bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
iATC-NFMLP: Identifying Classes of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemicals
Based on Drug Networks, Fingerprints, and Multilayer Perceptron
Authors: Tang Shunrong , Chen Lei
Published: March 2022

Background:

The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemicals (ATC) classification system is a
widely accepted drug classification system. It classifies drugs according to the organ or system in
which they can operate and their therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical properties. Assigning
drugs into 14 classes in the first level of the system is an essential step to understanding drug properties. Several multi-label classifiers have been proposed to identify drug classes. Although their performance was good, most classifiers directly only adopted drug relationships or the features derived from
these relationships, but the essential properties of drugs were not directly employed. Thus, classifiers
still have a space for improvement.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to build a novel and powerful multilabel classifier for identifying
classes in the first level of the ATC classification system for given drugs

Methods:

A powerful multi-label classifier, namely, iATC-NFMLP, was proposed. Two feature types
were adopted to encode each drug. The first type was derived from drug relationships via a network
embedding algorithm, whereas the second one represented the fingerprints of drugs. Multilayer perceptron using sigmoid as the activating function was used to learn these features for the construction of the
classifier.

Results:

The 10-fold cross-validation results indicated that a combination of the two feature types could
improve the performance of the classifier. The jackknife test on the benchmark dataset with 3883 drugs
showed that the accuracy and absolute true were 82.76% and 79.27%, respectively.

Results:

The 10-fold cross-validation results indicated that a combination of the two feature types could
improve the performance of the classifier. The jackknife test on the benchmark dataset with 3883 drugs
showed that the accuracy and absolute true were 82.76% and 79.27%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The performance of iATC-NFMLP was best compared with all previous classifiers
Overview of Key Technologies for Torque Ripple Suppression in Four-
Wheel In-Wheel Motor Drive Electric Vehicles
Authors: Wang Pan , Fan Xiaobin , Zhu Shuaiwei
Published: March 2022

Aims and Objectives:

The stability control of the four-wheel hub motor-driven electric
vehicle is of great significance to the safety of the driver during the driving process, and the
torque fluctuation is an important factor that affects the stability control of the vehicle. Therefore,
this paper reviews the key technologies and difficulties of torque ripple suppression for in-wheel
motor-driven electric vehicles from two aspects: rational design of the in-wheel motor structure to
suppress the torque fluctuation of the motor and the in-wheel motor torque control distribution
strategy.

Methods:

Through the analysis of the structural characteristics of the motor, the structural optimization
design of the pole slot, cogging, core shape, and magnetic pole shape is used to suppress
the torque fluctuation of the motor, and the methods of previous scholars are unified and explained;
From the motor control strategy, summed up the scholars in the motor torque ripple suppression
method strategy; From the perspective of motor torque control allocation strategy, a series
of related strategies are elaborated. The previous researchers proposed the neural network
PID electronic differential speed torque comprehensive control strategies, electronic differential
control algorithms based on sliding mode control, automotive electronic stability program control
algorithms based on hierarchical coordinated control strategies, and other control strategies and
algorithms.

Results:

Based on the theoretical model, the theoretical model is verified and tested through software
simulation or test platform. The errors of all simulation and test results in the literature and
the theoretical model are within the acceptable range.

Conclusion:

The theoretical model has been verified on the software simulation or test platform,
which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoretical model, thereby suppressing torque
fluctuations and improving the stability of the vehicle. Finally, the development direction of the
key technology of torque ripple suppression for four-wheel in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicles
has been prospected.
Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Betel miRNAs on Human
Health
Authors: Manvar Toral , Mangukia Naman , Patel Saumya , Rawal Rakesh
Published: March 2022

Background:

Since ancient times, "betel leaf" (Piper betle) has been revered for its reli-gious, cultural, and medicinal properties. Phytochemicals from the Piper betle are effective in a variety of conditions, including cancer. To date, however, no genomic study or evidence has been found to elucidate the regulatory mechanism that underpins its therapeutic properties. This is the first study of its kind to predict Piper betle miRNAs and also the first genomics source representation of Piper betle. According to previous research, miRNAs from the plants we eat can regulate gene expression. In line with this, our in-silico study revealed that Piper betle and human cross-kingdom control occurs.

Method:

This study demonstrates the prediction and in-silico validation of Piper betle miRNAs from NGS-derived transcript sequences. The cross-kingdom regulation, which can also be understood as in-ter-species RNA regulation, was studied to identify human mRNA targets controlled by Piper betle miRNAs. Functional annotation and gene-disease association of human targets were performed to un-derstand the role of Piper betle miRNAs in human health and disease. The protein-protein interaction and expression study of targets was further carried out to decipher their role in cancer development.

