bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological restoration enhances dryland carbon stock by reducing surface soil carbon loss due to wind erosion
Authors: Song Jian , Wan Shiqiang , Zhang Kesheng , Hong Songbai , Xia Jianyang , Piao Shilong , Wang Ying-Ping , Chen Jiquan , Hui Dafeng , Luo Yiqi , Niu Shuli , Ru Jingyi , Xu Hao , Zheng Mengmei , Liu Weixing , Wang Haidao , Tan Menghao , Zhou Zhenxing , Feng Jiayin , Qiu Xueli
Published: November 2024

Enhancing terrestrial carbon (C) stock through ecological restoration, one of the prominent approaches for natural climate solutions, is conventionally considered to be achieved through an ecological pathway, i.e., increased plant C uptake. By conducting a comprehensive regional survey of 4279 1 × 1 m
2
plots at 517 sites across China’s drylands and a 13-y manipulative experiment in a semiarid grassland within the same region, we show that greater soil and ecosystem C stocks in restored than degraded lands result predominantly from decreased surface soil C loss via suppressed wind erosion. This biophysical pathway is always overlooked in model evaluation of land-based C mitigation strategies. Surprisingly, stimulated plant growth plays a minor role in regulating C stocks under ecological restoration. In addition, the overall enhancement of C stocks in the restored lands increases with both initial degradation intensity and restoration duration. At the national scale, the rate of soil C accumulation (7.87 Tg C y
−1
) due to reduced wind erosion and surface soil C loss under dryland restoration is equal to 38.8% of afforestation and 56.2% of forest protection in China. Incorporating this unique but largely missed biophysical C-conserving mechanism into land surface models will greatly improve global assessments of the potential of land restoration for mitigating climate change.
Architecture of the
Toxoplasma gondii
apical polar ring and its role in gliding motility and invasion
Authors: Ren Bingjian , Haase Romuald , Patray Sharon , Nguyen Quynh , Maco Bohumil , Dos Santos Pacheco Nicolas , Chang Yi-Wei , Soldati-Favre Dominique
Published: November 2024

In
Toxoplasma gondii
, the conoid comprises a cone with spiraling tubulin fibers, preconoidal rings, and intraconoidal microtubules. This dynamic organelle undergoes extension and retraction through the apical polar ring (APR) during egress, gliding, and invasion. The forces involved in conoid extrusion are beginning to be understood, and its role in directing F-actin flux to the pellicular space, thereby controlling parasite motility, has been proposed. However, the contribution of the APR and its interactions with the conoid remain unclear. To gain insight into the APR architecture, ultrastructure expansion microscopy was applied to pinpoint known and newly identified APR proteins (APR2 to APR7). Our results revealed that the APR is constructed as a fixed multilayered structure. Notably, conditional depletion of APR2 resulted in significant impairments in motility and invasion. Electron microscopy and cryoelectron tomography revealed that depletion of APR2 alters APR integrity, affecting conoid extrusion and causing cytosolic leakage of F-actin. These findings implicate the APR structure in directing the apico-basal flux of F-actin to regulate parasite motility and invasion.
Light-sensitive Ca
2+
signaling in the mammalian choroid
Authors: Eltanahy Ahmed M. , Aupetit Alex , Buhr Ethan D. , Van Gelder Russell N. , Gonzales Albert L.
Published: November 2024

The choroid is the thin, vasculature-filled layer of the eye situated between the sclera and the retina, where it serves the metabolic needs of the light-sensing photoreceptors in the retina. Illumination of the interior surface of the back of the eye (fundus) is a critical regulator of subretinal fluid homeostasis, which determines the overall shape of the eye, but it is also important for choroidal perfusion. Noted for having some of the highest blood flow rates in the body, the choroidal vasculature has been reported to lack intrinsic, intravascular pressure-induced (myogenic) autoregulatory mechanisms. Here, we ask how light directly regulates choroid perfusion and ocular fluid homeostasis, testing the hypothesis that light facilitates ocular fluid absorption by directly increasing choroid endothelial permeability and decreasing choroid perfusion. Utilizing ex vivo pressurized whole-choroid and whole-eye preparations from mice expressing cell-specific Ca
2+
indicators, we found that the choroidal vasculature has two intrinsically light-sensitive Ca
2+
-signaling mechanisms: One increases Ca
2+
-dependent production of nitric oxide in choroidal endothelial cells; the other promotes vasoconstriction through Ca
2+
elevation in vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, we found that choroidal flow, or pressure, modulates endothelial and smooth muscle photosensitivity and trans-retinal absorption of fluid into the choroid. These results collectively suggest that the choroid vasculature exhibits an inverted form of autoregulatory control, where pressure- and light-induced mechanisms work in opposition to regulate blood flow and maintain fluid balance in response to changes in light and dark, aligning with the metabolic needs of photoreceptors.
Emergence of
Streptococcus suis
infection from Goa, India
Authors: Thukral Hanul , Tiwari Simmi , Shewale Ajit , Nale Tushar , Narvencar Kedareshwar , Suryawanshi Prashant , Fernandes Trudy
Published: November 2024

