bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness parameters of locomotive axle steel by instrumented Charpy impact test
Authors: Sorochak A. P. , Maruschak P. O. , Yasniy O. P. , Vuherer T. , Panin S. V.
Published: August 2016

The analysis of the energy of fracture of specimens from steel OSL, which is widely used for the manufacture of railway axles under shock loading, is performed. The nature and quantitative parameters of the typical stages of the processes of plastic and brittle fracture, depending on the test temperature and stiffness of the stress state at the tip of the crack‐like defect, are established. It is shown that impact loading at 20 °C leads to the formation of the local zone of plasticity and ductile–brittle fracture of the material. An increased stiffness of the stress state at the tip of the defect at −40 °C causes brittle fracture. An approach is developed, which is based on using the size of shear lips as a quantitative parameter of fracture under normal and low temperatures, similar in its physical essence to deformation approaches of nonlinear fracture mechanics. Based on this approach and the quantitative analysis of specimen fracture zones, the physical and mechanical scheme of specimen fracture is proposed in the presence of localized plasticity and in its absence near the tip of the concentrator.
Mechanistic variables can enhance predictive models of endotherm distributions: the American pika under current, past, and future climates
Authors: Mathewson Paul D. , Moyer‐Horner Lucas , Beever Erik A. , Briscoe Natalie J. , Kearney Michael , Yahn Jeremiah M. , Porter Warren P.
Published: August 2016

How climate constrains species’ distributions through time and space is an important question in the context of conservation planning for climate change. Despite increasing awareness of the need to incorporate mechanism into species distribution models (SDMs), mechanistic modeling of endotherm distributions remains limited in this literature. Using the American pika (Ochotona princeps) as an example, we present a framework whereby mechanism can be incorporated into endotherm SDMs. Pika distribution has repeatedly been found to be constrained by warm temperatures, so we used Niche Mapper, a mechanistic heat‐balance model, to convert macroclimate data to pika‐specific surface activity time in summer across the western United States. We then explored the difference between using a macroclimate predictor (summer temperature) and using a mechanistic predictor (predicted surface activity time) in SDMs. Both approaches accurately predicted pika presences in current and past climate regimes. However, the activity models predicted 8–19% less habitat loss in response to annual temperature increases of ~3–5 °C predicted in the region by 2070, suggesting that pikas may be able to buffer some climate change effects through behavioral thermoregulation that can be captured by mechanistic modeling. Incorporating mechanism added value to the modeling by providing increased confidence in areas where different modeling approaches agreed and providing a range of outcomes in areas of disagreement. It also provided a more proximate variable relating animal distribution to climate, allowing investigations into how unique habitat characteristics and intraspecific phenotypic variation may allow pikas to exist in areas outside those predicted by generic SDMs. Only a small number of easily obtainable data are required to parameterize this mechanistic model for any endotherm, and its use can improve SDM predictions by explicitly modeling a widely applicable direct physiological effect: climate‐imposed restrictions on activity. This more complete understanding is necessary to inform climate adaptation actions, management strategies, and conservation plans.
Origin of dolomites in the Cambrian (upper 3rd‐Furongian) formation, south‐eastern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Hou M. C. , Jiang W. J. , Xing F. C. , Xu S. L. , Liu X. C. , Xiao C.
Published: August 2016

The origin of large‐scale ancient dolomite is one of the most hotly debated topics in sedimentology. The Loushanguan group of the upper 3rd‐Furongian Cambrian series on the south‐eastern margin of the Sichuan Basin consists of numerous dolomites, and the origins of these dolomites have never been reported previously although they are probably good hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on a systematic analysis of petrology, fluid inclusions, carbon and oxygen isotopes, trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs), this study provides some unique insights into the origins of the dolomites. Four dolomite types have been identified in the study area: dolomicrite, fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite, fabric‐obliterative dolomite and saddle dolomite cement. In the dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite, high Sr contents (with respect to the fabric‐obliterative dolomite) and the lack of two‐phase aqueous inclusions suggest that they formed at shallow‐to‐intermediate burial depths at low temperatures (<50–60°C). Carbon and oxygen isotopes and seawater‐like REE+Y characteristics of the dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite indicate that the dolomitizing fluids were evaporated seawater or slightly modified seawater. The obliteration of the original sedimentary fabric and relatively low δ18O and Sr values compared to the fabric‐retentive dolomite indicate that fabric‐obliterative dolomite formed at intermediate‐to‐deep burial diagenesis. The chemical composition approaches pure dolomite and the REE+Y characteristics are similar to those of the fabric‐retentive dolomite, indicating that the fabric‐obliterative dolomite was formed due to the recrystallization of the previously formed fabric‐retentive dolomite at elevated burial depths and temperatures. High fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (115–150°C), low δ18O values, nonplanar‐a crystals and seawater‐like REE+Y characteristics suggest that saddle dolomite cement formed by reprecipitation of dolomite that related to seawater‐driven and deep burial fluid. In the study area, dolomicrite and fabric‐retentive oolitic dolomite may have been formed by penecontemporaneous or seepage‐reflux dolomitization during early‐stage diagenesis. Subsequently, during progressive burial, most of the fabric‐retentive dolomite was converted into fabric‐obliterative dolomite by recrystallization. This study confirms that fabric‐obliterative dolomite was the main dolomite type, and although deeply buried, these Cambrian dolomites most likely have preserved coeval seawater geochemical signals.
Individual, social and environmental predictors of regular exercise among adults with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy in China
Authors: Pei Li , Wang Yan , Sun Chunyan Y , Zhang Qing
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to explore the individual, social and environmental factors influencing regular exercise on the basis of the theoretical framework of social ecological model among adults with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. A total of 122 participants were chosen from Tianjin Metabolic Disease Hospital from November 2013 to May 2014. Information on exercise status and influencing factors was collected. Most participants took walking as the mode of exercise and exercised alone. Only 59.8% of participants were reported to carry out regular exercise. Logistic regression analysis suggested that being male, longer duration with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, higher self‐efficacy for exercise and higher objective support were associated with regular exercise. Exercise status was clearly not ideal among adults with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. The study highlighted the need to take measures to improve self‐efficacy for exercise and social support in order to promote exercise participation among adults with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy.
Energy‐aware scheduling mandatory/optional tasks in multicore real‐time systems
Authors: Méndez‐Díaz Isabel , Orozco Javier , Santos Rodrigo , Zabala Paula
Published: August 2016

