bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retinotectal Projection in Goldfish to an Inappropriate Region with a Reversal in Polarity
Authors: Meyer Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

An abnormal, ipsilateral projection was formed by deflecting optic fibers that normally innervate the posterior part of one tectum into the anterior end of the opposite tectum. When anterior recipient tectum was simultaneously denervated, the deflected fibers formed a retinotopic map in this region that was reversed with respect to the anterior-posterior tectal axis.
3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenethyleneglycol Production by Human Brain in Vivo
Authors: Maas James W. , Hattox Susan E. , Greene Nicholas M. , Landis D. Harold
Published: October 2006

A direct method has been employed to estimate the rate of production by human brain of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol, the major metabolite of brain norepinephrine, a brain neurotransmitter. Venous specimens were obtained from the internal jugular vein from ten awake human subjects at a puncture site above the common facial vein, the first major source of extracranial inflow. Arterial specimens were simultaneously obtained from the radial artery. Plasma samples were assayed and a highly significant difference was found in the concentration of the metabolite in plasma coming out of the brain (venous blood) as compared to plasma entering the brain (arterial blood). This venous-arterial difference was calculated to be 0.7 ± 0.1 nanogram per milliliter of blood. Assuming an adult brain weight of 1400 grams and normal cerebral blood flow, it is estimated that the rate of production of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol by the awake human brain is approximately 597 nanograms per minute or 35.8 micrograms per hour. Urine specimens were also collected from six of these subjects during a period of 1 to 3.5 hours, which bracketed the time the blood samples were obtained. For these six subjects the output of 3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol by whole brain was estimated to be 40.9 micrograms per hour, whereas the rate of its excretion into urine was 64.5 micrograms per hour.
Chrysotile Asbestos in a California Recreational Area
Authors: Cooper W. C. , Murchio J. , Popendorf W. , Wenk H. R.
Published: October 2006

Dustfall along roads and trails being used recreationally in the Clear Creek area of San Benito County, California, located in the New Idria serpentinite, was found to be 90 percent or more chrysotile asbestos. Personal samplers worn by motorcyclists using one of the trails showed concentrations of airborne fibers ranging from 0.3 to 5.3 fibers per milliliter, according to methods prescribed for monitoring occupational exposures. The present workplace standard for brief exposures to asbestos is 10 fibers per milliliter; 5 fibers per milliliter is the proposed standard. The average total dust concentration estimated from personal samplers was approximately 20 milligrams per cubic meter of roughly 90 percent chrysotile. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asbestos exposures of this magnitude, in size ranges known to be pathogenic, resulting from natural deposits not associated with mining, milling, or industrial use.
Monocular Light Exclusion for a Period of Days Reduces Directional Sensitivity of the Human Retina
Authors: Enoch Jay M. , Birch David G. , Birch Eileen E.
Published: October 2006

Single eyes of young adult observers were occluded for as long as 10 days. Directional sensitivity of the retina (the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind) under photopic conditions was dramatically reduced at every retinal location tested in all subjects. The maximum effect was observed within 3 to 5 days, and recovery took place at approximately the same rate after termination of patching.
Fluidity of the Rat Liver Microsomal Membrane: Increase at Birth
Authors: Kapitulnik Jaime , Tshershedsky Mira , Barenholz Yechezkel
Published: October 2006

The lipid apparent microviscosity of the rat liver microsomal membrane on the first day after birth was found to be half of that observed on the last day of fetal life. This remarkable perinatal fluidization of the membrane resulted from a marked increase in the molar ratio of phospholipids to cholesterol.
Hippocampo-Hypothalamic Connections: Origin in Subicular Cortex, Not Ammon's Horn
Authors: Swanson L. W. , Cowan W. M.
Published: October 2006

An autoradiographic study of the subcortical projections of the rat hippocampal formation shows that the efferent fibers of the hippocampus proper (fields CA1-4 of Ammon's horn) do not project to the hypothalamus but are confined to the precommissural fornix, ending primarily in the septum. The fibers that are distributed by way of the fornix system to the hypothalamus (principally the arcuate-ventromedial region and the mammillary nuclei) and the anterior thalamus arise from the subicular region of the cerebral cortex (that is, the subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum).
Different Nucleosome Structures on Transcribing and Nontranscribing Ribosomal Gene Sequences
Authors: Johnson Edward M. , Campbell Gerald R. , Allfrey Vincent G.
Published: October 2006

Monomeric DNA lengths from
Physarum
nuclear chromatin occur in two subunit forms which differ from each other and from higher oligomers of nucleosomes in content of transcribed ribosomal DNA sequences. Labeled DNA restriction fragments from ribosomal RNA coding regions reanneal most rapidly with DNA from a monomeric subunit fraction. A particles, isolated from growing plasmodia and containing 144 base pairs of DNA in an extended conformation. Higher oligomers of nucleosomes are depleted in sequences from transcribing gene regions but are enriched in sequences from the nontranscribed central spacer of the ribosomal DNA palindrome. Nucleosome configuration on two 26
S
gene intervening sequences resembles that on adjacent coding regions.
Paradoxical Effects of Amphetamine on Preweanling and Postweanling Rats
Authors: Campbell Byron A. , Randall Patrick J.
Published: October 2006

