bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
53 A portable dust generation system for calibrating real time RCS measuring instruments
Authors: Noi David , Davies Brian , Apthorpe Linda , Gopaldasani Vinod
Published: June 2024

Aim

The research was aimed at enhancing in-field calibration of portable Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) instrument.

Problem

There are challenges with calibrating instruments designed for near-real time RCS measurement at the workplace, in that, historical methods of calibration of laboratory instrumentation are not appropriate as they are based on short collection times of a standard material on filters from a generated dust cloud of short duration, not real time RCS dust clouds.

Method

This involved the development and validation of a small portable, low cost, dust generation system, for the generation of reproducible dust clouds and consequently standard RCS concentrations allowing near-real time instruments to be calibrated against known concentration of RCS standard in a dust cloud of significant duration.

Results

Preliminary laboratory data has shown that reproducible dust clouds of any dust can be generated including the Australian RCS standard material (A9950 Aust. No.1). Testing has shown that the physical characteristics of a dust can influence the generated concentration, and measures were found to improve the dust generation process for materials that may adhere to the dust generator drum’s surface. Four different ways of controlling the amount of dust generated and sampled out of the dust generator were determined, enabling increased dust input to the real time instrument, thus improving their means of calibration.

Conclusion

The dust generation system has potential to improve calibration of portable analytical instruments for RCS analysis. Further research may provide a means of estimating the “dustiness” of workplace materials before sampling.
64 Occupational exposure to styrene during cured-in-place pipe installations: An emerging issue
Authors: LeBouf Ryan , Kobos Lisa , Burns Dru , Stanton Marcia , Bailey Rachel
Published: June 2024

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) is a trenchless pipe repair technology that typically uses styrene-resin impregnated liners cured with steam, hot water, or ultraviolet light to restore underground pipes without excavation. Use of the technology can expose workers and the public to styrene. Exposure to styrene may cause asthma, cancer, and contribute to hearing loss when combined with noise. Occupational exposure to styrene during installation of CIPP is an emerging issue that can be addressed with effective engineering controls and employee education and training. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has previously measured overexposures to styrene in this industry. Here, we measured short-term task exposures and area/source emissions of styrene using OSHA Method ORG-89 during installation of small diameter liners (8”) with dilution ventilation controls when enclosed spaces were occupied. We measured temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, and wind speed during installation; and observed the process while systematically recording other determinants of exposure such as cure method, liner length and diameter, and number of manholes. Area styrene measurements were highest when the refrigerated truck door holding CIPP liners was opened (347 parts per million [ppm]; 2 minutes). The highest personal styrene exposure (55 ppm) occurred while a worker was in the refrigerated truck for 18 minutes. Personal styrene exposures during cutting the cured liner ranged from 1–10 ppm (5–20 minutes). Additional ventilation in the refrigerated truck, modifications of work processes, and continued employee education and training are needed to protect the health of the CIPP workforce.
115 The impact of physical stressors in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ireland
Authors: McCallig Margaret , Pakrashi Vikram , Durkin Carmel
Published: June 2024

This study quantifies the vibration levels emitted by neonatal incubators and analyses the impact of equipment age, mattress types and human behaviour on the vibration levels. A comprehensive dataset of vibration measurements have been recorded and have been compared to the ‘ISO 2631-1:1997 Mechanical vibration and shock’ comfort rating scale. The data has been further analysed with the occupational exposure action (EAV) and limit values (ELV) as outlined in Chapter 2 of Part 5 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007.

The study further investigates the noise levels in the NICU setting. Noise surveys have been conducted across day and night shifts, with the noise levels compared to the exposure action (EAV) and exposure limit values as per Chapter 1 of Part 5 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007. in addition, the noise levels were compared to the European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI) Management of the Acoustic Environment Standard. A management strategy has been developed to ensure the NICU meets the twelve components of the EFCNI standard from the parents/ guardians through to the hospital management. The NICU involved in this study is the first unit in Ireland to implement the standard, and it is envisaged that the management strategy be rolled our across all NICUs in Ireland.
116 Improving assessment of occupational exposure to hazardous substances using a hybrid approach of models and measurements with mobile sensor technology
Authors: Huizer Daan
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Occupational exposure to hazardous substances is traditionally assessed by means of exposure measurements. In the past years, the use of exposure models has been on the rise as rapid, low-cost alternative. However, these models may not always be accurate enough. The advent of inexpensive sensors has given rise to a new perspective on exposure measurements. In this presentation, findings of ongoing research are presented on developing scope and infrastructure that enriches and improves model estimates within the existing software platform Chemrade with data from near-real-time sensor measurements on the workplace.

Method

The required infrastructure for the integration, processing, and interpretation of data is currently being investigated in the subdomains modelling, collection of contextual data and collection of near-real-time sensor data. Contextual information is planned to be collected through a mobile app for recording the location and activities of the employee working with hazardous substances in the company, to complement the future collected sensor data. Prior to the actual selection of sensors, literature research was conducted within a technology applicability framework.

