bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of the Passivated Fe-40at.%Al Binary Alloy in Sulfuric Acid Solution
Authors: Łosiewicz Bozena , Budniok Antoni , Freitag M. , Kupka M.
Published: June 2010

The electrochemical corrosion resistance of the passivated Fe-40at.%Al binary alloy has been investigated in sulfuric acid at 25°C. Structural investigations were conducted by XRD method and confirmed a single phase material of the ordered B2 structure. Electrochemical corrosion behavior was determined using potentiodynamic polarization and EIS methods. Anodic polarization measurements revealed a passive behavior of the tested electrode. Detailed characteristics of the Fe-40at.%Al electrode | passive film | solution interface as a function of the electrode potential in the fully passive range of 0.5  E  1.5 V, was investigated. The impedance behavior was determined by a highly doped n-i-n structure (n-type semiconductor – insulator – n-type semiconductor).
Investigation of Electronic Structures of Titanium Nitride Layers on TiNi Substrate
Authors: Chrobak D. , Rówiński Edward
Published: June 2010

The electronic structure of titanium nitride layers formed on the TiNi substrates is examined by Auger electron spectroscopy and electron emission distribution methods. Spectral analysis shows that the on-top carbon layer has a graphite structure and the neighbouring layer is constituted of titanium nitride. The shape of the main valence spectra was explained by the Hubbard model. From the comparison of experiment and theory the model parameters were estimated. Besides, the existence of surface and internal plasmons verifies the layered structures with average dielectric constants.
The Study of Zink-Nickel Composite Coatings after Annealing
Authors: Karolus Małgorzata , Bierska-Piech Bożena , Panek Joanna , Łągiewka Eugeniusz
Published: June 2010

The Zinc composite coatings containing Ni powder were obtained by the electrodeposition and electroless methods. Electrodeposited Zn+Ni coatings were plated with the current density jk = 150 mA/cm2 from the zinc chloride bath containing the suspension of nickel powder. Electroless (Zn-Ni)+Ni coatings were obtained by chemical reduction of Ni2+ and Zn2+ ions from the sulphate bath containing sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent and mechanically dispersed Ni powder suspension. The thickness of (Zn-Ni)+Ni layer was ~8 m. In order to enhance the Zn content the obtained coatings were covered with the electrolytic Zn layers of different thickness (5 m, 8 m and 14 m) – (Zn-Ni)+Ni/Zn. The thermal treatment of the obtained composites was carried out at a temperature of 320oC, during 2h in argon atmosphere. The electrodeposited coatings show the presence of Zn, Ni(Zn) and ZnO phases. The electroless coatings show the presence of Zn, Ni(Zn) and ZnO phases. The additional electrodeposition of Zn leads to the creation of dilayer coatings (Zn-Ni)+Ni/Zn. The annealing of such obtained coatings leads to the creation of Ni2Zn11 intermetalic phase. The average Ni(Zn) and Ni crystallite size before annealing is in a range of 200 Å and after annealing the size is increasing to values of 600-800 Å.
TEM Investigation of the 3C/6H-SiC Transformation Interface in Layers Grown by Sublimation Epitaxy
Authors: Marinova Maya , Mantzari Alkyoni , Beshkova Milena , Syväjärvi Mikael , Yakimova Rositza , Polychroniadis Efstathios K.
Published: June 2010

