bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns of cats with cardiac disease
Authors: Torin Danielle S. , Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To determine nutrient intake and dietary patterns in cats with cardiac disease.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—95 cats with congenital cardiac disease or primary cardiomyopathy.

Procedures—Owners completed a standardized telephone questionnaire regarding their cat's diet and a 24-hour food recall to determine daily intake of calories, fat, protein, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.

Results—Of the 95 cats, 18 (19%) had a history of congestive heart failure and 73 (77%) had no clinical signs of cardiac disease. Fifty-five percent (52/95) of cats had concurrent disease. Inappetance was reported in 38% (36/95) of all cats and in 72% (68/95) of cats with a history of congestive heart failure. Most (57% [54/95]) cats received treats or table scraps on a regular basis. Approximately half the cats were receiving orally administered medications, supplements, or both. Only 34% (32/68) of owners used food to administer medications to cats. Cats consumed more than the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) minimums for protein, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and nearly all cats consumed more than the AAFCO minimum for fat. Daily nutrient intake was variable for all of the nutrients assessed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary intake in cats with cardiac disease was variable, but results for dietary supplement use, food use for medication administration, and treat feeding were different from those found in a similar study of dogs with cardiac disease. This information may be useful for treating and designing nutritional studies for cats with cardiac disease.
Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit
Authors: Martínez-Jiménez David , Hernández-Divers Stephen J. , Dietrich Ursula M. , Williams Clara O. , Blasier Megan W. , Wilson Heather , Frank Paul M.
Published: March 2007

Case Description—A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge.

Clinical Findings—The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and severe left-sided exophthalmia. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess.

Treatment and Outcome—Stomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing.Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident.

Clinical Relevance—Stomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease.
Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997–2004)
Authors: Parsons Corrina Snook , Orsini James A. , Krafty Robert , Capewell Linda , Boston Ray
Published: March 2007

Objective—To identify risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization for illness or injury.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—73 horses that developed laminitis (case horses) and 146 horses that did not develop laminitis (control horses) during hospitalization.

Procedures—Case and control horses were matched in a 2:1 ratio by the date on which each horse was evaluated. Potential risk factors investigated included age, breed, and sex; highest and lowest values recorded during hospitalization for fibrinogen concentration, WBC count, PCV, and total solids concentration; and comorbid disease states, including pneumonia, endotoxemia, diarrhea, medically treated colic, surgically treated colic, pituitary adenoma, retained placenta or metritis, forelimb lameness, hind limb lameness, acute renal failure, and vascular abnormalities. A univariate screening of all potential risk factors was performed to determine which variables should be selected for further analysis. All factors found to be associated with development of laminitis were included in a multivariate conditional logistic regression model.

Results—Development of laminitis was marginally associated with lowest and highest fibrinogen concentrations, highest PCV, and lowest total solids concentration and significantly associated with pneumonia, endotoxemia, diarrhea, abdominal surgery for colic, and vascular abnormalities. In the multivariate analysis, only endotoxemia was significantly associated with laminitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endotoxemia is an important risk factor for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization for medical or surgical conditions. Early recognition of endotoxemia, or the potential for it to develop in certain disease states, and initiation of treatment directed at endotoxemia or its consequences may help prevent laminitis in horses during hospitalization.
Contribution of environmental mycobacteria to false-positive serum ELISA results for paratuberculosis
Authors: Osterstock Jason B. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Norby Bo , Manning Elizabeth J. B. , Collins Michael T. , Roussel Allen J.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To evaluate the effect of exposure to environmental mycobacteria on results of 2 commercial ELISAs for paratuberculosis in cattle.

Design—Experimental trial.

Animals—19 weaned crossbred beef calves.

Procedures—Calves were inoculated SC with 1 of 5 mycobacterial isolates (3 calves/isolate) derived from herds with high proportions of false-positive serologic reactions for paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP; positive control inoculum; 2 calves), or mineral oil (negative control inoculum; 2 calves). Sera were assessed at intervals by use of 2 ELISAs (A and B) for paratuberculosis in cattle, and all calves underwent tuberculosis testing at the end of the study.

Results—Neither mineral oil–inoculated calf had positive results with either ELISA during the study. Both MAP-inoculated calves were identified as seropositive via ELISA-A, and 1 calf was identified as seropositive via ELISA-B. By use of ELISA-A, ≥ 1 false-positive reaction over time was detected in 2, 3, 3, and 1 of the 3 calves injected with Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, or Mycobacterium terrae, respectively. By use of ELISA-B, only M scrofulaceum induced false-positive reactions (2/3 calves). Calves that had at least 1 positive ELISA-A result were more likely to be classified as suspect reactors via the caudal fold tuberculosis test.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—False-positive serologic reactions may occur during use of commercially available ELISAs for paratuberculosis in calves experimentally exposed to environmental mycobacteria; naturally occurring exposures with these mycobacteria may represent a cause for high proportions of false-positive serologic reactions for paratu-berculosis in some cattle herds.
Coatings
Authors: Wicks, Zeno W.
Published: March 2007

