bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zihinsel Yetersizliği Olan Öğrencilere Tam Saatleri Ayırt Etme Becerisinin Öğretiminde Doğrudan Öğretim Modelinin Etkililiği
Authors: TUFAN Selma , TİRYAKİ Demet , ARSLANTEKİN Banu
Published: August 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı,
Doğrudan Öğretim modeline göre sunulan kural ilişkisi öğretiminin hafif düzeyde
zihinsel yetersizliği bulunan öğrencilerin tam saatleri ayırt etme
performansları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Tek-denekli deneysel
desenlerden denekler arası çoklu yoklama modeli ile yürütülen çalışmaya hafif
düzeyde zihinsel engelli üç ilkokul öğrencisi katılmıştır. Çalışmanın
bulguları, Doğrudan Öğretim Modeline göre sunulan kural ilişkisi öğretiminin
hafif düzeyde zihinsel yetersizliği bulunan öğrencilerin tam saatleri ayırt
etme becerisini edinmelerinde, öğretim sona erdikten sonra edindikleri beceriyi
sürdürmelerinde ve materyaller arasında genellemelerinde etkili olduğunu
göstermiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları ilgili alanyazın doğrultusunda tartışılmış,
uygulamaya ve ileri araştırmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Ionic Liquid Assisted C-C Bond Formation
Authors: Kaur Mandeep , Kaur Opinder , Badru Rahul , Kaushal Sandeep , Singh Pritpal
Published: August 2020

With their ability to dissolve inorganic as well as organic materials, ionic
liquids have emerged as a versatile solvent system for a diverse range of organic
transformations. In the past few decades, the literature has witnessed remarkable advances
in a wide range of organic conversions carried out in the presence of various imidazolium,
pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, quinolinium and diazobicyclo-octane based ionic liquids. In
the reaction, ionic liquids serve as a solvent, catalyst or sometimes both. In certain cases,
they are also modified with metal nanoparticles or complexes to form heterogeneous
catalysts or are immobilized onto solid support like agar-agar to act as solid-support
catalysts. Reactions catalysed by ionic liquids incorporating chiral catalysts possess the
advantageous features of being highly enantioselective and reproducible, besides being
economical and easy to handle. In this review, an updated insight regarding the role played by ionic liquids in
various C-C bond-forming organic reactions, has been summarized.
Recent Developments in the Asymmetric Detrifluoroacetylative Reactions of in situ Generated Mono-Fluorinated Enolates
Authors: Wang Li , Li Ziyi , Liu Jiang , Han Jianlin , Moriwaki Hiroki , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: August 2020

The development of an efficient and mild synthetic methodology for the construction
of bioactive fluorine-containing molecules represents one of the hot research topics
in general synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, some recent progresses achieved
in the development of detrifluoroacetylatively generated mono-fluorinated enolates via CC
bond cleavage and their asymmetric nucleophilic reactions for assembly of chiral quaternary
C-F center containing compounds.
Methods and Strategies Used in Green Chemistry: A Review
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Wakode Sharad , Sharma Supriya , Fayaz Faizana , Pottoo Faheem Hyder
Published: August 2020

Green chemistry plays an important role in the development of sustainable production
systems which involves tremendous research efforts on the design of synthetic
and analytical techniques through resource-efficient ways. The improvement in synthetic
reaction performances encourages the modern society to minimize energy and reagent
consumption and waste generation. Explosion of the chemicals are referred as extremely
toxic substances and have been allied with major harmful health effects, though no cure
has been established due to the lack of curative therapeutic approaches. In view of the
facts, green chemistry strategies trigger a new hope in the synthesis of safer biologically
active compounds to meet the demands of disease free environment. Here, we highlighted
the development of various compounds and greener techniques such as ultrasoundassisted
method, microwave-assisted method, green solvent reactions, solvent free reactions, biomolecules and
nanoformulations as a new healthy approach.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Before Radical Cystectomy: Why We Must Adhere?
Authors: Calò Beppe , Marchioni Michele , Sanguedolce Francesca , Falagario Ugo Giovanni , Chirico Marco , Carrieri Giuseppe , Cormio Luigi
Published: August 2020

Aim:

To provide a critical literature review on state of the art and novel strategies in the field of neoadjuvant
treatments for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Methods: a nonsystematic literature review was performed using
PubMed, Scopus and Clinical Trials.gov to retrieve papers related to neoadjuvant treatments for MIBC over the past 15
years. Prospective and retrospective studies were included.

Results:

Platinum-based treatment is the gold standard and mainly consists of a combination of Cisplatin with Vinblastine,
Methotrexate, Doxorubicin, Gemcitabine, Adriamycin or even Epirubicin. The 5-year absolute overall survival benefit of
MVAC is 5% and the absolute disease-free survival improves by 9%. CMV treatment is associated with a 10-year overall
survival improving from 30% to 36% and a 16% reduction in mortality. Gemcitabine and cisplatin regimen provides
complete response in 20% of cases, with non-inferior oncological outcomes compared to MVAC regimen. Recent prospective trials investigating neoadjuvant immunotherapy show high rate of complete response, from 29% with atezolizumab to 39.5% with pembrolizumab. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor pathway is being explored and could offer an interesting strategy to improve survival outcomes.

