bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing COVID-19 from the Nurses’ Perspectives at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Maseru Lesotho
Authors: Phiri Letuka , Nyangu Isabel , Shelile Mpho
Published: July 2024

Background: Nurses are at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19. The modest number of perspectives among healthcare practitioners remained an issue, particularly in developing nations such as Lesotho. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the perspectives of nurses working in the primary healthcare setting on managing COVID-19 in Lesotho. Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data using a structured questionnaire from a conveniently selected sample of nurses. Data were analysed using SPSS, and the results were presented using descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: A total of 120 nurses completed the questionnaire, with a 100% response rate. Very few proportions of nurses received formal training (52.4%) and were taught and trained on the safe and accurate ways of using personal protective equipment (PPE) (21.8%) as a preventative measure. Less than half (36.7%) of the participants could implement guidelines to screen, report a suspected case (32.5%) and manage confirmed cases of COVID-19 (30.8%). The levels of knowledge and practices for the pandemic were moderate during the study. There was a significant correlation between the nurses’ knowledge and practices [X2(442, N=120) =1022.6, p<.05] in the management of COVID-19. Conclusion: The level of perspectives of nurses in Lesotho was moderate regarding the management of COVID-19. Unsatisfactory numbers of nurses were reasonably knowledgeable and capable of implementing pandemic response measures. This study provides the information necessary for health authorities to prioritise training programmes that support nurses during COVID-19 and other similar pandemics.
Determination of Mountain Equivalent Rainstorm (MER) in Qinba Maintain Area Based on TRMM
Authors: Chunpanha Khem , Baowen Yan
Published: July 2024

The study of extreme precipitation is a significant aspect for investigating rainstorms, flash floods, and unpredictable disasters. Qinba mountain, Shaanxi province, China, is sensitive to extreme climate and rainstorm events. It is crucial to investigate the feature of precipitation extremes in this region with satellite data. According to this, the paper using the 1Day extreme precipitation datasets of TRMM and rain-gauge to calculate the mountain rainstorm, then the statistical metrics (CC, MBE, RMSE) was used in validation as the performance measure. The 1Day, 3Day, 5Day, and 7Day extreme precipitation was identified by the 95th percentile method. Thus to determine the Mountain Equivalent Rainstorm (MER). As the results, (1) Based on the comparison, the TRMM satellite product can capture the extreme precipitation mostly at the station below 433m (R2 >0.5) for 5Day datasets, while 7Day datasets reveal contrast patterns. (2) By applying the MER concept, the TRMM-based and gauge-based ratio revealed a similar pattern of mountain rainstorms at higher elevations and slightly different in the middle region. The mountain rainstorm amount was double the extreme rainfall at a higher elevation. Therefore, the defined extreme precipitation characteristics can assist the disaster risk reduction and mitigation strategy in the Qinba mountain of Shaanxi Province, China, and also provide a reference for improving the satellite algorithm in extreme precipitation measurement.
East African Megacity Air Quality: Rationale and Framework for a Measurement and Modeling Program
Authors: Bililign Solomon , Brown Steven S. , Westervelt Daniel M. , Kumar Rajesh , Tang Wenfu , Flocke Frank , Vizuete William , Ture Kassahun , Pope Francis D. , Demoz Belay , Asa-Awuku Akua , Levelt Pieternel F. , Kalisa Egide , Raheja Garima , Ndyabakira Alex , Gatari Michael J.
Published: July 2024

Air pollution in Africa is a significant public health issue responsible for 1.1 million premature deaths annually. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of population growth and urbanization of any region in the world, with substantial potential for future emission growth and worsening air quality. Accurate and extensive observations of meteorology and atmospheric composition have underpinned successful air pollution mitigation strategies in the Global North, yet Africa in general and East Africa in particular remain among the most sparsely observed regions in the world. This paper is based on the discussion of these issues during two international workshops, one held virtually in the United States in July 2021 and one in Kigali, Rwanda, in January 2023. The workshops were designed to develop a measurement, capacity building, and collaboration strategy to improve air quality-relevant measurements, modeling, and data availability in East Africa. This paper frames the relevant scientific needs and describes the requirements for training and infrastructure development for an integrated observing and modeling strategy that includes partnerships between East African scientists and organizations and their counterparts in the developed world.
On the Size Dependence in the Recent Time-Dependent Theory of Tropical Cyclone Intensification
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Wang Yuqing , Tan Zhe-Min
Published: July 2024

