bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Catellani Reaction with 1,1‐Bis[(pinacolato)boryl]methane as the Nucleophilic Component
Authors: Bao Zhicheng , Wu Chaoqiang , Wang Jianbo
Published: November 2022

We report herein the application of 1,1‐bis[(pinacolato)boryl]methane as a new type of terminating reagent to realize three‐component coupling reaction with aryl iodide and different electrophiles. A series of ortho‐disubstituted benzylboronates can be synthesized and the ortho‐substituent can be varied by using bromoacetic esters or O‐benzoyl hydroxylamine as electrophiles with slightly modified reaction conditions. The reaction shows good functional group tolerance and the obtained benzyl boronate products can be easily transformed to various synthetically useful compounds.
Transient thermal modeling and performance analysis of photovoltaic panels
Authors: Yigit Abdulvahap , Arslanoglu Nurullah , Gul Hakan
Published: November 2022

Photovoltaic technology enables the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Model studies have a very crucial place in the implementation of PV systems. Electrical efficiency decreases with increasing PV panel temperature. So, solar panel temperature is an important parameter that needs to be reduced to obtain a better energy efficiency from PV panels. In this study, the aim is to develop a simple method that can estimate the temperature of a solar panel. It can utilize different methods to obtain the thermal responses of a PV panel. In this study, a modeling study was carried out to find panel temperature, efficiency and power values under transient ambient conditions. As a simpler approach, “lumped system analysis” method was used. The model developed in this study can simulate the thermal performance of the PV panel under transient conditions. After the model is defined for a particular PV panel, the required inputs are; total incident solar radiation, wind speed and ambient temperature. The results obtained from this model were compared with existing modeling and experimental studies in the literature. With the simulation using the model developed in this study, panel efficiency, temperature and panel electricity power were calculated using instantaneous environmental data for the selected Konya and Sanliurfa (Turkey) regions. In this paper, it was obtained that the wind speed increased the PV panel efficiency, while the ambient temperature decreased it. Depending on the increase in wind speed (1–2 m/s), the increase in PV panel electric power is 3.7%, while the increase in high wind speeds (5–6 m/s) decreases to 0.77%. It was found that a 7°C increase in ambient temperature caused a 4°C increase in PV panel temperature and a 1.5% decrease in PV electrical power generation.

The PV panel electrical power values calculated using the efficiency values calculated according to the daily average environmental temperatures were found to be 13% higher than the power values calculated using instantaneous environmental temperatures. If this difference is not taken into account in the calculation of economic payback periods, it will lead to significant erroneous results. The importance of transient simulations of the PV panel has been demonstrated by the calculations.
Effect of Albumin and Tryptone as environmental‐friendly additives on methane hydrate formation rate: Efficacy of a protein on promotion or inhibition of hydrate growth
Authors: Atakoohi Sina Ebrahim , Sanatgar Shadi Mollashahi , Peyvandi Kiana
Published: November 2022

The objective of this study was to introduce a new edible additive to improve the kinetics of methane hydrate formation. Thus, experiments were performed on some proteins as new additives with successful applications. The effects of chicken egg white Albumin (CEWA), bovine serum Albumin (BSA), and Peptone from Casein (Tryptone) were investigated on the methane hydrate formation at an isothermal condition. The results indicated that CEWA and BSA while having a negligible foaming amount, promoted the hydrate formation rate and reduced the induction time. At best, CEWA at 0.2 wt% and BSA at 0.4 wt% increased the rate of hydrate formation by 116%, and 112%, respectively. Tryptone's effect was completely different and acted as an inhibitor for the methane hydrate formation and increased the reaction time by 142% at the concentration of 0.4 wt%. The results lead us to understand that the structure and properties of a protein can directly affect its function and make it an inhibitor or a promoter for gas hydrate. The experiments indicated that Albumins and Tryptone are promising as eco‐friendly and nontoxic substances and could be used for further investigations.
Experimental optimization of replacing R22 with R417A without any other changes in configuration of residential air‐conditioning systems based on energy and exergy analysis
Authors: Deymi‐Dashtebayaz Mahdi , Farahnak Mehdi , Tayyeban Edris , Moraffa Mojtaba , Rahbari Hamid Reza
Published: November 2022

In this paper, the optimal refrigerant mass charge amount of R417A, as a substitute for R22, was experimentally investigated in a split‐type air‐conditioner with no changes in system configuration. Experiments were conducted for both refrigerants over a range of mass charge from 500 to 850 g in a 12,000 Btuh−1 split air‐conditioner as the case study which is a conventional refrigeration system in residential sector of Iran. In order to study the effect of refrigerant mass charge on performance of refrigeration cycle, energy and exergy analysis were performed to determine cooling capacity, energy efficiency ratio (EER) and exergy efficiency. Results showed that the maximum EER for R22 and R417A are 2.48 and 2.41, and the maximum exergy efficiencies obtained for R22 and R417A are around 7.3% and 7%, respectively. Based on both EER and exergy efficiency, the optimum mass charge for R22 and R417A refrigerants are around 640 g and 650 g, respectively. In addition, it was found that under optimal charge conditions, the cooling capacity, EER and exergy efficiency of the system while working with R417A are lower than R22, just by 2.5%, 3%, and 4.5% respectively. Comparison results indicate that R417A can be considered as a suitable substitute for R22, which can almost provide the same performance without need to change the system components.
Guidelines for in vitro simulated digestion and absorption of food
Authors: Xin Meili , Zhao Min , Tian Jinlong , Li Bin
Published: November 2022

