bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magical Realism and Theatre of the Oppressed in Taiwan: Rectifying Unbalanced Realities with Chung Chiao's Assignment Theatre
Authors: Smith Ron
Published: May 2005

Chung Chiao's Assignment Theatre uses ideas culled from Magical Realism and Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed to create work that redresses inequalities of class, gender, ethnicity, and other features in contemporary Taiwan. River in the Heart, a production that grew out of a workshop launched in response to a 1999 earthquake, is an example of his work. The performance empowered a group of Hakka women, called the Shigang Mamas, to represent their perspectives in a public forum, prompting discussion of gender inequality in contemporary Taiwan. For the Shigang Mamas the practice of theatre became a dress-rehearsal for real life, and theatre a rehearsal for revolution.
Bodies of Evidence and the Intricate Machines of Untruth
Authors: Franklin Cynthia G , Lyons Laura E.
Published: May 2005

Franklin and Lyons discuss how the essays and interviews in this volume evidence the important ways that the agency that witnesses to human rights abuses possess is both circumscribed by state institutions and ideologies, and asserted in the face of state violence, past and present. They also analyze two contexts not addressed within the special issue. In examining Argentinian Claudia Bernardi's artwork, pictured on the cover, they consider the connections between anthropological excavation of massacre sites and the forensic uses of human rights testimony in the public sphere. Concluding with a reading of Nancy Stohlman and Laurieann Aladin's Live from Palestine, Franklin and Lyons explore how this collection provides testimony to the horrors of the Occupation that speaks to both individual responses and collective resistance, demonstrating important possibilities for the testimonial uses of life writing.
"Obscure Directions": Interpreting Denise Levertov's Ambivalence about Ezra Pound
Authors: Hollenberg Donna Krolik
Published: May 2005

This essay documents Levertov's ambivalence about Ezra Pound as it appears in a variety of sources, both public and private. It explores the discovery of this ambivalence in Levertov's life and in her poetic development, particularly in relation to her ethnic identity and friendship with members of Pound's circle. It also discusses the biographer's problems in interpreting this documentary evidence in the light of such recognized psychological issues as empathy, idealization, and anger, issues particularly pertinent to the female biographer/subject relationship. The essay shows that, in writing about Levertov's ambivalence about Pound, the biographer undergoes a similar process of self-discovery, one that uncovers differences as well as points of imaginative congruity.
Memoire et recit de l'aventure historique du Quebec chez les jeunes Quebecois d'heritage canadien-francais: coup de sonde, amorce d'analyse des resultats, questionnements
Authors: Letourneau Jocelyn , Moisan Sabrina
Published: May 2005

Contredisant une vue commune selon laquelle les jeunes ne connaissent pas l'histoire de leur collectivit� d'appartenance, les auteurs, gr�ce � la cueillette de plus de 400 dissertations r�dig�es par des �l�ves, des c�g�piens et des �tudiants r�sidant dans la ville et la r�gion de Qu�bec, font ressortir le contraire. Analysant la vision de l'aventure historique qu�b�coise qui ressort de ces textes, ils s'interrogent sur les conditions de formation de cette vision caract�ris�e de l'histoire qu�b�coise. Ce faisant, les auteurs entrent au c�ur de la m�moire historique des jeunes Qu�b�cois. Ils entreprennent d'en d�couvrir les fondements dans la m�moire collective des Qu�b�cois. Ils se penchent enfin sur la possibilit� de r�viser cette m�moire dans le cadre d'une pratique p�dagogique r�nov�e.
Based on the collection of more than 400 essays written by students attending high school, general and vocational college, and university in the Quebec City region, the authors refute the popular belief that young people do not know the history of the community to which they belong. By analyzing the students' views of the Qu�b�cois historical adventure found in the texts, the authors question the sine qua none education responsible for this view of Qu�b�cois history and by extension, touch the core of the students' historical memory. The authors attempt to discover the foundations of the Quebec collective memory. Lastly, the authors suggest the possibility of revisiting this memory in the context of a renewed teaching methodology.
International Security Challenges Posed by HIV/AIDS: Implications for China
Authors: Thompson Andrew
Published: May 2005

Emerging infectious diseases are increasingly playing a role in
China's evolving concept of security. HIV/AIDS poses both immediate
and long-term threats to China's security and ultimately, stability, particularly within the context of China's domestic reforms, the relentless pressure of globalisation and multiple challenges it presents. While it is unlikely that HIV/AIDS by itself will fundamentally or dramatically undermine China's security, the ability of the government to prevent
the spread of infectious diseases is not assured, raising concerns about the potentially detrimental long-term effects of HIV/AIDS on society,
the economy and relations with neighbouring states.
Loneliness among Older Adults in the Netherlands, Italy, and Canada: A Multifaceted Comparison
Authors: van Tilburg Theo , Havens Betty , de Jong Gierveld Jenny
Published: May 2005

