bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazine Complexes: Redox Properties and Interactions with Cysteine and Histidine
Authors: SEKOTA MANTOA , NYOKONG TEBELLO
Published: September 2002

Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry studies are reported for the tetramethyl- tetrapyridinoporphyrazine complexes N,N′,N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazine palladium(II) (1a), N,N′,N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazine palladium(II) (1b), N,N′,N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazine platinum(II) (2a) and N,N′,N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazine platinum(II) (2b). Cyclic voltammetry on Pt disc electrodes showed two reductions. The first reduction was assigned to one-electron transfer to the ring with the formation of a monoanion species. All the tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazine complexes are readily reduced to the monoanion species in the presence of histidine or cysteine. The rate constants for the interaction of complexes 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b with histidine and cysteine range from ~2 × 10−3 to 0.26 dm 3 mol −1 s −1.
Prophylaxis of hepatitis B reactivation using lamivudine in a patient receiving rituximab
Authors: Hamaki Tamae , Kami Masahiro , Kusumi Eiji , Ueyama Jun‐ichi , Miyakoshi Shigesaburo , Morinaga Shin‐ichi , Mutou Yoshitomo
Published: September 2002

A 53‐year‐old man who had a history of fluminant hepatitis caused by precore mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV) was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of relapsed non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in July 2000. At admission, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were normal, but he tested positive for HBs antigen. The titer was 64‐fold by radioimmunoassay. We initiated lamivudine at a daily dose of 75 mg to prevent HBV proliferation during chemotherapy. By September 2000, he had received six courses of rituximab at 375 mg/m2 and four courses of fludarabine and mitoxantrone. No hepatic damage was observed from the initiation of treatment until March 2001. At present, four months after the completion of chemotherapy, he continues lamivudine, and the titer of HBs antigen is low at 4‐fold. Rituximab is usually associated with mild toxicity, usually limited to infusion periods. The drug is not generally associated with increased incidence of opportunistic infections. However, some case reports have been recently published on severe viral infections following administration of rituximab. These include fluminant hepatitis caused by HBV, pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 and fatal varicella‐zoster infection. While it remains unknown whether rituximab can be safely administered in patients with chronic HBV infection, this case report suggested that prophylactic administration of lamivudine is beneficial for suppressing reactivation of HBV during chemotherapy including rituximab. Rituximab should be used cautiously for patients with HBV infection, but prophylactic administration of lamivudine may be beneficial for preventing reactivation of HBV. Am. J. Hematol. 68:292–294, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Idarubicin, cytarabine, and topotecan in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Lee Seung Tae , Jang Joon Ho , Suh Hyung Chan , Hahn Jee Sook , Ko Yun Woong , Min Yoo Hong
Published: September 2002

In an effort to develop more effective therapy for patients with refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and high‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we investigated the efficacy of a combination chemotherapy consisting of idarubicin, cytarabine, and topotecan. Twenty‐seven patients were treated: four with primary refractory AML, nine with AML in first relapse, four with AML in second relapse, and 10 with MDS‐RAEB/RAEBT. Patients received as salvage therapy a single course of idarubicin 12 mg/m2 IV bolus on days 1–3, cytarabine 1 g/m2 over two hours q 12 hr on days 1–5, and topotecan 1.25 mg/m2 over 24 hr on days 1–5. Median age was 42 years (range 17–65 years). All patients were evaluable for response: 14 (51.9%) achieved complete remission, 10 with AML (59%) and four with MDS (40%), respectively. Thirteen AML patients (excluding four relapsed after autologous stem cell transplantation) were grouped into four categories to stratify the probability of achieving complete remission (CR): group 1, first CR duration > or = 2 years and receiving first salvage treatment (S1); group 2, first CR duration 1–2 years and receiving S1; group 3, first CR duration 0–1 years and receiving S1; and group 4, first CR duration 0–1 years and receiving S2, S3, or S4 after failing S1. The response rate of each group was as follows: group 1, one of two (50%); group 2, one of one (100%); group 3, four of four (100%); group 4, two of six (33.3%). The median remission duration and survival of patients with AML were six and 12 months, respectively. Median duration of survival in 10 MDS patients was 15 months, and all four MDS patients achieving a CR maintained continuous CR with a median follow‐up of 11 months. Severe myelosuppression was observed in all patients, resulting in fever or documented infections in 89% of patients. Median time to recovery of neutrophils ≥0.5 × 109/l was 22 days (11–34) and for platelets > 20 × 109/l 35 days (11–58). Reversible grade 3–4 toxicities included diarrhea (two patients) and mucositis (seven patients). We conclude that combination chemotherapy with intermediate dose cytarabine, idarubicin, and topotecan has significant antileukemic activity and acceptable toxicity in salvage AML and high‐risk MDS. Am. J. Hematol. 68:237–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a patient with simultaneous B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Martin‐Subero J. Ignacio , Siebert Reiner , Harder Lana , Gesk Stefan , Schwindt Peter , Bräuninger Andreas , Willenbrock Klaus , Steinemann Doris , Tiemann Markus , Calasanz Maria Jose , Grote Werner , Ludwig Wolf‐Dieter , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Schlegelberger Brigitte
Published: September 2002

