bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An alternative analysis method for evaluating electromagnetic flowmeter performance
Authors: Beck Kade J. , Barfuss Steven L. , Sharp Zachary B. , Moon Todd K.
Published: September 2021

The weight function method (WFM) is compared with the magnetohydrodynamics (MHDs) coupled solver approach for single‐point and multipoint magnetic flowmeters downstream of a distorted flow created by a long radius 90‐degree elbow. A review of the literature appears to indicate that researchers who are interested in magnetic flowmeter accuracy and performance either have been unaware of or not capable of analyzing magnetic flowmeters using the WFM. The study examines whether any differences are apparent between modeling the single‐point electrodes and omitting the electrodes from the model. The results of the study indicate differences less than 0.50% between the WFM and the MHD approach. The results also demonstrate that for single‐point flowmeters, modeling the electrodes is not necessary. This research eliminates the barrier of deriving a weight function to model magnetic flowmeters.

Article Impact Statement

An alternative analysis method for magnetic flowmeters enables more researchers to evaluate their performance.
Tangeretin promotes lifespan associated with insulin/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 signaling pathway and heat resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Liu Yalei , Zhou Zhenyu , Yin Liufang , Zhu Mengnan , Wang Fei , Zhang Lijun , Wang Hongqing , Zhou Zhiqin , Zhu Huanhu , Huang Cheng , Fan Shengjie
Published: September 2021

Tangeretin is a polymethoxylated flavonoid naturally occurred in citrus fruits with many pharmacological activities, such as anti‐inflammatory, antiproliferative, and neuroprotective properties. A previous study reported that tangeretin‐enriched orange extract could prolong the lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the antiaging effect of tangeretin remains uncertain. In this study, we used the model organism C. elegans to conduct a lifespan test, observed the aging‐related functional changes of nematodes, the fluorescence changes of stress‐related proteins (DAF‐16 and HSP‐16.2) and its response to stress assay, and monitored the effect of tangeretin on the mRNA expression levels. The results showed that tangeretin supplementation (30 and 100 μM) extended the mean lifespan, slowed aging‐related functional declines, and increased the resistance against heat‐shock stress. Furthermore, tangeretin upregulated the mRNA expression of daf‐16, hsp‐16.2, and hsp‐16.49, promoted the nuclear localization of DAF‐16, and enhanced the fluorescence intensity of HSP‐16.2, while it had no effect on the lifespan of daf‐2, age‐1, and daf‐16 mutants. The current findings suggest that tangeretin can significantly extend the lifespan and enhance heat stress tolerance in an insulin/insulin‐like growth factor signaling dependent manner.
Integration of green and lean practices for sustainable business management
Authors: Singh Rajesh Kr , Kumar Mangla Sachin , Bhatia Manjot Singh , Luthra Sunil
Published: September 2021

The integrated implementation of lean and green systems can assist managers in achieving environmental and economic performance. The benefits of this integration include improved quality of the environment, superior interactions with channel partners and consumers, reduction in lead times and overall costs, and so forth. This research seeks to evaluate the solutions for integrated implementation of green and lean practices to overcome the barriers in the manufacturing industry. The barriers are categorized as managerial, technological, organizational and cultural, individual and quality barriers. In this study, a fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS based framework has been proposed. From the analysis, it is found that application of quality control tools, reduction in lead‐time, use of right first time approach and use of new technology and product innovations are the most significant among the solution alternatives that the manufacturing firms should consider to overcome obstacles in implementation of green and lean systems. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine prominent solutions to overcome barriers with regard to integrated operation of green and lean performance. The ranking of the solutions will be useful for managers in the manufacturing firms to make best strategic decisions for reducing their waste and improving performance. Mangers can concentrate on the most prominent solutions and formulate the appropriate strategies accordingly.
The atrioventricular conduction axis and the aortic root—Inferences for transcatheter replacement of the aortic valve
Authors: Macías Yolanda , Tretter Justin T. , Sánchez‐Quintana Damián , Cabrera José‐Angel , Spicer Diane E. , de Almeida Marcos C. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: September 2021

Conduction problems still occur following transcatheter aortic valvar replacement. With this in mind, we have assessed the relationship of the conduction axis to the aortic root. We used serial histological sections, made perpendicular to the base of the triangle of Koch in nine hearts, and perpendicular to the aortic root in 11 hearts. We first defined the extent of the fibrous tissues forming the boundaries of an infero‐septal recess of the subaortic outflow tract, found in all datasets but one. When the recess was present, the axis penetrated through its rightward wall, giving rise to the left bundle branch prior to entering the outflow tract. The axis itself was usually on the crest of the ventricular septum, but could be deviated leftward or rightward. Its proximity to the virtual basal plane reflected the angulation of the muscular septum. On average, the superior edge of the left bundle was within 3.3 mm of the hinge of the right coronary leaflet, with a range from 0.4 to 10.2 mm. The arrangement was markedly different in the case lacking an infero‐septal recess. Our findings necessitated a redefinition of the right fibrous trigone and the central fibrous body. The atrioventricular conduction axis, having entered the aortic root, is usually closest at the hinge of the right coronary leaflet. Knowledge of the depth of the infero‐septal recess, and the angulation of the muscular ventricular septal, may help to avoid conduction problems following transcatheter implantation of the aortic valve.
Effectiveness of various human papillomavirus vaccination strategies: A community randomized trial in Finland
Authors: Lehtinen Matti , Apter Dan , Eriksson Tiina , Harjula Katja , Hokkanen Mari , Natunen Kari , Nieminen Pekka , Paavonen Jorma , Palmroth Johanna , Petäjä Tiina , Pukkala Eero , Vänskä Simopekka , Cheuvart Brigitte , Soila Maaria , Bi Dan , Struyf Frank
Published: September 2021

