bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward management guidelines for the soybean aphid in Quebec. I. Feeding damage in relationship to seasonality of infestation and incidence of native predators
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Roy Michèle , Daigle Gaétan , Brodeur Jacques
Published: April 2009

A study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to test the hypotheses that the severity of damage caused by the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is minimized by the activity of predators and declines with the maturity of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), at the time of infestation. In caged subplots where predators were excluded, aphids attained a high density following experimental infestation of soybeans, resulting in severe reductions of yield, particularly when plants were infested early in the season. A guild of generalist predators consisting predominantly of ladybird beetles colonized plants in uncaged subplots, resulting in a low rate of population growth following infestation of soybeans with aphids and a relatively weak impact on the soybean yield. The soybean yield declined as the density of aphids (number per plant), and the maturity of soybeans at the time of infestation, increased. Our results suggest that A. glycines represents an occasional pest of soybean in Quebec, because of (i) temporal asynchrony between the late-season infestation by aphids and the most susceptible phenological stage of soybeans (vegetative or flowering) and (ii) biological control by natural enemies.
Introduced Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Klimaszewski Jan
Published: April 2009

The fauna of introduced rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the Maritime Provinces of Canada is surveyed. Seventy-nine species have now been recorded. Of these, 73 have been found in Nova Scotia, 29 on Prince Edward Island, and 54 in New Brunswick. Twenty-five species are newly recorded in Nova Scotia, 16 on Prince Edward Island, and 10 in New Brunswick, for a total of 51 new provincial records. Of these, 15 species,Tachinus corticinusGravenhorst,Mycetoporus lepidus(Gravenhorst),Habrocerus capillaricornis(Gravenhorst),Aleochara(Xenochara)lanuginosaGravenhorst,Gnypeta caerulea(C.R. Sahlberg),Atheta(Microdota)amicula(Stephens),Cordalia obscura(Gravenhorst),Drusilla canaliculata(Fabricius),Deleaster dichrous(Gravenhorst),Coprophilus striatulus(Fabricius),Carpelimus subtilis(Erichson),Leptacinus intermediusDonisthorpe,Tasgius(Rayacheila)melanarius(Heer),Neobisnius villosulus(Stephens), andPhilonthus discoideus(Gravenhorst), are newly recorded in the Maritime Provinces. Two of these,Atheta(Microdota)amiculaandCarpelimus subtilis, are newly recorded in Canada.Leptacinus intermediusis removed from the faunal list of New Brunswick andPhilhygra botanicarumMuona, a Holarctic species previously regarded as introduced in North America, is recorded for the first time in the Maritime Provinces. An examination of when species were first detected in the region reveals that, on average, it was substantially later than comparable dates for other, better known families of Coleoptera — an apparent indication of the comparative lack of attention this family has received. Some introduced species appear to be associated with the dry-ballast mechanism of introduction to the continent, while others are synanthropic and may have been inadvertently introduced in connection with agriculture, horticulture, or other processes associated with human activities. A substantial number are now established and well distributed, seemingly indicative of an early introduction into the region, the ability to successfully colonize a habitat and disperse within it, or a combination of these factors. Other species appear to be local in distribution, perhaps indicative of more recent introductions, more restricted ecological tolerances, a lesser ability to disperse, or a combination of these factors. These recent discoveries are discussed briefly in the context of the importance of taxonomic research and ongoing monitoring in order to detect and identify exotic species and monitor for new introductions and changes in existing native or introduced populations — all important in terms of assessing the risk of introductions to, and their impact on, native faunas and habitats.
How aquatic insects live in cold climates
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: April 2009

In cold climates most aquatic habitats are frozen for many months. Nevertheless, even in such regions the conditions in different types of habitat, in different parts of one habitat, and from one year to the next can vary considerably; some water bodies even allow winter growth. Winter cold and ice provide challenges for aquatic insects, but so do high spring flows, short, cool summers, and unpredictable conditions. General adaptations to cope with these constraints, depending on species and habitat, include the use of widely available foods, increased food range, prolonged development (including development lasting more than one year per generation), programmed life cycles with diapause and other responses to environmental cues (often enforcing strict univoltinism), and staggered development. Winter conditions may be anticipated not only by diapause and related responses but also by movement for the winter to terrestrial habitats, to less severe aquatic habitats, or to different parts of the same habitat, and by construction of shelters. Winter itself is met by various types of cold hardiness, including tolerance of freezing in at least some species, especially chironomid midges, and supercooling even when surrounded by ice in others. Special cocoons provide protection in some species. A few species move during winter or resist anoxia beneath ice. Spring challenges of high flows and ice scour may be withstood or avoided by wintering in less severe habitats, penetrating the substrate, or delaying activity until after peak flow. However, where possible species emerge early in the spring to compensate for the shortness of the summer season, a trait enhanced (at least in some lentic habitats) by choosing overwintering sites that warm up first in spring. Relatively low summer temperatures are offset by development at low temperatures, by selection of warm habitats and microhabitats, and in adults by thermoregulation and modified mating activity. Notwithstanding the many abiotic constraints in cold climates, aquatic communities are relatively diverse, though dominated by taxa that combine traits such as cold adaptation with use of the habitats and foods that are most widely available and most favourable. Consequently, except in the most severe habitats, food chains and community structure are complex even at high latitudes and elevations, including many links between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Despite the complex involvement of aquatic insects in these cold-climate ecosystems, we know relatively little about the physiological and biochemical basis of their cold hardiness and its relationship to habitat conditions, especially compared with information about terrestrial species from the same regions.
New records of mites (Arachnida: Acari) from Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Behan-Pelletier Valerie , Bajerlein Daria , Błoszyk Jerzy , Krantz Gerald W. , Lucas Zoe , OConnor Barry , Smith Ian M.
Published: April 2009