Results

Given that the overall research project is still ongoing, the focus of this presentation is on the results of the completed literature review. Despite the fact that this primarily focuses on the technical requirements imposed on the sensors, it also encompasses other relevant aspects associated with it, such as social, economic, and legal considerations. Depending on progress made, other results of this ongoing research project will also be highlighted.

Participants in the session are invited to join the discussion on the practical application in their practice.
129 Sampling protocol to assess occupational exposure to microbial contamination in wood working environments
Authors: Dias Marta , Pena Pedro , Gomes Bianca , Cervante Renata , Gonçalves Sara , Viegas Susana , Viegas Carla
Published: June 2024

The sawmill market is driven by rising construction demand, with building and furniture gaining prominence. Workers in the sawmill industry may be exposed to wood derivatives, microorganisms, and their products, which can cause health effects such as decreased lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and various respiratory disorders. Exposure to wood dust infected with microorganisms, particularly fungi, can lead to allergic alveolitis and asthma in woodworkers. It is well known that there is a knowledge gap in the field of microbial occupational exposure assessment in sawmills, nevertheless, the importance of an accurate assessment and risk management should be emphasized. The sampling approach applied in this study comprehends several sampling methods that are used as a complement to overcome the advantages and disadvantages of each. Those methods are active sampling methods, such as Andersen six-stage, MAS-100 and Button Samplers, and passive sampling methods namely surface swabs, electrostatic dust cloths (EDC), EDC in t-shirts, settled dust, gloves and masks and filters from the vacuumed settled dust. This sampling approach was developed to be applied in wood working environment and it was meticulously developed using previously conducted bibliographic research and applied in sampling campaigns developed in “Do It Yourself” (DIY) stores with a wood cutting section, and in sawmills. With the application of this comprehensive protocol, it was possible to conclude that the use of all these sampling methods in parallel is crucial to overcome the constraints of each to allow a proper characterization of the risks to which these workers are exposed. Similar considerations should be taken to select the best lab approach.
137b - Breathe freely initiative to prevent occupational lung disease – the Australian experience
Authors: Johnson Sharann
Published: June 2024

Breathe Freely Australia (BFA) aims to prevent dust-related occupational lung disease, such as silicosis, in workers, through education & awareness of safe work practices to control exposures. BFA is an adaption of the highly successful UK Breathe Freely initiative developed by the British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS). In 2019, the BOHS generously allowed the AIOH to develop the BFA program, to meet Australian industry needs. It is about raising awareness both of the problem and how to do something about it. We can protect workers’ health and prevent most of these diseases and deaths.

This session will provide updates on BFA’s implementation, adaptation and expansion progress in Australia with sections covering mining, quarries and engineered stone. Recent developments have been translation of the engineered stone into mandarin and including videos designed for engineered stone workers.
228d - Biomonitoring for diisocyanates exposure – Results from the HBM4EU occupational study
Authors: Jones Kate
Published: June 2024

Diisocyanates have long been a leading cause of occupational asthma in Europe, and they are now restricted under the REACH regulation. As part of the European Human Biomonitoring project (HBM4EU), we conducted an occupational exposure survey on diisocyanates in five European countries. 116 workers were recruited across four job categories: (1) Use of diisocyanates-based glues, adhesives or sealants; (2) Polyurethane coating of large surfaces; (3) Spray application of urethane foam; (4) Spray coating of vehicles. Fifty controls (within the same companies) were also recruited. The study collected urine samples (analysed for diisocyanate-derived diamines and lysine conjugates), blood samples (analysed for diisocyanate-specific antibodies, inflammatory markers, and diisocyanate-specific haemoglobin adducts), buccal cells (micronucleus analysis) and measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). In addition, occupational hygiene measurements (air monitoring and skin wipe samples) and questionnaires were collected. Initial results showed significant airborne exposures for some tasks (spraying polyurethane foam insulation), with elevated urinary diamine levels compared to controls (p<0.001), and detection of the specific MDI-lysine conjugate. Most workers did not show increased FeNO, but some individuals had elevated results (controls max 30 ppb (n=49), workers max 161 ppb (n=108). Further on-going data analysis will be presented.

