bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of PEEK Polymer on Tunnel Widening After Hamstring ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Uzumcugil Onat , Yalcinkaya Merter , Ozturkmen Yusuf , Dikmen Goksel , Caniklioglu Mustafa
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the AperFix device (Cayenne Medical, Inc, Scottsdale, Arizona), composed of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer, on tunnel widening after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as compared with 2 other fixation devices: the TransFix (Arthrex, Inc, Naples, Florida) and the EndoButton (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Mansfield, Massachusetts). Sixty-seven patients with isolated total ACL ruptures who underwent arthroscopically assisted reconstruction using hamstring autografts at the authors’ institution were included in the study. Patients were assigned into 1 of 3 groups in a nonrandomized fashion: AperFix (n=18), TransFix (n=29), and EndoButton (n=20). Mean follow-up was 30 months. Tunnel widening measurements were performed on anteroposterior and lateral digital plain radiographs taken in postoperative week 1 and at final follow-up. Laxity testing, Lysholm scoring, and arthrometric evaluation were performed.

All 3 graft fixation devices resulted in significant tunnel widening in both tibial and femoral tunnels at final follow-up when compared with the immediate postoperative period. Tunnel widening between groups was not significantly different in terms of coronal and sagittal femoral tunnel diameters. Tibial tunnel diameter increase in the sagittal plane in the EndoButton group was significantly smaller than that in the TransFix and AperFix groups. No correlation was found between the amount of tunnel enlargement and clinical outcomes of ACL surgery. This study’s findings suggest that tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction is influenced by the type of graft fixation on the tibial side irrespective of clinical outcome, and PEEK polymer does not have an effect on tunnel widening after hamstring ACL reconstruction.
Functional Outcomes in High-function-demand Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lozano Calderón Santiago A. , Shen Jianhua , Doumato Diana F. , Zelicof Steven
Published: May 2012

Total knee arthroplasty is a safe last-resort treatment for osteoarthritis that has excellent results in low-function-demand elderly patients. Current implants offer the same results in high-function-demand patients. However, supportive data do not exist.

One-year Krackow Activity Scores (KAS) of 552 patients from 2 prospective studies were used to retrospectively determine low- and high-function-demand populations. Low function demand was defined as a KAS between 1 and 9 points, and high function demand was defined as a KAS between 10 and 18 points. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 and 2 years postoperatively per the Knee Society Score-function domain, KAS, SF-36, range of motion, and pain. Comparability between groups was tested for demographics and comorbidities.

Both groups showed significant improvement in function, range of motion, and pain 2 years postoperatively. High-function-demand patients had comparable improvement in function compared with low-function-demand patients. Excellent function can be achieved in high-function-demand patients.
Minocycline-induced Black Bone Disease Encountered During Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Reed Dale N. , Gregg Frederick O. , Corpe R. Scott
Published: May 2012

Finding discolored bone intraoperatively can be confusing and concerning to orthopedic surgeons. Multiple causes of pigmented bone exist, including ochronosis, metabolic bone diseases, metal deposits, sequestrum, metastatic disease, and minocycline use. Bone quality is an important consideration in intraoperative decision making with respect to components and fixation options in total joint arthroplasty. Abnormal bone encountered in routine arthroplasty can raise concerns over the integrity and healing potential of the bone when the etiology is uncertain.

Minocycline is a drug routinely used for the treatment of acne, rosacea, and rheumatoid arthritis. Pigmentation is a commonly recognized adverse reaction associated with most of the drugs in the tetracycline family, affecting the skin, nails, teeth, oral mucosa, bones in the oral cavity, ocular structures, cartilage, thyroid, and other visceral structures.

This article describes a case of pigmented bone secondary to minocycline use in a 55-year-old woman undergoing total knee arthroplasty. This entity has rarely been documented in the orthopedic literature; however, orthopedic surgeons should be aware of this side effect secondary to the widespread use of minocycline. Questions concerning the effect of minocycline on bone metabolism and structural integrity have yet to be fully answered, but an understanding and recognition of the entity will help guide surgeons with intraoperative decision making.
Misdiagnosis of an Atypical Cyclops Lesion 4 Years After Single-bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Chunli , Xu Hu , Wang Yingchun , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2012

Development of a cyclops lesion is a well described complication after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It commonly results in gradual extension loss during the early postoperative course, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the soft tissue nodule attached to the ACL graft is needed. Cyclops lesions are easy to diagnose based on the symptoms and MRI findings. Previous study showed that 78.6% of cyclops lesions had extension loss within 6 weeks postoperatively, and the diagnosis of 92.8% cases of cyclops lesions was established within 6 months.

This article describes a case of misdiagnosis of a cyclops lesion 4 years after ACL reconstruction as a meniscal lesion combined with a meniscal cyst. The patient was asymptomatic for 4 years and then presented with a locked left knee and pain at the inferior pole of the patella during an attempt to gently extend the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lateral meniscal cyst. The knee locking was released suddenly 2 days preoperatively. The authors had attributed the missed diagnosis to an atypical history and symptoms and an associated meniscal cyst.

