bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quest for Environmental Justice: Social Interdependence across Space
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

“In just about any environmental issue,” an activist with Florida Defenders of the Environment observed, “there are some people who benefit from environmental destruction. That’s why it’s going on: whether it’s mining companies, oil companies, or people [burning down rainforests] in the Amazon. If you look at the whole world, however, it’s probably 99 percent of the people who are being harmed [by environmental destruction], especially if you look at the long term.” The activist’s statement testifies to a common characteristic of fourth-wave environmentalists. Their ecological perspective produces not only an expanded temporal horizon but an expanded spatial horizon as well.

While the sensibility of temporal interdependence remains the most salient feature of contemporary environmentalism, the affirmation and cultivation of spatial interdependence are pervasive. The task ahead for environmentalists, Dianne Dillon-Ridgley, president of Zero Population Growth (ZPG), remarked, is to “recapture a moral vision for our society—a vision that satisfies human needs and is both inclusive and sustainable.” The concern for sustainability bespeaks a future focus. The concern for inclusivity bespeaks an expanded sociogeographic perspective. To think inclusively is to think of the world as a whole, despite its national, ideological, racial, economic, and political cleavages. The pursuit of intergenerational justice thus finds its complement in the global pursuit of social justice, also known as environmental justice.
Echumann’s Eichendorff Liederkreil and the Genre of the Romantic Cycle
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

This new study draws on analysis, literary criticism, and source studies to propose a new conception of the nineteenth-century romantic cycle. Rather than a unified whole, the cycle is seen as a fragmentary and open-ended form, which enables Schumann to express the romantic themes of transcendence and ineffability in musical terms.
Analyzing Dichterliebe
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

Dichterliebe, which Schumann composed in just over a week at the end of May 1840 and published four years later as his opus 48, has become not only the most popular of his works but also the most widely known German Romantic song cycle, to the extent that for many people it has come to embody the genre. This is certainly true among performers and listeners, as a cursory glance at virtually any volume of the Schwann catalog will attest, but also among scholars, for whom Dichterliebe has long exerted a powerful allure. There has been more published about Dichterliebe than about any other work of Schumann’s, including the only full-length source study of any of his vocal works and the only comprehensive analysis of a song cycle by any nineteenth century composer. As is typical for a composition that has come to occupy such a commanding position within the musical canon, there are undoubtedly many reasons for Dichterliebe’. continuing popularity. My concern, however, is not so much with how Dichterliebe has come to be the preeminent Romantic song cycle but with how the reception of this work has come to define the genre. The assumptions and expectations that scholars have brought with them to the study of Dichterliebe have more often than not been at odds with what they have found, and yet the same expectations and assumptions have still managed to live on and, if anything, to become even stronger after each encounter with the musical work. The story of Dichterliehe’.1 reception, then, is in some sense the story of how we have come to misunderstand the Romantic song cycle.
Primal Dead at the Fillmore East: February 1970
Authors: Silhermad Steve
Published: November 2023

he Grateful Dead was a beast that thrived onmetamorphosis. Though their core of players-Jerry Garcia. Bob Weir. Phil Lesh. Bill Kreutzmann and (with a three-year hiatus) Mickey Harthung tight for over 3000 shows. From San Francisco’s Longshore man’s Hall to the Great Pyramid of Giza. the Dead made nightly reincarnation their prime directive. There was the blues-driven swamp mojo of the early years. With ., . Ron “Pigpen” McKernan at the forefront. provoking the band with swaggering raps that teased fire from the mouth of the dragon that the Dead’s brand of “electric Dixieland” (as David Crosby once put it) had become. There was the perpetually touring workhorse of the late ‘?Os and ‘80s. when songs like “Playing In The Band” and “Scarlet Begonias” evolved into lengthy musical conversations that could be astonishingly intimate. even in huge arenas. There was the sunburst of mature creativity in 1989. when MIDI technology allowed the band to place at the disposal of its muse any sound imaginable-from calliopes. kalimbas and phantom choirs. to bells and bass flutes. If a workable time machine was put on the market tomorrow. however.
Purple Lights: Grateful Dead Dance Marathon at the Manhattan Center
Authors: W.S Trow George
Published: November 2023

