bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Negative Effect of Racial Discrimination on Minority Youth in the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Brown Waln K. , Rhodes Warren A. , Miller Timothy P. , Jenkins Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Discriminatory treatment of black adolescents in our juvenile justice system has been reported to contribute to an unfavorable adult outcome for such adolescents. In a long term follow-up of 500 randomly selected cases of adolescents adjudicated delinquent in the Dauphin County (Pennsylvania) Juvenile Court during the years 1960-75, minority (black) adolescents received discriminatory lenience in that they were treated like younger children. Those who received such lenient treatment had a higher rate of adult conviction than those not so treated.
The Living Conditions of Law Violators in Denmark
Authors: Kyvsgaard Britta
Published: March 2007

Research was conducted in an attempt to determine the relationshipv between offending and "living conditions"-employment, education, income, housing, etc. The study demonstrated that offenders live in considerably poorer conditions than does the Danish population in general and that the more serious the offense and the more severe the sentence imposed, the poorer the conditions. The marginalization, illustrated by changes in the situation of offenders, has increased in the last decade due to changing technology, economic recession, and growing conservatism.
Childhood Sexual Victimization and Lack of Empathy in Child Molesters: Explanation or Excuse?
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe
Published: March 2007

There are reports that childhood sexual victimization is more prevalent among child molesters than among males in the general population. It has been hypothesized that past victimization is causally related to sex offending. The causal link, however, is not well defined, and the rate of sexual victimization among molesters is similar to that reported among other forensic and psychiatric populations. It has also been argued that victimization has a paradoxical, negative effect on victim empathy. The role of cognitive or emotional empathy in offending, though, remains unclear. The value of promoting victim empathy in an attempt to reduce offending is questionable. This article describes child molesters whose behavior is inconsistent with the victimization-based explanations they offer for their offending. Some implications for intervention are briefly reviewed, and the relation of victimization and lack of empathy to cognitive distortions is considered.
Family Characteristics of Delinquent Youth in Time of War
Authors: Shoham Efrat
Published: March 2007

The Arab-Israeli conflict, with its periodical outbreaks of war, has been studied from various points of view. Juvenile delinquency in wartime has not been adequately examined. Descriptive research around the world indicate a significant rise in juvenile delinquency during wartime. This finding does not explain the dynamics of the phenomenon. Our hypothesis is that this phenomenon is associated with family variables. Our findings support the assumption that in wartime, parents of juvenile delinquents are characterized by high inflexibility, little contact with their social environment, and lack of emotional support, direction, and participation in the distress of their children. Our findings appear to support systems theory, which attaches importance to family boundaries and internal organization for coping with internal and external crisis.
The Addiction Severity Index in Penitentiaries
Authors: Amoureus Michel P.S.R. , van den Hurk Arie A. , Breteler Marinus H.M. , Schippers Gerard M.
Published: March 2007

The sharply increased number of drug-abusing detainees in Dutch penitentiaries has led to a multiformity in treatment. No uniform assessment instruments have been developed. In this study the Addiction Severity Index for penitentiaries was researched. The instrument offers a wide range of applications including treatment planning, referral decisions and policy-making. The reliability and validity of the ASI was tested with 128 inmates; the internal consistency is good. The ASI problem areas are independent from each other. The ASI produces valid severity ratings and has a psychiatric subscale and its validity is moderately good.
European History and Cultural Transfer
Authors: Middell Matthias
Published: March 2007

The European community that is in the process of being created is still searching for its history. For a few years now, the publishing market, which has been attempting - under the heading of ‘European history’ - to construct a shared past for a present that we now have in common, has been mushrooming. This communal experience is indisputably gaining ground (though more slowly and controversially than some well-known optimists hoped): it is promoted by freedom of movement within the European Union, by the effect of tourism, which some time ago ceased being reserved only for the elite, by the availability everywhere of products that, a few years back, typically represented a certain type of national styles of consumption, and finally by the unifying influence of the media. To the extent that closer relations between the inhabitants of the ‘old world’ run in parallel with the attempt to create institutions to regulate these common goods, and to protect against movements of people from other areas with their own sets of values, a combination of powerful ingredients is in place that leads one to anticipate a strengthening of ‘European’ identity. It is well known in research into identity that history plays an important part in its construction. And indeed historians from European countries have set themselves the task of jointly putting together a school textbook in which presentations that might otherwise focus on national character and be likely to offend neighbours will be harmonized. Others are looking at ways of celebrating memory (places of memory) that are intended to stimulate European rather than national memory. In addition, German and French historians met a while ago, in the little place of Genshagen near Berlin, with the intention of identifying events that would be suitable for European celebrations, in that they would not be connected with events that one of the participants might be ashamed of, or refer directly to a victory of one over another. But to anyone who studies the history of the two neighbours separated only by the Rhine, it quickly becomes clear that there is not a lot of space left in the calendar for activities that would found a common tradition.
A School for Children of the Twenty First Century
Authors: Rossi-Doria Marco
Published: March 2007

