bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lagged Versus Difference Score Regression: An Example From a Community-Based Educational Seminar Evaluation
Authors: Valente Thomas W. , Sidhu Anupreet Kaur , Lee Julie , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Pandol Stephen , Saab Sammy , Mendler Michel , Tsukumoto Hidekazu
Published: March 2017

Objectives. To demonstrate the use of evaluation data in determining the effectiveness of a series of community-based educational seminars designed to educate substance abuse treatment counselors on the latest science regarding the effects of alcohol abuse on diseases of the liver and pancreas; in the process, to highlight the use of difference scores versus lagged regression as alternative approaches to conducting such evaluations. Methods. Data were collected from 338 seminar participants during 4 half-day seminars in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2014. Pre- and post-seminar data were collected immediately before and after the seminar, approximately 3 hours apart. Survey questions included demographics and a series of multiple-choice knowledge questions that were identical at pre- and posttest. Results. Analyses showed that, on average, participants improved their knowledge by 19.7 percentage points from 0.44 to 0.63, or 44.7%. Factors associated with learning using difference scores revealed that only survey wave (time) was associated with learning. In contrast, lagged regression results showed that in addition to wave, participants who reported attending the seminar because they were required to for their job learned less, whereas those attending because they wanted to learn the material learned more. Education was also significantly associated with knowledge change. Conclusions. This study illustrates that relying on difference score analyses to estimate programmatic effects and changes in knowledge for educational programs can lead to faulty conclusions whereas lagged regression is a better approach to assess program impact.
Treatment and Outcomes of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Dislocations
Authors: Chalmers Brian P , Wagner Eric R , Sperling John W , Cofield Robert H , Sanchez-Sotelo Joaquin
Published: March 2017

Background

Dislocation is a challenging complication after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). We sought to evaluate the outcome of nonoperative and operative management of the dislocation after primary and revision RSA.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2013, dislocation occurred in 12/1081 primary RSAs (1.1%) and 15/342 revision RSAs (4.4%). Seventeen (69%) shoulders dislocated within 3 months of surgery. Ten (68%) patients underwent revision RSA for prosthetic instability. Mean age was 69 years, and mean follow-up after index RSA was 4 years.

Results

Closed reduction and bracing achieved a stable shoulder in 60% (3/5 patients) after primary and 20% (1/5 patients) after revision RSA dislocation. Operative management achieved a stable shoulder in 88% (7/8 patients) of primary and 64% (7/11 patients) of revision RSAs ( P = .40). Overall, 9 shoulders (33%) had persistent instability at the final follow-up: 2/12 (17%) primaries versus 7/15 (47%) revisions ( P = .08). Preoperative prosthetic instability was the main risk factor for chronic instability in the revision cohort ( P = .02). Worse functional outcomes were associated with the dislocation of a revision RSA ( P = .02).

Conclusion

After primary RSA dislocations, closed reduction is successful in half, while revision surgery is successful in 85% of cases. Conversely, closed reduction of a dislocated revision RSA is rarely successful, while revision surgery is successful 65% of the time. Every attempt should be made to achieve stability at the time of primary and revision RSA, since reduction or revision surgery does not guarantee the restoring stability.
Musgrave, Samuelson, and the Crystallization of the Standard Rationale for Public Goods
Authors: Desmarais-Tremblay Maxime
Published: March 2017

This paper provides a narrative of the emergence of the standard textbook definition of public goods. It focuses on Richard A. Musgrave's contribution in defining public goods as nonrival and nonexcludable—from 1937 to 1973. Although Samuelson's mathematical definition is generally used in models of public goods, the qualitative understanding of the specificity of pure public goods owes a lot to Musgrave. I argue that the evolution of Musgrave's writings on public goods reflects his intention to justify his view of the role of the state in providing goods and services to citizens with an argument that would be convincing to the community of US economists in the mid-twentieth century. Musgrave's definition highlights his lifelong concern for a comprehensive, realistic, and useful normative theory of the public sector.
A Previously Unpublished Correspondence between Adam Smith and Joseph Nicolas de Windischgrätz
Authors: Menudo José M. , Rieucau Nicolas
Published: March 2017

This article transcripts and comments on two letters by Adam Smith, and two letters by his correspondent Joseph Nicolas de Windischgrätz. These letters belong to a rather rich and lengthy exchange—which would end at the beginning of 1788—composed of at least sixteen pieces. As with the rest of the correspondence between them, the letters published here refer to the prize proposed by Windischgrätz in 1784–85. The Programme of this prize was looking for general formulas that would normalize all types of property transfer. Adam Smith replied that the great diversity of human customs did not lend itself to such formulas. In spite of his reluctance Smith eventually agreed to help Windischgrätz, but the prize had no winner.
Lucas's Research in the Late 1960s and the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Authors: da Silva Danilo Freitas Ramalho
Published: March 2017

