bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic Step Size Selection of the PO MPPT Algorithm to Improve Wind Power Generation
Authors: Putri Andi Nur , Penangsang Ontoseno , Soeprijanto Adi , Suryawati Indri , Syarif Irwan , Rais Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Perturb and Observe (P&O) is a commonly used algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in wind turbines. MPPT plays a critical role in enhancing wind turbine efficiency by dynamically adjusting operating parameters to adapt to fluctuating wind conditions. Although P&O is favored for its simplicity and adaptability, its performance is hindered by step size selection issues, which lead to inefficiency, oscillations, and slow convergence. To overcome these limitations, this research proposes a modified P&O algorithm that automates step size selection based on divided sectors of wind speed and normalized power in region two. Additionally, an integration of the pitch-angle control from region three was employed to maintain the optimal power output under variable wind conditions. The proposed approach reduces tracking time, minimizes perturbation errors, and ensures a stable power output. The proposed modifications enhance the efficiency and reliability of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) by addressing the shortcomings of the conventional P&O methods.
A Study of the Optimization of FDM Parameters for the Manufacture of Compression Specimens from Recycled PETG in the Context of the Transition to the Circular Economy
Authors: Zisopol Dragos Gabriel , Minescu Mihail , Iacob Dragos Valentin
Published: December 2024

The current paper presents the results of a research on the optimization of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parameters, namely the height of the deposited layer in one pass, Lh, and the filling percentage, Id, with the purpose of manufacturing compression specimens from recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (rPETG), and thus, aiming the transition to circular economy. A total of 45 compression specimens were manufactured from rPETG on the Anycubic 4Max Pro 3D printer with variable parameters Lh = 0.10 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.20 mm, and Id = 50%, 75%, 100%. All 45 specimens were tested in compression on the Barrus White 20 kN universal testing machine. The considered variable parameters influence the Compressive Strength (CS) of the specimens, with Id being the parameter with overwhelming influence.
Bioplastic Production Utilizing Jordanian Zeolite and Kaolin
Authors: Alsmadi Nadeen
Published: December 2024

The study investigates the production of biodegradable plastic films using gelatin as a biopolymer, glycerol as a
plasticizer, and natural fillers (Jordanian zeolitic tuff and kaolin) via solution casting method. Key findings demonstrate
that incorporating these fillers enhances the films' mechanical properties, biodegradability, and ductility. Increased filler
concentration improves film thickness, density, tensile strength (up to 4.97 MPa with kaolin), and toughness while
reducing moisture content, solubility, and elongation at break. Biodegradation tests reveal significant weight loss over
time, indicating the films' potential for rapid environmental breakdown. The ductility of the films decreases with increasing
filler concentration, suggesting enhanced rigidity. These results highlight the potential of utilizing Jordanian natural
resources to develop eco-friendly bioplastics with applications in packaging, soil additives, and other industries.
Structural Analysis and Processing Characterization of Chitins
Extracted from Different Sources.
Authors: Abu Fara Deeb
Published: December 2024

The characteristics of three different types of chitin extracted from commonly used seafood organisms; namely crabs,
shrimps, and squids were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were
employed to analyze these chitins' polymorphic structure and morphology. Bulk and tapped density measurements, along
with Kawakita analysis, were used to assess the flowability and compression behaviour of the chitin powders. Chitin
extracted from crabs and shrimp exhibited the α-polymorphic form, while chitin from squid showed the β-polymorphic form.
SEM images of the two forms revealed distinct differences in chitin layer arrangement, with the α-form appearing more
compact due to the anti-parallel alignment of its polymer chains. Both bulk and tapped density measurements and the
calculated Hausner ratio (HR) and Carr Index (CI) indicated poor flowability for these chitins. However, Kawakita's analysis
of compression and compaction properties demonstrated that both polymorphs are compressible, though they differ in their
extent of compaction. Regardless of their source, chitin compacts exhibited high crushing strength. Based on the observed
morphology, flowability, and compression characteristics, a blend of α- and β-polymorphic chitin could be an effective
excipient for pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.
Динамические и физические параметры астероидов, сближающихся с Землей, по данным наблюдений на телескопе СБГ
Authors: Э.Д. Кузнецов , М.И. Галиуллин , Д.В. Гламазда , Ю.З. Вибе
Published: December 2024

Представлены результаты позиционных и многоцветных фотометрических наблюдений астероидов, сближающихся с Землей (АСЗ), на телескопе СБГ Коуровской астрономической обсерватории Уральского федерального университе- та в 2023–2024 гг. По результатам позиционных наблюдений были получены элементы орбит 26 астероидов, включая потенциально опасный астероид (439437) 2013 NK4 и семь АСЗ размером более 1 км. Кроме того, оценены пери- оды осевого вращения астероидов (154029) 2002 CY46 и (154244) 2002 KL6 по фотометрическим наблюдениям. Из многоцветных фотометрических наблюдений в фильтрах V, R и I получены показатели цвета для 15 астероидов. Наблюдения с помощью телескопа SBG позволяют определить как динамические, так и физические характеристики АСЗ.

