bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging the magnetic nanowire cross section and magnetic ordering within a suspended 3D artificial spin-ice
Authors: Harding Edward , Araki Tohru , Askey Joseph , Hunt Matthew , Van Den Berg Arjen , Raftrey David , Aballe Lucia , Kaulich Burkhard , MacDonald Emyr , Fischer Peter , Ladak Sam
Published: February 2024

Artificial spin-ice systems are patterned arrays of magnetic nanoislands arranged into frustrated geometries and provide insight into the physics of ordering and emergence. The majority of these systems have been realized in two-dimensions, mainly due to the ease of fabrication, but with recent developments in advanced nanolithography, three-dimensional artificial spin ice (ASI) structures have become possible, providing a new paradigm in their study. Such artificially engineered 3D systems provide new opportunities in realizing tunable ground states, new domain wall topologies, monopole propagation, and advanced device concepts, such as magnetic racetrack memory. Direct imaging of 3DASI structures with magnetic force microscopy has thus far been key to probing the physics of these systems but is limited in both the depth of measurement and resolution, ultimately restricting measurement to the uppermost layers of the system. In this work, a method is developed to fabricate 3DASI lattices over an aperture using two-photon lithography, thermal evaporation, and oxygen plasma exposure, allowing the probe of element-specific structural and magnetic information using soft x-ray microscopy with x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) as magnetic contrast. The suspended polymer–permalloy lattices are found to be stable under repeated soft x-ray exposure. Analysis of the x-ray absorption signal allows the complex cross section of the magnetic nanowires to be reconstructed and demonstrates a crescent-shaped geometry. Measurement of the XMCD images after the application of an in-plane field suggests a decrease in magnetic moment on the lattice surface due to oxidation, while a measurable signal is retained on sub-lattices below the surface.
Luminous characteristics of high-voltage blue mini-light-emitting diodes
Authors: Xu Xiongfei , Zheng Xi , Tong ChangDong , Li Minghua , Lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Guo Weijie
Published: February 2024

The luminous characteristics of flip-chip type high-voltage (HV) blue mini-light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which consist of three serially connected sub-mesas, have been investigated for the first time. The cryogenic electroluminescence below 100 K partially originates from localized excitons. As the driving current reaches 1 μA, the contributions of Shockley–Read–Hall nonradiative recombination and radiative recombination exhibit a remarkably inverse temperature dependence, while the contributions of Auger recombination and carrier leakage are relatively negligible. The mesa corresponding to the anode of the HV blue mini-LED exhibits the lowest temperature among the three sub-mesas due to its smaller thermal resistance. To minimize the temperature-induced shift in chromaticity coordinates, it is necessary to adjust the driving current based on the operating temperature.
Photosynthetically active radiation separation model for high-latitude regions in agrivoltaic systems modeling
Authors: Ma Lu S. , Yang D. , Anderson M. C. , Zainali S. , Stridh B. , Avelin A. , Campana P. E.
Published: February 2024

Photosynthetically active radiation is a key parameter for determining crop yield. Separating photosynthetically active radiation into direct and diffuse components is significant to agrivoltaic systems. The varying shading conditions caused by the solar panels produce a higher contribution of diffuse irradiance reaching the crops. This study introduces a new separation model capable of accurately estimating the diffuse component from the global photosynthetically active radiation and conveniently retrievable meteorological parameters. The model modifies one of the highest-performing separation models for broadband irradiance, namely, the Yang2 model. Four new predictors are added: atmospheric optical thickness, vapor pressure deficit, aerosol optical depth, and surface albedo. The proposed model has been calibrated, tested, and validated at three sites in Sweden with latitudes above 58 °N, outperforming four other models in all examined locations, with R2 values greater than 0.90. The applicability of the developed model is demonstrated using data retrieved from Sweden's first agrivoltaic system. A variety of data availability cases representative of current and future agrivoltaic systems is tested. If on-site measurements of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation are not available, the model calibrated based on nearby stations can be a suitable first approximation, obtaining an R2 of 0.89. Utilizing predictor values derived from satellite data is an alternative method, but the spatial resolution must be considered cautiously as the R2 dropped to 0.73.
A fractional integral method inverse distance weight-based for denoising depth images
Authors: Xie Da , Huang Tingsheng , Wang Chunyang , Qiu Wenqian , Liu Xuelian , Yu Yanqing
Published: February 2024

