bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Late Minoan Tomb at Ayios Ioannis near Knossos
Authors: Coldstream J. N. , Hood M. S. F.
Published: September 2013

In January 1959, when a trench was being dug in order to lay a water pipe in connection with the building of an orphanage (Κέντρον βρεφῶν “Ἤ Μητέρα”) on the south edge of Ayios Ioannis between Knossos and Herakleion a sinking of the ground suggested the presence of a collapsed tomb chamber. As the site lay within the Knossos area, Dr. St. Alexiou, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, kindly invited the School to make trials there during the course of their excavations at Knossos in the summer of 1959.

The tomb which these trials revealed proved to be Minoan, and assignable to the L.M. II period, to judge from the remains of a couple of clay vases, a stemmed goblet (A.1) and an alabastron (A.2), which had evidently belonged with the original burial or burials. The deep-cut dromos, narrow with distinctly inward leaning sides, was of a type which it is often suggested may be of Mycenaean origin. But this is disputable, and the tomb at Ayios Ioannis appears to be as early as, if not earlier than, any of the tombs with this type of dromos on the Greek mainland. At Mycenae itself tombs with dromoi like this are not attested before L.H. III. On the other hand both at Mycenae and at Knossos there are tombs with shorter dromoi whose sides lean inwards, and some of these tombs may be earlier in date. Tomb 529 at Mycenae, with a short dromos whose sides lean markedly inwards, is assignable to L.H. I–II.
The Late Minoan Goblet and Kylix
Authors: Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

While the development of the Mycenaean goblet and kylix has been studied in some detail, comparatively little work has been done on their Cretan equivalents. We are still, in the main, dependent on the remarks of Evans in Palace of Minos, who was mainly concerned with the L.M. II examples; on brief comparisons made by Furumark, who was basically considering Mycenaean pottery; and on some general observations by Mackeprang. Though in part this is due to neglect of L.M. III pottery as a whole, a main reason is no doubt the scarcity of intact decorated kylikes in Crete. Leaving aside the L.M. III goblet, only thirteen have been illustrated in publications and a similar number of other unpublished decorated kylikes are on display in the various museums of Crete. A list of the published vases and of others is given at the end of this article. Even allowing for unpublished kylikes not on display, this small number is unlikely to be an accident of excavation; it is evident that the decorated kylix was rare in Crete in L.M. III, though plain examples are much more common, particularly in central Crete. In the east of the Island, however, both kinds appear on present evidence to be exceptional.
Cypriot Finger Rings
Authors: Boardman John
Published: September 2013

The Role of Cyprus as intermediary between the cities of the Near East and the Aegean world can be studied in many different ways. This article is devoted to Cypriot metal signet rings of Iron Age (pre-Roman) date and the part they play in the story of east and west. It comprises a full publication of the metal rings in Nicosia museum, which I was invited to undertake by Drs. V. Karageorghis and K. Nikolaou, but it includes consideration of other finds from Cyprus now in other collections, and a few other probably Cypriot pieces. For the latter, less-detailed descriptions and references are given.

Since the continuity of culture between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in Cyprus is more easily demonstrated than it can be in most other areas of the eastern Mediterranean, it is necessary to begin with a brief account of the all-metal signet rings in use in the island at the end of the Bronze Age, and token illustration is given here to supplement published photographs. The main influence in the shapes of these rings is Egyptian and not Aegean, since the long oval bezels of the rings run with the hoop and not across it, and the rings are all intended for wearing on the fingers, as some have been found in tombs, which is not true of most Aegean signet rings. Three different styles of decoration may be observed. The first is thoroughly Egyptianizing and some pieces are of high quality. The hoops of the rings are stirrup-shaped but occasionally have rounded shoulders, and the bezels are long ovals like cartouches. In these respects they follow Egyptian forms very closely, and it is possible that some are in fact of Egyptian origin. The shape and style of any made in Cyprus may, of course, not have been derived directly from Egypt, but via the Palestine—Syria coast.
Isles of Refuge in the Early Byzantine Period
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: September 2013

Some years ago in an article offered in honour of my friend, Dr. Jírí Neustupný, I described three settlements on small off-shore islands round the coasts of South Greece, where some of the native population appear to have taken refuge during the period of the Slav invasions in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. (Fig. 1). In August 1969, when I was in Galaxidhi on the west side of the bay of Itea, Mrs. Lois Ventris told me about a group of islets there with traces of similar occupation. These island refuge settlements of the period of the Slav invasions are of some interest in themselves, and they open the door to what might be a fruitful line of inquiry as regards the problem of the Slav occupation of South Greece.

