired associative stimulation (PAS). Excessive, nonfocal effects of PAS were observed in early studies of dystonia; however, these large effects have not been uniformly replicated. In this viewpoint, data from 15 patients with writing dystonia are presented. We suggest that, as in healthy individuals, the effects of PAS are highly variable. A review of previous studies examining PAS in writing dystonia highlights the range of results that have been observed. We conclude that current experimental evidence cannot be fully explained by the notion that PAS responses in writing dystonia are consistently excessive or nonspecific. The variability of PAS responses is such that enhanced plasticity should not be considered a dystonic fingerprint, because the direction of response can vary, and there is overlap between patient and healthy data. We also discuss evidence questioning the assumption that PAS responses are a clear correlate to levels of synaptic plasticity; we need to define more specifically what PAS responses signify in the dystonic brain. Our conclusions are limited to PAS in writing dystonia; however, much variation exists with other plasticity protocols. Large multicenter studies of both focal and generalized forms of dystonia, probing variability of individual neurophysiological profiles, are encouraged. This will reveal the true role of plasticity in the pathophysiology of dystonia and may expose subject‐specific therapeutic interventions that are currently concealed. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
TriClust: A Tool for Cross‐Species Analysis of Gene Regulation
Authors: Dede Duygu , Oğul Hasan
Published: May 2014

We present a software tool, called TriClust, for multi‐way analysis of gene expression data from paired conditions of multiple organisms. The analysis is based on a new concept called triclustering, which is an extension of biclustering over a third dimension that represents the organism where the microarray experiment is performed. TriClust provides a comprehensive analysis of co‐regulated genes under a subset of experimental conditions over multiple organisms. The results are visualized using heat‐maps and the Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment statistics. The experimental results indicate that TriClust can successfully identify biologically significant triclusters and promote a useful tool for cross species analysis of gene regulation from microarray expression data. The statistical results suggest that, when available, triclustering on multi‐organism data can result in better gene clusters in comparison to biclustering on single‐organism data. The TriClust software is publicly available as a standalone program.
MODELING THE EMERGENT EXECUTIVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
Authors: Wiebe Sandra A.
Published: May 2014

In this Monograph, Buss and Spencer develop a novel theory of preschool executive function (EF) based on the principles of dynamic systems theory (DST). In this commentary, I discuss how this model contributes to our understanding of EF and highlight challenges that remain to be addressed. First, I discuss Buss and Spencer's model in the context of existing theories, and in terms of the processes thought to underlie developmental improvements in card‐sorting. Next, I explore implications for our understanding of the structure of EF in early childhood. Finally, I suggest possible extensions of this approach to later development, including whether and how this work might shed light on relations between individual differences in early EF and later developmental outcomes.
DYNAMIC FIELD THEORY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS: LENDING EXPLANATION TO CURRENT THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Morton J. Bruce
Published: May 2014

Buss and Spencer's monograph is an impressive achievement that is sure to have a lasting impact on the field of child development. The dynamic field theory (DFT) model that forms the heart of this contribution is ambitious in scope, detailed in its implementation, and rigorously tested against data, old and new. As such, the ideas contained in this fine document represent a qualitative advance in our understanding of young children's behavior, and lay a foundation for future research into the developmental origins of executive functioning.
3D MRI of impaired hyperpolarized 129Xe uptake in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Cleveland Zackary I. , Virgincar Rohan S. , Qi Yi , Robertson Scott H. , Degan Simone , Driehuys Bastiaan
Published: May 2014

