bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging-Based Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke due to Proximal Intracranial Anterior Circulation Occlusion Treated Beyond 8 Hours From Time Last Seen Well
Authors: Jovin Tudor G. , Liebeskind David S. , Gupta Rishi , Rymer Marilyn , Rai Ansaar , Zaidat Osama O. , Abou-Chebl Alex , Baxter Blaise , Levy Elad I. , Barreto Andrew , Nogueira Raul G.
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—

Current selection criteria for intra-arterial therapies in the anterior circulation use time windows of 8 hours. Modern neuroimaging techniques have identified individuals with salvageable penumbra who present beyond this timeframe. We sought to assess safety, procedural, and clinical outcomes of MRI or CT perfusion imaging-based endovascular therapy in patients with anterior circulation stroke treated beyond 8 hours from time last seen well.

Methods—

We conducted a multicenter retrospective review of consecutive patients meeting the following criteria: (1) acute proximal intracranial anterior circulation occlusion; (2) endovascular treatment initiated >8 hours from time last seen well; and (3) treatment selection based on MRI or CT perfusion imaging.

Results—

Two hundred thirty-seven patients were identified (mean age, 63.8±16 years; mean baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 15±5.5; mean time last seen well to treatment, 15±11.2 hours; male gender, 46%). Successful revascularization was achieved in 175 of 237 (73.84%) patients. Parenchymal hematoma occurred in 21 of 237 (8.86%) patients. The 90-day mortality rate was 21.5% (51 of 237). The rate of good outcomes was 45% (100 of 223) in the 223 patients with available modified Rankin Scale data at 90 days or time of hospital discharge. In multivariate analyses, age (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98;
P
=0.002), admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (OR, 0.93; 0.87 to 0.98;
P
=0.016), and successful revascularization (OR, 4.32; 1.99 to 9.39;
P
<0.0001) were identified as independent predictors of good outcomes.

Conclusions—

Endovascular therapy can be instituted with acceptable safety beyond 8 hours from time last seen well when selection is based on advanced neuroimaging. Successful revascularization is significantly associated with higher rates of good outcomes. The benefit of this approach compared with standard medical therapy should be assessed in a prospective randomized trial.
Body Mass Index and Etiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Biffi Alessandro , Cortellini Lynelle , Nearnberg Caryn M. , Ayres Alison M. , Schwab Kristin , Gilson Aaron J. , Rost Natalia S. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Viswanathan Anand , Greenberg Steven M. , Rosand Jonathan
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—

Extremes of body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Because ICH can result from different vessel pathologies, we investigated whether the effect of BMI depends on ICH etiology.

Methods—

We analyzed 384 consecutive ICH cases (188 lobar ICH and 196 deep ICH) and 388 control subjects enrolled between 2004 and 2009 in an ongoing single-center prospective study of primary ICH. ICH was categorized as lobar or deep based on CT imaging at admission. BMI was calculated based on subjects' height and weight at enrollment. We constructed multivariate logistic regression models including BMI and known predictors of ICH occurrence. Analyses were performed separately for lobar and deep ICH subjects versus control subjects.

Results—

Low BMI (<18.5 kg/m
2
) and very high BMI (>30.0 kg/m
2
) were associated with deep ICH risk (OR, 1.76;
P
=0.011 and OR, 1.75;
P
=0.013, respectively), whereas no effect was found for lobar ICH. Furthermore, sex-stratified analyses uncovered that among low BMI individuals, males were at higher ICH risk (OR, 2.85;
P
=0.041) but females were not (OR, 0.89;
P
=0.54, respectively).

Conclusions—

Extremes of BMI are associated with increased risk of deep ICH, but not lobar ICH, suggesting a role for BMI in the vascular pathologies underlying deep ICH, but not in pathologies such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy that cause ICH in the lobar brain regions.
¡Ya Me Fui! When English Learners Consider Leaving School
Authors: Boone Jeanmarie Hamilton
Published: July 2011

This study examines narratives of English learners who have either dropped out or considered dropping out as a result of their experience in high school. This research seeks to determine at which point students left or considered leaving school, which often goes undetected in traditional quantitative data collection methods. The common themes that emerged in these narratives are examined in light of existing research. Researchers have suggested the following reasons English learners leave high school before earning a high school diploma: employment, limited English skills, disciplinary problems, poor grades, and not feeling a “sense of belonging” to the school. The results of this study corroborate these findings with one major difference: the context in which these phenomena occur. In addition, study participants overwhelmingly cited academic program placement and mistreatment by school personnel as being significant contributing factors in their decisions to drop out. Through self-exploration, the researcher’s personal experience as a teacher, department chair, coordinator, and student liaison adds to this study and provides deeper meaning about the learning conditions some minority language students are forced to contend with in certain school settings. This work culminates with recommendations for educators of English learners.
Religious Beliefs and Actors in the Legitimation of Military Dictatorships in the Southern Cone, 1964–1989
Authors: Catoggio María Soledad
Published: July 2011