There are seven islets in all in the bay of Itea, and of these I was able to visit the three nearest to Galaxidhi, namely (1) Panayia, (2) Ayios Yeoryios, and (3) Apsifia (Figs. 2, 3). These three islands all had traces of habitation in the late Roman or early Byzantine period, including pottery assignable to the sixth or early seventh centuries A.D.: notably, fragments of amphorae with straight and wavy grooved decoration (Plate 14d, 4–6), and rims of dishes of fine red (Late Roman B) ware imported from North Africa. These rims (nos. 6–8, 12) belong to dishes of a type (Ant. 802) found in the Late Phase of the Late Roman period at Antioch, lasting from about the middle of the sixth century A.D. into the seventh. I recovered one or two fragments of clay lamps from (1) Panayia (Plate 14d, 1–2), but saw none on the other two islands which I visited. Some of the Roman pottery from (1) Panayia and (2) Ayios Yeoryios appears to date from a time before the Slav invasions. There are also traces of medieval or later occupation here.
Neolithic and Bronze Age Settlement in Western Macedonia
Authors: Kokkinidou Dimitra , Trantalidou Katerina
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to provide an account of neolithic and bronze age settlement in one part of Macedonia: the geographical unit which is defined by the rivers Aliakmon and Axios. The choice of the area as the focus of investigation has been suggested by the hypothesis that geographical zones may form a historical basis for human activity, and cultural zones be identified accordingly with distinct physiographic units. The area selected for research is one such unit forming consecutive basins which are divided into valley systems by means of mountain ranges.

The existing archaeological data combined with the results of personal research and original fieldwork are assembled in order to outline the development of human settlement in this part of Macedonia. The catalogue contains ninety six sites. The study involves an attempt to evaluate the nature of prehistoric habitation in a regional context, a study which presupposed some examination of all reported sites, and some study of the history of the landscape. The main issues discussed are the character of habitation patterns and settlement distribution and continuity by period. Finally the specific settlement patterns of the area are compared with patterns observed in neighbouring regions.
Late Neolithic remains at Tharrounia, Euboea: a model for the seasonal use of settlements and caves
Authors: Sampson Adamantios
Published: September 2013

Systematic excavation from 1986 to 1990 in the Skoteini cave indicated that it was heavily used during LN I–II (5300/5200–3300/3200 BC); Early Helladic, Mycenaean, and later finds were insignificant. The abundance of Neolithic pottery and the detailed study of the stratigraphy have elucidated the LN pottery sequence. A trial excavation was carried out in the immediate vicinity of the cave, where remains of a Neolithic settlement exist. In spite of the erosion of ground, parts of the Neolithic buildings and an amount of LN II pottery were found. The work was completed with the excavation of a Neolithic cemetery 300 m from the settlement. Thanks to a systematic survey in the surrounding area, the location of many Neolithic sites was made possible.

The use of the cave was multi-purpose (for brief residence, cult, and burial practices, and particularly for storage). The finds and the ethnoarchaeological research suggest that during the Neolithic period two different models of residence occurred in the area. The settlement was in seasonal use, from spring to autumn, while during the winter the local residents were living in south-facing sheltered sites. At the same time, a number of more or less specialized herdsmen from the Tharrounia or Aliveri area are likely to have driven their flocks up to the mountainous grazing lands of Delphi and Xerovouni.
Ancient and modern cultivation of Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. in the Greek islands
Authors: Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

A pulse from Late Minoan Knossos, Crete, is identified as cf. Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. L. ochrus is grown today, for food or fodder, on the islands of Karpathos and Evvia (Euboea). This paper underlines the extent of crop diversity in both prehistoric and recent Greek agriculture.
Traders and craftsmen in the central Mediterranean: archaeological evidence and archaeometric research (an addendum)
Authors: Jones R. E. , Vagnetti L.
Published: September 2013

This addendum presents the tables of the chemical compositions of Late Bronze Age pottery that were omitted from the authors' paper with the same title, published in 1991 in the Proceedings of the Conference on Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (Oxford 1989). In addition, a short description and bibliography is provided for those sites in Italy, Sardinia, and Sicily from which the pottery was analysed.
The anthropomorphic bronze statuettes of Archaic Idalion, Cyprus
Authors: Reyes A. T.
Published: September 2013

The excavations of R. H. Lang at the Temple of Apollo in Idalion in 1868 produced the largest number of Cypro-Archaic anthropomorphic bronze statuettes so far known from a single site in Cyprus. These are published here, many for the first time, and set within the context of similar material from the island, the Levant, and the Greek world.
A Mycenaean sword from Boğazköy–Hattusa found in 1991
Authors: Hansen O.
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with a bronze sword found during repair work on a road close to the Hittite capital of Hattusas in central Anatolia. It carries an Akkadian inscription stating that it was taken as booty by the Hittite king Tuthaliyas II during his campaign in the Assuwa country of western Asia Minor, c.1430 BC. The content of the inscription may be evidence of Ahhiyawan-Mycenaean Greek warfare in western Asia Minor in the Late Bronze Age, and/or of a historical background for the Trojan war.
When Was Megalopolis Founded?
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: September 2013

Pausanias' date (371) for the foundation/synoikism of the federal Arkadian capital, Megalopolis, is preferable to Diodorus' (368). But the process was spread over several years, beginning soon after the Battle of Leuktra. Diodorus' source here was not Ephorus but the ‘chronographic source’ from which Diodorus derived other material about city-foundations, synoikisms etc. The ‘battle’, after which Diodorus says the city was founded, may in the chronographer have been Leuktra itself rather than the ‘Tearless Battle’ of 368. There are no good military or political objections to the suggested dating, which avoids the need to postulate two Arcadian federalists called Proxenos, both active and prominent at much the same time.
The Şeyh Murad Mescidi at Constantinople
Authors: Ivison E.A.
Published: September 2013

