bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeling Unequal: Social-Emotional Skills in the Reproduction of Social Class
Authors: Moullin Sophie
Published: July 2018

Sociological theory suggests that differential socialization in the management of emotions contributes to the reproduction of class. Although existing studies indicate that social-emotional skills are causally related to socio-economic outcomes, they have not tested whether differences in social-emotional skills mediate the intergenerational transmission of class. In this paper I test that hypothesis, using a method new to sociology that adjusts for co-varying mediators: sequential g-estimation. I find that a substantial proportion – 15 percent – of the association between class origins and destinations is mediated by social-emotional skills measured at age ten. In addition, whereas prior studies have used behaviors to measure social-emotional skills, I consider feelings about the self as well, and find that they too mediate class transmission. I argue that feelings of self-esteem and self-efficacy are an often-hidden mechanism by which class is reproduced.
The Economic Irrationality of the Patent Misuse Doctrine
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

This Comment evaluates the economic effects of the patent misuse doctrine.The patent misuse doctrine is an equitable remedy analogous to the “uncleanhands” doctrine in tort law. It bars infringement suits by patentees whohave “misused” their patent grant, either by using the patent to violatethe antitrust laws or by extending their patent monopoly in some other way.The author first describes the nature and scope of antitrust protection inthe patent area, and contrasts the antitrust laws with the patent misusedoctrine. Next, the author argues that the patent misuse doctrine isirrational from an economic standpoint for three reasons: the level ofsanction is unrelated to the injury caused; the sanction duplicatesantitrust remedies, leading to excessive recoveries; and the sanction isawarded as a windfall to the patent infringer even if that party was notinjured by the misuse. These effects combine to make the patent misusedoctrine indefensible from the standpoint either of proportionality or ofdeterrence. Finally, the author reviews recent legislative efforts toreform the patent misuse doctrine and argues that they are misguidedbecause they fail to deal with the fundamental problems described herein.The author concludes that the patent misuse doctrine ought to be abolished,and that the antitrust laws can serve the same purposes that the patentmisuse doctrine was designed to serve.
The Curious Incident of the Supreme Court in Myriad Genetics
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Often what is not said is as significant as what is said. In its recent Myriad Genetics decision, the United States Supreme Court is curiously silent about the relationship between its holding in that case and the holding in its immediately previous patent subject matter case, Mayo v. Prometheus. This reticence is all the more puzzling given that the Court initially remanded Myriad to the lower courts for reconsideration in light of the Mayo holding. The Court's silence regarding Mayo leaves uncertain the relationship between the "products of nature" doctrine that serves as the basis for the Myriad decision, and the "laws of nature" doctrine that has been the basis of nearly all of its other subject matter cases. In this paper I assemble the clues in the laws of nature cases to suggest what the Court might have said or might still say regarding products of nature.
17세기 이후 농업기술 발전과 인분의 재활용이 대도시 유지와 도시민 기생충감염에 미친 영향
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon
Published: July 2018

[Korean Abstract] 이 글에서 우리는 20세기 이전 조선시대에 왜 토양매개성 기생충 감염률이 그처럼 높게 유지될 수 밖에 없었는가 하는 사회적 배경을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 잘 알려진 바와 같이 동아시아 기생충 감염률은 최근까지도 매우 높았는데 그 이유중 하나로 인분비료의 사용을 지적한 경우가 많았다. 이는 매우 타당한 추측이지만 이를 단순히 위생상태의 저열함의 결과로만 이해 할 수 없는 부분이 있으며 당시 많은 도시 인구를 부양할 수 있는 농업생산을 지탱하기 위한 불가피한 측면에도 주의할 필요가 있다. 한국을 포함한 동아시아 국가에서 인분비료 사용은 농업생산력 제고의 측면에서 긍정적 측면이 있다는 점을 생각해 본다면, 이들에게 있어 토양 매개성 기생충의 감염은 상대적으로 감수해야 할 작은 부작용에 불과한 것이었을 수도 있다. [Acknowledgements] 이 원고는 농업박물관 대중 강연을 위해 아래와 같은 필자의 선행 논문에 바탕을 두고 작성되었음. 기호철, 배재훈, 신동훈. 『조선후기 한양 도성 내 토양매개성 기생충 감염 원인에 대한 역사 문헌학적 고찰』 의사학 제22권 제1호(통권 제43호) 89-132 및 Myeung Ju Kim, Ho Chul Ki, Shiduck Kim, Jong Yil Chai, Min Seo, Chang Seok Oh and Dong Hoon Shin. Parasitic infection patterns as correlated with urban-rural recycling of night soils in Korea and other East Asian countries: the archaeological and historical evidence. Korean Studies (submitted). 원고의 내용에 포함된 우리나라 인분 리사이클링 실태에 관한 문헌고고학적 검토는 한국고전번역원 기호철 선생의 도움을 받았으며 일본의 해당 연구 업적에 대한 검토는 서울대학교 김시덕 선생의 협조가 있었음을 밝혀둔다.
Selling the Conceptual and Computational Value of Esri’s ArcGIS Platform
Authors: Beltz Imaoka Laura
Published: July 2018