‘My name is Ephraïm Naana, I have already told you on one of these many occasions when you have come here before closing time to speak about my school. In my village, since you ask me, there are not all the things which are to be found on the market here, there are only those which grow there: mangoes, potatoes, maize, bananas, papayas. And my primary school teacher told me that in other places there might be even fewer things; he said that in the market in Khartoum, in Sudan, the nation is vast but on the stalls there are only onions and white and red beans; and even though they were nicely arranged in piles, they were still only white beans, red beans and onions; and then he said that the world was big and that the hunger we experienced was not the worst of famines.
Time, Understanding, and Will
Authors: Balaban Oded
Published: March 2007

In the passage from the Enneads devoted to discussing and defining the nature of time, it is written that first one must experience eternity, which, as everyone knows, is the model and archetype of time. This initial warning, which is especially serious because we trust in its sincerity, appears to wipe out all hope of finding common ground with its author.

Jorge Luis Borges, History of Eternity

So let us leave the Platonists to wander off down a blind alley. Poor simpletons, they think they will find the secret of discourse about time in the link with eternity. Whereas I, who am powerless in the face of eternity, would prefer to ask: what link can be retained, in discourse about time, between past, present, and future? If there is some link, can the three kinds of time break free of their mutual bonds? Can predicting the future, a time that will be but has never existed before, be disconnected from what determines the future as a product of what already exists and what has already existed? Can the past be what it once was or will it always be what each age decides it should have been?
De Interpretatione: Commented Biography of Euclid
Authors: Toth Imre
Published: March 2007

It is said that all philosophy is nothing other than a commentary on Plato.

Maybe.

But was not Plato himself a commentary on Parmenides, Heraclitus, the Pythagoreans, and the Sophists, not to mention Socrates?

And conversely, too, the Commentary on Aristotle composed by St Thomas was not the personal philosophy of Thomas Aquinas? Or then again, do Proclus’ Commentarii in primum Euclidis Elementorum librum not embody a new and original neoplatonic philosophy of mathematics?
Reform Liberalism Reconsidered
Authors: Cha In-Suk
Published: March 2007

The liberal-communitarian debates, which became prominent in social and political philosophy during the 1980s, continue to be waged in those disciplines and in politics today with even more fervor, and this time, both the ‘80s and the ‘90s are called forth as bleak and sorry evidence for one side or the other. The current scene is reminiscent of some of the ‘60s ideological disputes, especially the reformist critique of conservatism within liberalism. And that dispute itself is reminiscent of yet another, the one from whence it derived, John Dewey's well-known opposition of new and old individualism.
The Third Party: Power, Disappearances, Performances
Authors: Castro Antonia Garcia
Published: March 2007

The scene takes place in O'Higgins Park, in Santiago, Chile, on 1 October 1995. Some women have just taken their place on the stage and the enthusiastic audience is applauding, the women have started singing accompanied by a guitar, but they cannot be heard, for the audience is still applauding. One of the women gets up. Like the others, she is wearing a white blouse and a long black skirt, she is old and her hair is grey. She moves to the front of the stage, chooses her place and stops, her eyes search the horizon but do not wander aimlessly, her eyes are fixed somewhere between the here and the hereafter. When she finds what she is looking for, she raises her right hand to wave a white handkerchief, and the dance begins. The audience, suddenly attentive, watches. And what do they see? Not the woman alone on the stage, but the empty space which she traces. The empty space disturbs us, as Chilean spectators, because the cueca, the national folklore dance, is danced by two people, or it is not danced at all. The invisible other is invoked by this woman's every gesture and we do not smile when faced with the absence of her man because we have a premonition that she is not pretending, we have a premonition that she can see him. The image of women dancing alone has become one of the symbols of the struggle of the families of the disappeared under the dictatorship of General Pinochet. The families are commemorating, on 1 October 1995, the twentieth anniversary of their organization into an association in 1975. The term “the disappeared” has progressively become accepted to indicate the victims of a novel, coercive practice in Chile, since the coup d’état on 11 September 1973. The forced disappearance of people differs from political assassination, as Amnesty International never ceases to indicate in the various reports which it commissions on them. In the Chilean case, this speciality is in part due to the security system which has taken on the responsibility of destroying all organized opposition to the military dictatorship: the DINA, the intelligence service created by the military junta, which is only answerable for its actions to the junta. More fundamentally, the special character of disappearance is due to the invisibility of the victim's body and to the doubt that this invisibility arouses within the victim's family circle: the disappeared is not identified as dead because his death is never certified, on the other hand his sudden and unexplained absence indicates that he is a person in danger and that this danger extends to all those who notice his absence.
Ways of Looking at Prehistoric Rock Art
Authors: Bahn Paul G.
Published: March 2007

