bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art, the Trade and The Man Without Desire
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

This chapter summarises debates in the trade press in the 1920s about whether art cinema could be successful or if it could only ever be an entertainment medium. The summary forms the basis of an exploration of the production and reception of Brunel’s first feature, The Man Without Desire. The film brought together a disparate group of creatives and Bohemian figures, not least its star Ivor Novello, in an attempt to create a commercially successful film that incorporated elements from other arts. The result was an ambitious Venice-set production which employed both classical and Expressionist visuals along with fantasy and science fiction tropes. Though lauded by the critics and enjoying a successful run in London, it failed to make a profit, apparently because regional film renters regarded it as too highbrow for the average filmgoer.
Adaptation and the Power of the Author: The Constant Nymph
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at the problems of adapting literature to film through Adrian Brunel’s film version of Margaret Kennedy’s best-selling novel The Constant Nymph. Contemporary debates around whether novels are suitable source material for silent screenplays are surveyed. The personality of the writer loomed large in British cinema and was a major selling point for screen adaptations but the power wielded by authors complicated the director’s job, as Brunel discovered. His enforced collaboration with theatre director Basil Dean further reduced his control. Through a reading of the versions of the script and correspondence in Brunel’s papers, the chapter outlines the attempts by the various screenwriters to make an art film and the resistance to these by the producers. Brunel’s efforts to imbue the film with visual appeal through his on-set interventions are highlighted.
CONCLUSION
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

The conclusion reaffirms Adrian Brunel’s merit as the subject for study in the light of the arguments made in the book. A summary of his achievements across various areas of filmmaking emphasises his contributions to British cinema and the attention his work has garnered over subsequent decades. The way he has been situated within revisionist approaches to British film in the 1920s is explored and his attempts to create a national art cinema. Brunel’s attempts to establish a viable British film industry with a national product that was original and sustainable are evaluated. Among his other important endowments to British cinema are the skills he imparted to colleagues who went on to become key figures in the industry, and his support for and encouragement of amateur filmmakers. The chapter reflects on what Brunel’s failures reveal about the fragility of the British film industry of the interwar years and the complexities of trying to navigate it.
Medieval Syria and the Onset of the Crusades
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

This book re-examines the pre and early Crusading period from a Syrian perspective. During the period covered in this book (1050–1128), northern Syria was subjected to a series of invasions from the east and west by the nomadic Seljuq Turks and European Crusaders. This migration of militant peoples from the Eurasian Steppe and western Europe inserted a new set of political elites into a complex frontier zone already beset by numerous conflicts fought along several ethno-cultural and religious contours. Surveying this turbulent chapter of Syrian history from multiple perspectives, this book recalibrates the underlying power dynamics of the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. By adopting a regional focus, it reassesses both the impact that the establishment of Turkish and Crusader lordships had upon bilad al-sham (Greater Syria) and the reactions of Syria’s established ruling elite to this unprecedented sequence of events.
Part I Introduction
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the ways in which the autonomy of individual polities operating in Syria is assessed throughout the book. It begins with Michael Köhler’s definition of ‘the system of autonomous lordships in Syria’, before summarising how each lordship in the region existed on a fluctuating continuum between annexation and autonomy. There is then discussion of how three factors; military activity, symbolic acts of submission, and tributary relations will be used as the barometer for defining what it meant to be an ‘autonomous lordship’ in Syria during this period.
The Byzantine Empire
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1 charts the declining diplomatic and territorial importance of the Byzantine polity of Antioch in the years between 1050 and the fall of city to the Anatolian Seljuq ruler Sulayman b. Qutlumush in 1084. It presents a new chronology for the decline of Byzantine influence from 1062 onwards. This chapter also provides an overview of Byzantine diplomatic contacts with ‘local rulers’ in bilad al-sham from different ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds, indicating that there was an established precedent for interactions and alliances across ethno-cultural boundaries, in particular between Muslim and Christian rulers, which pre-dated the arrival of the Franks in the region.
The Fatimid Caliphate
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 examines local factors that led to the deterioration of Fatimid authority in bilad al-sham between 1050-1128. It questions the traditional interpretation that the erosion of Fatimid dominions in al-sham was provoked by the emergence of Seljuq rulers from 1071 onwards, advocating instead that the Egyptian defeat to Mirdasid forces at the battle of al-Funaydiq in 1060, and the territorial losses suffered in the succeeding decade were of greater importance to this process. This chapter also contends that Cairo’s interest in Jerusalem pre-dated the arrival of the armies of the First Crusade in the Levant, whilst is also a re-examination of the evidence surrounding the Egyptian desire for a ‘Frankish buffer state’ in 1098. It also discusses the Fatimid Caliphate’s willingness to cooperate diplomatically and military with Seljuq rulers in the eleventh century.
Part II Introduction
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

