bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo and in vitro maturation of rabbit oocytes differently affects the gene expression profile, mitochondrial distribution, apoptosis and early embryo development
Authors: Arias-Álvarez M. , García-García R. M. , López-Tello J. , Rebollar P. G. , Gutiérrez-Adán A. , Lorenzo P. L.
Published: September 2016

In vivo-matured cumulus–oocyte complexes are valuable models in which to assess potential biomarkers of rabbit oocyte quality that contribute to enhanced IVM systems. In the present study we compared some gene markers of oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) from immature, in vivo-matured and IVM oocytes. Moreover, apoptosis in CCs, nuclear maturation, mitochondrial reallocation and the developmental potential of oocytes after IVF were assessed. In relation to cumulus expansion, gene expression of gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43 kDa (Gja1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) was significantly lower in CCs after in vivo maturation than IVM. In addition, there were differences in gene expression after in vivo maturation versus IVM in both oocytes and CCs for genes related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt1), tumour protein 53 (Tp53), caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease (Casp3)), oxidative response (superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (Sod2)) and metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh)). In vivo-matured CCs had a lower apoptosis rate than IVM and immature CCs. Meiotic progression, mitochondrial migration to the periphery and developmental competence were higher for in vivo-matured than IVM oocytes. In conclusion, differences in oocyte developmental capacity after IVM or in vivo maturation are accompanied by significant changes in transcript abundance in oocytes and their surrounding CCs, meiotic rate, mitochondrial distribution and apoptotic index. Some of the genes investigated, such as Gja1, could be potential biomarkers for oocyte developmental competence in the rabbit model, helping improve in vitro culture systems in these species.
Fish oil and wheat-germ oil supplementation restores ovarian function in streptozotocin-diabetic rats
Authors: Khedr Naglaa F.
Published: September 2016

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and has a profound impact on women’s reproductive health. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a mixture of fish oil (FO) and wheat-germ oil (WGO) on ovarian dysfunction in diabetic rats. Female Albino rats were divided into control, diabetic and FO–WGO-diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg kg–1 streptozotocin (STZ). Three weeks later, rats were given oral supplement of 0.4 g kg–1 oil mix (1000 mg FO + 100 mg WGO) daily for 3 weeks. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, the GSH : oxidised glutathione (GSSG) ratio and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities. Ovary function was indicated by serum concentrations of FSH, oestradiol (E2), LH, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), ovary histopathology and follicle counts. Anti-inflammatory properties were detected by measuring nuclear factor (NF)-κB in follicular cells by immunohistochemistry. FO–WGO supplementation enhanced CAT, SOD and GPx activities and raised GSH levels and the GSH : GSSG ratio. Supplementation also increased FSH, E2, LH and AMH levels and follicle counts. Moreover, NF-kB expression and MDA were reduced. These findings indicate that FO–WGO supplementation preserved ovarian function in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Spatial and temporal variations of fire regimes in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Foothills of southern Alberta
Authors: Rogeau Marie-Pierre , Flannigan Mike D. , Hawkes Brad C. , Parisien Marc-André , Arthur Rick
Published: September 2016

Like many fire-adapted ecosystems, decades of fire exclusion policy in the Rocky Mountains and Foothills natural regions of southern Alberta, Canada are raising concern over the loss of ecological integrity. Departure from historical conditions is evaluated using median fire return intervals (MdFRI) based on fire history data from the Subalpine (SUB), Montane (MT) and Upper Foothills (UF) natural subregions. Fire severity, seasonality and cause are also documented. Pre-1948 MdFRI ranged between 65 and 85 years in SUB, between 26 and 35 years in MT and was 39 years in UF. The fire exclusion era resulted in a critical departure of 197–223% in MT (MdFRI = 84–104 years). The departure in UF was 170% (MdFRI = 104 years), while regions of continuous fuels in SUB were departed by 129% (MdFRI = 149 years). The most rugged region of SUB is within its historical range of variation with a departure of 42% (MdFRI = 121 years). More mixed-severity burning took place in MT and UF. SUB and MT are in a lightning shadow pointing to a predominance of anthropogenic burning. A summer fire season prevails in SUB, but occurs from spring to fall elsewhere. These findings will assist in developing fire and forest management policies and adaptive strategies in the future.
Compartment and signal-specific codependence in the transcriptional control of
Salmonella
periplasmic copper homeostasis
Authors: Pezza Alejandro , Pontel Lucas B. , López Carolina , Soncini Fernando C.
Published: September 2016

Significance

The bacterial envelope is a specialized compartment that plays a central role in energy production, cell–cell communication, and transport of nutrients into the cell and disposal of waste or toxic cell products. Despite this central role, however, only a few signal-specific envelope-sensing transduction systems are present in a typical bacterial genome. This may limit the cellular ability to mount the appropriate response to changes in its surroundings. In this work, we establish that the coordinated interaction between a broad envelope stress transduction system and a signal-specific cytoplasmic sensor integrates a precise signal- and compartment-restricted output. These types of concerted interactions contribute to expanding the spectra of monitored conditions within the bacterial envelope, favoring bacterial fitness and survival in a challenging environment.
ERK5 kinase activity is dispensable for cellular immune response and proliferation
Authors: Lin Emme C. K. , Amantea Christopher M. , Nomanbhoy Tyzoon K. , Weissig Helge , Ishiyama Junichi , Hu Yi , Sidique Shyama , Li Bei , Kozarich John W. , Rosenblum Jonathan S.
Published: September 2016

