bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of rapid staining techniques for cytologic diagnosis of intracranial lesions
Authors: Long Sam N. , Anderson T. James , Long Fenella H. A. , Johnston Pamela E. J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate 4 rapid supravital stains and 3
preparation techniques for use in the intraoperative
diagnosis of intracranial lesions.

Animals—10 dogs and 1 cat euthanatized for intracranial
lesions.

Procedure—Specimens were taken from lesions and
slides prepared, using 3 techniques: touch impression,
medium-pressure impression, or smear preparation.
Preparations were then stained with 4 stains: modified
Wright stain, May-Grünwald-Giemsa, toluidine blue,
and zynostain and examined in a blinded randomized
fashion. Cytologic diagnosis was compared with
histopathologic diagnosis and classified on the basis of
identification of the pathologic process and specific
diagnosis into the following categories: complete correlation,
partial correlation, or no correlation.

Results—An overall diagnostic accuracy of 81%
(107/132) was achieved on the basis of a combination
of partial and complete correlation. Of the stains
examined, modified Wright stain appeared to be most
accurate, with complete correlation in 17 of 33 (52%)
specimens and partial correlation in 12 of 33 (36%)
specimens. Of the preparation methods, touch preparation
and smear preparation provided the most accurate
results, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of
82% (36/44) for both methods. However, smear
preparations appeared to be of greater diagnostic
value, with fewer nondiagnostic specimens, compared
with touch preparations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cytologic
preparations provide a useful diagnostic tool for the
intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial lesions. All
stains examined yielded promising results, the most
accurate of which appeared to be the modified Wright
stain. The smear preparation appeared to be the
preparation method of greatest diagnostic value.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:381–386)
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and body temperature responses of sheep to the ergopeptides ergotamine and ergovaline
Authors: McLeay Lance M. , Smith Barry L. , Reynolds Gordon W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the effects of the ergot alkaloid ergovaline with effects of ergotamine on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature in conscious sheep.

Animals—3 sheep with indwelling arterial catheters.

Procedure—Ergotamine and ergovaline were injected IV (20 nmol/kg), and their effects on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and pattern, body temperature, and skeletal muscle electromyographic activity were compared with control values obtained following injections of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or acetone.

Results—Both ergopeptides caused immediate and significant increases in blood pressure (50 to 75 mm Hg) without concomitant increases in heart rate. Ergovaline but not ergotamine significantly increased pulse pressure (35 mm Hg). Both ergopeptides resulted in decreased respiratory rate and increased respiratory depth within the first hour of administration. Body temperature was decreased slightly upon ergopeptide administration but continued to increase thereafter, with greater increases developing with ergovaline than with ergotamine. Increased body temperatures of 3.0 to 3.5 C were maintained for at least 10 hours. Respiratory rate was increased to rates as high as 210 to 220 breaths/min in association with hyperthermia. Ergopeptides had no effect on skeletal muscle electromyographic activity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In sheep, ergovaline has similar effects to ergotamine on cardiovascular and pulmonary function and body temperature but is more potent. These effects are consistent with clinical signs observed in the toxicoses developed when ruminants ingest grass with high concentrations of ergopeptides. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:387–393)
In vitro evaluation of the role of platelet-activating factor and interleukin-8 in Mannheimia haemolytica-induced bovine pulmonary endothelial cell injury
Authors: McClenahan David J. , Evanson Oral A. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop an in vitro model of the bovine alveolar-capillary interface and to evaluate the roles of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in neutrophil-mediated endothelial injury induced by infection withMannheimia haemolytica.

Sample Population—Cultured bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, freshly isolated bovine neutrophils, and monocyte-derived bovine macrophages.

Procedure—A coculture system was developed in which endothelial cells were grown to confluence in tissue culture inserts, neutrophils were added to the inserts, and macrophages were added to tissue culture wells.Mannheimia haemolytica-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or supernatant was added to activate macrophages, and inhibitors of PAF or IL-8 were added to the insert. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity and permeability (ie, albumin leakage) and neutrophil activation (ie, adhesion, degranulation [lactoferrin expression], and superoxide production) were assessed.

Results—The addition ofM haemolytica-derived LPS to bovine macrophages in the coculture system resulted in significant increases in endothelial cell cytotoxicity and permeability and neutrophil degranulation and adhesion. Inhibition of IL-8 reduced endothelial cell permeability and neutrophil degranulation induced by exposure toM haemolytica-derived supernatant, whereas inhibition of PAF decreased superoxide release by neutrophils.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro activation of bovine macrophages byM haemolyticaderived LPS resulted in neutrophil activation and neutrophil- mediated endothelial damage. Neutrophilmediated endothelial injury and neutrophil degranulation were, at least in part, mediated by IL-8, whereas PAF promoted superoxide release by neutrophils in this in vitro system designed to mimic the in vivo events that occur during the early stages of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:394–401)
Multiple-center study of reduced-concentration triamcinolone topical solution for the treatment of dogs with known or suspected allergic pruritus
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J. , Schafer James H. , Salsbury Charles S. , Blum Jenifer R. , Beale Karin M. , Vitale Carlo B. , Muse Russell , Moriello Karen A. , Garfield Reid A. , Keefe Thomas J. , McArthur T. Reid
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide topical solution (TTS) in dogs for use in reduction of clinical signs of pruritic inflammatory skin diseases of a known or suspected allergic basis and to evaluate adverse effects associated with TTS administration.

