bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ptosoproctus gen. nov., a new genus with two new species of Shield-back Katydid, with the first record of genus Eulithoxenus Bey-Bienko, 1951 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Drymadusini)
Authors: SHEN ZI-HAO , YIN ZI-XU , LEE MICHAEL , LIU YI-JIAO , HE ZHU-QING , WANG ZI-FAN , WANG TONG-XIN
Published: November 2021

In this paper, one new genus, Ptosoproctus gen. nov., is established with two new species: P. lanzhouensis sp. nov. and P. baishishanicus sp. nov., described and illustrated based on material collected from northern China. The genus Eulithoxenus Bey-Bienko, 1951 is recorded from China for the first time. E. emeljanovi Mishchenko, 1968 is redescribed. Supplemental description of Uvarovina chinensis Ramme, 1939 is provided. COI and ND2 genes of the three Chinese Drymadusini genera mentioned above were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree. Molecular result support the validation of the new genus.
Rhabdochona fuscovaria sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the stomach of frog Scinax fuscovarius (Anura: Hylidae) in Brazil
Authors: DE ALCANTARA EDNA PAULINO , ÚNGARI LETICIA PEREIRA , FERREIRA-SILVA CRISTIANA , EMMERICH ENZO , DA SILVA PINHEIRO RAUL HENRIQUE , O´DWYER LUCIA HELENA , DA SILVA REINALDO JOSÉ
Published: November 2021

A new nematode species, Rhabdochona (Rhabdochona) fuscovaria sp. n. (Rhabdochonidae), is described based on specimens collected from the stomach of the snouted treefrog Scinax fuscovarius (Hylidae) in the São Sebastião do Paraíso farm, municipality of Boa Esperança do Sul, southeastern Brazil. This species is characterized by deirids small, simple and stylet shaped, prostom funnel-shaped with 14 teeth, conspicuous left spicule (585.7 µm), distal tip slightly widened, moderately dilated, right spicule (132.9 µm), boat-shaped, without dorsal barb at the distal tip, 18 pairs of caudal papillae (9 pairs precloacal and 9 pairs postcloacal), and nonfilamented eggs. This is the fourth species described for South America and the 13th for the Neotropical Region.
Comparisons of Order Statistics from Heterogeneous Poisson and Geometric Distributions
Authors: Chowdhury Shovan , Kundu Amarjit , Mishra Surja Kanta
Published: November 2021

In this article, we compare extreme order statistics through vector majorization arising from heterogeneous Poisson and geometric random variables. These comparisons are carried out with respect to usual stochastic ordering.

AMS 2010 subject classifications: 62G30, 60E15, 60K10
The Criminal Police Officer: Understanding Factors That Predict Police Crime in the United States
Authors: Boateng Francis D. , Pryce Daniel K. , Hsieh Ming-Li
Published: November 2021

Although police decision making and behavior always face intense public scrutiny, officers’ criminal lifestyles have largely been ignored in national debates and discussions. The primary focus of this study was to understand factors that predicted police criminality. To achieve this objective, we analyzed a nationally representative dataset on officers who were arrested from 2005 to 2011 using advanced statistical approaches. Results obtained using multilevel modeling demonstrate the predictive effects of officer and agency characteristics in explaining police criminality. Specifically, findings reveal differences in types of crimes committed by the officers. For example, male officers engage in crimes that are entirely different from those committed by their female counterparts. Likewise, on-duty officers tend to criminally behave differently from their off-duty counterparts. Furthermore, agency-level factors such as type of agency, number of sworn officers, and location of the agency predict police crime. Current findings highlight the importance of policies that would directly address criminality in law enforcement.
Effects of processing parameters on the performance of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide laminates manufactured by laser-assisted automated fiber placement
Authors: Zhao Dacheng , Chen Jiping , Zhang Haoxuan , Liu Weiping , Yue Guangquan , Pan Lijian
Published: November 2021

In situ consolidation of thermoplastic composites can be realized through laser-assisted automated fiber placement (AFP) technology, and the properties of composites were significant affected by the process parameters. In this work, the effects of process parameters on the properties of continuous carbon fiber–reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) composites manufactured by laser-assisted AFP were investigated. Four-plies CF/PPS prepreg was laid under the combination of different process parameters and the morphology, void content, crystallinity, and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites were characterized. It turned out that the resin distribution on the surface of the composites could be significantly improved by increasing the laser temperature and compaction pressure. The highest crystallinity of the composites reached 46% at tool temperature of 120°C while the value was only 18% when the tool temperature was 40°C. Meanwhile, with the increasing compaction force ranging of 500–2000 N, the void content of the composites decreased obviously. The ILSS was evaluated through double notch tensile shear test. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the composites were dominated by void content rather than crystallinity.
Café coronary syndrome – case report and medicolegal implications
Authors: Batson Ian S. , Serinelli Serenella , Gitto Lorenzo
Published: November 2021

