bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superimposed ice formation and surface energy fluxes on sea ice during the spring melt–freeze period in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Granskog Mats A. , Vihma Timo , Pirazzini Roberta , Cheng Bin
Published: November 2007

The development of land-fast sea ice and overlying snow was monitored during a 4 week period, until the snow cover had completely disappeared, at a site in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea (63.57ú N, 19.85° E). The meteorological and radiative boundary conditions were continuously recorded. During the observation period, a 15 cm thick snow layer on the ice was transformed into a 7 cm thick granular ice layer (superimposed ice) on the ice surface, contributing significantly (about 11%) to the total ice thickness. Approximately 1 cm w.e. of the snow was sublimated. Neither snow-ice formation nor basal ice growth was significant during the same period. The salinity and isotopic (δ18O) composition of the ice indicated that prior to the experiment a 7 cm layer of superimposed ice had already formed. Hence, superimposed ice layers contributed 22% of the total ice thickness by the time all snow had disappeared. The advancing spring, decrease in surface albedo, diurnal cycle in the incoming solar radiation, and synoptic-scale changes in the cloud cover and the air–ice turbulent heat fluxes caused variations in the heat budget of the snowpack. Superimposed ice formation due to refreezing of meltwater occurred during most nights of the study period, and the most important refreezing periods were under such synoptic conditions that the air and snow surface temperatures also remained below zero during daytime. In contrast to typical summer conditions in polar oceans, low snow surface temperatures acted as the primary heat sink for the refreezing of meltwater.
On the instability of avalanching glaciers
Authors: Pralong Antoine , Funk Martin
Published: November 2007

The instability of hanging glaciers and more generally of avalanching glaciers is discussed on the basis of observations performed on several glaciers located in the European Alps. A classification of avalanching glaciers is proposed, which allows a primary appreciation of the danger inherent in these glaciers. On the basis of field observations and results of numerical simulations of crevassing, the fracture processes which lead to major icefalls, as well as their recurrence, are analyzed. A method for predicting the time of failure is then discussed. The disaggregation of the unstable ice masses usually observed prior to large icefalls is investigated and its implications for the forecasting of icefalls analyzed.
Preliminary dielectric measurement and analysis protocol for determining the melting temperature and binding energy of short sequences of DNA in solution
Authors: Spillman William B. , Asmatulu Ramazan , Jullian Christelle F. , Geist Brian , Claus Richard O. , Robertson John. L.
Published: November 2007

Measurement of the real dielectric constant of bulk buffer solutions containing short sequences of DNA as a function of temperature through the DNA melting or denaturiztion transition can be used to determine melting temperatures, Tm, and to estimate the binding energy of the complimentary strands. We describe a preliminary dielectric measurement and analysis protocol to determine these parameters and its application to two known short sequences. The relative real dielectric constant for the bulk solutions was determined over the frequency range of 50 Hz–20 kHz and temperature range of <40–65°C. The measurements were performed on dilute solutions and utilized low electric field strengths. Based on fits to the data by modified sigmoid functions, the melting temperatures, width of transition, and binding energy for the two sequences in solution were estimated. It was observed that the order of the transition appeared to be second order. The results were then compared against predictions of a number of models from the literature that provide theoretical estimates for the melting temperatures of known short sequences of DNA.
Technical aspects of biocatalysis in non‐CO2‐based supercritical fluids
Authors: Karmee Sanjib Kumar , Casiraghi Laura , Greiner Lasse
Published: November 2007

The number of biotransformation processes is increasing rapidly. Part of this success is based on the inherent properties of enzymes as chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective catalysts. Supercritical fluids (scF) are superior solvents inheriting adjustable and partly unique physical properties. These can be advantageously combined with biotransformations, as solvent power responds to pressure and temperature changes according to the reaction requirements. Among the scF, supercritical carbon dioxide has undoubtedly gained the highest attention. However, other scF are also recognized to enlarge the possibilities. Among these CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8, CHF3, and SF6 are used as scF for biocatalysis. This review focuses on the use of non‐CO2 based scF for biotransformations. Wherever possible, special emphasis is given on the industrial viability of different biocatalytic processes.
Alkyne versus Allene Activation in Platinum‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Hydroxylated 1,5‐Allenynes
Authors: Zriba Riadh , Gandon Vincent , Aubert Corinne , Fensterbank Louis , Malacria Max
Published: November 2007

