bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict Management in Married Eating Disorder Patients: A Controlled Observational Study
Authors: Van den Broucke Stephan , Vandereycken Walter , Vertommen Hans
Published: March 2007

Conflict management was studied in 21 eating-disordered (ED) patients and their husbands, 21 maritally distressed (MD) and 21 non-distressed (ND) couples. On the Problem List (Hahlweg et al., 1980) ED couples reported significantly more conflict topics than ND couples, yet fewer than MD couples. The interaction during a conflict discussion was videotaped and the (verbal and nonverbal) components were rated according to the KPI coding system (Hahlweg et al., 1984). Contradicting the prediction of an unequal dominance structure, the observed interactions appeared to be more symmetrical in ED couples than in both control groups. The former also showed less positive escalation than ND couples, and less negative escalation than MD ones, and a striking tendency to neutralize conflicts. The interaction pattern most typically encountered in ED couples was asymmetric negative, with one partner acting increasingly negative and the other counteracting the escalation.
Felt Obligation Towards Parents in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Young Adults
Authors: Freeberg Andrew L. , Stein Catherine H.
Published: March 2007

The present study compares self-reports of felt obligation towards parents, cultural attitudes about family functioning and perceptions of family interactions in a sample of 100 Mexican-American and Anglo-American young adults. On average, Mexican-American men and women reported significantly higher levels of familism, more collectivist attitudes and more helping behavior in relationships with parents than did Anglo-Americans, while Anglo respondents reported having more contact with social systems outside the family system. Mexican-American young adults generally reported feeling significantly more obligated to avoid conflict, provide assistance and strive for self-sufficiency in their relationships with parents than did Anglo-Americans. Cultural attitudes of familism and collectivism were related to reports of felt obligation for Mexican-American respondents but not for Anglo-American respondents. Implications of results for family development theory are discussed.
The Changing Influence of Interpersonal Perceptions on Marital Well-Being among Black and White Couples
Authors: Acitelli Linda K. , Douvan Elizabeth , Veroff Joseph
Published: March 2007

This study is the longitudinal extension of an earlier study of perceptions of conflict in the first year of marriage (Acitelli et al., 1993). In both studies, we examined the relative importance (to marital well-being) of partners' similarity and understanding of conflict styles. While the earlier study related perceptions of conflict in the first year with first year marital well-being, the present study related the same first year perceptions with third year marital well-being. Two important changes appearing in the findings for the third year compared to the first year are: (1) constructive acts appeared more important than destructive acts to third year marital well-being, whereas destructive acts were more predictive than constructive acts of first year marital well-being; and (2) the association of wives' understanding of husbands to third year marital well-being was positive for black couples and negative for white couples. This association was positive for both groups in the first year. Results are discussed in terms of the ambiguity of positive interactions as well as the dissolution of the romantic myth in the course of relationship development in early marriage.
Sex Differences and Similarities in the Communication of Social Support
Authors: Goldsmith Daena J. , Dun Susan A.
Published: March 2007

A popular view holds that men and women differ in the types of social support they provide to distressed others: women provide emotional support and empathy while men offer instrumental support or try to minimize the importance of problems. Despite the prevalence of this view, there is limited evidence to support it. The present study sought to empirically assess the merit of this view. A total of 119 college students responded to seven situations involving a distressed other. Although women's responses were longer and contained more talk about emotions, women also talked more about instrumental actions than did men. Men devoted a greater proportion of their responses to talk about the problem and a larger proportion of their problem talk involved denying the problem. However, there were substantial similarities between men and women in the relative frequencies of different types of supportive responses used, and sex differences accounted for small percentages of variance. In contrast, situation exerted a strong, consistent influence on the responses of men and women alike.
How to find UK local statistics
Authors: Mort David
Published: March 2007

Outlmes the range of sources on UK local statistics Covers data produced by local authorities in the form of statistics, policy reports, research reports and company directories; the output of other bodies, such as CIPFA, new towns, property bodies, chambers of commerce, TV companies, market research companies and specialist consultancies. Also covers information services of the Planning Exchange, Centre for Local Economic Strategies, London Residuary Body and Capital Planning Intormation
Mediated Communication and the Privatization of Public Problems
Authors: Phillips Louise
Published: March 2007