Animals—103 pruritic adult dogs with known or suspected allergic skin disease.

Procedure—Dogs were treated for 4 weeks with TTS or with vehicle solution (control dogs) in a multiplecenter study. Clinical signs were scored by owners and by examining veterinarians before and after treatment. Blood samples obtained before and after treatment were subjected to routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses.

Results—Treatment success, as defined by an improvement of at least 2 of 6 grades in overall clinical score, was evident in 35 of 52 (67%) TTStreated dogs (mean improvement, 1.98) and 12 of 51 (24%) control dogs (mean improvement, 0.29). For several criteria, TTS was significantly more effective than vehicle in reducing clinical signs. Minor alterations in hematologic determinations in TTS-treated dogs were limited to slightly lower total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts after treatment. Minor adverse effects were reported by owners in 6 of 52 (12%) TTS-treated and 9 of 51 (18%) control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Triamcinolone used as a spray solution at a concentration approximately one-sixth the concentration of triamcinolone topical preparations currently available for veterinary use is effective for short-term alleviation of allergic pruritus in dogs. Adverse effects are few and mild and, thus, do not preclude prolonged treatment with the solution. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:408–413)
Influence of canine recombinant somatotropin hormone on biomechanical and biochemical properties of the medial meniscus in stifles with altered stability
Authors: Noone Thomas J. , Millis Darryl L. , Korvick Donna L. , Athanasiou Kyriacos , Cook James L. , Kuroki Keiichi , Buonomo Fran
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine biomechanical and biochemical properties of the medial meniscus in a semistable stifle model and in clinical patients and to determine the effect of canine recombinant somatotropin hormone (STH) on those properties.

Animals—22 healthy adult dogs and 12 dogs with meniscal damage secondary to cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture.

Procedure—The CCL was transected in 15 dogs, and stifles were immediately stabilized. Implants releasing 4 mg of STH/d were placed in 7 dogs, and 8 received sham implants. Seven dogs were used as untreated controls. Force plate analysis was performed before surgery and 2, 5, and 10 weeks after surgery. After 10 weeks, dogs were euthanatized, and menisci from surgical and contralateral stifles were harvested. The torn caudal horn of the medial meniscus in dogs with CCL rupture comprised the clinical group. Creep indentation determined aggregate modulus (HA), Poisson's ratio (v), permeability (k), and percentage recovery (%R). Water content (%W), collagen content (C), sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content, and collagen type-I (cI) and -II (cII) immunoreactivity were also determined.

Results—Surgical and clinical groups had lower HA, k, %R, C, sGAG, cI, and cII and higher %W than the nonsurgical group. Surgical stifles with greater weight bearing had stiffer menisci than those bearing less weight. Collagen content was higher in the surgical group receiving STH than the surgical group without STH.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Acute stabilization and moderate weight bearing of the CCL-deficient stifle appear to protect stiffness of the medial meniscus. Normal appearing menisci from CCL-deficient stifles can have alterations in biomechanical and biochemical properties, which may contribute to meniscal failure. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:419–426)
Evaluation of small-intestinal submucosa implants for repair of meniscal defects in dogs
Authors: Welch Janet A. , Montgomery Ronald D. , Lenz Stephen D. , Plouhar Pamela , Shelton Walter R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the effects of porcine small
intestinal submucosa (SIS) implants on the healing of
meniscal lesions in dogs.

Animals—16 adult Greyhounds of both sexes.

Procedure—Unilateral osteotomy was performed at
time 0 to disrupt the medial collateral ligament attachment,
and two (1 cranial and 1 caudal) 4-mm circular
defects were created in the avascular portion of the
medial meniscus. One defect was filled with an SIS
graft, and the other defect remained empty (control).
Three months later, the identical procedure was performed
on the contralateral limb. Three months after
the second surgery, dogs were euthanatized, and
meniscal tissue specimens from both stifle joints
were collected for gross, histologic, biomechanical,
and biochemical evaluations.

