bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis associated skin disease of Holstein cattle in the San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Anderson M. L. , Lean I. J. , Blanchard P. C.
Published: March 2023

The role of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in diseases of sheep and goats, particularly caseous lymphadenitis, is well recognized. However, there are few reports in the North American literature of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causing diseases of cattle. There is a case report of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis associated with otitis media in feedlot cattle but there are no reports of its association with skin disease of cattle. By contrast, the Egyptian literature contains many case reports of an "oedematous skin" disease which occurs primarily in buffalo, but which has also been reported in cattle. Edematous skin disease is associated with C. pseudotuberculosis.

In this report the clinical findings are described for a herd that was affected by an outbreak of severe skin disease associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Pathology, microbiology and treatment of this condition are discussed. Herd outbreaks of this condition appear to be not uncommon in the San Joaquin Valley based on records of the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System at Tulare (CVDLS) which record seven additional herd outbreaks since 1987. Herd outbreaks are characterized by the sudden onset of skin lesions in a number of animals. All outbreaks have occurred between October and February. The condition is severe and results in losses due to culling, treatment costs and problems with milking parlor cleanliness and disinfection.
Rapid detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus antigens by use of a commercial enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Rodgers Sandra J. , Baldwin Charles A.
Published: March 2023

Diagnosis of infections with BRSV have previously been limited to histopathologic descriptions of atypical interstitial pneumonia with microscopic lesions of large, multinucleated giant cells and syncytial cells in the lung. False negative fluorescent antibody (FA) tests on tissue sections may be a result of a viral infection of only superficial bronchial cells. Virus isolation is even a less successful method of identification than FA with a report in one study of 1.7% positive isolations. Most isolates require numerous subpassaging before a cytopathic effect is noticed, but even after numerous passages, the viral titers remain low. Another method for identifying current infections with BRSV is the indirect fluorescent antibody on paired sera to detect a rise in antibody titer. New rapid assays for diagnosing human respiratory syncytial virus have been compared to the slower and less sensitive conventional methods of serology and viral isolation.

The enzyme immunoassays have been found to be a highly sensitive and specific technique for the identification of human respiratory syncytial virus antigens. The antigenic similarities between bovine and human respiratory syncytial virus allowed the use of the human assay for the detection of the bovine virus. The Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory evaluated the Abbott TestPack® RSV, which requires less than 30 minutes, and compared it to the slower determinations of virology, necropsy, histopathology and bacteriology.
Studies on the pathogenesis of fatty liver in cows
Authors: Holtenius Paul , Hjort Maj
Published: March 2023

Increased fat mobilization in early lactation in cows is described by many authors. Energy deficit in connection with the start of milk secretion is considered to be of importance as cause of the lipolysis. One consequence of increased mobilization of body fat can be development of a fatty liver.

In an in vitro of lipid metabolism in bovine adipose tissue McNamara and Hillers have shown that there is an adaptation in prepartum. There is a strong reduction in lipogenesis and esterification and increase in norepinephrine- and epinephrine-stimulated free fatty acid release. The lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue decreases and increases in the mammary gland. This metabolic shift precedes the energy demand for lactation and is stimulated by prolactin and inhibited by progesterone. At two months postpartum there is a dramatic rebound in lipogenesis and esterification.

Besides the increased transport of fatty acids to the liver near partus, decreased removal of fat from the liver can be of importance in the development of fatty liver. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the pathogenesis of fatty liver in cows by analysing serum lipoproteins and plasma lipids in normal cows round partus on different prepartum feeding and in cows with fatty liver.
Surgical Abortions in Cattle
Authors: Noordsy J. L.
Published: March 2023

Termination of early pregnancy in mismated, valuable heifers and cows are often requested by purebred breeders. In performing an abortion by any of several commonly recognized procedures (i.e., estrogen injections, expression of the corpus luteum, etc.) one must consider some of the disadvantages of altered hormone balances and its sequelae, trauma to the ovary, excessive hemorrhage, and others. Because of these unwanted effects, many purebred breeders hesitate to have abortions performed thus resulting in a loss of valuable breeding time and immature heifers suffering the sequelae associated with difficult parturition.
Bovine Practitioner No. 6 (1971 November). Front Matter
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Cover, Masthead, Table of Contents, and other editorial information.
Efficiency of currently used anthelmintics in bovine practice
Authors: Baker Norman F.
Published: March 2023

In selecting an anthelmintic the veterinarian must concern himself with the several attributes within which the most desirable chemical can be defined. These attributes are the therapeutic index, ease of administration, presence or absence of residues, efficiency, and cost. It is quite obvious that no particular anthelmintic is superior in all characteristics, since if one were it would soon be the only marketable product. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine one of these characteristics, namely efficiency, in relation to the currently available anthelmintics for cattle.
Evaluation of oxytocin in improving beef cattle reproduction rates
Authors: Schmitt J. B.
Published: March 2023

