bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 7 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied twice, at late ground cracking (LGC) about 4 wk after planting (2 Jun) and again at early postemergence (EPO) about 6 wk after planting (15 Jun). Treatments were applied as a 12-inch band over the row with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal formulation per acre at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. A seed treatment (Hopper box) was included in 2 treatments. Product and seed was layered and gently mixed in the planter box just before planting. Aldicarb (Temik 15GF) was applied to 1 treatment into the seed furrow (IF) at planting as a standard for comparison. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Metam-sodium (Vapam at 10 gal per acre) was applied to the entire test 2 wk before planting 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Carbofuran, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in a commercial rice field farmed by Bill Dishman in Jefferson County, TX. The experiment consisted of 5 treatments with 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. Plot size was 16 ft × 8 ft. The field was broadcast planted at 110 lb seed/acre on 23 May and rice emerged 30 May. Nitrogen was applied at 50 lb and 100 lb/acre at planting and preflood, respectively. Phosphorus was applied at 40 lb/acre at planting. Propanil was applied preflood at about 3 to 4 lb (AI)/acre. The field was flush irrigated until 2 Jul when the permanent flood was initiated. Metal barriers were placed around all plots which were infested immediately before the permanent flood with 50 adult RWW per plot. RWW were collected from untreated, flooded rice. Granular carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker at the rates and times described in the table. Liquid treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle spray rig with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens. Spray volume was 20 gal/acre. Rates and times are described in the table. Flowable Furadan was applied to urea by slowly pipetting the liquid onto the fertilizer in a glass jar which was continually agitated for 5 min. The carbofuran-coated urea was air dried and clumps were manually broken up and applied by hand. The carbofuran-coated urea was applied at 51 lb N/acre and 1.0 lb carbofuran/acre immediately before the permanent flood. On 27 Jul (25 d after initiation of the permanent flood) 10, 4 inch diam by 4 inch deep soil cores each containing about 1 plant were removed from each plot. Cores were washed and roots inspected for RWW larvae and pupae. Plots were not harvested because of poor and inconsistent weed control. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and where applicable means separated by DMRT.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Yellow Sugarcane Aphid on Sorghum Seedlings, 1992
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Two organophosphates, a carbamate, and a pyrethroid insecticide were evaluated for YSA control in a research greenhouse at Texas A&M University. Seedlings of a commercial sorghum hybrid (ATx399 × RTx430) were grown in 110-mm germination pots containing a prepared soil mixture composed of peat, vermiculite, and perlite in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. Two d after plant emergence and 9 d prior to insecticide applications, each seedling plant was infested with 10 YSA. There were 10 single-seedling replications for each treatment. Insecticides were applied on 11 Dec by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles at 35 psi producing a finished spray volume of 6.4 gal/acre. A pretreatment count of YSA was made the day of insecticide application, and post-treatment counts of YSA were made at 1,2, and 3 DAT. Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) formula. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and REGWQ.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean, 1993
Authors: DeLamar Z. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: December 2017

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the E. V. Smith Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University at Tallassee, AL. Eleven treatments including an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each plot was 6 rows wide (30 inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 13 Aug using a boom sprayer with one 80003 flat fan nozzle per row operating at 32 psi and delivering 8.0 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored with 2 beat sheet samples per plot. One beat sheet sample was done when 36 inches of the 2 adjacent rows were sampled by beating the plants vigorously over the beat sheet. Insects were identified and recorded in situ. Samples were taken 18 h before treatment and at 3, 7 and 10 DAT.
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar treatments for tobacco aphid control on flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 12 May. Fourteen treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gpa at 60 psi through 3 TX-lO nozzles/row on 9 Jul and 16 Aug. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before treatment and at 3, 6, 12, and 20 DAT. Except for insect control, flue-cured tobacco production methods followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Price was based on 1993 market prices for the assigned grades. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using DMRT. Aphid counts were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before ANOVA. Actual means are presented in the table.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Tift County, Ga, 1992
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: December 2017

Six treatments wen evaluated as follows: Orthene® and Safecide® applied as dry powders over the top of active mounds, Orthene® applied as a drench, Logic® and Safecide’ baits sprinkled around the base of active mounds, and an untreated control. Each 0.2 acre circular plot was permanently marked with an orange surveyor stake. Three replicates were used for each treatment. Pretreatment counts were taken on 29 Jul in the 0.1 acre inner circle of each plot. Posttreatmeni counts of active mounds in the 0.1 acre inner circle were made on 6 Aug, 25 Aug, 3 Sep, and 20 Oct. Treatments were initiated at 7:30 AM on 29 Jul The average soil temperature was 90°F.
