bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Landscape of Antiviral Drug Discovery
Authors: Blair Wade , Cox Christopher
Published: February 2016

Continued discovery and development of new antiviral medications are paramount for global human health, particularly as new pathogens emerge and old ones evolve to evade current therapeutic agents. Great success has been achieved in developing effective therapies to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, the therapies are not curative and therefore current efforts in HIV and HBV drug discovery are directed toward longer-acting therapies and/or developing new mechanisms of action that could potentially lead to cure, or eradication, of the virus. Recently, exciting early clinical data have been reported for novel antivirals targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza (flu). Preclinical data suggest that these new approaches may be effective in treating high-risk patients afflicted with serious RSV or flu infections. In this review, we highlight new directions in antiviral approaches for HIV, HBV, and acute respiratory virus infections.
Lectotypification of the name of the sacred tree Ficus religiosa (Moraceae)
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. Pablo , Boisset Fernando , Upadhyay Gautam Kumar
Published: February 2016

The typification of the sacred tree, Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural type is based on an assessment of Linnaeus’s original material and the literature cited in the protologue. The name is lectotypified using a specimen from Paul Hermann’s herbarium at BM.
Resolving the phylogenetic position of Ombrocharis (Lamiaceae), with reference to the molecular phylogeny of tribe Elsholtzieae
Authors: Chen Ya-Ping , Drew Bryan T. , Li Bo , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Xiang Chun-Lei
Published: February 2016

Ombrocharis is the only incertae sedis genus within Lamiaceae that has not been included in a published molecular phylogenetic study. Here, we adopt a two‐step approach to resolve the phylogenetic placement of the genus. Initially, the subfamilial affiliation of Ombrocharis was determined based on a combined ndhF and rbcL dataset covering all seven subfamilies of Lamiaceae. Results show that Ombrocharis is a member of Nepetoideae, a placement that is also supported by its hexacolpate pollen grains. In the second set of analyses, two nrDNA (ITS, ETS) and four cpDNA (ycf1, rps15‐ycf1, trnL‐F, rpl32‐trnL) markers were used to explore the position of Ombrocharis within Nepetoideae. Our results demonstrate that Ombrocharis and another monotypic genus, Perillula, form a clade that is sister to the remaining genera of tribe Elsholtzieae. Ombrocharis and other taxa within Elsholtzieae share divergent stamens, a weakly 2‐lipped corolla, and an asymmetric disc with an elongate anterior lobe, but it is unclear whether these features are apomorphic. This study represents both the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Elsholtzieae to date and the only study to include all genera of Elsholtzieae. The monophyly of Elsholtzieae (including Ombrocharis) is well supported, and there is weak support for Elsholtzieae as sister to the rest of Nepetoideae. Additionally, our results do not support the merging of Keiskea with Collinsonia, and Elsholtzia may be polyphyletic.
Stretch and grow!
Authors: Williams Brenda
Published: February 2016

Acting out the words of Brenda Williams' original poem is an exciting way for children to get to grips with concepts of growth in the natural world, and appreciate the fact that they are growing too.
Home in on maths
Authors: White Hilary
Published: February 2016

Houses are all around us and they are one of the first motifs to emerge in children's drawings, making them a great springboard to explore different aspects of maths such as numbers and shapes.
Small furry friends
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: February 2016

Most children will come into contact with a small furry friend at some point during their life. Lynne Garner looks at ways to encourage a greater understanding of these much loved companion animals.
Let's get building!
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: February 2016

Bob the Builder is an ever popular character and with the revamped television series currently airing, it provides the perfect context for developing children's expressive arts and design skills.
Sleep tight!
Authors: Doyle Phoebe
Published: February 2016

Good quality sleep is essential for children's health and to enhance learning. Phoebe Doyle provides some practical suggestions to help you ensure optimum sleeping conditions for your child.
Make a drama of it
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: February 2016

Dramatic games can help build confidence by encouraging positive group interaction. The following activities aim to develop team-work and sharing, non-verbal communication and emotional articulacy.
El Programa de Extensión de Economía Social y Solidaria de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral
Authors: Tealdo Julio Claudio
Published: February 2016

La Economía Social y Solidaria (ESS) en el ámbito universitario argentino ha alcanzado una institucionalización en las diferentes universidades de Argentina. La Universidad Nacional del Litoral no es ajena a esta situación, y en el año 2013 se crea el Programa de Extensión de Universidad Nacional y Solidaria. De esta manera, el presente artículo desarrolla los objetivos, líneas de acción y las principales acciones realizadas en la extensión, docencia e investigación, del Programa. Se concluye con una reflexión del camino recorrido destacando los desafíos de gestión, limitaciones y logros en el campo de la ESS.
Tras la esperanza te he'i de llevar. La experiencia cooperativa de un grupo de productores hortícolas y familiares de la ciudad de Santa Fe
Authors: Manelli María Luciana , Alfaro Eduardo , Romagnoli Martín
Published: February 2016

