bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staged Bone Grafting Following Placement of an Antibiotic Spacer Block for the Management of Segmental Long Bone Defects
Authors: Donegan Derek J. , Scolaro John , Matuszewski Paul E. , Mehta Samir
Published: November 2011

Segmental long bone defects resulting from injury or surgical intervention are difficult problems to manage. Amputation, external fixators, vascularized fibular grafts, acute limb shortening, and various quantities of allograft and autograft have historically been the mainstays of treatment. Recently, the use of osteoinductive substances such as recombinant bone morphogenic proteins, and osteoconductive scaffolds such as calcium phosphate have found use in the treatment of these clinical situations. More recently, Masquelet described the use of a cement spacer placed within the osseous void followed by staged bone grafting within the induced biomembrane formed around the spacer as a potential treatment strategy to manage these large defects.

This article describes a series of 11 patients for which we used this technique of staged bone grafting following placement of an antibiotic spacer to successfully manage osseous long bone defects ranging from 4 to 15 cm. The limbs were stabilized and aligned at the time of initial spacer placement with a plate and screw construct, intramedullary nail, or fine wire fixator. Osteoinductive substances including bone morphogenic protein-2 and platelet rich concentrate were used in addition to allograft to improve bony healing. In our series, osseous consolidation and full weight bearing was achieved in 10 of 11 patients. Two patients developed heterotopic ossification. There was 1 non-union and 1 infection, which occurred in the same patient. Staged bone grafting within an induced biomembrane created after the use of a cement spacer is a reasonable option in the management of both acute and delayed segmental long bone defects.
Unusual Case of Isolated Lunate Fracture Without Ligamentous Injury
Authors: Hsu Andrew R. , Hsu Patricia A.
Published: November 2011

Fractures of the lunate are rare injuries that usually result from high-energy trauma and are typically associated with other carpal and ligamentous injuries. The incidence of lunate fractures has been cited as 0.5% to 6.5% of all carpal fractures. These fractures are not frequently reported in the literature, and no consensus exists on the treatment of these injuries in the acute and chronic setting. The mechanism typically producing this fracture is a loading force applied to a dorsiflexed, ulnarly deviated wrist such that the capitate is driven downward into the lunate.

No prior reports exist in the literature of an isolated fracture of the lunate without perilunate dislocation or ligament disruption. This article reports a case of an isolated displaced transverse shear fracture of the lunate seen 3 months after initial injury, which was successfully treated using a volar and dorsal combined approach and open reduction and internal fixation using microscrews. Bony union across the fracture site was obtained by 7-week follow-up and continued to show improved consolidation through 10-month follow-up. The patient had decreased pain, normal range of motion, and no radiographic evidence of lunate osteonecrosis on most recent follow-up despite the delayed presentation and degree of fracture displacement. This case demonstrates a previously unreported type of wrist injury.
Periostitis Secondary to Prolonged Voriconazole Therapy in a Lung Transplant Recipient
Authors: Lustenberger David P. , Granata Jaymes D. , Scharschmidt Thomas J.
Published: November 2011

This article reports a case of perostitis deformans in a lung transplantation patient taking the fluoride-containing medication voriconazole, a relatively new and potent anti-fungal. The patient had a normal range of motion in all joints and a normal gait. On radiographs at presentation, multifocal areas of periostitis were visualized involving the left-hand first, second, and third proximal phalanx shafts. Similar periostitis was present on the left-hand third, fourth, and fifth middle phalanx shafts. Plain radiographs of the right hand also demonstrated multifocal periostitis of the third and fourth proximal and middle phalanges. Aggressive periostitis at the level of the right fourth proximal and middle phalanges was also present. Given her long-term treatment with voriconazole and a presentation consistent with periostitis deformans, voriconazole was presumed to be the offending agent and was replaced with itraconazole. The patient’s symptoms resolved shortly after withdrawal of voriconazole.

Voriconazole-associated periostitis has only recently been reported in the literature. Food and Drug Administration-approved in 2002, voriconazole is efficacious in treating serious, invasive fungal infections that are generally seen in immunocompromised patients. Due to the novel nature of voriconazole and the uncommon indications for its long-term use, the periostitis deformans described in this article may be unfamiliar to the orthopedic surgeon. Consequently, a patient presenting with bone pain and periosteal involvement on plain radiographs may provoke a broad, expensive, and ultimately unnecessary diagnostic evaluation. The clinical case and imaging findings presented here can help to promote understanding of this benign condition and its simple cure: voriconazole discontinuation.
Orígenes de la historieta española, 1857-1906
Authors: Barrero Manuel
Published: November 2011

