bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Men Who Seek Protection Orders Against Female Intimate Partners
Authors: Mele Marie , Roberts James C. , Wolfer Loreen
Published: July 2011

Whereas intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by men against women has been studied at length, relatively little attention has been given to violence perpetrated by women against their male intimate partners. This study represents one of relatively few attempts to better understand the experiences of male IPV victims. Specifically, this study explored the characteristics of men who obtain and withdraw a protection order against a female intimate partner, in comparison to those men who obtain and do not withdraw the order. We also looked at the reasons men cite for obtaining and withdrawing a protection order and the types of relief granted by the court. Findings from this study revealed that men who requested protection from abuse (PFA) against female intimate partners experienced a pattern of victimization prior to their requests for protection, including physical, psychological, or emotional abuse. Although, each of these men sought and was granted a “no abuse, stalk, or threaten” order, few of them were able to obtain temporary custody of children they had in common with the defendant, nor were they successful in getting defendants evicted from the home or getting the court to order defendants to relinquish their firearms. A comparison of men who withdrew their PFAs to those who did not withdraw them suggested that men who did not withdraw their PFAs perceived their abusive situations as being more serious. Implications for future research are discussed.
The Survivor Moms’ Companion: Feasibility, Safety, and Acceptability of a Posttraumatic Stress Specific Psychoeducation Program for Pregnant Survivors of Childhood Maltreatment and Sexual Trauma
Authors: Sperlich Mickey , Seng Julia S. , Rowe Heather , Cameron Heather , Harris Anna , McCracken Angela , Rauch Sheila A. M. , Bell Susan A.
Published: July 2011

Pregnant women with history of abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have increased risk of adverse mental health and childbearing outcomes. The Survivor Moms’ Companion (SMC) is a psychoeducation program designed to meet the needs of women abuse survivors affected by PTSD during the childbearing year. This article reports on the feasibility, safety, and acceptability findings of an open pilot. Participants completed 10 self-study modules and structured tutoring sessions, and completed self-report measures, including reports of tutor fidelity to the manual, repeated assessment of PTSD symptoms, Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) scores, and evaluation interviews. Results indicate that the intervention can be implemented within low-resource settings with high level of fidelity to the manual. Monitoring of PTSD symptom level and distress indicate that the intervention is safe. Participants report satisfaction with the format and content and appreciation for the tutoring component. The SMC appears to be feasible, safe, and acceptable.
An Observational Study to Explore the Power and Effect of the Labor Ward Culture on Consent to Intrapartum Procedures
Authors: Marshall Jayne E. , Fraser Diane M. , Baker Philip N.
Published: July 2011

AIM:To explore the concept of informed consent to intrapartum procedures within a hospital labor ward.

DESIGN:An ethnographic study using participant observation and follow-up semistructured interviews with women and the attending midwives. Data analysis used principles of grounded theory assisted by the computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) package, Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching, and Theorizing (NUD*IST). The study was approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:100 healthy English-speaking women in spontaneous labor who were to give birth within the labor ward of a large teaching hospital in England and the attending health professionals.

FINDINGS:

•

The fragmented Western technocratic model of childbirth affected gaining informed consent to intrapartum procedures within the labor ward environment.

•

Midwives and women adopted certain stereotypical roles relating to how information was given and decisions made about intrapartum procedures.

•

Not all women wanted to be fully informed about intrapartum care and procedures and trusted the midwife or doctor to make decisions, especially concerning the health of their newborn.

•

Where a birth plan had been completed, women felt valued and enabled by having contributed to decisions made about their care.

CONCLUSIONS:The study revealed that true choices to childbearing women were limited andinformedconsent was rarely obtained. Further exploration is required to establish the optimal timing of information disclosure to gain consent to intrapartum practices prior to the onset of labor, because during labor is not ideal. The 2 typologies may be used by midwives to examine how the culture of the birthing environment can affect women’s choice and the obtaining of informed consent to intrapartum procedures, especially where care is fragmented. Until birth is viewed through a holistic birthing model, health professionals will continue to control the birth experience. However, what is provided in practice should be congruent with the needs and expectations of childbearing women.
The Ethical Dangers of Deliberative Decision Making
Authors: Zhong Chen-Bo
Published: July 2011

Research on ethical decision making has been heavily influenced by normative decision theories that view intelligent choices as involving conscious deliberation and analysis. Recent developments in moral psychology, however, suggest that moral functions involved in ethical decision making are metaphorical and embodied. The research presented here suggests that deliberative decision making may actually increase unethical behaviors and reduce altruistic motives when it overshadows implicit, intuitive influences on moral judgments and decisions. Three lab experiments explored the potential ethical dangers of deliberative decision making. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that deliberative decision making, activated by a math problem-solving task or by simply framing the choice as a decision rather than an intuitive reaction, increased deception in a one-shot deception game. Experiment 3—which activated systematic thinking or intuitive feeling about the choice to donate to a charity—found that deliberative decision making could also decrease altruism. These findings highlight the potential ethical downsides of a rationalistic approach toward ethical decision making and call for a better understanding of the intuitive nature of moral functioning.
When Firms are Desperate to Grow via Acquisition: The Effect of Growth Patterns and Acquisition Experience on Acquisition Premiums
Authors: Kim Ji-Yub (Jay) , Haleblian Jerayr (John) , Finkelstein Sydney
Published: July 2011

