bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Production of Phytotoxins from Surface Crop Residues
Authors: Cochran V. L. , Elliott L. F. , Papendick R. I.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine if crop residues, common to eastern Washington, were likely to cause phytotoxicity problems with no‐till planting of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The possible role of microorganisms was assessed also. Mats (5 to 8 cm thick) of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) residues were spread over bare soil in Sept. 1975. Water extracts of the residues and soil beneath them were bioassayed weekly for wheat‐seedling phytotoxins, and the residues were plated biweekly to determine the numbers of fungi, bacteria, and pseudomonads from Sept. 1975 through May 1976. All residues produced wheat‐seedling root inhibitors, but only after conditions became favorable for microbial growth. Toxin production from these straws was irregular and was generally preceded by wet weather with air temperatures above freezing but below 15°C. Lentil‐ and pea‐straw extracts were most toxic to wheat seedlings in the fall and early winter, causing up to 90% root growth inhibition but little or no inhibition later. Wheat‐ and barley‐straw extracts were less inhibitory. However, these residues intermittently produced seedling inhibitors in the fall, late winter, and until late April when the straw dried. Bluegrass straw extracts showed toxic substances primarily in late winter and early spring. The delayed toxin production could explain why fall‐killed bluegrass sod was detrimental to no‐till seeded spring wheat, while spring‐killed no‐till seeded sod produced excellent wheat yields. The toxin(s) extracted were apparently different from those described by other researchers, since they (i) inhibited root growth only, (ii) were produced at lower temperatures, (iii) were produced cyclically over longtime periods, (iv) were stable when autoclaved, and (v) were not soluble in the organic solvents tested.
A Study of a Deep Weathering Profile on Granite in Peninsular Malaysia: II. Mineralogy of the Clay, Silt, and Sand Fractions
Authors: Eswaran H. , Bin Wong Chaw
Published: July 2010

Different minerals characterize the three fractions in the different weathering zones. Halloysite in the clay fraction especially in the α and γ zones is due to a physical comminution of silt‐sized tubes. Strong peaks for halloysite (XRD) in the silt and sand fractions in these zones is shown (SEM) to be from partly altered feldspar fragments. Gibbsite is present mainly in the fine‐silt size and its presence in the sand in the α zone is due to cementation and aggregate formation. Aggregation of kaolinite also results in its being present in the silt and sand fractions.

Estimates of the minerals in the three fractions are shown diagramatically as depth functions. XRD diffractograms of the three fractions and TEM micrographs of the clay fraction are also presented. It is concluded that the morphologically identified weathering zones also differ in their mineralogical properties.
Use of Goodness‐of‐fit Tests for Characterizing the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties
Authors: Rao P. V. , Rao P. S. C. , Davidson J. M. , Hammond L. C.
Published: July 2010

Application of the empirical distribution function (EDF) statistics to describe the spatial variability of soil properties is discussed. The Kolmogorov statistic (D) and the Cramer‐von Mises statistics (W2) were utilized to statistically evaluate the goodness‐of‐fit of a hypothesized theoretical distribution function to a sample of measurements of spatially‐varying soil properties. Because normal and log‐normal distributions have been commonly used to describe the variability of several soil properties, a Monte Carlo study was performed to determine the sample size required for selecting, with a prescribed level of confidence, between these two distributions. It was found that the required sample size increased with decreasing coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean). However, both normal and log‐normal distributions may adequately describe a set of measurements with CV ⩽ 0.4. In such cases, it was shown that accepting normal distribution as the appropriate distribution when the true distribution is, in fact, log‐normal, would involve a maximum error of about 20% when the mean is used instead of the mode.
Effects of Calcium, Manganese, and Aluminum on Growth of Rhizobia in Acid Media
Authors: Keyser H. H. , Munns D. N.
Published: July 2010

Growth studies were done in defined liquid media to assess effects of Mn toxicity and Ca deficiency associated with soil acidity. The study included 23 strains of cowpea rhizobia previously found capable of growth at 4.5 and 10 strains of Rhizobium japonicum tolerant of pH 4.8. The low level of Ca (50 µM) represented the extreme low range in soil solutions, and the high level of Mn (200 µM) has been found toxic to legume hosts of the strains tested.

In a detailed growth study of three cowpea strains at pH 4.6, low P (10 µM) limited maximum population density in all three strains. Low Ca limited it in one strain.

A rapid screening method based on attainment of turbidity from a small inoculum was applied to the cowpea rhizobia at pH 4.5 and soybean rhizobia at 4.8. High Mn and low Ca slowed growth of some strains, but Mn stopped growth of none and low Ca stopped growth of only three strains. Neither was as severe a stress as 25–50 µM Al, simultaneously observed and previously reported. All strains tolerant of Al were tolerant of Mn and low Ca.

Possible amelioration of Al toxicity by Ca was tested in three cowpea strains, by a factorial experiment with three Ca levels (50–1,000 µM) and four Al levels (0–100 µM), at pH 4.5 in liquid media. Calcium had a statistically significant protective effect against Al in two strains, but the effects were small and probably of no biological or practical significance.