Rock art - paintings, and pecked or engraved images on rocks, whether in caves, shelters, or in the open-air - exists in all but a couple of countries of the world [Bahn, 1998], It spans a period from at least 35,000 years ago to historic times, comprises many millions of images from hundreds of thousands of sites, and thus constitutes the vast majority of the world's art, and art history. It is a phenomenon that has seen a huge upsurge of interest in the last few decades, with not only numerous publications and conferences, but also a proliferation of calendars, T-shirts, mugs, jewellery, and garments bearing rock art images. Many people who are famous for other things have worked on or published rock art - for example, scholars such as Mary Leakey or authors like Joy Adamson or Erle Stanley Gardner. Rock art studies have always been the domain of the “amateur” as well as the “professional”, and amateurs remain of huge importance in this field. Indeed, most of the principal rock art organisations, along with their journals, were created by, are run by, and consist largely of amateur enthusiasts who include some of the world's foremost specialists. The growing popularity of the art brings an ever-increasing risk of pollution, damage, and vandalism, as well as outright thefts of wall or cave images. The rock art associations are dedicated to the discovery, recording, and conservation of rock art, and play a major role in striving to teach schoolchildren and adults alike about the incalculable importance of this irreplaceable, universal heritage and about the need to respect and protect it.
Introduction
Authors: Dressler Wanda
Published: March 2007

Scholars from different disciplines are seeking to construct the new field of post-communism, which has been created by the implosion of the communist regime. They explore the most important dimensions of the differences between various types of space and geographical territories: the spaces of identity and the social, political and geopolitical spaces in certain countries of Central Europe (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia), the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia) and the Russian world and its Eurasian borders (Russia, Mongolia, Buriatia, Kazakhstan, Moldavia and the Baltic states) not to mention the borders of the Middle or Far Eastern communist world (descriptions of China and the Middle East).
Conceptualising the Reconstruction of Identities in the Postcommunist Countries
Authors: Dressler Wanda
Published: March 2007

In this article I propose to explore the meanings, mechanisms and issues at stake in the reconstitution of identities which can now be seen taking place in the countries of the post-communist space. We shall consider this space not as a thing in itself, but in terms of its old and new interactions with the countries of western Europe, in order to understand the phenomena of reconstructed identities in general, in the context of their relationship to the period of globalisation in which we now find ourselves.
Emblem of Minority, Substitute for Sovereignty: The Case of Buryatia
Authors: Hamayon Roberte N.
Published: March 2007

For many peoples the fall of the Soviet regime saw the disappearance of a structure that had ensured their membership of entities with which they had in fact been only partially able to identify. This is true of the Buryats and Russians living in Buryatia, a former autonomous republic on the shores of Lake Baikal in southern central Siberia.
Moscow Chill and Shanghai Frenzy: Two False Exits from the Communist Urban Order
Authors: Haeringer Philippe
Published: March 2007

On paper, the Russians left Communism behind at a single stroke of the pen. But within their walls and inside their heads the great majority of them remain material and mental prisoners of the Soviet period, whose tattered remnants still ensure - albeit with increasing difficulty - everyday life and survival. As for the Chinese, they continue to celebrate the glory of Mao in the most official fashion. But within their walls and deep within themselves, they are now decidedly elsewhere.
Ecology and the Deep Forces of Perestroika
Authors: Raviot Jean-Robert
Published: March 2007

An oasis of authorized criticism in the 1960s and the 1970s, and a privileged public arena for ‘extreme non-conformist’ intellectuals in the same period, ecology was also the matrix for the national movements which precipitated the end of the decaying party-state at the end of the 1980s and which had been in gestation since the late 1960s. Ideal metaphor for the fall of a system emblematized by the catastrophe at Chernobyl (April 1986), the ecological crisis - the crisis in the relationship between nature and urban space - made it possible to understand the full extent of the post-war upheavals that had taken place at the heart of Soviet society. The rapid, huge-scale industrialization and urbanization of the country had produced a new educated middle class of ‘specialists’ (technicians, engineers, applied research managers, economists and administrators, and so on), which in the early 1960s constituted the hard core of the first generation of Soviets to be a majority of urban-dwellers. If it was not embodied, as in Western countries, in political movements or parties, the ecological cause was no less institutionalized. The horticultural societies (tovariscestva) on the edge of towns (ogorodniki), the ‘nature protection brigades’ which organized reafforestation campaigns (DOP), the Society for the Protection of Nature (VOOP), or local historical and ethnographical societies (kraevedenie) had a considerable number of supporters. It allowed the expression of a very extensive range of individual and collective sentiments, and of reactions both rejecting and adapting to a radically new natural, social and cultural environment - that of the town and a larger community. For a disorientated society, it was a question of re-appropriating its immediate, daily environment, of attempting to impose, individually or collectively, meaning on its existence and its social trajectory. Ecological sentiment was thus intimately bound up with the emergence of an ‘urban civilization’ in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev.
The Monstrous as the Paradigm of Modernity? Or Frankenstein, Myth of the Birth of the Contemporary
Authors: Vacquin Monette
Published: March 2007

