bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteínas de reserva de acessos de coleção nuclear de arroz
Authors: Silveira Ricardo Diógenes Dias , Santos Karina Freire d'Eça Nogueira , Didonet Claudia Cristina Garcia Martim , Didonet Agostinho Dirceu , Brondani Claudio
Published: March 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o conteúdo de proteína total de reserva dos 550 acessos da Coleção Nuclear de Arroz da Embrapa (CNAE), e avaliar o perfil proteico dos 20 acessos com maior teor de proteína em SDS-PAGE. Foi encontrado alto teor de proteína total de reserva (>12,0%) em 103 acessos da CNAE, teor médio (11,9 a 9,0%) em 309 acessos e teor baixo (<8,9%) em 138 acessos. Seis dos 20 acessos com maior teor de proteína de reserva apresentaram um padrão qualitativo diferencial de glutelina, que é a fração proteica de reserva mais abundante do grão de arroz. Há ampla variabilidade para o teor de proteína total de reserva do grão de arroz nos acessos da CNAE, a qual pode ser explorada por programas de melhoramento genético para aumentar o valor nutricional do arroz consumido no Brasil
Lateral displacement under combined vacuum pressure and embankment loading
Authors: CHAI J. , ONG C.Y. , CARTER J.P. , BERGADO D.T.
Published: March 2013

Based on examination of existing field results, an empirical equation has been suggested for estimating the likely range of the maximum value of the net lateral displacement (δnm) of ground improved by the installation of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and subjected to the combined effects of vacuum pressure and embankment loading. The effects on lateral displacement of the magnitudes of embankment loading, as well as the vacuum pressure, the loading rate, and the undrained shear strength and consolidation properties of the soil deposit, have been explicitly included in a newly defined parameter, which is given by the ratio of an index pressure to the representative soil shear strength (RLS). The ratio of δnm to the surface settlement under the embankment centreline, Sf, is also defined as the normalised maximum (net) lateral displacement (NLD). A direct relationship between RLS and NLD has been proposed, with a prescribed range, based on the results of 18 field case histories from 12 different project sites in five countries. It is suggested that the proposed relationship can be used as a preliminary design tool for preloading projects involving combinations of a vacuum pressure and an embankment pressure as well as PVD improvement.
Extinction cascades partially estimate herbivore losses in a complete Lepidoptera–plant food web
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Altermatt Florian
Published: March 2013

The loss of species from an ecological community can have cascading effects leading to the extinction of other species. Specialist herbivores are highly diverse and may be particularly susceptible to extinction due to host plant loss. We used a bipartite food web of 900 Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) herbivores and 2403 plant species from Central Europe to simulate the cascading effect of plant extinctions on Lepidoptera extinctions. Realistic extinction sequences of plants, incorporating red‐list status, range size, and native status, altered subsequent Lepidoptera extinctions. We compared simulated Lepidoptera extinctions to the number of actual regional Lepidoptera extinctions and found that all predicted scenarios underestimated total observed extinctions but accurately predicted observed extinctions attributed to host loss (n = 8, 14%). Likely, many regional Lepidoptera extinctions occurred for reasons other than loss of host plant alone, such as climate change and habitat loss. Ecological networks can be useful in assessing a component of extinction risk to herbivores based on host loss, but further factors may be equally important.
Neonatal Nurses’ and Therapists’ Perceptions of Positioning for Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Zarem Cori , Crapnell Tara , Tiltges Lisa , Madlinger Laura , Reynolds Lauren , Lukas Karen , Pineda Roberta
Published: March 2013

Purpose: Determine perceptions about positioning for preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Design: Twenty-item survey.

Sample: Neonatal nurses (n = 68) and speech, physical, and occupational therapists (n = 8).

Main outcome variable: Perceptions about positioning were obtained, and differences in perceptions between nurses and therapists were explored.

Results: Ninety-nine percent of respondents agreed that positioning is important for the well-being of the infant. Sixty-two percent of nurses and 86 percent of therapists identified the Dandle ROO as the ideal method of neonatal positioning. Forty-four percent of nurses and 57 percent of therapists reported that the Dandle ROO is the easiest positioning method to use in the NICU. Some perceptions differed: Therapists were more likely to report that the SleepSack does not hold the infant in good alignment. Nurses were more likely to report that the infant does not sleep well in traditional positioning.
Neonatal Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia: A Case Study and Review of Management for the Advanced Practice Nurse
Authors: Mulligan Joanna L.
Published: March 2013

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine metabolism. In this article, I will present the case of baby girl S. who presented to the emergency room on Day 4 of life with severe lethargy, seizures, and respiratory depression requiring mechanical ventilation. A diagnosis of NKH was made secondary to elevated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glycine concentrations. I will review the pathophysiology of NKH, methods of diagnosis, and the differential diagnosis. There are a variety of different pharmacologic and alternative therapies for NKH. Despite these treatments, the prognosis for infants with NKH is poor, with severe neurologic impairment, intractable seizures, and death common before 5 years of age. I will address the role of the advanced practice nurse in caring for an infant with NKH including clinical, educational, and research implications.
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Nguyen Long , Cardenas-Goicoechea Segundo Joel , Gordon Pierre , Curtin Christina , Momeni Mazdak , Chuang Linus , Fishman David
Published: March 2013