Oxytocin is particularly valuable in improving uterine involution and subsequent conception rates in first calf heifers requmng assistance at parturition. It also is valuable in increasing conception rates in those first calf heifers not requiring assistance at parturition. The use of oxytocin as a portion of the postparturient care should be considered as a prescribed portion of a beef cattle herd health program.
Metabolic profile studies in the bovine animal
Authors: Edgson Andrew
Published: March 2023

This paper was prepared at the request o f the Editor and should he o f special interest to practitioners engaged in dairy or beef herd health programs. The paper is published in the style presented by the author. Dr. Edgson is past-president of the British Cattle Veterinary Association and Chief Resident Veterinary Officer to the RoyalSmith field Show.
Meet James, Helen, & Siegfried
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Article describing visit to Darrowby, England to meet James Herriot and Siegfried Farnon from All Creatures Great and Small.
VIII International Conference on Cattle Diseases
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Highlights and abstract of the International Congress on Cattle Diseases (8th : 1974).  Includes summaries of papers.
District news
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

American Association of Bovine Practitioners District news.
Diagnosis of the surgical disorders of the bovine abomasum
Authors: Pinsent P. J. N.
Published: March 2023

Diseases of the abomasum comprise a most interesting group of conditions only really appreciated in comparatively recent years.
Long-acting tetracycline for treatment of Pasteurella pneumonia in calves
Authors: Breeze R. G. , Magonigle R. A.
Published: March 2023

Fourteen Holstein steer calves were stressed by wetting alternately with hot and cold water 30, 28, 24 and 8 h before inoculation of 20 infective units of Pasteurella multocida by endotracheal tube. After 2 h all calves were dull, anorexic, had increased respiratory rate with coughing, and increased rectal temperature. Five calves were then injected with 2.27 mg/kg of a tetracycline T-50 (50mg oxytetracycline/ml) and 5 with a long-acting tetracycline T-200 (200 mg oxytetracycline/ml). Clinical symptoms persisted in the unmedicated calves and two died after 20 and 72h. Calves treated with T-50 recovered after 16h, while those treated with T-200 recovered slowly; there was no obvious improvement by 16h. However, after 2 days there was no difference between T-50 and T-200 treatments.
Experimental oxytetracycline toxicity in feedlot heifers
Authors: Griffin D. D. , Morter R. L. , Amstutz H. E. , Boon G. D.
Published: March 2023

Oxytetracycline had been widely used at 11 mg/kg for the treatment of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. The increased prevalence of resistant strains of Pasteurella sp. has resulted in recommendations for increasing the dose to 33 mg/kg or as much as 55 mg/kg. The 33 mg/kg dose given to seven normal feedlot heifers i/v for three successive days produced signs of nephrotoxicity but no deaths.
Antibiotic sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves
Authors: Phillips R. W. , Lewis L. D. , Lauerman L. H.
Published: March 2023

The antibiotic sensitivity of non-specific strains of E. coli isolated from calves with diarrhoea was tested with 25 drugs. Only the nitrofurans, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, trimethroprim sulphadiazine and polymixin B were effective in vitro against E. coli more than 63% of the time.
Normal radiographic and xeroradiographic anatomy of the bovine manus
Authors: Shively M. J. , Smallwood J. E.
Published: March 2023

Herein are illustrations of the major radiographic features of the bovine manus. The five standard views normally used to radiographically examine the equine carpus are presented, as well as dorsopalmar (A.P.) and oblique views of the digits. A lateral projection of the digits is not included because the unavoidable superimposition which occurs on mediolateral or lateromedial views makes interpretation of the resulting films somewhat difficult.
Computer optimization planning
Authors: Evans Gary R.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss some recent developments in automating the analytical process and improving the decision making process in ranch operations. In this paper I will discuss some aspects of the computer based analytical model "COPLAN," describe how it is applied specifically to cow-calf operations and conclude with a discussion about how several computer programs including "CO PLAN" can be used in an integrated ranch information system for the cow-calf operation.

Ranch management planning has normally been accomplished through traditional planning procedures. First the planning problem is identified, then the available resources are inventorized. Second, the resources are evaluated in relation to the present operation. Third, alternative management strategies are developed depending on the goals of the manager. Fourth, the strategies are compared and the most acceptable management strategy is finally selected. Fifth and finally, the selected strategy is implemented.
Clinical microbiology in bovine practice
Authors: Ward Gil E.
Published: March 2023

Integration of the clinical microbiology laboratory into bovine practice encourages the veterinarian to establish disease control programs. Through education, the veterinarian can teach the cattleman to allow the veterinarian to select drugs for major problems on the basis of susceptibility testing. This method of drug selection should reduce drug costs since many older less expensive drugs will be found effective once "shot-gun" therapy is reduced. A record system, which tabulates according to organ system, results of previous susceptibility testing will indicate the best drug to begin therapy before susceptibility testing is complete on the case at hand. For these reasons it is important to do culture and susceptibility testing early in disease outbreaks and to keep tabulation of susceptibility results.
Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, some relationships between pathogenesis and epizootiology
Authors: Callis J. J.
Published: March 2023