Conclusions:

Available evidence suggest better oncological outcomes for MIBC patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment
before radical cystectomy. While MVAC remains the standard of care in cisplatin eligible patients, novel strategies are
under development for cisplatin ineligible patients whereby immunotherapy seems to hold great promise.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice Intervened by Total Glycosides from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus
Authors: Lu Qian , Xing Hai-Zhu , Yang Nian-Yun
Published: August 2020

Background:

CCl4 Acute Liver Injury (ALI) is a classical model for experimental research.
However, there are few reports involved in the fundamental research of CCl4-induced ALI.
Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) and its prescription have been used to treat hepatitis illness clinically.
LLF and its active ingredients displayed anti-hepatitis effects, but the mechanism of . function
has not yet been fully clarified.

Objective:

To investigate the proteomic analysis of CCl4-induced ALI, and examine the effects of
active Total Glycosides (TG) from LLF on ALI of mice4, including histopathological survey and
proteomic changes of liver tissues, and delineate the possible underlying mechanism.

Methods:

CCl4 was used to produce the ALI mice model. The model mice were intragastrically administrated
with TG and the liver histopathological changes of mice were examined. At the end of
the test, mice liver samples were collected, and after protein denaturation, reduction, desalination
and enzymatic hydrolysis, identification was carried out by nano LC-ESI-OrbiTrap MS/MS technology.
The data was processed by Maxquant software. The differentially-expressed proteins were
screened and identified, and their biological information was also analyzed based on GO and
KEGG analysis. Key protein expression was validated by Western blot analysis.

Results:

A total of 705 differentially-expressed proteins were identified in the normal, model and
administration groups. 9 significant differential proteins were focused based on the analysis. Liver
protein expression changes of CCl4-induced ALI mice were mainly involved in several important
signaling channels, namely FoxO signaling pathway, autophagy-animal, insulin signaling pathway.
TG has an anti-liver damnification effect in ALI mice, the mechanism of which is related to FoxO1
and autophagy pathways.

Conclusion:

CCl4 inhibited expression of insulin-Like growth factor 1 (Igf1) and 3-phosphoinositide-
dependent protein kinase 1 (Pdpk1) in liver cells and induced insulin resistance, thus interfering
with mitochondrial autophagy and regeneration of liver cells and the metabolism of glucose
and lipid, and causing hepatic necrosis in mice. TG resisted liver injury in mice. TG adjusted the expression
level of key proteins Igf1 and Pdpk1 after liver injury and improved insulin resistance,
thus promoting autophagy and resistance to liver damage.
Rapid Cesium Fluoride Catalyzed Synthesis of 5-Aryloxy-1-phenyl-1Htetrazoles via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Khan Khalid Mohammed , Fatima Itrat , Perveen Shahnaz , Saad Syed Muhammad
Published: August 2020

A nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a new and facile cesium fluoride catalyzed synthetic
approach to get 5-aryloxy-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazoles was developed. Dual usage of cesium fluoride as a
nucleophilic catalyst as well as an electrophilic catalyst afforded the desired products at room temperature
in a short reaction time without purification in high yields. This simple but useful reaction may be
a rapid and reliable strategy for the synthesis of tetrazolyl ethers.
Synthesis of Spiro[cycloalkane-pyridazinones] with High Fsp3 Character Part 2*
Authors: Für Csilla Sepsey , Horváth Eszter Judit , Szigetvári Áron , Dékány Miklós , Hazai László , Keglevich György , Bölcskei Hedvig
Published: August 2020

An extended compound library of spiro[cycloalkane-pyridazinones] with a high Fsp3 character
is targeted. There are two possibilities to improve the physicochemical parameters of a drug candidate
molecules or building blocks, either to replace the aromatic systems with bioisoster heteroaromatic
moieties, e.g. with one or two nitrogen containing ring systems (pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines,
etc.), or to increase the Fsp3 character of the compounds. Using a new synthetic approach,
the Grignard reaction of 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3-dione and 2-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane-1,3-dione with
p-halophenyl- or p-alkylphenyl-magnesium bromide resulted in the formation of the corresponding
2-oxoethyl-cycloalkanecarboxylic acids, which served as starting materials for the pyridazinones by
reaction with hydrazine or phenylhydrazine. The pyridazinones obtained were alkylated with methyliodide
or benzylbromide. 16 Novel 4-tolyl- or 4-halophenyl-2,3-diazaspiro[5.5]undec-3-en-1-one and
4-tolyl- or 4-halopyhenyl-7,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-8-en-6-one, and their N-methyl, N-benzyl, and
N-phenyl derivatives were synthetized. The physicochemical parameters and the Fsp3 character of the
novel compounds obtained were studied. A few of them showed excellent logP and clogP values, but
the introduction of a further phenyl group seemed to be disadvantageous.
K2CO3-Promoted Highly Selective N-Hydroxymethylation of Indoles Under Metal- and Lewis Acid-Free Conditions
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Yu , Chen Xia
Published: August 2020