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. However, effective screening strategies have not been established and continue to be elusive. A good screening test must adequately address validity, reliability, yield, cost, acceptance and follow-up services. An ideal screening test for ovarian cancer must have a high sensitivity in order to correctly diagnose all women with the disease and a high specificity to avoid false-positive results. The current screening modalities of bimanual examination, CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasonography together allow us to detect only 30–45% of women with early-stage disease. Recent developments in proteomic and genomic research have identified a number of potential biomarkers. Although panels of tumor markers and proteomic-based technologies may improve the positive predictive value, all markers require validation and interfacing with newly developed diagnostic imaging technologies. While a large amount of information on miRNAs has been promising, much remains to be elucidated. This review will examine the current status of biomarkers and technologies of interest in the effort of early detection of ovarian cancer.
Attacking Breast Cancer at the Preinvasion Stage by Targeting Autophagy
Authors: Espina Virginia , Wysolmerski John , Edmiston Kirsten , Liotta Lance A
Published: March 2013

Preinvasive breast carcinoma cells that proliferate and accumulate within the nonvascular, closed intraductal niche are under severe hypoxic and metabolic stress. Understanding the survival mechanisms used by these cells has revealed therapeutic strategies for killing preinvasive neoplasms. We have found that autophagy (‘self-eating’) is a major survival strategy used by preinvasive carcinoma and breast cancer stem-like cells. Based on this finding, we have opened a clinical trial that is exploring neoadjuvant oral chloroquine antiautophagy therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. We envision that antiautophagy therapy can be administered in combination with other treatments such as those that elevate intracellular calcium, to create a state of intolerable stress for preinvasive neoplastic cells, and thereby stop breast cancer before it starts.
Access to Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception: Science versus Federal Politics
Authors: Thompson Kirsten MJ , Raine Tina R , Foster Diana Greene , Speidel J Joseph , Darney Philip D , Brindis Claire D , Harper Cynthia C
Published: March 2013

Past US FDA decisions about emergency contraception (EC) have been subject to undue political influence, and last year's barring of over-the-counter access to Plan B One-Step® for those under the age of 17 years is no exception. The US Department of Health and Human Services cited insufficient data on EC use for females aged 11–12 years. These youngest adolescents, however, rarely need EC: data from California (USA) show that in 2009, fewer than one in 10,000 females under the age of 13 years received EC. Maintaining barriers to safe and effective EC is not medically necessary and conflicts with national goals to decrease teenage and unintended pregnancies.
Primary Evaluation of the Economic Losses Caused by Water Pollution in Shanghai by Classification Approach
Authors: Xu Bin , Liu Yan
Published: March 2013

The primary evaluation of the economic losses caused by water pollution in Shanghai in the year 2009 is made by classification approach in order to provide basis for decision of the relative water management policy. The result shows that the portion of water pollution losses in GDP of Shanghai was 2.7%, which was still lower than the average level of whole China despite of the local high population density and the scale of industry, suggesting to some extent the continuous attention in water protection paid by Shanghai government.
Induction of Micronuclei in Mice Bone Marrow Cells by Cobalt and Copper Chlorides
Authors: Rasgele Pinar Goc , Kekecoglu Meral , Gokalp Muranli Fulya Dilek
Published: March 2013

The aim of our research was to investigate the genotoxic effects of cobalt chloride and copper chloride in mouse bone marrow cells using the micronucleus (MN) assay. The three different concentrations of cobalt chloride (11.2, 22.5 and 45 mg kg-1) and copper chloride (1.17, 2.35 and 4.70 mg kg-1) were injected intraperitoneally to mice for 24 and 48 hours. It was observed that both of these heavy metals induced a significant increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at different concentrations in mice for 24 and 48 hours when compared with the control. Furthermore, the significant reduction for the polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratio which is indicative of bone marrow cytotoxicity was observed in bone marrow cells which were treated with copper chloride at all concentrations for 24 and 48 hours. No reduction of the PCE/NCE ratio was observed both 24 and 48 hours after all the doses of cobalt chloride tested as compared to the negative control. These results lead us to the conclusion that copper chloride may have genotoxic and cytotoxic properties due to induction in the frequency of MN and a reduction in PCE/NCE ratio in bone marrow cells of mice, whereas cobalt chloride induced only genotoxic effect in mice bone marrow
Inverse Problem for Looped River Networks – Lower oder River Case Study
Authors: Kurnatowski Jacek
Published: March 2013

Identification of coefficients determining flow resistance, in particular Manning’s roughness coefficients, is one of the possible inverse problems of mathematical modeling of flow distribution in looped river networks. The paper presents the solution of this problem for the lower Oder River network consisting of 78 branches connected by 62 nodes. Using results of six sets of flow measurements at particular network branches it was demonstrated that the application of iterative algorithm for roughness coefficients identification on the basis of the sensitivity-equation method leads to the explicit solution for all network branches, independent from initial values of identified coefficients.
Comparison of Landfill Leachate Treatment Efficiency Using the Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Pieczykolan Barbara , Płonka Izabela , Barbusiński Krzysztof , Amalio-Kosel Magdalena
Published: March 2013

