The record of warm-based glaciation on ancient Mars
Authors: Grau Galofre Anna , Whipple Kelin , Christensen Philip , Conway Susan 
Published: September 2022

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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;THE RECORD OF WARM-BASED GLACIATION ON ANCIENT MARS.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#160; A. Grau Galofre.&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, K. X. Whipple&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, P. R. Christensen&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, S. J. Conway&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Laboratoire de Plan&amp;#233;tologie et G&amp;#233;osciences CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes Universit&amp;#233;, France (anna.graugalofre@univ-nantes.fr)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; The missing evidence for large-scale glacial scouring landscapes on Mars has led to the belief that past martian glaciations were frozen to the ground [1,2]. Indeed, whereas warm-based ice masses (with presence of basal meltwater), produce some of the most striking erosional patterns on Earth (Figure 1, panels 2 and 3), these same morphologies are notoriously rare on Mars [1,2].&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;Two issues arise with this perspective. First, Mars&amp;#8217; climate in the Noachian-Hesperian (~3.8-3.5 Ga) allowed for surface liquid water [3,4]. The transition from this early climate to the current day global cryosphere with no presence of basal meltwater under ice masses poses a problematic transient [1]. Second, the presence of eskers in the Dorsa Argentea formation (DAf) [5,6,7], and in the mid-latitudes [8] shows that basal melting occurred in spite of the lack of glacial sliding. Our work hypothesizes that the fingerprints of Martian warm-based glaciation are the remnants of the ice sheet drainage system (channel and eskers), instead of the scoured regions associated with terrestrial Quaternary glaciation (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Figure 1. Fingerprints of terrestrial warm-based glaciation. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(1) Subglacial channels (Nunavut). (2) Mega-scale lineations (Qu&amp;#233;bec). &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;(2) Scouring marks and striae (Finland).&amp;#160; (4) Esker (66.1N, 104.50W).&amp;#160;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To make progress, we use models of terrestrial glacial hydrology to interrogate how the Martian surface gravity modifies glacial drainage, ice sliding velocity, and glacial erosion rates. Taking as reference the geometry of the ancient southern circumpolar ice sheet (ASCIS) associated with the DAf [6], we model the behavior of identical ice sheets on Mars and Earth. We show that, whereas Earth&amp;#8217;s largely inefficient glacial drainage produces glacially scoured landscapes, the lower gravity favors the formation of subglacial channelized drainage on Mars. The lack of martian glacial sliding landforms, including grooves, drumlins, lineations, etc., could then be explained. Terrestrial analogue landscapes in the Canadian Arctic (Figure 1, panel 1) further showcase the role of glacial hydrology in landscape evolution. The presence of subglacial meltwater even after the early Mars period has important implications for the history of climate, hydrology, and presence of habitable environments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; We use the terrestrial glacial hydrology framework [9,10,11] to interrogate subglacial drainage on Earth and Mars (figure 2), using an ice sheet parametrized after the ASCIS [6]. We then evaluate glacial sliding rates on Mars and Earth, for identical ice sheet geometries, by coupling glacial drainage with a model of glacial sliding [9,10].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;591&quot; height=&quot;771&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 2. Glacial drainage scenarios. Upper a,b,c panels show subglacial channels and efficient basal drainage, and their landscape expression (d). Bottom a,b,c panels show inefficient, distributed drainage by cavities, and their landscape expression (d). &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;When no efficient subglacial drainage exists, basal water accumulates in cavities where water pressure builds up, decreasing basal friction and accelerating ice (Figure 2) [9]. Glacial sliding then leads to highly directional, scoured landscapes (Figure 1). The opposite occurs when basal meltwater drains efficiently through subglacial channel networks [10]. Water pressure drops, basal friction increases, and ice sliding slows down. The fingerprints of channelized drainage are incised subglacial channels intertwined with depositional landforms such as eskers [12].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The feedback that defines sliding velocity as a function of effective pressure (ice overburden minus basal water pressure) and subglacial drainage efficiency (cavities/ channels) is controlled by a competition between sliding velocity and drainage system evolution [9,10,11].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: Figure 3 shows our results [13]. Comparing Earth and Mars curves, we notice that sliding rates are a factor ~20-90 slower for an ice sheet of the same characteristics on Mars, when the effects of glacial hydrology and drainage are considered. We also find that whereas Earth&amp;#8217;s gravity favors less efficient drainage, subglacial drainage on Mars is dominated by channels to much larger subglacial conduit cross-section (compare arrows).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Figure 3: Results showing glacial sliding &amp;#160;rates on Earth (blue line) and Mars (red line) vs. subglacial drainage cross-section. Cv arrows indicate the point where cavities open, Ch where channels open. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion:&lt;/strong&gt; Glacial erosion scales with ice sliding velocity to a power 1-2, so that erosion rates on Mars could be up to ~10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; smaller than Earth according to our results. Erosion under warm-based ice masses would thus occur in channels on Mars, leading to glacial landscapes similar to those of the high Arctic (Figure 1) [12,13,14].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: To understand the lack of martian warm-based glacial landforms we use the terrestrial glacial hydrology theoretical framework. We show that martian glacial sliding is comparatively inhibited (20-90X slower), and that glacial drainage should be dominated by channels. Hence, we infer that the fingerprints of warm-based glaciation are different between Mars and Earth, with the former being characterized by subglacial channels and eskers and the later by areal scouring by glacial sliding. This work supports the possibility that some valley networks may have formed beneath ice sheets [14], explaining the lack of warm-based glacial erosion in the Martian highlands [15] and in the Dorsa Argentea formation [5,6,7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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