Greatful Dead Dance Marathon. held three nights last week at the Manhattan Center. on West Thirty-fourth Street. This is his report: “When I arrived. there was not much dancing at the Grateful Dead Dance Marathon. The promoter. who tipped off a neat five dollars a ticket. had oversold the hall. so that while there was room in some parts of the room for rhythmic breathing. dancing was rarely a possibility. In any case. there was no tinsel or glitter anywhere. and since a proper dance marathon requires a certain amount of tinsel and glitter. the whole dance-marathon hype turned out to be a little bit embarrassing-at least. if you stopped to think about it. which. probably. nobody much did. Everyone was waiting for the Dead. and thinking about them. There is a lot of talk just now about the Death of Rock and the Death of the Alternate Culture. and this talk is just as tiresome in its way as the talk around a while ago about the Triumph of Rock and the Birth of the Alternate Culture. but it is true that there are very few groups playing now in America who can really move an audience in the old way. and the Grateful Dead are probably the most impor
State of the Changes: How the Dragon Urobouros (Giga Exponentia) Makes Us Go Round and Round
Authors: Trist Alan
Published: November 2023

We've received 25,000 letters to date from Dead Heads, telling us your trips. and ideas and questions and comments about ours. Whatever the voyage. the current concerns are at least real. and this newsletter is a report on the state of the ship.
Dead Reckoning and Hamburger Metaphysics
Authors: Abbotd Lee
Published: November 2023

Interviews about me are boring. I would rather direct attention to things I think are more interesting. l(s hard to talk about myself rm with myself all the time. In that sense it isn’t much fun to be revealing bits of myself to people who dont know me. because I already know me. l(s more fun to turn people on to things that may be interesting or useful to them later on. rm only inter esting because of what rm interested in. rd rather talk about IT than Me.
Meditations on the Grateful Dead
Authors: McNalljl Dennis
Published: November 2023

Oakland Auditorium. December 26. 27. 28. 30, 31. 1979: “Bill Graham Presents The Grateful Dead_ Rock and roll’ . most extraordinary tribe gathers. Drive across the Bay Bridge and you see the vans and VW’s and the odd Mercedes with “There is Nothing Like a Grateful Dead Conbumperstickers. Get on the BART in San Francisco or Richmond or , Concord and watch the Dead Heads trickle in, longhaired and bearded ‘ “‘,_,young men with Dead emblems-a grinning skull wreathed in roses or cut by a thunderbolt. a mad fiddler skeleton in sunglasses. an Uncle Sam skeleton in sneakers-embroidered with exquisite detail on the back of their denim jackets by the women who accompany them. often dressed in long skirts and beads. crowns of roses in their hair. There is an even easier way to spot them: look for the smiles. If you have ever wanted to see 6.400 people as deliriously happy as they know how to be. truck on down to the show. because. the Dead are home to play. (They’re currently performing through October 10 at the Warfield in San Francisco.) As we walked from the BART station the first night of the stand. my friend Dan laughed. “You know. once we get there we won’t even be in Oakland anymore.” Another Dead Head added. “Hell. for the next week this isn’t even in the U.S.A.” These two square blocks are not only out of place. but in a sense out of time. for this event is a continuation. a functional evolution of Haight Milton Mayer’s somewhat oversympathetic portrait of the Deadheads. published in the May 1983 Progressive, as peace-loving rebels against a materialistic society is a poignant reminder of those ideas that lay beneath the entire phenomenon of the band and many of its followers. “My son the manager” is Rock Scully. himself the author of a book about his experiences, living with the Dead (1995). Mayer was a rare creature in twenti eth-century writing, a philosopher of humanity and of education and politics in the most wide-ranging sense. Among his many books are They Thought They Were Free: The Germans. 1933-35. published by the University of Chicago Press in1958; The Revolution in Education (with Mortimer J. Adler), published by the University of Chicago Press in1958; What Can a Man Do? A Selection of His Most Challenging Writings, published by the University of Chicago Press in1964; If Men Were Angels, published by Atheneum in19n; and Biodegradable Man: Selected Essays, published by University of Georgia Press in1990.
Introduction to We Want Phil1 An Interview. and In Phil We Trust: A Conversation
Authors: Jackson Blair
Published: November 2023

It seemed somehow appropriate that on the morning of the day I was to interview Phil Lesh. I was jolted from a sound I sleep at 6:54 a.m. by a rumbling 5.4 magnitude earthquake. Talk about a rattling bass sound-Phil’s got a ways to go before he matches that one! To make matters weirder. it was also the 84th anniversary of San Francisco’s ‘06 quake: I instantly thought of Phil’s famous “Earthquake Space during a Hartford Civic show April 18.1982. the 76th anniversary: “SAN FRANCISCO IN RUINS!!”-Bwonnnnnnnngg!!-thuddddd-thudthud!! ”._’-: Actually. through the years there have been times during space at a show when I’ve been sitting there with my eyes dosed.and Phil’s bass emitted such a ground-shaking low note that I honestly wondered if the ceiling above might start to crumble. Crushed at a Grateful Dead show-what a way to go! These fantasies are rare. however. and more often I associate Phil’s bass sound with less threatening natural forces: I keep thinking of that line in crazy Fingers”-”Peals of fragile thunder. keeping time.”
American Beauty
Authors: Jackson Blair
Published: November 2023

rget for a moment the dilapidated vw vans plastered ‘ with colorful decals and bumper stickers. Forget the legions of long-haired. tie dye wearing. pot- and patchouli-scented fans lost in that formless. serpentine dance-trance. Forget the smiling picture of “Captain Trips.” resplendent in an American flag hat and paisley velour shirt.
Hot Music in the 1920s: The “Jazz Age,” Appearances and Realities
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