The factors controlling performance of coatings are covered including film formation, flow, mechanical properties, exterior durability, adhesion and corrosion protection. Resins such as acrylics, acrylic and vinyl latexes, polyesters, amino resins, urethane resins, epoxy resin, drying oils, alkyd resins, silicon resins and derivatives, as well as a variety of more specialized resin are covered. Solvents are covered including, their properties, effect on film formation, performance of coatings, and regulatory guest ions are discussed. Pigments, color, gloss, the effect of pigments on film properties and performance are discussed. Solventborne and waterborne coatings, UV curable coatings, and powder coatings are covered with discussion of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Product coatings such as those for automobiles, containers, coil coating, coatings for wood, plastics, and glass are discussed. Architectural coatings including exterior house paint, interior flat paint, and gloss enamels are covered. Special‐purpose coatings such as those for maintenance, auto refinishing, aircraft and marine applications are covered. A large number of carefully selected references are given; they can supply more detailed information for persons who are interested.
Urethane Coatings
Authors: Wicks, Zeno W.
Published: March 2007

Reactions of isocyanates are reviewed. Several classes of urethane coatings are used. Two package (2K) urethane coatings have one component containing the polyisocyanate and the other with a coreactant such as a hydroxy‐functional acrylic resin and react fairly quickly even at moderately elevated temperature. 2K urea coatings dry very rapidly, for example, roofing coatings can be walked on seconds after application. Blocked isocyanate coatings have the advantage of excellent package stability but require high temperature curing an example of their use is in electrodeposition primers for automobiles, Moisture curable urethane are solutions of resins with terminal isocyanate groups after application they crosslink by reaction with water in the atmosphere. They are particularly useful in applications such as wood or concrete flooring, where excellent abrasion resistance is required. There are also several types of waterborne urethanes: polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) both thermoplastic and thermosetting. PUDs can be used with acrylic latexes to combine the advantages of each at lower cost than PUDs. There is an increasing market for hybrid PUDs in which acrylic monomers are polymerized in a PUD to make resins with excellent performance that are less costly than regular PUDs. Another important type is 2K waterborne urethane in which a polyisocyanate is mixed into an aqueous dispersion of a coreactant. They are used in applications such as clear coats for automobiles and finishes for wood kitchen cabinets. Most recently, UV curable waterborne coatings have become available. They have many advantages over convention UV curable coatings. Other applications of urethane technology are uralkyds (alkyds made using a diisocyanate instead of phthalic anhydride), hydroxy‐terminated urethane resins that are crosslinked with melamine‐formaldehyde resins, and “carbamate‐functional” acrylic resins where the carbamate groups are crosslinked with melamine‐formaldehyde resins.
Highly Branched Phosphorescent Dendrimers for Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Bera R. N. , Cumpstey N. , Burn P. L. , Samuel I. D. W.
Published: March 2007

Intermolecular interactions play a crucial role in the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here we report the photophysical and electroluminescence properties of a fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) cored dendrimer in which highly branched biphenyl dendrons are used to control the intermolecular interactions. The presence of fluorene surface groups improves the solubility and enhances the efficiency of photoluminescence, especially in the solid state. The emission peak of the dendrimer is around 530 nm with a PL quantum yield of 76 % in solution and 25 % in a film. The photophysical properties of this dendrimer are compared with a similar dendrimer with the same structure but without the fluorene surface groups. Dendrimer LEDs (DLEDs) are prepared using each dendrimer as a phosphorescent emitter blended in a 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)biphenyl host. Device performance is improved significantly by the incorporation of an electron‐transporting layer of 1,3,5‐tris(2‐N‐phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene. A peak external quantum efficiency of 10 % (38 Cd A–1) for the dendrimer without surface groups and 13 % (49.8 Cd A–1) for the dendrimer with fluorene surface groups is achieved in the bilayer LEDs.
The Fabrication, Fluorescence Dynamics, and Whispering Gallery Modes of Aluminosilicate Microtube Resonators
Authors: Rakovich Y. P. , Balakrishnan S. , Donegan J. F. , Perova T. S. , Moore R. A. , Gun'ko Y. K.
Published: March 2007

In this paper a novel technique for the production of aluminosilicate microtubes, which are shown to act as optical cylindrical microresonators, is described. The free‐standing microtubes are fabricated by using vacuum‐assisted wetting and filtration of silica gel through a microchannel glass matrix. The microtubes are studied using scanning electron microscopy, micro‐photoluminescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime imaging confocal microscopy. In the emission spectra of the microresonators we find very narrow periodic peaks corresponding to the whispering gallery modes of two orthogonal polarizations with quality factors up to 3200. A strong enhancement in photoluminescence decay rates at high excitation power demonstrates the occurrence of amplified spontaneous emission from a single microtube. These microtubes show a large evanescent field extending many micrometers beyond the tube radius. Applications for these novel microresonators will be in the areas of microlasers and microsensors and quantum information processing.
Porphyrin‐Based Molecular Rotors as Fluorescent Probes of Nanoscale Environments
Authors: Ghiggino K. P. , Hutchison J. A. , Langford S. J. , Latter M. J. , Lee M. A. P. , Lowenstern P. R. , Scholes C. , Takezaki M. , Wilman B. E.
Published: March 2007

