bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF ACTIVE REGION 7986: COMPARISON OF SIMULATIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Mok Yung , Mikić Zoran , Lionello Roberto , Downs Cooper , Linker Jon A.
Published: January 2016

In the present study, we use a forward modeling method to construct a 3D thermal structure encompassing active region 7986 of 1996 August. The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions are then computed and compared with observations. The heating mechanism is inspired by a theory on Alfvén wave turbulence dissipation. The magnetic structure is built from a Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/MDI magnetogram and an estimated torsion parameter deduced from observations. We found that the solution to the equations in some locations is in a thermal nonequilibrium state. The time variation of the density and temperature profiles leads to time dependent emissions, which appear as thin, loop-like structures with uniform cross-section. Their timescale is consistent with the lifetime of observed coronal loops. The dynamic nature of the solution also leads to plasma flows that resemble observed coronal rain. The computed EUV emissions from the coronal part of the fan loops and the high loops compare favorably with SOHO/EIT observations in a quantitative comparison. However, the computed emission from the lower atmosphere is excessive compared to observations, a symptom common to many models. Some factors for this discrepancy are suggested, including the use of coronal abundances to compute the emissions and the neglect of atmospheric opacity effects.
CHARACTERIZING TRANSITING EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES WITH JWST
Authors: Greene Thomas P. , Line Michael R. , Montero Cezar , Fortney Jonathan J. , Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , Luther Kyle
Published: January 2016

We explore how well spectra from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will likely constrain bulk atmospheric properties of transiting exoplanets. We start by modeling the atmospheres of archetypal hot Jupiter, warm Neptune, warm sub-Neptune, and cool super-Earth planets with atmospheres that are clear, cloudy, or of high mean molecular weight (HMMW). Next we simulate the λ = 1–11 μm transmission and emission spectra of these systems for several JWST instrument modes for single-transit or single-eclipse events. We then perform retrievals to determine how well temperatures and molecular mixing ratios (CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3) can be constrained. We find that λ = 1–2.5 μm transmission spectra will often constrain the major molecular constituents of clear solar-composition atmospheres well. Cloudy or HMMW atmospheres will often require full 1–11 μm spectra for good constraints, and emission data may be more useful in cases of sufficiently high F

p
and high F

p
/F
*. Strong temperature inversions in the solar-composition hot-Jupiter atmosphere should be detectable with 1–2.5+ μm emission spectra, and 1–5+ μm emission spectra will constrain the temperature–pressure profiles of warm planets. Transmission spectra over 1–5+ μm will constrain [Fe/H] values to better than 0.5 dex for the clear atmospheres of the hot and warm planets studied. Carbon-to-oxygen ratios can be constrained to better than a factor of 2 in some systems. We expect that these results will provide useful predictions of the scientific value of single-event JWST spectra until its on-orbit performance is known.
HORSESHOE DRAG IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLOBALLY ISOTHERMAL DISKS
Authors: Masset F. S. , Benítez-Llambay P.
Published: January 2016

We study the horseshoe dynamics of a low-mass planet in a three-dimensional, globally isothermal, inviscid disk. We find, as reported in previous work, that the boundaries of the horseshoe region (separatrix sheets) have cylindrical symmetry about the disk’s rotation axis. We interpret this feature as arising from the fact that the whole separatrix sheets have a unique value of Bernoulli’s constant, and that this constant does not depend on altitude, but only on the cylindrical radius, in barotropic disks. We next derive an expression for the torque exerted by the horseshoe region on the planet, or horseshoe drag. Potential vorticity is not materially conserved as in two-dimensional flows, but it obeys a slightly more general conservation law (Ertel’s theorem) that allows an expression for the horseshoe drag identical to the expression in a two-dimensional disk to be obtained. Our results are illustrated and validated by three-dimensional numerical simulations. The horseshoe region is found to be slightly narrower than previously extrapolated from two-dimensional analyses with a suitable softening length of the potential. We discuss the implications of our results for the saturation of the corotation torque, and the possible connection to the flow at the Bondi scale, which the present analysis does not resolve.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND THEIR HOST SPHEROIDS. II. THE RED AND BLUE SEQUENCE IN THE MBH–M*,SPH DIAGRAM
Authors: Savorgnan Giulia A. D. , Graham Alister W. , Marconi Alessandro , Sani Eleonora
Published: January 2016

In our first paper, we performed a detailed (i.e., bulge, disks, bars, spiral arms, rings, halo, nucleus, etc.) decomposition of 66 galaxies, with directly measured black hole masses, M
BH, imaged at

with Spitzer. Our sample is the largest to date and, for the first time, the decompositions were checked for consistency with the galaxy kinematics. We present correlations between M
BH and the host spheroid (and galaxy) luminosity, L
sph (and L
gal), and also stellar mass,

