bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in soybean EMS mutant line RG10
Authors: Reinprecht Y. , Luk‐Labey S.‐Y. , Larsen J. , Poysa V. W. , Yu K. , Rajcan I. , Ablett G. R. , Pauls K. P.
Published: March 2009

A possible solution to stability problems is to genetically reduce the content of linolenic acid in soybean seed. RG10 is a low linolenic acid line (<25 g/kg) produced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment of the low linolenic acid EMS mutant line C1640. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in RG10. Sequence analyses of mutant RG10 and wild‐type OX948 ω‐fatty acid desaturase (Fad3) genes showed that the low level of linolenic acid in RG10 is likely a result of mutations in two Fad3 genes. A mutation in the Fad3A gene introduces a stop codon in exon 6 that would prematurely terminate translation and a second mutation in the 5′ splice site of intron 5 of the Fad3B gene may result in abnormal mRNA splicing products. Both mutations would result in a non‐functional enzyme. Molecular markers developed for these mutations should simplify and accelerate introgression of the RG10‐based low linolenic acid trait into elite soybean cultivars.
Long‐term effects of intermittent androgen suppression on testosterone recovery and bone mineral density: results of a 33‐month observational study
Authors: Spry Nigel A. , Galvão Daniel A. , Davies Robert , La Bianca Shane , Joseph David , Davidson Andrew , Prince Richard
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

To investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis, over 3 years of intermittent androgen‐suppression therapy (IAST).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This was a Phase II individual cohort study of 72 patients with prostate cancer without metastatic bone disease, enrolled between 1999 and 2002. Patients had 9 months flutamide (250 mg, three times daily) and leuprolide (22.5 mg, 3‐monthly depot) after which, patients ceased therapy providing that their PSA levels were <4 ng/mL. AST re‐commenced when the PSA level exceeded the pretreatment level or was >20 ng/mL. BMD for hip and spine was the primary endpoint; assessed at baseline; completion of initial treatment period; and at 1 and 2 years after initial treatment (POST period).

RESULTS

Osteoporosis increased from 7% at baseline to 10% at 3 years. The BMD declined after 9 months treatment, at −1.9% and −3.3% at hip and spine, respectively (P < 0.001). Subsequent BMD decline in the POST period was attenuated; at 1 years and 2 years later, hip −0.6% (not significant), and −0.8% (P < 0.014), and spine +1.0% and +0.2% (not significant). The BMD change in those remaining ‘off’ therapy for 2 years (n = 20) was strongly associated with the level of testosterone recovery; a peak testosterone level of <5 nmol/L associated with a greater then normal physiological loss. Testosterone recovery was less likely in older men.

CONCLUSION

The attenuation of spine and hip BMD decline after 3‐year IAST compared with those reported for continuous AST appears to be due to testosterone driven BMD recovery in the POST period. Failure of testosterone recovery was associated with worse final BMD. By reducing the potential risk for adverse bone complications, intermittent therapy may become an important consideration when the therapeutic ratio is narrow.
Three partial null‐subject languages: a comparison of Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish and Marathi*
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Nayudu Aarti , Sheehan Michelle
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The paper discusses properties characteristic of partial null‐subject languages, that is languages which allow null subjects but under more restricted conditions than consistent null‐subject languages. Three such languages are compared: Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish, and Marathi. It is demonstrated that they have indefinite null subjects, in particular, a null counterpart of English genericone, but allow definite 3rd person null subjects only when controlled from a higher clause, while consistent null‐subject languages do not allow null ‘one’, but do allow definite 3rd person null subjects without a controlling antecedent. A theory is proposed to explain this difference between the two types, with elements fromHolmberg (2005),Frascarelli (2007), andRoberts (2007). The structural difference is that consistent null‐subject languages have an unvalued D‐feature in T which is absent from partial null‐subject languages. The relation between a null subject embedded in a finite clause and its controller is discussed in some detail. There is some degree of variation between the three languages, yet the relation in all three of them is different from obligatory control and from non‐obligatory control, as familiar from non‐finite clauses, and also different from the antecedence relation found in consistent null‐subject languages.
POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE NUCLEAR AGE: Atomic Reactors and the Threat to Civil Liberties*
Authors: Schweitzer Albert
Published: March 2009

“We are committing a folly of thoughtlessness. It must not happen that we do not pull ourselves together before it is too late. We must muster the insight, the seriousness, and the courage to leave folly and face reality.” —Albert Schweitzer A Declaration of Conscience, 1957
RITES OF DISARMAMENT The World‐System Context of Ritual Unity and Conflict in International Nuclear Debates
Authors: Bandy John D.
Published: March 2009

