bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Extraction, Structure, and Physiochemical Properties of Sorghum Kafirin for Biomaterial Applications: A Review
Authors: Shah Umar , Bhattarai Rewati , Al-Salami Hani , Blanchard Christopher , Johnson Stuart K.
Published: June 2024

Kafirin is an endosperm-specific hydrophobic protein found in sorghum grain and the waste by-product from sorghum biorefineries known as sorghum dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS). Because of kafirin’s poor nutritional profile (negative nitrogen balance, slow digestibility, and lack of some essential amino acids), its direct human use as a food is restricted. Nevertheless, increased focus on biofuel production from sorghum grain has triggered a new wave of research to use sorghum DDGS kafirin as a food-grade protein for biomaterials with diverse applications. These applications result from kafirin’s unique chemical nature: high hydrophobicity, evaporation-induced self-assembling capacity, elongated conformation, water insolubility, and low digestibility. Aqueous alcohol mixtures have been widely used for the extraction of kafirin. The composition, structure, extraction methodologies, and physiochemical properties of kafirin, emphasising its biomaterial functionality, are discussed in detail in this review. The literature survey reveals an in-depth understanding of extraction methodologies and their impact on structure functionality, which could assist in formulating materials of kafirin at a commercial scale. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential of kafirin and optimise its utilisation as a functional biomaterial, highlighting its valuable structural and physicochemical properties. Further studies should focus on covering gaps in the research as some of the current structural understanding comes from data on zein protein from maize.
Predictive Role of Maternal Laboratory Parameters and Inflammatory Scores in Determining Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Newborns at Birth
Authors: Pantea Manuela , Kalapala Chaitanya , Thakur Barkha Rani , Iacob Daniela , Borțea Claudia Ioana , Herlo Alexandra , Marc Felicia , Tanasescu Sonia , Bucur Adina
Published: June 2024

The incidence of Neonatal Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is a critical concern in neonatal care. This study aimed to identify maternal laboratory parameters predictive of SIRS in newborns, focusing on the establishment of diagnostic cutoffs and evaluating the predictive power of these biomarkers. This prospective cohort study was conducted from January 2023 to January 2024 across several regional hospitals specializing in neonatal care. It included 207 mother-newborn pairs, divided into groups based on the neonatal development of SIRS (66 cases) or its absence (141 controls). Key maternal parameters measured included inflammatory markers and liver enzymes, analyzed using standard biochemical methods. The study applied receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to establish optimal cutoff values and conducted multivariate logistic regression to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for SIRS prediction, with adjustments for potential confounders. The study identified significant ROC/AUC values for several biomarkers. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) demonstrated an AUC of 0.926, with a cutoff value of 3.64, achieving 81.8% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity (p < 0.001). The systemic immune–inflammation index (SII) showed an AUC of 0.819 and a cutoff of 769.12, with 75.8% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis highlighted that neonates with maternal SII values above this cutoff were three times more likely to develop SIRS (HR 3.09, 95% CI 2.21–4.17, p < 0.0001). Other notable biomarkers included dNLR and ALRI, with respective HRs of 1.88 (p = 0.018) and 1.75 (p = 0.032). These findings confirm the significant predictive value of specific maternal inflammatory markers for neonatal SIRS. These findings support the utility of these biomarkers in prenatal screening to identify neonates at increased risk of SIRS, potentially guiding preemptive clinical interventions.
Prognostic Association between Injury Severity Score and the Outcomes of Elderly Patients with Trauma in South Korea
Authors: Kim Jae-Guk , Choi Hyun-Young , Kang Gu-Hyun , Jang Yong-Soo , Kim Wonhee , Lee Yoonje , Ahn Chiwon
Published: June 2024

This study investigated the impact of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) on treatment approaches and survival outcomes in trauma patients, focusing on comparing elderly (≥65 years) with non-elderly patients. It analyzed adult trauma cases with abnormal Revised Trauma Scores from January to December 2019, categorizing patients into three severity groups based on ISS: mild (1–8), moderate (9–15), and severe (≥16). The study examined how ISS influenced therapeutic interventions and survival among elderly patients, comparing these outcomes to non-elderly patients using multivariable logistic regression analysis. In 16,336 adult trauma cases out of 52,262 patients, including 4886 elderly and 11,450 non-elderly patients, findings revealed that in the severe group, elderly patients had a lower, though not statistically significant, incidence of surgical or embolization interventions compared to the moderate group, differing from non-elderly patients. No significant differences were observed in the mild group between elderly and non-elderly patients. However, elderly patients had higher intervention rates in the moderate group and lower in the severe group, with significantly lower survival-to-discharge rates in the severe group. The ISS is insufficient for assessing trauma severity in elderly patients. Additional tools are needed for better evaluation and treatment decisions.
The Impact of Urban Construction Land Expansion on Carbon Emissions from the Perspective of the Yangtze River Delta Integration, China
Authors: Niu Xing , Liao Fenghua , Mi Zixuan , Wu Guancen
Published: June 2024

