bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic Links between Shallow and Deep Mineralization Systems and Implications for Deep Mineral Exploration
Authors: CHI Guoxiang , XU Deru , XUE Chunji , LI Zenghua , LEDRU Patrick , DENG Teng , WANG Yumeng , SONG Hao
Published: February 2022

Deep mineral exploration is increasingly important for finding new mineral resources but there are many uncertainties. Understanding the factors controlling the localization of mineralization at depth can reduce the risk in deep mineral exploration. One of the relatively poorly constrained but important factors is the hydrodynamics of mineralization. This paper reviews the principles of hydrodynamics of mineralization, especially the nature of relationships between mineralization and structures, and their applications to various types of mineralization systems in the context of hydrodynamic linkage between shallow and deep parts of the systems. Three categories of mineralization systems were examined, i.e., magmatic‐hydrothermal systems, structurally controlled hydrothermal systems with uncertain fluid sources, and hydrothermal systems associated with sedimentary basins. The implications for deep mineral exploration, including potentials for new mineral resources at depth, favorable locations for mineralization, as well as uncertainties, are discussed.
Hyperbolic discounting rates and risk for problematic alcohol use in youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study
Authors: Kohler Robert J. , Lichenstein Sarah D. , Yip Sarah W.
Published: February 2022

Adolescence is the peak period for the emergence of substance use, which can lead to long‐term psychosocial, occupational and interpersonal complications. Ongoing large‐scale, longitudinal, consortium initiatives, such as the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, offer unprecedented opportunities to elucidate key risk factors for problematic substance use in a well‐powered sample and to examine how changes in risk factors relate to symptoms across time. Delay discounting has been proposed as a putative risk marker for early substance‐use initiation and other forms of psychopathology. However, the extent to which other factors (e.g., socio‐economic status and cognitive ability) influence discounting behaviour in young adolescents is not well established. The present study leverages data from the ABCD study (n = 11 045) to assess associations between core demographic and familial variables and delay discounting in youth—operationalized using hyperbolic discounting rates (k)—before the onset of significant psychopathology. Model estimates revealed significant effects of individual difference factors (e.g., sex and socio‐economic status) and alcohol risk status (based on family history) on delay discounting. No significant differences were observed in the primary sample when comparing the presence of parent drug problems or prenatal drug exposures. These effects will require replication in later waves of ABCD. Nonetheless, these results provide support for delay discounting as a potential risk marker for problematic alcohol use and demonstrate a relationship between key demographic variables and adolescent discounting behaviour. Further, these results provide an empirical baseline from which developmental trajectories of delay discounting and substance use may be tracked throughout future waves of ABCD.
Jose Delgado: A controversial trailblazer in neuromodulation
Authors: Lorusso Nicholas D. , Mohan Uma R. , Jacobs Joshua
Published: February 2022

Dr. Jose Delgado performed audacious demonstrations utilizing brain stimulation to instantly change behavior in animals. These feats spark ethical debates to this day. However, behind his controversial career is an important legacy of neurological discoveries and technological innovation. Delgado pioneered techniques in causally manipulating brain patterns and behavior with electrical stimulation and developed innovative, closed‐loop neural devices. His inventive devices and techniques were ahead of his time and remain relevant to the field of neuromodulation today.
Fabrication and application of a wireless high‐definition endoscopic system in urological surgeries
Authors: Niu Di , Xu Qihang , Xu Hanjiang , Yin Shuiping , Hao Zongyao , Shi Haoqiang , Zhou Jun , Tai Sheng , Zou Zhihui , Yang Cheng , Liang Chaozhao
Published: February 2022

Objective

To introduce a wireless high‐definition endoscopic system (WHES) and compare it with a Storz high‐definition (HD) system for image resolution, colour resolution, weight, and costs.

Materials and Methods

The WHES incorporated a portable light‐emitting diode light source and a wireless camera module, which can be compatible with different types of endoscopes. Images were wirelessly transmitted to a monitor or mobile platform such as smartphone through a receiver. The International Standards Organization 12233 resolution chart image was used for the comparison of image resolution and Munsell Colour Checker Chart for colour resolution. In all, 38 endourologists used a Likert questionnaire to blindly evaluate cystoscopic images from a patient with haematuria. The surgical team was asked about the overall performance of the WHES in 20 laparoscopic adrenalectomies using a unvalidated subjective survey.

Results

There was no difference in image resolution between the two systems (5.82 vs 5.89  line pairs/mm). Without lens and respective light sources, there were better purple (ΔE = 21.48 vs 28.73), blue (ΔE = 34.88 vs 38.6) and red colour resolution (ΔE = 29.01 vs 35.45) for the WHES camera (P  <  0.05), but orange (ΔE = 43.45 vs 36.52) and yellow (ΔE = 52.7 vs 35.93) resolutions were better for the Storz HD camera (P  <  0.05). Comparing the WHES to a Storz laparoscopic system, the Storz system still had better resolution of orange and yellow, while the resolution of purple, blue, and red was similar for the two systems. The expert comments on resolution, brightness, and colour for cystoscopy were not statistically different, but the ergonomics score for the WHES was higher (3.7 vs 3.33, P = 0.038). The overall cost of the WHES was $23  000–25  000 compared with $45  000–50  000 for a Storz system. There were 100% general satisfaction for the WHES in the survey.

