bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Cancer in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province during 2001–2015: A Retrospective Population-Based Study
Authors: Xu Zhongyu , Zhou Haibin , Lei Lin , Li Hongyu , Yu Weiye , Fu Zhen , Wu Nanjin , Peng Ji , Yin Ping
Published: September 2017

Cancer is a serious public health issue and the leading cause of death around the world. This article aimed to estimate the cancer incidence and the trend in standardized cancer incidence in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, South China during 2001–2015 by analyzing the cancer data of the population-based cancer registry in Shenzhen. Data were collected from the cancer registry in Shenzhen, which was conducted during 2001–2015. In this registry, the crude incidence rates, age-specific incidence rates, age-standardized incidence rates and cumulative incidence rates were calculated in every five years. Trends for standardized incidence rates of cancers were analyzed by using the joinpoint regression analysis. In total, 33,374.3 thousand person-years (17,593.9 thousand for males and 15,780.4 thousand for females) were monitored over this time period. The number of new cancer cases during 2001–2015 was 59,218 (30,144 and 29,074 for males and females, respectively). The crude incidence during 2001–2005 was 136.44 per 100,000 persons, while the age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR-China) and by world standard population (ASR-world) were 165.13 and 212.48 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The crude incidence during 2006–2010 was 179.01 per 100,000 persons, while the ASR-China and ASR-world were 168.08 and 214.44 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The crude incidence during 2011–2015 was 196.53 per 100,000 persons, while the ASR-China and ASR-world were 171.44 and 219.99 per 100,000 persons, respectively. During 2001 and 2015, the joinpoint regression analysis showed that the ASR-China of cancer had an overall increase of 0.96% per year and 0.84% per year for males and females respectively, although both of these values (males and females) were non-significant increases. The leading cancer types during 2011–2015 were lung, colorectal, thyroid gland, breast, liver, stomach, cervix, nasopharynx, leukemia and lymphoma. For males, the top five common cancers were lung, liver, colorectal, stomach and thyroid gland. For females, the top five common cancers were breast, thyroid gland, lung, colorectal and cervix. The results of this study showed a heavy cancer burden among the population of Shenzhen, China. Future researches of the etiology and prevention of cancers should be planned in order to reduce the incidence associated with cancers in the future.
LRBA Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis: A Case–Control Study from China
Authors: Liu Yi , Yang Jingjin , Wu Qiuyun , Han Ruhui , Yan Weiwen , Yuan Jiali , Ji Xiaoming , Li Yan , Yao Wenxi , Ni Chunhui
Published: September 2017

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) is a member of the WDL-BEACH-WD (WBW) gene family. Defects in this gene are associated with the disordered autoimmunity in various diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the association between the functional polymorphisms in LRBA and risk of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in a Chinese population. Three potentially functional polymorphisms (rs2290846, rs3749574, and rs1782360) in LRBA were genotyped and analyzed in a case–control study, including 703 CWP cases and 705 controls. Genotyping was performed by the ABI 7900HT Real Time PCR system. Our results suggested that genotype rs2290846 AA was significantly associated with decreased risk of CWP (Adjusted OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41–0.92), and the recessive model also supported the protective role of the genotype (Adjusted OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.40–0.89). Further, the polymorphism of rs2290846 decreased the CWP risk among cases over 27 years of dust exposure (adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28–0.94) and non-smokers (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34–1.00). A potential role of rs2290846 AA has been proposed by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The present results suggest that LRBA SNPs are associated with CWP susceptibility in a Chinese population. Further studies focused on detailed mechanism or larger cohorts are warranted to validate our findings.
On Metrics for Location-Aware Games
Authors: Rodríguez-Pupo Luis , Casteleyn Sven , Granell Carlos
Published: September 2017

Metrics are important and well-known tools to measure users’ behavior in games, and gameplay in general. Particularities of location-aware games—a class of games where the player’s location plays a central role-demand specific support in metrics to adequately address the spatio-temporal features such games exhibit. In this article, we analyse and discuss how existing game analytics platforms address the spatio-temporal features of location-aware games. Our analysis reveals that little support is available. Next, based on the analysis, we propose a classification of spatial metrics, embedded in existing literature, and discuss three types of spatial metrics-point-, trajectory- and area-based metrics-, and elaborate examples and difficulties. Finally, we discuss how spatial metrics may be deployed to improve gameplay in location-aware games.
Entropy-Based Fusion of Water Indices and DSM Derivatives for Automatic Water Surfaces Extraction and Flood Monitoring
Authors: Horkaew Paramate , Puttinaovarat Supattra
Published: September 2017