This article presents an account of an empirical study of discourse on the environment, the media and political action in Denmark. The study applies an interdisciplinary framework for discourse analysis which draws on the fields of social psychology, communication studies and linguistics. It analyses the discourse of six couples in the light of key social developments involving a `democratization of responsibility' whereby individuals feel personal responsibility for solving public problems, including global and local ecological risks. The role of the mass media in producing and disseminating knowledge of the problems in stressed. Discourse analysis shows that people draw on discourses which provide them with ways of coping with the proliferation of ecological risks and the burden of responsibility for those risks. People's sense of responsibility is limited in its strength by being constituted within a discourse which constructs political action beyond a limited amount of political consumption as belonging to a separate realm to which they have access only via the mass media.
The Competitive Balance of the Italian and American Film Industries
Authors: Waterman David , Jayakar Krishna P.
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1970s, the box-office market shares of Italian films in Italy have greatly diminished, while the shares of American films have comparably increased. Italian films have also lost a once significant market share in the US to American films. Using an economic model of international trade in media products, we argue that one reason for the better performance of the US film industry is that the US has been relatively more successful than Italy in growing its commercially supported domestic media for exhibiting films, especially the video media of pay television and video cassettes. This accelerated domestic media development has apparently provided American producers with an economic support base for greater increases in commercial film production investment levels than Italian producers could sustain, leading in turn to relatively more plentiful and more appealing American film products.
Gender and Political Advertising across Cultures
Authors: Carlson Tom
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the question whether the relationship between gender and televised political advertising, observed in the US, holds true regardless of context, or if it is conditioned by its setting. Results from a secondary comparative analysis of the advertising of male and female legislative candidates in Finland and the US are reported. Though the two countries are contrasting in several respects, most notably the extent of women's political representation, the findings suggest that the female candidates' communication strategies, independent of country, resemble those of their male colleagues. Hence, `hard' issues and traits, stereotypically attributed to male politicians, are emphasized over `soft' ones. Yet, the women candidates in both contexts also differ from the male candidates by additionally softening up this candidate image. Thus, it is concluded that this dual strategy of the female candidates, independent of country, reflects the need to consider persistent gender stereotypes on the electoral arena.
News as Social Resource: A Qualitative Empirical Study of the Reception of Danish Television News
Authors: Jensen Klaus Bruhn
Published: March 2007

This article reports a qualitative study of the reception of Danish television news. A linguistic discourse analysis was made of a news programme and of the transcripts of in-depth interviews concerning each news story. The findings suggest that viewers may reconstruct the news through reference to a small number of highly generalized `super-themes'. The super-themes point to the influence of socially derived strategies for understanding news that are common to interpretive communities. The wider implications of super-themes and interpretive communities for research into the reception and social uses of mass communication are considered in the final part of the article.
Musical Discourse in Television Documentaries: Structure and Functions
Authors: van den Berg Harry , van der Veer Kees
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the possibilities of analysing the extra-musical meaning of popular music in television documentaries. After considering the structure of documentaries and the problems involved in analysing them, attention is paid to analyses of film music by musicologists. In particular, the authors focus on a recently developed approach for the analysis of musical discourse in television films. Then, a method is presented to analyse the `preferred meaning' created by the musical discourse in television documentaries. The research tool consists of several diametrically constructed judgement scales. The results of the analysis of several television documentaries, in terms of the affective meaning of the musical discourse, are presented. Finally the reliability, validity and relevance of this method of analysis are reviewed.
The Mythology About Globalization
Authors: Ferguson Marjorie
Published: March 2007

This paper challenges certain everyday, widespread assumptions about the meaning, evidence and evaluation of `globalization'. Both as a journey and a destination, of late this notion has taken on a life of its own. In this essay, seven myths about globalization— `Big Is Better', `More Is Better', `Time and Space Have Disappeared', `Global Cultural Homogeneity', `Saving Planet Earth', `Democracy for Export via American TV' and `The New World Order'—are critically explored in the context of globalization as a historical process and a normative goal. Using myth as a way of classifying sets of ideas about world history, politics, economics, culture, communication and ecology, the argument is made that they serve ideological as well as explanatory ends.
Looking into the Black Box: Intolerance of Ambiguity and Dynamic-Transactional Processes in the Development of Issue-Related Images
Authors: Früh Werner , Wirth Werner
Published: March 2007