A variety of pulmonary pathologies, in particular interstitial lung diseases, are characterized by thickening of the pulmonary blood–gas barrier, and this thickening results in reduced gas exchange. Such diffusive impairment is challenging to quantify spatially, because the distributions of the metabolically relevant gases (CO2 and O2) cannot be detected directly within the lungs. Hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe is a promising surrogate for these metabolic gases, because MR spectroscopy and imaging allow gaseous alveolar 129Xe to be detected separately from 129Xe dissolved in the red blood cells (RBCs) and the adjacent tissues, which comprise blood plasma and lung interstitium. Because 129Xe reaches the RBCs by diffusing across the same barrier tissues (blood plasma and interstitium) as O2, barrier thickening will delay 129Xe transit and, thus, reduce RBC‐specific 129Xe MR signal. Here we have exploited these properties to generate 3D, MR images of 129Xe uptake by the RBCs in two groups of rats. In the experimental group, unilateral fibrotic injury was generated prior to imaging by instilling bleomycin into one lung. In the control group, a unilateral sham instillation of saline was performed. Uptake of 129Xe by the RBCs, quantified as the fraction of RBC signal relative to total dissolved 129Xe signal, was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in the injured lungs of bleomycin‐treated animals. In contrast, no significant difference (P = 0.56) was observed between the saline‐treated and untreated lungs of control animals. Together, these results indicate that 3D MRI of HP 129Xe dissolved in the pulmonary tissues can provide useful biomarkers of impaired diffusive gas exchange resulting from fibrotic thickening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new sensing‐throughput tradeoff scheme in cooperative multiband cognitive radio network
Authors: Liu Xin
Published: May 2014

A conventional cognitive radio network (CRN) uses the spectrum of the licensed primary network (PN) on the premise of detecting the absence of the PN by the spectrum sensing of the sensor node (SN). In this paper, a cooperative multiband CRN is considered, wherein the SNs are allowed to use some time of the transmission slot to relay PN data by cooperative communication, while using the remaining time of the transmission slot to forward its own data, over multiple sub‐bands during each frame, if the presence of PN is detected by cooperative spectrum sensing of the SNs in the sensing slot. A new sensing–throughput tradeoff scheme is formulated as a multi‐variable optimization problem, which maximizes the average aggregate throughput of the CRN over all the sub‐bands by jointly optimizing spectrum sensing time and sub‐band transmission power, subject to the constraints on the average aggregate throughput of the PN, the maximal aggregate power of each SN, and the false alarm and detection probabilities of each sub‐band. The bi‐level optimization method is adopted to obtain the optimal solution by dividing the multi‐variable optimization problem into two convex single‐variable sub‐optimization problems. The simulations show that there exists the optimal sensing time and sub‐band transmission power that maximize the average aggregate throughput of the CRN and, compared with the conventional scheme, the throughput obtained by the proposed scheme is outstanding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed implementation of mobility load balancing with power control and cell reselection in 4G network
Authors: Kang Hye J. , Kang Chung G.
Published: May 2014

We consider a self‐organizing network (SON) capability of mobility load balancing in a 4G network, which determines the transmission power level for individual base stations and cell reselection for individual mobile stations such that the network‐wide load is minimized while satisfying the minimum signal‐to‐noise and interference ratio (SINR) requirement of individual users. Both centralized and distributed schemes are proposed. The centralized scheme is based on the greedy algorithm, serving as a performance bound to the distributed scheme. The distributed scheme is to solve the system‐wide optimization problem in the flat network model, i.e. no central control node. Furthermore, it requires relatively low inter‐cell exchange information among neighboring cells over an inter‐cell channel, e.g. X2 interface in the LTE network. The proposed design objective is to minimize the number of mobile users that do not satisfy the specified average throughput, while distributing the user traffic load as uniformly as possible among the neighboring cells. Our simulation results for a uniform user distribution demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve up to almost 80% of a load balancing gain that has been achieved by a greedy algorithm in the centralized optimization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the integration of cohesive elements in regard to utilization of coarse mesh in laminated composite materials
Authors: Bak Brian L.V. , Lindgaard Esben , Lund Erik
Published: May 2014