This small chapter consists of a one page summary outlining the structure of Chapters 4 and 5.
The Treaty of Perth: Union of the realm and the laws of the kingdom
Authors: Broun Dauvit
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes a fresh look at the idea in the Treaty of Perth that everyone in the Scottish kingdom is subject to its laws and customs by examining how far this represented an aspiration or a reality, and how this related to how the kingdom’s ancient history was understood. It is argued that the belief in ‘Scottish laws’ or the common law of the realm rested not on an actual body of law, but on an assumption that the kingdom was a distinct jurisdiction, and that it must have been so from its origins.
Transport Noise
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses the regulation of noise from aircraft, aerodromes, traffic, and rail traffic. The chapter also discusses the effect on the value of property by noise by noise from the construction and use of public works, and sound insulation of premises. The regulation of rail traffic noise, including sound insulation, is also discussed.
Noise Mapping
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses noise mapping in relation to the control of ambient noise. Strategic noise mapping and action plans, including airports, are discussed.
Surveillance and its Ambiguities
Authors: Sabot Philippe
Published: January 2024

What is the relevance, in our time, of the notion of a surveillance society, as popularised by Foucault in Discipline and Punish? In this contribution, we show in particular how contemporary surveillance apparatuses, linked to the development of 'societies of control' or even 'expository society', are born of contradictory desires and sustain ambiguous divisions between private and public, freedom and security. How can we reconcile, on the one hand, a reluctance to implement control procedures that have the effect of limiting our freedom in fact and sometimes in law, and on the other hand, a deep-rooted desire for security that itself calls for tighter control of some acts, some behaviours and even so-called 'at-risk' populations? How can we reconcile the desire to expose ourselves (on social networks) with the possibility of resisting the grip of the permanent surveillance that ensues? Questions such as these bring Foucault's concepts up to date, confronting them in particular with the contemporary deployment of digital identities that reinforce the ambiguity of our relationship with surveillance appartuses presenting themselves as obvious tools for free self-expression.
Safe Cities: The French Experience
Authors: Cluzel-Métayer Lucie
Published: January 2024

This chapter on 'safe cities' reflects on the development of digital technologies to ensure public safety, based on French experiences. In a context of heightened tensions due to terrorist and health threats, the collection, modelling, and correlation of 'big data' regarding the circumstances and modalities of past crimes and offenses enable the police to better detect suspicious behaviour and, consequently, to predict and combat risks more effectively. However, these techno-police experiments involving 'intelligent video surveillance,' which entail constant monitoring of the population, pose serious risks to fundamental rights, particularly those related to privacy and the freedoms of expression and assembly. From a legal perspective, this study underscores the importance of judicial intervention to safeguard rights while acknowledging its potential limitations.
Fear of the Dark: The Racialised Surveillance of Indigenous Peoples in Australia
Authors: Joy Rachel
Published: January 2024

Employing philosophical concepts such as homo sacer, the law of exception, the camp, bare life, and necro-politics, Joy is concerned with state surveillance of Aboriginal peoples as a tool of governance to maintain the occupation of Australia. The chapter asks what surveillance contributes to the occupation, how it operates and how it shores up occupier sovereignty. The discussion begins from the premise that Australia is occupied territory, and that settler sovereignty is exercised through the structures and actions of governmental institutions. It argues that racism becomes normalised in a culture built on racism, to the point where it becomes so institutionalised and so socially acceptable that it is invisible to those unaffected by it. Claiming everyday practices of racialised surveillance and spatial management have been fundamental to the success of the occupation Joy contends they can be seen in the impacts of settler surveillance on contemporary Aboriginal communities in the form of ‘The Intervention’, carceral surveillance, and income management cards.
Gender and Surveillance in Margaret Atwood’s Novels, from Bodily Harm (1981) to The Testaments (2019)
Authors: Wrobel Claire
Published: January 2024

