bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bodies of Evidence: Activists, Patients, and the FDA Regulation of Depo-Provera
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: September 2010

In January 1983, the FDA held one of only two scientific “Public Boards of Inquiry” in the history of the administration to determine whether to approve Depo-Provera for use as a contraceptive in the United States. At the hearing, ideas about gender and power played a central role in negotiations between scientists, doctors, patients, and women’s health activists. The nature of the Depo-Provera Public Board of Inquiry lends itself to analysis of the interaction between and among these groups, each of which had a vested interest in the outcome of the FDA decision. The stories and strategies emerging from the actors involved in the Public Board of Inquiry reveal the enormous complexity of regulating reproduction in the late twentieth century.
“Reclaiming the White Daughter’s Purity”: Afrikaner Nationalism, Racialized Sexuality, and the 1975 Abortion and Sterilization Act in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Klausen Susanne M.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the struggle over abortion law reform that preceded the enactment in 1975 of the first statutory law on abortion in South Africa. The ruling National Party government produced legislation intended to eliminate access to doctors willing to procure abortions in an attempt to prevent young, unmarried white women from engaging in premarital (hetero) sexual activity. It was also aimed at strictly regulating the medical profession’s actions with regards to abortion. The production of the abortion legislation was directly influenced by international struggles for accessible abortion and, more broadly, sexual liberation. The regime believed South Africa was being infiltrated by Western “immorality” and the abortion law was an attempt to buttress racist heteropatriarchal apartheid culture. Examining the abortion controversy highlights the global circulation of ideas about reproduction in the twentieth century and foregrounds a neglected dimension of the history of sexual regulation in apartheid South Africa: the disciplining and regulation of white female reproductive sexuality.
The First Welfare Case: Money, Sex, Marriage, and White Supremacy in Selma, 1966, A Reproductive Justice Analysis
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: September 2010

King v. Smith , the first welfare case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, overturned the Alabama substitute father law. Such laws directed or allowed welfare officials to use the sexual behavior and reproductive capacity of poor African American women to alienate this population from “cash-money”; to reassert political and bureaucratic control over the intimate relationships of African Americans, demonstrating that this population was unprepared for civil rights and full citizenship; and to shore up white supremacy in the civil rights era. The context for this case which originated in Selma, Alabama in 1966 illustrates that even if poor African American women had had access to contraception and legal abortion at that time, they would still have lacked reproductive autonomy and dignity as the state surveilled their sexual behavior and enforced laws making sex, itself, as well as reproduction, and the right to define their own intimate relationships and families, a race and class privilege.
(You)Tube Travel: The 9:59 to Dover Beach, Stopping at Fair Verona and Elsinore
Authors: Hodgdon Barbara
Published: September 2010

The ever-expanding presence of Shakespeare on the internet gives rise to new modes of consumption, criticism and performance. This essay focuses on the impromptu community built around the videos and comment sections of YouTube, in which any given user may act as spectator, critic, producer or performer. Most immediately apparent is YouTube's function as a digital archive - a litany of taped performances, feature-film clips and web productions are available at one's fingertips, as is the ability to compare, criticise and comment on such materials. However, with so many productions available side-by-side, YouTube becomes not just a repository but a repertoire, as these transient texts are increasingly understood in terms of the acting bodies that pass between them. In turn, the online community digests and regurgitates Shakespeare, in parody and 'mashup' form, appropriating what has already been pluralised in the style of the Early Modern commonplace book. In taking static records of performance and making them live again through use, YouTube culture challenges existing paradigms of access to, and consumption of, Shakespeare.
Mary Pickford as Shakespearean Shrew: Redefining the Image of America’s Sweetheart
Authors: Loftis Sonya Freeman
Published: September 2010

In this article, Loftis examines Sam Taylor's 1929  The Taming of the Shrew  as a failed revision of the original play. The film is all-talking and was released in the early stages of feature soundtrack cinema, and starred famous silent film actress, Mary Pickford. Loftis notes that Pickford had her own agenda: to revitalise and rebrand her career and hopefully become the new "America's Sweetheart". However, she tragically fails to change anything in the adaption, and in actual fact, reaffirms the image that was created before. Loftis begins by discussing Pickford's transition into 'talkies'. Previously, Pickford played many child roles, whereas her costume in this adaptation vastly changed, giving her a new sexualised image. Loftis continues by discussing representations and re-workings of the Shakespearean Shrew, before turning to an examination of the ambiguous ending, as well as critical reception surrounding it. Though Taylor's adaptation attempted to be innovative, it ultimately ends up re-treading old ground, and ambiguity is reinstated by Pickford's portrayal of Katherine.
Nucleus Accumbens Core Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Is Critical for Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Rats
Authors: Wang Xi , Luo Yi-xiao , He Ying-ying , Li Fang-qiong , Shi Hai-shui , Xue Li-fen , Xue Yan-xue , Lu Lin
Published: September 2010