In this paper we draw on work in behavioral learning theory and risk taking to examine whether firms desperate for growth overpay for acquisitions, and we develop a theory of desperation in the context of growth. We suggest two key drivers of such desperation: (1) when a firm's organic growth is low, paying handsomely for acquisitions may be one of the few options for growth, and (2) when a firm becomes dependent on acquisitions for continuing growth, it is vulnerable to overpaying for acquisitions. Although pressures to grow via acquisition can be intense, we also test whether the benefits of acquisition experience—from both acquirers and their advisors—help to prevent overpayment caused by desperation. We test these ideas in a sample of firms in the banking industry between 1994 and 2005. Consistent with this theory of desperation, our results showed that firms desperate for growth are more likely to pay high acquisition premiums. Our findings on the moderating role of acquisition experience showed that advisors' acquisition experience is more helpful than acquirers' own acquisition experience in preventing desperate acquirers from overpaying for a target.
Preoperative assessment of the immunocompromised patient
Authors: Neskovic Vojislava
Published: July 2011

In some surgical patients immunosuppression is easily apparent and directly
caused by known underlying disease or treatment. In others, although induced
by the underlying disease, immunosuppression may be less obvious.
Perioperative management of immunocompromised patient is mostly directed by
the fact that immunosuppression itself does not cause pathology, but does
leave the patient prone to infection. Immunodeficiency can be broadly
characterized as congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary). The majority
of immune deficiencies that are of interest to the anaesthetist are acquired.
They can be present both in children and adults, in a huge variety of
patients that are presented preoperatively. Most of them do not require
different than usual perioperative anaesthetic management. However, in some
of them specific aspects of treatment should be considered, such as HIV
infected, cancer, transplant patients, and those scheduled for organ
transplantation.
Influence of air pollution on pregnant women’s health and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Stankovic Aleksandra , Mitrovic Vladimir , Zivadinovic Radomir
Published: July 2011

Summary Outdoor and indoor air pollution pollutants can be a potential cause
to a lot of negative effects on the health of pregnant women and outcome of
pregnancy. The objective of this paper was to estimate the influence of
outdoor and indoor air pollution on the health of pregnant women and outcome
of pregnancy. Material and Methods The study subjects were the pregnant
women, non-smokers, who were not professionally exposed to air pollution.
They were divided into the exposed group (n=189) and control group (n=178)
during the exposure to outdoor air pollution. The data on exposure to sources
of indoor air pollution (smoke produced by burning fossil fuels and passive
smoking) during pregnancy were obtained from the questionnaire. Data on
health condition and outcome of pregnancy were obtained from medical records
of tested pregnant women. Results. The research results have shown that the
frequency of anemia (OR=6.76; 95% CI=1.28-7.72), upper respiratory symptoms
(OR=9.53; 95% CI=1.32-3.8) and bleeding (OR=20.5; 95% CI=2.03-6.97) was
significantly higher in pregnant women exposed to outdoor air pollution as
compared with the control group. The occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms
(OR=40.42; 95% CI=2.96-8.91) and bleeding (OR=53.21; 95% CI=4.3-15.73) was
significantly higher in pregnant women who had been exposed to fossil fuel
smoke. Exposure to passive smoking had significant influence on the
development of upper respiratory symptoms (OR=34.58; 95% CI=3.05-11.66).
Cavernous hemangioma of the lung
Authors: Lovrenski Aleksandra , Panjkovic Milana , Eri Zivka , Klem Istvan , Samardzija Golub , Milic Miljan
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Cavernous hemangiomas are benign vascular tumours rarely
described in the lungs. Symptoms include respiratory distress, cardiac
failure and massive haemoptysis, but they are mostly asymptomatic. Case
report. A 67-year-old woman was referred to our institute and treated for
pneumonia. A computed tomography scan of the thorax showed an infiltrative
mass about 46mm in its greatest dimension in the right upper lobe. The mass
was in contact with the mediastinal pleura. Since bronchial biopsy and FNAC
did not reveal the aetiology of the lesion, the video-assisted thoracic
surgery with right anterolateral thoracotomy and enucleation was performed.
The intraoperative and postoperative patohistological study showed cavernous
hemangioma and this diagnosis was confirmed on immunohistochemical staining.
Conclusion. In spite of its benign behaviour and mostly asymptomatic clinical
course it is necessary to consider cavernous hemangioma in the differential
diagnosis of other pulmonary lesions. The definitive diagnosis can be made
only by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination.
Ligament Balancing for Total Ankle Arthroplasty: An in vitro Evaluation of the Elongation of the Hind- and Midfoot Ligaments
Authors: Merian Marc , Glisson Richard R. , Nunley James A.
Published: July 2011

Background:

The changes in length of the hindfoot ligaments in response to alterations in ankle and subtalar joint orientation under physiologic load in eight fresh-frozen cadaver limbs were documented.

