bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovering Hyperbole:
Authors: Ritter Joshua R.
Published: November 2012

Hyperbole is an easily misunderstood and misused trope, and it is largely unexplored in current rhetorical studies. Yet, at moments within thought and discourse, the excessiveness of hyperbole elicits a constructive, transformative ambiguity that can reveal alternative epistemological and ontological insights. Indeed, hyperbole is often the most effective way of trying to express seemingly impossible and inexpressible positions. I argue for the reexploration and critical examination of hyperbole, and I offer a theoretical framework from which to view texts and discourse from a hyperbolic perspective. I identify the metafunction of hyperbole, and I offer two specific functions of hyperbole. Hyperbole is more than simply an obvious and intentional exaggeration and thus can benefit from an exploration that considers it beyond its traditional tropological limits. It can be engaged as a mode of inquiry in order to delve into the complexities and paradoxes of theo-philosophical discourse, and it can also be appropriated as a critical position from which one might, for example, propose interpretations of various textual expressions that differ from their more normative interpretations.
On a Quasi-Neutral Approximation of the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Yang Jianwei
Published: November 2012

This paper considers a pressureless Euler-Poisson system with viscosity in plasma physics in the torus . We give a rigorous justification of its asymptotic limit toward the incompressible Navier Stokes equations via quasi-neutral regime using the modulated energy method.
Synthesis of PVP-Capped Au-CdSe Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Chili M. M. , Pullabhotla V. S. R. Rajasekhar , Revaprasadu N.
Published: November 2012

We report the synthesis of PVP-capped Au-CdSe hybrid nanostructures synthesized using the UV-irradiation method. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirm the presence of the hybrid gold and CdSe nanoparticles.
Analysis of CYP2D6 Allele Frequencies and Identification of Novel SNPs and Sequence Variations in Sardinians
Authors: Falzoi Matteo , Pira Luigi , Lazzari Paolo , Pani Luca
Published: November 2012

The CYP2D6 enzyme is involved in the metabolism of many commonly prescribed drugs. The presence of polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene may modulate the enzyme level and activity affecting individual responses, to pharmacological treatment in drug level, response and adverse reactions. Aims. This study aimed to analyze the determination of allele frequencies in Sardinians and the comparison to frequencies found in the Caucasian Population. Methods and Materials. We used a Long PCR strategy coupled to direct genomic DNA sequencing analysis. An amplification allele-specific was carried out to infer the correct allelic phase. The TaqMan Gene Copy Number Assay (Applied Biosystems) was used to verify the presence of gene deletions/multiplications. Results and Conclusions. Our results indicated that CYP2D6 allele frequencies in Sardinians differed from those previously detected in the Caucasian Population. Moreover, three new SNPs and four novel haplotypes were identified.
Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Blood Pressure in Subjects with Pre-Hypertension
Authors: Robinson  , B. Lu  , I. Edirisinghe  , C.T. Kappagoda
Published: November 2012

Pre-hypertension affects approximately 31% of the adult population of the United States over the age of 18 years. It is defined in the 7th report of the Joint National Committee (JNC - 7) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. JNC-7 also recommended that individuals considered to be prehypertensive require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent cardiovascular disease. This study was undertaken to determine whether a grape seed extract (GSE) which is a nutraceutical containing vasodilator phenolic compounds lowers blood pressure in subjects with pre-hypertension. The subjects were randomized into a placebo or an experimental group (GSE at a dose of 300 mg/day) and treated for 8 weeks. Serum lipids and blood glucose were measured at the beginning of the study and at the end. The blood pressure was recorded using an ambulatory monitoring device at the start of the treatment period and at the end. Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower after treatment with GSE. Treatment with the placebo had no effect on blood pressure. There were no significant changes in serum lipids or blood glucose values. These findings suggest that GSE could be used as a nutraceutical in a lifestyle modification program for patients with pre-hypertension.
‘Everybody Knows that the Prisoner is Going Nowhere’: Parole Board Members’ Views about Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder in England and Wales
Authors: Trebilcock Julie , Weaver Tim
Published: November 2012

The Dangerous Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) Programme has been a controversial initiative in England and Wales. First introduced in 1999, DSPD became a highly contested operational as opposed to diagnostic term, used to define a population convicted of violent offences who were admitted for treatment within one of four high security units established for men. The aim of this paper is to explore the outcomes of Parole Board (PB) reviews with DSPD prisoners and investigate PB members’ views about DSPD. Nearly all PB members observed that the high security location of the DSPD units was more influential to their decision-making than the label of DSPD. PB members highlighted their expectation that DSPD prisoners make a journey through different levels of security before release is an appropriate consideration. A key finding was that admission to DSPD services could be seen to have disrupted a prisoner’s progression and challenged PB members’ conceptions of the appropriate (and likely) future progression pathways available to prisoners. These findings have implications not only for the development of the new offender personality disorder pathway in England and Wales but also for other jurisdictions seeking to respond to the long-standing question of how to respond to high risk offenders with personality disorder.
Reading by Numbers
Authors: Bode Katherine
Published: November 2012

Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field is the first book to use digital humanities strategies to integrate the scope and methods of book and publishing history with issues and debates in literary studies. By mining, visualising and modelling data from AustLit  an online bibliography of Australian literature that leads the world in its comprehensiveness and scope  this study revises established conceptions of Australian literary history, presenting new ways of writing about literature and publishing and a new direction for digital humanities research. The case studies in this book offer insight into a wide range of features of the literary field, including trends and cycles in the gender of novelists, the formation of fictional genres and literary canons, and the relationship of Australian literature to other national literatures.
Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition
Authors: Purton Valerie
Published: November 2012

Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition is a timely study of the sentimental in Dickenss novels, which places them in the context of the tradition of Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Goldsmith, Sheridan and Lamb. This study re-evaluates Dickenss presentation of emotion  first within the eighteenth-century tradition and then within the dissimilar nineteenth-century tradition  as part of a complex literary heritage that enables him to critique nineteenth-century society. The book sheds light on the construction of feelings and of the good heart, ideas which resonate with current critical debates about literary affect. Sentimentalism, as the text demonstrates, is crucial to understanding fully the achievement of Dickens and his contemporaries.
Inuit perspectives on research ethics: The work of Inuit Nipingit
Authors: Nickels Scot , Knotsch Cathleen
Published: November 2012

In 2008, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and Inuit Tuttarvingat of the National Aboriginal Health Organization collaborated to provide input to national discussions of research ethics and processes in the Canadian Arctic. This paper describes the work of Inuit Nipingit (National Inuit Committee on Ethics and Research) during two years from 2008 to 2010. The Inuit Nipingit committee was concerned with research and its ethics environment as faced by Inuit as research participants, researchers, and those being consulted on research proposals. Members of this national committee discussed Canada’s ethical guidelines for research and responded to a call for input into the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. In an effort to support capacity building, Inuit Nipingit also produced reference materials for Inuit community members and anyone concerned in research involving Inuit.
Intellectual property and the ethical/legal status of human DNA: The (ir)relevance of context
Authors: Pullman Daryl , Nicholas George P.
Published: November 2012

There has been much discussion in recent years about the ethical and legal status of human DNA. This topic is of great relevance and importance to Aboriginal communities because the question of who has the right of access to and control over the DNA of individual persons, or of DNA extracted from human remains, could have implications for an entire community. In another context an individual’s decision to contribute a blood sample for health research could reveal much about the health status of other members of the community. Who has the right to control access to DNA or a community’s narrative of its origins? While some have argued that human DNA should be considered cultural property in order to ensure appropriate control of genetic information, we question the wisdom of this approach. Although we acknowledge that the differing contexts in which DNA is extracted and utilised could require unique approaches in some circumstances, we argue that emphasis should be primarily on the nature of the relationships established and maintained between researchers and descendant communities and only secondarily on the unique status of the DNA itself.
A praxis for ethical research and scientific conduct in Greenland
Authors: Holm Lene Kielsen , Grenoble Lenore A. , Virginia Ross A.
Published: November 2012

The last 30 years have seen remarkable changes in the political and social
structure of Greenland. In 1979 Home Rule was proclaimed, giving the territory some measure
of autonomy from Denmark. Self-Government (Naalakkersuisut) was instituted in June
2009 after a referendum, giving Greenland control over all areas of governance except
foreign affairs and defence, which remain under Danish control. At present neither the
Self-Government authorities nor any research body in Greenland has formulated a
comprehensive code of ethics or guidelines for ethical and responsible conduct of research.
In this paper we discuss the hazards of this legal vacuum and propose possible opportunities
for moving forward. We consider the development of such codes to be integral to the
development of science policy by the Self-Government authorities and an important tool for
scientific engagement with the international community at a time when Greenland is making
important decisions about resource development and sustainability.
Isolation and Generation of Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Nair Smita , Archer Gerald E. , Tedder Thomas F.
Published: November 2012

Dendritic cells are highly specialized antigen‐presenting cells (APC), which may be isolated or generated from human blood mononuclear cells. Although mature blood dendritic cells normally represent ∼0.2% of human blood mononuclear cells, their frequency can be greatly increased using the cell enrichment methods described in this unit. More highly purified dendritic cell preparations can be obtained from these populations by sorting of fluorescence‐labeled cells. Alternatively, dendritic cells can be generated from monocytes by culture with the appropriate cytokines, as described here. In addition, a negative selection approach is provided that may be employed to generate cell preparations that have been depleted of dendritic cells to be used for comparison in functional studies.Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 99:7.32.1‐7.32.23. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification of B Cell and T Cell Epitopes Using Synthetic Peptide Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Pinilla Clemencia , Appel Jon R. , Judkowski Valeria , Houghten Richard A.
Published: November 2012