With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, food intake, bioactivity, and bioavailability have mainly concerned people. Therefore, the digestion and absorption of this kind of food have attracted people's attention. Some food has very high nutritional, medicinal, and medical value. However, because of its low conversion rate and utilization rate, the human body digests and absorbs less material, so the use of human value will be significantly reduced. Therefore, simulation and testing of digestion and absorption in vitro may be significant for dietary intake of bioactive substances. This paper reviews the organs and pathways of simulated food digestion and absorption in vitro and specific processing methods. In an in the vitro simulation system, the role of the human digestive system and absorption system in food digestion and absorption is described, and the performance of various simulation models, exceptionally dynamic in vitro models, is compared. Widespread use and refinement of these models will expand our understanding of the complex interplay of food substrates and digestive and absorptive systems. Therefore, it will be possible to design food with better bioavailability, more benefits to human health, and more targeted delivery, which is also in line with the development trend of food in the future.
A Collaborative Journey towards the Late‐Stage Functionalization of Added‐Value Chemicals Using Engineered Halogenases
Authors: Büchler Johannes , Hegarty Eimear , Schroer Kirsten , Snajdrova Radka , Turner Nicholas J. , Loiseleur Olivier , Buller Rebecca , Le Chapelain Camille
Published: November 2022

In 2017, two companies, Novartis AG and Syngenta AG, joined forces with the group of Prof. Buller, head of the Competence Center for Biocatalysis (CCBIO), to tackle the challenge of enzymatic late‐stage halogenation. This biocatalytic method was considered to provide a more sustainable approach to late‐stage halogenation of complex molecules than traditional synthetic approaches. Using machine‐learning guided protein engineering, α‐ketoglutarate dependent halogenases were evolved into versatile catalysts capable of selectively chlorinating inactivated C−H bonds. Structurally diverse molecules, namely an analogue of martinelline as well as two members of the soraphen natural product family, were enzymatically chlorinated at two distinct positions in a regio‐ and stereoselective manner, thus demonstrating the synthetic usefulness of such a strategy. As part of our three‐year collaboration, flavin‐dependent halogenases were also studied.
Time to recovery from malnutrition and its predictors among human immunodeficiency virus positive children treated with ready‐to‐use therapeutic food in low resource setting area: A retrospective follow‐up study
Authors: Zegeye Martha kassahun , Belew Aysheshim kassahun , Aserese Addisalem Damtie , Daba Derese Bekele
Published: November 2022

Background and Aim

Malnutrition is a serious public health issue and a frequent impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which raises the risk of morbidity and mortality in affected people. Despite the World Health Organization's (WHO) support for the use of ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods (RUTF) to treat malnutrition, research on the length of time it takes for children with HIV infection to recover from malnutrition and the factors that predict it is lacking, particularly Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution‐based retrospective follow‐up study was carried out in the Amhara regional state referral hospitals in Northern Ethiopia. From 2013 to 2018, a total of 478 children who received RUTF treatments were chosen using a simple random sampling technique. To calculate the likelihood of recovery and the median recovery period, incidence and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed. The Cox regression model was used to identify predictors of time to recovery from malnutrition. The multivariable model only included variables with apvalue below 0.2. While factors were deemed to be substantially linked with the outcome variable if theirpvalue was less than 0.05.

Results

The median recovery duration was 5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4–5 months), and the nutritional recovery rate was 64.64% (95% CI = 60.2–68.9). Moderate acute malnutrition (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 4.60, 95% [CI] = 2.85–7.43), WHO clinical stage I (AHR = 4.01, 95% CI = 1.37–11.77), absence of opportunistic infection (AHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.19–2.61), haemoglobin (Hgb) count above the threshold (AHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.01–1.85) and family size of 1–3 (AHR = 2.38, 95% CI = 2.38–5.00) were significantly linked to rapid recovery from malnutrition.

Conclusion

In comparison to the period specified by the national guideline (3 months for moderate and 6 months for severe acute malnutrition), the median time to recovery was lengthy. Acute malnutrition, clinical stage, opportunistic infection, Hgb count, and family size were statistically associated with early recovery from malnutrition.
Evaluation of depression, stress, and anxiety among women with subfertility during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study in Ahvaz, Iran
Authors: Afshari Poorandokht , Abedi Parvin , Sarizadeh Reihaneh , Maniati Mahmoud
Published: November 2022

Background and Aims

Some studies have shown that the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression have increased among subfertile women during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study was designed to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among subfertile women during the COVID‐19 pandemic in southwest Iran.

