bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications
Authors: Birks John W. , Williford Craig J. , Andersen Peter C. , Turnipseed Andrew A. , Strunk Stanley , Ennis Christine A.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A highly portable ozone (O3) calibration source that can serve as a U.S.
EPA level 4 transfer standard for the calibration of ozone analyzers is
described and evaluated with respect to analytical figures of merit and
effects of ambient pressure and humidity. Reproducible mixing ratios of ozone
are produced by the photolysis of oxygen in O3-scrubbed ambient air by
UV light at 184.9 nm light from a low-pressure mercury lamp. By maintaining a
constant volumetric flow rate (thus constant residence time within the
photolysis chamber), the mixing ratio produced is independent of both
pressure and temperature and can be varied by varying the lamp intensity.
Pulse width modulation of the lamp with feedback from a photodiode monitoring
the 253.7 nm emission line is used to maintain target ozone mixing ratios in
the range 30–1000 ppb. In order to provide a constant ratio of intensities
at 253.7 and 184.9 nm, the photolysis chamber containing the lamp is
regulated at a temperature of 40 ∘C. The resulting O3
calibrator has a response time for step changes in output ozone mixing ratio
of < 30 s and precision (σp) of 0.4 % of the output
mixing ratio for 10 s measurements (e.g., σp=±0.4 ppb
for 100 ppb of O3). Ambient humidity was found to affect the output
mixing ratio of ozone primarily by dilution of the oxygen precursor. This
potential humidity interference could be up to a few percent in extreme cases
but is effectively removed by varying the lamp intensity to compensate for
the reduced oxygen concentration based on feedback from a humidity sensor.
A method for extracting calibrated volatility information from the FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS and its application to chamber and field studies
Authors: Bannan Thomas J. , Le Breton Michael , Priestley Michael , Worrall Stephen D. , Bacak Asan , Marsden Nicholas A. , Merha Archit , Hammes Julia , Hallquist Mattias , Alfarra M. Rami , Krieger Ulrich K. , Reid Jonathan P. , Jayne John , Robinson Wade , McFiggans Gordon , Coe Hugh , Percival Carl J. , Topping Dave
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) is an inlet specifically designed to be coupled with the Aerodyne High Resolution (HR)-Time of flight (ToF)-Chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS). The FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS provides simultaneous molecular information relating to both the gas and particle phase samples and has been used to extract vapour pressures of the compounds desorbing from the filter, whilst giving quantitative concentrations in the particle phase. However, such extraction of vapour pressures of the measured particle phase components requires use of appropriate, well-defined, reference compounds. Vapour pressures for the homologous series of polyethylene glycols (PEG) ((H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH) for n = 3 to n = 8), covering a range of vapour pressures (VP) (10−1 to 10−7 Pa) that are atmospherically relevant have been shown to be reproduced well by a range of different techniques, including Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS). This is the first homologous series of compounds for which a number of vapour pressure measurement techniques have been found to be in agreement, indicating the utility as a calibration standard, providing an ideal set of benchmark compounds for accurate characterisation of the FIGAERO for extracting vapour pressure of measured compounds in chambers and the real atmosphere. To demonstrate this, single component and mixture vapour pressure measurements are made using two FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS instruments based on a new calibration determined from the PEG series. VP values extracted from both instruments agree well with those measured by KEMS and reported values from literature, validating this approach for extracting VP data from the FIGAERO. This method is then applied to chamber measurements and the vapour pressures of known products are estimated.
Improved Retrievals of Carbon Dioxide from the Orbiting Carbon
Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm
Authors: O'Dell Christopher W. , Eldering Annmarie , Wennberg Paul O. , Crisp David , Gunson Michael R. , Fisher Brendan , Frankenberg Christian , Kiel Matthäus , Lindqvist Hannakaisa , Mandrake Lukas , Merrelli Aronne , Natraj Vijay , Nelson Robert R. , Osterman Gregory B. , Payne Vivienne H. , Taylor Thomas R. , Wunch Debra , Drouin Brian J. , Oyafuso Fabiano , Chang Albert , McDuffie James , Smyth Michael , Baker David F. , Basu Sourish , Chevallier Frédéric , Crowell Sean M. R. , Feng Liang , Palmer Paul I. , Dubey Mavendra , García Omaira E. , Griffith David W. T. , Hase Frank , Iraci Laura T. , Kivi Rigel , Morino Isamu , Notholt Justus , Ohyama Hirofumi , Petri Christof , Roehl Coleen M. , Sha Mahesh K. , Strong Kimberly , Sussmann Ralf , Te Yao , Uchino Osamu , Velazco Voltaire A.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Since September 2014, NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite has been taking measurements of reflected solar spectra and using them to infer atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This work provides details of the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm, versions 7 and 8, used to derive the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2,/sub> (XCO2) for the roughly 100,000 cloud-free measurements recorded by OCO-2 each day. The algorithm is based on the Atmospheric Carbon Observations from Space (ACOS) algorithm which has been applied to observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) since 2009, with modifications necessary for OCO-2. Because high accuracy, better than 0.25 %, is required in order to accurately infer carbon sources and sinks from XCO2, significant errors and regional-scale biases in the measurements must be minimized. We discuss efforts to filter out poor quality measurements, and correct the remaining good-quality measurements to minimize regional-scale biases. Updates to the radiance calibration and retrieval forward model in version 8 have improved many aspects of the retrieved data products. The version 8 data appear to have reduced regional-scale biases overall, and demonstrate a clear improvement over the version 7 data. In particular, error variance with respect to TCCON was reduced by 20 % over land and 40 % over ocean between versions 7 and 8, and nadir and glint observations over land are now more consistent. While this paper documents the significant improvements in the ACOS algorithm, it will continue to evolve and improve as the CO2 data record continues to expand.