Denoising algorithms for obtaining the effective data of depth images affected by random noise mainly focus on the processing of gray images. These algorithms are not distinct from traditional image-processing methods, and there is no way to evaluate the effectiveness of denoising after the point cloud transformation of denoised depth images. In this paper, the principle of fractional-order integral denoising is studied in detail and inverse distance weighted interpolation is introduced into a denoising model, which is based on the G–L (Grünwald–Letnikov) fractional-order integral to construct a fractional-order integral with an inverse distance weighted denoising model. The model is used to solve the blurring problem caused by sharp changes at the edge and achieves an excellent denoising effect. By using the optimized fractional-order integral denoising operator to construct a denoising model for depth images, the results of the experiments demonstrate that the fractional-order integral of the best denoising effect achieved by the model is −0.6 ≤ ν ≤ −0.4, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio is improved from +6 to +13 dB. In the same condition, median denoising has a distortion of −30 to −15 dB. The depth image that has been denoised is converted into an image of point clouds, and subjective evaluation indicates that the noise is effectively removed. On the whole, the results demonstrate that the fractional-order integral denoising operator with inverse distance weight shows the high efficiency and the outstanding effect in removing noise from depth images while maintaining the image related to the edge and texture information.
Reversal of optical binding force on a plasmonic heterodimer with dipole–dipole type Fano resonance
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Xie Biao , Liu Jianping
Published: February 2024

In the present work, we theoretically and numerically investigate the near field optical binding force on Au–Ag nanorod heterodimers, which can support the electrical dipole–dipole type Fano resonance, under a normally plane wave or polarized laser beam. The numerical results show that the optical binding force between the heterodimer can be reversed near the position of the Fano dip when the incident wave is polarized along the dimer axis, indicating an attractive to repulsive transition. Compared with the Au–Ag heterodimer, the Au and Ag homodimers with the same material show no repulsive binding force. Using the multipole decomposition method, we find that the sign of optical binding force is completely determined by the phase difference of the separated electric dipole plasmon modes excited in the different particles, which can be strongly affected by the wavelength of the incident wave. In addition, we demonstrate the effects of three geometrical parameters (including the length, radius, and gap of the heterodimer) on the Fano-mediated optical binding force in detail. Finally, the numerical results indicate that the reversal of attractive and repulsive forces can also be obtained when the heterodimer is illuminated with a laser beam. Our findings are important for not only a deep understanding of plasmonic-mediated optical binding force but also stable optical manipulation of the plasmonic particles.
Review on bile dynamics and microfluidic-based component detection: Advancing the understanding of bilestone pathogenesis in the biliary tract
Authors: Peng Tao , Zhou Chenxiao , Zhang Zhexin , Liu Yingying , Lin Xiaodong , Ye Yongqing , Zhong Yunlong , Wang Ping , Jia Yanwei
Published: February 2024

Bilestones are solid masses found in the gallbladder or biliary tract, which block the normal bile flow and eventually result in severe life-threatening complications. Studies have shown that bilestone formation may be related to bile flow dynamics and the concentration level of bile components. The bile flow dynamics in the biliary tract play a critical role in disclosing the mechanism of bile stasis and transportation. The concentration of bile composition is closely associated with processes such as nucleation and crystallization. Recently, microfluidic-based biosensors have been favored for multiple advantages over traditional benchtop detection assays for their less sample consumption, portability, low cost, and high sensitivity for real-time detection. Here, we reviewed the developments in bile dynamics study and microfluidics-based bile component detection methods. These studies may provide valuable insights into the bilestone formation mechanisms and better treatment, alongside our opinions on the future development of in vitro lithotriptic drug screening of bilestones and bile characterization tests.
Superconductors and the periodic penetration parameter: Defining and utilizing in diverse applications
Authors: Alkourdi Mohamad Asem , Hassoun Mohamad , Al-Raeei Marwan
Published: February 2024

There are various types of materials that have different levels of electrical conductivity, and one category is known as superconductors or superconducting materials. Superconducting materials are characterized by their complete lack of electrical resistivity. These materials are highly important due to their wide range of applications in electricity transmission, although they do have certain limitations. The Bardeen–Cooper–Schryver theory and the Ginzburg–Landau theory are two significant theories used to explain the nature of superconducting materials. Of particular interest in this study is the Ginzburg–Landau differential equation, which is considered a vital equation in this field. This equation belongs to a class of nonlinear differential equations. Our research focuses on simulating solutions to the Ginzburg–Landau equation under steady-state conditions. We conducted simulations for several superconducting materials, including aluminum, niobium, lead, tin, niobium germanide, niobium tin, vanadium silicate, lead hexa-molybdenum octa-sulfur, magnesium diboride, uranium triplatinum, potassium, barium copper oxide, yttrium, calcium copper oxide, and barium mercury. We define a new parameter of the superconductor conduction materials, which is the periodic parameter of the superconductor. By analyzing the periodic solutions obtained from the Ginzburg–Landau differential equation, we were able to determine the values of the periodic penetration parameters for each material. Notably, monatomic superconducting materials exhibited periodic penetration parameters in the range of tens of micrometers, while tetra- and penta-elements materials had values in the tens of nanometers. Superconducting materials of two or three different elements showed average values for these parameters. These findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics and behavior of various superconducting materials.
Hybrid integrated tunable external cavity laser with sub-10 Hz intrinsic linewidth
Authors: Wu Yilin , Shao Shuai , Tang Liwei , Yang Sigang , Chen Hongwei , Chen Minghua
Published: February 2024

