bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Evaluation of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (M.H.Q.)
Authors: Crown Sidney , Duncan K. P. , Howell R. W.
Published: August 2008

Preliminary validation of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (M.H.Q.) was described by Crown and Crisp (ig66). The M.H.Q. is a self-rating scale of psychoneurotic symptoms and traits comprising six sub-tests which are designed to measure free-floating anxiety (FFA), phobic anxiety (PHO), obsessional traits and symptoms (OBS), somatic concomitants of anxiety (SOM), depression (DEP), and hysteri cal personality traits (HYS). McKerracher, Loughnane and Watson (1968) used the Eysenck Personality Inventory (E.P.I.) and the M.H.Q. to delineate the personality of self-mutilating female psychopaths at Rampton Hospital compared with a matched group who had not behaved in this way during the previous year. There were no significant differences between the groups on the E.P.I. neuroticism, extraversion or lie scales. On the M.H.Q., totalscoresand three sub-test scores showed significant differences, which led to clinically relevant hypotheses to account for variations in the patients' behaviour. Mair and Crisp (1968) and Ryle and Lunghi (1969) used the M.H.Q., and the E.P.I. as well as the Kelly Repertory Grid to assess personality changes in individuals during psychotherapy.
Suicide in a Heterogeneous Society
Authors: Modan B. , Nissenkorn I. , Lewkowski S. R.
Published: August 2008

An epidemiological approach to the problem of suicide may help to identify high risk groups and aid in the design of preventive programs. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of suicide among various population groups in Israel and to assess the methods employed. All records of suicide in Israel during the years 1962-63 were extracted from the files of the Central Bureau of Statistics, where data had been obtained from police records. Presentation will be limited to the Jewish population due to a lower reliability of data in the Arab segment.
A Comparison of Propanidid (Epontol) and Thiopentone Anaesthesia in ECT
Authors: Finlayson Paul , Burnheim Ronald B. , Boots Una J.
Published: August 2008

The anaesthetic agent propanidid (Epontol) has been extensively reported on in recent journal literature in terms of its general anaesthetic use. Published studies have included accounts of its effect on ventilation (Harnik 1964; Clarke, Dundee and Daw 1964) and on somatic pain (Dundee and Clarke 1965). There has, however, been no reference to a systematic trial of the drug in conjunction with electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), notwithstanding that the manufacturers (Bayer, Handbook 1965) have claimed that it is suitable for such use.
Correlation between Stature, Character Disorder and Criminality
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Tsuboi Takayuki
Published: August 2008

The present study of a correlation between stature of male psychiatric patients and character disorder as well as criminality has been made on the background of the findings of such a correlation in persons with the XYY syndrome by Jacobs et al. (1965), Casey et al (1966), Price et al. (1966 and 1967), Welch et al. (1967), Bardett et al. (1968), Court Brown et al (1968), Hunter (1968), Nielsen (1968) and Wiener et al. (1968), and to a certain extent also in persons with a large Y chromosome (Nielsen, 1968). These findings indicate that males with two Y chromosomes, and probably also males with a large Y chromosome, have a higher disposition to tall stature, character disorder and criminality than is found in the general male population. There might be a Y-linked inheritance of tall stature, character disorder and criminality irrespective of the size of the Y chromosome. If these hypotheses are true, one would expect to find a higher frequency of patients with character disorder and criminality among males with a stature above 181 cm. compared with males below 181 cm., and the present study has been made in order to compare the frequency of character disorder and criminality in psychiatric patients in these two stature groups.
Psychiatric and Social Characteristics of Bright Delinquents
Authors: Gath Dennis , Tennent Gavin , Pidduck Ronald
Published: August 2008

It has been reported that delinquents of superior intelligence differ from those of average and below average intelligence in their psychological, social, criminal and educational characteristics (Burt, 1944; Simmons, 1956 and 1962; Caplan and Powell, 1964; Cowie et al., 1968). Simmons has suggested that bright delinquents are more likely to be emotionally disturbed. He describes the boys at an Approved School for highly intelligent boys as suffering generally from ‘deep emotional disturbance’, and maintains that ‘the emotional disturbances which turn an intelligent child into a delinquent have usually been far more severe than they would have been in a less intelligent, less sensitive one’.
Changes in Psychological Symptoms in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Herzberg Brenda , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

The premenstrual syndrome first described by Frank (1931) includes a number of psychological and physical symptoms appearing in the week before menstruation and relieved by the onset of the period. The aetiology is still obscure.
Psychophysiologic Changes accompanying Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: Marcotte David B. , Kane Francis J. , Obrist Paul , Lipton Morris A.
Published: August 2008