The first investigations of the mite fauna of Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, are reported. Fourteen species have been found.Uropoda orbicularis(Müller) (Uropodidae) andScarabaspis inexpectatus(Oudemans) (Eviphididae) are newly recorded for North America,Macrocheles nemerdariusKrantz and Whitaker (Macrochelidae) is newly recorded for Canada, andTrichoribates striatusHammer (Ceratozetidae) is recorded for the first time south of the subarctic zone. Colonization, dispersal, and the zoogeographic origins of the fauna are discussed in the context of the biological, geological, and human history of the island.
Influence of essential oils on toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the plant toxin thymol in the larvae of Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Wilson Joanne A. , Isman Murray B.
Published: April 2009

The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of some major constituents of plant essential oils on the toxicity and fate of thymol, a phenolic monoterpene from garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (Lamiaceae), following topical administration to the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tested individually, trans-anethole (LD50 = 71.2 µg/larva) and methyl salicylate (93.6 µg/larva) were the most toxic, whereas phenylethyl propionate (555.8 µg/larva) and mineral oil (2279.3 µg/larva) were the least toxic. However, when coadministered, mineral oil was the most synergistic (synergy ratio, SR = 25). A proprietary blend of essential oils (A4 Blend) was strongly synergistic (SR = 9), as was trans-anethole (SR = 5), while the majority of the other compounds tested yielded SRs of 2–3. Based on experiments using tritiated thymol as a radiotracer, the fate of this plant toxin within 60 min of topical administration varied widely with the essential oil carrier. Some carriers facilitated rapid disappearance of thymol from the insects' integument and rapid appearance internally, whereas others prolonged the tenure of thymol on the integument and delayed entry into the insect. The highest internal levels of radioactivity were observed when phenylethyl propionate was the carrier (47% of the topical dose), the lowest when rosemary oil was the carrier (9%). The highest proportion of the dose was excreted when eugenol was the carrier (20% of the topical dose), the lowest when mineral oil was the carrier (4%). Overall, there are no apparent trends linking the fate of thymol in the different carrier oils to the synergies observed or to the relative polarities of the carriers.
Short life cycles in insects and mites
Authors: Danks H.V.
Published: April 2009

Under favourable conditions some species of insects and mites complete development very quickly. This paper considers species with a mean minimum generation time of 15 days or less and tabulates developmental data for many sample species. Such species belong chiefly to a limited number of taxa of small size, notably aphids and several families of mites and parasitoid Hymenoptera. Characteristics of these taxa are reviewed. Even in families containing many species with rapid life cycles, normally many other species lack such rapid development. Very short life cycles depend on phylogeny, strain, rapid development in all stages, small size, rich food, and other habitat features including high temperatures. Within this framework, life cycles are accelerated by reducing elements requiring the investment of resources (size, fecundity, longevity, structural complexity), eliminating instars and even life stages, accelerating development (through lower requirements especially of heat, heat gain by adaptations such as basking, and rapid reproduction), and choosing the most suitable habitats and microhabitats from those available. Mean minimum generation times in insects and mites with coincident adaptations of this sort can be as short as 4 days. Notwithstanding the advantages of rapid development in maximizing the intrinsic rate of natural increase (and hence fitness), most species cannot achieve the highest rates of development. They are constrained not only by resources and intrinsic physiological or phylogenetic patterns but also by variability of conditions and seasonality that can be survived only by interpolating delays or resistant stages.
The planthopper genus Stenocranus in Canada: implications for classification of Delphacidae (Hemiptera)
Authors: Hamilton K G.A.
Published: April 2009