While most previous studies have used galaxy samples that were overwhelmingly dominated by high-mass, early-type galaxies, our sample includes 17 spiral galaxies, half of which have

and allows us to better investigate the poorly studied low-mass end of the

correlation. The bulges of early-type galaxies follow

and define a tight red sequence with intrinsic scatter

and a median

ratio of 0.68 ± 0.04%, i.e., a

range of 0.1%–5%. At the low-mass end, the bulges of late-type galaxies define a much steeper blue sequence, with

and

equal to

at

We additionally report that (1) our Sérsic galaxy sample follows

a less steep sequence than previously reported; (2) bulges with Sérsic index

argued by some to be pseudo-bulges, are not offset to lower M
BH from the correlation defined by the current bulge sample with

and (3) L
sph and L
gal correlate equally well with M
BH, in terms of intrinsic scatter, only for early-type galaxies—once reasonable numbers of spiral galaxies are included, the correlation with L
sph is better than that with L
gal.
PROBING FINAL STAGES OF STELLAR EVOLUTION WITH X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF SN 2013ej
Authors: Chakraborti Sayan , Ray Alak , Smith Randall , Margutti Raffaella , Pooley David , Bose Subhash , Sutaria Firoza , Chandra Poonam , Dwarkadas Vikram V. , Ryder Stuart , Maeda Keiichi
Published: January 2016

Massive stars shape their surroundings with mass loss from winds during their lifetimes. Fast ejecta from supernovae (SNe), from these massive stars, shock this circumstellar medium. Emission generated by this interaction provides a window into the final stages of stellar evolution, by probing the history of mass loss from the progenitor. Here we use Chandra and Swift X-ray observations of the type II-P/L SN 2013ej to probe the history of mass loss from its progenitor. We model the observed X-rays as emission from both heated circumstellar matter and SN ejecta. The circumstellar density profile probed by the SN shock reveals a history of steady mass loss during the final 400 years. The inferred mass loss rate of

points back to a 14

progenitor. Soon after the explosion we find significant absorption of reverse shock emission by a cooling shell. The column depth of this shell observed in absorption provides an independent and consistent measurement of the circumstellar density seen in emission. We also determine the efficiency of cosmic ray acceleration from X-rays produced by Inverse Compton scattering of optical photons by relativistic electrons. Only about 1% of the thermal energy is used to accelerate electrons. Our X-ray observations and modeling provide stringent tests for models of massive stellar evolution and micro-physics of shocks.
INVESTIGATING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS AND SPECTRAL COMPONENTS WITH NuSTAR DATA OF GRS 1915+105
Authors: Jassal Anjali Rao , Vadawale Santosh V. , Mithun N. P. S. , Misra Ranjeev
Published: January 2016

Low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are commonly observed during the hard states of black hole binaries. Several studies have established various observational/empirical correlations between spectral parameters and QPO properties, indicating a close link between the two. However, the exact mechanism of generation of QPOs is not yet well understood. In this paper, we present our attempts to comprehend the connection between the spectral components and the low-frequency QPO (LFQPO) observed in GRS 1915+105 using the data from NuSTAR. Detailed spectral modeling as well as the presence of the LFQPO and its energy dependence during this observation have been reported by Miller et al. and Zhang et al., respectively. We investigate the compatibility of the spectral model and the energy dependence of the QPO by simulating light curves in various energy bands for small variation of the spectral parameters. The basic concept here is to establish the connection, if any, between the QPO and the variation of either a spectral component or a specific parameter, which in turn can shed some light on the origin of the QPO. We begin with the best-fit spectral model of Miller et al. and simulate the light curve by varying the spectral parameters at frequencies close to the observed QPO frequency in order to generate the simulated QPO. Furthermore we simulate similar light curves in various energy bands in order to reproduce the observed energy dependence of the rms amplitude of the QPO. We find that the observed trend of increasing rms amplitude with energy can be reproduced qualitatively if the spectral index is assumed to be varying with the phases of the QPO. Variation of any other spectral parameter does not reproduce the observed energy dependence.
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND THEIR HOST SPHEROIDS. I. DISASSEMBLING GALAXIES
Authors: Savorgnan G. A. D. , Graham A. W.
Published: January 2016

Several recent studies have performed galaxy decompositions to investigate correlations between the black hole mass and various properties of the host spheroid, but they have not converged on the same conclusions. This is because their models for the same galaxy were often significantly different and not consistent with each other in terms of fitted components. Using 3.6 μm Spitzer imagery, which is a superb tracer of the stellar mass (superior to the K band), we have performed state-of-the-art multicomponent decompositions for 66 galaxies with directly measured black hole masses. Our sample is the largest to date and, unlike previous studies, contains a large number (17) of spiral galaxies with low black hole masses. We paid careful attention to the image mosaicking, sky subtraction, and masking of contaminating sources. After a scrupulous inspection of the galaxy photometry (through isophotal analysis and unsharp masking) and—for the first time—2D kinematics, we were able to account for spheroids; large-scale, intermediate-scale, and nuclear disks; bars; rings; spiral arms; halos; extended or unresolved nuclear sources; and partially depleted cores. For each individual galaxy, we compared our best-fit model with previous studies, explained the discrepancies, and identified the optimal decomposition. Moreover, we have independently performed one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) decompositions and concluded that, at least when modeling large, nearby galaxies, 1D techniques have more advantages than 2D techniques. Finally, we developed a prescription to estimate the uncertainties on the 1D best-fit parameters for the 66 spheroids that takes into account systematic errors, unlike popular 2D codes that only consider statistical errors.
NEW ASTROPHYSICAL REACTION RATE FOR THE 12C(α, γ)16O REACTION
Authors: An Zhen-Dong , Ma Yu-Gang , Fan Gong-Tao , Li Yong-Jiang , Chen Zhen-Peng , Sun Ye-Ying
Published: January 2016