Previous observational studies have shown that the intensification rate (IR) of a tropical cyclone (TC) is often correlated with its real-time size. However, no any size parameter explicitly appears in the recent time-dependent theory of TC intensification, while the theory can still well capture the intensity evolution of simulated TCs. This study provides a detailed analysis to address how TC real-time size affects its intensification and why no size parameter explicitly appears in the theory based on the results from axisymmetric numerical simulations. The results show that the overall correlation between the TC IR and real-time size as reported in previous observational studies, in terms of both the radius of maximum wind (RMW) and the radius of 17 m s−1 wind (R17), is largely related to the correlation between the IR and intensity because the size and intensity are highly interrelated. As a result, the correlation between the TC IR and size for a given intensity is rather weak. Diagnostic analysis shows that the TC real-time size (RMW and R17) has two opposing effects on intensification. A larger TC size tends to result in a higher steady-state intensity but reduce the conversion efficiency of thermodynamic energy to inner-core kinetic energy or the degree of moist neutrality of the eyewall ascent for a given intensity. The former is favorable, while the latter is unfavorable for intensification. The two effects are implicitly included in the theory and largely offset, resulting in the weak dependence of the IR on TC size for a given intensity.
Sustaining Family Business: Unveiling the Resilience of Majuli Potters in Assam, India
Authors: Marwein Dashimti , Vanka Sita
Published: July 2024

The Kumars of Salmora village in the south-eastern part of Majuli, Assam, India, are an example of a family managed business of handcrafting river clay pots. Salmora became the Kumhar village as a result of clay, which became the primary reason for the settlement of potters in the area. The hand-beaten pottery is a cottage industry of Majuli and has been passed down through generations. Currently, the policy restrictions and the dying art form have made people think about how to sustain the handicraft, their livelihoods woven around this art form, and continue their passion/skill in the given challenging situation. This makes it interesting to adopt the case research method to examine the struggle of small businesses to sustain their livelihoods, on the one hand, and the limited alternative sources of livelihood, on the other hand, thus making the survival and sustenance of the family business a challenge, where pottery was their family business for generations. The case discussion revolves around the problems, concerns and causes for the deterioration of the art forms and highlights the issues and challenges. It contributes to the resources in the emerging family business management literature and also the family businesses to strategise in similar contexts.
Financial Year and Calendar Year Effects Across Indian Sectors: A Revisit from Investors Perspective
Authors: Bhatia Parul , Chaudhary Niyati
Published: July 2024

Anomalies in stock markets have been studied with varied approaches worldwide, and mixed outcomes exist. The present study has investigated the financial year and calendar year effect for indices from Indian markets. Sectoral indices from Indian markets have been incorporated in this study on the basis of their weightage in the stock market. Data from 2011 to 2023 have been engaged with historical prices of these indices taken from the stock exchange websites. The analysis has been carried out using the ordinary least squares regression method and the independent sample t-test. Weak anomalies have been documented in the case of the financial services sector. Therefore, the findings indicate rare possibilities for investors to gauge abnormal returns with strategies related to anomalies. With increasing transparency in the online trading mechanism, such possibilities cease to exist for investors. Moreover, market dynamics have transformed on account of several shocks such as COVID-19, Omicron, Russia–Ukraine, Visa-related international issues in the world over economies and financial markets. Investors and markets have become more cautious and look out for a precautionary approach while dealing in stock market trading.
Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress
Authors: Yang Wenhao , Zhang Zhenyu , Yuan Tingting , Li Yu , Zhao Qian , Dong Yan
Published: July 2024

Modern intensive cropping systems often contribute to the accumulation of phenolic acids in the soil, which promotes the development of soilborne diseases. This can be suppressed by intercropping. This study analyzed the effects of intercropping on Fusarium wilt based on its effect on photosynthesis under stress by the combination of Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid. The control was not inoculated with F. commune, while the faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) were inoculated with this pathogen in the other treatments. The infected plants were also treated with cinnamic acid. This study examined the development of Fusarium wilt together with its effects on the leaves, absorption of nutrients, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters, and the photosynthetic assimilates of faba bean from monocropping and intercropping systems. Under monocropping conditions, the leaves of the plants inoculated with F. commune grew significantly less, and there was enhanced occurrence of the Fusarium wilt compared with the control. Compared with the plants solely inoculated with F. commune, the exogenous addition of cinnamic acid to the infected plants significantly further reduced the growth of faba bean leaves and increased the occurrence of Fusarium wilt. A comparison of the combination of F. commune and cinnamic acid in intercropped wheat and faba bean compared with monocropping showed that intercropping improved the absorption of nutrients, increased photosynthetic pigments and its contents, electron transport, photosynthetic enzymes, and photosynthetic assimilates. The combination of these factors reduced the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in faba bean and increased the growth of its leaves. These results showed that intercropping improved the photosynthesis, which promoted the growth of faba bean, thus, reducing the development of Fusarium wilt following the stress of infection by F. commune and cinnamic acid. This research should provide more information to enhance sustainable agriculture.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the PP2C gene family in Apocynum venetum and Apocynum hendersonii
Authors: Chen Jiayi , Wang Yue , Wu Yongmei , Huang Xiaoyu , Qiu Xiaojun , Chen Jikang , Lin Qian , Zhao Haohan , Chen Fengming , Gao Gang
Published: July 2024