En este artículo se aborda el estudio de la historieta española durante el siglo XIX. Habiéndose admitido por la comunidad científica que la historieta nació en torno a 1830 en Europa, se rastrean las evidencias de su existencia en la prensa española, así como su evolución hasta la aparición de las primeras revistas específicamente integradas por historietas entre los siglos XIX y XX. Se concede especial importancia al contexto sociocultural y se aborda producción y difusión, con especial detenimiento en la figura del autor, que no adquirió conciencia de su labor en el nuevo medio hasta final del XIX. Se establece que los primeros autores de historietas españoles fueron Landaluze, Mariani, Asenjo y los integrantes de SEM, autores de tiras primitivas en su factura y que iban dirigidas a un público adulto. También se aclara que la denominación del medio en España era “historieta” desde 1875 y que los primeros autores con obra de relevancia aparecieron en el último cuarto de siglo. Firmas como Pellicer, Cilla, Apeles Mestres, Mecáchis o Xaudaró abrieron el camino hacia la definición de un panorama creativo en el que tendrían ya cabida los llamados tebeos en cuanto se consolidó un mercado orientado hacia un público infantil.
Formas y contenidos. Evolución del lenguaje y de los argumentos en la historieta española
Authors: Jiménez Varea Jesús
Published: November 2011

El siguiente artículo trata de plantear la premisa para un estudio organizado del desarrollo del medio de la historieta en España, atendiendo tanto a sus aspectos formales como a sus contenidos. En primer lugar se establece la necesidad de imponer algún tipo de principio( s) que dote(n) de estructura lógica a la diacronicidad inherente de la historia, de tal modo que emerja una red de conexiones genealógicas de lo que, de otro modo, sería la enumeración puramente empírica de sucesos históricos. A continuación, la distinción clásica entre forma y contenido en un modelo se articula en un modelo que distingue sustancia vs. forma en tres planos diferentes: contenido, expresión abstracta y expresión física. Además, se propone la superposición de una creciente multiplicidad de códigos visuales como la meta transhistóricamente esencial del lenguaje formal (forma de la expresión abstracta) de la historieta. Finalmente, estas reflexiones teóricas se aplican a la conformación del medio en España, con especial atención a las siete primeras décadas de su historia, en tanto son consideradas el periodo fundamental de su gestación, tanto formal como temática.
La historieta española de 1951 a 1970
Authors: Porcel Pedro
Published: November 2011

El periodo 1951-1963 es el más prolífico de la historieta española. Los cuadernos de aventuras, largas sagas protagonizadas por un solo héroe, son su formato más popular. Aparecen cerca de 500 colecciones de este tipo, entre ellas algunas destinadas a perdurar como El Cachorro, Aventuras del FBI o el emblemático El Capitán Trueno, editado por Bruguera, la empresa que va a dominar el mercado de modo casi monopolístico durante los años sesenta y setenta. Sus cabeceras de humor (Pulgarcito, DDT…) alcanzan entonces su máximo auge, si bien los mecanismos de censura ejercidos por el régimen a través de la CIPIJ (Comisión de Información de Publicaciones Infantiles y Juveniles) creada en 1963 merman considerablemente las intenciones críticas que antaño las caracterizaron. Algo semejante ocurre con los tebeos de aventuras, a los que dicha Comisión acosa hasta su práctica desaparición en 1966. El mercado entra entonces en una crisis profunda; nuevas formas como la llamada novela gráfica o la revista de aires europeos se intentan sin llegar a obtener la repercusión alcanzada por la historieta durante los años cincuenta. Delta 99, de Carlos Giménez, y el semanario Trinca son los ejemplos más significados de una renovación que entonces se inicia y que dará sus mejores frutos en la década siguiente.
Pequeños defectos que debemos corregir: aprendiendo a ser mujer en la historieta sentimental de los años cincuenta y sesenta
Authors: Jiménez Morales Rosario
Published: November 2011

La historieta sentimental de los años cuarenta y cincuenta jugó un papel fundamental en la educación de la mujer durante la época de la posguerra en España. Publicaciones como Florita, Mariló o Blanca difundían una construcción simbólica de la feminidad basada en la sumisión. La mujer era el sujeto destinado al amor y debía prepararse para ese final único. Valores como la sencillez, la honradez, la entrega absoluta al hombre y a la familia y el rechazo de la fantasía constituían la axiología de estas publicaciones. De esta forma, el cómic femenino perpetuaba las relaciones asimétricas de poder presentes en la sociedad española de la época mediante un proceso en ocasiones autorreferencial, ya que fueron muchas las autoras que colaboraron en la difusión de esta imagen reduccionista.
1970-1995: un reloj atrasado y otro tren perdido
Authors: Guiral Antoni
Published: November 2011

Se trata de una época importante porque se produce una ruptura prácticamente total con una forma de entender la historieta dirigida al ocio y la educación de los lectores infantiles y juveniles. Los ecos de un cómic de autor llegan poco a poco a España, bien en tímidos intentos de autores nacionales, bien en traducciones de obras aparecidas sobre todo en Francia, Argentina e Italia. La consideración como forma de expresión narrativa y gráficamente compleja estimula el fenómeno de la investigación sobre el medio en diversas publicaciones y exposiciones, incluso en estudios semiológicos de procedencia universitaria.
Ya en el tardofranquismo aparecen revistas, fascículos y libros que apuntan a la adultización del medio. Por un lado, con experimentaciones alrededor de géneros como la fantasía, la aventura o el terror y, por otro, con la aparición de un comix underground y, por tanto, contracultural autóctono. Revistas como Totem, Blue Jeans o Bumerang marcarán a partir de 1977 la pauta de la próxima revolución de la industria española. El primer desembarco compacto y real de la historieta para adultos de autoría española se produce a partir de 1978, con la aparición de la revista 1984, a la que posteriormente se unirán El Víbora, Cimoc o Cairo.
También se atiende a la evolución del cómic infantil y juvenil, que de alguna manera, entendido como proceso industrial, finaliza en 1986 con el cierre de Editorial Bruguera.
Autoras contemporáneas en la historieta española. Revisión de la etiqueta ‘cómic femenino’
Authors: Cortijo Adela
Published: November 2011