In the present work Conventional and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy has been used to examine the structure and types of interfaces between 3C-SiC and 6H-SiC for samples grown by Sublimation Epitaxy. The layers were grown on on-axis 6H-SiC substrates at different temperature gradients. The changed growth conditions influence on the nucleation of 3C-SiC on the 6H-SiC substrates and their competition with nucleation of 6H-SiC islands. Three specific types of 3C/6H-SiC interfaces were observed and the implications of these observations are discussed.
Inter-community variability in total particle number concentrations in the eastern Los Angeles air basin
Authors: Hudda N. , Cheung K. , Moore K. F. , Sioutas C.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Ultrafine Particles (UFP) can display sharp gradients in their number concentrations in urban environment due to their transient nature and rapid atmospheric processing. The ability of using air pollution data generated at a central monitoring station to assess exposure relies on our understanding of the spatial variability of a specific pollutant associated with a region. High spatial variation in the concentrations of air pollutants has been reported at scales of 10s of km for areas affected by primary emissions. Spatial variability in particle number concentrations (PNC) and size distributions needs to be investigated, as the representativeness of a monitoring station in a region is premised on the assumption of homogeneity in both of these metrics. This study was conducted at seven sites, one in downtown Los Angeles and six located about 40–115 km downwind in the receptor areas of Los Angeles air basin. PNC and size distribution were measured using Condensation Particle Counters (CPC) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The seasonal and diurnal variations of PNC implied that PNC might vary significantly with meteorological conditions, even though the general patterns at the sites may remain generally similar across the year due to consistency of sources around them. Regionally transported particulate matter (PM) from upwind urban areas of Los Angeles lowered spatial variation by acting as a "homogenizing" factor during favorable meteorological conditions. Spatial variability also increased during hours of the day during which the effects of local sources predominated. The spatial variability associated with PNC (quantified using Coefficients of Divergence, CODs), averaged 0.3, which was generally lower than that based on specific size ranges. Results showed an inverse relationship of COD with particles size, with fairly uniform values in the particle range above 40–50 nm, which is associated with regional transport. Our results suggest that spatial variability, even in the receptor regions of Los Angeles Basin, should be assessed for both PNC and size distributions, and should be interpreted in context of seasonal and diurnal influences, and suitably factored if values for exposure are ascertained using a central monitoring station.
Constraints on first aerosol indirect effect from a combination of MODIS-CERES satellite data and global climate simulations
Authors: Ma X. , von Salzen K. , Cole J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Retrievals of cloud top effective radius from MODIS (as derived by CERES) were combined with aerosol concentrations from the CCCma CanAM4 to examine relationships between aerosol and cloud that underlie the first aerosol indirect (cloud albedo) effect. Evidence of a strong negative relationship between sulphate, and organic aerosols, with cloud top effective radius was found for low clouds, indicating both aerosol types are contributing to the first indirect effect on a global scale. Furthermore, effects of aerosol on the cloud droplet effective radius are more pronounced for larger cloud liquid water paths. While CanAM4 broadly reproduces the observed relationship between sulphate aerosols and cloud droplets, it does not reproduce the dependency of cloud top droplet size on organic aerosol concentrations nor the dependency on cloud liquid water path. Simulations with a modified version of the model yield a more realistic dependency of cloud droplets on organic carbon. The robustness of the methods used in the study are investigated by repeating the analysis using aerosol simulated by the GOCART model and cloud top effective radii derived from the MODIS science team.
Analysis of the chemical composition of organic aerosol at the Mt. Sonnblick observatory using a novel high mass resolution thermal-desorption proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometer (hr-TD-PTR-MS)
Authors: Holzinger R. , Kasper-Giebl A. , Staudinger M. , Schauer G. , Röckmann T.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. For the first time a high mass resolution thermal desorption proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (hr-TD-PTR-MS) was deployed in the field to analyze the composition of the organic fraction of aerosols. We report on measurements from the remote Mt. Sonnblick observatory in the Austrian alps (3108 m a.s.l.) during a 7 week period in summer 2009. A total of 638 mass peaks in the range 18–392 Da were detected and quantified in aerosols. An empirical formula was tentatively attributed to 464 of these compounds by custom-made data analysis routines which consider compounds containing C, H, O, N, and S atoms. Most of the other (unidentified) compounds must contain other elements – most likely halogenated compounds. The mean total concentration of all detected compounds was 1.1 μg m−3. Oxygenated hydrocarbons constitute the bulk of the aerosol mass (75%) followed by organic nitrogen compounds (9%), inorganic compounds (mostly NH3, 8%), unidentified/halogenated (3.8%), hydrocarbons (2.7%), and organic sulfur compounds (0.8%). The measured O/C ratios are lower than expected and suggest a significant effect from charring. A significant part of the organic nitrogen compounds is non volatile. Organic carbon concentrations measured with TD-PTR-MS were about 25% lower than measurements on high volume filter samples.
Sensitivity and predictive uncertainty of the ACASA model at a spruce forest site