There have been many studies (3,15,4) on the effects of oral contraceptive hormonal agents, though relatively few have concerned themselves with the possible adverse emotional reactions accompanying their use. To date, seven women (8, 6, 5, 13) have had psychotic episodes in temporal association with drug use, one patient having reported two such episodes. Four of these seven women had a history of severe postpartum disturbance in the past, and two others had previous psychiatric illness. There have been reports of varying incidence of depression, anxiety, increased or decreased sexual desire and relief of premenstrual tension. We wish to present data from a pilot double blind study of one combination oral contraceptive.
The Contraceptive Pill, Side Effects and Personality: Report of a Controlled Double Blind Trial
Authors: Grounds David , Davies Brian , Mowbray Robert
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between side effects occurring in the first two months of treatment with a contraceptive pill and questionnaire-assessed neuroticism. Because the side effects of contraceptive pills are now widely known, doctors' and patients' expectations could be a significant influence in reporting side effects. In order to control for these non-pharmacological variables we therefore designed a double blind trial of a contraceptive and an inert pill involving an intensive study of a small group of patients. It was assumed that neurotic patients were more likely to report side effects, but that if the degree of neuroticism could be controlled, any significant differences in reports of side effects would be due to the active substance.
Serum Folate and Vitamin B12in Epileptics with and without Mental Illness
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Mehta S. , Raby A. H.
Published: August 2008

Considerable interest is at present focused on the possibility of an association between mental illness in epileptics and metabolic abnormalities resulting from the anticonvulsant drugs they have been taking; in fact it has been suggested that these drug-induced abnormalities may be actually causative of the psychiatric disorders. For a good summary of this literature the interested reader is referred to Reynolds (1968).
A Comparison of Two Hostility Inventories Using an Abnormal Population
Authors: Clark I. S.
Published: August 2008

The Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, under Dr. Henry Matthew, is located in the only locked ward in the hospital. Not only patients suffering from selfpoisoning are admitted, but also patients under police surveillance, emergency psychiatric admissions and patients with ‘delirium tremens'.
Socio-Psychiatric Consequences of Huntington's Disease
Authors: Dewhurst Kenneth , Oliver J. E. , McKnight A. L.
Published: August 2008

The complex interaction of genetic and environmental influences in Huntington's disease results in successive generations living in deteriorating social circumstances. As the disease is untreatable (other than by palliative measures), spouses and unaffected children also suffer indirectly from its socio-psychiatric consequences.
The Significance of Brain Damage in Persistent Oral Dyskinesia
Authors: Edwards H.
Published: August 2008

In the last ten years there have been a number of studies reporting an association between certain persistent oral dyskinesias in elderly people (particularly women) and prolonged medication with phenothiazines. Many of the cases described in these studies also showed some evidence of brain damage and because of this it has often been suggested that brain damage is an important contributory cause of oral dyskinesia. Buccal factors such as the edentulous state have also been incriminated (Joyston-Bechal, 1965; Evans, 1965). However, very few controlled studies have been carried out. The literature on this subject has been well reviewed by Crane (1968) and Kline (1968).
Depression in Relation to Early and Recent Parent Death
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

Freud's Mourning and Melancholia (1917) stimulated much psychoanalytic speculation regarding the relationship between loss of a loved object and subsequent depression. Abraham (1924) considered ‘a severe injury to infantile narcissism brought about by successive disappointments in love’ to be an important factor in melancholia, and used the term ‘primal parathymia’ to describe the disagreeable experiences of childhood which give rise to adult depression. Klein (1940) related all states of depression and mourning in adults to a reawakening of the infant's struggle to make reparation to the mother he fears he has destroyed. She believed that adults who are prone to depression have never successfully worked through this earlier ‘depressive position’. Bowlby (i960) has likened adult grief and mourning to the reaction of children to separation from their mothers. He proposed the view (1961) that children are less capable of coping with death of a parent than adults and adopt the defensive mechanism of ego-splitting by which part of the ego still considers the parent to be alive. This imperfect resolution of the loss situation leads to a fixation on the lost parent and a tendency to react badly to further separations. Brown (1961), extending this theory, maintained that rejections in adult life are likely to release the repressed urges to recover the lost object, and to precipitate a depressive illness.
A Report on a Pair of Male Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia
Authors: MacSweeney David A.
Published: August 2008

Pollin et al. (12) found that in a series of 11 monozygotic twins (MZ) discordant for schizophrenia all of the index twins weighed less at birth, 8 of the index twins were second- born and 7 out of the 11 mothers had varying thyroid pathology ‘of clinical significance’. The following report is probably the first giving details of investigations into a pair of MZ twins who were given thyroid extract during the neonatal period because of failure to make normal progress.
The Classification of Phobic Disorders
Authors: Marks Isaac M.
Published: August 2008

History of term ‘phobia’

The term ‘phobia’ derives from the Greek word ‘phobos’ meaning panic-fear and terror, and from the deity of the same name who provoked fear and panic in one's enemies. Although morbid fears have been described by doctors from Hippocrates onwards, the word phobia has only been used on its own since the beginning of the 19th century, and it gradually gained acceptance during that century in the same sense as today, viz. an intense fear which is out of proportion to the apparent stimulus. Such fear cannot be explained or reasoned away and leads to avoidance of the feared situation where possible.
Treatment of Phobic States with Antidepressants
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Guirguis Wagih , Frommer Eva , Mitchell-Heggs Nita , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