Chemo‐ and stereoselective transformations of 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐allenynes 1 into a variety of new and potentially useful cyclic compounds have been achieved. Substrates bearing a silyl group at the alkyne moiety undergo purely thermal or Lewis acid catalyzed Alder‐ene type transformations into 2‐methylene‐3‐vinylcyclopent‐3‐enol derivatives 2. When heated in the presence of a catalytic amount of PtCl2 or PtCl4, these incipient cyclopentenols could be further transformed into 3‐vinylcyclopent‐2‐enones 3. On the other hand, alkyl‐substituted 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐allenynes proved to be stable under refluxing conditions. Nevertheless, PtCl2 and PtCl4 could selectively activate the alkyne moiety of these substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the internal allene double bond to yield unprecedented 6‐methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐3‐one derivatives 4. With gold‐based catalysts, provided that the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane, both AuI and AuIII complexes selectively activate the allene fragment of the substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group to yield 2‐ethynyl‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans 5. Compounds of type 4 can also be formed with AuI and AuIII complexes if the reaction is carried out in toluene. The reactivity of these new compounds has been partially investigated, and polycyclic ketones were obtained after oxidation under mild conditions or gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization.
An experiment with reflective middleware to support grid‐based flood monitoring
Authors: Hughes Danny , Greenwood Phil , Blair Gordon , Coulson Geoff , Grace Paul , Pappenberger Florian , Smith Paul , Beven Keith
Published: November 2007

Flooding is a growing problem, which affects more than 10% of the U.K. population. The cost of damage caused by flooding correlates closely with the warning time given before a flood event, making flood monitoring and prediction critical to minimizing the cost of flood damage. This paper describes a wireless sensor network (WSN) for flood warning, which is capable of not only integrating with remote fixed‐network grids for computationally intensive flood modelling purposes but also performing on‐site grid computation. This functionality is supported by the reflective and component‐based GridKit middleware, which provides support for both WSN and grid application domains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priorities for corporate social responsibility: a survey of businesses and their stakeholders
Authors: Welford Richard , Chan Clifford , Man Michelle
Published: November 2007

The article reports on a survey of businesses and their stakeholders in Hong Kong. In a sample of 491 responses, fifteen areas of corporate social responsibility are compared. The most important issues turn out to be the environment, health and safety and governance. All factors are deemed important but the least important is philanthropy. There are notable differences between businesses and their stakeholders and within different stakeholder groups. Views about priority areas differ from group to group. The article demonstrates the important of companies undertaking stakeholder dialogue to gauge the views and aspirations of their stakeholders. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tritiated platelet imipramine binding and treatment response in depressed outpatients
Authors: Freeman Arthur M. , Stankovic Srdjan M. I. , Bradley Ronald J. , Zhang Gho‐Zhu , Libb J. Wesley , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: November 2007