Method

This cross‐sectional study was conducted on 190 subfertile women from two infertility centers (Imam Khomeini and Jihad) in Ahvaz, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, and the depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS‐21) were used to assess the level of depression, anxiety, and stress of subfertile women during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data collection started in August 2021 and was completed in December 2021. Mean ± SD or N (%), and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.

Result

Results showed that most women experienced moderate depression, anxiety, and stress. However, the percentage of women who experienced very severe anxiety was more than that for depression and stress, and 75 (39.5%) of women had all three disorders together. Anxiety was 0.176 units lower in women who were not affected by COVID‐19 (95% CI: −5.781 to −0.629). The depression was 0.216 units lower in women with good and moderate economic status (95% CI: −5.603 to −1.178).

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that most studied women experienced moderate depression, anxiety, and stress, but the percentages of very severe anxiety were more than that for depression and stress. Poor economic status was also a strong predictor of depression among subfertile women. Infection with COVID‐19 increased the level of anxiety. Careful evaluation of subfertile women for mental health is recommended especially during crises such as the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Overview of clinical practice guideline development, application to pharmacy practice, and roles for pharmacists
Authors: Dixon Dave L. , Harris Ila M. , Aljadeed Raniah , Anderson Keri C. , Aycock Anna , Beavers Craig , Beckman Elizabeth J. , Isaacs Diana , McCoy Emily , Sandler Anna , Saseen Joseph J. , Singh Shivali , Wagner Jamie
Published: November 2022

All health care professionals have a responsibility to integrate current evidence‐based medicine into their clinical practice to ensure the best possible patient care. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) play a major role in helping clinicians identify when and how to implement evidence into routine clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. The primary intent of CPGs is to benefit patients by improving the quality of care; however, CPGs also improve efficiency and effectiveness within the health care system. The process used to develop CPGs is important to ensure the recommendations are trustworthy, based on the highest‐quality evidence, and free of significant conflicts of interest. The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) published guidance on best practices for developing CPGs in 1990 and again in 2011. Additional guidance is provided by various reporting checklists for CPGs, such as the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) instruments. However, analyses of published CPGs show inconsistent application of these best practices. This paper discusses the benefits of CPGs, reviews the guideline development process, discusses limitations in this process and in applying CPGs to patient care, identifies opportunities for improvement, provides considerations for educating learners and other health care professionals about CPGs, and examines the role of pharmacists in CPG development, dissemination, and implementation.
Barriers to the use of exposure therapy by psychologists treating anxiety, obsessive‐compuslive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an Australian sample
Authors: Moses Karen , Gonsalvez Craig J. , Meade Tanya
Published: November 2022

Bacground: Exposure therapy is a core component of the evidence‐based treatment of anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite this, many clinicians fail to use exposure therapy in clinical practice, with research highlighting a number of potential barriers. Those findings raise serious concerns regarding the effective dissemination and delivery of evidence‐based treatments that in turn have a major impact on client care and cost‐effectiveness of psychological interventions.

Aims: The present study aims to examine barriers to the use of exposure therapy in the clinical practice of Australian psychologists treating anxiety, OCD and PTSD.

Method: One hundred registered psychologists, aged between 23 and 71 years and 84% female, participated in this study via online survey.

Results: Results suggest that the most common barriers to the use of exposure therapy include lack of confidence, negative beliefs about exposure therapy, insufficient underpinning theoretical knowledge, client‐specific barriers, and logistical limitations.

Conclusions: Future research may further examine those barriers and the components of additional training and supervision that can increase the uptake of exposure therapy, particularly in clinical areas where it is a gold standard of practice.
Age‐specific and sex‐specific associations of visceral adipose tissue mass and fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio with risk of mortality
Authors: Yu Bowei , Sun Ying , Du Xinyue , Zhang Haojie , Chen Chi , Tan Xiao , Yang Zhongyi , Lu Yingli , Wang Ningjian
Published: November 2022

Background

Limited studies have explored the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio (FMR) and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the sex‐specific association of VAT and FMR with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality by age.

Methods

A total of 438 896 participants (49.8% men, mean age ± standard deviation: 57 ± 8 years for men; 56 ± 8 years for women) were included from the UK Biobank cohort. The nature of VAT was predictive, as obtained by sex‐stratified, non‐linear prediction models. Fat and muscle mass were estimated using a bioelectrical impedance assessment device. FMR was calculated as the fat mass divided by the muscle mass in the whole body. VAT and FMRs were divided into quintiles in ascending order, and the 3rd quintile was used as the reference. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between VAT, FMR and mortality.

