bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noise Reduction in Vane-axial Fan-burner Units Used for Drying Peanuts
Authors: Woodward John D.
Published: May 2010

Methods were investigated for reducing the soundpressure level (SPL) of vane-axial fan-burner units used for drying peanuts. Straight-through mufflers 61-cm (24-in.) long with 10-cm (4-in.), fiber-glass-lined walls were evaluated. In the first setup, one muffler on the fan inlet reduced the average SPL 9.9 dBA. The second setup, a muffler on inlet and exhaust reduced the SPL 13.4 dBA. In the third setup, a redesigned housing incorporating absorption areas on inlet and exhaust but allowing a shorter overall length, reduced SPL by 13.5 dBA. With an absorptive insert equal in diameter to the fan hub installed in the inlet side of the fan, the average SPL was reduced by 8.6, 17.3, and 18.1 in the first, second, and third setups, respectively. The effect of the treatments on airflow rate was negligible. Costs of the treatments are discussed.
Use of Aerial Photography to Detect Diseases in Peanut Fields I. Sclerotinia Blight1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Porter D. M. , Pettry D. E.
Published: May 2010

Aerial surveys were conducted over portions of Southampton County, Virginia, during the 1974 growing season. The flights were conducted to determine the spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of Sclerotinia blight in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Natural color and false color infrared imagery were used in the aerial surveys. Disease detection was best using false color infrared imagery. Sclerotinia blight, characterized by a unique spectral signature, can be detected on false color infrared imagery taken at 19,803 m above mean sea level. High altitude flights (19,803 m) were better for large area disease surveys. However, low altitude flights (3,504 m) gave better resolution for detailed study of individual fields. Aerial photography detected disease patterns which were difficult to observe from the ground. Early detection of the disease via aerial surveys could aid in minimizing disease severity. Imagery will also provide historical data that can be used in implementing control measures in subsequent growing seasons. Imagery evaluation indicates that Sclerotinia blight was widespread in the peanut growing region of Virginia during the 1974 growing season.
Use of Aerial Photography to Detect Diseases in Peanut Fields II. Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Griffin G. J. , Garren K. H. , Pettry D. E.
Published: May 2010

Aerial surveys were conducted over portions of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growing region of Virginia during September, 1974. The flights were conducted to determine the spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of Cylindrocladium black rot disease in peanut fields utilizing false color infrared and natural color imagery. The disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers, was detected on imagery obtained at 19,803 m above mean sea level. The disease was easily detectable on either false color infared or natural color imagery at 3,504 m above mean sea level. With its unique spectral/spatial signature, the disease was distinguishable from other diseases of peanuts such as Sclerotinia blight. Disease patterns that were difficult to observe from the ground were easily detected with aerial photography. Analysis of field soil samples for C. crotalariae microsclerotia confirmed results of imagery analysis. Detection of the disease by aerial surveys will permit prompt control measures to minimize spread of the disease. Information from this study will provide permanent records that can be used to monitor the change in extent and severity of the disease in future growing seasons.
Comparative Field Performance of Plants Developing from Normal and Abnormal Seedlings of Peanuts1
Authors: Sullivan G. A. , Perry A.
Published: May 2010

The percentage of abnormal peanut seedlings was determined in 18 field plantings during 1973–74. Characteristics of mature plants that developed from normal and abnormal seedlings were compared. Seedlings that emerged 7–10 days later than the field average were identified as abnormal. Plants that developed from abnormal seedlings produced, on the average, less than one-half of the yield of plants that developed from normal seedlings. Pod yields of the plants that developed from abnormal seedlings varied from zero to normal. SMK percentages were significantly different at six of the 15 locations that were measured.

Approximately 95 percent of the plants that developed from abnormal seedlings had abnormal root systems. The most common abnormalities were twisted hypocotyls and/or missing taproots. Abnormal seedlings commonly result from seeds subjected to mechanical impacts during harvesting and processing.
Evaluation of the Arginine Maturity Index (AMI) Method of Maturity Estimation for Virginia Type Peanuts1
Authors: Johnson B. R. , Mozingo R. W. , Young C. T.
Published: May 2010

The arginine maturity index (AMI) method of predicting maturity in peanuts was evaluated on Virginia type peanuts grown in the North Carolina-Virginia area. Analyses of data from a two year study showed statistical differences (P > .05) of AMI values for cultivars, location and digging dates. Official grade factors suggested maturity levels consistent with AMI maturity predictions. Maximum yields per acre were observed near minimum AMI values. Optimum yields and dollars per acre were observed primarily at AMI values of 100. However, no sufficiently definitive value was determined to be the recommended point for digging peanuts.

The AMI method was tested on commercial grades of shelled peanuts. Significant differences (P > .05) between AMI values of cultivars were also observed.
Factors Affecting Peanut Peg Attachement Force
Authors: Troeger J. M. , Williams E. J. , Butler J. L.
Published: May 2010

The peg attachement force (p.a.f.) of peanuts was measured using an unbonded strain gage transducer. Dimensions, weight and moisture content (m.c.) of the peanuts and their component parts were also measured.

