bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Posisi Mahram Pria Dalam Fiqih Safar Perempuan (Membendung Feminisasi Pengangguran Dengan Analisis Hukum Kritis)
Authors: Tobroni Faiq
Published: April 2019

According to a hadits three main factors making a man to become a "mahram" for women are: direct kinship, marriage and breastfeding. The concept of "mahram" doesn't only effect the provisions of marriage, according to some opinions, but also effects woman's chance of working in public. It is here where the dispute about woman's permissibility to go far away (safar) without her "mahram" arising. Those who only conclude the hadits literally forbid woman to travel without "mahram". Those conclude contextually as well as essentially tend to permit woman to go far away whitout "mahram". According to latter, the role of "mahram" in protecting woman can be substituted to the state. This paper doesn't only explore the substantial advice of concept of "mahram" but also analyzes it in the perspective of critical legal studies. I think this analysis is very important to produce an "ijtihad" siding with woman, appreciating the development of society and regulating the progressive law (regulatingnot only a obligation "wujUb" and a prohibition "tahnm" but also a recommendatian "nadb", mere permissibility "ibahah" and abomination "karahah").
Revivalisme Islam dan Implikasinya Terhadap Perempuan di Indonesia
Authors: Dzuhayatin Siti Ruhaini
Published: April 2019

The revving up of narrow, 'Syari'ah' based revivalist movements is chaining down the movement of women as a whole. Thanks to a concept of Syari'ah that is decidedly misogynic in putting forth rules and legislations; containing quite a bit of hatred against women, rooted in a religious view that is negatively sexual, and aimed at the female body. This has lead to simplification, reduction and generally destructive confusion manifested in numerous acts of Jilbabisasi and one-sided clothing regulations. Trampling over diversity, and taking down long...standing traditional clothing that has created no previous moral problems, some of which has become rooted in the identities of a culture, as collateral damage.
Feminisme Sabirin dalam Novel An-Nida, Al-Khalid Ikon Revivalisme Perempuan Mesir
Authors: Latifi Yulia Nasrul
Published: April 2019

The material object of this writing is Najib Kylani's novel, An-Nida' al-Khalid, and the formal object is feminism literary criticism. For getting the idea of icons, this writing needs the sociology of literature, because the literature is the mirror of the reality. Of importance in this novel is its difference with the other modem Egyptian novels, that usually, the image drawn of women by Arab novelists and poets is the drawing of women who remain subjugated to men by the patriarchal system. The heroine in this novel, namely Sabirin, is described the strong and positive personality, mature, smarth, and used to participate in politics. In her letter, Sabirin campaigned against patriarchal system and the freedom of women as an humanbeing like a men. Her patriotic an enlightened ideas is the icon of Egyptian's women revivalisme in the early twenty century. Like Sabirin, these pioneers campaigned and called upon the Egyptian's women to fight all the limitations imposed upon their independence. They realize that the cause of women's emancipation was one of the crucial fronts in the struggle against backwardness and internal reactionary forces.
Membaca Ideologi Kaum Revivalis Islam dalam Perspektif Jender
Authors: Syafii Syafii
Published: April 2019

Women, as individuals and as an issue, are often neglected in the agendas of Islamic revivalist movements. Their main priority is the reinstatement of previous Islamic glory and power, a return to the golden age of Islam, primarily to the years of and shortly fallowing the prophet. Revivalist ideologies differ depending on the nation and culture of origin. Those currently prevalent in Indonesia tend to be on the transnationalist path. That is that they dream of an Islamic Nation-State, one run under the banner of Khilafah, the so perceived ideal Islamic government. They seem to have forgotten the Prophet's fight for gender equality. The issue being drowned out by other, less gender concerning issues hotly advocated. Thus many of their followers are decidedly blind towards on holistic Islamic Spirituality, especially those on women and gender, two issues in need of more intense notice.
Kesetaraan Gender: Panggilan Nurani Membebaskan "Manusia yang Dianggap Kelas Dua"
Authors: Tobroni Faiq
Published: April 2019

Judul Buku : Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Tinjauan dalam Berbagai Disiplin Ilmu & Kasus KekerasanEditor : Dr. M. Munandar Sulaeman dan Ir. Siti Homzah, MS.Penerbit : PT Refika Aditama Kata BandungTahun terbit: Maret 2010Volume : 136 + X halaman.
La responsabilidad social de la empresa en el pensamiento de los autores clásicos. Origen y desarrollo
Authors: Rodríguez Carrasco José Manuel
Published: April 2019

Se expone en estas páginas el pensamiento de los autores clásicos respecto a la responsabilidad social de la empresa (RSE), entendiendo por clásicos a quienes han contribuido significativamente al desarrollo de la economía y administración de empresas a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. Se discute la fecha de inicio de esta corriente de pensamiento, aunque parece obvio que Adam Smith ya asienta sus fundamentos.
Experiencias. Identidad digital sobre «Blockchain» a nivel nacional
Authors: Puig Pascual Alex
Published: April 2019

El presente análisis se centra en la descripción de algunos fundamentos técnicos de criptografía asimétrica necesarios para asimilar la noción de cadena de bloques (blockchain), y su expresión registral, la tecnología de registro distribuido. A continuación se exponen algunas ventajas y casos de uso de la cadena de bloques, como la contratación inteligente, o la identidad digital, apuntándose a la creación de una futura red española semipública blockchain.
Mirando al futuro. Herramienta para la inclusión financiera, «también» en España. Propuesta de un modelo FinTech(Social) para asegurar los servicios de pagos básicos basado en dinero electrónico
Authors: Menéndez Andrés Moisés
Published: April 2019