En el marco del Proyecto de Extensión Estudiantil “Conectate con Alto Verde”—desarrollado en el barrio Alto Verde de la ciudad de Santa Fe— la línea de trabajo denominada Manos a la huerta fomenta la producción sustentable, familiar y comunitaria no sólo de los alimentos sino de las herramientas, técnicas, valores y actitudes que se requieren para llevar adelante cualquier proyecto que se emprenda, apostando a la emancipación a través de los valores de la Economía Social y Solidaria (ESS). Se fortalecen los lazos entre vecinos, se empodera a partir de la convivencia y la reducción de la violencia barrial. Se fomentan también las relaciones de los vecinos con las instituciones de su barrio, haciendo especial hincapié en la reivindicación de la mujer, ya que son casi en su totalidad mujeres las que emprenden y sostienen las huertas y talleres. Para quienes participan del proyecto, las huertas familiares fueron un redescubrir su capacidad de trabajar, dignificar su mesa y su hogar, compartir saberes familiares con otras personas y poner en valor su propia capacidad de aprender y enseñar.
Del algodón a la soja. Territorio, actores y cooperativas en el Gran Chaco Argentino (1960-2010)
Authors: Rodríguez Lisandro
Published: February 2016

Editorial: Intercoop.Año: 2015.
El Sistema Integrado de Programas y Proyectos de Extensión de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral: 20 años de trabajo sistemático con la comunidad
Authors: Menéndez Gustavo
Published: February 2016

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REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ITS USE IN POLAND
Authors: NOWAK Anna , KAMIŃSKA Agnieszka , KRUKOWSKI Artur
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was the identification of spatial differentiation of agricultural productive potential and the assessment of effectiveness of its use in Poland. According to the EUROSTAT data in 2011 Polish agriculture comprised 8.35 % of agricultural area of the European Union and 20 % of the labour force of the EU agricultural sector. At the same time Poland’s share in the EU agricultural production was only 5.79 %. In order to evaluate the differentiation level of agricultural productive potential as well as the effectiveness of its use a synthetic measurement was employed that used the TOPSIS method. The research was based on the statistical data obtained form the Main Statistical Office for the year 2011. Based on the synthetic measure 4 typological groups of regions were singled out due to their productive potential. The measure used ranged from 0.27 to 0.63 and for the majority of voivodships it did not exceed the average value for Poland. The research shows that Poland is also a country that is extremely diverse as regards the effectiveness of use of production capacity of agriculture. The synthetic measures showed here a strong differentiation ranging from 0 to 0.86. Moreover, the research findings indicate that the effectiveness of productive potential in agriculture in the highest in the regions characterised by a high socioeconomic development.
AGRICULTURAL TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN THE NEW AND THE OLD EUROPEAN UNION MEMBERS
Authors: KIJEK Tomasz , NOWAK Anna , KASZTELAN Armand , KRUKOWSKI Artur
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was the evaluation of agricultural total factor productivity changes between new member countries which have acceded to EU after 2004 and so-called ‘old 15’ EU members. The analysis covered the years 2007–2013. The study is based on Malmquist productivity index divided into technological change and changes in technical efficiency. The results showed a slight increase in the agricultural total factor productivity in the EU countries in the years 2007–2013 (0.1 %, which mainly resulted from a slight increase in technical efficiency in agriculture(0.4 % ), while at the same time adverse technological changes. Among all the countries of the ‘old 15’, only Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, United Kingdom and Sweden reported increased index of productivity. In the group of countries that joined the EU after 2004, the total productivity growth took place in such countries as Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Malta, Slovakia and Hungary. The reason for this increase was primarily changes in technical efficiency.
GROWTH SCENARIOS OF ORGANIC AREA IN ROMANIA UNTIL 2025
Authors: BĂNEȘ Adrian , OTIMAN Păun Ion , IANCU Tiberiu , ORBOI Manuela Dora
Published: February 2016

Organic farming uses management practices that would avoid the use of chemical inputs and minimizes damage to the environment and wildlife. Thus we are brought significant restrictions on synthetic chemicals used in obtaining food products. The method involves different practices aimed at protecting the environment, maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, obtaining unpolluted and high quality agricultural products, and at last, promoting sustainable agricultural development. Romania has a great opportunity for organic farming as a result of natural conditions. However, Romania is located behind other EU or world countries. The present study shows the empirically based growth rate, of organic agriculture needed by Romania to reach in year 2025 the level of other countries. For comparison and calculations were considered France (one of the major players in the market of organic products) and Lithuania (that also has a well-developed organic agriculture). The results show that the current growth is not enough to overcome the first half of the top EU countries and requires an acceleration of this process of transformation into organic.
ASSESSMENT OF THE STRATEGY OF THE LOCAL ACTION GROUP „PARTNERSHIP OF REZEKNE DISTRICT COMMUNITIES”
Authors: MIETULE Iveta , ZVAIGZNE Anda
Published: February 2016