Introduction

We conducted a community‐randomized trial (NCTBLINDED) in Finland to assess gender‐neutral and girls‐only vaccination strategies with the AS04‐adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 (AS04‐HPV‐16/18)vaccine.

Methods

Girls and boys (12−15 years) were invited. We randomized 33 communities (1:1:1 ratio): Arm A: 90% of randomly selected girls and boys received AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine and 10% received hepatitis B vaccine (HBV); Arm B: 90% of randomly selected girls received AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine, 10% of girls received HBV, and all boys received HBV; Arm C: all participants received HBV. Effectiveness measurements against prevalence of HPV‐16/18 cervical infection were estimated in girls at 18.5 years. The main measures were: (1) overall effectiveness comparing Arms A or B, regardless of vaccination status, vs Arm C; (2) total effectiveness comparing AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccinated girls in pooled Arms A/B vs Arm C; (3) indirect effectiveness (herd effect) comparing girls receiving HBV or unvaccinated in Arm A vs Arm C. Co‐primary objectives were overall effectiveness following gender‐neutral or girls‐only vaccination.

Results

Of 80,272 adolescents invited, 34,412 were enrolled. Overall effectiveness was 23.8% (95% confidence interval: −19.0, 51.1; P = 0.232) with gender‐neutral vaccination. Following girls‐only vaccination, overall effectiveness was 49.6% (20.1, 68.2; P = 0.004). Total effectiveness was over 90% regardless of vaccination strategy. No herd effect was found. Immunogenicity of the AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine was high in both sexes.

Conclusions

This study illustrates the difficulty in conducting community randomized trials. It is not plausible that vaccinating boys would reduce overall effectiveness, and the apparent lack of herd effect was unexpected given findings from other studies. This analysis was likely confounded by several factors but confirms the vaccine's high total effectiveness as in clinical trials.
Lifetime predictions of prestressed concrete bridges—Evaluating parameters of relevance using Sobol' indices
Authors: Sanio David , Ahrens Mark Alexander , Mark Peter
Published: September 2021

The residual structural lifetime of concrete bridges is often limited by fatigue of the prestressing steel. In practice, numerical calculations of the structure are combined with Miner's rule—based on load frequencies and stress amplitudes—to estimate the damage. Thereby, various parameters must be accounted for whereof a few are actually relevant. Structural monitoring is valuable to increase the accuracy of lifetime predictions, but usually experts choose the right parameters on experience only. A more objective assessment can be reached by sensitivity analysis. A powerful method is provided by Sobol's variance‐based indices. They quantify the influence of a single parameter's variance on the model's total variance and account for interactions in nonlinear models, too. Exemplified on a reference structure, sensitivity indices are determined. Meanwhile specific characteristics like the nonlinear behavior of concrete after cracking are considered. In this case, the key elements of lifetime prediction turn out to be the time‐dependent losses of prestress and the traffic loads.
RuNi Alloy Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Oxygen‐Doped Carbon as Bifunctional Catalyst towards Hydrogen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Yuan Qing , Yang Yang , Gong Shipeng , Chen Shi , Huang Minxue , Wang Changlai , Tong Huigang , Chen Qianwang
Published: September 2021

Main observation and conclusion

The efficient production and utilization of hydrogen play an important role in the closed loop of energy conversion. It is an urgent need to find low‐cost and high‐performance replacements for platinum‐based catalysts towards hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, bifunctional RuNi alloy nanoparticles embedded in oxygen‐doped carbon were prepared via simple annealing of Ru‐doped Ni‐BTC, the limiting current density of which could reach 2.46 mA/cm2 (close to Pt) in 0.1 mol/L KOH for HOR. And the low overpotentials of only 29 mV in 1 mol/L KOH and 62 mV in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 were needed to reach the current density of 10 mA/cm2 for HER. The effect of alloying and oxygen‐doped graphene contributed to the excellent activity and stability during hydrogen electrocatalysis. This work provides new ideas for the development of novel types of hydrogen electrocatalysts and enriches the application of MOFs in HOR.
Discovery of Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors with Decreased CYP2C8 Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Qiu Hui , Ali Zahid , Bowlan Julian , Caldwell Richard , Gardberg Anna , Glaser Nina , Goutopoulos Andreas , Head Jared , Johnson Theresa , Maurer Christine , Georgi Katrin , Grenningloh Roland , Fang Zhizhou , Morandi Federica , Rohdich Felix , Schmidt Ralf. , Follis Ariele Viacava , Sherer Brian
Published: September 2021