At a time when industries are struggling to monetize the diversification of information flows in the digital economy, the transition from a "software as a service" model to a platform takes on crucial importance. Platforms are complex technological infrastructures that host and exchange content, but they are also sites of cultural interaction, consumer-driven business models, and powerful metaphors driving the digital economy. Situating Esri’s ArcGIS platform within the Facebook-era of platform development offers ways of understanding how one of the world’s largest GIS innovation companies and therefore other market dominators deploy popular platform thinking into its business and marketing strategies, while at the same time adoption technological standards that are conducive to both consumers and profit-seeking activities. Under examination are branded appeals to user value and strategies to create the optimal market for platform adoption by making data platform ready. Esri's long-term support of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international non-profit organization set to standardize geospatial data is one such social relation discussed. Considered are the democratic promises and practices that metaphorically hide the move towards "platform capitalism," where monopolies of the market structure the use and types of data being produced, distributed and consumed.
S.L. Frank and the Concept of Perezhivanie (Erlebnis)
Authors: Matern Frederick
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I will elucidate how perezhivanie (Erlebnis) is at the centre of Semyon Ludvigovich Frank’s (1877-1950) realism, and explain why the result of Frank’s theory is different from the relativism that is characteristic of Life-Philosophy, particularly that of the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey. I will also look at how Frank’s study of Goethe led him to attempt to overcome the idea that intuitive knowledge of reality and knowledge by means of reasoning are incompatible. I will try to explain how Frank attempts to avoid the trap of relativism into which life-philosophy such as that of Dilthey, who also studied Goethe, is prone to fall.
Who's Patenting What? An Empirical Exploration of Patent Prosecution
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We have studied a large, random sample of U.S. patents issued between 1996and 1998. We collected a variety of information about these patents,including area of technology, national origin, the number of inventors,nature and size of the owning entity, the number and type of prior artreferences, and the time spent in prosecution. We seek to establishrelationships between a number of variables in issued patents-such asnumber of inventors, numbers and types of references to the prior art,numbers and types of claims, and length of time between application andissuance-and a number of defined areas of technology. We identify thecountries in which particular inventions originated--almost one-half of allissued U.S. patents cover inventions originating in other countries--andtest for relationships between the above variables and countries of origin.We also evaluate relationships between countries of origin and areas oftechnology. The conclusions are somewhat surprising, and point to a patentsystem that is far from unitary in the way it treats different inventorsand different inventions.
The impact of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program on school attendance, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor, 2010
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Gonçalves Guilherme Quaresma , Weiss Christopher
Published: July 2018

This paper analyzes the impact of the educational conditions of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program on the school enrollment, age-grade discrepancy, and labor of children benefiting from the program. The main hypotheses of this paper is that a child who lives in a household that receives the benefit has higher chances of being in school, lower chances to have age-grade discrepancy, and lower chances of working. Data used are from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. Logistical models were estimated for each dependent variable (school enrollment, age-grade discrepancy, and child labor) and for three household income thresholds. Independent variables account for characteristics related to the household, mother, child, and whether the household was receiving Bolsa Família. The income thresholds are a maximum household per capita income of 70 Brazilian Reais, 140 Brazilian Reais (the official maximum value for eligibility into the Bolsa Família in 2010), and 280 Brazilian Reais. Models were also estimated separated by the rural and urban areas in the official income threshold. Results follow initial hypotheses of higher chances of school enrollment and lower chances of age-grade discrepancy among children who receive Bolsa Família. However, models also suggest higher chances of child labor among beneficiaries of the program.
Hydrology and the Imperial Vision of Bois de Boulogne
Authors: Coffee Kevin
Published: July 2018

