bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal Consistency of Manual Muscle Testing Scores
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

The internal consistencies of manual muscle test scores of the actions of three upper and three lower extremity muscles were examined among 37 home care patients. The correlations between scores of specific pairs of actions ranged from .01 to .88. Cronbach alphas ranged from .59 to .88. Manual scores of limb muscle strength, therefore, appear to possess suitable internal consistency.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the French Translation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Authors: Loas Gwenolé , Parker James D. A. , Otmani Ouardia , Verrier Annie , Fremaux Didier
Published: August 2011

Using confirmatory factor analysis three factors were replicated for the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale ( N = 263).
Relationship between Body Image and Percent Body Fat among Male and Female College Students Enrolled in an Introductory 14-Week Weight-Training Course
Authors: Huddy D. Craig , Johnson Robert L. , Stone Michael H. , Proulx Christopher M. , Pierce Katherine A.
Published: August 2011

Students (39 men and 27 women) from a southern university, who were enrolled in a 14-wk. introductory weight-training course, were administered a 20-item body-image questionnaire and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Mean scores were correlated with percent body fat. For men, women, and both sexes combined correlations were significant and inverse ( rs = −.68, −.41, −.66, respectively). Body image as measured was inversely related to percent body fat among these college students. Researchers should examine how dietary and exercise-induced changes in adiposity (pre-post design) influence scores on body image.
Aiming Accuracy of the Line of Gaze and Redesign of the Gaze-Pointing System
Authors: Chi Chia-Fen , Lin Chia-Liang
Published: August 2011

The current experiment tested the aiming accuracy of the eye for targets at nine different positions and of two different sizes. The left eye was tracked to record the line of gaze with an infrared eye-monitoring device. For each subject, horizontal shift, vertical shift, standard deviations of the X and Y coordinates, and 95th percentile of the horizontal and vertical shifts from the nine target centers were calculated to indicate the precision, accuracy, and possible design limits of the gaze points. Analysis showed that the target's position had a strong effect on the vertical shift, standard deviations of the Y coordinate, and 95th percentile of the vertical shift. The effect of target size was not significant on any of the dependent measures. The research findings have important implications for the redesign of the gaze-pointing device. Visual targets appearing below the horizontal line of sight should be larger than those above Based on the 95th percentile of the horizontal and vertical shifts, targets should be approximately 2.0° wide and 2.4° long above or coinciding with the horizontal line of gaze and 2.6° wide and 3.9° (cm) long below the horizontal line of gaze.
Common Short Forms of the Spanish Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Authors: Demsky Yvonne I. , Gass Carlton S. , Golden Charles J.
Published: August 2011

Although the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler (EIWA) has remained the only standard Spanish version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and is consequently the most often-used intelligence test with Spanish-speaking clients, little information exists on the psychometric properties of the test beyond the information in the test manual (Wechsler, 1968). There is no information on the validity or reliability of commonly used short forms of the test, the two-test version using Block Design and Vocabulary, and the four-test version using Block Design, Vocabulary, Arithmetic, and Picture Arrangement. Using the statistical data in the test manual, the two-test version yielded reliabilities of .94 to .95 across the three standardization age groups and validity ratings of .92 to .93. Values for the four-test version were slightly higher, and all were comparable to those for the WAIS and WAIS–R. The results suggest that the short forms can be used with the same confidence with the Spanish WAIS as on the WAIS.
Landmark Enhancement and Strategic Processing: An Evaluation of Strategies for Spatial Navigation Training
Authors: Guest M. , Bliss J. , Lohmeier J.
Published: August 2011

Viewing a filmed route offers an alternative to more expensive and rigid methods of learning navigation skills. One advantage of film is the ability to enhance important landmarks or focus on particularly relevant information. The current research used a videotape of a spatial route to assess the usefulness of participants' interaction with landmarks and enhancement of landmarks for training spatial navigation. 48 participants were exposed to one of four videotaped route conditions: Landmark-enhanced, Question-based Interaction, Landmark-enhanced Plus Question-based Interaction, or Control (Nonenhanced without Question-based Interaction). Following the spatial navigation training with videotape, participants were asked to traverse the route in the actual building. Analyses of variance indicated that the Question-based Interaction group made significantly fewer wrong turns during traversal of the route than did the Control group. Also, enhancement of the landmarks did not significantly reduce wrong turns; in fact, it may have hindered the benefit of question-based interaction in reducing wrong turns.
Repetitive Practice of a Single Joint Movement for Enhancing Elbow Function in Hemiparetic Patients
Authors: Dickstein Ruth , Heffes Yael , Laufer Yocheved , Abulaffio Nir , Shabtai Esther L
Published: August 2011