Conclusion

We developed a new WHES that provides the same resolution images as a Storz laparoscopic system and acceptable colour resolution with the advantages of wireless connection, small volume, low cost, portability, and high‐speed wireless transmission.
Effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the Colombian labour market: Disentangling the effect of sector‐specific mobility restrictions
Authors: Morales Leonardo Fabio , Bonilla‐Mejía Leonardo , Pulido Jose , Flórez Luz A. , Hermida Didier , Pulido‐Mahecha Karen L. , Lasso‐Valderrama Francisco
Published: February 2022

We assess the effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic and particularly the sector‐specific mobility restrictions on the Colombian labour market. We exploit the sectoral and temporal variation of the restriction policies to identify their effect. Mobility restrictions significantly reduced employment, accounting for approximately a quarter of the total job loss between February and April of 2020. The remaining three quarters of the job losses could be attributed to the disease's regional patterns and other epidemiological and economic factors affecting the whole country. Therefore, we should expect important employment losses even in the absence of such restrictions. We also assess the effect of restrictions on the intensive margin, finding negative, although smaller effects on the number of hours worked and wages. Most of the employment effect is driven by salaried workers, while self‐employment was more responsive to the disease spread. Finally, we find that women are disproportionally affected: mobility restrictions account for a third of the recent increase of the gender gap in salaried employment.
Assessing the impacts of normative and efficacy‐based messaging on the social diffusion of conservation science
Authors: Berl Richard E. W. , Sekar Samantha , Markevich Anyll , Camara Cassiopeia , Niemiec Rebecca M.
Published: February 2022

Encouraging people to share science‐based information on environmental issues with others is critical for enhancing the speed and scale of conservation action. However, little experimental research exists that examines how message framing can facilitate the social diffusion of scientific information. We report the results of a series of studies conducted to test the effects of normative and efficacy‐based messaging on Colorado residents' willingness to share scientific information about the state's wolf reintroduction initiative. We distributed messaging using mailings to the general public, surveys of online participant panels, and personal messages from undergraduate students to their own contacts. We then measured participants' individual engagement with the scientific information we provided and their engagement in social behaviors that would encourage further social diffusion of the information. While we find some evidence of increased engagement by people contacted through social diffusion, we do not find any evidence that normative and efficacy‐based messaging encourages people to engage in social diffusion, nor do we find that such messaging enhances individual engagement with the scientific information. We identify several barriers to the sharing of scientific information, which could inform the development of future interventions to scale up biodiversity conservation efforts beyond individual engagement through widespread social diffusion.
Novel spiral dilator for endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided drainage
Authors: Kozakai Fumisato , Ogawa Takahisa , Ito Kei
Published: February 2022

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Effects of social deprivation and healthcare access on major amputation following a diabetic foot ulcer in a French administrative area: Analysis using the French claim data
Authors: Bonnet Jean‐Baptiste , Nicolet Guillaume , Papinaud Laurence , Avignon Antoine , Duflos Claire , Sultan Ariane
Published: February 2022

Aim

The link between social deprivation and the development of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is still widely debated. The study objective was to evaluate the relationship between lower limb amputation, social deprivation level, and inequalities in access to care service among people with DFU. This regional pilot study was conducted at the living area level and based on the French National Health Data System (SNDS).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using hospital and primary care claim data in the Languedoc‐Roussillon region. DFUs were determined using an original algorithm of care consumption or hospital diagnosis. The primary end point was amputation at 1 year. Secondary end points were mortality at 1 year and impact of potential access to care on amputation.

Results

We included 15,507 people from 2015 to 2017. Amputation and mortality rates were 17.5 and 117 per 1000 person‐years. The least precarious living areas showed better prognoses (relative risk = 0.46; 95% CI 0.27–0.66). Territorial accessibility to a private‐practice nurse, unlike physician accessibility, was associated with better results on major outcomes (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

This is the first study using SNDS to study the care pathway of DFU management within and outside the hospital. High social deprivation in a living areas seems to be associated with more major amputations after a DFU.
Climatic conditions and functional traits affect spider diets in agricultural and non‐agricultural habitats worldwide
Authors: Birkhofer Klaus , Djoudi El Aziz , Schnerch Benjamin , Michalko Radek
Published: February 2022