Presented on behalf of the HBM4EU occupational study project team.
155 Possible health risks caused by applying commercially available alcohol-based hand sanitizers
Authors: Tsai Shih-Wei , Cheng Chieh-An
Published: June 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hand sanitizers are promoted to interrupt the transmission of viruses since appropriate hand hygiene is another crucial measure for personal protection following wearing face masks. Hand sanitizers can be of various types, such as anti-microbial-based, alcohol-free, or alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), in the form of gel, foams, cream spray, or wipes. Some organizations, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), have also provided the guideline that effective hand sanitizer products should contain 60%–95% alcohol. However, some hand sanitizers may have the ingredient leading to specific health effects. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the impurities in the commercially available hand sanitizers. A total of 85 samples were collected, and the target chemicals that GC/MS determined included methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, benzene, acetal, 1-propanol, 2-butanol, 1-butanol 3-methyl-1-butanol, and amyl alcohol. The findings showed that certain impurities were detected in the samples. Especially for benzene and acetaldehyde, the mean of benzene was 14.27μg/g (range: 1.57-33.99), and acetaldehyde was 100.16μg/g (range:30.09-429.03). For the non-carcinogenic risk, with the maximum level of benzene, the non-carcinogenic risk is greater than 1 (range: 1.04-4.66). For the cancer risk, the cancer risk of benzene in each group was from 1.44×10-8 to 2.11×10-7 (calculated by the geometric mean level). Overall, specific samples were not qualified for the alcohol content, and the impurities detected contributed to the potential health risk.
174 Hood performance in removing NO2 from natural gas cooking in eight Taiwanese households
Authors: Chen Hsin , Tsai I-Hsuan , Lee Wan-Chen
Published: June 2024

The emissions from cooking with a gas stove are harmful to human health, among which NO2 has been linked to an increased risk of asthma incidence. The use of kitchen hoods has been an effective solution to mitigate exposure to cooking emissions; however, information on their performance in Taiwanese households was extremely limited. This study aimed to evaluate hood performance in removing NO2 in eight Taiwanese households, using two kitchen hoods with distinct laboratory performance.

We recruited eight Taiwanese houses and conducted repeated, 3-day integrated sampling for NO2 in kitchens, living rooms, and balconies for two months per home. Two kitchen hoods with distinct performance in the laboratory tests were chosen to undergo two consecutive 4-week sampling. In the second week of each hood test, we designed a recipe-control week to ensure all the ingredients and the way of cooking for each household were in comparable conditions. Additionally, the time-activity data were collected to account for cooking activities and potential pollutant sources.

Our results showed that using different kitchen hoods impacted NO2 concentrations in the same household. However, when using the same hood, the NO2 concentration differed by cooking activities across different homes, even in the recipe-control weeks. No significant, consistent difference was found between the hoods using NO2 as the indicator, suggesting that environmental factors played an important role in influencing hood performance. Findings from this study provide insights for evaluating the hood performance in Taiwanese houses with different cooking activities and other factors in the future.
203 Airborne fungi and bacteria in plastic waste plants - occupational exposure
Authors: Karlsson Kerstin , Madsen AnneMette , Dahlman-Höglund Anna
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Large amounts of municipal waste are produced every year across the globe, and this amount is projected to reach 3.4 billion tons of annual waste in 2050. Goals from EU state that 55% of municipal waste should be recycled in 2025, 60% in 2030, and 65% in 2035. Municipal waste is sorted and recycled into different fractions, one of which is plastic waste.

Methods

To assess the occupational exposure of airborne fungi and bacteria, staff members were fitted with an IOM sampler, flowrate of 2.0 L/min during a working shift.

Bacteria and fungi from all IOM filters were extracted and plated in serial-dilutions at 25°C and 37°C aerobic or anaerobic, counted after 2, 4, and 7 days. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS).

Results

Very high exposure of fungi were found and few species, were classified in risk group 2 which could cause infections - e.g. Aspergillus terreus, In many areas of the waste plant, very high concentrations of A. fumigatus, A. niger and Penicillium brevicompactum were measured. There was a high concentration of bacteria and endotoxin in the workplace.

Discussion

The measurements showed that work with recycling plastic generates a lot of fungal spores and bacteria in the work environment. To minimize exposure, ventilation and logistics of the plastic in the company must be improved.

Conclusion

The measurements showed that there were high concentrations of microorganisms in the workplace that can affect the health of employees.
ScType enables fast and accurate cell type identification from spatial transcriptomics data
Authors: Nader Kristen , Tasci Misra , Ianevski Aleksandr , Erickson Andrew , Verschuren Emmy W , Aittokallio Tero , Miihkinen Mitro
Published: June 2024

The limited resolution of spatial transcriptomics (ST) assays in the past has led to the development of cell type annotation methods that separate the convolved signal based on available external atlas data. In light of the rapidly increasing resolution of the ST assay technologies, we made available and investigated the performance of a deconvolution-free marker-based cell annotation method called scType. In contrast to existing methods, the spatial application of scType does not require computationally strenuous deconvolution, nor large single-cell reference atlases. We show that scType enables ultra-fast and accurate identification of abundant cell types from ST data, especially when a large enough panel of genes is detected. Examples of such assays are Visium and Slide-seq, which currently offer the best trade-off between high resolution and number of genes detected by the assay for cell type annotation.