Loneliness is experienced in many cultures. To properly assess cross-cultural differences, attention should be paid to the level, determinants, and measurement of loneliness. However, cross-cultural studies have rarely taken into account more than one of these. Differences in the level of loneliness were hypothesized on the basis of national differences in partnership, kinship, and friendship, which were assumed to be related to cultural standards within a society. Differences were examined among married and widowed older adults aged 70 to 89 years living independently in the Netherlands (N = 1,847), Tuscany, Italy (N = 562), and Manitoba, Canada (N = 1,134). Loneliness was measured with an 11-item scale. The Manitobans were high on emotional loneliness and the Tuscans were high on social loneliness. Partner status excepted, the determinants were nearly the same across the three locations. Differential item functioning (DIF) related to the three locations was observed for most items. Interactions with gender and the availability of a partner relationship were observed.
Changes in Levels of Social Isolation and Loneliness among Older People in a Rural Area: A Twenty–Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wenger G. Clare , Burholt Vanessa
Published: May 2005

The Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing (BLSA), conducted in rural Wales from 1979 to 1999, followed a cohort of survivors from more than 500 people over 20 years. Using both quantitative and qualitative data from the study, the factors associated with increases and decreases in loneliness and social isolation were identified. The study was based on a population sample and survivors were followed up every 4 years. From 1983 to 1987, 30 people aged 75 and over in 1979 were studied intensively. The customary measure of loneliness was used, as well as an aggregate measure devised by the research team. Social isolation was similarly measured, using an aggregate measure. Respondents were assessed as demonstrating low, moderate, or high levels of loneliness or isolation. Subsequently, statistical models of loneliness and social isolation were developed. Some respondents were assessed as not experiencing social isolation or loneliness during the study. Others showed changes in levels. In this article, the data are explored, seeking factors associated with changes in social isolation and loneliness. Outcome measures of these two variables of interest are compared with items from the aggregate measures and other identifiable intervening variables. The article discusses which change variables contribute most to levels of isolation and loneliness and result in different combinations of these two outcomes. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Toward a Viable Independence? The Koniambo Project and the Political Economy of Mining in New Caledonia
Authors: Horowitz Leah S
Published: May 2005

In New Caledonia, pro-independence leaders perceive economic autonomy as a prerequisite for political independence. The Koniambo Project, a joint venture between a Canadian multinational and a local mining company, is seen by many Kanak as an opportunity to loosen economic ties to metropolitan France. Indeed, unlike cases in which large-scale resource extraction has disadvantaged local groups and intensified demands for political rights, the Koniambo Project resulted from pro-independence activism. This atypical situation can be explained by the French government's strategy in New Caledonia. Violent uprisings in the mid-1980s ended with accords that promised economic development. Radical activists believed this would pave the way for independence while their opponents hoped to obviate such aspirations. Similarly, the Koniambo Project is viewed either as an opportunity for greater Kanak autonomy or as yet another in a series of actions that have used economic gains to deter pro-independence efforts.
Traveling Stories, Colonial Intimacies, and Women's Histories in Vanuatu
Authors: Rodman Margaret
Published: May 2005

The story of the 1937 death of an eighteen-month-old girl named Wilhemina (Mina) Whitford in the care of her ni-Vanuatu nursemaid, Evelyn, frames this article. The Whitford's version of this story was heard in the course of fieldwork with descendants of settler families. They tie Mina's accidental death to an affair Evelyn was having with a male settler. What about Evelyn? How could she be located and her version of events recorded? More generally, how can the unwritten histories of women's experiences be recovered in a Pacific island context? How can indigenous women write their own histories of gender in the contexts of colonial experience? The article offers, first, a theoretically informed descriptive approach, which finds answers in the gendered and racialized content of contemporary descriptions of past experiences, such as the story of the child's death. A second way of finding Evelyn involves methodological detective work using the network of ni-Vanuatu women fieldworkers trained through the Vanuatu Cultural Centre. A 2001 workshop provided a forum for fieldworkers and women who had worked as housegirls in the colonial (pre-1980 ) period to discuss work, violence, gender, race, and history. During the workshop, a fieldworker brought Evelyn's story to light. Conclusions point to new ways of integrating indigenous and expatriate women's voices in historical and anthropological research in the contemporary Pacific.
He Lei Ho'oheno no na Kau a Kau: Language, Performance and Form in Hawaiian Poetry
Authors: Ho'omanawanui Ku'ualoha
Published: May 2005

