bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hearing Discordant Voices: Some Notes on Using Bayes's Theorem in Interpretive Inquiry
Authors: Miller Steven I. , Fredericks Marcel
Published: March 2007

The focus of these brief comments is to argue that Bayes's theorem may have conceptual and pedagogical applications for qualitative analysis. We suggest that the theorem is a salient alternative voice for the development of sensitizing concepts. It is also proposed that the theorem is a useful heuristic for raising deep-structure issues such as the nature of qualitative evidence and how such evidence becomes confirming for a given claim.
Sex-Biased Language and the Technical-Writing Teacher's Responsibility
Authors: Hall Dean G. , Nelson Bonnie A.
Published: March 2007

Our survey of women who graduated in engineering from Kansas State Uni versity indicates that sexist language persists in the workplace, that women react to it in various ways, and that such language can engender sexist atti tudes which often have deleterious effects on the company and its employees. We believe technical-writing teachers have some of the responsibility to sensi tize students to exclusionary language. We show how that language violates professional ethical practices, demonstrate that some technical-writing texts trivialize the issue of sexist language, and suggest methods and resources for teachers to use in the classroom.
A Taxonomy for the Composition of Memorandum Subject Lines: Facilitating Writer Choice in Managerial Contexts
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S.
Published: March 2007

Research on advance organizers demonstrates the importance of memoran dum subject lines for reader comprehension and, by implication, reinforces the notion that a relationship exists between writer choice and communica tion context. Yet, existing pedagogy presents memorandum subject lines with no regard for context. This article introduces a taxonomy for subject-line com position that takes context into account by classifying memorandum subject lines as either neutral or directed. Analysis of 483 memorandum subject lines led to the development of this taxonomy. Findings from this analysis, as well as findings from several follow-up exercises which tested the usefulness of the taxonomy, indicate that writers compose memorandum subject lines much as pedagogical materials recommend and that these subject lines are usually neutral. However, when given alternatives, writers actually prefer directed sub ject linesforsomesituations. While the study focuses on subject lines in mana gerial memorandums, the proposed taxonomy and findings on writer choice may be more broadly applied and have important implications for pedagogy and research on managerial writing.
Competence and Critique in Technical Communication
Authors: THOMPSON ISABELLE
Published: March 2007

This study uses qualitative content analysis to discuss current perspectives in technical communication pedagogy. It examines the 1990-94 issues of five major scholarly journals—a collection of 563 articles—to identify 98 articles mentioning teaching in undergraduate technical communication courses. Influenced by differing theoretical and practical approaches, the 98 articles were classified according to four pedagogical perspectives: (1) the functional perspective, based on empirical research and workplace experience; (2) the rhetorical perspective, based on scholarship in the humanities and influenced by rhetorical theory; (3) the ideological perspective, also based on scholarship in the humanities but influenced by critical theory; and (4) the intercultural and feminist perspective, a bridging perspective based on both empirical research and critical theory. This article discusses the four perspectives in terms of the educational goals of communicative competence (the ability to use language to succeed in the workplace) and social critique (the ability to question existing social structures and to envision cultural change).
The Unique Governance Challenges of Graduate Contract-Cohort Programs
Authors: Dent Eric B.
Published: March 2007

A growing trend in American higher education is for employers to contract with universities for a cohort of employees to complete a graduate management degree program. The experience at two universities with four different contract organizations over a 6-year period illustrates that this arrangement is ideal for the delivery of management education. At the same time, the contract organization becomes a stakeholder of the university department, which has implications that will be novel and unique compared with anything else the department has ever done. This article describes some of the governance challenges as universities and employers partner in a graduate management degree program. A number of issues are surfaced and described. The article concludes with suggestions for others who might initiate a contract-cohort program, and a discussion of some of the future research opportunities.
It Takes a Community to Create an American Indian Business and Management Course
Authors: Muller Helen Juliette
Published: March 2007

Management and business curricula have rarely addressed the subject of American Indian business and management. In response to our American Indian students, the broader American Indian community in the region, and to this neglected topic, a small group of faculty members and Native American students embarked on an experimental course at a major Southwestern university. The courses existence illustrates the intersection of culture, business, and organization. The course can be considered a postcolonial bridge between the business college and the American Indian community. This article focuses on the course context including recent tribal economic developments and the subject of culture and business. It then examines the rationale and design of the course including the content and process, participants, and the case study development format. Some course outcomes are reviewed and the implications for management education are drawn out.
Virtual Classroom versus Physical Classroom: An Exploratory Study of Class Discussion Patterns and Student Learning in an Asynchronous Internet-Based MBA Course
Authors: Arbaugh J. B.
Published: March 2007