Authors: Staudt K. , Falge E. , Pyles R. D. , Paw U K. T. , Foken T.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The sensitivity and predictive uncertainty of the Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA) was assessed by employing the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method. ACASA is a stand-scale, multi-layer soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model that incorporates a third order closure method to simulate the turbulent exchange of energy and matter within and above the canopy. Fluxes simulated by the model were compared to sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as the net ecosystem exchange measured by an eddy-covariance system above the spruce canopy at the FLUXNET-station Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains in Germany. From each of the intensive observation periods carried out within the EGER project (ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions) in autumn 2007 and summer 2008, five days of flux measurements were selected. A large number (20 000) of model runs using randomly generated parameter sets were performed and goodness of fit measures for all fluxes for each of these runs calculated. The 10% best model runs for each flux were used for further investigation of the sensitivity of the fluxes to parameter values and to calculate uncertainty bounds. A strong sensitivity of the individual fluxes to a few parameters was observed, such as the leaf area index. However, the sensitivity analysis also revealed the equifinality of many parameters in the ACASA model for the investigated periods. The analysis of two time periods, each representing different meteorological conditions, provided an insight into the seasonal variation of parameter sensitivity. The calculated uncertainty bounds demonstrated that all fluxes were well reproduced by the ACASA model. In general, uncertainty bounds encompass measured values better when these are conditioned on the respective individual flux only and not on all three fluxes concurrently. Structural weaknesses of the ACASA model concerning the soil respiration calculations were detected and improvements suggested.
Towards automatic calibration of 2-D flood propagation models
Authors: Fabio P. , Aronica G. T. , Apel H.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Hydraulic models for flood propagation description are an essential tool in many fields and are used, for example, for flood hazard and risk assessments, evaluation of flood control measures, etc. Nowadays there are many models of different complexity regarding the mathematical foundation and spatial dimensions available, and most of them are comparatively easy to operate due to sophisticated tools for model setup and control. However, the calibration of these models is still underdeveloped in contrast to other models like e.g. hydrological models or models used in ecosystem analysis. This has two primary reasons: first, lack of relevant data against which the models can be calibrated, because flood events are very rarely monitored due to the disturbances inflicted by them and the lack of appropriate measuring equipment in place. Second, 2-D models are computationally very demanding and therefore the use of available sophisticated automatic calibration procedures is restricted in many cases. This study takes a well documented flood event in August 2002 at the Mulde River in Germany as an example and investigates the most appropriate calibration strategy for a simplified 2-D hyperbolic finite element model. The model independent optimiser PEST, that enables automatic calibrations without changing model code, is used and the model is calibrated against over 380 surveyed maximum water levels. The application of the parallel version of the optimiser showed that (a) it is possible to use automatic calibration in combination of 2-D hydraulic model, and (b) equifinality of model parameterisation can also be caused by a too large number of degrees of freedom in the calibration data in contrast to a too simple model setup. In order to improve model calibration and reduce equifinality, a method was developed to identify calibration data, resp. model setup with likely errors that obstruct model calibration.
Analysis of volcanic threat from Nisyros Island, Greece, with implications for aviation and population exposure
Authors: Kinvig H. S. , Winson A. , Gottsmann J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Nisyros island in the South Aegean volcanic arc, Greece, is a Quaternary composite volcano with a 3.8 km wide caldera that in 1996 entered a volcano-seismic crisis, which heralded the islands' return to a state of unrest. The caldera has been the locus of at least thirteen phreatic eruptions in historical times, the most recent in 1888, and the system is still presently affected by considerable hydrothermal activity. Although the recent unrest waned off without eruption, there are still open questions relating to the current threat of volcanic activity from the island. Here, we perform a detailed and systematic assessment of the volcanic threat of Nisyros using a threat analysis protocol established as part of the USGS National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). The evaluation involves a methodical assessment of fifteen hazard and exposure factors, and is based on a score system, whereby the higher the score, the higher the threat is. Uncertainty in assessment criteria are expressed by allowing for a conservative and an extreme score for each factor. We draw our analysis from published data as well as from results of our research on Nisyros over the past years. Our analysis yields a conservative threat score of 163 and an extreme score of 262. The most adverse exposure factors include significant scores relating to aviation and population exposure to volcanic hazards from Nisyros. When looked at in comparison to US volcanoes both scores place Nisyros in the "Very High Threat (VHT)" category, grouping it with volcanoes such as Redoubt, Mount Ranier and Crater Lake. We identify a short-fall in recommended surveillance efforts for VHT volcanoes given existing monitoring capabilities on the island. We discuss potential pitfalls of applying the NVEWS scheme to Nisyros and suggest potential adaptation of analysis scheme to match industrial and societal conditions in Europe. At the same time, our findings indicate that that volcanic threat posed by Nisyros volcano may currently be underestimated.
Relational aggression in marriage
Authors: Carroll Jason S. , Nelson David A. , Yorgason Jeremy B. , Harper James M. , Ashton Ruth Hagmann , Jensen Alexander C.
Published: June 2010