Reliable water surface extraction is essential for river delineation and flood monitoring. Obtaining such information from fine resolution satellite imagery has attracted much interest for geographic and remote sensing applications. However, those images are often expensive and difficult to acquire. This study proposes a more cost-effective technique, employing freely available Landsat images. Despite its extensive spectrum and robust discrimination capability, Landsat data are normally of medium spatial resolution and, as such, fail to delineate smaller hydrological features. Based on Multivariate Mutual Information (MMI), the Landsat images were fused with Digital Surface Model (DSM) on the spatial domain. Each coinciding pixel would then contain not only rich indices but also intricate topographic attributes, derived from its respective sources. The proposed data fusion ensures robust, precise, and observer-invariable extraction of water surfaces and their branching, while eliminating spurious details. Its merit was demonstrated by effective discrimination of flooded regions from natural rivers for flood monitoring. The assessments we completed suggest improved extraction compared to traditional methods. Compared with manual digitizing, this method also exhibited promising consistency. Extraction using Dempster–Shafer fusion provided a 91.81% F-measure, 93.09% precision, 90.74% recall, and 98.25% accuracy, while using Majority Voting fusion resulted in an 84.91% F-measure, 75.44% precision, 97.37% recall, and 97.21% accuracy.
Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends with Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) as Biodegradable Medical Adhesive Material
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Li Hongli , Yuan Mingwei , Yuan Minglong , Chen Haiyun
Published: September 2017

A novel medical adhesive was prepared by blending poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) in ethyl acetate, and the two materials were proven to be biodegradable and biocompatible. The medical adhesive was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of this material was measured to be 7.13 g·cm−2·24 h−1. Its degree of comfortability was confirmed by the extensibility (E) and the permanent set (PS), which were approximately 7.83 N·cm−2 and 18.83%, respectively. In vivo tests regarding rabbit immunoglobulin M (IgM), rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG), rabbit bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), rabbit interleukin 6 (IL-6), rabbit interleukin 10 (IL-10), rabbit tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT/GPT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) indicated that the PLA-PTMC medical adhesive was not harmful to the liver and kidneys. Finally, pathological sections indicated that PLA-PTMC was more effective than the control group. These data suggest that in addition to having a positive effect on hemostasis and no sensibility to wounds, PLA-PTMC can efficiently prevent infections and has great potential as a medical adhesive.
Clinically Isolated Syndrome According to McDonald 2010: Intrathecal IgG Synthesis Still Predictive for Conversion to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Schwenkenbecher Philipp , Sarikidi Anastasia , Bönig Lena , Wurster Ulrich , Bronzlik Paul , Sühs Kurt-Wolfram , Pul Refik , Stangel Martin , Skripuletz Thomas
Published: September 2017

While the revised McDonald criteria of 2010 allow for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in an earlier stage, there is still a need to identify the risk factors for conversion to MS in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Since the latest McDonald criteria were established, the prognostic role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) in CIS patients is still poorly defined. We conducted a monocentric investigation including patients with CIS in the time from 2010 to 2015. Follow-ups of 120 patients revealed that 42% converted to MS. CIS patients with positive oligoclonal bands (OCB) were more than twice as likely to convert to MS as OCB negative patients (hazard ratio = 2.6). The probability to develop MS was even higher when a quantitative intrathecal IgG synthesis was detected (hazard ratio = 3.8). In patients with OCB, VEP did not add further information concerning the conversion rate to MS. In patients with optic neuritis and negative OCB, a significantly higher rate converted to MS when VEP were delayed. In conclusion, the detection of an intrathecal IgG synthesis increases the conversion probability to MS. Pathological VEP can help to predict the conversion rate to MS in patients with optic neuritis without an intrathecal IgG synthesis.
Metaplasia in the Stomach—Precursor of Gastric Cancer?
Authors: Kinoshita Hiroto , Hayakawa Yoku , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: September 2017

Despite a significant decrease in the incidence of gastric cancer in Western countries over the past century, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most human gastric cancers develop after long-term Helicobacter pylori infection via the Correa pathway: the progression is from gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, to cancer. However, it remains unclear whether metaplasia is a direct precursor of gastric cancer or merely a marker of high cancer risk. Here, we review human studies on the relationship between metaplasia and cancer in the stomach, data from mouse models of metaplasia regarding the mechanism of metaplasia development, and the cellular responses induced by H. pylori infection.
Performance of Two Bioswales on Urban Runoff Management
Authors: Xiao Qingfu , McPherson E. , Zhang Qi , Ge Xinlei , Dahlgren Randy
Published: September 2017

This study evaluated the effectiveness of two bioswales eight years after construction in Davis, California. The treatment bioswale measured 9 m × 1 m × 1 m (L × W × D). Engineered soil mix (75% native lava rock and 25% loam soil) replaced the native loam soil. Four Red Tip Photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress) trees and two Blueberry Muffin Hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.) Makino) shrubs were planted in the bioswale. Runoff flowed into the bioswale from an adjacent 171 m2 panel of turf grass. An identically sized control bioswale consisting of non-disturbed native soil was located adjacent to the treatment bioswale. Surface runoff quantity and quality were measured during three experiments with different pollutant loads. When compared to the control, the treatment bioswale reduced surface runoff by 99.4%, and reduced nitrogen, phosphate, and total organic carbon loading by 99.1%, 99.5%, and 99.4%, respectively. After eight years, tree growth characteristics were similar across both sites.
Improving Motivation to Learn English in Japan with a Self-Study Shadowing Application
Authors: Teeter Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The scarcity of opportunities to communicate in English in Japan proves a challenge for learners, as significant improvements in English as a Foreign Language) (EFL) listening and speaking will not materialize without consistent practice and a motivation to study. Furthermore, analysis of standardized test scores shows that university students’ scores tend to decrease after their first year of study (Sumida 2015; Mikada 2016). In order to overcome these difficulties, a team of teachers at a university in Japan introduced a mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) shadowing application where students can train their ears while also practicing speaking with shadowing, a technique recognized as effective for improving speaking and listening (Kadota 2014; Hamada 2016). This paper describes the introduction of this application in general education English classes. It then considers its impact on the motivation, attitudes towards communicating orally in English, and perception of English ability of 1001 first-year university students, the majority science and engineering majors, who used it over one semester. Preliminary results of a pre- and post-intervention Likert questionnaire indicate that through this system, linguistic self-confidence, interest in English, ideal L2 self, attitudes towards communicating in the L2, and perceptions of English ability were potentially enhanced.
Effect of Zirconia Nanoparticles in Epoxy-Silica Hybrid Adhesives to Join Aluminum Substrates
Authors: Figueroa-Lara José , Torres-Rodríguez Miguel , Gutiérrez-Arzaluz Mirella , Romero-Romo Mario
Published: September 2017