This research analyzes the disarmament rhetorics of 57 states attending the General Debate of the Second Special Session of the United Nations Devoted to Disarmament (SSDII), convened in the summer of 1982. Drawing on world‐system theory, the analysis conceptualizes a three‐tiered global capitalist system composed of economic linkages among core, peripheral, and semiperipheral states. The primary thesis is that the economic realities of world‐system linkages influence stales' positions on disarmament issues and thus political rhetorics in international disarmament. These economic realities can even eclipse East‐West political divisions in international disarmament debates. The study examines two symbolic aspects of international disarmament debate: (1) the content of unifying rituals and (2) negotiations of the meanings of contested concepts. The data suggest that, although core states expropriate disarmament debates to promote the military status quo, noncore states challenge the system by supporting disarmament. States are either in the global ruling elite or they are not, and this has consequences for their disarmament rhetorics.
UNWANTED RESPONSIBILITY Humanitarian Military Intervention to Advance Human Rights
Authors: Gillespie Thomas R.
Published: March 2009

The ethnic strife that persists in Somalia, the Balkans, Iraq, and elsewhere, highlights the need for a revised doctrine of international humanitarian intervention. The new precept would replace the present ad hoc approach with one more fully articulated, to include employment of military force in those situations that cannot be resolved by less drastic sanctions, and the recognition by the international community of a responsibility to use it. In the absence of such intervention, where massive human rights abuses occur the United Nations‐based international system fails in its purpose to advance human rights for the peoples of the world. The international community would be required to confront and resolve the collision that can occur between the doctrines of state sovereignty and human rights in international law. The former often permits a state to vitiate the latter. One approach would recast international legal principles so that the international community itself would become the guardian of human rights around the world. It is proposed that the international system develop a Commonwealth of Humanity doctrine, modeled after the traditional principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind The United Nations could be reorganized, with a Human Rights Council equal to that of the Security Council. The new organ would monitor human rights and report violations to the Security Council for the appropriate enforcement.
“THE MARCHERS SIMPLY WALKED FORWARD UNTIL STRUCK DOWN” Nonviolent Suffering and Conversion
Authors: Weber Thomas
Published: March 2009

Exponents of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi and Richard B. Gregg insisted that nonresisting suffering in a given cause would “melt the heart” of an opponent and lead to their conversion. The psychological literature and a major example of when such conversion should have been achievedndashthe nonviolent “raids” on the salt works at Dharasana by Gandhi's followers during the 1930 Salt Satyagrahandashdo not support this hypothesis. In fact, suffering often elicits greater acts of repression and violence. Nevertheless, a form of conversion, far less direct or immediate than that suggested by the original theory, does seem to occur.
FROM INTERNATIONAL FEMINISM TO FEMINIST INTERNATIONALISM
Authors: Herman Sondra R.
Published: March 2009

Alva Myrdal, co‐recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, developed her diplomatic skills and international loyalties in women's movements between the wars and during World War II. She considered feminism a global enterprise whose goals were the enhancement of educational, political, and economic opportunities for women everywhere. Working with both the Swedish Social Democratic Women's Association and the International Federation of Business and Professional Women, she tried to reconcile mothers'paid employment with children's rights to excellent care. During World War I1 her efforts to receive and protect refugees in neutral Sweden tranrformed her into a feminist internarionalist. As the leading woman in the UN Secretariat and at UNESCO in the early 1950s, she enlisted women's organizations to support UN aid to developing narions, cct the same time insisting tha! equal opportuniiy for women was essential to the peaceful progress anddecent life that all people needed.
IN THE NAME OF SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Conca Ken
Published: March 2009

Environmental problem have emerged as a major analytic theme in peace studies. Peace scholars are increasingly inclined to apply and extend concepts such as sustainable development, global change, and ecological security. Not all paths to ecological sustainability are equally peaceful or just, however; environmental discourse often masks widely varying assumptions about order, hierarchy, justice, conflict, and other fundamental concerns. As peace studies struggles to fashion an environmental agenda, peace researchers must uncover and examine the embedded social meaning of prevailing environmental discourse. As a first step toward doing so, this article considers the concepts of global change and ecological security. These concepts are examined on two levels: as sets of metaphors, which shape how one conceives of problems and solutions, and as social practices, which posit some relationship with existing power structures and institutions and which value some interests and concerns at the expense of others. Although both concepts present appealing definitions, they rest on a series of metaphorical and institutional associations that many peace scholars will find questionable and problematic.
TAXATION: A Road to Peace in EI Salvador
Authors: McGuire J. Michael
Published: March 2009