The primary goal of this study was to assess whether repetitive practice of flexion-extension movements of the affected elbow in hemiparetic patients enhances performance and to compare the effects of this practice mode to the effects of the physical therapy variable exercise program which is routinely applied during sessions. Subjects were 27 poststroke hemiparetic patients, residents of a rehabilitation institute, divided into an experimental ( n= 15) and a control group ( n = 12). The former were treated with 800 repeated elbow movements in a maximal predetermined amplitude of 80°, provided in 8 equal sessions every other day. The latter received 10 min. of conventional physical therapy for the paretic upper extremity at similar time intervals. Pre- and posttreatment assessments included the bilateral measurements of kinematic variables and activation latencies of the biceps and triceps brachi muscles as well as motor and functional tests. For all criterion variables, the findings pointed to comparable improvement in both groups. It was concluded that repetitive elbow movements had no unique training effect on the kinematics of movement and on activation latencies of the primary muscles controlling elbow function in hemiparetic patients. Further, transfer of the effects of training to execution of movements towards and from the mouth was also comparable in both groups, pointing again to there being no particular advantage in using repetitive movements as a training mode for enhancement of elbow function in hemiparetic patients.
Development of a Short Test for Accident Proneness
Authors: Matsuoka Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

In developing the Accident Proneness Prediction Test to measure motor control skills related to safety aptitudes subjects were instructed to draw on a sheet of paper as many circles as possible within a limited amount of time. The responses were scored in terms of the speed and quality (irregularities) of the produced circles. Although 103 accident-prone drivers produced more circles than the 178 good drivers, the quality of performance of the accident-prone drivers was poorer than that of the good drivers. Based on this validity study, we proposed these predictive criteria for further testing of accident proneness.
Paranormal Beliefs and Personality Scores of High School Students
Authors: Willging Brian T. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Beliefs in paranormal phenomena in a sample of adolescents (42 boys and 52 girls) were not positively associated with scores on measures of psychological disturbance but were associated with experiences of paranormal phenomena in childhood.
Perception of Well-Being among Older Persons in Nonmetropolitan America
Authors: Mookherjee Harsha N.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships of some selected sociodemographic variables to perception of well-being by elderly individuals living in nonmetropolitan areas in the United States. Data used were from the National Opinion Research Center's (NORC) General Social Surveys for the ten years between 1982–1991. Seven sociodemographic variables and six attitudinal variables were considered independent variables, and perception of well-being was treated as the dependent variable. Analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis indicated marital status, education, financial status, and religious attendance were significantly related to perception of well-being and five attitudinal variables increased the total variance accounted for in perceived well-being.
Tolerance of Ambiguity and the Perception of UFOS
Authors: Houran James
Published: August 2011

As some percipients of UFOs may misinterpret ambiguous yet conventional aerial phenomena, this research tested the hypothesis that percipients of UFOs would score significantly lower on tolerance of ambiguity than nonpercipients. 39 percipients and 43 nonpercipients completed a measure of tolerance of ambiguity and the findings supported the hypothesis. Confounding factors such as respondents' age and sex could not reasonably account for this finding. Results complement conventional explanations for some UFO sightings.
Issues in Validity of Oral History: Credibility of Foreign Informants
Authors: Krus David J , Nelsen Edward A.
Published: August 2011

Two case studies involving testimonies of foreign participant-observers were scrutinized with respect to their validity. The obtained results indicate that independent verification of oral narratives should be obtained whenever possible.
Geomagnetic Variables and Behavior: LXXXIII. Increased Geomagnetic Activity and Group Aggression in Chronic Limbic Epileptic Male Rats
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

In two separate experiments the daily intragroup aggression was inferred from two different measures for male rats with limbic epilepsy ( ns = 4). There were statistically positive associations of moderate strength ( rs about .50) for the frequency with severity of intermale aggression and daily geomagnetic activity. The intense aggression was most evident when the daily aa values for the northern hemisphere, one measure of daily global geomagnetic activity, exceeded 40 nT. Implications for homologous behaviors for human beings, as a species, are suggested.
Use of Alternative Treatments for Emotional Dysphoria by Individuals with Physically Disabling Conditions
Authors: Krauss Herbert H. , Kirk Jean , Godfrey Christopher , Eisenberg David M.
Published: August 2011

A survey of 401 individuals with physically disabling conditions indicated a high incidence of problems of emotional well-being for which many chose alternative therapies.
Perception of Physical Exertion during Dynamic Exercise: A Tribute to Professor Gunnar A. V. Borg
Authors: Robertson Robert J. , Goss Fredric L. , Metz Kenneth F.
Published: August 2011

