bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Adsorption onto Nickel Modified Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Coelho M. C. , Titus E. , Cabral G. , Neto V. , Madaleno J. C. , Fan Q. H. , Sousa A. C. M. , Grácio J.
Published: July 2008

The Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD) method was employed to study hydrogen adsorption on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified by nickel doping. Prior to the nickel doping, effective functionalisation of CNTs was achieved by treating them in HNO3/H2O2
medium. Samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. SEM analyses revealed the morphology of the samples and the presence of nickel was identified by EDS analyses.
Raman analysis revealed the enhancement of defects on the CNTs after the nickel modification. The defects created along with the catalytic activity of nickel supplied more hydrogen access to the CNTs. This was inferred from highest intensity ratio of D and G band (ID/IG) for hydrogen treated
samples. However, FTIR spectra did not exhibit any C—H related bands. This confirms that the adsorption of hydrogen onto CNTs is primarily by surface adsorption.
Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Polymethyl Methacrylate/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite
Authors: Shokuhfar T. , Makradi A. , Titus E. , Cabral G. , Ahzi S. , Sousa A. C. M. , Belouettar S. , Gracio J.
Published: July 2008

In this work carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to increase the strength and toughness of the hydroxyapatite (HA) and consequently to reduce its brittleness. The combination of CNT, HA and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has led to a new composite material, which has mechanical properties
superior to those of conventional HA/PMMA for biomedical scaffold in tissue engineering. PMMA is a well known bone cement which is highly compatible with HA and also it can act as a functionalizing/linking material with HA. The mechanical properties of the new nanocomposite were predicted
with a self-consistent computational model taking into account the structure morphology and the orientation of the CNTs. CNT reinforced HA composite is shown to be a promising coating material for high-load-bearing metal implants. The development of this new nanocomposite based on HA/PMMA
and CNTs, may significantly contribute to the bond strength of the HA/PMMA metal interface and the overall mechanical properties of the HA/PMMA coating.
Studies of Self-Organized Nanostructures on InP(111) Surfaces After Low Energy Ar+ Ion Irradiation
Authors: Paramanik D. , Majumdar S. , Sahoo S. R. , Sahu S. N. , Varma S.
Published: July 2008

We report formation of self organized InP nano dots using 3 keV Ar+ ion sputtering, at 15° incidence from surface normal, on InP(111) surface. Morphology and optical properties of the sputtered surface, as a function of sputtering time, have been investigated by Scanning
Probe Microscopy and Raman Scattering techniques. Uniform patterns of nano dots are observed for different durations of sputtering. The sizes and the heights of these nano dots vary between 10 to 100 nm and 20 to 40 nm, respectively. With increasing of sputtering time, t, the size and
height of these nano dots increases up to a certain sputtering time tc. However beyond tc, the dots break down into smaller nanostructures, and as a result, the size and height of these nanostructures decrease. The uniformity and regularity of these structures
are also lost for sputtering beyond tc. The crossover behavior is also observed in the rms surface roughness. Raman investigations of InP nano dots reveal optical phonon softening due to phonon confinement in the surface nano dots.
Hydrogen in Chemical Vapour Deposited Carbon Nanotubes: An Active Site for Functionalization
Authors: Titus E. , Cabral Gil , Madaleno J. C. , Coelho M. C. , Ramesh Babu P. , Blau W. J. , Misra D. S. , Gracio J.
Published: July 2008

The presence of hydrogen in as-grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized by microwave plasma (MP) chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique is demonstrated. Our results showed that the MPCVD, as-grown CNTs were hydrogenated consisting of C—H bonds; whereas, the tubes synthesized
by arc discharge consisted of non-hydrogenated multi-walled CNTs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to detect C—H bonding in the as-grown CNTs. The effective functionalization of as-grown hydrogenated CNTs grown using a microwave
CVD process is first time demonstrated by laser assisted CVD process. It was found that the laser-assisted CVD process resulted in the termination of hydrogen and the oxidation of as-grown CNT structure leading to the carboxylic group attachment. The FTIR results show the presence of —OH
and C=O bonds in the functionalized samples. However, the non-hydrogenated CNTs could not be effectively functionalized by the same process, probably due to the fact that it did not contain active sites pre-requisite for functionalization, as did the CVD grown samples. The functionalization
of CVD grown tubes is believed to take place at the 'active' hydrogen-terminated sites on the CNT surfaces.
Structural and Optical Studies of CdS Nanocomposites Synthesized by Various Routes
Authors: Paul Gouri Sankar , Agarwal Pratima
Published: July 2008