Results showed that p.a.f. is extremely variable, the coefficient of variation ranging from 20 to 40 percent in individual tests. Spanish varieties had the highest p.a.f. and Runners the lowest. Dividing p.a.f. by the pod projected surface area showed that varieties with highest p.a.f./projected surface area maintained lowest field losses.

P.a.f. increases with increasing m.c. and decreases with increasing maturity. Use of Kylar (succinic acid 2, 2 dimethyl hydrazide) growth regulator did not have significant effect on p.a.f. or on peg diameter.
Interactions Among Peanut Cultivars, Herbicide Sequences, and A Systemic Insecticide1
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A. , Ethredge W. J. , Jellum M. D. , Cecil S. R.
Published: May 2010

Soil type and weather conditions influenced interactions among peanut cultivars (Florunner, GK 3, and Tifspan), herbicide sequences, and a systemic insecticide (disulfoton). Disulfoton interacted more frequently with cultivars than did herbicides. More interactions occurred in 1974 than in 1973. When peanut yields from the eight studies (on four soil series) were averaged, disulfoton significantly increased peanut yields, especially on Greenville sandy clay loam. On all soil types, except Dothan sandy loam, an insecticide x cultivar interaction occurred at least once accompanied by consistent and significant increases in the yield of Florunner treated with disulfoton. Disulfoton increased yields of Tifspan twice but did not change significantly the yields of GK 3. When compared to a hand-weeded check, herbicides did not decrease average yields significantly unless the sequence terminated with multiple postemergence treatments. Herbicides interacted with cultivars in two of eight experiments, once on Greenville sandy clay loam and once on Tifton sandy loam. In general, GK 3 reacted more to herbicide sequences than did Florunner. Least affected by herbicides was the cultivar Tifspan. An herbicide x insecticide interaction occurred only once (on Dothan sandy loam) when disulfoton increased yields with either the no herbicide treatment or when benefin-vernolate was applied. In general, genetic and environmental factors influenced organoleptic quality and the fatty acid composition of peanut oil much more than did the herbicide or insecticide treatments.
Comparative Quality of Florunner and Spanish Peanut Cultivars in Texas1
Authors: Brown David F. , Smith Olin D. , Simpson Charles E. , Freund Rudi J. , Cater Carl M.
Published: May 2010

Starr (St), Spancross (Sp), Goldin I (GI) and Florunner (F1) peanuts were grown at Pearsall (latitude 28° 53′ N) and Stephenville (latitude 32° 12′ N), Texas, with the planting dates adjusted within locations to provide similar environments during pod maturation. Two harvests were made per location with the first harvest approximately 128 days after planting for St and Sp, and 150 days for F1 and GI, and the second harvest 143 and 165 days after the respective plantings. Yields averaged: F1 4,869, GI 4,638, St 4,500, and Sp 4,042 kg/ha. Quality factors including oleic/linoleic acid ratios, oil and protein contents and free fatty acid and peroxide numbers were affected slightly by growing period and location.

Peanut butters representing cultivars, locations, and harvests were prepared and evaluated by semitrained flavor panels prior to and at 40-day intervals during accelerated storage tests at 38°C. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.0001) were found between locations, cultivars and storage periods. Preferences for freshly prepared (0-day storage) peanut butters were St > F1 = GI > Sp. After 6 weeks or more storage the flavor and acceptance ratings of Fl and St were equivalent and much higher than for Sp and GI. Peanut butters from Stephenville-grown cultivars scored higher than Pearsall. Late harvest peanut butters were preferred, p = 0.05. Results indicate Florunner is adapted for production in southern portions of the Southwest peanut area, and the qualities of Florunner peanuts and peanut butter compare favor ably with traditional Spanish peanut cultivars.
Hybridization of Peanuts in Growth Chambers1
Authors: Banks D. J.
Published: May 2010

Hand crosses in peanuts require much time and generally are done by emasculating the flowers late in the evening or at night, and then pollinating the plant the next morning when pollen is available. A new method, in which a growth chamber is operated on a reversed day-night schedule (12-hour, 29 C day commencing at 4:30 p.m. and 12-hour, 21 C night commencing at 4:30 a.m. CST), allows the emasculations to be made between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. and the pollinations to follow immediately. This method permits crossing to be done during normal work-day hours and allows up to three crossing cycles and growth generations per year. In 1971 and 1972 tests of this method showed more than 50% success in achieving viable hybrids per pollination.
Interaction of Peanut Variety and Insecticide1,2
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Emery D. A. , Wynne J. C. , Batts R. W.
Published: May 2010

It is generally assumed that insecticide performance is independent of the peanut variety; however, tests conducted for several years indicate insecticide performance is influenced by the peanut variety. The most significant variety-insecticide interaction resulted from systemic insecticides used for control of thrips and leafhoppers on bunch type peanuts.

Thimet (phorate) was more effective than Furadan (carbofuran) for thrips control regardless of the peanut variety. Erratic control of thrips and leafhoppers was obtained on bunch, Virginia type peanuts NC Ac 15754, NC Ac 15753, and ‘Shulamit.’ Thimet applied to runner and intermediate growth type peanuts reduced thrips and thrips damage in excess of 90%. Furadan was ineffective against thrips on NC Ac 15754 and gave less than 50% control on Shulamit.

