bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Fite George L.
Published: June 2004

1. The infectious agent from fatal cases of St. Louis and Kansas City encephalitis passes Seitz pads in high dilution without appreciable loss of infectivity and traverses collodion membranes with an average pore size of 66 mµ or greater.

2. It is highly infectious for mice by the intracerebral and intranasal routes, but practically innocuous by the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes.

3. Certain strains of mice are more susceptible than others.

4. The agent administered to mice intranasally causes tremors and convulsions after a 6 to 7 day incubation period, followed by prostration and death in 8 to 10 days. Lesions are demonstrable in the olfactory bulbs 3 days after infection, in the piriform lobe after 4 days, and in Ammon's horn after 5 days.

5. In Macacus rhesus monkeys, the agent provokes a mild, non-fatal reaction and the development of specific neutralizing bodies. On passage in monkeys, the virus becomes progressively weaker.

6. In rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and sheep the agent is apparently without effect.

7. All available strains of the agent proved alike in effects in animals and in immunological response.

8. The available data enable one to conclude that the agent is a filtrable virus differing from those studied heretofore.
TRANSMISSION OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA OF MICE
Authors: Furth J.
Published: June 2004

A transmissible strain of myeloid leukemia of mice is described. It can be readily passed from diseased to healthy mice by the transfer of tissues that contain live cells; but inoculation fails when the latter are not present.

Inoculation is successful in almost every mouse whose resistance is lowered by X-rays. It is often successful in mice related to the animal in which the spontaneous leukemia took its origin, and occasionally successful in mice unrelated to it.

The systemic diffuse disease (myeloid leukemia) is produced only by intravenous inoculation with relatively large doses, whereas subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation results in the formation of tumors composed of myelocytes with basophile granules, in other words malignant blood cells of the strain described.

Intravenous inoculation with small doses in susceptible mice, or similar inoculation with larger doses in somewhat resistant mice, results in the formation of tumors composed of myelocytes (multiple myeloma).
THE NEUTRALIZATION TEST IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D.
Published: June 2004

In experiments devised to compare the neutralizing action of normal adult human sera on different strains of poliomyelitis virus, and to fill in certain gaps in our series of neutralization tests with different strains of virus on different types of cases in different age groups, we have made the following observations.

1. The difference between two human and two passage strains of the virus when tested by this method amounted to about 25 per cent, and there was less power in normal adult sera to neutralize human than passage strains of virus.

2. The differences between the two human strains amounted to 15 per cent, and between the two passage strains to 8 per cent, the last figure falling within the limits of the experimental error of the method.

The extent to which these findings affect certain concepts with regard to the epidemiology of poliomyelitis based on passage strain neutralization experiments cannot be determined from the data presented in this paper, except that they more or less confirm the view previously derived from passage strain experiments, that 70 to 95 per cent of normal urban adults possess in their blood, substance which neutralizes poliomyelitis virus in a given amount. However, certain other indications appear when the present results are supplemented by those we have previously obtained (25). Primarily, we have found no relation between the clinical acquisition of poliomyelitis and the presence of substance in the serum which neutralizes a passage strain of poliomyelitis virus. With a passage strain the results seem rather to bear a closer relationship to age than to illness. With a human strain we have obtained results in which there is some evidence, shown only in the juvenile group, that acquisition of the clinical disease is accompanied by the appearance of antiviral properties in the blood.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PROTEIN RATIONS ON THE SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L.
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of various percentages of protein (casein) in the diet on the serum protein concentration of the rat was studied.

2. With high protein rations (50 per cent or over) there is no drop at all of serum protein concentration, even though the diet is otherwise poorly balanced and inadequate as evidenced by weight loss.

3. With protein rations under 20 per cent the serum protein concentration falls promptly to a level of about 5.25–5.50 gm. per cent, where it is maintained regardless of whether the diet contains 1, 5, or 10 per cent of protein. Further depletion of the blood colloid concentration seems to meet with resistance on the part of the body.
STUDIES ON THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Lyons Champ
Published: June 2004

1. Four common variants of the hemolytic streptococcus of human origin have been described. These have been designated the F, M, attenuated M, and C variants.

2. The F and M variants only have been isolated from the blood stream in streptococcal infections. Only the M, however, has any primary virulence for the mouse.

3. Both these variants resist phagocytosis in human blood under suitable conditions, and this appears to be a reliable test for human virulence.

4. The attenuated M variant, found only in laboratory cultures, has a capsule as well developed as that of the virulent variants, and yet does not resist phagocytosis.