In acid soils, Al toxicity and acidity itself are probably more important limiters of rhizobial growth than Mn toxicity and Ca deficiency.
Denitrification Intensity and Capacity of Three Irrigated Alberta Soils
Authors: Cho C. M. , Sakdinan L. , Chang C.
Published: July 2010

Samples from three Alberta soil profiles were used to investigate the denitrification intensity of the soils as related to depth. At 20°C, the intensity was high at the surface and decreased exponentially with depth. The temperature dependency of the intensity on several samples was also studied. By combining the depth and temperature dependencies, the denitrification intensity was predicted for an arbitary temperature and depth. A simple mathematical formulation relating soil temperature with seasonal time and depth was substituted, thus enabling the calculation of denitrification intensity at any time of the year. The calculation indicated that denitrification activity was restricted in the deep hrozions in December and January and in the surface horizons in early May. There was no activity throughout the soil profile in February and March. Loading capacity of a soil for nitrate N expressed as input rate (flux) was equal to the denitrification capacity which was obtained by integrating the intensity throughout the soil profile. The values were approximately 70 kg N ha−1 day−1 in August and 5 kg N ha−1 day−1 in December. The maximum allowable nitrate concentration is directly proportional to the denitrification capacity and inversely related to the percolating water speed.
The Effect of Amprolium and Aureomycin on the Nitrification of Poultry Manure‐Amended Soil
Authors: Warman P. R.
Published: July 2010

Poultry manure from animals fed recommended levels of amprolium and aureomycin was added to a Guelph loam soil. A soil perfusion experiment indicated that the feed additives in the manure had no effect on the nitrification rate of the soil. The rates of nitrification were 8.8 µg NO3‐‐N·g soil−1·day−1 for the 11.2 metric tons/ha addition, 28.8 µg NO3‐‐N·g soil−1·day−1 for the 33.6 metric tons/ha manure addition, and 32.4 µg NO3‐‐N·g soil−1·day1‐ for the addition of 0.0028M (NH4)2SO4 solution.
Flow of Kaolinite and Sewage Suspensions in Sand and Sand‐Silt: I. Accumulation of Suspension Particles
Authors: Uebler R. L. , Swartzendruber D.
Published: July 2010

Water suspensions of kaolinite clay and sewage solids were applied to vertical columns of initially air‐dry fine quartz sand and sand‐silt (95% fine quartz sand and 5% quartz silt), and sand‐silt initially satiated (nearly saturated) with water. Water content and suspension‐particle content (bulk density) were measured at various vertical positions in the column by dual‐energy gamma‐ray attenuation, beginning with the application of suspension and continuing until the overall hydraulic conductivity of the column had decreased to 1 mm/hour. The attenuation technique was successful for measuring the kaolinite bulk density but was of limited value for determining the sewage‐solid bulk density. By postulating a mechanism of suspension‐particle entrapment within the porous medium, an exponential equation was derived to describe the accumulation of suspension particles with time at a fixed position. The constants in this equation were determined from the experimental data by nonlinear least‐squares regression and appeared to offer promise for characterizing the kaolinite accumulation in the sand and sand‐silt. In general, the maximum accumulation of kaolinite occurred in the several millimeters nearest the suspension‐application surface. The initial water content (air‐dry or satiated) had little effect on kaolinite accumulation in the sand‐silt, and the detectable depth of penetration was 3 to 4 cm in both cases. In contrast, kaolinite penetration to about 16 cm was detected in the initially air‐dry sand, whereas the maximum (near‐surface) accumulations were larger than in the sand‐silt but required much more time to attain.
Accumulation of Nitrogen in Minesoils Seeded to Black Locust
Authors: Jencks E. M. , Tyron E. H. , Contri M.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen accumulation in minesoils developing in replaced coal surface‐mine overburden seeded with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was surveyed. Nitrogen increased significantly with age from 5 to 18 years at depths of 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 15 cm, until it equaled or exceeded that in adjacent, native soils; however, the rate of increase was slower in the lower depths. Averages of the N content in all three depths showed that the oldest age group of minesoils (16 to 18 years) accumulated 2,974 kg/ha under black locust, which was slightly higher than the 2,808 kg/ha of N found in an adjacent native soil under mixed hardwood.
Temperature Dependence of Soil Hydraulic Properties
Authors: Hopmans J. W. , Dane J. H.
Published: July 2010

The study of soil water movement under nonisothermal conditions requires knowledge of the hydraulic properties as a function of temperature. A dual‐energy gamma system was used to investigate temperature effects on the water retention curve and the hydraulic conductivity function of a Norfolk sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudults). These hydraulic properties were determined from simultaneous measurements of soil water pressure head, volumetric water content, and soil temperature at 13 measurement points along a lucite flow cell during transient drainage conditions while maintaining a temperature gradient. It was concluded that temperature influences water retention more than can be explained by surface tension changes of pure water only. Entrapped air was not considered to be the primary cause of the larger temperature effect. The influence of temperature on measured hydraulic conductivities was close to predictions from viscosity changes for most of the measurement points. Deviations from predicted hydraulic conductivity values were attributed to thermal vapor flow. Temperature had little or no effect when the hydraulic conductivity was plotted vs. soil water pressure head.
Soil Strength Properties Under Four Tillage Systems at Three Long‐Term Study Sites in Indiana
Authors: Larney Francis J. , Kladivko Eileen J.
Published: July 2010