Este artículo, de título tan genérico, no pretende ser un listado exhaustivo e historiográfico de autoras de historieta contemporánea española. En esta aproximación se cuestionan a priori las deficiencias de la etiqueta global de “cómic femenino”, y se muestra el trabajo representativo de una serie de dibujantes y guionistas mujeres, desde los años ochenta (desde Madriz, El Cairo y El Víbora) hasta la actualidad: Laura Pérez-Vernetti, Ana Juan, Ana Miralles, Sonia Pulido y Clara-Tanit. Autoras que se hilvanan en un hilo generacional y que ofrecen una explosión de miradas, de trazos, temas y estilos plásticos distintos. Se observa el fenómeno de la producción femenina y su recepción a través de colecciones ad hoc de algunas casas de edición, de retrospectivas, coloquios y exposiciones, que siguen alertando de la necesidad de una visibilidad, así como la atracción o propensión de las autoras al dibujo y la ilustración y los lazos establecidos entre cómic de autoría femenina y el concepto de “cómic de autor”, literatura y relato egotista.
La historieta española en Europa y en el mundo
Authors: Alary Viviane
Published: November 2011

Se pretende ofrecer una reflexión sobre el cómic español producido fuera de España o para el extranjero. El estudio sigue varias pistas, que van del examen de tres grupos generacionales al estudio de unas firmas relevantes, abarcando tanto los fenómenos ligados a la industria del cómic como los que se vinculan al arte y la experimentación. El artículo se centra en el periodo histórico que va de la posguerra civil a la actualidad, pues, es a partir de los años cuarenta cuando se inicia un movimiento de mayor amplitud de proyección hacia fuera. La reflexión propuesta versa sobre el exilio, sea político, existencial o laboral, físico o artístico, cuando se trabaja desde España para el extranjero. Se analizan diferentes periodos durante los cuales este exilio fue masivo o más discreto y supuso una penetración más o menos afirmada de los mercados anglosajón o francobelga, con el objetivo de valorar la aportación de cada generación y su reconocimiento internacional, colectivo o individual. El artículo hace hincapié en la experiencia acumulada, los transvases entre modo de hacer europeo y americano por medio de la escuela española e intenta dar una primera respuesta al problema de la invisibilidad de la escuela española hasta hace poco en el tablero internacional. Termina demostrando la aportación española a la creación contemporánea en historieta y la reciente legitimidad adquirida.
En el umbral. El cómic español contemporáneo
Authors: García Santiago
Published: November 2011

En la actualidad, cuando hablamos de cómic español contemporáneo, es decir, cuando nos referimos a cómics producidos en España y para el mercado español en primer lugar, tenemos que tener en cuenta dos corrientes principalmente: la novela gráfica y el cómic de humor. La caída de la industria tradicional ha abierto el camino para que se cumplan las aspiraciones autorales que durante décadas tuvieron muchos dibujantes españoles.
Diario de un taller de humor gráfico e historieta costumbrista
Authors: Entrialgo Mauro
Published: November 2011

El autor de este texto impartió un taller de humor gráfico e historieta costumbrista en las aulas del madrileño Círculo de Bellas Artes durante una semana del verano de 2010. Su relato de aquellos días esboza una forma de abordar la enseñanza de la historieta que coloca en primer término el conocimiento del medio y sus herramientas narrativas sobre la mera habilidad plástica. En esa dirección, propone ejercicios concretos y procedimientos que alternan nuevas y tradicionales tecnologías. También destaca la importancia formativa de dar a conocer los antecedentes creativos históricos del medio y la realidad editorial del sector desde el punto de vista profesional, al mismo tiempo que expone fugazmente su particular teoría sobre la estructura del discurso humorístico, emite diversas consideraciones sobre la naturaleza del dibujo y aboga por una amplísima definición del término historieta.
Virally-Induced Upregulation of Heparan Sulfate on B Cells via the Action of Type I IFN
Authors: Jarousse Nadine , Trujillo Damian L. , Wilcox-Adelman Sarah , Coscoy Laurent
Published: November 2011

Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is an important coreceptor for many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. In this study, we report that splenic murine B cells express very little HS and that upon infection with either gammaherpesvirus (murine gammaherpesvirus 68) or betaherpesvirus (murine cytomegalovirus), HS is rapidly upregulated at the surface of B cells. HS upregulation was not observed in mice deficient for the type I IFN (IFN-I) receptor. Additionally, treatment of wild-type mice with the IFN-I inducer polyinosine polycytidylic acid triggered HS expression at the B cell surface. Similarly, incubation of purified splenic B cells with IFN-I, TLR ligands, or BCR stimulators ex vivo resulted in a drastic increase in HS surface expression. We found that IFN-I induced an increase in the surface expression of HS-modified syndecan 4 as well as that of an unidentified heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Finally, IFN-I treatment increased B cell responsiveness to APRIL, a cytokine involved in B cell survival and T cell-independent B cell responses. Enzymatic removal of HS from IFN-I–treated B cells inhibited APRIL. Altogether, our results indicate that upon herpesvirus infection in mice, HS is rapidly upregulated at the surface of B cells due to the action of IFN-I, potentially increasing B cell responsiveness to cytokines. Induction of HS expression at the B cell surface by stimulators of the innate immune response likely plays a key role in the development of a robust immune response.
IL-1β and TGF-β Act Antagonistically in Induction and Differentially in Propagation of Human Proinflammatory Precursor CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Hebel Katrin , Rudolph Marion , Kosak Bernhard , Chang Hyun-Dong , Butzmann Jana , Brunner-Weinzierl Monika C.
Published: November 2011

Cytokines are critical messengers that control the differentiation of Th cells. To evaluate their impact on the fate of human naive CD4+ T cells from cord and adult blood, early T cell differentiation was monitored after T cell activation in the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, the analysis of Th cell lineage-specific molecules revealed that IL-1β on its own mediates differentiation of Th cells that secrete a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and stably express CD69, STAT1, IFN-γ, and IL-17. Notably, our data suggest that IL-1β induces Th17 cells independent of RORC upregulation. In contrast, TGF-β that triggers RORC prevents Th17 cell development. This suppressive function of TGF-β is characterized by inhibition of STAT1, STAT3, and CD69. However, after repeated anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation, we observe that TGF-β provokes an increase in Th17 cells that presumably relies on reactivation of a default pathway by preferential inhibition of IFN-γ. Hence, our data extend the view that the principal cytokines for determining Th cell fate are IL-12 for the Th1 lineage, IL-4 for the Th2 lineage, and TGF-β in conjunction with IL-6 for the Th17 lineage. We propose that IL-1β induces a general proinflammatory Th cell precursor that, in the presence of the lineage-specifying cytokines, further differentiates into one of the specific Th cell subpopulations.
Eosinophils Regulate Dendritic Cells and Th2 Pulmonary Immune Responses following Allergen Provocation
Authors: Jacobsen Elizabeth A. , Zellner Katie R. , Colbert Dana , Lee Nancy A. , Lee James J.
Published: November 2011

Reports have recently suggested that eosinophils have the potential to modulate allergen-dependent pulmonary immune responses. The studies presented expand these reports demonstrating in the mouse that eosinophils are required for the allergen-dependent Th2 pulmonary immune responses mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes. Specifically, the recruitment of peripheral eosinophils to the pulmonary lymphatic compartment(s) was required for the accumulation of myeloid DCs in draining lymph nodes and, in turn, Ag-specific T effector cell production. These effects on DCs and Ag-specific T cells did not require MHC class II expression on eosinophils, suggesting that these granulocytes have an accessory role as opposed to direct T cell stimulation. The data also showed that eosinophils uniquely suppress the DC-mediated production of Th17 and, to smaller degree, Th1 responses. The cumulative effect of these eosinophil-dependent immune mechanisms is to promote the Th2 polarization characteristic of the pulmonary microenvironment after allergen challenge.
Collagen survival and its use for species identification in Holocene-lower Pleistocene bone fragments from British archaeological and paleontological sites
Authors: Buckley Mike , Collins Matthew James
Published: November 2011

Proteins have long been known to persist in Quaternary bone fossils and are often targeted as a source of carbon used in radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses for determining provenance and obtaining dietary information. We have previously reported a technique using the dominant structural protein collagen (type I) as a source of genetic information for species identification in modern and relatively young (Holocene) archaeological samples. We report a systematic investigation of amino acid composition and collagen peptide mass fingerprints (PMF), for a range of samples dating back approximately 1.5 million years. Extrapolation from high temperature experimental decomposition rates predict that at a constant 10°C (the approximate mean annual air temperature in Britain today) it will take between 0.2 and 0.7 Ma for levels of collagen to fall to 1% of their original concentration in an optimal burial environment. Even when the glacial intervals of the British Quaternary are factored into the temperature calculations, the more conservative of these two estimates extends the range for collagen sequencing to the Lower Pleistocene as confirmed by the presence of collagen peptides in bones from the Weybourne Crag (~1.5 Ma). Collagen fingerprinting can extend the range of identifiable taxa present at sites with large assemblages of fragmentary bone material such as that encountered at the ~900 Ka site at Happisburgh (Norfolk, UK) recently identified as showing signs of the earliest humans in Britain.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Presenting with a Left Intraventricular Thrombus in a Patient with Prior Thymoma and Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Migdady Yazan , Olszewski Adam J.
Published: November 2011