Bois de Boulogne was a key urban design effort of Second Empire France. This essay surveys the landscape of the park with particular attention to water; social practices that engendered the use of water, and social practices which water enabled. The hydrology of the site – the grand lake, streams, and waterfalls – is a statement and demonstration of imperial mastery and sensibility. Nearly half of the project budget was devoted to hydraulics and, in the opening years, more than 15% of the municipal water supply was diverted to the park; all of which supported a statusladen array of features attractive to elites of the Second Empire and Third Republic.
Proposing a methodology for the operationalisation of Multiple Streams Approach, using the Inner-City Technology Colleges as an empirical example
Authors: Flores Isabel
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we argue that there is a need for the streams to be ripe at the moment of legislation approval to increase the probability of policy implementation. We developed a model of analysis that applies MSA, departing from a qualitative approach we purpose an empirical mathematical model which allows policy makers to evaluate the probability of successful implementation, given the variables available at decision moment. The contribution of this paper is to inform policy makers on the need to work towards policy acceptance, reducing the rate of non-enactment and legislative inefficiency.We applied the model to the case of public private partnerships in education (ePPPs), using the Inner City Technology Colleges, which was the first attempt to create ePPPs by Margaret Thatcher in 1986. We conclude that the reason for implementation failure lies on the lack of balance between the streams, who were not ripe at the time of legislation
Animating functions of quotative particles to and tte in spoken Japanese
Authors: Nilep Chad , Fujimoto Junko
Published: July 2018

Presented at The 5th Annual Conference of the Japan Society for Language Science, 5 July 2003.This paper identifies functions of the quotative markers to and tte in spoken Japanese and examines the distinct distribution of each particle. The paper recognizes three related functions: marking direct or indirect quotation, marking evidentiality, and hedging. These uses are grouped together under the heading animating functions. In addition, the paper shows that to and tte display discrete distribution. Contrary to prior understanding, the particles are not identical in function. More than eighty-five percent to tokens are followed by a verb that indicates thought, while a similar proportion of tte tokens are followed by verbs indicating verbal communication.
Inherency
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Inherency is a puzzle that runs throughout patent law. Patents are basedupon descriptions of technology. However, technologies may have qualitiesthat are unappreciated or unidentified in a patent description, but whichare nonetheless present. The law refers to these unknown attributes asinherent in the product or process. What should be done about suchcharacteristics or qualities of a technology that exist but are notexplicitly described, either through ignorance or inadvertence? Thisproblem is explicitly presented in at least five different patentdoctrines: anticipation, the on-sale bar, priority disputes,double-patenting, and enablement; and it casts its shadow across the lawgoverning subject matter, infringement, and obviousness.Inherency is also perhaps the most elusive doctrine in all of patent law.The cases appear to flatly contradict each other, are often accompanied bydissents, and in the last three years alone have triggered one abortive enbanc rehearing and strong calls for a second. In particular, the courtshave split sharply over whether an element can be inherent in a prior artreference even if people of ordinary skill in the art do not appreciate theexistence of that element.In this Article, we argue that this confusion is largely unnecessary. Whilemany courts have recited as gospel the idea that inherency requiresknowledge or appreciation of the inherent element, in no case does theapplication of the inherency doctrine actually turn on knowledge of theelement. Rather, the inherency cases are all ultimately about whether thepublic already gets the benefit of the claimed element or invention. If thepublic already benefits from the invention, even if they don't know why,the invention is inherent in the prior art. If the public doesn't benefitfrom the invention, there is no inherency.In Part I, we examine the main thread of inherency cases, those arising outof the novelty and statutory bar provisions of the Patent Act. We explainhow the courts got off track in their focus on knowledge, and why a focuson benefit clearly and consistently explains the doctrine. In Part II, weconsider inherency in a different context, one in which the inventor mustshow possession of the claimed invention, either to prevent a new matterrejection or to establish priority of invention. Finally, in Part III, wediscuss the broader implications of this rule, including what the inherencydoctrine may mean for patents on DNA sequences and patents on drugs derivedfrom traditional knowledge. A proper understanding of the inherencydoctrine may offer a logical explanation for the product of nature cases,undermining the last significant exception to patentable subject matter.
Applicability Increases the Effect of Misattribution on Judgment
Authors: Ecker Yael , Lab Bar-Anan
Published: July 2018

