bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizing a Learning Health Care System
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the US Army's pursuit of a learning mental health system. The transformation of the Army's behavioral health clinics started with the creation of a leadership structure that stretched from the system to the clinic level. The Behavioral Health Service Line incorporated all behavioral health-related personnel actions and authorities into its organization. Four key functional areas emerged and were incorporated into the enterprise-level team in the Office of the Surgeon General: service line leadership, clinical program management, analytics, and fiscal and administrative oversight. The chapter then considers the challenge of delivering mental health care and differentiates between intentional and unintentional variance in health care systems. Learning health care systems encourage and support intentional variance while identifying and minimizing unintentional variance. The Army learned that the key to successful clinical operations across an organization is a fully established and empowered behavioral health leadership structure operating at all levels of the system.
Creating Dissemination and Implementation Capabilities
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes how the US Army incorporated the lessons learned from the Department of Veterans Affairs' efforts to improve the implementation of Embedded Behavioral Health in the Army. Small-scale changes, such as using a new metric or retraining existing clinical staff, can pose some implementation challenges, but those can typically be handled by existing leadership teams. Large-scale changes with multiple component parts, such as transforming how outpatient clinics are organized, are another story; leadership teams often struggle because they have to juggle many specific change efforts (all linked to the larger objective) simultaneously. Learning health care systems overcome the problem by creating the dissemination and implementation capabilities to support leaders in making sweeping changes. They create a trusted source of knowledge about the change to be implemented, develop dissemination and implementation structures to teach different stakeholders about the change, empower people, and allocate the resources needed to implement the change.
Leading a Learning System
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights the importance of leaders and leadership in a learning behavioral health system. By creating a positive culture, remaining focused on the patient's best interests, and thinking across different levels of the system, leaders create the foundation for learning to occur. They shepherd their teams through the learning process to perpetuate cycles of data gathering, solution development, and implementation of change. As the US Army grasped the importance of great leadership, it developed a selection process to put the best people in those jobs. This selection process drew from potential leaders across the system and involved input from the system-level behavioral health team, but retained for hospital leaders the final say regarding who would become the new chief. Thus, it achieved the objective of using the entire system to improve the quality of leaders at the hospital level.
Introduction
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights the dozens of Confederate monuments, statues, and memorials across the southern United States that were damaged or removed. It assesses numerous examples of monuments to which multiple and diverse “stakeholders” lay claim. The chapter then shifts to elucidate concepts such as the urban palimpsest and heterotopias in relation to the archaeological heritage of Argos. It investigates the differential way in which the town's physical vestiges and archaeological heritage were experienced by locals, nonepichoric Greeks, and foreigners. The chapter illustrates the often irresolvable tension between conservation and development; the clash between perspectives focused on the past and those oriented toward the future; the potential symbolic—and sometimes economic—capital that accrues to the physical remnants of the past; and the involvement of outsiders and foreigners who undeniably demonstrate a commitment to the past.
The Rediscovery of Argos
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion on the volume of travelers who passed through Argos. Almost all travelers were well versed in ancient literature but, in traversing the urban palimpsest created by the multiple reconfigurations of the town in previous centuries, they invariably experienced a profound disconnect between what they were predisposed to expect and what they actually encountered on the ground. The chapter then analyzes the estimates that these travelers offer for the population of Argos in the decades either side of 1800. It then shifts to contextualize ancient travel writer Pausanias's description of Argos within his overall project, which was to embark on a type of pilgrimage to the sacred centers of Greece and to resurrect its once-glorious past. The chapter argues that the Description of Greece by Pausanias was invariably the text with which Western travelers were most familiar. In its juxtaposition of monuments and sights of different historical periods or its occlusion of any distinction between the historical and legendary past, Pausanias's account of Argos is thoroughly heterotopic and heterochronic and it was this perspective that was to condition—and be reproduced by—the experience of Western travelers to the town.