‘Do you see this egg? It is with this that all the theological schools and all the churches of the Earth will be overturned.’

Diderot, Entretien avec d'Alembert (Conversation with d'Alembert)

About fifteen years ago I took a journey through the famous work of Mary Shelley, and the interpretation of her warning call. Let me say briefly why I am interested in Mary Shelley.

At the beginning of the 80s I was invited by a journal to reflect on what was totally new at that time: the birth of children conceived asexually and outside the body by in vitro fertilization. At that time very little work existed on these issues, though they were soon to generate a great deal of ink. The only publications to have appeared were Jacques Testart's very first book, De l'éprouvette au bébé spectacle (From the test tube to the miracle baby), and René Frydman's L'irrésistible désir de naissance (The irresistible desire for birth).
Is Homo Donator a Homo Moralis?
Authors: Godbout Jacques T.
Published: March 2007

Like many interested in the gift, I have to confess to having always experienced a certain attraction for methodological individualism. Through its way of approaching social actors, methodological individualism introduces the actor's concern: what are the sound principles which account for the behaviour of the actors that are observed? This is the question which individualism compels us constantly to ask. Admittedly, its response is almost always the same: self-interest. As R.H. Frank wrote:

Most [economists’] texts mention at the outset that our rational choice model takes peoples’ tastes as given. They may be altruists, sadists, masochists; or they may be concerned solely with advancing their own material interests. But having said that, most texts then proceed to ignore all motives other than material self-interest.

(Frank, 1994, p. xxiii)
The Art of Memory and the Art of Page Layout in the Middle Ages
Authors: Carruthers Mary J.
Published: March 2007

Since the theme of this issue is ‘back to the future,’ especially to the ways in which information formats before the age of printing anticipate and perhaps even may give some guidance to principles of organization and cognitive layouts for the ‘new’ science of information design, I am going to focus in my presentation on the design of memory storage, as it was taught and practiced in the Middle Ages. It is important to recognize that ‘memory-art’ accompanied every aspect of education in the ancient trivium, though different aspects and capacities of human memory were emphasized as appropriate to its various disciplines. What is commonly now taken to be ‘the art of memory,’ namely the advice to link powerful images of ‘content’ (imagines rerum) together in dramatic scenes conceived within a mental location (locus) (as described most completely in the early first century B.C. Rhetorica ad Herennium) is not a universal technique but specifically a device of Rhetoric, and thus of composition. There is also an ‘art of memory’ associated with Dialectic, and this is the device of the ‘topics’ or ‘seats’ (topoi) of argument, syllogism and enthymeme arranged in an orderly schematic of specific mental ‘places.’ Aristotle expounded this scheme as a variety of mnemonic art in his treatise Peri Topoi, and in turn it was further disseminated to later antiquity and the Middle Ages in works by Cicero and Boethius.
Genesis and Hypertext: Exchanging Scores
Authors: Crasson Aurèle
Published: March 2007

It is difficult to give a precise definition of hypertext since, in addition to its use as a technical tool, there is the conceptual dimension of a space for organizing memory and mapping connections. People often confuse the hypertext system, which makes it possible, through the digital medium, to link objects of different types, with the products (compositions?) created by means of this technique. Hypertext cannot be limited to either of these aspects. Like ink and paper, it is a medium for composition and expression and should also be seen as such. Whatever its purpose, and even if it involves collecting together pages on the Web in an ad hoc manner, hypertext delineates areas of knowledge and thus helps to produce a dual temporality, one that belongs to documents, the other characterized by instant actualization (which coincides with the eradication of any distance of space or time between the items of information).
The Author's Right to Intellectual Property
Authors: Piriou Florence-Marie
Published: March 2007

