bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third World Adversity: African Infant Precocity and the Role of Environment
Authors: Saugstad Letten F.
Published: January 2012

The war against illiteracy has not been won. The number of illiterates approaches a billion. Most reside in Third World countries—former colonies—where they are caught in a poverty trap of disease, low agricultural production and environmental adversity requiring technology beyond their means.

I argue against the commonly held view that this is mainly attributable to the four hundred years of traffic in men. According to the late K.O. Dike, middle men along the African coast barred foreign merchants from the hinterland, and because of this the social, political structure and sovereignty of the African states remained fundamentally unchanged during the period 1400–1807, whereas a few decades after colonisation the socio-political system collapsed and was replaced by a small rich elite and many poor, while resources were taken out of Africa. Present poverty and underdevelopment represent as great a challenge as the trade in slaves. As did the African Middle-Men of that time, African leaders now must unite in an ambitious and confident Pan-African Union demonstrating strength. Western countries should focus on reducing poverty and improving nutrition. This also makes terrorism and legal and illegal migration less likely. Education is important, but the West should not limit its effort to fighting illiteracy but should also support the establishment of institutions for higher education.

Africa possessed optimal conditions and an enriched environment for human evolution. African Infant Precocity is a persistent example. The human brain, like other brains, consists 60% of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (Marine-Fat*), the rest being water. A sufficient amount is required to secure optimal brain growth. It normalizes brain function, and prevents sudden cardiac and infant death, which have been increasing in Western societies. Humans are unique in having a mismatch between the need for brain food—marine fat—and our common high protein diet. Nowhere is the neglect of the brain greater than in pregnancy when protein is the only major nutrient considered. Declining levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been observed in human milk. Deficient intake could, if not corrected, gradually impair brain function as has been seen in animal experiments.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Children and Pregnant Women in the Arab Gulf Countries: The Need for Action
Authors: Musaiger Abdulrahman O.
Published: January 2012

Anaemia, especially iron deficiency anaemia, has been considered one of the main public health problems in the Arab Gulf countries. This paper explores the magnitude of the problem and factors that contribute to the high prevalence of anaemia in these countries. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among preschool children ranged from 20% to 67%, while that among school children ranged from 12.6% to 50%. The percentage of pregnant women who suffered from this anaemia ranged from 22.7% to 54%. Infant feeding practices, food habits, parasitic infection, parity, early age at marriage, and geographical location are among the most important factors associated with iron deficiency anaemia in this region. Programmes to prevent and control this anaemia, are urgently needed.
Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Cereal-Pulse Blends for Bread Making
Authors: Dhingra Shfali , Jood Sudesh
Published: January 2012

Supplementation of soy (full fat and defatted) and barley flours to wheat flour at 51 10, 15 and 20% levels were carried out to see their effect on physico-chemical and nutritional properties of blends for bread making. The gluten content and sedimentation value of flour blends decreased and water absorption capacity increased with increase in the level of soybean and barley flour separately and in combinations to bread flour. All the blends at 20% levels were found nutritionally superior but breads prepared from them found organoleptically unacceptable. However, addition of 15% barley flour, 10% full fat soy flour, 10% defatted soy flour, 15% full fat soy flour + barley flour and 15% defatted soy flour + barley flour to wheat flour not only increased the total protein, glutelin (protein fraction), total lysine, dietary fibre and β-glucan contents of cereal-pulse blends for bread making, but could also produce a product of acceptable quality.
Prediction of Nutritional Status by Chemical Analysis of Urine and Anthropometric Methods
Authors: Adewusi S.R.A. , Torimiro S.E.A. , Akindahunsi A.A.
Published: January 2012

A combination of anthropometric and chemical indices was used to investigate the nutritional status of 26 healthy (H) and kwashiorkor (K) children aged 2–5 years and possibly predict the onset of malnutrition. The healthy children had significantly (p > 0.05) higher values for weight, height, middle upper arm circumference and weight/height ratio than kwashiorkor children. The healthy children had significantly higher urinary concentrations of urea, inorganic sulphate and sulphate relative to creatinine, but significantly lower thiocyanate and thiocyanate relative to creatinine than the kwashiorkor children. The results of the present study would tend to indicate that a chemical analysis especially of urea, inorganic sulphate or thiocyanate alone or the ureal creatinine, inorganic sulphate/creatinine or thiocynate/creatinine ratio could be used to predict malnutrition after the initial anthropometric measurements. This study should however be repeated with a large population of volunteers to determine the specific cut-off points for each anthropometric and chemical analysis.
Inter-Relationships Between Lifestyle and Diabetes Mellitus, Overweight/Obesity and Hypertension in Nigeria
Authors: Abidoye R.O. , Izunwa R.D. , Akinkuade F.O. , Abidoye G.O.
Published: January 2012