Availability and implementation

scType source R and python codes for spatial data are openly available in GitHub (https://github.com/kris-nader/sp-type or https://github.com/kris-nader/sc-type-py). Step-by-step tutorials for R and python spatial data analysis can be found in https://github.com/kris-nader/sp-type and https://github.com/kris-nader/sc-type-py/blob/main/spatial_tutorial.md, respectively.
High-throughput evaluation of hemolytic activity through precise measurement of colony and hemolytic zone sizes of engineered Bacillus subtilis on blood agar
Authors: Bamba Takahiro , Aoki Rina , Hori Yoshimi , Ishikawa Shu , Yoshida Ken-ichi , Taoka Naoaki , Kobayashi Shingo , Yasueda Hisashi , Kondo Akihiko , Hasunuma Tomohisa
Published: June 2024

Biosurfactants have remarkable characteristics, such as environmental friendliness, high safety, and excellent biodegradability. Surfactin is one of the best-known biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis. Because the biosynthetic pathways of biosurfactants, such as surfactin, are complex, mutagenesis is a useful alternative to typical metabolic engineering approaches for developing high-yield strains. Therefore, there is a need for high-throughput and accurate screening methods for high-yield strains derived from mutant libraries. The blood agar lysis method, which takes advantage of the hemolytic activity of biosurfactants, is one way of determining their concentration. This method includes inoculating microbial cells onto blood-containing agar plates, and biosurfactant production is assessed based on the size of the hemolytic zone formed around each colony. Challenges with the blood agar lysis method include low experimental reproducibility and a lack of established protocols for high-throughput screening. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the inoculation procedure and media composition on the formation of hemolytic zones. We also developed a workflow to evaluate the number of colonies using robotics. The results revealed that by arranging colonies at appropriate intervals and measuring the areas of colonies and hemolytic rings using image analysis software, it was possible to accurately compare the hemolytic activity among several colonies. Although the use of the blood agar lysis method for screening is limited to surfactants exhibiting hemolytic activity, it is believed that by considering the insights gained from this study, it can contribute to the accurate screening of strains with high productivity.
Influence of patient characteristics on microbial composition in surgical-site infections: insights from national surveillance study
Authors: Peisl Sarah , Guillen-Ramirez Hugo , Sánchez-Taltavull Daniel , Widmer Andreas , Sommerstein Rami , Beldi Guido
Published: June 2024

Background

Although the impact of surgery- and patient-dependent factors on surgical-site infections (SSIs) have been studied extensively, their influence on the microbial composition of SSI remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to identify patient-dependent predictors of the microbial composition of SSIs across different types of surgery.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 538 893 patients from the Swiss national infection surveillance programme. Multilabel classification methods, adaptive boosting and Gaussian Naive Bayes were employed to identify predictors of the microbial composition of SSIs using 20 features, including sex, age, BMI, duration of surgery, type of surgery, and surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Results

Overall, SSIs were recorded in 18 642 patients (3.8%) and, of these, 10 632 had microbiological wound swabs available. The most common pathogens identified in SSIs were Enterobacterales (57%), Staphylococcus spp. (31%), and Enterococcus spp. (28%). Age (mean feature importance 0.260, 95% c.i. 0.209 to 0.309), BMI (0.224, 0.177 to 0.271), and duration of surgery (0.221, 0.180 to 0.269) were strong and independent predictors of the microbial composition of SSIs. Increasing age and duration of surgical procedure as well as decreasing BMI were associated with a shift from Staphylococcus spp. to Enterobacterales and Enterococcus spp. An online application of the machine learning model is available for validation in other healthcare systems.

Conclusion

Age, BMI, and duration of surgery were key predictors of the microbial composition of SSI, irrespective of the type of surgery, demonstrating the relevance of patient-dependent factors to the pathogenesis of SSIs.
Further improvement of circuit survival in citrate based continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Post Alena , Heijkoop Èmese R H , Diebels Lotte L M , Post Adrian , van Meurs Matijs , van der Voort Peter H J , Franssen Casper F M , Volbeda Meint
Published: June 2024

Background

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the most frequently used modality of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critical care patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Adequate CRRT delivery can be challenging, due to problems with circuit patency. To improve circuit patency, we developed a new CRRT protocol using continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) with 3.0 mmol/l regional citrate anticoagulation (CVVHDF/RCA3.0) as our first choice RRT modality.

Methods

Retrospective comparison of efficacy and safety of a CVVHDF/RCA3.0 protocol with our former continuous veno-venous hemofiltration protocol with 2.2 regional citrate anticoagulation (CVVH/RCA2.2) in adult critically ill patients with AKI requiring CRRT between 25 April 2020 and 24 October 2021.