The government of El Salvador has commenced a long‐term process of radically revising its tax system. This revision is an important means of implementing the government's development plan and of determining the extent to which the low‐income majority will be incorporated into the development process. The author finds that the new tax system will shift a substantial part of the tax burden from the rich to the poor. The new tax system implies a “trickle‐down” approach to development, which consolidates the traditional dominance of the oligarchy and condemns the popular majority to permanent subservience and poverty. An alternative approach to development and tax revision is proposed. A reorientation of U.S. foreign policy is recommended, which would help to release the productive potential of people who have been excluded from the development process and to establish social conditions for lasting peace.
REPLACING THE SCAPEGOAT
Authors: Cavin Margaret
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to discover a rhetoric that allows and makes necessary an environment for peace. Hopefully, humans can discover creative ways to avert war with words rather than weapons; peace then can grow out of the knowledge and understanding of humans' use of symbols, thus creating a language of peace. Rhetorical analysis, offered by Kenneth Burke, has the potential to address the study of the language of nonviolence because of his understanding of language as “symbolic act.” One of the methods Burke has used to analyze language is the rhetoric of rebirth that includes three elements: guilt, purgation, and redemption. This article examines a language of nonviolence by applying Burke's rhetoric of rebirth to the speeches of William Sloane Coffin from the years 1978–91. These were the years that Coffin was pastor of the Riverside Church in New York City and later, President of the SANE/FREEZE Peace Organization, in Washington, D.C. In Coffin's speeches, there is a language of identification that acknowledges mutual guilt, a language of shame and confession that activates mutual purgation, that then leads to a redemptive process by which the bloody sacrifice is averted and the cycle of war potentially broken.
FORESHADOWINGS Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, and the Ecofeminism/Pacifist Feminism of the 1980s
Authors: Pois Anne Marie
Published: March 2009

This article explores the continuities between feminist peace approaches of Jane Addams and Emily Greene Batch and the ecofeminists and pacifist feminists of the 1980s. The recognition of interconnectedness among peoples and, for some, all life forms, as well as the necessity for respecting diversity, connects the thinking and activism of these women. The article also considers Addams's and Balch's views about women's unique perspectives on injustice, war, and peace‐issues that continue to concern ecofeminists and peace feminists. Ideas relating to feminist essentialism, an ethic of care, and a women's maternal practice, as well as notions about separatism, span the generations. Lastly, the article compares the formation of feminist peace communities during the post‐World War I era and the 1980s. Both generations aimed to actualize principles of nonviolence and respect for diversity in consensual decision‐making and supportive relationships.
TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN'S BODIES, THEN AND NOW The Issue of Military “Comfort Women”
Authors: Watanabe Kazuko
Published: March 2009

The military “comfort women” of the Japanese Imperial Army in World War II offer an extreme case of institutionalized sexual violence against women. Trafficking in women is a form of sexual slavery in which women are transported across national borders and marketed for prostitution. In this way, their bodies are displaced and commodified by other powers. This practice has been expanded in times of peace to “sex workers,” either as entertainers or prostitutes. Japan is now the most notorious country in the world for recruiting such women. Sex tourism to other Asian countries by Japanese men is a contemporary version of comfort women. Unless sexual violence and the commodification of women's bodies are eliminated, there will always be comfort women. War justifies violence against women; to stop war, we have to recognize the fact of this violence and understand the casualties.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN AN ISLAMIC CONTEXT: Some Conceptual Questions
Authors: Abu‐Nimer Mohammed
Published: March 2009

This paper offers a set of conceptual questions for approaching the subject of conflict resolution processes in an Islamic context–as well as the implementation of Western models of conflict resolution in such a context. To address these issues, the paper first introduces the basic, preliminary questions which should be raised prior to initiating any study on this subject. Second, there is a brief comparison of the current Western and the traditional Middle Eastern approaches to conflict resolution. Based on this comparison, the third part of the paper discusses the conditions and questions which should be considered when studying Islam and conflict resolution.
EMPIRE, IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHY, AND THE MAY 4TH MOVEMENT
Authors: Bills Scott L.
Published: March 2009

Drawing upon the work of Edward W. Said and Michel Foucault, as well as my earlier research on the Kent Stale shootings of May 4, 1970, this article examines the means by which the “imaginative geography” of empire contributed to the marginalization of antiwar dissidents. The article also analyzes the durability of the “May 4th Movement”—student activists seeking remembrance and commemoration of May 4 events in the proper historical context. In the process, protecting the site of the shootings became an essential part of the strategy and language of local activism.
ASSESSING THE MEANING OF MASSACRE: BOSTON (1770) AND KENT STATE (1970)
Authors: Hatzenbuehler Ronald L.
Published: March 2009

This essay assesses the meaning of the Kent State Massacre of May 4, 1970, by comparing it with the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770. Similarities in background and dynamics suggest that the two events are analogous, yet differences predominate. Whereas the Boston Massacre emerged out of a local situation, it drew its meaning from national events that came after it, culminating in the American Revolution. Indeed, by 1795, the details of the Boston Massacre had been all but forgotten. The Kent State Massacre, by way of contrast, occurred more as a result of national, anti‐Vietnam War demonstrations than local circumstances and marked the culmination of the turbulent 1960s rather than the start of a new period of revolutionary ferment. The fact that the 1995 commemoration of the shootings at Kent State garnered both local and national attention suggests that the meaning of the Vietnam War continues to be elusive.
THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE QUESTION OF MINORITY RIGHTS
Authors: Fink Carole
Published: March 2009