Spiders are dominant predators in terrestrial ecosystems and feed on prey from the herbivore and detritivore subsystem (dual subsystem omnivory) as well as on other predators (intraguild predation). Little is known about how global change potentially affects the importance of different prey groups in predator diets. In this meta‐analysis we identify the impact of climatic conditions, land‐use types and functional traits of spider species on the relative importance of Hemiptera, Araneae and Collembola prey in spider diets. We use a dataset including 78 publications with 149 observational records of the diet composition of 96 spider species in agricultural and non‐agricultural habitats in 24 countries worldwide. The importance of Hemiptera prey was not affected by climatic conditions and was particularily high in smaller spider species in agricultural habitats. Araneae prey was most important for actively hunting, larger spider species in non‐agricultural habitats. Collembola prey was most important for small, actively hunting spider species in regions with higher temperature seasonality. Spider species with a higher importance of Araneae prey for their diet also had higher importances of Collembola and lower importances of Hemiptera prey. Future increases of temperature seasonality predicted for several regions worldwide may go along with an increasing importance of Collembola prey which also related to a higher importance of intraguild prey here. Two global change drivers predicted for many regions of the world (increasing climatic seasonality and ongoing conversion of non‐agricultural to agricultural land) both hold the potential to increase the importance of Collembola prey in spider diets. The importance of Hemiptera and Araneae prey may however show contrasting responses to these two drivers. These complex potential effects of global change components and their impact on functional traits in spider communities highlight the importance to simultaneously consider multiple drivers of global change to better understand future predator–prey interactions.
Misplaced Tolerance and Educating for Intellectual Humility
Authors: Welch Kirsten
Published: February 2022

Although education for intellectual virtues, including the virtue of intellectual humility, has received increasing attention in recent years, less focus has been devoted to specific obstacles that can inhibit the cultivation of intellectual virtue. In this article, Kirsten Welch presents one such impediment to the development of intellectual humility: the obstacle of misplaced tolerance. After identifying the key features of intellectual humility and tolerance as intellectual and civic virtues respectively, Welch argues that tolerance, when exercised inappropriately, can work against the cultivation of genuine intellectual humility. If tolerance is misconstrued as an intellectual virtue rather than being understood correctly as a civic virtue, it can undermine intellectual humility by reinforcing a certain sort of relativism that is incompatible with genuine intellectual humility. In light of this potential obstacle, she suggests some approaches and considerations for educators seeking to help their students grow in intellectual humility and develop their intellectual character.
Characterisation of faecal microbiota in horses medicated with oral doxycycline hyclate
Authors: Chapuis Ronan J. J. , Becker Anne A. M. J. , Dowling Patricia M. , Weese J. Scott
Published: February 2022

Background

Antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea is a common adverse effect of antimicrobial treatment in horses and has been reported following the administration of oral doxycycline. The administration of antimicrobials has also been associated with changes in the equine intestinal microbiota diversity yet has not been explored under doxycycline treatment.

Objectives

To describe the dynamics of the faecal microbial diversity following a 5‐day oral administration of doxycycline in healthy horses with Streptococcus zooepidemicus infected tissue chambers.

Study design

Experimental prospective cohort study in a single horse group.

Methods

Seven healthy adult horses with S. zooepidemicus infected tissue chambers received oral doxycycline at 10 mg/kg q 12 h for 5‐days following the tissue chamber inoculation. Faeces were collected prior to the tissue chamber inoculation and until 28‐days post inoculation. Faecal microbiota was characterised by high throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analysis was performed with Mothur and statistical analysis were conducted on R Studio.

Results

A significant decrease in alpha diversity, characterised by a decrease of richness and diversity, and a decrease in beta diversity, characterised by changes in relative abundance, occurred after initiation of and during the administration of doxycycline. A decrease in Verrucomicrobia and increase in Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio occurred following the initiation of treatment, with a return to initial Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio during the treatment. It took 23 days after discontinuing the treatment for the faecal microbiota to return close to the initial state.

Main limitations

Lack of control population within the study.

Conclusions

Transitory intestinal dysbiosis occurs under oral administration of doxycycline in horses.
Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift
Authors: Berner Logan T. , Goetz Scott J.
Published: February 2022

The boreal forest biome is a major component of Earth's biosphere and climate system that is projected to shift northward due to continued climate change over the coming century. Indicators of a biome shift will likely first be evident along the climatic margins of the boreal forest and include changes in vegetation productivity, mortality, and recruitment, as well as overall vegetation greenness. However, the extent to which a biome shift is already underway remains unclear because of the local nature of most field studies, sparsity of systematic ground‐based ecological monitoring, and reliance on coarse resolution satellite observations. Here, we evaluated early indicators of a boreal forest biome shift using four decades of moderate resolution (30 m) satellite observations and biogeoclimatic spatial datasets. Specifically, we quantified interannual trends in annual maximum vegetation greenness using an ensemble of vegetation indices derived from Landsat observations at 100,000 sample sites in areas without signs of recent disturbance. We found vegetation greenness increased (greened) at 38 [29, 42] % and 22 [15, 26] % of sample sites from 1985 to 2019 and 2000 to 2019, whereas vegetation greenness decreased (browned) at 13 [9, 15] % and 15 [13, 19] % of sample sites during these respective periods [95% Monte Carlo confidence intervals]. Greening was thus 3.0 [2.6, 3.5] and 1.5 [0.8, 2.0] times more common than browning and primarily occurred in cold sparsely treed areas with high soil nitrogen and moderate summer warming. Conversely, browning primarily occurred in the climatically warmest margins of both the boreal forest biome and major forest types (e.g., evergreen conifer forests), especially in densely treed areas where summers became warmer and drier. These macroecological trends reflect underlying shifts in vegetation productivity, mortality, and recruitment that are consistent with early stages of a boreal biome shift.
Positive behavioural support for children and young people with developmental disabilities in special education settings: A systematic review
Authors: Beqiraj Lorena , Denne Louise D. , Hastings Richard P. , Paris Andreas
Published: February 2022

