bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disentangling tree species identity and richness effects on the herb layer: first results from a German tree diversity experiment
Authors: Ampoorter Evy , Baeten Lander , Vanhellemont Margot , Bruelheide Helge , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Baasch Annett , Erfmeier Alexandra , Hock Maria , Verheyen Kris
Published: March 2015

Questions

The forest herb layer provides a multitude of ecosystem services as a result of its species‐rich character. Herb layer diversity and biomass are both influenced by tree layer composition and species richness through species‐specific influences on environmental conditions. The results of observational studies on richness–biomass relationships between tree and herb layer have not been unequivocal. We examined tree species identity and richness effects on herb layer species richness, composition, biomass and nutrient concentrations in young experimental tree plantations.

Location

BIOTREE tree diversity experiment, Kaltenborn, Germany.

Methods

Sixteen plots were planted in 2004, using a pool of four tree species (beech, oak, Douglas‐fir, Norway spruce) and four richness levels, comprised of all possible species combinations. In this way, complete dilution was avoided, allowing separation of tree species identity and richness effects. Mixed plots consisted of a matrix of monospecific patches. One permanent vegetation quadrat of 1 m2was established in the centre of four patches per plot. The herb layer was monitored in 2004 and 2010; in 2010 light measurements were performed in each quadrat, and in 2011 above‐ground biomass was sampled on 0.25 m2within the quadrat.

Results

Community composition shifted markedly between 2004 and 2010. Tree species identity did not yet influence temporal compositional turnover or herb layer species richness in 2004 and 2010. Ellenberg N indicated a temporal shift towards lower soil fertility under all tree species, whereas Ellenberg R indicated decreasing soil acidity under beech and Douglas‐fir. Ellenberg L and F showed no shift from 2004 to 2010. Apart from the significantly lower Ellenberg N for beech, none of the Ellenberg indicators indicated interspecific differences. Douglas‐fir, and especially Norway spruce, negatively influenced total above‐ground herb layer biomass. Douglas‐fir also induced lower relative light availability, higher potassium, magnesium and nitrogen concentrations and lower carbon:nitrogen ratios in the total biomass. Higher tree species richness positively affected graminoid and total biomass and also slightly increased plot‐level herb layer species richness.

Conclusions

Despite the young age of the experiment, tree species identity and richness effects on the herb layer could be discerned. We expect these relations to become stronger with time.
Ecology and genetic variation of Amblyomma tonelliae in Argentina
Authors: TARRAGONA E. L. , MANGOLD A. J. , MASTROPAOLO M. , GUGLIELMONE A. A. , NAVA S.
Published: March 2015

The ecology of Amblyomma tonelliae (Ixodida: Ixodidae), including its seasonal distribution and the development periods of each stage, was investigated during a study carried out over two consecutive years in northwestern Argentina. In addition, the genetic variation of this tick was studied through analyses of 16S rDNA sequences. Amblyomma tonelliae has a 1‐year lifecycle characterized by a long pre‐moult period in larvae with no development of morphogenetic diapause. Larvae peak in abundance during late autumn and early winter; nymphs peak in abundance in spring, and adults do so from late spring to early summer. Amblyomma tonelliae shows a marked ecological preference for the driest areas of the Chaco ecoregion. In analyses of 16S rDNA sequences in genes from different populations of A. tonelliae, values for nucleotide diversity and the average number of nucleotide differences showed genetic diversity within this species to be low. No significant differences were found in comparisons among populations.
A critical evaluation of whether recombination in virus‐resistant transgenic plants will lead to the emergence of novel viral diseases
Authors: Tepfer Mark , Jacquemond Mireille , García‐Arenal Fernando
Published: March 2015

In the evaluation of the potential impacts of first‐generation genetically modified (GM) crops, one of the most complex issues has been whether the expression of viral sequences would lead to the emergence of novel viruses, which could occur through recombination between transgene mRNA and that of an infecting non‐target virus. Here, we examine this issue, focusing on Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is a particularly pertinent choice, as it is both a major plant pathogen and also the virus with which this question has been studied in the most detail. Using recent results on recombination in CMV, we employ a novel framework giving particular prominence to the formulation of the risk hypothesis and to hypothesis testing via examination of the potential pathway to harm. This allows us to conclude with greater certainty that the likelihood of this potential harm, the emergence of novel viruses, is low.
Changes in intracuff pressure of a cuffed endotracheal tube during surgery for congenital heart disease using cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Kako Hiromi , Alkhatib Omar , Krishna Senthil G. , Khan Sarah , Naguib Aymen , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: March 2015

Background

With the development of newer polyurethane cuffed endotracheal tubes (cETTs), there has been a shift in clinical practice among pediatric anesthesiologists. Despite improvements in design, excessive inflation of the cuff can still compromise tracheal mucosal perfusion. Several perioperative factors can affect the intracuff pressure (CP), and there is no consensus on safe CP in pediatric patients undergoing repair of congenital cardiac disease (CHD) utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the current study, the CP was continuously monitored in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for CHD.