This study of inter-relationship between life styles and diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity and hypertension was carried out to determine the life styles of the bank workers and the nutritional related diseases. A total sample of 570 was systematically drawn from workers of the United Bank for Africa Plc in Lagos for this study, with the following results. Not surprisingly the level of education influenced life style (P < 0.05). There was also a statistically significant relationship between life style and the consumption of alcohol and diabetes, but no relationship was found between smoking and diabetes. There was a significant correlation with their consumption of fatty foods and vegetables. A relationship between increased protein intake and an increase in educational status (P < 0.05) was found. There was association between obesity and hypertension (P < 0.05), and between increase in frequency of clinic visitation and hypertension which was statistically significant (Chi square P <.05).
The Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Body-Mass Index Using the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria as the Sample
Authors: Abidoye R.O. , Madueke L.A. , Abidoye G.O.
Published: January 2012

This was a cross sectional survey of selected sample of staff of the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria, Lagos, conducted in July to August, 2000. Feeding patterns observed among the sampled population showed that most (74.4%) ate three meals while 11.2% ate more than three meals daily. However, lunch was the most common meal eaten away from home by most (59.0%) of the respondents. Most of the respondents were observed to substitute snacks for their lunch (84.3%). Their food consumption pattern revealed that 23.2% consumed cereals daily while only 5.6% of the respondents consumed fruits and only 10.9% affirmed to consuming vegetables daily. Consumption pattern of other foods revealed that 15.6% consumed dairy products daily, meat/fish was daily consumed by only 16.2% and only 10.0% consumed fats and oils daily in the meals. Gender was also observed to influence feeding patterns of the sampled population studied. Most of the men consumed more meals per day than females. Only 46.4% of all the respondents had BMI values within normal acceptable range. Most of the respondents that were underweight were men (91.4%). Blood pressure measurements revealed that most of them had normal systolic (78.3%) and diastolic blood pressure (81.8%). Though 3.9% had severely high systolic blood pressure and 0.7% had severely high diastolic blood pressure. Only 20.5% of the study population had acceptable blood cholesterol levels of which only 61.1% had BMI values within the normal acceptable range. Only 0.8% of the study population had very high blood cholesterol levels with majority of the population 72.7% on the borderline. It is recommended that health and nutrition education be mounted and that periodic anthropometric measurements be used to evaluate the risk of some non-communicable diseases.
Wading for Food the Driving Force of the Evolution of Bipedalism?
Authors: Kuliukas Algis
Published: January 2012

Evidence is accumulating that suggests that the large human brain is most likely to have evolved in littoral and estuarine habitats rich in naturally occurring essential fatty acids. This paper adds further weight to this view, suggesting that another key human trait, our bipedality might also be best explained as an adaptation to a water-side niche.

Evidence is provided here that extant apes, although preferring to keep dry, go into water when driven to do so by hunger. The anecdotal evidence has suggested that they tend to do this bipedally. Here, a new empirical study of captive bonobos found them to exhibit 2% or less bipedality on the ground or in trees but over 90% when wading in water to collect food.

The skeletal morphology of AL 288-1 (“Lucy” ) is shown to indicate a strong ability to abduct and adduct the femur. These traits, together with a remarkably platypelloid pelvis, have not yet been adequately explained by terrestrial or arboreal models for early bipedalism but are consistent with those expected in an ape that adopted a specialist side-to-side ‘ice-skating’ or sideways wading mode. It is argued that this explanation of A. afarensis locomotor morphology is more parsimonious than others which have plainly failed to produce a consensus. Microwear evidence of Australopithecus dentition is also presented as evidence that the drive for such a wading form of locomotion might well have been waterside foods. This model obtains further support from the paleo-habitats of the earliest known bipeds, which are consistent with the hypothesis that wading contributed to the adaptive pressure towards bipedality.
Decreased Serum Magnesium and Zinc Levels: Atherogenic Implications in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nigerians
Authors: Anetor J.I. , Senjobi A. , Agbedana E.O. , Ajose O.A.
Published: January 2012

Serum magnesium, zinc and total cholesterol were evaluated in 40 Nigerian patients suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus (2IM, 19F) and 20 (14M, 6F) apparently normal non diabetic control subjects. The mean age of the diabetic patients was similar to that of controls (p > 0.05). The mean duration of the disease was (4.7 + 0.7 SEM) in these patients. Fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly higher in diabetics than in non diabetic control subjects (p > 0.001). The serum total cholesterol showed inter-group variation when the patients were classified into four different age groups. In contrast, the serum level of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) were significantly lower in diabetics than in controls (p > 0.001). There were no significant correlation between glucose and the minerals, Mg. and Zn. Serum total cholesterol showed a significant positive correlation with magnesium (r = 0.6: p > 0.001), while the correlation with zinc was not significant.