Significance

Whole protein deletion and pharmacological inhibition are frequently used to functionally annotate enzymes. Each has limitations: whole protein deletion removes both enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions, and small molecule inhibitors can have unrecognized off-target activities. When both approaches agree, it’s nearly incontrovertible support for protein function. Here we describe a counterexample. ERK5 knockdown and inhibition supported a role for this kinase in a number of biological processes. We show that previously reported ERK5 compounds inhibit bromodomain-containing proteins (BRDs) sufficiently to account for their phenotypic effects. We describe highly specific inhibitors of ERK5 that do not inhibit BRDs. With these, we show that cellular inflammation and proliferation are not dependent on ERK5 catalytic activity, thus making ERK5 unique among the MAP kinases.
Intracellular mechanisms of molecular recognition and sorting for transport of large extracellular matrix molecules
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Ito Shinya , Nagata Kazuhiro , Sakai Lynn Y. , Bächinger Hans Peter
Published: September 2016

Significance

The discovery of Transmembrane Protein Transport and Golgi Organization 1 (TANGO1) has given insight into how large extracellular molecules like collagens are loaded into special coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles for transport. However, because there are more than 20 different collagens in humans, it is not clear how TANGO1 recognizes all collagens. In this manuscript, we show that TANGO1 does not directly interact with collagens. We show instead that the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of TANGO1 interacts with heat shock protein (Hsp) 47, a chaperone that binds to all different types of collagens. We propose a model in which Hsp47 serves as a guide molecule directing collagens to special COPII vesicles.
Knowledge appreciates your generosity: exploring a meeting point between knowledge and wisdom
Authors: Rooney David
Published: September 2016

I pay tribute to Don Lamberton in this paper by exploring the importance of generosity in knowledge systems. The purpose of this paper is to show that a range of important dynamics in knowledge systems are enhanced by generosity. I also argue that generosity is one of the meeting points between knowledge and wisdom, and that it should become an important consideration in the knowledge policy development process. It is important that we move knowledge systems closer to wisdom if we are to respond in the best ways to such major global challenges as climate change, a fragile global financial system, the emergence of new technologies, poverty, endemic military and paramilitary conflict, and global food and water security.
Experimental characterisation of the weld pool expansion in a tungsten inert gas configuration
Authors: Stadler M. , Masquère M. , Freton P. , Gonzalez J.-J.
Published: September 2016

In this study, we focus on the expansion of the weld pool in a welding process by tungsten inert gas (TIG). Use of high-speed imaging and metallographic investigations combined with electrical measurements allow us to determine the weld pool shape and dimensions evolution and the energy involved in the process for six durations of interaction (from 1 to 20 s) in a spot TIG configuration. Results show a fast increase of the weld dimensions on the first second. Otherwise, time does not seem to be an influent parameter on the weld shape. The comparison between experimental work and numerical model available in our team highlights differences between the predicted shapes and the observed ones.
Sex Differences in Growth of Channeled Whelks from Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, during One or Two Years at Liberty
Authors: Stevens Bradley G. , Peemoeller Bhae-Jin
Published: September 2016

With the southern New England lobster fishery in distress, lobster fishers have focused more effort toward harvesting channeled whelks Busycotypus canaliculatus. Melongenid whelks generally grow slowly and mature late in life—characteristics that can make them vulnerable to overfishing as exploitation increases. However, minimal research has been conducted on the life history and growth rates of channeled whelks. We captured, marked, and released more than 8,700 whelks in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, during 2010 and 2011; 314 of the marked individuals were recovered after 1 or 2 years at liberty. Whelks that were recaptured in 2011 were measured and rereleased without determining sex, whereas whelks that were recovered in 2012 were dissected for sex determination. The unsexed animals were later classified by linear discriminant analysis using growth and morphometric variables. For both male and female whelks, growth increments decreased significantly with increasing size. Size-specific growth rates were significantly greater for females than for males, and females reached larger maximum sizes than males. Furthermore, rates of growth in shell length declined significantly with increasing time at liberty, whereas growth in shell width did not; this result may have been due to differential rates of shell damage versus repair. Increased fishing pressure on whelks—combined with their slow growth rates and inability to reproduce before being harvested—can easily constrain the long-term viability of the channeled whelk fishery in Massachusetts. Therefore, current whelk fishery management practices should be revised.