Reward‐based scheduling of real‐time systems of periodic, preemptable, and independent tasks with mandatory and optional parts in homogeneous multiprocessors with energy considerations is a problem that has not been analyzed before. The problem is NP‐hard. In this paper, a restricted migration schedule is adopted in which different jobs of the same task may execute in different processors and at different power modes but no migration is allowed after the job has started its execution. An objective function to maximize the performance of the system considering the execution of optional parts, the benefits of slowing down the processor, and a penalty for changing the operation frequency is introduced together with a set of constraints that guarantee the real‐time performance of the system. Different algorithms are proposed to find a feasible schedule maximizing the objective function and are compared using synthetic systems of tasks generated following guidelines proposed in previous papers.
High Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient in Structured Lead‐Free (K,Na,Li)NbO3 Particulate—Epoxy Composites
Authors: James Nijesh K. , Deutz Daniella B. , Bose Ranjita K. , van der Zwaag Sybrand , Groen Pim
Published: August 2016

A high‐voltage coefficient has been found in lead‐free piezoelectric particulate composites based on epoxy with lead‐free (K0.50Na0.50)0.94Li0.06NbO3 (KNLN) piezoceramic particles with a natural cubic morphology. The KNLN powder used in the composites has been prepared using a new solid‐state double calcination processing route. These particles were subsequently used to create random and structured KNLN‐epoxy composites. Using dielectrophoresis, these natural cubical KNLN particles were structured into one‐dimensional chains inside the epoxy matrix. Composites produced with these powders showed piezoelectric properties about a factor of 2 higher than those of composites processed with conventionally calcined KNLN powders. The dielectrophoretically structured KNLN‐epoxy composites with optimized particle size and morphology showed excellent piezoelectric properties, which can replace lead containing piezoelectric composites for sensor and energy harvesting applications in future.
Calcium‐Iron Oxide as Energy Storage Medium in Rechargeable Oxide Batteries
Authors: Berger Cornelius M. , Mahmoud Abdelfattah , Hermann Raphaël P. , Braun Waldemar , Yazhenskikh Elena , Sohn Yoo Jung , Menzler Norbert H. , Guillon Olivier , Bram Martin
Published: August 2016

Rechargeable oxide batteries (ROB) comprise a regenerative solid oxide cell (rSOC) and a storage medium for oxygen ions. A sealed ROB avoids pumping loss, heat loss, and gas purity expenses in comparison with conventional rSOC. However, the iron oxide base storage medium degrades during charging–discharging cycles. In comparison, CaFe3O5 has improved cyclability and a high reversible oxygen storage capacity of 22.3 mol%. In this study, we analyzed the redox mechanism of this compound. After a solid‐state synthesis of CaFe3O5, we verified the phase composition and studied the redox reaction by means of X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Results show a great potential to operate the battery with this storage material during multiple charging–discharging cycles.
Processes underpinning fish species composition patterns in estuarine ecosystems worldwide
Authors: Henriques Sofia , Cardoso Pedro , Cardoso Inês , Laborde Marina , Cabral Henrique N. , Vasconcelos Rita P.
Published: August 2016

Aim

We present the first global biogeographical regionalization of estuaries, assessing how dispersal limitation and/or environmental filtering mechanisms drive the patterns of fish assemblage composition among and within biogeographical regions.