Background

Protein phosphatase class 2 C (PP2C) is the largest protein phosphatase family in plants. Members of the PP2C gene family are involved in a variety of physiological pathways in plants, including the abscisic acid signalling pathway, the regulation of plant growth and development, etc., and are capable of responding to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses, and play an important role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. Apocynum is a perennial persistent herb, divided into Apocynum venetum and Apocynum hendersonii. It mainly grows in saline soil, deserts and other harsh environments, and is widely used in saline soil improvement, ecological restoration, textiles and medicine. A. hendersonii was found to be more tolerant to adverse conditions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the PP2C gene family and its expression pattern under salt stress and to identify important candidate genes related to salt tolerance.

Results

In this study, 68 AvPP2C genes and 68 AhPP2C genes were identified from the genomes of A. venetum and A. hendersonii, respectively. They were classified into 13 subgroups based on their phylogenetic relationships and were further analyzed for their subcellular locations, gene structures, conserved structural domains, and cis-acting elements. The results of qRT-PCR analyses of seven AvPP2C genes and seven AhPP2C genes proved that they differed significantly in gene expression under salt stress. It has been observed that the PP2C genes in A. venetum and A. hendersonii exhibit different expression patterns. Specifically, AvPP2C2, 6, 24, 27, 41 and AhPP2C2, 6, 24, 27, 42 have shown significant differences in expression under salt stress. This indicates that these genes may play a crucial role in the salt tolerance mechanism of A. venetum and A. hendersonii.

Conclusions

In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AvPP2C and AhPP2C gene families in Apocynum, which provided a reference for further understanding the functional characteristics of these genes.
Rapid diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis from lung puncture sample using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report
Authors: Zhou Chuanlin , Li Chunhong , Deng Zhenfeng , Yan Xuexin , Feng Li , Yang Zhen , Lu Yanyan , Shi Yinglong , Wang Ke , Luo Jing , Kong Jinliang
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval forms of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonotic disease affecting the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, kidneys, brain, bones, thyroid, and other organs. Diagnosing AE in a non-endemic area is usually challenging. With the rapid development and increasing application of sequencing techniques in recent years, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has become a powerful tool for diagnosing rare infectious diseases.

Case Presentation

A 45-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for the presence of pulmonary shadows for more than 3 months. The lung computed tomography (CT) at a local hospital revealed scattered solid and quasi-circular nodules in the left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right middle lobe, and right lower lobe. The largest nodule was located in the dorsal part of the right lung, measuring 2.0 × 1.7 × 1.5 cm. Moreover, abdominal CT revealed one space-occupying lesion each in the left and right lobes. The pathological analysis of the lung biopsy specimen revealed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils in the alveolar wall and interstitial area. No pathogenic bacteria were observed in the sputum smear and culture tests. There were no parasite eggs in the stool. The mNGS of the lung puncture tissue revealed 6156 sequence reads matching E. multilocularis; thus, the condition was diagnosed as AE. Albendazole 400 mg was administered twice daily, and the patient was stable during follow-up.

Conclusion

This case emphasizes the role of mNGS in diagnosing AE. As a novel, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method, mNGS could be an attractive approach for facilitating early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infectious diseases, especially when the infection was caused by rare pathogens.
One-year survival of patients admitted for sepsis to intensive care units in Colombia
Authors: Oliveros Henry , Tuta-Quintero Eduardo , Piñeros Mariana , Guesguan Alexander , Reyes Luis F.
Published: July 2024

Background

Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs). High mortality rates are estimated globally, and in our country, few studies have reported one-year survival. The objective of this study is to determine one-year survival in patients with sepsis admitted to the ICU in Colombia, compared with the survival of patients admitted for other conditions.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using administrative databases from the Ministry of Health of Colombia. One-year survival and the adjusted hazard ratio for survival, adjusted for comorbidities included in the Charlson Index, were determined using a Cox proportional hazards model for patients admitted for other causes as well as for those admitted for sepsis. This was then compared with an inverse propensity score weighting model.

Results

A total of 116.407 patients were initially admitted to the ICUs, with 12.056 (10.36%) diagnosed with sepsis. Within the first year, 4.428 (36.73%) patients died due to sepsis. Age and male gender were associated with an increased risk of death from sepsis, and the covariates associated with one-year mortality were as follows: age over 80 years with HR 9.91 (95% CI: 9.22–10.65), renal disease with HR 3.16 (95% CI: 3.03–3.29), primary tumoral disease with HR 2.07 (95% CI: 1.92–2.23), liver disease with HR 2.27 (95% CI: 2.07–2.50), and metastatic solid tumor with HR 2.03 (95% CI: 1.92–2.15).