Results:

Identified six Piper betle miRNAs belonging to miR156, miR164, miR172, and miR535 fami-lies were discovered to target 198 human mRNAs involved in various metabolic and disease processes. Angiogenesis and the cell surface signaling pathway were the most enriched gene ontology correlated with targets, both of which play a critical role in disease mechanisms, especially in the case of carci-noma. In an analysis of gene-disease interactions, 40 genes were found to be related to cancer. Accord-ing to a protein-protein interaction, the CDK6 gene, which is thought to be a central regulator of cell cycle progression, was found as a hub protein, affecting the roles of CBFB, SAMD9, MDM4, AXIN2, and NOTCH2 oncogenes. Further investigation revealed that pbe-miRNA164a can be used as a regula-tor to minimise disease severity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia, where CDK6 expression is highest com-pared to normal cells.

Conclusion:

The predicted pbe-miRNA164a in this study can be a promising suppressor of CDK6 gene involved in tumour angiogenesis. In vivo validation of the pbe-miRNA164a mimic could pave the way for new opportunities to fight cancer and leverage the potential of Piper betle in the healthcare sector.
Therapeutic Effects of Gut Microbiota on Metabolic Syndrome: A Patent
Review
Authors: Singhal Shivani , Rani Vibha
Published: March 2022

Background:

The balanced composition of the gut microbiota is essential for human
health. The dysbiotic condition may develop various complex diseases. A metabolic syndrome is
a group of biochemical and physiological abnormalities that can increase the risk of cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. It has become a serious concern worldwide because
there is no acceptable medication to overcome this problem.

Objective:

This review aims to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic
syndrome. The balance of gut microbiota relates to human health as well as diseases. Patents related
to significant findings on probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation
signify the importance of the proposed theme and provide promising therapeutic strategies
to modulate the dysbiotic condition and reoccurrence of beneficial microbial species during metabolic
syndromes. Screening of patents-related databases can be worth full to track new technology.
Therefore, some selected recent patents related to gut microbiota and associated therapies
have been discussed in the present manuscript.

Conclusion:

Under the existing situation, the role of gastrointestinal microbiota as a therapeutic
agent is becoming more utilized for treating human health issues and various metabolic syndromes
including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding gut dysbiosis
and associated complex interactions between microbes and hosts would be effective for designing
future therapeutic interventions for metabolic syndrome. Our detailed patent analysis reflects
that gut dysbiosis has a prominent role in metabolic syndromes and dietary therapeutic strategies
can improve health by modulating the human microbiota, their metabolites ad stability.
Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is Feasible and Acceptable in Pre-conditioning and Post-operative Recovery of Patients after Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA): A Clinical Case Series
Authors:   Post Graduate Program of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, Federal University of São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-020, Santos, SP, Brazil., Vassão Patricia Gabrielli , Laakso E-Liisa ,   Mater Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Australia,   Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
Published: March 2022

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for minimal to moderate Kellgren and Lawrence grade knee osteoarthritis has significant evidence for effectiveness. The effect of PBMT in severe grades of osteoarthritis is less clear; and no studies have investigated the effect of PBMT before and after knee replacement surgery. This small study (n=4) aimed to understand the potential feasibility of undertaking a future randomised controlled clinical trial of a self-administered, home-based light patch system before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) The PBM device (450nm (6.75 mW/cm2) and 640nm (2.25 mW/cm2); 33kHz frequency, 4.5 J/cm2 radiant exposure) was self-applied by patients daily for 30 minutes for one week before, and 3 times in the week following hospital discharge after TKA. We measured numeric pain ratings, physical function and patient-reported outcomes at baseline one week prior to surgery, the day prior to surgery, at Day 4 after surgery, and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after hospital discharge. The study protocol and methods were found to be feasible and acceptable to participants. No pain was reported by any participants at 6-week follow-up. Functional measures of timed-up-and-go and 30 second chair stands test demonstrated marked improvement over the study period. No patients were requiring opioid analgesia at 6-week follow-up. Limitations included lack of gender diversity, the small number of participants and absence of information about post-hospital discharge opioid analgesic requirements from control group. The results provide confidence in progressing this research in an adequately powered, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial.
Development of a Connected Sensor System in Colorectal Surgery: User-Centered Design Case Study
Authors: Schwartz-Lasfargues Christel , Roux-Gendron Camille , Edomskis Pim , Marque Isabelle , Bayon Yves , Lange Johan F , Faucheron Jean Luc , Trilling Bertrand
Published: March 2022

Background

A successful innovative medical device is not only technically challenging to develop but must also be readily usable to be integrated into health care professionals’ daily practice. Through a user-centered design (UCD) approach, usability can be improved. However, this type of approach is not widely implemented from the early stages of medical device development.