As more business schools develop courses and programs for delivery via the Internet, assessing the quality of student learning and reactions to the medium will become increasingly important and necessary. This exploratory study reports the results of comparing a classroom-based and an Internet-basedMBAclass section at a Midwestern U.S. university. The results showed significantly higher discussion participation patterns for the Internet-based course (both by class section and by gender) and no significant differences in learning in either class section. This article concludes by discussing possible reasons for these findings and suggests implications for Internet-based education.
Teaching Facilitation: A Play in Three Acts
Authors: de Janasz Suzanne C.
Published: March 2007

Practitioners and scholars alike are enamored of teams in the workplace. In an attempt to emulate this winning formula, many companies create teams, only to watch them fail. One reason is that merely bringing together a group of professionals does not ensure that they will function as an effective teamor make appropriate decisions. By providing teams with facilitators, organizations can strengthen teams’ abilities to function and achieve stated goals. Facilitation skills can be learned, and the purpose of this article is to offer a highly interactive simulation and supporting materials and activities that provide an effective means for doing so.
Enhancing Sensitivity to Organizational Symbols and Culture: An Experiential Approach for the Classroom
Authors: Van Buskirk William
Published: March 2007

Competency in understanding and managing cultural aspects of the corporation has been identified by many scholars as an increasingly important management skill. This article identifies an important component of that skill as a sensitivity to how local organizational symbols shape one's cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. This article sketches a master's of business administration course designed to enhance sensitivity of practicing managers to the symbols that surround and shape them.
Filling a Gap in Management Education: Giving Leadership Talks in the Classroom
Authors: Linowes Richard G.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a classroom activity that teaches students the challenges of playing a leadership role in an organization. Students take turns speaking to peers, acting as their leader. They attempt to move the audience—like a coach delivering a dramatic locker room talk—after which the class offers frank feedback regarding their speaking effectiveness. Topics exemplify the range of concerns likely to concern a leader in business; taken together, they enable participants to appreciate the breadth of a leader's responsibilities, reflect on their past experiences as leaders and followers, and learn from the experiences of others.
Miles Davis in the Classroom: Using the Jazz Ensemble Metaphor for Enhancing Team Learning
Authors: Purser Ronald E. , Montuori Alfonso
Published: March 2007

This article reveals how the jazz ensemble is a useful metaphor that does not suppress individual creativity yet also demands high degrees of interpersonal sensitivity and group cooperation. The utility of the jazz ensemble metaphor for teams is demon-strated through the application of a novel experiential exercise that involves students listening to a cut from the Miles Davis jazz sextet. This experiential learning exercise provides an opportunity for students to simulate the conditions facilitative of dialogue. By enacting the behavioral and attitudinal qualities of jazz ensemble musicians, students leam how to temporarily suspend their assumptions and opinions, thereby reducing defensive and self-oriented behaviors in their teams.
Assessing Managerial Skills in a Social Context
Authors: McMillen M. Cecilia , White Judith , McKee Anne
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the process of assessing students' managerial abilities in a required MBA course. The article discusses the competency approach and several competency models and gives an overview of the MBA curriculum at Case Western Reserve University's Weatherhead School of Management. The managerial assessment course is described, focusing specifically on a learning team approach to managerial assessment and development. Examples from the authors' experiences conducting this course are provided, and key learnings are outlined that will help others engage in skill-based teaching.
Management Education by Design
Authors: Hall Francine S.
Published: March 2007

The appropriate way to teach the management curriculum depends on the learning outcomes one seeks to accomplish. This article develops a model that depicts teaching style in terms of participation and influence in the classroom. Five learning outcomes (facts, methods judgment, skills, and creativity) are paired with appropriate teacher/student relationships. The teacher/student relationship is potentially an experience in empowerment. As students move from the acquisition of facts to developing skills and creating for themselves their capacity to influence, the learning process increases. The reader is provided with practical as well as conceptual examples of the teaching and learning process.
The Scavenger Hunt Exercise: Symbols of Organizational Culture
Authors: Barclay Lizabeth A. , York Kenneth M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a Scavenger Hunt Exercise that provides students with a concrete example of organizational culture. Groups of students locate items that reflect aspects of a particular organization's culture. The "finds" are presented in class to generate discussion on the relevance of organizational behavior and its effect on our organizational lives.
Management Education as Intentional Learning: A Knowledge-Transforming Approach to Written Composition
Authors: Dehler Gordon E.
Published: March 2007