Hawaiian poetry developed in the nurturing embrace of oral tradition for nearly two thousand years before American missionaries introduced writing in the 1820s. Once literacy was established, Native Hawaiians enthusiastically set out to use the new technology to record their oral traditions in writing. During this period they also experimented with and developed new forms of mele, such as hula ku'i. After the Hawaiian language was banned and the government overthrown in the late nineteenth century, there was a period where Hawaiian poetry was carried forward into the twentieth century by entertainers—singers, dancers, and musicians—who kept the performance aspect of Hawaiian poetry alive. The art of Hawaiian poetry was transformed in the latter half of the twentieth century, when haku mele (poets) began to write primarily in English and Hawai'i Creole English while still maintaining Hawaiian themes and utilizing traditional metaphors. Since then, contemporary Hawaiian poetry in these languages has thrived alongside Hawaiian-language compositions, which are still perpetuated, mostly through the practice of hula. Today, Hawaiian poetry can be best described by using the metaphor of a haku lei, where different strands of language and influence are woven together to create something beautiful and unique, an enduring and perpetual symbol of Hawaiian cultural tradition—a lei ho'oheno no nā kau a kau, a lei to be cherished for all seasons.
Mortality among elderly hispanics in the United States: Past evidence and new results
Authors: Elo Irma T. , Turra Cassio M. , Kestenbaum Bert , Ferguson B. Reneé
Published: May 2005

We used vital records and census data and Medicare and NUMIDENT records to estimate age-and sex-specific death rates for elderly non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, including five Hispanic subgroups: persons born in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, other foreign countries, and the United States. We found that corrections for data errors in vital and census records lead to substantial changes in death rates for Hispanics and that conventionally constructed Hispanic death rates are lower than rates based on Medicare-NUMIDENT records. Both sources revealed a Hispanic mortality advantage relative to non-Hispanic whites that holds for most Hispanic subgroups. We also present a new methodology for inferring Hispanic origin from a combination of surname, given name, and county of residence.
The limits to cumulative causation: International migration from Mexican Urban Areas
Authors: Fussell Elizabeth , Massey Douglas S.
Published: May 2005

We present theoretical arguments and empirical research to suggest that the principal mechanisms of cumulative causation do not function in large urban settings. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we found evidence of cumulative causation in small cities, rural towns and villages, but not in large urban areas. With event-history models, we found little positive effect of community-level social capital and a strong deterrent effect of urban labor markets on the likelihood of first and later U.S. trips for residents of urban areas in Mexico, suggesting that the social process of migration from urban areas is distinct from that in the more widely studied rural migrant-sending communities of Mexico.
The fertility contribution of Mexican immigration to the United States
Authors: Jonsson Stefan Hrafn , Rendall Michael S.
Published: May 2005

Crucial to the long-term contribution of immigration to a receiving country’s population is the extent to which the immigrants reproduce themselves in subsequent, native-born generations. Using conventional projection methodologies, this fertility contribution may be poorly estimated primarily because of problems in projecting the number of immigrants who are at risk of childbearing. We propose an alternative method that obviates the need to project the number of immigrants by using the full sending-country birth cohort as the risk group to project their receiving-country childbearing. This “sending-country birth cohort” method is found to perform dramatically better than conventional methods when projecting to 1999 from base years both before and after the large increase in inflows of Mexican immigrants to the United States in the late 1980s. Projecting forward from 1999, we estimate a cumulative contribution of Mexican immigrant fertility from the 1980s to 2040 of 36 million births, including 25% to 50% more births after 1995 than are projected using conventional methods.
Continuous and robust measures of the overweight epidemic: 1971–2000
Authors: Jolliffe Dean
Published: May 2005

This article considers alternate measures of the overweight epidemic that are more robust to measurement error, continuous in the body-mass index (BMI) at the overweight threshold, and sensitive to changes in the BMI distribution. The measures suggest that prevalence rates may understate the severity of the overweight problem. Since 1971, the prevalence of overweight has increased by 37%, while the distribution-sensitive measure has increased by 173%. Furthermore, although Hispanics have the highest prevalence of overweight, the distribution-sensitive measures reveal that overweight Hispanics exceed the overweight threshold by the smallest proportion (21%), whereas overweight non-Hispanic blacks exceed the threshold by 33%, on average.
Housing and wealth inequality: Racial-ethnic differences in home equity in the United States
Authors: Krivo Lauren J. , Kaufman Robert L.
Published: May 2005

In our study, we took a first step toward broadening our understanding of the sources of both housing and wealth inequality by studying differences in housing equity among blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Using data from the American Housing Survey, we found substantial and significant gaps in housing equity for blacks and Hispanics (but not for Asians) compared with whites, even after we controlled for a wide range of locational, life-cycle, socioeconomic, family, immigrant, and mortgage characteristics. Furthermore, the payoffs to many factors are notably weaker for minority than for white households. This finding is especially consistent across groups for the effects of age, socioeconomic status, and housing-market value. Blacks and Hispanics also uniformly receive less benefit from mortgage and housing characteristics than do whites. These findings lend credence to the burgeoning stratification perspective on wealth and housing inequality that acknowledges the importance of broader social and institutional processes of racial-ethnic stratification that advantage some groups, whites in this case, over others.
Effects of child health on parents’ relationship status
Authors: Reichman Nancy E. , Corman Hope , Noonan Kelly
Published: May 2005

