bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Restricting Residents' Duty Hours on Patient Safety, Resident Well-Being, and Resident Education: An Updated Systematic Review
Authors: Bolster Lauren , Rourke Liam
Published: July 2015

Background

Despite 25 years of implementation and a sizable amount of research, the impact of resident duty hour restrictions on patients and residents still is unclear. Advocates interpret the research as necessitating immediate change; opponents draw competing conclusions.

Objective

This study updates a systematic review of the literature on duty hour restrictions conducted 1 year prior to the implementation of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's 2011 regulations.

Methods

The review draws on reports catalogued in MEDLINE and PreMEDLINE from 2010 to 2013. Interventions that dealt with the duty hour restrictions included night float, shortened shifts, and protected time for sleep. Outcomes were patient care, resident well-being, and resident education. Studies were excluded if they were not conducted in patient care settings.

Results

Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most frequently, the studies concluded that the restrictions had no impact on patient care (50%) or resident wellness (47%), and had a negative impact on resident education (64%). Night float was the most frequent means of implementing duty hour restrictions, yet it yielded the highest proportion of unfavorable findings.

Conclusions

This updated review, including 27 recent applicable studies, demonstrates that focusing on duty hours alone has not resulted in improvements in patient care or resident well-being. The added duty hour restrictions implemented in 2011 appear to have had an unintended negative impact on resident education. New approaches to the issue of physician fatigue and its relationship to patient care and resident education are needed.
"Naša učiteljica pa ves čas govori angleško!" : pomen učiteljeve rabe jezika pri tujejezikovnem pouku
Authors: Sešek Urška
Published: July 2015

Različni pristopi k poučevanju tujega jezika lahko pomenijo zelo različne pristope k rabi ciljnega jezika s strani učitelja; danes prevladuje mnenje, da naj bi učitelj pri pouku tujega jezika ne uporabljal pretežno materinščine temveč, kolikor je to le možno in smiselno, ciljni jezik. To je pomembno kljub temu, da imajo danes učenci neprimerno več možnosti kot še dobrih 10 let nazaj, da so v stiku s ciljnim jezikom tudi izven šole. Učiteljeva raba ciljnega jezika pri pouku je zanje namreč ne samo stik z jezikom in zgled njegove aktivne rabe, temveč tudi sredstvo vzpostavljanja avtoritete in izvajanja vseh aktivnosti v učnem procesu. Da bi učitelj uspešno opravljal vse svoje vedno bolj zahtevne naloge, mora ohranjati in razvijati svoje znanje jezika, in sicer v smislu pravilnosti, zvrstne ustreznosti in prilagajanja sposobnostim in potrebam učencev. Zelo koristno je tudi ozaveščanje različnih funkcij učiteljevih govornih dejanj oziroma razpona možnih formulacij, s katerimi učitelj lahko doseže pri pouku določene vzgojnoizobraževalne učinke.
Kolokacije v poslovni angleščini
Authors: Martič Matjaž
Published: July 2015

V članku smo po kratkem teoretičnem uvodu in opredelitvi pojma kolokacije predstavili korpusno raziskavo, kjer smo s pomočjo konkordančnega programa WordSmith Tools iskali odgovor na vprašanje, katere so najpogostejše leksikalne kolokacije v poslovnem angleškem jeziku. Izhajali smo predpostavke, da je angleški jezik sestavljen predvsem iz različnih (spremenljivih) frazeoloških enot ter da proste besedne zveze in tudi popolnoma "zamrznjene" besedne zveze predstavljajo le manjši del jezika. Angleščina je torej jezik kolokacij, zato domnevamo, da to velja tudi za jezik stroke in poslovni angleški jezik. Zanimala nas je tudi zastopanost ugotovljenih najpogostejših kolokacij v vodilnih kolokacijskih slovarjih in s tem njihova ustreznost za potrebe poslovne angleščine.
The treatment of gender and time in Winterson’s and Spark’s novels
Authors: Radetič Andreja
Published: July 2015

Both Jeanette Winterson and Muriel Spark try to challenge and overcome culturally constructed binary oppositions between two genders. Winterson imposes femininity on men and masculinity on women. She denies traditional gender roles. In her novels, men and heterosexuality are marginalized or even overlooked. Both Winterson and Spark portray women, who are active, independent and domineering; they reject marriage, are educated, live on their own and are in control of their lives. The main difference between Winterson’s and Spark’s women is that the former are heroines and the latter are victims (either of themselves or the others).Both authors deny traditional notion of time and history. Winterson useshistory to explore the present. She magnifies the individual’s role in history-making and challenges the traditional notion of history being male-constructed. She gives a woman a role in history-making. Both Spark’s and Winetrson’s novels are set anti-linearly with the use of prolepses and antilepses.
Učbeniški komplet Grandi amici 1, 2, 3 za starostno obdobje 9-11 let
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: July 2015

Grandi amici 1 je namenjen osnovnošolskim otrokom, in sicer začetni stopnji učenja italijanščine, Ob bežnem prelistanju opazimo, da je ta didaktični komplet izrazito bogat z raznoliko kombinacijo fotografij (otroci različnih ras, v starostnem obdobju 8-10 let) in ilustracij (protagonisti v učbeniku, npr. tiger Tobi, čarovnička Lillo, drugi otroci, živali, stvari, stripi) – vse naj bi pritegnilo učenca in učitelja v raznoliki svet otrok v obdobju tik pred pričetkom najstništva.
S. E. Nikitina, N. V. Vasiljeva: Eksperimental'nуj sistemnуj tolkovуj slovar' stilističeskih terminov. Rossijskaja Akademija nauk. Institut jazуkoznanija. Moskva 1996, 171 str.
Authors: Rojs Jurij Emanuel
Published: July 2015