Streptococcus suis
is an emerging zoonotic bacterium that causes severe invasive disease in humans. In India, only two human case reports have been recorded till now. In the present report, we described the clinical case report along with an epidemiological investigation of the first
S. suis
case from Goa, India. The clinical presentation and detailed history regarding the potential exposure factors for the infection were recorded and to trace the source of the infection, the meat markets and the backyard piggeries in the vicinity of the patient’s residence were investigated. Case definitions were formulated and enhanced surveillance was initiated in the State to identify any additional cases. The case-patient was a co-morbid 63-year-old female, who was provisionally diagnosed with meningitis and septicaemia and S
. suis
infection was detected using automated microbial identification systems. The epidemiological investigation revealed that the patient was involved in handling raw pork one day prior to the symptom onset. Based on the active case finding, no additional case of
S. suis
was detected in the area. The present case was a sporadic case of
S. suis
in Goa, India and case-patient may have been exposed to the bacteria by handling raw pork while cooking.

One Health impact statement

Our investigation described the 3rd case of
Streptococcous suis
from India. This is significant because despite the abundance of the source of infection across the country i.e. high prevalence in the pig population, there are unusually low number of human cases, which can be attributed to very low clinical index of suspicion and lack of diagnostic tests in humans, as evidenced in the present case.

A multi-disciplinary One Health approach has been applied for the present case investigation as the Human Health, Animal Health and Food Safety aspects were investigated in collaboration with the State Health & Animal Husbandry departments along with the academia. The findings of the present investigation will aid in enhancing the clinical index of suspicion among clinicians and awareness among high-risk groups like veterinarians for
S. suis
infection in humans and animals. The multi-disciplinary One Health approach aided us in tracing the source of the infection, which would help in generating evidence for designing preventive interventions.
Our world is quantum, claims physicists
Authors: Dumé Isabelle
Published: November 2024

Measurements of the so-called Leggett–Garg inequality using neutron interferometry reveal that no classical macroscopic theory can describe reality, as Isabelle Dumé explains.
Superconductivity appears in nickelate crystals under pressure
Authors: Dumé Isabelle
Published: November 2024

Researchers in China have discovered high-temperature superconductivity in trilayer single crystals of nickel-oxide materials under high pressure.
Sunflowers ‘dance’ together to share sunlight
Authors: Jarman Sam
Published: November 2024

Sunflowers in a field can co-ordinate the circular motions of their growing stems to minimize the amount of shade each plant experiences.
Electron microscopists tackle fragile samples
Authors: Wogan Tim
Published: November 2024

A new scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) technique allows images to be formed with the fewest electrons possible.
Researchers with big networks have longer careers
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: November 2024

It helps researchers to have a big network of colleagues and a broad range of unique collaborators, according to a new analysis of physicists’ publication data.
The benefits of ‘Newton first’ teaching
Authors: Easther Richard , Wang Frank
Published: November 2024

Richard Easther and Frank Wang argue that a “Newton first” approach to undergraduate physics teaching can give students a better insight than focusing solely on “modern physics”.
Defects, Shortcomings, and Failings in World Trade Law
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C
Published: November 2024

Nations are now connected through trade and trade law that they must observe. But the body of WTO law regulating international trade relations is seriously outdated. The last comprehensive negotiation that led to multilateral rule-making dates from 1994. Faced with an inadequate framework, trading nations may, on occasion, choose disobedience to advance their goals. In fact, there is evidence to this effect. For the WTO to regain its relevance, it must update its legal arsenal. But this is not an easy exercise, and anyway, it is definitely not the time for root-and-branch reform. The standoff between China and an increasing number of its Western partners is the reason why this is the case. Now, it is time to persuade. The accent should be placed on the deliberative function while correcting some of the legislative failures that we have observed.
All the King’s Horses and All the King’s Men Can Put Humpty Together Again
Authors: Mavroidis Petros C
Published: November 2024

This is not a time for “root-and-branch” reformers. Nor is it time to stay passive. The membership should prioritize the updating of WTO law that constitutes the bulk of modern concerns in order to avoid de-railing the whole edifice. The recommended legislative action should focus on priority areas. More concretely, the subsidies agreement needs to be revamped in at least two respects: allow for “green” subsidies and allow countervailing cross-national subsidies. An export licensing agreement must be enacted using import licensing as a template. The national security clause must be widened to include economic security. While the first two agreements should remain enforceable through adjudication, disputes concerning the latter should be submitted exclusively to deliberation. Judicialization of disputes should not be the knee-jerk reaction of trading nations. The deliberative function of the WTO can and must be improved. There is probably a trade-off between removing disputes from the docket and updating the legislative framework.
Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

