bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing the Influence of Tourist Motivations on Tourist Expenditure at a Sun-And-Sand Destination
Authors: Alegre Joaquín , Cladera Magdalena , Sard Maria
Published: August 2011

The objective of mature tourist destinations should not be to increase the number of tourists but to increase tourism revenue. To achieve this goal, such destinations should aim to attract higher spending tourists. In this paper, expenditure-based tourist segments are analysed (high, high/medium, medium/low and low spenders). Tourist characteristics and trip-related variables are used to identify the determinants of tourist expenditures. In addition, tourist motivations in choosing the destination were selected as explanatory variables. The results show that, as well as tourist and trip-related characteristics, some tourist motivations are also useful in describing expenditure-based segments. Planning strategies must bear in mind that the effect of tourist motivations on tourist expenditure may differ according to the factors involved.
The Economic Impact of Organized Camps
Authors: Kashian Russ , Pfeifer-Luckett Renee
Published: August 2011

In the course of a calendar year, the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater conducts a wide variety of camps and clinics on its campus. The idea of tourism as an economic development tool is a well-established research track and the retention and attraction of ‘engines of economic growth’ is a key topic in the field of economic development. This paper uses input–output analysis to estimate the economic value of these camps. While there is limited research directly in the area of the economic impact of organized camps, there is a relationship between this research and the literature that uses input–output analysis to evaluate the economic impacts from tourism.
Research Note: Resort Hotel Location
Authors: Juan Pin-Ju , Lin Shin-Yi
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a novel decision framework for optimizing resort hotel location selection via modified Delphi modelling. A panel of 24 experts with various backgrounds, including academia, government and business, provided input on location factor selection. During three discussions, panel members agreed to a set of 34 factors requiring consideration in selecting the location for a resort hotel. The application of the proposed model and future research directions are also addressed.
Isolation and Maintenance of Brachyspira Species
Authors: Stanton Thad B.
Published: August 2011

Brachyspira species are anaerobic spirochetes inhabiting intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Several species cause transmissible intestinal diseases of swine and birds. This unit describes methods for the isolation of Brachyspira from fecal samples, cultivation on liquid and solid media, and long term and short term preservation of Brachyspira species. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 22:12D.1.1‐12D.1.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How Word Familiarity Facilitates Visual Search for Verbal Material
Authors: Dampuré Julien , Ros Christine , Rouet Jean‐François , Vibert Nicolas
Published: July 2011

Two experiments assessed the impact of word familiarity on visual search for phrases. Participants' eye movements were recorded while they memorized target phrases and then searched for them within more or less similar phrases. The phrases were written with either familiar or unfamiliar, neuroscience‐specific vocabulary. Most participants did not search for the target by reading lines in a systematic way but scanned the first words of phrases to identify those beginning with the same words as the target. Visual search for unfamiliar target phrases was associated with an increase in the number of non‐target phrases that were scanned. The only search phase during which fixation durations depended on word familiarity was the final recognition of the target phrase. Hence, the data support a model of search within menu‐like displays in which searchers primarily rely on fast, visual match mechanisms and engage in reading‐like processing only during the critical decision‐making phase. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femoral Morphology and Femoropelvic Musculoskeletal Anatomy of Humans and Great Apes: A Comparative Virtopsy Study
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , De León Marcia S. Ponce , Nishimura Takeshi , Zollikofer Christoph P.E.
Published: August 2011

The proximal femoral morphology of fossil hominins is routinely interpreted in terms of muscular topography and associated locomotor modes. However, the detailed correspondence between hard and soft tissue structures in the proximal femoral region of extant great apes is relatively unknown, because dissection protocols typically do not comprise in‐depth osteological descriptions. Here, we use computed tomography and virtopsy (virtual dissection) for non‐invasive examination of the femoropelvic musculoskeletal anatomy in Pan troglodytes, P. paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, and Homo sapiens. Specifically, we analyze the topographic relationship between muscle attachment sites and surface structures of the proximal femoral shaft such as the lateral spiral pilaster. Our results show that the origin of the vastus lateralis muscle is anterior to the insertion of gluteus maximus in all examined great ape specimens and humans. In gorillas and orangutans, the insertion of gluteus maximus is on the inferior (anterolateral) side of the lateral spiral pilaster. In chimpanzees, however, the maximus insertion is on its superior (posteromedial) side, similar to the situation in modern humans. These findings support the hypothesis that chimpanzees and humans exhibit a shared–derived musculoskeletal topography of the proximal femoral region, irrespective of their different locomotor modes, whereas gorillas and orangutans represent the primitive condition. Caution is thus warranted when inferring locomotor behavior from the surface topography of the proximal femur of fossil hominins, as the morphology of this region may contain a strong phyletic signal that tends to blur locomotor adaptation. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrigel‐Induced Tubular Morphogenesis of Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lei Xia , Liu Bo , Wu Jinjin , Lu Yuangang , Yang Yadong
Published: August 2011