Background

Positive behavioural support (PBS) can be effective in supporting children and young people (CYP) with developmental disabilities. This systematic review focused on describing the components and nine characteristics of PBS that have been used with CYP with developmental disabilities in special education settings, and the evidence for PBS effectiveness in these settings. Additionally, facilitators and barriers to PBS implementation, and experiences of stakeholders, were investigated.

Method

Systematic searches followed a registered protocol, and 30 studies were identified, narratively synthesised, and critically appraised.

Results

From the 30 studies included, 10 reported the presence of all 9 PBS characteristics, 17 reported on 8 PBS characteristics, and 3 reported on 7 characteristics. Overall, 28 studies demonstrated significant decreases in behaviours that challenge and increases in alternative behaviours, if increasing alternative behaviours was part of the interventions.

Conclusions

There was a lack of evidence on facilitators and barriers, and a lack of qualitative studies exploring experiences of stakeholders with PBS in special education settings. The available evidence suggested that not all studies reported on all PBS characteristics when describing the approach followed. In addition, available evidence suggested that most studies demonstrated effectiveness of PBS regarding the measured outcomes. Implications and future directions are discussed.
MG53 attenuates nitrogen mustard‐induced acute lung injury
Authors: Li Haichang , Rosas Lucia , Li Zhongguang , Bian Zehua , Li Xiuchun , Choi Kyounghan , Cai Chuanxi , Zhou Xinyu , Tan Tao , Bergdall Valerie , Whitson Bryan , Davis Ian , Ma Jianjie
Published: February 2022

Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an alkylating vesicant that causes severe pulmonary injury. Currently, there are no effective means to counteract vesicant‐induced lung injury. MG53 is a vital component of cell membrane repair and lung protection. Here, we show that mice with ablation of MG53 are more susceptible to NM‐induced lung injury than the wild‐type mice. Treatment of wild‐type mice with exogenous recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein ameliorates NM‐induced lung injury by restoring arterial blood oxygen level, by improving dynamic lung compliance and by reducing airway resistance. Exposure of lung epithelial and endothelial cells to NM leads to intracellular oxidative stress that compromises the intrinsic cell membrane repair function of MG53. Exogenous rhMG53 protein applied to the culture medium protects lung epithelial and endothelial cells from NM‐induced membrane injury and oxidative stress, and enhances survival of the cells. Additionally, we show that loss of MG53 leads to increased vulnerability of macrophages to vesicant‐induced cell death. Overall, these findings support the therapeutic potential of rhMG53 to counteract vesicant‐induced lung injury.
Regulation of influenza A virus infection by Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5
Authors: Pushparaj Samuel , Zhu Zhengyu , Huang Chaoqun , More Sunil , Liang Yurong , Lin Kong , Vaddadi Kishore , Liu Lin
Published: February 2022

Influenza virus causes approximately 291,000 to 646,000 human deaths worldwide annually. It is also a disease of zoonotic importance, affecting animals such as pigs, horses, and birds. Even though vaccination is being used to prevent influenza virus infection, there are limited options available to treat the disease. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides that do not translate into proteins. They play important roles in the physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we identified a novel transcript, Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 that was upregulated by influenza virus. This lncRNA was predominantly located in the nucleus and was not affected by type I interferons. Overexpression of Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 reduced the influenza viral mRNA and protein levels in cells as well as titres in culture media. Knockdown of Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 using CRISPR interference enhanced the virus replication. Antiviral activity of Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 was independent of influenza virus strains. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 upregulated thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) during influenza virus infection. Overexpression of TXNIP reduced influenza virus infection, suggesting that TXNIP is an antiviral gene. Knockdown of TXNIP abolished the Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5‐mediated increase in influenza virus infection. In conclusion, the newly identified Lnc‐PINK1‐2:5 isoform is an anti‐influenza lncRNA acting through the upregulation of TXNIP gene expression.
Effects of a modified Singh's algorithm care bundle on cannulation success rate in patients with neurological sequelae
Authors: Chen Ruey , Chien Yen‐Chang , Kao Chia‐Man , Jen Hsiu‐Ju , Loh El‐Wui
Published: February 2022

Aim

Prolonged tracheostomy tube placement leads to depression, communicative inconvenience, reduced life quality, and health complications. We retrospectively examined the effects of a modified Singh's algorithm (MOSA) care bundle in tracheostomy tube removal in patients with neurological sequelae.