In this work, a hybrid integrated tunable external cavity laser (ECL) with a sub-10 Hz intrinsic linewidth is demonstrated. In this hybrid ECL, two Si3N4-based subwavelength hole defect assisted microring resonators, acting as high-Q laser reflectors, are butt-coupled with a chip-scale semiconductor optical amplifier at the two edges, respectively. The experimental results show that the hybrid ECL achieves a sub-10 Hz intrinsic linewidth across a wavelength tuning range from 1525 to 1565 nm, featuring a record lowest value of 6.06 Hz. The demonstrated hybrid ECL opens up opportunities toward the applications of high-speed optical communications and high-resolution light detection and ranging.
Analysis of factors influencing electric energy measurement in power systems
Authors: Yang Wenjing , Wang Gang , Wu Weitao , Shen Yan , Yin Shiqi
Published: February 2024

This article focuses on summarizing and analyzing the causes of errors in electric energy meters under harmonic conditions, clarifying the relationship between errors and frequency characteristic curves, and pointing out that the positive and negative errors mainly depend on the direction of each harmonic power relative to the fundamental power, the properties of the load, the differences in physical properties of electric energy meter manufacturing and material formation, etc.
Design of dual loop controller for boost converter based on PI controller
Authors: Ullah Kifayat , Ishaq Muhammad , Naz Muhammad Ajmal , Rahaman Mostafizur , Soomar Arsalan Muhammad , Ahmad Hijaz , Alam Md. Nur
Published: February 2024

Boost converters are widely used in industry for many applications, such as electrical vehicles, wind energy systems, and photovoltaic energy systems, to step up the low voltages. Using the topology structure of the DC–DC boost circuit, this paper studied and designed a dual loop control method based on proportional integral controllers for improving the converter efficiency. The inner loop and outer loop controls of the traditional boost circuit are adopted in MATLAB/Simulink software to make the output of the system more stable. The input voltage is set to 24 V DC, and the desired output voltage varies from 36 to 48 V. Through simulation verification, the influence of a 1 kW sudden load connection by using a switch at a nominal output voltage of 48 V DC is studied, and the results show that it reduces the transient output voltage dips during the sudden load connection. Simulation analysis verifies the design scheme of the system, reduces the fluctuation in output voltage and power, reduces the output current ripple, minimizes the dip in voltage to a minimum possible value, and improves the dynamic characteristics and overall efficiency of the converter.
Fabrication and photonic applications of Si-integrated LiNbO3 and BaTiO3 ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Wen Yiyang , Chen Haisheng , Wu Zhenping , Li Wei , Zhang Yang
Published: February 2024

Silicon, renowned for its applications in electronic circuits, also offers significant advantages in the realm of integrated optics. While silicon does have inherent limitations in fabricating active devices, these challenges can be overcome through heterogeneous integration with other materials. Ferroelectric materials like lithium niobate (LN) and barium titanate (BTO) exhibit exceptional electrical and nonlinear optical properties, making them ideal candidates for integrated silicon photonics. Over the past few decades, the LN platform has made substantial progress, surmounting obstacles such as manufacturing difficulties, high waveguide losses, and low modulation bandwidth caused by wide electrode spacing. Consequently, LN-based devices have found widespread application in various fields. With the advent of high-quality, large-size LN on insulator wafers, LN photonics has become a burgeoning research area. At the same time, the ferroelectric material BTO, with its tremendous electro-optic response, shows promise for the next generation of integrated photonics. Recent studies have highlighted the remarkable performance of BTO-based modulators, which offer smaller device sizes compared to LN by achieving lower half-wave voltages. This comprehensive review presents various fabrication methods for integrating LN and BTO thin films on silicon, focusing on recent advancements. We discuss their electro-optic responses and provide an overview of the diverse applications enabled by these platforms. Finally, we summarize the current state of integrated LN and BTO photonics research and offer insights into future directions.
Demagnetization analysis of outer-rotor-type BLDC motors considering permanent magnet overhang structure
Authors: Kim Tae-Seong , Shin Hyo-Seob , Yang Jun-Won , Kim Yong-Joo , Shin Kyung-Hun , Choi Jang-Young
Published: February 2024

This paper presents an analysis of demagnetization of an outer rotor type brushless DC (BLDC) motor with a permanent magnet (PM) overhang structure. The proposed model converts the operating points of PM to consider such a three-dimensional (3D) structure in two dimensions (2D). In addition, the rotor yoke thickness of the proposed model is increased to consider the housing rotor. Ferrite PMs require demagnetization analysis owing to their decreasing coercivity at lower temperatures compared with rare-earth PMs. Hence, demagnetization analysis is conducted using a proposed model while considering, the PM overhang structure. The demagnetization analysis results are compared with the results of proposed model and 3D FEA analyses.
A fabrication process of soft magnetic Ni films electroplated from gel electrolyte
Authors: Yanai Takeshi , Matsumoto Yusuke , Shiraki Kota , Hosohata Runa , Yamaguchi Yuka , Yamashita Akihiro , Nakano Masaki , Fukunaga Hirotoshi
Published: February 2024