The purpose of this article is to help prevent misdiagnosis of atypical cyclops lesions. Cyclops lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with gradual or sudden loss of extension after ACL reconstruction, regardless of how much time has passed postoperatively.
The Psychosocial Effects of Strabismus Before and After Surgical Correction in Chinese Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Xu Jinling , Yu Xinping , Huang Ying , Chen Jie , Yu Huanyun , Wang Yuwen , Zhang Fang
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

To evaluate the psychosocial problems associated with strabismus and the effects of corrective surgery in Chinese adolescents and adults with strabismus.

Methods:

Psychosocial function was assessed by using a self-response questionnaire administered before and after corrective surgery. The self-response questionnaire was constructed based on previous studies and clinical experience of the authors.

Results:

Many of the 56 included patients had some psychosocial problems. Improvement in self-confidence, self-esteem, and relationships with friends was reported after surgery.

Conclusion:

Chinese adolescents and adults with strabismus have low self-confidence and self-esteem, and experience difficulties in interacting in social situations. Corrective surgery improves psychosocial function.
Isolated Corneal Pseudodendrites as the Initial Manifestation of Tyrosinemia Type II in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Kankariya Vardhaman P. , Kontadakis Georgios A. , Ziakas Nikolas G.
Published: May 2012

Fifteen-month-old twins presented with photophobia and bilateral corneal pseudodendrites, and tyrosinemia type II was suspected. Plasma tyrosine levels were elevated. After therapy with tyrosine-restricted diet, corneal lesions resolved. Bilateral pseudodendritic keratitis may be the initial or only manifestation of tyrosinemia type II.
Screening for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder in Primary Care
Authors: Favis Tara L.
Published: May 2012

A child or adolescent with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is at higher risk for suicide, violence, and impaired psychosocial functioning. The prevalence of diagnosed PBD has increased 40-fold in less than 2 decades, leading some to believe that PBD is inaccurately diagnosed. Complicating this issue, disagreements exist among clinicians as to the utility of current screening methods. The assessment picture is further muddied by the high rate of comorbid psychiatric conditions. A literature review was performed to describe the present understanding of PBD and identify current practices of screening for the disorder. Although screening tools are available, the literature suggests they lack validity. Awareness, a thorough interview, and expedient referral may assist clinicians in making a correct diagnosis. Accurate assessment will help ease the psychological and economic burden of PBD.
Refractive and Topographic Stability of Intacs in Eyes With Progressive Keratoconus: Five-year Follow-up
Authors: Bedi Raman , Touboul David , Pinsard Loic , Colin Joseph
Published: May 2012

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the long-term rate of progression of keratoconus in eyes implanted with Intacs (Addition Technology Inc) at 5-year follow-up.

METHODS:

Data of 105 eyes from 85 patients who had undergone consecutive Intacs implantation between January 2001 and December 2005 were studied retrospectively for progression of keratoconus. Progression of keratoconus was defined as an increase in steep keratometry (K) of ⩾1.00 diopter (D) over 4 years between 1- and 5-year follow-up. All eyes were categorized into three subgroups: eyes with documented preoperative progression (change in steep K ⩾1.00 D over 12 months preoperatively), eyes with documented absence of preoperative progression, and eyes with no record of preoperative progression.

RESULTS:

Ninety-two eyes were available for analysis. Overall, 91.3% (84/92) of eyes demonstrated no progression between 1- and 5-year follow-up. In the sub-group analysis, 92.9% (52/56) of eyes with documented preoperative progression demonstrated no progression. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were noted in mean steep, flat, and average keratometry; manifest refraction spherical equivalent; and uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (
P
>.05) between 1- and 5-year follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:

Results of our study demonstrate the long-term stability of refractive and topographic outcomes following Intacs implantation in eyes with keratoconus. The finding that 92.9% of eyes with progressive keratoconus did not progress postoperatively indicates that Intacs implantation may be a potential therapeutic option to halt progressive keratoconus.
Clinical Results of the Neusidl Corneal Inserter
®
, a New Donor Inserter for Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty, for Small Asian Eyes
Authors: Kobayashi Akira , Yokogawa Hideaki , Sugiyama Kazuhisa
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To present the clinical outcomes of the Neusidl Corneal Inserter (NCI) (Fischer Surgical, Imperial, MO), a new donor inserter for Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Six eyes of 6 Japanese patients (mean age = 74.0 years) with endothelial dysfunction were enrolled in this prospective, non-comparative study. All patients had a small cornea of 9.0 mm or less in diameter. A donor was inserted into the eye using NCI. Intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative donor endothelial cell densities (ECD), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Donor loading onto NCI was successful in all cases. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. All cases reached more than 20/63 BCVA within 12 months. Mean ECD was 2,441 cells/mm
2
(mean loss = 22.1%) at 6 months and 2,159 cells/mm
2
(mean loss = 31.0%) at 12 months.