How does media information become a part of our image of the world? How important to the audience are subjective factors on the extent and composition of media-transmitted images? Using a dynamic-transactional model, a number of subjective factors are analysed. This article focuses on the influence of the personality characteristic `ambiguity tolerance'. Taking into account the process character of media effects, we obtained more differentiated results than could be obtained by a simple one-step output analysis. In a two-wave panel, the issue images of the audience were assessed twice with an interval of one week, and then compared to the individually used media information. Employing a LISREL model, the role of `ambiguity tolerance' in individual construction patterns was detected. Recipients willing to accept ambiguities in their information environment were stimulated more strongly. Their reproductions were more closely based on the original media information. In contrast to this, `ambiguity intolerant' people are more likely to add prior knowledge to the media information in their reproductions. This was shown as a medium-term media effect which was transactionally mediated by activation.
Is Irish Public Opinion towards Crime Distorted by Media Bias?
Authors: O'Connell Michael
Published: March 2007

Despite relatively low crime rates, the Irish public believes itself to be experiencing a law and order crisis. In this article, it is argued that a plausible explanation for the public misperception is the distorted image of crime in the media. A sample of over 2000 Irish newspaper articles dealing with crime is analysed and it is argued that there are four ways in which the press skews the representation of crime. These are the bias towards extreme and atypical offences in terms of frequency, the bias towards those extreme offences in terms of newspaper space, the bias towards stories involving vulnerable victims and invulnerable offenders and the bias towards pessimistic accounts of the criminal justice system generally. By incorporating the cognitive heuristic of `availability', an elegant explanation of the relationship between biased media accounts and distorted public opinion can be offered.
INDUSTRIAL SETTING OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND CLASS MOBILITY
Authors: Zagorski Krzysztof
Published: March 2007

Employment in different industries and sectors of the economy influences the socio-economic status, occupational prestige, income and social mobility of individuals irrespective of characteristics such as class, education, gender, social background etc. In order to prove this claim, the paper places social mobility, class structure transformations and socio-economic achievement in their economic context characterised by the industrial and sectoral composition. The consequences of an individual's location in a so defined economic setting constitute the main topic of the analysis. The addition of a structural economic dimension increases our ability to explain these processes. Thus, the economic structure, defined in terms of industries and sectors, has to be interpreted as an additional dimension of social structure.
Transnational Feminist Networks
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to contribute to feminist theorizing, to globalization studies and to theories of social movements by discussing a new organizational form and a new form of women's collective action in an era of globalization: transnational feminist networks (TFNs). The article's empirical section focuses on the origins, objectives and activities of four TFNs, each of which links women across national borders around a common agenda that includes economic, political and foreign policy concerns. It is argued that the women's movement should be understood not only in terms of its local manifestations but as a global phenomenon, characterized by supra-national constituencies, objectives, strategies and organizations. As such it is an integral part of the growing family of global social movements and organizations.
Relocating the Tourist
Authors: Graburn Nelson H. H. , Barthel-Bouchier Diane
Published: March 2007

This article traces the arrival and the subsequent debates about the place of the tourist in sociology. The sociology of tourists first focused on their economic, and then their physical and sociocultural impacts, in the stereotypical case of mass tourists of the metropolis visiting historical and peripheral locations. More recently, Graburn and Smith differentiated tourists by class, gender and lifestyle, and then by national origin. Tourism has come to be seen as a form of expressive and perhaps therapeutic culture comparable to art, play and leisure. The tourist as sight-seer was first castigated by snobbish social commentators, and then valorized as a seeker of authenticity by MacCannell, and as a caster of gazes by Urry. Cohen usefully examined the range of tourists' experiences and authenticities. In this special issue Lengkeek and Harrison re-examine tourist differentiations, authenticities and subjective experiences. Thorns and Perkins conjoin the notion of the tourist as sight-seer with that of physical performer, while Liebman Parrinello looks at the tourist as both embodied and as technologized.
THE QUALITY OF WORK: THE LABOUR PROCESS AND SOCIOTECHNICAL APPROACHES
Authors: van der Zwaan A. H.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a survey which was carried out on all work or labour related papers that were presented at the XII. World Congress of Sociology in Madrid (July 1990). Its aim was to investigate whether the Dutch labour process debate was reflected elsewhere. The analysis shows that the Netherlands are in a special position in this respect and that modern sociotechnical theory does not enjoy comparable popularity in other countries. The article ends with an interpretation of this finding and an attempt to explain the absence of this debate as well as the lack of an engineering approach in other West European countries.
ETACRATISM: POWER AND PROPERTY—EVIDENCE FROM THE SOVIET EXPERIENCE
Authors: Radaev Vadim , Shkaratan Ovsey
Published: March 2007

