bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs from a police unit in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Authors: Louly Carla Cristina Braz , Fonseca Iracele Nogueira , Oliveira Vilma Ferreira de , Linhares Guido Fontgalland Coelho , Menezes Liliana Borges de , Borges Lígia Miranda Ferreira
Published: March 2007

The seasonal dynamics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks was developed in dogs from a Police Unit in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, from July 2001 to July 2002. The study was carried out on seven naturally infested dogs (two English Cocker Spaniels and five mongrel dogs), with ages between six months and 10 years. Every two weeks, the numbers of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults were determined. Dogs showing infestation levels above 500 adult ticks received three acaricide treatments. Considering that the treatments had affected the development of some peaking populations of ticks, it was inferred the occurrence of the following peaks: - larvae (four peaks): from August to November, from November to February, from March to May, and from May to July; - nymphs (five peaks): from July to September, from October to December, from December to February, from March to May, and from June to July; - adults (four peaks): from July to October, from October to January, from January to March, and from April to July. The occurrence of these consecutive peaks of activity of each stage of R. sanguineus may indicate that this tick can develop up to four generations per year in Goiânia. On the other hand, if the acaricide treatment did not interfere with the development of R. sanguineus peaks, more than four peaks of each stage have occurred on the dogs. In this case, it is acceptable to infer that more than one population of R. sanguineus was developing within the kennel concomitantly. The mean numbers of each tick stage was similar in the different seasons. The main attachment sites were located on the neck, chest, forelegs, armpits, ears, between toes and on the head. The number of adult ticks feeding on English Cocker Spaniel dogs was 1.4 to 11.5 times higher than that feeding on mongrel dogs.
Frangos de corte alimentados com dietas de diferentes densidades nutricionais suplementadas ou não com enzimas
Authors: Toledo Geni Salete Pinto de , Costa Paulo Tabajara Chaves , Silva Jose Henrique , Ceccantini Marcio , Poletto Junior César
Published: March 2007

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de enzimas exógenas adicionadas a dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja com diferentes densidades nutricionais. Foram utilizados 480 pintos de corte machos de um dia de idade da linhagem COBB 500, distribuídos em um delineamento fatorial (2 x 2), alimentados com dietas de duas densidades nutricionais (padrão e baixa), com ou sem um pool de enzimas (50g t-1 de Rovábio®). Para cada tratamento, foram utilizadas seis repetições de 20 aves cada, distribuídas em boxes de 1,5 x 1,5m. A densidade nutricional da dieta padrão foi: 22,00/3000; 19,80/3100 e 17,82/3200 de proteína bruta (%) e energia metabolizável (Kcal kg-1), respectivamente na fase inicial, de crescimento e final. As dietas de baixa densidade continham 2% menos de PB, lisina e metionina+cistina, e 65kcal de EM kg-1. Consumo alimentar, peso corporal, conversão alimentar e índice bio-econômico alimentar foram analisados. Para a fase inicial, não houve interação entre as densidades nutricionais e o complexo enzimático; entretanto, na fase de crescimento e final, houve interação significativa para consumo alimentar e peso corporal entre as aves da dieta padrão e de baixa densidade. As aves alimentadas com dietas de baixa densidade suplementadas com enzimas apresentaram maior ganho de peso quando comparadas com as sem enzimas. Consumo alimentar e ganho de peso corporal das aves das dietas padrão sem enzimas foram superiores aos observados nas de dietas de baixa densidade com e sem enzimas; entretanto, a conversão alimentar não apresentou diferença significativa entre elas. Conclui-se que a adição do complexo enzimático melhora o desempenho de aves que recebem dieta de baixa densidade; entretanto, elas tiveram desempenho inferior que as aves alimentadas com dietas de densidade padrão com e sem enzimas. O custo alimentar das aves que receberam dietas de baixa densidade com enzimas foi menor do que o das aves que receberam a dieta padrão.
Influência da qualidade da casca do ovo sobre índices de produtividade de um incubatório industrial
Authors: Gil de los Santos João Rodrigo , Fornari Cláudio Mário , Téo Marcos Antônio
Published: March 2007

Visando a melhorar a produtividade, muitas empresas do mercado avícola incubam a maioria dos ovos produzidos nas granjas, incluindo aqueles com problemas de casca. Para avaliar as conseqüências dessa prática, foram estudados os índices de produtividade de 6992 ovos das linhagens Ross e Cobb, agrupados em cinco categorias, segundo a integridade e a qualidade da casca e o local de postura: controle, trincados, deformados, trincados lavados e deformados lavados. Determinaram-se índices de fertilidade, eclodibilidade, mortalidade embrionária e contaminação. Os índices de eclodibilidade dos ovos deformados foram menores que os trincados e controle (P<0,001), seguidos dos trincados, também menores que os controles (P<0,001). Não houve efeito do lavado dentro dos grupos (P>0,05). O maior índice de contaminação e de mortalidade embrionária foi nos ovos deformados (24,3% e 45,4%) e deformados lavados (36,1% e 34,0%). Os resultados sugerem que se deve dar preferência ao descarte de ovos deformados, independentemente do lavado e do local de postura quando se procura aumento da eficiência em incubatórios industriais.
Utilização de probiótico e de lactulose no controle de hiperamonemia causada por desvio vascular portossistêmico congênito em um cão
Authors: Brum Alexandre Martini de , Champion Tatiana , Zanatta Rosana , Costa Mirela Tinucci , Canola Júlio Carlos
Published: March 2007