Methods

We retrieved medical records of 22 tracheostomized patients admitted to our early rehabilitation ward from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2020 and compared their clinical outcomes before and after the MOSA introduction. We used a decannulation checklist and outcomes of decannulation training to judge the decannulation opportunity in the intervention group. In the control group, the patients received decannulation based on professional judgments.

Results

Age, gender, body mass index, and admission diagnosis were not significantly different between the two groups. While 10 of 13 patients (76.9%) successfully decannulated in the intervention group, only 1 of 9 patients in the control group succeeded (11.1%; p = 0.008). The decannulation evaluation checklist revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups except that the intervention group received more airway patency evaluations (p = 0.027). None of the decannulated patients required tracheostomy tube reinsertion before discharge, and no complications appeared.

Conclusion

Our study supports the feasibility of MOSA in aiding decannulation among patients with neurological illnesses. Further cluster randomized controlled trials and studies of decision aids and shared decision‐making are warranted to help promote active decannulation.
Ying Yang 1 engagement in brain pathology
Authors: Pabian‐Jewuła Sylwia , Bragiel‐Pieczonka Aneta , Rylski Marcin
Published: February 2022

Herein, we discuss data concerning the involvement of transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in the development of brain diseases, highlighting mechanisms of its pathological actions. YY1 plays an important role in the developmental and adult pathology of the nervous system. YY1 is essential for neurulation as well as maintenance and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes regulating both neural and glial tissues of the brain. Lack of a YY1 gene causes many developmental abnormalities and anatomical malformations of the central nervous system (CNS). Once dysregulated, YY1 exerts multiple neuropathological actions being involved in the induction of many brain disorders like stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, autism spectrum disorder, dystonia, and brain tumors. A better understanding of YY1's dysfunction in the nervous system may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies related to YY1's actions.

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Marketing of sugar‐sweetened children's drinks and parents' misperceptions about benefits for young children
Authors: Fleming‐Milici Frances , Phaneuf Lindsay , Harris Jennifer L.
Published: February 2022

Despite expert recommendations, US parents often serve sugar‐sweetened children's drinks, including sweetened fruit‐flavoured drinks and toddler milks, to young children. This qualitative research explored parents' understanding of common marketing tactics used to promote these drinks and whether they mislead parents to believe the drinks are healthy and/or necessary for children. We conducted nine focus groups in Washington, DC and Hartford, CT with parents of children (9–36 months) of diverse race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (N = 50). Semistructured discussions elicited parents' responses to four concepts designed to correct common misperceptions about toddler milks and sweetened fruit‐flavoured drinks (fruit drinks and flavoured waters) by providing information about drink ingredients and potentially misleading marketing tactics. Participants expressed widespread misperceptions about sweetened fruit‐flavoured drinks and toddler milks, including perceived healthfulness and benefits for children and confusion between sweetened and unsweetened drink categories (sweetened fruit‐flavoured drinks vs. juice, toddler milk vs. infant formula). They confirmed that common marketing strategies contributed to misperceptions, including front‐of‐package claims and marketing messages that imply benefits for children and/or hide problematic ingredients; cross‐branding and product extensions from trusted brands; side‐by‐side shelf placement at retailers; lower price than healthier products; and targeted marketing to children and parents. Some parents expressed anger about deceptive marketing and supported increased regulation and consumer education campaigns. Findings support the need for policies to address potentially misleading marketing of sweetened fruit‐flavoured drinks and toddler milks and revealed opportunities to reduce parents' provision of these drinks through countermarketing campaigns communicated via trusted sources.
Business as (un)usual: A qualitative study of clerkship experiences during a health crisis
Authors: Noerholk Laerke Marijke , Bader‐Larsen Karlen S. , Morcke Anne Mette , Vamadevan Anishan , Andreasen Lisbeth Anita , Svendsen Jesper Hastrup , Jørsboe Hanne , Tolsgaard Martin G.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

During a health crisis, hospitals must prioritise activities and resources, which can compromise clerkship‐based learning. We explored how health crises affect clinical clerkships using the COVID‐19 pandemic as an example.

Methods

In a constructivist qualitative study, we conducted 22 semi‐structured interviews with key stakeholders (i.e. medical students and doctors) from two teaching hospitals and 10 different departments. We used thematic analysis to investigate our data and used stakeholder theory as a sensitising concept.

Results

We identified three themes: (1) emotional triggers and reactions; (2) negotiation of legitimacy; and (3) building resilience. Our results suggest that the health crisis accentuated already existing problems in clerkships, such as students' feelings of low legitimacy, constant negotiation of roles, inconsistencies navigating rules and regulations and low levels of active participation. Medical students and doctors adapted to the new organisational demands by developing increased resilience. Students responded by reaching out for guidance and acceptance to remain relevant in the clinical clerkships. Doctors developed a behaviour of closing in and focused on managing themselves and their patients. This created tension between these two stakeholder groups.