This work details a great deal of the history and manifest forms of fractions within mathematics. Rational numbers are fractions having either a terminating or repeating decimal expansion. Determining their decimal expansions, as well as the period length of repeating decimals, is completely worked out. Modern base 10 decimal expansions are compared with ancient Babylonian base 60 sexagesimal expansions. This leads to the study of infinite sums, especially to geometric series and the notions of convergence and divergence. The Fibonacci numbers are studied along with the series for 1/89 which involves them directly. The Cantor set and the Sierpinski carpet are discussed as well. Much of elementary number theory, including congruence classes, the Euler phi function, the Euclidean algorithm, and some Diophantine equations, is introduced. The mathematical properties of Farey fractions and finite continued fractions are developed. Applications of historical note include Christiaan Huygens’ cogwheeled planetarium and Archimedes’s approximation to the value of pi. The result that the rational numbers form a countable infinity is presented along with an explicit listing of all rational numbers. There is a more practical chapter concerning the fair apportionment of a cake, variations on slicing a pizza, probability questions involving markings on a stick, and ways to divide a bar of gold in order to pay wages for various numbers of days. Egyptian fractions entailing the sum of unit fractions is extensively studied. It is shown that every fraction can be written as a finite sum of distinct unit fractions. Historical examples are given along with a fractional variation on Fermat’s Last Theorem. Infinite series and Taylor series are more formally discussed in the latter chapters together with a discussion of some famous analytical formulas for pi as well as a discussion of Euler’s solution of the Basel Problem involving the sum of the reciprocals of the squares.
Geometric Series, Powers of Three
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

Geometric series are introduced and developed, a concept dating back at least to Zeno of Elea in the fifth century bce. We then relate geometric series to finding the fractional equivalent of a repeating decimal expansion. Of particular interest are fractions with powers of 3 in the denominator such as 1/81 and 1/243. Next, we discuss the Cantor set, a topic usually covered only in an advanced real analysis course. However, here it fits in naturally within our discussion of thirds. The Cantor set is the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 that do not require the digit 1 in their ternary expansion. Finally, the Sierpinski carpet is discussed—a wonderful geometric extension of our previous topics that utilizes geometric series. The Sierpinski carpet is quite visually stunning—and yet it has area of measure zero!
Fibonacci Numbers
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The Fibonacci numbers are introduced and carefully developed together with a bit of biography of Fibonacci himself. He is best known for promoting the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe and especially for his “rabbit problem” which introduces the Fibonacci numbers. Of special interest is the decimal expansion for 1/89 having a denominator that is a Fibonacci number and amazingly can be written as an infinite sum involving all the Fibonacci numbers. The technique of mathematical induction is introduced as a simple but highly important concept that will prove useful throughout the rest of the book. Furthermore, the important topic of generating functions is introduced to aid in the careful demonstration of the decimal expansion for 1/89. The golden ratio is also discussed and is used to present a closed formula for the nth Fibonacci number in terms of powers of the golden ratio.
Euclidean Algorithm
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The ancient algorithm for calculating the greatest common divisor of two numbers is explained. Further, examples are given to show that the greatest common divisor of two numbers can be written as a linear combination of the two numbers. Two integers are relatively prime if and only the number 1 can be written as a linear combination of them. The Euclidean algorithm can also be used to calculate the least common multiple of two numbers. Finally, the arithmetic inverse of an integer modulo n is introduced in order to help facilitate the solution of linear congruences.
Euler Phi Function and the Period Length of Repeating Decimals
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The Euler phi function $\varphi (n)$ is introduced as the function that counts the number of positive integers less than a given integer relatively prime to it. A closed formula is developed step by step for the Euler phi function. Next, the Euler–Fermat theorem is introduced and explained as a natural extension of Fermat’s little theorem. The Euler–Fermat theorem states that if the integers a and n are relatively prime, then ${a^{\varphi (n)}} \equiv 1(\bmod n)$. Finally, the work of the previous chapters bears fruit as the period length of fractions of the form 1/p, where p is prime, is carefully discussed.
Continued Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

A thorough exposition of finite simple continued fractions is given. All rational numbers have such representations. Convergents to a simple continued fraction is studied and a handy algorithm is developed which helps to readily compute them. The uniqueness of a continued fraction representation is covered. The theory is naturally extended to infinite simple continued fractions including those for $\sqrt 2 $ and for $\pi $ as well as the general importance of finite continued fractions as approximations to real numbers. The chapter culminates in a robust discussion of Christiaan Huygens’ cogwheeled planetarium which utilized continued fractions.
Introduction to Taylor Series
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The useful topic of Taylor series is introduced and the Taylor series for cos x and sin x are explored. We begin by giving a full review of the basic rules and procedures for differentiation and integration. Next, Taylor polynomials as ever-increasingly accurate approximations to a function near a given point. Taylor series are introduced along with the nth Taylor remainder (the difference between the Taylor series and the nth Taylor polynomial). Taylor series are then utilized to show how Euler discovered his solution to the Basel problem of determining the precise sum of the reciprocals of the squares. The chapter concludes with a complete proof that the number e is indeed irrational.
Special Sums of Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

