bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A note on the relations of certain parameters following a logarithmic transformation
Authors: Bagenal Mary
Published: May 2009

The logarithmic transformation has been used in the statistical analysis of certain marine biological data. Parameters calculated from the transformed distributions have been used in the description of the observations, but it appears that some of the mathematical procedures adopted have not been fully understood.

Winsor & Clarke (1940) have analysed data from plankton hauls. The problem considered by them was the determination of the variability in numbers of animals caught by repeated hauls through the same body of water. The raw data were characterized by a constant coefficient of variation, i.e. the variability in catch was proportional to the size of the catch. By transformation from the actual numbers caught to their logarithmic values, it was possible to equalize the variances and to apply the method of analysis of variance to esti-mate the variability due to the different sources. Finally, an estimate of the coefficient of variation was obtained from the logarithmic values. Their method of estimation was quoted by Snedecor (1946, p. 451) and was employed by Barnes & Bagenal (1951) in their study of repeated trawl hauls. Barnes & Bagenal also calculated confidence limits for comparison of observations following the method of Silliman (1946) in his work on pilchard eggs. These methods seem to be based on a misunderstanding of the nature of a trans-formation. The formal relation between the variance of such transformed data and the coefficient of variation of the untransformed data follows from the moments of the ‘log-normal’ distribution, given first by Wicksell (1917). From these moments it will be shown that the method given by Winsor & Clarke is mathematically unsound.
A Comparative Study of Some Features of the Biology ofAmphiura FiliformisandAmphiura Chiajei[Ophiuroidea] Considered in Relation to their Distribution
Authors: Buchanan John B.
Published: May 2009

By comparing the two species ofAmphiurain controlled, directional bottom current flows, clear differences of behaviour can be demonstrated. These differences have been shown to be associated with two quite distinct feeding methods.Amphiura filiformisholds the arms up into the current flow with a rheotactic response to current direction and feeds by trapping both non-living particulate suspended matter and phytoplankton.Amphiura chiajeidoes not show this response and feeds exclusively on deposited matter on the sediment surface. Both species have modifications of the podia associated with the different methods of feeding. Estimates of growth rate, longevity and oxygen uptake suggest thatAmphiura filiformisis a rapidly growing species with a high metabolic rate and food requirement, whereasAmphiura chiajeiis slow growing and long-lived with a low metabolic rate. The environmental requirements of the two species are discussed.
Laminariocolax Tomentosoideson the Isle of Man
Authors: Russell G.
Published: May 2009

Laminariocolax tomentosoidesis a common epi-endophyte on the I.O.M. Though probably pseudoperennial as an endophyte it produces fertile external filaments only from September to June with a March maximum in size and numbers. It reproduces vegetatively by growing through its host's tissues and asexually by means of zoospores from plurilocular sporangia. In culture, zoospores give rise to fertile plants in 7 days and several generations can be produced in 4 weeks. The offspring bear only plurilocular sporangia. The chromosome number is apparently 16 and the life-history probably a postponed series of diplonts.

Laminariocolax tomentosoidesproduces cysts which, in the past, have been mistakenly identified as unilocular sporangia and which are so similar to the ascocysts of Ascocyclus that this genus would seem to be based on a character of little value. Another description of unilocular sporangia in the species is tentatively attributed to infection by a fungus.
A Study of the Diatoms of the Ouse Estuary, Sussex III. The Seasonal Variation in the Littoral Epiphyte Flora and the Shore Plankton
Authors: Hopkins J. T.
Published: May 2009

Analyses have been made of some of the constituents of the coastal sea water and the river water, and the results have been correlated with the growth phases of some planktonic diatom species and littoral epiphytes, although for most species the sea-water temperature and light intensity were limiting factors.

The factor determining the death of an epiphytic diatom community in the littoral zone has been considered to be the air temperature in conjunction with desiccation and a summary of the limiting temperatures for each of the four substrata is given in Table 7. Table 10 is a summary of all the distribution and temperature records. The heat itself is not lethal in many cases but the desiccation of the epiphyte in the littoral zone is accelerated at higher temperatures. Diatoms in damp situations were found to occur at temperatures which in a dry site were limiting, and further work indicating the relationship between relative humidity and lethal temperatures is needed.

The ability of a diatom to survive depends upon the water-retaining ability of the substratum. Chalk and large algae favoured the growth of most solitary epiphytes, and filamentous epiphytes grew particularly well on algae except the filamentous Navicula, which were best suited by chalk. The Achnanthes blue-green community was most frequent on wood. Concrete makes a firm substratum and allows rapid growth in winter but it is easily dried and most diatoms on it are destroyed in the summer.

Four diatom genera (Fragilaria, Grammatophora, Biddulphia and Melosira) are able to exist in the epiphyte flora and the shore plankton and the term facultative epiphyte is suggested to describe the behaviour of at least some of the species of these genera.
The Identity of Some Cyphonautes Larvae (Polyzoa)
Authors: Ryland J. S.
Published: May 2009

Five cyphonautes are described inNordisches Plankton(Lohmann, 1911).Cyphonautes schneideriandC. borealisare larvae of Membranipora membranacea and represent extremes of variation in the shape of the shell.Cyphonautes balticus, likeC. compressuswhich was very inadequately described, is the larva ofElectra pilosa. The cyphonautes of these two species are the only ones likely to be encountered in the plankton of normally saline European seas.Cyphonautes barroisiis the larva of the brackish-waterElectra crustulenta.

