bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data quality control tools used to monitor seismoacoustic research arrays in South Korea
Authors: Park Junghyun , Hayward Chris , Kim Byung-Il , Stump Brian , Che Il-Young , Arrowsmith Stephen , Kim Kwangsu
Published: July 2023

Data assessment tools designed to improve data quality and real-time delivery of seismic and infrasound data produced by six seismoacoustic research arrays in South Korea are documented and illustrated. Three distinct types of tools are used including the following: (1) data quality monitoring; (2) real-time station state of health (SOH) monitoring; and (3) data telemetry and archive monitoring. The data quality tools quantify data gaps, seismometer orientation, infrasound polarity, digitizer timing errors, absolute noise levels, and coherence between co-located sensors and instrument-generated signals. Some of the tools take advantage of co-located or closely spaced instruments in the arrays. Digitizer timing errors are identified by continuous estimates of the relative orientation of closely spaced horizontal seismic components based on the root-mean-square error between a reference seismometer and each seismometer in the array. Noise level estimates for seismic and infrasound data are used to assess local environmental effects, seasonal noise variations, and instrumentation changes for maintenance purposes. The SOH monitoring system includes the status of individual ancillary equipment (battery, solar power, or components associated with communication) and provides the operator the capability to compare the current status to the historical data and possibly make remote changes to the system. Finally, monitoring data telemetry and overall data archival provide an assessment of network performance. This collection of tools enables array operators to assess operational issues in near real-time associated with individual instruments or components of the system in order to improve data quality of each seismoacoustic array.
A Person-Centered Analysis of Adolescent Multicultural Socialization Niches and Academic Functioning
Authors: Hernández Maciel M. , Safa M. Dalal , Kornienko Olga , Rogers Adam A. , Ha Thao
Published: July 2023

Despite the growing cultural diversity worldwide, there is scarce research on how socialization processes prepare youth to respond to increasing multicultural demands and the degree to which these socialization opportunities inform youth academic functioning. This study used a person-centered approach to identify profiles or niches based on the degree and consistency of multicultural socialization experiences across school, peer, and family settings and to examine the associations between identified niches and markers of academic functioning (i.e., emotional and behavioral academic engagement, academic aspirations and expectations) in a sample of adolescents (N = 717; Mage = 13.73 years). Participants (49.9% girls) were from the U.S. Southwest and represented multiple ethno-racial backgrounds (31.8% Hispanic/Latinx, 31.5% Multiethnic, 25.7% White, 7.3% Black or African American, 1.4% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 1.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 1% Arab, Middle Eastern, or North African). Six distinct multicultural socialization niches were identified. Three niches had similar patterns across school-peer-family but ranged in the degree of socialization. The cross-setting similar higher socialization niche (Niche 6) demonstrated greater socialization than the cross-setting similar moderate (Niche 5) and lower socialization (Niche 4) niches, which had moderate and lower socialization, respectively. Three niches demonstrated cross-setting dissimilarity which ranged in the type of cross-setting contrast and the degree of socialization. The cross-setting dissimilar school contrast socialization niche (Niche 3) had greater dissimilarities between socialization opportunities in the school setting compared to the peer and family settings and demonstrated the lowest levels of socialization of all niches. The other two niches, the cross-setting dissimilar peer contrast (Niche 1) and greater peer contrast socialization (Niche 2) niches had larger dissimilarities between socialization opportunities in the peer setting than the school and family settings. In the former, however, the contrast was lower, and socialization ranged between very low to low. In the latter, the contrast was higher and socialization ranged from very low to moderate. Most adolescents were in the cross-setting similar lower socialization niche or in the cross-setting dissimilar niches. Adolescents in the cross-setting similar higher multicultural socialization demonstrated greater emotional and behavioral academic engagement than adolescents in most of the other niches. Adolescents in the cross-setting dissimilar school contrast niches demonstrated lower emotional and behavioral academic engagement and lower academic expectations than adolescents in some of the other niches. The results emphasize the collective role of school, peer, and family multicultural socialization on emotional and behavioral academic engagement.
Climate impact and energy use of structural battery composites in electrical vehicles—a comparative prospective life cycle assessment
Authors: Hermansson Frida , Edgren Fredrik , Xu Johanna , Asp Leif E. , Janssen Matty , Svanström Magdalena
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Structural battery composites (SBCs) are multifunctional carbon fibre composites that can be used as structural elements in battery electric vehicles to store energy. By decreasing the weight of the vehicle, energy consumption in the use phase can be reduced, something that could be counteracted by the energy-intensive carbon fibre production. The purpose of this study is to shed light on such life-cycle considerations.

Method

Prospective life cycle assessment is used to compare the future cradle-to-grave climate impact and energy use of SBCs in battery electric vehicles to conventional metals and lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, the influences from different technology development routes, primarily related to the carbon fibre production, are assessed. The functional unit is the roof, hood, and doors of a battery electric vehicle with maintained flexural stiffness used for 200,000 km. To capture the multifunctionality of the material, the lithium-ion battery is also included in the functional unit.

