bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEITURA E INTERPRETAÇÃO DE TEXTO NO IFPR CAMPUS JACAREZINHO: LETRAMENTO CRÍTICO PARA A CIDADANIA
Authors: Silva David José De Andrade
Published: December 2020

O ensino e a aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa (LP) no contexto da educação formal dependem da orientação institucional e concepção de língua, logo, podem estar mais ou menos alinhados com os interesses do público que atende, principalmente quando ofertado pela rede pública. Nos Institutos Federais de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica, o compromisso com a sociedade e o desenvolvimento regional é a justificativa de sua criação, pois sua atuação é como um agente inserido nas políticas públicas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar a Unidade Curricular “Leitura e Interpretação de Texto” ofertada no Campus Jacarezinho do Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR) e como ocorre o trabalho com LP, tendo como abordagem predominante o letramento crítico. Para tal, serão discutidos o currículo da instituição em foco, o ensino de línguas e o planejamento proposto.
REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE ALUNOS ACERCA DA REDAÇÃO DO ENEM: PRÁTICAS DE ENSINO DE ESCRITA DE UM INSTITUTO FEDERAL
Authors: Cândido da Silva Cláudia , Baumgärtner Carmen Teresinha
Published: December 2020

A redação do ENEM é um desafio a ser enfrentado pelos alunos concluintes do Ensino Médio que almejam ingressar em cursos superiores. E na rede federal de ensino, preocupa-se com a formação de cidadãos críticos e reflexivos, munindo os discentes de todas as ferramentas possíveis para que eles ingressem no ensino superior.  Assim sendo, este artigo analisamos as representações sociais que alunos do 3º ano do Curso de Informática Integrado ao Ensino Médio de um campus do Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR) produzem acerca da redação do ENEM e também descrevemos algumas práticas de ensino de escrita adotadas nessa instituição de ensino. A fundamentação teórica está pautada na Teoria Dialógica do Discurso e na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, inserido no campo da Linguística Aplicada. Os resultados parciais apontam que, para os alunos, há fórmulas mágicas que asseguram o êxito na escrita da redação do ENEM.
O QUE PODE ESTA LÍNGUA? CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O ENSINO DE PORTUGUÊS EM CURSOS SUPERIORES DO IFSP
Authors: Saldanha da Silva Valmir Luis
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem a função de apresentar os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa sobre a relevância ou irrelevância do ensino de língua portuguesa do ponto de vista de estudantes universitários do IFSP de cursos cujo foco não é o dos estudos linguísticos. Para isso, enviamos por e-mail quatro questões abertas sobre este tema para discentes de Tecnologia em Análise e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas, Matemática e Pedagogia, do câmpus Campos do Jordão. Após análise qualitativa das respostas, concluímos defendendo a importância de se dar atenção às necessidades dos discentes e apontando para os desafios da docência na educação profissional.
ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO NO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA DE LETRAS NO IFES: DESAFIOS, DEBATES E PROPOSTAS NA FORMAÇÃO INICIAL
Authors: Pereira Selma Lúcia Assis
Published: December 2020

A proposta desse artigo é dar visibilidade às ações oferecidas para a formação inicial do docente em Curso de Licenciatura em Letras dentro dos Institutos Federais, avanços durante sua formação e possíveis propostas de ação para a melhoria de se fazer uma educação mais coletiva, participativa e de qualidade, em um espaço consagrado em formar técnicos e bacharéis de outras áreas que não sejam das humanas. Os procedimentos metodológicos se basearam em rodas de conversas e relatórios que ocorreram de forma sistematizada durante o desenvolvimento da disciplina curricular de Estágio Supervisionado. Como abordagem teórica utilizamos os estudos realizados por Pimenta (2015), Pimenta e Lima (2012), Barreiro e Gebran (2006) e Rodrigues (2015). Os resultados alcançados foram pertinentes para a nossa reflexão sobre o ensino-aprendizagem da língua materna e a formação inicial docente. Faz-se necessário darmos voz àqueles(as) que se tornarão futuros docentes do curso de Letras-Português de um Instituto Federal.
Literatura, Memória e Identidade: Entrevista com Ondjaki
Authors: Lima Renally Arruda Martins de , Nóbrega Maria Marta Dos Santos Silva
Published: December 2020