In adult rats amphetamine acts as a strong behavioral stimulant leading to a marked increase in random, nondirected locomotor activity. In contrast we report that amphetamine administered to preweanling rats in the presence of an anesthetized adult rat produces no visible increase in motor activity. Instead, it appears to enhance the normal tendency of neonatal rats to approach and maintain contact with conspecifics. In postweanling rats amphetamine disrupts the tendency to aggregate and produces an increase in behavioral activity comparable to that seen in adult rats. These findings may constitute the basis for an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperkinesis.
Alcohol Drinking: Abnormal Intake Caused by Tetrahydropapaveroline in Brain
Authors: Myers R. D. , Melchior C. L.
Published: October 2006

Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethyl alcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.
Brain Blood Flow: Alteration by Prior Exposure to a Learned Task
Authors: Bondy Stephen C. , Harrington Marilyn E.
Published: October 2006

Chicks with the eyelids of one eye sutured were trained to discriminate between grains and pebbles. The learned experience was completely recognizable by the naive eye that had been occluded during training. When both eyes were opened after monocular training, the velocity of blood flow through paired left and right brain regions was identical. However, when chicks were reexposed to the discrimination situation, blood flow through the cerebral hemisphere associated with the naive eye was greater than that through the hemisphere associated with the trained eye.
Enhancement of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease Activity by Mercaptoethanol
Authors: Watkins John B. , Benz F. W.
Published: October 2006

Incubation of ribonuclease with 0.1
M
mercaptoethanol at
p
H 8.5 can increase the enzyme's hydrolytic activity toward cytidine 2′,3′-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) under standard assay conditions. Cation-exchange chromatography of the ribonuclease-thiol reaction mixture revealed seven fractions. The fraction with the highest activity had an approximate tenfold decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant for cyclic CMP with respect to native ribonuclease. The enhanced activity is a metastable property since this fraction reverts back to the control activity and chromatographic behavior of native ribonuclease on standing in solution at room temperature.
Estrogen Formation in the Early Rabbit Embryo
Authors: George Fredrick W. , Wilson Jean D.
Published: October 2006

Androgen formation (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity) was detectable in the rabbit blastocyst on day 5 of gestation (before implantation); estrogen formation was first detectable on day 7. The capacity to form estrogen on the day of implantation suggests that estrogen formation in the blastocyst may play a role in the implantation process.
Should We Have Faculties of Public Health?
Authors: Hill H. W.
Published: October 2006

Public health is the science and art of conscious physical adjustment between man and his surroundings in the universe. The modern conception of man as a product of and a part of nature brings the subject of man's individual physical adjustments with his immediate surroundings into its proper place as the fundamental study—the basis of every form of education. Hence, public health is not only eligible for a position as an independent faculty in any university but is as definitely entitled to such a place as any of those now recognized. It is futile to consider the ordinary 45 hour course in public health, furnished as an incident in the ordinary 4000 to 5000 hour medical course, as more than a smattering, offered to medical students alone, of the 900 to 4500 hour courses in public health offered to professional public health students.
Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Leukemia (Lymphotropic) Virus Type III in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Shaw George M. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Arya Suresh K. , Groopman Jerome E. , Gallo Robert C. , Wong-Staal Flossie
Published: October 2006

The human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III) appears to be central to the causation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two full-length integrated proviral DNA forms of HTLV-III have now been cloned and analyzed, and DNA sequences of the virus in cell lines and fresh tissues from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) have been characterized. The results revealed that (i) HTLV-III is an exogenous human retrovirus, approximately 10 kilobases in length, that lacks nucleic acid sequences derived from normal human DNA; (ii) HTLV-III, unlike HTLV types I and II, shows substantial diversity in its genomic restriction enzyme cleavage pattern; (iii) HTLV-III persists in substantial amounts in cells as unintegrated linear DNA, an uncommon property that has been linked to the cytopathic effects of certain animal retroviruses; and (iv) HTLV-III viral DNA can be detected in low levels in fresh (primary) lymphoid tissue of a minority of patients with AIDS or ARC but appears not to be present in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue. These findings have important implications concerning the biological properties of HTLV-III and the pathophysiology of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in Mosquitoes Infected with Sigma, Vesicular Stomatitis, and Other Rhabdoviruses
Authors: Rosen Leon
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide, usually an innocuous narcotic for insects, kills mosquitoes infected with rhabdoviruses. Such toxicity was originally observed in
Drosophila
harboring a hereditary virus, sigma, and has been considered unique to
Drosophila
. The new findings support the possibility that insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts harbor similar hereditary viruses and transmit some of them to vertebrates or plants.
Neuroleptic Drug-Induced Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity: Antagonism by L-Prolyl-L-Leucyl-Glycinamide
Authors: Chiu Simon , Paulose C. S. , Mishra Ram K.
Published: October 2006