Objective

The case study presented here shows how UCD may be applied at the very early stage of the design of a disruptive medical device used in a complex hospital environment, while no functional device is available yet. The device under study is a connected sensor system to detect colorectal anastomotic leakage, the most detrimental complication following colorectal surgery, which has a high medical cost. We also aimed to provide usability guidelines for the initial design of other innovative medical devices.

Methods

UCD was implemented by actively involving health care professionals and all the industrial partners of the project. The methodology was conducted in 2 European hospitals: Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital (France) and Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam (the Netherlands). A total of 6 elective colorectal procedures and 5 ward shifts were observed. In total, 4 workshops were conducted with project partners and clinicians. A formative evaluation was performed based on 5 usability tests using nonfunctional prototype systems. The case study was completed within 12 months.

Results

Functional specifications were defined for the various components of the medical device: device weight, size, design, device attachment, and display module. These specifications consider the future integration of the medical device into current clinical practice (for use in an operating room and patient follow-up inside the hospital) and interactions between surgeons, nurses, nurse assistants, and patients. By avoiding irrelevant technical development, this approach helps to promote cost-effective design.

Conclusions

This paper presents the successful deployment over 12 months of a UCD methodology for the design of an innovative medical device during its early development phase. To help in reusing this methodology to design other innovative medical devices, we suggested best practices based on this case.
Mechanism of Impact of Big Data Resources on Medical Collaborative Networks From the Perspective of Transaction Efficiency of Medical Services: Survey Study
Authors: Yuan Junyi , Wang Sufen , Pan Changqing
Published: March 2022

Background

The application of big data resources and the development of medical collaborative networks (MCNs) boost each other. However, MCNs are often assumed to be exogenous. How big data resources affect the emergence, development, and evolution of endogenous MCNs has not been well explained.

Objective

This study aimed to explore and understand the influence of the mechanism of a wide range of shared and private big data resources on the transaction efficiency of medical services to reveal the impact of big data resources on the emergence and development of endogenous MCNs.

Methods

This study was conducted by administering a survey questionnaire to information technology staff and medical staff from 132 medical institutions in China. Data from information technology staff and medical staff were integrated. Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct impact of big data resources on transaction efficiency of medical services. For those big data resources that had no direct impact, we analyzed their indirect impact.

Results

Sharing of diagnosis and treatment data (β=.222; P=.03) and sharing of medical research data (β=.289; P=.04) at the network level (as big data itself) positively directly affected the transaction efficiency of medical services. Network protection of the external link systems (β=.271; P=.008) at the level of medical institutions (as big data technology) positively directly affected the transaction efficiency of medical services. Encryption security of web-based data (as big data technology) at the level of medical institutions, medical service capacity available for external use, real-time data of diagnosis and treatment services (as big data itself) at the level of medical institutions, and policies and regulations at the network level indirectly affected the transaction efficiency through network protection of the external link systems at the level of medical institutions.

Conclusions

This study found that big data technology, big data itself, and policy at the network and organizational levels interact with, and influence, each other to form the transaction efficiency of medical services. On the basis of the theory of neoclassical economics, the study highlighted the implications of big data resources for the emergence and development of endogenous MCNs.
Delivery of a Mental Health Intervention for Chronic Pain Through an Artificial Intelligence–Enabled App (Wysa): Protocol for a Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Gupta Megha , Malik Tanya , Sinha Chaitali
Published: March 2022

Background

Patients with chronic pain often experience coexisting, long-term and debilitating mental health comorbidities such as depression and anxiety. Artificial intelligence–supported cognitive behavioral therapy (AI-CBT) interventions could offer cost-effective, accessible, and potentially effective resources to address this problem. However, there is not enough research conducted about the efficacy of AI-CBT interventions for chronic pain.

Objective

This prospective cohort study aims to examine the efficacy and use of an AI-CBT intervention for chronic pain (Wysa for Chronic Pain app, Wysa Inc) using a conversational agent (with no human intervention). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such study for chronic pain using a fully-automated, free-text–based conversational agent.

Methods

Participants with self-reported chronic pain (n=500) will be recruited online on a rolling basis from April 2022 through posts on US-based internet communities within this prospective cohort. Informed consent is received from participants within the app, and the Wysa for Chronic Pain intervention is delivered remotely for 8 weeks. Outcome measures including a numeric pain rating scale and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Pain Interference, Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, and Patient Health Questionnaire–9 questionnaires administered to test the effectiveness of the intervention on reducing levels of pain interference, depression, and anxiety. The therapeutic alliance created with the conversational agent will be assessed through the Working Alliance Inventory–Short Revised instrument. Retention and use statistics will be observed for adherence and engagement.

