bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pró-Saúde e os quarenta anos de integração docente-assistencial da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - Unicamp
Authors: Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Pereira Antonio Carlos , Mialhe Fábio Luiz , Sousa Maria da Luz Rosário de
Published: August 2012

Para formar recursos humanos adequadamente preparados para trabalhar no SUS, é importante uma mudança qualitativa no ensino de graduação. Identificada com esses pressupostos, a FOP vem-se empenhado em construir um novo modelo de ensino voltado a atender às demandas de formação. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência da FOP na integração docente-assistencial. No primeiro ano da graduação, os alunos têm contato com a Atenção Básica e Secundária por meio de visitas guiadas. No segundo ano, prioriza-se as formas de promoção e prevenção das principais doenças em Odontologia e, no terceiro ano, são abordados temas de saúde coletiva. No último ano do curso, os alunos fazem seu estágio supervisionado em uma das seis USFs. Essa experiência é realizada em 64 horas divididas nos dois semestres. O programa é desenvolvido de forma integral (8 horas/dia) em quatro dias consecutivos em uma mesma semana. Pode-se concluir que essa atividade possibilita a experiência de praticar os conhecimentos auxiliando significativamente na formação profissional, na dinâmica do trabalho, na interação com a pós-graduação, além da quebra de preconceitos relativos ao serviço.
Acadêmicos da Unochapecó na interação com sistema único de saúde e ESF através do Projeto Pró-Saúde
Authors: Miechuanski Pauline Cureau , Kleba Maria Elisabeth
Published: August 2012

O presente artigo relata reflexões sobre possibilidades e desafios de implantação da Estratégia Saúde da Família em um município do sul do Brasil, a partir da experiência de uma acadêmica da 2a fase do curso de Medicina da Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó - Unochapecó. A experiência se deu no contexto de um dos projetos aprovados no Pró-Saúde, Vivências Interdisciplinares e Multiprofissionais, que inclui tutorias e atividades de observação no âmbito da atenção básica do município, envolvendo estudantes e professores de dez cursos de graduação e profissionais da rede de serviços da Secretaria de Saúde de Chapecó. A partir dessa observação foram identificadas as seguintes dificuldades: equipe de saúde restrita em relação à diversidade de profissionais, que é necessária para as ações de promoção da saúde na comunidade; baixo comprometimento dos usuários; déficits na relação médico-paciente; e baixo nível de satisfação de alguns profissionais no trabalho. Como avanços foram percebidos o comprometimento da equipe e a aproximação da unidade de saúde com o setor da assistência social em prol do trabalho intersetorial.
Dynamique identitaire, implication et representations sociales du travail: dinâmica identitária e implicação
Authors: Marquez Eduardo , Leon Isabel
Published: August 2012

Dans cette recherche, on étudie l'impact des modalités d'ancrage de la représentation sociale du travail en fonction du statut professionnel (cadres / employés) pour une population de salariés de la fonction publique française. La représentation du travail que le groupe « cadres » mobilise renvoie aux pratiques professionnelles, celle du groupe « employés » renvoie) à une dimension économique et sociale qui s'exprime par l'importance accordée au salaire et aux relations de travail. L'examen des résultats montre que les éléments de la dimension normative d'un groupe correspondent aux éléments fonctionnels de l'autre groupe, mettant ainsi en évidence la nature de l'asymétrie des groupes étudiés.Cette différence représentationnelle est fondée sur la compositionqualitative des noyaux centraux des représentations du travail des deux groupes étudiés (objectivation différente). La discussion portenotamment sur le lien entre les résultats obtenus et l'implication au travail.
Diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados em pacientes hospitalizados durante sessões de hemodiálise
Authors: Dallé Jessica , Lucena Amália de Fátima
Published: August 2012

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer os diagnósticos de enfermagem (DEs) de acordo com a NANDA International em pacientes hospitalizados com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), submetidos a hemodiálise, a partir de fatores de risco e sinais e sintomas descritos em evoluções de enfermagem. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com amostra de 98 pacientes adultos hospitalizados com IRC e em sessões de hemodiálise. Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente em prontuários e analisados estatísticamente. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados três DEs reais e quatro de risco: Volume de líquidos excessivo; Náusea; Dor aguda; Risco de infecção; Risco de glicemia instável; Risco de desequilíbrio eletrolítico e Risco de desequilíbrio do volume de líquidos. CONCLUSÃO: Estes DEs permitiram conhecer melhor os pacientes durante a sessão hemodialítica e assim, poderão subsidiar o cuidado de enfermagem.
O encontro privilegiado entre Bakhtin e Dostoiévski num subsolo
Authors: Brait Beth , Machado Irene
Published: August 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a importância da novela Memórias do subsolo, de Fiódor Dostoiévski, no conjunto da obra Problemas da poética de Dostoiévski, de M. M. Bakhtin. Espera-se, com isso, compreender os procedimentos artísticos aí destacados e as consequências para a concepção da polifonia, do gênero romance polifônico e de outros importantes conceitos cujas ressonâncias extrapolam os estudos do discurso artístico, alcançando a receptividade em reflexões sobre a linguagem em geral. Esse é o caso do discurso com evasivas, com qual o homem do subsolo interage, ao mesmo tempo em que luta contra todos os discursos que possam dizer sobre si a última palavra.
River regulation and recruitment in a protracted‐spawning riverine fish
Authors: Humphries Paul , Richardson Adam , Wilson Glenn , Ellison Tanya
Published: August 2012