Methods

After IRB approval, this observational study was conducted on pediatric patients who underwent repair of CHD using CPB with a cETT in place. After anesthetic induction and endotracheal intubation, the cuff was inflated using the air leak technique while maintaining a continuous positive airway pressure of 20 cmH2O. After inflation, the CP was continuously monitored throughout the procedure. In addition, temperature and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were also recorded.

Results

The study included 33 patients who ranged in age from 1 month to 15.3 years. Their weight ranged from 4.0 to 83.6 kg. Six patients were excluded from the analysis due to the need to add or remove air from the cuff, leaving 27 patients for data analysis for cuff pressure over time. The baseline CP at the time of inflation was 16.1 ± 7.6 cmH2O. With the use of CPB and initiation of hypothermia, when compared to the baseline, the CP decreased by −0.7 ± 5.8 cmH2O at 35–37°C, −9.1 ± 8.4 cmH2O at 31–33°C, −7.8 ± 6.2 cmH2O at 27–29°C, and −11.1 ± 6.0 cmH2O at <27°C. With rewarming, the CP increased back to the baseline level (−3.5 ± 7.0 cmH2O).

Conclusion

There was a significant decrease in the CP during CPB and associated hypothermia. This may offer some protection for mucosal perfusion during CPB which is usually associated with lower than normal MAP. However, the decrease in the CP may compromise the tracheal seal which may not offer the intended protection for the airway from aspiration.
Host‐induced gene silencing of an essential chitin synthase gene confers durable resistance to Fusarium head blight and seedling blight in wheat
Authors: Cheng Wei , Song Xiu‐Shi , Li He‐Ping , Cao Le‐Hui , Sun Ke , Qiu Xiao‐Li , Xu Yu‐Bin , Yang Peng , Huang Tao , Zhang Jing‐Bo , Qu Bo , Liao Yu‐Cai
Published: March 2015

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium pathogens, are devastating diseases worldwide. We report the expression of RNA interference (RNAi) sequences derived from an essential Fusarium graminearum (Fg) virulence gene, chitin synthase (Chs) 3b, as a method to enhance resistance of wheat plants to fungal pathogens. Deletion of Chs3b was lethal to Fg; disruption of the other Chs gene family members generated knockout mutants with diverse impacts on Fg. Comparative expression analyses revealed that among the Chs gene family members, Chs3b had the highest expression levels during Fg colonization of wheat. Three hairpin RNAi constructs corresponding to the different regions of Chs3b were found to silence Chs3b in transgenic Fg strains. Co‐expression of these three RNAi constructs in two independent elite wheat cultivar transgenic lines conferred high levels of stable, consistent resistance (combined type I and II resistance) to both FHB and FSB throughout the T3 to T5 generations. Confocal microscopy revealed profoundly restricted mycelia in Fg‐infected transgenic wheat plants. Presence of the three specific short interfering RNAs in transgenic wheat plants was confirmed by Northern blotting, and these RNAs efficiently down‐regulated Chs3b in the colonizing Fusarium pathogens on wheat seedlings and spikes. Our results demonstrate that host‐induced gene silencing of an essential fungal chitin synthase gene is an effective strategy for enhancing resistance in crop plants under field test conditions.
The Exchange Rate Dimension of Inflation Targeting: Target Levels and Currency Volatility
Authors: Du Plessis Stan , Reid Monique Brigitte
Published: March 2015

The surprising volatility of floating exchange rates have puzzled macroeconomists and challenged policy makers since the seventies. This is no less true in South Arica where the Rand's volatility is a longstanding policy and business challenge. This paper extends the literature on nominal and institutional factors associated with currency volatility. Rose's description of inflation as “Bretton Woods in reverse” is the departure point and is read with Berganza and Broto's recent demonstration in a time series study that inflation targeting emerging market economies have experience higher exchange rate volatility. Meanwhile Bleaney and Tian have shown the cross‐sectional connection between the level of inflation and exchange rate volatility. We build on Bleaney and Tian's cross‐sectional approach to investigate the association between the level at which inflation targeting countries target inflation and exchange rate volatility over the long run. Crucially, we control for the average level of inflation and distinguish between inflation targeting countries that target high and low levels of inflation, in order to investigate whether the choice of the level of the inflation target (an institutional feature) is associated with greater exchange rate volatility.
Becoming an adult: A proposed typology of adult status based on a study of Spanish youths
Authors: Zacarés Juan José , Serra Emilia , Torres Francisca
Published: March 2015

Emerging adulthood is a transitional period which has been examined in relatively few studies in Southern European countries. This study has two aims: (1) to determine the features of emerging adulthood in Spain based on criteria for adulthood and experiential dimensions; and (2) to explore whether variations in these criteria are related to gender and adult status (self‐classification as an adult and adult role adoption). Participants included 347 young Spanish people, aged 18–30, who completed a questionnaire about their conceptions of adulthood. They used similar criteria for adulthood to other Western countries, placing an extremely strong emphasis on psychological maturity criteria in comparison with role transition indicators. Important variations were observed in both the importance and achievement of criteria for adulthood according to gender and adult status. The results likewise suggest there may be different psychosocial profiles associated with each adult status group. The relevance of this classification to future research in the field of emerging adulthood is discussed.
Molten Salt Spectroscopy for Quantification of Radiative Absorption in Novel Metal Chloride-Enhanced Thermal Storage Media
Authors: Myers Philip D. , Yogi Goswami D. , Stefanakos Elias
Published: March 2015