Results:

In eversion, the tibiocalcaneal (11% ± 4%, mean ± SD], calcaneofibular (6% ± 4%), posterior talofibular (7% ± 4%), posterolateral talocalcaneal (21% ± 9%), posteromedial talocalcaneal (33% ± 45%) and calca-neonavicular (bifurcate) (8% ± 7%) ligaments were elongated relative to their lengths in inversion. In inversion, the anterior capsular (talocalcaneal) (5% ± 3%) and the plantar cuboidnav-icular (5% ± 6%) ligaments were elongated relative to their everted lengths. In dorsiflexion, the superficial (26% ± 8%) and deep posterior tibiotalar (30% ± 13%), calcaneofibular (8% ± 4%), tibiocalcaneal (4% ± 2%) and lateral talocal-caneal (cervical) (2% ± 1%) ligaments were elongated. In plantarflexion, the tibionavicular (26% ± 5%) and the anterior talofibular (7% ± 4%) ligaments were lengthened. No statistically significant elongation was documented in any ankle position for the anterior tibiotalar, talocalcaneal interosseous, plantar calcaneocuboid, calcaneocuboid (bifurcate), all components of the spring ligament, and the dorsal cuboidnavicular ligaments.

Conclusion:

Components of the deltoid ligament complex elongated largest at the ankle joint with any hindfoot movement but inversion. Therefore, selective release of components of the deltoid ligament complex may provide a means for achieving optimal ligament balancing in total ankle arthro-plasty. Specifically, release of the superficial and deep posterior tibiotalar ligament may improve range of motion in total ankle arthroplasties, whereas the release of the tibiocalcaneal ligament may correct a varus talar tilt.
Effect of Supramalleolar Varus and Valgus Deformities on the Tibiotalar Joint: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Knupp Markus , Stufkens Sjoerd AS , van Bergen Christian J. , Blankevoort Leendert , Bolliger Lilianna , van Dijk CN , Hintermann Beat
Published: July 2011

Background:

Distal tibia coronal plane malalignment predisposes the ankle joint to asymmetric load. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to quantify changes in pressure and force transfer in an ankle with a supramalleolar deformity.

Materials and Methods:

Seventeen cadaveric lower legs were loaded with 700 N after creating supramalleolar varus and valgus deformities. The fibula was left intact in 11 specimens and osteotomized in six. Tekscan© sensors were used to measure the tibiotalar pressure characteristics.

Results:

In isolated supramalleolar deformity, the center of force and peak pressure moved in an anteromedial direction for valgus and posterolateral direction for varus deformities. The change was in an anteromedial direction for varus and in a posterolateral direction for valgus deformities in specimens with an osteotomized fibula.

Conclusion:

Two essentially different groups of varus and valgus deformities of the ankle joint need to be distinguished. The first group is an isolated frontal plane deformity and the second group is a frontal plane deformity with associated incon-gruency of the ankle mortise.

Clinical Relevance:

Our findings underline the complexity of asymmetric osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. In addition, results from this study provide useful information for future basic research on coronal plane deformity of the hindfoot and for determining appropriate surgical approaches.
Automated processing to derive dip angles of englacial radar reflectors in ice sheets
Authors: Sime Louise C. , Hindmarsh Richard C.A. , Corr Hugh
Published: July 2011

We present a novel automated processing method for obtaining layer dip from radio-echo sounding (RES) data. The method is robust, easily applicable and can be used to process large (several terabytes) ground and airborne RES datasets using modest computing resources. We give test results from the application of the method to two Antarctic datasets: the Fletcher Promontory ground-based radar dataset and the Wilkes Subglacial Basin airborne radar dataset. The automated RES processing (ARESP) method comprises the basic steps: (1) RES noise reduction; (2) radar layer identification; (3) isolation of individual ‘layer objects’; (4) measurement of orientation and other object properties; (5) elimination of noise in the orientation data; and (6) collation of the valid dip information. The apparent dip datasets produced by the method will aid glaciologists seeking to understand ice-flow dynamics in Greenland and Antarctica: ARESP could enable a shift from selective regional case studies to ice-sheet-scale studies.
Warming, glacier melt and surface energy budget from weather station observations in the Melville Bay region of northwest Greenland
Authors: Van AS Dirk
Published: July 2011

