bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Microextraction Techniques for Determination and Chemical Speciation of Selenium
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed S. A. , Al-Farawati Radwan , Hawas Usama , Shaban Yasser
Published: June 2017

Research designed to improve extraction has led to the development of microextraction techniques (ME), which involve simple, low cost, and effective preconcentrationof analytes in various matrices. This review is concerned with the principles and theoretical background of ME, as well as the development of applications for selenium analysis during the period from 2008 to 2016. Among all ME, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was found to be most favorable for selenium. On the other hand, atomic absorption spectrometry was the most frequently used instrumentation. Selenium ME have rarely been coupled to spectrophotometry and X-ray spectrophotometry methods, and there is no published application of ME with electrochemical techniques. We strongly support the idea of using a double preconcentration process, which consists of microextraction prior to preconcentration, followed by selenium determination using cathodic stripping voltammetry (ME-CSV). More attention should focus on the development of accurate, precise, and green methods for selenium analysis.
Approximation Properties of Ibragimov-Gadjiev-Durrmeyer Operators on Lp (ℝ+)
Authors: Ulusoy Gülsüm , Aral Ali
Published: June 2017

We deal with the approximation properties of a new class of positive linear Durrmeyer type operators which offer a reconstruction of integral type operators including well known Durrmeyer operators. This reconstruction allows us to investigate approximation properties of the Durrmeyer operators at the same time. It is first shown that these operators are a positive approximation process in Lp(ℝ+) . While we are showing this property of the operators we consider the Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness and corresponding K-functional. Then, weighted norm convergence, whose proof is based on Korovkin type theorem on Lp(ℝ+), is given. At the end of the paper we show several examples of classical sequences that can be obtained from the Ibragimov-Gadjiev-Durrmeyer operators.
Customer engagement for evaluating customer relationships in hotel industry
Authors: Rather Raouf Ahmad , Sharma Jyoti
Published: June 2017

Customer engagement can be used as a proxy in customer behaviour research for evaluating customer relationships towards a company and/or brand. Companies are increasingly recognizing the value of establishing close customer relationships. The objective of the research was to explore the associations among customer engagement dimensions and loyalty for evaluating customer relationships in hotel industry. Furthermore, the study evaluated the level and influence of new customers and repeat customer segments. The questionnaires were completed by 240 customers from five star hotels (30% customers) and four star hotels (70% customers) in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis were used to test the constructs. The results suggested that customer engagement (CE) makes a substantial contribution to the prediction of loyalty in building customer relationships. The findings proposed that hoteliers can actively incorporate strategies to enhance CE, which eventually develops a sustainable loyal customer relationship. The results could be effective to hoteliers in engaging customers while marketing, branding, differentiating and segmenting its products and services in building loyal customer relationships. Moreover, segmenting the customers offers a deeper and more inclusive knowledge of nature of customer relationships and how engagement can be fostered and developed among diverse customer segments.
Study on possibilities of expansion of Japanese-Type ecotourism – focusing on nature-based daytrip tourists to ecotourism regions in Nabari City
Authors: Kim Sangjun
Published: June 2017

This paper is an expedition study analysing the features of trips of ‘nature-based tourists’ from amongst daytrip tourists in Japan with the aim of seeking for expansion possibilities of Japanese-type ecotourism. Approximately 400,000 people visit Nabari City in Mie Prefecture, the target destination in this paper, on an annual basis with the aim of enjoying the nature. Samples used for analysis in this paper have been collected from 437-day trip visitors from amongst 500 visitors to major sight-seeing spots of Nabari City from October to December 2014. It has been found through analysis that whilst nature-based daytrip visitors in Japan were satisfied with natural environments themselves, they were less satisfied with regards to activities and services during their trips. Cluster analyses for grasping tendencies per markets were performed and disclosed.
Comparison of the Temperature Conditions in the Transport of Perishable Foodstuff
Authors: Rovňaníková Dominika
Published: June 2017

In this article, the temperatures in transport of different types of perishable foodstuffs will be compared. The comparison will be made based on the evaluation of measurement data from the remote probe and compared with the temperature measured by a thermograph installed in the vehicle. The results will be compared with a tolerance listed in the individual regulations, laws and Agreement ATP (Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage), which are further described in the first part of the article.
Food Insecurity and Health Outcomes
Authors: Gundersen Craig , Seligman Hilary K.
Published: June 2017