Inorganic base promoted highly selective N-hydroxymethylation of indole and its derivatives have been developed. It provided a simple method for the preparation of N-hydroxymethyl indoles with polyformaldehyde as reagents under the metal- and Lewis acid-free reaction conditions. The reaction proceeded smoothly using K2CO3 as base in 1,4-dioxane to produce the corresponding N-hydroxymethyl indoles with 62%->99% yields.
Synthesis of Pyrazole-Carboxamides and Pyrazole-Carboxylic Acids Derivatives: Simple Methods to Access Powerful Building Blocks
Authors: Ferreira Byanca Silva , Silva Rafaela Corrêa , Souto Bernardo Araújo , dos Santos Maurício Silva
Published: August 2020

Hybrid systems containing pyrazole moiety show a wide spectrum of biological activities.
To access novel hybrids with pyrazole ring, in this work we synthesized twenty pyrazole-carboxylic
acids and twenty pyrazole-carboxamides, using simple synthetic methods, to be used as building blocks
in the development of new structures.
Preliminary Identification of Hamamelitannin and Rosmarinic Acid as COVID-19 Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking
Authors: Sarkar Kaushik , Das Rajesh Kumar
Published: August 2020

Background:

Recently, novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19 caused the outbreak situation
of global public health. In this pandemic situation, all the people's lives of 212 Countries and
Territories have been affected due to partial or complete lockdown and also as a result of mandatory
isolations or quarantines. This is due to the non-availability of any secure vaccine.

Objective:

The present study helps us to identify and screen the best phytochemicals as potent inhibitors
against COVID-19.

Methods:

In this paper, we choose two standard drugs namely hamamelitannin and rosmarinic acid
as a probable inhibitor of pandemic COVID-19 receptor as compared to antimalarial drugs hydroxychloroquine,
anti-viral drug remdesivir, and also baricitinib. This study was done by taking
into consideration of molecular docking study, performed with Auto Dock 4.0 (AD4.0). All chemical
structures were optimized with the Avogadro suite by applying the MMFF94 force field and also
hamamelitannin, rosmarinic acid was optimized using the Gaussian G16 suite of UB3LYP/6-
311++G(d,p) basis set. Protein-ligand interaction was visualized by PyMOL software.

Results:

This work has provided an insightful understanding of protein-ligand interaction of hamamelitannin
and rosmarinic acid showing comparable binding energies than that of clinically applying
probable COVID-19 inhibitors hydroxychloroquine (an anti-malarial drug) and remdesivir (an
anti-viral drug).

Conclusions:

We will expect that if its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is validated in human clinical trials,
these two drugs may be developed as an effective antiviral therapeutics towards infected patients
in this outbreak and pandemic situation of COVID-19.
Novel Coronavirus 2019 Outbreak: A Global Epidemic
Authors: Kamboj Sweta , Kamboj Rohit , Kamboj Shikha , Guarve Kumar , Dutt Rohit
Published: August 2020

Background:

In the 1960s, the human coronavirus was designated, which is responsible
for the upper respiratory tract disease in children. Back in 2003, mainly 5 new coronaviruses were
recognized. This study directly pursues to govern knowledge, attitude and practice of viral and droplet
infection isolation safeguard among the researchers during the outbreak of the COVID-19.

Introduction:

Coronavirus is a proteinaceous and infectious pathogen. It is an etiological agent of
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
Coronavirus, appeared in China from the seafood and poultry market last year, which has spread in
various countries, and has caused several deaths.

Methods:

The literature data has been taken from different search platforms like PubMed, Science
Direct, Embase, Web of Science, who.int portal and complied.

Results:

Corona virology study will be more advanced and outstanding in recent years. COVID-19
epidemic is a threatening reminder not solely for one country but all over the universe.

Conclusion:

In this review article, we encapsulated the pathogenesis, geographical spread of coronavirus
worldwide, also discussed the perspective of diagnosis, effective treatment, and primary
recommendations by the World Health Organization, and guidelines of the government to slow
down the impact of the virus are also optimistic, efficacious and obliging for the public health.
However, it will take a prolonged time in the future to overcome this epidemic.
Effect of Cooking Methods on Canned Chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth)
Authors: Acurio Liliana , Salazar Diego , Álvarez Fernando , Valencia Álex , García Evelyn , Arancibia Mirari
Published: August 2020

Background::

The aim of the work was to determine the effects of the stage of peeling
and different thermal processes on the physicochemical and sensory properties of canned peach
palm or Chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes).

Methods::

The thermal processes involved two cooking temperatures (107 and 92ºC) and three
types of cooking and peeling process (unpeeled, peeled after cooking process and peeled before
cooking process).

Results::

The thermal process resulted in a decrease of soluble solids and an increase in the pH, following
a second-degree polynomial equation; also, a decrease in protein content, total carotenoids
and hardness.