The glaciers in the Melville Bay region of northwest Greenland have shown a mean retreat since the earliest observations at the beginning of the 20th century. The largest, Steenstrup Gletscher, has retreated ∼20 km, partly during the period of atmospheric cooling 1940–80. Melville Bay air-temperature observations starting in 1981 indicate a regional change of +0.20°C a−1. This exceeds the warming on the east coast of Greenland, confirming the west coast to be a region of relatively large change, also in a global perspective. The largest temperature increase is observed in the winter months (0.3–0.4°C a−1). Results from a 4 year (2004–08) net ablation record obtained by an automatic weather station (AWS) near the calving front of Steenstrup Gletscher show an ablation rate that is relatively low for a low-elevation position on the Greenland ice sheet (2.4 m ice equivalent per year). A first-order estimate from positive degree-day totals suggests that net ablation has roughly doubled since the 1980s. A surface energy and mass-balance model is applied to the Steenstrup AWS data to quantify the energy flux contributions to surface melt. Solar radiation is the main source for melt energy, but, due to shortwave radiation penetration into the ice, only one-third of the melt takes place at the glacier surface; nearly two-thirds occurs within the upper ice layers.
Evaluation of cloudiness over Monte San Valentín, Northern Patagonia Icefield, from 2000 to 2008 using MODIS satellite images: implications for paleoclimate investigations from ice cores
Authors: Vimeux Françoise , Maignan Fabienne , Reutenauer Corentin , Pouyaud Bernard
Published: July 2011

An unexpectedly low annual net accumulation (20 cm w.e.a−1) has been inferred from analyses of a firn core extracted from Glaciar Monte San Valentín, Northern Patagonia Icefield (46°35′ S, 73°19′ W; 3747 m a.s.l.). We test a hypothesis linking the low accumulation to a frequent lack of cloud cover over the mountain range at this altitude. The cloudiness over Monte San Valentín and surrounding regions is examined using ∼3000 daily MODIS satellite images from 2000 to 2008. The visual evaluation of the synoptic situation leads to the definition of a daily cloudiness index (EI) for the San Valentín summit and for the regions to the southwest (SW) and northeast (NE). We check its robustness by applying different tests and comparisons. Three levels are assigned for the EI: ‘clear’ (EI = 0), ‘cloudy’ (EI = 1) and ‘mixed’ (EI = 0.5). The results show that the SV cloud cover is similar to the regional cloudiness for more than half the year (54%) and that the case in which the San Valentín summit is clear while both SW and NE regions are cloudy is exceptional (2%). As clouds are necessary to provide precipitation, we show that the low annual net accumulation cannot be explained by an uncommon low cloudiness. This result implies that net accumulation inferred from ice cores in this Andean region must be cautiously interpreted. We also point out that the Andes at this latitude acts as an orographic barrier but without a total blocking of air masses.
Bayesian estimation of basal conditions on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, from surface data
Authors: Pralong Mélanie Raymond , Hilmar Gudmundsson G.
Published: July 2011

The determination of basal properties on ice streams from surface data is formulated as a Bayesian statistical inference problem. The theory is applied to a flowline on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica. Estimates of bed topography and basal slipperiness are updated using measurements of surface topography and the horizontal and vertical components of the surface velocity. The surface topography is allowed to vary within measurement errors. We calculate the transient evolution of the surface until rates of surface elevation change are within limits given by measurements. For our final estimation of basal properties, modelled rates of elevation change are in full agreement with estimates of surface elevation changes. Results are discarded from a section of the flowline where the distribution of surface residuals is not consistent with error estimates. Apart from a general increase in basal slipperiness toward the grounding line, we find no evidence for any spatial variations in basal slipperiness. In particular, we find that short-scale variability (<10 × ice thickness) in surface topography and surface velocities can be reproduced by the model by variations in basal topography only. Assuming steady-state conditions, an almost perfect agreement is found between modelled and measured surface geometry, suggesting that Rutford Ice Stream is currently close to a steady state.
Sea-ice models for climate study: retrospective and new directions
Authors: Hunke Elizabeth C. , Lipscomb William H. , Turner Adrian K.
Published: July 2011

Scientific observations of sea ice began more than a century ago, but detailed sea-ice models appeared only in the latter half of the last century. The high albedo of sea ice is critical for the Earth’s heat balance, and ice motion across the ocean’s surface transports fresh water and salt. The basic components in a complete sea-ice model must include vertical thermodynamics and horizontal dynamics, including a constitutive relation for the ice, advection and deformational processes. This overview surveys topics in sea-ice modeling from the global climate modeling perspective, emphasizing work that significantly advanced the state of the art and highlighting promising new developments.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Folate-Targeted Copolymeric Submicrohydrogel Based on N-Isopropylacrylamide as 5-Fluorouracil Delivery System
Authors: Blanco M. Dolores , Guerrero Sandra , Benito Marta , Fernández Ana , Teijón César , Olmo Rosa , Katime Issa , Teijón José M.
Published: July 2011