Feelings and cognitions influence judgment through attribution. For instance, the attribution of positive feelings and cognitions to a stimulus leads to a positive judgment of that stimulus. We examined whether misattribution is moderated by the applicability of a distractor to the judgment question. For instance, when are people more likely to attribute to a target person the affective and cognitive experiences triggered by a kitten—when trying to judge the person's cuteness or trustworthiness? The kitten triggers experiences specifically relevant to cuteness, but people might more easily suspect the kitten's potential influence when judging cuteness rather than trustworthiness. Using the Affect Misattribution Procedure, we found that applicability increases the effect of misattribution on valenced judgments. The results emphasize the importance of specific information (rather than only general valence) in attribution and suggest that high applicability of distractors to the judgment question does not elicit effective correction.
Orphan Works and the Search for Rightholders: Who Participates in a 'Diligent Search' under Present and Proposed Regimes?
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Over the past several years, policy makers and private actors have developed an evolving set of approaches for addressing the orphan works problem — a problem that arises when “the owner of a copyrighted work cannot be identified and located by someone who wishes to make use of the work in a manner that requires permission of the copyright owner,” preventing follow-on uses of works. These approaches usually attempt to address the orphan works problem by employing some threshold mechanism to differentiate true orphan works, to which the proposed solutions would apply, from non-orphaned copyrighted works. Satisfying a “reasonably diligent search” is one well-known formulation by which users can designate works as orphaned and therefore subject to a proposed solution, though — as this paper points out — alternative approaches certainly exist. Regardless of the specific formulation, the search for rightsholders (or conversely, the confirmation that no rightsholder can be located) is an integral component of almost every orphan works proposal. This paper examines in detail the core schemes for identifying rightsholders among the leading orphan works regimes and proposals. Although these schemes differ across many variables, three factors predominate: (1) who is expected to participate in the search process, (2) the nature and extent of the required search generally; and (3) specifically what types of resources, tools, registries or other information-sharing mechanisms are required or allowed.This paper compares existing proposals’ approaches with respect to the first factor: who participates in a search? A subsequent paper will focus on the second and third factors.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2208163
Love Wins?: Legal Challenges for LGBT Families After Marriage Equality
Authors: Compton D'Lane , Baumle Amanda
Published: July 2018

In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court rendered its decision in favor of marriage equality, prompting widespread declarations of victory for LGBT couples. Access to legal marriage has been a game changer for LGBT families. Despite these important shifts, treating marriage equality as the catch-all solution for legal obstacles faced by LGBT families is problematic. Interactions with the law are determined by more than simply the law on the books. Prior experiences with the law and legal and sociopolitical environment shape the degree of trust people place in the law and legal institutions, including the willingness to engage with the legal system. We interviewed 137 parents located across the United States to explore when and how LGBT individuals use the law on behalf of their families. We found that a history of LGBT conflict with the legal system has produced, for many, an enduring distrust of the law within their family lives.
Church Theft, Insecurity, and Community Justice: The Reality of Source-End Regulation of the Market for Illicit Bolivian Cultural Objects
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

In 2012 two men were lynched in Bolivia, first because there is an illicit market forBolivian cultural objects, and second because a small, poor community turned to desperatemeasures to protect themselves from that illicit market due to the failings of national andinternational regulation. This paper is a case study of the reality of source-end regulation of aninternational criminal market in a developing country. I will discuss what is known about theftsfrom Bolivian churches, the international market for items stolen from these churches, and howsuch thefts are meant to be prevented on-the ground. Following this, I will present lynching inBolivia as the most severe community response to the issues created by local politics,ineffectual policing, unenforceable laws, and a history of oppressive racism. I will concludewith a discussion of what we can reasonably hope to accomplish with source-end regulation.
Neighborhood-level risk perceptions of extreme heat events across the U.S.
Authors: Howe Peter D. , Marlon Jennifer R. , Wang Xinran , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: July 2018

Extreme heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the U.S., a threat that is exacerbated by global warming. Yet many individuals fail to perceive extreme heat as a serious risk. Thus, understanding Americans’ perceptions of heat risk and how such perceptions vary geographically and across different populations is a critical precursor to encouraging adaptive behaviors – such as staying hydrated or refraining from outdoor activity – during heat waves. Using a large original survey dataset of 9,217 respondents, we model Americans’ perceived risk to their health from extreme heat in every populated census tract across the nation. Nationally, risk perceptions are higher in southern states where mortality from heat waves is also highest. However, the extent of variation within states and metropolitan areas is similar to variation between states. Locally, risk perceptions are higher in areas with greater poverty and among minority populations that are more vulnerable to environmental risks in general. We identify highly vulnerable areas where risk perceptions currently lag heat-related mortality; without concerted adaptation efforts such vulnerability is likely to expand and intensify as heat exposure increases. Comprehensive estimates of extreme heat risk perceptions at the census tract level can support communication, education, and adaptation initiatives in existing and emerging areas most vulnerable to heat in the U.S.
Beyond Social Contagion: Associative Diffusion and the Emergence of Cultural Variation
Authors: Goldberg Amir , Stein Sarah K.
Published: July 2018

Network models of diffusion predominantly think about cultural variation as a product of social contagion. But culture does not spread like a virus. In this paper, we propose an alternative explanation which we refer to as associative diffusion. Drawing on two insights from research in cognition—that meaning inheres in cognitive associations between concepts, and that such perceived associations constrain people’s actions—we propose a model wherein, rather than beliefs or behaviors per-se, the things being transmitted between individuals are perceptions about what beliefs or behaviors are compatible with one another. Conventional contagion models require an assumption of network segregation to explain cultural variation. In contrast, we demonstrate that the endogenous emergence of cultural differentiation can be entirely attributable to social cognition and does not necessitate a clustered social network or a preexistingdivision into groups. Moreover, we show that prevailing assumptions about the effects of network topology do not hold when diffusion is associative.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Sir James Steuart on the Origins of Commercial Nations
Authors: Menudo José M.
Published: July 2018