Human eccrine sweat glands are tubule‐structured glands of the skin that are vital in thermoregulation, secretion, and excretion of water and electrolytes. A study of tubular morphogenesis in vitro would facilitate the development of a tissue engineering model for eccrine sweat glands and other tubule‐structured glands. Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix, has been shown to promote differentiation and morphogenesis of many different cell types, including tubular cells. This study investigated the growth, differentiation, and tubular morphogenesis of human eccrine sweat gland epithelial cells cultured in Matrigel. Human eccrine gland epithelial cells were isolated and cultured in vitro. The cell growth in Matrigel was evidenced by the formation of cell clusters, which were observed under an inverted microscope. The internal structure of the cell clusters was further investigated by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of propidium iodide‐stained nuclei. The results demonstrated that although on a plastic surface or in a collagen gel the cells could not form tubular structures, they formed tubular structures when cultured in Matrigel. Consequently, we conclude that Matrigel can promote tubular morphogenesis of human eccrine sweat gland epithelial cells. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LPV modeling and synthesis for DC propulsion of electric scooters
Authors: Hong Boe‐Shong , Lin Tsu‐Yu , Su Wen‐Jui
Published: August 2011

For electric scooters, this work develops linear parameter‐varying systems (LPV) control synthesis to fulfill the trade‐off between energy consumption per distance and propulsion capability in transience. The synthesized regulator functions as the transmission in the transient state, which is analogous to gear transmission in the steady state. Simulations and experiments are provided to verify the proposed synthesis, wherein a per‐distance strategy is shown to have better performance in terms of energy and motion than a per‐time strategy.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Knotenverbindungen für Betonfertigteile – Hinweise für Bemessung und Konstruktion
Authors: Tillmann Mathias
Published: August 2011

Das Bemessen und Konstruieren von Knotenverbindungen ist ein Aspekt, in dem sich das Bauen mit Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonfertigteilen von der monolithischen Bauweise unterscheidet. Das Verbinden einzeln angefertigter Teile zu einem Gesamttragwerk wird erst durch eine vernünftige Planung und Bemessung und eine richtige Ausführung vor Ort möglich. Der folgende Beitrag ist ein Auszug aus und enthält neben wichtigen Anmerkungen und Hinweisen auch Konstruktionsskizzen, die das Bemessen und Konstruieren von Knotenverbindungen im Betonfertigteilbau erleichtern sollen. Dabei wurde insbesondere darauf geachtet, die Anforderungen nach Eurocode 2 den Anforderungen nach DIN 1045‐1 gegenüberzustellen und Gemeinsamkeiten bzw. Unterschiede herauszuarbeiten.
Entwurf‐ und Bemessungskonzept zum Nachweis von Stahl‐Stahlbetonverbindungen
Authors: Heidolf Thorsten , Roeser Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

Das kraftschlüssige Verbinden von Stahlbauteilen mit Stahlbetonbauteilen ist von besonderer Bedeutung im allgemeinen Hochbau und im Fertigteilbau genauso wie auch im Ingenieurbau. Durch die bauaufsichtliche Zulassung des innovativen HSC‐B Schraubanschlusses ist es nun möglich, große Lasten in hybriden Strukturen über Schraubanschlüsse zu übertragen, so dass die spezifischen Werkstoffeigenschaften von Baustahl und Stahlbeton optimal genutzt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Zulassungsversuche sowie das daraus abgeleitete Bemessungskonzept des Stahlbauanschlusses vorgestellt. Das Bemessungskonzept wurde auf Basis der Versuchsergebnisse abgeleitet und ist Bestandteil der allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung Z‐15.6‐284.

Design concept for concrete steel connections

The secure connection between steel components and reinforced concrete structures is important in general, especially in precast construction as well as in civil engineering. Due to the technical approval for innovative HSC‐B concrete steel connection, it is now possible to transfer high loads in hybrid structures with screwed connection. The specific material properties of steel and reinforced concrete are used optimally. In this paper the results of approval tests and the derived design method for the concrete steel connection are presented. The design concept is based on experimental results and is part of National Technical Approval Z‐15.6‐284.
Zulässige Montagestützweiten von Elementdecken mit verstärkten Gitterträgern
Authors: Bertram Guido , Furche Johannes , Hegger Josef , Bauermeister Ulrich
Published: August 2011

Elementdecken bestehen aus vorgefertigten Stahlbetonplatten und einer aufbetonierten Ortbetonschicht. Die vorgefertigten etwa 5 cm dicken Stahlbetonplatten dienen als verlorene Schalung für den Ortbeton und sind integraler Bestandteil der fertigen Stahlbetondecke. Die Fertigteilplatten sind mit Gitterträgern bewehrt, welche die Eigenbiegesteifigkeit und die Tragfähigkeit der Platten im Montagezustand erhöhen. Das Tragverhalten im Montagezustand kann aufgrund des aufgelösten Querschnitts nicht mit den Berechnungsansätzen für Stahlbetonplatten beschrieben werden. Die Bemessung wird daher in bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen auf der Grundlage von Versuchen geregelt. Ein bereits zugelassener Gitterträgertyp (Bild 1a) wurde zur Erzielung größerer Montagestützweiten mit größeren Stabquerschnitten versehen. Das Tragverhalten von Fertigteilplatten mit diesen verstärkten Gitterträgern wurde am Institut für Massivbau der RWTH Aachen University in 78 Biege‐ und Querkraftversuchen untersucht. Die wesentlichen Versuchsergebnisse und die daraus abgeleiteten Montagestützweiten der erweiterten allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt.