Mirtazapine was administered to 35 outpatients who participated in a clinical drug trial. This new antidepressant is structurally and pharmacologically similar to mianserin. Blood was obtained for the measurement of platelet [3H]‐imipramine binding before and after drug treatment. The treatment outcome groups were divided into three groups: those with the most rapid response, nonresponders, and slow responders. The rapid response group had the highest mean pretreatment binding and was presumably the placebo responders. Patients were classified as rapid responders if they showed a 50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) after 2 weeks of treatment. Slow responders had the lowest mean Bmax and were felt to be the medication responders. Differences between the three groups were statistically significant. These differences in pretreatment Bmax values were sustained after controlling for the effects of age, protein concentration, maximum drug dosage, and HDRS scores. Only the slow treatment responder group, the presumed medication responders, showed significant change from pretreatment to post treatment Bmax. This study represents one of the first, which uses pretreatment density of platelet imipramine binding sites to predict antidepressant response. Moreover, drug treatment and concomitant recovery was associated with increased [3H]‐imipramine binding density. Depression 1:20–23 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The temporal course of depressive symptoms and grief intensity in late‐life spousal bereavement
Authors: Pasternak Rona E. , Reynolds Charles F. , Frank Ellen , Miller Mark D. , Houck Patricia R. , Schlernitzauer Maryann , Prigerson Holly G. , Kupfer David J.
Published: November 2007

The temporal course of grief intensity and depressive symptoms associated with conjugal bereavement is described in depressed and nondepressed bereaved elders over a period spanning 18 months from spousal loss. Sixty elderly, recently bereaved participants were grouped by the presence (n = 33) or absence (n = 27) of syndromal major depression according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Clinical ratings of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and grief intensity (Texas Revised Inventory of Grief) were obtained regularly over the first 18 months of bereavement. Data were averaged at 3‐month intervals and examined in: 1) repeated measures analyses of variance; 2) pairwise contrasts at each time interval; and 3) correlation matrices of change scores. In the group of subjects with syndromal major depression (24 of 33 received some form of treatment), Hamilton depression ratings declined an average of 61% but remained mildly elevated at 18 months. Grief intensity scores remained higher in depressed than in nondepressed subjects throughout the 18‐month observation period and showed little decline over time (18%). Changes in depression ratings accounted for only 11.6% of the variance of change in bereavement intensity. The absence of clinically significant reduction in grief intensity scores, despite attenuation of depressive symptoms, might indicate that persistent grief is a separate process from depression and one which may predict other adverse medical, psychiatric, or psychosocial outcomes. A competing hypothesis suggests that persistence of grief may not be pathological. The need for futher controlled prospective data is highlighted. Depression 1:45–49 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism associated with depression with fluoxetine hydrochloride
Authors: Masand Prakash S.
Published: November 2007

Two patients with paraphilias (one each with sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism) and depression were successfully treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride in a dose of '40 mg/d. Depression 1:50–52 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should postpartum mood disorders be given a more prominent or distinct place in the DSM‐IV?
Authors: Purely Daniel , Frank Ellen
Published: November 2007

In this review we consider the literature on postpartum psychoses as well as on non‐psychotic postpartum depression with a goal of determining how such disorders should be categorized in DSM‐IV. We conclude that the majority of postpartum psychoses are affective in nature and that, despite the observation of “confusion” in many such presentations; the symptom picture is not sufficiently unique to warrant a separate diagnostic category. We could find no evidence of unique presentation of non‐psychotic postpartum depression. Nonetheless, because of the unique complications associated with postpartum disorders (e.g., disruption of the mother‐infant bond, infanticide), we recommend that postpartum presentations be given a more prominent place in the text of DSM‐IV and that a course specifier, “postpartum onset,” be applied to major depressive or manic/hypomanic episodes in Bipolar I, Bipolar II, or Major Depressive Disorder, or to Acute Psychotic Disorder when appropriate. Depression 1:59–70 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monoamine metabolism in human prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Pet studies using [β‐11C] l–5‐hydroxytryptophan and [β‐11C] L‐dopa in healthy volunteers and patients with unipolar major depression
Authors: Ågren H. , Reibring L. , Hartvig P. , Tedroff J. , Bjurling P. , Lundqvist H. , Långstrom B.
Published: November 2007

The 11C‐labelled precursors for serotonin and dopamine synthesis, [β‐11C] L‐5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) and [β‐11C] L‐DOPA, were employed as tracer ligands using positron emission tomography (PET) for the evaluation of their regional brain utilization. Study objects were fifteen healthy volunteers and eight patients suffering from, primary RDC unipolar major depression. Specific utilizations of [11C] 5‐HTP and [11C] L‐DOPA were detected in medial aspects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the basal ganglia. Utilization of[11C], but not [11C] L‐DOPA, was significantly further increased in lower areas of the medial PFC in depressive illness. There were no differences between volunteers and patients with respect to specific utilization within basal ganglia.