La inclusión financiera es un elemento esencial en la estrategia para la lucha contra la pobreza y la desigualdad. Durante los últimos años, en diferentes países en desarrollo, se ha ejecutado por parte de organismos e instituciones privadas, un intenso esfuerzo de promoción del uso del emoney. La utilización del dinero digital o electrónico, que sirve como suerte de cuenta de pagos básica, está permitiendo el acceso a servicios financieros esenciales a millones de personas incluso en ausencia de bancos «tradicionales». Hacemos nuestro su diagnóstico y análisis de Fin Tech y la utilidad de las nuevas tecnologías como eventual solución, al menos parcial, a la exclusión financiera. Se analizará cómo el dinero electrónico puede ser una solución también en España para mitigar la exclusión financiera y la infrabancarización. Analizaremos también su posible encaje como solución para garantizar el derecho de la ciudadanía española de acceso a cuentas de servicios de pagos básico más allá del derecho de acceso establecido por la Directiva de Cuentas Bancarias, todavía pendiente de su transposición en España y que resulta insuficiente desde la dimensión de la vulnerabilidad financiera.
Los requisitos de efectividad y de legalidad en el acceso a la estatalidad de las entidades secesionistas
Authors: López Martín Ana Gemma
Published: April 2019

Tras el dictamen relativo a Kosovo hay una pregunta clave que sobrevuela con relación a los intentos de secesión: ¿puede una entidad territorial, grupo o pueblo declarar unilateralmente que es un Estado pero realmente no serlo según el Derecho internacional? La respuesta al mismo viene de la mano de la precisa determinación de cuáles son los requisitos que, según el Derecho internacional actual, deben cumplirse para que una entidad se constituya en Estado. A este respecto, nos encontramos que además del tradicional requisito de la efectividad aplicado a los elementos materiales del Estado, el Derecho internacional contemporáneo exige que en el proceso de acceso a la estatalidad las entidades aspirantes a Estado hayan respetado los principios fundamentales de este ordenamiento; es decir, imponen la exigencia de legalidad.
La justicia restaurativa como paradigma orientador de paz: los encuentros restaurativos
Authors: Vega Dueñas Lorena Cecilia , Olalde Altarejos Alberto José
Published: April 2019

Este trabajo proporciona una idea de la importancia de la justicia restaurativa en el proceso de paz en Colombia. Así, se exponen las nociones básicas de la justicia restaurativa, su alcance y su impacto en el marco del acuerdo de paz. Del mismo modo, este trabajo analiza el papel de los encuentros restaurativos como un medio de construcción de paz. En este sentido, se presenta el contexto, el desarrollo y los resultados de la realización de encuentros restaurativos en el caso del País Vasco.
La participación política en el acuerdo de paz: una revisión del sentido de la democracia en Colombia
Authors: Suelt Cock Vanessa , Jaramillo Marín Jefferson
Published: April 2019

Este artículo analiza el punto dos de participación política del acuerdo de paz en Colombia, y lo relaciona con algunas razones históricas y políticas que han dado lugar al conflicto armado. Describe las medidas integrales y de largo plazo dirigidas a la ampliación del sistema democrático y a la garantía a la oposición. Las medidas previstas en el acuerdo de paz implican una revisión del funcionamiento de la democracia en Colombia que insta a la ampliación de las fuerzas políticas nacionales y territoriales, a la garantía de la oposición y a la deliberación. Este artículo se propone describir los temas acordados y lo que ha sido desarrollado normativamente para su implementación, para concluir que es necesario una renovación de las fuerzas políticas en el Congreso con el fin de implementar lo pactado, así como la necesidad de presión pública y de acompañamiento desde la ciudadanía mediante la movilización social.
Resolución de conflictos colectivos, comportamiento sindical, y dinámica legislativa y jurisprudencial en materia laboral en el postconflicto en Colombia
Authors: López Moreno Juan Pablo , Villamil Garzón Edwin Mauricio
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo hace un recorrido por la crisis que afronta el modelo de negociación colectiva en Colombia y que ha traído como consecuencia el aumento del número de tribunales de arbitramento convocados por año y el incremento en los tiempos para la resolución de conflictos de origen laboral. En la segunda parte del documento se hace una aproximación a dos fenómenos que impactan directamente las relaciones laborales en el país: la fragmentación sindical y el crecimiento de la membresía de afiliación a organizaciones sindicales. En la tercera sección se realiza un análisis del proceso de internacionalización de los conflictos colectivos laborales en Colombia en la última década, especialmente, abordando la evolución de las quejas ante el Comité de Libertad Sindical (CLS) y las recomendaciones de la Comisión de Expertos en Aplicación de Convenios y Recomendaciones (CEACR) de la OIT. En la última, parte del artículo se muestra la dinámica de la agenda legislativa frente a temas laborales en el Congreso de la República en el período 2010-2016, así como las tendencias en materia de fallos por parte de la Corte Constitucional entre los años 1991 a 2016. A algunos de los elementos mencionados se intenta hacer un acercamiento en el presente documento. De manera específica, en la primera sección se analiza brevemente la crisis en el modelo de resolución de conflictos en Colombia, centrado en la incidencia de los tribunales de arbitramento y en lo complejo y tortuoso que es emitir un laudo arbitral en nuestro país. En la segunda parte se analiza de manera pormenorizada el impacto que tiene en las relaciones laborales la debilidad del sindicalismo criollo, se realiza un acercamiento a un fenómeno que vive el movimiento de trabajadores en Colombia y es que crece en materia de afiliación, pero pierde capacidad de negociación y poder en general. En la tercera parte se muestra un diagnóstico en torno al incremento de la conflicitividad laboral a nivel internacional, especialmente en dos esceanrios de la OIT el Comité de Libertad Sindical (CLS) y en la Comisión de Expertos en Aplicación de Convenios y Recomendaciones (CEACR). Finalmente, en la cuarta sección se presenta un informe de las tendencias de los fallos en materia laboral de la Corte Constitucional entre 1991 y 2015, asi como de las tendencias y el dinamismo legislativo en el ultimo quinqenio.
El diseño del sistema electoral español durante la Transición
Authors: Alcón Yustas M.ª Fuencisla
Published: April 2019