Location

Estuaries worldwide.

Methods

A bootstrapped hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to define biogeographical regions based on pairwise beta diversity (βsim) of fish assemblages among 393 estuaries worldwide. Variables representing dispersal limitation and environmental features were used to disentangle the possible effects of assembly processes acting among and within biogeographical regions, through hierarchical partitioning of variation. Finally, we assessed the contribution of species to beta diversity through a method newly developed in this article.

Results

Estuaries were grouped into seven major biogeographical regions explained by geographical dispersal variables. Dissimilarity in species composition within each biogeographical region was mainly determined by ecosystem‐connectivity dispersal variables, with a minor influence of environmental variables (chiefly sea surface temperature). Marine species contributed highly to beta diversity between estuaries but less than expected by chance, whilst freshwater species had low contributions yet also less than expected. Estuarine (i.e. brackish) and diadromous species had low contributions to beta diversity but higher than expected by chance.

Main conclusions

Fish assemblage composition in estuaries seems to be driven by dispersal limitation processes both among and within biogeographical regions, with only a minor role of environmental filtering evident within biogeographical regions. These findings contrast with the acknowledged importance of environmental variables as drivers of species richness patterns. Irrespective of biogeographical region, the ecosystem affinity of a species determined its contribution to beta diversity between estuaries. The new method presented here offers new opportunities for assessing the effects of taxonomic and functional aspects on beta diversity (βsim) across taxa and ecosystems, and thus contributes to improving knowledge of assembly processes.
Towards the spatial coherence of biogeographical regionalizations at subcontinental and landscape scales
Authors: Divíšek Jan , Storch David , Zelený David , Culek Martin
Published: August 2016

Aim

One of the fundamental tools in biogeography is the classification of the Earth surface into spatially coherent units based on assemblage distinctiveness. However, spatial coherence of biogeographical regions may be scale‐dependent, that is, it may change with changing the size of spatial units used. We ask (1) how the clusters resulting from the classification of animal assemblages at different spatial scales differ in their spatial coherence, (2) whether there are geographical trends in the patterns of spatial coherence, and (3) what factors drive these patterns at different scales and in different areas of Europe.

Location

Europe.

Methods

We used data from distribution atlases at two spatial scales (50 × 50 km and c. 10 × 10 km) and, for each scale, we selected four different areas across Europe, each of them covered by 250 grid cells. We classified each area based on the distributions of mammals (coarser scale only) and birds (both scales). Subsequently, we calculated the spatial coherence of resulting clusters and correlated it with environmental factors and geographical distance.

Results

Coarse‐scale classifications provided more spatially coherent clusters than the classifications at the finer scale and this pattern was closely related to different strength of distance decay of similarity in the species composition at different scales. Spatial coherence revealed latitudinal trends, so that coarse‐scale clusters were more spatially coherent in northern Europe. Geographical distance was the best predictor of spatial patterns at the coarser scale, although this effect was strong only in central and northern Europe. At the finer scale, topography and land cover composition were the most important.

Main conclusions

Spatial coherence of biogeographical regionalizations depends on scale and varies geographically. It is closely related to different beta diversity patterns at different scales and in different areas. Heterogeneous areas with high beta diversity and endemism reveal more complex patterns than areas characterized by lower beta diversity but a stronger relationship between beta diversity and distance, and consequently coherent clusters. If the development of the species distribution databases provides fine‐resolution data covering large areas in the future, the issue of the scale of biogeographical regionalizations will probably become even more crucial.
Practitioner Review: Psychological treatments for children and adolescents with conduct disorder problems – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bakker M.J. , Greven C.U. , Buitelaar J.K. , Glennon J.C.
Published: August 2016

Background

This meta‐analysis evaluates the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for conduct disorder (CD) problems in children and adolescents, based on child, parent and teacher report.

Methods

PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE were searched for peer‐reviewed articles published between January 1970 and March 2015. Main inclusion criteria were nonpharmacological treatment, participants younger than 18 years, clinical CD problems/diagnosis, randomized controlled trials and inclusion of at least one CD problem‐related outcome. Treatment efficacy is expressed in effect sizes (ESs) calculated for each rater (parent, teacher, self and blinded observer).

Results

Of 1,549 articles retrieved, 17 (published between June 2004 and January 2014) describing 19 interventions met the inclusion criteria. All studies used psychological treatments; only three studies included a blinded observer to rate CD problems. Most studies were of very poor to fair quality. ESs were significant but small for parent‐reported outcomes (0.36, 95% CI = 0.27–0.47), teacher‐reported outcomes (0.26, 95% CI = 0.12–0.49) and blinded observer outcomes (0.26, 95% CI = 0.06–0.47), and they were nonsignificant for self‐reported outcomes (−0.01, 95% CI = −0.25 to 0.23). Comorbidity, gender, age, number of sessions, duration, intervention type, setting, medication use or dropout percentage did not influence the effect of treatment.