The European “Great War” had raged for 977 slaughterous days when, on April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson brought the United States in against Imperial Germany and the Central Powers. “We have no selfish ends to serve,” he told Congress. “We desire no conquest, no dominion.” Why, then, millions of Americans wondered, enter what is clearly a European conflict, sending men by the thousands to fight and perhaps die? Among the young, especially, bewilderment soon escalated to frustration, then to outright anger.

While Wilson agonized in Washington, a small but telling event was occurring in midtown Manhattan. A quintet of young white musicians from New Orleans, lured north by better job prospects, began a trial engagement at the Paradise Room of Reisenweber’s, Eighth Avenue and 58th Street, hailed by the New York Times as the city’s “newest, largest and best-equipped restaurant.” The Original Dixie-land Jass Band, as they styled themselves, had been a hit in Chicago, amid a growing fad for New Orleans novelty orchestras. Their publicity-minded cornetist Dominick James “Nick” LaRocca had then led them east in search of wider fame-and right into a burst of desperate public revelry.
Jazz Drumming
Authors: Korall Burt
Published: November 2023

The drummer, a primary supportive-interactive inspirational source in jazz, is a product of an ever evolving musical tradition. Like all jazz musicians, the keeper of the rhythmic flame has melded elements out of our own culture and those of Africa and Europe.

Drummers have expanded their vision and reinvented themselves as jazz has developed and diversified. However, the soulful energy and time, always the drummer’s responsibility, remains alive at the music’s core-in one form or another.

Jazz rhythm owes an on going debt to black music and musicians. Though deeply responsive to black life, the music covers a wider arc and, as performed through history, exemplifies democracy in action. Seemingly disparate elements mingle and compatibly blend.

Our jazz tale focuses on unusually gifted drummers-those who originated techniques and concepts and avoided the commonplace. The story begins in New Orleans, a port city notable for the mix of black, brown, and beige, of Spanish and French cultural influences. The definition of a melting pot, it was a logical place for jazz to take form.
Composition and Evolution of Satellites
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

When Jupiter is at its closest to Earth (just over 600 million km), the largest of its satellites appears less than two seconds of arc across. This is about as big as your thumbnail seen from a distance of three kilometers. Satellites of the other outer planets are even farther away and physically smaller, so it is not surprising that ground-based observations have been able to provide so little information about their geology.
Dead Worlds
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

Rather than describe the moons of the outer planets one planet at a time, they are presented here in classes defined by the extent to which each exhibits evidence of geological processes. This chapter describes the worlds that show few or no signs of geological activity on their surfaces except those associated with and recorded by impact cratering. As introduced in chapter 1, heavily cratered surfaces must be older than less cratered areas because the latter can be assumed to have once been heavily cratered themselves but to have had their craters obliterated by geological processes such as tectonism (deformation) or volcanism. Chapter 6 discusses worlds exhibiting clear signs of such geological resurfacing having overprinted and partly destroyed the earlier cratered terrains, and where such activity evidently belongs to a past era. Chapter 7 covers those worlds where this sort of geological activity is continuing today or is at least very young. Finally, chapter 8 hazards some predictions about what conditions might be like on the few icy worlds of whose surfaces we have no good images.
Recently Active Worlds
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

With this class of worlds we come to those where a geologist can feel truly at home. Indeed, they excite the curiosity of just about anyone who sees the images, because no longer do we have to be content with counting and measuring craters and pondering the significance of a few dubious fractures. These are the worlds where there is abundant evidence of tectonics on global and local scales, and of vast volcanic outpourings, though even the youngest terrains formed in this way bear the scars of subsequent impact cratering. This means that they postdate the late heavy bombardment, or its outer solar system equivalent(s), but are nonetheless very ancient. If they occurred on Earth these later terrains would be called neither young nor recently active, because they predate the oldest surviving terrestrial landscapes. However, on worlds such as these, without air and running water or younger episodes of tectonics and volcanism, most of their original characteristics have been preserved. We begin with Ganymede (Jupiter), which is the most intensively studied and best imaged example of its class. The other satellites included in this chapter are Dione and Tethys (Saturn), and Ariel, Titania, and Miranda (Uranus).
Unseen Worlds
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