Café coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a sudden collapse of healthy subjects during meals in the absence of any sign of asphyxia, respiratory distress, or neurological symptoms. Risk factors are advanced age, poor dentition, alcohol intoxication, and dementia or psychiatric disorders. One of the main problems with this syndrome is that, even when witnessed, it is often confused with myocardial infarction due to the absence of asphyxia symptoms. This leads to misdiagnosis and potential delays in patients’ treatment that can eventually have fatal outcomes. As a result of that, medico-legal litigation may arise. This paper presents a typical case of fatal café coronary syndrome misdiagnosed as a myocardial infarction. The legal authority that requested the autopsy asked about the potential professional negligence of the healthcare providers who took care of the patient. We discuss the clinical and medico-legal aspects of café coronary syndrome.
World scientists’ warnings into action, local to global
Authors: Barnard Phoebe , Moomaw William R , Fioramonti Lorenzo , Laurance William F , Mahmoud Mahmoud I , O’Sullivan Jane , Rapley Christopher G , Rees William E , Rhodes Christopher J , Ripple William J , Semiletov Igor P , Talberth John , Tucker Christopher , Wysham Daphne , Ziervogel Gina
Published: November 2021

‘We have kicked the can down the road once again – but we are running out of road.’ – Rachel Kyte, Dean of Fletcher School at Tufts University.

We, in our capacities as scientists, economists, governance and policy specialists, are shifting from warnings to guidance for action before there is no more ‘road.’ The science is clear and irrefutable; humanity is in advanced ecological overshoot. Our overexploitation of resources exceeds ecosystems’ capacity to provide them or to absorb our waste. Society has failed to meet clearly stated goals of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Civilization faces an epochal crossroads, but with potentially much better, wiser outcomes if we act now.

What are the concrete and transformative actions by which we can turn away from the abyss? In this paper we forcefully recommend priority actions and resource allocation to avert the worst of the climate and nature emergencies, two of the most pressing symptoms of overshoot, and lead society into a future of greater wellbeing and wisdom. Humanity has begun the social, economic, political and technological initiatives needed for this transformation. Now, massive upscaling and acceleration of these actions and collaborations are essential before irreversible tipping points are crossed in the coming decade. We still can overcome significant societal, political and economic barriers of our own making.

Previously, we identified six core areas for urgent global action – energy, pollutants, nature, food systems, population stabilization and economic goals. Here we identify an indicative, systemic and time-limited framework for priority actions for policy, planning and management at multiple scales from household to global. We broadly follow the ‘Reduce-Remove-Repair’ approach to rapid action. To guide decision makers, planners, managers, and budgeters, we cite some of the many experiments, mechanisms and resources in order to facilitate rapid global adoption of effective solutions.

Our biggest challenges are not technical, but social, economic, political and behavioral. To have hope of success, we must accelerate collaborative actions across scales, in different cultures and governance systems, while maintaining adequate social, economic and political stability. Effective and timely actions are still achievable on many, though not all fronts. Such change will mean the difference for billions of children and adults, hundreds of thousands of species, health of many ecosystems, and will determine our common future.
Shared projects and symbiotic collaborations: Shenzhen and London in comparative conversation
Authors: Teo Shaun SK
Published: November 2021

This paper presents ‘shared projects’ and the ‘symbiotic’ relations they engender to capture accounts of state and society actors collaborating to turn individual constraints into collective opportunities for pursuing urban experiments which are institutionally-shaped but also institution-shaping. The concepts are developed through a sequential and recursive comparison – that is, a ‘comparative conversation’– between a case of urban village upgrading in Shenzhen and Community Land Trust Development in London. The paper uses a pragmatist approach to capitalist transformation as a starting point for comparison between these supposedly ‘incomparable’ cases. I build both heterogeneous and generalisable accounts of the pathways and progressive potential of collaborations on shared projects by recursively composing analytical proximities across the cases and their contexts of state entrepreneurialism and austerity localism. Theoretically, this paper contributes to scholarship which focuses on the contingency and complexity inherent in urban transformation. State and society actors are seen as potential collaborators working pragmatically to solve systemic problems without necessarily targeting wholesale systemic change. Methodologically, it contributes to ongoing attempts to demonstrate the positive relationship between experimental comparisons and conceptual innovation through staging a ‘comparative conversation’.
Populism and Its Authoritarian Tendencies: The Politics of Division in Bolivia
Authors: McKay Ben M. , Colque Gonzalo
Published: November 2021