Thimet failed to control the potato leafhopper on NC Ac 15753 and Shulamit but gave good control on NC Ac 15754. Furadan which failed to control thrips on NC Ac 15754 gave approximately 50% control of leafhoppers. Furadan which reduced thrips by only 65% on NC Ac 15753 reduced leafhopper damage by 90%.

The peanut variety also influenced insecticidal control of the southern corn rootworm. NC Ac 15753 exhibited 2 to 3 times more rootworm damage than ‘Florigiant’ when both peanut varieties were treated with the same rates of insecticides. Diazinon was ineffective against the rootworm on NC Ac 15753 and Mocap performance was significantly reduced when applied on NC Ac 15753. These data indicate the peanut variety should be considered an integral part of an insect control program.
Effect of Calcium and Irrigation Treatments on Peanut Yield, Grade and Seed Quality1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Sullivan G. A. , Martin C. K.
Published: May 2010

The effect of irrigation and/or Ca (calcium) application on yield, grade and seed quality was studied using Florigiant peanuts planted on three dates. Calcium application resulted in a small, but consistent, yield increase at all planting dates. Irrigation resulted in a large yield response on early planted peanuts and no response on late planted ones. Grade, specifically sound mature kernel percentage, was improved by both Ca and irrigation treatments but the effects were only slightly additive. Similar interaction effects were noted as these treatments increased the germination percentage of the seed produced and decreased the percentage of kernels with the form of damage termed dark plumule. Both treatments also decreased the amount of watery hypocotyl damage and increased the Ca concentration in the seed. Germination was 89 to 94% when the seed Ca level was greater than 420 ppm, but fell linearly to 52% when the seed Ca decreased from 420 to 200 ppm.
Correlation of Volatile Components of Peanut Products with Flavor Score I. Shelf Life Studies on Peanut Butter1
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. , Wadsworth J. I.
Published: May 2010

Samples of three commercial brands of peanut butter stored in the dark at about 25°C were evaluated periodically by direct gas chromatography and by their processors' taste panels. The areas of 9 peaks of each volatiles profile were computed and correlated with flavor scores. The natural logarithm of methyl-butanal peak area/hexanal peak area correlated with flavor score of peanut butter in earlier work, correlated well with flavor score for one brand of peanut butter, but other gas chromatographic peak ratios gave better correlations for the two other brands.
Inheritance of Dry Matter Deposition and Free Arginine Level in Maturing Peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L
Authors: Tai Peter Y. P. , Young Clyde T.
Published: May 2010

Nine F2 families from crosses among six peanut cultivars and breeding lines were used to investigate the inheritance of dry matter deposition and free arginine as a parameter of maturity. Results indicated that dry matter was a quantitative character governed by multiple genes, whereas free arginine level seemed to be controlled by two major genes with partial dominance for the low arginine character. Marked transgressive segregation of F2 families below the lower dry matter parents and above the higher arginine parents was found in most of the nine crosses of various genotypes. Broad sense heritabilities were lower for the dry matter (38 to 78%) than for the level of arginine (60% to 93%). The higher broadsense heritability of the free arginine level in these peanut cultivars examined lends theoretical support to the use of the arginine maturity index (AMI) as a measure of maturation. Correlation coefficients between dry matter and AMI varied from − .198 to − .946.
Physiology of Oil Seeds. VI. A Means to Break Dormancy of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds in the Field1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L.
Published: May 2010

Peanut seedling emergence is not uniform in some years. Lack of uniformity is most prevalent among the large-seeded peanut types (Virginia and Runner). Variations in the degree of dormancy of the large-seeded peanuts are a contributing factor. A procedure is described that will aid in increasing uniformity of large-seeded peanut seedling emergence by overcoming the dormancy factor.

A dust formulation of Ethrel (15%/W) was diluted with fungicide (Orthocide/Botran, 60-20 S.P. dust PN 5213) and applied to dry, Virginia-type ‘NC-13’ peanut seeds by shaking in a plastic bag. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% Ethrel were tested for their effects on rate and total emergence of dormant seeds from vermiculite/sand potting mixtures and from 3 different soils. Also, seeds were stored after treatment and then planted at monthly intervals in soil to test the stability of the Ethrel-fungicide mixture, as indicated by the emergence of the initially dormant seeds.