In type-2 diabetic mellitus the concentration of both Mg and Zn levels were significantly reduced, probably suggesting lower antioxidant status in this condition. The implication is the greater susceptibility to LDL-cholesterol oxidation. The attendant risk of development of premature Coronary Heart Disease is discussed. Magnesium and zinc are nutritional minerals that play crucial roles in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Storage Practices, Salt Intake and Iodine Content of Salt Consumed in Rural Households of Haryana State, North India
Authors: Punia Darshan , Yadav Shashi Kala , Gupta Manju , Khetarpaul Neelam
Published: January 2012

A survey of 180 rural families from different zones of Haryana State was carried out to know the type and intake of salt used and the domestic storage practices followed by rural households using a questionnaire method. Salt samples from rural households were analyzed for their iodine content. Results indicated that most of the people in rural Haryana consume powdered salt and stored it in airtight containers. Daily intake per person ranged from 9.91 to 11.42g. In the wet zone a higher percentage of families consume iodized salt. Analysis of iodine in salt samples showed that of samples from three zones, 39% contained no iodine; with 9% < 15 ppm; 14% 15–29 ppm and 37% ≥ 30 ppm.
In Vivo Studies on Possible Health Consequences of Genetically Modified Food and Feed—with Particular Regard to Ingredients Consisting of Genetically Modified Plant Materials
Authors: Pryme Ian F. , Lembcke Rolf
Published: January 2012

This synopsis reviews published in vivo studies on possible health consequences of genetically modified food and feed where the ingredients in question have consisted of genetically modified plant materials. The following, however, have not been taken into consideration: ingredients consisting of genetically modified microorganisms or parts of animals/fish ingredients produced by/from genetically modified organisms but without any DNA present studies on consequences for the environment or biodiversity in vitro studies or computer simulations

According to a Norwegian report “Gen-mat” (NOU 2000:29), and a more recent search in Medline and Citations Index, to our knowledge a total of ten studies have been published on the health effects of GM-foods and feeds. In this minireview the data made available in these published studies is discussed.
A Study on Under Five Nutritional Status and its Determinants in a Semi-Rural Community of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ojofeitimi E.O. , Owolabi O.O. , Aderonmu A. , Esimai A.O. , Olasanmi S.O.H.
Published: January 2012

Ten variables were assessed as they influence the under five (U5) nutritional status of children at Oranfe, a semi-rural community in Ife East Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria.

The two types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) that are prevalent in the community are stunting and wasting. Of the 230 children assessed using Waterlow's technique, 23% and 22.6% were stunted and wasted respectively. The results confirmed that mothers' educational level, age, parity, types of family and children's immunization status and age are some of the key determinants of nutritional status of U5 children.

The intensification of exclusive breast feeding, female education, a compulsory food demonstration unit in all health centres, use of complementary feeds from 7 months upwards, growth monitoring and promotion are some of the strategies to reduce the high prevalence of PEM in both rural and urban areas of developing countries.
The Natural Cure of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Withnell Allan
Published: January 2012

Following the development of coronary heart disease in 1989 I was introduced to an alumnus of the Pritikin Longevity Center in California and I adopted the regimen of diet and exercise. Within five months I was able to abandon all medication and was symptom free. My medical colleagues maintained that, because I had recovered, the Consultant's diagnosis must have been wrong—there can be no cure of coronary heart disease by lifestyle changes alone.

As a result of my experience I decided to review the literature to study the natural history of coronary heart disease. My findings strongly suggest that the increase in incidence in the last hundred years from virtually nil to epidemic proportions is due to lifestyle changes and that the disease can be reversed. I list a number of doctors who have influenced large numbers of people to change their lifestyles with great success. They have utilised mainly plant-based diets whose composition is the same or similar to that which Pritikin originally used and which is still extant at the Longevity Center.

I conclude by suggesting that the possibility of reversal of coronary heart disease has profound implications for its treatment with enormous potential savings for the National Health Service.
The Effects of Chocolates Given by Patients on the Well-Being of Nurses and their Support Staff
Authors: Cheung S.T.
Published: January 2012

Chocolate has a number of extremely appealing sensory qualities, and often are given by patients to those working in hospital wards as a token of their gratitude. This study examines whether this has any harmful effects. Eighty nine qualified nurses, 21 ward assistants, and 18 nursing students completed a structured questionnaire, showing that on average 5.4 chocolates were eaten each day. About 2/3 of the recipients ate 1–5 chocolates a day, while a few (3% ) ate more than 20 per day. The most common reason given for eating them was simply because they were there. However, a quarter felt that a healthier alternative would be an adequate alternative gift. Around a third of those surveyed felt that the chocolates had a detrimental effect on their well-being.

It is unlikely that chocolates will ever be scarce on hospital wards because there is a never-ending supply from grateful patients. Consequently, it will be difficult to restructure the chocolate-eating habits of those working on hospital wards.
A Review of some Statistics on Breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Jassir Mohammed , Khaja Moizuddin Syed , Al-Bashir Bushra
Published: January 2012

Breastfeeding is the ideal and most natural way of nurturing infants. The importance of breastfeeding has been proved unequivocally, and UNICEF and WHO have issued guidelines to ensure breastfeeding. Saudi Arabia is a country where the legislation is derived from the Quran and Hadiths. The Holy Quran says that the mothers shall give suck to their offspring for two complete years ….