The Diophantine equations $$\begin{align*}\frac{x}{y} + {\text{ }}\frac{y}{x} = n\,\,{\text{and}}\,\,\frac{x}{y} + \frac{y}{z} + \frac{z}{x} = n.\end{align*}$$ are analyzed for various values of n along with some related variants. Next, we include a short biography of Francoise Viète, whose studies heralded in the modern age of analytic expressions to determine the value of pi. After a bit of review of some trigonometric identities, Viète’s stunning infinite product representation for $\frac{2}{\pi}$ involving an infinity of nested square roots of 2 is presented. In particular, $$\begin{align*}\frac{2}{\pi } = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } }}{2} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } } }}{2} \ldots .\end{align*}$$ This is followed by a short biography of John Wallis and then a full development of the Wallis product for $\frac{2}{\pi}$ is given as well. The Wallis product states that $$\begin{align*}\frac{2}{\pi } = \frac{2}{q} \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{4}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{7} \ldots .\end{align*}$$
Some Spectacular Sums of Fractions
Authors: Schumer Peter D
Published: November 2024

A nice discourse (without detailed proofs) is given for some wonderful mathematical formulas due to several mathematicians representing different nationalities and different centuries: First, we discuss William Brouncker’s infinite simple continued fraction

$\frac{4}{\pi}$ = 1 + $\frac{{{1^2}}}{{2 + \frac{{{3^2}}}{{2 + \frac{{{5^2}}}{{2 + {\text{ }}\frac{{{7^2}}}{{2 + \frac{{{9^2}}}{{2 + .~.~. }}}}}}}}}}$

Next, we discuss Leonhard Euler’s infinite simple continued fraction expansion for the number e, namely e = [2; 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 8, 1, 1, . . .] and some infinite continued fractions for pi due to Christian Goldbach. Finally, we include several mind-blowing sums due to Srinivasa Ramanujan. Here are two representative examples:

Hopefully, the final chapter will spur some readers to learn more.
The Swirl of Emotion Among Us: Affect, the Voice, and Performance Training
Authors: Hamel Christine , Cahill Ann J
Published: November 2024

Our recent theory of intervocality (Cahill and Hamel 2018, 2021) provided a new model of voice as material, relational, and socially constructed. However, our work did not substantially address the complex relationship between voice and emotion, or how that complex relationship could be taken up more effectively and ethically in actor training and the theater studio. Utilizing insights from affect theory, cultural psychology, and affective neuroscience, this article argues for the need for pedagogies that substantively engage with the cultural specificity of emotion, affect, and voice to create more just practices and experiences within the training studio and in performance.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma underneath a toenail: an unusual localization
Authors: Song Xiaoting , Li Hang , Yang Shuxia
Published: November 2024

Various subungual tumours can cause nail deformities in children; however, juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is rare. We show an image of a chronic subungual mass in a child, finally diagnosed with JXG according to the histopathology. The case warns us that if a nail deformity with a yellow discoloration is observed in a young child, subungual JXG should be considered as a differential diagnosis.
High-risk plaques in non-culprit lesions and clinical outcome after NSTEMI vs. STEMI
Authors: Volleberg Rick H J A , Mol Jan-Quinten , Belkacemi Anouar , Hermanides Renicus S , Meuwissen Martijn , Protopopov Alexey V , Laanmets Peep , Krestyaninov Oleg V , Laclé Casper F , Oemrawsingh Rohit M , van Kuijk Jan-Peter , Arkenbout Karin , van der Heijden Dirk J , Rasoul Saman , Lipsic Erik , Rodwell Laura , Camaro Cyril , Damman Peter , Roleder Tomasz , Kedhi Elvin , van Leeuwen Maarten A H , van Geuns Robert-Jan M , van Royen Niels
Published: November 2024

Aims

Complete non-culprit (NC) revascularisation may help reduce recurrent events after non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), especially if NC lesions would harbour high-risk plaque (HRP) features similar to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aimed to assess differences in fractional flow reserve (FFR)-negative NC plaque morphology in patients presenting with NSTEMI vs. STEMI and assess the association of HRP morphology and clinical outcome.

Methods and results

In the prospective PECTUS-obs study, 438 patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) of all FFR-negative intermediate NC lesions. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI or unplanned revascularisation) at 2-year follow-up. Four hundred and twenty patients had at least one analysable OCT, including 203 (48.3%) with NSTEMI and 217 (51.7%) with STEMI. The prevalence of HRPs, including thin-cap fibroatheromas, plaque rupture, and thrombus, was comparable between groups. MACE occurred in 29 (14.3%) NSTEMI patients and 16 (7.4%) STEMI patients (Puni-variable = 0.025 and Pmulti-variable = 0.270). Incidence of MACE was numerically higher among patients with HRP, irrespective of the clinical presentation at index (Pinteraction = 0.684). Among HRP criteria, plaque rupture was associated with MACE in both NSTEMI (P < 0.001) and STEMI (P = 0.020).

Conclusion

Presence of NC HRP is comparable between NSTEMI and STEMI and leads to numerically higher event rates in both. These results call for additional research on complete revascularisation in NSTEMI and treatment of HRP.