This paper examines James Steuart’s explanation of the emergence of commercial nations. Unlike other Scottish thinkers of the time, Steuart argues that artifice is necessary for the rise of commercial societies. He uses the term “artificial” to refer to a devised process, one that is an alternative to the supposedly natural process arising from innate propensities. The system of trade and commerce is an “artifice” created by merchants to obtain benefits, and established by the sovereign, for his ostentation and personal prestige, until it became generalized as a commercial nation. Steuart's explanation of the emergence of commercial nations accounts for how individuals become dependent on and subordinate to the public market. Finally, this paper concludes that Steuart’s Political Œconomy promotes a science of the artificial that seeks to understand the functioning of non-natural mechanisms and to create instruments that the statesman adapts to the needs and objectives of individuals
MOOCs and Crowdsourcing: Massive Courses and Massive Resources
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

Premised upon the observation that MOOC and crowdsourcing phenomena share several important characteristics, including IT mediation, large-scale human participation, and varying levels of openness to participants, this work systematizes a comparison of MOOC and crowdsourcing phenomena along these salient dimensions. In doing so, we learn that both domains share further common traits, including similarities in IT structures, knowledge generating capabilities, presence of intermediary service providers, and techniques designed to attract and maintain participant activity. Stemming directly from this analysis, we discuss new directions for future research in both fields and draw out actionable implications for practitioners and researchers in both domains. First Monday, Volume 20, Issue 12, December 2015
Edifying Thoughts of a Patent Watcher: The Nature of DNA
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

In the pending case Myriad Genetics v. Association for Molecular Pathology, the United States Supreme Court will consider the patentability of human genes under the "product of nature" doctrine. Patentable subject matter is generally held to encompass materials and artifacts created by humans, and not that which exists independently in nature. However, it is not clear that this is a meaningful or helpful distinction. Given on one hand that the concept of a gene is a human construct, and on the other hand that all human creations are drawn from the material environment, the question of gene patenting is better addressed as a matter of innovation policy than of imponderable labeling.
Electronic Gaming and the Ethics of Information Ownership
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Players of electronic games, particularly on-line role-playing games, may invest a substantial degree of time, effort, and personal identity into the game scenarios they generate. Yet, where the wishes of players diverge from those of game publishers, the legal and ethical interests of players remain unclear. The most applicable set of legal principles are those of copyright law, which is often grounded in utilitarian justifications, but which may also be justified on deontological grounds. Past copyright cases involving video arcade and personal computer gaming suggest that the gaming scenaria generated by players may constitute original selection and arrangement of the game elements, thus qualifying such gaming sequences for copyright protection as either derivative works or works of joint authorship. But this result may be difficult to justify on utilitarian theories. Rather, the personal investment of game players suggests a deontological basis for claims of game sequence ownership.
Expecting the Unexpected
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

If the patentee’s invention produced unexpected results, the law says, thatis pretty good evidence that it wasn’t obvious. But the law also says thatif it is obvious to try to make something, and if those who might try wouldexpect to succeed, making that thing is not patentable. It’s just theordinary work we expect of scientists.These two doctrines can conflict. What if it is obvious to try something,but actually trying it leads to unexpected results? This actually happenswith some frequency, particularly in the chemical and pharmaceuticalindustries, where researchers are motivated to try various standardmodifications of known chemicals but where the unpredictability of the artmeans that they can expect to be surprised by what they learn from time totime.When these two legal doctrines conflict, the doctrine of unexpected resultsmust give way. Obviousness is based on the idea that we should not give apatent if ordinary scientists could have gotten to the result without theencouragement of that patent. If researchers of ordinary skill were alreadymotivated to try a new variation, and correctly expected that they wouldsucceed, actually trying the new variation is normal science, not theextraordinary skill or insight required for invention. And if scientistswould have created the new variation in the ordinary course of theirduties, they would of necessity have stumbled upon the unexpected results.Normal science, not the incentive of a patent, led them to that course, sothe invention is not patentable.This result may alarm patent owners in the pharmaceutical industries, whohave been obtaining patents for this sort of normal experimentation foryears. But I think it is required by the Supreme Court’s decision in KSR,which held that an invention was not patentable if it was obvious to try.And while pharmaceutical patent owners may lament the loss of thesepatents, the rest of the world may not. Patents likely to be affected bythe obvious-to-try rule tend to be follow-on patents used to try to extendthe life of expired patents on new chemical entities, not breakthroughdrugs that require strong protection.
Components Topology of Oracle Bones Characters
Authors: Ting Julian Juhi-Lian
Published: July 2018

