bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deficient Uracil Base Excision Repair Leads to Persistent dUMP in HIV Proviruses During Infection of Monocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Meshesha Mesfin , Esadze Alexandre , Cui Junru , Churgulia Natela , Sahu Sushil Kumar , Stivers James
Published: January 2020

Background Non-dividing cells of the myeloid lineage such as monocytes and macrophages are target cells of HIV that have low dNTP pool concentrations and elevated levels of dUTP, which leads to frequent incorporation of dUMP opposite to A during reverse transcription (“uracilation”). One factor determining the fate of dUMP in proviral DNA is the host cell uracil base excision repair (UBER) system. Here we explore the relative UBER capacity of monocytes (MC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and the fate of integrated uracilated viruses in both cell types to understand the implications of viral dUMP on HIV diversification and infectivity.Results We find that monocytes are almost completely devoid of functional UBER, while macrophages are mainly deficient in the initial enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG2). Accordingly, dUMP persists in viral DNA during the lifetime of a MC and can only be removed after differentiation of MC into MDM. Overexpression of human uracil DNA glycosylase in MDM prior to infection resulted in rapid removal of dUMP from HIV cDNA and near complete depletion of dUMP-containing viral copies. This finding establishes that the low hUNG2 expression level in these cells limits UBER but that hUNG2 is restrictive against uracilated viruses. In contrast, overexpression of hUNG2 after viral integration did not accelerate the excision of uracils, suggesting that they may poorly accessible in the context of chromatin. We found that viral DNA molecules with incorporated dUMP contained unique (+) strand transversion mutations that were not observed when dUMP was absent (G→T, T→A, T→G, A→C). These observations and other considerations suggest that dUMP introduces errors predominantly during (-) strand synthesis when the template is RNA. These mutations may arise from the increased mispairing and duplex destabilizing effects of dUMP relative to dTMP during reverse transcription. Overall, the likelihood of producing a functional virus from in vitro infection of MC is about 50-fold and 300-fold reduced as compared to MDM and activated T cells.Conclusions The results implicate viral dUMP incorporation in MC and MDM as a potential viral diversification and restriction pathway during human HIV infection.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACIDOGENIC PERFORMANCE UNDER MICROAERATION CONDITION IN ANAEROBIC VINASSE TREATMENT
Authors: Budianto Gregorius Prima Indra , Sudjarwo Wisnu Arfian Anditya
Published: January 2020

Vinase anaerobic treatment is a one alternative process to treating vinasse. Microaeration is a one of process modification in anaerobic vinasse digestion that can improve the acidogenic performance. In this paper presents the influence microaeration in anaerobic vinasse treatment in kinetics aspect. The kinetics aspect was develop to approach and quantifying the effect of microaeration in anaerobic vinasse treatment systematically. Extract of cow dung was used as inoculums and vinasse 100 ppm as a substrate. Laboratory experiments using 4L vertical reactor (UASB) was conducted in 28 days and performed in batch recirculation mode. During the experiment, dosing air in different concentrations was injected in the slurry phase into different anaerobic digesters once a day. The variation of air concentrations are 0 L air/L feed; 0.5 L air/L feed; and 100 L air/L feed. As the result, the addition of 0.5 Lair/L feed could increase biodegradability (k=-5.7239) and accelerate acidogenesis phase (μm1=2.03/day) that can be proven by the percentage of VS removal reaching up to 77% and cuts the lag phase (λ=1.028 days) and HRT making it shorter.
DECOLORIZATION OF VAT VIOLET 1 DYE FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER USING BIOFILM OF FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM
Authors: Wevriandini Lestari
Published: January 2020

The increasing of textile industries creates a critical need for a proper treatment plan to control and minimize possibilities of contaminants and toxic compounds being released to the environment. One of such approach that is often being researched is the utilization of biofilm for treating industrial waste, and among those is about the use of fungal and bacterial consortium. This research was conducted to examine and acquire a more stable biofilm formed by prime fungal and bacterial consortium for the decolorization process in textile wastewater treatment. Isolates were selected by examining their decolorization capability, antagonistic interaction, and mixed culture formation (consortium). The selection continued with biofilm forming in material plastic LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene). Superior consortium from bacteria and fungi in form of biofilm in material plastic LLDPE then applied for Vat Violet 1 dye from textile industrial waste water. The selection resulted in two superior fungal isolates coded as strain JYGC1 and K2; and three bacterial isolates coded as strain ATA6, PK29, and PK65. These isolates were then combined to form biofilm on the surface of a plastic material and examined for their applicability to decolorize wastewater containing Vat Violet 1 on varied pH condition of 5, 7, and 8. Biofilm of regular thickness was formed by the fungal bacterial consortium and capable of increasing the rate of decolorization activity. Biomass yield before and after application to the wastewater is highest on pH 7, at 0.66 g and 0.45 g. The thickness and biomass corresponds with decolorization activity, which is also highest on pH 7, with deviation of 1.155 between before and after application; much higher than that of without biofilm application at 0.714.
NITROGEN REMOVAL IN THE ANAMMOX BIOFILM REACTOR USING PALM FIBER AS CARRIER IN TROPICAL TEMPERATURE OPERATION
Authors: Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini , Nur Ansiha , Ermaliza Wina
Published: January 2020