The Canadian species of Stenocranus Fieber are keyed by external characters correlated with species concepts defined by known genitalic characters. Stenocranus is differentiated from Terauchiana Matsumura (Asian; here reported from the New World for the first time) and Embolophora Stål (from Africa) by the remarkable development of the female pygofers, which completely conceal the ovipositor. Based on both head and genitalic characters, the genus is divided into two subgenera: typical Stenocranus with many Old World species and two Canadian species, and subgenus Codexnov. for other New World species. The type of Delphax dorsalis Fitch, 1851 is a specimen of Stenocranus pallidus Beamer, 1946 syn. nov., and "S. dorsalis" sensu Beamer is S. unipunctatus (Provancher, 1872). A lectotype of Delphax vittata Stål, 1862 is designated for the taxon S. unipunctatus (sensu Beamer, nec Provancher); its paralectotypes are specimens of S. acutus Beamer. The apparent evolutionary relationships of this fauna to other species of the world Stenocranini and within the superficially similar Saccharosydnini reveal numerous homoplasies and dramatic autapomorphies, contrasted with only a few reliable synapomorphies. A hierarchical classification of Delphacidae, based on the most distinctive synapomorphies, defines subfamily Delphacinae as encompassing at least four tribes: Vizcayini, Stenocranini, Tropidocephalini, and Delphacini, with "Kelisiinae" reduced to subtribe of Stenocranini and "Saccharosydnini" placed within Tropidocephalini.
Functional significance of elaborate secondary sexual traits and their evolution in the water strider genusRheumatobates
Authors: Rowe Locke , Westlake Kathleen P. , Currie Douglas C.
Published: April 2009

Sexual conflict may drive the evolutionary elaboration of sexually antagonistic traits that function in mating interactions. One of the most striking cases of elaboration of male morphology occurs in the water strider genusRheumatobatesBergroth (Hemiptera: Gerridae). The functional significance of the bizarre modifications of appendages in this group is not known. Here we focus on one of the more elaborate of the species,R. rileyiBergroth. We conduct observational and experimental studies aimed at determining the general sequence of mating behaviour, the role of females in the outcome of sexual interactions, and the functional significance of the highly modified appendages of males. We also map these traits on a known phylogeny of the genus to determine their pattern of evolution. Males repeatedly harass females and females respond with evasive skating or, if the male successfully grasps her, with a premating struggle. The dynamics of the struggle determine the success of mating attempts. Short struggles typically lead to mating, and long struggles typically result in disengagement of the pair. Following a short period of copulation, males withdraw their genitalia and dismount. Females that have been isolated from males for a period of time become less reluctant to mate. During the premating struggle, the antennae of males are used to grasp the females around the head, and the rear legs are used to lift the females' rear legs off the water surface. Neither antennae nor rear legs are used during copulation, thus they are not used for copulatory courtship. Mapping of these traits on the phylogeny indicates multiple independent origins and a pattern of escalation (16 origins, 7 losses). We conclude that these bizarre traits of males are sexually antagonistic and have evolved repeatedly in the genus.
New trap for emergent Megaplatypus mutatus
Authors: Liguori Pablo Gatti , Zerba Eduardo , Audino Paola Gonzalez
Published: April 2009

Megaplatypus mutatus (= Platypus mutatus) (Chapuis), an ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) native to South America, is a forest pest that attacks live standing trees, affecting commercial poplar and other broadleaf plantations. Traditionally, single-chambered emergence traps have been used to collect live beetles for field and laboratory studies. However, the lack of separation in these chambers results in antagonistic interactions between individuals. Wounded M. mutatus are incapable of successful reproduction and are of little value in physiological and behavioral experiments. We introduce a new, multiple-chambered trap that isolates individual insects until collection, thus increasing the number of uninjured and fully functional insects available for physiological and behavioral experiments.
Review and identification keys to the ichneumonid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Bennett Andrew M.R.
Published: April 2009

Wasps of the family Ichneumonidae recorded as parasitoids of Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America are summarized. A total of 113 species in 45 genera and 11 subfamilies have been reliably reared from 10 species of Nearctic Choristoneura. Twenty-one more species are listed as possible parasitoids of Nearctic Choristoneura, based on rearings from Palearctic Choristoneura species and (or) limited introductions to North America. Well-illustrated identification keys are provided to the subfamilies, all genera, and species of 39 of the genera. The species of Choristoneura used as hosts by the 113 ichneumonid species are tabulated, as well as the wasps’ geographic ranges. The biological characteristics of the ichneumonid subfamilies parasitizing Choristoneura spp. are described and compared. Erroneous Choristoneura host records and synonyms for all ichneumonid taxa previously recorded from Nearctic Choristoneura spp. are given. Phaeogenes gaspesianus Provancher is moved to Dirophanes Förster, forming D. gaspesianus (Provancher) comb. nov. New host records are Phaeogenes cacoeciae Viereck and Scambus hispae (Harris) on C. rosaceana (Harris), D. gaspesianus and Pimpla disparis Viereck on C. fumiferana (Clemens) (P. disparis having been introduced to New Brunswick to control the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)), and Exochus turgidus Holmgren on C. occidentalis Freeman.
Description ofHeterota sunjaeisp. nov. from Korean seashores and an annotated catalog of the littoral genusHeterota(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: Park Jong-Seok , Jeon Mi-Jeong , Ahn Kee-Jeong
Published: April 2009