This research presents the interaction of the epoxy polymer diglicydil ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) with silica (SiO2) nanoparticles plus zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles obtained via the sol-gel method in the synthesis of an epoxy-silica-zirconia hybrid adhesive cured with polyamide. ZrO2 nanoparticles were added to the epoxy-silica hybrid adhesive produced in situ to modify the apparent shear strength of two adhesively bonded aluminum specimens. The results showed that the addition of different amounts of ZrO2 nanoparticles increased the shear strength of the adhesively bonded aluminum joint, previously treated by sandblasting, immersion in hot water and silanized with a solution of hydrolyzed 3-glycidoxipropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The morphology and microstructure of the nanoparticles and aluminum surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis was performed with the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector; the chemical groups were investigated during the aluminum surface modification using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Synthesis and In Vitro Characterization of Fe3+-Doped Layered Double Hydroxide Nanorings as a Potential Imageable Drug Delivery System
Authors: Wang Lijun , Wang Yusen , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: September 2017

Highly dispersed Fe3+-doped layered double hydroxide (LDH-Fe) nanorings were obtained by a simple coprecipitation-acid etching approach. The morphology, structure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance in vitro, drug loading and releasing, Fe3+ leakage, and cytotoxicity of the as-prepared LDH-Fe nanorings were characterized. The LDH-Fe nanorings showed good water dispersity and a well-crystallized structure. The DLS average size of nanoparticles was measured to be 94.5 nm. Moreover, the MRI tests showed a favourable T1-weighted MRI performance of the LDH-Fe nanoring with r1 values of 0.54 and 1.68, and low r2/r1 ratios of 10.1 and 6.3, pre- and after calcination, respectively. The nanoparticles also showed high model drug (ibuprofen) loading capacities, low Fe3+ leakage, and negligible cytotoxicity. All these results demonstrate the potential of LDH-Fe nanorings as an imageable drug delivery system.
A Review of Feature Extraction Methods in Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring and Its Application for Degradation Trend Estimation of Low-Speed Slew Bearing
Authors: Caesarendra Wahyu , Tjahjowidodo Tegoeh
Published: September 2017

This paper presents an empirical study of feature extraction methods for the application of low-speed slew bearing condition monitoring. The aim of the study is to find the proper features that represent the degradation condition of slew bearing rotating at very low speed (≈ 1 r/min) with naturally defect. The literature study of existing research, related to feature extraction methods or algorithms in a wide range of applications such as vibration analysis, time series analysis and bio-medical signal processing, is discussed. Some features are applied in vibration slew bearing data acquired from laboratory tests. The selected features such as impulse factor, margin factor, approximate entropy and largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) show obvious changes in bearing condition from normal condition to final failure.
Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Materials Prepared by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Krystýnová Michaela , Doležal Pavel , Fintová Stanislava , Březina Matěj , Zapletal Josef , Wasserbauer Jaromír
Published: September 2017

The use of zinc-based materials as biodegradable materials for medical purposes is offered as a possible alternative to corrosion-less resistant magnesium-based materials. Zinc powders with two different particle sizes (7.5 µm and 150 µm) were processed by the methods of powder metallurgy: cold pressing, cold pressing followed by sintering and hot pressing. The microstructure of prepared materials was evaluated in terms of light optical microscopy, and the mechanical properties were analyzed with Vickers microhardness testing and three-point bend testing. Fractographic analysis of broken samples was performed with scanning electron microscopy. Particle size was shown to have a significant effect on compacts mechanical properties. The deformability of 7.5 µm particle size powder was improved by increased temperature during the processing, while in the case of larger powder, no significant influence of temperature was observed. Bending properties of prepared materials were positively influenced by elevated temperature during processing and correspond to the increasing compacting pressures. Better properties were achieved for pure zinc prepared from 150 µm particle size powder compared to materials prepared from 7.5 µm particle size powder.
Clustered Multi-Task Learning for Automatic Radar Target Recognition
Authors: Li Cong , Bao Weimin , Xu Luping , Zhang Hua
Published: September 2017