Las primeras elecciones democráticas, después de la República, se celebraron el 15 de junio de 1977. Ahora que han pasado más de cuatro décadas de la celebración de las primeras elecciones democráticas, recordamos que este acto fue el resultado de un proceso de reforma que desembocó en la instauración de un sistema democrático, plural y libre, desde la legalidad del propio régimen franquista. Agotado el intento de cambio del Presidente Arias, la Corona activó los mecanismos necesarios para que se materializase una reforma pacífica, dirigida desde el poder, pero con la colaboración de las fuerzas de la oposición. La Ley para la Reforma Política constituyó el instrumento jurídico que abrió la puerta de las transformaciones e impulsó el desmantelamiento del sistema autoritario anterior, a la vez que creaba las Cortes, elegidas por sufragio universal, convertidas en Cortes Constituyentes puesto que tuvieron la misión de elaborar la Constitución de 1978.
Cuarenta años de Constitución en la lucha contra el terrorismo
Authors: Martínez Vázquez Francisco
Published: April 2019

La Constitución Española de 1978 se aprobó en un momento histórico en el que España se enfrentaba a la violencia terrorista protagonizada por varios grupos entre los que sobresalía, indudablemente, la organización terrorista ETA. El texto constitucional tuvo el acierto de contemplar medidas extraordinarias para asegurar la eficacia de la lucha antiterrorista y proteger, al mismo tiempo, los derechos fundamentales y libertades públicas. Cuando se cumplen cuarenta años de vida constitucional, constatamos que la amenaza terrorista sigue existiendo, aunque ya no es ETA quien la protagoniza sino el terrorismo internacional de filiación yihadista, que exige reflexionar sobre las nuevas implicaciones que la lucha contra el terrorismo tiene en el terreno de las libertades públicas, partiendo de la base de que las políticas públicas de seguridad colectiva constituyen una prioridad en la acción de los poderes públicos.
El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y el 40 aniversario de la Constitución española
Authors: Sanz Gandasegui Francisco de Asís
Published: April 2019

En este trabajo se aborda la influencia que ha tenido la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en la interpretación, por parte del Tribunal Constitucional, de los derechos fundamentales formulados en la Constitución Española. Cuando se cumplen casi simultáneamente 40 años de la entrada de España en el Consejo de Europa y de la aprobación de la Constitución Española (1977 y 1978, respectivamente), se analiza la positiva influencia de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo en la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional. Sin pretender un análisis exhaustivo de la jurisprudencia, el trabajo analiza tres cuestiones de actualidad en la interacción entre el sistema del Tribunal Europeo y el sistema constitucional español. En primer lugar, la configuración del recurso de amparo a partir de la reforma producida por la Ley Orgánica 6/2007, de 24 de mayo, de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, esto es, el requisito de la especial relevancia constitucional exigido para la admisión del recurso de amparo y la no existencia de tal requisito en el sistema del Convenio de Roma. En segundo lugar, se aborda un tema polémico y todavía no resuelto por la doctrina constitucional, como es la configuración de nuevos derechos a partir de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Finalmente, se analiza la reciente reforma introducida en el ordenamiento jurídico español para la ejecución de las sentencias del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en el ordenamiento interno español que complementa el sistema de control de ejecución de sentencias por el Consejo de Europa.
La lucha contra la violencia de género en España: una semblanza actual
Authors: Hernández Oliver Blanca
Published: April 2019

España, a lo largo de estos cuarenta años de historia constitucional, ha logrado éxitos indudables en la construcción de un sistema al servicio de la erradicación de la violencia contra la mujer por razón de género. Nuestro país es pionero, internacionalmente, por su compromiso, su normativa, su régimen de recogida y difusión de datos y por el entramado institucional y de recursos dedicado a erradicar la violencia contra la mujer. Concebida como una cuestión de Estado, sobre todo a raíz de la aprobación del Pacto de 28 de septiembre de 2017, esta labor se enfrenta a numerosos desafíos: las cifras de la violencia de la mujer continúan siendo alarmantes. Parece claro que haber conseguido la igualdad legal no es óbice para que se mantenga la desigualdad real entre hombres y mujeres, que, en demasiadas ocasiones acaba dañando sus derechos fundamentales a la integridad física y moral e, incluso, a la vida.
Experiencias y reflexiones. El impacto de la revolución digital en la interrelación entre instituciones financieras y sus clientes
Authors: Tordesillas Cobos Carlos
Published: April 2019