Results—Regenerative tissue was evident in 4 (2
SIS-implanted and 2 control) of 16 defects examined
histologically. In 3 defects, this thin bridge of tissue
was composed of immature haphazardly arranged
fibrous connective tissue with a relatively uniform distribution
of fibroblasts. Aggregate modulus, Poisson
ratio, permeability, and shear modulus were not significantly
different between control and SIS-implanted
defects either 3 or 6 months after surgery.
Hydroxyproline content also did not differ between
SIS-implanted and control defects at 3 or 6 months.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Implantation
of porcine SIS into experimentally induced meniscal
lesions in dogs did not promote tissue regeneration.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:427–431)
Calculated forelimb flexor tendon forces in horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis and the effects of application of heel wedges
Authors: Meershoek Liduin S. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Clayton Hilary M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To calculate forces in the flexor tendons and the influence of heel wedges in affected and contralateral (compensating) forelimbs of horses with experimentally induced unilateral tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon.

Animals—5 Warmblood horses.

Procedure—Ground reaction force and kinematic data were obtained during a previous study while horses were trotting before and after induction of tendinitis in 1 forelimb SDF and after application of 6° heel wedges to both forehooves. Forces in the SDF, deep digital flexor (DDF), and the suspensory ligament (SL) and strain in the accessory ligament (AL) of the DDF were calculated, using an in vitro model of the distal region of the forelimb.

Results—After induction of tendinitis, trotting speed slowed, and forces decreased in most tendons. In the affected limb, SL force decreased more than SDF and DDF forces. In the compensating limb, SDF force increased, and the other forces decreased. After application of heel wedges, SDF force in both limbs increased but not significantly. Furthermore, there was a decrease in DDF force and AL strain.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The increase in SDF force in the compensating forelimb of horses with unilateral SDF tendinitis may explain the high secondary injury rate in this tendon. The lack of decrease of SDF force in either limb after application of heel wedges suggests that heel wedges are not beneficial in horses with SDF tendinitis. Instead, heel wedges may exacerbate the existing lesion. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:432–437)
Evaluation of the bispectral index as an indicator of degree of central nervous system depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Haga Henning Andreas , Dolvik Nils I.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether the bispectral
index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of degree of
CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Animals—10 Standardbred and 6 Norwegian coldblooded
trotter stallions admitted for routine castration.

Procedure—A 2-channel referential electrode configuration
was used to record EEG for calculation of BIS
by the EEG monitor. The BIS was calculated before
(awake) and after (sedated) administration of detomidine
(0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol
(0.01 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine
hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and diazepam
(0.04 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane delivered
in oxygen. The BIS was calculated after 30 minutes
of equilibration at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration
of 1.4% (n = 8) or 1.9% (8) and recorded continuously
during surgery.

Results—Bispectral index was significantly less in
sedated and anesthetized horses, compared with awake
horses. However, BIS was not significantly different
between sedated and anesthetized horses. Mean BIS in
horses anesthetized at 1.9% isoflurane was significantly
greater, compared with horses anesthetized at an endtidal
concentration of 1.4%. Four horses in the 1.4%
group moved during surgery, and BIS increased immediately
prior to movement in 2 of these horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BIS is not a
precise indicator of degree of CNS depression in
isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Thus, determination
of BIS may not be a useful technique for monitoring
anesthetic depth in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:438–442)
Effectiveness of a unique dihydropyridine (BAY TG 1000) for prevention of laminitis in horses
Authors: Hood David M. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Wagner Ilka P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether a unique dihydropyridine (BAY TG 1000) would be beneficial in preventing laminitis in horses.

Animals—16 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure—8 pairs of horses were used in a controlled double-blind study, using sex- and agematched horses randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Horses were subjected to carbohydrate overload to induce laminitis. Treated horses were administered BAY TG 1000 (30 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days. Hoof wall surface temperature (HWST) and lameness were recorded at 4-hour intervals. The HWST was adjusted on the basis of time of onset of lameness and evaluated, using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Lameness 8 hours after onset and clinical status 72 hours after onset of lameness were evaluated, using Mann-Whitney procedures.

Results—Analysis revealed that BAY TG 1000 did not decrease the incidence of lameness but significantly ameliorated prodromal hypothermia, lessened the severity of lameness 8 hours after onset of lameness, and improved the clinical status of horses 72 hours after onset of lameness.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results support the conclusion that BAY TG 1000 was protective when used in prevention of laminitis. The drug decreased severity and improved clinical status (recovery) of induced lameness, which was interpreted to mean that the drug's actions were on mechanisms important but secondary to primary causal mechanisms of laminitis. Therefore, drugs that enhance digital perfusion via alteration of rheologic activity may have potential use in the prevention and management of laminitis in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:443–447)
Apoptosis of bovine neutrophils during mastitis experimentally induced with Escherichia coli or endotoxin
Authors: Van Oostveldt Kaat , Tomita Grant M. , Paape Max J. , Capuco Anthony V. , Burvenich Christian
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether apoptosis of neutrophils was accelerated during mastits experimentally induced by use ofEscherichia coliorE coliendotoxin and whether differences were apparent in the response toE colior endotoxin.