This paper is aiming to outline the fundamental features of the Soviet-type system from which the new transitional society is emerging. The Soviet-type system is categorised beyond the `capitalism-socialism' alternative as a system of `etacratism' in which all social and economic relationships are subordinated to the structures of political power. Characteristics reminiscent of the `Asiatic mode of production' and data on top Party functionaries are used to illustrate the essential points of the system under consideration.
ROCK MUSIC: SECULARISATION AND ITS CANCELLATION
Authors: Weinstein Deena
Published: March 2007

Postmodern questioning of the sacred/secular binary, when applied to the cultural form of rock music, yields the understanding that rock music is saturated with types of weak religiosity ranging from the use of rock to convey the messages of established religions to the appearance of distinctive forms of religiosity endogenous to rock that involve the relations of artist and audience. The discussion moves from a consideration of religious symbolism and ideas in rock lyrics, through a formal analysis of rock stars as charismatic artist-heroes who are worshipped by their audiences, to an interpretation of the rock concert as a religious ritual. The religiosity found in rock music indicates that in the postmodern condition piety floats free, ready to attach itself through specific forms to a succession of transient contents.
Restructuring of `the Life-world of Socialism'
Authors: Grekova Maya
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the phenomenological tradition with respect to the formation and usage of the concept of `life-world'. The methodological guidelines and research types from Alfred Schutz's social phenomenology are employed as the immediate perspective of the analysis. More specifically, this is an attempt to see and interpret `the life-world of socialism' from the viewpoint of the `structures of the life-world' described by Schutz (1966). Regarding the latter as historically produced allows for their use as a yardstick to interpret the peculiarities of the world of socialism and the present trends of this world's restructuring during the period of transition from a totalitarian to a democratic society, including the construction of a `modern' life-world.
Religion Re-Emerging
Authors: Riis Ole
Published: March 2007

Religion has re-emerged on the worldwide political arena. This should not be written off as a temporary reaction against a necessary process of modernization. An advanced industrial society does not require religion to be separated from politics. The borderline between religion and politics is fluid and constantly contested. Even absolutist regimes in modern societies have sought legitimacy through religion. Today, religion mainly re-emerges voicing a moral protest against political elites who are seen as corrupt and immoral. Such a protest may refer to ethical standards from the past. However, a religious protest does not necessarily try to re-establish the old social structures. The functional logic of secularization can be regarded as an ideology which supports a specific power structure, and which tries to insulate a political elite from a moral critique.
The Cyclical Overproduction of Graduates in Germany in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Titze Hartmut
Published: March 2007

Over the last two hundred years phases of overproduction and of scarcity in academic careers have recurred with a remarkable regularity. The cyclical development depends on the complex interaction between the varying determinants of growth and the varying conditions of social recruitment for specific careers. If professional prospects are favourable, careers will open up into educationally uncultivated strata, and if the prospects worsen, its recruitment basis closes a little further down again. The interplay of attracting effects (pull) and deterrence effects (push) produce the remarkable long-term pulsation of student streams in the vocational subject areas. German data from theology, law, medicine and higher education suggest that political control has effected little change in the cycle. Academic qualifications and limits on entry have always been introduced at the times of excess supply, and the history of structural change in German education is linked to these phases.
Three Thinkers on Television, Schools, the Family, and Public Discourse
Authors: Goldstone Peter , Leone Robert
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the conceptual frameworks and substantive ideas of three authors, Lawrence Cremin, Neil Postman and Christopher Lasch, all of whom view technologies as educators. The authors focus on the television as educator and exposit these thinkers' views about relations between television's education and the education of schools, families and communities. The broader social significance involves an examination of the extent to which television's education impoverishes public discourse, the lifeblood of democracy; and the extent to which television's education weakens parents' efforts to educate their children. Cremin and Postman lead the way in respectively providing a framework of analysis and identifying the problems but Cremin fails to recognize the severity of the problems and Postman does not adequately address them. Lasch's work is most promising, his formu lations fit neatly within Cremin's framework but address the problems in a way that improves upon Postman.
Classroom Interaction and Opportunities for Cross-Sex Peer Learning in Science
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. , Harris Abigail M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between opportunities for cross-sex peer learning and student attitudes toward cross-sex peer learning in science was addressed in an analysis of data from 29 fourth- and fifth-grade classrooms. It was found that teachers rarely organize instruction to encourage peer learning and that students are generally unwilling to work with a cross-sex classmate on science projects. Students in classrooms exhibiting relatively higher levels of collaborative opportunities held statistically significantly less stereotyped attitudes than students in classrooms where collaboration was relatively rare.
Social Stereotypes as a Variable in Egocentrism
Authors: Richter Antoinette L. , Reaves Mark G. , Deaver Heather D. , Lacy Sylvia G.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to investigate the nature of stereotypes in early adolescents. Subjects from grades seven and eight were administered the Stereotypic Image Scale, patterned after Elkind and Bowen's Imaginary Audience Scale, to determine the extent to which they projected imaginary audience behavior on to social stereotypes, such as musical stars, sports figures, and television/motion picture personalities. Results indicate that early adolescents' with high social stereotypes also scored high on the imaginary audience questionnaire although they scored lower on self-esteem. Sex differences were found but there were no age or grade differences. Further, there was no relationship between the amount of television watched and social consciousness.
Accuracy of Weight Perception among Young Adolescent Girls: An Examination of Personal and Interpersonal Correlates
Authors: Forehand Rex , Faust Jan , Baum Cynthia G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the personal and interpersonal characteristics of young adolescent females who accurately and inaccurately perceived their weight. Ninety-nine sixth and seventh graders served as subjects.-Three observers rated each subject as under, average, or over weight. Each subject rated herself as being under, average, or over weight. In addition, the adolescents completed a depression measure and a self-concept measure. Sociometric measures and teacher ratings of popularity also were completed. A discrepancy score between observer and adolescent rating of weight was then calculated and subjects were placed into one of three categories: Underestimate, accurate estimate, and overestimate judgment groups. The results indicated that approximately one-half of the sample accurately estimated their weight as there were 49 accurate estimates, 18 overestimates, and 32 underestimates. Furthermore, relative to accurate estimation, inaccurate weight estimation was associated with personal maladjustment (depression and poor self-concept) but not interpersonal difficulties (popularity). The underestimate and overestimate groups did not differ from one another on any of the dependent measures. Implications of the results for nonclinic and clinic populations are discussed.
Using Language to Think: Developing Concepts in Social Studies, Science and Mathematics
Authors: Vaughan Sherry C.
Published: March 2007