This unit presents a combinatorial library method that consists of the synthesis and screening of mixture‐based synthetic combinatorial libraries of peptide molecules. The protocols employ peptide libraries to identify peptides recognized by MAbs and T cells. The first protocol uses a positional scanning peptide library made up of hexapeptides to identify antigenic determinants recognized by MAbs. The 120 mixtures in the hexapeptide library are tested for their inhibitory activity in a competitive ELISA. The second protocol uses a decapeptide library to identify T cell peptide ligands. The 200 mixtures of the decapeptide library are tested for their ability to induce T cell activation. Support protocols cover optimization of the assay conditions for each MAb or T cell, to achieve the best level of sensitivity and reproducibility, and preparation of a hexapeptide library, along with deconvolution approaches. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 99:9.5.1‐9.5.16. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cryopreservation and Thawing of Cells
Authors: Yokoyama Wayne M. , Thompson Maria L. , Ehrhardt Rolf O.
Published: November 2012

Successful cryopreservation of cells requires not only that the cells be handled in a proper fashion for harvesting with equipment in place to ensure consistency, reproducibility, and sterility, but also that a correct choice and amount of cryoprotective agent is added. In general, a controlled freezing rate of 1°C/min is necessary to retain optimal viability of the recovered cells. There are many variations of cell freezing methods in use, including costly electronically regulated control rate freezers, unstandardized, passive isopropyl alcohol freezing containers, and crude rudimentary devices constructed from Styrofoam boxes or paper insulation. However, for the freezing and recovery of cell lines, primary cells, and stem cell cultures, the protocol described in this unit is simple, reproducible, and successful. Not only does it eliminate the need for isopropanol, as well as the costs and hazards associated with its use and disposal, but it provides a uniform method with improved cell viability and recovery. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 99:A.3G.1‐A.3G.5. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Conversation: Peter Zumthor and Juhani Pallasmaa
Authors: Andersen Michael Asgaard
Published: November 2012

The ‘New Nordic – Architecture & Identity’ exhibition (July–September 2012) at Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Denmark is significant for the way that it has defined architectural identity in a Northern European context. Here its co‐curator, Michael Asgaard Andersen, provides an edited version of a conversation between Juhani Pallasmaa and Peter Zumthor that was featured on a large screen at the show and included at full length in the museum catalogue.
Identity Through the Grounding of Experience in Place
Authors: Joy Rick
Published: November 2012

Arizona‐based architect Rick Joy is renowned for creating beautiful modern houses that are responsive to the natural landscape. Here he describes how experience and identity in a completed work are grounded in a mutual relationship between inhabitant and habitat: spaces condition behaviours as much as they are then, in turn, conditioned by their inhabitants. Accommodating these qualities in a design is wholly reliant on the architects' ability to be perceptive – to observe habits, nuances, atmosphere and a sense of place.
The Future is Unwritten: Global Culture, Identity and Economy
Authors: Fraser Murray
Published: November 2012

Is architecture no more than a mere handmaid to global capitalism and the international property market? Murray Fraser, Professor of Architecture and Global Culture at the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, asserts that the true picture is both much more complex and less homogeneous than it might appear. While acknowledging that economic conditions are significant drivers in architecture, he argues that it is still possible for designers to respond creatively with suppleness and foresight in their exploration of paths for a better future.
The Big Feet Aesthetic and the Art of Survival
Authors: Yu Kongjian
Published: November 2012

The ancient tradition of foot binding in China sacrificed the function of rustic ‘big feet’ in the name of gentrification and beauty. Kongjian Yu espouses an approach to landscape design that celebrates the aesthetic of high‐performing, low‐cost, healthy feet. Through his description of three projects, located in very different regions of China, he explains how working, adaptive landscapes based on farming techniques can provide an environment with a self‐sustaining identity.
Reading the Wind and Weather: The Meteorological Architecture of Studio Mumbai
Authors: Ashraf Kazi
Published: November 2012

Architectural writer and educator Kazi Ashraf likens the work of Studio Mumbai to that of a tree, in which landscape and architecture converge. As he explains, such a position is realised by a profound commitment to the act of building in which native materials are condensed into temporary structures. This requires due attention to the process of making, reflected in a workshop practice that incorporates craftsmen and artisans, and by necessity has to stand outside the conventional expectations for construction and economies of time.
Mapping Scales of Urban Identity
Authors: Burdett Ricky
Published: November 2012

Ricky Burdett, Professor of Urban Studies at LSE where he is Director of the Urban Age programme, is engaged in studying cities at different scales and regional contexts. Here he looks at what gives a city like London its unique sense of scale, and how it might be possible to design in the sort of vibrancy and spatial complexity that evolve in informal neighbourhoods over time. Through examples of local initiatives in Cape Town and Mumbai, he gives concrete evidence of what constitutes this approach.
Essence, Scale and Natural Events
Authors: Brislin Paul
Published: November 2012

