bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE OLFACTORY BULBS ON THE GONADS OF MICE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K.
Published: December 2008

1. The ovaries and uteri of mature female mice rendered anosmic by removal of the olfactory bulbs were significantly smaller than those of control animals. Corpora lutea were absent or atrophic, and the vagina was closed in most of these animals.

2. No effect on the testes of anosmic males was observed. The accessory glands were lighter and contained less secretion, but the epithelium appeared unchanged.

3. Body weights of both male and female mice were reduced.
A TRICHLORACETIC ACID REAGENT FOR THE DETECTION OF PREGNANE-3α:17α:20-TRIOLS ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: DE COURCY CONSTANCE
Published: December 2008

1. Pregnane-3α:17α:20-triols give a blue fluorescent spot after heating a chromatogram sprayed with approximately 25% trichloracetic acid in ethanol. A spot containing 2 μg may be detected by this reaction. Out of forty-eight steroids examined only atiocholanediol gave a similar fluorescence. Certain other steroids give different characteristic colours and fluorescence.

2. The test has been successfully used to detect pregnanetriol in the non-ketonic fraction of urine extracts from a normal male and from a patient with adrenal hyperplasia. It has been used to detect the production of pregnanetriol by in vitro reduction of pregnane-3α:17α-diol-20-one.

3. The identity of the substances which gave this reaction and which were obtained from urine and from in vitro reduction was confirmed by isolation and characterization.
THE ADRENOCORTICAL CONTROL OF SODIUM METABOLISM
Authors: DALE R. A.
Published: December 2008

1. The urinary sodium output in adrenalectomized rats maintained on DCA and cortisone varies closely with the intake of sodium, in spite of a constant level of hormone administration.

2. There was evidence of lack of control of body sodium and potassium at both high and low extremes of sodium intake used.

3. It is argued that the results presented are evidence of (a) extra-adrenocortical control of sodium metabolism, and (b) increased adrenocortical secretion following sudden changes in dietary sodium.
THE VAGINAL RESPONSE OF THE SPAYED EWE TO REPEATED INJECTIONS OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE GIVEN ALONE OR PRECEDED BY PROGESTERONE
Authors: MOORE N. W. , ROBINSON T. J.
Published: December 2008

Seventy-two spayed Suffolk cross-bred ewes were used in a series of six trials, conducted at intervals of 16 days and designed to determine the quantitative vaginal response to oestradiol benzoate (ODB) when injected either alone or alternated with progesterone given at the rate of 10 mg/day for 12 days.

The vaginal response to ODB when alternated with progesterone did not differ significantly from trial to trial. The vaginal response to ODB given alone showed a highly significant decline, with successive treatments, from a hypersensitive to a hyposensitive condition, clearly suggesting the development of a refractory state.

It appears, therefore, that in addition to its role in maintaining a constant and highly sensitive state of psychic reactivity to ODB, progesterone is involved in the maintenance of a uniform vaginal sensitivity to this hormone.
FATE OF SPERMATOZOA IN THE UTERUS OF THE MOUSE AND RAT
Authors: AUSTIN C. R.
Published: December 2008

The uterine fluid of mice killed 2–6 hr after coitus and ovulation amounted to about 0·1 ml. and contained about 20 million spermatozoa and virtually no leucocytes. By 14–18 hr after coitus the leucocytes had increased to about 25 million and the spermatozoa had decreased to about 11 million, most of which were undergoing phagocytosis. Approximately 20 hr after coitus the uterine contents are apparently evacuated, in spite of the continued presence of a copulation plug. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa was also observed in rats but was much less extensive; this is considered to be because evacuation takes place sooner after ovulation, though still about 20 hr after coitus. The phagocytes were nearly all polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Leucocytic invasion of the uterine lumen seems to occur mainly because of the distension of the uterus with fluid and not because spermatozoa are present. No evidence was obtained that either spermatozoa or leucocytes pass from the lumen into the uterine wall.
A STUDY ON THE CYTOLOGY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE DOG
Authors: PURVES H. D. , GRIESBACH W. E.
Published: December 2008

Five specific types of cell were recognized in the pars distalis of the dog's hypophysis after staining by Crossmon's modification of the Mallory stain, either alone or in combination with aldehydefuchsin.

Orange acidophils are similar in appearance in mature and immature animals and are considered to secrete somatotrophin.

Red acidophils are almost absent in immature animals and are strongly stimulated by oestrogen. They are considered to secrete lactogenic hormone.

Blue basophils, present in both mature and immature animals, are sensitive to alterations in thyroxine supply and are considered to secrete thyrotrophin.

Purple basophils are not fully developed in immature animals.