Results

The study will open for recruitment in April 2022, and data collection is expected to be completed by August 2022. The results for the primary outcomes are expected to be published by late 2022.

Conclusions

Mental health conversational agents driven by artificial intelligence could be effective in helping patients with chronic pain learn to self-manage their pain and common comorbidities like depression and anxiety. The Wysa for Chronic Pain app is one such digital intervention that can potentially serve as a solution to the problems of affordability and scalability associated with interventions that include a human therapist. This prospective study examines the efficacy of the app as a treatment solution for chronic pain. It aims to inform future practices and digital mental health interventions for individuals with chronic pain.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/36910
The Impact of Time Horizon on Classification Accuracy: Application of Machine Learning to Prediction of Incident Coronary Heart Disease (Preprint)
Authors: Simon Steven , Mandair Divneet , Albakri Abdel , Fohner Alison , Simon Noah , Lange Leslie , Biggs Mary , Mukamal Ken , Psaty Bruce , Rosenberg Michael
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Many machine-learning (ML) approaches are limited to classification of outcomes, rather
than longitudinal prediction. One strategy to use ML in clinical risk prediction is to classify outcomes over a given time horizon. However, it is not well-known how to identify the optimal time horizon for risk prediction.

OBJECTIVE

Here we aim to identify an optimal time horizon for classification of incident myocardial infarction using ML approaches looped over outcomes with increasing time horizons.

METHODS

We analyzed data from a single clinic visit of 5201 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study. We examined 61 variables collected from this baseline exam including demographic and biologic data, medical history, medications, serum biomarkers, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data. We compared several machine learning methods (Random Forest, L1 Regression, Gradient Boosted Decision Tree, Support Vector Machines, and K-Nearest Neighbor) trained to predict incident MI that occurred within time horizons ranging from 500 through 10000 days of follow up. Models were compared on a 20% held-out testing set using area-under-receiver operator curve (AUC). Variable importance was performed for Random Forest and L1 Regression models across timepoints. We compared results with the Framingham coronary heart disease sex-specific Cox proportional hazards regression functions.

RESULTS

There were 4190 participants included in the analysis with 60.2% female and an average age of 72.6 years. Over the 10000 days of follow up, there were 813 incident myocardial infarction events. The ML models were most predictive over moderate follow up time horizons (1500-2500 days). Overall, the L1 (Lasso) logistic regression demonstrated the strongest classification accuracy across all time horizons. This model was most predictive at 1500 days follow up with an AUC of 0.71. The most influential variables differed by follow up time and model with gender being the most important feature for the L1 regression and weight for the random forest across all timeframes. Compared with the Framingham Cox function, the L1 and random forest models performed better across all timeframes beyond 1500 days.

CONCLUSIONS

In a population free of coronary heart disease, machine learning techniques can be utilized to predict incident myocardial infarction at varying time horizons with reasonable accuracy, with strongest prediction accuracy at moderate follow up periods. Validation across additional populations is needed to confirm a role for this approach in risk prediction.
Interest in HIV Prevention Mobile Phone Apps: Focus Group Study With Sexual and Gender Minority Persons Living in the Rural Southern United States (Preprint)
Authors: Jones Jeb , Edwards O Winslow , Merrill Leland , Sullivan Patrick S , Stephenson Rob
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Mobile health (mHealth) interventions, including smartphone apps, have been found to be an effective means of increasing the uptake of HIV prevention tools, including HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) tests and pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, most HIV prevention mHealth apps tested in the United States have been tested among populations living in areas surrounding urban centers. Owing to reduced access to broadband internet and reliable cellular data services, it remains unclear how accessible and effective these interventions will be in rural areas. In addition, gay and bisexual men who have sex with men and gender minority populations in rural areas experience enhanced stigma when compared with their more urban counterparts, and these experiences might affect their willingness and interest in mHealth apps.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to conduct online focus groups with men who have sex with men and transgender and gender diverse populations in the rural southern United States to assess their interest in mHealth HIV prevention apps and the features that they would be the most interested in using.

METHODS

Focus group participants were recruited from a larger pool of sexual and gender minority respondents to a web-based research survey. The participants indicated that they would be willing to participate in an online focus group discussion. Focus groups were conducted via secure Zoom (Zoom Video Communications Inc) videoconferencing. During the focus group discussions, participants were asked to discuss their experiences with HIV and STI prevention and how these experiences were affected by living in a rural area. They were then shown screenshots of a new app to promote HIV and STI prevention among rural populations and asked to provide their opinions on the app’s features. The transcripts of the discussions were reviewed and coded using a constant comparative approach.