CONCLUSION:

Graft insertion with NCI is safe in DSAEK with low endothelial cell loss.
Cutting Edge: LPS-Induced Emergency Myelopoiesis Depends on TLR4-Expressing Nonhematopoietic Cells
Authors: Boettcher Steffen , Ziegler Patrick , Schmid Michael A. , Takizawa Hitoshi , van Rooijen Nico , Kopf Manfred , Heikenwalder Mathias , Manz Markus G.
Published: May 2012

Systemic bacterial infection is rapidly recognized as an emergency state leading to neutrophil release into the circulation and increased myeloid cell production within the bone marrow. However, the mechanisms of sensing infection and subsequent translation into emergency myelopoiesis have not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate in vivo in mice that, surprisingly, selective TLR4 expression within the hematopoietic compartment fails to induce LPS-driven emergency myelopoiesis. In contrast, TLR4-expressing nonhematopoietic cells are indispensable for LPS-induced, G-CSF–mediated myelopoietic responses. Furthermore, LPS-induced emergency myelopoiesis is independent of intact IL-1RI signaling and, thus, does not require inflammasome activation. Collectively, our findings reveal a key and nonredundant role for nonhematopoietic compartment pathogen sensing that is subsequently translated into cytokine release for enhanced, demand-adapted myeloid cell production.
15 kDa Granulysin Causes Differentiation of Monocytes to Dendritic Cells but Lacks Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Clayberger Carol , Finn Michael W. , Wang Tianhong , Saini Reena , Wilson Christine , Barr Valarie A. , Sabatino Marianna , Castiello Luciano , Stroncek David , Krensky Alan M.
Published: May 2012

Granulysin is expressed as two isoforms by human cytotoxic cells: a single mRNA gives rise to 15 kDa granulysin, a portion of which is cleaved to a 9 kDa protein. Studies with recombinant 9 kDa granulysin have demonstrated its cytolytic and proinflammatory properties, but much less is known about the biologic function of the 15 kDa isoform. In this study, we show that the subcellular localization and functions of 9 and 15 kDa granulysin are largely distinct. Nine kilodalton granulysin is confined to cytolytic granules that are directionally released following target cell recognition. In contrast, 15 kDa granulysin is located in distinct granules that lack perforin and granzyme B and that are released by activated cytolytic cells. Although recombinant 9 kDa granulysin is cytolytic against a variety of tumors and microbes, recombinant 15 kDa granulysin is not. The 15 kDa isoform is a potent inducer of monocytic differentiation to dendritic cells, but the 9 kDa isoform is not. In vivo, mice expressing granulysin show markedly improved antitumor responses, with increased numbers of activated dendritic cells and cytokine-producing T cells. Thus, the distinct functions of granulysin isoforms have major implications for diagnosis and potential new therapies for human disease.
In situ determination of porewater gases by underwater flow‐through membrane inlet mass spectrometry
Authors: Bell Ryan J. , Savidge William B. , Toler Strawn K. , Byrne Robert H. , Short R. Timothy
Published: May 2012

An underwater membrane introduction mass spectrometer was deployed in permeable sandy sediment on the Georgia continental shelf (depth = 27 m) to measure in situ dissolved gas concentrations in sediment porewaters. Over a 54‐h period, 30 profiles (up to 18 cm deep) were sampled using an automated sediment probe coupled with an underwater positive displacement syringe pump. Porewater was analyzed with a flow‐through membrane assembly at constant sample flow rate (0.35 mL/min) and membrane temperature (45°C). Calibration was performed on‐site using ambient seawater equilibrated with gas standards. Measurements of methane, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations were used to produce depth‐time contours and demonstrate the dynamics of dissolved gases in the porewater. Profiles indicated a well‐oxygenated surface layer (1 to 2 cm depth) and anoxia below −3 to −5 cm. Elevated concentrations of methane below the oxycline reveal active methanogenesis in shelf sands despite low (0.05%) organic carbon content. Chemocline depth and sediment ripple height were correlated, suggesting that the porewater environment is controlled by advection‐driven interactions between boundary‐layer flow and bottom topography. By coupling in situ concentration profiles to independent estimates of sediment‐water exchange, it was estimated that maximal oxygen consumption at this site occurs > 2 cm below the interface. Oxygen consumption at this site is estimated as 2.3 mmol m−2 d−1 based on combined dissolved profiles and advection estimates. Raw data and data analysis scripts (Matlab) are available electronically in a Web Appendix.
Direct estimation of functional PSII reaction center concentration and PSII electron flux on a volume basis: a new approach to the analysis of Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) data
Authors: Oxborough Kevin , Moore C. Mark , Suggett David J. , Lawson Tracy , Chan Hoi Ga , Geider Richard J.
Published: May 2012