This article describes the work of Robert E. Lucas Jr. in the late 1960s, which culminated in the modeling and testing of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis. I show the roles played by Edmund Phelps and Edward Prescott in Lucas's transition from adaptive expectations to rational expectations in the modeling and testing of this hypothesis. I argue that Phelps criticized the predominance of the regressive effect in price expectations in Lucas and Rapping's (1969a) labor market model as the explanation to the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment and also introduced Lucas to his island model, which would be eventually adopted by Lucas (1972). I also argue that Prescott helped Lucas in the substitution of the adaptive expectations with the criticized regressive effect hypothesis by the rational expectations hypothesis, by working on its mathematical definition and debating the proper justification for its adoption. Finally, I show how the discussion over the substitution of the adaptive expectations by the rational expectations led Lucas to change his econometric testing of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis from estimating long-run Phillips curves in a model with adaptive expectations to testing restrictions on the relationship between policy parameters and behavioral parameters of a model with rational expectations.
Diabetic polyneuropathy, sensory neurons, nuclear structure and spliceosome alterations: a role for CWC22
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Chandrasekhar Ambika , Cheng Chu , Martinez Jose A. , Ng Hilarie , de la Hoz Cristiane , Zochodne Douglas W.
Published: March 2017

Unique deficits in the function of adult sensory neurons as part of their early neurodegeneration might account for progressive polyneuropathy during chronic diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide structural and functional evidence for aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in a chronic type 1 model of experimental diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Cajal bodies (CBs), unique nuclear substructures involved in RNA splicing, increased in number in diabetic sensory neurons, but their expected colocalization with survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins was reduced – a mislocalization described in motor neurons of spinal muscular atrophy. Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), also participants in the spliceosome, had abnormal multiple nuclear foci unassociated with CBs, and their associated snRNAs were reduced. CWC22, a key spliceosome protein, was aberrantly upregulated in diabetic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and impaired neuronal function. CWC22 attenuated sensory neuron plasticity, with knockdown in vitro enhancing their neurite outgrowth. Further, axonal delivery of CWC22 siRNA unilaterally to locally knock down the aberrant protein in diabetic nerves improved aspects of sensory function in diabetic mice. Collectively, our findings identify subtle but significant alterations in spliceosome structure and function, including dysregulated CBs and CWC22 overexpression, in diabetic sensory neurons that offer new ideas regarding diabetic sensory neurodegeneration in polyneuropathy.
Morphology Change from Nanotube to Vesicle and Monolayer/Bilayer Alteration by Amphiphilic Block Polypeptides Having Aromatic Groups at C Terminal
Authors: Kim Cheol Joo , Kurauchi Saki , Uebayashi Tsuguaki , Fujisaki Ai , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: March 2017

Various amphiphilic block polypeptides having aromatic groups at the C terminal of a Leu-based hydrophobic helical block, poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6-ethylcarbazole, poly(sarcosine)-b-(d-Leu-Aib)6-naphthalimide, and poly(sarcosine)-b-(d-Leu-Aib)6-porphyrin, were synthesized and self-assembled in water. Molecular assemblies of distorted sheet, saddle-like sheet, and micelle were identified, which were different from the curved sheet of poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6 without any aromatic groups, indicating that the attachment of the aromatic groups to the C terminal significantly influenced the morphology. Upon heating at 90 °C, vesicles were generated with the three amphiphilic polypeptides with aromatic groups as opposed to the nanotubes of poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6. The precise observations of these vesicles by AFM revealed formation of monolayer for poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6-ethylcarbazole and bilayers for poly(sarcosine)-b-(d-Leu-Aib)6-naphthalimide and poly(sarcosine)-b-(d-Leu-Aib)6-porphyrin. Attachment of aromatic groups at the C terminal therefore influences morphology and monolayer/bilayer alteration in accordance with the type of aromatic groups.
dependence of productivity of wheat of different biological groups on parameters of the assimilatory device of plants in the forest-steppe of the Orenburg Cis-Urals
Authors: Мухитов  , Mukhitov Lenar , Самуилов  , Samuilov Feofan
Published: March 2017

On the basis of summarizing the results of many years of experience about environmental study of varieties and breeding varieties of spring wheat, we revealed the peculiarities of influence of plants’ assimilation apparatus parameters on the productivity level of early ripening, middle- and late ripening varieties in the forest-steppe zone of Orenburg Urals. These varieties should be used to create hybrid forms of spring wheat with optimal parameters of photosynthetic surface. This will better in solution the selection issues on efficiency in the forest of the Southern Urals. As a result, during the study of the influence of the size of the surface to the grain photosynthetic productivity level of wheat varieties, we found that in this case with an increase in the parameters of the assimilation apparatus, there is an increase of yields up to a certain limit, then a further increase in the size of the photosynthetic surface leads to lower yields. This pattern is clearly related to the fact that the overgrowing foliage due to worsening conditions for leaf photosynthetic activity, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. The following studied varieties of spring wheat have optimal parameters of the photosynthetic index: Volgouralskaya, Varyag, Kinelskaya 59, Logachevka, Lyuba, Prokhorovka, Solveig, Tulaykovskaya 1, Tulaykovskaya stepnaya and Enita. These varieties should be used to create hybrid forms of spring wheat with optimal parameters of the assimilation apparatus.
Scientific and technological basis development of food waste recycling technology, using extremophilic yarrowia lipolytica yeast
Authors: Гусева  , Guseva Marina , Зылькова  , Zylkova Marina , Баннова  , Bannova Elena , Кудыкина  , Kudykina Yuliya , Фаизов  , Faizov Tagir , Шевелев  , Shevelev Aleksey
Published: March 2017