The paper is produced based on the authors’ research “Assessment of the Introduction of the Rural Development Programme 2007–2013 Activity “Local Development Strategy” by the Partnership of Rezekne District Communities and Proposals for its Further Development”. Research on the activity of local action groups (LAGs) and their influence on the overall development of regional territories became urgent in recent years, given the implementation of the European programme LEADER. The research object of the paper is a LAG – the Partnership of Rezekne District Communities – that is located in Latvia, Latgale region. The research aim is to assess the strategy of the local action group. The research employed the monographic and descriptive methods as well as analysis, synthesis, the graphic method, data grouping and a sociological research method – a questionnaire survey. A survey of project submitters identified three major fields in which it is planned to submit and implement projects in the next programming period in the LAG’s territory. They are: promotion of active recreation and sports; reconstruction of the territory; and organisation of and contribution to cultural events. The surveyed residents agreed with the following assertions regarding their lifestyle: an enhanced surrounding environment and natural, cultural and other significant historical objects foster tourism; the establishment and functioning of youth centres contribute to useful spending of leisure time by youths and their communication; the availability of sport and fitness equipment and of sports grounds increases local residents’ interest and wish to practise a healthy and physically active lifestyle. Based on the data acquired and the interpretation of findings, proposals were made for the further development of the territory as well as the research methodology was explained for the purpose of carrying out analogues research studies in the future.
EFFECTS OF LIFELONG EDUCATION AND RELATED FACTORS ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF COUNTRIES
Authors: SANNIKOVA Aija , DOBELE Aina , DOBELE Madara
Published: February 2016

Modern knowledge becomes a strategic endowment of the country and its key resource for economic growth, giving individuals opportunities to become active employers or increasing their opportunities to become professionals being demanded in the labour market. For these reasons, the development of lifelong education is a significant tool for economic growth in Latvia. Correlation and linear regression analyses showed that lifelong education made the strongest and most positive effects on a country’s competitiveness at two stages of economic development: at the innovation-driven stage and during a country’s transition to it from the efficiency-driven stage (the case of Latvia). Calculations were preformed based on the data for 2008 and 2013, and the results were similar, which indicated the stability of this global causal relationship. So the authors conclude that a country’s stage of economic development plays a crucial role in the extent the factor of lifelong education can affect the country’s global competitiveness. In the countries being at lower stages of economic development, even well-developed lifelong education is not objectively capable of increasing their competiveness as effectively as it takes place, for example, at the innovation-driven stage. Proving a causal relationship – the capability of lifelong education to increase a country’s competitiveness is determined by the existing economic background and rules of game, which are different at different stages of economic development – based on research of the economic aspects of lifelong education may be regarded as the key gain of the present research.
PRINCIPLES OF CONNECTIVISM LEARNING THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Authors: DAUKILAS Sigitas , KASPERIŪNIENĖ Judita
Published: February 2016

The research is intended to determine the dominant principles of connectivism learning theory in international studies that are related to student’s learning expectations. For that purpose the roles of teachers and students in the process of cognition, the dominant methods of study and technical means employed in the knowledge of the process of cognition are analysed. Also, the parameters of student satisfaction with international studies are analysed: the possibility to interactively know and interpret knowledge, to learn by learning strategies suitable for a student, to choose a meaningful curriculum for a student. The research results show that learning expectations of students in international study programmes are associated more with principles of connectivism than with constructivist learning theory. An essential factor in causing the reaction of student dissatisfaction with studies is the quality of pedagogical communication in a foreign language.
EUROPEAN UNION´S SUGAR MARKET CONCENTRATION UNDER THE SUGAR QUOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Authors: SMUTKA Ľuboš , ŘEZBOVÁ Helena , ROVNÝ Patrik
Published: February 2016

The European sugar beet quota system is in very high dynamic process in recent years. The number of sugar companies involved in this system has been constantly decreasing. The aim of this paper is to define subjects (companies/alliances), which possess the current production capacities working under the production quotas system. The paper is determining especially the level of beet sugar production quota holder system concentration using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. The paper provides the following findings. The European quota holder system is extremely concentrated and it is becoming more and more dominated by fewer players. Sugar quota is distributed among 19 EU-Member States. In this regard, the quota is generous, especially in relation to France, Germany, Poland and United Kingdom. In Finland, Lithuania, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and the United Kingdom controlled by two or even one subject (companies, alliances). There is a large discrepancy between political efforts to distribute equitable R 1308/2013-sugar quotas among states and the actual reality of those distributions. While the EU-quota holder system does not indicate an extreme concentration, an analysis according to the headquarters´ location and allocated quotas to owners of production capacities provides the evidence of extreme concentration.
ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISM OF RURAL AREAS DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: ŠTAREIKĖ Eglė
Published: February 2016