Conclusion::

Canned chontaduro, previously peeled and cooked at 107ºC, had significantly better
physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological and sensory properties.
Nutritional Composition and Role of Non-centrifugal Sugar (NCS) in Human Health
Authors: Ebadi Samarghand , Azlan Azrina
Published: August 2020

Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) has several traditional names such as brown sugar (Europe
& North America), Gula Melaka (Malaysia), Jaggery and Gur (India), Kokuto (Japan), Panela
(Colombia) and Muscovado (Philippines). It is obtained by boiling down the sugarcane juice until
its water content evaporates. NCS has various benefits for our health as it is anti-diabetic, anti-cariogenic,
antioxidant and has radical scavenging activity due to the presence of vitamins, minerals,
phenolic acids and flavonoid components as well as total antioxidant capacity. This review provides
a general overview of the nutritional composition and health outcomes of NCS compared to
refined sugar based on literature published in scientific journals. The NCS can be considered as a
nutraceutical and functional food. However, more scientific research will be needed to confirm the
outcomes and increase awareness, which could then encourage more usage of this product in sugar-
based food.
Importance of Iron Absorption in Human Health: An Overview
Authors: Dixit Satya P. , Rajan Logesh , Palaniswamy Dhanabal , Mohankumar Suresh K.
Published: August 2020

Iron is one of the essential elements required for human health, as it plays a vital role in a number of metabolic, growth, and developmental processes, including erythropoiesis, DNA synthesis, electron transport, and others. Iron deficiency is a concern in both developing and developed (industrialized) countries, and, in particular, young women are highly vulnerable. This review investigates the dietary and genetic determinants of iron metabolism in the human body and a possible solution to combat iron deficiency by exploring various targets. Hence, this review mainly focuses on the assessment of dietary and genetic factors affecting the iron bioavailability and homeostasis and collates the available information from 2000 to till date from the Pubmed database. The dietary factors, including ascorbic acid, an important factor in animal protein foods (meat, fish, and poultry), enhance iron absorption whereas the phytic acid, soy protein, calcium, and polyphenols have been reported to inhibit iron absorption. However, the effects of these dietary factors on iron absorption do not necessarily translate into an association with iron status and iron stores (serum ferritin concentration). Moreover, the genetic factors influence the absorption of iron involving HFE, TFR2, FPN1, and HAMP in humans. Further research is needed to determine optimal dietary recommendations for both the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency.
Perspective on Acetylcholinesterase: A Potential Target for Alzheimer’s Disease Intervention
Authors: Basnet Rajesh , Khadka Sandhya , Basnet Buddha Bahadur , Gupta Radheshyam
Published: August 2020

Background:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an unexplained progressive degenerative brain
disease; it accounts for 60-70% of dementia cases worldwide, has an estimated global incidence of
24.3 million, and is associated with deterioration of the central nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. It is also
the potential target of most of the clinically used drugs for the treatment of AD. The degeneration of
cholinergic neurons and the loss of neural transmission are the main reasons for the decline of cognitive
ability in AD patients.

Objective:

In recent years, the development of targeted drugs in AD has made significant achievements.
The global impact of AD continues to grow, and as a result, the focus of disease-modifying
therapies remains elusive. The role of treatment is not limited to pharmacology but involves many
factors, such as the psychological, social, and economic aspects of the patient and family. AChE is an
important target in AD to consider the use of AChE inhibitors in patients with mild to moderate AD,
even though the costs are high and no other direct progress has been made. Although there are many
AChE inhibitors, there is no selective potent inhibitor for AChE. There is still a need to address human
AChE structure, provide key insights into key protein-ligand interactions, and provide the basis
for molecular modeling and structure-based drug design.

Conclusion:

In this review, we briefly introduce the clinical characteristics of AD, the development
of crystal structure, and the latest research on AD. In recent years, the development of different strategies
for amyloid-β, BACE1, and type-1 interferon receptor alpha-1 has attracted great attention.
There is an urgent need to further characterize available instrumental compounds to explore the use
of new selectivity and key protein-ligand interactions in AD. In the past few decades, great progress
has been made in the treatment of AD, but AD is still one of the world's problems, and the inability
to cure AD, indicates that there is an urgent need for new treatments.
ICH/FDA Guidelines-Compliant Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Axitinib in Bulk and Dosage Forms
Authors: Darwish Ibrahim A. , Khalil Nasr Y. , AlZeer Mohammad
Published: August 2020

Background:

Axitinib (AXT) is a member of the new generation of the kinase inhibitor
indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Its therapeutic benefits depend on assuring
the good-quality of its dosage forms in terms of content and stability of the pharmaceutically active
ingredient.

Objective:

This study was devoted to the development of a simple, sensitive and accurate stabilityindicating
high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV)
for the determination of AXT in its bulk and dosage forms.

Methods:

Waters HPLC system was used. The chromatographic separation of AXT, internal standard
(olaparib), and degradation products were performed on the Nucleosil CN column (250 × 4.6
mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of water:acetonitrile:methanol (40:40:20, v/v/v) with a flow
rate of 1 ml/min, and the UV detector was set at 225 nm. AXT was subjected to different accelerated
stress conditions and the degradation products, when any, were completely resolved from the intact
AXT.