L Literary fiction, through its instantiation power, offersa privileged means to study surveillance as socially located and embodied, and as having differential impacts. Margaret Atwood’s fiction is particularly fertile ground, as it engaged with surveillance long before it rose to prominence in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, and has consistently focused on the gendered implications of surveillance over time. The chapter first shows how Bodily Harm (1981) builds on 1970s theorizations of the “male gaze” but complexifies them by articulating them with postcolonial perspectives. The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) and its sequel The Testaments (2019) have in common their foregrounding of the fact that being under surveillance is fundamental to the female experience, and of the possibility of forms of resistance which are local, embodied and dependent on the contingencies of human interaction. The MaddAddam trilogy (2003-2013), which registers advances in the field of surveillance such as biometrics and dataveillance, refuses technological determinism, shows the persistence of long-established patterns of surveillance rooted in patriarchy, and highlights the possibilities of resistance and subversion both on the fictional stage and in writing, using satire, humour and irony to undermine claims to ubiquity and omnipotence.
Technology Solutionism and the World of Work
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part three discusses Hollywood’s representation of working practices in Silicon Valley. Its first chapter highlights their insistence that Silicon Valley’s utopian claims mask a dystopian working environment that condemns its workers to neo-feudal precarity. It places considerable emphasis on the decidedly tragic subtext of The Internship, which undercuts the film’s comedic surface. It also highlights The Circle’s critique of the seductive but ultimately exploitative nature of work in Silicon Valley
Leafing Men and Ladies: Fan Magazines and Reading Strategies
Authors: Polley Sarah
Published: January 2024

This chapter is inspired by Sally Stein’s 1985 article ‘The Graphic Ordering of Desire: Modernization of A Middle-Class Women’s Magazine, 1914-1939’. Stein examined the distribution of editorial and advertising content at five-year intervals in Ladies Home Journal, arguing that advertisement placement is significant, with many ads continued towards the end of magazines alongside the conclusion of editorial content. Encouraging readers to leaf to the back of a magazine to finish features means that they are led to advertising content. Rather than considering one magazine over time, this chapter focuses on single issues of three different UK fan magazines from the same date, September 1955, looking at content - readers’ letters, fictionalisations, articles on stars - which began towards the front of the publication, and again concluded at the rear. The chapter further considers the content of these advertisements, and if they appear to have had a particular gender address.We cannot know how readers consumed their magazines, or indeed who, if anyone, bought the products advertised. But considering which types of coverage featured at the back of fan magazines yields useful insights into the priorities of editorial and advertising teams on different fan magazine titles.
The Apocalypse of the Birds
Authors: Dugan Elena
Published: January 2024

This book identifies a new apocalyptic work—the Apocalypse of the Birds—contained in the Animal Apocalypse (1 Enoch 85-90), and argues that it is born of the chaotic Jewish-Christian world of the first-century CE. Through close analysis of text and manuscripts in Ge’ez, Greek, Aramaic, and Hebrew, alongside historical and numismatic evidence, the book situates the Apocalypse of the Birds alongside literature and historiography of the first-century CE. It argues that the Apocalypse of the Birds belongs to the heady early days of the First Jewish Revolt, and represents crucial evidence for the early optimism of the revolutionaries, the dynamic and progressive evolution of the Animal Apocalyptic tradition, and the blurred and porous boundaries between Jew and Jesus-follower in the first-century CE.
The Nature of the Beast: Literary Evidence for Animal Apocalypse(s) of Enoch
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter proposes that the Animal Apocalypse as extant in Ethiopic manuscripts breaks into two separate works on literary grounds. Using tools traditionally associated with source-criticism, this chapter identifies a literary seam at 1 Enoch 89.55-58, as well as terminological and thematic differences between the two emergent works. The first work, which this chapter calls the ‘Vision of the Beasts’ (1 Enoch 85.1-89.58), provides an animalistic allegory of the history of Israel up until the destruction of the First Temple. The second work, which this chapter calls the ‘Apocalypse of the Birds’ (1 Enoch 89.59-90.42) introduces an internal structuring device of seventy shepherds structuring the narrative’s march to the eschaton, and recasts Israel’s antagonists as birds. This chapter acknowledges the limitations of a source-critical toolbox when applied to apocalyptic works, especially in light of the genre’s tendency towards repetition and often-limited manuscript bases. It is therefore proposed that any hypothesis of a literary seam should be tested against the material evidence, before being evaluated for soundness, as will be done in the next chapter.
Material Evidence for Animal Apocalypse(s) of Enoch
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter confirms the hypothesis that the Animal Apocalypse comprises two separable works, previously advanced on literary grounds, with reference to the material record. This chapter demonstrates that only one of these works—the Vision of the Beasts—is attested among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and likely belongs to the world of second-century bce Judaea. The Apocalypse of the Birds, comprising the portion of the text that brings the allegorical history into the post-exilic era and leads into the eschaton, is not attested at Qumran. In light of this conclusion, different compositional models are introduced, and it is tentatively advanced that the Apocalypse of the Birds represents a later addition to a previously-circulating Vision of the Beasts.
The Early Christian Readers of the Apocalypse of the Birds
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter finds evidence of a second-century ce readership (Barnabas and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs) for the Apocalypse of the Birds, and thereby provides an external terminus ante quem for the work. It is also proposed that these early readers interpret the Apocalypse of the Birds as a prophecy of the events of the first century ce. This match of text to events would represent a curious and unexpected reception history to those committed to a Hellenistic-era Animal Apocalypse, but paves the way for this book’s subsequent re-reading of the work as a composition of the first-century. This chapter also addresses the possibility that the curious messianic figure at 1 Enoch 90.37-38 represents a Christological reference, and provides critical reflections on the modern editing and interpretation of ancient Jewish texts in Christian transmission.
The Apocalypse of the Birds and the First Jewish Revolt
Authors: Dugan Elena L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter demonstrates that the Apocalypse of the Birds, given the second-century ce terminus ante quem established by early readers, is most readily matched to the early Jewish Revolt. First, methodological remarks on the benefits and limitations of dating apocalyptic works in accordance with vaticinium ex eventu conclude that allusions in such works can establish dating windows with some probability, if not full confidence. Subsequently, an interpretation of the allusions in the text as an account of the early Revolt is given, matching the allegorical characters and narratives to the events of the first century ce. Suggestions include: that the account of the Persian–Hellenistic period is (as is not unusual in Jewish historiography) compressed to make way for Roman events, that the eagles of 1 En 90.2–16 are best interpreted as Romans, that the inciting events of the Apocalypse are the massacres of 66 ce, that the rams are to be equated with the early Judaean resistance, and that the rebuffed siege of the ravens refers to the unexpected and infamous defeat of Cestius Gallus by the rebel forces. It is proposed that the Apocalypse of the Birds can therefore help historians of the Revolt unearth the perspective of the revolutionaries, and provide some evidence for Judaean apocalyptic or messianic ideologies that have long been suspected to prompt the outbreak of war.
Introduction: William Wyler—Chariot Races and Flower Shows
Authors: Price John M.
Published: January 2024