Conclusions

Psychological treatments have a small effect in reducing parent‐, teacher‐ and observer‐rated CD problems in children and adolescents with clinical CD problems/diagnosis. There is not enough evidence to support one specific psychological treatment over another. Future studies should investigate the influence of participant characteristics (e.g. age of CD onset), use more homogeneous outcome measures and allow better evaluation of study quality. Many reports failed to provide detailed information to allow optimization of psychological treatment strategies.
Complex effects of dyslexia risk factors account for ADHD traits: evidence from two independent samples
Authors: Mascheretti Sara , Trezzi Vittoria , Giorda Roberto , Boivin Michel , Plourde Vickie , Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara , Dionne Ginette , Marino Cecilia
Published: August 2016

Background

Developmental dyslexia (DD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, whose etiology involves multiple risk factors. DD and ADHD co‐occur in the same individuals much more often than would be expected by chance. Several studies have found significant bivariate heritability, and specific genes associated with either DD or ADHD have been investigated for association in the other disorder. Moreover, there are likely to be gene‐by‐gene and gene‐by‐environment interaction effects (G × G and G × E, respectively) underlying the comorbidity between DD and ADHD. We investigated the pleiotropic effects of 19 SNPs spanning five DD genes (DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, ROBO1, and GRIN2B) and seven DD environmental factors (smoke, miscarriage, birth weight, breastfeeding, parental age, socioeconomic status, and parental education) for main, either (a) genetic or (b) environmental, (c) G × G, and (d) G × E upon inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. We then attempted replication of these findings in an independent twin cohort.

Methods

Marker‐trait association was analyzed by implementing the Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test (QTDT). Environmental associations were tested by partial correlations. G × G were investigated by a general linear model equation and a family‐based association test. G × E were analyzed through a general test for G × E in sib pair‐based association analysis of quantitative traits.

Results

DCDC2‐rs793862 was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity via G × G (KIAA0319) and G × E (miscarriage). Smoke was significantly correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. We replicated the DCDC2 × KIAA0319 interaction upon hyperactivity/impulsivity in the twin cohort.

Conclusions

DD genetic (DCDC2) and environmental factors (smoke and miscarriage) underlie ADHD traits supporting a potential pleiotropic effect.
Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma. A hypothesis on disease pathophysiology involving deficiency in DNA repair
Authors: Thestrup‐Pedersen K.
Published: August 2016

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare disease occurring in Europe among two persons per million per year. It affects men more often than women (2:1). It is primarily a skin disease. In about 20% of patients, it becomes fatal with tumours in the skin and spreading to lymph glands. Approximately 3% of patients show a leukemic form called Sezary's syndrome, where malignant cells are present in blood with accompanying erythrodermia. CTCL is a T‐lymphocyte disease occurring late in life as the average age of patients is around 66 years in Europe, Japan and the US. This article focuses on cell lines and immune surveillance in CTCL, and especially the pronounced chromosomal instability. It leads to the hypothesis that chromosomal changes is the key event linked to DNA repair deficiencies, which in a subpopulation of T cells leads to CTCL development over years.
Homing is not for everyone: displaced cardinalfish find a new place to live
Authors: Rueger T. , Gardiner N. M. , Jones G. P.
Published: August 2016

It was tested whether the pajama cardinalfish Sphaeramia nematoptera (Apogonidae) could home by displacing individuals up to 250 m within and among isolated reefs. Contrary to expectations, only two of 37 (5·4%) displaced S. nematoptera returned home and another 16 (43·2%) were found to have joined other social groups and did not home after 26 months of observations; while over the same period, 94% of control S. nematoptera remained associated with home corals, demonstrating strong site attachment. Hence, while this species has the potential to return home, being able to do so may not be as critical as previously assumed.
Histamine elimination from the cerebrospinal fluid across the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier: involvement of plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT/SLC29A4)
Authors: Usui Takuya , Nakazawa Ayumi , Okura Takashi , Deguchi Yoshiharu , Akanuma Shin‐ichi , Kubo Yoshiyuki , Hosoya Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2016

The elimination of histamine, an excitatory neurotransmitter, from the brain/CSF across the blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB) was investigated using Wistar rats, which were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. An in vivo intracerebral microinjection study suggested that there was only partial efflux of [3H]histamine from the rat brain across the blood–brain barrier. The [3H]histamine elimination clearance from the rat CSF was 3.8‐fold greater than that of a CSF bulk flow marker, and the elimination of [3H]histamine was significantly inhibited by the co‐administration of unlabeled histamine, suggesting the involvement of a carrier‐mediated process in histamine elimination from the CSF. The uptake study of [3H]histamine by the isolated rat choroid plexus revealed histamine elimination from the CSF across the BCSFB. The [3H]histamine uptake by TR‐CSFB3 cells, a model cell line for the BCSFB, exhibited temperature‐dependent and saturable kinetics, suggesting the involvement of carrier‐mediated transport of histamine at the BCSFB. In the inhibition study, [3H]histamine uptake by TR‐CSFB3 cells was significantly inhibited by substrates and/or inhibitors of plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT/SLC29A4), but not affected by substrates of organic cation transporters. These results suggest the elimination of histamine from the CSF via plasma membrane monoamine transporter at the BCSFB.