A new astrophysical reaction rate for 12C(α, γ)16O has been evaluated on the basis of a global R-matrix fitting to the available experimental data. The reaction rates of 12C(α, γ)16O for stellar temperatures between 0.04 ≤ T
9 ≤ 10 are provided in a tabular form and by an analytical fitting expression. At T
9 = 0.2, the reaction rate is (7.83 ± 0.35) × 1015 cm3 mol−1 s−1, where stellar helium burning occurs.
EXCEPTIONALLY BRIGHT TEV FLARES FROM THE BINARY LS I +61° 303
Authors: Archambault S. , Archer A. , Aune T. , Barnacka A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Buchovecky M. , Buckley J. H. , Bugaev V. , Byrum K. , Cardenzana J. V , Cerruti M. , Chen X. , Ciupik L. , Collins-Hughes E. , Connolly M. P. , Cui W. , Dickinson H. J. , Dumm J. , Eisch J. D. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Fleischhack H. , Flinders A. , Fortin P. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gillanders G. H. , Griffin S. , Grube J. , Gyuk G. , Hütten M. , Håkansson N. , Hanna D. , Holder J. , Humensky T. B. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kertzman M. , Khassen Y. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Krennrich F. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , Maier G. , McArthur S. , McCann A. , Meagher K. , Millis J. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , Nieto D. , O’Brien S. , Bhróithe A. O’Faoláin de , Ong R. A. , Otte A. N. , Pandel D. , Park N. , Pelassa V. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rousselle J. , Rulten C. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Smith A. W. , Staszak D. , Telezhinsky I. , Tucci J. V. , Tyler J. , Vincent S. , Wakely S. P. , Weiner O. M. , Weinstein A. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Zitzer B.
Published: January 2016

The TeV binary system LS I +61° 303 is known for its regular, non-thermal emission pattern that traces the orbital period of the compact object in its 26.5 day orbit around its B0 Ve star companion. The system typically presents elevated TeV emission around apastron passage with flux levels between 5% and 15% of the steady flux from the Crab Nebula (>300 GeV). In this article, VERITAS observations of LS I +61° 303 taken in late 2014 are presented, during which bright TeV flares around apastron at flux levels peaking above 30% of the Crab Nebula flux were detected. This is the brightest such activity from this source ever seen in the TeV regime. The strong outbursts have rise and fall times of less than a day. The short timescale of the flares, in conjunction with the observation of 10 TeV photons from LS I +61° 303 during the flares, provides constraints on the properties of the accelerator in the source.
La pédopsychiatrie en héritage
Authors: Loidreau Loïc
Published: January 2016

Mieux comprendre l’héritage historique de la pédopsychiatrie française nous permet de mieux saisir l’identité professionnelle de cette discipline. Cet héritage peut se lire dans les traces écrites du passé mais se comprend mieux à travers ce dont « les anciens » peuvent témoigner. Cette identité continue à mûrir à travers son héritage anti-asilaire, antipsychiatrique, psychodynamique, autour d’une clinique française qui conserve toute sa pertinence. Nous nous devons cependant de retenir les leçons du passé quant au risque aliénant d’une pensée unique et d’une institution rigide.
Transmettre : de la partition à l’interprétation
Authors: Bensidoun Pierre , Bensidoun Bernard
Published: January 2016

Les auteurs engagent un dialogue à partir de leurs propres références théoriques sur ce que transmettre peut signifier pour un biologiste et pour un psychanalyste, la transmission apparaît comme un processus central et complexe de la vie.
Transmettre, c’est témoigner ?
Authors: Massou François
Published: January 2016

Transmettre n’est pas évident car « transmettre » est aussi risqué que communiquer ; le risque étant celui de ne pas être compris. C’est communiquer, faire passer à une génération un élan de vie, constituer un « bagage » qui contribuera à faire durer la vie ou à la protéger. « Transmettre et socialiser », cela pourrait se traduire par témoigner.
Transmission et écriture
Authors: Didier Marie
Published: January 2016

La lecture dans l’enfance et celle découverte plus tard grâce à des amis ont transmis à l’auteur l’amour de la littérature. L’écriture, ensuite, lui a permis un travail de lucidité sur soi-même qui a éclairé sa pratique médicale. Certains livres conseillés aux patients ont su être une aide au moins aussi importante parfois que celle apportée par un médicament. L’histoire de J.-B Pussin, racontée dans son ouvrage Dans la nuit de Bicêtre , a pu avoir, de façon imprévisible, un impact politique, en transmettant les valeurs de cet homme sans culture aux « résistants » d’aujourd’hui de la psychiatrie contemporaine.
Entre famille et école, quelle place pour les héritiers de la migration ?
Authors: Chapellon Sébastien , Gontier Élisabeth
Published: January 2016

