bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coronary intravascular lithotripsy and rotational atherectomy for severely calcified stenosis: Results from the ROTA.shock trial
Authors: Blachutzik F. , Meier S. , Weissner M. , Schlattner S. , Gori T. , Ullrich H. , Gaede L. , Achenbach S. , Möllmann H. , Chitic B. , Aksoy A. , Nickenig G. , Weferling M. , Pons‐Kühnemann J. , Dörr O. , Boeder N. , Bayer M. , Elsässer A. , Hamm C. W. , Nef H. ,   the ROTA.shock Investigators
Published: September 2023

Background

Severely calcified coronary lesions present a particular challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention.

Aims

The aim of this randomized study was to determine whether coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is non‐inferior to rotational atherectomy (RA) regarding minimal stent area (MSA).

Methods

The randomized, prospective non‐inferiority ROTA.shock trial enrolled 70 patients between July 2019 and November 2021. Patients were randomly (1:1) assigned to undergo either IVL or RA before percutaneous coronary intervention of severely calcified coronary lesions. Optical coherence tomography was performed at the end of the procedure for primary endpoint analysis.

Results

The primary endpoint MSA was lower but non‐inferior after IVL (mean: 6.10 mm2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.32–6.87 mm2) versus RA (6.60 mm2, 95% CI: 5.66–7.54 mm2; difference in MSA: −0.50 mm2, 95% CI: −1.52–0.52 mm2; non‐inferiority margin: −1.60 mm2). Stent expansion was similar (RA: 0.83 ± 0.10 vs. IVL: 0.82 ± 0.11; p = 0.79). There were no significant differences regarding contrast media consumption (RA: 183.1 ± 68.8 vs. IVL: 163.3 ± 55.0 mL; p = 0.47), radiation dose (RA: 7269 ± 11288 vs. IVL: 5010 ± 4140 cGy cm2; p = 0.68), and procedure time (RA: 79.5 ± 34.5 vs. IVL: 66.0 ± 19.4 min; p = 0.18).

Conclusion

IVL is non‐inferior regarding MSA and results in a similar stent expansion in a random comparison with RA. Procedure time, contrast volume, and dose‐area product do not differ significantly.
Clinical value of CT‐derived simulations of transcatheter‐aortic‐valve‐implantation in challenging anatomies the PRECISE‐TAVI trial
Authors: Hokken Thijmen W. , Wienemann Hendrik , Dargan James , Ginkel Dirk‐Jan van , Dowling Cameron , Unbehaun Axel , Bosmans Johan , Bader‐Wolfe Andreas , Gooley Robert , Swaans Martin , Brecker Stephen J. , Adam Matti , Van Mieghem Nicolas M.
Published: September 2023

Background

Preprocedural computed tomography planning improves procedural safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). However, contemporary imaging modalities do not account for device‐host interactions.

Aims

This study evaluates the value of preprocedural computer simulation with FEops HEARTguideTM on overall device success in patients with challenging anatomies undergoing TAVI with a contemporary self‐expanding supra‐annular transcatheter heart valve.

Methods

This prospective multicenter observational study included patients with a challenging anatomy defined as bicuspid aortic valve, small annulus or severely calcified aortic valve. We compared the heart team's transcatheter heart valve (THV) planning decision based on (1) conventional multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and (2) MSCT imaging with FEops HEARTguideTM simulations. Clinical outcomes and THV performance were followed up to 30 days.

Results

A total of 77 patients were included (median age 79.9 years (IQR 74.2–83.8), 42% male). In 35% of the patients, preprocedural planning changed after FEops HEARTguideTM simulations (change in valve size selection [12%] or target implantation height [23%]). A new permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) was implanted in 13% and >trace paravalvular leakage (PVL) occurred in 28.5%. The contact pressure index (i.e., simulation output indicating the risk of conduction abnormalities) was significantly higher in patients with a new PPI, compared to those without (16.0% [25th–75th percentile 12.0–21.0] vs. 3.5% [25th–75th percentile 0–11.3], p < 0.01) The predicted PVL was 5.7 mL/s (25th–75th percentile 1.3–11.1) in patients with none‐trace PVL, 12.7 (25th–75th percentile 5.5–19.1) in mild PVL and 17.7 (25th–75th percentile 3.6–19.4) in moderate PVL (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

FEops HEARTguideTM simulations may provide enhanced insights in the risk for PVL or PPI after TAVI with a self‐expanding supra‐annular THV in complex anatomies.
Real‐time 3D–3D image fusion of CTA/CBCT roadmap fluoroscopy in the transcatheter mitral intervention
Authors: Cheng Fuyu , Qiao Zhiqing , Zhao Liang , Pu Jun
Published: September 2023