A new species,Heterota sunjaeiPark and Ahnsp. nov.(type locality: Geumgab Beach, Jindo, Jeonnam Province, Korea), is described from Korea. The new species is compared with the related speciesH.plumbea(Waterhouse) andH.arenariaCameron and the differences are summarized. An illustration of the habitus and line drawings of diagnostic characters are presented. An annotated world catalog of the genusHeterotaMulsant and Rey is provided.
Detection of host habitat by parasitoids using cues associated with mycangial fungi of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae
Authors: Adams A.S. , Six D.L.
Published: April 2009

Cues used by parasitoids to detect habitat of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were investigated by observing parasitoid attraction to logs infested with D. ponderosae, logs inoculated with one or both of the symbiotic fungi of D. ponderosae (Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf. (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) Arx (Ophiostomataceae)), logs containing no beetles or fungi, or empty screen cylinders. Captures of Heydenia unica Cook and Davis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Rhopalicus pulchripennis (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on logs with both G. clavigera and O. montium were greater than those from control treatments. These results suggest that characteristics of tree tissues simultaneously colonized by the two symbiotic fungi facilitate a detectable change in the volatile compounds released from D. ponderosae-attacked trees that may be used by parasitoids to locate hosts.
The distribution, zoogeography, and composition of Prince Edward Island Carabidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Bousquet Yves , Noronha Christine , Smith Mary E.
Published: April 2009

Fourteen species of Carabidae are added to Prince Edward Island’s (P.E.I.) faunal list, bringing the known fauna to 167 species.Bembidion nitidum(Kirby) andBembidion obtusumAudinet-Serville are newly recorded for the Maritime Provinces. Six species are removed from P.E.I.’s faunal list. The history of collecting of Carabidae on P.E.I. is briefly recounted. Despite differences in land area and distance from the mainland between P.E.I., Cape Breton Island, and insular Newfoundland, their carabid faunas exhibit many similarities in size and composition. The native carabid fauna of P.E.I. comprises 49% of the species in the combined Maritime Provinces fauna, perhaps reflecting an island-related diminution of species diversity. The proportion of flightless species on P.E.I. (4.9%) is less than that in the Maritime Provinces as a whole (7.1%), an apparent indication that the Northumberland Strait has been a barrier to colonization. Twenty-seven introduced species are found on P.E.I., 26 of which can be classified as synanthropic and may have originated in dry-ballast quarries in southwestern England. Although the earliest dates of detection of many introduced species on P.E.I. are substantially later than elsewhere in the Maritimes, this reflects the paucity of early collecting. Land-management practices on P.E.I. (large-scale and early forest clearances, intensive agriculture, and the extensive use of biocides) may have had an impact on P.E.I.’s carabid fauna.
Mycobatidae (Acari: Oribatida) of North America
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Eamer Barbara
Published: April 2009

The oribatid mite family Mycobatidae is represented in America north of Mexico by the eight genera,CyrtozetesBehan-Pelletier, CeresellaPavlitshenko, GuatemalozetesMahunka, MinunthozetesHull, MycobatesHull, PelopsisHall, PunctoribatesBerlese, andZachvatkinibatesShaldybina. Species occur in forests, grasslands, and arctic soils, in canopy habitats, and in the marine and freshwater littoral zone. Three new mycobatid species from North America are described:Ceresella reevesisp. nov.from forest habitats of western North America,Cyrtozetes lindoaesp. nov.from canopy habitats of western Canada, andPunctoribates weigmannisp. nov.from forest litter in eastern North America. The descriptions ofPelopsis bifurcatus(Ewing) andPunctoribates punctum(C.L. Koch) are expanded based on specimens from North America.Punctoribates palustris(Banks) is redescribed based on specimens from throughout North America.Punctoribates armipes(Banks) is considered a junior subjective synonym ofP. palustris(Banks). New distribution records are given forGuatemalozetes danosBehan-Pelletier and Ryabinin andMinunthozetes semirufus(Koch). Diagnoses are given for each genus discussed, and keys are provided to the eight genera of Mycobatidae of North America and to species ofCyrtozetesandPunctoribates, genera not recently revised.
Variation of hind-wing colour and length in Sympetrum internum (Odonata: Libellulidae) from the Canadian prairie provinces
Authors: Catling Paul M.
Published: April 2009

Amber coloration, called saffroning, extends from 1 to 15 mm across the hind-wing base in females of Sympetrum internum Montgomery from the prairie provinces but extends only from 2 to 3 mm in males. There are no substantial differences in hind-wing length between the sexes. A significant correlation was found between hind-wing length and the extent of saffroning for both males and females. Regressions of these characters against latitude and longitude revealed that (1) there is a significant decrease in hind-wing length northward for both sexes; (2) there is a significant decrease in saffroning northward that is more significant for females; (3) there is no significant effect of longitude on hind-wing length; and (4) saffroning in females significantly increases westward but there is no similar effect in males, and the trend in females is much less significant than the latitudinal trend. Within the prairie provinces, extensive saffroning is confined to the Prairie Ecozone and moderate saffroning occurs around the edges of this ecozone. The surrounding Boreal Plains Ecozone is characterized by females with very limited saffroning. There is generally extensive variation in the extent of saffroning within some Prairie Ecozone locations, ranging from limited to moderate or extensive, but limited and moderate saffroning were more frequent at most locations in the Prairie Ecozone. Various explanations for saffroning are considered. Since limited, moderate, and extensive saffroning occur together throughout an extensive area, and occur within many populations and within a group emerging at the same time, formal taxonomic recognition of individuals with moderate or extensive saffroning seems unwarranted.
Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Johnson Patricia L. , Hayes Jane L. , Rinehart John , Sheppard Walter S. , Smith Steven E.
Published: April 2009

Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, the banded elm bark beetle, and S. multistriatus Marsham, the smaller European elm bark beetle, are morphologically similar. Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need for good-quality specimens. The inability to identify developmental stages can also hamper early-detection programs. Using two character identification systems, genitalic (aedeagus) morphology, and DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)) to distinguish S. schevyrewi from S. multistriatus, we examined specimens from geographically distinct populations of both species collected from infested host trees or semiochemical-baited funnel traps. We found that aedeagus morphology can be used to identify the two species. The use of two oligonucleotide primers in the RAPD-PCR analysis yielded distinct DNA banding patterns for the two species. Species identification using RAPD-PCR analysis was validated by a blind test and used to make species identifications of larval specimens. These tools improve the ability to differentiate between S. schevyrewi and S. multistriatus at immature and adult stages, and could be developed and used for other scolytines as well.
Predispersal seed predation by a coleophorid on the threatened Gulf of St. Lawrence aster
Authors: Steeves Royce , Nazari Vazrick , Landry Jean-François , Lacroix Christian R.
Published: April 2009

The Gulf of St. Lawrence aster,Symphyotrichum laurentianum(Fernald) G.L. Nesom (Asteraceae), a small annual halophyte endemic to disturbed and highly transient habitats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is classified as “threatened” by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Lepidopteran larvae that are predispersal seed predators of the Gulf of St. Lawrence aster are reported for the first time from populations in Prince Edward Island National Park. DNA barcoding was used to identify the seed predators tentatively as larvae of the casebearing mothColeophora triplicisMcDunnough (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), which is typically associated with a related halophyte,Solidago sempervirensL. (Asteraceae). These larvae were found to consume a large proportion of seeds from one of two aster populations in Prince Edward Island National Park and may be yet another risk to the survival of this threatened species.
Comparisons of the composition of foliage-dwelling spider assemblages in apple orchards and adjacent deciduous forest
Authors: Sackett T.E. , Buddle C.M. , Vincent C.
Published: April 2009

Previous studies have shown that annual crops have different spider (Araneae) assemblages than adjacent relatively natural habitats, suggesting that spider recolonization of crops occurs via long-distance ballooning and that spider species in crops are mainly agrobionts. However, in perennial crops, e.g., apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae)), which are subject to less physical disturbance than annual crops, overlap in spider species has been observed between tree foliage and adjacent habitats, suggesting that spiders colonize orchards from adjacent vegetation. The objective of this study was to compare the species composition of assemblages of foliage-dwelling spiders in apple orchards with that in adjacent deciduous forest and to determine whether spider assemblages in orchards are dominated by agrobiont species. Spiders were collected from four apple orchards and adjacent deciduous forest in southern Quebec from May until August 2004. The similarity of assemblages between the orchard and forest habitats was evaluated using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and multiresponse permutation procedures and spider species richness in the two habitat types was compared using rarefaction. Although spider species richness was higher in the forest than in the orchards, the composition of the spider assemblages in apple orchards was not significantly different from that in adjacent deciduous forest at three of the four sites. Therefore, adjacent deciduous forest, which is similar to orchards in vegetation structure and frequency of structural disturbance, is likely the main source of spiders found in apple orchards.
Saproxylic insect assemblages in Canadian forests: diversity, ecology, and conservation
Authors: Langor David W. , Hammond H.E. James , Spence John R. , Jacobs Joshua , Cobb Tyler P.
Published: April 2009

Saproxylic insect assemblages inhabiting dead wood in Canadian forests are highly diverse and variable but quite poorly understood. Adequate assessment of these assemblages poses significant challenges with respect to sampling, taxonomy, and analysis. Their assessment is nonetheless critical to attaining the broad goals of sustainable forest management because such species are disproportionately threatened elsewhere by the reductions in dead wood generally associated with commercial exploitation of northern forests. The composition of the saproxylic fauna is influenced by many factors, including tree species, degree of decay, stand age, and cause of tree death. Wildfire and forest harvesting have differential impacts on saproxylic insect assemblages and on their recovery in postdisturbance stands. Exploration of saproxylic insect responses to variable retention harvesting and experimental burns is contributing to the development of prescriptions for conserving saproxylic insects in boreal forests. Understanding of processes that determine diversity patterns and responses of saproxylic insects would benefit from increased attention to natural history. Such work should aim to provide a habitat-classification system for dead wood to better identify habitats (and associated species) at risk as a result of forest management. This tool could also be used to improve strategies to better maintain saproxylic organisms and their central nutrient-cycling functions in managed forests.
Aquatic arthropods and forestry: effects of large-scale land use on aquatic systems in Nearctic temperate regions
Authors: Richardson John S.
Published: April 2009