Often designing in remote locations, Arup Associates have consciously developed an approach that is both locally and culturally responsive, while being flexible enough to scale up to the ambitions of a scheme. Paul Brislin, guest‐editor of this issue and a director at Arup Associates, describes their design treatment for an arts facility and a mosque in Saudi Arabia as well as for the Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India, which by 2014 will be an educational campus comprising a senior school and library as well as the existing infant and junior schools.
The Reluctant Architect: An Interview with Wang Shu of Amateur Architects Studio
Authors: Denison Edward , Ren Guang Yu
Published: November 2012

On the announcement of the awarding of the Pritzker Prize to the first Chinese architect, Wang Shu, in May 2012, jury chair Lord Palumbo commended him for an architecture that is ‘timeless, deeply rooted in its context and yet universal’. Visiting Wang and his work in the ancient city of Hangzhou in Eastern China, shortly afterwards Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren sought to understand why Wang might have succeeded where other architects have failed in a Chinese and international context, forging an innovative approach to architecture, which is in tune with tradition while being of a ‘genuine and often sublime originality’.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Diarylphosphines to Nitroalkenes for the Synthesis of Chiral P,N‐Compounds
Authors: Feng Jian‐Jun , Huang Miao , Lin Zi‐Qi , Duan Wei‐Liang
Published: November 2012

A highly stereoselective asymmetric 1,4‐addition of diarylphosphines to nitroalkenes catalyzed by a bis(phosphine) pincer‐palladium complex has been developed for the synthesis of chiral P,N compounds with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee) under mild conditions.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrazolines using a Bifunctional Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Safaei Shirin , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Khosropour Ahmad R. , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah
Published: November 2012

An efficient protocol for the excellent diastereoselective synthesis of pyrazolines via a three‐component reaction of aldehydes, hydrazines and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) in the presence of a bifunctional Brønsted acidic ionic liquid as a reusable catalyst under solvent‐free conditions is reported. Easy work‐up, short reaction times, high yields of the products and an environmentally benign procedure avoiding toxic organic solvents are other significant features of this method.
A Domino Desulfitative Coupling/Acylation/Hydration Process Cocatalyzed by Copper(I) and Palladium(II): Synthesis of Highly Substituted and Functionalized Pyrimidines
Authors: Quan Zheng‐Jun , Hu Wang‐Hua , Jia Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Zhang , Da Yu‐Xia , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: November 2012

A domino desulfitative coupling/acylation/hydration process to synthesize C‐2‐(2‐oxo‐2‐phenylethylidene)‐ and N‐3‐carbonyl‐substituted pyrimidines by unprecedented CC and CN cross‐coupling reactions is described. This methodology couples 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐thiones and alkynes under modified Liebeskind–Srogl conditions using palladium acetate and copper(I) carboxylate. Remarkably the copper(I) carboxylates simultaneously act as desulfitative and acylation reagents in the reaction.
Solid‐Supported Rhodium(0) Nano‐/Microparticles: An Efficient Ligand‐Free Heterogeneous Catalyst for Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Guha Nitul Ranjan , Reddy Chennayala Bal , Aggarwal Nidhi , Sharma Dharminder , Shil Arun K. , Bandna  , Das Pralay
Published: November 2012

Solid‐supported nano‐ and microparticles of rhodium(0) (SS‐Rh) were prepared and applied as a ligand free heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction with wide range of substrate scope. A hitherto unknown Rh‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of aldehyde and cyanohaloarenes was observed rather than the usual nucleophilic arylation.The catalyst can be removed by simple filtration and recycled upto twelve runs without any deterioration of activity.
Modular POP Ligands in Rhodium‐Mediated Asymmetric Hydrogenation: A Comparative Catalysis Study
Authors: Núñez‐Rico José L. , Etayo Pablo , Fernández‐Pérez Héctor , Vidal‐Ferran Anton
Published: November 2012

Highly efficient and enantioselective hydrogenation reactions for α‐(acylamino)acrylates, itaconic acid derivatives and analogues, α‐substituted enol ester derivatives, and α‐arylenamides (25 substrates) catalyzed by chiral cationic rhodium complexes of a set of POP ligands have been developed. The catalytic systems derived from these POP ligands provided a straightforward access to enantiomerically enriched α‐amino acid, carboxylic acid, amine, and alcohol derivatives that are valuable chiral building blocks. Excellent efficiencies (full conversion in all cases) and extremely high enantiomeric excesses (94–99% ee) were achieved for a wide range of α‐substituted enol ester derivatives, regardless of the substitution pattern. The R‐oxy group of the ligand (methoxy or triphenylmethoxy) strongly influences the enantioselectivity and catalytic activity. Greater steric bulk around the metal centre correlated to greater (or similar) enantioselectivity, but also to slower hydrogenation. Furthermore, the hydrogenation rates observed with the four model substrates follow the same trend, independently of the R‐oxy group of the ligand: methyl 2‐acetamidoacrylate>dimethyl itaconate>1‐phenylvinyl acetate>N‐(1‐phenylvinyl)acetamide. A substrate‐to‐catalyst ratio (S/C) of up to 10,000:1 was sufficient for total hydrogenation of a model substrate of intermediate reactivity (dimethyl itaconate), and did not imply any loss in conversion or enantioselectivity.
Aminocarbonylation of (Hetero)aryl Bromides with Ammonia and Amines using a Palladium/DalPhos Catalyst System
Authors: Alsabeh Pamela G. , Stradiotto Mark , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: November 2012