The chance discovery of a unique unpublished nineteenth-century photograph in the archive of the BSA has led to the re-discovery of one of the lost Byzantine churches of Constantinople. The church, known as the Seyh Murad Mescidi, was destroyed by 1880, and is preserved only through two lithographs and descriptions. These sources are re-accessed in the light of the BSA photograph, and a Comnene date for the main part of the building is proposed, with Palaeologan additions. Previous attributions concerning the church's Byzantine dedication are examined and found wanting. An alternative dedication, to the Prophet Elisha, is suggested.
Dust and Damn'd Oblivion: A Study of Cremation in Ancient Greece
Authors: Musgrave Jonathan
Published: September 2013

In this paper – the revised text of a public lecture given in Athens on 23 February 1989 – the author reviews both the historical and anatomical evidence for identifying the occupants of the royal tombs at Vergina as: Tomb I: not known; Tomb II: Philip II and either Cleopatra or Meda; Tomb III: Alexander IV. The case for Philip III Arrhidaios and Eurydice in Tomb II is shown to be anthropologically weak. The paper also includes a catalogue of the human remains from Tomb II antechamber (Cleopatra or Meda) and Tomb III (Alexander IV). The arrival of cremation in Greece, and both Homeric and later Macedonian attitudes to the rite are also discussed. The general conclusion is that cremations are a valuable source of biological and archaeological information.
Ancient and Modern Cultivation of Lathyrus Clymenum L. in the Greek Islands
Authors: Sarpaki Anaya , Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

Types of pulse cultivated for human consumption in present-day Thera (and adjacent islands) and archaeobotanical material from Akrotiri are identified. It is suggested that they are both the same variety, not identified elsewhere as used for human consumption, suggesting it is particularly suited to the local environment.
Early Minoan and Middle Minoan pottery groups at Knossos
Authors: Cadogan G. , Day P. M. , MacDonald C. F. , MacGillivray J. A. , Momigliano N. , Whitelaw T. M. , Wilson D. E.
Published: September 2013

This paper is a summary of the results of a workshop held at Knossos in August 1992. The aims of the workshop were to examine the most coherent and reliable deposits, place them in a chronological sequence, and decide on common terminologies and definitions. This brief paper provides a framework and serves as a common introduction to various detailed studies of Knossian EM–MM pottery by the various authors which have appeared, are in press, or are forthcoming.
Sealings from the Olive Press Room, Knossos: new information from the unpublished notes of Sir Arthur Evans
Authors: Panagiotaki Marina
Published: September 2013

This paper is based mainly on an unpublished page with drawings, made by Arthur Evans, dealing with sealings recovered from the Olive Press Room, Knossos. In order to date the sealings identified through Evans's drawings, an attempt is made to place them in their correct stratigraphic perspective; this is done by studying the stratigraphy of the Olive Press Room as presented by Evans in two of his notebooks.
The correspondence of A. J. B. Wace in the library of the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens
Authors: Papadopoulos John K.
Published: September 2013

In 1986 a donation of books deriving from the library of A. J. B. Wace was presented to the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens. It was Wace's habit to keep some of his correspondence with scholars and friends in books either written by those scholars or closely connected with their work. Over fifty letters and other papers were tucked away in eight volumes, mostly dating from 1946–51 though including some earlier items. The correspondence deals with a wide range of subjects of some archaeological and historical interest, and includes several letters from Ernst Meyer, here transcribed in full. The correspondence is catalogued here, and indexes are provided.
The neolithic levels from the Throne Room system, Knossos
Authors: Manteli K. , Evely D.
Published: September 2013

Small pockets of neolithic levels were sampled during the 1987 investigation of the Throne Room System in the palace of Knossos. The limited stratigraphic evidence is here presented, as well as sections concerning the pottery, small finds, and animal bones. The most interesting point to emerge concerns the presence of Final Neolithic characteristics in the ceramic evidence that will help towards formulating an appreciation of that elusive period at Knossos.
A Late Cycladic I juglet from Therasia in the British Museum (BM 1926.4–10.9)
Authors: Economidou V.
Published: September 2013

The vase, found in Therasia in 1866, is published in detail for the first time and placed in the context of the eyed ewers from Thera. The suggested date of the vase is LC I early, contemporary with the seismic destruction level deposits at Akrotiri.
Minoan storage capacities (1): graffiti on pithoi in the Palace Magazines at Knossos
Authors: Boskamp Anton
Published: September 2013