Conclusion

A health crisis can critically disrupt the hierarchical structure within the clinical clerkships and exacerbate existing conflicts between stakeholder groups. When medical students are not perceived as legitimate stakeholders in clinical clerkships during a health crisis, their attendance is perceived as unnecessary or even a nuisance. Despite increased student proactiveness and resilience, their roles inevitably shift from being doctors‐to‐be to students‐to‐be‐managed.
Development and validation of a novel scoring system for bloating and distension: The Mayo Bloating Questionnaire
Authors: Lacy Brian E. , Cangemi David J. , Wise Journey L. , Crowell Michael D.
Published: February 2022

Background

Abdominal bloating and distension are prevalent gastrointestinal symptoms. Our aim was to design and validate a questionnaire to reliably measure the multiple symptom components of bloating and distension in the outpatient setting.

Methods

A 45‐item questionnaire was developed after an extensive literature review. Face and content validity were established through expert review and a focus group. Validation was achieved by administering an identical questionnaire 1 week apart. Data were assessed using standard methods.

Key results

Forty one patients returned both questionnaires (85% women; mean age = 44 years). Respondents reported a variety of diagnoses, including irritable bowel syndrome (63%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (54%), functional dyspepsia (27%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (22%), and gastroparesis (17%). Test‐retest reliability revealed excellent agreement (k ≥ 0.81) and substantial agreement (0.61 ≤ k < 0.81) for 29% and 43% of categorical questions, respectively. Alternate‐parallel form reliability was supported by association between responses for questions that evaluated missing school/work and questions that evaluated symptom impact on daily activities (p < 0.05). Patients who missed school/work due to bloating symptoms were more likely to report a severe impact on their ability to enjoy life (p < 0.05) and their overall well‐being (p < 0.01). Contingency analyses revealed an association between overall 7‐day symptom severity and impact on daily activities (p < 0.001), enjoying life (p < 0.001), and overall well‐being (p < 0.001).

Conclusions and Inferences

This novel questionnaire demonstrated good validity and reliability in patients with symptoms of bloating and distension. The questionnaire was easy to use and score, making it a potentially useful tool for both research studies and clinical purposes.
Young Children Allergic Rhinitis Questionnaire is a novel tool for allergy screening in children
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Feng Guoshuang , Zhang Yawei , Liu Yuanhu , Xiang Li , Yang Yang , Sun Hao , Geng Rong , Liu Xuanshi , Zhang Xiaofen , Jin Feng , Hao Chanjuan , Zhang Yamei , Zhang Jie , Tang Lixing , Wang Pengpeng , Yang Xiaojian , Zhang Wei , Han Yang , Ge Wentong , Li Wei , Ni Xin
Published: February 2022

Background

There are a limited number of validated questionnaires available for use in the clinical screening for allergic rhinitis (AR) in children ≤3 years old. We developed a novel self‐reported questionnaire and assessed its accuracy and reliability.

Methods

After establishing a pool of items, which were screened by experts, the Young Children Allergic Rhinitis Questionnaire (YCAR‐Q) was administered to a birth cohort in the Shunyi District (Beijing, China). The electronic version of the YCAR‐Q was distributed through the online community. Children were invited to visit a physician for examination. The diagnostic criteria included symptoms, physical examination findings, and specific serum immunoglobulin E tests. Each item on the questionnaire was evaluated, and the questionnaire's internal consistency, content validity, criterion‐related validity, and diagnostic accuracy were assessed.

Results

The six‐item YCAR‐Q was distributed to 7423 parents, and 3037 valid questionnaires were recovered. In total, 1521 children visited a physician for examination, of which 82 were found to have AR. In terms of internal consistency, Cronbach's coefficient was 0.777 and all six questionnaire items were retained. The average scale‐level content validity index value was 1. The area under the curve was 0.755. The total scores ranged from 0 to 6, and the cutoff value for diagnosing AR was 3, with a sensitivity of 68.29% and a specificity of 76.58%.

Conclusions

This cross‐sectional study indicated that the YCAR‐Q could detect AR in children ≤3 years old. This brief and simple test may be used effectively in clinical practice.
Interspecific divergence of circadian properties in duckweed plants
Authors: Isoda Minako , Ito Shogo , Oyama Tokitaka
Published: February 2022