Phytoplankton primary productivity is most commonly measured by 14C assimilation although less direct methods, such as O2 exchange, have also been employed. These methods are invasive, requiring bottle incubation for up to 24 h. As an alternative, Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) has been used, on wide temporal and spatial scales within aquatic systems, to estimate photosystem II (PSII) electron flux per unit volume (JVPSII), which generally correlates well with photosynthetic O2 evolution. A major limitation of using FRRf arises from the need to employ an independent method to determine the concentration of functional photosystem II reaction centers ([RCII]); a requirement that has prevented FRR fluorometers being used, as stand‐alone instruments, for the estimation of electron transport. Within this study, we have taken a new approach to the analysis of FRRf data, based on a simple hypothesis; that under a given set of environmental conditions, the ratio of rate constants for RCII fluorescence emission and photochemistry falls within a narrow range, for all groups of phytoplankton. We present a simple equation, derived from the established FRRf algorithm, for determining [RCII] from dark FRRf data alone. We also describe an entirely new algorithm for estimating JVPSII, which does not require determination of [RCII] and is valid for a heterogeneous model of connectivity among RCIIs. Empirical supporting evidence is presented. These data are derived from FRR measurements across a diverse range of microalgae, in parallel with independent measurements of [RCII]. Possible sources of error, particularly under nutrient stress conditions, are discussed.
In vivo mass‐specific absorption spectra of phycobilipigments through selective bleaching
Authors: Simis Stefan G.H. , Kauko Hanna M.
Published: May 2012

We describe how bleaching with β‐cyclocitral can be used to isolate the in vivo absorption of phycobilipigments in phytoplankton, particularly cyanobacteria. Exposure to an emulsion of β‐cyclocitral bleaches chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls within minutes while phycobilipigments bleach at a slower rate. Serial spectral absorption measurements are used to isolate the absorption spectrum of the phycobilipigments after other pigments have already bleached. Subsequently, in vivo absorption spectra are reconstructed for both pigment groups and expressed as the pigment mass‐specific absorption coefficients. These coefficients are used widely in optical modeling and remote sensing studies but have thus far not been provided for the group of phycobilipigments. In vivo mass—specific absorption spectra for phycoyanin (with allophycocyanin) and chlorophyll a (with carotenoids, xanthophylls) were highly consistent between different species of cyanobacteria that were rich in phycocyanin. Fitting these pigment‐specific absorption spectra to the in vivo absorption of cultures that also contain phycoerythrin, we were able to derive specific absorption spectra for phycoerythrin. All tested cyanobacteria and rhodophytes responded to the treatment, with varying pigment bleaching rates. A diatom also bleached rapidly whereas two chlorophytes were highly resistant. The method is therefore not yet suitable for (natural) mixed phytoplankton samples.
A quantitative method for sampling littoral zooplankton in lakes: The Active Tube
Authors: McGavigan Catherine
Published: May 2012

The Active Tube was designed to sample zooplankton quantitatively in discrete habitats within the littoral zone of lakes. Its performance was compared with a commonly used method the Horizontal Timed Net Sweep at Enagh Lough East, Northern Ireland, in August 2006. The results revealed that the Timed Net Sweep undersamples zooplankton assemblages when compared with the Active Tube. The Active Tube collected 50% more cladoceran species over three plant habitats than the Timed Net Sweep method. The Active Tube results identified differences in zooplankton diversity between Alisma lanceolatum and Elodea canadensis habitats that were undetectable using the Timed Net Sweep. The Active Tube samples had cladoceran abundances per unit volume that were 2000 times greater than those collected using the Timed Net Sweep. Rank abundance plots showed that these differences in diversity and abundance gave rise to different descriptions of the community structure. The Active Tube plots revealed evenness in the Alisma lanceolatum and Phalaris arundinacea communities that was undetected in the Timed Net Sweep plots. Finally, the Active Tube samples contained three cladoceran species not previously recorded in Ireland: Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Ilyocryptus acutifrons, and Ophryoxus gracilis. The Active Tube method produces a more detailed description of littoral zooplankton assemblages, and it allows discrete habitats to be described.
Spatial patterns of some trace elements in four Swedish stream networks
Authors: Temnerud J. , Düker A. , Karlsson S. , Allard B. , Bishop K. , Fölster J. , Köhler S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Four river basins in Southern Sweden, catchment size 0.3 to maximum 127 km2 (median 1.9), were sampled in October 2007. The 243 samples were analysed for 26 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, La, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Ti, U, V and Zn) to identify spatial patterns within drainage networks. The sampling design made it possible to compare the difference between 40 stream reaches, 53 stream junctions with 107 tributaries vs. downstream reaches and 36 lakes with 77 inlets vs. outlets comparisons. The largest concentration differences (at reaches, junctions and lakes) were observed for lakes, with outlets usually having lower concentration compared to the inlets for As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl, U, V and Zn. Significantly lower concentrations were observed for Co and Cd when comparing headwaters with downstream sites in each catchment. We found no evidence for elevated concentration of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Zn or Pb in the two acidified areas of South-west Sweden. Common factor analysis revealed that As, Bi, Cr, Ga, Ge, Tl, V co-vary positively with Al, Fe and total organic carbon (TOC) and negatively with La, Li and pH. A better understanding of the quantitative removal of organic carbon and iron will aid in understanding metal fluxes from landscapes rich in organic matter and iron.
Anomalous TEC variations associated with the powerful Tohoku earthquake of 11 March 2011
Authors: Akhoondzadeh M.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. On 11 March 2011 at 14:46:23 LT, the 4th largest earthquake ever recorded with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred near the northeast coast of Honshu in Japan (38.322° N, 142.369° E, Focal depth 29.0 km). In order to acknowledge the capabilities of Total Electron Content (TEC) ionospheric precursor, in this study four methods including mean, median, wavelet transform, and Kalman filter have been applied to detect anomalous TEC variations concerning the Tohoku earthquake. The duration of the TEC time series dataset is 49 days at a time resolution of 2 h. All four methods detected a considerable number of anomalous occurrences during 1 to 10 days prior to the earthquake in a period of high geomagnetic activities. In this study, geomagnetic indices (i.e. Dst, Kp, Ap and F10.7) were used to distinguish pre-earthquake anomalies from the other anomalies related to the geomagnetic and solar activities. A good agreement in results was found between the different applied anomaly detection methods on TEC data.
Global Health Equity and Advocacy: The roles of international Non-Governmental Organizations
Authors: Lurie S G
Published: May 2012