The treatment of phobic states is one of the most challenging psychiatric problems that face doctors today. Many treatments have been advocated, including intensive psychotherapy (Friedman, 1959), behaviour therapy (Wolpe, 1958; Cooper, Gelder and Marks, 1965) and desensitization under drugs (Yorkston et al., 1968). None of these treatments has proved to be completely effective, and many patients still remain ill and incapacitated for many years. In the series to be reported here, some patients had been ill for as long as 40 years, despite many types of treatment.
Dysmorphophobia
Authors: Hay G. G.
Published: August 2008

Patients are occasionally referred to a psychiatrist with the primary complaint of a cosmetic defect in their appearance, and in a previous communication 45 such patients, dissatisfied with their noses and requesting cosmetic surgery, were studied (Hay, in press).
Birth Rank in Schizophrenia: With a Consideration of the Bias due to Changes in Birth-Orate
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S.
Published: August 2008

Studies of the relation between birth rank and schizophrenia (or any other disorder of adults) have hitherto been based on the assumption that, for a null hypothesis, cases will be randomly distributed among the birth ranks. In other words, if the distribution of cases is found to depart significantly from random (i.e. from equal numbers in each birth rank for each sibship size) then an association between birth rank and the disorder is held to have been demonstrated. However, we have recently shown, both from theoretical considerations (Price and Hare, 1969) and from the study of a large sample of psychiatric patients (Hare and Price, 1969b), that birth-rank distribution may depart very significantly from random because of bias arising from changes in the birth rate of the general population. The amount and direction of this bias will depend both on the changes in family size and on the number of families being started during the period of time when the patients (or any other population sample) and their siblings were born. The amount of bias is thus likely to be different in geographically different populations or in the same population at different periods of time.
Experience, Medication, and the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics
Authors: Karon Bertram P. , Vandenbos Gary R.
Published: August 2008

In their article published in this Journal in 1965, May and Tuma (1) suggested that only the use of medication made a difference in the outcome with schizophrenics, and that psychotherapy, whether or not combined with medication, made essentially no difference. Their data, however, as in so many psychotherapy projects, referred only to patients treated by inexperienced therapists, namely psychiatric hospital residents under supervision.
Serum Vitamin-B12Levels in Psychiatric Patients on Long-Term Psychotropic Drug Therapy
Authors: Henderson James G. , Dawson Audrey A.
Published: August 2008

Recently much interest has been shown in the screening of populations for the presence of disease, either latent or overt (Wilson and Junger, 1968). In psychiatric practice the importance has been recorded of screening patients for the presence of avitaminosis B12as a possible cause of psychiatric abnormality (Hendersonet al1966). Several methods of estimating serum vitamin-B12levels have been evaluated, but the microbiological assay remains the most suitable method for use in a routine laboratory.
Absence of Brain Antibodies in Senile Dementia
Authors: Whittingham Senga , Lennon Vanda , Mackay Ian R. , Davies G. Vernon , Davies Brian
Published: August 2008

In recent years the recognition of autoimmune processes has led to important advances in our understanding of certain diseases of hitherto uncertain causation (Mackay and Burnet, 1963). In psychiatry, schizophrenia has been the main focus of studies of auto-immunity, with Heath and Krupp (1967) reporting positive results of tests for antibodies to brain cell nuclei and Whittingham et al. (1968) reporting negative results. Studies have been described (McAlpine et al., 1965) in which antibodies were detected to whole brain homogen- ates, mostly by complement-fixation, in various disease states that included multiple sclerosis. Wilkinson and Zeromski (1965) found, by immunofluorescence, serum antibodies to cytoplasm of neurones in four of eight patients with carcinomatous neuropathy.
Traits, Attitudes and Symptoms in a Group of Attempted Suicides
Authors: Philip Alistair E.
Published: August 2008

Much early research on attempted suicide looked upon this phenomenon as failed, frustrated or bungled suicide, an attitude which still persists among the general population. Conceptually, attempted suicide was viewed as a special case of suicide, and theories about the latter were used to explain the former, without much success. Stengel's influential monograph (Stengel and Cook, 1958) made an important contribution to the study of suicidal behaviour by contending that attempted suicide presented issues peculiar to itself as well as sharing problems with suicide. The definition of attempted suicide offered by Stengel (1964) is as follows, ‘A suicidal attempt is any act of self-damage inflicted with self-destructive intention, however vague and ambiguous. Sometimes this intention has to be inferred from the patient's behaviour.’ Suicidal attempts as thus defined are frequently insufficient to cause death, and must be related to the social setting of the patient. In situations which might be called crises of despair some people injure themselves in order to appeal for help, to spite others or to submit themselves to trial by ordeal. Stengel's definition has found general favour, although Kessel (1966) tried to promote the term self-poisoning, arguing that this term aroused fewer preconceived notions in the minds of the uninitiated.
Further Suicidal Behaviour: The Development and Validation of Predictive Scales
Authors: Buglass Dorothy , McCulloch J. W.
Published: August 2008

