bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economics of Habitat Conversion
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Cost-benefit analysis of natural lands sometimes shows that they have greater value than alternative uses of the land. This may become increasingly the case as natural lands become scarcer and more valued for recreation and other services. Assessment of costs and benefits is not easy. First, it is intrinsically difficult to assign a value to some benefits, such as storm protection by mangroves or access to a national park. Second, costs often fall on a different set of people than those gaining the benefits, illustrated here by conversion of mangrove to shrimp farms. Third, benefits of different options accrue over different timescales, with those from conservation often taking longer than those from development. Examples are given where benefits of conservation clearly exceed costs, and also where this is the case only under restricted conditions, such as governments paying for carbon storage, or the costs to an entire country’s population are factored in.
Climate Crisis
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Over the past 66 million years the earth has cooled down, a phenomenon associated with a drawdown in CO2 from the atmosphere. The culmination was the recent glacial period, beginning about 2.5 million years ago, punctuated by short interglacial periods, such as the one starting about 12,000 years ago. The last 150 years have been characterized by the burning of fossil fuels. Approximately 30% of the consequently emitted CO2 is taken up on land through increased plant growth, and a further 20% has been absorbed in the ocean. The rest remains in the atmosphere, raising CO2 levels 45% higher than they were 100 years ago. Average temperature on land is 1.5oC higher, and sea level is 20 cm higher, than in 1900. Global warming has surely contributed to the increased frequency of Amazon droughts, heat waves, and storms. The geographical ranges of species are moving toward higher latitudes and upslope on mountains, and some high-elevation populations have disappeared.
Introduced Disease
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Introduced diseases are sometimes considered to be part of the general problem of invasive species and many of the same principles apply. However, they also include jumps between species in the same location. Devastating population declines as a consequence of disease are starkly illustrated by the mortality of perhaps 50 million Native Americans from diseases Europeans brought to the New World in the sixteenth century; the recent loss of 6 million bats in the United States from an introduced fungal disease; and a fungal infection that caused a transition away from wheat cultivation in Brazil. In amphibians, an introduced fungal disease, sometimes interacting with other threats, has caused the extinction of many species. Explanations for the virulence of these diseases include undefended hosts and the presence of reservoirs (species or populations that are tolerant to the disease, and carry it without suffering). With regard to some diseases, common species can be more prone to massive population declines and even extinction than rare species because of the increased possibilities of transmission during the early stages of its spread.
Species
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Preserving species, the major focus of conservation efforts, requires a clear definition of species. Three definitions are widely employed. One (“morphological species concept”) is based on clustering individuals based on appearance. A second (“phylogenetic species concept”) uses relationships based on DNA sequences. A third (“biological species concept”) is based on the failure of individuals of one species to successfully breed with individuals from another and is used mainly to study the process whereby new species form. Over 2 million morphological species have been described. More than 6 million may remain to be discovered. The number may be even larger because cryptic species, which are outwardly similar but genetically different, may be common, and because parasites may be more diverse than currently appreciated. These undescribed species fall under the radar of conservation initiatives. While species continue to be the main unit of conservation, distinct populations also contribute to overall biodiversity. The Endangered Species Act in the United States allows the listing of population segments, even when the species as a whole is not threatened.
Species across Space
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Tropical regions contain more species than temperate regions, both on land and in the ocean. Recent efforts to measure total genetic diversity show similar patterns. Explanations for the presence of many species in the tropics are broadly divided into present-day conditions (e.g., land-based, warm, and wet environments with a long growing season enable the coexistence of multiple species) and past history (tropical environments have been large and undisturbed, allowing species to accumulate). Alternatives are difficult to separate, as both can account for the presence of many rare and small-ranged species in the tropics. The uneven distribution of rare and small-ranged species, as well as differences in the extent of current threats (habitat loss), have led to the identification of biodiversity hotspots, which contain a large fraction of all threatened species. They include the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and Madagascar.
Island Biogeography and Reserve Design
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Habitat is increasingly fragmented into “islands” surrounded by unsuitable conditions. For the equivalent area, real islands have fewer species than continents, which can be modelled as resulting from a balance between colonization of the island (the further from the source, the lower the colonization rate); extinction (smaller islands, higher extinction); and time since the island was formed or isolated. These principles are applied to species loss from habitat fragments; tropical forest fragments the size of 10 km2 typically lose a bird species within 7 years. Mechanisms include the loss of species that require large areas (sometimes triggering trophic cascades), and influence of the edge (e.g., wind disturbance, access for invasive species). Two separate reserves of combined area equal to a single large reserve provide insurance against threats such as disease, but small reserves often retain a similar subset of the species present in the larger one, resulting in the deterministic loss of some species everywhere.
Reporting the Local and Global of Borderlands
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues for the importance of reporting the specific local-global aspects of borderlands. The importance of understanding the glocal nature of social vulnerabilities has already been raised as a key issue in sociology. Likewise, anthropologists argue the local/global dynamic is at the heart of the cosmopolitan condition in borderlands. Using the specific examples of reporting around artisanal mining, journalist-source relations in refugee camps, and foreign correspondent-fixer relations in borderlands, decolonizing concepts developed in previous chapters are applied to analyze how current reporting practices can fall short of glocal reporting—and what can be done to move past these blocks. All three examples point to the crucial role that could be played by foreign correspondence in creating new knowledge around the glocal dynamics of borderlands and how this can empower a move toward a global public sphere at the grassroots level.
National Pasts as Political Presents
Authors: Gluck Carol
Published: October 2022