Cet article s’intéresse aux effets inattendus de l’école sur les liens que l’enfant entretient avec ses parents lorsque ceux-ci sont d’origine étrangère. Les auteurs interrogent les incidences de la scolarisation des enfants sur les rapports familiaux. Des exemples montrent que l’école peut être le lieu où les conflits psychiques vécus par les héritiers de la migration émergent. Un dispositif groupal visant à travailler ces conflits est également présenté. Il permet de comprendre pourquoi l’institution scolaire joue quelquefois le rôle de catalyseur des difficultés que peuvent rencontrer les familles en situation de migration.
Partager le monde du psychotique...
Authors: Ponet Blandine
Published: January 2016

Comment ce sont les enfants, les patients, qui nous apprennent, comment nous recevons notre métier des autres. Et comment chaque rencontre nous fait repartir de zéro. Non pas que nous ne sachions rien, que nous n’ayons rien appris, mais comme dit le poète, « c’est toujours la première fois ». Il s’agirait là de reconnaître à la pratique une valeur d’enseignement fondamentale et souvent très riche, car dans la rencontre de l’autre, l’imprévu nous sollicite dans le fond de notre métier et de nos ressources et nous oblige à inventer.
Évolutions et transmissions
Authors: Etchart Patricia , Heim Philippe , Malhaire Dominique , Masson Daniel , Mérens Guy
Published: January 2016

L’ arseaa , association intervenant en Midi-Pyrénées, forte de ses 10 pôles et de ses 1 575 salariés, se pose la question de la transmission à travers l’élaboration de son Plan d’action recherche et formation. Pour cela, cinq axes sont appréhendés par autant de groupes de travail réunissant des acteurs de tous types, et traitant : des actions inspirantes ; de la formation continue intégrée ; de l’organisation apprenante ; d’un observatoire du secteur et des formations associées ; de la formation des personnes accompagnées.
La vie privée
Authors: Lebrun Pierre-Brice
Published: January 2016

Chacun définit librement – en toute subjectivité – les limites de sa vie privée, et dispose d’outils légaux pour les faire respecter. Lors d’une prise en charge, seuls les professionnels astreints au secret professionnel ont accès aux informations confidentielles qui relèvent de la vie privée, et seuls les professionnels de santé astreints au secret dit « secret médical » ont accès aux informations concernant la santé, même les plus anodines : c’est un devoir éthique de les protéger, et une obligation légale.
Un nouveau dispositif de soin : l’ uhsa
Authors: Blanchet Mariannick
Published: January 2016

La création des unités d’hospitalisation spécialement aménagées a suscité une nouvelle réflexion et organisation des soins où doivent se coordonner différents contextes : celui du carcéral, du judiciaire et du sanitaire. Sur le centre hospitalier G.-Marchant de Toulouse, une équipe pluridisciplinaire accueille et assure le suivi psychiatrique et psychologique des patients détenus autour d’un projet de soins spécifique. Constamment interrogé, il remet en question notre sens du soin, notre éthique et nos limites. C’est en tant que psychologue clinicienne que l’auteur propose de partager une expérience, un regard, des doutes et des interrogations, en étayant son propos sur les notions d’idéal soignant, de réalité clinique et de temporalité psychique.
L’importance du conte dans une situation pédagogique
Authors: Blouin Corinne , Landel Christine
Published: January 2016

Le cessa – Centre d’éducation spécialisée pour enfants sourds aveugles et sourds malvoyants – accueille un public d’enfants qui présentent une double déficience sensorielle, avec des difficultés majeures de relation, de communication et d’accès à l’imaginaire. Une psychologue et une professeure se sont associées pour animer un atelier contes qui utilise diverses modalités de présentation d’un même conte, dans un petit groupe de cinq enfants. Après une année d’expérience, elles constatent que l’atelier contes a eu, pour les enfants du groupe, une fonction contenante, organisatrice de la pensée, constructrice de la personnalité et de soutien aux apprentissages pédagogiques.
Rugby et construction psychique du jeune
Authors: Clément
Published: January 2016

L’auteur présente un témoignage personnel de son rapport au rugby. Grâce à des éducateurs qui lui ont enseigné ce sport et ses règles, qui l’ont encadré et suivi durant sa jeunesse, il a pu non seulement se passionner pour ce sport, mais aussi structurer sa personnalité, faire face à ses difficultés, former son caractère. Cet engagement a duré toute sa vie durant. Il montre comment ce sport collectif est un vecteur de valorisation sociale, de soutien narcissique, de socialisation et de préparation à la vie collective et sociale.
Le partenariat, condition de la réussite de la scolarisation des collégiens sourds et malentendants
Authors: Galle Patrice
Published: January 2016

À propos de la scolarisation des collégiens sourds et malentendants, nous nous interrogeons sur les conditions d’un partenariat effectif entre le collégien lui-même, sa famille, l’établissement de scolarisation et la structure médicosociale à même de faciliter la réalisation d’un projet de scolarisation. Il s’agit de cerner les obstacles à ce partenariat et ses facilitateurs, afin de mettre en lumière les conditions requises pour qu’il « fonctionne » et apporte l’étayage attendu à la réalisation du projet de scolarisation d’un collégien en situation de handicap.
Assessing Readiness forEn Pointein Young Ballet Dancers
Authors: Lai Jeffrey C. , Kruse David W.
Published: January 2016

