bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges Faced in Enhancing the Performance and Scalability in Parallel Computing Architecture
Authors: Moorthi M. Narayana , Manjula R.
Published: November 2015

Now a day the architecture of high performance systems are improving with more and more processor cores on the chip. This has both benefits as well as challenges. The benefit is running more task simultaneously which reduces the running time of the program or application. The challenges are what is the maximum limit of the number of cores in the given chip, how the existing and future software will make use of all the cores, what parallel programming language to choose, what are the memory and cache coherence issues involved when we increase the number of cores, how to solve the power and performance issues, how the cores are connected and how they are communicating to solve a single problem, workload distribution and load balancing issues in terms of scalability. There is a practical limit for speedup and scalability of number of cores on the chip which needs to be analyzed. So this chapter will focus on the introduction and overviews of parallel computing and the challenges faced in enhancing the performance and scalability in parallel computing architecture.
Reliability-Based Criteria for the Decision of the Compensation of Corroded Flexural Reinforcement
Authors: Mohamed Ashraf Ragab
Published: November 2015

Corrosion of reinforcement is considered as the major cause of most deteriorated concrete structures. As reinforcement corrodes, the load carrying capacity is affected and hence, the probability of failure increases. At the time of inspection of deteriorated structures, engineers are faced with the problem whether the available steel is enough to secure the safety of the structural member. This chapter addresses this problem based on reliability-based approach to evaluate the safety of the deteriorated members due to uniform corrosion under bending. A methodology is proposed to facilitate the determination of the member reliability index based on basic material properties and current loading. A step-by-step procedure is proposed based on charts developed in this study according to the Egyptian code provisions.
Application of the Cluster Analysis in Computational Paleography
Authors: Tóth Loránd Lehel , Pardede Raymond Eliza Ivan , Jeney György András , Kovács Ferenc , Hosszú Gábor
Published: November 2015

This chapter presents a method to determine the actual version of a script used in constructing of a script relic from unknown origin. The glyphs belong to graphemes as models are realized in the relics as symbols. Some group of glyphs may transform their shape (shapeshifting) through time which produces various versions of scripts that use different glyphs to express the same grapheme. These glyph variants can be identified from extant relics, mainly from historical abecedaries that are used as references. Our algorithm can determine whether or not an abecedary is related to the symbols of a relic from unknown origin by means of the canonical decomposition of the glyphs and symbols. From there an aggregated value called fingerprint is created and it is unique for each relic. The fingerprints then are evaluated by clustering technique using various metrics. As the result of performing comparative evaluations the Minkowski metric provides the most interpretable clustering structure. The results of the evaluations, conclusions, and future work are also presented.
Digital Governance
Authors: Bouazza Abdelmajid , Chebli Huda
Published: November 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the usability of Omani ministry websites (OMW). The researchers depended mainly on the dimensions and typical variables proposed by Baker (2009) to measure the usability of the websites and only on a few dimensions adopted from Smith (2001). The borrowed dimensions were used to evaluate the websites' ease of use. The researchers organized the dimensions of website usability into six dimensions, which were: (1) Online services, (2) User-help, (3) Navigation, (4) Legitimacy, (5) Information Architecture, and (6) Accessibility accommodations. Based on the study findings, the researchers made a number of recommendations to improve the performance of Omani e-government websites, including the following: Users should be involved in the early stages of a website's development, in addition to automatic tools, when testing its accessibility. This will ensure that the website is usable and accessible.
E-Governance
Authors: Gidwani Kavita
Published: November 2015

In the earlier phase, it was expected from citizens to do each and everything manually to avail any government service, which causes long waiting time and even it was impossible for citizen to know the whole process and status of that activity but in the present scenario, most of the services are available on e-governance portals for e.g. online application for passport, PAN card, Voter-ID, Aadhar Card, online payment of public utility bills, etc. Indian Government has a strong vision for delivery of citizen services through NeGP (National e-Governance Plan) but at the same time, inequality is exists in public access to internet services, unreliability on web, cyber attacks, etc. which causes high cost and unsecure & improper utilization of service. The ultimate objective of implementation of IT is to be able to increase the portfolio of public service delivery system in secured and cost effective manner. To overcome the drawbacks of e-governance, Indian IT sector must adopt certain strong standards and strategy for data and workflow, privacy, reliability, cyber security, etc. Implementation of e-governance across the various departments of government at the national, state and local levels is the benchmark for utilization of IT services.
Designing and Implementing E-Government Projects in India
Authors: Virkar Shefali
Published: November 2015