Regional integration plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic advancement of various global regions and is closely linked with the expansion of construction land. This expansion is a major contributor to urban carbon emissions. Utilizing a geographical regression discontinuity design (GRDD), this paper estimates the impact of urban construction land expansion on carbon emissions and explores the underlying mechanisms within the regional integration process of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. The findings reveal that urban construction land expansion significantly influences carbon emissions, displaying an inverted “U”-shaped pattern. Furthermore, this expansion affects carbon emissions through the transformation of industrial structures, shifts in consumption patterns, and enhancements in scientific and technological investments. Our findings span the performance of the Yangtze River Delta from its early development stages to a relatively mature phase. This paper also partially reveals how the Yangtze River Delta, with both megacities and large- to medium-sized cities, manages urban construction land expansion during the integration process and strives for low-carbon emissions reduction. These results can provide green growth recommendations that balance socio-economic development, low-carbon emissions, and social equity not only for other urban agglomerations in China but also for similar regions in other developing countries by altering construction land utilization patterns.
Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Content in Complex Vegetation Areas Based on CNN-LSTM Model
Authors: Dong Zhaowei , Yao Liping , Bao Yilin , Zhang Jiahua , Yao Fengmei , Bai Linyan , Zheng Peixin
Published: June 2024

Synthesizing bare soil pictures in regions with complex vegetation is challenging, which hinders the accuracy of predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) in specific areas. An SOC prediction model was developed in this study by integrating the convolutional neural network and long and short-term memory network (CNN-LSTM) algorithms, taking into consideration soil-forming factors such as climate, vegetation, and topography in Hainan. Compared with common algorithmic models (random forest, CNN, LSTM), the SOC prediction model based on the CNN-LSTM algorithm achieved high accuracy (R2 = 0.69, RMSE = 6.06 g kg−1, RPIQ = 1.96). The model predicted that the SOC content ranged from 5.49 to 36.68 g kg−1, with Hainan in the central and southern parts of the region with high SOC values and the surrounding areas with low SOC values, and that the SOC was roughly distributed as follows: high in the mountainous areas and low in the flat areas. Among the four models, CNN-LSTM outperformed LSTM, CNN, and random forest models in terms of R2 accuracy by 11.3%, 23.2%, and 53.3%, respectively. The CNN-LSTM model demonstrates its applicability in predicting SOC content and shows great potential in complex areas where obtaining sample data is challenging and where SOC is influenced by multiple interacting factors. Furthermore, it shows significant potential for advancing the broader field of digital soil mapping.
Exploring Study Design Foibles in Randomized Controlled Trials on Convalescent Plasma in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Mengoli Carlo , Casadevall Arturo , Focosi Daniele
Published: June 2024

Background: Sample size estimation is an essential step in the design of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating a treatment effect. Sample size is a critical variable in determining statistical significance and, thus, it significantly influences RCTs’ success or failure. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many RCTs tested the efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) in hospitalized patients but reported different efficacies, which could be attributed to, in addition to timing and dose, inadequate sample size estimates. Methods: To assess the sample size estimation in RCTs evaluating the effect of treatment with CCP in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we searched the medical literature between January 2020 and March 2024 through PubMed and other electronic databases, extracting information on expected size effect, statistical power, significance level, and measured efficacy. Results: A total of 32 RCTs were identified. While power and significance level were highly consistent, heterogeneity in the expected size effect was relevant. Approximately one third of the RCTs did not reach the planned sample size for various reasons, with the most important one being slow patient recruitment during the pandemic’s peaks. RCTs with a primary outcome in favor of CCP treatment had a significant lower median absolute difference in the expected size effect than unfavorable RCTs (20.0% versus 33.9%, P = 0.04). Conclusions: The analyses of sample sizes in RCTs of CCP treatment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveal that many underestimated the number of participants needed because of excessively high expectations on efficacy, and thus, these studies had low statistical power. This, in combination with a lower-than-planned recruitment of cases and controls, could have further negatively influenced the primary outcomes of the RCTs.
Zonisamide Ameliorated the Apoptosis and Inflammation in Cerebellar Tissue of Induced Alcohol Addiction Animal Model
Authors: Aşır Fırat , Erdemci Fikri , Çankırı Zuhal , Korak Tuğcan , Başaran Süreyya Özdemir , Kaplan Özge , Yükselmiş Özkan , Dönmezdil Nilüfer , Ayaz Hayat , Kaplan Şehmus , Tunik Selçuk
Published: June 2024