Whether teachers are aware of it or not, underlying the structure and content of all methods and materials is a theoretical orientation toward learning that directs the selection and design of materials used, expectations for student performance, and the nature of teachers responses to that performance. To modify one's theoretical perspective requires both awareness of that theoretical orientation and an exposure to new insights. The relationship between language and thought is one area in which current investigations may suggest a needed change in teachers' theoretical perspective on learning. This work has reminded us of earlier work done in the 1930s which described knowing as a transactional process between the individual and the environment with language at the center of the process. From this perspective, knowing is viewed as a personal process; the language one uses to come to know about the world plays an integral part in the development of semantic potential. Applications of transactional teaching and learning activities are made to concepts in social studies, science and mathematics.
Hassles, Role Strain, and Peer Relations in Young Adolescents
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Elmer John F. , Snow William H. , Schinke Steven Paul
Published: March 2007

The impact of hassles, or daily stressors, on the lives of adults has been demonstrated by Lazarus and his colleagues. Conceptual relevance of the hassles construct for young adolescent populations, theoretical interplay between self-reported hassles and role strain in youth, and the relationship between role strain and adolescent peer relations have received scant research attention to date. To address these issues, the authors developed the Adolescent Hassles Inventory (AHI), patterning it after the Hassles Scale developed for adults by Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, and Lazarus, and administered it to 246 sixth grade students. AHI reliability data supported feasibility of the measurement approach for young adolescents. Factor analysis of the condensed 50-item AHI scale revealed eight item clusters, five of which suggested underlying scale dimensions reflecting adolescent roles of student, peer, drug user/non-user, son/daughter, and worker. Subscales created from item factor loading data correlated significantly with a measure of peer relations as did the global AHI scores. Findings suggest that role strain, as measured by aggregated hassles scores, correlates inversely with young adolescent satisfaction with peer group relations, particularly for males.
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Achievement and Self-Image During Early Adolescence
Authors: Roberts Laura R. , Sarigiani Pamela A. , Petersen Anne C. , Newman Judith L.
Published: March 2007