A new method for the biotransformation of food waste is proposed. The waste is transformed to feed stock by using a novel bioremediant based on Yarrowia lipolytica, designed to be efficient in economic and environmental disposal of food waste. The toxicological studies of the product were carried out, obtained with the help of the developed technology. Biotransformation of the homogenized food waste for three days under non-sterile conditions provides a complete detoxification of the material as shown in acute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, acute test LD50 for the non-treated waste was 1220 mg/kg for mice and 3170 mg/kg for rats. The weight growth of mice and rats fed on the fermented, native preparation and in control for 10 and 28 days was assessed (multiple administration of the preparations in increasing dosages). After 10 days the mice and rats of group 1 (the waste fermented by Y. lipolytica) demonstrated 14,1% and 15,8% growth (Р<0,01). After 28 days this group exhibited 28,3% growth in mice (Р<0,001), and 25,2% in rats (Р<0,001). Group 2 (native preparation) and group 3 (biological control) demonstrated much less growth (mice/rats): 9,1/9,5 and 9,8/10,5% after 10 days; 18,6/19,1 and 21,2/22,4% after 28 days.
Features of effective development of tourism potential of the country: marketing aspect
Authors: Хисматуллин  , Khismatullin Marsel , Вашуров  , Vashurov Mikhail
Published: March 2017

This article analyzes the problems of the development of modern tourist destinations. The causes of the stagnation processes, that reduce the competitiveness of tourist regions, were established. The paper reveals the conceptual function of marketing of areas, ensuring the optimal use of tourism potential destinations. We identified and justified the necessity for the creation a marketing strategy of destinations development that, in accordance with the context of the research, is the foundation for effective communication between the management of tourist areas and the target segment of tourists. In our opinion, an application of marketing techniques in structural activity of destinations is one of the key tools in solving problems of increasing the effectiveness of institutional reforms of territories and, in particular such depressed regions, as rural areas. In nowadays economic conditions the territorial marketing is the basis for the formation and development of market economy forms as in agriculture, and in other areas of economic life [4]. Marketing effectiveness in social and economic development of the territories is due to its conceptual function, consisting in the optimal usage of available resources and offer such product, that best meets the needs and preferences of today’s consumer market.
Approximation of asymmetric flow velocity in inter-disk space of separator
Authors: Ибятов  , Ibyatov Ravil
Published: March 2017

We consider the motion of non-Newtonian behavior in the inter-disk space of the liquid separator. The shared medium is supplied from the periphery of the disks and moves to the center of the machine. Under the influence of centrifugal force the particles of the dispersed phase are precipitated to the bottom surface of the top disk to form a thin layer of precipitate, which moves toward the periphery of the disk. The equations of motion are solved by the equal-discharge-increments method. In this case, the flow field is introduced surfaces of equal costs for the continuous phase, which are determined by the conditions of constant flow velocity of the medium between them. To determine the locations of input surfaces, the recurrent type differential equations are recorded. The equations of motion, recorded on the flow lines, are simplified and take the form of ordinary differential equations in the longitudinal coordinate. The term, takes into account the effect of viscous friction in the equation of motion, contains the partial derivatives of the transverse coordinate. For their computation, a grid solution can be represented as a series expansion in the complete system of basis functions, satisfying the boundary condition. The presence of moving sediment layer and the centrifugal force influence causes the asymmetry of the flow in the dispersion medium in the inter-disk space. In this work the basic functions that take into account the asymmetry of the flow were constructed. In order to determine the type of basis functions, the Poiseuille flow in a conical slit with a moving wall was considered. An algebraic equation for calculating the extremum point of the function of speed made up. It is shown, that for the power fluid in the areas of increasing and decreasing functions, there are different solutions. The studies proposed a system of basis functions for the approximation of the grid solutions. It is shown, that the proposed features provide continuity of the viscous stress tensor in the whole flow area.
Plastic Relief Mapping as Applied to Underground Utility System Land Use Planning
Authors: Иванов Владимир , Ivanov Vladimir , Губанов Николай , Gubanov Nikolay , Литвиненко Анатолий , Litvinenko Anatoliy
Published: March 2017

The authors of the article propose a methodology of developing geoenvironmental strategic maps designed to facilitate the water-supply-source and subsurface-utility-engineering selection process.
On Development of Monitoring, Diagnostics and Defect Correction Procedures
Authors: Стародубцева Елена , Starodubtseva Elena , Ермаков Александр , Ermakov Aleksandr
Published: March 2017