Despite the increased understanding of the motivation behind acts of attempted suicide (e.g. Stengel and Cook, 1958) and their personal, social and ecological correlates (McCulloch, 1965; Kessel, 1965; Philip and McCulloch, 1966) the incidence of such acts as reflected in admission to hospital continues to rise. A comparison of admissions for the City of Edinburgh in 1962-3 and 1967 (Aitken,et al.,1969) showed a striking increase for men from 108.5 per 100,000 in the earlier year to 181.5 in 1967. The corresponding figures for women were 166.3 to 210.0. The Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre at the Royal Infirmary treats about 90 per cent of all cases of attempted suicide admitted to hospitals in the area (Kessel,et al.,1964), and the increase is unlikely to be accounted for by redirection of patients from other hospitals. An increase has also been demonstrated in other parts of Britain, including the Oxford Region (Evans, 1967) and Cardiff (Graham and Hitchens, 1967).
A Case of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome with some Observations on Aetiology and Treatment
Authors: Prabhakaran N.
Published: August 2008

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome has not been reported outside Europe and America, and all the patients reported have been of the white or negro races (Singer, 1963). Although the condition was described as early as in 1825 by Itard and later differentiated as a syndrome by Gilles de la Tourette (1885), and although the syndrome is an unusual condition with undetermined aetiology, treatment and prognosis (Eisenberg et al., 1959, Kelman, 1965), and Kinnier Wilson (1940) had given the syndrome ‘a sinister’ outlook characteristically ending in insanity, Fernando (1967) could find only 85 cases published in English literature as cases of the syndrome. He rejected 20 cases, and of the 65 ‘proven cases' 50 were from the United States, 13 from Britain, one each from Finland and Canada. Shapiro and Shapiro (1968) commented on the scarcity of the syndrome even in the Western culture. Extensive search in the literature has shown that Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome has not been reported in Asians. This paper presents a detailed report of the first case from India.
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: II. The Treatment Alliance
Authors: Sandler J. , Holder A. , Dare C.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatry and other medical disciplines have been paying increasing attention in recent years to the relationship between patient and doctor, and psychoanalytic concepts have been applied in order to formulate various aspects of this relationship. One of those most commonly applied is that of transference, which is now often loosely used as a synonym for relationship in general. The concept of transference will be discussed in detail in a further paper in this series, but a distinction has always been made within clinical psychonanalysis between transference ‘proper’ and another aspect of the patient's relation to the doctor which has been referred to in recent years as the ‘therapeutic alliance’, ‘working alliance’ or ‘treatment alliance’ (Zetzel, 1956; Loewald, 1960; Stone, 1961, 1967; Gitelson, 1962; Tarachow, 1963; Greenson, 1965, 1967; Friedman, 1969). The concept has been used in connection with the psychoanalytic treatment situation to describe aspects of what is familiar to all as the ‘therapeutic contract’ between the patient and his doctor (Menninger, 1958), and has been defined as ‘the non-neurotic, rational, reasonable rapport which the patient has with his analyst and which enables him to work purposefully in the analytic situation …’ (Greenson and Wexler, 1969). As far as the psychoanalytic situation is concerned, it has been maintained that the recognition of the difference between treatment alliance and other aspects of the patient-analyst interaction (such as transference) leads to an increased understanding of the processes which occur in that situation and, in particular, of those which enter into therapeutic failure. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the treatment alliance concept as it has developed within psychoanalysis and to consider its applicability outside the psychoanalytic treatment situation (Sandier, Dare and Holder, 1970).
Truancy and Stealing
Authors: Tennent T. G.
Published: August 2008

Truancy has been called the kindergarten of crime (Healey and Bronner, 1926) and it is very common to find delinquents with a history of truancy (Glueck and Glueck, 1950). Children who truant are also frequently convicted of criminal offences later (Schulman, 1928). It is, therefore, not surprising to find great similarities in the backgrounds of truants and delinquents.
Family History Studies: VII. Manic Depressive Disease Versus Depressive Disease
Authors: Cadoret Remi J. , Winokur George , Clayton Paula J.
Published: August 2008

During the past twenty years, the unity of manic-depressive disease as defined by Kraepelin (1913) has been questioned by investigators who have presented clinical and genetic evidence that the disease is heterogeneous and contains at least two discrete groups (Leonhard, 1957; Perris, 1966). In one of these groups mania occurs and patients exhibit both manic and depressive phases during the course of their illness. This group has been designated bipolar by most investigators (Leonhard, 1957; Perris, 1966). In the other group there are only episodes of depression, and this has been designated the unipolar group by some (Perris, 1966) and corresponds largely to the ‘monopolar’ group of Leonhard (1957). In this paper we shall use the term unipolar throughout to designate an affective illness in which only depression occurs.
A Psychophysiological Study of Breathing Behaviour
Authors: Skarbek Andrew
Published: August 2008

The idea of a relationship between respiration and mental functioning can be traced back to ancient superstition that the diaphragm is the centre of the soul as well as of emotion.
Criminality Among Patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome and the Xyy Syndrome
Authors: Nielsen Johannes
Published: August 2008