RESULTS

A total of 6 focus groups were conducted with 26 participants. Most participants were cisgender gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (19/26, 73%); the remaining participants were transgender men (2/26, 8%), were nonbinary people (2/26, 8%), or had multiple gender identities (3/26, 12%). Participants reported numerous barriers to accessing HIV and STI prevention services and accurate information about HIV and STI prevention options. Overall, the participants reported a high degree of interest in mHealth interventions for HIV and STI prevention and suggested several recommendations for the features of an app-based intervention that would be the most useful for rural residents.

CONCLUSIONS

These focus group discussions indicate that rural residence is not a major barrier to mHealth HIV and STI prevention intervention implementation and that there is a high degree of interest in these approaches to HIV and STI prevention.

CLINICALTRIAL
Effects of healthy lifestyle interventions on childhood and adolescent cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Kim HyunYong , Kang Kyung-Ah , Han Suk Jung , Chun Jiyoung , Oh Yerin , Yoon Heejin
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors (CACS) face a high risk for experiencing physical and psychological problems after the completion of their treatment. Effective healthy lifestyle interventions and strategies to improve their health-related quality of life are needed to prevent these problems. TherefThe object of this study was to investigate the effect of healthy lifestyle intervention study to improve the health-related quality of life in children and adolescent cancer survivors.ore, it should be preceded by verifying the effectiveness of various existing studies on the healthy lifestyle interventions of CACS.

OBJECTIVE

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of healthy lifestyle intervention study to improve the health-related quality of life in children and adolescent cancer survivors.

METHODS

MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and several Korean web-based databases were searched for English written original articles published between January 1, 2000, and May 2, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) were included. Each individual study was assessed independently by two authors for quality assessment using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) for randomized trials and the ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

A total of 19 studies were included in this study. Quality of life was significant when interventions were given as a mixed approach (exercise and education) (d = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.84,-0.07], P = 0.02), not less than six months (d = -0.72, 95% CI [-1.15,-0.29], P = 0.0010), group approach (d = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.85,-0.06], P = 0.02). Self-efficacy, one of the psychosocial outcomes, showed significant effect when interventions were provided with health education only (d = -0.55, 95% CI [-0.92,-0.18], P = 0.003), less than six months (d = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.69,-0.11], P = 0.006) and individually (d = -0.55, 95% CI [-0.92,-0.18], P = 0.003). The physical outcomes (physical activity, fatigue, exercise capacity-VO2, exercise capacity-upper body, BMI) revealed no statistical significance

CONCLUSIONS

The area of healthy lifestyle interventions (HLSIs) of CACS that have not yet been actively studied were identified, and the need and direction of research for holistic health management could be suggested.

CLINICALTRIAL

NA
Blind Person Assistant: Object Detection
Authors: Birambole Aniket , Bhagat Pooja , Mhatre Bhavesh , Abhyankar Prof. Aarti
Published: March 2022

Abstract: It’s a known fact that estimated number of blind persons in the world is about 285 million, approximately equal to the 20% of the Indian Population. They are mostly dependent on someone for even accessing their basic daily needs. In our project, we used TensorFlow, it's a new library from Google. TensorFlow model our neural networks. The TensorFlow Object Detection API is used to detect many objects. We have Introduce an algorithm (SSD). SSD uses a similar phase while training, to match the appropriate anchor box with the bounding boxes of each ground truth object within an image. Essentially, the anchor box with the highest degree of flap with an object is responsible for predicting that object's class and its location. It has microcontroller which has wi-fi inbuilt module. This guide is convenient and offers data to the client to move around in new condition, regardless of whether indoor or open air, through an ease to use interface. Then again, and so as to lessen route challenges of the visually impaired, a deterrent location framework utilizing ultrasounds is added to this gadget. The proposed framework identifies the closest hindrance through ultrasonic sensors and it gives an alert to illuminate the visually impaired about its confinement. Keywords: Object Detection, Blind Person, location, ultrasonic sensors, gadget
The Pattern of Hypertension Drug Utilization in Public Health Center in the Medan City
Authors: Wahyuni Sri , K Khairunnisa , U Harahap
Published: March 2022

Background: Hypertension is a disease thatcan causes death as much as 12.8% worldwide. Hypertension is a silent killer that causes complications in Hypertension patients. Complications can be prevented by using anti-hypertension drugs. The aimed of this study was to describe the pattern of drug utilization in several Public health centers in Medan.