5. The C variant has no capsule and is readily phagocyted. It appears to correspond to the avirulent variant in other species.

6. An attempt has been made to correlate these four variants with those already described in the literature.

7. The application of these findings to the problem of virulence has been discussed.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms.

With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence.

The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.
THE EXTENT OF LOCAL DISPERSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS A FACTOR IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Progressively decreasing quantities of bacteria of some 20 strains were utilized in experiments upon the effect of dispersing the organisms in the rabbit skin through the agency of an extract of testicle or an invasive staphylococcus. The same was done with 6 strains of filterable viruses.

The bacterial lesions were enhanced by spreading when the organisms introduced were above a certain number or quantity (minimal effective concentration) and on the other hand were partially or totally suppressed when their number was less than this. Virulence and minimal effective concentration were observed to be in inverse relationship. The lesions due to the filterable viruses studied were, on the other hand, enhanced by the spreading factor even when the quantity of virus approached the minimal infective dose. This happened irrespective of whether the virus caused severe lesions or slight ones.

The highly virulent Pneumococcus Type I, injected into normal rabbits together with the spreading factor, yielded enhanced lesions even at practically its minimal infective dose; but when the resistance of the animal was raised with specific antiserum the lesions were totally suppressed by the experimental dispersion of the bacteria. When such an experiment was repeated on a filterable virus, vaccinia, no suppression took place as a result of the dispersion of the infective agent.

The significance of the differences in the bacterial and virus phenomena is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Jacobs John
Published: June 2004

Experiments on the sensitization of guinea pigs with simple chemical compounds are described. Positive effects were obtained by the administration of small quantities, namely fractions of milligrams, with 1:2:4 chlorodinitrobenzene, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 1:2:4 trinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, four dichlorodinitrobenzenes, and a number of other aromatic compounds. Several substances chemically similar to those enumerated gave negative results. The first named compound is known to produce hypersensitiveness in human beings, a large number of cases having been observed in factory workers.

The mechanism of these effects is discussed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THE BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE A
Authors: Witebsky Ernst , Neter Erwin , Sobotka Harry
Published: June 2004

1. A relationship between the soluble specific substances of pneumococci and the blood group substance A of man can be demonstrated by the inhibition of sheep cell hemolysis by a group specific A-antiserum. However, there are quantitative differences between the various types.

2. A striking difference exists between the acetyl and the de-acetylated polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I: The de-acetylated carbohydrate fails to react with the group specific A-antiserum, while the acetyl carbohydrate shows a strong reactivity.

3. The minimum amount of the acetyl polysaccharide, which inhibits sheep cell hemolysis by A-antiserum, is almost as small as that of the group specific carbohydrate isolated by Freudenberg and Eichel from urines of group A.

4. The reactivity of the acetyl polysaccharide can be demonstrated not only by the hemolysis inhibition test, but also by complement fixation and by inhibition of group specific iso-agglutination.

5. Feces filtrates, which possess the ability to destroy the blood group specific substances A and B of man, also affect the acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I. After incubation with an effective feces filtrate, the acetyl polysaccharide almost completely loses its potency toward the group specific A-antiserum and also its ability to inhibit the iso-agglutination of A blood cells.

6. Acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I, having lost its reactivity toward the group-specific A-antiserum after treatment with feces filtrate, still reacts with Type I pneumococcus antiserum which was previously absorbed with de-acetylated polysaccharide, Type I. Thus, the essential effect of the feces filtrate on acetyl polysaccharide, Type I, is not the cleavage of acetyl group, but some other chemical alteration.
NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B.
Published: June 2004

The manner in which edema develops in dogs maintained on a diet low in protein is described. Pre-edematous fullness of the tissues is observed for some weeks before palpable edema develops. The state of pre-edema does not merge gradually with that of true edema but rather the transition is relatively sudden. Among twenty dogs the time required for the production of edema varied from 35 to 100 days and averaged 61 days.

With three animals in which the nitrogen metabolism was studied during the period before edema had developed, the observed loss of weight was consistently less than the theoretical loss of weight calculated from the negative nitrogen balance. Reasons are given for interpreting the discrepancy as evidence of increasing retention of fluid during the stage of pre-edema. In general the weight curve does not rise during the transition from pre-edema to edema. However, the weight does increase rapidly when fluid is accumulating in the peritoneal cavity.

The level of serum albumin which is critical for the development of edema varied between 1.04 and 2.17 gm. per cent. The range is sufficiently wide to suggest the existence of other factors of importance in determining the exact time of appearance of edema. During the phase of recovery the level of albumin which is critical for the disappearance of edema may be appreciably higher than the level which was critical for the formation of edema.