The article deals with the methods of monitoring and apparel manufacturing defect diagnostics, and proposes an implementation of a smart system based on the manufacturing defect diagnostics databases, with a manufacturing defect identified according to the set of features reveled at a relevant stage of the manufacturing process. The smart system provides data on the identified manufacturing defect and suggests the most economically viable corrective measures.
Studying of Foreign Languages with the Enlarged Number of Lessons in Non-state Educational Centres of Russia: Historical Experience and the Present
Authors: Карасева  , Karaseva T.
Published: March 2017

The article is devoted to the formation and practical activities of non-state

schools of general education with thorough study of foreign languages

in Russia in 1990s–2000s. By the example of the «International English

School» and of some other educational centres, the author shows that the

linguistic education is one of the most acclaimed and long-term educational

trends in non-state education.
The Role of Loan Vocabulary in Modern Advertising Names
Authors: Смолина  , Smolina A.
Published: March 2017

This article tells avout some apects of the informational cooperation between different countries through the Interpol.
Regional tourism product model in the Moscow region: Historical village
Authors: Авилова Наталья , Avilova Natalya , Дручевская Лариса , Druchevskaya Larisa
Published: March 2017

Among a range of regional tourist product models, the Moscow region demonstrates the historical- and national-village model of reconstructing the socio-cultural environment of a historical settlement and historical sites. The article describes “a historical village” as a rural tourist attraction and dwells on the model’s implementation potential in the Moscow region.
Development of caravanning and trailering in depressed rural settlements of the Nonblack Soil Zone of Central Russia
Authors: Ермаков Александр , Ermakov Aleksandr , Кондакова Татьяна , Kondakova Tatyana
Published: March 2017

The article is devoted to the caravanning and trailering development methodology as applied to depressed rural settlements of the Nonblack Soil Zone of Central Russia. The authors consider the main caravanning and trailering attractions in rural settlements, address the major issues of and challenges to camping-creation in depressed rural settlements of the Nonblack Soil Zone of Central Russia and dwell on the principal stages of camping-creation and provide a cost and profit estimation.
Current state and development prospects of educational tourism in the provinces of Granada and Almeria
Authors: Спатарь-Козаченко Татьяна , Spatar-Kozachenko Tatyana
Published: March 2017

With Spain increasingly seen as an attractive tourist destination rich in culture, traditions and historical architecture, the author of the article believes it timely to undertake research into the current state and the development potential of the provinces of Granada and Almeria. Thus, the article provides a description of the endemic features and the tourist attractions of the southern part of the region and an analysis of the impact that Arab culture had on the development of the Iberian Peninsula.
On the issue of word-order in Modern French sentence syntax
Authors: Газилов Магомед , Gazilov Magomed
Published: March 2017

The article summarises the author’s research into one of the most challenging and relevant issues of the theory of the French Language, namely, the in-sentence position distribution of secondary parts of the sentence in Modern French.

The position of secondary parts of the sentence is determined by a multitude of factors, such as, for example, the stylistic colouring, the structural type of a sentence, the syntactical function performed by a secondary part and its morphological characteristics. The concept of position distribution of parts of the sentence, in its turn, has a certain bearing on the concept of a detached construction, which validates any change in position distribution within a sentence. Acquiring and developing syntax-interpretation and position-distribution skills are an important requisite for a French language learner’s success.
Current status of fur farming in the Irkutsk region and measures to improve its effectiveness
Authors: Алексеева  , Alekseeva O. , Кириленко  , Kirilenko Aleksandr
Published: March 2017

This article examines the status of agriculture in the Irkutsk region in the dynamics. It identifies the main reasons for the decline of major products production. The paper considers the current status of fur farming industry in the region. It may be noted, that due to the reduction of livestock and pigs, the production of milk and meat was significantly reduced. Only the production of eggs looks good, thanks to the timely conduct of agricultural integration in the Agricultural Producers Cooperative “Okinckiy” and Agricultural JSC “Belorechenskoe”. Presently, among of 4 fur farms of Priangarya, there is only one, JSC “Bolsherechensky” is functioning. Currently, this company protected in the government commission an investment project for the development of fur farming in 2011-2015 and has begun to implement it. As one of the effective tools for the development of the industry, they offer a scheme of relationships, based on a franchising agreement, where as the franchisor will perform JSC “Bolsherechensky”, and as a franchisee - slaughter area.
Agricultural activity of rural families of the Republic of Tatarstan: municipal dimension
Authors: Ильдарханова  , Ildarkhanova Chulpan
Published: March 2017

The article covers results of the empiric research, held by Family and demography center of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, revealing resources of rural population activity in agriculture on the base of the study of households in Vysokogorskiy municipal area of the Republic of Tatarstan. Experts assessments of rural settlements heads, concerning perspectives of family farms development, are analyzed.
Status of car-care center market and design of its facilities
Authors: Ибляминов  , Iblyaminov Fanil , Асадуллин  , Asadullin Enver , Закирова  , Zakirova Tatyana
Published: March 2017