There is increasing concern that long‐term continuous conservation tillage may cause increased surface soil strength and compaction detrimental to root growth and crop yield. The objective of this study was to characterize distribution of cone index (CI) and vane shear strength (VS) values at three row positions: in row (R), non‐wheeltrack interrow (NW), and wheeltrack interrow (WT), under four tillage systems: conventional moldboard plow (PL), chisel plow (CH), ridge‐till‐plant (RT), and no‐till (NT), on three long‐term tillage studies on silty soils in Indiana. The Mollisol and Alfisols studied had been under the continuous tillage treatments for 13, 8, and 4 yr, respectively. Maximum cone index (CImax) averaged over three row positions was in the order RT > CH, NT > PL. As less tillage was performed, the zone of maximum strength was closer to the soil surface. Depth of CImax was in the order PL > CH > NT, RT. On the two Alfisols, soil strength in the non‐trafficked positions (NW and R) tended to be lower in no‐till than in the other tillage treatments, especially in the lower portion (below 15 cm) of the formerly tilled zone. High‐strength layers were recorded at 23 to 40 cm and 15 to 22 cm on the PL and CH treatments, respectively. Wheeltrack compaction was more severe under RT and NT than on PL and CH. Vane shear data generally verified the tillage and row position effects found with the cone penetrometer.
Quantitative Determination of Vermiculite by a Rubidium Fixation Method
Authors: Ross G. J. , Schuppli P. A. , Wang C.
Published: July 2010

A rubidium‐fixation method for the quantitative determination of vermiculite is described. The results obtained by this procedure were similar to, but more precise than, the results obtained by the conventional cation exchange procedures. The exchangeable Rb of a Rb‐saturated and heated sample is replaced by NH4 and the remaining fixed Rb is determined directly by dissolving the sample. The vermiculite content is calculated from the fixed Rb content. The Rb‐fixation method is well suited for determining small changes of vermiculite content in soils.
Blue Grama Herbage Yield in Relation to Available Soil and Herbage Zinc Contents
Authors: White E. M. , Gartner F. R.
Published: July 2010

Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [HBK] Lag. ex Steud.) growth on weathered claypan soils can be increased by Zn fertilization. Relationships between herbage yield and Zn content and soil dimethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extracted Zn need to be established so that areas needing Zn can be identified more accurately. The objectives are to determine the soil DTPA‐Zn and herbage‐Zn contents needed by blue grama. Zinc‐deficient claypan soils and glacial‐till‐derived soils with adequate Zn were used to grow blue grama that was unfertilized or fertilized with N, NPK, or NPK plus minor elements (ME). The DTPA‐extracted soil Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe were determined to establish the soil Zn levels needed and the possible interaction of other cationic ME on Zn. For the same reason, the ash, Zn, Mg, Co, Mn, Fe, and P contents were determined for blue grama herbage grown in the greenhouse on a Zn‐deficient claypan soil treated with eight Hoagland‐type solutions. Solution 1 contained NPK; 2, NPK + B; 3, NPK + B + Zn, and additively in succession Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Co. Possible changes in Zn content with increasing herbage age were studied with two groups of plants harvested after different‐length, but overlapping, growth periods. The herbage harvested was analyzed for Zn, P, and N. The DTPA‐extracted soil Zn must be about 2 mg kg−1 for growth, although NPK fertilization may increase growth and decrease extractable Zn to a lower amount, at least temporarily. For vigorous plants, young herbage has at least 11 to 13 mg Zn kg−1. Older herbage has less Zn, particularly if Zn is limiting growth after NPK has been added. The DTPA‐extractable soil Zn contents were not related to the extracted Fe, Cu, or Mn contents. Plant Zn and Mg contents were correlated, but not to Co, Mn, Fe, or P contents.
Single‐Tree Influence on Earthworms in Forest Soils in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Boettcher S. E. , Kalisz P. J.
Published: July 2010

Vegetation may affect earthworm populations directly through inputs of litter and leachates, and indirectly through alteration of soil properties. This study examined the characteristics of earthworm populations on an area where small‐scale spatial patterns in soil properties were previously shown to be due to the influence of individual trees and understory species. Earthworm densities in the O horizon and in the upper 20 cm of mineral soil ranged from 0 to 20 and from 0 to 80 individuals/m2, respectively. Density was significantly lower in mineral soils under both yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) when rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) was present in the understory, compared with under the same two tree species when rhododendron was absent. Bimastos parvus Eisen, a species characteristic of inhospitable sites, was dominant on rhododendron plots, but was replaced by Komarekiona eatoni Gates and Eisenoides carolinensis Michaelsen in the absence of rhododendron, especially on plots under yellow poplar. In mixed‐species forests, abundance and species composition of earthworm assemblages are spatially variable in correspondence with patterns of soil properties and of the occurrence of tree and understory plant species.
Canopy and Soil Modification of Precipitation Chemistry in a Temperate Rain Forest
Authors: Edmonds Robert L. , Thomas Ted B. , Rhodes Jon J.
Published: July 2010