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most infectious of all of the animal diseases. It is viral in origin and occurs principally in cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and other cloven-footed animals, domesticated and wild. It was first described in Italy in 1546. The causative agent was isolated and determined to be a virus which was later shown to be approximately 23 millimicrons in diameter. Its high infectivity in several species; ability of the virus to spread rapidly; its widespread distribution; and its plurality of serotypes, are some of the characteristics which made FMD difficult to control.
Further obervations on the use of Iα-Hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of bovine partutrient paresis
Authors: Bar A. , Hurwitz S. , Sachs M.
Published: March 2023

Varying doses of lahydroxycholecalciferol (lα-HCC) (50, 150, 250 and 350 micrograms) in propylene glycol were injected intramuscularly into 30 dry adult Israeli Friesian cows. Four of these animals received a second dose (250 or 350 Hg) 48 hours later or ten (350 Hg) 72 hours after the first dose.

The effective use of this derivative in practice depends, therefore, on the accurate prediction of calving. Furthermore, the minimal effective dose has not been determined. In the present study, dose response curves to lαHCC were obtained, and parturition induction by flumethasone has been tried in an effort to overcome the difficult problem of timing.
Therapeutic considerations in the use of antibacterials
Authors: Burrows G. E.
Published: March 2023

There is no inherent evil associated with the use of antibacterial combinations. However, in many situations the drugs are so completely misused as to either delude the client or enhance the risk of serious toxicity problems. Adding another drug to a combination does not reduce the need for sound clinical judgment in therapy. There are many disease situations in which the use of more than one antibacterial may be justified.
Animal drug development and consumer protection
Authors: Scheidy Samuel F.
Published: March 2023

This, then, is a brief summary of the 75 years of activities of the Food and Drug Administration as well as items of interest to the Animal Health Institute with respect to animal drug development and consumer protection.
Environmental impact of a system of confinement, housing and animal waste utilization
Authors: Tharp Vernon L.
Published: March 2023

The production of food for the health and well-being of the world’s population will be the highest priority for the next century. Veterinarians must continue to expand their role in animal and human health and, in cooperation with other sciences, extend their influence and expertise into the total area of efficient animal production. Confinement housing and recycling of animal excreta for supplemental use as a feed ingredient offer a viable and economic alternative for more effective land utilization, food production and human health.
Intravenous high potassium therapy for diarrheic calves
Authors: Phillips Robert W. , Davis Lon D.
Published: March 2023

Diarrhea in neonatal calves.

Paper presented at the XI International Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Tel Aviv, Israel, Oct. 20-23, 1980
Metabolic disorders in farm animals
Authors: International Conference on Production Diseases
Published: March 2023

Paper selected from the Proceedings of the IV International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Munich Germany, October, 1980.

"Disorders of Thiamine Metabolism in Young Ruminants"

"Genetic Influences on the values of Metabolites and Enzymes in the Blood of Dairy Cows"

"Use of the Computer in the Study of Metabolic Disorders of Dairy Cows"

"Liver Metabolism in the Dairy Cow: Problems Involved in meeting the Demands of High Productivity"

"Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows—Incidence, Severity, Pathology and Functional Consequences"

"The Low Milkfat Syndrome: Some Metabolic Consequences of High Grain Restricted Roughage Rations"

"Metabolic Disorders Associated with Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia in Grass Tetany in Ruminants"

"The Effect of Different Selenium Supplementations to Cattle"
Economic comparison of two estrus synchronization programs for dairy heifers
Authors: Mora Juan Jesus , Heider Lawrence E. , Barr Harry L.
Published: March 2023

Two groups of 22 heifers were examined rectally for corpus luteum (CL) development. 14 cows from each group with CLs at the 5-16 day stage were injected with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha ; 25 mg i/m), the remaining 8 in each group were given the same treatment 11 days later. All the heifers were inseminated 80 h after injection. All 22 heifers in group I were examined rectally 35 days after insemination. Open heifers were given a second PGF2 alpha injection if a CL was present and inseminated 80 h later. Open heifers without CLs were injected and inseminated 11 days later. This was repeated every 38-39 days until the end of the experiment (July to December). Heifers in group II were observed for signs of oestrus for 15 minutes twice daily (am and pm) and mated 12 h after the first observed signs. There were no significant differences between the groups for mean days from first service to conception (42.27 and 54.22), mean services/conception (1.68 and 2.22), or pregnancy rate (86.2% and 81.8%). These results suggest that the time required for oestrus detection can be replaced effectively by a scheme for oestrus synchronization and pregnancy diagnosis releasing the dairyman for normal herd management.
Diarrhea and hypoproteinemia in the calf of a mastitic dam
Authors: Kiorpes A. L.
Published: March 2023

The case report is given of a female calf which presented at 1 wk of age with malaise and failure to gain; the dam had active mastitis in both rear quarters. Despite treatment, the calf remained hypoproteinaemic and had diarrhoea. Examination of blood from the calf suggested hypoimmunoglobulinaemia due to failure to obtain colostrum. Parenteral administration of blood plasma from the dam led to improvement and recovery. The connection between mastitis in the dam and failure of passive transfer of colostrum to the calf is discussed.
Clinical assessment of veal calf units
Authors: De Visser Nicandra A. P. C.
Published: March 2023

Concentrating large numbers of very young animals in a small area often results in a high risk to their health. Veal calves are no exception to this rule. When there are outbreaks of diseases the attending local practitioner must face two problems at the same time. On the one hand he is confronted with many sick calves with all their individual variations. On the other hand he has to deal with an impatient fattener who requests an immediate diagnosis and treatment.