Philosopher Alfred North Whitehead long ago warned educators of the danger in teaching "inert ideas"—propositional knowledge that students can express but not use. In the context of management education, this article elaborates differences between the traditional model of instruction, which is teacher-centered and focuses on content knowledge, and the more contemporary model, which is meaning-centered and focuses on merging knowledge, thinking, and learning to enhance students' problem-solving skills. This article discusses an approach to teaching that fosters intentional learning, using knowledge as the means rather than the end, which helps students build their own knowledge structures. Finally, writing assignments that are explicitly knowledge transforming rather than knowledge telling illustrate ways of advancing intentional learning skills.
Using a Computer-Based Version of the Beer Game: Lessons Learned
Authors: Coakley James R. , Drexler John A. , Larson Erik W. , Kircher Anna E.
Published: March 2007

Multiperson board games are being used in both business and academia to enhance education and training. These games compress time and space to enable the players to experience the consequences of their decisions. The dynamic interactions between multiple players create a complex and unpredictable business scenario that is difficult to replicate with other exercises. However, most board games are difficult to administer and require the players to concentrate on detailed rules and procedures in addition to the primary decisions required at each move. This article describes the lessons learned from the use of a computer-based implementation of a popular business board game: the Beer Game.
The New Leadership Construct: What Happens When A Flat Organization Builds A Tall Tower?
Authors: Meisel Steven I. , Fearon David S.
Published: March 2007

When the Block Tower Building Game surfaced some 25 years ago, itwas designed toillustrate the managerial skill of directing subordinates in exactly how to “stack up” the results required by management. However, in today's more horizontal organizations with a premium placed on nonhierarchical leadership of a diverse workforce, teams are achieving “toweringly” higher results. This article discusses aspects of the new organizational realities and presents a tower building exercise redesigned for the 1990s. Modification reflects new thinking about effective organizations and new ways of interpreting the emergent organizational dynamics. The exercise examines the issue of who really leads in nonhierarchical, self-managed team settings.
What’s My Line? An Exercise on First Impressions and Perceptual Shortcuts That Puts Students into the Picture
Authors: Rivera Joan B.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an interactive exercise for increasing students' awareness of stereotyping as a perceptual shortcut.Volunteers in the class disclose something about themselves that is not readily apparent to others. Students in the audience then match the information disclosed with each volunteer. The exercise is designed to sensitize people to think first and not base their decisions on sterotypical information.
Using the Experiences of Nontraditional Students in the Classroom
Authors: Brumagim Alan L.
Published: March 2007

It is not uncommon for older, “nontraditional” students to enroll in the management principles course either as a requirement for an undergraduate degree or as a prerequisite for the MBAdegree. Yet many of these nontraditional students arrive in the classroom with significant levels of work experience. As a result, it becomes difficult to simultaneously engage both traditional and nontraditional students. This article will describe a semester-long exercise that was developed to more fully use students' experience base in the learning experience. Very positive reactions from students suggest that both types of students benefited.
Patterns of Nausea during First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: DiIorio Colleen , Van Lier Donna , Manteuffel Brigitte
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study examined pregnancy nausea to determine whether nausea occurred more frequently during the morning hours than during other times of day and if certain patterns of nausea exist. The 19 women who participated in the study kept daily diaries of their nausea experiences over a 7-day period, noting the time of occurrence. Nausea was reported most frequently during waking hours, ranging from 40.3% of the time between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. and 43.9% between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. Most nausea reported by subjects was mild, although 18% of the nausea reported between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m. was severe. Four patterns of nausea were identified: morning peak, evening peak, bimodal, and all day. Whereas some women displayed fairly consistent daily patterns of nausea, others reported variations in the occurrence or severity of nausea over the 7-day study period.
Barriers to Implementing a Continence Program in Nursing Homes
Authors: Harke Judith M. , Richgels Kristin
Published: March 2007

Urinary incontinence is a problem for over 50% of nursing home residents, but it can respond to toileting programs. Nursing home staffs, however, do not always follow the toileting schedules. Dimensional analysis of research logs that were kept during the implementation of an individualized toileting regimen for incontinent residents revealed several barriers to staff adherence to the protocol. System barriers included staffing shortages and limited licensed staff reinforcement. Individual barriers included conflicting beliefs and goals and difficulty organizing care routines. Conclusions suggest that implementation of totleting programs by nursing assistants could be improved with adequate and stable staffing, incentives for staff, and assistance with organizing work load. Establishing continence as the standard of care in nursing homes is a crucial element to the success of any toileting program. More research is needed to better understand how staff perceive, organize, and prioritize their care.
Hearing Loss among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Mahoney Diane Feeney
Published: March 2007