La revolución tecnológica ha supuesto grandes avances en el sector financiero tanto en el ámbito de la captación de clientes como en la interlocución y gestión de las relaciones con los mismos.Se detecta que es menor el impacto de la digitalización en los clientes de banca privada (patrimonios financieros superiores a un millón de euros) y mayor en los clientes con menos ahorros. Las razones son varias y, entre otras, se debe a que los clientes con altos patrimonios requieren un asesoramiento de sus carteras de inversión y por ello es necesario que se reúnan periódicamente y de manera presencial con su banquero y asesores, así como que suelen tener una edad más avanzada que los clientes pertenecientes a los segmentos de banca personal o banca minorista.La revolución tecnológica permite a los clientes ser más autónomos y realizar un mayor número de transacciones financieras ya que no necesitan acudir a una sucursal, tienen acceso a toda la gama de productos y servicios a través de su cuenta online y lo pueden efectuar desde su dispositivo móvil, tablet o portátil. Por tanto, es un win-win para las entidades financieras y para los clientes.Dos de los grandes retos que afronta la banca son recuperar el prestigio del sector y concienciar a los clientes para destinar parte de sus ahorros a inversiones sostenibles con las que consigan rentabilidad y a la vez repercutan positivamente en el entorno.
Retrospectiva histórica del análisis económico del derecho (I).Orígenes más remotos y huellas posteriores
Authors: Bernard Mainar Rafael
Published: April 2019

La influencia de la economía en el comportamiento humano evidencia la conexión de la economía, la política y el derecho. Si a ello añadimos la existencia de unos recursos escasos junto a la necesidad de maximizar los resultados, encontramos el caldo de cultivo del análisis económico del derecho (AED), un movimiento que aplica técnicas y principios económicos en el estudio de los problemas jurídicos. A partir de sus postulados podemos concluir que el derecho no puede ser entendido desde una perspectiva exclusivamente jurídica, y la eficiencia constituye un criterio prevalente que determina la noción misma de justicia. Entre los antecedentes del AED descubrimos los más remotos (Locke, Smith, Bentham), y otras huellas posteriores que siguen su estela (Beccaría, Marx, Wagner, Weber, Commons).
Development and psychometric properties of the female adolescents’ sexual reproductive self-care scale
Authors: Alimoradi Zainab , Kariman Nourossadat , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Simbar Masoumeh , AlaviMajd Hamid
Published: April 2019

Introduction

The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument for understanding female adolescents’ reproductive and sexual self-care behaviors.

Methods

A methodological study was conducted. In the qualitative phase, individual in-depth interviews were performed to develop the initial questionnaire. In the quantitative part, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated.

Findings

The initial questionnaire with 128 items was reviewed by the research team and taking into account the cut-off point 1.5 for the item impact and 0.62 for the content validity ratio (CVR), the number of questions fell to 82 items. S-CVR and S-content validity index (CVI) rations were 0.83 and 0.91, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis led to 74 items in seven dimensions. The alpha Cronbach’s coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0.895 and the intra-cluster correlation coefficient was 0.91.

Conclusion

The questionnaire developed in this study is reliable and valid for assessing female adolescents’ sexual and reproductive self-care.
An Input Shaping Control Scheme with Application on Overhead Cranes
Authors: Alghanim Khalid , Mohammed Abdullah , Andani Masood Taheri
Published: April 2019

A new optimization technique is developed to generate a step-input acceleration function for an input shaping harmonic system. This approach is integrated into an overhead crane model for a rest-to-rest maneuver with standard and nonstandard maneuver settings. The proposed method guarantees the satisfaction of the system constraints and desired final conditions, while it minimizes the system sensitivity to crane cable-length variations. The minimal system sensitivity is achieved through an optimization algorithm that provides zero vibration and a minimum integral of system sensitivity over a continuous range of crane cable length. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed shaper in eliminating the residual vibration at the end of a programmed maneuver. Sensitivity analyses are also performed to verify the robustness of the new shaper. In comparison to the previous shapers, the new methodology is significantly less sensitive and can effectively handle different arbitrary maneuver times.
Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers
Authors: Dehqan Mustafa , Genç Vural
Published: April 2019

Sharaf Khān, author of the Sharaf-nāma, is the most energetic early modern champion of Kurdish history. One problem with the standard account of Sharaf Khān is that it organizes Kurdish history according to the author’s own classifications, rather than according to the administrative entities of the overlord empires, the Ottomans and Safavids; and that Sharaf Khān had access only to certain sources which are specific to the principalities. This indicates that one must be careful to use all claims of Sharaf Khān about particular Kurdish emirs, because not all that pertains to the understanding of 16th-century Kurdish emirs is included in the Sharaf-nāma. One way of resolving this inconsistency is to refer to the Ottoman archives. What we want to emphasize in this paper is the importance of the ruus registers for Kurdish history, which, we think, is less widely recognized. In what follows, we shall deal with the Kurdish materials given in the ruus registers.
Learning to navigate – how desert ants calibrate their compass systems
Authors: Grob Robin , Fleischmann Pauline N. , Rössler Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

