bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling interfacial liquid layers on environmental ices
Authors: Kuo M. H. , Moussa S. G. , McNeill V. F.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Interfacial layers on ice significantly influence air-ice chemical interactions. In solute-containing aqueous systems, a liquid brine may form upon freezing due to the exclusion of impurities from the ice crystal lattice coupled with freezing point depression in the concentrated brine. The brine may be segregated to the air-ice interface where it creates a surface layer, in micropockets, or at grain boundaries or triple junctions. We present a model for brines and their associated liquid layers in environmental ice systems that is valid over a wide range of temperatures and solute concentrations. The model is derived from fundamental equlibrium thermodynamics and takes into account nonideal solution behavior in the brine, partitioning of the solute into the ice matrix, and equilibration between the brine and the gas phase for volatile solutes. We find that these phenomena are important to consider when modeling brines in environmental ices, especially at low temperatures. We demonstrate its application for environmentally important volatile and nonvolatile solutes including NaCl, HCl, and HNO3. The model is compared to existing models and experimental data from literature where available. We also identify environmentally relevant regimes where brine is not predicted to exist, but the QLL may significantly impact air-ice chemical interactions. This model can be used to improve the representation of air-ice chemical interactions in polar atmospheric chemistry models.
The distribution of the ring current: Cluster observations
Authors: Zhang Q.-H. , Dunlop M. W. , Lockwood M. , Holme R. , Kamide Y. , Baumjohann W. , Liu R.-Y. , Yang H.-G. , Woodfield E. E. , Hu H.-Q. , Zhang B.-C. , Liu S.-L.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Extending previous studies, a full-circle investigation of the ring current has been made using Cluster 4-spacecraft observations near perigee, at times when the Cluster array had relatively small separations and nearly regular tetrahedral configurations, and when the Dst index was greater than −30 nT (non-storm conditions). These observations result in direct estimations of the near equatorial current density at all magnetic local times (MLT) for the first time and with sufficient accuracy, for the following observations. The results confirm that the ring current flows westward and show that the in situ average measured current density (sampled in the radial range accessed by Cluster ~4–4.5 RE) is asymmetric in MLT, ranging from 9 to 27 nA m−2. The direction of current is shown to be very well ordered for the whole range of MLT. Both of these results are in line with previous studies on partial ring extent. The magnitude of the current density, however, reveals a distinct asymmetry: growing from 10 to 27 nA m−2 as azimuth reduces from about 12:00 MLT to 03:00 and falling from 20 to 10 nA m−2 less steadily as azimuth reduces from 24:00 to 12:00 MLT. This result has not been reported before and we suggest it could reflect a number of effects. Firstly, we argue it is consistent with the operation of region-2 field aligned-currents (FACs), which are expected to flow upward into the ring current around 09:00 MLT and downward out of the ring current around 14:00 MLT. Secondly, we note that it is also consistent with a possible asymmetry in the radial distribution profile of current density (resulting in higher peak at ~4–4.5 RE). We note that part of the enhanced current could reflect an increase in the mean AE activity (during the periods in which Cluster samples those MLT).
Pi 2 waves simultaneously observed by Cluster and CPMN ground-based magnetometers near the plasmapause
Authors: Kawano H. , Ohtani S. , Uozumi T. , Tokunaga T. , Yoshikawa A. , Yumoto K. , Lucek E. A. , André M. ,   the CPMN group
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We have analyzed an event on 14 February 2003 in which Cluster satellites and the CPMN ground magnetometer chain made simultaneous observations of a Pi 2 pulsation along the same meridian. Three of the four Cluster satellites were located outside the plasmasphere, while the other one was located within the plasmasphere. By combining the multipoint observations in space and the multipoint observations on the ground, we have obtained a detailed L-profile of the Pi 2 signatures, which has not been done in the past. In addition, we have used a method called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to separate out other superposed waves with similar spectral components. The result shows that the wave phase of the Pi 2 was the same up to L ∼ 3.9 (corresponding to the plasmasphere), became earlier up to L ∼ 4.1 (corresponding to the plasmapause boundary layer), and showed a delaying tendency up to L ∼ 5.9 (corresponding to the plasmatrough). This systematic phase pattern, obtained for the first time by a combination of a ground magnetometer chain and multisatellites along a magnetic meridian with the aid of ICA, supports the interpretation that a Pi 2 signal propagated from a farther source and reached the plasmasphere.
Particle-reactive radionuclides (234Th, 210Pb, 210Po) as tracers for the estimation of export production in the South China Sea
Authors: Wei C.-L. , Lin S.-Y. , Sheu D. D.-D. , Chou W.-C. , Yi M.-C. , Santschi P. H. , Wen L.-S.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The time-series station, SEATS (18° N, 116° E) in the South China Sea was visited six times during October 2006–December 2008 to carry out seawater sampling and floating trap deployments for the determination of distributions and fluxes of POC, PIC, PN, 234Th, 210Pb, and 210Po in the upper 200 m of the water column. Radionuclide deficiencies resulted in removal fluxes from the euphotic layer of 1.1 × 103–1.8 × 103 dpm m−2 d−1 and 7.1–40.2 dpm m−2 d−1 for 234Th and 210Po, respectively. Due to atmospheric input, an excess of 210Pb relative to 226Ra is commonly observed in the upper water column. Sinking fluxes of total mass, POC, PIC, PN, 234Th, 210Pb, and 210Po measured at the euphotic depth were low in summer-fall and high in winter-spring, reflecting the seasonal variability of biological pumping. Excluding the suspiciously low primary productivity data point in July 2007, a relatively high e-ratio of 0.28–0.69 was estimated by the ratio of the POC flux at the euphotic depth and the integrated primary productivity. The ratios of 234Th, 210Pb, and 210Po to organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and nitrogen in the sinking particles were combined with the disequilibria of 234Th-238U, 210Pb-226Ra, and 210Po-210Pb to estimate export fluxes of POC, PIC, and PN from the euphotic layer. Compared with measured fluxes by the sediment trap and estimated fluxes by other approaches, it is concluded that the export production in the South China Sea, ranging from 1.8 to 21.3 mmol-C m−2 d−1, can be reasonably estimated using 234Th, 210Pb, and 210Po as carbon proxies.