This study describes the development and characterization of novel high-temperature thermal storage media, based on inclusion of transition metal chlorides in the potassium–sodium chloride eutectic system, (K–Na)Cl (melting temperature of 657 °C, latent heat of 278 J/g). At the melting temperature of (K–Na)Cl, infrared (IR) radiation can play a major role in the overall heat transfer process—90% of spectral blackbody radiation falls in the range of 2–13 μm. The authors propose inclusion of small amounts (less than 0.2 wt.%) of IR-active transition metal chlorides to increase radiative absorption and thereby enhance heat transfer rates. A new IR-reflectance apparatus was developed to allow for determination of the spectral absorption coefficient of the newly formulated phase-change materials (PCMs) in the molten state. The apparatus consisted of an alumina crucible coated at the bottom with a reflective (platinum) or absorptive (graphite) surface, a heated ceramic crucible-holder, and a combination of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc selenide (ZnSe) windows for containment of the salt and allowance of inert purge gas flow. Using this apparatus, IR spectra were obtained for various transition metal chloride additives in (K–Na)Cl and improved IR activity, and radiative transfer properties were quantified. Further, thermophysical properties relevant to thermal energy storage (i.e., melting temperature and latent heat) are measured for the pure and additive-enhanced thermal storage media.
Modeling Dark and White Layer Formation on Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Steel Surfaces by Thermomechanical Indentation or Abrasion by Metallic Particles
Authors: Nikas George K.
Published: March 2015

In a series of publications, the author has shown that the passage of ductile microparticles through elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts results in frictional heating that can greatly affect surface damage. The thermoviscoplastic numerical model built for those studies is extended in the present article. A more rigorous analysis of dynamic (strain-rate) effects is performed and a new element of heating is introduced, namely, that owed to plastic work of the surfaces being indented. The model is then quantitatively validated against experimental data on soft and hard particles extruded in rolling and rolling–sliding contacts. It is also compared to past numerical predictions of the author. Following its validation, the model is further expanded to predict the formation of dark and white tribochemical layers of overtempered and untempered martensite, respectively, on steel surfaces, caused by the particle-induced frictional heating. Such layers are well-known in machining processes of hardened steels as being the result of phase transformations and play a critical role in contact fatigue. The debris model in this article is used to predict the layer thickness and relative hardness for a variety of operating conditions. Layers of micrometric thickness are typically found and graphic examples are presented, linking their location to that of debris dents. A parametric study examines the role of particle size and hardness, Coulomb friction coefficient, and contact rolling velocity on dark and white layer thickness and relative hardness. The layers are zones of great inhomogeneity and thermomechanical anisotropy, increasing the risk of spalling by delamination as they are potential sources of crack initiation, particularly in sliding contacts. However, white layers in particular may actually be beneficial to contact fatigue in rolling contacts because of their substantially increased hardness. The conclusion of the study is that debris-driven surface indentation and abrasion should no longer be viewed from a purely mechanistic or geometrical perspective but has to consider the tribochemical or microstructural-modification factor for the correct evaluation of the remaining useful life of a dented or abraded contact.
A Novel Perturbation-Based Approach for the Prediction of the Forced Response of Damped Mistuned Bladed Disks
Authors: Han Yun , Mignolet Marc P.
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on the formulation and validation of a novel perturbation method for the prediction of the forced response of mistuned bladed disks. At the contrary of most previous methods, this approach leads to a convergent series representation over the entire range of blade–disk coupling levels for small mistuning. The dominant parameter affecting the magnitude of the largest mistuning for which convergence occurs is shown to be the system damping with a weaker effect of the blade–disk coupling. Examples of application on a single degree-of-freedom per blade model and the reduced order model of a blisk demonstrate the potential of this novel approach. Finally, the applicability of this technique for the optimization of intentional mistuning pattern is shown.
A Condensation Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Vertical Vehicle–Track Interaction Considering Vehicle Flexibility
Authors: Chen Yuanchang , Zhang Bangji , Zhang Nong , Zheng Minyi
Published: March 2015