The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a series of supramolecular triads consisting of a tin(IV) porphyrin with axial ligands of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐hydroxyphenyl naphthalenediimides are presented. For the meta‐ and para‐hydroxyphenyl derivatives, efficient and solvent‐viscosity‐dependent quenching of porphyrin fluorescence is observed. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that, in these compounds, photoinduced electron transfer from the phenolate to the porphyrin is modulated by large amplitude rotational motions of the naphthalenediimide. These compounds are novel examples of fluorescent molecular rotors, and their potential use as environmental probes of local viscosity and temperature are discussed.
Reversible Luminescent Gels Containing Metal Complexes
Authors: De Paoli G. , Džolic Z. , Rizzo F. , De Cola L. , Vögtle F. , Müller W. M. , Richardt G. , Žinic M.
Published: March 2007

Gelators are compounds capable of solidifying various solvents and water. Organic gels, and in particular hydrogels, are interesting soft materials with many potential applications. In this paper the formation of luminescent gels in water and dimethylformamide as solvents is reported. The gels are prepared by using a carboxylate‐based aliphatic gelator (1) and a N,N′‐bis(O‐methyl‐TyrOH) oxalamide derivative (2). The gels are transparent, and form fiberlike structures in the presence of the red luminescent moiety, a EuIII hemicaged complex. The spectroscopic behavior of the complex is investigated in different solvents and when is entrapped in the gel. In order to probe the involvement of the chemical structure of the luminescent moiety in the gel network, a ruthenium complex, Ru(bpy)2(dppz)2+ (where bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine and dppz = dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine) has also been employed. The complex is in fact nonluminescent in water, while emitting when incorporated in the gel. Such “switching on” behavior is attributed to the incorporation of the complex into the lipophilic environment of gel fibers, where it is shielded from quenching by water molecules.
Depolarization Effects in Self‐Assembled Monolayers: A Quantum‐Chemical Insight
Authors: Cornil D. , Olivier Y. , Geskin V. , Cornil J.
Published: March 2007

Many recent experimental studies have demonstrated that the deposition of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) made of polar molecules on a metal surface can significantly modulate its work function and hence the barrier for hole and electron injection in optoelectronic devices. The permanent dipole moment associated with the backbone of the molecules plays a key role in defining the amplitude and direction of the work‐function shift. We illustrate here via quantum‐chemical calculations performed on model systems that the dipole moment of molecules is significantly reduced going from the isolated state to the SAM. Such depolarization effects that are most often neglected thus reduce the work‐function shift and have to be taken in account to control and understand charge‐injection barriers in devices at a quantitative level.
From Molecular Machines to Microscale Motility of Objects: Application as “Smart Materials”, Sensors, and Nanodevices
Authors: Willner I. , Basnar B. , Willner B.
Published: March 2007

Machinelike operations are common functions in biological systems, and substantial recent research efforts are directed to mimic such processes at the molecular or nanoscale dimensions. The present Feature Article presents three complementary approaches to design machinelike operations: by the signal‐triggered mechanical shuttling of molecular components; by the signal‐triggering of chemical processes on surfaces, resulting in mechanical motion of micro/nanoscale objects; and by the fuel‐triggered motility of biomolecule–metal nanowire hybrid systems. The shuttling of molecular components on molecular wires assembled on surfaces in semirotaxane configurations using electrical or optical triggering signals is described. The control of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface properties through molecular shuttling or by molecular bending/stretching processes is presented. Stress generated on microelements, such as cantilevers, results in the mechanical deflection of the cantilever. The deposition of a redox‐active polyaniline film on a cantilever allows the reversible electrochemically induced deflection and retraction of the cantilever by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of the polymer film, respectively. A micro‐robot consisting of the polypyrrole (PPy) polymer deposited on a multi‐addressable configuration of electrodes is described. Au magnetic core/shell nanoparticles are incorporated into a polyaniline film, and the conductivity of the composite polymer is controlled by an external magnet. Finally, the synthesis of a hybrid nanostructure consisting of two actin filaments tethered to the two ends of a Au nanowire is described. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐fueled motility of the hybrid nanostructure on a myosin monolayer associated with a solid support is demonstrated.
Cover Picture: Nanovalves (Adv. Funct. Mater. 5/2007)
Authors: Saha S. , Leung K. C.‐F. , Nguyen T. D. , Stoddart J. F. , Zink J. I.
Published: March 2007

Interlocked molecular and supramolecular actuators based on rotaxanes can act as gatekeepers at the entrances to nanopores in silica. Guest dye molecules can then be uploaded and released on demand. These molecular actuators, or nanovalves, reported on p. 685 by Fraser Stoddart, Jeffrey Zink, and co‐workers, can be operated by using a wide range of stimuli, and can be regarded as prototypes for highly controllable drug‐delivery systems.

