bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer addition on processing parameters, phase structure and thermal behaviour of polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blends
Authors: Penava Nina Vranjes , Rek Vesna , Slouf Miroslav , Jelcic Zelimir
Published: March 2014

The influence of blend composition and ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) content on the processing parameters, phase structure and thermal behaviour of polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends was studied. Processing parameters of blends in twin-screw extruder were followed by output ( Q), torque (TQ) and back pressure ( p), and apparent viscosity as given by TQ/ Q and p/ Q ratios, while the thermal behaviour was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Phase structure was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The degree of crystallinity ( χc) of PP phase decreased and χc of LDPE phase increased with higher LDPE content in blends with and without EPDM. STEM micrographs of EPDM compatibilized PP/LDPE blends of compositions 80/20 and 20/80 showed particulate morphology, whereas in the blends of compositions 60/40 and 40/60 the morphology was co-continuous. The EPDM compatibilizer was localized on the interface.
Synthesis and characterization of polydimethyl siloxane-based polyurethane elastomers using toluene diisocyanate
Authors: Zia Khalid Mahmood , Waseem-ul-Arifeen  , Iqbal Muhammad Ashair , Zuber Mohammad , Ishaq Muhammad , Farrukh Muhammad Akhyar , Ahmad Mirza Nadeem
Published: March 2014

A series of polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) were prepared by the reaction of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), the resultant PU prepolymer was extended with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS). The conventional spectroscopic characterization of the synthesized samples using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer confirmed the structure of the proposed PDMS-based PU. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to determine the thermal stability of the prepared PU samples. Surface properties of the synthesized material were studied determining the percentage of water absorption and equilibrium degree of swelling. The results revealed that by increasing the mole ratio of PDMS, the synthesized PUEs showed hydrophilic behavior while placing them in water and dimethyl sulfoxide solvent.
Relationships between preschoolers’ oral language and phonological awareness
Authors: Hipfner-Boucher Kathleen , Milburn Trelani , Weitzman Elaine , Greenberg Janice , Pelletier Janette , Girolametto Luigi
Published: March 2014

This study examines the relationship between complex oral language and phonological awareness in the preschool years. Specifically, the authors investigate the relationship between concurrent measures of oral narrative structure (based on measures of both story retell and generation), and measures of blending and elision in a sample of 89 children between 4 and 6 years of age. A hierarchical linear regression was conducted to determine whether oral narrative structure explained unique variance in skill in blending and elision over and above that explained by vocabulary and after controlling for a number of factors known to contribute to phonological awareness outcomes (age, nonverbal reasoning ability, phonological memory, letter knowledge, word reading). The results of the study support the authors’ hypothesis of an association between narrative structure and phonological awareness, and between vocabulary and phonological awareness. The findings are interpreted within a theoretical framework that posits that common structural and processing demands underlie oral narrative discourse and phonological awareness.
Comparing online with brick and mortar course learning outcomes
Authors: Harris Ronald A , Nikitenko Gleb O
Published: March 2014

Teaching graduate students in an intensive adult-learning format presents a special challenge for quantitative analytical competencies. Students often lack necessary background, skills and motivation to deal with quantitative-skill-based course work. This study compares learning outcomes for graduate students enrolled in three course sections (cohorts) taking a quantitative methods course in a public administration program. One cohort of students was taught online, while two student cohorts were taught face-to-face in a traditional classroom setting. Most of the online students resided in the same geographic location as the “brick-and-mortar” students. While student backgrounds and demographics were comparable, there were notable differences in their levels of self-directed learning readiness and persistence. These differences illustrate both course design and modality features for a comparison between online and traditional brick-and-mortar learning environments. We find that predictors of student performance in an online environment are rather well described by the Self-Directed Learning Theory (SDL) and Self-Regulated Learning Theory (SRL). A statistically significant difference was found in the pretest-posttest mean scores, which indicates that students learned the course content for quantitative methods in the online section differently from those in the brick-and-mortar section. Overall, students enrolled in the online section (cohort) performed better on the posttest than did students enrolled in traditional “brick-and-mortar” classes. An age variable shows that older students performed much better than younger students on the posttest. Other differences in learning outcomes between the online and brick-and-mortar sections are analyzed in the study. Stakeholders in online education should be interested in these outcomes.
Genetic Testing and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Awareness
Authors: de Groot Mary , Wessel Jennifer
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the motivational, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors of interest in genetic testing (GT) in those with and without awareness of their risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

A convenience sample of adults visiting emergency departments, libraries, or an online research registry was surveyed. Responses from adults without diabetes who reported 1 or more risk factors for T2DM (eg, family history, body mass index > 25) were included in the analyses (n = 265).