Sucedendo autores como Luandino Vieira, Manuel Rui e Pepetela, Ondjaki - pseudônimo de Ndalu de Almeida, nascido em 5 de julho de 1977, na cidade de Luanda, dois anos após a independência de Angola – é um autor de várias facetas que apresenta em toda a sua obra uma visão renovada de seu país de origem. Considerado um dos maiores representantes da Literatura angolana contemporânea, o jovem escritor, com narrativas em sua maioria ambientadas no período pós-independência, se insere no cenário da tradição literária retratando fatos do cotidiano luandense, utilizando um narrador que pode ser percebido como o seu alter-ego, de nome Ndalu, trazendo memórias de sua infância, representando indiretamente a memória coletiva do povo angolano. Como escritor já tem mais de 20 obras publicadas, dentre elas destacam-se os romances Bom dia camaradas (2001),  AvóDezanove e o segredo do soviético (2008) – ganhadora do Prêmio Jabuti na categoria juvenil - e Os transparentes (2012); e o livro de narrativas Os da minha rua (2007), obra vencedora do Grande Prêmio de Conto Camilo Castelo Branco, da Associação Portuguesa de Escritores. Nesta entrevista, realizada via e-mail, em meados de fevereiro de 2020, a partir de questionamentos em que elegem a memória  como um fio condutor para a afirmação de uma identidade a partir da literatura, Ondjaki considera que o recurso mnemônico de seu projeto literário tem, sim, o espaço luandense como pano de fundo, mas ultrapassa essa particularidade, posto que a universalidade, inerente  a produção literária, possibilita o leitor refletir acerca de questões humanas em suas diversas nuances: política, social, educativa e cultural.
THE TPACK CONFIDENCE OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN SELECTED PHILIPPINE TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Ramos Romell A. , Babasa Edward E. , Vergara Imelda B. , Manalo Bernadeth I. , Gappi Lorna L. , Morfi Tina G.
Published: December 2020

The changing educational landscape of Philippine education in the past decade poses challenges to the implementers of the curriculum innovations – the teachers. Consequently, this has put more pressure on the teacher education institutions (TEIs) to produce a quantity of quality teachers. From this context, this paper examines the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) confidence level of pre-service teachers in selected Philippine teacher education institutions. The TPACK Model has been a very useful framework for academic stakeholders to understand and measure the level of technology integration in teaching and learning. Using a 64-item self-diagnostic questionnaire designed to measure the dimensions of TPACK in terms of learning experience and practice, and assessing the responses of 187 graduating pre-service teachers from selected Philippine TEIs, the data suggest that the pre-service teachers are fairly confident with the learning experience they get from the TEIs and that by using these experiences they frequently demonstrate the acceptable teacher competency and standards. Furthermore, the levels of TPACK confidence of the secondary and elementary pre-service teachers significantly differ from each other such that the former are more confident with their learning experience and practice. Data also show that there is a significant relationship between the quality of learning experience and the ability of the pre-service teachers to demonstrate the core competencies of TPACK. Hence, teacher education institutions must consider innovating their curriculum through training, subject-focused pedagogical modeling, and subject-specific technologies.
STRATEGIC APPROACHES FOR REENGINEERING GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Patricia Egenti Uju
Published: December 2020

This study was carried out to identify strategic approaches for reengineering guidance and counselling services in public secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in carrying out the study. The sample for the study was 255 respondents made up of guidance counsellors and secondary school managers in the area of the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured close-ended questionnaire titled: “Strategic Approaches for Reengineering Guidance and Counselling Services Questionnaire (SARGCSQ)”. The instrument was validated by three experts while the reliability was ascertained using the Cronbach Alpha reliability method which yielded a coefficient of 0.88. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents out of which 243 copies were completely filled and retrieved. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and t-test statistics were used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The researcher in the study identified 10 capacity building approaches, 8 fund-related approaches and 10 programme review approaches for reengineering guidance and counselling services in public secondary schools in Anambra State. Findings indicated that there are no significant (p<0.05) differences in the mean ratings of the responses of guidance counsellors and school management on fund-related approaches and programme review approaches for reengineering guidance and counselling services in public secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. Although, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the mean ratings of the responses of guidance counsellors and school management on capacity building approaches for reengineering guidance and counselling services in public secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study among others recommended that there should be constant capacity building of guidance counsellors through in-service training and retraining, relevant conferences, and workshops for improved efficiency in service delivery.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF REBT MODULE CREATIVE GUIDANCE ON IRRATIONAL THINKING, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AND SELF-ESTEEM
Authors: Abd Ghani Ibrahim , Che Rozubi Norsayyadatina
Published: December 2020

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT) Module - Creative Guidance is designed to prevent irrational thoughts, lower aggressive behavior, and increase self-esteem. This module contains seven sub-modules based on behavioral approaches based on the theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) by Albert Ellis (1955) and integrated with creative Guidance. It combines elements of Music, technology, and play. To measure the validity of the content, the certification method by five experts was used while 40 primary school students aged 11 years were selected to follow the guidance program using this module. It is run for two weeks in a row. The findings of the study show that the REBT-Creative Guidance Module has a content validity index value of 80%., The cost of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of Creative REBT-Guidance Module is high at .978. Reliability with an amount.930 In conclusion, new contributions to guidance and counseling teachers in Malaysia. It is also suitable for use in a local context focused on primary school students. Counselors can also use this module, Teachers or facilitators as one of the alternative interventions for primary school students throughout Malaysia, especially on the Development and Development of Student Personality, Improving Student Discipline, Improving Student Careers and Psychosocial and Mental Well-Being.
PARTICIPATION OF LEADERS, COMMUNITY LEADERS AND PEOPLE IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN RANONG MUNICIPALITY, RANONG PROVINCE
Authors: Chuaynaket Pantip , Chindapol Worawit , Chalermwat Pawit
Published: December 2020