Received April 3, 2015; accepted May 23, 2016
Modeling Predator–Prey Linkages of Diadromous Fishes in an Estuarine Food Web
Authors: Smith Kayla M. , Byron Carrie J. , Sulikowski James A.
Published: September 2016

Historically, multiple species of diadromous fishes served as a coastal food source for commercially valuable nearshore predators. However, severe declines in diadromous fish populations in the nearshore Gulf of Maine (GOM) have impacted trophic dynamics and increased pressure on other estuarine-dependent forage resources. The objective of this study was to compare the trophic positions and interspecific interactions of diadromous fishes as predators and prey in relation to current GOM forage fishes. Empirical biomass data along with diet compositions and vital rates were used to construct a static model of a representative GOM coastal food web: the Saco River estuary (SRE) in Maine. A series of sensitivity analyses based on model outputs was performed to determine the trophic role of diadromous fishes in this estuarine food web. Model results suggested that juvenile marine transients played a greater role as forage species for SRE predators than did the anadromous Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis and Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Due to the abundant forage fish base, Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus and Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum were estimated to have a greater trophic position than reported in past literature. Lower-trophic-level fishes functioned as keystone prey species for sturgeon. The use of holistic approaches to update the ecological data on predator–prey interactions among diadromous fishes and forage resources within coastal ecosystems is necessary for the future management of these ecologically significant and threatened species.

Received January 4, 2016; accepted May 20, 2016
Li-Yau gradient bound for collapsing manifolds under integral curvature condition
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhu Meng
Published: September 2016

Let

(

M

n

,

g

i
j

)

(\mathbf {M}^n, g_{ij})

be a complete Riemannian manifold. For any constants

p
,
 
r
>
0

p,\ r>0

, define
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="k left-parenthesis p comma r right-parenthesis equals sup Underscript x element-of upper M Endscripts r squared left-parenthesis contour-integral Underscript upper B left-parenthesis x comma r right-parenthesis Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue upper R i c Superscript minus Baseline EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d upper V right-parenthesis Superscript 1 slash p">

k
(
p
,
r
)
=

sup

x
∈
M

r
2

(

∮

B
(
x
,
r
)

|

R
i

c
−

|

p

d
V
)

1

/

p

\displaystyle k(p,r)=\sup _{x\in M}r^2\left (\oint _{B(x,r)}|Ric^-|^p dV\right )^{1/p}

, where

R
i

c
−

Ric^-

denotes the negative part of the Ricci curvature tensor. We prove that for any

p
>

n
2

p>\frac {n}{2}

, when

k
(
p
,
1
)

k(p,1)

is small enough, a certain Li-Yau type gradient bound holds for the positive solutions of the heat equation on geodesic balls

B
(
O
,
r
)

B(O,r)

in

M

\mathbf {M}

with

0
>
r
≤
1

0>r\leq 1

. Here the assumption that

k
(
p
,
1
)

k(p,1)

is small allows the situation where the manifold is collapsing. Recall that in an earlier paper by Zhang and Zhu, a certain Li-Yau gradient bound was also obtained by the authors, assuming that

|

R
i

c
−

|

∈

L
p

(

M

)

|Ric^-|\in L^p(\mathbf {M})

and the manifold is noncollapsed. Therefore, to some extent, the results in this paper, as well as the earlier one complete the picture of Li-Yau gradient bounds for the heat equation on manifolds with

|

R
i

c
−

|

|Ric^-|

being

L
p

L^p

integrable, modulo the sharpness of constants.
Asymptotic normality of linear statistics of zeros of random polynomials
Authors: Bayraktar Turgay
Published: September 2016

In this note, we prove a central limit theorem for smooth linear statistics of zeros of random polynomials which are linear combinations of orthogonal polynomials with iid standard complex Gaussian coefficients. Along the way, we obtain Bergman kernel asymptotics for weighted

L
2

L^2

-space of polynomials endowed with varying measures of the form

e

−
2
n

φ
n

(
z
)

d
z

e^{-2n\varphi _n(z)}dz

under suitable assumptions on the weight functions

φ
n

\varphi _n

.
The scale function and lattices
Authors: Willis G.
Published: September 2016

It is shown that, given a lattice

H
H

in a totally disconnected, locally compact group 

G
G

, the contraction subgroups in 

G
G

and the values of the scale function on

G
G

are determined by their restrictions to 

H
H

. Group theoretic properties intrinsic to the lattice, such as being periodic or infinitely divisible, are then seen to imply corresponding properties of 

G
G

.
Sharp estimates of radial minimizers of 𝑝–Laplace equations
Authors: Navarro Miguel Angel , Villegas Salvador
Published: September 2016

We study semi-stable, radially symmetric and decreasing solutions

u
∈

W

1
,
p

(

B
1

)

u\in W^{1,p}(B_1)

of

−

Δ
p

u
=
g
(
u
)

-\Delta _p u=g(u)

in

B
1

∖
{
0
}

B_1\setminus \{ 0\}

, where

B
1

B_1

is the unit ball of

R

N

\mathbb {R}^N

,

p
>
1

p>1

,

Δ
p

\Delta _p

is the

p
−

p-

Laplace operator and

g
g

is a general locally Lipschitz function. We establish sharp pointwise estimates for such solutions, which do not depend on the nonlinearity

g
g

. By applying these results, sharp pointwise estimates are obtained for the extremal solution and its derivatives (up to order three) of the equation

−

Δ
p

u
=
λ
f
(
u
)

-\Delta _p u=\lambda f(u)

, posed in

B
1

B_1

, with Dirichlet data

u

|

∂

B
1

=
0

u|_{\partial B_1}=0

, where the nonlinearity

f
f

is an increasing

C
1

C^1

function with

f
(
0
)
>
0

f(0)>0

and

lim

t
→
+
∞

f
(
t
)

t

p
−
1

=
+
∞
.