Results

Participants were 37 ± 11 years old, white (54%), and female (69%), with some college education (53%) and an annual income below $25 000 (44%). Approximately half (52%) expressed interest in GT for T2DM. Individuals were stratified by perceived risk for T2DM (risk aware or risk unaware). Among the risk aware, younger age ( P < .04) predicted greater interest in GT. Among the risk unaware, family history of T2DM ( P < .008) and preference to know genetic risk ( P < .0002) predicted interest in GT. Both groups identified the need for low-cost GT.

Conclusions

GT is an increasingly available and accurate tool to predict T2DM risk for patients. In this sample, GT was a salient tool for those with and without awareness of their T2DM risk. Financial accessibility is critical to use of this tool for both groups.
Covariance Adjustments for the Analysis of Randomized Field Experiments
Authors: Berk Richard , Pitkin Emil , Brown Lawrence , Buja Andreas , George Edward , Zhao Linda
Published: March 2014

Background:

It has become common practice to analyze randomized experiments using linear regression with covariates. Improved precision of treatment effect estimates is the usual motivation. In a series of important articles, David Freedman showed that this approach can be badly flawed. Recent work by Winston Lin offers partial remedies, but important problems remain.

Results:

In this article, we address those problems through a reformulation of the Neyman causal model. We provide a practical estimator and valid standard errors for the average treatment effect. Proper generalizations to well-defined populations can follow.

Conclusion:

In most applications, the use of covariates to improve precision is not worth the trouble.
Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Laryngopharyngeal Reflux on Posttreatment Symptoms and Hypopharyngeal pH
Authors: Waxman Jonathan , Yalamanchali Sreeya , Valle Elizabeth Shay , Pott Thomas , Friedman Michael
Published: March 2014

Objective

To determine the effect of twice‐daily proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment on the relationship between laryngopharyngeal pH environment and symptoms in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective analysis of records from consecutive patients seen at a single clinical site between 2009 and 2012.

Subjects and Methods

Forty‐three records of patients diagnosed with LPR who underwent pre‐ and posttreatment pH studies were included. Prior to treatment, all had a Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) > 13 and an abnormal pH study. Patients were treated for ≥ 4 weeks with twice‐daily PPIs. Following treatment, patients completed a second RSI and pH study.

Results

Most patients (67.4%) had symptom normalization; however, most patients (60.5%) did not have pH normalization. For all patients whose symptoms did not normalize, pH scores also did not normalize; 32.6% of patients showed no subjective or objective treatment response. For individuals whose symptoms normalized but whose pH scores did not normalize, there was a significant decrease in upright pH score. For the entire group, pretreatment symptom and upright pH scores were strongly positively correlated. Improvements in symptom and upright pH scores following treatment were moderately positively correlated.

Conclusion

Laryngopharyngeal pH failed to normalize for most individuals after PPI treatment; only pH improvement was necessary for symptom normalization. Many patients had no treatment response. Laryngopharyngeal reflux patients may make up a heterogeneous group, and PPI responsivity may help explain conflicting results from previous studies. Posttreatment pH monitoring is recommended in studies investigating the efficacy of PPI therapy for LPR.
Motion Perception in Patients with Idiopathic Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction
Authors: Priesol Adrian J. , Valko Yulia , Merfeld Daniel M. , Lewis Richard F.
Published: March 2014

We measured vestibular perceptual thresholds in patients with idiopathic bilateral vestibulopathy to assess the distribution of peripheral vestibular damage in this disorder. Thresholds were measured with standard psychometric techniques in 4 patients and compared with thresholds in normal subjects and patients with completely absent peripheral vestibular function. Motion paradigms included yaw rotation (testing the lateral canals), interaural translation (testing the utricles), superior‐inferior translation (testing the saccules), and roll tilt (testing the vertical semicircular canals and the otolith organs). We found that perceptual thresholds were abnormally elevated in the patients with idiopathic bilateral vestibulopathy for yaw rotation at all frequencies and for interaural translation at only the lower frequencies. Thresholds were normal for the other 2 motion paradigms. The results demonstrate that the distribution of vestibular dysfunction in this disorder is not uniform but, rather, can affect lateral canal and utricular thresholds while relatively sparing vertical canal and saccular function.
Empty gestures? A review of the discourses of ‘localism’ from the practitioner’s perspective
Authors: Ludwig Carol , Ludwig Gregory
Published: March 2014

