bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibit the nerve‐induced release of nitric oxide from the rabbit corpus cavernosum
Authors: Hallén K , Wiklund N P , Gustafsson L E
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:

Nitrergic neurons are important for erectile responses in the corpus cavernosum and impaired signalling results in erectile dysfunction, today treated successfully by oral administration of the selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil. Although the importance of nitrergic neurons in urogenital function has become evident, it has not been investigated if the PDE 5 inhibitors affect the nerve‐induced release of nitric oxide (NO). In a previous study we found that the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine 3’,5’–monophosphate (cGMP) pathway might modulate nerve‐induced release of NO in isolated cavernous tissue.

Experimental approach:

Electrical field stimulation (EFS 5 Hz, 40 V, 0.3 ms pulse duration, 25 pulses at intervals of 2 min) of rabbit isolated cavernous tissue elicited reproducible, nerve‐mediated relaxations in the presence of scopolamine (10−5 M), guanethidine (10−5 M) and phenylephrine (3 × 10−6 M). In superfusion experiments, nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 40 V, 1 ms) of the cavernous tissue evoked release of NO/NO2
−, measured by chemiluminescence.

Key results:

Sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil decreased the muscular tone and prolonged the relaxations to nerve stimulation. The evoked release of NO decreased to 72±11%, 55±16% and 61±14% of control, respectively after addition of sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil (all 10−4 M, n=6–8, p<0.05).

Conclusions and Implications:

Selective PDE 5 inhibitors influence the nerve‐induced release of NO, probably via cGMP‐mediated negative feedback. This negative feedback might explain why priapism is not seen during monotherapy with the PDE inhibitors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 353–360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706991
Characterization of an external electro-optic sampling probe: Influence of probe height on distortion of measured voltage pulses
Authors: Seitz S. , Bieler M. , Hein G. , Pierz K. , Siegner U. , Schmückle F. J. , Heinrich W.
Published: December 2006

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the distortion that an external electro-optic sampling tip imprints on a measured voltage pulse that propagates along a coplanar stripline. By using the electro-optic effect of the GaAs substrate on which the stripline is fabricated we obtain the undisturbed voltage pulse, which serves as a reference pulse. This allows us to quantitatively compare the voltage pulse measured with the external electro-optic sampling tip to the undisturbed voltage pulse. The sensitivity of the sampling measurement and the distortion of the voltage pulse are determined for different heights of the tip which is lifted off the stripline. The experimental data agree very well with numerical finite difference calculations. We find that small changes of the tip height already influence the measurements strongly. From the experiments we infer an optimum working height of the sampling tip of only 0.5 μm. Our investigations help to improve the accuracy of electro-optic sampling measurements.
Molecular dynamics simulations on buckling of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under bending
Authors: Chang Tienchong , Hou Juan
Published: December 2006

Buckling of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) subjected to bending deformation is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the initial buckling mode of a thick MWCNT is quite different from that of a thin MWCNT. Only several outer layers buckle first while the rest inner layers remain stable in a very thick MWCNT, while in a relatively thin MWCNT, all individual tubes buckle simultaneously. Such a difference in the initial buckling modes results in quite different size effects on the bending behavior of MWCNTs. In particular, the critical buckling curvature of a thick MWCNT is insensitive to the tube thickness, which is in contrast with linear elasticity. It is found also that the initial buckling wavelength is weakly dependent on the thickness of the MWCNT. We demonstrate that rippling deformation does decrease the effective modulus of a bent MWCNT, as observed in experiments. Finally, we show that the interlayer van der Waals interactions have little effect on the bending behavior of a MWCNT in the linear elastic regime.
Survival of atomic monolayer steps during oxide desorption on GaAs (100)
Authors: Lee J. H. , Wang Zh. M. , Salamo G. J.
Published: December 2006

Significant surface pitting and a degraded surface roughness are almost always observed on GaAs (100) surface after conventional thermal oxide desorption. Here we report on the use of a Ga-triggered low temperature oxide desorption method that can be used to preserve the atomic monolayer (ML) steps. By providing an external supply of atomic Ga at a relatively low substrate temperature of ∼450°C without an As4 overpressure, this technique resulted in an atomically smooth GaAs ML steps with a root mean square roughness of 0.25nm, nearly identical to as-grown GaAs surface (0.2nm). The demonstrated results show the potential for applications in optoelectronics such as regrowth and patterned substrate growth.
Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade lasers with two monolithically coupled Fabry-Pérot cavities
Authors: Höfling S. , Heinrich J. , Reithmaier J. P. , Forchel A. , Seufert J. , Fischer M. , Koeth J.
Published: December 2006

The authors report on tunable, miniaturized, two-segment coupled cavity quantum cascade lasers fabricated in a process with a single dry etch step. They observed controllable vernier-effect-based mode switching, induced by the spectral shift of the short cavity’s Fabry-Pérot mode comb due to Joule heating. With the help of this discontinuous tuning mechanism, single-mode operation with routinely ∼20dB side mode suppression ratio was achieved over a broad spectral range. The authors measured a quasicontinuous tuning range of 12cm−1 (138nm) and an entire single-mode tuning range of 16.5cm−1 (190nm), centered around 933cm−1 (10.7μm).
Spectral and spatial dynamics in InGaN blue-violet lasers
Authors: Ropars G. , Le Floch A. , Agrawal G. P.
Published: December 2006