A review of the physiological validation and some clinical applications of G. A. V. Borg's measure of perceived exertion for a range of physical activities and settings illustrates the widely generalized base of Dr. Borg's experimental findings and scientific insight.
Preference for Sex of First Child among Women Classified as Androgynous and Nonandrogynous
Authors: Marleau Jacques D. , Berthiaume Marc , Saucier Jean-François , David Hélène , Borgeat François , Bernazzani Odette
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the relation between gender-role orientation and the preference for sex of firstborn child in 212 pregnant nulliparous women. The Bern Sex-role Inventory was used to assess gender-role orientation of participants. Analysis suggested that gender-role orientation, as measured does not effectively predict the preference for sex of firstborn child.
What Makes Dreams Positive or Negative: Relations to Fundamental Dimensions of Positive and Negative Mood
Authors: Kallmeyer Robert J. , Chang Edward C.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the general emotional content of dreams reported by individuals who typically experience “positive” versus “negative” dreams. Self-reports of the 153 participants indicated that positive versus negative dreamers ( ns = 42 and 24, respectively) generally experienced more positive emotions, e.g., joviality, self-assurance, and fewer negative emotions, e.g., fear, sadness. No differences were found in the self-reports of the participants in the experience of surprise, guilt, fatigue, and shyness between the groups, hence, positive and negative dreams do not appear to reflect simply more positive and fewer negative emotions, respectively.
The Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire: A Review
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro , Giorgetti Marisa
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of Richardson's 1977 Verbalizer-Visual-izer Questionnaire have been studied by analyzing papers in which this questionnaire was employed. Such review showed that the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire does not measure a unidimensional construct and does not predict the actual use of mental imagery in thinking. Further, a lack of long-term reliability of the questionnaire emerged. In conclusion, use of the questionnaire to assess the verbal-visual cognitive style appears questionable.
Elevations of Complex Partial Epileptic-Like Experiences during Increased Geomagnetic Activity for Women Reporting “Premenstrual Syndrome”
Authors: Renton C. M. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Responses to the frequency of complex partial epileptic-like experiences were recorded every second day by 12 women for at least two months per individual. Five (41%) of the women displayed significant increases (effect sizes between 6% and 17%) in the numbers of these experiences when the daily geomagnetic activity exceeded 40 nT. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that a spectrum of experiences and behaviours, associated with limbic lability, can be enhanced by environmental stimuli correlated with perturbations of the geomagnetic field.
Relation of Visual Perception and Visual-Motor Integration for Clumsy Children
Authors: Parush Shula , Yochman Aviva , Cohen Dalit , Gershon Esther
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between visual perception and visual-motor integration in 30 normal children compared to 30 clumsy children. Difficulty in visual perception, as assessed by the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, accounts for about half the variance in the clumsy children's performance in visual-motor integration, as assessed by the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration. In contrast, the correlation between scores on these tests for normal control children was low and not significant. These results suggest that visual perception and visual-motor integration may be separate functions in normally developing children. When considering clumsy children, however, these functions cannot be considered as two independent skills.
Job Satisfaction and Intentions to Turnover in Human Services Agencies Perceived as Stable or Nonstable
Authors: O'Quin Karen , LoTempio Sandra
Published: August 2011

Questionnaires were completed by 91 respondents employed by two human services agencies: 63 employees of a stable (no layoffs in eight years) organization, and 28 employees of a nonstable organization (which had experienced recent layoffs, and in which many employees were supported by grant funding which varied from year to year). The questionnaire included respondents' perceptions of job security and satisfaction with pay (measured with subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire), over-all job satisfaction (measured with the Porter Need Satisfaction Questionnaire), and additional measures of intention to turnover, absenteeism, productivity, etc. A 2 (agency) × 2 (high/low security) multivariate analysis of variance indicated that ratings of job insecurity were significantly related to job dissatisfaction in the agency perceived as nonstable but not in the agency perceived as stable. In both agencies, ratings of turnover intentions and pessimism about the future of the agency were higher among employees who reported feelings of insecurity. There were no differences in perceived absenteeism or productivity between employees of the two agencies.
Body Consciousness in Dohsa-Hou, a Japanese Psychorehabilitative Program
Authors: Dadkhah Asghar
Published: August 2011

To seven cerebral palsied children in a special elementary school, Dohsa-hou, a Japanese psychorehabilitative program, was introduced in a pre-post design. With the help of their mothers in writing they rated on a 5-point scale changes in their body consciousness by applying 8 1-hr. sessions of Dohsa-hou training to each child. Analysis suggests a significant positive change after training in body consciousness of these children especially for private as compared to public body consciousness.
Differences in Auditory Scalp Potentials Evoked by Meaningful Words and Nonlinguistic Stimuli
Authors: Shimoyama Ichiro , Nakajima Yoshio , Shibata Tadahiko , Ito Toshihiko , Kansaku Kenji
Published: August 2011