Children begin ballet lessons as young as age 2 years. The graceful movements of classical ballet require a combination of artistry, flexibility, and strength to perform. During the training and development of a young ballerina, the transition to dancingen pointe(“on the toes”) represents a significant milestone and traditionally begins around age 11 or 12 years, assuming the proper training background and dance aspirations. However, current dance medicine literature describes factors such as maturity, proper technique, strength, and postural control as the more significant factors in determining pointe readiness. An in-office evaluation of these factors can be performed by the clinician to assist dancers, their family, and their dance instructor(s) determine pointe readiness.[Pediatr Ann.2016;45(1):e21–e25.]
High metal contents in the fan mussel Pinna nobilis in the Balearic Archipelago (western Mediterranean Sea) and a review of concentrations in marine bivalves (Pinnidae)
Authors: Vázquez-Luis Maite , Morató Mercè , Campillo Juan Antonio , Guitart Carlos , Deudero Salud
Published: January 2016

Concentrations of metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the marine bivalve Pinna nobilis at several coastal locations of Majorca and the Cabrera Islands (Mediterranean Sea) were investigated. The elevated concentrations of metals found in the soft tissues of P. nobilis indicate high bioaccumulation factors. All concentrations and the calculated metal pollution index showed significant differences between sites, with particularly high concentrations in the Cabrera Archipelago, a marine protected area (MPA). The datasets were evaluated with the limited information published in the literature for Pinnidae species worldwide. In benthic P. nobilis, concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn are more than 30 times higher and Hg and Pb concentrations are 4 and 7 times higher, respectively, than concentrations in other bivalve species, such as Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mytilidae). These observations from species inhabiting nearby ecological habitats of the coastal environment (Pinnidae vs. Mytilidae) are also discussed in the context of current marine monitoring strategies and assessments.
Larval development and shape variation of the kelpfish Myxodes viridis (Teleostei: Clinidae)
Authors: Zavala-Muñoz Francisca , Landaeta Mauricio F. , Bernal-Durán Valentina , Herrera Guillermo A. , Brown Donald I.
Published: January 2016

Larval development and shape ontogeny of the kelpfish Myxodes viridis (Clinidae) are described for the first time. A total of 214 individuals ranging between 3.51 and 23.09 mm standard length collected off central Chile were assessed employing classic and geometric morphometrics, illustration with camera lucida and a double-staining technique for cartilaginous and bone structure observation. Based on characteristics such as yolk sac presence and fin formation, six stages of larval development were differentiated: yolk sac, preflexion, flexion, early postflexion, late postflexion and juvenile. Shape changes during development are subtle and occur smoothly, being more significant in the head and preanal length, and ontogenetic allometry accounts for almost 15%. Cartilage formation takes place first at the branchial arches and cranium; then hypural, haemal and neural arches are consecutively formed. Bony structure ossification occurs late in the development. Vertebral centra ossify directly, without cartilaginous matrix replacement.
Identification of Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) species in long-term phytoplankton samples from Santa Giusta Lagoon, Italy
Authors: Stacca Daniela , Satta Cecilia Teodora , Casabianca Silvia , Penna Antonella , Padedda Bachisio Mario , Sechi Nicola , Lugliè Antonella
Published: January 2016

Chattonella species in a Mediterranean lagoon (Santa Giusta Lagoon, Sardinia, Italy) were identified by applying a molecular approach to fixed natural phytoplankton samples collected over the last two decades. Like the other raphidophytes, Chattonella cells are naked and lose their shape when fixed, making species identification difficult on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Employing species-specific primers (oBTG-005-F, oBTG-027-R, oBTG-028-R) for the amplification of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region, we established the occurrence of C. subsalsa in fixed natural phytoplankton samples collected in coincidence with fish death events. Additionally, we established the presence of the recently discovered C. cf. subsalsa Adriatic genotype by analysing cellular cultures obtained from the same lagoon in 2013. This is the second worldwide record of C. cf. subsalsa Adriatic genotype. Our results revealed that the species-specific primers oBTG-005-F and oBTG-028-R distinguished this new genotype only when present singularly. This study provides valuable data that increase knowledge of C. subsalsa genotypes and of the long-term occurrence of Chattonella blooms in a transitional ecosystem through the use of samples up to 20 years old.
The Internationalization Decision-Making of United Arab Emirates Family Businesses
Authors: Jabeen Fauzia , Ahmad Syed Zamberi , Alkaabi Saeed
Published: January 2016

International expansion epitomizes a vital strategic decision that family firms must go through to grow. However, limited research has been conducted on internationalization decision making in family businesses (FBs). Various disparities have been observed in the previous researches concerning the factors that affects and stimulate a FBs' decision making to internationalize. The purpose of this study is to analyze the internationalization pattern of FBs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a dynamic emerging economy in the Middle East region. A qualitative research approach was selected, and after a thorough review of the relevant literatures, the major factors affecting international decision making in FBs were identified. It was concluded that there are some common factors regarding international decision making in FBs in the UAE and the rest of the world, and some of the factors are unique to a specific country, industry, or product. Suggestions on how to move this field of study forward are also presented.
Communication (Intercultural and Multicultural) at Play for Cross Cultural Management within Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: January 2016