We have already reported some electroplated magnetic films using aqueous solutions. In the present study, we proposed a fabrication process for electroplated soft magnetic films (Ni films) using gel electrolytes. We added gelatin to the plating baths and confirmed that adding 22 g/L of gelatin enabled us to obtain gel electrolytes. Using the gel electrolytes, we electroplated Ni films and evaluated their structural and magnetic properties. From the evaluation of magnetic properties, we confirmed spontaneous magnetization of the Ni films prepared from the gel electrolyte. For obtaining thick Ni films (>1 μm), we investigated stirring the gel electrolyte during plating. As a result, we found that stirring increased the thickness, and our result suggests that stirring the gel electrolyte is useful to increase the deposition rate. In our experimental conditions, the deposition rate of the plating process was ∼0.25 μm/min. From XRD analysis, the structure of Ni films for gel electrolytes was oriented in the fcc (220) plane and slightly different from that for liquid electrolytes. From these results, we found that soft magnetic films could be obtained from the gel electrolyte and that gel plating is one of the attractive fabrication processes of the thick films.
Spin dynamics of room temperature van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets and their usage in microwave devices
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Patnaik Satyabrata , Kuanr Bijoy K.
Published: February 2024

Quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials exhibiting room-temperature (RT) long-range ferromagnetic nature have emerged as a significant research field to explore fundamental condensed matter physics due to their intriguing physical properties. These vdW materials enable a futuristic platform for implementing novel spintronics devices. Here, we examined the spin dynamics of polycrystalline Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 vdW materials using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) study reveals that both materials have a soft ferromagnetic character at room temperature. From room temperature FMR measurements, the effective magnetization of Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 derived ∼0.54 ± 0.056 and 0.50 ± 0.017 kOe, respectively. These results are consistent with reported VSM data. Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 exhibit broad FMR linewidths of 0.697 ± 0.036 and 0.748 ± 0.056 kOe, respectively, which can be due to inhomogeneous line broadening. Besides its intrinsic contribution to linewidth, it is also affected by extrinsic Gilbert damping (αext). The value of αext is influenced by conflicting intra-band and inter-band electronic transitions, according to Modified Kambersky's theory. Furthermore, the effective Gilbert damping constant (α) obtained is 0.0513 ± 0.0046 for Fe5GeTe2 and 0.0526 ± 0.0031 for Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 at RT. Additionally, we developed microwave signal processing devices using these materials and evaluated their functionality both as a microwave band-reject filter and an adjustable phase shifter. The stop-band response was studied across the 5 to 25 GHz frequency range under an applied magnetic field as high as 7 kOe. For these flip-chip-based devices, attenuation is −5 dB/cm for the Fe5GeTe2-based filter and −3.2 dB/cm on sample Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 at 6.95 and 5.37 kOe, respectively. The same micro-strip filter was used as a tunable phase shifter in the off-resonance region. The optimal differential phase shift studied for Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2-based phase shifters in the high-frequency region (22 GHz for Fe5GeTe2 and 18 GHz for Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2) is 23°/cm and 14°/cm, respectively, at high magnetic fields. These versatile devices find integration across a wide spectrum of applications, such as phased-array antennas, radar systems, and wireless communication systems, offering their benefits to diverse fields.
Fully micromagnetic analysis of voltage-controlled magnetization switching in magnetic-topological-insulator-based devices
Authors: Komine Takashi , Chiba Takahiro
Published: February 2024

We numerically investigate magnetization switching behavior in voltage-controlled magnetic-topological-insulator-based (VC-MTI) devices by means of the fully micromagnetic simulation. First, the influence of domain in VC-MTI devices was investigated. When the device size is larger than 1 µm, multidomain structure might appear. However, these domains disappear when the gate voltage and source-drain electric field are applied, which is the refresh operation of the actual VC-MTI device. The switching behaviors of a 100-nm-size VC-MTI device in the fully micromagnetic simulation are in agreement with those of the macrospin model although the gate pulse width is slightly different from that of the macrospin model. When the device is less than 1 µm, the macrospin model is adequate for the investigation of switching behavior in VC-MTI devices and the magnetization switching occurs in rotation mode. Therefore, for the VC-MTI device with less-than-100 nm size, the macrospin model is a good approach for the analysis of device operation and write-error rate.
Genetic parameters for milk production and body-conformation traits in Dairy Gir cattle
Authors: Dominguez-Castaño P. , Fortes M. , Toro-Ospina A. M. , Silva J. A. II. V.
Published: February 2024