All concentrations of Ethrel released the seeds from dormancy and achieved at least 90% emergence, except at the 0.5% concentration. Compared to the other concentrations, 1% Ethrel provided the most rapid rate of emergence. Growth of the hypocotyl-radicle of afterripened, NC-13 seed samples treated with the 1% concentration was initially slower than that of the controls, but recovery had occurred by the 5th day from planting. However, emeregnce of nondormant ‘Starr’, Spanish-type seedlings was retarded by 1%, but not by 0.5% Ethrel. The Ethrel-fungicide mixture remained stable in storage for 6 months. Field plantings at two locations of dormant, 1% Ethrel-treated seeds resulted in greater than 95% emergence, but the rate of emergence was slower at one location. The data suggest that the Ethrel dust could be combined with the usual fungicide treatment of peanut seeds to stimulate germination of dormant seeds in the field.
Some Inorganic Compounds as Sprays: Their Effects on Insect Biology on Arachis hypogaea L.1,2
Authors: Leuck D. B. , Hammons R. O.
Published: May 2010

Inorganic compounds containing plant nutrient elements sprayed on peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., foliage affected antibiosis expressions of the plant to feeding by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith).
Drying Spanish Peanut Pods with Short Duration, High Temperature Air Cycled Daily1
Authors: Rogers R. A. , Brusewitz G. H.
Published: May 2010

Freshly harvested Spanish peanut pods were dried with three different treatments in a controlled temperature and humidity environment. Each treatment included a different combination of temperature above 35°C and time held above this temperature. This procedure, or cycle of time and temperature, was repeated every 24 hours until a wet basis moisture content of approximately 10% was reached. A statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether or not there was any significant difference between treatments. At the 0.1 level of significance, statistical difference between treatments could not be shown. However, on the average, high temperature drying affected the percentage splits more than rate of drying. Splits also seemed to be affected more by temperature level than by exposure length. Findings relating to peanut quality are subject to large experimental error due to variations in variety, climatic and soil conditions, and maturity. Comparison of percentage sound splits was more meaningful when corrected for grade.
Spinning of Peanut Protein Fibers1
Authors: Fletcher D. L. , Ahmed E. M.
Published: May 2010

Raw Altika peanuts were blanched, partially defatted, ground and the protein was removed using an aqueous alkaline extraction, precipitated at pH 4.0 and freeze dried to yield a protein concentrate with 85.5% protein, 3.1% fat and 2.0% ash on a dry weight basis. Peanut protein concentrate was used to produce dope solutions for the spinning of fibers. Viscosity of dope solutions increased rapidly with increases in protein concentration from 11 to 14%; the highest protein concentration gelled within a short time after mixing. Dope solution viscosity increased with increasing NaOH concentration from 0.85% to 0.90%. Higher NaOH concentrations, up to 1.05%, however, resulted in a continued decrease in dope viscosity. Dope viscosity increased as a function of maturation time, especially at NaOH concentrations that yielded the highest viscosities. The best conditions for spinning peanut protein fibers were: 1) dope pH 11.4, 2) maturation time of 12 hours for a 13.0% protein dope or 2 hours for 13.5% protein dope, 3) coagulating bath conditions of 2N acetic acid and 20% NaC1, and 4) dope extrusion pressure of 15 psi. Suitability of dope solutions for spinning depended on the interaction between protein concentration, pH and dope maturity.
Response of Peanut Protein Spun Fibers to Applied Stresses1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Fletcher D. L.
Published: May 2010

Dope solutions prepared from Altika peanuts protein concentrate were used for the spinning of fibers. The effects of protein concentration in the dope, as well as NaC1 and acetic acid concentrations in the coagulating bath, storage duration at 1°C and orientation configuration on the responses of the spun fibers to applied stresses were studied. The Instron Universal Testing Machine model TM was used for all measurements. Spun fibers prepared from dope solutions containing 13.0% protein were more resistant to applied tensile and shear stresses than those prepared from 13.5% protein dope solutions. Fiber strength was maximal when acetic acid and NaC1 concentrations were 2 N and 20%, respectively. Minimum concentrations of 2 N acetic acid and 15 NaC1 in the coagulating bath were required for fiber formation. Fibers stored at 1°C for 3 weeks showed increased tensile strength, stretchability and shear strength than the non-stored fibers. Orientation test results showed that two fiber tows placed in a 45° orientation were more resistant to punch shear stresses than tows placed in 90°, random or parallel orientation. Two tows required higher punch shear forces than a single tow.
Field Tests with Pirimiphos-Methyl as a Protectant for Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Redlinger L. M. , Simonaitis R. A.
Published: May 2010

Farmers stock peanuts were treated with pirimiphosmethyl (0- [2- (diethvlamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl 0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate) applied at rates of 10, 20, and 30 ppm as a protectant against stored-product insects and stored in metal bins (4.5 metric tons) for 1 year. Similar peanuts were treated with malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate S-ester with 0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) applied at a rate of 52.1 ppm as a standard for comparison. Although residues of pirimiphos-methyl decreased ca. 63% during the year (half of the decrease during the first 4 months), rates of 20 and 30 ppm gave excellent protection for 1 year, and a rate of 10 ppm gave protection for about 6 months. Malathion was relatively ineffective, either because it degraded so rapidly the first 2 months or because malathion-resistant strains of insects were present.