In order to make a proper diagnosis for an entire unit the veterinarian should examine the unit as a whole and thoroughly examine some of the individual calves showing the characteristic symptoms.

The purpose of this paper is to provide veterinary practitioners with an outline for a systematic investigation of veal calf units.
Relationship of the antigens of bovine leukemia virus to clinical enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle
Authors: McGuire-Rodgers S .J. , Castro A. E.
Published: March 2023

Serum specimens from 385 cattle over a 24-month period (1981-1983) were examined by agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for antibodies to bovine leukosis virus (BLV). 163 (42%) were positive. 34 (21%) were animals with clinical leukosis (enlarged lymph nodes). 21 cases of clinical leukosis (62%) had antibodies only to the viral glycoprotein (gp) envelope antigen while 13 (38%) possessed antibodies to both the gp antigen and the internal core viral antigen (p24). The titre of antibody to gp antigen was invariably greater than to p24. However, the presence of antibody to p24 viral antigen appeared to be correlated with the clinical (tumorous) manifestation of leukosis.
Gastroenterology case
Authors: Kassebaum Linda
Published: March 2023

On December 3, 1982 a 500 pound Angus steer was presented at the Blue Valley Veterinary Clinic, Beatrice, Nebraska. The owners presenting complaint was that the animal was unable to keep down water and feed.
Milking equipment components, function, and evaluation
Authors: Boyer Fred E.
Published: March 2023

Few dairymen will deny that the most costly disease which they observe in their cows is mastitis. Bovine mastitis, although by no means a newly recognized disease is surrounded by more confusion on the means of control than any other disease. It has always been necessary to determine the cause of a disease before control measures can be developed. Therein lies the problem of bovine mastitis. All the years of research have only confirmed the complexity of the disease and its many etiological agents.

Although it has many etiological causes, it is basically caused by an interplay between mechanical forces (milking machine) and bacterial infection. Nutrition, heredity, and environment may also be involved but not to the extent of the previous two factors.

The role of the milking machine in mastitis is threefold. First, it acts as a vector in transmission of the organism involved. Secondly, it causes trauma which is necessary to incite many forms of the disease. Thirdly, it actively injects bacteria into the gland under certain circumstances.
Calf mortality, heifer replacements and vaccines
Authors: Kirk John H.
Published: March 2023

Preweaning calfhood diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia have a devastating effect on a dairyman’s efforts to improve production. Losses of up to 30% of the live born calves are all too common. These losses reduce the dairyman’s ability to cull cows for low production and may increase dairy expenses due to the purchase of heifer replacements. In some cases, vaccines are available to control these losses, however, these vaccines should be less expensive than the disease itself in order to justify their use. The purpose of this article is to present two programmable calculator programs which help to explain the economic impact of diseases such as calfhood diarrhea and pneumonia. The first program projects the availability of herd replacements while the other program compares the cost of preventing a disease by vaccination to the actual cost of the disease itself.
Respiratory tract reaction in young bovine animals and their significance
Authors: Pirie H. M.
Published: March 2023

Understanding the pathogenesis of a disease is a prerequisite to developing measures to combat it. Most of the respiratory diseases affecting young bovine animals, indoors or outdoors, are considered to be due primarily to micro-organisms or parasites. However, not only have micro-organisms been isolated from the respiratory tracts of calves without clinical disease but striking morphological changes in the respiratory system, producing clinical disease, have not been linked with causal agents. A fundamental component of the pathogenesis of any disease is the morphological reactions involved in the affected system; these are the structural damage caused by the agent directly and the ensuing immunoinflammatory response accompanied by a repair reaction. The significance of some of these reactions and the difficulties associated with identifying and interpreting them will be considered here. The limited space precludes quoting many appropriate references.
Dairy Cow Nutrition
Authors: Britt Jenks , Harrington Ben , Hutjens Michael , Lesch Tim , McCrary David
Published: March 2023

The discussion was held at the AABP Convention in Des Moines, Iowa, November 27-30, 1984.
Present Status of Milk Production and Applicable Criteria Conducive to Its Amelioration in Under-Producing Countries
Authors: Mayer E.
Published: March 2023