Variants of the DalPhos [2‐aminophenylbisadamantyl)phosphine] ligand family were examined in a palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative amination reaction using inexpensive carbon monoxide and ammonia as reagents. As a result of this survey, the Pyr‐DalPhos ligand was identified as being effective for the selective aminocarbonylation of aryl bromides with ammonia, as well as primary and secondary alkylamines. A variety of primary aromatic, heteroaromatic and N‐substituted benzamides were formed in moderate to good yields. As part of this study, a (Mor‐DalPhos)Pd‐benzoyl complex was prepared and crystallographically characterized, thereby showing the viability of the carbonyl insertion step.
A Facile Route to Benzo[a]fluorenes via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbromobenzene with 2‐(2‐Alkynylphenyl)malonate
Authors: Luo Yong , Pan Xiaolin , Wu Jie
Published: November 2012

A palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐alkynylbromobenzenes with 2‐(2‐alkynylphenyl)malonates gives rise to benzo[a]fluorenes in good yields. This tandem process is efficient with the formation of three bonds from easily available starting materials.
The Catalytic Potential ofCoptis japonicaNCS2 Revealed – Development and Utilisation of a Fluorescamine‐Based Assay
Authors: Pesnot Thomas , Gershater Markus C. , Ward John M. , Hailes Helen C.
Published: November 2012

The versatility and potential of a norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) fromCoptis japonicaNCS2 has been investigated, together with the development and application of a novel fluorescence‐based high‐throughput assay using nearly forty amines/aldehydes. The stereocontrol exerted byCjNCS2 on selected non‐natural substrates has been determined, where the tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIAs) were formed as the (1S)‐isomer in >95%ee, as observed with the natural product norcoclaurine. Docking calculations involving THIA mechanism intermediates, utilising the reportedThalictrum flavumNCS X‐ray crystallographic structure, were carried out and combined with theCjNCS2 screening results to further understand the mode of action of NCS. These findings suggested that in addition to the key active‐site residues K122 and E110, D141 is also mechanistically essential for the enzymatic transformation. The exceptional tolerance of NCS towards aldehyde substrates is furthermore supported by our proposed mechanism in which the aldehydes protrude out of the enzymatic pocket.
Experimental study of a liquid fluidization in a microfluidic channel
Authors: Zivkovic Vladimir , Biggs Mark J. , Alwahabi Zeyad T.
Published: November 2012

Significance

This study reports the first ever experimental study of true micro‐fluidization: a liquid‐fluidized bed of 30.5 μm micro‐particles within a rectangular micro‐channel of 400 × 175 μm2. The failure to fluidize the micro‐particles with water demonstrated the importance of surface forces for micro‐fluidization. Use of ethanol instead leads to fluidization that is largely well described by conventional fluidization equations, although higher values of empirical constant (k and n) are obtained for Richardson‐Zaki correlation.
A practical approach to produce Mg‐Al spinel based on the modeling of phase equilibria for NH4Cl‐MgCl2‐AlCl3‐H2O system
Authors: Gao Wencheng , Li Zhibao
Published: November 2012

Based on chemical modeling of phase equilibria for the NH4Cl‐MgCl2‐AlCl3‐H2O system, a practical approach to produce Mg‐Al spinel (MgAl2O4) (widely used as refractory brick, supports in catalysts, and inert material for oxygen carriers) is proposed and proven feasible. This novel process includes coprecipitation of Mg4Al2(OH)14·3H2O from the NH3‐MgCl2‐AlCl3‐H2O system; calcination of Mg4Al2(OH)14·3H2O to obtain Mg‐Al spinel and recovery of NH4Cl from NH4Cl‐rich solutions by feeding MgCl2‐AlCl3. A MSMPR reactor was applied to investigate the effect of temperature, feed concentration, and NH4Cl addition on coprecipitation of precursor Mg4Al2(OH)14·3H2O from MgCl2‐AlCl3 solutions with Mg/Al ratio = 2 through gradual addition of NH4OH. The phase equilibria of the NH4Cl‐MgCl2‐AlCl3‐H2O system were determined over the temperature range 283.2 to 363.2 K using dynamic method. The experimental solubilities were regressed to obtain new Bromley‐Zemaitis model parameters. These newly obtained parameters were verified by predicting the quaternary system. A chemical model for the NH4Cl‐MgCl2‐AlCl3‐H2O system has been established with the OLI platform. All the results generated from this study will provide the theoretical basis for Mg‐Al spinel production. The high quality Mg‐Al spinel was prepared by calcination of precursor from 773.2 to 1273.2 K, and the NH4Cl was successfully recovered through the common ion effect of MgCl2‐AlCl3 addition. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1855–1867, 2013
Possible Health Benefits From Reducing Occupational Magnetic Fields
Authors: Bowman Joseph D. , Ray Tapas K. , Park Robert M.
Published: November 2012

Background

Magnetic fields (MF) from AC electricity are a Possible Human Carcinogen, based on limited epidemiologic evidence from exposures far below occupational health limits.