Little has been written from the practitioner’s perspective about the discourses of localism permeating local planning practice. Even less has been written about the tangible local economic outputs of such planning initiatives legislated through the Localism Act (House of Commons, 2011). As such, this paper fills a gap by reviewing the practicalities of the neighbourhood development plan (NDP) process; a localism tool heralded as a mechanism to allow local communities to choose where they want new homes, shops and offices to be built. Reflecting on the 858 NDPs currently underway across England and Wales, the real drivers, practicalities and implications of this new policy layer are critically analysed from the practitioner’s perspective. The paper concludes that behind the rhetoric of the neighbourhood planning discourse is a covert political objective of enabling local economic development by facilitating private sector-led growth (through ensuring fewer local objections to development proposals and more planning approvals). However, quite the opposite, the paper reveals a dangerously misplaced emphasis on empowering localities through NDPs. This is because in reality experimental NDPs have a limited and uneven scope and at times may be inflammatory, increasing anti-development sentiments. Instead, it is proposed that an adjusted policy focus is adopted which facilitates genuine community engagement with the local development planning process.
Emotional processing deficits in chronic cannabis use: A replication and extension
Authors: Hindocha Chandni , Wollenberg Olivia , Carter Leno Virginia , Alvarez Beatriz O , Curran H Valerie , Freeman Tom P
Published: March 2014

Heavy cannabis use is associated with interpersonal problems that may arise in part from the inaccurate perception of emotional faces. Only one study reports impairments in emotional facial affect processing in heavy cannabis users; however, it is not clear whether these findings were attributable to differences between cannabis users and controls in schizotypy or gender, rather than from cannabis use itself. A total of 25 frequent cannabis users and 34 non-using controls completed an emotional processing task in an independent groups design. We asked participants to identify the emotions on faces morphed from neutral to 100% intensity, for six basic emotions. We measured percentage hit rate, sensitivity and response bias. Schizotypy was indexed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Cannabis users showed lower accuracy and sensitivity on the emotional recognition task. Gender and schizotypy did not differ between the two groups. Men showed lower accuracy on the emotional processing task, but impairments in cannabis users remained when covarying for gender. Schizotypy negatively correlated with sensitivity scores, but this was unreliable when accounting for the groups. Chronic cannabis users showed generalised impairment in emotional processing. These results appeared as independent of the emotional processing deficits amongst men, and were not related to schizotypy.
Familial hemiplegic migraine due to L263V SCN1A mutation: Discordance for epilepsy between two kindreds from Douro Valley
Authors: Barros José , Ferreira Augusto , Brandão Ana F , Lemos Carolina , Correia Fernando , Damásio Joana , Tuna Assunção , Sequeiros Jorge , Coutinho Paula , Alonso Isabel , Pereira-Monteiro José
Published: March 2014

Background

SCN1A is the most relevant gene in epilepsy. Only seven SCN1A mutations have been identified in 10 familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) kindreds worldwide.

Cases and kindreds

In 2009, we presented a kindred with FHM due to the L263V SCN1A mutation. In the current study, we report a novel FHM3 kindred from the same village. The first family exhibited the co-occurrence of FHM and epilepsy. No case of epilepsy was observed in the new kindred. An L263V mutation was found in all patients, and the haplotype analysis supports a unique mutational event.

Comments

Despite its bioelectric activity, the SCN1A L263V mutation most likely requires a combination of several endogenous or environmental induction stimuli to attain an epileptogenic threshold.
Using a Bifactor Model to Assess the Factor Structure of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Grades 1 Through 3
Authors: Huang Francis L.
Published: March 2014

The factor structure of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Grades 1 through 3 (PALS 1-3), a widely used early literacy screener in the Commonwealth of Virginia, was investigated using a large sample of public-school second-grade students ( n = 14,993). Three alternative factor models (i.e., a one-factor, two-correlated factors, and a bifactor model) were tested and explored using an exploratory sample consisting of a randomly selected half of the overall sample. Model fit indices using confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a bifactor model fit the best and supported the scoring methods used with PALS 1-3, which is largely measured by a general factor of orthographic knowledge. The model was found to replicate in the randomly selected hold-out sample as well and exhibited adequate measurement precision (ω h = .88).
The Beginnings of the Southern Child/Pediatric Neurology Society
Authors: Dyken Paul Richard , Bodensteiner John B.
Published: March 2014

The founding and early development of the Southern Pediatric Neurology Society was in many ways parallel to that of the Child Neurology Society. The organization started out as the Southern Child Neurology Society but the name was changed at the time of incorporation so as to avoid confusion of identity and purpose with the larger Child Neurology Society. Although there are archives of early days and the later development of the Southern Pediatric Neurology Society, the details have never been set down in a narrative explaining the events that led to the development of the organization. In this paper, we try to produce a written record of the history of the founding and early development of the Southern Pediatric Neurology Society.
Condom use errors and problems: a study of high-risk young Black men residing in three Southern US cities
Authors: Crosby Richard A , Milhausen Robin R , Sanders Stephanie A , Graham Cynthia A , Yarber William L
Published: March 2014