Relapse to drug seeking was studied using a rodent model of reinstatement induced by exposure to drug-related cues. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth and survival by controlling translation in response to nutrients and growth factors, has been demonstrated to be involved in neuronal adaptations that underlie drug addiction and learning and memory. We investigated the potential role of the mTOR signaling pathway in relapse to cocaine seeking by using the cue-induced reinstatement model in self-administering rats. We found that exposure to a cocaine-related cue induced reinstatement to cocaine seeking and increased phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase (p70s6k) and ribosomal protein s6 (rps6), measures of mTOR activity, in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core but not shell. Furthermore, inhibition of NAc core but not shell p70s6k and rps6 phosphorylation by rapamycin decreased cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Finally, stimulation of NAc core p70s6k and rps6 phosphorylation by NMDA enhanced cue-induced reinstatement, an effect reversed by rapamycin pretreatment. Additionally, rapamycin infusion into the NAc core or shell did not alter ongoing cocaine self-administration or cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. These findings indicate that cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking is mediated by activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in the NAc core.
Presynaptic Development at L4 to L2/3 Excitatory Synapses Follows Different Time Courses in Visual and Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Cheetham Claire E. J. , Fox Kevin
Published: September 2010

Visual and somatosensory cortices exhibit profound experience-dependent plasticity during development and adulthood and are common model systems for probing the synaptic and molecular mechanisms of plasticity. However, comparisons between the two areas may be confounded by a lack of accurate information on their relative rates of development. In this study, we used whole-cell recording in acute brain slices to study synaptic development in mouse barrel and visual cortex. We found that short-term plasticity (STP) switched from strong depression at postnatal day (P)12 to weaker depression and facilitation in mature cortex. However, presynaptic maturation was delayed by ∼2 weeks at layer (L)4 to L2/3 excitatory synapses in visual cortex relative to barrel cortex. This developmental delay was pathway-specific; maturation of L2/3 to L2/3 synapses occurred over similar timescales in barrel and visual cortex. The developmental increase in the paired-pulse ratio to values greater than unity was mirrored by a developmental decrease in presynaptic release probability. Therefore, L4 to L2/3 excitatory synapses had lower release probabilities and showed greater short-term facilitation in barrel cortex than in visual cortex at P28. Postsynaptic mechanisms could not account for the delayed maturation of STP in visual cortex. These findings indicate that synaptic development is delayed in the L4 to L2/3 pathway in visual cortex, and emphasize the need to take into account the changes in synaptic properties that occur during development when comparing plasticity mechanisms in different cortical areas.
Suppressive Lateral Interactions at Parafoveal Representations in Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Pooresmaeili Arezoo , Herrero Jose L. , Self Matthew W. , Roelfsema Pieter R. , Thiele Alexander
Published: September 2010

The perceptual salience and visibility of image elements is influenced by other elements in their vicinity. The perceptual effect of image elements on an adjacent target element depends on their relative orientation. Collinear flanking elements usually improve sensitivity for the target element, whereas orthogonal elements have a weaker effect. It is believed that the collinear flankers exert these effects through lateral interactions between neurons in the primary visual cortex (area V1), but the precise mechanisms underlying these contextual interactions remain unknown. Here, we directly examined this question by recording the effects of flankers on the responses of V1 neurons at parafoveal representations while monkeys performed a fixation task or a contrast detection task. We found, unexpectedly, that collinear flankers reduce the monkeys' perceptual sensitivity for a central target element. This behavioral effect was explained by a flanker-induced increase in the activity of V1 neurons in the absence of the central target stimulus, which reduced the amplitude of the target response. Our results indicate that the dominant effect of collinear flankers in parafoveal vision is suppression and suggest that these suppressive effects are caused by a decrease in the dynamic range of neurons coding the central target.
The noun phrase in Boruca: studying a recently extinct language
Authors: Castro Damaris
Published: September 2010

This article provides a description of the noun phrase in Boruca, a recently extinct Chibchan language once spoken in Costa Rica. Divided into four main sections, this paper addresses noun formation processes, the constituents of the noun phrase, and its syntactic processes, as well as illustrating all of the above characteristics in a sample text. In sum, both the internal structure and the external relations of the noun phrase are presented. Given the state of the language, the author has relied primarily on secondary sources, complemented by examples of sentences produced by the last semi-speaker of the language.
Hydrophobic Nature of the Support: a Significant Effect on Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane with Pure Oxygen
Authors: Wang Deqiang , Zhang Yi Bo , Li Jing , Yang Xiangguang
Published: September 2010

The relationship between the hydrophobic characteristic of supportsand the reactivity of the liquid oxidation of cyclohexane using oxygen as oxidant was investigated. Co3O4 supported on amorphous silica was silylated with organosilane and characterized by FT-IR, contact angle testing and the retention of cyclohexane and cyclohexanone tesing on GC. Compared with unsilylated catalyst, the conversion of cycloheaxane was greatly enhanced with the silylated catalyst. And the correlation of reactivity and hydrophobicity of was observed.
Seleção de descritores vegetativos para caracterização de acessos de guariroba (Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.)
Authors: Pinto Jefferson Fernando Naves , Reis Edesio Fialho dos , Faleiro Fabio Gelape , Barbosa Elaine Cristina Castelhano , Nunes Hellen Fernanda , Pinto Jeeder Fernando Naves
Published: September 2010