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is the process of converting ammonium directly into nitrogen gas with nitrite as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. This process is more effective than conventional nitrification-denitrification but is very dependent on several parameters, one of which is temperature. The optimum temperature range for the growth of anammox bacteria is 30-400C. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficiency of nitrogen removal by anammox process using palm fibers in the Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor in the tropical temperature. The experiment was conducted at a laboratory scale with a variation of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 24 h and 12 h using artificial wastewater. The reactor was inoculated with anammox granule genus Candidatus Brocadia. The concentration of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in the influent and effluent were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer based on standard method. Based on the experiment, the ratio ΔNH4+-N:ΔNO2--N and ΔNO3--N:ΔNH4+-N similar with stoichiometric of anammox. The maximum Nitrogen removal performance (NRT) achieved 0.11 kg-N/m3.d at Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR) 0.14 kg-N/m3.d and 0.20 kg-N/m3.d at NLR 0.29 kg-N/m3.d. The removal efficiency for Ammonium Conversion Efficiency (ACE) and Nitrogen Removal Efficiency (NRE) in HRT 24 h were 79% and 76%, respectively while decreased in HRT 12 h were 72% and 69%, respectively. Anammox process can be applied in the tropical temperature at a laboratory scale using a UASB reactor with palm fiber as the carrier.
Los insecticidas y el control de plagas agrícolas: la magnitud de su uso en cultivos de algunas provincias de Ecuador: la magnitud de su uso en cultivos de algunas provincias de Ecuador
Authors: Chirinos Dorys T , Castro Rossana , Cun Jorge , Castro Jessenia , Peñarrieta Bravo Soraya , Solis Leonardo , Geraud-Pouey Francis
Published: January 2020

En el control de plagas agrícolas, los insecticidas representan la principal alternativa disponible. Para analizar la magnitud de su uso, se realizaron 539 entrevistas a agricultotes en los siguientes cultivos: Cucurbitaceae: melón, Cucumis melo L. y sandía, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), Fabaceae: frijol, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Solanaceae: papa, Solanum tuberosum L., pimiento, Capsicum annuum L. y tomate, Solanum lycopersicum L., ubicados en las provincias: Chimborazo, El Oro, Guayas, Loja y Santa Elena. Se recabó información sobre plagas importantes, tipo de manejo y si resultaba plaguicida químico, se consignaba: nombre genérico, ingrediente activo, toxicidad aguda, dosificación aplicada, frecuencia de aspersiones, períodos de carencia y mezclas de productos. El total de los entrevistados manifestó utilizar mezclas de insecticidas, generalmente elevando las dosificaciones recomendadas sin tomar en cuenta los periodos de carencia. Además, señalaron realizar 2,6; 1,1; 0,5; 2,0 y 2,8 aspersiones semanales promedios para cucurbitáceas (melón y sandía), frijol, papa, pimiento y tomate, respectivamente. Las plagas principales mencionadas fueron: áfidos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en cucurbitáceas y pimiento, Liriomyza spp. en frijol (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Premnotrypes vorax (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en papa y Prodiplosis longifila Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) en tomate. Aproximadamente el 80% de los insecticidas utilizados pertenecen a las Clase I y II. Los resultados indicaron altas frecuencias de aspersiones, dosificaciones elevadas y alta toxicidad para vertebrados en los insecticidas usados. Dado el impacto de los insecticidas, es necesario estudiar los desequilibrios en los agroecosistemas, efectos en salud y ambiente, así como validar alternativas ecológicas y socioeconómicamente más racionales.
Medios de enraizamiento y aplicación de auxinas en la producción de plántulas de fresa
Authors: Juárez-Rosete Cecilia Rocío , Aguilar-Castillo Juan Apolinar , Bugarín-Montoya Rubén , Aburto-González Circe Aidín , Alejo Santiago Gelacio
Published: January 2020

La producción de plántulas de fresa con cepellón es una tecnología de propagación poco difundida con la que se pueden obtener plantas vigorosas, sanas y productivas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de cuatro sustratos y la aplicación de auxinas en la propagación de plántulas de fresa. El experimento se realizó en condiciones de malla sombra, estableciendo estolones primarios de fresa cultivar Chandler en recipientes de poliestireno con alveolos de 118 ml, y se colocó estolón por recipiente. Los tratamientos consistieron en la evaluación de cuatro tipos de sustratos: perlita, pumita, turba y agua) con aplicación de AIB y sin aplicación de AIB. Se realizaron tres muestreos destructivos a los 42, 58 y 72 días después del establecimiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones en arreglo factorial. Se evaluó el porcentaje de mortandad, altura de planta, diámetro de corona, número de hojas, área foliar, peso fresco y seco del vástago y raíz, calidad del cepellón. Se determinó que el tipo de sustrato influye en el crecimiento de raíz y dosel vegetal, siendo en el sustrato pumita en el que se obtuvieron plántulas de mayor calidad. En general, la aplicación exógena de la auxina no favoreció el desarrollo de las plántulas durante el periodo evaluado.
Espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica aplicada al control de la calidad en la industria alimentaria
Authors: Caicedo-Eraso Julio César , Díaz-Arango Félix Octavio , Osorio-Alturo Andrea
Published: January 2020

La espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica (EIE) es una técnica que permite analizar las propiedades eléctricas de materiales, incluso biológicos, al inducir señales eléctricas alternas a diferentes frecuencias y medir las señales de respuesta. Se ha utilizado para determinar la madurez en frutos, identificar adulteraciones en productos cárnicos y lácteos, determinar propiedades físico-químicas en todo tipo de matrices alimentarias e incluso para cuantificar microorganismos presentes en alimentos y en superficies de trabajo. Esta técnica es segura, no invasiva, rápida, portátil, de bajo costo y fácil de usar; lo que la convierte en un método con un gran potencial ser usado en la industria de alimentos para monitorear y controlar los procesos de calidad. La presente revisión sistemática recopila información científica publicada entre el año 2012 y 2018 que describe el uso EIE aplicada al control de calidad de alimentos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Springer y también en el buscador Google académico mediante la estrategia: Spectroscopy electrical impedance AND Foods. Aplicando una serie de filtros y una búsqueda manual se encontraron 53 artículos y una tesis relacionados con la temática. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudios se centran en la evaluación de calidad de productos cárnicos y pesqueros, así como en la caracterización de los cambios generados durante los procesos térmicos y maduración de frutas.
Barriers to Working With National Health Service England’s Open Data (Preprint)
Authors: Bacon Seb , Goldacre Ben
Published: January 2020

UNSTRUCTURED

Open data is information made freely available to third parties in structured formats without restrictive licensing conditions, permitting commercial and noncommercial organizations to innovate. In the context of National Health Service (NHS) data, this is intended to improve patient outcomes and efficiency. EBM DataLab is a research group with a focus on online tools which turn our research findings into actionable monthly outputs. We regularly import and process more than 15 different NHS open datasets to deliver OpenPrescribing.net, one of the most high-impact use cases for NHS England’s open data, with over 15,000 unique users each month. In this paper, we have described the many breaches of best practices around NHS open data that we have encountered. Examples include datasets that repeatedly change location without warning or forwarding; datasets that are needlessly behind a “CAPTCHA” and so cannot be automatically downloaded; longitudinal datasets that change their structure without warning or documentation; near-duplicate datasets with unexplained differences; datasets that are impossible to locate, and thus may or may not exist; poor or absent documentation; and withholding of data for dubious reasons. We propose new open ways of working that will support better analytics for all users of the NHS. These include better curation, better documentation, and systems for better dialogue with technical teams.
Exploraciones morfológicas y modelos espaciales. asimilación arquitectural e implicancias para el trabajo docente
Authors: Cañete Islas Omar
Published: January 2020

A continuación, se presenta un modo de trabajo pedagógico en base a la modelación de formas irregulares, asociadas a procesos de fragmentación vectorial escalar, pero asimilados desde criterios arquitecturales. Esto permite, dentro del paradigma de las formas puras, propio de la arquitectura moderna, trabajar de modo continuo, estructuras morfológicas disimiles que abarcan desde líneas vectoriales abiertas y/o cerradas, modelos poliédricos, ensambles, gradientes, texturas y tramas morfológicas de landscape, junto a los diversos cambios de escala y magnitud entre formas y combinatorias posibles. Se presenta así, fruto de una sistematización de experiencias docentes éstos últimos años, la base de un modelo de trabajo con alumnos de la carrera de arquitectura desde una aproximación morfológico-procedimental, donde se incluye criterios y variables ordenados según niveles y tipos de complejidad del proceso de modelación.
La certificación profesional para el ejercicio de la Arquitectura en la Nueva España: El Examen de Maestría
Authors: Cortés Rocha Xavier
Published: January 2020

Desde la segunda mitad del siglo xvi, hasta el establecimiento de la edu- cación formal en la Academia de San Carlos, el sistema gremial, con su estructura y organización, jerarquía y autoridades, rigió la actividad de los constructores en la Nueva España. El examen para obtener el grado de maestro era el único procedimiento que habilitaba para el ejercicio de la profesión. Tenía por objeto que el sustentante demostrara sus conoci- mientos y capacidad para ponerlos en práctica. De aprobarlo se otorga- ba la Carta de Examen, constancia expedida por la autoridad, que debía ser aceptada por cualquier institución del reino y permitía el ejercicio li- bre de la profesión. Las Ordenanzas de Albañilería fueron el marco legal; establecían puntualmente aquello que el examinando debía demostrar. El Cabildo era la institución encargada de que se cumplieran. Al aprobar el examen, el maestro obtenía facultades exclusivas como poner un ta- ller, tomar trabajos por su cuenta y realizar tasaciones o avalúos.