Total Reflection of the Strahl within the Foot of the Earth's Bow Shock
Authors: Gurgiolo Christopher A. , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Viñas Adolfo
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The reflection of a fraction of the solar wind at the bow shock to some extent defines the physical properties of what is known as the foreshock, the region where the interplanetary magnetic field has a direct connection to the bow shock. Both ion and electron reflection have been observed and together form a significant source of free energy that is responsible for many of the instabilities observed in this region. In this paper we concentrate on reflection of electrons at the shock and report two significant findings: The first is that the strahl, the field aligned component of the electron solar wind distribution, is fully reflected at the bow shock; the second finding is that the reflection occurs in the foot of the shock and not in the shock ramp. The latter implies that mirroring appears to play, at most, only a minor role in the electron reflection process.
Deep-sea benthic communities and oxygen fluxes in the Arctic Fram Strait controlled by sea-ice cover and water depth
Authors: Hoffmann Ralf , Braeckman Ulrike , Hasemann Christiane , Wenzhöfer Frank
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Arctic Ocean surface sea-ice conditions are linked with the deep sea benthic oxygen fluxes via a cascade of interdependencies across ecosystem components such as primary production, food supply, activity of the benthic community, and their functions. Additionally, each ecosystem component is influenced by abiotic factors such as light availability, temperature, water depth, and grain size structure. In this study, we investigated the coupling between surface sea-ice conditions and deep-sea benthic remineralization processes through a cascade of interdependencies in the Fram Strait. We measured sea-ice concentrations, a variety of different sediment characteristics, benthic community parameters, and oxygen fluxes at 12 stations of the LTER HAUSGARTEN observatory, Fram Strait, at water depths of 275–2500 m. Our investigations reveal that the Fram Strait is bisected into two long-lasting and stable regions: (i) a permanently and highly sea-ice-covered area and (ii) a seasonally and low sea-ice-covered area. Within the Fram Strait ecosystem, sea-ice concentration and water depth are two independent abiotic factors, controlling the deep-sea benthos. Sea-ice concentration correlated with the available food and water depth with the oxygen flux. In addition, both abiotic factors sea-ice concentration and water depth correlate with the macrofauna biomass. However, at water depths > 1500 m the influence of the surface sea-ice cover is minimal with water depth becoming more dominant. Benthic remineralization across the Fram Strait on average is  ∼ 1 mmol C m−2 d−1. Our data indicate that the portion of newly produced carbon that is remineralized by the benthos is 5 % in the seasonally low sea-ice-covered eastern part of Fram Strait but can be 14 % in the permanently high sea-ice-covered western part of Fram Strait. Here, by comparing a permanently sea-ice-covered area with a seasonally sea-ice-covered area, we discuss a potential scenario for the deep-sea benthic ecosystem in the future Arctic Ocean, in which an increased surface primary production may lead to increasing benthic remineralization at water depths < 1500 m.
Iron fertilization efficiency and the number of past and future regenerations of iron in the ocean
Authors: Pasquier Benoît , Holzer Mark
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Iron fertilization is explored by tracking dissolved iron (DFe) through its life cycle from injection by external sources (birth) to burial in the sediments (death). We develop new diagnostic equations that count iron and phosphate regenerations with each passage through the biological pump and partition the ocean's DFe concentration according to the number of its past and future regenerations. We apply these diagnostics to a family of data-constrained estimates of the iron cycle with sources σ in the range 1.9–41 Gmol yr−1. We find that for states with σ > 7 Gmol yr−1, 50 % of the DFe inventory has not been regenerated in the past and 85 % will not be regenerated in the future. The globally averaged mean number of past and future regenerations scale with the bulk iron lifetime τ ~ σ−1tot and have ranges of 0.05–2.2 and 0.01–1.4, respectively. Memory of birth location fades rapidly with each regeneration, and DFe regenerated more than ~ 5 times is found in a pattern shaped by Southern Ocean nutrient trapping. We quantify the natural fertilization efficiency at any point r in the ocean as the global export production resulting from the DFe at r, per iron molecule. We show that this efficiency is closely related to the mean number of future regenerations that the iron will experience. At the surface, the natural fertilization efficiency has a global mean in the range 0.7–7 (mol P) (mmol Fe)−1 across our family of state estimates and is largest in the central tropical Pacific, with the Southern Ocean having comparable importance only for high iron-source scenarios.