Differences in auditory evoked potentials with meaningful words and their reverse playback may reflect different neural processes in recognizing auditory Stimuli. Auditory evoked potentials with the words and their reverse playback were analyzed for eight volunteers, and a maximal difference was observed at a latency around 400 msec. over the left middle temporal central area.
Effect of Music on Spatial Performance: A Test of Generality
Authors: Rideout Bruce E. , Dougherty Shannon , Wernert Lisa
Published: August 2011

Previous attempts by various researchers to replicate the enhancement of spatial performance following 10 min. exposure to music have been inconsistent in their findings. In the present study 16 subjects showed reliable improvement on a paper-folding-and-cutting task after listening to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, as employed by others. The enhanced performance was also noted for 16 other subjects after listening to a contemporary selection having similar musical characteristics. In both cases the control procedure included 10 min. of listening to a progressive relaxation tape.
Unilateral Neglect in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Katz Noomi , Cermak Sharon , Shamir Yael
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of attentional deficits in children with right and left hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Unilateral neglect and visuospatial deficits are common findings following right brain injury in adults. It has been suggested by some that children may show a similar pattern. Children were tested on several paper-and-pencil measures of neglect. It was hypothesized that (a) on the left side of the page, children with left hemiplegia (right hemispheric damage) will score significantly lower than both the control group and the right hemiplegia group and (b) on the right side of the page, there will be no significant difference between the control group and the right and left hemiplegic groups. Participants includ ed 32 children with cerebral palsy, 15 with left hemiplegia, 17 with right hemiplegia, and 32 matched controls. The ages ranged from 5 years 10 months to 12 years 6 months; all had normal intelligence. Inventories included 3 subtests of the Conventional part of the Behavioral Inattention Test, the Mesulam Symbol Cancellations tests, and the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure, copy and recall. Analysis indicated that children with left hemiplegia scored significantly more poorly than controls on seven of the eight measures on the left side of the page, but they did not consistently score more poorly than children with right hemiplegia. Moreover, the poorer performance of the children with left hemiplegia was not specific only to the left side of the page; they also scored significantly lower than the controls on five of the eight measures on the right side. These findings suggest that children with left hemiplegia may have relatively greater attentional and perceptual problems than children with right hemiplegia, but they do not clearly indicate a left unilateral neglect. Results also indicate that children with right hemiplegia have attentional and perceptual problems relative to controls, particularly on the more complex tasks of high demand.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXV. Miscommunication in Technical Writing-Concatenations
Authors: Ammons Douglas
Published: August 2011

Jargon used in technical writing obfuscates meaning. One form is the concatenation of redundant descriptors that confuse meaning and level of discourse.
Sports Members' Participation in Assessment of Incidence Rate of Injuries in Five Sports from Records of Hospital-Based Clinical Treatment
Authors: Kingma Johannes , Duis Henk Jan Ten
Published: August 2011

This study is about the incidence rate of sports injuries in five different types of sports, gymnastics, soccer, volleyball, hockey, and basketball, for which 5,154 patients were admitted to the Emergency Unit of the Groningen University Hospital during the period 1990 through 1994. Incidence rate had been computed by membership participation. Basketball had the highest incidence rate (231 injured persons per 10,000 participants), followed by hockey (158 injured persons per 10,000 participants). The highest mean Injury Severity Score, 2.39, was found for gymnastics which had the lowest incidence rate (7 injured persons per 10,000 participants). Gymnastics had the highest percentage (12%) clinically treated patients, whereas basketball had the smallest percentage (2%) of clinically treated patients. The most frequent type of injury was distorsion, except for hockey, in which contusion had the highest percentage of occurrence. For all five types of sports, the majority (about 90%) of the injuries were observed at either the lower or at the upper extremities.
Attitudes of Undergraduate Physical Education Majors in Brazil toward Teaching Students with Disabilities
Authors: Zanandrea Maria , Rizzo Terry
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the relationship of attitudes of physical education majors in Brazil to specific disabling conditions, i.e., Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, Specific Learning Disabilities, Moderate Mental Retardation, and Orthopedic Impairment. This study also identified which selected teachers' attributes, i.e., age, sex, years of teaching, course work in adapted physical education, course work in special education, years teaching students with disabilities, quality of teaching experience, and perceived competence were related to favorable attitudes. Analysis showed no significant differences toward teaching students with these disabilities. Simultaneous multiple regression procedure also showed perceived competence was the only statistically significant predictor of attitudes toward teaching such students.
Mental Unknotting
Authors: McLeay Heather , Piggins David
Published: August 2011