An animal model of tardive dyskinesia was used to evaluate the potential antidyskinetic properties of the neuropeptide L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG). In rats, PLG administered concurrently with the neuroleptic drug haloperidol or chlorpromazine antagonized the enhancement of specific [
3
H]spiroperidol binding in the striatum that is associated with long-term neuroleptic treatment. The results are discussed in relation to a possible functional coupling of the putative PLG receptor with neuroleptic-dopamine receptor complex and clinical implications for tardive dyskinesia.
Regional Brain Concentrations of Neuropeptides in Huntington's Chorea and Schizophrenia
Authors: Nemeroff Charles B. , Youngblood William W. , Manberg Paul J. , Prange Arthur J. , Kizer John S.
Published: October 2006

To ascertain whether Huntington's chorea and schizophrenia are associated with specific regional alterations in neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, the concentrations of these putative neurotransmitters were measured by radioimmunoassay in postmortem brain samples from patients with Huntington's chorea or schizophrenia. Compared to 50 patients without psychiatric or neurological disease, the patients with Huntington's chorea showed significantly elevated concentrations of all three neuropeptides in the nucleus caudatus. In the nucleus accumbens somatostatin levels were increased threefold, while in the amygdala thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels were elevated. In contrast, the schizophrenics exhibited reduced levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in two frontal cortical regions, reduced somatostatin levels in one frontal cortical area, and increased neurotensin levels in one frontal cortical area. None of the differences between the diseased brains and the controls could be accounted for by differences in age, sex, or time between death and autopsy.
Coexistence of Acetylcholinesterase and Somatostatin-Immunoreactivity in Neurons Cultured from Rat Cerebrum
Authors: Delfs John R. , Zhu Chun-Han , Dichter Marc A.
Published: October 2006

Cultures derived from rat cerebral hemispheres were sequentially stained for acetylcholinesterase activity and for either somatostatin-like immunoreactivity or cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was found to coexist with acetylcholinesterase activity in individual neurons of several morphological subtypes, but cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity and acetycholinesterase activity were never seen in the same neurons. These findings suggest a specific anatomical association, perhaps even an overlap, of the cholinergic and somatostatinergic systems in the mammalian cerebrum, and indicate that the combined deficiencies of somatostatin and cholinergic markers in Alzheimer's dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type may be of pathophysiological importance.
Chemical Anatomy of the Brain
Authors: Hökfelt Tomas , Johansson Olle , Goldstein Menek
Published: October 2006

The development of sensitive histochemical-neuroanatomical techniques has made it possible to analyze the content of specific compounds in single nerve cells and their processes. In consequence, it has been possible to construct detailed maps of the distribution of various types of neurons on the basis of their transmitter substance. There are now many examples of neurons containing both a classical transmitter and a peptide. In some instances the peptides seem to support the action of the classical transmitters. This interaction may have applications in the prevention and treatment of nervous disease states.
Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Aggregation of Human Platelets Specifically Inhibited by Triazolobenzodiazepines
Authors: Kornecki Elizabeth , Ehrlich Yigal H. , Lenox Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a naturally occurring phospholipid, is a potent activator of various biological processes, including platelet aggregation. The mechanisms by which PAF acts are largely unknown, partly because of the lack of specific inhibitors for PAF-elicited responses. It was found that in washed human platelets the psychotropic triazolobenzodiazepine drugs alprazolam and triazolam potently inhibited PAF-induced changes in shape, aggregation, and secretion. The effects were specific for PAF activation, since the responses of human platelets to adenosine diphosphate, thrombin, epinephrine, collagen, arachidonate, and the calcium ionophore A23187 were not inhibited by the triazolobenzodiazepines. These psychotropic drugs should be useful in investigating the possibility that PAF or PAF-like phospholipids play a role in neuronal function and in elucidating biochemical mechanisms activated specifically by PAF in a variety of cells.
Trace Chemistries of Fire: A Source of Chlorinated Dioxins
Authors: Bumb R. R. , Crummett W. B. , Cutie S. S. , Gledhill J. R. , Hummel R. H. , Kagel R. O. , Lamparski L. L. , Luoma E. V. , Miller D. L. , Nestrick T. J. , Shadoff L. A. , Stehl R. H. , Woods J. S.
Published: October 2006

New, highly specific and sensitive analytical methodology has been applied to the determination of chlorinated dibenzo-
p
-dioxins in particulate matter. The results show that the dioxins are present in particles from many types of combustion sources and in dust and soil in the vicinity of combustion sources. The data indicate that chlorinated dioxins may occur in particulate matter from the combustion of most types of organic material, and suggest the hypothesis that chlorinated dioxins result from trace chemical reactions occurring in fire.
Recent Developments in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Levy George C. , Craik David J.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique that yields information related to molecular structure, interactions, and dynamics. Methods are currently being developed for real-time monitoring of metabolic processes in vivo and for noninvasive detection of disease and abnormality in living animals. Other nuclear magnetic resonance techniques are providing entirely new approaches for analyses of complex chemical systems. The increased power and popularity of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy today are due to many developments in instrumentation and methods that have occurred over the 35-year history of the technique. The most important single advance, particularly in recent years, has been increased sensitivity. Concurrent improvements in effective spectral resolving power and an array of new methods and applications have also contributed to elevating nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to its present position as one of the premier analytical techniques.
Fast Axonal Transport in Squid Giant Axon
Authors: Allen Robert Day , Metuzals Janis , Tasaki Ichiji , Brady Scott T. , Gilbert Susan P.
Published: October 2006