The majority of mothers start breastfeeding their infants but soon introduce bottles. The single most common reason cited for the early introduction of bottle feeding is that the breast milk is insufficient. Because of this tendency, many mothers practice mixed feeding. The duration of breastfeeding varies but in general it is done beyond six months, and various factors affect the duration. Researchers have recently started using the WHO recommended key breastfeeding indicators. In a study these key indicators were found to be very low. The authors feel that there is a need to revise the media campaign for promoting breastfeeding utilizing the instructions and guidance from the Holy Quran and Hadiths.
Effect of Fungi Fermentation on Organoleptic Properties, Energy Content and In-vitro Multienzyme Digestibility of Cassava Products (Flour & Gari)
Authors: Akindahunsi A.A. , Oboh G.
Published: January 2012

The present study sought to investigate the effect of fungi fermentation on the energy content, sensory quality and the digestibility (in vitro) of cassava products (flour and gari). The fungi fermented cassava products (gari and flour) were produced, by fermenting cassava mash with pure strains of some common saprophytes, namely, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae and Saccharomyces spp (Baker's yeast and palm wine yeast) for 72hrs before processing into cassava flour and gari, the forms in which cassava is popularly consumed in Nigeria. Parameters determined include energy (Bomb calorimetry), digestibility (in vitro) and sensory quality by trained taste panel. The results of the study indicated that fungi fermentation of the cassava mash significantly (P < 0.05) increased the acceptability of the colour, texture, aroma and taste of the “gari”, with that of Rhizopus oryzae fermentation having the highest general acceptability. Furthermore, the results also indicated that fungi fermentation of cassava mash significantly increased (P < 0.05) the in vitro multienzyme protein digestibility of the cassava products. In view of this, fungi fermentation could be used to improve the sensory quality and protein digestibility of cassava products without any significant (P > 0.05) effect on the energy-giving role of cassava products.
Assessment of Knowledge and Practice of Nutritional and Life Style Risk Factors Associated with Cancer Among Hospital Workers at Two University Teaching Hospitals in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ojofeitimi E.O. , Aderounmu A.O. , Lomuwagun A.F. , Owolabi O.O. , Fadiora A.O. , Asa S.S , Bamiwuye S.O. , Ihedioha O.D.
Published: January 2012

The objectives of this study were to assess both the predisposing and precipitating risk factors in the aetiology of any form of cancer among hospital workers at two teaching Hospitals in Osun State, Nigeria.

Pre-tested and modified questionnaires were administered to 250 respondents. One hundred and seventy questionnaires were duly filled and completed. Less than 9% of the respondents consumed fruits and vegetables on a daily basis; while the highest percentage (65%) regularly consumed butter/margarine, followed with consumption of red meat. Twenty nine percent (29%) from both locations were classified as overweight and obese. Half did physical exercise twice a week. Of the 168 respondents, 34 (20.2%) did meet the criteria for completely emptying their bowels within a specified time of three minutes.

It is concluded that whilst predisposing risk factors do not pose a threat to the onset of any form of cancer among respondents, precipitating factors are real major factors that need to be addressed through information, education and communication (I.E.C). Such an I.E.C. should be geared towards promotion of healthy eating and life style strategies. After all, ‘the first step in cancer prevention is knowing the risk profile’.
Development, Acceptability and Nutrient Composition of Traditional Supplementary Foods Consumed by Lactating Women in India
Authors: Gupta M. , Kapoor A. C. , Khetarpaul N.
Published: January 2012

Some recipes consumed during lactation were, for the first time, standardized, and analysed for nutritional composition and organoleptic evaluation. Results revealed that protein, fibre and ash contents were maximum in Ajwain (omum seeds). The total Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu and P was also highest in Ajwain followed by Gond Panjiri, Kangni and Halwa. The available minerals were also higher in Ajwain as compared to other foods. The in vitro protein and starch digestibility was in the range of 55.97 to 75.30 and 43.56 to 47.57 per cent, respectively, in different traditional supplementary foods. Organoleptically, all the foods prepared were found to be acceptable in terms of colour, flavour, taste, texture and appearance.
Are Kuwaitis Getting Fatter?
Authors: Al-Isa Abdulwahab Naser
Published: January 2012