Model training is a key technique for radar target recognition. Traditional model training algorithms in the framework of single task leaning ignore the relationships among multiple tasks, which degrades the recognition performance. In this paper, we propose a clustered multi-task learning, which can reveal and share the multi-task relationships for radar target recognition. To further make full use of these relationships, the latent multi-task relationships in the projection space are taken into consideration. Specifically, a constraint term in the projection space is proposed, the main idea of which is that multiple tasks within a close cluster should be close to each other in the projection space. In the proposed method, the cluster structures and multi-task relationships can be autonomously learned and utilized in both of the original and projected space. In view of the nonlinear characteristics of radar targets, the proposed method is extended to a non-linear kernel version and the corresponding non-linear multi-task solving method is proposed. Comprehensive experimental studies on simulated high-resolution range profile dataset and MSTAR SAR public database verify the superiority of the proposed method to some related algorithms.
Development and Measurements of a Mid-Infrared Multi-Gas Sensor System for CO, CO2 and CH4 Detection
Authors: Dong Ming , Zheng Chuantao , Miao Shuzhuo , Zhang Yu , Du Qiaoling , Wang Yiding , Tittel Frank
Published: September 2017

A multi-gas sensor system was developed that uses a single broadband light source and multiple carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) pyroelectric detectors by use of the time division multiplexing (TDM) technique. A stepper motor-based rotating system and a single-reflection spherical optical mirror were designed and adopted to realize and enhance multi-gas detection. Detailed measurements under static detection mode (without rotation) and dynamic mode (with rotation) were performed to study the performance of the sensor system for the three gas species. Effects of the motor rotating period on sensor performances were also investigated and a rotation speed of 0.4π rad/s was required to obtain a stable sensing performance, corresponding to a detection period of ~10 s to realize one round of detection. Based on an Allan deviation analysis, the 1σ detection limits under static operation are 2.96, 4.54 and 2.84 parts per million in volume (ppmv) for CO, CO2 and CH4, respectively and the 1σ detection limits under dynamic operations are 8.83, 8.69 and 10.29 ppmv for the three gas species, respectively. The reported sensor has potential applications in various fields requiring CO, CO2 and CH4 detection such as in coal mines.
In-Migration and Housing Choice in Ho Chi Minh City: Toward Sustainable Housing Development in Vietnam
Authors: Seo Ducksu , Kwon Youngsang
Published: September 2017

Since the initiation of Vietnam’s Doi Moi policy in 1986, the rate of urbanization has rapidly increased with a great influx of immigrants from rural areas. With such migration becoming a large acceleration factor for urban growth, the shortage of housing has become a critical problem in the cities. The Vietnamese government encouraged self-built housing and public–private partnerships to produce different types of housing stock. There are few available academic studies about housing choice in Vietnam to help understand movement dynamics and to foster sustainable housing development. The purpose of this study is to analyze housing choice and moving determinants in Ho Chi Minh City, and thereby establish recommendations for sustainable housing development in Vietnam. For an empirical study, a citizen questionnaire survey was conducted in HCMC and an in-depth analysis was carried out. The results indicate that the row house type for single-family housing is strongly preferred, but a preference for apartments is also observed for future planning. The factors influencing housing choice and movement are family income, housing ownership, housing typology, and commuting environment. These phenomena suggest that the government should prudently consider affordable housing development in many districts. The results of this study will help to establish policies for sustainable housing development in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT®): A Depot Adjuvant in Licensed Allergy Immunotherapy Offers New Opportunities in Malaria
Authors: Cabral-Miranda Gustavo , Heath Matthew , Gomes Ariane , Mohsen Mona , Montoya-Diaz Eduardo , Salman Ahmed , Atcheson Erwan , Skinner Murray , Kramer Matthias , Reyes-Sandoval Arturo , Bachmann Martin
Published: September 2017

Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT®) is a widely used proprietary depot excipient in specific immunotherapy for allergy. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria. To this end, we formulated the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of P. vivax in MCT and compared the induced immune responses to CSP formulated in PBS or Alum. Both MCT and Alum strongly increased immunogenicity of CSP compared to PBS in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Challenge studies in mice using a chimeric P. bergei expressing CSP of P. vivax demonstrated clinically improved symptoms of malaria with CSP formulated in both MCT and Alum; protection was, however, more pronounced if CSP was formulated in MCT. Hence, MCT may be an attractive biodegradable adjuvant useful for the development of novel prophylactic vaccines.
From Fringe To Core: Contemplating Surfing's Potential Contribution To Sustainable Tourism Development In South Africa
Authors: Mahler-Coetzee Jacques D.
Published: September 2017

Surfing has undergone a shift from a 20th century fringe activity to a core mainstream pursuit in the new millennium. This is evident from the contrast between surfing's sociohistorical peripheral location with a) the now global scope of the practice of surfing itself, and b) its integration
as a meaningful construct for nonsurfing society. The current societally integrated location, nature, and scope of surfing (the "new surfing") is examined through selected African policy and civil society examples. These examples expose an apparent emerging benefit of surfing's expansion into
mainstream society being the propagation of an attractive ecosocial surf ethos. It is submitted that this inherited surf ethos can usefully inform policy and related challenges in sustainable surf tourism development.
Carbon Abundances in Starburst Galaxies of the Local Universe
Authors: Peña-Guerrero María A. , Leitherer Claus , Mink Selma de , Wofford Aida , Kewley Lisa
Published: September 2017