Deglacial carbon cycle changes observed in a compilation of 127 benthic δ13C time series (20–6 ka)
Authors: Peterson Carlye D. , Lisiecki Lorraine E.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We present a compilation of 127 time series δ13C records from
Cibicides wuellerstorfi spanning the last deglaciation
(20–6 ka) which is
well-suited for reconstructing large-scale carbon cycle changes, especially
for comparison with isotope-enabled carbon cycle models. The age models for
the δ13C records are derived from regional planktic
radiocarbon compilations (Stern and Lisiecki, 2014). The
δ13C records were stacked in nine different regions and then
combined using volume-weighted averages to create intermediate, deep, and
global δ13C stacks. These benthic δ13C stacks
are used to reconstruct changes in the size of the terrestrial biosphere and
deep ocean carbon storage. The timing of change in global mean
δ13C is interpreted to indicate terrestrial biosphere
expansion from 19–6 ka. The δ13C gradient between the
intermediate and deep ocean, which we interpret as a proxy for deep ocean
carbon storage, matches the pattern of atmospheric CO2 change
observed in ice core records. The presence of signals associated with the
terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric CO2 indicates that the compiled
δ13C records have sufficient spatial coverage and time
resolution to accurately reconstruct large-scale carbon cycle changes during
the glacial termination.
Combining a pollen synthesis and climate simulations for spatial reconstructions of European climate using Bayesian modelling
Authors: Weitzel Nils , Hense Andreas , Ohlwein Christian
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Probabilistic spatial reconstructions of past climate states are valuable to quantitatively study the climate system under different forcing conditions because they combine the information contained in a proxy synthesis in a comprehensible product. Unfortunately, they are subject to a complex uncertainty structure due to complicated proxy-climate relations and sparse data, which makes interpolation between samples difficult. Bayesian hierarchical models feature promising properties to handle these issues like the possibility to include multiple sources of information and to quantify uncertainties in a statistically rigorous way. We present a Bayesian framework that combines a network of pollen samples with a spatial prior distribution estimated from a multi-model ensemble of climate simulations. The use of climate simulation output aims at a physically reasonable spatial interpolation of proxy data on a regional scale. To transfer the pollen data into (local) climate information, we apply a forward version of the probabilistic indicator taxa model. The Bayesian inference is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods following a Metropolis-within-Gibbs strategy. We reconstruct mean temperature of the warmest and mean temperature of the coldest month during the mid-Holocene in Europe using a published pollen and macrofossil synthesis in combination with the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III mid-Holocene ensemble. The output of our Bayesian model is a spatially distributed probability distribution that facilitates quantitative analyses which account for uncertainties. Our reconstruction performs well in cross-validation experiments and shows a reasonable degree of spatial smoothing.
Timing and Structure of the 4.2 ka BP Event in the Indian Summer Monsoon Domain from an Annually-Resolved Speleothem Record from Northeast India
Authors: Kathayat Gayatri , Cheng Hai , Sinha Ashish , Berkelhammer Max , Zhang Haiwei , Duan Phengzhen , Li Hanying , Li Xiangley , Ning Youfeng , Edwards Richard Lawrence
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A global array of proxy records suggests that the 4.2 ka event marks an ~ 300-year period of major climate anomaly. However, the climatic manifestation of this event, including its onset, duration, and termination, remain less clear in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) domain. Here, we present a new speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) record from Mawmluh Cave, Northeast India, which provides an annually-resolved record of changes in ISM strength between ~ 4.440 and 3.780 ka BP. Our δ18O record is constrained by 18 230Th dates with an average age uncertainty of ±13 years and a dating resolution of ~ 40 years, which allow us to characterize the timing and structure of the 4.2 ka event with an unprecedented detail. The overall expression of the 4.2 ka event in our record shares broad similarities with a previous δ18O record from the Mawmluh Cave as well as with other previous lower-resolution proxy reconstructions of the ISM. However, unlike some previous ISM records, where the 4.2 ka event has been described as a singular multi-centennial period of anomalously weak ISM, our data suggest a more variable response of ISM during this period. The 4.2 ka event in our record exhibits a three-stage structure, characterized by highly variable ISM between ~ 4.255 and 4.070 ka BP and a distinct pluvial phase from ~ 4.070–4.010 ka BP. The latter abruptly (
Technical note: Problem specific variators in a genetic algorithm for the optimization of drinking water networks
Authors: van Laarhoven Karel , Vertommen Ina , van Thienen Peter
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Genetic algorithms can be a powerful tool for the automated design of optimal drinking water distribution networks. Fast convergence of such algorithms is a crucial factor for successful practical implementation at the drinking water utility level. In this technical note, we therefore investigate the performance of a suite of genetic variators that was tailored to the optimisation of a least-cost network design. Different combinations of the variators are tested in terms of convergence rate and the robustness of the results during optimisation of the real world drinking water distribution network of Sittard, the Netherlands. The variator configurations that reproducibly reach the furthest convergence after 105 function evaluations are reported. In the future these may aid in dealing with the computational challenges of optimizing real world networks.
Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy
Authors: Cornils Astrid , Sieger Rainer , Mizdalski Elke , Schumacher Stefanie , Grobe Hannes , Schnack-Schiel Sigrid B.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. This data collection originates from the efforts of Sigrid Schnack-Schiel (1946–2016), a zooplankton ecologist with great expertise in life cycle strategies of Antarctic calanoid copepods, who also investigated zooplankton communities in tropical and subtropical marine environments. Here, we present 33 data sets with abundances of planktonic copepods from 20 expeditions to the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctic Peninsula), one expedition to the Magellan region, one latitudinal transect in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, one expedition to the Great Meteor Bank, and one expedition to the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba as part of her scientific legacy. A total of 349 stations from 1980 to 2005 were archived. During most expeditions depth-stratified samples were taken with a Hydrobios multinet with five or nine nets, thus allowing inter-comparability between the different expeditions. A Nansen or a Bongo net was deployed only during four cruises. Maximum sampling depth varied greatly among stations due to different bottom depths. However, during 11 cruises to the Southern Ocean the maximum sampling depth was restricted to 1000 m, even at locations with greater bottom depths. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean (PS63) sampling depth was restricted to the upper 300 m. All data are now freely available at PANGAEA via the persistent identifier https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.884619.Abundance and distribution data for 284 calanoid copepod species and 28 taxa of other copepod orders are provided. For selected species the abundance distribution at all stations was explored, revealing for example that species within a genus may have contrasting distribution patterns (Ctenocalanus, Stephos). In combination with the corresponding metadata (sampling data and time, latitude, longitude, bottom depth, sampling depth interval) the analysis of the data sets may add to a better understanding how the environment (currents, temperature, depths, season) interacts with copepod abundance, distribution and diversity. For each calanoid copepod species, females, males and copepodites were counted separately, providing a unique resource for biodiversity and modelling studies. For selected species the five copepodite stages were also counted separately, thus also allowing the data to be used to study life cycle strategies of abundant or key species.
An updated version of a gap-free monthly mean zonal mean ozone database
Authors: Hassler Birgit , Kremser Stefanie , Bodeker Greg E. , Lewis Jared , Nesbit Kage , Davis Sean M. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Dameris Martin
Published: August 2018

Abstract. An updated and improved version of a global, vertically
resolved, monthly mean zonal mean ozone database has been calculated –
hereafter referred to as the BSVertOzone (Bodeker Scientific Vertical Ozone) database. Like its predecessor, it
combines measurements from several satellite-based instruments and ozone
profile measurements from the global ozonesonde network. Monthly mean zonal
mean ozone concentrations in mixing ratio and number density are provided in
5∘ latitude bins, spanning 70 altitude levels (1 to 70 km),
or 70 pressure levels that are approximately 1 km apart (878.4 to
0.046 hPa). Different data sets or “tiers” are provided: Tier 0
is based only on the available measurements and therefore does not completely
cover the whole globe or the full vertical range uniformly; the Tier 0.5
monthly mean zonal means are calculated as a filled version of the Tier 0
database where missing monthly mean zonal mean values are estimated from
correlations against a total column ozone (TCO) database. The Tier 0.5 data set
includes the full range of measurement variability and is created as an
intermediate step for the calculation of the Tier 1 data where a least
squares regression model is used to attribute variability to various known
forcing factors for ozone. Regression model fit coefficients are expanded in
Fourier series and Legendre polynomials (to account for seasonality and
latitudinal structure, respectively). Four different combinations of
contributions from selected regression model basis functions result in four
different Tier 1 data sets that can be used for comparisons with
chemistry–climate model (CCM) simulations that do not exhibit the same unforced
variability as reality (unless they are nudged towards reanalyses). Compared
to previous versions of the database, this update includes additional
satellite data sources and ozonesonde measurements to extend the database
period to 2016. Additional improvements over the previous version of the
database include the following: (i) adjustments of measurements to account for biases and
drifts between different data sources (using a chemistry-transport model,
CTM, simulation as a transfer standard), (ii) a more objective way to determine
the optimum number of Fourier and Legendre expansions for the basis function
fit coefficients, and (iii) the derivation of methodological and measurement
uncertainties on each database value are traced through all data modification
steps. Comparisons with the ozone database from SWOOSH (Stratospheric Water
and OzOne Satellite Homogenized data set) show good agreement in many regions
of the globe. Minor differences are caused by different bias adjustment
procedures for the two databases. However, compared to SWOOSH, BSVertOzone
additionally covers the troposphere. Version 1.0 of BSVertOzone is publicly
available at https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1217184.