Nationalist–populist leaders throughout the world wielded history as a signal instrument in their arsenal of power, most of them in a revisionism of the right. In East Asia as in Eastern Europe, World War II became the focus of an ever more patriotic past at home and a flashpoint of international contention abroad. The issue of the “comfort women,” who served in Japanese military brothels in wartime Asia, provides a lens through which to trace the transformations in public memory and their relation to the state, civil society, and the global memoryscape. Governments deployed nationalistic revisions of history in service of domestic politics, but the state alone did not create the patriotic passions that surged in Japan, China, and South Korea. These thrived in the vernacular terrain, with its ricochet of interacting messages from the state, memory activists, popular culture, and transnational sources, all of which contributed to but did not control the unending process of recasting the nation’s past.
Mass Movements and Coalitional Psychology
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: October 2022

Common views about mass movements, notably in the case of populist or nationalistic extremism, are often based on the assumptions that (1) “tribalism” is a strong urge or instinct and (2) propaganda from demagogic leaders is sufficient to lead large masses of people to adopt irrational (and generally damaging) beliefs. Empirical evidence from psychology, anthropology, and history shows that both assumptions are misguided. People build groups and movements not under the pressure of a tribal urge to belong but, rather, as a result of cognitive capacities for alliance-building, rooted in human evolutionary history. Similarly, human minds are equipped with epistemic vigilance systems that guard them against low-value information. Taking these psychological facts into account makes it possible to address the question, Why isn’t everyone a populist? and to examine how populism and nationalism may be predictable responses to people’s experience with different types of social environments.
Understanding the Politics of the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Gómez Eduardo J.
Published: October 2022

Understanding the politics of the commercial determinants of health is a new area of scholarly inquiry. More than ever, policymakers and public health researchers realize that industries, including tobacco, alcohol, soda, and ultra-processed food corporations, have had a considerable amount of political power and health policy influence, facilitated through favorable international and domestic economic contexts. Although government decision-making is considered to have a key influence on the health of populations, corporate power is often a key influence on government decision-making. Using the lens of political science and the nature of corporate influence on political processes and stakeholders, this chapter discusses how best to advance population health science and practice.
Hidden from View
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Hobin Erin
Published: October 2022

It has been argued that the alcohol industry resembles the tobacco industry closely in its global scale, consolidation, and strategy, yet a framework akin to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control does not currently exist. Alcohol is no ordinary commodity, accounting for a significant proportion of disease burden globally, including among younger adults. Yet the alcohol industry also remains active in corporate social responsibility initiatives, funding research, dissemination of health information, litigation and lobbying efforts, as the tobacco industry has done. There is a substantial body of evidence on the role of alcohol marketing in sports and on social media. Crucially, the harmful consumption of alcohol often accounts for a significant proportion of overall revenue. Although much of the research on alcohol industry practices has focused on high-income settings, it is low- and middle-income countries that represent the “growth markets” of the future for this globally consolidated industry.
The Institutionalization of Corporate Power Within Policy
Authors: Fooks Gary
Published: October 2022