This article features both molecular and supramolecular chemistry involving: i) stimuli‐induced nanoscale movements within mechanically interlocked molecules; ii) the fabrication of mesoporous silica substrates; and iii) the integration of the mechanically interlocked molecular/supramolecular actuators to act as gatekeepers at the entrances to the silica nanopores into which guest dye molecules can be uploaded and released on demand from the mesoporous silica substrates. The supramolecular actuators are based on two [2]pseudorotaxanes—that is, 1:1 complexes that can be dissociated by external inputs, such as acid/base cycles, electrons, and light. The molecular actuators are based on bistable [2]rotaxanes and can be operated mechanically by using either redox chemistry or electrochemistry. After these pseudorotaxanes and bistable rotaxanes have been attached covalently to the orifices of the silica nanopores, stimuli‐controlled mechanical movements within these mechanically interlocked molecules can be harnessed to close and open the nanopores. Therefore, these mechanically interlocked molecules have been employed as nanovalves for controlled sequestering and release of guest dye molecules into and out of the mesoporous silica substrates. These actuators can be regarded as the prototypes of highly controllable drug‐delivery systems.
Modeling of freezing step during freeze‐drying of drugs in vials
Authors: Nakagawa Kyuya , Hottot Aurélie , Vessot Séverine , Andrieu Julien
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model that simulates temperature profiles during freezing process of standard pharmaceutical formulations (mannitol and BSA based) was set up in two‐dimensional axsymmetric space, and the ice crystal mean sizes were semi empirically estimated from the resulting temperature profiles. Water vapor mass transfer permeability values during sublimation step were also estimated from ice phase morphological parameters. All these numerical data were compared with experimental data, and a quite good agreement was observed that confirmed the adequacy of the present model calculations. It was confirmed that, for a given formulation, the mass transfer parameters during freeze‐drying were strongly dependent on morphological textural parameters, and consequently, on the nucleation temperatures that fix the ice phase morphology. The influence of freezing rate was also predicted from the simulations, proving that an increase of cooling rates led to slower primary drying rates. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
An oligonucleotide based array‐CGH system for detection of genome wide copy number changes including subtelomeric regions for genetic evaluation of mental retardation
Authors: Toruner Gokce A. , Streck Deanna L. , Schwalb Marvin N. , Dermody James J.
Published: March 2007

Developmental delay (DD) and mental retardation (MR) are important child heath issues with a one percent prevalence. Karyotyping with or without subtelomeric FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), unless the phenotype of the patient suggests a specific aberration for a specific FISH assay, is the most common procedure in cytogenetic evaluation of MR/DD. In addition, there are several platforms utilizing microarray based comparative genomic hybridization technology (array‐CGH) for genetic testing. Array‐CGH can detect deletions or duplications in very small segments of chromosomes and the use of this technology is expected to increase the diagnostic yield. The major limitation of the current BAC based array technologies is the low resolution (∼1 Mb) of the chip and suboptimal coverage particularly in the subtelomeric regions. Our aim was to design a novel array‐CGH chip with high‐density of probes in the subtelomeric regions as well as to maintain sufficient density in other regions of the genome to provide comprehensive coverage for DD/MR. For this purpose, we used Human Genome CGH Microarray 44B chip (Agilent) as the template for the novel design. Using e‐array 4.0 (Agilent), one third of the probes were randomly removed from the array and replaced by 14,000 subtelomeric probes. The average density of the probe coverage is 125 kb and 250–400 probes interrogate subtelomeric regions. To evaluate the array, we tested 15 samples (including subtelomeric aberrations and other microdeletion syndromes), which were previously analyzed by karyotyping and/or FISH. The concordance rate between array results and previous results is 100%. In addition we detected two novel aberrations that were not detected by karyotyping. These results demonstrate the utility of this format of array‐CGH in detecting genome wide submicroscopic copy number changes as well as providing comprehensive coverage of all subteleomeric regions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel oral findings in Schimmelpenning syndrome
Authors: Ernst Linda M. , Quinn Peter D. , Alawi Faizan
Published: March 2007

We report a patient with Schimmelpenning syndrome with two previously unreported oral manifestations: multiple pigmented malformed teeth and an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor of the anterior mandible. Also found were multiple complex odontomas, bilateral maxillary fibro‐osseous lesions and recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Forward Karen E. , Cummings Elizabeth A. , Blake Kim D.
Published: March 2007

CHARGE syndrome, is associated with genital hypoplasia, feeding difficulties and delayed puberty. In this study we examined the prevalence of risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE. Questionnaires assessing fracture history, dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, pubertal status and activity level using the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) were completed by caregivers. Control data were collected for the HAES. When available, reports from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were obtained. Thirty individuals with CHARGE syndrome (n = 15 males; n = 15 females; age range 13 to 34 years; mean age 19.6 years) were recruited. Traumatic bony fractures were identified in 30% of the population. The recommended nutritional intake (RNI) for calcium and vitamin D were not met by 41% and 87% of the population, respectively, and 53% required past tube feeding. Delayed puberty was experienced by 87% with only 4 individuals (2 female, 2 males) having experienced normal puberty. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was taken by 33% of females and 60% of males. According to the HAES, adolescents with CHARGE syndrome (13–18 years) were significantly less active than controls. Individuals with CHARGE syndrome age 19 and older were also less active than controls, although this difference was not significant. DEXA scan data was obtained, however, due to small sample size (n = 10) and confounding variables (i.e., short stature, pubertal stage, height, weight), it was difficult to draw meaningful conclusions. Feeding difficulties, inactivity and hypogonadism are predisposing factors for the development of poor bone health among individuals with CHARGE syndrome. Education is necessary to raise awareness regarding the importance of HRT, proper nutrition and weight‐bearing activity for healthy bone development and maintenance in individuals with CHARGE syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genome‐wide linkage scan for cleft lip and cleft palate identifies a novel locus on 8p11‐23
Authors: Riley B.M. , Schultz R.E. , Cooper M.E. , Goldstein‐McHenry T. , Daack‐Hirsch S. , Lee K.T. , Dragan E. , Vieira A.R. , Lidral A.C. , Marazita M.L. , Murray J.C.
Published: March 2007