An analysis of the solver convergence difficulties and erroneous results when large cohesive elements are utilized in delamination propagation simulations in laminated composites is presented. Special focus is given to the numerical integration of the cohesive element force vector and stiffness matrix. The magnitude and variation of the integration error are analyzed, and the results show that contrary to statements found elsewhere in the literature, the 2 × 2 point Newton‐Cotes quadrature, commonly used in commercial software, results in large errors and is one of the limiting factors for using larger elements. By reducing the integration error in the damage process zone of the interface, more accurate results can be obtained, and larger elements can be utilized with less iterations, thereby decreasing the computational cost. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specialized Fiber Collimators
Authors: Krischke Anja , Schulz Michael , Knothe Christian , Oechsner Ulrich
Published: May 2014

The general interest in the investigation of ultra‐cold atoms and their distinct features has been constantly growing over the last few decades [1]. Whereas in the beginning, the process of cooling down presented the major challenge, now the extraordinary features of these ultra‐cold systems — for example Bose‐Einstein‐Condensates‐motivate researchers world‐wide to look closer than ever.
High‐Precision Mounted Lens Production
Authors: Langehanenberg Patrik , Heinisch Josef , Buß Christian , Wilde Christian
Published: May 2014

Modern optic systems require modern assembly and joining techniques. The trend of keeping production dimensions as small as possible while maintaining or increasing optic imaging capacity leaves little room for mechanical equipment to align the individual elements in the end product. The two methods of directional adhesive bonding lenses in their final cell and alignment turning provide attractive solutions under these conditions.
Functional Testing of Varifocals
Authors: Stürwald Stephan
Published: May 2014

For functional testing of optical systems, typically Shack‐Hartmann‐based sensors consisting of a combination of a micro lens matrix and a CCD/CMOS sensor are utilized. Their lateral resolution is restricted to the size of the micro‐lenses, and the maximum measurable wavefront slope is usually significantly limited to avoid ambiguous signals on the detector. Here, we present a similar measurement method which is, however, based on a digital micro‐mirror matrix for selecting subapertures in reflection. This leads to enhanced measurement capabilities in functional testing of optics.
UV‐B Induced Secondary Plant Metabolites
Authors: Schreiner Monika , Martínez‐Abaigar Javier , Glaab Johannes , Jansen Marcel
Published: May 2014

Epidemiological studies have revealed an association between a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and herbs and a lower risk of both cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This protective effect is mostly due to secondary metabolites present in plant tissues. In contrast to numerous previous UV‐B studies, which have focused on the potential impacts of increased levels of solar UV‐B radiation reaching the Earth's surface due to stratospheric ozone depletion, recent investigations revealed that UV‐B radiation is an important regulator of plant secondary metabolism. Low, ecologically‐relevant UV‐B levels trigger distinct changes in the biosynthesis of secondary plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids and glucosinolates. Fundamental understanding of plant UV‐B perception and responses opens up new opportunities for crop manipulation. Thus, targeted low dosage UV‐B radiation treatments as emerging technology may be used to generate fruit, vegetables and herbs enriched with secondary plant metabolites for either fresh consumption or as a source for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The German Biophotonics Industry and the Global Biophotonics Market
Authors: Hubbert Joshua
Published: May 2014

Biophotonics — the application of light and optical technologies to the life sciences and medicine — promises not only opportunities for effective diagnostics and treatment, but also new economic perspectives for the medical technology industry. A. T. Kearney recently conducted a study of the biophotonics market on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The study analyzed the size and growth of the global biophotonics market and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the biophotonics industry in Germany.
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma treated successfully with vemurafenib
Authors: Skrypek Mary , Foreman Nicholas , Guillaume Daniel , Moertel Christopher
Published: May 2014

The BRAF V600E missense mutation is known to be present in a subset of central nervous system tumors. We report a patient with a BRAF V600E mutated pilomyxoid astrocytoma who failed multiple conventional chemotherapy regimens. Treatment with vemurafenib, a molecularly targeted therapy against the mutant BRAF V600E kinase, combined with vinblastine resulted in tumor regression. Furthermore, this patient experienced almost immediate progression of disease after holding vemurafenib for only 2–3 weeks, suggesting that the tumor response is vemurafenib dependent. This population of patients may benefit from targeted therapy and testing of individual tumors for BRAF mutations is justified. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2099–2100. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anogenital distance in male and female fetuses at 20 to 35 weeks of gestation: centile charts and reference ranges
Authors: Gilboa Yinon , Kivilevitch Zvi , Oren Meri , Cohen Yisca Pazit , Katorza Eldad , Achiron Reuven
Published: May 2014