Conclusion

This study revealed a high one-year sepsis mortality rate in the population, associated with variables such as age over 80 years, the presence of renal disease, liver disease, connective tissue diseases, and cancer. Men exhibited higher mortality compared to women.
Dermotoscope assisted diagnosis of adolescent bullous pilomatricoma: six case reports
Authors: Liu Junru , Liu Xiaojie , Qu Yan , Zhang Shuqing
Published: July 2024

Background

Pilomatricoma (PM) is a cutaneous benign neoplasm derived from the hair matrix. It clinically presents as a solitary and firm nodule overlying normal epidermis and is usually not easy to be noticed at early stage. Nevertheless, when special bullous lesion occurs in a short time or even ulcerates, preoperative diagnosis by a dermatologist is often challenging especially when the pediatric patients refuse biopsy.

Case presentation

We present six bullous PM cases and particularly conduct correlation analysis on the dermotoscopy and histopathology detection data. The basic information, medical history, symptoms and lesion morphology results of the patients were also provided. We found that the incidence of bullous PM was higher in females than in males, and most patients were adolescents and the predilection location seem to be consistent in the vaccine injection site. The dermatoscopic features of bullous PM reported were luminous yellow structure below, with gray-blue homogeneous areas and branched capillary. The histological features were consistent with PM, and evident epidermis bullae were above the tumor with extraordinary dilation of lymphangion in the upper dermis. The patients described in this study were Chinese patients in Han population included 4 females and 2 males, coincidentally, they are almost teen-age, respectively are 5,11,17,19,21,22 year-old.

Conclusions

This study reported and analyzed the dermotoscopy and clinical characteristics of bullous PM, dermotoscopy may guide as a rapid and reliable technique in bullous PM diagnosis.
Recovery of pathogens with implementation of a weight-based algorithm for pediatric blood cultures: an observational intervention study
Authors: Mortensen Nicolay , Kristiansen Martin Skaranger , Tellefsen Odd Alexander , Köpp Unni Mette Stamnes
Published: July 2024

Background

Recovering pathogenic bacteria and yeast from pediatric blood cultures and reliably distinguishing between pathogens and contaminants are likely to be improved by increasing the volume of blood submitted to microbiology laboratories for culturing beyond the low volumes that have historically have been used. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether the pathogen recovery rate would increase after implementation of a weight-based algorithm for determining the intended volume of blood submitted for culturing.

Secondary aims were to: 1) evaluate the effects of the algorithm implementation on the blood culture contamination rate; 2) determine whether pathogens might be found more often than contaminants in several as opposed to single bottles when more than one bottle is submitted; and 3) describe the microbiological findings for pathogens and contaminants in blood cultures by applying a clinical validation of true blood culture positivity.

Methods

A pre-post comparison of positivity and contamination rates after increasing the theoretical blood volume and number of blood culture bottles was performed, on the basis of a clinical validation of blood culture findings as pathogens vs contaminants.

Results

We examined 5327 blood cultures, including 186 with growth (123 true positives and 63 contaminated). The rate of true positive blood cultures significantly increased from 1.6% (42/2553) pre to 2.9% (81/2774, p = .002) post intervention. The rate of contaminated blood cultures did not change significantly during the study period (1.4% [35/2553] pre vs 1.0% [28/2774], p = .222) post intervention), but the proportion of contaminated cultures among all positive cultures decreased from 45% (35/77) pre to 26% (28/109, p = .005) post intervention. A microorganism that grew in a single bottle was considered a contaminant in 35% (8/23) of cases, whereas a microorganism that grew in at least two bottles was considered a contaminant in 2% (1/49, p < .001) of cases. According to common classification criteria relying primarily on the identity of the microorganism, 14% (17/123) of the recovered pathogens would otherwise have been classified as contaminants.

Conclusion

Implementation of a weight-based algorithm to determine the volume and number of blood cultures in pediatric patients is associated with an increase in the pathogen recovery rate.
Cost-utility analysis of early reconstruction surgery versus conservative treatment for anterior cruciate ligament injury in a lower-middle income country
Authors: Deviandri Romy , van der Veen Hugo C. , Purba Abdul Khairul R. , Icanervilia Ajeng V. , Lubis Andri MT. , van den Akker-Scheek Inge , Postma Maarten J.
Published: July 2024

Background

The ideal approach for treating anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is still disputed. This study aimed to determine the more cost-effective strategy by comparing early ACL reconstruction (ACLR) surgery to conservative treatment (rehabilitation with optional delayed reconstruction) for ACL injury in a lower/middle-income country (LMIC), Indonesia.