Video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast microscopy has revealed new features of axonal transport in the giant axon of the squid, where no movement had been detected previously by conventional microscopy. The newly discovered dominant feature is vast numbers of "submicroscopic" particles, probably 30- to 50-nanometer vesicles and other tubulovesicular elements, moving parallel to linear elements, primarily in the orthograde direction but also in a retrograde direction, at a range of steady velocities up to ±5 micrometers per second. Medium (0.2 to 0.6 micrometer) and large (0.8 micrometer) particles move more slowly and more intermittently with a tendency at times to exhibit elastic recoil. The behavior of the smallest particles and the larger particles during actual translocation suggests that the fundamental processes in the mechanisms of organelle movement in axonal transport are not saltatory but continuous.
Narcolepsy: Biogenic Amine Deficits in an Animal Model
Authors: Mefford Ivan N. , Baker Theodore L. , Boehme Richard , Foutz Arthur S. , Ciaranello Roland D. , Barchas Jack D. , Dement William C.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of biogenic amine metabolites in discrete brain areas differed significantly between dogs with genetically transmitted narcolepsy and age- and breed-matched controls. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were consistently elevated in the brains of narcoleptic animals, while homovanillic acid was not. Narcoleptic animals consistently exhibited lower utilization of dopamine and higher intraneuronal degradation of dopamine but no uniform decrease in serotonin utilization. Hence neuropathology appears to be associated with genetically transmitted canine narcolepsy. The data indicate a nonglobal depression of dopamine utilization or turnover or both.
Cerebellar Autonomic Function: Direct Hypothalamocerebellar Pathway
Authors: Dietrichs Espen
Published: October 2006

A direct hypothalamocerebellar projection in the cat was revealed by means of retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin—horseradish peroxidase complex. This appears to be the first demonstration of a significant autonomic input to the cerebellum. The projection has a widespread origin and is bilateral with an ipsilateral preponderance.
On the Basis for the Physiological Activity of Certain Onium Compounds
Authors: Renshaw R. R.
Published: October 2006

(1) An outline is given of an extended, cooperative investigation now being made on the basis for the physiological activity of onium compounds on the nervous system.

(2) Evidence has been obtained which shows that the process is much less simple than is indicated by a number of theories that have been advanced to explain drug action.

(3) It would appear that the action of these substances is not due either to their chemical decomposition, their activity as bases or to their distribution coefficients. The mobility of their ions is not, at least, of primary significance. To be physiologically active, these substances must exist in the body fluids as cations.

(4) Indirect evidence is given of the necessity of taking into account the probable differences of structure of the mechanism of the nervous system on which these substances act, or (and) the environment at the seat of action.

(5) The probability that the first determining factor in the action of these compounds is something in the nature of a selective adsorption depending on the spacial configuration of the groups involved in the ion structure is suggested.

The author wishes to express his appreciation to the directors of the Bache Fund of the National Academy of Science for grants made to aid the experimental work of this investigation.
Learned Histamine Release
Authors: Russell Michael , Dark Kathleen A. , Cummins Robert W. , Ellman George , Callaway Enoch , Peeke Harman V. S.
Published: October 2006

Most of the effort directed at understanding the problems of allergy has focused on the interacting components of the immune system. The possibility that histamine may be released as a learned response has now been tested. In a classical conditioning procedure in which an immunologic challenge was paired with the presentation of an odor, guinea pigs showed a plasma histamine increase when presented with the odor alone. This suggests that the immune response can be enhanced through activity of the central nervous system.
Plasticity of Substance P in Mature and Aged Sympathetic Neurons in Culture
Authors: Adler J. E. , Black I. B.
Published: October 2006

The effect of age on the plasticity of the putative peptide neurotransmitter substance P (SP) was examined in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Explantation of ganglia from 6-month-old rats to serum-supplemented culture resulted in a tenfold increase in SP concentration, reproducing results previously obtained for ganglia from neonatal rats. Veratridine prevented the increase in SP concentration in adult ganglia, and tetrodotoxin blocked the veratridine effect, suggesting that membrane depolarization and sodium influx prevented the rise in the SP content of adult ganglia as well as of neonatal ganglia. However, the time courses of the increase in the amount of the peptide differed in neonatal and mature ganglia, suggesting that some aspects of regulation may differ in the two. The effects of aging on neural plasticity were further analyzed by explanting ganglia from 2-year-old rats. No significant increase in SP concentration was observed in these ganglia. Remarkable plasticity thus seems to persist in mature neurons but may be deficient in aged sympathetic neurons.
Diagnostic Potential for Human Malignancies of Bacterially Produced HTLV-I Envelope Protein
Authors: Samuel Kenneth P. , Lautenberger James A. , Jorcyk Cheryl L. , Josephs Steven , Wong-Staal Flossie , Papas Takis S.
Published: October 2006