Animals—11 healthy lactating Holstein cows.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected from cows at various intervals after intramammary inoculation withE colior endotoxin. Percentage of apoptotic neutrophils detected after in vitro incubation for 3 hours was determined. Fluorescein isothiocyanatelabeled annexin-V in combination with propidium iodide was used to distinguish apoptosis and necrosis of neutrophils. Total and differential circulating leukocyte counts and rectal temperature were determined at the time of collection of blood samples. Milk yield and milk somatic cell counts were determined at the time of milking.

Results—Inoculation of endotoxin did not accelerate in vitro induction of neutrophil apoptosis. However, inoculation ofE coliincreased the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils. At 18 hours after inoculation, 20% of the neutrophils were apoptotic, compared with 5% before inoculation. Milk somatic cell count and rectal temperature increased, milk production and total leukocyte count decreased, and percentage of immature neutrophils increased after inoculation withE colior endotoxin. However, kinetics of the responses were more rapid, more severe, and of shorter duration during endotoxininduced mastitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro induction of apoptosis of neutrophils was accelerated only duringE coli-induced mastitis and not during endotoxin- induced mastitis. Endotoxin inoculation as a model for studying coliform mastitis in dairy cows should be viewed with caution. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:448–453)
Motivations for and barriers to engaging in continuing veterinary medical education
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Klingborg Donald J. , Brenner James S. , Gotz Adrienne A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify reasons for engagement in
continuing veterinary medical education (CVME)
activities, obstacles to participation, ways to provide
more effective programs, and ideas to improve participation
in CVME.

Design—Focus group interviews.

Sample Population—Selected practicing veterinarians
from a state that did mandate continuing education
for relicensure.

Procedure—12 focus group interviews were held
throughout the state of California between May and
September 1998. Practitioners were asked to
respond to questions about where they obtain information
to improve their practice, what value they see
in CVME, what motivates them to participate, what
obstacles to CVME participation exist, and ways
CVME providers and practitioners could overcome
those obstacles.

Results—84 practitioners participated in the focus
group interviews. In addition to the educational value
of CVME, participation was used to rejuvenate practice
life and prevent feelings of isolation. Continuing
education activities ranged from problem-oriented
chats with colleagues to formal educational programs.
Timing of events, distance, money, solo practice,
stage of career, and family demands were identified
as barriers to participation. Designing and marketing
CVME with specific learning objectives and for
specific career stages and using new educational
delivery technologies were suggested to overcome
some of these barriers.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—If CVME is to
improve practice and patient care, it should be integrated
into a practice's strategic planning and considered
a legitimate business expense. Decisions about
CVME participation are made easier if program objectives
are clearly outlined. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;217:1001–1006)
Owner assessment of the outcome of total hip arthroplasty in dogs
Authors: Skurla Carolyn T. , Egger Erick L. , Schwarz Peter D. , James Susan P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate owners' perceptions of the
outcomes of dogs that have undergone total hip
arthroplasty (THA).

Design—Survey.

Sample Population—Owners of 145 dogs that had
undergone THA.

Procedure—Surveys were mailed to owners of 353
dogs that underwent THA between 1982 and 1996.
Owners were asked to answer multiple-choice questions
and provide written comments.

Results—The response rate was 41%. For owners
who responded to the survey, time from surgery to
completion of the questionnaire ranged from 6
months to 11 years. Overall, 122 respondents (84.1%)
rated results of THA in their dog as excellent or good.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that owners are generally satisfied with the
results of THA in their dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;217:1010–1012)
Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl patches for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy
Authors: Franks Joanne N. , Boothe Harry W. , Taylor Lathrop , Geller Sue , Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Cracas Victoria , Boothe Dawn M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy and safety of using transdermal fentanyl patches (TFP) for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy.

Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Animals—45 client-owned cats weighing ≥ 2.7 kg (5.9 lb) undergoing onychectomy, onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy, or onychectomy and castration.

Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to be treated with a TFP (25 µg/h) or butorphanol; TFP were applied a minimum of 4 hours before surgery (approx 8 hours prior to extubation). Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, force applied by the forelimbs, and serum fentanyl concentration were measured, and temperament, recovery, degree of sedation, severity of pain, severity of lameness, and appetite were scored before and periodically for up to 40 hours after surgery.

Results—Cats treated with a TFP had better recovery scores at 2 of 4 evaluation times, lower sedation scores at 2 of 8 evaluation times, and lower pain scores at 6 of 8 evaluation times, compared with cats treated with butorphanol. Use of a pressure-sensitive mat to evaluate force applied by the forelimbs did not reveal any differences between groups but did reveal a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values. Mean ± SD serum fentanyl concentrations were 1.56 ± 1.08, 4.85 ± 2.38, 4.87 ± 1.56, and 4.35 ± 2.97 ng/ml approximately 8, 24, 32, and 48 hours, respectively, after TFP placement.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that use of a TFP (25 µg/h) for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy with or without surgical sterilization is safe and effective. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1013–1020)
Effects of butorphanol and carprofen on the minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Lange Douglas N. , Mandsager Ronald E. , Payton Mark E. , Bowen Christine , Kamata Atsushi , Kuo Wei-Chen
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of butorphanol and carprofen, alone and in combination, on the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.