Methods

A decision tree model was constructed for cost-utility analysis of early ACLR versus conservative treatment. The transition probabilities between states were obtained from the literature review. Utilities were measured by the EQ-5D-3 L from a prospective cohort study in a local hospital. The costs were obtained from a previous study that elaborated on the burden and cost of ACLR in Indonesia. Effectiveness was expressed in quality-adjusted life years gained (QALYs). Principal outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). Willingness-to-pay was set at US$12,876 — three times the Indonesian GDP per capita in 2021 — the currently accepted standard in Indonesia as suggested by the World Health Organization Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective criterion (WHO-CHOICE).

Results

The early ACLR group showed an incremental gain of 0.05 QALYs over the conservative treatment group, with a higher overall cost to society of US$976. The ICER of ACLR surgery was US$19,524 per QALY, above the WTP threshold of US$12,876. The ICER was sensitive to cost of conservative treatment, cost of ACLR, and rate of cross-over to delayed ACLR numbers in the conservative treatment group. Using the WTP threshold of US$12,876, the probability of conservative treatment being preferred over early ACLR was 64%.

Conclusions

Based on the current model, early ACLR surgery does not seem more cost-effective compared to conservative treatment for ACL injury patients in Indonesia. Because the result was sensitive to the rate of cross-over probabilities from the conservative treatment alone to delayed ACLR, a future study with a long-term perspective is needed to further elucidate its impact.
The interplay between patients and healthcare professionals in a cross-sectoral setting in connection with the treatment and care of patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a realistic evaluation
Authors: Søndergaard Susanne Friis , Christensen Jørn Fryd , Dahl Marie , Drejer Milica , Høgh Annette
Published: July 2024

Background

Diabetes-related lower extremity complications such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are a global disability burden. Treatment and care for patients with DFU call for a multisectoral approach that incorporates interdisciplinary care pathways. We aimed to explore the interplay between patients with DFU and healthcare professionals in cross-sectoral settings that address treatment and care and to determine “what works, for whom, and under what circumstances”.

Method

The study was designed as a realistic evaluation. The data were generated from September 2022 to March 2023 and drew upon approximately 60 h of participant observation of 14 patients during the treatment and care of DFUs in their homes (primary care) and/or at outpatient clinics (wound specialist clinics in a hospital setting) in a Danish cross-sectoral setting. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) were applied in this study.

Results

We identified three illuminating themes that described the interplay between patients with DFU and related healthcare professionals representing both primary and secondary health care systems: (1) humour is a relationship-enhancing element between nurses and patients; (2) support from patients’ coping strategies promotes patient-centeredness and collaboration; and (3) patients and professionals occupy unnegotiated identity roles.

Conclusion

Our study led to a refined programme theory developed through the realistic evaluation process that allows us to propose an answer to the problem of “what works, for whom, and under what circumstances”. The interplay between patients with DFU and healthcare professionals in a cross-sectoral setting for treatment and care is characterised by the use of humour as a relation-enhancing element and by improving support for patient coping strategies, which encourages healthcare professionals to promote health literacy. Future research should examine strategies for negotiating identity roles between patients with DFU and healthcare professionals to enhance collaboration, patient health literacy, and health promotion in cross-sectoral healthcare settings.
Association between OX40L polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranians
Authors: Jahromi Abdolreza Sotoodeh , Erfanian Saiedeh , Roustazadeh Abazar
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease that genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of OX40L promoter gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iranians.

Materials and methods

Three hundred and sixty-eight subjects including 184 healthy subjects and 184 T2DM patients were enrolled in our study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to detect genotype and allele frequencies of rs3850641, rs1234313 and rs10912580. In addition, SNPStats web tool was applied to estimate haplotype frequency and linkage disequilibrium (LD).

Results

The distribution of tested polymorphisms was statistically different between the T2DM patients and healthy subjects (P < 0.01). rs1234313 AG (OR = 0.375, 95% CI = 0.193–0.727, P = 0.004) and rs10912580 AG (OR = 0.351, 95% CI = 0.162–0.758, P = 0.008) genotypes were associated with the decreased risk of T2DM in Iranians. Moreover, our prediction revealed that AAG (OR = 0.46, 95% CI= (0.28–0.76), P = 0.0028) and GAG (OR = 0.24, 95% CI= (0.13–0.45), P < 0.0001) haplotypes were related to the reduced risk of the disease. However, the tested polymorphisms had no effect on biochemical parameters and body mass index (BMI) in the patient group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that OX40L promoter gene polymorphisms are associated with T2DM. Moreover, genotype and allelic variations were related to the decreased risk of T2DM in Iranians. Further studies are recommended to show whether these polymorphic variations could affect OX40/OX40L interaction or OX40L phenotype.
The determinants of mental health inequalities between Chinese migrants and non-migrants during the Shanghai 2022 lockdown: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition
Authors: Zheng Meng , Kong Di , Wu Kunpeng , Li Gen , Zhang Yi , Chen Wen , Hall Brian J.
Published: July 2024