Evo Morales rose to power on the shoulders of Bolivia’s most powerful social movements, ostracizing the neoliberal elite with a progressive-left populist discourse that swept through Latin America. After nearly 14 years in power, Morales’s caudillo-style leadership shifted toward authoritarianism and a politics of division that ultimately led to his ouster as president. While many have been quick to adopt the narrative of a coup d’état, this perspective plays directly into the oversimplified binary politics used by the Morales administration, overlooking the complexity and fluidity of social forces and the changing state-society dynamics over time. Evo Morales suffered a crisis of legitimacy that was years in the making. His authoritarian tendencies, alliances with capitalists, and reliance on the extractive economy ultimately led to his downfall as he lost support from his social bases and was unwilling to give up state power. The electoral scandal in October 2019 and the subsequent departure of Evo Morales into political exile were only the tip of the iceberg.

Evo Morales accedió al poder gracias a los movimientos sociales más poderosos de Bolivia, en conflicto con la élite neoliberal y utilizando un discurso populista de izquierda progresista que se extendió por América Latina. Después de casi 14 años en el poder, el liderazgo caudillista de Morales viró hacia el autoritarismo y una política divisoria que finalmente llevó a su destitución como presidente. Si bien muchos se han apresurado a adoptar la narrativa de un golpe de Estado, esta perspectiva se enfila directamente con la política binaria simplista utilizada por la administración misma de Morales, pasando por alto la complejidad y fluidez de las fuerzas sociales, así como la dinámica cambiante estado-sociedad a través del tiempo. Morales sufrió una crisis de legitimidad que se gestó durante años. Sus tendencias autoritarias, sus alianzas con las clases capitalistas y su dependencia de la economía extractiva finalmente llevaron a su caída: perdió el apoyo de sus bases sociales sin estar dispuesto a renunciar al poder estatal. El escándalo electoral de octubre de 2019 y su posterior exilio político fueron tan solo la punta del iceberg.
Adolescent Safety Behaviors and Social Anxiety: Links to Psychosocial Impairments and Functioning with Unfamiliar Peer Confederates
Authors: Okuno Hide , Rezeppa Taylor , Raskin Tabitha , De Los Reyes Andres
Published: November 2021

Socially anxious adolescents often endure anxiety-provoking situations using safety behaviors: strategies for minimizing in-the-moment distress (e.g., avoiding eye contact, rehearsing statements before entering a conversation). Studies linking safety behaviors to impaired functioning have largely focused on adults. In a sample of one hundred thirty-four 14 to 15 year-old adolescents, we tested whether levels of safety behaviors among socially anxious adolescents relate to multiple domains of impaired functioning. Adolescents, parents, and research personnel completed survey measures of safety behaviors and social anxiety, adolescents and parents reported about adolescents’ evaluative fears and psychosocial impairments, and adolescents participated in a set of tasks designed to simulate social interactions with same-age, unfamiliar peers. Relative to other adolescents in the sample, adolescents high on both safety behaviors and social anxiety displayed greater psychosocial impairments, evaluative fears, and observed social skills deficits within social interactions. These findings have important implications for assessing and treating adolescent social anxiety.
Caregiving in quarantine: Humor styles, reframing, and psychological well-being among parents of children with disabilities
Authors: Fritz Heidi L.
Published: November 2021

Prior research links adaptive humor styles (affiliative and self-enhancing) with enhanced psychological well-being and maladaptive humor styles (aggressive and self-defeating) with worse psychological well-being, primarily through humor styles’ influence on individuals’ social interactions and efforts to positively reframe stressors. The present study examined the unique relation of each humor style with psychological well-being with a focus on understanding mechanisms of adjustment under highly stressful conditions. Ninety-nine parents of children with disabilities were surveyed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in March 2020, and 79 parents completed follow-up surveys in July 2020. As predicted, at T1, self-enhancing humor was associated with less psychological distress and greater family satisfaction, self-defeating humor was associated with greater distress, and aggressive humor was associated with lower family satisfaction. Moreover, affiliative humor predicted decreased psychological distress over time, whereas self-defeating humor predicted increased psychological distress and decreased family satisfaction over time. Relations were largely mediated by caregiver positive reappraisal, family efforts to reframe daily disability-related challenges, and negative social interactions. Future research should further examine the influence of caregiver humor styles on family dynamics, family reframing norms, and caregiving efficacy.
Efficacy of treatment intensity in German-speaking children with childhood apraxia of speech
Authors: Leonhartsberger Sabine , Huber Eva , Brandstötter German , Stoeckel Ruth , Baas Becky , Weber Christoph , Holzinger Daniel
Published: November 2021