This keynote lecture to the 2nd Pan American Congress on Milk Production in São Paulo, Brazil, 13-17 May 1985, is primarily directed to the situation in South America, where 24.4 million dairy/dual-purpose cows average only 1028 kg milk per cow annually. As measures to increase milk production the author pinpoints efficient use of roughages (forages and crop byproducts) and concentrates for feeding, decreasing average calving interval from 16-17 to 12-13 months and the percentage of dry cows from 35-40 to 18-22 and improving conception rates by improved feeding, selection and management to counter the adverse effects of hot climate on milk production, and continuous and rigorous selection for milk yield and other economic traits (e.g. reproduction, resistance to disease and heat resistance) using AI. However, it is stressed from the outset that improved milk production is only feasible when governments can guarantee that all additional milk produced can be marketed with a profit margin over the loan repayments and additional costs involved. Evidence from South America indicates that a major constraint on the marketing of milk products is that at present they are too expensive for most consumers.
Active immunization of cows with a Salmonella typhimurium mutant bacterin-toxoid and the passive transfer of anti-core-antigen antibodies in colostrum
Authors: Miller R. B. , Sprouse R. F. , Garner H. E.
Published: March 2023

37 normal Holstein or Guernsey cows in their last 6 weeks of gestation were injected with either a placebo or Salmonella typhimurium mutant bacterin-toxoid. The vaccine stimulated a significant increase in the mean log2 anti-core-antigen serum antibody titres from 10.73 to 12.15 while there was no significant increase in serum antibody titres in placebo treated cows. There was a significant difference between the colostral mean anti-core-antigen antibody log2 titres of the placebo, 12.22, and vaccinated, 13.18, cows. The mean log2, serum antibody titres of suckled calves at 24 h of age from the placebo and vaccinated groups were 9.20 and 10.64 respectively and significantly different. It was concluded that cows vaccinated with bacterin-toxoid in the last 6 weeks of gestation seroconverted in terms of anti-core-antigen antibodies and that they passively transferred significantly higher levels of these antibodies through colostrum to their calves.
Effects of limit-fed growing programs on finishing performance and carcass traits of steers in a commercial feedlot
Authors: Rakestraw J. , Lusby K. S. , Edwards A. J.
Published: March 2023

Seven hundred and sixty two spring-born Limousin x Hereford-Angus calves (535 lb) from one Nebraska ranch were weaned and shipped to a commercial feedlot in the Texas panhandle. Steers were randomly allotted by limit-fed a ration containing 61 Mcal NEg/CWT of DM to gain 2.20 lbs/day; (2) limit-fed a ration containing 66 Mcal NEg/CWT to gain 2.20 lb/day; or (3) ad libitum a ration containing 61 Mcal NEg/CWT until weight reached 750 lbs. All pens were switched to full feeding of a ration containing 66 Mcal NEg/CWT when the calves averaged 750 lbs. The first pen was slaughtered when visual conditions indicated that the majority of that pen would attain choice grade. All other pens were then slaughtered to approximate equal days from the end of the growing period. Gains during the growing period were 2.36 and 2.37 lbs/day for Treatment 1 and 2, compared to 2.79 lb/day for full-fed calves. Cost of gain was lowest for Treatment 2 and 3 calves during the growing period. Daily gains during finishing to greater for Treatments 1 and 2 compared to Treatment 3. The number of days from the time calves weighed 750 lbs to slaughter was similar (122 days) for all treatments. The total feeding period was 11 days longer for limit-fed calves. Daily gains for the total trial were not different although feed intake tended to be lowest for limit-fed calves. Cost of gain tended to favor limit- fed calves. Slaughter weight and carcass weights tended to be increased but quality and yield grades were not different. This study shows that weaned calves can be successfully grown on a commercial scale with high concentrate, limit-fed rations. No management problems related to the limit feeding procedure were noted.
Interpretation of blood profiles in problem dairy herds
Authors: Cote J. F. , Hoff B.
Published: March 2023

Blood profiles can be an important extension of the clinical evaluaton of herds with production or reproductive problems. Biochemical and haematological tests can be used to identify many factors involved in herd problems. However, other steps should also be taken to determine the nutritional and health status of a problem herd. For example, feed testing and ration evaluaton should be done along with the blood profile. Interpretation of profiles is most accurate if they are accompanied by clinical history and ration information. The clinician, the nutritionist and the clinical pathologist should work as a team.
Relationship of nutrition to abomasal displacement and parturient paresis
Authors: Olson Jerry D.
Published: March 2023

This paper was presented at the Minnesota Dairy Conference for Veterinarians (Minnesota, USA, 5-6 June, 1991). Recent research seems to indicate that anion-cation balance is more important than calcium intake relative to susceptibility to milk fever. Feeding anionic salts for a short period pre partum can reduce the risk of milk fever. When anionic salts were given for 21 days pre partum, the incidence of parturient paresis and hypocalcaemia was reduced. Recent research has demonstrated that feeding anionic salts for 7 days can alter calcium metabolism. The feeding of 125 g each of ammonium chloride and sulphate for 21 days costs approx. $2.50 per cow. If milk fever is associated with a 14% decrease in subsequent milk production, a 1% reduction in the incidence of milk would be cost effective. There may be some problems associated with the feeding of anionic salts. First, anionic salts are not palatable and it may be difficult to mask the taste of anionic salts unless they are given incorporated with silages. In addition, they tend to concentrate in the bottom of the feed trough rations, which are composed of dry materials. Secondly, there is one report in the literature that suggests the ammonium salts can be toxic if they are dosed over a short period of time. Thirdly, it may be difficult to add enough anionic salts to correct extremely cationic diets. However, even adding some anionic salt to the diet will improve the cation-anion balance.
Larkspur poisoning
Authors: Olson John D.
Published: March 2023