The purpose of the study is to compare temporal changes in BMI, overweight (BMI >25 Kg/m2) and obesity) and obesity (BMI >30 Kg/m2) of two independent cross-sectional samples of Kuwaitis studied in 1980–81 and 1993–94. The earlier sample of 2067 (896 men and 1171 women) and the latter sample of 3435 (1730 men and 1705 women) adult Kuwaitis (aged ≥18 years), were drawn from primary health care (PHC) clinics and studied for nutritional assessment and for prevalence of obesity in 1980–81 and 1993–94, respectively. Weight was measured in kilograms and height in meters to obtain the body mass index (BMI), which is the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (Kg/m2). BMI >25 and >30 Kg/m2 were classified as overweight and obesity, respectively. The results of the study show that mean BMI (Kg/m2) increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 10.0 and 6.2% (2.5 and 1.7 Kg/m2) among men and women, respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI >25 and >30 Kg/m2) increased by 20.6 and 15.4% and by 13.7 and 8.4% among men and women, respectively. After controlling for sociodemographic differences between the two study periods, mean BMI was 2.0 and 1.6 Kg/m2 higher in 1993–94 than in 1980–81 among men and women, respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI >25 and >30 Kg/m2) also increased among both genders between the two periods (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.7–2.7 and OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.4, for men and OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.6–3.0 and OR = 1.4, 95% CI 2.2 CI 1.0–1.9, for women). It can be concluded that the BMI, prevalence of overweight and obesity increased among Kuwaitis between 1980–81 and 1993–94, probably due to the effects of modernization, affluence, increased food consumption and the concomitant changes to sedentary lifestyles. The rate of temporal changes in BMI and obesity were higher, by comparison, in Kuwait than in selected other countries.
Nutrition and Schizophrenia: An Epidemiological and Clinical Perspective
Authors: Peet Malcolm
Published: January 2012

There is well accepted evidence that the long-term outcome of schizophrenia is better in developing than in developed countries. Socio-cultural factors, which are as yet unidentified, have been postulated to explain this. There is also disputed evidence that schizophrenia was rare in indigenous populations and increased when they came into contact with Western or industrialised cultures, and that there was an increase in the rate of schizophrenia during the Industrial Revolution. These epidemiological and historical findings point to diet as a possible mediating factor in schizophrenia. Ecological studies have indicated that a worse outcome of schizophrenia is associated with higher consumption of saturated fat and sugar. It is also known that schizophrenic patients have increased insulin resistance and are at increased risk of developing diabetes and coronary heart disease. These findings suggest a new paradigm for our understanding of the causation and treatment of schizophrenia.
Mothers' Beliefs and Attitudes Towards Child Weight, Child Feeding and Related Practices in Myanmar
Authors: Chit Tin-Maung , Kyi Hla , Thwin Aye
Published: January 2012

The aim is to identify mother's attitude and concern regarding child weight and feeding practices and also to explore the importance of growth monitoring activity in preventing Protein, Energy, Malnutrition (PEM). Trained interviewers from the respective State/Division nutrition team interviewed ninety mothers from different areas and Divisions. Mothers were categorized into three groups of thirty: those with a well-nourished child, a malnourished child or a child who had died of infectious disease. 90% of well-nourished children were weighed at birth and 100% of them had received regular weighing. 89% of their mothers could identify their child birth weight as normal and all of them know the negative health consequences of Low Birth Weight. Regarding attitude towards feeding during illness, most mothers of a well-nourished child believe that feeding during illness is better for recovery. That proportion is high as twice as of the remaining groups. Data regarding child feeding practices show mothers of a well nourished child have timely and appropriate starting of these practices. It is inferred from the recent finding that mothers who had received growth monitoring program since delivery have better preventive behavior for PEM and the role of basic health staff in these activity is also acknowledged.
Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Nutritious Porridge Prepared Using Combinations of Soy and Sorghum Grits
Authors: Khetarpaul Neelam , Goyal Rajni , Garg Renu
Published: January 2012

A study was conducted to determine the acceptability of porridge developed from various proportions of soy and sorghum. Partially defatted soydhal was soaked in four salt solutions namely, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium chloride. Soaked dhal was dried and made into grits. Soy and sorghum grits were mixed in three proportions i.e. 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 to develop nutritious porridge. Porridge prepared from wheat grits served as a control. The sensory evaluation of the developed porridge was done using a 9-point hedonic scale. Porridge prepared using sodium carbonate soaked soydhal was found to fall in the ‘like slightly’ category whereas other three types of porridges as well as control porridge were ‘liked moderately’ by the panellists. Nutritional evaluation of the developed porridge demonstrated that protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents increased significantly (P < 0.05) as the level of soy was increased from 10 to 20 and 30 per cent.
Nutritional Status of Obese Hypercholesterolemic Adults
Authors: Goyal Rajni , Grewal Rajbala
Published: January 2012

The study was conducted to collect information regarding food and nutrient intake of hypercholesterolemic adults (male n = 30, female n = 20). The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the respondents indicated that 70% of them had a BMI more than 26. The food intake of the respondents was recorded for three consecutive days using 24 hour dietary recall and questionnaire method. The intake of cereals, sugar and oil was significantly higher than the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) prescribed for Indians, whereas intake of pulses was at par with RDI. The consumption of green leafy and other vegetable and roots and tubers was significantly lower among both male and female respondents. The intake of protein was at par with recommended dietary allowance (RDA), but fat and energy intake were significantly higher in both male and female respondents. The subjects were given diet counselling and this received a good response from the respondents.
The Under Utilization of Honey in a Deprived Environment
Authors: Ojofeitimi E.O. , Ogunfowokan A.A. , Bello E.O. , Owolabi O.O.
Published: January 2012

The study investigated the utilization of honey in the treatment and prevention of illness amongst 400 respondents in Oranfe Community, Ile-Ife, Osun State Nigeria. Data were collected by employing a structured and pretested open ended questionnaire. The data indicated that 21 %, 17% and less than 5% of the respondents had used honey for wounds, respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis respectively.