The recent, rapid global proliferation of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has sparked an explosive increase in an already steadily-growing stream of scholarly and practitioner literature on the applicative potential of e-government initiatives for development. Attracted by the potential intrinsic to these innovative digital technologies, platforms, and applications, political actors across the world have adopted computer-based network-systems for strategic use in government; as a means of reforming inefficiencies in public administration, and in public service provision. This research chapter, through the delineation of an electronic property tax collection system, deployed in Bangalore, India, analyses and unravels the strategic actor interactions shaping similar e-government initiatives, globally; predominantly, through a detailed scholarly examination of prevailing actor behaviours, motivations, and interactions. The research presented herein considers, thus, not only the interplay of local contingencies and external influences acting upon the project, but also the disjunctions apparent within these relationships which inhibit the effective exploitation of ICTs in the given context.
Influence of Organizational Factors in the Sustainability of E-Government
Authors: Nurdin Nurdin , Stockdale Rosemary , Scheepers Helana
Published: November 2015

The majority of e-government implementations and their subsequent use, particularly in developing countries, have resulted in high rates of failure. These failures of e-government implementation have been caused by a plethora of organizational, human, financial and infrastructure challenges that mostly result from organizational factors such as lack of resources, political commitment and poor collaboration. These commonly result when government organizations try to sustain their e-government facilities alone and have insufficient resources, competence, and legitimacy to do so. This study is an attempt to understand how organizational factors shape the sustainability of e-government implementation within a local government context. A case study of local e-government implementation is presented and then analyzed from perspective of organizational view. Our construct is based on organizational factors that are commonly found to influence information systems implementation. Our findings show that organizational factors such as organizational and employees' professionalism, commitment, coordination and cooperation, and responsibility sharing among local government institutions have influenced the sustainability of e-government implementation within the local government. Our findings also show that e-government is a complex project that requires coordination and cooperation among actors as well as the need to share responsibility among the actors to support the sustainability of the project.
Value and Risk in Business to Business E-Banking
Authors: Maroofi Fakhredin , Kalhori Khodadad
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the functional relationships between three types of risk (performance, financial and psychological) and the benefits and sacrifices components of value are tested within a broader neurological network that includes e-service quality and satisfaction, word-of-mouth and intention to switch. The hypothesized relationships are tested; using Partial Least Squares, on data collected through a postal survey from167 Iran-based SME organizations. The results confirm the significant, but the differential impact of the three types of risk on the two value components. Specifically, performance risk and financial risk are found to be significant determinants of benefits, while psychological risk impacts on perceptions of sacrifices. This chapter also provides evidence of the differential impact of the benefits and sacrifices components of value on satisfaction, and the existence of both direct and indirect impacts of these components on word-of-mouth and intention to switch.
A System Embracing Observation of Different PTFE-Compounds in the Sealing Application of Rotary Manifolds
Authors: Müller Julian , Illek Rene , Michos Gordana , Faust Karsten , Hubert Markus , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

Due to the increase of product complexity, 5 axes machining centers are becoming more and more important. Rotary tables are usually chosen for the 4th and 5th axis. Additional hydraulic or pneumatic mounting clamps are often needed on these tables. The feeding of the required media is realized by a so-called rotary manifold. For this application, commonly several rotary seals are used to seal the transmitted media. Different sealing materials, based on the carrier polymer PTFE, have been examined during this research. In tribological model tests, friction and wear characteristics have been investigated during an oscillating movement under dry run conditions and equal load spectrums (surface pressure). The counter running surfaces were specific textured as a result of various machining processes to research the effects of possible micro-and macroscopic patterning on the sealing system. The tribological behavior of the analyzed combinations and the topography of the counter surfaces have been evaluated.
Influence of Processing Parameters in Reaction Injection Foam Molding for Multi-Layer Parts on Foam Structure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Löhner Martin , Drummer Dietmar
Published: November 2015

Reaction injection molding is a plastic processing method to produce net shape parts using reactive systems. By integrating semi-finished products as inserts, complex multi-layer parts can be generated in highly integrative and energy efficient processes. The material by far mostly used is polyurethane, a polymer which results from the reaction of isocyanate and polyol. By adding blowing agents, like for example water, to the polyol component, foamed parts can be realized. In contrast to thermoplastic injection molding a chemical reaction takes part during molding within the cavity. Therefore the processing parameters have a significant effect on this chemical reaction and on the properties of the finished part.In this work the influences of different processing parameters like for example mold temperature and injection volume on the resulting foam structure are investigated for reaction injection foam molding. Therefore multi-layer parts based on polyurethane materials (thermoplastic and reactive) were molded varying relevant processing parameters. The foaming took place within an open cavity. The resulting foam structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional the multi-layer parts were characterized mechanically to reveal the resulting effects on the mechanical properties of parts containing a foamed reactive polyurethane component.
Functional Printing of Silver Nano Ink on Injection Molded Polymeric Substrates
Authors: Bahr Joachim , Schirmer Julian , Reichenberger Marcus
Published: November 2015