Little is known about the chemistry of solutions moving through old‐growth coastal temperate coniferous rain forests. The major objectives of this study were to examine precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and soil solution chemistry in an old‐growth temperate rain forest in the Hoh River valley on the northwest Washington coast 32 km from the Pacific Ocean, and to determine mechanisms involved with changes in solution chemistry. Dominant species were Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla [Raf.] Sarg.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis [Dougl.] Forbes). Stemflow was more acidic (avg. pH 4.3) than throughfall (avg. pH 5.0) and precipitation (avg. pH 5.3). This precipitation pH is typical for a remote site. Organic acids were important contributors to acidity in throughfall and stemflow. Soil solution pHs were much higher as a result of acid neutralization processes, averaging 5.7 in the forest floor and 6.2 at 40‐cm depth. Sodium and Cl dominated precipitation, followed by Ca and SO4, indicating a strong oceanic influence. Throughfall and stemflow were generally enriched in cations, especially K, but concentrations in soil solutions were less than those in stemflow. Organic anions contributed greatly to cation leaching in the canopy, with a much smaller contribution from SO4. Like precipitation, Na and Cl dominated throughfall, stemflow, and soil solutions. The highest concentrations of NH4 were found in stemflow, suggesting N fixation in the canopy. Throughfall and stem‐flow under Pacific silver fir had the highest concentrations of both cations and anions. Phosphate, NH4, and NO3 concentrations were low in the soil solution, indicating strong retention of N and P in this ecosystem.
Soil Profile Modification Effects on Corn and Sugarbeet Grown with Limited Water
Authors: Eck H. V. , Winter S. R.
Published: July 2010

In arid and semiarid areas, searches continue for practices that enhance soil water storage and for crops that make the best use of stored water. Objectives of this study were to determine the effects of profile modification (PM) on profile soil water extraction, water use, yield, and water‐use efficiency (WUE) of corn (Zea mays L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown with limited water supply. The study was conducted on a site where PM treatments involving mixing of the soil profile to 0.0, 0.9, and 1.5 m were imposed on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) in 1964. Corn (3 yr) and sugarbeet (2 yr) were grown under limited water (growing‐season rainfall plus preplant and emergence or preplant irrigation only). Profile modification to 0.9 and 1.5 m increased the 3‐yr‐average corn yields 64 and 180%, respectively. Respective increases in water use were 11 and 20%. Sugarbeet yields and water use were not affectged the first year but yields decreased and water use increased by 11% (on 1.5‐m PM soil) in the second year. Depletion curves indicated little rooting by corn below 2 m. Sugarbeet used water from 2.7 m or deeper on all PM treatments, with greatest use on the 1.5‐m PM soil. Profile modification to 1.5 m increased soil water depletion from the 0.7‐ to 2.7‐m soil depth by corn 186% (49–140 mm) and by sugarbeet 31% (179–234 mm). Extensive rooting by sugarbeet and the long vegetative growing season for root extension limited PM effects on rooting and associated depletion of water from soil below the depths of PM. With the tested system of PM and water supply, corn yields were too low to make production profitable (average 2.8 Mg ha−1 on 1.5‐m PM soil) and the effects of PM on sugarbeet yields and WUE do not indicate that PM is a viable practice in sugarbeet production.
Irrigation Quantity and Uniformity and Nitrogen Application Effects on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Leaching
Authors: Pang X. P. , Letey J. , Wu L.
Published: July 2010

The combined effects of irrigation and N management on crop yield and NO3− leaching have not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationships between irrigation management (including uniformity) and N management on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and NO3− leaching. Yield and N leaching were simulated using the CERES‐Maize (version 2.10) model for various combinations of irrigation amounts and uniformity and N amount and timing of split N applications for semiarid conditions typical of Tulare County in California. Simulated grain yield increased, reached a plateau, and then decreased with increase in applied water under uniform irrigation. The amount of applied water above which yield decreased was higher for the higher N application rate and the later simulated split N application. The simulated amounts of N leached were consistent with the yield results. The higher water applications that lead to reduced yields were associated with higher N leaching for a given N application amount. The effects of irrigation were simulated assuming Christensen's Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) of 100, 90, and 75. The results were only slightly affected by CUC = 90 compared with 100. A CUC of 75 caused a reduction in yield and increase in N leaching compared with uniform irrigation. The lowest CUC required a higher N application to achieve the same yield as uniform irrigation. Under nonuniform irrigation, it is impossible to manage either water or N application in a manner to achieve high yields without considerahle NO3− leaching. High yield and low NO3− leaching are compatible goals and can be achieved by appropriate irrigation and fertilizer management for irrigation systems that have a CUC of 90 or greater.
Quinoline Sorption on Kaolinite–Humic Acid Complexes
Authors: Chorover Jon , Amistadi Mary Kay , Burgos William D. , Hatcher Patrick G.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption of quinolineand background electrolyte (LiCl) onto specimen kaolinite was measured as a function of surface‐bound humic acid (HA) concentration, pH (3–10), and ionic strength (1–10 mM). Complexation of HA on the kaolinite surface (4.5 mg C kg−1) reduced the point of zero net charge (pznc) for kaolinite by more than one pH unit and resulted in a significant increase in negative surface charge. Maximum sorption of quinoline occurred near its pKafor all sorbents. Below the pKa, quinoline sorption increases with increasing pH and decreasing proton competition. Above the pKa, sorption is reduced in parallel with (but offset to a higher pH from) the ionized fraction. Competition with Li+for surface sites is apparent from diminished quinoline adsorption with increasing ionic strength, but sorption of the ionized form of quinoline is always favored and kaolinite exhibits selectivity for cationic quinoline overHowever, increasingfOCdiminishes quinoline sorption and selectivityand increases sorption reversibility relative to uncoated kaolinite. Humic acid alone exhibits lower selectivity for quinolineThe results indicate that mineral‐sorbed humic substances can diminish retention of cationic quinoline despite an increase in overall cation‐exchange capacity.
Pedogenic Silica Accumulation in Chronosequence Soils, Southern California
Authors: Kendrick Katherine J. , Graham Robert C.
Published: July 2010