Navigating through the environment is a challenging task that animals cope with on a daily basis. Many animal species have impressive capabilities to navigate in complex or even harsh environments. Cataglyphis desert ants are a famous example. These ants use a remarkable navigational repertoire to find their way home after far-reaching foraging trips. How do naïve ants calibrate their visual navigational systems? The ants perform stereotyped sequences of learning walks before switching from tasks inside the darkness of their nest, to foraging under bright sunlight. Here, naïve ants align nest-directed views using the earth’s magnetic field as a compass reference. Neuronal plasticity was mapped in two visual pathways to higher brain centers during this transition. Both their first exposure to light, and the performance of learning walks lead to distinct changes in synaptic circuits along both visual pathways, reflecting calibration and memory formation in the ants’ visual compass systems.
Autoantibodies Against NMDA Receptors – Janus-Faced Molecules?
Authors: Wilke Justus B. H. , Ehrenreich Hannelore , Hollmann Michael
Published: April 2019

Wie schon der römische Gott des Anfangs und des Endes, Janus, könnten auch Antikörper (AB) gegen N-Methyl-D-aspartatrezeptoren (NMDAR) zwei Gesichter besitzen und duale Effekte vermitteln, wenn sie Zugang zum zentralen Nervensystem erhalten. In den letzten Jahren rückten Autoantikörper gegen die obligatorische NMDAR-Untereinheit GluN1 zunehmend in den Fokus von Ärzten, da GuN1-Antikörper (GluN1-AB) in der Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit als diagnostisches Kriterium für die sogenannte anti-NMDAR-Enzephalitis genutzt werden. Jedoch sind GluN1-AB auch im Blutserum vieler gesunder Menschen vorhanden. Mittlerweile haben zahlreiche Studien die Häufigkeit, die Epitope und den molekularen Wirkmechanismus von GluN1-AB verschiedener Ursprünge und Immunglobulinklassen analysiert. Interessanterweise vermitteln GluN1-AB die Quervernetzung und Internalisierung von NMDAR. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden wir vorstellen, wie GluN1-AB Neurone potentiell vor den neurotoxischen Prozessen einer Übererregung der exzitatorischen Neurotransmission schützen, jedoch ebenfalls psychose-ähnliche Zustände auslösen können. Zusätzlich werden wir die Pathogenität von GluN1-AB mit Bezug auf entzündliche Prozesse genauer betrachten.
Combination synchronization of fractional order n-chaotic systems using active backstepping design
Authors: Yadav Vijay K. , Das S.
Published: April 2019

In this article, a scheme using active backstepping design method is proposed to achieve combination synchronization of n number of fractional order chaotic systems. In the proposed method the controllers are designed with the help of a new lemma and Lyapunov function in a systematic way. Synchronization among three/four fractional order systems have been shown as examples of synchronization of n-chaotic systems. Numerical simulation and graphical results clearly exhibit that the method of this new procedure is easy to implement and reliable for synchronization of fractional order chaotic systems.
Unsteady MHD Non-Newtonian Heat Transfer Nanofluids with Entropy Generation Analysis
Authors: Shukla Nisha , Rana Puneet , Bég O. Anwar
Published: April 2019

A theoretical study of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer stagnation point flow, heat and mass transfer of a second grade electrically-conducting nanofluid from a horizontal stretching sheet with thermal slip and second order slip velocity effects is presented. The Buongiorno formulation is employed for nanofluids and in addition the no-flux nanoparticle boundary condition is also considered. The appropriate similarity transformations are applied to convert the governing equations into the system of nonlinear partial differential equations, which is solved by using homotopy analysis method. Entropy generation and Bejan number have also been evaluated for the effects of magnetic parameter, Reynolds number and slip parameter in non-Newtonian (second-grade) time-dependent flow. The computations show that skin friction coefficient and entropy generation number increase with an increment in magnetic parameter whereas Bejan number decreases with it. Local Nusselt number decreases with an increase in the value of Eckert number (viscous dissipation) and thermal slip whereas the converse behaviour is captured for velocity parameter. The work is relevant to magnetohydrodynamic nanomaterials processing.
Mathematical Modelling of Hydromagnetic Casson non-Newtonian Nanofluid Convection Slip Flow from an Isothermal Sphere
Authors: Rao A. Subba , Sainath Seela , Rajendra P. , Ramu G.
Published: April 2019

In this article, the combined magnetohydrodynamic heat, momentum and mass (species) transfer in external boundary layer flow of Casson nanofluid from an isothermal sphere surface with convective condition under an applied magnetic field is studied theoretically. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated in the model in the presence of both heat and nanoparticle mass transfer convective conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into highly nonlinear, coupled, multi-degree non-similar partial differential equations consisting of the momentum, energy and concentration equations via appropriate non-similarity transformations. These transformed conservation equations are solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions with a second order accurate finite difference method of the implicit type. The influences of the emerging parameters i.e. magnetic parameter (M), Buoyancy ratio parameter (N), Casson fluid parameter (β), Brownian motion parameter (Nb) and thermophoresis parameter (Nt), Lewis number (Le), Prandtl number (Pr) and thermal slip (ST) on velocity, temperature and nano-particle concentration distributions is illustrated graphically and interpreted at length.