Control of Mole Crickets on Golf Courses in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: December 2017

Fifteen by 15 ft plots were established on the heavily infested fairway of hole #14 of Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Boiling Spring Lakes. Treatments with 3 replicates were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on the afternoon of 4 Aug. Granular formulations were applied using shaker jars and sprays were applied using a backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzles at 40 psi. Soil was moist at application from rain the previous night and the entire test was irrigated after treatment to wet the soil to a depth of 0.5 inch. Air temperature was 85°F, and soil temperature was 86°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.7% humic matter and a pH of 5.9: All plots were evaluated on 25 Aug (21 DAT) and 8 Sep (35 DAT). Evaluations were performed by making 3 random damage grid ratings (0-9) of freshly occurring damage in each plot. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Dursban and Oftanol Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) and isofenphos (Oftanol 2F) were applied on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom) or 10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom) or on both dates to 2 × 2 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a CRD. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass (60%), creeping bentgrass (40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied with watering cans, using 2 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 0.4-0.6 cm irrigation within 1 h after application on each date. Soil pH was 6.2, water pH of water used for application was 5.8 on 28 Apr, 6.0 on 10 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 18% 3rd instar, 24% 4th instar, 50% 5th instar, and 9% pupae.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Dursban Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) was applied at reduced rates (1.1 or 2.2 kg (AI)/ha) on two of three dates. Applications were made on 28 Apr (Forsythia in full bloom),10 May (Cornus florida in full bloom), or 24 May using a golf course sprayer (FMC unit, operating at 700 liters/ha, 5.5 m boom width). Plots ran the width of the fairway (ca. 25 m) and were 5.7 m wide. Plots were replicated 4 times in a CRD and were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY; annual bluegrass (30%), creeping bentgrass (70%), maintained at 1.2 cm. Soil pH was 6.4, water pH used for application was 5.8 on 28 Apr, 6.0 on 10 May, and 6.1 on 24 May. Product efficacy was evaluated on 14 Jun by removing 9 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) from both ends of each plot, at least 1 m from the edge. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (6 observations per plot, 24 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 1% 3rd instar, 6% 4th instar, 56% 5th instar, and 34% pupae.
Efficacy of Insecticides Applied Curatively Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), acephate (Orthene 75SP), trichlorfon (Proxol 80SP), or bendiocarb (Turcam 76WP or 2.5G) was applied in small plots on a golf course fairway on 17 May to control annual bluegrass weevil larvae. Plots were 1.8 × 1.8 m, replicated 5 times in a CRD and were established on a golf course fairway in Harrison, NY—annual bluegrass (30%), creeping bentgrass (70%), maintained at 1.2 cm. All applications were made by hand—liquid formulations were diluted in 2 liters water and applied with watering cans, granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Approximately half the material was applied in one direction, and the remaining half was applied in the perpendicular direction. All materials except Orthene were applied and watered in with 0.5 cm irrigation, and then the Orthene plots were applied. No further irrigation was applied following the Orthene applications. Product efficacy was evaluated on 21 Jun by removing 12 soil cores (5.7 cm diam, 4 cm deep) from each plot, al least 0.5 m from the edge. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 4% 3rd instar, 4% 4th instar, 36% 5th instar, 28% pupae, and 28% adults.
Pear, Late Season Evaluation of Agri-Mek in Combination with Spray Adjuvants, 1993
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard
Published: December 2017

The study was con ducted in an 8 year old commercial Bosc orchard 16.9 acres in size. The orchard was divided into 8 treatments, each replicated three times in a randomized block design. Applications were made 8 Jul using a commercial air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 100 gpa. Densities of PP and TSM were estimated from leaf samples consisting of 10 mature and 10 young leaves 8 days post treatment and then bi-weekly. Leaves were brushed and the stages and numbers of each species were counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly (SW) on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1993
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Poin settias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Leaves were counted from the top (leaf of >2 cm2) down. Twenty SW adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on the adaxial surface of leaf no. 5 for 24 h to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Ten days later the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count (0 DAT). Plants were assigned to treatments to obtain an equal no. of immatures/treatment. Five plants/treatment were arranged in a randomized block design on a greenhouse bench. Ten treatments and a water treated control were applied by hand sprayer at 45 psi. Post-treatment counts were made at 7 DAT and 14 DAT.
Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid with Soil Injections Using Merit 2F (Imidacloprid) and Metasystox- R2 (Oxydemeton-Methyl), 1993
Authors: Bruce Steward V. , Horner Tracy A.
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted at Longwood Gardens, located near Kennett Square, PA, to determine the effectiveness of soil injections for controlling hemlock woolly adelgids on eastern hemlocks. All trees tested were heavily infested and showed signs of damage, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Between 18-21 May from 6-9 am, soil injections 6-9 inches deep were made around the drip line of hemlocks ranging in diameter at breast height (DBH) from 3-39 inches. A Hypro Corp. diaphragm sprayer operating at 100 psi with a deep root feeding gun purchased from American Arborist Supplies, West Chester, PA, was used to perform the injections. For each inch of DBH, 1 gal of water and 0.25 oz of Merit 2F or 1.5 oz of Metasystox-R2, respectively, were injected around each tree. Two injections per inch of DBH were made per tree. Each treatment was replicated 11 times. Conditions during treatment were: cloudy skies; air temperature, 10-21°C; 50-90% RH; soil temperature. 5—10°C; soil pH, 4.5-6.0; soil type, silt loam. On 31 May, 1.5 inches of rain were received. Treatments were evaluated 18-26 Oct by randomly sampling 5 branches from both the bottom one-half and top one-half of each tree. The first 100 adelgids on the new growth of each branch were examined microscopically and recorded as dead or alive; 11,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment.
Efficacy of Penncap M in the Control of Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experimental site was a Christmas tree plantation of white spruce in Stratham, NH. The experiment was a RCB design with 10 single tree replicates. Trees were 5-8 ft tall. Treatments were applied 14 May, when new buds were 0.25 inch elongated. Treatments were applied in water with a Solo backpack sprayer using 100 gal/acre. Thorough coverage was achieved and sprays dried on. Air temperature was 72°F at the time of application. There was no precipitation for 3 d after application. Trees were rated 29 Aug, by counting the number of galls on 10 branches/tree.
Apple, Insecticide DIP Test (Tabm vs. Insecticides), 1993
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Warren J. R.
Published: December 2017

A large commercial apple grower reported failure in attempts to control TABM with airblast applications of Penncap M (2 pt/acre) combined with methomyl (3 pt/acre). At the time of the grower applications larval hatch had begun and most larvae were in the first or second instar. By the time larvae were entering the third instar (10 days after spray application) it was apparent that commercially acceptable control had not been achieved. In 1992 this grower also had poor control when Penncap M was applied to suppress redbanded leafroller and experiments showed that tolerance of Penncap M was present in the resident RBLR population (Horsburgh et al. 1992). This laboratory bioassay was begun on 3 Sep to determine tolerance of the TABM population to Penncap M and other insecticides. Seven treatments (including a water control) were selected and rates calculated on the basis of 300 gal of spray being applied per acre. The appropriate dosage of pesticide for each treatment was mixed with 1 gallon of 77°F water in clean 1 gallon battery jars. Twenty plastic petri dishes containing moistened filter paper were prepared and served as individual cages for twenty 3rd instars per treatment. The larvae, on single leaves, were immersed in the appropriate solutions for five seconds and the leaf placed on the moist filter paper. The petri dish cover was put in place and the cages held at room temperature (80°F) for the duration of the test. All larvae were examined at 24 hour intervals and mortality was recorded. Death of larvae was assumed when no movement was observed when the larvae were gently prodded with a blunt steel probe.
Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Surfactant Materials to Sweetpotato Whitefly Nymphs, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A.
Published: December 2017

Whitefly-free tomato plants were placed in a greenhouse containing an SPW established culture on potted tomato plants. Adjacent plants were agitated for immediate movement of adults to the treated plants. After an oviposition period of 24 h, plants and adults were removed and excluded. After caging plants for 10 d., leaves with young nymphs were dipped in three concentrations of insecticides and placed individually in 20 ml glass vials anchored in the bottom center of 0.9 liter clear plastic cup-cages. Nymphs were examined at 4 d for mortality. The experiment was conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70 ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Chemical Control of Citrus Leafminer in Florida Grapefruit, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Knapp J. L.