\lim _{t\rightarrow +\infty }{\frac {f(t)}{t^{p-1}}}=+\infty .
Combinatorial description of jumps in spectral networks defined by quadratic differentials
Authors: Frolova Anastasia , Vasil’ev Alexander
Published: September 2016

We describe a graph parametrization of rational quadratic differentials with presence of a simple pole, whose critical trajectories form a network depending on parameters focusing on the network topological jumps. Obtained bifurcation diagrams are associated with the Stasheff polytopes.
Interval decomposition of infinite zigzag persistence modules
Authors: Botnan Magnus
Published: September 2016

We show that every pointwise finite-dimensional infinite zigzag persistence module decomposes into a direct sum of interval persistence modules.
Weak compactness of sublevel sets
Authors: Moors Warren
Published: September 2016

In this paper we provide a short proof of the fact that if

X
X

is a Banach space and

f
:
X
→

R

∪
{
∞
}

f:X \to \mathbb {R} \cup \{\infty \}

is a proper function such that

f
−

x
∗

f-x^*

attains its minimum for every

x
∗

∈

X
∗

x^* \in X^*

, then all the sublevels of

f
f

are relatively weakly compact. This result has many applications.
The absence of global positive solutions to semilinear parabolic differential inequalities in exterior domain
Authors: Sun Yuhua
Published: September 2016

We are concerned with the absence of global positive solutions to certain semi-linear parabolic differential inequalities in exterior domains with nontrivial boundary condition. Assuming that the boundary value is positive, we determine the critical value of the exponent of a nonlinear term, which is responsible for the nonexistence of a solution. In the case of vanishing boundary value, the critical exponent was previously found by G. Laptev (2003) and has a smaller value.
On operators satisfying the generalized Cauchy-Schwarz inequality
Authors: Choi Hanna , Kim Yoenha , Ko Eungil
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we introduce the generalized Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for an operator

T
∈

L
(
H
)

T\in {\mathcal {L(H)}}

and investigate various properties of operators which satisfy the generalized Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. In particular, every

p
p

-hyponormal operator satisfies this inequality. We also prove that if

T
∈

L
(
H
)

T\in {\mathcal {L(H)}}

satisfies the generalized Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, then

T
T

is paranormal. As an application, we show that if both

T
T

and

T

∗

T^{\ast }

in

L
(
H
)

{\mathcal {L(H)}}

satisfy the generalized Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, then

T
T

is normal.
Permutation modules for the symmetric group
Authors: Franchi Clara , Ivanov Alexander , Mainardis Mario
Published: September 2016

In this paper we present a general method for computing the irreducible components of the permutation modules of the symmetric groups over a field

F
F

of characteristic

0
0

. We apply this machinery to determine the decomposition into irreducible submodules of the

F
[

S
n

]

F[S_n]

-permutation module on the right cosets of the normaliser in

S
n

S_n

of the subgroup generated by a permutation of type

(
3
,
3
)

(3,3)

.
Neurite outgrowth is driven by actin polymerization even in the presence of actin polymerization inhibitors
Authors: Chia Jonathan X. , Efimova Nadia , Svitkina Tatyana M.
Published: September 2016

Actin polymerization is a universal mechanism to drive plasma membrane protrusion in motile cells. One apparent exception to this rule is continuing or even accelerated outgrowth of neuronal processes in the presence of actin polymerization inhibitors. This fact, together with the key role of microtubule dynamics in neurite outgrowth, led to the concept that microtubules directly drive plasma membrane protrusion either in the course of polymerization or by motor-driven sliding. The possibility that unextinguished actin polymerization drives neurite outgrowth in the presence of actin drugs was not explored. We show that cultured hippocampal neurons treated with cytochalasin D or latrunculin B contained dense accumulations of branched actin filaments at ∼50% of neurite tips at all tested drug concentrations (1–10 μM). Actin polymerization is required for neurite outgrowth because only low concentrations of either inhibitor increased the length and/or number of neurites, whereas high concentrations inhibited neurite outgrowth. Of importance, neurites undergoing active elongation invariably contained a bright F-actin patch at the tip, whereas actin-depleted neurites never elongated, even though they still contained dynamic microtubules. Stabilization of microtubules by Taxol treatment did not stop elongation of cytochalasin–treated neurites. We conclude that actin polymerization is indispensable for neurite elongation.
Queer International Relations
Authors: Richter-Montpetit Melanie , Weber Cynthia
Published: September 2016