With the globalization of economy, multinational corporations (MNCs) and joint ventures are expanding across the world, and China's vast market is attracting more foreign enterprises. Hence, misunderstanding, or even conflicts in employees' communication and cooperation in these cross-cultural enterprises exist more often than not. Compared with the general management activities, cross-cultural communication is more difficult than the general communication. Therefore, how to overcome the barriers in cross-cultural communication and how to achieve effective communication among employees is a common problem of all cross-cultural aMNCs. Hence, the purpose of this chapter is on communication, intercultural communication and multicultural communication in MNCs. The chapter will cover the meaning of multinational corporations, as well as language and diversity, and the roles that language and diversity play in MNCs. The chapter will conclude with factors to be sensitive about when becoming effective cross cultural managers for MNCs.
Channel for Vertical Spillovers
Authors: Jaguli Abd Rahim
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study was to fill a research gap, where the channels through which technology and knowledge were transferred remained unexplored in the existing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) knowledge transfer literature. A case study method was adopted as it is appropriate for exploring the complex process of knowledge transfer. The findings obtained from the case studies were able to demonstrate a positive relationship between MNCs and local innovation where knowledge and technology can be diffused through training programmes offered by MNCs to local suppliers. It provides an understanding as to the extent to which MNCs, through linkages with local firms, may facilitate the innovation activities of said local firms. Policy implications are subsequently discussed and future research suggestions are then put forth.
Multinational Corporations
Authors: Kaushal Leena Ajit
Published: January 2016

Foreign Investors are looking forward to enter organized retail sector, which has a mere 8 percent presence in India, but the present government in India which endorses liberal economic framework proscribe 100 percent FDI in multi-brand retail sector on the grounds of safeguarding small indigenous retailers known as ‘kirana stores'. The objective of the chapter is to explore the importance of Multi National Corporations (MNCs) not only in multi-brand retail sector but otherwise as a potent source of technology, efficiency and equality for farmers and poor, poverty alleviation and growth for a developing economy as a whole.
Women's Economic Empowerment in the Developing Countries
Authors: Zakuan Ummu Atiyah Ahmad , Hassan Kalthum
Published: January 2016

It is an established fact that women's empowerment is primary to the socio-economic and political development of a nation. It will be meaningless, if women that constitute half of the population of the globe do not have access to education, healthcare, employment and political decision making bodies. A nation benefits fully when both men and women contribute rigorously in social cohesion, economic growth, peace and prosperity. Findings from countries and reputable institutions such as World Bank and the United Nations revealed that greater gender equality correlates positively with national economic growth. The World Economic Forum recently reported that across the 135 countries examined, greater gender equality correlates positively with per capita gross national product. Countries with greater equality between women and men have economies that are more competitive and fast growing. Hence, removing barriers on empowering women stimulates economic development. This chapter commences with the meaning of women empowerment followed by the identification of various barriers on women empowerment, and investigation on women economic empowerment in the developing countries. The patriarchal system is also introduced to explain how it influences women empowerment. Finally, this chapter argues that women empowerment in general can only be achieved if the patriarchal system is transformed or reengineered to foster more equality between both groups.
Thermal and Mechanical Characterizations of Nanoclay/Palm Oil Polyol Based Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Zubir Syazana Ahmad , Ernie Suzana Ali , Ahmad Sahrim
Published: January 2016

Effect of organically modified nanoclay on thermal and mechanical properties of palm oil polyol (POP) based polyurethane (PU) were investigated. Thermoplastic PU elastomer was synthesized utilizing polycaprolactonediol (PCL), POP, 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BD) as chain extender via two-step prepolymer process in bulk. The amount of clay added is between 1 to 5 wt%. The produced nanocomposites were subjected to thermal and mechanical characterization which includes thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tensile test. The results obtained showed improved thermal stability and tensile properties of PU nanocomposites upon addition of clay content.
Collapsed Mode and Specific Energy Absorption of Glass Filled Polypropylene (GPE) and Glass Filled Polyethylene (GPP) Composite Pipes under Quasi-Static Axial Loading
Authors: Ya H.H. , El-Sobky H.
Published: January 2016

–The behaviour of extruded glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic pipe under axial crushing load was investigated experimentally. It was envisaged that the difference between the axial and hoop moduli and strengths as well as the volume fraction would influence the mode of collapses and energy absorption. The moduli could be varied using a new extrusion technology, which controls the fibre orientation pattern, hence, the mechanical properties. The ability to vary the moduli and the fibre volume fraction provide means of controlling the collapse mode in order to optimise specific energy absorption. Axial compression tests were performed on glass filled Polypropylene and Polyethylene composite pipes. The samples were chosen with a variety of fibre volume fraction, Vf = 5% to 20% and average angle of orientation, θ = 50o to 80o to evaluate the effect of anisotropy and Vf on the energy absorption capacity and collapse modes. The observations indicate that, the samples containing of higher Vf and θ, collapsed in brittle failure mode (fragmentation), while those with less Vf and θ angle collapsed in non-axis-symmetric (diamond) mode with local fracture. The galss fillet with polypropylene-60o (GPP-60) displayed the highest specific energy absorption (Es) compared to the other GPE, MDPE and LDPE pipe samples. However, the glass fillet polyethylene – 75o (GPE-75) displayed the highest Es and the glass fillet polyethylene – 65o (GPE-65) displayed the lowest Es compared with in the GPE pipes. The specific energy absorption of GPP-70 pipe (24 kJ/kg) and GPE-75 pipe (12 kJ/kg) is almost 50 % and 25% of the amount of specific energy absorption of aluminium tubes (60 kJ/kg), respectively. Moreover, it is close to the specific energy absorption of glass-epoxy 15o (GE-15) / which is 30 kJ/kg, and much higher than aramid-epoxy-15o (AE-15)/ which is 9 kJ/kg.
Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Blends: The Effects of Recycled Nitrile Glove (rNBRg) Particle Sizes
Authors: Nik Yahya N.Z. , Zulkepli Nik Noriman , Ismail Hanafi , Ting Sam Sung , Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri , Kamarudin H. , Hamzah Rosniza
Published: January 2016