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a member of the Tec kinase family that is expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. Evidence has shown that inhibition of BTK has clinical benefit for the treatment of a wide array of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Previously we reported the discovery of a novel nicotinamide selectivity pocket (SP) series of potent and selective covalent irreversible BTK inhibitors. The top molecule 1 of that series strongly inhibited CYP2C8 (IC50=100 nM), which was attributed to the bridged linker group. However, our effort on the linker replacement turned out to be fruitless. With the study of the X‐ray crystal structure of compound 1, we envisioned the opportunity of removal of this liability via transposition of the linker moiety in 1 from C6 to C5 position of the pyridine core. With this strategy, our optimization led to the discovery of a novel series, in which the top molecule 18 A displayed reduced CYP inhibitory activity and good potency. To further explore this new series, different warheads besides acrylamide, for example cyanamide, were also tested. However, this effort didn't lead to the discovery of molecules with better potency than 18 A. The loss of potency in those molecules could be related to the reduced reactivity of the warhead or reversible binding mode. Further profiling of 18 A disclosed that it had a strong hERG (human Ether‐a‐go‐go Related Gene) inhibition, which could be related to the phenoxyphenyl group.
Decoration of Squalenoyl‐Gemcitabine Nanoparticles with Squalenyl‐Hydroxybisphosphonate for the Treatment of Bone Tumors
Authors: Rodríguez‐Nogales Carlos , Desmaële Didier , Sebastián Víctor , Couvreur Patrick , Blanco‐Prieto María J.
Published: September 2021

Therapeutic perspectives of bone tumors such as osteosarcoma remain restricted due to the inefficacy of current treatments. We propose here the construction of a novel anticancer squalene‐based nanomedicine with bone affinity and retention capacity. A squalenyl‐hydroxybisphosphonate molecule was synthetized by chemical conjugation of a 1‐hydroxyl‐1,1‐bisphosphonate moiety to the squalene chain. This amphiphilic compound was inserted onto squalenoyl‐gemcitabine nanoparticles using the nanoprecipitation method. The co‐assembly led to nanoconstructs of 75 nm, with different morphology and colloidal properties. The presence of squalenyl‐hydroxybisphosphonate enhanced the nanoparticles binding affinity for hydroxyapatite, a mineral present in the bone. Moreover, the in vitro anticancer activity was preserved when tested in commercial and patient‐treated derived pediatric osteosarcoma cells. Further in vivo studies will shed light on the potential of these nanomedicines for the treatment of bone sarcomas.
Performance of Plasma Coproporphyrin I and III as OATP1B1 Biomarkers in Humans
Authors: Neuvonen Mikko , Tornio Aleksi , Hirvensalo Päivi , Backman Janne T. , Niemi Mikko
Published: September 2021

A previous study in 356 healthy Finnish volunteers showed that glycochenodeoxycholate 3‐O‐glucuronide (GCDCA‐3G) and glycodeoxycholate 3‐O‐glucuronide (GDCA‐3G) are promising biomarkers of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1). In the same cohort, we now evaluated the performances of two other OATP1B1 biomarkers, coproporphyrin I (CPI) and III (CPIII), and compared them with GCDCA‐3G and GDCA‐3G. Based on decreased (*5 and *15) and increased (*14 and *20) function SLCO1B1 haplotypes, we stratified the participants to poor, decreased, normal, increased, and highly increased OATP1B1 function groups. Fasting plasma CPI concentration was 68% higher in the poor (95% confidence interval, 44%, 97%; P = 1.74 × 10−10), 7% higher in the decreased (0%, 15%; P = 0.0385), 10% lower in the increased (3%, 18%; P = 0.0087), and 23% lower in the highly increased (1%, 40%; P = 0.0387) function group than in the normal function group. CPIII concentration was 27% higher (7%, 51%; P = 0.0071) in the poor function group than in the normal function group. CPI and CPIII detected poor OATP1B1 function with areas under the precision‐recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.388 (95% confidence interval, 0.197, 0.689) and 0.0798 (0.0485, 0.203), and receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.888 (0.851, 0.919) and 0.731 (0.682, 0.776). The AUPRC and AUROC of GCDCA‐3G were, however, 0.389 (0.258, 0.563) and 0.100 (−0.0046, 0.204; P = 0.0610) larger than those of CPI, and 0.697 (0.555, 0.831) and 0.257 (0.141, 0.373; P < 0.0001) larger than those of CPIII. In conclusion, these data indicate that plasma CPI outperforms CPIII in detecting altered OATP1B1 function, but GCDCA‐3G is an even more sensitive OATP1B1 biomarker than CPI.
Improving the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells by Introducing Perylene Diimide Derivative as Third Component and Individually Dissolving Donor/Acceptor
Authors: Lu Hao , Liu Juncheng , Liu Yahui , Xu Xinjun , Bo Zhishan
Published: September 2021