Design—Randomized complete-block crossover study.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane was determined following administration of carprofen alone, butorphanol alone, carprofen and butorphanol, and neither drug (control). Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen, and MAC was determined by use of a tail clamp method. Three hours prior to induction of anesthesia, dogs were fed a small amount of canned food without any drugs (control) or with carprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight [1 mg/lb]). Following initial determination of MAC, butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], IV) was administered, and MAC was determined again. Heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect arterial blood pressure, endtidal partial pressure of CO2, and saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen were recorded at the time MAC was determined.

Results—Mean ± SD MAC of isoflurane following administration of butorphanol alone (1.03 ± 0.22%) or carprofen and butorphanol (0.90 ± 0.21%) were significantly less than the control MAC (1.28 ± 0.14%), but MAC after administration of carprofen alone (1.20 ± 0.13%) was not significantly different from the control value. The effects of carprofen and butorphanol on the MAC of isoflurane were additive. There were not any significant differences among treatments in regard to cardiorespiratory data.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that administration of butorphanol alone or in combination with carprofen significantly reduces the MAC of isoflurane in dogs; however, the effects of butorphanol and carprofen are additive, not synergistic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1025–1028)
Lung lobe torsion in dogs: 22 cases (1981–1999)
Authors: Neath Prue J. , Brockman Daniel J. , King Lesley G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify breed disposition, postoperative complications, and outcome in dogs with lung lobe torsion.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—22 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—Information on signalment; history; clinical findings; results of clinicopathologic testing, diagnostic imaging, and pleural fluid analysis; surgical treatment; intra- and postoperative complications; histologic findings; and outcome were obtained from medical records.

Results—All 22 dogs had pleural effusion; dyspnea was the most common reason for examination. Fifteen dogs were large deep-chested breeds; 5 were toy breeds. Afghan Hounds were overrepresented, compared with the hospital population. One dog was euthanatized without treatment; the remaining dogs underwent exploratory thoracotomy and lung lobectomy. Eleven dogs recovered from surgery without complications, but 3 of these later died of thoracic disease. Four dogs survived to discharge but had clinically important complications within 2 months, including chylothorax, mediastinal mesothelioma, gastric dilatation, and a second lung lobe torsion. Six dogs died or were euthanatized within 2 weeks after surgery because of acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, septic shock, pneumothorax, or chylothorax. Chylothorax was diagnosed in 8 of the 22 dogs, including 4 Afghan Hounds.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that lung lobe torsion is rare in dogs and develops most frequently in large deep-chested dogs, particularly Afghan Hounds. Other predisposing causes were not identified, but an association with chylothorax was evident, especially in Afghan Hounds. Prognosis for dogs with lung lobe torsion was fair to guarded. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1041–1044)
Serologic confirmation of Ehrlichia equi and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in horses from the northeastern United States
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , IJdo Jacob W. , Andel Amy E. Van , Wu Caiyun , Padula Steven J. , Fikrig Erol
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether horses living in tick-infested areas of northeastern United States with clinical signs of borreliosis or granulocytic ehrlichiosis had detectable serum antibodies to bothBorrelia burgdorferiandEhrlichia equi.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Serum samples from 51 clinically normal horses, 14 horses with clinical signs of borreliosis, and 17 horses with clinical signs of granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Procedure—SerumB burgdorferiorE equiantibodies were measured by use of an ELISA, immunoblot analysis, or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining.

Results—Of the 82 serum samples tested, 37 (45.1%) and 13 (15.9%) had detectable antibodies toB burgdorferiorE equi, respectively. Test results indicated that 12 horses had been exposed to both agents, 11 of these horses had granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The ELISA regularly detected antibodies to the following recombinant protein (p) antigens ofB burgdorferi: p29, p37, p39, and p41-G. The use of immunoblot analysis confirmed ELISA results by indicating antibody reactivities to antigens of whole-cellB burgdorferihaving molecular masses of predominantly 31, 34, 37, 39, 41, 58, and 93 kd.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Horses living in areas where ticks (Ixodes scapularis) abound are sometimes exposed to multiple pathogens. Analyses for specific recombinant borrelial antibodies using an ELISA can help separate horses with borreliosis from those with granulocytic ehrlichiosis, even when antibodies to both etiologic agents are detected in serum samples. Analysis using immunoblots is sensitive, and along with ELISA or IFA procedures, is suitable for confirming a clinical diagnosis of each disease (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1045–1050)
The convenience of catalog shopping: Is there more to it than time?
Authors: Gehrt Kenneth C. , Yale Laura J. , Lawson Diana A.
Published: December 2005