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to estimate the effect of a child’s poor health on the presence of the father. We investigated whether parents lived in the same household 12–18 months after the child’s birth and whether their relationships changed along a continuum (married, cohabiting, romantically involved, friends, or not involved) during the same period. We found that within this short period, having a child with poor health decreased the probability that the parents lived together by 10 percentage points. It also increased the probability that their relationship status moved in the direction of less involvement by 6 percentage points. These results indicate that children’s health and family structure jointly shape children’s long-term health and economic trajectories.
Neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity
Authors: Browning Christopher R. , Leventhal Tama , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne
Published: May 2005

Evidence suggests that African American youths initiate sexual activity at earlier ages than do European American or Latino youths. Using data from a multilevel study in Chicago, we developed and tested a neighborhood-based model of the timing of first adolescent intercourse that emphasizes the impact of neighborhood structural disadvantage and collective efficacy on early sexual activity (at ages 11 to 16). In turn, we explored the extent to which neighborhood factors account for racial differences in the timing of first intercourse. The findings indicate that demographic background, family processes, peer influences, and developmental risk factors account for about 30% of the baseline increased likelihood of early sexual onset for African American youths compared with European American youths. However, a significant residual racial difference remained even after we considered a host of micro-level factors. Neighborhood-level concentrated poverty largely explained this residual racial difference. Collective efficacy also independently contributed to the delay of sexual onset. No significant baseline difference in age of sexual initiation was found between Latino and European American youths.
Coming to stay: An analysis of the U.S. Census question on immigrants’ year of arrival
Authors: Redstone Ilana , Massey Douglas S.
Published: May 2005

Using the New Immigrant Survey Pilot, we compare answers to the census question on year of arrival in the United States with answers to questions about the dates and durations of earlier U.S. trips. We show that the year identified by the census does not correspond to the year of either the first or the last U.S. trip. Because many immigrants enter and leave the United States several times before becoming legal immigrants, the census question produces estimates of U.S. experience that are quite different from those produced by direct questions about trip durations.
Adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys
Authors: Timæus Ian M. , Jasseh Momodou
Published: May 2005

This article reports levels, trends, and age patterns of adult mortality in 23 sub-Saharan Africa countries, based on the sibling histories and orphanhood data collected by the countries’ Demographic and Health Surveys. Adult mortality has risen sharply since HIV became prevalent, but the size and speed of the mortality increase varies greatly among countries. Excess mortality is concentrated among women aged 25–39 and among men aged 30–44. These data suggest that the increase in the number of men who die each year has exceeded somewhat the increase for women. It is time for a systematic attempt to reconcile the demographic and epidemiological evidence concerning AIDS in Africa.
Long-range trends in adult mortality: Models and projection methods
Authors: Bongaarts John
Published: May 2005

In the study reported here, I had two objectives: (1) to test a new version of the logistic model for the pattern of change over time in age-specific adult mortality rates and (2) to develop a new method for projecting future trends in adult mortality. A test of the goodness of fit of the logistic model for the force of mortality indicated that its slope parameter is nearly constant over time. This finding suggests a variant of the model that is called the shifting logistic model. A new projection method, based on the shifting mortality model, is proposed and compared with the widely used Lee-Carter procedure.
Fifteen years later: Can residential mobility programs provide a long-term escape from neighborhood segregation, crime, and poverty?
Authors: Keels Micere , Duncan Greg J. , Deluca Stefanie , Mendenhall Ruby , Rosenbaum James
Published: May 2005

We examined whether the Gautreaux residential mobility program, which moved poor black volunteer families who were living in inner-city Chicago into more-affluent and integrated neighborhoods, produced long-run improvements in the neighborhood environments of the participants. We found that although all the participants moved in the 6 to 22 years since their initial placements, they continued to reside in neighborhoods with income levels that matched those of their placement neighborhoods. Families who were placed in higher-income, mostly white neighborhoods were currently living in the most-affluent neighborhoods. Families who were placed in lower-crime and suburban locations were most likely to reside in low-crime neighborhoods years later.
Hemingway's Masochism, Sodomy, and the Dominant Woman
Authors: Fantina Richard
Published: May 2005

Recent studies recognize the complexity of Hemingway's female characters. The devotion to these women reveals a submissive and masochistic sexuality in the male heroes that occasionally includes their participation in passive heterosexual sodomy. While some recent gender theorists seek to identify male masochism as a viable, alternative form of masculine sexuality, others see it as disguised form of sexism. This essay examines Hemingway's texts in light of these theories and explores how the novels and stories embody many of the subversive elements of masochism that undermine certain patriarchal values, even while their author upholds others.
"Hills Like White Elephants": The Jilting of Jig
Authors: Hashmi Nilofer
Published: May 2005