We present results of astrometric and multicolor photometric observations of near-Earth objects (NEOs) at the SBG telescope of the Kourovka Astronomical Observatory of the Ural Federal University in 2023–2024. We improved orbital elements for 26 asteroids from astrometric observations, including potential hazardous asteroid (439437) 2013 NK4 and seven NEOs with diameters more than 1 km. Furthermore, we estimated the axial rotation periods of the asteroids (154029) 2002 CY46 and (154244) 2002 KL6 from photometric observations. We obtained color indices for 15 asteroids from multicolor photometric observations in filters V, R, and I. Observations with the SBG telescope make it possible to determine both the dynamic and physical characteristics of NEOs.
A Rare Cause of Precocious Puberty - Testotoxicosis
Authors: Saw Shi Hui , Md Idris Arini Nuran , Lim Poi-Giok
Published: December 2024

Background: Testotoxicosis, also known as familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP), is a rare cause of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in boys due to an activating mutation in the luteinizing hormone (LH))/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) gene. Case report: A 3-year 2-month-old boy presented with acne, pubic hair, phallic growth, height accelerations, and aggressiveness. At physical examination, his height was 106cm (+2.36 SDS) and weight was 16kg (+0.77 SDS). He had Tanner stage 2 pubic hair, stretched penile length was 6 cm (>2 SDS), and both testicular volumes were 5mls. Bone age was advanced at 7 years old. Testosterone level was high at 17nmol/L and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test was suggestive of peripheral precocious puberty. Whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous pathogenic variant c.1691A>G (p.Asp564Gly) in the LHCGR gene which supports the diagnosis of testotoxicosis. The child was started on both aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, and anti-androgen, spironolactone. At 6 months of treatment, there was a halt in pubertal progression with reduced height velocity from 9cm/year to 6cm/year. Conclusion: Without intervention, the patient will have rapid progressive skeletal maturation and virilization which will result in compromised final adult height and psychosocial distress.
La economía social y solidaria y la eficacia de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales
Authors: González Rivera Tatiana , Martinez Regino Roberto , García Atra Lizeth Juliana , Dávila Soto Josué Mesraim
Published: December 2024

La economía social y solidaria (ESS) plantea una posición crítica frente a un modelo de desarrollo que incrementa la pobreza y la subordinación; y, por otro lado, integra las dimensiones económica, social y ecológica de la sostenibilidad del desarrollo, con miras a que la produccióny distribución de recursos naturales y sociales favorezcan procesos de emancipación. También nos acerca al concepto de un desarrollo sostenible en el marco de la libre determinación, basándose en la diversidad cultural que asegura los medios de vida con respeto al territorio,la naturaleza y demás seres vivos, respetando además las tradiciones y espiritualidad con una mirada al futuro y buscando la materialización de derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (DESC). En este sentido, y debido a la ineficacia del Estado en las políticas públicas normativasy operativas, bajo las cuales busca generar riqueza y distribuirlo bajo un modelo económico neoliberal, para financiar sus acciones necesarias y con ello satisfacer los derechos humanos, la ESS constituye un medio idóneo para reducir la asimetría de desigualdades, empero, serequiere el debido desarrollo de políticas basadas en este modelo a fin de poder ser el medio para el cumplimiento de los DESC. A partir de la tesitura anterior este trabajo analítico-sintético basado en la técnica documental y el estudio de caso, demuestra cómo esta alternativa económica promueve la eficacia de los derechos humanos de segunda generación.
Transformación del espacio de vida de las jornaleras agrícolas de frutillas en Zacapu, Michoacán, México
Authors: Sena Tapia Mayra Alejandra , Núñez Vera Miriam Aidé , Ramírez Miranda César Adrián , Barajas Pérez Maricruz
Published: December 2024

La expansión de las agroindustrias de frutillas en México comandada por empresas extranjeras agroexportadoras, transforma los campos, cambia el uso del suelo, degrada la tierra fértil y la contamina por el uso intensivo de plásticos yagroquímicos. Esto implica la degradación de los ecosistemas y la expropiación de los territorios; además, genera impactos en las mujeres y en los espacios de vida,puesto que estos se construyen de relaciones entre las personas, las formas en que son habitados y los significados que representan sobre lo que son, piensan y suapropiación. Este artículo, basado en una investigación con metodología mixta y un fuerte componente etnográfico, analiza la expansión del agronegocio de frutillas yla demanda de jornaleras agrícolas con ingresos precarios, que viven en espacios marginales, obligadas a los trabajos de cuidado y con violencia de género en los hogares y en el trabajo. Se concluye que la comprensión de la subjetividad desde su sentir y el reconocimiento como mujeres, responde a roles que las mantienen sujetas a relaciones de dominio y a situaciones laborales y familiares desiguales.
Artificial Intelligence and SaaS Embedded System: Enhancing Content Creation Through Contextual Language
Authors: Nwozor Blessing. U , Faotu Happy
Published: December 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been advancing rapidly, allowing machines to perform tasks commonly done by humans, such as writing, coding, diagnosing diseases, predicting weather patterns, translating languages, providing customer support, etc. As AI becomes more sophisticated, its integration into Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms holds significant potential to enhance productivity for individuals and businesses. The application of AI within SaaS can extend across a wide array of domains, including entertainment, academia, finance, content creation, mathematics, and more.