This research tested whether the relationship between school achievement and self-image would show different developmental patterns for girls and boys during early adolescence. The study followed 242 subjects from sixth through eighth grade. Multiple correlations and covariance matrix analyses (LISREL) revealed a stronger positive relationship between school achievement and self-image for boys and girls in sixth grade and especially in seventh grade. Longitudinal analyses of covariance matrices, within gender, showed that the relationship between self-image and achievement decreased for girls and increased for boys as they moved from sixth to seventh grade. This trend reversed itself for girls and remained stable for boys between seventh and eighth grade. These finding are discussed in terms of gender intensification and the effects of classroom and social context changes that occur during early adolescence.
Relationships of Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse with School Achievement and Self-Concept
Authors: Rust James O. , Troupe Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Adolescent victims of child sexual abuse suffer through complex problems of vast proportions. Treatment of these victims is a challenging task facing mental health professionals. Few studies have assessed treatment success in child and adolescent sexual abuse cases. The present investigation used a pretest-posttest format with three measures from the Stanford Achievement Test and self-concept (Piers-Harris) scores to assess the effectiveness of 6 months of psychotherapy with sexually abused girls. Social workers led psychotherapeutic groups like those described by Blick and Porter. The groups offered the girls a supportive environment to gain insights into their difficulties. The study used a comparison group based on gender, age, IQ, and socioeconomic status. Results indicated that the early adolescent sexual abuse victims in treatment made significant gains on all measured areas whereas the comparison group's scores did not change significantly.
Ethic of Care and Real-Life Moral Dilemma Content in Male and Female Early Adolescents
Authors: Skoe Eva E. , Gooden Alethia
Published: March 2007

A sample of 23 female and 23 male early adolescents, 11 through 12 years of age, was assessed on the Ethic of Care Interview (ECI), a new care-based morality measure. In addition, content analyses of the children's real-life moral dilemmas were conducted. As expected, girls scored significantly higher on the ECI than boys, and more girls than boys scored at ECI Level 2 (conventions of goodness, caring for others). The hypothesis that more girls than boys would generate "personal" real-life dilemmas and that more boys than girls would generate "impersonal" ones was also confirmed. Analysis of the central issues in the real-life dilemmas indicated that girls tended to be concerned about hurting others and maintaining friendships, whereas boys tended to be concerned about leisure activities, such as sports, and avoiding trouble. Possible explanations for these gender differences as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Differences between Elementary and Middle School Teachers and Students: A Goal Theory Approach
Authors: Midgley Carol , Anderman Eric , Hicks Lynley
Published: March 2007

The early adolescent years are characterized by a negative shift in motivational orientation for a number of children. It has been suggested that this change is related to differences between the learning environments in elementary and middle level schools. In particular, some goal theorists have suggested that middle level schools stress performance goals more and task goals less than do elementary schools. In this study, comparisons based on survey data indicated that middle school teachers and students perceive the school culture as more performance-focused and less task-focused than do elementary teachers and students. In addition, elementary school teachers use instructional practices that emphasize task goals, and endorse task-focused achievement goals for their students, more than do middle school teachers. A perceived stress, in the school, on task goals predicted self-efficacy both for teachers and students, whereas a perceived stress on performance goals was unrelated to self-efficacy.
Visibility, Vulnerability, Development, and Context
Authors: Brown B. Bradford
Published: March 2007

Merten's recent assessment of the responses of four boys who were associated with a low-status peer crowd in junior high school provides important insights on processes of social rejection in early adolescence. To build on these insights, investigators must broaden the sample beyond core members of one socially rejected peer group and broaden their methods beyond self-reports and self-assessments from rejected youth. Conceptual frameworks must consider the full range of characteristics that contribute to peer status-physical stature and development, personality traits, social skills, interests, abilities, and values-and be sensitive to contextual (school and community)factors that shape the peer group system and constrain mobility within the system.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Achievement-Related Outcomes among Adolescent Daughters
Authors: Silverberg Susan B. , Marczak Mary S. , Gondoli Dawn M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined whether early adolescent females' school grades, educational aspirations, educational expectations, and the discrepancy between their aspirations and expectations could be predicted by maternal depressive symptoms. Of special interest was the potential moderating role of family structure, that is, whether the girls living in single-mother households were more vulnerable to the effects of maternal depressive mood state than were the girls living in intact, two-parent families. Questionnaire data were gathered from 44 mother-daughter dyads. Analyses indicated that for the single-mother/daughter subsample only, maternal depression scores predicted daughters' educational expectations over and above the effects of key parenting practices and level of maternal education. Possible reasons for the moderating effect of family structure, and the significance of examining academic-related perceptions among early adolescent girls are discussed Themes including daughters serving as emotional confidantes to their mothers and mother-daughter emotional interreactivity are considered
The Relation of English Language Proficiency to Educational Aspirations of Mexican-American Eighth Graders
Authors: Singh Kusum , Hernandez-Gantes Victor M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relation of English language proficiency to the educational aspirations of Mexican American eighth graders. Research consistently has documented low levels of participation in postsecondary education by Hispanic youth. The present study proposed that English language proficiency had a significant relation to the educational aspirations of Mexican American eighth graders and estimated the proposed relation, controlling for other relevant causes of educational aspirations. The sample consisted of 1,641 Mexican American eighth graders. Results indicated that there was a significant although moderate direct relation of language proficiency to educational aspirations and academic achievement. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance and provide support that better English language skills might lead to improved educational outcomes for Mexican American students. The study also underscores the need for more empirical research on language issues and their relation to educational and psychosocial outcomes for language-minority youth.
Parental Mediators of Associations between Perceived Authoritative Parenting and Early Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Fletcher Anne C. , Jefferies Brandi C.
Published: March 2007