Treatment of leachate from an exploited since 2004 landfill by using two methods of advanced oxidation processes was performed. Fenton’s reagent with two different doses of hydrogen peroxide and iron and UV/H2O2 process was applied. The removal efficiency of biochemically oxidizable organic compounds (BOD5), chemically oxidizable compounds using potassium dichromate (CODCr) and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) was examined. Studies have shown that the greatest degree of organic compounds removal expressed as a BOD5 index and CODCr index were obtained when Fenton’s reagent with greater dose of hydrogen peroxide was used - efficiency was respectively 72.0% and 69.8%. Moreover, in this case there was observed an increase in the value of ratio of BOD5/CODCr in treated leachate in comparison with raw leachate. Application of Fenton’s reagent for leachate treatment also allowed for more effective removal of nutrients in comparison with the UV/H2O2 process.
Modelling of Pollution Transport with Sediment on the Example of the Widawa River
Authors: Kasperek Robert , Mokwa Marian , Wiatkowski Mirosław
Published: March 2013

The aim of the study was to determine the contamination transport condition with sediment in the Widawa River, which inflows to the Odra River below Wrocław city. The transport simulations have been performed by means of HEC-RAS model, which was calibrated. Study and geochemical analyses indicate that pollutions are cumulated mainly in sediment of grain size, less than 0,20 mm. It was stated that the main sources of contaminations occurring in the Widawa River bottoms are: superficial run-off, municipal and industrial wastes. Sediment bed quality from the Widawa River in selected cross-sections has been analyzed. Samples of suspended load were collected and divided into eight fractions, for which the phosphorus concentration P was calculated. Deposit particles less than 0,20 mm contained most phosphorus, i.e. 73% (3,52 ppm), and particles greater than 0,20 mm about 27% (1,30 ppm) for the whole sample volume. Relationship between the phosphorus concentration P and the sediment grain size was determined. Analysis showed that the initiation of contamination-sediment suspension in the Widawa River is well described by Engelund criterion. Simulations of the migration of pollutions together with deposits in the Widawa River showed that during average flow discharge, the transport intensity of pollution was equal 2 mg/s, and sediments 6 kg/s. In the present work the water quality of the Widawa River has been also presented.
Over 200 years of drainage practices and lake level drawdown in the Uściwierskie Lowering (Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland)
Authors: Kowalewski Grzegorz
Published: March 2013

Meliorations of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland have considerably determined its water relations within the last more than 200 years. The analysis of the map by Anton Mayer von Heldensfeld, so far not applied in studies on the drainage network of this lakeland, executed in the years 1801-04, revealed the drainage of the Uściwierskie Lowering already at the turn of the 18th and 19th century. This shifts the commencement of strong anthropogenic impact on this area to a considerably earlier period than was previously assumed. The lakes subject to analysis (Rotcze, Uściwierz, Bikcze, and Lakes Piaseczno and Łukie neighbouring with the Lowering) were incorporated into the drainage system in various periods. Such incorporation of a water body involved water level drawdown. The water level decreased first in Lake Bikcze, and the latest in Lake Rotcze. More detailed information on changes in the water level in the lakes of the Uściwierskie Lowering since 1882 was obtained based on calculation and on comparison with current data of measurements conducted by Rostworowski. The analysis revealed that the water level in Lakes Bikcze and Piaseczno, although fluctuating, has not changed within the last 130 years, whereas the water level in Lake Uściwierz decreased by 33 cm, and in Lake Rotcze by 90 cm.
Definitions and evolutions of the terms “flowing and stagnant waters” in the context of the proprietorship of the lakes in Poland
Authors: Kubiak-Wójcicka Katarzyna , Marszelewski Michał
Published: March 2013

This article discusses the problem of property and use of waters and the legal aspects of the definitions of lakes in particular. To achieve this, the authors reviewed the acts on Water Law from 1922 up to the present day. They proved consistency in the application of the water law. From the hydrological point of view the lake belongs to stagnant waters. The definition included in the Water Law act is contrary to this depiction of the lake. The act reads that the lake may be classified as stagnant or flowing water depending upon the existence of the natural, permanent or seasonal, inflow (or outflow) of the lake. This obviously constitutes a discrepancy between the scientific and legal definition of the lake.
Microglia: roles and rules in brain traumatic injury
Authors: Alvis-Miranda Hernando Raphael , Alcala-Cerra Gabriel , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael
Published: March 2013

Microglia are a special type of supporting cells in the nervous system. between the functions they perform are myelin production, structural support, regulation of extracellular fluid, glial scar formation among others. This cell type for its versatility, is also related to pathological events, where his multiple roles and the release of proinflammatory factors can contribute to understand especially in traumatic brain injury, as secondary injury and the healing process, important aspects the context of brain injury.
Total resection in a giant left frontal arteriovenous malformation, grade V Spetzler-Martin - Case report
Authors: Sandu Aurelia Mihaela , Gorgan Mircea Radu
Published: March 2013

Background: Giant arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital lesions, with nidus sizing more than 6 cm. According to Spetzler-Martin scale, grade V AVMs have a nidus larger than 6 cm in diameter, profound venous drainage and are located in eloquent areas.