Results

During a median of 12.4 years of follow‐up, we documented 29 903 deaths. After adjusting for various covariates, the individuals in the highest quintiles of VAT and FMR had the highest hazard ratios (HRs) of all‐cause mortality [1.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.33) for VAT and 1.24 (1.17–1.31) for FMR in men; and 1.11 (1.03–1.21) for VAT in women], except that the 1st quintile of FMR in women had the greatest HR [1.18 (1.09–1.27)]. Significant interactions were observed in both sexes according to age category (P for interaction < 0.05). Among men <50 years, participants in the 1st and 5th quintiles of VAT and FMR had significantly higher risks of mortality [1.30 (1.02–1.66) and 1.67 (1.27–2.19) in VAT; 1.25 (0.99–1.56) and 1.41 (1.11–1.79) in FMR, respectively]; in women, this phenomenon was observed in the ≥60 age group [1.16 (1.06–1.27) and 1.19 (1.08–1.31) in VAT; 1.18 (1.08–1.29) and 1.11 (1.01–1.22) in FMR, respectively]. VAT showed a linear positive association with mortality in women <60 years and a J‐shaped association from respiratory disease in both sexes ≥60 years. FMR showed a linear positive association with mortality from cancer in men <60 years and a J‐shaped association with mortality from cause‐specific mortality in both sexes ≥60 years, except for mortality from cardiovascular disease in men.

Conclusions

Most associations of VAT and FMR with all‐cause mortality were J‐shaped and were significantly modified by age status (<50, 50–59 and ≥60 years). The clinical implication is that regarding body composition and VAT mass, different health strategies may be adopted for people of different sexes and ages.
Pre‐doctoral dental students’ computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing‐related education, knowledge, attitudes and behavior: A national survey
Authors: Alhamed Farah J. , Neiva Gisele F. , Bak Sun‐Yung , Karl Elisabeta , Inglehart Marita R.
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology transformed the world of restorative dentistry. The objectives were to assess pre‐doctoral dental students’ CAD/CAM‐related education, knowledge, attitudes, and professional behavior, and to explore the relationships between the year in dental school and these constructs.

Methods

A total of 358 pre‐doctoral dental students from 17 of the 68 US dental schools responded to a web‐based anonymous survey.

Results

CAD/CAM‐related classroom‐based education was likely to happen in lectures (87.2%) and simulated exercises as part of a class (86.9%). Faculty were most likely to provide CAD/CAM instruction (87.9%), with staff (44.8%) and dental technicians (20.2%) being engaged as well. Preclinical education included video demonstrations (81.8%), demonstrations during a lecture (76.4%) or for smaller groups of students (69.2%), hands‐on workshops (65.6%), and individual instruction (50.4%). Considering the digital workflow in clinics, 45.2% reported using intraoral scans. The more advanced the students were in their program, the more CAD/CAM knowledge (r = 0.27; p < 0.001) and knowledge about what can be fabricated with CAD/CAM technology they had (r = 0.25; p < 0.001). However, the student's satisfaction with the education about CAD/CAM did not increase over the years (r = −0.04; n.s.) and remained neutral, while their attitudes became more positive the longer they were in dental school (r = 0.13; p < 0.05). Their attitudes were quite positive, with most students considering that CAD/CAM is the future of dentistry (5 = most positive: Mean = 4.34), agreeing that they enjoyed working with CAD/CAM (Mean = 4.11) and that CAD/CAM has the potential of making them a better dentist (Mean = 4.07).

Conclusions

The majority of students in the US dental schools appreciate CAD/CAM technology, consider it to be the future of dentistry, and believe it makes them better dentists. The fact that the majority is not satisfied with their classroom‐based, preclinical and clinical CAD/CAM‐related education should therefore be a call to action to rethink dental school curricula in this content area.
Psychology and the fall of Communism: The special case of (East) Germany
Authors: Ash Mitchell G.
Published: November 2022

The fall of Communism is now universally agreed to be what the philosopher Hegel called a world historical event—one that few predicted but nearly everyone saw as inevitable after it happened. In the aftermath many lives—and worldviews—changed, not only, but also in the human sciences. These remarks attempt to address in a preliminary way both the impact of the fall of Communism on psychology in former East Germany (including changes in personnel and approach) and the ways in which these sciences were employed as resources for reflection on the Communist past as well as the transition to new social and political regimes.
Transcriptome analysis of Armillaria gallica 012 m in response to auxin
Authors: Cao Yapu , He Kaixiang , Li Qingqing , Chen Xin , Mo Haiying , Li Zhihao , Ji Qiaolin , Li Ganpeng , Du Gang , Yang Haiying
Published: November 2022

Gastrodia elata is an achlorophyllous and fully mycoheterotrophic orchid which obtains carbon and other nutrients from Armillaria species in its life cycle. Many researchers suggested that plant hormones, as signing molecules, play a central role in the plant–fungi interaction. In the process of Armillaria gallica 012 m cultivation, both exogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) distinctly stimulated the growth of mycelia in solid media. The differential expression genes (DEGs) of A. gallica 012 m with IAA versus blank control (BK) and IBA versus BK were investigated. The results showed that more than 80% of DEGs of the IAA group were coincident with the DEGs of the IBA group, and more than half of upregulated DEGs and most of the downregulated DEGs of the IAA group coincided with those DEGs of the IBA group. Above research implied that A. gallica 012 m could perceive IAA and IBA, and possess similar responses and signaling pathways to IAA and IBA. The overlapping differential genes of the IAA group and IBA group were analyzed by GO term, and the results showed that several DEGs identified were related to biological processes including positive regulation of the biological process and biological process. The downregulated NmrA‐like and FKBP_C genes might be benefit to the growth of mycelia. Those results can explain that exiguous IAA and IBA improved the growth of A. gallica to some extent. We speculate that IAA and IBA are signaling molecules, and regulate the expression of growth‐related genes of A. gallica 012 m by the same signaling pathway.
Procyanidin B2 alleviates oxidative stress‐induced nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis through upregulating Nrf2 via PI3K–Akt pathway
Authors: Zou Yan‐Pei , Zhang Qi‐Chen , Zhang Qian‐Yi , Jiang Li‐Bo , Li Xi‐Lei
Published: November 2022