The primary aim of this study was to assess self-reported frequencies of selected condom use errors and problems, using a retrospective recall period of 2 months, among young Black men attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. A secondary objective was to determine whether more errors/problems occurred among men reporting sex with multiple partners compared with those reporting one sexual partner. Data were collected in clinics treating patients with sexually transmitted infections in three Southern US cities. Men, 15–23 years of age who identified as Black/African American and reported recent (past 2 months) condom use were eligible (N = 475). Condom use errors and problems were common, with some of the most critical errors occurring for greater than one of every five young Black men, such as late application, early removal, slipping off during sex, and re-using condoms. For 8 (33.3%) of the 24 errors/problems assessed, young Black men reporting more than one sexual partner in the previous 2 months experienced more errors and problems than men reporting only one partner. The disease protective value of condoms may be sub-optimal in this population. A need exists to improve the quality of condom use among young Black men at risk of sexually transmitted infection acquisition or transmission. Intensified clinic-based intervention that helps young Black men improve the quality of their condom use behaviours is warranted.
Symptomatic primary Cytomegalovirus infection in a HIV-positive pregnant woman
Authors: Bergin Sarah , Ferguson Wendy , Corcoran Suzanne , Varughese Allan , Byrne David , Lawless Mairead , Eogan Maeve , Lambert John S
Published: March 2014

We describe a case of symptomatic primary Cytomegalovirus infection in a HIV-positive pregnant woman on antiretroviral treatment with a CD4 count >200 × 106/l requiring intravenous ganciclovir. No adverse consequences from ganciclovir or evidence of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection were found.
Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection in healthy women is related to sexual behaviours and educational level: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Tay Sun Kuie , Oon Lynette Lin Ean
Published: March 2014

This study reports the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in healthy women in Singapore. Demography, education, sexual and reproductive history and cigarette smoking habits were obtained from a cross-sectional population of healthy women and girls aged above 12 years of age. Cervical or vaginal cytology samples were investigated for 37 known anogenital HPV subtypes using the linear array PCR method. Chi square statistics were used to test for associations of individual epidemiological factors with HPV infection. Independent risk factors were identified with binomial logistic regression analysis. Of 891 subjects, the prevalence of HPV infection was 9.31% (83/891 women) for any-type HPV and 5.05% (46/891 women) for the high-risk HPV (hrHPV). Of 30 HPV subtypes detected, the most prevalent genotypes in descending order of frequency were subtypes 51, 16, 52, 58 and 66 for hrHPV and subtypes 62, 61, 84, 72 and 53 for the low-risk HPV. This frequency distribution of HPV subtypes was different from reports from other countries within Asia. Forty-six virgins studied tested negative for HPV infection. Significant independent risk factors for any-type HPV infection were multiple sexual partners (adjusted OR 1.4) and low (≤6 years) educational level (adjusted OR 4.0). The distribution of HPV subtypes in healthy women varies between different countries within Asia. In Singapore, the prevalence of HPV infection was 9.31% and was related to penetrative sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners and low educational level.
Newborn bio/logics and US legal requirements for changing gender/sex designations on state identity documents
Authors: van Anders Sari M , Caverly Nicholas L , Johns Michelle Marie
Published: March 2014

Legal enactments are de facto definitions of gender/sex and affect the day-to-day lives of trans-identified individuals. We assessed requirements for changing gender/sex designations on US driver's licenses and birth certificates alongside their potential foundations to explore these legal definitions. Analyses showed that surgico-medical authority and sex reassignment surgery were privileged over lived experiences, psychology, and physiology (e.g. genetics; hormones). Though ‘biologism’ is typically theorized to explain legal conceptualizations and treatments of gender/sex and transgender, we argue for a diverse set of ‘bio/logics’ (implicit biological decision rules) that have profoundly different implications for trans lives. Over two other possibilities (trace bio/logics: a conceptual or physiological persistence of sexed origins; and interior bio/logics: a privileging of more embedded and immutable sex features), we conclude that US state enactments of gender/sex rely on ‘newborn bio/logics’: those binaristic features of genital sex immediately observable in newborns and naturalized via surgico-medical authority.
Modelling information literacy for classrooms of the future
Authors: McNicol Sarah
Published: March 2014

Although numerous models exist to support the development of information literacy skills, most were designed to support 20th-century technologies and pedagogies. It is widely accepted that information literacy models needs to adapt and develop in response to changes in both technology and pedagogy, but the nature of this development is, as yet, uncertain. iTEC (Innovative Technologies for Engaging Classrooms) is a major EU-funded project attempting to bring about transformation in learning and teaching through the strategic application of learning technology. In this article, findings from the evaluation of iTEC are used to consider how effectively information literacy models which are currently available can support emerging technologically-engaged pedagogies. These findings suggest that an information literacy model for the 21st century needs to be flexible, suited to collaborative work and most importantly acknowledge and support students as creators of knowledge, not simply consumers.
Cell adhesion molecules as potential biomarkers of nephritis, damage and accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE
Authors: Skeoch S , Haque S , Pemberton P , Bruce IN
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to compare levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin in lupus patients and controls and to investigate their association with clinical phenotype, disease activity and damage.

