bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating effect of the halogen atoms on the cofacial dinuclear Schiff base complexes: Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations
Authors: Huang Meifen , Jiao Liang , Yang Jiao , Ning Dan , Xu Jiajun , Wu Qiong , Weng Zhehui
Published: May 2024

The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of two new halogenated Schiff base copper (II) derivatives, namely [CuII2(3‐Cl‐Salmphen)2] (Cu‐Cl‐Salmphen) and [CuII2(3‐Br‐Salmphen)2] (Cu‐Br‐Salmphen), which were characterized by UV–Vis, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal structural analysis revealed that each complex contains two crystallography independent, distorted copper centers, where each Cu center exhibits the same coordination environment with N2O2 donor atoms from two different ligands. To investigate the substitution effect of halogen atoms on the properties of the complexes, the non‐halogenated isomer [CuII2(H‐Salmphen)2] (Cu‐H‐Salmphen) was introduced for comparison. The differences between the halogenated and the non‐halogenated analogues were compared through spectroscopic, electrochemical, DFT, and TD‐DFT theoretical calculations. The optical experimental results indicated that the introduction of halogen atoms decreased the energy gap between the ground and excited states, leading to enhanced optical absorption capabilities of the compounds. Electrochemical tests showed that the halogenated analogues exhibited better electrochemical performance, and with the increase in an atomic number of the halogen atoms, the compounds displayed a gradual increase in cyclic voltammetry peak areas, diffusion coefficients, and conductivities. Theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of halogen atoms simultaneously expanded the conjugated area of the molecules, decreased the HOMO‐LUMO energy levels of the complexes, and strengthened the intramolecular interactions. Furthermore, the potential mechanism of the tuning effect of halogen atoms on the charge transfer process was proposed.
Angiomotin family proteins in the Hippo signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Fa‐Xing
Published: May 2024

The Motin family proteins (Motins) are a class of scaffolding proteins consisting of Angiomotin (AMOT), AMOT‐like protein 1 (AMOTL1), and AMOT‐like protein 2 (AMOTL2). Motins play a pivotal role in angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and neurogenesis by modulating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Recent findings indicate that Motins are components of the Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade involved in development and cancer. This review discusses how Motins are integrated into the Hippo signaling network, as either upstream regulators or downstream effectors, to modulate cell proliferation and migration. The repression of YAP/TAZ by Motins contributes to growth inhibition, whereas subcellular localization of Motins and their interactions with actin fibers are critical in regulating cell migration. The net effect of Motins on cell proliferation and migration may contribute to their diverse biological functions.
Lithium spreading layer consisting of nickel particles enables stable cycling of aluminum anode in all‐solid‐state battery
Authors: Chai Jingjing , Song Libo , Li Zhendong , Peng Zhe , Yao Xiayin
Published: May 2024

Developing promising substitutes of lithium (Li) metal anode that suffers from a serious interfacial instability against the solid electrolyte (SE) is a formidable challenge for the all‐solid‐state battery. Aluminum (Al), a highly potential candidate owing to its high specific capacity and relatively low working potential, however, cannot withstand stable cycling in all‐solid‐state battery due to the fast structural collapse caused by the solid/solid contact at the Al/SE interface. Herein, a Li spreading layer consisting of metallic nickel (Ni) particles at the Al surface is proposed to raise the performance of Al anode in all‐solid‐state battery. Owing to the immiscibility between Ni and Li solid phases, this Li spreading layer can enable a uniform distribution of Li atoms over the electrode surface followed by a stable Li–Al alloying/dealloying processes, suppressing the stress deformation at the Al/SE interface and significantly improving the cycling performance of Al anode in all‐solid‐state battery. The modified Al anode not only outperforms the bare Al significantly, but also exhibits superior cyclability and rate ability compared with the Li anode. This work provides an efficient strategy to promote the application of Al anode in all‐solid‐state battery, and is expected to be generalized for other alloy anodes.
Uncommon Epoxyquinols Pyrrolocytosporin A and Cytosporin E2 from the Fungus Eutypella sp. D‐1
Authors: Yu Hao‐Bing , Du Lin , Ning Zhe , Lu Xiao‐Ling , Jiao Bing‐Hua , Hu Bo , Liu Xiao‐Yu
Published: May 2024

Two uncommon epoxyquinols, pyrrolocytosporin A (1) and cytosporin E2 (2), along with the known cytosporin Y1 (3), were isolated from the solid defined medium of the Arctic‐derived fungus Eutypella sp. D‐1. Their structures were established through comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic and electronic circular dichroism data. Structurally, compound 1 represented the first nitrogen‐containing epoxyquinol characterized by a pyrrole fused cytosporin framework, while compound 2 contained an uncommon cyclic carbonate functionality. The antibacterial, immunosuppressive, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of all compounds were evaluated. Among the three metabolites, only compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide with an IC50 value of 6.55 μM. Additionally, only compound 2 displayed inhibitory activity against ConA‐induced T‐cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 9.85 μM.
Reductive Electrophotocatalytic α‐C−H Arylation of Cyclic Ketones with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Aman Hasil , Chang Rui , Ye Juntao
Published: May 2024