Demystifying academics to enhance university–business
collaborations in environmental science
Authors: Hillier John K. , Saville Geoffrey , Smith Mike J. , Scott Alister J. , Raven Emma K. , Gascoigne Jonathan , Slater Louise , Quinn Nevil , Tsanakas Andreas , Souch Claire , Leckebusch Gregor C. , Macdonald Neil , Loxton Jennifer , Wilebore Rebecca , Collins Alexandra , MacKechnie Colin , Tweddle Jaqui , Milner Alice M. , Moller Sarah , Dove MacKenzie , Langford Harry , Craig Jim
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In countries globally (e.g. UK, Australia) there is intense political interest in fostering effective university-business collaborations, but there has been scant attention devoted to exactly how individual scientists' workload (i.e. specified tasks) and incentive structures (i.e. assessment criteria) may act as a key barrier to this. To investigate this an original, empirical dataset is derived from UK job specifications and promotion criteria, which distil universities' varied drivers into requirements upon academics. This reveals the nature of the severe challenge posed by a heavily time-constrained culture; specifically, a tension exists between opportunities presented by working with industry and non-optional duties (e.g. administration, teaching). Thus, to justify the time to work with industry, such work must inspire curiosity and facilitate future novel science in order to mitigate its conflict with the overriding imperative for academics to publish. It must also provide evidence of real-world changes (i.e. impact), and ideally other reportable outcomes (e.g. official status as a business' advisor), to feed back into the scientist's performance appraisals. Indicatively, amid 20–50 key duties, scientists may be able to free up to 0.5 days/week for work with industry. Thus specific, pragmatic actions, including short-term and time-efficient steps, are proposed in a user guide to help initiate and nurture a long-term collaboration between an early- to mid-career environmental scientist and a practitioner in the insurance industry. These actions are mapped back to a tailored typology of impact and newly-created representative set of appraisal criteria to explain how they may be effective, mutually beneficial, and overcome barriers. Throughout, the focus is on environmental science, with illustrative detail provided through the example of natural hazard risk modelling in the insurance industry. However, a new conceptual model is developed, joining perspectives from literatures on academics' motivations and performance assessment, which we tentatively posit is widely applicable. Sector-specific details (e.g. list of relevant impacts, user guide) may serve as templates globally and across sectors.
Backpropagation neural network as earthquake early warning tool using a new modified elementary Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm to minimise backpropagation errors
Authors: Lin Jyh-Woei , Chao Chun-Tang , Chiou Juing-Shian
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A new modified elementary Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm (M-LMA) was used to minimise
backpropagation errors in training a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to
predict the records related to the Chi-Chi earthquake from four seismic
stations: Station-TAP003, Station-TAP005, Station-TCU084, and Station-TCU078
belonging to the Free Field Strong Earthquake Observation Network, with the
learning rates of 0.3, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.28, respectively. For these four
recording stations, the M-LMA has been shown to produce smaller predicted
errors compared to the Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm (LMA). A sudden predicted
error could be an indicator for Early Earthquake Warning (EEW), which
indicated the initiation of strong motion due to large earthquakes. A
trade-Off decision-making process with BPNN (TDPB), using two alarms,
adjusted the threshold of the magnitude of predicted error without a mistaken
alarm. With this approach, it is unnecessary to consider the problems of
characterising the wave phases and pre-processing, and does not require
complex hardware; an existing seismic monitoring network-covered research
area was already sufficient for these purposes.
HESS Opinions: Agricultural irrigation with effluent –
Pharmaceutical residues that we should worried about
Authors: Avisar Dror , Ronen-Eliraz Gefen
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Policy regarding effluent water and reclamation aims to prevent environmental pollution while proposing an alternative water resource. Water makes up 99–99.9 % of raw wastewater. Thus extracting organic and inorganic matter from water is a must. Worldwide, but especially in developed countries, great effort has been made to reuse wastewater, and it is becoming a reliable alternative source. Israel is the world leader in water reuse, allocating 85 % of effluent water for agricultural irrigation. As such, it constitutes a living laboratory in which to study the implications of the intensive use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation, leading to research and legislation regarding effluent quality and regulation. Effluent produced in Israel is subject to severe regulations and standards and is considered suitable for every use except drinking water. It is mostly allocated for agricultural irrigation with no restrictions. The irrigated lands are close to natural water sources, and therefore water leaching from the fields infiltrate those sources, becoming part of the water cycle. A group of persistent and toxic nano- and micro-organic contaminants, including pharmaceutical residues, flows to water-treatment plants from hospitals, industry, agriculture and especially the domestic sector. These contaminants' chemical structure, characterized by a couple of aromatic rings and double bonds, makes them especially persistent; they are resistant to conventional biological treatment, used as a secondary treatment. As a result, the effluent that leaves the treatment plants, which is considered to be of high quality, actually contains pharmaceutical residues. After secondary and tertiary treatment, these persistent chemical residues can still be found in surface water, groundwater and agricultural products. Pharmaceutical residues in effluent allocated for agricultural irrigation are undesirable. Expansion of the monitoring system for those contaminants, improvement of the tertiary treatment, and implementation of advanced technologies for decomposition and removal of pharmaceutical contaminants are thus needed