Among thirty samples of edema fluid the protein concentration was from 0.02 to 0.72 gm. per cent. The average protein level was 0.230 and the median level 0.165 gm. per cent. A positive correlation is not demonstrable between the duration of edema and the protein content of edema fluid.

A difference in behavior toward fluid retention between subcutaneous tissue and peritoneal cavity is pointed out. Subcutaneous tissue is more resistant to acute stress and less resistant to prolonged or repeated stress than the peritoneal cavity.

The rôle of tissue pressure in the etiology of edema is discussed. It is suggested that the critical level of protein in the serum is the concentration which permits the attainment in the tissue spaces of mechanical pressure great enough to break down the restraining action of the connective tissue boundaries of the spaces.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL LOCALIZATION
Authors: Catron Lloyd
Published: June 2004

The results of gross and microscopic observations and survival tests after subcutaneous infection of mice with Type I pneumococci can be summarized as follows:

Normal mice possessed no adequate means of protection against this organism. The bacteria disseminated freely through the tissue spaces in the presence of widespread inflammation, and were not ingested by significant numbers of host cells.

Macrophages mobilized in the subcutis by intraperitoneal vaccinations with homologous killed organisms promptly ingested the living bacteria subsequently introduced. The cocci were sharply localized and destroyed in the presence of minimal amounts of exudation, edema and necrosis. Bacterial localization accompanied a similar hypoergic reaction after passive immunization. When a hyperergic response was induced by repeated local, in addition to intraperitoneal, vaccinations, prompt phagocytosis by macrophages, as after intraperitoneal vaccination alone, was again the outstanding means of disposal of the organisms. The heightened exudation, edema and local necrosis resembled a harmful rather than an important localizing reaction. Immunity was not dependent upon a hyperergic reaction.

Prompt in vivo agglutination of living bacteria after passive immunization was an important early localizing phenomenon. After either active or passive immunization, phagocytosis was the only means observed by which the organisms were destroyed. Thus localization and destruction of the bacteria in immunized mice were dependent both on bacterial changes caused by specific antibody and on phagocytic activities of host cells.

A viscous gum acacia medium caused a transient delay in bacterial dissemination, but the organisms ultimately became widely scattered in the tissues of the abdominal wall. The animals died earlier, with more extensive and destructive lesions than when the bacteria were introduced in a saline medium.

In distinct contrast, the pneumococci were as a rule sharply localized and destroyed when injected in an acacia medium containing a small amount of immune serum.

After local active immunization, sufficient to protect about half the animals subsequently infected by pneumococci in a saline medium, extensive and destructive lesions and death of the mice followed introduction of the organisms in acacia. It was suggested that the more viscous medium may have hindered diffusion of immune bodies from the tissues into the inoculum.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Scherp Henry W. , Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

The Type I meningococcus specific substance has been isolated and purified. It appears to be a sodium salt of a polysaccharide acid.
THE CELLULAR REACTIONS TO ACETONE-SOLUBLE FAT FROM MYCOBACTERIA AND STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Sabin Florence R.
Published: June 2004

1. The acetone-soluble fat of tubercle bacilli produces a profound cellular reaction when injected into normal animals. The reaction involves every type of connective tissue cell. Hemorrhage, formation of adhesions and of tubercular tissue occur. The extent of the reaction is roughly proportional to the amount of material injected.

2. The reaction induced by the lipoid is much less extensive and much simpler when the material is neutralized with alkali. Neutralization of the acetone-soluble fat, or of phthioic acid, does not diminish the tuberculogenic property.

3. Acetone-soluble fat from streptococci is likewise extremely irritating but does not produce tubercular tissue.
THE FORMATION OF AGGLUTININS WITHIN LYMPH NODES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen S.
Published: June 2004

Agglutinins are formed within the draining lymph nodes of mice, following intradermal injections of killed cultures of microorganisms.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

A devastating epidemic of rabbit pox in a breeding colony was studied with especial reference to factors of epidemiological significance.

The evidence obtained indicated that the epidemic originated among animals inoculated with vaccine virus and that the infection was spread to the breeding colony by caretakers. The epidemic began insidiously with atypical cases of visceral disease followed by typical cases of pox and terminated as a mild cutaneous disease with scattering monosymptomatic affections of various kinds, difficult to recognize as cases of pox infection.