Chronosequential analysis of soil properties has proven to be a valuable approach for estimating ages of geomorphic surfaces where no independent age control exists. In this study we examined pedogenic silica as an indicator of relative ages of soils and geomorphic surfaces, and assessed potential sources of the silica. Pedogenic opaline silica was quantified by tiron (4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzene‐disulfonic acid [disodium salt], C6H4Na2O8S2) extraction for pedons in two different chronosequences in southern California, one in the San Timoteo Badlands and one in Cajon Pass. The soils of both of these chronosequences are developed in arkosic sediments and span 11.5 to 500 ka. The amount of pedogenic silica increases with increasing duration of pedogenesis, and the depth of the maximum silica accumulation generally coincides with the maximum expression of the argillic horizon. Pedogenic silica has accumulated in all of the soils, ranging from 1.2% tiron‐extractable Si (Sitn) in the youngest soil to 4.6% in the oldest. Primary Si decreases with increasing duration of weathering, particularly in the upper horizons, where weathering conditions are most intense. The loss of Si coincides with the loss of Na and K, implicating the weathering of feldspars as the likely source of Si loss. The quantity of Si lost in the upper horizons is adequate to account for the pedogenic silica accumulation in the subsoil. Pedogenic silica was equally effective as pedogenic Fe oxides as an indicator of relative soil age in these soils.
Modeling the Fate of Acetochlor and Terbuthylazine in the Field Using the Root Zone Water Quality Model
Authors: Ma Q. L. , Rahman A. , James T. K. , Holland P. T. , McNaughton D. E. , Rojas K. W. , Ahuja L. R.
Published: July 2010

Data collected from a 3‐yr controlled field study in Hamilton, New Zealand were used to examine whether the Root Zone Water Quality Model is capable of predicting water movement and pesticide fate in the field based on key lab‐measured parameters and environmental variables. Acetochlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(ethoxymethyl)‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl) acetamide; 2.5 and 5.0 kg a.i. ha−1] and terbuthylazine (C9H16ClN5; 1.5 and 3.0 kg a.i. ha−1) were applied onto nine field plots (3 by 9 m each). Soil core samples were taken to a depth of 1 m to determine soil water contents and pesticide concentrations. Dissipation of both pesticides in the field at both application rates followed first‐order kinetics (adjustedr2> 0.91). The mean dissipation half‐life was 16 d for acetochlor and 25 d for terbuthylazine. Relatively small amounts of the pesticides leached below 5 cm and none leached below 10 cm. Predicted soil water contents in the soil profile were not significantly different from those measured in the field (p> 0.84). Predicted acetochlor and terbuthylazine masses in the soil profile based on a linear instantaneous‐equilibrium (I‐E) partitioning model matched those measured in the field (adjustedr2> 0.93). However, predicted pesticide concentrations in the soil profile were less satisfactory, with 68 and 35% of the predicted concentrations being within a factor of 2 of the measured concentrations for 0‐ to 5‐ and 5‐ to 10‐cm depths, respectively. Calibration of each pesticide sensitive parameter individually did not significantly improve the overall predictions of pesticide mass and concentrations in the soil profile when the I‐E partitioning model was used. The predictions were improved when a two‐site, equilibrium‐kinetic (E‐K) sorption model was used.
Comparison of Soil Nitrogen Tests for Corn Fertilizer Recommendations in the Humid Southeastern USA
Authors: Williams Jared D. , Crozier Carl R. , White Jeffrey G. , Sripada Ravi P. , Crouse David A.
Published: July 2010

Environmental concerns about increasing NO3 levels in watersheds in North Carolina and elsewhere indicate the need for better N fertilizer management. Nitrate levels might be reduced if N rates could be adjusted based on field‐ or site‐specific knowledge of corn (Zea mays L.) response to N fertilization. Currently, there is no effective soil N test for the humid southeastern USA. This study was conducted to compare three soil N tests for practicality, precision, and ability to correlate with economic optimum N rate (EONR) and fertilizer response on southeastern U.S. soils. The soil N tests were the Illinois soil N test (ISNT), the gas pressure test (GPT), and the incubation and residual N test (IRNT). Soil samples were collected from the sites of 16 N‐response trials from 2001 to 2003 where different mineralizable and residual N levels were expected. The ISNT was determined to be the most practical test because it was the easiest to perform and could be completed in 1 d. The ISNT and GPT had better precision (lower CV) than the IRNT (9 and 13 vs. 61%, respectively). All three tests were related to EONR; ISNT had the strongest linear relationship (r2 = 0.90) when consideration was restricted to sites on mineral soils. The ISNT and GPT were related to delta yield (maximum yield minus check yield; r2 = 0.49 and 0.60, respectively) and fertilizer response (r2 = 0.31 and 0.51, respectively). These results indicate the potential of the ISNT and GPT to account for mineralizable and residual soil N levels and thus improve current corn N recommendations in the humid southeastern USA.
Gelling Properties of Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) Surimi as Affected by Washing Process and High Pressure
Authors: Luo Xiaoling , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Wei , Cheng Zhenzhu , Jiang Xiaoyan
Published: July 2010