Organization of production of the maintenance and repair of machines is the most important subsystem of the transport system, which largely determines the efficiency of road transport usage. The service life of a vehicle is determined by the quality of ego maintenance and conditions, ensuring to realize the functionality, i.e. maintaining working capacity and recovery of technical conditions, safety and elimination of harmful consequences of vehicle operation. The growth rate of motor pool is ahead of the development of maintenance and repair system.
Silvicultural properties of forest forming species
Authors: Глушко  , Glushko Sergey , Прохоренко  , Prokhorenko Nina
Published: March 2017

The article concerns the process of silvicultural characteristics formation and features of their manifestation of tree species. Properties of species should be taken as information potential, formed during the interaction of biotic and abiotic (geo) components of natural systems. The strategy of species is a manifestation of silvicultural properties in specific forest site conditions. The nature of the strategy is defined in the process of adaptation to biotic and abiotic components of forest site conditions. The evolution of adaptations is due to the implementation of life strategy types, adaptive display of properties. The species are differentiated by membership in a particular strategy, split on the adaptation line to biotic and abiotic environment. The similarity of biotic, abiotic (geo) components, forming forest site properties and silvicultural forest conditions, gives a hope for the development of biogeocenology, geosistematic analysis of forests. Systematization of devices should consider the development of silvicultural properties, needed for the manifestation of the adaptive strategy in specific circumstances.
The size of under-ear interstice and productivity of spring soft wheat varieties of different ecological groups in the forest-steppe of Orenburg region
Authors: Мухитов  , Mukhitov Lenar , Самуилов  , Samuilov Feofan
Published: March 2017

The impact of contrasting conditions of water availability on the size of the upper internodes in wheat varieties was studied under the conditions of the Orenburg steppe zone. It was noted, that less drought-resistant varieties formed a short upper internodes. We conducted a mathematical analysis of the relationship of productivity and length of ear-carrying internodes of spring soft wheat varieties of different ecological groups. It was established, that we can observe a gradual increase of grain productivity with increasing the length of the upper internodes in the studied range. As a result, the following varities were selected for inclusion into the hybridization: Logachevka, Tulaykovskaya steppe, Tulaykovskaya 1, Tulaykovskaya Belozernaya, Prokhorovka and Uchitel. They have the optimal settings for the presented feature. Using the selected varieties as parental forms can enhance the efficiency of wheat breeding programs for resistance to drought in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals.
Improvement the technology of diccocum (spelt) spring wheat cultivation in the Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Петров  , Petrov Sergey , Сержанов  , Serzhanov Igor , Шайхутдинов  , Shaykhutdinov Farit , Тимофеев  , Timofeev V.
Published: March 2017

The article presents the results of studies to determine the seeding rate of spring wheat (spelt), depending on the nutrition background in the Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan.
PROBLEMS OF RISK INSURANCE AT NATURAL DISASTERS IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Authors: Сабиров  , Sabirov Aydar
Published: March 2017

In recent years, due to an increase the number of natural disasters such as droughts, in the territory of the Russian Federation, the insurance and insurance ways of business activities in agriculture and forestry from natural disasters is becoming increasingly important. In addition, with transfer of land and forest areas in the long-term lease, the well-being of agricultural firms, farmers and tenants, both on land and in the forest areas are under threat of bankruptcy and failure of entrepreneurial activity. The insured event in the form of environmental insurance is a sudden, unexpected damage to crops as a result of various kinds of undesirable weather conditions, natural disasters. However, the insurance of land from land runoff, landslides have occurred as a result of heavy rains, floods in agriculture requires further consideration, as every year in the Russian Federation to increase the area of arable land emerged from agricultural use. In forestry, the position of forests insurance from various types of natural disasters is not well developed in agriculture. Thus, with the adoption of the “Forest Code” of the Russian Federation in 2007, various types of logging and timber harvesting, reforestation work-related should be carried out by tenants of forest plots. However, today the tenants of forest plots (individuals and businesses) do not have the so-called economic stimulus in the form of insurance against natural disasters, fires, windbreaks and windfalls. They remain one to one with a past event, which can not take any action to save their businesses. Now insurance of farmland and forest land from various kinds of environmental disasters and emergencies by the state plays a critical role in the development of small and medium-sized businesses in these sectors to strengthen food security and increase the productivity of forests of the Russian Federation.
A Review of Scheduling Problems and Research Opportunities in Motion Picture Exhibition
Authors: Goff Inglis Katherine , Zolfaghari Saeed
Published: March 2017

New opportunities for operational efficiency in movie exhibition exist as a result of recent developments in the industry, such as the mass-scale conversion to digital cinema, the explosion of customer data sources, and the availability of new channels for watching movies. This paper provides an industry overview and a review of existing research on forecasting and scheduling problems in movie exhibition. The authors identify opportunities for academic research in a digital era of movie exhibition and provide context for practical applications in the industry.
Far from the Tree? Do Private Entrepreneurs Agglomerate Around Public Sector Incumbents During Economic Transition?
Authors: Tan David , Tan Justin
Published: March 2017