International health equity and community empowerment are promoted through local and global collaborations with non-governmental organizations (NGO’s). Civil society organizations and inter-agency partnerships assume central roles in addressing global health inequity, within the context of national health and social systems, local realities and priorities. Community health promotion through public-private collaboration by NGO’s on health needs assessments and fund-raising is designed to increase support for local programs in the United States. This paper compares health promotion and advocacy roles of an international non-governmental organization in global and local arenas, based on community case studies by the author in rural Hungary and North Texas from 2009 to 2011, using ethnographic and qualitative research methods. Findings confirm the need for systematic evaluation of the effects of complex socioeconomic, political and multi-ethnic contexts, and the impacts of prevention programs and healthcare on health equity.
The Implementation of RSBY in Chhattisgarh, India: A study of the Durg district
Authors: Nandi S , Nundy M , Prasad V , Kanungo K , Khan H , Haripriya S , Mishra T , Garg S
Published: May 2012

The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) scheme is a health insurance model currently being implemented by the Indian government. It is a model, however, still in nascent state, subject to tensions and value testing. Very few studies have hitherto assessed the scheme’s implementation and whether the stated objectives of the government initiative are being fulfilled. This short study undertaken in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh reveals that RSBY fails to cover the population living Below the Poverty Line (BPL). Likewise there is discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries who are themselves continuing to incur high out-of-pocket expenses. There are thus severe issues in transparency and accountability within the RSBY scheme. Unless the public health delivery system is strengthened and the private sector regulated and indeed monitored, the scheme will not yield the desired results, and the cost of healthcare will further escalate for the poor. In the absence of regulated health services there needs to be more debate, and indeed greater research, on the implementation and the design of RSBY.
On the Existence of (v,k,λ) Difference Sets with k<1250 and k−λ Is a Square
Authors: Osifodunrin Adegoke Solomon
Published: May 2012

We combine Turyn's self-conjugacy result, variance technique, Dillon dihedral trick, and Sylow theorem to investigate the existence of (v,k,λ) difference sets in which k−λ is a square and k<1250.
Electrosynthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Poly(o-Aminophenol) Film Electrodes
Authors: Tucceri Ricardo , Arnal Pablo , Scian Alberto
Published: May 2012

This review, which is divided into three parts, concerns electrochemical synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and formation mechanisms of poly(o-aminophenol) (POAP) film electrodes. The first part of this review is devoted to describe the electropolymerization process of o-aminophenol on different electrode materials and in different electrolyte media by employing both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods. The second part refers to spectroscopic studies carried out by different authors to both, identify the products of the o-aminophenol electrooxidation and elucidate the chemical structure of poly(o-aminophenol) film electrodes. The third part shows the different mechanisms formulated to interpret the POAP films formation from both acid and basic solutions of o-AP. Also, some electrochemical and spectroscopic data which allowed to propos the corresponding formation mechanisms, especially in basic media, are described.
Crude Oil Market Power—A Shift in Recent Years?
Authors: Huppmann Daniel , Holz Franziska
Published: May 2012

We investigate the exertion of market power in the global crude oil market over the past years. Recognizing the difficulty of identifying market power in the crude oil market by empirical studies, we propose a numerical partial equilibrium model formulated as a mixed complementarity problem. Our approach allows for strategic behavior in a Nash-Cournot market, a Stackelberg leader-follower game, an OPEC oligopoly or cartel, as well as perfect competition. To take account of liquid spot markets, the model specifically includes arbitragers to capture the effect of global crude oil market integration. Our results indicate a market structure shift over the past years. Reported quantities and prices before the 2008 turmoil are close to those derived from a Stackelberg market simulation, with Saudi Arabia acting as Stackelberg leader vis-a-vis a non-cooperative OPEC oligopoly and a competitive fringe. However, in 2008 and 2009, observed prices are closer to the competitive benchmark. We conclude that OPEC suppliers’ ability to exert market power was reduced in the 2008 turmoil and its aftermath.
Thermostats for the Smart Grid: Models, Benchmarks, and Insights
Authors: Liang Yong , Levine David I. , Shen Zuo-Jun (Max)
Published: May 2012