This study investigated the effects of zonisamide treatment on cerebellar tissues in an experimental alcohol addiction (AA) model and its potential mechanisms of action, particularly regarding apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (APAF-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham, ethanol (EtOH), and EtOH + zonisamide. AA was induced by administering 6 cc of EtOH orally every 8 h for 4 days. Zonisamide (100 mg/kg) was given to rats once daily before EtOH administration. Motor defects were evaluated using an open field maze. Serum TNF-α levels were measured from blood samples. Cerebellar sections were processed for histological examination and immunostained for APAF-1 and TNF-α. Protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape, and functional annotations were performed with ShinyGO (version 0.80) software. The traveled area in the EtOH group was significantly reduced compared to the sham group (p = 0.0005). Rats in the EtOH + zonisamide group covered a larger area, with zonisamide treatment significantly improving locomotor ability compared to the EtOH group (p = 0.0463). Serum TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in the EtOH group compared to the sham group (p < 0.0001) and were significantly decreased in the EtOH + zonisamide group compared to the EtOH group (p = 0.0309). Regular cerebellar histological layers were observed in the sham group, while EtOH induction caused loss of cerebellar tissue integrity, neuronal degeneration, vascular dilatation and congestion, reduced myelin density, and neuropils in the EtOH group. Zonisamide treatment improved these pathologies, enhancing myelination and neuropil formation. Negative APAF-1 and TNF-α expressions were observed across cerebellar layers in the sham group. Due to EtOH toxicity, APAF-1 and TNF-α expression were upregulated in the EtOH group compared to the sham group (p < 0.001 for both). Zonisamide treatment downregulated these protein expressions in the EtOH + zonisamide group compared to the EtOH group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0087, respectively). APAF-1 was primarily associated with AA through antifolate resistance, endopeptidases, and the interleukin-1 pathway, while TNF-α was predominantly enriched in infections and choline-binding, indicating zonisamide’s impact on immune and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, zonisamide treatment significantly mitigated ethanol-induced cerebellar damage and inflammation in an AA model. Zonisamide improved locomotor function and reduced serum TNF-α levels, as well as APAF-1 and TNF-α expression in cerebellar tissues. These findings suggest that zonisamide exerts its protective effects by modulating immune and inflammatory pathways, thereby preserving cerebellar integrity and function.
Finite Element Analysis of Densification Process in High Velocity Compaction of Iron-Based Powder
Authors: Liu Miao , Cao Yan , Nie Chaorui , Wang Zhen , Zhang Yinhuan
Published: June 2024

A finite element model based on elastic–plastic theory was conducted to study the densification process of iron-based powder metallurgy during high velocity compaction (HVC). The densification process of HVC at different heights was simulated using MSC Marc 2020 software with the Shima–Oyane model, and compared with the experimental results. The numerical simulation results were consistent with the experimental results, proving the reliability of the finite element model. Through finite element analysis and theoretical calculation, the high-speed impact molding process of metal powder was analyzed, and the optimal empirical compaction equation for iron-based powder high-speed impact molding was obtained. At the same time, the influence of impact velocity and impact energy on the relative density distribution cloud map and numerical values of the compact was analyzed.
One-Step Preparation Method and Rapid Detection Implementation Scheme for Simple Magnetic Tagging Materials
Authors: Song Xianxiao , Ma Weiting , Song Ping , Wang Hongying
Published: June 2024

With the widespread application of tagging materials, existing chemical tagging materials exhibit limitations in stability and detection under field conditions. This study introduces a novel magnetic detection scheme. Hydrophilic material-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (COOH-PEG@Fe3O4 NPs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation technique. The content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the magnetic tagging liquid can reach up to 10 wt% and remain stable in an aqueous phase system for seven days. This research details the preparation process, the characterization methods (IR, 1HNMR, EDX, XRD, SEM, TEM, VSM, DLS), and the performance effects of the materials in magnetic tagging. Experimental results indicate that COOH-PEG@Fe3O4 NPs exhibit high remanence intensity (Br = 1.75 emu/g) and considerable stability, making it possible to quickly detect tagged liquids in the field using portable flux meters and optical pump magnetometers. This study provides new insights into the design and application of magnetic tagging materials, making it particularly suitable for long-term tagging and convenient detection in field scenarios.
Experimental Investigation of Stress Concentration and Fatigue Behavior in 9% Ni Steel Welded Joints under Cryogenic Conditions
Authors: Lin Yu-Yao , Han Sang-Woong , Park Young-Hwan , Kim Do Kyun
Published: June 2024

This experimental study delves into the intricate mechanics of stress concentration and fatigue behavior exhibited by 9% Ni steel welded joints under cryogenic conditions. The study specifically examines butt-welded, fillet longitudinal, and fillet transverse specimens, comparing their fatigue properties under room and cryogenic temperatures. Notably, determining hot-spot stress presents a challenge, as it cannot be directly obtained through traditional means. To overcome this limitation, a method for predicting hot-spot stress is introduced, which considers the effects of misalignments and weld bead characteristics. The study also highlights the impact of grip-clamping-induced specimen deformation and the reduced middle section on stress concentration resulting from misalignments. Furthermore, it proposes separate consideration of the effects of the weld bead on the axial nominal stress and on the bending stress of the specimen. The accuracy of strain gauge measurements in cryogenic environments is addressed by suggesting a method to correct the output of 2-wire strain gauges using a fixed ratio derived from 2-wire and 3-wire strain gauges. By comparing predicted hot-spot stress with actual measurements, the study validates the reliability of the proposed predictive method. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the behavior of 9% Ni steel welded joints under cryogenic conditions and provide valuable insights for design and engineering in similar applications.
The Application of Resveratrol Derivatives in Oral Cells Reduces the Oxidative Stress Induced by Glucocorticoids
Authors: D’Amico Emira , Cinquini Chiara , Petrini Morena , Barone Antonio , Iezzi Giovanna , D’Ercole Simonetta , De Filippis Barbara , Pierfelice Tania Vanessa
Published: June 2024