A patient is described who developed a peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) after a 6‐year history of B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL). The progression of the T‐cell disease spreading to pleura and skin terminated the course of the disease. A cytogenetic analysis performed six years after the first onset of the B‐CLL showed the presence of two clones, one with trisomy 12 and another with inv(14)(q11q32.1) and trisomy 8. Combined immunophenotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that only CD19+ cells contained a trisomy 12, whereas CD3+ cells contained a trisomy 8. Analyses of IgH and TCR rearrangements in single micromanipulated B‐ and T‐cells lacked evidence for a clonal relation between B‐CLL and PTCL cells. Based on our findings, we discuss the different hypotheses which might explain the development of simultaneous PTCL and B‐CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 68:276–279, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age variation in blood pressure: Effect of sex and urbanization in a genetically homogeneous caste population of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Nirmala A.
Published: September 2002

Age variation in blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension were studied in relation to sex and urbanization in a caste population of southern Andhra Pradesh living in rural, semi‐urban, and urban locales. There is an increase in mean blood pressure from rural to semi‐urban areas, and a slight but insignificant decline in urban men. Sex differences in mean blood pressure are significant only in the urban and semi‐urban environments. However, the increase in blood pressure with age is sharper in women than in men, and age effects are more perceptible in the urban setting compared to the other two environments. Similarly, age influences SBP more strongly than DBP. The prevalence of hypertension is greater in urban than in rural areas, at older ages (≥45 years), and in men compared to women. Results of multiple logistic regression suggest that urban residence and alcohol consumption are associated with increased risk of hypertension in men. Higher risk for hypertension in women is more significantly associated with older age (≥45) and obesity (BMI >25). The results indicate that blood pressure and hypertension are more strongly correlated with the indices of modernization and associated lifestyle patterns in men than in women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:744–752, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ACP1 and human adaptability: Association with past malarial morbidity in the Sardinian population
Authors: Bottini E. , Palmarino R. , Lucarelli P. , Lista F. , Bottini N.
Published: September 2002

Acid Phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1) is a polymorphic enzyme controlled by a locus on chromosome 2 with three common codominant alleles: *A, *B, and *C. ACP1 shows two major isoforms, F and S. The ratio of their concentration differs markedly among genotypes. Two functions have been proposed for the enzyme: flavin‐mononucleotide phosphatase and tyrosine phosphatase activity. An association between ACP1 polymorphism and past malarial morbidity in Sardinia and the Po Valley has been described. Genetic polymorphisms could contribute to natural resistance or susceptibility to the disease. On the other hand, malaria pressure may select for genes that increase susceptibility to common diseases of modern civilization. Thus, the association between ACP1 and malaria in Sardinia in the light of recent understanding of the function of ACP1 and the molecular basis of malaria pathophysiology, especially aspects of the structure of band 3 protein (B3P) and the role of cytokines have been revisited. There is a significant negative correlation between ACP1 S isoform concentration, directly related to the ACP1*C allele, and past malarial morbidity in Sardinia. Populations subjected in the past to a heavy malarial burden show, at present, a lower concentration of the S isoform compared to a nearby malaria‐free population, suggesting that genotypes with high S isoform concentration have been subjected to negative selection in a malarial environment. Correlation analysis and analysis of the joint G‐6‐PD/ACP1 distribution suggest that the relationship between past endemic malaria and the S isoform has not been mediated by glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency, thus pointing to a direct effect of malaria on ACP1. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:753–760, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniodental body mass estimators in the dwarf bushbaby (Galagoides)
Authors: Cuozzo Frank P.
Published: September 2002