The objectives of this research were to: 1) study the level of participation in flood management of leaders, community leaders, and people in Ranong municipality, Ranong province, and 2) compare the roles, participation, management, community leaders and people in flood management of the people in Ranong municipality, Ranong province. This was quantitative research using questionnaires. The research samples were 5 administrators, 15 community leaders selected by purposive sampling technique, and 17,904 people in Ranong municipality with 355 samples using Stratified Random Sampling (Krejcie and Morgan, 1970, pp. 608-609). The sample size was selected by simple random sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, and Using the test ANOVA (One-Way ANOVA). The research results were as follows: 1) level of flood management in Ranong municipality, Ranong province in overall and in each aspect were at a high level, with average scores from high to low, namely participation in operations, participation in receiving benefits, participation in decision making, and participation in the assessments, respectively, and 2) the different roles and responsibilities of flood management affected flood management in terms of participation per decision, participation in operations, participation in receiving benefits and participation in the overall evaluation were different.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

This is the tenth year of the existence of AJISS. Starting from a publicationschedule of twice a year in 1984 to three times a year in 1989, itbecame a desk-topped quarterly in 1993. In 1992, due to increased demand,we began printing AJISS simultaneously in Washington, DC, andMalaysia. This year, it will also be published in Pakistan as well as translatedinto Turkish in Turkey, in shii. Allah. We are grateful to AlmightyAllah for our widespread readership and for the contributions sent fromaround the globe.In this issue, we feature two articles on various theoretical aspects ofthe Islamization of knowledge. The first one, by Ibrahim A. Ragab, discussestheory building in the Islamic social sciences. He argues for an alternativesocial science framework based on the Islamization paradigm,which he asserts could integrate both empirical and nonempirical elementsof behavior into a united system of explanation. Exploring the possibilityof using knowledge derived from revelation as a major source in the processof theory building, he encourages Muslim social scientists to drawupon the rich insights derived from the transcendental sources, but onlyafter subjecting the resulting propositions to stringent verification. Ragabassures us that this new model rejects unwanted dogmatism, unwarrantedexclusiveness, and a parochiality that shuns anything that comes by wayof non-Muslims. Muslim social scientists, he opines, will have to reorienttheir critical approach to their disciplines and also acquire a better understandingof the religious sciences: revealed knowledge. This would ensurea Muslim contribution in the social sciences, a contribution that disappearedduring centuries of stagnation in the Islamic ummah.In the second paper, Louay Safi examines the progress of the Islamizationof knowledge project over the last decade. He outlines the generalframework, analyzes the work of its proponents and critics (al Faruqi, alBuff, Rahman, 'AbuSulayman, Arif, Umziyan, Abul-Fadl), and proposesmodifications aimed at overcoming the difficulties inherent in the originalplan. Safi makes it clear at the outset that even though the production of ...
Toward an Islamic Ethics of International Relations
Authors: Hashmi Sohail H.
Published: December 2020

This study is an examination of the tole of ethical imperatives andconst&ts in the realm of international relations from the perspective ofclassical and modern Islamic theory. The study focuses upon three interrelatedquestions: (1) To what extent is an amoral conception of intemationalpolitics possible within an Islamic framework? (2) To what extentis classical and/or modem Islamic theory compatible with the contemporaryintemational system based upon the sovereign, independent nationstate?(3) What are the ramifications of Muslim accommodations with thetheory of the sovereign nation-state in the aEas of just war, nuclear deterrence,and distributive justice?The historical development of Islamic thought and contemporaryMuslim perspectives will be compared with the historical development ofWestern theories and contemporary Western perspectives on the tole ofethics in international relations. The purpose of this thesis is both toevaluate critically classical and contemporary Islamic perspectives onintemational relations and to develop systematically an Islamic ethicalframework for issues still largely neglected by modem Muslim theorists:just war, the morality of nuclear detemce, and distributive justice.Theoretical ArgumentIs ethical theory applicable in the realm of international relations? Ifso, what role does or should it play in the conduct of foreign policy?The late international relations theorist Hedley Bull suggests h ephilosophical strands in Western conceptions of intemational relations.'Each is to some extent both descriptive as well as prescriptive. Each providesdifferent answers to the questions above. (1) The Hobbesian or"realist" paradigm views international relations as a state of natm dominatedby independent, self-reliant states struggling for power and prestigein a milieu inimical to cooperation and devoid of international norms ormomlity. (2) The Grotian or "internationalist" tradition views intemationalElations as the arena of sovereign states, but acting in a milieu characterizedby pervasive interdependence in economic, military, legal, andpolitical concerns. The possibility of ethical considerations is stronger inthis environment since a rudimentary international society of commonvalues, interests, and institutions does exist. (3) The Kantian or ...
Trends in Islamic Studies in the United States and Canada since the 1970s
Authors: Hermansen Marcia K.
Published: December 2020