The military regimes of 1964–1989 in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil implemented a code of legitimacy that appealed to various secular beliefs rooted in civil society at the same time that they fostered a common myth of religious legitimation—that of defending “Western Christian civilization.” It was under this umbrella that military groups and religious actors faced each other and/or established alliances. In this cultural politics, religious actors that had previously been excluded from the power game sought to support and/or be recognized by the state as allies in the construction of a belief in the legitimacy of the dictatorships.
Accounting for Successful Control of Implicit Racial Bias
Authors: Gonsalkorale Karen , Sherman Jeffrey W. , Allen Thomas J. , Klauer Karl Christoph , Amodio David M.
Published: July 2011

Individuals who are primarily internally motivated to respond without prejudice show less bias on implicit measures than individuals who are externally motivated or unmotivated to respond without prejudice. However, it is not clear why these individuals exhibit less implicit bias than others. We used the Quad model to examine motivation-based individual differences in three processes that have been proposed to account for this effect: activation of associations, overcoming associations, and response monitoring. Participants completed an implicit measure of stereotyping (Study 1) or racial attitudes (Study 2). Modeling of the data revealed that individuals who were internally (but not externally) motivated to respond without prejudice showed enhanced detection and reduced activation of biased associations, suggesting that these processes may be key to achieving unbiased responding.
The Impact of a Community‐Based Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Screening for Reducing Tobacco Consumption
Authors: Hapner Edie R. , Bauer Kellie L. , Wise Justin C.
Published: July 2011

Objective

Examine the usefulness of large‐scale community‐based head and neck cancer screening for reducing tobacco use in an at‐risk population. Questions answered: (1) Is participating in a community‐based head and neck cancer screening related to a reduction in tobacco usage? (2) Do differing factors between participants predict behavior change?

Study Design

Survey based with a longitudinal follow‐up component.

Setting

Atlanta Motor Speedway during a National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) race event.

Subjects and Methods

Recruited NASCAR fans (n = 620). Initial screening and 11‐question survey for 6‐month telephone follow‐up.

Results

One hundred fifty‐six participants (25%) required medical follow‐up. Chi‐square analysis indicated a significantly higher proportion of smokers (13%) evidenced positive findings compared to nonsmokers (8%) or past smokers (6%). Kruskal‐Wallis analysis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison post hoc test indicated smokers were from a significantly lower socioeconomic status background compared to nonsmokers. Analysis of variance indicated contacted participants reported smoking significantly fewer cigarettes per day 6 months postscreening compared to the number of cigarettes smoked at the baseline. Forty‐four (59%) participants reported reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and 11 participants reported quitting smoking.

Conclusion

The authors have demonstrated that large‐scale community‐based head and neck cancer screenings can be effectively implemented in nonmedical venues. This study demonstrated that targeting education for reduction of risk factors in the NASCAR population positively affected tobacco cessation.
Dimension of Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess as an Indication for Surgical Management in Children
Authors: Gavriel Haim , Yeheskeli Eyal , Aviram Eliad , Yehoshua Lior , Eviatar Ephraim
Published: July 2011

Objective

Eyelid edema in children is one of the signs of orbital complications secondary to acute rhinosinusitis, and identifying abscess formation is crucial for management decision. The objective of this study is to determine whether there are different computed tomography scan abscess dimensions and volumes in children requiring medical versus surgical management for subperiosteal orbital abscess (SPOA).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

The study was conducted at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center.

Subjects and Methods

Clinical and radiological parameters of 95 children admitted with eyelid edema between January 2005 and December 2007 were studied.

Results

Of 95 cases of orbital cellulitis, a total of 48 children with sinogenic orbital complications with a mean (SD) age of 4.03 (3.46) years were included. No significant difference was found between the surgically and medically treated SPOA groups regarding the use of preadmission antibiotic and clinical presentation. Statistically significant larger abscesses in the surgically treated group were noted (mean volume 1.389 vs 0.486 mL in the conservatively treated group; P =. 013) and a longer mean anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral dimension (P =. 001 and. 017, respectively).

Conclusion

Children presenting with significant or progressing ocular findings or failure to improve after 48 hours of medical therapy, together with an abscess volume of more than 0.5 mL, a length greater than 17 mm, and a width greater than 4.5 mm, should be strongly considered to have surgical drainage.
Fluorescence-Labeled Reporter Gene in Transgenic Mice Provides a Useful Tool for Investigating Cutaneous Innervation
Authors: Webb C. M. , Cameron E. M. , Sundberg J. P.
Published: July 2011