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar descritores morfológicos vegetativos e determinar sua importância relativa na caracterização de acessos de guariroba, assim como verificar a associação entre os descritores descartados e os demais. Foram avaliados 18 descritores morfológicos, sendo 8 relativos à folha e 10 ao estipe, em 36 acessos de guariroba do Estado de Goiás. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variáveis canônicas, e o descarte dos descritores foi realizado tendo como base no autovalor, o qual não excedeu 0,70. Foram descartados 55% dos descritores, sendo 5 relativos à folha e 5 ao estipe. O descarte destes descritores não ocasionou perda de informações, por apresentaram correlações significativas com os descritores selecionados. A contribuição relativa dos descritores selecionados foi semelhante para A7A, ENI7180, DFBF, D0, CPC e DPC, sendo os descritores ENI70 e ENS70 os que apresentaram as menores contribuições.
Desempenho durante o armazenamento de sementes de pepino submetidas a diferentes métodos de secagem
Authors: Nakada Pâmela Gomes , Oliveira João Almir , Melo Larissa Correia de , Silva Adriano Alves da , Silva Priscila Alves da , Perina Fabiano José
Published: September 2010

A secagem de sementes de pepino é etapa obrigatória no seu beneficiamento, bem como o armazenamento para conquistar mercados competitivos e melhores oportunidades de preços. Portanto, o objetivo com este trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho fisiológico e bioquímico durante a secagem e armazenamento de sementes de pepino. A cultivar utilizada foi o híbrido de pepino Ômega comercializado pela Agristar Ltda. As sementes foram lavadas e secadas em temperatura ambiente de 25 ºC, 35 ºC e 45 ºC até atingir grau de umidade de 7%. As sementes foram embaladas em sacos de papel multifoliado e armazenadas em condições de ambiente não controlado. As avaliações da qualidade foram realizadas aos 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem, condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas em bandeja. Avaliaram também as atividades enzimáticas de superóxido dismutase, catalase, esterase, lipoxigenase, isocitrato liase e proteína LEA, e por fim o teste de sanidade. A secagem de sementes de pepino, em temperatura ambiente, e a 35 ºC resulta em sementes de melhor qualidade. Ocorre redução da qualidade fisiológica das sementes e da atividade da proteína LEA a partir de seis meses de armazenamento, independente da temperatura de secagem.
A entrevista como método: uma conversa com Eduardo Coutinho
Authors: Frochtengarten Fernando
Published: September 2010

O nome de Eduardo Coutinho ocupa páginas centrais na história do cinema documentário brasileiro. Conhecido pelas entrevistas com pessoas anônimas, seus filmes revolucionaram a produção no gênero: ajudaram a derrubar o mito da neutralidade dos documentários e desfizeram a separação entre o diretor e os personagens. As transformações que sua obra imprimiu no campo estético e epistemológico próprios ao cinema têm afinidades com as mudanças de paradigmas experimentadas pelas ciências humanas no século passado. Este artigo apresenta uma entrevista com Eduardo Coutinho. Nela, o cineasta discute a concepção do real presente em seus filmes e o poder de transformação do cinema sobre os homens e a sociedade; principalmente, fala sobre as entrevistas, método em evidência nas ciências humanas e no cinema.
Etologia, Antropologia e cinema: uma etnografia da violência em Sob o Domínio do Medo
Authors: Souza Mauricio Rodrigues de
Published: September 2010

Este artigo aparece como uma tentativa de compreensão do fenômeno da agressão em seus múltiplos aspectos, tarefa para a qual contaremos com os referenciais teóricos advindos da Etologia e da Antropologia Social. Para melhor expressar as idéias aqui expostas utilizaremos o cinema como recurso etnográfico. Neste sentido, destacaremos alguns trechos do filme Sob o Domínio do Medo (1971), os quais serão trabalhados em maiores detalhes.
Ônibus 174 - imagimagens da humilhação social
Authors: Ramos Paulo Roberto
Published: September 2010

Este artigo procura debater a psicologia social no cinema através de um conceito específico: a humilhação social como problema político. Para tanto foi tomado como objeto de análise o filme Ônibus 174, documentário realizado pelo cineasta José Padilha em 2002. Os comentários elaborados aqui visam compreender as estratégias narrativas utilizadas pelo diretor, que incluem aspectos estéticos e a participação do público, que transformam sua obra em um objeto de estudo da humilhação social que ocorre no âmbito da esfera pública, onde a ação define as relações sociais entre os indivíduos.
Eficiência e qualidade dos programas de pós-graduação das instituições federais de ensino superior usuárias do Programa de Fomento à Pós-Graduação (PROF)
Authors: Moreira Ney Paulo , Silveira Suely de Fátima Ramos , Ferreira Marco Aurélio Marques , Cunha Nina Rosa da Silveira
Published: September 2010