Of the 16 species of stored-product insects found in the peanuts, red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), were the predominant species.
The Seed-Hull Weight Ratio as an Index of Peanut Maturity1,2
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Wynne Johnny C. , Young James H. , Cox Fred R.
Published: May 2010

A simple, quantitative method was developed to determine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity. The method is based on the changing seed-hull weight ratio during maturation of the fruit. The ratio or maturity index was determined for fresh as well as air-dried pods, and these ratios correlated well with a physiological maturity index. The relationship between arginine maturity index and the air-dried seed-hull maturity index (DMI) was also determined, and the two indexes were negatively correlated. The DMI values across nine planting and eight harvest dates over a 2-year period showed that DMI could be applied to estimate average peanut seed maturity under field harvest conditions. The two peanut varieties tested, Florigiant and Florunner, were found to differ in maxmum DMI values. The study also showed that peanut seed weight increased with maturity then decreased after full maturity.
Changes in Tannin-Like Compounds of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1
Authors: Sanders Timothy H.
Published: May 2010

This study served a twofold purpose in that it investigated the relationship of tannins to maturity of peanuts and provided some information on the possible importance of tannins in resistance of peanuts to invasion by various fungi. Peanut fruits were separated into selected physiological maturity stages and divided into hull, seed coat and seed. The fruit parts in each maturity stage were analyzed for tannin using Folin-Denis reagent. Examination of physical and chemical characteristics of hull and seed coat tannins confirmed they are both condensed tannins. Presented as mg tannin per fruit part, hull tannins increased significantly after stage 9, seed coat tannins increased significantly to stage 9 then decreased, and seed tannins did not change. Fruit parts of cured peanuts containing several maturity stages were similar in tannin content to the more mature uncured fruit parts. Calculated as % fresh weight, tannins in the hull and seed coat were significantly higher in the three most mature stages. The results show a close relationship of tannin and maturity and also indicate that tannin concentrations may be sufficient to provide some measure of resistance to microbial attack.
Effect of Age of Bahiagrass Sod on Succeeding Peanut Crops1
Authors: Norden A. J. , Perry V. G. , Martin F. G. , NeSmith J.
Published: May 2010

This study was designed to determine effects, unconfounded by seasons, of 0 to 5 year-old bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sod on yield and quality of subsequent peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops; and to provide information as to factors responsible for the observed beneficial effects.

Essentially the experiment was a 6 × 4 × 2 factorial in a randomized complete block arrangement. Previously designated plots were seeded each year to bahiagrass while the remaining plots were maintained in a cultivated crop rotation of corn and peanuts. Duplicate soil samples, taken annually, were analyzed for major plant nutrients and for nematodes. After 5 to 7 years all the plots were planted to peanuts and corn for successive years. A total of 21 responses, associated with yield and quality of peanuts, nematode counts, and soil characteristics, were measured. Not all nematode responses were analyzed because of a high percentage of zero values.

Twelve of the 15 responses were affected by the length of time the land was in sod. Peanut yield and quality increased with years in sod, with the greatest improvement occurring after one year. The percent shriveled seed and concealed damage decreased with years in sod and again the reductions were most pronounced between the 0 and 1 year-old sod treatments. In every case the first crop of peanuts following sod was better than the second. However, as the number of years in sod increased differences between the first and second peanut crop diminished. Years in sod had an effect on the level of major soil nutrients but no regular trends were evident. Numbers of lance nematodes were significantly reduced by age of sod while ring nematodes were not. Eleven of the 15 responses showed significant interactions between the length of time in sod and season and/or crop order.
Evaluation of Resistance to Cercospora Leafspot in Peanut Germplasm Potentially Useful in a Breeding Program1
Authors: Hassan Haji Nik , Beute M. K.
Published: May 2010

Sixteen peanut lines representing diverse germplasm were evaluated in the greenhouse and field for resistance to Cercospora leafspot caused by C. arachidicola Hori. In greenhouse tests, Spantex and Starr developed consistently fewer lesions than NC 3033 and AC 3139 following leaf inoculation with C. arachidicola. In field evaluations, with naturally occurring inoculum, the reverse was true. Defoliation of the lines was compared in chlorothalonil sprayed and nonsprayed field plots. ‘NC 3033’, ‘NC 5’ and ‘AC 3139’ were more resistant to defoliation than ‘Starr’, ‘Tennessee Red’, ‘Spantex’, ‘Argentine’ and ‘Spancross’. Spancross had an intermediate number of lesions at all sample dates but had the highest defoliation. Plants grown continuously in the greenhouse tended to develop more lesions than did plants grown outside for 2 weeks before inoculation. The reduction in lesion number was most striking on NC 3033.

A disease index indicative of the interaction between number of lesions per leaf and precent defoliation showed that NC 3033, NC 5 and AC 3139 were more resistant than Spantex, Argentine, Starr and Tennessee Red in field tests. The defoliation ratio technique was very reliable in field tests and had less variability than counting number of lesions or lesion size. Visual estimation of percent leaves infected, however, was a rapid, efficient method for evaluation when large number of plants per entry are available. Entries most useful as parents in breeding for resistance to Cercospora leafspot are NC 3033, NC 5, and AC 3139.
Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanuts With PCNB Plus Fensulfothion1
Authors: Thompson Samuel S.
Published: May 2010