An analysis of data concerning the health and functional efficiency of the population and the immunity of exposed animals showed that the epidemic of rabbit pox was the terminal event in a series of progressive disorders which began fully a month before the first case of pox occurred. In like manner, the terminal decrease in the severity of the disease and the eventual termination of the epidemic appeared to be referable to an improvement in the condition of the population rather than to a specific immunity acquired by exposure to infection.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Soffer Louis J. , Nicholson William M. , Strauss Margaret
Published: June 2004

1. A group of experiments is reported in which bilaterally suprarenalectomized adult male dogs have been maintained in apparently normal condition over prolonged periods, up to 5 months, without the use of any suprarenal gland preparation or extract and by the administration of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate alone. Withdrawal of the salts then produced typical suprarenal insufficiency.

2. The relation of the absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice of suprarenalectomized animals, in addition to, or independent of the factor of dehydration, for the production of anorexia and hypoglycemia, is discussed.

3. Further evidence is presented in these experiments in support of the view that the suprarenal cortical hormone in the adult male dog is concerned with the regulation of sodium excretion by the kidney, and thus eventually with the proper maintenance of water balance in the organism. It has no direct influence on carbohydrate metabolism.

4. The reciprocal changes in the plasma concentrations of urea and of potassium which take place as the concentrations of plasma sodium and chlorides vary, are pointed out as furnishing a mechanism whereby abrupt alterations in osmotic pressure are dampened, and the volumes of fluids in extracellular and intracellular compartments more efficiently stabilized.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Wieghard C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Agglutination is not a precise method for the demonstration of serological types among staphylococci.

2. Precipitation of soluble specific substance derived from these organisms demonstrates the existence of at least two immunologically distinct types.

3. The one type, designated A, is composed of apparently virulent strains, while the other, Type B, contains the avirulent strains.

4. Precipitation tests performed with centrifugates of young broth cultures or with acid extracts of sedimented bacteria may also demonstrate type specificity.

5. Lysis by bacteriophage fails to detect the specific types of Staphylococcus.

6. Immunization by intravenous methods stimulates agglutinin formation in all rabbits and precipitin formation in only one of three or four animals.

7. Immunization by repeated intracutaneous injections of dead staphylococci or living organisms in an agar focus also stimulates agglutinin formation but fails to incite the formation of type specific precipitins.
EFFECT OF ANAEROBICALLY PREPARED PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE TOXIN ON MICE AND EVALUATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE ANTITOXIN IN MICE
Authors: Weld Julia T. , Gunther Anne
Published: June 2004

1. Certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococcus injected intravenously kill mice in 0.1 to 0.2 cc. quantities in a few hours to 8 days.

2. The symptoms of mice inoculated with these autolysates are weakness and increasing prostration until death. Massive albuminuria is found, appearing 18 hours after injection. During the course of a prolonged intoxication ascites and edema of the subcutaneous tissues may develop. Large pale yellow or white kidneys are found in mice that survive 5 days. In these latter animals, emaciation is usually marked at death.

3. The antitoxin prepared in horses by immunization with the anaerobically prepared toxic autolysates of pneumococcus neutralizes the poisonous autolysates whether mixed in vitro before injection or injected separately after the autolysate.

4. The injection of pneumococcus autolysate toxin incompletely neutralized with autolysate antitoxin causes a protracted intoxication with symptoms and pathologic findings similar to those found in mice dying slowly after injections of the toxic autolysate alone.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Wieghard C. W. , Julianelle L. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Two carbohydrates have been extracted from different strains of Staphylococcus which are immunologically and chemically distinct.

2. The chemical differences between the two types are manifested principally in optical rotation, and in the simple sugars resulting from hydrolytic cleavage of the specific carbohydrates.

3. The immunological specificity of both polysaccharides is dissipated as hydrolysis proceeds.

4. The results of the chemical reactions reported are discussed.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSEUDORABIES
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Pseudorabies is a very fatal but non-contagious disease in cattle and the common laboratory animals. It is a relatively mild yet highly contagious disease in swine. It has been shown that in swine the nose serves both for the entrance and the exit of the virus. Furthermore, it has been observed that fatal pseudorabies infections in rabbits can be induced merely by bringing their abraded skin into contact with the noses of infected swine. The blood sera of swine on two farms where pseudorabies had occurred among the cattle were found to be capable of neutralizing pseudorabies virus. It is believed that in these instances the swine had a mild and unrecognized pseudorabies infection and transmitted their disease to the cattle with which they were associated, by transfer of the virus on their noses to the abraded skin of the cattle.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

This study of an isolated colony showed that of seven children who escaped the epidemic streptococcus infection none developed rheumatic symptoms; and that of seventeen children who contracted the epidemic streptococcus infection, fourteen developed acute rheumatism and three showed no recognizable rheumatic manifestations.