We report the case of a 37-year old man presenting with a left ventricular cardiac thrombus in the setting of subclinical paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinura (PNH) developing two years after immunosuppressive therapy for thymoma-associated aplastic anemia. The literature regarding the interplay between autoimmunity and immunosuppression, aplastic anemia, thymoma and the emergence of PNH is reviewed.
Radiographic and Histological Findings in an Atypical Orbital Myxoma
Authors: Bielory BP. , Mirani NM. , Barry MT. , Turbin RE.
Published: November 2011

Myxomas are rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. Diagnostic evaluation requires histopathological confirmation. We report a rare case of atypical orbital myxoma with radiographic and histopathological correlation.
A procedure for establishing an axenic culture of the diatom Synedra acus subsp. radians (Kütz.) Skabibitsch. from Lake Baikal
Authors: Shishlyannikov Sergey M. , Zakharova Yulia R. , Volokitina Nadezhda A. , Mikhailov Ivan S. , Petrova Darya P. , Likhoshway Yelena V.
Published: November 2011

Production of axenic cultures of diatoms is a highly relevant task, as these widespread organisms are objects of research in different fields of biology, from ecology to whole‐genome studies, and promising as producers of various organic molecules, including biologically active substances. However, culturing of diatoms isolated from natural communities is accompanied by the development of associated microorganisms. We propose a procedure for establishing an axenic culture of the freshwater diatom Synedra asus subsp. radians (Kütz.) Skabitsch. from Lake Baikal. Such a culture has been produced and maintained by subculturing in our laboratory. The procedure involves filtration (to remove free bacteria), detergent treatment (to remove microorganisms associated with diatom frustules), selection of effective antibiotics and their concentrations nontoxic for diatoms (by the disk diffusion method), cell treatment with the selected antibiotic (ciprofloxacin), repeated filtration, and monoclonal culturing of diatom cells. Axenity of the culture was verified microscopically (after DAPI staining) and by molecular biological methods.
Validation of current acoustic dead‐zone estimation methods in lakes with strongly sloped bottoms
Authors: Michal Tušer , Helge Balk , Mrkvička Tomáš , Frouzová Jaroslava , Čech Martin , Muška Milan , Kubečka Jan
Published: November 2011