Absence of periprocedural visualization of three‐dimensional (3D) left heart anatomy and its surrounding structures in fluoroscopy may reduce the rate of successful transcatheter mitral valve repair. We proposed a multimodal imaging strategy based on 3D computed tomography (CT) angiography and 3D cone beam CT fusion images, which enabled real‐time visual inspection of 3D cardiac structures on fluoroscopy, to optimize transcatheter mitral intervention. This new image fusion technology, together with standard transesophageal echocardiography guidance, improved the efficiency and safety of the procedure, and could be considered as a new workflow for transcatheter mitral valve intervention.
Electrochemical C‐N Coupling on Tri‐metallic Mo‐embedded Graphdiyne towards Efficient Urea Synthesis
Authors: Jin Mingzhu , Wu Shuang , Du Aijun , Fan Jianfen , Sun Qiao
Published: September 2023

Synthesis of urea by electrochemical C−N coupling is a promising alternative to the conventional approaches. A metal‐cluster catalyst generally possesses multi‐atomic active sites and can achieve co‐adsorption and activation of several species. As a two‐dimensional porous material, graphdiyne (GDY) is predicated to be a good substrate for loading a metal cluster. In this study, tri‐metallic Mo‐embedded graphdiyne (Mo3@GDY) stands out for efficient urea synthesis among several TM3@GDY (TM=Mo, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu), based on density functional theory (DFT) computations. The co‐adsorption of side‐on N2 and end‐on CO on Mo3@GDY is benefit to the formation of the urea precursor *NCON with a negative free energy change (−0.66 eV). The final hydrogenation step is the potential‐determining step (PDS) with a medium onset potential (‐0.71 V). This work extends the application of GDY and first provides a new approach for the electrochemical synthesis of urea by loading tri‐metallic atoms on GDY.
Modeling properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) by different pore size
Authors: Walczak Paweł
Published: September 2023

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a very popular and porous material, which is foamed in a production process by using aluminum powder. The research program explores the influence of different particle size distributions for properties of AAC with different densities. The compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and shrinkage can be improved by changing the pore size. The research program focused on different density classes of AAC. The pore sizes were changed by using different aluminum powder, different water‐to‐solid ratio, and different starting temperature of the concrete mix. All tests were made on a technological scale and all properties were tested according to EN 771‐4:2011+A1:2015 standard. All samples were tested for dry density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, shrinkage, and phase composition. The change in pore size can influence not only the AAC properties but also the amounts of raw materials used in the production process and CO2 consumption in its cycle life.
Analysis of compressive strength of AAC masonry columns strengthened circumferentially
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz , Mazur Wojciech , Jokiel Remigiusz
Published: September 2023

The compressive strength of the columns was tested on six models made of AAC (autoclaved aerated concrete) masonry elements. Three models were built without strengthening, while the others were made circumferentially strengthened with the FRCM system. The columns were made with cross‐sectional dimensions of 0.18 × 0.18 m and a height of 1.90 m. During the test, strains and the manner of model cracking were also observed. The reinforcement increased the compressive strength by 20%. The test results were compared with the results of analytical calculations.
Achieving the 2025 future homes energy and carbon standard for England using AAC masonry
Authors: Fudge Clifford , Hopkin Tony
Published: September 2023

In 2019, the Government for England published a consultation document on the changes to energy conservation and ventilation in homes for 2025, with an interim change effective from 2022. The 2025 proposed target was issued as the “Future Homes Standard.” The Standard is aiming to produce highly efficient non‐domestic buildings which use low‐carbon heat and have the best fabric standards possible. Buildings built to the Future Buildings Standard will be zero carbon ready, with the ability to decarbonize over time alongside the national grid without any further energy efficiency retrofit work. The target for 2025 is effectively some 80% improvement in energy and carbon compared to the 2013 regulation. Midland Heart Housing Association decided to trial the various options available in the Future Homes Standard under a project called “Project 80.” This comprises an initial development of 12 family homes, constructed with a mix of AAC and aggregate concrete masonry. The first residents moved into their homes in 2022 and have gone through training to understand how the technologies will work in their homes. The homes model how to do this in three different ways, using different technologies. The constructions using AAC are given in this paper, with the technical details of the build.
BIM—A new paradigm for building and maintaining a manufacturer‐architect relationship
Authors: Piekunko‐Mantiuk Iwona , Trusiewicz Piotr
Published: September 2023

The adoption of BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology significantly impacts the ways, in which the building industry operates. This technology not only provides all industry participants with numerous advantages, but also brings new types of relationships and ways in which it can be utilized. Taking into account the fact that many companies have incorporated relationship marketing into their strategies, manufacturers of building materials should look to ways of digitalization to shape collaboration with architects most of all. It seems inevitable when considering that relationship marketing paves the way to competitive value creation. In addition, relationships equip marketers with data and knowledge, which could play a significant role in developing markets and new products, as well as supporting sales departments by providing solid leads. The aim of this paper was to indicate what kind of role BIM methodology could have in establishing long‐term relationships in the manufacturer‐architect line. In research, we focus on the manufacturer's perspective and show possibilities for long‐term cooperation with architects. In this research, a mixed methodology approach has been used, in which a systematic review of the literature, an own survey on a group of architects, and a case study based on a solution used by one of the clients of the BIM ALLY. The possibilities of using BIM as a marketing communication channel, sales channel, and channel for obtaining key data and information about the users of digital models were proven and indicated.
Belite cement clinker from autoclaved aerated concrete waste fines with high sulfate content
Authors: Stemmermann Peter , Beuchle Günter , Garbev Krassimir , Schweike Uwe , Ullrich Angela
Published: September 2023