This study reports data on 17 craniodental body mass estimators in a sample (n = 38) of dwarf galagos (Galagoides). Correlation coefficients (r) range from a high of 0.64 for bizygomatic breadth and body mass to a low of 0.10 for M3 length and body mass. Of the 17 variables studied, 7 exhibit significant (P < 0.05) correlation coefficients, with 5 of the 7 being multitooth (i.e., tooth row) or cranial variables. In contrast to the correlation coefficients of greater than 0.90 (e.g., Martin [1980] Z Morphol Anthropol 71:115–124; Steudel [1981] Int J Primatol 2:81–90; Gingerich et al. [1982] Am J Phys Anthropol 58:81–100; Conroy [1987] Int J Primatol 8:115–137) published for higher taxonomic level analyses (i.e., all‐primate or prosimian) for many of the same variables studied here, the current data indicate weaker relationships when analyzed at the generic level. Possible explanations for the contrast in correlation coefficients between the current and many previous studies include the following: 1) individual variation due to a geographically dispersed sample, 2) individual body mass fluctuations due to seasonal food availability, and 3) individual variation within the sample due to variation in life‐history parameters. Because the overall size range of the individuals in a specific or generic level analysis is smaller than that in an ordinal or subordinal sample, the individual variation normally masked when using species means represents a larger proportion of the total variation in a more limited sample. This may then be a cause of these weaker correlations. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:187–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic enzyme expression in dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: An in situ hybridization study
Authors: Kingsbury Ann E. , Cooper Mark , Schapira Anthony H. V. , Foster Oliver J. F.
Published: September 2002

To clarify the role of neuronal complex 1 activity in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), expression of mitochondrial mRNA encoding the ND1 subunit of mitochondrial complex I was examined by semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry in melanized neurons of human substantia nigra in IPD cases and control subjects. Expression of mRNA encoding the glycolytic enzyme, aldolase C, was also examined in substantia nigra and other neurons of the midbrain and brain stem. ND1 mRNA expression was strong in melanized substantia nigra neurons but undetectable in nigral glia. Levels of expression in nigral neurons were higher than in neurons of the red nucleus or cranial nerve nuclei, but similar values were obtained in pontine neurons. ND1 mRNA expression was reduced by about 25% in melanized neurons in IPD. There was no relationship between ND1 expression per cell and disease duration or l‐dopa dosage in the IPD group. No change in ND1 expression was observed in pontine neurons in IPD, and ND1 expression in the locus ceruleus was also unchanged. Melanized nigral neurons expressed lower levels of aldolase C mRNA than other midbrain or brainstem populations in both control and IPD material. These findings suggest that dopamine neurons are more strongly dependent on mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation than other brainstem populations. Because mitochondrial complex I activity is significantly reduced in IPD, intrinsically low expression of glycolytic enzymes, together with disease‐related reduction in complex I activity, may be a contributory factor predisposing nigral neurons to injury.
Developmental genetics and early hominid craniodental evolution
Authors: McCollum Melanie A. , Sharpe Paul T.
Published: September 2002

Although features of the dentition figure prominently in discussions of early hominid phylogeny, remarkably little is known of the developmental basis of the variations in occlusal morphology and dental proportions that are observed among taxa. Recent experiments on tooth development in mice have identified some of the genes involved in dental patterning and the control of tooth specification. These findings provide valuable new insight into dental evolution and underscore the strong developmental links that exist among the teeth and the jaws and cranium. The latter has important implications for cladistic studies that traditionally consider features of the skull independently from the dentition. BioEssays 23:481–493, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolic engineering of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) composition in recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium
Authors: Aldor Ilana , Keasling J. D.
Published: September 2002

A recombinant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (mutant in propionate‐activation activity) was metabolically engineered to control the composition of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxy‐ valerate) (PHBV), a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer with commercially desirable properties. A gene (prpE) encoding propionyl‐CoA synthetase was placed under the control of the IPTG‐inducible taclacUV5 promoter (PtaclacUV5) while the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis operon (phaBCA) from Acinetobacter sp. RA3849 was coexpressed under the control of the arabinose‐inducible araBAD promoter (PBAD). S. enterica, harboring both constructs, was grown in medium containing a fixed substrate concentration and the composition of the copolymer was varied between 2 mol% and 25 mol% 3‐hydroxyvalerate by controlling the IPTG level in the medium. This “dial‐a‐composition” system should find application in cases where the substrate concentration of a feedstream for PHBV bioplastic production is not adjustable. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 108–114, 2001.
Determination of propranolol concentration in small volume of rat plasma by HPLC with fluorometric detection
Authors: Kim H.K. , Hong J.H. , Park M.S. , Kang J.S. , Lee M.H.
Published: September 2002

A simple, rapid and sensitive fluorescence high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine propranolol concentration in the small volume of rat plasma without the solvent extraction step using pronethanol as the internal standard. The analysis was accomplished using a 5 µm CAPCELL PAK analytical cyano column at room temperature and a mobile phase consisted of 1% aqueous acetic acid containing 0.2% triethylamine and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v; pH 3.8). The flow‐rate was kept at 0.5 mL/min and column effluent was monitored with a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 230 nm and an emission wavelength of 340 nm. Retention times for pronethalol and propranolol were 8.5 min and 10.5 min, respectively. Linear regressions for the standard curves were linear in the range 2–800 ng/mL, giving correlation coefficients above 0.998. The detection limit was 1.34 ng/mL. No analytical interference was observed from endogenous components in rat plasma. This simple and sensitive assay method was feasibly applied to the pharmacokinetic study of propranolol after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of propranolol to normal and carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver cirrhotic rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generational and age‐based differences in attitudes towards jury service*
Authors: Boatright Robert G.
Published: September 2002