Results

In total, 56 patients (257 circuits) and 66 patients (290 circuits) were included in the CVVH/RCA2.2 and CVVHDF/RCA3.0 groups, respectively. Median circuit survival was significantly higher in patients treated with CVVHDF/RCA3.0 (39.6 (IQR 19.5–67.3) hours) compared to patients treated with CVVH/RCA2.2 (22.9 (IQR 11.3–48.6) hours) (P < .001). Higher body weight and higher convective flow were associated with a lower circuit survival. Metabolic control was similar, except for metabolic alkalosis that occurred less frequently during CVVHDF/RCA3.0 (19% of patients) compared to CVVH/RCA2.2 (46% of patients) (P = .006).

Conclusions

CRRT circuit survival was longer with CVVHDF/RCA3.0 compared to CVVH/RCA2.2. CRRT circuit survival was negatively associated with higher body weight and higher convective flow.
Assessing immune phenotypes using simple proxy measures: promise and limitations
Authors: Downie Alexander E , Barre Ramya S , Robinson Annie , Yang Jennie , Chen Ying-Han , Lin Jian-Da , Oyesola Oyebola , Yeung Frank , Cadwell Ken , Loke P’ng , Graham Andrea L
Published: June 2024

The study of immune phenotypes in wild animals is beset by numerous methodological challenges, with assessment of detailed aspects of phenotype difficult to impossible. This constrains the ability of disease ecologists and ecoimmunologists to describe immune variation and evaluate hypotheses explaining said variation. The development of simple approaches that allow characterization of immune variation across many populations and species would be a significant advance. Here we explore whether serum protein concentrations and coarse-grained white blood cell profiles, immune quantities that can easily be assayed in many species, can predict, and therefore serve as proxies for, lymphocyte composition properties. We do this in rewilded laboratory mice, which combine the benefits of immune phenotyping of lab mice with the natural context and immune variation found in the wild. We find that easily assayed immune quantities are largely ineffective as predictors of lymphocyte composition, either on their own or with other covariates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio show the most promise as indicators of other immune traits, but their explanatory power is limited. Our results prescribe caution in inferring immune phenotypes beyond what is directly measured, but they do also highlight some potential paths forward for the development of proxy measures employable by ecoimmunologists.
Diagnosing diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with atrial fibrillation: a clinical challenge
Authors: Beladan Carmen C , Gual-Capllonch Francisco , Popescu Andreea C , Popescu Bogdan A
Published: June 2024

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation (AF), and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) share common risk factors and are closely related to one another and to adverse cardiovascular events. Exertional dyspnoea in patients with AF should trigger a comprehensive LV diastolic function evaluation since AF frequently precedes incident HFpEF. An echocardiographic assessment of LV diastolic function in patients with AF is challenging, mainly because of variability in cycle length, the absence of atrial contraction, and the frequent occurrence of left atrial enlargement regardless of LV filling pressures (LVFPs). The algorithm of the 2016 recommendations for the evaluation of LV diastolic function cannot be directly applied in this setting. This review discusses the modalities available for diastolic function assessment and HFpEF diagnosis in patients with AF. Based on currently available data, a reasonable clinical target of diastolic function evaluation in AF would be to reach a binary conclusion: LVFP elevated or not. Recently, a two-step algorithm that combined several echocardiographic parameters plus the inclusion of body mass index has been proposed to differentiate normal from elevated LVFP in patients with AF. The echocardiographic evaluation must be complemented by a thorough clinical evaluation along with natriuretic peptides and cardiac catheterization in selected cases. If a diagnosis of HFpEF cannot be ascertained, a close follow-up for timely identification of diastolic dysfunction markers, along with monitoring and correction of modifiable risk factors, is recommended.
Nematode-resistance loci in upland cotton genomes are associated with structural differences
Authors: Cohen Zachary P , Perkin Lindsey C , Wagner Tanya A , Liu Jinggao , Bell Alois A , Arick Mark A , Grover Corrinne E , Yu John Z , Udall Joshua A , Suh Charles P C
Published: June 2024

Reniform and root-knot nematode are two of the most destructive pests of conventional upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and continue to be a major threat to cotton fiber production in semiarid regions of the Southern United States and Central America. Fortunately, naturally occurring tolerance to these nematodes has been identified in the Pima cotton species (Gossypium barbadense) and several upland cotton varieties (G. hirsutum), which has led to a robust breeding program that has successfully introgressed and stacked these independent resistant traits into several upland cotton lineages with superior agronomic traits, e.g. BAR 32-30 and BARBREN-713. This work identifies the genomic variations of these nematode-tolerant accessions by comparing their respective genomes to the susceptible, high-quality fiber-producing parental line of this lineage: Phytogen 355 (PSC355). We discover several large genomic differences within marker regions that harbor putative resistance genes as well as expression mechanisms shared by the two resistant lines, with respect to the susceptible PSC355 parental line. This work emphasizes the utility of whole-genome comparisons as a means of elucidating large and small nuclear differences by lineage and phenotype.
Life-Course Pathways to Exceptional Longevity: Evidence From the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921
Authors: Corley Janie , Pattie Alison , Batty G David , Cox Simon R , Deary Ian J
Published: June 2024

Background

Longevity, a hallmark of successful aging, is a multifactorial trait with influences from birth onwards. However, limited evidence exists on the pathways linking diverse life-course exposures to longevity, especially within a single cohort.