Audiometric examinations were conducted on a random sample of 104 elderly Massachusetts' nursing home residents. The testing revealed that the majority of the participants were hearing impaired The participants, however, consistently reported satisfaction with their hearing ability and no related hearing problems. Qualitative observations of communication among the participants, staff and visitors documented that the elderly were negatively affected by their hearing loss. Recommendations are made to improve the quality of care for residents with hearing impairment in the nursing home setting.
Preterm Infants in Pain
Authors: Dick Margaret Jorgensen
Published: March 2007

Within the past few years, the assumption that preterm infants experience little or no pain has been challenged in nursing and medical literature. It is not clear to what extent changes have taken place in the practice area. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the beliefs of NICU nurses and physicians about the existence and treatment of pain in preterm infants. Respondents to the open-ended interviews were 5 neonatologists and i0 nurses at two regional referral neonatal intensive care units in North Carolina. Interviews took from 20 to 40 minutes and were analyzed using the Ethnograph program AU respondents agreed that preterm. infants experience pain. Both groups identified behavioral and physiological cues to pain recognition. There were differences in initial approaches to treatment. However, both groups indicated that the nurse has the pivotal role in recognition and initiation of treatment to reduce or eliminate pain.
Behavioral Responses of Family Members during Critical Illness
Authors: Halm Margo A. , Titler Marita G. , Kleiber Charmaine , Johnson Susan K. , Montgomery Lou Ann , Craft Martha J. , Buckwalter Kaihleen , Nicholson Anita , Megern Karen
Published: March 2007

This articles describes the behavioral responses of adult family members to critical illness and how these responses change over the course of the hospitalization. A convenience sample of 52 family members of patients in intensive units completed the Iowa ICU Family Scale, a self-report tool measuring sleep, eating, activity, family role, and support behaviors. Scales were completed by family members each day during the first week and then weekly throughout the patient's ICU stay. Family members reported sleeping less with a poorer quality of sleep, less nutritional intake, an increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and over-the-counter and prescription medications, and spending more time talking, visiting the patient and waiting. Stress was highest at the time of the ICU admission, began to plateau at Day 6, and then dropped considerably by Day 28. These findings suggest that crisis intervention is important during the early phase of caring for critically ill patients and their family members.
Recommendations by Clinicians for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy
Authors: DiIorio Colleen , Van Lier Donna , Manteuffel Brigitte
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess both the current use of relief measures for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy among clinicians and the basis for their decisions regarding method of treatment With the permission of conference sponsors, questionnaires on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy relief measures were distributed at a national conference for obstetrical health care providers. Of the 600 conference participants, 130 completed questionnaires. The findings of the study indicate that clinicians generally recommend eating small, frequent meals; that clinicians modify their recommendations slightly based on the severity of the symptoms; that clinicians perceive varying degrees of effectiveness of relief measures, with no one measure being totally effective: and that clinicians look to patients as the primary resource for information about nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Improving Eating Behaviors in Dementia Using Behavioral Strategies
Authors: Coyne Mary Louise , Hoskins Lois
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this experimental pilot study was to determine the short- and long-term efficacy of directed verbal prompts and positive reinforcement on the level of eating independence (LEI) of elderly nursing home patients with dementia. Twenty-four subjects from a dementia unit were randomly selected and randomly assigned to three experimental groups and three control groups. The LEI scale was used to measure eating frequency and task performance at six consecutive meals during pretest and posttests, T2 and T3. During the treatment phase, which consisted of nine consecutive meals, prompts were administered to each experimental group and positive reinforcement was given when a subject completed eating tasks. Short-term effects were assessed on 2 consecutive days following treatment (T2) and long-term effects on 2 consecutive days, 7 days following treatment. Significant differences were found in eating performance but not infrequency. Experimental groups retained treatment at both posttests. The dementia diagnosis should not preclude the possibility that eating skills may be reacquired.
Anticipated Outcomes of Accidental Occupational Exposure to HIV
Authors: Meisenhelder Janice Bell
Published: March 2007