B6.Cg- Tg(Thy1-YFP)16Jrs/J transgenic mice were created to express the yellow fluorescent protein gene driven by a mouse Thy1 promoter that labeled motor and sensory neurons such that individual nerves could be followed. These mice were used to identify nerves in the skin that innervate the erector pili and panniculus carnosus muscle. Whole mounts demonstrated yellow fluorescent protein expression in nerves of the skin, which was confirmed by labeling the neuromuscular junction with fluorescinated α-bungarotoxin. Frozen and paraffin-embedded skin sections revealed innervation of the panniculus carnosus muscle. Paraffin sections labeled with an anti-green fluorescent protein antibody revealed innervation of the panniculus carnosus as well as the erector pili muscle and around the hair follicle bulge.
Effect of High-Dose Glucocorticosteroid Treatment for Infantile Spasms on Quantitative Bone Parameters Later in Life
Authors: Eidlitz-Markus Tal , Kivity Sarah , Goldberg-Stern Hadassa , Haimi-Cohen Yishai , Zeharia Avraham
Published: July 2011

This study evaluated possible long-term effects of prolonged high-dose glucocorticosteroid administration in infancy. Thirty patients (16 male, 14 female; age 4.8–33 years) who had completed treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) followed by glucocorticoids for infantile spasms at a tertiary pediatric hospital at least 2 years previously were invited to undergo quantitative bone ultrasound. The mean speed of sound Z score was -1.085 ± 1.079 for the radius and -0.22 ± 1.19 for the tibia on the nondominant side ( P = .0022). The difference from the reference mean (0) was statistically significant for the radius ( P < .001). There were no significant differences in radial or tibial mean speed of sound Z scores by age (prepubertal versus pubertal/postpubertal). In conclusion, a high percentage of patients treated with glucocorticoids for infantile spasms have a low radial speed of sound Z score later in life. Long-term follow-up can help to prevent and treat impairments in bone density, especially in non–weight-bearing organs.
Comparative Studies of Mechanical and Interfacial Properties between Jute and Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene-Based Composites
Authors: Nahar S. , Khan R.A. , Dey K. , Sarker B. , Das A.K. , Ghoshal S.
Published: July 2011

Jute and bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) based composites (50 wt% fiber) were fabricated by compression molding. Tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), and bending modulus (BM) of the jute-reinforced PP composite were found to be 48, 56, 900, and 1500 MPa, respectively. Then, bamboo fiber-reinforced PP-based composites (50 wt% fiber) were fabricated and the mechanical properties evaluated. The TS, BS, TM, and BM of bamboo-reinforced PP composites were found to be 60, 76, 4210, and 6210 MPa, respectively. It was revealed that bamboo fiber-based composites had higher TS, BS, TM, and BM compared to jute-based composites. Degradation tests of the composites (jute fiber/PP and bamboo fiber/PP) were performed in soil at ambient conditions for up to 24 weeks. It was revealed that bamboo fiber/PP composite retained its original mechanical properties higher than that of jute fiber/PP composite. The interfacial shear strength of the jute and bamboo fiber-based composites was investigated using the single-fiber fragmentation test and it was found to be 2.14 and 4.91 MPa, respectively. Fracture sides of the composites were studied by scanning electron microscope, and the results revealed poor fiber matrix adhesion for jute fiber-based composites compared to that of the bamboo fiber-based composites.
How effective can efficient be? Social assistance in Kosovo and what it means for children
Authors: Roelen Keetie , Gassmann Franziska
Published: July 2011

The primary objective of the majority of social assistance schemes is to reduce poverty, and targeting is often considered an important tool to reach this objective more efficiently and effectively. This paper investigates the efficiency and effectiveness of a targeted benefit scheme that uses a hybrid form of targeting and is subject to a tight budget constraint, namely the social assistance scheme in Kosovo. In recognition of the long-term detrimental and negative consequences of child poverty, we focus particularly on the scheme’s impact on children. A mixed method approach is used to investigate both the economic and non-economic costs and implications. Findings suggest that the social assistance scheme is highly efficient but excludes many poor children. Poverty impacts are limited and the scheme does not resonate well with its recipients. Policy simulations indicate that incremental budget increases have the potential to greatly reduce child poverty when implemented hand-in-hand with amendments to the current social assistance scheme.
Individual policy preferences for vocational versus academic education: Microlevel evidence for the case of Switzerland
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Cattaneo Maria Alejandra , Wolter Stefan C.
Published: July 2011

This paper uses an original dataset from a survey conducted in Switzerland in 2007 to explore the dynamics of education policy preferences. This issue has largely been neglected in that most studies on welfare state attitudes do not look at preferences for education. We argue that education policy preferences vary along two dimensions: the distribution of resources across different sectors of the education system (that is, vocational training versus academic education) and the level of investment in education both from public and private sources. With regard to the former, the findings suggest that individual educational experience matters most, that is, individuals prefer to concentrate resources on those educational sectors that are closest to their own educational background. With regard to the latter, we find that affiliation to partisan ideologies matters much more than other variables. Proponents of the left demand more investment both from the state as well as from the private sector and oppose individual tuition fees.
Active sound control with smart foams using piezoelectric sensoriactuator
Authors: Kundu Abhishek , Berry Alain
Published: July 2011