21 subjects were given a series of spatial test items involving the comparison of diagrams of interlaced ropes or knots at varying orientations. Knots were chosen because they are deformable and the manipulative tasks form a contrast to previous work on rigid objects and also because there is a mathematical structure to the study of their properties. Results are compared with previous work on the mental manipulation of rigid and semirigid objects. Certain knot shapes are easier to process than others and, as with rigid objects, rotation of one of the deformable objects increases the processing time. The nature and deformability of the knots allow strategies other than mental rotation, and these strategies are reported.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Communication, Behavior, and Nonverbal Intelligence of 3 School-Age Children
Authors: Gentry Betholyn , Griffith Leeann , Dancer Jess , Davis Priscilla , Eaton Beth , Schulz Eldon
Published: August 2011

Associations of prenatal alcohol exposure in speech, language, behavioral, and intellectual development were investigated in three school-aged children diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, accompanied by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Each child showed similar patterns of moderate-to-severe dysfunctional behavior; however, their scores on speech, language and nonverbal intellectual measures were highly variable.
Fatal Alcohol-Related Traffic Crashes Increase Subsequent to Changes to and from Daylight Savings Time
Authors: Hicks Gregory J. , Davis James W. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

On the hypothesis that sleepiness and alcohol interact to increase the risk of alcohol-related traffic fatalities, the percentages of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes were assessed for the entire state of New Mexico for the years 1989-1992, for each of the seven days that preceded the changes to and from Daylight Savings Time and for each of the 14 days which followed the changes to and from Daylight Savings Time. Consistent with our hypothesis the percentage of alcohol-related fatal crashes increased significantly during the first seven days after these changes in Daylight Savings Time.
Comparison of Two Methods for Use in Adaptive Automation
Authors: Freeman Frederick G. , Mikulka Peter J. , Scerbo Mark , Hadley Gerald
Published: August 2011

Two psychophysiological adaptive automation methods were compared to assess their relative influence on teaching performance of 16 adults.
Perceptual Defenses and Self-Rated Personality Disorders: A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Zanna Valeria , Fedeli Barbara , Belsanti Sergio , Ciani Nicola
Published: August 2011

The relationships between defense mechanisms and personality disorders were explored by means of the Defense Mechanism Test and Millon's Inventory-II in a group of 100 psychiatric nonpsychotic outpatients. Only few significant positive nonparametric correlations were found, concerning barrier isolation, intro-aggression, and lack or lateness of the threat. Also a multiple regression analysis evidenced few significant results and mostly in the negative direction. The unpredicted findings may have been partly determined by a general elevation of personality scale scores (due to the emotional distress of psychiatric patients), leading to a loss of interindividual differences.
A Word-Superiority Effect in the Presence of Foveal Load
Authors: Salvemini Anthony V , Stewart Alan L. , Purcell Dean G. , Pinkham Roger S.
Published: August 2011

Foveal stimuli have been shown to disrupt visual information processing in the parafovea and periphery by their mere presence. In the present study, 6 subjects were presented letter triads 3.58° to the right or left of the point of fixation. At the same time, a single letter was presented at the point of fixation that was either the same as the middle letter in the triad or different from any of the triad letters. On other trials, no letter was presented at the point of fixation. Analysis indicated a word superiority effect when a foveal letter was presented that was the same as the letter in the triad. Performance between words and nonwords did not differ significantly when the foveal letter was different or absent. It was concluded that the mere presence of foveal load alone is not disruptive to performance. Depending on the visual context of the target to be reported, the presence of a foveal stimulus may improve performance.
Examining the Mobilizing Feature of Footedness
Authors: Hart Susan , Gabbard Carl
Published: August 2011

This study examined the mobilizing feature of footedness in a unilateral and a bilateral context. Analysis for 47 right- and 32 left-footed undergraduates indicated a strong relationship between preferred limbs in both conditions, with right footers showing the strongest concordance. Theoretical explanations for the origin of behavior and differences in right versus left concordance are discussed. Based on selected previous reports and the present findings, it seems reasonable that for most persons the right foot may be preferred for mobilizing activities regardless of behavioral context.
Interactions: Timing and Force Control of Finger-Tapping Sequences
Authors: Inui Nobuyuki , Ichihara Takuya , Minami Takahisa , Matsui Atsunori
Published: August 2011