While it is well known that state enterprises in transition economies were displaced by private enterprises at a macro level, little is known about whether private entrepreneurs emerged in a way that helped preserve or shift preexisting agglomerations of industrial activity at a microgeographic level. To address this question, we integrate competing perspectives on the role of large, bureaucratic incumbents in spawning entrepreneurs. We conceptualize a trade-off between two countervailing effects of large incumbents on potential entrepreneurs: bureaucratic socialization and exposure to capabilities. This yields novel predictions about how different kinds of startups agglomerate around different kinds of incumbents. We test these predictions using fine-grained geographic data on founding rates by private entrepreneurs in China’s bicycle manufacturing industry. Consistent with our theorized trade-off, we find evidence of a nonmonotonic effect of incumbent size on local founding rates by private entrepreneurs. Additional moderating effects are consistent with boundary conditions on the hypothesized mechanisms. Our results provide the first empirical investigation of the extent to which entrepreneurial activity agglomerated around public sector incumbents during economic transition. We discuss how these insights add to the understanding of economic transition as well as how the context of economic transition adds to the understanding of entrepreneurial spawning.
Fracture treatment: failing to plan is planning to fail
Authors: Perry Karen L , Woods Samantha
Published: March 2017

Numerous options are available for fracture stabilisation and every fracture is unique. In order to achieve optimal results following fracture repair, detailed preoperative planning is essential, allowing a tailored treatment plan to be established for each individual. Failure to plan both the surgical procedure and postoperative care adequately can be anticipated to lead to higher complication rates. This article, as the first in the series, gives an overview of different possible approaches to fracture stabilisation, including the traditional open reduction and internal fixation as well as more biological approaches. Many factors influence the approach chosen for a given patient and these are discussed here. Once a decision is made regarding the approach to be used, a specific stabilisation method must be chosen, and guidance is given regarding the broad categories that may be suitable for specific situations. Following this, planning of the surgical repair must take place; several methods are outlined ranging from use of the direct overlay method to digital templating. Subsequent articles in the series will give more specific detail regarding specific types and locations of fractures.
Innovation in the veterinary field
Authors: Harrison Emma
Published: March 2017

Mission Rabies have developed an app both assisting the monitoring and direction of field vaccination teams, and recording project findings to enable research. WVS is building on this for use in varied projects from emergency disaster response to wildlife poaching and reducing traffic accidents involving donkeys.
The long-term clinical and radiological outcomes in patients who suffer recurrent injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament after reconstruction
Authors: Ahmed I. , Salmon L. , Roe J. , Pinczewski L.
Published: March 2017

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term clinical and radiological outcome of patients who suffer recurrent injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) after reconstruction and require revision surgery.

Patients and Methods

From a consecutive series of 200 patients who underwent primary reconstruction following rupture of the ACL, we identified 36 who sustained a further rupture, 29 of whom underwent revision surgery. Patients were reviewed prospectively at one, two, seven, 15 and about 20 years after their original surgery. Primary outcome measures were the number of further ruptures, the posterior tibial slope (PTS), and functional and radiological outcomes. These were compared with a gender and age matched cohort of patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction only.

Results

At a mean follow-up of 18.3 years (14.3 to 20.2), 29 patients had undergone revision surgery and within this revision group 11 had sustained more than three ruptures of the ACL (3 to 6). The mean age at the time of revision reconstruction was 26.4 years (14 to 54). The mean PTS was significantly higher in those patients who suffered a further injury to the ACL (11°) compared with the control group (9°) (p < 0.001). The mean PTS in those patients who sustained more than three ruptures was 12°.

Conclusion

Patients who suffer recurrent injuries to the ACL after reconstruction have poorer functional and radiological outcomes than those who suffer a single injury. The causes of further injury are likely to be multifactorial but an increased PTS appears to have a significant association with recurrent ACL injuries. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:337–43.
The influence of cartilage thickness at the sigmoid notch on inclination at the distal radioulnar joint
Authors: Ross M. , Wiemann M. , Peters S. E. , Benson R. , Couzens G. B.
Published: March 2017

Aims

The aims of this study were: firstly, to investigate the influence of the thickness of cartilage at the sigmoid notch on the inclination of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), and secondly, to compare the sensitivity and specificity of MRI with plain radiographs for the assessment of the inclination of the articular surface of the DRUJ in the coronal plane.

Patients and Methods

Contemporaneous MRI images and radiographs of 100 wrists from 98 asymptomatic patients (mean age 43 years, (16 to 67); 52 male, 53%) with no history of a fracture involving the wrist or surgery to the wrist, were reviewed. The thickness of the cartilage at the sigmoid notch, inclination of the DRUJ and Tolat Type of each DRUJ were determined.