Results:

The method was linear (r = 0.9998) in the concentration range of 5-50 μg/ml. The limits of
detection and quantitation were 0.85 and 2.57 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy of the method,
measured as recovery, was in the range of 98.0-103.6% with relative standard deviations in the range
of 0.06-3.43%. The results of stability testing revealed that AXT was mostly stable in neutral and oxidative
conditions; however, it was unstable in alkaline and acidic conditions. The kinetics of degradation
were studied, and the kinetic rate constants were determined. The proposed method was successfully
applied for the determination of AXT in bulk drug and dosage forms.

Conclusions:

A stability-indicating HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for assessing
AXT stability in its bulk and dosage forms. The method met the regulatory requirements of the International
Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The results
demonstrated that the method would have great value when applied in quality control and stability
studies for AXT.
Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Drug Sensing Platforms Using State-of-the-
Art Electroanalytical Techniques
Authors: Kaya S. Irem , Cetinkaya Ahmet , Ozkan Sibel A.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Currently, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are considered as the most popular and outstanding
research subjects in scientific fields ranging from environmental studies to drug analysis. Carbon nanomaterials such as
carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers etc. and non-carbon nanomaterials such as quantum dots, metal
nanoparticles, nanorods etc. are widely used in electrochemical drug analysis for sensor development. Main aim of drug
analysis with sensors is developing fast, easy to use and sensitive methods. Electroanalytical techniques such as
voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry etc. which measure electrical parameters such as current or potential in an
electrochemical cell are considered economical, highly sensitive and versatile techniques.

Methods:

Most recent researches and studies about electrochemical analysis of drugs with carbon-based nanomaterials were
analyzed. Books and review articles about this topic were reviewed.

Results:

The most significant carbon-based nanomaterials and electroanalytical techniques were explained in detail. In
addition to this; recent applications of electrochemical techniques with carbon nanomaterials in drug analysis was expressed
comprehensively. Recent researches about electrochemical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in drug sensing were
given in a table.

Conclusion:

Nanotechnology provides opportunities to create functional materials, devices and systems using
nanomaterials with advantageous features such as high surface area, improved electrode kinetics and higher catalytic
activity. Electrochemistry is widely used in drug analysis for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Carbon nanomaterials
based electrochemical sensors are one of the most preferred methods for drug analysis with high sensitivity, low cost and
rapid detection.
Rapid Evaluation Method for Propofol Abusing with Hair by Using Centrifugal Filter and Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pyo Jaesung
Published: August 2020

Background:

Since propofol is rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body, it is not
easy to quantify its intake in blood or urine samples over the time. In this case, the hair sample would
be more advantageous to estimate during the abuse period. However, the presence of protein and lipid in
the hair sample could interfere with extraction and be problematic during mass spectrometric analysis.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to develop a simple and less time-consuming method for the extraction
of propofol glucuronide by removing hair interferences with the centrifugal filter.

Methods:

Hair samples were washed and dissolved with sodium hydroxide solution. This dissolved
hair solution was applied to the centrifugal filter and centrifuged. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl
acetate and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted with methanol and analyzed by liquid
chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This developed analytical method was validated
by testing linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability of
propofol glucuronide.

Results:

The validation results showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.5~500 pg/mg,
with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The LOD and LLOQ were 0.2 and 0.5 pg/mg, respectively.
The intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy were acceptable within 14.5% for precision and 10.1%
for accuracy. Similarly, the developed method revealed high sample recovery (>88%), low hair matrix
effect (<10%) and highly-efficient extraction procedure.

Conclusion:

This well-validated procedure was successfully applied to determine propofol glucuronide
in a rat hair sample and can be applicable, with high potential, in the field of forensic toxicology especially
with increasing abuse and accidental overdose of propofol.
A Validated Non-compendial Method for Determination of Haemodialysis Concentrate’s Contents and its Comparison with Compendial Method: Application of ISO 13958:2014 Standard
Authors: Ahmed Mahmood , Ahmad Saghir , Hussain Riaz , Khaleeq Anum , Khan Iram
Published: August 2020

Background:

Haemodialysis is a process to remove the waste products and excess fluids
that build up in the human body when kidneys stop working. Haemodialysis concentrate consists of
two parts, acid concentrate (Part A) that contains mineral ions (Na, K, Mg and Ca) and buffering agent
acetic acid /citric acid whereas basic concentrate (Part B) comprises sodium bicarbonate alone or in
combination with sodium chloride.

Aim:

Present research aimed to develop and validate a rapid method for the determination of cations
and anions in haemodialysis concentrates in solution and powder form by choosing one technique
among various suggested in ISO 13958:2014.

Methods:

The analysis was done by flame emission (flame photometer), atomic absorption spectrometer
(AAS), polarimetric and titrimetric techniques. ICH guidelines were followed for method validation
by addressing the linearity, accuracy, precision and detection limits (LOD and LOQ).