Motor learning principles guide treatment of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Previous studies found children to benefit from higher-intensity conditions; however, they did not control for the total amount of therapy time. The aims of the article are to examine the effects of high versus low treatment frequency in intervention for CAS in German-speaking children. An alternating single-subject design with multiple baselines was applied to compare frequent, short sessions with fewer, longer sessions in terms of speech production accuracy in four children with CAS while keeping the total therapy time constant. We administered a version of integral stimulation treatment. Despite inter-individual differences, changes under both treatment conditions showed similar positive trajectories for all four children. Untreated control targets also improved across participants and conditions. Maintenance and generalization to untreated targets were observed two weeks and three months post treatment, independent of treatment intensity. Our results show no significant advantage of more intensive treatment when the total therapy time is held constant. This study contributes to the evidence base for the use of integral stimulation in treating children with CAS, and in particular those who speak languages other than English.
Use of venous-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of postpartum pulmonary hypertension crisis
Authors: Jiang Yongpo , Lou Minjuan , Chu Xiaoqiong , Zheng Dan , Cai Minjie , Zhao Weili , Lin RongHai , Zhang Sheng
Published: November 2021

The incidence of heart disease in pregnancy ranges from 0.5% to 3.0% and is regarded as one of the top three causes of maternal death. The mortality rate of patients with pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome is as high as 16.7%–50%. Changes in haemodynamics during pregnancy and childbirth increase the burden on the heart, and induced pulmonary hypertension crisis is one of the main causes of maternal death. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is the last-resort treatment strategy to treat patients with pulmonary hypertension crisis. We report a ventricular septal defect in a pregnant woman with pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger’s syndrome, which is a postpartum pulmonary hypertension crisis that leads to respiratory and circulatory disorders. The patient was successfully treated with venous-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
The geography of financial condition in the Mexico City metropolitan area
Authors: Trejo-Nieto Alejandra
Published: November 2021

There has been academic and policy concern about the financial capacity of administratively fragmented metropolitan areas to implement inclusive development measures and provide public services. Metropolitan public financing is problematic because there is a geographical mismatch between extended functional urban regions and administrative units. While local governments are responsible for implementing policies, spending, and raising revenues, financial capacity tends to differ across jurisdictions in response to economic, social and political factors, resulting in manifold disparities. Such variations can be particularly acute depending on the complexity and size of the metropolitan area, and can lead to major spatial disparities in the life standards of residents. This paper focuses on the local financial condition in Mexico City Metropolitan Area, which is often used to exemplify a fragmented metropolitan area. Official statistics from 1989 to 2018 are used to identify major intra-metropolitan variations in the financial condition of local governments. A novel methodology is used to classify municipalities according to their financial health, and discriminant analysis is used to explore the factors shaping the geography of financial performance. The economic and demographic size of municipalities appear to play a significant role.
Surgery plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in primary intestinal lymphoma: a meta-analysis
Authors: Shu Yefei , Xu Xiaofeng , Yang Wei , Xu Ling
Published: November 2021

Objective

Primary intestinal lymphomas (PILs) are uncommon tumors, but their incidence is increasing. Currently, their management is centered around systemic treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, whereas surgery is restricted to selected indications. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the role of surgery in PIL treatment.

Methods

We collected publications comparing surgery plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with PIL from 2000 to 2021. All trials analyzed the summary odds ratios (ORs) of endpoints, including the 5-year overall survival (OS), 3-year OS, and 3-year progression-free survival rates. Combined pooled ORs were analyzed using fixed- or random-effects models according to heterogeneity.

Results

Six studies were included. Compared with chemotherapy alone, surgery plus chemotherapy was associated with significantly higher 5-year OS [OR = 4.88, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 1.91–12.44, Z = 3.32], 3-year OS (OR = 3.83, 95%CI = 2.33–6.30, Z = 5.30), and 3-year progression-free survival (OR = 3.51, 95%CI = 2.20–5.58, Z = 5.29).

Conclusions

Surgery plus chemotherapy was associated with better outcomes than chemotherapy alone, especially in the early stages. Therefore, surgery plus chemotherapy may be the preferred strategy for appropriately selected patients with PIL. The protocol for this systematic review was registered at INPLASY (INPLASY202180102) and is available in full ( https: //doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0102 ).
‘You’ll be very far from this place’: Temporal and spatial aspirations at Bridge International Academies in Kenya
Authors: Kagan Manya , Gez Yonatan N
Published: November 2021