α‐Aryl cyclocarbonyls are important building blocks in organic synthesis. While many methods have been developed for their synthesis, the use of readily available and inexpensive aryl chlorides as the arylating reagent remains rare. Herein, we report an α‐arylation of cyclic ketones with aryl chlorides under reductive electrophotocatalytic conditions. 2,6‐Diisopropylphenyl‐containing naphthalenemonoimide was identified as the optimal electrophotocatalyst, allowing for use of electron‐deficient as well as electron‐rich aryl chlorides under mild conditions.
Starch‐based nanoparticles as a replacement for synthetic latex: A comprehensive assessment of printability and colorimetric characteristics
Authors: Altay Bilge N. , Carver‐Kubik Al , Williams Scott , Huq Anamika , Sugiyama Maya , Dhote Yash , Zunjarrao Apurva , Aydemir Cem , Karademir Arif
Published: May 2024

The papermaking, packaging, and printing industry are actively seeking sustainable material alternatives to address growing concerns about environmental consciousness and finite resources. Synthetic latex, a frequently utilized binder in paper coating formulations, present difficulties due to their dependence on fossil fuel resources and their reduced recyclability in comparison to eco‐friendly sustainable products. In this study, synthetic latex was replaced with a starch‐based nanoparticle (starch NP) binder at a 1:1 ratio in a coating formulation. Printing trials to assess colorimetric characteristics was made using electrophotography (EP) printing, given the current upward trajectory and expansion of EP technology into the label, packaging, and folding carton sectors. The in‐depth investigations reveal that incorporating starch NP binder result in improved optical, color, and dot characteristics. Moreover, it maintains consistent and comparable coefficients of friction. Partial replacement of synthetic latex with the starch NP binder yields significant enhancements in surface roughness and text quality. Importantly, the starch NP binder not only improves the dielectric relaxation properties of the paper and enhances toner transfer but also accelerates the distribution of the electrical field compared to synthetic latex, optimizing toner transfer and thereby enhancing color gamut volume. The study demonstrates that employing the starch NP binder leads to substantial improvements in colorimetric performance without any drawbacks in EP printing, making it highly advantageous to replace 50% of the synthetic binder.
Evidence of field‐scale shifts in transpiration dynamics following bark beetle infestation: Stomatal conductance responses
Authors: Li Meijun , Shao Wei , Su Ye , Coenders‐Gerrits Miriam , Jarsjö Jerker
Published: May 2024

Amplified eruptive outbreaks of bark beetles as a consequence of climate change can cause tree mortality that significantly affects terrestrial water and carbon fluxes. However, the lack of field‐scale observations of underlying physiological mechanisms currently hampers the expression of such ecosystem disturbances in predictive modelling. Based on a unique flux tower dataset from a subalpine forest located in the Rocky Mountains, mechanisms of stomatal response to an extensive bark beetle outbreak were investigated using various models and parametrizations. The datasets cover a decade, including the periods of pre‐infestation, infestation, and post‐infestation. Field measurements showed considerable decreases in evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration (T), and leaf area index (LAI) during the two‐year infestation period compared to the pre‐infestation period. Model interpretations of observed water and carbon fluxes indicated that the overall reductions in T were not solely due to decreased LAI, but also to changes in physiological behaviours. The summer season's canopy‐scale stomatal conductance was significantly reduced during the infestation period, from 0.0018 to 0.0011 m s−1. One primary reason for the observed variations is likely that the bark beetle infestation hampers the water transport in the xylem. The damage of xylem has important implications for water use efficiency (WUE), which also significantly influences the parameterization of stomatal conductance. When using stomatal conductance models to forecast ecosystem dynamics, it is crucial to recalibrate the model's parameters to ensure the accurate depiction of stomatal dynamics during various infestation periods. The neglect of the temporal variability of canopy‐scale stomatal conductance under ecosystem disturbances (e.g., bark beetle infestations) in current earth system models, therefore, requires specific attention in assessments of large‐scale water and carbon balances.
Literature review, surgical decision making algorithm, and AGREE II‐S comparison of national and international recommendations and guidelines in pelvic organ prolapse surgery
Authors: Pecorella Giovanni , Morciano Andrea , Sparic Radmila , Tinelli Andrea
Published: May 2024