Islamic studies, like women's studies, Afro-American studies, orJudaic studies, is a field defined by subject matter rather than a particularscholarly tradition or disciplinary appmch. However, in m t m t to mostof these other fields, there is scarcely a department of Islamic studies inCanada or the United States.' Most Islamic studies positions are foundwithin departments of religious studies and in area studies centers, althoughwithin the latter they are not generally taught by scholars whosetraining had a major emphasis on studies of the Islamic religion. It ismisleading to conclude that the study of Islam takes place solely withinMiddle East area studies programs, for at this junctm scholarship focusingon Muslims in other parts of Asia, on Muslim minorities generally,and on Muslims in North America in particular, is a growing trend.In terms of scholarly heritage, most of those pursuing Islamic studiesface the same concern felt by the area specialist or the historian of teligion.In some respects area studies and religious studies have faced similarchallenges. For instance, both foster eclectic theoretical orientationsthat can result in either creative synthesis or superficial or "trendy" applicationsof the latest methodologies. Both face common dangers: that thecollection and description of data will displace theoretical concerns; the ...
Conference on Knowledge across Cultures
Authors: Al-A'ali Ebtihaj
Published: December 2020

This conference was organized by the Ontario Institute for Studies inEducation (OISE), Toronto, Canada. Approximately 166 participants,representing various disciplines and different countries, attended theeight plenary and twenty concurrent sessions. Its purpose was to bringtogether Eastern and Western knowledge through culture via an exchangeof ideas and deliberations, an exposition of theories, and an examinationof the contributions of various cultures-mainly China's-to humancivilization.The papers presented and the discussions that ensued were extremelyenlightening and concentrated on the following issues: a) the contributionsmade to knowledge by specific cultures (mainly Chinese, Indian,and Muslim); b) knowledge transferreed from the West to the East doesnot consider the attributes of the East; c) the East is responsible forfinding ways to adapting its cultures to imported knowledge; and d) socialscience knowledge is better generated when social science researchersabandon natural science methodologies (i.e., realism and positivism) andrecognize that the social sciences should be based on qualitative research.There were a few papers on the above-mentioned themes that wereoutstanding. Abdul Rahman, in his "Spheres of Life: Inheritance, Creativity,and Society," emphasized the holistic nature of knowledge. Thisknowledge does not underestimate or neglect the contributions of differentcountries (races) in developing the present (current) civilization.Abdul Rahman indicated that the lack of a holistic view of knowlege atpresent has also led knowledge to be fragmented ...
Firm Level Decisions and Human Resource Development in an Islamic Economy
Authors: Aziz Abdul
Published: December 2020

Japan and Germany were totally destroyed during the Second WorldWar. Their industrial complexes lay in ruins after the devastating Alliedair bombardments. Both countries emerged from the war under Allied occupationand with almost all of their manufacturing facilities and infrastructures,such as transportation and telecommunications, paralyzed. Apicture of war-ravaged Japan appeared in the Nippon Times of 23September 1946:In Tokyo, 70 percent of the area of the city was destroyed, inOsaka 80, in Nagoya 90. Transportation was limited to crowded,creaky trains, hand-pulled two-wheel 'rear cam' designed to beattached to bicycles and ox carts. At war's end, in all of Japanthere were only 41,000 motor vehicles, half of them inoperableand almost all the rest powered by charcoal fumes. There wereno street lights at night and very few house lights.Germany's infrastructure suffered a similar fate:The condition of Germany at the end of World War II was desperate.The country seemed to be one vast rubble dump. Theeconomy was in ruins; factories, railroads, ports, and canals hadbeen destroyed; and many millions had-lost their homes. Many ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

Ftom the papets presented at the twenty-first annual conference of theAMSS in 1992, we have chosen here Sirajul Hussain's short article on"Islamic Science: Making of a Formal Intellectual Discipline." The otherpapets presented at the conference are being published sepamtely in theform of conference proceedings and should be available in one volumeat the twenty-second mual conference. This will be held at the headquartersof the IIIT on 15-17 October 1993.In this paper, Sirajul Hussain discusses some epistemological issuesrelated to the foundation of "Islamic science" as a formal intellectual discipline.He stresses the need for establishing an ontological necessity forthe uniquely monotheistic concept of tawbiii in Islam in terms of recentdevelopments in neuropsychology. This would show that the tuwltidiepisteme proceeds essentially in a purely non-Euclidean space. In thisway, we can show that the tuwh7liepisteme is amenable to scientificcorroboration. He also emphasizes the need to structure Islamic scienceas a formal academic course to be taught at the undergraduate and gtaduatelevels.Dilnawaz Siddiqui discusses selected major issues in instrUCti0~1-communication technology from an Islamic perspective. He tries to laythe groundwork by identifying major issues from a broad Islamic view.In addition, he outlines theoretical assumptions behind the identificationand analysis of instructional technology and develops six sets of relevantissues classified under the categories of humanity, message, medium,methods, milieu, and measurement.Mumtaz Jafari examines critically the objectives, the evolutionarycontext, and the value system in which counseling flourishes. Right at theoutset, he makes it clear that he is not providing an alternative frameworkbased on Islamic teachings. Rather, he is making a modest attempt toexamine critically the parameters of western counseling in order to illustratethe contrast between fundamental premises of Islamic ideology andpractice. The framework used is the Islamic outlook on life and the associatedobjectives and values that Islam regards as determinants of human ...
Islam vs. Liberalism in Europe
Authors: O'Brien Peter
Published: December 2020