Queer International Relations (IR) is not a new field. For more than 20 years, Queer IR scholarship has focused on how normativities and/or non-normativities associated with categories of sex, gender, and sexuality sustain and contest international formations of power in relation to institutions like heteronormativity, homonormativity, and cisnormativity as well as through queer logics of statecraft. Recently, Queer IR has gained unprecedented traction in IR, as IR scholars have come to recognize how Queer IR theory, methods, and research further IR’s core agenda of analyzing and informing the policies and politics around state and nation formation, war and peace, and international political economy. Specific Queer IR research contributions include work on sovereignty, intervention, security and securitization, torture, terrorism and counter-insurgency, militaries and militarism, human rights and LGBT activism, immigration, regional and international integration, global health, transphobia, homophobia, development and International Financial Institutions, financial crises, homocolonialism, settler colonialism and anti-Blackness, homocapitalism, political/cultural formations, norms diffusion, political protest, and time and temporalities
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: An Overview
Authors: Rapoport David C.
Published: September 2016

Global terror began in the 1880s, but it took a century before a few scholars began to understand its peculiar dynamic. One reason for the difficulty was that many scholars and government officials had “historical amnesia.” When they saw it disappear, they assumed it had become part of history and no longer had contemporary relevance. But global terror disappears and then reappears. Another reason they failed to understand the pattern is that the concept of generation was rarely used to describe politics, a concept that requires one to recognize the importance of life cycles. Modern global terror comes in the form of waves precipitated by major political events that have important global significance. A wave consists of a variety of groups with similar tactics and purposes that alter the domestic and international scenes. Four very different waves have materialized: the Anarchist, the Anti-Colonial, the New Left, and the Religious. The first three have been completed and lasted around 40 years; the fourth is now in its third decade, and if it follows the rhythm of its predecessors, it should be over in the mid-2020s, but a fifth wave may emerge thereafter.
Sweden and the European Union
Authors: Johansson Karl Magnus
Published: September 2016

Membership in the European Union (EU) entails adjustments or changes in national democracies. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, and EU membership has given rise to controversies in the public debate as well as in the academic community.

In an effort to legitimize membership in the public debate, the consequences in terms of sovereignty were summarized in the official Swedish discourse on EU membership as a loss in formal sovereignty but an increase in real sovereignty. This entailed a reinterpretation of popular sovereignty, as stipulated by the Swedish constitution, as well as of democracy, implying that efficiency or problem-solving capacity was emphasized more than procedural democracy.

The controversy surrounding the question of influence came to the fore in connection with the euro referendum in 2003. While some argued that remaining outside the euro would come with a political price—marginalization—others emphasized the lack of evidence for such effects. To some extent, this remains a moot point, not least as a result of the expansion and importance of the euro zone.

Another salient question is whether or not there is political opposition, that is, conflict rather than consensus in EU affairs. Research claims that (allegedly almost nonexistent) previous research had underestimated the degree of political opposition or conflict, notably in parliament. Moreover, results suggest that there is variation in EU opposition across time and policy areas.

In addition there are different interpretations of either decentering or centering effects. Whereas some claim that fragmentation or decentralization is the central feature of the Europeanization of the Swedish state, other researchers submit that the predominant tendency is rather centralization, as the demands of EU decision making—not least EU summitry—on national policy coordination have been a principal driving factor in this process.

These are main themes in the debate over the EU and EU membership in Sweden. Included here are a series of analytical narratives and counternarratives, as well as a discussion of important implications for the national democracy and for the distribution or redistribution of power among domestic political actors therein.
Urochordate Nervous Systems
Authors: Ryan Kerrianne , Meinertzhagen Ian A.
Published: September 2016

Urochordates are chordate siblings that comprise the following marine invertebrates: the sessile Ascidiaceae, or sea squirts; planktonic Larvacea; and the pelagic salps, doliolids, and pyrosomes (collectively the Thaliacea), each more beautiful than the next. Tadpole larvae of ascidians and adult larvaceans both have a body plan that is chordate, with a notochord and dorsal, tubular nervous system that forms from a neural plate. Thalaciacea have a ganglion developed from a tubular structure, which has been compared to the vertebrate mes-metencephalic region, and while salps have well developed eyes, other anterior brain components are absent, and the connections within their central nervous system, as well as the neurobiology of other Thaliacea are all little reported. The ascidian tadpole larva is extensively reported, especially in the model species Ciona intestinalis, as is the caudal nerve cord in the larvacean Oikopleura dioica.

Chordate features that share proposed homology with vertebrate features include ciliary photoreceptors that hyperpolarize to light, descending decussating motor pathways that resemble Mauthner cell pathways, coronet cells in the ascidian larva and saccus vasculosus of fishes, the neural canal’s Reissner’s fiber; secondary mechanoreceptors that resemble hair cells; and ascidian bipolar cells that are like dorsal root ganglion cells.
Inclusive Education and European Educational Policy
Authors: Watkins Amanda
Published: September 2016

The concept of inclusive education and the way it is considered within the educational policy frameworks of European countries have changed and are still changing. Inclusive education is increasingly being understood as a systemic approach to education for all learners of any age; the goal is to provide all learners with meaningful, high-quality educational opportunities in their local community, alongside their friends and peers.