Context Gir is a tropically adapted breed of Bos taurus indicus cattle that has been intensively selected for milk production in Brazil. Selection programs also consider body-conformation traits because these have been associated with health, welfare, and cow longevity, thus affecting productivity. Aims This study focused on Gir cattle to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for body-conformation traits, as well as their correlations with milk production traits. Methods Body-conformation traits were classified as ‘frame’, ‘foot and leg’, or ‘mammary system’ traits. The dataset contained 1105 cows recorded with body-conformation traits and 38 996 records of 305-day cumulative milk yield, from 24 489 Gir cows. The pedigree file included 38 571 animals, of which 1593 were genotyped using six different single-nucleotide polymorphism panels. After genotyping imputation, and quality control, 42 105 polymorphisms were available for analyses. Univariate and bivariate animal models, using Bayesian approach via the Gibbs sampling algorithm, were used to estimate genetic parameters, benefiting from both genotypes and pedigree data. Key results The heritabilities for body-conformation traits ranged from a low of 0.08 ± 0.04 to a medium value of 0.35 ± 0.07, and the heritability for milk production was 0.23 ± 0.01. We identified unfavourable genetic correlations between milk yield and udder depth (0.63 ± 0.11) as well as body height (0.31 ± 0.13). In contrast, there was a favourable genetic correlation between milk yield and rear udder width (0.61 ± 0.14). Conclusion The heritability estimates confirmed the possibility of selecting animals for milk yield and body conformation traits related to the frame and mammary system categories. Based on the estimated genetic correlations, considerable importance should be given to the emphasis on selection for increased milk yield, because in the long term, this may promote undesirable changes in some type traits as body height and udder depth. Implications This information is relevant to selective breeding of Gir to enhance tropical milk production.
Proximal and remote sensing – what makes the best farm digital soil maps?
Authors: Filippi Patrick , Whelan Brett M. , Bishop Thomas F. A.
Published: February 2024

Context Digital soil maps (DSM) across large areas have an inability to capture soil variation at within-fields despite being at fine spatial resolutions. In addition, creating field-extent soil maps is relatively rare, largely due to cost. Aims To overcome these limitations by creating soil maps across multiple fields/farms and assessing the value of different remote sensing (RS) and on-the-go proximal (PS) datasets to do this. Methods The value of different RS and on-the-go PS data was tested individually, and in combination for mapping three different topsoil and subsoil properties (organic carbon, clay, and pH) for three cropping farms across Australia using DSM techniques. Key results Using both PS and RS data layers created the best predictions. Using RS data only generally led to better predictions than PS data only, likely because soil variation is driven by a number of factors, and there is a larger suite of RS variables that represent these. Despite this, PS gamma radiometrics potassium was the most widely used variable in the PS and RS scenario. The RS variables based on satellite imagery (NDVI and bare earth) were important predictors for many models, demonstrating that imagery of crops and bare soil represent variation in soil well. Conclusions The results demonstrate the value of combining both PS and RS data layers together to map agronomically important topsoil and subsoil properties at fine spatial resolutions across diverse cropping farms. Implications Growers that invest in implementing this could then use these products to inform important decisions regarding management of soil and crops.
The contribution of gene flow, selection, and genetic drift to five thousand years of human allele frequency change
Authors: Simon Alexis , Coop Graham
Published: February 2024

Genomic time series from experimental evolution studies and ancient DNA datasets offer us a chance to directly observe the interplay of various evolutionary forces. We show how the genome-wide variance in allele frequency change between two time points can be decomposed into the contributions of gene flow, genetic drift, and linked selection. In closed populations, the contribution of linked selection is identifiable because it creates covariances between time intervals, and genetic drift does not. However, repeated gene flow between populations can also produce directionality in allele frequency change, creating covariances. We show how to accurately separate the fraction of variance in allele frequency change due to admixture and linked selection in a population receiving gene flow. We use two human ancient DNA datasets, spanning around 5,000 y, as time transects to quantify the contributions to the genome-wide variance in allele frequency change. We find that a large fraction of genome-wide change is due to gene flow. In both cases, after correcting for known major gene flow events, we do not observe a signal of genome-wide linked selection. Thus despite the known role of selection in shaping long-term polymorphism levels, and an increasing number of examples of strong selection on single loci and polygenic scores from ancient DNA, it appears to be gene flow and drift, and not selection, that are the main determinants of recent genome-wide allele frequency change. Our approach should be applicable to the growing number of contemporary and ancient temporal population genomics datasets.
The Spanish subjunctive mood and its English correspondences
Authors: Ramón Noelia , Rabadán Rosa
Published: February 2024

Corpus-based contrastive studies have successfully addressed the empirical study of crosslinguistic similarities and differences and may also contribute to understanding complexity across languages. This paper aims at (dis)proving whether the Spanish subjunctive mood shows greater complexity than its English correspondences as translations or sources of the Spanish subjunctive forms. It also explores a trade-off between language levels, i.e., whether higher morphological complexity is linked to syntactic and lexical complexity. The data come from a bidirectional English-Spanish corpus, and the word-alignment-based metric system has been used to quantify morphological complexity. Syntactic and lexical complexity were also investigated and computed using tests of statistical significance. Results corroborate that Spanish presents higher complexity in this verbal area in all three levels, morphological, syntactic, and lexical: the hypothesized trade-off between higher morphological complexity on the one hand, and lower syntactic and lexical complexity on the other is not validated by our data.
Simple and complex help constructions in English and Norwegian
Authors: Egan Thomas
Published: February 2024