Safeguarding Heritage
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the reigns of, first, the Bavarian king Otto and then, following his removal in 1862, the Danish king George I. It looks at the developed and expanded town in this period: a new cathedral in 1865 and the railway, connecting Argos to Athens, in 1886. Foreigners continued to visit Argos, with a notable increase in German and American, as well as female, visitors. The travelers described the visible standing monuments of the ancient city but they also devoted more attention to spolia (ancient sculptural reliefs, architectural elements, and inscriptions incorporated into later buildings). The chapter then shifts to elaborate on the newfound interest in local antiquities, noting the publication of Ioannis Kofiniotis's A History of Argos. It argues that, in its fusion of the “Hellenic” and “Romeic” facets of Greek self-indication, it localizes a national discourse that had been initiated a few decades earlier by the literary scholar and folklorist Spyridon Zambelios and the historian Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos. The chapter then reviews Argos's first cultural association, the Argive Danaos Society, which aimed to promote the spiritual and intellectual interests of the citizens of Argos.
Introduction
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on a relatively short but dynamic lineage of tourism history. With a few exceptions, tourism history as a field remains a largely Euro-American-centric affair. The chapter argues that the evolution of tourism and travel culture in the Republican period, especially their place in the nationalist culture of modern China, has only received preliminary interest. This chapter challenges this limited view of Chinese tourism history by broadening our understanding of modern Chinese travel culture. Although China's compromised sovereignty limited the development of native industries including tourism, without a single colonial overlord, the scope of colonial tourism in China was constrained. As this book shows, this distinctive semicolonial condition had broad implications in tourism and travel culture in modern China. The chapter tracks how the economic, political, and cultural forces stemming from China's semicolonial condition manifested themselves in many seemingly opposing directions. It also considers the construction of China's national space and how travel and tourism functioned as a tool for nation building in semicolonial China.
Energy and the End of the Evil Empire
Authors: Painter David S.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the role of energy in the collapse of the Soviet system. Oil and natural gas exports enabled the Soviet Union to import from the West and accounted for most of the Soviet Union's hard currency revenues and energy consumption by the early 1980s. On the other hand, Ronald Reagan had long been skeptical about trade with the Soviet Union, since he believed that Western technology bolstered its economic system and undermined Western security by enhancing Soviet military power. The Reagan administration engaged in economic warfare against the Soviet energy sector. However, the collapse of the Soviet system was due to inefficiencies and contradiction of their command economy instead of aggressive US policies.
Confronting the Soviet Threat
Authors: Charles Elizabeth C. , Wilson James Graham
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into Ronald Reagan's approach to policymaking in line with confronting the Soviet threat. In line with the signing of the National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 75, the Reagan administration established a four-part agenda toward the Soviet Union tackling human rights, bilateral relations, regional issues, and arms control. The chapter also includes Reagan's anticommunism beliefs that largely contributed to his political career. It explains how Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had made great progress in lessening global tensions. Additionally, Reagan hoped to employ the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to provide the means of rendering nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.
Compartmentalizing US Foreign Policy
Authors: Snyder Sarah B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores how Ronald Reagan's personal beliefs shaped his administration's policies. It includes the considerations of human rights in US foreign policy. Reagan criticized elements of Jimmy Carter's human rights policy before entering the White House because it allegedly neglected the US national interests. The chapter notes the strong connection between Reagan's anti-communism beliefs and support for human rights. On the other hand, administration critics argued that Reagan's policy of constructive engagement toward South Africa had failed as the US policy worsened and indulged the white regime's divide-and-rule tactics. George Shultz's influence sparked a turning point toward greater attention to human rights.
Between Values and Action
Authors: Turek Lauren F.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains how Ronald Reagan framed human rights issues and his foreign policy objects through the use of religious values, language, and imagery. Throughout his regime, Reagan made extensive use of religious rhetoric to explain his foreign policy agenda and categorize human rights abuses. Moreover, the Reagan administration enlisted the support of friendly religious leaders and organizations to mobilize them as public advocates for the president's policies. Anticommunism, in addition, was behind the administration's financial and moral support for violent counterrevolutionary movements. The chapter discusses the connection Reagan saw between democratization and human rights which boosted his advocacy for aid to autocratic yet anti-communist governments.
Reagan and Pinochet’s Chile
Authors: McCormick Evan D.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into Chilean records of the evolution of the US policy in Chile. These records reflected the Reagan administration's ideology, national security goals, and political realities in Chile and Latin America. The US–Chilean relations were defined mostly by disillusion due to Chile's frustration with the Reagan administration's failure to overcome domestic political opposition. Additionally, the chapter notes the frustration of the United States with Augusto Pinochet's failure to curtail the regime's repression of political opponents and oversee the transition to civilian democracy. The Reagan administration learned that a policy of promoting democratic liberalization could be wielded to achieve specific objectives vis-à-vis allies.