The average lifespan has increased over time due to improvements in quality of life, leading to an aging population that stays healthy for longer. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), whether uterine or vaginal, is a problem that severely impairs quality of life and imposes significant restrictions. The present study provides the reader with a summary of the many surgical techniques used in POP surgery, comparing international guidelines, offering an algorithm that is simple to understand, and allows the reader to quickly choose the table that includes the best surgical therapy for each individual. Using relevant keywords, the writers searched the PubMed and Scopus databases for relevant publications from 2000 to April 2023. Studies with cases of oncologic disorders or prior hysterectomy performed for another reason were not included in the analysis. Ten distinct international guidelines are highlighted and examined in the present study. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II‐S (AGREE II‐S) method to assess their quality, and incorporated the results into the conclusion. Worldwide, anterior colporrhaphy is the preferred method of treating anterior compartment abnormalities, and mesh is virtually always used when recurrence occurs (which happens in about half of the cases). Worldwide, posterior colporrhaphy is commonly used to repair posterior compartment abnormalities. Only a few national guidelines (the Iranian guideline, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [AOGS], and the German‐speaking countries) permit the use of mesh or xenograft in cases of recurrence. There is agreement on the abdominal approach (sacrocolpopexy) with mesh for treating apical deformities. Sacrospinous‐hysteropexy is the standard method used to guide the vaginal approach; mesh is typically used to aid in this process. There are just three recommendations that do not include vaginal operations: HSE, AOGS, and Iran. Of obliteration techniques, colpocleisis is unquestionably the best. In conclusion, our analysis highlights the significance of customized methods in POP surgery, taking into account the requirements and preferences of each patient. To choose the best surgical therapy, criteria and patient features must be carefully considered.
An attachment‐based program for parents of youth with clinically significant mental health problems: Scaling up and drilling down to mechanisms of change
Authors: Moretti Marlene M. , Dys Sebastian P. , Craig Stephanie G. , Sierra Hernandez Carlos A. , Goulter Natalie , O’Donnell Katherine , Pasalich Dave S.
Published: May 2024

Background

Given the prevalence and recent increases in youth mental health problems, there is a pressing need for interventions that target transdiagnostic protective factors that could be targeted as mechanisms of change in treatment. Such interventions are most likely to succeed in meeting population needs if they are scalable, sustainable, and effective. Connect is a manualized, 10‐session trauma‐informed and attachment‐based parent program that is structured, emotion‐focused and skills‐oriented. Developed for broad implementation by community mental health workers, Connect is designed to promote parent–child attachment security, a well‐established transdiagnostic protective factor for youth mental health.

Methods

We examined whether parent–youth attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted reductions in internalizing and externalizing problems in a large one‐group clinical sample of youth (N = 527; ages 8–18 years) of parents (N = 690) who completed the Connect program in a longitudinal study with 6 time points (pre‐, mid‐, and post‐treatment; 6‐, 12‐ and 18‐month follow‐up).

Results

Findings confirmed that parent and youth reports of attachment anxiety and avoidance, as well as internalizing and externalizing problems, significantly declined over the course of the intervention. Parent reported reductions in youth attachment anxiety, but not avoidance, predicted declining levels of youth internalizing problems. As well, parent reported reductions in youth attachment avoidance and anxiety predicted declining youth externalizing behavior. In contrast, youth reports of reductions in youth attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, were associated with declines in youth externalizing problems.

Conclusion

Our findings support the role of attachment as an important transdiagnostic mechanism of change in attachment‐based programs for parents of teens with clinically significant mental health problems.
Simple and efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2‐f]quinoxaline derivatives via three‐component reaction
Authors: Wan Dan‐Dan , Qian Yu‐heng , Liu Jia‐Yan , Chen Dong‐Sheng
Published: May 2024

A series of pyrrolo[3,2‐f]quinoxaline derivatives have been obtained by a three‐component domino reaction of quinoxalin‐6‐amine, arylglyoxal monohydrates, and cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds in ethanol medium at 80°C catalyzed by acetic acid. The notable features of this synthesis are excellent regioselectivity, operational simplicity, relatively mild reaction conditions, and good yields.
Current trends in the prevention of adhesions after zone 2 flexor tendon repair
Authors: Vinitpairot Chaiyos , Yik Jasper H. N. , Haudenschild Dominik R. , Szabo Robert M. , Bayne Christopher O.
Published: May 2024

Treating flexor tendon injuries within the digital flexor sheath (commonly referred to as palmar hand zone 2) presents both technical and logistical challenges. Success hinges on striking a delicate balance between safeguarding the surgical repair for tendon healing and initiating early rehabilitation to mitigate the formation of tendon adhesions. Adhesions between tendon slips and between tendons and the flexor sheath impede tendon movement, leading to postoperative stiffness and functional impairment. While current approaches to flexor tendon repair prioritize maximizing tendon strength for early mobilization and adhesion prevention, factors such as pain, swelling, and patient compliance may impede postoperative rehabilitation efforts. Moreover, premature mobilization could risk repair failure, necessitating additional surgical interventions. Pharmacological agents offer a potential avenue for minimizing inflammation and reducing adhesion formation while still promoting normal tendon healing. Although some systemic and local agents have shown promising results in animal studies, their clinical efficacy remains uncertain. Limitations in these studies include the relevance of chosen animal models to human populations and the adequacy of tools and measurement techniques in accurately assessing the impact of adhesions. This article provides an overview of the clinical challenges associated with flexor tendon injuries, discusses current on‐ and off‐label agents aimed at minimizing adhesion formation, and examines investigational models designed to study adhesion reduction after intra‐synovial flexor tendon repair. Understanding the clinical problem and experimental models may serve as a catalyst for future research aimed at addressing intra‐synovial tendon adhesions following zone 2 flexor tendon repair.
Reducing ambulatory central line‐associated bloodstream infections: A family‐centered approach
Authors: Wong Chris I. , Ilowite Maya , Yan Adam , Mahan Riley M. , Desrochers Marie D. , Conway Margaret , Billett Amy L.
Published: May 2024