Permissible Span of Semi‐precast Slabs in Case of Erection

The construction of semi‐preacast slabs made of precast lattice girder planks and insitu topping is economic in a large application field. The precast planks consist of a 5 cm thick RC slab serving as permanent formwork for the topping. Lattice girders, set into the slab concrete with their lower chord bars, are used to increase the bending stiffness as well as the bearing capacity of the planks. Furthermore, the described lattice girders consist of an upper chord bar, two lower chord bars and in between diagonal bars. Due to the upper chord bar located above the concrete slab the section modulus as well as the moment of inertia is increased resulting in clearly enlarged permissible spans in the case of erection. The bearing behaviour cannot be described with common bending and shear design methods due to the divided cross section with a slender compression chord. A structural design according to DIN 1045‐1 is not possible, thus the use of lattice girders is regulated by approvals from the German Building Authorities.

The lattice girder type E (Fig. 1a) is already approved. Additionally, the diameter of the upper chord bar and the diagonals were enlarged to improve the bearing behaviour in case of erection. The Institute of Structural Concrete at RWTH Aachen University has carried out 78 bending and shear tests to investigate the bearing behaviour of the strengthened lattice girders. The main test results as well as the evaluated permissible spans for the current enhanced approval are presented in this paper.
ST‐Elevation myocardial infarction as a complication of retrograde chronic total occlusion recanalization
Authors: Prayaga Sastry , Uretsky Barry F. , Sachdeva Rajesh
Published: July 2011

With the advent of new tools and techniques including the retrograde approach, success rates for recanalization of chronic total occlusion (CTO) have improved. Numerous cardiac and extracardiac complications during retrograde CTO recanalization have been described. To date the development of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with retrograde recanalization as a result of atheroembolization has not been reported. We report such a case following retrograde recanalization of a totally occluded right coronary artery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallographic, Magnetic and Dielectric Studies of the Potential Multiferroic Cryolite (NH4)3FeF6.
Authors: Goff Richard J. , Tang Chiu C. , Parker Julia E. , Morrison Finlay D. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: July 2011

The title compound is characterized by variable temperature powder XRD and dielectric and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of a New Bi‐Dentate Decavanadate [Cu(en)2H2O]2 [H2V10O28]·12H2O.
Authors: Ma Huiyuan , Meng Xin , Sha Jingquan , Pang Haijun , Wu Lizhou
Published: July 2011

Title compound (III) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid‐Supported (ILS) (S)‐Pyrrolidine Sulfonamide for Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions of Aldehydes with Nitroolefins.
Authors: Omar Emmy M. , Dhungana Kritanjali , Headley Allan D. , Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin
Published: July 2011

A novel ionic liquid supported organocatalyst (ILOC) is developed, which efficiently catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reactions of aldehydes to nitroolefins using only two equivalents of the aldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions under Atmospheric Pressure of Carbon Monoxide: Synthesis of Aryl Ketones and Heteroaromatic Ketones.
Authors: Li Hongling , Yang Min , Qi Yanxing , Xue Jijun
Published: July 2011

A broad range of aryl/heteroaryl iodides and aryl/heteroarylboronic acids are carbonylated under optimized conditions to give good to excellent yields of the ketones (32 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Benzannulated Bicycles by Three‐Component Aryne Reactions.
Authors: Allan Kevin M. , Gilmore Christopher D. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: July 2011

The coupling reaction generates unusual phenoxy iminoisobenzofurans tolerating a wide range of substitution patterns.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Method for Bromodecarboxylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Using Catalytic Sodium Nitrite.
Authors: Telvekar Vikas N. , Takale Balaram S.
Published: July 2011

The process can be applied to aromatic and aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of Nitroolefins by Microwave‐ or Ultrasound‐Assisted Henry Reaction.
Authors: Rodriguez Jose M. , Pujol M. Dolors
Published: July 2011

Reaction conditions A), B) and C) are compared.
ChemInform Abstract: α,β‐Unsaturated Acyl Cyanide Synthesis via Triethylamine‐Catalyzed Redox Cyanation.
Authors: Choi Hyung Ho , Son Young Hoon , Jung Min Seok , Kang Eun Joo
Published: July 2011

The optimized conditions render possible a stereoselective preparation of the highly reactive target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Dibenzo[a,h]anthracenes and Picenes via C—H Arylation of Acetophenones with Arenediboronates.
Authors: Kitazawa Kentaroh , Kochi Takuya , Nitani Masashi , Ie Yutaka , Aso Yoshio , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi
Published: July 2011

A new convenient method for the synthesis of the title compounds (V) and (IX) and the thiophene‐containing picene derivative (XIII) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Routes for the Preparation of 3,4‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Oxazolidines and 1,2,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazolidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Catalano Alessia , Carocci Alessia , Lentini Giovanni , Di Mola Antonia , Bruno Claudio , Franchini Carlo
Published: July 2011

Facile, alternative routes for the preparation of N‐benzyl substituted oxazolidine (VI), a chiral oxazolidinone derivatives of tocainide, are elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Direction of Cyclocondensation of 1‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole, Pyruvic Acid, and Aldehydes.
Authors: Sakhno Yana I. , Desenko Sergey M. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Musatov Vladimir I. , Chebanov Valentyn A.
Published: July 2011

