bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE NOWA SOL RURAL COMMUNE IN THE LIGHT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kostecki Jakub , Kołodziejczyk Urszula , Augustyniak Mariusz
Published: January 2019

Sustainable development is a synonymous for the coexistence of man with the environment on equal rights. The progressing urbanization often leads
to depletion of environmental resources and puts man above the natural environment. The paper attempts to analyse the current state and possibilities of development of technical infrastructure of the rural commune Nowa Sol, Lubuskie voivodeship, in the light of sustainable development.
CHANGES IN PROSNA WATER LEVELS (BOGUSŁAW PROFILE) IN 1973-2017
Authors: Ptak Mariusz , Sojka Mariusz , Nowak Bogusław
Published: January 2019

The paper presents long-term changes in water levels of Prosna, one of the main rivers in Wielkopolska, i.e. the region which is widely regarded as one of the least abundant in water in Poland. It was established that during the last 40 years the average annual water levels of Prosny showed a downward trend at the level of 7.8 cm-dec-1 and were statistically significant at the level of p=0.05 and also p=0.01. In all months a decrease in the water level was noted, although it was statistically significant in seven cases. The highest decrease in average monthly water levels (statistically significant, p=0.05) occurred in August and December and progressed at a rate of 13.2 and 12.3 cm-dec-1. The consequence of the ongoing trend may be, among others, worsening of ichthyofauna living conditions or worse quality of Prosny's water.
A Triple Application of Kinesio Taping Supports Rehabilitation Program for Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Miccinilli Sandra , Bravi Marco , Morrone Michelangelo , Santacaterina Fabio , Stellato Lugi , Bressi Federica , Sterzi Silvia
Published: January 2019

Background. Rotator cuff tendinopathy (RoCT) is a common pathology among adults. Kinesio-taping (KT) represents a possible rehabilitative treatment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of a combination of three different applications of KT combined with a standardized protocol of rehabilitative exercises in reducing pain and in functional recovery in patients affected by RoCT.
Materials and methods. 21 patients were enrolled in a real group (RG) and 19 in a sham group (SG). RG received a real KT application and SG received a sham KT application. Both groups received the same rehabilitative protocol. A Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for shoulder pain, Medical Research Council (MRC) Scales for shoulder strength assessment and Costant Murley Score (CMS) were administered before (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1).
Results. Within-group analysis for RG at T1 showed significant improvement in: NRS at-rest (p=0.002), during-movement (p<0.001); CMS (p<0.001); MRC shoulder flexion (p=0.003), extension (p=0.005), abduction (p=0.003), adduction (p=0.007), external rotation (p=0.011), internal rotation (p=0.002), elbow flexion (p=0.008) and extension strength (p=0.011). Within-group analysis for SG at T1 showed significant improvement in: during-movement NRS (p=0.010); CMS (p<0.001).
Conclusions. 1. KT application combined with conventional rehabilitative treatment can facilitate immediate pain reduction during rehabilitative treatment. 2. KT application combined with conventional rehabilitative treatment can increase function recovery. 3. KT application combined with conventional rehabilitative treatment can increase strength recovery. 4. Our findings however are not strong enough to recommend the application of KT during rehabilitative treatment for RoCT. 5. These results are the basis for future prospective, randomized controlled trials of larger samples of patients
Niebezsporne związki: Niektóre relacje sztuki konceptualnej i performansu (część pierwsza)
Authors: Kostołowski Andrzej
Published: January 2019

The text concerns two major concepts in the art of the last half of this century: conceptual art and performance. Conceptual art, which crystallized in the 1960s, has become one of the fundamentally seminal movements in contemporary art. Performance – a phenomenon with long history, since 1970s has been treated as an independent art genre. These two phenomena happen to be merged in various context; both feature an approach directed against the commoditization of art. However, in other areas and contexts crucial differences between these concepts can be perceived. Conceptual artists have adopted an analytical-index relation to objects in their approach. During performances objects often play a major (also emotional) role, being left behind as documentation. Conceptual art, distancing itself from the so called “retinal art”, i.e. the one that pleases the eye, has adopted utilization of texts or other linguistic materials as an important method of expression. For performance artists (except for performance lecturers), texts and descriptions are located on the outskirts, i.e. as plans preceding actions and descriptions following them. The discussed disciplines of art differ in their approach to media, as well: conceptual art treats them purely functionally, in performances they are of bigger importance, for example combined with multimedia. The conclusion attracts attention to the complicated relations between the two concepts: conceptualism and performance art, taking into account related activities in the 1970s and the difference in approach in the successive years.
Odnajdując i tracąc miejsce. Łódzki underground wobec doświadczenia miejskiej codzienności.
Authors: Filanowski Błażej
Published: January 2019