A perylene diimide (PDI) derivative was used as the third component to prepare high‐efficiency ternary organic solar cells (OSCs). PDI derivatives usually bear a wide bandgap and a long exciton diffusion length, which could be helpful to promote the device efficiency and still retain a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc). Compared with the binary OSC, the photovoltaic performance improved. Further changing the method for preparing the processing solutions from dissolving the polymer donor and small‐molecule acceptor ITTC together to dissolving them individually, molecular packing in the deposited active layer could be adjusted and the short‐circuit current density could be increased. As a result, the final device efficiency in such OSCs achieved 12.29 % power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a high Voc of 0.93 V. When using the PDI derivative as the third component to D18 : BTP‐eC9‐based OSCs, a high PCE of 17.38 % was obtained, which is the best one among photovoltaic devices employing PDI derivatives.
Electrochemical Reductive Arylation of Nitroarenes with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Wang Dan , Wan Zhaohua , Zhang Heng , Alhumade Hesham , Yi Hong , Lei Aiwen
Published: September 2021

The synthesis of diarylamine is extremely important in organic chemistry. Herein, a novel electrochemical reductive arylation of nitroarenes with arylboronic acids was developed. A variety of diarylamines were synthesized without the need for transition‐metal catalysts. The reaction could be scaled up efficiently in a flow cell and several derivatization reactions were carried out smoothly. Cyclic voltammetry experiments and mechanism studies showed that acetonitrile, formic acid, and triethyl phosphite all played a role in promoting this reductive arylation transformation.
Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite
Authors: Blum Stephan P. , Nickel Christean , Schäffer Lukas , Karakaya Tarik , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: September 2021

Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4NO2, which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy‐to‐handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1‐3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropan‐2‐ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2, which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13‐fold scale‐up.
Estimating preharvest density, adult sex ratio, and fecundity of white‐tailed deer using noninvasive sampling techniques
Authors: Brommer Jon E. , Poutanen Jenni , Pusenius Jyrki , Wikström Mikael
Published: September 2021

Adult sex ratio and fecundity (juveniles per female) are key population parameters in sustainable wildlife management, but inferring these requires abundance estimates of at least three age/sex classes of the population (male and female adults and juveniles). Prior to harvest, we used an array of 36 wildlife camera traps during 2 and 3 weeks in the early autumn of 2016 and 2017, respectively. We recorded white‐tailed deer adult males, adult females, and fawns from the pictures. Simultaneously, we collected fecal DNA (fDNA) from 92 20 m × 20 m plots placed in 23 clusters of four plots between the camera traps. We identified individuals from fDNA samples with microsatellite markers and estimated the total sex ratio and population density using spatial capture–recapture (SCR). The fDNA‐SCR analysis concluded equal sex ratio in the first year and female bias in the second year, and no difference in space use between sexes (fawns and adults combined). Camera information was analyzed in a spatial capture (SC) framework assuming an informative prior for animals’ space use, either (a) as estimated by fDNA‐SCR (same for all age/sex classes), (b) as assumed from the literature (space use of adult males larger than adult females and fawns), or (c) by inferring adult male space use from individually identified males from the camera pictures. These various SC approaches produced plausible inferences on fecundity, but also inferred total density to be lower than the estimate provided by fDNA‐SCR in one of the study years. SC approaches where adult male and female were allowed to differ in their space use suggested the population had a female‐biased adult sex ratio. In conclusion, SC approaches allowed estimating the preharvest population parameters of interest and provided conservative density estimates.
Evaluating potential sources of invasive wild pigs in Ontario
Authors: Koen Erin L. , Newton Erica J. , Ellington E. Hance
Published: September 2021

Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are considered one of the most damaging species globally, and once they become established in an area, they are notoriously difficult to eliminate. As such, identifying the potential pathways of invasion, especially in places with emerging populations, is critical for preventing new or continued invasion. Wild pigs have been reported in Ontario, Canada, in recent years. We tested four nonexclusive hypotheses about the source of wild pigs in Ontario: (a) escapees from captive sources within Ontario; (b) invasion from neighboring jurisdictions; (c) existing wild populations within Ontario; and (d) translocation and illegal release. We found that sightings of Eurasian wild boar were closer to premises with wild boar than were random locations; wild boar sightings were an average of 16.3 km (SD = 25.4 km, min = 0.2 km,n = 20) from premises with wild boar. We also found that sightings of domestic pigs were closer to domestic pig farms than expected. Sightings of wild pigs in groups of more than four animals were rare. Our results suggest that wild pigs observed in Ontario are recent escapes from captivity, recognizing that there may be established groups of wild pigs that we have not yet detected. While not common, we also received reports indicating that in the past, wild pigs have been translocated and illegally released. Other North American jurisdictions that have been successful at eliminating wild pigs have removed existing populations and changed regulations to limit future invasion, such as prohibiting possession and transport of wild boar and prohibiting hunting of wild pigs.
Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Microwave Assisted Extraction of Macadamia Oil And Evaluation of Its Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Ma Fei‐Yue , Wei Zuo‐Fu , Zhang Ming , Shuai Xi‐Xiang , Du Li‐Qing
Published: September 2021