Method: This non-experimental study involved 109 hypertension patients using cross-sectional methods. Samples were collected at several health centers in August and September 2020 using convenience sampling techniques.

Result: The results showed that the single drug type that was most widely used in this study was the Calcium Channel Blocker (CaCB) group (57.8%). The most widely used combination antihypertension drugs were Calcium Channel Blocker (CaCB) and Angiotensin 2 Recep`tor Blocker (ARB) (15.6%).

Conclusion: Based on the study results, it can be concluded  that the pharmacologic management of antihypertension uses a single anti-hypertension drug (monotherapy) is more than the use of combination drugs (polytherapy).
Anti Inflammatory Potential of Euphoria Hirta L. Leaves In Jaipur Region
Authors: Verma Gunjan , Sharma Vandana , Pareek Ramesh
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Euphorbia hirta Linn. (E.hirta L.) is a medicinal herb belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is commomly known as Asthma plant, Duddhi, Bara duddhi. It has been claimed for the various medicinal properties such as inflammation, diarrhoea, bronchitis, kidney stones, peptic ulcer, menstrual problems etc.

Objective: the goal of our research work is to assessing the anti inflammatory activity of E.hirta L. leaves in regards to phytochemical studies.

Methods: The method carragennan induced paw edema in rats was used to assess the anti inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of E.hirta L. leaves. The extract was obtained by maceration method and the analysis of phytochemicals was carried out by performing different chemical test in laboratory. Crude aqueous extract was given orally at different doses of 100mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 500mg/kg in wistar albino rats 30mins before carragennan injection. Ibuprofen (50mg/kg) was taken as reference drug. The volume of paw edema was measured by using plethysmometer at 1, 2 and 3 hr after carragennan administration.

Results: The preliminary phytochemical study reveals the availibility of flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, glycosides, tannins etc in different solvents of crude drug extract. The anti inflammatory effect of crude drug extract was exhibited a remarkable dose dependent reduction in paw edema volume. The inhibitory effect was highest at 500mg/kg dose of drug. Extract and ibuprofen showed 52% and 66% inhibition of paw edema respectively, at 3hr after carragennan administration.

Conclusion: E.hirta L. leaves aqueous extract has a strong anti inflammatory activity. These consequences help in the traditional uses of the plants and in the development of new treatments.
Formulation and Evaluation of Montelukast Sodium Oral Dissolving Film
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Agarwal Dilip
Published: March 2022

The preliminary batches were planned for the formulation and development of placebos of fast dissolving film by using solvent casting method. Total 10 formulations were prepared by using concentration of polymer i.e pullulan in different proportion. In formulations F5 to F6 various concentration of pullulan were incorporated as well as in other formulation trails taken with different concentration of different natural i.e Sodium alginate, SSG and synthetic i.e HPMC, eudragit to find out best suitable polymer for the film formation. Among all formulations, formulation F5 was found to be satisfactory. The placebos were evaluated for various parameters such as physical appearance, weight variation, thickness, surface pH and disintegration time. F5 formulation came out with best result after various evaluations and so it was further prepared by incorporating Montelukast Sodium API. This formulation was then evaluated for various parameters along with assay, content uniformity and dissolution. The results obtained from the F5 formulation complied with the specifications given for ODF. A batch to batch was also observed after obtaining the results. Further, various batches were prepared with various concentration of PEG-400 and evaluated. It was observed that the batch with the higher concentrations of PEG-400 retarded release of drug from formulation. In vitro release studies showed that the formulation F5 match with the required dissolution profile, the drug release retarded in F1, F2 and F3 formulations due to different concentration of polymer and plasticizer, which did not match with the required dissolution profile. The in vitro release of formulation F5 was found to be most promising as it was in accordance required dissolution profile.
The Utilization of Kepok Banana Fruit (Musa Paradisiaca, L.,) As An Alternative Media NA (Nutrient Agar) for the Growth Of Bacteria and Mushrooms
Authors: Marbun Eva Diansari , S Supartiningsih
Published: March 2022

The high cost of instant media such as nutrients encourages researchers to find alternative media from materials that are easily available and cheap. This study aims to determine the growth of bacteria and fungi in alternative media using different carbohydrate sources. The carbohydrate sources used were banana peel and kepok fruit and the results were compared with Nutrient agar (NA) media for bacterial growth and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium for fungal growth.

This research was conducted experimentally. Kepok banana fruit is processed by cutting it into small pieces then mashed in a blender then filtered and deposited to get the starch, then dried in a drying cupboard at 40oC for 12 hours or until the texture is cracked and dry. The tested bacteria and fungi were inoculated by the scatter method and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The parameters observed were the number of bacterial and fungal colony populations. The mutant Streptococcuswas highest population of in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa  the highest population of was in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5% and  Aspergillus niger  the highest population of was in the kepok banana starch medium with a concentration of 5%.