The seven children who failed to contract infection with Streptococcus hemolyticus showed clearly that susceptible individuals may live in dose association with an epidemic of acute rheumatism, develop no rise in antistreptolysin titer and maintain excellent health.

The patient with congenital heart disease demonstrated that a non-rheumatic subject may be infected with a highly effective strain of hemolytic streptococcus, and develop a typical antibody response, yet escape all rheumatic manifestations.

The two patients who, although infected with the epidemic strain, failed to show any antibody response, also failed to develop rheumatic recrudescences.

Environmental, dietary, age and the other factors investigated did not appear to be significant in this outbreak of acute rheumatism.

Three factors appeared to determine the development of the fourteen recrudescences: (1) infection with a highly effective agent; (2) the disease pattern, peculiar to each rheumatic subject; (3) the intensity of the immune response of the patient as indicated by the rise in antistreptolysin titer.
THE PURIFICATION OF THE ANTIBODIES IN TYPE I ANTI-PNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM, AND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Chow Bacon F. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for the concentration of Type I pneumococcus antibody have been outlined.

2. The physical and chemical properties of the purified antibody have been described.

3. The chemical basis of serological specificity has been discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF LATENT SYPHILITIC INFECTION ON THE REACTION OF THE RABBIT TO THE BROWN-PEARCE TUMOR
Authors: Rosahn Paul D.
Published: June 2004

The reaction of the latent syphilitic rabbit to inoculation with the Brown-Pearce tumor was studied in 50 standard bred rabbits representing five breeds. The mean tumor mortality rate in the combined group was found to be significantly lower than a weighted control value for normal non-syphilitic animals, and the mean tumor mortality rate for each of the five breeds studied was lower in the syphilitic group than the corresponding breed mean value for normal animals. Moreover, the relative resistance of different breeds to the Brown-Pearce tumor was not altered by the latent syphilitic infection. Certain factors which might have contributed to the development of a tumor resistant state in the syphilitic group were discussed, and evidence was presented which demonstrates that as regards the breeds under consideration, there exists a high correlation between breed resistance to Tr. pallidum infection and breed resistance to the Brown-Pearce tumor.
SPREADING PROPERTY OF AZOPROTEINS IN THE DERMIS
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

1. Azoproteins are shown to have the property of spreading when introduced intradermally into the rabbit skin.

2. The aromatic derivative selected for the coupling does not affect specifically the spreading property of the azoprotein. Likewise, the type of protein has no importance, except in quantitative respects.

3. The spreading property conferred upon a protein by coupling appears to derive from the presence of the azo group.

4. The spreading power of an azoprotein preparation seems to be determined by the number of diazo groups which enter the protein molecule, and to vary in direct proportion with the concentration of the solution.

5. Azo compounds of low molecular weight fail to exhibit any significant effect on skin permeability.
ISOLATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS FROM THE NASOPHARYNX
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D. , Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

A single example of mild illness diagnosed as suspected abortive poliomyelitis is described in which the virus of poliomyelitis was recovered from the nasopharynx by three different methods. Failure to recover virus from a total of twenty-six cases diagnosed as suspected or abortive poliomyelitis and fourteen contacts is also reported.

The original material from the nasopharynx of the positive case proved unusually infective for the monkey, apparently even more so than are the majority of suspensions of spinal cords from fatal human cases of poliomyelitis. An explanation of this fact is not clear.

The method of isolating human virus from the throat, by means of preserving the sediment of washings from this site in glycerine, has been shown to be efficient in one case for a period of 101 days.
THE USE OF GRADED COLLODION MEMBRANES FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF A BACTERIAL ENZYME CAPABLE OF DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René , Bauer Johannes H.
Published: June 2004

1. The enzyme which decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus is associated with a protein which under optimal conditions of filtration passes through membranes with an average pore size of 10.6 mµ but is held back by pores having a diameter of 8.2 mµ.

2. When enzyme solutions are filtered to dryness through membranes of such porosity as to hold back the active principle, and when proper precautions are taken to prevent or minimize adsorption, the enzyme can be completely recovered in solution by immersing the membrane in distilled water or physiological salt solution.

3. These results are discussed with reference to the dimensions of the enzyme particle, and to the purification obtained in the course of ultrafiltration.