Anticommunism, Trade, and Debt
Authors: Cameron James
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the relationship between the United States and Brazil when Ronald Reagan took office. Brazil was transitioning away from military dictatorship by the time the Reagan administration took an active role in South American countries. The White House tried to enlist Brazil in prosecuting its renewed crusade against communism. The chapter then explores the extended US–Brazilian feud over the shape of the emerging knowledge-based global economy. It includes Brazil's central role in the less developed country (LDC) debt crisis, which weakened its ability to press its views. Neither the Brazilian dictatorship nor civilian governments were fully on board the Reagan administration's conceptions of Brazil's supposed place in the world.
The Central Front of Reagan’s Cold War
Authors: Rakove Robert B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the relationship between the United States and Afghanistan amidst the Cold War and the administration of Ronald Reagan. It recognizes the absence of an archival-researched account of the Reagan administration's decision-making on Afghanistan. The chapter also notes Afghanistan suffered the greatest devastation, political upheaval, and suffering in the past twenty-five years. It expounds on the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan as well. However, abandonment and indifference came after the Reagan administration pursued victory and negotiated solutions. The chapter mentions that interest in Afghanistan became historically fleeting. It clarifies Reagan's war in Afghanistan was never mainly about ensuring a Soviet withdrawal.
The Reagan Administration and the Cold War Endgame in the Periphery
Authors: Gasbarri Flavia
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the aftermath of the Reagan administration and Cold War in southern Africa. Among the Third World battlefields, the Reagan administration invested political capital in southern Africa through the constructive engagement policy with Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Chester Crocker taking a lead role for eight years. The US government brokered a complex negotiation that resulted in the 1988 Tripartite Accord. The 1988 Tripartite Accord settled a chain of conflicts and proxy wars throughout southern Africa. The southern Africa case reveals how the Reagan administration's management of the Cold War endgame in the Third World was strongly affected by the lessons it learned from the failure of détente in the 1970s.
Igniting a Movement
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how two seemingly contradictory ideas regarding national security germinated in American society at the dawn of the 1980s. The first was promoted by the neoconservatives and trumpeted by the newly elected Reagan administration. They argued that America's national defenses were weak and vulnerable and thus invited potential nuclear blackmail from the Soviet Union. The other idea concerned the danger and folly of the unabated arms race. Seeking a way to unify various strands of the peace movement, activists called for a simple national security goal: a mutual freeze on the production, testing, and deployment of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Reagan administration's overt discussion of winnable and survivable nuclear war, alongside its pursuit of first-strike weapons, ignited a grassroots movement, captivating the American public and millions of others across the globe. By summer of 1982, an estimated one million people would participate in the March for Disarmament to call for the freeze of the arms race.
With Friends Like These
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter illustrates how the fight in US Congress for a favorable nuclear freeze resolution is a cautionary example of how popular social movements can create alliances with factions that ultimately do not share the same goal. Although the Freeze movement drew bipartisan support, many in Congress embraced the popularity of the idea but cared little for the movement's larger objectives. As a result of the congressional embrace, the campaign took on a much more partisan and professional attitude, contrary to its original grassroots objectives. Despite the major flaws in the Congress–Freeze alliance, the push from congressional circles ultimately placed domestic political pressure on the Reagan administration to make arms control and diplomacy central to its foreign policy concerns. As a result of Freeze pressure, the administration moved from arms control proposals seemingly designed to fail to an openness on arms control summits previously conditioned on Soviet actions.
Introduction
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how science and technology helped Americans create a new identity. This book benefits from historical inquiries on three interrelated topics: (1) the promotion of scientific education and practices among non-elites; (2) the place of science and technology in American culture; and (3) the development of nationalism and national identity in the early republic and antebellum eras. It explores the variety of venues in which Americans developed new practices that expanded the base of scientific education and encouraged greater participation in the production of scientific knowledge and its practical applications. Consumer culture provides evidence of this public engagement with the products of discoveries and new technologies. The drive for national development expanded opportunities for Americans to participate in the creation and diffusion of scientific and technical expertise. Because scientists, engineers, and technicians depended on private investors, municipalities, and the public at large to fund their projects, they relied on, and therefore encouraged, widespread interest in scientific discoveries and technologies.