Food insecurity is increasingly recognized as a major health crisis in the U.S. More than 42 million persons were food insecure in 2015, far higher than the levels preceding the 2007 Great Recession. Decades of research demonstrate that food insecurity diminishes individuals’ overall well-being. The recognition of food insecurity as a health crisis, however, stems from a more recent appreciation of the multiple negative health outcomes and, thus, higher health care costs, attributable to food insecurity. An extensive literature from multiple fields, including agricultural economics, economics, medicine, and nutrition, has emerged in recognition of food insecurity as a health crisis. Among other findings, food insecurity among children is associated with increased risks of some birth defects, anemia, lower nutrient intakes, cognitive problems, and aggression and anxiety. Food insecurity is also associated with higher risks of being hospitalized, poorer general health, worse oral health and with having asthma, behavioral problems, depression, and suicidal ideation. For adults, studies have shown that food insecurity is associated with decreased nutrient intakes; increased rates of mental health problems (including depression), diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; being in poor or fair health; and poor sleep outcomes. Food insecurity and poor health are likely linked bi-directionally; that is, it is true both that living in a food insecure household predisposes an individual to poor health, and that poor health predisposes one to living in a food insecure household. After describing how food insecurity is measured, we turn to the multiple causes of food insecurity and potential pathways through which food insecurity leads to these negative health outcomes. Finally, we describe two recently articulated interventions designed to address both food insecurity and its health impact. The first is a targeted increase in benefit levels for supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP, formerly known as the Food Stamp Program) enrollees and near eligible households, and the second provides tailored support for food insecure individuals with diabetes.
Mass outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in the context of the controversies around the Białowieża Primeval Forest
Authors: Grodzki Wojciech
Published: June 2017

Spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreaks occur in managed and protected forests alike, but although known of for a long time, management and control of this insect is a controversial subject due to the forests’ diverse nature and protection status. In this paper, an overview of the bark beetle, conditions leading to outbreaks, natural enemies and the efficiency of control measures is presented and put into perspective with regards to the current controversies concerning outbreak management. The Białowieża Primeval Forest is central to this discussion, because the area remains divided into parts with different nature protection statuses. Ideas concerning the current but also future outbreak progress and possible issues with the management of natural resources in this area are presented.
Export Diversification and Sources of Growth in Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Akram Vaseem , Rath Badri Narayan
Published: June 2017

We examine the impact of export diversification on total factor productivity (TFP) growth in case of 28 emerging market economies (EMEs) using annual data from 1995 to 2014. The results indicate that export diversification has significant positive impact on TFP growth. Further the results show that the TFP growth contributes more towards output growth as compared to factor accumulation in case of highly export diversified countries. The policy suggests that the emerging countries should focus more on export diversification-led-growth via productivity channel.
The dolerite dyke swarm of Mongo, Guéra Massif (Chad, Central Africa): Geological setting, petrography and geochemistry
Authors: Nkouandou Oumarou Faarouk , Bardintzeff Jacques-Marie , Mahamat Oumar , Fagny Mefire Aminatou , Ganwa Alembert Alexandre
Published: June 2017

Dolerite dykes are widespread in the Mongo area within the granitic Guéra Massif (Chad, Central Africa). Dykes are several hundred metres to several kilometres long, a metre to decametre thick, and vertical, crosscutting the Pan-African granitic basement rocks. They are controlled by major Pan-African NNE-SSW, NE-SW and ENE-WSW faults. Rocks constituting the dykes exhibit typical doleritic textures (
3D density modelling of Gemeric granites of the Western Carpathians
Authors: Šefara Ján , Bielik Miroslav , Vozár Jozef , Katona Martin , Szalaiová Viktória , Vozárová Anna , Šimonová Barbora , Pánisová Jaroslava , Schmidt Sabine , Götze Hans-Jürgen
Published: June 2017

The position of the Gemeric Superunit within the Western Carpathians is unique due to the occurrence of the Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks together with the autochthonous Upper Palaeozoic cover. The Gemeric granites play one of the most important roles in the framework of the tectonic evolution of this mountain range. They can be observed in several small intrusions outcropping in the western and south-eastern parts of the Gemeric Superunit. Moreover, these granites are particularly interesting in terms of their mineralogy, petrology and ages. The comprehensive geological and geophysical research of the Gemeric granites can help us to better understand structures and tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians. Therefore, a new and original 3D density model of the Gemeric granites was created by using the interactive geophysical program IGMAS. The results show clearly that the Gemeric granites represent the most significant upper crustal anomalous low-density body in the structure of the Gemeric Superunit. Their average thickness varies in the range of 5–8 km. The upper boundary of the Gemeric granites is much more rugged in comparison with the lower boundary. There are areas, where the granite body outcrops and/or is very close to the surface and places in which its upper boundary is deeper (on average 1 km in the north and 4–5 km in the south). While the depth of the lower boundary varies from 5–7 km in the north to 9–10 km in the south. The northern boundary of the Gemeric granites along the tectonic contact with the Rakovec and Klátov Groups (North Gemeric Units) was interpreted as very steep (almost vertical). The results of the 3D modelling show that the whole structure of the Gemeric Unit, not only the Gemeric granite itself, has an Alpine north-vergent nappe structure. Also, the model suggests that the Silicicum–Turnaicum and Meliaticum nappe units have been overthrusted onto the Golčatov Group.
The Law Governing Cultural Heritage in Italy: Universal Values Versus National Cultural Identity
Authors: Casertano Letizia
Published: June 2017

Taking the move from the theories of cultural internationalism and nationalism, some problematic issues that hamper the creation of an effective, common legal regime of protection against illicit trafficking of cultural objects, are analysed in the light of UNESCO 70 and UNIDROIT 95 together with the case of Italy as a paradigmatic example. In this context, absent an effective common legal framework,
On the solvability of the antiperiodic boundary value problem for systems of linear generalized differential equations
Authors: Ashordia Malkhaz
Published: June 2017