Over the last decades ink-jet printing has developed in many applications. The direct writing of materials such as silver (for conductive circuits) or polymers (for insulation or second layer) is an attractive method to reduce costs and save raw materials. In this article we investigate the geometrical and electrical properties of conductive circuit lines on thermoplastic substrates, depending on the printing parameters such as line width, orientation of the lines and density of the printed drops (dots per inch = dpi)First the surface of the substrates is scanned by a confocal laser scanner. The substrates (size 60mm x60 mm) are subdivided in 80 x 80 parts with a side length of 0.8mm. The 2D roughness (Sa) of these little parts is calculated and as a result the locally solved roughness of the substrates is determined. Homogeneity and surface quality of the surfaces can be evaluated.On the different polymeric substrates conductors (length 25mm) are printed with a printing head with 16 nozzles and with different orientations (parallel, horizontal and in an angle of 45° to the movement of the printing head). Also different dpi numbers (600, 900 and 1200) are used and the line width in the bit pattern is increased from 1 pixel to 5 pixels. The line width in μm depending on the line width in pixel is measured. The quality of the printed lines is quantified by calculating the deviation of the printed lines to a “perfect straight line” with the same width. The resistivity of the conducting lines and the reliability of the process are determined.
GreenBearings – Friction Behaviour of DLC-Coated Dry Running Deep Groove Ball Bearings
Authors: Kröner Julia , Tremmel Stephan , Kursawe Serge , Musayev Yashar , Hosenfeldt Tim , Wartzack Sandro
Published: November 2015

Due to the use of rolling bearings instead of plain bearings friction and wear are drastically reduced in all kind of machines. However, despite the high technical standard of modern rolling bearings there is still a significant potential for optimization. Preliminary Studies show a reduction of the friction torque of up to 44 % compared to conventional rolling bearings because of the use of tribological coatings in certain applications. Based on the millionfold usage of rolling bearings in all industrial fields the reduced lost energy adds up to a remarkable potential for energy savings. If friction and wear are lowered sufficiently, the use of conventional lubricants based on mineral oil can be successively decreased or even completely avoided. In the latter case, the socalled dry running of the rolling bearing, the energy consumption of machines and systems can additionally be reduced significantly. For example, pumping stations or compressed air units, which would be necessary for transporting or spraying the lubricants, can then be saved.This paper presents first results of DLC-coated deep groove ball bearings, which are tested in a four-bearing-test-rig under purely radial load with respect to their friction and wear behaviour.
Energy Efficient Laser Beam Welding of Metals with a Ultra-High Brightness Direct-Diode Laser System
Authors: Laukart Artur , Dobler Michael , Kohl Stefanie , Fritsche Haro , Grohe Andreas , Kruschke Bastian , Schmidt Michael
Published: November 2015

The rising level of automation in the automotive industry also involves the use of more and more machines and with that an increase in power consumption. This requires the employment of more efficient production processes with higher efficiency. Laser beam welding offers the opportunity to substitute conventional laser sources like solid state lasers with ultra-high brightness direct-diode laser systems which have the advantage of less power consumption at a comparable beam quality. However, the absorption of laser radiation on metallic surfaces depends on the wavelength, thus the effect of the direct-diode laser wavelength on the welding process has to be investigated. In our research the effect of the laser wavelength on energy efficiency was studied by means of numerical simulations. Furthermore, experimental investigations were carried out to validate the numerical solutions. Different aluminum alloys and steel materials which are used in the automotive environment were investigated within the experiments. Due to the current lack of direct-diode laser systems with a laser power comparable to conventional laser systems, numerical simulations were also used to analyze these future systems. Thus we were able to assess the increase of efficiency in laser beam welding which will be achievable with future high-power direct-diode laser systems.
Energy Demand Simulation of Machine Tools with Improved Chatter Stability Achieved by Active Damping
Authors: Kleinwort Robin , Popp Richard S.H. , Cavalié Benedict , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: November 2015

The electric base load of milling machine tools has a high share of the machine’s total energy consumption. An approach to decrease the energy demand per workpiece is to shorten the machining time by raising the material removal rate. The maximum feed depends on the tool’s wear resistance while the maximum depth of cut is often limited by the chatter stability of the machine. In this paper active damping is used to damp chatter vibrations, which leads to a higher depth of cut. To evaluate the decrease of energy consumption for any workpiece, a modeling methodology for the energy demand of machine tools was developed, which is presented in this paper. The methodology is able to estimate the energy requirements of the spindle during cutting, of the feed drives, of the auxiliary equipment and of the base load. The numerical results were experimentally validated by different 2.5D machining processes, with good agreement between the simulation model and the experimental results. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used effectively for calculating the total energy required for the machining of any workpiece. In addition, the structural dynamics of the machine tool, the active damping system and the cutting process were modeled in order to simulate the chatter stability. This enables a straightforward determination of the optimum cutting parameters as well as a comparison of different milling part programs, both in terms of the energy demand. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate the energy conservation by active damping and to point out for which cutting processes active damping is useful.
Energetic Simulation of Complex Mechatronic Drive Systems over Complete Drive Cycles
Authors: Hörlin Sebastian , Dietz Armin , Hubert Markus , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a simulation model, which enables the energetic simulation of complex mechatronic powertrains over complete drive cycles. One focus of this work is on reducing the simulation duration to enable the simulation of extended drive cycles on the one hand, and the possibility to optimize drive cycles on the other hand. Furthermore, the program allows the user to assemble an energetically optimized selection of propulsion components.
Improving Resource and Energy Efficiency of Packaging Machines: Contribution of an Increasing Format Flexibility
Authors: Götz Georg , Stich Peter , Thunig Sven , Glasschröder Johannes , Reinhart Gunther
Published: November 2015