The association between aspirations and education across the African continent is widely recognized. However, it is only in recent years that scholars began observing this connection in the context of the booming low-fee private schools (LFPS) sector. In this article, we consider the case of one of Kenya’s most prominent LFPS actors, a chain of primary schools called Bridge International Academies (BIA). Despite catering for a lower-class clientele, BIA bears ostensible markers of privilege, in the form of a veneer of internationality and intensive application of technology. Indeed, while BIA’s main promise relates to performance on the critical Kenyan Certificate Primary Education exam as a gateway to a better future, such promises are profoundly infused with ideas that appear disconnected from the harsh material conditions of the schools’ clients and staff. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in BIA schools in Nairobi focused on teachers and staff, we show the appeal of the language of internationalism to socio-economically marginalized Kenyans and consider its multiple interpretations within local imaginations.
Effect of calcium-based sorbents on the reduction of chlorinated contaminants during municipal solid waste thermal treatment
Authors: Zhou Zhaozhi , Chi Yong , Tang Yuanjun , Hu Junpeng
Published: November 2021

Chlorinated contaminants are a cause of significant concern in the development of municipal solid waste (MSW) thermal treatment techniques. This study investigates the efficacy of two calcium (Ca)-based in-furnace additives, calcium oxide (CaO), and calcined dolomite (CD), at reducing the levels of chlorinated contaminants during MSW thermal treatment. The results reveal that Ca-based additives could effectively reduce the chlorine (Cl) content by more than 76.8% and 37.3% in the gas and tar phases, respectively. The total concentration and the international total equivalent (I-TEQ) value of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) were significantly higher under the incineration condition than pyrolysis and gasification conditions. Adding CaO could reduce the total concentration and the I-TEQ value of PCDD/Fs by more than 43.4% and 36.7%, respectively. The reduction effect on PCDD/Fs was more significant in the gaseous phase and the tar phase than the solid phase. CD was more effective than CaO at reducing the chlorinated contaminants, including hydrogen chloride, Cl in the tar phase, and PCDD/Fs. Thus, adding Ca-based sorbents in the furnace during MSW pyrolysis and gasification can effectively reduce PCDD/Fs generation. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of Ca-based sorbents on the high-temperature homogeneous reaction of PCDD/Fs formation was analysed.
Testing the talented child: Direct-to-consumer genetic talent tests in China
Authors: Au Larry
Published: November 2021

One controversial area of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in China is “genetic talent testing” for children. In this study, I show that while experts criticize genetic talent testing as unscientific, the persistence of genetic talent testing is not merely a product of parents’ scientific illiteracy. Instead, genetic talent testing reflects parents’ pragmatic use of technology in response to the parenting pressures in contemporary China. Parents see the results of genetic talent testing as offering an advantage for their children when combined with the intensive parenting strategy of precision education. Drawing on the sociology of testing, I argue how genetic talent testing in China is a product of broader concerns about population quality and can potentially reshape how parents imagine quality children through the theory of multiple intelligences. My study of this “off label” use of direct-to-consumer genetic testing also suggests that scientists need to broaden their imagination of potential misuses of their technologies.
Inscribed Space and Occupational Shift: An Anthropological Study from Saltgheri Village of Mousuni Island in South 24 Parganas of West Bengal
Authors: Mandal Rupam , Guha Sankha Priya
Published: November 2021

Inscribed space is solely a metaphor describing the relationship between humans and their physical or social environment. The present study is an empirical one, representing the inscribed space and its role in the occupational shift of a community dwelling at Saltgheri village in Mousuni Island in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal in India. The most revered firsthand anthropological fieldwork method has been used in the present study. The study shows how inscribed space shapes the social-cultural life of the studied community.
Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review
Authors: Uzal Francisco A. , Arroyo Luis G. , Navarro Mauricio A. , Gomez Diego E. , Asín Javier , Henderson Eileen
Published: November 2021

Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.
Coinfection of cattle in Virginia with Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype and Anaplasma marginale
Authors: Oakes Vanessa J. , Todd S. Michelle , Carbonello Amanda A. , Michalak Pawel , Lahmers Kevin K.
Published: November 2021

Theileria orientalis Ikeda is a newly identified agent of bovine infectious anemia in the United States. Although T. orientalis Ikeda is transmitted by ticks other than the tick that transmits Anaplasma marginale—a bacterial etiology of bovine infectious anemia—the geographic distributions of these 2 infectious organisms overlap, with coinfection reported in some cattle. Only anaplasmosis has an approved effective treatment in the United States. To provide rapid diagnostic information for producers with anemic animals, we developed a duplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) for A. marginale and T. orientalis. With a cutoff of 38 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 100% for A. marginale; with a cutoff of 45 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% for T. orientalis, compared to existing tests. In addition to providing a tool for improved clinical decision-making for veterinarians and producers, our rtPCR facilitates the study of coinfection of cattle in Virginia. Of 1,359 blood samples analyzed, 174 were positive for T. orientalis, 125 were positive for A. marginale, and 12 samples were positive for both T. orientalis and A. marginale. Hence, coinfection by these 2 agents of bovine infectious anemia does occur within Virginia. It is likely that this pattern of infection will be seen in other regions where T. orientalis and A. marginale infections are endemic, despite the difference in tick vectors.
Gastrocnemius Release in the Management of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Arshad Zaki , Aslam Aiman , Razzaq Mohammad A. , Bhatia Maneesh
Published: November 2021