This study examined effects of combinations of intertap interval and muscle force on interactions between two factors in sequences of equally paced finger taps. 12 male college students tapped a force plate connected to strain gauges. Subjects firstly tapped the plate at a preferred pace and force for 12 sec. Next, subjects tapped the plate by half or double the preferred pace. A series of finger-tapping tasks then consisted of nine combinations of pace and force. Analysis showed that, although variations in intertap interval were considerably accurately controlled across conditions, those in peak forces were not. Movement timing of tapping sequences hence appeared to be independent of force control. For six of 12 subjects, on the other hand, positive correlations between spontaneous variations in intertap interval and in forces were noted. Then, although motor timing was independent of force control in conditions of low pace and weak force, there were strong interactions between the two factors under high pace conditions.
Vividness of Visual and Haptic Imagery of Movement
Authors: Campos Alfredo , López Antonio , Pérez María José
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationships between visual and haptic imagery of movement. A total of 338 subjects, all university students aged between 18 and 26 years, completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire, which evaluates capacity for visual imaging, and a modification of this questionnaire, the Vividness of Haptic Movement Imagery Questionnaire, designed to evaluate capacity for haptic imaging. Scores on the two questionnaires were significantly correlated .60.
Verbal Contextual Generalization in Children with and without Learning Disabilities
Authors: Riley Larry R. , Riley Nancy J.
Published: August 2011

Braine's (1963) model of language development emphasizes the use of auditory or temporal processing so verbal contextual generalization can be produced. Recent literature on auditory or temporal processing skills of children with learning disabilities led to the prediction that these children would find it much more difficult to generalize contextually than would children without learning disabilities. The present study did not support this prediction. The implications were discussed in view of research on auditory or temporal processing skills of children with learning disabilities.
Understanding Exercise in the Context of Chronic Disease: An Exploratory Investigation of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Barlow Julie H.
Published: August 2011

Self-efficacy is an important factor influencing exercise behavior in samples of students and the general population; however, few studies have examined the relevance of self-efficacy in understanding exercise in the context of chronic disease, wherein exercise is integral to treatment rather than a leisure pursuit. Further, the influence of disease factors, e.g., pain, on performance of therapeutic exercise is unknown. The present purpose was to examine the role played by self-efficacy in a sample of 169 people with one type of arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. This painful, disabling and progressive condition has an early age of onset and thus necessitates adherence to therapeutic exercise over long periods of time. Analysis showed that concurrent severity of disease had a greater influence on exercise self-efficacy than past attainment. There was no evidence that self-efficacy mediated outcomes. Similar to findings for healthy people, respondents uniformly valued exercise but did not translate these beliefs into action.
Effects of Second Language Study of Phonemic Discrimination and Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Adults
Authors: Grubb Jefferson D. , Bush Anita M. , Geist Charles R.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effects of acquisition of a second language on auditory event-related brain potentials and discrimination of foreign language phonemes by 36 women (ages 18 to 47 years), and 25 men (ages 18 to 36 years) and of varying linguistic background, in response to synthetic versions of Japanese phonemes. Subjects were subsequently tested on discrimination between spoken Japanese phonemes. Analysis indicated that the men and women differed in phonological processing and in the way acquisition of the second language affected phonological processing.
Perceiving and Attributing Hemispheric Width in Faces of Normal Adults
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of hemifacial width on attributions of personality and emotion in normal people with pronounced facial asymmetry. Ten attributions, made by 61 raters to the larger vs smaller hemifacial composites of the same face in 14 resting faces with pronounced asymmetry, were compared. Analysis showed that the smaller hemifaces were rated as exhibiting more intense emotions and as generally having more positive features than the larger hemifaces. The main implication of these findings is that faces with prominent asymmetry do not uniformly affect observers, but response may depend on the features of the hemiface (usually the right hemiface) perceived in the dominant visual field of the observers.
The Content of Suicide Notes Written by Those Using Different Methods for Suicide
Authors: Lester David , Linn Marge
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 40 suicide notes from West Berlin, those using hanging seemed to be angrier and to blame others more than those using poisoning.
Reliability and Validity of the Clinical Instructor Survey Tool
Authors: Vanic Keith A. , Drummond Jan L.
Published: August 2011

To assess the perceived importance of clinical instructors' techniques, the Clinical Instructor Survey Tool was developed and administered to 13 subjects to assess internal consistency. Cronbach alpha was .82.
Lateralized Ultradian Rhythms: Evidence from Tactile Discrimination of Either Hand
Authors: Meier-Koll Alfred
Published: August 2011

Endogenous ultradian rhythms with periods of one or a few hours affect not only on physiological and behavioural functions but also perception and cognition. In particular, lateralized ultradian rhythms which seem to operate separately in the right and left hemispheres of the brain can be monitored by testing the tactile discrimination of the contralateral hand. The present paper is based on two subsequent studies: First, ultradian rhythms in tactile discrimination of either hand were examined in German subjects under laboratory conditions. Considerably different ultradian periods of right and left-handed tactile error rate were found in men but not in women. In a second study, a group of Kenyan Masai shepherds were tested while the subjects were leading herds on daily feeding routes through a savanna habitat. They showed ultradian periods of about 2 hours in tactile discrimination of either hand. Since the right hemisphere is specialized for visuospatial, the left for verbal processing lateralized ultradian rhythms may serve for a long-scale timing of neural processes underlying spatial and semantic mapping of the environment. Sex difference in German subjects and lateral differences found in left-handed (right-hemispheric) ultradian rhythms of German and Masai subjects are discussed from this point of view.
Factorial Designs and Dummy Coding
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W. , Iyer Hariharan K.
Published: August 2011