Structural and optical properties of CdS nanocomposites prepared by two different routes are presented in this paper. While CdS prepared by aqueous media results in the formation of nanoparticles of particle sizes 8–9 nm; the solvothermal process results in the formation of nanorods
of diameter 40–50 nm and length 450–750 nm where particle sizes were confirmed by SEM and TEM. XRD studies confirm that the structure of these nanocomposites is wurzite. EDAX give the stoichiometric ratio. UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) measurements show a blue shift compared
to bulk CdS, supporting quantum confinement effect. Nanocomposites are found to be stable up to 650 °C was observed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The Raman scattering studies show that in addition to LO and TO phonon modes, peak corresponding to surface phonon modes are present
in both cases, which are due to high surface to volume ratio. The CdS nanocomposites can therefore be used for various stable optoelectronic devices.
The Effect of Ion Implantation on Field Emission Property of Nanodiamond Films
Authors: Chen Huang-Chin , Palnitkar Umesh , Niu Huan , Cheng Hsiu-Fung , Lin I-Nan
Published: July 2008

Nanocrystalline diamond films prepared by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) were implanted using 110 keV nitrogen ions under fluence ranging from 1013–1014 ions/cm2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy
were used to analyze the changes in the surface of the films before and after ion implantation. Results show that with nitrogen ion implantation in nanocrystalline diamond film cause to decrease in diamond crystallinity. The field emission measurement shows a sharp increase in current density
with increase in dose. The ion implantation also alters the turn on field. It is observed that the structural damage caused by ion implantation plays a significant role in emission behaviour of nanocrystalline diamonds.
Properties of Nanocrystalline Fe75Si15M10 (M—Cr and Al) Powders Prepared by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Kalita M. P. C. , Perumal A. , Srinivasan A. , Pandey Brajesh , Verma H. C.
Published: July 2008

We report the structural and magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline Fe75Si15M10 (M—Al and Cr) powders prepared by mechanical alloying. The milling process produced a non-equilibrium solid solutions of bcc α-Fe(Si, Cr) and
α-Fe(Si, Al). The average dislocation density increases and the average crystallite size decreases with increasing milling time. Magnetic property studies show that the coercivity of the sample increases and magnetization of the sample decreases with increasing milling time. The
evolution of a non-equilibrium solid solution and the resulting magnetic properties of nanocrystalline powders are explained on the basis of Neel theory and modified random anisotropy model proposed by Shen et al.
Electronic Structure of Carbon Doped Boron Nitride Nanotubes: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Kahaly Mousumi Upadhyay , Waghmare Umesh V.
Published: July 2008

We determine atomic and electronic structures of arm-chair and zigzag boron nitride nanotubes (BN-NTs) of different diameters using first-principles pseudopotential-based density functional theory calculations. We find that the structure of BN-NTs in bundled form is slightly different
from that of the isolated BN-NTs, reflecting on the inter-tube interactions. Effects of carbon doping on the electronic structure of (5,5) and (5,0) BN-NTs are determined: carbon substitution either at B-site, being energetically very stable, or at N-site can yield magnetically polarized semiconducting
state, whereas carbon substitution at neighbouring B and N sites yields a non-magnetic insulating structure.
Sol–Gel Synthesis and Behaviour of Nickel Containing ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Thota Subhash , Kumar Jitendra
Published: July 2008

An attempt has been made to synthesize nickel (up to 5 at%) containing ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors by sol–gel process using zinc acetate dihydrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate and oxalic acid as precursors and ethanol as solvent. The process comprises of gel formation,
digestion at 80 °C for 24 h to obtain oxalate and calcination at 400 °C or above for 2 h for decomposition to oxide. The resulting powders correspond to wurtzite hexagonal structure similar to that of pure ZnO and contain nanoparticles of average diameter decreasing with (i) decrease
of calcination temperature and (ii) rise in nickel content (range being 13–29 nm). Evidence has been advanced to suggest occupancy of Ni2+ ions in Zn2+ sites (i.e., in the centre of O2− tetrahedra) without any secondary phase. Further, the first
nearest neighbor average distance of Ni2+ ions vary inversely as cube root of nickel content ('x'). Optical absorption peaks are attributed to transitions from 3T1(F) to 3A2(F), 3T1(P) and 3T2(F)
states of Ni2+ ion (3d8 configuration). The bifurcation in magnetization versus temperature curves under zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) conditions indicates the presence of magnetic nanoparticles with the blocking temperature (TB)
decreasing with increase in nickel content; typical values being 70 and 30 K for 1 and 5 at% of Ni2+ containing ZnO, respectively. The observations of (i) hysteresis loops both at 10 and 298 K and (ii) shift in electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra from the free electron position
enunciate ferromagnetic nature of Zn1−xNixO nanoparticles at room temperature.
Polarimetric Signatures in Supercell Thunderstorms
Authors: Kumjian Matthew R. , Ryzhkov Alexander V.
Published: July 2008