Isolated or nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NS CLP) is a complex disorder resulting from multiple genetic and environmental factors. NS CLP has a birth prevalence of 1 per 500 in the Philippines where large families provide an opportunity for gene localization. Genotyping of 392 microsatellite repeat markers at 10 cM intervals over the genome was performed by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) on 220 Filipino families with 567 affected and 1,109 unaffected family members genotyped. Among the most statistically significant results from analysis of the genome‐wide scan data was a 20 cM region at 8p11‐23 in which markers had LODs ≥1.0. This region on 8p11‐23 has not been found in any previous genome wide scan nor does it contain any of the candidate genes widely studied in CLP. Fine mapping in 8p11‐23 was done in the 220 families plus an additional 51 families, using SNP markers from 10 known genes (FGFR1, NRG1, FZD3, SLC8A1, PPP3CC, EPHX2, BNIP3L, EGR3, PPP2R2A, and NAT1) within the 20 cM region of 8p11‐23. Linkage and association analyses of these SNPs yield suggestive results for markers in FGFR1 (recessive multipoint HLOD 1.07) and BAG4 (recessive multipoint HLOD 1.31). © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximizing self determination: Strategies for mediation in the practice of management
Authors: Nagarajan Sainath , Sedounik Waltraud , Robbers Diana
Published: March 2007

It's time to bring mediation inside the corporation. ADR processes have been at home resolving employment disputes in‐house, efficiently, for years, in well‐structured programs. Now, Sainath Nagarajan, of Boston, Waltraud Sedounik, of London, and Diana Robbers, of Rotterdam, propose using mediation practices, processes and techniques to get projects done in company settings. In a special handbook‐length feature, the authors propose a grid for interactions between different corporate constituencies that provides a guideline for effective communications.
N.J. court committee requires most out‐of‐state lawyers to register for ADR
Authors: Bleemer Russ , Gray Lauren A.
Published: March 2007

A New Jersey Supreme Court committee issues an unauthorized practice of law opinion that calls into question who can represent a party in private ADR matters. Based on recent‐vintage changes to attorneys' model conduct rules, the move, while extreme, also may be part of a larger trend nationwide
Dppc+PF6−–PdCl2–[bmim][PF6]–a copper‐free recyclable catalytic system for Sonogashira coupling reaction
Authors: Guan Jintao , Yu Guang‐Ao , Hou Jian‐Guo , Yu Na , Ren Yong , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: March 2007

An air‐stable, copper‐free and highly efficient Dppc+PF6−–PdCl2–[bmim][PF6] catalytic system has been developed for the Sonogashira coupling reaction of aryl iodides with various aryl‐ and alkylacetylenes. The catalytic system allows for facile separation and can be recycled at least eight times with minimal loss of activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transitional object in dementia: clinical implications
Authors: LoboPrabhu Sheila , Molinari Victor , Lomax James
Published: March 2007

The concept of the transitional object in human development was first proposed by Winnicott, and it has been extensively discussed in the child psychoanalytic literature. However, there are very few empirical studies on the transitional object in adult development. The transitional object has been discussed in relation to medical illness, medication, aggression, dreams, spirituality and religion, borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, fetishes, medication, and body image. There is very little literature on the transitional object in dementia. Dementia is a process of transition from a healthy, active state to a dependent state with progressive loss of memory, functional skills, and independence. Patients and families experience grief, loss, fear, anxiety, guilt, and anger. In this article, we address the role of the transitional object in dementia. We discuss the concepts of the transitional object and precursor object, and their possible role in interventions with patients and caregivers. We discuss various aspects of the therapeutic process and treatment setting, which may serve as transitional objects in various stages of dementia. The therapeutic relationship serves as the “holding environment” in which various transitions may be safely accomplished. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
cDNA characterization and expression analysis of two arylphorin‐like hexameric protein genes from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)
Authors: Ashfaq Muhammad , Sonoda Shoji , Tsumuki Hisaaki
Published: March 2007