In this research organizational mechanism is analysed through the approach to the system of integrated control of the open system of social and economic integration (based on the interests of the stakeholders and interdepartmental cooperation) in the rural areas, where the stakeholders formulate the common objectives of the sustainable development of the rural areas. Aim of the research – to substantiate the conceptual organizational mechanism of development in rural areas, where one of the most important factors with the strongest effect on functionality, i.e. the driving force, is institutional environment of the region. The aim of the research was achieved using the following methods: logical, abstraction, comparison, content analysis, collation. The results of the research revealed, that organizational mechanism of rural areas development is advisable to analyse as a particular organizational form, where functions and activity processes are connected to each other, creating the following chain: aim – sustainable development of rural areas – functions of rural areas – process – preparation and implementation integrated development strategies of the rural areas – result – social welfare. The exceptional feature of the organizational mechanism is the stakeholders (subjects) and their actions. Stakeholders perform certain roles, which affect the change of environment, in seeking the specific result. Stakeholders with a specific aim seek results by performing respective functions and processes. In the organizational mechanism of rural areas development stakeholders affect the pursuit of the organizational mechanism’s aims.
ORGANIC FARMING AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF LEGAL REGULATION
Authors: PERKUMIENĖ Dalia , LUKAUSKAITĖ Kristina
Published: February 2016

Most of the regulations governing organic farming are mandatory, i.e., they must be observed. When farming activities are carried out in the scope of the term "ecology", very stringent requirements should be met. Any infringement in the field of organic farming is under severe punishment, and sanctions shall be applied. The article analyses the concept of organic production, organic farming principles, presents the organic farming control system, analyses the legislation set out regarding sanctions for violations committed in the field of organic farming, and introduces entities that have the right to establish and apply those sanctions.
CHALLENGES AND INCENTIVES FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS: AN AGRARIAN DISCOURSE
Authors: VILKĖ Rita , PAREIGIENĖ Lina , STALGIENĖ Aldona
Published: February 2016

Crisis of recent decade had proved many times the interconnectivity and interdependency among all actors, sectors and areas of concern throughout the globalized value chains. Today sustainable development strategies are under reconstruction by global governance bodies together with stakeholders from around the world, concerning the main issue of durable future. Agriculture as main provider of public goods, recently had experienced pressure from public society and entered the debates for an essential review of the underlying support principles, based on multifunctionality, which hardly meet the goals of sustainable development. Recently some evidence appeared that the gap between multifunctionality and sustainability might be closed with help of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The paper aims to disclose the challenges and incentives which accelerated the origination of CSR concept and related discussions in an agrarian discourse through the provision of public goods. Systemic analysis and synthesis of theoretical insights of foreign and local scientific literature and the methods of induction and deduction were applied to investigate the theoretical aspect and characteristics of CSR and public goods in agrarian discourse. Theoretical research results propose that the concept of CSR does provide a basis for further analysis and discussion concerning the role of agriculture as a subject of government support from a broader systems perspective, which means a shift in paradigms, emphasized by movement from the sectoral policy and agricultural support to a more inclusive place-based development.
THE RURAL-URBAN PARTNERSHIP IN EU REGIONAL POLICY – THE EVIDENCE FROM POLAND
Authors: RAKOWSKA Joanna
Published: February 2016

Referring to research and a number of publications on rural-urban partnership, the paper discusses the evidence on such partnerships in Poland, provided by projects carried out under Operational Programmes 2007–2013(2015). The study was based on data from telephone interviews with representatives of 25 local self-governments and on data from the Information System for Monitoring and Control, which includes data sets on all projects carried out under national and regional Operational Programmes 2007–2013 and is disseminated by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development. The verifying datasets were obtained from Poland’s Central Statistical Office, the National Court Register, and the Ministry of Economy. The findings showed that the commune-unions and limited liability companies set up by the rural and urban local self-governments (LAU2) in Poland have had the characteristics of rural-urban partnerships. These entities were beneficiaries of Operational Programmes 2007–2013. This proves that in practise EU structural funds have been supporting rural-urban partnerships in Poland, although they have not been addressed specifically to them. Despite the on-going theoretical discussion on the definition of rural-urban partnership and the fact that it was purposely not explained to the interviewed the representatives of local self-governments, this form of collaboration was well-recognised by them.
CONCEPTUAL OUTLOOK TO SOCIAL INNOVATION IN EU
Authors: RAUPELIENĖ Asta , RUKUIŽIENĖ Rasa , V. TERESCHENKO Olga , V. EFIMOVA Nadezda
Published: February 2016