Analysis of surveys of jurors, potential jurors, and the general public show significant differences in attitudes towards jury service by the age of the respondent. This study analyzes the degree to which these differences are the result of generational effects, in which younger citizens are likely to continue in their beliefs about jury service as they age, and the degree to which they are a result of a respondent's life circumstances—income, employment status, or family status—and are thus not likely to be carried with jurors as they age. The article shows that, while there are differences in confidence in the courts by age group, younger jurors are more confident in their own abilities to serve well as jurors but more skeptical of the court as a whole; most differences in attitudes towards jury service are linked to life‐cycle phenomena. As such, courts should work to provide assistance to particular age groups within the jury pool, including child care and appropriate compensation, if they are to attract jurors who are representative by age of the general public. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of relative coronary Doppler flow velocity reserve to stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: El‐Shafei Amr , Chiravuri Ravi , Stikovac Miodrag M. , El‐Badry Mahmoud A. , Donohue Thomas J. , Bach Richard G. , Aguirre Frank V. , Caracciolo Eugene A. , Bitar Saad , Wolford Thomas L. , Miller D. Douglas , Kern Morton J.
Published: September 2002

To compare relative coronary artery vasodilator reserve (rCVR = CVRtarget/CVRreference) to myocardial perfusion stress imaging, 48 patients with coronary artery stenoses (61% ± 16%; mean, ± SD; range, 30%–91%) had measurements of target and reference vessel CVR (Doppler‐tipped guidewire). rCVR was computed and compared to stress 201thallium or 99mtechnetium‐sestamibi myocardial tomography. Compared to 24 patients with negative stress imaging studies, 24 patients with positive stress studies had angiographically more severe stenoses (74% ± 13% vs. 44% ± 24%; P = 0.0005) with lower CVRtarget (1.68 ± 0.55 vs. 2.46 ± 0.74; P = 0.002) and lower rCVR (0.72 ± 0.22 vs. 1.0 ± 0.26; P < 0.003). Based on receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) cut points (CVR > 1.9; rCVR > 0.75), compared to CVR, rCVR had similar agreement (Kappa 0.54 vs. 0.50), sensitivity (63% vs. 71%), specificity (88% vs. 83%), and positive predictive value (83% vs. 81%) with myocardial perfusion tomography. A concordant CVRtarget/rCVR only slightly increased sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (77%, 90%, and 87%, respectively). Although rCVR, like CVR, correlates with stress myocardial perfusion imaging results, rCVR did not have significant incremental prognostic value over CVR alone for myocardial perfusion imaging. However, rCVR does provide additional information regarding the status of the microcirculation in patients with coronary artery disease and complements the CVR for lesion assessment. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:193–201. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing safe femoral access during cardiac catheterization
Authors: Spector Kenneth S. , Lawson William E.
Published: September 2002

This article describes the natural variability of femoral arterial anatomy as seen by angiography in a standard position. An analysis of 60 consecutive peripheral angiograms revealed data on average vessel diameter, variability in that diameter and the level of bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its two main branches. The statistical likelihood of optimal femoral arterial access through a standard dermotomy placed midway between, and 3 cm below, the imaginary line extending from the superior anterior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis was calculated. Our research disclosed average vessel diameters of 6.6 mm (3.9–8.9 mm), 5.2 mm (2.5–9.6 mm), and 4.9 mm (2.7–7.6 mm) for the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery and deep femoral artery, respectively. The bifurcation of the common femoral artery into its branches averaged 5.5 mm below the inferior margin of the femoral head in most cases (76% of the time). In our laboratory, the average distance from the inferior border of the femoral head to our actual arteriotomy was 14.0 mm. Using our standard dermotomy, we achieved this favorable access position in 97% of cases. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:209–212. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized comparison of coronary angiography using 4F catheters: 4F manual versus “Acisted” power injection technique
Authors: Chahoud George , Khoukaz Souheil , El‐Shafei Amr , Azrak Elie , Bitar Saad , Kern Morton J.
Published: September 2002