This descriptive study surveyed a random sample of 60 registered nurses (R.N.s) regarding their perceptions of nine possible consequences of an HIV infection resulting from occupational exposure. Areas of highest concern were financial: adequacy of workers' compensation and ability of the employer to cover all health care costs. Nurses were also concerned about confidentiality and ability to trace the event of the occupational exposure. These nurses felt the least threatened in the areas of maintaining their housing and the support of family and friends. Overall, the responses indicate a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the anticipated outcomes of an accidental occupationally derived infection. The results suggest clearer communication is needed between nurses and their employers regarding their benefits and existing support services.
Moderators of the Relationship between Trait Anxiety and Information Received by Patients Post-Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Proctor Teresita F. , Oriscello Ralph G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between trait anxiety and patients' evaluation of information they received during hospitalization post-myocardial infarction (MI), and to test the extent to which state anxiety and gender moderate this relationship. At the time of discharge from the hospital, 68 adult men and women who had had an MI responded to a demographic data sheet and to instruments measuring state anxiety, trait anxiety, and the quality of information they received during hospitalization. Data analysis indicated that the higher their trait anxiety, the less positively patients rated the quality of information they received during hospitalization post-MI. A series of regression analysis procedures designed to test for moderation indicated that neither state anxiety nor gender had a moderator effect on the relationship between trait anxiety and the quality of information received. The findings are interpreted within the theoretical perspectives that guided the study. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Maintaining Patient Endurance
Authors: Morse Janice M. , Proctor Adele
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explicate patterns of comforting that assist the seriously injured patient to endure the pain of injury and subsequent treatments and to remain controlled. The care provided to 67 trauma patients in two trauma centers was videotaped and analyzed using observational methods and linguistic analysis. During painful procedures, when patients exhibited extreme distress, one nurse usually assumed the role of comforter. The nurses used a patterned mode of speech (comfort talk"), touch, and distinctive posturing behaviors that enabled the patient to endure the agony and maintain control. In this article, the authors describe the comfort work of nursing in emerging situations, further develop the Comfort Talk Register, and describe the concomitant behaviors that facilitate patient endurance. They suggest that the comfort work of nurses in this situation enables patients to endure and reduces shock and post-traumatic stress following trauma care.
De/Constructing Theory
Authors: Bowring MichéLe A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to understand and illustrate how the development of theories is influenced in part through dominant paradigms, in part through citation patterns, and in part through the norms of scientific writing. An example that is developed is the use of deconstruction to illustrate how institutional theory, with its interpretive beginnings, has become a structuralist positivist vehicle. This is examined in the context of the flourishing recent debate in the field of organizational studies with regard to the relevance of this field and the consensus, or lack thereof, that exists within it. After developing the deconstructive reading of a classic article in institutional theory, the author discusses the implications for the field of organizational studies.
Bringing Women's Voice to Research on Women in Management
Authors: Calvert Linda McGee , Ramsey V. Jean
Published: March 2007

Research on women in management has stagnated; major breakthroughs in our knowledge about women are coming from other disciplines. Three differences between the research on women in management and the research on gender in other disciplines are explored: (a) whether a "deiciency model" for women is assumed, (b) how readily the research embraces feminist thinking, and (c) where the findings of the research are published. A basic assumption in traditional women-in-management research is that organizations, as they currently exist, are okay (or at least inevitable). A feminist perspective-particularly women's voice that takes as its starting point women's unique perspectives and experiences-challenges these assumptions and is seen as essential to discovering new and better ways of seeing and doing things in organizations. Deconstruction is approached more cautiously. For the women-in-management field, a premature focus on the framework of deconstruction could unwittingly become another way of silencing women's voice.
A Call to Organizational Scholarship
Authors: Bilimoria Diana , Cooperrider David L. , Kaczmarski Kathryn , Khalsa Gurudev , Srivastva Suresh , Upadhayaya Punya
Published: March 2007

The organization dimensions of global change represent afresh arena of organizational scholarship demanded by the global exigencies of our moment in history, a moment where, for the first time, the scale and character of human action has measurable impacts on the natural environment, as well as societal transformations and our collective consciousness. This article lays an intellectual foundation for such work, first by reviewing three extant domains of global-change research in environmental change, social change, and the transformation of consciousness, then by articulating the call for the organizational sciences to extend existing knowledge and future research streams into these vital areas. The authors stipulate that the scope of global challenges will demand untold amounts of human cooperation, inquiry into the potential of which has only begun, especially at the global and interorganizational levels. They offer the proposition that there are no necessary limits to cooperation but suggest that the realization of this potential may require opening our epistemic stance to more expansive forms of knowing than Western science has traditionally embraced. The authors conclude by advancing a preliminary set of thematic topics, questions, and normative assertions that suggest fruitful avenues of research into the organization dimensions of global change, which themselves are seeds for a special Academy of Management Conference on "The Organization Dimensions of Global Change: No Limits to Cooperation" to be held in May 1995.
Organizational Transformation
Authors: Nutt Paul C. , Backoff Robert W.
Published: March 2007