The generic theory of social innovation appeared in early 2000. Therefore, the role of social innovation was been increased in last decades in the light of macroeconomic transformation of World economy and the great development of social networks. Under social networking new business activites appear in the globalized market, even known as social business. Most programmes of the European Commision have orientation on a high speed of knowledge transfering from scientific research system to business or public life. New organization models of business use a tremendous amount of social information and usually social networks serve for the greater impact on improving structure of business environment and implementation of digital managerial solutions. Social networking serves for production of new knowledge and creation of the new ecosystems for social innovation. The authors of this article are presenting the new aspects of social innovation performance by using the content analysis for identification the role and functions of social innovation under digitalization of business environment. The research is focused on the clarification of social networking effects and better understanding why social innovation is becoming so powerful tool for business start-ups and social communication. The content analysis is used in case to highlight the comparative aspects of social innovation in different economical activities.
Niceforonia adenobrachia Ardila-Robayo, Ruiz-Carranza & Barrera-Rodríguez, 1996 (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae): extension of geographical distribution in the Central Andes of Colombia
Authors: Buitrago-González Wolfgang , López-Guzmán Jorge Hernán , Vargas-Salinas Fernando
Published: February 2016

Based on two collected individuals, we extend the known distribution range of the endangered frog species Niceforonia adenobrachia (Craugastoridae) more than 40 km south of the nearest locality. This report is the first one for this species in the departamento de Quindío, and for the western slope of the Central Andes of Colombia.
Filling the Empty Niches
Authors: Calvin William H.
Published: February 2016

A niche, in ecology, is all that a species needs to function: the right food, climate, protection from predators, nesting sites, migration routes, and so forth. An empty niche is a proven niche going unused – say, that of the late Stephen Jay Gould. I argue that the popularization successes in an adjacent field, evolutionary biology, suggest that a similar niche is there for popularizing cognitive neuro. The scientist contemplating writing for a wider audience will often assume that others in the field will be critical, that such a writer will constantly have to justify simplifications or omissions. Or that others will be suspicious that the writer is seeking fame via bypassing the long hard grind of academic publication. While such comment surely happens on occasion, the writer is more likely to be nearly invisible within their own field, even if moderately-well-known outside the field. The reason for this invisibility is simple. Scientists are also general readers. They only have so much time to read, and so they mostly read outside their own field until a new grad student suggests your book for a reading list.
Science Fiction and Popular Science from Ancient to Modern Times: Scientists Versus Laymen
Authors: Qadir Asghar
Published: February 2016

Science fiction has become a major genre of literature in general and English literature in particular. It ranges from near fantasy to virtual hard-core science. The science involved may be mere gadgetry and may go to deeper scientific concepts. It may be of the "hard sciences" or the soft sciences. The authors are generally laymen but occasionally scientists. The attitude of the professional scientists to science fiction is somewhat ambivalent. It enjoyed little acceptability earlier but has been steadily gaining currency among scientists. Another area developed significantly over the last century is popular science. In this case the authors are generally scientists but occasionally laymen. However, the attitude of professional scientists to this area is also ambivalent. It is practically tatuological that science has had a major impact on science fiction and popular science. However, there is also a significant impact of these genres on science itself. In this article, the impact either side and the question of the effectiveness of lay authors versus scientists is explored.
A Cosmopolitan New World: Douglas Coupland’s Canadianation of AmLit
Authors: Skinazi Karen E. H.
Published: February 2016

In "A Cosmopolitan New World: Douglas Coupland's Canadianation of AmLit," Skinazi examines the "American" novels of Douglas Coupland for their Canadian content. She finds that Coupland, who has been hailed a spokesperson for his generation, repeatedly inserts Canadian characters, references, and places into his fictional versions of the United States. The result is a "Canadianated" America--a transnational space that transcends old-fashioned ideas of nationalism without discarding nationalism altogether, and allows characters to create for themselves communities based on voluntary, and unfixed affiliations.
Semipermeability of concrete for hazardous waste containment
Authors: Hart Megan L. , Londoño Ana C. , Silvius Alexander A.
Published: February 2016

Low-level waste is stored in multilayer, overlapping barrier systems for long-term containment, which serve as the primary barrier against leakage. Reinforced concrete is typically used as the container material for radioactive wastes, making the material properties paramount for contaminant control. Strength, density, corrosion resistance and permeability are regulated. This study examined the physico-chemical properties of high-density, lower-permeability concrete for potential to hyperfiltrate chloride solutions (185 and 345 parts per million) under relatively low hydraulic head, similar to encasement. Four hyperfiltration experiments were conducted on intact concrete discs, two experiments for each solution at hydrostatic heads of 0·5 and 1·0 m. Chloride concentrations measured within the experimental cells showed an increase ranging from 126% to 152%. Reflection coefficients ranged from 0·15 to 0·19, suggesting that low-permeability concrete discs exhibit measurable solute rejection capabilities. External chloride penetration may initially be hampered. However, once steady state had been established and salt penetrated at a fixed rate, the concentration polarization layer (CPL) provided a source for continued penetration. With the CPL adjacent to a container, corrosion may accelerate in the reinforcing rebar due to the high chloride concentration and chemical gradient within the pores. The application of electro-osmotic pulses can reverse chloride intrusion.
Heterogeneity and Unemployment Dynamics
Authors: Ahn Hie Joo , Hamilton James D.
Published: February 2016