Clinical trial registration

NCT03857971
Are EU member states ready for the European Health Data Space? Lessons learnt on the secondary use of health data from the TEHDAS Joint Action
Authors: Kessissoglou Irini A , Cosgrove Shona M , Abboud Linda A , Bogaert Petronille , Peolsson Michael , Calleja Neville
Published: November 2024

The proposal for a regulation on the European Health Data Space (EHDS) contains provisions that would significantly change health data management systems in European member states (MS). This article presents results of a country mapping exercise conducted during the Joint Action ‘Towards the European Health Data Space’ (TEHDAS) in 2022. It presents the state-of-play of health data management systems in 12 MS and their preparedness to comply with the EHDS provisions. The country mapping exercise consisted of virtual or face-to-face semi-structured interviews to a selection of key stakeholders of the health information systems. A semi-quantitative analysis of the reports was conducted and is presented here, focusing on key aspects related to the user journey through the EHDS. This article reveals a heterogenous picture in countries’ readiness to comply with the EHDS provisions. There is a need to improve digitalization and quality of health data at source across most countries. Less than half of the countries visited have or are developing a national datasets catalogue. Although the process to access health data varies, researchers can analyse health data in secure processing environments in all countries visited. Most of the countries use a unique personal identifier for health to facilitate data linkage. The study concluded that the current landscape is heterogeneous, and no member state is fully ready yet to comply with the future regulation. However, there is general political will and ongoing efforts to align health data management systems with the provisions in the EHDS legislative proposal.
Defining vulnerabilities and enabling community engagement in epidemics preparedness: the CAVE model from Austria
Authors: Grohma Paul , Wojczewski Silvia , Juen Barbara , Riedel Priya-Lena , Seufert Frederik , Streifeneder Vanessa , Reichel Steffen , Pichler Sandra , Kulcar Vanessa , Nestlinger Sandra , Stickler Monika , Schober Cornelia , Scheller Hermann , Kutalek Ruth
Published: November 2024

During the COVID-19 outbreak the transdisciplinary research project CAVE (Community Engagement and Vulnerability Assessment in Epidemics) investigated perceptions and practicability of public health communication among stakeholders of care and social facilities in Austria. It aimed at finding accurate definitions of vulnerability in the context of epidemics and at developing operational models for engagement of vulnerable groups in co-creating epidemic response mechanisms. Transdisciplinary methods included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and desk reviews as well as spatial analysis and composite indicator-based mapping methods. Informants and participants in the community engagement phase represented clients as well as middle and lower management levels of Austrian care and social facilities for older persons and persons with cognitive impairments, persons depending on mobile healthcare services, homeless people, and socially deprived communities. A narrow definition of vulnerability as well as missing strategies for participation and community engagement limited communication with stakeholders and the implementation of protective measures. An inclusive definition of vulnerability beyond medical and physical indicators should be employed to account for social, psychological, and emotional aspects contributing to a higher risk of being affected by epidemics. The CAVE model provides a multi-level definition of vulnerability that allows for participatory engagement in co-creating adapted crisis response measures. We suggest policymakers and health authorities to consider a broader definition of vulnerability and to commit to pro-active engagement with stakeholders representing these sectors. This requires the establishment and maintenance of communication structures as well as political recognition of civic participation in the creation and implementation of epidemic response measures.
Towards the integration of environmental DNA analysis to profile the upper mesopelagic fish layer in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Tibone Maddalena , Cariou Thibault , O'Donnell Ciaran , Stefanni Sergio , Aguzzi Jacopo , O'Neill Bernadette , Reid David , Mirimin Luca
Published: November 2024

Interest in mesopelagic fish layers is on the rise due to the potential exploitability of their macrofauna; hence, profiling their fish community is crucial to enable the sustainability of future fishing practices. In this context, a dedicated survey was carried out in September 2022 along the Irish shelf break, where fishing (catch) and eDNA metabarcoding analysis using a portable high-throughput sequencer were performed to investigate the fish community of the upper mesopelagic layer. Catch data showed that the targeted layers consisted mainly of the young-of-the-year cohort of Mueller’s pearlside (Maurolicus muelleri), a mesopelagic fish, with little bycatch. eDNA data reflected the high prevalence of M. muelleri’s eDNA (56%–97% of assigned reads), identified species undetected by fishing, and showed that the least represented species differed in water samples collected before or after fishing activities. While this reflects current limitations of each technique, it also shows that a multidisciplinary approach may provide an increased level of resolution for M. muelleri layer’s ancillary fish community. Findings from the present study provided important insights to further refine sample acquisition and rapid processing of eDNA metabarcoding data, which beholds great potential to corroborate fishing methods when ground truthing acoustic approaches in mesopelagic fish layers assessments.
Asymptomatic Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Escape: Incidence and Consequences
Authors: Ulfhammer Gustaf , Yilmaz Aylin , Mellgren Åsa , Tyrberg Erika , Sörstedt Erik , Hagberg Lars , Gostner Johanna , Fuchs Dietmar , Zetterberg Henrik , Nilsson Staffan , Nyström Kristina , Edén Arvid , Gisslén Magnus
Published: November 2024

Background

The incidence and clinical relevance of asymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid escape (CSFE) during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is uncertain. We examined the impact and incidence of asymptomatic CSFE in a Swedish HIV cohort.