The direct effects of corporate actors on regulation are becoming increasingly well understood. To date, public health researchers have typically focused on a particular industry “silo,” and this has yielded important insights. However, beyond effects on specific pieces of regulation, there are broader, cumulative effects on the nature of regulation, which institutionalize corporate power within policy-making. These include the priorities underpinning policymaking, the type of evidence considered when developing policy, the methods used to evaluate evidence when forming policy, and the broader framework of institutions that shape the policy-making process. As the field of commercial determinants evolves, it is necessary to consider both the proximal and distal influences of commercial actors on regulation in ways that are applicable across industry sectors and are predictive of future such activities.
Assessing the Health Impacts of the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Allen Luke N.
Published: October 2022

Health impact assessment represents a combination of procedures and methods by which an intervention or change of some kind may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the manner in which those effects are distributed within that population. This approach has been proposed as a means by which global corporate health impact might be assessed. Corporations impact health through a wide spectrum of activities. This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities in assessing the health impacts of the commercial determinants of health, including the potential methodologies and evidence sources that might be of the greatest benefit.
Learning from Experience
Authors: Mialon Mélissa , Anaf Julia , Baum Fran
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines how interventions designed to research, oppose, advocate against, regulate, and change the practices of corporations can be made. History demonstrates that corporate practices have long challenged health. These practices include regulation of wages and working conditions, laws to reduce adverse environmental and health impacts of harmful products such as cigarettes and alcohol, and other harmful practices. Researchers, journalists, activists, politicians, and public servants have worked over time to mitigate the harms of these products and practices to the end of protecting and improving population health. This chapter identifies key interventions that could help protect population health from the negative impacts of the commercial determinants of health (CDOH). It also focuses on the structural drivers of ill health and argues that, ultimately, the decision to address CDOH must be taken collectively and will not result from individual actions alone.
Music, Space, and Symbolic Communication in Bach’s Installation Cantatas
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

Bach composed his Installation Cantatas for the annual inauguration of the new town council in the cities of Mühlhausen and Leipzig. The pieces were embedded in a complex, multimodal framework of religious celebrations, public processions, and visual displays of political power. Both the texts and the music of Bach’s cantatas reflect the complex spatial, kinetic, and political facets of the celebrations. This reflection becomes particularly clear in the case of Bach’s early installation cantata Gott ist mein König BWV 71, composed for Mühlhausen, in which even the fact that the piece was printed and the prints were widely distributed contributes to its communicative function.
Cantatas as Multisensory Spectacles
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

The cantata Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen BWV 215 was composed in 1734 for the first anniversary of the election of August III as King of Poland. The piece was performed in Leipzig during a festive celebration. The center of the celebration was a procession through the lavishly decorated city, an event that culminated in the performance of Bach’s work. We are well informed about the decorations in Leipzig through a book published shortly after the festivities. The detailed descriptions of the banners, images, and illuminations that adorned the houses of the city resonate with some of the images used in the text of BWV 215 and also shed new light on other secular cantatas that operate with a similar visual vocabulary. It becomes clear that Bach’s cantata is only one facet in a complex network of multimodal communication.
The “Wonderful Play” of Music
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

The epilogue summarizes the different themes of the book by highlighting how Bach’s cantatas resonate with numerous aspects of his world: the power structures of the political systems of his time, the gender relationships in public and domestic life, and the interactions between music, literature, and visual art, and their communicative function in public celebrations. These multimodal references not only provide a framework for a better understanding of Bach’s vocal works, but they can also serve as an inspiration for modern performances of these compositions. Performance can recreate some of the multimodal connections by including visual elements (such as projections).
Introduction
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

The Eusebian apparatus marks a pivotal moment in the emergence of the fourfold Gospel. By means of a system of Gospel sections and canons, Eusebius guides the reader to discover similarity and difference throughout the fourfold Gospel of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The Eusebian apparatus facilitated new modes of access and novel possibilities of Gospel reading. It illuminates the role of book technology in early Christian reading and the role of early Christian reading in the development of book technology. The apparatus thus offers an unparalleled window into both the emergence of this fourfold Gospel and the late ancient transformation of textuality. This chapter introduces the Eusebian apparatus, Eusebius’ social and intellectual context, and the methodological focus on practice and use that guides the monograph. It also sketches the argument of the monograph and outlines its contribution to scholarship.
Reading Eusebius’ Gospels
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