An antiperiodic boundary value problem is considered for systems of linear generalized differential equations. A Green-type theorem on the unique solvability of the problem and representation of its solution are established. Effective necessary and sufficient conditions (of spectral type) are given for the unique solvability of the problem as well.
On the absolute convergence of Fourier series with respect to general orthonormal systems
Authors: Tsagareishvili Vakhtang
Published: June 2017

The problems of absolute convergence of multiple Fourier series with respect to both general orthonormal systems and multiple Haar series are studied.
Water-soluble heteropolyacid-based ionic liquids as effective catalysts for oxidation of benzyl alcohol in water with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Kai Ouyang , Xiaoxiang Han , Chunhua Xiong , Xiujuan Tang , Qing Chen
Published: June 2017

A series of organic-inorganic composite catalysts were prepared by modifying tungstophosphoric acid (H
Synthesis of various β-D-glucopyranosyl and β-D-xylopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates and evaluation of their antioxidant activities
Authors: Shimotori Yasutaka , Hoshi Masayuki , Osawa Yosuke , Miyakoshi Tetsuo
Published: June 2017

Various β-D-glucopyranosyl and β-D-xylopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates were efficiently prepared from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (TAGB) or 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-xylopyranosyl bromide (TAXB), respectively, by amine-promoted glycosylation. Regioselective deacetylation of the resulting acetylated β-D-gluco- and β-D-xylopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates was investigated using Novozym 435 as a lipase catalyst. In the case of β-D-glucopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates, Novozym 435-catalyzed deacetylation is regioselective at C-4 and C-6 positions. On the other hand, β-D-xylopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates are deacetylated only at the C-4 position. Antioxidant activities of free hydroxybenzoic acids and the respective β-D-gluco- and β-D-xylopyranosyl hydroxybenzoates were evaluated by DPPH˙ radical scavenging as well as their inhibitory effect on autoxidation of bulk methyl linoleate. The β-D-xylopyranosyl protocatechoate, as well as quercetin and α-tochopherol, show high antioxidant activity for the radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙). In bulk methyl linoleate, the antioxidant activities of β-D-gluco- and β-D-xylopyranosyl protocatechoates are higher than that of α-tocopherol.
Molecular characterization of Baylisascaris devosi Sprent, 1952 (Ascaridoidea, Nematoda) from Kamchatka sables
Authors: Tranbenkova Nina A. , Spiridonov Sergei E.
Published: June 2017

The nematodes of the genus Baylisascaris are common intestinal parasites of sables (Martes (M.) zibellina kamtschadalica Birula, 1916) on the entire territory of Kamchatka peninsula. Partial sequences of Cox I mitochondrial gene were used for molecular characterization of these nematodes, which confirmed the identification based on morphological data as B. devosi Sprent, 1952. Phylogenetic relationships of this Baylisascaris species were also inferred from the ITS rDNA and LSU rDNA sequences. SEM images were provided for taxonomically important morphological features.
Transmission risk assessment of invasive fluke Fascioloides magna using GIS-modelling and multicriteria analysis methods
Authors: Juhásová L. , Králová-Hromadová I. , Zeleňáková M. , Blišťan P. , Bazsalovicsová E.
Published: June 2017

The combination of multicriteria analysis (MCA), particularly analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) were applied for transmission risk assessment of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda; Fasciolidae) in south-western Slovakia. Based on the details on F. magna life cycle, the following risk factors (RF) of parasite transmission were determined: intermediate (RFIH) and final hosts (RFFH) (biological factors), annual precipitation (RFAP), land use (RFLU), flooded area (RFFA), and annual mean air temperature (RFAT) (environmental factors). Two types of risk analyses were modelled: (1) potential risk analysis was focused on the determination of the potential risk of parasite transmission into novel territories (data on F. magna occurrence were excluded); (2) actual risk analysis considered also the summary data on F. magna occurrence in the model region (risk factor parasite occurrence RFPO included in the analysis). The results of the potential risk analysis provided novel distribution pattern and revealed new geographical area as the potential risk zone of F. magna occurrence. Although the actual risk analysis revealed all four risk zones of F. magna transmission (acceptable, moderate, undesirable and unacceptable), its outputs were significantly affected by the data on parasite occurrence what reduced the informative value of the actual transmission risk assessment.
Refrigerator Optimal Scheduling to Minimise the Cost of Operation
Authors: Bálint Roland , Magyar Attila
Published: June 2017

The cost optimal scheduling of a household refrigerator is presented in this work. The fundamental approach is the model predictive control methodology applied to the piecewise affine model of the refrigerator.