We have now discussed all the major satellites in the outer solar system of which the existing images permit us make direct geological inferences. There remain just three more bodies to consider in our survey of the geology of outer planet satellite systems. These are Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, and the remarkable double system of Pluto and Charon. The former is wreathed in a nearly opaque atmosphere and the latter pair has not yet been visited by a space probe, but despite this we are gradually learning more about them. Finally, we will speculate about the multitude of world-sized icy bodies in the trans-neptunian space of the Kuiper belt and beyond.
What Next?
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

It is in the nature of science always to want to know more. This trait is certainly no less marked in the planetary sciences than in other disciplines. Ten years after the first Moon landing (in 1969), we still had very little information on the moons of the outer planets. Today we have maps of large parts of most of them and can speculate about their composition and evolution using the landforms, topography, and spectra of their surfaces, supported by cosmochemical models. However, there is still a great deal that we need to find out. Many of the present interpretations are probably flawed in detail, and some are certain to be downright wrong.
The Gendered Society
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

They say that we come from different planets (men from Mars, women from Venus), that we have different brain chemistries and hormones, and that we listen, speak, and even define our morals differently. How is it then that men and women live together, take the same classes in school, eat the same food, read the same books, and receive grades according to the same criteria? In The Gendered Society, Michael S. Kimmel examines our basic beliefs about gender, arguing that men and women are more alike than we have ever imagined. Kimmel begins his discussion by observing that all cultures share the notion that men and women are different, and that the logical extension of this assumption is that gender differences cause the obvious inequalities between the sexes. In fact, he asserts that the reverse is true--gender inequality causes the differences between men and women. Gender is not simply a quality inherent in each individual--it is deeply embedded in society's fundamental institutions: the family, school, and the workplace. The issues surrounding gender are complex, and in order to clarify them, the author has included a review of the existing literature in related disciplines such as biology, anthropology, psychology and sociology. Finally, with an eye towards the future, Kimmel offers readers a glimpse at gender relations in the next millennium. Well-written, well-reasoned and authoritative, The Gendered Society provides a thorough overview of the current thinking about gender while persuasively arguing that it is time to reevaluate what we thought we knew about men and women.
Introduction
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Daily, we hear how men and women are different. They say we come from different planets. They say we have different brain chemistries, different brain organization, different hormones. They say our different anatomies lead to different destinies. They say we have different ways of knowing, listen to different moral voices, have different ways of speaking and hearing each other.
Ordained By Nature
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

Aside from his exasperated cry of “women—what do they want?” Sigmund Freud’s most famous line is probably the axiom “anatomy is destiny.” Though it’s not clear that Freud ever intended it to be taken literally, a large number of biologists believe that the differences in anatomy are decisive, and provide the basis for the differences in men’s and women’s experiences. One recent researcher proclaimed his belief that “the differences between the males and females of our species will ultimately be found in the cell arrangements and anatomy of the human brain.” To biologists, the source of human behavior lies neither in our stars nor in ourselves, as Caesar had suggested to Brutus—but rather in our cells.
The Gendered Classroom
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

In spring 1990, the board of trustees at Mills College, a small, private, all-women, liberal arts college in Oakland, California, voted to admit men, in part to assure the school’s financial survival. Women students and alumnae were outraged, and their protests made front-page news; students were photographed weeping over the decision to become a coeducational school. Feminist women cheered when the trustees reversed themselves and decided to keep the school all female.
With Every Breath We Take Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

It is now beyond question that caloric restriction can have a profound impact on both average and maximal lifespan. But how are we to explain this effect, which can be observed in virtually every species? We could imagine that animals reared on a calorically restricted diet are simply healthier, and as a result live longer. That could perhaps explain the increase in average lifespan, but it is not at all obvious how such factors could affect maximum lifespan, which, to the extent that it is genetically determined, would not be expected under normal conditions to vary on anything less than an evolutionary time scale.
South African Coral Communities
Authors: Schleyer Michael H
Published: November 2023

South African coral communities are found in their greatest abundance in marine reserves in northern KwaZulu-Natal (Maputaland) where sub-tropical conditions prevail. They constitute the southernmost African distribution of this fauna and are limited in extent by the availability of reef habitat. They were thus not accorded much attention by the research community until the early 1990s. Despite this, Coral Reefs of the World (22) included information on the area, obtained to some extent from correspondence with local scientists.
Tanzania
Authors: Darwall William R T , Guard Martin
Published: November 2023