An angular differential analysis of the longitudinal modes associated with successive spectral substructures in InGaN lasers demonstrates a large increase in the mode widths towards the red side of the spectra because of the antiguiding lens effects occurring in such gain-guided lasers. A simple model predicts the growing asymmetrical triangular-shape spectral envelope with much higher powers in the red substructures with increasing excitation, in agreement with the high-resolution spectral measurements. Moreover, the observed 20% mode-width variations imply a critical stripe-width limitation of the active medium that would prevent oscillation of higher-order modes on the blue side of the laser spectrum.
Megahertz operation of organic field-effect transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiopene)
Authors: Wagner Veit , Wöbkenberg Paul , Hoppe Arne , Seekamp Jörg
Published: December 2006

Switching speed is crucial for many applications in organic electronics. The possibility to achieve higher frequencies will enable new fields of applications. The authors demonstrate high-frequency organic thin film transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). Transistors with submicron channel lengths show unity-gain bandwidth of 2MHz in air at low supply voltages of 10V. For channel lengths L below 500nm deviations from ideal L scaling law are observed experimentally, which are attributed to contact effects. They present a model beyond the ideal scaling law to predict the maximum operational frequency based on transistor parameters, geometry, and contact resistance.
Atomistic simulation of brittle to ductile transition in GaN nanotubes
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Zu Xiaotao , Gao Fei , Weber William J.
Published: December 2006

Molecular dynamics methods with a Stillinger-Weber [Phys. Rev. B 31, 5262 (1985)] potential have been used to investigate the mechanical properties of wurtzite-type single-crystalline GaN nanotubes under applied tensile strains. At low temperatures, the nanotubes show brittle properties, whereas at high temperatures, they behave as ductile materials. The brittle to ductile transition (BDT) is systematically investigated and the corresponding transition temperatures have been determined in GaN nanotubes. The BDT temperature generally increases with increasing thickness of nanotubes and strain rate.
Observation of molecular nitrogen in N-doped Ge2Sb2Te5
Authors: Kim Kihong , Park Ju-Chul , Chung Jae-Gwan , Song Se Ahn , Jung Min-Cherl , Lee Young Mi , Shin Hyun-Joon , Kuh Bongjin , Ha Yongho , Noh Jin-Seo
Published: December 2006

Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) film in the crystalline state was nitrogen doped using the reactive sputtering method in order to increase sheet resistance. High-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that molecular nitrogen (N2) existed in the N-doped GST film. This finding implies that both molecular nitrogen and atomic-state nitrogen should be taken into account in understanding the structures of N-doped GST film. The molecular nitrogen is believed to exist at interstitial and vacancy sites, and more likely at grain boundaries.
Long-lifetime, high-efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes with mixed host composing double emission layers
Authors: Tsai Yung-Cheng , Jou Jwo-Huei
Published: December 2006

A long-lifetime, high-efficiency white organic light-emitting diode was fabricated with a mixed host in one of double emission layers. The first layer comprised yellow rubrene doped in a mixed host consisting of 50% N,N′diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-4′-diamine (NPB) and 50% 2-(t-butyl)-9,10-bis(2′-naphthyl)anthracene (TBADN). The second layer comprised blue 4,4′-bis[2-{4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl}vinyl] biphenyl doped in TBADN. This device exhibited the longest lifetime, five times that of its pure NPB counterpart. The resulting efficiency was 6.0lm∕W (10.9cd∕A) at 10mA∕cm2, 33% better than that of the NPB counterpart. These improvements were attributable to the mixed-host structure, which effectively dispersed carriers and gave a good charge balance.
A Single-Crystal X-Ray Analysis of a Novel Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonded Biphenyl Phosphorane
Authors: Abell AD , Morris KB , Mckee V
Published: December 2006

An X-ray crystal structure and 1H n.m.r. analysis of the biphenyl phosphorane (4a) has revealed the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond resulting in an unusual biphenyl with a bridge forming a nine- membered ring. The related biphenyl phosphorane (4b) exists as two diastereoisomers.
A Rapid Synthesis of 2,3,11,11a-Tetrahydro-6H-pyrazino[1,2-b]isoquinoline-1,4-diones Through an Amido Iminium Ion Cyclization
Authors: Chi WO , Hong CL
Published: December 2006

7,10-Dimethoxy-6-methyl-2,3,11,11a-tetrahydro-6H-pyrazino[1,2-b]isoquinoline-1,4-diones (5) and (6) were synthesized from glycine anhydride and 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde through an amido iminium ion cyclization reaction. This method for the construction of the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring will be useful for the synthesis of saframycins.
Chemistry of the Podocarpaceae. LXXVI. 8,13-Epoxy-3-β-hydroxylabd-14-en-2-one and 8,13-Epoxy-2-hydroxylabda-1,14-dien-3-one, New Diterpenoids From Lagarostrobus colensoi
Authors: Cambie RC , Moratti SC , Rutledge PS , Woodgate PD
Published: December 2006