The cosmological origin of carbon, the fourth most abundant element in the universe, is not well known and a matter of heavy debate. We investigate the behavior of C/O to O/H in order to constrain the production mechanism of carbon. We measured emission-line intensities in the spectral range from 1600 to 10000 Å on Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) long-slit spectra of 18 starburst galaxies in the local universe. We determined chemical abundances through traditional nebular analysis, and we used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to determine where our carbon and oxygen abundances lie in the parameter space. We conclude that our C and O abundance measurements are sensible. We analyzed the behavior of our sample in the [C/O] versus [O/H] diagram with respect to other objects such as DLAs, neutral ISM measurements, and disk and halo stars, finding that each type of object seems to be located in a specific region of the diagram. Our sample shows a steeper C/O versus O/H slope with respect to other samples, suggesting that massive stars contribute more to the production of C than N at higher metallicities, only for objects where massive stars are numerous; otherwise, intermediate-mass stars dominate the C and N production.
AGN Heating in Simulated Cool-core Clusters
Authors: Li Yuan , Ruszkowski Mateusz , Bryan Greg L.
Published: September 2017

We analyze heating and cooling processes in an idealized simulation of a cool-core cluster, where momentum-driven AGN feedback balances radiative cooling in a time-averaged sense. We find that, on average, energy dissipation via shock waves is almost an order of magnitude higher than via turbulence. Most of the shock waves in the simulation are very weak shocks with Mach numbers smaller than 1.5, but the stronger shocks, although rare, dissipate energy more effectively. We find that shock dissipation is a steep function of radius, with most of the energy dissipated within 30 kpc, more spatially concentrated than radiative cooling loss. However, adiabatic processes and mixing (of post-shock materials and the surrounding gas) are able to redistribute the heat throughout the core. A considerable fraction of the AGN energy also escapes the core region. The cluster goes through cycles of AGN outbursts accompanied by periods of enhanced precipitation and star formation, over gigayear timescales. The cluster core is under-heated at the end of each cycle, but over-heated at the peak of the AGN outburst. During the heating-dominant phase, turbulent dissipation alone is often able to balance radiative cooling at every radius but, when this is occurs, shock waves inevitably dissipate even more energy. Our simulation explains why some clusters, such as Abell 2029, are cooling dominated, while in some other clusters, such as Perseus, various heating mechanisms including shock heating, turbulent dissipation and bubble mixing can all individually balance cooling, and together, over-heat the core.
Accurate Theoretical Methane Line Lists in the Infrared up to 3000 K and Quasi-continuum Absorption/Emission Modeling for Astrophysical Applications
Authors: Rey Michael , Nikitin Andrei V. , Tyuterev Vladimir G.
Published: September 2017

Modeling atmospheres of hot exoplanets and brown dwarfs requires high-T databases that include methane as the major hydrocarbon. We report a complete theoretical line list of 12CH4 in the infrared range 0–13,400 cm−1 up to T
max = 3000 K computed via a full quantum-mechanical method from ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces. Over 150 billion transitions were generated with the lower rovibrational energy cutoff 33,000 cm−1 and intensity cutoff down to 10−33 cm/molecule to ensure convergent opacity predictions. Empirical corrections for 3.7 million of the strongest transitions permitted line position accuracies of 0.001–0.01 cm−1. Full data are partitioned into two sets. “Light lists” contain strong and medium transitions necessary for an accurate description of sharp features in absorption/emission spectra. For a fast and efficient modeling of quasi-continuum cross sections, billions of tiny lines are compressed in “super-line” libraries according to Rey et al. These combined data will be freely accessible via the TheoReTS information system (http://theorets.univ-reims.fr, http://theorets.tsu.ru), which provides a user-friendly interface for simulations of absorption coefficients, cross-sectional transmittance, and radiance. Comparisons with cold, room, and high-T experimental data show that the data reported here represent the first global theoretical methane lists suitable for high-resolution astrophysical applications.
Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. IV. Improved Two-stream Radiative Transfer for the Treatment of Aerosols
Authors: Heng Kevin , Kitzmann Daniel
Published: September 2017

We present a novel generalization of the two-stream method of radiative transfer, which allows for the accurate treatment of radiative transfer in the presence of strong infrared scattering by aerosols. We prove that this generalization involves only a simple modification of the coupling coefficients and transmission functions in the hemispheric two-stream method. This modification originates from allowing the ratio of the first Eddington coefficients to depart from unity. At the heart of the method is the fact that this ratio may be computed once and for all over the entire range of values of the single-scattering albedo and scattering asymmetry factor. We benchmark our improved two-stream method by calculating the fraction of flux reflected by a single atmospheric layer (the reflectivity) and comparing these calculations to those performed using a 32-stream discrete-ordinates method. We further compare our improved two-stream method to the two-stream source function (16 streams) and delta-Eddington methods, demonstrating that it is often more accurate at the order-of-magnitude level. Finally, we illustrate its accuracy using a toy model of the early Martian atmosphere hosting a cloud layer composed of carbon dioxide ice particles. The simplicity of implementation and accuracy of our improved two-stream method renders it suitable for implementation in three-dimensional general circulation models. In other words, our improved two-stream method has the ease of implementation of a standard two-stream method, but the accuracy of a 32-stream method.
Old Age in Uruguay: a Century’s Evolution
Authors: Pollero Raquel , Paredes Mariana
Published: September 2017