The southern coast of Tanzania stretches for 690 km from Dar es Salaam to the Ruvuma River at the Mozambique border and supports one of the finest shallow-water coral reef and estuarine mangrove complexes in East Africa. Extending from Mafia Island to the Songo Songo Archipelago and bordered on the west by the Rufiji River Delta the shallow-water plateau is fringed on its eastern edge by a largely unspoiled outer reef which runs southwards from northern Mafia Island for an estimated 270 km to the Mozambique border (Fig. 5.1). The true extent of the reef, mangrove and seagrass systems and their supported diversities has only recently been revealed largely through the surveys of Frontier-Tanzania, a joint initiative between the University of Dar es Salaam and the Society for Environmental Exploration. These surveys have also highlighted a high degree of local dependence on the associated marine resources which are now suffering from the increasing demands of a rapidly rising coastal population. Overexploitation of these resources, coupled with the introduction of a number of highly destructive fishing techniques, makes the implementation of a management program for the sustainable use of resources a priority within the area.
The Red Sea
Authors: Medio D , Sheppard C R C , Gascoigne J
Published: November 2023

In the Red Sea, scientific work increased substantially in the 1970s and 1980s. Considerable work on both ecological and physiological aspects has come from one or two laboratories in the region, though most still comes from visiting scientists. Some of the latter have conducted several wide-scale surveys along large expanses of coastline, especially on the Arabian shore. Two substantial and fairly recent compilations both review this material and add details of some new work, on a wide range of aspects (7,41). In the last few years, emphasis has been placed on conservation aspects and on application of previous work. This has been a valuable process and has led to some useful conservation developments and increase in more effective protection in some areas. The balance of this article follows this work, with greater emphasis placed on human effects and conservation, and less on repeating conclusions of the well-reviewed survey work.
The Seychelles
Authors: Jennings S , Marshall S S , Cuet P , Nairn O
Published: November 2023

The reefs of the Seychelles are among the most extensive in the western Indian bcean. They range from heavily exploited and intermittently polluted fringing reefs on the coasts of the large granitic islands of Mahe, Praslin, and La Digue to isolated atolls such as Aldabra where fishing pressure and pollution levels are low. Reefs may sustain important artisanal fisheries, provide coastal protection and are an important resource for the dive tourism industry. Reefs have been studied in most detail on the granitic islands and Aldabra. Reclamation, sedimentation and eutrophication threaten reefs around the large granitic islands and military development once threatened Aldabra. Approximately 15% of the islands’ reefs now have protected status but it has proved difficult to advance from protection by law to protection in practice (Box 13.1). Nevertheless, the extensive reefs of Seychelles, coupled with a small population have allowed the country to address marine conservation issues which appear insurmountable elsewhere.
The Coral Reefs of Madagascar
Authors: Gabrie C , Vasseur P , Randriamiarana H , Maharavo J , Mara E
Published: November 2023

Madagascar is one of the largest islands in the world with a coastline of about 6000 km. In 1993 the human population was 12 million or 20.6 individuals per km 2• This is relatively few, but the distribution of the population is heterogeneous with the eastern coastal zones being densely populated while the western coast is less inhabited, with the exception of cities such as Toliara and Mahajanga. The mean annual increase in population is about 3% per year and migrations to and along the coast intensify pressures on coastal resources.
Management Status and Case Studies
Authors: Muthiga Nyawira , Riedmiller Sibylle , Carter Eleanor , Elst Rudy van der , Mann-Lang Judy , Horrill Chris , McClanahan Timothy R
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes four case studies of management of coral reefs and associated fisheries. The first two case studies cover management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): the national government programs of Kenya, and a private MPA in Zanzibar. The second two case studies cover different approaches to fisheries resource management: at the national level in South Africa and at the community level, supported by donor aid, in northern Tanzania. The case studies describe the origin of their specific management problems, trace the history, justification and objectives of management, and give recommendations for future programs.
The Dreaming Mind
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

A mind when functioning well is designed, on most every view, be it theistic or naturalistic, to track reality, to provide reliable information about the world-to yield the truth. The mind’s job is to help us live well as “living well” is conceived by the relevant background theory.
Self-Expression Dreams
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

Freud was wrong about the meaningfulness of every dream. Not all dreams are meaningful. Many, possibly most, aren’t. Nietzsche was wrong, too. There is no poetically bold or talented homunculus inside you trying to get out the right poem while you sleep-sonnet, haiku, even free verse. But Nietzsche was right to notice that even if you assume an inner poet, most dreams are bungled. The inner poet is a bad poet or it is not alert.
Eric Stokes
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Eric Stokes was born and raised in Haddon Heights, New Jersey, and educated at Lawrence College, the New England Conservatory, and the University of Minnesota. From 1961 to 1988 he taught at the University of Minnesota, where he founded the university’s electronic music program and First Minnesota Moving and Storage Warehouse Band, a new music performance group. He was an active proponent of new music in the Twin Cities for more than thirty-five years.
Revealing, Organizing, and Reorganizing the Self in Response to Stress and Emotion
Authors: Pennebaker James W , Keough Kelli A
Published: November 2023