Compared with 6F catheters, diagnostic coronary angiographic and ventriculographic images with 4F catheters can be obtained with equivalent results using less radiographic contrast volume. Whether 4F coronary angiography would be superior using a power‐assisted, operator‐controlled technique compared with manual technique is unknown. To determine whether 4F coronary angiography using operator‐controlled power injection (Acist, Minneapolis, MN) was equivalent or superior to the 4F manual technique, 96 unselected patients undergoing transfemoral coronary angiography were randomized to 4F catheter using a power injection or manual technique. Procedural characteristics and angiographic quality scores were analyzed. Comparing the 4F manual with the 4F power‐injection technique, coronary angiographic quality scores were equivalent (left coronary artery 4.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6, P = 0.99; right coronary artery 4.94 ± 0.2 vs. 4.88 ± 0.1, P = 0.21). Left ventriculography scores were lower in 4F Acist with similar contrast volumes. The total study contrast volume was significantly less in the 4F Acist group (119 ± 35 vs. 149 ± 49 ml, P = 0.001). Compared with the 4F manual contrast injection technique, diagnostic angiography through 4F catheters with power contrast injection resulted in equivalent coronary angiographic image quality with significantly less radiographic contrast volume. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:221–224. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm with percutaneous thrombin injection
Authors: Samal Aditya K. , White Christopher J. , Collins Tyrone J. , Ramee Stephen R. , Jenkins J. Stephen
Published: September 2002

Pseudoaneurysm formation of the femoral artery is a well‐known complication following catheter‐based vascular procedures. Ultrasound‐guided compression or surgical correction are commonly used for its repair. We describe a new method of treatment for femoral pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm is visualized by contralateral angiography and thrombosed with a percutaneous thrombin injection while the distal vessel is isolated with a brief balloon inflation. Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous thrombin injection is a promising, minimally invasive technique for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm, especially in patients with compromised distal circulation. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:259–263. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditions for chiral asymmetry generation in the preparation of the chiral octahedral cobalt complex
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Osanai Shuichi , Kondepudi Dilip K.
Published: September 2002

We have reported that the random chiral asymmetry generation, which is a spontaneous preferential generation of one enantiomer, was observed in the synthesis of a chiral octahedral cobalt complex, cis‐[CoBr(NH3)(en)2]Br2. In this article, we review our studies to explain in this system the autocatalytic growth of small enantiomeric excess that arises due to statistical fluctuations. One important experimental finding was that the rate of chiral autocatalysis increased with increasing the degree of supersaturation. Furthermore, our numerical simulation indicates that even small inhomogeneities in the reaction system may play a significant role because their effect is amplified by the autocatalytic reaction under appropriate conditions. In a small volume, fluctuations in concentration can grow if the autocatalytic growth overcomes the diffusional loss of the excess concentration from this volume. This may makes the enantiomeric excess of the chiral complex randomly fluctuate from run to run. Chirality 13:435–440, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of corticospinal axon terminal morphology in the cat
Authors: Li Qun , Martin John H.
Published: September 2002

The corticospinal system undergoes important postnatal development, leading to the mature topography and specificity of connections. The purpose of this study was to determine the time‐course of development of corticospinal axonal branching and varicosity density within the cervical gray matter. Corticospinal neurons were labeled after small injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the primary motor cortex of cats. Tracer injection and transport times were adjusted to examine labeling at 25, 35, 55, and 75 days and in adults. We measured the numbers and lengths of nonreconstructed terminal and preterminal branches and the numbers and locations of axon varicosities. We found significant age‐dependent increases in all morphologic measures. At 25 days, corticospinal axon branching was sparse, with only a few scattered varicosities. By day 35, the mean number of branches, varicosities per branch, and varicosity density increased. Several morphologic measures did not increase between day 35 and 55, but further changes occurred between 55 days and maturity. Beginning around day 55, there was extensive development of small terminal axon branches with high densities of varicosities. We also found, by using spatial point analysis, that there was an age‐dependent increase in varicosity clustering. Our results show for the first time that terminal and preterminal corticospinal axon branches increase in complexity during a protracted early postnatal period. This developmental period extended beyond the early postnatal period of activity‐dependent refinement of the topography of terminations. Comparison with the time‐course of maturation of the cortical motor representation revealed development of substantial, albeit incomplete, branching and varicosity density of CS axons before cortical motor circuits effectively drive their spinal targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:127–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐affinity neurotensin receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens: Subcellular targeting and relation to endogenous ligand
Authors: Pickel Virginia M. , Chan June , Delle Donne Karen T. , Boudin Hèlène , Pélaprat Didier , Rosténe William
Published: September 2002