Evaluation of Doppler radar and GTS data assimilation for NWP rainfall prediction of an extreme summer storm in northern China: from the hydrological perspective
Authors: Liu Jia , Tian Jiyang , Yan Denghua , Li Chuanzhe , Yu Fuliang , Shen Feifei
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Data assimilation is an effective tool in improving high-resolution rainfall
of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems which always fails in
providing satisfactory rainfall products for hydrological use. The aim of
this study is to explore the potential effects of assimilating different
sources of observations, i.e., the Doppler weather radar and the Global
Telecommunication System (GTS) data, in improving the mesoscale NWP rainfall
products. A 24 h summer storm occurring over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei
region of northern China on 21 July 2012 is selected as a case study. The
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to obtain 3 km rainfall
forecasts, and the observations are assimilated using the three-dimensional
variational (3DVar) data assimilation method. Eleven data assimilation modes
are designed for assimilating different combinations of observations in the
two nested domains of the WRF model. Both the rainfall accumulative amount
and its distribution in space and time are examined for the forecasting
results with and without data assimilation. The results show that data
assimilation can effectively help improve the WRF rainfall forecasts, which
is of great importance for hydrologic applications through the
rainfall–runoff transformation process. Both the radar reflectivity and the
GTS data are good choices for assimilation in improving the rainfall
products, whereas special attention should be paid to assimilating radial
velocity where unsatisfactory results are always found. The assimilation of
the GTS data in the coarser domain has positive effects on the radar data
assimilation in the finer domain, which can make the rainfall forecasts more
accurate than assimilating the radar data alone. It is also found that the
assimilation of more observations cannot guarantee further improvement of the
rainfall products, whereas the effective information contained in the
assimilated data is of more importance than the data quantity. Potential
improvements of data assimilation in improving the NWP rainfall products are
discussed and suggestions are further made.
Probabilistic landslide ensemble prediction systems: lessons to be learned from hydrology
Authors: Canli Ekrem , Mergili Martin , Thiebes Benni , Glade Thomas
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Landslide forecasting and early warning has a long tradition in landslide
research and is primarily carried out based on empirical and statistical
approaches, e.g., landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds. In the last
decade, flood forecasting started the operational mode of so-called ensemble
prediction systems following the success of the use of ensembles for weather
forecasting. These probabilistic approaches acknowledge the presence of
unavoidable variability and uncertainty when larger areas are considered and
explicitly introduce them into the model results. Now that highly detailed
numerical weather predictions and high-performance computing are becoming more
common, physically based landslide forecasting for larger areas is becoming
feasible, and the landslide research community could benefit from the
experiences that have been reported from flood forecasting using ensemble
predictions. This paper reviews and summarizes concepts of ensemble
prediction in hydrology and discusses how these could facilitate improved
landslide forecasting. In addition, a prototype landslide forecasting system
utilizing the physically based TRIGRS (Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability) model is presented to highlight how
such forecasting systems could be implemented. The paper concludes with a
discussion of challenges related to parameter variability and uncertainty,
calibration and validation, and computational concerns.
Multi-channel and multi-polarization radar measurements around the NEEM site
Authors: Li Jilu , Vélez González Jose A. , Leuschen Carl , Harish Ayyangar , Gogineni Prasad , Montagnat Maurine , Weikusat Ilka , Rodriguez-Morales Fernando , Paden John
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Ice properties inferred from multi-polarization measurements, such as birefringence and crystal orientation fabric (COF), can provide insight into ice strain, viscosity, and ice flow. In 2008, the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) used a ground-based VHF (very high frequency) radar to take multi-channel and multi-polarization measurements around the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) site. The system operated with 30 MHz bandwidth at a center frequency of 150 MHz. This paper describes the radar system, antenna configurations, data collection, and processing and analysis of this data set. Within the framework derived from uniaxial ice crystal model, we found that ice birefringence dominates the power variation patterns of co-polarization and cross-polarization measurements in the area of 100 km2 around the ice core site. The phase shift between ordinary and extraordinary waves increases nonlinearly with depth. The ice optic axis lies in planes that are close to the vertical plane and perpendicular or parallel to the ice divide depending on depth. The ice optic axis has an average tilt angle of about 11.6° vertically, and its plane may rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise by about 10° across the 100 km2 area, and at a specific location the plane may rotate slightly counterclockwise as depth increases. Comparisons between the radar observations, simulations, and ice core fabric data are in very good agreement. We calculated the effective colatitude at different depths by using azimuth and colatitude measurements of the c axis of ice crystals. We obtained an average effective c axis tilt angle of 9.6° from the vertical axis, very comparable to the average optic axis tilt angle estimated from radar polarization measurements. The comparisons give us confidence in applying this polarimetric radio echo sounding technique to infer profiles of ice fabric in locations where there are no ice core measurements.