This study presents the green and effective aqueous enzymatic process assisted microwave extraction (AEME) to preparate macadamia nut oil (MNO). The conditions of the extraction process are optimized (extraction temperature 50 °C, extraction time 64 min, enzyme concentration 1.60% (w/w), and irradiation power 450 W). An oil yield of 58.09 ± 0.63% is achieved under these optimal conditions. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) analysis of nuts before and after extraction illustrates that AEME promotes the emancipation of oil stored within the organelles. Gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) analysis reveals the fatty acid compositions of MNOs obtained by AEME and the Soxhlet extraction (SE) are similar and mainly dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids beneficial to human health which is higher in MNO than in any other known food. Moreover, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis reveals higher amounts of more odoriferous oxygenated terpenes is present in the MNO extracted by AEME in comparison with SE. The physicochemical properties of AEME oil are more excellent than those of SE oil. Moreover, AEME oil exhibits superior antioxidant capacities. In conclusion, green AEME gives relatively satisfactory yield and better retains the fragrance and functionality of MNO.

Practical Applications: The present study provides a green extraction method and valuable data for the process design as well as industrial scale‐up applications. In addition, compared to the nonsustainable and environmentally nonfriendly traditional method, AEME preserves the initial composition of the flavor substances and enhances the extraction of healthy beneficial compounds in MNO. Therefore, AEME oil can be used to develop functional edible oils or even in medicinal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations.
Financialization, common stochastic trends, and commodity prices
Authors: Kupabado Moses M. , Kaehler Juergen
Published: September 2021

Commodity financialization has been a subject of discussion since the 2008 financial crisis. It is estimated that between 2003 and 2008, index investorsʼ positions increased from $13 billion to $317 billion. Surprisingly, most studies, predominantly based on Granger‐causality testing, find no relationship between financialization and commodity prices. We examine the effects of shocks to the common stochastic trends in the index positions, the spot and futures prices of Chicago corn and soybeans, WTI crude oil and Henry Hub natural gas. The results show that financialization has contributed to the price movements of these commodities.
Cross‐well pressure test analysis for CO2 plume characterization based on arrival time and peak pressure change observations
Authors: Zeidouni Mehdi
Published: September 2021

CO2 migration from the injection zone into an upper zone is possible through potential migration paths such as improperly abandoned wells or other weaknesses in the caprock overlying the injection zone. Various monitoring technologies may be used to obtain information on the resulting CO2 plume in an overlying zone. Cross‐well pressure testing—where water is to be injected/produced at a well and the pressure response to be observed at monitoring well(s)—has been previously investigated to characterize the CO2 plume. However, the methods proposed in the literature are not simple and may be computationally expensive either in forward modeling, inverse modeling, or both. For the cross‐well test analysis proposed herein, both the forward solution—a closed‐form analytical model—and the inverse model—a well‐posed overdetermined system of nonlinear equations—are simple. Consequently, a simple analysis methodology is presented to invert the cross‐well test data to obtain important information on the plume. To achieve this simplified approach, the migrated CO2 plume is assumed circular in shape with constant gaseous CO2 fraction over the plume area. The analysis methodology is first validated using a single‐phase model with a circular heterogeneity. Next, the methodology is applied to synthetic cross‐well pressure test data for a two‐phase system with CO2 plume. The arrival times and peak pressure change values from multiple monitoring wells are used to estimate the location and size of the plume. The estimated values are in good agreement with the actual plume size and locations used in generating the synthetic data. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are governance mode and foreign location choices independent?
Authors: Leiblein Michael J. , Larsen Marcus M. , Pedersen Torben
Published: September 2021

Research Summary

This article explores the relationship between organizational governance and location choices. While the existing literature provides significant intuition regarding the factors that influence these choices, it often assumes that governance and location choice are independent from one another. This article tests the veracity of this assumption in the global semiconductor industry. We report evidence of significant correlations across choices regarding how to govern and where to locate production, evidence of a reciprocal relationship between governance and location choices, and evidence suggesting how interdependence between governance and location choices affects the stability of relationships highlighted by extant theories. We conclude with implications for future theoretical and empirical research based on the existence of these interdependent effects.