Strength of forest-albedo feedback in mid-Holocene climate simulations
Authors: Otto J. , Raddatz T. , Claussen M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Reconstructions of the mid-Holocene climate, 6000 years before present, suggest that spring temperatures were higher at high northern latitudes compared to the pre-industrial period. A positive feedback between expansion of forest and climate presumably contributed to this warming. In the presence of snow, forests have a lower albedo than grass land. Therefore, the expansion of forest likely favoured a warming in spring, counteracting the lower insolation at the mid-Holocene. We investigate the sensitivity of the vegetation-atmosphere interaction under mid-Holocene orbital forcing with respect to the strength of the forest-albedo feedback by using a comprehensive coupled atmosphere-vegetation model (ECHAM5/JSBACH). We perform two sets of model simulations: a first set of simulations with a relatively weak reduction of albedo of snow by forest; and a second set of simulations with a relatively strong reduction of the albedo of snow by forest. We show that the parameterisation of the albedo of snow leads to uncertainties in the temperature signal. Compared to the set with weak snow masking, the simulations with strong snow masking reveal a spring warming that is three times higher, by 0.34 °C north of 60° N. This warming is related to a forest expansion of only 13%.
Constraining fault interpretation through tomographic velocity gradients: application to Northern Cascadia
Authors: Ramachandran K.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Spatial gradients of tomographic velocities are seldom used in interpretation of subsurface fault structures. This study shows that spatial velocity gradients can be used effectively in identifying subsurface discontinuities in the horizontal and vertical directions. Three-dimensional velocity models constructed through tomographic inversion of active source and/or earthquake traveltime data are generally built from an initial 1-D velocity model that varies only with depth. Regularized tomographic inversion algorithms impose constraints on the roughness of the model that help to stabilize the inversion process. Final velocity models obtained from regularized tomographic inversions have smooth three-dimensional structures that are required by the data. Final velocity models are usually analyzed and interpreted either as a perturbation velocity model or as an absolute velocity model. Compared to perturbation velocity model, absolute velocity model has an advantage of providing constraints on lithology. Both velocity models lack the ability to provide sharp constraints on subsurface faults. An interpretational approach utilizing spatial velocity gradients applied to northern Cascadia shows that subsurface faults that are not clearly interpretable from velocity model plots can be identified by sharp contrasts in velocity gradient plots. This interpretation resulted in inferring the locations of Tacoma Fault, Seattle Fault, Southern Whidbey Island Fault, and Darrington Devils Mountain fault much clearly. The Coast Range Boundary Fault, previously hypothesized on the basis of sedimentological and tectonic observations, is inferred clearly from the gradient plots. Many of the fault locations imaged from gradient data correlate with earthquake hypocenters indicating their seismogenic nature.
A Case Study of the Introductory Psychology Blended Learning Model at McMaster University
Authors: Sana Faria , Fenesi Barbara , Kim Joseph A
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a brief review of blended learning as a didactic method, and discusses the issues and challenges of using blended learning models in post-secondary education. Blended learning refers to mixed modes of instruction that combine traditional face-to-face classroom teaching methods and online learning materials. The paper will address challenges faced by large classrooms with a diverse student body, and the ways blended learning models can help alleviate those concerns (i.e. technologically savvy students, the need for course scheduling flexibility). In addition, a case study of blended learning in higher education in the context of a unique first year Introductory Psychology program at McMaster University will be discussed. Lastly, the important learning benefits offered by blended learning systems, along with the potential barriers to their implementation will be addressed.
Cet article présente un bref compte rendu de l’apprentissage hybride en tant que méthode didactique. Il traite des problèmes et des enjeux relatifs à l’utilisation des modèles d’apprentissage hybride dans le domaine de l’enseignement postsecondaire. L’apprentissage hybride renvoie aux modes d’enseignement mixtes qui combinent les méthodes d’enseignement traditionnel en présentiel et l’accès à des documents d’apprentissage en ligne. L’article traite des difficultés rencontrées dans les grands groupes comprenant une diversité d’étudiants et des façons dont les modèles d’apprentissage hybride peuvent contribuer à atténuer ces préoccupations (c.-à-d. les étudiants calés en technologie, la nécessité d’une offre de cours souple). De plus, l’article traite d’une étude de cas sur l’apprentissage hybride dans l’enseignement supérieur dans le cadre de la première année d’un programme d’introduction à la psychologie à l’Université McMaster. Enfin, l’article aborde les importants avantages offerts par les systèmes d’apprentissage hybride ainsi que les obstacles potentiels à leur mise en œuvre.
Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head after Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Sener Nadir , Gogus Abdullah , Akman Senol , Hamzaoglu Azmi
Published: September 2011