We present and test an extension of the “match/mismatch” hypothesis that attempts to explain the persistence, under conditions of flow alteration, of small, short‐lived, native, riverine, fish species. The premise is that flow alteration typically changes environmental conditions, such as temperature and prey abundance, which may affect survival during the larval period of fishes. This “window‐of‐opportunity hypothesis” states that, if optimal conditions for recruitment vary temporally within a year, the probability that a proportion of the larvae of protracted‐spawning species will encounter a period of optimal conditions is greater than for larvae with only a brief spawning period, and so the former will have a recruitment advantage. We determined whether all hatching events contributed equally to juvenile recruitment of the protracted‐spawning Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) during one breeding season in three pairs of heavily regulated and largely free‐flowing unregulated rivers in the Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia, and related patterns in the hatch dates of recruits to temperature or prey biomass for one pair. For all rivers, heavily regulated or not, recruits present at the end of the breeding season most commonly hatched in the latter part of the breeding season. Mortality of those fish hatched in the first part of the season likely explains this trend. Furthermore, while hatching times were similar for all rivers, each river showed a distinct pattern of hatching and recruitment, which may relate to the temperature range within which epigenetic processes are aligned. Patterns of zooplankton biomass differed between the largely free‐flowing Ovens and regulated Goulburn rivers and likely had different sources: within the channel and within the storage lake, respectively. For the Ovens River, recruits hatched subsequent to the period when the first significant increase in zooplankton biomass occurred. We hypothesize that temperature may largely influence the “window” during which recruitment can take place but that prey density, responding to river‐specific interactions between temperature and discharge, plays a role in the timing and magnitude of recruitment of Australian smelt. We conclude that the match/mismatch hypothesis may be applicable to rivers, that the window‐of‐opportunity hypothesis has some currency and deserves further investigation, and that river regulation may have significant impacts on fish recruitment.
Adaptive Information Processing, Targeting, the Standard Protocol, and Strategies for Successful Outcomes in EMDR Reprocessing
Authors: Hensley Barbara J.
Published: August 2012

This article provides excerpts from each chapter of An EMDR Primer: From Practicum to Practice (Hensley, 2009) to assist novice eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) clinicians who are learning how to use this approach and to serve as a refresher for therapists who have not used EMDR consistently in their practices. Actual cases are presented that demonstrate various strategies that the therapist can use to help clients reach adaptive resolution of trauma. Tables and figures highlight important features to explain the obvious and subtle nuances of EMDR. Focal points are the following: (a) the adaptive information processing model; (b) the types of targets accessed during the EMDR process; (c) the 8 phases of EMDR; (d) the components of the standard EMDR protocol used during the assessment phase; (e) past, present, and future in terms of appropriate targeting and successful outcomes; and (f) strategies and techniques for dealing with challenging clients, high levels of abreaction, and blocked processing.
The Effectiveness of Childbirth Classes for Increasing Self-Efficacy in Women and Support Persons
Authors: Larsen Rachelle , Plog Margaret
Published: August 2012

PURPOSE: Determine the effectiveness of childbirth classes for increasing self-efficacy on expectant women and support persons.

MATERIALS & METHODS: This quasi-experimental study used an 18-question self-efficacy instrument to survey 115 expectant women and 103 support persons prior to and immediately following childbirth classes.

RESULTS: Childbirth classes significantly increased self-efficacy scores of both the women (t[82] = 211.059, p < 0.000) and the support person (t[77] = 11.673, p < 0.000). Support persons had significantly higher self-efficacy scores after the childbirth class than the women (t[175] = 22.55, p = 0.012). Type of class attended did not significantly affect self-efficacy. Dealing with labor without pain medication continued to be an area of low self-efficacy for women following childbirth classes. Evaluation of childbirth classes will help educators refine content and methods for delivery of childbirth education. Ultimately, improved patient education will result in greater patient satisfaction and optimal birth outcomes.
Association Between Mode of Birth and Self-Reported Maternal Physical and Psychological Health Problems at 10 Weeks Postpartum
Authors: Fenwick Jennifer , Hauck Yvonne , Schmeid Virginia , Dhaliwal Satvinder , Butt Janice
Published: August 2012

AIM:To determine the association between mode of birth and physical and psychological health problems reported at 10 weeks postpartum.

METHODS:A cross-sectional, self-report survey was completed by 2,699 Western Australian women at 10 weeks postpartum. Information on birth mode and physical and psychological health was sought. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were performed to describe the sample. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between mode of birth and the reported number of physical health problems (two or more and three or more) and two psychological health problems.