Results and Discussion:

The calibration curves were linear for Mg, Ca, K and Na with coefficient of
determination (R2) ≥ 0.9978 and regression data indicating the excellent linearity for the selected concentration
range for each content. The recovery results were obtained between the ranges 96.9-102.5 %
which were good enough to justify the suitability of the proposed method for its intended applications.
Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference was observed between the proposed
and compendial method at 95 % confidence of interval.

Conclusion:

The advantage of the proposed method over the compendial method by virtue of its economy
and fast with reliable results because more reagents and chemicals are consumed in the compendial
method.
Exhibition of Novel Photocatalytic Activity and Photoluminescence Properties with High Inhibition Towards Bacterial Growth by Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Nanorods
Authors: Sahu Dojalisa , Panda Nihar Ranjan
Published: August 2020

Background:

Metal oxide nanomaterial such as ZnO shows novel structural, optical, electrical
and antibacterial properties due to its wide bandgap (3.37 eV) and high excitonic binding energy
(60 meV). Probing these inherent properties of nanosized ZnO with different morphologies has
generated new interest among researchers.

Objective:

To investigate the size-dependent functional attributes, ZnO nanorods were prepared by
hydrothermal method and the photocatalytic (PC) efficiency was studied. The photoluminescence
(PL) property of ZnO nanorods was also studied by recording the emission spectrum under photoexcitation.
These nanorods (NRs) were coated on cotton fabric to study the effectiveness of these
NRs in defending and inhibiting the growth of different bacteria.

Methods:

The crystallographic structure and morphology of the ZnO samples were investigated by
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) measurements.
PL measurement at room temperature was undertaken by exciting the sample with light of wavelength
350 nm. The PC property of ZnO NRs was studied in degrading organic dyes like methylene
blue. Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were cultured and
the inhibition of growth of these bacteria was studied by the application of ZnO. To enhance the
microbe defence mechanism of fabric, we coated these NRs on fabric test samples and investigated
the bacterial growth on it.

Results:

XRD and FESEM studies reveal the dimension of the synthesized products in the nano
range. These nanorods are of high density and have surface roughness as per the FESEM study. PL
measurement shows the presence of strong UV emission at 382 nm with defect emissions in the bluegreen
region opening up the path for ZnO to be used in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. PC
study reveals that 89% degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye is achievable in 180 min using these
ZnO catalysts. The anti-bacterial study shows that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
ZnO nanorods coated on the fabric against S. aureus is found to be 3.5 mg/ml which is the minimum
as compared to E. coli (7.5 mg/ml) and B. subtilis (5.5 mg/ml). The study further enunciates that
fabric coated with ZnO samples exhibited considerably high inhibition activity towards S. aureus.

Conclusion:

The study shows that ZnO NRs can be effectively used for the fabrication of UVLASER/
LED. The photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO will be useful for the degradation of organic
dyes controlling environmental pollution. It further enunciates that fabric coated with ZnO samples
exhibited considerably high inhibition activity toward S. aureus (skin bacteria) which will be helpful
in defending microbes if used in surgical cotton bandages.
Bedside Cardiac Pocus in Emergency Setting: A Practice Review
Authors: Zanza Christian , Longhitano Yaroslava , Artico Marco , Cammarota Gianmaria , Barbanera Andrea , Racca Fabrizio , Audo Andrea , Ravera Enrico , Migneco Alessio , Piccioni Andrea , Franceschi Francesco
Published: August 2020

Background:

In the last years, ultrasound technology has entered clinical practice as a
tank and today, it has also allowed no-cardiologists to extend their medical examination without
needing to call the consultant and having a good profile of diagnostic accuracy.

:

The ultrasound bedside does not replace the consultant, but it allows not to perform inappropriate
consultations with more savings for hospitals.

Objective:

The aim was to review the recently published literature to inform the clinician about the
most up to date management of use bedside echography in the emergency setting. In this short review,
we focused on two types of syndromes, no traumatic- hypotension and dyspnea, common to
the three holistic disciplines of medicine, showing the main and basic questions and answers that ultrasound
can give us for rapid identification of the problems.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review using Pubmed/Medline, Ovid/Willey and Cochrane
Library, combining key terms such as “cardiac ultrasound, “cardiac diseases”, “emergency
medicine”, “pocus”, “dyspnea”, “ hypotension”. We selected the most relevant clinical trials and review
articles (excluding case reports) published in the last 19 years and in our opinion, 59 publications
appeared to be the best choice according to the PRISMA statement. In additional papers identified
from individual article reference lists were also included.

Conclusion:

Recent studies have shown a promise in establishing best practices for evaluation of
heart, lung abdomen and deep vessels At the moment, bedside US is widely used in an integrated
ultrasound vision just like the holistic view have internal medicine, intensive care and emergency
medicine and many medical schools in Europe and the USA are inserting ultrasonography into the
core curriculum, but we still have to find a standard method for the training program for minimum
competence acquisition.
Incorporating K-mers Highly Correlated to Epigenetic Modifications for Bayesian Inference of Gene Interactions
Authors: Salimi Dariush , Moeini Ali
Published: August 2020

Objective::

A gene interaction network, along with its related biological features, has an
important role in computational biology. Bayesian network, as an efficient model, based on
probabilistic concepts is able to exploit known and novel biological casual relationships between
genes. The success of Bayesian networks in predicting the relationships greatly depends on
selecting priors.