This paper develops new estimates of flows into and out of unemployment that allow for unobserved heterogeneity across workers as well as direct effects of unemployment duration on unemployment-exit probabilities. Unlike any previous paper in this literature, we develop a complete dynamic statistical model that allows us to measure the contribution of different shocks to the short-run, medium-run, and long-run variance of unemployment as well as to specific historical episodes. We find that changes in the inflows of newly unemployed are the key driver of economic recessions and identify an increase in permanent job loss as the most important factor.
Fiscal Stimulus and Firms: A Tale of Two Recessions
Authors: Dobridge Christine L.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, I examine the effects of a countercyclical fiscal policy that gave firms additional tax refunds—additional liquidity—at the end of the past two recessions. I take advantage of a discontinuity in the slope of the tax refund formula to estimate the policy’s impact. I find that after passage of the policy in 2002, firms allocated $0.40 of every tax refund dollar to investment. After passage of the policy in 2009, in contrast, firms used the refunds to increase cash holdings ($0.96 of every refund dollar) before paying down debt in the following year. I provide evidence that differences in macroeconomic conditions across the two periods drove these differences in firm responses, illustrating how the effects of stimulus vary across recessionary states of the world. I also show that while the policy had no discernable effect on investment in the most recent recessionary period, it did reduce firms’ bankruptcy risk and the probability of a future credit-rating downgrade.
Voces gitanas en la investigación científica
Authors: Munté Ariadna , Alegre Rosa Maria , De Vicente Irene
Published: February 2016

El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión acerca de dos tendencias de investigación que atañen a la realidad del Pueblo Roma: aquella que considera a las personas cómo sujetos pasivos de la investigación, y aquella que trata a las personas gitanas como agentes activos en el proceso de creación de conocimiento científico sobre su propio pueblo. Al mismo tiempo, a través de datos empíricos, se  muestra como el Pueblo Gitano reclama participar en la producción  de conocimiento sobre sí mismo, rechazando aquellos estudios científicos que, en ausencia de la visión de los propios roma,  llegan a conclusiones marcadamente etnocentristas que perpetúan prejuicios y desigualdades históricas en nuestro país.
Un análisis de los marcos educativos de la interculturalidad Educational frameworks of multiculturalismo
Authors: Martín Coppola Eva
Published: February 2016

Este artículo analiza los marcos de la interculturalidad que emergen en centros educativos con un alto porcentaje de población extranjera matriculada desde una doble perspectiva. En primer lugar, analizando los documentales utilizados como material didáctico en las clases para explicar la interculturalidad como textos culturales, visualizando el proceso de construcción y representación que se realiza de la diversidad y de otras culturas: ¿cómo se representa al “otro”?, ¿qué tipo de narrativas y metáforas visuales se presentan?, ¿qué elementos y características son destacados? El análisis de las imágenes visuales en paralelo con el uso del lenguaje permite acceder a los marcos a partir de los cuales se piensa y representa la diversidad cultural. En segundo lugar, observando las reacciones que provocaron en la clase, donde las representaciones entran en colisión con la mirada de los sujetos representados: ¿qué efectos producen? A través del contenido de los documentales podremos observar las representaciones culturales existentes de los distintos colectivos y la identificación de los alumnos con dicho contenido, una oportunidad para observar el encuentro entre los sujetos y sus categorizaciones.
Editorial
Authors: De Botton Lena , Molina Fidel
Published: February 2016

Editorial 1er número de la revista. Editores: Fidel Molina y Lena de Botton
Cálculo da aposentadoria proporcional de servidor público: entendimentos divergentes entre o Ministério da Previdência Social e os Tribunais de Contas da União e do Estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Calazans Fernando Ferreira
Published: February 2016

O artigo visa demonstrar que a sistemática de cálculo inicialmente preconizada pelo Tribunal de Contas da União e defendida atualmente pelo Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Minas Gerais, diferentemente da utilizada pelo Ministério da Previdência Social no que se refere à regra atual de cálculo de aposentadoria dos servidores públicos com proventos proporcionais ao tempo de contribuição, é anti-isonômica e vulnera o caráter contributivo, regras basilares de um regime previdenciário.
O orçamento impositivo aos estados e aos municípios
Authors: Carra César Augusto
Published: February 2016