This paper is aimed at developing a computationally efficient approach to simulate the vertical dynamic behavior of vehicle–track coupled system. With the finite element method, the car body, bogies, and rail are modeled as Euler beams supported by springs and dashpots, which can investigate the influence of flexibility of the vehicle on structural dynamic response. By a variant of component-mode synthesis (CMS), the degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) within the substructures are condensed and the two substructures are coupled through nonlinear Hertzian theory. Although the system matrix is updated and factorized during the calculation, the total computational efficiency is significantly improved due to the much smaller size of the equations of motion and direct solution algorithm instead of iterative procedure. Compared with an existing model, the accuracy and efficiency of the method are investigated. Application of the model is shown by numerical example.
Liver-directed lentiviral gene therapy in a dog model of hemophilia B
Authors: Cantore Alessio , Ranzani Marco , Bartholomae Cynthia C. , Volpin Monica , Valle Patrizia Della , Sanvito Francesca , Sergi Lucia Sergi , Gallina Pierangela , Benedicenti Fabrizio , Bellinger Dwight , Raymer Robin , Merricks Elizabeth , Bellintani Francesca , Martin Samia , Doglioni Claudio , D’Angelo Armando , VandenDriessche Thierry , Chuah Marinee K. , Schmidt Manfred , Nichols Timothy , Montini Eugenio , Naldini Luigi
Published: March 2015

Gene therapy with lentiviral vectors targeting transgene expression to hepatocytes provides stable reconstitution of clotting activity in dogs with hemophilia B and does not show genotoxicity in tumor-prone mice.
Shigella flexneri Regulation of ARF6 Activation during Bacterial Entry via an IpgD-Mediated Positive Feedback Loop
Authors: Garza-Mayers Anna Cristina , Miller Kelly A. , Russo Brian C. , Nagda Dipal V. , Goldberg Marcia B.
Published: March 2015

Entry into cells is critical for virulence of the human bacterial pathogens Shigella spp. Shigella spp. induce membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytic uptake, but the events instigating this process are incompletely understood. The host small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) functions in membrane trafficking at the plasma membrane and activates membrane ruffle formation. We demonstrate that ARF6 is required for efficient Shigella flexneri entry, is activated by S. flexneri dependent on the phosphatase activity of the type III secreted effector IpgD, and depends on cytohesin guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for recruitment to entry sites. The cytohesin GEF ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) is recruited to these sites, also dependent on IpgD phosphatase activity. ARNO recruitment is independent of ARF6, indicating that, in addition to the described recruitment of ARNO by ARF6, ARNO is recruited upstream of ARF6. Our data provide evidence that ARF6, IpgD, phosphoinositide species, and ARNO constitute a previously undescribed positive feedback loop that amplifies ARF6 activation at bacterial entry sites, thereby promoting efficient S. flexneri uptake.

IMPORTANCE
Shigella spp. cause diarrhea and dysentery by infection of epithelial cells in the human colon. Critical to disease is the ability of Shigella to enter into cells, yet the mechanisms involved in entry are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is required for efficient cellular entry of Shigella flexneri and that activation of ARF6 depends on the phosphatase activity of the Shigella protein IpgD, which is introduced into cells via the bacterial type III secretion system. We further show that IpgD phosphatase activity is required for recruitment of the ARF6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) to bacterial entry sites and that ARNO lies upstream of ARF6 activation. These relationships define a positive feedback loop that contributes to activation of ARF6 at S. flexneri entry sites and leads to local amplification of signals that promote bacterial entry.
Gastric perforation due to foreign body ingestion mimicking acute cholecystitis
Authors: Henneman Daniel , Bosman Willem-Maarten , Ritchie Ewan D , van den Bremer Jephta
Published: March 2015

An 82-year-old man presented with signs and symptoms that were suggestive of acute cholecystitis. He underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. During the intervention, a wooden foreign body was removed from the infiltrated omentum, probably after it had perforated the gastric antrum. The gastric perforation had led to a secondary infection of the gallbladder. The presumed gastric perforation was treated conservatively, and the patient recovered well and was discharged after 7 days. Secondary inflamed gallbladders are rare; the current case is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case reporting a secondary infection of the gallbladder due to a gastric perforation. Clinicians should be aware of possible ingestion of foreign bodies in elderly patients wearing dental prosthetic devices.
Does neighbourhood composition modify the association between acculturation and unhealthy dietary behaviours?
Authors: Zhang Donglan , Meijgaard Jeroen van , Shi Lu , Cole Brian , Fielding Jonathan
Published: March 2015

Objective

Studies have shown that immigrants’ acculturation is associated with numerous unhealthy behaviours. Yet, the role of environmental factors in modifying the effect of acculturation on health behaviours has received little attention. This study aims to create a more nuanced understanding of the health effects of acculturation by examining how neighbourhood immigrant composition modifies the association between individuals’ eating patterns and acculturation.

Methods

Cross-sectional Data from Los Angeles County Health Survey 2007 adult sample were linked to data on retail food establishments and US Census 2000 neighbourhood characteristics. Acculturation was measured by language spoken at home and years stayed in the US. Eating fast food more than once per week and eating zero serving of fruit or vegetables during the previous day were used as proxy indicators for unhealthy dietary behaviour. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed in the full sample and in the sample with only Latino adults.

Results

Immigrants’ lack of acculturation and living in a neighbourhood with a high percentage immigrants were associated with healthier dietary behaviour. We also identified that lack of acculturation conveyed a significantly stronger protective effect on regular fast-food consumption for immigrants living in neighbourhoods with higher percentage immigrants (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.93).