Increasingly in certain circles the idea is growing up that ‘intellectual property is theft’. With companies being concentrated into multimedia groups, literary works being captured electronically, products being created for a mass-media culture, commercial exchange on a worldwide scale, the legitimacy of the creator's literary and artistic property is being challenged. Originally the ‘droit d'auteur’ or copyright were mainly protective rules laid down by law to regulate the author's status. The legal system of literary and artistic ownership still ensures that creators receive revenue each time their works are reproduced, adapted or communicated to the public. In addition the droit d'auteur has another aspect through the existence of moral right, which establishes a personal link between author and work. It is true that moral right, which is sometimes seen as an obstacle to economic development, is almost non-existent in the systems of law recognizing copyright, which do not incorporate the same balance of interests as between the author and the company. On the other hand, in its formulation the droit d'auteur takes a more human approach and to say that intellectual property is theft would be equivalent to weakening, or even eradicating, a system that protects individual creators facing the reality of the exploitation of their work. This is why this criticism of legitimacy should, in my view, be considered in the context of a debate about the status of the author. The electronic capture of creative works has meant that the general public has easier access to them.
The Structure and Classification of Games
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

In 1933, the rector of the University of Leyden, J. Huizinga, chose as the theme of his solemn speech, “the boundaries of play and of work in culture.” He was to take this subject up again and to develop it in a powerful and original work published in 1938, Homo ludens. Most of the statements in this book are debatable. Nonetheless, it opens the way to extremely fertile research and reflection. It is to Huizinga's lasting credit that he masterfully analyzed the fundamental characteristics of play and that he demonstrated the importance of its role in the development of civilization. He wanted on the one hand to find an exact definition of the essential nature of play; on the other hand, he attempted to shed some light on that part of play that haunts or enlivens the principal manifestations of all culture, the arts as well as philosophy, poetry as well as juridical institutions, and even certain aspects of war.
The Idea of Nostalgia
Authors: Starobinski Jean
Published: March 2007

In tracing the history of emotions and of mentalities, one is immediately confronted with a question of method resulting from the interplay of emotions and language.

The emotions whose history we wish to retrace are accessible to us only from the time when they find expression, verbally or by other means. For the critic, for the historian, an emotion exists only beyond the point at which it attains a linguistic status. No facet of an emotion can be traced before it is named, before it is designated and expressed. It is not, then, the emotion itself which comes before us; only that part which has passed into a given form of expression can be of interest to the historian.
The Protestant Ethic Thesis in Analytical and Comparative Context
Authors: Eisenstadt Samuel N.
Published: March 2007

Weber's famous “Protestant Ethic” thesis—the thesis published originally by him as “ Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus” in Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft in Sozialpolitik, in 1901-02 (Vol. XX) and reprinted in his Gesammelte Aufsätze für Religionssoziologie, in 1920—which has allegedly attributed the rise of modern, as distinct from pre-modern, types of capitalism to the influence of Protestantism and especially of Calvinism, has provided—probably more than any other single specific thesis in the social sciences—a continuous focus of scientific controversy.
Minority Languages, a Cultural Legacy
Authors: Brenzinger Matthias
Published: March 2007

Being professionally interested in African languages, there is no way in which we could try to hide our rather selfish motive in hoping for the survival of African languages, and as many as possible at that. The disappearance of any African language means to us scholars the final, irrecoverable loss of an important empirical resource, not only for linguistic studies, but also for studies on the history and culture of a people. Not many outside the academic circle, however, will have heartaches over such matters.
Death, Contingency and the Genesis of Self-Awareness
Authors: Mirvish Adrian
Published: March 2007

The exact nature of self-consciousness is a problem that has occupied a central position in contemporary philosophical thought. Despite a wide variety of approaches, however, a common assumption in almost all theories is that adult consciousness functions as the norm and appropriate starting point for an investigation in this area. Indeed, in general, philosophers have made the presupposition that they can deal with issues in their field - whether, for example, this involves emotions, knowledge, or perception - purely as these are manifest in an adult form.
Voyagers without Abode and the Departure to a Better World
Authors: Bauer Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Transcending all ideological differences, the Book of Metamorphoses (Yijing, I-Ging) has been viewed in traditional Chinese culture as a basic work not only of the art of sooth-saying, but of an understanding of the world as a whole. Among the 64 situations described therein, the 56th deals with the constellation of ‘the wanderer’ (Lü). It is symbolized by the ‘fire’ above the ‘mountain’, i.e., a fleeting phenomenon whose ephemeral character is highlighted by the fact that it appears above something as solid and immovable as a mountain.
Cultures of Creativity
Authors: Miller Arthur I.
Published: March 2007

The cultures here in question are those of mathematics and of physics that I shall interpret with the goal of exploring different modes of creativity. As case studies I will consider two scientists who were exemplars of these cultures, the mathematician Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) and the physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955). The modes of creativity that I will compare and contrast are their notions of aesthetics and intuition. In order to accomplish this we begin by studying their introspections.
Praise of Astrology
Authors: Faracovi Ornella Pompeo
Published: March 2007