A transformation creates a sustainable metamorphosis from a vision that produces radical changes in an organization's products/services, consumers/clients, market channels, skills, sources of margin, competitive advantage, and persona, integrating these changes with core competencies. This article discusses the nature and means of creating such a transformation. A synthesis of ideas drawn from several sources suggests that the forces producing disequilibrium, commitment, and breakout must be understood and managed by a leader to transform an organization. Propositions consider the key features of a transformation, process types that can produce a transformation, and the stages and steps required to create a transformation.
Ethics and Cultures in International Business
Authors: Beyer Janice M. , Nino David
Published: March 2007

The growth of international business calls for the development of universal ethical standards. Corporate and national cultures embody differing codes of conduct. Serious ethical lapses have damaged organizations and societies. Various international groups of business leaders are developing voluntary ethical standards. Citizen activism may be needed to ensure implementation and compliance with such standards.
Interrelation between Damage Variables of Continuum Damage Mechanics and Metallographical Parameters in Creep Damage
Authors: Murakami S. , Liu Y. , Sugita Y.
Published: March 2007

Identification of the evolution of the damage variable, D, in continuum creep damage theory was developed directly from the metallographical A-parameter. As the observed fraction of cavitated grain boundaries on the observation plane, A-parameter was first related to the cavity area fraction on the grain boundary facet planes by perform ing a probability analysis. Then, two specific A-D relations were obtained corresponding to the instantaneous and continuous nucleation of cavities, respectively. An A-D relation of more generality was also derived from one of the proposed A-D relations by using the Kachanov-Rabotnov creep damage theory. Finally, the creep damage behavior of a practi cal alloy was identified from A-parameter by using the developed A-D relations in addition to the previous one. Some comparisons and discussions were made based on the test results of this alloy.
Effect of Thermal Aging on High Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior in AISI 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Je Min Lee  , Nam Soo Woo
Published: March 2007

To investigate the effect of thermal aging on the high temperature fatigue life, low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were carried out for type 304 stainless steel specimens with two different heat-treatment conditions (solutionized specimens and solutionized- aged specimens) at the high temperature of 873 K. For the continuous LCF tests, the life of the aged specimen is nearly the same as that of the solutionized one. Under creep- fatigue cycling, however, the fatigue life of the aged specimens is longer than that of the solutionized ones. The thermal aging effect is discussed in terms of the creep damage under high temperature creep-fatigue cycling.
Justice Done and Seen to Be Done? The Institutionalized Relationship between the Press and the Criminal Justice System in the Netherlands
Authors: Brants Chris
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the problem of the criminal justice system in relation to press and publicity in the Netherlands, concentrating on the clash of rights that may occur when trials are public, journalists claim freedom of information and defendants claim a right to privacy, and international law also requires that criminal trials be fair and take place before an impartial and unprejudiced tribunal. The situation in the Netherlands contrasts strongly with that of Great Britain and the United States, in that the historical development of both the media and the criminal justice system in the Netherlands has led to an emphasis on the right to privacy for the defendant and a right not to be subjected to "trial by media" instead of emphasizing freedom of expression or impartiality of the tribunal. The article explores the implications of this development, paying special attention to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which guarantees all of the above rights but offers few clues as to how to reconcile them.
Correlates of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction for Minority Professionals in Organizations: An Examination of Personal and Organizational Factors
Authors: Ford David L. , Bagot Diane S.
Published: March 2007

The literature on the relationships among organizational factors, per sonal or individual difference variables, andjob satisfaction and stress is reviewed briefly. The relationships of job satisfaction and job stress to organizational factors are examined for a sample of minority professional personnel in a large manufacturing and sales firm. These relationships are studied using the personal or individual difference variables of race, Type-A personality, and higher order needs. job satisfaction was found to be significantly related to more organizational factors than was job stress. Race was found to moderate the relationships between supportive supervisor behavior andjob stress and organizational level und job stress. The strength of higher order needs significantly moderated the relation ship between role clarity andjob satisfaction, as did Type-A personality. The implications of the findings are discussed.
OD Research
Authors: pfeiffer j. william
Published: March 2007