We cloned and characterized two hexameric storage protein genes, PxAry1 and PxAry2, from Plutella xylostella and investigated the expression pattern in different developmental stages and in response to treatment by a juvenile hormone (JH) analog. The complete coding sequences of PxAry1 and PxAry2 are comprised of 2,097 and 2,094 bp with 699 and 698 amino acid residues, respectively. Signal peptides of 16 amino acids are predicted at the N‐termini. According to both the phylogenetic analysis and amino acid composition (>16% aromatic amino acids), PxAry1 and PxAry2 belong to the arylphorin‐like protein genes. Analysis using Northern hybridization and RT‐PCR showed varying levels of genes expression in the developmental stages with a small difference between sexes. Expression of both genes in fourth instar larvae was suppressed after treatment with a JH‐analog. Southern hybridization revealed the presence of multiple arylphorin genes in the genome. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:175–185, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and function of cathepsin B‐like proteinase in larval hemocytes of Helicoverpa armigera during metamorphosis
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Mei , Hou Li‐Jing , Wang Jin‐Xing , Zhao Xiao‐Fan
Published: March 2007

Previous work has revealed that Helicoverpa armigera cathepsin B‐like proteinase (HCB) is expressed in oocytes as well as fat bodies of pupae and adults. It plays key roles in the degradation of yolk proteins during embryogenesis and the decomposition of adult fat bodies of H. armigera. This study investigated the expression and function of HCB in larval hemocytes during larva–pupa metamorphosis. Results showed that the expression of HCB in hemocytes exhibited developmental stage specificity. No HCB was found in hemocytes from 5th‐molting larvae. On the contrary, HCB was highly transcribed in the hemocytes from 6th–48‐h larvae. Besides, it was abundantly translated in 6th–96‐h larvae (prepupation). HCB is mainly expressed in plasmatocytes and granulocytes at both transcriptional and translational levels. The number of plasmatocytes and granulocytes markedly increased before pupation. In addition, hemocytes distributed in hematopoietic organs at early larval stage, then migrated to midgut and fat bodies that would undergo histolysis at later larval stage. These findings suggested that HCB is expressed in H. armigera larval hemocytes and involved in larva‐pupa metamorphosis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:164–174, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glass Transitions of Ordinary and Heavy Water within Silica‐Gel Nanopores
Authors: Oguni Masaharu , Maruyama Satoshi , Wakabayashi Kenji , Nagoe Atsushi
Published: March 2007

The dynamic properties of water confined within nanospaces are of interest given that such water plays important roles in geological and biological systems. The enthalpy‐relaxation properties of ordinary and heavy water confined within silica‐gel voids of 1.1, 6, 12, and 52 nm in average diameter were examined by adiabatic calorimetry. Most of the water was found to crystallize within the pores above about 2 nm in diameter but to remain in the liquid state down to 80 K within the pores less than about 1.6 nm in diameter. Only one glass transition was observed, at Tg=119, 124, and 132 K for ordinary water and Tg=125, 130, and 139 K for heavy water, in the 6‐, 12‐, and 52‐nm diameter pores, respectively. On the other hand, two glass transitions were observed at Tg=115 and 160 K for ordinary water and Tg=118 and 165 K for heavy water in the 1.1‐nm pores. Interfacial water molecules on the pore wall, which remain in the noncrystalline state in each case, were interpreted to be responsible for the glass transitions in the region 115–139 K, and internal water molecules, surrounded only by water molecules in the liquid state, are responsible for those at 160 or 165 K in the case of the 1.1‐nm pores. It is suggested that the glass transition of bulk supercooled water takes place potentially at 160 K or above due to the development of an energetically more stable hydrogen‐bonding network of water molecules at low temperatures.
Conformational Polymorphism in N‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)‐ 3‐bromothiobenzamide
Authors: Bashkirava Anastasiya , Andrews Philip C. , Junk Peter C. , Robertson Evan G. , Spiccia Leone , Vanderhoek Nafty
Published: March 2007

Three conformational polymorphs of N‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐bromothiobenzamide, yellow α, orange β, and yellow γ, have been identified by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The properties and structure of the polymorphs were examined with FT Raman, FTIR (ATR), and UV/Vis spectroscopy, as well as differential scanning calorimetry. Computational data on rotational barriers in the isolated gas‐phase molecule indicate that the molecular conformation found in the α form is energetically preferred, but only by around 2 kJ mol−1 over the γ conformation. The planar molecular structure found in the β form is destabilized by 10–14 kJ mol−1, depending on the calculation method. However, experimental evidence suggests that the β polymorph is the most stable crystalline phase at room temperature. This is attributed to the relative planarity of this structure, which allows more and stronger intermolecular interactions, that is, more energetically effective packing. Calculated electronic‐absorption maxima were in agreement with experimental spectra.
Self‐Assembly and Host–Guest Chemistry of a 3.5‐nm Coordination Nanotube
Authors: Yamaguchi Takumi , Tashiro Shohei , Tominaga Masahide , Kawano Masaki , Ozeki Tomoji , Fujita Makoto
Published: March 2007