Prvo, kar nam pade v oči, so tri besede: "eksperimentalni", "sistemski" in "stilistični". Eksperimentalni pomeni v tem slovarju nov, preverjen na določenem knjižnem gradivu z usmerjenostjo na nadaljevanje, preizkus in ustvarjanje analogičnih eksperimentov v drugem terminološkem besednem bogastvu.
Uvodnik
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: July 2015

Po dvoletnem premoru in nekaj težavah, povezanih s financiranjem, je Vestnik za tuje jezike zdaj spet pred Vami; tokrat v nekoliko skromnejšem obsegu kot ponavadi. Z revijo imamo ambicioznejše načrte, ki jih bomo lahko uresničili le z avtorji kakovostnih prispevkov in ob podpori bralcev in naročnikov.Pred nekaj tedni sem ob pospravljanju polic v kabinetu naletela na izdajo Vestnika iz leta 1963. Prav ganljivo je bilo listati revijo, ki je izšla v letu, ko sem se rodila. Ciklostirana izdaja na skromnem papirju je že prinašala zanimive prispevke avtorjev, katerih večino poznam le po imenu, so pa bili med tistimi, ki so v slovenskem prostoru orali ledino na naših področjih. Zaradi njih in zaradi vseh ostalih, ki so vsa leta vztrajali, se mi zdi še toliko bolj potrebno, da revija obstane.Imen tistih, ki so v več kot štiridesetih letih izhajanja Vestnika pri njegovem nastajanju sodelovali, je veliko. Vsem njim gre velika zahvala. Posebej pa je treba omeniti mag. Nika Hudeljo, ki je v zadnjih letih vztrajno, natančno in potrpežljivo urejal revijo.S kolegom Gregorjem Perkom in člani uredniškega odbora upamo, da se čez leto dni spet beremo.
Calling the Bluff: A Critique of English-language Literary Curriculum in the Slovene Secondary Education
Authors: Podobnik Sašo
Published: July 2015

Literature has enjoyed a long and colourful tradition as a part of the English curriculum in Slovene secondary education. After almost half a century of excerpt-based literary curriculum, the reform of 1994 established a holistic study of English-language literary works with advanced-level Matura testing as an integral part of the new paradigm. The reform proved ill-conceived: the students' proficiency level was overestimated, the teachers did not receive additional training, and there proved to be incompatibilities with the Slovene literary curriculum. Over the years, these shortcomings have not been addressed; moreover, there was a turn for the worse in certain areas. As a response to the current state of affairs, certain potential modifications and changes to the programme are reviewed, including the discontinuation of English literary curriculum in Slovene secondary schools.
Developing Academic Vocabulary with AWL Gapmaker and Corpus Data
Authors: Križan Agata
Published: July 2015

There is a growing need for the development of at least some academic vocabulary in students of EFL (studying English for teaching and non-teaching purposes), if one of the main aims of EFL study is to produce competent users of English. Students are expected to read and understand advanced professional texts, not simply to successfully complete their degrees but to become a part of educated society, and to be able to meet the demands placed upon their knowledge in a prefessional environment. The reading and understanding of professional texts can be a highly demanding activity because of the number of academic and professional terms such texts include. This paper exemplifies the usefulness of a gap-fill exercise, as one among a range of options for developing and testing academic vocabulary in a professional context. The exercise was compiled with AWL gapmaker based on a professional review text, which includes academic items of vocabulary. The gap-fill exercise was used with two groups of EFL students in the same year of study and installed at two difficulty levels for two reasons: to test students’ existing knowledge of academic vocabulary, and to enrich it through the analysis of words in context/co-text relation using a concordancing program. The paper compares the answers of both groups to determine the most problematic entries (incorrect answers), and to provide the possible reasons for them. Further, contextual clues are taken into consideration as a helpful source for determining correct entries, and tested with the concordancing program. Besides the emphasis on the usefulness of such gap-fill exercises combined with corpus for the development and enrichment of academic vocabulary, the paper also emphasizes the importance of guiding students in how to search for different grammatical and other contextual clues to make correct inferences, and how to use concordances to support or reject the claims.
The representation of women and the irish nation in Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Authors: Ćurko Daniela
Published: July 2015