Folate-targeted poly[(p-nitrophenyl acrylate)-co-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] nanohydrogel (F-SubMG) was loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to obtain low (16.3 ± 1.9 μg 5-FU/mg F-SubMG) and high (46.8 ± 3.8 μg 5-FU/mg F-SubMG) load 5-FU-loaded F-SubMGs. The complete in vitro drug release took place in 8 h. The cytotoxicity of unloaded F-SubMGs in MCF7 and HeLa cells was low; although it increased for high F-SubMG concentration. The administration of 10 μM 5-FU by 5-FU-loaded F-SubMGs was effective on both cellular types. Cell uptake of F-SubMGs took place in both cell types, but it was higher in HeLa cells because they are folate receptor positive. After subcutaneous administration (28 mg 5-FU/kg b.w.) in Wistar rats, F-SubMGs were detected at the site of injection under the skin. Histological studies indicated that the F-SubMGs were surrounded by connective tissue, without any signs of rejections, even 60 days after injection. Pharmacokinetic study showed an increase in MRT (mean residence time) of 5-FU when the drug was administered by drug-loaded F-SubMGs.
Development of Sensor Cells Using NF-κB Pathway Activation for Detection of Nanoparticle-Induced Inflammation
Authors: Chen Peng , Migita Satoshi , Kanehira Koki , Sonezaki Shuji , Taniguchi Akiyoshi
Published: July 2011

The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products has aroused concerns regarding their fate in biological systems. An effective detection method to evaluate the safety of bio-nanomaterials is therefore very important. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications, including pigment and cosmetic manufacturing, was once thought to be an inert material, but recently, more and more studies have indicated that TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can cause inflammation and be harmful to humans by causing lung and brain problems. In order to evaluate the safety of TiO2 NPs for the environment and for humans, sensor cells for inflammation detection were developed, and these were transfected with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) reporter gene. NF-κB as a primary cause of inflammation has received a lot of attention, and it can be activated by a wide variety of external stimuli. Our data show that TiO2 NPs-induced inflammation can be detected by our sensor cells through NF-κB pathway activation. This may lead to our sensor cells being used for bio-nanomaterial safety evaluation.
Automated Counting of Airborne Asbestos Fibers by a High-Throughput Microscopy (HTM) Method
Authors: Cho Myoung-Ock , Yoon Seonghee , Han Hwataik , Kim Jung Kyung
Published: July 2011

Inhalation of airborne asbestos causes serious health problems such as lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. The phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) method has been widely used for estimating airborne asbestos concentrations because it does not require complicated processes or high-priced equipment. However, the PCM method is time-consuming and laborious as it is manually performed off-site by an expert. We have developed a high-throughput microscopy (HTM) method that can detect fibers distinguishable from other spherical particles in a sample slide by image processing both automatically and quantitatively. A set of parameters for processing and analysis of asbestos fiber images was adjusted for standard asbestos samples with known concentrations. We analyzed sample slides containing airborne asbestos fibers collected at 11 different workplaces following PCM and HTM methods, and found a reasonably good agreement in the asbestos concentration. Image acquisition synchronized with the movement of the robotic sample stages followed by an automated batch processing of a stack of sample images enabled us to count asbestos fibers with greatly reduced time and labors. HTM should be a potential alternative to conventional PCM, moving a step closer to realization of on-site monitoring of asbestos fibers in air.
Primary Orbital Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Yang Yuli , Liu Yong , Yin Zhengqin
Published: July 2011

The authors report the clinical manifestations, pathologic character, management, and prognosis of primary orbital Ewing sarcoma, and review pertinent literature. A 6-year-old boy presented with the complaint of abruptly decreasing visual acuity and right proptosis. Computed tomography scan revealed a mass in the region of the right infratemporal orbit with extension into the infratemporal fossa and masseteric space, and there was erosion of the right lateral orbital wall. An anterior orbitotomy eyelid crease was performed to remove the tumor. The tumor cells were positive in membranous pattern for CD99 immunostaining; all other reactions were negative. The EWS-FLI-1 fusion gene was not detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Combined radiotherapy was applied. Primary orbital Ewing sarcoma is an extremely rare malignant tumor that shows a predilection for males (ratio: 1.4 to 1). Appropriate treatment consists of local resection, radiotherapy, and adjunctive chemotherapy.
Depression in End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Fallon Margaret
Published: July 2011

The occurrence of depression within the population of patients with renal disease may be underrecognized and undertreated in practice. Furthermore, depression in the presence of end-stage renal disease may be resistant to treatment or require multiple modes of treatment and coordination of care across settings and providers for symptom relief. Improved assessment and diagnosis of depression could permit earlier psychotherapeutic intervention and improve the quality of life for patients with renal disease.
The Future of (Psychiatric) Nursing
Authors: Smoyak Shirley A.
Published: July 2011

The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) recent report,
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health,
describes a number of problems in nursing practice, education, and leadership—as well as recommendations to address them. However, these problems are not really new; they were discussed in earlier publications and addressed in the 1970s by the National Joint Practice Commission (NJPC). In this article, I review these early publications and the work of the NJPC as background for the IOM report. I also outline each recommendation in the report, raising questions about the “how to” and sustainability of these suggestions. To move psychiatric-mental health nursing forward, the best first step would be to find out more about the specialty and the nurses who practice it, so the IOM recommendations can begin to be achieved.
Estudio del desgaste del flanco de carburos recubiertos y cermet durante el torneado de alta velocidad en seco del acero AISI 1045
Authors: Hernández-González L. W. , Pérez-Rodríguez R. , Zambrano-Robledo P. , Guerrero-Mata M. , Dumitrescu L.
Published: July 2011