Published: December 2017

The trial was carried out on 1-year old white Marsh grapefruit trees 6 ft tall on 24 × 13 ft spacing in Immokalee, Fla. A randomized complete block design was used with 12 treatments and 5 replications. Plots consisted of ten trees selected from a 60-tree row based on availability of new flush. All treatments were mixed per 100 gal with 5% FC-435-66 petroleum oil (except Micromite 2F and Micromite + Kinetic). Treatments were applied 15 Sep with a hand gun sprayer at 200 psi, calibrated 0.26 gal/tree or 38 gal/acre. Samples were taken at - 1 d and 1, 5 and 12 DAT and consisted of 5 flush branches from 5 different trees, from which 5 consecutive leaves were observed. One and 5 DAT samples were examined with a dissecting microscope to determine larval size and condition (alive or dead). The 12 DAT sample was examined in the field where the number of mines and percent leaf damage was estimated on 5 new, fully expanded leaves on 5 flushes per plot.
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Broccoli and Lettuce, 1992
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H.
Published: December 2017

The studies were conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA in randomized complete blocks design with four replicates. Hybrid broccoli, cv. ‘Packman’ at 7.6 seeds/ft seed row, and head lettuce, cv. ‘Empire MI’ at 8.5 seeds/ft seed row, each in separate plots, were planted on 25 Sep. Plots of each crop were two rows (beds) in 40-inch row spacing and 20 ft long. Seed rows of each crop were spaced 20 inches apart on a bed. Plots were separated by two fallow rows and blocks separated by 20-ft fallow alleys. Treatments were (1) untreated, (2) weekly foliar application of Capture 0.08 lb Al/acre and Monitor 0.75 lb Al/acre, (3) weekly foliar application of mixture of Danitol 0.2 lb Al/acre and Monitor 0.75 lb Al/acre, (4) soil application of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre at planting, (5) treatment 4 plus foliar application once of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre 3 weeks after planting, (6) treatment 4 plus foliar application once of Admire 0.345 lb Al/acre 4 weeks after planting, (7) treatment 4 plus weekly foliar application of treatment 2 beginning on week 4 after planting, (8) treatment 4 plus weekly foliar application of treatment 3 beginning on week 4 after planting, (9) weekly foliar application of CGA 245704 0.044 lb Al/acre. Weekly foliar applications of treatments 2, 3 and 9 were initiated on 7 Oct (7 days after plant emergence or 12 days after planting). A total of seven applications was made. Foliar applications of treatments 5 and 6 were made on 14 and 21 Oct, respectively. Five weekly applications of treatment 7 and 8 were made beginning on 21 Oct. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer to deliver 29 gal/acre. SPWF immatures were counted on each side of a leaf disk of 3.14 cm2 taken from each fourth leaf from plant terminals. Pretreatment counts were made on leaf discs from ten leaves on 6 Oct, 1 day before the first treatments were applied. Thereafter weekly leaf samples were taken 6 days after each application and 1 day before the next application. The last samples were taken on 29 Dec. Crops were harvested three times on 4, 11 and 18 Jan 1993.
Biological Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Mid-Season Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 14 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 24 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Biofilm, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 8 oz/100 gal to all treatments except the Agree + K (Kinetic) treatment. Kinetic was added at the rate of 12 oz/100 gal. Plots were evaluated on 30 Jul and 5 Aug by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the plants were identified and counted.
Control of Lepidoptera by Ciba-Geigy Materials and Field Standards on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 15 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 32.6 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. To test against a population of Bt Kurstaki resistant diamondback moth, three plants per replication were inoculated on 13 Jul with 20 DBM second instar larvae per plant from our Bt Kurstaki resistant DBM lab colony. Imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper were natural populations. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul prior to inoculation and evaluations were made on 16 Jul. Evaluations were made by selecting the inoculated plants, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals. Subsequent weekly seasonal applications for natural populations of Lepidoptera were made on 20, 28 Jul, 11, 18, 27 Aug and 2 Sep. Evaluations were made on 3, 27 Aug and 9 Sep. All evaluations were made by selecting three plants per replication, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals for the entire season.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cole Crops, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Vates’ collards were planted at the Muck Crops Branch, Celeryville, OH, on 17 Jun. The experimental plots were 3 rows wide on 20 inch centers, 15 ft long and separated by 3 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. A single application was made 22 Jul using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Activator 90 was added at 2 pts/100 gal solution to all Bacillus thuringiensis treatments. Latron B-1956 was added to both RH5992 and RH2485 at 0.06% vol/vol solution. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1 st- 2nd instars) and large (>3rd instars) larvae on 27 Jul.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1993
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted at the Arlington Agriculture Research Station, Arlington, WI at 19,500 seeds per acre on 21 Jun. Each treatment was one row wide and 12 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Adjacent plots were separated by one border row. The first spray was applied when the crop started pollinating on 22 Aug. Subsequent sprays were applied on 26 Aug and 1,10 Sep. All treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with two 8001 TeeJet nozzles which deliver 263 1 of finished spray per ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was directed at the ear zone and each side of the row was treated. Plots were evaluated 20 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears. “Early” to “Mid” earworm larvae were up to 18 cm long and “Late” larvae were greater than 18 cm long.