Results and discussion

Results show that SBCs have a large potential to decrease the life cycle climate impact and energy use of battery electric vehicles, especially following routes focusing on decreasing the use of fossil resources, both for raw materials and as energy sources. The comparative assessment of multifunctional or recycled materials to conventional materials introduces several methodological challenges, such as defining the functional unit and choice of allocation approach for distributing burdens and benefits between life cycles in recycling. This study illustrates the importance of using both the cut-off and end-of-life recycling allocation approaches to capture extremes and to not provide biased results. This study also highlights the importance of considering the ease of repairability in comparative studies, as damages to car parts made from SBCs are likely more difficult to repair than those made from conventional materials.

Conclusions

SBCs have the potential to reduce the life cycle climate impact and energy use for most scenarios compared to conventional materials. Three main methodological challenges were found: the comparison to a material with a well-established recycling system throughout its life cycle, the need for expanding the system boundaries to include the lithium-ion battery, and the difference in repairability of SBCs compared to the conventional material.
Antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil polymeric nanogel synthesized by gamma radiation on a rat model of colon carcinoma: a proposed mechanism
Authors: Abo-Zaid Omayma A. R. , Moawed Fatma S. M. , Barakat Wael E. M. , Ghobashy Mohamed Mohamady , Ahmed Esraa S. A.
Published: July 2023

The use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is associated with multifaceted challenges and poor pharmacokinetics. Accordingly, our study was designed to prepare 5-FU nanogel as a new form of the colon cancer chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU using polyacrylic acid and gelatin hybrid nanogel as efficient drug carriers. Alongside the in vivo chemotherapeutic evaluation, the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic efficacy were carried out for 5-FU nanogel against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg) and γ-radiation (4 Gy)-prompted colon dysplasia in rats compared to 5-FU. The morphology and size of 5-FU nanogel were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in addition to cytotoxicity assay. The expression of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); Toll-like receptor2 (TLR2)/nuclear factor kappa B), adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream autophagy-related genes in addition to apoptotic markers were measured in colon tissues. Results: 5-FU nanogel reduced the levels of the TLR2/ NF-κβ as well as the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Moreover, it promoted autophagy through the activation of the AMPK and its downstream targets which consequently augmented the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Conclusion: Collectively, these data might strengthen the therapeutic potential of 5-FU nanogel which can be used as an antitumor product for colon cancer.
Co-morbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnoea (COMISA): Latest Research from an Emerging Field
Authors: Sweetman Alexander
Published: July 2023

Purpose of Review

Insomnia and sleep apnoea are the two most prevalent sleep disorders and frequently co-exist. Co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) is increasingly recognised as a highly prevalent condition that is associated with worse sleep, daytime function, physical and mental health compared to either disorder alone. Compared to people with sleep apnoea alone, those with COMISA are less likely to accept and use positive airway pressure therapy, the most effective treatment for sleep apnoea. Given the high prevalence, morbidity and complexities in effectively managing COMISA, it is critical to develop a better understanding of the aetiology, consequences and effective treatments for this condition. This report aims to provide an overview of recent COMISA research.

Recent Findings

This report presents an overview of emerging areas of COMISA research over the past 5 years, including (1) mental and physical health associations of COMISA, (2) bi-directional relationships between insomnia and sleep apnoea, (3) positive airway pressure therapy for COMISA and (4) cognitive behavioural therapy for COMISA. Future research directions are discussed, including tailored treatment approaches and implementation programs to improve recognition and management of COMISA.

COMISA is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition in sleep clinic and population-based settings. Emerging research aims to develop and implement more effective and tailored treatment approaches for COMISA, to improve sleep, mental health, physical health and quality of life in people with COMISA.
Taylor’s power law and reduced-rank vector generalized linear models
Authors: Yee Thomas W.
Published: July 2023

Taylor’s power law (TPL) from empirical ecological theory has had many explanations proposed for its widespread observation in data. We show that the class of reduced-rank vector generalized linear models (RR-VGLMs) for coupling two parameters from a statistical distribution linearly together creates hybrid models that satisfy TPL or very similar. These include the RR-negative binomial, RR-inverse Gaussian and RR-generalized Poisson distributions. Some advantages of RR-VGLMs include the handling of covariates and an implementation exists in the form of theVGAMpackage. The software is demonstrated to show how these models may be fitted conveniently.
Hydrogen peroxide mediates high-intensity blue light-induced hypocotyl phototropism of cotton seedlings
Authors: Lv Qian-yi , Zhao Qing-ping , Zhu Chen , Ding Meichen , Chu Fang-yuan , Li Xing-kun , Cheng Kai , Zhao Xiang
Published: July 2023