O desvio vascular portossistêmico pode ser congênito ou adquirido nos cães. A enfermidade pode levar a alterações neurológicas decorrentes de encefalopatia hepática e a hiperamonenia é um dos mecanismos implicados na fisiopatologia deste quadro. O tratamento clínico visa a reduzir os níveis séricos de amônia com o uso de antibióticos e lactulose. Em humanos com hepatopatias, os probióticos podem ser utilizados para reduzir a hiperamonemia. A resposta clínica e laboratorial de um cão com desvio vascular portossistêmico foi demonstrada com a utilização de lactulose e de probiótico, isoladamente e associados, sendo que a melhor evolução foi obtida na terapia conjunta.
Pênfigo foliáceo em um eqüino
Authors: Monteiro Gabriel Augusto , Souza Maria Verônica de , Conceição Lissandro Gonçalves , Borba Camila de Lacerda Balbi e Rocha , Moreira Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo
Published: March 2007

Pênfigo foliáceo é uma rara afecção cutânea auto-imune que acomete várias espécies. Relata-se o caso de uma égua de quatro anos de idade, sem raça definida, apresentando áreas de alopecia, exsudação e crostas localizadas na face, região peitoral e membros pélvicos, além de prurido. Os exames laboratoriais para pesquisa de ácaros, bactérias e estruturas fúngicas foram negativos. O exame histopatológico revelou uma dermatite pustular intra-epidérmica com acantólise subcorneal, assim como dermatite perivascular superficial, com infiltração de eosinófilos, sendo o quadro compatível com pênfigo foliáceo.
The meaning of religious beliefs for a group of cancer patients during rehabilitation
Authors: Aquino Verônica Vrban , Zago Márcia Maria Fontão
Published: March 2007

The objective of this exploratory study was to identify how religion influences the survival of a group of cancer patients. The study consisted of an ethnographic case with the participation of six laryngectomized male and female patients between 51 and 72 years old, who had been operated on two to five years earlier. Data were collected by semistructured interviews and analyzed on the basis of the concepts of culture and religion. The results were synthesized into three descriptive categories: the moral representation of cancer, religious beliefs about the cancer trajectory, and negotiation with religion for survival. These categories give rise to the meaning "the hope for a second chance", which emphasizes the importance of religion as part of the support networks that articulate with the patient's coping with the stigma of cancer, with the hope for cure, and with the ways of organizing everyday life, during survival.
Managing cancer and its intercurrences: the family deciding to seek emergency care for the child
Authors: Misko Maira Deguer , Bousso Regina Szylit
Published: March 2007

This study aimed to understand how the family of a child with cancer manages the illness and its intercurrences at home, and how it makes the decision of taking the child to an emergency care service. Oral History was used as the methodological strategy and data analysis was based on the "Family Management Style Framework". Participants were six mothers between 28 and 47 years old, who were experiencing their child's cancer treatment. The possible need for emergency care is incorporated into the family routine as a resource to manage the illness whenever it goes beyond the mother's capacity to keep control over the symptoms, which is permeated by suffering, derived from the uncertainties this creates. Helping the mother to develop skills to get stronger and reduce the suffering resulting from the situations that generate uncertainties and insecurities in her daily life with the child with cancer is a challenge.
Nursing education: contradictions and challenges of pedagogical practice
Authors: Pinto Joelma Batista Tebaldi , Pepe Alda Muniz
Published: March 2007

This study deals with the nursing curriculum, pedagogical practice and education. Nowadays, this theme has taken up considerable space in academic debates. Thus, this study aimed to get empirical knowledge and provide an analytical description of the academic reality of nursing education at Santa Cruz State University in the undergraduate nursing course. This is a descriptive study, which may provide a new view of the problem, with careful observation, description, and exploration of the situation aspects, interpreting the reality, without interfering in it and, consequently, being open to new studies. Descriptive statistics with simple frequency and percentage calculation was applied. In summary, results indicate that professors and students have difficulties to evaluate the curriculum. In addition, the curriculum under study is characterized as a collection curriculum, with a pedagogical practice predominantly directed at the traditional model. Hence, nursing education still shows features of the biomedical-technical model.
Profile of students registered in nursing auxiliary and technician courses of the Nursing Worker Professionalization Project (PROFAE) in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Beatriz Guitton Renaud Baptista de , Porto Isaura Setenta , Ferreira Márcia de Assunção , Castro Joyce Beatriz de Abreu
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to present a profile of students registered in the Professional Training Courses for Nursing Auxiliaries and Complementation Courses for Nursing Technicians of the Nursing Worker Professionalization Project - PROFAE. This quantitative study was carried out in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from August 2004 to January 2005, through the application of 1,400 questionnaires. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, with simple frequencies and percentages. After tabulation, data were divided in the following categories: sociodemographic data, educational background, family profile, habits, professional activity, salary range, expectations about PROFAE and nursing, difficulties to participate in the project and the teaching-learning process. Students/workers graduated from the PROFAE program tend to improve the quality of hospital and outpatient care, contributing to labor market dynamics in the health sector.
The gall maker Neopelma baccharidis Burck. (Homoptera:Psyllidae) on Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae): individual, local, and regional patterns
Authors: Collevatti Rosane G. , Sperber Carlos F.
Published: March 2007