Drawing from developmental theories of relational aggression, this article reports on a study designed to identify if spouses use relationally aggressive tactics when dealing with conflict in their marriage and the association of these behaviors with marital outcomes. Using a sample of 336 married couples (672 spouses), results revealed that the majority of couples reported that relationally aggressive behaviors, such as social sabotage and love withdrawal, were a part of their marital dynamics, at least to some degree. Gender comparisons of partner reports of their spouse's behavior revealed that wives were significantly more likely to be relationally aggressive than husbands. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that relational aggression is associated with lower levels of marital quality and greater marital instability for both husbands and wives. Implications are drawn for the use of relational aggression theory in the future study of couple conflict and marital aggression Aggr. Behav. 36:315–329, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aluminum “Egg‐Box” Panel as an Energy Absorber for Pedestrian Protection
Authors: Nowpada Sravanthi , Chirwa Efford C. , Myler Peter , Matsika Emmanuel
Published: June 2010

This paper evaluates the quasi‐static performance of lightweight aluminum “egg‐box” panels which have an improved architecture specifically designed to increase the energy absorption capability. In its entirety, the egg‐box panel structure investigated herein is made up of arrays of positive and negative frusta. To understand the collapse mechanism and the factors influencing the energy absorption thereof, compressive tests were conducted under similar test conditions on two single frusta, one constrained in situ and the other separated from the egg‐box panel exposing the free–free edges. Their load‐displacement histories show characteristics that are similar, with a rise in load to a point where they plateau at a steady state load for the entire collapse time. But the energy absorbed by the in situ constrained frustum is 80% greater than that separated from the egg‐box panel with free–free edges.
Being human and doing primatology: national, socioeconomic, and ethnic influences on primatological practice
Authors: Fuentes Agustin
Published: June 2010

The emerging manifesto, center of the essay collection this commentary is part of, points out that primatology is a primate's science and field of endeavor. It is about primates, and constructed and carried out by primates. But the relationships between different primates involved in primatology cannot be described merely as scientific, zoological, or conservatory. A main point emerging from this perspective is that the relationships amongst primates (as scientists and as subjects) are affected by primatologists' experiences outside of academic science and within the cultural schema that we acquire as members of human societies. My contribution focuses on the primatologists and their sometimes discussed, but too often ignored, cultural and ethnic contexts as influences on how they study, think about, and interact with other primates. In our views and bonds with other primates, do national, class, and ethnic factors count? Am. J. Primatol. 73:233–237, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrodynamic investigation of bubble‐column reactors: effect of column configuration
Authors: Akhtar Abid , Tadé Moses O. , Pareek Vishnu
Published: June 2010

Bubble‐column reactors are quite popular in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries due to their relatively simple construction, favourable heat and mass transfer properties and low operating cost. Among the various design parameters, column geometry (configuration) has a significant impact on the overall throughput. In this study, an experimental investigation of the bubble‐column configuration on its hydrodynamics has been conducted with three different sizes of the column (ID = 10–45 cm). A comparison in terms of the overall gas holdup as well as localised bubble properties is performed using the four‐point optical technique and hydrodynamic similarities/dissimilarities are discussed. The study showed that the overall gas holdup was a function of the gas flow rate. For the range of gas velocity investigated (9.5–22.3 cm3/ min), the smaller column had 50–60% more holdup than the bigger column. Localised bubble properties exhibited similar behaviour (i.e. higher values for the smaller column). A comparative study of L/D illustrated an invariant behaviour at a high value of L/D (>5.5). A low L/D (≤1.5), however, showed a prominent influence on hydrodynamics. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of waste leather shavings as filler in paper making
Authors: Mohamed Ola A. , Kassem Nesrine F.
Published: June 2010

Leather industry generates large amounts of wastes, most of them are burned causing environmental pollution. This study aims to use these wastes as filler in bagasse pulp before sheet formation, as a novel method. Leather shavings were subjected to multistage disintegration to prepare powder, then treated with different monomers and applied in paper sheets. The formed sheets exhibit a considerable improvement in some of their properties such as tear, water resistance, air permeability, and thermal stability. Only breaking length was affected by adding untreated and treated leather shavings. Consequently, the resulting paper sheets have potential for application in wrapping and packaging industries. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Application of the biodegradable diblock copolymer poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐poly(L‐cysteine): Drug delivery and protein conjugation
Authors: Sun Jing , Chen Xuesi , Wei Jizheng , Yan Lesan , Jing Xiabin
Published: June 2010