Methods::

K-mers have been applied as the prominent features to uncover the similarity between
genes in a specific pathway, suggesting that this feature can be applied to study genes
dependencies. In this study, we propose k-mers (4,5 and 6-mers) highly correlated with epigenetic
modifications, including 17 modifications, as a new prior for Bayesian inference in the gene
interaction network.

Result::

Employing this model on a network of 23 human genes and on a network based on 27
genes related to yeast resulted in F-measure improvements in different biological networks.

Conclusion::

The improvements in the best case are 12%, 36%, and 10% in the pathway, coexpression,
and physical interaction, respectively.
Application of Machine Learning in Animal Disease Analysis and Prediction
Authors: Zhang Shuwen , Su Qiang , Chen Qin
Published: August 2020

Major animal diseases pose a great threat to animal husbandry and human beings. With
the deepening of globalization and the abundance of data resources, the prediction and analysis of
animal diseases by using big data are becoming more and more important. The focus of machine
learning is to make computers how to learn from data and use the learned experience to analyze
and predict. Firstly, this paper introduces the animal epidemic situation and machine learning.
Then it briefly introduces the application of machine learning in animal disease analysis and
prediction. Machine learning is mainly divided into supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Supervised learning includes support vector machines, naive bayes, decision trees, random forests,
logistic regression, artificial neural networks, deep learning, and AdaBoost. Unsupervised learning
has maximum expectation algorithm, principal component analysis hierarchical clustering
algorithm and maxent. Through the discussion of this paper, people have a clearer concept of
machine learning and an understanding of its application prospect in animal diseases.
Analysis of the Salivary Microbiome in the Periodontal Disease Patients with Hypertension and Non-hypertension
Authors: Li Suhua , Zaker Rexidan , Chu Xueqian , Asihati Reyida , Li Chong , Guo Xin , Jila Palidan , Sang Xiaohong
Published: August 2020

Background:

An improved comprehension of the oral microbiota function in the pathogenesis
of disease will contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of both hypertension and periodontal
disease. In our study, a comparison of the salivary microbiome between hypertension and
Non-hypertension cohorts was designed to reveal microbial signatures.

Methods:

Patients were divided into four sub-groups: Gingivitis, and Periodontitis (stage 2, 3, and
4). Then, hypertension and non-hypertension cohorts were split into periodontal health and periodontitis
subgroups. The salivary samples were processed for DNA extraction (n=246). The V3-V4
hypervariable regions of microbiome 16S rRNA genes were amplified. Finally, sequencing libraries
were constructed and subjected to bioinformatics and statistical analyses.

Results:

The oral microbial diversity decreased in both hypertension and periodontal disease
groups compared to the healthy ones. At the genus level, the diversity showed 100 different operational
taxonomic units (OTUs) for differential abundance testing. The first trend showed OTUs decreased
in relative abundance with increasing periodontal disease, as well as hypertension and nonhypertensive
groups. For this trend, OTUs comprise of a mix of primarily anaerobic commensals
and potential acute diarrhea pathogens. The second trend was that the diversity of genera was decreased
in the hypertension group relative to the non-hypertension group, including other anaerobic
bacteria related to periodontal disease.

Conclusion:

Microbiota diversity decreased in the hypertension group and different stages of
periodontal disease groups. However, Neisseria and Solobacterium genera increased in the coexisting
hypertension and periodontal disease group. Certainly, these findings indicate that the
abundance of genera continues to change due to additional stresses caused by co-existing conditions.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Possible Virulence Factors of Paragonimus proliferus
Authors: Li Sheng-Hao , Li Shu-De , Wu Kun-Li , Li Jun-Yi , Li Hong-Juan , Wang Wei-Qun , Yang Li-Jun , Xu Jing-Jing , Chang Guo-Ji , Zhang Yan-Ling , Shu Qiu-Hong , Zhuang Shan-Shan , Ma Zhi-Qiang , He Shu-Meiqi , Zhu Min , Wang Wen-Lin , Huang Hong-Li
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To identify the possible virulence factors (VFs) of P. proliferus.

Methods:

By Illumina HiSeq 4000 RNA-Seq platform, transcriptomes of adult P. proliferus
worms were sequenced to predict VFs via screening the homologues of traditional VFs of parasites
based on the annotations in the functional databases. Homology analysis was also performed to
screen homologous genes between P. proliferus and other four Paragonimus species (i.e., P.
kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani) whose transcriptomes were downloaded
from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and then the
differential-expressed homologous genes (DEHGs) were screened via comparisons of P. proliferus
and P. kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani, respectively. Finally, an overlap of
the predicted VFs and DEHGs was performed to identify possible key VFs that do not only belong
to the predicted VFs but also DEHGs.