Background:

This systematic review aims to summarize the outcomes of gastrocnemius recession in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines using the PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. A 2-stage title/abstract and full text screening process was performed independently by 2 reviewers. Randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case-control studies reporting the results of gastrocnemius recession in patients with plantar fasciitis were included. The MINORS and Joanna Briggs Institute Criteria were used to assess study quality and risk of bias.

Results:

A total of 285 articles were identified, with 6 of these studies comprising 118 patients being ultimately included. Significant postoperative improvement in American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society, visual analog scale, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Foot Forum Index, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores were reported. Included studies also described an increase in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and plantarflexion power. An overall pooled complication rate of 8.5% was seen, with persistent postoperative pain accounting for the most common reported complication. Gastrocnemius recession is associated with greater postoperative improvement than plantar fasciotomy and conservative stretching exercises.

Conclusion:

The current evidence demonstrates that gastrocnemius recession is effective in the management of plantar fasciitis, specifically in patients with gastrocnemius contracture who do not respond to conservative treatment.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, Systematic review of level I-III studies.
The Effect of Augmented Reality Cues on Glance Behavior and Driver-Initiated Takeover on SAE Level 2 Automated-Driving
Authors: de Oliveira Faria Nayara , Merenda Coleman , Greatbatch Richard , Tanous Kyle , Suga Chihiro , Akash Kumar , Misu Teruhisa , Gabbard Joseph
Published: November 2021

In the present paper, we present a user study with an advanced-driver assistance system (ADAS) using augmented reality (AR) cues to highlight pedestrians and vehicles when approaching intersections of varying complexity. Our major goal is to understand the relationship between the presence and absence of AR, driver-initiated takeover rates and glance behavior when using a SAE Level 2 autonomous vehicle. Therefore, a user-study with eight participants on a medium-fidelity driving simulator was carried out. Overall, we found that AR cues can provide promising means to increase the system transparency, drivers’ situation awareness and trust in the system. Yet, we suggest that the dynamic glance allocation of attention during partially automated vehicles is still challenging for researchers as we still have much to understand and explore when AR cues become a distractor instead of an attention guider.
Modeling Pilot Flight Performance in a Cognitive Architecture: Model Demonstration
Authors: Xu Rongbing , Cao Shi
Published: November 2021

Cognitive architecture models can support the simulation and prediction of human performance in complex human-machine systems. In the current work, we demonstrate a pilot model that can perform and simulate taxiing and takeoff tasks. The model was built in Queueing Network-Adaptive Control of Thought Rational (QN-ACTR) cognitive architecture and can be connected to flight simulators such as X-Plane to generate various data, including performance, mental workload, and situation awareness. The model results are determined in combination by the declarative knowledge chunks, production rules, and a set of parameters. Currently, the model can generate flight operation behavior similar to human pilots. We will collect human pilot data to examine further and validate model assumptions and parameter values. Once validated, such models can support interface evaluation and competency-based pilot training, providing a theory-based predictive approach complementary to human-in-the-loop experiments for aviation research and development.
Designing for Exploration and Exploitation in Experimental Search and Rescue Scenarios
Authors: Orth Dylan A. , Buchanan Michael , Amresh Ashish , Smith Cassady , Lematta Glenn , Cooke Nancy , Fouse Adam , Dubrow Samantha
Published: November 2021

Exploration and exploitation are commonly cited in search and rescue scenarios to explain the process by which individuals work in a team and gather information about their environment (exploration) and identify potential solutions and adaptations (exploitation) to pursue successful outcomes. In this paper, we discuss exploration and exploitation as critical design features and highlight the importance of balancing them when designing team-based search and rescue missions. To test the proposed design decisions, we developed a usability study that includes two missions wherein teams consisting of three participants are tasked to rescue victims within a Minecraft-based 3D testbed.
Human-Centered Alphabet Soup: Approaches to Systems Development from Related Disciplines
Authors: Dorton Stephen L. , Ganey H. C. Neil , Mintman Emily , Mittu Ranjeev , Smith Melissa A.B. , Winters John
Published: November 2021