Cyphonautes balticusThorson (1946), not Lohmann, is the larva ofM. membranacea.

Larval synonymies forM. membranaceaandE. pilosaare given.

The use of theCyphonautesnames is undesirable, and those of the polyzoan adults should be employed.
Metamorphic Rocks of the Sea Floor between Start Point and Dodman Point, S.W. England
Authors: Phillips F. C.
Published: May 2009

As part of the programme of study of the geology of the western approaches initiated at Bristol by Prof. W. F. Whittard (Whittard, 1962) information has been accumulated concerning the distribution and nature of the metamorphic rocks exposed in a series of inliers between Start Point in the east and Dodman Point in the west.

Early dredgings in this area were described by Worth (1908). Six core samples and two dredgings of metamorphic rocks are listed by Hill & King (1953). Mica schist in situ is recorded by Holme (1953). Various cruises in R.V. ‘Sarsia’ from 1957 onwards have yielded seventeen cores and further dredged samples. Additional material, collected from the exposed parts of the Eddystone reefs or obtained by diving at critical localities, has become available through the kindness of members of the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth.

Sixteen cores and eight dredged samples serve to demarcate an area of schistose rocks, extending some 24 miles from east to west and 7 miles in maximum width from north to south, off the southernmost part of Devon (Fig. 1). These rocks, with an exception to be noted, compare closely with those exposed on land, between Bolt Tail and Start Point, south of a well defined east-west boundary (Ussher, 1904; Tilley, 1923). There are examples of quartz-muscovite-chlorite schists precisely like the Start Mica-schists and Bolt Mica-schists described by Tilley. Albite porphyroblasts, in a rock dredged near East Rutts (Fig. I, 1262) which is transitional to Tilley's ‘schists of composite origin’, show well the contorted swarms of carbonaceous inclusions which he describes (1923, p. 180).
On the Hydroids and MedusaeBougainvillia PyramidataandB. Muscoides
Authors: Edwards C.
Published: May 2009

The hitherto unknown hydroid of the anthomedusaBougainvillia pyramidatahas been found in the Firth of Clyde, and medusae from it have been reared to maturity. The hydroid and the stages of development of the medusa are described and figured, and the species is compared withB. ramosa. The seasonal occurrence and distribution of the medusa are discussed.

The hydroidBougainvillia muscoides(M. Sars) has also been found in the Firth of Clyde. Medusae have been reared from it, and a description, with figures, of the stages of development is given. The specimens found in 1901 in this area and described by Browne asThamnitissp. are shown to be young medusae ofB. muscoides.The geographical and bathymetric distribution of the species and the seasonal occurrence of the medusa are described and discussed.
A New Species of the Stauromedusan Genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae)
Authors: Corbin P. G.
Published: May 2009

A new species of the genus Lucernariopsis, of the family Eleutherocarpidae, is described.It is the second species of the genus to be found in British seas and the fourth in this world-wide genus.
Host Defence Reactions of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas (L.), in Vitro
Authors: Smith Valerie J. , Ratcliffe N. A.
Published: May 2009

The Crustacea play an important economic role in the marine and aquatic environments not only as a food source but also in the productivity of the fisheries. Exploitation of these resources has led to a need for intensive culture methods which impose physiological stress on the animals and consequently increase the incidence of disease. The need to reduce the lethal and debilitating effects of pathogens has stimulated a renewed interest in the defence mechanisms of the Crustacea.
Absorption Along the Alimentary Tract of Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica)
Authors: Rainbow P. S. , Walker G.
Published: May 2009

Rainbow & Walker (1977) have described the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the barnacle alimentary tract and this study continues the overall investigation into barnacle digestive physiology. Possible sites of alimentary absorption in the barnacle tract have been proposed from histological (see Törnävä, 1948) and histochemical and ultrastructural evidence (Rainbow & Walker, 1977) but no direct studies on sites of absorption have previously been made. Similarly, although it has long been known that barnacles produce discrete faecal pellets (Darwin, 1851), the time interval between ingestion and defaecation has not been determined.
Heavy Metals in the Burrowing Bivalve Scrobicularia Plana From Contaminated and Uncontaminated Estuaries
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Hummerstone L. G.
Published: May 2009

Analysis of the deposit-feeding bivalve Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) has been proposed as a method of assessing the biological availability of heavy metals in estuarine sediments (Bryan & Hummerstone, 1977; Bryan & Uysal, 1978). Scrobicularia has a number of attributes which are useful in this type of indicator: (i) it is common in many British estuaries, particularly in the south, and often penetrates much farther upstream than other common bivalves such as Mytilus edulis; (ii) it is a convenient size for analysis and, during its life span of perhaps 10 years, reaches a shell length of 40-50 mm (Green, 1957; Hughes, 1970); (iii) it is a good accumulator of metals and appears to reflect changes in their biological availability.
Specificity of L-Alanine Transport in the Spine Epithelium of Paracentrotus Lividus (Echinoidea)
Authors: de Burgh M. E.
Published: May 2009