Neurotensin is present in selective mesolimbic dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell but also is synthesized locally in this region and in the motor‐associated NAc core. We examined the electron microscopic immunolabeling of the high‐affinity neurotensin receptor (NTR) and neurotensin in these subdivisions of rat NAc to determine the sites for receptor activation and potential regional differences in distribution. Throughout the NAc, NTR immunoreactivity was localized discretely within both neurons and glia. NTR‐labeled neuronal profiles were mainly axons and axon terminals with diverse synaptic structures, which resembled dopaminergic and glutamatergic afferents, as well as collaterals of inhibitory projection neurons. These terminals had a significantly higher numerical density in the NAc core than in the shell but were prevalent in both regions, suggesting involvement in both motor and limbic functions. In each region, neurotensin was detected in a few NTR‐immunoreactive axon terminals and in terminals that formed symmetric, inhibitory type synapses with NTR‐labeled somata and dendrites. The NTR labeling, however, was not seen within these synapses and, instead, was localized to segments of dendritic and glial plasma membranes often near excitatory type synapses. Neuronal NTR immunoreactivity also was associated with cytoplasmic tubulovesicles and nuclear membranes. Our results suggests that, in the NAc shell and core, NTR is targeted mainly to presynaptic sites, playing a role in the regulated secretion and/or retrograde signaling in diverse, neurotransmitter‐specific neurons. The findings also support a volume mode of neurotensin actions, specifically affecting excitatory transmission through activation of not only axonal but also dendritic and glial NTR. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:142–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA in the brain and reproductive tissues of the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius
Authors: Rhen Turk , Crews David
Published: September 2002

Incubation temperature during embryonic development determines gonadal sex in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. In addition, both incubation temperature and gonadal sex influence behavioral responses to androgen and estrogen treatments in adulthood. Although these findings suggest that temperature and sex steroids act upon a common neural substrate to influence behavior, it is unclear where temperature and hormone effects are integrated. To begin to address this question, we identified areas of the leopard gecko brain that express androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA. We gonadectomized adult female and male geckos from an incubation temperature that produces a female‐biased sex ratio and another temperature that produces a male‐biased sex ratio. Females and males from both temperatures were then treated with equivalent levels of various sex steroids. Region‐specific patterns of AR mRNA expression and ER mRNA expression were observed upon hybridization of radiolabeled (35S) cRNA probes to thin sections of reproductive tissues (male hemipenes and female oviduct) and brain. Labeling for AR mRNA was very intense in the epithelium, but not within the body, of the male hemipenes. In contrast, expression of ER mRNA was prominent in most of the oviduct but not in the luminal epithelium. Within the brain, labeling for AR mRNA was conspicuous in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the lateral septum, the medial preoptic area, the periventricular preoptic area, the external nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, the premammillary nucleus, and the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Expression of ER mRNA was sparse in the septum and was prominent in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and a group of cells near the torus semicircularis. Many of these brain regions have been implicated in the regulation of hormone‐dependent, sex‐typical reproductive and agonistic behaviors in other vertebrates. Consequently, these nuclei are likely to control such behaviors in the leopard gecko and also are candidate neural substrates for mediating temperature effects on behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:385–397, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple reaction time to chromatic changes along L&M‐constant and S‐constant cone axes
Authors: Díaz J. A. , Jiménez del Barco L. , Jiménez J. R. , Hita E.
Published: September 2002

The present study uses simple reaction time (RT) to examine the temporal response to chromatic changes of the red‐green (L‐2M) and yellow‐blue (S‐(L+M)) chromatic opponent channels. The hue‐substitution method was adopted to negate the luminance channel and generate changes in the chromatic input. The equiluminant stimuli were distributed along three tritanopic and three red‐green confusion lines. RTs were measured at equiluminance from three reference stimuli with chromatic changes occurring in either the tritan or red‐green directions. These reference stimuli also allowed evaluation of the influence of chromatic adaptation level on RT. The results showed that the mean value of RT, for the cone‐input variation either of the L‐2M channel (S‐constant cone axis) or of the S‐(L+M) channel (L&M‐constant cone axis), was described by a similar law as for luminance variations (Piéron's law). Then, the sensitivity of the two channels for chromatic changes was equalized to study their relative response speed. In addition, for both axes, an increase in the chromatic adaptation level lengthens response delay. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 223–233, 2001
The delivery of a tele‐psychology service to Shetland
Authors: Simpson Susan , Deans George , Brebner Eileen
Published: September 2002

This paper describes preliminary findings of a pilot project designed to evaluate a teleconferencing clinical psychology service between Aberdeen and Shetland. Over a 12‐month period, 10 clients were assessed face‐to‐face in Shetland, then attended an average of 12 therapy sessions each via a teleconferencing link with a clinical psychologist based in Aberdeen. The majority of clients reported that they were satisfied with the tele‐therapy, and some expressed a preference for this mode of communication because they felt it reduced confrontational aspects of contact and increased their perception of control. One client was not able to continue after two initial sessions due his discomfort at discussing his difficulties ‘in cyberspace’. The clinical psychologist was satisfied with using teleconferencing as a mode of providing treatment, and felt that therapeutic rapport was not compromised by the technology. A number of recommendations are made for consideration by those planning to deliver telepsychology services in future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of CK7 and CK20 immunohistochemistry in the detection of synchronous breast and colon carcinoma in a pleural effusion: A case report and supporting survey of archival material
Authors: Stopyra G.A. , Warhol M.J. , Multhaupt H.A.B.
Published: September 2002