Oracle bones characters have many variations. As they are still conceivable, there must have some intrinsic essence inside. Disputes of previous studied components exist, while some interpretation are too far -fetched. We introduce some concepts from fluid dynamics and graph theories to interpret the meaning of these components.
Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among a United States-Representative Group of Diverse Disabled Women
Authors: Coston Bethany M
Published: July 2018

Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (2010) and theoretically informed by lifecourse and intersectionality perspectives, this paper confirms that disabled women are both more likely to experience intimate partner violence and post-victimization negative mental health outcomes; however, race ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, income and region do not impact these outcomes, while educational attainment does. Specifically, higher educated disabled women are significantly more likely to report negative post-traumatic impacts. Suggestions include the need to account for intersectional identity issues in post-traumatic health care access, as not all disabled women have equivalent access to quality, culturally compassionate healthcare.
How the Timing of Children Affects Earnings in 20 Occupations
Authors: Landivar Liana Christin
Published: July 2018

Ample evidence shows that mothers earn less than non-mothers, yet recent studies show that the motherhood earnings penalty diverges by occupation. Women in professional occupations have greater access to workplace benefits which help reconcile work-family responsibilities and reduce non-employment spells. However, because of their higher earnings, women in professional occupations who re-enter after a break may experience significant earnings penalties. One strategy women employ to mitigate the earnings penalty is to delay childbearing. Here, I examine whether delayed fertility is positively associated with a reduced motherhood wage gap across 20 occupations. Using multilevel models and 2011-2015 American Community Survey data, I show that mothers in professional occupations experienced the largest earnings penalty with early motherhood, but also the largest premium with delayed childbearing. While delaying a first birth mitigates the earnings penalty in high-wage occupations requiring extensive career preparation, women in low-wage occupations experienced little economic benefit from older motherhood.
Concurrent activation of two task sets by implicit and probabilistic contextual cues
Authors: Wei Linda , Yeung Nick
Published: July 2018

Real-world settings impose constantly changing demands on cognition and behaviour. These task demands can often be predicted by the context, and the implicit learning of these probabilistic context-task associations may enhance task performance. While previous studies have focused on how task cues that are either probabilistic or implicit affect task-switching performance, the present study investigated how people learn and use contextual cues that are both implicit and probabilistic within a cued task-switching design. Participants showed response speed benefits when engaging in tasks that were predicted to be more likely by a preceding contextual cue. However, this probabilistic cueing effect was only seen when specific contextual cues were associated with task probabilities (Experiment 2), and not when contextual categories were associated with task probabilities (Experiment 1). The findings provide support for automatic activation of multiple task sets; a model of multiple concurrent task set activation and representation is proposed. Taken together, our findings suggest that people can implicitly learn probabilistic associations between specific contexts and tasks, and can use information from contexts to guide adaptive behaviour in dynamic environments.
Soundscape in North-Eastern Part of Iasi City (Sararie – Ticau District)
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a complex study of noise levels from road trafficsource and the variation during the seasons in an old residential arealocated in the north-eastern part of Iasi city, an important educationaland cultural centre of the country. The study reveal the correlationbetween noise levels and social activities developed in the area: lownumber of inhabitants because of the holidays time in August and theresumption of the educational activity in autumn,including school start in September and of the university activity inOctober.After direct observations, the measurements were made with digital sound–level meter Quest Technologies, 1400 model in five hour intervals 7:00 -8:00; 10:00 - 11:00; 13:30 - 14:30; 18:00 - 19:00; 19:00 - 20:00. Themonitoring of Equivalent Continuous Noise Level (Leq) were made in 30points located along the different type of roads in the second part ofAugust – October 2009, with different admissible levels, showing theexceeding of the limit in 5 points in September and 8 points in October. Itcan be observed an important difference during the week in the monitoringperiod, between Monday to Friday and the week-end with lower values 59.64 -6.5 dB (A) in August, 61.98 - 5.14 dB (A) in September, 63.9 - 5.3dB (A) inOctober and among the four street categories with major differences betweenfirst category: 66.89 dB (A) and fourth category 47.69 dB (A), so thaturban noise can be stratified according to a prior classification of atown’sstreets due to their use and functional characteristics. Sound levelsmonitoring and statistical data processing (Pearson correlationcoefficient, Tukey range test)sustain the fact that road traffic is main source of noise in the area,differentiated in correlation with street category,a decrease in noise withincreasing street category, with insignificant differences between firstand second streetcategory thank to the best management and traffic control.
Queering South Mississippi: Simple and seemingly impossible work
Authors: Strunk Kamden K , Bristol Douglas , Takewell William
Published: July 2018