There are several different technical disciplines focused on improving the systems that humans use, creating an ‘alphabet soup’ of acronyms to stay abreast of. While they all build upon a common emphasis of developing systems around their users, there are differences (both perceived and real) across disciplines such as Human Factors Engineering (HFE), Human Systems Integration (HSI), Human Computer Interaction (HCI), User Experience (UX), and Design Thinking (DT). A panel discussed what each of these disciplines are (and what they are not), when and how they get involved in system development, their philosophies and methods for system development, and where they share common interests. Panelists were asked philosophical, practical, and scenario-based questions, before opening the floor to the audience.
Usability Lessons for COVID-19 Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: November 2021

As the need for increased and widespread COVID-19 diagnostic testing has arisen, testing has also become decentralized: where testing was originally primarily conducted in clinic or laboratory settings, testing now frequently occurs at community testing sites, pharmacies, workplaces, schools, and in the home. With this paradigm shift comes new usability barriers as companies rapidly adapt laboratory- and point-of-care-based tests for other use cases. This paper outlines the agile methods used to evaluate the usability of diagnostic tests in various phases of the design cycle and under limited access and time constraints, provides an overview of the most commons usability issues found, and lists practical design principles for practice.
Reshaping Human Factors Education in Times of Big Data: Practitioner Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Bella Yigong , Chignell Mark
Published: November 2021

Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is an applied discipline that uses a wide range of methodologies to better the design of systems and devices for human use. Underpinning all human factors design is the maxim to fit the human to the task/machine/system rather than vice versa. While some HFE methods such as task analysis and anthropometrics remain relatively fixed over time, areas such as human-technology interaction are strongly influenced by the fast-evolving technological trend. In times of big data, human factors engineers need to have a good understanding of topics like machine learning, advanced data analytics, and data visualization so that they can design data-driven products that involve big data sets. There is a natural lag between industrial trends and HFE curricula, leading to gaps between what people are taught and what they will need to know. In this paper, we present the results of a survey involving HFE practitioners (N=101) and we demonstrate the need for including data science and machine learning components in HFE curricula.
Attributing Blame in Human-Robot Teams with Robots of Differing Appearance
Authors: Henderson Cecelia , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: November 2021

As automation becomes increasingly common in daily life the importance of understanding how we interact with automated systems increases, especially attribution of blame for accidents involving a human-automation team. The current research project looks at how humans attribute blame in an accident involving a human operator and a robot worker and is based on a previous study (Furlough et al., 2019). Participants will read two scenarios detailing an accident while being shown both the operator and robot. The robot’s appearance is manipulated to imply varying levels of automation, ranging from a simple robot to one with a human appearance. Results showed no significant effects, however, this research still has the potential to contribute to the understanding of interactions between humans and automated systems and could inform design in the future to facilitate a positive working environment with robots and humans.
Occupational Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management System: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Nasser Al Alawi Mundhir , Kanti Chowdhury Suman
Published: November 2021

An occupational fatigue risk management system (FRMS) framework can aid practitioners to reduce the fatigue-induced human error, poor performance, and the risk of injury in the industrial settings. However, the current state-of-knowledge on different theoretical frameworks of FRMS adopted in various occupational settings has not been systematically mapped in terms of risk factors, industrial sector types, activity types, and interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to review and characterize the previous literature on FRMS available in the ISI Web of Science (WoS) database and applied various bibliometric approaches to explore current state-of-knowledge, emerging trends and future directions. The data for the analyses were collected from the 68 articles published in 24 various journals between 2001 and 2021. The trend showed a rapid increase in FRMS research in the last seven years, especially in healthcare and aviation industries. Future studies should consider environmental stressors while designing a holistic framework of FRMS.
Hazard Analysis of Action Loops for Automated Vehicle Remote Operation
Authors: Kamaraj Amudha V. , Domeyer Joshua E. , Lee John D.
Published: November 2021

One way to compensate for the limitations of automated vehicles is to use a remote operator as a fallback controller. Indeed, this has been proposed for ﬂeet management and intermittent vehicle control. However, existing remote operation applications have demonstrated control challenges, such as latency and bandwidth, that inhibit the eﬀectiveness of human operators. Additionally, human factors challenges arising due to the roles of multiple remote operators managing multiple vehicles further complicates these interventions. This paper uses the Systems Theoretic Process Analysis hazard analysis technique to identify system-level issues related to the remote operation of automated vehicles. Human factors challenges are identiﬁed through the lens of two control loops that link remote drivers, dispatchers, and vehicle automation. These control loops reveal familiar challenges, such as situation awareness and mental model mismatches, as well as novel challenges, such as poorly synchronized and misaligned control.
Online Instruction for Cognitive Systems Engineering: Lessons Learned and Opportunities to Pursue
Authors: Smith Philip J. , Feigh Karen , Sarter Nadine , Woods David
Published: November 2021

One of the impacts of the pandemic has been a rapid increase in the development and offering of online courses focused on cognitive systems engineering. This presents opportunities to:

● Identify and share alternative instructional design strategies and more specific instructional tactics tailored to the online environment and learn from each others’ experiences.