We present a case of synchronous breast and colon carcinoma in a pleural effusion, to our knowledge the first such reported case in the English‐language literature. The patient was a 55‐yr‐old white female with known metastatic breast and colon carcinoma who developed a malignant pleural effusion which demonstrated two strikingly different populations of malignant cells by immunohistochemical study of cell block material. One cell population demonstrated a cytokeratin (CK)7+/CK20−/ER+ phenotype, while the other demonstrated a CK7−/CK20+/ER− phenotype, consistent with breast and colon origin, respectively. An immunohistochemical survey of archival breast and colon primary and metastatic carcinomas confirmed the established CK7+/CK20− phenotype of breast and CK7−/CK20+ phenotype of colon primary carcinomas, and the maintenance of this phenotype in metastases thereof. A survey of benign and malignant mesothelial lesions confirmed the absence of staining for estrogen receptor, but showed 6/10 cases weakly positive for CK20, which has not been described in other published series. This unusual case graphically illustrates the utility of cytokeratin subset immunohistochemistry in effusion cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:54–58, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Six3 promotes the formation of ectopic optic vesicle‐like structures in mouse embryos
Authors: Lagutin Oleg , Zhu Changqi C. , Furuta Yasuhide , Rowitch David H. , McMahon Andrew P. , Oliver Guillermo
Published: September 2002

A few years ago, three novel murine homeobox genes closely related to the Drosophila sine oculis (so) gene (Six1‐3) were isolated and were all included in the Six/so gene family. Because of its early expression in the developing eye field, Six3 was initially thought to be the functional ortholog of the Drosophila so gene. This hypothesis was further supported by the demonstration that ectopic Six3 expression in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) promotes the formation of ectopic lens and retina tissue. Here, we show that similar to Drosophila, where the eyeless/Pax6 gene regulates the eye‐specific expression of so, Six3 expression in the murine lens placodal ectoderm is also controlled by Pax6. We also show that ectopic Six3 expression promotes the formation of ectopic optic vesicle‐like structures in the hindbrain‐midbrain region of developing mouse embryos. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Good outcome for bulimic patients in long‐term group analysis: a single‐group study
Authors: Valbak Kristian
Published: September 2002

This study describes a modified long‐term group analysis for bulimic women. In a naturalistic, prospective ‘before‐and‐after’ design the study evaluates the effects of the treatment by ‘effect size’ and clinical significant change. Nine out of ten bulimic patients who completed treatment obtained recovery, not only from bulimic behaviour, but also from several different areas of psychological dysfunctioning. Long‐term psychoanalytic group treatment was found to be a valuable option for treatment of severely bulimic patients. The group concept holds many inherent advantages and can be combined with individual and antidepressant treatment. It is suggested that a wider range of measures is needed to evaluate treatment outcome. The Bulimics Maturation Scale constructed by the author is introduced as an outcome measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A cross‐cultural study on eating attitudes and behaviours in two Spanish‐speaking countries: Spain and Mexico
Authors: Raich R. M. , Mora M. , Sánchez‐Carracedo D. , Torras J. , Viladrich M. C. , Zapater L. , Mancilla J. M. , Vázquez R. , Álvarez‐Rayón G.
Published: September 2002

Cross‐cultural studies can provide important data on the influence of cultural factors in the growth and control of eating disorders and their symptoms. If, moreover, those studies deal with the same language but different contexts, the comparison may be richer and the knowledge derived more significant. The main aim of the present study is to identify the prevalence of eating disorder and body dissatisfaction symptoms, as well as the factors which may influence them, in two samples of first‐year female university students from the UAB (Spain) and the UNAM (Mexico). The results of this study show more eating disorder symptoms and body dissatisfaction in Spain than in Mexico and also that the level of perfectionism is much higher among the Mexican students. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Activation of P2Y receptors stimulates potassium and cation currents in acutely isolated human Müller (glial) cells
Authors: Bringmann Andreas , Pannicke Thomas , Weick Michael , Biedermann Bernd , Uhlmann Susann , Kohen Leon , Wiedemann Peter , Reichenbach Andreas
Published: September 2002