RESULTS:The occurrence of physical health problems for all women were incontinence (11.5%), no bowel control (2.6%), backache (41%), heavy bleeding (14.1%), and excessive fatigue or tiredness (35.7%). A significant association was found between all cesarean sections (elective and emergency) and the number of physical health problems compared to spontaneous vaginal births. Women who had an emergency cesarean were most likely (OR= 3.15, CI = 2.40–4.13,p< 0.0005) to report two or more physical problems, whereas women who had an elective cesarean were more likely (OR= 2.75, CI = 2.08–3.63,p< 0.0005) to report three or more physical problems.

Nearly 15% of women reported being unhappy for more than a few days. This was highest in women having an emergency cesarean (16.4%) and lowest in women giving birth spontaneously (13.5%). Some 6.4% of women stated they were constantly reliving negative thoughts of birth and/or labor. Women who had an emergency cesarean were more likely (OR= 3.10, CI = 1.96–4.89,p< 0.0005) to choose this item and they were also more likely (OR= 2.04, CI = 1.01–4.13,p< 0.047) to experience both psychological health items.

CONCLUSION:Women’s reports of health problems within the first 10 weeks postpartum are concerning and warrant ongoing attention. The prevalence of health problems was higher in women who had experienced a cesarean. This information on morbidity postbirth is essential for women and their care providers in making informed decisions around available birth options.
Midwifery Research Problems
Authors: Hall Helen G. , McKenna Lisa G. , Griffiths Debra L.
Published: August 2012

Grounded theory focuses on human behavior and perceptions and the factors that influence them. Through an inductive research approach, it facilitates the development of theories directly from data and is particularly useful when little is known about the area of interest. Grounded theory is an ideal research approach for exploring how midwives and women interact and to examine the factors that mediate their decision making in clinical practice. Although grounded theorists take diverse approaches, the method is characterized by several key features. The following discussion considers the major tenets and how they may be applied in a midwifery context. Specific examples are drawn from a grounded theory study to illustrate the relevant points throughout the article. Midwives are encouraged to take up the challenge of research and should consider grounded theory as a useful approach for examining behavior in a maternity context.
Becoming Redundant: Australian Women’s Experiences of Pregnancy After Being Unexpectedly Scheduled for a Medically Necessary Term Elective Cesarean Section
Authors: Bayes Sara , Fenwick Jennifer , Hauck Yvonne
Published: August 2012

PURPOSE:There is now a comprehensive body of evidence reporting the effects of emergency cesarean section on women’s emotional well-being. How women respond to becoming in need of a medically necessary elective cesarean section, however, has not previously been reported. This article describes and explains how a cohort of Australian women experienced the remainder of the antenatal period following the discovery during pregnancy of a medical reason to book a term elective cesarean section.

DESIGN:Grounded theory methodology was used for this study.

FINDINGS:Seven categories emerged from data analysis to represent the women’s responses to becoming in need of a medically necessary term elective cesarean section. Four categories describe women’s actions and interactions as they dealt with their lost expectations and their perceived “displacement” from their baby’s birth. The other three categories represent the factors that mediated, or caused, women’s responses.

MAIN CONCLUSIONS:This study provides new knowledge about how women experience and respond to an unwanted and unforeseen change in their childbearing journey. The sense of disappointment and loss that is likely to arise for women who must “change track” must be anticipated, recognized, acknowledged, and when possible, forestalled by maternity care professionals.
Use of a Classification Tool to Determine Groups of Women That Contribute to the Cesarean Section Rate: Establishing a Baseline for Clinical Decision Making and Quality Improvement
Authors: Slavin Valerie , Fenwick Jennifer
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:To identify the groups of women who are the largest contributors to the cesarean section rate at a maternity facility in South East Queensland, Australia. Examining the characteristics of these women will allow the development of unit-focused initiatives aimed at reducing cesarean sections in these groups of women.

METHOD:A modified version of the Robson Ten Group Classification System was identified as the most appropriate tool to determine cesarean section rates in different groups of women. A prospective clinical audit was then carried out during a 6-month period in 2010 using the tool.

FINDINGS:The Robson Ten Group Classification System identified that planned repeat cesarean section was the largest contributor to the cesarean rate. This was followed by women having their first baby, women having an induction, and women who have a breech presentation at term.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:The Robson classification tool was useful in identifying groups of women at risk of a cesarean section. Unit-specific strategies can now be developed and implemented in an effort to lower the rate. These include increasing the vaginal birth after cesarean rate, the uptake of external cephalic version, supporting nonintervention birth environments, and implementing models of care where clinicians are skilled in facilitating normal birth. The value of using such a tool is the ability to monitor change over time as well as facilitating the comparison of data between units of a similar nature.
Women’s Perceptions of Contributory Factors for Successful Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
Authors: Godden Brodie , Hauck Yvonne , Hardwick Tasmin , Bayes Sara
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND:In July 2008, a new midwife-led “Next Birth After Cesarean” (NBAC) service was launched at King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEMH) in Perth, Western Australia. Midwives from the NBAC service provide antenatal care, evidence-based information about birth choices, tailored birth preparation classes, and assistance with developing birth plans to pregnant women who have had a previous cesarean birth.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the contributory factors that women who were cared for by the NBAC service and experienced a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) perceived to be associated with achieving their desired mode of birth.