L’Uruguay se distingue par l’importance de sa population âgée, notamment par rapport aux autres pays d’Amérique latine. Cette situation résulte d’une transition démographique précoce, qui a commencé à la fin du xix e siècle, presque en même temps que celle de nombreux pays européens. L’Uruguay possède donc un profil particulier qui le distingue des formes démographiques latino-américaines. En 1900, l’espérance de vie à la naissance était de 48 ans mais elle a augmenté régulièrement, passant de 54 ans en 1930 à 66 ans en 1950 puis 74,5 ans à la fin du siècle. Dans la même période, le pourcentage de la population de plus de 65 ans est passé de 2,8 % à 8% en 1963 puis 12,8 % en 1996. Cet article étudie l’évolution de la mortalité des personnes âgées au cours du xx e siècle (1905-1991) et analyse les tendances par âge, sexe ainsi que l’évolution des causes de décès. En outre, nous présentons le contexte économique, politique et institutionnel de l’Uruguay, notamment les politiques de santé. L’analyse de la mortalité par causes montre l’importance des maladies chroniques et dégénératives pour la mortalité des personnes âgées, tout au long de la transition épidémiologique. On constate également l’augmentation de la part de ces causes durant le xx e siècle. Enfin, les taux de mortalité liés aux cancers et aux maladies du système circulatoire ont fortement augmenté, notamment jusqu’aux années 1970, avant de décliner.
L’épreuve de l’irréversibilité médicale. Retour sur l’expérience du vieillissement des Parisiens assistés en institution au second xix e siècle
Authors: Rossigneux-Méheust Mathilde
Published: September 2017

À quel titre la création de lieux spécifiquement affectés à la prise en charge des personnes âgées en situation de vulnérabilité contribue-t-elle à forger une expérience singulière du rapport au déclin et à construire une réponse institutionnelle propre à cette population ? Observatoire de la fin de vie, les archives des espaces réservés aux vieillards et aux incurables livrent un ensemble de regards et de paroles, des administrateurs, des pensionnaires et des familles, sur l’irréversibilité des états de santé à l’âge de la vieillesse. Face à l’émergence d’une demande et d’une offre de soins dans les hospices et les maisons de retraite au second xix e siècle, cet article montre le difficile, voire l’impossible, dialogue entre médecins, directeurs d’établissement et résidents. La dégradation des états de santé, les réponses médicales limitées, la peur de la mort, la progression d’une demande de soins médicaux, le moindre intérêt des médecins pour les patients âgés contribuent à faire de l’extrême fin de vie en institution un moment de tension et de frustration.
Représentation de l’entourage des aîné-e-s dans la mort. Une analyse des avis de décès de Genève et du Valais
Authors: Nicolet Marthe
Published: September 2017

Cet article porte sur l’entourage final des personnes âgées dans deux cantons suisses, Genève et le Valais. À partir de l’étude des avis de décès qui paraissent quotidiennement dans les journaux, nous analysons le processus de personnalisation que ces avis ont connu depuis les années 1970. Cette personnalisation a amené des représentations singulières de la famille, liens et configurations ainsi que l’émergence d’un nouvel entourage présent du vivant de la personne âgée, mais aussi dans l’accompagnement du deuil auprès des familles. Chaque canton, par son histoire sociodémographique et religieuse et par sa vision de la mort, a construit ses propres représentations de l’entourage final. Genève s’inscrit dans une culture urbaine protestante. Les familles sélectionnent les membres s’indiquant en deuil tout en inscrivant le mort dans un cercle familial plus large tandis que le nouvel entourage est marqué par la médicalisation et l’institutionnalisation de la vieillesse. Le Valais est caractérisé par une culture publique du deuil, une forte présence du catholicisme et des modèles familiaux « traditionnels ». La famille s’expose en mentionnant toutes les personnes en deuil dans une liste structurée par l’importance de la filiation et une logique généalogique. Le nouvel entourage concerne autant le défunt que les vivants, oscillant entre tradition et modernité avec de nouveau une hiérarchie, plaçant en haut les membres du clergé, suivis par le médecin et la direction de l’institution.
Parrainage et nomination en Bretagne aux xv e et xvi e siècles
Authors: Quemener Pierre-Yves
Published: September 2017

Au Bas Moyen Âge et à l’époque moderne, l’étude de la nomination est indissociable d’une étude du parrainage. Cet article vise à préciser leurs fonctions sociales respectives en Bretagne au xv e et xvi e siècle et à rechercher qui, du nom ou du parrain, détermine l’autre. L’institution du parrainage était un élément constitutif de la sociabilité communautaire. En contrepartie d’une honorabilité proclamée aux yeux de tous, le parrain avait le devoir implicite de porter assistance à son filleul et à son compère en cas de besoin. La transmission du nom au filleul était le signe de cet engagement mais, pour les parents, ce nom pouvait aussi être une marque d’honneur envers un saint particulier qui devenait de facto redevable d’une assistance similaire à l’égard du nouveau-né. L’évolution des besoins de solidarité et de la croyance en la puissance déterminante des noms explique celle des pratiques nominatives.
Vente itinérante et activités touristiques dans les montagnes de Tanzanie
Authors: Racaud Sylvain , Bénos Rémi , Thibaud Bénédicte , Charlery de la Masselière Bernard
Published: September 2017