Previous tests with PCNB for control of Southern stem rot in Georgia have not usually increased peanut yields. Tests were conducted with PCNB, fensulfothion and PCNB plus fensulfothion to determine if increased nematode damage with the use of PCNB might offset disease control with this fungicide. The results showed that PCNB had no effect on nematode numbers, but significantly increased yields only one year out of three. PCNB plus fensulfothion increased yields every year of the three. Field disease counts indicated that PCNB alone and PCNB plus fensulfothion both significantly controlled Southern stem rot. A laboratory test showed that PCNB plus fensulfothion is more toxic to Sclerotium rolfsii than PCNB alone. Fensulfothion plus PCNB may increase yields by delaying disease infection, providing better disease control, which was not measurable with dead plant counts, or a combination of these.
Seed Tolerance in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Members of the Aspergillus flavus Group of Fungi1
Authors: Bartz J. A. , Norden A. J. , LaPrade J. C. , DeMuynk T. J.
Published: May 2010

An assay of cured, hand-shelled seeds of various peanut genotypes for tolerance to members of the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi has been performed in Florida for the years 1971–1974. The assay involved exposing peanut seed at 20–30% moisture to conidia of A. parasiticus or A. flavus in petri plates and incubating at 25 C. After 1 week, the percentage of the seeds with sporulating colonies of the test fungus was determined. Typically, individual lines or cultivars were evaluated on the basis of the average of three plates. However, second or third assays of the same seed lots were done on 45 occasions during the 4 year period. More than 95% of these repeated assays yielded data similar to those from the original assay. However, different seed lots of the same line also were assayed and did not always yield similar results unless the dates of digging, methods of curing and location of the plantings were the same. Some shifts in susceptibility were quite extreme. One lot of stackpole cured ‘Altika’ resulted in 12% colonized seeds in the assay but 77% of a windrow-cured seed lot, dug on the same day from the same plot had colonies of the test fungi. No particular change in the harvesting procedure was consistently associated with increases or decreases in apparent susceptibility. Based on tests of all seed lots of 15 commonly grown cultivars during the years 1971–1974. ‘Florunner’ was the most tolerant cultivar and ‘Tifspan’ was the most susceptible.
The Incidence of Aflatoxin Found in Groundnuts (Arachis hypogea L.) Purchased From Markets in and Around Accra, Ghana1
Authors: Mintah S. , Hunter R. B.
Published: May 2010

Eighty groundnut samples, representing both the Northern and Volta Region types, were purchased from markets in and around Accra. Extracts from each sample were assayed for the presence of aflatoxin. Of the samples examined, approximately half had aflatoxin levels exceeding that recommended as safe by FAO-WHO. The Volta Region conditions are much wetter at the time when the first season groundnuts are harvested. Damaged Volta Region drying conditions are much wetter at the time when the first season groundnuts are harvested. Damaged kernels had significantly higher levels of aflatoxin than whole and undamaged kernels. When damaged kernels were removed from the samples the remaining whole kernels were without exception below the tolerance level established by FAO-WHO.
Determination of Leaf Necrosis Caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori in Peanut as Measured by Loss in Total Chlorophyll1
Authors: Melouk H. A.
Published: May 2010

Percent leaf necrosis can be used to assess severity of early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Measurements of leaf necrosis (%), as determined by area, and the corresponding loss (%) in total chlorophyll content were made. Correlations were calculated using linear regression, and logarithmic curve fit analyses. High positive correlation values were obtained between leaf necrosis and loss in total chlorophyll. Therefore, this method is suggested for a reasonably accurate and fast assessment of leaf necrosis of peanut caused by C. arachidicola.
Utilization of Texturized Peanut Grits in Frankfurters1,2,3
Authors: Joseph A. L. , Berry B. W. , Wells L. H. , Wagner S. B. , Maga J. A. , Kylen A. M.
Published: May 2010

Texturized peanut grits were substituted at 0, 15 and 30% levels on a rehydrated basis for beef trimmings in the manufacture of frankfurters. Similar processing characteristics (peelability, cookout losses) were noted between the treatments. Frankfurters processed with 30% peanut grits exhibited a higher incidence of undesirable flavor, greater tenderness and lighter color than the control when evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Regardless of treatment, broiling and microwave cookery produced greater precision Penetrometer penetration of cross-sectional slices than what was observed when frankfurters were not cooked prior to testing. Compression of the outer surfaces of frankfurters with the Precision Penetrometer indicated a softening effect when broiling and microwave cookery were used vs no cooking only in the 15% peanut grit treatment. No explanation can be provided for this result. The 15% peanut grit formulation was the only one to display a significant (P>.05) increase in aerobic bacterial counts between 0 and 30 days of storage. The results from this study indicate that elevated levels of texturized peanut grits can be successfully incorporated into frankfurters from a sensory, physical and microbial standpoint.
A Beverage Base From Cheese Whey and Peanut Flour
Authors: Holsinger V. H. , Sutton C. S. , Vettel H. E. , Allen C. , Talley F. B. , Woychik J. H. ,   Eastern Regional Research Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
Published: May 2010