There is little doubt that one of the important motivations behind direct marketing patronage is convenience. Convenience has traditionally been conceptualized as a time-dominated phenomenon, yet much of the research that attempts to link demographic surrogates of time-constrained individuals/households with direct marketing patronage has shown only weak relationships. This paper reexamines the nature of convenience in the context of direct marketing patronage behavior. It reveals that an important oversight regarding convenience is that it consists not only of a time dimension, but also of space and effort dimensions. The qualitative data on which the study is based provide user-friendly data that offer rather literal suggestions as to how the convenience concerns of catalog patrons can be addressed.
Sugar concentration of fruits and their detection via color in the Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Riba‐Hernández Pablo , Stoner Kathryn E. , Lucas Peter W.
Published: December 2005

Although most arguments explaining the predominance of polymorphic color vision in platyrrhine monkeys are linked to the advantage of trichromacy over dichromacy for foraging for ripe fruits, little information exists on the relationship between nutritional reward and performance in fruit detection with different types of color vision. The principal reward of most fruits is sugar, and thus it seems logical to investigate whether fruit coloration provides a long‐distance sensory cue to primates that correlates with sugar content. Here we test the hypothesis that fruit detection performance via trichromatic color vision phenotypes provides better information regarding sugar concentration than dichromatic phenotypes (i.e., is a color vision phenotype with sufficient red‐green (RG) differentiation necessary to “reveal” the concentration of major sugars in fruits?). Accordingly, we studied the fruit foraging behavior ofAteles geoffroyiby measuring both the reflectance spectra and the concentrations of major sugars in the consumed fruits. We modeled detection performance with different color phenotypes. Our results provide some support for the hypothesis. The yellow‐blue (YB) color signal, which is the only one available to dichromats, was not significantly related to sugar concentration. The RG color vision signal, which is present only in trichromats, was significantly correlated with sugar content, but only when the latter was defined by glucose. There was in fact a consistent negative relationship between fruit detection performance and sucrose concentration, although this was not significant for the 430 nm and 550 nm phenotypes. The regular trichromatic phenotypes (430 nm, 533 nm, and 565 nm) showed higher correlations between fruit performance and glucose concentration than the other two trichromatic phenotypes. Our study documents a trichromatic foraging advantage in terms of fruit quality, and suggests that trichromatic color vision is advantageous over dichromatic color vision for detecting sugar‐rich fruits. Am. J. Primatol. 67:411–423, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term water uptake behavior of natural fiber/polypropylene composites
Authors: Tajvidi Mehdi , Najafi Saeed Kazemi , Moteei Nazanin
Published: December 2005

Composites of different natural fibers and polypropylene were prepared and their long‐term water absorption behaviors were studied. Wood flour, rice hulls, newsprint fibers, and kenaf fibers (at 25 and 50% by weight contents) were mixed with polypropylene and 1 and 2% compatibilizer, respectively. Water absorption tests were carried out on injection‐molded specimens at room temperature for 5 weeks. Measurements were made every week and water absorption was calculated. Water diffusion coefficients were also calculated by evaluating the water absorption isotherms. Results indicated a significant difference among different natural fibers, with kenaf fibers and newsprint fibers exhibiting the highest and wood flour and rice hulls the lowest water absorption values, respectively. The difference between 25 and 50% fiber contents for all composite formulations increased at longer immersion times. Water diffusion coefficients of the composites were found to be about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of pure PP. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Analysis by mass spectrometry of the hydrolysis/condensation reaction of a trialkoxysilane in various dental monomer solutions
Authors: Farahani Mahnaz , Wallace William E. , Antonucci Joseph M. , Guttman Charles M.
Published: December 2005

3‐Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was converted to silsesquioxane oligomers by hydrolysis/condensation in three dental monomer solutions. The molecular mass distribution and molecular structures of these oligomers was studied by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Each dental monomer imparted distinct characteristics on the oligomeric silsesquioxane produced. Ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) produced low‐mass oligomer silsesquioxanes that showed complete hydrolysis and a very high degree of intramolecular condensation (i.e., there were no methoxy and few silanol groups remaining on the oligomers). 1,6‐Bis(methacryloxy‐2‐ethoxycarbonylamino) 2,4,4‐trimethylhexane also produced fully hydrolyzed oligomeric silsesquioxanes but with twice the average molecular mass as the EBPADMA. Finally, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate produced higher mass oligomeric silsesquioxanes than EBPADMA even though it showed incomplete hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis increased with increasing mass, as did the degree of intramolecular condensation. Oligomers with degrees of polymerization below 8 were poorly hydrolyzed and showed little if any intramolecular condensation. Those with degrees of polymerization of 9 or greater were almost completely hydrolyzed with a high level of intramolecular condensation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1842–1847, 2006
Study on the interfacial properties of two‐dimensionally arranged glass fiber/epoxy resin model composites
Authors: Moon C. K. , Holmes G. A. , McDonough W. G.
Published: December 2005