The processing of belite cement clinker in a rotary kiln at about 1000°C in a CO2 atmosphere is a new recycling option for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) waste that otherwise must be landfilled. Waste fine fractions from a sorting facility enriched in sulfate due to intermixing with waste plaster have been processed. During clinkering the cement clinker phase belite (Ca2SiO4) besides technical ellestadite, (Ca10(SiO4)3(SO4)3Cl2), or ternesite, (Ca5(SiO4)2SO4), are formed, depending on the addition of flux minerals. However, not all phases of the novel clinker react hydraulically. Whereas ternesite reacts with water, ellestadite forms complex solid solution series (Ca/Pb, SO4/PO4), which may be used as an insoluble reservoir mineral for undesirable constituents, such as phosphates and chlorides. The produced clinker has been successfully used to partially substitute OPC in AAC production in technical trials. Waste quantities and landfill costs are minimized, while at the same time, CO2 emissions and the primary resource consumption of AAC production are reduced. Joint work with industrial companies is underway to increase technology readiness. Particularly large reduction effects on CO2 emissions can be achieved through electrical heating of the rotary kiln.
A review on the effects of chemical admixtures on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks
Authors: GSR Ravishankar , Bansal Sourabh , Jhunjhunwala Atul , Thaker Mehul , Kanakaraj Armugam , Parmar Yogesh , Mistri Jayesh
Published: September 2023

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a special composite and widely accepted construction material owing to good durability, raw material availability, and environmentally friendly nature. Nevertheless, the continuing focus of the industry remains in cost optimization and maximizing the performance of blocks. The investigations related to the effects of admixtures in AAC are continuing globally with the objective of improving the productivity and strength improvement of AAC blocks. It is now well documented that the behavior of admixtures in conventional concrete and AAC is different, partly due to the low quantities of cement in a mix design and production systems. Hence it is essential to conduct a detailed investigation for finding the suitability of chemical admixtures. This review paper shows the trend of admixtures used in AAC and describes how they affect the rheological characteristics, setting time, and mechanical properties. From the review, it is clear that the performance of admixtures mainly depends on the type of binder, type, and dosage of admixtures. PCE‐based superplasticizers and performance enhancers are generally recommended to provide incremental improvement in flow behavior and mechanical strength. However, it is important to note the mix design and complex interplay of various materials have a large impact on the performance of any admixture employed. The investigations thus far indicate that chemical admixtures also impact the initial curing times without sacrificing the mechanical properties of AAC. In general, the usage of admixtures can enhance the strength of blocks between 5% and 15% depending on the type and quantity of admixture.
Influence of a mortar type on shrinkage of autoclaved aerated concrete
Authors: Walczak Paweł
Published: September 2023

Shrinkage is one of the most important properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), which is tested in accordance with EN 680:2008. Unfortunately, in construction, we have only a situation where AAC blocks are connected together with different types of mortar: standard mortar, thin joint mortar, or polyurethane glue. The shrinkage of masonry structures is determined by properties of AAC and properties of the used glue system. This research program, based on the standard EN 680, included AAC specimens of different density classes connected with various types of mortar: thin joint mortar with different compressive strengths, manufactured by various producers, and polyurethane glue. Specimens were prepared in accordance with the standard EN 680:2008, but connected by mortars in two different directions. Test results can be helpful in designing masonry structures.
Influence of carbonation on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) properties
Authors: Walczak Paweł
Published: September 2023

Carbonation is a natural process in all materials based on burnt lime and cement. Many publications treat the influence of carbonation on the properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), especially on compressive strength. The influence of carbonation on compressive strength, dry density, shrinkage, and thermal conductivity on AAC in different density classes (350–600) was a subject of this research program. AAC specimens were subjected to accelerated carbonation in a climate chamber at a temperature of 20°C, 65% RH of a period of 14 days with a CO2 concentration of 0.5%. The different moisture content of specimens was used in the research program. All tests were conducted in accordance with EN 771‐4:2011+A1:2015. To determine the phase content and microstructure change the XRD analysis was used.
The advantages of well‐prepared BIM tools for interdisciplinary design
Authors: Rybarczyk Tomasz , Przybyłowicz Paweł
Published: September 2023

This article describes BIM‐related issues. BIM is still a hot topic. Many manufacturers offer their tools to designers. However, not all of them are practical tools that designers will use. Even some will not be accepted by designers. BIM tools should have a number of advantages, thanks to which they will determine their usefulness and practical application in the design and implementation of buildings. The article contains values that should be characterized by BIM tools that will meet the expectations of designers. The article also addresses the issue of the different approach of designers and design offices to BIM tools. The article was created on the basis of design experience and in cooperation with designers.
Earthquake‐resistant AAC infills: damage prevention with an innovative decoupling system
Authors: Trutalli Davide , Miccoli Lorenzo , Brandolese Sara , Scotta Roberto , Miliani Alessandro
Published: September 2023

Background

Recent studies on masonry infills have shown that damages can be more serious when frame and infill are coupled. Although the discussion on out‐of‐plane (OOP) stability and strength of isolated infills is still open, the development of solutions able to assure the decoupling of infill panels respect to structural frame seems to be the most promising in terms of damage prevention of the building.