Methods

To help formulate government guidance on occupational MF, the cancer cases prevented and the monetary benefits accruing to society by reducing workplace exposures were determined. Life‐table methods produced Disability Adjusted Life Years, which were converted to monetary values.

Results

Adjusted for probabilities of causality, the expected increase in a worker's disability‐free life are 0.04 year (2 weeks) from a 1 microtesla (µT) MF reduction in average worklife exposure, which is equivalent to $5,100/worker/µT in year 2010 U.S. dollars (95% confidence interval $1,000–$9,000/worker/µT). Where nine electrosteel workers had 13.8 µT exposures, for example, moving them to ambient MFs would provide $600,000 in benefits to society (uncertainty interval $0–$1,000,000).

Conclusions

When combined with the costs of controls, this analysis provides guidance for precautionary recommendations for managing occupational MF exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:791–805, 2013. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Sinus headache”: rhinogenic headache or migraine? An evidence‐based guide to diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Patel Zara M. , Kennedy David W. , Setzen Michael , Poetker David M. , DelGaudio John M.
Published: November 2012

Background

Patients present to physicians across multiple disciplines with the complaint of sinus headache. This lay term is widely accepted in the media, yet has been repeatedly questioned in the medical literature, and experts in the fields of otolaryngology, neurology, and allergy have agreed that it is an overused and often incorrect diagnosis in the majority of patients. There have been review articles and consensus panels established regarding this issue, but thus far no guidelines based purely on a review of the level of evidence provided by the literature.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed and the Clinical Practice Guideline Manual, Conference on Guideline Standardization (COGS), and the Appraisal of Guidelines and Research Evaluation (AGREE) instrument recommendations were followed. Study inclusion criteria were: adult population >18 years old, self‐diagnosed or physician‐diagnosed “sinus headache,” clearly defined diagnostic criteria in diagnostic studies, and clearly defined primary clinical end‐point in therapeutic studies.

Results

We identified and evaluated the literature on diagnosing and treating patients with a primary complaint of sinus headache. The literature was reviewed for both quality of research design as well as benefit and harm of the proposed interventions.

Conclusion

If a thorough neurologic and otolaryngologic evaluation is performed, the majority of patients presenting with sinus headache in the absence of significant acute inflammatory findings will be diagnosed with migraine. In this situation, the appropriate treatment for the majority of patients presenting with sinus headache is migraine directed therapy. In a highly select group of patients, directed nasal surgery addressing endonasal contact points may be an option.
Die Polyamorphie von Calciumcarbonat und ihre Bedeutung für die Biomineralisation: Wie viele amorphe Calciumcarbonat‐Phasen gibt es?
Authors: Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Checa Antonio G. , Gale Julian D. , Gebauer Denis , Sainz‐Díaz C. Ignacio
Published: November 2012

Während die Polymorphie des Calciumcarbonats gut erforscht ist und seine kristallinen Modifikationen – Calcit, Aragonit und Vaterit – oft insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Biomineralisation untersucht wurden, ist das Phänomen der Polyamorphie noch nicht lange bekannt. Auch die Existenz von mehr als einer amorphen Calciumcarbonatphase ist erst vor Kurzem klar geworden. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir zusammen, was über die Polyamorphie des Calciumcarbonats auf der einen Seite und über die Rolle des amorphen Calciumcarbonats in der Biomineralisation auf der anderen Seite bekannt ist. Unsere Betrachtungen ermöglichen uns aufzuzeigen, dass die Behandlung amorphen Calciumcarbonats im Rahmen des physikalischen Verständnisses der Polyamorphie zu neuartigen Einblicken führt, wie unterschiedliche Polymorphe überhaupt aus ihren Vorstufen entstehen können. Dies ist von großer Bedeutung für unser Verständnis der Prinzipien der Biomineralisation sowie der Mittel und Wege, wie Kristallisation in medizinischen, pharmazeutischen oder industriellen Zusammenhängen gesteuert werden kann.
Die Lys48‐verknüpfte Polyubiquitinkette als proteasomales Signal: kein Einzelkind mehr
Authors: Kravtsova‐Ivantsiv Yelena , Sommer Thomas , Ciechanover Aaron
Published: November 2012