Background

Ambulatory central line‐associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in pediatric oncology. Few studies have had interventions directed toward caregivers managing central lines (CL) at home to reduce ambulatory CLABSI rates. We aimed to reduce and sustain our ambulatory CLABSI rate by 25% within 3 years of the start of a quality improvement intervention.

Procedure

Plan‐do‐study‐act cycles were implemented beginning April 2016. The main intervention was a family‐centered CL care skill development curriculum for external CLs. Training began upon hospital CL insertion, followed by an ambulatory teach‐back program to achieve home caregiver CL care independence. Other changes included: standardizing ambulatory nurse CL care practice (audits, a train the nurse trainer process, and workshops for independent home care agencies); developing aids for trainers and caregivers; providing supplies for clean surfaces; wide dissemination of the program; and minimizing opportunities of CLABSI (e.g., standardizing timing of CL removal). The outcome measure was the ambulatory CLABSI rate (excluding mucosal barrier injury laboratory‐confirmed bloodstream infection), compared pre intervention (January 2015 to March 2016) to post intervention, including 2 years of sustainability (April 2016 to June 2023), using statistical process control charts. We estimated the total number of CLABSI and associated healthcare charges prevented.

Results

The ambulatory CLABSI rate decreased by 52% from 0.25 to 0.12 per 1000 CL days post intervention, achieved within 27 months; 117 CLABSI were prevented, with $4.2 million hospital charges and 702 hospital days avoided.

Conclusions

Focusing efforts on home caregivers CL care may lead to reduction in pediatric oncology ambulatory CLABSI rates.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Dioxo‐Benzodithiophene‐Based Multifunctional Conjugated Polymers for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kranthiraja Kakaraparthi , He Waner , Yu Hao‐Wei , Feng Zhen , Nozaki Naoya , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Yu Ming‐Hsuan , Li Yong , Manzhos Sergei , Andersson Mats R. , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Sonar Prashant
Published: May 2024

While dual‐acceptor‐type conjugated polymers have witnessed a great success in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), their potential multifunctionality in other optoelectronic devices has been overlooked. Herein, three conjugated polymers (DPPF‐BDD, DPPT‐BDD, and DPPSe‐BDD) comprising furan/thiophene/selenophene‐flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and dioxo‐benzodithiophene (BDD) as repeating units are designed, synthesized, and characterized. Modulating the chalcogen on DPP flank shows an impact on dual‐acceptor polymer optoelectronic properties. Subsequently, the potential of these polymers in both OFETs and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) either as semiconductors or as passivation materials, respectively, is investigated. Interestingly, DPPF‐BDD, DPPT‐BDD, and DPPSe‐BDD show ambipolar behavior in vacuum with hole (μh) and electron (μe) mobilities of 0.0263/0.0223, 0.0187/0.0123, and 0.0070/0.0051 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Upon doping tetrabutylammonium iodide into DPPF‐BDD, DPPT‐BDD, and DPPSe‐BDD polymers, the respective OFETs show relatively higher μh and μe (0.0389/0.0503; 0.0289/0.0259; 0.0058/0.0156 cm2 V−1 s−1) than the undoped polymer OFETs. Furthermore, DPPF‐BDD‐, DPPT‐BDD‐, and DPPSe‐BDD‐incorporated (in the antisolvent treatment and PCBM electron transport layer) PSCs display maximum power conversion efficiency of 23.48%, 22.85%, and 23.35%, respectively, surpassing the control device (22.83%), which is benefited from the perovskite surface passivation and the charge extraction improvement. Overall, a new class of multifunctional DPP‐based dual‐acceptor‐type polymers that are highly compatible with OFETs and high‐performance PSCs is presented.
Anwendung der extra- und intracochleären Elektrocochleographie während und nach der Cochleaimplantation
Authors: Dalbert Adrian , Weder Stefan
Published: May 2024