Aim

A system for decoupling the RC frame and the aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC) masonry infill reinforced with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) is presented. The goal is to analyze the potential of this system to face the OOP actions caused by a seismic event.

Method

In this system, the frame is free to deform in its plane, without interaction with the AAC infill, which is supported by retaining brackets at the top. These brackets allow relative in‐plane displacements between the RC frame and the masonry infill and avoid OOP overturning of the infill.

Results

The paper shows the design of the system and provides an overview of the seismic capacities validated by testing on the system components. Based on the analysis and comparison of the test results, the performance and effectiveness of the proposed system are presented.
Development and validation of a kit for a reinforced load bearing AAC masonry system resisting to seismic actions. Preliminary results
Authors: Scotta Roberto , Trutalli Davide , Brandolese Sara , Miccoli Lorenzo , Miliani Alessandro
Published: September 2023

Preliminary results of a theoretical and experimental research aimed at the development and validation of a kit for a reinforced load bearing AAC masonry system resisting to seismic actions are presented.

Experimental specimens were designed by the researchers of the University of Padua based on an analytical model developed for the prediction of the structural behavior of the system. Experimental tests, first on individual constructive details and then on full‐scale complete walls, have been conducted at the Xella's laboratories.

The research is still on‐going. The experimental results obtained up to now are compared with the theoretical predictions. And the potential of the system for the realization of earthquake‐resistant buildings made solely of AAC bearing walls is illustrated.
Nickel Phosphonate MOF Derived N‐Doped Carbon‐Coated Phosphorus‐Vacancies‐Rich Ni2P Particles as Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst
Authors: Guo Xinjie , Lv Chenhao , Wang Yun , Wang Tengfei , Gan Xingyu , Li Liangjun , Lv Xiaoxia
Published: September 2023

The design of non‐noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts with outstanding performance and remarkable stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the most essential issues to the realization of rechargeable zinc‐air battery, and transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as robust candidates for oxygen electrocatalysts. Herein, N‐doped carbon‐coated phosphorus‐vacancies‐rich Ni2P particles (Vp‐Ni2P@NC) is proposed via simple carbonization and following Ar plasma treatment from a single nickel phosphonate metal–organic framework (MOF) without extra phosphine and nitrogen sources. The facile and rapid plasma treatment can achieve phosphorus vacancies which could modulate the electronic structure to enhance the inherent active and electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the pyridine‐N and graphitized‐N produced during calcination also could provide more active sites and increase the electrical conductivity. The resultant Vp‐Ni2P@NC catalyst shows excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activity (OER/ORR) based on synergistic effect of introducing P vacancies into Ni2P and N‐doped carbon. Vp‐Ni2P@NC catalyst shows more advantageous ΔE value (0.70 V) compared to Pt/C+RuO2 (0.73 V) and most reported catalysts. Additionally, the zinc‐air bbatterie (ZAB) employing Vp‐Ni2P@NC as air cathode shows excellent performance. The maximum power density of 203.48 mW cm−2, the cycling stability of more than 150 h at 10 mA cm−2.
PROTOCOL: The impact of infrastructure on low‐income consumers' nutritious diet, women's economic empowerment, and gender equality in low‐ and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Odei Obeng‐Amoako Gloria Adobea , Nyan Clarice Panyin , Clottey Joseph , Oppong Sheila Agyemang , Asafo‐Agyei Edward Kusi , Kotchofa Pacem , Okyere Charles Yaw , Walelign Solomon Zena , Manuh Takyiwaa , Ameyaw David Sarfo
Published: September 2023

This is the protocol for an evidence and gap map. The objectives are as follows: this evidence and gap map (EGM) aims to identify, map, and provide an overview of the existing evidence and gaps on the impact of different types of physical infrastructure on various outcomes of low‐income consumers' nutritious diet, women's economic empowerment, and gender equality in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The specific objectives of the EGM are: (1) identify clusters of evidence that offer opportunities for evidence synthesis and (2) identify gaps in evidence where new studies, research, and evaluations are needed.
Hearing the shape of ancient noncollapsed flows in R4$\mathbb {R}^{4}$
Authors: Du Wenkui , Haslhofer Robert
Published: September 2023