We model two existing thermostats and one novel thermostat to see how well they operate under dynamic pricing. The existing thermostats include a traditional thermostat with set temperature goals and a rigid thermostat that minimizes cost while always keeping temperature within a rigid predetermined range. We contrast both with a novel optimizing thermostat that finds the optimal tradeoff between comfort and cost. We compare the thermostats’ performance both theoretically and via numerical simulations. The simulations show that, under plausible assumptions, the optimizing thermostat’s advantage is economically large. Importantly, the electricity demand of the rigid thermostat (but not the optimizing thermostat) ceases to respond to electricity prices on precisely the days when the electricity grid tends to be near capacity. These are the times when demand response is the most socially valuable to avoid massive price spikes. The social benefits of the optimizing thermostat may provide incentives for utilities and regulators to encourage its adoption.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Cascade Michael/Michael/Henry Reaction Sequence: Control of All Stereocenters in One Cyclohexane Skeleton
Authors: Mao Zhifeng , Jia Yaomei , Xu Zhaoqing , Wang Rui
Published: May 2012

The highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective relay cascade Michael/Michael/Henry reaction catalyzed by combination of readily available diphenylprolinol silyl ether and the quinine thiourea in a one‐pot fashion has been developed. Up to 70% yield and up to >99% enantioselectivity of the single major isomer were obtained from the cascade reactions.
Copper‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Semihydrogenation of Non‐Polar Carbon‐Carbon Multiple Bonds using a Silane and an Alcohol
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Xu Tinghua , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: May 2012

A copper catalyst bearing a suitable Xantphos derivative or NHC ligand was found to be highly efficient for the selective semihydrogenation of non‐polar unsaturated compounds using a mixture of a silane and an alcohol as reducing agent. The catalytic system was useful for the selective semihydrogenation of internal alkynes to (Z)‐alkenes with suppression of overreduction to the corresponding alkanes. Furthermore, semihydrogenations of terminal alkyne, 1,2‐diene, 1,3‐diene, 1,3‐enyne and 1,3‐diyne systems were also achieved selectively.
Model‐independent constraints on r‐3 extra‐interactions from orbital motions
Authors: Iorio L.
Published: May 2012

Constraints on long‐range power‐law modifications Upert ∝ r‐3 of the usual Newtonian gravitational potential UN ∝ r‐1 are inferred from orbital motions of well known artificial and natural bodies. They can be interpreted in terms of a characteristic length ℓ which may be identified with, e.g., the anti‐de Sitter (AdS) radius of curvature ℓ in the Randall‐Sundrum (RS) braneworld model, although this not a mandatory choice. Our bounds, complementary to those from tabletop laboratory experiments, do not rely upon more or less speculative and untested theoretical assumptions, contrary to other long‐range RS tests proposed in astrophysical scenarios in which many of the phenomena adopted may depend on the system's composition, formation and dynamical history as well. Independently of the interpretation of ℓ, the perihelion precession of Mercury and its radiotechnical ranging from the Earth yield ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 10–50 km. Tighter bounds come from the perigee precession of the Moon, from which it can be inferred ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 500–700 m. The best constraints (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 5 m) come from the Satellite‐to‐Satellite Tracking (SST) range of the GRACE A/B spacecrafts orbiting the Earth: proposed follow‐on of such a mission, implying a sub‐nm s‐1 range‐rate accuracy, may constrain ℓ at ∼ 10 cm level. Weaker constraints come from the double pulsar system (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 80–100 km) and from the main sequence star S2 orbiting the compact object in Sgr A* (ℓ \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \lesssim $\end{document} 6.2–8.8 AU). Such bounds on the length ℓ, which must not necessarily be identified with the AdS radius of curvature of the RS model, naturally translate into constraints on an, e.g., universal coupling parameter 𝒦 of the extra r‐3 interaction. GRACE yields 𝒦 ≤ 1 × 1016 m5 s‐2.
Funktionelle organische Materialien auf der Basis polymerisierter flüssigkristalliner Monomere: supramolekulare wasserstoffverbrückte Systeme
Authors: Broer Dirk J. , Bastiaansen Cees M. W. , Debije Michael G. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J.
Published: May 2012

Funktionelle organische Materialien sind von großem Interesse für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen. Um funktionelle Eigenschaften gezielt einstellen zu können, benötigt man wohldefinierte hierarchisch geordnete supramolekulare Materialien. Die Selbstorganisation von Flüssigkristallen hat sich als ein extrem nützliches Werkzeug für die Entwicklung nanostrukturierter Materialien bewährt. Wir wählen das anschauliche Beispiel photopolymerisierbarer wasserstoffverbrückter Mesogene, um zu zeigen, dass eine breite Vielfalt funktioneller Materialien aus einem relativ einfachen Satz von Bausteinen hergestellt werden kann. Durch Umsetzung dieser Verbindungen mit anderen reaktiven Mesogenen können nematische, chirale nematische und smektische oder kolumnare flüssigkristalline Phasen gebildet werden, die als Aktuatoren, Sensoren, responsive Reflektoren und nanoporöse Membranen genutzt werden können.
Polyolefins/Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) blends compatibilization: Morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties
Authors: Sadik Tarik , Massardier Valérie , Becquart Frédéric , Taha Mohamed
Published: May 2012