Numerical analyses and optimizations on the flow in the nacelle region of a wind turbine
Authors: Weihing Pascal , Wegmann Tim , Lutz Thorsten , Krämer Ewald , Kühn Timo , Altmikus Andree
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The present study investigates flow dynamics in the hub region of a wind
turbine focusing on the influence of nacelle geometry on the root
aerodynamics by means of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with the
code FLOWer. The turbine considered is a generic version of the Enercon E44
converter incorporating blades with flat-back-profiled root sections. First, a
comparison is drawn between an isolated rotor assumption and a setup
including the baseline nacelle geometry in order to elaborate the basic flow
features of the blade root. It was found that the nacelle reduces the trailed
circulation of the root vortices and improves aerodynamic efficiency for
the inner portion of the rotor; on the other hand, it induces a complex
vortex system at the juncture to the blade that causes flow separation. The
origin of these effects is analyzed in detail. In a second step, the effects
of basic geometric parameters describing the nacelle have been analyzed with
the purpose of increasing the aerodynamic efficiency in the root region.
Therefore, three modification categories have been addressed: the first
alters the nacelle diameter, the second varies the blade position relative to
the nacelle and the third comprises modifications in the vicinity of the
blade–nacelle junction. The impact of the geometrical modifications on the
local flow physics are discussed and assessed with respect to aerodynamic
performance in the blade root region. It was found that increasing the
nacelle diameter deteriorates the root aerodynamics, since the flow
separation becomes more pronounced. Possible solutions identified to reduce the
flow separation are a shift of the blade in the direction of the rotation or the
installation of a fairing fillet in the junction between the blade and the
nacelle.
From standard wind measurements to spectral characterization: turbulence length scale and distribution
Authors: Kelly Mark
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In wind energy, the effect of turbulence upon turbines is typically
simulated using wind “input” time series based on turbulence spectra. The
velocity components' spectra are characterized by the amplitude of turbulent
fluctuations, as well as the length scale corresponding to the dominant
eddies. Following the IEC standard, turbine load calculations commonly
involve use of the Mann spectral-tensor model to generate time series of the
turbulent three-dimensional velocity field. In practice, this spectral-tensor
model is employed by adjusting its three parameters: the dominant turbulence
length scale LMM (peak length scale of an undistorted isotropic
velocity spectrum), the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic
energy ε, and the turbulent eddy-lifetime (anisotropy)
parameter Γ. Deviation from “ideal” neutral sheared turbulence –
i.e., for non-zero heat flux and/or heights above the surface layer – is, in
effect, captured by setting these parameters according to observations. Previously, site-specific {LMM,ε,Γ} values were
obtainable through fits to measured three-dimensional velocity component
spectra recorded with sample rates resolving the inertial range of
turbulence (≳1 Hz); however, this is not feasible in most
industrial wind energy projects, which lack multi-dimensional sonic
anemometers and employ loggers that record measurements averaged over
intervals of minutes. Here a form is derived for the shear dependence implied
by the eddy-lifetime prescription within the Mann spectral-tensor model,
which leads to derivation of useful forms of the turbulence length scale.
Subsequently it is shown how LMM can be calculated from
commonly measured site-specific atmospheric parameters, namely mean wind
shear (dU∕dz) and standard deviation of streamwise
fluctuations (σu). The derived LMM can be obtained from
standard (10 min average) cup anemometer measurements, in contrast with an
earlier form based on friction velocity. The new form is tested across several different conditions and sites, and it
is found to be more robust and accurate than estimates relying on friction
velocity observations. Assumptions behind the derivations are also tested,
giving new insight into rapid-distortion theory and eddy-lifetime modeling –
and application – within the atmospheric boundary layer. The work herein
further shows that distributions of turbulence length scale, obtained using
the new form with typical measurements, compare well with distributions
P(LMM) obtained by fitting to spectra from research-grade sonic
anemometer measurements for the various flow regimes and sites analyzed. The
new form is thus motivated by and amenable to site-specific probabilistic
loads characterization.
Nova classificação da OMS para tumores odontogênicos: o que mudou?
Authors: Tolentino Elen De Souza
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: apresentar e discutir as mais relevantes modificações na quarta classificação de tumores de cabeça e pescoço da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS),no ano de 2017, especialmente para os tumores odontogênicos.Revisão de literatura: o trabalho baseia-se em uma revisão da literatura relacionada ao tema, em especial no artigo publicado pelos professores John M.Wright e Marilena Vered no Head & Neck Pathology Journal, no ano de 2017, o qual apresenta as principais atualizações desde as reuniões de 1992 e 2005. O que foi excluído da terceira edição, o que foi retomado da segunda edição, as novas descobertas e o porquê de tais mudanças serão alguns pontos abordados. Considerações finais: observa-se que as atualizações foram orientadas pelos princípios de simplicidade, relevância clínica, validade científica e utilidade, no intuito de fornecer uma classificação contemporânea e menos complexa, servindo como base para o clínico e o patologista em termos de diagnóstico e condução dos casos.

Palavras-chave: Classificação. Neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. Organização Mundial de Saúde. Tumores odontogênicos.