When traumatic and stressful events occur, they touch virtually every aspect of our lives. The loss of a spouse through death or divorce, for example, changes our roles as wives or husbands, our social patterns, financial and living situations, daily behaviors and habits, and even sometimes our very definition of who we are. For the college junior in one of our studies, her family life caused much stress and threatened her ability to create and shape her own identity. The purpose of this chapter is to explore how traumas threaten people ‘s self-definition and how people use the act of disclosure and the most fundamental social tool, language, to try to rebuild the self.
Conclusion: Self, Social Identity, and the Analysis of Social and Behavioral Aspects of Physical Health and Disease
Authors: Ashmore Richard D , Contrada Richard J
Published: November 2023

Our goal in devising the present volume was to delineate the use of self and identity as major elements in the social and behavioral analysis of health and illness. To achieve this goal, we asked a set of talented scholars from diverse academic disciplines to identify some of the important issues, concepts, and findings involved in conceiving of physical wellbeing in terms of self and social identity. In this concluding chapter, we first review the major results of the contributors ‘ analyses. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to outlining the next generation of issues to be addressed if self and identity are to serve as a useful lens for social and behavioral scientists in analyzing physical health.
The End of the Night Shift
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Imagine this scenario. It is 4:00 A.M. near St. Louis, Missouri. A surgeon-a man in his early 40s-arrives for work. It is his daily routine. He parks his car and enters the building. He changes into green scrubs, exchanges his shoes for white clogs, puts on a cap and mask, and walks through into the scrubup area, where his colleague, a woman of about the same age, is already scrubbing her hands with disinfectant. With their clean hands held out at shoulder height to ensure they are not contaminated by contact with their bodies, they carefully back through the door and enter the gleaming, spotlessly clean operating room. The scrub nurse, already gloved and gowned, hands them sterile towels, and they dry their hands and arms. She helps them into gowns and holds open surgical rubber gloves, into which they insert their hands. The donor is already on the operating table, skin thoroughly cleaned with iodine, sterile drapes covering all but the chest and abdomen. The surgeons are greeted cordially by the anesthesiologist, standing at the head of the table, who is closely monitoring the sleeping donor’s blood pressure and other vital signs. Three operating-room technicians, who have helped prepare the donor for the surgeons, are ready to assist with the retrieval of organs. Bottles of organ preservation fluid hang from stainless steel stands, and polystyrene boxes filled with ice line one wall.
From Icarus to the First Heart Transplant
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The surgeon cuts out the testicle from the anesthetized donor, carefully carries it into the adjacent room, slices it into six sections, and delicately inserts three sections into each testicle of the recipient. As soon as the operation is completed, the surgeon repeats the procedure in a second elderly man, this time using the donor’s remaining testicle. Who would donate two testicles? One may desire to be altruistic and help one’s fellow man, but surely this is taking things a bit too far! If you haven’t already guessed, the donor is, of course, an animal-on this occasion a baboon. The year is 1921. The scene is the prestigious College de France in Paris, and the surgeon is Russian emigre Serge Voronoff (Figure 3.1). “Between the 12th of June, 1920, and October 15, 1923, I performed fifty two testicular grafting operations. The graft, in one instance, was taken from man; in all other cases the grafts were obtained from apes.” So begins Voronoff’s remarkable book Rejuvenation by Grafting, published in 1925, in which he details his surgical experiences. Most of the recipients were elderly men. A typical example is one 74-year-old Englishman who “walked with difficulty, leaning on a stick His memory was bad, his intelligence slow and sluggish. He presented all the characteristics of the senile type.
Zero Tolerance
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The surgeon completes the transplant of the pig heart into the baboon, just as surgeons Donald Ross and Denton Cooley did back in 1968, when they inserted pig and sheep hearts, respectively, into their human patients. The pig heart initially becomes a healthy pink color as the recipient’s blood flows through it. It begins to beat. But, after as little as two minutes, the surgeon watches as it becomes a mottled, dusky blue color, and the contractions become weak and irregular. Blood ceases to flow through the organ as the small capillaries in the heart muscle become occluded by clots. The blood vessels rupture, and the heart rapidly swells due to the leakage of blood and fluid into the muscle wall. The heart stops beating. It is now an ugly black mass. The surgeon has witnessed the most powerful immunological reaction that the human body can mount, a response initially developed millions of years ago in primitive animal species as a defense against invading microorganisms, largely bacteria and viruses. This innate immunological response has become a reflex reaction to the foreign threat, requiring little or none of the sophistication of the other human immunological response, the “cognate” or “adaptive” response, which, in evolutionary terms, has developed much more recently. The cognate response, which is involved in the rejection of transplanted human organs, requires the complex involvement of specialized cells that are present in mammals but not in primitive animal species.
A Spoonful of Sugar
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The incomparable ingenuity of the human race is exemplified in the variety of methods currently being tested in laboratories around the world in attempts to overcome the violent destruction that occurs immediately after transplantation of an animal organ. Many of these efforts are innovative, but perhaps no researcher has been as courageous in testing his theories as Venezuelan medical scientist Egidio Romano. Romano’s initial interest was in antibodies that destroy human red blood cells rather than transplanted animal organs, but his work had implications for xenotransplantation. We can chemically synthesize sugars that mimic the sugars present on human red blood cells. Romano and his colleagues believed that if such sugars were injected into a patient, they would be bound by antibodies directed against that sugar. The antibodies would therefore be “immobilized” and could no longer attack the patient’s own red blood cells. To test this theory, he and his colleagues initially injected the hitherto untested synthetic sugars into their own veins to check on their safety and toxicity. Fortunately, they all survived this experience.
The Ultimate Piggy Bank
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