Phototropism is a classic adaptive growth response that helps plants to enhance light capture for photosynthesis. It was shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) participates in the regulation of blue light-induced hypocotyl phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the unilateral high-intensity blue light (HBL) could induce asymmetric distribution of H2O2 in cotton hypocotyls. Disruption of the HBL-induced asymmetric distribution of H2O2 by applying either H2O2 itself evenly on the hypocotyls or H2O2 scavengers on the lit side of hypocotyls could efficiently inhibit hypocotyl phototropic growth. Consistently, application of H2O2 on the shaded and lit sides of the hypocotyls led to reduced and enhanced hypocotyl phototropism, respectively. Further, we show that H2O2 inhibits hypocotyl elongation of cotton seedlings, thus supporting the repressive role of H2O2 in HBL-induced hypocotyl phototropism. Moreover, our results show that H2O2 interferes with HBL-induced asymmetric distribution of auxin in the cotton hypocotyls. Taken together, our study uncovers that H2O2 changes the asymmetric accumulation of auxin and inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation, thus mediating HBL-induced hypocotyl phototropism.
A case report of laparoscopic omental patch repair in a patient with super-super obesity and a duodenal perforation
Authors: Murata Takaaki , Yamaguchi Nobuo , Shimomoto Yutaro , Igarashi Yuto , Suno Yuma , Nishida Tomoki , Miyake Katsunori , Isogai Naoko , Fukai Ryuta , Kanomata Hiroyuki , Shimoyama Rai , Kawachi Jun
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction

We report a case of emergency laparoscopic omental patch repair in a patient with super-super obesity (body mass index of 64.7) who presented with upper gastrointestinal perforation.

Case presentation

A 52-year-old male patient with difficulty moving his body due to abdominal pain was transported to the emergency department. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed duodenal bulb wall thickening and increased fat stranding in the surrounding tissue. Free air was also observed under the liver and on its surface. Therefore, diagnostic laparoscopy was performed because of a suspected upper gastrointestinal perforation.

Clinical discussion

Because the weight limit of the surgical bed was 150 kg and the width was insufficient, even when two beds were placed side-by-side, the patient’s fixation on the bed was unstable, and the surgery was performed on a regular hospital bed. A 5-mm full-thickness perforation of the duodenal bulb wall was confirmed, and omental patch repair was performed. Because the bed was regular, securing the visual field without changing the patient’s position was difficult. There were also limitations on the movement of the ports; therefore, seven ports were used. Postoperatively, bile-like drainage was observed from the surgical drain. However, upper gastrointestinal contrast imaging on the 14th day after the surgery revealed no contrast leakage.

Conclusion

The patient recovered well and was discharged on the 31st day after the surgery.

Highlights
Indicators of improved gestation housing of sows. Part II: Effects on physiological measures, reproductive performance and health of the offspring
Authors: Lagoda Martyna E , O’Driscoll Keelin , Galli Maria C , Cerón José J , Ortín-Bustillo Alba , Marchewka Joanna , Boyle Laura A
Published: July 2023

Prenatal stress is the mechanism through which poor welfare of pregnant sows has detrimental effects on the health and resilience of their piglets. We compared two gestation housing systems (IMPROVED versus [conventional] CONTROL) in terms of sow stress and welfare indicators and sought to determine whether potential benefits to the sows would translate into improved offspring health. Sows were mixed into 12 stable groups (six groups per treatment, 20 sows per group) 29 days post-service in pens with free-access, full-length individual feeding/lying-stalls. CONTROL pens had fully slatted concrete floors, with two blocks of wood and two chains suspended in the group area. IMPROVED pens were the same but with rubber mats and manila rope in each stall, and straw provided in three racks in the group area. Saliva was collected from each sow on day 80 of pregnancy and analysed for haptoglobin. Hair cortisol was measured in late gestation. Sows’ right and left eyes were scored for tear staining in mid lactation and at weaning. Numbers of piglets born alive, dead, mummified, and total born were recorded. Piglets were weighed and scored for vitality and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) at birth. Presence of diarrhoea in farrowing pens was scored every second day throughout the suckling period. IMPROVED sows had lower haptoglobin levels and tear-stain scores during lactation. IMPROVED sows produced fewer mummified piglets, and these had significantly lower IUGR scores, and scored lower for diarrhoea than piglets of CONTROL sows. Hence, improving sow welfare during gestation improved the health and performance of their offspring.
Selenium serum levels in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Roldán-Bretón Nuria Renata , Capuchino-Suárez Adriana Guadalupe , Mejía-León María Esther , Olvera-Sandoval Carlos , Lima-Sánchez Dania Nimbe
Published: July 2023