This study evaluated the effect of washing conditions on gel properties of Spanish mackerel and investigated the application of high pressure to improve the gel properties of Spanish mackerel. Alkaline-saline washing process surimi (ASWPS) showed the increase in gel strength by 40.19% than unwashed surimi, and by 26.74% than conventional washing process surimi (CWPS). These increases were associated with the lowered expressible moisture content. However, no differences were found in deformation of gels prepared by different washing processes. Electrophoretic studies revealed that ASWPS had the highest MHC and actin band intensity. Alkaline-saline washing process surimi was subjected to ultra-high pressures of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 MPa for 30 min at 40°C. The effects of pressure on both springiness and cohesiveness were insignificant. Hardness and chewiness of samples treated at 300 and 400 MPa increased significantly when compared with the control, which increase by 2.68 and 2.40 times at 300 MPa and by 2.87 and 2.70 times at 400 MPa, respectively. However, these values slightly decreased after treatment at 500 MPa. In addition, pressure increased the whiteness of surimi, the higher pressure the more increase.
Lifestyle Intervention for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Health Care
Authors: Saaristo Timo , Moilanen Leena , Korpi-Hyövälti Eeva , Vanhala Mauno , Saltevo Juha , Niskanen Leo , Jokelainen Jari , Peltonen Markku , Oksa Heikki , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Uusitupa Matti , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

To investigate 1-year outcomes of a national diabetes prevention program in Finland.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Altogether 10,149 individuals at high risk for diabetes were identified with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC; scoring ≥15 points), by a history of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), cardiovascular disease, or gestational diabetes mellitus in 400 primary health care centers. One-year follow-up data were available for 2,798 participants who were nondiabetic at baseline (919 men and 1,879 women, aged 56.0 ± 9.9 and 54.0 ± 10.7 years [mean ± SD] with BMI 30.9 ± 4.6 and 31.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2).

RESULTS

The incidence of diabetes was 2.0 and 1.2% in men and women with normal glucose tolerance at baseline, 13.5 and 7.4% in those with IFG, and 16.1 and 11.3% in those with IGT, respectively. Altogether 17.5% of the subjects lost ≥5% weight with no sex difference. The relative risk of diabetes was 0.31 (95% CI 0.16–0.59) in the group who lost ≥5% weight, 0.72 (0.46–1.13) in the group who lost 2.5–4.9% weight, and 1.10 (0.77–1.58) in the group who gained ≥2.5% compared with the group who maintained weight.

CONCLUSIONS

The FIN-D2D was the first national effort to implement the prevention of diabetes in a primary health care setting. Methods for recruiting high-risk subjects were simple and easy to use. Moderate weight loss in this very high-risk group was especially effective in reducing risk of diabetes among those participating in the program.
Racial Differences in the Association Between Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Adiposity in Premenopausal Women
Authors: Yeung Edwina H. , Zhang Cuilin , Hediger Mary L. , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Schisterman Enrique F.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

To assess the associations between measures of adiposity and sex hormone– binding globulin (SHBG) and to evaluate whether such associations differ by race.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Adiposity was measured by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among women (146 white, 50 black, and 25 Asian) aged 18–44 years in the BioCycle study. SHBG was repeatedly measured over one to two menstrual cycles. The ratio of trunkal to leg fat (T/L) was used to assess upper to lower body adiposity.

RESULTS

Among whites, all adiposity measures were significantly and inversely associated with SHBG. Among blacks, BMI (β = −0.032), waist circumference (β = −0.016), and T/L (β = −0.033) were significantly associated with SHBG, whereas total and trunkal fat were not (P interaction with race <0.04). Among Asians, measures of central and upper body fat were significantly associated with SHBG (e.g., T/L, β = −0.84) but not BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Associations between SHBG and adiposity differ by race among premenopausal women.
Duck decoys, with particular reference to the history of bird ringing
Authors: JANET
Published: July 2010

The Dutch decoy of the sixteenth century is described. It was a sophisticated device for catching ducks that depended, for its effectiveness, upon the mobbing response that swimming wildfowl show to mammalian predators such as dogs and foxes. A great decline in the use of decoys for obtaining dead ducks for market occurred during the last century; however, in 1907, a decoy in Denmark was used for the first time as a trap to catch birds in order to release them individually ringed. The majority of ducks ringed in Britain have been caught in decoys, starting at Orielton in 1934. The results obtained have been valuable, and our knowledge of wildfowl migrations would be far less advanced had decoys not been available.
Re-inventing the Ashmolean. Natural history and natural theology at Oxford in the 1820s to 1850s
Authors: MACGREGOR ARTHUR , HEADON ABIGAIL
Published: July 2010