La arquitectura, formaba parte de un conjunto de disciplinas rela- cionadas con la construcción: entre ellas la albañilería, la cantería y la carpintería. Por sus orígenes, la arquitectura tenía tratamiento de o cio, de arte mecánica. Sin embargo, durante la primera parte del siglo xviii, en plena Ilustración, hubo intentos para restablecer Arquitectura como denominación de la actividad y considerarla como un arte liberal y no un arte mecánico

En esta investigación se analiza el proceso de regulación del o cio de arquitecto y su relación con el desarrollo de la arquitectura novohispana.
La protección de los datos personales ante el Tribunal Constitucional español
Authors: Aguado Renedo César
Published: January 2020

El trabajo expone la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional español sobre la protección de datos personales, siguiendo un criterio tanto cronológico como sustancial. Trata, primero, de su “invención” como derecho fundamental por dicho Tribunal, puesto que la Constitución Española no lo contempla explícitamente; luego, de su regulación, con las alusiones al derecho internacional, en particular al derecho comunitario europeo, que resultan imprescindibles para entender su “generación” por el máximo intérprete de la Constitución, con referencia a los dos instrumentos principales en la práctica para velar por la salvaguarda de los datos personales. Conforme a la regulación vigente en cada momento, se da cuenta de los recursos de amparo resueltos por el Tribunal Constitucional hasta la fecha de redacción del trabajo, apuntando la mayor restricción en las últimas decisiones del Tribunal en relación con las reclamaciones recibidas por dicho motivo.
El juez constitucional colombiano como legislador positivo: ¿un gobierno de los jueces?
Authors: López Daza Germán Alfonso
Published: January 2020

La justicia constitucional en el mundo ha presentado una notable evolución y Colombia no ha sido ajena a esta tendencia global. Desde su entrada en funcionamiento en 1992, la Corte Constitucional colombiana ha sido protagonista del desarrollo de la carta de 1991, hasta tal punto que ha llegado a afectar notablemente, presupuestos básicos intocables del anterior régimen legal, como la seguridad jurídica. Bajo los postulados de la defensa de la Constitución, del Estado social de derecho y de los derechos fundamentales, la jurisprudencia del tribunal constitucional colombiano ha enfrentado decisiones tomadas por los otros poderes y por jueces y magistrados, lo que ha generado el apelativo de gobierno de los jueces.
La probable inejecución de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Salgado Ledesma Eréndira
Published: January 2020

En el ámbito internacional han evolucionado las obligaciones pactadas en los diversos instrumentos en materia de derechos humanos y los parámetros de interpretación y protección de los organismos que velan por su eficacia. Y si bien la suscripción de un tratado y el sometimiento a la jurisdicción de la Corte Interamericana son decisiones que un Estado adopta de forma potestativa en ejercicio de su soberanía; una vez signado aquél y aceptada ésta, el tribunal queda facultado para contrastar si se cumplen las obligaciones contraídas. En caso negativo dicta una sentencia reparadora, definitiva e inatacable. Ocasionalmente las reglas y criterios que rigen su actividad contenciosa son cuestionados; se argumenta incertidumbre en su competencia y extralimitación en sus atribuciones, pese a ello sus fallos se acatan. Sin embargo, Venezuela recién exploró un inusual recurso ante su Corte Suprema para inobservar una sentencia dictada en su contra.
La praxis de los derechos humanos en México a partir de la reforma constitucional de junio de 2011
Authors: Ramírez García Hugo , Sánchez Barroso José Antonio
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se describen los antecedentes y el contenido de la reforma a la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en materia de derechos humanos de junio de 2011, y se formulan una serie de razonamientos críticos a la misma a partir del significado práctico que se ha reconocido a la dignidad humana, como principio práctico fundamental.
El primer Congreso Constituyente mexicano
Authors: Soberanes Fernández José Luis
Published: January 2020

En el presente trabajo se describe uno de los momentos más difíciles de la historia constitucional de México, por no decir el más difícil, que va desde la Consumación de la Independencia Nacional del 27 de septiembre de 1821 al 30 de noviembre de 1823 en que clausuró sus sesiones el Primer Congreso Constituyente. Fue cuando se erigió el Imperio de Iturbide y su ocaso, en consecuencia triunfó la república y se planteó seriamente el federalismo. Se eligió ese primer constituyente, se clausuró, apareció la Junta Nacional Instituyente, triunfó la Revolución de Casa Mata, se cerró la mencionada Junta y se reabrió el Congreso, para convocar el Segundo Constituyente y cesar en definitiva.
Control parlamentario y convergencia entre presidencialismo y parlamentarismo
Authors: García Roca Javier
Published: January 2020

Es posible comparar presidencialismo y parlamentarismo en materia de controles parlamentarios. Sin control parlamentario, no puede existir democracia representativa. Las normas constitucionales y de los Reglamentos ya reflejan ya esa tendencia en Iberoamérica. Esta conclusión lleva a que el clásico debate sobre ambos sistemas de gobierno deba contemplarse de una manera distinta. El presidencialismo originario estadounidense es antiguo y difícilmente exportable. Existe actualmente un continuum en el binomio presidencialismo/ parlamentarismo con diferencias de grado. Se advierten tres tendencias: la presidencialización del parlamentarismo europeo, la parlamentarización del presidencialismo iberoamericano, e influencias recíprocas entre los Reglamentos parlamentarios. Pluripartidismo extremado, representación proporcional, y un entendimiento absolutista de la separación de poderes presidencial, que impida los controles parlamentarios, son rasgos incompatibles. La solución está en abandonar ese entendimiento absolutista. La idea de que el Presidente debe responder de forma diferida y directa ante el electorado hace imposible mecanismos de control- responsabilidad política de su figura, pero puede bastar con reforzar los de fiscalización para construir checks and balances.
La Auditoría Superior de la Federación y la conformación del Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción
Authors: Gutiérrez Salazar Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar en torno a la creciente importancia que ha tomado la labor de fiscalización realizada por la Auditoría Superior de la Federación (ASF) en México. El autor expone una serie de retos que habrá de enfrentar la ASF en el contexto del vigente Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción (SNA). En el trabajo se revisa la composición y forma de funcionamiento del SNA, aludiendo al papel que habrá de desempeñar la ASF para erigirse en eje rector sustantivo. El autor ofrece una propuesta de consolidación y evolución del SNA hacia un pleno Sistema Nacional de Rendición de Cuentas. Además, el autor expone el modelo de fiscalización alemán como ejemplo de una entidad fiscalizadora de calidad y, finalmente, concluye con una serie de propuestas que tienen como finalidad fortalecer a la ASF en su desempeño como pilar sustantivo de la rendición de cuentas y el combate a la corrupción en México.
Del control de constitucionalidad en Cuba. Propuestas necesarias
Authors: Prieto Valdés Martha
Published: January 2020