This paper explores a contextual architecture for integrating AI into SaaS, specifically focusing on enhancing content creation. The proposed model, with its robust design and leveraging AI’s capabilities, is poised to support content creators in generating high-quality, relevant, and engaging material more efficiently. Data was collected from 100 content creators active on social media platforms such as X, Youtube, Facebook, and Instagram to develop and refine this model. This diverse dataset helped train the AI to understand and replicate various content creation styles and approaches.

The research employs the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology, chosen for its effectiveness in facilitating rapid prototyping and iterative improvement. This methodology is particularly well-suited to a fast approach, allowing for continuous refinement of the AI model as new data becomes available. The results of this study suggest that integrating AI into SaaS for content creation can significantly improve the productivity and effectiveness of the content generation process, providing valuable tools for creators in a fast-paced digital landscape.
PHYLOGENETIC (DENDROGRAM) ANALYSIS OF THREE INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF GOAT IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: Sa’idu A. , Ibrahim A. A. , Salisu I. B. , Dalha M.
Published: December 2024

Phylogenetic (Dendrogram) Analysis of three indigenous breeds of goat in northern Nigeria namely Red Sokoto, Borno White and West African Dwarf goats (40 animals each) were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. This study was conducted in three states of northern Nigeria namely Jigawa, Yobe and Nasarawa States. Ten RAPD markers were initially used for the analysis, 1 of the 10 markers was discarded based on the band pattern quality. The Laboratory analysis was conducted at the Molecular Laboratory, National Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), Kaduna. Results were analyzed using GenALEX 6.5 software. Phylogenetic tree constructed using the boostrapped data and neighbor-joining method grouped all the three breeds into two clusters indicating an agreement with phenotypic similarities. The result indicated that West African dwarf goat is most genetically distant from Red Sokoto and Borno white. The information obtained indicates that these breeds are genetically different which provide a good background about the breeds for genetic improvement and conservation of our local goat breed in the feature. The present study suggests that RAPD-PCR can effectively be used to determine the Phylogenetic relationship among the goat breeds.
GENETIC DISTANCE AND IDENTITY AT IGF-1 GENE LOCUS OF SOME INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS IN NIGERIA
Authors: John P. A , Kabir M. , Iyiola-Tunji A. O. , Adedibu I. I.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to determine the genetic distance and identity at insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene locus in some indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria. One (1) Local Government Area (LGA) each from Adamawa, Taraba, Gombe and Sokoto States was purposively selected which include Mubi North, Yorro, Balanga, and Wurno Local Government Areas, respectively. The snowball method was used to sample (96) cattle consisting of (24) Adamawa Gudali, (24) Sokoto Gudali, (24) Bunaji and (24) Rahaji cattle from pastoralists in many communities of the LGAs. Blood samples were collected from the animals through jugular venepuncture. DNA extraction was done using Zymo Quick DNA™ Mini prep kit. NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer was used for the determination of DNA quality and quantity using DNA purification kit. Genetic distances among the breeds of cattle were calculated using distance measures with the aid of Gen AIEx software package. The highest level of genetic distance estimate was observed between Rahaji and Bunaji cattle breeds (0.085) while the closest genetic distance (0.001) was observed between Sokoto Gudali and Bunaji. The highest genetic identities were recorded between Sokoto Gudali and Bunaji (0.999) cattle breeds whereas the closest matrix of genetic identity (0.904) was recorded between Rahaji and Sokoto Gudali cattle. Cluster analysis using UPMGA revealed that Bunaji and Sokoto Gudali cattle formed the first cluster which is separate from Adamawa, which formed the second cluster. Rahaji cattle formed the third cluster, which is far and distant from the first and second clusters at IGF-1 gene locus. Rahaji cattle had the longest genetic distance with other three breeds of cattle. High genetic distance and identity existed among some indigenous breeds of cattle studied.
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN TWO SELECTION LINES OF AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL TRAITS IN DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Umar B. D. , Hamza Z. U.
Published: December 2024

This study was designed to determine the extent of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for growth and survival traits and to support the decision on the best environment for selection of C. gariepinus for a wide range of farming conditions. We used two lines of C. gariepinus that had been selected for two generations in two production systems. One line was selected in small scale farms (SC) utilizing agricultural by products mixed with complete feed (low line). The other line was selected in semi extensive scale (SE) using flow-through (pond combined with concrete tanks) with good quality feed (moderate line). The heritability for weight gain, specific growth rate and survival were generally higher (0.3), (0.5) and (0.5) respectively. In between pond and small scale farms (SC) (low line), the GxE effect was insignificant, and the genetic correlation between trait expressions between the two environments was (0.9). On the other hand, there as moderate G×E effect between pond and SE (moderate line). The genetic correlations of the same traits between these pair-wise environments were (0.7). It was concluded that the best environment for selection of African Catfish for growth and survival traits on genotype by environment interaction (GxE) is low-input pond environment. A single breeding program on genotype by environment interaction (GxE) to select feed intake under standard pond environment is recommended for African catfish (C. gariepinus).
EVALUATION OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVABILITY OF TWO STRAINS OF LAYER CHICKEN AT STARTER PHASE OF PRODUCTION
Authors: Sam I. M. , Essien C. A. , Ukpanah U. A. , Udo A. F.
Published: December 2024