Internal Improvements
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates how phrenology enabled Americans to apply its principles to key issues of the antebellum era. Phrenology's presence in popular culture acquainted men and women with theories of the human mind. It also gave Americans a new vocabulary with which to discuss important issues of the day; the science could be a weapon for satire, or a tool to validate or challenge long-standing assumptions, especially about race. Although Native Americans received attention and study from phrenologists, for the majority of Americans, indigenous people were distant and unseen. If white Americans thought about native peoples at all, it was as a barrier to western settlement. Reports on ancient American artifacts often interpreted remains of indigenous civilization as belonging to an extinct people—not the living owners of western land. People of color, on the other hand, were highly visible. Whether in town or country, white and Black Americans encountered each other daily. In the antebellum era, this familiarity with men and women of a different race encouraged both proslavery advocates and abolitionists to employ phrenology to serve their cause.
The First American Century
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter begins by looking at the opening of the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine in Philadelphia on May 10, 1876. The Centennial Exhibition, as it was commonly called, was a national celebration of progress intended to “make evident to the world the advancement of which a self-governed people is capable.” The decades of effort on the part of the American Institute to promote domestic production and lobby for protective tariffs was finally rewarded: 1876 was the first year that the United States achieved a favorable balance of trade. The results owed much to Americans' belief that developing technology was a national endeavor, a way to define what the country was and what its people were capable of. Americans wished to better themselves as individuals and as communities, and they wanted to compete in the world marketplace. Framing these desires as a national project spurred the activities, funding, and training necessary to make it happen. Thus, science and technology were front and center in public life: central to business, education, entertainment, and consumer culture.
The Movie Camera and the Mission
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter chronicles a New York congregation's purchase of a cutting-edge Cine-Kodak 16 mm movie camera, shipped to a Presbyterian mission compound in North China. The odyssey of this device frames a ground-level history of missionary-produced films in East Asia from the early twentieth century onward, as well as of transnational cinematic imaginations—both secular and religious—that shaped the life of the camera and its visual products. The chapter then traces the use of the Cine-Kodak in constructing cosmopolitan images of global missionary contact in the 1930s, as its owners produced films in interwar China for US audiences and footage in the Depression-era Midwest for Chinese viewers. It reveals experimental film production by a medical missionary family and resulting translations of local space, temporality, and Chinese Protestant identities on film. The chapter looks deeper at the films' content and known circulation. It stresses that these films touched on the broader milieu of 1930s documentary expression, while largely occupying a liminal space at a distance from contemporary politically charged images.
Memento Mori
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter narrates how visual materials became symbols of loss, nostalgia, and imagined futures for American missions and Chinese Christian communities as mission institutions collapsed in the early years of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It traces the nostalgic deployment of missionary images and the final forms of missionary visual practices in late Republican China. To understand the full trajectory of the missionary enterprise's decline in China, however, the chapter starts by looking at the beginning of the end. It then analyzes the contrasting perspectives of two California Province Jesuit filmmakers (one a visitor from the United States, the other a local member of the Yangzhou mission) shooting two feature-length color films with sound narration as their order's centuries-long missions in mainland China crumbled.
Epilogue
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter traverses the later twentieth-century afterlives of missionary photographs and films. It looks at their shifting historical existences after the end of the mission enterprise in China. These images vanished, resurfaced, and were reimagined in the vagaries of the global Cold War, the Cultural Revolution, and US engagements with China after the Mao era. This seventy-year period contains episodes of material loss and recovery (alongside changing popular views of American contacts with modern China) and ends with the new circulation of missionary images in a digital world, their increasing visibility in present-day Sino-US cultural and religious relations, and their twenty-first-century return to the Chinese communities of their creation. The chapter then jumps to discuss the momentary bridging of a single photograph, a single life, and an afterlife.