4. A practical method is described for the concentration and purification of the crude enzyme preparation by the use of graded collodion membranes.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I AND AN ENCAPSULATED STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Barnes L. A. , Wight Eleanor C.
Published: June 2004

An encapsulated strain of Escherichia coli has been isolated which is hemolytic, pathogenic for mice, and which has served to illustrate further evidence of heterogenetic specificity. The relationship appears to be limited to the serological reactions between the colon organism and Type I antipneumococcic horse serum. Type I antipneumococcic rabbit serum failed to agglutinate the organism and no reactions occurred with Types II and III antipneumococcic horse serums, normal horse serum, and a variety of other immune horse serums. Serum from rabbits immunized with the colon bacillus agglutinated the homologous organism and precipitated its soluble substance, but failed to cause agglutination of Type I pneumococci or to precipitate Type I pneumococcic polysaccharide. The evidence indicates a connection somewhat analogous to that between Type II pneumococcus and Type B Friedländer's bacillus.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BACILLUS PROTEUS X-19 AND RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

Two substances differing in immunological behavior as well as in certain chemical properties have been isolated from soluble extracts of B. proteus X-19. Both substances appear to be polysaccharides.

The first substance is precipitated from X-19 crude extracts by a relatively low percentage of alcohol and electrolytes (from one to two and a half volumes of alcohol). When purified as far as possible, it gives a negative biuret reaction, a positive Molish and has a nitrogen content of 4 per cent. This material, which we call X factor, has the immunological properties of the common antigenic factor in Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsiae, described elsewhere. It has the property of precipitating with typhus serum as well as anti-Proteus serum, even after treatment with hot alkali.

The second substance we call P factor, suggesting a material which is proper to Proteus X-19 and has nothing to do with the Weil-Felix reaction. It is obtained from the crude extracts of B. proteus X-19 by treating the fluids from which the X factor has been removed with an excess of alcohol (seven to ten volumes, according to electrolytes in solution). The purified material shows a nitrogen content of a little less than 1 per cent, gives a negative biuret and a positive Molish reaction. The P factor produces precipitates with anti-Proteus serum in considerable dilution, but has no effect on typhus serum. It is quickly destroyed on treating with alkali, a fact in accordance with the results already cited, which were obtained by White with whole extracts of B. proteus X-19.

The duality of the X-19 extracts seems to be explained by the isolation of two immunologically different factors; one which is alkali-labile and which is proper to B. proteus X-19; and the other which is alkali-stable and is the common antigenic factor in Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsiae.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei
Published: June 2004

Observations on an epidemic of rabbit pox occurring in an isolated animal room during the winter of 1933–34 are reported. The clinical manifestations, consisting of a generalized papular eruption involving the skin and mucous membranes, together with blepharitis, ophthalmia, nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy were essentially similar to those noted in a pox epidemic of the previous year. This was true in general also of the pathological findings except that vacuolization, local necrosis and vesicle formation were seen in the epidermis, while in the previous year the microscopic pathology in the skin was confined to the corium. Evidence was presented indicating that the infection can be transmitted through the medium of a personal carrier, and that transmission in this manner can occur during the incubation period or before a definite diagnosis is possible. The findings also demonstrated that the etiological agents responsible for the disease reported here and that of the previous year were immunologically related, and that the immunity in recovered animals effectively persisted during the entire period for which data are available, 9 to 12 months. It appeared also that young animals suckling an immune doe were more refractory to the development of the lesions of rabbit pox than were the young of susceptible does.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Hughes Thomas P. , Parker Robert F. , Rivers Thomas M
Published: June 2004

Washed elementary bodies obtained from dermal vaccine virus contain ash, carbohydrate, fat, and nitrogen a part of which is undoubtedly in the form of protein. These components are similar to those found in bacteria and other substances of protoplasmic origin.
BARTONELLA BODIES IN THE BLOOD OF A NON-SPLENECTOMIZED DOG
Authors: McNaught James B. , Woods Francis M. , Scott Virgil
Published: June 2004

A non-splenectomized dog, on a vitamin-adequate basal diet, in the course of a plasmapheresis experiment, developed an uncontrollable anemia associated with the presence of bodies in or on the erythrocytes, indistinguishable from the descriptions of Bartonella canis. The normal plasma protein level of 7.3 per cent was reduced to 4.1 per cent by diet and the removal of 5354 ml. of whole blood in 33 bleedings. The Bartonella infection was transferred to a splenectomized dog by an intravenous injection of whole blood. Each animal was apparently sterilized by one injection of neoarsphenamine equivalent to 15 mg. per kilo weight. It is possible that the spleen liberates some substance into the blood stream which has an inhibitory effect upon a latent Bartonella infection and that this protective substance was diminished by the many bleedings associated with the lowering of plasma proteins in the non-splenectomized dog and was lacking in the inoculated splenectomized dog.
RIFT VALLEY FEVER
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P.
Published: June 2004

Three cases of Rift Valley fever in human individuals are reported. The virus was recovered from the respiratory tract of the patients and was transmitted to ferrets by the intranasal route. The experimental disease so produced in ferrets is characterized by fever, marked pulmonary lesions, and hemorrhagic phenomena.