In many marine invertebrates the presence of an active transport system for the epithelial absorption of amino acids has been conclusively demonstrated (Stephens, 1968. 1972; West, de Burgh & Jeal, 1977). It has been observed by several authors that inhibition of uptake of a given amino acid can occur in the presence of other amino acids, in a manner analogous to that observed in vertebrate gut absorption systems. Some examples are the work of Chapman & Taylor (1969) on whole Nereis virens, Ferguson (1968) on the digestive glands of Echinaster spinulosus, Ferguson (1971) on whole asteroids, Bamford & Stewart (1973 a, b) on Arenicola marina gut, and Bamford & McCrea (1975) on the gill of Cerastoderma edule.
Some Observations on Bipinnariae and Juveniles of the Starfish GenusLuidia
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

The bipinnaria larva of the five-armed starfish Luidia sarsi Diiben and Koren is unusual among bipinnariae in being exceptionally large, and more especially in that at metamorphosis the larval body detaches from the juvenile starfish it has carried and nurtured, to continue a separate existence for a considerable time. In the closely related seven-armed Luidia ciliaris (Philippi) the larva is much smaller and the larval body is completely absorbed, as is usual with starfish larvae. In neither species does a brachiolaria stage precede metamorphosis. The bipinnaria of Luidia sarsi has been especially well described and illustrated, with a discussion of earlier observations, by Tattersall & Sheppard (1934). Recorded here are my observations on the metamorphosis of six bipinnariae of Luidia sarsi and one of Luidia ciliaris, and on the subsequent growth and habits of the young starfishes developed from them. Three of the former species metamorphosed in accordance with previous accounts, but three others differed in that the larval body was partially absorbed to a greater or lesser degree.
Chlamydomonas Concordia Sp. Nov. (Chlorophyceae) from Oyster Ponds on the Île d'Oléron, France
Authors: Green J. C. , Neuville Dominique , Daste Ph.
Published: May 2009

In order to improve their quality before commercial distribution, oysters in the Marennes-Oleron region of France are placed temporarily in sea water in either natural basins or artificial canals known as 'claires' (Korringa, 1976). It has been known for some time that these marine enclosures provide an environment particularly rich in a variety of micro-organisms many of which are valuable sources of food thus contributing to the growth of the oysters; one species in particular, the diatom Navicula ostrearia (Gaillon) Bory, gives them a green hue and a special flavour much appreciated by French consumers (Neuville & Daste, 1972). For some years, two of us (D.N and Ph. D.) have been concerned with detailed investigations of the diatoms of the 'claires', especially N. ostrearia (Daste & Neuville, 1976).
Renaming of Salpingoeca Sensu Grøntved
Authors: Leadbeater B. S. C.
Published: May 2009

Salpingoeca natans Grentved and 5. spinifera Throndsen have been removed from Salpingoeca James-Clark and made the nomenclatural types of Calliacantha gen.nov., and Bicosta gen.nov., respectively.

James-Clark (1876) erected the genus Salpingoeca J.-Clk, 1867 for solitary choanoflagellates with colourless, transparent, thecae.* As for most choanoflagellates the protoplasts possessed a single anterior flagellum surrounded by a hyaline collar which, when viewed with the light microscope, appeared membranous.
The Sequence of Photophore Development inXenodermichthys Copei(Pisces: Alepocephalidae)
Authors: Badcock Julian , Larcombe R. A.
Published: May 2009

In the family Alepocephalidae there areca. 19 valid genera (Markle, personal communication). Whilst luminescence has never been observed, there are four genera,Xenodermichthys, Photostylus, RouleinaandMicrophotolepis, which contain species bearing structures that have been interpreted anatomically as photophores (Herring & Morin, 1978). Among these four there is a remarkable diversity of photophore structure. The photophores ofXenodermichthysandPhotostylusare similar in having well developed central cores (reddish violet inXenodermichthys) and reflector layers, yet those ofXenodermichthysare sessile whilst those ofPhotostylusare borne on stalks (e.g. von Lendenfeld, 1887; Best & Bone, 1976). Not all species ofRouleinahave light organs but where they are present they are sessile. Photophore structure ofRouleinahas been examined only inR. maderensisMaul and was found there to be rather degenerate in adults (Markle, 1978). The light organs ofMicrophotolepis multipunctataSazanov and Parin differ yet again in being scale covered, which contrasts with the naked photophores in the other three genera (Sazanov & Parin, 1977). The abundance and distribution of photophores in adults also varies with genus and species. Thus inMicrophotolepisandXenodermichthysthey are extremely numerous and regularly arranged but inPhotostylusthey are few and less ordered (Günther, 1887; Beebe, 1933; Sazanov & Parin, 1977). In different species ofRouleinaphotophores may be relatively abundant and regularly arranged or few in number without such regular pattern (Maul, 1948; Uyeno & Kishida, 1977; Markle, 1978).
Observations on the Vertical Distribution of Eggs and Larvae of Mackerel and other Teleosts in the Celtic Sea and on the Sampling Performance of Different Nets in Relation to Stock Evaluation
Authors: Southward A. J. , BARY B. McK.
Published: May 2009