Inland water bodies contain extremely steep‐sloped bottoms compared with those typically occurring during marine vertical surveys. These steep bottom slopes can cause high acoustic dead zones, biasing our estimates of living organisms. The studies so far have used the assumption that the first contact between the acoustic wavefront and bottom will be at the point where the radial ray from the transducer is normal to the bottom (90°), which we refer to as the normal ray assumption (NRA). Nevertheless, as acoustic energy dramatically decreases laterally due to the beam's pattern, this assumption may not be fulfilled further from the acoustic axis. It is reasonable to believe that the methods assuming the NRA can fail at quite steep slopes. We installed a calibration benthic gillnet of known height at sites with different bottom slopes, ranging from 12° to 50°. The gillnet's float‐line served as a good visible marker above the monitored lake bottom and was successfully used for measuring the acoustic dead‐zone height empirically. By comparing the observed and modeled dead zones based on the NRA, we can show that the current methods for their estimation are invalid at quite sloping angles. We conclude that the current dead‐zone estimation methods are not always applicable for surveying inland water bodies with extremely steep bottom slopes. Installing a simple calibration net as an off‐bottom marker can provide help for in‐situ dead‐zone measurements.
A study of uncertainties in the sulfate distribution and its radiative forcing associated with sulfur chemistry in a global aerosol model
Authors: Goto D. , Nakajima T. , Takemura T. , Sudo K.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The direct radiative forcing by sulfate aerosols is still uncertain, mainly because the uncertainties are largely derived from differences in sulfate column burdens and its vertical distributions among global aerosol models. One possible reason for the large difference in the computed values is that the radiative forcing delicately depends on various simplifications of the sulfur processes made in the models. In this study, therefore, we investigated impacts of different parts of the sulfur chemistry module in a global aerosol model, SPRINTARS, on the sulfate distribution and its radiative forcing. Important studies were effects of simplified and more physical-based sulfur processes in terms of treatment of sulfur chemistry, oxidant chemistry, and dry deposition process of sulfur components. The results showed that the difference in the aqueous-phase sulfur chemistry among these treatments has the largest impact on the sulfate distribution. Introduction of all the improvements mentioned above brought the model values noticeably closer to in-situ measurements than those in the simplified methods used in the original SPRINTARS model. At the same time, these improvements also brought the computed sulfate column burdens and its vertical distributions into good agreement with other AEROCOM model values. The global annual mean radiative forcing due to the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol was thus estimated to be −0.26 W m−2 (−0.30 W m−2 with a different SO2 inventory), whereas the original SPRINTARS model showed −0.18 W m−2 (−0.21 W m−2 with a different SO2 inventory). The magnitude of the difference between original and improved methods was approximately 50% of the uncertainty among estimates by the world's global aerosol models reported by the IPCC-AR4 assessment report. Findings in the present study, therefore, may suggest that the model differences in the simplifications of the sulfur processes are still a part of the large uncertainty in their simulated radiative forcings.
Structures and reaction rates of the gaseous oxidation of SO2 by an O3−(H2O)0–5 cluster – a density functional theory investigation
Authors: Bork N. , Kurtén T. , Enghoff M. B. , Pedersen J. O. P. , Mikkelsen K. V. , Svensmark H.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Based on density functional theory calculations we present a study of the gaseous oxidation of SO2 to SO3 by an anionic O3−(H2On cluster, n=0–5. The configurations of the most relevant reactants, transition states, and products are discussed and compared to previous findings. Two different classes of transition states have been identified. One class is characterized by strong networks of hydrogen bonds, very similar to the reactant complexes. The other class is characterized by loose structures of hydration water and is stabilized by high entropy. At temperatures relevant for atmospheric chemistry, the most energetically favorable class of transition states vary with the number of water molecules attached. A kinetic model is utilized, taking into account the most likely outcomes of the initial SO2O3−(H2O)n collision complexes. This model shows that the reaction takes place at collision rates regardless of the number of water molecules involved. A lifetime analysis of the collision complexes supports this conclusion. Hereafter, the thermodynamics of water and O2 condensation and evaporation from the product SO3−O2(H2O)n cluster is considered and the final products are predicted to be O2SO3− and O2SO3−(H2O)1. The low degree of hydration is rationalized through a charge analysis of the relevant complexes. Finally, the thermodynamics of a few relevant reactions of the O2SO3− and O2SO3−(H2O)1 complexes are considered.
Profiles of CH4, HDO, H2O, and N2O with improved lower tropospheric vertical resolution from Aura TES radiances
Authors: Worden J. , Kulawik S. , Frankenberg C. , Payne V. , Bowman K. , Cady-Peirara K. , Wecht K. , Lee J.-E. , Noone D.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Thermal infrared (IR) radiances measured near 8 microns contain information about the vertical distribution of water vapor (H2O), one of its minor isotopologues (HDO) and methane (CH4), key gases that can be used to investigate the water and carbon cycles. Here, we show improvements in vertical resolution and reduction in uncertainties for estimates of these trace gases made from the Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES). The improvements are achieved by utilizing more of the inherent information available in the TES measurements. In previous versions of the TES profile retrieval algorithm, a "spectral-window" approach was used that attempted to minimize uncertainty from interfering specie. However, this approach can also reduce the vertical resolution of the retrieved species. Here we document the vertical sensitivity and error characteristics of retrievals in which H2O, HDO, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) are jointly estimated (together with temperature, surface emissivity, and cloud properties) using the spectral region between 1100 cm−1 and 1330 cm−1. The TES retrieval constraints are also modified to maximize the use of this information. The H2O estimates show greater vertical resolution in the lower troposphere and boundary layer, while the new HDO/H2O estimates can now profile the HDO/H2O ratio between 925 hPa and 450 hPa in the tropics and during summertime at high latitudes. The new retrievals are now sensitive to methane in the free troposphere between 800 and 150 mb with peak sensitivity near 650 hPa. However, there is a bias in the upper troposphere of approximately 10 % that is likely related to temperature uncertainties and/or to errors in the methane spectroscopy. We discuss approaches for correcting this bias either through averaging or through correcting the estimated methane using co-estimated N2O profiles. While these new CH4, HDO/H2O, and H2O estimates are consistent with previous TES retrievals in the regions of overlap, future comparisons with independent profile measurement will be required to validate these new retrievals.
Hydrological landscape classification: investigating the performance of HAND based landscape classifications in a central European meso-scale catchment
Authors: Gharari S. , Hrachowitz M. , Fenicia F. , Savenije H. H. G.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a detailed performance and sensitivity analysis of a recently developed hydrological landscape classification method based on dominant runoff mechanisms. Three landscape classes are distinguished: wetland, hillslope and plateau, corresponding to three dominant hydrological regimes: saturation excess overland flow, storage excess sub-surface flow, and deep percolation. Topography, geology and land use hold the key to identifying these landscapes. The height above the nearest drainage (HAND) and the surface slope, which can be easily obtained from a digital elevation model, appear to be the dominant topographical controls for hydrological classification. In this paper several indicators for classification are tested as well as their sensitivity to scale and resolution of observed points (sample size). The best results are obtained by the simple use of HAND and slope. The results obtained compared well with the topographical wetness index. The HAND based landscape classification appears to be an efficient method to ''read the landscape'' on the basis of which conceptual models can be developed.
Longitudinal surface structures (flowstripes) on Antarctic glaciers
Authors: Glasser N. F. , Gudmundsson G. H.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Longitudinal surface structures (''flowstripes'') are common on many glaciers but their origin and significance are poorly understood. In this paper we present observations of the development of these longitudinal structures from four different Antarctic glacier systems (the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf area, outlet glaciers in the Ross Sea sector, ice-shelf tributary glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula, and the onset zone of a tributary to the Recovery Glacier Ice Stream in the Filchner Ice Shelf area). Mapping from optical satellite images demonstrates that longitudinal surface structures develop in two main situations: (1) as relatively wide flow stripes within glacier flow units and (2) as relatively narrow flow stripes where there is convergent flow around nunataks or at glacier confluence zones. Our observations indicate that the confluence features are narrower, sharper, and more clearly defined features. They are characterised by linear troughs or depressions on the ice surface and are much more common than the former type. Longitudinal surface structures within glacier flow units have previously been explained as the surface expression of localised bed perturbations but a universal explanation for those forming at glacier confluences is lacking. Here we propose that these features are formed at zones of ice acceleration and extensional flow at glacier confluences. We provide a schematic model for the development of longitudinal surface structures based on extensional flow that can explain their ridge and trough morphology as well as their down-ice persistence.
Establishing Differences Between Diversity Requirements and Other Courses with Varying Degrees of Diversity Inclusivity
Authors: Laird Thomas F. Nelson , Engberg Mark E.
Published: November 2011