Two regions of the gene for the human T-cell leukemia virus subgroup I (HTLV-I) envelope were expressed in
Escherichia coli
by use of the vector pJLA16. One corresponds to the carboxyl terminal region of the major envelope protein p46, and the other corresponds to the transmembrane protein p21E. Reactivity of the expressed protein with human serum was tested by the Western blot procedure. Each of 11 sera tested that had been shown to contain antibodies to HTLV-I or HTLV-II by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recognized the bacterially synthesized envelope proteins. There was no reaction detected when 17 control sera were tested. This system will be useful for large-scale seroepidemiological surveys for HTLV-I and related human retroviruses.
RNA Required for Import of Precursor Proteins into Mitochondria
Authors: Firgaira Frank A. , Hendrick Joseph P. , Kalousek Frantisek , Kraus Jan P. , Rosenberg Leon E.
Published: October 2006

A cytoplasmic RNA moiety is necessary for posttranslational uptake of nuclear-encoded mammalian proteins destined for the mitochondrial matrix. Post-translational addition of ribonuclease to a reticulocyte lysate-programmed cell-free translation mixture inhibited subsequent import of six different mitochondrial matrix enzyme precursors into rat liver mitochondria. The required RNA is highly protected, as indicated by the high concentrations of ribonuclease necessary to produce this inhibition. The dependence of the inhibitory effect on temperature, duration of exposure to ribonuclease, and availability of divalent cations is characteristic of the nuclease susceptibility of ribonucleoproteins. The ribonuclease-sensitive component was found in a 400-kilodalton fraction which contains the mitochondrial protein precursors.
Effects of Serotonin on Memory Impairments Produced by Ethanol
Authors: Weingartner Herbert , Rudorfer Matthew V. , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Linnoila Markku
Published: October 2006

Subjects treated with low or high doses of ethanol demonstrated impaired memory, particularly in tests involving the recall of poorly learned information. Zimelidine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, reversed this ethanol-induced impairment. The serotonin neurotransmitter system may mediate learning and memory in humans and may determine some of the effects of alcohol on higher mental functions.
DNA Methylation and Gene Function
Authors: Razin Aharon , Riggs Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

In most higher organisms, DNA is modified after synthesis by the enzymatic conversion of many cytosine residues to 5-methylcytosine. For several years, control of gene activity by DNA methylation has been recognized as a logically attractive possibility, but experimental support has proved elusive. However, there is now reason to believe, from recent studies, that DNA methylation is a key element in the hierarchy of control mechanisms that govern vertebrate gene function and differentiation.
Cloned Poliovirus Complementary DNA Is Infectious in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Racaniello Vincent R. , Baltimore David
Published: October 2006

A complete, cloned complementary DNA copy of the RNA genome of poliovirus was constructed in the Pst I site of the bacterial plasmid pBR322. Cultured mammalian cells transfected with this hybrid plasmid produced infectious poliovirus. Cells transfected with a plasmid which lacked the first 115 bases of the poliovirus genome did not produce virus.
High Levels of Intracellular Bombesin Characterize Human Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Moody Terry W. , Pert Candace B. , Gazdar Adi F. , Carney Desmond N. , Minna John D.
Published: October 2006

"Small cells" or "oat cells" characterize a virulent form of lung cancer and share many biochemical properties with peptide-secreting neurones. The neuropeptide bombesin is present in all small-cell lines examined, but not in other lung cancer cell lines, suggesting that bombesinergic precursor cells in lung may give rise to this disease.
Specific Chromosome Defect Associated with Human Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Deletion 3p(14-23)
Authors: Whang-Peng J. , Kao-Shan C. S. , Lee E. C. , Bunn P. A. , Carney D. N. , Gazdar A. F. , Minna J. D.
Published: October 2006

A specific, acquired chromosomal abnormality (deletion 3p) has been found in at least one chromosome 3 in 100 percent of the metaphases in 12 of 12 cell lines cultured from human small-cell lung cancer tissue and in 2-day tumor culture specimens from three patients. Analysis of the shortest region of overlap shows the deletion to be 3p(14-23). This specific change was not seen in five of five lung cancer cell lines other than small-cell lung cancer or in two lymphoblastoid lines cultured from cells of small-cell lung cancer patients whose tumors had the 3p deletion.
DNA Conformation, Dynamics, and Interactions in Solution
Authors: Patel Dinshaw J. , Pardi Arthur , Itakura Keiichi
Published: October 2006