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio experimental de la evolución del desgaste del flanco respecto al tiempo de dos insertos de carburo recubiertos y un cermet durante el torneado de acabado en seco del acero AISI 1045 con velocidades de corte de 400, 500 y 600 m/min. Los resultados fueron comparados utilizando el análisis de varianza y el análisis de regresión lineal para describir la relación entre el desgaste del flanco y el tiempo de maquinado, obteniéndose la ecuación del modelo ajustado. La investigación demostró un efecto significativo de la velocidad de corte y del tiempo de maquinado en el desgaste del flanco en el maquinado de alta velocidad. El mejor desempeño se obtuvo para el carburo recubierto con tres capas, mientras que el carburo con dos capas sufrió el mayor desgaste a elevadas velocidades de corte.
Soldadura TIG de espumas de aluminio. Análisis de los parámetros operacionales de espumado
Authors: Portolés A. , Berenguer O. , Oñoro J. , Ranninger C.
Published: July 2011

En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de los principales parámetros que intervienen en el proceso de soldadura TIG. Algunos de estos parámetros pertenecen al proceso de soldadura, velocidad de soldadura, intensidad y tensión, mientras otros son propios de las características del material y el utillaje, material precursor y forma de implementar la instalación de ensayo. El resultado de este trabajo muestra una fuerte dependencia de estos parámetros con el proceso de soldadura TIG para las espumas metálicas de aluminio.
Reciclado de neumáticos fuera de uso. Revisión tecnológica
Authors: Ramos G. , Alguacil F. J. , López F. A.
Published: July 2011

En este trabajo, se realiza un resumen de la legislación actual aplicable a los Neumáticos Fuera de Uso (NFU), de la gestión de dicho residuo tanto en España como en Europa y una recopilación de las tecnologías existentes para la prolongación de la vida útil de los neumáticos y de las tecnologías de tratamiento para su valorización material y energética. En los últimos años, han sido numerosos los estudios realizados en el campo del tratamiento de los NFUs, por ello se ha realizado una búsqueda de las tecnologías emergentes, como posibles tecnologías más eficientes, limpias y económicas.
Avaliação pelos pares nas revistas brasileiras de ciência da informação: procedimentos e percepções dos atores
Authors: Pavan Cleusa , Stumpf Ida Regina Chitto
Published: July 2011

O estudo analisa o processo de avaliação pelos pares empregado pelas revistas brasileiras de Ciência da Informação com conceito A (nacional), conforme o Qualis/CAPES 2006, num total de seis revistas. Os sujeitos do estudo foram os editores, membros das comissões editoriais, avaliadores e autores. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de questionários específicos para cada categoria de sujeitos e por meio da análise dos fascículos publicados em 2006. Apresenta os principais procedimentos de avaliação adotados pelas revistas estudadas. Conclui que as revistas, em sua maioria, seguem procedimentos similares e de acordo com os padrões científicos.
La contribution des principes de l'évaluation archivistique aux qualités des archives définitives
Authors: Makhlouf Basma
Published: July 2011

Cet article décrit le portrait de la contribution des principes de la fonction d’évaluation des archives, à savoir le principe du respect des fonds, le principe du cycle de vie des documents et la théorie des valeurs des documents. Cette description vise essentiellement l’identification des pistes pertinentes quant l’étude de la définition et de la mesure du concept de qualité des archives définitives.
Novos meios de memória: livros e leitura na época dos weblogs
Authors: Dodebei Vera
Published: July 2011