A novel approach to self‐assembled and shell‐crosslinked (SCL) micelles from the diblock copolymer poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐poly(L‐cysteine) to be used as drug and protein delivery carriers is described. Rifampicin was used as a model drug. The drug‐loaded SCL micelles were obtained by self‐assembly of the copolymer in the presence of the drug in aqueous media. Their morphology and size were studied with dynamic light scattering and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The rifampicin loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency were studied with ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The drug‐release rate in vitro depended on the oxidizing and reducing environment. Moreover, a straightforward approach to the conjugation of the copolymer with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was developed, and a gel electrophoresis test demonstrated that this conjugated BSA could be reversibly released from the copolymer substrate under reducing conditions. In conclusion, this L‐cysteine copolymer can be used in drug delivery and in protein fixation and recovery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hybrid titanium catalyst supported on core‐shell silica/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) carrier
Authors: Du Lijun , Li Wei , Fan Lina , Jiang Binbo , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong , Liao Zuwei
Published: June 2010

Hybrid titanium catalysts supported on silica/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) (SiO2/PSA) core‐shell carrier were prepared and studied. The resulting catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser scattering particle analyzer and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The hybrid catalyst (TiCl3/MgCl2/THF/SiO2·TiCl4/MgCl2/PSA) showed core‐shell structure and the thickness of the PSA layer in the two different hybrid catalysts was 2.0 μm and 5.0 μm, respectively. The activities of the hybrid catalysts were comparable to the conventional titanium‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalyst (TiCl3/MgCl2/THF/SiO2). The hybrid catalysts showed lower initial polymerization rate and longer polymerization life time compared with TiCl3/MgCl2/THF/SiO2. The activities of the hybrid catalysts were enhanced firstly and then decreased with increasing P/P. Higher molecular weight and broader molecular weight distribution (MWD) of polyethylene produced by the core‐shell hybrid catalysts were obtained. Particularly, the hybrid catalyst with a PSA layer of 5.0 μm obtained the longest polymerization life time with the highest activity (2071 kg PE mol−1 Ti h−1) and the resulting polyethylene had the broadest MWD (polydispersity index = 11.5) under our experimental conditions. The morphology of the polyethylene particles produced by the hybrid catalysts was spherical, but with irregular subparticles due to the influence of PSA layer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Incorporation of 4‐aminobenzene functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in polyaniline for application in formic acid electrooxidation
Authors: Shi Jin , Zhang Zheng‐Yan , Hu Yu‐Qi , Hua Yi‐Xin
Published: June 2010

Incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in conducting polymer can lead to new composites with enhanced electrical and mechanical properties. However, the development of such composites has been hampered by the inability to disperse CNTs in polymer matrix due to the lack of chemical compatibility between polymers and CNTs. Covalent sidewall functionalization of carbon nanotube provides a feasible route to incorporate carbon nanotube in polymer. In this work, 4‐aminobenzene groups were grafted onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) via CC covalent bond. Polyaniline (PANI)/MWNT composites were fabricated by electrochemical polymerization of aniline containing well‐dissolved functionalized MWNTs. The obtained composites can be used as catalyst supports for electrooxidation of formic acid. Cyclic voltammogram results show that platinum particles deposited in PANI/MWNT composite films exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity and better long‐term stability towards formic acid oxidation than that deposited in pure PANI films. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of structure of organic modifiers and polyurethane on the clay dispersion in nanocomposites via in situ polymerization
Authors: Rama Mallikarjuna Shroff , Swaminathan Sivaram
Published: June 2010

Influence of polyurethane (PU) structure on the nature of PU/clay nanocomposite was studied using varying amounts of trimethylol propane (TMP) as branching agent. The effect of hydroxyl groups in the modifier of organoclays on the structure of PU/clay nanocomposites was studied. Nanocomposites were characterized using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that formation of completely exfoliated and well dispersed polyurethane/clay nanocomposites via in situ polymerization, is facilitated by the presence of tethering groups on the clay surface and an ability to form branched and crosslinked structures. Incorporation of long alkyl chains in addition to tethering hydroxyl groups in the modifier structure of the clay did not significantly improve the compatibility of linear PU with the clay. Intercalated thermoplastic polyurethane/clay nanocomposites, prepared using poly(caprolactone diol) as soft segment and isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediol as hard segments show increase in storage tensile moduli at temperatures before glass transition temperature when functional groups capable of chemically reacting with the growing polymer chains are present in the clay modifier. This is indicative of improved interaction of the polymer with the clay surface when the modifier has larger number of hydroxyl groups. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Study of the viscoelastic properties of PC/ABS blend containing triphenyl phosphate and nanoclay and its correlation with morphology
Authors: Feyz E. , Jahani Y. , Esfandeh M. , Ghafelehbashi M. , Jafari S.H.
Published: June 2010