This paper reports on a study of verbal help constructions in English and Norwegian. It is based on data from the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus, and discusses 11 constructions in all, nine of which have a close parallel in the other language. The constructions vary in syntactic complexity from the simple intransitive, on the one-hand, to complex-transitives containing infinitive complements, on the other. The hypothesis is advanced that the simpler the basic syntactic structure of a construction, the more likely it is to be translated by a construction with a similar syntax. This hypothesis receives no support from the data. On the contrary, it is more complex constructions, containing an explicit helpee, that are more likely to be translated by a syntactically similar construction.
Concessive subordination in English and Norwegian
Authors: Hasselgård Hilde
Published: February 2024

This paper investigates concessive markers, primarily subordinators, in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. The initial question is how English and Norwegian concessive markers compare with regard to their frequencies and syntactic functions, both intra- and cross-linguistically. Overall, the languages are relatively similar. However, individual concessive markers differ in frequency, syntactic flexibility and possibly formality in original texts in both languages. The second research question concerns the placement of concessive clauses. Again the languages are rather similar, but there is variation within both languages, with subordinators having individual positional preferences. Finally, the translations of the subordinators are examined. Concessive markers are overrepresented in Norwegian translations and underrepresented in English translations compared to originals. While translation correspondences are often congruent, the mutual correspondence between pairs of subordinators is low. Changes made in translation suggest that Norwegian chooses coordination more often than English, thus displaying less syntactic complexity.
Cross-linguistic Dependency Length Minimization in scientific language
Authors: Krielke Marie-Pauline
Published: February 2024

We use Universal Dependencies (UD) for the study of cross-linguistic diachronic syntactic complexity reduction. Specifically, we look at whether and how scientific English and German minimize the length of syntactic dependency relations in the Late Modern period (ca. 1650–1900). Our linguistic analysis follows the assumption that over time, scientific discourse cross-linguistically develops towards an increasingly efficient syntactic code by minimizing Dependency Length (DL) as a factor of syntactic complexity. For each language, we analyse a large UD-annotated scientific and general language corpus for comparison. While on a macro level, our analysis suggests that there is an overall diachronic cross-linguistic and cross-register reduction in Average Dependency Length (ADL), on the micro level we find that only scientific language shows a sentence length independent reduction of ADL, while general language shows an overall decrease of ADL due to sentence length reduction. We further analyse the syntactic constructions responsible for this reduction in both languages, showing that both scientific English and German increasingly make use of short, intra-phrasal dependency relations while long dependency relations such as clausal embeddings become rather disfavoured over time.
A posterior contraction for Bayesian inverse problems in Banach spaces
Authors: Chen De-Han , Li Jingzhi , Zhang Ye
Published: February 2024

This paper features a study of statistical inference for linear inverse problems with Gaussian noise and priors in structured Banach spaces. Employing the tools of sectorial operators and Gaussian measures on Banach spaces, we overcome the theoretical difficulty of lacking the bias-variance decomposition in Banach spaces, characterize the posterior distribution of solution though its Radon–Nikodym derivative, and derive the optimal convergence rates of the corresponding square posterior contraction and the mean integrated square error. Our theoretical findings are applied to two scenarios, specifically a Volterra integral equation and an inverse source problem governed by an elliptic partial differential equation. Our investigation demonstrates the superiority of our approach over classical results. Notably, our method achieves same order of convergence rates for solutions with reduced smoothness even in a Hilbert setting.
Magnetic characterization of steel strips using transient field measurements: global sensitivity analysis and regression from a machine-learning perspective
Authors: Skarlatos Anastassios , Miorelli Roberto , Reboud Christophe , Van Den Berg Frenk
Published: February 2024

In this contribution, the magnetic characterization of steel strips is studied using synthetic data of field-gradient transients, which have been produced via the finite integration technique. The material law is described and parameterized using the Jiles–Atherton model. The sensitivity of relevant magnetic indicators with respect to the material parameters is then analyzed using two global methods: Sobol’ indices and δ-sensitivity indices. In order to accelerate the evaluation of these quantities, a fast metamodel is built using machine learning techniques from a simulated dataset. The solution of the inverse problem based on a tailored learning framework is tested for the different proposed identifiers, and their suitability for the magnetic characterization of the material in question is finally discussed.
A lifetime prediction model based on two-path convolution with attention mechanism and bidirectional long short-term memory network
Authors: Sun Xianbin , Dong Meiqi , Bai Lin , Sun Yanling , Chen Ao , Nie Yanyan
Published: February 2024