Insect Control on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Spring 1994
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 10 Mar, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 10 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2- powered sprayer on 29 Mar, 4, 11, 18, 25 Apr, 2, 9, 16, 23 May, and 1 Jun. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. On 15 Apr and 4 May, each plant in each plot was inspected for small (≤0.5 inch long) and large (>0.5 inch long) beet armyworm larvae and the data were combined over both dates. Fruit were harvested on 13 May, 1, and 14 Jun and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with either slight or severe damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the inside of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil. On 16 Jun, each plot was sampled by dislodging the insects from the tops of five plants with a garden stake into the bottom of a rectangular cake pan painted black and coated with a thin film of vegetable oil. The numbers of pepper weevil adults, whitefly adults, predator adults and immatures, and aphids were counted. The numbers of predators were totaled over all species since few of any one species were present.
Control of Melon Thrips on Pepper, Test 2, Spring, 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a 0.4 ha field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Jalapeno’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 20 Mar 1994. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. The field was cultivated weekly to clean weeds between the rows. Fertilizer was applied in kg/ha at 366 N, 732 P, 732 K on two dates; at planting and 4 wk after planting. The field was irrigated by drip system at weekly intervals delivering approximately 5 cm depth. Plots were 4 rows each 7.6 m long. Six treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Chemicals were applied on 25 May, 1, 8, and 17 Jun 1994 with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting a sample of 25 leaves from the center of two middle rows of each treatment 24 h after each insecticide application. Leaf samples were placed separately in one-liter plastic cups and transported to the laboratory. Thrips were separated from the leaves by washing with 70% ethanol, and the number of adults and larvae in each sample was recorded.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 18 May at the Pinney Purdue Agricultural Center, Wanatah, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 5 ft apart, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Foliar sprays were applied with a COz-powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 19 gal water/acre at 32 psi. Sprays were applied on 21 Jun, 5, 22 Jul, and 2 Aug. Two different treatment rates of Admire 2F were applied at planting time. These treatments were sprayed in the furrow before planting and then incorporated in the mound of soil that covered the potato seed pieces. Thimet 20G was applied with a homemade salt shaker at planting and incorporated in the same manner described above. Insects were counted on 5 whole plants in each plot. Results are presented as the average number of insects per 5 plants. Small CPB larvae were first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Total CPB includes larvae and adults. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded on 7 Sep.