Evidence of the Minoan Linear A script in the West Magazines at Knossos is surprisingly thin. Whereas at other important Minoan sites bookkeeping is fairly well attested, and at Hagia Triadha abundantly so, nothing has appeared from Knossos. Of the few graffiti and texts on pithoi published so far, only two are well documented. The others were published by Brice after drafts by Evans. As the latest publication (1982) still relies on Evans's drafts, it seemed reasonable to assume that the pithoi had not been examined for signs since their discovery in 1900–1. In this short article the first, and still tentative, results of such a study are published.
KUB XXIII. 13: a possible contemporary Bronze Age source for the sack of Troy/Hisarlik?
Authors: Hansen Ove
Published: September 2013

The cuneiform tablet from the Hittite capital Hattusa/Boğazköy, KUB XXIII. 13, reports Hittite warfare in western/north-western Asia Minor around 1240 BC, when the so-called Seha River Land fought against the Hittites and their king Tuthaliyas IV As the date of the war is contemporary with the sack of ‘Mycenaean’ Troy VI, there is a possibility that the conflict described in the tablet could have provided the historical background for the Iliad. Moreover, the etymology of the River Seha seems to be the same as that of the Scamander at Hisarlik, but the Dardanelles could also originally have had that name.
Vitruvius and Attic Monuments
Authors: Corso Antonio
Published: September 2013

The aims of this article are to establish the extent of Vitruvius's knowledge of Athens, the other sources of his information on the city, and his preference for Hellenistic rather than Classical monuments. The following passages are analyzed: i, 6, 4, on the Tower of the Winds; ii, 1, 5, on a hut on the Areopagus; ii, 8, 9, on a wall at Athens which looks to Mt. Hymettus and Pentelicus, to be identified perhaps with the Long Walls between Athens and the Piraeus; iii, 2, 8, on the Olympieion; iv, 8, 4, on the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Sounias; v, 9, 1, on the Colonnades of Eumenes II, on the shrine of Dionysos Eleuthereus, and on the Odeion of Perikles; vii, praef., 12, on the Parthenon and on the harbour of the Piraeus; vii, praef., 15, on the architects of the Olympieion; vii, praef., 16–17, on the telesterion of Eleusis and on the Olympieion. The conclusions are that, after having followed Caesar through Asia Minor in 47 BC, Vitruvius came back to Italy via the coast of Attica and probably stayed at Athens, and that his preference for Hellenistic monuments must be explained in terms of his education in the Hellenistic taste of Asia, and in particular of Hermogenes.
Plant diversity and storage at Mandalo, Macedonia, Greece: archaeobotanical evidence from the Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
Authors: Valamoti Soultana M. , Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

The charred plant remains from Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age levels at Mandalo, Macedonia, Greece provide evidence for a broad range of crops and wild plant resources. There is clear evidence for the storage of some of these, in particular emmer, lentils and bitter vetch, but also barley, einkorn, Celtic bean, grass pea and acorns. There is also evidence for the possible storage and use of animal dung fuel, which has not previously been reported for Greece, and for the cultivation of flax dating back to the 5th millennium BC. The diversity of plant resources will have provided a ‘buffering mechanism’ against occasional crop failure, and the relationship of this to the proposed ‘marginal colonization’ of Greece is discussed. On the basis of the species found in animal dung, it is suggested that the arable and pastoral sectors were integrated, with relatively small numbers of animals grazed locally on stubble or fallow fields.
Kat'Akrotiri on Amorgos: surface pottery from an Early Cycladic acropolis
Authors: Yiannouli Evyenia
Published: September 2013

This is a study of surface ceramic evidence (c.5,000 sherds) from an Early Cycladic acropolis on Amorgos. A fairly diversified group of domestic ware has been identified, including ‘Amorgos’ and rare types, possibly a tankard and a marble beaker or cup. Compared to stratified evidence from the Cyclades and elsewhere, the chronological range of types falls within EC I/II-EC III A, EC II being the period most heavily represented. In discussing the material with reference to the Cycladic, Helladic and Aegean contexts, attention is drawn to the role of mainland Greece in shaping the local repertory. Noteworthy are the similarities and differences between Tsountas's excavation results and the surface collection of finds retrieved from the same site. Mandres seems to have been sparsely used from the Archaic to the Byzantine periods. Panagitsa, the alluvial formation at its foothills, has yielded traces dating mainly to late antiquity.
Knossos: ‘Geometric’ tombs excavated by D. G. Hogarth, 1900
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

The six ‘Geometric’ tombs excavated by D. G. Hogarth at Knossos in April 1900 are hitherto known only from his brief report in BSA 6 (1899–1900), 82–5, with massed photographs of pottery from two rich tombs. This article offers a full publication of the fifty vases from these tombs, stored in the reserves of the Herakleion Museum. Although excavation records do not survive, all the extant pottery can be assigned with reasonable certainty to individual tombs by collating various sources, including Hogarth's own personal diary. By today's terminology, only tomb 3 contains truly Geometric material, all the others date from the Subminoan and Protogeometric periods. The tombs lie along a well-known ‘Via Appia’ of Minoan times, where Early Greek families, of at least moderate wealth, made much reuse of Minoan chamber tombs. With some evidence of continuity from the latest Minoan burials in this cemetery area, Hogarth's tombs seem to form a small nucleus with origins quite independent of the main North Cemetery under the Medical Faculty site.
‘On orderliness with respect to the prizes of war’: the Amphipolis regulation and the management of booty in the army of the last Antigonids
Authors: Juhel Pierre
Published: September 2013