Baccharis dracunculifolia, the host plant of the gall maker Neopelma baccharidis Burck., is locally distributed in delimited patches. The effects of the host plant individual (plant height, crown diameter, and crown volume), local (host plant patch), and regional (locality) characteristics on the number of galls were analyzed, in Viçosa (three patches) and in Rio Doce State Park, Marliéria (two patches), Minas Gerais State (20°45'S, 42°50'W; and 19°50'S, 42°30'W, respectively). The number of galls/individual plant increased homogenousliy with plant dimensions on local and regional scale. Gall load was also homogenous, but the proportion of galled plants differed on a local scale. The differences were related to local plant size differences, and not to host plant patch size. Plants without galls presented different frequency distributions of plant dimensions than galled plants, with greater number of little plants, which indicated a minimum plant size to be gall maker prone. Local factors prevailed over regional factors in determining the number of N. baccharidis galls on 5. dracunculifolia, affecting the size of individual plants and suitability to the gall maker, without modifying the relationship between gall load and plant dimensions.
Incidência de parasitóides e patógenos em adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) na região de Pelotas, RS
Authors: Heineck-Leonel Maria A. , Salles Luiz A. B.
Published: March 2007

O trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar os inimigos naturais de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) coletados em diferentes plantas olerícolas entre maio de 1994 e abril de 1995 em Pelotas, RS (lat. 31°, 52'S, long. 52°, 21'W). Os inimigos naturais mais freqüentes foram o taquinídeo Celatoria bosqi Blanch., o braconídeo Centistes gasseni Shaw e o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. O nematóide Hexamermis sp. e o fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. ocorreram em baixos níveis. Durante o ano, os menores percentuais de parasitismo foram observados no mês de dezembro (6,6%) e os maiores em abril (35,5%), resultando em um parasitismo médio anual em torno de 20%.
Células-tronco em odontologia
Authors: Soares Ana Prates , Knop Luégya Amorim Henriques , Jesus Alan Araujo de , Araújo Telma Martins de
Published: March 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: existe um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de técnicas para a manipulação de células-tronco, no intuito de instituirem-se tratamentos restauradores de tecidos e órgãos. Para que a bioengenharia seja eficaz, faz-se necessária a presença de três fatores: as próprias células-tronco, uma matriz extracelular e fatores de crescimento. Existem inúmeros fatores de crescimento envolvidos no desenvolvimento do órgão dentário. Por isso pesquisadores ainda não foram capazes de formar um órgão completo, embora existam diversos estudos evidenciando a formação de esmalte e dentina a partir de células-tronco isoladas da polpa dentária. Recentemente, também foram isoladas células-tronco da polpa dos dentes decíduos. Sabe-se que estas células são altamente proliferativas, sendo de grande importância para o cirurgião-dentista o conhecimento do seu comportamento biológico e técnicas de obtenção. OBJETIVO: este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca das atuais tendências das pesquisas com células-tronco na Odontologia, além de discorrer sobre os fatores implicados para o sucesso na utilização prática dessas células.
Estudo sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial: teste de associação entre marcadores genéticos e indicadores morfológicos numa amostra de fissurados labiopalatais do estado do Paraná - Brasil
Authors: Silva Alcion Alves
Published: March 2007

OBJETIVO: as fissuras que acometem a região do lábio e/ou palato são as anomalias faciais mais freqüentes nos seres humanos. Sua etiologia é complexa, envolvendo fatores genéticos e ambientais. Nos serviços multidisciplinares, a investigação científica das características desta deformidade sobre a população assistida é fundamental para a atuação em nível preventivo. A proposição deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade da estimativa do risco de fissuras labiopalatais, numa amostra de indivíduos afetados do estado do Paraná, através do teste de associação entre indicadores morfológicos (fenótipo) e uma região genética principal (genótipo). METODOLOGIA: utilizou-se o complexo do Antígeno Leucocitário Humano (HLA) como marcador. Uma amostra composta por 17 indivíduos, do gênero masculino, acometidos por fissuras labiopalatais, não sindrômicos, oriundos do Centro de Atendimento Integral ao Fissurado (Curitiba/PR), foi testada quanto à associação entre duas características morfológicas da base do crânio - ângulo basicraniano (Ba.S.Na) e dimensão da base craniana anterior (BCA) - e os tipos HLA mais freqüentes. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: o coeficiente de associação demonstrou-se fraco entre as grandezas cefalométricas representativas da morfologia basicraniana (Ba.S.Na e BCA). Entre a grandeza Ba.S.Na e os aloantígenos HLA-B, HLA-DQ e a grandeza BCA e os aloantígenos HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DQ e HLA-DR o coeficiente de associação indicou independência. Entre Ba.S.Na e os aloantígenos HLA-A e HLA-DR o coeficiente de associação indicou dissociação fraca. Como conclusão, não foi observada associação entre as características fenotípicas e genotípicas testadas para esta amostra, embora não tenha sido lícito afirmar ou negar a possibilidade de utilização destas como indicadores de risco para fissuras labiopalatais em outras populações.
Produção e qualidade de forragem da mistura de aveia e azevém sob dois métodos de estabelecimento
Authors: Rocha Marta Gomes da , Pereira Lilian Elgalise Techio , Scaravelli Luciene Fernanda Barros , Olivo Clair Jorge , Agnolin Carlos Alberto , Ziech Magnos Fernando
Published: March 2007