Smart foam offers a lightweight, efficient noise control solution by combining the complimentary advantages of passive dissipation in the foam material with the actuation authority of the active piezoelectric component, under appropriate control input. This study aims to implement the sensoriactuator operation of the active piezoelectric component to obtain an alternate error signal from its mechanical strain response. This can potentially replace the use of far-field microphone error sensors in active noise control applications, and hence improve the compactness of the system. The piezoelectric sensoriactuator has been implemented with the hybrid analog–digital compensation of the quasi-stable feedthrough capacitance of the actuator using an adaptive algorithm. The mechanical charge response, thus obtained, has been minimized using an adaptive algorithm and its effect on the transmission loss has been studied. Additionally, it has also been utilized in absorption and transmission control problems, using a virtual sensing strategy, with the aim of obtaining the desired control performance by minimizing an estimated virtual error signal. The experimental results are supplemented with finite element simulation of the coupled noise control system, and it provides a significant insight into the physical problem of the realization of the smart foam sensoriactuator.
Modeling and Experimental Aspects of Self-healing Bolted Joint through Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
Authors: Faria Cassio T. , Junior Vicente Lopes , Inman Daniel J.
Published: July 2011

Bolted joints are a form of mechanical coupling largely used in machinery due to their reliability and low cost. Failure of bolted joints can lead to catastrophic events, such as leaking, train derailments, aircraft crashes, etc. Most of these failures occur due to the reduction of the pre-load, induced by mechanical vibration or human errors in the assembly or maintenance process. This article investigates the application of shape memory alloy (SMA) washers as an actuator to increase the pre-load on loosened bolted joints. The application of SMA washer follows a structural health monitoring procedure to identify a damage (reduction in pre-load) occurrence. In this article, a thermo-mechanical model is presented to predict the final pre-load achieved using this kind of actuator, based on the heat input and SMA washer dimension. This model extends and improves on the previous model of Ghorashi and Inman [2004, “Shape Memory Alloy in Tension and Compression and its Application as Clamping Force Actuator in a Bolted Joint: Part 2 – Modeling,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 15:589–600], by eliminating the pre-load term related to nut turning making the system more practical. This complete model is a powerful but complex tool to be used by designers. A novel modeling approach for self-healing bolted joints based on curve fitting of experimental data is presented. The article concludes with an experimental application that leads to a change in joint assembly to increase the system reliability, by removing the ceramic washer component. Further research topics are also suggested.
A Users’ Guide to ‘Juice Bars’ and ‘Liquid Handcuffs’
Authors: Smith Christopher B. R.
Published: July 2011

The contested space of addiction treatment is a space of intersections and inscriptions, a space where the biopolitics of treatment practice meets strategies of sociospatial stigmatization projected by the surrounding community. Drawing from a case study of community conflict surrounding the relocation of a methadone clinic into Corktown, a rapidly gentrifying neighborhood on the peripheries of downtown Toronto, this articles explores the sociospatial dimensions of addiction treatment through a theoretical and ethnographic investigation of client impressions regarding the space of the methadone clinic, before and after its relocation into Corktown. Examining clients’ engagement with the space of the clinic as a series of body–space “assemblages” and “folds,” this analysis reveals the clinic as an inherently social space, where clients negotiate both the fluid strategies of biopolitical control implicated in treatment practice, and strategies of sociospatial stigmatization in order to assert and articulate their “right to the city.”
‘Living the curriculum’: Integrating sport education into a Physical Education Teacher Education programme
Authors: Deenihan J.T. , McPhail Ann , Young Ann-Marie
Published: July 2011

This study recognizes the paucity of research regarding how pre-service teachers learn to use Sport Education (SE) in their Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programmes (Stran and Curtner-Smith, 2010). The study provides an opportunity in PETE where pre-service teachers ‘live the curriculum’ (Oslin et al., 2001) and experience a SE season (Siedentop, 1994) as participants. Data was collected through weekly observations, researcher and lecturer reflections and interviews and focus groups with the lecturer and pre-service teachers. The results provide support for the ‘living the curriculum’ experience from the perspective of the pre-service teachers. It was indicated, however, that there were occasions when the lecturer was compromised between teaching through SE while teaching pre-service teachers how to teach SE in schools. It was also observed that there was a diminishing awareness of SE towards the end of the module. Recommendations for the inclusion of SE in PETE are also provided.
Selection of printed curriculum materials in physical education: Recontextualizing pedagogical knowledge
Authors: Devís-Devís José , Molina-Alventosa Juan , Peiró-Velert Carmen , Kirk David
Published: July 2011