The technological and literary possibilities of the Eusebian apparatus continued to shape readers’ encounters with the Gospels across geography, language, and theological tradition. Eusebius’ system enjoys an enormous reception, accompanying the Gospels in thousands of manuscripts from the fourth century CE to the present. The extant manuscripts demonstrate readers’ continuing use of the apparatus, from Ireland to Ethiopia and in almost every language of Christian literary activity from the premodern world. This significance continues for reading communities today. To reconstruct these histories of reading—across time, language, and geography and in both manuscript and print—this chapter investigates manuscript marginalia, modifications to the apparatus, and use by subsequent authors. If the meaning of the apparatus is in its use, then this enormous and ongoing reception demonstrates how the Eusebius apparatus continues to invite meaningful and creative practices of reading and knowing a fourfold Gospel.
Laughing on a Rooftop
Authors: Paris Langenberg Amy
Published: October 2022

This chapter analyzes the appropriation of a Buddhist monastic space by girls and young women. The author’s case study is the Peace Grove Institute, a small residential Buddhist community of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 31 located in Lumbini (Nepal), site of the Buddha’s birth. The Peace Grove Institute provides a quasi-monastic, socially safe space for girls which allows them to delay marriage and to continue education. Langenberg also highlights how this institute is an ongoing creation of the Peace Grove girls themselves. She explores the modality of female agency of the Peace Grove nuns within the disciplinary norms of female Buddhist monasticism, and within the educational and cultural environment of Peace Grove nunnery. Langenberg sees an otherwise less obvious dimension of Buddhist female agency at work, which she describes as aesthetic agency, detectable in the girls’ expressiveness, confidence, physical charisma, and mobility—a significant manifestation of and precondition for the exercise of female power in gender-conservative Lumbini.
The Origins and Development of the Yongming Stūpa
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: October 2022

Yongming Yanshou was a prominent Buddhist figure and associate of King Qian Chu, who played an important role as the leading spokesperson for Buddhism in the Wuyue Kingdom. Because of the eclectic nature of his teaching, Yanshou enjoyed an evolving legacy in the Buddhist community, as promoter of blessings and Patriarch in the Chan and Pure Land movements. Eventually, Yanshou was regarded as a bodhisattva figure, receiver of petitions from those seeking rebirth in the Pure Land, and even as an incarnation of Amitābha Buddha. A special hall was constructed to house the Yongming Stūpa, which served as a focal point for the formation of a cult of worshipers. After falling into oblivion, Yanshou’s relics were recovered in the Ming and his stūpa reconstructed through the efforts of Yunqi Zhuhong, leader of an active Buddhist lay movement, and the secular official Yu Chunxi. The current Yongming Stūpa, private and secluded, represents a response by contemporary Buddhist faithful who wish to preserve the traditions of the past and ensure its continuation into the future.
The Origins and Development of Leifeng Pagoda
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: October 2022

Leifeng Pagoda originated at the bequest of Wuyue King Qian Chu, who created reliquaries and printed copies of The Precious Chest Seal Dhārani Sūtra and installed these in pagodas. The creation of reliquaries and printed copies of the Sūtra follows the model of King Aśoka, who allegedly erected eighty-four thousand stūpa reliquaries to house Śākyamuni’s remains, including his physical remains as well as his teachings. The contents of The Precious Chest Seal Dhārani Sūtra exhibit the miraculous powers extended to all who construct stūpas and copy the Precious Chest Seal Dhārani Sūtra. In later centuries, the Leifeng Pagoda became associated with the legend of the White Snake, the culmination of a body of snake-inspired lore; stories of young men becoming involved with snake-women have a long tradition in Chinese literature. After falling into disuse and decay, the Pagoda collapsed in 1924 and was eventually resurrected in 2002.
A Day after the Fair
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

William moved his family to Findlay, Ohio. He did accounting work and became a bank inspector, which required travel away from home. Findlay was a small city that had been enriched in the late nineteenth century by an oil and gas boom, but by 1919 it was a boomtown after the boom. Amid a conservative environment, James as a child began writing strange stories and printing his own little magazine. His older brother Richard was a gay youth who aspired to be an actor. James did not much like public school but he found a high school English teacher who encouraged him and said he could be a writer, and he won a club contest with a poem. In the middle of his high school years, his parents divorced. To make ends meet, Vera turned the family home into a boarding house.
The Nephew
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