Oxidative stress can lead to nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) apoptosis, which is considered to be one of the main contributors to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Procyanidin B2 is a natural antioxidant that protects against oxidative stress. However, whether procyanidin B2 protects NPCs from oxidative stress remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that procyanidin B2 could reduce tert‐butyl hydroperoxide‐induced reactive oxygen species in rat NPCs and attenuate rat NPC apoptosis. Further experiments revealed that procyanidin B2 upregulated the expression of both nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt). We then used silencing of Nrf2 and LY294002 to silence Nrf2 expression and block the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, respectively, and found that the protective roles of procyanidin B2 in NPCs were inhibited. Therefore, we demonstrated that procyanidin B2 alleviated rat NPC apoptosis induced by oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study provides a potential therapeutic approach for procyanidin B2 in IVDD, which might help in the development of new drugs for IVDD treatment.
Sequential application of small molecule therapy enhances chondrogenesis and angiogenesis in murine segmental defect bone repair
Authors: Rundle Charles H. , Gomez Gustavo A. , Pourteymoor Sheila , Mohan Subburaman
Published: November 2022

The increasing incidence of physiologic/pathologic conditions that impair the otherwise routine healing of endochondral bone fractures and the occurrence of severe bone injuries necessitate novel approaches to enhance clinically challenging bone fracture repair. To promote the healing of nonunion fractures, we tested an approach that used two small molecules to sequentially enhance cartilage development and conversion to the bone in the callus of a murine femoral segmental defect nonunion model of bone injury. Systemic injections of smoothened agonist 21k (SAG21k) were used to stimulate chondrogenesis through the activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway early in bone repair, while injections of the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)2 inhibitor, IOX2, were used to stimulate hypoxia signaling‐mediated endochondral bone formation. The expression of SHH pathway genes and Phd2 target genes was increased in chondrocyte cell lines in response to SAG21k and IOX2 treatment, respectively. The segmental defect responded to sequential systemic administration of these small molecules with increased chondrocyte expression of PTCH1, GLI1, and SOX9 in response to SAG and increased expression of hypoxia‐induced factor‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A in the defect tissues in response to IOX2. At 6 weeks postsurgery, the combined SAG–IOX2 therapy produced increased bone formation in the defect with the bony union over the injury. Clinical significance: This therapeutic approach was successful in promoting cartilage and bone formation within a critical‐size segmental defect and established the utility of a sequential small molecule therapy for the enhancement of fracture callus development in clinically challenging bone injuries.
Quantitatively identify the factors driving loess erodibility variations after ecological restoration
Authors: Zhang Xiang , She Dongli , Cao Taohong , Yang Zhen , He Cangguo
Published: November 2022

The soil erodibility factor is the key index to evaluate regional potential erosion degree and predict soil erosion. Therefore, it is very meaningful to explore the response mechanism of soil erodibility to external environmental factors on the Loess Plateau after ecological restoration. In this study, three soil erodibility factors (K‐USLE, K‐shira, and K‐torri), a comprehensive soil erodibility index (CSEI), different vegetation indices, and five topographic parameters (Topo) in two typical watersheds were selected to achieve this goal. The results revealed that vegetation indices (VI), soil properties (SP), and Topo were significantly affected by regional location and land use types. Vegetation restoration can reduce soil erodibility factors, but the reduction capacity of different land use types varies greatly. SP, VI, and Topo can explain more than 70% of variances in soil erodibility. The partial least squares‐structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) illustrated that SP had the largest and significant direct impact on soil erodibility (standard path coefficients (SPC) were −0.935 and −0.895, respectively). Vegetation indirectly inhibited the soil erodibility of the two watersheds by improving SP (SPC were 0.228 and 0.437, respectively), while the indirect impact of Topo mainly interferes with soil erodibility by adjusting vegetation type and spatial distribution (SPC were −0.566 and −0.292, respectively). Furthermore, CSEI was significantly affected by land use, and significantly associated with soil texture, soil organic carbon (SOC), mean weight diameter (MWD), normalized green‐red difference index (NGRDI), and vegetative index (VEG) in both watersheds. The soil in the Xinshui River watershed was more vulnerable to erosion than that in the Zhujiachuan watershed. It is of great significance to explore the response mechanism of soil erodibility to multi‐scale factors to understand the impact of external environmental evolution on soil erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau.
Factors affecting adherence to intranasal treatment for allergic rhinitis: A qualitative study
Authors: Fox Meha G. , Cass Lauren M. , Sykes Kevin J. , Cummings Emily L. , Fassas Scott N. , Nallani Rohit , Smith Josh B. , Chiu Alexander G. , Villwock Jennifer A.
Published: November 2022

Objective

To determine the facilitators of and barriers to adherence to use of intranasal pharmacotherapy (daily intranasal corticosteroids and/or antihistamine, and nasal saline irrigation [NSI]), for allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Patients were recruited from an academic tertiary care rhinology and allergy clinic. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted after the initial visit and/or 4–6 weeks following treatment. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory, inductive approach to elucidate themes regarding patient adherence to AR treatment.