The nutritional status is a determinant of the immune response that promotes a cellular homeostasis. In particular, adequate selenium levels lead to a better antioxidant and immune response. The aim of this work is to assess whether blood selenium levels, at time of SARS-CoV-2 infection, have an impact on the development and severity of COVID-19. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative and descriptive studies using MeSH terms, selenium and COVID-19 was performed. We searched bibliographic databases up to 17 July 2022 in PubMed and ScienceDirect. Studies that reported data on blood selenium levels were considered. A total of 629 articles were examined by abstract and title, of which 595 abstracts were read, of which 38 were included in the systematic review and 11 in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted to mean difference (MD) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI), and heterogeneity was tested by I2 with random factors with a MD between selenium levels, mortality, morbidity and healthy subjects with a P-value of 0⋅05. Selenium levels were higher in healthy people compared to those in patients with COVID-19 disease (six studies, random effects MD: test for overall effect Z = 3⋅28 (P = 0⋅001), 97 % CI 28⋅36 (11⋅41–45⋅31), P < 0⋅00001), but without difference when compared with the degree of severity in mild, moderate or severe cases. In conclusion, the patients with active SARS-CoV-2 infection had lower selenium levels than the healthy population. More studies are needed to evaluate its impact on clinical severity through randomised clinical trials.
VERNAE AND PROSTITUTION AT POMPEII
Authors: Levin-Richardson Sarah
Published: July 2023

Vernae—often but not exclusively taken to be home-born slaves—are usually thought to have had a privileged role within the ancient Roman household. While previous studies have highlighted how these individuals were represented with affection or as surrogate members of the freeborn family, this article uses epigraphic evidence from Pompeii to argue that the reality for at least some vernae was much more grim. A full examination of Pompeian attestations of the word verna reveals that there was a connection to prostitution in over seventy per cent of extant appearances of the noun. Furthermore, contextualizing this phenomenon within the corpus of prostitution-related graffiti more broadly reveals that verna was the single most commonly used descriptor in advertisements for sexual services at Pompeii. Ultimately, the epigraphic evidence from Pompeii suggests that vernae were not safe from sexual exploitation, and it may have been their status as vernae that made them attractive to those wishing to purchase sex.
RULES FOR THE RECEPTION OF EXILES IN THE TREATY BETWEEN SINOPE AND HERACLEA PONTICA (I.SINOPE 1)
Authors: Loddo Laura
Published: July 2023

This article analyses a clause of the alliance treaty between Sinope and Heraclea Pontica concerning the exiles of both cities (I.Sinope 1, lines 8–15). The clause in question states that the exiles may remain in the cities (ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι διατελεῖν) on condition that they do not commit any crimes and prescribes the measures to be taken should this occur. After explaining the content of the treaty, the existing interpretative proposals on the clause are discussed and the hypothesis that the cities in question are Sinope and Heraclea is put forward; some examples of treaties showing a similar concern to regulate the issue of exiles are adduced. Lastly, considerations are offered as to the reasons that led Sinope and Heraclea to introduce such a treaty clause.
A symmetry of silting quivers
Authors: Aihara Takuma , Wang Qi
Published: July 2023

We investigate symmetry of the silting quiver of a given algebra which is induced by an anti-automorphism of the algebra. In particular, one shows that if there is a primitive idempotent fixed by the anti-automorphism, then the 2-silting quiver (
$=$
the support
$\tau$
-tilting quiver) has a bisection. Consequently, in that case, we obtain that the cardinality of the 2-silting quiver is an even number (if it is finite).
Class Divisions in Use: The Swedish Social Group Taxonomy as Difference Technology, 1911–1970
Authors: Smedberg Carl-Filip
Published: July 2023

This article investigates an important but understudied phenomenon: the bureaucratic class division, which is analysed as a difference technology for envisioning, studying and managing the population. I examine a long-lived and widely spread taxonomy of the Swedish population into three social groups (Socialgrupper). Specifically, I look at how it influenced the production of statistics and knowledge about the voter during the first half of the twentieth century and higher education in the post-war welfare state era. The article understands the effects of the taxonomy as a ‘scientisation of the social’, using Lutz Raphael's term, in which fuzzy conceptual class boundaries were turned into exact classification, making it possible for different actors to act and calculate through them. The division was at the same time contested among social scientists and politicians. However, because of lack of alternatives and because it was well established, actors continued using it.
Idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium masking left atrial aneurysm in a neonate
Authors: Forderer N. , Akintürk H. , Jux C.
Published: July 2023

An idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium is an extremely rare cardiac malformation. There are no established guidelines for the management of this disease, especially concerning medical versus surgical therapeutic approach and the timing for an operation. We report in this case about a neonate that first was treated conservatively until the age of 5 month and finally got an operative resection of the aneurysm. After surgery, unexpected complications occurred. A second aneurysm in the left atrium was demasked. Furthermore, a progressive dilatation of both atrial chambers after resection required regular follow-up and ongoing evaluation of treatment.
P-wave asystole after a tetralogy of Fallot correction surgery
Authors: Doğan Eser , Bilen Çağatay
Published: July 2023

A rarely seen arrhythmia is the p-wave asystole also mentioned ventricular asystole, ventricular standstill, or third-degree atrioventricular block with no ventricular escape rhythm. It is the result of the lack of impulse formation in ventricles (absence of idioventricular automaticity) or the failure of impulse transmission to ventricles (conduction disturbance)(1). As the name implies, the ventricles stop pumping, resulting in no effective cardiac output during the phenomenon. It is a potentially fatal rhythm disorder and need immediate diagnosis and treatment. We planned to present a case of p-wave asystole, which developed after tetralogy of Fallot total correction surgery
Prehospital Emergency Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bhattarai Hari Krishna , Bhusal Sandesh , Barone-Adesi Francesco , Hubloue Ives
Published: July 2023

Background:

An under-developed and fragmented prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system is a major obstacle to the timely care of emergency patients. Insufficient emphasis on prehospital emergency systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) currently causes a substantial number of avoidable deaths from time-sensitive illnesses, highlighting a critical need for improved prehospital emergency care systems. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to assess the prehospital emergency care services across LMICs.