Aquatic arthropods can be affected by forest management through increased amounts of light, discharge, and sediment runoff, alteration of the supply of basal resources, changes in the supply of large wood, temperature modifications, and food-web effects. This syndrome of alterations varies geographically in magnitude, and the specific details depend on initial biotic and abiotic conditions, local topography, climate, and the particular management practices used. Impacts on standing water appear to be subtle, and most attention has focussed on streams, where changes are often more obvious. The intensity of any changes in processes affecting aquatic arthropods depends, in part, on the proximity of logging to the shoreline and the proportion of watershed harvested, and also on the condition and frequency of forest access roads crossing or near water bodies. Some groups of species are particularly vulnerable, but others, particularly generalist species such as someBaetisLeach (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and some Chironomidae (Diptera), appear to benefit from harvesting. In general, outcomes of harvesting near streams are temporary increases in production and abundance but reductions in diversity. Impacts on all trophic levels, especially in streams, can occur from forest harvesting. The primary tool for mitigating these impacts is the use of riparian buffers, but there are still major uncertainties about the effectiveness of specific widths and configurations of buffers and their use for additional types of disturbance.
Survey of nasal mites (Rhinonyssidae, Ereynetidae, and Turbinoptidae) associated with birds in Alberta and Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Knee Wayne , Proctor Heather , Galloway Terry
Published: April 2009

Three major lineages of mites (Arachnida: Acari) are parasitic in the nasal passages of birds: Rhinonyssidae (Mesostigmata), Ereynetidae (Prostigmata), Cytoditidae, and Turbinoptidae (Astigmata). The most diverse group of avian nasal mites is the Rhinonyssidae, which are obligate endoparasites of non-ratite birds worldwide. Prior to this study, there were only four published and three unpublished records of nasal mites from birds in Canada. In Alberta, 15% of 450 birds (154 species) examined during 2003–2007 were infested with nasal mites; in Manitoba, 16% of 2447 birds (196 species) examined during 1996–2006 were infested. We have expanded the known records of host – nasal mite species in Canada from 7 to 102, a 14-fold increase. There are now 50 species of Rhinonyssidae, 7 species of Ereynetidae, and 1 species of Turbinoptidae known from birds in Alberta and Manitoba. We predict that at least 70 species of rhinonyssid mites can be found in Canada.
Fluorescent powder marking reduces condition but not survivorship in adult mountain pine beetles
Authors: Reid Tyler G. , Reid Mary L.
Published: April 2009

We investigated the impact of different fluorescent marking powders on both survivorship and daily body condition, measured as mass/volume ratio, using adult mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in a laboratory study. Initial condition of the marked beetle groups did not differ from that of an unmarked group. However, beetles in better initial condition survived longer, thus validating our condition index. The condition but not the survivorship of mountain pine beetles was affected by the marking treatment. Overall, the condition of beetles declined over time. The condition of marked beetles decreased at a higher rate than that of unmarked beetles while alive but at a lower rate after death. This pattern of decreasing condition suggests that marked beetles lost water faster than unmarked beetles while alive, so unmarked beetles had more water to lose after death. Because reduced condition may affect optimal dispersal behaviour, we suggest that these effects be routinely examined and minimized in mark-recapture studies.
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electroluminescent Device Properties of Zn(II)‐Chelated Complexes Based on Functionalized Benzothiazole Derivatives
Authors: Roh Soo‐Gyun , Kim Yong‐Hee , Seo Kang Deuk , Lee Dong Hyun , Kim Hwan Kyu , Park Young‐Il , Park Jong‐Wook , Lee Ji‐Hoon
Published: April 2009

New Zn(II)‐chelated complexes based on benzothiazole derivatives, including substituted functional groups such as methyl (MeZn), methoxy (MeOZn), or fluorenyl unit (FuZn), are investigated to produce white‐light emission. 2‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole derivatives in toluene and DMSO exhibit excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), leading to a large Stokes shift of the fluorescence emission. However, in methanol they exhibit no ESIPT due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole derivative and methanol. Their Zn(II)‐chelated complexes exhibit the absorption band red‐shifted at 500 nm in nonpolar solvent and the absorption band blue‐shifted at about 420 nm in protic solvent. In multilayer electroluminescent devices, methyl‐substituted Zn(II)‐chelated complex (MeZn) exhibits excellent power efficiency and fluorene‐substituted Zn(II)‐chelated complex (FuZn) has a high luminance efficiency (1 cd m−2 at 3.5 V, 10 400 cd m−2 at 14 V). The EL spectra of Zn(II)‐chelated complexes based on benzothiazole derivatives exhibit broad emission bands. In addition, their electron‐transport property for red–green–blue (RGB) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is systematically studied, in comparison with that of Alq3. The results demonstrate the promising potential of MeZn as an electron‐transporting layer (ETL) material in preference to Alq3, which is widely used as an ETL material.
Silicon‐Doped LiFePO4 Single Crystals: Growth, Conductivity Behavior, and Diffusivity
Authors: Amin Ruhul , Lin Chengtian , Peng Jubo , Weichert Katja , Acartürk Tolga , Starke Ulrich , Maier Joachim
Published: April 2009