In this study, the effect of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), commonly used as flame retardant, also montmorillonite nanoclay and hybrid of them, on the morphology and rheological characteristic of PC/ABS (Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile–butadiene–Styrene) blends are investigated. The blends were prepared via a direct melt blending process in a twin‐screw extruder. Morphological properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results for the variations of complex viscosity (η*) with angular frequency (ω) showed a good agreement with those obtained from Carreau model.

A plateau modulus (G°N) was observed in the blends containing nanoclay, indicating the formation of a network structure that increases the modulus as the results of the intercalation of silicate layers of nanoclay. The complex viscosity is increased with the inclusion of nanoclay and TPP, but the effect is more evident with nanoclay. Also, the addition of nanoclay significantly enhances the non Newtonian behavior of PC/ABS blends, particularly at low‐frequencies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Enhanced compatibility of PA6/POE blends by POE‐g‐MAH prepared through ultrasound‐assisted extrusion
Authors: Xie Tingting , Wu Hong , Bao Wenting , Guo Shaoyun , Chen Yong , Huang Hua , Chen Hongyu , Lai Shih‐Yaw , Jow Jinder
Published: June 2010

The effects of POE‐g‐MAH, prepared through different methods, on morphology and properties of PA6/POE/POE‐g‐MAH blends are summarized in this article. The grafting degree of POE‐g‐MAH can be increased through the ultrasound‐assisted extrusion. Experimental results showed that the addition of POE‐g‐MAH can increase the mechanical properties of the PA6/POE blend and decrease the particle size of POE dispersed phase in PA6 matrix due to the compatibilization by POE‐g‐MAH. The PA6/POE blend compatibilized by POE‐g‐MAH prepared through the ultrasound‐assisted extrusion has smaller particle size of POE dispersed phase and higher notched Izod impact strength than that by POE‐g‐MAH with similar grafting degree initiated only by peroxide. This result is ascribed to some anhydride rings attached to the chain terminus of POE due to ultrasound initiation. Rheological and Molau test results also showed enhanced compatibilization of POE‐g‐MAH prepared through the ultrasound‐assisted extrusion on the PA6/POE blend due to a structural difference of POE‐g‐MAH. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Probing effects of alternately‐embedded phenoxy phenyl lateral groups on properties of novel aromatic poly(ether‐urea)s
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Sadeghi‐Abendansari Hamid
Published: June 2010

A new class of alternate aromatic poly(ether‐urea)s having bulky phenoxy phenyl lateral groups was prepared by the reaction of 2,2′‐bis[(p‐phenoxy phenyl)]‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (PPAPE) with two diisocyanates, isophorone diisocyanate and 2,4‐tolylene diisocyanate. The limited viscosity values as well as Mn and Mw values of the resulting polymers were determined. The resulting poly(ether‐urea)s could be easily cast into optically‐transparent, flexible, and light color films. The cut‐off wavelength values and the percentage of transmittance at 800 nm were found to be at about 415 nm and 85%, respectively. PPAPE‐derived poly(ether‐urea)s showed a low‐crystallinity and had excellent solubility in polar organic solvents. Tonset, Tg, Td5%, and Td10% values of the PPAPE‐derived polymers measured from their DSC and TGA thermograms were up to 270, 280, 315, and 340°C, respectively. Surface morphology of the resulted poly(ether‐urea)s were also evaluated by their scanning electron microscopy images. Excellent organo‐solubility, satisfactory film quality, moderate Tg values, and good thermal stability make this class of poly (ether‐urea)s promising high‐performance polymeric materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hollow, pH‐sensitive calcium–alginate/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel beads as drug carriers for vancomycin release
Authors: Lin Hong‐Ru , Ou Li‐Hau , Lin Yiu‐Jiuan , Ling Ming‐Hung
Published: June 2010

In this study, hollow calcium–alginate/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel beads were prepared by UV polymerization for use as drug carriers. The hollow structure of the beads was fortified by the incorporation of PAA. The beads exhibited different swelling ratios when immersed in media at different pH values; this demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel beads were pH sensitive. A small amount (<9%) of vancomycin that had been incorporated into the beads was released in simulated gastric fluid, whereas a large amount (≤67%) was released in a sustained manner in simulated intestinal fluid. The observed drug‐release profiles demonstrated that the prepared hydrogel beads are ideal candidate carriers for vancomycin delivery into the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the biological response of cells to these hydrogel beads indicated that they exhibited good biological safety and may have additional applications in tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Change in proteoglycan metabolism is a characteristic of human patellar tendinopathy
Authors: Parkinson John , Samiric Tom , Ilic Mirna Z. , Cook Jill , Feller Julian A. , Handley Christopher J.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To determine differences in the metabolism of proteoglycans and the gene expression of proteinases and their inhibitors between patellar tendons exhibiting chronic overuse tendinopathy and normal patellar tendons in humans.