Fluid sweet whey, defatted peanut flour, soybean oil, and corn syrup solids were processed with conventional dairy plant equipment to form a free flowing powder reconstitutable with water to form a nutritious beverage. A formulation containing 50% sweet whey solids, 20% soybean oil, 24.6% defatted peanut flour, and 5.4% com syrup solids had a proximate composition of 20.6% protein, 5% ash, 21.6% fat, 3.5% moisture, 1% fiber, and 48.3% carbohydrate. The standardized protein efficiency ratio was 2.0 compared to casein at 2.5, and nitrogen digestibility was 80% compared to casein at 93%. The flavor quality was bland initially; however, decreased flavor scores coupled with increased peroxide values in the blend during storage were indicative of a serious stability problem.
Estimates of Epistasis for Diverse Peanut Cultivars1,2
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Wynne J. C. , Rawlings J. O.
Published: May 2010

Progeny from a six-parent half-diallel of diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were evaluated for the F1 through F5 generations for presence of epistatic effects. Significant variability attributable to specific combining ability (SCA) persisted over generations for yield and other seed characters. Epistasis was indicated since dominance could account for little of the variance due to SCA in the F5 generation. Estimates of dominance and epistatic variance components were obtained using an iterative weighted least squares procedure. For all characters measured, estimates of epistatic variance were larger than those of dominance variance. It was concluded that considerable epistatic variance may exist in populations derived from crosses of diverse peanut lines.
Comparison of Leaf and Stem Hygrometers for Measuring Changes in Peanut Plant Water Potential1
Authors: Pallas James E. , Michel Burlyn E.
Published: May 2010

For an “in situ” thermocouple hygrometer to be of value it must give reasonable estimates of plant-water potential and must respond rapidly to plant-water potential changes. Leaf thermocouple hygrometers (Wescor) and specially fabricated stem thermocouple hygrometers were evaluated on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants under well-watered and drought conditions in a growth chamber. When soil-water stress was low and plant-water movement was near steady state, the two sensors gave similar water potential values. When soil-water stresses were imposed or when plant process varied cyclically (eg., photosynthesis, transpiration), stem hygrometers sensed dynamic changes in the plant's water potential more consistently than did leaf hygrometers placed on leaves with intact cuticles. It appears that both the stem and leaf hygrometers hold promise for sensing plant water potential changes of peanut in the field.
Evaluation of White-Testa Peanut Genotypes for Potential Use As Food Supplements1
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Blanchet E. D. , Ory R. L. , Hammons R. O.
Published: May 2010

While searching for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes that could compete both nutritionally and economically with other plant proteins in the United States market, a white-testa peanut was examined. This genotype had low concentrations of flatus-producing sugars, lacked flavor, and had a high calcium content. Production costs could be reduced because blanching would not be required to produce a high quality, cream-colored flour. Since the initial study, samples of four additional white-testa genotypes have been obtained. All five were examined for possible use as protein supplements in food. Flours and isolates were prepared and evaluated chemically for protein content, amino acid pattern, and gel- and immuno-electrophoretic patterns. Experimental field plots were grown to determine seed germination potentials and yields. The results indicated that two of the genotypes had good biochemical profiles and produced well in the field. These two Spanwhite and P. I. 288160. have been selected for further study.
Induction and Biochemical Parameters of Callus Growth from Three Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Guy A. L. , Heinis J. L. , Pancholy S. K.
Published: May 2010

The phytohormones 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin nave been employed to induce callus growth from the cotyledon tissue of three commercial peanut cultivars: ‘Early Bunch’ (EB), ‘NC-Fla 14’ (NC) and ‘Florunner’ (FR). Cultivar specific parameters have been examined for both cotyledon and callus tissue. The relative growth rates of callus tissues were always EB>NC>FR. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed on the proteins from both types of tissue demonstrated mat most cultivar specific differences seen in cotyledon tissue are maintained by callus tissue from the same plant. However, more high molecular weight protein fractions were observed in cotyledon tissue than in callus. Amino acid analysis of these tissues revealed a higher concentration of neutral and aromatic amino acids in cotyledon while callus tissue was higher in basic amino acids.
Effect of Pesticide Interactions on the Twospotted Spider Mite on Peanuts1,2
Authors: Campbell W. V.
Published: May 2010

Pesticides commonly applied to the foliage of peanuts in North Carolina were evaluated under field conditions for their effect on the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Most fungicides caused a higher mite increase than insecticides on NC 2 peanuts. When fungicides and insecticides were tank mixed or applied on alternate weeks, mite outbreaks occurred. These outbreaks were followed by severe injury to the foliage and finally defoliation and yield reductions.