Upon complexation with PdII ions, precisely designed strandlike ligands with two tris(3,5‐pyridine) units at both terminals were assembled, with the aid of a linear template molecule, into a discrete tubular complex with a length of 3.5 nm. The high stability and the well‐defined structure of the coordination nanotube were revealed by NMR spectroscopy, cold‐spray ionization MS, and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Guest lengths were discriminated by the tube: When the association of strandlike guest molecules, in which two biphenylene units are linked with an (OCH2CH2)n linker, were compared, the tube selectively recognized an appropriate guest whose length was comparable to that of the tube. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)‐terminated linear guests were directly oxidized to TTF2+ in the tube, but reduced stepwise via TTF+⋅ outside the tube.
Alkali‐Metal Pyrazolate Complexes with Unusual Pyrazolate Coordination Modes and Pseudocubane Motifs
Authors: Beaini Samar , Deacon Glen B. , Erven Anja P. , Junk Peter C. , Turner David R.
Published: March 2007

The dimeric complex [Li(Ph2pz)(OEt2)]2 (1) and tetrameric cluster [Na(Ph2pz)(thf)]4 (2) were prepared by treatment of alkali‐metal reagents (nBuLi and Na{N(SiMe3)2}, respectively) with 3,5‐diphenylpyrazole (Ph2pzH) in Et2O (1) or THF (2). The polymer [Na(tBu2pz)]n (3) was obtained from reaction at elevated temperature in a sealed tube between Na metal and 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylpyrazole (tBu2pzH). The complex [Na4(tBu2pz)2(thf)3(obds)]2 (4; obds=(OSiMe2)2O) was obtained as a minor product from prolonged treatment of tBu2pzH with elemental sodium in a silicone‐greased flask. All four alkali‐metal pyrazolato complexes were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography.The Li dimer 1 displays μ‐η2:η1 lithium–pyrazolato binding, in which both lithium atoms are four‐coordinate. Room‐ and variable‐temperature NMR studies (1H, 13C, and 7Li) of 1 suggest similar behavior in solution, with peaks coalescing at low temperatures. Complexes 2 and 4 display distorted cubane structures. In 2, all the sodium atoms are five‐coordinate, whereas 4 contains two sodium/pyrazolate/thf clusters (4:2:3 ratio) bridged by two obds2− units, as well as two four‐coordinate and two five‐coordinate sodium atoms. Compound 3 is composed of two independent chains with the unusual coordination modes μ3‐η5:η2:η2, μ3‐η5:η2:η1, and μ3‐η4:η2:η1, with five‐, six‐, and seven‐coordinate sodium atoms. Two oxo‐centered M8 cage complexes [(tBu2pz)6Li8O] (5) and [(tBu2pz)6Na8O] (6) were obtained as by‐products from attempted preparation of [Li(tBu2pz)] and [Na(tBu2pz)], respectively, and their structures were determined.
Refining teratogen warning symbols for diverse populations
Authors: Mayhorn Christopher B. , Goldsworthy Richard C.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

The current research reports on efforts to refine the design of recently developed teratogen warning symbols and to examine their interpretation by different populations such as those with low health literacy, adolescents, and individuals who are not fluent in English.

METHODS:

Alternative symbols identified as most successful in an earlier study were further refined through the use of multiple focus groups and expert review. Six symbols emerged as potential candidates to replace the current symbol. A nationally distributed field trial (n = 700) examined these six alternate teratogen warnings in addition to the symbol presently in use.

RESULTS:

Five of the alternate warning symbols exceeded the level of correct interpretation elicited by the current symbol. No symbol exceeded the ANSI limit of 5% critical confusion. Two symbols consistently elicited the most accurate responses in terms of message interpretation, target audience, intended action, and perceived consequences of ignoring the warning.

CONCLUSIONS:

This effort produced at least two viable alternative symbols that appear to be more effective than the current symbol at communicating both the instruction to not take while pregnant and the consequence that exposure could cause birth defects. Several results varied by participant characteristics. Understanding how members of diverse subpopulations might interact with these warnings should be informative to healthcare professionals. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk for gastroschisis in primigravidity, length of sexual cohabitation, and change in paternity
Authors: Rittler Monica , Castilla Eduardo E. , Chambers Christina , Lopez‐Camelo Jorge S.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

Maternal epidemiologic similarities between gastroschisis and preeclampsia have led to the objective of evaluating the risk for gastroschisis related to primigravidity, change in paternity, and length of cohabitation, considered as risk factors for preeclampsia.

METHODS:

The subjects were 288 newborns with isolated gastroschisis and 576 normal controls, matched by maternal age. They were ascertained in the Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congenitas hospital network of 10 South American countries between 1982 and 2005. Epidemiologic variables were compared among controls, between primigravidas and multigravidas, between multigravidas who had and had not changed partners, and between mothers with short and long cohabitation times with their partners. Risks associated with primigravidity, short cohabitation time, and changing paternity, as well as their combinations, were calculated. An eventual interaction between maternal age and the three risk factors was assessed.

RESULTS:

Only a short cohabitation time showed a significant OR for gastroschisis (OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.52–3.66, p < .001), whereas ORs were not significant for primigravidity (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.84–2.35, p = .192) nor for changing paternity (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.49–3.10, p = .752). The risk was highest for multigravidas who had changed partners (OR = 8.71, 95% CI: 2.93–21.12, p < .001), followed by multigravidas who had not changed partners (OR = 3.99, 95% CI: 1.07–15.43, p = .049), and by primigravidas (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.58–5.76, p = .001), all having cohabitated for a short time. Maternal age did not modify these risks.