There is some controversy about the strength of the stock of mackerel in the Celtic Sea and off the coasts of Cornwall and Ireland, and it is difficult to find out if the numbers of mackerel in this area have fluctuated in the past (Johnson, 1977; Lockwood & Johnson, 1976; Lockwood, 1978; Coombs, Pipe & Mitchell, 1977,1979, 1980). The earliest complete survey of the south-west spawning grounds was made in 1937–9 (Steven & Corbin, 1939; Corbin, 1947) and was principally designed to show the seasonal and geographical pattern, not provide a basis for stock evaluation. Nevertheless, this survey is the only information we have about the breeding of mackerel in the days before the war when fishing was performed with drift-nets and lines, a period when we can assume exploitation was very much less intense than today when trawls and purse-seines are used. Attempts to use the 1937–9 data for estimation of the pre-war stock have been regarded as giving unsatisfactory results (Walsh, 1976). The data from the 1937–9 surveys were defective because we did not know the influence of the depth of fishing of the nets in relation to the vertical distribution of the eggs, nor the efficiency and catching capacity of the nets for sampling eggs and post-larvae.
Breathing and Swimming Movements in a CaptiveNautilus
Authors: Packard A. , Bone Q. , Hignette M.
Published: May 2009

Opportunities for measurements on livingNautilusare rare, and such studies as there have been on its locomotion tend to treat it as primitive compared with modern cephalopod molluscs. But the few measurements we were able to make on a healthy captiveNautilusliving for several months in the Monaco Aquarium reveal considerable sophistication in the control of swimming - particularly in the way the funnel operates - and that the system possesses neuromuscular properties that may be fundamental to cephalopods as a whole. The use of the shell for transmitting the pressure pulse and for the in- and out-movements of the body during jetting are, however, peculiar to this member of the group.
Statoliths of one Fossil and Four Living Squids (Gonatidae: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R. , Fitch J. E. , Kristensen T. , Kubodera§ T. , Maddock Linda
Published: May 2009

Cephalopod statoliths are paired calcareous stones which lie in cavities, the statocysts, within the skull. They have a form which, though variable, shows promise as a source of criteria for taxonomic and evolutionary studies. As a preliminary to more detailed studies, Clarke (1978) published a description of the form of a generalized teuthoid statolith, coined nomenclature for the various parts and gave a very brief survey of variation of statoliths within the living Cephalopoda. This nomenclature was used in a detailed description of fossilized teuthoid statoliths by Clarke & Fitch (1979). Here, descriptions of the statoliths of the living species Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913), Gonatopsis borealis Sasaki, 1923, Gonatopsis (Boreoteuthis) makko Okutani & Nemoto, 1964 and Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein, 1818) are given and the fossil Berryteuthis species described in outline by Clarke & Fitch (1979) is compared with B. magister. A statistical analysis of measurements of the statoliths of these five species has been made and the results are presented. This forms the first part of a general description of teuthoid statoliths and similar studies on the Ommastrephidae and the Loliginidae are in preparation.
The Effects of Fluctuating Temperature, Salinity, and Aerial Exposure Upon Larval Release in Balanus Balanoides and Elminius Modestus
Authors: Cawthorne D. F. , Davenport J.
Published: May 2009

Intertidal estuarine barnacles suffer cyclic changes in salinity and temperature, the latter being most marked and often quite abrupt at the time of tidal immersion and emersion.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton XIV. Utilization of Lipid byCalanus HelgolandicusDuring Maturation and Reproduction
Authors: Gatten R. R. , Sargent J. R. , Forsberg T. E. V. , O'Hara S. C. M. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

The abundance of calanoid copepods in marine plankton and their importance as food for certain fishes has prompted numerous studies of their biology, including several concerned with fecundity (Marshall & Orr, 1952; Mullin & Brooks, 1967; Paffenhöfer, 1970). These studies, however, have all involved animals maintained on various diets in the laboratory: data for egg-production byCalanusunder natural conditions in the sea are still needed.

To ensure the survival of the young of many animal species to the stage of independent feeding, biochemical energy in the form of lipid is stored within the egg. During a recent survey ofCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) from the English Channel the level of lipid, mainly in the form of wax esters, in Stage V copepodids was found to be substantially greater than that in female adult stages (Gattenet al.1979). The difference was particularly noticeable during spring periods when egg-laying was in progress. This observation indicates a major role for wax esters during the reproduction ofCalanus.

The present study seeks to establish the fate of the lipid reserves in Stage V and female adultCalanuswith particular emphasis on the extent to which the size of such reserves can be used as an index of the fecundity of this copepod.
Reproduction inAbra Alba(Wood) andAbra Tenuis(Montagu) (Tellinacea: Scrobiculariidae)
Authors: Nott P. Laskaridou
Published: May 2009

Abra albaandAbra tenuisare closely related marine bivalves. They both inhabit similar types of sandy-mud sediments but they prefer different localities. The smallerA. tenuisis found in a few scattered intertidal mudflats, whereasA. albais more widely distributed and in great abundance in the coastal waters of north-west Europe. The latter can be found at any depth between low-water mark and 80 m (Tebble, 1966; Ansell, 1974) and often forms the dominant species of shallow water benthic communities.