Neste trabalho, comparou-se a sobre-semeadura de aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) em pastagem de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) ao cultivo estreme como métodos de implantação de pastagens de inverno em sistema de pastejo rotacionado com vacas holandesas em lactação. Foram avaliados a produção total de MS (PTF), a massa de forragem de entrada (MFE), o resíduo (RES), as perdas de forragem (PD), a taxa de acúmulo diário de MS (TAD), a carga animal (CA), a oferta de forragem (OF) e a biomassa de lâminas foliares (BLF). Para determinação da composição botânica, foram separados em cada espécie (aveia, azevém e coastcross) os componentes estruturais folha, colmo e material senescente. Na entrada e saída dos animais da pastagem, foram colhidas amostras por simulação de pastejo para determinação dos teores de PB e FDN. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para PTF, MFE, RES, PD, TAD, OF e CA. A oferta média de lâminas foliares foi de 1,3±0,67 kg LF/100 kg PV. A sobre-semeadura proporcionou maior biomassa de lâminas foliares disponibilizando forragem com maior teor de PB e menor de FDN na entrada e saída dos animais da pastagem.
Determinação da exigência nutricional de cálcio de codornas japonesas na fase inicial do ciclo de produção
Authors: Barreto Sergio Luiz de Toledo , Pereira Ciane Aparecida , Umigi Regina Tie , Rocha Tatiana Cristina da , Araujo Marcelle Santana de , Silva Cynthia Siqueira , Torres Filho Rodolpho de Almeida
Published: March 2007

Foi conduzido um experimento para determinação da exigência nutricional de cálcio de 360 codornas japonesas fêmeas (peso médio inicial de 121,5 g), durante o período inicial de produção (56 a 171 dias de idade). As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 4, com seis níveis de Ca na ração (1,6; 2,0; 2,4; 2,8; 3,2 e 3,6%) e quatro períodos experimentais de 28 dias. Cada tratamento foi constituído de seis repetições e a unidade experimental foi representada pela gaiola contendo dez aves. Não houve efeito significativo da interação níveis de Ca ' períodos sobre nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. Verificou-se, no entanto, aumento linear para produção de ovos, peso de ovo e espessura de casca. Houve ainda redução linear para conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e porcentagem de Ca na tíbia e efeito quadrático para massa de ovo, ganho de peso das aves, peso específico dos ovos, peso de casca e porcentagem de cinzas na tíbia. Observou-se que a produção e a massa de ovos obtidas com o nível de 3,2% de Ca foi 3,3 e 3,8% superiores, respectivamente, em valores absolutos, quando comparada àquela contendo 3,6% de Ca. A exigência de Ca estimada de codornas japonesas na fase inicial de produção variou de 3,0 a 3,6% na dieta, de acordo com os parâmetros avaliados. Recomenda-se o nível de 3,2% de Ca na dieta, que corresponde a um consumo diário de 882 mg de Ca/ave, ou de 87 mg de Ca/g de ovo, como exigência satisfatória para obtenção de melhor produção e de eficiente conversão alimentar (por massa e por dúzia de ovos) e para manutenção da qualidade dos ovos.
Estimativa de energia metabolizável de rações com polpa cítrica em substituição ao milho para tourinhos em terminação
Authors: Pereira Eduardo Menegueli , Santos Flávio Augusto Portela , Nussio Luiz Gustavo , Pedroso Alexandre Mendonça , Costa Diogo Fleury Azevedo , Imaizumi Hugo , Bittar Carla Maris Machado
Published: March 2007

Avaliou-se a substituição do milho moído fino (MM) por polpa cítrica (PC) em rações para bovinos machos não-castrados terminados em confinamento. As rações continham 70% de concentrado e 30% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar e foram formuladas com 0, 50, 75 e 100% de PC em substituição ao milho. Além dos suplementos energéticos estudados, as rações continham grãos de soja quebrados, uréia, mistura mineral e vitamínica e monensina sódica. Foram utilizados 72 machos Canchim não-castrados, com 318 kg de PV inicial e 18 meses de idade. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados e a duração do período experimental foi de 130 dias - 14 para adaptação e 116 para a coleta de dados (divididos em quatro subperíodos). A eficiência alimentar e a energia líquida de mantença e de ganho foram maiores nos animais alimentados com a dieta formulada com 50% de PC em comparação àquela isenta de polpa. O ganho de peso diário e o consumo de MS (IMS) obtidos com as dietas com 75 e 100% de PC foram inferiores aos encontrados com 50% de substituição. A espessura de gordura e o rendimento de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos níveis de substituição do milho por polpa cítrica. Considerando os dados obtidos, os dois modelos, NRC (2001) e NRC (1996), subestimam o valor energético da PC em comparação ao MM.
Efeito da suplementação de lipídios sobre a digestibilidade e os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal em cabras leiteiras
Authors: Silva Márcia Maria Cândido da , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , Rodrigues Carla Aparecida Florentino , Branco Renata Helena , Leão Maria Ignez , Magalhães Amélia Cristina Mendes de , Matos Rogério da Silva
Published: March 2007