Methods

We compared levels of serum VCAM-1 and E-selectin in 178 female lupus patients and 69 age-and sex-matched controls. Using linear regression we also examined the association between these markers and disease activity, damage, renal and skin involvement as well as clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease.

Results

E-selectin was increased in patients compared to controls (median (IQR) 10.5 (6.85, 13.9) vs 7.86 (5.39, 10.4) ng/ml; p < 0.001). E-selectin was also associated with overall damage and carotid plaque (β (95% confidence interval): 0.27 (0.029, 0.511) and 0.26 (0.148, 0.507)). Whilst there was no significant difference in VCAM-1 levels between groups overall, we found a significant association between VCAM-1 and with active renal disease (β (95% confidence interval): 1.10 (0.69, 1.51)).

Conclusions

E-selectin may act as a marker of cardiovascular risk in SLE, whilst VCAM-1 may have a role as a non-invasive biomarker for lupus nephritis activity.
Correlations, Return and Volatility Spillovers in Indian Exchange Rates
Authors: Kumar Dilip
Published: March 2014

This study explores the dynamic nature of return, volatility and correlation transmission mechanism among Indian exchange rates relative to US dollar (USD), Great Britain pound (GBP), euro and Japanese yen. We make use of the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) vector autoregressive multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (VAR (1)-MVGARCH) model which is capable of capturing the interactive dynamics in the first moment and the second moment of the time series. Our empirical results point to a significant unidirectional return spillover from euro and Japanese yen to USD and bidirectional return spillover between GBP and Japanese yen. We also find evidence of significant volatility spillover effect from USD to GBP, euro and Japanese Yen and from GBP and Euro to USD. Moreover, we find that the time-varying conditional correlations between exchange rate changes dynamically over time and are widely distributed with higher volatility during the period of global financial crisis for all USD and other exchange rate pairs.
The Location Substitution Effect: Does it Apply for China?
Authors: Banik Nilanjan , Das Khanindra Ch.
Published: March 2014

The notion that China is the factory of the world is now changing. Factories in China are shifting their production base to neighbouring Asia, primarily because of higher input costs in China, a volatile Chinese exchange rate and protectionist measures targeted against Chinese exports. In this article, we examine the location substitution effect for China: Chinese firms are exporting primary, intermediate and machinery items, meant for producing final output in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which include Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar. Results suggest that GMS countries are exporting finished items to China, that are increasingly getting manufactured using primary and intermediate inputs imported from China.
Causal Relationship between Exports and Agricultural GDP in India
Authors: Kaur Rajwant , Sidhu Amarjit Singh
Published: March 2014

This article is an attempt to investigate the causal relationships between agriculture gross domestic product (GDP) and exports in India on the basis of time series data for forty year from 1970–1971 to 2010–2011. The empirical evidence reveals that the null hypothesis that the variables have a unit root is not rejected in the case of all the variables under study. However, the null hypothesis that the first-differences of these variables have a unit root is rejected. Hence we conclude that these variables are integrated of order one (I (1)). On the basis of trace and maximum eigenvalue tests of Johansen technique of cointegration, the study found that agricultural GDP and total exports of India were found cointegrated. The findings of the study have significant implications for India’s economic policy as both the variables have shown a strong long-run relationship. The study further found the existence of uni-directional Granger-causality between the total exports and agricultural GDP of India, which is running from total exports to Agricultural GDP.
The contested terrain of alcohol sponsorship of sport in New Zealand
Authors: Cody Kieran , Jackson Steve
Published: March 2014

This study examines the politics and policy implications of alcohol sponsorship of sport in New Zealand. Specifically, it draws on the recommendations of the 2010 New Zealand Law Commission report titled Alcohol in our lives: Curbing the harm, which called for the gradual elimination of all alcohol sponsorship from New Zealand sport. Using a multi-method approach, the paper examines the contested terrain of the alcohol–sport relationship, that is, the nature of the relationship and its potential impact on the nation’s binge drinking culture, how it is regulated by both states and sport organisations within the international community and, finally, the perspectives of key stakeholders in the debate. The views of key stakeholders offer insights into the nature of competing interests at play within the alcohol–sport sponsorship relationship. Overall, the findings highlight the challenges of social change and the need for more research and a community-based, multidimensional approach that is reinforced through regulation.
Beliefs About Diabetes and Medication Adherence Among Lumbee Indians Living in Rural Southeastern North Carolina
Authors: Jacobs Allison , Kemppainen Jeanne K. , Taylor Julie Smith , Hadsell Christine
Published: March 2014