Conclusions

Among immigrants in Los Angeles County, living in a neighbourhood with a high density of other immigrants attenuates the negative effects of acculturation on healthy eating behaviours. Healthy eating promotion efforts should build on this protective effect in outreach to acculturating immigrant communities.
Role of theehxAgene fromEscherichia coliserotype O82 in hemolysis, biofilm formation, and in vivo virulence
Authors: Jiang Chenggang , An Tongqing , Wang Shujie , Wang Gang , Si Wei , Tu Yabin , Liu Yonggang , Wu Jianan , Liu Siguo , Cai Xuehui
Published: March 2015

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains cause serious gastrointestinal disease, which can lead to potentially life-threatening systemic complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. Although the ehx gene is established as a major virulence factor of EHEC, the role of this gene in colonization and biofilm formation remains to be elucidated. We constructed recombinant isogenic mutants of the ehxA locus of E. coli HLJ1122 (serotype O82) using the λ Red homologous recombination system. Significantly higher levels of adherence to human epithelial cells (HEp-2) cells were observed for strain HLJ1122 compared with the mutant strain HLJ1122-ΔehxA (P < 0.05). Strain HLJ1122 also exhibited significantly higher levels of biofilm formation than strain HLJ1122-ΔehxA (P < 0.05). Mice infected with strain HLJ1122 showed severe destruction of the intestinal and gastric mucosa; in contrast, mice infected with HLJ1122-ΔehxA showed limited intestinal pathology, displaying minimal inflammatory infiltrates compared with mock-infected mice. These results showed the multifunctional role of Ehx in E. coli virulence.
Ultra-relativistic thermodynamics and aberrations of the cosmic microwave background radiation
Authors: Lee Jeffrey S. , Cleaver Gerald B.
Published: March 2015

Ultra-relativistic inertial and non-inertial reference frames would be subjected to a forward-directed heat bath from the Lorentz transformed temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. Although the Lorentz transformations of heat and temperature continue to be unresolved issues in the literature,1–6 this paper makes use of occupation number (number density of occupied states per phase space element) to support a Lorentz factor inflation of the rest frame temperature. Additionally, Doppler Boosting is examined.
The eightfold way model, the SU(3)-flavor model and the medium–strong interaction
Authors: Abbas Syed Afsar
Published: March 2015

Lack of any baryon number in the eightfold way model, and its intrinsic presence in the SU(3)-flavor model, has been a puzzle since the genesis of these models in 1961–1964. First we show that the conventional popular understanding of this puzzle is actually fundamentally wrong, and hence the problem being so old, begs urgently for resolution. In this paper we show that the issue is linked to the way that the adjoint representation is defined mathematically for a Lie algebra, and how it manifests itself as a physical representation. This forces us to distinguish between the global and the local charges and between the microscopic and the macroscopic models. As a bonus, a consistent understanding of the hitherto mysterious medium–strong interaction is achieved. We also gain a new perspective on how confinement arises in quantum chromodynamics.
Standard Cell-Based Low Power Embedded Controller Design
Authors: Jovanović Borisav , Damnjanović Milunka , Petković Predrag , Litovski Vančo
Published: March 2015

Microcontrollers represent unavoidable parts of state-of-the-art system-on-chips (SoCs) and they are widely embedded as IP blocks. This paper describes design steps and the application of available low-power techniques, to the design of a microcontroller IP core with 8051 instruction set, based on a prescribed standard cell libraries. Choice of the technology node and the cell library supplier is a design challenge that was considered and conclusions reached. The necessary steps of microcontroller design flow are presented which enable power reduction at several abstraction levels. An optimal microcontroller was designed to be embedded in various SoCs. The goal was to get energy-efficient microcontroller operation in applications which don't require intensive data processing. The impact of technology scaling on microcontroller energy efficiency is considered by comparison of the results obtained from implementations in three standard cell technologies. Moreover, power dissipation models are created which allow for microcontroller's power estimation in low throughput sensors networks applications.
Efficient Portfolio Construction with the Use of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms: Best Practices and Performance Metrics
Authors: Liagkouras K. , Metaxiotis K.
Published: March 2015

This paper provides a systematic study of the technologies and algorithms associated with the implementation of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) for the solution of the portfolio optimization problem. Based on the examination of the state-of-the art we provide the best practices for dealing with the complexities of the constrained portfolio optimization problem (CPOP). In particular, rigorous algorithmic and technical treatment is provided for the efficient incorporation of a wide range of real-world constraints into the MOEAs. Moreover, we address special configuration issues related to the application of MOEAs for solving the CPOP. Finally, by examining the state-of-the-art we identify the most appropriate performance metrics for the evaluation of the relevant results from the implementation of the MOEAs to the solution of the CPOP.
On the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators and its applications to quantum physics
Authors: Ibort A. , Pérez-Pardo J. M.
Published: March 2015