Among the fungicides applied only Du-Ter and Copper Count failed to cause significant mite damage even when combined with an insecticide. Since mites failed to develop on untreated peanuts following six or more mite releases during the season, it was apparent that pesticides predispose peanuts to spider mite buildup and damage.
Probability Distributions of Peanut Seed Size
Authors: Davidson James I. , Blankenship Paul D. , Chew Victor
Published: May 2010

Procedures and mathematical relationships were developed to describe seed size distributions for Florigiant, Florunner, and Starr peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties. Of six standard probability distributions studied, the normal and logistic distributions provided the best fit for the experimental data, These two distributions were therefore fitted to seed size data for several lots of peanuts. For each lot both the normal and logistic distributions provided an excellent fit to the experimental data, but the logistic was slightly superior. Differences between experimental and calculated values were greatest for lots that were the least or most mature. A logistic distribution was also fitted to the average of all data for each variety. These relationships may be used to better relate seed size to quality, marketing, shelling, and processing. They will also be useful in research studies of the effects on seed size of such variables as variety, agronomic practices, climate, soil moisture, and harvest dates.
Green Chemistry in Protected Horticulture: The Use of Peroxyacetic Acid as a Sustainable Strategy
Authors: Carrasco Gilda , Urrestarazu Miguel
Published: May 2010

Global reduction of chemical deposition into the environment is necessary. In protected horticulture, different strategies with biodegradable products are used to control pathogens. This review presents the available tools, especially for the management of protected horticultural species, including vegetables and ornamental plants. An analysis of the potential for degradable products that control pathogens and also encourage other productive factors, such as oxygen in the root system, is presented. Biosecurity in fertigation management of protected horticulture is conducted by using peroxyacetic acid mixtures that serve three basic principles: first, the manufacture of these products does not involve polluting processes; second, they have the same function as other chemicals, and third, after use and management there is no toxic residue left in the environment. The sustainability of protected horticulture depends on the development and introduction of technologies for implementation in the field.
A Systematic Computational Study on Flavonoids
Authors: Aparicio Santiago
Published: May 2010

17 selected flavones derivatives, flavonoids, were analyzed through a systematic B3LYP∕6-311++G** computational study with the aim of understanding the molecular factors that determine their structural and energetic properties in gas phase. Flavonoids were selected in a systematic way to infer the effect of the number and relative positions of hydroxyl groups on molecular properties. Different conformers for each flavonoid were analyzed and the strength and topology of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds studied through the computation of the corresponding torsional profiles. Atoms in a Molecule, and Natural Bond Orbital methodology was applied to the analysis of charge distribution along the studied molecules, and the intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Molecular shapes were studied through full geometry optimization, and the position of the catechol ring analyzed through dihedral scans.
Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative Heck vinylation of 2-nitrobenzoates in the presence of CuF2
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J , Zimmermann Bettina , Knauber Thomas
Published: May 2010

A new protocol for the decarboxylative Heck vinylation of benzoic acids is disclosed. In the presence of a catalyst system generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), CuF2 (2 equiv), and benzoquinone (0.5 equiv) in NMP, a wide range of olefins were coupled with various 2-nitrobenzoates at 130 °C with the release of carbon dioxide to afford the corresponding vinyl arenes in good yields.
Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from pigs at slaughter in Kenya
Authors: Kikuvi Gideon M. , Ombui Jackson N. , Mitema Eric S.
Published: May 2010

Background: Salmonellosis is considered one of the most widespread food-borne zoonoses in industrialized as well as developing countries. The presence of Salmonella in food animals at slaughter and the consequent cross-contamination of edible carcass tissues present a significant food safety hazard. Methodology: Samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at the Ndumbuini abattoir in Nairobi. Isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella by biochemical tests and characterised by serotyping, phage typing and plasmid analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials were determined and the resistant isolates were screened for resistance genes by PCR. Results: Sixteen (13.8%) of 116 samples were positive for Salmonella. Three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars, namely Saintpaul, Braenderup, and Heidelberg were identified, S. Saintpaul being predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was found in 35.7% of the isolates. The S. Heidelberg isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 7.1% of the Salmonella isolates. Plasmids were only detected in S. Heidelberg. Ampicillin resistance was based on expression of a blaTEM gene, while chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline resistances were encoded by the genes catA1, strA, and tet(A), respectively. Conclusions: Pigs may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and slaughterhouse cross-contamination of pork may be a food safety risk.
Presence of different beta-lactamase classes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing AmpC beta-lactamase enzyme
Authors: Upadhyay Supriya , Sen Malay Ranjan , Bhattacharjee Amitabha
Published: May 2010

Introduction: Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to treat as the majority of isolates exhibit varying degrees of beta-lactamase mediated resistance to most of the beta-lactam antibiotics. It is also not unusual to find a single isolate that expresses multiple β-lactamase enzymes, further complicating the treatment options. Thus the present study was designed to investigate the coexistence of different beta-lactamase enzymes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methodology: A total of 202 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were tested for the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme. Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase was performed by disk antagonism test and a modified three-dimensional method, whereas detection of ESBL was done by the combined disk diffusion method per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and MBL were detected by the Imipenem EDTA disk potentiation test. Results: A total of 120 (59.4%) isolates were confirmed to be positive for AmpC beta-lactamase. Among them, 14 strains (7%) were inducible AmpC producers. Co-production of AmpC along with extended spectrum beta-lactamase and metallo beta-lactamase was reported in 3.3% and 46.6% isolates respectively. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the high prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa producing beta-lactamase enzymes of diverse mechanisms. Thus proper antibiotic policy and measures to restrict the indiscriminative use of cephalosporins and carbapenems should be taken to minimize the emergence of this multiple beta-lactamase producing pathogens.