In Joyce’s novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man the representation of the Irish nation is closely interwoven with that of Irish women. Two groups can be distinguished among the women and girl characters: the women who are a symbol of authority and those who embody desire. Stephen’s mother and Dante Riordan, a family relative and re ligious fanatic who closely surveyed and inf luenced his early childhood, symbolize those Irish who firmly supported the dogma that the Irish nation’s identity was not to be sepa rated from the nation’s necessity in being a Roman Catholic one, subdued to the domina tion of both Rome and London. Stephen, after having accepted this view as a child, refuses this standpoint as rigid and narrowminded; in one word, as a dangerous stereotype with disastrous consequences for the future of Ireland as he becomes an adolescent.As for the other group, the girl named (Stephen’s) desire, the one central and recur rent image which appears in its description is that of the “batlike soul”. The metaphor is deeply significant for the theme of this essay, as the girl characters are portrayed as unaware of themselves and only coming to consciousness, just as the Ireland of the epoch was seen and portrayed by young Stephen. The women, object of desire, are also seen as adulterous: but to betray, Stephen soon gets to understand, is the only way to be faithful – to himself and to his vision of what Ireland is yet to become.Thus the representation of the Irish nation is not only in connection with that of Irish women, but also in relation with a process of creation of Stephen’s own identity, as he slowly liberates himself from the public opinion and becomes a free minded and inde pendent adult, aware of the impact and importance his future artist vocation will have for him, as well as for his whole country.
Bralni okus slovencev in njegove posledice
Authors: Radetič Andreja
Published: July 2015

Članek najprej navaja pomene in pozitivne učinke branja: boljše razumevanje lastne izkušnje, razvoj jezikovnih zmožnosti itd. Nadalje se osredotoča na trivialno literaturo: najprej jo definira, nato povzame statistične podatke o izposoji lete v slovenskih knjižnicah v poletnih mesecih v letu 2010. Opiše tudi kvarne učinke branja tovrstnega leposlovja, še posebej na otroke, ki jih avtorica opaža tudi pri svojih dijakih: lažne (stereotipne) predstave o svetu, manjše zmožnosti kritičnega mišljenja in slabše poznavanje jezikovnih sredstev, vpliv na podzavest in zgledovanje po neprimernih literarnih junakih. Nadalje avtorica špekulira o možnih vzrokih za tovrstno izbiro branja.
Testiranje receptivnih in jezikovne zmožnosti v italijanščini med študenti italijanistike
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: July 2015

Čeprav študij Italijanskega jezika in književnosti na FF Univerze v Ljubljani  v splošnem ne predvideva  zgolj učenja modernega italijanskega jezika, saj je, kot že njegovo ime pove, zastavljen širše, bo prispevek prikazal nekaj glavnih  izsledkov testiranja splošnega znanja italijanskega jezika, ki se je izvajal v vseh štirih letnikih: gre za izsledke na področju  bralnega in slušnega razumevanja ter uporabe slovničnih in leksikalnih struktur. Testiranje s testnimi kompleti CILS je potekalo kot del projekta, ki je nastal v okviru bilateralne pogodbe med italijanistikama v Ljubljani in Beogradu in se pričel izvajati konec študijskega leta 2009/2010 s prvim krogom testiranj (ostala dva sledita v naslednjih dveh letih). Prispevek se osredotoča na to, ali študenti dosegajo ustrezno raven znanja, ki smo jo v projektu predvideli  oz. ocenili kot primerno za vsakega od štirih letnikov, in skuša odgovoriti na vprašanje, koliko študij prispeva k splošnemu znanju moderne italijanščine.
Development of communicative competence among plurilingual students in monolingual croatian language practice
Authors: Pavličević-Franić Dunja , Aladrović Slovaček Katarina
Published: July 2015

When starting school pupils begin to adopt the standard Croatian language (non dominant L2), which in some regions differs from the native idioms (dominant L1). In this situation the interlanguage field is created and most students become vertically plurilingual, i.e. the interweaving of different language codes is ref lected in monolingual school practice.In this research the greatest attention has been paid to the cognitivelinguistic para digm and the constructivist theory, within which the stimulus theory and error theory have proven to be an extremely purposeful part of the learning process in the early lan guage development. The aim was to examine the purposefulness of the application of the modern learning theories on the development of communicative competence of younger primary school pupils. The research results have confirmed that communicative compe tence can be successfully developed, among other, by taking advantage of errors as a stim ulus for further learning. Only in such a situation the interlanguage field in monolingual Croatian language practice should be treated as a positive and not a negative linguistic phenomenon.
Prednosti in pomanjkljivosti vrstniškega ocenjevanja
Authors: Karmen Pižorn Karmen Goršak,
Published: July 2015

V članku avtorici povzemata teoretična izhodišča in rezultate izbranih raziskav o učinkovitosti vrstniškega ocenjevanja. Najprej opredelita pojem vrstniškega ocenjevanja s podkategorijo vrstniške povratne informacije ter predstavita prednosti in pomanjkljivosti takšne oblike ocenjevanja z rezultati številnih raziskav. Predstavljeni so tudi glavni cilji in smernice za zagotavljanje dobre prakse vrstniškega ocenjevanja.Večina omenjenih raziskav, na katere se članek opira, je bila izvedenih pri različnih predmetih v univerzitetnih programih in le ti dokazujejo pozitiven odnos učencev in tudi učiteljev do vrstniškega ocenjevanja ter veljavnost in zanesljivost vrstniške ocene v primerjavi z učiteljevo. Glavne ugotovitve raziskav vrstniškega ocenjevanja so, da ima vrstniško ocenjevanje pozitiven vpliv na aktivno vključevanje učencev v proces učenja in ocenjevanja, razvijanje socialne in strokovne usposobljenosti, razvijanje učenčeve avtonomije in njegovega kritičnega mišljenja, zmožnosti vrednotenja vrstnikovega in lastnega dela. Članek predstavi tudi priporočila za uvajanje vrstniškega ocenjevanja ter predloge za nadaljnje raziskave.
Avtentična besedila pri pouku francoščine kot tujega jezika
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: July 2015