Results

The assessment using MRI scans and cortical bone correlated well with radiographs, with a kappa value of 0.83. The mean difference between the inclination using the cortex and cartilage on MRI scans was 12°, leading to a change of Tolat type of inclination in 66% of wrists. No reverse oblique (Type 3) inclinations were found when using the cartilage to assess inclination.

Conclusion

These data revealed that when measuring the inclination of the DRUJ using cartilage, reverse oblique inclinations might not exist. The data suggest that performing an ulna shortening osteotomy might be reasonable even in distal radioulnar joints where the plain radiographic appearance suggests an unfavourable reverse oblique inclination in the coronal plane. We recommend using MRI to validate radiographs in those that appear to be reverse oblique (Tolat Type 3), as the true inclination might be different, thereby removing one possible contraindication to ulnar shortening. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:369–75.
Bone penetration of intravenous flucloxacillin and gentamicin as antibiotic prophylaxis during total hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Torkington M. S. , Davison M. J. , Wheelwright E. F. , Jenkins P. J. , Anthony I. , Lovering A. M. , Blyth M. , Jones B.
Published: March 2017

Aims

To investigate the bone penetration of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis with flucloxacillin and gentamicin during hip and knee arthroplasty, and their efficacy against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and S. epidermidis.

Patients and Methods

Bone samples from the femoral head, neck and acetabulum were collected from 18 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and from the femur and tibia in 21 patients during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The concentration of both antibiotics in the samples was analysed using high performance liquid chromatography. Penetration was expressed as a percentage of venous blood concentration. The efficacy against common infecting organisms was measured against both the minimum inhibitory concentration 50, and the more stringent epidemiological cutoff value for resistance (ECOFF).

Results

The bone penetration of gentamicin was higher than flucloxacillin. Relative to ECOFF, flucloxacillin concentrations were effective against S. aureus and S. epidermidis in all THAs and 20 (95%) TKAs. Gentamicin concentrations were effective against S. epidermidis in all bone samples. Gentamicin was effective against S. aureus in 11 (61.1%) femoral neck samples in THA. Effective concentrations of gentamicin against S. aureus were only achieved in four (19%) femoral and six (29%) tibial samples in TKA.

Conclusion

Flucloxacillin and gentamicin were found to penetrate bone during THA and TKA. Gentamicin was effective against S. epidermidis in both THA and TKA, while levels were subtherapeutic against S. aureus in most TKAs. Bone penetration of both antibiotics was less in TKA than THA, and may relate to the use of a tourniquet. Using this antibiotic combination, effective cover against the two common infective organisms was achieved in all THAs and all but one TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:358–64.
Bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of pure titanium and titanium alloy treated with short-term, low-energy UV irradiation
Authors: Itabashi T. , Narita K. , Ono A. , Wada K. , Tanaka T. , Kumagai G. , Yamauchi R. , Nakane A. , Ishibashi Y.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The surface of pure titanium (Ti) shows decreased histocompatibility over time; this phenomenon is known as biological ageing. UV irradiation enables the reversal of biological ageing through photofunctionalisation, a physicochemical alteration of the titanium surface. Ti implants are sterilised by UV irradiation in dental surgery. However, orthopaedic biomaterials are usually composed of the alloy Ti6Al4V, for which the antibacterial effects of UV irradiation are unconfirmed. Here we evaluated the bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of treating Ti and Ti6Al4V with UV irradiation of a lower and briefer dose than previously reported, for applications in implant surgery.

Materials and Methods

Ti and Ti6Al4V disks were prepared. To evaluate the bactericidal effect of UV irradiation, Staphylococcus aureus 834 suspension was seeded onto the disks, which were then exposed to UV light for 15 minutes at a dose of 9 J/cm2. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of UV irradiation, bacterial suspensions were seeded onto the disks 0, 0.5, one, six, 24 and 48 hours, and three and seven days after UV irradiation as described above. In both experiments, the bacteria were then harvested, cultured, and the number of colonies were counted.

Results

No colonies were observed when UV irradiation was performed after the bacteria were added to the disks. When the bacteria were seeded after UV irradiation, the amount of surviving bacteria on the Ti and Ti6Al4V disks decreased at 0 hours and then gradually increased. However, the antimicrobial activity was maintained for seven days after UV irradiation.

Conclusion

Antimicrobial activity was induced for seven days after UV irradiation on both types of disk. Irradiated Ti6Al4V and Ti had similar antimicrobial properties. Cite this article: T. Itabashi, K. Narita, A. Ono, K. Wada, T. Tanaka, G. Kumagai, R. Yamauchi, A. Nakane, Y. Ishibashi. Bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of pure titanium and titanium alloy treated with short-term, low-energy UV irradiation. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:108–112. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.2000619.
Seven-day working and weekend mortality in emergency vascular surgery
Authors: Lamont P , Pegna V , Day J
Published: March 2017

Is there really an increased risk of dying at the weekend?
Treasures from the Collections
Authors: Isaac Susan
Published: March 2017