This is a series of five lectures around the common subject of the construction of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators and its applications to Quantum Physics. We will try to offer a brief account of some recent ideas in the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators on Hilbert spaces and their applications to a few specific problems in Quantum Mechanics.
Generalized fixed-effects and mixed-effects parameters height–diameter models with diffusion processes
Authors: Rupšys Petras
Published: March 2015

Statistical models using stochastic differential equations (SDEs) to describe dynamically evolving natural systems are appearing in the scientific literature with some regularity in recent years. In this study, the SDE mixed-effects parameter models based on a Vasicek non-homogeneous diffusion process are formulated. The breast height diameter-dependent drift function additionally depends on deterministic function that describes the dynamic of certain exogenous stand variables (crown height, ch, crown width, cw, mean breast height diameter, d0, mean height, h0, age, A, soil fertility index, SFI, stocking level, S) versus breast height diameter. The mixed-effects parameters SDE models included a random parameter that affected the models asymptote. The parameter estimators are evaluated by maximum likelihood procedure. The objective of the research was to develop a generalized mixed-effects parameters SDE height–diameter models and to illustrate issues using dataset of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Lithuania with the breast height diameter outside the bark larger than 0 cm. The parameters of all used models were estimated using an estimation dataset and were evaluated using a validation dataset. The new developed height–diameter models are an improvement over exogenous stand variables, in that it can be calibrated to a new stand with observed height–diameter pairs, thus improving height prediction.
Microbial communities and their primary to early diagenetic mineral phases; the record from Neoproterozoic microbialites of Qarn Alam, Oman
Authors: Mettraux M. , Homewood P. , Dos Anjos C. , Erthal M. , Lima R. , Matsuda N. , Souza A. , Al Balushi S.
Published: March 2015

The 10 m-scale shallowing-up Neoproterozoic carbonate cycles at Qarn Alam (Oman) provide a record of microbial textures and the communities responsible for them. This is documented for four major microbialite facies. Despite their age, these microbialites show extremely fine preservation of microbial fossils and mineral associations (primary calcite and dolomite with minor phosphate, glauconite, palygorskite, hematite and goethite) and they are the record of a suite of microbial communities, from pellicular biofilms (planar laminites) to mats and gels (crinkly laminites, and stromatolitic layered and massive thrombolites) and a more complex microbial community in bushy thrombolites possibly involving a sponge-like form. Mineralized extra-cellular polymeric substances (EPS) resembles that of modern microbial mats. The mineral associations, as well as cathodoluminescence attributes, indicate oxic to suboxic conditions during deposition and early diagenesis for planar laminites and crinkly laminites, but more evaporitic to saline conditions during development of thrombolites of the upper part of a cycle. Early cementation under variable redox conditions sealed the organomineralized phases.
Thromboxane synthase deficiency improves insulin action and attenuates adipose tissue fibrosis
Authors: Lei Xia , Li Qing , Rodriguez Susana , Tan Stefanie Y. , Seldin Marcus M. , McLenithan John C. , Jia Weiping , Wong G. William
Published: March 2015

Thromboxane A2, an arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoid generated by thromboxane synthase (TBXAS), plays critical roles in hemostasis and inflammation. However, the contribution of thromboxane A2 to obesity-linked metabolic dysfunction remains incompletely understood. Here, we used in vitro and mouse models to better define the role of TBXAS in metabolic homeostasis. We found that adipose expression of Tbxas and thromboxane A2 receptor ( Tbxa2r) was significantly upregulated in genetic and dietary mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Expression of Tbxas and Tbxa2r was detected in adipose stromal cells, including macrophages. Furthermore, stimulation of macrophages with interferon-γ or resistin factors known to be upregulated in obesity induced Tbxas and Tbxa2r expression. Mice lacking Tbxas had similar weight gain, food intake, and energy expenditure. However, loss of Tbxas markedly enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice fed a low-fat diet. Improvement in glucose homeostasis was correlated with the upregulated expression of multiple secreted metabolic regulators ( Ctrp3, Ctrp9, and Ctrp12) in the visceral fat depot. Following a challenge with a high-fat diet, Tbxas deficiency led to attenuated adipose tissue fibrosis and reduced circulating IL-6 levels without adipose tissue macrophages being affected; however, these changes were not sufficient to improve whole body insulin action. Together, our results highlight a novel, diet-dependent role for thromboxane A2 in modulating peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue fibrosis.
Sex and depot differences in ex vivo adipose tissue fatty acid storage and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity
Authors: Morgan-Bathke Maria , Chen Liang , Oberschneider Elisabeth , Harteneck Debra , Jensen Michael D.
Published: March 2015