Increasing viscoplastic (Casson) parameter decelerates the flow and also decreases thermal and nano-particle concentration. Increasing Brownian motion accelerates the flow and enhances temperatures whereas it reduces nanoparticle concentration boundary layer thickness. Increasing thermophoretic parameter increasing momentum (hydrodynamic) boundary layer thickness and nanoparticle boundary layer thickness whereas it reduces thermal boundary layer thickness. Increasing magnetohydrodynamic body force parameter decelerates the flow whereas it enhances temperature and nano-particle (species) concentrations. The study is relevant to enrobing processes for electric-conductive nano-materials, of potential use in aerospace and other industries.
Alginate Lyase of a Novel Algae Fermentation Strain
Authors: Zhang Wen , Xia X. , Zhang Z.
Published: April 2019

A novel algae fermentation strain was obtained in our previous work. This strain can

produce alginate lyase and alcohol dehydrogenase used for the ethanol fermentation from algae. This research investigated the fermentation, separation and purification of alginate lyase, and the molecular weight of alginate lyase was determined. The optimum conditions for enzyme fermentation were as follows: fermentation medium with 20 g L–1 alginate, initial pH 6.0, and temperature 35 °C. The flasks were cultured in a shaking incubator at 120 rpm for 96 h. The enzyme was purified using the method of salting out, dialysis, and gel chromatography. After purification, the SDS-PAGE method was used to determine the molecular weight of the protein. The molecular weight of alginate lyase was 30–35 KDa. This research contributes to algae biodegradation and fuels production from algae.
Influence of Sparger Type and Regime of Fluid on Biomass and Lipid Productivity of Chlorella vulgaris Culture in a Pilot Airlift Photobioreactor
Authors: Lopez-Hernandez Yaremi , Orozco Carlos , Garcia-Peña Ines , Ramirez-Muñoz Jorge , Torres Luis
Published: April 2019

The effect of different types of spargers and the influence of the air flow rate on biomass and lipids production by Chlorella vulgaris was evaluated. These data allowed correlation of the hydrodynamic behavior of the photobioreactor with the byproducts production. The hydrodynamic characterization was developed by determining the mixing time (tM), hold-up, and total volumetric mass transfer coefficient of CO2, kLa(CO2)T, at increasing air flow rates for three different spargers: star-shaped, cross-shaped and porous glass surface sparger. The hydrodynamic characterization showed that the tM decreased, while the hold-up values and the kLa(CO2)T increased as a result of the increment in the volumetric air flow rate between 5 to 17 L min–1. The highest biomass and lipid concentrations were determined at the higher aeration rate (20 L min–1), which was correlated with the lower tM, the higher hold-up and kLa(CO2)T values. Biomass and lipid production showed an inverse correlation. The highest biomass concentration (750 mg L–1) and the lowest lipid concentration (10 mg L–1) were measured with the star sparger. In contrast, when the lowest biomass concentration was obtained (240 mg L–1), the highest lipid concentration of 196 mg L–1 was measured with the glass sparger. The maximum biomass productivity values were determined at the lower aeration rate and the star sparger, with the minimum power per unit of volume, which could be useful for a cost-effective process.
La pobreza indígena en el discurso del Banco Mundial
Authors: Navarrete Saavedra Rodrigo Agustín
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo pretende caracterizar el particular lugar y estatus que adquieren los pueblos indígenas en el discurso de la lucha contra la pobreza del Banco Mundial. A partir de un corpus de informes, directrices y declaraciones de dominio público, se caracteriza dicho discurso promovido por la agencia supraestatal a partir de los años setenta y ochenta del siglo xx y, posteriormente, la particular emergencia y visibilidad que adquieren los pueblos indígenas y la pobreza indígena en dicho entramado discursivo. El análisis y la discusión se concentra en tres vectores persistentes del discurso del Banco Mundial respecto de los pueblos indígenas: su condición rezagada y vulnerable frente al desarrollo, su naturalización y supeditación a las políticas de conservación medioambiental, y la necesidad de empoderarlos y hacerlos partícipes de los proyectos de desarrollo.
The effects of different spices on chemical, biochemical, textural and sensory properties of White cheeses during ripening
Authors: Tarakçi Zekai , Deveci Fahrettin
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to test the effects of various spices on the physicochemical and sensory properties of white cheese. Six different white cheeses were produced by incorporating the spices of black cumin, mint, thyme, red pepper and isot pepper at a ratio of 3 % (w/v) of the cheese milk. All cheeses were vacuum-packed and ripened at 4±1°C. On the
2nd, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th days of ripening, dry matter, fat, pH, titratable acidity, salt, total proteins, ripening index, non-protein nitrogen rate, amino nitrogen rate, electrophoretic casein fractions, textural and sensory properties were determined. Isot pepper and black cumin increased the proteolysis rates of white cheeses with higher degradation rates on β-casein fraction, indicating that these cheese samples had more pronounced ripening. On the other hand, thyme and isot pepper were more effective on αs1-casein fraction. All tested spices, except isot pepper, contributed to the sensory properties of white cheeses, by increasing the consumer acceptance. This study reveals spice
addition had positive effects on chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics of white cheese, and thus, white cheese with spice addition is an alternative novel product with a good potential.
Spatially Resolved Electroluminescence of InGaN-MQW-LEDs
Authors: Schwegler Veit , Seyboth Matthias , Kirchner Christoph , Scherer Marcus , Kamp Markus , Fischer Peter , Christen Jürgen , Zacharias Margit
Published: April 2019

Electroluminescence (EL) is the most significant measure for light-emitting diodes since it probes the most relevant properties of the fully processed device during operation. In addition to the information gained by conventional spectrally resolved EL, scanning micro-EL provides spatially resolved information. The devices under investigation are InGaN/GaN-LEDs with single peak band-band emission at about 400 nm grown by MOVPE on sapphire substrates.