Our purpose in writing this is to recount and analyze the push for queer-positive policy at The University of Southern Mississippi (USM) over the past several years, understanding the spaces that opened for such work, and why such spaces rapidly open and close on the USM campus. We cannot begin to tell the story of our experience working for queer-positive programming and spaces, and the challenges we have encountered in that work, without first contextualizing that work within the institution of The University of Southern Mississippi, the system in which it exists, and the state of Mississippi. The University of Southern Mississippi, founded in 1910, hovers near the 15,000 mark in enrollment, and has campuses in Hattiesburg, MS and Long Beach, MS, plus some small research sites along the Gulf Coast. It, like many in Mississippi, has constant budget shortfalls, and a cycle of enrollment/financial emergencies, while struggling to find consistent quality of students and enrollment numbers. It exists in a system that places it alongside the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and Mississippi State University for budgeting and evaluation purposes, an unfortunate reality many years.
The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative tradeoffs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., & Melton, J. (2015). The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing. Policy & Internet, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 340-361.
A history of inequality: top incomes in Brazil, 1926/2014
Authors: Souza Pedro H. G. F.
Published: July 2018

This paper uses income tax tabulations to estimate top income shares in Brazil over the long-run. Between 1926 and 2014, the concentration of income at the top remained very high, following a sine wave trend: top shares have ebbed and flowed over time, frequently in tandem with political and institutional disruptions. There is some evidence in favor of Williamson’s “missed levelling” hypothesis regarding the origins of Latin American exceptionally high levels of inequality, but the recent decline in inequality is cast in more dubious light, since top income shares remained quite stable since 2000 and the "tax-adjusted" Gini coefficient suggests a smaller and shorter, though still sizeable, decrease. I interpret the results in light of Brazil’s tumultuous political history and complement the analysis with international comparisons and a discussion of the role of institutions in shaping inequality.
Advocacy in Social Work or Advocacy versus Social Work?:An attitudinal survey of practicing social workers in Ireland.
Authors: Whelan Joseph Kevin
Published: July 2018

*Abstract*This paper discusses and presents findings drawn from a quantitativeattitudinal survey of practising social workers conducted in the republicof Ireland. Sampling was conducted across Ireland within a population of3900 practising social workers approximately and resulted in 128 responses,111 of which were complete. The purpose of the study was to explore therole of advocacy approaches in social work practice and to examine therelationship of professional social work to independent advocacy groups.The study found that social workers frequently engage in advocacy tasks.However, despite this, it also found that a majority of social workers feelthat the tasks associated with advocacy are best placed with other groupsin Irish society. The study found that a majority of social workersacknowledge sharing a similar value-base to independent advocacy groups.However, it also suggests that the relationship between social workers andadvocacy groups is complex and conflictual. In this respect, it wassuggested that while social workers recognise the importance of advocacygroups, they also acknowledge that advocacy groups do not always complementthe social work role. Ultimately this study shows that manypractitioners acknowledgethat the necessity for advocacy groups in Ireland can be ascribed to thecausal effects of contemporary social work practice.*Keywords:* *Social Work; Advocacy; Independent advocacy groups.*
Exploratory Analysis of Influencing Variables on Deforestation in Ghana
Authors: McCray Naramena
Published: July 2018

The relationship between energy access and deforestation in Ghana is examined through this exploratory multivariate analysis. Variables of electrification rate, wood use as cooking fuel, built-up area, population density, cropland area, and education are used to understand the relative influence of energy access on deforestation. This research uses RStudio, GeoDa and SPSS software to perform statistical processes: enter and stepwise multivariate linear regression, cluster analysis, and Bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (BiLISA). The methods conducted at the sub-national scale improve upon on recent research that found wood use as cooking fuel to be a significant driver of deforestation that is being minimized by increasing access to electricity. This research conversely reveals that energy access is in fact influencing an increase in deforestation in Ghana.
A generalized definition of critical thinking
Authors: Kovic Marko
Published: July 2018

The concept of critical thinking enjoys a near-universal positive connotation. Existing defnitions of critical thinking, however, tend to be rather vague, and, as a consequence, they provide neither an accurate nor a precise understanding of critical thinking. In this paper, I propose to understand critical thinking as a metacognitive skill applicable to the evaluation of truthclaims. Critical thinking as a metacognitive skill consists of three components: Minimization of logical fallacies, minimization of cognitive biases, and a probabilistic epistemology. Understood in this manner, critical thinking can improve the quality of our inferences about the world.
Preliminary report on the 2010 excavation season at Jiyeh
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