A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) criou, em 1998, o Programa de Fomento à Pós-Graduação (PROF), com o objetivo de propiciar às instituições públicas de ensino maior autonomia na gestão de recursos financeiros destinados ao financiamento dos programas de pós-graduação, e consequente aumento da eficiência e melhoria da qualidade dos cursos. Este estudo apresenta uma análise da eficiência e da qualidade dos programas de pós-graduação das instituições de ensino financiadas pelo PROF no triênio 2001/2003. Para tanto, utilizaram-se testes de médias no intuito de comparar o desempenho dos programas financiados pelo PROF com o desempenho de outros programas. Concluiu-se que os programas de pós-graduação vinculados às instituições de ensino que recebem recursos do PROF apresentaram níveis superiores de qualidade em relação aos demais programas. E quando analisada a eficiência dos programas de pós-graduação, observou-se que os programas financiados pelo PROF apresentaram maior eficiência nos anos de 2001, 2002 e 2003, em relação aos programas financiados por outras modalidades de fomento.
Flotabilidade da apatita e minerais de ganga provenientes de minério sílico-carbonatado com oleato de sódio
Authors: Oliveira Michelly dos Santos , Peres Antônio Eduardo Clark
Published: September 2010

O beneficiamento dos minérios fosfáticos com ganga silicatada e carbonatada é estritamente necessário para aumentar a produção de concentrados fosfáticos e para suprir a demanda nacional de fertilizantes. Visando a processar esses minérios, esse trabalho estudou, através de testes de microflotação e medidas de potencial zeta, o efeito do oleato de sódio, do amido de milho e da carboximetilcelulose (CMC) na superfície dos minerais puros originários do minério sílico-carbonatado de Catalão/GO. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a possibilidade de separação seletiva da apatita, por flotação direta em pH igual a 9, usando-se oleato de sódio como coletor, na ausência de depressores, o que seria inviável industrialmente. Tanto a CMC como o amido deprimem a dolomita, mas não são seletivos, pois deprimem, também, a apatita. O amido apresenta ação depressora sobre a apatita mais forte que a CMC.
Modelagem de dados de entrada para simulação estocástica de lavra
Authors: Marin Tatiane , Tomi Giorgio Francesco Cesare de
Published: September 2010

A simulação de lavra depende da utilização de dados coerentes e representativos da operação da mina. Esse trabalho propõe uma metodologia de modelagem de dados especificamente desenvolvida para simulação de lavra. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada a um estudo de caso de mina a céu aberto, onde dados do tempo de ciclo dos caminhões foram modelados para utilização em simulação de lavra. Os resultados da aplicação da metodologia indicaram que todas as variáveis modeladas aderiram a distribuições teóricas após o tratamento de dados, incluindo a remoção de outliers. O estudo identificou a necessidade do rastreamento das causas de inconsistências de dados, para o desenvolvimento de um processo de gestão de dados incorretos da operação de lavra.
Ciência, fronteiras e nação: comissões brasileiras na demarcação dos limites territoriais entre Brasil e Bolívia, 1895-1901
Authors: Vergara Moema de Rezende
Published: September 2010

O artigo trata de três expedições brasileiras à Amazônia Ocidental que tiveram por missão demarcar os limites entre Brasil e Bolívia nos anos 1895-1901. O objetivo é apreender o papel que a ciência desempenhou em uma negociação que contribuiu para que o Brasil tivesse as feições territoriais da atualidade. O artigo procura abordar, sob o ponto de vista da história da ciência, um tema tradicionalmente estudado pelo viés da geopolítica, ou seja, a formação das fronteiras internacionais, evidenciando uma intercessão entre institucionalização da ciência e formação da nação.
Drought in the sertão as a natural or social phenomenon: establishing the Inspetoria Federal de Obras Contra as Secas, 1909-1923
Authors: Buckley Eve Elizabeth
Published: September 2010

This paper examines interpretations of the drought problem in Brazil's northeast sertão during the First Republic. It compares analysis of drought as primarily a natural or climatic phenomenon - embraced by civil engineers working for the Inspetoria [Federal] de Obras Contra as Secas (IFOCS) - with analyses emphasizing social and political conditions that made drought a crisis for the sertanejo poor. The latter are evident in the report of doctors Belisário Penna and Artur Neiva describing their expedition through the sertão sponsored by IFOCS in 1912. This comparison allows for consideration of the intersection between natural (geographic, climatic) and social (political, cultural) factors that produced the region's periodic crisis. The analysis is informed by the work of social scientists who highlight the multi-dimensional causes underlying natural disasters in politically marginal communities. Technocrats' faith in the context-independent utility of their expertise lay at the heart of IFOCS's ultimate failure to rescue sertanejos from famine, migration and poverty. Because the drought agency's technical personnel never had the political will or muscle to confront the social organization underlying the sertão's recurrent calamity, their ability to alleviate the human suffering that droughts precipitated was severely limited.
O Instituto Brasileiro de Educação, Ciência e Cultura e a institucionalização da ciência no Brasil, 1946-1966
Authors: Abrantes Antonio Carlos Souza de , Azevedo Nara
Published: September 2010