Manufacturers and users of packaging machines are facing two significant challenges: the improvement of the sustainability and the enhancement of the format flexibility. The sustainability of products is becoming a more important influencing factor for the consumer buying behavior. Therefore, the increase of the energy and resource efficiency of packaging machines is a very promising strategy to achieve this goal. At first glance no correlation between format flexibility and sustainability seems to exist. But in fact, both topics partly depend on each other. These connections are the focus of this paper. Exemplary for sustainability, the resource and energy efficiency in the context of packaging machines will be considered. As a further detailing, this paper also contains an experimental investigation of a more format flexible and sustainable processing technology for sealing. Therefore, the heat-impulse technology was investigated.
The Least Energy Demand Method as Metric to Evaluate Different Production Levels Based on the Relative Energy Efficiency
Authors: Kreitlein Sven , Kupfer Isabel , Brandmeier Markus , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a calculation system for evaluating the energy efficiency at machine, plant, location, company, and sector level based on the process specific minimum energy demand. The goal is a comparability of the energy efficiency across machines, plants, locations, companies, and sectors through definition of significant key figures. The basis of the derivation of possible saving potentials is the relative energy efficiency (REE). [7] It is determined by the quotient of minimal energy demand and actually measured consumption and requires that the actually measured energy consumption refers to an independent basis of comparison. The step-by-step development of the calculation system, structured in levels, is based on the detailed analysis of all the influential factors of the energy consumption with the help of cause and effect diagrams to calculate the minimally necessary energy demands for the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the described bottom-up approach delivers, ensuing from the process oriented level of perspective, the step-by-step conception of the calculation method. The REE of a level of perspective is calculated on the basis of the REE value of the previous production level as well as according weighting factors. On the basis of the calculation, as well as subsequent measurements within the company, optimization potentials [10] can be clearly described and can lead back to their roots. These optimization potentials are based on exemplary trials presented for a chosen manufacturing chain of the electronics production area.
Intelligent Energy Profiling for Decentralized Fault Diagnosis of Automated Production Systems
Authors: Kohl Johannes , Fleischmann Hans , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

The proliferation of energy management systems leads to new potentials of data acquisition that can deliver improved machine information through intelligent linking. In addition to energy controlling, the newly gotten database creates further use cases for advanced purposes. This paper presents an exemplary application of a diagnostic scenario for industrial robots. For this objective, data fusion of energy data and operating logs is necessary to obtain detailed knowledge of the behavior of a production system. Hereby, an online measurement system will be described, which helps to uncover inefficiencies in production systems.
E|Flow - From Production Line Concept to a Physically and Digitally Full-Meshed Production Network
Authors: Scholz Michael , Hußnätter Mona , Kreitlein Sven , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

The continuous change of the consumers’ behavior combined with the impact of new technologies to the shop-floor is a challenge for the classic and established line production. Due to the effects of mass-customization there is an increase of the variants of the products combined with a reduction of the number of units per variation. Therefore, it is necessary that the next generations of production lines, especially the assembling devices, have to be designed more adaptable. Regarding to business information systems this trend is realized by a progressive digital integration of the particular units. However, at the physical level of the value stream the sequenced units are linked to each other and arranged flow-orientated since Taylor. Particularly, for mass production the so called “line concept” is well established. This inflexibility of the physical material flow blocks the spread of mass-customization into established industrial sectors where linked manufacturing steps are common use. A product which is very individualized is not, or only with an additional expense, producible on such linked lines. Therefore, it is necessary to resolve the linking of the physical material flow similar to the digital integration of the work flow. The result will be a physically and digitally full-meshed network of production units with a high variability. Especially for a production of goods with a high variant diversity the benefits of a physically meshed production site are obvious. Each part gets its own and individual routing, which depends on the current machine availability, the set-up and other factors. Furthermore, a change of the general conditions during the manufacturing of the part can be considered and lead to an adaption of the routing. One of the most important parts of a flexible physical production network is the transport system, consisting of autonomous and smart entities which are interconnected with business information systems, products and machines.
Formulation of Eco-Friendly Inks for Ink-Jet Printing of Polyester and Cotton Blended Fabric
Authors: Memon Hafeezullah , Khoso Nazakat Ali , Memon Samiullah , Wang Ning Ning , Zhu Cheng Yan
Published: November 2015