The archaeological fieldwork in 2010 at the site of Jiyeh (ancient Porphyreon), situated on the Mediterranean coast between ancient Berytus and Sidon, focused in on full-scale excavations of the Late Antique streets and residential quarter (4th–7th century AD ), uncovering 21 rooms and three alleys. The results contributed to a better understanding of the street network in the quarter and the nature of the architecture. The quarter comprising the 21 newly uncovered rooms taken together with 80 from earlier fieldwork in 2008 and 2009 formed an extensive residential complex, approximately 40 m by 35 m. It is a unique example of private domestic architecture illustrating everyday life in Roman and Byzantine Phoenicia. A bread oven (tannur) suggested the presence of a bakery in this part of the settlement.
Research update on findings from the USM campus climate survey: Results related to LGBTQ students
Authors: Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

LGBTQ students nationally experience bias, discrimination, bullying, harassment, and assault on college campuses. The effects of these negative experiences are known. They can lead to depression, suicidal ideation, lowered earning potential, and a range of other negative outcomes. Also known are the effects of diversity on a college campus. These outcomes are positive for all members of the campus community. This is why it is incumbent on universities to provide safe, inclusive, and diverse campus communities.The present results make clear that LGBTQ students at USM do not find themselves subject to a supportive and inclusive environment. They are almost twice as likely to become the victim of assault or harassment on campus as their counterparts. They report hearing negative comments from staff, administrators, and other students more often than their counterparts. They witness threatening behavior more often, particularly with regard to sexual orientation and gender identity. That experience isn’t unique to LGBTQ students, though. Across all students sampled, 1 in 5 report witnessing threatening behavior on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity at least somewhat often on the USM campus. Although nearly 4 in 10 students surveyed agreed that a diverse and inclusive campus environment was a factor in deciding which college to attend, LGBTQ students surveyed were less likely to find the USM campus inclusive and committed to diversity.These results present a clear picture of a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is to serve the university’s LGBTQ students and create an inclusive campus environment despite budget shortfalls and a difficult political/cultural environment in Mississippi for LGBTQ issues. The opportunity is that there is already much work going on at USM to create just such an environment, and that diversity and inclusion may lead to increases in recruitment and retention, particularly among LGBTQ students.
The Intolerable Acts
Authors: Furmuzachi Gabriel
Published: July 2018

A brief survey of the intolerable acts on the eve of the American revolution.
Negotiating Use, Persistence, and Archiving: A Study of Academic Research Library and Publisher Perspectives on Licensing Digital Resources
Authors: Farb Sharon E.
Published: July 2018

Stewardship has always figured predominantly in the mission of libraries. This paper discusses major findings and implications of a study of licensing in U.S. academic libraries. The data suggests that not all libraries are accepting their heritage role - that is, they are not planning for long-term preservation and access for their growing licensed digital collections and resources. Instead they rely increasingly on third parties to perform this fundamental function. This shift may have far-reaching implications for long-term preservation and access to the world's knowledge and cultural and historical record.
The Presidential Election in Belarus, October 2015
Authors: Crabtree Charles
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we examine the 2015 Presidential Election in Belarus. In addition to discussing the results and effects of the election, we also provide information about the context of the election, the candidates for office, and the most important campaign issues.
A Framework for Critical-Empiricist Research in Political Communication
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark
Published: July 2018

Empirical research on political communication can play an important role in informing debates about the democratic value of various political communication processes. However, the degree to which political communication researchers can live up to this task depends on how systematically they relate their empirical investigations to concerns formulated in normative conceptions of democracy. In this paper, I present a framework for the empirical normative analysis of political communication. Based on the two core research procedures of normative assessment and empirical validation, it provides a model of the relations between normative and empirical research and a template for the empirical study of normatively relevant aspects of political communication. The paper systematizes the relations between normative theory and empirical reality, and discusses the two core procedures for empirical researchers to productively bridge the two. The framework is supposed to foster systematic exchanges between empirical studies of political communication and normative democratic theory and clarify the contribution of empirical studies to democratic theory, practice, and reform. It also implicates additional justification for greater use of controlled experimental research and cross-context comparative studies.
Examiner Characteristics and Patent Office Outcomes
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we show that there are important differences across patentexaminers at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and that theserelate to the most important decision made by the USPTO: whether or not togrant a patent. We find that more experienced examiners, and those whosystematically cite less prior art, are more likely to grant patentapplications. These results are not encouraging as a matter of publicpolicy. But they do point to human resource policies as potentiallyimportant levers in patent system reform.