This introduction not only presents and explains the various chapters of the book, but also recounts Wyler’s career and personal biography. The diverse nature of Wyler’s work, a description of his visual and narrative cinematic styles, as well as his talent for true collaboration are also explored. This introduction also stresses the influence of the European immigrant experience on Wyler’s concept of Americanism. Author: John M. Price
These Three : Wyler and his Two Adaptations of The Children’s Hour
Authors: Smith Matthias
Published: January 2024

In 1935, William Wyler signed a contract with independent producer Samuel Goldwyn, and was assigned his first film - an adaptation of Lillian Hellman’s The Children’s Hour (1934) - the successful Broadway play, which focused on a rumour of lesbianism between two private school headmistresses. In order to appease the sensors, the resulting film, These Three (1936), jettisoned the queer accusation. In 1961, Wyler would remake the film, this time under its original title, with a screenplay much more faithful to Hellman’s 1934 play. This chapter delves into the differences in each of Wyler’s versions of Lillian Hellman’s play and his approach to queer representation in the somewhat more liberated early 1960s.
Author: Matthias Smith
Introduction Satyajit Ray’s Films, his Men and the Inscription of the Nation
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

This book tries to look at the trajectory of Indian history by examining the construction of Satyajit Ray’s masculine characters, seen in relation to the women. The book has been divided into chosen time frames, which also correspond with certain key moments in history as depicted by Ray. Needless to add, they do not reflect on the trajectory of the nation nor its teleology, but on Ray’s own subjective rendering of it given his own attachment to Nehruvian ideas, of which the chapters take note.
The Colonial and the Premodern: Shatranj Ke Khiladi, Jalsaghar and Devi
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1: This is a chapter in which I examine Ray’s portrayal of colonialism and the subjects created by it, the subjects of a colonial power which is making way for an independent nation and bestowing a new identity upon them. They are a dying breed caught between tradition and colonial modernity, as the circumstances they find themselves in are about to give way to a newer state of being. Masculinity through the overt dominance of one male viewpoint over another is a key motif.
Trying Times: Aspiration and Failure in Kanchenjunga, Mahanagar, Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at the post-Independence male subjects in the modern Indian city, represented by Calcutta, as they negotiate their way through pitfalls and frustrations, even as the Nehruvian dreams of ‘modern India’ falter morally after Nehru’s demise in 1964 and a new era emerges with scarce opportunities. Here again, the position of the women reflects upon the failure of masculinity. While the men are roughly contemporary to those in Chapter 5, they are regarded separately by Ray.
At Odds with the Nation: Joy Baba Felunath, Hirak Rajar Deshe and Sadgati
Authors: Sanyal Devapriya
Published: January 2024