IntroductionIn the West, Muslilms are regarded with anxiety, mistrust, and fear.Many of us choose not to travel to Muslim coUntties for fear of becomingvictims of temrism. Most Westerners worry about the Muslims' firm gripon the spigot of the world's oil reserves. And in 1991 we convinced ourselvesthat Saddam Hussein represented a threat on par with Hitler.'But Muslims cannot really scare us. After all, it took but a few weeksto vanquish fully the "Butcher of Baghdad," who had up until that timethe world's fourth largest m y . We united in a stalwart international coalitionagainst the Iraqi menace, while most of Saddam's supposed Araballies joined our ranks. We need only to remember the Iran-Iraq war toconsole ourselves with the memory of an internecine inter-Muslimstruggle, something not seen in the West since the Second World War.Granted, each of us can probably recall some personal hardship 1973 and1979 when the Amh or Iranians withheld "our" oil. Now, however, weall realize, along with such economists as Maddison (1982), that theseembargoes merely exacerbated imminent or existing world recessions.More comfortingly, as Issawi (1982) has shown, the great eastwoodflood of petrodollars in the 1970s was eventually channeled back through ...
Muslim Families in North America
Authors: Hashem Mazen
Published: December 2020

The writers contributing their researaches to this book deal with anare8 that has not yet been adequately studied. Most of the litemhue onMuslims is historically or politically oriented and views immigrant Muslimsin North America as extensions of their homelands, in particular theMiddle East. This book discusses Muslim families as part of the pluralsticand ever-changjng social fabric of the United States and Canada. Thefamilies of African-American Muslims and Muslim converts are notstudied. We are going to present our critique chapter by chapter.Muslim Normative 'I).aditions and the North American Environment(Sharon Mclrvin Abu-Laban).The clear and workable typology of Muslim immigrant families presentedhere points out major social patterns and links to Islam. They aredivided into three cohorts based on "the dynamic interaction between socialconditions and group characteristics" @. 7): pioneer (nineteenth centuryto WWII); transitional (post-WWII to 1967); and differential (1968to ptesent). Different generations within each cohort are exarnined.African-American Muslims are excluded, as their case is unique.The fitst cohort lived in an era of total conformity to a socioculturalmilieu dominated by the English language and Christianity. This cohort'ssecond generation assumed a more conformist role due to its disadvantagedsocial status, distance from its original home and culture, and lackof financial resou~easn d ethnic institutions. Intermarriagew ith the widersociety was high. Ironically, all of this "generated the particular disdainof the newest Muslim immigrants," who arrived after 1976 @. 18).The transitional cohort consists mainly of foreign students from wellestablishedindigenous elite families who had been Europeanized beforetheir arrival. As a postcolonial generation, they saw nationalism, not religion,as a valuable means for development and social change. They intermarriedwith North Americans at a higher rate than their predecessors.The second generation of this cohort, along with the third generation ofthe pioneers, experienced the most discrimination and media stereotyping ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

With this fourth issue of 1993, we have completed ten years of publishingthe American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (MISS). Westarted our journey in 1984 with two issues published during the yearunder the title of American Journal of Islamic Studies. The next year itwas transformed into the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences(AJISS). The first decade has been quite a pioneering experience, and bynow we have been able to identify a growing pool of thinkers, writers,and social scientists who are participating in our endeavor to promote ascholarly forum on Islam.In this issue, Rosalind W. Gwynne's paper is part of a continuing discussionon sunnah. She demonstrates that, in Islamic texts, sunnah doesnot refer only to the Sunnah of the Prophet, of the local community, orof the Companions and the early community; it can refer to the "SunnatAll&" (the practice of God). She reviews the occurrence of the wordsunnah in the Qur'an and, by analyzing some tafair and early documents,shows that it also refers to the universal and unchanghg rules thatAllah has established and set into motion. She quotes Wensinck's Concordanceof Hadith, in which sunnah has been used in the context of"Sunnat Alliih alongside with "Sunnat a1 Nabi" and sunnah in othersenses. Social scientists must concentrate on the "Sunnat AllW in orderto understand the universal laws of Allah that govern social phenomena.Louay Safi provides a methodological approach that recognizes revelationas a primary source of knowledge and seeks to use both text andaction analysis techniques as necessary theory-building tools. He arguesthat scientific activity presupposes metaphysical knowledge and that, furthermore,it is even impossible without transcendental ptesuppositions. Healso contends that revelation's truth is rooted in empirical reality and thatthe quality of evidence supporting revealed truth is of no less caliber thanthat justifying empirical truth.Ebtihaj Al-A'ali presented her paper on "Assumptions Concerning theSocial Sciences: A Comparative Perspective" at a recent Toronto, Canada,confemce dealing with cross-cultural knowledge. She summarizes briefly ...
Assumptions Concerning the Social Sciences
Authors: Al-A‘ali Ebtihaj
Published: December 2020