Die Konjugation von Ubiquitin (Ub) an Proteine ist an der Regulation vieler Prozesse beteiligt. Die Modifikation dient als in trans wirkendes Erkennungselement, wobei strangabwärts gelegene Effektoren an das modifizierte Protein binden und dessen Schicksal und/oder Funktion bestimmen. Die allgemein akzeptierte Auffassung ist, dass eine PolyUb‐Kette, die über das interne Lys48 von Ub verknüpft und an einem internen Lys‐Rest des Substrats verankert ist, das kanonische Signal für die Erkennung und den Abbau durch das Proteasom darstellt. Jüngste Studien haben jedoch gezeigt, dass das Signal weitaus vielfältiger ist und dass Ketten auf der Basis anderer interner Verknüpfungen sowie lineare oder heterologe Ketten aus Ub oder Ub‐artigen Proteinen und selbst MonoUb vom Proteasom erkannt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden auch Ketten beschrieben, die an andere als interne Lys‐Reste binden. All diese jüngsten Entdeckung stellen die gegenwärtig akzeptierte Sichtweise in Frage.
Nanotechnology‐Enabled Energy Harvesting for Self‐Powered Micro‐/Nanosystems
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin , Wu Wenzhuo
Published: November 2012

Health, infrastructure, and environmental monitoring as well as networking and defense technologies are only some of the potential areas of application of micro‐/nanosystems (MNSs). It is highly desirable that these MNSs operate without an external electricity source and instead draw the energy they require from the environment in which they are used. This Review covers various approaches for energy harvesting to meet the future demand for self‐powered MNSs.
Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers loaded with noncovalently functionalized graphene
Authors: Das Sriya , Wajid Ahmed S. , Bhattacharia Sanjoy K. , Wilting Michael D. , Rivero Iris V. , Green Micah J.
Published: November 2012

Pristine graphene/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning an aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐stabilized graphene and PVA. This is the first report of electrospun nanofibers reinforced with dispersed pristine graphene. We examine the relationship between graphene loading and critical electrospinning parameters. Microscopy indicates uniform fiber formation and excellent graphene dispersion within the fiber. Rheological data indicates that the excellent level of graphene dispersion enhances the modulus of the polymer by 205%. We also find that the graphene significantly increases the fibers' thermal stability (increase of 15°C) and crystallinity (59% increase) above the baseline. In fact, the graphene may act as nucleating points for increased crystallinity. These graphene/polymer nanofibers have the potential to serve in a variety of applications, including electrodes, conductive wires, and biomedical materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of high‐performance polyimides based on 6,4′‐diamino‐2‐phenylbenzimidazole
Authors: Xia Qingming , Liu Junpeng , Dong Jie , Yin Chaoqing , Du Yuxuan , Xu Qian , Zhang Qinghua
Published: November 2012

A new synthesis route was developed to produce the diamine monomer containing benzimidazole units, 6,4′‐diamino‐2‐phenylbenzimidazole (BIA), which was easily prepared by the reduction of 6,4′‐dinitro‐2‐phenylbenzimidazole synthesized via a reaction between 4‐nitro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine and 4‐nitrobenzoyl chloride. The composition and structure of the products were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, NMR, and elemental analysis. A series of polyimides were prepared by the polycondensation of BIA and various dehydrates, pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, and benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride via a traditional two‐step procedure. The polyimides exhibit excellent thermal stability up to 540°C and high glass transition temperature (Tg) in the range of 382–409°C. The polyimide films are tough and flexible and possess good mechanical properties of tensile strength of 222–232 MPa and modulus of 3.1–5.6 GPa without stretching. The polyimides are amorphous state in wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns, whereas small‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns show the existence of molecular aggregation. The rigid‐rod structure and intermacromolecular hydrogen bond are likely responsible for the excellent properties of the polyimides. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The impact of flood control on the loss of wetlands in Argentina
Authors: Brandolin Pablo G. , Ávalos Miguel A. , de Angelo Carlos
Published: November 2012

Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on Earth, but historically they have been degraded and destroyed by humans. The south east of Córdoba province in central Argentina was covered by hundreds of wetlands in a vast matrix of grasslands and savannas. In the last few centuries, this area has been mostly transformed into agriculture, forcing wetlands to become the last refuge for remaining wildlife.

Since the mid‐1970s, a gradual increase in rainfall has enlarged the area occupied by wetlands. To reverse the situation, vast flooded regions were altered by the construction of artificial drainage channels, including important areas for conservation of biodiversity.

A non‐supervised classification of satellite images was used to assess the changes in flooded areas of south‐eastern Córdoba before the main floods (1987–1988) and after channelizations occurred (2007). Areas with high channelization (Córdoba) and non‐channelization (Santa Fe) were compared for years with the same amount of accumulated rainfall.