The international protection of minorities is both a contemporary and a historical problem. During the past five years, new states have been formed, or reformed, from the Oder to the Caucasus. New minorities, suddenly created, have been subject to unfamiliar political, economic, cultural, and legal controls and have become vulnerable to persecution and spoliation, violence and expulsion. Seemingly dormant for the past half‐century, the minorities issue, which long destabilized the international history of Europe, has reemerged as one of the major challenges to those who study war and peace.
Affinity, Identity, and Transcendence: The Experience of Religious Racial Integration in Diverse Congregations
Authors: Marti Gerardo
Published: March 2009

How do members of disparate ethnic and racial heritages come to identify and achieve stable affiliation with multiracial congregations? This article specifies an approach to understanding member experiences of corporate belonging in diverse congregations using ethnic identity theory. Synthesizing ethnographic data drawn from two extensive case studies, the article provides a heuristic model for understanding the process by which members of disparate ethnic and racial heritages come to identify and achieve stable affiliation with multiethnic/multiracial congregations. Three “moments” (affinity with the congregation, identity reorientation, and ethnic transcendence) represent key phases in the lived religious experience of members as they co‐construct common bonds of spiritual kinship. Cautions and suggestions are provided for future research.
Voices of Outreach: The Construction of Identity and Maintenance of Social Ties Among Chabad‐Lubavitch Emissaries
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2009

Fundamentalists typically avoid influences from the outside world and form intense social bonds with members of their own group. Yet, active fundamentalists must create relationships with the objects of their missionary action, the Other. In this article I address the connections between the cultural practice of missionary work and the formation and maintenance of social ties among ultra‐Orthodox Jewish missionaries belonging to the fundamentalist Hasidic sect Chabad‐Lubavitch. These missionaries attempt to bring Jews to the beliefs and practices of Chabad by hosting Jews at Sabbath meals. This missionary act is an utterance that “speaks” with multiple voices, indexing the missionaries as both friendly members of their local Jewish community and ideal Lubavitchers. Through these meals, the missionaries engage not only the local Jews but also other Lubavitchers in dialogue, constructing a community that transcends face‐to‐face interaction.
The Social Integration of Baalei Teshuvah
Authors: Sands Roberta G.
Published: March 2009

This article focuses on the perceptions of baalei teshuvah, Jews who were raised with little identification with Judaism as a religious system and subsequently became Orthodox, as an example of the social integration of a group that migrates from one community to another. The baalei teshuvah participants perceived themselves as unique and distinct from those who were raised Orthodox and preferred to associate with others like themselves. They experienced a mixture of pride in their own religious fervor and embarrassment over their lack of knowledge compared with those who grew up Orthodox. At the same time they expressed ambivalent feelings toward Jews who were raised Orthodox. Immigration theory and the concepts of human, social, religious, and spiritual capital are used to discuss the baalei teshuvah's marginal status and preference to associate with other baalei teshuvah.
Quantitative Error Assessment in Pattern Matching: Effects of Intensity Pattern Noise, Interpolation, Strain and Image Contrast on Motion Measurements
Authors: Wang Y. Q. , Sutton M. A. , Bruck H. A. , Schreier H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Basic concepts in probability are employed to develop analytic formulae for both the expectation (bias) and variance for image motions obtained during subset‐based pattern matching. Specifically, the expectation and variance in image motions in the presence of uncorrelated Gaussian intensity noise for each pixel location are obtained by optimising a least squares intensity matching metric. Results for both 1D and 2D image analyses clearly quantify both the bias and the covariance matrix for image motion estimates as a function of: (a) interpolation method, (b) sub‐pixel motion, (c) intensity noise, (d) contrast, (e) level of uniaxial normal strain and (f) subset size. For 1D translations, excellent agreement is demonstrated between simulations, theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. The level of agreement confirms that the analytical formulae can be used to provide a priori estimates for the ‘quality’ of local, subset‐based measurements achievable with a given pattern. For 1D strain with linear interpolation, theoretical predictions are provided for the expectation and co‐variance matrix for the local displacement and strain parameters. For 2D translations with bi‐linear interpolation, theoretical predictions are provided for both the expectation and the co‐variance matrix for both displacement components. Theoretical results in both cases show that the expectations for the local parameters are biased and a function of: (a) the interpolation difference between the translated and reference images, (b) magnitude of white noise, (c) decimal part of the motion and (d) intensity pattern gradients. For 1D strain, the biases and the covariance matrix for both parameters are directly affected by the strain parameter p1 as the deformed image is stretched by (1 + p1). For 2D rigid body motion case, the covariance matrix for measured motions is shown to have coupling between the motions, demonstrating that the directions of maximum and minimum variability do not generally coincide with the x and y directions.
The Effects of Artificial Beach Nourishment on Marine Turtles: Differences between Loggerhead and Green Turtles
Authors: Brock Kelly A. , Reece Joshua S. , Ehrhart Llewellyn M.
Published: March 2009