The µ-EL-characterization is performed as a function of injection current densities and the emission is investigated from the epitaxial layer as well as from substrate side. Spatially resolved wavelength images reveal emission peaks between 406 nm and 417 nm, corresponding either to In fluctuations of 1 %−1.5 % or local fluctuations of piezo electric fields. Beside the information on the emission wavelength fluctuations µ-EL is used to determine the temperature distribution in the LEDs and to investigate transparent contacts.
A TEM study of GaN grown by ELO on (0001) 6H-SiC
Authors: Ruterana P. , Beaumont B. , Gibart P. , Melnik Y.
Published: April 2019

The misfit between GaN and 6H-SiC is 3.5 % instead of 16 % with sapphire, the epitaxial layers have similar densities of defects on both substrates. Moreover, the lattice mismatch between AlN and 6H-SiC is only 1%. Therefore, epitaxial layer overgrowth (ELO) of GaN on AlN/6H-SiC could be a route to further improve the quality of epitaxial layers. AlN has been grown by Halide Vapour Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) on (0001) 6H-SiC, thereafter a dielectric SiO2 mask was deposited and circular openings were made by standard photolithography and reactive ion etching. We have examined GaN layers at an early stage of coalescence in order to identify which dislocations bend and try to understand why. The analysed islands have always the same hexagonal shape, limited by facets. The a type dislocations are found to fold many times from basal to the prismatic plane, whereas when a+c dislocations bend to the basal plane, they were not seen to come back to a prismatic one.
Dislocation Arrangement in a Thick LEO GaN Film on Sapphire
Authors: Dunn Kathleen A. , Babcock Susan E. , Stone Donald S. , Matyi Richard J. , Zhang Ling , Kuech Thomas F.
Published: April 2019

Diffraction-contrast TEM, focused probe electron diffraction, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the dislocation arrangements in a 16µm thick coalesced GaN film grown by MOVPE LEO. As is commonly observed, the threading dislocations that are duplicated from the template above the window bend toward (0001). At the coalescence plane they bend back to lie along [0001] and thread to the surface. In addition, three other sets of dislocations were observed. The first set consists of a wall of parallel dislocations lying in the coalescence plane and nearly parallel to the substrate, with Burgers vector (b) in the (0001) plane. The second set is comprised of rectangular loops with b = 1/3 [110] (perpendicular to the coalescence boundary) which originate in the coalescence boundary and extend laterally into the film on the (100). The third set of dislocations threads laterally through the film along the [100] bar axis with 1/3<110>-type Burgers vectors These sets result in a dislocation density of ∼109 cm−2. High resolution X-ray reciprocal space maps indicate wing tilt of ∼0.5º.
Hydride Vapour Phase Homoepitaxial Growth of GaN on MOCVD-Grown ‘Templates’
Authors: Paskova T. , Tungasmita S. , Valcheva E. , Svedberg E.B. , Arnaudov B. , Evtimova S. , Persson P.Å. , Henry A. , Beccard R. , Heuken M. , Monemar B.
Published: April 2019

We report on an improved quality of thick HVPE-GaN grown on MOCVD-GaN ‘template’ layers compared to the material grown directly on sapphire. The film-substrate interface revealed by cathodoluminescence measurements shows an absence of highly doped columnar structures which are typically present in thick HVPE-GaN films grown directly on sapphire. This improved structure results in a reduction of two orders of magnitude of the free carrier concentration from Hall measurements. It was found that the structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties of homoepitaxial thick GaN layers grown by HVPE were strongly influenced by the properties of the MOCVD-GaN ‘template’. Additionally the effect of Si doping of the GaN buffer layers on the HVPEGaN properties was analysed.
Visible and Infrared Emission from GaN:Er Thin Films Grown by Sputtering
Authors: Chen Hong , Gurumurugan K. , Kordesch M.E. , Jadwisienczak W.M. , Lozykowski H.J.
Published: April 2019

Erbium-doped films were grown on sapphire and silicon substrates by reactive sputtering, with different Er concentrations in the film. GaN films deposited at 800 K were determined to be polycrystalline by x-ray diffraction analysis, and retained their polycrystalline structure after annealing in nitrogen at 1250 K. The Er-doped films showed optical transmission beginning at about 360 nm, and the Er dose and film purity were determined with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy showed sharp emission lines corresponding to Er 3+ intra 4fn shell transitions over the range from 9 - 300 K. At above-bandgap optical and electron excitation, the 4S3/2 and 4F9/2 transition dominate, and are superposed on the "yellow band" emission. The infrared emission line at 1543 nm, corresponding to the Er 4I13/2 to 4I5/2 transition is also observed.
Optical Properties of Manganese Doped Amorphous and Crystalline Aluminum Nitride Films
Authors: Caldwell M.L. , Richardson H.H. , Kordesch M.E.
Published: April 2019