Managerial Summary

Managers face difficult choices when deciding how to organize the performance of an activity. They must choose whether to outsource an activity by balancing the potential benefits of a supplier's lower costs or knowledge against the costs of diminished coordination and control. They must also choose where to perform an activity by considering the benefits of locally bound expertise as well as potential costs associated with cultural, legal, and social barriers. While prior research has often addressed these issues by assuming that these choices are independent, this paper demonstrates that governance and location choices are interdependent and that each choice reciprocally affects the other. It concludes by suggesting managers utilize an expanded governance‐location choice set when evaluating where and how to manage their core activities.
Right‐hemispheric language reorganization in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Deng Xiaofeng , Wang Bo , Zong Fangrong , Yin Hu , Yu Shaochen , Zhang Dong , Wang Shuo , Cao Yong , Zhao Jizong , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2021

Brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), a presumed congenital lesion, may involve traditional language areas but usually does not lead to language dysfunction unless it ruptures. The objective of this research was to study right‐hemispheric language reorganization patterns in patients with brain AVMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We prospectively enrolled 30 AVM patients with lesions involving language areas and 32 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Each subject underwent fMRI during three language tasks: visual synonym judgment, oral word reading, and auditory sentence comprehension. The activation differences between the AVM and control groups were investigated by voxelwise analysis. Lateralization indices (LIs) for the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and cerebellum were compared between the two groups, respectively. Results suggested that the language functions of AVM patients and controls were all normal. Voxelwise analysis showed no significantly different activations between the two groups in visual synonym judgment and oral word reading tasks. In auditory sentence comprehension task, AVM patients had significantly more activations in the right precentral gyrus (BA 6) and right cerebellar lobule VI (AAL 9042). According to the LI results, the frontal lobe in oral word reading task and the temporal lobe in auditory sentence comprehension task were significantly more right‐lateralized in the AVM group. These findings suggest that for patients with AVMs involving language cortex, different language reorganization patterns may develop for different language functions. The recruitment of brain areas in the right cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres may play a compensatory role in the reorganized language network of AVM patients.
Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopes of a typical alpine river on the Tibetan Plateau revealing carbon sources, wetland effect and river recharge
Authors: Ge Lu , Tan Hongbin , Chen Xi , Rao Wenbo , Fan Meitong
Published: September 2021

The Nyangqu River, the largest right bank tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, was representative of an alpine riverine carbon cycle experiencing climate change. In this study, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) spatial and seasonal variations, as well as their carbon isotopic compositions (δ13CDIC) in river water and groundwater were systematically investigated to provide constraints on DIC sources, recharge and cycling. Significant changes in the δ13CDIC values (from −2.9‰ to −23.4‰) of the water samples were considered to be the result of different contributions of two dominant DIC origins: soil CO2 dissolution and carbonate weathering. Three types of rock weathering (dissolution of carbonate minerals by H2CO3 and H2SO4, and silicate dissolution by H2CO3) were found to control the DIC input into the riverine system. In DIC cycling, groundwater played a significant role in delivering DIC to the surface water, and DIC supply from tributaries to the main stream increased from the dry season to the wet season. Notably, the depleted δ13CDIC ‘peak’ around the 88.9° longitude, especially in the September groundwater samples, indicated the presence of ‘special’ DIC, which was attributed to the oxidation of methane from the Jiangsa wetland located nearby. This wetland could provide large amounts of soil organic matter available for bacterial degradation, producing 13C‐depleted methane. Our study provided insights regarding the role of wetlands in riverine carbon cycles and highlighted the contribution of groundwater to alpine riverine DIC cycles.
Extending functional communication training to multiple language contexts in bilingual learners with challenging behavior
Authors: Banerjee Ipshita , Lambert Joseph M. , Copeland Bailey A. , Paranczak Jessica L. , Bailey Kathryn M. , Standish Cassandra M.
Published: September 2021