O Instituto Brasileiro de Educação, Ciência e Cultura (IBECC) foi criado como Comissão Nacional da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) no Brasil, logo após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, com o objetivo de atuar em projetos naquelas áreas. O artigo analisa o desenvolvimento desse projeto, em particular em São Paulo, onde cientistas e educadores se engajaram em uma experiência inovadora em termos de divulgação científica e ensino de ciências, por meio de feiras, concursos, produção de material didático e kits de experimentação.
A semi-integral composite bridge of high skew
Authors: Biana I.
Published: September 2010

Todwick Road Bridge in Rotherham, UK, is a single-span, road-over-rail bridge replacing the understrength existing steel and masonry arch bridge built in 1905. The new bridge forms a strategic link between the ongoing development of the former Dinnington Colliery site and the motorway network. Traffic on the bridge began to increase noticeably in late 2004, when reclamation of land at the Dinnington Colliery site was substantially complete and development of light industrial units began. It soon became apparent that this increase, while still below the expected capacity, was causing problems. It highlighted the need for a replacement scheme as early as possible. Minimising disruption to local businesses and the general public was a significant factor in the design process, which aimed to keep the duration of the road closure to the absolute minimum. For the 21·2 m effective span a 36° skew with semi-integral bankseat on a reinforced earth abutment was adopted. This choice led to some restriction in the design. The Highways Agency design guide BD 70/03 limits the design of an integral bridge on reinforced earth abutments to an 18 m span. BA 42/96 limits the design of a semi-integral bridge to a maximum of 30° skew. This paper describes the design, innovative detailing and the construction of the bridge to overcome these limitations.
Penang Bridge widening: design and construction challenges
Authors: Corbett P. W , Buckby R. J. , Wee E. L.
Published: September 2010

The Penang Bridge is a 13·5 km long road crossing connecting Penang Island to peninsular Malaysia. In order to increase traffic capacity, approximately 6 km of low-level viaduct sections of the crossing were widened by the addition of a new lane and hard shoulder in each direction.

This challenging project invovled the construction of new decks, piers and deep-piled foundations in close proximity to the existing structure, with extensive use of heavy plant and machinery mounted on marine barges.

Key project objectives were to maintain an operational highway at all times and to safeguard the existing structure during the works. The latter invovled the development of a construction sequence designed to minimise the load transfer from the new works onto the existing structure, and the implementation of a rigorous monitoring regime during pile constrution.
The launching of the River Esk bridge, UK
Authors: Liddle R.
Published: September 2010

The River Esk bridge carries the southbound carriageway of the M6 motorway over the River Esk estuary and forms part of the recently constructed M6 Carlisle to Guards Mill motorway extension, which provides the missing link in the motorway network between England and Scotland. The bridge is a 180 m long four-span steel composite viaduct. Due to site constraints the most economical and practical method of construction was to launch the steelwork into position rather than to lift the steelwork in by crane. The bridge steelwork, weighing over 800 t, was assembled on the northern approach to the bridge and launched southwards over the River Esk estuary. This paper demonstrates that the design and construction of a launched bridge can be significantly more complicated than the design of a comparable bridge that is constructed using conventional methods and that there are many more load cases and construction details to consider. This paper covers the approach for carrying out the analysis, design, detailing and construction of the structure and focuses specifically on the key issues relating to launching steelwork.
Fatigue strengthening of welds in light rail structures
Authors: Tilly G. P. , Jackson P. A. , Maddox S. J. , Henderson R.
Published: September 2010

London's Docklands Light Railway (DLR) has been in service for 20 years and has previously been strengthened when it was upgraded from one-car trains to two-car trains in 1990. It is now to be upgraded again to carry three-car trains to be run at higher frequencies and is required to have a fatigue life of 120 years from the year 2010, namely for the structures to remain serviceable until the year 2130. Some of the welds connecting stiffeners to main beams, which were found to be under strength in fatigue, were strengthened by ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT). A programme of fatigue tests has been carried out to evaluate the extent of the improvement and confirm that it is adequate. The tests were on tensile test pieces having non-load-carrying fillet welded attachments relevant to the (BS5400 class F2) under strength welds. Test pieces were pre-fatigued to simulate 20 years' service and treated by ultrasonic impact. The UIT improved the class F2 fillet welds to a performance between class D and class E. There is a 97·5% probability that performance is improved by a factor of 3 on life and the value of σo (the constant amplitude non-propagating design stress range) is raised from 35 to 50 N/mm2. The action of UIT is to halt crack propagation from the weld toe and propagation from the root is slowed as it passes through the treated zone. Furthermore, UIT is effective on existing fatigue cracks having an estimated surface length of up to 8 mm and depth of 1·5 mm. Experiences gained from the experimental programme enabled an improved specification for UIT quality control to be developed. These data were used in support of the design work to upgrade the DLR structures and the UIT was successfully applied to the under-strength welds under live loading.
The phenology of plant invasions: a community ecology perspective
Authors: Wolkovich Elizabeth M , Cleland Elsa E
Published: September 2010