There is a need to examine the policy of inclusive education, both its recent changes and its future direction, that European countries are undertaking, highlighting implications for both practitioners and academic researchers. Such an examination should not focus on practice—that is, the actual implementation of country policy—or on academic research into policy or practice for inclusive education in countries. Rather, it should focus on recent policy developments that are shaping practice in European schools, as well as potential future developments. The key messages emerging from a consideration of the European experience are highly applicable to other global regions.
LGBTQ Issues and US Foreign Relations
Authors: Tiemeyer Phil
Published: September 2016

The impact of LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) issues on U.S. foreign relations is an understudied area, and only a handful of historians have addressed these issues in articles and books. Encounters with unexpected and condemnable (to European eyes) sexual behaviors and gender comportment arose from the first European forays into North America. As such, subduing heterodox sexual and gender expression has always been part of the colonizing endeavor in the so-called New World, tied in with the mission of civilizing and Christianizing the indigenous peoples that was so central to the forging of the United States and pressing its territorial expansion across the continent. These same impulses accompanied the further U.S. accumulation of territory across the Pacific and the Caribbean in the late 19th century, and they persisted even longer and further afield in its citizens’ missionary endeavors across the globe. During the 20th century, as the state’s foreign policy apparatus grew in size and scope, so too did the notions of homosexuality and transgender identity solidify as widely recognizable identity categories in the United States. Thus, it is during the 20th and 21st centuries, with ever greater intensity as the decades progressed, that one finds important influences of homosexuality and gender diversity on U.S. foreign policy: in immigration policies dating back to the late 19th century, in the Lavender Scare that plagued the State Department during the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies, in more contemporary battles between religious conservatives and queer rights activists that have at times been exported to other countries, and in the increasing intersections of LGBTQ rights issues and the War on Terror that has been waged primarily in the Middle East since September 11, 2001.
Translating José María Heredia
Authors: Luciani Frederick
Published: September 2016

The Cuban poet José María Heredia (1803–1839) spent twenty months exiled to the United States because of his involvement in pro-independence conspiracies. In that time, Heredia wrote a prodigious number of poems and letters, which are the subject of an ongoing scholarly project undertaken by Frederick Luciani of Colgate University. Luciani’s work involves more than translating these poems and letters into English—it examines Heredia’s stay in North America against the background of political and historical events, and traces the matrices of his connections with key figures, literary and otherwise, in Cuba and the United States. Questions that have surfaced through the translation process and scrutiny of this period of Heredia’s life include the relationship between Heredia’s poetry and his letters; the value of his letters as a form of travel literature; the contradictions inherent in his exilic condition; the ambiguity of his political sentiments; the nature of the networks that joined 19th-century Anglo-American and Hispanic writers, translators, and scholars; and the challenges and opportunities that Heredia’s life and work pose for readers, translators, and scholars today.
Digital Resources: Getty Research Institute Digital Exhibitions and Portals for Mexico
Authors: Saxon Jonathan
Published: September 2016

The Getty Research Institute (GRI) has an extensive collection of online digital resources, with two portals that focus on Mexico. The first portal discussed in this article is A Nation Emerges: Sixty-five Years of Photography in Mexico, and the second portal discussed is Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Mexican Art and Archaeology. These portals are the online versions of GRI exhibitions. Viewers of A Nation Emerges: Sixty-five Years of Photography in Mexico will find numerous primary sources, mostly photographs, related to major historical events from 1857 to 1923. This will serve as a useful resource for scholars and students interested in photohistory. The online exhibition Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Mexican Art and Archaeology offers a wealth of online digitized images related to Aztec art, culture, and archaeology.

Although A Nation Emerges: Sixty-five Years of Photography in Mexico contains superb resources, the site is difficult to navigate and can result in viewers missing much of what it offers. Therefore, this article provides a road map of sorts with the goal of helping scholars and students save valuable time during the research process. This guide will greatly streamline the user experience for those navigating A Nation Emerges: Sixty-five Years of Photography in Mexico. In fact, readers may want to consider having access to this article while they are navigating the particular portal.

On the other hand, viewers will find Obsidian Mirror-Travels: Refracting Mexican Art and Archaeology much easier to navigate. As such, a general overview, rather than a detailed guide is provided for this portal to allow users to direct their research with efficiency and accuracy when navigating the site.