Objectives

In pediatrics, anogenital distance (AGD) serves as a bioassay of normal phenotypic androgen action on the external genitalia. Recently, hypospadias and cryptorchidism were reported to be associated with reduced AGD. No normal reference ranges exist for fetuses throughout gestation. This study defines the normal centile chart of the AGD, in male and female fetuses, between 20 and 35 weeks of gestation.

Methods

Participants were low‐risk pregnant women, 20 to 35 weeks of gestation. All fetuses were singleton, with normal anatomic scan and appropriate fetal biometry for gestational age. Fetal AGD was measured by transabdominal ultrasound. The perineum was assessed in the axial plane. The distance was measured from the center of the anus to the posterior convergence of the fourchette in female fetuses and to the posterior base of the scrotum in male fetuses. Statistical analysis included the construction of the normal, modeled, centile, and standard deviation range, for each gestational age. Intraobserver and interobserver variability was assessed by the interclass correlation and Bland–Altman plot.

Results

Adequate measurements were obtained for 218 female and 206 male fetuses. For 17 cases, measurements were not possible because of fetal lie. AGD increased linearly throughout gestational age (GA) (r2 = 0.808) for both sexes and was expressed by the following regression equation: for male fetuses, −12.348 + 1.075*GA, and for female fetuses, −3.179 + 0.513*GA, where GA is gestational age. The normal centiles, means, and standard deviations, per week, are presented.

Conclusion

AGD measurement in utero is feasible. These measurements assess the normality of the perineal region and may assist in the detection of genital anomalies. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient empowerment in cancer pain management: an integrative literature review
Authors: te Boveldt Nienke , Vernooij‐Dassen Myrra , Leppink Irene , Samwel Han , Vissers Kris , Engels Yvonne
Published: May 2014

Objective

More than 50% of patients with cancer experience pain. Patient empowerment has been highlighted as central to success in pain management. Up to now, no clear model for this patient group exists, yet several strategies to empower patients have been used in clinical practice. This review examines how empowerment or related concepts have been described in relation to pain management in patients with cancer. With the help of a conceptual model, recommendations for clinical practice are provided.

Methods

An integrative review was conducted, using the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We evaluated papers discussing empowerment or related concepts in relation to pain management in patients with cancer. We analyzed the term ‘empowerment’ semantically.

Results

From a total of 5984 identified papers, 34 were included for analysis. Empowerment has been described with the concepts self‐efficacy, active patient participation, increasing abilities, and control of life. Most papers focus on pain treatment induced by the professional caregiver or on the active involvement of the patient, and not on the combination of both. The following elements of empowerment could be discriminated: role of the patient, role of the professional, resources, self‐efficacy, active coping, and shared decision making.

Conclusions

On the basis of these findings, we propose a conceptual model to empower patients in controlling cancer pain. We recommend focusing on pain treatment given by the professional, on the active involvement of the patient, and on the interaction of both. Our model might also be useful for other patient groups or specific contexts, especially in symptom management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold and Silver Nanomaterial‐Based Optical Sensing Systems
Authors: Chen Po‐Cheng , Roy Prathik , Chen Li‐Yi , Ravindranath Rini , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: May 2014