The effect of interfiber distance on the interfacial properties in two dimensional multi‐E‐glass fiber/epoxy resin composites has been investigated using fragmentation test. In addition, the effect of the fiber surface treatment on the interfacial properties has been studied. We found that the interfacial shear strength decreased with the decreasing interfiber distance at the range of <50 μm and the extent of the decreasing was more serious as the increasing of the number of adjacent fiber. This is probably that the interface between the fiber and the resin was damaged by the breaking of adjacent fibers and the damage increased with minimizing the interfiber spacing and the number of adjacent fibers. We can guess that interfacial shear strength in real composites is much smaller than that of multifiber fragmentation sample with touched fiber. When the interfiber distance was >50 μm, the interfacial shear strengths were saturated regardless of fiber surface treatment and were in close agreement with those of the single fiber fragmentation test. Finally, the interfacial shear strength evaluated using two dimensional fragmentation tests are shown as real values in‐site regardless of fiber surface treatment, interfiber distance, and existing matrix cracks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1541–1551, 2006
Enhancement of electrical properties of anisotropically conductive adhesive joints via low temperature sintering
Authors: Li Yi , Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Wong C. P.
Published: December 2005

The electrical properties of anisotropically conductive adhesives (ACAs) joints through low temperature sintering of nano silver (Ag) particles were investigated and compared with that of the submicron‐sized Ag‐filled ACA and lead‐free solder joints. The nano Ag particles used exhibited sintering behavior at significantly lower temperatures (<200°C) than at the bulk Ag melting temperature (960°C). The sintered nano Ag particles significantly reduced the joint resistance and enhanced the current carrying capability of ACA joints. The improved electrical performance of ACA was attributed to the reduced interfaces between the Ag particles and the increased interfacial contact area between nano Ag particles and bond pads by the particle sintering. The reduced joint resistance was comparable to that of the lead‐free (tin/3.5 silver/0.5 copper) metal solder joints. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1665–1673, 2006
Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physical properties of polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Chae Dong Wook , Kim Byoung Chul
Published: December 2005

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared by solution mixing in dimethylacetamide, followed by film casting, and their physical properties were investigated. The heating scan of differential scanning calorimetry displayed only a single crystallization peak (Tc) without a melting peak, regardless of the presence of ZnO. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles decreased Tc by 13°C, and increased the heat of crystallization by 18%. Further, it greatly improved the thermal stability of PAN, even at the ZnO content as low as 0.1 wt %. The nanocomposites showed the UV transmittance peak at 365 nm, whose intensity was increased as ZnO content was increased. The presence of ZnO did not produce new peak nor shift the peaks with respect to PAN in wide angle X‐ray diffraction pattern. Introduction of a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles did not have notable effect on the tensile properties. However, 5 wt % loading of the nanoparticles increased the tensile modulus of PAN by 14.5% and decreased elongation at break dramatically. PAN nanocomposites with 5 wt % ZnO did not show any plateau region in stress–strain curve. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1854–1858, 2006
Comparative effects of pyrolyzed oil shale and pyrolyzed burned oil shale used as fillers in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Barbosa Ronilson Vasconcelos , Baumhardt‐Neto Ricardo , Mauler Raquel Santos , Lima Éder Cláudio , Schneider Cláudia Gazzana
Published: December 2005

Pyrolyzed oil shale (POS) obtained from the pyrolysis of bituminous rock was burned in a normal atmosphere (POSB) to remove the organic phase and then used as a filler in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVAL). The effects of vinyl alcohol content, POSB particle size, and POSB concentration on the composite were investigated through measurement of mechanical properties. Composites were prepared in a rotor mixer at 180°C. Stress–strain plots of compression‐molded composites showed synergic behavior of the mechanical properties with low concentrations (1–5 wt %) of POSB, regardless of particle size or type of EVAL. Such behavior suggests close packing and strong interactions between inorganic filler and polymer, with the effects reinforced by the mechanical properties. It was observed that the absence of the organic phase in the modified material improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Increasing the vinyl alcohol content improved the compatibility between polymer and filler in the EVAL/POS but did not affect the compatibility in EVAL/POSB composites. The relationship of mechanical and morphological behavior in the EVAL/POS and EVAL/POSB composites indicated that different factors were at play to explain the compatibility between the EVAL and the inorganic phase. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1859–1864, 2006
Structure and properties of polyamides‐epoxidized elastomers blends
Authors: Steller Ryszard , Micewicz Ewa , Meissner Wanda , Piglowski Jacek , Haponiuk Józef
Published: December 2005