The present study is a preliminary report of the frequency and type of criminality in men with Klinefelter's syndrome and the XYY syndrome; it has been made on the background of previous findings of a comparatively high frequency of criminality among such patients.
Young Offenders' Images of Self and Surroundings: A Semantic Enquiry
Authors: Bhagat M. , Fraser W. I.
Published: August 2008

In the context of Scots urban crime patterns, territorial and indiscriminate, considerable emphasis has currently been placed on physical environment. Although the opinions of magistrates, social workers and various celebrities have been freely forthcoming, a systematic study of the young Glasgow offender's view of his physical and emotional background has been singularly absent. Investigators in the past have attempted to show that when housing is improved, social problems such as delinquency automatically decrease; yet, as early as 1939 Wood commented that it was a popular fallacy that substandard housing was the direct cause of delinquency and crime and that its elimination would result in a crimeless world.
Personality, Body Build and Adrenocortical Activity
Authors: Segraves Robert Taylor
Published: August 2008

In recent years research workers have shown a relative lack of interest in the constitutional correlates of normal personality. However, recent findings in the field of psychosomatic medicine suggest the need for a careful reexamination of this field of research. Several studies have indicated that breast cancer, lung cancer, and myocardial infarction patients are more extraverted and less neurotic than hospital control group patients (Eysenck, 1965). Also, duodenal ulcer patients have been reported as being both introverted and neurotic (Kanter and Hazelton, 1964).
Suicide and Primary Affective Disorders
Authors: Guze Samuel B. , Robins Eli
Published: August 2008

Primary affective disorders, depressive or manic episodes in patients who have been psychiatrically well previously, or who have had episodes of mania or depression without other psychiatric illnesses (Robins and Guze, 1969), are associated with high suicide rates. The following data indicate that the suicide risk among these patients is over thirty times greater than that of the population without these disorders, and that the risk of suicide compared to other causes of death may be increased early in the course of the illness.
Nasal Decongestants and Paranoid Psychosis
Authors: Wharton B. K.
Published: August 2008

Introduction Much has been written in the last ten years on the deleterious effects of high doses of amphetamine drugs on brain function. The majority of published cases of amphetamine psychosis have been cases of addiction or illicit drug taking, thereby making a good premorbid personality questionable and unlikely. Amphetamine psychoses and their association with delinquency was the subject of a paper by Scott and Willcox (1965).
Treatment of a Case of Obsessional Neurosis using Thought-Stopping Technique
Authors: Stern R. S.
Published: August 2008

Introduction Obsessional neurosis is considered to be resistant to behaviour therapy; the literature is reviewed by Marks et al. (1969). Wolpe and Lazarus (1966) described a ‘thought-stopping’ technique for this condition, but subsequent workers have largely ignored this method. In the case to be described, it was used experimentally with apparent success, and in view of the therapeutic nihilism felt about obsessional neurosis it was thought worthwhile to report this long-standing and previously resistant case.
Systematic Desensitization of Social Anxiety in the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Psychometric Evaluation of Change
Authors: Kraft Tom , Wijesinghe Brian
Published: August 2008

In recent studies in alcoholism where systematic desensitization of social anxiety has been used, it would appear that there are many changes in the total behaviour of the patient, as well as the removal of the need for excessive alcohol (Kraft, 1968). This paper aims at evaluating the changes which occurred in nine patients treated in this way, as shown in a variety of psychometric tests. Although the small size of the sample limits the scope of the study, it is hoped that the information might be of use to further investigators in this field.
The Prevalence of Nail-biting in Normal and Abnormal Populations
Authors: Ballinger Brian R.
Published: August 2008

Many text-books of psychiatry include an inquiry about a history of nail-biting in their scheme of history taking, and if nail-biting is noted when a patient is examined it is often recorded.
The Effect of Unilateral E.C.T. on Schizophrenic Delusions and Hallucinations
Authors: El-Islam M. Fakhr , Ahmed Samia A. , Erfan M. E.
Published: August 2008

Unilateral E.C.T. applied to the non-dominant hemisphere has been tried by several workers in cases of depressive illness. Although Levy (1968) has pointed out that the evidence is not sufficient to recommend unilateral E.C.T. as a routine procedure, its main advantages over bilateral E.C.T. have been demonstrated as reduction of post-E.C.T. memory disturbances (Zinkin and Birtchnell 1968 and Valentine et al., 1968), and diminution of post-E.C.T. confusion (Halliday et al., 1968). The present investigation studies the effect of unilateral E.C.T. on schizophrenic delusions and hallucinations with a view to testing the hypothesis that the apparent superiority represented by the diminished side-effects with the unilateral technique might be therapeutically disadvantageous where treatment of patients with delusions and hallucinations is concerned. According to this hypothesis memory impairment may be part of the therapeutic mechanism responsible for the disruption of delusions and hallucinations and their ultimate amelioration or disappearance. If this hypothesis is correct patients treated with bilateral E.C.T. should do better than those treated with the unilateral technique.
Depersonalization Phenomena in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Brauer Rima , Harrow Martin , Tucker Gary J.
Published: August 2008