L’objet de cet article est de montrer comment des jeunes ruraux trouvent, grâce à leur mobilité, des ressources locales comme solutions aux blocages ruraux, en particulier fonciers, à partir de deux exemples, les vendeurs itinérants dans le Sud-Ouest tanzanien et les travailleurs dans le tourisme du Nord tanzanien. La mobilité entre ville et campagne produit un espace d’entre-deux, c’est-à-dire d’opportunités et de complémentarités entre des ressources rurales, urbaines, locales et globales. La vente itinérante et le tourisme sont envisagés comme des étapes dans des trajectoires professionnelles qui ne tournent d’ailleurs pas systématiquement le dos à l’agriculture.
Territoires protégés, humains et chimpanzés. Une lisière fluctuante dans le temps et l’espace
Authors: Bortolamiol Sarah , Cohen Marianne , Krief Sabrina
Published: September 2017

La conservation de la biodiversité soulève des questionnements sur la manière dont les humains s'organisent et coexistent avec la nature. Nos travaux précédents ont identifié les facteurs naturels et anthropiques qui influencent la répartition des chimpanzés dans une forêt tropicale aujourd'hui protégée (parc national) et entourée d'une forte densité de population humaine. Ici, nous étudions comment les actions des acteurs humains et non humains ont fluctué dans le temps et l'espace en mobilisant l'étude de l'évolution de la couverture végétale à la lisière de la forêt (parcelles de végétation, photos aériennes, image satellite) et les enquêtes réalisées auprès de villageois (entretiens semi-directifs, observations participantes) et d'ouvriers de la théiculture (questionnaires) habitant à l'extérieur de la forêt. Malgré les discontinuités juridiques et physiques, les territoires des acteurs étudiés – i. e. végétaux, chimpanzés, humains se recouvrent et le contact avec la nature est entretenu dans l'imaginaire, dans la culture et dans certaines pratiques des villageois.
Interroger les bases de données géographiques pour mieux renseigner les territoires de cohabitation entre l’animal et l’humain
Authors: Godard Vincent , Capon Mary
Published: September 2017

Au travers de trois exemples de pathologies transmissibles par des animaux « familiers » dans la Métropole du Grand Paris (MGP), nous interrogeons une certaine forme de relation entre les humains et les animaux sur des territoires qu’ils peuvent être amenés à cofréquenter. Souhaitant analyser cette cofréquentation à l’échelle de la MGP, c’est avec une approche globale, celle des bases de données géographiques, qu’il nous faut étudier ces relations. Ces espaces sont renseignés dans un grand nombre de bases de données spatialisées. Il est, de ce fait, intéressant d’évaluer leur capacité, au moins en consultant leurs métadonnées, à rendre compte de la dimension spatiale et temporelle des lieux de cohabitation et de contamination potentielle entre l’humain et l’animal. Les bases de données les plus connues sont évaluées sous leur dimension sémantique (les lieux de rencontre sont-ils présents dans la nomenclature ?), spatiale (les lieux de rencontre ne sont-ils pas trop petits pour être renseignés ?) et temporelle (la répétitivité des mises à jour est-elle suffisante ?) ainsi que des possibles effets barrière. Une seule satisfait actuellement à ces trois critères : le Mode d’occupation du sol (MOS) de la région Île-de-France. L’effet « barrière zoonotique » est, avec la résolution spatiale, l’aptitude la mieux partagée, alors que la résolution temporelle est, avec la résolution sémantique, l’aptitude la moins bien partagée.
Les dirigeants des grandes entreprises Françaises dans l’économie de guerre. Essai de synthèse
Authors: Joly Hervé
Published: September 2017

Les directions des grandes entreprises industrielles françaises sont affectées en 1914 par les mobilisations de leurs titulaires, sans être bouleversées, grâce à de nombreux aménagements. Les transferts entre l’administration et l’industrie ne débordent pas de la pratique habituelle des grands corps, mais la période est marquée par de nombreuses opportunités pour les chefs d’entreprise de travailler avec l’État. Les élites économiques n’en ressortent pas transformées, mais elles sont incitées durablement à mieux s’organiser collectivement.
Entreprises et entrepreneurs textiles face à la guerre en France, 1914-1920
Authors: Vacheron Simon
Published: September 2017

Délaissées par les études sur la mobilisation industrielle durant la Première Guerre mondiale, les industries de la laine et du coton jouèrent un rôle presque aussi important que les usines d’armement. Que ce soit pour l’habillement des troupes ou la fabrication des explosifs, les manufactures durent faire face à divers défis humains et matériels. Le présent article s’interroge sur l’attitude de ces deux industries, leur capacité d’organisation, de mobilisation de leur capital, ainsi que sur leur réaction face aux difficultés de la guerre et aux représentants de l’État.
Les entreprises alsaciennes à l’heure de l’Armistice : quelles séquelles pour quelles reprises ?
Authors: Wisniewski Clément
Published: September 2017