Introduction of an aryl substituent in position 1 of the aminotriazole (I) affects the direction of the three‐component reaction to produce furanones of type (IV) instead of the expected triazolopyrimidine or triazolylpyrrolone structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐7‐nitrobenz‐2,1,3‐oxadiazoles Using NBD Fluoride (NBD‐F).
Authors: Jung Michael E. , Dong Timothy A. , Cai Xiaolu
Published: July 2011

The reaction of fluoride (I) with amines provides significantly higher yields of 4‐aminooxadiazoles compared to the chloro analogue and thus allows a suitable approach to fluorophores bearing the fluorescent NBD tag.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Hydrogenation of 3‐Amino‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and Its Use in the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Mimetics of Ornithine and Thalidomide.
Authors: Tolmachova Nataliya A. , Dolovanyuk Violetta G. , Gerus Igor I. , Kondratov Ivan S. , Polovinko Vitaliy V. , Bergander Klaus , Haufe Guenter
Published: July 2011

6‐(Trifluoromethyl)pyridinones and related 6‐hydroxydihydropyridinones are obtained in high or complete cis‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Azinyl Sulfides. Part 124. Synthesis of 3‐Alkanesulfonyl‐4(1H)‐quinolinones from 3‐Alkanesulfonyl‐4‐alkylsulfanylquinolines.
Authors: Skrzypek Leszek , Maslankiewicz Andrzej , Suwinska Kinga
Published: July 2011

The compounds (I) are easily accessible.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐(alkyl‐ or aryl‐amino)furo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives by Reaction Between Isocyanides and Pyridinecarbaldehydes in the Presence of 1,3‐Dimethylbarbituric Acid.
Authors: Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Marandi Ghasem , Hazeri Nourallah , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Mirzaei Ali Akbar
Published: July 2011

The reaction affords the products with excellent yields under mild conditions and does not require any prior activation.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical One‐Pot Protocol for the Syntheses of 2‐Chloro‐pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Zhao Liwen , Tao Kemei , Li Haitian , Zhang Jiancun
Published: July 2011

Title one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of 2‐chloropyrrolopyrimidines (III) involves the NaH‐mediated regioselective substitution of the chlorine at position 4 of dichloronitropyrimidine (I) by β‐dicarbonyl compounds (II) followed by reductive cyclization in the system Fe—AcOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered 2,3‐Dioxoheterocycles. Part 73. Synthesis and Thermolysis of 3‐Acylpyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxaline‐1,2,4(5H)‐triones.
Authors: Mashevskaya I. V. , Mokrushin I. G. , Bozdyreva K. S. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: July 2011

The overall reaction proceeds with complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure Characterization of New [1,2,4]Triazolo[5,4‐d][1,5]benzothiazepine Derivatives Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Long , Liu Fang‐Ming , Zhou Ying‐Lei
Published: July 2011

Novel heterocycles (III) are obtained regioselectively by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrilimines to benzothiazepines (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Approach to Conformationally Strained 2,2′‐Bipyridine Thiacrown Ethers and Their Chiral Sulfoxides by Sequential Homo‐Coupling/DA—rDA Reaction of 5,5′‐Bi‐1,2,4‐triazine‐Containing Thiamacrocycles.
Authors: Lawecka Justyna , Karczmarzyk Zbigniew , Wolinska Ewa , Olender Ewa , Branowska Danuta , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: July 2011

Homocoupling of bis(triazinylsulfide) (IV) in the presence of KCN followed by Diels—Alder/retro‐Diels—Alder reaction with cyclic olefins provides access to title strained bipyridine thiacrown ethers (VII) and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Organic Selenium Reagents — Protonated Seleninic Acids as Precursors for Unsymmetrical Aromatic Selenides.
Authors: Stuhr‐Hansen Nicolai , Soelling Theis Ivan , Henriksen Lars
Published: July 2011

Arylselenylation of electron‐rich methoxybenzenes and thiophene is smoothly achieved by reaction with in situ generated arylselenenium ions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of O2‐ and N3‐(2‐Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl Derivatives of 6‐Phenyl‐ and 6‐Pyridinyl‐5‐azacytosine.
Authors: Otmar Miroslav , Dracinsky Martin , Krecmerova Marcela , Balzarini Jan , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert
Published: July 2011

The compounds (III)‐(VI) do not exhibit antitumor or antiviral activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Caboxamycin and Its Derivatives Using Eco‐Friendly Oxidation.
Authors: Tagawa Yoshinobu , Koba Hiroki , Tomoike Kazuhiro , Sumoto Kunihiro
Published: July 2011

The first synthesis of the title compound (IV) via an oxidation including an easy work‐up and with environmentally benign materials is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenazoles
Authors: Shimada K.
Published: July 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzoxazoles and Other Annulated Oxazoles
Authors: Schnurch M. , Hammerle J. , Stanetty P.
Published: July 2011

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Hydroxy Derivatives: Key Organocatalysts for the Selective Free Radical Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Punta Carlo , Gambarotti Cristian
Published: July 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Glycans and Glycoconjugates as Immunomodulating Agents
Authors: Chlubnova Ilona , Sylla Balla , Nugier‐Chauvin Caroline , Daniellou Richard , Legentil Laurent , Kralova Blanka , Ferrieres Vincent
Published: July 2011