The ability of various neurotransmitters/neuroactive substances to induce fast, transient rises of Ca2+‐activated K+ currents (IBK) caused by release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores was investigated in Müller glial cells of the human retina. Müller cells were enzymatically isolated from retinas of healthy donors or of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and the transmembrane ionic currents were recorded using the whole‐cell and the cell‐attached patch‐clamp techniques. The results of the screening experiments indicate that human Müller cells express, in addition to GABAA and perhaps glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors, predominantly P2 receptors. ATP and other nucleotides exerted two effects on membrane currents: repetitive transient increases of the IBK amplitude and, in a subpopulation of cells investigated, the appearance of a transient cation conductance at negative potentials. ATP and UTP increased dose‐dependently the IBK amplitude with half‐maximal effects at 0.33 and 0.50 μM, respectively. Since several different P2 receptor agonists increased the IBK, it is assumed that human Müller cells express a mixture of different types of P2Y receptors. In cell‐attached patches, extracellular application of ATP or UTP transiently increased the open probability of single putative BK channels. The increase of IBK and the appearance of the cation conductance in whole‐cell records were abolished when intracellular Ca2+ was buffered by a high‐EGTA pipette solution or when IP3 was included in the pipette solution. The expression of agonist‐evoked transient cation currents was found to be stronger in cells from patients as compared to cells from healthy donors. It is concluded that human Müller glial cells express P2Y receptors that, via IP3 formation, cause intracellular Ca2+ release. The increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration stimulates the activity of BK channels and may induce opening of cation channels. Both the ATP‐induced activity of BK channels and the increased expression of Ca2+‐gated cation channels may be important in respect to proliferative Müller cell gliosis. GLIA 37:139–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of reactive astrocyte migration, a component of tissue remodeling in glaucomatous optic nerve head
Authors: Tezel Gülgün , Hernandez M. Rosario , Wax Martin B.
Published: September 2002

In order to improve understanding of remodeling events in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, the migration of optic nerve head astrocytes was studied in vitro. Since elevated intraocular pressure is an important stress factor identified in glaucomatous eyes, optic nerve head astrocytes were incubated under physical stress created by elevated hydrostatic pressure. In addition, they were incubated in the presence of a chemical stimulus, lipolysaccharide (LPS). Migration of reactivated astrocytes in the presence of these stressors was examined using chambers in which cell migration through extracellular matrix‐coated pores is only possible following proteolytic digestion of the matrix. We observed that the migratory ability of optic nerve head astrocytes was approximately 4–6 times greater following exposure to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS for up to 48 h. Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase were found to be involved in the signal transduction for activated migration of optic nerve head astrocytes in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS. In addition, we observed that the stress‐induced migration of optic nerve head astrocytes, which is accompanied by proteolytic degradation, resulted in the formation of culture cavities containing mucopolysaccharides. These in vitro findings provide a clearer understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of characteristic tissue remodeling events that occur, in vivo, in the glaucomatous optic nerve head. GLIA 34:178–189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The triakontatetraneuropeptide TTN increases [Ca2+]i in rat astrocytes through activation of peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors
Authors: Gandolfo Pierrick , Louiset Estelle , Patte Christine , Leprince Jérôme , Masmoudi Olfa , Malagon Maria , Gracia‐Navarro Francisco , Vaudry Hubert , Tonon Marie‐Christine
Published: September 2002

Astrocytes synthesize a series of regulatory peptides called endozepines, which act as endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine receptors. We have recently shown that one of these endozepines, the triakontatetraneuropeptide TTN, stimulates DNA synthesis in astroglial cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine the mechanism of action of TTN on cultured rat astrocytes. Binding of the peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptor ligand [3H]Ro5‐4864 to intact astrocytes was displaced by TTN, whereas its C‐terminal fragment (TTN[17–34], the octadecaneuropeptide ODN) did not compete for [3H]Ro5‐4864 binding. Microfluorimetric measurement of cytosolic calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) with the fluorescent probe indo‐1 showed that TTN (10−10 to 10−6 M) provokes a concentration‐dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in cultured astrocytes. Simultaneous administration of TTN (10−8 M) and Ro5‐4864 (10−5 M) induced an increase in [Ca2+]i similar to that obtained with Ro5‐4864 alone. In contrast, the effects of TTN (10−8 M) and ODN (10−8 M) on [Ca2+]i were strictly additive. Chelation of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA (6 mM) or blockage of Ca2+ channels with Ni2+ (2 mM) abrogated the stimulatory effect of TTN. The calcium influx evoked by TTN (10−7 M) or by Ro5‐4864 (10−5 M) was not affected by the N‐ and T‐type calcium channel blockers ω‐conotoxin (10−6 M) and mibefradil (10−6 M), but was significantly reduced by the L‐type calcium channel blocker nifedipine (10−7 M). Patch‐clamp studies showed that, at negative potentials, TTN (10−7 M) induced a sustained depolarization. Reduction of the chloride concentration in the extracellular solution shifted the reversal potential from 0 mV to a positive potential. These data show that TTN, acting through peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors, provokes chloride efflux, which in turn induces calcium influx via L‐type calcium channels in rat astrocytes. GLIA 35:90–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.