This study assessed personal beliefs about the causes and meaning of having diabetes among the members of the Lumbee Indian tribe living in rural southeastern North Carolina. The sample included 20 males (50%) and 20 females (50%); the mean duration of having diabetes was 9.82 years. The average body mass index (BMI) for females was 34.76 (range, 24.21-55.44), whereas the average BMI for males was 35.10 (range, 22.71-59.71). Ninety percent reported a family history of diabetes. The majority of participants held beliefs that diabetes was a serious and chronic condition and that the disease was amenable to personal control. Participants perceived that diabetic medications were an essential and effective part of their treatment regimen, and they reported greater comfort in adhering to prescribed medication regimens than making long-term lifestyle changes. This study highlights the high prevalence of diabetes among Lumbee Indians and also the need for future studies in this area.
Glomerular Filtration Rate Equations Do Not Accurately Predict Vancomycin Trough Concentrations in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Alford Elizabeth L. , Chhim Rebecca F. , Crill Catherine M. , Hastings M. Colleen , Ault Bettina H. , Shelton Chasity M.
Published: March 2014

Background: The Bedside Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) equation was developed using data from children with chronic kidney disease. Some institutions are using this equation in all pediatric patients, regardless of renal function, to adjust medications. No data have shown that the Bedside CKiD equation is equivalent or better than the Schwartz equation in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric patients with normal renal function. Objective: To compare GFR estimates using the Bedside CKiD and Schwartz equations and determine if either offers sufficient vancomycin dosing guidance in hospitalized pediatric patients. Methods: This retrospective review at a single-center, academic, pediatric hospital included patients 2 to 12 years old with a steady-state vancomycin trough collected between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2011. Patients with acute kidney injury or lacking essential data (e.g., height and serum creatinine), were excluded. An estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the Schwartz and Bedside CKiD equations. Pearson correlations and linear regressions compared the eGFR values and vancomycin troughs. Results: A total of 50 vancomycin troughs were analyzed. There was a weak relationship between the eGFR and troughs for the Schwartz equation ( r2 = 0.028) and Bedside CKiD equation ( r2 = 0.028). A weak relationship between serum creatinine and troughs was observed ( r2 = 0.132). Limitations include small sample size and retrospective design. Conclusions: Neither equation correlates well with vancomycin troughs, suggesting that therapeutic monitoring remains important. Better GFR estimation methods are needed in pediatrics to aid appropriate dosing of renally eliminated medications.
Phenomenological mapping and dynamical absorptions in chain systems with multiple degrees of freedom
Authors: Hedrih Katica R Stevanović , Hedrih Andjelka N
Published: March 2014

Using Mihailo Petrović's theory of mathematical phenomenology elements, phenomenological mapping in vibrations, signals, resonance and dynamical absorptions in models of dynamics of chain systems – the abstractions of different real dynamics of a chain system are identified and presented. Using a mathematical description of a chain mechanical system with a finite number of mass particles coupled by linear elastic springs and a finite number of degrees of freedom expressed by corresponding generalized independent coordinates, translator displacements and corresponding analysis of solutions for a free and forced vibrations series of multi-frequency regimes and resonant states as well as dynamical absorption states are identified. Using mathematical analogy and phenomenological mapping, analyses of the dynamics of other chain models are made. Phenomenological mapping is used to explain dynamics in systems with multiple deformable bodies (beams, plates, membranes or belts) through resonance and dynamical absorptions in the system and transfer of mechanical energies between bodies. Amplitude-frequency graphs for homogeneous and non-homogeneous chain systems are presented for a system with 11 degrees of freedom. Expressions for generalized coordinates of a chain non-homogeneous system in resonance regimes for a general case are derived. A theorem is defined and proven.
How Does School District Consolidation Affect Property Values? A Case Study of New York
Authors: Duncombe William D. , Yinger John , Zhang Pengju
Published: March 2014

This article explores the impact of school district consolidation on house values based on house sales in upstate New York State from 2000 to 2012. By combining propensity score matching (PSM) and double-sales data to compare house value changes in consolidating and comparable school districts, we find that, except in one relatively large district, consolidation has a negative impact on house values during the years right after it occurs and that this effect then fades away and is eventually reversed. This pattern suggests that it takes time either for the advantages of consolidation to be apparent or for the people who prefer consolidated districts to move in. Finally, as in previous studies, the long-run impacts of consolidation on house values are positive in census tracts that initially have low incomes, but negative in high-income census tracts, where parents may have a relatively large willingness to retain the nonbudgetary advantages of small districts.
Police Responses in Officer-Involved Violent Deaths: Comparison of Suicide by Cop and Non-Suicide by Cop Incidents
Authors: Lord Vivian B.
Published: March 2014