We report a case of a 61-year-old woman who underwent hip arthroscopy for a labral tear. The acetabular labrum was resected arthroscopically. Three months later, magnetic resonance imaging showed avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Theoretically, avascular necrosis following hip arthroscopy may result from traction on vessels supplying the femoral head, direct injury to such vessels during portal entrance, raised intra-articular pressure, prolonged operating time and damage to vessels during bony resection or osteochondroplasty for femoroacetabular impingement. We presume that avascular necrosis in our case was a result of a traction injury and increased intra-articular pressure.
Outpatient-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COPD: A Cost of Illness Study
Authors: Chakravorty I. , Fasakin C. , Paine T. , Narasimhaiah D. , Austin G.
Published: September 2011

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) as recommended by COPD guidelines is a multimodality educational, self-management, supervised exercise program, resulting in improved symptom control, quality of life, and reduction of exacerbations, but there is a need to establish the affordability of PR for healthcare providers.
We designed a cost-of-illness study of PR in advanced COPD, with an 8-week hospital-based program, measuring direct healthcare costs for 12 months before and after PR. In 31 patients (female = 16), aged 68 (±8) years, and FEV1% predicted to be 40 (±16.6), there was a reduction in inpatient hospital stay by net 2.35 days (78%; ) and routine primary care visits. Costs were reduced by £1835 per person (base year 2008), with a saving of £791 to 1313 GBP per person, per year. Therefore, PR provision in COPD is likely to be affordable due to reduced direct healthcare costs, even without considering the individual and societal benefits.
Cellular Mechanics of Modulated Osteoblasts Functions in Graphene Oxide Reinforced Elastomers
Authors: Girase Bhupendra , Shah Jinesh S. , Misra R. Devesh K.
Published: September 2011

We describe here favorable modulation of osteoblasts functions and cell–substrate interactions in hybrid silicone elastomers consisting of biocompatible graphene oxide. Pressure induced curing was used to synthesize the hybrid silicone elastomer with high strength–high elongation combination. It was intriguing that the cell–substrate interactions in the hybrid silicone elastomer were observed to be significantly different from those observed in stand alone silicone. The origin of differences in cell–substrate interactions in terms of cell attachment, viability, and proliferation and assessment of proteins actin, vinculin, and fibronectin are addressed and attributed to physico‐chemical properties (topography and hydrophilicity) and to the presence of graphene oxide. The end outcome of the study is a new family of nanostructured polymer composite with desired (enhanced cell functions) and bulk properties (long term stability—high strength‐at‐break). The integration of cellular and molecular biology with material science and engineering described here provides an insight into the ability to modulate cellular and molecular reactions in promoting osteoinductive signaling of surface adherent cells, in the present case, osteoblasts for joint reconstruction.
Graphene Intermediate Layer in Tandem Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Tong Shi Wun , Wang Yu , Zheng Yi , Ng Man‐Fai , Loh Kian Ping
Published: September 2011

One strategy to harvest wide spectral solar energy is to stack different bandgap materials together in a tandem solar cell. Here, it is demonstrated that CVD grown graphene film can be employed as intermediate layer (IML) in tandem solar cells. Using MoO3‐modified graphene IML, a high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1 V and a high short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 11.6 mA cm‐2 could be obtained in series and parallel connection, respectively, in contrast to a Voc of 0.58 V and Jsc of 7.6 mA cm‐2 in single PV cell. The value of Voc (Jsc) in the tandem cell is very close to the sum of Voc (Jsc) attained from two single subcells in series (parallel), which confirms good ohmic contact at the photoactive layer/MoO3‐modified graphene interface. Work function engineering of the graphene IML with metal oxide is essential to ensure good charge collection from both subcells.
Inverted Organic Solar Cells with Sol–Gel Processed High Work‐Function Vanadium Oxide Hole‐Extraction Layers
Authors: Zilberberg Kirill , Trost Sara , Meyer Jens , Kahn Antoine , Behrendt Andreas , Lützenkirchen‐Hecht Dirk , Frahm Ronald , Riedl Thomas
Published: September 2011

For large‐scale and high‐throughput production of organic solar cells (OSCs), liquid processing of the functional layers is desired. We demonstrate inverted bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) with a sol–gel derived V2O5 hole‐extraction‐layer on top of the active organic layer. The V2O5 layers are prepared in ambient air using Vanadium(V)‐oxitriisopropoxide as precursor. Without any post‐annealing or plasma treatment, a high work function of the V2O5 layers is confirmed by both Kelvin probe analysis and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Using UPS and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES), we show that the electronic structure of the solution processed V2O5 layers is similar to that of thermally evaporated V2O5 layers which have been exposed to ambient air. Optimization of the sol gel process leads to inverted OSCs with solution based V2O5 layers that show power conversion efficiencies similar to that of control devices with V2O5 layers prepared in high‐vacuum.
Ferromagnetic Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Immobilization on Monomolecular Films and Chemical Templates
Authors: Zhao Jianli , Spasova Marina , Li Zi‐An , Zharnikov Michael
Published: September 2011