Oxidative stress and high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to various age-related diseases and chronic conditions, including damage to oral tissues. Dexamethasone (DEX), a widely used glucocorticoid in dentistry, can have side effects like increased ROS production and delayed wound healing. Resveratrol (RSV) is known for its antioxidant properties, but its limited bioavailability hinders its clinical use. This study investigated the potential of two RSV derivatives (1d and 1h) to address these limitations. The antioxidant abilities of 1d and 1h (5 μM) against DEX-induced oxidative stress (200 μM) were evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and osteoblasts (hOBs). The effects of these compounds on cell viability, morphology, ROS levels, SOD activity, gene expression, and collagen production were evaluated. RSV derivatives, under DEX-induced oxidative stress condition, improved cell growth at 72 h (191.70 ± 10.92% for 1d+DEX and 184.80 ± 13.87% for 1h+DEX), morphology, and SOD activity (77.33 ± 3.35 OD for 1d+DEX; 76.87 ± 3.59 OD for 1h+DEX at 1 h), while reducing ROS levels (2417.33 ± 345.49 RFU for 1d+DEX and 1843.00 ± 98.53 RFU at 4 h), especially in hOBs. The co-treatment of RSV or derivatives with DEX restored the expression of genes that were downregulated by DEX, such as HO-1 (1.76 ± 0.05 for 1d+DEX and 1.79 ± 0.01 for 1h+DEX), CAT (0.97 ± 0.06 for 1d+DEX and 0.99 ± 0.03 for 1h+DEX), NRF2 (1.62 ± 0.04 for 1d+DEX and 1.91 ± 0.05 for 1h+DEX), SOD1 (1.63 ± 0.15 for 1d+DEX and 1.69 ± 0.04 for 1h+DEX). In addition, 1d and 1h preserved collagen production (111.79 ± 1.56 for 1d+DEX and 122.27 ± 1.56 for 1h+DEX). In conclusion, this study suggests that the RSV derivatives 1d and 1h hold promise as potential antioxidant agents to counteract DEX-induced oxidative stress. These findings contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for managing oxidative stress-related oral conditions.
Integrated Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Dandelion Root Polysaccharides to Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Yan Shengkun , Dong Rong
Published: June 2024

In the conducted research, a murine model for ulcerative colitis (UC) was established utilizing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to investigate the therapeutic potential of dandelion root polysaccharide extracts on this disease. This study employed an analysis of gut microbiota composition and serum metabolomics to understand the biochemical effects of these polysaccharides. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA component indicated an increased presence of Bacteroides in the DSS-treated model group, contrasting with a significant enhancement in Faecalibaculum populations in mice treated with dandelion root polysaccharides (DPs). This shift suggests a pivotal role of DPs in elevating fecal N-butyric acid levels—a crucial factor in the maintenance of gut microbiota equilibrium. Through metabolomic profiling of serum, this research identified distinct metabolic changes across the control, DSS model, and DP treatment groups, highlighting four major differential metabolites: (2S)-2-amino-3-[[(2R)-2-butanoyloxy-3-propanoyloxypropoxy]-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxypropanoic acid; (1R,8S,9S)-3,4-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-11,11-dimethyl-5-propan-2-yl-16-oxatetracyclo [7.5.2.01,10.02,7]hexadeca-2,4,6-trien-15-one; Aspartylasparagine; and Nap-Phe-OH. These metabolites are implicated in mitigating oxidative stress, suggesting that DPs facilitate a protective mechanism for the intestinal lining through various biochemical pathways. Additionally, a notable correlation was established between the altered gut microbiota and the serum metabolomic profiles, underscoring the intricate interplay between these two biological systems in the context of UC. This study’s outcomes illustrate that UC induces significant alterations in both gut microbiota and metabolic signatures, whereas dandelion root polysaccharides exhibit a profound ameliorative effect on these disruptions. This investigation underscores the therapeutic promise of dandelion root polysaccharides in the management of UC by modulating gut microbiota and metabolic pathways.
Changes in Plasma Free Amino Acid Profile in Endurance Athletes over a 9-Month Training Cycle
Authors: Kusy Krzysztof , Ciekot-Sołtysiak Monika , Matysiak Jan , Klupczyńska-Gabryszak Agnieszka , Plewa Szymon , Zarębska Ewa Anna , Kokot Zenon J. , Dereziński Paweł , Zieliński Jacek
Published: June 2024