The reproductive cycle of the two species has been studied and compared as a part of a wider ecological investigation. There is minimal literature concerning the reproduction ofA. tenuisbutA. albahas received a lot of attention, because it forms a major source of food for flatfish. However, most of the earlier investigations are confined to the time that spawning occurs with the evidence derived from either the time of the year that larvae appear in the plankton (Lebour, 1938; Jorgensen, 1946; Fosshagen, 1965; Muus, 1973; Rasmusen, 1973), or the time of the year that juveniles first appear in the bottom samples (Orton, 1924; Ford, 1925; Stephen, 1932). The inadequacy of such indirect methods has been discussed by Seed (1969,1975, 1976). Ansell (1974) derived the reproductive cycle of A.albafrom seasonal changes in the biochemical composition. In the present investigation, histological techniques have been used, since they are considered to offer the most reliable information about the reproductive cycle (Seed, 1969, 1975, 1976).
Survival of Hypoxic Conditions by the PolychaeteCirriformia Tentaculata
Authors: Dales R. P. , Warren Lynda M.
Published: May 2009

The cirratulid polychaeteCirriformia tentaculata(Montagu) may be found in gravelly mud or sand often beneath large stones in pools between tide marks. It is usually associated with reducing conditions indicated by blackened mud or sand and the distinctive odour of hydrogen sulphide. It occurs also in crevices that retain stagnant water at low tide. The worm does not make a permanent burrow but lies in different postures to enable the branchiae and feeding tentacles to be extended on to the surface, where they are bathed by the overlying water. The mucus-lined burrow is not irrigated.

Cirriformia tentaculataencounters two respiratory problems. When covered by water the branchial filaments can take up oxygen which is then circulated by means of the well-developed vascular system with blood containing haemoglobin in solution. While the branchiae may lie in a well-oxygenated medium the main body of the worm lies in a highly reducing substrate. The sediment immediately surrounding the worm is commonly black and there is no oxygenated layer as occurs in burrows which are irrigated and provide an envelope separating the animal from a potential oxygen-sink. If exposed by the tide the branchiae are withdrawn or clump together and cannot function effectively. Even when covered by the tide the branchiae can be rapidly with-drawn, presumably to avoid loss by predation, and under all these conditions the animal must experience hypoxic or anoxic conditions of varying duration of up to several hours.

We have examined the ability ofCirriformia tentaculatato maintain oxygen uptake under decreasing oxygen tension, the oxygenational properties of the haemoglobin, the oxygen capacity and blood volume.
Lophelia Pertusa(L.): Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in a Deep-Water Coral
Authors: Shelton G. A. B.
Published: May 2009

Tropical reef corals have been studied extensively in the last hundred years from the geological, ecological and, more recently, from the behavioural and physiological points of view (e.g. Darwin, 1896; Vaughan & Wells, 1943; Wells, 1959; Jones & Endean, 1973, 1976; Horridge, 1957; Shelton, 1975 a,b; Anderson, 1976 a,b; Shelton & McFarlane, 1976 a,b; McFarlane, 1978). By contrast, little attention has been paid to the deep, cold water corals such asLophelia pertusa(L.) although they are in many ways just as spectacular in appearance and secrete massive calcareous skeletons. Zibrowius (1976) gives some data on the occurrenceof Lopheliaand its nomenclature while Wilson (1979 a,b)describes its distribution in the north-east Atlantic and its development in ‘patches’ on Rockall Bank. This paper, however, provides the first descriptions of the behaviour and co-ordination ofLopheliaand the electrical conduction mechanisms underlying their control. The results are compared with those from similar experiments upon tropical species. They give insights into colony growth and co-ordination and into possible primitive behavioural control mechanisms.
A Note on Parastenocaris Phyllura Kiefer and P. Vicesima Klie (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in Britain
Authors: Geddes D. C.
Published: May 2009

The Parastenocaridae constitute a family of minute vermiform copepods, principally occurring in subterranean waters, including the subsurface waters of marine beaches. The two species of Parastenocaris referred to in this note were collected in Britain for the first time in 1966, during a survey of the harpacticoid fauna of some beaches on the Isle of Anglesey, North Wales (Geddes, 1972). Numerous females and males of both species were obtained from sand at the source of a spring emerging (at high water mark) on to the beach at Rhosneigr (O.S. Grid Ref. SH 315730).