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A Simple and Accurate Resistance Identification Method of Rice to Neck Blast Disease In Vitro
Authors: Lan Bo , Yang Ying‐Qing , Chen Hong‐Fan , Jiang Jun‐Xi , Li Xiang‐Min
Published: August 2016

Twelve rice cultivars with differential resistance to rice blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae (Hebert) Barr), including Tetep (R), IR36 (MR) and Lijiangxituanhegu (HS), and nine locally planted rice cultivars in Jiangxi helped establish an identification method for rice resistance to neck blast. We describe a new technique of dropping a spore suspension on the panicle segment in vitro (DSSPS). This technique involved rice panicles that were initially 0.5–2 cm in length and then cut into a 7‐ to 8‐cm segment (i.e. an upper node of 1 cm and a lower node of 6–7 cm). The segment was placed into a Petri dish with a stack of sterile water saturated filter paper. The suspension (4 μl 1 × 105spores/ml) was placed at each of three locations on the segment (with an approximate interval of 3 cm). Disease severity was then assessed according to a 0–9 scale after incubating for 9 days with a 12 h/12 h (light/day cycle) at 28°C. Choosing a suitable developmental stage of the rice panicle and blast strains was a key to evaluate resistance accurately. DSSPS is a simple and accurate method of identifying rice resistance to neck blast as compared to injecting the spore suspension into the rice panicle in vivo and resistance identification in natural nurseries. It is stressed that at least 20 single‐spore strains are needed to accurately assess rice resistance to neck blast. We tested 1005 rice cultivars for neck blast resistance in Jiangxi province during 2010–2015, which showed an accuracy of 85.77% by DSSPS as compared with natural nursery data.
Parents with mental illness – a qualitative study of identities and experiences with support services
Authors: Jones M. , Pietilä I. , Joronen K. , Simpson W. , Gray S. , Kaunonen M.
Published: August 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

According to estimates more than half of adult mental health service users are parents, but their experiences are largely lacking from research literature.

Parental mental illness can often be viewed from a risk perspective.

Parents with mental illness and their families have unmet support needs.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Parents with mental illness want acknowledgement that they can be able and responsible.

Many parents adopt an expert by experience identity.

Fathers can feel their parental role is not recognized and mothers express fears of being judged if they discuss their illness.

What are the implications for practice?

Adult mental health services need to recognize and support parental role of service users.

Joint care planning and family oriented care should be promoted.

Professionals should take advantage of the knowledge of these parents and they could be more actively engaged in service development.

Introduction

Parental mental illness is often viewed from a risk perspective. Despite this, being a parent can be both valuable and motivating. Research literature lacks the perspective of mothers and fathers, who have experienced mental illness.

Aim

This study explores how parents with mental illness construct their identities as mothers and fathers and their experiences with health and social care services.

Method

Three focus groups with 19 participants were conducted in Finland and Scotland. Methods of discourse analysis have been used in to analyse the interview data.

Results

Adult service users want their parenting role recognized and supported. Parents have knowledge and skills which can be utilized and many have adopted an expert by experience identity.

Discussion

Being able to see oneself as a ‘good’ parent can be challenging but important. Parents may require support, but want to be included in the planning of their care. Services could make more use of the knowledge and skills parents and families have, and joint working could lessen parents’ anxieties.

Implications for practice

Mental health practitioners are in a key position in providing more family centred, resource focused care. Service user expertise should be acknowledged in clinical practice.
Memory Laws: An Escalation in Minority Exclusion or a Testimony to the Limits of State Power?
Authors: Gutman Yifat
Published: August 2016

The article addresses the tension between nation-state memory and the law through “memory laws.” In contrast to laws that ban genocide denial or a positive perception of a violent past, I focus on laws that ban a negative perception of a violent past. As I will show, these laws were utilized for a non-democratic purpose in the last decade or more: They were proposed in order to limit public debate on the national past by banning oppositional or minority views, in contrast to the principles of free speech and deliberative democracy. Their legislation in such cases also stands in opposition to truth-telling efforts in the international arena. I compare two cases of memory legislation, in contemporary Russia and Israel, and evaluate their different impacts on democratic public debates in practice. A third case of “failed legislation” in France compliments the analysis by demonstrating not only the capacity but also the limitation of state power to silence or control public debate using the law. Although national laws often reflect majority culture and memory, I propose that memory laws in Russia, Israel, and France present an escalating degree of minority exclusion—from omission to active banning.
EXPLORING THE POSSIBLE AND NECESSARY IN WORKING MEMORY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Cowan Nelson
Published: August 2016