We consider ancient noncollapsed mean curvature flows in whose tangent flow at is a bubble‐sheet. We carry out a fine spectral analysis for the bubble‐sheet function u that measures the deviation of the renormalized flow from the round cylinder and prove that for we have the fine asymptotics , where is a symmetric 2 × 2‐matrix whose eigenvalues are quantized to be either 0 or . This naturally breaks up the classification problem for general ancient noncollapsed flows in into three cases depending on the rank of Q. In the case , generalizing a prior result of Choi, Hershkovits and the second author, we prove that the flow is either a round shrinking cylinder or 2d‐bowl. In the case , under the additional assumption that the flow either splits off a line or is self‐similarly translating, as a consequence of recent work by Angenent, Brendle, Choi, Daskalopoulos, Hershkovits, Sesum and the second author we show that the flow must be 2d‐oval or belongs to the one‐parameter family of 3d oval‐bowls constructed by Hoffman‐Ilmanen‐Martin‐White, respectively. Finally, in the case we show that the flow is compact and SO(2)‐symmetric and for has the same sharp asymptotics as the O(2) × O(2)‐symmetric ancient ovals constructed by Hershkovits and the second author. The full classification problem will be addressed in subsequent papers based on the results of the present paper.
Existence of multi‐dimensional contact discontinuities for the ideal compressible magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Wang Yanjin , Xin Zhouping
Published: September 2023

We establish the local existence and uniqueness of multi‐dimensional contact discontinuities for the ideal compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in Sobolev spaces, which are most typical interfacial waves for astrophysical plasmas and prototypical fundamental waves for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. Such waves are characteristic discontinuities for which there is no flow across the discontinuity surface while the magnetic field crosses transversely, which lead to a two‐phase free boundary problem where the pressure, velocity and magnetic field are continuous across the interface whereas the entropy and density may have jumps. To overcome the difficulties of possible nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor instability and loss of derivatives, here we use crucially the Lagrangian formulation and Cauchy's celebrated integral (1815) for the magnetic field. These motivate us to define two special good unknowns; one enables us to capture the boundary regularizing effect of the transversal magnetic field on the flow map, and the other one allows us to get around the troublesome boundary integrals due to the transversality of the magnetic field. In particular, our result removes the additional assumption of the Rayleigh–Taylor sign condition required by Morando, Trakhinin and Trebeschi (J. Differ. Equ. 258 (2015), no. 7, 2531–2571; Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 228 (2018), no. 2, 697–742) and holds for both 2D and 3D and hence gives a complete answer to the two open questions raised therein. Moreover, there is no loss of derivatives in our well‐posedness theory. The solution is constructed as the inviscid limit of solutions to some suitably‐chosen nonlinear approximate problems for the two‐phase compressible viscous non‐resistive MHD.
Studies on the Nucleation, Photoluminescence, and Photoconductivity of Semi‐Organic Lithium Fumarate Crystals
Authors: Padmasree G. , Rao Kodumuri Veerabhadra , Anuradha K. , kumar A. Arun , Rama S.
Published: September 2023

Semi‐organic materials consisting of organic and inorganic semiconductors, exhibit the characteristic properties like strong optical nonlinearity and thermal stability. Lithium Fumarate (LF) is grown as a semi‐organic single crystal using lithium hydroxide and fumaric acid employing a slow evaporation method with de‐ionized water as the solvent. Classical NucleationTheory (CNT) is used to calculate the speed of LF nucleation. By altering the temperature, the thermogravimetric (TG) models, namely Coats–Redfern and Piloyan–Novikova equations are used to calculate the kinetic parameters such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, real heat power, and entropy of activation values. The width of the metastable zone in the LF crystal is determined by evaluating the relationship between supersaturation and temperature and it is found to exhibit a linear dependence on temperature and possess positive solubility. Lithium Fumarate's (LF) photoconductivity test shows that the grown crystal has positive photoconductivity. Photoluminescence studies conclude that Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) values and color purity of LF crystal are suited to the green light emitting devices and flat panel displays.
Navigating the emotional landscape of mediation: An exploration of the role of emotions in conflict resolution and the strategies for effective management
Authors: Ngcobo Mnotho Thamsanqa
Published: September 2023

This paper explores the role of emotions in conflict resolution, explicitly focusing on mediation. Emotions are an inherent aspect of conflict and can significantly impact the negotiation process. Understanding the emotional landscape of mediation is crucial for effective conflict management. This paper discusses the various emotions that arise during mediation, the strategies for effective emotional control, and the role of the mediator in navigating the emotional terrain of the negotiation process.
Can R&D investment be a key driver for sustainable development? Evidence from Korean industry
Authors: Baek Seungchul , Lee Duk Hee
Published: September 2023