Namen pričujočega članka je razmislek o rabi avtentičnih besedil pri pouku franco ščine kot tujega jezika. Avtorica izhaja iz analize besedil v štirih učbeniških kompletih (Le nouveau sans fronti`eres, Panorama, Campus in Rond point), ki so se ali se še uporabljajo pri pouku francoščine kot tujega jezika. Najprej poda definicije avtentičnosti in pregled uporabe avtentičnih gradiv skozi zgodovino. Pri pregledu besedil v korpusu besedila razdeli na avtentična, prirejena, navidezno avtentična in besedila, pri katerih o avtentičnosti ni mogoče sklepati. Analizo avtentičnosti opravi tudi v povezavi z analizo tipov besedil (po Adamu). Izhaja iz dveh predpostavk; predvideva, da bodo avtentična besedila prisotna v vseh analiziranih učbenikih in da bo, glede na dostopnost gradiv, njihovo število večje v novejših učbenikih. Nobena od obeh hipotez ni potrjena; avtentična besedila so prisotna v prvih treh kompletih, ne pa tudi v najnovejšem; njihovo število pa je največje prav v najstarejšem učbeniškem kompletu, Le nouveau sans fronti`eres. Glede na dostopnost avtentičnih predlog vseh vrst je rezultat analize presenetljiv. Po avtoričinem mnenju bi v učbenike veljalo vključiti več avtentičnih besedil in z njimi bolj osmisliti pouk tujega jezika.
Sistema obrazovanija v Rossii
Authors: Belova Natalia
Published: July 2015

В российской системе образования за последнее время произошли серьезные измене ния. Это связано с тем, что советская система образования существенно отличалась от западноевропейской, но в последние годы, особенно после присоединения России к Болонскому процессу в 2003 году, в сфере образования в России многое изменилось. Происходящие изменения оценивают поразному: с одной стороны, унификация сис тем образования России и европейских стран открывает большие возможности для учащихся, с другой – разобраться в происходящих изменениях зачастую бывает очень непросто. Сегодня российским родителям довольно сложно понять и сделать выбор, куда отдать учиться своего ребенка: в школу или в гимназию, в профессиональное училище или в колледж, в университет или в академию. В нашей статье мы постара емся разобраться в том, чем различные учебные заведения Росси отличаются друг от друга, каковы основные этапы получения образования в этой стране.
Wortbildungskonstruktionen als synthetische Strukturen und freie syntaktische Fügungen als ihre Entsprechungen
Authors: Piškur Lea
Published: July 2015

Der Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind zwei linguistische Begriffe – Wortbildungskon- struktionen als synthetische Strukturen auf der einen Seite und  freie syntaktische Fügun- gen als deren Entsprechungen auf der anderen Seite. Im theoretischen Teil werden die für diese Forschung wichtigsten Begriffe aus  dem  Bereich  Linguistik erklärt.  Anschließend werden sie genauer dargelegt, aufgegliedert und  mit  Beispielen  ausgestattet. Im empiri- schen  Teil befinden sich synthetische Strukturen und  freie syntaktische Fügungen (im Slowenischen und  im Deutschen), die ein geographisches Element enthalten. Die werden analysiert, miteinander verglichen  und  am  Ende  werden  die Resultate dargestellt. Zum Schluss folgen noch  die praktische Anwendung und  Analyse an einem Beispieltext.
Uvodnik
Authors: Lah Meta
Published: July 2015

Spoštovani bralci, Vestnik za tuje jezike je spet pred Vami, tokrat v precej obsežnejši izdaji kot lani. Dejstvo, da smo prejeli več prispevkov, uredništvo zelo veseli, saj dokazuje, da se Vestnik kljub premoru v izhajanju ni izgubil in je v slovenskem prostoru še vedno potreben.V tokratni številki boste lahko prebrali prispevke z vseh treh področij; jezikoslovja, književnosti in didaktike tujih jezikov. Književnost je tokrat manj za stopana, veliko člankov pa smo prejeli s področja jezikoslovja in didaktike tujih jezikov.Veselita nas prispevka kolegic iz Zagreba, Dunje Pavličević Franić, Katarine Aladrović Slovaček in Daniele Ćurko, posebej pa pozdravljamo tudi prispevke doktorandke Lee Piškur in treh doktorandk prve generacije bolonjskega programa Didaktika tujih jezikov, Karmen Goršak, Darje Premrl in Andreje Retelj, ki so prispevke napisale s pomočjo dr. Karmen Pižorn.Še naprej Vas vabimo k pošiljanju prispevkov za revijo. Prosim, bodite pozorni, rok za oddajo prispevkov je 30. junij 2011. Želimo Vam prijetno in koristno branje.
Pogostnost in raznolikost podrednih skladenjskih vzorcev v književnih delih Seta in La luna e i falò
Authors: Mertelj Darja
Published: July 2015