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de óleo de soja (OS), sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (SC) e grão de soja (GS) na dieta sobre o consumo, as digestibilidades total e ruminal dos nutrientes, os parâmetros ruminais e a produção e eficiência de produção de proteína microbiana em cabras. Foram utilizadas oito cabras não-gestantes e não-lactantes, fistuladas no rúmen, distribuídas em delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 4 x 4, com duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas, sendo uma controle (C), isenta de lipídio suplementar, e as demais, adicionadas de um dos suplementos testados, contribuindo com 4,5% de EE suplementar (6,5% na dieta total). A suplementação lipídica não alterou o consumo de MS. Os coeficientes das digestibilidades total e ruminal do EE nas dietas com suplementos lipídicos foram superiores aos da dieta controle. Maior tempo de retenção de partículas sólidas foi obtido com o uso de grão de soja como suplemento. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o pH, a síntese e a eficiência de proteína microbiana, mas reduziram a concentração de amônia no rúmen. A suplementação com lipídios no nível de 4,5% pode ser utilizada de modo eficiente em dietas para caprinos.
Comparison of the susceptibility of two hardwood species, Mimosa scabrella Benth and Eucalyptus viminalis labill, to steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: Ramos L. P. , Carpes S. T. , Silva F. T. , Ganter J. L. M.
Published: March 2007

Steam explosion of two hardwood species was carried out with and without addition of sulfuric acid (H2SO4 0.5%, p/v) as a pretreatment catalyst. In general, wood chips of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill were shown to be more amenable to pretreatment than chips derived from bolds of Mimosa scabrella Benth (bracatinga). This was apparent from all pretreatment parameters tested including the overall recovery yields of pretreated fractions, carbohydrates (pentoses and hexoses) recovered as water-solubles, yield of dehydration by-products and lignin susceptibility to acid hydrolysis. There was no evidence for complete deacetylation of both wood species during pretreatment and lignin appeared to undergo extensive acid hydrolysis at higher pretreatment severities. Steam treatment at 205ºC for 5 min without addition of an acid catalyst was shown to be uncapable of removing the hemicellulose component from bracatinga chips, as determined by chemical analysis of the steam-treated water-insoluble fractions. Nearly 30% of the hemicellulose (xylan) found in bracatinga remained unhydrolysed after pretreatment, whereas more than 90% of this component could be removed from eucalypt chips under the same pretreatment conditions. Likewise, pretreatment of eucalypt chips resulted in a more extensive solubilization of glucans (cellulose) by acid hydrolysis. Addition of dilute H2SO4 as a pretreatment catalyst generally increased the recovery yield of fermentable sugars in the water-soluble fractions and this effect was more pronounced for the pretreatment of bracatinga chips. Steam-treated substrates produced from bracatinga were also less accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis than those produced from eucalypt chips, regardless of the use of an acid catalyst.
Compositional changes of proteins and amino acids in germinating coffee seeds
Authors: Shimizu Milton Massao , Mazzafera Paulo
Published: March 2007

Endosperm is the main reserve tissue in coffee seeds. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds were germinated for six weeks and qualitative and quantitative changes in amino acids and proteins were investigated. The total content of free amino acids were reduced during germination, however, protein content remained constant. SDS-PAGE profiles showed that legumin-like proteins became less stained in the last weeks. Asparagine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and lysine were the major free amino acids, although serine and glutamine were also significant. Except for tyrosine, which increased with germination, all other amino acids were reduced. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the total soluble protein showed glutamic acid/glutamine and glycine as the main amino acids. However, other amino acids such as leucine, aspartic acid/asparagine, alanine, lysine, serine were also found in reasonable amounts.
Evaluation of nutrient status and grain yield of two corn cultivars under different soil aluminum levels after liming
Authors: Pauletti Volnei , Prevedello Beatriz Monte Serrat , Pissaia Amir , Scopel Airton
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of decreasing levels of Al saturation through the addition of lime under field conditions in the nutritional status and grain yield of two corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars: one tolerant and one non-tolerant to Al. The experiment was conducted on Red Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) at the Paraná, Brazil. Control plots received no lime (T0), the treatment T3 received lime to achieve 0% Al saturation and treatments T1 and T2 recieved 33.3% and 66.6%, respectively, of the lime applied to treatment T3. At full bloom stage, representative leaves ("nutritional leaves") were analysed for macro, micronutrients and Al contents, and in treatments T0 and T3 were also analyzed for Al distribution in shoot plants parts (stem, node, internode and leaves). Liming increased concentrations of N, P and Mg and decreased concentrations of Mn and Al in the "nutritional leaves"of both cultivars. The Al distribution in the shoot plant parts showed that its concentration was higher in the leaves than in any other plant part, independent of liming level. Grain yield of the tolerant cultivar was higher, although for both cultivars increase in yield was correlated with decrease in Al saturation.
Consumption of ferulic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids by soybean root tips
Authors: Silva Hélio Cândido da , Herrig Vanessa , Ferrarese Maria de Lourdes L. , Ferrarese-Filho Osvaldo
Published: March 2007