Methods

Rates of loss and synthesis of proteoglycans were determined. Radiolabeled and total proteoglycans retained in and lost from the tissue were analyzed by fluorography and Western blotting. Levels of messenger RNA for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐9, MMP‐13, ADAMTS‐1, ADAMTS‐4, ADAMTS‐5, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1), TIMP‐2, TIMP‐3, and TIMP‐4 were determined in fresh tissue.

Results

The rate of loss of 35S‐labeled proteoglycans was greater in abnormal tendons, as was the rate of synthesis of proteoglycans. Fluorography and Western blotting revealed the presence of greater amounts of large proteoglycans (aggrecan and versican) in abnormal tendons, and these proteoglycans were rapidly lost from the matrix of abnormal tendons. There was no significant difference in the expression of ADAMTS‐1, ADAMTS‐4, ADAMTS‐5, MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐13, TIMP‐2, TIMP‐3, or TIMP‐4. There was a significant increase in the expression of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 in abnormal tendons.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that a change in the proteoglycan content of the extracellular matrix in abnormal tendons results from the altered metabolism of the cells, reflected in the enhanced synthesis of the large proteoglycans aggrecan and versican, and does not appear to result from changes at the level of gene expression.
A functional RANKL polymorphism associated with younger age at onset of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Tan Wenfeng , Wu Hui , Zhao Jian , Derber Lezlie A. , Lee David M. , Shadick Nancy A. , Conn Doyt L. , Smith Edwin A. , Gersuk Vivian H. , Nepom Gerald T. , Moreland Larry W. , Furst Daniel E. , Thompson Susan D. , Jonas Beth L. , Holers V. Michael , Glass David N. , Chen Pojen P. , Bridges S. Louis , Weinblatt Michael E. , Paulus Harold E. , Tsao Betty P.
Published: June 2010

Objective

We previously observed the association of the co‐occurrence of the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope (SE) and RANKL single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with younger age at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 182 rheumatoid factor (RF)–positive European American patients with early‐onset RA. The aim of this study was to fine‐map the 48‐kb RANKL region in the extended cohort of 210 European American RF‐positive patients with early RA, to seek replication of RA‐associated SNPs in additional RA cohorts of 501 European Americans and 298 African Americans, and to explore the functional consequences of RA‐associated SNPs.

Methods

SNP genotyping was conducted using pyrosequencing or TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Associations of rs7984870 with RANKL expression in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and isolated T cells were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription–PCR. Site‐directed mutagenesis of rs7984870 within the 2‐kb RANKL promoter was performed to drive the luciferase reporter gene in osteoblast and stromal cell lines. Interaction of DNA and protein was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.

Results

A single promoter SNP, rs7984870, was consistently significantly associated with earlier age at the onset of RA in 3 independent seropositive (RF or anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody) RA cohorts but not in seronegative RA patients. The C risk allele of rs7984870 conferred 2‐fold higher plasma RANKL levels in RF‐positive patients with RA, significantly elevated RANKL messenger RNA expression in activated normal T cells, and increased promoter activity after stimulation in vitro via differential binding to the transcription factor SOX5.

Conclusion

The RANKL promoter allele that increased transcription levels upon stimulation might promote interaction between activated T cells and dendritic cells, predisposing to a younger age at the onset of RA in seropositive European American and African American patients.
Anatomy and prevalence of atlas vertebrae bridges in a Kenyan population: An osteological study
Authors: Karau Paul Bundi , Ogengo Julius A. , Hassanali Jameela , Odula Paul
Published: June 2010