This commentary considers Vanessa Simmering's monograph on a dynamic‐systems theoretical approach to understanding working memory development, with reference to the past, present, and future. In the section on the past, I attempt to provide a further historical context for the work, discussing from where it stemmed and how it is unique. In a second section, I contemplate the purpose of the present modeling. The aim of the monograph may be primarily to establish a simple possible account of development based on neural connection strength and dynamic principles; it should not be judged as a proposal of what is necessarily true. Finally, in the section on the future, I suggest some phenomena that dissociate performance levels from stability over time and, therefore, appear to require modifications of the theory. Several suggestions are made as to where further refinement of the modeling effort could lead.
Exploring the impact of gender inequities on the promotion of cardiovascular health of women in Pakistan
Authors: Barolia Rubina , Clark Alexander M. , Higginbottom Gina
Published: August 2016

Cardiovascular disease exerts an enormous burden on women's health. The intake of a healthy diet may reduce this burden. However, social norms and economic constraints are often factors that restrain women from paying attention to their diet. Underpinned by critical realism, this study explores how gender/sex influences decision‐making regarding food consumption among women of low socioeconomic status (SES). The study was carried out at two cardiac facilities in Karachi, Pakistan, on 24 participants (male and female from different ethnic backgrounds), who had received health education. Using an interpretive descriptive approach, the study identified major barriers to a healthy diet: proscribed gender roles and lack of women's autonomy, power, male domination, and abusive behaviours. Cardiovascular risk and disease outcomes for the Pakistani women of low SES are likely to further escalate if individual and structural barriers are not reduced using multifactorial approaches.
Invasive species’ leaf traits and dissimilarity from natives shape their impact on nitrogen cycling: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Marissa R. , Bernhardt Emily S. , van Bodegom Peter M. , Cornelissen J. Hans C. , Kattge Jens , Laughlin Daniel C. , Niinemets Ülo , Peñuelas Josep , Reich Peter B. , Yguel Benjamin , Wright Justin P.
Published: August 2016

Many exotic species have little apparent impact on ecosystem processes, whereas others have dramatic consequences for human and ecosystem health. There is growing evidence that invasions foster eutrophication. We need to identify species that are harmful and systems that are vulnerable to anticipate these consequences. Species’ traits may provide the necessary insights.

We conducted a global meta‐analysis to determine whether plant leaf and litter functional traits, and particularly leaf and litter nitrogen (N) content and carbon: nitrogen (C : N) ratio, explain variation in invasive species’ impacts on soil N cycling.

Dissimilarity in leaf and litter traits among invaded and noninvaded plant communities control the magnitude and direction of invasion impacts on N cycling. Invasions that caused the greatest increases in soil inorganic N and mineralization rates had a much greater litter N content and lower litter C : N in the invaded than the reference community. Trait dissimilarities were better predictors than the trait values of invasive species alone.

Quantifying baseline community tissue traits, in addition to those of the invasive species, is critical to understanding the impacts of invasion on soil N cycling.
George Jobberns, freemasonry, geopolitics and the post‐WWII world
Authors: Roche Michael
Published: August 2016

The article suggests Jobberns’ view of geopolitics ultimately rested on the work of British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder overlain by the writing of American political geographers. Jobberns’ geopolitical thinking was, however, also strongly informed by his being a Freemason. WWII, as the overshadowing external event of Jobberns’ early years at Canterbury, amplified his interest in geopolitics both as a way of understanding the world and, at a time when geography was not universally accepted as a university discipline, as a means of promoting to a wider public the utility of a geographical perspective on world affairs.
Buccally impacted maxillary canines increase the likelihood of root separation in adjacent first premolars
Authors: Cao D , Zhu L , Chen Y , Xie L , Yan B , Sun Z
Published: August 2016

Objective

To investigate the influence of maxillary impacted canines on the root morphology of adjacent premolars in a Chinese population.

Subjects and Methods

A sample of 370 Chinese subjects with maxillary canine impaction and 370 control subjects were collected in this study. CBCT data of all subjects were collected and analyzed. The prevalence of separate‐rooted maxillary premolars was compared between subjects with and without impacted canines. Then, the prevalence of separate‐rooted maxillary premolars was compared between subjects with buccal canine impaction (BIC) and those with palatal impaction (PIC).

Results

The prevalence of separate‐rooted first premolars was significantly higher in the canine impaction group (P = 0.046), but the prevalence of separate‐rooted second premolars was not different (P = 0.780). Furthermore, a significant higher prevalence of first premolar root separation was found on the impacted site in the BIC subgroup (P < 0.001), but not in the PIC subgroup (P = 0.508). Also, the prevalence of separate‐rooted first premolars in the BIC subgroup was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.008), but not so for the PIC subgroup (P = 0.097).