By the end of the seventeenth century, high culture had banished astrology as a mixture of superstition and imposture. The great astrological treatises of the past - in particular the Ptolemaic Tetrabiblos (whose very authenticity was cast into doubt) - stopped being published; a hodgepodge of minor writings, mostly preserved in manuscript form, lay mouldering in oblivion in the far recesses of libraries. It was only in the latter decades of the eighteenth century that the learned world began once again to pay attention to the ancient art, when historians of ancient religions and science began to realize the impossibility of exploring their subjects without taking into account a presence that could be neither denied nor underestimated. The history of astrology then began to take shape as a specific field of study, and historicophilological research was able to employ it as a tool for penetrating the tie between mythos and logos, at the origin of western civilization. Along with the image of the Greek miracle, an overly simplistic and schematic definition of reason and science began to decline. It was necessary to isolate, as Hermann Usener sought to do, the “wild germ of science” and to acknowledge the fact that logic and magic bloom on the same stem, as Aby Warburg has often reminded us, with reference to Jean Paul.
From Inter-Religious Dialogue to the Recognition of the Religious Phenomenon
Authors: Arkoun Mohammed
Published: March 2007

Modernity has been working since the sixteenth century in western Europe at what Mr. Gauchet has described as the “exit from religion,” adding that Christianity alone has been able to gain the historical position of “the religion of the exit from religion.” It is indeed the case that the other great religions have not felt, as Christianity has, the intellectual, political and legal necessity to revise their theological foundations radically. Islam in particular has not only been shielded from the fundamental criticisms of intellectual and scientific modernity, but the managers of the sacred have formed alliances with nationalist movements engaged in the anti-colonialist struggle to legitimize wars of liberation and post-independence one-party states. It is true that Islam's mechanisms of state control first came into play in the period of prose-lytism of the new religion, chiefly between 622 and 632; but state control turned into the complete takeover of the irreducible autonomy of the religious domain (the spiritual sphere) by all the states that emerged after the 1920s (Ataturk's radical experiment) and even more so after the post-1945 liberations.
Virtual Multiplicities
Authors: Quéau Philippe
Published: March 2007

The word “virtual” comes from the latin virtus, virtue, which itself comes from the latin vir, man. As for the word “real” it comes from the latin res, thing. One could say that the virtual is the man and the real is the thing. How does one resist the temptation of placing the virtual in opposition to the real, as a metaphor of the man who places himself “in” the world and who confronts things? The virtual opposes the real, as man does the world, in order to transform it and even transcend it.
Can Philosophy Be Intercultural?
Authors: Wiredu Kwasi
Published: March 2007

As we push closer to the twenty-first century, it is relevant to speculate whether the different peoples of the world can have any prospect of a more peaceful coexistence in the coming millennium than hitherto. It seems reasonable to suppose that intercultural dialogue in philosophy can be of service in the pursuit of this ideal and ought therefore to be promoted or, at least, cherished by all philosophers of goodwill. In this way they would be playing their part in the re-education of humankind. But if “ought” implies “can” then whether philosophy can be intercultural is a prior and more fundamental question.
Son of Angola
Authors: Bastos Waldemar
Published: March 2007

*Suffering

Why so much pain/Why so much hate/When we are brothers/And should offer a hand?/Look at the suffering/Look at the torment/Coming from within/Our land is dying./Look at the suffering/Look at the torment/Coming from within/Our land suffers too much./Look at this mother/She has no more tears/She has nothing left to lament/Our land is dying. /Angola is so great/So rich and so beautiful/Let there be a place for all of us and for those who love it (bis)./Long live Angola/Long live Angola/Long live Angola
History: From Moral Science to the Computer
Authors: Pomian Krzysztof
Published: March 2007

In order to understand history as it has been practised in the twentieth century, we must go back in time. Not necessarily to Herodotus and Thucydides, nor even to the great founding figures of the ages of learning and of the Enlightenment, however enduring their influence. But to those historians who in the course of the nineteenth century brought to its conclusion the radical renewal of knowledge about the past: the means that enabled them to acquire it, arguments which were accepted as proofs, conceptual frameworks supposed to make deeds intelligible, ways of talking about times past - to historians who integrated this knowledge that was formerly split between literature, learned research and theology supplanted by philosophy, around a discipline comparable to philology as much from the epistemological point of view as in terms of status and driven not only by ambition to retain the exclusive right to the term history but also, very early, by that of conquering a superior position in the world of science.
Goals and Duties of Linguistics in China at the Turn of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Changzhu Huang
Published: March 2007