Framing Fracking through Local Lenses
Authors: Mischen Pamela A. , Palka Joseph T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how local municipal officials in Pennsylvania have found ways to address the continued conflicts between environmental and health disadvantages and economic benefits. In analyzing the actions of local officials, it builds on an understanding of formal and informal means of institutionalization of norms and knowledge and how divergent views of hydraulic fracturing are understood by local municipal officials in areas where drilling occurs. This analysis focuses on narratives of local officials and which narratives are common versus which were divergent. The results show that municipal officials confirm their ability to address issues compounded by fracking and that administrative responses were in place to confront the challenges that occurred. The chapter's analysis also confirms other studies showing that in municipalities where drilling occurs, support and means to moderate conflicts are strong and work to reduce chances of negative zoning responses.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Boomtown Planning in Western North Dakota
Authors: Córdova Teresa
Published: July 2022

This chapter turns to Williston, North Dakota. The case of Williston shows that communities can address many relevant issues of the boom-bust cycle through planning and policy choices. The case study examines the crucial role that local and state officials and civic leaders have in mitigating the strongest forces of boom and busts. Williston learned how to use local planning for power when the shale oil boom was turning to a bust by 2014. The actions of local and state officials enabled Williston to move through a downturn in the industry and not become a “bust” community. With sound planning and economic development practice, coupled with important changes in taxes and regulations, the area did not experience the “wild rides” of the resource bust, but learned how social cohesion could sustain the downside of an extractive economy.
Local Planning in Beaver County and the Shell Cracker Plant
Authors: Deitrick Sabina E. , Matsco Rebecca
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers how state progrowth forces reduced planning and environmental policy power at the local level. It analyzes the planning and governance responses in a small community that was selected by state officials to be the new location for a multi-billion-dollar cracker facility. The location of the facility, Potter Township, is a small municipality in Beaver County in Western Pennsylvania. With little prospect of stopping the project, local officials and the community sought to expand their capacity in planning and public administration through several concerted efforts to create benefits from the project that went beyond the actual project. Local officials moved beyond reactive stances in their will to act, showing that capacity itself is a fluid concept in planning and governance.
Which Road to Development? The Mediterranean Model Revisited
Authors: Burroni Luigi , Pavolini Emmanuele , Regini Marino
Published: July 2022

This chapter lays down the focus of the book: Southern Europe, particularly Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. It outlines the several good reasons why Southern Europe should be studied more carefully. This includes the region's relatively extensive contribution to European wealth. Italy and Spain are the third- and fourth-largest European Union economies in terms of gross domestic product, respectively, and around a quarter of EU citizens live in Southern Europe. Another reason cited was the importance of improving a more analytical understanding of capitalist models that are not usually studied. Then the chapter highlights that Southern Europe was not just the most severely hit EU region during the euro crisis which started in 2010, but also the one that experienced the most difficulty in recovering. The chapter underscores the unstable growth of the Mediterranean economies, compared to the Nordic and Central and Eastern European countries. Furthermore, it explores how to study Southern Europe's political economies using old and new analytical tools. It raises these two main questions that the book intends to answer: Why do Southern Europe economies share difficulties in being competitive and finding a stable growth pattern in the global economy? How likely is it that the four countries will follow different paths in the future and increasingly diverge?
Following Different Paths of Modernization
Authors: Pavolini Emmanuele , Scalise Gemma
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on how sociocultural attitudes and values affect institutions. It examines the role played by sociocultural and structural elements—such as social values and core social networks—and assesses whether Southern European countries show relative homogeneity in this respect or are increasingly different from each other. The sociocultural setting influences both the supply of and demand for policies in key institutional arenas in the varieties of capitalism approach and the evolution of social attitudes and cultural values has led to an internal differentiation within the Mediterranean model. The chapter explores the connection between traditional attitudes on gender roles and the feminization and structure of the labor market; how family values and organization influence the configuration of the welfare system and the development of social policies; the impact of social capital on labor relations, entrepreneurship, and cooperation between and within companies and the mechanisms through which innovation is produced; and how values influence the structure and development of education systems.
How to Adjust?
Authors: Bulfone Fabio , M Oschella Manuela
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Italy and Spain, which both witnessed profound changes in the main features of their financial sectors since 1990. The financial system of both countries was shaken at its foundations by two waves of economic shocks brought about by the European Single Market and Monetary Union and by the European sovereign debt crisis. The chapter compares how the two countries adjusted their domestic financial systems to these challenges. How did the process of adjustment materialize? How were the costs distributed among different domestic actors? What was the institutional outcome of this process? How similar or different have Italy and Spain become as a result of it? Is it still possible to consider them contiguous models of capitalism? The chapter answers these questions by testing the predictions derived from existing analyses of the Mediterranean model of capitalism.