The Łódź underground had emerged from the punk aesthetic, yet it absorbed
successive genres surprisingly quickly: hardcore, industrial, later
also, among others, techno and rave. It utilized diverse forms of expression:
most of all sound, but also projections, site-specific actions, graphic
design or fashion. The article, drawing from the memories and output of
several most important participants of the movement, poses the question,
in what way the underground so easily absorbed new genres and
aesthetic patterns on the one hand, while on the other – it remained so
strongly separate.
The separation is revealed in the tension between experiencing new,
experimenting musical and aesthetic trends, and the overwhelming everyday
life of the post-industrial city. This tension was the reason why the
underground movement was so intensely performative in its character, in
which new knowledge and new inspirations were mostly created in action.
Performative alter ego
Authors: Szuba Agata
Published: January 2019

The dynamic development of the Internet and the constant search for new ways of reaching the user bring about the availability of materials that were previously unattainable. Performance art, thanks to its special openness to new methods of expression, reaches the mass media, while showing the individual’s psyche and character of the author’s work. The set of gestures, their sequence and narration are the basis for creating performance art, understood not only as a clear alternative to conventional art, but also characterized by unpredictability, in which the viewer is not prepared for the way messages are received. Undoubtedly, social platforms create an illusion. “The influencer” can reach thousands of viewers and gain fame without leaving home. Without a doubt, social media have created a new entry point to the global art scene, opening way to a wide spectrum of diverse artistic activities. The method of recording, the non-cutaneous nature of the phenomenon makes it possible to own performative actions. The context of a performance is particularly important. It affects what can be universally recognized as art. The question arises (since we distinguish two values of the performative action: in the art gallery and on the street), what frames on the social media allow the audience to interpret it as art, and assuming that it is an art, does it change the perception of a given phenomenon?
Finding and losing a place. Łódź underground towards experience of everyday life of a city
Authors: Filanowski Błażej
Published: January 2019

The Łódź underground had emerged from the punk aesthetic, yet it absorbed
successive genres surprisingly quickly: hardcore, industrial, later
also, among others, techno and rave. It utilized diverse forms of expression:
most of all sound, but also projections, site-specific actions, graphic
design or fashion. The article, drawing from the memories and output of
several most important participants of the movement, poses the question,
in what way the underground so easily absorbed new genres and
aesthetic patterns on the one hand, while on the other – it remained so
strongly separate.
The separation is revealed in the tension between experiencing new,
experimenting musical and aesthetic trends, and the overwhelming everyday
life of the post-industrial city. This tension was the reason why the
underground movement was so intensely performative in its character, in
which new knowledge and new inspirations were mostly created in action.
Performative nature of aesthetics
Authors: Dziamski Grzegorz
Published: January 2019

Many lecturers of aesthetics feel that the subject of their lectures is not necessarily aesthetics, but history of aesthetics, the aesthetic views of Plato and Aristotle, Kant and Hegel, Hume and Burke, the British philosophers of taste and German romanticists. Does that mean that aesthetics feeds on its own past, is nurtured by reinterpretations of its classics, defends concepts and categories that inspire no one and do not open new cognitive perspectives? Does it mean that aesthetics is dead today, like Latin or Sanskrit, while its vision of art and beauty is outdated, invalid and totally useless? Aesthetics is a polysemous concept, which has never been sufficiently defined. It can determine a way of perceiving and experiencing the world that is specific for a given community, in other words, taste, yet it can also mean certain countries’ or regions’ contribution to aesthetic thought, to the aesthetic self-knowledge of man. Thus its dimension is practical, cultural and philosophical. Today aesthetics faces new challenges that it has to live up to; its major tasks include the defence of popular art, polishing the concept of aesthetic experience, aestheticization of everyday life and de-aestheticization of art, transcultural aesthetics and its approach to national cultures. In the book “Aesthetics: the Big Questions” (1998) Carolyn Korsmeyer reduces the main issues of contemporary aesthetics to six questions. The first question, old but valid, is a question about the definition of art. What is art? Nowadays everything can be art because art has shed all limitations, even the limitations of its own definition, and has gained absolute freedom. It has become absolute, as Boris Groys says. It has become absolute, because it has made anti-art a full-fledged part of art, and it has not been possible either to question or negate art since, as even the negation of art is art, legitimized by a more than 100 year long tradition, going back to the first ready-made by Marcel Duchamp in 1913. Today making art can be art and not making art can be art, as well, art is art and anti-art is art. The old question: “What is art?” loses its sense, and so does Nelson Goodman’s question: “When art?”. When does something become art? These questions are substituted by new ones: “What is art for you?”, “What do you expect from art?”. There can be a lot of answers, because defining art has a performative character. Louise Bourgeois has expressed the performative character of defining art in an even better way: “Art is whatever we believe to be art”. And for some reasons, which we do not fully realize ourselves, we want to make others share our belief.
Work of art as an event - performance restructured in imagination
Authors: Śnieciński Marek
Published: January 2019