Little research has highlighted how evidence‐based practices (e.g., functional communication training [FCT]) might be adapted for bilingual learners with disabilities. In the current study, we served 2 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and challenging behavior whose parents primarily spoke Spanish at home, and whose teachers primarily spoke English at school. Following traditional FCT (i.e., 1 language only), we systematically replicated the findings of Neely, Graber et al. (2020) by demonstrating that mands in the untrained language (i.e., English) did not emerge when trained mands (i.e., Spanish) contacted extinction in alternative‐language contexts. Simultaneously, challenging behavior consistently resurged. After children received explicit training with both languages and were taught to change the language of request when initial attempts were unsuccessful (i.e., “repair the message” training), these same children successfully obtained high rates of reinforcement in both language contexts, and challenging behavior rarely occurred.
Taxonomic investigation of selected rust fungi using scanning electron microscopy from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Ijaz Murtaza , Afza Rabia , Zafar Muhammad , Hamayun Muhammad , Khan Shujaul Mullk , Ahmad Zeeshan , Ahmad Mushtaq , Khan Sumera Afzal , Shah Raheem , Yahya Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Rusts comprises the largest natural group of plant pathogens including approximately 8% of all described Fungi. Rust fungi are extremely plant pathogens responsible for great losses to agriculture productivity. Rust species belong to several genera among which more than half are Puccinia species. In Pakistan, rust causes severe damage to agriculture crops. Current study was carried out to identify and characterize different rust species common in the research area through microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Morpho‐anatomical investigation of each collected rust species was carried out using different standard protocols. The dimensions of spores were measured and snapped under a stereomicroscope. SEM was used to examine the shape, size, and ornamentation of the spores of each rust fungus. Results revealed documentation of seven rust fungi, that is, Melampsora euphorbiae, Phragmidium barclayi, Puccinia nepalensis, P. exhausta, P. menthae, Uromyces capitatus, and Uromyces decorates belong to four different genera, were recorded. SEM revealed that spermogonia and Aecia were missing in most of the rust fungus studied. Uredinia was found in a scattered, irregular, lengthy, and epidermis‐enclosed form. Urediniospores were found to be ovulating, elongated, echinulate, globose to sub‐globose, ellipsoid to ovoid, and globose to sub‐globose. Telia was found as sub‐epidermal, amphigenous, dispersed, minute, and spherical cells. Teliospores ranged in form from cylindrical to oblong. The germ pores were detected in both apical (top cell) and basal (bottom cell) idiosyncratic and pedicel‐attached cells. The techniques used in the current investigation will aid mycologists in rust identification and microscopic characterization.
Implication of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy for oil content determination and seed morphology of Verbenaceae
Authors: Kanwal Kainat , Zafar Muhammad , Khan Amir Muhammad , Mahmood Tariq , Abbas Qamar , Ozdemir Fethi Ahmet , Ahmad Mushtaq , Sultana Shazia , Rozina  , Fatima Anam , Aziz Aqsa , Niazi Anmol
Published: September 2021

Due to increase in energy catastrophe and accompanying environmental issues, the search for renewable and alternative energy resources is a fiercely disputed problem in the scientific world. Biodiesel has proven to be the finest sustainable alternative to gasoline. Because of their environment‐friendly character and cost‐effectiveness, nonedible oil‐bearing seeds could be the possible resource for biodiesel production. Therefore, the present study uses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate and identify micromorphological features of six novel, nonedible oil‐bearing seeds of Verbenaceae as potential biodiesel feed stocks. Selected seeds of Verbenaceae range in size from 1 to 5 mm in width and 1.8 to 6.4 mm in length, according to light microscopic studies. The oil content of seeds ranges from14 to 19%. Seed texture, color, shape, size, periclinal and anticlinal wall patterns, and cell outline are all more variable in SEM‐mediated seed ultrastructure analyses. The findings of this work imply that SEM could be a useful method for revealing hidden micromorphological features in a variety of nonedible oil‐producing seeds, which could aid to future investigation, proper identification, seed categorization, and authenticity. These seeds were hard to be identified by the native people due to their resemblance in seed color and shape, so there is a need to give a detailed description of seed characters for proper identification of these plants. This work will determine the new features of the seeds, which will be helpful in near future.
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging for Predicting and Monitoring the Response of Anti‐Angiogenic Treatment in the Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wan Qi , Bao Yingying , Xia Xiaoying , Liu Jieqiong , Wang Peng , Peng Yu , Xie Xiaobin , He Jianxing , Li Xinchun
Published: September 2021

Background

The treatment efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitor could be underestimated at an early stage based on tumor volume changes. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging (IVIM‐DWI) can quantitatively assess tumors at the cellular level, but it is unclear whether it can provide useful information for assessing treatment response of anti‐angiogenic treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.

Purpose

To determine the use of IVIM‐DWI for non‐invasive monitoring of the early response to anti‐angiogenic treatment in the orthotopic transplantation of lung adenocarcinoma model.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Thirty‐seven nude mice were randomized into two groups: treatment group (received bevacizumab + cisplatin, N = 20) and control group (received saline, N = 17).

Field Strength/Sequence

Single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (TSE) IVIM‐DWI, TSE T2‐weighted imaging at 3.0 T.

Assessment

Tumor volume, IVIM parameters (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], diffusivity [D], perfusion fraction [f], and pseudo‐diffusion coefficient [D*]) were measured before and 2 hours, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment. Regions of interest were manually drawn along the inner edge of the tumor by two radiologists with 5 and 10‐year experience in magnetic resonance imaging. Pathological examinations (hematoxylin and eosin stain, cluster of differentiation 34) were performed.

Statistical Tests

Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, repeated‐measure two‐way analysis of variance test, Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The tumor volume of the two groups was significantly different only on day 14 (control group vs. treatment group, 43.15 ± 18.28 mm3 vs. 28.41 ± 1.71 mm3). ADC2h, ADC10d, D2h, D7d, D10d, and D14d were significantly higher, while f10d and f14d were significantly lower in the treatment group compared to those of the control group. Both the △ADC2h (r = −0.631) and △D2h (r = −0.700) showed moderate correlations with the relative tumor volume on day 14.