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) management is an essential element for corporate sustainability. However, the effect of ESG management on corporate financial performance (CFP) is inconsistent, and not many studies have been conducted for Asia and developing countries, which are in the early stage of ESG management. In addition, although R&D investment influences ESG management, few studies have focused on the relationship between R&D investment, ESG, and CFP. We analyse the effect of ESG management on CFP using panel data combining ESG rating and financial data of Korean companies and examine moderating effect of R&D investment between ESG and CFP. We find the following results. First, ESG performance has a negative effect on CFP while there is no statistically significant effect in heavily polluting industries (HPI). Second, R&D investment has no significance on CFP, but a positive moderating effect exists between environmental (E) and social (S) performance and CFP. With environmental issues and climate change being a global concern, this study provides theoretical and managerial implications for companies to create synergies in R&D investment and ESG management.
Purification and Fractionation of Lignin via ALPHA: Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Lignin–Acetic Acid–Water System
Authors: Agede Oreoluwa , Thies Mark C.
Published: September 2023

In order to effectively practice the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process for lignin purification and fractionation, the temperatures and feed compositions where regions of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) exist must be identified. To this end, pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams for the lignin–acetic acid–water system were mapped out at 45–95 °C and various solvent: feed lignin mass ratios (S : F). For a given temperature, the accompanying SL (solid–liquid), SLL (solid–liquid–liquid), and one‐phase regions were also located. For the first time, ALPHA using acetic acid (AcOH)–water solution was applied to a lignin recovered via the commercial LignoBoost process. In addition to determining tie‐line compositions for the two regions of LLE that were discovered, the distribution of lignin and key impurities (the latter can negatively impact lignin performance for materials applications) between the two liquid phases was also measured. As a representative example, lignin isolated in the lignin‐rich phase was reduced 7x in metals and 4x in polysaccharides by using ALPHA with a feed solvent composition of 50–55 % AcOH and an S : F of 6 : 1, with said lignin being obtained at a yield of 50–70 % of the feed lignin and having a molecular weight triple that of the feed.
Service redundancy and cluster‐based routing protocols for wireless sensor and mobile ad hoc networks: A survey
Authors: Yagoub Mudathir F.S. , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C. , Khalifa Othman O. , Mohammed Abuagla B. , Korotaev Valery
Published: September 2023

Service discovery (SD) is the cornerstone of wireless and mobile systems. The discovery of effective service is the key to achieve a higher level of ubiquity, which ensures the availability of services to users and applications significantly, and the high use of services. The research in this field is limited, with a few SD protocols available for specific purposes specified in the 6LoWPAN region. This paper discusses the various issues and challenges facing the design and selection of the appropriate service discovery and cluster‐based mechanism. Moreover, attention has been drawn to the cross‐layer solution by discussing different clustering techniques used to solve the redundancy problems. Furthermore, the service discovery protocols and cluster‐based routing protocols are critically investigated considering the redundancy problem, methods, mechanisms, and architectures by categorizing them into different categories, comparing them with fundamental parameters in the WSNs and MANETs environments. In addition, a modern form is proposed to show the life cycle of the service discovery process, and a new figure has been designed to clarify to the researchers various of the open issues related to the service discovery and cluster‐based routing protocols, corresponding objectives and the techniques of solving problems. Through the discussion of the scientific papers under survey, important results and valuable recommendations were reached. The survey is concluded with a summary, open research issues, outlook, and directions for future research on the topic.
Environmental enrichment initiated in adolescence restores the reduced expression of synaptophysin and GFAP in the hippocampus of chronically stressed rats in a sex‐specific manner
Authors: Dandi Εvgenia , Theotokis Paschalis , Petri Maria Christina , Sideropoulou Vaia , Spandou Evangelia , Tata Despina A.
Published: September 2023

This study aims at investigating whether environmental enrichment (EE) initiated in adolescence can alter chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)‐associated changes in astroglial and synaptic plasticity markers in male and female rats. To this end, we studied possible alterations in hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin (SYN) in CUS rats previously housed in EE. Wistar rats on postnatal day (PND) 23 were housed for 10 weeks in standard housing (SH) or enriched conditions. On PND 66, animals were exposed to CUS for 4 weeks. SYN and GFAP expressions were evaluated in CA1 and CA3 subfields and dentate gyrus (DG). CUS reduced the expression of SYN in all hippocampal areas, whereas lower GFAP expression was evident only in CA1 and CA3. The reduced expression of SYN in DG and CA3 was evident to male SH/CUS rats, whereas the reduced GFAP expression in CA1 and CA3 was limited to SH/CUS females. EE housing increased the hippocampal expression of both markers and protected against CUS‐associated decreases. Our findings indicate that the decreases in the expression of SYN and GFAP following CUS are region and sex‐specific and underline the neuroprotective role of EE against these CUS‐associated changes.
Intraspecific size shifts in generalist bumblebees and flowers lead to low functional consequences
Authors: Reverté Sara , Gérard Maxence , Bodson Maxime , Descamps Charlotte , Gosselin Matthias , Jacquemart Anne‐Laure , Louvieaux Julien , Smagghe Guy , Vandamme Peter , Vereecken Nicolas J. , Michez Denis
Published: September 2023