Two new diterpenoids isolated from the wood of Lagarostrobus colensoi have been identified as 8,13-epoxy-3β-hydroxylabd-14-en-2-one (3) and 8,13-epoxy-2-hydroxylabda-1,14-dien-3-one (5).
On‐target trajectories and the final pull in archery
Authors: Edelmann‐Nusser Jürgen , Heller Mario , Hofmann Martin , Ganter Nico
Published: December 2006

At the end of the aiming phase, an archer pulls the arrow back a little bit before he releases the shot. This pulling back of the arrow is called the “final pull”. Simultaneous with the final pull, the archer has to hold the bow calm. The aim of this paper was to examine the motion of the bow and the final pull in highly skilled archers. From a technological point of view, we wished to develop a system to measure the draw‐length in the final pull that could be used during archers’ normal training. Seven archers (two males, five females), all of whom were participants at the Junior World Championships and German National Championships, performed 66 shots indoors at a target 30 m away. Each archer shot the same bow as used in competition. On‐target trajectories of the aim point movement were measured. Also, the alterations of the draw‐length in the final pull were determined. The results suggest that irregularities in the final pull have a negative influence on archers’ scores. Intra‐individually, a smaller range of motion of the bow in the last second before the shot appears to have a positive influence on archers’ scores.
Mood state monitoring of training and recovery in elite kayakers
Authors: Kenttä Göran , Hassmén Peter , Raglin John S.
Published: December 2006

Eleven elite kayakers performed an identical weekly training schedule each week during a 3‐week training‐camp. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory (“right now” instructions) was completed before and after selected workouts each week to assess both training‐induced mood disturbances and the extent of recovery following short and long rest. The ratio of POMS vigour to POMS fatigue scores was used as an “energy index”. Energy index scores were compared with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to address the size of the training load. Performance measures were obtained during the first and last week. The results showed that the energy index decreased (p<0.01) throughout the camp and did not return to initial values following either the short (one night) or long rest (two nights and one day). Performance measures and RPE remained unaffected throughout training, as did the POMS depression scores, indicating that the athletes experienced an overreached state but did not develop staleness. Our results suggest that repeated evaluation using POMS fatigue, vigour, and depression scores during periods of intensified training may help prevent athletes from becoming severely overreached and reduce the likelihood of staleness.
Aspects of the current system producing magnetic disturbance
Authors: Stagg J. M.
Published: December 2006

1—If N, E. and Z (vertical) are the three rectangular components of the earth's magnetic field, a study of the behaviour of the changes ΔN, ΔE, and ΔZ produced in them by a perturbing field gives information about the corresponding changes in this field and therefore in the overhead current system to which the field is due. In this enquiry ΔN, ΔE, ΔZ will be regarded as departures for 60-minute intervals from an undisturbed condition which is taken to be the corresponding departure on quiet days. It will be understood that this procedure assumes that the effect of disturbance on the earth’s field is to overlay quiet conditions by an additional system of forces. Average diurnal variations on both quiet,
q
, and disturbed,
d
, days were therefore formed for N, E, and Z, starting from the published hourly values of the primary horizontal elements H and D where necessary. With the two sets of variations converted into departures from their respective means, difference departures Δ
d
— Δ
q
for N, E, and Z were formed hour-by-hour to give 24 disturbance field component vectors. This was done for the seasons separately and the year as a whole for each of the observatories in Table I. In discussing the average features of regular disturbance there are advantages in using as extensive series of data as possible. Even when the five internationally selected
d
and
q
days per month are used, as in the present enquiry, exceptional isolated disturbances may obscure normal behaviour. This is especially true when the study concerns stations representing transition zones in the phenomena of disturbance. The inclusion of Fort Rae, the British Polar Year station in N. W. Canada, will, however, be seen to be fully warranted, not because of the scale of disturbance there but because of its instructive position on the polar side of the line over which the current system producing the main features of the regular daily variation of disturbance is mainly concentrated.
Investigations on the combustion of hydrocarbons I-The influence of molecular structure on hydrocarbon combustion
Authors: Ubbelohde Alfred Rene Jean Paul
Published: December 2006

In the combustion of hydrocarbons the number of intermediary processes which might occur before a combustion, such as C
5
H
12
+ 8O
2
= 5CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O, is completed is very large. In order to collect some of the more important facts hearing on the subject from the large literature which is accumulating, a brief review is first made of the methods which have been adopted to attack the problem. The fundamental processes involved in the attack of a hydrocarbon molecule by oxygen will then be discussed. It then becomes possible to put forward a reasonable mechanism for the combustion of the longer chain hydrocarbons, further evidence for which is obtained in the experimental portion of the work set out in Part II. (
a
)
Chemical
—The chemical method of studying combustion mechanism involves the isolation of intermediates, such as alcohols, aldehydes, peroxides, and acids. The formation of unsaturated substances and of hydrogen is likewise important. The principal aim of early theories of combustion, such as the hydroxylation theorzy, and to some extent the peroxide theory,) is to account for the formation of these intermediates in terms of a combustion mechanism.
The absorption of monochromatic X-ray beams, of wave-length in the region 50 to 20
X
-units, in lead, tin, copper, and iron
Authors: Read John
Published: December 2006