The effects of different particle sizes of recycled nitrile glove (rNBRg) on curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were investigated. The particle sizes of rNBRg were differentiated by the method of sizing. S1 was obtained by cutting the rNBRg into smaller sheets; S2 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times; and S3 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times and then mechanically grinded. NR/SBR/rNBRg blends were prepared at 50/30/20 composition using two roll mill at room temperature, with different particle sizes, rNBRg (S1), rNBRg (S2) and rNBRg (S3). Curing characteristics (scorch time, cure time, minimum torque and maximum torque), tensile properties and physical properties (crosslink density, resilience and hardness) of the blends were investigated. Results indicated that scorch time, cure time and minimum torque decreased as the rNBRg particle size decreased, while maximum torque and crosslink density increased. Tensile strength of the blends decreased as the rNBRg particle size reduced, which explained the formation of holes on the surfaces of tensile fracture, observed by scanning electron microscope. The rigidity of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends increased when smaller rNBRg particles were used, which explained the increased in hardness and decreased in resilience of the blends.
Synthesis of 60 (wt.)%SiO2-40 (wt.)%CaO Sol-Gel Derived Glass-Ceramic and In Vitro Bioactivity Assessment in SBF Solution
Authors: Syed Adam Syed Nuzul Fadzli , Roslinda S. , Zainuddin Firuz
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study is to determine the bioactive property of compacted and crystallized glass-ceramic based on 60 (wt.)%SiO2-40 (wt.)%CaO by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various times. The powder of this phosphate-free glasses based on binary SiO2-CaO system was synthesized via an acid catalyzed sol-gel route prior to powder compaction for the bioactivity assessment. The main chemical precursors used for synthesis the glass powder were tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate reagent whereas nitric acid was used as the catalyst during the sol-gel process. The obtained hydrogels were dried, heat treated and grounded into powders before being pressed into rounded shape compacts. The initial compacted glass then sintered at 1000°C for 4 hours in typical muffle furnace to obtain crystallized glass-ceramic phase. Precipitation of apatite structures on the glass-ceramic surface were observed by immersion of the compacted pellets into SBF solution from one to 21 days. All the test results obtained from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) indicates that the sintered glass-ceramic showed an actively bioactivity property. Precipitation of apatite was detected on the surface of the compacted glass-ceramic within the first 24 hours after being immersed in SBF. The development of apatite structures were continuously increased and progressively growth into coral-like structure and has particularly found to crystallize into carbonated apatite (HCA) layer after 14 days of immersion in SBF.
Characterization of Linear Low Density Polyethylene/Rambutan Peels Flour Blends: Effect of Loading Content
Authors: Nadhirah A. Ainatun , Ting Sam Sung , Noriman N.Z. , Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa , OMAR MOHD FIRDAUS , Kamarudin H.
Published: January 2016

The effect of rambutan peels flour (RPF) content on the tensile properties of linear low density polyethylene filled with rambutan peel flour was studied. RPF was melt blended with linear low–density polyethylene (LLDPE). LLDPE/RPF blends were prepared by using twin screw extruder at 150°C with the flour content ranged from 0 to 25 wt%. The tensile properties were tested by using a universal testing machine (UTM) according to ASTM D638. The highest tensile strength was pure LLDPE meanwhile the tensile strength LLDPE/RPF decreased gradually with the addition of rambutan peels flour. Young’s modulus of rambutan peels flour filled LLDPE increased with increasing fiber loading. The crystallinity of the blends was significantly reduced with increasing RPF content. Instead, the water absorption increased with the addition of RPF content.
Precipitated Silica Derived from Palm Oil Mill Fly Ash: Kinetics and Characterization
Authors: Utama Panca Setia , Yamsaengsung Ram , Sangwichien C.
Published: January 2016