The previously known distribution of these two Parastenocaris species has been summarized by Enckell (1969), whose paper should be consulted for full references and distribution maps. Briefly, P. phyllura Kiefer has been recorded from fresh water in the central and northern parts of middle Europe, and from brackish-water beaches bordering the Baltic and the North Sea coast of continental Europe, while P. vicesima Klie has been recorded from marine and brackish-water beaches around the Baltic and adjacent parts of the North Sea.
Isozyme Variation in Three Nereis Species from Five Localities in the U.K.
Authors: Mustaquim Javed
Published: May 2009

The taxonomy of marine worms belonging to family Nereidae is still in an uncertain state. There are many species, like Nereis diversicolor Müller, N. japonica Izuka and N. limnicola Johnson, which are morphologically similar but have different reproductive habits. Clark (1977) reviewed many examples of reproductive isolation without morphological differentiation in polychaetes including members of the family Nereidae. He also stressed the need for detailed study in such polychaetes where taxonomic confusion exists.

Electrophoretic techniques have contributed a great deal in solving taxonomic problems (see Avise, 1975 and Burton, 1983). All electrophoretic methods have proved useful to varying degrees in characterizing specific organisms. In particular, acrylamide gel electrophoresis has seen extensive use because it has excellent resolving power (Brewer, 1970). Studies of the electrophoretic variation of nereid isozymes have not been reported, except by Jones (1970), who examined various polychaetous annelids for the presence of certain dehydrogenases. This present report contains preliminary observations concerning the applicability of isozyme electrophoresis to the study of nereid worms.
The Paragnaths of Some Intertidal Crustaceans
Authors: Alexander C. G.
Published: May 2009

The paragnaths are soft outgrowths of the crustacean exoskeleton lying close to the mandibles on the aboral side. They are sometimes termed the metastoma, for instance in Pike (1947) inGalathea squamiferaLeach, or the hypopharynx by Wägele (1987) in the isopodAntarcturusSchultz. It should be noted however that Manton (1964) stated that the crustacean paragnath was not the same structure as the insect hypopharynx.
Littoral Stratification in Growth form and Fecundity of the Rock Barnacle, Semibalanus Balanoides
Authors: Rangeley R. W. , Thomas M. L. H.
Published: May 2009

The population dynamics of rock barnacles, Semibalanus balanoides (L.), residing in low and high intertidal zones are affected by conspicuously different factors. The barnacle population in the high intertidal zone tends to show longterm stability due to a low incidence of both predation and interspecific competition. Wave exposure, desiccation and intraspecific competition are more important factors affecting abundance and size distribution in this zone (Menge, 1976). In the low intertidal zone, barnacle predation by the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus (L.) is intense (Menge, 1976) and both the adults and larvae are smaller than in the high intertidal zone (Barnes, 1953). The growth form of S. balanoides is density dependent with taller, more columnar individuals predominating at high densities and short conical barnacles at low densities. Lower fecundity of conical individuals may be due to lower internal shell volume compared with columnar forms (Wethey, 1984). Fecundity increases both with increasing age and base length (Arnold, 1977) and is positively density dependent (Wethey, 1984).
Fluctuations in Numbers and Activity of Inshore Demersal Fishes in Shetland
Authors: Kruuk H. , Nolet B. , French D.
Published: May 2009

Prey populations, patterns of availability, and dispersion of prey can have farreaching effects on numbers and range-sizes of terrestrial Carnivora (Macdonald, 1983; Kruuk & Parish, 1982; Kruuk & Macdonald, 1985). These parameters may therefore also affect populations of otters Lutra lutra, living in the sea around Shetland, U.K., as well as populations of fish-eating birds there. This paper presents observations on fluctuations in numbers and activity of several species of demersal fish, over a 3½ year period, along a coast in Shetland. It aims to provide information on the distribution and availability of these species to some predators, especially to the otter, but also to the heron Ardea cinerea, the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and others.
Effects of Temperature on the Deformability of Red Blood Cells of Rainbow Trout and Ray
Authors: Hughes G. M. , Kikuchi Y.
Published: May 2009

When red blood cells are subjected to mechanical stresses, they change shape with very little resistance. Such deformability of erythrocytes plays a crucial role in their function and survival in the circulation since they must undergo large deformation whenever they pass through narrow capillary vessels. While this mechanical characteristic of erythrocytes has been attributed to their unique cellular structure, it has also been shown that considerable alterations in this property result from changes in cellular metabolism and in surrounding plasma physicochemistry (Weed, LaCelle & Merrill, 1969; Kikuchi & Koyama, 1984a, b). It might be supposed, therefore that red blood cell deformability would be modified, when animals are exposed to different environmental conditions, with significant effects on their acclimatization or survival under the varied conditions. However, little is known of this aspect of fish cardiovascular physiology.
Distribution of Pogonophora in Canyons of the Bay of Biscay: Factors Controlling Abundance and Depth Range
Authors: Southward A. J. , Dando P. R.
Published: May 2009