The optimisation could not be solved using off-the-shelf tools, e.g. Multi-Parametric Toolbox, so a binary treebased optimal scheduling algorithm has been developed for this problem.
Beyond obesity – thermogenic adipocytes and cardiometabolic health
Authors: Aldiss Peter , Dellschaft Neele , Sacks Harold , Budge Helen , Symonds Michael E.
Published: June 2017

The global prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease continues to increase through the 21st century. Whilst multi-factorial, obesity is ultimately caused by chronic caloric excess. However, despite numerous interventions focussing on reducing caloric intake these either fail or only elicit short-term changes in body mass. There is now a focus on increasing energy expenditure instead which has stemmed from the recent ‘re-discovery’ of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and inducible ‘beige’ adipocytes. Through the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), these thermogenic adipocytes are capable of combusting large amounts of chemical energy as heat and in animal models can prevent obesity and cardiometabolic disease. At present, human data does not point to a role for thermogenic adipocytes in regulating body weight or fat mass but points to a pivotal role in regulating metabolic health by improving insulin resistance as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review will therefore focus on the metabolic benefits of BAT activation and the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which these could occur including improvements in insulin signalling in peripheral tissues, systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism and cardiac and vascular function.
Formation of Nano-porous Structure in a Cathode at the Interface between Pt Electrode and YSZ during CO2 Electrolysis at 1,000 °C
Authors: Kashiwaya Yoshiaki , Nomura Takahiro , Shiomi Yohei
Published: June 2017

The electrolysis of CO2 was investigated using a simple Pt/YSZ/Pt cell (yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)). The cell performance increased drastically after applying the overvoltage of 4.0 V for ~5 min. The current density increased 30 times at 1.4 V and 11 times at 2.0 V. Using a laser microscope and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the structural changes of the surface of the Pt electrode and the interface between the YSZ and Pt electrode were investigated to understand the reaction mechanism at the cathode for increasing the cell performance. The results showed that the Pt electrode surface became smooth after the experiment. Moreover, the interface between YSZ and the Pt cathode greatly changed after the electrolysis experiment, while that of the anode showed only a minor change. The structure of the cathode interface consisted of a 1-μm-thick nano-porous Pt layer and a micro-porous structure comprising YSZ and Pt. These structures are involved in CO2 electrolysis. Possible elementary reactions are also presented in this paper.
Editorial. The Role of Autophagy in Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Cheng Jun , Quan Min , Wu Liang , Wang Qi
Published: June 2017

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects ≈2% of the world’s population. HCV infection not only causes acute and chronic hepatitis, but also leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular pathogenesis of HCV infection has been explored and many evidence indicated that autophagy is an important process for its life cycle, although autophagy was thought as a mechanism to eliminate invaded HCV from hepatocyte. Structural and non-structural proteins of HCV are important regulators of autophagy, and HCV uses autophagy as a necessary step in its replication. Down-regulation of innate immune response by HCV through unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy induction was used as a pathway to establish chronic HCV infection in the liver. Meanwhile, the infected hepatocyte is also using autophagy mechanism to eradicate HCV virus from liver. The study on relationship between HCV and autophagy will pave the new way to understand HCV life cycle and to find new strategy for prevention and treatment of liver diseases caused by HCV infection.
Original Article. Hepatitis B Virus S Promoter Deletion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Su-zhen , Zheng Jia-jia , Chen Xiang-Mei , Zhang Ting , Xu Qiang , Zhuang Hui , Lu Fengmin
Published: June 2017

Objective To identify the difference and significance of dominant types of hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S mutation between liver tumor tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues and to test if the mutations were tumor tissue specific.

Methods HBV DNA isolated from 34 paired intratumoral and peritumoral tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients were screened by PCR and direct sequencing. All patients carried HBV with genotype C, except for one B/C heterozygote. The expression, localization and excretion of LHBs mutant carrying pre-S deletions were characterized in vitro. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) GRP78 mRNA was assayed.

Results Four patterns of pre-S mutations were identified: pre-S1 in-frame deletion involving the first start codon; pre-S2 in-frame deletion; pre-S2 start codon mutation with or without in-frame deletion; and S promoter in-frame deletion (ΔSP). The first two types were evenly found in both tumor and non-tumor tissues. They were rarely present as dominant strains. The last two types were frequently found in the dominant strains in tumor tissues. The overall prevalence of HBV carrying ΔSP was 17.64% (6/34) in tumor tissues, but none were dominant in nontumor tissues. HBV carrying ΔSP was unable to produce S protein in vitro. Immunocytofluorescence assay showed that the ΔSP LHBs mutant aggregated in the cytoplasm, accumulating mainly in the ER. Transient transfection and expression of ΔSP mutant caused GRP78 up-regulation in vitro.

Conclusions HBV S promoter deletion was found dominantly in HCC tumor tissue. The aggregation of mutant large surface proteins in the ER possibly involved in HBV-related HCC.
Original Article. Evaluation of Rapid Detection of Nasopharyngeal Colonization with MRSA by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Kang Feng-feng , Cao Shu-yan , Li Yan-ming , Li Jiang-tao , He Qing , Li Yi , Hu Yun-jian
Published: June 2017

Objective To investigate the clinical application of Real-Time PCR for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) directly from nasopharyngeal swab specimens.