The twenty-first century is close at hand. This great historical turning-point demands that we contemplate the future as best we can. Confronting the third millennium, many disciplines, linguistics included, have reached a time to take stock. At this stage it is helpful to cast a retrospective glance on linguistics in China during the past half-century to evaluate the gains here at the transition between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries.
Some New Religious Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kouvouama Abel
Published: March 2007

For some years now the proliferation of new religious movements in Africa and the search by individuals for new meanings in belief have held the interest of scholars of religion. But their interpretations of the significance of these ‘religious flowerings’ raise a number of questions, in particular questions about the meaning and applicability of the word ‘new’ in religion. Instead of taking it literally, we should understand this religious ‘innovation’ on two planes of transaction with the sacred, the horizontal and the vertical. First, on the horizontal plane this religious innovation may be discerned in the ongoing adjustments made by traditional African religions as they encounter, whether peaceably or violently, religions originating in the West or Asia; these encounters have given rise to neo-traditional and prophetic movements and to independent Churches. We shall touch later on the two-way borrowings and adaptations that have taken place in some prophetic religions as regards their organization, rites, liturgy and charismatic communication of religious truth. On the other hand, religious renewal is discernible in the adjustments and innovative processes of elaboration adopted by such ‘travelling religions’ as Pentecostalism and Charismatic Renewal in relation to the basic process of making sense of the life of the individual and the community of the faithful.
Structure and ‘Details’
Authors: Guille-Escuret Georges
Published: March 2007

‘Concerning all these observations, it may now be concluded that, although on the one hand the two concepts of the individual and of society are very distinct for the purpose of analysis, and although in practice these concepts correspond to clearly opposite trends, it is, however, impossible to move from one to the other to account for psychological or social reality, or to conceive ideal aims which correspond to these two things.’

‘Every theory founded on this reduction of one of these two principles to the other, of society to the individual, or the individual to society, is one-sided; and all tenets of this kind are in one sense a veritable mythology.’

Marcel Bernés (1901)

If we overlook a perceptible dating of the words employed and the style of argumentation, French sociological writings published in the socially and intellectually unsettled climate of the early twentieth century acquire an astonishingly up-to-the-minute appeal at the very end of the twentieth century. It must be said that, on the one hand, the successes of socio-biology, then the cognitive sciences, and, on the other, the spectacular vogue of the extreme relativism accompanying the revival of a perennially nebulous humanism, lead us today to a picture of prevailing theoretical antagonisms which irresistibly conjures up the debates for which, in 1901, the Revue Philosophique provided a forum: when the very Durkehimian Celestin Bougie put ‘biological sociology in the dock’ and Gabriel Tarde was challenged by his ‘hot-headed friend’, Alfred Espinas, the first proposing sociology as a continuation of psychology and the second wanting to place it at the end of a spectrum of natural sciences.
Political Power, the State, and Their Implications in Medicine
Authors: Navarro Vicente , Navarro Vicente
Published: March 2007

This two-part article analyzes the nature of political power in Western capitalist societies and its implications in medicine. Part I presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature and mode of state intervention. Part II focuses on the analysis of that mode of state intervention in the health sector, and on the relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state.
The Working Class Family, Women's Liberation, and Class Struggle: The Case of Nineteenth Century British History
Authors: Humphries Jane
Published: March 2007

Recent Marxist analyses have focused on the working class family as the arena of domestic labour and the context of the reproduction of labour- power. The effect has been to view the family in terms of the functional prerequi sites of capitalism, and to locate its reproduction in the reproduction of capital. But to look only from the perspective of capital is to neglect the role of class struggle. This paper attempts to redress this bias by arguing that in certain per iods of capitalist development labour's defence of the family, a defence moti vated by the family's role in the determination of the standard of living, the development of class cohesion and the waging of class struggle, was an important reason for its survival.
A Marxist Theory of the Business Cycle
Authors: Sherman Howard , Sherman Howard
Published: March 2007

Marxists of different views have debated several different theories of the business cycle. This article attempts to combine several different approaches, relying on those elements of each that appear to accord best with the empirical data. The facts of income distribution over the cycle show that the profit share rises in the first half of expansion, but declines long before the peak. Short-run productivity is limited by a fall in capacity utilization before the peak (which is related to the slower increase in demand than of output). So the rate of profit is reduced by declines in both capacity utilization and in the profit share.
Energy Corporation Propaganda: A Weapon Against Public Policy
Authors: de Kadt Maarten
Published: March 2007