Review: 163 refs.
Uniqueness and symmetry results for solutions of a mean field equation on 𝕊2 via a new bubbling phenomenon
Authors: Bartolucci Daniele , Lin Chang‐Shou , Tarantello Gabriella
Published: August 2011

Motivated by the study of gauge field vortices, we consider a mean field equation on the standard sphere 𝕊2 involving a Dirac distribution supported at a point P ∈ 𝕊2. Consistently with the physical applications, we show that solutions “concentrate” precisely around the point P for some limiting value of a given parameter. We use this fact to obtain symmetry (about the axis $\overrightarrow {OP}$) and uniqueness property for the solution. The presence of the Dirac measure makes such a task particularly delicate to handle from the analytical point of view. In fact, the bubbling phenomenon about the singularity allows the existence of solution sequences with a double‐peak profile near P. The new and more delicate part of this paper is to exclude this possibility by using the method of moving planes together with the Alexandrov‐Bol inequality. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A practical transmit beamforming strategy for closed‐loop MIMO communication
Authors: Cho Sunghyun , Hwang Insoo , Tarokh Vahid , You Cheolwoo
Published: August 2011

A new beamforming strategy is proposed for multiuser systems with N transmit antennas at the transmitter and M ⩽ N single antenna receivers. The proposed scheme remarkably improves on the classical spatial division multiple access, and achieves the same data rates as spatial multiplexing for all users but with significantly superior performance/diversity gain. When compared with the Bell labs layered space–time system, the symbol rate is the same and the performance is much superior because of the presence of diversity gain. In addition, unlike the Bell labs layered space–time system, the receivers do not need to know each other's vector channels. Finally, the proposed algorithm is based on dirty‐paper coding, but does not require much complexity and is implementable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
L‐plastin phosphorylation: A novel target for the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone in primary human T cells
Authors: Wabnitz Guido H. , Michalke Felix , Stober Christoph , Kirchgessner Henning , Jahraus Beate , van den Boomen Dick J. H. , Samstag Yvonne
Published: August 2011

Activation of naïve T cells requires costimulation via TCR/CD3 plus accessory receptors, which enables the dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and immune synapse maturation. Signaling events induced following costimulation may thus be valuable targets for therapeutic immunosuppression. Phosphorylation of the actin‐bundling protein L‐plastin represents such a costimulatory signal in primary human T cells. Phosphorylated L‐plastin has a higher affinity toward F‐actin. However, the importance of the L‐plastin phosphorylation for actin cytoskeleton regulation upon antigen recognition remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of L‐plastin is important for immune synapse maturation. Thus, expression of nonphosphorylatable L‐plastin in untransformed human peripheral blood T cells leads to reduced accumulation of LFA‐1 in the immune synapse and to a diminished F‐actin increase upon T‐cell activation. Interestingly, L‐plastin phosphorylation is inhibited by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. In line with this finding, dexamethasone treatment leads to a reduced F‐actin content in stimulated T cells and prevents maturation of the immune synapse. This inhibitory effect of dexamethasone could be reverted by expression of a phospho‐mimicking L‐plastin mutant. In conclusion, our data introduce costimulation‐induced L‐plastin phosphorylation as an important event for immune synapse formation and its inhibition by dexamethasone as a novel mode of function of this immunosuppressive glucocorticoid.
Synthesis, Stability, and Reactivity of [(TPA)Zn(SH)]+ in Aqueous and Organic Solutions
Authors: Galardon Erwan , Tomas Alain , Roussel Pascal , Artaud Isabelle
Published: August 2011

Reaction of the complex [(TPA)Zn(H2O)]2+ [TPA = tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine] with hydrogen sulfide in aqueous buffered solution gives the corresponding monomeric hydrogensulfido complex [(TPA)Zn(SH)]+, which was fully characterized, including by XRD. This complex is stable at neutral pH, but decomposes under basic conditions to yield the free ligand and zinc sulfide, and under acidic conditions to give hydrogen sulfide and the starting aqua complex. In organic solvents, the coordinated sulfur atom reacts with electrophiles such as methylmethanethiosulfonate to yield methyltrisulfide. Reaction with the hydroxo complex [(TpPh,Me)Zn(OH)] [TpPh,Me = hydridotris{(5‐methyl‐3‐phenyl)pyrazolyl}borate] promotes the formation of the unsymmetrical dinuclear μ‐sulfido species [(TPA)Zn–S–Zn(TpPh,Me)]+, which, upon treatment with one molar equivalent of trifluoroacetic acid, dissociates into [(TpPh,Me)Zn(SH)] and [(TPA)Zn(CF3CO2)]+, resulting in the transfer of the hydrogensulfido ligand from one zinc center to another.
Preparation of Ketolactone and Bislactone [60]Fullerene Derivatives and Their Conversion into Open‐Cage Fullerenes with a 12‐ or 15‐Membered Orifice
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Wang Fudong , Xin Nana , Yang Dazhi , Gan Liangbing
Published: August 2011