Methods:

This systematic review used four electronic databases, namely: PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and SCOPUS, to search for published reports on prehospital emergency medical care in LMICs. Only peer-reviewed studies published in English language from January 1, 2010 through November 1, 2022 were included in the review. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist were used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Further, the protocol of this systematic review has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (Ref: CRD42022371936) and has been conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results:

Of the 4,909 identified studies, a total of 87 studies met the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the review. Prehospital emergency care structure, transport care, prehospital times, health outcomes, quality of information exchange, and patient satisfaction were the most reported outcomes in the considered studies.

Conclusions:

The prehospital care system in LMICs is fragmented and uncoordinated, lacking trained medical personnel and first responders, inadequate basic materials, and substandard infrastructure.
Is anyone a middle power? The case for historicization
Authors: Robertson Jeffrey , Carr Andrew
Published: July 2023

What should happen to a concept as it loses real-world application? The concept of ‘middle power’ rose to prominence in the mid-20thcentury, establishing an influential practitioner–scholarly nexus over the next several decades. This prestigious history came at a cost, embedding three core assumptions into the concept: that middle powers areInternationalin focus,Multilateralin method, andGood Citizensin conduct. While there have been significant attempts by scholars to reform the concept, middle power theory has proven inseparable from these assumptions. In this paper, we examine six middle power states (Canada, Australia, South Korea, Indonesia, Turkey, and Mexico) and show middle power theory no longer helps us distinguish or interpret these states. Changes in the international environment suggest this finding will endure. As such, we argue for the historicization of the concept of ‘middle power’. We conclude by identifying a series of analytical puzzles which researchers will need to address to develop an appropriate conceptual lexicon for theorizing this type of state in the 21stcentury.
When Sons and Daughters Care for a Parent
Authors: Schulz Sebastian , Theurer Christina , Pfeiffer Klaus , Wilz Gabriele
Published: July 2023

Abstract: This study examines gender differences in offspring primary caregivers. We compared baseline data from 26 caregiving sons and 244 caregiving daughters. Caregiving sons had higher incomes, were less likely to be married, and provided care to parents less limited in their cognitive functions and instrumental activities of daily living. Daughters matched via propensity score matching to the sons regarding these variables did not differ significantly in coping and most other outcomes, though daughters did show more depressive symptoms and perceived fewer positive aspects of caregiving. This suggests that, although caregiving sons and daughters might differ in demographic variables as well as in caregiving intensity and stressors, they cope with caregiving similarly when the caregiving situation is comparable.
Depression, Race-Based Bias, and Judgments of Veracity
Authors: Benz Daniel , Reinhard Marc-André
Published: July 2023

Abstract: Introduction: The depressive realism hypothesis suggests that depressed individuals have a more realistic perception than nondepressed. Most studies depict the effects of depressive realism on self-perceptions. However, some lie detection studies suggest the effects of depressive realism on the perception of others. Our study investigated the hypothesis that individuals with subclinical depression levels (dysphoric) show a heightened accuracy in lie detection and a lower truth bias. Furthermore, we expected these effects to be stronger in positive statements. Moreover, we expected that nondysphoric but not dysphoric individuals would show a heightened truth bias for Black targets. We also expected to find the effects of depressive realism in judgmental confidence and in self-evaluations of performance. Methods: 472 participants classified 16 video statements as truth or lie. We tested all hypotheses using three depression measures: IPIP-300 Depression Subscale, the PHQ-9, and the CES-D. Results: In contrast to our hypothesis, we found no heightened accuracy in the veracity judgments of dysphoric individuals. Truth bias was higher in dysphoric participants than in nondysphoric. There was an interaction of valence with PHQ-9 but not with IPIP or CES-D. Nondysphoric but not dysphoric participants had a higher truth bias for Black targets. Furthermore, dysphoric individuals had lower judgmental confidence and lower but not more accurate self-evaluation values. Conclusion: We discuss the results and future directions.
Hig Higman: Trekking Across the Last Frontier on the Hunt for Geohazards
Authors: Besl J.
Published: July 2023

Higman specializes in human-powered research expeditions in Alaska’s epic landscape.
Christopher Kyba: Luck in Light Pollution
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: July 2023