An exceptionally interesting case of performance in contemporary art are
artworks, in which artists do not present a performance itself but rather
its effects. For these artists a performance is somehow included in the
tissue of the artwork; it was indispensable for the artwork to be created,
yet it is hidden so the viewer needs to make an effort to reconstruct this
performative character of the artwork and understand (become aware
of) the resulting consequences. The text analyses works by Akira Komoto
(the Seeing series), the realization by Lech Twardowski (Generator Bez
Maszyn), three series of works by Urszula Wilk (Niewysłane listy) as well
as selected sculptures by Shen Shaomin (the Bonsai series). Although in
these works we deal with various forms of performativeness, their joint
feature is the fact that in each of them the viewer must discover and reconstruct
the hidden performance in his/her memory.
Gingival recession coverage with a modified tunnel connective tissue graft technique – case report
Authors: Matejkowski Bartosz , Bogusławska-Kapała Agnieszka , Strużycka Izabela
Published: January 2019

Gingival recessions are a more and more common pathology of multifactorial aetiology. They may affect individual teeth or be generalised. Studies have shown that the incidence of gingival recession increases with age. Recession is accompanied by loss of the connective tissue attachment and exposure of tooth root surfaces, what may lead to tooth hypersensitivity, root caries, non-carious defects, impaired control of the dental plaque and unsatisfactory aesthetic outcomes. Aim. The aim of the paper was to present treatment of a female patient with advanced gingival recessions in the area of upper canines with a modified tunnel technique, with a free connective tissue graft taken from the palate. Material and methods. Treatment included a surgical method of gingival recession treatment consisting of a modified tunnel technique, with a free connective tissue graft harvested from the palate that was introduced via a tunnel into the donor site. Results. 2 years after the procedure recession coverage and increased zone of the attached gingiva was observed. Conclusions. The modified tunnel connective tissue graft technique used to treat the gingival recession allowed to achieve satisfactory aesthetic outcomes and effective elimination of hypersensitivity, and it reduced the risk of tooth caries.
Perfil dos pacientes em tratamento para Tuberculose em Unidade de Saúde com equipe de Saúde da Família
Authors: Lanes Cássia Kirsch , Rauber Karin Aline , Ferreira Roberto Luiz Targa
Published: January 2019

Introdução: O Brasil é o 14º entre os 20 países com 80% dos casos de tuberculose no mundo, com incidência anual de 46 casos novos por 100.000 habitantes. A Unidade de Saúde Divina Providência (USDP), do SSC/ GHC, é referência para tratamento da tuberculose em uma área com cerca de 6.000 habitantes. São esperados cerca de seis casos novos por ano na população coberta pela USDP, considerando a série histórica e a incidência em Porto Alegre, que hoje é de 100/100.000. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos portadores de tuberculose da USDP, com dados sobre incidência, forma de tuberculose, sorologia para o HIV, idade, sexo e adesão ao tratamento. Métodos: Revisão dos registros dos casos nos impressos da USDP e dos prontuários. Resultados: Entre fevereiro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008, registraram-se 14 novos casos de tuberculose na USDP. As idades situaramse entre 13 e 67 anos, oito homens e seis mulheres. A média de idade dos homens foi 38,6 anos e das mulheres, 35,6. Cinco eram positivos para HIV e uma pessoa negou-se a realizar o exame. As formas foram: dez casos exclusivos de tuberculose pulmonar e quatro casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar. Os 14 casos foram tratados com E1 (RHZ). Dos pacientes tratados, seis tiveram alta por cura (42%), um por abandono (7%) e um óbito (7%), e seis permaneciam em tratamento no final da coleta de dados (46,6%). Conclusão: A alta incidência de tuberculose, mais do que o dobro da esperada, no território da USDP, indica que estas taxas necessitam ser revistas e comparadas às de outras Unidades de Saúde que atuam da mesma forma. A captação de novos casos por meio da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios, bem como a vigilância dos casos em tratamento, está permitindo bons índices de detecção e cura, com boa adesão ao tratamento.
Tuberculose na Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo de uma área de alta incidência sob o enfoque da vigilância epidemiológica
Authors: Machado Daniella Borges , Daudt Carmen Vera Giacobbo , Pinto Maria Eugênia Bresolin , Freire Daniela B.
Published: January 2019