This brief chapter narrates Purdy’s short college career at Bowling Green State University—three years plus four summer terms. Purdy decided to attend school in the hometown of his paternal line. Instead of a dorm or a fraternity house, he lived with his father, aunt, and for a time, his grandmother in the college town of Bowling Green, Ohio. At first, he struggled as a student but he always did well in literature courses. He bonded with particular professors much more than with his peers. He earned an AB in English with a minor in history, and a BS in education with a major in English and a minor in French. He ended up gathering material from neighbors, two of them professors of his, and other townspeople that he would later use for his novel, The Nephew.
Maggoty Urgings
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

This short chapter explains the debacle of Edward Albee’s short-lived, panned Broadway adaptation of Malcolm in January 1966. In 1964, Albee’s young boyfriend Terrence McNally wrote an adaptation of Malcolm that he was forced to shelve when Albee bought the option rights soon after McNally broke up with him. Albee commenced to write a weak adaptation to punish both McNally and Purdy, the latter for receiving “public praise of a fulsomeness—the extravagance of enthusiasm—that” provoked in him “envy and maggoty urgings toward revenge,” to use Albee’s language. Albee removed the black characters and almost all of the jazz, and changed Kermit from a “little person” to the world’s oldest man, neutering Malcolm. Ned Rorem wanted to write the music, but Albee’s ex-boyfriend William Flanagan instead offered his stilted compositions. More positively, after negotiation with Robert Giroux, Purdy hand-delivered the final draft of Eustace Chisholm and the Works.
Sleepers in Moon-Crowned Valleys
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter narrates the completion, publication, and critical reception of Jeremy’s Version. This was the first installment in Sleepers in Moon-Crowned Valleys, a series of novels set in a Midwestern past that have different sets of characters but similar themes and concerns. Praised by his friends Paul Bowles and Virgil Thomson, Jeremy’s Version received positive, mixed, and a few negative reviews. Purdy chafed against critics who could not understand his use of American speech that he had heard growing up. His advance from Doubleday funded holidays in coastal Massachusetts, but he missed the skilled editorial care he had received from Giroux. Purdy received big money from the studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which paid generously for film option rights for Cabot Wright Begins. His friendship deepened with composer Robert Helps.
Divine Foreknowledge and the Metaphysics of Time (2014)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper argues that when we examine the traditional dilemma of infallible divine foreknowledge and human free will, we uncover a deeper dilemma that has nothing to do with God, infallibility, or free will. Many historically important ways out of theological fatalism are irrelevant to this problem, which arises within the metaphysics of time. The assumption that the past has a kind of necessity that the future lacks is inconsistent with the principle that temporal necessity is transferred over entailment and the possibility that a proposition about the past entails a proposition about the future. The most reasonable response to this dilemma is to reject the view that the necessity of the past is a purely temporal modality; in fact, it is not a form of necessity in the formal sense of necessity. The paper proposes that it reduces to the metaphysical thesis that the past is causally closed. With this interpretation of the necessity of the past, the argument for theological fatalism must be revised in a way that reveals confusions in our notions of causality and the arrow of time.
Good Persons, Good Aims, and the Problem of Evil (2017)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper, written twenty years after essay 4, revisits an assumption that most formulations of the problem of evil take for granted: a good person aims at producing good and preventing evil. That is generally interpreted as (a) a condition for being a good person is that she aims at producing good states of affairs and preventing evil states of affairs. An alternative interpretation defended in this paper is (b) a condition for something being a good state of affairs and something else an evil state of affairs is that a good person aims at producing the former and preventing the latter. The paper explores the relationships between the goodness of persons, the goodness of aims, and the goodness of states of affairs, and argues that the problem of evil looks very different when the metaphysics of good and evil is interpreted as defended here, and which is intended to be a clearer and improved version of an argument contained in Zagzebski’s 2004 book, Divine Motivation Theory.
First-Person and Third-Person Reasons and Religious Epistemology (2011)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper argues that there are two kinds of epistemic reasons. One kind is irreducibly first personal—deliberative reasons. The other is third personal—theoretical reasons. The paper argues that attending to this distinction illuminates a host of problems in epistemology in general and in religious epistemology in particular. These problems include (a) the way religious experience operates as a reason for religious belief, (b) how we ought to understand religious testimony, (c) how religious authority can be justified, (d) the problem of religious disagreement, and (e) the reasonableness of religious conversion. As a reasonable person, each of us must figure out how to answer our own religious questions without ignoring the fact that the content of our beliefs is also the property of all reasonable persons in their common attempt to find the truth.
What if the Impossible Had Been Actual? (1990)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper explores the logic of counterfactual conditionals with necessarily false antecedents, or counterpossibles. These conditionals are pertinent to many areas of the metaphysics of theism. The problem is that on the standard semantics deriving from David Lewis and others, all counterpossibles are trivially true. But there ought to be a way to interpret a proposition such as (1) If God were not good, then there would be more evil in the world than there is as non-trivially true, and If God were not good, then there would be less evil in the world than there is as non-trivially false. The paper argues that it is a mistake to treat all necessary falsehoods as logically equivalent, and it proposes a way to extend the semantics of counterfactual conditionals to account for the intuition that (1) is true and (2) is false in a metaphysically significant sense.
The New Public Health Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