This paper examines how teachers select printed curriculum materials in PE in Spanish secondary schools through Bernstein’s theory of the pedagogic device. The sample recruited were 310 secondary school PE teachers (210 male and 100 female) belonging to the Valencian community in Spain. The mean age of participants was 37.7 (SD 8.7) and the average of PE teaching years was 11.8 (SD 8.87). Teachers responded individually to an interview-administered questionnaire. Results showed teachers were highly involved in choosing the curriculum materials they use, and a slight predominance for teachers to prepare the PE lesson first and then to choose appropriate materials to develop it. Main selection criteria used by teachers highlighted the importance of materials to be adequate to students. Finally, the results suggest that although teachers contribute to the existence of the Pedagogic Recontextualizing Field, they are influenced by the Official Recontextualizing Field and professional ideologies.
The effects of the reciprocal and the self-check styles on pupils’ performance in primary physical education
Authors: Kolovelonis Athanasios , Goudas Marios , Gerodimos Vassilios
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the reciprocal and the self-check teaching styles on pupils’ basketball chest pass performance and on related psychosocial variables in a single physical education session. Participants were 64 fifth and sixth grade pupils between 11 and 12 years of age who were randomly assigned to three experimental (reciprocal style, self-check style, sequential use of reciprocal and self-check style) and one control group. The results showed that the three experimental groups outperformed the control group in chest pass accuracy and form, but no differences among the experimental groups were found. Moreover, no differences among the four groups in self-efficacy, satisfaction, effort, and enjoyment were found. These results showed that the reciprocal and the self-check styles are effective in enhancing pupils’ performance and are discussed with reference to self-regulated learning development in primary school physical education.
Physical education teachers’ professionalization: A review of occupational power and professional control
Authors: Kougioumtzis Konstantin , Patriksson Göran , Stråhlman Owe
Published: July 2011

This article reviews research on physical education (PE) teachers’ professionalization considering their relative position at schools and in the community as well as their control over the lesson formation. The position considers issues of prestige, status and esteem while lesson formation regards constitutional, organizational and physical frames. Despite limitations connected mainly to cross-country generalization issues, some major tendencies can be described. In relation to prestige there is a shortage of qualified personnel, while portraying status, signs of marginalization and isolation at schools can be showed. Depicting esteem, PE teachers’ own perceptions are rather positive, while pupils, colleagues and parents show some mistrust. Focusing on constitutional frames, PE teachers’ role in curriculum implementation is complex. The impact of organizational frames is obvious as available teaching time for PE is eroded. The issue of physical frames is serious as a gap exists between curriculum and facilities, equipment as well as available educational material.
Mastery of fundamental movement skills among 6-year-old Flemish pre-school children
Authors: Vandaele Bart , Cools Wouter , de Decker Steve , de Martelaer Kristine
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess mastery of Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) in 6- to 6.5-year-old Flemish pre-school children. The subjects were 236 6-year-old children (138 boys, 98 girls; mean age 6 years 2.4 months, SD 2.4). Children were individually assessed with the Motoriktest für Vier- bis Sechsjährige Kinder (MOT 4-6) in four performance areas. Scores on each item varied from 0 to 2 and generated a maximum total score (TS) of 34. Percentiles and descriptive analyses were used to report on frequencies of scores. The mean TS was 20.78 (SD 5.7), without significant gender differences. Score 2 was reached by more than 50% of children in 6/17 FMS: ‘forward balance’, ‘placing dots’, ‘grasping a tissue’, ‘passing through a hoop’, ‘height jump’ and ‘turning jump’. In conclusion, 6-year-old pre-school children scored well on 6/17 FMS (one stability, two fine motor and three locomotor tasks). Object control tasks showed lower skill levels than other performance areas.
Economizing behaviour during travel: Strategies and information sources used
Authors: Bronner Fred , de Hoog Robert
Published: July 2011

In 2009, the consumer was hit hard by the consequences of the global economic and financial crisis. The crisis affected consumer spending in general and tourism in particular. In 2009, data was collected in the Netherlands about how people economize during travel, which can help to find out what kind of economizing behaviour travellers might adopt when they are confronted with less money to spend on their holidays. It was found that they mainly economize in terms of shorter vacations and changing destinations. Economizing options used differed between low and high income categories and between families with and without children. Evidence was found of a ‘cheese slicing’ strategy: economizing on a set of holiday attributes instead of on only one. Some implications for the tourism industry are suggested.
Service failures and recovery actions in the hotel industry: A text-mining approach
Authors: Lee Myong Jae , Singh Neha , Chan Eric S.W.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this article is to cluster service failures and recovery actions in the hotel industry. Keywords were extracted from the descriptive responses of hotel guests and systematically clustered to identify major areas of service failures and recovery actions in the hotel industry. Two sets of textual data (service failure and service recovery) were collected from 75 hotel guests using the critical incident technique and content-analyzed with a text-mining program. Text-mining analysis identified 50 keywords in eight clusters from the service failure data and 50 keywords in seven clusters from the service recovery data. The identified keywords were conceptually graphed to map meaningful findings that are logically precise and computationally tractable. The major theoretical and practical implications are also discussed in this study.
Diaspora tourism: Using a mixed-mode survey design to document tourism behavior and constraints of people of Turkish extraction resident in Germany
Authors: Moufakkir Omar
Published: July 2011