Method: We report a case of a 39 years old woman, with giant left frontal AVM, grade V Spetzler-Martin, who was admitted for generalized seizures, with onset 32 years ago, refractory to full dose antiepileptic polytherapy, which severely impaired the patient’s quality of life.

Results: The patient underwent surgery and we performed total resection of the AVM. We emphasize on surgical technique, intraoperative difficulties and outcome.

Conclusions: Surgery is the therapy of choice in AVMs, because it provides cure of the lesion, and is the only treatment capable of preventing hemorrhage and controlling seizures. Management in grade V AVMs is challenging, because of their large size, multiple dilated arterial feeders from anterior and posterior circulation and external carotid arteries, high blood flow, vascular steel from the surrounding brain, enlarged draining veins, profound venous drainage and location in eloquent area. Giant AVMs with high flow nidus, causing a great degree of vascular steel in the surrounding brain, with hypoperfusion of normal parenchyma may develop early normal perfusion pressure breakthrough. Total resection in grade V AVMs can be performed with minimal transient morbidity and favorable outcome. Total resection permits control of intractable seizures with reduced dose of antiepileptic therapy.
Cerebral Vasospasm – A serious obstacle in a successful aneurysm surgery
Authors: Stefanescu Florin , Dima Stefanita , Vakilnejad Ram , Radoi Mugurel
Published: March 2013

Background: Cerebral vasospasm that occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be an important cause of mortality and morbidity for patients successfully operated for a cerebral aneurysm.

Methods: Five cases of prompt diagnostic and surgical treatment of a cerebral aneurysm, with important SAH on cerebral computed tomography (CT) at onset, are presented. All patients were admitted in a poor neurological state and developed severe vasospasm. Both, the correct clipping of the aneurysm and the cerebral vasospasm were angiographic demonstrated in all cases. Two patients showed complete obliteration of one carotid artery.

Results: Postoperatory, four of the patients were treated with intrathecally administered nimodipine (10mg/50ml). In three cases, the procedure caused the reverse of the vasospasm and clinical improvement of the patients. Their clinical outcomes were very good and were discharged with minimal neurological deficits. In one case, repeated intraarterial administration of nimodipine, showed no reduction of the vasospasm, and no improvement of patient’s clinical status. The patient was conscious, but presented focal neurological deficits (hemiplegia and aphasia). One patient did not benefit from this treatment and had a poor clinical outcome, remaining in a vegetative state.

Conclusions: Cerebral vasoconstriction after SAH could be an important obstacle in obtaining very good results in aneurysm surgery. Intra-arterial administration of nimodipine is an important and useful treatment, but good results in reversal severe cerebral vasospasm are not always mandatory.
Fronto - temporal approach in sellar and parasellar tumors
Authors: Pintea Bianca , Mogyoros Andreea , Andrasoni Zorinela , Florian I.St.
Published: March 2013

Introduction: The fronto-temporal approach represent the shortest distance to the ipsilateral optic nerve and carotid artery, and allow the direct verification of the optical nerves, the carotid arteries, the pituitary stalk, the tumor and its relationship with the suprasellar structures.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to advocate an available cranial base technique for removing these tumors and to delineate the technique’s advantages that aid in achieving an improved extent of tumor resection and enhancing the patients’ overall outcome.

Materials and methods: We present a retrospective study of a single surgeon experience on 355 consecutive cases with sellar and parasellar tumors admitted and operated by transcranial approaches in our department between January 2000 and December 2012.

Results: Tumors in the sellar region represent 11, 8% of all tumors operated in our department. The most common type of tumor was pituitary adenomas, 165 of cases, followed by sellar and parasellar meningiomas, 128 of cases. Craniopharyngioma represent 12% of cases encountered in this region.

All our cases underwent surgery by transcranial approach, unilateral frontotemporal in 252 of cases (71%). In pituitary adenomas total and near total resection was achieved in 100% of patients operated by transcranial approaches. For resection of craniopharyngiomas we have frequently chosen the extended fronto-temporal approach.

The most common surgical related complications were: postoperative hematomas 9 of cases; wound infections, 6 of cases and CSF leakage, 12 of cases; transient visual alteration in 12 cases, transient third cranial nerve palsy in 6 of cases, transient motor deficit in 7 cases, hydrocephalus, 6 cases; transient diabetes insipidus in the large majority of pituitary adenomas and craniopharingiomas. Only 4 cases of pituitary adenomas and 6 of craniopharingiomas recurred after subtotal resection, requiring re-intervention. The mortality rate in our study was 2%.