Assessed in this study was whether a variety of specific parental behaviors mediated associations between perceived authoritative parenting and early adolescent substance use. Eighth-grade students (N = 182) completed questionnaires about their perceptions of parental warmth, behavioral control, and psychological autonomy granting, which were used to compute a measure of perceived parental authoritativeness. Adolescents indicated their perceptions of parents’acceptance of, and likely responses to, substance use. During telephone interviews, one parent of each of 113 adolescents indicated the extent to which he or she used specific strategies aimed at preventing offspring from engaging in substance use. Perceived authoritative parenting was associated with lower levels of substance use among boys and among girls. Perceived parental disciplinary consequences of engaging in substance use mediated associations between perceived authoritative parenting and girls’substance use. Associations between perceived parental authoritativeness and boys’ substance use were not linked by any specific parental behaviors.
Teaching Industrial Marketing: The Two-Transactional Model
Authors: Kortge G. Dean
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes simplistic models of consumer marketing and of industrial marketing. The two-transactional model of industrial marketing provides the college marketing student with a conceptual framework for the study of the rapidly developing area of industrial marketing.
A Classroom Experiential Exercise for Studying Materials Management Decision-Making
Authors: Jackson George C. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: March 2007

The growth in the use of experiential exercises in the classroom reflects the value of these exercises in providing realistic simulations of business decision-making. This article describes in detail a materials management experiential exercise. The exercise can be used alone or in combination with a related physical distribution exercise to form a business logistics simulation.
The Analysis of Today's Advertising to Educate Tomorrow's Marketers in a Consumer Behavior Course
Authors: McCuen Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an approach to teaching consumer behavior which is based on a series of assignments requiring the students to analyze current advertisements. The research summarized in the article indicates that the approach can motivate students to improve their writing skills and achieve educational objectives beyond the simple acquisition of information about consumer behavior and marketing.
Marketing Curriculum Development: Model and Application
Authors: Schleede John M. , Lepisto Lawrence R.
Published: March 2007

Curriculum review has always been a critical task in education, especially in a dynamic discipline like marketing. Because this problem will become even more critical in the future due to demographic changes and rising accreditation standards in universities, new methods of reviewing curriculum need to be explored. For this reason, a model was designed that can be applied to any marketing program to systematically guide the development or the review of a curriculum. The model does not provide simplistic answers, but a comprehensive process. In addition, the model can be re-applied to insure that the curriculum matches the growth of the discipline, faculty, and the institution.
Sales/Marketing Management Teaching Tool
Authors: Bowie James G.
Published: March 2007

A simple yet effective tool is offered which teaches the student the power of matrix analysis of marketing information. Hidden problems and/or strengths are revealed by combining company data in matrix form. An example which can be given to the student for individual or group analysis is included.
Employers' Importance Ratings of Student Characteristics: A Conjoint Analysis Approach
Authors: Boatwright E. W. , Stamps Miriam B.
Published: March 2007

Importance ratings of student characteristics by employers are derived through the use of conjoint analysis. The relative benefits of conjoint analysis as compared to more typical methods of deriving importance characteristics are discussed. Implications for marketing education and the marketing curriculum are also presented.
Research-Based Teaching Improvement Practices: A Marketing Audit Framework
Authors: Hugstad Paul
Published: March 2007

Education is presently under attack at all levels, with calls for improvement and increased accountability in teaching programs. This article uses the marketing audit concept, coupled with a set of research-based teaching program criteria, to provide a framework for evaluating and improving marketing teaching programs.
Educating Marketing Students in the Art of Business Etiquette
Authors: Kelley Craig A.
Published: March 2007