A series of serendipitous encounters shaped Kyba’s path from particle physicist to dark sky defender.
Erin Macdonald: Putting the Science in Science Fiction
Authors: Cutts Elise
Published: July 2023

The “Julia Child of science” makes science accessible through pop culture.
Kelly Hereid: Modeling Catastrophes for Insurers
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: July 2023

A geoscientist helps homeowners and businesses adapt to worsening wildfires, storms, and floods.
Ed Hawkins: Communicating a Changing Climate
Authors: Rodrigues Meghie
Published: July 2023

The British scientist is the creator of climate stripes, the now-ubiquitous visual representation of climate change.
Frances Lightsom: Pivoting to Information Management
Authors: Sidik Saima
Published: July 2023

Frances Lightsom started her career as an oceanographer. Then she found delight in data.
Dawn Wright: Diving Deep to Discover the Secrets of the Ocean
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: July 2023

The chief scientist at Esri wound her path into and out of academia.
The Satellite‐Observed Linkages Between Large‐Scale Climate Fluctuations and Mesoscale Eddy Movements in the North Pacific
Authors: Chen Lei , Dong Changming , Wang Guihua
Published: July 2023

The North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation are climate fluctuations in the Pacific. Mesoscale eddies dominate the ocean kinetic energy spectrum. By analyzing the altimetry data, a close linkage between these climate fluctuations and eddy propagation speed is found. Propagation speeds of both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the regions of 10° ∼ 20°N, 120°–180°E and 35° ∼ 45°N, 160°E−160°W are faster in the NPGO negative phase than positive phase, while those in the area of 25° ∼ 35°N, 150°E−170°W are opposite. These differences between positive and negative phases are the response of large‐scale circulation modulated by NPGO. When these climate fluctuations support the same westward/eastward anomaly of circulation, the eddies can propagate much faster/slower than that only considering NPGO. Causality analysis verifies that climate fluctuations can have strong influences on eddy movement. These climate fluctuations can affect the water mass, heat and salt transport by eddy advection.
Drivers of Dry Day Sensitivity to Increased CO2
Authors: Douville H. , Chadwick R. , Saint‐Lu M. , Medeiros B.
Published: July 2023

Persistent precipitation deficits are among the most impactful consequences of global warming. Here we focus on changes in the annual number of dry days (NDD) and in the annual maximum length of dry spells due to a quadrupling of atmospheric CO2. We use atmosphere‐only simulations to decompose the projected changes into additive contributions. A fast adjustment leads to a global increase in NDD despite notable regional exceptions (e.g., South Asia and Sahel). The effect of the uniform component of the surface ocean warming is model‐dependent but shapes the regional distribution of the NDD response in each model. Finally, the ocean warming pattern also contributes to large uncertainties, likely through contrasting changes in large‐scale circulation. Our results thus highlight the complexity of the NDD response, with policy‐relevant practical implications for mitigation and adaptation strategies.
A Record‐Breaking Cyclone Over the Southern Ocean in 2022
Authors: Lin Peiyi , Zhong Rui , Yang Qinghua , Clem Kyle R. , Chen Dake
Published: July 2023

In October 2022, an extreme cyclone developed in the South Pacific Ocean with a sea level pressure of 900 hPa, becoming the strongest extratropical cyclone in the satellite era. Using ERA5 reanalysis data, we investigated its development mechanisms and examined long‐term changes in the occurrence of extreme cyclones over the Southern Ocean. Our findings indicate that the cyclone formed within a low‐pressure anomaly over the South Pacific. Its explosive development was initiated by upper‐level dynamic forcing and driven by low‐level latent heat release, which had been preconditioned by surface heat flux. Extreme cyclones have increased significantly in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas (ABS) and the South Indian Ocean since 1980. The large‐scale environmental variables in the ABS also showed a consistent trend toward more favorable conditions for cyclone intensification. Understanding these extreme cyclone events will help to overcome the uncertainty in projections of climate change impacts and improve weather forecast skills.
Extreme Precipitation‐Temperature Scaling in California: The Role of Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Najibi Nasser , Steinschneider Scott
Published: July 2023

The sensitivity of atmospheric river (AR)‐induced precipitation to climate change is primarily driven by increases in atmospheric water vapor with warming. However, the rate at which AR‐based precipitation intensifies with warming and whether this rate differs from non‐AR events remains uncertain. This work uses multiple statistical models to estimate regional, extreme precipitation‐temperature scaling rates in California for AR and non‐AR events. Scaling rates are determined using cold‐season daily and hourly precipitation, along with multiple temperature variables to assess robustness of the results. We find that regional scaling rates for ARs are consistently larger than non‐ARs, especially for hourly event maxima (posterior median scale rates of 5.7% and 2.4% per °C for ARs and non‐ARs, respectively). ARs remain near saturated (i.e., high relative humidity) and exhibit more lift and a stronger increase in specific humidity aloft with warming as compared to non‐ARs, helping to explain the difference in precipitation‐temperature scaling rates.
An Evaluation of Phase, Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions and Microphysical Properties of Single‐ and Multi‐Layer Clouds Over the Southern Ocean Using in Situ Observations From SOCRATES
Authors: D’Alessandro John J. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Stith Jeffrey L. , Diao Minghui , DeMott Paul J. , McCluskey Christina S. , Hill Thomas C. J. , Roberts Greg C. , Sanchez Kevin J.
Published: July 2023