Conclusions: Our experience demonstrated that the management of the large suprasellar tumors via fronto-temporal approach remains the main route for these tumors with significant extrasellar extension, fibrous tumors, cases with unrelated pathology that might complicate a transsphenoidal approach and recurrent tumors after previous transsphenoidal surgery. In our opinion there is no need for larger osteotomies or extensive drilling of cranial base. “Instead of bone, remove the tumor; it's easier even for the patient”.
Surgical management of tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale meningiomas
Authors: Bălașa Adrian Florian , Chinezu Rareș , Gherasim Dorin Nicolae
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Tuberculum sellae and planum sfenoidale meningiomas represent 5% to 10% of intracranial meningiomas and represent a subgroup of anterior skull base meningiomas. Approximately two thirds of patients complain of failing vision in one eye as the first symptom, and monocular blindness may be present in half of patients before surgery. Due to the constant antomical relationship of these tumors with the optic nerves there is a classic presentation of these tumors represented by the chiasmal syndrome.

Material and methods: In this study, we have retrospectively analyzed 18 cases consecutively operated between 2006 and 2012 at the Targu Mures Neurosurgery Department. Considering the length of the visual disturbances we have divided the study group in two categories: early decompression with visual distubances expressed within at most 12 months prior to surgery, and late decompression with visual disturbances of more than 1 year.

Surgical technique: Sugical approach has been performed on the side with the most visual deficit, and if visual deterioration was found to be approximative on both sides we chose the right side for surgical approach. In all the patients, we have performed a fronto-pterional craniotomy. In all the cases we chose a subfrontal approach. Tumor has been further resected using standard microsurgical techniques, total tumoral resection being the preoperative goal in all surgical interventions

Results: Out of the 18 cases operated, 13 cases were of tuberculum sellae meningiomas, while 5 cases were of planum sphenoidale meningiomas.

All patients in the early decompression group (9 cases) have presented visual improvement, whilst of the late decompression group 5 cases (55,5%) presented constant visual deficit, 2 cases (22,25%) presented visual improvement and 2 cases (22,25%) presented a decrease of the visual deficit.

The visual disturbances have improved in 11 cases (61.1%), in 5 cases (27,7%) the visual deficit has remained constant, and in 2 cases (11,2%) the visual deficit has worsened postoperatively. Conclusions: We consider that the optimal approach should be based on tumor anatomy and surgeon experience and from this point of view frontolateral and pterional approaches provide remarkable improvement compared to the bifrontal approach. Regardless of the selected surgical approach it is essential to avoid injury to the blood supply of the optic apparatus.Endoscopy will have a role in skull base surgery with
Latex and silicon allergy related to cerebrospinal shunt hardware: a review
Authors: Alvis-Miranda Hernando , Alcala-Cerra Gabriel , Castellar-Leones Sandra Milena , Escorcia Hector Farid , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael
Published: March 2013

A less frequent complications of shunt systems ventriculoperitoneal used for the management of hydrocephalus is the allergy materials which usually are built, silicone and latex. Patients undergoing multiple changes device may be at risk of developing high rejection to materials. Differential diagnosis should be done with infections and obstructions, usual causes of dysfunction. We present a review updated literature focused neurosurgeon.
Analysis of Desertification in the Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana Using Remote Sensing, Field Study, and Local Knowledge
Authors: Owusu Alex B. , Cervone Guido , Luzzadder-Beach Sheryl
Published: March 2013

Remote sensing (RS) techniques based on multispectral satellite-acquired data have demonstrated an unequalled potential to detect, quantify, monitor, and map land degradation. However, RS data alone do not provide information on how land degradation affects the socio-political aspects and the economy of the population living in the affected regions. We developed the Continuous Cycle of Land Degradation (CCoLD) to quantify the severity of the land degradation in the Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana and combined it with the RS-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI, ground data, and food-production data. In addition, we carried out a field study in the UER, a semi-arid transitional region that plays an important food-production role in Ghana, and compared the results with multi-temporal RS imagery. As well as the general ground measurements, the field study included questionnaires asking local residents to assess the impact of land degradation on their quality of life. The RS data show widespread localized degradation; the field study, supported by crop-production data, also suggests overall extensive land degradation. However, field evidence suggests ecological succession where locally adapted horsetail grasses were displaced by environmentally efficient, short-lived, quick-maturing, and dense grasses. A convergence of evidence suggests that land degradation is in the advanced stage and that more focused, community-based efforts would be needed to combat land degradation and restore the ecosystem's integrity.
Low triiodothyronine syndrome as a predictor of poor outcomes in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery: a pilot study
Authors: Bunevicius Adomas , Deltuva Vytenis , Tamasauskas Sarunas , Tamasauskas Arimantas , Laws Edward R. , Bunevicius Robertas
Published: March 2013

Object

A low triiodothyronine (T3) state is highly prevalent and is associated with a poor prognosis in critically ill patients. The authors investigated, in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery, the direct association of a perioperative low T3 syndrome with clinical outcomes and also with symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Methods

Ninety consecutive patients (71% women, median age 55 years), on admission for brain tumor surgery, were evaluated for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Their thyroid function profile was assessed on the morning of brain tumor surgery and on the morning after brain tumor surgery. Patients with free T3 concentrations of 3.1 pmol/L or less were considered to have low T3 syndrome. The patients were evaluated for symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) before and after surgery and for clinical outcomes using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge.