Methods We collected the nasal and throat swab specimens from patients or medical staffs in 3 intensive care units, blood laminar flow ward and respiratory ward in Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health from December 2010 to April 2011. Each sample was tested by RT-PCR and conventional culture-based method for the presence of MRSA.

Results The total number of the specimens was 206. Compared with the conventional culture-based method, we demonstrated the diagnostic values for Real-Time PCR were 96.4% sensitivity, 96.6% specificity, 81.8% positive predictive rate, and 99.4% negative predictive rate. And the limit of detection was 102CFU/ml.

Conclusions This Real-Time PCR is a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific method. With the high negative predictive value, it can be used for the exclusion of MRSA colonization or infection. However, the application of its low positive predictive value should be further evaluated.
The Relationship between Intrahepatic Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen and Serum ALT, HBV DNA Levels and HBeAg Status
Authors: He Qing , Tang Qi-yuan , Le Xiao-hua , Lv De-liang , Zhang Xiang-mei , Ao Fei-jian , Tang Yi-min , Huang Shan , Nunnari John , Yang Gui-lin
Published: June 2017

Objective The clinical significance of differential distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleocapsid antigen in hepatocytes remains unknown. The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between distinct HBV core antigen distribution pattern and alanine transaminase (ALT), liver histological inflammatory activity grades, serum HBeAg status and HBV DNA level.

Methods Total of 958 cases with chronic hepatitis B were recruited into this study. Liver function tests, serum HBV DNA level, serological HBV markers and liver immunohistochemistry were examined according to the conventional instructions. Chi Square tests were performed to analyze the differences among these groups.

Results It was found that 552 (58%) cases were tested positive for HBV core antigen by immunohistochemical staining. Cytoplasmic hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) expression correlated with ALT level and serum HBV DNA and liver inflammatory activity scores, however, nuclear HBcAg expression in hepatocytes was associated with normal ALT level, lower liver inflammatory activity score and higher serum HBV DNA level and rate of HBeAg positivity. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic HBcAg expression in hepatocytes associated with a middle ALT level and liver inflammatory activity score, higher rate of serum detectable HBeAg and a higher HBV DNA level. However, undetectable core antigen was related to a lower ALT level and histological inflammatory activity grade, lower positive HBeAg rate and HBV DNA level.

Conclusions Undetectable liver HBcAg is associated with HBV clearance, ALT normalization and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, and cytoplasmic HBcAg expression associated with higher hepatic inflammatory activity. However, nuclear HBcAg expression correlates with immune tolerance characterized with normal ALT and lower liver inflammatory activity, higher HBV replication level and higher rate of HBeAg positivity.
Severe Novel Influenza A (H1N1) in Shanghai: Clinical Features, Therapeutic Management and Risk Factors for Mortality
Authors: Xi Xiu-hong , Lu Shui-hua , Mu Yong-ping
Published: June 2017

Objective To analyze the clinical features, therapeutic management and risk factors for mortality of patients with severe novel A (H1N1) influenza in Shanghai, China.

Methods All patients were diagnosed by influenza A (H1N1) virus mRNA detection. Chest CT scan, routine blood, hepatic function, humoral and cellular immunity, sputum smears, and sputum cultures were performed. Logistic analysis was applied to identify risk factors for mortality.

Results Total of 68 patients were enrolled in this study, the primary clinical symptoms including cough (66, 97.1%), expectoration (41, 60.3%), and polypnea (41, 60.3%). Altogether, 37 (54.4%) and 11 (16.2%) patients were infected with bacterial and fungal, respectively. CT scan demonstrated that 67 (98.6%) patients had pneumonia. Oxygen therapy, oseltamivir, antibiotic and antifungal drugs were performed in 68 (100%), 66 (97.1%), 39 (57.4%), and 11 (16.2%) patients, respectively. Finally, 4 of 68 patients died. Logistic analysis demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between the percentage of neutrophils and mortality before therapy and direct bilirubin content and mortality after therapy, respectively.

Conclusions Patients with severe H1N1 influenza were susceptible to bacterial and/or fungal infection. The risk factors for mortality may be associated with pre-therapeutic neutrophil percentage and post-therapeutic direct bilirubin content.
Successful Treatment with Triple Therapy of Amphotericin B, Voriconazole and Flucytosine on an AIDS Patients with Severe Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Hu Zhi-liang , Wei Hong-xia , Yao Wen-hu , Yang Yong-feng
Published: June 2017