Community ecologists have long recognized the importance of phenology (the timing of periodic life‐history events) in structuring communities. Phenological differences between exotic and native species may contribute to the success of invaders, yet a general theory for how phenology may shape invasions has not been developed. Shifts toward longer growing seasons, tracked by plant and animal species worldwide, heighten the need for this analysis. The concurrent availability of extensive citizen‐science and long‐term datasets has created tremendous opportunities to test the relationship between phenology and invasion. Here, we (1) extend major theories within community and invasion biology to include phenology, (2) develop a predictive framework to test these theories, and (3) outline available data resources to test predictions. By creating an integrated framework, we show how new analyses of long‐term datasets could advance the fields of community ecology and invasion biology, while developing novel strategies for invasive species management. Although we focus here on terrestrial plants, our framework has clear extensions to animal communities and aquatic ecosystems as well.
What’s in a name?
Authors: Murray Neil , Crichton Jonathan
Published: September 2010

In this paper we explore the provision of applied linguistics within Australian universities. We focus on how the ‘what’ of applied linguistics, as captured in scholarly definitions of the discipline, accords with the ‘where’, as captured in potential contexts of application as these are manifested in provision. In doing so, we examine the extent of any congruence or divergence between how applied linguistics is understood in the abstract and how it is realised in degree programs. Our findings, based an analysis of data collected via a survey of university websites, suggest that while the rhetoric around course offerings may suggest a wider view of the discipline, the content of applied linguistics programs generally reflects a narrower interpretation which aligns closely with observations often made as caveats to scholarly definitions and sees English language teaching as predominant
Flood analysis in mixed-urban areas reflecting interactions with the complete water cycle through coupled hydrologic-hydraulic modelling
Authors: Domingo N. D. Sto. , Refsgaard A. , Mark O. , Paludan B.
Published: September 2010

The potential devastating effects of urban flooding have given high importance to thorough understanding and management of water movement within catchments, and computer modelling tools have found widespread use for this purpose. The state-of-the-art in urban flood modelling is the use of a coupled 1D pipe and 2D overland flow model to simultaneously represent pipe and surface flows. This method has been found to be accurate for highly paved areas, but inappropriate when land hydrology is important. The objectives of this study are to introduce a new urban flood modelling procedure that is able to reflect system interactions with hydrology, verify that the new procedure operates well, and underline the importance of considering the complete water cycle in urban flood analysis. A physically-based and distributed hydrological model was linked to a drainage network model for urban flood analysis, and the essential components and concepts used were described in this study. The procedure was then applied to a catchment previously modelled with the traditional 1D-2D procedure to determine if the new method performs similarly well. Then, results from applying the new method in a mixed-urban area were analyzed to determine how important hydrologic contributions are to flooding in the area.
Safe greywater reuse to augment water supply and provide sanitation in semi-arid areas of rural India
Authors: Godfrey S. , Labhasetwar P. , Wate S. , Jimenez B.
Published: September 2010

Water reuse is recognized as a tool to increase water supply in peri-urban areas of semi-arid and arid regions of the world. However, it is an option rarely explored for rural areas in developing countries, and has not been documented extensively in the scientific literature. This paper presents results from 6 greywater reuse systems which were built with the objective to augment water supply and to provide sanitation in rural low income areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. The systems are based on reclaiming greywater from bathing for the use in toilet flushing and kitchen garden irrigation. The reuse systems were implemented based on the scientific rationale presented in the WHO (2006) guidelines. The paper presents evidence from the operation and evaluation of the greywater treatment plants under field conditions between 2005 and 2008. The paper concludes that greywater is a highly cost effective solution for water scarcity. In this study, reusing greywater resulted in a 60% increase in water availability, a reduction in open defecation and a fourfold increase in food availability.
Evaluation of heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation of Orange II using response surface methodology
Authors: Gong Y. H. , Zhang H. , Li Y. L. , Xiang L. J. , Royer S. , Valange S. , Barrault J.
Published: September 2010

A mesoporous SBA-15 doped iron oxide (Fe2O3/SBA-15) was synthesized by co-codensation, characterized and used as heterogeneous catalysts for the photo-Fenton decolorization of azo dye Orange II under UV irradiation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate operating condition effects, such as hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial pH and catalyst loadings, on the decolorization rate. UV irradiation is found to enhance the activity of the catalyst in the process. RSM analysis evidenced the influence of the initial pH value and H2O2 concentration on the dye degradation rate. The coupled UV/Fe2O3/SBA-15/H2O2 process at room temperature is revealed as a promising friendly process for wastewater treatment. Indeed, the use of a heterogeneous catalyst allows an easy active phase recycling without multi-step recovering while the heterogeneous catalyst used here exhibits high catalytic activity for the reaction considered.
Updating a model of pulp and paper wastewater treatment in a partial-mix aerated stabilization basin system
Authors: Bryant Curtis W.
Published: September 2010