Data from polarimetric radars offer remarkable insight into the microphysics of convective storms. Numerous tornadic and nontornadic supercell thunderstorms have been observed by the research polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN); additional storm data come from the Enterprise Electronics Corporation “Sidpol” C-band polarimetric radar in Enterprise, Alabama, as well as the King City C-band polarimetric radar in Ontario, Canada. A number of distinctive polarimetric signatures are repeatedly found in each of these storms. The forward-flank downdraft (FFD) is characterized by a signature of hail observed as near-zero ZDR and high ZHH. In addition, a shallow region of very high ZDR is found consistently on the southern edge of the FFD, called the ZDR “arc.” The ZDR and KDP columns and midlevel “rings” of enhanced ZDR and depressed ρHV are usually observed in the vicinity of the main rotating updraft and in the rear-flank downdraft (RFD). Tornado touchdown is associated with a well-pronounced polarimetric debris signature. Similar polarimetric features in supercell thunderstorms have been reported in other studies. The data considered here are taken from both S- and C-band radars from different geographic locations and during different seasons. The consistent presence of these features may be indicative of fundamental processes intrinsic to supercell storms. Hypotheses on the origins, as well as microphysical and dynamical interpretations of these signatures, are presented. Implications about storm morphology for operational applications are suggested.
Regional Climate Change in Tropical and Northern Africa due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land Use Changes
Authors: Paeth Heiko , Born Kai , Girmes Robin , Podzun Ralf , Jacob Daniela
Published: July 2008

Human activity is supposed to affect the earth’s climate mainly via two processes: the emission of greenhouse gases and aerosols and the alteration of land cover. While the former process is well established in state-of-the-art climate model simulations, less attention has been paid to the latter. However, the low latitudes appear to be particularly sensitive to land use changes, especially in tropical Africa where frequent drought episodes were observed during recent decades. Here several ensembles of long-term transient climate change experiments are presented with a regional climate model to estimate the future pathway of African climate under fairly realistic forcing conditions. Therefore, the simulations are forced with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations as well as land use changes until 2050. Three different scenarios are prescribed in order to assess the range of options inferred from global political, social, and economical development. The authors find a prominent surface heating and a weakening of the hydrological cycle over most of tropical Africa, resulting in enhanced heat stress and extended dry spells. In contrast, the large-scale atmospheric circulation in upper levels is less affected, pointing to a primarily local effect of land degradation on near-surface climate. In the model study, it turns out that land use changes are primarily responsible for the simulated climate response. In general, simulated climate changes are not concealed by internal variability. Thus, the effect of land use changes has to be accounted for when developing more realistic scenarios for future African climate.
Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models
Authors: Song Qingtao , Chelton Dudley B. , Esbensen Steven K. , Thum Nicolai , O’Neill Larry W.
Published: July 2008

This study evaluates the impacts of sea surface temperature (SST) specification and grid resolution on numerical simulations of air–sea coupling near oceanic fronts through analyses of surface winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The 9 May 2001 change of the boundary condition from the Reynolds SST analyses to the NOAA Real-Time Global (RTG) SST in the ECMWF model resulted in an abrupt increase in mesoscale variance of the model surface winds over the ocean. In contrast, the 21 November 2000 change of the grid resolution resulted in an abrupt increase in mesoscale variability of surface winds over mountainous regions on land but had no significant effect on winds over the ocean.

To further investigate model sensitivity to the SST boundary condition and grid resolution, a series of simulations were made with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over a domain encompassing the Agulhas return current (ARC: also called “retroflection”) region in the south Indian Ocean. Results from three WRF simulations with SST measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System Aqua satellite (AMSR-E) and the Reynolds and RTG SST analyses indicate the vital importance of the resolution of the SST boundary condition for accurate simulation of the air–sea coupling between SST and surface wind speed. WRF simulations with grid spacings of 40 and 25 km show that the latter increased energy only on scales shorter than 250 km. In contrast, improved resolution of SST significantly increased the mesoscale variability for scales up to 1000 km.

Further sensitivity studies with the WRF model conclude that the weak coupling of surface wind speeds from the ECMWF model to SST is likely attributable primarily to the weak response of vertical turbulent mixing to SST-induced stability in the parameterization of boundary layer turbulence, with an overestimation of vertical diffusion by about 60% on average in stable conditions and an underestimation by about 40% in unstable conditions.
The Influence of Lateral Advection on the Residual Estuarine Circulation: A Numerical Modeling Study of the Hudson River Estuary
Authors: Scully Malcolm E. , Geyer W. Rockwell , Lerczak James A.
Published: July 2008