Methods

We investigated associations between life-course factors and longevity among community-dwelling adults aged 79 (N = 547) from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 with a mortality follow-up of 24 years. Cox proportional hazards and structural equation (path) models were used to explore how factors from early life (social class, childhood intelligence quotient [IQ], education), midlife (social class), and later life (health, lifestyle, psychosocial well-being), as well as sex, personality, and apolipoprotein E e4 status, influence survival time in days.

Results

During follow-up (1999–2023), 538 participants (98%) died (mean age of death = 89.3 years) and 9 survived (mean age = 101.6 years). Factors associated with lower mortality risk in the multivariable Cox model were higher cognitive function (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59–0.88), better physical function (HR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44–0.85), and greater physical activity (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71–0.92), while history of cancer was associated with higher mortality risk (HR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.22–2.77). The life-course path model identified the same direct predictors, with additional contributions from female sex and nonsmoking status, to greater longevity. Early- and midlife factors (IQ, education, social class), and emotional stability, conscientiousness, and female sex, were indirectly and positively associated with survival trajectories via multiple dimensions of adult health.

Conclusions

In understanding why people live to very old ages it is necessary to consider factors from throughout the life course, and to include demographic, psychosocial, and health variables.
Bacteriocinogenic anti-listerial properties and safety assessment of Enterococcus faecium and Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from Brazilian artisanal cheesemaking environment
Authors: Lima João Marcos Scafuro , Carneiro Kayque Ordonho , Pinto Uelinton Manoel , Todorov Svetoslav Dimitrov
Published: June 2024

Aims

This study aimed to prospect and isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from an artisanal cheese production environment, to assess their safety, and to explore their bacteriocinogenic potential against Listeria monocytogenes.

Methods and results

Samples were collected from surfaces of an artisanal-cheese production facility and after rep-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, selected strains were identified as to be belonging to Lactococcus garvieae (1 strain) and Enterococcus faecium (14 isolates, grouped into three clusters) associated with different environments (worktables, cheese mold, ripening wooden shelves). All of them presented bacteriocinogenic potential against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and were confirmed as safe (γ-hemolytic, not presenting antibiotic resistance, no mucus degradation properties, and no proteolytic or gelatinase enzyme activity). Additionally, cell growth, acidification and bacteriocins production kinetics, bacteriocin stability in relation to different temperatures, pH, and chemicals were evaluated. According to performed PCR analysis all studied strains generated positive evidence for the presence of entA and entP genes (for production of enterocins A and enterocins P, respectively). However, pediocin PA-1 associated gene was recorded only in DNA obtained from E. faecium ST02JL and Lc. garvieae ST04JL.

Conclusions

It is worth considering the application of these safe LAB or their bacteriocins in situ as an alternative means of controlling L. monocytogenes in cheese production environments, either alone or in combination with other antimicrobials.
Wasm-iCARE: a portable and privacy-preserving web module to build, validate, and apply absolute risk models
Authors: Balasubramanian Jeya Balaji , Choudhury Parichoy Pal , Mukhopadhyay Srijon , Ahearn Thomas , Chatterjee Nilanjan , García-Closas Montserrat , Almeida Jonas S
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Absolute risk models estimate an individual’s future disease risk over a specified time interval. Applications utilizing server-side risk tooling, the R-based iCARE (R-iCARE), to build, validate, and apply absolute risk models, face limitations in portability and privacy due to their need for circulating user data in remote servers for operation. We overcome this by porting iCARE to the web platform.

Materials and Methods

We refactored R-iCARE into a Python package (Py-iCARE) and then compiled it to WebAssembly (Wasm-iCARE)—a portable web module, which operates within the privacy of the user’s device.

Results

We showcase the portability and privacy of Wasm-iCARE through 2 applications: for researchers to statistically validate risk models and to deliver them to end-users. Both applications run entirely on the client side, requiring no downloads or installations, and keep user data on-device during risk calculation.