Factorial analysis of variance designs are often analyzed with multiple regression employing a matrix of coded variates. The use of dummy coded variates to test hypotheses about main effects can produce results that vary with the choice of dummy coding when certain types of hypotheses are tested. The problem is illustrated with an example data set and the nature of the problem is clarified.
Susceptibility of Consumers to Normative and Informational Influences in Selecting Colors for Apparel
Authors: Miller Nancy J.
Published: August 2011

An 1989 scale by Bearden, Netemeyer, and Teel was employed for measurement of consumers' susceptibility to interpersonal influences regarding selection of apparel color. Findings confirmed a two-factor solution of normative and informational influences with a sample of 313 college students. Respondents were susceptible to informational influences but not normative influences when considering the importance of apparel color in purchasing decisions. Both normative and informational influences significantly correlated with respondents' following of color trends. Men and women did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to normative influences, but men were less susceptible to informational influences than women. Men's scores were significantly lower than those of women on color's importance and following of color trends in buying apparel.
Attitudinal, Social, and Practical Correlates to Fitness Behavior: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Kerner Matthew S. , Grossman Arnold H.
Published: August 2011

Professional management personnel ( N = 73) who exercise were studied to assess the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting intention to exercise and amount of exercise. Four rating scales were used for the assessment of attitude toward fitness, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to exercise. In addition, frequency of exercise was measured and recorded for five months. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 26.6% of the variance of intention to exercise was contributed by both fitness attitude and subjective norm, with the unique contribution of attitude toward fitness (part r = .36) slightly greater than that of subjective norm (part r = .33). 8% of the unique variance of exercise was explained by intention to exercise. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses also indicated that perceived behavioral control did not account for a significant variance in intention to exercise but did account for a significant variance in amount of exercise ( R2 change = .21). In the environment in which it was tested, results support the theory of planned behavior for understanding the exercise behavior of professional management personnel who exercise.
Preservation of the Attribute Knowledge of Concepts in Normal Aging Groups
Authors: Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice , Jacques Valérie , Platel Hervé
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to detect possible alterations in semantic representation during normal aging. Forty young subjects (aged 20 to 30 years) and 40 elderly ones (divided into two groups of 60 to 70 years and 70 to 80 years), all in good health and with high education, completed a test protocol used for assessing semantic knowledge in the study of Alzheimer's disease. The same list of 42 words belonging to three different semantic categories was presented visually three times to the subjects, each time with different instructions: (a) find the words with one letter N (or more) (training task); (b) find the names of animals (test of categorical knowledge); (c) find the words representing something that prick (test of attribute knowledge of concepts). A two-way analysis of variance showed an effect of task (the times taken were significantly longer for the attribute-knowledge test), a group effect (the elderly subjects were slower) and an absence of interaction (the elderly subjects had the same profile as the young group). The results indicate the preservation of the semantic memory in normally aging groups and the usefulness is emphasized in the context of the data given in the literature on Alzheimer's disease.
Correlation of Carpal Tunnel Size and Conduction Velocity of the Sensory Median and Ulnar Nerves of Male and Female Controls and Carpet Weavers
Authors: Tan Meliha , Tan Üner
Published: August 2011

The relation of the carpal tunnel parameters (area, width, and depth) measured by computerized axial tomography to the conduction velocity of the sensory median and ulnar nerves was studied in the right and left hands of the 24 male and 32 female controls and 64 carpet weavers (40 women, 24 men). There were sex- and hand-related differences in these relationships in the two groups. Analysis suggested that carpal tunnel size cannot be responsible for the disorders of sensory nerve conduction in hands; repetitive hand movements, such as carpet weaving, may destroy the normal relation of carpal canal size to velocity of sensory nerve conduction.
Age Differences in Self-Reported Susceptibility to Motion Sickness
Authors: Park Alexandrea Hye-Young
Published: August 2011

Questionnaire responses of 485 college volunteers were examined for sex by age variance in the incidence of motion sickness across eight types of motion.
Binocular Vertical Perceptual Adaptation in Essential Infantile Esotropia
Authors: Campos Emilio C. , Schiavi Costantino , Bolzani Roberto , Cipolli Carlo
Published: August 2011