Pale cells contain small numbers of basophilic granules composed of water soluble glycoprotein and are considered to be basophils of low granule content. They are, like the purple basophils, relatively undeveloped in the immature animal. Purple and pale basophils are considered to be gonadotrophic in function.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF MOTHER AND FOETUS IN THE RAT
Authors: CHRISTIANSON MARGARET , JONES I. CHESTER
Published: December 2008

The work was designed to investigate maternal/foetal adrenocortical interrelationships and, in particular, to answer three questions, namely: (i) what are the factors which control the growth of the foetal adrenal gland; (ii) does the foetal adrenal secrete hormones which have a biological action, similar to adult corticosteroids, on water and salt-electrolyte metabolism; and (iii) is the improved health of the adrenalectomized pregnant rat, compared with that of the adrenalectomized non-pregnant rat, occasioned by the presence of foetuses with their adrenals, or by the secretion of progesterone accompanying pregnancy?

Various categories of experimental animals were considered, including the following: normal non-pregnant and pregnant animals; normal and adrenalectomized non-pregnant animals injected with progesterone; pseudopregnant and adrenalectomized pseudopregnant animals; adrenalectomized non-pregnant and pregnant animals and those with the foetuses removed; animals in which ACTH injections were made into adrenalectomized mothers or directly into foetuses; hypophysectomized non-pregnant and pregnant animals; hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized pregnant animals; normal and adrenalectomized mothers with decapitated foetuses.

Adult and foetal body and adrenal weights and foetal pituitary weights were recorded, and the adrenals in both examined histologically. The sodium and potassium content of adult and foetal plasma and muscle, and the water content of muscle, were determined. The variations in body weight and of food and water intakes of animals in the different experimental categories were observed.

It was concluded that enlargement of the foetal adrenal after adrenalectomy of the mother was due to activity of the foetal pituitary. There was no evidence that either normally or under special circumstances the foetal adrenal secreted hormones which influenced water and salt-electrolyte metabolism. The sodium content of foetal plasma followed fairly closely that of maternal plasma in the various groups. The foetal plasma potassium content (which was about twice that of the adult), the foetal muscle sodium content (which was about eight times that of the adult) and the foetal muscle potassium content (which was similar to that of the mother), did not vary greatly, nor did they seem to be conditioned hormonally.

The presence of foetuses in adrenalectomized mothers did not alter the salt-electrolyte changes usually occurring in cortical insufficiency. While progesterone had a beneficial effect on appetite and body weight in adrenalectomized animals, it tended to produce an increased potassium content of muscle but did not change the salt-electrolyte content of plasma, so that the nature of its action is not clear.
EFFECTS OF OESTRONE AND PROGESTERONE ON MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , GOLDZVEIG S. A.
Published: December 2008

Three experiments are described on the effects of oestrone and progesterone over wide dose ranges on the development of the mammary gland in the ovariectomized guinea-pig. Factorial designs were used so that the responses to both steroids could be studied simultaneously. The degree of mammary development was assessed by objective and by subjective methods.

The observation of previous workers that complete mammary development could be evoked in the guinea-pig by oestrogen alone was not confirmed. Over a wide dose range of oestrone better development of the gland was obtained if progesterone was also administered. On some dose levels of oestrone the synergistic effects of progesterone were very marked.

Maximal mammary development was observed with a daily dose of 10–50 μg oestrone in combination with 1000 μg progesterone. Considerable lobule-alveolar development was observed with progesterone alone when the daily dose was sufficiently high (2400 μg). No histological abnormalities were observed in the glands except in those developed on the lowest dose of oestrone to give significant growth effects (0·1 μg), in which there was some evidence of cystic changes.

The significance of the progesterone: oestrogen ratio in mammary development is discussed.
URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND OESTRIOL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: CAMERON C. B.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol has been estimated by a chemical technique in nine men and three women with chronic liver disease.

Combined oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol excretion was above normal limits in only two patients, both men. One excreted more than normal amounts of all three oestrogens; the other excreted more oestriol only. In addition, four men and one woman excreted more oestriol than normal, but this was not sufficient to increase the combined excretion of these three oestrogens beyond levels found in healthy controls. These findings are contrary to many published conclusions based on bioassay.

Oestrogen excretion has been contrasted with the clinical findings. There was no correlation between increased oestrogen excretion and gynaecomastia. There was, however, a suggestive association of increased oestriol excretion, testicular atrophy, and a history of alcoholism. No association was established between an increased excretion of any oestrogen and the presence of ascites, jaundice, spider naevi and palmar erythema.

Some implications of these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREGNANCY IN THE MOUSE
Authors: DEWAR A. D.
Published: December 2008

Adrenalectomy in mice with retained placentae does not precipitate the loss of the body weight gained during pregnancy, which does not occur until after delivery of the placentae, as in intact animals. It is concluded that the adrenals play no significant part in the weight increase of pregnancy in the mouse.
THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND GESTATION PERIOD IN THE LACTATING FIELD VOLE, MICROTUS AGRESTIS
Authors: CHITTY HELEN
Published: December 2008

Evidence has been presented that both vaginal and behavioural oestrus may occur in lactating field voles. The length of the gestation period is not affected by lactation.
INCREASED ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE SERA OF ACUTELY SCORBUTIC GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , HAMMANT JOYCE E. , ARMITAGE P.
Published: December 2008

1. In the Sayers test for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), serum obtained from normal guinea-pigs was not active. Serum from guinea-pigs with severe scurvy caused ascorbic acid (AA) depletion and behaved as though it contained ACTH. The response increased with increasing dosage, and a valid assay was obtained with it and with authentic ACTH dissolved in serum from normal animals. Both normal serum and that from scorbutic animals sometimes possessed the property of increasing the slope of the response curve above that obtained for ACTH in saline.