Officers’ responses in suicide by cop (SbC) situations often include use of deadly force. Given their training and experience, officers’ use of deadly force should mean that they reasonably believe that they or other people are in immediate threat of death or serious bodily harm. Using National Violent Death Reporting System data, the current study compares police responses in SbC and non-SbC cases and the possible influences of the characteristics of the situations and of the subjects on officers’ use-of-force decisions. Multivariate analysis reveals different significant predictors impacting different levels of police actions between and with SbC and non-SbC cases.
Female Representation in Law Enforcement: The Influence of Screening, Unions, Incentives, Community Policing, CALEA, and Size
Authors: Schuck Amie M.
Published: March 2014

Using data over 4,000 agencies, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of community, organization, and economic factors on the representation of women in law enforcement. The results highlight the influence that police executives and community leaders have on gender diversity by way of creating a greater demand for women in the profession. Higher levels of female officer representation were associated with organizations that emphasize community policing; have higher education requirements, more incentives and benefits, no physical fitness screening criteria, and no collective bargaining rights; belong to the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies; and serve larger and more racially and ethnical diverse communities.
A randomised controlled trial of providing personalised cardiovascular risk information to modify health behaviour
Authors: Zullig Leah L , Sanders Linda L , Shaw Ryan J , McCant Felicia , Danus Susanne , Bosworth Hayden B
Published: March 2014

We conducted a feasibility study of a web-based intervention, which provided personalized cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk information, behavioural risk reduction strategies and educational resources. Participants were block-randomized to the 3-month intervention (n = 47) or to usual care (n = 49). Participants in the intervention group were presented with their CVD risk based on the Framingham risk score, and in three subsequent online encounters could select two behavioural/lifestyle modules, giving them an opportunity to complete six modules over the course of the study. Because it was self-guided, participants had differing levels of engagement with intervention materials. Most intervention group participants (77%, n = 36) completed all modules. After 3 months there were no significant differences between the intervention and usual care groups for systolic blood pressure, body-mass index, CVD risk, smoking cessation or medication non-adherence. The study suggests that modest clinical improvements can be achieved by interventions that are entirely web-administered. However, web-based interventions do not replace the need for human interaction to communicate CVD risk and assist with decision-making.
Development of a measure of caregiver burden in paediatric chronic kidney disease: The Paediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale
Authors: Parham Rhian , Jacyna Nicola , Hothi Daljit , Marks Stephen D , Holttum Sue , Camic Paul
Published: March 2014

To inform the development of a measure of caregiver burden for carers of children with chronic kidney disease, interviews were conducted with 16 caregivers and 10 renal healthcare professionals. A pool of 97 items generated from interviews was reduced to 60 items following review. A piloting exercise provided evidence for the usability, readability and relevance of items and informed further adaptations resulting in the 51-item Paediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale. Further to assessment of its psychometric properties, it is hoped that that the Paediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale will serve as a useful measure of caregiver burden in paediatric chronic kidney disease.
Mental and somatic health and pre- and post-migration factors among older Somali refugees in Finland
Authors: Mölsä Mulki , Punamäki Raija-Leena , Saarni Samuli I. , Tiilikainen Marja , Kuittinen Saija , Honkasalo Marja-Liisa
Published: March 2014

Mental and somatic health was compared between older Somali refugees and their pair-matched Finnish natives, and the role of pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors among the refugees. One hundred and twenty-eight Somalis between 50–80 years of age were selected from the Somali older adult population living in the Helsinki area ( N = 307). Participants were matched with native Finns by gender, age, education, and civic status. The BDI-21 was used for depressive symptoms, the GHQ-12 for psychological distress, and the HRQoL was used for health-related quality of life. Standard instruments were used for sleeping difficulties, somatic symptoms and somatization, hypochondria, and self-rated health. Clinically significant differences in psychological distress, depressive symptoms, sleeping difficulties, self-rated health status, subjective quality of life, and functional capacity were found between the Somali and Finnish groups. In each case, the Somalis fared worse than the Finns. No significant differences in somatization were found between the two groups. Exposure to traumatic events prior to immigrating to Finland was associated with higher levels of mental distress, as well as poorer health status, health-related quality of life, and subjective quality of life among Somalis. Refugee-related traumatic experiences may constitute a long lasting mental health burden among older adults. Health care professionals in host countries must take into account these realities while planning for the care of refugee populations.
Airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the indoor environment of King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan
Authors: Saadoun Ismail , Jaradat Ziad W. , Tayyar Ibraheem Ali Al , Nasser Ziad El , Ababneh Qotaibah
Published: March 2014