Peggy Morrison recently reviewed (G&OS, March 1978) and as sessed twenty-six published OD studies, evaluating them in terms of how well each study met generally accepted standards of evaluation research. She concluded that few, if any, OD studies met these stand ards and that OD practitioners must do much more toward the devel opment of relatively rigorous research designs.
Split Role Between Practitioner and Researcher: A Dynamic Interpretation of Role Differentiation and Its Contribution to the Reduction of Role Strains-A Case Study
Authors: Shelhav Moshe
Published: March 2007

The literature on the relationship between practitioners and researchers in "quasi-experimental" field studies in which the two roles are not filled by one person describes strains, tensions, and conflicts. This paper analyzes the strains that result from an intensive community renewal and development project that was accompanied by intensive process- and-outcome evaluation research. Although the two parts are inherently independent in their objectives, they become dependent because of their design and hence provide escalated chances for strains. Strains resulting from the participation of the three parties—the community (as client), the practitioner, and the researcher—are identified. The case study, which took place in an Israeli kibbutz, illustrates a dynamic develop ment of an alternative interaction model with split-role differentiation. The model starts with coordination with relatively high differentiation and moves through cooperation to develop a collaborative relationship without jeopardizing the basic roles for successfully obtaining the ob jectives of both parties. Some conclusions are derived for the basic interpersonal values and ethics needed to conduct such a relationship successfully. Implications are suggested for planners (both practitioners and researchers) of training programs and for the management of tem porary interdisciplinary teams.
Social Stressors on the Job: Recommendations for a Broadened Perspective
Authors: Love Kevin G. , Beehr Terry A.
Published: March 2007

Recent job-stress research indicating the impact of psychosocial stressors on employees is outlined. Four suggestions are presented to broaden the job-stress research while keeping the psychosocial emphasis. These suggestions are: (1) search for additional psychosocial stressors; (2) expand the types of social support investigated as moderating variables; (3) research outcomes of job stress other than employee strains; and (4) consider the use of theories other than role theory in developing research hypotheses. It also is recommended that research be integrated with stress-management programs, and specific research designs are suggested for the evaluation of such programs. The link between on-the-job stressors and off-the-job strains, the joint interaction of social stressors and physical stressors, and the standardization of diagnostic instruments to measure job stress are recommended for examination.
Management by Grid® Principles or Situationalism: Which?
Authors: Blake Robert R. , Mouton Jane S.
Published: March 2007

Leadership theory has been conceived in two different and incompatible ways. Hersey and Blanchard's analysis entails arithmetic combinations of the task and people variables, whereas Blake and Mouton's approach involves znteraction of the two. Examined in this way, Hersey and Blanchard's model eliminates a "9,9" or "one-best-way" orientation. When 9,9 options were added to this model, managers and mental health experts uniformly chose the 9,9 alternative and rejected situationally prescribed answers. This generalization held for all maturity levels. This fundamental difference in how leadership is conceived is then used to reinterpret major leadership research since World War II. Instruments based on adding magnitudes of variables, such as Fleishman, Reddin, and Hersey and Blanchard, among others, have shown no validity from an empirical standpoint, whereas instruments based on an interaction of variables—such as those by Likert, Argyris, and Blake and Mouton—have consistently demonstrated predictive validity. This paper provides a resolution for the controversy between situationalism and the one-best-style approach and indicates the validity of the latter and the lack of predictive value of the former.
An Empirical Test of the Nominal Group Technique in State Solar Energy Planning
Authors: Stephenson Blair Y. , Michaelsen Larry K. , Franklin Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

This study empirically investigates the use of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) as an informational input mechanism into the formulation of a Solar Energy Plan for the state of Oklahoma. Data collected from a questionnaire administered to participants of an NGT solar energy planning workshop indicated that the NGT was rated as being a highly effective mechanism for providing input into the solar energy planning process. These results appear to support an increased use of NGT in problem-solving situations such as long- range planning where issues are highly complex and heterogeneous input is required.
Effects of Group Norms and Goal Setting on Productivity
Authors: Lichtman Robert J. , Lane Irving M.
Published: March 2007

The present research investigated the effects of goal assignment and coworker feedback on the goal level set, and the effects of number of coworkers on quantity of production. Results indicated that the effects of goal setting are moderated by the presence of group norms. This finding can easily be incorporated into goal theory. However, contrary to expectations, subjects who were assigned the average of the self-set goals coded significantly more data than subjects who set their own goals. Moreover, neither of these means differed signifi cantly from that generated by subjects who had been assigned a specific hard goal set by the experimenter. Social comparison theory proved usefulfor explaining all the results obtained, including those that appeared to be inconsistent with previous findings.
Leader Communication Style: A Test of Average Versus Vertical Dyad Linkage Models
Authors: Baker Douglas D. , Ganster Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