2. 100 ml. of a sample of pooled sera from guinea-pigs with severe scurvy was estimated to possess the activity of 41 mU ACTH, but the fiducial limits were wide.

3. When guinea-pigs, given a small daily supplement of AA, were pair-fed with animals developing scurvy, no activity was detected in their sera. Activity was reduced and perhaps abolished in the sera of animals with acute scurvy by treatment in the terminal stages with AA, cortisol, cortisone or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA), but not with progesterone, oestradiol or testosterone.

4. During the development of scurvy the urinary 17-ketosteroids (KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids (KG) rose steadily, but in animals pair-fed with them and receiving a small supplement of AA each day, the increase in KS was less and KG showed little change.
THE INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN WOMEN
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G.
Published: December 2008

The influence of weight on reproductive function is examined in a representative group of fertile women for whom data were recorded during pregnancy and for 2 years after delivery. The indices used were (a) the weight at the first antenatal examination (adjusted according to the number of days by which it preceded or followed the 124th day of gestation), and (b) an index of body build derived from the observed regression of the adjusted antenatal weight on height.

Menstruation was recorded during the 12 months after delivery. Mean duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (Table 1) and mean cycle length (Tables 4–6) decreased with increasing body weight and with increasing degree of obesity. The incidence of menstrual irregularity appears to be unrelated to both indices (Table 3).

Duration of gestation (Table 7), of labour (Table 8) and of lactation (Table 10), and the incidence of abortions, stillbirths and infant deaths in previous pregnancies (Table 9) were not consistently related to weight or body build.

Birth weight of offspring increased with increasing degree of maternal obesity (Table 13) and was more closely associated with maternal weight than with maternal height (Table 11). The coefficient of correlation between birth weight and mother's weight (corrected for mother's height) is 0·20, and between birth weight and mother's height (corrected for mother's weight) is 0·09 (Table 12).

It is concluded that the only evidence of variation with increasing degree of obesity in these features of reproductive function in a group of fertile women is a slight increase in frequency of menstruation and an increase in birth weight of offspring. The relation between weight and fertility was not examined and will be considered in a later communication.
FACTORS INFLUENCING OVARIAN SENSITIVITY TO GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M.
Published: December 2008

1. A study was made of the ovarian reaction to pregnant mares' serum (PMS) in adult thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized/adrenalectomized, adrenalectomized and intact rats.

2. Thyroidectomized animals responded more vigorously than did any other group. Adrenalectomized animals hardly responded at all. Animals that had been both thyroidectomized and adrenalectomized reacted almost as strongly as did non-adrenalectomized thyroidectomized animals, and slightly more than intact controls.

3. A histological analysis confirmed that thyroidectomy is associated with hypersensitivity to both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and that adrenalectomy in the adult is associated with an impaired response to FSH but not to LH. The ovaries of thyroidectomized/adrenalectomized animals contained more large Graafian follicles and more large corpora lutea than did those of adrenalectomized litter-mates.

4. The results appear to imply that the mechanisms mediating the changes in ovarian sensitivity to PMS after thyroidectomy and after adrenalectomy are independent of each other.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF THREE TESTOSTERONE DERIVATIVES INCLUDING 17α-ETHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE
Authors: McSWINEY R. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G.
Published: December 2008

1. The protein anabolic properties of three derivatives of testosterone have been investigated.

2. 17α-methyl-Δ5-androstene-3β: 17β-diol and 17α-methyl androstane-3α: 17β-diol produced nitrogen retention in doses approaching those reported as androgenic by other investigators.

3. The third compound, 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone (17-ENT), which was studied in greatest detail, produced nitrogen retention in moderate dosage. Other metabolic effects were a fall in urinary calcium and, usually, a fall in faecal calcium. Phosphorus balance agreed with that calculated from nitrogen and calcium balance. Plasma calcium showed no consistent variation, while plasma phosphorus fell. 17-ENT also brought about marked changes in weight, and in fluid, sodium, potassium and chloride balances which are probably due partly to the retention of nitrogen and corresponding intracellular fluid, and partly to increased sweating. When given to two patients with osteoporosis due to prolonged steroid therapy, and receiving prednisone, the compound appeared to aid the restoration of a positive calcium balance. 17-ENT was found to have definite androgenic effects, but their intensity requires further study.
EFFECT OF AGE, SEX, GONADECTOMY, SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE, AND TREATMENT WITH CORTISOL ACETATE UPON THE LIFESPAN OF ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE OF AN ALBINO STRAIN
Authors: MUNFORD R. E.
Published: December 2008

The effects of age, sex, gonadectomy, administration of NaCl and treatment with cortisol acetate (CA) upon survival after adrenalectomy was investigated in mice of an albino strain.