Body size is a trait that can affect plant–pollinator interaction efficiency and plant reproductive success. We explored the impact of intraspecific size shifts on the interactions between pollinators and flowering plants under controlled conditions. We considered two development conditions leading to the production of large and small individual flowers of Borago officinalis and Echium plantagineum. We also used the natural variability of worker size within bumblebee colonies to isolate small and large workers. We performed a fully crossed experiment with the two flower sizes of each plant species and the two sizes of bumblebee workers. Our results show that the size of both partners did not affect bee foraging behavior in most of the evaluated parameters and both bee sizes were equally efficient in depositing pollen. Significant differences were found only in pollen deposition across the life of a flower in small flowers of B. officinalis, with the greatest quantity of pollen deposited by small bees. We did not find a relationship between pollinator size and plant fitness. Our results suggest that generalist plant–pollinator interactions may be resilient to future potential mismatches in the size of the partners but remain to be tested if they are still resilient under the new environmental conditions resulting from global changes.
Interactive effects of dragonfly larvae and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on mosquito oviposition and survival
Authors: Mataba Gordian Rocky , Clark Nicholas William , Kweka Eliningaya J. , Munishi Linus , Brendonck Luc , Vanschoenwinkel Bram
Published: September 2023

The biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is used worldwide to control reproduction of mosquitoes in freshwater habitats. However, its impact on the ecosystem including nontarget species is often unclear. In addition, it is unknown how Bti larvicide may interact with local mosquito predators to shape oviposition site selection of mosquitoes. We used an outdoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the effects of realistic concentrations of the bio‐larvicide Bti on Culex oviposition, larval density, survivorship, and on densities of nontarget species. We also manipulated the complexity of the community by manipulating the presence of dragonfly larvae as a predator. Culex oviposition was unaffected by Bti but the larvicide effectively reduced larval density and survivorship in all treatments. Bti did not affect nontarget insects but stimulated phytoplankton density at the expense of lower herbivore density. The presence of dragonfly larvae in mesocosms did not reduce Culex oviposition or larval sensitivity to Bti. We conclude that Bti may effectively reduce the density and survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in this part of East Africa, but possibly at the cost of higher phytoplankton densities. Bti‐treated mesocosms were not more or less attractive for mosquitoes, suggesting that its application would not alter their oviposition behavior in the field.
From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013–2022)
Authors: Aredes Rafaella S. , Lima Isabela de P. , Faillace Amanda P. , Madriaga Vinicius G. C. , Lima Thiago de M. , Vaz Fernando A. S. , Marques Flávia F. de C. , Duarte Lucas M.
Published: September 2023

Enantioseparation by the electromigration‐based method is well‐established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep‐eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
Intelligent data offloading learning model for autonomous vehicular networks
Authors: Bhanupriya Periaswamy , Balasubramanian Ramachandran
Published: September 2023

When individuals are accustomed to receiving information in automobiles, mobile data offloading is becoming more common. However, the effects of movement of the vehicle in correspondence to relative speed and direction between vehicles, have a significant impact on mobile data offloading. An innovative deep learning algorithm namely, intelligent deep neural network (IDNN) is proposed for vehicle data offloading and an optimal algorithm namely, quasi opposition based C‐hen swarm optimization (QOCSO) is proposed for efficient vehicle resource allocation. Initially, the vehicles in the vehicular networks are clustered with the help of the cosine similarity‐based K‐means algorithm for transmitting the data in an energy‐aware manner. Then cluster heads (CHs) are optimally selected for the generated clusters using Boltzmann selection probability‐based earth worm algorithm. The selected CHs are responsible for collecting the data from the cluster members and that is forwarded to the roadside unit. Then the suitable mobile edge servers are selected according to the IDNN algorithm that offloads the data from the CHs to the appropriate server. These received tasks of the vehicles could be stored as a blockchain for providing security to the vehicular network and finally, the resource allocation of the incoming tasks to the vehicles is performed using the QOCSO algorithm. Experiment findings reveal that both offloading and resource scheduling techniques outperform existing state‐of‐the‐art vehicular network algorithms.
Numerical linear algebra in data assimilation
Authors: Freitag Melina A.
Published: September 2023

Data assimilation is a method that combines observations (ie, real world data) of a state of a system with model output for that system in order to improve the estimate of the state of the system and thereby the model output. The model is usually represented by a discretized partial differential equation. The data assimilation problem can be formulated as a large scale Bayesian inverse problem. Based on this interpretation we will derive the most important variational and sequential data assimilation approaches, in particular three‐dimensional and four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (3D‐Var and 4D‐Var) and the Kalman filter. We will then consider more advanced methods which are extensions of the Kalman filter and variational data assimilation and pay particular attention to their advantages and disadvantages. The data assimilation problem usually results in a very large optimization problem and/or a very large linear system to solve (due to inclusion of time and space dimensions). Therefore, the second part of this article aims to review advances and challenges, in particular from the numerical linear algebra perspective, within the various data assimilation approaches.
Development of Nitroreductase‐Activatable Fluoroquinolone Prodrugs Exhibiting Attenuated Magnesium Ion Binding
Authors: Zhao Zhenxiang , Yadav Anuj K. , Weng Yourong , Chan Jefferson
Published: September 2023

Fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are potent antibiotics prescribed to treat various bacterial infections. Recent studies have also identified prominent examples as promising anti‐cancer agents. However, significant off‐target effects observed in human patients have precluded their wide‐spread clinical use. For instance, upon systemic administration, overt toxicity toward eukaryotic organelles (i. e., mitochondria) can result to the destruction of healthy tissue. Moreover, fluoroquinolones feature a β‐ketoacid motif which binds to and strips magnesium ions from cartilage, leading to rupture of the Achilles tendon. In this study, we have masked the β‐ketoacid of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (as well as two quinolones) with a nitroreductase (NTR)‐responsive warhead appended through a new self‐immolative prodrug linker. The resulting β‐ketoester functional group was found to be remarkably resistant toward spontaneous hydrolysis, esterase activity, as well as other ester‐cleaving enzymatic systems. Further testing also reveal no cross‐reactivity against commonly encountered biologically relevant analytes (e. g., ROS and thiols). Importantly, we demonstrate that upon esterification, the binding toward magnesium ions was attenuated based on an in vitro fluorescent competition assay with the unmodified parent drug.
Scalable, Chromatography‐Free Synthesis of 2‐(3‐Bromophenyl)‐2H‐1,2,3‐triazole through N−N Bond Forming Cyclization
Authors: Kohler Philipp , Schindelholz Ivan , Schäfer Gabriel
Published: September 2023

2‐(3‐Bromophenyl)‐2H‐1,2,3‐triazole is a low molecular‐weight building block that is not readily accessible in pure form by standard synthetic approaches due to competing formation of the triazol‐1‐yl regioisomer. After investigation of a wide range of synthetic routes, a process based on construction of the triazole heterocycle by cyclization of an activated dihydrazone was developed. A suitable isolation method had to be identified before embarking on a demonstration run on >100 g scale without the need for chromatography. The new process delivered the desired building block in 48 % overall yield over four telescoped steps with excellent purity (99 % a/a).
A modified SWAT model for mechanistic simulation of soil water‐salt transport and the interactions with shallow groundwater
Authors: Mu Danning , Xun Yihao , Gao Ya , Ren Dongyang , Sun Chen , Ma Xin , Huang Guanhua , Xu Xu
Published: September 2023

Current hydrological models still face difficulties in accurately simulating vadose zone (VZ) hydrological processes in arid watersheds with shallow groundwater environments. Therefore, this article introduces a new mechanistic VZ module coupled with an improved groundwater‐balance (GWB) module to enhance the capabilities of the well‐known Soil Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model. The main improvements and features of the modified SWAT model (M‐SWAT) include: a numerical VZ module to accurately simulate soil water‐salt transport under variably saturated conditions by solving the head‐formed Richards' equation and advection‐dispersion equation; a GWB module (on a sub‐basin scale for shallow aquifer) coupled with VZ module by proposing an effective way of boundary information exchanges; and a more reasonable water‐salt stress functions (i.e., based on matric head and osmotic head) to calculate root water uptake and plant growth. The M‐SWAT was then tested and evaluated with two‐year observation data from the Yangchang canal command area (YCA, an experimental site) and the Jiyuan Irrigation System (Jiyuan, region‐scale), located in the arid upper Yellow River basin of northwest China. The model produced a good agreement between the simulated and observed data in both calibration and validation with sufficiently small root mean square error (RMSE). The determination coefficient (R2) was greater than 0.51, 0.36, and 0.87 in simulating the soil water‐salt dynamics, groundwater depth fluctuations, and leaf area index development, respectively. Case testing also proved that the M‐SWAT had sufficient computational efficiency and stability for regional application. Further comparisons with previous studies indicated that the M‐SWAT could more accurately and rationally simulate the soil water‐salt dynamics and their interactions in arid watersheds with shallow groundwater tables.
Implications of bank competition, financial stability, and gender gap on access to finance: Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Rakshit Bijoy , Bardhan Samaresh
Published: September 2023

Whether bank competition promotes access to finance is highly debated in economic literature and policy circles. Amidst this debate, this paper investigates the implications of bank competition, financial stability, and gender gap on access to finance for 40 Sub‐Saharan African countries using 12,504 firm‐level observations from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. In addition to structural measures, competition has been measured by three non‐structural measures (Lerner index, Boone indicator, and Panzar‐Rosse H‐statistic). Results obtained through the probit model and probit model with sample selection (PSS) suggest that a higher degree of bank competition positively affects firm's credit availability in the Sub‐Saharan African region. Results also indicate that firms owned by female entrepreneurs are more likely to report greater difficulties in obtaining formal finance. The findings suggest that policymakers and other stakeholders should direct policy actions that promote competition in the credit market by reducing the cost of credit.