The results indicate that the virus of Rift Valley fever belongs to the group of filterable viruses which may gain entrance to the human body through the respiratory tract.

The differential diagnosis of Rift Valley fever and influenza is discussed. While, clinically, this is a difficult problem, the diagnosis may be readily established through animal experimentation.

Certain observations concerning the influence of the route of administration on the protective action of immune serum in serum-virus mixtures are presented.
INTERSTITIAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , Martin Donald S. , Williams Jarrett E.
Published: June 2004

Pure cultures of Bordet-Gengou bacilli produce in rabbits an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia which cannot be differentiated from that occurring in children dying of pertussis or from lhat caused in animals by the viruses of epidemic influenza and psittacosis. A similar pneumonia can be produced in rabbits by typhoid bacilli.
HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION IN THE CHRONIC HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA OF DOGS (WHIPPLE)
Authors: Sturgis Cyrus C. , Farrar George E.
Published: June 2004

1. A group of dogs on a standard salmon bread diet with a slowly regenerating anemia were studied. The addition of liver to this diet during a 2 week period promoted a definitely greater regeneration of hemoglobin than did the addition of an amount of inorganic iron which was equivalent to that contained in the added liver. The more effective result attained with liver cannot, therefore, be attributed solely to the iron intake.

2. The greater response to liver is not due to its content of amino acids which are present in casein, since a diet containing an exactly similar amount of calories, iron and protein nitrogen, made up of inorganic iron and casein does not cause a greater response than that obtained by the addition of that amount of inorganic iron alone to the standard basal diet.

3. Furthermore, the salmon bread diet does not produce a deficiency of the amino acids represented in casein, since dogs eating the high protein (casein) Cowgill dog ration show the same basal hemoglobin regeneration rate and a similar greater response to liver than to inorganic iron. The Cowgill ration, however, supplies some non-ferrous factor involved in hemoglobin regeneration which is not contained, to as great a degree at least, in the salmon bread.

4. Whipple's chronic hemorrhagic anemia of dogs serves as an accurate assay method for measuring the hemoglobin producing power of a substance. Quantitatively reproducible responses can be obtained.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction based on the laws of classical chemistry has been tested on an azoprotein-antiprotein system and found to apply.

2. With its aid relationships may be deduced which permit the calculation of the behavior of an antidye serum over its entire range after a few quantitative chemical analyses have been made for antigen and antibody in the precipitate.

3. An empirical relation is also presented which further reduces the number of analyses necessary.

4. A study of supernatants in the inhibition zone has shown that the entire amount of dissolved antigen-antibody compound present is precipitated when supernatants are analyzed for antigen by the precipitin method.
LIPOIDS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Goodner Kenneth
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that the removal of lipoids from Type I antipneumococcus horse serum causes a loss of the visible phenomena of type specific agglutination and precipitation, and in the case of rabbit serum a marked reduction in these properties. Initial activity of the type specific antibody can be restored to extracted immune horse serum by the addition of lecithin, and to rabbit serum by the addition of cephalin. The significance of these observations in respect to the relation of phospholipins to the type specific reactions of antipneumococcus serum is discussed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P.
Published: June 2004

Following infection with the virus of influenza, both ferrets and mice develop a state of active immunity to reinfection. The serum of these animals contains neutralizing antibodies, as evidenced by the capacity of the serum to confer passive protection to mice against infection with the P.R.8 and Phila. strains of the virus of human influenza.

Rabbits which are apparently insusceptible to infection with the virus of influenza produce specific antibodies in response to repeated injection of virus-containing material. The serum of immunized rabbits affords passive protection to mice against mouse-virulent virus.

Although the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of the living virus does not produce infection in mice, animals so treated acquire active immunity against subsequent infection by the intranasal route.

Neutralization tests with the serum of patients before and after recovery from influenza, pneumonia and the common cold indicate that neutralizing antibodies arise as a specific response to infection with the virus of influenza.