Die Elektrocochleographie (ECochG) bietet eine aussichtsreiche Möglichkeit zur Überwachung der cochleären Funktion während der Cochleaimplantation und zur Erforschung der Ursachen des Verlusts cochleärer Restfunktion nach der Implantation. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungs- und Anwendungsstand der ECochG, sowohl während als auch nach der Cochleaimplantation. Die intraoperative ECochG kann entweder durch das Implantat selbst oder mittels einer extracochleären Messelektrode durchgeführt werden. Postoperative ECochG-Aufnahmen sind über das Implantat möglich. Verschiedene Studien haben gezeigt, dass ein signifikanter Abfall der ECochG-Amplitude während der Elektrodeninsertion mit einem erhöhten Risiko für den Verlust der cochleären Restfunktion korreliert, wobei bedeutsame cochleäre Ereignisse vornehmlich gegen Ende der Insertion auftreten. Postoperative Daten deuten darauf hin, dass der Verlust der cochleären Funktion hauptsächlich in der frühen postoperativen Phase erfolgt. Zukünftige Forschungsansätze umfassen die Automatisierung und Objektivierung der Signalauswertung sowie eine vertiefte Untersuchung der den Signaländerungen zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen.
Evaluating the use of marine subsidies by Arctic foxes without direct coastal access; insights from stable isotopes
Authors: Angerbjörn Anders , Lidén Kerstin , Roth James D. , Dalerum Fredrik
Published: May 2024

The trophic structures of tundra ecosystems are often viewed as a result of local terrestrial primary productivity. However, other resources can be brought in through long-distant migrants or be directly accessible in coastal areas. Hence, trophic structures may deviate from predictions based on local terrestrial resources. The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is a small canid that may use marine resources when available. We used stable isotope values in Arctic fox fur and literature data on potential prey to evaluate Arctic fox summer resource use in a mountain tundra without coastal access. The dietary contribution of local prey, presumably mostly rodents, declined with declining rodent abundance, with a subsequent increased contribution of migratory prey relying on marine resources. Stable isotope values did not differ between this terrestrial area and an area with direct coastal access during years of high rodent abundance, but isotope values during low rodent abundances suggested less marine input than in a coastal population feeding primarily on marine prey. Our study shows that marine resources may be used by animals in areas without any coastal access, and we highlight that such partial coupling of ecosystems must be included in the modeling and assessments of tundra environments.
At-sea distribution of marine predators around South Georgia during austral winter, with implications for fisheries management
Authors: Owen Kate A. , Goggins Meghan , Black Andy , Ashburner Jonathan , Wilson Alastair , Hollyman Philip R. , Trathan Philip N. , Waluda Claire M. , Collins Martin A.
Published: May 2024

The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia is surrounded by highly productive waters, supporting dense aggregations of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a vital food source for globally important seabird and marine mammal populations. These waters also support a commercial fishery for Antarctic krill. Regular monitoring of key krill predator species is undertaken at South Georgia to detect any changes in the ecosystem in response to harvesting activities. This monitoring provides essential data but is focused on land-breeding animals during the austral summer, whilst the krill fishery operates exclusively in winter. Here, we report the results of at-sea surveys to investigate abundance and distribution of krill-dependent predators from winter 2010 and 2011, which represented a “poor” krill year and “good” krill year, respectively. Correspondingly in 2011 higher numbers of krill predators were observed; notably Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) across the northern shelf. Spatial overlap between fur seals and the krill fishery occurred mainly within the krill fishery hotspot to the north-east, highlighting the potential for locally high levels of competition. Cetaceans were observed during both survey years, but in low numbers compared to recent studies. Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) were the most frequently observed penguin species, showing an inshore distribution and almost no overlap with the krill fishery. Diving-petrels (Pelecanoides spp.) were the most abundant flying seabirds, observed across all transects, with particularly high densities to the south in early winter 2010. In conclusion, this survey provides valuable baseline data on the distribution of South Georgia’s predators during the winter months.
A comprehensive guide to intracavity absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Fjodorow Peter
Published: May 2024

The enormous sensitivity of intracavity absorption spectroscopy (ICAS), as well as its unique ability to tolerate high broadband losses caused by, e.g., optical windows and light scattering, is being exploited by only a few research groups worldwide. The reason seems to be the lack of comprehensive literature, such that the field remains difficult to access for non-experts, in particular for engineers and chemists, who might derive the most benefits from applying ICAS. In particular, the missing connection to this target audience appears to be two-fold: (i) the seeming complexity of the theory, and (ii) the necessity to setup homemade laser systems. However, once some basic understanding and knowledge is obtained, both aspects appear to be of similar complexity as with other spectroscopic techniques. Therefore, the current work is aiming at (i) providing a comprehensive review of the theoretical basics of ICAS, and (ii) describing the most important practical aspects that need to be considered for a successful realization of ICAS measurements. To ensure maximum clarity, illustrative practical examples of recent work are used throughout the paper.
Spontaneous regression of an interhemispheric arachnoid cyst: illustrative case
Authors: Fuentes Angelica M. , Jane John A.
Published: May 2024

Background

Intracranial arachnoid cysts are benign collections of cerebrospinal fluid that are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. An interhemispheric location of these lesions is rare, with only a few such cases reported in the literature. Though spontaneous regression of arachnoid cysts has been described in other locations, to date this phenomenon has not been reported in interhemispheric fissure cysts.