Selective cleavage of the peroxo group in the fullerene mixed peroxide C60(O)(OOtBu)61produces open‐cage fullerenes with ketone and lactone moieties on the rim of the orifice. Photolysis of1results in the ketolactone derivative2C58(CO)‐(COO)(O)(OOtBu)4with an epoxide moiety. Thermolysis of1results in the formation of two other isomers, the bislactone3C58(COO)2(OOtBu)4and the ketolactone4C58(CO)(COO)(O)(OOtBu)4with a 1,4‐dioxepin‐5‐one moiety. Both alcohols and amines react with one of the lactone moieties of3and expand the 12‐membered orifice into a 15‐membered orifice. Only amines react with the lactone moiety of4and expand the 11‐membered orifice into a 12‐membered orifice. Total yield of the 15‐membered open‐cage compound can reach 8.9 % in three steps starting from C60. The products were characterized by spectroscopic data and X‐ray diffraction data.
Facial reactions reveal that slim is good but fat is not bad: Implicit and explicit measures of body‐size bias
Authors: Roddy Sarah , Stewart Ian , Barnes‐Holmes Dermot
Published: August 2011

Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to gauge emotional responding towards images of slim and overweight individuals, and findings were compared with data from a series of alternative measures including two implicit attitudinal procedures, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit measures of anti‐fat prejudice and discriminatory behavior. Images of slim individuals elicited EMG responses consistent with more positive affect. Data from both the IRAP and IAT indicated higher levels of bias than were revealed on the explicit measures, and the IRAP also corroborated the EMG pattern by indicating responses consistent with pro‐slim rather than anti‐fat bias. The IRAP was moderately correlated with both EMG and the IAT and was the only measure to predict behavioral intentions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of multiplexing gains and power exponents allocation of two‐level superposition coding relaying
Authors: Jia Xiangdong , Yang Longxiang
Published: August 2011

A two‐level rate superposition coding relaying (SC‐relaying) scheme is discussed, in which only the relay‐to‐source channel state information feedback (CSF) is considered and, at source, a long power constraint is imposed on the basic signal S0 and the additional signal S1 whose multiplexing gains are r0 and r1, respectively. The CSF index is constructed based on the correct decoding of the signal S0 at relay. For the SC‐relaying scheme, we propose a multilevel iteration constructing rule for the CSF index. With the proposed CSF constructing rule, the allocation method of the power signal‐to‐noise ratio exponents is first obtained by the investigation of the optimal outage exponent of the signal S0. Secondly, we obtain the value range of p11, p11  ∈ [1,1∕r0], by studying the outage exponent lower bound of the signal S0, where p11 denotes the minimum of the power signal‐to‐noise ratio exponent of the signal S. Lastly, to observe the interaction between the multiplexing gains r0 and r1, we discuss the closed‐form solution of the lower bound of the optimal outage exponent for the signal S1, through which we find that the multiplexing gain constraint is r1  ≤ 1 −r0p11, p11  ≥ 1. The substantial numerical analyses show that the results in this paper are reasonable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axisymmetric boundary integral formulation for a two‐fluid system
Authors: Garzon M. , Gray L. J. , Sethian J. A.
Published: July 2011

A 3D axisymmetric Galerkin boundary integral formulation for potential flow is employed to model two fluids of different densities, one fluid enclosed inside the other. The interface variables are the velocity potential and the normal velocity, and they can be solved for separately, the second linear system being symmetric. The algorithm is validated by comparing with the analytic solutions for a static interior spherical drop over a range of values for the relative densities of exterior and interior fluids and various boundary conditions. For time‐dependent simulations utilizing a level set method for the interface tracking, the accuracy has been checked by comparing against the known oscillation frequency of the sphere. Pinch‐off profiles corresponding to an initial two‐lobe geometry drop and D = 6 are also presented. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Widening of the Westbahn line to four tracks: Experience in the selection of the tunnelling method / Ausbau der Westbahn zur Viergleisigkeit: Erfahrungen mit der Wahl der Tunnelbaumethode
Authors: Bauer Franz , Hödl Reinhold , Koinig Josef , Lemmerer Johann , Obermeier Oskar , Zwittnig Gerald
Published: August 2011

Since the end of the 1980s, the Westbahn line has been undergoing successive upgrading to a modern high‐speed line. The aim is to considerably increase the capacity and the travel speed up to 250 km/h. Regarding the infrastructure, this entails the new construction or upgrading of many sections including a number of tunnels due to the extended route and the topographical conditions. The requirements applicable to railway tunnels have changed significantly since the start of tunnel construction activities for the upgrading of the Westbahn. At the same time mechanised tunnelling technology has made great progress. These two developments have led to the situation that mechanised tunnel boring has become increasingly established in Austria as a viable alternative to NATM as a construction method for rail tunnels. The present article describes the procedure at the responsible company of Austrian Railways, ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG, in connection with these developments and explains the considerations leading to the selection of the tunnelling method.