The five-year period between 1979–1984 may be considered a period of decline for Ray within India, since he was apparently sidelined under Mrs Gandhi, perhaps for having been critical of her party. The three films examined here are among his least ambitious. He received the Dada Saheb Phalke Award – given to important film personalities – only in 1985, after Mrs Gandhi’s death. What masculinity means in this context would also be significant.
Introduction
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, Mirsepassi reflects on his decision to write about his participation in the revolution. After speaking at a university protest in 1978, Mirsepassi finds himself left for dead in a garbage dump on the outskirts of Tehran. This chapter considers how the revolution devolved into violence and emphasizes the transnational exchange of ideas that coloured the revolution’s imagination. This chapter demonstrates how the flow of ideas and ideologies ranging from Marxism to Islamism trickled even into the small towns in which Mirsepassi came of age. The concept of ghorbat or estrangement is then elaborated as a central frame for thinking about the author’s gravitation toward history, literature, and politics in his search for solidarity, given his and his family’s status as bureaucratic outsiders in the provincial communities to which they frequently relocated.
Dorud and Nahavand, 1956–1966
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: January 2024

This chapter retraces the author’s family history. His father, a member of the Ministry of Finance and a product of Iran’s burgeoning bureaucracy, found reason to admire the Pahlavi state’s modernizing ambitions and state-building efforts. His mother, a daughter of Iran’s forcibly settled tribe, offers a window onto the coercive dimensions of Pahlavi progress. In her reminiscences about tribal life, she introduces a young Mirsepassi to the language of ghorbat or alienation. The chapter ends by profiling some of the authors, Iranian and international, formative to his adolescent thinking about what constitutes home and community.
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Newspapers, 1850-1950
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This book provides the first comprehensive examination of both the daily and weekly newspapers in Scotland in the century after 1850. It looks beyond the city-based dailies and examines also the emergence and expansion of nearly two hundred local newspapers which for most of the period were the main source of news for people. It brings out much new information on the owners, editors and journalists behind these newspapers together the struggles they often faced in getting established and surviving A second section looks at the changing production of newspapers through new technology such as the expansion of the telegraph and advances in printing processes, at developments in advertising, specialist reporting particularly of sport and crime, and the use of fiction serials. The third section considers what views of Scotland and the world these newspapers were presenting to their readers. These included for some of the time an emphasis on a Liberal, Protestant nation with a distinctive identity, while, at the same time concerned to be part of a greater empire. The final section examines the reduced role of the locally-based press in shaping opinion, with the penetration of the Scottish market by London-based newspapers groups in the twentieth century.
Glasgow’s Weekly Papers
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

For most of the population a single weekly paper rather than a daily was the main source of news and their establishment and frequent failures are examined in this chapter. Some emerged from rivalry between the Presbyterian churches, the Established church the Free Church and the United Presbyterians. There were also efforts at creating a press aimed at the city’s Roman Catholic population, but these too quickly became enveloped in controversy over the extent to which they should be involved in Irish political activities. In other cases there were various attempts to create a more radical press, to give voice to the temperance movement as with Commonwealth or to Owenite socialism in the Glasgow Sentinel. As with so many these were briefly successful but ultimately failed to survive. The most successful of the weeklies proved to be the offshoots of the daily papers, in particular the Weekly Mail and the Weekly Herald both of which sought to appeal to as wide an audience as possible.
Edinburgh: The 1850s and 1860s
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

Although the Scotsman had been established in 1817 it had numerous rivals in Scotland’s capital city. The mid-century decades, after the removal of stamp duty, proved especially acrimonious and competitive, with the fortunes of old and new papers fluctuating The Witness, the Caledonian Mercury, North Briton and the Edinburgh Courant among others had their distinct following, generally based on local political rivalries. Relationship between the owners and editors of the various papers, although generally operating under the broad umbrella of Liberalism, frequently became extremely bitter and personalised. Despite this, or because of this, it was a period of some high quality journalism from editors such as J.W.Finlay of the Scottish Guardian, James Hannay at the Edinburgh Courant and J. G. Bertram at the North Briton all of whom sought to challenge the Whiggism of the Scotsman.
Perthshire, Kinross-shire and Angus
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at the predominantly agricultural area of central and east Scotland that has the city of Perth at its heart. Liberal towns in the midst of an often-conservative rural community brought a liveliness and partisanship to many of the newspapers. In Perth itself the Perthshire Courier, the Perthshire Constitutional and the Perthshire Advertiser competed into the twentieth century. There was also a powerful sense of community, with the Perth papers in particular laying emphasis on the city’s long history. Elsewhere towns such as Arbroath, Montrose Brechin and Forfar had their own competing local papers often reflecting lively political rivalries. The variety of individuals behind the numerous papers and the onerous task that owner/editors in particular had in maintaining their papers are recurring themes.
Ayrshire, Dumfries, Galloway and the Borders
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This area which embraced rich agricultural areas, mining areas and developing textile industries had a similar variety of newspaper developments, with old-established Ayr papers facing challenges from Kilmarnock papers and from other smaller towns wanting their own voice, Arthur Guthrie’s Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald being the most effective example of this. The differences initially were often sectarian with the Free Church resenting Establishment dominance, but increasingly the differences were political, Liberalism versus Conservatism and Unionism, and often linked to local political issues. The farming area of Galloway had in the Galloway Gazette ,the most successful Conservative weekly paper in Scotland by the end of the nineteenth century, while in the border towns further east old-established papers such as the Kelso Mail were having to compete Hawick rivals and challenges and papers such as the Southern Reporter that sought to cross county boundaries.
Highlands and Northern Islands
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