Resumo: a tuberculose continua sendo um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. A descentralização das ações de controle e o exercício da vigilância epidemiológica no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde têm importância destacada neste cenário. Porto Alegre é um município prioritário para o controle da tuberculose. Dentro dos municípios prioritários, existem áreas críticas ditas bolsões de tuberculose e dentro dos bairros existem também micro-áreas com densidade maior de casos. Objetivos: o objetivo geral deste estudo foi identificar os casos de tuberculose ocorridos em uma micro-área de pobreza considerada suspeita de ser um bolsão de tuberculose. Os objetivos específicos foram comparar dados obtidos por diferentes métodos de coleta, desenvolver uma investigação detalhada dos casos e seus contatos e verificar a existência de associações temporais e espaciais entre os casos. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo de uma série de casos com base em um levantamento epidemiológico dos casos notificados ao SINAN entre 2000 e 2008 e feita uma comparação destas notificações com os casos identificados em um inquérito epidemiológico prévio. Para a busca de dados não disponíveis no banco do SINAN, foi realizada uma investigação epidemiológica de campo. Resultados: o coeficiente de incidência desta área restrita em 2005 foi 1550,39 ? 100.000 habitantes, 11 vezes maior do que na área total da gerência distrital e 14 vezes maior do que em toda a área da UBS. Escolaridade e renda dos participantes foram baixas, enquanto que a associação com alcoolismo e a situação de abandono do tratamento foram elevadas. A associação com HIV, diferentemente do que se observa no panorama geral da cidade, foi baixa. A investigação dos contatos ficou abaixo do preconizado. O índice da relação contatos/caso examinados foi registrado como zero em 12 das 21 notificações e em apenas 4 a meta mínima de examinar 4 contatos por caso foi atingida ou superada. Houve vários casos entre contatos domiciliares e também foram descritos contatos extra-domiciliares. Conclusões: estudos epidemiológicos diversos podem ter papéis complementares na execução das tarefas de vigilância. A implementação de ações para diminuir o impacto da tuberculose na saúde da população inclui diversos setores. A atenção primária à saúde ocupa um papel de destaque nesse cenário.
Propagandas
Authors: RBMFC Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade
Published: January 2019

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'Menacing Works in my Isolation': Early Pieces
Authors: Keery James
Published: January 2019

In this second chapter, James Keery closely reads Fisher’s early poetry from the 1950s. In his analysis, Keery explores the poetry’s historical context and interrelations, in order to develop a well-rounded perspective on the period. While the chapter focuses mainly on work produced in the 1950s, Keery also discusses later poems written by Fisher that adopt the themes previously established in the 1950s.
'Exhibiting Unpreparedness': Self, World, and Poetry
Authors: O'neill Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter nine, written by Michael O’Neill, discusses the significance of Fisher’s varied poetic style and use of rhetoric, and analyses the ways in which empiricism and representations of the Self impact on Fisher’s poetic narrative. O’Neill also discusses Fisher’s preference to move away from formalism and the use of symbols to convey meaning, and highlights his decision to adopt conversational free verse. The chapter concludes with a closer reading of A Furnace and A City.
Colonialism, Migration and a Diaspora in the Making
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Colonialism, Migration and a Diaspora in the Making’ explores the experience and labour of the Kru within the British shipping industry, and assesses the subsequent merging of their ethnic and occupational identity. The chapter also includes a comment on Liverpool’s involvement in the slave trade as well as highlighting the presence of British control of coastal areas of West Africa by the end of the nineteenth century.
Nature of Work
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Nature of Work’ describes the job roles available to West African migrant workers and provides an understanding of the risk of accident or death involved in these positions, as well as the supervision and wages that accompanied it. The chapter also presents the advantages of using the Kru by foregrounding their unique skill and expertise.
Social Profile and Organisation
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Social Profile and Organisation’ explores the social composition of the Liverpool Kru community and variations of Kru identity. The chapter assesses significance of ethnic and national divisions in working against the unification of cultural groups while highlighting the importance of the existence of black community and unified groups who shared a fierce sense of identity.
An Ethic of Perception
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter one provides a close examination and analysis of Tomlinson’s landscape poems, namely those found in The Way of a World, Seeing is Believing, Written on Water, A Peopled Landscape, American Scenes, Relations and Contraries, Collected Poems, The Necklace, and Mauberley. Kirkham focuses on the ways in which physical landscape in the poems is used in comparison to moral and mental landscapes, and foregrounds Tomlinson’s interest in sense experience.
Manscapes 1958–1966
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter three traces a historical progression of Tomlinson’s poetry, focusing closely on the distinction between his ‘nature poems’ and ‘human poems’ published during the twenty year period 1958-1966. The chapter discusses the treatment of human experience within natural landscape and describes the ways in which the two genres of human and nature poetry can exist both separately and in unison.
The ‘New Sociology of Childhood’ and Child Labour
Authors: Lavalette Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter one, written by Michael Lavalette, engages with many of the themes of the so-called ‘new sociology of childhood’ and looks at the recent sociological discussion of the ‘social construction’ of childhood. The chapter addresses the ways in which the concept of childhood has changed throughout history and relates these changes to other developments in society. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the consequences for children once they have been ‘liberated’ from their childhood, and attempts to distinguish the difference between child employment and child exploitation, asking if the discussion surrounding child labour should really be a discussion of whether a child has the right to work.
Child Labour and British Industrialization
Authors: Horrell Sara , Humphries Jane
Published: January 2019