Marine turtle reproductive success is correlated with the stability and quality of the nesting environment. Female marine turtles show fidelity to nesting beaches, making artificial beach nourishment practices directly relevant to their recovery. We evaluated the impacts of artificial beach nourishment on Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) between artificially nourished and nonnourished beaches. We observed reduced nesting success (ratio of nesting emergences to emergences not resulting in nest deposition) for both species. This negative effect lasted for one season in Loggerheads and for at least one season in Green turtles. Physical attributes of the fill sand did not impede nesting attempts. We argue that the decrease in nesting success resulted from an altered beach profile not favorable for nest deposition, which subsequently improved in later seasons as the beach equilibrated to a more natural slope. We observed a 52.2% decrease in reproductive output (hatchlings km−1 yr−1) for Loggerheads one year postnourishment, with a 44.1% increase observed the two seasons postnourishment. In Green turtles, a 0.8% reduction was observed the first season postnourishment, despite a 13% increase in the nonnourished area. The reduction in reproductive output in both cases was primarily a consequence of decreased nesting success, lowering nest numbers. These results reveal stronger negative effects of beach nourishment on Loggerheads compared to Green turtles and the importance of minimizing excessive nonnesting emergences associated with artificial beach nourishment. Nourished areas also experienced more than 600% increase in the number of Loggerhead hatchlings disoriented by artificial lighting over two years postnourishment.
Alien Invasions, Ecological Restoration in Cities and the Loss of Ecological Memory
Authors: Schaefer Valentin
Published: March 2009

After a community or ecosystem is lost, it may leave behind an ecological memory. The site history, soil properties, spores, seeds, stem fragments, mycorrhizae, species, populations, and other remnants may influence the composition of the replacement community or ecosystem to varying degrees. The remnants may also hold the site to a trajectory that has implications for ecological restoration. This is true in urban situations in particular where repeated disturbance has masked the history of the site. The ecological memory remaining may be insufficient for a site to heal itself; restoration activities are required to direct the future of the site. Conversely, in light of climate change and other rapidly changing environments, the existing ecological memory may be poorly suited to the new conditions and restoration projects need to create new and perhaps novel ecosystems. The loss of ecological memory facilitates the establishment of foreign invasive species. These invasives may eventually create a new stability domain with its own ecological memory and degree of resilience. To be successful, invasive species control must address both internal within patch memory of invasives and external between patch memory. Further research is necessary to document and conserve ecological memory for ecological restoration in response to future ecosystem changes.
Mechanical properties of the Schneiderian membrane in vitro
Authors: Pommer Bernhard , Unger Ewald , Sütö Daniel , Hack Niklas , Watzek Georg
Published: March 2009

Objectives: Perforation of the Schneiderian membrane (maxillary sinus mucosa) is a common complication of maxillary sinus graft procedures. Membrane perforation increases the chance of postoperative sinusitis and endangers graft as well as implant survival. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanical properties of the Schneiderian membrane.

Material and methods: Three test methods were performed on sinus specimen of 20 fresh human cadavers: one‐ and two‐dimensional membrane elongation as far as perforation, as well as membrane detachment from the adherent bone.

Results: Perforation of the Schneiderian membrane (mean thickness: 90 μm) occurred at a mean tension of 7.3 N/mm2. The membrane could be stretched to 132.6% of its original size in one‐dimensional elongation, and to 124.7% in two‐dimensional elongation. Thicker membranes demonstrated significantly higher load limits (P<0.001). The mean modulus of elasticity accounted 0.058 GPa, the mean adhesion force between sinus membrane and bone surface was 0.05 N/mm.

Conclusions: Respecting the mechanical properties of the Schneiderian membrane may help reducing the complication rates and thus patient morbidity in minimally invasive maxillary sinus floor elevation.
Effect of repeated torque/mechanical loading cycles on two different abutment types in implants with internal tapered connections: an in vitro study
Authors: Ricciardi Coppedê Abílio , De Mattos Maria da Glória Chiarello , Rodrigues Renata Cristina Silveira , Ribeiro Ricardo Faria
Published: March 2009

Objectives: Internal tapered connections were developed to improve biomechanical properties and to reduce mechanical problems found in other implant connection systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanical loading and repeated insertion/removal cycles on the torque loss of abutments with internal tapered connections.

Material and methods: Sixty‐eight conical implants and 68 abutments of two types were used. They were divided into four groups: groups 1 and 3 received solid abutments, and groups 2 and 4 received two‐piece abutments. In groups 1 and 2, abutments were simply installed and uninstalled; torque‐in and torque‐out values were measured. In groups 3 and 4, abutments were installed, mechanically loaded and uninstalled; torque‐in and torque‐out values were measured. Under mechanical loading, two‐piece abutments were frictionally locked into the implant; thus, data of group 4 were catalogued under two subgroups (4a: torque‐out value necessary to loosen the fixation screw; 4b: torque‐out value necessary to remove the abutment from the implant). Ten insertion/removal cycles were performed for every implant/abutment assembly. Data were analyzed with a mixed linear model (P≤0.05).