METHODS:A qualitative descriptive approach was used for this study in which semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 participant women who have achieved a VBAC and were analyzed using a modified “constant comparison” technique.

FINDINGS:Two key themes reflecting personal and professional factors comprising eight subthemes emerged from analysis of interview data.

CONCLUSIONS:These findings offer a unique perspective on the phenomenon of achieving a VBAC and provide maternity care practitioners and policy makers around the world with valuable insights into how the care environment might be enhanced for women who would prefer a vaginal birth after their previous cesarean section.
Anti-Purkinje Cell and Natural Autoantibodies in a Group of Psychiatric Patients. Evidences for a Correlation with the Psychopathological Status
Authors: Chiaie Roberto Delle , Caronti Brunella , Macrì Francesco , Campi Sandra , Marino Marzia , Corrado Alessandra , Caredda Maria , Biondi Massimo
Published: August 2012

Phenomena of autoimmunity are frequent among psychiatric patients, but we don’t know yet if they should be considered primary and linked to the pathophisiology of the disorder, or aspecific and associated to a general immune system activation. Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration (PCD) represents a well known model of specific autoimmunity. In order to better understand the abovementioned issues, we used this condition to compare a set of immune dysfunctions found in a group of psychiatric patients. For this reason we tested sera from 48 psychiatric patients (24 schizophrenics, 17 bipolars and 7 obsessive-compulsive), 22 PCD patients and 52 healthy controls for the presence of anti-Purkinje autoantibodies and of some natural autoantibodies (ANAs, AMAs, APCAs, ASMAs). Psychopatological status of the psychiatric patients was assessed with BPRS, SANS, SAPS, HAM-D, CGI-S. In the psychiatric group anti-Purkinje autoantibodies were identified in 11/48 (22,9%) patients, while they were present in 22/22 (100%) PCD patients and in 0/52 (0%) healthy controls. Among all anti-Purkinje autoantibody positive patients (in the PCD and psychiatric samples), only those belonging to the psychiatric sample, but not those with PCD, were frequently found positive also for natural autoantibodies, that are considered good markers of aspecific immune activation. In these patients, both anti-Purkinje and natural autoantibodies were found associated with acute/positive psychopathological symptoms. These results seem to point out that some phenomena of auto-immunity described in psychiatric patients could be aspecific, unrelated to the pathophysiology of the concomitant mental disorders and could be more frequent during phases of acute/positive symptoms.
Few Adverse Reactions to Metal on Metal Articulation in Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Review Study on 358 Consecutive Cases with 1 to 5 Years Follow-Up
Authors: Stürup Jens , Dahl Line B , Jensen Karl-Erik , Larsen Anne-Birgitte , Gebuhr Peter
Published: August 2012

The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of adverse reaction to metal on metal total hip
arthroplasty using a M2a-38 articulation and a Magnum articulation, (Biomet Warsaw, Indiana).

All patients who had received a Metal on Metal bearing prosthesis, in two centres in Copenhagen, were asked to complete
a questionnaire about groin pain. Patients with self-reported groin pain, 68/314, underwent a physical examination and
had Co and Cr ion levels measured in full blood samples. Fifty patients also had a CT scan performed.

The present study found one patient with bilateral arthroplasty, who had an adverse reaction on one side. In addition the
study showed that females had higher values of Co and Cr, and that younger patient reported groin pain more often.

The conclusion of this study is that the number of adverse reactions is low, despite the time of observation being relatively
short, no high frequency of adverse reactions to this prosthesis is expected.
Immune Mechanisms of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
Authors: Yacoub Mona-Rita , Incorvaia Cristoforo , Caminati Marco , Colombo Giselda
Published: August 2012

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has the exclusive ability to modify the natural history of allergy and to maintain
its clinical efficacy also after stopping the treatment. This occurs because of the AIT mechanism of action, mainly consisting
in a specific induction of tolerance to the causative allergen. Such tolerance takes place as a result of a complex interaction
of innate and adaptive immunity processes, that involve inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines. The first
response to allergens is provided by the antigen-presenting cells, and particularly by dendritic cells (Dcs) that, following
activation, acquire chemokine receptors (CCRs), useful for migration to lymphoid organs, where adaptive immune response
is induced. DCs act by presenting the antigen(s) to effectors T cells (T helper CD4 + and T suppressor CD8 +) derived
from naïve T cells. The development of different cell subtypes from naïve T cells (Th0) may follow various pathways
and depends on both individual genetic background (atopic/non atopic) and environmental factors. The T cell response
in atopic subjects is influenced by the Th2 polarization promoting the production of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-
5. On the contrary, the expression of CD80 may determine a Th1 cytokines production, and ICOS-L supports the Tregulatory
cells activation that significantly reduce allergic inflammation. The suppressive effect of Treg is due to the expression
of high level of the transcription factor Foxp3 on their surface, to the production of IL-10 and TGF-ß and to the
expression of membrane molecules as CTL-4 PD-1 and BTLA. Recent advances highlighted a role also for Th9 and Th17
lymphocytes. Such immunologic modification leads to the long noted events in studies on mechanisms of action, such as
the decrease of specific IgE and the increase of specific IgG1 and IgG4, and ultimately on the inhibition of inflammatory
cells such as mast cells, basophils and eosinophils and on the control of clinical symptoms.
Simplified procedure for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate following intravenous administration of iodixanol in cats
Authors: Katayama Rieko , Saito Jun , Katayama Masaaki , Yamagishi Norio , Yamashita Tetsuro , Kato Masaki , Furuhama Kazuhisa
Published: August 2012