This chapter, written by Sara Horrell and Jane Humphries, discusses the Neo-classical economic interpretations of child labour in the Industrial Revolution and analyses its building intensification of exploitation during this period. The chapter also looks at the protective legislation in place within society and determines how effective it was in actually limiting the existence of child labour.
Conclusion
Authors: Lavalette Michael
Published: January 2019

Michael Lavalette concludes with a warning that child labour is not a thing of the past. He references historical reports of the issue of child labour and briefly assesses the legal movements and regulations that have been put into place to resolve the issue. Lavalette concludes with a comment on international capitalism, arguing that as a result of its presence in the UK and the USA, child employment and family poverty are forced to overlap.
My Crazy Uncles: C.S. Lewis and Tolkien as Writers for Children
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

‘My Crazy Uncles’ was originally read at a meeting of the C.S. Lewis Society in June 1994, and later published in the New York Review of Science Fiction in November 1995. It provides a retrospective discussion on the speaker’s first introduction to science fiction through imaginary worlds in children’s literature. The essay analyses the conventions and tropes used in children’s fiction and describes the ways in which they work together to ‘convince’ the reader of alternative realities. Jones also describes her own joy of reading as a child and reflects on the Chronicles of Narnia and Lord of the Rings series’ influence on her writing.
Sex: The Brains of Female Hyena Twins
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

‘Sex: The Brains of Female Hyena Twins’ was originally a paper read at the second annual conference of the Academic Fantastic Fiction Network, at Reading University in December 1994, and was also published in Strange Attractors.
Throughout the essay, Jones makes comparisons to the sexual habits and composition of other species and wildlife, but pays particularly close attention to the changing attitudes toward gender, human sexual behaviour and social roles in feminist science fiction and other literature.
In the Chinks of the World Machine: Sarah Lefanu on Feminist SF
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This chapter contains the first review in the final section of the book, ‘The Reviews’. Within it, Jones critically analyses Sarah Lefanu’s In the Chinks of the World Machine. In her review, Jones addresses the relationship between feminism and science fiction and assesses the relevance of gender roles.
Return to the Age of Wonder: John Barnes’s A Million Open Doors
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this review Jones provides a commentary on John Barnes’s A Million Open Doors, addressing its involvement in the coming of age genre and its status as a humanist novel. Jones focuses her review on the social and political context both surrounding the novel and present within it, drawing on the characterisation and art forms put forward in the narrative.
Plague of Angels: The Fiction of Sheri Tepper
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Jones discusses the way that control, sexual politics, and behaviour of men and women is utilised in Tepper’s literature. The review offers an analysis of Slideshow, Plague of Angels, Shadow’s End, and The Gate to Women’s Country, and assesses the portrayal of gender within society.
No Man’s Land: Feminised Landscapes in the Utopian Fiction of Ursula Le Guin
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Jones reviews various texts by Ursula Le Guin, including Always Coming Home, The Dispossessed, The Word for World is Forest, The Left Hand of Darkness, and Sur. Jones draws attention to the depiction of the ‘South’ in literature as a whole, but more specifically in terms of the feminist utopias that Le Guin creates in her narratives. She also foregrounds the significance of navigating the political, social and gender codes of society and explores the ways in which masculinity and femininity often correspond to an imbalance of power.
Prize and Prejudice
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This journal examines privateering and naval prizes in Atlantic Canada in the maritime War of 1812 - considered the final major international manifestation of the practice. It seeks to contextualise the role of privateering in the nineteenth century; determine the causes of, and reactions to, the War of 1812; determine the legal evolution of prize law in North America; discuss the privateers of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the methods they utilised to manipulate the rules of prize making during the war; and consider the economic impact of the war of maritime communities. Ultimately, the purpose of the journal is to examine privateering as an occupation in order to redeem its historically negative reputation. The volume is presented as six chapters, plus a conclusion appraising privateering, and seven appendices containing court details, prize listings, and relevant letters of agency.
Prizemaking and the Vice-Admiralty Court at Halifax
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of the vice-admiralty court at Halifax, detailing in particular the system they developed to take a prize from arrest through adjudication to the final sentence. It considers the careers of the court’s judge, Sir Alexander Croke, and advocate general Richard John Uniacke; the problem posed by the lack of declaration of war that delayed the court from acting as a prize court until the war was heavily underway. It concludes by claiming the wealth generated through this system of determining prize counterbalanced the wartime loss of revenue from other maritime sectors, such as the fishing industry.
The Fortunes of War
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the economic impact of prize-making by both privateers and the Royal Navy on Atlantic Canada. It considers the following factors: commercial warfare; blockades; compulsory convoys; the risks of insuring trade and the risks of securing trade to confirm that American trade was choked by privateering and prize-making, which led to the complete collapse of the American war effort. The author concludes that the war was a futile military exercise, but a successful war against maritime trade.
Lord Kylsant
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the aftermath of Alfred Lewis Jones’ death and reports the changes made to Elder Dempster by his successors, Owen Cosby Philipps, known as Lord Kylsant, and Lord Pirrie. It provides a brief biography and career history for the pair but focuses mainly on the decisions made by them towards the company, its finances and professional relationships, and compares their actions to those of their predecessor. The chapter explores the opportunist decisions made by John Holt and Company after Jones’ death and describes the allowances made towards him by Philipps and Pirrie. The chapter concludes with the introduction of the Lever Brothers and their company, West African Oils Limited, and reports the shipping restrictions they faced at the hands of Elder Dempster. It ends with the lingering threat of the Lever Brothers waiting for an opportunity to bypass these restrictions.
A False Dawn and Terminal Decline
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This final chapter evaluates the accuracy of the previous forecasts and predictions made in 1972. It assesses Elder Dempster’s successes and failures whilst taking into consideration the changing global economy and overall decline of British trade and shipping. It discusses alternative strategies that might have enabled the Company to remain viable in the rapidly changing business world of West Africa and prevent its eventual sale to Delmas Vieljeux in 1989. The chapter concludes with a report of the enormous progress and profit made by the Ocean Group at the end of the 20th Century as a result of its transition away from traditional maritime activities to land-based enterprises.
Shipbuilding in Nineteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Slaven Anthony
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the shipbuilding output in Scotland in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, tracking its long history of minimal growth through to the tremendous increase in production that raised Scotland’s role in British shipbuilding to the forefront. Particular attention is given to the development of Clydeside and the emergence of the term ‘Clyde-built.’
The Newfoundland Fisheries, c. 1500-1900: A British Perspective
Authors: Starkey David J. , Haines Michael
Published: January 2019