Larkspur poisoning of grazing cattle occurs often on mountain and high plains areas of the western U.S.A. resulting in significant economic loss. Larkspur poisoning also occurs in other cattle production areas but is recognized less frequently.

Garden larkspurs are toxic and accidental consumption of them may cause poisoning
Role of selenium and vitamin E in mastitis and reproduction of dairy cattle
Authors: Olson Jerry D.
Published: March 2023

The literature would suggest that the selenium requirement for most species of livestock is between 0.05-0.3 ppm (mg/kg) of dietary dry matter. The current requirement for all classes of dairy cattle is 0.30 ppm. Selenium requirements are affected by dietary vitamin E intake, by disease process being prevented, and by the concentration of dietary antagonists including sulfur, iron, copper, and calcium.
Heifer mastitis
Authors: Sears Philip M. , Wilson David J.
Published: March 2023

In recent years, awareness of the prevalence of heifer mastitis has increased. More research and practical effort on farms is being devoted to heifer mastitis.

Attempts to measure prevalence of mastitis in heifers have primarily utilized cultures of quarters of animals at various stages of life until their first calving. It is apparent that not all intramammary infections of heifers become a serious case of production disease.
Blueprint for the implementation of a dairy herd health scheme
Authors: Wassell T. R.
Published: March 2023

Herd health schemes have had a slow uptake by both the dairy farmer and the veterinary surgeon. A few attempts have been made over the last twenty years to increase veterinary and farmer awareness of this approach to preventative medicine, but unfortunately these have had little long term impact. Most of the academic research into the use of herd health schemes has concentrated on the development of computerized recording schemes rather than the logistics of setting up and operating such schemes. This paper reviews findings of the problems of adoption and diffusion herd health schemes have had in the dairy farming community in the United Kingdom. The aim of the research was to identify the principal problems associated with such schemes, and to develop a strategy for implementing and running a scheme. The process was carried out in two stages, firstly by looking at the veterinary profession's approach and attitudes towards herd health schemes, and secondly, comparing these with the dairy farmers own approach and attitudes. This paper puts forward eleven main points the veterinarian should address when setting up and operating a herd health scheme.
Experimental infection with bovine coronavirus (BCV) in lactating cows
Authors: Traven M. , Silvan A. , Larsson B. , Naslund K. , Linde N.
Published: March 2023

Four bovine coronavirus (BCV)-antibody negative lactating cows were infected with a Swedish field strain of BCV through 1 h of contact with an experimentally infected calf. The cows developed a short febrile response, moderate to profuse watery diarrhoea, respiratory symptoms and a marked reduction in milk yield. The incubation period until diarrhoea was 4 to 5 days. There was a transient leukopenia and neutropenia 2 days after infection. A peak of interferon-α was detected using a viral inhibition bioassay in serum and nasal secretions 2 to 4 and in milk 4 to 7 days after infection. Using a capture ELISA, antigen was detected in faeces for 2 to 4 days in all cows, mainly during the diarrhoea. IgM, IgA and IgG1 antibody responses were detected after infection in serum and milk samples from all cows using isotype-specific ELISA.
Potentiation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves by bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Pollreisz John H. , Kelling Clayton L. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Perino Louis J. , Cooper Vickie L. , Doster Alan R.
Published: March 2023

The potential synergistic effects of BVDV and BRSV infections were investigated. Single virus infections often produce mild, if any, clinical disease in controlled animal challenge studies. The multi-etiologic nature of bovine respiratory disease is well-documented, and the potential effects of dual infection more closely reproduces natural disease and the significance of pathogenic viruses. This is important in designing vaccination programs for disease control. Fourteen Hereford beef calves weighing approximately 205 kilograms were obtained from a ranch in western Nebraska. The calves were seronegative to IBR, BVD, PI3, and BRSV, and were confirmed to be free of persistent BVD infection through repeated negative virus isolation. Random assignment to form treatment groups allotted four calves to a BVD challenge alone, four calves to a BRSV challenge alone, four calves to dual BVD, BRSV challenge, and two calves to a negative control group. Evaluation methods included pre- mortem clinical scoring, hematology, and virus isolation. Euthanatized calves were evaluated by virus isolation, gross pathologic, and histopathologic evaluation. Severity of clinical signs (depression, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and dyspnea) and extent of lung injury was greater in calves inoculated with dual BRSV/ BVDV than in calves inoculated with either virus alone. Potentiation of BVDV infection of the digestive tract by BRSV was indicated by augmentation of clinical diarrhea in calves dually-infected with BRSV and BVDV compared to calves infected only with BVDV. Gross and histopathologic lesions correlated to pre-mortem clinical observations. BVDV and BRSV potentiate each other in dual virus infection, causing more severe clinical signs and lesions than in infection with either virus alone. This more closely mimics natural infections, and better establishes the clinical significance of these pathogens than single virus controlled challenges studies.
Quantification of experimental transmission of bovine herpes-virus 1 in cattle vaccinated with marker vaccines
Authors: Bosch J. C. , De Jong M. C. M. , Maissan J. , Van Oirschot J. T.
Published: March 2023