Monodisperse Co nanoparticles (NPs), stabilized by organic coating have been synthesized, and their immobilization on a variety of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing different terminal groups and on SAM‐based chemical templates has been studied. The NPs had an average diameter of ∼10 nm and consisted of hcp cobalt covered by a thin (∼1 nm) oxide film. They exhibited pronounced ferromagnetic properties with a blocking temperature above 380 K, which is unusual for the given NP size and is presumably related to the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy associated with the crystallographic perfection of the NPs. The NPs were found to attach selectively to the SAMs bearing the thiol tail group, whereas no stable immobilization to other SAMs, over the electrostatic forces, could be achieved. Finally, based on the results for the individual SAMs, high‐contrast 2D structures of the Co NPs were fabricated on SAM‐based chemical templates on both micro‐ and nanometer length scales. The templates were prepared by irradiation‐promoted exchange reaction lithography, taking an OH‐terminated aliphatic SAMs as the primary template and thiol‐bearing aromatic molecules as the substituents.
Poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐maleic anhydride)/silica nanocomposites derived from in situ suspension polymerization
Authors: Miao Hui , Lin Shaoliang , Lin Jiaping
Published: September 2011

Poly(vinyl chloride‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐maleic anhydride) (PVVM)/silica nanocomposites were prepared by the suspension radical copolymerization of the monomers in the presence of fumed silica premodified with γ‐methylacryloxypropl trimethoxy siliane. Morphological observation showed that the silica particles of nanometer scale were well dispersed in the copolymer matrix of the nanocomposites films, whereas silica particles tended to agglomerate in the composites films prepared by the solution blending of PVVM with silica. The experimental results show that the thermal stability, glass‐transition temperature, tensile strength, and Young's modulus were significantly enhanced by the incorporation of silica nanoparticles. The enhancement of properties was related to the better dispersion of silica particles in polymer matrix and the interaction between the polymer chains and the surfaces of the silica particles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cultural Factors and Projective Identification in Understanding a Chinese Couple
Authors: Shi Qijia , Scharff Jill Savege
Published: September 2011

The assessment and treatment of couple relationships in China requires an understanding both of each couple's dynamic situation, and of their relationship to conscious and unconscious attitudes and changes in Chinese culture. The description of a Chinese couple illustrates the use of Fairbairn's concepts of psychic organization and of projective identification in understanding their individual and shared couple organization. We also locate the couple's difficulties with reference to the changing attitudes in modern Chinese culture.
The Impact of Chinese Cultures on a Marital Relationship
Authors: Scharff Jill Savege , Scharff David E.
Published: September 2011

To illustrate the impact of culture on intimate relationships, we will describe couple therapy with a Chinese couple. This treatment was one element in our teaching for students, clinicians, and trainers in China, where we taught workshops in Object Relations Couple and Family Therapy and a continuous course in Psychoanalytic Couple Therapy at the invitation of Professor Shi Qijia at the Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy and Dr Fang Xin of Peking University in Beijing, respectively. Our hosts arranged for serial translation of our concepts, slides, videos, and group discussions – and of therapeutic consultations with various couples, to be observed live or on video feed to an audience of 70 mental health students, clinicians, and trainers. We taught our Chinese participants the Western view of relationships and unconscious dynamics. They taught us to understand couples’ verbal expressions, imagery, and culture.The couple we will present attended for a series of five couple therapy sessions. With Gao Jun, our translator, seated between us, and the couple across from us, we made a semicircle facing the audience and used microphones so that we could be heard. It was unfamiliar, somewhat uncomfortable for all of us, and the necessity for serial translation slowed down the treatment, but it provided some insight for the couple, a learning experience for the audience, and a powerful lesson about intimate relationships in China for us. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Immunoreactivity in the Periodontal Ligament of the Rat Incisor
Authors: Honma Shiho , Kato Akiko , Shi Lei , Yatani Hirofumi , Wakisaka Satoshi
Published: September 2011

The distribution of three vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) isoforms, VGluT1, VGluT2, and VGluT3, were investigated in the trigeminal ganglion of the periodontal ligament in the rat incisor—a receptive field of trigeminal ganglion neurons. In the trigeminal ganglion, mRNAs for all VGluT isoforms were detected and proteins were observed in the cytoplasm of trigeminal ganglion cells. VGluT1 immunoreactions were localized within the cytoplasm for all sizes of trigeminal neurons, although predominately in medium–large trigeminal neurons. Double‐labeling showed that most VGluT1 contained both VGluT2 and VGluT3. In the periodontal ligament of the incisor, the Ruffini endings, principal periodontal mechanoreceptors, displayed VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities. However, lacked immunoreactions for VGluT3. At the electron microscopic level, VGluT1 immunoreactions were localized around the vesicle membranes at the axon terminal of Ruffini endings. The present results indicate that VGluT is expressed in the sensory nerve endings where apparent synapses are not present. Thus, glutamate in the sensory nerve endings is thought to be used in metabotropic functions. This is because glutamate is a general metabolic substrate, and/or acts as a neurotransmitter as proposed in muscle spindles. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of osteoarthritis and metabolic inflammation by a very high‐fat diet in mice: Effects of short‐term exercise
Authors: Griffin Timothy M. , Huebner Janet L. , Kraus Virginia B. , Yan Zhen , Guilak Farshid
Published: September 2011