Results

A total of 32 patients (12 male, 20 female; age 22–78) participated (seven at initial visit, seven at follow‐up visit, and 18 at both). Memory triggers, such as linking nasal routine to existing daily activities or medications, were identified by patients as the most helpful strategy for adherence at initial and follow‐up visits. Logistical obstacles related to NSI (messy, takes time, etc.) was the most common concept discussed at follow‐up. Patients modified the regimen based on side effects experienced or perceived efficacy.

Conclusions

Memory triggers help patients adhere to nasal routines. Logistical obstacles related to NSI can deter from use. Health care providers should address both concepts during patient counseling. Nudge‐based interventions that incorporate these concepts may help improve adherence to AR treatment.

Level of Evidence

2
Carp stocking and climate change are potentially more important factors than nutrient enrichment driving water quality deterioration in subtropical freshwater lakes in China
Authors: Su Haojie , Chen Jianfeng , Li Yun , Rao Qingyang , Luo Congqiang , Deng Xuwei , Shen Hong , Li Renhui , Chen Jun , Sun Yuanfeng , Pan Jiamin , Ma Suhui , Feng Yuhao , Wang Haijun , Fang Jingyun , Xie Ping
Published: November 2022

Freshwater lakes across the world have undergone dramatic changes in biological components and water quality over the past several decades. Previous studies focused on potential drivers mainly on nutrient enrichment in the catchment. However, the relative importance of climate change and the top‐down cascade effects of fish stocking on water quality is not fully understood. Here, by compiling 155 lakes data with four periods of field investigation in subtropical lakes in China, we found no significant changes in water total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the past two decades. However, the phytoplankton abundance increased significantly, and the water clarity declined by 44.1%. We further found that carp stocking and climate change are potentially more important than nutrients driving water quality change, which is also evidenced in two lakes (Lake Donghu and Qiandao) with long‐term monitoring histories. Specifically, carp stocking can decrease the water clarity directly by stirring up sediment and indirectly by trophic cascade along the food web. For climatic factors, mean annual temperature (MAT) has a positive effect on phytoplankton abundance, while mean annual precipitation has a negative one, with climates overall having little effect on water clarity. In addition, nutrient enrichment and climate change also have strong interactions with carp stocking, which may enhance the top‐down effects on water quality. Our findings highlight that either MAT or carp stocking may become an overwhelming driver of water clarity decline, which provides new insights into the conservation strategy for water quality management in the subtropical lakes in China.
Terahertz Sources Based on Metrological‐Grade Frequency Combs
Authors: Riccardi Elisa , Pistore Valentino , Consolino Luigi , Sorgi Alessia , Cappelli Francesco , Eramo Roberto , De Natale Paolo , Li Lianhe , Davies Alexander Giles , Linfield Edmund H. , Vitiello Miriam S.
Published: November 2022

Broadband metrological‐grade frequency comb (FC) synthesizers with a rich number of phase locked modes are the ideal sources for quantum sensing and quantum metrology. At terahertz (THz) frequencies, electrically pumped quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have shown quantum‐limited frequency noise operation, phase/frequency absolute referencing and self‐starting FC operation, albeit over a rather restricted dynamic range, governed by the nature of the quantum gain media that entangles group velocity dispersion at the different bias points. Here, a technological approach is conceived to achieve FC operation over the entire available gain bandwidth at THz frequencies. The intracavity light intensity of a multistack QCL, inherently showing a giant Kerr nonlinearity, is altered by increasing the mirror losses of its Fabry‐Perot cavity through coating the back facet with an epitaxially‐grown multilayer graphene film. This enables a frequency modulated THz FC showing a proliferation of emitted modes over the entire gain bandwidth and across more than 60% of its operational range, with ≈0.18 mW per mode optical power. The QCL FC is then experimentally characterized to assess its phase coherence, reconstructing its intensity emission profile, instantaneous frequency, and electric field, thus proving its metrological nature.
Origami–Kirigami Arts: Achieving Circular Dichroism by Flexible Meta‐Film for Electromagnetic Information Encryption
Authors: Wang He , Qin Zhe , Zhou Hongqiang , Li Chenchen , Bai Hui , Li Xin , Li Yongfeng , Zhang Jieqiu , Qu Shaobo , Huang Lingling
Published: November 2022