Large corporations have played an important role in the energy decade. In the following article, Maarten de Kadt examines the difference between what corporations say about themselves and what they actually do. Using public statements, advertisements, annual reports, journal articles, profit statistics and production statistics, he shows that corporate statements fit a pattern: while attempting to create for themselves a positive public image, energy companies pursue private, profit-oriented goals which often conflict with the national well being. According to de Kadt, a public policy for controlling corporate activities must be developed if energy is to be affordable and available for human needs.
Dependent Development in the Third World in the Decade of Oil
Authors: Almark Barry , Alvarado S. S.
Published: March 2007

Barry Almark and S. S. Alvarado argue that after a decade of Third World control over oil resources, the economic dependence of most Third World countries has, if anything, increased. Their discussion focuses on the difficulties that confronted the developing countries which import oil while also describing the mixed blessings that high oil prices turned out to be for the oil exporters. The end of the narrative, 1983, finds a developing world with stagnant economic growth where independent Third World policy actions are virtually ruled out by their foreign creditors, both private banks and the governments of the major capitalist countries, the United States above all.

Almark and Alvarado thus shift our focus in this collection from problems of the energy sector per se to the impact of energy developments on the economy at large. The focus also shifts from individual case studies to developments affecting whole groups of countries. Indeed, they have sought to discern the common thread in the experience of many countries. As such they have concentrated on telling a story, not in explaining what forces made it happen. However, the underlying determinant of much that they describe seems to be a stagnating world economy, one in which increasingly severe recessions are followed by weaker and briefer recovery periods. A theory about why that is happening and how the situation might further evolve is the subject of the article which follows A lmark and A Ivarado.
Long Waves and Social Structures of Accumulation: A Critique and Reinterpretation
Authors: Kotz David M.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a critique and reinterpretation of the social structure of accumulation (SSA) approach to long waves in economic growth. The SSA approach is contrasted to earlier theories of long run macro-instability. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are analyzed. A focus on class conflict and competition among capitals is proposed to clarify the relation between institutions and accumulation. Conceptual and historical problems in the SSA approach are considered, and a modified version of the approach is put forward to resolve the problems.
Money and Credit in Radical Political Economy: A Survey of Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Dymski Gary A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews radical political economic (RPE) analyses written since 1970 in which money or credit relations are centrally important. Contemporary authors within RPE differ on how important money and credit are in economic dynamics because they have very different ideas about whether money and credit perform essential economic functions. This paper argues that these essential functions arise only if financing constraints, uncertainty, and information asymmetry are elements of an author's analytical framework.
Technical and Organizational Progress and the Turnover of Capital
Authors: Haass Jens M.
Published: March 2007

First, this paper presents three different points of view on the long-run impact of technical and organizational progress on the time structure of production and circulation and thereby on the rate of capital turnover. Two of these approaches are Marxian (Hilferding and Andreff), one is Neo-Austrian (v. Weizsicker) but can easily be translated into a Marxian framework. Moreover, these expectations are confronted with empirical evidence on the rate of capital turnover in the U.S. manufacturing sector. Taking account of inflation and the effect of the business cycle, the results of the empirical analysis are not straightforward but suggest diverging development paths for the 21 industries under study. Still, during the '70s U.S. manufacturing companies seem to have in general succeeded in accelerating capital turnover by improving the time structure of production and circulation.
Cycles and Crises in Statist Economies
Authors: Flaherty Patrick
Published: March 2007

Cyclical development in statist economies is generated by the organic relationship between accumulation and the evolution of the real network of power relations interweaving beneath the monolithic facade of command-administrative planning. This article will outline a meta-theory of planning in statist economies—its preconditions, actual operations, and practical consequences—drawing upon the Eastern European experience but with particular reference to the former Soviet Union. My aim is to demystify macro-economic planning in order to help rehabilitate it.
Convergence and Hierarchy of Industrial Profit Rates: The Case of Greek Manufacturing
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. , Droucopoulos Vassilis
Published: March 2007

The present paper examines the behavior of profit rate differentials of the manufacturing sector of the Greek economy for the period 1963-86. Specifically, we examine the stability of profit rate differentials over time, the existence of a given hierarchy of profit rates and the effect of the business cycle on the profit rate differentials. We find a mild tendency for convergence of profit rates, a slowly changing hierarchy of profit rates and a negative relationship between profit rate differentials and business cycles.
Fabric Friends and Clothing Foes: A Comparative Analysis of Textile and Apparel Industries under the NAFTA
Authors: Vosko Leah F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which trade between Canada and the United States is liberalized in the textile and apparel goods chapter of the North American Free Trade Agreement. It demonstrates that moderate liberalization is achieved in textile trade and protectionism is increased in apparel trade. It finds that the Canadian apparel industry will be most damaged by the agreement since its interests conflict with U.S. textile and apparel industries and it shares few goals with the Canadian textile industry.