The conformation and dynamics of the d(CGCGAATTCGCG) duplex, its analogs containing mismatched base pairs and helix interruptions, and its complexes with actinomycin and Netropsin, bound separately and simultaneously, have been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in aqueous solution. Structural information has been deduced from chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect parameters, while the kinetics have been probed from line width and saturation recovery experiments on proton and phosphorus markers at the individual base pair level. These studies lead to an improved understanding of the role of nucleic acid sequence on the structure, flexibility, and conformational interconversions in the duplex state. The nuclear magnetic resonance measurements readily identify helix modification and antibiotic binding sites on the nucleic acid and estimate the extent to which the observed conformational and dynamic perturbations are transmitted to adjacent base pair regions.
Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis Coupled to K
+
Influx in Mitochondria
Authors: Kinnally Kathleen Walsh , Tedeschi Henry
Published: October 2006

The influx of K
+
into swollen mitochondria in the presence of valinomycin results in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in which approximately one H
+
disappears per adenosine triphosphate synthesized. The synthesis is blocked by atractyloside but is insensitive to oligomycin and relatively insensitive to uncouplers.
Insulin Stimulation of Nucleoside Triphosphatase Activity in Isolated Nuclear Envelopes
Authors: Purrello Francesco , Vigneri Riccardo , Clawson Gary A. , Goldfine Ira D.
Published: October 2006

The activity of nucleoside triphosphatase, an enzyme that regulates nuclear messenger RNA transport, was measured in highly purified nuclear envelopes isolated from rat liver. Addition of picomolar concentrations of insulin to freshly prepared nuclear envelopes directly increased the enzyme activity. The major effect of insulin on this enzyme was to increase the maximum velocity of its activity; no significant effects were seen on the affinity constant. These studies raise the possibility, therefore, that the nuclear envelope is a site where insulin regulates nuclear functions.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulates Secretion of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone from the Rat Pituitary
Authors: Proulx-Ferland Louise , Labrie Fernand , Dumont Dominique , Côté Jean , Coy David H. , Sveiraf Javier
Published: October 2006

Administration of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor led to rapid, parallel increases in adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in rat plasma. Prior treatment with dexamethasone almost completely blocked the adrenocorticotropin response but not the increase in melanocyte-stimulating hormone. These data demonstrate that corticotropin-releasing factor is a potent stimulator not only of adrenocorticotropin secretion from the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland but also of peptide secretion from the intermediate lobe. Such data suggest that melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin play a role in the physiological response to stress.
Mucus Secretion-Stimulating Activity in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: Kulemann-Kloene H. , Krag S. S. , Bang F. B.
Published: October 2006

Two fractions isolated from cultured lymphoblastoid cells stimulated mucus secretion from the urn cell complex of the marine invertebrate
Sipunculus nudus
. The activity detected in the nuclear fraction was trypsin-sensitive, and it increased in response to specific nucleotides.
Pupillometric Signs of Brain Activation Vary with Level of Cognitive Processing
Authors: Beatty Jackson , Wagoner Brennis L.
Published: October 2006

The idea that hierarchically higher brain processes require greater amounts of central nervous system vigilance or activation for their execution was tested in two experiments measuring pupillary dilation during the decision interval of a hierarchically structured letter-matching task. Larger dilations indicative of increased activation were observed for letter pairs requiring higher levels of processing.
Transposition of Cloned P Elements into
Drosophila
Germ Line Chromosomes
Authors: Spradling Allan C. , Rubin Gerald M.
Published: October 2006

Recombinant DNA carrying the 3-kilobase P transposable element was injected into
Drosophila
embryos of a strain that lacked such elements. Under optimum conditions, half of the surviving embryos showed evidence of P element-induced mutations in a fraction of their progeny. Direct analysis of the DNA of strains derived from such flies showed them to contain from one to five intact 3-kilobase P elements located at a wide variety of chromosomal sites. DNA sequences located outside the P element on the injected DNA were not transferred. Thus P elements can efficiently and selectively transpose from extrachromosomal DNA to the DNA of germ line chromosomes in
Drosophila
embryos. These observations provide the basis for efficient DNA-mediated gene transfer in
Drosophila
.
Receptors for Maleylated Proteins Regulate Secretion of Neutral Proteases by Murine Macrophages
Authors: Johnson William J. , Pizzo Salvatore V. , Imber Michael J. , Adams Dolph O.
Published: October 2006

Receptors for maleylated or acetylated proteins as well as for α-2-macroglobulin-protease complexes on macrophages serve as scavengers by mediating the uptake of macromolecules from the extracellular compartment. Described in this report is a novel function of these receptors on macrophages: regulation of neutral protease secretion. The binding of maleylated bovine serum albumin to macrophages triggered secretion of three neutral proteases: neutral caseinases, plasminogen activator, and cytolytic proteinase. Release of acid phosphatase, however, was not induced. An important biological consequence of protease secretion by macrophages, tumor cytolysis, was also triggered by engagement of the receptor for maleylated bovine serum albumin. By contrast, the binding of α-2-macroglobulin-protease complexes to the macrophages suppressed secretion of all three proteases. Thus two receptors heretofore believed to serve principally as scavengers also regulate secretory functions of macrophages.
Thrombin Stimulation of Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Formation in Murine Neuroblastoma Cells (Clone N1E-115)
Authors: Snider R. Michael , Richelson Elliott
Published: October 2006