Complete bilateral adrenalectomy was followed by death in all mice except in the group maintained by administration of CA. A period of maintenance with CA was assumed to allow accessory cortical tissue to grow to an extent that, in some mice, it could maintain life when the replacement therapy was withdrawn. The incidence of indefinite survival was greater in mice treated with 50 and 75 μg CA than in those injected with 12·5 and 25 μg daily.

Evidence is presented which suggested that operative shock did not contribute significantly to deaths occurring later than 36 hr after adrenalectomy.

The lifespan of adrenalectomized mice increased with age at operation, but was not affected by the addition of NaCl to the drinking water. In female mice adrenalectomized prior to puberty the ovaries appeared to promote a slight but significant increase in survival time. This effect was not observed in mice adrenalectomized at 6 or 12 weeks of age. Castration did not affect the lifespan of immature male adrenalectomized mice.

The majority of a group of male mice adrenalectomized at 21 days of age were able to survive, and grow in body weight at about half the rate of control-operated mice, as long as treatment with CA in daily doses ranging from 12·5 to 75 μg was continued. The average lifespan appeared to be greater and the number of mice dying during treatment less at higher levels of CA treatment, but these differences were not significant.

A loss of body weight occurred in all CA-treated adrenalectomized mice during the terminal stages of adrenal insufficiency. Mice which survived indefinitely gained in body weight during the injection period at a rate similar to that of control-operated mice.
THE EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER UPTAKE OF THE TOAD, BUFO MARINUS, WHILE BATHED IN DIFFERENT HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J.
Published: December 2008

The uptake of water with and without vasopressin was measured in the intact toad, Bufo marinus.

When injected with vasopressin, toads sitting in tap water showed a significantly greater response than those sitting in distilled water.

NaCl solutions of increasing concentrations potentiated the uptake of water in response to vasopressin over part of the hypotonic range.

If the NaCl level was kept constant and glucose used to increase the concentration, there was a steady decrease in response as the concentration was increased towards isotonicity with the animal's body fluids.

Uptake of water in response to vasopressin was far greater in sodium chloride than in either lithium or potassium chloride of the same concentration. The control water uptake was similar in the three solutions.

Large doses of vasopressin brought about an increase in sodium loss through the toad's skin.

The theoretical implications of these results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms involved in this uptake of water.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF 5β-PREGNANE-3α:17α:20α-TRIOL IN URINE
Authors: STERN MARGARET I.
Published: December 2008

5β-Pregnane-3α:17α:20α-triol is found in unusually large quantities in the urine of many patients with adrenal hyperplasia. A method for its determination is described, which by the utilization of many features of the Klopper, Michie & Brown [1955] method for the determination of urinary pregnanediol, enables the two steroids to be measured concomitantly. The method is sufficiently sensitive, precise and specific for routine purposes and is convenient to use.
BLOOD LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE
Authors: EDGAR D. G. , RONALDSON J. W.
Published: December 2008

Progesterone levels in the blood of ewes were assayed chemically.

No progesterone was detected in blood from the jugular vein of any ewe.

It was found in blood from the vein draining the active ovary during the oestrous cycle. Detectable amounts appeared on the 3rd day, and the mean concentration increased to about 1·8 μg/ml. on the 7th day. This level was maintained until the 16th day and fell to <0·15 μg/ml. on the 17th or last day of the cycle.

Blood from the vein draining the active ovary during pregnancy showed a mean level similar to that reached during the oestrous cycle until about the 17th week when it gradually fell to, and remained at, <0·15 μg/ml. a few days before parturition.

In blood from the vein draining the pregnant horn of the uterus, progesterone was detected in low concentrations between the 9th and 18th weeks of pregnancy in only six out of 143 cases.

Considerable variation between ewes in progesterone concentration was found.
PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD
Authors: SHORT R. V.
Published: December 2008

The content of progesterone was determined in the peripheral venous blood of cows from the 32nd day of pregnancy until the day before calving. The level ranged from 0·74 to 0·98 μg progesterone/100 ml. plasma throughout the 32nd-256th day period, but thereafter a marked decrease was observed, and on the day before calving the level was 0·1–0·4 μg/100 ml. plasma.
FORMATION OF DECIDUOMATA IN THE LACTATING MOUSE
Authors: GREENWALD G. S.
Published: December 2008

When the uteri of lactating mice were traumatized from 4 to 16 days post partum, deciduomata were formed in only one of thirty-one animals. However, when progesterone in doses of 0·25 mg or more was administered for 3 days after traumatization, sixteen out of eighteen lactating mice formed deciduomata. It was established that at least 0·35 mg progesterone daily for 7 days is required to induce the decidual reaction in ovariectomized mice.