The Nigeria poultry industry has over the years witnessed the introduction of different strains of layer chicken. The growth and productivity of these strains largely depend on the nutritional and climatic variables as well as genetic make-up of these strains. This implies that chicken producers should consider strains with high genetic potential for better production under their climatic conditions. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate growth performance and survivability of two strains of layer chicken at starter phase of production. A total of 120 birds (60 each of Isa brown and Nera black) were used. The birds were divided into two treatment groups according to strain and each group was randomly replicated four times with 15 birds per replicate and was raised for eight weeks in deep litter system. Parameters measured were body weight, daily weight gain, total weight gain, daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Data were subjected to Independent T-test of SPSS. Nera Black had the most superior body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (1271.04 ± 15.30g, 1236.54 ± 6.57 and 2.44 ± 0.06) respectively. The result also indicated that strain had significant (p<0.05) influence on survivability, with Nera Black (91.1%) being superior to Isa Brown (88.80%) strains. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that Nera black layers had better growth performance and survivability than the Isa Brown layers at starter phase. It was therefore, recommended that Nera black should be used since it offers a better growth performance at the early phase of production which may eventually leads to better lay during the laying phase.
PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION OF QUALITATIVE TRAITS IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Halilu A. , Henry A. J. , Kennedy O. O. O. , Izuki E. D.
Published: December 2024

Characterization of livestock breeds using their morphological traits differences is the first step towards the utilization of the available animal genetic resources. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the phenotypic expression of qualitative traits in West African Dwarf goat in Cross River State. Cross River North, Central and South were used for the study. A total of 630 goats (bucks and does) were monitored, comprising 210 goats from each location marked out for the study. Each study location was extended to cover three Local Government Areas and seven villages. Experimental animals were weighed using a 200kg scale while body parts were measured using a 100cm measuring tape. Traits collected were analyzed using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedures of GENSTAT 2011 statistical package. The result showed that higher (P<0.05) quantitative traits average values were recorded for goats from the Central compared to those from other zones. Similar values were obtained for goats in the Northern and Southern zones of C.R.S, although those in the South consistently recorded the lowest (P>0.05) values. From the study, there were distinct phenotypic differences among relationships that existed between goat populations in the northern central and southern zones.
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZSTION OF INDIGENOUS GOAT IN AFIKPO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA BONYI STATE
Authors: Nwaodu O. B. , Chikwendu M. E. , Deakpe T. E.
Published: December 2024

The current state of knowledge on the characterization of farm animal generic resources in Nigeria shows that there is still lack of information about the production characters of local breeds. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize goat phenotype and asses the popularity of indigenous goat in Edda, Afikpo South Local Government Area (LGA) in Ebonyi State. A total of eight morphometric linear measurements were obtained using tailor’s tape. These included chest girth (cg), body length (BL), wither height (WH), rump height (RH), rump length (RL), rump width (RW), pelvic width (PW), thoracic depth (TD) The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotypes of indigenous West African Dwarf goat in Edda, Ebony state The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics The result of the study showed a high significantly (P<0.0001) positive correlation among the morphological traits in WAD doe. The correlation ranged between 0.68 and 0. 99 with the highest correlation of 1found between RH and BH. There is also a high significantly (P<0.0001) positive correlation among the morphological traits of WAD Buck. Between sexes there was no significant difference at 0.05 level of significance was observed.
FERTILITY AND HATCHABILITY OF DIALLEL CROSSES BETWEEN NOILER AND NIGERIAN HEAVY ECOTYPE CHICKENS
Authors: Okafor P. C. , Onodugo M. O. , Nnajiofor N. W. , Ndofor-Foleng H. M.
Published: December 2024

Nsukka Region is an agrigarian community, noted for livestock production especially poultry business, there is no current work on Noiler breed combinations crossing with local chickens (Heavy Ecotypes) to identify the best combiners apart from the other studies on the performance of the individual cross breeds. Therefore this experiment was carried out to evaluate the fertility and hatchability of diallel crosses and reproduction traits of Noilers and Nigerian heavy ecotype chickens for possible genetic improvements of production traits. A total of 70 birds comprising of 5 noiler cocks (nc) and 30 noiler hens (nh), five heavy ecotype cocks (hc) and 30 heavy ecotype hens (hh) in the mating ratio of 1:5. The birds were arranged in four breeding groups or genotypes thus nc x nh (NN), hc x hh (HH), nc x hh (NH) and hc x nh (HN). The cocks were trained for semen collection and artificial insemination was used for breeding. Eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups and were set and hatched for growth traits studies. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated significant (P<0.05) effect of genotype on fertility and hatchability of eggs in which the Percentage fertility across the genotypes were 57%, 29%, 61% and 37%, while hatchability was 74, 47, 72 and 49%, for the genotypes NN, HH, NH and HH respectively. The genotypes NH had higher egg weight of 47.33 and 46.03 than HH and HN with egg weights of 43.70 and 44.43 respectively. The findings showed that breeding local pullets with local cocks of noiler improved fertility and hatchability.
EFFECT OF PARITY AND AGE ON UDDER CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE FULANI AND SOKOTO GUDALI COWS
Authors: Abisoye F. O. , Adebayo O. M , Atteh P. O. , Aliyu K.
Published: December 2024