This essay examines different scholarly interpretations of the ending of Hemingway's short story "Hills Like White Elephants," and suggests a different outcome from those so far considered--the girl will indeed have the abortion, expecting in this way to stay on with the man, but after the operation has been performed, he will abandon her. Various verbal and non-verbal indications found in the story support this interpretation of the narrative, as does the very symbolism of the title itself.
Evan Shipman: Friend and Foil
Authors: Risch Robert
Published: May 2005

Evan Shipman, a writer and poet, met Hemingway in Paris in 1924 and eventually became the subject of one of the few chapters in A Moveable Feast where the protagonist is treated kindly. From the legendary 1920s to and through several wars and then home again over terrain more often rocky than not, the two men affected each other's lives. Different in many ways, they shared an enviable grace in the face of danger and a love of literature, art, and Paris. Hemingway, who may have lost as many friendships as he found, went all 15 rounds with this one. The relationship is traced through Shipman's letters to Hemingway from 1927 to 1950.
Recurrence in Hemingway and Cezanne
Authors: Berman Ron
Published: May 2005

Ernest Hemingway often referred to the work of Paul C�zanne, stating that he had looked over the work repeatedly and found in it ideas useful to his own depiction of reality. More than ideas were involved, however, because Hemingway introduced a number of motifs from C�zanne into his fiction. The elements in C�zanne of particular interest to him were not restricted to the rocks and trees that he described in the famous interview with Lillian Ross at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. They include the winding roads and nearly abstract landscape of C�zanne's later work. Hemingway was especially concerned with the recurrence of motifs, and much of his own depiction of landscape repeats the descriptions of mountain, marsh, and roadway which become, as they are in C�zanne, symbolic of the mind.
Yes, That Is a Roll of Bills in My Pocket: The Economy of Masculinity in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Leland Jacob Michael
Published: May 2005

This essay considers the idea of masculinity in The Sun Also Rises with regard to economic changes at the beginning of the twentieth century. Reading the novel against the shift, in the 1920s, from a U.S. economy based on production to one based on consumption, we reach the notion of modern American masculinity advanced by Sun. Jake Barnes, whom critics have shown to perform the functions of a Hemingway hero, articulates a form of sexual agency via his economic practices. The way Jake earns and spends his money affords him an empowering American consumerism.
Staking Every Thing on It: A Stylistic Analysis of Linguistic Patterns in "Hills Like White Elephants"
Authors: Link Alex
Published: May 2005

The essay performs a statistical analysis of the grammatical patterns in "Hills Like White Elephants" as a means of opening new avenues for its interpretation. The story's careful deployment of pronouns and use of repetition bridge its disparate themes. In addition, the ambiguous, repetitious language deepens the significance and raises the stakes of the couple's argument. These linguistic patterns underscore the emotional violence, broaden the significance, and complicate the closure of that argument.
Preparing for War and Writing: What the Young Hemingway Read in The Kansas City Star, 1917-1918
Authors: Paul Steve
Published: May 2005

When Ernest Hemingway began working at The Kansas City Star in the middle of October 1917, the war stories of the day found the Italian army under siege. Undoubtedly the news helped feed the eighteen-year-old's rising hunger to join the action, but could it also have fed his later wartime fiction? Michael S.Reynolds dismissed The Star's influence.Yet, there remains much of interest in the details, including dispatches that Reynolds might have overlooked. Reading The Star of Hemingway's time reveals echoes that now seem familiar.An example includes a series of dispatches from Europe's war zones that could have helped transport the apprentice writer into the landscape of his future.
Not So True, Not So Simple: The Spanish Translations of The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Rodriguez-Pazos Gabriel
Published: May 2005

Analysis of the four Spanish translations of The Sun Also Rises published to date reveals the difficulties faced by translators when dealing with the works of Ernest Hemingway. The target texts show different types of deficiencies: 1) elisions, slips, and errors at the level of decoding, 2) mistranslations that result from differences in the cultural contexts, 3) mismatches in the knowledge of the external field of reference, and, most importantly, 4) defective rendering of Hemingway's unique style. As a consequence, the Spanish versions of Sun fail to convey the strengths of the original-its truth and simplicity.
Infantry and Infanticide in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Pozorski Aimee L. (Aimee Lynn)
Published: May 2005

When repositioned within the ambivalent beginnings of literary modernism, as well as within the genocidal history emerging at the time, the stillborn infant in Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms reveals the impossibility of assimilating the historical upheavals that he witnessed firsthand. Both the trench warfare of wwi and the 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide complicated for Hemingway the potential of modernity. This article proposes that we recast Hemingway's biography in terms of the tragic cultural moment during which he was writing and connect his figure of the dead, stillborn, and choking infant with the forces of history. Reading Hemingway's sense of history beside his dead infants suggests that what is choking is not simply Hemingway's infant, but also modernist discourse, and the criticism struggling to interpret it.
Why Does Mother Elliot Cry? Cornelia's Sexuality in "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot"
Authors: Stewart Matthew
Published: May 2005