Seit Ende der 1980er Jahre wird die Westbahn sukzessive zu einer modernen Hochleistungsstrecke ausgebaut. Die Ziele sind, die Streckenkapazität deutlich zu steigern und die Fahrgeschwindigkeit bis auf 250 km/h anzuheben. Infrastrukturseitig sind dafür zahlreiche Neu‐ und Ausbauabschnitte notwendig, die wegen ihrer gestreckten Linienführung und der gegebenen topografischen Verhältnisse auch einige Tunnelbauwerke beinhalten. Die Anforderungen an Eisenbahntunnel haben sich seit dem Beginn der Tunnelbauaktivitäten für den Westbahnausbau wesentlich verändert. Gleichzeitig hat in dieser Zeitspanne die Technologie des maschinellen Tunnelvortriebs große Fortschritte erzielt. Beide Entwicklungen haben dazu geführt, dass sich der maschinelle Tunnelvortrieb in Österreich auch beim Bau von Eisenbahntunneln zunehmend als konkurrenzfähige Baumethode zum NÖT‐Vortrieb etabliert hat. Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die Vorgangsweise der ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG im Zusammenhang mit diesen Entwicklungen und legt dar, welche Überlegungen bezüglich der Wahl der Tunnelbaumethode angestellt wurden.
NATM and TBM – comparison with regard to construction operation / NÖT und TBM – eine baubetriebliche Gegenüberstellung
Authors: Jodl Hans Georg , Resch Daniel
Published: August 2011

The question arises relatively early on every tunnel project: which method of tunnelling is best suited for the specific local conditions? The geological and topographical situations of long tunnels in Austria are particularly variable, as it is common in the Alps to pass through several rock formations and fault zones. An extensive analysis of the risks involved has to form an essential part of the considerations. Modern construction technology generally makes both methods feasible; the award is mostly based on the cost in addition to the estimation of risk and the schedule. Optimised construction progress requires appropriate preparation. On longer tunnel projects, the necessary mobilisation time is normally allowed due to the time lapse of about one year from ordering to delivery of a TBM, a piece of plant more comparable with a factory. For short NATM tunnels, the preparation period is considerably shorter. In comparison, NATM and TBM are essentially equivalent from the viewpoint of construction operation. The final choice is determined by the local geological conditions for the project and the length of the tunnel.

Bei jedem Tunnelbauprojekt stellt sich zu einem sehr frühen Zeitpunkt die Frage, welche Vortriebsmethode unter gegebenen Randbedingungen am besten geeignet ist. Insbesondere die Geologie und die topografischen Situation bei langen Tunneln sind in Österreich sehr wechselhaft, da im Alpenbereich meist mehrere Gesteinsformationen und Störungszonen durchfahren werden. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Überlegungen wird eine umfangreiche Risikoanalyse sein müssen. Grundsätzlich können aus baubetrieblicher Sicht fast immer beide Vortriebsmethoden angewendet werden; den Ausschlag bilden neben den Risikoüberlegungen die Bauzeit und damit meist einhergehend die Kosten. Ein optimaler Bauablauf erfordert eine entsprechende Vorbereitung. Bei langen Tunneln und durch den etwa einjährigen Bestell‐ und Produktionsvorlauf einer TBM und deren fabrikmäßige Anlagenkonzeption ist dieser notwendige Vorlauf für die Baubetriebsplanung meist gegeben. Bei kurzen Tunnelbauwerken im NÖT‐Vortrieb ist die Vorlaufzeit zu Lasten der Bauvorbereitung wesentlich kürzer. In der Gegenüberstellung sind aus baubetrieblicher Sicht NÖT und TBM grundsätzlich gleichwertige Vortriebsmethoden. Den Vorzug bestimmen letztlich die projektbezogenen primären Randbedingungen Geologie und Tunnellänge.
Spatial deficits in an amnesic patient with hippocampal damage: Questioning the multiple trace theory
Authors: Gomez A. , Rousset S. , Charnallet A.
Published: July 2011

Mediotemporal lobe structures are involved in both spatial processing and long‐term memory. Patient M.R. suffers from amnesia, due to bilateral hippocampal lesion and temporoparietal atrophy following carbon monoxide poisoning. We compared his performance in immediate spatial memory tasks with the performance of ten healthy matched participants. Using an immediate reproduction of path, we observed a dissociation between his performance in three allocentric tasks and in five egocentric‐updating tasks. His performance was always impaired on tasks requiring the use of an egocentric‐updating representation but remained preserved on allocentric tasks. These results fit with the hypothesis that the hippocampus plays a role in spatial memory, but they also suggest that allocentric deficits previously observed in amnesia might actually reflect deficits in egocentric‐updating processes. Furthermore, the cooccurrence of deficits in episodic long‐term memory and short‐term egocentric‐updating representation without any short‐term allocentric deficit suggests a new link between the mnemonic and navigational roles of the hippocampus. The Cognitive Map theory, the Multiple Trace theory, as well as further models linking spatial and nonspatial functions of the hippocampus are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, labelling and evaluation of hydantoin‐substituted indole carboxylic acids as potential ligands for positron emission tomography imaging of the glycine binding site of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor
Authors: Bauman A. , Piel M. , Höhnemann S. , Krauss A. , Jansen M. , Solbach C. , Dannhardt G. , Rösch F.
Published: July 2011