When the first tentative reports on the use of pig brain cells in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease reached the public in 1995, Dr. Philip Noguchi, the FDA physician overseeing the regulation of xenotransplantation, received telephone calls from pig farmers inquiring how they could get involved in what they perceived as a potentially profitable commercial venture. This anecdote exemplifies the universal wish to “make a buck,” no matter what the venture. However, given the very strict requirements for the breeding and housing of the pigs to be used in xenotransplantation, the average hog farmer is unlikely to reap any financial reward from xenotransplantation. Many others undoubtedly will. Successful xenotransplantation will clearly have a major financial impact on health care; the effects will be felt both by the community and by the individual patient. Its impact is difficult to predict in detail, as there will be both savings and increased expenditure. Money will be saved on such items as long-term dialysis, which will no longer be necessary in the majority of kidney patients, but dollars will be expended on the much larger number of organ transplants that will be performed. Nonetheless, xenotransplantation’s overall impact on national health care economics will almost certainly be to engender considerably increased expenditure.
A Vision with a Task
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Whenever the first clinical trial of xenotransplantation using pig organs is initiated, the surgical team will undoubtedly be embarking upon this undertaking with relatively primitive technology. The results will probably be only modest, if that, but the experience gained will allow sequential improvements to be made until the results will match and eventually surpass those of human organ transplantation today. It would be unduly optimistic to expect the first patients who receive xenotransplants to do as well as those currently receiving human organ transplants. The more pertinent question is whether they will do better with a xenograft than without one. For these patients, the alternative to an animal organ will not be a human one, which for one reason or another will already have been ruled out, but rather conventional medical therapy. Clearly, no one wants a pig organ that functions for only one month, but there would be a period of time-if the quality of life was good-that would have made the procedure worthwhile. No matter how advanced the technology, however, there will always be those who caution against such a trial. But, as David White has pointed out, you cannot wait until you know you can swim before being allowed in the water. Or, to quote him again, “We are talking about designing a Model T Ford, while other people are saying, ‘Let’s not go out driving until we have a Ferrari.’”
Introduction
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: November 2023

How important is conflict of interest to the professions? The answer is complex. Consider what recently happened to Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC), the world’s largest accounting firm. PWC hired an outside investigator (at the urging of the Securities and Exchange Commission) to determine whether the firm was observing its own conflict-of-interest rules. The investigator reported that more than three-fourths of PWC’s partners, including thirty-one of the top forty-three, had not properly sanitized their personal finances. The partners held financial interests in businesses that PWC audited; a few even owned stock in businesses for which they had direct auditing responsibility. Many of those partners were disciplined; some were told to leave the firm. PWC suffered a substantial loss of personnel and reputation. Failure to pay sufficient attention to conflict of interest was a disaster for PWC.
Conflict of Interest in Journalism
Authors: Borden Sandra L , Pritchard Michael S
Published: November 2023

Codes of ethics for professional journalism associations and individual news organizations typically include conflicts of interest among their ethical prohibitions. For all their attention to this ethical problem, however, these codes do not offer an analysis of the concept. It seems to be assumed that we all know what conflicts of interest are, the circumstances in which they are likely to arise, and the values that are at stake. This is a concern because signs of potential conflicts of interests may go unnoticed by journalists who, as a consequence, may find themselves involved in undesirable, but possibly avoidable, conflicts of interest. As we shall see, the consequences to the public interest and to the profession’s credibility in such cases can be substantial.
Comparing Conflict of Interest Across the Professions
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: November 2023