Mediterranean Capitalism between Change and Continuity
Authors: Burroni Luigi , Pavolini Emmanuele , Regini Marino
Published: July 2022

This chapter provides a clearer and more articulated view of the specificities of Mediterranean capitalism and the ways it has changed over time. It answers the question of why Southern European countries—Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece—share difficulties in being competitive and finding a stable growth pattern in the global economy. Then it sets the agenda for research on an emerging topic: why these countries find it hard to change their path. Finally, the chapter provides a set of arguments on what might happen to these four countries in the future and whether they will stick together or are likely to follow different paths.
Pakistan
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates Pakistan's history of armed politics. The combination of a contested but powerful articulation of Muslim nationalism stretching back to the colonial period with the Pakistan Army's particular version of this project has led to a relatively consistent threat perception and corresponding pattern of armed politics. The state's security managers have viewed ethno-linguistic separatists as ideologically opposed, while having a complex but ultimately more sympathetic view of Islamist armed actors as existing in the gray zone or being ideologically aligned. The chapter thematically explores state responses to linguistic/regional armed groups, strategies toward “Islamist” actors, and electoral violence. It then offers a deeper discussion of patterns of discrimination in targeting of armed groups in Pakistan's Northwest between 2002 and 2015. Finally, the chapter concludes with implications for understanding Pakistani nationalism and security policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter identifies new research directions and policy implications that flow from this book's claims. The armed politics approach provides an opportunity to move past the increasingly saturated core of existing research into new directions that can integrate with other areas of study, encourage a reexamination of common assumptions, and offer new questions. There is at least plausible evidence that different governments understand political goals and nationalist boundaries differently, and that this variation influences their approaches toward armed groups. In some cases this impact is clearer than others, and it is difficult to say with high confidence how to weigh these factors relative to others. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to suggest that ideological projects can both predate and shape patterns of armed politics. The chapter then explains how the empirical evidence suggests that we need to rethink conflict stabilization.
Introduction
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the effects of regime change on relations between interveners and targets and on domestic conditions in the latter. It seeks to answer two principal questions: First, why does regime change, undertaken to improve relations between two states, so often go awry, failing to advance those relations and triggering further conflict—both inside the target of regime change and between the target and the intervener? Second, why do some regime change operations turn out better than others? The chapter focuses mainly on the universe of successful regime changes enacted by all countries in the world over an extended period of time. It compares instances of regime change to cases where it was absent, or where it was attempted but failed. The chapter establishes whether regime change actually causes domestic strife in targets and conflict between targets and interveners, or merely occurs where these outcomes were already more likely to happen.
Defining Foreign-Imposed Regime Change
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter lays out in detail the definition of foreign-imposed regime change. It distinguishes regime change from related concepts such as the imposition of regimes in new states emerging from colonialism (often referred to as imposed polities); military occupation; annexation; and state death. The chapter then details the three principal ways in which regime change is carried out: compellent threats demanding leader change; invasion; and overt or covert interventions in which external forces work with domestic factions located inside the target or in a nearby state. The chapter presents a list of cases of regime change that took place between 1816 and 2011, then determines the most frequent interveners and targets of regime change. It also investigates trends in regime change over time and across regions of the world and distinguishes among three types of regime change—leadership, institutional, restoration.
Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Interstate Relations
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews how foreign-imposed regime change affects relations between interveners and targets. It examines whether interveners get what they want out of regime change. States turn to this tool to replace leaders with divergent preferences and bring to power more agreeable leaders who will act in accordance with the interveners' interests. The chapter first tracks how the dynamics of regime change can generate further conflict between interveners and targets. It then demonstrates, in brief vignettes of several cases, that even when relations between interveners and targets do not devolve into open hostilities, they are often far from harmonious. The chapter investigates Japan's assassination of Manchurian strongman and outgoing Chinese president Chang Tso-lin because this case is followed by several militarized disputes and thus contributes disproportionately to the statistical finding that leadership regime change increases the likelihood of intervener–target armed conflict. It argues that although the details of the case are unusual, there are solid grounds for coding it as a case of regime change.