Results

After brain tumor surgery, free T3 concentrations decreased (p < 0.001) and the proportion of patients with low T3 levels increased from 38% to 54% (p = 0.02). Lower preoperative (rho = 0.30, p = 0.004) and postoperative (rho = 0.33, p = 0.002) free T3 concentrations correlated with low GOS scores at discharge. Preoperative low T3 syndrome (OR 5.49, 95% CI 1.27–23.69, p = 0.02) and postoperative low T3 syndrome (OR 8.73, 95% CI 1.49–51.21, p = 0.02) both increased risk for unfavorable clinical outcomes (GOS scores < 5) at discharge, after adjusting for age, sex, histological diagnosis of brain tumor, preoperative functional impairment, previous treatment for brain tumor, and depressive symptoms. Preoperative low T3 syndrome increased the risk for preoperative (HADS-depression subscale score ≥ 11; OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.16–14.58, p = 0.03) but not postoperative depressive symptoms independently from sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Conclusions

Low T3 syndrome is a strong independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcomes and depressive symptoms, and its diagnosis and preoperative management should be considered in patients undergoing neurosurgery for the treatment of brain tumors.
A new inventory of mountain glaciers and ice caps for the Antarctic periphery
Authors: Bliss Andrew , Hock Regine , Graham Cogley J.
Published: March 2013

Although the glaciers in the Antarctic periphery make up a large fraction of all mountain glaciers and ice caps on Earth, a detailed glacier inventory of the region is lacking. We compile such an inventory, recording areas, area-altitude distributions, terminus characteristics and volume estimates. Glaciers on the mainland are excluded. The inventory is derived from the Antarctic Digital Database and some manual digitization. We additionally rely on satellite imagery, digital elevation models and a flowshed algorithm to classify ice bodies. We find 1133 ice caps and 1619 mountain glaciers covering a total of 132 867 ± 6643 km2. Estimated total volume corresponds to 0.121 ± 0.010 m sea-level equivalent. Of the total glacier area, 99% drains either into ice shelves (63%) or into the ocean (36%). The inventory will provide a database for glacier mass-balance assessments, modelling and projections, and help to reduce the uncertainties in previous studies.
Accès à la parentalité et isolement familial La nouvelle solitude des parents
Authors: Belot Rose-Angélique , Vennat Delphine , Moissenet Annick , Bluon-Vannier Annick , Herse Vanessa , de Montigny Francine , Lacharité Carl , Mellier Denis
Published: March 2013

Alors que l’anthropologie montre que la naissance est d’abord un événement communautaire, actuellement des parents se retrouvent de plus en plus profondément seuls et démunis devant leur bébé. Ce phénomène est l’objet d’une recherche en cours qui essaie d’évaluer après la naissance les effets de l’isolement familial des parents sur la vie psychique du bébé lors de sa première année. Dans le cas clinique qui illustre ici cette « nouvelle solitude » des parents, les forums d’internet tentent de relayer la faiblesse du soutien familial alors que les anxiétés, bien légitimes autour de la naissance, perdurent quand le bébé grandit. Au-delà des problèmes de la dépression maternelle du postpartum, l’accent est mis sur la place réelle que prend l’entourage comme soutien des processus plus intrapsychiques propres à la construction de la parentalité.
Les familles en réanimation : un soutien pour l'éveil de coma ?
Authors: Minjard Raphaël , Talpin Jean-Marc , Ferrant Alain
Published: March 2013

Cet article propose un regard sur la place des familles au chevet des patients comateux et leur rôle potentiel dans le processus d’éveil, notamment en ce qui concerne le travail de mémoire et le partage d’affect, principalement la honte. Il s’appuie sur l’expérience de travail de plusieurs années d’un psychologue en service de réanimation adulte. La réanimation est un lieu dans lequel la place de chaque objet est pensée en fonction de son utilité pour le soin du patient, mais peu dans la perspective du lien à l’entourage. Certains objets comme la famille sont porteurs de complexité à résonances affectives. L’article montre que cette complexité, si elle est accompagnée par le psychologue et l’équipe soignante, peut jouer un rôle favorable dans le processus d’éveil et dans le travail de réappropriation de son vécu par le patient.
Le mystère de la petite boîte… Représentations de l'incinération chez l'enfant et théories thanatologiques infantiles
Authors: Romano Hélène
Published: March 2013

Bien que l’incinération soit une pratique funéraire de plus en plus fréquente en France, les enfants endeuillés restent souvent privés d’explication sur ce rituel, comme si celui-ci était plus traumatique et difficile à aborder que l’inhumation. L’article fait l’hypothèse que les théories thanatologiques infantiles présentent des spécificités dans de tels contextes. Cette réflexion s’appuie sur l’expérience clinique de l’auteur auprès d’enfants endeuillés et plus particulièrement sur le suivi de trente-six enfants de moins de 10 ans dont un proche a été incinéré. Après un rappel de la place de l’incinération dans la culture française, l’article montre comment les enfants se représentent l’incinération en fonction de leur âge. Enfin, il aborde des perspectives pour la prise en charge de ces enfants et le soutien à leurs proches.
Creating a Path for Indigenous Student Success in Baccalaureate Nursing Education
Authors: Martin Donna , Seguire Marilyn
Published: March 2013