This paper comprises three major sections. The first section discussesmodem social assumptions concerning the existence of human beings andtheir societies. It also explains the impact of these assumptions on organizationaltheory. The second section explores Islamic assumptions concerningthese same two elements and explains a major attribute of Islamicorganizations. The third section compares the above-mentioned assumptions of modem social science to those of Islam and illustrates thatknowledge-transfer creates its own organizational and social problems.Modern Social Science Assumptions: HumanExistence and SocietyIn reviewing the modem science of human existence and society,Burrell and Morgan (1979) state that the relevant assumptions in this areacan be viewed in the light of two strands of thought: nominalism andrealism. Nominalism indicates that no real world structure exists outsideof the individual’s concepts, ideas, and thoughts. This implies that realityis constructed by individuals and leads them to experience multiple realities(Lincoln and Guba 1985). Societies and external existants to individualsare merely names perceived individually (Taylor and Bodgon1979). Societies, therefore, consist of individuals who have real existenceand, without them, there would be no societies (Behechti and Bahonar1990). According to nominalism, knowledge about multiple realities isgathered from individuals themselves ...
Modelling the Economic Growth of an Islamic Economy
Authors: Akhtar M. Ramzan
Published: December 2020

In an Islamic economy economic growth is not an end in itself, butrather a means of promoting the citizenry's good life. Growth dependsupon several factors, among them a consistent increase in the amount ofphysical goods and seMces produced over a given period of time. Thisis usually taken as an index of economic growth. Adopting the sameindex, this paper asks: What factor explains economic growth in an Islamiceconomy? For this purpose, the paper refers to the Islamic economyof Madinah, which saw substantial expansion in all directions during thereigns of the Prophet and his four immediate political successols.This paper gives an answer based on the hypothesis that both physicaland moral factors are instrumental in causing economic growth in an Islamiceconomy. This hypothesis is quite different from that of seculareconomics, which views economic growth only in terms of physical factors.Such an explanation has been found inadequate, however, as empiricalstudies on American data have shown that just over half of all outputgrowth is explained by physical factors. Denison calls the unexplainedpart "the measm of our ignorance" (Branson and Litvack 1981).Many Muslim economists have discussed the role of moral factors invarious forms (i.e., integrity, cultural will, and calls to the Muslim massesto regain their past glory). This paper, however, views the role of moralfactors in terms of the bounty of God (fadl Allah). It is argued that thisfactor influenced economic growth through both autonomous and inducedchannels operating in institutional factors (i.e., the mosque and the state)and the level of God-consciousness (taqwa) in an Islamic society.The hypothesis is examined theoretically, because statistical data forempirical analysis is not available. The paper relies on the Qur'an and the ...
Islam and the End of History
Authors: Mazrui Ali A.
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe debate about the end of history raises issues that sometimestouch almost upon the philosophy of history, insofar as they relate to thesignificance of not only a particular century but of the human species.Francis Fukuyama provoked this debate in his seminal article entitled,"The End of History?" in the journal The National Interest. 'At the end ofthe twentieth century, Fukuyama saw "an unabashed Victory of economicand political liberalism."' His central argument was that the whole worldwas moving towards a liberal democratic capitalist system that was destinedto be the final sociopolitical paradigm of all human evolution. AsFukuyama put it:What we may be witnessing is just not the end of the Cold War,or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but theend of history as such that is, the end point of mankind's ideologicalevolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracyas the final form of human govemment.For Fukuyama, at the time of writing the original article (in 1989),the momentous changes in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, ...
Structural Characteristics of Islamic Penal Law
Authors: Kamali Mohammad H.
Published: December 2020

This book, submitted initially as a master's thesis to the Institute ofMiddle Eastern Studies and then published as a working paper, consistsof four chapters and a conclusion. The first three chapters are devoted todiscretionary (ta'zir) and prescribed (hadd) punishments, as well as thosefor injury and murder. The last chapter discusses themes in the philosophyof punishment, their relevance to Islamic and western law and, toa lesser degree, provides comparisons with Japanese law. The two mainobjectives, as stated on the first page, are "to scrutinize the nature of theIslamic penal system and . . . investigate the possibility of applying it tothe Islamic countries."The author advances the theme that, in general, penalties in Islamiclaw are predicated on defending and safeguarding the interests of theMuslim community (i.e., the ummah Islamiyah, as the author frequentlycalls it). As the family is its stable foundation, threats to its integrity (i.e.,illicit sexual relations [zinaJ and slanderous accusations [qadhf)) arepunished severely to protect the community's morality (pp. 34, 38).He says further that Islamic penal law has a dual structute. The firstlevel consists of pt.escribed punishments (hadd), retaliation (qisas), andblood money (diyah), while the second one is that of discretionary punishments(ta'zir). The main purposes of the former are deterrence andpersonal retribution, whereas those for the latter are more versatile, asthey cover all tmnsgressions and can be applied as additions or altemativesto first-level punishments ...
Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Council for the Study of Islamic Societies
Authors: Sadiq Yushau
Published: December 2020