In most estuarine systems it is assumed that the dominant along-channel momentum balance is between the integrated pressure gradient and bed stress. Scaling the amplitude of the estuarine circulation based on this balance has been shown to have predictive skill. However, a number of authors recently highlighted important nonlinear processes that contribute to the subtidal dynamics at leading order. In this study, a previously validated numerical model of the Hudson River estuary is used to examine the forces driving the residual estuarine circulation and to test the predictive skill of two linear scaling relationships. Results demonstrate that the nonlinear advective acceleration terms contribute to the subtidal along-channel momentum balance at leading order. The contribution of these nonlinear terms is driven largely by secondary lateral flows. Under a range of forcing conditions in the model runs, the advective acceleration terms nearly always act in concert with the baroclinic pressure gradient, reinforcing the residual circulation. Despite the strong contribution of the nonlinear advective terms to the subtidal dynamical balance, a linear scaling accurately predicts the strength of the observed residual circulation in the model. However, this result is largely fortuitous, as this scaling does not account for two processes that are fundamental to the estuarine circulation. The skill of this scaling results because of the compensatory relationship between the contribution of the advective acceleration terms and the suppression of turbulence due to density stratification. Both of these processes, neither of which is accounted for in the linear scaling, increase the residual estuarine circulation but have an opposite dependence on tidal amplitude and, consequently, strength of stratification.
Wintertime Supercell Thunderstorms in a Subtropical Environment: A Diagnostic Study
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Chen George Tai-Jen , Yang Shan-Chien , Chou Hung-Chi
Published: July 2008

The present study documents the environment, initiation, and evolution of three isolated supercell storms on 19 December 2002, as the first case near Taiwan reported in the literature, mainly using radar data and manual and gridded analyses. In a subtropical environment, the supercells occurred behind a winter cold front that provided a large west-southwesterly vertical wind shear of 6.4 × 10−3 s−1 at 0–3 km. This combined with weak-to-moderate instability (CAPE = 887 J kg−1) above the shallow surface cold air to yield a favorable environment for supercells. An approaching upper-level jet (ULJ) at 200 hPa also provided strong shear through deep layers farther aloft. Prior to storm initiation, significant daytime solar heating occurred over the mountain slopes along the coast of southeastern China, leading to development of local circulation and onshore/upslope winds, resulting in convergence and uplifting. Three storms were initiated about 80 km inland around 1400 LST near the peaks of local terrain with a northeast–southwest alignment. After formation, the three storms evolved into isolated supercells and each experienced multiple splits. The right-moving storms were usually stronger than left-moving ones and traveled eastward rapidly at about 18 m s−1 across the Taiwan Strait. The storms reached their maximum strength over the strait where low-level shear intensified during the day due to cold air surge. The northern storm also registered a peak reflectivity of 72 dBZ, the strongest ever recorded by any radar in Taiwan. Eventually, the three supercell storms made landfall over Taiwan, producing swaths of rain, hail, and property damages. Before they diminished after midnight, each of the three storms had lasted for about 10 h and propagated for over 550 km.
“Moving Three Times Is Like Having Your House on Fire Once”: The Experience of Place and Impending Displacement among Public Housing Residents
Authors: Manzo Lynne C. , Kleit Rachel G. , Couch Dawn
Published: July 2008

The HOPE VI programme in the US displaces tens of thousands of low-income households to disperse pockets of poverty and transform sites of `severely distressed' public housing into mixed-income housing. A complete evaluation of this programme's impacts on residents must examine the meanings and functions of these communities before they are dismantled. Therefore, this paper examines residents' lived experiences of place in one site before redevelopment. This socially well-functioning community allowed residents to lay down roots, form place attachments and create bonds of mutual support with neighbours, contrary to typical depictions of severely distressed housing. Implications for US public housing policy and parallels with the discourse on social housing and social inclusion in western Europe illuminate overarching trends in housing policy for the poor.
Racial Socialization's Moderating Effect Between Poverty Stress and Psychological Symptoms for African American Youth
Authors: Wilson Derek , Foster Jennifer , Anderson Shawanda , Mance GiShawn
Published: July 2008

Research indicates that African Americans living in an oppressive society may be at an increased risk of experiencing psychological symptoms. Oppressive society has been defined as the continual denial of resources to marginalized groups. This study examined the possible moderating effects of racial socialization (using Scale of Racial Socialization—Adolescent) in the relationship between poverty and psychological symptoms (externalizing and internalizing symptoms). The sample consisted of 105 African American adolescents, aged 11 to 15, from a large midwestern city. Racial socialization was expected to reduce psychological symptomatology. There was an unexpected finding of a positive relationship between racial socialization and externalizing symptoms. Although significant moderating effects were found for racial socialization, no protective effect was demonstrated in this study. Future research directions are discussed.
International Management Research: Investigating its Recent Diffusion in Top Management Journals
Authors: Pisani Niccolò
Published: July 2008