The aim of this research is to discover such a strategy so that Ink-jet Printing of polyester and cotton blended fabric. This research focuses to develop inks by the combination of Reactive and disperse dyes and by using eco-friendly co-solvents. This paper covers a brief introduction of Ink jet printing technologies and types of inks. A summarized study of the evaluation amid ink jet printing as well as rotary screen printing is also given. In addition to, requirements and composition of water-based ink-jet inks focusing on methodology is given. Furthermore, shelf lives of inks, image sharpness, surface tension, color fastness to rubbing, analysis of head with some personal experiences are also discussed.
Natural Compounds from Plant Waste for Textile Processing: Construction and Evaluation of Dyeing and Finishing with Extracting Solution of Tea-Stalk and Apocynum Halm
Authors: Gong Ji Xian , Ren Yan Fei , Li Hui Qin , Li Zheng , Li Qiu Jin , Zhang Jian Fei
Published: November 2015

Nature provides readyanswers to scientific and technical problems and inspires us with a series of technologicalinnovations. The distribution of pigment in vivo inspired theprocess of fabric finishing. Naturalcompounds from plant waste was employed for textile processing in thisinvestigation and the method of dyeing and finishing simultaneous wasconstructed. Capacity and function of the process was evaluated through colour yield and fastness, antifungalactivity and UV –protection performance. Tawny colour was obtained in theprotein fabrics processed with the extracting solution of tea-stalk and Apocynum halm. The fastness properties of both tea and Apocynum dyed samplesare quite satisfactory for practical textile dyeing purposes, especially thewool fabrics processed with tea-stalk extracting solution. And the protein fabric samples treated with tea and Apocynum waste solutionshowed good inhibitory effect (>50%) against E.coli and S.aureus. UV protection level ofprotein fabrics were increased with the treatment by extracting solution of tea-stalkand Apocynum halm.
Sorption Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Polylactic Acid Fibers with Disperse Dyes in Non-Aqueous Medium
Authors: Xu Su Xin , Chen Jian Gang , Chen Lu Yi , Wang Bi Jia , Yang Yi Qi
Published: November 2015

The sorption thermodynamics and kinetics of disperse dyes on polylactic acid (PLA) fibers were investigated. PLA is crucial for a sustainable textile industry. However, the low dye exhaustion limits the textile application of PLA fibers. The basic dyeing parameters have been determined to provide an in-depth understanding of dyeing behavior. The weak sorption affinities were attributed to the weak dye-fiber interaction and favorable chemical potential of dyes in solvent. Enthalpy–entropy compensation effect also played a role in weak sorption. The interplay of dye structure and enthalpy, entropy changes was rationalized using molecular surface area and rotatable bonds. The conformation constraint strategy was proposed to overcome weak sorption affinity problem by lowering the entropy penalty. Temperature dependence of diffusion coefficients was well reproduced using molecular collision based diffusion model. The activation energies of diffusion have been correlated with molecular volumes of dyes.
Sustainable Reactive Dyeing of Cotton Fabric in Green Non-Aqueous Medium: A Density Function Theory (DFT) Modeling Study
Authors: Chen Lu Yi , Chen Jian Gang , Ruan Xin Hui , Xu Su Xin , Yang Yi Qi , Wang Bi Jia
Published: November 2015

Sustainable reactive dyeing of cotton in green non-nucleophilic solvents was investigated. Dye fixation in the new medium was modeled using DFT calculations with the aim of understanding the role of organic bases. The novel procedure uses non-nucleophilic green solvents instead of water to eliminate the dye hydrolysis. All residuals in the spent dye bath could be conveniently recycled and reused. The three major stages in cotton reactive dyeing, cellulose swelling, dye adsorption and dye fixation were optimized respectively. Two organic bases and potassium carbonate were studied for dye fixation. The mechanisms of the amine-promoted dye fixation were modeled using density function theory (DFT) calculations. The formation of the amine-dye intermediate was elucidated and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The quaternary ammonium catalysis effect on intermediates forming was observed. A 10-cycle repeated dyeing sequence was demonstrated using Reactive orange 5 to give consistently high shade buildup, excellent colorfastness and dramatic reduction in resource consumption. The results have implications for better understanding the new hydrolysis-free and recyclable solvent dyeing process.
Study on the Mechanism of Woven Cotton Fabric during Steam Ironing
Authors: Wu Fan , Liang Shuai Tong , Ding Xue Mei
Published: November 2015