Conclusions

Buccally impacted maxillary canines are associated with an increased prevalence of root separation in the adjacent maxillary first premolars. This is likely because that buccally impacted canines encroach on the space needed for root development of the first premolars.
Molecular regulation and physiological functions of a novel FaHsfA2c cloned from tall fescue conferring plant tolerance to heat stress
Authors: Wang Xiuyun , Huang Wanlu , Liu Jun , Yang Zhimin , Huang Bingru
Published: August 2016

Heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) compose a large gene family, and different members play differential roles in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize an A2‐type HSF, FaHsfA2c, in a cool‐season perennial grass tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for its association with heat tolerance and to determine the underlying physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of FaHsfA2c imparting plant tolerance to heat stress. FaHsfA2c was localized in nucleus and exhibited a rapid transcriptional increase in leaves and roots during early phase of heat stress. Ectopic expression of FaHsfA2c improved basal and acquired thermotolerance in wild‐type Arabidopsis and also restored heat‐sensitive deficiency of hsfa2 mutant. Overexpression of FaHsfA2c in tall fescue enhanced plant tolerance to heat by triggering transcriptional regulation of heat‐protective gene expression, improving photosynthetic capacity and maintaining plant growth under heat stress. Our results indicated that FaHsfA2c acted as a positive regulator conferring thermotolerance improvement in Arabidopsis and tall fescue, and it could be potentially used as a candidate gene for genetic modification and molecular breeding to develop heat‐tolerant cool‐season grass species.
Environmental factors, life events, and trauma in the course of bipolar disorder
Authors: Aldinger Fanny , Schulze Thomas G.
Published: August 2016

The etiology and clinical course of bipolar disorder are considered to be determined by genetic and environmental factors. Although the kindling hypothesis emphasizes the impact of environmental factors on initial onset, their connection to the outcome and clinical course have been poorly established. Hence, there have been numerous research efforts to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the clinical course of illness. Our aim is to outline recent research on the impact of environmental determinants on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. We carried out a computer‐aided search to find publications on an association between environmental factors, life events, and the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Publications in the reference lists of suitable papers have also been taken into consideration. We performed a narrative overview on all eligible publications. The available body of data supports an association between environmental factors and the clinical course of bipolar disorder. These factors comprise prenatal, early‐life, and entire lifespan aspects. Given varying sample sizes and several methodological limitations, the reported quality and extent of the association between environmental factors and the clinical course of bipolar disorder should be interpreted with utmost caution. Systematic longitudinal long‐term follow‐up trials are needed to obtain a clearer and more robust picture.
Acquired palatal groove and delayed oral feeding in preterm infants
Authors: Enomoto Masahiro , Sezaki Hiromi , Muranishi Rie , Sato Yumi , Kikuchi Shin , Katayama Yoshinori , Takei Atsuko , Ikegami Hitoshi , Sakuma Mio , Minami Hirotaka
Published: August 2016

Background

Acquired palatal groove has been reported in the 1970s and 1980s, but its current incidence in Japanese newborns is unclear. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of palatal groove in preterm infants and to evaluate whether this condition affects oral feeding ability.

Methods

We conducted a prospective observational study among very low‐birthweight infants born at Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, between March and October in 2010. The shape of the hard palate was classified into three types: normal, narrow high‐arched palate, and palatal groove.

Results

Among the 37 enrolled infants, 14 (38%) had palatal groove. In particular, among the 29 infants with birthweight <1000 g, palatal groove was observed in 48% of these patients, and only 10% were normal. Infants with palatal groove were ventilated for considerably more days with oral endotracheal tube than those without palate groove, even after adjustment for gestational age, birthweight, and duration of oral duodenal tube placement (OR, 1.11). Establishment of oral feeding and disappearance of choking on milk were considerably delayed in infants with palatal groove. Transient oral feeding difficulty requiring thickened‐feed intervention was observed only in infants with palatal groove; on multi‐regression analysis this difficulty seemed to be induced by the palatal groove.

Conclusions

Palatal groove formation induced by oral endotracheal intubation occurs with a high frequency in preterm infants, and this is likely to affect oral feeding ability.
Synthesis and Modification of Zn‐doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline
Authors: Pang Shuo , Huang Ji‐guo , Su Yun , Geng Bo , Lei Su‐yuan , Huang Yu‐ting , Lyu Cong , Liu Xing‐juan
Published: August 2016