Objective

To test the hypotheses that obesity due to a very high‐fat diet induces knee osteoarthritis (OA), and that short‐term wheel‐running exercise protects against obesity‐induced knee OA by reducing systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

Methods

Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet (13.5% kcal from fat) or a very high‐fat diet (60% kcal from fat) from age 12 weeks to age 24 weeks. From 20 to 24 weeks of age, half of the mice were housed with running wheels. The severity of knee OA was determined by assessing histopathologic features, and serum cytokines were measured using a multiplex bead immunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Body composition was quantified by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, and insulin resistance was assessed by glucose tolerance testing.

Results

Feeding mice with a very high‐fat diet increased knee OA scores and levels of serum leptin, adiponectin, KC (mouse analog of interleukin‐8 [IL‐8]), monokine induced by interferon‐γ (CXCL9), and IL‐1 receptor antagonist to an extent in proportion to the gain in body fat (3‐fold increase in percent body fat compared to controls). Wheel‐running exercise reduced progression of OA in the medial femur of obese mice. In addition, exercise disrupted the clustering of cytokine expression and improved glucose tolerance, without reducing body fat or cytokine levels.

Conclusion

Obesity induced by a very high‐fat diet in mice causes OA and systemic inflammation in proportion to body fat. Increased joint loading is not sufficient to explain the increased incidence of knee OA with obesity, as wheel running is protective rather than damaging. Exercise improves glucose tolerance and disrupts the coexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that increased aerobic exercise may act independently of weight loss in promoting joint health.
Zum Einfluss der Carbonatisierung auf die Druckfestigkeit und Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Porenbetonplansteinen
Authors: Stegmaier Michael
Published: September 2011

Im Rahmen einer begrenzten Studie sollte der Einfluss der Carbonatisierung auf die Druckfestigkeit und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von handelsüblichen Porenbetonplansteinen untersucht werden. Dazu wurde an aus ganzen Porenbetonplansteinen herausgearbeiteten Probekörpern die Druckfestigkeit und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit nach unterschiedlichen Lagerungsbedingungen ermittelt und mit den von den Herstellern deklarierten Werten verglichen.

Influence of carbonation on the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units. Within a limited research project the influence of carbonation on the compressive strength and the thermal conductivity of commercially available autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units were investigated. Therefor samples have been cut out of complete masonry units and stored at different climate conditions. Subsequent the compressive strength and the thermal conductivity were determined and compared with the declared values of the manufacturers.
Untersuchungen zur Wärmeleitung von Vollholz und Werkstoffen auf Vollholzbasis, wesentliche Einflussfaktoren
Authors: Niemz Peter , Sonderegger Walter
Published: September 2011

An Fichtenvollholz und Massivholzplatten sowie an massiven Wandelementen aus Fichtenholz mit variablem Aufbau wurde die Wärmeleitfähigkeit gemessen.

Bei Vollholz ist ein gewisser Einfluss der Jahrringlage (radial‐tangential) sowie ein deutlicher des Faser‐Last‐Winkels (LR, LT) vorhanden. Die Wärmeleitzahl von Massivholzplatten mit statistisch regelloser Orientierung der Jahrringlage ist geringer als die von Vollholz radial oder tangential. Geringe Hohlräume in der Mittellage (z. B. Schlitze zum Spannungsabbau) bewirken eine Reduzierung der Wärmeleitzahl. Die Wärmeleitzahl steigt mit zunehmender Temperatur und Holzfeuchte an. Bei mehrschichtigen Wandelementen auf Vollholzbasis ist ein Einfluss der Schichtenanzahl, der Jahrringlage sowie der Hohlräume zwischen den Lagen zu beobachten. Ein in der Mittellage vorhandener Hohlraumanteil bewirkt eine Reduzierung der Wärmeleitzahl. Kommt es allerdings infolge der Hohlraumgestaltung zur Konvektion, steigt die Wärmeleitzahl wieder an. Mechanische Verbindungselemente (Dübel aus Laubholz hoher Dichte) senkrecht zur Plattenebene bewirken einen geringen Anstieg der Wärmeleitzahl. Die ermittelten Kennwerte für den Einfluss von Jahrringlage, Faser‐Last‐Winkel, Dichte und Holzfeuchte ermöglichen eine rechnerische Vorausbestimmung der Wärmeleitzahl von Materialverbunden.