This study assessed of age and parity on growth parameters, udder and teat characteristics of White Fulani (WF) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) cows. The research was conducted at the Dairy cattle breeding section of the National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika. The age and parity of each cow were obtained from the previous record. Also, the body weight was measured through the use of Birmingham – England Weighing bridge at each classes of the age. The age of the animal was classified into three (3) groups (1 to 5, 6 to 10 and 11 to 15) and statistical analysis was carried out using the General Linear Model (GLM) of measurements. The results showed that all the measured traits were significant different (P < 0.05) except in udder length (ULT), udder circumference (UCF), udder cleft (UCL) and body condition score (BCS). Cows of age class 11 to 15 years had the highest value for all significant traits except for udder depth (UDT) and Distance of teat tip from the ground (DTG), while, the lowest values were recorded in cows of age one to five years except for a distance of teat tip from the ground (DTG) this is because of progressive udder hypertrophy to cow’s age and parity. Most of the traits measured were not influenced (P > 0.05) by parity of the cows except for udder depth (UDT), teat length (TLT) and teat diameter (TDR) which were significant (P < 0.05) because the variation could however be due to genetic characteristics of both breed.
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE TRAITS OF CROSSES OF BROILER CHICKENS AND FULANI ECOTYPE CHICKENS
Authors: Tiamiyu A. K. , Makanjuola B. A. , Sorunke A. O. , Salako A. E.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of hybrid chickens developed by crossing broiler parent stock and Fulani ecotype chickens. Two hundred (200) 1-day-old chicks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments. Each treatment had 4 replicates and each replicate had 10 birds. The experimental design was Randomised Complete Block Design. The treatments were Treatment 1: Commercial broiler chickens, Treatment 2: Commercial Noiler chickens, Treatment 3: Hybrid chickens developed by crossing broiler cocks with Fulani hens (Hybrid line 1), Treatment 4: Hybrid chickens developed by crossing Fulani cocks with broiler hens (Hybrid line 2) and Treatment 5: Fulani chickens. The experiment had both starter and finisher phases and lasted 10 weeks. The initial weights of the chicken genotypes reflected the sizes of their dam lines and the weights of the eggs they were hatched from. Genotypes with least initial weights had Fulani ecotype hens as their dam lines. The hybrid crosses T3 and T4 had better weight gain and final weights than the Noiler and Fulani ecotypes though lower than the commercial broilers (T1). Efficiency of feed utilisation followed the same trend. The carcass characteristics of the hybrids were also better than that of the Noiler and Fulani ecotypes as they laid more meat on their breasts.
NUTRIGENOMICS IN LIVESTOCK RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Okani-Onyejiaka M. C. , Etuk E. B. , Ogundu U. E.
Published: December 2024

Nutrigenomics, or nutritional genomics, is a field of nutrition science that deals with the interactions between nutrients and organisms' genes about 20 relevant peer reviewed articles. Nutrigenomics uses high-throughput technologies to uncover the dietary effects of nutrients on genes responsible for phenotypic traits in livestock production. Some relevant disciplines ancillary to nutrigenomics include, nutrigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Its goals are to improve animal performance, welfare, health, fertility, and reduce environmental impact. However, it has not been effectively explored in the tropics due to limiting factors like ‘silos’ nature of research, lack of capital for elaborate studies as well as the technical complexities of the multi-omics research and ethical considerations. This paper, therefore, articulates this emerging field of nutrigenomics in livestock production; with the major focuses on; the principles, goals, techniques, applications, and challenges in livestock research and production. It is expected that researchers will be encouraged to take another look at the possibilities inherent in incorporating nutrigenomics in nutrition and genetics research in their effort to improve nutritional efficiency of livestock.
EFFECT OF BOVINE BLOOD MEAL BASED DIET ON BODY WEIGHT AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS OF TWO STRAINS OF BROILERS
Authors: Ekugba C. U. , Udodiba C. J. , Okonkwo J. C. , Ahamba I. S.
Published: December 2024