Observations

In this report, we describe a patient with a large, multiloculated interhemispheric arachnoid cyst diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound. She did not exhibit neurologic deficits or signs of increased intracranial pressure and was observed with serial imaging. After several years of observation, imaging revealed spontaneous and progressive decrease in the cyst size.

Lessons

We illustrate a case of regression of an interhemispheric arachnoid cyst in a pediatric patient. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous shrinkage of an arachnoid cyst in this location. Although the current presentation is rare, this reporting adds to the current understanding of natural history of arachnoid cysts and provides an example of radiographical improvement without intervention of a cyst located within the interhemispheric fissure.
Changing epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents
Authors: Long Dan , Wang Chenchen , Huang Yingtao , Mao Chenhan , Xu Yin , Zhu Ying
Published: May 2024

Background

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising worldwide, but epidemiological data on children and adolescents are lacking. Understanding the global burden of IBD among children and adolescents is essential for global standardization of methodology and treatment options.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study based on aggregated data. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of IBD in children and adolescents between 1990 and 2019 according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were used to compare the burden and trends between different regions and countries.

Results

In 2019, there were 25,659 new cases and 88,829 prevalent cases of IBD among children and adolescents globally, representing an increase of 22.8% and 18.5%, respectively, compared to 1990. Over the past 30 years, the incidence and prevalence of IBD among children and adolescents have been highest in high SDI regions, with the most significant increases in East Asia and high-income Asia Pacific. At the age level, incidence and prevalence were significantly higher in the 15–19-year-old age group, while the < 5-year-old group showed the most significant increase in incidence and prevalence.

Conclusion

The incidence of IBD in children and adolescents is significantly on the rise in some countries and regions, and IBD will remain an important public health issue with extensive healthcare and economic costs in the future. The reported IBD burden in children and adolescents at the global, regional, and national levels will assist in the development of more precise health policies.
The effect of niacin on inflammatory markers and adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies
Authors: Rad Esmaeil Yousefi , Saboori Somayeh , Tammam Jonathan , Thondre Pariyarath Sangeetha , Coe Shelly
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Niacin (nicotinic acid), known for its lipid-modifying effects, has been explored for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and potential to affect adipokines secretion from adipose tissue. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of niacin on inflammatory markers and adipokines.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted across five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and ISI Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials exploring the effects of niacin on inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) and adipokines (Adiponectin, Leptin) were included. Pooled effect sizes were analysed using a random-effects model, and additional procedures including subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis and dose-response analysis were also performed.

Results

From an initial 1279 articles, fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Niacin administration demonstrated a notable reduction in CRP levels (SMD: -0.88, 95% CI: -1.46 to -0.30, p = 0.003). Subgroup analyses confirmed CRP reductions in trials with intervention durations ≤ 24 weeks, doses ≤ 1000 mg/day, and elevated baseline CRP levels (> 3 mg/l). The meta-analysis of IL-6 and TNF-α revealed significant TNF-α reductions, while IL-6 reduction did not reach statistical significance. Niacin administration also substantially elevated Adiponectin (SMD: 3.52, 95% CI: 0.95 to 6.1, p = 0.007) and Leptin (SMD: 1.90, 95% CI: 0.03 to 3.77, p = 0.04) levels.

Conclusion

Niacin treatment is associated with significant reductions in CRP and TNF-α levels, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, niacin positively influences adipokines, increasing Adiponectin and Leptin levels. These findings provide insights for future research and clinical applications targeting inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.
Is there a relationship between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the systemic immune inflammation index?
Authors: Gölen Meltem Karacan , Işık Şaziye Melike , Arıkan Veysel
Published: May 2024

Aim

Vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation are considered responsible for the pathophysiology of Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). It is thought that desaturation due to apnea–hypopnea attacks in OSAS patients activates inflammatory pathways. In this study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between inflammation parameters Systemic immune inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) severity of OSAS in patients who underwent polysomnography in our hospital’s sleep laboratory.

Methods

We grouped our 171 patients who were followed up in our sleep laboratory with the diagnosis of OSAS according to their AHI values. We evaluated the correlation of SII, NLR, and PLR values obtained from the complete blood tests of our patients with OSAS diagnosis and OSAS severity.