Background

The mental health inequality between migrants and non-migrants was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying key determinants of this inequality is essential in promoting health equity.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited Shanghai residents by purposive sampling during the city-wide lockdown (from April 29 to June 1, 2022) using an online questionnaire. Migration statuses (non-migrants, permanent migrants, and temporary migrants) were identified by migration experience and by household registration in Shanghai. Mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, loneliness, and problematic anger) were assessed by self-report scales. The nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to quantify mental health inequality (i.e., differences in predicted probabilities between migration groups) and the contribution of expected correlates (i.e., change in predicted probability associated with variation in the correlate divided by the group difference).

Results

The study included 2738 participants (771 [28.2%] non-migrants; 389 [14.2%] permanent migrants; 1578 [57.6%] temporary migrants). We found inequalities in depression (7.1%) and problematic anger (7.8%) between permanent migrants and non-migrants, and inequalities in anxiety (7.3%) and loneliness (11.3%) between temporary migrants and non-migrants. When comparing permanent migrants and non-migrants, age and social capital explained 12.7% and 17.1% of the inequality in depression, and 13.3% and 21.4% of the inequality in problematic anger. Between temporary migrants and non-migrants, age and social capital also significantly contributed to anxiety inequality (23.0% and 18.2%) and loneliness inequality (26.5% and 16.3%), while monthly household income (20.4%) and loss of monthly household income (34.0%) contributed the most to anxiety inequality.

Conclusions

Significant inequalities in depression and problematic anger among permanent migrants and inequalities in anxiety and loneliness among temporary migrants were observed. Strengthening social capital and economic security can aid in public health emergency preparedness and promote mental health equity among migrant populations.
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt patients and glaucoma: a cohort analysis of the NPH registry
Authors: Kemiläinen Benjam , Kaarniranta Kai , Leinonen Ville
Published: July 2024

Background

Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a chronic condition affecting the elderly. It is characterized by a triad of symptoms and radiological findings. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Earlier studies have proposed that the rate of glaucoma is higher in iNPH patients, and of a possible link between ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP) treatment and the development of glaucoma.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of glaucoma among iNPH patients and assess the impact of VPs on glaucoma prevalence.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted at Kuopio University Hospital (KUH), including 262 patients with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Clinical data were obtained from the Kuopio NPH Registry and medical records. Patients were grouped by iNPH status: iNPH (+) – probable/possible iNPH (n = 192), and iNPH (-) – other causes of hydrocephalus (congenital, secondary, obstructive) (n = 70). We conducted statistical analysis using the Independent Samples T-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Pearson Chi-Square. We compared demographics, glaucoma prevalence, brain biopsies positive for Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (HPτ) as well as comorbidities for hypertension and diabetes medication. Age stratification assessed glaucoma prevalence in the full cohort.

Results

Both iNPH (+) and iNPH (-) groups had comparable demographic and comorbidity profiles. The prevalence of glaucoma in the iNPH (+) group was 11.5% (n = 22) and 11.4% (n = 8) in the iNPH (-) group without a statistically significant difference (p = 1.000). Brain biopsies positive for Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (HPτ) were similar.

Conclusions

Neither shunted iNPH patients nor those with a comorbid condition other than iNPH showed a markedly higher prevalence of glaucoma. Instead, both groups exhibited age-related increases in glaucoma prevalence, similar to the trends observed in population-based studies. Our data does not suggest a correlation between VP shunts and an elevated rate of glaucoma.
Unveiling the untreated: development of a database algorithm to identify potential Fabry disease patients in Germany
Authors: Hilz Max J. , Lyn Nicole , Marczykowski Felix , Werner Barbara , Pignot Marc , Ponce Elvira , Bender Joseph , Edigkaufer Michael , DasMahapatra Pronabesh
Published: July 2024

Background

Fabry disease (FD), an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding α-galactosidase A, resulting in lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other glycosphingolipids. Early detection of FD is challenging, accounting for delayed diagnosis and treatment initiation. This study aimed to develop an algorithm using a logistic regression model to facilitate early identification of patients based on ICD-10-GM coding using a German Sickness Fund Database.