The Pogonophora are tube-worms of predominantly deep sea distribution. They lack a functioning alimentary canal in the adult stage and are then dependent for nutrition on internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria that occupy tissue derived from the larval endoderm (Southward, 1982, 1987, 1988; Southward & Southward, 1987; Southwardet al.1981). Of the two main subgroups, the small perviate Pogonophora are widely distributed in reducing sediments in the oceans, while the large vestimentiferan or obturate Pogonophora are restricted to hydrothermal vents or cold seeps. The small Pogonophora are often most abundant on steep slopes and in the Bay of BiscaySiboglinum atlanticum(Southward & Southward, 1958) can be a dominant element of the infauna of the sediments on the sides of canyons. This animal, like other small Pogonophora, lies buried in the sediment, in contrast to the vestimentifera which are attached to hard substrates. Until now there has been no fully quantitative information on the distribution ofS. atlanticumand associated pogonophores of the Bay of Biscay. Dredges or trawls have been used for most previous sampling of pogonophores along the continental slope (Southward, 1979, 1985). Even the Plymouth-pattern deep-sea anchor dredge (Southward & Southward, 1963), which is designed to dig into the sediment immediately it is towed on the bottom, may drag for some distance through soft sediments before digging in, and then samples the upper few centimetres over a wider area than its mouth opening. During the last season of operation of R.R.S. ‘Frederick Russell’, before this vessel was disposed of by N.E.R.C., opportunity was taken to make a combined quantitative biological and chemical survey, using box-corers. The samples from the corers were large enough to allow the sample to be used for assessment of the population density of the pogonophores and analysis of sediment chemistry. Some inferences can now be drawn about the factors controlling pogonophore abundance.
Change in Setal Pattern during Early Development ofEupolymnia Nebulosa(Polychaeta: Terebellidae) Grown in Simulated Natural Conditions
Authors: Bhaud M.
Published: May 2009

Eupolymnia nebulosa(Montagu) is a tubicolous worm with its body divided into two regions: thorax with biramous segments and three pairs of gills; abdomen with numerous segments lacking notopodia. The head bears grooved foodgathering tentacles which are not retractile into the mouth. The worm, a typical deposit feeder, lives in mucous tubes encrusted with sand. Although the family Terebellidae is homogeneous in terms of body organization and feeding ecology, there is a remarkable heterogeneity of developmental pattern. In the generaLaniceandLoimia, the life-cycle involves two pelagic stages separated by a short benthic larval stage; in other genera the development is mixed or direct (Bhaudet al.1987; Pechenik, 1979; Caswell, 1981). It is important to study the development of representatives of the family which may reveal the adaptive significance of the different modes of development or may yield information about evolutionary relationships within the family. In several previous papers larval development (Bhaud & Grémare, 1988a,b) and reproductive biology (Bhaudet al.1987) ofE. nebulosahave been reported from the Mediterranean coast. The present article reports observations on juvenile growth and morphological organization in natural conditions. This is the first step to growth rate studies in terms of temperature and food supply (Bhaud, 1988).
Influence of Water Depth, Season, Habitat and Estuary Location on the Macrobenthic Fauna Of a Seasonally Closed Estuary
Authors: Platell Margaret E. , Potter Ian C.
Published: May 2009

The macrobenthic invertebrates in the shallow (<0·5 m), medium-depth (0·75–1·0 m) and deep (2·0–2·5 m) waters of the lower and upper regions of the large basin of the seasonally closed Wilson Inlet were sampled, using corers, in each season between the winters of 1989 and 1990. The fauna was dominated by capitellid, spionid and nereid polychaetes and mytilid, venerid and tellinid molluscs. Almost 75% of the total numbers were contributed by the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède) (30·2%), Capitella capitata (Fabricius) (17·4%), Prionospio cirrifera (Wirén) (7·9%) and Boccardia chilensis (Blake & Woodwick) (5·4%), and the gastropod Hydrococcus brazieri (Tenison Woods) (12·4%). The numbers of species recorded in Wilson Inlet (41) were relatively very low for an estuary. This presumably reflects (i) the low salinities, which would restrict colonization by stenohaline marine species, (ii) the prevention of recruitment from the sea by the closure of the estuary mouth during the summer, at which time many macrobenthic species are producing pelagic larvae, (iii) the very limited tidal movements, and thus mechanisms for transporting larvae from the sea, when the estuary mouth is open, and (iv) the lack of a pronounced salinity gradient and the small variation in sediment composition along the estuary. Characteristics (ii–iv), together with the dispersal of pelagic larvae within the basin by wind mixing, would also account for the fact that faunal composition was influenced less by the region within the basin than by water depth. The densities of species, such as Ceratonereis aequisetis (Augener), Capitella capitata and H. brazieri, were greater in the shallow and medium depths than in deeper water, while the reverse pertained with P. cirrifera. Since densities of the first three species are correlated with the biomass of Ruppia megacarpa Mason, the greater amounts of this aquatic macrophyte in the shallow and medium-depth waters may thereby provide more food and/or protection from predators in those waters than would be the case in deep water. In contrast, P. cirrifera, which is a detritivore, would benefit from the greater proportion of particulate organic material in the deep waters. The greater habitat complexity in the shallow and medium-depths, that is provided by the greater amounts of R. megacarpa and shell debris in those waters, was associated with a greater species richness, diversity, density and biomass of benthic invertebrates. The composition of the fauna underwent cyclical changes, which were related, in part, to the patterns of recruitment of certain major taxa following spawning.
Nitrogen Conversion in a Bivalve Culture System
Authors: Strand Ø. , Solberg P.T. , Magnesen T.
Published: May 2009