Fipronil 80 W to Control CPB on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 8 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 25 ft long rows planted on a 3 ft row spacing and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A total of three Fipronil sprays were applied every two weeks, beginning on 24 May. The Asana + PBO plots were sprayed on 24 May and 2, 8 and 22 Jun. The entire test was sprayed with Dimethoate 4EC at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre on 6 and 21 Jun to control potato leafhoppers. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 random stems/plot and percent defoliation ratings on 16 and 29 Jun. On 7 Jul, the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly, Gemnivirus Transmission, Tomato Pinworm, and Leafminer on Staked Tomato, Spring 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: December 2017

Eight raised beds 260 ft long and 36” wide on 12 foot centers were prepared 3 weeks before planting in sandy soil by incorporating 6-12-6 fertilizer at a rate of 508 lbs/acre before bed formation and an additional mix of 19-0-19 (1000 lbs/acre) applied in 2 wide bans at bed formation. Vapam (37% metham-sodium) mixed 3-to-l in water, was injected every 5 inches across the bed at a rate of 40 gal/acre before covering beds with black polyethylene film later sprayed with white latex. Tomato transplants were set 20” apart on 15 Mar in plots 2 rows wide, 20 ft long and separated by 40". Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly for disease control. Geminivirus-infected sets, obtained by exposing caged seedlings to infected adult whitefly for 2 weeks, were planted 2 per plot on 21 Mar. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments (5) began 26 Mar, ended 9 May and were applied with either a Berthoud airboom sprayer, or a tractor mounted boom sprayer using a high pressure diaphragm pump and 4 drop lines. Nozzles were added to both sprayers to accommodate plant growth, the boom sprayer reaching a maximum of 8 nozzles per row, each fitted with Albuz ceramic hollow cone tips (ATR lilac delivering ca. 0.223 gal/min @ 400 lbs/in2) calibrated at 103 gal/acre and the airboom with a final 4 nozzles per row (bottom “fan” and top “cannon") calibrated at 104 gal/acre. Whitefly immatures were counted on the terminal trifoliate of the 6th leaf from the top of 3 randomly selected plants per plot at 2-week intervals (N = 4). The number of live and dead pinworms and leafminers and the number of leafminer oviposition punctures and emergence holes were noted on the same trifoliate. On alternate weeks adult whitefly were counted by carefully inverting the 3rd leaf from the top of 3 randomly chosen plants per plot (N = 4). All plants were surveyed weekly for geminivirus symptoms. All fruit in one row per plot with a diameter equal to or greater than 2.5 cm were harvested on 21 May. Fruit were counted, weighed and examined for damage from pinworm larvae. A split plot analysis of variance was used with treatments as whole plots and sample dates as subplots. Fisher’s LSD test at the 5% level of probability was used for mean separation.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly and Tomato Pinworm on Staked Tomato with Chemical and Biological Insecticides, Spring 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Beds (32 inch width) were prepared in sandy soil on six foot centers, fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin applied at 220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs of 19-0-30 and mulched with whiteface polyethylene film. Greenhouse grown tomato seedlings were transplanted 18 inches apart on 1 Mar 1994 into single rows and watered by subsurface seepage irrigation. Plants were sprayed weekly with 3.0 lb/acre Kocide DF plus 1.0 lb/acre Maneb 80W rotated with Bravo 720 applied at 32 oz/acre. Standard cultural practices of pruning and staking were followed. There were 12 rows 240 foot long divided into 4 replicated blocks of 3 rows each. Each block consisted of 10 treatments assigned in a completely randomized design. An adjuvant, ASPA 80, was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 0.06% v/v except for RH-0345 to which Latron-B-1956 was added at 0.06% v/v. Plants were sprayed weekly except for Biobit alone which was sprayed twice a week at 0.5 lb product/acre. Applications were made with a tractor-drawn hydraulic boom sprayer using a diaphragm pump at 200 psi through two drop lines per row fitted with Albuz@ ATR Yellow nozzles. Spray treatments commenced 29 Mar and continued through 10 May for a total of 7 weeks. Initial spray volume was 46 gal/acre increasing to 65 gal/acre on 5 April and finally to 83 gal/acre 3 May corresponding to the increases in number of nozzles from 2 to 3 to 4 per drop respectively. Plants were evaluated weekly for the presence of whitefly adults, eggs, nymphs, pupae, and parasitized pupae. Relative estimates of adult whitefly numbers were made by striking a black, 9.5” × 13” pie pan coated with an oil/detergent mixture against three plants from each row in every plot and recording the number of adult whiteflies caught. Egg populations were estimated from randomly sampled first expanded trifoliates, one per row (3 per plot). Eggs in 4 cm2 of leaflet were counted with a stereoscopic microscope by placing a 1 cm2 template twice on each side of the midvein. Nymphs were counted in the same way except that the trifoliate sampled came from the 5th, 6th or 7th node from the top. All plants were inspected weekly for symptoms of tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoV), the presence of which was confirmed by nuclear inclusion analysis. On 19 May, all fruit of marketable size was harvested from the best 10 plants per plot. Fruit was culled based on damage from tomato pinworm, other insects, or non-insect causes. Marketable tomatoes were sized to USDA standards on a commercial grading table.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhoppers and Plant Bugs in Wisconsin, 1994
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots measuring 40 × 50 ft were established in a field of ‘Olds 98’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCBD and applied on 21 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 TeeJet flat fan nozzles delivering 17 gal/acre of finished spray at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net at 7, 11 and 15 DAT.