In a previous paper an account has been given of the measurement of the absorption of monochromatic X-ray beams of wave-length in the region 50 to 20
x
-units, in carbon and aluminium. The relation of the measured coefficient of absorption to the wave-Iength did not differ from that predicted by the Klein-Nishina formula by more than 1%. The method used in that experiment has been improved, and used to measure the absorption coefficients of lead, tin, copper, and iron for similar monochromatic beams. Because lead has been used very extensively for absorption measurements the primary aim has been to measure as accurately as possible the dependence of its absorption coefficient on the wave-length of the radiation. It has not been possible to make such accurate measurements on tin, copper, and iron, but enough data has been obtained to determine the variation of the photoelectric absorption coefficient per electron with the atomic number of the absorbing element, with fair accuracy, for radiation in this region of wave-lengths. Since these absorption coefficients may find considerable application, it is considered well to give a more detailed account of the method of measurement, so that an independent judgment of their reliability may be made.
On the radiative collision between fast charged particles
Authors: Møller C.
Published: December 2006

The radiation emitted in the collision of a fast charged particle with a nucleus has been treated in quantum mechanics by Heitler, Bethe, and various other authors. In all cases the nucleus has been considered infinitely heavy, the field of the nucleus being then an external field so that the problem reduces to a one-body problem. It may be of some interest to consider the more general case, where the two colliding particles have masses comparable with each other. When a fast particle traverses matter many different elementary processes are possible. Some of these are: (1) collisions with the atomic electron; (2) collisions with the atomic nucleus in both cases without emission of radiation; we further have (3) radiative collisions with the atomic electrons; and (4) radiative collisions with the nucleus. If the colliding particle is an electron the third process is of the type we wish to consider where the masses of the particles are comparable. For not too large velocities of the incident particle the stopping of the particle is mainly due to the first process, which has been treated in quantum mechanics by various authors. For very large velocities and large atomic number the fourth process is the most important. If, however, the velocity is very large and the atomic number small the third process will presumably give a contribution to the stopping which is large compared with that of the first and comparable with that of the fourth process. Further, when one has treated the radiative collision of two electrons, one can immediately answer two other questions. If one of the electrons after the collision is in a negative state the collision process is the converse of the photo-production of a pair of positive and negative electrons in the presence of an electron. And if both electrons are in a negative state after the collision we have the converse process of the simultaneous production of two pairs by a photon. (The last process is only possible if the particles are not free.)
The diffraction of X-rays by age-hardening aluminium copper alloys.
Authors: Preston G. D.
Published: December 2006

The object of this paper is to draw attention to certain peculiarities in the X-ray diffraction spectra obtained from single crystals of an alloy of aluminium with 4% by weight of copper. The experiments described below were carried out during an investigation into the property of age-hardening exhibited by these alloys, in the hope that some light would be throuwn on the processes preceding precipitation of the compound CuAl2, which are generally regarded as being the cause of the hardening in alloys of the Duralumin class, of which the simple 4% copper alloy is the prototype. The material used in the investigation was prepared from aluminium of high purity and after casting the ingots were forged and then draws into wires of 1 mm. diameter. Pieces of the wire after annealing at 500° C. contained crystals of sufficient size (2-5 mm. in length) for X-ray examination by the oscillating crystal and Laue methods.
I. Anatomical and physiological observations on the organ of vision, for the purpose of ascertaining the alterations caused by section of the optic nerve
Authors: Waller Augustus Volney
Published: December 2006

The author begins by referring to experimental researches already published by him on the effects produced on the nerves of living animals by section at different points in their course; and he briefly recapitulates the chief results of these experiments, as follows, viz.— 1. Section of a spinal nerve on the distal side of its ganglion is followed by degeneration of the part of the nerve beyond the section, whilst the part still connected with the ganglion retains its integrity. 2. Section of the posterior root of a spinal nerve induces no change in the trunk or branches of the nerve beyond the ganglion, nor in the portion of the root which remains connected with the ganglion, whereas the part of the root attached to the spinal cord, but disconnected with the ganglion, becomes disorganized. His conclusion from these experiments, which have been varied in different ways, is “that the spinal ganglion is the centre of the nutritive power of the nerve-fibres adherent to it."
The influence of stress and strain on the physical properties of matter. Part I. Elasticity—
continued
. The velocity of sound in metals and a comparison of their moduli of longitudinal and torsional elasticities as determined by statical and kinetical methods
Authors: Tomlinson Herbert , Adams William Grylls
Published: December 2006

We owe to Wertheim a series of carefully executed experiments on the longitudinal elasticity of metals both by statical extension and by longitudinal and transverse vibrations. Prom these researches it would appear that the values of the moduli of longitudinal elasticity as determined for several metals by the first of these three methods are, as might be expected, less than those obtained by the other two. The differences, however, are very much greater than can be accounted for by the heating and cooling effects of contraction and elongation, and the author has already pointed out what he believes to have been in a great measure the cause of these discrepancies.
On the action of radium emanations on diamond.
Authors: Crookes William
Published: December 2006

When diamonds are exposed to the impact of radiant matter in a high vacuum they phosphoresce of different hues, and assume a dark colour, becoming almost black when the bombardment is long continued.
On flame spectra.
Authors: De Watteville Charles , Schuster Arthur
Published: December 2006