El control de la constitucionalidad de las leyes y demás disposiciones generales siempre es un tema de interés por esa mezcla de política, derecho, seguridad jurídica y justicia que el mismo implica; como medio de asegurar al poder, de ponerle límites y de brindar la vía para la instrumentación constitucional de los postulados superiores y sus contenidos. Pero también es cierto que no hay un modelo único y la mirada a Cuba permite mostrar una diversidad de fórmulas posibles, de avances y retrocesos, de las que se bebe para sustentar estas propuestas para la instrumentación efectiva del control político actual, aún por despertar. También se hacen otras sugerencias pensando la reforma constitucional, que habrá de adoptar modelos dinámicos en pos de salvaguardar efectivamente la supremacía constitucional y la justicia en una sociedad que se ha asentado en los valores de “bienestar individual y colectivo”.
Convex optimization using quantum oracles
Authors: van Apeldoorn Joran , Gilyén András , Gribling Sander , de Wolf Ronald
Published: January 2020

We study to what extent quantum algorithms can speed up solving convex optimization problems. Following the classical literature we assume access to a convex set via various oracles, and we examine the efficiency of reductions between the different oracles. In particular, we show how a separation oracle can be implemented using O~(1) quantum queries to a membership oracle, which is an exponential quantum speed-up over the Ω(n) membership queries that are needed classically. We show that a quantum computer can very efficiently compute an approximate subgradient of a convex Lipschitz function. Combining this with a simplification of recent classical work of Lee, Sidford, and Vempala gives our efficient separation oracle. This in turn implies, via a known algorithm, that O~(n) quantum queries to a membership oracle suffice to implement an optimization oracle (the best known classical upper bound on the number of membership queries is quadratic). We also prove several lower bounds: Ω(n) quantum separation (or membership) queries are needed for optimization if the algorithm knows an interior point of the convex set, and Ω(n) quantum separation queries are needed if it does not.
A barbárie da cultura: a dimensão pré-trágica de hugo mãe segundo Verlaine Freitas
Authors: Duarte Pedro
Published: January 2020

Na leitura feita por Verlaine Freitas do romance o remorso de baltazar serapião, de valter hugo mãe, os personagens são designados como pré-trágicos. Para ele, a tragédia seria a etapa de passagem (ali faltosa) da barbárie à civilização. Sugiro neste artigo que, tomando por base essa leitura, o problema em jogo no romance de hugo mãe é menos a oposição entre barbárie e civilização do que o nó que enlaça cada uma das diferentes cordas aí tensionadas: a cultura e a natureza.
Efeito de inibidores de proteases na atividade enzimática de Coccus viridis em Coffea arabica
Authors: Chávez Cristian Yizard Lizardo , Cordeiro Gláucia , Silva Carolina Rocha da , Silva Camila Rocha da , Campos Wellington Garcia , Oliveira Maria Goreti de Almeida
Published: January 2020

A cultura do café no Brasil tem muita importância econômica e relevância no setor social. É possível que as injurias causadas pelo inseto Coccus viridis (cochonilha-verde) seja um dos motivos da redução de sua produtividade. As plantas, ao serem injuriadas, são capazes de aumentar a síntese de inibidores de proteases (IPs) por toda sua extensão. Estudos demonstraram que insetos alimentados com plantas previamente pulverizadas com inibidores sintéticos têm seu desenvolvimento afetado. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos inibidores de proteases sintéticos, benzamidina e berenil, sobre a atividade proteolítica intestinal de C. viridis. Plantas de Coffea arabica foram infestadas com ninfas de C. viridis e pulverizadas com benzamidina e berenil, em quatro diferentes concentrações: 0; 0,25%; 0,5% e 0,75% (p/v). A resposta bioquímica do inseto foi avaliada após 24 horas da pulverização, coletando-se os insetos. A atividade das serino-proteases tripsina-like (amidásica e esterásica) e quimotripsina-like esterásica foi reduzida pela presença dos inibidores. O mesmo se obteve em relação à atividade das cisteíno-proteases.
The efficiency of canal cleaning with reciprocating movements instruments - SEM study
Authors: Zivkovic Slavoljub , Neskovic Jelena , Popovic-Bajic Marijana , Medojevic-Jovanovic Milica
Published: January 2020