Cotton fabrics are very popular textile products to consumers due to their soft hand and comfortable wearing performance. However, the severe wrinkles on cotton fabrics will frequently happen after washing or wearing. As the growth of the market and demand of consumers, the sales of the steam ironing machine which can remove wrinkles to some extent is getting better. At present, the research is inadequate on the wrinkling mechanism during steam ironing. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to investigate how cotton woven fabrics’ performance influences on the smoothness appearance after steam ironing. To further analyze wrinkling mechanism, fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates which comprehensive characterize the physical and mechanical properties were tested with PhabrOmeter, including wrinkle recovery rates at normal temperature and after high temperature treatment. Then, the effect of temperature to fabrics’ wrinkle recovery rates and its relationship with fabrics’ smoothness appearance after ironing were studied. The results indicate that there are no significant correlations between the fabric basic parameters with smoothness appearance after ironing. The effect of temperature during ironing can improve the wrinkle recovery rates about 6%-21%. And no significant correlation is showed between smoothness appearance after ironing and wrinkle recovery rates.
Keywords: Steam Ironing; mechanism; fabric parameters; wrinkle recovery rate.
Effects of Spacer Length on the Surface Properties of Cationic Gemini Fluorosurfactants
Authors: Wang Xin Yin , Dai Chang Jian , Liu Xiao Yun , Chen Tao , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

A novel class of cationic gemini fluorosurfactants with different spacer and same hydrophobic chain were synthesized. They were structurally characterized by NMR (1H and 19F), FT-IR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The equilibrium surface tensions were studied. The results showed that the gemini fluorosurfactants with the shorter spacer displayed higher surface activity, lower surface tension (21.48 mN/m) can be reached. Besides, the synergistic properties of these synthesized gemini fluorosurfactants with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were investigated.
Robust Superhydrophobic and Photocatalytic Cotton Fabrics Based on TiO2-SiO2-PDMS Composite Coating
Authors: Ding Yin Yan , Xu Bi , Ge Feng Yan , Cai Zai Sheng
Published: November 2015

In this work, self-cleaning cotton fabrics were prepared based on the TiO2-SiO2-Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites. TiO2-SiO2 composites were synthesized by depositing TiO2 nanocrystals onto preformed porous SiO2 and PDMS was used to enhance the linkage between TiO2-SiO2 composites and cotton fabrics. The TiO2-SiO2-PDMS composites coated cotton fabrics show superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 157°because of the abundant of methyl groups and hierarchical roughness features of the coated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, the TiO2-SiO2-PDMS composites coated cotton fabrics display photocatalytic property, which were analyzed based on the removal and degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet light. Abrasion resistance test indicates that the coating possesses a good mechanically durability.
Fabrication and Characterization of Cotton Fabrics with Grafted Thermo-Responsive Random Copolymer Poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Methacrylate-co-Acrylic Acid)
Authors: Chen Yang Yi , Zhong Qi , Chen Tao , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

The cotton fabrics with enhanced cleaning capability were prepared by grafting thermo-responsive random copolymer poly (2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid), abbreviated as P(MEO2MA-co-AA), to the amino modified cotton fabrics. ATR-FTIR measurement confirmed the immobilization of P(MEO2MA-co-AA) to the cotton fabrics. Equilibrium swelling ratio indicates that the cotton fabric with grafted P(MEO2MA-co-AA) possesses thermo-responsive ability .The enhanced cleaning capability was investigated by the decontamination experiments probed with confocal microscope. The results show the cleaning capability can be prominently improved when the cleaning temperature is lower than the LCST of P(MEO2MA-co-AA).
Research of the Intelligent Splint for Medicine on Ramie Fiber Composite Material
Authors: Wan Pei Pei , Cheng Ling , Liu Xuan
Published: November 2015

With the “ecological consciousness” awakening of people, the natural fibers are very popular owing to their advantages such as environmental protection, low cost, easy to get and low density, and are used widely in the research and development about medical products. So, using natural fibers to make medical splint will also become a research hotspot. This paper introduces the research status of the medical splint and the characteristics of ramie fiber composite materials, and put forward the viewpoint of using ramie fiber composite materials to make medical splint and making it be intelligent. It has significance meaning for the further research of the intelligent splint for medicine on ramie fiber composite material.
Effect of Various Chemical Treatments on Handling of Wool Fabric
Authors: Mori Masukuni
Published: November 2015