An attenuated and an inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) gE-negative vaccine and an experimental BHV1 gD-subunit vaccine were evaluated for their ability to reduce BHV1 transmission. For that purpose, experiments to quantify transmission among vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle were carried out. Three separate experiments, including 90 cattle, were performed. Each group was housed separately. Two groups were vaccinated, each with a different marker vaccine, and the third served as an unvaccinated control group. At 4 weeks after the second vaccination, from each group five animals were taken out, and the remaining five were challenged intranasally with 105 TCID50 of the Dutch Lam strain of BHV1. After 24 hours, the animals were placed back into their original stables. The transmission of the virus to and among the five non-challenged, in-contact animals was then monitored. An animal was defined as being infected when it shed virus from its nasal fluids or developed antibodies to glycoprotein gE of BHV1. Based on the findings, the R, i.e. the average number of secondary cases per infectious individual, was calculated. Only the attenuated gE- negative vaccine was able to significantly reduce the transmission of BHV1.
Survey of cystic ovarian disease in practice
Authors: Watson C. L. , Cliff A. J.
Published: March 2023

The "DAISY" computerised recording system (University of Reading) was used to look at records of Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD) over two 12 month periods in a cattle practice in south west England. Over 24 dairy herds with good records were assessed to include 190 cows in year 1 and 180 cows in year 2 presented with COD. A definition of the disease was established as a fluid filled structure on the ovary exceeding 25mm in diameter with no palpable luteal structure present. The economic effect of the disease was compared both within herds and between herds to assess the importance of the condition. At the incidence levels recorded there was no effect on overall herd performance although the condition did affect individuals quite profoundly. Age incidence showed a lower level of COD in 1st lactation animals. Older cows had a relatively constant incidence which followed the age profile of the herds. The overall pregnancy rate was very high (81 - 89%). Treatments consisted of those with and without manual rupture of the cyst, with and without Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), and with and without Progesterone treatments. Some cases received no treatment at all. The survey showed there was no difference in outcome between treatments involving cyst rupture and those not and that there was no difference between treatment and non treatment involving progesterone or GnRH. GnRH showed a longer interval to subsequent service than rupture or progesterone and there was a lower incidence of recurrence using progesterone treatments. The presenting signs of COD show that in dairy herds with a high level of routine fertility involvement nymphomania or nyphomanism is not common. The clinical presentation of COD in the study herds was 17% at a pre-breeding examination, 58% in cows presented with no observed oestrous, 12% at a negative pregnancy diagnosis, 12% with an irregular heat or service interval. Reviewing data from a variety of veterinary surgeons is difficult. Diagnosis and treatment show considerable bias between operatives and makes it difficult to reach conclusions.
Routine testing for milk beta-hydroxybutyrate for the detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows
Authors: Francos G. , Insler G. , Dirksen G.
Published: March 2023

The milk beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB; 3-hydroxybutyric acid) concentrations were determined semi-quantitatively by means of Ketolac BHBR in 284 Israeli-Holstein cows (3 herds) on day 5, 6 or 7 post partum. The prevalence of ketolactia indicating subclinical or clinical ketosis differed markedly between herds as did the incidence in cows calving in summer or in autumn. Cows with milk BHB concentrations in the range ?100 to 199 æmol/litre, in particular those with ?200 æmol/litre were at markedly higher risk to develop clinical ketosis during early lactation than cows having a lower milk BHB content at the time of testing. Relationships between increased milk BHB concentrations at the time of testing and the incidence of genital disorders as well as to impaired reproduction in the following period could be shown. Milk testing for BHB therefore, although performed only at the end of the first week post partum, conveyed valuable information. It seems that routine testing for ketolactia is particularly important in cows under heat stress.
Pathological temperament changes in bovine animals
Authors: Austin A. R. , Simmons M. M. , Wells G. A. H.
Published: March 2023

Temperament change occurs in most cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Initially, changes may be subtle but usually progress to overt signs of fear. This study examined temperament changes in cows clinically suspected of having BSE, in which the disease was either confirmed or unconfirmed in subsequent histopathological examination, and compared them with the temperament of healthy cows. Signs indicative of fear were displayed with much greater intensity by cows with confirmed BSE than in other cows. Their performance in an improvised open-field test also differed from other cows. Some unconfirmed BSE suspects also displayed changed temperament. Their behaviour in open-field testing and in other assessments showed them to be a heterogenous group. Some unconfirmed suspects showed behaviour indicative of anxiety such as hyperkinesis, escape and panic.
Pathophysiology of the liver in high yielding dairy cows and its consequences for health and production
Authors: Breukink H. J. , Wensing Th.
Published: March 2023