The globalization of business and the related increase in amount and relevance of international research suggest the need to map the international management field. Building on reviews by Werner (2002) and Werner and Brouthers (2002), this study provides a comprehensive picture of the field by examining the amount and type of international management research in 20 top management journals from 2002 to 2006. An assessment of the pervasiveness of international management topics is also offered through a detailed analysis of international management publication patterns of 10 top management journals.
Bouncing back: is the bipolar rebound phenomenon peculiar to lithium? A retrospective naturalistic study
Authors: Franks MA , Macritchie KAN , Mahmood T , Young AH
Published: July 2008

In bipolar disorder the discontinuation of lithium prophylaxis is associated with early episode precipitation. Is this `rebound' phenomenon peculiar to lithium? This naturalistic retrospective case note review investigated the frequency of immediate recurrence after discontinuation of any prophylactic treatment. Bipolar patients who stopped at least one medication after at least 6 months of remission were studied. A total of 310 case notes were examined in a systematic search. A total of 53 cases of discontinuation in 48 subjects were found. Discontinued medications included lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, typical and atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants. Recurrence occurred within 3 months of medication withdrawal in 39 cases (74%). Over half of the discontinuation episodes involved lithium: recurrence occurred in 86% of these cases. In the groups stopping other prophylactic agents, a majority of subjects suffered recurrence: anticonvulsants (89%), antipsychotics (64%) and antidepressants (58%). However, these groups were small and the clarity of the data was undermined by the simultaneous withdrawal of other agents. Manic and hypomanic episodes were the most common form of recurrences. Depressive episodes occurred proportionately most frequently following antidepressant withdrawal. More than half of recurrences required hospital admission. This study provides preliminary naturalistic evidence that early episode recurrence in bipolar disorder is not peculiar to lithium withdrawal but may occur following withdrawal of medication from all classes recommended in prophylaxis. These findings, if replicated, have important implications for clinical practice and for research.
A study investigating the acute dose— response effects of 13 mg and 17 mg Δ 9- tetrahydrocannabinol on cognitive—motor skills, subjective and autonomic measures in regular users of marijuana
Authors: Weinstein A , Brickner O , Lerman H , Greemland M , Bloch M , Lester H , Chisin R , Sarne Y , Mechoulam R , Bar-Hamburger R , Freedman N , Even-Sapir E
Published: July 2008

Heavy use of marijuana is claimed to damage critical skills related to short-term memory, visual scanning and attention. Motor skills and driving safety may be compromised by the acute effects of marijuana. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of 13 mg and 17 mg Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on skills important for coordinated movement and driving and on subjective and autonomic measures in regular users of marijuana. Fourteen regular users of marijuana were enrolled. Each subject was tested on two separate days. On each test day, subjects smoked two low-nicotine cigarettes, one with and the other without THC. Seventeen mg THC was included in the cigarette on one test day and 13 mg on the other day. The sequence of cigarette types was unknown to the subject. During smoking, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored, and the subjects performed a virtual reality maze task requiring attention and motor coordination, followed by 3 other cognitive tasks (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a “gambling” task and estimation of time and distance from an approaching car). After smoking a cigarette with 17 mg THC, regular marijuana users hit the walls more often on the virtual maze task than after smoking cigarettes without THC; this effect was not seen in patients after they smoked cigarettes with 13 mg THC. Performance in the WCST was affected with 17 mg THC and to a lesser extent with the use of 13 mg THC. Decision making in the gambling task was affected after smoking cigarettes with 17 mg THC, but not with 13 m THC. Smoking cigarettes with 13 and 17 mg THC increased subjective ratings of pleasure and satisfaction, drug “effect” and drug “high”. These findings imply that smoking of 17 mg THC results in impairment of cognitive—motor skills that could be important for coordinated movemen and driving, whereas the lower dose of 13 mg THC appears to cause less impairment of such skills in regular users of marijuana.
Writing Explicit, Unambiguous Accommodations
Authors: Byrnes MaryAnn
Published: July 2008

Academic accommodations are intended to increase access to education for students with disabilities. Although the concept seems simple, implementation is challenging because of the ambiguous wording of some accommodations. This article reviews confusing aspects of frequently encountered accommodations. Research-based guidelines for writing explicit, functional accommodations are suggested and illustrated with student examples.
Educating Families About Inclusive Education
Authors: Stivers Jan , Francis-Cropper LaTonya , Straus Miriam
Published: July 2008

This article offers strategies teachers can use throughout the year to help families of children with and without disabilities, and by extension the broader community, understand and appreciate inclusive education and their roles in ensuring its success.
Screening Adolescents with Mental Retardation for Depression
Authors: Ailey Sarah H.
Published: July 2008