We aimed to evaluate long-term changes in proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic plasma free amino acids (PFAA). Eleven male endurance triathletes participated in a 9-month study. Blood was collected at rest, immediately after exhaustive exercise, and during 30-min recovery, in four consecutive training phases: transition, general, specific, and competition. Twenty proteinogenic and 22 non-proteinogenic PFAAs were assayed using the LC-ESI-MS/MS technique. The structured training modified the patterns of exercise-induced PFAA response, with the competition phase being the most distinct from the others. Branched-chain amino acids (p = 0.002; η2 = 0.216), phenylalanine (p = 0.015; η2 = 0.153), methionine (p = 0.002; η2 = 0.206), and lysine (p = 0.006; η2 = 0.196) declined more rapidly between rest and exhaustion in the competition phase. Glutamine (p = 0.008; η2 = 0.255), glutamate (p = 0.006; η2 = 0.265), tyrosine (p = 0.001; η2 = 0.195), cystine (p = 0.042; η2 = 0.183), and serine (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.346) levels were reduced in the competition phase. Arginine (p = 0.046; η2 = 0.138) and aspartate (p = 0.011; η2 = 0.171) levels were highest during exercise in the transition phase. During the competition phase, α-aminoadipic acid (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.145), β-aminoisobutyric acid (p = 0.007; η2 = 0.167), β-alanine (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.473), and sarcosine (p = 0.017; η2 = 0.150) levels increased, whereas phosphoethanolamine (p = 0.037; η2 = 0.189) and taurine (p = 0.008; η2 = 0.251) concentrations decreased. Overtraining indicators were not elevated. The altered PFAA profile suggests adaptations within energy metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ammonia neutralization, the purine nucleotide cycle, and buffering of intracellular H+ ions. The changes seem to reflect normal adaptations.
Microwave Radiation Caused Dynamic Metabolic Fluctuations in the Mammalian Hippocampus
Authors: Xin Yu , Guan Shu-Ting , Ren Ke , Wang Hui , Dong Ji , Wang Hao-Yu , Zhang Jing , Xu Xin-Ping , Yao Bin-Wei , Zhao Li , Shi Chang-Xiu , Peng Rui-Yun
Published: June 2024

To investigate the dynamic changes in hippocampal metabolism after microwave radiation using liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and to identify potential biomarkers. Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a sham group and a microwave radiation group. The rats in the microwave radiation group were exposed to 2.856 GHz for 15 min for three times, with 5 min intervals. The rats in the sham group were not exposed. Transmission electron microscope revealed blurring of the synaptic cleft and postsynaptic dense thickening in hippocampal neurons after microwave radiation. Metabolomic analysis revealed 38, 24, and 39 differentially abundant metabolites at 3, 7, and 14 days after radiation, respectively, and the abundance of 9 metabolites, such as argininosuccinic acid, was continuously decreased. After microwave radiation, the abundance of metabolites such as argininosuccinic acid was successively decreased, indicating that these metabolites could be potential biomarkers for hippocampal tissue injury.
Disturbances in Muscle Energy Metabolism in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Parvanovova Petra , Hnilicova Petra , Kolisek Martin , Tatarkova Zuzana , Halasova Erika , Kurca Egon , Holubcikova Simona , Koprusakova Monika Turcanova , Baranovicova Eva
Published: June 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disease type of motor neuron disorder characterized by degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons resulting in dysfunction of the somatic muscles of the body. The ALS condition is manifested in progressive skeletal muscle atrophy and spasticity. It leads to death, mostly due to respiratory failure. Within the pathophysiology of the disease, muscle energy metabolism seems to be an important part. In our study, we used blood plasma from 25 patients with ALS diagnosed by definitive El Escorial criteria according to ALSFR-R (Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale) criteria and 25 age and sex-matched subjects. Aside from standard clinical biochemical parameters, we used the NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) metabolomics approach to determine relative plasma levels of metabolites. We observed a decrease in total protein level in blood; however, despite accelerated skeletal muscle catabolism characteristic for ALS patients, we did not detect changes in plasma levels of essential amino acids. When focused on alterations in energy metabolism within muscle, compromised creatine uptake was accompanied by decreased plasma creatinine. We did not observe changes in plasma levels of BCAAs (branched chain amino acids; leucine, isoleucine, valine); however, the observed decrease in plasma levels of all three BCKAs (branched chain alpha-keto acids derived from BCAAs) suggests enhanced utilization of BCKAs as energy substrate. Glutamine, found to be increased in blood plasma in ALS patients, besides serving for ammonia detoxification, could also be considered a potential TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle contributor in times of decreased pyruvate utilization. When analyzing the data by using a cross-validated Random Forest algorithm, it finished with an AUC of 0.92, oob error of 8%, and an MCC (Matthew’s correlation coefficient) of 0.84 when relative plasma levels of metabolites were used as input variables. Although the discriminatory power of the system used was promising, additional features are needed to create a robust discriminatory model.
Effect of Filling Material Properties on 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite Performance
Authors: Liu Yao , Zhou Yang , Zhao Zhigang , Zhou Jinjie
Published: June 2024