During the period of the successive keeperships of John Shute Duncan (1823–1829) and his brother Philip Bury Duncan (1829–1854), the collections of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford were comprehensively redisplayed as a physical exposition of the doctrines of natural theology, specifically as propounded by William Paley. The displays assembled by the Duncans, overwhelmingly dominated by natural history specimens, were swept away with the opening of the University's new Natural Science Museum and with them went almost all recollection of an extraordinary chapter in museum history. From largely unpublished records in the Ashmolean, the Duncans' achievement is here reconstructed. The primary evidence is provided by contemporary reports prepared for the Visitors of the Museum and by surviving texts from the Duncans' museum labels. Additional perspectives are provided by an extensive body of correspondence from the collectors, explorers and others who contributed specimens to the new displays: their texts illuminate aspects of contemporary preoccupations with classification, broader research priorities, and problems associated with collecting, preserving and transporting specimens, as well as shedding light on individual exhibits which they contributed to the Museum. These correspondents include a number of significant figures in the nineteenth century history of natural history, including Andrew Bloxam, N. A. Vigors and William Burchell.
A Facile and Efficient Approach to N‐Protected‐β‐Sulfinyl‐ enamines via C‐Sulfinylation of Enamides and Enecarbamates
Authors: Li Yinhui , Cheng Ke , Lu Xiaoxia , Sun Jian
Published: July 2010

A practical method has been developed for the C‐sulfinylation of enamides and enecarbamates using sodium phenylsulfinate/methyltrichlorosilane (PhSO2Na/MeSiCl3) as the sulfinylating reagent and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the Lewis base promoter, which allows for the preparation of a variety of N‐protected‐β‐sulfinylenamines in high yields and good stereoselectivities. The Lewis base is found to be important for both the in situ generation of the active sulfinylating species (PhSOCl) and the sulfinylation step.
Facile Assembly of H‐Pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via Silver Triflate‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Tandem Reaction of 2‐Alkynyl‐ benzaldehyde, Sulfonohydrazide, and Ketone or Aldehyde
Authors: Yu Xingxin , Ye Shengqing , Wu Jie
Published: July 2010

A novel and efficient route for the generation of H‐pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines via silver triflate‐catalyzed one‐pot tandem reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldehyde, sulfonohydrazide, and ketone or aldehyde is described. This reaction proceeds with good functional group tolerance under mild conditions with high efficiency and excellent selectivity.
Directional multivariate tests rejecting null and negative effects in all variables
Authors: Glimm Ekkehard , Läuter Jürgen
Published: July 2010

This paper suggests two directional multivariate tests that aim at establishing superiority of a treatment over a control in at least one of several endpoints that are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution. One of these tests is a one‐sided, scale‐invariant version of the classical Hotelling T2‐test. The other is based on a summary score with weights derived from the data. Both tests overcome an important shortcoming of previous “one‐sided” multivariate suggestions, namely that the null hypothesis was restricted to a single point in the multidimensional parameter space. The derivation of the tests is supplemented by simulations investigating their performance and by the application in an osteoporosis trial.
Antioxidant enzymatic defense in salivary glands of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats: a temporal study
Authors: Ibuki Flavia Kazue , Simões Alyne , Nogueira Fernando Neves
Published: July 2010

Hyperglycemia induces overproduction of superoxide and it is related to diabetic complications. In this study, we analyzed the antioxidant enzymatic defense and the lipid peroxidation of rat salivary glands in six different periods of diabetic condition. Ninety‐six rats were divided into 12 groups: C7/14/21/28/45/60 (non‐diabetic animals) and D7/14/21/28/45/60 (diabetic animals). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and the rats were euthanized after 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, or 60 days. Their parotid (PA) and submandibular (SM) glands were removed soon after the sacrifice and the total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, as well as, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Twenty‐one days after the diabetes induction, the SM glands showed an increase in SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as, MDA concentration. Concerning the PA glands, an increase in the CAT activity and MDA content was observed throughout the observation period. The results suggest that diabetes can cause alterations on the salivary glands and that PA and SM glands react differently when exposed to diabetes condition. However, no impairment of antioxidant system was observed in the group whose diabetic condition had been induced 60 days earlier, herein named 60‐day group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of a vodcast to support eating and reduce anxiety in people with eating disorder: A case series
Authors: Treasure Janet , Macare Christine , Mentxaka Izaskun Ortega , Harrison Amy
Published: July 2010