Although there is ample evidence for the secretion of progesterone during lactation in the mouse, the amounts are apparently insufficient to initiate and maintain deciduomata. It is concluded that quantitative differences exist between the pseudopregnancy of lactation and of sterile coitus.
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN CORTISONE AND VITAMIN D: EXPERIMENTS ON HYPERVITAMINOSIS D IN RATS
Authors: CRUICKSHANK E. M. , KODICEK E.
Published: December 2008

Hypervitaminosis was produced in young growing rats and the effect of daily injections of cortisone acetate (CA) was studied on growth, metastatic calcification, urinary phosphorus excretion and bone ash.

Cortisone treatment did not ameliorate the weight loss, clinical appearance, histological lesions or the increased urinary phosphorus. excretion of the hypervitaminotic rats. Control rats, treated with CA alone, showed no untoward effects at the dose levels employed.

It is concluded that cortisone does not act as a direct antimetabolite towards vitamin D. The antagonistic effect of the hormone observed in man may be due to reversal of the toxic action of vitamin D by an indirect mechanism, affecting the metabolic sites, such as intestinal tissue, kidney tubules and/or skeletal tissue, on which both vitamin D and cortisone appear to act.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ALTERED THYROID ACTIVITY TO VARIOUS REPRODUCTIVE PHENOMENA IN GILTS
Authors: LUCAS J. J. , BRUNSTAD G. E. , FOWLER S. H.
Published: December 2008

Three groups of fifteen Palouse gilts each were used to test the effects of altered thyroid activity on ovulation and fertilization rates and embryonic mortality in swine. Two groups received 0·15% thiouracil and 0·0123% thyroprotein, respectively, in a basal ration, and the third served as controls. All gilts were assigned to treatment sets at first oestrus and were bred to fertile boars at second oestrus. One-third of the gilts in each group were slaughtered 12–24 hr after the end of second oestrus, one-third slaughtered 25 days post coitum and the remainder allowed to farrow.

An analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between groups for: ovulation rate, fertilization rate, embryonic mortality during the first 25 days of gestation, number of normal embryos at 25 days post coitum, or number of pigs born alive. A significant increase in the duration of gestation was found for thiouracil-treated females. Pigs born to thyroproteinsupplemented mothers were significantly heavier at birth than pigs born to thiouracil-treated mothers.

Under the conditions of this experiment, X2 analysis indicated that thiouracil produced a highly significant embryonic mortality during gestation from the 25th day of pregnancy until farrowing. Thyroprotein treatment tended to lower embryonic mortality during the same period.
FERTILITY AND OOCYTE NUMBERS AFTER X-IRRADIATION OF THE OVARY
Authors: INGRAM D. L.
Published: December 2008

The relation between fertility and number of oocytes in the ovary has been investigated in rats whose ovaries had been X-irradiated. The number of oocytes was reduced by means of graded doses of X-rays and the animals were then mated with fertile males.

The number of females which gave birth became fewer and litter-size decreased significantly with increasing doses of irradiation. It was also observed that animals which had lost all their oocytes at the end of the experiment displayed continuous vaginal cornification.

The probability that the impaired fertility is directly due to the depletion in the number of available germ cells is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PRE-PUBERTAL GONADECTOMY ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: GOMPERTZ D. , MANDL ANITA M.
Published: December 2008

In the female but not the male rat, the effect which gonadectomy has on the weight of the adrenal glands is conditioned by the functional state of the gonads at the time of their removal.
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED APPETITE AND OF INSULIN ON GROWTH IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PARROTT DELPHINE M. V.
Published: December 2008

Young hypophysectomized rats were subjected to hypothalamic lesions to increase their appetite. They became as fat as non-hypophysectomized rats treated in the same way, but unlike them retained appreciable amounts of extra protein and water. There was no growth in length, however, and the injection of zinc protamine insulin produced no additional effect either on growth or on appetite.

During hyperphagia the greatest accumulation of protein was in the liver, and both the number and size of the liver cells increased. The weight of the kidney was much less affected. Neither normal growth nor regeneration of the liver appeared to be dependent, like that of the kidney or skeleton, upon the presence of the pituitary.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, RESERPINE AND CHOLINE 2:6-XYLYLETHER BROMIDE ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND ON MEDULLARY AUTOGRAFTS IN THE RAT
Authors: COUPLAND R. E.
Published: December 2008

The adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal medulla and medullary implants has been assessed by histochemical and assay techniques after the injection of insulin, reserpine, and choline 2:6-xylylether bromide (TM10) into Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strain rats. Insulin hypoglycaemia is without effect on implanted chromaffin cells, but reduces the adrenaline content of the intact adrenal. Reserpine reduces the catechol amine content of both normal and grafted chromaffin cells. TM10, given as a single intravenous injection, has no effect on either normal or implanted chromaffin cells.
VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA AND IN THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF 6-DAY BLASTOCYSTS IN RABBITS SUBJECTED TO SUPEROVULATION TREATMENT
Authors: BEATTY R. A.
Published: December 2008

The numbers of corpora lutea and the numbers and sizes of 6-day blastocysts have been studied in rabbits, widely varying in ages and weights, that had been subjected to a superovulation treatment. For all does, the average value of each characteristic on the left sides of the animals was similar to that on the right, the average left-to-right difference being not significant. An average of thirty-one corpora lutea and thirteen blastocysts per doe was obtained. Maximum numbers per doe were one hundred and fifty-three corpora lutea and seventy-three blastocysts. Average blastocyst diameter was 2·203 mm, the average volume being 6·780 mm3.