This study assessed whether dissociated vertical deviation, corresponding to an occasional elevation of the deviated eye, is accompanied by a binocular vertical perceptual adaptation. Dissociated vertical deviation was elicited by means of neutral filters in 16 patients, 8 who had undergone operations for the disorder of essential infantile esotropia and 8 who had not. Neutral filters elicited dissociation vertical deviation, which was accompanied by binocular vertical perceptual adaptation. This effect was significantly greater for patients who had operations and was enhanced by the filter density. Surgical elimination of inhibitory mechanisms for dissociated vertical deviation in patients with essential infantile esotropia appears to facilitate a loose sensory adaptation, which permits a binocular vertical perceptual adaptation.
Motor Development and Sleep Problems among 9-Month-Olds
Authors: Scher Anat , Ratson Miri
Published: August 2011

Nightwaking and bedtime fussiness were correlated .33 with 44 infants' motor achievements.
Universal and Language-Specific Aspects of Word-Memory Processes: Japanese, Chinese, and English
Authors: Ishikawa Keiichi , Nobe Shuichi
Published: August 2011

The universal and language-specific features of word-memory processes were investigated. In Exp. 1, word lists in Japanese Kanji, Chinese, and English and two types of nonsense words (CV–CV and CVC–CVC) were presented auditorily or visually to native speakers of those languages for immediate recall, with or without suppression of the phonological loop by secondary digit memory tasks. English words were also presented to Japanese subjects. We found that phonological loop suppression in all the languages was associated with significant reduction in recall in every condition. When recalling meaningful words, English and Chinese subjects had superior recall with auditory presentation; however, Japanese subjects showed no significant differences between the two modalities and showed higher recall with visual presentation when English words were presented. When recalling nonsense words, all groups of subjects showed either higher recall with visual presentation or no differences between the modalities. Moreover, as the differences between the syllable structures of the subjects' native languages and the stimuli to be remembered increased, they were likely to rely on visual memory. In Exp. 2, lists of Kanji and Kana words were presented in the two modalities only to Japanese speakers. Auditory presentation was superior to visual presentation only for Kana words.
Do Magnitude Estimation and Lexical Decision Tap Similar Processes?
Authors: Ferraro F. Richard , Bohlman Danielle , Whetham Tondi , Arnt Stacy , Anderson Michelle , Westerlund Alissa
Published: August 2011

Young adults ( n = 54 for Exp. 1, n = 50 for Exp. 2) and elderly adults (the same n = 40 in each experiment) participated in studies that required nonspeeded magnitude estimation scaling in response to words that varied in frequency and number of meanings. Across both experiments and across both groups, subject and item analyses indicated significant word frequency effects (low-frequency words were judged more difficult to process than high-frequency words) and significant word meaning effects (unambiguous words were judged to be more difficult to process than ambiguous words). Mean magnitude estimate values were significantly and positively correlated with mean lexical-decision task values obtained from the same subjects on the same stimuli based on data from a previous experiment. Results suggest that processes required for magnitude estimation are similar to those measured with the lexical decision task in word-recognition studies involving young and elderly adults.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Self-Perceived Fitness of Hospital Employees
Authors: Drummond Jan L. , Hagan Lynn
Published: August 2011

For 58 hospital employees, an r of .40 was obtained for self-reported time spent engaged in regular physical activity and was the only significant independent predictor of self-perceived fitness.
Effect of Reversed Light-Dark Cycle on Skin Conductance in Male Rats
Authors: Süer Cem , Dolu Nazan , Özesmi Çiğdem , Yilmaz Alpaslan , Sahin Özlem
Published: August 2011

Reversal of light-dark cycle was used to investigate the effect of the circadian changes on skin conductance, a tonic electrodermal activity parameter, in rats. Rats were adapted for 3 wk. to one of two lighting programs. The animals on the normal cycle were illuminated from 08.00–20.00; on the reverse cycle, from 20.00–08.00. Although during Week 1 to Week 3, skin conductance increased gradually in both groups, this increase was more dramatic in rats adapted to light from 20.00 to 08.00 than in the other group. When the animals on the reverse cycle were readjusted to a normal circadian cycle for 3 weeks, skin conductance decreased gradually to initial values. At Weeks 1, 2, 3, and 6, skin conductance was significantly higher in rats on the reverse light-dark cycle than in those on the normal cycle. The present data suggest that changes in normal light-dark conditions affect skin conductance in rats.
Frequency of Indoor and Outdoor Settings in Dreams: Use of Memory Elements in Dreaming Processes
Authors: Montangero Jacques , Lecerf Odile
Published: August 2011

In two samples of 22 dreams, one sample produced by 18 subjects and the other by a single subject, we found an equal proportion of indoor and outdoor settings. The analysis of 13 consecutive dreams of two subjects also showed some shift from indoor to outdoor settings. Dreaming processes apparently produce constant variations of representations and operate a selection of episodic memory elements via the general categories of semantic memory.