Despite their growing numbers as consumers and citizens, and in spite of the ongoing discussion about immigrants and integration in many countries, ethnic minorities remain almost invisible in the tourism literature on consumer behavior, tourism rights and enjoyment, and the effects of tourism on integration. Ethnic minorities are not a homogenous group and a better understanding may be achieved by focusing on one group. This study used a mixed-mode research design to examine the tourism behavior of people of Turkish background living in Germany, with an emphasis on identifying and explaining their tourism constraints. Marginality, ethnicity, discrimination, and acculturation theories were used with the concepts of acculturation, familism and religion as the background to the study. Unlike other studies, in this study discrimination and marginality hypotheses were not supported as factors explaining tourism behavior and constraints of this group. Rather, ethnicity tainted with familism, religion and tradition appeared to interact to shape this group’s travel behavior and subsequently their negotiation of perceived constraints. This complexity begs for similar studies to inform our understanding of ethnic minorities’ travel behavior and constraints.
Wine tourism: Winery visitation in the wine appellations of Ontario
Authors: Dawson Hillary , Holmes Mark , Jacobs Hersch , Wade Richard I.
Published: July 2011

This study explores various factors that encourage travel to wineries in the Ontario viticultural regions of the Niagara Peninsula, Prince Edward County, Pelee Island and Lake Erie North Shore. A convenience sample of 1309 visitors at 19 wineries revealed that the winery experience was not the primary purpose of the trip for a majority of the visitors but was a major influencer in their decision to travel to the regions. Planning typically began within three weeks of departure when friends, family and local websites provided the principal sources of information. Differences were observed among the four regions in demographic profile, motivations, influencers and consumption behavior. Proprietary tasting events and comprehensive wine tour packages including fine dining and overnight accommodation were suggested products that would attract more visitors whose on-site purchases were critical to the success of many operations.
Perfect lives: Lifestyle magazines and utopian impulses in contemporary British society
Authors: Hollow Matthew
Published: July 2011

This article seeks to explore and uncover the ideological and stylistic elements that typify the ways in which contemporary male and female lifestyle magazines present the world to the reader. Focusing on two of the most popular British examples – FHM and Red – it analyses the language used, the images portrayed, as well as the structures of the two texts. Throughout it engages with the burgeoning literature on utopianism, and in particular with the ‘utopic’ approaches advocated by theorists such as Louis Marin and Frederic Jameson, in order to trace the common tropes and rules that run throughout both male and female lifestyle magazines. Finally, in light of these findings, it asks what role these texts play in contemporary culture and society.
I’m still the same person: The impact of early-stage dementia on identity
Authors: Caddell Lisa S. , Clare Linda
Published: July 2011

Research suggests that the onset and progression of dementia may pose a threat to a person’s sense of identity. This qualitative study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore participants’ perceptions of the impact of dementia on their identity. Participants were ten people with dementia. The four themes emerging from the data represented participants’ views on aspects of their current identities, whether they believed that dementia would alter their identities in the future, perceptions of how dementia had affected their lifestyle, and relationships with friends and family. The analysis suggested that for the most part, participants felt that little had changed with respect to their identities as a whole, but most identified features of themselves that were different than they had been prior to the onset of dementia. Thus it appeared that participants were in a state of flux, experiencing both continuity and change in their sense of identity simultaneously.
Jacques Rancière and the problem of pure politics
Authors: Chambers Samuel A.
Published: July 2011

Over the past decade, Jacques Rancière’s writings have increasingly provoked and inspired political theorists who wish to avoid both the abstraction of so-called normative theories and the philosophical platitudes of so-called postmodernism. Rancière offers a new and unique definition of politics, la politique, as that which opposes, thwarts and interrupts what Rancière calls the police order, la police — a term that encapsulates most of what we normally think of as politics (the actions of bureaucracies, parliaments, and courts). Interpreters have been tempted to read Rancière as proffering a formally pure conception of politics, wherein politics is ultimately separate from and in utter opposition to all police orders. Here I provide a different account of Rancière’s thinking of politics: for Rancière politics goes on within police orders and for this reason he strongly rejects the very idea of a pure politics. Politics is precisely that which could never be pure; politics is an act of impurity, a process that resists purification. In carefully delineating the politique— police relation I show that the terms of Rancière’s political writings are multiple and multiplied. Rancière consistently undermines any effort to render politics pure, and therein lies his potential contribution to contemporary political theory.
How could Hannah Arendt glorify the American Revolution and revile the French? Placing On Revolution in the historiography of the French and American Revolutions
Authors: Disch Lisa
Published: July 2011

This article situates Hannah Arendt’s On Revolution in the traditions of French and American revolutionary historiography to demonstrate that Arendt’s ‘fable’ of the American Revolution was at odds with her argument about the council form. I argue that had Arendt really wanted to inspire a resurrection of the council form in the present, she would have done better to orient her readers to the French Revolution, specifically to the experiments in democratic republicanism of the group known as the Girondins.
Press coverage of the UK military budget: 1987 to 2009
Authors: Lewis Justin , Hunt Joanne
Published: July 2011