● Discuss how lessons learned from the design and offering of online courses can not only inform future offerings of online courses but also generalize to in-person courses.

● Identify the opportunities created by online instruction to reach a broader audience, not only geographically but also in terms of reaching practitioners whose specializations are outside of human factors.

The panelists have expertise and experience in all of these areas. Their perspectives are briefly described below.
Leveraging Social Media for Human Factors Research in Health Care
Authors: Valdez Rupa S. , Chen Annie T. , Hampton Andrew J. , Chalil Madathil Kapil , Lerner Papautsky Elizabeth , Rogers Courtney C.
Published: November 2021

There has been a significant increase in using social media for academic research and there is an opportunity for human factors professionals to incorporate these platforms into their research. Social media platforms provide a rich space to study extant data on health information communication, behaviors, and impacts and to recruit study participants. In this session, panelists will discuss using social media to study health-related topics including health management, gender-based violence, disaster response, self-harm, patient ergonomics, and secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. They will share how they have collected and analyzed data and recruited study participants from social media platforms such as Twitter, Reddit, and Facebook. They will also speak to the benefits and challenges of as well as ethical implications for using social media for research. There will be space for a moderated discussion to identify ways social media can be leveraged for human factors research in health care.
Human-Centered Design and Research in Deprescribing
Authors: Holden Richard J. , Hill Jordan R. , Campbell Noll L. , Xiao Yan , Gurses Ayse P. , Winnie Chen Huei-Yen , Chui Michelle A.
Published: November 2021

Deprescribing is the process of withdrawing or replacing medications to improve outcomes and reduce medication-associated risks. Deprescribing, though traditionally the domain of healthcare professionals, is now receiving attention from human factors experts. In turn, the deprescribing community is gaining an appreciation for human-centered design and research. This panel gathers experts in human factors and pharmacy to critically discuss past, current, and future work concerning human-centered design and research in deprescribing. The panel will help formulate the value proposition for human factors in this important area.
Practitioner-Educator Model for Human Factors/Ergonomics Education
Authors: Karn Keith S. , Rantanen Esa M. , Branaghan Russell J. , Rayo Michael F. , Sanchez Christopher A. , Lum Heather C.
Published: November 2021

Human factors/ergonomics is an applied discipline. As such, we question whether students are adequately prepared if they are not learning, at least in part, from instructors who have real-world experience applying human factors/ergonomics knowledge to practical design problems. A wide variety of other disciplines such as medicine, the building trades, clinical psychology, military strategy, aviation, and the visual and performing arts have all faced this question and come up with educational approaches that typically include educators who are highly skilled in the practice of the discipline. Terms such as practitioner-scholar and scientist-practitioner, and the apprentice models all reflect this notion of students learning from highly skilled, knowledgeable, and practiced professionals in their disciplines. Is it time for human factors/ergonomics education to adopt such a model?
Ethics Education of Human Factors Engineers for Responsible AI Development
Authors: Rantanen Esa M. , Lee John D. , Darveau Katherine , Miller Dave B. , Intriligator James , Sawyer Ben D.
Published: November 2021

This panel discussion is third in a series examining the educational challenges facing future human factors and ergonomics professionals. The past two panels have focused on training of technical skills in data science, machine learning, and artiﬁcial intelligence to human factors students. This panel discussion expands on these topics and argues for a need of new and broader training curricula that include ethics for responsible development of AI-based systems that will touch lives of everybody and have widespread societal impacts.
Improving Health Through the Application of Ergonomics to Food Practices
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , DiFilippo Kristen N. , Holden Richard J. , Ozkaynak Mustafa , DiFilippo Kristen N. , Yu Denny , Wooldridge Abigail R.
Published: November 2021

Food and nutrition are important to ensuring health, and practices related to food (including obtaining, preparing, consuming, sharing and cleaning up food) involve effortful activity - work. Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) efforts that leverage expertise in across HF/E domains (i.e., physical, cognitive and organizational ergonomics) can provide a holistic approach to supporting human wellbeing and performance in these food practices. For example, ergonomists can attend to the physical environment and tools, the mental processes and/or overall sociotechnical systems involved in food practice all to facilitate food practices that increase the health and wellbeing of humans across diverse needs, abilities and limitations. This panel will introduce the ergonomics of food, highlighting ongoing work as well as opportunities for further work impact.