Este artigo aborda a inovação trazida pela Emenda Constitucional n. 86/2015 e sua aplicabilidade imediata, ou não, aos demais entes da Federação. Realizando uma ponderação crítica acerca do conceito atribuído pela emenda
constitucional ao orçamento impositivo, este artigo salienta que mesmo antes da referida modificação constitucional a lei orçamentária já deveria ser considerada como detentora de natureza mandatória. Apesar de se classificar
como mandatório, o orçamento impositivo não pode ser automaticamente aplicável aos Estados, aos Municípios e ao Distrito Federal — como fez prevalecer o Comunicado SDG n. 018/2015, expedido pelo Tribunal de Contas do Estado de São Paulo —, pois, além da conotação eminentemente política de sua promulgação, aquele não se qualifica como uma norma central. Nesses termos, e após efetuar uma digressão acerca das principais particularidades envolvendo a tramitação da emenda no Congresso Nacional, este artigo conclui que a manutenção da ideia perpassada pelo aludido comunicado viola o pacto federativo, fulminando parcela da capacidade de autoadministração outorgada pela Constituição aos demais entes.
Twenty Years of Successful Coiled Tubing Re-Entry Drilling With E-Line BHA Systems - Improving Efficiency and Economics in Maturing Fields Worldwide
Authors: Krueger Stefan , Pridat Lars
Published: February 2016

More than 20 years ago, the first e-line coiled tubing drilling (CTD) systems were introduced. Since then, the technology has evolved and proven to be an efficient, economic means of enabling additional production from aging oil and gas fields. These systems are now established as a standard, viable solution for re-entry drilling in a variety of maturing fields and applications. Corresponding technologies and procedures were developed, and continuously improved.

Utilizing project data from more than 20 years of operational experience, this paper describes the progression from the first e-line CTD bottom hole assembly (BHA) applications in Europe through to today's continuous operations in several areas worldwide. It presents the technology changes and procedural adjustments that were necessary to address new challenges related to extending the economic life and improving the production of mature fields by economically accessing stranded reserves, and includes: Wellbore design changes from single re-entry to multilateral wells, along with the envelope extension from pure geometric wellbore placement according to plan, to real-time reservoir navigation utilizing geo and bio-steering services.Introduction of special applications such as precise kick-off from vertical, dual casing exits and extended reach drilling (ERD) with CT technology.Progression from overbalanced drilling operations to full underbalanced (UB) applications, with nitrogen injection through the CT string and the requirement to manage production while drilling.Equipment development to enable safe pressure deployment of the drilling BHA, enabling a move from conventional tower set-ups to dedicated highly mobile coiled tubing rigs.

Continual improvements of technology and steady implementation of new developments in many aspects of CTD technology were the result of innovative re-entry projects executed worldwide. To achieve the necessary efficiency and economic goals, improvements and new technology developments occurred in the downhole BHA technology, casing exit equipment, surface equipment, rig and other associated systems. Simultaneously, processes and procedures were also optimized with new ones introduced to adapt for changing environments and observed challenges.

Based on worldwide CTD experience, the trend of technology developments and continuous improvement will continue. The goal is to further drive project efficiencies and economics, enabling the life of maturing fields to be extended, deferring abandonment and improving ultimate recovery.
CT Fatigue Modeling Update
Authors: Newman Ken , Kelleher Patrick
Published: February 2016

SPE paper 163884 in 2013 entitled "Development of a New CT Life Tracking Process" envisaged a new CT fatigue modeling and tracking process. A new process has been implemented, with several significant changes from the original vision. This paper documents the process and system that has been implemented and is now being used by a significant portion of the CT industry.
A Novel Method to Control Tool Transport in Well Intervention and Pumpdown Operations in Oil and Gas Services
Authors: Viassolo Daniel , Coles Randy , Hill Jim , Seshadri Muralidhar
Published: February 2016

Shale play assets are exploited using horizontal wells in which measuring and controlling top-of-tool forces are necessary for positioning tools. Methods currently applied to deal with these forces are inefficient.

In traditional vertical wells, tool transportation relies on gravity force and simply unspools the wireline cable until the tool reaches target location. In horizontal wells, gravity is not enough to overcome friction; therefore, pumping fluid downhole or using a tractor is required to transport tools. Dynamic control of the transport rate is necessary because of the wide variation in friction forces along the tool path (attributed to well geometry), proppant settling between stage stimulations, changes or defects in casing, etc. Transport rate controls must help ensure the correct transportation force is applied. For pumping operations, this force should not be so low the tool stalls downhole, but not so high it results in a pump off and requires tool fishing with associated nonproductive time (NPT). For tractor jobs, it is important to get the tools to the target as quickly as possible without risking damage to the cable or stalling the tractor motion. Too little tension on the cable can cause drum crush in which tension loading differences between the run-in and pull-out tensions result in conductor damage; too much spooling off tension causes the tractor to stall. For wells with challenging geometries, dynamic adjustment of transport rate based on sensed cable tension and wireline speed has proven to be difficult. The tight coordination required to the wireline operator responsible for cable speed control adds to the challenge, and high risk of parting the cable or pump off of tools has been reported in these scenarios.