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) using 27 adolescents with mild mental retardation attending schools in a large metropolitan area. Cronbach's alpha was 0.79 and the test/retest correlation was 0,90 at 10 days to 2 weeks, indicating adequate reliability. Scores on the self-report CDI were compared with scores on an observer-completed inventory of psychopathology filled out by teachers and other staff, the Reiss Scales for Children's Dual Diagnosis. For female students, statistically significant negative associations were found between scores on the CDI and scores on the Reiss Scales and its depression subscale. Screening adolescents with mental retardation for depression should be an important part of Individualized Educational Plans for school nurses. School staff report should not be the only method of screening for depression in adolescents with mild mental retardation. School nurses may find the CDI useful as a self report screening tool for depression.
A Coordinated School Health Program Approach to Adolescent Obesity
Authors: Illuzzi Sylvia , Cinelli Bethann
Published: July 2008

Obesity has become one of this country's most significant nutritional diseases. The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has steadily increased over the past 20 years. The risk of developing health problems increases as the obese child becomes an obese adolescent and adult. The 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey reports adolescents participate in behaviors that put them at risk for obesity. The recognition of these unhealthy behaviors among our youth has led to the need for early intervention. The Coodinated School Health Program is a mechanism to address adolescent obesity at the school-age level. This program includes an organized set of policies, procedures, and activities intended to protect and promote the health and well-being of students and staff. The eight components of a Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) include school health services, a healthy school environment, comprehensive school health education, counseling and guidance, physical education, food service, worksite health promotion, and the integration of school and community. This paper describes integration of prevention and treatment strategies for adolescent obesity for each of the eight components of a CSHP.
A World Wide Web-Based Health Resource
Authors: Bachman Jean A. , Brennan Patricia Flatley , Patrick Timothy B. , Cole Marjorie
Published: July 2008

Two hundred ninety-two school nurses in Missouri participated in a mailed survey to aid in the design of SchoolhealthLink a World Wide Web (WWW)–based information service for Missouri school nurses and children. The nurses identified specific health information resources likely to benefit school nurses and school children and prioritized these resources. The school nurses assigned high priority to 11 types of health information resources: individualized health care plans, emergency care plans, communicable disease control plans, acute illness, injuries, communicable diseases, hotline numbers, medications in schools, immunization protocols and standards, community-based health care resources, and Department of Elementary and Secondary Education regulations that affect school nurse practice. The four most common health problems school nurses identified were asthma, attention deficit disorder, diabetes, and head lice. SchoolhealthLink will provide a one-stop WWW-based resource for school nurses and school children.
Adult Learning Center: A Unique Adventure for a School Nurse
Authors: Allers-Korostynski Mary
Published: July 2008

The school nurse's role in an Adult Learning Center presents a unique challenge. The learning center serves clients who range in age from infancy to elderly adults. The population includes low-income children in day care to alternative high school or adult education classes. Many participants have no health insurance or source of primary health care. The school nurse provides care to meet individual health needs, needs that may be illness related or involve health promotion or primary prevention. The nurses involvement includes health assessment and appropriate nursing care. This learning environment, although non-traditional for a school nurse, offers health services to those who are at risk due to lack of health education, poor health habits, or lack of access to health care. The school nurse is an essential bridge to people who need care and who may have no other source of health information or care in the community.
Childhood Depressive Disorders
Authors: Lyon Debra E. , Morgan-Judge Tina
Published: July 2008

About 5% of children and adolescents in the general population suffer from depressive disorders at any given point in time. Children under stress, those who experience loss, or children who have attention, learning, conduct, or anxiety disorders are at a higher risk for depressive disorders. Depressive disorders cause diminished quality of life and can ultimately affect mortality through increased risk of suicide and acts of violence. This article describes the incidence and prevalence of childhood depressive disorders, reviews the diagnostic criteria for and the symptom manifestations of depressive illnesses, and discusses recommended treatments.
Power up your Presentation with PowerPoint
Authors: Bergren Martha Dewey
Published: July 2008

School nurses have the experience, insight, and passion to speak in pubic forums on issues regarding the health and education of children. They are seeking opportunities to inform district decision makers and the general public about student needs and about the importance of having adequate resources to meet these needs. Nurses may be called upon to speak both formally and informally to parent and community groups, the school board, and to their peers. To be credible and to communicate their messages effectively, nurses must hone their presentation and speaking skills, which may include the use of up-to-date technology.
School Nursing Today: A Search for New Cheese
Authors: Igoe Judith B.
Published: July 2008

The practice of school nursing must change with the times. School nurses must develop new leadership and collaborative skills to work within the interdisciplinary school and community teams that will be required to put changes in place. This article defines current trends and their implications for the search for the most efficient and appropriate school health services. It explores preparation and competencies for school nurses, legal and ethical concerns, and financing needed to provide adequate school health services. Many support systems exist today, and new ones are being developed to expand the range of health services provided in schools. The National Association of School Nurses encourages strategic planning for the new school health environment, and the Office of School Health at the University of Colorado provides extensive resources to help school nurses develop and put their plans in place.
The Value, Be, Do Ethical Decision-Making Model: Balancing Students’ Needs in School Nursing
Authors: Schaffer Marjorie A. , Cameron Miriam E. , Tatley Esther B.
Published: July 2008