Methods

The logistic regression model was fitted on a binary outcome variable based on either a treated FD cohort or a control cohort (without FD). Comorbidities specific to the involved organs were used as covariates to identify potential FD patients with ICD-10-GM E75.2 diagnosis but without any FD-specific medication. Specificity and sensitivity of the model were optimized to determine a likely threshold. The cut-point with the largest values for the Youden index and concordance probability method and the lowest value for closest to (0,1) was identified as 0.08 for each respective value. The sensitivity and specificity for this cut-point were 80.4% and 79.8%, respectively. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the potential FD patients with at least two codes of E75.2 diagnoses was performed.

Results

A total of 284 patients were identified in the potential FD cohort using the logistic regression model. Most potential FD patients were < 30 years old and female. The identification and incidence rates of FD in the potential FD cohort were markedly higher than those of the treated FD cohort.

Conclusions

This model serves as a tool to identify potential FD patients using German insurance claims data.
A web-based video messaging intervention for suicide prevention in men: study protocol for a five-armed randomised controlled trial
Authors: Han Jin , Slade Aimy , Fujimoto Hiroko , Zheng Wu Yi , Shvetcov Artur , Hoon Leonard , Funke Kupper Joost , Senadeera Manisha , Gupta Sunil , Venkatesh Svetha , Mouzakis Kon , Gu Yuanyuan , Bilgrami Anam , Saba Noura , Cutler Henry , Batterham Philip , Boydell Katherine , Shand Fiona , Whitton Alexis , Christensen Helen
Published: July 2024

Background

More than 50% of people who die by suicide have not been in contact with formal mental health services. The rate of people who fly ‘under the radar’ of mental health services is higher among men than women, indicating a need to improve engagement strategies targeted towards men who experience suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours. In Australia, a range of mental health support services exist, designed specifically for men, yet, a substantial proportion of men do not use these services. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a brief online video-based messaging intervention is an effective approach for encouraging men with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours to engage with existing support services.

Methods

Informed by a literature review, surveys, and consultation with men with a lived experience of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours, we designed five video-based messages that will be used in this five-arm randomised controlled trial. A total of 380 (76 per arm) men aged 18 years or older with suicidal thoughts who are not currently accessing formal mental health services will be recruited online and randomly assigned to watch one of the five web-based video messages. After viewing the video, men will be presented with information about four existing Australian support services, along with links to these services. The primary outcome will be help-seeking, operationalised as a click on any one of the four support service links, immediately after viewing the video. Secondary outcomes include immediate self-reported help-seeking intentions in addition to self-reported use of the support services during a 1-week follow-up period. We will also use the Discrete Choice Experiment methodology to determine what aspects of support services (e.g. low cost, short appointment wait times) are most valued by this group of men.

Discussion

This study is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief web-based video messaging intervention for promoting engagement with existing support services among men with suicidal thoughts who are not currently receiving formal help. If found to be effective, this would represent a scalable, cost-effective approach to promote help-seeking for this at-risk population. Limitations and strengths of this study design are discussed.
Study protocol for a stepped-wedge implementation study investigating the intersectoral collaboration of implementing the TREAT INTERACT intervention for primary school teachers and the mhGAP for health care workers for child mental health promotion in Uganda
Authors: Skar Ane-Marthe Solheim , Engebretsen Ingunn Marie S. , Braathu Nora , Aber Harriet , Bækkelund Harald , Kühl Melf-Jakob , Mukisa Marjorie , Nalugya Joyce Sserunjogi , Skokauskas Norbert , Skylstad Vilde , Wentzel-Larsen Tore ,   TREAT research consortium, Babirye Juliet Ndimwibo
Published: July 2024

Background

Mental and neuropsychological disorders make up approximately 14% of the total health burden globally, with 80% of the affected living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of whom 90% cannot access mental health services. The main objective of the TREAT INTERACT study is to adapt, implement, and evaluate the impact of a novel, intersectoral approach to prevent, identify, refer, and treat mental health problems in children through a user centred task-sharing implementation of the TREAT INTERACT intervention, inspired by the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) for primary school staff in Mbale, Uganda. Health care personell will be trained in the mhGAP-IG.

Methods

This is a pragmatic mixed-methods hybrid Type II implementation-effectiveness study utilizing a co-design approach. The main study utilize a stepped-wedged trial design with six starting sequences, randomizing three schools to the intervention at each interval, while the remaining act as “controls”. Other designs include a nested prospective cohort study, case control studies, cross-sectional studies, and qualitative research. Main participants’ outcomes include teachers’ mental health literacy, stigma, and violence towards the school children. Implementation outcomes include detection, reach, sustainability, and service delivery. Child and caregiver outcomes include mental health, mental health literacy, and help-seeking behaviour.