Bivalve spat were grown in an on-shore upwelling nursery using a landlocked heliothermic marine basin (Norwegian oyster-poll) as a food production system and thermal source. Several manipulations, involving artificial fertilization (N, P and Si), were performed in order to enhance the production capacity. Based on data from a monitoring programme (May-August) on physical, chemical and biological variables in the system, main paths of nitrogen flow and dynamics of bivalve production and nitrogen conversion efficiency were described. The conversion efficiency of the system, bivalve N production over estimated new N, of which 86% was fertilizer nitrogen, was 16·2% for the experimental period of 93 days. During this period the decrease in efficiency from levels of 22–25% to 8% was probably due to the transition from nitrate-limited to light- and grazing-limited phytoplankton production. The food utilization efficiency, bivalve N production over available particulate N in the nursery, was 19·8% for the experimental period. The efficiency increased in July from 19·4% for the first two weeks to 27·0% during late July. This was probably due to a higher food value of the phytoplankton community in late July, dominated by Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) and Nitzschia sp., than the phytoplankton community in early July, dominated by Fragilaria sp.
Predatory Relationships of Two Sympatric Squid, Todaropsis Eblanae And Illex Coindetii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in Galician Waters
Authors: Rasero M. , Gonzalez A.F. , Castro B.G. , Guerra A.
Published: May 2009

The natural feeding of the two most abundant ommastrephid squid (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in Galician waters was studied and compared. A sample of 334 stomach contents of Todaropsis eblanae (34–222 mm ML) and 267 stomach contents of Illex coindetii (50–379 mm ML) caught by commercial trawlers was examined. A total of 21 (T. eblanae) and 23 (I. coindetii) different prey items, belonging to three zoological groups (Teleostei, Crustacea and Cephalopoda), were taken by these cephalopods. However, 43% of the T. eblanae diet comprised only one fish species, Micromesistius poutassou. The diet of these squid species was significantly influenced by the geographical area (both species), size (T. eblanae) and maturation (I. coindetii). Feeding rate of both species decreased with size, but the percentage of stomachs with food remains increased in maturing and mature females. Weight of prey captured was dependent on available prey sizes and, in small individuals, maximum prey weight was very close to the squid weight. Both squid species are mainly neritic nekto-benthic predators, but I. coindetii seems to have a broader and more pelagic diet.
The Comparative Feeding Ecology of Six Species of Shark and Four Species of Ray (Elasmobranchii) In The North-East Atlantic
Authors: Ellis J.R. , Pawson M.G. , Shackley S.E.
Published: May 2009

The stomach contents of ten species of elasmobranch from the north-eastern Atlantic indicate that most are generalist predators, eating a variety of polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and teleosts. Two species, Mustelus asterias and Squatina scjuatina were found to be specialist feeders, consuming portunid crabs and pleuronectids, respectively. Measures for both dietary breadth and dietary overlap are given and the implications of elasmobranch predation on the prey communities and on commercial species are discussed.
Biodiversity of Shallow-Water Red Sea Echinoids: Implications For the Fossil Record
Authors: Nebelsick James H.
Published: May 2009

Determination of fossil echinoid diversities is an important aspect of detailed palaeon- tological studies. The comparison of recent and fossil associations can be used to elucidate the problems of determination of fossil echinoid distributions. Actuopalaeontological studies of echinoids from the Red Sea (northern Bay of Safaga, Egypt) have shown that the study of fragments within bulk sediment samples greatly increased the possibilities for determining echinoid presence and distribution. The results show the restricted distribution as well as the differential preservation potential of the various echinoids.

The distribution of echinoids is primarily controlled by grain size, food availability, exposure to current activity, and predation pressure. Regular and irregular sea-urchins show the expected disjunct distributions with the former showing a more undifferentiated distribution to various hard substrates. Irregular echinoids are tightly restricted to particular types of soft substrates reflecting their adaptation to the specific grain size of the sediments. Co-occurring irregular sea-urchins show a spatial differentiation into shallow (clypeasteroids) and deeper burrowers (spatangoids). This investigation shows that important echinoid species known to occur in the Red Sea are lacking or are very rare within the study area, although a large number of different facies types are present. Patchy distributions are present for both regular and irregular sea-urchins. The determination of biodiversity is therefore seen to be largely dependent on the scale of investigation.

An important implication for fossil echinoid presence are the differential effects of taphonomic agents on the various test architectures. Some species are well represented due to their common occurrences, and their comparatively robust tests or test fragments.
Patterns Of Biodiversity In The Macro-Invertebrate Fauna Associated With Mussel Patches On Rocky Shores
Authors: Seed Raymond
Published: May 2009

Marine mussels are widely distributed and have been used extensively as environmental biomonitors. Communities associated with mussel patches have a high species richness but are typically dominated by a few very abundant species. These communities exhibit significant temporal and small-scale spatial variations in abundance and diversity which should be recognized when considering global patterns of marine biodiversity. Many of the species associated with tropical mussel beds are also represented by taxonomically and functionally equivalent species in mussel communities from temperate waters. The phenomenon of ‘parallel communities’ on rocky shores is thus apparently replicated on a finer spatial scale within mussel patches.