Single crystals of silicon doped LiFePO4 with a silicon content of 1% are grown successfully by the floating zone technique and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance demonstrates the presence of only Fe2+; no traces of Fe3+ are found. Impedance spectroscopy as well as step‐function polarization/depolarization (DC) measurements are carried out using the cells Ti/LiFe(Si)PO4/Ti and LiAl/LiI/LiFe(Si)PO4/LiI/LiAl. The electronic and ionic conductivities as well as the Li‐diffusivity of the sample in the major crystallographic directions ([h00], [0k0], and [00l]) are determined. Within experimental error the transport properties along the b‐ and c‐axes are found to be the same but differ significantly from the a‐axis, which exhibits lower values. Compared to undoped LiFePO4, Si‐doping leads to an increase of the ionic conductivity while the electronic conductivity decreases, which is in agreement with a donor effect. The activation energies of conductivities and diffusivities are interpreted in terms of defect chemistry and relevant Brouwer diagrams are given.
New Generation of Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Park Kyeongsoon , Lee Seulki , Kang Eunah , Kim Kwangmeyung , Choi Kuiwon , Kwon Ick Chan
Published: April 2009

Advances in nanotechnology have contributed to the development of novel nanoparticles that enable the tumor‐specific delivery of imaging probes and therapeutic agents in cancer imaging and therapy. Nanobiotechnology combines nanotechnology with molecular imaging, which has led to the generation of new multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticles hold great promise for the future of cancer treatment because they can detect the early onset of cancer in each individual patient and deliver suitable therapeutic agents to enhance therapeutic efficacy. The combination of tumor‐targeted imaging and therapy in an all‐in‐one system provides a useful multimodal approach in the battle against cancer. Novel multifunctional nanoparticles thus offer a new avenue in the application of personalized medicine in the near future. Herein, new trends and the significance of novel multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy are reviewed.

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Novel Brush Polymers with Phosphorylcholine Bristle Ends: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Biocompatibility
Authors: Kim Gahee , Park Samdae , Jung Jungwoon , Heo Kyuyoung , Yoon Jinhwan , Kim Heesoo , Kim Ik Jung , Kim Jung Ran , Lee Jong Im , Ree Moonhor
Published: April 2009

New brush polymers with various numbers of bristle ends incorporating phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties are synthesized. The polymers are thermally stable up to 175 °C and form good‐quality films with conventional spin‐, roll‐, and dip‐coating, and subsequent drying processes. Interestingly, all these brush polymers, as a PC‐containing polymer, demonstrate a stable molecular multi‐bilayer structure in thin films that arise due to the efficient self‐assembly of the bristles for temperatures <55 °C and PC‐rich surfaces, and therefore successfully mimic natural cell‐membrane surfaces. These brush‐polymer films exhibit excellent water wettability and water sorption whilst retaining the remarkable molecular multi‐bilayer structure, and thus have hydrophilic surfaces. These novel multi‐bilayer structured films repel fibrinogen molecules and platelets from their surfaces but also have bactericidal effects on bacteria. Moreover, the brush‐polymer films are found to provide comfortable surface environments for the successful anchoring and growth of HEp‐2 cells, and to exhibit excellent biocompatibility in mice. These newly developed brush polymers are suitable for use in biomedical applications including medical devices and biosensors that require biocompatibility and the reduced possibility of post‐operative infection.
Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with Bulky Side Groups for Use in Light Emitting Cells: Reduction of Concentration Quenching
Authors: Rothe Carsten , Chiang Chien‐Jung , Jankus Vygintas , Abdullah Khalid , Zeng Xianshun , Jitchati Rukkiat , Batsanov Andrei S. , Bryce Martin R. , Monkman Andrew P.
Published: April 2009

Here, the photophysics and performance of single‐layer light emitting cells (LECs) based on a series of ionic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes of formulae $\left[ {{\rm Ir}\left( {{\rm ppy}} \right)_{\rm 2} \left( {{\rm bpy}} \right)} \right]^ + {\rm PF}_{\rm 6}^ -$ and $\left[ {{\rm Ir}\left( {{\rm ppy}} \right)_{\rm 2} \left( {{\rm phen}} \right)} \right]^ + {\rm PF}_{\rm 6}^ -$ where ppy, bpy, and phen are 2‐phenylpyridine, substituted bipyridine and substituted phenanthroline ligands, respectively, are reported. Substitution at the NˆN ligand has little effect on the emitting metal‐ligand to ligand charge‐transfer (MLLCT) states and functionalization at this site of the complex leads to only modest changes in emission color. For the more bulky complexes the increase in intermolecular separation leads to reduced exciton migration, which in turn, by suppressing concentration quenching, significantly increases the lifetime of the excited state. On the other hand, the larger intermolecular separation induced by bulky ligands reduces the charge carrier mobility of the materials, which means that higher bias fields are needed to drive the diodes. A brightness of ca. 1000 cd m−2 at 3 V is obtained for complex 5, which demonstrates a beneficial effect of bulky substituents.
Fabrication and Electrochemical Properties of Epitaxial Samarium‐Doped Ceria Films on SrTiO3‐Buffered MgO Substrates
Authors: Sanna Simone , Esposito Vincenzo , Pergolesi Daniele , Orsini Andrea , Tebano Antonello , Licoccia Silvia , Balestrino Giuseppe , Traversa Enrico
Published: April 2009