Thermal conductivity from solid wood and solid wood materials, important parameters. The thermal conductivity was measured on spruce wood, solid wood panels, as well as massive wood walls with a variable structure. In solid wood a slight influence of the growth ring position (radial‐tangential) and a considerable influence of the fibre‐load‐angle (LR, LT) was observed. In contrast to solid wood in radial and tangential direction solid wood panels with an irregular orientation of the growth rings have a lower thermal conductivity. Marginal holes in the middle layer (e.g. slits to reduce strains) cause a decrease of the values. With increasing temperature and moisture content the thermal conductivity has been rising. Multi‐layered wood elements of solid wood show an influence of the number of layers, the growth ring position and holes between the layers. The thermal conductivity is reduced by presenting holes in the middle layer. However, this effect reverses if the holes cause convection. The values also increase a little if mechanical bond elements perpendicular to panel pane such as dowels made of hardwood with a high density are used. The determined parameters about the influence of the position of growth rings, the fibre‐load‐angle, density and moisture content render the possibility to calculate the thermal conductivity of material combinations by using different computer programs.
Treatment of cotton with an alkaline Bacillus spp cellulase: Activity towards crystalline cellulose
Authors: Caparrós Cristina , López Carmen , Torrell Marc , Lant Neil , Smets Johan , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur
Published: September 2011

We analysed the influence of several enzymatic treatment processes using an alkaline cellulase enzyme from Bacillus spp. on the sorption properties of cotton fabrics. Although cellulases are commonly applied in detergent formulations due to their anti‐redeposition and depilling benefits, determining the mechanism of action of alkaline cellulases on cotton fibres requires a deeper understanding of the morphology and structure of cotton fibres in terms of fibre cleaning. The accessibility of cellulose fibres was studied by evaluating the iodine sorption value and by fluorescent‐labelled enzyme microscopy; the surface morphology of fabrics was analysed by scanning microscopy. The action of enzyme hydrolysis over short time periods can produce fibrillation on cotton fibre surface without any release of cellulosic material. The results indicate that several short consecutive treatments were more effective in increasing the fibre accessibility than one long treatment. In addition, no detectable hydrolytic activity, in terms of reducing sugar production, was found.
Residual DNA analysis in biologics development: Review of measurement and quantitation technologies and future directions
Authors: Wang Xing , Morgan Donna M. , Wang Gan , Mozier Ned M.
Published: September 2011

Residual DNA (rDNA) is comprised of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments and longer length molecules originating from the host organism that may be present in samples from recombinant biological processes. Although similar in basic structural base pair units, rDNA may exist in different sizes and physical forms. Interest in measuring rDNA in recombinant products is based primarily on demonstration of effective purification during manufacturing, but also on some hypothetical concerns that, in rare cases, depending on the host expression system, some DNA sequences may be potentially infectious or oncogenic (e.g., HIV virus and the Ras oncogene, respectively). Recent studies suggest that a sequence known as long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 (LINE‐1), widely distributed in the mammalian genome, is active as a retrotransposon that can be transcribed to RNA, reverse‐transcribed into DNA and inserts into a new site in genome. This integration process could potentially disrupt critical gene functions or induce tumorigenesis in mammals. Genomic DNA from microbial sources, on the other hand, could add to risk of immunogenicity to the target recombinant protein being expressed, due to the high CpG content and unmethylated DNA sequence. For these and other reasons, it is necessary for manufacturers to show clearance of DNA throughout production processes and to confirm low levels in the final drug substance using an appropriately specific and quantitative analytical method. The heterogeneity of potential rDNA sequences that might be makes the testing of all potential analytes challenging. The most common methodology for rDNA quantitation used currently is real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), a robust and proven technology. Like most rDNA quantitation methods, the specificity of RT‐PCR is limited by the sequences to which the primers are directed. To address this, primase‐based whole genome amplification is introduced herein. This paper will review the recent advancement in rDNA quantitation and recent findings regarding potential risks of immunogenicity, infectivity, and oncogenicity of rDNA. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:307–317. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prisoners holding their own medications during imprisonment in England and Wales: A survey and qualitative exploration of staff and prisoners' views
Authors: Hassan Lamiece , Weston Jade , Senior Jane , Shaw Jenny
Published: September 2011

Background

Traditionally, medication in prison has been administered in single, supervised doses. Prisons in England and Wales, however, have now been encouraged to allow prisoners to hold and manage their own medication themselves as ‘in‐possession’ medication, in line with community practices.

Aims

We aimed to examine the range of policies and practices used to manage in‐possession medication in prisons, and to explore staff and patient perspectives.

Methods

A mixed methods design was selected. Questionnaires were sent to all prisons throughout England and Wales in 2008, and follow‐up interviews were completed with 68 staff and 24 patients at 12 prisons.

Results

In‐possession medication was permitted to some degree within all prisons. Interviewees identified its principal benefit in terms of empowerment, whilst acknowledging the need to minimise health and security risks. Structured methods of risk assessment were used in 93% of establishments, although content and structure varied widely.

Conclusion

There is still some way to go before in‐possession medication policies are fully embraced in prisons. Staff and patients recognise its benefits, but some remain uneasy around the perceived risks. Risk management processes in some establishments may still require development.

Key messages

Prisoners and staff generally find it acceptable for prisoners to have their own medication in their possession, to manage themselves, unless individual risk assessment indicates otherwise.