How should school nurses balance the needs of students with complex health problems and the needs of all the other students under their care? School nurses experience this and many other stressful ethical problems. The ethical decision-making model, “Value, Be, Do: Guidelines for Resolving Ethical Conflict,” provides a philosophical tool for effective resolutions and ethical nursing practice.
A Student Health Advocate Program
Authors: Streng Nancy
Published: July 2008

School nurses are in a unique position to influence health education in the school system. However, it is likely that school nurses have varying opportunity, due to staffing patterns, to effectively use their health education background to reach large numbers of students. This article explores the benefits of providing a school nurse–facilitated student health advocate program. The student health advocate program is a creative approach, designed to access a greater audience of students for health education and health promotion activities. It also cites research supporting the choice of peer education as a health education/health promotion strategy. The initiation of a student health advocate program, the role of the school nurse, student activities, program evaluation, and nursing implications are discussed. Positive benefits accrued for both the student health advocate and the mentored student.
Tattooing, Body Piercing, and Branding Are on the Rise: Perspectives for School Nurses
Authors: Armstrong Myrna L. , Kelly Lynne
Published: July 2008

This journal presented the first nursing information on adolescents and tattooing 6 years ago, and 5 years ago, information was provided about body piercing. These were published to help school nurses assist adolescents become informed decision makers. Another purpose was to prevent risks and, if possible, help dissuade adolescents from tattooing and body piercing. Continuing this theme, the latest information and trends are reported and discussed, and new information on scarification and branding is presented. If an adolescent wants some form of body art (tattooing, body piercing, or branding), they will often obtain it regardless of regulations, risks, or money. School nurses can take a powerful, proactive role by sharing applicable information, realistic concerns, and care instructions about tattooing, body piercing, and branding. Specific information, risks, and care about each form of procedure is presented. A convenient reference table is available for nurses and students. Additionally, nursing actions are suggested including making changes in health policies regarding body art on a local and state level.
Evaluating the Value of Screening for Hypertension: An Evidence-Based Approach
Authors: Vessey Judith A. , Ben-Or Keren , Mebane Dionne J. , Krapac Norma E. , Cobb Nina , Poltrack Mary , Shack Linda R. , Terrell Chris W. , Wilson Sonya B.
Published: July 2008

No recommendations regarding in-school blood pressure (BP) screening currently exist. The purpose of this project was to use an evidence-based approach to determine whether BP screening should be initiated as part of one school district’s standard screening protocols. Pediatric BP measurement, risk factors for hypertension, issues for determining youth at risk for hypertension, and eligibility criteria for determining conditions appropriate for screening are discussed. BPs of 1st, 6th, and 11th graders were evaluated according to standardized criteria. The evidence indicated that BP screening in school appears warranted, although a formalized study is needed before a definitive decision can be made regarding the incorporation of BP screening into school health services.
Acculturation Status, Birth Outcomes, and Family Planning Compliance Among Hispanic Teens
Authors: Jones Mary Elaine , Kubelka Suzanne , Bond Mary Lou
Published: July 2008

This study examined acculturation status, selected demographic and pregnancy indices, and the relationship to birth outcomes and family planning patterns among a convenience sample of 63 Hispanic adolescents aged 13 to 19 years and attending community-based prenatal clinics. Findings suggest that Hispanic teenagers who are the first generation in the United States and traditional in their world view are compliant with prenatal and postpartum care and have healthy babies and birth outcomes. Gravidity and gestational age of the infant were significant predictors of birth weight, accounting for 30% of the variability in birth weight. Generation in the United States accounted for 8% of the variance in family planning compliance. Higher gravidity was associated with increased infant birth weight and a decreased likelihood for return for family planning visits during the 1st year postbirth. Teens who were first generation in the United States were more likely to return for family planning visits during the 1st year. School nurses are in a pivotal position to design intervention programs that build on traditional cultural prescriptions for healthy behaviors during and after pregnancy.
“Nurse, My Head Hurts”: A Review of Childhood Headaches
Authors: Kolar Kathryn R. , Fisher Wanda , Gordon Vicki
Published: July 2008