It is well known that fabric handle is controllable by controlling and adjusting mechanical properties of the fabric. The handling of fabrics, on one hand, is mostly decided by the structure of the fabric, i.e. quality of yarn, yarn count, twist number, density of warp and weft, fabric weight and weave design. Such a fabric structure is represented in terms of Cover Factor. On the other hand, the handling of fabrics can also be changed through the mechanical properties by dyeing and finishing processes after weaving. The present work investigated how much influence is exerted on wool fabric by 11 sorts of chemicals generally used in dyeing and finishing processes, and how much change is exerted on the handle of processed fabrics. The experimental results were compared with the original fabric with no treatment in terms of mechanical properties relevant to KES. It was confirmed that the fabric handle greatly depended on fabric structure. Besides, the differences in the degree of damage and the hydrophilicity of wool fiber arisen from the treatments using chemicals were examined. The effect of chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes was also investigated on the environment.
Keywords: Wool, Chemical treatment, Fabric handle, KES, Environment.
Chemical Processing of Wool: Sustainability Considerations
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Mahbubul , Shao Jian Zhong
Published: November 2015

Raw wool fibers contain fat, suint, plant material and minerals. It is necessary to remove these from wool by scouring with a combination of detergents, wetting agents and emulsifiers before further processing. Dyeing and finishing of wool fibers is necessary for their application in apparel and also in interior, automotive, smart and technical textiles. Some of the detergents and auxiliaries used in scouring are eco-toxic and some of them are endocrine disruptors. In many countries, wool scouring and dyeing effluents cannot be discharged to watercourses without further treatment by removing color and toxic components. Wool fibers can be given chemical treatments to make them stain-resistant, flame retardant, shrink-resistant, photo-stable and resistant to insect attack. Some of the chemicals under current practice to achieve these functionalities in wool are not eco-friendly and their discharge to water course is limited to the consent limit set by environment agencies. Environmental impact assessment of raw wool production is well studied but to our knowledge no comprehensive study has been carried out around the environmental impact of chemical processing of wool. Like those of other fiber types, the wool textile industries are under intense consumer as well as stakeholder scrutiny. Accreditation schemes now exist to provide reassurance to modern consumers, who want to see that not only are the marketed products safe but also that they are processed sustainably under ethically and environmentally acceptable conditions. Several alternatives to improve the environmental credentials of various chemical processes used for wool will be discussed.
Rapid and Nondestructive Identification of Different Pure Yarn Fabrics Based on near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Cai Hong , Liu Hua Yong , Wu Xiong Ying , Ding Xue Mei
Published: November 2015

Near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics analysis were investigated as an emerging method for the identification of textiles, this method allowed straightforward and rapid testing of textiles without destroying their integrity compared to traditional testing methods such as dissolution method, combustion method and microscope observation. In this work, different pretreating algorithms coupled with the Soft Independent Modelling by Class Analogy (SIMCA) have been studied to achieve the best recognition model to identify different pure yarn fabrics (cotton, linen, silk, wool and polyester). Results showed that little difference between different data points smoothing. Percentages of recognition and rejection of 100% were obtained of silk, wool and polyester by pretreating with Savitzky-Golay 7 data points smoothing, Savitzky-Golay second derivative and mean centering. The percentages of recognition were 93.75% and 96.25% for cotton and linen respectively by pretreating with Savitzky-Golay 7 data points smoothing, Savitzky-Golay first derivative and mean centering, nevertheless, the percentages of rejection was low for linen with 83.75%. The results from this paper suggested that near infrared spectroscopy in combination with SIMCA could be applied to the identification of pure yarn fabrics, whereas further study should be made to improve the rejection rate of linen.
Application of DNA Analysis in Quantifying Cashmere and Wool Binary Blend
Authors: Sun Mei Rong , Fei Jing , Cai Jia Shi , Zhao Jie
Published: November 2015

Cashmere is one of the finest and softest animal fibers used by textile industry. False declaration is quite common due to its scarcity and high economic value. We have developed an objective method for quantifying cashmere and wool mixture based on DNA technology. Mitochondrial DNA, a species-specific genetic material exists in each cell, presenting a relatively strong capacity to resist physical and chemical treatments, seems to be an ideal target for species identification. As goat and sheep belong to a different genus, a real-time PCR based analysis method for quantifying cashmere and wool mixture was developed. Cashmere collected from different countries and regions were employed to prove its effectiveness. Dyed samples provided by CCMI round trial showed that it is a reliable and objective method. Various cashmere products of different processing stages were tested with the method. Results showed that the method can be applied in authenticity inspection of commercial products.
Identification of Wool and Cashmere Based on Texture Analysis
Authors: Yuan Sen Lin , Lu Kai , Zhong Yue Qi
Published: November 2015

In order to separate wool from cashmere efficiently, an identification method based on texture analysis was proposed in this paper. The microscopic images captured by CCD digital camera were preprocessed as the texture image. Improved Tamura texture feature were employed to analyzing the final texture images and to attaining the texture parameters. Through a large number of samples, the mathematical modeling was completed by using neural network. Experiment results indicate that texture analysis can be a feasible method to identify cashmere and wool.
A New Integrated Grey Water Footprint Assessment Method
Authors: Xu Lu Lu , Chen Li Zhu , Gong Hugh , Ding Xue Mei
Published: November 2015