This study examines how diversity requirements differ from courses that are highly inclusive or less inclusive of diversity. Results suggest that instructor characteristics are statistically different and that highly inclusive and less inclusive diversity courses score highest and lowest, respectively, on measures of effective teaching compared with required diversity courses.
The Influence of Support Groups on Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Mowry Sarah E. , Wang Marilene B.
Published: November 2011

Objective. To compare quality of life in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients following treatment. Methods. The Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) was utilized to measure patient quality of life. Results. For all 8 parameters measured by the SF-36V2, HNC patients had lower mean scores than the US population means. Support group patients had significantly worse scores than US population norms in role-physical, social functioning, and role-emotional. There were no significant differences between support group and control patients for the 8 parameters measured by the SF-36v2. Conclusions. HNC patients report significantly worse quality of life than US population norms in several physical and emotional areas. Our study did not demonstrate improved quality of life for support group patients. The increased incidence of oropharyngeal cancer and chemotherapy treatment in the support group patients in our study were factors which were likely to have lowered the overall scores in these patients.
First-Principles Study of Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Tetragonal PbMoO4
Authors: Liu Qi-Jun , Liu Zheng-Tang , Feng Li-Ping , Tian Hao
Published: November 2011

Using the plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential technique based on the first-principles density functional theory (DFT), we have studied the structural, electronic, chemical bonding, and optical properties of tetragonal PbMoO4. The obtained structural parameters are in good agreement with experiments. Band structure, density of states, and chemical bonding are calculated and shown. It is found that tetragonal PbMoO4is an indirect band gap. The dielectric function, refractive index, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, loss function, and conductivity function are calculated for radiation up to 20 eV.
Modelling the Effects of Pollution on a Population and a Resource in a Polluted Environment
Authors: Maystruk Victoria , Abdella Kenzu
Published: November 2011

A model for the effect of pollution on an animal population partially dependent on a plant resource is examined. Using a system of ordinary differential equations, the model tracks and relates changes in an animal population and its internal pollution levels, a plant population and its internal pollution levels, and the overall environmental pollution level. The model system is analysed using standard mathematical techniques, including the direct Lyapunov method and numerical simulations. Criteria for the stability of the system are found and numerically tested. Three inequalities are sufficient to establish global stability, and a parameter range exists in which these criteria are satisfied. The stability criteria dictate that the system will be globally stable provided that the removal rate of the pollution from the environment, the intrinsic growth rate of the plant population, and the rate the animal population relieves itself of its pollution are all sufficiently large.
Evaluation of Colilert-18® for Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Wastewater Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Alternative Test Procedure Protocol
Authors: Warden Paul S , DeSarno Monique S , Volk Sarah E , Eldred Bradley J
Published: November 2011

This study compared recovery of fecal coliform bacteria from sewage by Colilert-18® and Standard Methods 9222D (membrane-Fecal Coliform medium) in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Alternative Test Protocol (ATP). Samples were collected from 10 different wastewater treatment plants in the northeastern United States and tested in a single laboratory. Twenty replicates of each sample were analyzed by each method, and 200 positive and 200 negative responses were confirmed for each method. Recovery of fecal coliforms by Colilert-18 was significantly higher than (8 of 10 sites) or statistically equivalent to (1 of 10 sites) recovery by the reference method (Standard Methods 9222D) for samples from all but one site. Both methods had low false-positive rates (<2%); however, the false-negative rate observed with Standard Methods 9222D (21.5%) was substantially higher than that observed with Colilert-18 (7%). The accuracy rates of the two methods were calculated as 96.5 and 88.9% for Colilert-18 and Standard Methods 9222D, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that Colilert-18 meets the acceptance criteria for alternative methods specified in the EPA ATP.
Two new cases with microdeletion of 17q23.2 suggest presence of a candidate gene for sensorineural hearing loss within this region
Authors: Schönewolf‐Greulich Bitten , Ronan Anne , Ravn Kristine , Baekgaard Peter , Lodahl Marianne , Nielsen Kate , Rendtorff Nanna D. , Tranebjaerg Lisbeth , Brøndum‐Nielsen Karen , Tümer Zeynep
Published: November 2011