Single‐ and multi‐layer clouds are commonly observed over the Southern Ocean in varying synoptic settings, yet few studies have characterized and contrasted their properties. This study provides a statistical analysis of the microphysical properties of single‐ and multi‐layer clouds using in‐situ observations acquired during the Southern Ocean Cloud‐Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study. The relative frequencies of ice‐containing samples (i.e., mixed and ice phase) for multi‐layer clouds are 0.05–0.25 greater than for single‐layer clouds, depending on cloud layer height. In multi‐layer clouds, the lowest cloud layers have the highest ice‐containing sample frequencies, which decrease with increasing cloud layer height up to the third highest cloud layer. This suggests a prominent seeder‐feeder mechanism over the region. Ice nucleating particle (cloud condensation nuclei) concentrations are positively (negatively) correlated with ice‐containing sample frequencies in select cases. Differences in microphysical properties are observed for single‐ and multi‐layer clouds. Drop concentrations (size distributions) are greater (narrower) for single‐layer clouds compared with the lowest multi‐layer clouds. When differentiating cloud layers by top (single‐ and highest multi‐layer clouds) and non‐top layers (underlying multi‐layer clouds), total particle size distributions (including liquid and ice) are similarly broader for non‐top cloud layers. Additionally, drop concentrations in coupled environments are approximately double those in decoupled environments.
New insights into the responder/nonresponder divide in rectal cancer: Damage-induced Type I IFNs dictate treatment efficacy and can be targeted to enhance radiotherapy
Authors: Uccello Taylor P. , Lesch Maggie L. , Kintzel Sarah A. , Gradzewicz Lauren B. , Lamrous Lillia , Murphy Shawn P. , Fleming Fergal J. , Mills Bradley N. , Murphy Joseph D. , Hughson Angela , Hannon Gary , Garrett-Larsen Jesse , Qiu Haoming , Drage Michael G. , Ye Jian , Gavras Nicholas W. , Keeley David C. , Love Tanzy M. T. , Repasky Elizabeth A. , Lord Edith M. , Linehan David C. , Gerber Scott A.
Published: July 2023

Rectal cancer ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer patients often results in individuals that respond well to therapy and those that respond poorly, requiring life-altering excision surgery. It is inadequately understood what dictates this responder/nonresponder divide. Our major aim is to identify what factors in the tumor microenvironment drive a fraction of rectal cancer patients to respond to radiotherapy. We also sought to distinguish potential biomarkers that would indicate a positive response to therapy and design combinatorial therapeutics to enhance radiotherapy efficacy. To address this, we developed an orthotopic murine model of rectal cancer treated with short course radiotherapy that recapitulates the bimodal response observed in the clinic. We utilized a robust combination of transcriptomics and protein analysis to identify differences between responding and nonresponding tumors. Our mouse model recapitulates human disease in which a fraction of tumors respond to radiotherapy (responders) while the majority are nonresponsive. We determined that responding tumors had increased damage-induced cell death, and a unique immune-activation signature associated with tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and CD8+ T cells. This signature was dependent on radiation-induced increases of Type I Interferons (IFNs). We investigated a therapeutic approach targeting the cGAS/STING pathway and demonstrated improved response rate following radiotherapy. These results suggest that modulating the Type I IFN pathway has the potential to improve radiation therapy efficacy in RC.
A highly potent human neutralizing antibody prevents vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in a rat model
Authors: McMillen Cynthia M. , Chapman Nathaniel S. , Hoehl Ryan M. , Skvarca Lauren B. , Schwarz Madeline M. , Handal Laura S. , Crowe James E. , Hartman Amy L.
Published: July 2023

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that circulates in livestock and humans in Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks lead to high rates of miscarriages in domesticated livestock. Women are also at risk of vertical virus transmission and late-term miscarriages. MAb RVFV-268 is a highly potent recombinant neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that targets RVFV. Here we show that mAb RVFV-268 reduces viral replication in rat placenta explant cultures and prevents vertical transmission in a rat model of congenital RVF. Passive transfer of mAb RVFV-268 from mother to fetus occurs as early as 6 h after administration and persists through 24 h. Administering mAb RVFV-268 2 h prior to RVFV challenge or 24 h post-challenge protects the dams and offspring from RVFV infection. These findings support mAb RVFV-268 as a pre- and post-infection treatment to subvert RVFV infection and vertical transmission, thus protecting the mother and offspring.
Achieving tissue-level softness on stretchable electronics through a generalizable soft interlayer design
Authors: Li Yang , Li Nan , Liu Wei , Prominski Aleksander , Kang Seounghun , Dai Yahao , Liu Youdi , Hu Huawei , Wai Shinya , Dai Shilei , Cheng Zhe , Su Qi , Cheng Ping , Wei Chen , Jin Lihua , Hubbell Jeffrey A. , Tian Bozhi , Wang Sihong
Published: July 2023