Using a “transdisciplinary approach” to public health law, this book follows the core competencies for both law and public health programs. It reviews the basic background of the field of public health law, then introduces tools, concepts, and skills needed for effective development of public health laws and policies. The book also introduces the core legal doctrine of public health law and outlines the process for turning a public health law idea into an actionable, codified law or policy. It then turns to the challenges and key issues regulators and authorities face in implementation, enforcement, and legal and political defense against challenges. The book concludes with evaluation—explaining how legal monitoring and evaluation are integral to the cause of using law in public health and helping spread laws that work across jurisdictions, from the city level and beyond.
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the transdisciplinary model of public health law, which rests on the recognition that public health law is not just the work of lawyers. The chapter explains key terms in the model, including public health law practice, legal epidemiology, and policy surveillance. It also discusses the concept of “mechanisms of legal effect,” which is central to conceptualizing and evaluating the impact of law on health.
Choosing a Legal Approach
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews legal approaches that can be used to promote public health and address specific health problems. Legal approaches include prohibiting or mandating conduct; creating and enforcing licensing and permitting schemes; and increasing the costs of unhealthy conduct through taxes or litigation and incentivizing healthy conduct through loans, grants, and tax credits. Legal approaches can also address public health challenges by changing the informational environment with labeling requirements or reporting mandates or modifying the built environment through zoning or complete streets policies. The chapter identifies potential constitutional and practical limitations to each approach.
Using Evidence and Knowledge Critically in Policy Development
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policies. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost–benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.
Public Health Advocacy
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the basic components of the many ways that individuals and organizations introduce their policy preferences into law and practice. The chapter describes the basic steps in developing and implementing a program of advocacy, specifically comparing the Collective Impact Model and the Collaborating for Equity and Justice Framework. It also explores the fundamental debate about the public health advocacy process and reviews legal limitations on political advocacy by public employees and tax-exempt organizations, limitations that have important effects on how advocacy works in public health practice.
Interpreting Rodney King
Authors: Lawrence Regina G.
Published: October 2022