Microdeletion of the 17q23.2 region has very recently been suggested as a new emerging syndrome based on the finding of 8 cases with common phenotypes including mild‐to‐moderate developmental delay, heart defects, microcephaly, postnatal growth retardation, and hand, foot, and limb abnormalities. In this report, we describe two new 17q23.2 deletion patients with mild intellectual disability and sensorineural hearing loss. They both had submicroscopic deletions smaller than the common deleted region for the 8 previously described 17q23.2 microdeletion cases. TBX4 was previously suggested as the responsible gene for the heart or limb defects observed in 17q23.2 deletion patients, but the present cases do not have these features despite deletion of this gene. The finding of sensorineural hearing loss in 5 of the 10 cases, including the present cases, with a microdeletion at17q23.2, strongly suggests the presence of a candidate gene for hearing loss within this region. We screened 41 patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss for mutations of TBX2 and detected no mutations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from southwestern Madagascar for a genetic population bottleneck
Authors: Parga Joyce A. , Sauther Michelle L. , Cuozzo Frank P. , Jacky Ibrahim Antho Youssouf , Lawler Richard R.
Published: November 2011

In light of historical and recent anthropogenic influences on Malagasy primate populations, in this study ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta) samples from two sites in southwestern Madagascar, Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR) and Tsimanampetsotsa National Park (TNP), were evaluated for the genetic signature of a population bottleneck. A total of 45 individuals (20 from BMSR and 25 from TNP) were genotyped at seven microsatellite loci. Three methods were used to evaluate these populations for evidence of a historical bottleneck: M‐ratio, mode‐shift, and heterozygosity excess tests. Three mutation models were used for heterozygosity excess tests: the stepwise mutation model (SMM), two‐phase model (TPM), and infinite allele model (IAM). M‐ratio estimations indicated a potential bottleneck in both populations under some conditions. Although mode‐shift tests did not strongly indicate a population bottleneck in the recent historical past when samples from all individuals were included, a female‐only analysis indicated a potential bottleneck in TNP. Heterozygosity excess was indicated under two of the three mutation models (IAM and TPM), with TNP showing stronger evidence of heterozygosity excess than BMSR. Taken together, these results suggest that a bottleneck may have occurred amongL. cattain southwestern Madagascar in the recent past. Given knowledge of how current major stochastic climatic events and human‐induced change can negatively impact extant lemur populations, it is reasonable that comparable events in the historical past could have caused a population bottleneck. This evaluation additionally functions to highlight the continuing environmental and anthropogenic challenges faced by lemurs in southwestern Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamical mean‐field theory for correlated electrons
Authors: Vollhardt D.
Published: November 2011

Electronic correlations strongly influence the properties of matter. For example, they can induce a discontinuous transition from conducting to insulating behavior. In this paper basic terms of the physics of correlated electrons are explained. In particular, I describe some of the steps that led to the formulation of a comprehensive, non‐perturbative many‐body approach to correlated quantum many‐body systems, the dynamical mean‐field theory (DMFT). The DMFT becomes exact in the limit of high lattice dimensions (d → ∞) and allows one to go beyond the investigation of simple correlation models and thereby better understand, and even predict, the properties of electronically correlated materials.
Synthesis and evaluation of comb‐type copolymers prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization as possible cold flow improvers in GTL diesel fuels
Authors: Norah Maithufi M. , Joubert Dawid J. , Klumperman Bert
Published: November 2011

Statistical comb‐type copolymers of styrene (Sty) and stearyl methacrylate (C18 MA) with varying [styrene]:[C18MA] ratios were synthesized by a controlled/living radical polymerization technique called atom transfer radical polymerization. The polymeric materials were evaluated in selected SASOL Fischer Tropsch gas‐to‐liquid diesels as possible cold flow improvers. Crystallization studies revealed that as the styrene content of the copolymer increased, a crystal growth inhibition mechanism was exhibited. With an increase in styrene content of the copolymer, differential scanning calorimetry and the cloud filter plugging point (CFPP) revealed a delay in onset of crystallization and lowered CFPP, respectively, whereas low‐temperature microscopy indicated modifications and size reduction of wax crystals. However, there appeared to be a styrene content, beyond which the additive's efficiency decreased. Homopolymer and copolymers with the highest styrene content led to long unfavorable needle‐shaped crystals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of processing parameters on the surface resistivity of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Yu Duck‐Ryul , Kim Gue‐Hyun
Published: November 2011

In this study, ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer was melt‐mixed with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). To realize full‐scale application of MWCNT to the polymer industries, the effect of melt‐processing parameters on the surface resistivity in the polymer/MWCNT nanocomposites should be well‐understood. The effect of mixing time, rotor speed, compression molding time, and temperature on the surface resistivity was investigated. Increasing the rotor speed and longer mixing time lead to an improvement of dispersion of MWCNT in polymer matrix, resulting in a decrease of surface resistivity. The surface resistivity of EVA/MWCNT nanocomposites is also sensitive to the press temperature and time. However, the dominant processing parameters to affect surface resistivity depend on the amount of MWCNT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012