Objective—To compare the use of a single-sample method involving IV administration of iodixanol with a multisample method involving inulin for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats.

Animals—24 cats, including 15 healthy cats and 9 cats with naturally occurring renal diseases.

Procedures—Each cat was coadministered iodixanol (a nonionic contrast medium; dose providing 40 mg of I/kg) and inulin (50 mg/kg), IV, and blood samples were collected 60, 90, and 120 minutes later. Serum iodixanol and inulin concentrations were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography and colorimetry, respectively. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were also measured.

Results—Analysis of the data from healthy cats and cats with naturally occurring renal diseases revealed an excellent correlation between GFR values estimated by the multisample and single-sample methods with iodixanol. Likewise, GFR values estimated from the single-sample method with iodixanol were closely correlated with those calculated from the multisample method with inulin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For estimation of GFR in cats, use of a single-sample method with iodixanol, instead of a multisample procedure, may be an expedient tool in both clinical and research settings because of its benefits to patient well-being as a result of reduced stress associated with blood sample collection.
Hind limb kinematics during therapeutic exercises in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints
Authors: Bockstahler Barbara A. , Prickler Bettina , Lewy Elisabeth , Holler Peter J. , Vobornik Angela , Peham Christian
Published: August 2012

Objective—To assess joint kinematics in dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints during walking up an incline or down a decline and over low obstacles and to compare findings with data for nonlame dogs.

Animals—10 dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints (mean ± SD age, 6.95 ± 3.17 years; mean body weight, 34.33 ± 13.58 kg) and 8 nonlame dogs (3.4 ± 2.0 years; 23.6 ± 4.6 kg).

Procedures—Reflective markers located on the limbs and high-speed cameras were used to record joint kinematics during walking up an incline or down a decline and over low obstacles. Maximal flexion, extension, and range of motion of the hip joints were calculated.

Results—Osteoarthritis of the hip joints reduced extension of both hip joints and flexion of the contralateral hind limb, compared with flexion of the lame hind limb, during walking down a decline. Walking up an incline resulted in decreased extension of the stifle joint in both hind limbs of osteoarthritic dogs; extension was significantly decreased for the lame hind limb. During walking over low obstacles, maximal flexion of the stifle joint was increased significantly for the contralateral hind limb. Maximal flexion was increased in both tarsal joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Osteoarthritis of the hip joints led to complex changes in the gait of dogs, which involved more joints than the affected hip joint alone. Each exercise had specific effects on joint kinematics that must be considered when planning a rehabilitation program.
Ultrasonography and noncontrast computed tomography of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in healthy cats
Authors: Nemanic Sarah , Nelson Nathan C.
Published: August 2012

Objective—To determine various measurements of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes (MRPLNs) in healthy cats via ultrasonography and CT.

Animals—45 cats (age range, 2 to 8 years).

Procedures—Cats underwent CT of the head and ultrasonography of the cervical region. Various measurements of MRPLNs were obtained, and parenchymal heterogeneity, presence of a hilus, appearance of margins, and attenuation of MRPLNs were determined.

Results—Data for 7 cats were excluded because they did not meet inclusion criteria; data for 38 cats were evaluated. Measurements of left and right MRPLNs were not significantly different. Mean length × rostral height × rostral width dimensions of MRPLNs were 20.7 × 12.4 × 3.7 mm and 20.7 × 13.1 × 4.7 mm in ultrasonographic and CT images, respectively. Maximum MRPLN dimensions were approximately 32 × 20 × 7 mm. Mean attenuation of MRPLNs was 40.2 Hounsfield units. Parenchyma of MRPLNs was mildly (via CT) to moderately (via ultrasonography) heterogeneous. A hilus was identified in 95% (via ultrasonography) and 24% or 92% (via CT [depending on criteria used to define a hilus]) of MPRLNs. Lymph node margins were smooth in CT images and mildly irregular in ultrasonographic images. A negative linear correlation was detected between age of cat and MRPLN volume.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MRPLNs in cats were easily imaged via ultrasonography and CT. Left and right MRPLNs were symmetric, and MRPLNs were larger in young adult cats versus old cats. Data were intended to serve as references for evaluation of MRPLNs in healthy cats.
Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses
Authors: Tadros Elizabeth M. , Frank Nicholas
Published: August 2012

Objective—To determine whether the method of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (intermittent vs continuous) affects the magnitude and duration of the systemic inflammatory response in horses and whether prolonged (48 hours) endotoxemia induces laminitis.