Data Conclusion

IVIM has the potential to predict and monitor the early response to anti‐angiogenic treatment, earlier than size changes, for lung adenocarcinoma.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
Quantification of Myocardial Deformation in Patients with Takayasu Arteritis by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Imaging
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Zhao Lei , Zhang Chen , Tian Jie , Ding Yan , Zhao Xinghan , Ma Xiaohai
Published: September 2021

Background

Cardiac involvement is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA). Early detection and intervention of cardiac damage may be helpful to reduce the mortality of TA. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI)‐derived feature tracking (FT) is an effective quantitative method to assess myocardial deformation which may reflect early changes of cardiac function.

Purpose

To explore the utility of MR‐FT as a method to detect cardiac damage in TA patients.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Fifty‐seven TA patients who had undergone clinically indicated MRI and 57 healthy controls.

Field Strength/Sequences

Balanced steady‐state free precession rest cine and 2D phase‐sensitive inversion recovery breath‐hold segmented gradient echo late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences at 3.0 T.

Assessment

Based on LGE images, TA patients were divided into two subgroups, LGE (+) subgroup (N = 12) and LGE (−) subgroup (N = 45). In addition, patients were further subdivided into impaired (N = 26) and preserved left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) subgroups (N = 31). FT‐derived deformation indices, including left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS), were measured by commercial software.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc method, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were conducted. A P‐value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

GLS was significantly worse in TA than in controls (median [interquartile range, IQR]: TA −10.0 [−7.5 to 12.4] vs. controls −12.7 [−11.8 to 14.7]). Moreover, TA patients with LGE (+) had significantly poorer GLS than those with LGE (−) (median [IQR]: LGE (+) −6.8 [−4.0 to 8.1] vs. LGE (−) −10.7 [−8.5 to 12.9]). The reduced LVEF subgroup had significantly greater cardiac dysfunction as measured by MR‐FT than the preserved LVEF subgroup (GLS median [IQR]: reduced LVEF −7.9 [−6.2 to 11.4] vs. preserved LVEF −10.8 [−8.6 to 13.5]).

Data Conclusion

Myocardial deformation impairment was found in the majority of TA patients. MR‐FT imaging may be helpful in the early diagnosis and management of TA patients.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy Stage

5
Effects of gate width variation on the performance of Normally‐OFF dual‐recessed gate MIS AlGaN/GaN HEMT
Authors: Ranjan Ravi , Kashyap Nitesh , Raman Ashish
Published: September 2021

Discovery of wideband gap semiconductor materials has boosted the field of power electronics. Fabrication of HEMT has overcome the drawback of lower mobility and ON‐state current of wide bandgap materials. However, due to lower ON‐state current earlier proposed devices suffer from poor ON‐state resistance; hence, in this work dual gate technique has been proposed. To further switch the device characteristics from Normally‐ON to Normally‐OFF state, recessed gate technique is used. Device physics, analog parameters of Normally‐OFF dual‐recessed gate metal insulator semiconductor AlGaN/GaN HEMT (DRG‐MIS‐HEMT) are analyzed and compared with conventional DG‐MIS‐HEMT. To solidify the analysis, width of recessed gate has been varied from 2 nm to 28 nm. At recessed gate width (=28 nm), proposed device resulted RON = 1.98 Ω‐cm2, threshold voltage 1.25 V, IDS of 1100 mA/mm, ION/IOFF = 1014 and ft = 10 GHz. Proposed device also resulted in improved linearity characteristics over single gate structure. In future, the proposed device can be used for RF applications.
Roles of synoptic‐scale waves and intraseasonal oscillations in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon
Authors: Huangfu Jingliang , Chen Wen , Lai Xin , Chen Dong , He Zhuoqi
Published: September 2021

The maintenance period (20 days after the onset day) of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset is investigated in this paper, the main focus of which is the roles of synoptic‐scale (2–10‐day period) waves (SSWs) relative to those of 10–20‐day and 30–60‐day intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). The results reveal that the eddy kinetic energy (EKE)‐based SSW intensity displays a greater amplitude and closer relationship with the SCSSM onset date (correlation coefficient: −0.50) than either ISO during the SCSSM onset maintenance period, indicating that frequent synoptic‐scale processes play an important role in the SCSSM onset. Regression analyses based on the original EKE‐based wave intensity further reveal that SSW‐related horizontal wind anomalies show significant cyclonic anomalies over the SCS, with westerlies occupying the central and southern SCS. Moreover, SSW‐induced low‐pressure systems, including negative outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies, low‐level convergence and weakening of the 500 hPa height field, are observed over the SCS and maintain the SCSSM onset. A three‐dimensional EKE diagnosis is conducted to investigate the relative contributions of SSWs and both ISOs. The results demonstrate that the SSW‐related horizontal barotropic EKE conversion and EKE conversion from eddy available potential energy cooperate to contribute more than the two ISOs to the dynamic processes during the maintenance stage of the SCSSM onset.