The synthesis of Zn‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles by solgel method was investigated in this study, as well as its modification by H2O2. The catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, UV–visible reflectance spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that doping Zn into TiO2 nanoparticles could inhibit the transformation from anatase phase to rutile phase. Zn existed as the second valence oxidation state in the Zn‐doped TiO2. Zn‐doped TiO2 that was synthesized by 5% Zn doping at 450°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity. Then, the H2O2 modification further enhanced the photocatalytic activity. Zn doping and H2O2 modifying narrowed the band gap and efficiently increased the optical absorption in visible region. The optimal degradation rate of tetracycline by Zn‐doped TiO2 and H2O2 modified Zn‐doped TiO2 was 85.27% and 88.14%. Peroxide groups were detected in XPS analysis of H2O2 modified Zn‐doped TiO2, favoring the adsorption of visible light. Furthermore, Zn‐doped TiO2 modified by H2O2 had relatively good reusability, exhibiting a potential practical application for tetracycline's photocatalytic degradation.
Aging, inflammation, immunity and periodontal disease
Authors: Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Graves Christina L. , Gonzalez Octavio A. , Dawson Dolph , Morford Lorri A. , Huja Pinar Emecen , Hartsfield James K. , Huja Sarandeep S. , Pandruvada Subramanya , Wallet Shannon M.
Published: August 2016

The increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease have long been associated with aging, such that this oral condition affects the majority of the adult population over 50 years of age. Although the immune system is a critical component for maintaining health, aging can be characterized by quantitative and qualitative modifications of the immune system. This process, termed ‘immunosenescence’, is a progressive modification of the immune system that leads to greater susceptibility to infections, neoplasia and autoimmunity, presumably reflecting the prolonged antigenic stimulation and/or stress responses that occur across the lifespan. Interestingly, the global reduction in the host capability to respond effectively to these challenges is coupled with a progressive increase in the general proinflammatory status, termed ‘inflammaging’. Consistent with the definition of immunosenescence, it has been suggested that the cumulative effect of prolonged exposure of the periodontium to microbial challenge is, at least in part, a contributor to the effects of aging on these tissues. Thus, it has also been hypothesized that alterations in the function of resident immune and nonimmune cells of the periodontium contribute to the expression of inflammaging in periodontal disease. Although the majority of aging research has focused on the adaptive immune response, it is becoming increasingly clear that the innate immune compartment is also highly affected by aging. Thus, the phenomenon of immunosenescence and inflammaging, expressed as age‐associated changes within the periodontium, needs to be more fully understood in this era of precision and personalized medicine and dentistry.
Periodontitis prevalence in adults ≥ 65 years of age, in the USA
Authors: Eke Paul I. , Wei Liang , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Thornton‐Evans Gina , Zhang Xingyou , Lu Hua , McGuire Lisa C. , Genco Robert J.
Published: August 2016

The older adult population is growing rapidly in the USA and it is expected that by 2040 the number of adults ≥ 65 years of age will have increased by about 50%. With the growth of this subpopulation, oral health status, and periodontal status in particular, becomes important in the quest to maintain an adequate quality of life. Poor oral health can have a major impact, leading to tooth loss, pain and discomfort, and may prevent older adults from chewing food properly, often leading to poor nutrition. Periodontitis is monitored in the USA at the national level as part of the Healthy People 2020 initiative. In this report, we provide estimates of the overall burden of periodontitis among adults ≥ 65 years of age and after stratification according to sociodemographic factors, modifiable risk factors (such as smoking status), the presence of other systemic conditions (such as diabetes) and access to dental care. We also estimated the burden of periodontitis within this age group at the state and local levels. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 cycles were analyzed. Periodontal measures from both survey cycles were based on a full‐mouth periodontal examination. Nineteen per cent of adults in this subpopulation were edentulous. The mean age was 73 years, 7% were current smokers, 8% lived below the 100% Federal Poverty Level and < 40% had seen a dentist in the past year. Almost two‐thirds (62.3%) had one or more sites with ≥ 5 mm of clinical attachment loss and almost half had at least one site with probing pocket depth of ≥ 4 mm. We estimated the lowest prevalence of periodontitis in Utah (62.3%) and New Hampshire (62.6%) and the highest in New Mexico, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia each with a prevalence of higher than 70%. Overall, periodontitis is highly prevalent in this subpopulation, with two‐thirds of dentate older adults affected at any geographic level. These findings provide an opportunity to determine how the overall health‐care management of older adults should consider the improvement of their oral health conditions. Many older adults do not have dental insurance and are also likely to have some chronic conditions, which can adversely affect their oral health.
Credit at the Corner Store: An Analysis of Resource Exchange among Detroit‐Area Urban Poor
Authors: Puchalski Vance Alan
Published: August 2016

This ethnographic study examines how and why Detroit‐area credit‐constrained members of the urban poor relied on owners/employees of corner convenience stores, known as “party stores,” for accessing short‐term, interest‐free informal credit services. Findings indicate that informal credit at party stores functioned as a low‐ or no‐cost alternative to formal credit and high‐cost fringe banking services such as payday loans, both of which were inaccessible and/or cost prohibitive for informants. These data contribute empirically to a growing body of research on “credit invisibility” by exploring these populations' use of informal credit mechanisms. Findings also make a theoretical contribution by highlighting the importance of resource exchange networks through which members of the urban poor build strong yet disposable social ties in order to respond to economic shocks, combat food insufficiency, and survive economic destitution.