Skladenjsko kompleksne povedi so pogosto vitalni del književnega jezika. Namen tega prispevka je predstaviti skladenjsko raznolikost dveh italijanskih daljših književnih besedil, primernih tudi za obravnavanje v srednješolskem okolju, in nakazati morebitne jezikovne težave, ki bi jih lahko imeli slovenski učenci zaradi skladenjske raznolikosti. Analiza se osredotoča na podredne stavke, ki jih uvajajo vezniki se, anche se in come se in ki lahko uvajajo različne odvisnike: večina je takih, ki slovenskemu in drugim slovanskim učencem italijanščine povzroča težave zaradi interferenc pri izboru ustrezne glagolske paradigme v odvisniku. Pokazalo se je, da se vsi obravnavani tipi odvisnikov pojavljajo v obeh italijanskih romanih Seta (slov. Svila) in La luna e i falò (slov. Luna in kresovi) z določeno stalnostjo, vendar jih ne moremo opredeliti kot zelo pogoste. Zaradi svojega sorazmerno sporadičnega pojavljanja, toda visoke raznolikosti, ne morejo tvoriti stabilnega vnosa za učence: uspešnost nezavednega usvajanja ni zelo verjetna. Potrebno je zavestno učenje zaradi drugačnih zakonitosti pri izbiri jezikovnih sredstev v obeh jezikih. Izsledki analize predstavljajo dodaten razlog, da naj bi bili v zavestno poučevanje in učenje italijanščine kot tujega jezika vključeni vsaj najpogostejši in prototipični tipi odvisnikov.
Unterschiede zwischen den deutschen Aussprachewörterbüchern : Grosses Wörterbuch der deutschen Aussprache (1982), Duden. Aussprachewörterbuch (2005), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (2009) / Vanda Vremšak-Richter
Authors: Vremšak-Richter Vanda
Published: July 2015

Seit Anfang 2010 ist es nun da, das lang erwartete „Deutsche Aussprache wörterbuch“ (fortan: DAWB), das in der Nachfolge des „Großen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Aussprache“ (fortan: GWDA) steht.1 Es vermittelt die Neukodifi zierung der Standardaussprache, die auf langjährigen, systematisch angelegten und umfangreichen phonetischen Untersuchungen renommierter Forscher des traditionsreichen Instituts für Sprechwissenschaft und Phonetik der MartinLu therUniversität HalleWittenberg beruht. Die notwendigen Veränderungen und Erweiterungen des GWDA erwiesen sich im Laufe der Zeit als zu umfangreich, um im Rahmen einer Neuauf lage des GWDA erscheinen zu können. Die wich tigsten Neuerungen betrafen u.a. Akzeptanzuntersuchungen (soziophonetische Untersuchungen), die Vergrößerung und Aktualisierung des Wortschatzes, die Berücksichtigung komplexer Akzentstrukturen (z.B. Komposita), die Verände rung der Transkription infolge phonetischer Untersuchungen, phonostilistische Differenzierungen, nationale Standardvarietäten usw.2 Das DAWB, mit mehr als tausend Seiten das umfangreichste deutsche Aussprachewörterbuch aller Zeiten, ist das neue, höchsten wissenschaftlichen Ansprüchen genügende Aussprache wörterbuch und als solches das maßgebliche Referenzwerk zur deutschen Stan dardaussprache. Es informiert zuverlässig über die deutsche Aussprache und gibt den Standard so wieder, wie er heute von den meisten Deutschsprechenden als hochsprachliche Norm empfunden und verwendet wird.
Debt deflation worries: a restatement
Authors: Sau Lino
Published: July 2015

There has recently been a marked increase in debt deflation worries, particularly in the eurozone. This is the second time in recent years that widespread interest in this serious economic phenomenon has come to the fore, the first being during and in the aftermath of the Asian crisis and Japan's great stagnation, the second as a consequence of the current financial turmoil which stemmed from the US, later propagating in Europe. After an overview of the relevant insights by the debt deflation school, in this paper my aim is to update these analyses and findings to understand the causes and consequences of the current debt deflation process. The paper is structured thus: after an introduction, in Section 2 I take a critical look back at the debt deflation school, taking into consideration the seminal contributions and the extensions stemming from them in the literature; in Section 3, I consider the US financial crisis and EU contagion; I then go on, in Section 4, to see how debt deflation theories fare in the context of the present scenario in the EU, after which I draw my conclusions.
The post-1980 debt disinflation: an exercise in historical accounting
Authors: Mason J.W. , Jayadev Arjun
Published: July 2015

The conventional division of household payment flows between consumption and saving is not suitable for investigating either the causes of changing household debt–income ratios, or the interaction of household debt with aggregate demand. To explain changes in household debt, it is necessary to use an accounting framework that isolates net credit-market flows to the household sector, and that takes account of changes in the debt–income ratio resulting from nominal income growth as well as from new borrowing. To understand the implications of changing household income and expenditure flows for aggregate demand, it is necessary to distinguish expenditures that contribute to demand from expenditures that do not. Applying a conceptually appropriate accounting framework to the historical data reveals that the rise in household leverage over the past 3 decades cannot be understood in terms of increased household borrowing. For both the decade of the 1980s and the full post-1980 period, rising household debt–income ratios are entirely explained by the rise in nominal interest rates relative to nominal income growth. The rise in household debt after 1980 is best thought of as a debt disinflation, analogous to the debt deflation of the 1930s.
The economics of deflation in the euro area: a critique of fiscal austerity
Authors: Mastromatteo Giuseppe , Rossi Sergio
Published: July 2015