Methods

Neuroasymptomatic people with HIV (PWH) who have been on ART for at least 6 months with suppressed plasma viral load were followed longitudinally. CSFE was defined as either increased CSF HIV-1 RNA with concurrent plasma suppression or CSF HIV-1 RNA exceeding that in plasma when both were quantifiable. Paired CSF and plasma were analyzed for HIV-1 RNA, neopterin, neurofilament light protein (NfL), white blood cell (WBC) count, and albumin ratio.

Results

Asymptomatic CSFE (cutoff 50 copies/mL) was found in 4 of 173 PWH (2%) and 5 of 449 samples (1%). The corresponding proportions were 8% of PWH and 4% for samples using a 20 copies/mL cutoff for CSF HIV-1 RNA. CSFE samples (cutoff 20 copies/mL) had a 25% higher geometric mean of CSF neopterin (P = .01) and 8% higher albumin ratio (P = .04) compared to samples without CSFE. No differences were observed in CSF NfL levels (P = .8). The odds ratio for increased CSF WBC (≥ 3 cells/μL) in samples with CSFE was 3.9 (P = .004), compared to samples without elevated CSF viral load.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic CSFE was identified in only 4 (2%) PWH, with no cases of continuous CSFE observed. Increased CSF HIV-1 RNA was associated with biomarkers of CNS immune activation and blood-brain barrier impairment, but not with biomarkers of neuronal injury.
Level 2 Modification (Matrix Extension) Study of the Neogen® Molecular Detection Assay 2—Salmonella Enteritidis/Salmonella Typhimurium Method: Detection of Salmonella enterica Ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica Ser. Typhimurium in Cooked Breaded Chicken and Raw Ground Chicken (25 g). AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 122302
Authors: Le Quynh-Nhi , Mozola Mark , Crowley Erin , Deterding Andrew , Roman Brooke
Published: November 2024

Background

The Neogen® Molecular Detection Assay 2—Salmonella Enteritidis/Salmonella Typhimurium (MDA2-SE/ST) method is a nucleic acid amplification test for specific detection of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium (ST), including the ST monophasic variant Salmonella enterica  1,4, [5], 12: i:-, in select poultry samples. Results for SE and ST are generated separately. The method was previously validated for testing of chicken carcass rinse and raw ground chicken (325 g).

Objective

The objective of the study was to validate the MDA2-SE/ST method for detection of SE and ST in cooked breaded chicken and raw ground chicken (25 g) as a Level 2 modification for Performance Tested MethodSM certification.

Methods

Inclusivity/exclusivity testing and independent laboratory testing of cooked breaded chicken and raw ground chicken (25 g) were conducted.

Results

In inclusivity testing with buffered peptone water (BPW-ISO) broth at 41.5°C, all 50 SE strains produced positive results in the SE assay and negative results in the ST assay. All 53 ST strains (including the monophasic variant) produced positive results in the ST assay and negative results in the SE assay. All 35 exclusivity strains produced negative results in both assays. The exclusivity panel included multiple non-SE group D1  Salmonella serovars, multiple non-ST group B serovars, Salmonella spp. from other somatic groups, and other Enterobacteriaceae. In matrix testing, there were no significant differences in the number of positive results obtained with the MDA2-SE/ST and reference methods by probability of detection analysis at the 95% confidence level.

Conclusion

Results of the matrix extension study showed that the MDA2-SE/ST method is an accurate method for detection of SE and ST in cooked breaded chicken and raw ground chicken (25 g).

Highlights

Validation of the MDA2-SE/ST method for two additional matrixes provides users with additional capability for specific detection of SE and ST in poultry products.
Dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf powder improves growth performance and antioxidant capacity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in broilers
Authors: Hu Zhijin , Qiu Yibin , Han Jiahao , Feng Fu , Chu Yunyun , Li Zhangcheng , Jiang Liwen , Sun Zhihong , Wang Lingang , Chen Chen , Tang Zhiru
Published: November 2024

This study focused on the effects of dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (ZBL) powder on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in broilers. The experiment adopted a single-factor completely random design, and 440 healthy 1-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (CON) was fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet, the CZ1 group was fed a basic diet with 1% ZBL powder, the CZ2 group fed a basic diet with 2% ZBL powder, and the CZ3 group fed a basic diet with 3% ZBL powder. The experiment was divided into the starter period (1 to 21 d) and the grower period (22 to 42 d). There were 5 replicates per group in the starter period, with 22 chickens per replicate. The same grouping as in the starter period was used in the grower period, with 20 chickens per replicate. The results showed that the addition of ZBL powder to the diet had no adverse effects on the growth performance and morphological structure of the intestine of broiler chickens in the CZ1 and CZ2 groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the diet with 1% and 2% ZBL powder significantly increased the antioxidant indicators such as CAT, T-AOC, and T-SOD in the serum and liver tissue of broiler chickens, it upregulated the related gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid derived-2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway such as Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, SOD1, and CAT in the jejunal mucosa and enhanced the expression of ZO-1 and OCLN genes in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1% and 2% of ZBL powder in the daily diet can enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity by elevating antioxidant levels in both serum and liver, upregulating the expression of genes associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the jejunal mucosa, and helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The optimal addition level of ZBL powder in the diet was determined by quadratic regression analysis to be 1.36% to 1.60% during days 1 to 21 and 1.14% to 1.50% during days 22 to 42.
Dietary glycine supplementation enhances creatine availability in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Posey Erin A , He Wenliang , Steele Chandler C , Savell Jeffrey W , Bazer Fuller W , Wu Guoyao
Published: November 2024