David J. Starkey and Michael Haines analysis the qualitative and quantitative material held in English archives, pertaining to the fisheries of Newfoundland between 1500-1900. Their results indicate that fish harvesting through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fluctuated wildly but increased in general. They conclude by suggesting that greater research into the archives will provide a clearer study of the impact of fishing on the fish population of Newfoundland
Testing Ecological Models: The Influence of Catch Rates on Settlement of Fishermen in Newfoundland, 1710-1833
Authors: Myers Ransom A.
Published: January 2019

Ransom A. Myers studies three Newfoundland bays in order to test Scott Gordon’s maxim that renewable resource exploitation becomes unprofitable over time as new exploiters enter the system until profit margins reach zero. He uses a thorough collection of data for each bay, and determines that fishermen in Newfoundland settled if catch rates were greater than forty quintals of dried salt cod per annum, and emigrate if less. He presumes this population movement is reflected in the consistent catch rate in Newfoundland from the 1700s up until the 1990s collapse of the fishery.
Nineteenth-Century Expansion of the Newfoundland Fishery for Atlantic Cod: An Exploration of Underlying Causes
Authors: Cadigan Sean T. , Hutchings Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2019

Sean T. Cadigan and Jeffrey A. Hutchings seek to answer why the Newfoundland Fishery expanded into waters off the Labrador coast. The factors they discover are a combination of the British strategy to boost imperial control; the need to utilise schooners otherwise idle outside of spring seal hunts; and, crucially, the ecological problems and declining catch rate of the inshore Newfoundland fishery, despire an increased fishing effort. They analyse extant literature, contemporary press accounts, and Newfoundland census data from 1845-1911 and conclude that the demographic growth of the area led to an ecological imbalance, which led to the investment in large schooners to travel further afield in search of cod.
Status and Potential of Historical and Ecological Studies on Russian Fisheries in the White and Barents Seas: The Case of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)
Authors: Lajus Julia , Alekseeva Yaroslava , Davydov Ruslan , Dmitrieva Zoya , Kraikovski Alexei , Lajus Dmitry , Lapin Vladimir , Mokievsky Vadim , Yurchenko Alexei , Alexandrov Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the effect of social and biological factors on marine fish populations in the Barents and White seas, plus the relationship between catches, fishing effort, and prices in Russia. The population dynamics of cod, herring, and salmon in the two seas are analysed through the large amounts of available data - historical archival records; tax records; cloistral accounts - spanning the seventeenth to the twentieth century. This organisational attempt is the first of its kind pertaining to Russia, despite the volume of data.
The Potential for Historical Studies of Fisheries in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Tull Malcolm , Polacheck Tom
Published: January 2019