The article concludes with a brief discussion in the “Digitized Resources” section, of the literature, methodology, and historiography of photohistory.
Sheep Sovereignties: The Colonization of the Falkland Islands/Malvinas, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego, 1830s–1910s
Authors: Harambour-Ross Alberto
Published: September 2016

From the moment the expedition of Magellan gave Patagonia its name, it became a land where European fantasies and fears dwelled. A no man’s land inhabited by giant anthropophagites located at the antipodes of civilization, this steppe swept by icy winds was not transformed into a colonial setting until the 19th century. The territory then became the object of an ongoing territorial dispute between the new states of Argentina and Chile, whose efforts to establish sovereignty as landowners languished until the late 1870s. Nomadic indigenous sovereignties had faced slow Western expansion on the continent; here, they were swiftly replaced by sheep. On the continent, the Tehuelche were displaced; on the island of Tierra del Fuego, the Selknam faced extermination. Sheep sovereignty, fully integrated into imperial networks, was the driving force behind local state building. Just as the British pastoral colonization of the Falkland Islands conditioned any possibility of permanent presence in the South Atlantic, the sheep industry, arriving swiftly in the shape of capital, persons, and animals, allowed for the Argentinization and Chileanization of what was once the frontier of civilization. In this sense, the occupation of the Falklands/Malvinas, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego may be considered successive colonial processes that form part of the same frontier drive as the Empire in capital.
Dominican Baseball and Latin American Pluralism, 1969–1974
Authors: Yoder April
Published: September 2016

Record-setting Dominican attendance at the championship game of the 1969 Amateur Baseball World Series attested to the local and international stakes in the competition between the United States and Cuba. Both teams reached the final game of the round-robin tournament, having defeated all nine of the opposing teams representing nations and government systems as varied as Nicaragua’s rightest dictatorship, the Dutch Antilles’ constitutional commonwealth, and Venezuela’s guerrilla-threatened democracy. Dominican sportswriters described the game as a competition between two opposing government systems and two conflicting sporting systems: the decentralized, largely privatized U.S. system that used amateur ball as a stepping stone to professionalism and the Cuban system that developed state amateurs who educated themselves, worked, and played ball in the service of the nation. The meeting between the U.S. and Cuban teams in the Dominican Republic suggested that the systems might coexist at a time when the Dominican government headed by President Joaquín Balaguer began to experiment with new models for political and economic development. Balaguer used the domestic openness and conciliatory attitude toward Cuba to legitimate controversial economic policies and submerge political discontent through national projects around international events like the Amateur World Series in 1969 and the XII Central American and Caribbean Games in 1974. With the international stage provided by the sporting events, Balaguer offered his Third Way as a model for Latin America. This local pluralism, though brief and perhaps disingenuous, allowed Balaguer to project himself and the Dominican Republic as leaders in a movement for Latin America solidarity built on pluralism and respect for sovereignty.
Digital Resources: Massacres and the Evolution of the Colombian War
Authors: Parra Óscar
Published: September 2016

Since 1982 there have been at least 2,000 massacres in Colombia committed by different illegal groups and by members of the Colombian army and police. The development of the conflict in Colombia has a direct relation with the causes and consequences of these crimes, perpetrated in most cases by paramilitary armies, associated to varying degrees with the cocaine trade. Paramilitary groups were a counterinsurgency force organized by the State, or independent, and supported economically by drug cartels and some landowners and businessmen.

Although guerrilla armies, insurgency, and communist groups created mostly in the 1960s perpetrated several massacres, these crimes were systematically used primarily by paramilitary groups to terrorize people in places where they had a particular interest, such as drug trafficking or vying for political power. In its book ¡Basta ya!, the Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica has documented that 59% of the massacres were committed by paramilitary groups and 17% by guerrillas.

Rutas del Conflicto is a project created by journalists that marks the evolution of these groups through more than 30 years of war. Using mapping and timeline tools developed especially for the project, it has documented more than 700 of these crimes, displaying the degree to which the tragedy has affected the lives of millions of people in Colombia.
Munda Languages
Authors: Anderson Gregory D. S.
Published: September 2016

The Munda language family constitutes the westernmost branch of the widespread Austroasiatic language family. Munda formerly was considered sister to the rest of the phylum, then known as Mon-Khmer, but this has been revised, and Munda is considered as Austroasiatic as any other branch. The internal classification of the Munda languages is still disputed, but a clear North Munda group exists and is uncontroversial. Other higher-order internal divisions remain disputed, although low-level groups like Sora-Gorum or Gutob-Remo are clear and accepted by almost all researchers today.

Phonologically speaking, Munda languages make extensive use of glottal stop and pre-glottalized stops, nasal vowels, and retroflexion. Word level prosody shows Austroasiatic features with an overlay of South Asian areal features on the phrase level. Register and tone have been reported for individual languages such as creaky voice in Gorum and a low tone in Korku.

Nouns in Munda languages may encode a range of grammatical and local cases, person and number of possessors, and covert distinctions of animacy in agreement and other morphosyntactic features. Verbs in Munda languages can be quite complex, with subject and object as well as TAM encoding, transitivity, finiteness, etc. Kherwarian languages stand out in this regard as well as for the distributional facts of the subject clitics, where the preferred locus is enclitic to the word immediately preceding the verb. Systems of negation can be very complicated and show unexpected interactions with TAM marking in languages like Gutob.

Syntactically, Munda languages show many typical South Asian features such as verb-final structure, as well as non-finite structures, and in some cases switch reference systems or noun incorporation.