The authors developed a successful approach based on automation (feedback controls), which coordinates independent systems (wireline, pumping, or tractor) to improve the horizontal tool transport process. Field testing of this automated scheme is ongoing and has demonstrated its potential for improved run times, reduced risk, and cost savings for operators. This paper provides:

Description of the tool transport operation and architecture: sensors (including a key downhole tension sensor) and actuators (pumps), visualization, modeling, algorithm implementation, and tuning. Field testing results: comparing runs in real wells vs. simulation results for the same wells, listing benefits and lessons learned based on the authors experiences with one operator.

Automation of the tool transport operation by linking downhole sensors to surface controls is novel in the industry. The paper describes in detail the proposed architecture and provides compelling field test results.
Deepwater Riserless Operations with Coiled Tubing in the Gulf of Mexico: An Innovative, Safe, and Efficient Plug-and-Abandonment Technique
Authors: Ottolina Renny , Torres Carlos , Rudnik Alexander
Published: February 2016

The future of exploration and production (E&P) operations in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is focused on deep water, that is, >5,000 ft [1,524 m] water depth. As the industry pushes the envelope to reach deeper reservoirs, subsea wells have become an important part of the offshore production. Although subsea completions may offer significant economic and environmental advantages over seafloor-founded structures, they require floating drilling or well intervention vessels to enable wellbore access should a workover operation be required to maintain production at an economic level or even to plug and abandon (P&A) the wells once they become uneconomical to produce. Interventions and P&A operations are very costly and may involve multiple services. The P&A of subsea wells represents no financial upside to the operators, other than the possible recycling of the subsea trees. Consequently, reducing costs and avoiding future environmental liability are the prerequisites for successful subsea decommissioning.

Riserless subsea P&A operations are often completed by setting the plugs with drillpipe after the production tubing is removed with the rig. As part of the operational improvement process, a coiled tubing (CT) service company evaluated the option of performing this task using the riserless CT technique from a multiservice vessel (MSV) after the zonal and casing isolation packer had been successfully set and tested. This technique would allow the operator to save time to complete these operations, thus reducing the cost.

Between 2010 and mid-2015, the CT service company has successfully completed 18 riserless subsea interventions at well depths ranging from 4,900 ft to 21,000 ft [1,494 m to 6,400 m] and water depths from 4,600 ft to 7,000 ft [1,402 m to 2,133 m]. Riserless wellbore access with CT has proved to be an efficient P&A method that has helped reduce operating time by up to 40% as compared to riserless workover rig-based operations.

Detailed engineering and planning as well as continuous improvements have allowed implementing the CT riserless technique in accordance with the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement regulations.
Agitating Explosives in Extended Reach Wells: A Good Idea?
Authors: Daly Kerry G. , Kollé Jack J.
Published: February 2016

The total length of horizontal wells increasingly exceeds the normal running limits of coiled tubing (CT), therefore the industry has invented and adopted the use of water hammers to emplace the coiled tubing and its related equipment into the farthest reaches of the lateral (toe). This equipment can include hydraulic jets, mills and motors for cleaning debris out of the well, and tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) systems (guns with firing heads) for establishing the first initial flow path into the well for fracturing and production. From a safety perspective, the use of perforating systems, which contain several types of discreet explosive components designed to fire based on impact (some more sensitive than others), may conflict with the use of water hammers, which axially impact the lowest components of the bottom hole assembly.

Sometimes the industry requires this combination in extended reach wells, especially before formation breakdown where no flow path exists for pumping down wireline perforating guns, and when primary completion equipment (sliding sleeves) fails. Modeling tools may allow users to configure tool strings with coiled tubing, water hammers, and perforating guns however this does not take into account the compatibility aspects regarding whether this is safe to do so. To truly determine the compatibility beyond simple conjecture, testing is required and has been completed.

Laboratory testing of an industry-leading water hammer run above a typical coiled tubing and TCP assembly (toe gun) was carried out to determine the effect of accelerations (G's) and long-term related vibrations (~100,000 cycles) on safety-critical TCP system equipment and simulated explosives. A field trial using live explosives was successfully completed, confirming the test results.

A novel approach, part of which is patented (Henke, 2010) is also described in which TCP equipment is configured with a fluid bypass to allow deployment on coiled tubing above a water hammer, hydraulic jets or mills and motors. This approach improves operator efficiency by allowing the clean-out and TCP system equipment to be run in a single trip. Laboratory testing measuring accelerations (G's) and long-term related vibrations (~100,000 cycles) again proved that there is no detrimental effect on safety-critical TCP equipment to include the shear pin in the firing head and liners in the perforating charges. Field testing of this system is pending.