The circadian clock system is widely conserved in plants; however, divergence in circadian rhythm properties is poorly understood. We conducted a comparative analysis of the circadian properties of closely related duckweed species. Using a particle bombardment method, a circadian bioluminescent reporter was introduced into duckweed plants. We measured bioluminescence circadian rhythms of eight species of the genus Lemna and seven species of the genus Wolffiella at various temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and light conditions (constant light or constant dark). Wolffiella species inhabit relatively warm areas and lack some tissues/organs found in Lemna species. Lemna species tended to show robust bioluminescence circadian rhythms under all conditions, while Wolffiella species showed lower rhythm stability, especially at higher temperatures. For Lemna, two species (L. valdiviana and L. minuta) forming a clade showed relatively lower circadian stability. For Wolffiella, two species (W. hyalina and W. repanda) forming a clade showed extremely long period lengths. These analyses reveal that the circadian properties of species primarily reflect their phylogenetic positions. The relationships between geographical and morphological factors and circadian properties are also suggested.
Markers for severe disease and long‐term sequelae in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
Authors: Hazan Guy , Shah Mehr Zahra , Brennan Steven
Published: February 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and has resulted in substantial global morbidity and mortality since late 2019. Children can be infected but the disease predominantly affects adults, and research into the acute and chronic sequelae mostly pertains to this population. This study determines the clinical and demographic parameters associated with severe acute disease and chronic complications from COVID‐19 in the pediatric population.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was undertaken of all patients between birth and 21 years of age who were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were admitted to two tertiary care hospitals between March 1, 2020, and January 21, 2021. Markers for severe disease were defined as supplemental oxygen requirement, positive pressure ventilation, and acute chest radiograph abnormality at presentation. Chronic disease was defined as symptoms persisting >4 weeks.

Results

Review of 101 patients with positive SARS‐CoV2 testing found 67 presentations consistent with acute symptomatic infection. Age distribution was bimodal, with predominance in infancy and adolescence. Most (75%) had an extrapulmonary comorbidity, and fewer patients (33%) had pre‐existing lung disease. A history of pulmonary comorbidity and obesity was significantly associated with markers for severe disease. Long‐term chronic complications were associated with history of underlying lung disease and acute severe COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Demographic and clinical markers were associated with severe COVID‐19 in children. Moreover, both the presence of pulmonary comorbidity and severe acute COVID‐19 are associated with long‐term sequelae.
Make it loud and simple: Coalition politics and problem framing in the French policy process of hydraulic fracturing
Authors: Moyson Stéphane , Fievet Bastien , Plancq Maximilien , Chailleux Sébastien , Aubin David
Published: February 2022

Based on a case study and media content analysis, we rely on insights from the advocacy coalition framework and from the narrative policy framework to conduct a congruence analysis of the French politics of hydraulic fracturing (2010–2017). Despite the lobbying of a resourceful coalition of pro‐fracturing policy actors and their strategy of active participation in various professional forums, hydraulic fracturing was partially banned in 2011 and completely prohibited in 2017. Our results relate this ban to the stronger repetition of a simpler framing of the policy problem by the members of the anti‐fracturing coalition. In other words, coalition members willing to transform their policy beliefs into concrete decisions should frame them into loud and simple policy narratives. These findings call for further articulation between the narrative policy framework and the advocacy coalition framework to account for narratives as the essence of strategies that advocacy coalitions develop for influencing policy processes.
Prediction of Dynamic Stick-Slip Events in Belt-Drives Using a High-Fidelity Finite Element Model
Authors: Khattab Mohammed , Wasfy Tamer
Published: February 2022

A high-fidelity dynamic finite element model of a one-pulley belt-drive system is used to study how Coulomb friction coefficient and adhesion stress affect belt stick-slip events over driver and driven pulleys. The model shows that at Coulomb friction coefficient below a certain critical value, the belt undergoes pure sliding in the slip arc on driver and driven pulleys with no stick-slip dynamic events. Above that critical friction coefficient value dynamic stick-slip events start to occur in both driver and driven pulleys resulting in torque pulses, which for practical belt-drives may cause nonsmooth operation, excessive belt noise and/or excessive belt wear. For driver pulleys the dynamic stick-slip events are in the form of Schallamach waves, while for driven pulleys the dynamic stick-slip events are in the form of expansion pulses. The model results are validated using recently generated experimental results.
Effects of the Off-Season on Muscular Power in Professional Rugby League
Authors: Redman Kellyanne J. , Wade Logan , Kelly Vincent G. , Connick Mark J. , Beckman Emma M.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: Periods away from training and competition are necessary for physical and mental restoration in sport. There is limited research investigating changes to physical qualities in rugby league following prolonged breaks. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the off-season on muscular power in rugby league. In addition, this study aimed to determine whether the type and volume of training players chose to complete had any relationship to feelings of restoration and/or readiness to return to training. Methods: Twenty professional rugby league players participated in this study. Lower-body muscular power was evaluated using a countermovement jump prior to the off-season and at the recommencement of training. Players completed a questionnaire to identify training and activities completed during the break and to assess feelings of restoration and readiness to commence training. Linear regression was used to estimate the effects of the number of days off on muscular power. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in lower-body power throughout the study. Spearman rank order correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between off-season activities and feelings of restoration and readiness. Results: Peak velocity and peak force significantly increased following the off-season break. There were significant relationships between mental restoration and upper-body resistance training, as well as physical restoration and full-body resistance training. Conclusions: The off-season has a positive effect on a player’s ability to generate muscular power. Coaches may want to encourage players to complete resistance training sessions with the aim simply to maintain training load and potentially help players to feel rested.
Molecular signatures of antitumor neoantigen-reactive T cells from metastatic human cancers
Authors: Lowery Frank J. , Krishna Sri , Yossef Rami , Parikh Neilesh B. , Chatani Praveen D. , Zacharakis Nikolaos , Parkhurst Maria R. , Levin Noam , Sindiri Sivasish , Sachs Abraham , Hitscherich Kyle J. , Yu Zhiya , Vale Nolan R. , Lu Yong-Chen , Zheng Zhili , Jia Li , Gartner Jared J. , Hill Victoria K. , Copeland Amy R. , Nah Shirley K. , Masi Robert V. , Gasmi Billel , Kivitz Scott , Paria Biman C. , Florentin Maria , Kim Sanghyun P. , Hanada Ken-ichi , Li Yong F. , Ngo Lien T. , Ray Satyajit , Shindorf Mackenzie L. , Levi Shoshana T. , Shepherd Ryan , Toy Chris , Parikh Anup Y. , Prickett Todd D. , Kelly Michael C. , Beyer Rachel , Goff Stephanie L. , Yang James C. , Robbins Paul F. , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: February 2022