Results: Torque loss was higher in groups 4a and 2 (over 30% loss), followed by group 1 (10.5% loss), group 3 (5.4% loss) and group 4b (39% torque gain). All the results were significantly different. As the number of insertion/removal cycles increased, removal torques tended to be lower. It was concluded that mechanical loading increased removal torque of loaded abutments in comparison with unloaded abutments, and removal torque values tended to decrease as the number of insertion/removal cycles increased.
Multinucleate giant cells in neurofibromas: a clue to the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis
Authors: Taungjaruwinai Wirach M. , Goldberg Lynne J.
Published: March 2009

Background: A 54‐year‐old African‐American male patient underwent removal of several cutaneous neurofibromas. Histopathologic examination revealed a nonencapsulated, haphazardly arranged proliferation of slender spindle cells in a myxoid stroma consistent with neurofibroma. Interestingly, each specimen exhibited numerous, large, multinucleate giant cells with nuclei arranged in a wreath‐like or linear pattern. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed these cells to be negative with S‐100 and CD‐34. It was subsequently learned that this patient has neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Methods: A retrospective review of all lesions coded as neurofibroma from our institution between 1 June 2006 and 28 August 2006 was performed.

Results: Biopsies of 53 cutaneous neurofibromas from 51 patients were reviewed. In these, multinucleate giant cells were present in only three (5.7%), all in patients with single lesions.

Conclusions: Although the incidence of floret‐like giant cells in neurofibromas of patients with NF1 is unknown, our findings suggest that the presence of these cells might be a clue to the presence of NF1.
Endometrial and cervical polyps in 22 baboons (Papio sp.), 5 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and one marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Bennett Melissa W. , Dick Jr Edward J. , Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch Natalia E. , Lopez‐Alvarenga Juan C. , Williams Priscilla C. , Mark Sharp R. , Hubbard Gene B.
Published: March 2009

Background  Endometrial and cervical polyps are masses of endometrium or cervical epithelium that bulge into the uterine or cervical lumen. The physiopathology and contributing factors of endometrial polyps development are still unknown.

Methods  Clinical and pathology records of 28 non‐human primates with histologically confirmed endometrial and cervical polyps were reviewed. Twenty‐one baboons with endometrial polyps were evaluated for age at diagnosis, body weight, menstrual cycle length, presence of endometriosis and adenomyosis and number of offspring, cesarean sections, and stillbirths.

Results  Endometrial polyps in baboons were associated with increased age, decreased menstrual cycle lengths, endometriosis, and decreased parity. No differences were found for weight, adenomyosis, or number of cesarean sections or stillbirths.

Conclusions  Baboons are a promising model for the study of endometrial polyps because of their similarity to humans in both the development of endometrial polyps and association of many of the same risk factors.
High‐Resolution Fractionation of Signaling Endosomes Containing Different Receptors
Authors: McCaffrey Gretchen , Welker Jonathan , Scott Jessica , der Salm Louise van , Grimes Mark L.
Published: March 2009

Receptor endocytosis is regulated by ligand binding, and receptors may signal after endocytosis in signaling endosomes. We hypothesized that signaling endosomes containing different types of receptors may be distinct from one another and have different physical characteristics. To test this hypothesis, we developed a high‐resolution organelle fractionation method based on mass and density, optimized to resolve endosomes from other organelles. Three different types of receptors undergoing ligand‐induced endocytosis were localized predominately in endosomes that were resolved from one another using this method. Endosomes containing activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), TrkA and EGFR, were similar to one another. Endosomes containing p75NTR (in the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily) and PAC1 (a G‐protein‐coupled receptor) were distinct from each other and from RTK endosomes. Receptor‐specific endosomes may direct the intracellular location and duration of signal transduction pathways to dictate response to signals and determine cell fate.
A closer look at the relationship between life expectancy and economic growth
Authors: Azomahou Théophile T. , Boucekkine Raouf , Diene Bity
Published: March 2009

We first provide a nonparametric inference of the relationship between life expectancy and economic growth using historical data for 18 countries over the period 1820–2005. The obtained shape indicates convexity for low enough values of life expectancy and concavity for large enough values. We then study this relationship using a benchmark model combining “perpetual youth” and learning‐by‐investing. The generated relationship between life expectancy and economic growth is shown to be strictly increasing and concave. We finally examine two models departing from “perpetual youth” by assuming successively age‐dependent earnings and age‐dependent survival probabilities. With age‐dependent earnings, the obtained relationship is hump‐shaped, whereas age‐dependent survival laws reproduce the convex–concave shape detected in prior empirical study.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated molecule‐4 polymorphism in Turkish patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis
Authors: Sahin M. , Gursoy A. , Erdogan M. F.
Published: March 2009