Critics have tended to view "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot" as either a personal attack or a satire. Reading the story as a satire requires the reader to posit a clear, stable, authorial point of view. However, "Mr. and Mrs. Elliot" retains too many unstable and ambiguous elements to be viewed strictly as a satire. While it is possible to see Hubert as the object of ridicule, it is impossible to declare the author's attitude toward Cornelia with any certainty. Her sexuality and the author's judgments about her behavior are open to multiple interpretations.
Poder, alegoria y nacion en el neoclasicismo hispanoamericano
Authors: Gomes Miguel
Published: May 2005

This article argues that neoclassical ideals and practices were fundamental to shaping the modern field of cultural production in Spanish-America. The neoclassical understanding of allegory, in particular, contributed enormously to organize laws of distribution and accumulation of symbolic capital and power. Although the analysis focuses primarily on politicians and men of letters who witnessed or participated in the War of Independence (1810-1824), the consequences of their specific brand of neoclassical aesthetics are depicted as pervasive throughout the nineteenth century.
Experience and Context in the Making of a Chicano Activist
Authors: Romo Jaime J
Published: May 2005

This paper examines the experiences and context in the making of a
Chicano activist. Utilizing autoethnographic methodology, I discuss
my own identity development, as it was mediated by issues of social
capital and mentoring, two significant elements related to Chicano
educational activism. I discuss dimensions or race, class, self-esteem,
and professional development as they relate to transformative educators
and activism.
College Bound Filmmakers: The Journey to a Screening
Authors: Dowdy Joanne Kilgour , Birney Sunny M , Reedus Narcel G
Published: May 2005

This pre-college filmmaking class represents the writing process in a setting that acknowledges multiple forms of representation for effective communication. Students were introduced to the skills used by filmmakers and encouraged to write, script, design, edit and cast their productions for a final screening five weeks after they began their journey in the college-bound program. Evidence of their growth as writers and producers is given in their testimony to the new levels of awareness of the way in which they have improved as writers and artists. This project is a signal that the writing process can be revamped to meet the standards of media literate adolescents in the pre-college environment. Academic programs that value student talent in its many forms are encouraged to give the time, expertise, and support necessary to bring the filmmaking arts to the pre-college youth in their charge.
The Elusive Goal of School Spirit in the Comprehensive High School: A Case History, 1916-1941
Authors: Terzian Sevan G
Published: May 2005

Scholars and practitioners have recently asked whether large comprehensive high schools contribute to student alienation. At the same time, some school administrators have stressed the importance of school spirit to create a powerful sense of community and as a way to mitigate feelings of student detachment and anonymity. This paper considers a historical case from 1916-1941 at Ithaca High School, in Ithaca New York, to see how students and administrators defined school spirit. Using an underutilized artifact—school newspapers—it uncovers the social dynamics within the school. Select students writing in the school newspaper articulated three dimensions of school spirit: participation, loyalty, and pride. Their views reflected those of the administration. Frequent complaints about the perceived absence of school spirit, however, indicate that not all students at I.H.S. embraced this seemingly elusive ideal. This paper suggests that the ideal of school spirit never came to full fruition at I.H.S., because its very definition was undemocratic and static. It concludes that in order for current and future attempts to establish and nurture school spirit in comprehensive high schools to succeed, they must include all members, and that its definition must be open to revision.
The Social Construction of Alternative Education: Re-examining the Margins of Public Education for At-Risk Chicano/a Students
Authors: Munoz Juan Sanchez
Published: May 2005

The following article examines the physical formation and ideological justification of alternative education for at-risk students. It then considers the implications for urban students, in particular Chicano and Chicana students, who already face a significant number of barriers to educational equity. The study is situated with an urban alternative education program for at-risk female students, a majority of whom are Chicanas. The study was interested in understanding the ideological structures present in an alternative high school for predominantly Chicanas. While the notion of alternative education within public school systems originated under very promising circumstances, its arbitrary application and questionable efficacy presents economically disadvantage and ethnically diverse students with an educational experience that, while generally well intentioned, is unlikely to provide them with the academic skills and critical thinking abilities necessary to mitigate the barriers to educational equity and social mobility.
"You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth": Proverbial Expressions, Feminist Perspectives, and the Fetish in the Work of Janet Davidson-Hues
Authors: Prahlad Anand
Published: May 2005