The complaints, ‘I am a stranger to myself; I am unreal’, are manifestations of depersonalization which have been noted frequently by clinicians. Depersonalization has been reported in epilepsy, after drug ingestion, encephalitis, hysteria, manic depression, and schizophrenia, as well as in various neurotic patients. It has also been noted in normals, but usually after emotional shock or physical exhaustion. Most recently, persistent feelings of depersonalization have been elevated to the status of a diagnostic entity in itself.
A Case of Kleine-Levin Syndrome in India
Authors: Prabhakaran N. , Murthy G. K. , Mallya U. L.
Published: August 2008

The Kleine-Levin Syndrome, first categorized by Critchley and Hoffman in 1942, consists of periodic hypersomnia and megaphagia associated with abnormal mental states. Though a case of hypersomnia with doubtful megaphagia was described by J. A. Antimoff as far back as 1898, the first two cases definitely belonging to the syndrome lie hidden in a group of five cases reported by Willi Kleine (1925), a psychiatrist of the Kleist Clinic, Frankfurt, under the title of ‘Periodische Schlafsucht’. The patients were adolescent males who showed periodic hypersomnia with eating of excessive food and an unusual mental state. Writing on narcolepsy, a New York psychiatrist, Max Levin (1929), described a boy who exhibited pathological hunger in association with episodes of sleep of unusual duration. ‘The patient would sleep for long periods at the beginning of each attack. His appetite was enormous. He ate large meals and much in between meals. Max Levin rewrote his original case in 1936, and for the first time made specific mention of a ‘syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger as a new entity in nosology’ and quoted seven cases as ‘good’ examples of the syndrome.
A Case of the Kleine-Levin Syndrome of Long Duration
Authors: George H. R.
Published: August 2008

There have been few cases of this syndrome published since the original papers by Kleine in 1925 and Levin in 1929. Critchley (1962) described 26 cases in his paper, in which he reviewed the condition fully. Earles (1965) mentioned 44 cases in the literature: a female case was recently discussed by Duffy and Davison (1968). According to Critchley the characteristic symptoms of this syndrome are ‘recurring episodes of undue sleepiness lasting some days, associated with an inordinate intake of food and often with abnormal behaviour’. Invariably male adolescents are affected; they are normal in between attacks and the condition tends to disappear in later life.
Treatment of Aviation Phobias by Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Goorney A. B.
Published: August 2008

Introduction Since the 1914–1918 war, when high psychiatric casualty rates were recorded amongst military aircrews, a considerable amount of research has been focussed on the psychiatric problems associated with aviation. Reported symptoms have included morbid anxiety, lethargy; anorexia, weight loss; restlessness, tremors, palpitations; depression, insomnia, nightmares; personality changes, loss of flying skills and avoidance of risks. Diverse opinions have been expressed on the genesis and therapeutic management of the syndromes. Some authors have drawn attention to the so-called neurasthenic features and concluded that the symptoms were predominantly physiogenic, reflecting a state of exhaustion arising from neural, biochemical or other mechanisms (e.g. Ferry, 1919; Josué, 1919; Head, 1919; Flack, 1920; Porton, 1936; Miller, 1936; Lottig, 1937; Walshe, 1941; Cobb, 1942). Some have distinguished between ‘neurasthenic’ symptoms and overt anxiety, ascribing the former to physical exhaustion and the latter to neurotic disturbance in predisposed individuals (e.g. Gotch, 1919; Armstrong, 1936; Hastingset al.1944; Murray, 1944).
Subjective and Penile Plethysmograph Responses to Aversion Therapy for Homosexuality: A Follow-up Study
Authors: McConaghy N.
Published: August 2008

Forty patients who requested treatment to reduce homosexual impulses were randomly allocated to receive apomorphine or aversion-relief therapy. Details have been published (McConaghy, 1969), concerning the subjects, the method of treatment and the changes observed two weeks after treatment in reported subjective feelings and in penile volume responses to pictures of nude males and females. A further analysis of the penile volume responses at this time has now been made, and the subjects have been followed up for at least a year.
Crisis Theory and Possibilities of Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Brandon Sydney
Published: August 2008

Too few psychiatrists in Britain have received an adequate training in psychotherapy, and the teaching of human personality growth and development is often woefully inadequate at both undergratuate and postgraduate levels—a state of affairs sometimes justified on the basis that existing knowledge has not been scientifically validated. For some psychiatrists their only training in communication with their patients is in clinical interviewing and their only understanding of their patients emotional life is derived from a study of gross psychopathology.
The Reporting of Recent Stress in the Lives of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hudgens Richard W. , Robins Eli , Delong W. Bradford
Published: August 2008