This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with glycine (Gly) enhances the synthesis and availability of creatine (Cr) in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). At weaning (21 d of age), IUGR pigs and litter mates with normal birth weights (NBW) were assigned randomly to 1 of the 2 groups, namely, supplementation with 1% Gly or 1.19% l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. Blood, kidneys, liver, pancreas, jejunum, longissimus lumborum muscle (LLM), and gastrocnemius muscle (GM) were obtained from the pigs within 1 wk after the feeding trial ended at 188 d of age to determine concentrations of guanidinoacetate (GAA), Cr, creatinine, and phosphocreatine (CrP). The organs were also analyzed for activities and mRNA levels for Cr-synthetic enzymes: l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; forming GAA from Gly and l-arginine) and guanidinoacetate n-methyltransferase (GAMT; converting GAA and l-methionine into Cr). AGAT activity was present in the kidneys, liver, and pancreas, whereas GAMT activity was found in all the organs analyzed. AGAT and GAMT were most active per gram of tissue in the kidneys and pancreas, respectively. Based on tissue mass, the kidneys had the greatest (P < 0.001) AGAT activity per whole organ, followed by the liver, while skeletal muscle had the greatest (P < 0.001) GAMT activity per whole organ, followed by the liver. Thus, the kidneys played a dominant role in forming GAA, whereas skeletal muscle and liver were the major sites for converting GAA into Cr. Dietary supplementation with 1% Gly enhanced AGAT activity in the kidneys and pancreas but reduced GAMT activity in the pancreas and small intestine, therefore directing GAA to the liver and skeletal muscle for Cr production. IUGR selectively reduced the concentration of Cr in LLM among all the organs studied. Except for the GM that had greater mRNA levels for GAMT in IUGR than in NBW pigs, neither Gly nor IUGR affected mRNA levels for the selected genes in the tissues examined. Collectively, these novel results indicate that dietary Gly intake upregulates the Cr-synthetic pathway in swine.
How host-microbiome/holobiont evolution depends on whether the microbiome affects host lifespan or fecundity
Authors: Brown Alexandra L , Koskella Britt , Boots Mike
Published: November 2024

There is overwhelming evidence that the microbiome can be important to host physiology and fitness. As such, there is interest in and some theoretical work on understanding when hosts and microbiomes (co)evolve so that microbes benefit hosts and hosts favour beneficial microbes. However, the outcome of evolution likely depends on how microbes benefit hosts. Here, we use adaptive dynamics to investigate how host and symbiont evolution depend on whether symbionts increase host lifespan or host reproduction in a simple model of host and symbiont dynamics. In addition, we investigate 2 ways hosts release (and transmit) symbionts: by releasing symbionts steadily during their lifetime or by releasing them at reproduction, potentially increasing symbionts’ chances of infecting the host’s offspring. The former is strict horizontal transmission, whereas the latter is also a form of indirect or “pseudovertical” transmission. Our first key result is that the evolution of symbionts that benefit host fecundity requires pseudovertical transmission, while the evolution of symbionts that benefit host lifespan does not. Furthermore, our second key result is that when investing in host benefits is costly to the free-living symbiont stage, intermediate levels of pseudovertical transmission are needed for selection to favour beneficial symbionts. This is true regardless of fitness effects because release at reproduction increases the free-living symbiont population, which increases competition for hosts. Consequently, hosts could evolve away from traits that favour beneficial symbionts. Generally, our work emphasizes the importance of different forms of vertical transmission and fitness benefits in host, microbiome, and holobiont evolution as highlighted by our prediction that the evolution of fecundity-increasing symbionts requires parent-to-offspring transmission.
Undecidability of the degree structure of primitive recursive m-reducibility
Authors: Kalmurzayev Birzhan S , Bazhenov Nikolay A , Iskakov Alibek M
Published: November 2024

Let $\mathbf{C}^{pr}_{m}$ be the upper semilattice of degrees of computable sets with respect to primitive recursive $m$-reducibility. We prove that the first-order theory of $\mathbf{C}^{pr}_{m}$ is hereditarily undecidable.
Large and complex X-ray time lags from black hole accretion discs with compact inner coronae
Authors: Uttley Phil , Malzac Julien
Published: November 2024