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Bovine blood meal (BBM) on the body weight and morphometric characters of Ross 308 and Marshall Strains of commercial broiler chickens. One hundred (100) 1-day-old chicks comprising of fifty (50) Ross 308 and fifty (50) Marshall Strains were used for this study. Fresh Bovine blood was collected from a slaughter house in Awka and boiled at 100oC for 45minutes to kill pathogens and allow moisture to evaporate. The Bovine blood was sun dried to avoid microbial action and then ground into fine particles for easy mixing with other ingredients. BBM was mixed with standard commercial ingredients at 5% inclusion level to have 1.31kg of BBM and 23.69kg of standard commercial diet in a 25kg mix. Body weight and three important morphometric traits [Body length (BL), Heart girth (HG), Thigh length (TL)] were measured. Completely randomized design was employed for this research. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The highest mean body weight after 8weeks was recorded in T3, Ross 308 (2697) fed BBM and followed by T4, Marshall (2551) fed diet containing BBM. The weight gained by T3, Ross 308 was significantly different (P<0.05) from the weight gained by T4, Marshall and the control treatments. Ross 308 had better morphometric traits. There was significant difference in the three morphometric characters studied. BBM can be included in a broiler diet at 5% inclusion level for improved performance.
PERFORMANCE AND COST-BENEFIT OF FINISHER BROILER CHICKENS FED BOILED COCOYAM PEEL
Authors: Essien C. A. , Sam I. M. , Okon U. M.
Published: December 2024

Given the soaring costs of conventional feedstuffs, there is a pressing need to explore sustainable alternatives that enhance performance, cut production costs, and foster environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the performance and cost-benefit of finisher broiler chickens fed boiled cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott) peel meal. Four broiler finisher diets were formulated and labeled T1, T2, T3, and T4. The control (T1) did not contain boiled cocoyam peel meal, while T2, T3, and T4 contained boiled cocoyam peel meat at 5, 10, and 15 % levels replacing maize in the diet. One hundred and sixty broiler chickens (Abor Arce) at 28 days of age were used. Birds were divided into four groups of 40 birds and each group was assigned one of the diets using a completely randomized design. Each group was further divided into four replicates of 10 birds. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Measurements were taken on the weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The result of the growth performance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in final weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Cost-benefit analysis showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in cost per kg feed, feed cost per bird, cost per kg weight gain, and gross margin. Birds in T4 fed 15 % boiled cocoyam peel meal recorded the lowest values for the four parameters. Significant (P<0.05) differences were not recorded in revenue and price/kg live weight. It is concluded that boiled cocoyam peel meal could be incorporated in finisher broiler diets up to 15 % level without any deleterious effect on the performance and also reduces the cost of feeding broiler birds.
AWARENESS AND MITIGATION MEASURES OF AFLATOXIN AMONG POULTRY FARMERS AND FEED MILLERS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IGBESA AREA OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Oyegunwa A. S. , Olawumi A. T. , Mako A. A. , Sodique F. R.
Published: December 2024

Poultry feed ingredients which comprises of maize, peanut meal, soya bean meal and mixtures of maize, groundnut cake and other crops have been associated with mycotoxin contamination during crop production and storage, with limited attention given to this by local poultry farmers and regulatory bodies. Food and Agriculture Organization report states that about up to a quarter of the world's growing crops are affected by mycotoxins each year. In this study, level of awareness and mitigation measures of aflatoxin among poultry farmers and feed millers in Ijebu-Ode and Igbesa area of Ogun State, Nigeria was assessed. Using a descriptive survey design, 120 respondents, comprising poultry farmers and feed processors were sampled. The structured questionnaire measured among other things the demographic information of the sampled population, their level of awareness of aflatoxin and mitigation practices. The results revealed that majority (88.34%) of respondents were aged 18-50 years. The industry appeared male-dominated, with 70.9%. Out of the sampled population, 59.17% were married, and educational attainment reveals that 58.82% had tertiary education. Regarding mycotoxin awareness, 52.72% of respondents were unaware, and farmers and processors exhibited similar knowledge about influencing factors and dangers. The findings underscored the urgency of tailored interventions and educational programs to enhance awareness and practices among poultry stakeholders in the region.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF YANKASA RAMS FED RICE HUSK ENSILED WITH POULTRY LITTER AND GRADED LEVEL OF DOUM PALM PULP
Authors: Kolo U. M. , Girgiri A. Y. , Bislava M. B. , Abbator F. I. , Chana Z. M. , Sheriff A. , Abdullahi A. M. , Yusuf A. Y.
Published: December 2024