Neither educational nor professional status had any significant influence on the usage of honey in the treatment and prevention of common illness (p > 0.05). The vast majority (55%) preferred refined sugar to honey. The study has some policy implications. The first is the need for an intensive nutrition education programme that will disseminate the health benefits of honey as a source 'of energy, essential nutrients and its antioxidant properties. The second is the need to promote its usage in clinical trials because of its antibacterial properties.
Change in the Ascorbic Acid, Total Phenol and Antioxidant Activity of Sun-dried Commonly Consumed Green Leafy Vegetables in Nigeria
Authors: Oboh G. , Akindahunsi A.A.
Published: January 2012

Sun-drying of green leafy vegetables is popularly practised in many homes in Nigeria, as a way of preserving green leafy vegetables for future use. This project sought to investigate the effect of this method of preservation of vegetables on the antioxidant phytoconstituent (Vitamin C and Total phenol) and activity (reducing property and free radical scavenging ability) of some commonly consumed green leafy vegetables in Nigeria namely Structium sparejanophora (Ewuro-odo), Amarantus cruentus (Atetedaye), Telfairia occidentalis (Ugu), Baselia allia (Amunu tutu), Solanum macrocarpon (Igbagba), Corchorus olitorius (Ewedu), Vernonia amygdalina (Ewuro) and Occimum graticimum (Efinrin). The edible portions of the green leafy vegetables were sun-dried for seven days before determining the Vitamin C and total phenol content, as well as the reducing property and free radical scavenging ability. The result of the study revealed that sun-drying of green leafy vegetables cause a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the Vitamin C content (16.67-64.68% loss). Conversely it leads to a significant increase in the total phenol content (6.45-223.08% gain), reducing property (16.00-362.50% gain) and free radical scavenging ability (126.00-5757.00% gain) of the green leafy vegetables. It could therefore be concluded that a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in Vitamin C content caused by sun- drying will not reduce the antioxidant activity of the green leafy vegetable, moreover, the phenol constituent of the green leafy vegetables contributes more to the antioxidant properties of vegetables than ascorbic acid, as its increase on sun-drying cause a significant (P < 0.05) increases in the antioxidant properties of the green leafy vegetables, irrespective of the decrease in the ascorbic acid content.
Missing a Meal: Effects on Alertness during Sedentary Work
Authors: Neely Gregory , Landström Ulf , Byström Marianne , Lennernäs Junberger Maria
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute effects of missing a meal on alertness. The participants were ten university students between 20–29 years old, five females and five males. Participants were chosen on the basis of their good sleep and eating practices. Measurements were collected during an eight hour period starting at 8.00 AM on four separate days. During the test period, participants carried out their normal study activities while on separate days receiving either just breakfast, just lunch, both lunch and breakfast, or no meal at all. During the test period, EEG was monitored continuously while subjective ratings of performance and tiredness were collected every half-hour. The results showed that while there were neither physiological nor subjective indications of tiredness which could be attributed to meal consumption, subjective feelings of lack of energy and motivation was significantly more pronounced at the end of the workday when missing a meal or two.
Being Overweight: Negative Outcomes for African American Adolescents
Authors: Setiloane Kelebogile
Published: January 2012

The present study looked at how bodyweight affected African American adolescents their physical characteristics of height and weight, their behavioral characteristics of eating preferences, and their psychological characteristics of self-esteem and locus of control. In the summer of 2002 29 African-American adolescents who were participating in a one month Summer Institute were questioned on the perceptions of their weight and their food practices. They also completed self-esteem and locus of control scales. The Self-esteem scales used were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE), the Rosenberg-Simmons Self-Esteem scale (RSSE), the Rosenberg Depressive Affect scale (RDA), and the Rosenberg Self-Consciousness scale (RSC) The subjects had their height and weight measured and their calculated Body Mass Index (BMI) was divided into high BMI's (124 and above) and low BMI's (123 and below). High BMI's thought they were significantly heavier than low BMI's (p = 0.5), and drank more soft-drinks (p =0.1) than low BMI's. Further, the high BMI group had significantly lower self-esteem than the low BMI group on the RSE scale (p = 0.03) and the RSSE scale (p = 0.02).
Is B Vitamins Deficiency Associated with Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in Cuban Elderly?
Authors: Lanyau Domínguez Yeneisy , Hernández Manuel , Macías Matos Consuelo , Zhou Dequan
Published: January 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a major public health problem among the elderly in industrialized countries and a growing problem in developing countries. In Cuba, 14,6% of the population is older than 60 years. The AD prevalence in Cuba lies between 5,13–7,14%. Several studies have shown the relationship between the low nutritional status of B vitamins, hyperhomocysteinaemia with loss of neuro-cognitive function and AD. In studies during the epidemic neuropathy that affected Cuba between 1992–1993, B vitamins deficiency and smoking habits were strongly associated with the epidemic. Some studies in healthy adults and elderly after this epidemic have shown a sub-clinical deficiency of some B vitamins and a high prevalence of infection by Helicobacter pylori. The possibility that B vitamin deficiencies could be an additional risk factor for the high prevalence of the AD in Cuba is discussed.
Correct Assessment of Iron Depletion and Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Naghii Mohammad R , Abbasali Imam Fouladi
Published: January 2012