Soft and stretchable electronics have emerged as highly promising tools for biomedical diagnosis and biological studies, as they interface intimately with the human body and other biological systems. Most stretchable electronic materials and devices, however, still have Young’s moduli orders of magnitude higher than soft bio-tissues, which limit their conformability and long-term biocompatibility. Here, we present a design strategy of soft interlayer for allowing the use of existing stretchable materials of relatively high moduli to versatilely realize stretchable devices with ultralow tissue-level moduli. We have demonstrated stretchable transistor arrays and active-matrix circuits with moduli below 10 kPa—over two orders of magnitude lower than the current state of the art. Benefiting from the increased conformability to irregular and dynamic surfaces, the ultrasoft device created with the soft interlayer design realizes electrophysiological recording on an isolated heart with high adaptability, spatial stability, and minimal influence on ventricle pressure. In vivo biocompatibility tests also demonstrate the benefit of suppressing foreign-body responses for long-term implantation. With its general applicability to diverse materials and devices, this soft-interlayer design overcomes the material-level limitation for imparting tissue-level softness to a variety of bioelectronic devices.
Architecture and autoinhibitory mechanism of the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Pan Chengcai , Chen Qihao , Xie Qing , Gao Yiwei , He Lingli , Li Yue , Dong Yanli , Jiang Xingyu , Zhao Yan
Published: July 2023

Salt-overly-sensitive 1 (SOS1) is a unique electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane of higher plants and plays a central role in resisting salt stress. SOS1 is kept in a resting state with basal activity and activated upon phosphorylation. Here, we report the structures of SOS1. SOS1 forms a homodimer, with each monomer composed of transmembrane and intracellular domains. We find that SOS1 is locked in an occluded state by shifting of the lateral-gate TM5b toward the dimerization domain, thus shielding the Na+/H+ binding site. We speculate that the dimerization of the intracellular domain is crucial to stabilize the transporter in this specific conformation. Moreover, two discrete fragments and a residue W1013 are important to prevent the transition of SOS1 to an alternative conformational state, as validated by functional complementation assays. Our study enriches understanding of the alternate access model of eukaryotic Na+/H+ exchangers.
A ubiquitin-based effector-to-inhibitor switch coordinates early brain, craniofacial, and skin development
Authors: Asmar Anthony J. , Abrams Shaun R. , Hsin Jenny , Collins Jason C. , Yazejian Rita M. , Wu Youmei , Cho Jean , Doyle Andrew D. , Cinthala Samhitha , Simon Marleen , van Jaarsveld Richard H. , Beck David B. , Kerosuo Laura , Werner Achim
Published: July 2023

The molecular mechanisms that coordinate patterning of the embryonic ectoderm into spatially distinct lineages to form the nervous system, epidermis, and neural crest-derived craniofacial structures are unclear. Here, biochemical disease-variant profiling reveals a posttranslational pathway that drives early ectodermal differentiation in the vertebrate head. The anteriorly expressed ubiquitin ligase CRL3-KLHL4 restricts signaling of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal regulator CDC42. This regulation relies on the CDC42-activating complex GIT1-βPIX, which CRL3-KLHL4 exploits as a substrate-specific co-adaptor to recognize and monoubiquitylate PAK1. Surprisingly, we find that ubiquitylation converts the canonical CDC42 effector PAK1 into a CDC42 inhibitor. Loss of CRL3-KLHL4 or a disease-associated KLHL4 variant reduce PAK1 ubiquitylation causing overactivation of CDC42 signaling and defective ectodermal patterning and neurulation. Thus, tissue-specific restriction of CDC42 signaling by a ubiquitin-based effector-to-inhibitor is essential for early face, brain, and skin formation, revealing how cell-fate and morphometric changes are coordinated to ensure faithful organ development.
Self-organization of primitive metabolic cycles due to non-reciprocal interactions
Authors: Ouazan-Reboul Vincent , Agudo-Canalejo Jaime , Golestanian Ramin
Published: July 2023

One of the greatest mysteries concerning the origin of life is how it has emerged so quickly after the formation of the earth. In particular, it is not understood how metabolic cycles, which power the non-equilibrium activity of cells, have come into existence in the first instances. While it is generally expected that non-equilibrium conditions would have been necessary for the formation of primitive metabolic structures, the focus has so far been on externally imposed non-equilibrium conditions, such as temperature or proton gradients. Here, we propose an alternative paradigm in which naturally occurring non-reciprocal interactions between catalysts that can partner together in a cyclic reaction lead to their recruitment into self-organized functional structures. We uncover different classes of self-organized cycles that form through exponentially rapid coarsening processes, depending on the parity of the cycle and the nature of the interaction motifs, which are all generic but have readily tuneable features.