Abstract appears in Veterinary Bulletin, vol. 68, abstract no. 1159.
Acute fluoride toxicosis in beef cattle
Authors: Bischoff K. G. , Edwards W. C. , Fearer James
Published: March 2023

Acute fluoride toxicosis, though less common than chronic fluorosis, occurs occasionally in cattle. Nine cows out of a herd of 15 became weak and ataxic, and three died on a pasture where utility poles had been treated with a fluoride-containing compound. After postmortem examination, two of the three dead animals were diagnosed with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis consistent with acute fluoride toxicosis. Diagnosis of fluoride toxicosis was based on history, clinical signs, gross lesions, and fluoride concentration in urine and rumen content.
Clinical report
Authors: Stoltenow Charles L. , Shirley Larry A. , Jones Tyler , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: March 2023

A six year old cow with decreased appetite and a stiff gait of seven days duration was examined by its owner and veterinarian. Clinical signs were non-specific and a definitive diagnosis was not made. The cow died 19 days after first being noticed as ill. Because of a previous news story about rabies, the owner had the cow?s brain tested for rabies and it was positive. The owner underwent post-exposure prophylaxis. The news story about rabies was effective in educating the public about rabies. However, continuing education may be necessary to improve the veterinarian's understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of rabies in cattle.
Clinical efficacy of enrofloxacin against bovine respiratory disease comparing different treatment regimens
Authors: Hamm M. , Wollen T. , Highland R. , Davidson J. , TerHune T. , Lechtenberg K. , Apley M. , Miles D. , Wray M. , Bechtol D. , Waite A. , Johnson E. , Scott P. , Copeland D.
Published: March 2023

Enrofloxacin is being successfully used for the treatment of respiratory disease of cattle in many countries. The established treatment regimen is a daily injection for 3 to 5 days with a dose range from 2.5 - 5.0 mg/kg. A predominant finding is that a single treatment with an higher dose of 7.5 - 12.5 mg/kg shows excellent clinical efficacy under feedlot conditions. The results of several clinical field trials conducted in the USA and Europe during the last years were used to compare the clinical efficacy of the daily and single treatment regimens. The studies were carried out under varied housing and weather conditions. The results show the equivalency of both treatment regimens. Consequently, the usage of enrofloxacin enables veterinarians to utilize their experience and medical expertise to design either a daily or a single treatment regimen according to the specific infection and management situation.
Evaluation of the dosage of tilmicosin for the treatment of acute bovine footrot (interdigital phlegmon)
Authors: Merrill J. K. , Morck D. W. , Olson M. E. , Dick C. P.
Published: March 2023

Two studies on a commercial feedlot in Western Canada investigated the dose of s.c. tilmicosin injection required for treating bovine foot rot. 320 animals with signs of acute lameness including inflammation and swelling of the skin and tissues of the interdigital cleft, coronet, and/or the distal limb were considered suspect cases of foot rot by pen riders and presented to the hospital for diagnosis. Candidates for enrolment were thoroughly examined to eliminate those cases of lameness caused by foreign objects, sprains, fractures, sole abscesses or other causes of lameness not associated with acute bovine foot rot. As animals presented they were randomly assigned to either placebo (saline at 1.5 ml/50 kg), 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg tilmicosin/kg in blocks of 4 animals (study 1) or to either 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg tilmicosin/kg in blocks of 3 (study 2). On day 1 (defined as the point in time that the animal is confirmed for inclusion on the trial and treatment administered), day 2, day 3 and day 4 the animals were scored for lameness, swelling and lesions using a 4 point scale. Treatment was considered successful if on day 4 the animal scored 0 (normal) for lameness and did not require retreatment for foot rot in the next 10 days. Cure rates were 15.0, 68.0, 74.0 and 77.0 %, respectively, for the placebo, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg tilmicosin/kg. There were no significant differences between the 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg tilmicosin/kg doses but all were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the placebo. Efficacy appeared to be dose related.
Rectal Palpation Associated Cumulative Trauma Disorders and Acute Traumatic Injury Affecting Bovine Practitioners
Authors: Cattell Marguerita B.
Published: March 2023

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence, time of onset and anatomical location of musculoskeletal injuries among bovine practitioners. The survey response rate was low and respondents had significantly more years in practice than the sampled population. Musculoskeletal injuries were reported by seventy-one percent of respondents. Palpation associated acute traumatic injury was reported by thirty percent of respondents. The anatomical locations most frequently affected, in descending order, were the shoulder, elbow, wrist, neck, knee and hip. Current palpation level of activity was not associated with the presence of symptoms. Symptoms were reported significantly more frequently on the same side of the body as the arm used to perform rectal palpation.