The immunological identity of strains of influenza virus recovered from human sources has been established, and the possible existence of strains of related, but not identical, antigenic structure is discussed.
INACTIVATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN VITRO BY CRYSTALLINE VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W.
Published: June 2004

The experimental evidence presented in this paper shows that multiple paralytic doses of poliomyelitis virus, when mixed with very small amounts of crystalline vitamin C (ascorbic acid), are rendered non-infectious as determined by intracerebral injection of such mixtures into rhesus monkeys.
THE PROGRESSION TO CARCINOMA OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS (SHOPE)
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W.
Published: June 2004

The papillomas induced in domestic rabbits with virus procured from cottontails undergo progressive changes in the direction of malignancy when they grow vigorously. From the beginning they exhibit the traits whereby tumors are characterized, and they have malignant potentialities. In seven animals of a group of ten carrying papillomas for more than 200 days, cancer has developed, and in an eighth a tumor of problematic malignancy has arisen. One of the remaining two rabbits died early in the cancer period, and the papillomas of the other eventually retrogressed. Ten cottontails with induced growths of much longer duration have not developed cancer.

The malignant tumors have all been acanthomatous in type, and have arisen directly from the papillomas by graded, continuous alterations. These have often gone further after malignancy has been attained, and have eventuated in great anaplasia. Metastasis has been frequent, and transplantation to another host has proved successful. Individual growths have occurred expressive of each stage of the transformation to cancer, as if through a stabilization at this stage; yet despite the variety thus afforded, the tumors must all be looked upon as the consequence of alterations in cells of a single sort, namely epidermal cells affected by the virus, and the alterations themselves have taken a single direction. In the morphology of many of the cancers the influence of the virus is still manifest.

The better the papilloma grew, the more likely was cancer to occur, and the greater was the tendency to multiple tumors. In the most favorable rabbits malignant changes took place at numerous locations in the papillomatous tissue, and were imminent at many others. Intercurrent factors had much to do with determining frank carcinosis; and when the tendency to it was not marked their influence sometimes seemed crucial.

Analogous instances of a graded alteration from papilloma to cancer are frequent in human pathology. The virus that gives rise to the rabbit papillomas must be looked upon as the primary cause of the cancers developing therefrom. Whether it is their proximate cause has yet to be determined.
JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS BY MEANS OF INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF CULTURE VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M.
Published: June 2004

The second revived strain of culture vaccine virus has been propagated through 130 culture passages during a period of 3 years. It seems to be adapted to in vitro cultivation and still has an intradermal titer (rabbits) of 1 to 100,000 or 1 to 1,000,000.

Intradermal inoculations in human beings of 0.1 cc. amounts of culture virus diluted from 2.5 to 10 times result in primary takes in unvaccinated people and immune reactions or accelerated takes in individuals previously successfully vaccinated. Primary takes produce an immunity to standard strains of calf lymph.

Culture virus mixed with purified gum acacia (2.5 per cent), frozen, desiccated, and sealed in vacuo retains its activity for a month at 37°C., and when the dried virus is resuspended in saline solution it is suitable for intradermal vaccination of human beings.
BILE FISTULAS AND RELATED ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

A clearer understanding of the various abnormalities which may develop in relation to the experimental or clinical bile fistula will be of value to the laboratory worker as well as to the physician and surgeon.

A better comprehension of these diseased conditions will make for a saner analysis of the great mass of experimental data relating to the various types of bile fistula. Too frequently in the literature the bile fistula material is used to debate a physiological state whereas in reality the animal is in a pathological condition.

It is possible but not easy to keep a bile fistula dog in a normal state for months or years if proper attention is given to the diet and physical state.

The most significant abnormalities are—intestinal disturbances, spontaneous bleeding, osteoporosis, cholelithiasis and duodenal ulcer.

Three types of bile fistula were used in our experiments and each one has its advantages and disadvantages.

Intestinal intoxication is best controlled by diet, by whole bile or bile salts or combinations of dog and ox bile.

Spontaneous bleeding seems to be due to the loss of something by way of the bile and this can be prevented by bile feeding. The blood deficiency appears to be a lack of prothrombin.

Osteoporosis appears inevitably after many months if bile is excluded from the intestine. This state is related to the lack of absorption of vitamin D. It is of some interest that liver feeding will prevent it.

Duodenal ulcers and cholelithiasis are common in bile fistula dogs and absolute control or prevention is not easy.

It may be restated that bile secretion into the intestine is necessary for normal health and even for actual continuation of life beyond a few months' period. Some of these experimental data should be of value to physicians and surgeons in the care and study of human fistula cases and should emphasize the necessity of prompt dietary control.