Thrombin, the central regulatory enzyme in coagulation, when incubated in nanomolar concentrations with murine neuroblastoma cells produced a rapid and marked increase in tritiated guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) formation that was blocked by hirudin and competitively antagonized by dansylarginine
N
-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide. Diisopropylphosphofluoridate-inactivated thrombin as well as the serine protease trypsin were markedly less potent and less effective than α-thrombin in producing this effect. Thrombin-stimulated cyclic GMP formation was inhibited by mepacrine and nordihydroguaiaretic acid but unaffected by indomethacin, suggesting that lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid are involved in the response. These results suggest that a thrombin-like protease in the brain may be involved with the function of neurons or that thrombin interactions with nerve cells, such as those following cerebral hemorrhage or other trauma of the central nervous system, may be important in the subsequent neuropathology.
High-Level Expression in
Escherichia coli
of Enzymatically Active Harvey Murine Sarcoma Virus p21

ras

Protein
Authors: Lautenberger James A. , Ulsh Linda , Shih Thomas Y. , Papas Takis S.
Published: October 2006

The gene for the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV) p21

ras

protein was fused to the amino-terminal portion of the bacteriophage λ cII gene on the expression vector pJL6. The fusion was such that transcription was controlled by the well-regulated phage λ p
L
promoter, and translation initiated in the cII gene continued in frame into the ras gene sequences that code for p21. When the p
L
promoter was derepressed, the
Escherichia coli
cells harboring the fusion plasmid synthesized 23,000-dalton protein, which represented more than 10 percent of the total cellular protein. This protein was chimeric and contained 14 residues, which were specified by the vector; these residues were followed by all of the amino acids that make up Ha-MuSV p21

ras

except for four residues at the amino-terminal end. The protein appears similar to Ha-MuSV p21

ras

in that it undergoes immunoprecipitation by monoclonal antibodies directed toward that protein, binds guanosine diphosphate, and is capable of autophosphorylation.
Stereospecific Action of Pyrethroid Insecticides on the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor-Ionophore Complex
Authors: Lawrence Lowell J. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

The potent α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids, including cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate, act stereospecifically to inhibit binding to rat brain synaptic membranes of sulfur-35-labeled
t
-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, a new radioligand for the picrotoxinin binding site. Scatchard analysis indicates that picrotoxinin inhibition of
t
-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding is competitive whereas cypermethrin inhibition possibly involves a closely associated site in the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. Studies with 37 pyrethroids reveal an absolute correlation, that is, no false positives or negatives, between mouse intracerebral toxicity and in vitro inhibition: all toxic cyano compounds but none of their nontoxic stereoisomers are inhibitors;
cis
isomers are more potent than trans isomers as both toxicants and inhibitors; and noncyano pyrethroids are much less potent or are inactive.
Bromine Residue at Hydrophilic Region Influences Biological Activity of Aplysiatoxin, a Tumor Promoter
Authors: Shimomura Kyoichi , Mullinix Mary G. , Kakunaga Takeo , Fujiki Hirota , Sugimura Takashi
Published: October 2006

Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, which are isolated from the seaweed,
Lyngbya gracilis
, differ in their chemical structure only by the presence or absence of a bromine residue in the hydrophilic region. The function and the structure-activity relation of the hydrophilic region are not known. Aplysiatoxin increased malignant transformation, stimulated DNA synthesis, and inhibited the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor to cell receptors. Debromoaplysiatoxin inhibited the binding of these two substances as strongly as aplysiatoxin but did not increase malignant transformation or stimulate DNA synthesis. These results indicate that a slight change in the chemical structure of the hydrophilic region of aplysiatoxin affects its abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis and that the abilities of the tumor promoters to inhibit the binding of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and epidermal growth factor are dissociable from their abilities to increase cell transformation and stimulate DNA synthesis under some circumstances.
Transfusion-Associated AIDS: Serologic Evidence of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Infection of Donors
Authors: Jaffe H. W. , Francis D. P. , McLane M. F. , Cabradilla C. , Curran J. W. , Kilbourne B. W. , Lawrence D. N. , Haverkos H. W. , Spira T. J. , Dodd R. Y. , Gold J. , Armstrong D. , Ley A. , Groopman J. , Mullins J. , Lee T. H. , Essex M.
Published: October 2006

An assay for antibodies to membrane antigens of cells infected by human T-cell leukemia virus was used to examine serum from persons who donated blood to 12 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with blood transfusions. The occurrence of positive results in the assay was significantly greater among donors to the AIDS patients (9 of 117; 7.7 percent) than among random donors (1 of 298; 0.3 percent). Of 12 sets of donors examined, 9 sets included a donor whose serum gave positive results for the presence of the antibodies. In six of these nine sets, the seropositive donor was an individual who was also identified as a possible source of AIDS transmission when epidemiologic and immunologic criteria were used.
New Findings on the Congenital Transmission of Avian Leukosis Viruses
Authors: Robinson Harriet L. , Eisenman Robert N.
Published: October 2006