A Disaster Averted
Authors: Mehl Scott
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews the haiku's appearance on an international stage from the perspective of that form's first European-language translators, who had to grapple with the intractable problem of haiku's brevity. Haiku poets of the time regarded the same question with urgency: Would the haiku survive in the modern period? The chapter then introduces haiku poet Masaoka Shiki who warned repeatedly that the haiku was doomed to imminent extinction unless a more catholic approach to poetic diction were adopted. In order for Shiki's assertion of haiku's literariness to be seen in a multinational frame, this chapter investigates an exchange of articles between Ueda Kazutoshi, a prominent Japanese linguist, and Karl Florenz, a professor of German at Imperial University in Tokyo, who had just published an anthology of Japanese poems in German translation. The Ueda-Florenz debate centered on the literary value of traditional Japanese poetic forms—are they literature or not? It then emphasizes Florenz's argument that the chōka was superior to the far briefer haikai and the waka. Ueda, on the other hand, argued that Florenz's translations had failed to convey what was worthwhile in those shorter forms.
Difficulty in Poetry
Authors: Mehl Scott
Published: July 2022

This chapter approaches the crisis in early twentieth-century Japanese poetry through the work of the Japanese symbolist poet Kanbara Ariake. It begins with an analysis of a challenging early poem by Ariake, then examines the contemporary reception of Japanese symbolism more broadly conceived, focusing on claims that symbolist poetry was difficult. Difficulty was almost invariably treated as an undesirable attribute in a poem, and describing a poem as hard to read was, in Japanese as in English, never intended as a compliment. The chapter also seeks to answer the following questions: What made some poems difficult but not others? Who decided what counted as a difficulty? Ultimately, the chapter tracks, step by step, the invention and dissemination of a poetic form—a form that was invented as a vehicle for translation by Ueda Bin, then adapted and repurposed by the symbolist poets Susukida Kyūkin and Kanbara Ariake in their own poems.
A Breaking-Point Frenemy Alliance
Authors: Haas Mark L.
Published: July 2022

This chapter studies the rupture of the Turkish–Israeli alliance at the end of the 2000s. Turkey and Israel in the middle of the 1990s formed a close security relationship that involved extensive security cooperation in a number of areas, including joint military exercises and training, the sharing of intelligence, arms transfers, and the coordinated deterrence of common enemies, especially Syria and Iran. The nature of Turkey's ideological relationship with Israel changed beginning in November of 2002 with the election of the recently created Justice and Development Party (AKP in Turkish). The AKP's defining identity was a unique hybrid that was dedicated to both political liberalization and the advancement of Islamic ideology and interests. Although this synthesis created an important area of ideological overlap with Israel based on a mutual commitment to democracy, AKP elites more frequently described Israel as an ideological rival because of its oppression of Muslims. AKP leaders on multiple occasions accused Israel of being a “terrorist” state akin to Nazi Germany, the leaders of which should be tried for war crimes. These views transformed the Turkish–Israeli relationship into a frenemy one.
Conclusion
Authors: Haas Mark L.
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's major findings from the case studies. As expected, high levels of regime vulnerability increased the domestic costs associated with frenemy coalitions while ideological configurations of ideological betrayal, divided threats, and ideological equidistance reduced the perceived need to commit to these alliances. When these conditions combined, the likelihood of frenemy alliances was low despite strong material incentives pushing for these outcomes. These combined conditions played the key roles in preventing Britain and France from allying with the Soviet Union in the 1930s, in delaying China from allying with the United States from 1972 to 1979, and in ending Turkey's alliance with Israel beginning in 2009. The chapter then discusses the main contributions to the development of international relations theory and policymaking. Prominent in this last analysis is an examination of how the book's argument can help predict the United States' ability to form a broad balancing coalition in Asia to counter the potential hegemonic threat posed by China.
Popular Constitutionalism
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates the more casual readers' understanding of the constitution—what can be called popular constitutionalism—and, by implication, their political experiences over the previous decade and how they assessed the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It begins by looking at general assessments of the constitution and the concepts that were particularly befuddling. These concepts cover institutions, law, society, the economy, and the military. The chapter then focuses on constitutional omissions: When prompted for their suggestions for revision, what additional articles did people recommend? Assuming that these were not random utterances, what political, legal, and social stories were behind them? While some did not quite understand the text, many questions addressed the nature of CCP rule, what had happened to them during the revolution, and the meaning of rights and obligations in the Communist state.