Depletion method was used to describe how soybean root consumed ferulic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids in nutrient culture. The results showed that excised cultured soybean roots consumed these allelochemicals very rapidly. At concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 mM, roots consumed 50% or more of ferulic acid after 6-h depletion. Although consumption started only after 3 h, similar behavior was verified with p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Location and angulation of curvatures of mesiobucal canals of mandibular molars debrided by three endodontic techniques
Authors: Constante Isa Geralda Teixeira , Davidowicz Harry , Barletta Fernando Branco , Moura Abilio Albuquerque Maranhão de
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the degree of angulation and the position of root curvatures and their influence on the comparative results between the performances of the Progressive, Staged and Serial Preparation Techniques. The mesiobucal canals of 70 extracted mandibular molars were filled with a radiological contrast of 100% Barium sulphate and radiographed with a direct digital radiographic system, in an apparatus that guarantees that the samples remain in the same spatial position at all times. The images were then analyzed in the Coreldraw 10 program (MicroSafe, RJ, Brasil) in accordance with two criteria: the methods of Berbert, Nishiyama¹ (1994) and Schneider11 (1971) to determine the position and the angle of the root curvatures, respectively. Initially, the possibility of correlation between these two variables was studied. The teeth were then selected according to angulation (greater than 25 degrees) and position of root curvatures (cervical, median and apical) in order to perform the endodontic techniques. After preparation, the samples were radiographed again and the images were superimposed in order to compare the pre- and post-operative areas. The difference between them showed the percentage of widening for each technique. The results showed that there was no correlation between the angulations and the root curvature positions, and that the different positions did not interfere in the performance of the techniques. The Progressive Preparation technique produced the highest widening values for all the groups, irrespective of the root curvature position.
An in vitro comparison of the force decay generated by different commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs
Authors: Santos Ana Cristina Soares , Tortamano André , Naccarato Sandra Regina Frazatto , Dominguez-Rodriguez Gladys Cristina , Vigorito Julio Wilson
Published: March 2007

This in vitro study was designed to compare the forces generated by commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs, and to determine their force decay pattern. Forty elastomeric chains and forty NiTi closed coil springs were divided into 4 groups according to the following manufacturers: (1) Morelli®, (2) Abzil®, (3) TP Orthodontics® and (4) American Orthodontics®. The specimens were extended to twice their original length and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. Initial force was measured by means of an Instron universal testing machine and then at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results revealed that the elastomeric chains delivered a mean initial force of 347 g for Morelli®, 351 g for American Orthodontics®, 402 g for Abzil®, and 404 g for TP Orthodontics®. The NiTi closed coil springs generated a mean initial force of 196 g for American Orthodontics®, 208 g for TP Orthodontics®, 216 g for Abzil®, and 223 g for Morelli®. The mean percentage of force decay observed after 28 days for the elastomeric chains was 37.4% for TP Orthodontics®, 48.1% for American Orthodontics®, 65.4% for Morelli®, and 71.6% for Abzil®. After 28 days, the NiTi closed coil springs presented a mean percentage of force decay of 22.6% for American Orthodontics®, 29.8% for Abzil®, 30.6% for Morelli®, and 45.8% for TP Orthodontics®. At the end of the study, significant differences were observed between the elastomeric chains and the NiTi closed coil springs. The results indicated that the studied NiTi closed coil springs are more adequate for dental movement than the elastomeric chains.
Gingival margin alterations and the pre-orthodontic treatment amount of keratinized gingiva
Authors: Closs Luciane Quadrado , Branco Paula , Rizzatto Susana Deon , Raveli Dirceu Barnabé , Rösing Cassiano Kuchenbecker
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this retrospective study was to associate the amount of keratinized gingiva present in adolescents prior to orthodontic treatment to the development of gingival recessions after the end of treatment. The sample consisted of the intra-oral photographs and orthodontic study models from 209 Caucasian patients with a mean age of 11.20 ± 1.83 years on their initial records and 14.7 ± 1.8 years on their final records. Patients were either Angle Class I or II and were submitted to non-extraction orthodontic treatment. Gingival recession was evaluated by visual inspection of the lower incisors and canines as seen in the initial and final study models and intra-oral photographs. The amount of recession was quantified using a digital caliper and the observed post-treatment gingival margin alterations were classified as unaltered, coronal migration of the gingival margin or apical migration of the gingival margin. The width of the keratinized gingiva was measured from the mucogingival line to the gingival margin on the pre-treatment photographs. The teeth that developed gingival recession and those that did not have their gingival margin position changed did not differ in relation to the initial amount of keratinized gingiva (3.00 ± 0.61 and 3.5 ± 0.86 mm, respectively). Paradoxically, teeth that presented a coronal migration of the gingival margin had a smaller initial amount of keratinized gingiva (2.26 ± 0.31 mm). The mean amount of initial keratinized gingiva did not predispose lower incisors and canines to gingival recession.
Oral hygiene frequency and presence of visible biofilm in the primary dentition
Authors: Santos Ana Paula Pires dos , Séllos Mariana Canano , Ramos Maria Eliza Barbosa , Soviero Vera Mendes
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to associate oral hygiene frequency and presence of visible biofilm in the primary dentition. The sample consisted of 90 children, aged up to 4 years old, outpatients of the University Hospital of the Rio de Janeiro State University. The examinations were carried out in a dental office by a single trained examiner who was aided by an assistant. The parents answered a structured questionnaire about oral hygiene methods and frequency. Two biofilm indices, one simplified (BF1) and the other conventional (BF2), were used. BF1 classifies biofilm as absent, thin or thick, in anterior and/or posterior teeth, and provides a score for the patient, whereas BF2 classifies biofilm as absent or present, provides scores for three surfaces of each tooth and the final score is the percentage of tooth surfaces with biofilm. More than half of the parents (51 - 56.7%) reported they cleaned their child's teeth at least twice a day, while 7 (7.8%) had never cleaned their child's teeth. BF1 revealed that 12.2% (11) of the children had no visible biofilm, 37.8% (34) had thin biofilm in anterior and/or posterior teeth, 27.8% (25) had thick biofilm in anterior or posterior teeth and 22.2% (20) had thick biofilm in both anterior and posterior teeth. BF2 revealed a mean value of 21.8% (s.d. 16.5). No statistically significant correlations were found between oral hygiene frequency and the two biofilm indices (p > 0.05), indicating that oral hygiene frequency was not associated to oral hygiene quality in the evaluated sample.
Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Biomarkers in a Pressure Overload Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Bleske Barry E. , Hwang Hyun Seok , Zineh Issam , Ghannam Michael G. , Boluyt Marvin O.
Published: March 2007