Black hole X-ray binaries in their hard and hard-intermediate states display hard and soft time lags between broad-band noise variations (high-energy emission lagging low-energy and vice versa), which could be used to constrain the geometry of the disc and Comptonizing corona in these systems. Comptonization and reverberation lag models, which are based on light-travel delays, can imply coronae that are very large (hundreds to thousands of gravitational radii, $R_{g}$) and in conflict with constraints from X-ray spectral modelling and polarimetry. Here, we show that the observed large and complex X-ray time lags can be explained by a model where fluctuations are generated in and propagate through the blackbody-emitting disc to a relatively compact ($\sim$10 $R_{g}$) inner corona. The model naturally explains why the disc variations lead coronal variations with a Fourier-frequency dependent lag at frequencies $\lt 1$ Hz, since longer variability time-scales originate from larger disc radii. The propagating fluctuations also modulate successively the coronal seed photons from the disc, heating of the corona via viscous dissipation and the resulting reverberation signal. The interplay of these different effects leads to the observed complex pattern of lag behaviour between disc and power-law emission and different power-law energy bands, the energy-dependence of power-spectral shape, and a strong dependence of spectral-timing properties on coronal geometry. The observed spectral-timing complexity is thus a natural consequence of the response of the disc-corona system to mass-accretion fluctuations propagating through the disc.
Scaffolding methods for systems of equations encountered in introductory physics courses
Authors: Robert Baker Mark
Published: November 2024

In the first semester calculus-based introductory physics course, the majority of problems that require mathematical methods use methods associated to solving systems of equations rather than methods of calculus. However, this is rarely explicitly stated, which is misleading to incoming students and gives them an unnecessary layer of fear with the “calculus” branding. Without explicit focus on the primary mathematical requirement, students can get the impression that there are hundreds of distinct problems presented in standard textbooks, which in fact rely primarily on just two types of systems of equations: linear and linear-quadratic systems. To address this, we developed a general system of equations method for introductory physics that places additional emphasis on setting up a system of equations, determining its type, performing a test to assess possible solutions and interpreting the problem geometrically. This method uses mathematics and concepts standard to high school curriculum and provides scaffolding to students as there are several ways in which they can demonstrate understanding of the problem before attempting to solve for an unknown. The scaffolding of this approach, combined with limiting the apparent scope of possible problems students can face and increased general understanding of the possible solutions, is sufficient to offset the additional steps that are expected of students in the problem solving process. We give common introductory physics problems as examples of the implementation of our methodology for both linear and linear-quadratic systems. Discussion of the various benefits and variations of this approach is also presented.
Beyond the Label: Extended Indications for Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
Authors: Bay Annika , Zhao Eric R. , Kwas Cole T. , Simon Chad Z. , Asada Tomoyuki , Qureshi Sheeraz A.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of non-FDA-approved applications of cervical disc arthroplasty, including the comparison with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, serving as a reference for education and clinical decision-making.
Promoting Race and Ethnic Diversity in a Hospital-Based Randomized Clinical Trial to Address Untreated Alcohol Use Disorder: Initial Lessons Learned
Authors: Edelman E. Jennifer , Frankforter Tami , Rojas-Perez Oscar F. , Ablondi Karen , Castro Carla , Corvino Joanne , Garcia Isabel , Gordon Derrick M. , Jaramillo Yudilyn , Johnson Natrina L. , Jordan Ayana , Nich Charla , Paris Manuel , Pagano David , Weimer Melissa B. , Williams Emily C. , Kiluk Brian D.
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to describe initial experiences and lessons learned conducting a trial focused on recruiting racially and ethnically diverse hospitalized patients with untreated alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Methods

The parent trial is comparing the effectiveness of strategies including Brief Negotiation Interview (BNI), facilitated initiation of medications for AUD, and computer-based training for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT) on AUD treatment engagement post-hospitalization. Guided by the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications—Enhanced, we catalogued protocol changes and evaluated outcomes using study and electronic medical record data during the first 18 months of recruitment.

Results

Recipients: (1) Selected entry criterion to intentionally include individuals most likely impacted by structural racism, (2) developed multipronged recruitment approaches, and (3) selected bilingual, multicultural, and ethnically diverse research staff. Intervention: (1) Added scripts in the BNI to consider how cultural factors influence and how racism may impact, alcohol use, and AUD treatment engagement, (2) offered tablets as a compensation alternative with support for CBT4CBT initiation (as relevant), and (3) anticipate and troubleshoot internet access challenges. Setting: (1) Identified community-based AUD treatment options with Spanish-speaking services and (2) identified resources to address social determinants of health. Study: (1) Audited data to monitor whether diverse enrollment is occurring. Among n = 132 randomized as of March 1, 2024, 25% endorsed Black, 24% endorsed Latine, 58% endorsed White, 1% endorsed Indigenous, and 15% endorsed race not listed or declined to disclose. We observed no difference by race or ethnicity in recruitment or retention experiences.

Conclusions

Multilevel practices within a hospital-based AUD-focused trial can promote recruitment and retention of a racially and ethnically diverse sample.