Adipose tissue fatty acid storage varies according to sex, adipose tissue depot, and degree of fat gain. However, the mechanism(s) for these variations is not completely understood. We examined whether differences in adipose tissue glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) might play a role in these variations. We optimized an enzyme activity assay for total GPAT and GPAT1 activity in human adipose tissue and measured GPAT activity. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from obese and nonobese adults for measures of GPAT and GPAT1 activities, ex vivo palmitate storage, acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and diacylglycerol-acyltransferase (DGAT) activities, and CD36 protein. Total GPAT and GPAT1 activities decreased as a function of adipocyte size in both omental ( r = −0.71, P = 0.003) and subcutaneous ( r = −0.58, P = 0.04) fat. The relative contribution of GPAT1 to total GPAT activity increased as a function of adipocyte size, accounting for up to 60% of GPAT activity in those with the largest adipocytes. We found strong, positive correlations between ACS, GPAT, and DGAT activities for both sexes and depots ( r values 0.58–0.91) and between these storage factors and palmitate storage rates into TAG ( r values 0.55–0.90). We conclude that: 1) total GPAT activity decreases as a function of adipocyte size; 2) GPAT1 can account for over half of adipose GPAT activity in hypertrophic obesity; and 3) ACS, GPAT, and DGAT are coordinately regulated.
Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis
Authors: Abreu-Vieira Gustavo , Hagberg Carolina E. , Spalding Kirsty L. , Cannon Barbara , Nedergaard Jan
Published: March 2015

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on blood flow to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and for the distribution of the generated heat to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the mechanisms by which blood flow is regulated and its relation to thermogenesis. Here, we present high-resolution laser-Doppler imaging (HR-LDR) as a novel method for noninvasive in vivo measurement of BAT blood flow in mice. Using HR-LDR, we found that norepinephrine stimulation increases BAT blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and that this response is profoundly modulated by environmental temperature acclimation. Surprisingly, we found that mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have fully preserved BAT blood flow response to norepinephrine despite failing to perform thermogenesis. BAT blood flow was not directly correlated to systemic glycemia, but glucose injections could transiently increase tissue perfusion. Inguinal white adipose tissue, also known as a brite/beige adipose tissue, was also sensitive to cold acclimation and similarly increased blood flow in response to norepinephrine. In conclusion, using a novel noninvasive method to detect BAT perfusion, we demonstrate that adrenergically stimulated BAT blood flow is qualitatively and quantitatively fully independent of thermogenesis, and therefore, it is not a reliable parameter for the estimation of BAT activation and heat generation.
Cardiac Ca2+Regulation and the Tuna Fish Sandwich
Authors: O’Neill Stephen
Published: March 2015

Following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, there is a risk of fatal arrhythmias that result from damage to cellular Ca2+homeostasis mechanisms. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to protect against these arrhythmias by mechanisms involving the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcolemma.
Knowledge and Confidence of a Convenience Sample of Australasian Emergency Doctors in Managing Dental Emergencies: Results of a Survey
Authors: Samaei Hossein , Weiland Tracey Joy , Dilley Stuart , Jelinek George Alexander
Published: March 2015

Background. We aimed to determine Australasian Specialist Emergency Physicians’ and Emergency Physicians in Training (Trainees’) level of knowledge of common dental emergencies. We also explored confidence in managing dental emergencies; predictors of confidence and knowledge; and preferences for further dental education.Methods. A questionnaire was distributed electronically (September 2011) and directly (November 2011) to Fellows and Trainees of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. It explored demographics, confidence, knowledge of dental emergencies, and educational preferences.Results. Response rate was 13.6% (464/3405) and college members were proportionally represented by region. Fewer than half (186/446; 42%) had received dental training. Sixty-two percent (244/391, 95% CI 57.5–67.1) passed (>50%) a knowledge test. More than 60% incorrectly answered questions on dental fracture, periodontal abscess, tooth eruption dates, and ulcerative gingivitis. Forty percent (166/416) incorrectly answered a question about Ludwig’s Angina. Eighty-three percent (360/433) were confident in the pharmacological management of toothache but only 26% (112/434) confident in recognizing periodontal disease. Knowledge was correlated with confidence (r=0.488). Interactive workshops were preferred by most (386/415, 93%).Conclusions. The knowledge and confidence of Australasian Emergency Physicians and Trainees in managing dental emergencies are varied, yet correlated. Interactive training sessions in dental emergencies are warranted.
Cardioprotective Effect of Propofol against Oxygen Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion Injury in H9c2 Cells
Authors: Zhao Dandan , Li Qing , Huang Qiuping , Li Xuguang , Yin Min , Wang Zejian , Hong Jiang
Published: March 2015

Background. The intravenous anesthetic propofol is reported to be a cardioprotective agent against ischemic-reperfusion injury in the heart. However, the regulatory mechanism still remains unclear.Methods. In this study, we used H9c2 cell line under condition of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reperfusion (OGD/R) to inducein vitrocardiomyocytes ischemia-reperfusion injury. Propofol (5, 10, and 20 μM) was added to the cell cultures before and during the OGD/R phases to investigate the underlying mechanism.Results. Our data showed that OGD/R decreased cell viability, and increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production in H9c2 cells, all of which were significantly reversed by propofol. Moreover, we found that propofol increased both the activities and protein expressions of superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, propofol increased FoxO1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited p-AMPK formation significantly.Conclusions. These results indicate that the propofol might exert its antioxidative effect through FoxO1 in H9c2 cells, and it has a potential therapeutic effect on cardiac disorders involved in oxidative stress.
On Evenly-Equitable, Balanced Edge-Colorings and Related Notions
Authors: Erzurumluoğlu Aras , Rodger C. A.
Published: March 2015