The 1-3 piezoelectric composite is the key component of the acoustic transducer, which is widely used in detection, due to the high energy conversion efficiency, cheap raw material, and low aging. To reveal the influence of epoxy mixture, used to connect the piezoelectric column, on the composite performance, a 1-3 piezoelectric composite model was built. The effects of mixture properties on the impedance curves, vibration mode, and deformation displacement of the composite were determined. Six 1-3 piezoelectric composites with different filling mixture properties, by changing the glass microspheres’ mass ratio in the epoxy, were prepared and measured to validate the model. The results showed that with the increase in the proportion of the glass microsphere in the epoxy mixture, the vibration coupling of the piezoelectric composites was gradually eliminated. The acoustic impedance was reduced by 12%. The electromechanical coupling coefficient and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient were increased by 5.4% and 8.3%, respectively. The density and Young’s modulus decrease in filling mixture can significantly improve piezoelectric composite performance.
A Cutting Force and Hole Geometry Study for Precision Deep-Hole Microdrilling of Magnesium
Authors: Pizzi Margherita , Costetti Antonio , De Gaetano Francesco , Ferroni Marco , Arleo Francesco , Boschetti Federica , Annoni Massimiliano
Published: June 2024

Size effects, high thrust forces, limited heat dissipation, and tool deterioration are just some of the challenges that deep microdrilling poses, underscoring the importance of effective process control to ensure quality. In this paper, an investigation performed on a microdrilling process on pure magnesium using a 0.138 mm diameter microdrill to achieve an aspect ratio equal to 36 is proposed. The effect of the variation of the cutting parameters feed per tooth fz and cutting speed vc was studied on thrust force, supporting hole quality evaluation in terms of burr height, entrance, and inner diameters. The results showed that fz significantly influences the hole quality. In fact, as fz increases, the burr height decreases and the inner diameter approaches the nominal diameter. However, optimizing the hole geometry with high feed per tooth values increases the thrust forces, compromising tool life. In fact, a significant dependence of the thrust force on both cutting parameters was found. In this scenario, increasing vc can mitigate the high thrust forces by inducing material softening. The study results improve precision manufacturing by refining parameters, ensuring the quality and reliability of magnesium-based microcomponents.
Transient Pressure Behavior of CBM Wells during the Injection Fall-Off Test Considering the Quadratic Pressure Gradient
Authors: Gu Wei , Wu Jiaqi , Sun Zheng
Published: June 2024

Conventional coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir models for injection fall-off testing often disregard the quadratic pressure gradient’s impact. This omission leads to discrepancies in simulating the transient behavior of formation fluids and extracting critical reservoir properties. Accurate determination of permeability, storability, and other properties is crucial for effective reservoir characterization and production forecasting. Inaccurate estimations can lead to suboptimal well placement, ineffective production strategies, and ultimately, missed economic opportunities. To address this shortcoming, we present a novel analytical model that explicitly incorporates the complexities of the quadratic pressure gradient and dual-permeability flow mechanisms, prevalent in many CBM formations where nanopores are rich, presenting a kind of natural nanomaterial. This model offers significant advantages over traditional approaches. By leveraging variable substitution, it facilitates the derivation of analytical solutions in the Laplace domain, subsequently converted to real-space solutions for practical application. These solutions empower reservoir engineers to generate novel type curves, a valuable tool for analyzing wellbore pressure responses during injection fall-off tests. By identifying distinct flow regimes within the reservoir based on these type curves, engineers gain valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of formation fluids. This model goes beyond traditional approaches by investigating the influence of the quadratic pressure gradient coefficient, inter-porosity flow coefficient, and storability ratio on the pressure response. A quantitative comparison with traditional models further elucidates the key discrepancies caused by neglecting the quadratic pressure gradient. The results demonstrate the proposed model’s ability to accurately depict the non-linear flow behavior observed in CBM wells. This translates to more reliable pressure and pressure derivative curves that account for the impact of the quadratic pressure gradient.
Investigation of Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on a Graphene-CNT Composite Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Study Based on Electrochemical Experiments
Authors: Yoon Taeyoung , Park Wooboum , You Juneseok , Na Sungsoo
Published: June 2024

Graphene and its variants exhibit excellent electrical properties for the construction of enzymatic interfaces. In particular, the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on the electrode surface is a very important issue in the development of enzyme-based bioelectrodes. However, the number of studies conducted to assess how pristine graphene forms different interfaces with other carbon materials is insufficient. Enzyme-based electrodes (formed using carbon materials) have been extensively applied because of their low manufacturing costs and easy production techniques. In this study, the characteristics of a single-walled carbon nanotube/graphene-combined enzyme interface are analyzed at the atomic level using molecular dynamics simulations. The morphology of the enzyme was visualized using an elastic network model by performing normal-mode analysis based on electrochemical and microscopic experiments. Single-carbon electrodes exhibited poorer electrical characteristics than those prepared as composites with enzymes. Furthermore, the composite interface exhibited 4.61- and 2.45-fold higher direct electron efficiencies than GOx synthesized with single-carbon nanotubes and graphene, respectively. Based on this study, we propose that pristine graphene has the potential to develop glucose oxidase interfaces and carbon-nanotube–graphene composites for easy fabrication, low cost, and efficient electrode structures for enzyme-based biofuel cells.
Surfalize: A Python Library for Surface Topography and Roughness Analysis Designed for Periodic Surface Structures
Authors: Schell Frederic , Zwahr Christoph , Lasagni Andrés F.
Published: June 2024