Objective: Iron deficiency anemia is caused by decreased production of red blood cells (RBCs) and is characterized by a reduction in either the hematocrit (Ht) or the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb). It is detected by blood iron status measures that are below population reference standards and also below the “usual or normal” levels for an individual. In some medicine practices, usually only hemoglobin and hematocrit are routinely measured with a full blood count, without measuring the indicators of iron status. Biochemical measures that are collected on single occasion are difficult to interpret in individuals, and normal ranges of hemoglobin and hematocrit do not necessarily confirm an iron deficiency condition, because they decrease only when severe iron depletion is present and are often unreliable or misleading. Thus, iron-depleted individuals can quickly develop iron deficiency if not detected early.

Methods: Information from hematological laboratory tests records on female patients at reproductive ages were collected and analysed.

Results: In this study, measurement of general test for anemia in some individuals revealed normal levels of RBCs count, Hb, Ht, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and cell morphology, whereas the levels of parameters of iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia such as serum iron and ferritin showed reduced values. The results indicate that individuals who are ordered cell blood count (CBC) measures alone without examining the indicators of iron status (Group C vs Group D) may not be correctly assessed with a definitive diagnosis and categorized as normal individuals. But in fact, they are susceptible to iron depletion and could develop iron deficiency anemia.

Conclusions: In evaluation of iron deficiency status it is important that total CBC test be accompanied by the other tests of iron status to pinpoint true iron deficiency. Otherwise, many cases may be missed out and misdiagnosed as normal individuals.
Nutritive Value and Haemolytic Properties (in vitro) of the Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina on Human Erythrocyte
Authors: Oboh G.
Published: January 2012

Background: Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) is popularly consumed in many homes in Nigeria as a vegetable in soup preparation, while the infusion is used in folk medicine in the treatment of malaria fever. In this study, fresh leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were subjected to abrasion (to remove the bitter taste) as is normally done in soup preparation, subsequently the nutrient, anti-nutrient and zinc bioavailability of the processed and unprocessed leaf were determined. The heamolytic effect of the leaf infusion on human erythrocytes (Genotype-SS, AS, AA) was also determined.

Result: The study revealed that Vernonia amygdalina leaf has high protein (33.3%), fat (10.1%), crude fibre (29.2%), ash (11.7%), mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn & Fe), phytate (1015.4mg/100g) and tannin (0.6%) content, while it contain low cyanide (l.lmg/kg). Abrasion of the leaf caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in both the nutrient and antinutrient content of the leaf except in carbohydrate where there was a significant increase (P<0.05) and Mg where there was no significant change (P>0.05). The result of the calculated [Ca] [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio (the best index for the prediction of Zn bioavailability) indicated that the phytate content of both the processed and unprocessed Vernonia amygdalina leaf will not reduce the Zn content to a critical level (0.5mol./kg). Further studies on the leaf revealed that the infusion induced the haemolysis of human erythrocyte ( In vitro). Human genotype-SS (1024) were highly susceptible to haemolysis induced by Vernonia amygdalina infusion, genotype-AS moderately susceptible (512) while genotype-AA (256) is highly resistant to haemolysis induced by the same infusion.

Conclusion: Bitter leaf has high nutrient and antinutrient content, however, abrasion will bring about a significant decrease (P<0.05) in both. The infusion of the Vernonia amygdalina leaf induces the haemolysis of mammalian erythrocyte in vitro, with Human-SS having the highest susceptibility.
Subtle Changes in the Ageing Human Brain
Authors: Chance S.A.
Published: January 2012

Subtle changes in the human brain constitute a third element in addition to plaques and tangles as markers of vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) distribution shows the closest relationship to the severity of dementia. Two features of the distribution (regional selectivity and columnar clustering) provide clues about the structural changes due to normal ageing that may precede tangle formation. It is hypothesized that the columnar organization of the cortex, determines the pattern of pathological spread in AD and, consequently, the pattern of function loss. Minicolum thinning occurs in normal ageing and echoes the selective regional distribution of NFT formation in AD. NFT vulnerability appears to emerge from hierarchical variation in neural plasticity associated with the hierarchical variation in size and spacing of mini and macro-columns in the cortex. Regional differences may involve regional variation in gene expression. Dietary Omega 3 fatty acid intake has been shown to have neuroprotective effects on the cytoarchitectural features that contribute to this cortical hierarchy.
Prevention of Dementia: A Role for B Vitamins?
Authors: Smith A. David
Published: January 2012