The pluviometric registers in both regions showed a trend of increasing annual rainfall, and this was reflected in a 65.9% increase (64 837 ha) of the flooded area in Santa Fe. Conversely, the channelized area in Córdoba suffered a loss of 12% of its ponds, corresponding to a 14.7% reduction of the flooded area (11 655 ha). A greater reduction in the flooded area (42.1%) was observed when considering only the western portion of the Córdoba site where most of the channelization occurred.

These results indicate that besides the mitigation of floods, the channelization in Córdoba favoured agriculture expansion at the expense of wetlands, thereby destroying these wildlife refuges. Wetlands are important for their biodiversity, ecosystem services, and cultural legacy. In central Argentina the channelization process still continues, so it is of the utmost importance to support conservation actions leading to sustainable management and territorial planning of this region.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability Analysis for Delayed Neural Networks with Discontinuous Neuron Activations
Authors: Guo Zhenyuan , Huang Lihong
Published: November 2012

This paper considers a class of delayed neural networks with discontinuous neuron activations. Based on the theory of differential equations with discontinuous right‐hand sides, some novel sufficient conditions are derived that ensure the existence and global exponential stability of the equilibrium point. Moreover, by adopting the concept of convergence in measure, convergence behavior for the output is discussed. The obtained results are independent of the delay parameter and can be thought of as a generalization of previous results established for delayed neural networks with Lipschtz continuous neuron activations to the discontinuous case. Finally, we give a numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness and novelty of our results by comparing our results with those in the early literature.
Anwendung des Systems Engineering auf die Arbeitsvorbereitung von Bauprojekten
Authors: Schütz Michael , Hofstadler Christian
Published: November 2012

Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Anwendung der Methodik des Systems Engineering (SE) auf die Arbeitsvorbereitung von Bauprojekten. Es soll dabei gezeigt werden, wie durch systemisches Denken und systematisches Vorgehen die in der Regel knappen Ressourcen für Arbeitsvorbereitung (Zeit und Personal) effizient genutzt werden können.

Hierzu werden zunächst die Methodik des Systems Engineering vorgestellt und die Aufgaben, Ziele und Tätigkeiten der Arbeitsvorbereitung erläutert. Auf Basis dieser Grundlagen wird anschließend die Anwendung der SE‐Methodik für die Arbeitsvorbereitung auf Seiten des Auftragnehmers am Beispiel der Rohbauarbeiten beim Musiktheater Linz veranschaulicht. Abschließend werden der Nutzen der Methodik des Systems Engineering und Erkenntnisse aus der Beschäftigung mit dem Thema dargelegt.

Application of the Systems Engineering method in production scheduling of building projects

This article deals with the method of Systems Engineering (SE) in production scheduling of building projects. It shows how system thinking and systematic approach can help to use the scarce resources (time and staff) for production scheduling more efficiently.

At first the method of Systems Engineering and the tasks, aims and activities of production scheduling are described. After these basics the application of the SE‐method in production scheduling is shown on the example of the structural works of the opera house of Linz. Finally the benefits of the Systems Engineering method are shown followed by the authors' conclusions.
Radarinterferometrie zum Setzungsmonitoring beim Tunnelbau
Authors: Mark Peter , Niemeier Wolfgang , Schindler Steffen , Blome Andrea , Heek Peter , Krivenko Alexander , Ziem Eberhard
Published: November 2012

Nach der Methode der “Persistent Scatterer”‐Interferometrie wird ein innovativer Ansatz zum flächenhaften Setzungsmonitoring beim Tunnelbau vorgestellt. Grundlage sind Daten aus 24 Überflügen des Radarsatelliten TerraSAR‐X des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR). Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Verfahrens wird am Beispiel des Tunnelbauprojekts “Wehrhahn‐Linie” in Düsseldorf demonstriert. Der Beitrag beschreibt neben den wesentlichen Grundlagen zur Radarinterferometrie auch die besonderen Randbedingungen des Tunnelbauprojekts im Innenstadtbereich der Landeshauptstadt. Die Verifizierung mit punktuellen terrestrischen Messungen belegt die Genauigkeit der Methode im Millimeterbereich. Die Forschungsarbeiten sind Teil der Aktivitäten des Sonderforschungsbereichs 837 “Interaktionsmodelle im maschinellen Tunnelbau” an der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum.

Radar interferometry for monitoring of settlements in tunnelling

An innovative approach employing the “Persistent Scatterer” Interferometry to monitor area‐wide settlements induced by tunnelling is presented. The method is based on data from 24 overflights of the TerraSAR‐X satellite provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Exemplified on the tunnelling construction site “Wehrhahn‐Linie” located in Düsseldorf, the performance of the Radar‐Interferometry method is demonstrated. Besides the basic principles of the Radar‐Interferometry, the contribution illustrates specific boundary conditions of a tunnelling project in the intra‐urban area of the state capital city of Düsseldorf. The validation with point wise terrestrial measurements proofs that the method is accurate to a millimetre. The research project is part of the Collaborative Research Center 837 “Interaction modelling in mechanized tunnelling” at the Ruhr‐University of Bochum.