Introduction/Objective. The application of nickel?titanium (NiTi) instruments in cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is a standard and a precondition for the success of endodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis in order to examine the efficiency of cleaning the apical third of the root canal system using two different NiTi systems with reciprocating movements. Methods. The study included 20 single-rooted teeth (premolars) divided into two groups. In group 1, the canal preparation was realized with a single file UNICONE with reciprocating movements (MEDIN, Inc., Nove M?sto na Morav?, Czech Republic), and in group 2, with ? RECIPROC BLUE instrument with reciprocating movements (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany). The same quantities of 2% NaOCl solution and 17% EDTA solution were used as irrigation solutions. The samples prepared for SEM analysis of the smear layer in the apical third were evaluated on a scale of 1?5 and at a magnification of 1,000?. Results. SEM analysis pointed to mostly clean canal walls in the apical segment in both tested groups. Slightly cleaner walls were observed after the application of the UNICONE file (78%) compared to the samples of the second group, where the instrumentation was realized by the RECIPROC BLUE file (76%), but without statistically significant differences. Conclusion. Single-file reciprocating systems do not remove the smear layer completely, but provide efficient cleaning of the apical region of the canal.
Experimental study on production and emission characteristics of PM2.5 from industrial fluidized bed boilers
Authors: Zhang Songsong , Du Qian , Qi Guoli
Published: January 2020

Particle size distributions, concentrations, morphological characteristics, and elemental compositions of eight fluidized bed boilers with different capacities and different dust collectors were determined experimentally. The PM2.5 particle concentration and mass concentration were monitored in real-time before and after the boiler dust collector by electric low pressure impactor, and the physical and chemical properties of PM2.5 were analyzed by membrane sampling. We found that the PM2.5 particle concentration produced by industrial fluidized bed boilers displayed bimodal distributions, peaking at 0.2 ?m and 0.76 ?m, the formed mechanism of these two parts particles is vaporization-condensation of mineral matter and residual ash particles and the adsorbent wear or tear. Mass concentration exhibits a single peak characteristic with a peak at 0.12 ?m. The removal efficiency for PM2.5 of dust collectors varies with different dust removal mechanisms. The electrostatic precipitator and bag filter have high dust removal efficiency, and the water film dust collector has low dust removal efficiency. The normal operation of the bag filter has a great influence on the dust removal efficiency. The physical and chemical properties of PM2.5 showed that the single-particle morphology was mainly composed of irregular particles, containing a small amount of solid spherical particles and more agglomerates. The content of Si and Al in PM2.5 elemental analysis is the highest, which decreases after a dust collector. Some fluidized bed boilers use desulfurization in the furnace, which has great influence on the mass concentration of Ca and S elements, and the lowest Hg content in trace elements, about a few ppm.

 This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/TSCI200901242E
Cost prediction on fabricated substation considering support vector machine via optimized quantum particle swarm optimization
Authors: Xiong Yi , Ming Yue , Liao Xiaohong , Xiong Chuanyu , Wen Wu , Xiong Zhiwei , Li Lie , Sun Lipin , Zhou Qiupeng , Zou Yuxin , Guo Ting , Ma Li , Liao Shuang
Published: January 2020

At present, the prediction of the life cycle cost of fabricated substation is of great significance for the construction of fabricated substation. An enhanced prediction model based on quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) via least squares support vector machine is established. The relevant characteristic index of the life cycle of the fabricated substation is used as the input of the model, and the output is the life cycle cost. The simulation results are compared with the prediction results of QPSO optimized least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), PSO optimized LS-SVM, traditional LS-SVM, and backpropagation neural network, which shows that the QPSO optimized LS-SVM model has better prediction accuracy, can predict and evaluate the life cycle cost more quickly, and can improve the benefits of fabricated substation construction.
Using molten-salt energy storage to decrease the minimum operation load of the coal-fired power plant
Authors: Fu Yiwei , Ning Zhe , Ge Weichun , Fan Qingwei , Zhou Guiping , Ma Tingshan
Published: January 2020

As the renewable energy fluctuating in the power grid, the traditional coal-fired power plant needs to operate on the extremely low load, so as to increase the share of renewable energy. This paper deals with thermodynamic simulation and exergy analysis of the coal-fired power plant integrated with the molten-salt energy storage system to explore the potential of reducing the minimum operation load. A steady-state simulation was performed to obtain the thermodynamic properties of process streams in a subcritical 600 MW unit. The results indicated that with simple main steam and re-heat steam energy storage plan, the storage efficiencies are 39.4-42.9% and 51.3-51.4%, the minimum operation load would decrease by 27.2 MW, 10.6 MW, respectively. Exergy analysis shows that the exergy loss mainly comes from the throttling process and temperature difference in the phase-changer heat transfer process. With optimized Molten-salt energy storage plans, the storage efficiencies increase to 72.6% and 78% via lead the exhaust drains or steam into higher pressure points; the minimum operation load decreases by 35.1 MW and 3 MW, respectively. Moreover, with the coupled plan including both optimized main steam and re-heat steam energy storage system, the minimum operation load would decrease by 80.7 MW, and storage efficiency is 75.1%.
Combustion adjustment and operation optimiztion of a 240 t/h circulating fluidized bed boiler
Authors: Liu Xuemin , Zhang Songsong , Chang Yongqiang , Wang Zhongwei , Qi Guoli
Published: January 2020