In order to obtain the spectrum of any substance, it has generally been considered sufficient to introduce a small quantity of it into an already formed flame. In the course of a photometrical investigation of flames which had been coloured by injecting the spray from saline solutions into the gas to be burnt, M. Gouy discovered in the spectra of the flames several new lines belonging to the metal contained in the solution. Instead of appearing throughout the whole flame, as did the previously known lines, these new lines were only emitted in the vicinity of the inner blue cone—the origin of the Swan spectrum. The observations of M. Gouy were limited to the examination of certain lines of the visible portion of the spectrum, and, with the advice of Professor Schuster, and under his direction, I have taken up this study with the object of extending it, by means of photography, to the ultraviolet portion of the flame, and also of detecting lines which are too feeble to be visible to the eye.
Contributions to the study of the action of Sea-snake venoms.—Part I.
Authors: Fraser Thomas Richard , Elliot R. H.
Published: December 2006

The only important contributions to the literature of the subject with which we are acquainted, are those recently made to the Royal Society by Captain Leonard Rogers, I. M. S. Whilst acknowledging the value of these papers, we desire to state that our work was planned before we saw them, and has in all respects been independent of them.
An experiment illustrating harmonic undertones.
Authors: Knapman Herbert , Burch George James
Published: December 2006

The object of this note is to ‘describe a phenomenon of which, as far as I have been able to learn, no published account has hitherto been given, although perhaps its extreme simplicity renders it unlikely that it has altogether escaped detection. If a vibrating tuning-fork is pressed against a light object, such as a piece of paper or a stretched string, this object will in general follow the vibrations of the fork until they die away, remaining in contact with the fork all the time. This method of using a tuning-fork is mentioned in Lord Rayleigh’s “Theory of Sound,” § 133.
On the density of nitrous oxide.
Authors: Strutt John William
Published: December 2006

In the ‘Proceedings,’vol. 72, p. 204,1897, I have given particulars of weighings of nitrous oxide purified by two distinct methods. In the first procedure, solution in water was employed as a means of separating less soluble impurities, and the result was 3·6356 grammes. In the second method a process of fractional distillation was employed. Gas drawn from the liquid so prepared gave 3·6362. These numbers may be taken to represent the corrected weight of the gas which fills the globe at 0° C. and at the pressure of the gauge (at 15°), and they correspond to 2·6276 for oxygen.
The refractive indices of the elements.
Authors: Cuthbertson Clive , Trouton Frederick Thomas
Published: December 2006

In a letter addressed to ‘Nature,’ in October, 1902, attention was drawn to the fact that the refractivities of the five inert gases of the atmosphere, He, Ne, A, Kr, and X, as determined by Ramsay and Travers, were, within narrow limits of accuracy, in the proportion of 1, 2, 8, 12 and 20; or, more simply, of 1/4,1/2, 2, 3, and 5.
Some physical characters of the sodium borates, with a new and rapid method for the determination of melting points.
Authors: Burgess Charles Hutchens , Holt Alfred , Dixon Harold Baily
Published: December 2006

Some time ago we published a note containing some new observations on the solubility of metallic oxides in fused boric anhydride. Since its publication we have been further studying some of the points therein mentioned, but have been in part anticipated by W. Guertler, who has examined many of the phenomena we remarked, in a more Complete manner.
On the convergence of infinite series of analytic functions.
Authors: Webb H. A. , Forsyth Andrew Russell
Published: December 2006

Consider the differential equation
d
2
y
/
dz
2
+
k
2
Q
y
= 0, where Q = Q
0
+ Q
1
/
k
+ Q
2
/
k
2
+ . . .,
Memoir on the theory of the partitions of numbers. Part III.
Authors: MacMahon Percy Alexander
Published: December 2006

In this communication a "general magic square" is defined as I consisting of
n
2
numbers arranged in a square in such wise that each row, column, and diagonal contains a partition of the same number.
An analysis of the results from the falmouth magnetograms on ‘quiet’ days during the Twelve Years 1891 to 1902.
Authors: Chree Charles
Published: December 2006

The paper contains an analysis and discussion of the results obtained rom the declination and horizontal force magnetograms at Falmouth quiet days from 1891, when the records commenced, until 1902. The discussion proceeds on parallel lines to those followed in dealing with the corresponding Kew data for 1890 to 1900, and a comparison instituted in many cases between Kew and Falmouth results. The total secular changes of declination from 1891 to 1900 at Kew and Falmouth were identical, and the changes from year to year were closely alike.
Note on the cause of the period of chemical induction in the union of hydrogen and chlorine.
Authors: Chapman David Leonard , Burgess Charles Hutchens , Dixon Harold Baily
Published: December 2006

The induction period, which, in certain circumstances, is observed when a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is exposed to light, has been commonly attributed to the preliminary formation of an unstable intermediate compound. The authors have for some time held that this view does not accord with the observed facts. This contention is confirmed by recent experiments, which have established that the phenomenon in question is due to the presence in the gas (or in the aqueous solution in contact with it) of substances capable of reacting, with chlorine.
On the drift produced in ions by electromagnetic disturbances, and a theory of radio-activity.
Authors: Walker George Walker , Gray Andrew
Published: December 2006