We previously shown that in a Turkish population, the A/G polymorphism in exon 1 of the cytotoxic T cell lymphocyte‐associated molecule‐4 (CTLA‐4) gene is associated with Graves’ disease, and that the G allele may contribute to susceptibility for developing Graves’ disease. This polymorphism was identified in 197 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) (126 women, 71 men; aged, 42.92 ± 13.4 years) and 98 healthy individuals (56 women, 21 men; aged, 42.27 ± 13.43 years) in Turkish population. Polymorphisms were analysed using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Frequency of the A/G genotypes was not significantly different in patients with HT when compared with controls in both sexes (P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in age, sex, cigarette smoking, initial serum thyroid hormone levels, initial goiter size and thyroid autoantibodies among the patients with the three different genotypes (G/G, A/G and A/A). We concluded that A/G polymorphism of CTLA molecule is linked to occurence of Graves’ disease bu not to HT in the Turkish population.
Effect of storage temperature and duration on the vigor of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) seed harvested at different maturity stages
Authors: Mao Pei Sheng , Wang Xin Guo , Wang Yu Hong , Han Jian Guo
Published: March 2009

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) is one of the most important warm season grasses used as forage and ground cover in eastern Asia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature and duration of storage on germination and conductivity in zoysiagrass seeds. The seeds were harvested at the milk, dough and hard stages, and stored at a low (7°C) or an ambient (15–30°C) temperature for 6–18 months in sealed polyethylene bags. The standard germination rate of seeds decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the storage period prolonged from 6 to 18 months. Germination was almost always better in seeds stored at the low temperature than at the ambient temperature and highest in seeds harvested at the hard stage followed by the dough and the milk stage. Following accelerated aging, germination was highest when harvested at the hard stage and stored for 12 months. Bulk conductivity was lower in seeds stored for 6 and 12 months than those stored for 18 months and in seeds harvested at the hard stage than those harvested at the dough and the milk stage. The results indicated that zoysiagrass seed maintained a higher vigor level when harvested at the hard stage and stored at low temperature (7°C) for 12 months or less.
Heavy grazing constraints on foraging behavior of Mongolian livestock
Authors: Yoshihara Yu , Chimeddorj Buyanaa , Buuveibaatar Bayarbaatar
Published: March 2009

We investigated the effects of overgrazing on the foraging behavior of livestock on a Mongolian steppe, by quantifying some behaviors of cattle, sheep and goats foraging in a lightly and a heavily grazed area in summer and winter. All animal species showed higher walking velocity and tended to show higher step/bite ratio when they foraged in the heavily grazed area than in the lightly grazed area. The effect of overgrazing on the step/bite ratio was greater in sheep and goats than in cattle, and the effect on the walking velocity was stronger in winter than in summer. The results indicate that heavy grazing altered the foraging behavior of animals imposing higher foraging costs, which varied among the animal species and between the seasons. The declined quantity of preferred species in the heavily grazed area required high searching efforts and decreased the bite rate, for selecting acceptable plants and better feeding sites. The stronger effects on sheep and goats than on cattle and in winter than in summer may reflect different foraging behavior potentials among the animals and different food availabilities between the seasons. We suggest that the ongoing increase in the number of goats in Mongolia is problematic not only from the viewpoint of grassland deterioration but also from feeding cost of whole livestock animals.
What is at Stake in the Cartesian Debates on the Eternal Truths?
Authors: Easton Patricia
Published: March 2009

Descartes's claim that the eternal truths were freely created by God is fraught with interpretive difficulties. The main arguments in the literature are classified as concerning the ontological status or the modalities of possibility and necessity of the eternal truths. The views of the principal defenders of the Creation Doctrine – Robert Desgabets, Pierre Sylvain Régis, and Antoine Le Grand are contrasted with those of Nicolas Malebranche. In clarifying the theological, ontological, and logical terms of the debate we can see that what was at stake was the objectivity and certainty of the truths of mathematics and physics. I conclude by suggesting that this issue might fruitfully be used to clarify the disparate discussions in the contemporary literature.
Anthony Collins on the Emergence of Consciousness and Personal Identity
Authors: Uzgalis William
Published: March 2009

The correspondence between Samuel Clarke and Anthony Collins of 1706–8, while not well known, is a spectacularly good debate between a dualist and a materialist over the possibility of giving a materialist account of consciousness and personal identity. This article puts the Clarke Collins Correspondence in a broader context in which it can be better appreciated, noting that it is really a debate between John Locke and Anthony Collins on one hand, and Samuel Clarke and Joseph Butler on the other. Anthony Collins argues on behalf of John Locke's claim that it would be as easy for God to superadd the power of thinking to matter as for him to connect a soul to a body. Locke did not believe that matter could naturally produce thought or consciousness, but it was in God's power to make matter think. To defend Locke's claim Collins must defend the claim that there are emergent properties in the world – properties of a whole that are not possessed by the parts. Collins also defends a materialist version of Locke's account of personal identity against a variety of charges. Because the topics of debate in the correspondence are of such great interest to us, it deserves to be rescued from the neglect into which it fell and from which intellectual historians and philosophers have only recently and partially removed it.
Application of Telepathology for Neuropathologic Intraoperative Consultations
Authors: Horbinski Craig , Hamilton Ronald L.
Published: March 2009