Gold and silver nanomaterials (NMs) such as nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoclusters (NCs) possessing interesting optical properties have become popular sensing materials. With strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption, extraordinary stability, ease in preparation, conjugation, and biocompatibility, Au NPs are employed to develop sensitive and selective sensing systems for a variety of analytes. However, small sizes of Au and Ag NCs with interesting photoluminescence (PL) properties are used in many PL‐based sensing systems for the detection of important analytes. In addition, many bimetallic AuM NMs possessing strong catalytic activity are used to develop highly sensitive fluorescent sensors. This review article is categorized in four sections based on the NMs used in the sensing systems, including Au NPs, bimetallic AuM NMs, Au NCs, and DNA–Ag NCs. In each section, synthetic strategies and optical properties of the NMs are provided briefly, followed by emphasis on their analytical applications in the detection of small molecules, metal ions, DNA, proteins, and cells. Current challenges and future prospects of these NMs‐based sensing systems will be addressed.
Dual‐tree fast exact max‐kernel search
Authors: Curtin Ryan R. , Ram Parikshit
Published: May 2014

The problem of max‐kernel search arises everywhere: given a query point \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$p_q$ \end{document}, a set of reference objects \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$S_r$ \end{document} and some kernel \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathcal{K}$ \end{document}, find \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$arg\,max_{p_r \in S_r} \mathcal{K}(p_q, p_r)$ \end{document}. Max‐kernel search is ubiquitous and appears in countless domains of science, thanks to the wide applicability of kernels. A few domains include image matching, information retrieval, bio‐informatics, similarity search, and collaborative filtering (to name just a few). However, there is no generalized technique for efficiently solving max‐kernel search. This paper presents a single‐tree algorithm called single‐tree FastMKS which returns the max‐kernel solution for a single query point in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(\log N)$ \end{document} time (where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$N$ \end{document} is the number of reference objects), and also a dual‐tree algorithm (dual‐tree FastMKS) which is useful for max‐kernel search with many query points. If the set of query points is of size \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N)$ \end{document}, this algorithm returns a solution in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N)$ \end{document} time, which is significantly better than the \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O(N^2)$ \end{document} linear scan solution; these bounds are dependent on the expansion constant of the data. These algorithms work for abstract objects, as they do not require explicit representation of the points in kernel space. Empirical results for a variety of datasets show up to five orders of magnitude speedup in some cases. In addition, we present approximate extensions of the FastMKS algorithms that can achieve further speedups.
The development of a Visual‐Perceptual Chemistry Specific (VPCS) assessment tool
Authors: Oliver‐Hoyo Maria , Sloan Caroline
Published: May 2014

The development of the Visual‐Perceptual Chemistry Specific (VPCS) assessment tool is based on items that align to eight visual‐perceptual skills considered as needed by chemistry students. This tool includes a comprehensive range of visual operations and presents items within a chemistry context without requiring content knowledge to solve correctly. The VPCS was administrated to a total of 2,713 chemistry students taking general, organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry courses at a large, southeastern university over a period of three academic years. The preliminary validation process involved primarily factor analysis and Item Response Theory. A three‐factor solution was considered appropriate with the most reasonable interpretation labeling Factor 1 as a general visual‐spatial skill, Factor 2 involving multiple viewpoints (frames of reference), and Factor 3 related to memory ability. Our analysis supports an interpretation relevant to chemistry instruction that departs from previous findings where the factors obtained were viewed in terms of static or kinetic qualities (mechanical) and/or two‐dimensional versus three‐dimensional aspects. Several interpretations for the three‐factor solution are discussed as well as implications for teaching and future research. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 963–981, 2014
General solutions of mechanical‐electric‐magnetic fields in magneto‐electro‐elastic solid containing a moving anti‐plane crack and a screw dislocation
Authors: Wang Y.‐Z. , Kuna M.
Published: May 2014

In this work, the interaction between a moving anti‐plane crack and a screw dislocation in the magneto‐electro‐elastic material is studied. The exact solutions are derived by the Muskhelishvili theory and the mechanical‐electric‐magnetic fields are presented. Comparing with the recent researching status, the present work has three prominent features. Firstly, both the remote loads with eight possible combinations and the coupling of the mechanical‐electric‐magnetic fields are considered. Secondly, the crack face is assumed to have the general boundary condition which is not the single permeable or impermeable case. Finally, the general solution is derived with the consideration of the crack moving velocity and the screw dislocation. Results presented in this paper would have potential applications on the analysis and design of magneto‐electro‐elastic structures, especially for the influence of microdefects on the initiation and propagation of cracks.
A new acidophilic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum: cloning, purification, and insights into the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity
Authors: Liao Hanpeng , Sun Shaowei , Wang Pan , Bi Wenli , Tan Shiyong , Wei Zhong , Mei Xinlan , Liu Dongyang , Raza Waseem , Shen Qirong , Xu Yangchun
Published: May 2014