RAV-0, an endogenous avian leukosis virus, does not undergo congenital transmission in infected K28 chickens. In contrast, avian leukosis viruses of exogenous origin undergo highly efficient congenital transmission. The relative abilities of endogenous and exogenous viruses to undergo congenital transmission appear to be determined by the p27 capsid proteins of these viruses.
A Developmentally Regulated Neuraminidase Activity in
Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Pereira Miercio E.
Published: October 2006

The human pathogen
Trypanosoma cruzi
(Y strain) contains a neuraminidase activity that varies widely in the different developmental stages of the parasite. The specific neuraminidase activity of infective trypomastigotes obtained from tissue culture and from the bloodstream of infected mice is 7 to 15 times higher than that of the acellular culture forms. Amastigotes were devoid of enzyme activity. The enzyme has a
p
H optimum of 6.0 to 6.5. Live trypanosomes released sialic acid from human erythrocytes and plasma glycoproteins. Several sialyl compounds were hydrolyzed by the parasite, but the best substrate was the protein orosomucoid. Erythrocytes from infected mice with
T. cruzi
parasitemia were agglutinated by peanut lectin and the hemagglutination titer was correlated with the degree of parasitemia.
A Major Metabolite of Arginine Vasopressin in the Brain Is a Highly Potent Neuropeptide
Authors: Burbach J. Peter H. , Kovacs Gabor L. , de Wied David , van Nispen Jan W. , Greven Henk M.
Published: October 2006

A peptide that accumulated as the major product during the proteolysis of arginine vasopressin by rat brain synaptic membranes was isolated and its structure was shown to be the hexapeptide pGlu-Asn-Cys(Cys)-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH
2
. When administered intracerebroventricularly in extremely low doses, this vasopressin fragment and its desglycinamide derivative facilitated memory consolidation in a passive avoidance situation. These vasopressin metabolites, which are devoid of pressor activity, constitute highly potent neuropeptides with selective effects on memory and related processes; they are activated via proteolytic processing of vasopressin by brain peptidases.
Murine Lymphoma-Induced Immunosuppression: Requirement for Direct Tumor Cell Contact
Authors: Cimprich Roberta S. , Specter Steven , Friedman Herman
Published: October 2006

The FBL-3 lymphoma cell line caused impaired antibody formation in vivo when injected into mice intraperitoneally, and in vitro when added to normal syngeneic spleen cells immunized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes. Immunosuppression occurred only when intact viable tumor cells were cocultivated with the normal spleen cells. As few as 10
5
FBL-3 cells, when added to 5 × 10
6
normal cells, impaired antibody formation. However, cell-free extracts or filtrates from even much larger numbers of tumor cells did not affect antibody formation, either in vitro or in vivo. Heating the tumor cells at 56°C or irradiation with as little as 1000 rads completely abolished immunosuppressive activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Separation of viable tumor cells from target antibody-forming cells by cell-impermeable membranes prevented immunosuppression, showing that direct cell-to-cell contact is required for immunosuppression.
Immunoassay of Androgen Binding Protein in Blood: A New Approach for Study of the Seminiferous Tubule
Authors: Gunsalus Glen L. , Musto Neal A. , Bardin C. Wayne
Published: October 2006

Androgen binding protein, a secretory product of seminiferous tubules, was isolated by means of affinity chromatography. A radioimmunoassay was developed and used to identify androgen binding protein in rat plasma. The ability to measure a testicular protein in blood provides a new method for investigation of seminiferous tubular physiology.
Frog Perspective on the Morphological Difference Between Humans and Chimpanzees
Authors: Cherty Lorraine M. , Case Susan M. , Wilson Allan C.
Published: October 2006

The body shapes of humans and chimpanzees were compared quantitatively by criteria chosen for their capacity to discriminate well among the body shapes of frogs. By these criteria, the difference in body shape between humans and chimpanzees was found to be greater than that between the most dissimilar pairs of frogs examined—that is, frogs classified in separate taxonomic suborders. Even though the morphological difference between the two primates is large by frog standards, the biochemical differences between the structural genes of these two species are small. The results of this study give quantitative support to the proposal that morphological evolution and biochemical evolution in structural genes can proceed at independent rates.
Aflatoxicol: Major Aflatoxin B
1
Metabolite in Rat Plasma
Authors: Wong Z. A. , Hsieh D. P. H.
Published: October 2006

Aflatoxicol, a carcinogenic metabolite of the foodborne carcinogen aflatoxin B
1
previously known only as a bioreduction product in vitro, was identified as the major aflatoxin metabolite in the plasma of Sprague-Dawley rats, a susceptible species, that had been dosed orally or intravenously with aflatoxin B
1
labeled with carbon-14. Alfatoxicol, however, was not detected in the plasma of similarly dosed mice and monkeys, which are both resistant to aflatoxin B
1
-induced carcinogenesis. The formation of aflatoxicol both in vitro and in vivo may be an indicator of species sensitivity to aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis and may be useful in the prediction of human susceptibility.