Water footprint is a volumetric indicator of freshwater appropriation. The grey water footprint (GWF) provides a tool to assess the water volume needed to assimilate a pollutant. However, evaluating the impact on water environment cannot rely solely on volumetric consumption of freshwater. It demands accurate assessment criteria to reflect its environmental and ecological effects on ambient water resource. In this paper, a new assessment method is proposed: the effluent toxicity and the Potential Eco-toxic Effects Probe (PEEP) index of aquatic environment are taken into consideration. This method provides a comprehensive indicator for evaluating water footprint, specified in effluents’ ecological impact on ambient water sources.
Degradation of Synthetic Reactive Dye Wastewater Based on Amine-Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fiber
Authors: Wang Xiao Xiao , Chen Tao , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

A series of functional fibers have been prepared by modifying a commercially available polyacrylonitrilefiber (PANF) with polyamines such as ethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine and hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI), and then used to coordinate with Fe3+, respectively, to produce Fe-modified PAN fiber complexes. The chemical structures of modified PANFs were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization showed that the inner crystal region of PANF was damaged during the introduction of amine groups.. Organic elemental analysis results to a certain extent demonstrate the success of modification. The coordination of Fe3+ was verified by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The Fe-modified PAN fiber complexes were were used to eliminate the color from synthetic reactive dye wastewater (SRDW, including Reactive Red 195, RR 195) under normal conditions. This study presents a valuable route towards wastewater treatment in dyeing and finishing.
Wool Fabric Appearance Reconstruction and Innovative Expression
Authors: Li Yan Mei
Published: November 2015

In this paper, many kinds of wool fabrics are listed, main factors effected wool fabric appearance and the possibility to redesign are discussed. By analyzing famous designers’ innovative works, some principles for wool fabric are found. Several innovative express methods that suits for wool fabric, such as texture reconstructing ,silhouette building, additional decorating ,combining and crocheting and so on are the emphasis of this study . All of these will provide glorious inspirations for fashion designers.
Subtle CXCR3-Dependent Chemotaxis of CTLs within Infected Tissue Allows Efficient Target Localization
Authors: Ariotti Silvia , Beltman Joost B. , Borsje Rianne , Hoekstra Mirjam E. , Halford William P. , Haanen John B. A. G. , de Boer Rob J. , Schumacher Ton N. M.
Published: November 2015

It is well established how effector T cells exit the vasculature to enter the peripheral tissues in which an infection is ongoing. However, less is known regarding how CTLs migrate toward infected cells after entry into peripheral organs. Recently, it was shown that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on T cells has an important role in their ability to localize infected cells and to control vaccinia virus infection. However, the search strategy of T cells for virus-infected targets has not been investigated in detail and could involve chemotaxis toward infected cells, chemokinesis (i.e., increased motility) combined with CTL arrest when targets are detected, or both. In this study, we describe and analyze the migration of CTLs within HSV-1–infected epidermis in vivo. We demonstrate that activated T cells display a subtle distance-dependent chemotaxis toward clusters of infected cells and confirm that this is mediated by CXCR3 and its ligands. Although the chemotactic migration is weak, computer simulations based on short-term experimental data, combined with subsequent long-term imaging indicate that this behavior is crucial for efficient target localization and T cell accumulation at effector sites. Thus, chemotactic migration of effector T cells within peripheral tissue forms an important factor in the speed with which T cells are able to arrive at sites of infection.
A single simple procedure for dewaxing, hydration and heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) for immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
Authors: Paulsen I.M.S. , Dimke H. , Frische S.
Published: November 2015

Heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) is widely used for immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and includes temperatures well above the melting point of paraffin. We therefore tested whether traditional xylene-based removal of paraffin is required on sections from paraffin-embedded tissue, when HIER is performed by vigorous boiling in 10 mM Tris/0.5 mM EGTA-buffer (pH=9). Immunohistochemical results using HIER with or without prior dewaxing in xylene were evaluated using 7 primary antibodies targeting proteins located in the cytosol, intracellular vesicles and plasma membrane. No effect of omitting prior dewaxing was observed on staining pattern. Semiquantitative analysis did not show HIER to influence the intensity of labelling consistently. Consequently, quantification of immune labelling intensity using fluorescent secondary antibodies was performed at 5 dilutions of primary antibody with and without prior dewaxing in xylene. No effect of omitting prior dewaxing on signal intensity was detectable indicating similar immunoreactivity in dewaxed and non-dewaxed sections. The intensity of staining the nucleus with the DNA-stain ToPro3 was similarly unaffected by omission of dewaxing in xylene. In conclusion, the HIER procedure described and tested can be used as a single procedure enabling dewaxing, hydration and epitope retrieval for immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.