Malcolm Tull, Tom Polacheck, and Neil Klaer examine the primary sources - particularly printed statistical sources - and secondary literature in order to understand the impact of commercial fishing and harvesting of fish across Australia and New Zealand - including a case study of the multi-species Southeast Australain Trawl Fishery. The authors note that fisheries in Australia and New Zealand have historically been managed by small, family operations, so the records pertining to them are sparse. As a result, most of the records in this chapter come from governmental sources - such as reports and inquiries into Australasian fisheries.
Examining Cetacean Ecology Using Historical Fishery Data
Authors: Smith Tim D.
Published: January 2019

Tim D. Smith seeks to examine the ecology of cetacean species, by bringing together data from whaling logbooks, governmental records, the examination of historical environmental sources, and evidence from archaeological investigations, with the aim of creating a thorough and accurate history of the whaling industry and marine ecology. This final chapter raises the questions of changes in carrying capacity, breeding habitat, and breeding success of cetacean specifes, and concludes by finding gaps in records and previous analysis that the collaboration of whale biologists, ecolologists, climatologists and historians must seek to heal.
Resources and Infrastructures in the Maritime Economy of Southwest Scotland, 1750-1850
Authors: Hill Carol
Published: January 2019

This essay examines the relationship between the maritime sector and economic development in rural southwest Scotland between 1750 and 1850, with particular attention to the link between local economic revival and expansion and the development of its maritime infrastructure. Comprising the counties of Wigtownshire in the west, Dumfriesshire in the east and the stewartry of Kirkcudbrightshire at the centre, Dumfries and Galloway forms the southwest corner of Scotland, covers 2828 square miles and is bounded on the west and south by a 300-mile coastline (see ...
Resource Flows and Economic Development
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This section explores the flow of resources and the economic development of the international shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section provides a thorough history of Danish maritime resources and infrastructures in relation to both shipping and fishing in the Danish coastal zone between 1500 and 2000, charting in particular the activity and economy of coastal dwelling communities. The second sub-section explores the resources and infrastructures in the maritime economy of rural south-west Scotland between 1750 and 1850, with particular emphasis on local economic revival and expansion efforts. It determines that entrepreneurship and expertise were vital to the success of a port, and intrinsically linked to local needs and culture. The final sub-section explores the fishing industry in relation to fishing rights in the postwar period. It uses the North Sea herring industry as a case study to demonstrate that post-war fishing developments centred on political exclusions and a shift from international to national fishing boundaries.
The Globalisation of the Oceans
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This book maintains that container shipping is vital to the actualisation of globalisation, and that without it, globalisation would remain a concept rather than reality. It argues that container shipping has been academically overlooked as a global business sector in favour of more prominent sectors such as oil or arms trade, and aims to provide a complete history of containerisation from the 1950s to the turn of the millennium. This history explores the growth of the container industry due to prominent innovation in vessel design, early adoption of the internet, large international mergers, and significant physical alterations to the global port system. With particular emphasis on the east-west trade, the chapters cover the growth and development of the container industry, to the social changes experienced by seafaring labour forces, the cultural impact of the container - bringing a domineering land-presence to maritime activity, through to the environmental concerns surrounding the industry. The study is not a quantitative economic analysis of the industry, rather, an updated history that strives to demonstrate the importance of transport infrastructures to any consideration of global business sectors, by providing evidence of the container industry’s stimulation of the global economy.
The 1970s: Conquering the World
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter follows the expansion of the container industry throughout the 1970s, into a fully worldwide system. The success of containerising cargo liners propelled the industry forward at a rate nobody in the field could accurately predict. It charts the histories and growth of established container companies, plus the surge in establishment of new companies to meet the industry’s needs and to establish ‘national carriers’ to meet the desires of each maritime nation. It examines statistics pertinent to the industry, such as market shares, trade group membership details, and the dates of container shipping introduction across major routes. Of particular interest is the activities of the influenctial TRIO group (Britain-Germany-Japan) in relation to the industry’s expansion
The 1990s: Globalisation
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues to trace the activities and influences of major container companies throughout the 1990s, during the steady culture of globalisation. It is divided into the following subsections:- Enlargement of Scale and Concentration of Power; Marketing and External Relations; From Consortia to Alliances; Larger Ships, Mega-Mergers, and Further Concentration of Power; and The State of the Conference System. The chapter ends with Broeze’s predictions for the future of the container industry, suggesting that the previous conference system will becomes less relevant as container companies continue to protect and promote their own interests as the global market continues to change.
Conclusion
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This final chapter concludes the journal by summarising the technological changes, the revolutionary economic shift, and the innovation that lies at the centre of containerism.
Registering Interest
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