A new acidophilic xylanase (XYN11A) from Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 has been purified, identified and characterized. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the first time to evaluate the influence of metal ions on xylanase activity. The purified enzyme was identified by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and its gene (xyn11A) was identified as an open reading frame of 706 bp with a 68 bp intron. This gene encodes a mature protein of 196 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 21.3 kDa that has the 100 % identity with the putative xylanase from the P. oxalicum 114-2. The enzyme shows a structure comprising a catalytic module family 10 (GH10) and no carbohydrate-binding module family. The specific activities were 150.2, 60.2, and 72.6 U/mg for beechwood xylan, birchwood xylan, and oat spelt xylan, respectively. XYN11A exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.0 and remarkable pH stability under extremely acidic condition (pH 3). The specific activity, K  m and V  max values were 150.2 U/mg, 30.7 mg/mL, and 403.9 μmol/min/mg for beechwood xylan, respectively. XYN11A is a endo-β-1,4-xylanase since it release xylobiose and xylotriose as the main products by hydrolyzing xylans. The activity of XYN11A was enhanced 155 % by 1 mM Fe2+ ions, but was inhibited strongly by Fe3+. The reason of enhancing the xylanase activity of XYN11A with 1 mM Fe2+ treatment may be responsible for the change of microenvironment of tryptophan residues studied by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry. Inhibition of the xylanase activity by Fe3+ was first time demonstrated to associate tryptophan fluorescence quenching.
The Role of Social Toxicity in Responses to a Slowly‐Evolving Environmental Disaster: The Case of Amphibole Asbestos Exposure in Libby, Montana, USA
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. W. , Orom Heather , Chung Jae Eun , Hernandez Tanis
Published: May 2014

Experiencing a disaster has significant negative effects on psychological adjustment. Case study accounts point to two consistent trends in slowly‐evolving environmental disasters: (a) patterns of negative social dynamics, and (b) relatively worse psychological outcomes than in natural disasters. Researchers have begun to explicitly postulate that the social consequences of slowly‐evolving environmental disasters (e.g., community conflict) have their own effects on victims’ psychological outcomes. This study tested a model of the relationship between those social consequences and psychological adjustment of victims of a slowly‐evolving environmental disaster, specifically those whose health has been compromised by the amphibole asbestos disaster in Libby, MT. Results indicate that experiencing greater community conflict about the disaster was associated with greater family conflict about the disaster which, in turn, was associated with greater social constraints on talking with others about their disease, both directly and indirectly through experiencing stigmatization. Experiencing greater social constraints was associated with worse psychological adjustment, both directly and indirectly through failed social support. Findings have implications for understanding pathways by which social responses create negative effects on mental health in slowly‐evolving environmental disasters. These pathways suggest points for prevention and response (e.g., social support, stigmatization of victims) for communities experiencing slowly‐evolving environmental disasters.
ON OPTIMAL INVERTERS
Authors: CHEN YIJIA , FLUM JÖRG
Published: May 2014

Leonid Levin showed that every algorithm computing a function has an optimal inverter. Recently, we applied his result in various contexts: existence of optimal acceptors, existence of hard sequences for algorithms and proof systems, proofs of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, analysis of the complexity of the clique problem assuming the nonuniform Exponential Time Hypothesis. We present all these applications here. Even though a simple diagonalization yields Levin’s result, we believe that it is worthwhile to be aware of the explicit result. The purpose of this survey is to convince the reader of our view.
COMPLETENESS AND CATEGORICITY (IN POWER): FORMALIZATION WITHOUT FOUNDATIONALISM
Authors: BALDWIN JOHN T.
Published: May 2014