A 35-year-old man (body weight = 63 kg) with AIDS complaining fever and headache after having commenced anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for a week was admitted to our hospital. Five lumbar punctures performed during 38 days could not confirm a cryptococcal meningitis (CM) based on staining or culture methods for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disease quickly progressed with serious hearing/vision impairment and frequent onset of seizure and coma after being treated with corticosteroids for five days, and then CM was confirmed. Subsequent lumbar puncture showed elevated intracranial pressure as high as 870 mm H2O, even though treated with standard antifungal regimens for CM. His disease was finally controlled by a new triple therapy with amphotericin B (0.7 mg•kg-1•day-1, intravenously), flucytosine (100 mg/kg perday, orally in four divided doses), and voriconazole (200 mg every 12 hours) and ART containing lamivudine (300 mg/day), stavuding (30 mg, twice a day) and efavirenz (300 mg, orally every night). Although it is rare, negative CSF stain or culture for cryptococci in AIDS patients with CM can persist for a long time. Corticosteroids should be used cautiously when an effective anti-fungal therapy is not administered. Triple therapy with amphotericin B, flucytosine and voriconazole may be selectively applied in severe CM. Voriconazole can be co-administered with efavirenz with modified dosing
Cloning and Expression of HBV Infection Related Novel Gene C12orf49
Authors: Meng Xue , Sun Yue , Gu Hong-yan , Wei Hong-shan , Li Xing-wang
Published: June 2017

Objective To clone, express and purify C12orf49 recombinant protein. To prepare rabbit anti-C12orf49 protein polyclonal antibody in order to further elucidate its biological function.

Methods PCR was used to amplify the gene C12orf49 in vitro. pET-32a (+)-C12orf49, the recombinant protein prokaryotic expression vector, was transformed into E. coli. IPTG was used as the inductive agent to obtain C12orf49 recombinant protein, and the recombinant protein was analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot. Specific polyclonal antibody was derived from rabbits that immunized by recombinant protein. ELISA and Western blot were used to test its titer and specificity, respectively. MTT cell proliferation experiment was carried out to observe effect of the protein on proliferation of HepG2 cells.

Results The C12orf49 recombinant protein was expressed in a large quantity. Data of ELISA indicated that the titer of polyclonal antibody was higher than 1:1 280 000. And the antibody also had a good specificity, confirmed by Western blot. C12orf49 recombinant protein may had a advanced effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells.

Conclusions Using C12orf49 recombinant protein, we can obtain the polyclonal antibody with great titer and good specificity. Human novel gene C12orf49 encoded protein could promote the proliferation of HepG2 cells.
An Immunoabsorption Column Configuration for Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Gao Qing-wei , Zou Han-fa , Kong Liang , Yuan De-sheng
Published: June 2017

Objective To configure an immunoabsorption column for hepatitis B virus.

Methods Being activated by epichlorohydrin, the human antibody HBsAb-IgG was bound to the carrier of agarose gel. The configuration process was as follows: the synthesis of epoxide matrix, the synthesis and activation of amino matrix, the synthesis of aldehydic matrix, the synthesis of immunoabsorption matrix, the end capping and reduction of unbound aldehydic, the blocking of unbound mass and the filling of the column.

Results The bound rate of activated agarose gel and antibody HBsAb-IgG is 85.07%. By plasma adsorption experiment, it is revealed that the immunoabsorption column can absorb and eliminate 58.97% of HBsAg and 53.1% of hepatitis B virus particles in extracorporeal plasma.

Conclusions The immunoabsorption column for hepatitis B virus can absorb and eliminate HBsAg and hepatitis B virus particles in extracorporeal plasma.
The Prevalence and Levels of Anti-HEV IgG in the Population of Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Yao Xin , Wu Ting , Zhou Cheng , Li Yi-min , Zhu Feng-cai , Yan Qiang , Huang Wei-jin , Ji Chuan , Liang Zheng-lun , Wang Jun-zhi
Published: June 2017

Objective To investigate the prevalence and levels of anti-HEV IgG in the population of Jiangsu Province.

Methods Total of 2 656 samples from Qindong and 11 463 samples from Anfeng were colleted. The anti- HEV antibody was qualitatively and quantitatively detected using ELISA kits and the references had been established.

Results The positive rates of anti-HEV IgG in male and female were 55.6% and 40.1%, respectively. The positive rate of anti-HEV IgM in male and female were both 3.4%. In opposite to anti-HEV IgG, the positive rate of anti-HEV IgM in Anfeng was significant higher than that in Qindong. The mean anti-HEV IgG titers for 6 age groups were 0.94, 0.92, 1.07, 1.46, 1.27, 1.19 and 0.68, 1.31, 1.08, 1.14, 1.31, 1.68 IU/ml, in Qindong and Anfeng region, respectively. The positive rate of anti-HEV IgG tended to increase with age and the titer of anti- HEV IgG was associated with age (R > 0.90).

Conclusions The results in this study showed that HEV was widely prevalent in both Qindong and Anfeng of Jiansu Province and the prevalence and the anti-HEV IgG titer were associated with gender and age.
Identification of Human Hepatocyte Proliferation Related Gene C2orf69
Authors: Zhang Ren-wen , Qiao Yong , Hao Xiao-hua , Li Hong-min , Ren Hui , Zhang Xiao-jing , Wei Hong-shan , Xu Xiao-yuan
Published: June 2017

Objective To construct the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+)-C2orf69 and induce the expression of recombinant proteins in vitro. Then the possible effects of recombinant protein on cell proliferation was observed and rabbit-anti-C2orf69 protein polyclonal antibodies was obtained.