To enhance recruitment and retention of indigenous peoples in nursing education, the University of Manitoba launched a cohort initiative in 2007. In this article, we describe the background, implementation, and evaluation of the initiative. Indigenous epistemology was integrated into the curriculum and pedagogy of prerequisite and beginning nursing courses. A cohort approach encourages peer support, which boosts individual and group strengths and academic success. Courses provide students with information about traditional indigenous knowledge, “Western” science, and how the history of colonialism continues to impact indigenous peoples in North America. Using the same instructors and advisors, in concert with tutoring, manageable course loads, and a culturally supportive environment, forges a path for success in indigenous students pursuing a baccalaureate nursing education. Key elements in the initiative may be adopted by nurse administrators and educators globally to inform the development of undergraduate nursing programs for indigenous peoples. [
J Nurs Educ.
2013;52(4):205–209.]
IL-21 Promotes CD8+ CTL Activity via the Transcription Factor T-bet
Authors: Sutherland Andrew P. R. , Joller Nicole , Michaud Monia , Liu Sue M. , Kuchroo Vijay K. , Grusby Michael J.
Published: March 2013

CD8+ T cells are fundamental for immune-mediated clearance of viral infections and contribute to immune pathology in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. To execute these functions, CD8+ T cells must differentiate into CTLs, a process that is precisely regulated by a variety of cytokines, costimulatory molecules, and transcription factors. IL-21 is an IL-2 family cytokine and a growth factor for multiple lymphocyte effector lineages, including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Recent studies demonstrate that loss of IL-21 signaling results in reduced viral clearance in models of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and also protection from type 1 diabetes in the NOD model. This is most likely the result of impaired CD8+ CTL function in the absence of IL-21 signaling. Currently, the mechanisms by which IL-21 promotes CTL differentiation in CD8+ T cells remain unclear, particularly the identity of the relevant transcription factor(s). We show that IL-21 promotes CTL function in vitro and killing of pancreatic islets in vivo via the use of transgenic mice expressing IL-21 in pancreatic β cells. We demonstrate that IL-21 induces the expression of the transcription factor T-bet in CD8+ T cells, predominantly via STAT1, and that T-bet is required for the induction of cytolytic molecules, including perforin and granzyme B in response to IL-21. Finally, we show that IL-21–induced CTL function is T-bet dependent, as T-bet deficiency results in defective IL-21–dependent cytotoxicity in CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, IL-21 drives CD8+ CTL differentiation via the actions of the transcription factor T-bet.
Intrascrotal lipoblastoma in a ten year old: case report and review of literature
Authors: Nakib Ghassan , Calcaterra Valeria , Avolio Luigi , Guazzotti Marinella , Goruppi Ilaria , Viglio Alessandra , Pelizzo Gloria
Published: March 2013

Lipoblastoma is a rare benign soft tissue tumor encountered almost exclusively in infancy and early childhood. The location of tumors varies, but most occur in the extremities, trunk, head and neck. Less frequently, lipoblastomas have been reported in the mediastinum, the retroperitoneum and the inguinal region. Only 7 cases of lipoblastoma in the scrotum have been reported so far in the English literature, with none of the patients older than 8. We report an intrascrotal lipoblastoma in a 10 year-old boy. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to the literature.
Whole-Blood Nested-PCR Amplification of M. leprae-Specific DNA for Early Diagnosis of Leprosy
Authors: Wen Yan , Xing Yan , Yuan Lian-Chao , Liu Jian , Zhang Ying , Li Huan-Ying
Published: March 2013

We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA from whole blood. Whole-blood specimens were subjected to nested-PCR amplification of M. leprae repeat DNA sequences in 49 multibacillary (MB) and 30 paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients, 96 household contacts (HHCs), 18 tuberculosis (TB) patients, and 35 normal healthy individuals. M. leprae DNA was detected in 95.92% (47/49) of MB, 70% (21/30) of PB, and 6.25% (6/96) of HHC, but it was not detected in 18 TB or 35 normal controls. The sensitivities of the anti-bovine serum albumin (ND-O-BSA) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and antifusion protein of ML0405-ML2331 IgG for MB were 97.96% and 89.8%, and these values for PB were 70% and 53.33%. However, the ND-O-BSA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had lower specificity, with relatively high false-positive results for TB patients (16.67%) and normal healthy controls (10%). Based on these promising findings, we propose the use of nested PCR of whole-blood samples along with ELISA test for early detection of leprosy cases.
Enhanced West Nile Virus Surveillance in a Dengue-Endemic Area—Puerto Rico, 2007
Authors: Torres-Aponte Jomil M. , Luce Richard R. , Hunsperger Elizabeth , Muñoz-Jordan Jorge L. , Beltrán Manuela , Vergne Edgardo , Argüello D. Fermín , García Enid J. , Sun Wellington , Tomashek Kay M.
Published: March 2013