Polypropylene/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) blend (PHBV) and polyethylene/PHBV blend were prepared by twin screw extruder using preformed copolymer (EVOH‐g‐PHBV) as compatibilizer or with functional polyolefins that can react in situ with the PHBV phase to form POs‐g‐PHBV. Scanning electron microscopy shows that by using either EVOH‐g‐PHBV preformed copolymer or formed copolymers in situ both emulsify the phase interface and reduce the interfacial tension, which result in an enhancement on the mechanical properties of compatibilized blends. Enhancement is more or less pronounced depending on the used PO matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Physically based object withering simulation
Authors: Liu Youquan , Chen Yanyun , Wu Wen , Max Nelson , Wu Enhua
Published: May 2012

This paper presents a finite element method‐based framework for an object withering simulation modeled with heterogeneous material, such as fruits drying or decay. We introduce diffusion procedures for both the moisture content and decay spread, which are solved directly on a tetrahedral mesh representation of the fruit flesh. Then, we use the moisture content to control shrinkage through the initial strain, which is integrated into the Lagrangian dynamic equation, and solved with the finite element method. For the complex structure of the object, another fine triangle mesh is used to represent the skin, and its deformation is solved by a thin shell technique. To couple the motion between different layers of the fruit, a tracking force is used to pull the skin and drive its deformation together with the volume mesh. In comparison with the previous work, our method provides temporally and spatially varying parameters to model the complex phenomena of object withering. Moreover, the water diffusivity can also be given by user input to present various material properties of the cut section and skin‐covered area. Our algorithm is easy to implement and highly efficient in generating a realistic appearance for the withering effect. For a medium‐scale model, we can achieve interactive simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic Nanoparticles Entrapped in Siliceous Mesocellular Foam: A New Catalyst Support
Authors: Lee Su Seong , Riduan Siti Nurhanna , Erathodiyil Nandanan , Lim Jaehong , Cheong Jian Liang , Cha Junhoe , Han Yu , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: May 2012

γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles were formed inside the cage‐like pores of mesocellular foam (MCF). These magnetic nanoparticles showed a uniform size distribution that could be easily controlled by the MCF pore size, as well as by the hydrocarbon chain length used for MCF surface modification. Throughout the entrapment process, the pore structure and surface area of the MCF remained intact. The resulting magnetic MCF facilitated the immobilization of biocatalysts, homogeneous catalysts, and nanoclusters. Moreover, the MCF allowed for facile catalyst recovery by using a simple magnet. The supported catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic efficiencies that were comparable to their homogeneous counterparts.
Click Ionic Liquids: A Family of Promising Tunable Solvents and Application in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Li Liuyi , Wang Jinyun , Wu Tao , Wang Ruihu
Published: May 2012

A series of click ionic salts 4 a–4 n was prepared through click reaction of organic azides with alkyne‐functionalized imidazolium or 2‐methylimidazolium salts, followed by metathesis with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide or potassium hexafluorophosphate. All salts were characterized by IR, NMR, TGA, and DSC, and most of them can be classified as ionic liquids. Their steric and electronic properties can be easily tuned and modified through variation of the aromatic or aliphatic substituents at the imidazolium and/or triazolyl rings. The effect of anions and substituents at the two rings on the physicochemical properties was investigated. The charge and orbital distributions based on the optimized structures of cations in the salts were calculated. Reaction of 4 a with PdCl2 produced mononuclear click complex 4 a‐Pd, the structure of which was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling shows good catalytic stability and high recyclability in the presence of PdCl2 in 4 a. TEM and XPS analyses show formation of palladium nanoparticles after the reaction. The palladium NPs in 4 a are immobilized by the synergetic effect of coordination and electrostatic interactions with 1,2,3‐triazolyl and imidazolium, respectively.
Mesoporous Nickel Oxide Nanowires: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications for Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors with Superior Performance
Authors: Su Dawei , Kim Hyun‐Soo , Kim Woo‐Seong , Wang Guoxiu
Published: May 2012

Mesoporous nickel oxide nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction and subsequent annealing at 400 °C. The porous one‐dimensional nanostructures were analysed by field‐emission SEM, high‐resolution TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm measurements. When applied as the anode material in lithium‐ion batteries, the as‐prepared mesoporous nickel oxide nanowires demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance with high lithium storage capacity, satisfactory cyclability and an excellent rate capacity. They also exhibited a high specific capacitance of 348 F g−1 as electrodes in supercapacitors.
Siglec‐7 tetramers characterize B‐cell subpopulations and leukemic blasts
Authors: Gieseke Friederike , Mang Philippa , Viebahn Susanne , Sonntag Inga , Kruchen Anne , Erbacher Annika , Pfeiffer Matthias , Handgretinger Rupert , Müller Ingo
Published: May 2012