The UK is one of the world’s largest military powers, enjoying consistent spending increases over the last decade. However, in recent years there has been much discussion about whether the UK armed forces are sufficiently well-resourced. Others have asked why, with no clear threat of invasion, the UK spends so much on its military. The authors examine how press coverage has informed public discussion about UK military spending over the last two decades. Using a ‘discursive’ content analysis, they explore the nature of the information and assumptions used in 22 years of reporting in The Times and The Guardian. Their findings suggest that, especially in the last decade, press coverage relying on business, political and military elites has played down increases in military spending, creating the misleading impression that the UK military is under-resourced.
Twenty-first-century drug warriors: the press, privateers and the for-profit waging of the war on drugs
Authors: Schack Todd
Published: July 2011

The privatization of war-making — especially in regard to the waging of the war on terror — is well documented, but there are other emerging markets for the burgeoning ‘private security industry’. In fact, the war on drugs represents one of the most potentially lucrative market opportunities for what has been called the ‘narco-carceral complex’, an industry that is uniquely positioned to profit from the drug war, and is financially self-interested in the perpetuation of this war. This is consistent with the ‘disaster capitalism complex’, itself an extension of Eisenhower’s ‘militaryindustrial complex’. Add to this the sociological notion of ‘moral panic’, especially concerning the role of the press and the promotion of fear as a useful tool in the overall militarized response to the ‘crisis’, and there exists a situation that has potentially disastrous consequences for those who are not standing to gain by the perpetuation of the wars on terror and drugs as for-profit endeavors.
Bottlenecks in the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the coverage of the first and second intifada in the Flemish press
Authors: Deprez Annelore , Raeymaeckers Karin
Published: July 2011

Various authors suggest that the public’s knowledge of the Israeli—Palestinian conflict is inadequate. As it is generally accepted that public opinion on international news items is mainly formed by media content, the international media are often held responsible for sustaining the prevailing misconceptions about the Israeli—Palestinian conflict by covering the conflict parties in a biased and imbalanced way. This study focuses on the representation of Israelis and Palestinians in the news coverage of the first and second intifada by the Flemish press. By way of a content analysis, evolutions and discrepancies in the coverage of both intifadas are described in a longitudinal analytical perspective. The authors conclude that the portrayal of the Palestinian actors shifts from a rather positive view during the first intifada period to a more critical portrayal during the period of the second intifada. At the same time, there is an opposite move in the representation of the Israeli actors in the conflict. Although our results show differences in the distinct portrayals, they do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude unequivocally that the coverage of the first and second intifada is unbalanced. Indeed, the authors find that while some variables definitely favour the Israeli point of view (e.g. the use of sources), others clearly sustain the Palestinian side (e.g. the individualization of victims). In other words, the Flemish dailies cover the first and second intifada in quite a balanced way, contrary to what international studies on the coverage of the Israeli—Palestinian conflict have concluded regarding the media in different national settings.
Improved outcome with rituximab in patients with HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Hoffmann Christian , Schmid Holger , Müller Markus , Teutsch Christian , van Lunzen Jan , Esser Stefan , Wolf Timo , Wyen Christoph , Sabranski Michael , Horst Heinz-August , Reuter Stefan , Vogel Martin , Jäger Hans , Bogner Johannes , Arasteh Keikawus
Published: July 2011

Although HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (HIV-MCD) is not classified as an AIDS-defining illness, mortality is high and progression to lymphoma occurs frequently. At present, there is no widely accepted recommendation for the treatment of HIV-MCD. In this retrospective (1998-2010), multicentric analysis of 52 histologically proven cases, outcome was analyzed with respect to the use of different MCD therapies and potential prognostic factors. After a mean follow-up of 2.26 years, 19 of 52 patients died. Median estimated overall survival (OS) was 6.2 years. Potential risk factors, such as older age, previous AIDS, or lower CD4 T cells had no impact on OS. Treatment was heterogeneous, consisting of cytostatic and/or antiviral agents, rituximab, or combinations of these modalities. There were marked differences in the outcome when patients were grouped according to MCD treatment. Patients receiving rituximab-based regimens had higher complete remission rates than patients receiving chemotherapy only. The mean estimated OS in patients receiving rituximab alone or in combination with cytostatic agents was not reached, compared with 5.1 years (P = .03). Clinical outcome and overall survival of HIV-MCD have markedly improved with rituximab-based therapies, considering rituximab-based therapies (with or without cytostatic agents) to be among the preferred first-line options in patients with HIV-MCD.
Mutations in the second zinc finger of human EKLF reduce promoter affinity but give rise to benign and disease phenotypes
Authors: Singleton Belinda K. , Lau Winnie , Fairweather Victoria S. S. , Burton Nicholas M. , Wilson Marieangela C. , Parsons Steve F. , Richardson Ben M. , Trakarnsanga Kongtana , Brady R. Leo , Anstee David J. , Frayne Jan
Published: July 2011