The Amphipolis regulation (Amphipolis Museum, L 905 and L 908) reveals numerous clauses ruling the life of the Macedonian army, in the camp and in the field, at the time of the last Antigonids. The second paragraph of first column of fragment B (L 908) is devoted particularly to the management of booty. Study of literary sources (mainly Polybius) permits greater precision of the historical context and a new epigraphical interpretation. All the booty collected by the troops was to be returned to the King. The troops were under strict orders to deliver the whole booty to him under threat of heavy fines for their hegemones.
A New Type of Early Christian Ampulla
Authors: Hayes J. W.
Published: September 2013

A Type of small pottery flask which has so far received little attention from students of the Early Christian period appears regularly on sites of sixth- to seventh-century date throughout the eastern Mediterranean. It is fusiform in shape, with a short tubular mouth marked off from the body by a slight ridge, and tapers at the bottom to a roughly truncated point (Fig. I). In view of its general similarity in shape to the common fusiform unguentarium of Hellenistic times I have suggested elsewhere the name Late Roman Unguentarium for the type. The height of complete speciments may be estimated at c. 18–21 cm.; occasionally one meets larger examples (with small flat bases). Such a flask was obviously not meant to be stood up on its base, but is of a convenient shape and size to be clasped in the hand. One may assume that it was provided with a stopper to keep in the contents (presumably of some perishable material, since no examples survive); the ridge below the mouth may have served to secure this.
Some Pottery of the Early Iron Age from Western Macedonia
Authors: Romiopoulou Katerina
Published: September 2013

In this article I wish to present in detail a number of vases which have received only a brief mention in publication until now, or are otherwise unpublished. Most are chance finds from inhumation burials discovered during cultivation or road building. Some of the graves were slab-cists, but the majority were simple pit-graves. In some cases they were grouped together. No traces of tumuli survive, but this possibility should be considered. By comparison with material from neighbouring areas and from associated finds, this pottery can be dated to the Early Iron Age, c. 1000–700 B.C.
Athena Mattei
Authors: Waywell G. B.
Published: September 2013

The marble statue of a youthful Athena, which was once in the Mattei collection and is now in the Louvre in Paris, has long been regarded as a work of considerable beauty and charm (Plate 66a–c). It seems to be a copy of an original of the fourth century B.C., but because no other versions of the type are known there has been some hesitation in attributing it to a particular sculptural workshop.

Within the last few years the Athena Mattei has emerged as one of the most important ancient copies in existence. For in 1959 a number of bronze statues were found by chance in Piraeus, and amongst them was a magnificent bronze Athena which appears to be the original from which the statue in the Louvre was copied (Plates 67, 68a). It is the purpose of this article to investigate the relationship between the two statues and to consider the implications regarding the date and authorship both of the marble copy and of the bronze original.
Doric Capitals: A Proportional Analysis
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the way in which Greek architects designed Doric capitals. There have been earlier attempts to do this kind of thing, but the difficulty has remained of carrying conviction, of showing that the characteristics and relationships noted do not just happen accidentally but embody the intentions of the designers. This is the excuse for devoting so much of what follows to questions of procedure, to methodological objections and their rebuttal. Readers who are prepared to take such matters on trust will find the results of the investigation set out on pp. 84–93, 97–103.
The Orpheus Metope from Bassai
Authors: Picón Carlos Arturo
Published: September 2013

A fruitful combination of excavation, fieldwork, and research has in recent years increased our knowledge of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassai. In particular, the sculptured frieze which encircled the interior of the cella has been the subject of numerous studies, the most recent being the monograph by C. Hofkes-Brukker and A. Mallwitz published in 1975. The investigations made at Bassai by N. Yalouris and F. A. Cooper have produced important new evidence. As a result of the excavations conducted by Yalouris since 1959, the early history of the sanctuary and of the structures preceding the classical (‘Iktinian’) temple are reasonably clear. Furthermore, Cooper has shown that the ‘Iktinian’ building, the fourth in a series of temples to Apollo on the site, was not designed to receive pedimental sculpture, and that some, if not all, of this temple's akroteria were floral. The traditional attributions of pedimental and akroterial statues must be discarded, along with the theory that the ‘Iktinian’ building was started as early as the middle of the fifth century B.C.