The demand for expert neuropathologic intraoperative diagnoses often exceeds the available supply and geographic distribution of neuropathology centers. Telepathology has therefore been implemented in recent years to meet this demand. Herein, we draw on our experience with 4 generations of telepathology systems over the past 8 years to discuss the design, initiation and maintenance of an effective telepathology service for neuropathologists, including when to change systems. In addition to workflow efficiency, unique advantages of telepathology include integration into other informatics modalities, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) maintenance and the potential for visual data to be readily available to clinicians. Given the improvements in technology and the multiple uses of telepathology, this method for delivering patient care will undoubtedly continue to grow over time.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the acacia‐ant Crematogaster mimosae
Authors: RUBIN B. E. , MAKAREWICH C. A. , TALABA A. L. , STENZLER L. , BOGDANOWICZ S. M. , LOVETTE I. J.
Published: March 2009

We describe 10 microsatellite loci developed from Crematogaster mimosae, an ant species that nests mutualistically in Acacia drepanolobium trees in east Africa. Polymorphism ranged from 4 to 16 alleles per locus (mean = 7.3). Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.485 to 0.813 (mean 0.626), and from 0.502 to 0.894 (mean 0.674), respectively. These markers will foster studies of the population structure, colony structure, and reproductive strategies of these ants.
Solution of Thermally Developing Zone in Short Micro-/Nanoscale Channels
Authors: Darbandi Masoud , Vakilipour Shidvash
Published: March 2009

We numerically solve the Navier–Stokes equations to study the rarefied gas flow in short micro- and nanoscale channels. The inlet boundary conditions play a critical role in the structure of flow in short channels. Contrary to the classical inlet boundary conditions, which apply uniform velocity and temperature profiles right at the real channel inlet, we apply the same inlet boundary conditions, but at a fictitious position far upstream of the real channel inlet. A constant wall temperature incorporated with suitable temperature jump is applied at the channel walls. Our solutions for both the classical and extended inlet boundary conditions are compared with the results of other available Navier–Stokes and lattice Boltzmann solvers. It is shown that the current extended inlet boundary conditions can effectively improve the thermofluid flow solutions in short micro- and nanoscale channels.
Molecular Dynamics Based Analysis of Nucleation and Surface Energy of Droplets in Supersaturated Vapors of Methane and Ethane
Authors: Vrabec Jadran , Horsch Martin , Hasse Hans
Published: March 2009

Homogeneous nucleation processes are characterized by the nucleation rate and the critical droplet size. Molecular dynamics simulation is applied for studying homogeneous nucleation during condensation of supersaturated vapors of methane and ethane. The results are compared with the classical nucleation theory (CNT) and the Laaksonen–Ford–Kulmala (LFK) model that introduces the size dependence of the specific surface energy. It is shown for the nucleation rate that the Yasuoka–Matsumoto method and the mean first passage time method lead to considerably differing results. Even more significant deviations are found between two other approaches to the critical droplet size, based on the maximum of the Gibbs free energy of droplet formation (Yasuoka–Matsumoto) and the supersaturation dependence of the nucleation rate (nucleation theorem). CNT is found to agree reasonably well with the simulation results, whereas LFK leads to large deviations at high temperatures.
Contribution of Ballistic Electron Transport to Energy Transfer During Electron-Phonon Nonequilibrium in Thin Metal Films
Authors: Hopkins Patrick E. , Norris Pamela M.
Published: March 2009

With the ever decreasing characteristic lengths of nanomaterials, nonequilibrium electron-phonon scattering can be affected by additional scattering processes at the interface of two materials. Electron-interface scattering would lead to another path of energy flow for the high-energy electrons other than electron-phonon coupling in a single material. Traditionally, electron-phonon coupling in transport is analyzed with a diffusion (Fourier) based model, such as the two temperature model (TTM). However, in thin films with thicknesses less than the electron mean free path, ballistic electron transport could lead to electron-interface scattering, which is not taken into account in the TTM. The ballistic component of electron transport, leading to electron-interface scattering during ultrashort pulsed laser heating, is studied here by a ballistic-diffusive approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation. The results for electron-phonon equilibration times are compared with calculations with TTM based approximations and experimental data on Au thin films.
A Reduced-Order Model of Heat Transfer Effects on the Dynamics of Bubbles
Authors: Preston Al , Colonius Tim , Brennen Christopher E.
Published: March 2009

The Rayleigh-Plesset equation has been used extensively to model spherical bubble dynamics, yet it has been shown that it cannot correctly capture damping effects due to mass and thermal diffusion. Radial diffusion equations may be solved for a single bubble, but these are too computationally expensive to implement into a continuum model for bubbly cavitating flows since the diffusion equations must be solved at each position in the flow. The goal of the present research is to derive reduced-order models that account for thermal and mass diffusion. We present a model that can capture the damping effects of the diffusion processes in two ODE’s, and gives better results than previous models.