Blends of aliphatic polyamides (PA6, PA66, and PA12), containing 0–15 wt % nonepoxidized or epoxidized elastomers (statistical copolymer butadiene–styrene BS/EBS or linear block copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene SBS/ESBS) were investigated. For PA6‐elastomer blends, taken as an example, it was shown that with increasing blending time, mechanical properties of blends increase, especially, if ESBS copolymer is used. It can be treated as an indirect sign of reactions between components. It was also found that in blends considerable changes of glass temperatures of components occur. Polyamides in blends with elastomers have smaller heats of fusion in comparison with virgin polyamides. It testifies to hindering of PA crystallization by elastomers. In some cases, significant shifts of melting points are also observed. Measurements of water contact angle show that all blends have very similar values of contact angles, which are lower than those of virgin polyamides. Elastomer content does not also affect the blend water uptake. However, it depends on the polyamide and elastomer type contrary to contact angle. Highest water uptake changes are observed in blends of PA66, especially for epoxidized elastomers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1872–1879, 2006
The preparation, characterization, and cure reactions of new bisbenzocyclobutene‐terminated aromatic imides
Authors: Zhang Yingqiang , Gao Jianying , Shen Xuening , Huang Farong
Published: December 2005

Several new bisbenzocyclobutene‐terminated aromatic imides, 2,2′‐bis(N‐4‐benzocyclobutenyl) phthalimide, 2,2′‐bis[4‐(N‐4‐benzocyclobutenylphthalimide)]‐ether, 2,2′‐bis[4‐(N‐4‐benzocyclobutenylphthalimide)]‐ketone, and 2,2′‐bis[4‐(N‐4‐benzo cyclobutenylphthalimid‐4‐oxy) phenyl]‐propane, have been synthesized in high yields and characterized by FTIR, MS, EA, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polymers cured from benzocyclobutene‐terminated imides have high glass transition temperature and good thermal stabilities. The cure reaction of an imide was studied by FTIR‐ATR (attenuated total reflection) and DSC techniques. Apparent kinetic parameters of the cure reaction are obtained. The apparent cure reaction order, activation energy, and pre‐exponential factor determined by isothermal DSC method are 1, 143.4 kJ/mol, and 3.88× 1013 min−1, and by nonisothermal DSC methods 1, 139.4 kJ/mol, and 2.27× 1013 min−1, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1705–1719, 2006
Modification of polyethylene and incorporation of fillers for effective reinforcement of mechanical and better flame retardant properties
Authors: Shah Gul Bali , Fuzail Mohammad
Published: December 2005

The effect of incorporation of the two different fillers, i.e. calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, over a concentration range of 0–35% w/w on mechanical and burning properties and hot set test of polyethylene (PE) has been studied. The incorporation of either of these fillers deteriorates mechanical properties such as percent elongation at break and tensile strength of PE. However, modification of PE not only mitigates the reduction in these properties, but brings enhancement in all the aforementioned properties. A clear difference in these properties for the incorporation of each of these fillers to just PE, silane‐grafted but uncured PE, and silane cross‐linked PE has been found. These properties follow the order of superiority as: cross‐linked PE > silane‐grafted uncured PE > physically filled PE. The different properties due to physical bonding of filler, physical bonding in the presence of polar silane grafted onto PE, and that of chemical bonding of filler in cross‐linked PE has been discussed and analyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1928–1933, 2006
Copolymerization of acrylonitrile with methyl vinyl ketone
Authors: Hou Chen , Liu Junshen , Ying Liang , Wang Chengguo
Published: December 2005

Methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) was first used to successfully copolymerize with acrylonitrile (AN). This was achieved with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The kinetics of the copolymerization of AN with MVK were investigated in a H2O/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture between 50 and 70°C under N2 atmosphere. The rate of copolymerization was measured. The kinetic equation of the copolymerization system was obtained, and the overall activation energy for the copolymerization system was determined. The values of the monomer apparent reactivity ratios were calculated by the Kelen–Tudos method. In a DMSO‐rich reaction medium (DMSO/H2O > 80/20), the monomer apparent reactivity ratios were similar to those in the solution polymerization system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1940–1944, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight metaloquinolate‐containing polymers
Authors: Mei Qunbo , Du Naiying , Lu Mangeng
Published: December 2005

In this article, a new method to synthesize novel metaloquinolate (AlQ3, ZnQ2)‐containing polymers is reported. A model polymer with 8‐hydroxyquinoline ligands can be obtained by free‐radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), then metaloquinolate (AlQ3, ZnQ2)‐containing polymers are prepared by coordinating reaction with di(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ2) chelates or mono (8‐hydroxyquinoline) zinc (ZnQ) chelates without crosslinking. The structures of products are confirmed by NMR, FTIR, ultraviolet‐visible, elementary analysis, photoluminescence spectrum, and gel permeation chromatography analysis. They are soluble in common solvents and suitable to form films. The use of AlQ2 and ZnQ avoided the crosslinking caused by the AlQ3, ZnQ2 formation between different polymer chains. Different from the traditional small organic molecules in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabrication, the polymer can be processed by spin coating without phase separation. Compared to the PMMA or MMA‐co‐HEMA‐CH2‐Hq, the Tg of the metaloquinolate‐containing polymers was much higher. It should be of interest for OLED applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1945–1952, 2006