Northern and Western Corn Rootworm Adult Emergence and Root Injury Ratings Relative to Planting- Time and Post-Emergence Applications in Eastern South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

A dryland field near Aurora, SD, was chosen to assess northern and western corn rootworm adult beetle emergence from planting-time and post-emergence insecticide treatment corn. Additionally, efficacy in preventing larval root injury was evaluated. The site had been continuously planted to corn for at least 5 years prior to the 1994 growing season. Individual treatment plots (single 15.2-m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Pioneer IR-3751 (100- day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre. Planting-time granular formulations were applied using Noble metering units mounted on a modified Kinze 4-row corn planter, and all units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in fromt of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. All planting-time applications (banded and in-furrow) consisted of directing insecticides immediately between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Post-emergence banded applications of Furadan 4F were placed over the row in 18- to 20-cm swaths using a single-nozzle (Teejet 8003 flat fan) boom. Broadcast ("Broad") liquid treatments were applied with a 1.8-m boom equipped with 4 Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles spaced 46 cm apart. Liquid formulations (planting-time and post-emergence rescue) were applied using a CO2-powered canister spray system calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 3 mph. All postemergence treatments were applied at cultivation time, and those that received cultivation following application were incorporated using a 2-row John Deer cultivator. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Prior to rootworm beetle emergence, 2 cages (0.6 m wide by 1.0 m long by 15.2 cm high) were placed (equidistant from each other and the end of the plot) over each treatment row. The exterior rectangular frame base of each cage was constructed of 26-gauge galvanized steel and the top was made of aluminum screening material (45-mesh per cm2). A plastic cylindrical capture device was positioned at the apex of each screened pyramid to capture the emerged beetles. An inverted aluminum screen cone was fastened on the bottom side of each capture device to prevent beetle re-entry into the cage, and a small piece of “No Pest Strip” material was placed inside the device to kill captured beetles. Cages were monitored at weekly intervals for 6 wk. Monitoring consisted of collecting all beetles for the respective treatments from each replicate, and returning them to the laboratory for identification by species. Root rating and emergence data were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models procedure with treatment means being compared by DMRT.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 3 IA locations in 1994. Soil types were: Ames (Chapin), silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. Plots were planted 9, 2 and 3 May, respectively, on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, high plant population) the previous year. A RCBD with 4 replications for the experimental and cultivation tests and 8 replications for the yield trials was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8002E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7 or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 13 gpa at 25 psi. Broadcast (30-inch band) applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 32 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of a “broadcasted” row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 10 consecutive plants (experimental tests only). Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in Jul by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment at Nashua and Chapin, and machine harvesting 25 row-ft at Sutherland. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide Treatments, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), and T-banded granules (T-BAND) were compared to that of an untreated control. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 23 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 16 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Ovicide Combinations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 6 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 4 Jul, 23 Jul and 11 Aug with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 10.6 gpa at 30 psi using Teejet TXVS-8 nozzles on 20 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 4 DAT by whole plant examination of 10 row ft in the center of each plot.
Evaluation of Gaucho Cotton Seed Treatment in Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Reed lack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Five seed treatments were compared with Temik 15G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) and an untreated check in 2 row plots replicated 8 times at the N.E. Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS. Seed was planted in Marrietta Silt Loam soil on 13 May at a depth of 1 inch. It rained 0.03 inches shortly following planting and 0.5 and 1.4 inches on 14 and 15 May, respectively. Emergence was through a packed seed bed. After emergence, phytotoxicity was rated by separately rating yellow, white and red coloration from 0 (none) to 5 (all plants in the row with coloration) and averaging the 3 ratings. Plants were sampled for thrips by destructively sampling 5 plants/treatment/replicate and washing the thrips from the plants for counting by use of a dissection microscope. Plant height was recorded by measuring 5 plants/plot from the cotyledonary node to the apical meristem. Adult thrips identification was made with the use of a dissection microscope. These preliminary identifications were verified by mounting some thrips on microscope slides for identification using phase-contrast microscopy. Yield was measured by hand picking 20 row-feet in each row (2 rows for 3 replicates and 1 row for 5 replicates because of weather) 17 to 24 Oct. There was an area comprising 2 plots in each replicate in which the cotton was noticeably shorter late in the season than the rest of the plots in the trial. Because yield and plant height were linearly related (weight = -0.541 + 0.104*height; R2 = 0.43, P < 0.000), yield was analyzed by analysis of covariance with plant height at picking as the covariant.