Reading about Rights and Obligations
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses how the articles dealing with political and socioeconomic rights (Chapter 3) attracted extensive commentary by political scientists, legal scholars, and lay constitutionalists. This is hardly surprising: the chapter articulates a wide variety of rights and freedoms that are neither enforced by the government nor considered justiciable by China's Supreme People's Court as part of its normal work routine. In addition to interpreting Chapter 3 as a state effort to induce uncertainty, fear, and intimidation through deliberate textual ambiguity, many Chinese also understood rights as a mechanism to induce jealousy. Ultimately, the discussions around fundamental citizens' rights and duties served as an all-purpose platform to complain about a wide range of problems, including personal and family predicaments, related and unrelated Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policies, laws, and governance practices. In a broader context, people used the constitution to speak candidly about their lives under the Kuomintang and CCP governments.
Christians, Buddhists, and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses the reaction of ethnic minorities to the clauses in the draft constitution dealing with their education, culture, and political autonomy. It also considers the reaction of religious groups, particularly the Hui and Catholic communities, to the constitutional guarantee of “freedom of religious belief” in Article 88. During the 1954 constitutional discussion, many people, including Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials, ordinary Han citizens, and minorities, criticized pre-1954 minority policy as well as the draft constitution for being either overly accommodating or insufficiently so. As far as ethnic minorities were concerned, the document not only reflected previous antagonisms between Han and minorities but also, by bringing them out into the open, exacerbated them. Since the CCP leaders knew about these tensions and did not revise the wording of the constitution to relax them, one can reasonably conclude that widening the rift between the Han majority and minority groups was at least acceptable to them.
Constitutional Afterlives
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the afterlives of the 1954 Constitution. Rather than asking questions about whether the constitution has fulfilled its stated and expected functions, the chapter examines how the constitution, as both text and subject of discussion, has been invoked and used over the years by state officials high and low as well as by ordinary citizens. For some people, the constitution was a target of attack because of its complicity in revolutionary politics; for others, a source of information about politics; not a few used it as a broad platform from which they could complain about politics, jobs, and other problems; there were also those who saw it as an opportunity to comment on political changes. On occasion it was invoked to defend individual interests and collective beliefs and practices. For Chinese Communist Party officials, on the other hand, it was a mechanism to enforce compliance, assuage and cause fear, explain away social problems, offer and deflect criticism, attack and defend critics, get out of political trouble, stir up social tensions, and distribute rewards, among other functions. Few took the constitutional text seriously as an important source of law.
The Bankers' Blacklist
Authors: Morse Julia C.
Published: July 2022

This book demonstrates how the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has enlisted global banks in the effort to keep “bad money” out of the financial system, in the process drastically altering the domestic policy landscape and transforming banking worldwide. Trillions of dollars flow across borders through the banking system every day. While bank-to-bank transfers facilitate trade and investment, they also provide opportunities for criminals and terrorists to move money around the globe. To address this vulnerability, large economies work together through an international standard-setting body, the FATF, to shift laws and regulations on combating illicit financial flows. The book examines how this international organization has achieved such impact, arguing that it relies on the power of unofficial market enforcement—a process whereby market actors punish countries that fail to meet international standards. The FATF produces a public noncomplier list, which banks around the world use to shift resources and services away from listed countries. As banks restrict cross-border lending, the domestic banking sector in listed countries advocates strongly for new laws and regulations, ultimately leading to deep and significant compliance improvements. The book offers lessons about the peril and power of globalized finance, revealing new insights into how some of today's most pressing international cooperation challenges might be addressed.
Unofficial Market Enforcement Against Listed Countries
Authors: Morse Julia C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates unofficial market enforcement, focusing on the relationship between listing and cross-border bank-to-bank liabilities. It begins with qualitative evidence, drawing from news articles and interviews with financial industry professionals to describe under what conditions the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) list leads to unofficial market enforcement. The chapter discusses in greater detail why banks need information about a country's illicit financing risk and highlights why it is so challenging for banks to find this information on their own. It also explains why the FATF noncomplier list is useful in addressing such informational gaps and describes how market actors respond to listing. The chapter then describes the data and empirical strategy. The analysis employs a linear regression model with country-fixed effects to examine how listing relates to cross-border liabilities. The quantitative analysis finds that the noncomplier list leads to an estimated 13 percent decline in cross-border bank-to-bank liabilities, compared to when a country is not on the noncomplier list.