Consider the following two situations. In the first, a government bureaucrat’s decision to support a high-tech subsidy program is affected by her part ownership of-or her spouse’s employment with-a software venture that would benefit from the program: a set of interests she possesses outside her role as an officeholder. In the other, her decision to support the high-tech subsidy program is affected by her desire to advance through the ranks bureaucratically, shift her career path within the department, and increase her official salary: a set of interests she possesses within her role as an officeholder. Both kinds of interest compromise her professional judgment. And yet, for a long time, scholars of conflict of interest typically have concerned themselves only with the first type, when the encumbering interest arises outside of role. For if the second type-when the impairing interest arises within role-were treated as actionable conflict of interest, all professionals would be in conflict of interest all the time.
Process and Performance
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter sketched some necessary elements of meaning-making and writing. This chapter develops the functional relations among the writing process, performance measures, and intellectual resources, such as the degree of available knowledge. Writing well requires concerted effort and concentration, the marshaling of many intellectual resources, and the skilled negotiation of numerous constraints. I begin with a discussion of the three types of intellectual resources and constraints that a writer must manage. Broadly defined, these are knowledge, personality, and method. Next, I define ways of tracking the process of writing and ways of measuring writing performance in terms of quality, fluency, and productivity. I distinguish structuring and restructuring the writing process from amplifying the writing performance. Knowledge, personality, and method variables partially define the writer’s task and therefore often structure the writing process.
The Nation’s Blood Medicine, Justice, and the State in France
Authors: Steffen Monika
Published: November 2023

The early years of the AIDS epidemic coincided in France with significant social, economic, and political change. But despite living in such turbulent times, the French continued to share a unanimous conviction: their national blood transfusion system was, without doubt, the world’s finest example of scientific achievement and social solidarity. The public was thus dumbfounded when the scandale du sang contamine(the contaminated blood scandal) erupted in the early nineties. The fact that half of all French hemophiliacs were infected with HIV and that France accounted for close to 60% of all recorded cases of post-transfusion AIDS in the European Union I was surely the result of corruption, dirty money, bad blood, doctors who murdered, state secrets, and conspiracy. These were the elements of the massive press campaign focused on tracking down the guilty parties. In a television program watched by millions, Georgina Dufoix, one of three cabinet ministers accused by the press as accountable for the catastrophe, pleaded, “responsable mais non coupable,”responsible but not guilty. The perceptions of 1991 were not the understandings of the mid-l 980s, she declared. Dufoix sharply criticized the press, which, she asserted, had sensationalized and exploited a problem of extreme gravity involving extensive human suffering.
Blood, Bureaucracy, and Law Responding to HIV-Tainted Blood in Italy
Authors: Izzo Umberto
Published: November 2023

July 16, 1982, is a date that will long be remembered by the world’s bleeding dis order community. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced that three hemophiliacs treated with factor VIII had died as a result of Pneumocystiscariniipneumonia, which was linked to a new deadly disease called AIDS 1. One day earlier, the most prominent authorities of the Italian blood system met in Rome at the “first focus panel on the national blood plan.” The director of the Italian Superior Health Institute (ISS) presented his proposal to solve the chronic shortage that had always affected the Italian blood system 2. Only in passing did he note the failure of health authorities to effectively regulate blood plasma3. Tragically, his warning went unheeded. In 1982, blood experts were concerned for good reason about the adequacy of the blood and plasma supply. In the early 1980s, the Italian supply of whole blood could meet only about two thirds of estimated demand.
Cultural Perspectives on Blood
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Blood is a substance “thick with magical significance, mystical claims, phar macological prodigies, alchemistical dreams,” writes Piere Camporesi in The Juice ofLife1. In earlier centuries, this substance was a daily reality, far more visible than it is today: “From birth to death, the sight and smell of blood were part of the human and social pilgrimage of each and all ... as barbers, phlebotomists, pork butchers, midwives, brothers hospitalers opened, closed, cauterized veins.”2 Today, in most of the countries that are represented in this volume, blood is more a virtual than a visual reality, enjoyed by audiences of grisly gangster films in abstract settings, observed by the voyeurs of televised massacres in distant lands, and managed mainly by the remote control. It is a substance, not of daily experience, but of accidents, illnesses, battles, or orgies-a substance to be avoided “in the flesh.” Says Umberto Eco in his foreword to Camporesi’s book, “We who use the Internet think blood of interest only to surgeons and the scholars of the new planetary pestilences.”3 Yet, he observes, there is remarkable rapport between the cultural myths of the time when blood was a daily and visible reality and the impulses of the present day.