We propose a criterion to regard a property of a theory (in first or second order logic) as virtuous: the property must have significant mathematical consequences for the theory (or its models). We then rehearse results of Ajtai, Marek, Magidor, H. Friedman and Solovay to argue that for second order logic, ‘categoricity’ has little virtue. For first order logic, categoricity is trivial; but ‘categoricity in power’ has enormous structural consequences for any of the theories satisfying it. The stability hierarchy extends this virtue to other complete theories. The interaction of model theory and traditional mathematics is examined by considering the views of such as Bourbaki, Hrushovski, Kazhdan, and Shelah to flesh out the argument that the main impact of formal methods on mathematics is using formal definability to obtain results in ‘mainstream’ mathematics. Moreover, these methods (e.g., the stability hierarchy) provide an organization for much mathematics which gives specific content to dreams of Bourbaki about the architecture of mathematics.
Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios
Authors: Garmann D. J. , Visbal M. R.
Published: May 2014

High-fidelity, direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are conducted to examine the vortex structure and aerodynamic loading of unidirectionally revolving wings in quiescent fluid. Wings with aspect ratios$({\mathit{AR}}) = 1$, 2 and 4 are considered at a fixed root-based Reynolds number of 1000. Each wing is shown to generate a coherent leading-edge vortex (LEV) that remains in close proximity to the surface and provides persistent suction throughout the motion. Towards the tip, the LEV lifts off as an arch-like structure and reorients itself along the chord through its connection with the tip vortex. The substantial and sustained aerodynamic loads achieved during the motion saturate with aspect ratio resulting from the chordwise growth of the LEV along the span eventually becoming geometrically constrained by the trailing edge. Further, for${\mathit{AR}}=4$, substructures develop in the feeding sheet of the LEV, which appear to directly correlate with the local, span-based Reynolds number achieved during rotation. The lower-aspect-ratio wings do not have sufficient spans for these transitional elements to manifest. In contrast, vortex breakdown, which occurs around midspan for each aspect ratio, shows a strong dependence on the spanwise pressure gradient established between the root and tip of the wing and not local Reynolds number. This independent development of shear-layer substructures and vortex breakdown parallels very closely with what has been observed in delta wing flow. Next, the centrifugal, Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are also analysed at several spanwise locations across each wing, and the centrifugal and pressure gradient forces are shown to be responsible for the spanwise flow above the wing. The Coriolis force is directed away from the surface at the base of the LEV, indicating that it is not a contributor to LEV attachment, which is contrary to previous hypotheses. Finally, as a means of emphasizing the importance of the centrifugal force on LEV attachment, the${\mathit{AR}}=2$wing is simulated with the addition of a source term in the governing equations to oppose and eliminate the centrifugal force near the surface. The initial formation and development of the LEV is unhindered by the absence of this force; however, later in the motion, the outboard lift-off of the LEV moves inboard. Without the opposing outboard-directed centrifugal force to keep the separation past midspan, the entire vortex eventually separates and moves away from the surface.
Turbulence decay towards the linearly stable regime of Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Verzicco Roberto , Grossmann Siegfried , Lohse Detlef
Published: May 2014

Taylor–Couette (TC) flow is used to probe the hydrodynamical (HD) stability of astrophysical accretion disks. Experimental data on the subcritical stability of TC flow are in conflict about the existence of turbulence (cf. Ji et al. (Nature, vol. 444, 2006, pp. 343–346) and Paoletti et al. (Astron. Astroph., vol. 547, 2012, A64)), with discrepancies attributed to end-plate effects. In this paper we numerically simulate TC flow with axially periodic boundary conditions to explore the existence of subcritical transitions to turbulence when no end plates are present. We start the simulations with a fully turbulent state in the unstable regime and enter the linearly stable regime by suddenly starting a (stabilizing) outer cylinder rotation. The shear Reynolds number of the turbulent initial state is up to $Re_s \lesssim 10^5$ and the radius ratio is $\eta =0.714$. The stabilization causes the system to behave as a damped oscillator and, correspondingly, the turbulence decays. The evolution of the torque and turbulent kinetic energy is analysed and the periodicity and damping of the oscillations are quantified and explained as a function of shear Reynolds number. Though the initially turbulent flow state decays, surprisingly, the system is found to absorb energy during this decay.
ON DISCRETE STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH DISJUNCTIVE OUTCOMES
Authors: LEŚNIAK KRZYSZTOF
Published: May 2014