This chapter talks about how dramatic and spontaneous news events can become the centerpieces of refigured public conversations about public problems. Accidental events can present serious challenges to dominant ways of framing issues in the news, temporarily upsetting official control of the news and encouraging journalists to bring voices and views that are usually marginalized to the center of the media arena. The chapter also looks at the number of deaths in police custody in New York, which crystallize deep political and cultural concerns and can remain etched in the nation’s public memory long after they occur. The chapter looks at news icons that arise when dramatic, unexpected events prove irresistible to news organizations. It analyzes the national news coverage of the Rodney King beating and the resulting consideration of police brutality in selected print media from across the country.
Legislative
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article II outlines the structure and powers of the legislative branch of Ohio government. The 1802 Constitution established a bicameral General Assembly, but the Jeffersonian Republicans, who dominated Ohio’s first constitutional convention, vested near-absolute power in the legislative branch. Under the 1802 Constitution, the General Assembly appointed the judges of the Supreme Court and the courts of common pleas. It also appointed all executive branch officers other than the governor and, in the absence of a gubernatorial veto, had complete control over legislation. The framers of the 1851 Ohio Constitution placed restrictions on the power of the General Assembly by limiting its power to make appropriations, by requiring that laws of general nature have uniform application, and by eliminating most of the General Assembly’s appointment power. And other provisions of the 1851 Constitution further limited the powers of the General Assembly by restricting the powers to incur debt (Art. VIII), to tax (Art. XII), and to grant special privileges to corporations (Art. XIII). Article II also contains provisions for the governor’s veto power, which was granted in 1903, and for the initiative and referendum, which was added in 1912. In 1973, following recommendations made by the Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission, the General Assembly proposed a significant reorganization of this article, which the voters approved that same year.
Education
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article VI addresses the powers of the state concerning education. Ohio’s earliest constitutional documents contain references to the importance of education. In the 1785 Land Ordinance the Confederation, Congress set aside land in the Northwest Territory for the creation and support of schools, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 promised that “schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” The 1802 Ohio Constitution included a provision that reiterated verbatim the promise of the Northwest Ordinance that “religion, morality and knowledge, being essentially necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights of conscience.” The 1851 Constitution did not include these provisions concerning access to education, but the delegates to the 1850–51 Constitutional Convention recognized the importance of education and included a separate article on the subject. The 1851 Constitution included provisions requiring the state to establish a system of common or public schools. And the 1912 Constitutional Convention proposed (and the voters approved) provisions giving the state administrative control of education and thus completed the constitutional agenda of the common school movement. The duty of the state to provide a “thorough and efficient system of common schools” has been a controversial issue and has involved contentious litigation.
Public Institutions
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article VII concerns state-supported institutions for the mentally ill and the visually and hearing impaired. The article also addresses the appointment of directors of benevolent and penal institutions, which have existed in Ohio since before the 1851 Constitution. Most of the debate in 1851 concerned the respective roles of the General Assembly and the governor in appointing directors of the penitentiary and the trustees of the benevolent and other state institutions. The voters approved Article VII as part of the 1851 Constitution, and this is the only article of the constitution that the voters have never amended. In 2017, the Ohio Constitutional Modernization Commission recommended the amendment of section 1 to remove the offensive language and the repeal of sections 2 and 3, but the General Assembly has not taken any action, to date, on this recommendation.
Public Debt and Public Works
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article VIII on public debt and public works is the longest and most frequently amended article in the Ohio Constitution. The delegates to the 1850–51 Convention proposed this article to ensure that the state would never again face a debt crisis like the one that resulted from the construction of the state’s transportation system beginning in 1825. The delegates did this by imposing a $750,000 limitation on the amount of state debt, by restricting the entanglement of public and private money, and by prohibiting expenditures for internal improvements. The article also prohibits the state from giving or loaning its credit to any association or corporation or becoming a joint owner of any company. There are exceptions to the debt limitation in cases involving military invasions and other emergencies. And over the years, the voters have overridden the debt limitation by adopting amendments to permit the issuance of bonds above the limitation for veteran benefits and for a broad array of capital improvement and economic development projects. Ohio, like nearly every other state, has a balanced budget requirement, but this requirement applies to operating budgets and not to expenditures for capital expenditures such as highway and housing construction, conservation, revitalization of natural resources, economic development, and technology support. To raise funds for these nonoperating items (including bonds for veteran bonuses), Ohio typically issues general obligation bonds that are backed by the full faith and credit of the state, but Ohio also issues revenue bonds that the state does not guarantee.
Finance and Taxation
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XII addresses finances and taxation. The 1802 Ohio Constitution had given the General Assembly virtually unqualified power to tax, but the 1851 Constitution limited the state’s taxing powers and ended the common practice of financing private corporations—a practice that many believed contributed to the debt crisis that resulted from the construction of the state’s transportation system. Voters have amended Article XII fourteen times, more times than any article save Article VIII, which deals with public debt. Commentators have described Article XII, and Ohio’s tax system in general, as “a hodge-podge of sacred cows” and “constitutional provisions and statutes resulting from the demands for revenue and the pressures for exemption.”
Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Under the 1851 Constitution, the original Article XIV created a mechanism for revising the rules of procedure used in civil as contrasted to criminal cases. The original article required the General Assembly to establish a committee of three commissioners to make recommendations to the General Assembly. The resulting code governed civil practice in the Ohio courts until 1970, when the Ohio Supreme Court, acting under the Modern Courts Amendment, revised Ohio’s rules to conform more closely to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In 1953, the voters repealed the jurisprudence article in its entirety, and in 2009, the General Assembly selected this empty article as the place for a new article creating the Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board.
Eco-Anxiety in a Risk Society
Authors: Steverson Leonard A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes a sociological approach to the understanding of eco-anxiety in a society with increasing environmental risks, using the lens of the risk society thesis. The risk society thesis, as proposed by Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and other social theorists, maintains that current Western society is in a stage of development marked by risks that are different in scale and unpredictability than those of prior periods, including environmental destruction, crime, and terrorism. Anxiety can be observed and analyzed at both micro and macro levels as it is experienced both individually and socially, and sociology has long made contributions to analysis at the social level. Beck, Giddens, and others have provided a framework for analyzing “manufactured risks” such as environmental destruction; from this foundation a framework for analyzing the existence of social anxiety or eco-anxiety, at its different levels, can be generated.
Entrepôt of Revolutions
Authors: Covo Manuel
Published: October 2022