Mutations in the human erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF) can lead to either anemia or the benign InLu phenotype. To elucidate the relationship between these mutations and the differing phenotypes, we prepared recombinant forms of wild-type and 5 mutant EKLF proteins and quantitated their binding affinity to a range of EKLF-regulated genes. Missense mutants (R328H, R328L, and R331G) from persons with InLu phenotype did not bind DNA. Hence, as with the heterozygous loss of function nonsense (L127X, S270X, and K292X) and frameshift (P190Lfs and R319Efs) EKLF mutations, monoallelic loss of EKLF does not result in haploinsufficiency at all loci. In contrast, K332Q has a slightly reduced DNA binding affinity (∼ 2-fold) for all promoters examined but exhibits a phenotype only in a compound heterozygote with a nonfunctional allele. E325K also has a reduced, but significant, binding affinity, particularly for the β-globin gene but results in a disease phenotype even with the wild-type allele expressed, although not as a classic dominant-negative mutant. E325K protein may therefore actively interfere with EKLF-dependent processes by destabilizing transcription complexes, providing a rational explanation for the severity of the disease phenotype. Our study highlights the critical role of residues within the second EKLF zinc finger domain.
The effect of spontaneous breathing on systemic interleukin-6 during ventilator weaning
Authors: Sellarés J. , Loureiro H. , Ferrer M. , Amaro R. , Farré R. , Torres A.
Published: July 2011

During the weaning process, spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) involve cardiopulmonary stress for ventilated patients. As interleukin (IL)-6 is a major modulator of the stress response, we hypothesised that systemic IL-6 increases during a SBT and that this increase is more evident in SBT failure.

49 SBTs of 30-min duration were performed on different mechanically ventilated patients, and classified as SBT failure or success. Blood samples were drawn before and at the end of the SBT. An additional sample was drawn 24 h later in a subset of patients (n=39). Serum IL-6 levels and other inflammatory mediators commonly associated with stress were determined.

IL-6 levels increased from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing in all patients (p=0.02) and in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) population (p=0.05) with SBT failure compared with success, but not in non-COPD patients (p=0.12). After 24 h of SBT stress, IL-6 levels decreased in patients with SBT failure (under mechanical ventilation at that point) (p=0.02) and those with weaning success (p=0.04). No changes were observed in the remaining inflammatory mediators.

Systemic IL-6 increases during a 30-min, failed SBT, especially in COPD patients. Future studies may corroborate the different IL-6 responses among different populations who initiate weaning, together with the potential clinical implications.
Aspergillus fumigatusconidia induce interferon-β signalling in respiratory epithelial cells
Authors: Beisswenger C. , Hess C. , Bals R.
Published: July 2011

Aspergillus fumigatusis a fungal pathogen of major clinical importance. However, little is known about the role of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) duringA. fumigatusconidia induced inflammation.

Here, we show that differentiated respiratory epithelial cells recognise inactivated resting conidia but not swollen conidia or hyphae, resulting in the induction of the interferon (IFN)-β signalling pathway and the expression of IFN-β-inducible genes, such as IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10. This induction was internalisation dependent.

We identified double-stranded conidial RNA recognised by Toll-like receptor-3 as a factor responsible for the expression of IFN-β and IP-10. Inhibition of receptor-interacting protein-1/TANK-binding kinase-1, known to mediate IFN-β signalling, was sufficient to inhibit the induction of IFN-β and IP-10 expression by conidia. Even though conidia induced the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in HBECs, IP-10 expression was only partially dependent on NF-κB signalling.

These results provide evidence that respiratory cells are activated by the double-stranded RNA of resting conidia and initiate a first immune response to inhaled conidia in an IFN-β-dependent manner.
Pulmonary hypertension diagnosed by right heart catheterisation in sickle cell disease
Authors: Fonseca G.H.H. , Souza R. , Salemi V.M.C. , Jardim C.V.P. , Gualandro S.F.M.
Published: July 2011

Recent studies have recognised the importance of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in sickle cell disease (SCD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognostic impact of PH and its features in patients with SCD.

80 patients with SCD underwent baseline clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, 6-min walk tests (6MWTs) and echocardiography. Patients with a peak tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of ≥2.5 m·s−1were further evaluated through right heart catheterisation (RHC) to assure the diagnosis of PH.

Our study evidenced a 40% prevalence of patients with elevated TRV at echocardiography. RHC (performed in 25 out of 32 patients) confirmed PH in 10% (95% CI 3.4–16.5%) of all patients, with a prevalence of post-capillary PH of 6.25% (95% CI 0.95–11.55%) and pre-capillary PH of 3.75% (95% CI -0.4–7.9%). Patients with PH were older, had worse performance in 6MWTs, and more pronounced anaemia, haemolysis and renal dysfunction. Survival was shorter in patients with PH.

Our study reinforced the use of echocardiography as a screening tool for PH in SCD and the mandatory role of RHC for proper diagnosis. Our findings confirmed the prognostic significance of PH in SCD as its association to pronounced haemolytic profile.