Study Objectives. To characterize the immunomodulatory response in a pressure overload model of heart failure, and to further validate this animal model of human heart failure.

Design. Randomized, controlled, animal study.

Setting. Large university research facility.

Animals. Twenty‐seven, male, Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Intervention. The rats underwent either aortic constriction or a sham procedure.

Measurements and Main Results. Six months after the surgical procedure, echocardiographic measurements were obtained, the animals were sacrificed, and plasma samples were taken to measure concentrations of biomarkers. As six (40%) of the 15 rats in the aortic‐constriction group died before the 6 months, only nine rats from this group underwent immunomodulatory evaluation. Compared with the sham procedure, aortic constriction increased the left ventricle:body weight ratio in the rats (p=0.0016) It also decreased the velocity of circumferential shortening (p=0.08) and increased myocardial expression of atrial natriuretic factor, β‐myosin heavy chain, and fibronectin (p<0.05). Concentrations of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)‐1β and the counterregulatory mediator IL‐10 also significantly increased (p<0.04) in the group that underwent aortic constriction compared with the group that underwent the sham procedure. Nonsignificant increases (mean change ˜50–180%) were also observed for IL‐2, IL‐6, and leptin concentrations.

Conclusions. In this classic animal model of heart failure, a systemic immunomodulatory response was evaluated after 6 months of pressure overload resulting in myocardial decompensation and, in some cases, mortality. The findings are similar to the immunomodulatory response that may be observed in human heart failure. These novel results further define this model of heart failure and suggest another aspect of its relevance to human heart failure with regard to pressure overload and the immunomodulatory response.
Clinical Utility of a Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Taylor Lisa M. , Farzam Farjam , Cook Aaron M. , Lewis Daniel A. , Baumann Robert J. , Kuhn Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Study Objective. To describe the dose‐concentration relationship of a continuous intravenous infusion of valproic acid (VPA) in pediatric patients when a dosing protocol is used.

Design. Retrospective and concurrent chart review.

Setting. Tertiary care, 473‐bed, academic medical center with a 120‐bed, dedicated children's hospital.

Patients. Twenty‐six pediatric patients (< 18 yrs old) who received VPA according to the protocol for continuous intravenous infusions between January 1, 2004, and March 31, 2006, identified by using a pharmacy order‐entry system.

Measurements and Main Results. Patient demographics, VPA treatment regimens, clinical responses, and safety data were recorded and analyzed. Median patient age was 8.5 years (range 1.4–16 yrs). Approximately two thirds received VPA for seizures, and one third for migraines. Patients were given a mean ± SD VPA loading dose of 28.5 ± 5.2 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion rate of 1 ± 0.2 mg/kg/hour. Mean ± SD serum concentration measured 4.5 ± 1.6 hours after the loading dose was 83.3 ± 22.8 μg/ml. Steady‐state concentration at 23.3 ± 3.0 hours after the start of the continuous infusion was 80.0 ± 26.0 μg/ml. Postload and steady‐state serum concentrations were within the target concentration of 50–100 μg/ml in 77% and 69% of patients, respectively. On further analysis, when the target range was expanded to 50–125 μg/ml (125 μg/ml was deemed acceptable if no adverse effects were noted), 89% and 92% of patients, respectively, had postload and steady‐state VPA serum concentrations within this range. The response rate was excellent, with nearly 85% of patients achieving a complete or partial response to therapy. Adverse effects were generally mild and uncommon.

Conclusions. The continuous‐infusion protocol permitted rapid intravenous loading of VPA in pediatric patients while minimizing adverse events and achieving concentrations in the upper region of the therapeutic range.
Atypical Antipsychotics versus Haloperidol for Treatment of Delirium in Acutely Ill Patients
Authors: Rea Rhonda S. , Battistone Sarah , Fong Jeffrey J. , Devlin John W.
Published: March 2007

Delirium is common in acutely ill patients and can result in substantial morbidity if left untreated. Atypical antipsychotics have been postulated to be safer and more effective than haloperidol for treatment of this condition. To evaluate the role of atypical antipsychotics versus haloperidol for treatment of delirium in hospitalized acutely ill adults, we searched MEDLINE (1977–September 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1997–September 2006) for English‐language publications of clinical trials that compared atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol. Four comparative studies were identified: one double‐blind, randomized study (risperidone vs haloperidol), one single‐blind, randomized study (olanzapine vs haloperidol), and two retrospective studies (olanzapine vs haloperidol and quetiapine vs haloperidol). These studies demonstrated that atypical antipsychotics are as efficacious as haloperidol. In addition, they appear to be associated with a lower frequency of extrapyramidal effects, and thus are safer than haloperidol. However, these conclusions are based on a limited number of studies; larger comparative trials are needed to elucidate the role of atypical antipsychotics for treating delirium in this population.
Los Viajeros de Tierra Adentro: 1860-1900
Authors: Núñez Estuardo
Published: March 2007