Livestock production in Nigeria faces challenges with feeding due to the high cost and scarcity of quality feed ingredients. Ruminant animals rely on poor quality crop residues as feed, and rice husk, while abundant, is of low quality due to high levels of ligno-cellulose, silica, and anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, The experiment was conducted to investigate the cost benefit analysis of growing Yankasa rams fed rice husk treated with poultry litter and graded level Doum palm pulp (DPP). Growing Yankasa rams numbering 20 were randomly allocated to five treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with four rams per treatment. Five experimental diets were formulated with 16% crude protein (CP), poultry litter 20% was ensiled with graded level of DPP at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and Rice husk at 80, 75, 70, 65, and 60 as diet 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively along with other ingredients used included wheat offal, sorghum panicle, bone meal, salt, and potash. Data collected on Cost of ffeed/kg (/kg) = kg of feed consumed x cost/kg of feed. Cost of feed consumed/day= cost of feed/kg x feed intake. Cost of feed/kg Live Weight Gain. There is increase in the cost of supplement diet per day, with highest value recorded on T5 and least value recorded on T1. The result reveals that rams fed diet 3 had the lowest cost N 726.04 per kg live-weight gain while animals on diet 4 had the highest cost 1495.19 of live-weight gain. It is concluded that, feeding growing Yankasa rams diets containing 60% Rice husk, Doum palm pulp at 20% and 20% poultry litter will gave better growth performance and reduces the cost of production. Thus, it is conclude that the farmers can feed growing Yankasa rams with up to 60% rice husk, Doum palm pulp at 20% and 20% poultry litter will give better performance and reduces the cost of production.
ASSESSMENT OF SHEEP PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN YOBE STATE NIGERIA
Authors: Nuhu T. , Kawu Y. U.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics of sheep farmers, their production practices and constraints to production in Yobe state. Respondents for the study were selected using two-stage sampling techniques. Primary data were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the majority (51.67%) of the producers are males and most (23.33%) were within the age bracket of 15 - 25 and 56 - 65 years many (30%) of them had household sizes of (11 - 15) and majority of the respondents (37.08%) had secondary education. Also, the results revealed that the major constraints to sheep production in the study location was lack of initial capital (25.42%) followed by theft and predators (22.5%) then disease and parasite (20%). This study recommends that sheep farmers should come together and form cooperatives; thereby they could have access to soft loans hence improving production, in terms of medication capital for investment and expansion.
LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES, CURRENT STATE, AND PATH TO TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Chukwuka E. A. A.
Published: December 2024

This research overview was aimed at suggesting remedies to the problems that have long plagued the livestock industry in Nigeria. This study, though not exhaustive, has proffered transformative strategies like technology adoption, value addition and processing, and access to finance, among others.
ASSESSMENT OF HAEMOPARASITES AMONG NOMADIC CATTLE IN LANLATE, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Adelakun O. D. , Akande F. A. , Obisesan O. M. , Bello I. I.
Published: December 2024

The prevalence of haemoparasites among nomadic cattle in Lanlate, Nigeria was studied. A cross sectional study was conducted to examine and to collect blood samples from 403 cattle for analyses. Factors such as age, breed, sex and body condition score were obtained from all cattle examined. Giemsa stained thin blood smear method was used to screen blood samples for presence of haemoparasites. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics for prevalence determination and associated factors of prevalence of haemoparasites in cattle. An overall prevalence of 141 (35%) was recorded for haemoparasitic infection; 93 (23.1%) cattle had Anaplasma spp., 51 (12.7%) Babesia spp., 6 (1.5%) Trypanosoma spp. and 5(1.2%) Theileria spp. There was a significant association (p<0.05) between age and prevalence of haemoparasites. This study has established the prevalence of certain haemoparasite species in the study area, hence, the need to adopt periodic and strategic use of anti-protozoan as prophylactic measures to control haemoparasites in cattle.
GROWTH RESPONSE AND ANTIVIRAL POTENTIALS OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA J.) AND SCENT (OCIMUM SANCTUM L.) LEAF MEALS AGAINST NEWCASTLE AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASES IN BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Asipa W. A. , Adebowale I. , Omidiwura B. R. O. , Agboola A. F.
Published: December 2024

Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) are the most feared viral disease of poultry. Viral reversion, vaccine failure, risk of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorder has led to the search for alternatives for vaccination. The effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and scent (Ocimum santum) leaf meals fed singly or in combination on the growth performance and their antiviral potencies in broiler chicks were investigated. Two hundred 1-day old Ross 308 unsexed broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments, consisting of 5 replicates with 8 birds each. Treatments 1 and 2 were basal diets with no leaf meals, treatments 3, 4 and 5 had the basal diets plus 3% neem leaf meal (NLM), 3% scent leaf meal (SLM) and the blend of 2% NLM + 2% SLM, respectively. Birds in treatments 2-5 were unvaccinated against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease while birds in treatment 1 were vaccinated. Performance indices were measured on a weekly basis. At day-21, blood samples were randomly collected from 2 birds per replicate for haemagglutination inhibition and agar gel precipitation tests. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P<0.05. Birds fed diets supplemented with a combination of 2% neem + 2% scent leaves had the highest weight gain (819.49g/b) and lowest feed conversion ratio (1.83). In conclusion, birds fed diets supplemented with 3% neem and 3% scent leaf meals singly had haemagglutination inhibition titre values and conferred immunity above protective threshold against Newcastle disease and produced antibodies against Infectious bursal disease.
OCCURRENCE OF SMALL RUMINANT GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN ENUGU NORTH, NIGERIA
Authors: Chukwudi I. C. , Ogunniran T. M. , Obiekwe U. C. , Adereti A. O.
Published: December 2024