The general theme, "Islam and Muslim Issues around the World ," wasdiscussed in six two-hour sessions. After the welcome address b y MichaelBishku, the conference coordinator, the first session began withdiscussion on "Nationalism in the Balkans." Pet ya Nitzova presented apaper on theMuslims of Bulgaria. Nedzib Sacirbey outlined the historical causes ofthe problems of Bosnian Muslims and said that what is now happeningin Bosnia is a preplanned anti-Muslim policy dating back to 1917. EdwardDamich (George Mason University, Fairfax, VA), who focused on theCroats, disagreed. Both papers generated a heated debate."Islam in the Arab World" was the topic of the second session. DavidCommins (Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA) talked about the Muslim Bmthersand Egyptian popular culture. He gave a historical account of howthis movement was founded by Hasan al Banna and how it incorporatedand adapted elements of Egyptian culture, especially the Sufi culture, intoits program. Ibrahim Abu Rabi' (Hartford Seminary, West Hartford, cr)enlightened the audience with his presentation "Reading the IntellectualHistory of the Modem Arab World: The Islamic Factor." He explainedhow Islamic ideologies influenced the thoughts of some of Arab intellectuals,especially Sayyid Qutub ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

The first paper in our present issue is by Abdullah H. M. a1 Khalifahand examines how religiosity in an Islamic context serves as a protectivemechanism against criminal temptation. This is done, in short, by placingthe concept of law in the realm of religion, which means that criminalactivity is seen as a violation of God’s law before it is seen as a violationof a person’s rights. Such a perspective also reinforces the awareness ofthe certainty and severity of punishment in the afterlife. The author arguesthat Islam provides a unique social control perspective, one that hasaccounted for the main parameters that underlie the mechanisms of socialcontrol: religion, morality, and law. He first reviews the theories andliterature concerning the religion-crime relationship and then proceeds todiscuss the meaning of religiosity in Islam and how it has been transformedinto a valuable force for crime control. He concludes his analysiswith a discussion of the elements of Islamic ideology that constrain criminalbehavior.Muhammad al-Ghazali calls for a study of Sh& Wali Allah’s thoughtin greater depth, for the exceptionally futuristic thrust of his ideas areextremely relevant and promising for contemporary and future Islamicthought. He chooses to study Shah Wali Allah’s synthesis of reason,revelation, and empiricism, which he claims has been unrecognized bymany earlier and contemporary scholars. Al-Ghazali shows how ShahWali All& builds evidence from an inductive survey of social phenomenato substantiate the contentions of revelation while remainingwithin the doctrinal framework of revealed guidance and thus constructsa paradigm of universal social culture. Also covered is Shah Wali Allah’sanalysis of what separates human beings from animals and how theformer, due to their inherent and God-given instincts, develop civilization.Muhammad Hashim Kamali discusses the possibility of price control(tus‘fr) in Islam law. He shows that Islam did not promulgate any lawthat limits profits and fixes prices. He also examines several provisionsconcerning price control and highlights some of the conflicting interestsof freedom vs. authority that are reflected in relevant Shari‘ah provisions.The underlying issue of his research is the extent to which price controlsmay or may not impinge on the basic freedom of trade and of the individualto sell items at the regular market price as opposed to one fixed ...
Naturalization and the Rights of Citizens
Authors: Al 'Alwani Taha  J.
Published: December 2020

The subject of naturalization, which is an integml part of the conceptof identity and its related problems, has been an issue in the Muslimworld since its filst contacts with western thought, culture, military, andpolitics. Even though the matter was decided, in practical terms, by theemergence of ethnic and geographic nation-states out of the wreckage ofthe Ottoman Empire, it remains an open topic at the cultural and academiclevels. In fact, whether it is addressed as a challenge, an excuse,or as a means to an end, it remains a major and very sensitive question.As new ethnic and regional Muslim nation-states begin to show signs ofinstability, the subject grows more complex: it takes on new aspects ofidentity and affiliation and seeks to discover the best way of ordering relationsbetween the peoples of each region or between them and the (factional,military, or otherwise) elitist governments controlling them.With the stirrings of a new Islamic movement and its members' beliefthat Islam represents a viable political alternative, the question of naturalizationhas become a major challenge to them. In fact, it is often thrownin their faces by their secularist opponents. Thus the question has becomeinstrumental in the current political struggle taking place in the Islamicworld. Many Muslim governments cite indigenous non-Muslim minoritiesas an excuse to deprive their Muslim majorities, who often represent 98percent of the total population, of the right to be ruled by the Shari'ah.These are the same governments that discredit Islamic movements byviewing their very presence, principles, demands, and objectives as athreat to national unity. To counteract this "threat," then, they promulgate"emergency measures" and suspend constitutional legal codes.Naturalization is the basis of nationalism, which gives identity to themodem state, and may be defined as an affiliation with a geographicallydefined region. Anyone who traces hisher lineage to that region is subjectto all accompanying rights and responsibilities. Thus the bond betweenthem is secular and worldly. The same is true of bonds betweenstates, for they are entirely secular and m e a s d in terms of profit andloss. It is essential that all citizens, regardless of their religious, ethnic or ...
National Seminar on Development Journalism
Authors: Hassan Muji
Published: December 2020