Reconstruções orbitárias: relato de três casos
Authors: Daltro Rafael Moreira , De Jesus Leila Guerreiro , Oliveira Cleidiana Celi Bomfim , Barreto Lucas Da Silva , Quintas Paloma Heine , Junior Vildeman Rodrigues de Almeida
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: este trabalho visa a apresentar uma série detrês casos clínicos com diferentes condutas para tratamentode fraturas de assoalho de órbita. Relato decasos: no primeiro caso, o paciente, sexo masculino,foi vítima de ferimento por arma de fogo, apresentandodiplopia, trismo e queixas estéticas. A conduta seguidafoi reconstrução do assoalho da órbita com telade titânio isolada. No segundo caso, o paciente, sexomasculino, foi vítima de acidente motociclístico, apresentandodiplopia e enoftalmo. A conduta seguida foireconstrução utilizando associação de tela de titâniocom polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). No terceiro caso, opaciente, sexo masculino, foi vítima de acidente automobilístico,apresentando enoftalmo, diplopia e perdade projeção malar. A conduta seguida foi reconstruçãoutilizando associação da tela de titânio com PMMA.Nos três casos, os pacientes evoluíram com melhora doquadro clínico, mostrando-se satisfeitos com os resultadosestético e funcional. Considerações finais: emboraas condutas sejam diversificadas e variem entre cirurgiões,é importante o conhecimento das técnicas e dosmateriais a serem utilizados, bem como das vantagense desvantagens de cada intervenção, sendo de fundamentalimportância também a avaliação de cada casoem particular.

Palavras-chave: Face. Fraturas ósseas. Órbita.
Normas de publicação
Authors: De Carli João Paulo
Published: August 2018

Normas de publicação
Balance de 2010
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: August 2018

Teoría y Praxis Año 9, No. 18, Febrero de 2011, pp.107-110
La lección tras el libro “El hombre en busca de sentido”
Authors: González Ruth
Published: August 2018

Teoría y Praxis Año 9, No. 18, Febrero de 2011, pp.111-113
Teoria dos princípios e função jurisdicional
Authors: Martins Ricardo Marcondes
Published: August 2018

Este estudo tem por objeto a teoria dos princípios jurídicos voltada ao exercício da função jurisdicional. Após diferenciar a discricionariedade da interpretação, defende a incompatibilidade entre a primeira e a jurisdição. Princípios jurídicos, hoje, possuem dois significados principais: são elementos estruturantes do sistema normativo e valores positivados. Os dois significados foram propostos como resposta à teoria da discricionariedade jurisdicional. Ambos os significados de princípios podem ser utilizados como instrumento para violação do direito positivo e para fuga do dever de motivar. O antídoto é o ônus argumentativo imposto ao magistrado quando da invocação de um princípio.
Corrupção: causas, perspectivas e a discussão sobre o princípio do "bis in idem"
Authors: Fortini Cristiana , Shermam Ariane
Published: August 2018

O presente trabalho aborda as dificuldades conceituais que cercam o tema da corrupção, bem como as causas do fenômeno, com o fim de compreender o cenário em que se inserem as leis anticorrupção, em seu conjunto, e de torná-las mais efetivas. Parte-se do estudo dos pontos de aproximação entre a Lei de Improbidade Administrativa e a Lei Anticorrupção, ambos diplomas legais inseridos no contexto maior de controle da corrupção no país, bem como das possíveis incongruências entre as respectivas disciplinas. Enquanto a Lei de Improbidade visa coibir agentes públicos que praticam condutas definidas como ímprobas, a Lei Anticorrupção se volta à responsabilização objetiva, administrativa e cível, das pessoas jurídicas que praticam as condutas nela proibidas. Em ambas as leis, entretanto, se admite a coautoria ou participação de terceiros, pessoas físicas ou jurídicas, na realização das infrações tipificadas. Entende-se, portanto, que o cauteloso exame dos regimes de ambas as leis no que tange aos sujeitos ativos, condutas vedadas e sanções cominadas é necessário para afastar a possibilidade de dupla responsabilização. Quer-se evitar, assim, o bis in idem na aplicação das leis em comento.  A pesquisa teórica, de cunho jurídico-dogmático, utilizou-se principalmente de dados diretos, primários e secundários, visando contribuir para a interpretação e aplicação mais adequada à finalidade de interesse coletivo que é o controle da corrupção.
Sumário Bilingue
Authors: Table of Contents Bilingual
Published: August 2018

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Intramedullary Nailing of Periarticular Fractures
Authors: Virkus Walter W. , Kempton Laurence B. , Sorkin Anthony T. , Gaski Greg E.
Published: August 2018

Plate fixation has historically been the preferred surgical treatment method for periarticular fractures of the lower extremity. This trend has stemmed from difficulties with fracture reduction and concerns of inadequate fixation with intramedullary implants. However, the body of literature on management of periarticular fractures of the lower extremities has expanded in recent years, indicating that intramedullary nailing of distal femur, proximal tibia, and distal tibia fractures may be the preferred method of treatment in some cases. Intramedullary nailing reliably leads to excellent outcomes when performed for appropriate indications and when potential difficulties are recognized and addressed.