Methods Gene fragment of C2orf69 was amplified by PCR and then prokaryotic expression plasmid pET-32a(+)-C2orf69 was constructed. Recombinant protein C2orf69 expression was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The white-ear rabbits were immunized with purified recombinant protein C2orf69, and the potency and specificity of polyclonal antibody were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Also, different liver cells were incubated with recombinant protein C2orf69 in vitro.

Results C2orf69 gene fragment was successfully amplified, results of gene sequencing were consistent with the sequence in GenBank. Recombinant protein of C2orf69 was successfully induced and expressed. The polyclonal antibody titer was up to 1︰1 280 000 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results of cell proliferation showed that the recombinant protein could inhibit the proliferation of different liver cells.

Conclusions The recombinant protein C2orf69 could inhibit the proliferation of different liver cells, and we speculated that it may be a widely roled inhibitor of hepatocyte proliferation. Our experiment showed that the proliferation inhibition of cells may be realized by G1 phase extending and S phase shortening.
Liver Cirrhosis and Intestinal Bacterial Translocation
Authors: Lan Tao , Chen Bao-chun , Fu Li-ping , Li Zhi-juan , Wu Xiang-jun , Cui Nai-qiang
Published: June 2017

Intestinal barrier dysfunction, facilitating translocation of bacteria and bacterial products, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis and its complications. Intestinal defense system including microbial barrier, immunologic barrier, mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal function. Under normal circumstances, the intestinal barrier can prevent intestinal bacteria through the intestinal wall from spreading to the body. Severe infection, trauma, shock, cirrhosis, malnutrition, immune suppression conditions, intestinal bacteria and endotoxin translocation, can lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The intestinal microflora is not only involved in the digestion of nutrients, but also in local immunity, forming a barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The derangement of the gut microflora may lead to microbial translocation, defined as the passage of viable microorganisms or bacterial products from the intestinal lumen to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other extraintestinal sites. In patients with cirrhosis, primary and intestinal flora imbalance, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction, endotoxemia is associated with weakened immunity.
Helicobacter Infection and Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Chi Zhao-chun , Yu Xin-juan , Dong Quan-jiang
Published: June 2017

This paper reviews the recent Helicobacter infection associated with chronic liver disease. The bacteriology, prevalence, pathogenesis and diagnosis were reviewed. Future work should be conducted on the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease.
Adolescent and parent perspectives prior to involvement in a Fontan transition program
Authors: Du Plessis Karin , Culnane Evelyn , Peters Rebecca , d’Udekem Yves
Published: June 2017

Background

Successful transition to adult healthcare is particularly important for congenital heart disease (CHD) patients who have undergone palliative surgery, as they risk adverse events if not followed closely. This study examines young people at the worst end of the CHD spectrum who are born with a single ventricle (pumping heart chamber), and who undergo a series of operations that culminate in the Fontan surgical procedure.

Purpose

To explore adolescents with a Fontan circulation, and their parents’, readiness for transition to adult care and pre-implementation of a transition program.

Methods

Seventeen adolescents (15–18 years) and 15 of their parents completed questionnaires at the start of their first transition clinic.

Results

Adolescents reported poor knowledge about their Fontan circulation, and 41% had a poor understanding of the purpose of their medications/treatments. Over half of the adolescents had poor knowledge around medical help-seeking (when, who, how). Most reported feeling comfortable with discussing their medical issues with their cardiologist, but considerably less so about sensitive adolescent issues, in particular, emotional wellbeing. Parents reported high levels of anxiety around transition to adult care services.

Conclusion

Findings pre-program indicate poor adolescent health knowledge, a lack of focus in health services on emotional wellbeing and high parental anxiety. These findings highlight the need for dedicated programs that focus on early preparation, parental involvement and acknowledgment, transition as a process, strong integration and prioritisation in the health system with a youth-friendly and holistic focus, in particular, around emotional wellbeing.
Big Data, Small Sample
Authors: Gerlovina Inna , van der Laan Mark J. , Hubbard Alan
Published: June 2017

Multiple comparisons and small sample size, common characteristics of many types of “Big Data” including those that are produced by genomic studies, present specific challenges that affect reliability of inference. Use of multiple testing procedures necessitates calculation of very small tail probabilities of a test statistic distribution. Results based on large deviation theory provide a formal condition that is necessary to guarantee error rate control given practical sample sizes, linking the number of tests and the sample size; this condition, however, is rarely satisfied. Using methods that are based on Edgeworth expansions (relying especially on the work of Peter Hall), we explore the impact of departures of sampling distributions from typical assumptions on actual error rates. Our investigation illustrates how far the actual error rates can be from the declared nominal levels, suggesting potentially wide-spread problems with error rate control, specifically excessive false positives. This is an important factor that contributes to “reproducibility crisis”. We also review some other commonly used methods (such as permutation and methods based on finite sampling inequalities) in their application to multiple testing/small sample data. We point out that Edgeworth expansions, providing higher order approximations to the sampling distribution, offer a promising direction for data analysis that could improve reliability of studies relying on large numbers of comparisons with modest sample sizes.
Predictive Modeling of Integrated Boiler Unit for a Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Chandrasekharan Sreepradha , Panda Rames Chandra , Swaminathan Bhuvaneswari Natrajan
Published: June 2017