Animals—12 healthy adult horses (10 mares and 2 geldings).

Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to receive LPS (total dose, 80 μg; n = 4) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80 mL/h; 4) via constant rate infusion or 8 bolus IV injections of LPS (10 μg, q 6 h;4) during a 48-hour period. Physical examinations were performed every 4 hours, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined for blood samples obtained every 8 hours, and IV glucose tolerance tests were performed.

Results—All LPS-treated horses had signs of depression and mild colic; those signs abated as the study progressed. Administration of LPS increased expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, but results were not significantly different between LPS treatment groups. Cytokine expression was significantly higher on the first day versus the second day of LPS treatment. Interleukin-1β expression was positively correlated with rectal temperature and expression of other cytokines. Glucose and insulin dynamics for both LPS groups combined did not differ significantly from those of the saline solution group. Signs of laminitis were not detected in any of the horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses developed LPS tolerance within approximately 24 hours after administration was started, and the method of LPS administration did not affect the magnitude or duration of systemic inflammation. Laminitis was not induced in horses.
Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens and in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Karagianni Anna E. , Solano-Gallego Laia , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Gaschen Frédéric P. , Day Michael J. , Trotta Michele , Wieland Barbara , Allenspach Karin
Published: August 2012

Objective—To determine the prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) in dogs with confirmed or suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens, including Rickettsia rickettsii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum.

Animals—55 dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA, 140 dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens, and 62 healthy dogs and dogs seronegative for vector-borne pathogens.

Procedures—Samples were allocated to subgroups on the basis of the health status of the dogs and the degree of seroreactivity against various vector-borne pathogens. Serum samples were tested retrospectively via indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine pANCA status.

Results—26 of 55 (47%) dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA and 67 of 140 (48%) dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens had positive results when tested for pANCA. Serum samples with the highest antibody concentrations against L infantum antigen had the highest proportion (28/43 [65%]) that were positive for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) dogs seronegative for tick-borne pathogens and 8 of 22 (36%) dogs seronegative for L infantum had positive results for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) healthy dogs had serum antibodies against pANCA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—pANCA were detected in a high percentage of dogs with IMHA and vector-borne infectious diseases. Therefore, pANCA may be a relatively nonspecific marker for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, although they could represent a biomarker for immune-mediated diseases and infections.
Expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in blood samples obtained from healthy and sick neonatal foals
Authors: Castagnetti Carolina , Mariella Jole , Pirrone Alessandro , Cinotti Stefano , Mari Gaetano , Peli Angelo
Published: August 2012

Objective—To evaluate and compare the gene expression of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and interferon-γ during the first 72 hours after birth in healthy foals and during the first 72 hours after hospitalization in sick neonatal foals and investigate correlations of clinicopathologic variables with cytokine expressions in healthy and sick neonatal foals.

Animals—33 foals < 7 days old (10 healthy foals, 7 foals with sepsis, 6 foals with peripartum asphyxia syndrome, and 12 foals with other diseases [2 with failure of passive transfer of immunity only were not further evaluated]).

Procedures—A blood sample (15 mL) was collected from each foal immediately after birth or hospital admission (0 hours) and at 24 and 72 hours later. Clinicopathologic variables were evaluated, and cytokine gene expression in WBCs was measured with an absolute quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay.

Results—At all time points, gene expression of interferon-γ was low in all groups. No time-dependent changes in cytokine expressions were detected in healthy or sick foals. Foals with sepsis had significantly higher IL-1β gene expression than did healthy foals, foals with peripartum asphyxia syndrome, or foals with other diseases. At 0 hours, IL-1β expression was correlated with plasma fibrinogen concentration in healthy foals and with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in foals with sepsis; IL-8 expression was correlated with monocyte count in foals with sepsis and with arterial pH, plasma fibrinogen concentration, and plasma lactate concentration in foals with peripartum asphyxia syndrome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data have suggested that evaluation of IL-1β expression in sick neonatal foals could help identify those with sepsis.
Effects of administration of two growth hormone–releasing hormone plasmids to gilts on sow and litter performance for the subsequent three gestations
Authors: Brown Patricia A. , Khan Amir S. , Draghia-Akli Ruxandra , Pope Melissa A. , Bodles-Brakhop Angela M. , Kern Douglas R.
Published: August 2012

Objective—To determine whether a novel optimized plasmid carrying the porcine growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) wild-type cDNA administered at a lower dose was as effective at eliciting physiologic responses as a commercial GHRH plasmid approved for use in Australia.

Animals—134 gilts.