Despite a relatively small population, many of whom were mainly Gaelic speaking in the first half of the period, this chapter examines the very many newspapers that proliferated in the area from Inverness northwards. They reflected a variety of views, with some like the Northern Ensign, the Oban Times and John Murdoch’s The Highlander exposing the extent of Highland deprivation and calling for extensive land reform. At the other extreme Conservative landowners were behind the successful Northern Chronicle which had no truck with land reformers and highly critical of the influence of Irish land war tactics spreading with the Highlands. Other papers such as the Inverness Courier and the Ross-shire Journal were circumspect in voicing their opinions. Religious differences between Free Church and Established Church also continued to influence the policies of many Highland newspapers. The newspapers that emerged in the Orkney and Shetland Isles and in Lewis focussed on local interests while also reflecting a high level of literary among the readerships.
Proprietors, Editors and Journalists
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

The aim of this chapter is to examine the role of different groups who were involved in the production of a newspaper. It examines how proprietors were able to overcome commercial rivalries and learned to collaborate on issues such as curbing the power of private telegraph companies, resisting the pressure of advertising agents and resisting vexatious libel actions. Where editors were recruited from, the challenges they faced in an industry which was highly competitive and also going through rapid change in both technology and public expectations and their changing role as newspapers expanded circulation and production costs rose is a second theme. Finally the chapter looks at the social origins of many journalists, at the emergence of a few women journalists and at the efforts to the increase status through organisation such as the Institute of Journalists.
Filling the Pages
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

In this chapter the way in which the content of newspapers changed over the period, with an increased need to attract advertising to cover increased costs. For much of the period even local newspapers gave extensive commentary on national and international affairs and most papers had regular ‘London Letters’. After a considerable struggle the main Scottish dailies got direct access to the parliamentary reports’ gallery of the House of Commons, but most other papers depended on reports from the Press Association or the Central News Agency.There are signs of increased specialisation by journalists with the ‘special’ generally a war correspondent becoming a key feature. There was also growing awareness that reports of major criminal court cases, such as that of Madeleine Smith, could attract readership and regular court reporting increased. From the 1880s there was also growing coverage of sporting events with football reporting increasingly taking the lion’s share. There was, however, still room for extensive reviewing of books and journals, much serialisation of novels and an apparently bottomless demand for verse. There was also a growing recognition of the potential audience of women and of children .
Getting it Out There
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the main technological developments that allowed greater and faster printing of newspapers. The coming of stereotyping and then of linotype and other technical advances transformed relationships within newspaper establishments. It led to industrial disputes and the exclusion of compositors’ trade unions at the Scotsman and the Glasgow Citizen. The chapter looks also at the process of distribution of papers. All newspapers, but particularly the city dailies, sought to expand their readership making use of railways and ferries to reach as wide a distribution area as possible. Wholesalers such as John Menzies provided wide distribution through newsagents and railway bookstalls, while the Scotsman and other dailies organised direct delivery As well as extending the role of newsagents both morning dailies and evening papers made extensive use of paperboys, child newspaper sellers. By a variety of means newspapers were making their way into almost every house by early in the twentieth century.
A Protestant People
Authors: Fraser W. Hamish
Published: January 2024

Although the various churches played a huge party in the lives of Scottish people this chapter looks at the part played by newspapers in bringing gradual slackening of the churches’ hold on Scottish culture. What in the earlier decades had often been a virulent anti-Catholicism gave way to a tolerance of differences and a lack of sympathy with more zealous expressions of religious fervour from sections of the Free Church. While there were numerous reassertions that Protestantism was at the heart of Scottish identity, reports on levels of drunkenness and of illegitimacy seemed to challenge the depth of religious commitment. Sabbatarianism and church condemnation of heresy found little sympathy and the press did much towards the secularisation of Scottish society. None the less the issue of disestablishment of the Church remained a highly divisive issue on which most newspapers commented very warily.
Conclusion: Legacies of the Hunt in Politics, Society and Empire
Authors: Kallander George
Published: January 2024