Discussion

Based on the results, we will develop sustainable and scalable implementation advice on mental health promotion and draft implementation guidelines in line with current WHO guidelines. This project will generate new knowledge on the structure, organization, delivery, and costs of mental health services in a LMIC setting, as well as new knowledge on the implementation and delivery of new health services.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials, NCT06275672, 28.12.2023, retrospectively registered.
Effect of Microsporidia MB infection on the development and fitness of Anopheles arabiensis under different diet regimes
Authors: Boanyah Godfred Yaw , Koekemoer Lizette L. , Herren Jeremy K. , Bukhari Tullu
Published: July 2024

Background

Microsporidia MB (MB) is a naturally occurring symbiont of Anopheles and has recently been identified as having a potential to inhibit the transmission of Plasmodium in mosquitoes. MB intensity is high in mosquito gonads, with no fitness consequences for the mosquito, and is linked to horizontal (sexual) and vertical (transovarial) transmission from one mosquito to another. Maximising MB intensity and transmission is important for maintaining heavily infected mosquito colonies for experiments and ultimately for mosquito releases. We have investigated how diet affects the MB-Anopheles arabiensis symbiosis phenotypes, such as larval development and mortality, adult size and survival, as well as MB intensity in both larvae and adults.

Methods

F1 larvae of G0 females confirmed to be An. arabiensis and infected with MB were either combined (group lines [GLs]) or reared separately (isofemale lines [IMLs]) depending on the specific experiment. Four diet regimes (all mg/larva/day) were tested on F1 GLs: Tetramin 0.07, Tetramin 0.3, Gocat 0.3 and Cerelac 0.3. GLs reared on Tetramin 0.3 mg/larva/day were then fed either a 1% or 6% glucose diet to determine adult survival. Larvae of IMLs were fed Tetramin 0.07 mg and Tetramin 0.3 mg for larval experiments. The mosquitoes in the adult experiments with IMLs were reared on 1% or 6% glucose.

Results

Amongst the four larval diet regimes tested on An.arabiensis development in the presence of MB, the fastest larval development highest adult emergence, largest body size of mosquitoes, highest prevalence and highest density of MB occurred in those fed Tetramin 0.3 mg/larva/day. Although adult MB-positive mosquitoes fed on 6% glucose survived longer than MB-negative mosquitoes, there was no such effect for those fed on the 1% glucose diet. Development time, wing length and adult survival were not significantly different between MB-infected and uninfected An. arabiensis fed on the Tetramin 0.07 mg/larva/day diet, demonstrating that the MB-conferred fitness advantage was diet-dependent.

Conclusions

Microsporidia MB does not adversely impact the development and fitness of An. arabiensis, even under limited dietary conditions. The diet regime of Tetramin 0.3 mg/larva/day + 6% glucose for adults is the superior diet for the mass rearing of MB-infected An. arabiensis mosquitoes. These results are important for rearing MB-infected An. arabiensis in the laboratory for experiments and the mass rearing required for field releases.

Graphical Abstract
High rates of benzimidazole-resistance-associated alleles in Haemonchus contortus and detection of resistance against macrocyclic lactones in strongylids from German alpaca herds
Authors: Hinney Barbara , Wiedermann Sandra , Vaneev Xenia , Muhm Katharina , Joachim Anja , Wittek Thomas
Published: July 2024

The population of South American camelids (SAC) has been steadily growing in Europe, where they are confronted with the regional endoparasite population of ruminants. As there are no anthelmintic drugs registered for use against nematode infections in SACs, anthelmintics (AH) available for ruminants or horses are usually applied. Reports indicating potential failures in administered AH are increasing. However, the generally low egg counts in SACs complicate the application of resistance tests in the field. The present study reports a follow-up study on SAC farms where anthelmintic resistance (AR) was suspected. The aims were (i) to repeat faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) on potentially affected farms identified in a previous study with larger sample sizes, (ii) to verify suspected AR of Haemonchus contortus against benzimidazoles (BZ) by performing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), and (iii) to apply the mini-FLOTAC technique for more reliable results at low egg counts in line with current recommendations. Seven farms (9–46 animals each) were examined by coproscopy, larval differentiation and SNP analysis. A FECRT was performed on six of these farms with moxidectin (three farms), monepantel (two farms) and ivermectin (one farm). The FEC was calculated according to the current World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines with the clinical protocol (a newly introduced variant of FECRT which can be used for smaller sample sizes and lower egg counts on the cost of sensitivity) and an expected efficacy of 99%. A high level (> 90%) of BZ-resistance-associated SNPs on codon 200 of H. contortus was observed on all farms. With the FECRT, resistance was demonstrated for ivermectin (74% FECR), while it remained inconclusive for one farm for moxidectin treatment. Sustained efficacy was demonstrated for the remaining treatments. This study showed an advanced level of BZ resistance in H. contortus of SACs and the development of AR against macrocyclic lactones on some farms. Thus, constant monitoring of AH treatment and sustainable worm control methods both need to be applied.

Graphical Abstract