Small ruminants such as sheep and goats are highly susceptible to various parasitic infections, which can have a significant impact on their overall health and productivity. These parasites can cause a range of health issues, including the transmission of other diseases, and can also weaken the immune system of their hosts, leaving them more vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. Hence, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of these parasites for effective management of small ruminants and to prevent disease outbreaks. Therefore, the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Enugu North Senatorial Zone, Enugu State, Nigeria, was determined. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites using standard laboratory techniques. The parasite eggs were identified based on their morphological features using a parasitological atlas. An overall occurrence rate of 40% (n = 48) was recorded. Based on species, an occurrence rate of 40.2% (n = 45) and 37.5% (n = 3) were obtained for goats and sheep, respectively. Among the parasites detected, strongyles had the highest rate of occurrence (85.42%; n = 41), while the parasites with the least occurrence were paramphistomum and trichuris (2%; n = 1), respectively. The parasite had the highest occurrence in the males (ram: 50% and buck: 50%), 4½-year-old (52%) animals, and as a single infection (67%). Chi-square analysis showed that there was no association (p > 0.01) between the occurrence rate in relation to species, sex, age, and type of infection, but a significant difference was found between breed and occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites.
MODERN FEEDING REGIME FOR THE CONTROL OF AMMONIA GAS PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY LITTER IN BROILER PRODUCTION
Authors: Udeh F. U. , Onodugo M. O. , Okoye P. E. , Kalu J. C. , Arum E. C. , Ugwuozor J. C. , Ekere M. O.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to determine the effects of Rosemary leaf meal (RLM) and Sodium Bentonite (SB) on litter characteristics of broilers. A total of 180 day-old chicks of Cobb 500 strain of broilers were used for the study. The birds were randomly grouped and allocated to six (6) dietary treatments, which contained, T1(0g RLM+0g SB) and served as Control, T2(0g RLM+15g SB), T3(3g RLM+0g SB), T4(3g RLM+15g SB), T5(6g RLM+0g SB) and T6(6g RLM+15g SB), respectively, pe kilogramme of feed, with 30 birds per treatment. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 10 birds per replicate in a 2*3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, litter samples were collected and analyzed according to treatments, to determine the pH, moisture and ammonia contents. The results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH level, from (7.75 to 7.07), and ammonia gas content (11.8 to 9.62ppm). The interaction effect of RLM and SB on litter characteristics at 8weeks of the experiment showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in ammonia (12.37 to 8.13ppm), pH level (7.80 to 6.23), and moisture content (16.47 to 13.73) in T4. It was concluded that, 15g SB and 3g RLM per kg feed improved litter characteristics by reducing ammonia gas production in the litter, and thus, recommended that 15g SB and 3g RLM should be used by farmers to improve litter characteristics in order to control odour in poultry houses.
PREVALENCE OF HELMINTH PARASITES OF SWINE IN FOUR SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN GARKAWA DISTRICT, MIKANG LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Dastu A. J. , Magaji S. T. , Gofwan P. G. , Damter S. A. , Gyang I. Y. , Gulukun E. Z. , Ajiji S. A.
Published: December 2024

An assessment of helminth parasitic infections of swine in selected communities of Wai, Talim, Killa and Pituop in Garkawa District Mikang LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria was undertaken and aimed to isolate, identify parasite types and to determine its prevalence and management systems. A total of 80 faecal samples were collected in October 2023, from pigs with 20 samples from each of the communities. Samples were immediately sent to the parasitology Department of National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom for laboratory screening using floatation and sedimentation techniques for isolation of helminth parasites. The result showed an overall prevalence of 75.0% in the females and 69.4% in the males. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in helminths infection by sex. Infection by reproductive status shows that the pregnant pigs are more susceptible 80.0% compared to the non-pregnant 72.0%. helminths infestation by management systems, shows that those under intensive system had less infections 66.7% compared to those on semi-intensive 73.2%. Helminths infection differs significantly (P<0.05) according to parasite type. Helminth parasites indentified included Strongyloides, Oesophagustomum spp, Nectator spp, Hyostrongylus spp,Trichuris spp and Eimeria spp. The intensive system combined with use of suitable Anthelmintic and anti coccidial preparation is suggested.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF MOST-PREFERRED LIVESTOCK DRUG USAGE AMONG FARMERS IN RURAL SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunwande I. O.
Published: December 2024

Animal health is paramount and assists in realizing a high rate of Returns on Investment (ROI) by farmers either in cash or kind or both. The survey was conducted using a total of 142 livestock farmers comprising users of traditional (28), orthodox (74) and both (40) using copies of well-structured questionnaire as instrument of data collection. Socio-economic characteristics and the factors influencing selection of most-preferred drug used by farmers were the specific objectives stated and analyzed with Descriptive Statistics (DS) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). The average age, household size, monthly income, and farming experience were 44.2 years, 5 members, N305, 149.05k and 10.3years respectively. Orthodox medicine was found to be most preferred by the livestock farmer which was significantly influenced by extension contacts, household size, age, association membership, age and distance to veterinary hospital. It is recommended, among others, that more extension contacts and trainings should be made available to livestock farmers.