There was a fairly large variation from one doe to another in the relative numbers of corpora lutea (or in the relative numbers of blastocysts) on the two sides of the animal. The number of blastocysts per doe was positively related to the number of corpora lutea. The number of corpora lutea per doe was inversely related to the age of the doe. An inverse relation between the number of blastocysts and the age of the doe was presumably indirect, being mediated by the number of corpora lutea. All these relationships were highly significant. There was no demonstrable relationship between the number of corpora lutea and the weight of the doe. No firm evidence was found for a direct relationship (independent of weight and number of corpora lutea) between the number of blastocysts and age, or for any relationship with weight.

Diameter of blastocysts seemed more appropriate than volume as a measure of size suitable for analysis. Transformations tending to give linear relationships between variables have been studied. Size differences between blastocysts within the same uterine horn formed a large source of variation, probably not attributable to the superovulation procedure. Differences in blastocyst size between uterine horns within does were significant but introduced little extra variation. Mean blastocyst size varied greatly from one doe to another, but none of this variation was related significantly to known factors such as the weight of the dam or sire, or the age of the dam. The experiment appeared to be fairly sensitive in detecting these relationships.

The relationships found between the number of corpora lutea and the age or weight of the doe can be reconciled with the previous literature. The lack of demonstrable connexion between blastocyst size and the weight of dam or sire is in conflict with the results of other authors, and no specific reconciliation can be made. It is suggested that uniformity in age is more important than uniformity in weight when test animals are selected for assay of follicle stimulating hormone under conditions comparable with those of the present work.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE AND MINERALOCORTICOID LEVEL ON THE GRANULARITY OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Authors: WIEDMAN M. L. , DUNIHUE F. W. , ROBERTSON W. VAN B.
Published: December 2008

The effect of combinations of normal, low and high sodium chloride intake with normal, low and high mineralocorticoid level on granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus has been studied in the rat. The results have been compared with previously reported data from a similar series in the cat. With one exception, low sodium intake by normal rats, the granular cell index in both rat and cat was inversely related to the mineralocorticoid level and unrelated to the sodium intake. Data are presented which suggest that this exception is only apparent and may be explained on the basis of a different adrenal response by the rat.
GOITROGENS IN MILK
Authors: GREENE R. , FARRAN HELEN , GLASCOCK R. F.
Published: December 2008

1. English kale, used to a great extent as a fodder for cows during the winter months, contains a substance which causes epithelial hyperplasia in the thyroid of rabbits.

2. The milk of cows fed either on English kale or on hay contains a substance which temporarily suppresses the uptake of 131I by the human thyroid.

3. The 'goitrogenic' effect of 'hay milk' is transient, and there is at present no evidence that it is clinically significant. That of 'kale milk', even if it is significant in fresh milk, is absent from deep-frozen milk. Further experiments are in progress to determine the goitrogenic properties, if any, of fresh kale milk.
THE INDUCTION OF DECIDUOMATA IN THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RAT BY SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF HISTAMINE AND HISTAMINE RELEASERS
Authors: KRAICER P. , SHELESNYAK M. C.
Published: December 2008

Intravascular or intraperitoneal injection of histamine or of the histamine releaser, '48/80', into the pseudopregnant rat produced a decidual cell reaction (DCR) in rat uteri with which there was no physical or surgical contact. The data add evidence to the role of histamine in the induction of the DCR.

The histamine-releasing activity of an antihistamine (pyrathiazine) was also used to induce the DCR systemically.
ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY IN BOVINE PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION
Authors: BRUSH M. G.
Published: December 2008

The plasma 17:21-dihydroxy-20-keto-corticosteroid levels in the cow in late pregnancy (33–0 days before calving) are only slightly higher than in the cow soon after calving (0–99 days). A larger rise was sometimes seen in the last few days before calving.

Except in one case where calving was difficult, no evidence of increased levels associated with the time of labour was found.

Higher levels in the first day or two after calving were seen in some cases, but subsequently levels were uniformly low—the difference from earlier levels being statistically significant (P=0·01).

In general, these results are in contrast with the human picture. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
OVARIAN STIMULATION FOLLOWING CEREBRAL LESIONS IN FERRETS
Authors: HERBERT J. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: December 2008

Bilateral electrolytic lesions have been made in the thalamus, caudate nucleus or adjacent areas, in fourteen anoestrous ferrets; in another ten animals control operations were performed which were identical except that an electrolytic current was not passed.

Most of the experimental animals came into heat precociously. This effect was independent of the size, position, or even the presence of an electrolytic lesion, but depended only upon operative interference with the cerebrum.