Physicians and patients frequently assume a causal connection between life events and subsequent episodes of psychiatric illness. It seems to ‘make sense’ that an illness which is to some extent manifested by disordered emotions could be caused in part by emotion-producing events. But plausibility alone is no proof of the truth of such an assumption. Realizing this, several investigators have conducted systematic studies of the interrelationships of life events and illnesses, both psychiatric and medical. Such work has been reported by Adamson and Schmale (1), Holmes, et al. (3, 7, 9, 10) Brown and Birley (2) Clayton, et al. (4) Morrison, et al. (11) Murphy, et al. (12, 13) and Hudgens, et al. (8). These authors differed regarding the specific question of whether illnesses may be caused by emotion-producing stress. The first six of the above papers presented positive evidence for such a cause-effect relationship. The last four papers reported that psychiatric patients had significantly more interpersonal conflicts than did well persons or medically ill persons, at least while their psychiatric illnesses were in progress; but the latter authors were unable to find evidence that any type of stress, interpersonal or otherwise, played a causative role in the illnesses. Disagreements among all these workers may be traced to differences in both theoretical approach and methodology.
A Rating Scale for Evaluation of the Clinical Course and Symptomatology in Amphetamine Psychosis
Authors: Jönsson L. E. , Sjöström K.
Published: August 2008

Oral intake of amphetamine may cause the development of a schizophrenia-like paranoid psychosis (Monroe and Drell 1947, Connell 1958, Kiloh and Brandon 1962). Intravenous abuse of the drug causes more intense psychotic manifestations dominated by vivid visual and auditory hallucinations (Connell 1958, Kramer et al. 1967, Rylander 1967, Cohen 1968). In the present investigation a rating scale, was designed for the study of amphetamine psychosis in 15 intravenous abusers. A preliminary report of this work has been given earlier (Jönsson and Gunne 1969).
A Seven-Month Double-Blind Trial of Amitriptyline and Diazepam in ECT-Treated Depressed Patients
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Fahy Thomas , Garside R. F.
Published: August 2008

The excellent immediate response of many depressive states to ECT is well established, but unfortunately relapse is common. Pare (1968) noted that it was becoming increasingly common for anti-depressant drugs to be given concomitantly with and after ECT in order to prevent relapse, but there appear to be only two reports bearing on the value of this procedure. Seager and Bird (1962), in a blind trial, followed up 28 ECT treated depressives and found that the six month relapse rate was markedly lower in those who received imipramine after discharge (17 per cent) compared with those on placebo (69 per cent). Imlah et al. (1965), in a study of 124 patients, found that a relapse rate of about 50 per cent within six months of ECT when used alone was reduced by over one half when ECT was combined with and followed by either imipramine or phenelzine, but their trial was not conducted blind. The after-care of depressed patients is so important, particularly in view of the risk of suicide, that further evidence seemed desirable.
The use of Sulthiame with Disturbed Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: Moffatt W. R. , Siddiqui A. R. , MacKay D. N.
Published: August 2008

Published reports on sulthiame have been primarily concerned with its effects as an anticonvulsant. Some investigators have also examined behavioural changes brought about by its use. For example, Haran (1962) found that it reduced irritability and violent behaviour, and generally improved the sociability of epileptic patients. Ingram and Ratcliffe (1963) found that the hyperkinetic behaviour of 16 out of the 18 patients in their sample was either ‘abolished’ or improved. Working with a larger group, Liu (1966) noted ‘over-all clinical improvement’ in the behaviour of 32 out of 50 cases. Kneebone (1968) claimed that 12 out of a total of 18 hyperkinetic children had 'significantly improved behaviour’ with sulthiame.
Effect of ECT on Responses to a Depression Questionnaire: Implications for Taxonomy
Authors: Pilowsky I. , McGrath M. D.
Published: August 2008

The classification of depressive illnesses continues to be a problematic and controversial issue (Kendell, 1968; Hope, 1969). The many statistical approaches applied to this complex question since Hamilton's original study (1960) have been reviewed by Kendell (1968). More recently, Pilowsky, Levine and Boulton (1969) have offered evidence (based on the application of information theory taxonomy to patients' questionnaire responses) which supports the validity of regarding ‘endogenous' depression as a clinical entity. Following on this study, Pilowsky and Boulton (1970) have developed a decision rule for the identification of depressive class members and have shown that class membership is related to the response to electroconvulsive therapy; patients in the ‘endogenous' Class B group having a better clinical outcome.
Alcohol and Narcolepsy
Authors: Goodwin Donald W. , Freemon Frank , Ianzito Benjamin M. , Othmer Ekkehard
Published: August 2008

Narcolepsy is a syndrome characterized by recurrent sleep attacks and one or more of the following symptoms: cataplexy (transient loss of muscle tone), sleep paralysis (inability to move in the transition between sleep and arousal), and hypnagogic hallucinations (Sours, 1963). Polygraphic sleep studies indicate that narcoleptics have an abnormal sleep record. Normally, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is preceded by 90 to 100 minutes of non-REM sleep, whereas narcoleptics often have an REM-period at the onset of sleep (Hishikawa and Kaneki, 1965; Rechtschaffen et al., 1963).
Syphilis in Old Age
Authors: Hilliard L. T. , Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

During the routine investigation of the blood of patients at Tooting Bec Hospital it soon became obvious that a considerable number showed either a positive Wassermann reaction and a positive Meinicke or only a positive Meinicke.
Psychoses in Officers in the 1914-1918 War
Authors: Baird Harvey
Published: August 2008