This paper points out that the roots of the euro-area crisis are to be found in the loss of monetary sovereignty and an unsustainable credit-led economic growth in a variety of ‘peripheral’ countries. It addresses the negative consequences of fiscal austerity in the euro-area crisis framework, in particular regarding the distribution of income and the economic and financial relations between ‘core’ and ‘peripheral’ countries within the euro area. The paper also argues that the deflationary effects of the conventional policy reaction to the euro-area crisis will aggravate recession over the medium-to-long run in that area, owing to their negative impact on demand in the product markets across the whole European Union, whose competitiveness will suffer under the very measures that are supposed to enhance it in the global economy.
Is sticky price adjustment important for output fluctuations?
Authors: Keating John W. , Kanyama Isaac K.
Published: July 2015

Using vector autoregressive models, this paper finds that shocks that have no immediate effect on the price level explain essentially all short-run variance of aggregate output while shocks that immediately affect price explain virtually none of that variance. Similar findings are obtained in the bivariate model using sectoral, industry-level, seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted data. In models with aggregate data, shocks that immediately raise the price level eventually cause output to fall while shocks that affect price with a lag immediately raise output and eventually cause the price level to rise. These responses combined with the variance decompositions suggest the short-run aggregate supply curve is nearly horizontal and the aggregate demand curve is essentially vertical. A statistical model that identifies shocks that don't affect prices for at least two months is also developed. In general, shocks with the slowest effect on prices explain most, if not all, of the short-run output variance. Our robust findings reject theories in which prices adjust rapidly to clear markets. However, the evidence that output and price are nearly orthogonal for a substantial amount of time is difficult to reconcile with standard models of sticky price adjustment. We also find that the vast majority of the long-horizon variance of aggregate output is explained by shocks that raise output and the price level. That finding provides support for theories of aggregate demand non-neutrality in which a positive movement in aggregate demand permanently increases the level of output.
Credit Constraints and the Extensive Margins of Exports: First Evidence for German Manufacturing
Authors: Wagner Joachim
Published: July 2015