Some time ago I showed how the equations of motion of a free ion under the influence of a harmonic train of plane waves might be completely integrated, subject to the restriction that the viscous effect of radiation from the ion may be neglected. The equations are closely analogous to those for a simple pendulum, and by following out the analogy in the case where the pendulum makes complete revolutions, it is easy to show that while the passage of a complete wave restores the initial velocities of the ion, its position in space is altered. This change of position cannot be accounted for entirely by the change due to velocity which the ion may be assumed to possess before the wave reaches it.
On the ultra-violet spectrum of gadolinium.
Authors: Crookes William
Published: December 2006

Gadolinium oxide is a rare earth, occurring between yttrium and samarium. It was discovered in 1880 by Marignac, and was at first called by him Y
α
, a designation which he soon changed for gadolinium. Since Marignac’s time much work has been done on this earth by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Bettendorf, Cleve, Benedicks, Marc, Demarcay, Exner and Haschek, Urbain, and others. In the spring of this year, M. G. Urbain gave me some gadolinia and other rare earths, which he had prepared in a state of considerable purity by means of a novel system of fractionation in which use is made of the crystallisation of double nitrates of bismuth and magnesium with the rare earth nitrates. He finds that bismuth places itself between the ceric and the terbic groups, thus sharply separating samarium, the last member of the ceric group, from europium and gadolinium, the first members of the terbic groups. I have for some time past been fractionating rare earths by Urbain’s method, and can quite corroborate what he says.
On an instrument for the measurement of the length of long electric waves, and also small inductances and capacities.
Authors: Fleming John Ambrose
Published: December 2006

The measurement of the length of the waves used in connection with Hertzian wave telegraphy is an important practical matter. Since the wave-length of the radiated wave is determined by the frequency of the electric oscillations in the radiator, the determination of this frequency is all that is required. The principle of resonance is generally called into assistance to effect this measurement. It may be done by the employment of either an open or a closed resonant circuit.
Phosphorescence caused by the beta and gamma rays of radium.
Authors: Beilby George Thomas , Larmor Joseph
Published: December 2006

1. Various observers have noticed that barium platino-cyanide, after continued exposure to the rays from radium, becomes brown or red, while the phosphorescence excited by the rays falls off considerably. The following observations were made with the object of ascertaining the conditions under which this change occurs. 2. A specimen of Merck’s barium platino-cyanide was recrystallized and obtained in prisms from 3 to 5 mm. long. The crystals were bright canary yellow and showed a pale blue fluorescence by obliquely reflected light.
Phosphorescence caused by the beta and gamma rays of radium.–Part II.
Authors: Beilby George Thomas , Larmor Joseph
Published: December 2006

By the study of the-case of barium platino-cyanide, it has been shown that certain forms of phosphorescence or luminescence are due to change of physical state—
e. g
., to the passage from the crystalline to the amorphous state, or from one amorphous state to another. The molecular movement required to bring about these changes may be caused— (1) by disintegration produced by mechanical means, as in the crushing or flowing of crystals; (2) by the expulsion of a volatile constituent, as in the dehydration of crystals, the molecular movement which necessarily occurs at the moment of expulsion being taken advantage of by the forces of cohesion to establish new arrangements of the molecules either crystalline or amorphous; and (3) by a condition of excessive vibration and ultimate overstrain set up by a stream of electrons, as in the radium or the cathode rays.
On the comparison of the platinum scale of temperature with the normal scale at temperatures between 444° and —190°C., with notes on constant temperatures below the melting-point of ice.
Authors: Travers Morris William , Gwyer A. G. C.
Published: December 2006

Introduction
.—During the last few years one of us has been engaged in researches involving the accurate measurement of low temperatures. The measurements were made by means of gas thermometers, of the constant volume type, filled with hydrogen, or with helium, at an initial pressure of 1000 mm. As, however, this method proved cumbrous and inconvenient, it was decided to standardise a platinum resistance thermometer of the Callendar type against the gas thermometer, and to employ it in future investigations.
Promiscuous additions, made by Dr. Tong, to what was communicated by the same in numb. 43. and 44. concerning vegetation
Authors: Tong
Published: December 2006

For perfecting the experiment of sap, and to find out, whether it ascends more or less in the prict’t Circles of the body, then in those betwixt the body and bark
A summary account of the laws of motion, communicated by Mr. Christian Hugens in a letter to the R. Society, and since printed in French in the Journal des Scavans of March 18. 1669. st. n
Authors: Huygens Christian
Published: December 2006

Before these
Rules
of
Motion
be here deliver’d, ’tis necessary to preface something, whereby the worthy Author of them may-receive what is unquestionably due to him, yet without derogating from others, with whom in substance he agreeth.
Some reflexions made on the enlarged accompt of Dr Witties answer to hydrologia chymica in numb 51. of these tracts; chiefly concerning the cause of the sudden loss of the vertues of mineral waters
Authors: Foot Daniel
Published: December 2006

These notes were made by the learned Dr Daniel Foot, in a friendly letter of his (dated October 11th. 1669.) to the publisher, as follows: Sir Your last publisht
Transactions
N
o
51. have administred the occasion, and the candour, I know you possess, hath encouraged me to give you this trouble.
An appendix to the discourse concerning the salt-work, publisht in Numb. 53. communicated by the same Doctor Jackson, in a letter of Novemb. 20. 1669
Authors: Jackson William
Published: December 2006