The current sociolinguistic and demographic contexts of the different Munda languages range from expanding and healthy with official status in the case of Santali to seriously endangered in the case of Gorum.
Georg von der Gabelentz
Authors: McElvenny James
Published: September 2016

The German sinologist and general linguist Georg von der Gabelentz (1840–1893) occupies an interesting place at the intersection of several streams of linguistic scholarship at the end of the 19th century. As Professor of East Asian languages at the University of Leipzig from 1878 to 1889 and then Professor for Sinology and General Linguistics at the University of Berlin from 1889 until his death, Gabelentz was present at some of the main centers of linguistics at the time. He was, however, generally critical of mainstream historical-comparative linguistics as propagated by the neogrammarians, and instead emphasized approaches to language inspired by a line of researchers including Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), H. Steinthal (1823–1899), and his own father, Hans Conon von der Gabelentz (1807–1874).

Today Gabelentz is chiefly remembered for several theoretical and methodological innovations which continue to play a role in linguistics. Most significant among these are his contributions to cross-linguistic syntactic comparison and typology, grammar-writing, and grammaticalization. His earliest linguistic work emphasized the importance of syntax as a core part of grammar and sought to establish a framework for the cross-linguistic description of word order, as had already been attempted for morphology by other scholars. The importance he attached to syntax was motivated by his engagement with Classical Chinese, a language almost devoid of morphology and highly reliant on syntax. In describing this language in his 1881 Chinesische Grammatik, Gabelentz elaborated and implemented the complementary “analytic” and “synthetic” systems of grammar, an approach to grammar-writing that continues to serve as a point of reference up to the present day. In his summary of contemporary thought on the nature of grammatical change in language, he became one of the first linguists to formulate the principles of grammaticalization in essentially the form that this phenomenon is studied today, although he did not use the current term. One key term of modern linguistics that he did employ, however, is “typology,” a term that he in fact coined. Gabelentz’s typology was a development on various contemporary strands of thought, including his own comparative syntax, and is widely acknowledged as a direct precursor of the present-day field.

Gabelentz is a significant transitional figure from the 19th to the 20th century. On the one hand, his work seems very modern. Beyond his contributions to grammaticalization avant la lettre and his christening of typology, his conception of language prefigures the structuralist revolution of the early 20th century in important respects. On the other hand, he continues to entertain several preoccupations of the 19th century—in particular the judgment of the relative value of different languages—which were progressively banished from linguistics in the first decades of the 20th century.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Brazeal B. Michelle , MacNeil Gordon
Published: September 2016

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating anxiety problem. This article reviews the characteristics, etiology, prevalence, and assessment of OCD and presents information on the efficacy of psychological, pharmacological, and combined treatments for this disorder. Early intervention that includes pharmacological agents (typically SSRIs) as well as behavioral and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies (particularly exposure and response prevention) is the preferred method of intervening with OCD.
MeSHDD: Literature-based drug-drug similarity for drug repositioning
Authors: Brown Adam S , Patel Chirag J
Published: September 2016

Objective: Drug repositioning is a promising methodology for reducing the cost and duration of the drug discovery pipeline. We sought to develop a computational repositioning method leveraging annotations in the literature, such as Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms.

Methods: We developed software to determine significantly co-occurring drug-MeSH term pairs and a method to estimate pair-wise literature-derived distances between drugs.

Results We found that literature-based drug-drug similarities predicted the number of shared indications across drug-drug pairs. Clustering drugs based on their similarity revealed both known and novel drug indications. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by generating repositioning hypotheses for the commonly used diabetes drug metformin.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that literature-derived similarity is useful for identifying potential repositioning opportunities. We provided open-source code and deployed a free-to-use, interactive application to explore our database of similarity-based drug clusters (available at http://apps.chiragjpgroup.org/MeSHDD/).
A cold neutron star in the transient low-mass X-ray binary HETE J1900.1–2455 after 10 yr of active accretion
Authors: Degenaar N. , Ootes L.S. , Reynolds M.T. , Wijnands R. , Page D.
Published: September 2016

The neutron star low-mass X-ray binary and intermittent millisecond X-ray pulsar HETE J1900.1–2455 returned to quiescence in late 2015, after a prolonged accretion outburst of ≃10 yr. Using a Chandra observation taken ≃180 d into quiescence, we detect the source at a luminosity of ≃4.5 × 1031 (D/4.7 kpc)2 erg s−1 (0.5–10 keV). The X-ray spectrum can be described by a neutron star atmosphere model with a temperature of ≃54 eV for an observer at infinity. We perform thermal evolution calculations based on the 2016 quiescent data and a ≲98 eV temperature upper limit inferred from a Swift observation taken during an unusually brief (≲2 weeks) quiescent episode in 2007. We find no evidence in the present data that the thermal properties of the crust, such as the heating rate and thermal conductivity, are different than those of non-pulsating neutron stars. Finding this neutron star so cold after its long outburst imposes interesting constraints on the heat capacity of the stellar core; these become even stronger if further cooling were to occur.