The conditions of warfare in the present war have so far differed markedly from those in the 1914-1918 war. Up to date (September, 1940) the incidence of psychoses and neuroses appears to be comparatively small. One cannot however foretell what may occur later, and perhaps the following observations on psychoses in officers in the last war may be of some value. They were the subject of a paper I read to the East Sussex Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1920. I have made practically no alterations in the text.
Some Observations on Sodium Amytal Experiments
Authors: Reitmann F.
Published: August 2008

Sodium amytal (sodium-isoamylethylbarbituric acid) has been used in psychiatry for several purposes; its uses in producing lucid intervals in catatonia are acknowledged (Bleckwenn). Broder employed it for the first time in continuous narcosis; and later, in combination with caffeine, he used it for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of psychoses; Harris, Horowitz and Milch discovered its prognostic value in insulin and cardiazol therapy, and Hermann, its effects in clearing psychogenic amnesias. It gradually lost its interest from the research point of view because sodium amytal (S.A.) appeared to be similar in results to ordinary hypnosis, but in the course of our own observations we found definite differences between the two.
Tests of Psychomotor Efficiency in Patients Treated with Metrazol
Authors: O'Connell J. J. , Queens C. M. , Penrose L. S. , Camb M.D.
Published: August 2008

Many different opinions are held about the value of metrazol (cardiazol) shock treatment. Large quantities of statistics are available which compare the recovery rates of treated and untreated patients (Bateman and Michael, 1940). Studies of the objective changes in treated cases have been less frequent. The present communication describes some experimental work directed towards elucidating clinical changes in patients treated with metrazol at the Ontario Hospital, London. Three psycho-physiological tests were employed: reaction time, tapping rate and strength of grip were measured. Psycho-physiological measurements, formerly used extensively (Kraepelin, 1920), have, for some years, been discredited as means for obtaining information about abnormal mental states (Stoddart, 1926). They retain their popularity as aids to the measurement of the effects of drugs such as alcohol and benzedrine (Thornton, Holck and Smith, 1939), and they have been used for the rating of general mental efficiency in aviators (Stamm, 1920), or as tests for loss of function due to anoxia (McFarland and Barach, 1937). Every test carries with it an element of experimental error and, in watching for improved performance attributable to a drug's effect, special care has to be taken to ascertain what improvement, if any, could be attributed to chance factors, to practice or to familiarity. Thus, the additional study of repeated performances of normal adults and control patients in the same test situation is necessary. It has, in the past, been amply demonstrated that the performances of psychotic patients on psychomotor tests are less efficient than those of normal people (Dorcas and Schaffer, 1934). Reaction time is lengthened, tapping rate slowed and strength of grip diminished. Moreover, an abnormal degree of variability in the response is common (Whipple, 1925) because the efficiency of some patients changes capriciously during a test. Other patients are found to show even less variety than normals (Shakow and Huston, 1936).
Sinus Trouble and Personality
Authors: Russell H. G. Bedford
Published: August 2008

It is proposed to consider first some little-noticed experimental facts about the accessory nasal sinuses, and some oft-repeated clinical observations, which are relevant.
Electro-Encephalography in Cases of Mental Disorder
Authors: Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

The value of electro-encephalography as an aid to the study and diagnosis of nervous diseases is now accepted. The most valuable results have been obtained in cases of organic disease of the brain, particularly in space-occupying lesions and in epilepsy, but considerable attention has also been paid to the changes occurring in cases suffering only from mental disorder. The chief contributors to this subject are listed in the bibliography.
Blood Amines
Authors: Richter Derek , Lee Margaret
Published: August 2008

In the normal individual toxic amines produced by bacterial action in the gut or elsewhere are readily destroyed by the amine oxidase, an enzyme which is present in the liver, intestine and other organs (Richter, 1938; Blaschko, Richter and Schlossmann, 1937). This process of detoxication is normally very rapid and efficient, but it has been suggested that in certain pathological conditions the detoxicating system may be defective, giving rise to an abnormally high level of toxic amines in the blood (Quastel, 1937).
The Prognostic Factors of Adolescent Psychoses
Authors: Carter A. Barham
Published: August 2008

The study of prognosis in mental diseases does not easily lend itself to exact definitions, nor can its conclusions readily be based upon scientifically prepared data.
Observations in Hypoglycaemia III: C.S.F. Sugar and Coma
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Berliner F.
Published: August 2008

Finding the blood-sugar level uncorrelated with the clinical symptoms of hypoglycaemia, Day and Niver (2) tried to establish the sugar level in the cerebro-spinal fluid as an indicator of the onset of coma. After examination of the sugar in both fluids every half hour from the injection of insulin until feeding of the patient, they found that coma began when the C.S.F. sugar reached a point between 30 and 15 mgm. per cent., whereas blood sugar was at its lowest point several hours before. The ratio C.S.F. sugar/blood sugar, normally between 10/8 and 10/6, was according to these authors “completely reversed” from the first hour after insulin injection onwards. They base their views on 43 observations of which only one was divergent, but no detailed figures are given. The four curves reproduced for illustration show the slow fall of C.S.F. sugar against the rapid falling blood-sugar level; but the alleged close correlation between coma and C.S.F. sugar can only be seen in one of the curves.