This article focuses on traditional sayings in the work of contemporary
artist Janet Davidson-Hues, whose poetry and three-dimensional,
monochromatic art revolves around proverbial expressions. Advancing
the theory of the fetish as a critical lens through which to explore
the ways these expressions function in Davidson-Hues's art, this work
theorizes that the proverb in visual arts has historically functioned
as an element of fetishistic display. While exploring Davidson-Hues's
innovative uses of proverbial materials, the article also considers
the feminist messages in the artwork and posits what is revealed about
proverbs relative to gender.
The Body as Storyteller: Karaite Women's Experience of Blood and Milk
Authors: Tsoffar Ruth
Published: May 2005

Issues of purity and impurity structure the Karaite woman's life within
a unique hierarchy of power, in which a breast-feeding mother becomes
vulnerable in the presence of a menstruating woman. In this article,
I examine two descriptions of such encounters, with special attention
to the significance of mother's milk within a discourse of bodily fluids
(blood, milk, and urine). I also discuss the representation of the body
as divided and reduced to its fluids and the Karaites' resolution for
this drama of the open body.
"Rebirth of a Nation": Hurston in Haiti
Authors: Duck Leigh Anne
Published: May 2005

Zora Neale Hurston's imperialistic political rhetoric in Tell My Horse seems incongruous with her previous cultural politics, but this work should be considered in relation to developments in Haitian ethnology. Where Hurston had previously believed that cultural populism could energize a democracy, her commitment to folklore was here linked with an authoritarian and racially essentialist political ideology. Hurston responded by severing her cultural analysis from her political assessments, a process apparent also in her later political commentary.
Inventing the "Found" Object: Artifactuality, Folk History, and the Rise of Capitalist Ethnography in 1930s America
Authors: Miller James S
Published: May 2005

As numerous scholars have chronicled, the decade of the 1930s in America witnessed an explosion of popular interest in the presumptions and protocols of cultural ethnography. The Depression years were a time when such academic-sociological studies as Constance Rourke's American Humor, Zora Neal Hurston's Mules and Men, Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture, and Howard Odum's various studies of rural Appalachia became virtual bestsellers in their own rightâeach animated by what might be called an indexical-excavatory enthusiasm for unearthing, itemizing, and exhibiting the vestiges (both material and human) of America's putatively "vanishing" past. This article sets out to assess the cultural and ideological work this wide-ranging impulse performed, probing the ways that mainstream or popular ethnography in the 1930s (despite its often explicit interest in critiquing or challenging commercial modernity) came to underwrite a particular and highly overdetermined narrative of corporate-capitalist "progress." To accomplish this, I examine three discrete yet exemplary ethnographic texts: Dorothea Lange's An American Exodus, John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, and James Agee and Walker Evans's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Documenting places and people feared to be most immediately threatened by industrial-commercial development, I argue that these writers ultimately depicted America's socioeconomic fringes not as the repository of a redemptive "folk" culture, but as the site and source of commercial capitalism's own heroic and authentic "roots." Behind their interest in excavating and documenting the artifacts of a bygone age was a more formative desire to invent a model of the vernacular past that could somehow imbue capitalism's rationalized and articulated operations with a tangible sense of historicity, a palpable and authenticating texture of "pastness."
Unhaunting the Village: Critical Regionalism and "Luminous Place" at the Village of Arts and Humanities
Authors: Miller Rosina S
Published: May 2005

This note explores the possibilities of a critical regionalist approach to the study offolk communities through an examination of a community arts organization that imagines and produces an enriched inner-city region through practices that critically examine received dominant values and celebrate available community resources. Following Appadurai, the organization's attempt to "control the means of their own self-reproduction" is explored through the attention to time, revision of space, creation of rituals, and focus on perception.
Two Truths and a Lie: Performing Professorhood/Motherhood
Authors: Carver M. Heather
Published: May 2005

The following is autoethnographic performative writing that invites the reader into one woman's experiences of simultaneously becoming a new mother and professor. The writing weaves the autobiographic tale of her new job as an assistant professor with a dramatic performance text based on a graduate student's ethnographic interview about the birth of her first daughter. Experimental in nature, this script seeks to problematize the relationship of academic selves and others through creative writing.
A Search for an Optimal Policy in a Corrupt System: A Note
Authors: Rajeev Meenakshi
Published: May 2005

There is a large body of literature on the issue of corruption that looks at policy instruments relating to punishment, incentive and monitoring schemes for the control of crime. In this context many researchers assert that corruption in general cannot be controlled and the extent of it is higher for relatively poorer nations. In a developing country, where the government needs to raise resources from the system to provide necessary public services to the poor, acts relating to the embezzlement of states' potential revenue earnings naturally operates as an impediment to development. This note discusses in a game theoretic framework the different instruments that are available for the control of such pilferage and considers as an example the voluntary income disclosure scheme (VDIS) introduced by successive Indian governments for tax collection.
Oil and Water Do Mix: The Case of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Choudhury Masudul Alam
Published: May 2005