It was concluded that these procedures acted as a non-specific stimulus for the production of gonadotrophic hormone and that more specific interpretations of the results of similar investigations involving central nervous lesions were, therefore, not necessarily valid.
HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BROWN P. S.
Published: December 2008

Urinary gonadotrophins were assayed against HMG 20 A during the menstrual cycle in four subjects by methods believed to measure follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and total gonadotrophin respectively. The gonadotrophins showed qualitative fluctuation. Three subjects showed maximum levels of total gonadotrophin near the middle of the cycle, and three showed a notably different pattern of excretion of FSH with high values in the first part of the cycle.

Gonadotrophins from patients with secondary amenorrhoea showed no qualitative fluctuation, but treatment with stilboestrol apparently caused a rise in excretion of interstitial cell stimulating hormone in three out of nine patients.

The results of ninety-eight assays are recorded with fiducial limits and are discussed with reference to the specificity of the methods and the importance of inter-assay errors.
EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND ACTH ON THE ADRENALS OF THE GUINEA-PIG COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE RAT
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , HAMMANT JOYCE E.
Published: December 2008

1. In female guinea-pigs the total cholesterol in the adrenal glands was significantly depressed by stilboestrol (SB). Oestradiol (Oe) did not produce a significant fall in adrenal cholesterol, and the levels in the serum and liver were unchanged by either treatment.

2. The effects of SB and Oe have been compared in the guinea-pig and rat.

(a) In both species adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) caused a fall in adrenal ascorbic acid. In the rat, but not in the guinea-pig, there was also a fall after treatment with SB and Oe.

(b) In the rat SB caused severe morphological changes in the adrenal glands and great depletion of their lipid content. By contrast, in the guinea-pig, even using five times the dose given to the rat, morphological changes in the adrenals were minimal and there was little depletion of fat.

(c) Oe did not produce marked morphological changes in either species, but it caused great depletion of fat in the adrenal glands of the rat, and, by contrast, only a little depletion in the guinea-pig.

(d) No severe changes were observed in the livers and kidneys in either species following treatment with ACTH, SB or Oe.

These experiments emphasize the large differences in the response of these two species to treatment with oestrogens.
OCCURRENCE OF ANOESTRUS IN MICE CAGED IN GROUPS
Authors: WHITTEN W. K.
Published: December 2008

When female mice were caged in groups of thirty, regular oestrous cycles did not occur in the majority of animals. The vaginal smears of these mice were mucified and some remained so for 40 days. Cycles promptly returned when the mice were caged individually.

The ovaries of the grouped mice were significantly lighter than those of individually housed controls, although the body weights were not different. Fewer of the grouped animals had tubal ova and corpora lutea were absent from, or atrophic in, some of the ovaries.

A decidual reaction was obtained in only one of ninety animals following trauma of the endometrium.

When grouped mice were subsequently paired, mating occurred 3 nights later in 53%. When females were caged singly the occurrence of mating was distributed more evenly over the first 4 nights.

Regular oestrous cycles did not occur in blind mice while they were grouped or in mice when they were separated by partitions in the cage.

It is concluded that anoestrus occurs when mice are grouped and results from a depression of pituitary gonadotrophic function. This depression is independent of mutual visual or tactile stimuli.
INFLUENCE OF GONADECTOMY, SEX HORMONES AND OTHER FACTORS, ON THE ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN GLYCOSIDASES IN THE RAT AND MOUSE
Authors: CONCHIE J. , FINDLAY JUNE
Published: December 2008

1. The rise with age in the α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and βglucuronidase activities in the epididymis of mice and rats has been examined. Enzyme activities in both species reached a maximum at an age of 12–14 weeks.

2. Ovariectomy caused a considerable drop in all uterine enzyme activities in mice. Administration of oestrone to such mice restored the activities to intact levels.

3. Castration of both mice and rats greatly reduced the enzyme activities in the epididymis. Prolonged injection of testosterone raised all the activities, although not to intact levels.

4. Injections of menthol, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride caused changes in enzyme activity analogous to those already observed with β-glucuronidase, although there were quantitative differences in the response of each enzyme.

5. A study of the effects of partial hepatectomy, and to a lesser extent, injection of carbon tetrachloride on the glycosidase activities in ovariectomized mice provides evidence for the action of extraovarian oestrogen.

6. Changes in enzyme activities of the epididymis were seen after partial hepatectomy or injection of carbon tetrachloride in castrated male mice.

7. The qualitative behaviour of all four enzymes in response to the action of extrinsic agents suggests that they exert similar functions in the body, and that these may well lie in the field of mucopolysaccharide catabolism.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE MUCOID (BASOPHIL) CELLS IN THE NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , PEARSE A. G. EVERSON
Published: December 2008

1. Two types of mucoid (basophil) cell, described as R and S, can be distinguished in the human adenohypophysis by a performic acid-Alcian blue method for cystine.

2. The relationship of the S—R terminology to other nomenclatures of human pituitary basophils is discussed.

3. The R cell, which contains little cystine, is the common mucoid cell of the human adenohypophysis: it is the cell which undergoes hyalinization in Cushing's syndrome and after cortisone therapy.