Both origami and kirigami arts, the strategies of mechanically affording versatile and unconventional structural transformation, have attracted huge attention in the fields of physics and material science. With the assistance of meta‐devices, origami and kirigami techniques are gradually applied to guide electromagnetic waves yet the exploration on this academic issue is still in infancy. Here, a general paradigm that inspired by origami–kirigami arts is proposed to fit the Rosenfeld principle‐based chiroptical effect. TheL‐ andD‐enantiomers are implemented to tailor the aperture distribution of a fabricated meta‐film. By properly folding the meta‐film, the holographic images can be reconstructed at designated focal planes when driven by spin angular momenta for distinct frequency bands. Owing to the characteristics of flexibility and foldability, the fabricated meta‐film can be easily applied to carry and deploy, which may bring up another route for spin selective systems, camouflage, and information encryption.
A Coculture Based, 3D Bioprinted Ovarian Tumor Model Combining Cancer Cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts
Authors: Baka Zakaria , Godier Claire , Lamy Laureline , Mallick Abhik , Gribova Varvara , Figarol Agathe , Bezdetnaya Lina , Chateau Alicia , Magne Zoé , Stiefel Marie , Louaguef Dounia , Lavalle Philippe , Gaffet Eric , Joubert Olivier , Alem Halima
Published: November 2022

Ovarian cancer remains a major public health issue due to its poor prognosis. To develop more effective therapies, it is crucial to set‐up reliable models that closely mimic the complexity of the ovarian tumor's microenvironment. 3D bioprinting is currently a promising approach to build heterogenous and reproducible cancer models with controlled shape and architecture. However, this technology is still poorly investigated to model ovarian tumors. In this study, a 3D bioprinted ovarian tumor model combining cancer cells (SKOV‐3) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are described. The resulting tumor models show their ability to maintain cell viability and proliferation. Cells are observed to self‐assemble in heterotypic aggregates. Moreover, CAFs are observed to be recruited and to circle cancer cells reproducing an in vivo process taking place in the tumor microenvironment. Interestingly, this approach also shows its ability to rapidly generate a high number of reproducible tumor models that can be subjected to usual characterizations (cell viability and metabolic activity; histology and immunological studies; and real‐time imaging). Therefore, these ovarian tumor models can be an interesting tool for high throughput drug screening applications.
Avoiding through glossiness and approaching through matte: The effect of visual finish on perceived product effectiveness
Authors: Huang Yunhui , Song Wenjing , Yang Lu
Published: November 2022

This research examines whether, how, and why visual finish (i.e., whether a product/package is glossy or matte) can affect consumers' perceived effectiveness of problem‐solving products. Drawing on approach–avoidance goal pursuit theory, this work classifies problem‐solving products into problem‐approaching and problem‐avoiding ones according to their operation processes. A pilot study demonstrates that participants are more likely to choose a glossy finish over a matte one for a problem‐avoiding (vs. problem‐approaching) product. Studies 1 and 2 collectively find that glossy (vs. matte) finishes increase consumers' perceived effectiveness of a problem‐avoiding product while the reverse is true for a problem‐approaching product. Moreover, this effect is mediated by perceived trustworthiness of product function (Study 3). Studies 4–5 further document its consequential implications on willingness‐to‐pay (Study 4; incentive‐compatible paradigm) and consumers' actual ad clicks (Study 5; field study). The findings contribute to the visual finish, product effectiveness, and approach–avoidance goal pursuit literatures. They also have significant managerial implications on product appearance design.
Zementindustrie: Kreisläufe und Kohlendioxid
Authors: Pato Nicolas , Zajac Maciej , Schmidt Volkmar M.
Published: November 2022

Zementherstellung verursacht CO2‐Emissionen, die die Industrie durch Kreisläufe und Recycling zu senken sucht. Entscheidend ist der Unterschied zwischen neuem und recyceltem Beton. Es gibt Verfahren, die aufbereiteten Beton und CO2 aus der Zementproduktion für Kompositzemente nutzen.
Giftstoffe und Chemieanlagen im Krieg
Authors: Burck Kristoffer Johannes Reinhard , Krin Anna
Published: November 2022

Im Zuge des Angriffskriegs gegen die Ukraine haben Russland und Ukraine sich gegenseitig vorgeworfen, Chemiewaffen unter falscher Flagge einzusetzen oder deren Einsatz zu planen. Belege für die jeweiligen Vorwürfe fehlen bisher. Dabei existieren internationale Mechanismen, um die Anschuldigungen unabhängig untersuchen zu lassen.
Towards a UN science policy panel on chemicals and waste management
Authors: Weinig Hans‐Georg
Published: November 2022

High Level Panel Discussion at ECC‐8 in Lisbon
Mach‐5: Molecular Machinery – Making, Measuring, Modeling
Authors: Herges Rainer
Published: November 2022

Auf ein neues Tagungsformat setzten Rainer Herges und Alberto Credi bei der viertägigen Mach‐5‐Konferenz (Molecular Machinery: Modelling, Making, Measuring, mach‐5.org) 2022 auf Schloss Plön bei Kiel: Jeder der Eingeladenen trug vor. Eingeladen waren ausschließlich Wissenschaftler unter 40 ohne Tenure Track, und erlaubt waren nicht nur Vorträge über Forschungsergebnisse, sondern auch die Präsentation neuer Konzepte und Ideen. Unterstützt wurde die Konferenz von den drei Chemienobelpreisträgern 2016, Ben Feringa, Fraser Stoddart und Jean‐Pierre Sauvage.
Ein Studium lohnt sich
Authors: Kuschmitz Paul
Published: November 2022