Results:

A total of 1,509 genes of P. proliferus homologous to traditional VFs, including surface
antigens (SAGs), secreted proteins (SPs), ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters, actin-related
proteins (ARPs), aminopeptidases (APases), glycoproteins (GPs), cysteine proteases (CPs), and
heat shock proteins (HSPs), were identified. Meanwhile, homology analysis identified 6279
DEHGs among the five species, of which there were 48 DEHGs being mutually differentialexpressed
among the four pairs of comparisons, such as MRP, Tuba 3, PI3K, WASF2, ADK,
Nop56, DNAH1, PFK-2/FBPase2, Ppp1r7, SSP7. Furthermore, the overlap between the predicted
VFs and DEHGs showed 97 genes of the predicted VFs that simultaneously belonged to DEHGs.
Strikingly, of these 97 genes, only 26, including Chymotrypsin, Leucine APases, Cathepsin L, HSP
70, and so on, were higher expressed in P. proliferus while all the remaining were lower expressed
than in the four other species.

Conclusions:

This work provides a fundamental context for further studies of the pathogenicity of
P. proliferus. Most of the predicted VFs which simultaneously belonged to DEHGs were lower
expressed in P. proliferus.
A Constrained Probabilistic Matrix Decomposition Method for Predicting miRNA-disease Associations
Authors: Lu Xinguo , Gao Yan , Zhu Zhenghao , Ding Li , Wang Xinyu , Liu Fang , Li Jinxin
Published: August 2020

Background:

MicroRNA is a type of non-coding RNA molecule whose length is about
22 nucleotides. The growing evidence shows that microRNA makes critical regulations in the
development of complex diseases, such as cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Predicting
potential microRNA-disease associations can provide a new perspective to achieve a better scheme
of disease diagnosis and prognosis. However, there is a challenge to predict some potential
essential microRNAs only with few known associations.

Objective:

In this paper, we propose a novel method, named as a constrained strategy for
predicting microRNA-disease associations called CPMDA, which can predict some potential
essential microRNAs only with few known associations.

Methods:

We firstly construct a disease similarity network and microRNA similarity network to
preprocess the microRNAs with none available associations. Then, we apply probabilistic
factorization to obtain two feature matrices of microRNA and disease. Meanwhile, we formulate a
similarity feature matrix as constraints in the factorization process. Finally, we utilize obtained
feature matrixes to identify potential associations for all diseases.

Result and Conclusion:

The results indicate that CPMDA is superior over other methods in
predicting potential microRNA-disease associations. Moreover, the evaluation shows that CPMDA
has a strong effect on microRNAs with few known associations. In case studies, CPMDA also
demonstrated the effectiveness to infer unknown microRNA-disease associations for those novel
diseases and microRNAs.
Bio-analytical Identification of Key Genes that Could Contribute to the Progression and Metastasis of Osteosarcoma
Authors: Wang Fei , Qin Guoqing , Liu Junzhi , Wang Xiunan , Ye Baoguo
Published: August 2020

Background:

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common primary malignant bone
tumors in children and adolescents. OS metastasis has been a challenge in the treatment of OS. The
present study screened progression related genes in OS by analyzing a public dataset GSE42352,
and identified 691 up-regulated and 945 down-regulated genes in advanced stage OS compared to
early-stage OS samples.

Methods:

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were further employed to reveal the
interaction among these genes. Bioinformatics analysis showed that progression related differently
expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly associated with the regulation of cell proliferation and
metabolisms.

Results:

This study revealed that progression related DEGs were dysregulated in metastatic OS
compared to non-metastatic OS samples. Further analysis showed CSF1R, CASP1, CD163,
AP1B1, LAPTM5, PEX19, SLA, STAB1, YWHAH, PLCB2, and GPR84 were associated with the
metastasis-free survival time in patients with OS.

Conclusions:

These findings provided novel information for us to understand the mechanisms
underlying the progression and metastasis of OS.
The Factor Structure of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire in Tunisian Patients
Authors: Ouali Uta , Jouini Lamia , Zgueb Yosra , Jomli Rabaa , Omrani Adel , Nacef Fethi , Preti Antonio , Carta Mauro Giovanni
Published: August 2020

Background:

The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a frequently used screening tool for the early detection of Bipolar Disorder (BD), which is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed at its onset. In this study, data from Tunisia has been used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic MDQ.

Methods:

The sample included 151 patients with a current major depressive episode. The Arabic adapted version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR was used to formulate a diagnosis, yielding 62 patients with BD and 89 with unipolar Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Principal component analysis with parallel analysis was used to establish the spontaneous distribution of the 13 core items of the MDQ. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to check the available factor models. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the capacity of the MDQ to distinguish patients with BD from those with MDD.

Results:

Cronbach’s α in the sample was 0.80 (95%CI: 0.75 to 0.85). Ordinal α was 0.88. Parallel analysis suggested two main components, which explained 59% of variance in the data. CFA found a good fit for the existing unidimensional, the two-factor, and the three-factor models. ROC analysis showed that at a threshold of 7, the MDQ was able to distinguish patients with BD from those with MDD with extraordinary negative predictive value (0.92) and a positive diagnostic likelihood ratio of 3.8.

Conclusion:

The Arabic version of the MDQ showed good measurement properties in terms of reliability, factorial validity and discriminative properties.