A relatively simple set of calculations was presented in 1994 to evaluate the effectiveness of each ASB cell as reactor, clarifier, and digester. The steady-state model, which incorporated estimates of solids settling and benthal feedback of BOD5 and nutrients, has been a reasonable diagnostic tool for municipal and industrial applications. Results have aided in understanding normal system function, the nature of chronic inefficiencies of individual systems, and appropriate modifications to meet changes in discharge requirements. For applications in the pulp and paper industry, several changes have been incorporated recently. Nitrogen limitation is not needed in modeling pulp and paper ASB reactions. Slowly biodegradable material is modeled as a contributor to soluble BOD5, and this contribution becomes a significant factor in the latter segments of an ASB. Phosphorus availability is modeled as a stoichiometric control of soluble BOD5 uptake. Anoxic microorganisms are assumed to be responsible for a portion of the soluble BOD5 consumption in the first ASB aeration zone. Finally, the long-term nutrient capture in ASBs is modeled as 3% for nitrogen and 28% for phosphorus.
Surface Roughness of Commercial Composites after Different Polishing Protocols: An Analysis with Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Giacomelli Luca , Derchi Giacomo , Frustaci Andrea , Bruno Orlando , Covani Ugo , Barone Antonio , De Santis Daniele , Chiappelli Francesco
Published: September 2010

Background and Aims:

Polishing may increase the surface roughness of composites, with a possible effect on bacterial growth and material properties. This preliminary in vitro study evaluates the effect of three different polishing systems (PoGo polishers, Enhance, Venus Supra) on six direct resin composites (Gradia Direct, Venus, Venus Diamond, Enamel Plus HFO, Tetric Evoceram, Filtek Supreme XT).

Materials and Methods:

For each composite, 12 square specimens were prepared: 9 specimens were polished, three for each different method, while three specimens were used as controls. Surface roughness was determined with AFM by measuring Root Mean Square (RMS) of average height.

Results:

PoGo polisher determined a significantly rougher surface, versus controls, in 5 out of 6 composites evaluated. Some significant differences from unpolished controls were observed also for Enhance polishing. Polishing with Venus Supra did not result in any significant difference in surface roughness versus controls. No differences were observed between different polishing systems.

Conclusions:

These preliminary results suggest that Venus Supra polishing system could determine a smoother composite surface if compared to the other polishing systems tested. On this basis, we are conducting an in vivo study to evaluate bacterial colonization on some combinations of composites and polishing protocols.
Preliminary Characterization of Erythrocytes Deformability on the Entropy-Complexity Plane
Authors: Korol Ana M , D’Arrigo Mabel , Foresto Patricia , Pérez Susana , Martín Maria T , Rosso Osualdo A
Published: September 2010

We present an application of wavelet-based Information Theory quantifiers (Normalized Total Shannon Entropy, MPR-Statistical Complexity and Entropy-Complexity plane) on red blood cells membrane viscoelasticity characterization. These quantifiers exhibit important localization advantages provided by the Wavelet Theory. The present approach produces a clear characterization of this dynamical system, finding out an evident manifestation of a random process on the red cell samples of healthy individuals, and its sharp reduction of randomness on analyzing a human haematological disease, such as β-thalassaemia minor.
Mental Practice in the Intermanual Transfer of Motor Skills
Authors: Lohse Keith R , Healy Alice F. , Sherwood David
Published: September 2010

The current study compared intermanual transfer for two different handwriting tasks (familiar letters and novel symbols), following both mental and physical practice. There was substantial transfer from practice with the dominant hand to the nondominant one in both time to produce a character and size of the character produced, but there was no transfer in the reverse direction (even for novel symbols). Most importantly, there was significant transfer as a result of mental practice in production time comparable to physical practice. However, there was no transfer from mental practice when measuring character size. During mental practice, task-level variables still had significant effects whereas effector-level variables did not. Thus, asymmetrical transfer as a result of mental practice is posited to result from the transfer of task-level processes but not effector-level processes.
Is There a December Effect? Strategic Prepayments of Deductible State Income Tax
Authors: Shon John , Veliotis Stanley
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: Individuals’ state income tax payments are deductible in the year paid for federal income tax purposes. This study investigates whether, and to what extent, individuals implement federal tax planning by prepaying state estimated income taxes before year-end, even though those payments are not due until January 15. Based on a study of 34 states’ aggregate data on estimated income tax receipts from individuals, we find strong evidence of this effect. We also find that this effect is increasing with the cost of state income tax payments. The results suggest that individual taxpayers take steps to reduce taxes by shifting deductions from one year to an earlier year and/or exploit the time value of money provided by accelerating federal tax savings by one year.
Basal and Insulin Mediated VLDL-Triglyceride Kinetics in Type 2 Diabetic Men
Authors: Sørensen Lars P. , Andersen Iben R. , Søndergaard Esben , Gormsen Lars C. , Schmitz Ole , Christiansen Jens S. , Nielsen Søren
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE

Increased very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) concentration is a central feature of diabetic dyslipidemia. The objective was to compare basal and insulin mediated VLDL-TG kinetics, oxidation, and adipose tissue storage in type 2 diabetic and healthy (nondiabetic) men.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Eleven type 2 diabetic and 11 healthy men, matched for BMI and age, were included. Ex vivo-labeled VLDL-TG tracers, blood and breath samples, fat biopsies, indirect calorimetry, and body composition measures were applied to determine VLDL-TG kinetics, VLDL-TG fatty acids (FA) oxidation, and storage in regional adipose tissue before and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp.