Conclusions

Wasm-iCARE fosters accessible and privacy-preserving risk tools, accelerating their validation and delivery.
Gel Fuel Burns and the Napalm Effect
Authors: Süer Muhammed Salih , Cennet Ömer
Published: June 2024

Gel fuels, composed of flammable substances like ethanol and methanol, are commonly used for heating in various settings. Despite their convenience, improper handling can lead to severe burn injuries. This study examines the characteristics of gel fuels, particularly focusing on the “napalm effect” where the fuel continues to burn on surfaces it adheres to. A review of gel fuel burn literature was conducted, along with an analysis of 2 recent cases admitted to a burn unit. Gel fuel burns, though rare, can result in deep and extensive injuries, especially affecting the hands, face, and upper body. The cases presented highlight the severity of such burns and the challenges in their management, including respiratory complications and the need for early excision and grafting. Gel fuel burns, while infrequent in medical literature, pose significant risks and require specialized care. Further research and possibly regulatory measures may be warranted to mitigate these risks and prevent severe injuries.
Field evaluation of female- and male-targeted traps for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Howse Elliot T , van Klinken Rieks D , Beeton Nicholas J , Spafford Helen , James Kim P , Hill Matthew P
Published: June 2024

Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a globally significant economic pest for which lure based trapping can be used to monitor established populations and for surveillance. Either female- or male-targeted traps can be used; however, recommendations on which to apply are inconsistent and many programs rely on male-targeted traps. Here, we compare the performance of male-targeted traps (Lynfield Trap with Trimedlure) and female-targeted traps (Biotrap Globe trap with the 3-component lure—TMA Plus) in apple orchards in south-west Western Australia over 2 years (September 2019 to September 2021). Male-targeted traps caught more Medflies overall than female-targeted traps, although the difference was minor. However, female-targeted traps were better at attracting Medfly early in the season when populations were small; and were more likely to capture at least one fly when their paired male-targeted trap caught none. Conversely, male-targeted traps were more likely to capture Medflies late in the season and were more likely to catch high numbers of Medflies. Consequently, female-targeted traps may be better at detecting Medfly early in the season, and male-targeted traps may be better at detecting Medfly abundance late in the season, at least in apple orchards. Our results suggest that either or both trap-types could be used for monitoring Medfly populations, with the optimal solution being dependent on the intended application.
Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma hamatum against Neocosmospora solani
Authors: Hu Xian , Shi Hongan , Zhang Zhilin , Bai Cuihua
Published: June 2024

Neocosmospora solani causes Fusarium wilt disease and root rot, which are serious problems worldwide. To determine the growth inhibition of Neocosmospora solani by Trichoderma hamatum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the major chemical components of Trichoderma hamatum VOCs and the differences in their contents at different times were analysed, and the activity of these components was evaluated. The antifungal activity of Trichoderma hamatum was measured by a screening test, as Trichoderma hamatum exhibited strong antagonism against Neocosmospora solani in vitro. The double plate technique was used to verify the activity of Trichoderma hamatum VOCs, and the inhibition rate was 63.77%. Neocosmospora solani mycelia were uneven and expanded, the contents of the cells leaked, and the mycelia shrank and presented a diaphragm in the hyphae upon Trichoderma hamatum VOCs treatment. Trichoderma hamatum VOCs and their contents at different times were analysed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one clearly presented in greater amounts than the other components on day 3, 4, 5, and 6. VOCs from Trichoderma hamatum exhibited evident effects on the percentage of healthy fruit after day 3. Moreover, Trichoderma hamatum can improve the biological control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens, and can be applied in biocontrol fields.
Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy versus Sham Surgery for a Degenerative Meniscal Tear
Authors: Majed Khan Akib , Edmund Bourke Henry
Published: June 2024

A trial was performed to determine the efficacy of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy compared to sham arthroscopy in thirty-five- to sixty-five-year-old patients with degenerate medial meniscal tears and no osteoarthritis (OA). Primary outcomes were the Lysholm score, Western Ontario Meniscal Evaluation Tool (WOMET) score, and knee pain after exercise at twelve-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the same three primary outcome measures at two and six months, a quality of life measurement tool, and knee pain at rest at twelve months. No statistically significant differences existed in primary or secondary outcomes between both groups. The findings, limitations, and other relevant work are discussed in this chapter.
Timing for Surgery for Hip Fractures
Authors: Coffey Duncan , Ahluwalia Raju
Published: June 2024

This study was published in 2009 and systematically reviewed published research to find the optimum time for surgical intervention in patients with hip fractures. Fifty-two studies, with 291 413 patients, were identified for inclusion. The measured outcomes were mortality, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and percentage of patients discharged home. No randomized control studies were identified. The optimum study methodology was prospective, excluded patients medically optimized for surgery, and adjusted for confounding factors. Of three studies identified with the optimum methodology, early surgery reduced the length of stay in two studies and mortality and medical complications in one study each.
Fracture Fixation in the Operative Management of Hip Fracture (FAITH)
Authors: Dalrymple James , Sinha Sanjay
Published: June 2024

Neck of femur fractures are the most common serious injury in older people. They are associated with a high level of cost to health systems. This cost to the health service can be increased by high reoperation rates for neck of femur fracture patients. The FAITH trial attempts to identify the impact of utilizing sliding hip screws or cancellous screws on reoperation rates in this population. This chapter will describe, analyze, and critique this trial and its application to everyday practice.
Surgical versus Nonsurgical Treatment of Adults with Displaced Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
Authors: Sabharwal Sanjeeve , Reilly Peter
Published: June 2024