In June of 2007, West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in sentinel chickens and blood donors in Puerto Rico, where dengue virus (DENV) is hyperendemic. Enhanced human surveillance for acute febrile illness (AFI) began in eastern Puerto Rico on July 1, 2007. Healthcare providers submitted specimens from AFI cases for WNV and DENV virology and serology testing. Over 6 months, 385 specimens were received from 282 cases; 115 (41%) specimens were DENV laboratory-positive, 86 (31%) specimens were laboratory-indeterminate, and 32 (11%) specimens were laboratory-negative for WNV and DENV. One WNV infection was detected by anti-WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody and confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test. DENV and WNV infections could not be differentiated in 27 cases (10%). During a period of active WNV transmission, enhanced human surveillance identified one case of symptomatic WNV infection. Improved diagnostic methods are needed to allow differentiation of WNV and DENV in dengue-endemic regions.
Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis: towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae
Authors: Wooldridge S. A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Impairment of the photosynthetic machinery of the algal endosymbiont ("zooxanthellae") is the proximal driver of the thermal breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis ("coral bleaching"). Yet, the initial site of damage, and early dynamics of the impairment are still not well resolved. In this perspective essay, I consider further a recent hypothesis which proposes an energetic disruption to the carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) of the coral host, and the resultant onset of CO2-limitation within the photosynthetic "dark reactions" as a unifying cellular mechanism. The hypothesis identifies the enhanced retention of photosynthetic carbon for zooxanthellae (re)growth following an initial irradiance-driven expulsion event as a strong contributing cause of the energetic disruption. If true, then it implies that the onset of the bleaching syndrome and setting of upper thermal bleaching limits are emergent attributes of the coral symbiosis that are ultimately underpinned by the characteristic growth profile of the intracellular zooxanthellae; which is known to depend not just on temperature, but also external (seawater) nutrient availability and zooxanthellae genotype. Here, I review this proposed bleaching linkage at a variety of observational scales, and find it to be parsimonious with the available evidence. Future experiments are suggested that can more formally test the linkage. If correct, the new cellular model delivers a valuable new perspective to consider the future prospects of the coral symbiosis in an era of rapid environmental change, including: (i) the underpinning mechanics (and biological significance) of observed changes in resident zooxanthellae genotypes, and (ii) the now crucial importance of reef water quality in co-determining thermal bleaching resistance.
Modelling Holocene carbon accumulation and methane emissions of boreal wetlands – an Earth system model approach
Authors: Schuldt R. J. , Brovkin V. , Kleinen T. , Winderlich J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Since the Last Glacial Maximum, boreal wetlands have accumulated substantial amounts of peat, estimated at 180–621 Pg of carbon. Wetlands have significantly affected the atmospheric greenhouse gas composition in the past and will play a significant role in future changes of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations. In order to investigate those changes with an Earth system model, biogeochemical processes in boreal wetlands need to be accounted for. Thus, a model of peat accumulation and decay was developed and included in the land surface model JSBACH of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Here we present the evaluation of model results from 6000 yr BP to the pre-industrial period. Over this period of time, 240 Pg of peat carbon accumulated in the model in the areas north of 40° N. Simulated peat accumulation rates agree well with those reported for boreal wetlands. The model simulates CH4 emissions of 49.3 Tg CH4 yr−1 for 6000 yr BP and 51.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 for pre-industrial times. This is within the range of estimates in the literature, which range from 32 to 112 Tg CH4 yr−1 for boreal wetlands. The modelled methane emission for the West Siberian Lowlands and Hudson Bay Lowlands agree well with observations. The rising trend of methane emissions over the last 6000 yr is in agreement with measurements of Antarctic and Greenland ice cores.
Caspian Sea level changes during the last millennium: historical and geological evidences from the south Caspian Sea
Authors: Naderi Beni A. , Lahijani H. , Mousavi Harami R. , Arpe K. , Leroy S. A. G. , Marriner N. , Berberian M. , Andrieu-Ponel V. , Djamali M. , Mahboubi A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Historical literature may constitute a valuable source of information to reconstruct sea level changes. Here, historical documents and geological records have been combined to reconstruct Caspian sea-level (CSL) changes during the last millennium. In addition to a literature survey, new data from two short sediment cores were obtained from the south-eastern Caspian coast to identify coastal change driven by water-level changes. Two articulated bivalve shells from the marine facies were radiocarbon dated and calibrated to establish a chronology and to compare them with historical findings. The overall results indicate a high-stand during the Little Ice Age, up to −19 m, with a −28 m low-stand during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, while presently the CSL stands at −26.5 m. A comparison of the CSL curve with other lake systems and proxy records suggests that the main sea-level oscillations are essentially paced by solar irradiance. Although the major controller of the long-term CSL changes is driven by climatological factors, the seismicity of the basin could create locally changes in base level. These local base-level changes should be considered in any CSL reconstruction.