Achievement of the optimum balance between security, safety and empowering patients is difficult in practice.

Robust, specific methods of risk management in relation to in‐possession medication may help prisons move from being ‘risk averse’ to ‘risk aware’.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key resources on marginalized students
Authors: Hernandez Susana , Hernandez Ignacio
Published: September 2011

This chapter provides resources to assist student affairs personnel at community colleges as they interact with students from marginalized groups, students whose experiences in college need to be heard and brought to the center. The resources described are practice oriented and include Web links of professional organizations with further sources of information for each particular marginalized group. Funding opportunities are also identified to help further support community colleges' ability to program, recruit, and retain these marginalized populations. The goal of each community college to serve all students will largely depend on the willingness of administrators, faculty, and staff to critique and confront why certain student groups remain on the margins of their respective campuses.
Report of a new anomaly of the left anterior descending artery: Type VI dual LAD
Authors: Maroney Justin , Klein Lloyd W.
Published: September 2011

A 48‐year‐old man with past medical history of coronary artery disease, previous angioplasty, hyperlipidemia, and generalized anxiety disorder presented with atypical chest pain. Coronary angiography and CT angiography revealed a variant dual left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery not previously described. Spindola‐Franco et al. have categorized dual LAD into four angiographic subtypes based on the origin and course of both a short‐ and a long branch of the LAD. Additionally, Manchanda et al. have described a novel variant of dual LAD with the short‐ and long LAD originating directly from the left and right coronary sinuses, respectively (Type V, see Table I). In the case presented, the long LAD arises from the right coronary artery and follows a unique route underneath the right ventricular outflow tract in the interventricular septal area to the anterior interventricular groove. We propose that this anatomy represents a new variant of dual LAD (Type VI). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility of fractional flow reserve to determine treatment after recent large myocardial infarction with severe left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Aleti Sumith , Uretsky Barry F. , Sachdeva Rajesh
Published: September 2011

Evaluation of ischemia and the extent of viable myocardium is required prior to consideration of revascularizing a lesion after a myocardial infarction in which there is hypo‐ or akinesis. We present a case in which we utilized fractional flow reserve (FFR) of a lesion in a patient whose nuclear study 7 days after infarction suggested minimal viability in the infarct zone. After FFR was positive, stenting was performed with recovery of a large amount of viable myocardium at 1 month as shown on nuclear study. This case illustrates that if ischemia is demonstrated by FFR in an infarct‐related artery even with minimal viability by nuclear study, revascularization may result in significant myocardial recovery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic Applications of the Nickel‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynes Combined with Addition Reactions in a Domino Process
Authors: Durandetti Muriel , Hardou Lucie , Lhermet Rudy , Rouen Mathieu , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: September 2011

Carbonickelations of alkynes and functionalization of the resulting vinylnickel moiety have been performed efficiently in a nickel‐catalyzed domino cyclization–condensation process. This reaction, which does not require the preparation of any other organometallic reagent, proceeds only by exo‐dig cyclization. This convenient and mild method constitutes a one‐pot synthesis of substituted dihydrobenzofurans, chromans, isochromans, indoles, or indanes. Theses valuable products are generally obtained in good yields and high stereoselectivity. They are shown to be useful synthons for rapid access to functionalized polycyclic skeletons.
Clickable Functionalization of Liposomes with the gH625 Peptide from Herpes simplex Virus Type I for Intracellular Drug Delivery
Authors: Tarallo Rossella , Accardo Antonella , Falanga Annarita , Guarnieri Daniela , Vitiello Giuseppe , Netti Paolo , D'Errico Gerardino , Morelli Giancarlo , Galdiero Stefania
Published: September 2011

Liposomes externally modified with the nineteen residues gH625 peptide, previously identified as a membrane‐perturbing domain in the gH glycoprotein of Herpes simplex virus type I, have been prepared in order to improve the intracellular uptake of an encapsulated drug. An easy and versatile synthetic strategy, based on click chemistry, has been used to bind, in a controlled way, several copies of the hydrophobic gH625 peptide on the external surface of 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPG)‐based liposomes. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies, on liposomes derivatized with gH625 peptides, which are modified with the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl‐4‐amino‐4‐carboxylic acid (TOAC) spin label in several peptide positions, confirm the positioning of the coupled peptides on the liposome external surface, whereas dynamic light scattering measurements indicate an increase of the diameter of the liposomes of approximately 30 % after peptide introduction. Liposomes have been loaded with the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin and their ability to penetrate inside cells has been evaluated by confocal microscopy experiments. Results suggest that liposomes functionalized with gH625 may act as promising intracellular targeting carriers for efficient delivery of drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents, into tumor cells.
Reactions of ZnR2 Compounds with Dibenzoyl: Characterisation of the Alkyl‐Transfer Products and a Striking Product‐Inhibition Effect
Authors: Dranka Izabela , Kubisiak Marcin , Justyniak Iwona , Lesiuk Michał , Kubicki Dominik , Lewiński Janusz
Published: September 2011