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is seen with increasing frequency in hospitals and is considered as a major cause of hospital-acquired infection. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize the airborne MRSA in different wards of a referral university hospital. Thirty-four air samples of 100 litres volume/min were collected by a microbiological air sampler, then impacted on trypticase soy agar (TSA) and incubated at 37℃ for 48 h. Recovered colonies were identified by standard methods. From all S. aureus, 9.3% was identified as MRSA which comprised 4.2%, 3.1% and 2% in the adult and nursery intensive care units, and operating theatres (ICU, NICU and OT, respectively). MRSA isolates were remarkably susceptible (87.1%) to each of amikacin, chloramphenicol, imipenem and rifampin. MRSA isolates were shown in all units with minimum inhibitory concentration value of >256, 32 and 6 µg/l in ICU, OT and NICU, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of all MRSA isolates indicated the amplification of the mec A gene. It is concluded that MRSA was isolated from all units making eradication of MRSA a target hard to achieve. However, the antibiotic resistance profile of the MRSA isolates looks promising leaving a room to combat nosocomial infections.
Seeing like a sociologist: Constructing a school system with in-service teachers
Authors: Funnell Robert
Published: March 2014

Whereas teaching of sociology is discussed in terms of innovations to make theory more attractive and accessible, teaching applied sociology remains an unfashionable topic for intellectual discussion and analysis. It is described as a service area taught by ‘invisible sociologists’, removed from the pursuit of explicit theory. Taking the case of an education degree, it is argued that teaching in applied courses can produce a kind of sociologist able to see the world of schools through a sociological eye. The aims in this article are to: outline the conditions constraining sociology in applied situations; reflect on the context of sociology in an education degree and justify a rationale for teaching sociology through concepts; argue for a method of curriculum design and course activities built from student ontology and self-understanding of their future occupation; describe how a school system is constructed in a one-semester course; and argue for implicit theory in applied courses as a defensible sociological practice.
Retrospective Evaluation of Factors That Influence the Implementation of CATCH in Southern Illinois Schools
Authors: Bice Matthew R. , Brown Stephen L. , Parry Thomas
Published: March 2014

Background. Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) is a school health program implemented in southern Illinois that focuses on physical activity and nutrition and consists of a classroom curriculum, physical education framework, and cafeteria guidelines. Though many schools agreed to implement CATCH, some schools implemented it better than others. This study examined implementation practices of classroom and physical education teachers and cafeteria supervisors. Method. We surveyed 284 school employees at 36 elementary schools located in southern Illinois. Attention focused on organizational readiness, commitment to change, school leadership, implementation barriers, and innovation perceptions concerning degree of implementation of CATCH. Results. Organizational readiness and implementation barriers were significant predictors of degree of implementation for school employees. Additionally, organizational readiness was reported a significant predictor of classroom teacher degree of implementation whereas leadership was a significant predictor of degree of implementation by physical education teachers. Conclusion. Data from this study can be used to enhance implementation of CATCH as well as other school health programs. This study provides educators evidence of why school employees have different implementation practices, evidence of what constructs influence degree of implementation most, and some explanation of school employee degree of implementation.
Influence of Ce doping on structure, morphology, and photocatalytic activity of three-dimensional ZnO superstructures synthesized via coprecipitation and roasting processes
Authors: Wu Chenguang , Guo Hongxia , Cui Suping , Li Huaiyang , Li Fan
Published: March 2014

Three-dimensional Ce-doped ZnO was synthesized via coprecipitation and roasting processes. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method), and photoluminescence spectra. Also, the photocatalytic activities of ZnO and Ce-doped ZnO were investigated in ultraviolet light for degradation of methylene blue solution. The results indicated that the concentration of NaOH and the doping amount of Ce showed great influence on morphology, structures, and properties of Ce-doped ZnO. When the (Ce3++Zn2+)/OH− was 1:2.5 and the concentration of Ce was 2 mol%, the morphology of the Ce-doped ZnO was microspheres with superstructures assembled by large amounts of interleaving nanosheets. The morphology transformed from microspheres with superstructures to amorphous by changing the ratio of (Ce3++Zn2+)/OH− from 1:2 to 1:3. The photoluminescence spectra indicated that the recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs of Ce-doped ZnO was suppressed. The prepared Ce-doped ZnO showed much enhanced photocatalytic property than pure ZnO. When the doping concentration of Ce was 2 mol%, the Ce-doped ZnO photocatalysts showed best photocatalytic activity with 99.10% degradation of methylene blue solution after 2 h.