CONCLUSIONS:

Three groups at risk for a child with gastroschisis were identified, all having in common a short cohabitation time. Antigenic or “modern” lifestyle–related factors might be involved in the origin of gastroschisis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ytterbocenes as One‐ and Two‐Electron Reductants in their Reactions with Diazadienes: YbIII Mixed‐Ligand Bent‐Sandwich Complexes Containing a Dianion of Diazabutadiene
Authors: Trifonov Alexander A. , Borovkov Ivan A. , Fedorova Elena A. , Fukin Georgii K. , Larionova Joulia , Druzhkov Nikolai O. , Cherkasov Vladimir K.
Published: March 2007

Ytterbocene [Yb(C5MeH4)2(thf)2] reacts with diazabutadiene 2,6‐iPr2C6H3NCHCHNC6H3iPr2‐2,6 (DAD) as a one‐electron reductant to afford a bis(cyclopentadienyl) YbIII derivative containing a DAD radical anion [Yb(C5MeH4)2(dad−.)]. However, ytterbocenes [YbCp*2(thf)2] (Cp*=C5Me5, C5Me4H) coordinated by sterically demanding cyclopentadienyl ligands act as two‐electron reductants in their reactions with DAD. These reactions occur by abstraction of one Cp* ring and result in the formation of novel YbIII mixed‐ligand bent‐sandwich complexes, [YbCp*(dad)(thf)], in which the dianion of DAD has an uncommon terminal η4‐coordination to the ytterbium atom. The variable‐temperature magnetic measurements of complex [Yb(C5Me5)(dad)(thf)] suggest the existence of redox tautomerism for this compound.
The Low‐Barrier Hydrogen Bond of Deuterated Benzoylacetone Probed by Very Low Temperature Neutron and X‐ray Diffraction Studies and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Madsen Georg K. H. , McIntyre Garry J. , Schiøtt Birgit , Larsen Finn K.
Published: March 2007

Low‐temperature neutron diffraction data is used to show that the enol deuteron in deuterated benzoylacetone has a bimodal probability density distribution. In a previous study of normal benzoylacetone we showed that the enol hydrogen atom has a broad unimodal probability density distribution. Deuteration gives hardly any change to the molecular framework other than a small lengthening of the O⋅⋅⋅O distance. We solve the vibrational Hamiltonian for a series of model hydrogen potentials and show how the proton/deuteron probability density function can become strongly perturbed by small changes to the potential. The potentials are used to show that the deuteron in benzoylacetone can be interpreted as an atom tunnelling between two possible localised positions, while the proton in benzoylacetone can be viewed as having sufficient energy to shuttle over the low‐energy barrier, even at 15 K. We underline the necessity of accounting for the dynamic nature of the hydrogen bond and not relying on a description of the proton/deuteron by a single atomic coordinate, and compare our results to structure correlation studies.
Theoretical Evidence for Pyramidalized Bicyclic Serine Enolates in Highly Diastereoselective Alkylations
Authors: Aydillo Carlos , Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Busto Jesús H. , Peregrina Jesús M. , Zurbano María M. , Avenoza Alberto
Published: March 2007

A new chiral serine equivalent and its enantiomer have been synthesized from (S)‐ and (R)‐N‐Boc‐serine methyl esters (Boc: tert‐butyloxycarbonyl). The use of these compounds as chiral building blocks has been demonstrated in the synthesis of α‐alkyl α‐amino acids by diastereoselective potassium enolate alkylation reactions and subsequent acid hydrolyses. Theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the stereochemical outcome of both the formation of five‐membered cyclic N,O‐acetals and the subsequent alkylation process, which occurs with total retention of configuration. This feature could be explained in terms of the high degree of pyramidalization of enolate intermediates.
Increased Lewis Acidity in Hafnium‐Substituted Polyoxotungstates
Authors: Boglio Cécile , Micoine Kevin , Rémy Pauline , Hasenknopf Bernold , Thorimbert Serge , Lacôte Emmanuel , Malacria Max , Afonso Carlos , Tabet Jean‐Claude
Published: March 2007

Monolacunary polyoxotungstates [α1‐P2W17O61]10− and [α‐PW11O39]7− react with HfCl4 to yield [α1‐HfP2W17O61]6− and [α‐Hf(OH)PW11O39]4−, isolated as organo‐soluble tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts. Subsequent analyses, including mass spectrometry, show that they are stronger Lewis acids than (TBA)5H2[α1‐YbP2W17O61]. The new polyoxotungstates catalyze Lewis acid mediated organic reactions, such as Mukaiyama aldol and Mannich‐type additions. In particular, reactions with aldehydes, which were impossible with lanthanide polyoxotungstates, are made possible. Thus these modifications of the polyoxometalate composition allowed fine tuning of the Lewis acidity. The catalysts could be easily recovered and reused.
Regioselective Cross‐Coupling Reactions and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions on a 5,7‐Dichloropyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidine Scaffold.
Authors: Jang Mi‐Yeon , De Jonghe Steven , Gao Ling‐Jie , Herdewijn Piet
Published: March 2007

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