Attaining economic development and social wellbeing through national development planning constitutes complementary goals. Such a complementary link between the two goals is shown in this paper to be established by the interaction between the economic need to maintain healthy oil revenues and the social necessity to use a part of the oil revenue to sustain subsidy of a most central life-fulfilling need, the water resource in Saudi Arabia. The paper brings out how this linkage between the two goals, that is between the economic and social balance using oil to support water resource pricing and availability in Saudi Arabia are established. The approach of the paper is both normative in regard to the social perspective and is positive in terms of empirical evidence to support our argument that oil has been made a social instrument besides being an economic one to sustain the supply and pricing of water resource in Saudi Arabia.
Relative Employment and Earnings of Female Household Heads in Mexico, 1987-1995
Authors: Asgary Nader , Pagan Jose A.
Published: May 2005

This study analyzes the determinants of employment and earnings for female-headed households from 1987 to 1995 in Mexico. During those years, the percentage of female-headed households and their employment rate substantially increased. The paper explores the possible causes for the relative changes in labor market outcomes for both female and male-headed households. We use individual-level household survey data from Mexico's Encuesta nacional de empleo urbano for the third quarter of 1987 and 1995. Our findings show that the gender educational gap substantially closed, the percentage of divorced female household heads increased, and the percentage of widows fell. From 1987 to 1995, the average number of children decreased by about one child (from 4.79 to 3.72). In addition, the wages of female heads grew significantly faster than that of their male counterparts, and this contributed to a reduction in the gender wage gap ratio from 24.9 to 19.3 percent during the 1987-1995 period. Also, we find that from 1987 to 1995, the rate of return to education increases for both male and female household heads, but the rate is higher for males than for females. As we would expect, wages increase with experience but at a decreasing rate. Furthermore, our finding shows that wage premium for being employed in the public sector is much higher for females than for males, and it actually increased from 22.4 percent in 1987 to 30.6 percent by 1995.
The Prospects of Economic Growth in Subsistence Economies: An Alternative View
Authors: Gutema Paulos , Fayissa Bichaka
Published: May 2005

In the neoclassical growth models, deferring current consumption and saving part of current income plays an important role in explaining the process of economic growth. In the case of subsistence economies, however, making such economic decisions are hardly possible [Myrdal, 1971]. The conventional models lead one to conclude the impossibility of endogenously driven growth in these economies. This notion implies that the poor tend to remain poor unless their economies are stimulated exogenously. After discussing this problem in detail, this paper attempts to develop a framework of analysis that relies partly on the effects of market failure factors and proposes the possibility of growth in subsistence economies as long as they have the capacity to manage and exploit factors of market failures. Empirical evidence obtained from panel data analysis supports this argument.
The Impact of Education Expenditures on Economic Growth In Uganda: Evidence From Time Series Data
Authors: Musila Jacob , Belassi Walid
Published: May 2005

Does education promote economic growth? Empirical evidence is not conclusive on this question. This paper uses time-series technique to investigate the relationship between government education expenditure per worker and economic growth in Uganda during the period 1965-1999. The empirical results show that education expenditure per worker has a positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the long run and short run. The estimates of error correction model suggest that a 1% increase in average education expenditure per worker will lead to about 0.04% increase in output in the short run. The cointegration estimates show that a 1% increase in average education expenditure per worker will increase output by about 0.6% in the long run.
A New Republican Order, Letter by Letter
Authors: Oberg Barbara
Published: May 2005

The article examines Thomas Jefferson's correspondence around the time of the election of 1800 and in the first months of his presidency, using these letters to elucidate Jefferson's view of politics, leadership and governance. Jefferson employed correspondence and letter writing, often under the guise of disinterestedness, as a way to disseminate news to his political supporters. They were also a vehicle for solidifying a party that shared his governing vision. After his election, Jefferson resorted to letter writing, occasionally concealing his identity as author at post-time to prevent interception, to shape a cabinet composed of sympathetic Jeffersonian republicans. Jefferson thus used the mails to craft a government and a political agenda that reflected his ideological position. Meanwhile Jefferson was dealing with the reciprocal correspondence from a broad constituency of ordinary Americans that reached his desk, including letters of support, congratulatory epistles and petitions for jobs.
Kidnapped Japanese in North Korea: The New Left Connection
Authors: Steinhoff Patricia G.
Published: May 2005

This article traces the connections between a Japanese New Left student group from the late 1960s, the Red Army Faction, and the kidnapping of Japanese citizens to North Korea. After hijacking a plane to Pyongyang in 1970, the "Yodogo" hijackers were converted to Kim Il Sung's chuch'e philosophy. North Korean agents lured eight Japanese women to North Korea to marry the men, and several of them later helped to lure three young Japanese travelers from Europe to North Korea. The story became known because of the investigative reporting of a journalist whose career was shaped by his New Left affiliations.