Based on the results of the research on the number of bacterial and fungal colonies, the best results were on the medium of 5% concentration of kepok banana starch. The results showed that the medium of kepok banana starch can be used as an alternative medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi, the most optimal medium is the medium of starch of kepok banana.
The Correlation of Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Medication Adherence Level: A Case Study in Community Pharmacy
Authors: Rawitr Kiki , K Khairunnisa , W Wiryanto
Published: March 2022

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are patients with a low level of medication adherence. Low adherence causes poor glycemic control, thus increasing the risk of various chronic complications (microvascular and macrovascular).

Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between patient characteristics including gender, age, education level, occupation, duration of illness, and comorbidities on medication adherence to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the pharmacy. Methods: This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional study design. The study involved 40 DM type 2 patients who met the inclusion criteria at one of the pharmacies in Medan in August-September 2020. Data on the level of treatment adherence were obtained using the MMAS-8 questionnaire (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test.

Results: The results showed that the majority of patients involved in this study were women (57.5%), aged 45-65 years (92.5%), high school education level (47.5%), and private employees/ traders/ labor (45%). This study also showed that the majority of patients had a low level of adherence (55%), duration of suffering from type 2 diabetes, 1-5 years (18%), and with comorbidities (75%). The relationship between patient characteristics and adherence level was gender (p = 0.636); age (p=0.922); education level (p=0.275); work (p=0.241); duration of illness (p=0.629); and with comorbidities (p=0.752) the level of treatment adherence was not significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the results of the study it was concluded that there was no significant relationship between patient characteristics including gender, age, level of education, occupation, duration of disease, and comorbid diseases on the level of  medication adherence of type 2 DM patients at the community pharmacy.
Acute Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit Seeds in Wistar Rats
Authors: Fanany Irzal , Nainggolan Marline , Y Yuandani , Husein Saddam
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of ethanol extract of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam) de Wit seeds(EELLS) in rats.

Method: simplicia powder of L.leucochepala seeds extracted by maceration with 80% of ethanol. Evaluation of toxicity effect used the fixed dose method which refer to OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)420.

Result: Acute toxicity evaluation in this experiment using different doses varying from 50-2000mg/kgbw, did not result in the death of any animals until 14 days of observation in the experimental evaluation period and there was no change in behavior towards rats.

Conclusion: These results have shown that oral administration of L. leuceocephala did not produce any significant toxic effect in rats. Hence, L. leucocephala could be regarded as a safe natural product for therapeutic use
A Review: Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav)
Authors: Suri Melani Antika , Azizah Zikra , Asra Ridho
Published: March 2022

Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is a plant that grows in tropical areas and was previously known as an ornamental plant, but was later used as a medicinal plant. The use of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is traditionally beneficial in curing diseases such as thrush and toothache. Meanwhile, red betel leaf decoction, which is antiseptic, can act as a mouthwash, prevent bad breath and eliminate body odor. From chromatography, it is known that red betel leaves contain flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, tannins, and essential oils. In the use of red betel leaves, it is widely used to get rid of body odor, vaginal discharge, ulcer, fatigue, muscle aches, and to smoothen the skin, as well as for itchy, red eye cleansers, and canker sore. Red betel leaves decoction is also believed to be able to eliminate bad breath in the mouth if used as a mouthwash.
Antifungal Active Fraction of Peria Pantai(Colubrina Asiatica (L.) Brong) Leaf Against Fluconazole-Resistance Candida Albicans
Authors: Irma Sari , Risa Nursanty , Y Yulidar
Published: March 2022

Objective: A novel antifungal needs to be found to overcome fungal resistance to antifungal drugs. Medicinal plants contain biologically active compounds as antifungal agents. Peria Pantai (Colubrinaasiatica L. Brong) has been used as a folk medicine by the Acehnese community to treat skin disease. This research aim was to evaluate antifungal activity of  C. asiatica leaf fraction against Candidaalbicans resistant fluconazole.Methode:  The extraction was accomplished consecutively as solvent multistep using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol.  Phytochemical investigation has done to each extract/fraction. The antifungal activity has been evaluated by Kirby-Bauer method.Result: The result of phytochemical investigation of n-hexane fraction contains steroid compound, ethyl acetate fraction contains saponin and steroid compounds, and the methanol fraction contains flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and steroid compounds. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of Peria Pantai leaf have not shown antifungal activity, while it has been shown on methanol fraction with inhibition zone 5,6; 7,17; 8,25; and 11,4 mm at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%concentration.
A Review on the Drug Delivery System
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Pal Niketa , Sharma Rishikesh , Saini Aryendu Kumar
Published: March 2022