The Proximal Fracture of the Humerus Evaluation by Randomization (PROFHER) trial was a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial that compared nonoperative and operative management for adult patients with a displaced proximal humerus fracture. With two years of follow-up on patients in each arm of the trial, the outcome measures included the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), Short Form-12 (SF-12), complication rates, subsequent therapies, and death. The authors found that at two years following a shoulder fracture, there was no difference in outcomes between patients managed nonoperatively and those managed surgically.
Treating Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Magill Henry , Sinnett Tim
Published: June 2024

This meta-analysis identifies and summarizes twelve randomized controlled trials. The effectiveness of various management options for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture was evaluated across 800 subjects. Operative (open or minimally invasive) and nonoperative (casting or functional bracing) interventions were compared. Open surgical repair was associated with a lower risk of rerupture when compared to all nonoperative options. Open repair was also associated with a higher risk of surgical complications. However, when performed percutaneously, this was associated with a lower complication rate. Additionally, early postoperative mobilization was associated with lower complications than subjects managed in a cast.
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty versus Hemiarthroplasty for Acute Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Page Piers , Sugand Kapil , Dhir Rishi
Published: June 2024

Complex fractures of the proximal humerus are challenging to treat, and even more so in older patients due to restrictions in mobility, dependence on walking aids, and longer recovery times. In a group where fixation may be more prone to failure, joint replacement may be a reasonable option. While hemiarthroplasty has often been the standard of care, there is an increasing acceptance of reverse shoulder arthroplasty as an option. This chapter appraises a trial comparing these two interventions in older patients. This study randomized 62 patients aged over the age of 70 years with complex proximal humeral fractures to either hemiarthroplasty or reverse shoulder replacement. Patients in the arthroplasty group had better outcome scores, forward elevation, and abduction but relatively short follow-up.
Surgery versus Physical Therapy for a Meniscal Tear and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Al-Dadah Khalid , El-Tawil Sherif
Published: June 2024

Meniscal tears in the knee are a common pathology and often occur concurrently with osteoarthritic changes. A diagnostic challenge is whether or not to address the meniscal tear surgically in a patient with degenerative changes within the knee. A multicenter and randomized controlled trial is presented with 351 patients aged older than forty-years years presenting with symptomatic meniscal tears and evidence of mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) on imaging. Group one received arthroscopic meniscectomy and physiotherapy. Group two received physiotherapy alone. The primary outcome was the change in WOMAC physical function score between baseline and six months. Secondary outcomes included WOMAC scores at three and twelve months, KOOS scores, and SF-36 scores. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups.
Does Delaying Surgery Increase Mortality for Patients with Hip Fracture?
Authors: Wharton Rupert , Ibrahim Edward
Published: June 2024

The National Institute of Clinical Excellence advises surgery on the day of or day after admission for patients aged greater than 65 years with hip fracture, but the data supporting this, and the maximum acceptable delay to surgery, is disputed. The largest study informing this recommendation was published by Bottle and Aylin after analyzing just under 130,000 hip fractures from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. In a retrospective study referencing UK-wide data collected at the start of the new millennium, they linked an increased rate of in-hospital mortality to a surgical delay of more than a day during the same admission or within 30 days in patients aged over 65 years admitted from home with hip fractures. This study highlights the argument that hip fracture surgery should be expedited.
Comorbidities Predisposing to Failure of Intracapsular Hip Fracture Fixation
Authors: Burns Sophia , Mellor Simon
Published: June 2024

This prospective study assessed the association between medical comorbidities and surgical outcomes in patients under sixty years of age undergoing displaced intracapsular neck of femur fracture fixation. Of 122 patients, 32% required revision surgery, comparable with existing data. Loss of fixation was the most common cause for failure (13.1%), followed by avascular necrosis (11.5%) and nonunion (7.4%). Renal disease, respiratory disease, liver disease, and alcohol excess were the factors most predictive of failure of fixation, yet alcohol abuse was the most statistically significant factor (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that arthroplasty should be considered in cases where one or more of these comorbidities are present.
Surgery versus Orthosis versus Watchful Waiting for Hallux Valgus
Authors: Anne Lyle Shirley , Patel Shelain
Published: June 2024

This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of surgical and orthotic treatment with no treatment in patients with a hallux valgus deformity. It randomly assigned patients with mild to moderate hallux valgus to either surgery, orthotic treatment, or watchful waiting. It was conducted across four hospitals in Finland between 1997 and 1998. At one year of follow-up, 83%, 46%, and 24% patients in the surgery, orthotic treatment, and watchful waiting groups respectively thought they had improved compared with baseline. Patients treated with surgery reported less pain intensity, fewer days in pain, fewer problems with footwear, and better function and satisfaction.