Results

The mean NLR, PLR and SII values of patients with OSAS were statistically significantly higher than those without OSAS (p < 0.05). A positive correlation of 18% was found between the presence of OSAS and the SII value (p = 0.016). No statistically significant difference was found when comparing OSAS severity and NLR, PLR and SII values (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

We observed that SII, NLR and PLR parameters, which are rapidly assessable systemic inflammation markers of this process, were independently associated in patients diagnosed with OSAS and that there was no change in SII, NLR, and PLR parameters with OSAS severity.
Graph-enhanced deep material network: multiscale materials modeling with microstructural informatics
Authors: Jean Jimmy Gaspard , Su Tung-Huan , Huang Szu-Jui , Wu Cheng-Tang , Chen Chuin-Shan
Published: May 2024

This study addresses the fundamental challenge of extending the deep material network (DMN) to accommodate multiple microstructures. DMN has gained significant attention due to its ability to be used for fast and accurate nonlinear multiscale modeling while being only trained on linear elastic data. Due to its limitation to a single microstructure, various works sought to generalize it based on the macroscopic description of microstructures. In this work, we utilize a mechanistic machine learning approach grounded instead in microstructural informatics, which can potentially be used for any family of microstructures. This is achieved by learning from the graph representation of microstructures through graph neural networks. Such an approach is a first in works related to DMN. We propose a mixed graph neural network (GNN)-DMN model that can single-handedly treat multiple microstructures and derive their DMN representations. Two examples are designed to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the approach, even when it comes to the prediction of nonlinear responses for microstructures unseen during training. Furthermore, the model trained on microstructures with complex topology accurately makes inferences on microstructures created under different and simpler assumptions. Our work opens the door for the possibility of unifying the multiscale modeling of many families of microstructures under a single model, as well as new possibilities in material design.
The 2023 Merger Guidelines: Law, Fact, and Method
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert
Published: May 2024

The final version of the 2023 Merger Guidelines, which were issued in December 2023, is a vast improvement over an earlier draft—which indicates that the Agencies took the many comments that they received on a draft very seriously. These Guidelines break some new ground that older Guidelines did not address, and make many positive contributions, which this paper spells out. They are also excessively nostalgic for a past era, however, and this may explain their propen sity to treat empirical questions as issues of law: This is one way to insulate these Guidelines from further revision. The excessive reliance on one decision, Brown Shoe, is unfortunate—particularly since that decision has been so often repudiated, even by the Supreme Court itself. This paper pays particular attention to: the Guidelines’ treatment of structural triggers and direct measures of competitive effects; their aggressive position on potential competition mergers; their willingness to weigh a “trend” toward concentration as a factor; and their treatment of serial acquisitions. The Guidelines include a welcome new section on mergers involving multi-sided networks, although their view of networks is too one-sided; and the Guidelines also contain an expanded section on mergers with harmful effects on suppliers—including labor. The Guidelines’ treatment of market definition is likely to lead to underenforcement because they define markets too broadly. Finally, the Guidelines could have made better use of recent retrospective studies—many of which would have provided further support for the substantive positions that the Guidelines take.
White Coat Hypertension & Cardiovascular Outcomes
Authors: Townsend Raymond R. , Cohen Jordana B.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of Review

This review aims to inform the reader of the complexity of blood pressure responses when comparing blood pressure measured in the medical environment to that outside the medical environment. In addition, we summarize what is known about current predictors of white coat hypertension, reevaluate the relationship of white coat hypertension to cardiovascular outcomes, and provide some clinical guidance on management.

Recent Findings

Differences in outcomes exist when white coat effect occurs in unmedicated people versus the white coat effects in those on antihypertensive therapy.

White coat hypertension is relatively common, carries a small but definite increase in cardiovascular risk, and is prone to conversion to sustained hypertension. Future research will hopefully tease out the roles of ancillary findings that characterize a white coat hypertensive (like modest elevations in creatinine, glucose and triglycerides) in the elevated cardiovascular risk, and test the effectiveness of mitigation strategies in these patients.
Exploring energy selection methods for robust biologically optimized carbon ion arc for head&neck cancer patients
Authors: Volz Lennart , Sheng Yinxiangzi , Kong Lin , Durante Marco , Graeff Christian
Published: May 2024

Background

Due to the advantageous depth dose profile of carbon ion beams, carbon ion therapy is commonly applied in the form of intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT) with few treatment fields. Carbon ion arc therapy (C-Arc) has recently been proposed to improve dose conformity and increase the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) inside the target to levels relevant for overcoming tumor radioresistance. In this work, we investigate different energy selection approaches for C-Arc, including a novel greedy energy layer refinement strategy.

Methods

Robust biologically optimized C-Arc plans were generated for six head &neck cancer patient previously treated at the Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC). Different heuristic approaches for mono- and dual-energy C-Arc were implemented, and compared to carbon IMPT pans. A novel greedy energy layer refinement was developed, acting directly on the dose influence matrix, rather than on an iterative plan optimization. A key challenge in C-Arc with few energy layers per angle is the sharpness of the carbon ion Bragg peak, which is challenging for plan robustness. To improve robustness and plan quality, we propose the use of a 6 mm ripple filter instead of the typical 3 mm ripple filter used for carbon IMPT.