Dementia has reached epidemic proportions, with an estimated 4.6 million new cases worldwide each year. With an aging world population the prevalence of dementia will increase dramatically in the next few decades. Of the predicted 114 million who will have dementia in 2050 about three-quarters will live in the less-developed regions. Although strongly age -related, dementia is not an inevitable part of aging but is a true disease caused by exposure to several genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Prevention will be possible when the non genetic risk factors have been identified. Apart from age, more than 20 non-genetic risk factors have been postulated but very few have been established by randomised intervention studies. Elevated blood concentrations of total homocysteine and low-normal concentrations of B vitamins (folate, vitamins B-12 and B-6) are candidate risk factors for both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. A review of the literature up to the end of 2005 shows the following. Seventy seven cross-sectional studies on > 34,000 subjects and 33 prospective studies on > 12,000 subjects have shown associations between cognitive deficit or dementia and homocysteine and/or B vitamins. Biologically plausible mechanisms have been proposed to account for these associations, including atrophy of the cerebral cortex, but a definite causal pathway has yet to be shown. Raised plasma total homocysteine is a strong prognostic marker of future cognitive decline, and is common in world populations. Low-normal concentrations of the B vitamins, the main determinant of homocysteine concentrations, are also common and occur in particularly vulnerable sections of the population, such as infants and the elderly. Large-scale randomised trials of homocysteine-lowering B vitamins are needed to see if a proportion of dementia in the world can be prevented.
The Role of Dietary Fatty Acids in Children's Behaviour and Learning
Authors: Portwood M. M.
Published: January 2012

A growing awareness and understanding of the profiles of local children in County Durham, UK, experiencing learning and behavioural difficulties throughout the education system, has resulted in a number of school based nutritional intervention studies being undertaken. Evidence suggests that some children and young adults with developmental difficulties have a deficiency of particular omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and supplementation with these nutrients can have an impact on their behaviour, concentration and performance on standardised assessments. The first randomised placebo controlled trial to be carried out on children in Durham with developmental coordination disorder has demonstrated significant effects of fatty acid supplementation on behaviour, reading and spelling performance. We are conducting further scientific studies within Durham and neighbouring Authorities in the North of England to be published at a future time. We have also carried out a number of open label treatment studies within schools to help us understand better the role that nutritional intervention can play across a broader range of age groups and abilities. The results suggest positive outcomes for a substantial proportion of children who are more able to engage with the educational opportunities presented to them. This is an important finding to be shared with educationalists, health professionals and importantly the parents.
The Impact of Diet and Exercise on Brain Plasticity and Disease
Authors: Gomez Pinilla Fernando
Published: January 2012

Lifestyle involves our preference to engage in behaviors that can remarkably influence the fitness level of our body and brain. Dietary factors are a powerful means to influence brain function on a daily basis. We have shown that the consumption of a diet rich in saturated fat decreases learning and memory and increases metabolic distress. Conversely, diets supplemented either with omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E or the curry spice curcumin benefit cognitive function. Equally impressive is the action of exercise on cognitive function as documented by studies showing that exercise enhances learning and memory. The beneficial action of exercise on the brain can be used therapeutically to overcome the effects of consuming a poor diet. We suggest that the managed use of diet and exercise can help the brain to cope with several types of insults and ultimately benefit brain function.
From Genetics to Epigenetics
Authors: Saugstad Letten F.
Published: January 2012

In the post human-genome area, the challenge is to derive details of heritable variation in relation to how human variation reflects adaptation to the different environments. Heterozygote advantage represents a superior genetic adaptation presumably explaining the presence of the allele at frequencies above those to be expected from a simple replacement of a homozygous lethal allele by mutation alone (Saugstad 1977a, 1975b, 1972). Mean birthweight of unaffected offspring of parents heterozygous for the phenylketonuria (PKU) allele averaged significantly above mean weight of all Norwegian births, rendering unaffected offspring more viable at birth and thus improving the chance for survival of the allele. A successful adaptation requires natural selection acting on that part of the body that makes a difference in survival. Skin colour variation is such a successful adaptation, for the North as opposed to the dark skins of the equator. Human Evolution in Africa and subsequent adaptations have enabled human survival all over the world with highly different light intensity (Jablonski & Chaplin 2000).

That continuous variables, height, pubertal age and brain development, are multifactorially inherited and affected by epigenetic factors, was nicely demonstrated in the increase in height in Norway 1860–1960 with at the same time a reduction in pubertal age by 4yrs which may have affected the final stage in brain development. This created an increased need for brain food, N-3, to secure optimal brain function. Body growth is not brain growth. Given that the consumption of brain food (N-3) has declined to 20% only of the level 100yrs ago, what disorders are to be expected with an N-3 dietary deficit: in pregnancy, infancy and later in life? In this paper I discuss the significance of prepubertal selective pruning of excitatory synapses compared to delayed pruning and suggest relationships with brain disorders.