Thin films of samarium‐oxide‐doped (20 mol%) ceria (SDC) are grown by pulsed‐laser deposition (PLD) on (001) MgO single‐crystal substrates. SrTiO3 (STO) prepared by PLD is used as a buffer layer on the MgO substrates to enable epitaxial growth of the fluorite‐structured SDC film; the STO layer provides a proper crystalline match between SDC and MgO, resulting in highly crystalline, epitaxial SDC films grown in the (001) orientation. Film conductivity is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, which are performed at various temperatures (400–775 °C) in a wide range of oxygen partial pressure (pO2) values (10−25−1 atm) in order to separate ionic and electronic conductivity contributions. At 700 °C, SDC/STO films on (100) MgO exhibit a dominant ionic conductivity of about 7 × 10−2 S cm−1, down to pO2 values of about 10−15 atm. The absence of grain boundaries make the SDC/STO/MgO heterostructures stable to oxidation‐reduction cycles at high temperatures, in contrast to that observed for the more disordered SDC/STO films, which degraded after hydrogen exposure.
Metal‐Free Click Polymerization: Synthesis and Photonic Properties of Poly(aroyltriazole)s
Authors: Qin Anjun , Tang Li , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Jim Cathy K. W. , Yu Yong , Zhao Hui , Sun Jingzhi , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: April 2009

Regioselective 1,3‐dipolar polycycloadditions of tetraphenylethene (TPE)‐containing diazides 1–3 and bis(aroylacetylene) 4 are initiated by simple heating, affording poly(aroyltriazole)s (PATAs) PI–PIII with high molecular weights in high yields. The PATAs are completely soluble in common organic solvents and stable at temperatures up to 358 °C. Thanks to their TPE units, the polymers show aggregation‐induced emission and work as explosive sensors with high sensitivity. The PATAs are optically transparent in the whole visible spectral region. Their refractive indexes can be tuned to a great extent (Δn ≈ 0.08) by simply changing their alkyl spacer lengths. The modified Abbé numbers of the PATAs are very high (up to 273), indicative of very low optical dispersions in the telecommunication‐important wavelength region. UV irradiation through a photomask quenches the light emissions of the polymers, enabling the generation of two‐dimensional fluorescent images without development. The polymers can be readily photo‐crosslinked, yielding three‐dimensional patterns with high resolutions.
Molecular Self‐Assembled Monolayers and Multilayers for Organic and Unconventional Inorganic Thin‐Film Transistor Applications
Authors: DiBenedetto Sara A. , Facchetti Antonio , Ratner Mark A. , Marks Tobin J.
Published: April 2009

Principal goals in organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) gate dielectric research include achieving: (i) low gate leakage currents and good chemical/thermal stability, (ii) minimized interface trap state densities to maximize charge transport efficiency, (iii) compatibility with both p‐ and n‐ channel organic semiconductors, (iv) enhanced capacitance to lower OTFT operating voltages, and (v) efficient fabrication via solution‐phase processing methods. In this Review, we focus on a prominent class of alternative gate dielectric materials: self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and multilayers (SAMTs) of organic molecules having good insulating properties and large capacitance values, requisite properties for addressing these challenges. We first describe the formation and properties of SAMs on various surfaces (metals and oxides), followed by a discussion of fundamental factors governing charge transport through SAMs. The last section focuses on the roles that SAMs and SAMTs play in OTFTs, such as surface treatments, gate dielectrics, and finally as the semiconductor layer in ultra‐thin OTFTs.
Bioinspired Design of Dynamic Materials
Authors: Mohammed Javeed Shaikh , Murphy William L.
Published: April 2009

An emerging approach for design of dynamic materials involves mimicking natural systems, which are adept at changing their structure and function in response to their environment. Biological systems possess a diverse range of dynamic mechanisms, including competitive ligand–protein binding, enzyme‐catalyzed remodeling, and allosteric protein conformational changes. These dynamic mechanisms are now being exploited by materials scientists and engineers to design “bioinspired” synthetic materials that undergo responsive assembly and disassembly as well as dynamic volume and shape changes. The purpose of this review is to describe recent progress in design and development of bioinspired dynamic materials, with a particular emphasis on hydrogel networks. We specifically focus on emerging approaches that use biological phenomena as an inspiration for design of materials.