This paper uses a unique newly constructed data set to investigate for the first time the link between credit constraints and the extensive margins of exports in Germany, one of the leading actors on the international market for goods. In line with theoretical considerations and comparable results reported for a small number of other countries the author reports a negative impact of credit constraints on both the number of goods exported and the number of export destination countries that is both statistically highly significant and large from an economic point of view.
Sensitivities of Lagrangian modelling of mid-latitude cirrus clouds to trajectory data quality
Authors: Kienast-Sjögren E. , Miltenberger A. K. , Luo B. P. , Peter T.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Simulations of cirrus are subject to uncertainties in model physics and meteorological input data. Here we model cirrus clouds along air mass trajectories, whose extinction has been measured with an elastic backscatter lidar at Jungfraujoch research station in the Swiss Alps, with a microphysical stacked box model. The sensitivities of these simulations to input data uncertainties (trajectory resolution, unresolved vertical velocities, ice nuclei number density and upstream specific humidity) are investigated. Variations in the temporal resolution of the wind field data (COSMO-Model at 2.2 km resolution) between 20 s and 1 h have only a marginal impact on the trajectory path, while the representation of the vertical velocity variability and therefore the cooling rate distribution are significantly affected. A temporal resolution better than 5 min must be chosen in order to resolve cooling rates required to explain the measured extinction. A further increase in the temporal resolution improves the simulation results slightly. The close match between the modelled and observed extinction profile for high-resolution trajectories suggests that the cooling rate spectra calculated by the COSMO-2 model suffice on the selected day. The modelled cooling rate spectra are, however, characterized by significantly lower vertical velocity amplitudes than those found previously in some aircraft campaigns (SUCCESS, MACPEX). A climatological analysis of the vertical velocity amplitude in the Alpine region based on COSMO-2 analyses and balloon sounding data suggests large day-to-day variability in small-scale temperature fluctuations. This demonstrates the necessity to apply numerical weather prediction models with high spatial and temporal resolutions in cirrus modelling, whereas using climatological means for the amplitude of the unresolved air motions does generally not suffice. The box model simulations further suggest that uncertainties in the upstream specific humidity (± 10 % of the model prediction) and in the ice nuclei number density (0–100 L−1) are more important for the modelled cirrus cloud than the unresolved temperature fluctuations if temporally highly resolved trajectories are used. For the presented case the simulations are incompatible with ice nuclei number densities larger than 20 L−1 and insensitive to variations below this value.
Technical Note: A novel parameterization of the transmissivity due to ozone absorption in the k-distribution method and correlated-k approximation of Kato et al. (1999) over the UV band
Authors: Wandji Nyamsi W. , Arola A. , Blanc P. , Lindfors A. V. , Cesnulyte V. , Pitkänen M. R. A. , Wald L.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The k-distribution method and the correlated-k approximation of Kato et al. (1999) is a computationally efficient approach originally designed for calculations of the broadband solar radiation at ground level by dividing the solar spectrum in 32 specific spectral bands from 240 to 4606 nm. Compared to a spectrally resolved computation, its performance in the UV band appears to be inaccurate, especially in the spectral intervals #3 [283, 307] nm and #4 [307, 328] nm because of inaccuracy in modeling the transmissivity due to ozone absorption. Numerical simulations presented in this paper indicate that a single effective ozone cross section is insufficient to accurately represent the transmissivity over each spectral interval. A novel parameterization of the transmissivity using more quadrature points yields maximum errors of respectively 0.0006 and 0.0143 for intervals #3 and #4. How to practically implement this new parameterization in a radiative transfer model is discussed for the case of libRadtran (library for radiative transfer). The new parameterization considerably improves the accuracy of the retrieval of irradiances in UV bands.
Atmospheric polarimetric effects on GNSS Radio Occultations: the ROHP-PAZ field campaign
Authors: Padullés R. , Cardellach E. , de la Torre Juárez M. , Tomás S. , Turk F. J. , Oliveras S. , Ao C. O. , Rius A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This study describes the first experimental observations showing that hydrometeors induce polarimetric signatures in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. This evidence is relevant to the PAZ Low Earth Orbiter, which will test the concept and applications of polarimetric GNSS Radio Occultation (RO) (i.e. ROs obtained with a two-polarization antenna). A ground field campaign was carried out in preparation for PAZ to verify the theoretical sensitivity studies about this concept (Cardellach et al., 2015). The main aim of the campaign is to identify and understand the factors that might affect the polarimetric GNSS observables. Studied for the first time, GNSS signals measured with two polarimetric antennas (H, horizontal and V, vertical) are shown to discriminate heavy rain events, by comparing the measured phase difference between the H and V phase delays (Δ Φ) in different weather scenarios. The measured phase difference indicates higher dispersion under rain conditions. When individual events are examined, significant increases of Δ Φ occur when the radio signals cross rain cells. Moreover, the amplitude of such signal is much higher than the theoretical prediction for precipitation; thus other sources of polarimetric signatures have been explored and identified. Modelling of other hydrometeors like melting particles and ice crystals have been proposed to explain the obtained measurements, with good agreement in more than 90 % of the cases.
High-resolution inventory of technologies, activities, and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Liu F. , Zhang Q. , Tong D. , Zheng B. , Li M. , Huo H. , He K. B.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This paper, which focuses on emissions from China's coal-fired power plants during 1990–2010, is the second in a series of papers that aims to develop high-resolution emission inventory for China. This is the first time that emissions from China's coal-fired power plants were estimated at unit level for a 20 year period. This inventory is constructed from a unit-based database compiled in this study, named the China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED), which includes detailed information on the technologies, activity data, operation situation, emission factors, and locations of individual units and supplements with aggregated data where unit-based information is not available. Between 1990 and 2010, compared to a 479 % growth in coal consumption, emissions from China's coal-fired power plants increased by 56, 335 and 442 % for SO2, NOx and CO2, respectively, and decreased by 23 % for PM2.5. Driven by the accelerated economy growth, large power plants were constructed throughout the country after 2000, resulting in dramatic growth in emissions. Growth trend of emissions has been effective curbed since 2005 due to strengthened emission control measures including the installation of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems and the optimization of the generation fleet mix by promoting large units and decommissioning small ones. Compared to previous emission inventories, CPED significantly improved the spatial resolution and temporal profile of power plant emission inventory in China by extensive use of underlying data at unit level. The new inventory developed in this study will enable a close examination for temporal and spatial variations of power plant emissions in China and will help to improve the performances of chemical transport models by providing more accurate emission data.
Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model