Headache, a frequent occurrence during childhood, can have a number of etiologies. Most headaches are benign, but all require appropriate assessment. Common types include sinusitis, migraine, and muscle contraction (tension). Headache assessment includes both history and physical examination. The headache history consists of the history of present illness, past history, family history, and environmental and social history. Physical examination begins with general observation and vital sign measurement and proceeds to specific inspection of the head, neck, and facial structures. The nursing interventions carried out are dependent on the interpretation of assessment findings. Pharmacologic interventions, commonly acetaminophen or ibuprofen, may be appropriate if pain management protocols exist. Nonpharmacologic strategies for headache relief include reassurance, rest, ingestion of simple and complex carbohydrate foods, relaxation exercises, or home care. Children with migraine headaches benefit from specific interventions, and children exhibiting headache warning signs should have emergency measures instituted.
The Complicated Task of Managing School Health Programs
Authors: Romano Jane C.
Published: July 2008

There is growing awareness of the important link between health and education in our society. Children need to be healthy to learn, and they must learn to be healthy. The 8-component coordinated school health program, developed in the early 1980s, rests on the premise that everybody in a child’s environment can contribute something, although no one can address a child’s health problems effectively by working alone ( Tyson, 1999 ). There is, however, one essential component missing from the coordinated plan: program management. Many of the components of a comprehensive school health program exist in some aspects in our schools. What is lacking is the coordination of these services. School nurses possess the experience, skills, and knowledge necessary to provide the missing link of a comprehensive school health program and must become leaders in this essential effort to care for children and their families.
Adolescents and HIV: Knowledge, Behaviors, Influences, and Risk Perceptions
Authors: Facente Alice C.
Published: July 2008

Although the rate of progression from HIV to AIDS has slowed, the incidence of HIV infection has continued to rise. Many teenagers are knowledgeable about the risks and consequences of HIV, yet a large percentage do not perceive that they are personally at risk. Gaining insight into the perceptions and factors influencing the behavior of teens is critical in HIV and AIDS prevention. A structured 39-item questionnaire was designed to elicit answers that explored 4 areas: knowledge of HIV and AIDS, reported sexual behavior, perceived susceptibility to HIV, and factors influencing behavior. The mean age of the 78 respondents was 15.9 years. One important finding was that 74% of respondents perceived their knowledge of HIV transmission to be “good,” yet only 33% were able to answer all of the 8 test questions in this area correctly. In addition, 80% of those who reported engaging in risky behavior such as multiple sexual partners or having sex without condoms also felt they were not personally at risk for HIV.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Youth Leadership Class in the Prevention of Depression in Adolescents
Authors: Oria Jacqueline , Cureton Virginia Young , Canham Daryl
Published: July 2008

Depression in adolescence is a common and potentially life-threatening health problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prevention strategies on decreasing the rate of depression in adolescents. A class addressing specific skills identified as having an impact on adolescent depression was taught to youth participating in the program. The non-equivalent control group design was used. The sample consisted of 7th- and 8th-grade students in either the Youth Leadership class or a computer class of a California middle school. The Childhood Depression Inventory was the instrument used. Nine control group subjects and 11 experimental group subjects completed both the pretest and the posttest. The analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups. This study should be repeated with larger sample sizes and with greater attention to the timing of pretests and posttests.
The Facts About Faxing
Authors: Bergren Martha Dewey
Published: July 2008

The fax has a vital place in school health nursing practice. Using a facsimile machine can streamline medication communications, parental permissions, and doctor’s orders. Nonetheless, there are confidentiality concerns and the potential for abuse. School health office practices for ethical and prudent use of fax technology are outlined.
Excellence in School Nursing Workshop: Florida’s Experience in Standardizing School Nursing Orientation and Education
Authors: Battin Barbara , Battaglin Jeannette J. , Byrd Sylvia
Published: July 2008

Specialty preparation is needed for safe, effective school nursing practice. The Excellence in School Nursing workshop was envisioned as a means to provide a statewide orientation and education program for school nurses in Florida. As a result of a needs assessment, the Florida Departments of Health and Education formed a curriculum development committee to address the educational needs of school nurses. A 3.5-day workshop was designed for school health nursing supervisors and school nurses employed by county health departments, school districts, and community agencies. The workshop was piloted and, based on evaluations and feedback, was revised and replicated nine times throughout the state. The workshop has proved to be an effective method of providing statewide orientation and education for school nurses. The purpose of this article is to describe the workshop curriculum, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Recommendations for adaptation and replication in other states are included.
Teaching Teachers About School Health Emergencies
Authors: Barrett Jena Clayton
Published: July 2008

The passage of laws requiring that all children receive appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment means children with special health care needs who are at increased risk for health emergencies have entered regular public classrooms. Therefore, teachers must deal not only with health emergencies of normal children, but with emergencies of children with special health care needs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led educational intervention for 324 teachers on their knowledge of and anxiety about management of children having health emergencies. The intervention resulted in increased knowledge and decreased anxiety about emergency response. This study demonstrated the feasibility and value of nurses educating teachers about school emergencies and in placing the individual health care plan into action.