This study employs within and between analysis methods to as sess whether leaders' communication styles vary or are consistent across their subordinates. To assess these two perspectives, the av erage and vertical dyad linkage models were employed. An evaluative dimension of communicator style was most consistent with the average or group-level model. A dynamic dimension, however, was consistent only with a special null condition. Both dimensions of communicator style were strongly associated with subordinate satisfaction with supervision.
Communication in Quality Circles: Members' Perceptions of Their Participation and Its Effects on Related Organizational Communication Variables
Authors: Elvins Jane P.
Published: March 2007

The article reports the findings of an exploratory study of commu nication in quality circles. It is generally accepted in the literature that quality circles improve communication in organizational set tings, yet no specific research has been conducted that explains how communication is improved This study was conducted to in vestigate that question and to provide hypotheses to be tested in fu ture communication studies. Multiple methods of data collection and analysis were used to produce findings that would address how quality circle participation affects communication, as per ceived by members themselves. A survey designed for the study in cluded the communication portion of Likert's Profile of Organizational Characteristics and ten open-ended questions asking about participant's personal experiences in quality circles. Analysis of the data revealed that quality circle participation had positive effects on perceived individual power/influence, commu nication with superiors, subordinates, and to some degree, with peers. Among the areas of organizational communication not af fected by quality circle participation were opportunities for ad vancement, belonging/acceptance by others, and tangible rewards.
Parallel Organization in a Health Care Institution
Authors: Shani Abraham B. , Eberhardt Bruce J.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the use of parallel organization design in a health care institution. The action-research-based mechanism was chosen due to the nature of the issues under investigation and the failure of management to improve health care team effectiveness with traditional research and management methods. The article consists of (1) an initial exploration of parallel organization characteristics, (2) a case study, and (3) a discussion of the implications for the utilization of parallel organization designs in health care institutions.
Human Development and Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Fisher Dalmar , Merron Keith , Torbert William R.
Published: March 2007

Managerial effectiveness can be explained from a human development point of view. Recent research links structural theories of adult development to decision making and leadership performance. The implications are far-reaching for the management development professions. Applying what is known about human development would mean major changes in goals and methods for management education in universities, management training in organizations, and the practice of organization development.
Change Differences from an Action Research, Results-Oriented OD Program in High- and Low-Performing Finnish Banks
Authors: Santalainen Timo J. , Hunt J.G.
Published: March 2007

A results-oriented, action research OD change program was instituted in the 80 largest banks of a major Finnish banking system. Using a results-oriented framework common to all and consensual decision making, individual top management teams were able to emphasize different aspects of change. It was hypothesized that, at the completion of the intervention strategy, high-performing banks would report more strategic changes, less operational changes, more changes emphasizing planning and implementation of changes, and more unplanned changes than would low performers. It was also hypothesized that some three years after completion of the intervention strategy, high performers would report more deep-seated changes than would low performers. Consensually based reports of changes indicated support for these hypotheses but with some qualifications. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Good Manager
Authors: Powell Gary N.
Published: March 2007

As the internationalization of business increases, stereotypes of managers from other cultures assume greater importance. This study examined stereotypes held by American business students who expected to join the work force of Japanese managers, American managers, and a "good manager." Although neither the Japanese nor American managerial stereotype resembled that of a good manager, the typical Japanese manager was seen as the better manager overall. However, students preferred to work for the typical American manager. Implications of the results for the treatment and experiences of expatriate managers are discussed.
The Impact of Leader Power and Behavior on Leadership Perceptions
Authors: Palich Leslie E. , Hom Peter W.
Published: March 2007

According to Lord's categorization theory of leadership, people identify others as leaders or nonleaders based on the frequency and nature of displayed leader behaviors. Although this relationship has been empirically established, the impact of power attributions on leadership perceptions has not yet been studied. The present research employed LISREL to investigate the linkages of power and behavior to leadership impressions through cognitive schemata. Results indicated that leader behavior had direct effects on perceptions of leadership, whereas leader power did not. However, leader power did affect perceptions of leader behavior, in keeping with categorization theory. In addition, displayed leader behaviors contributed to the development of power perceptions. The practical implications of these findings are discussed at length.