Authors: Namazi M. , von Salzen K. , Cole J. N. S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A new physically-based parameterization of black carbon (BC) in snow was developed and implemented in the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2). Simulated BC snow mixing ratios and BC snow radiative forcings are in good agreement with measurements and results from other models. Simulations with the improved model yield considerable trends in regional BC concentrations in snow and BC snow radiative forcings during the time period from 1950–1959 to 2000–2009. Increases in radiative forcings for Asia and decreases for Europe and North America are found to be associated with changes in BC emissions. Additional sensitivity simulations were performed in order to study the impact of BC emission changes between 1950–1959 and 2000–2009 on surface albedo, snow cover fraction, and surface air temperature. Results from these simulations indicate that impacts of BC emission changes on snow albedos between these two decades are small and not significant. Overall, changes in BC concentrations in snow have much smaller impacts on the cryosphere than the net warming surface air temperatures during the second half of the 20th century.
UV and global irradiance measurements and analysis during the Marsaxlokk (Malta) campaign
Authors: Bilbao J. , Román R. , Yousif C. , Mateos D. , de Miguel A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A solar radiation measurement campaign was performed in the south-eastern village of Marsaxlokk (35°50' N; 14°33' E; 10 m a.s.l), Malta, between 15 May and 15 October 2012. Erythemal solar radiation data (from a UVB-1 pyranometer), and total horizontal solar radiation (global and diffuse components) from two CM21 pyranometer were recorded. A comparison of atmospheric compounds from ground measurements and satellites shows that TOC (total ozone column) data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument OMI, TOMS and DOAS algorithms correlate well with ground-based recorded data. The water vapour column and the aerosol optical depth at 550 nm show a significant correlation at the confidence level of 99 %. Parametric models for evaluating the solar UV erythemal (UVER), global (G) and diffuse (D) horizontal irradiances are calibrated, from which aerosol effects on solar irradiance are evaluated using the Aerosol Modification Factor (AMF). The AMFUVER values are lower than AMFG, indicating a greater aerosol effect on UVER than on global solar irradiance. In this campaign, several dust event trajectories are identified by means of the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and by synoptic conditions for characterizing desert dust events. Hence, changes in the UV index due to atmospheric aerosols are described.
Chemical footprints of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on recent soil C : N ratios in Europe
Authors: Mulder C. , Hettelingh J.-P. , Montanarella L. , Pasimeni M. R. , Posch M. , Voigt W. , Zurlini G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Long-term human interactions with the natural landscape have produced a plethora of trends and patterns of environmental disturbances across time and space. Nitrogen deposition, closely tracking energy and land use, is known to be among the main drivers of pollution, affecting both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. We present a statistical approach for investigating the historical and geographical distribution of nitrogen deposition and the impacts of accumulation on recent soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in Europe. After the second Industrial Revolution, large swaths of land emerged characterized by different atmospheric deposition patterns caused by industrial activities or intensive agriculture. Nitrogen deposition affects soil C : N ratios in a still recognizable way despite the abatement of oxidized and reduced nitrogen emissions during the last 2 decades. Given a seemingly disparate land-use history, we focused on ~ 10 000 unmanaged ecosystems, providing statistical evidence for a rapid response of nature to the chronic nitrogen supply through atmospheric deposition.
Effects of a windthrow disturbance on the carbon balance of a broadleaf deciduous forest in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yamanoi K. , Mizoguchi Y. , Utsugi H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Forests play an important role in the terrestrial carbon budget, with most being in a carbon sequestration stage. The net carbon releases that occur result from forest disturbance, and windthrow is a typical disturbance event affecting the forest carbon balance in eastern Asia. The carbon budget has been measured using the eddy covariance method in a deciduous broadleaf forest (Japanese white birch, Japanese oak, and castor aralia) in Hokkaido, where accidental damage by the strong typhoon, Songda, in 2004 occurred. We also used the biometrical method to demonstrate the carbon flow within the forest in detail. Damaged trees amounted to 40 % of all trees, and they remained on site where they were not extracted by forest management. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re), and net ecosystem production were 1350, 975, and 375 g C m−2 yr−1 before the disturbance and 1262, 1359, and −97 g C m−2 yr−1 2 years after the disturbance, respectively. Before the disturbance, the forest was an evident carbon sink, and it subsequently transformed to net a carbon source. Because of light enrichment at the forest floor, the leaf area index and biomass of the undergrowth (Sasa kurilensis and S. senanensis) increased by factors of 2.4 and 1.7, respectively, in 3 years subsequent to the disturbance. The photosynthesis of Sasa increased rapidly and contributed to the total GPP after the disturbance. The annual GPP only decreased by 6 % just after the disturbance. On the other hand, the annual Re increased by 39 % mainly because of the decomposition of residual coarse-wood debris. The carbon balance after the disturbance was controlled by the new growth and the decomposition of residues. The forest management, which resulted in the dead stands remaining at the study site, strongly affected the carbon budget over the years. When comparing the carbon uptake efficiency at the study site with that at others, including those with various kinds of disturbances, we emphasized the importance of forest management as well as disturbance type in the carbon budget.
Water use strategies of a young Eucalyptus urophylla forest in response to seasonal change of climatic factors in South China
Authors: Zhang Z. Z. , Zhao P. , Oren R. , McCarthy H. R. , Niu J. F. , Zhu L. W. , Ni G. Y. , Huang Y. Q.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. To depict the wet (April with a soil water content, SWC, of 37 %) and dry (October with a SWC of 24.8 %) seasonal changes in the water use and physiological response of a Eucalyptus urophylla plantation in subtropical South China characterized by monsoon climate, the whole-year (June 2012 to May 2013) transpiration of E. urophylla was monitored using the TDP method. Daily transpiration (ET) in October averaged 5.7 ± 2.9 kg d−1 and was 58.0 % higher than that in April (3.6 ± 2.3 kg d−1). The difference is consistent with that of the radiation and evaporative demand of the two months, while the nocturnal transpiration (ET-NOC) in the wet season (0.18 ± 0.021 kg d−1) was almost twice that in the dry season (0.11 ± 0.01 kg d−1). Trees displayed a higher stomatal conductance (GS) (53.4–144.5 mmol m−2 s−1) in the wet season and a lower GS (45.7–89.5 mmol m−2 s−1) in the dry season. The leaf-soil water potentials (ΨL) of the two months (April and October) were −0.62 ± 0.66 and −1.22 ± 0.10 MPa, respectively. A boundary line analysis demonstrated that the slight improvement in the GS by SWC in wet season was offset by a significant decrease in D, and the slope of GS sensitivity to D (dGS/dlnD) in response to GSref (references GS at D = 1 kPa) was affected by the variance of radiation instead of SWC. Specific hydraulic conductivity (ks) of trees of different sizes decreased by 45.3–65.6 % from the wet to the dry season. Combining the decreased maximum reference GS at D = 1 kPa (GSref-max) by 22.4 % with the constant max GS (GSmax) when ΨL < −1.2 MPa, we shed some light on the mechanism underlying the high water-use efficiency (WUE) of this Eucalyptus specie. With a slight change in GSref-max and high sensitivity of ks to decreasing ΨL, large trees used water more efficiently than small ones did. In addition, the −m in the dry season (0.53 ± 0.007) was lower than that in the wet season (0.58 ± 0.01) due to the difference in the ratio of GS to the boundary layer conductance (gb) in the two months. The negative relationship between −m (except when light is limited) and Q proved to be a plastic response to environmental changes for E. urophylla but did not change with decreased ks as expected.