An aluminum nitride (AlN) film deposited on silicon (100) was used as the substrate for growing manganese (Mn) doped AlN film by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVCD). The (15.78 µm) under layer of AlN was grown at 615°C at a pressure of 10−4 Torr. The (2.1 µm) top layer of Mn-AlN was grown at the same temperature and pressure but doped with pulse valve introduction of the manganese decacarbonyl (100 ms on, 100 ms off). The film was then characterized ex situ with IR reflectance microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy imaging, cathodoluminescence, and X-ray fluorescence. The IR reflectance measurements showed a strong (A1) LO mode for AlN at 920 cm−1 and 900 cm−1 with a shoulder at 849 cm−1. X-ray Diffraction yielded three diffraction peaks at a 2θ position of 33, 36 and 38 degrees corresponding to 100, 002, and 101 lattice planes respectively. Cathodoluminescence results show strong visible emitted light from incorporated manganese. The relative percentage of manganese to aluminum was below the detection limit (0.01 %) of the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Amorphous Mn doped AlN films have also been grown using a low temperature atomically abrupt sputter epitaxial system. The amorphous Mn doped AlN showed no cathodoluminescence.
The Effect of Al in Plasma-assisted MBE-grown GaN
Authors: Zsebök Otto , Thordson Jan V. , Zhao Qingxiang , Södervall Ulf , Ilver Lars , Andersson Thorvald G.
Published: April 2019

We have grown GaN, with addition of a 0.10 to 0.33 % Al, on sapphire(0001) substrates by solid-source RF-plasma assisted MBE. The Al-concentration was determined by secondary ion-mass spectrometry and Auger-electron spectroscopy, while the layer quality was assessed by photoluminescence and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy revealed a meandering pattern and a surface roughness varying with Al-content. The smallest surface roughness was obtained at 0.10 % Al. Photoluminescence revealed two main peaks attributed to the neutral donor-bound exciton. Its energy increased slightly with Al-concentration, which established a correlation between the Al-concentration and the band gap.
Activation of Beryllium-Implanted GaN by Two-Step Annealing
Authors: Sun Yuejun , Tan Leng Seow , Chua Soo Jin , Prakash Savarimuthu
Published: April 2019

For the first time, p-type doping through beryllium implantation in gallium nitride was achieved by using a new annealing process, in which the sample was first annealed in forming gas (12% H2 and 88% N2), followed by annealing in pure nitrogen. Variable temperature Hall measurements showed that sheet hole concentrations of the annealed samples were about 1×1013 cm−2 with low hole mobilities. An ionization energy of 127 meV was estimated with a corresponding activation efficiency of ∼ 100%. SIMS results revealed a relationship between the enhanced diffusion of Be and activation of the acceptors.
Probing Nitride Thin Films in 3-Dimensions using a Variable Energy Electron Beam
Authors: Trager-Cowan Carol , McColl D. , Sweeney F. , Grimson S. T. F. , Treguer J-F. , Mohammed A. , Middleton P. G. , Manson-Smith S. K. , O’Donnell K. P. , Van der Stricht W. , Moerman I. , Demeester P. , Wu M. F. , Vantomme A. , Zubia D. , Hersee S. D.
Published: April 2019

In this paper we illustrate the application of electron beam techniques to the measurement of strain, defect and alloy concentrations in nitride thin films. We present brief comparative studies of CL spectra of AlGaN and InGaN epilayers and EBSD patterns obtained from two silicon-doped 3 μm thick GaN epilayers grown on an on-axis (0001) sapphire substrate and a sapphire substrate misoriented by 10° toward the m-plane (10 0).
Simulation of H Behavior in p-GaN(Mg) at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Myers S. M. , Wright A. F. , Petersen G. A. , Seager C. H. , Crawford M. H. , Wampler W. R. , Han J.
Published: April 2019

The behavior of H in p-GaN(Mg) at temperatures >400°C is modeled by using energies and vibration frequencies from density-functional theory to parameterize transport and reaction equations. Predictions agree semiquantitatively with experiment for the solubility, uptake, and release of the H when account is taken of a surface barrier.
Growth and Characterization of Piezoelectrically Enhanced Acceptor-Type AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures
Authors: Michel A. , Hanser D. , Davis R.F. , Qiao D. , Lau S.S. , Yu L.S. , Sun W. , Asbeck P.
Published: April 2019

Acceptor (Mg)-doped AlGaN/GaN heterostructures were grown via MOVPE and compared to similarly doped GaN standard films grown in the same reactor. Chemical analysis of the films, via secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), revealed comparable Mg concentrations of ∼2×1019 atoms/cm3 in all films. The Mg-doped GaN standard sample had a sheet conductance of 7-μS compared to a sheet conductance of 20-μS for an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. The sheet conductance of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructures was higher due to piezoelectric acceptor doping and modulation doping effects in addition to conventional Mg acceptor doping.
Correlation between structural properties and optical amplification in InGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Kaschner A. , Holst J. , von Gfug U. , Hoffmann A. , Bertram F. , Riemann T. , Rudloff D. , Fischer P. , Christen J. , Averbeck R. , Riechert H.
Published: April 2019

We comprehensively studied InGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using a variety of methods of optical spectroscopy, such as cathodoluminescence microscopy (CL), time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence. To correlate the fluctuations in emission wavelength with values for the optical amplification we performed gain measurements in edge-stripe geometry. The lateral homogeneity can be drastically improved using a template of GaN grown on the sapphire substrate by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Gain values up to 62 cm−1 were found in samples with low indium fluctuations, which is comparable to values for high-quality InGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by MOVPE.