A partir del siglo XIX han sido frecuentemente citados los nombres de viajeros franceses, ingleses o alemanes, muy característicos, muy sugestivos, llenos de encanto y de versación las más veces, imaginativos algunos, simplones otros, avisados o ingenuos, pulcros o descuidados, en una vasta gama que va desde las calidades superiores del investigador científico o el trazo ágil del escritor de estirpe hasta la pluma inexperta de aventurero o del profano en los menesteres espirituales. Pero poco se había reparado en la existencia de un importante y numeroso conjunto de viajeros norteamericanos que escribieron también impresiones jugosas o aportaron un caudal valioso en el conocimiento de la naturaleza o el hombre de la América Meridional o para el mejor entendimiento o intercambio entre los pueblos del norte y el sur del Continente.
Federico Gonzalez Suarez, Historian of Ecuador
Authors: Brubaker George A.
Published: March 2007

Of the men who helped to shape the destiny of Ecuador in the nineteenth century, two are outstanding. Both are enigmatic, and both appear to be contradictions to the normal pattern of behavior for their time and place. Gabriel Garcia Moreno as holder of the highest civil office of Ecuador held sway over the life and politics of the nation for nearly two decades. Federico González Suárez, who toward the end of his career was to hold the highest office the Church could bestow in Ecuador, was to have a more subtle influence as an historian.

Garcia Moreno, as civilian dictator, developed the cult of the Church to the highest degree by means of a concordat with the Vatican, and by dedicating the nation to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. For González Suárez, although a clergyman, the patria came first and religion second. If Garcia Moreno saw in the Church and Jesus Christ the only salvation for the nation, González Suárez was willing to point out the weaknesses, inadequacies, and scandalous acts of which the Church and monastic orders had been guilty.
Jose Marti and Social Revolution in Cuba
Authors: Gray Richard B.
Published: March 2007

To understand the social revolution in Cuba today one must be at once anthropologist, historian, sociologist, political scientist, scientist, economist, writer, philosopher, and something of a rebel oneself. In other words, one must be a Universal Man. Who of us today, however, would pretend to such all-encompassing knowledge? The Cuban Revolution in the nineteenth century, however, did produce such a man, José Martí. Or rather, it would be more accurate to say that such a man produced the Revolution, at least in the sense that Marti was the main publicist for the revolutionary Cuban exiles, co-ordinator of the emigrant groups, money collector, and author of its major political documents.

Although Marti ranks with Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín as a liberator, he is relatively unknown in the United States. Yet his collected works fill seventy-four volumes. One bibliography lists over 10,000 items, including more than a hundred books and more than 200 monographs written about him. Marti was first and last a revolutionist, but he was also a poet, one of the best, and highly praised by such authorities as Gabriela Mistral, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno, Fernando de los Ríos, Rufino Blanco Fombona, and Amado Nervo.
The Need for an Inter-American Approach
Authors: Stanford Henry King
Published: March 2007

Fortunate good judgment led the founders of the Journal of Inter-American Studies to place major emphasis in their new enterprise of six years ago on the most neglected aspect of studies related to the western hemisphere: the Inter-American aspect.

North Americans at that time had long been devoting scholarly attention to their neighbors to the South. But generally their study — sympathetic and understanding though it was — was of one people looking at other peoples through eyes that saw backgrounds, outlooks, and problems essentially different from their own. Thinking on the part of the North Americans was in terms of Latin American studies, Hispanic American studies, or even South American studies.
La Mentalidad Argentina en el Tango y Sus Modismos
Authors: Astigueta Fernando Diego
Published: March 2007

El Estudio de una cultura requere una atenta observación de actitudes, costumbres, giros idiomáticos, leyendas, folklore, temas novelísticos, caricaturas y tipos de chistes, modos de encarar el amor, la agresión y en general todo hecho que mantenga cierta constancia a través de las generaciones. Todo este material será de gran valor para determinar lo que se entiende como “mentalidad” (personalidad básica) de la cultura.

Partiendo del lenguaje que se habla en la Argentina podremos ver como ciertos verbos y expresiones adquieren primacia en el proceso comunicativo y como también parecerían indicar sentidos aparentemente en discordancia con la aceptación tradicional.
Sarmiento y su Teoria de “Civilizacion y Barbarie”
Authors: de Gandía Enrique
Published: March 2007

La obra más popular de Sarmiento es la que dedicó a Facundo y publicó con este nombre y el agregado de Civilización y barbarie en 1845. Este libro es, también, el que más ha sido leído, entre sus cincuenta y dos volúmenes de obras completas, y el que más comentarios, buenos y malos, ha suscitado. Sobre él han llovido los elogios y han caído los ataques. Lo mejor que se ha dicho es que constituye la obra maestra más extraordinaria de las letras americanas; lo peor, que todas sus páginas son una calumnia y un monumento de ignorancia. Entre los escritores modernos, Manuel Gálvez lo ha atacado con independencia y valentía, más movido por un raro odio que por una sabia comprensión.