Atlas bridges are bony outgrowths over the third segment of the vertebral artery. They may exist as incipient, incomplete, or complete bridges, converting the groove into a deep sulcus, incomplete, or complete foramen respectively. These bridges and their associated foramina display bilateral and sex differences in their prevalence and type. Occurrence of these bridges may predispose to vertebrobasilar insufficiency and Barre–Lieou syndrome. The coexistence of lateral and posterior bridges as well as side predilection is not clear in either sex. Their relative occurrence may also point to some evolutionary patterns. We studied the prevalence, side predilection, coexistence, and anatomical features of atlas bridges using 102 dry atlases (49 males and 53 females) obtained from the osteology department of the National Museums of Kenya. Complete posterior bridges occurred in 14.7% and 13.7% on the right and left sides, respectively. A lateral bridge was found in 3.9% of cases on the right side only. There was positive correlation in the coexistence of the bridges. A retrotransverse foramen was found in 13% of cases. This study has found that posterior and lateral atlas bridges occur in association especially on the right side. Complete bridges were more prevalent in females and were more often present on the right side. This pattern seems to mirror the sexual predilection of vertebral artery compression syndromes. Gender roles may have an influence on the occurrence of these bridges and therefore the syndromes as well. Clin. Anat. 23:649–653, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Tl0.64Sr1.5La0.5CoO5‐ε Phase with a 1201 Structure.
Authors: Kirpishchikova T. A. , Doumerc J.‐P. , Neiman A. Ya.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of the Planar Chirality of Imine—Phosphine Hybrid Ligands Bearing Chromium Tricarbonyl in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Jang Hye‐Young , Seo Hwimin , Han Jin Wook , Chung Young Keun
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Glyoxylate‐ene Reaction Catalyzed by C2‐Symmetric Chiral Bis(oxazoline)—Lanthanoid Complexes.
Authors: Qian Changtao , Wang Longcheng
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Intramolecular [2 + 2]‐Photocycloaddition Reactions in Solution.
Authors: Bach Thorsten , Bergmann Hermann , Harms Klaus
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses in the Nitrogen π‐Deficient Heterocycles Series Using a Barbier‐Type Reaction under Sonication. Diazines. Part 29.
Authors: Lepretre Anne , Turck Alain , Ple Nelly , Queguiner Guy
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of α‐Halomethylene Aldols or β‐Halo‐α‐(hydroxyalkyl)acrylates Using the Chalcogeno‐Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Kataoka Tadashi , Kinoshita Hironori , Kinoshita Sayaka , Iwamura Tatsunori , Watanabe Shin‐ichi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Tethered 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Unsaturated α‐Silyl‐α‐diazoacetates and Diazoacetic Acid Silyl Esters.
Authors: Maas Gerhard , Gettwert Volker
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiroannulation of a Cyclopentane Ring. Synthesis of Spiro[4.n](n+5)alk‐2‐en‐1‐ones.
Authors: Srikrishna A. , Kumar P. Praveen
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Cyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Sulfur Tetrafluoride — An Example of a Diastereoselective Ring Opening.
Authors: Hell Z. , Finta Z. , Dmowski W. , Faigl F. , Pustovit Yu. M. , Toke L. , Harmat V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrochloric Acid Catalysis of N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) Mediated Nuclear Aromatic Brominations in Acetone.
Authors: Andersh Brad , Murphy Drew L. , Olson Ryan J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Rapid Synthesis of Thiols from Alcohols under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Bandgar B. P. , Sadavarte V. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple One‐Pot Procedure for the Direct Conversion of Alcohols to Azides via Phosphate Activation.
Authors: Yu Chengzhi , Liu Bin , Hu Longqin
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized 1,5‐Cyclononadienes by Intramolecular Cycloalkylation under α,α′‐Diallyl Coupling.
Authors: Deiters Alexander , Froehlich Roland , Hoppe Dieter
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Nitroalkanols Mediated with LiAlH4 as Catalyst.
Authors: Youn So Won , Kim Yong Hae
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Diels—Alder Addition of 3‐Methyl‐3‐cyanocyclopropene to 1,4‐Disubstituted Butadienes. exo‐syn‐Orientation.
Authors: Rul' S. V. , Plemenkov V. V. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Litvinov I. A. , Kataeva O. N. , Apollonova S. A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Furan Derivatives with Trifluoroethene.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Gilbert Alan F. , Powell Richard L.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Addition of Pyrroles to Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Sobenina L. N. , Es'kova L. A. , Mikhaleva A. I. , Toryashinova D.‐S. D. , Albanov A. I. , Trofimov B. A. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Highly Efficient Immonium‐Type Peptide Coupling Reagents: Synthesis, Mechanism and Application.
Authors: Li Peng , Xu Jie‐Cheng
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.