Seule portion du territoire allemand traversée par la ligne de front pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, l’Alsace et ses entreprises connaissent différentes situations liées à la plus ou moins grande proximité des combats et à la diversité des industries. Cette pluralité de situations rend plus complexe encore la reprise de la vie économique après 1918, alors que la région connait un bouleversement total de son cadre économique avec son passage de l’économie allemande à l’économie française.
Salariés sans ouvrage, entreprises sans ressource, comment survivre à Lille sous l’occupation allemande (1914-1918) ?
Authors: Touchelay Béatrice
Published: September 2017

Comment la population lilloise, coupée du reste du territoire et confrontée à la présence et aux exigences de troupes d’occupation pendant presque toute la durée de la guerre, parvient-elle à survivre ? L’importance de l’épargne accumulée antérieurement permet aux plus riches restés sur place de subsister ; pour les autres, la ville et les édiles locaux organisent de la solidarité et de l’assistance, qui ne constituent toutefois qu’une réponse partielle à compléter par un accroissement des inégalités...
Sur le front du travail. Effort de guerre et gestion de la main-d’œuvre chez Berliet (1914-1920)
Authors: Grevet Jean-François
Published: September 2017

Le cas Berliet, l’une des firmes pionnières de l’automobile, est ici réexaminé sous l’angle d’une communauté de travail, dans la Grande Guerre, inspirée des principes fordiens et tayloriens. En nuançant un processus décrit jusqu’alors comme exclusivement américain et imposé par le patron, est réévalué le rôle de l’encadrement dans la construction par la formation, l’éducation, le sport et de nouveaux principes organisationnels de l’homo faber automobile, au sein d’une nouvelle cité industrielle, inspirée partiellement par l’architecte Tony Garnier.
De quoi l’empire libéral est-il le nom ?
Authors: Anceau Éric
Published: September 2017

Cet article s’intéresse au chrononyme « Empire libéral » qui présente la double particularité d’être en gestation pendant la période qu’il décrit et de devenir d’usage courant sous celle-ci. Totalement discrédité après son échec, l’Empire libéral aurait pu sombrer totalement dans l’oubli. Tel n’a pas été le cas grâce à son principal acteur, Émile Ollivier, qui a composé une œuvre éponyme, monument de la littérature mondiale à fin de justification rétrospective.
Au temps de Badinguet : sur quelques perceptions de l’« Empire » sous la Commune de Paris, 1871
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin
Published: September 2017

Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont la période dite du « Second Empire » est dénommée pendant la Commune de Paris. Il montre les expressions employées, leurs usages, les pratiques auxquelles elles donnent lieu. Mobilisant les travaux sur l’historicité et la discontinuité, il invite ce faisant à plonger dans l’expérience révolutionnaire du temps sous la Commune, qui peut alors être appréhendée. Il suggère également qu’il convient, en plus de l’étude des usages sociaux, politiques et culturels de la dénomination, de distinguer ces différentes qualités du temps pour pleinement saisir de quoi le Second Empire peut alors être le nom.
La France et l'industrie pétrolière roumaine durant l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Pelletier François
Published: September 2017

Le secteur pétrolier attire les milieux d'affaires français après la Première Guerre mondiale. La Roumanie en particulier engendre des convoitises alors que les intérêts allemands dans ce pays ont été séquestrés. C'est l'occasion de remplacer les capitaux des puissances vaincues dans le monde et d'hériter de puissants atouts économiques. Pour ce faire, les milieux d'affaires bénéficient de l'appui de leurs gouvernements respectifs qui ont avantage à faciliter la transition. En Roumanie les enjeux sont de taille, elle est le plus important producteur de pétrole en Europe durant l'entre-deux-guerres. La position stratégique qu'elle occupe en fait une préoccupation importante pour les responsables français. Il s'agit d'encercler l'Allemagne et de la priver de précieuses ressources pétrolières. Les banques françaises sont appelées à participer à ce projet. Or, ces investissements font naître de sérieux contentieux durant la période entre l'industrie pétrolière et le gouvernement roumain. Cet article retrace les différents enjeux qui ont marqué ces relations. Ils concernent : les lois qui régissent l'industrie pétrolière, la question des terrains de l'État roumain et les redevances que celui-ci perçoit en nature.
Juliet Mitchell répond à Judith Butler. Nietzschéisme, anti-naturalisme, matérialisme
Authors: Kail Michel
Published: September 2017

Juliet Mitchell et Judith Butler se distinguent par leur objet d’analyse respectif : si la première s’intéresse à l’oppression des femmes, la deuxième s’emploie à dénoncer et surmonter la discrimination qui frappe les homosexuel∙le∙s. Ce choix de l’objet d’analyse donne le ton de l’argumentation : alors que Juliet Mitchell propose une analyse matérialiste et insiste sur la spécificité de la lutte des femmes, Judith Butler développe une argumentation de type culturaliste et se satisfait de la multiplication des différences. Pour mieux saisir l’enjeu de ce débat, il m’a semblé intéressant de faire intervenir les arguments développés par Monique Wittig.