Entrepôt of Revolutions places the American, French, and Haitian revolutions in a single, connected, analytic frame. At the heart of this relationship was not just republican politics but also commerce between France and the United States, commerce that turned on the fate of Saint-Domingue/Haiti. The book centers imperial trade as a driving force, arguing that commercial factors preceded and conditioned political change across the revolutionary Atlantic. At the crux of these transformations was the “entrepôt,” the “Pearl of the Caribbean,” whose economy grew dramatically as a direct consequence of the American Revolution and the French-American alliance. Saint-Domingue was the single most profitable colony in the Americas in the second half of the eighteenth century, thanks to staggering production of sugar and coffee and the unpaid labor of hundreds of thousands of enslaved people. Through Saint-Domingue we see the Franco-American relationship for what it really was and resolve many of the paradoxes of the era. The colony was so focused on producing sugar and coffee that it needed to import food. Mainland North America was the Caribbean’s breadbasket, with exports of flour, livestock, salted meats, and timber to Saint-Domingue accounting for a huge portion of US exports. The book chronicles the rapidly changing set of relationships that emerged as the United States developed a trade regime independent of Great Britain and sheds light on the three-way struggle among France, the United States, and Haiti to assert, define, and maintain “commercial” sovereignty.
An Inexhaustible Mine of Wealth, 1784–1788
Authors: Covo Manuel
Published: October 2022

The immediate consequences of the French-US alliance are explored in this chapter. It examines the growth of traffic between the United States and Saint Domingue in the aftermath of the American Revolutionary War when the economy of the Pearl of the Caribbean expanded at an unprecedented level. The United States took advantage of and participated in this expansion, and the spectacular development of the colony would not have been possible without US trade. Saint-Domingue emerged as the second most active trading partner of the early republic after Great Britain, benefiting from the cheap resources imported from North America. However, tension developed around US involvement in the contraband trade, from customs fraud (smuggling of products subject to duties) to actual smuggling (introduction of prohibited products). The chapter depicts a smuggling world that did not align with the national categories designed by the imperial state.
A Numbers Game
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L.
Published: October 2022

How did a revolutionary Communist Party come to justify itself through a limited number of statistics, and why is it currently shifting away from doing so? The first chapter introduces the book’s argument that a system of limited, quantified vision helped stabilize politics and develop the country’s economy for decades following Mao Zedong’s tumultuous leadership. By focusing on a few statistics—most famously, gross domestic product (GDP) but also tax revenues and investment data, the Chinese government and its cadre evaluation system pushed officials to pursue growth above all. However, over time problems accumulated in the system’s blind spots, leading to Xi Jinping’s neopolitical turn.
Seeking Truth
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L.
Published: October 2022

The third chapter wades into the debates that undergirded the Mao–to–post-Mao transition in China to show how revolutionary Communist ideology was supplanted by quantified state capitalism as the regime’s main argument for staying in power. While Mao and his thought emphasized revolution as the method to transform a backward country into a Communist utopia, by his passing in 1976 the population and many elites were ready for a new message and course of action. The regime called for individuals to emancipate themselves from ideological shackles and granted lower-level officials greater autonomy to pursue development. While under Mao numbers had significant political import, they represented a means to an end rather than becoming the core political end in themselves. Under Deng Xiaoping, a system of limited, quantified vision was established intentionally, despite understanding that moving away from radical Maoism increased opportunities for corruption.