Surface roughness measurement is an integral part of the characterization of microtextured surfaces. Multiple established software packages offer the calculation of roughness parameters according to ISO 25178. However, these packages lack a specific set of features, which we hope to address in this work. Firstly, they often lack or have limited capabilities for automated and batch analysis, making it hard to integrate into other applications. Secondly, they are often proprietary and therefore restrict access to some potential users. Lastly, they lack some capabilities when it comes to the analysis of periodic microtextured surfaces. Namely, common parameters such as the peak-to-valley depth, spatial period and homogeneity cannot be calculated automatically. This work aims to address these challenges by introducing a novel Python library, Surfalize, which intends to fill in the gaps regarding this functionality. The functionality is described and the algorithms are validated against established software packages or manual measurements.
Fabrication and Optimisation of Alumina Nanoporous Membranes for Drug Delivery Applications: A Comparative Study
Authors: Osama Lamyaa , Handal Hala T. , El-Sayed Sara A. M. , Elzayat Emad M. , Mabrouk Mostafa
Published: June 2024

Neurodegenerative disorders cause most physical and mental disabilities, and therefore require effective treatment. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents drug molecules from crossing from the blood to the brain, making brain drug delivery difficult. Implantable devices could provide sustained and regulated medication to solve this problem. Two electrolytes (0.3 M oxalic acid and 0.3 M sulphuric acid) were used to anodise Al2O3 nanoporous membranes, followed by a third anodisation in concentrated H2SO4 to separate the through-hole membranes from the aluminium substrate. FTIR, AFM, and SEM/EDX were used to characterise the membranes’ structure and morphology. The effects of the anodisation time and electrolyte type on the AAO layer pore density, diameter, interpore distance, and thickness were examined. As a model drug for neurodegenerative disorders, donepezil hydrochloride (DHC) was loaded onto thin alumina nanoporous membranes. The DHC release profiles were characterised at two concentrations using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Oxalic acid membranes demonstrated an average pore diameter of 39.6–32.5 nm, which was two times larger than sulphuric acid membranes (22.6–19.7 nm). After increasing the anodisation time from 3 to 5 h, all of the membranes showed a reduction in pore diameter that was stable regardless of the electrolyte type or period. Drug release from oxalic acid-fabricated membranes was controlled and sustained for over 2 weeks. Thus, nanoporous membranes as implantable drug delivery systems could improve neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Microwave-Responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Enhanced In Vitro Controlled Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Fatima Syeda Fiza , Sabouni Rana , Husseini Ghaleb , Paul Vinod , Gomaa Hassan , Radha Remya
Published: June 2024

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent candidates for a range of applications because of their numerous advantages, such as high surface area, porosity, and thermal and chemical stability. In this study, microwave (MW) irradiation is used as a novel stimulus in vitro controlled release of Doxorubicin (DOX) from two MOFs, namely Fe-BTC and MIL-53(Al), to enhance drug delivery in cancer therapy. DOX was encapsulated into Fe-BTC and MIL-53(Al) with drug-loading efficiencies of up to 67% for Fe-BTC and 40% for MIL-53(Al). Several characterization tests, including XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, FE-SEM, and EDX, confirmed both MOF samples’ drug-loading and -release mechanisms. Fe-BTC exhibited a substantial improvement in drug-release efficiency (54%) when exposed to microwave irradiation at pH 7.4 for 50 min, whereas 11% was achieved without the external modality. A similar result was observed at pH 5.3; however, in both cases, the release efficiencies were substantially higher with microwave exposure (40%) than without (6%). In contrast, MIL-53(Al) exhibited greater sensitivity to pH, displaying a higher release rate (66%) after 38 min at pH 5.3 compared to 55% after 50 min at pH 7.4 when subjected to microwave irradiation. These results highlight the potential of both MOFs as highly heat-responsive to thermal stimuli. The results of the MTT assay demonstrated the cell viability across different concentrations of the MOFs after two days of incubation. This suggests that MOFs hold promise as potential candidates for tumor targeting. Additionally, the fact that the cells maintained their viability at different durations of microwave exposure confirms that the latter is a safe modality for triggering drug release from MOFs.
Development of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofibers Containing Cationic Lipid/siRNA Complexes via Electrospinning: The Impact of PVA Characterization
Authors: Kanamori Miyu , Hara Kouji , Yamazoe Eriko , Ito Takaaki , Tahara Kohei
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to develop polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers encapsulating 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)/siRNA complexes via electrospinning for the delivery of nucleic acid-based drugs. It also focused on the influence of the intrinsic properties of PVA on the efficacy of the system. PVA nanofibers, with diameters of 300–400 nm, were obtained, within which the siRNA remained intact and the DOTAP/siRNA complexes were uniformly dispersed. By incorporating DOTAP/siRNA complexes into the PVA nanofibers and assessing the impact of their RNA interference (RNAi) activity in A549-Luc cells, a stable inhibition of luciferase expression was observed. An examination of the nanofiber preparation process revealed that even when DOTAP or siRNA were added separately to the PVA solution without forming complexes, the RNAi effect was retained. The DOTAP/siRNA complexes released from the PVA nanofibers were internalized by the cells, with some PVA residues remaining on their surfaces. The significance of the degree of hydrolysis and polymerization of PVA on the performance of nanofibers was highlighted. Notably, PVA with a low degree of hydrolysis substantially enhanced RNAi effects, with luciferase expression inhibition reaching 91.5 ± 0.7%. Nanofibers made of PVA grades with anionic or cationic modifications were also evaluated, suggesting that they affect the efficacy of siRNA delivery. The insights obtained suggest avenues for future research to optimize drug delivery systems further.
Effects of Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies on Neurophysiological and Clinical Outcomes: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Algometer Study
Authors: Manganotti Paolo , Deodato Manuela , D’Acunto Laura , Biaduzzini Francesco , Garascia Gabriele , Granato Antonio
Published: June 2024

Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiological effect of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies on central and peripheral levels in migraine patients. Methods: An observational cohort study in patients with migraine was performed. All subjects underwent Single-Pulse and Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, as well as a Pressure Pain Threshold assessment. The same protocol was repeated three and four months after the first injection of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Results: A total of 11 patients with a diagnosis of migraine and 11 healthy controls were enrolled. The main findings of this study are the significant effects of anti-CGRP mAb treatment on the TMS parameters of intracortical inhibition and the rise in the resting motor threshold in our group of patients affected by resistant migraine. The clinical effect of therapy on migraine is associated with the increase in short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), resting motor threshold (RMT), and Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT). In all patients, all clinical headache parameters improved significantly 3 months after the first injection of mAbs and the improvement was maintained at the 1-month follow-up. At baseline, migraineurs and HCs had significant differences in all TMS parameters and in PPT, while at follow-up assessment, no differences were observed on RMT, SICI, and PPT between the two groups. After anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody injection, a significant increase in the intracortical inhibition, in the motor threshold, and in the Pressure Pain Threshold in critical head areas was observed in patients with migraine, which was related to significant clinical benefits. Conclusions: Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies improved clinical and neurophysiological outcomes, reflecting a normalization of cortical excitability and peripheral and central sensitization. By directly acting on the thalamus or hypothalamus and indirectly on the trigeminocervical complex, treatment with anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies may modulate central sensorimotor excitability and peripheral sensitization pain.
Effectiveness of Psychobiotic Bifidobacterium breve BB05 in Managing Psychosomatic Diarrhea in College Students by Regulating Gut Microbiota: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Wang Yufan , Wang Yufei , Ding Kunpeng , Liu Yuhan , Liu Dingming , Chen Weijun , Zhang Xinyi , Luo Chuanlin , Zhang Hongyan , Xu Tangchang , Chen Tingtao
Published: June 2024

Diarrhea of college students (DCS) is a prevalent issue among college students, affecting their daily lives and academic performance. This study aims to explore the potential effect of Bifidobacterium breve BB05 supplements on the DCS. Initially, fifty healthy and fifty diarrheal students were recruited in the observational experiment and allocated into control and diarrhea groups, respectively. Subsequently, one hundred diarrheal students were newly recruited in the intervention experiment and randomly allocated into placebo and probiotic groups, both treated for 2 weeks. Questionnaires (BSS, HAMA-14, and HDRS-17) were performed to assess the students’ diarrheal states and mental health at baseline and post-treatment. Fecal samples underwent 16S rRNA sequencing and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to evaluate gut microbiota and fecal metabolite alternations. Results indicated that B. breve BB05 supplementation significantly enriched (p < 0.05) the reduced gut microbial diversity caused by diarrhea. Diarrhea resulted in notable alterations in gut microbiota composition, as exhibited by elevated Collinsella and Streptococcus, alongside substantially decreased Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Prevotella, while B. breve BB05 supplementation partially restored the compromised gut microbiota at both the phylum and genus levels, particularly by increasing Bifidobacterium and Roseburia (p < 0.05). Importantly, questionnaire results suggested that B. breve BB05 administration achieved superior efficacy in relieving diarrhea symptoms and the associated anxiety and depression in college students. An increased fecal concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also observed in the probiotic group, while Acetylcholine (ACH), Epinephrine (EPI), and Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine (NANE) reduced, revealing the potential of B. breve BB05 in alleviating anxiety and depression via modulating the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Furthermore, correlation analysis suggested that the altered microbiota and fecal neurotransmitters were closely associated with the mental symptoms. These results endorse B. breve BB05 intervention as a promising and innovative approach to alleviate both diarrhea and mental health conditions among college students.