The first systematic theoretical and experimental studies of reaction systems involving ZnR2 (R=Me, Et or tBu) with dibenzoyl (dbz) as a non‐innocent ligand revealed that the character of the metal‐bonded R group as well as the ratio of the reagents and the reaction temperature significantly modulate the reaction outcome. DFT calculations showed four stable minima for initial complexes formed between ZnR2 and dbz and the most stable structure proved to be the 2:1 adduct; among the 1:1 adducts three structural isomers were found of which the most stable complex had the monodentate coordination mode and the chelate complex with the s‐cis conformation of the dbz unit appeared to be the least stable form. Interestingly, the reaction involving ZnMe2 did not lead to any alkylation product, whereas the employment of ZntBu2 resulted in full conversion of dbz to the O‐alkylated product [tBuZn{PhC(O)C(OtBu)Ph}] already at −20 °C. A more complicated system was revealed for the reaction of dbz with ZnEt2. Treatment of a solution of dbz in toluene with one equivalent of ZnEt2 at room temperature afforded a mixture of the O‐ and C‐alkylated products [EtZn{PhC(O)C(OEt)Ph}] and [EtZn{OC(Ph)C(O)(Et)Ph}], respectively. The formation of the C‐alkylated product was suppressed by decreasing the initial reaction temperature to −20 °C. Moreover, in the case of the dbz/ZnEt2 system monitoring of the dbz conversion over the entire reaction course revealed a product inhibition effect, which highlights possible participation of multiple equilibria of different zinc alkoxide/ZnEt2 aggregates. Diffusion NMR studies indicated that dbz forms an adduct with the O‐alkylated product, which is a competent species for executing the inhibition of the alkylation event.
Room temperature and highly enantioselective additions of alkyltitanium reagents to aldehydes catalyzed by a titanium catalyst of (R)‐h8‐binol
Authors: Li Qinghan , Gau Han‐Mou
Published: September 2011

Three alkyltitanium reagents of RTi(O‐i‐Pr)3 (R = Cy (1a), i‐Bu (1b), and n‐Bu (1c)) were prepared in good yields. The high‐resolution mass spectroscopy showed that 1b and 1c in the gas phase are monomeric species. However, the solid state of 1a revealed a dimeric structure. Asymmetric additions of 1a, 1b, 1c to aldehydes catalyzed by a titanium catalyst of (R)‐H8‐BINOL were studied at room temperature. The reactions produced desired secondary alcohols in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities of up to 94% ee. Reactivity and enantioselectivity differences, in terms of steric bulkiness of the R nucleophiles, are herein described. The addition reactions of secondary c‐hexyl to aldehydes were slower than the reactions of primary i‐butyl or n‐butyl nucleophiles. For the primary alkyls, lower enantioselectivities were obtained for products from addition reactions of the linear n‐butyl as compared with the enantioselectivities of products from the addition reactions of the branched i‐butyl group. The same stereochemistry of RTi(O‐i‐Pr)3 addition reactions as the addition reactions of organozinc, organoaluminum, Grignard, or organolithium reagents directly supports the argument of that titanium‐catalyzed addition reactions of aldehydes involve an addition of an organotitanium nucleophile. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Additional criterion for the determination of the handedness of 21 helices in crystals of bile acids: Crystal structure of a tert‐butylphenyl derivative of cholic acid
Authors: Meijide Francisco , Trillo Juan V. , Soto Victor H. , Jover Aida , Tato JosÉ Vázquez
Published: September 2011

[3β,5β,7α,12α]‐3‐(4‐t‐Butylbenzoilamine)‐7,12‐dihydroxycholan‐24‐oic acid was synthesized and recrystallized from chlorobenzene and acetone. Orthorhombic P212121 and monoclinic P21 crystals were obtained, respectively, and both crystals include solvent and water molecules with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. In the second case, there are two nonequivalent molecules of the steroid in the unit cell. In both crystals, a crossing structure results for the molecular packing, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the steroid molecules. In the second crystal, water links steroid molecules of the same type, which are not directly connected through hydrogen bonds. The steroid molecules define helicoidal assemblies along 21 screw axes. The handedness in the crystal in chlorobenzene is unambiguously defined by following the criterion proposed by Miyata et al., as the steroids are in a belly‐to‐belly disposition around the axis. This motif does not appear in the crystal in acetone, and other criterion is required. On the basis of the fact that a staircase and its banister have the same handedness and using the crystal in chlorobenzene as reference, the additional criterion has been established. According to it, in the absence of a belly‐to‐belly orientation, the handedness must be defined by keeping the bile acid with its right side oriented toward the axis. Pitch angles of the helices and tilt angles of the molecules are also determined. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromatographic separation and spectroscopic characterization of the e/z isomers of acrivastine
Authors: Davadra Prakash M. , Dabhi Batuk , Singh Manoj K. , Jain Mukul R. , Joshi Hitendra S. , Bapodra Atul H.
Published: September 2011

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the separation of two geometric isomers of Acrivastine using crude reaction mixture. The resolution between two isomers was found more than 2.9. The geometric isomers have been isolated by preparative HPLC and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR, infrared, and MS. The developed method has been validated for the determination of Z‐isomer in Acrivastine. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the Z‐isomer were 0.05 and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. The developed method is precise, linear, accurate, rugged and robust for its intended use. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.