Procedures—Estrus was synchronized and gilts were bred. Pregnant gilts were assigned to 2 treatment groups (40 gilts/group) or 1 untreated control group (24 gilts). Gilts in one of the treatment groups received the commercial GHRH plasmid, whereas gilts in the other treatment group received a novel optimized GHRH plasmid; both plasmids were administered IM in the right hind limb, which was followed by electroporation. Sow and litter performance were monitored for the 3 gestations after treatment.

Results—A significant increase in insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, decrease in perinatal mortality rate, increase in the number of pigs born alive, and increase in the weight and number of pigs weaned were detected for both groups receiving the GHRH-expressing plasmids, compared with values for the control group. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in sow attrition in GHRH-treated females, compared with attrition in the control group, during the 3 gestations after treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Both of the GHRH plasmids provided significant benefits for sow performance and baby pig survivability for pregnant and lactating sows and their offspring during the 3 gestations after treatment, compared with results for untreated control gilts. Use of a novel optimized plasmid reduced the effective plasmid dose in these large mammals.
Neurotoxic effects of ivermectin administration in genetically engineered mice with targeted insertion of the mutated canine ABCB1 gene
Authors: Orzechowski Krystyna L. , Swain Marla D. , Robl Martin G. , Tinaza Constante A. , Swaim Heidi L. , Jones Yolanda L. , Myers Michael J. , Yancy Haile F.
Published: August 2012

Objective—To develop in genetically engineered mice an alternative screening method for evaluation of P-glycoprotein substrate toxicosis in ivermectin-sensitive Collies.

Animals—14 wild-type C57BL/6J mice (controls) and 21 genetically engineered mice in which the abcb1a and abcb1b genes were disrupted and the mutated canine ABCB1 gene was inserted.

Procedures—Mice were allocated to receive 10 mg of ivermectin/kg via SC injection (n = 30) or a vehicle-only formulation of propylene glycol and glycerol formal (5). Each was observed for clinical signs of toxic effects from 0 to 7 hours following drug administration.

Results—After ivermectin administration, considerable differences were observed in drug sensitivity between the 2 types of mice. The genetically engineered mice with the mutated canine ABCB1 gene had signs of severe sensitivity to ivermectin, characterized by progressive lethargy, ataxia, and tremors, whereas the wild-type control mice developed no remarkable effects related to the ivermectin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ivermectin sensitivity modeled in the transgenic mice closely resembled the lethargy, stupor, disorientation, and loss of coordination observed in ivermectin-sensitive Collies with the ABCB1–1Δ mutation. As such, the model has the potential to facilitate toxicity assessments of certain drugs for dogs that are P-glycoprotein substrates, and it may serve to reduce the use of dogs in avermectin derivative safety studies that are part of the new animal drug approval process.
Renal effects of carprofen and etodolac in euvolemic and volume-depleted dogs
Authors: Surdyk Kathryn K. , Sloan Dawn L. , Brown Scott A.
Published: August 2012

Objective—To determine the effects of carprofen and etodolac on renal function in euvolemic dogs and dogs with extracellular fluid volume depletion induced via administration of furosemide.

Animals—12 female Beagles.

Procedures—Dogs received a placebo, furosemide, carprofen, etodolac, furosemide and carprofen, and furosemide and etodolac. The order in which dogs received treatments was determined via a randomization procedure. Values of urine specific gravity, various plasma biochemical variables, glomerular filtration rate (GFR [urinary clearance of creatinine]), and renal plasma flow (urinary clearance of para-aminohippuric acid) were determined before and after 8 days of drug administration. A washout time of approximately 12 days was allowed between treatment periods.

Results—Administration of furosemide, furosemide and carprofen, and furosemide and etodolac caused changes in urine specific gravity and values of plasma biochemical variables. Administration of carprofen or etodolac alone did not have a significant effect on renal plasma flow or GFR. Concurrent administration of furosemide and carprofen or furosemide and etodolac caused a significant decrease in GFR. After 12-day washout periods, mean values of GFR were similar to values before drug administration for all treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated GFR decreased after 8 days of concurrent administration of furosemide and carprofen or furosemide and etodolac to dogs. Administration of preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to dogs with extracellular fluid volume depletion or to dogs treated with diuretics may transiently impair renal function.
Ischemic stroke appearing as a tumor
Authors: Mahta Ali , Kaasam Sriveer , Kesari Santosh
Published: August 2012

Herein, we report a case of a patient who initially presented with hemiparesis but later on developed focal seizures. The imaging was concerning for a mass lesion, however; a significant clinical and radiologic improvement was noted after a few weeks. Cortical ischemia can continue to enhance, which can confound clinical management.
Soluble forms of tau are toxic in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kopeikina Katherine , Hyman Bradley , Spires-Jones Tara
Published: August 2012

Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), intracellular inclusions of fibrillar forms of tau, is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. NFT have been considered causative of neuronal death, however, recent evidence challenges this idea. Other species of tau, such as soluble misfolded, hyperphosphorylated, and mislocalized forms, are now being implicated as toxic. Here we review the data supporting soluble tau as toxic to neurons and synapses in the brain and the implications of these data for development of therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies.
Neuroprotection by dietary restriction and the PPAR transcription complex
Authors: Mobbs Charles , Moreno Cesar , Kim Esther , Ekasumara Nydia , Marcellino Bridget
Published: August 2012

Although the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is distinct for each disease, considerable evidence suggests that a single manipulation, dietary restriction, is strikingly protective against a wide range of such diseases. Thus pharmacological mimetics of dietary restrictions could prove widely protective across a range of neurodegenerative diseases. The PPAR transcription complex functions to re-program gene expression in response to nutritional deprivation as well as in response to a wide variety of lipophilic compounds. In mammals there are three PPAR homologs, which dimerize with RXR homologs and recruit coactivators Pgc1-alpha and Creb-binding protein (Cbp). PPARs are currently of clinical interest mainly because PPAR activators are approved for use in humans to reduce lipidemia and to improve glucose control in Type 2 diabetic patients. However, pharmacological enhancement of the activity of the PPAR complex is neuroprotective across a wide variety of models for neuropathological processes, including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Conversely activity of the PPAR transcriptional complex is reduced in a variety of neuropathological processes. The main mechanisms mediating the neuroprotective effects of the PPAR transcription complex appear to be re-routing metabolism away from glucose metabolism and toward alternative subtrates, and reduction in inflammatory processes. Recent evidence suggests that the PPAR transcriptional complex may also mediate protective effects of dietary restriction on neuropathological processes. Thus this complex represents one of the most promising for the development of pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Research on School Administrator Career Behavior
Authors: Farley-Ripple Elizabeth N. , Solano Paul L. , McDuffie Mary Joan
Published: August 2012

Recent research has focused on issues of retention and turnover among K–12 school administrators, yet it fails to address some important complexities in administrator career paths. This article examines three conceptual and methodological issues in the current literature involving administrative turnover: the complexity of role and place in administrators’ job transitions, job opportunity and choice open to administrators, and static versus dynamic approaches to assessing administrators’ movement and retention. This evaluation includes empirical examples from the authors’ study of administrator career paths in Delaware. The authors conclude that these issues have not yet been adequately acknowledged in the literature but that they have significant implications for how administrator career behavior is measured and understood for both research and policy.
First Evaluation of Different Captive Rearing Techniques for the Re-Establishment of the Red Legged Partridge Populations
Authors: Santilli Francesco , Galardi Lorenzo , Bagliacca Marco
Published: August 2012

In Tuscany, the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. Recently, some attempts have been made to re-establish wild populations in Tuscany using farm reared birds, but in most cases the released populations have shown difficulties in reaching sufficient viability, even in areas where the habitat can be considered suitable. Modern technologies for rearing game-birds may be not suitable for reintroduction purposes. For this reason we carried out preliminary research to evaluate the survival of red legged partridges reared under natural condition (Natural) compared to those farm reared (Artificial). Natural rearing occurred in a large pen where birds were allowed to mate freely and to nest. Natural reared birds reached a larger size than artificially-reared birds. Partridges were released in a 7.56 sq km protected area located in the province of Leghorn (western Tuscany, Italy). We followed the fate of 22 young radio-tagged red-legged female partridges (half Natural and half Artificial) and 56 young red-legged partridges (25 Artificial and 31 Natural) marked with different coloured ponchos. The survival of Natural radio-tagged red-legged partridges was double that of the Artificial red-legged partridges. After six months, the re-sighting rate of the Natural poncho-marked birds reached 22.6% whereas none of the Artificial stock was re-sighted. The preliminary results of this research suggest that Natural rearing may be an important tool to improve the success of partridge reintroduction.
Feathers and Post-Hatch Eggshells: Sources of Fibroblast Cells for Conserving Genetic Diversity
Authors: Kjelland Michael E. , Kraemer Duane
Published: August 2012

Scientific literature addresses the use of feathers in sex determination, as a source of DNA, and for providing ecotoxicological information; however, there is much less research on the use of feathers as a non-invasive, or minimally invasive, means to conserve avian genetic diversity. This study investigated the use of semi-mature to mature feathers and post-hatch eggshells, as well as embryos, as sources of fibroblast-like cells for cytological analysis and somatic cell gene banking. Contour and flight feathers were plucked from living Rhode Island red and white leghorn varieties of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), India blue peafowl (white mutation) (Pavo cristatus), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), domestic duck (Anas platyrhyncha), emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), and ostrich (Struthio camelus). Fibroblast cell growth was observed in the feather pulp and post-hatch eggshell samples after 24-48 hours. Erythrocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells were also observed, based on morphology. Semi-mature to mature feathers containing feather pulp and post-hatch eggshells can be adequate sources of fibroblast cells for somatic cell acquisition and cell culture, possibly providing a source of cells for use in chimera formation or cloning of threatened and endangered birds. Further research should focus on applying this technique to other avian species and address cryopreservation and viability of cells derived in this manner.