This seminar, organized by the Asian Institute for DevelopmentCommunication in collabomtion with the Asia Foundation, was attendedby thirty journalists and media professionals from Malaysia. Among theresource persons were Mochtar Lubis (Chairman, Press Foundation ofAsia) and S. M. Ali (Chief Editor, Daily Star, Bangladesh).The seminar was opened by Riley Haji Jeffrey (Deputy Minister ofInformation, Malaysia), who discussed the importance and the need fordevelopment journalism to achieve the goal of Vision 2020 (i.e., becominga fully "developed country" by 2020). He said that "mass mediashould not deprive people of in-depth analysis or exposition of issues inthe social, economic, cultural , and environmental fields." James R. Klein(Representative, Asia Foundation) analyzed the complementary roles ofeditors and journalists in fulfilling the objectives of development journalism.Khairul Bashar (Executive Director, Aidcom) outlined the seminar'sgoal: to offer a forum for senior journalists and media executivesto exchange views, identify issues, and recommend methodologies fortraining in development journalism.The "Satellite Teleconferencing" session, which focussed on investigativeqxxthg, featured an Asian panel of senior journalists and Americanjournalists. This was organized with technical assistance from theUnited States Information Service. The Asian panelists were Philip Matthews,Mochtar Lubis, s. M. Ali, Gamsudin Rahim, and Islami Lustapa.American panelists were Bell Dedman and Jonathan Newman. This paneldiscussed investigative journalism as practiced in the United States andon sharing the norms followed in practicing the same skills in Asia.The panel on "Development Journalism: Challenges and Future Direction"was chaired by Haji A. Samad Ismail (Chairman, Panel of NationalInformation Policy, Malaysia). Participants included Mochtar Lubis, S. M.Ali, Kadir Jasin (Group Editor, New Straits Z'imes, Malaysia), Abdul RahmanSulaiman (Editor-in-Chief, Bernama [Malaysian News Agency]),Haji Mazlan Nordin (Chairman, Bernama), and Samsudin Abdul Rahim(Head, Communication Department, National University of Malaysia).The panel made the following points: development journalism shouldalways portray changes that should be humanized; the process of adjust ...
Budget Deficits and Public Borrowing Instruments in an Islamic Economic System
Authors: Kahf Monzer
Published: December 2020

In this rapidly changing world, several countries and political movements,especially in the Middle East, are calling for the establishment ofan Islamic economic system. This paper seeks to explain the area of publicborrowing in such a system and to explore its use in today’s worldIn the literatwe, the term “budget deficit” denotes the gap betweenpublic revenue and expenditures. Revenues normally come from taxationand public property, while expenditures may cover development projectsand cumnt governmental expenses. In general, such a deficit is bridgedby increasing revenues, reducing expenditures, internal borrowing (i.e.,from the public commercial banks or the central bank), and by externalborrowing. In the past, governments used to borrow from their richcitizens only to meet the financial needs associated with wars and naturalcalamities. Today, however, public bornwing has become a major featureof contemporary economies in both developed and developing countries.This paper cosists of four sections: the principles of financing inIslam, the Islamic point of view on the provision of public goods, variousinstruments for public resource mobilization that can be developed on thebasis of Islamic principles of financing, and a conclusion.The Principles of FinancingThere are several recorded cases of public borrowing during the timeof the ptophet, as well as othets by the ‘AbWd and the Ottoman governments(Siddiqui 1992). This practice has petsisted into the modem era,as evidenced by Egypt and the Ottoman Empire during the middle of the ...
Islamic Discourse and Modern Political Methods
Authors: Taji-Farouki Suha
Published: December 2020

On 17 November 1952, Taqi al Din al Nabhani submitted an applicationto the Jordanian Interior Ministry for permission to establish a newpolitical party: Hizb al Tahrir.' 'Ihis was in accordance with the newconstitution, which permitted party organization provided that every partysubmitted to an official investigation. Soon after its promulgation, severalideologically-based opposition parties sought official permission toorganize openly. Al Nabhhi's application was rejected on the groundsthat the party's platform was incompatible with the constitution. Thislaunched the new party on a collision cotuse, which continues even untilthis day, with the Jordanian authorities.The new party has, as its final goal, the reestablishment of the Islamiccaliphate in one of the Arab countries. In its ideological formulations,program, and stmctmc, it conformed to the pattems of similarity discernibleamong Jordan's new parties? Like the other parties, it reflectedcharacteristics of the btoader trend of modern revolutionary-cum-ideologicalparties that developed throughout the Arab Middle East fromthe 1930s onwards.Broadly speaking, these parties were vehicles through which the newsecular ideologies of nationalism and socialism, radiating from Europeand Sweeping the region, were articulated. These ideologies were ofgrowing appeal to an emerging interwar generation that was disillusionedwith the old order of liberal democratic regimes. By participating in thenew political fields that had developed under these regimes in relation tothe newly established nation-states, this new generation sought to gaincontrol of the state through a revolutionary program that had the creationof a utopian social and political order as its ultimate goal ...