The influence of main operating parameters on boiler performance was studied, such as bed pressure drop, primary air-flow and secondary air-flow. Combustion adjustment tests were carried out on a circulating fluidized bed boiler with rated capacity of 240 t/h. From the test results, it can be seen that the loss due to exit flue gas is the largest heat loss of the boiler, accounting for more than 70% of the total heat losses. For coal fired boilers, compared with the loss due to unburned solids, the loss due to unburned gases is quite small. The unburned carbon con-tent in bottom ash is far lower than the value in fly ash. The trend of CO concentration in the exit flue gas is similar to that of the unburned carbon content in fly ash. To achieve higher boiler efficiency, the bed pressure drop is suggested to be maintained in about 8.5-9.0 kPa and the oxygen content in exit flue gas around 4%. The NOx emission concentration usually presents a negative correlation with CO concentration in exit flue gas. Through combustion adjustment and operation optimization, the NOx emission can be decreased by about 30% without affecting the boiler efficiency.
Information Shocks and Corporate Cash Policies
Authors: Cheng C. S. Agnes , Huang Yuan , Li Xiao
Published: January 2020

We examine how information environment affects corporate cash policy by examining the change in cash holdings around two events that lead to exogenous change in information environment, namely the initial enforcement of insider trading laws (ITLs) and the mandatory adoption of IFRS in European Union (EU) countries. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that firms decrease their cash holdings after both events. The decrease in cash holdings is more pronounced for firms with higher precautionary savings demand and with more severe agency problems. Additional tests show that the sensitivity of investment to cash holdings declines after the two events, consistent with the notion that the benefit of cash holdings in mitigating underinvestment and the private benefit of overinvesting cash holdings reduce after the events. Overall, our findings provide evidence that information environment improvements have real decision effects.

JEL Classifications: M41; M48; G31.
The Offa’s Dyke Collaboratory and the Offa’s Dyke Journal
Authors: Williams Howard , Delaney Liam
Published: January 2020

Opening the first volume of a new open-access peer-reviewed academic publication, we are pleased to introduce the Offa’s Dyke Journal. This venture stems from the activities of the Offa’s Dyke Collaboratory, a research network founded in April 2017 to foster and support new research on the monuments and landscapes of the Anglo-Welsh borderlands and comparative studies of borderlands and frontiers from prehistory to the present. The proceedings of a series of academic and public-facing events have informed the character and direction of the Journal. Moreover, its establishment coincides with the Cadw/Historic England/Offa’s Dyke Association-funded Offa’s Dyke Conservation Management Plan as well as other new community and research projects on linear earthworks. Funded by the University of Chester and the Offa’s Dyke Association, and published online by JAS Arqueologia and print-distributed by Archaeopress, the journal aims to provide a resource for scholars, students and the wider public regarding the archaeology, heritage and history of the Welsh Marches and its linear monuments. It also delivers a much-needed venue for interdisciplinary studies from other times and places.
Adoption of municipal bylaw legislating mandatory helmet use for cyclists under the age of 18: impact on cycling and helmet use
Authors: Maurice Aurélie , Lavoie Michel , Hamel Denis , Riva Mylène
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Bicycle helmet use is recognized as an effective way to prevent head injuries in cyclists. A number of countries have introduced legislation to make helmets mandatory, but many object to this type of measure for fear that it could discourage people, particularly teenagers, from cycling. In 2011, the City of Sherbrooke adopted a bylaw requiring minors to wear a bicycle helmet. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of this bylaw on cycling and bicycle helmet use.

Methods

The impact of the bylaw was measured by comparing the evolution of bicycle helmet use among youth aged 12 to 17 years in the Sherbrooke area (n = 248) and in three control regions (n = 767), through the use of logistic regression analyses.

Results

Cycling rates remained stable in the Sherbrooke area (going from 49.9% to 53.8%) but decreased in the control regions (going from 59.1% to 46.3%). This difference in evolution shows that cycling rates increased in the Sherbrooke area after the adoption of the bylaw, compared to the control regions (odds ratio [OR] of the interaction term: 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–5.35). With respect to helmet use, a non–statistically significant upward trend was observed in the Sherbrooke area (going from 43.5% to 60.6%). This figure remained stable in the control regions (going from 41.5% to 41.9%). No significant difference was observed in the evolution of helmet use between the two groups (OR of the interaction term of 2.70; 95% CI: 0.67–10.83).

Conclusion

After the bylaw was adopted, bicycle use among youth aged 12 to 17 years in the Sherbrooke area remained stable and helmet used increased, though not significantly.
Adaptive Optical Systems in Air-Based Laser System. Analytical Review. Part 1. Current Status
Authors: Shanin Yu. I.
Published: January 2020

Aviation-based laser complex is a complex technical object. Among its systems, we analyse only an adaptive optical system and issues related to its performance, and show that the effectiveness of the complex without an adaptive system is small. The analysis was carried out in terms of systems that were developed in the United States.

Using the tilt corrector, an adaptive optics provides accurate tracking of the object. A deformable mirror performs correction of higher-order radiation wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence for incoming light and outgoing laser radiation. The advantages of onboard laser systems are the beam propagation at the speed of light and the low price of a shot. The disadvantages are that the target should be in line-of-sight and there is a negative influence of the atmosphere. Another negative influences are vibrations of the aircraft and the aero-optical problem because of output radiation. An assured thermal target kill is possible at the range of 3-10 km. A functional kill and suppression are capable at ranges of 102-103times longer than for the thermal target kill.