Results

Most mono-energetic C-Arc plans were able to meet the established clinical goals, but some of the heuristic energy selection schemes were not universally applicable with low plan quality in some patients. The developed energy layer refinement strategy delivered high quality plans even for complex cases. Mono-energetic C-Arc plans presented an average increase between 10% and 33% in the maximum LETd in the target, with similar or up to 19% improved average target LETd$$_{50\%}$$

50
%

compared to the IMPT carbon ion plans. C-Arc plans with 2 energies per treatment angle, for the employed energy selection heuristic, improved dosimetric quality compared to mono-energetic C-Arc plans, but did not provide the same natural improvement in LETd compared to IMPT.

Conclusions

For small, centrally located targets C-Arc demonstrates the greatest potential, but feasible plans could also be achieved for more complex cases in this work. Further development is necessary for improving C-Arc delivery efficiency and plan quality toward possible clinical application.
Polyamines: the pivotal amines in influencing the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Holbert Cassandra E. , Casero Robert A. , Stewart Tracy Murray
Published: May 2024

Cellular proliferation, function and survival is reliant upon maintaining appropriate intracellular polyamine levels. Due to increased metabolic needs, cancer cells elevate their polyamine pools through coordinated metabolism and uptake. High levels of polyamines have been linked to more immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) as polyamines support the growth and function of many immunosuppressive cell types such as MDSCs, macrophages and regulatory T-cells. As cancer cells and other pro-tumorigenic cell types are highly dependent on polyamines for survival, pharmacological modulation of polyamine metabolism is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy. This review covers the roles of polyamines in various cell types of the TME including both immune and stromal cells, as well as how competition for nutrients, namely polyamine precursors, influences the cellular landscape of the TME. It also details the use of polyamines as biomarkers and the ways in which polyamine depletion can increase the immunogenicity of the TME and reprogram tumors to become more responsive to immunotherapy.
Measuring Shame Related to Sexual Orientation: Validation of Sexual Minority—External and Internal Shame Scale (SM-EISS)
Authors: Manão Andreia A. , Seabra Daniel , Salvador Maria do Céu
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Shame is a self-conscious emotion involving negative self-evaluations, being a transdiagnostic factor for psychopathology. Due to stigma and discrimination experiences related to having a minority sexual orientation, LGB+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other minority sexual orientations) people report higher levels of general shame than heterosexual people. To our knowledge, there is no specific measure of shame related to sexual orientation. This study aimed to develop and explore the psychometric properties of the Sexual Minority—External and Internal Shame Scale (SM-EISS) in a sample of Portuguese LGB+ people.

Method

The sample was recruited online between December 2021 and January 2022 and comprised 200 Portuguese LGB+ people (Mage = 27.8 ± 8.9) who completed measures about shame, proximal minority stressors, and mental health.

Results

Good psychometric characteristics were found for a second-order two-factor structure (general, external, and internal shame related to sexual orientation), with the SM-EISS demonstrating good reliability and validity values.

Conclusion

The SM-EISS seems to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess shame related to sexual orientation among LGB+ people and may be beneficial in clinical and research contexts.

Policy Implications

Measuring shame related to sexual orientation experienced by LGB+ people could enhance the clinical understanding of this population. It can help researchers and clinicians to better understand this emotion and how it affects LGB+ people’s mental health and well-being. The research has important implications for clinical practice, social interventions, and public policies to protect LGB+ people’s rights. This is especially relevant in Portugal, where, despite positive legal developments, LGB+ people continue to experience harmful situations that negatively impact their mental health.
Research on pipeline leakage localization method based on CZIM algorithm
Authors: Yue Yuan , Qu Yang , Yan Lei , Wang Zhao , Tang Jun
Published: May 2024

The time difference of arrival is a common method to find the leakage point of water pipeline. The leakage point localization is achieved by calculating the time delay between the signals reaching different sensors. Mainstream time delay estimation algorithms based on signal correlation analysis are susceptible to the introduction of noise signals, low sampling rates, and signal clipping, resulting in inaccurate localization results. The article analyzed the impact of different interference factors and proposed a new time delay estimation algorithm based on signal cross-zero information modulation (CZIM) to address these problems. By normalizing the amplitude of the two signals at the detection points on both sides of the pipeline leakage position, two sets of sparse signal sequences with only two eigenvalues of 0 and 1 are obtained. The error coefficient function is calculated by a similar traversal method to finally index the time delay. In this paper, the principle and characteristics of the algorithm are analyzed and compared with the most commonly used GCC method. In both numerical simulations and actual pipe leakage localization experiments, the CZIM algorithm has shown its wide applicability, low impact by low sampling rate, and adaptability to low signal-to-noise ratios, etc. At the same time, the algorithm is simple in design and has a small amount of calculation and can meet the demand for real-time data processing, providing a new idea for the development of acoustic localization technology.