Cell surface glycosylation has important regulatory functions in the maturation, act‐ivation, and homeostasis of lymphocytes. The family of human sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectins (siglecs) comprises inhibitory as well as activating receptors intimately involved in the regulation of immune responses. Analyses of the interaction between siglecs and glycans are hampered by the low affinity of this interaction. Therefore, we expressed siglec‐7 in eukaryotic cells, allowing for glycosylation, and oligomerized the protein in analogy to MHC tetramers. Using this tool, flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes became possible. Sialic acid‐dependent binding of siglec‐7 tetramers was confirmed by glycan array analysis and loss of siglec tetramer binding after neuraminidase treatment of lymphocytes. In contrast to most lymphocyte subpopulations, which showed high siglec‐7 ligand expression, B‐cell subpopulations could be further subdivided according to different siglec‐7 ligand expression levels. We also analyzed blasts from acute lymphoblastic leukemias of the B‐cell lineage as well as the T‐cell lineage, since malignant transformation is often associated with aberrant cell surface glycosylation. While pediatric T‐ALL blasts highly expressed siglec‐7 ligands, siglec‐7 ligands were barely detectable on cALL blasts.

Taken together, oligomerization of recombinant soluble siglec‐7 enabled flow cytometric identification of physiologic lymphocyte subpopulations and malignant blasts.
Analysis of the anisotropy of group velocity error due to spatial finite difference schemes from the solution of the 2D linear Euler equations
Authors: Stegeman P. C. , Young M. E. , Soria J. , Ooi A.
Published: May 2012

Numerical differencing schemes are subject to dispersive and dissipative errors, which in one dimension, are functions of a wavenumber. When these schemes are applied in two or three dimensions, the errors become functions of both wavenumber and the direction of the wave. For the Euler equations, the direction of flow and flow velocity are also important. Spectral analysis was used to predict the error in magnitude and direction of the group velocity of vorticity–entropy and acoustic waves in the solution of the linearised Euler equations in a two‐dimensional Cartesian space. The anisotropy in these errors, for three schemes, were studied as a function of the wavenumber, wave direction, mean flow direction and mean flow Mach number. Numerical experiments were run to provide confirmation of the developed theory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation and a simple wall model for turbulent flow calculation by a particle method
Authors: Arai Jun , Koshizuka Seiichi , Murozono Koji
Published: May 2012

A turbulent channel flow and the flow around a cubic obstacle are calculated by the moving particle semi‐implicit method with the subparticle‐scale turbulent model and a wall model, which is based on the zero equation RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes). The wall model is useful in practical problems that often involve high Reynolds numbers and wall turbulence, because it is difficult to keep high resolution in the near‐wall region in particle simulation. A turbulent channel flow is calculated by the present method to validate our wall model. The mean velocity distribution agrees with the log‐law velocity profile near the wall. Statistical values are also the same order and tendency as experimental results with emulating viscous layer by the wall model. We also investigated the influence of numerical oscillations on turbulence analysis in using the moving particle semi‐implicit method. Finally, the turbulent flow around a cubic obstacle is calculated by the present method to demonstrate capability of calculating practical turbulent flows. Three characteristic eddies appear in front of, over, and in the back of the cube both in our calculation and the experimental result that was obtained by Martinuzzi and Tropea. Mean velocity and turbulent intensity profiles are predicted in the same order and have similar tendency as the experimental result. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First trimester transabdominal chorionic villus sampling—does the needle matter?
Authors: Wax Joseph R. , Cartin Angelina , Chard Renée , Carpenter Molly , Pinette Michael G.
Published: May 2012

Purpose

To compare first‐trimester transabdominal chorionic villus samples (TA‐CVS) when obtained by 20‐gauge amniocentesis versus lancet needles.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of all women with viable singleton pregnancies undergoing TA‐CVS from 01/01/2009 to 03/31/2011. All CVS were performed by a single operator using a freehand technique and amniocentesis needles from 01/01/2009 to 08/31/2010 and lancet needles from 09/01/2010 to 03/31/2011. All samples were processed by the same laboratory.

Results

There were no differences between groups regarding maternal age, weight, gestational age at CVS, indication for CVS, uterine position, or placental location. Lancet needles were associated with significantly larger samples (median 18 [range 3–40] versus 7 [range 1–33] mg, p < 0.0001), more successful in situ hybridization (96% versus 74.2%, p = 0.03), and faster result reporting (median 7 [range 5–12] versus 9 [range 6–26] days, p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Needle type may be clinically important when selecting 20‐gauge TA‐CVS needles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:385–388, 2012
THE BIOLOGIST AS PSYCHOLOGIST: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN'S EARLY MENTAL ABILITY INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: YOUNG JACY L.
Published: May 2012

In the early 1880s, biologist Henry Fairfield Osborn conducted some of the first questionnaire research in American psychology. This article details how he came to distribute Francis Galton's questionnaire on mental imagery in the United States, as well as how he altered it to suit his own burgeoning psychological research interests. The development and circulation of questionnaires at the very beginning of American scientific psychology, first by Osborn and later by G. Stanley Hall, is discussed in terms of the new psychology's often‐overlooked methodological plurality. Further, Osborn's late nineteenth century interest in individual variation and group differences in mental imagery ability are discussed in relation to his pervasive educational and social concerns, as well as his eventual status as a prominent eugenicist in the twentieth century United States. This research into mental imagery ability foreshadows the eugenic‐oriented intelligence testing that developed in the early twentieth century.