Yet, despite this progress, and the fact that the temple is one of the best-preserved monuments from antiquity, many issues remain controversial. Scholars postulate several building phases for the Classical temple. The chronology of the sculptures is still debated, as is the order of the twenty-three frieze-slabs within the cella.
The Ephyraean Goblet Reviewed
Authors: Mountjoy P. A.
Published: September 2013

The type and decoration of the Ephyraean goblet and the length of its duration is discussed in the light of recent excavations. Its chronological range is defined as LH IIA–IIB/LM IB to before the end of LH IIB.
Euboean Exports to Al Mina, Cyprus, and Crete: a Reassessment
Authors: Pollard A. M. , Hatcher H. , Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

The control groups used in the earlier analysis (BSA 75 (1980) 151–61) have been enlarged. The range of suspected imports was extended with samples from Cyprus and Crete. It is concluded, as a result, that the majority of exports did originate in Euboea, though it is not possible to distinguish between kilns at Lefkandi, Chalkis, and Eretria. No conclusions were possible in the case of six sherds from Knossos. The results demonstrate early Euboean maritime enterprise.
Some Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery from Boeotian Thebes
Authors: Demakopoulou K. , Crouwel J. H.
Published: September 2013

Eight fragments of Mycenaean pictorial pottery discovered in excavations conducted by K. Demakopoulou in 1973 at 29 Pindar Street, Thebes, are described and discussed. An appendix presents a chemical analysis of the fragments. Comparison with other Mycenaean pictorial pottery and the chemical analysis leads to the same conclusion, that the first five samples were made at a Boeotian centre, not necessarily far from Thebes, while examples 6 and 7 were imported, their source being probably a centre, other than Mycenae, in the NE Peloponnese.
The Neolithic of the Dodecanese and Aegean Neolithic Culture
Authors: Sampson Adamantios
Published: September 2013

Excavations of neolithic sites in the Aegean are summarized. The essential characteristics of the Aegean Neolithic are discussed with particular reference to settlements: a series of ‘cultural units’ resulting from this discussion are analysed, and their chronology compared.
Circular Platforms at Minoan Knossos
Authors: Warren Peter
Published: September 2013

The discovery of the circular platforms at Knossos is reported. The buildings are described, and their chronology adduced. It is argued that the function of the large circular platform was as a dancing-place, and that a sign engraved on the outer visible faces of the wall blocks symbolizes the lines and zigzag crossing movements for groups in the dance, while the smaller circles were places for priestesses or musicians. Finally, the ritual significance of the dance in ancient Crete is discussed.
The Frankish Towers of Central Greece
Authors: Lock Peter
Published: September 2013

The Medieval towers of the former Duchy of Athens and Thebes—that is, the modern Nomes of Attica, Boeotia, Phokis, and Phthiotis—are described and analysed.

With reference to their siting, their architectural details, and any associated features, together with an examination of any relevant documentary material, the dating, the affinities, and the function of the towers within the feudal landscape of mainland central Greece are discussed.
Stous Athropolithous: a Minoan Site near Epano Zakro, Sitias
Authors: Brown Ann , Peatfield A. A. D.
Published: September 2013

During his travels in Crete 1894–9, Sir Arthur Evans discovered the site of Athropolithous near Epano Zakro, Sitias; he also recovered clay figurines from the site. Though never excavated, the site has figured prominently in discussions about Minoan cult places. There has arisen some confusion about its exact identification. To clarify the issue Evans's notes and the finds are published here. In addition, the classification of Athropolithous as a cult place is discussed, and is used as an example of a more rigorous approach to the identification of shrine sites.
An Early Mycenaean Fish Krater from Maroni, Cyprus
Authors: Crouwel J. H. , Morris C. E.
Published: September 2013

The fragments of an early Mycenaean pictorial krater decorated with fish from Maroni in Cyprus are discussed and illustrated. The piece is considered within the broader context of contemporary representations, and it is suggested that Minoan representations of bird and fish motifs provided the inspiration for the use of these two themes in the early stages of Mycenaean vase-painting.
A crisis in Archaeological History? The seventh century B.C. in Attica
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: September 2013

The archaeological record from the seventh century in Attica poses acute problems of interpretation. Burial conventions and burial numbers show a sharp change at the end of the eighth century; there is discontinuity in the settlement record; activity at cult sites increases quite markedly; and the manner of artistic expression changes. Simple hypotheses which connect these changes with the birth of the polis or with political and social crisis cannot explain all these changes. One way forward may be to make the change in artistic expression central to interpretation instead of marginal.
A Sardinian Askos from Crete
Authors: Vagnetti Lucia
Published: September 2013

An askos (BSA 49 [1954] 222, pl. 25:111) found by R.W. Hutchinson in Tomb 2 at Khaniale Tekke near Knossos is recognized as an export from nuragic Sardinia; similar askoi are common there in the same chronological range, c. 850–680 B.C., as that represented by the Cretan context. Although other good parallels have also been found outside Sardinia, notably at Vetulonia in Etruria, the Tekke piece is the first Sardinian artefact of the Early Iron Age to be identified in the Aegean. Its presence there is related to the Phoenician element in the complex pattern of long distance trade that preceded the arrival in Italy of the first Western Greeks.
Crowe's Tomb at Benghazi
Authors: Bailey D. M.
Published: September 2013

Many vice-consuls of Britain's imperial past found archaeological work a welcome distraction from the tedium of their official duties in remote parts of the world. Some, indeed, like Charles Newton at Mytilene and George Dennis at Palermo, Benghazi, and Smyrna, regarded the excavation and study of the antiquities of the countries in which they were based as their prime duty. Thus, Frederick H. Crowe, a predecessor of Dennis at Benghazi, wrote the following letter to Lord John Russell, then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs:

Bengazi 1 Sep. 1860.