The silica extraction from palm oil mill fly ash (POMFA) using sodium hydroxide as one of viable processes for obtaining silica from agricultural waste was investigated. The effects of extraction time and temperature were closely examined to study the kinetics of the process. The fixed variables used in the present work were mass of POMFA 468.2 gram; the POMFA mass to NaOH volume ratio 0.2341 g/cm3; the concentration of NaOH 1.4 N and the stirring speed of 1065 RPM. The levels of temperature employed were 348 K, 358 K, 368 K and 378 K for different time durations up to 60 min. The mechanical fragmentation process was applied to obtain precipitated silica from the extracted silica. The precipitation conditions were: stirring speed of 1160 RPM, pH of 8.75, temperature of 303 K and precipitation time of 100 min. The shrinking core model (SCM) with intra-particle diffusion controlled mechanism and the Jander equation can satisfactorily represent the extraction process. The activation energy for silica extraction was 58.20 kJ/mol for the SCM with intra-particle diffusion and 62.22 kJ/mol for the Jander equation respectively. The precipitated silica agglomerate obtained at the time of 100 min has the median-weighed volume particle size distribution of 114.07 μm. The chemical composition and physical characteristic of precipitated silica which were analyzed with LPSA, XRF, XRD, FTIR and SEM are similar to the precipitated silica from the references.
Screening of Total Phenolic Content of Antioxidant Thin Film from Pomelo (Citrus grandis) Peel
Authors: Abdullah Rozaini , Aina Arshad Noor Safira , Zakaria Zarina , Ting Sam Sung , Beng Lee Boon
Published: January 2016

Recently, there has been an interest in potential of antioxidant film incorporated with natural extract. The film was produced by using chitosan in the presence of pomelo (Citrus grandis) peel extract. In this study, there were 3 different effects of parameter that had been screened by using 2-Level Factorial which were concentrations of chitosan, pomelo peel extract and glycerol. Meanwhile, the response that had been investigated which was Total Phenolic Content (TPC). The data were analyzed by using ANOVA to screen the parameters affecting the antioxidant activity of films. Factor B (concentration of pomelo peel extract) and AC (interaction between the concentration of chiotosan and glycerol) were significant parameters in this studied. Meanwhile, FTIR spectra of antioxidant film revealed that there were interaction between functional groups of chitosan with pomelo peel extract with presence of aromatic ring C=C stretch at wavelength of 1555.3 cm-1 and 1410.7 cm-1. These results suggested that chitosan films containing pomelo peel extract have potential as the antioxidant thin film, which can be used for development of antioxidant food packaging materials.
Pyrolysis of Rice Straw by Using Microwave Irradiation with Quartz Glass Reactor
Authors: Azduwin K. , Zarina Z. , Ridzuan Mohd Jamir Mohd , Ahmad Anis Atikah
Published: January 2016

Pyrolysis of rice straw using microwave irradiation with quartz glass reactor has been conducted in a 1 kW domestic microwave system having 2450 MHz frequency. The microwave was modified and was equipped with the cylindrical quartz glass reactor. There are three process parameter studied namely microwave power (watt), the amount of microwave absorber (g), and particle size (μm). The microwave absorber used in this study is char which produced from microwave assisted pyrolysis. From the study, it was found that the addition of microwave absorber had significant effects on the yields and properties of the final products. From the work done, 12.97 % of bio-oil yield was the highest amount of bio-oil produced at microwave power of 500 W, with addition of 0.5 g of microwave absorber (bio char) for the particle size of 125 μm with consistent flow of 5 L/min of nitrogen gas and constant of 10 minutes reaction time. The pH analysis of bio oil was done by using pH meter for randomly selected one reading for each parameter study where the pH of bio oil produced is acidic which is 3.11, 3.18 and 3.86. The bio-oil produced was found to contain important chemical compounds such as cyclohexanol, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and 4-ethylphenol which analyzed by using gas chromatography.
Strength, Density and Water Absoprtion of Palm Oil Boiler Ash (POBA) Geopolymer Brick/IBS Brick
Authors: Zarina Yahya , Husin Kamarudin , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Ismail Khairul Nizar , Abd Razak Rafiza
Published: January 2016

Geopolymer or alkali-activated binder is produced by synthesizing aluminosilicate source materials with an alkaline activator solution. This study has been conducted to produce palm oil boiler ash (POBA) geopolymer brick/IBS brick by using geopolymerisation method. Mix design of geopolymer brick/IBS brick was produced using NaOH concentration, ratio of S/L, ratio Na2SiO3/NaOH and curing temperature of 14 M, 1.5, 2.5 and 80 °C. The ratio of POBA-to-sand for geopolymer brick/IBS brick for this study was 1:3. The properties of geopolymer brick/IBS brick were analyzed in term of compressive strength, water absorption and density at different aging period, which is 1st, 3rd, 7th, 28th and 60th days. The result showed that the geopolymer brick produced using POBA, showed an increment in strength with times where the maximum strength obtained was up to 16.1 MPa (60th days). The density of this brick was in the range 1615 kg/m3 to 1750 kg/m3 and can be classified into medium weight for non-loading brick according to ASTM C129 (2013). As for the water absorption, the range was 6.8% to 12.2%, which is less than limit (17%) of ASTM C90 (2013) specification. For geopolymer IBS brick, the maximum compressive strength at 60th days was 14.3 MPa. There are slightly different strength of geopolymer IBS brick, which is due to the existence of tongue and groove on the surface of IBS brick thus leads to lower strength. The geopolymer IBS brick was classified as medium weight brick according to ASTM C129 (2013) with density a in the range 1792 kg/m3 to 1894 kg/m3 and water absorption 8.7% to 14.5%.