With the continuous advancement of technology, modern industrial equipment is becoming increasingly complex, integrated, and automated. The complexity of industrial processes often involves multiple variables, strong coupling, nonlinearity, variable operating conditions, and significant noise, making the establishment of accurate remaining useful life (RUL) prediction models a challenging research direction. This paper proposes a lifetime prediction model based on two-path convolution with attention mechanisms and a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network. The model’s front end employs two-path convolution scales and attention modules to extract key fault information from bearings, enhancing the model’s noise resistance. It utilizes adaptive batch normalization and Meta-Aconc activation functions to adaptively adjust the neurons of the model, thereby enhancing its generalization capabilities. The model’s back end uses a BiLSTM network to remember and process the degradation information of bearings, achieving the prediction of bearing RUL. Furthermore, the model’s accuracy is evaluated using root mean square error and a scoring function assessment system. Comparative experiments demonstrate the model’s higher predictive accuracy. Finally, robustness and generalization experiments have proven the model to adapt well in scenarios with noise interference and working condition transitions. This model provides a reference for the prediction of the life of rotating machinery in practical scenarios with strong noise and variable operating conditions.
Reduced trap-density and boosted performance of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells by 1-Pentanethiol enhanced anti-solvent washing route
Authors: Gokdemir Choi F Pinar , Kuruoğlu Furkan , Moeini Alishah Hamed , Bozar Sinem , Kahveci Cihangir , Canturk Rodop Macide , Erol Ayse , Gunes Serap
Published: February 2024

Performance and the stability of the perovskite-based photovoltaic devices are directly linked to existing trap-states or defect profiles at the surface and/or in the bulk of perovskite layers. Hence identification of stemming the defects during perovskite formation is crucial for achieving superior and long-lasting performances. Here, we present the effect of 1-Pentanethiol incorporation into the one-step deposition of perovskite layers. A feasible glove box-free route results in high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 layers under highly humid conditions (RH > 50%) but at low temperatures (T < 18 °C). 1-Pentanethiol addition into the washing solvent leads to the refinement of I/Pb stoichiometry, elimination of the iodide deficiencies, and reduction of the trap-state densities. Consequently, a precise amount 1-Pentanethiol addition enhances photovoltaic performances, resulting in a 54% PCE improvement for CH3NH3PbI3-based inverted solar cells.
Direct binding and characterization of laccase onto iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Sidhu Amanpreet K , Patil Sucheta N , Gaikwad Vishwas B
Published: February 2024

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibit unique magnetic properties and possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, making them ideal candidates for the conjugation of substances, including enzymes. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), an oxidative enzyme with diverse applications, presents an opportunity for enhancing stability and reusability through innovative immobilization techniques, thus reducing overall process costs. In this study, we employed a direct binding procedure via carbodiimide activation to conjugate laccase onto IONPs synthesized using thermal chemical coprecipitation. Stabilization of the nanoparticles was achieved using thioglycerol and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as capping agents. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted using UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed successful laccase binding to magnetic nanoparticles, with binding efficiencies of 90.65% and 73.02% observed for thioglycerol and PVA capped IONPs, respectively. Furthermore, the conjugated enzyme exhibited remarkable stability, retaining nearly 50% of its initial activity after 20 reuse cycles. This research demonstrates that immobilizing laccase onto IONPs enhances its activity, stability, and reusability, with the potential for significant cost savings and expanded applications in various fields.
A multivariate reconfiguration method for rooftop PV array based on improved northern goshawk optimization algorithm
Authors: Yi Lingzhi , Cheng Siyue , Wang Yahui , Hu Yao , Ma Hao , Luo Bote
Published: February 2024

Photovoltaic (PV) power has become a crucial solution to the escalating energy crisis. Among the various implementations, Rooftop PV power generation systems (RPVPGS) are predominant in PV buildings. However, RPVPGS will face challenges such as reduced output power due to array fault or shading, leading to fluctuations in Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) power generation. This paper attempts to solve this problem by proposing a novel multivariate reconfiguration method based on the improved northern goshawk optimization algorithm (INGO). The aim is to find the optimal state of RPVPGS under various conditions. In this paper, extensive simulations were conducted on the experimental platform to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. It is worth noting that INGO outperforms existing technologies such as Arrow SoDuku and Zig-zag for the evaluation metrics mentioned in the article. Furthermore, rigorous simulation experiments were conducted on the semi-physical platform to validate the proposed approach. The power enhancement percentage deviation was between +0.1% to +0.2%. These results unequivocally demonstrate that the INGO-based multivariate reconfiguration method accurately reconfigures RPVPGS, ensuring the efficiency and stability of BIPV systems.
Parallel flows as a key component to interpret Super-X divertor experiments
Authors: Carpita M. , Février O. , Reimerdes H. , Theiler C. , Duval B.P. , Colandrea C. , Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud G. , Galassi D. , Gorno S. , Huett E. , Loizu J. , Martinelli L. , Perek A. , Simons L. , Sun G. , Tonello E. , Wüthrich C. ,   the TCV Team
Published: February 2024