My Lord,

I have the honour to report to your Lordship, that in the course of excavating at a place denominated by the Arabs ‘Soliman’, the site of the Ancient Greek Necropolis, situated four miles S.E. of the Town of Bengazi, I had the good fortune to discover at a distance of about 15 feet from the surface, a large vault built of solid masonry, and divided into 14 Compartments or rather Tombs.
Echelos' Hippodrome
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: September 2013

Because Echelos carries off a bride Iasile in a four-horse chariot, on a relief found at a shrine near Phaleron, most writers have thought that this relief fixes the site of the Panathenaic Hippodrome. In fact it does the exact opposite. This bride is not coming home, she is going away: Echelos lives somewhere else, Phaleron is not his territory. It belongs to the family of an otherwise unknown nymph Iasile, and a host of gods and goddesses engaged in child-care, but not to Echelos. He is a stranger making a treaty and successfully buying favours. Note that the chariot proceeds steadily uphill, so away from the sea; Hermes is guiding it, so the gods approve. He has his foot on a small hill: we shall consider later where that may be. It is a gay relief with a reminiscence of the Parthenon horses. On the other side a lady, Artemis(?), receives a bearded man, a river-god and three nymphs—the wedding reception, solemnizing the treaty.
The Beginning of Narrative Art in the Greek Geometric Period
Authors: Carter John
Published: September 2013

The very familiarity of Greek art is apt to make us take its development very much for granted. It has a beginning in the isolated silhouettes and matchstick processions of Geometric art; progresses through an ever more faithful, that is to say illusionistic, rendering of the objects of the natural world to classic formalism; goes on to the remarkable technical proficiency of the third century B.C.; and finally declines in late Hellenistic sterilities before being absorbed and transformed by Imperial Rome and the Early Christians. It seems to be a sort of organic process: birth, flowering, and death follow in such a logical and apparently inevitable fashion that it is difficult not to be seduced by the metaphor.
Attic Citizenship Decrees: A Note
Authors: Osborne Michael J.
Published: September 2013

The occurrence of formulae in Attic inscriptions is, of course, universally recognized, although it has perhaps become clear that an over-rigid approach towards them, particularly in fifth- and early fourth-century examples, is unwise. The usefulness of such formulae for restoration also depends to a certain extent on the volume and the spread of dated, or approximately dated, material available. In the case of citizenship grants the situation is particularly good since there not only exists a reasonably large and widespread set of more or less closely dated documents but the decrees themselves contain a peculiar feature which renders them especially susceptible to restoration. Indeed, there are some grounds for regarding decrees that record grants of citizenship as forming a special category among honorific decrees. The reason is that the full formula for recording the grant always consists of more than one distinct clause or element. There are always at least two clauses involved, each of which (apart from the simple statement of the grant) refers to a specific and necessary point of procedure; and each of these elements of the full formula has its own individual formula in the sense of having a distinct method of expression. Thus, in citizenship decrees, even when the form of expression within the individual elements is open to variation, the general, or over-all, formula for the grant remains the same in a given period, in that the individual elements themselves remain. For instance, in the earliest grants the total granting formula embraced two separate elements, namely the statement of the grant, and the enrolment of the recipient into a deme and tribe and phratry. Both of these elements could be (and were) expressed in slightly different ways, but the two points themselves are always present in the record. So the over-all granting formula is the same.
Formal derivation of a bilayer model coupling shallow water and Reynolds lubrication equations: evolution of a thin pollutant layer over water
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-NIETO E. D. , NARBONA-REINA G. , ZABSONRÉ J. D.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a bilayer model is derived to simulate the evolution of a thin film flow over water. This model is derived from the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations together with suitable boundary conditions including friction and capillary effects. The derivation is based on the different properties of the fluids; thus, we perform a multiscale analysis in space and time, and a different asymptotic analysis to derive a system coupling two different models: the Reynolds lubrication equation for the upper layer and the shallow water model for the lower one. We prove that the model verifies a dissipative entropy inequality up to a second-order term. Moreover, we propose a correction of the model – by taking into account the second-order extension for the pressure – that admits an exact dissipative entropy inequality. Two numerical tests are presented. In the first test, we compare the numerical results with the viscous bilayer shallow water model proposed in Narbona-Reina et al. (Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., 2009, Vol. 43, pp. 27–71). In the second test, the objective is to show some of the characteristic situations that can be studied with the proposed model. We simulate a problem of pollutant dispersion near the coast. For this test, the influence of the friction coefficient on the coastal area affected by the pollutant is studied.
Dissertations by Women in the 1972 Annual Dissertation List
Authors: Florestano Patricia S.
Published: September 2013

In a 1972 “Communications” toPSI noted that according to the annual listing of “Doctoral Dissertations in Political Science, 1971,” women had not come close to achieving parity in numbers with the male members of the profession.