RESULTS

VLDL-TG secretion was significantly greater in diabetic compared with healthy men (basal: 86.9 [31.0] vs. 61.9 [30.0] μmol/min, P = 0.03; clamp: 60.0 [26.2] vs. 34.2 [17.9] μmol · min−1, P = 0.01). The insulin mediated suppression of VLDL-TG secretion was significant in both groups. VLDL-TG clearance was lower in diabetic men (basal: 84.6 [32.7] vs. 115.4 [44.3] ml · min−1, P = 0.08; clamp: 76.3 [30.6] vs. 119.0 [50.2] ml · min−1, P = 0.03). During hyperinsulinemia fractional VLDL-TG FA oxidation was comparable, but in percentage of energy expenditure (EE), significantly higher in diabetic men. Basal VLDL-TG storage was similar, but significantly greater in abdominal compared with leg fat.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased VLDL-TG in type 2 diabetic men is caused by greater VLDL-TG secretion and less so by lower VLDL-TG clearance. The ability of hyperinsulinemia to suppress VLDL-TG secretion appears preserved. During hyperinsulinemia VLDL-TG FA oxidation is significantly increased in proportion of EE in type 2 diabetic men. Greater basal abdominal VLDL-TG storage may help explain the accumulation of upper-body fat in insulin-resistant individuals.
Early rebleeding after coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Jartti Pekka , Isokangas Juha-Matti , Karttunen Ari , Jartti Airi , Haapea Marianne , Koskelainen Tatu , Tervonen Osmo
Published: September 2010

Background: Early rebleeding after coiling of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm (IA) may cause disability or death. The incidence and predictors of early rebleeding have previously been sparsely investigated.

Purpose: To assess the incidence and risk factors of early rebleeding after coiling of a ruptured IA and to analyze the outcome of the patients suffering early rehemorrhage.

Material and Methods: The data of 194 consecutive acutely (within 3 days) coiled patients with saccular ruptured IAs were analyzed. Age, gender, hypertension, aneurysm multiplicity, Hunt et Hess (HH) grade, intracerebral hematoma (ICH), intraventricular hematoma (IVH), external ventricular drainage (EVD), aneurysm location and size, and the grade of the initial aneurysm occlusion were tested to find the risk factors for early rebleeding. The outcome of the patients suffering rehemorrhage was verified.

Results: Early rebleeding after coiling occurred in 7 patients out of 194 (3.6%). The presence of an ICH at admission and HH grade 3–5 before coiling were significant risk factors for rebleeding. An early rehemorrhage appeared as an enlargement of the initial ICH in all of these patients. Six of seven patients had good outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale, GOS, 3–5). Logistic regression analysis did not find any other statistically significant risk factors.

Conclusion: The incidence of early rebleeding after acutely coiled ruptured IA was 3.6%. Risk factors for post-procedural rehemorrhage were the presence of ICH on the initial CT and HH grade 3–5 before coiling. Early rebleeding appeared exclusively as an enlargement of the initial ICH and not an increased amount of blood in the subarachnoid space.
Coronary calcification in patients with marker-positive acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Voigtländer Thomas , Möhlenkamp Stefan , Eggebrecht Holger , Budde Thomas , Erbel Raimund , Schmermund Axel
Published: September 2010

Background: The value of assessing coronary artery calcium (CAC) with regard to characterizing unstable coronary artery disease remains controversial.

Purpose: To evaluate the amount of CAC in patients with an acute marker-positive coronary syndrome in segments containing the culprit lesion compared with the remote coronary segments.

Material and Methods: Thirty-two patients with a marker-positive acute coronary syndrome were examined using electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT), selective coronary angiography and, in some, intravascular ultrasound. The coronary anatomy was analyzed according to the segmental classification proposed by the American Heart Association (AHA).

Results: The total EBCT coronary artery calcium score (CAC, Agatston method) was 251±371 (range 0–1629). In 81% of the patients, a greater CAC score was observed than expected on the basis of age and gender. In 30 patients, significant stenoses were detected. The CAC score of the culprit vessel was 108±163 vs 78±134 in the non-culprit vessels and did not differ significantly ( P=0.4). The mean CAC score of the coronary segment (AHA classification) containing the culprit lesion was 51±82 vs 29±45 in the other coronary artery segments ( P=0.14). Of the two patients with no CAC detected by EBCT, one had no coronary atherosclerosis (confirmed by intravascular ultrasound) and one had one vessel coronary artery disease.

Conclusion: Coronary calcium related to the culprit lesion in patients with a marker-positive acute coronary syndrome showed a tendency for an increased amount but was not statistically different from the amount of coronary calcium in remote vessel segments.