The N‐methyl‐ d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor as a type of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors is essential for physiological processes such as learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. A glutamate‐induced overactivation of these receptors, accompanied by increased intracellular calcium concentration, causes cell injury and leads to a large number of acute or chronic neurological disorders, such as stroke, trauma, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In an attempt to visualise the glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo with positron emission tomography, novel fluoroethoxy‐ and methoxy‐substituted reference compounds based on the lead structure of a hydantoin‐substituted indole‐2‐carboxylic acid were synthesised. The affinities towards the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor showed Ki values between 322 and 11 nM and the lipophilicities ranged from logD values of 1.51 to 2.53. On the basis of these results, precursor compounds were synthesised containing a phenolic hydroxy moiety to obtain the radiolabelled ligands through an alkylation reaction. Radiosynthesis was achieved by labelling the precursor ethyl 4,6‐dichloro‐3‐((3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2,4‐dioxoimidazolidin‐1‐yl)methyl)‐indole‐2‐carboxylate with 2‐[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate or [11C]methyl iodide and subsequent cleavage of the ethyl ester moiety. This gave the final products in overall decay‐corrected radiochemical yields of 5–7% and 6–9% and specific activities of 24–67 GBq/µmol and 8–26 GBq/µmol, respectively.
RB4CD12 epitope expression and heparan sulfate disaccharide composition in brain vasculature
Authors: Hosono‐Fukao Tomomi , Ohtake‐Niimi Shiori , Nishitsuji Kazuchika , Hossain Md. Motarab , van Kuppevelt Toin H. , Michikawa Makoto , Uchimura Kenji
Published: July 2011

RB4CD12 is a phage display antibody that recognizes a heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan epitope. The epitope structure is proposed to contain a trisulfated disaccharide, [–IdoA(2‐OSO3)‐GlcNSO3(6‐OSO3)–], which supports HS binding to various macromolecules such as growth factors and cytokines in central nervous tissues. Chemically modified heparins that lack the trisulfated disaccharides failed to inhibit the RB4CD12 recognition of HS chains. To determine the localization of the RB4CD12 anti‐HS epitope in the brain, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis for cryocut sections of mouse brain. The RB4CD12 staining signals were colocalized with laminin and were detected abundantly in the vascular basement membrane. Bacterial heparinases eliminated the RB4CD12 staining signals. The RB4CD12 epitope localization was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. Western blotting analysis revealed that the size of a major RB4CD12‐positive molecule is ∼460 kDa in a vessel‐enriched fraction of the mouse brain. Disaccharide analysis with reversed‐phase ion‐pair HPLC showed that [–IdoA(2‐OSO3)‐GlcNSO3(6‐OSO3)–] trisulfated disaccharide residues are present in HS purified from the vessel‐enriched brain fraction. These results indicated that the RB4CD12 anti‐HS epitope exists in large quantities in the brain vascular basement membrane. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique angiogenic and vasculogenic properties of renal cell carcinoma in a xenograft model of bone metastasis are associated with high levels of vegf‐a and decreased ang‐1 expression
Authors: Xie Chao , Schwarz Edward M. , Sampson Erik R. , Dhillon Robinder S. , Li Dan , O'Keefe Regis J. , Tyler Wakenda
Published: August 2011

Management of various tumor metastases to bone has dramatically improved, but this is not so for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is a difficult surgical problem due to its great vascularity. Furthermore, the unique mechanisms that mediate RCC vasculogenesis in bone remain unknown. To understand this process we developed a xenograft model that recapitulates highly vascular RCC versus less vascular tumors that metastasize to bone. Human tumor cell lines of RCC (786‐O), prostate cancer (PC3), lung cancer (A549), breast cancer (MDA‐MB231), and melanoma (A375) were transduced with firefly luciferase (Luc), injected into the tibiae of nude mice, and differences in growth, osteolysis, and vascularity were assessed by longitudinal bioluminescent imaging, micro‐CT for measurement of calcified tissues and vascularity and histology. The results showed that while RCC‐Luc has reduced growth and osteolytic potential versus the other tumor lines, it displayed a significant increase in vascular volume (p < 0.05). This expansion was due to 3‐ and 5‐fold increases in small and large vessel numbers respectively. In vitro gene expression profiling revealed that RCC‐Luc expresses significantly (p < 0.05) more vegf‐a (10‐fold) and 20‐ to 30‐fold less ang‐1 versus the other lines. These data demonstrate the utility of this model to study the unique vasculogenic properties of RCC bone metastases. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:325–333, 2012
Alterations of ADAMTSs and TIMP‐3 in human nucleus pulposus cells subjected to compressive load: Implications in the pathogenesis of human intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Huang Ming , Wang Hai‐Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Yan Xiao‐Dong , Hao Meng , Luo Zhuo‐Jing
Published: August 2011

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) pertains to the loss of extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly the early loss of aggrecan, the turnover of which is regulated by ADAMTSs. Amongst the etiological factors of IDD, mechanical stress plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. However, the role of ADAMTSs and their inhibitor in human NP cells under mechanical stress has not been elucidated to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ADAMTSs and TIMP‐3 in NP cells under mechanical stress. Human NP cells isolated from non‐degenerative and degenerative discs were subjected to dynamic compressive load. The expression of ADAMTSs, aggrecan, and TIMP‐3 was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR and/or Western blot. Consequently, the gene expression of ADAMTS‐1, 4, and 5 increased significantly in loaded NP cells compared with not‐loaded cells from either non‐degenerative or degenerative discs, whereas the gene expression of aggrecan decreased significantly. Moreover, Western blot indicated increased protein levels of ADAMTSs‐1, 4, and 5. However, the expression of TIMP‐3 altered insignificantly. Together, this study is the first addressing the underlying mechanisms of compressive load as a contributing factor to IDD in terms of ADAMTSs. Our results suggest that compressive load leads to the increase in ADAMTS‐1, 4, and 5 that contributes to the decrease of aggrecan and IDD via TIMP‐3 independent machinery. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:267–273, 2012