The Super-X Divertor (SXD) is an alternative divertor configuration leveraging total flux expansion at the Outer Strike Point (OSP). While the extended 2-Point Model (2PM) predicts facilitated detachment access and control in the SXD configuration, these attractive features are not always retrieved experimentally. These discrepancies are at least partially explained by the effect of parallel flows which, when self-consistently included in the 2PM, reveal the role of total flux expansion on the pressure balance and weaken the total flux expansion effect on detachment access and control, compared to the original predictions. This new model can partially explain the discrepancies between the 2PM and experiments performed on tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), in ohmic L-mode scenarios, which are particularly apparent when scanning the OSP major radius Rt. In core density ramps in lower Single-Null (SN) configuration, the impact of Rt on the CIII emission front movement in the divertor outer leg—used as a proxy for the plasma temperature in the divertor—is substantially weaker than 2PM predictions. Furthermore, in OSP radial sweeps in lower and upper SN configurations, in ohmic L-mode scenarios with a constant core density, the peak parallel particle flux density at the OSP is almost independent of Rt, while the 2PM predicts a linear dependence. Finally, analytical and numerical modeling of parallel flows in the divertor is presented. It is shown that an increase in total flux expansion can favour supersonic flows at the OSP. Parallel flows are also shown to be relevant by analysing SOLPS-ITER simulations of TCV.
Detection of Ammonium Ion by An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Cu-BTC
Authors: Ikhtiarudin Azhar , Haekal Mochamad Ismet , Nuruzzahran Muhammad Arkan , Robbani Muhammad Rosyad , Budiantono Reva , Syaifullah Dzaki Ahmad , Akmal Raden Muhammad , Capriano Rayhan Bilal , Ihsan Farhan Afdhalul , Prayoga Adyatma , Shukri Ganes , Saputro Adhitya Gandaryus
Published: February 2024

There is a growing interest in utilizing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the development of electrochemical sensors with superior performance. In this work, a study on the detection of ammonium ion (NH4
+) on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) Cu-BTC surface has been conducted by using both experimental and computational methods. By using DFT calculation, the adsorption energy of ammonium ion (NH4
+) on the MOF surfaces was determined. The calculation result showed that NH4
+ molecules can be adsorbed on the surface of Cu-BTC with an adsorption energy value of -1.51 eV. Additionally, we performed the synthesis of Cu-BTC and, using CV (Cyclic Voltammetry), we obtained a working area of around -0.113 V. Furthermore, chronoamperometry tests revealed that the addition of ammonium at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mM resulted in changes in the current. The sensor also showed good stability and an increase in peak current at each tested concentration. This confirms that the MOFs tested can be utilized as ammonium ion sensors.
A Theoretical Investigation on Nitrogen Dioxide Adsorption on Self-Assembled Monolayer-Functionalized ZnO Monolayer
Authors: Raihan Muhammad Fadlan , Manurung Robeth Viktoria , Nuruddin Ahmad , Wungu Triati Dewi Kencana
Published: February 2024

This study employs Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the adsorption mechanism in the context of a ZnO monolayer system integrated with a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) for NO2 detection. Through rigorous computational analysis, we delve into the intricate interplay of geometric transformations, the dissociation of NO2 bonds, and shifts in electronic properties ensuing from the introduction of the SAM. The observed modifications underscore the pronounced influence exerted by the SAM on the system’s behaviour. This investigation not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms but also paves the way for potential experimental applications involving the functionalization of ZnO with SAM for enhanced gas sensing performance. The findings hold significant promise for the advancement of gas sensor technologies with improved sensitivity and selectivity.
Preparation and properties of bimetallic Co/Cu ZIF-67 for electrochemical application
Authors: Wulandari C , Gumilar G , Nugraha  , Wasisto H S , Iqbal M , Irzaman  , Nugroho W S , Rusydi F
Published: February 2024

Efforts to enhance the electrochemical properties of materials have become the focus of numerous studies because these properties are essential in various fields of application. Zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) is a type of metal-organic framework (MOFs) expected to demonstrate excellent performance in electrochemical applications due to its numerous distinct properties. Consequently, various strategies and techniques have been developed to improve the electrochemical performance of ZIF-67. In this study, we employed bimetallic ZIF-67 constructed with cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) metal ions within the imidazole frameworks. The use of bimetal is expected to increase conductivity and fine-tune the physicochemical properties of ZIF-67. Using coprecipitation methods, we synthesized both single-metal and bimetallic ZIF-67 and compared their characterizations. The addition of Cu metal ions does not alter the materials phase, ensuring compatibility with the single-metal ZIF-67 structure. However, the rhombic dodecahedron morphology of ZIF-67 shifts from a smooth to a concave and rough surface in Co/Cu ZIF-67. Furthermore, Co/Cu ZIF-67 exhibits higher peak current on their cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve by 46.15 µA. The results effectively illustrate the advantages of bimetal on ZIF-67 properties and performance. Finally, this study succesfully briefly demonstrate the potential development of Co/Cu-based ZIF-67 for various electrochemical applications.