Es gibt finanzielle Anreize, eine Naturwissenschaft zu studieren.
Fiber bridging mechanism in moisture‐induced mode I delamination in carbon/epoxy composites: Finite element analysis and experimental investigation
Authors: Wong King Jye , Chong William Woei Fong , Goh Kheng‐Lim
Published: November 2022

Prolonged exposure of fiber reinforced composite structures to high moisture and temperature in outdoor environment could lead to the degradation of mechanical properties of the materials. To provides reliable prediction of the delamination behavior as the moisture progressively ingresses into the composites, we proposed a Bilinear‐Exponential Traction‐Separation (BETS) law‐which can account for the fiber bridging mechanism‐for investigating the mode I delamination of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates in wet states. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the delamination model was conducted to evaluate the effects of moisture content on the global force‐displacement curves. A cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to describe the delamination behavior at the interface. With regard to the force‐displacement curves, the BETS law agrees well with results from experimental study (using the double cantilever beam testing on the wet specimens) at both the elastic and failure regions. The delamination model governed by the BETS law also showed good agreement with the crack length versus the crosshead displacement. The FE model that considered the inputs from the BETS law yielded prediction about the evolution of the damage parameter and crack growth profile. In particular, the predicted crack extension increases linearly with increasing crosshead displacement. The proposed BETS law has the advantage of not requiring crack growth monitoring during experiment, and only one fitting parameter was needed to describe the bridging law at different moisture content levels.
Concerns experienced by parents of children treated for cancer: A qualitative study to inform adaptations to an internet‐administered, low‐intensity cognitive behavioral therapy intervention
Authors: Lundgren Johan , Thiblin Ella , Lutvica Nina , Reuther Christina , Farrand Paul , Woodford Joanne , von Essen Louise
Published: November 2022

Objective

Childhood cancer treatment completion is associated with mental health difficulties and negative socioeconomic consequences for parents. However, psychological support needs are often unmet. We developed an internet‐administered, guided, low‐intensity cognitive behavioral therapy‐based self‐help intervention (EJDeR) and examined feasibility and acceptability with a single‐arm feasibility trial (ENGAGE). Results suggest EJDeR is acceptable, however, adherence, especially for fathers, could be improved. Following the Medical Research Council complex interventions framework, this study explores concerns experienced by parents actively seeking support related to their child's cancer who were recruited into ENGAGE to inform further adaptation of EJDeR.

Method

Seventy‐three semi‐structured interviews (26 fathers, 47 mothers) were conducted, with data analyzed using manifest content analysis.

Results

Analysis resulted in seven categories: (1) Feeling lost and lonely in life; (2) Low mood; (3) Parenting difficulties; (4) Productivity difficulties; (5) Relationship challenges; (6) Stress reactions; and (7) Worry. With the exception of subcategories Afraid of not being a good parent, Cancer recurrence, and Child's development and future a somewhat higher percentage of mothers than fathers mentioned all identified concerns.

Conclusion

Parents described experiencing a range of concerns after their child had completed cancer treatment. EJDeR will be adapted to address these concerns and include indirect intervention modules targeting concerns such as stress. Information to support parenting, relationships, finance, and employment difficulties, alongside signposting to inform help‐seeking, will be included. Findings also suggest a need to improve the gender‐sensitivity of EJDeR.
Early childhood developmental skills of children with tracheostomies and ventilators recently discharged home
Authors: Sobotka Sarah A. , Lynch Emma , Msall Michael E. , Graham Robert J.
Published: November 2022

Background

Infants who survive prematurity and critical illnesses but require ongoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are at high risk for developmental disabilities. However, their detailed developmental profiles are largely unknown.

Objective

To understand the developmental profiles of a cohort of young children with IMV after hospital‐to‐home transition.

Design/methods

Developmental testing was completed 1 month after hospital discharge to determine functioning within motor, cognitive, and communicative domains using (1) the Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS); (2) the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI‐CAT); and (3) The Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA‐FS). To complement validated testing, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with parents to understand perceived influences on neurodevelopment.

Results

Twenty children were evaluated at median (range) age 11 (5–27) months. Nearly half (45%) were male, 40% non‐Hispanic Black, and 25% Hispanic. Sixteen (80%) children were survivors of prematurity. After gestational age correction, median (range) full‐scale developmental quotients (DQ) were 69.5 (8–119): CAT DQ 62.5 (3–113) and CLAMS DQ 71.5 (12–125). Parents described that prolonged restriction within the hospital crib away from caregivers, despite hospital therapists, impedes development. Home environments improve development primarily through increased time with parents, but also play outside of the crib. One month after hospital discharge only 10% were receiving early intervention therapies.

Conclusions/significance

Children with IMV display wide ranges of neurodevelopmental skills with a majority experiencing substantial delays in motor, communicative, and adaptive functioning. The degree and cross‐domain challenges highlight the need for targeted and timely therapeutic strategies.