Majority of the power plants in the world is based on coal. Pulverized coal is used to generate pressurized steam to drive turbines where-by chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. Modeling of the steam generator in thermal power plant plays a major role as it comprises of interactive units like economizer, drum and super-heater. Experiments across different units of the power plant are carried out to build correlations between input and output. Main objective of the work is to compare performances arising out by considering the system-model as three individual units or as one integrated boiler unit. In order to do this, multiple regression equations are derived based on quadratic models. The dependability of the pressure and temperature on the other variables are analyzed using the statistical analysis tool and validation of the derived model with the plant data is performed. Significance of regressions were evaluated based on ANOVA which in combination with standardized residuals distribution and their means for confidence levels of 95 and 99 %, helped in validating the model. Operating parameters are optimized using RSM supported by design of experiments with Box-Behnken design. These models will be helpful in understanding and designing the safe operation and control of thermal power plants.
Research on Frequency Selection of Triple Frequency in Earth Capacitance Measurement
Authors: Zhou Qiukuan , Yao Jun , Liu Yan , Tan Yi , Zou Yang , Guo Lisha
Published: June 2017

This paper investigates a frequency selection method of triple frequency in earth capacitance measurement. Based on the researches about the triple frequency method, the measurement principle of the proposed method is presented in detail. In this paper, the accurate earth capacitance in the distribution network can be calculated by establishing corresponding equations with injecting three different frequencies of current signals to the triangle open-side of voltage transformer (VT). Furthermore, the influences of selected frequency on the calculated results of the capacitive current are further analyzed. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, the initial selected frequencies of injected zero-sequence current signal should be set small as the larger earth capacitance in the distributed network is more common. Then the value of selected frequency should be increased correspondingly with the small capacitance in the distribution network. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis and feasibility of frequency selection method are verified with the simulation and experimental results of the earth capacitance measurement in distribution network.
Performance Comparison of Static and Dynamic State Estimators for Electric Distribution Systems
Authors: Ahmad Fiaz , Abdul Kabir Rashid Muhammad , Rasool Akhtar , Özsoy Eşref Emre , Sabanovic Asif , Elitaş Meltem
Published: June 2017

State estimation is an integral component of energy management systems used for the monitoring and control of operation of transmission networks worldwide. However, it has so far not yet been widely adopted in the distribution networks due to their passive nature with no active generation. But this scenario is challenged by the integration of distributed generators (DGs) at this level. Various static and dynamic state estimators have been researched for the transmission systems. These cannot be directly applied to the distribution systems due to their different philosophy of operation. Thus the performance of these estimators need to be re-evaluated for the distribution systems. This paper presents a computational and statistical performance of famous static estimator such as weighted least squares (WLS) and dynamic state estimators such as extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for electric distribution system. Additionally, an improved-UKF (IUKF) is also proposed which enhances the robustness and numerical stability of the existing UKF algorithm. All the estimators are tested for load variation and bad data for IEEE-30, 33 and 69 bus radial distribution networks using statistical performance metrics such as Maximum Absolute Deviation (MAD), Maximum Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Overall Performance index (J). Based on these metrics, IUKF outperforms other estimators under the simulated noisy measurement conditions.
Jacobi Collocation Approximation for Solving Multi-dimensional Volterra Integral Equations
Authors: Abdelkawy Mohamed A. , Amin Ahmed Z. M. , Bhrawy Ali H. , Tenreiro Machado José A. , Lopes António M.
Published: June 2017

This paper addresses the solution of one- and two-dimensional Volterra integral equations (VIEs) by means of the spectral collocation method. The novel technique takes advantage of the properties of shifted Jacobi polynomials and is applied for solving multi-dimensional VIEs. Several numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the method and an error analysis verifies the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method when solving VIE.
Henan Oirat: a shrinking pool of unique linguistic features
Authors: Balogh Mátyás
Published: June 2017

Henan Oirat is a severely endangered dialect of the Mongolian language spoken by only a handful of individuals in Henan Mongol Autonomous County (MAC), the southernmost of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture’s (TAP) four counties. Over 90 % of Henan’s population is registered as belonging to the Mongol ethnic group, however the most widely used language in the county is Amdo Tibetan. The predecessors of the Henan Oirats were a part of Güüshi Khan’s Oirat Mongols, commonly referred to as Deed Mongols, who came to Qinghai in the seventeenth century. The investigation of the history and language of the Henan Oirats, however, is inseparable from the history and language of the numerous groups of Mongols who had lived in the region prior to Güüshi’s Oirats. I believe these groups could not have left the region before the Oirats’ arrival without leaving any traces. For this reason, I think it is essential to dwell a little upon the Mongol groups that have lived in Qinghai and to clarify the origin of the Henan Oirats.
Language vitality and glottonyms in the Ethnic Corridor: The rTa'u language
Authors: Sonam Lhundrop Tunzhi
Published: June 2017

The purpose of the paper is twofold. First, I describe the vitality of rTa