The conclusion summarizes the main arguments of the book before picking up the narrative thread with the death of King Yŏnsan’gun and the enthronement of King Chunjong in 1506. It argues that beginning in the sixteenth century, fewer references to royal and elite hunting appear in the official sources as this was an era of both the suppression of hunting activities (including the royal involvement) and the expansion of domination over the land and animals by the throne. The king and court shifted their definition of legitimacy away from martial matters, like hunting, to one of sagely rulership, where the king would spend his time in the capital and royal palace to steady the state. The conclusion ends by offering additional insight into the significance of hunting and animals to Korea and Northeast Asia from the sixteenth through the twentieth centuries as well as the necessity for scholars to incorporate animals into historical studies.
Transnational Diasporic Identity
Authors: Yaghoobi Claudia
Published: January 2024

Chapter Five delves into the tension between diasporic identity and the influence of the homeland for characters and personas. It considers how Iranian Armenians give birth to a new identity in a transnational space where they are socially, politically and economically anchored in their host nations, while simultaneously standing in correspondence with their homeland. Their consequent openness to multivalent identity manifests itself in the Armenian diasporic community’s physical representations of their identity, sometimes through traditions and religion, at other times through language, art and literature as represented in cultural productions.
Epilogue
Authors: Yaghoobi Claudia
Published: January 2024

The Epilogue provides a snapshot of trend lines and struggles that a diasporic transnational individual endures as they negotiate a self, torn between multiple nations, identities and consciousnesses during times of crisis. This chapter discusses the author’s personal experience when the global COVID-19 pandemic was raging throughout the world, the US was reckoning with its racial inequities, Armenia was once again at war with Azerbaijan (and Turkey) over Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), and Iran was witnessing multiple honour killings and executions of prisoners of conscience or activists.
Reversibility and Democracy: The Epistemic Functions of Political Competition
Authors: Moore Alfred
Published: January 2024

This chapter identifies a tension between reversibility and the capacity for collective action over time. Democratic politicians must face regular elections, and any decisions made by a democratic community can, in principle, be revised or reversed later. But in order to achieve long-term objectives, democracies must also be able to make credible commitments. Moore acknowledges this tension but he argues that the principle of reversibility plays an important role in helping democratic societies achieve a balance between steadfastness and reversibility. He argues that reversibility has epistemic potentials that enable democratic systems to adapt and respond to dispersed information and thereby make better future-regarding decisions. Moore’s analysis challenges the conventional wisdom that reversibility inhibits rather than supports future-regarding collective action.
The Finnish National Foresight System
Authors: Koskimaa Vesa
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, Koskimaa describes the Finnish National Foresight System. The chapter highlights the parliamentary context in which the Committee for the Future (CF) was created, and how this institution has secured its unique place within the Finnish foresight system. At the same time, Koskimaa emphasises that the CF is only one part of a much larger and more comprehensive foresight system that includes the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), the ministries, as well as many non-governmental organisations and academic institutions. The Finnish National Foresight System is therefore much more than the Committee for the Future, even though the CF does, indeed, form the structural foundation for the system as a whole.
Deliberative Minipublics and Climate Change Policy
Authors: Setälä Maija , Kulha Katariina , Sormunen Hilma
Published: January 2024

Based on a case study of a Citizens’ Jury on climate policies in Finland, this chapter examines the prospects and the challenges associated with using deliberative minipublics in future-regarding policymaking processes. The Finnish government has set an ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035. In Spring 2021, the government sponsored a Citizens’ Jury and tasked it with deliberating the most controversial aspects of the government’s climate policy. This chapter outlines the details of the minipublic process and analyses surveys with participants and interviews with policymakers. The authors argue that minipublics can help governments identify potential problem areas or policies that might undermine threaten their ability to make—and maintain—long-term commitments in climate policy. Nevertheless, the Citizens’ Jury did not fundamentally challenge or alter the elite-driven nature of long-term decision-making in Finland.
Scottish Provincial Bank Agent
Authors: Finlay John
Published: January 2024