A graph G is said to be even if all vertices of G have even degree. Given a k-edge-coloring of a graph G, for each color i∈Zk={0,1,…,k-1} let G(i) denote the spanning subgraph of G in which the edge-set contains precisely the edges colored i. A k-edge-coloring of G is said to be an even  k-edge-coloring if for each color i∈Zk, G(i) is an even graph. A k-edge-coloring of G is said to be evenly-equitable if for each color i∈Zk, G(i) is an even graph, and for each vertex v∈V(G) and for any pair of colors i,j∈Zk, |degG(i)(v)-degG(j)(v)|∈{0,2}. For any pair of vertices {v,w} let mG({v,w}) be the number of edges between v and w in G (we allow v=w, where {v,v} denotes a loop incident with v). A k-edge-coloring of G is said to be balanced if for all pairs of colors i and j and all pairs of vertices v and w (possibly v=w), |mG(i)({v,w})-mG(j)({v,w})|≤1. Hilton proved that each even graph has an evenly-equitable k-edge-coloring for each k∈N. In this paper we extend this result by finding a characterization for graphs that have an evenly-equitable, balanced k-edge-coloring for each k∈N. Correspondingly we find a characterization for even graphs to have an evenly-equitable, balanced 2-edge-coloring. Then we give an instance of how evenly-equitable, balanced edge-colorings can be used to determine if a certain fairness property of factorizations of some regular graphs is satisfied. Finally we indicate how different fairness notions on edge-colorings interact with each other.
Acupuncture for Low Back Pain: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Liu Lizhou , Skinner Margot , McDonough Suzanne , Mabire Leon , Baxter George David
Published: March 2015

Objective. As evidence of the effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain (LBP) is inconsistent, we aimed to critically appraise the evidence from relevant systematic reviews.Methods. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning acupuncture and LBP were searched in seven databases. Internal validity and external validity of systematic reviews were assessed. Systematic reviews were categorized and high quality reviews assigned greater weightings. Conclusions were generated from a narrative synthesis of the outcomes of subgroup comparisons.Results. Sixteen systematic reviews were appraised. Overall, the methodological quality was low and external validity weak. For acute LBP, evidence that acupuncture has a more favorable effect than sham acupuncture in relieving pain was inconsistent; it had a similar effect on improving function. For chronic LBP, evidence consistently demonstrated that acupuncture provides short-term clinically relevant benefits for pain relief and functional improvement compared with no treatment or acupuncture plus another conventional intervention.Conclusion. Systematic reviews of variable quality showed that acupuncture, either used in isolation or as an adjunct to conventional therapy, provides short-term improvements in pain and function for chronic LBP. More efforts are needed to improve both internal and external validity of systematic reviews and RCTs in this area.
Approximate Solutions of the Generalized Abel’s Integral Equations Using the Extension Khan’s Homotopy Analysis Transformation Method
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed S. , Gepreel Khaled A. , Al-Malki Faisal A. , Al-Humyani Maha
Published: March 2015

User friendly algorithm based on the optimal homotopy analysis transform method (OHATM) is proposed to find the approximate solutions to generalized Abel’s integral equations. The classical theory of elasticity of material is modeled by the system of Abel integral equations. It is observed that the approximate solutions converge rapidly to the exact solutions. Illustrative numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and simplicity of the proposed method. Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy and stability of this method. Comparison of the approximate solution with the exact solutions shows that the proposed method is very efficient and computationally attractive. We can use this method for solving more complicated integral equations in mathematical physical.
Capillary Deposition of Complement C4d and C3d in Chinese Renal Allograft Biopsies
Authors: Lv Rong , Zhang Wei , Han Fei , Liu Guangjun , Xie Wenqing , Chen Jianghua
Published: March 2015

Background. C3d is a product of both the classic and the alternative complement cascades; however, few studies have addressed the role of C3d in renal biopsies and its relationship with long-term graft survival rate is not very clear.Methods. 94 patients with biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes were included in the study. We investigated the associations between histological findings, clinical examinations, and outcome.Results. The overall prevalence for C4dPTC and C3dPTC was 42.6% and 29.8%. There was a significant association between C3dPTC and C4dPTC (P<0.001). C3dPTC and C4dPTC were related with histological types (P=0.024andP<0.001, resp.). The long-term survival rate for C4dPTC positive transplants was lower than that of C4dPTC negative transplants, but it was not statistic significant in our study (P=0.150). The survival rate of C3dPTC positive group was much lower than the negative group (P=0.014). Patients with double positives for C4dPTC and C3dPTC exhibited the lowest survival rate significantly different from those of the C3dPTC only and C4dPTC only groups (P=0.01andP=0.0037).Conclusions. This longitudinal cohort study has demonstrated that C3d deposition in the PTC was closely related to renal dysfunction and pathological changes.