The accurate identification of antitumor T cell receptors (TCRs) represents a major challenge for the engineering of cell-based cancer immunotherapies. By mapping 55 neoantigen-specific TCR clonotypes (NeoTCRs) from 10 metastatic human tumors to their single-cell transcriptomes, we identified signatures of CD8
+
and CD4
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neoantigen-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Neoantigen-specific TILs exhibited tumor-specific expansion with dysfunctional phenotypes, distinct from blood-emigrant bystanders and regulatory TILs. Prospective prediction and testing of 73 NeoTCR signature–derived clonotypes demonstrated that half of the tested TCRs recognized tumor antigens or autologous tumors. NeoTCR signatures identified TCRs that target driver neoantigens and nonmutated viral or tumor-associated antigens, suggesting a common metastatic TIL exhaustion program. NeoTCR signatures delineate the landscape of TILs across metastatic tumors, enabling successful TCR prediction based purely on TIL transcriptomic states for use in cancer immunotherapy.
In Other Journals
Authors: Hines Pamela J. , Ray L. Bryan , Jiang Di , Vinson Valda , Lavine Marc S. , McCartney Melissa , Szuromi Phil
Published: February 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Over- to under- to back-filled: Early evolution of the Sevier foreland basin in Wyoming, USA
Authors: Foreman* Brady Z. , D’Emic Michael D. , Malone David , Craddock John
Published: February 2022

Strata preserved within the Sevier foreland basin of North America contain a suite of lithologic variations influenced by hinterland tectonic processes. Using U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology, we compared provenance signals of Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata from a west-to-east, foredeep-to-forebulge-to-backbulge depozone transect across the state of Wyoming and evaluated major tectonic mechanisms operating during the early evolution of the Sevier orogeny. Our data included new and compiled U-Pb detrital zircon ages (n = 6013) from 50 localities that were integrated into a revised chronostratigraphic framework and subsidence history for the basin. At the onset of the Sevier orogeny, we found evidence for uplift and erosion of early Mesozoic and late Paleozoic strata within the nascent Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. This event occurred prior to the Aptian Stage of the Early Cretaceous and is recorded by the coordinated progradation of coarse-grained fluvial systems across the overfilled foreland basin. Continued emplacement of thrust loads in the hinterland generated accommodation in excess of sediment supply, a condition likely exacerbated by a relative reduction of siliciclastic sediment supply due to greater unroofing of Paleozoic carbonates during the Aptian and Albian Stages of the Early Cretaceous. This led to an underfilled condition characterized by widespread calcareous lacustrine deposition across much of the foredeep depozone and condensed stratigraphic intervals in the forebulge and backbulge depozones. During the late Albian–earliest Cenomanian, fluvial systems sourced in the Appalachians invaded the foreland basin from the east, followed by the rapid incursion of the Western Interior Seaway, driven by accelerated thrust emplacement, flexural subsidence, and potentially the onset of dynamic subsidence.
Supplemental Material: Archean geodynamics: Ephemeral supercontinents or long-lived supercratons
Authors: Liu Yebo , al. et
Published: February 2022

Supplemental text, six supplemental figures, and three supplemental tables providing further details for regional geology, methods, demagnetization data, rock magnetic results, poles used for paleogeography reconstructions and Euler poles for reproducing the models.
Supplemental Material: Regional-scale correlations of accreted units in the Franciscan Complex, California: A record of long-lived, episodic subduction accretion
Authors: Apen F.E. , al. et
Published: February 2022

Appendices S1 and S2; Tables S1–S4; Figures S1 and S2.