Craig’s work as an agent for the Leith Banking Company is represented in much of his surviving correspondence and presents a picture of the working life of a common enough 19th-century figure in Scotland - a local lawyer who was also a bank agent. As well as the local branch of the Leith Bank, Craig ran the Galashiels Savings Bank which was intended to assist the ‘labouring classes’ and was part of a significant savings bank movement of the period. Banking saw Craig heavily engaged in the Borders Fairs which were the key sites of commercial activity and for which ready cash was required, often a matter of tension with the bank’s head office in Leith. He was also able to grant loans to textile and other businesses and run a range of banking services including the discounting for cash of bills of exchange. Credit-referencing forms an interesting branch of his activities both locally and in his relationship with the London bankers, Barnetts, Hoare & Co.
Manufacturing and Commerce
Authors: Finlay John
Published: January 2024

Craig made use of his position within the community to encourage local commerce, particularly in the textile industry and his correspondence reveals aspects of how that industry was conducted. The 1820s were a challenging time for local textiles and insolvency was a recurring issue, however markets developed significantly in the following decade. As well as the financial side, Craig’s letters reveal a great deal about the commerce conducted at the Borders Fairs, particularly the sale of wool and livestock. Craig was concerned in attempts to improve transport links; the exploitation of peat mosses, and negotiating the sale of shooting and fishing rights on local estates. Craig is revealed as a forward thinker with an entrepreneurial bent; an enthusiast for rail; and a lawyer attuned to the needs of the community he served.
Machiavelli in the Spanish-Speaking Atlantic World, 1880-1940
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

Combining historiography and political theory, this monograph compares different strands of Machiavelli’s reception in South and North America, and between Hispanic America and Spain. It provides new insights into Machiavelli’s writings and how they have been read in different contexts. The book analyses these readings by focusing on some specific themes including: the relationship between politics and morals; the links between political power and freedom; debates about political realism; reflections on liberalism and republicanism; and conceptions of time and history. The book argues that Machiavelli had a significant impact on both liberal and anti-liberal authors in Argentina and Spain. For liberals, he represented a synonym of tyranny but also offered a synthesis between republicanism and liberalism. For antiliberals, he was associated with modernity and liberalism.
The First Phase: Machiavelli’s Reception Between 1880 and 1914
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

The chapter argues that throughout the nineteenth century there was a change in the interpretation of Machiavelli. From being understood as the "author of tyranny", Machiavelli came to be understood as the intellectual father of a certain type of nationalism: a militaristic nationalism, linked to a type of state (the force-state). This way of understanding Machiavelli led to his being understood as a fundamental author for understanding the imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Machiavelli and Freedom
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

The chapter examines liberal readings of Machiavelli in the first half of the twentieth century. It argues that there was a shift in liberal interpretations of his work: from being associated with tyranny and authoritarianism, Machiavelli came to be understood as a republican author who offered a synthesis between republicanism, liberalism and democracy. In other words, the chapter shows that Machiavelli's reception in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world identified the Florentine author's republicanism. And, in turn, the relationship between his republicanism and liberalism was the subject of intellectual and political reflection.
The Hispanic and North American Reception of Machiavelli in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Losada Leandro
Published: January 2024

The chapter argues that Machiavelli's reception in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world had different themes of interest in different countries. For example, in Argentina, interest in the republican content of Machiavelli's work was emphasised. In Spain, on the other hand, his conception as an author of the modern state was important. On this basis, the chapter argues that the themes of interest that defined Machiavelli's reception in the English-speaking Atlantic world can also be identified in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world. That is to say, in contrast to what has been argued by an important historiography, according to which Machiavelli was not an important author in Spanish-speaking thought (above all because of the importance of Catholicism), the chapter argues that he was a relevant author, and that in fact he was a relevant author for Catholic intellectuals. Finally, the chapter points out that there was a common ground between liberals and illiberals: for both, Machiavelli was understood as an author linked to liberalism rather than as an anti-liberal author
The Court of the Caliphate of al-Andalus
Authors: Manzano Moreno Eduardo
Published: January 2024

During the second half of the 10th century CE/4th H., the Caliphate of Córdoba became a major political power in Western Europe. The zenith of this political supremacy coincided with the rule of Caliph al-Ḥakam II (961–976/350-366). This book is based on an extraordinary source: the annals written by ‘Īsā al-Rāzī, an official and chronicler of the caliph’s court, from June 971 (360) until July 975 (364). In these, al-Rāzī recorded the daily events of the court, describing in stunning detail all the events, characters, places and narratives of the Umayyad caliphate. This source is fundamental in helping us to understand the configuration of the Mediterranean in the 10th century CE/4th H. This book provides a comprehensive study of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba based on this eyewitness account and other Arab sources relating to the period. Bringing together textual evidence with the archaeological record to produce a vivid description of the social formation of al-Andalus in this period, the book uncovers how an early medieval Islamic state functioned and the constraints that it faced exerting its power and authority.