We introduce a class of discrete-time stochastic processes, called disjunctive processes, which are important for reliable simulations in random iteration algorithms. Their definition requires that all possible patterns of states appear with probability 1. Sufficient conditions for nonhomogeneous chains to be disjunctive are provided. Suitable examples show that strongly mixing Markov chains and pairwise independent sequences, often employed in applications, may not be disjunctive. As a particular step towards a general theory we shall examine the problem arising when disjunctiveness is inherited under passing to a subsequence. An application to the verification problem for switched control systems is also included.
It Isn't Just about Greece: Domestic Politics, Transparency and Fiscal Gimmickry in Europe
Authors: Alt James , Lassen David Dreyer , Wehner Joachim
Published: May 2014

This article analyzes the political origins of differences in adherence to the fiscal framework of the European Union (EU). It shows how incentives to use fiscal policy for electoral purposes and limited budget transparency at the national level, combined with the need to respond to fiscal rules at the supranational level, interact to systematically undermine the Economic and Monetary Union through the employment of fiscal gimmicks or creative accounting. It also explains in detail how national accounts were manipulated to produce electoral cycles that were under the radar of the EU budget surveillance system, and concludes with new perspectives on the changes to (and challenges for) euro area fiscal rules.
Global Experimentalist Governance
Authors: De Búrca Gráinne , Keohane Robert O. , Sabel Charles
Published: May 2014

This article outlines the concept of Global Experimentalist Governance (GXG). GXG is an institutionalized transnational process of participatory and multilevel problem solving, in which particular problems (and the means of addressing them) are framed in an open-ended way, and subjected to periodic revision by various forms of peer review in light of locally generated knowledge. GXG differs from other forms of international organization and transnational governance, and is emerging in various issue areas. The Montreal Protocol on ozone-depleting substances is used to illustrate how GXG functions. The conditions for the emergence of GXG are specified, as well as some of its possible benefits.
Are the Antarctic dipteran,Eretmoptera murphyi, and Arctic collembolan,Megaphorura arctica, vulnerable to rising temperatures?
Authors: Everatt M.J. , Convey P. , Worland M.R. , Bale J.S. , Hayward S.A.L.
Published: May 2014

Polar terrestrial invertebrates are suggested as being vulnerable to temperature change relative to lower latitude species, and hence possibly also to climate warming. Previous studies have shown Antarctic and Arctic Collembola and Acari to possess good heat tolerance and survive temperature exposures above 30 °C. To test this feature further, the heat tolerance and physiological plasticity of heat stress were explored in the Arctic collembolan,Megaphorura arctica, from Svalbard and the Antarctic midge,Eretmoptera murphyi, from Signy Island. The data obtained demonstrate considerable heat tolerance in both species, with upper lethal temperatures ≥35 °C (1 h exposures), and tolerance of exposure to 10 and 15 °C exceeding 56 days. This tolerance is far beyond that required in their current environment. Average microhabitat temperatures in August 2011 ranged between 5.1 and 8.1 °C, and rarely rose above 10 °C, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Summer soil microhabitat temperatures on Signy Island have previously been shown to range between 0 and 10 °C. There was also evidence to suggest thatE. murphyican recover from high-temperature exposure and thatM. arcticais capable of rapid heat hardening.M. arcticaandE. murphyitherefore have the physiological capacity to tolerate current environmental conditions, as well as future warming. If the features they express are characteristically more general, such polar terrestrial invertebrates will likely fare well under climate warming scenarios.