A memória é construída a partir do presente por uma tensão entre duas ações: lembrar e esquecer, e está sempre dialogando com os objetos que recortamos para analisar a condição do conhecimento na contemporaneidade. O texto deste artigo está organizado em três partes. Na primeira parte, enfrentamos o objeto “livro”, seu surgimento na sociedade, sua importância para a transmissão dos saberes, o poder de controle de atitudes, como os homens–memórias criados por Bradbury em Fahrenheit 451 e seu possível ocaso face às tecnologias de suporte da informação. A segunda parte desatrela a ação de ler de seu suporte mais tradicional e trata a “leitura” como objeto independente, sugerindo-se, a partir das reflexões de Regina Zilberman, Alberto Manguel e Paulo Freire que somos constituídos para ler o mundo, não importam os mecanismos que nos valemos para alcançar esse objetivo. Na terceira e última parte, apresentamos alguns indicadores de modos possíveis de existência de meios de memória no ambiente virtual, com comentários sobre o papel dos blogs e websites em relação à escrita firmada em papel.
Large methane releases lead to strong aerosol forcing and reduced cloudiness
Authors: Kurtén T. , Zhou L. , Makkonen R. , Merikanto J. , Räisänen P. , Boy M. , Richards N. , Rap A. , Smolander S. , Sogachev A. , Guenther A. , Mann G. W. , Carslaw K. , Kulmala M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The release of vast quantities of methane into the atmosphere as a result of clathrate destabilization is a potential mechanism for rapid amplification of global warming. Previous studies have calculated the enhanced warming based mainly on the radiative effect of the methane itself, with smaller contributions from the associated carbon dioxide or ozone increases. Here, we study the effect of strongly elevated methane (CH4) levels on oxidant and aerosol particle concentrations using a combination of chemistry-transport and general circulation models. A 10-fold increase in methane concentrations is predicted to significantly decrease hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations, while moderately increasing ozone (O3). These changes lead to a 70 % increase in the atmospheric lifetime of methane, and an 18 % decrease in global mean cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). The CDNC change causes a radiative forcing that is comparable in magnitude to the longwave radiative forcing ("enhanced greenhouse effect") of the added methane. Together, the indirect CH4-O3 and CH4-OH-aerosol forcings could more than double the warming effect of large methane increases. Our findings may help explain the anomalously large temperature changes associated with historic methane releases.
Dust optical properties over North Africa and Arabian Peninsula derived from the AERONET dataset
Authors: Kim D. , Chin M. , Yu H. , Eck T. F. , Sinyuk A. , Smirnov A. , Holben B. N.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Dust optical properties over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula are extracted from the quality assured multi-year datasets obtained at 14 sites of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We select the data with (a) large aerosol optical depth (AOD ≥ 0.4 at 440 nm) and (b) small Ångström exponent (Åext ≤ 0.2) for retaining high accuracy and reducing interference of non-dust aerosols. The result indicates that the major fraction of high aerosol optical depth days are dominated by dust over these sites even though it varies depending on location and time. We have found that the annual mean and standard deviation of single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, real refractive index, and imaginary refractive index for Saharan and Arabian desert dust is 0.946 ± 0.005, 0.752 ± 0.014, 1.498 ± 0.032, and 0.0025 ± 0.0036 at 550 nm wavelength, respectively. Dust aerosol selected by this method is less absorbing than the previously reported values over these sites. The weaker absorption of dust from this study is consistent with the previously studies using remote sensing techniques. These results can help to constrain uncertainties in estimating global dust shortwave radiative forcing.
Aerosol-cloud-precipitation effects over Germany as simulated by a convective-scale numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Seifert A. , Köhler C. , Beheng K. D.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Possible aerosol-cloud-precipitation effects over Germany are investigated using the COSMO model in a convection-permitting configuration close to the operational COSMO-DE. Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation are modeled by using an advanced two-moment microphysical parameterization taking into account aerosol assumptions for cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) as well as ice nuclei (IN). Simulations of three summer seasons have been performed with various aerosol assumptions, and are analysed regarding surface precipitation, cloud properties, and the indirect aerosol effect on near-surface temperature. We find that the CCN and IN assumptions have a strong effect on cloud properties, like condensate amounts of cloud water, snow and rain as well as on the glaciation of the clouds, but the effects on surface precipitation are – when averaged over space and time – small. This robustness can only be understood by the combined action of microphysical and dynamical processes. On one hand, this shows that clouds can be interpreted as a buffered system where significant changes to environmental parameters, like aerosols, have little effect on the resulting surface precipitation. On the other hand, this buffering is not active for the radiative effects of clouds, and the changes in cloud properties due to aerosol perturbations have a significant effect on radiation and near-surface temperature.
Effects of model spatial resolution on the interpretation of satellite NO2 observations
Authors: Valin L. C. , Russell A. R. , Hudman R. C. , Cohen R. C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Prediction of ozone production, a photochemically non-linear process, is known to be biased in coarse-resolution chemical transport models (CTM). Other species subject to non-linear sources or sinks are also susceptible. Here we compute the resolution-dependent bias in predicted NO2 column, a quantity relevant to the interpretation of space-based observations. We use 1-D and 2-D models to illustrate the mechanisms responsible for these biases over a range of NO2 concentrations and model resolutions. We find that the behavior of calculated biases in NO2 depends on the magnitude and spatial extent of the NO2 source. We use WRF-CHEM to determine the resolution necessary to predict column NO2 to 10 % and 25 % over the Four Corners power plants in NW New Mexico, Los Angeles, and the San Joaquin Valley in California.
Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010