Curious to see if the 1972 listing would show any sizable change, I once again divided the names by sex. The results were almost exactly the same.

Even if the list is viewed by selected subject areas, the percentage of females never goes above 13%, although it does drop as low as 7%.

According to these figures, the field in which women are most frequent has changed from U.S. Government and Politics to U.S., State and Local Government and Politics. Public Administration shows the sharpest decrease in percentage of women, while U.S. Constitutional and Administrative Law and Foreign and Comparative Politics show increases. To guess that half of the unknown names are females is risky and adds little to the total impact.
The Practitioners' Perspective
Authors: Nagel Stuart , Neal Marian
Published: September 2013

This article is designed to summarize the findings of a questionnaire directed to APSA members who indicated they held government positions when they completed a form for the 1973 APSABiographical Directory. The questionnaire was designed to determine how political science has been and can be used in federal, state, and local government agencies and in administrative, legislative, and judicial positions.

A. The Respondents and the Questions

In January, 1975, the questionnaire was mailed to the 425 APSA members who held government positions as of 1973. These persons were chosen as a good group of people to ask about the relevance of political science to government work since they are likely to be knowledgeable about both political science and government work, and are likely to be responsive to such a survey.
Even Paranoids Have Real Enemies
Authors: Diamant Alfred
Published: September 2013

Buffeted from all sides because it is not sufficiently generalizing and scientific, because it sticks to outdated notion of field research, and because it is not “relevant” to the career concerns of the average American Student, the subfield of comparative politics seems to have fallen on evil days. Peter Sackman (PSSummer 1975 vol. VIII, no. 3, 262–263) singles out the subfield for adverse comment in his report on dissertations completed and in progress. One would not quarrel with his treatment if it were justified by even the simplest tests of statistical honesty. One doubts that Mr. Sackman is out to “get” comparative politics, but if he should claim to be a friend, then the subdiscipline has not need for enemies.

In the last paragraph of his essay he notes the “marked decline of additions in category VII” (comparative politics). No quarrel with that, for it showed the largest numerical decline of any subdiscipline. But Figure I, showing dissertation increases and decreases for the subdisciplines, indicates that category IV (U.S. State and Local Government) suffered a greater percentage decline, 28% vs. 24% for comparative politics. Six of the eight subdisciplines suffered some decline. Only one, Public Administration, showed a marked increase, viz. 65%. So why single out comparative politics for special mention?
Student Power in the 1970 Elections: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Murphy William T.
Published: September 2013

The Cambodian invasion and the tragedies at Jackson and Kent State this spring led to explosions on college campuses all across the country. There was a great deal of talk of massive student intervention in the fall congressional elections and universities adopted various measures in response to the crisis. Some abandoned institutional neutrality by taking positions condemning the President's actions, others scheduled fall courses on elections and “practical politics”, while others opted for some variant of the two week “Princeton Plan” pre-election recess.

Most observers assumed that student political interest would remain high and that the student impact would be significant. By early summer university-based groups had been set up to lobby congressmen to support “end the war amendments”, to raise money for anti-war candidates, and to supply student volunteers to work actively for such candidates.
Dear Virginia
Authors: S.C.
Published: September 2013

Congratulations on your admission and fellowship for graduate work at ………. It should be the beginning of a very promising career and I'll be glad to give you whatever advice I can on the subject.

In answer to your question, there is probably less overt discrimination against women now. Graduate admissions and fellowships look fairly good on the record. And although departments are still lagging in professorial positions and salaries for women, some of them are making an effort to catch up. It shouldn't be too long before most departments have their “quota” of assistant professors. The problem now is with the subtler forms of discrimination — “Phase II” of whatever it is we are involved in. (Phase II, like Phase I, uses sex as a basis for choice, but its arguments are more sophisticated. Phase I says “A woman's place is in the home.” Phase II says “We'd like to hire a woman, but …”)
A Note on Behavioralists and Post-Behavioralists in Contemporary Political Science
Authors: Baker Kendall L. , Hajjar Sami G. , Schenker Alan Evan
Published: September 2013

In 1969 David Easton argued that a new revolution was “underway in American political science.” This revolution, which he labelled the post-behavioral revolution, is motivated by a “deep dissatisfaction with political research and teaching, especially of the kind that is striving to convert the study of politics into a more rigorously scientific discipline modelled on the methodology of the natural sciences.” Specifically, post-behavioralists, according to Easton, attack the abstractness, irrelevance, “methodological purity” and conservatism of the existing literature, and argue that political scientists as well as the associations of which they are a part, must take a more active role in the solution of contemporary social problems. In short, post-behavioralists seek to “help create a ‘new political science’ that will not be trivial or misleading.” But, what is the nature of the support within the profession for this goal? In other words, what kinds of attitudes do American political scientists hold about this new revolution? In addition, what are their views on the behavioral revolution, the other major event in the recent history of the discipline?

To answer these questions we recently conducted a mail survey of 176 political scientists in the Mountain West (i.e. Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.) Our questionnaire included twenty three items dealing with professional and related issues.