This study is bookended by two major events in New Zealand’s maritime history. The first is the 1951 waterfront dispute that led to the dissolution of the Waterside Workers’ Union (WWU) and the creation of twenty-six port unions in its place. The second is a mirror event occuring in 2001, where a reconsitituted WWU and two other unions competed for members, leading to widespread protest. Though historians have treated the events leading up to 1951 with interest, little attention has been given to the fifty-year period between events, a history which this journal attempts to fill. Author James Reveley considers the following questions in his history of union-management interactions. Firstly, why employer prerogative did not increase after the 1951 dissolution of the WWU; second, how the unions regained power so quickly; and third, why the WWU’s substantial industrial power was so friable during the 1990s. The conclusion assesses the relationship between government and unions, and believes that union response when facing globalisation within maritime industries, which alliances they will form, for example, will have a significant impact on the future direction of maritime activity in New Zealand.
Unions and the Bureau System
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how the interaction between waterfront labour market actors was structured by a local ‘bureau’ system, which favoured an internal labour market at each individual port. It claims that if this scheme had been abolished after the 1951 dispute, the division between strong unions and disenfranchised labourers would not have been so severe. The author attempts to demonstrate that the labour markets of each port became systems of organised conflict
The Waterfront Employers: Companies and Coordination Mechanisms
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the development of the companies that employed watersiders, and the difficulties and problems inherent in their dealings with the labour organisations that represented these workers. The chapter ends by introducing harbour boards and independent stevedoring companies as the primary employers of watersiders, rather than shipping companies, and outlines the further fragmentation that occured as a result
Conclusion
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

The postwar history of the waterfront industry encompassed significant bouts of technological, organisational and institutional change. My objective in this study has been to identify from this mix the factors that combined to give rise to shifts in the balance of power between employers and unions on the waterfront. Union strength and employer weakness were not simply functions of prosperous economic conditions, but rather were key effects of the institutions that regulated the employment relationship at the ports. Indeed, the pattern of disorganised employers facing powerful unions outlasted New Zealand's long boom by more than twenty years. Throughout, the fortunes of the wharfies' unions were closely intertwined with those of the Waterfront Industry Commission (WIC), whose occupational registration scheme provided the basis for exerting exclusive closure within the labour market. Yet for any group of social actors, institutional frameworks are never by themselves the final determinants of courses of action or outcomes. Within the institutional context supplied by the WIC, there was a considerable element of strategic choice by the key actors in waterfront labour relations. Ironically, the way union power was exercised in formal bargaining and on the job during a time of technical progress contributed to the demise of the very institutions that sustained this power. If a key insight of the new institutionalist perspective in the analysis of labour relations is that "institutional change…can be regarded as endogenously generated," the demise of the WIC is a case in point....
Finnish Sailors, 1750-1870
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the environment of the Finnish shipping market in the years 1750 to 1870. It details the demand of maritime labour as a result of expansion in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and provides an insight into the working conditions of those labourers. The chapter also describes the integration of the Finnish maritime labour market with the international maritime world, in particular Finnish sailors’ involvement with the international labour market.
Coal and Canvas: Aspects of the Competition between Steam and Sail, c. 1870-1914
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes Finland’s transition from sail to steam and assesses and compares the competition between the two modes of transport. It largely focuses on the cost accrued for each trade, and provides useful statistics on costs concerned with operating, capital, fuel, freight rates and labour.
Seamen Ashore: Port Visits of Late Nineteenth-Century Finnish Sailors
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a study on the visits made by Finnish sailors at port towns in the late nineteenth century. It collects and analyses data on the typical turnaround times of Finnish deep-sea sailing tramps and steam liners; investigates how much time Finnish sailors were permitted ashore while in port; and assesses how much money they had at their disposal.
Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820-1870
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the important developments in shipping communication that took place decades before the establishment of the electric telegraph. It emphasises that the improvement of communications was a major factor in the growth process of ocean shipping productivity and draws materials from Lloyd’s List; the British Post Office; the East India Company; and Peter Malm’s shipping correspondence in order to provide testimonies and transmission speeds to show the development of communication. The chapter also considers the role of the steamship in the transformation of overseas communication from the end of the 1830s whilst looking at the emergence of new technology in the expanding shipping market.