Authors: Lu Z. , Streets D. G.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. China and India are the two largest anthropogenic aerosol generating countries in the world. In this study, we develop a new inventory of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and primary carbonaceous aerosol (i.e., black and organic carbon, BC and OC) emissions from these two countries for the period 1996–2010, using a technology-based methodology. Emissions from major anthropogenic sources and open biomass burning are included, and time-dependent trends in activity rates and emission factors are incorporated in the calculation. Year-specific monthly fractions for major sectors and gridded emissions at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° distributed by multiple year-by-year spatial proxies are also developed. In China, the interaction between economic development and environmental protection causes large temporal variations in the emission trends. From 1996 to 2000, emissions of all three species showed a decreasing trend (by 9 %–17 %) due to a slowdown in economic growth, a decline in coal use in non-power sectors, and the implementation of air pollution control measures. With the economic boom after 2000, emissions from China changed dramatically. BC and OC emissions increased by 46 % and 33 % to 1.85 Tg and 4.03 Tg in 2010. SO2 emissions first increased by 61 % to 34.0 Tg in 2006, and then decreased by 9.2 % to 30.8 Tg in 2010 due to the wide application of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment in power plants. Driven by the remarkable energy consumption growth and relatively lax emission controls, emissions from India increased by 70 %, 41 %, and 35 % to 8.81 Tg, 1.02 Tg, and 2.74 Tg in 2010 for SO2, BC, and OC, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations are used to quantify the emission uncertainties. The average 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of SO2, BC, and OC emissions are estimated to be −16 %–17 %, −43 %–93 %, and −43 %–80 % for China, and −15 %–16 %, −41 %–87 %, and −44 %–92 % for India, respectively. Sulfur content, fuel use, and sulfur retention of hard coal and the actual FGD removal efficiency are the main contributors to the uncertainties of SO2 emissions. Biofuel combustion related parameters (i.e., technology divisions, fuel use, and emission factor determinants) are the largest source of OC uncertainties, whereas BC emissions are also sensitive to the parameters of coal combustion in the residential and industrial sectors and the coke-making process. Comparing our results with satellite observations, we find that the trends of estimated emissions in both China and India are in good agreement with the trends of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and SO2 retrievals obtained from different satellites.
Biogeography in the air: fungal diversity over land and oceans
Authors: Fröhlich-Nowoisky J. , Burrows S. M. , Xie Z. , Engling G. , Solomon P. A. , Fraser M. P. , Mayol-Bracero O. L. , Artaxo P. , Begerow D. , Conrad R. , Andreae M. O. , Després V. R. , Pöschl U.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Biogenic aerosols are relevant for the Earth system, climate, and public health on local, regional, and global scales. Up to now, however, little is known about the diversity and biogeography of airborne microorganisms. We present the first DNA-based analysis of airborne fungi on global scales, showing pronounced geographic patterns and boundaries. In particular we found that the ratio of species richness between Basidiomycota and Ascomycota is much higher in continental air than in marine air. This may be an important difference between the "blue ocean" and "green ocean" regimes in the formation of clouds and precipitation, for which fungal spores can act as nuclei. Our findings also suggest that air flow patterns and the global atmospheric circulation are important for the evolution of microbial ecology and for the understanding of global changes in biodiversity.
Effect of ocean acidification on early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Franke A. , Clemmesen C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Due to atmospheric accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 in surface seawater increases and the pH decreases. This process known as ocean acidification might have severe effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. The present study addresses the effect of ocean acidification on the early developmental stages, the most sensitive stages in the life history, of the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Eggs of the Atlantic herring were fertilized and incubated in artificially acidified seawater (pCO2 1260, 1859, 2626, 2903, 4635 μatm) and a control treatment (pCO2 480 μatm) until the main hatch of herring larvae occurred. The development of the embryos was monitored daily and newly hatched larvae were sampled to analyze their morphometrics, and their condition by measuring the RNA/DNA ratios. Elevated pCO2 neither affected the embryogenesis nor the hatch rate. Furthermore the results showed no linear relationship between pCO2 and total length, dry weight, yolk sac area and otolith area of the newly hatched larvae. For pCO2 and RNA/DNA ratio, however, a significant negative linear relationship was found. The RNA concentration at hatching was reduced at higher pCO2 levels, which consequently should lead to a decreased protein biosynthesis. The results indicate that an increased pCO2 can affect the metabolism of herring embryos negatively. Accordingly, further somatic growth of the larvae could be reduced. This can have consequences for the larval fish, since smaller and slow growing individuals have a lower survival potential due to lower feeding success and increased predation mortality. The regulatory mechanisms necessary to compensate for effects of hypercapnia could therefore lead to lower larval survival and could affect the ecosystem and fisheries. Since the recruitment of fish seems to be determined during the early life stages, future research on the factors influencing these stages are of great importance in fisheries science.
The role of orbital forcing, carbon dioxide and regolith in 100 kyr glacial cycles
Authors: Ganopolski A. , Calov R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The origin of the 100 kyr cyclicity which dominates ice volume variations and other climate records over the past million years remains debatable. Here, using a comprehensive Earth system model of intermediate complexity, we demonstrate that both strong 100 kyr periodicity in the ice volume variations and the timing of glacial terminations during past 800 kyr can be successfully simulated as the direct, strongly nonlinear response of the climate-cryosphere system to the orbital forcing alone, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration stays below its typical interglacial value. The existence of long glacial cycles is primarily attributed to the North American ice sheet and requires presence of a large continental area with exposed rocks. We show that the sharp peak in the power spectrum of ice volume at 100 kyr period results from the long glacial cycles being synchronized with the Earth's orbital eccentricity. Although 100 kyr cyclicity can be simulated with a constant CO2 concentration, temporal variability in the CO2 concentration plays an important role in the amplification of the 100 kyr cycles.