4. The S cell is found in the normal pituitary and, in great numbers, in Addison's disease and in shock: it is suggested that this cell is responsible for corticotrophin-synthesis.
THE CATECHOL AMINE CONTENT OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE RAT FOLLOWING RESERPINE-INDUCED DEPLETION
Authors: COUPLAND R. E.
Published: December 2008

A single intravenous injection of reserpine (15 mg/kg) into albino rats of the Wistar strain will produce a near complete depletion of adrenal medullary catechol amines within 24 hr. Following this change, pressor amines are resynthesized and stored by the chromaffin cells and reach normal levels after a period of 9–14 days. During the early part of this period noradrenaline is re-formed and stored more rapidly than adrenaline, and is present in greater than normal amounts in the regions of the medulla which are normally concerned with storing adrenaline. It is, therefore, possible that methylation of the primary amine may be a rate-limiting factor in adrenaline synthesis.
SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE OF PRESSOR AMINES IN ADRENAL MEDULLARY GRAFTS
Authors: COUPLAND R. E.
Published: December 2008

Auto- and homografts of adrenal medullae depleted of reserpine were used in order to follow the rate of synthesis and storage of pressor amines in non-innervated chromaffin cells. The changes were followed by histochemical methods. The findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the rate of storage of catechol amines in the implanted chromaffin cell and in the normal adrenal medulla.
THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE IN SCORBUTIC GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: HOWARD A. N. , CATER D. B.
Published: December 2008

1. Adrenal glands of guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C and hypovitaminosis-C were examined and compared with those of normal controls fed on diets containing ascorbic acid as well as with pair-fed controls kept on restricted food intakes. Guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C were also injected with either adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or cortisone and compared with normal controls or pair-fed controls similarly injected.

2. Adrenals of animals with avitaminosis-C increased in absolute (20%) and relative weight (120%). The number of mitoses increased fourfold in the middle stage and tenfold in the terminal stage of the deficiency. The zona fasciculata contained many lipid-free, hyperplastic and dividing cells. Cortisone prevented the increase in weight and in mitoses and also the histological changes. Administration of ACTH to guinea-pigs with early avitaminosis increased the mitoses fourfold, but when given to normal guinea-pigs mitoses increased sevenfold. Histological changes were similar to those seen in advanced avitaminosis.

3. In the adrenals of animals with hypovitaminosis-C, neither the absolute weight nor the number of mitoses were greater than normal but the relative weight of the glands was doubled.

4. It is concluded that the increase in adrenal weight which occurred in avitaminosis-C was the result of a hyperplastic response to high levels of endogenous ACTH known to be present in the blood of deficient animals.
HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BROWN P. S. , CUNNINGHAM F. J. , FINEGAN R. P.
Published: December 2008

Various human urinary gonadotrophins and pregnant mares' serum (PMS) frequently gave log dose-log response lines of divergent slope in the assay of Claringbold & Lamond [1957]. This is contrary to their findings and shows dissimilarity in the early action of different gonadotrophins.

There were marked differences in the response of mice from different colonies to PMS and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).

Results by the method of Claringbold & Lamond contrasted more sharply with those of an 'HCG-augmentation' assay for follicle-stimulating hormone than did results of a 72 hr assay using uterine response.
THE EFFECT OF 6-DIAZO-5-OXO-l-NORLEUCINE (DON) ON PREGNANCY
Authors: JACKSON D. , ROBSON J. M. , WANDER A. C. E.
Published: December 2008

Intraperitoneal and intra-amniotic administration of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) will interrupt pregnancy in mice at all stages of gestation with doses which are only a small fraction of the LD50 for this compound. The intra-amniotic injection of DON into pregnant rabbits kills the foetus but leaves the placenta intact. Rabbits are relatively resistant to the toxic action of this compound. The available evidence indicates that DON acts directly on the developing embryo.
NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES AND RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MARTINI L. , MIRA L. , PECILE A. , SAITO S.
Published: December 2008

The gonadotrophin-releasing activity of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial hormones has been investigated in normal female rabbits. Pooled urine, obtained before and after intravenous injection of different posterior pituitary preparations (Pitressin, Pitocin, lysine-vasopressin and synthetic oxytocin), was extracted by the kaolin-acetone method and assayed by the mouse uterus test. All the posterior pituitary preparations used induced a significant rise in the release of gonadotrophins.

The experiments suggest that posterior pituitary polypeptides may play a role in the physiological regulation of gonadotrophin release.
THE METABOLISM OF 4-14C PREDNISOLONE
Authors: VERMEULEN A.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of radioactivity after oral administration of 4-14c prednisolone was studied in a patient already receiving large daily doses of non-radioactive prednisolone. The radioactive metabolites in the urine were fractionated by various chromatographic procedures and the following radioactive compounds were identified: prednisolone; prednisone; 11β:17α: 20β:21-tetrahydroxypregna-1:4-dien-3-one; 17α: 20β:21-trihydroxypregna-1:4-diene-3:11-dione; 3α: 11β: 17α:21-tetrahydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one; 3α: 17α:21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane-11:20-dione. The significance of these findings is discussed.