An anatomical account of the elephant accidentally burnt in Dublin, on Fryday, June 17. in the year 1681 – Allen Mullen (1682)
Singularity and ‘the rise of the machines’
Authors: Mortensen Neil
Published: March 2017

Is it merely a matter of time before machines become self-aware and take over, terminating the need for human surgeons?
Will the machines take over surgery?
Authors: Sayburn Anna
Published: March 2017

Anna Sayburn looks at how machine learning is changing the surgical landscape.
Lessons in leadership from… Lord Ian Blair
Authors: Shah Jyoti
Published: March 2017

Before he became known as Met Commissioner at the time of the Jean Charles de Menezes shooting in Stockwell, Lord Ian Blair’s record was one of trying to transform attitudes to rape and race within the service. Here he outlines his sometimes-radical leadership style, and what we can learn from it.
La metáfora del lazo social en Jean-Jacques Rousseau y Émile Durkheim
Authors: Alvaro Daniel
Published: March 2017

Este artículo es un aporte teórico para la comprensión de la metáfora del lazo social. En sentido amplio, esta remite a la unión entre los individuos y a las diferentes formas que asume la identidad colectiva (“Estado”, “nación”, “pueblo”, etc.) en el seno de una sociedad determinada. En las últimas décadas ha llegado a convertirse en un tropo central en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, aunque sus primeras apariciones se remontan a varios siglos atrás. En el artículo nos proponemos los siguientes objetivos: por un lado, analizar comparativamente los distintos usos y significados de esta metáfora en los discursos pioneros de Jean-Jacques Rousseau y Émile Durkheim —dos autores que además de haberla utilizado con frecuencia, le asignaron un papel fundamental en sus respectivas teorías—; y por otro lado, indagar en las implicaciones más generales de esta metáfora en tres planos de análisis diferenciados: el axiológico o valorativo, el epistemológico y el ontológico.
El activismo de las víctimas del incendio del club Kiss: evento traumático, causa pública y conflictos morales
Authors: Arosi Ana Paula
Published: March 2017

Este artículo analiza el activismo de los familiares de las víctimas del incendio del club Kiss que tuvo lugar en Santa María, en el sur de Brasil, en 2013 y que causó 242 muertes. En los últiimos tres años he acompañado las acciones llevadas a cabo por el movimiento Santa Maria do Luto à Luta. En este texto centro mi atención en la relación entre este movimiento y el gobierno a través del análisis de las políticas públicas de salud y del conflicto que emergió tras el indicente entre el movimiento y el Ministerio Público, una institución de gobierno responsable de la vigilancia de los derechos individuales y difusos en la escala local. Lo que este conflicto pone en evidencia es el hecho de que la omisión del Estado incrementa la percepción del evento como traumático por parte de quiénes han sido afectados. Mi investigación entabla un diálogo con otros trabajos antropológicos que también se centran, de una u otra manera, en la relación entre movimientos de víctimas y el Estado con el fin de enfatizar la conexión entre sufrimiento, negligencia estatal y construcción de una causa. En mi propio trabajo, tomo en cuenta algunas de las formas de legitimación del discurso de las víctimas, creado por familiares en su lucha por la derogación de la afirmación de "locura" versada sobre ellos. Finalmente, me acerco a los amplios debates sobre el lugar de la víctima en el espacio público y el lenguaje del sufrimiento como una vía para posicionarse políticamente. La relación con el Estado también ofrece algunas claves sobre la producción de subjetividades de afectados por el evento del club Kiss; es a través de esa producción, precisamente, que el evento será interpretado.
Faces da desigualdade: os efeitos da circulação de retratos de crianças desaparecidas no Brasil
Authors: Ferreira Leticia Carvalho de Mesquita
Published: March 2017

En 1996, un servicio público especializado en niños desaparecidos fue creado en Rio de Janeiro: “SOS Crianças Desaparecidas”. La creación de SOS se ajustaba a los requerimientos de la ley federal brasileña conocida como el Estatuto del Niño y el Adolescente, y respondía a la creciente relevancia otorgada al fenómeno de la desaparición de personas en Brasil, especialmente generada a través del activismo de los familiares de las víctimas. En base a una investigación etnográfica, el artículo aborda los múltiples efectos causados por una de las acciones centrales llevada a cabo por trabajadores sociales de SOS: la diseminación sistemática de fotografías de niñas y niños desaparecidos, realizada gracias al acuerdo con ONGs, asociaciones de familiares de personas desaparecidas, empresas y otros socios. Argumento que la diseminación de fotografías de personas desaparecidas tiene efectos no sólo en la trayectoria particular de cada caso de desaparición, sino también en las biografías de otros niños y adolescentes que, sin estar directamente involucrados en los casos, acabaron siendo afectados por las intervenciones de los servicios y agencias públicas. Más concretamente, busco desvelar el rol sutil y determinante de ciertas categorías y juicios morales en la definición de niños y adolescentes, además de aquellos víctimas de desaparición, que acabaron sufriendo de esas intervenciones como resultado de la circulación de fotografías de niñas y niños desaparecidos.