Business etiquette skills are necessary to complete the education of marketing students. This article describes why business etiquette is important and provides examples of what business etiquette skills should be taught. Finally, methods for presenting business etiquette in a senior marketing management course are described.
Details and Student Perceptions of an Experiential Program for Personal Selling and Purchasing Classes
Authors: O'Hara Bradley S. , Shaffer Teri Root
Published: March 2007

This article describes an experiential approach to teaching that brings together students from two different classes, Personal Selling and Purchasing. The program involves role-playing, team teaching, guest speakers, report writing, and individual assessment. The background for this activity sees class members from personal selling classes attempting to sell a product to individuals enrolled in a purchasing or procurement course. The interaction between these two groups of students is the culmination, not only of much class discussion, but also of considerable individual preparation involving library work, personal observations, and communication with industry representatives. Details of this program are provided for those interested in adapting it to their classes. Additionally, student perceptions of this program, which demonstrate broad acceptance, are highlighted.
Using Negotiations to Teach Relational Selling and Group Dynamics
Authors: Macintosh Gerrard
Published: March 2007

Given the prevailing shift to a relationship emphasis in marketing, sales educators are challenged to integrate a relational focus in sales courses. This article details an experiential negotiation seminar designed to increase students' understanding of group dynamics and relational selling.
The Role of Hispanic Public Administrators: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Martinez Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Empirical data on the experiences of Hispanic administrators operating in governmental bureaucracies are reported in this study. Based on role-analysis methodology and representative bureaucracy theory, a survey research instrument is generated to measure role consensus between Hispanic and white administrators of the state of California in regard to administrative responsibility. Role conflict, as perceived by Hispanic administrators, and strategies for conflict resolution also are explored. The study serves to document specific areas of consensus and conflict between Hispanic and institutional role expectations. The findings have implications for the study of minorities in government, administrative role analysis, and representative bureaucracy in democratic societies.
Focus Groups as an Approach to Outcomes Assessment
Authors: Sink David W.
Published: March 2007

Focus Groups, used heavily in marketing and public relations, can be valuable tools, as well, for assessing outcomes of MPA programs. By capitalizing on the human tendency to discuss issues and ideas in groups, focus groups depend on interaction to shape opinions and encourage an exchange of ideas. Focus groups, usually consisting of from seven to ten participants and led by a well-prepared moderator, are carefully planned discussions de signed to go beyond a questionnaire, individual interview, or survey to get at explanation and emotion behind simple answers. They are particularly useful when used in conjunction with data-based as sessment tools.
A Macroeconomic Study of the Effects of Promotion on the Consumption of Infant Formula in Developing Countries
Authors: Gilly Mary C. , Graham John L.
Published: March 2007

During 1975, Nestle and other infant formula manufacturers agreed to curtail promotion of their products in developing countries. This curtailment resulted in a decrease in consumption of infant formula (when controlling for other variables) in 79 developing countries. Thus a causal link between promotion and consumption of the product is supported by the data and macroeconomic analyses in the study.
The Evolution of Retail Institutions: A Case Study of the Guatemalan Retail Sector
Authors: Ortiz-Buonafina Marta
Published: March 2007

This article traces the evolution of the Guatemalan retail sector after implementation of import substitution policies. The retail sector's productivity and performance are evaluated in the context of economic growth and development. The model builds on the literature on retail productivity to identify workable measures of factors that affect productivity.
Foreign Access to the Japanese Market: Structural and Economy-Wide Factors
Authors: Lowinger Thomas C. , Lal Anil K. , Arunthanes Wiboon
Published: March 2007

This article explores the effect of changes in prices, income, and nontariff barriers on Japanese imports before and during the period of yen appreciation. Empirical findings support the contention that around the mid-1980s there was an apparent change in the responsiveness of manufactured imports to changes in GNP, as well as changes in nontariff barriers.
Analyzing Economic Development in the Republic of Korea: An Evaluation of Alternative Paradigms of Marketing and Economic Development, Part II
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Omura Glenn S.
Published: March 2007

This is the second part of a two-part study of the three primary paradigms employed in the study of marketing and economic development. In Part I, the paradigms were evaluated and compared on a conceptual basis, using what Halbert (1964) calls pragmatics criteria. In this part, the same paradigms are used to analyze the Republic of Korea. Differences in emphasis and resulting interpretations are presented. It is found that the political economy (or institutional) approach allows for a fuller explanation of Korea's economic development than either the modernization or radical paradigms. Future researchers studying economic development are strongly encouraged to consider the use of the political economy approach.