Among the programs for the development of an onboard laser in the USA, the YAL, ATL and ABL programs are considered. The YAL program is an attempt to intercept short-and medium-range missiles with a powerful laser. The ATL system was to be installed on a heavily armed ground support aircraft. An airborne laser (ABL) is a demonstration of the U.S. Air Force of a high-energy laser system designed to destroy missiles on their boost phase. Over 30 years and several tens of billions of dollars were expended to develop the systems. Unfortunately, all onboard laser development programs have been closed.

Experience of the flying laboratories is realized by Cessna Citations and Falcon 10s planes and is relevant, as it gives the chance to estimate adverse effects of aero-optics and vibrations directly in flight.

Among the problems that need to be solved when creating adaptive optics for an onboard laser, the following are highlighted:

-      loss of compensation capabilities;

-      thermal effects of laser radiation on optical elements;

-      creation of attenuators and radiation couplers;

-    mitigating the negative effects of the onboard platform on radiation;

-      operation reliability of the actuators of correction devices;

-      technological working off of the uncooled optical elements which are affected by powerful laser radiation.

For newly developed aviation-based laser systems, it is necessary to envision the niche in which their use will be most efficient.
Linear Differential Operators Invertible in the Integro-differential Sense
Authors: Chetverikov V. N.
Published: January 2020

The paper studies linear differential operators in derivatives with respect to one variable. Such operators include, in particular, operators defined on infinite prolongations of evolutionary systems of differential equations with one spatial variable. In this case, differential operators in total derivatives with respect to the spatial variable are considered. In parallel, linear differential operators with one independent variable are investigated. The known algorithms for reducing the matrix to a stepwise or diagonal form are generalized to the operator matrices of both types. These generalizations are useful at points, where the functions, into which the matrix components are divided when applying the algorithm, are nonzero.

In addition, the integral operator is defined as a multi-valued operator that is the right inverse of the total derivative. Linear operators that involve both the total derivatives and the integral operator are called integro-differential. An invertible operator in the integro-differential sense is an operator for which there exists a two-sided inverse integro-differential operator. A description of scalar differential operators that are invertible in this sense is obtained. An algorithm for checking the invertibility in the integro-differential sense of a differential operator and for constructing the inverse integro-differential operator is formulated.

The results of the work can be used to solve linear equations for matrix differential operators arising in the theory of evolutionary systems with one spatial variable. Such operator equations arise when describing systems that are integrable by the inverse scattering method, when calculating recursion operators, higher symmetries, conservation laws and symplectic operators, and also when solving some other problems. The proposed method for solving operator equations is based on reducing the matrices defining the operator equation to a stepwise or diagonal form and solving the resulting scalar operator equations.
The relationship between TFP and innovation performance: evidence from EU regions
Authors: Kijek Tomasz , Matras-Bolibok Anna
Published: January 2020

Research background: Total factor productivity (TFP) determines how efficiently and intensely the available inputs are used and combined in production process. Improvement of TFP performance requires identification of its determinants, thus enabling policy actions to focus on them. Since the ability to create and absorb innovation is considered as a crucial factor of economic development, the investigation of the impact of the level of regional innovative performance on TFP distribution across EU regions is an important research problem. 
Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, we attempt to develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of the impact of innovation on TFP. Secondly, we assess TFP levels for regions in the EU and investigate whether innovations account for the observed regional disparities in TFP.
Methods: The research sample consists of 202 European Union (EU) regions at NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 level from 22 countries. The regional data on GDP, employment and gross fixed capital formation come from the Eurostat. The source of data on the level of innovativeness of European regions is the Regional Innovation Scoreboard. To calculate TFP, we use the multiplicatively-complete Färe-Primont index. In turn, to examine the impact of innovation on TFP, we employ the spatially-lagged X model.
Findings & Value added: Our findings show a high degree of dispersion in TFP across EU regions. We find a positive impact of regional innovation performance on TFP. Although theoretical papers on economic development and regional economics suggest that improvements in TFP are key to regional economic performance, and that innovations are crucial to gain such productivity effects, there is a dearth of empirical studies on the link between innovation and TFP at the regional level. Therefore, our paper attempts to fill this gap by providing the evidence of positive effect of innovation externalities on TFP in European regions.
Pobreza y vulnerabilidad en México: el caso de los jóvenes que no estudian ni trabajan
Authors: Aguila Emma , Mejía Nelly , Pérez Francisco , Rivera Alfonso , Ramírez Edgar
Published: January 2020

La situación de los jóvenes que no estudian ni trabajan (ninis) se ha vuelto evidente en los últimos años debido a los riesgos que enfrenta dicha población. Este artículo contribuye a la literatura al analizar las características económicas y laborales de los ninis, explora la situación laboral de sus parejas y provee proyecciones al año 2030. Asimismo, propone una clasificación de ninis para focalizar el diseño de políticas públicas, que identifica una tendencia a la baja de éstos debido a las mujeres que acceden al sistema educativo y al mercado laboral y que una mayor proporción de esta población estará compuesta por desempleados.