Qu. I.
Whether those Salt-springs do yield less water and more of the salt, in great Droughts, than in wet seasons
?
Ans
. Our springs do not sensibly alter in their decrease or increase in either dry or wet seasons; for, being plentiful Springs, we have alwayes the Pitt full:
De respirationis usu primario diatriba, auth. Malachia Thruston M. D. Cui accedunt animadvesiones à Cl. Viro in eandem conscriptæ, una cum responsionibus authoris. Londini, apud Joh. Martyn, Reg. Societ. Typographum ad insigne campanæ, 1670
Authors: Thruston Malachy , Martyn Joh.
Published: December 2006

This Learned Author, a worthy Member of the
R. Society
, in discoursing upon this no less difficult than important subject, observes this Method;
Some communications, about an early swarm of bees, as also concerning cyder; descent of sap; the season of transplanting vegetables: sent to the publisher out of Herefordshire by that intelligent gentleman, Richard Reed Esq; in a letter dated March 14. 1672. at Lugwardine
Authors: Reed Richard
Published: December 2006

On Thursday last, the 9th of Instant, there was at the next house to mine a
Swarm
of
Bees
.
Dr. Wallis's opinion concerning the hypothesis physica nova of Dr. leibmtius, promised in Numb. 73. and here inserted in the same tongue, wherein it was written to the publisher, April. 7. 1671
Authors: Wallis John , Leibmtius
Published: December 2006

Clariss. Vir, Legi ego semel at que iterum, quam impertiisti, Dn. Leibnitii Hypothesin Novam, de qua opinionem meam petitis, Authorem quod spectat, ut ut de nomine (quod memini) mihi ignotum prius, astimare tamen debeo, ut qui, in magno locointer magna negotia positus, vacare tamen potest liberæ liberæ philosophiæ, & reram causis investigandis, qutque ad multa respexisse videtur.
An observation and experiment concerning a mineral balsom, found in a mine of Italy by Signior Marc-Antonio Castagna; inserted in the 7th. Giornale Veneto de Letterati of June 22. 1671, and thence English’d as follows;
Authors: Castagna Marc-antonio
Published: December 2006

In the Territory of
Bergamo
, Signior
M. Ant. Castagna
upon the confines of his Jurisdiction, lighted accidently upon a not ordinary sweet Balsamick Scent, and following the same so as to find the Spirits thereof to strike his nose more and more strongly, he first caused that Rocky Hill
De luna ad pleiadas reliquas applicationibus, anno 1672 observandis, promissa appendicula Johannis Flamsteed
Authors: Flamsteed John
Published: December 2006

Tandem, Clarissime
Oldenburgi,
promissi memor, tempora reliquarum applicationum
Lunæ
ad
Pleiades,
Anno
1672
visibilium, crassius editis Schedis exhibita, præcisè hic indigitata ad Te mitto
:
An accompt of some books. I. Besehriving der oost·indische kusten, Malabar Coromandel, Ceylon, &c. door Philippus Baldæus. T Amsterdam 1672. in Fol. II. Antonii le grand institutio philosophiæ, secundum principia renati des cartes; nova methodo adornata & explicata. Londini, apud J. Martyn, in Cœmeterio D. Pauli, 1672. in 8°. III. An essay to the advancement of mushk; by Tho. Salmon, M. A. London, 1672. in 8°
Authors: Baldaeus Philippus
Published: December 2006

The Author of this recent History an active Dutch Minister, having lived many years in the East Indies.
An accompt of a new catadioptrical telescope invented by Mr. Newton, Fellow of the R. Society, and Professor of the Mathematiques in the University of Cambridge
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

This Excellent Mathematician having given us, in the Transactions of
February
last, an account of the cause, which induced him to think upon
Reflecting Telescopes
, instead of
Refracting
ones, hath thereupon presented the Curious World with an
Essay
of what may be performed by such Telescopes; by which it is found, that Telescopical Tubes may be considerably shortned without prejudice to their magnifying effect.
An accompt of some books. I. Plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova per tabulas cognationis & affinitatis ex libro natura observata & detecta; A. Rob. Morison Med. & Prof. Botan. Regio, &c. Oxonii è theatro sheldoxiano, 1672. To be sold by John Martyn at the Bell in St. Pauls Church-yard - II. Aoimoati'a five Pestis nuperæ Londini grassantis narratio historica. Auth. Nathan. Hodges M. D. &c. - III. A philosophical essay, declaring the probable causes of stones in the greater worl
Authors: Martyn John
Published: December 2006