Individuals with eating disorders have difficulty controlling obsessive intrusions and ritualistic behaviours relating to food and exercise. An imagery‐based intervention using a vodcast (small video file played on a mobile phone or portable media device), with visual and aural components, was designed to target eating related psychopathology in a consecutive series of four patients. The vodcast was used to support consumption of a smoothie, both as a behavioural experiment and at home, in naturalistic circumstances. More of the smoothie was drunk in a shorter time when the smoothie was offered with the vodcast (mean of 218 g, SD = 64) than in the comparison condition (mean of 160 g, SD = 71). The vodcast condition was associated with reduced anxiety in three out of four patients. Three out of four patients used the vodcasts at home and found they provided them with support and motivation. All patients' weight increased after 3 months. Using a vodcast to support patients during meal times may be a useful addition to treatment for anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Comorbid cancer in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lo Raymond Y. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Albers Kathleen B. , Leimpeter Amethyst D. , Nelson Lorene M.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this article was to evaluate cancer occurrence before and after diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated 692 patients newly diagnosed with PD and 761 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects identified during two periods (1994–1995 and 2000–2003) within Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California. Primary cancers were searched and dated, and all participants were followed up until the end of membership, death, or December 31, 2008. We used unconditional logistic regression to evaluate the PD–cancer association before the date of PD diagnosis or the index date and Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the PD–cancer association after the index date. Nearly 20% (140 of 692) of the PD patients and 25% (188 of 761) of the non‐PD controls had ever had a cancer diagnosis. Before the index date, the prevalence of cancer was not significantly lower in patients with PD (8.1% PD vs. 9.2% controls; OR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.54–1.3). After the index date, the risk of developing a cancer did not differ between PD cases and controls (relative risk [RR] = 0.94; 95% CI 0.70–1.3). Among specific cancers, melanoma was more common among PD cases (before PD, OR = 1.5; 95% CI 0.40–5.2; after PD, RR = 1.6; 95% CI 0.71–3.6), but independent of dopaminergic therapy. Cancer occurrence is not significantly lower among patients with PD. The positive association between PD and subsequent melanoma merits further investigation, as it does not seem to be attributable to dopaminergic therapy, pigmentation, or confounding by smoking. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Effects of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin‐2 on apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Gosslau Alexander , En Jao David Li , Huang Mou‐Tuan , Ho Chi‐Tan , Evans Dave , Rawson Nancy E. , Chen Kuang Yu
Published: July 2010

Scope: Theaflavin‐2 (TF‐2), a major component of black tea extract, induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells and suppresses serum‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression 1. Here, we explored the mechanisms for activation of apoptosis, evaluated the impact on inflammatory genes in a broader panel of cells and tested whether topical anti‐inflammatory effects could be observed in vivo.

Methods and results: TF‐2 triggered apoptosis in five other transformed cancer cell lines, inducing cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and mitochondrial clustering within 3 h of treatment. Among a set of pro‐apoptotic genes, TF‐2 quickly induced the up‐regulation of P53 and BAX, suggesting mitochondria as the primary target. Using a cell model for inflammatory response, we showed that TF‐2 suppressed the 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐induced COX‐2 gene expression, and also down‐regulated TNF‐α, iNOS, ICAM‐1, and NFκB. A reporter gene assay showed that TF‐2 down‐regulated COX‐2 at the transcriptional level. We also demonstrated that TF‐2 exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity in two mouse models of inflammation. Topical application with TF‐2 significantly reduced ear edema and produced a pattern of gene down‐regulation similar to that observed in the cell model.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the anti‐inflammatory and pro‐apoptotic activity of TF‐2 may be exploited therapeutically in cancer and other diseases associated with inflammation.
Kinase/phosphatase overexpression reveals pathways regulating hippocampal neuron morphology
Authors: Buchser William J , Slepak Tatiana I , Gutierrez‐Arenas Omar , Bixby John L , Lemmon Vance P
Published: July 2010

Development and regeneration of the nervous system requires the precise formation of axons and dendrites. Kinases and phosphatases are pervasive regulators of cellular function and have been implicated in controlling axodendritic development and regeneration. We undertook a gain‐of‐function analysis to determine the functions of kinases and phosphatases in the regulation of neuron morphology. Over 300 kinases and 124 esterases and phosphatases were studied by high‐content analysis of rat hippocampal neurons. Proteins previously implicated in neurite growth, such as ERK1, GSK3, EphA8, FGFR, PI3K, PKC, p38, and PP1a, were confirmed to have effects in our functional assays. We also identified novel positive and negative neurite growth regulators. These include neuronal‐developmentally regulated kinases such as the activin receptor, interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) and neural leucine‐rich repeat 1 (LRRN1). The protein kinase N2 (PKN2) and choline kinase α (CHKA) kinases, and the phosphatases PPEF2 and SMPD1, have little or no established functions in neuronal function, but were sufficient to promote neurite growth. In addition, pathway analysis revealed that members of signaling pathways involved in cancer progression and axis formation enhanced neurite outgrowth, whereas cytokine‐related pathways significantly inhibited neurite formation.
Robust one-way modes in gyromagnetic photonic crystal waveguides with different interfaces
Authors: Fu Jin-Xin , Liu Rong-Juan , Li Zhi-Yuan
Published: July 2010

We experimentally realize a one-way waveguide made from a gyromagnetic photonic crystal (GPC) and a normal dielectric photonic crystal in their common photonic band gap. Due to the time reversal symmetry breaking of the GPC under a dc magnetic field, the edge modes exhibit a one-way property. We investigate the unidirectional propagation character originating from the chiral edge states at different widths of the waveguide. Both the forward modes, which are robust to various obstacles, and the backward modes show an obvious frequency shift for different waveguide widths. Numerical simulations by means of the transfer-matrix method and multiple scattering methods agree well with the experimental data.