Drug administration is the mechanism or procedure by which a medicinal substance is delivered to produce a beneficial result in humans or animals. Nasal and pulmonary drug delivery pathways are gaining growing significance for the treatment of human illnesses. Such routes provide promising alternatives to the delivery of parenteral drugs particularly for peptide and protein therapies. Many drug delivery devices have been developed for this purpose, and are being tested for nasal and pulmonary delivery. These contain amongst others liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins. Nanoparticles made up of biodegradable polymers show confidence that they meet the stringent criteria imposed on such delivery systems, such as the ability to be transferred to an aerosol, stability against forces produced during aerosolisation, biocompatibility, targeting of particular sites or cell populations in the lungs, predetermined release of the drug and degradation within the lungs.
Pharmaceutical Considerations of Nasal In-Situ Gel As A Drug Delivery System
Authors: Khatri Upasana , Saini Sunil , Bharkatiya Meenakshi
Published: March 2022

In situ gelling drug delivery systems have gained enormous attention over the last decade. They are in a sol-state before administration, and they are capable of forming gels in response to different endogenous stimuli, such as temperature increase, pH change and the presence of ions. Such systems can be administered through different routes, to achieve local or systemic drug delivery and can also be successfully used as vehicles for drug-loaded nano- and microparticles. Natural, synthetic and/or semi-synthetic polymers with in situ gelling behaviour can be used alone, or in combination, for the preparation of such systems; the association with mucoadhesive polymers is highly desirable in order to further prolong the residence time at the site of action/absorption. Nasal drug delivery is a better alternative of oral and parental route due to high permeability of Nasal epithelium, rapid drug absorption, avoid Hepatic first pass metabolism, increased bioavailability of drug, minimized local and systemic side effects, Low dose required, Direct transport into systemic circulation and CNS is also possible (passing blood brain barrier), Improved patient compliance, Self-Medication is Possible, prevent Gastro intestinal tract Ulceration. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. Thus, this review focuses on nasal drug delivery, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal absorption mechanism, advantages & disadvantage composition of in situ gel, application and In-situ gels evaluations.
A Review on Banana Fiber and Its Properties
Authors: Kavitha V. , G Aparna
Published: March 2022

There are many types of natural fiber including hemp, flax, jute, wood fiber, rice husks, straw wheat, oats, bagasse, barley, grass reeds, banana fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch, coir, sisal, cotton, kenaf, ramie, water pennywort, paper-mulberry, kapok, abaca, pineapple leaf fiber. The production of banana in India is 13.5 million tons per annual. Banana forming generates more quantity of biomass which goes as waste. The above ground parts like pseudo-stem and peduncle are the major source of fiber. Banana fiber used as a raw material in industry for production of papers, tea bags, currency and reinforced as a polymer composite. Natural fiber is used as an alternative resource to synthetic fibers as well as reinforcement for polymer composite materials and the manufacturing is inexpensive, renewable and environment friendly. Natural fibers have low cost, low density and low durability as compare to synthetic fibers but with the help of fiber treatments, mechanical properties of natural fibers are improved. In this paper, banana fibers are compared through their applications, use and properties and thus it is concluded that the banana fibers provide better chemical composition and properties.
Comparative Evaluation of Cinnamon Plant for Their Antimicrobial Efficacy against Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Verma Khushbu , Chandra Gulab , Singh Ajay Pratap
Published: March 2022

Cinnamon was grounded in mortal and pestle with addition of 10ml distill water. Then it is subjected to vortex and centrifuged to collect the supernatent. This extract was collected in a test tube. In the qualitative phytochemical testing presence of various secondary metabolites were found viz. saponin, tannin, flavonoid, carbohydrate, protein, steroids, terpenoids and soluble starch. saponin, terpenoids and carbohydrate were found in abundance while protein, steroid, soluble starch, tanin and flavonoid were found in moderate amount. Less or no amount of alkaloids, phytosterols and phenol were found. In the quantitative analysis titration of ascorbic acid and citric acid were performed and spectrophotometry of carbohydrates and phenols were performed. Ascorbic acid and carbohydrate was found in moderate amount while citric acid and phenols were found in fewer amounts. Then the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon were studied by the disk diffusion method.The antibacterial activity of cinnamon against S. aureus and S. epidermis was found to be nil. Whereas the antifungal activity of cinnamon against A. niger was found quite good while no activity in A. candidus. The inhibitory effect of cinnamon is quite poor against p. corylophilum and Penicillium species.