An accompt of some books. I. Plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova per tabulas cognationis & affinitatis ex libro natura observata & detecta; A. Rob. Morison Med. & Prof. Botan. Regio, &c. Oxonii è theatro sheldoxiano, 1672. To be sold by John Martyn at the Bell in St. Pauls Church-yard - II. Aoimoati'a five Pestis nuperæ Londini grassantis narratio historica. Auth. Nathan. Hodges M. D. &c. - III. A philosophical essay, declaring the probable causes of stones in the greater world, in order to find out the causes and cure of the stone in the kidneys and bladder of men: by D. Thomas Sherley, physician in ordinary to his Majesty, Londini in 80. IV. Caroli claromontii M. D. &c. de aere, solo, & aquis angliæ; deque morbis anglorum vernaculis dissertatio: Nec non observationes medicæ cambro-britannicæ. Londini impensis Joh. Martyn. sub signo Campana in Cæmeterio D. Pauli, 1672. in 120. This Excellent Botanist, having with indefatigable industry and uncommon sagacity observed and discovered out of the Book of Nature a general and genuine Method, reducing all Vegetables to certain infallible Classes or Heads, by Tables Affinity or Cognation; hath in this Book given an Essay of the same, by reducing that Family of Plants, commonly called Umbells, to their subaltern kinds, from the different Shape and Form of their Sceds.
An extract of a letter of the same Mr. Lister, written form York April 12. 1672. concerning animated horse-hairs; rectifying a vulgar error
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Sir
, I Cannot discover any thing new and rate in natural philosophy, but I must forthwith make you participate of my good fortune; and I assure you, the relation, I am about to make you, is of a thing very surprising.
An extract of a letter, written March 5. 1672 by Dr. Thomas Cornelio, a Neapolitan Philosopher and Physician, to John Dodington Esquire, his Majesties Resident at Venice; conceerning some observations made of persons pretending to be stung by tarantula's: Engilish'd out of the Italian
Authors: Cornelio Thomas
Published: December 2006

Sir Now the time approaches, that I may send you some
Tarantulas
.
A Latin letter written to the publisher April 9. 1672. n. st. by Ignatius Gaston Pardies P. Prof. of the Mathematicks in the Parisian Colledge of Clermont; containing some animadversions upon Mr. Isaac Newton, Prof. of the Mathematicks in the University of Cambridge, his theory of light, printed in N˚. 80
Authors: Pardies Ignatius Gaston , Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

L
egi ingeniosissimam Hypothesin de
Lumine & Coloribus
Clarissimi
Newtoni.
The undertakings of Mr. Henry Bond Senior, a famous teacher of the art of navigation in London, concerning the variation of the variation of the magnetical compass and the inclination of the inclinatory needle; as the result and conclusion of 38. Years magnetical study
Authors: Bond Henry
Published: December 2006

The said Mr.
Bond
can shew the Cause of the Variation of the Variation of the Magnetical Needle or Compass by the Motion of two
Magnetical Poles
; how these Poles are found; and what their Distance is from the Poles of the Earth; what their
Annual Motion
is, and from whence it proceeds.
An extract of a letter lately written by an ingenious person from Paris, containing some considerations upon Mr. Newtons doctrine of colors, as also upon the effects of the different refractions of the rays in telescopical glasses
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

I Have seen, how Mr. Newton endeavours to maintain his new Theory concerning
Colours
.
Mr. Newtons answer to the foregoing letter further explaining his theory of light and colors, and particularly that of whiteness; together with his continued hopes of perfecting telescopes by reflections rather than refractions.
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

Concerning the business of Colors; in my saying that when Monsieur N. hath shewn how White may be produced our of two uncompounded colors, I will tell him, why he can conclude nothing from that; my meaning was, that such a White, (were there any such,) would have different properties from the White, which I had respect to
Continuatio excerptorum ex epistolis slusianis & hugenianis, super Alhazeni problemate optico, in act is philosophicis proximè pragressis commemorato. DN. Hugenius ad novissimam Dn.Slusii, p.6123. & seqq. Num. 97. editaru, rescripsit editori, Lutetiâ Parisiorum Apr. 9. 1672. in hancsententiam
Authors: Huygens Christian
Published: December 2006

Est quod Tibi gratias agam, quòd non fuisti gravatus Dn. Slusii super problemate Alhsziano analysin mibi transmittere.
Lunæ ad fixas appulsus, derbiæ anno 1674. Observabiles, ab ephemeride doctislimi D. Heckeri deducti, & brevibus notis descriptià J. Flamstead
Authors: Flamsteed John
Published: December 2006

6. 4
h
. 53' p. m. Lunæ in 14°.00' latitudo Septentr. 5°- 16'. Fixæ ibi 4°. 08' horoscopus Ω 6. Ergo tunc Luna fixam sub Austrino limbo teget, vel modico ab ea intervallo distabit.
Two instances of something remarkable in shining flesh, from Dr. J. Beal of Yeavel in Somersetshire, in a letter to the Publisher
Authors: Beale John
Published: December 2006

Sir, After you have been tired with the noise of a piece of fresh beef, which shined in the
Strand
in
London
, within few hours after it was bought in the Market;
Extract of a letter written to the publisher by Mr. Leewenhoeck from Delft, April 21 1676; concerning the texture of trees and some remarkable discovery in wine; together with some notes thereon
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Sir, Monsieur Constantin Hugens of Zulichem was pleased to shew me the comparative anatomy of the trunks of plants, written by Doctor Grew, and told me,
An extract of a letter of the learned Dr Matthias Mangold of Basel, concerning a mathematico historical table, designed in that university., together with a description of the import of the same
Authors: Mangold Matthias
Published: December 2006

Caetrum, hanc mihi insuper indulgeo licentiam ut super tabula matheimatico-historica,
Mr.Newton's answer to the precedent letter sent to the publisher
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

Sir, The things opposed by Mr Line being upon trials found true and granted me; I begin with the new question about the proportion of the length of the image to its breadth.