Alterations in utilization of [11C]5‐HTP and [11C] L‐DOPA in the medial PFC may reflect the degree of activation of serotonergic and dopaminergic cell bodies in the mesencephalic nuclei, suggesting mesencephalocortical regulation. Earlier, we have reported a decrease in the uptake of [11C] 5‐HTP over the blood‐brain barrier in depressed patients compared with healthy volunteers. A hypothetic activation of serotonin synthetic capacity, topographically limited to the medial PFC and relevant to depressive illness, might represent a pathophysiological compensation related to serotonin precursor deficiency. However, the sum of events may still result in a state that does not exclude a serotonergic hypofitnction in major depression. Depression 1:71–81 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic fluoxetine treatment up‐regulates dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic forebrain of the rat
Authors: Hammer Ronald P. , Margulies Jody E. , Lynn Allison B. , Brady Linda S.
Published: November 2007

The mechanism of antidepressant function is still largely unknown. The authors examined the binding of [H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone to dopantine D1‐ and D2‐like receptors, respectively, using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiogra‐phy inforebrain sections front rats treated for 8 weeks with 5 mg/kg fluoxetine HCl or vehicle. Fluoxetine treatment significantly increased dopamine D1 receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and D2 density in the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja region. Neither D1 nor D2 receptors were significantly affected in the striatum. The results are discussed in light of additional evidence that antidepressants alter mesolimbic dopamine function. Although fluoxetine (Prozac) selectively inhibits reuptake of serotonin, its indirect effects on mesolimbic dopamine systems might underlie its potent efficacy as an antidepressant. Depression 1:82–87 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated scopolamine treatment does not enhance the acth response to physostigmine in rats
Authors: Poland Russell E. , McCracken James T. , Lutchmansingh Preetam , Heist Kevin E. , Moulding Hugh
Published: November 2007

Adult male rats were treated daily with scopolamine (10 mg/kg) for two weeks and the ACTH response to acute physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) challenge was evaluated. Although physostigmine produced a significant increase in A CTH concentrations in all animals, repeated scopolamine administration did not alter basal ACTH concentrations or the ACTH response to physostigmine. The results are discussed in relation to dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in depression, as mediated by differential adaptive responses of central cholinergic systems. Depression 1:101–104 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does pharmacotherapy induce paradoxical worsening in some patients?
Authors: Tollefson Gary D. , Rampey Alvin H. , Enas Gregory G. , Potvin Janet H.
Published: November 2007

Unexpected clinical worsening has been described anecdotally during pharmacotherapy for depression. We analyzed data front 7,974 patients in double‐blind, controlled trials (fluoxetine, placebo, tricyclics; mood/nonmood disorders). Paradoxical worsening with placebo either exceeded (bulimia nervosa, obesity) or was comparable (depression, obsessive‐compulsive disorder) to that with fluoxetine or tricyclics. Paradoxical worsening appears to be part of the disease course, not uniquely the result of pharmacotherapy. Depression 1:105–107(1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social factors regulating security and fear in infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kalin Ned H. , Shelton Steven E. , Snowdon Charles T.
Published: November 2007

Security and fear are emotional states frequently experienced by infant primates and either may be enhanced or reduced by the presence of the mother or another conspecific. These studies in rhesus monkeys examined the degree to which infants' levels of security and fear are regulated by a) the mere physical presence of the infant's mother or an unfamiliar adult male and b) the conspecific's social behavior. Infants' reactions during reunion with either their mother or an unfamiliar adult male were studied after a brief separation. In the first experiment, each infant underwent a brief maternal separation on three occasions, after which it was exposed to the following conditions: left alone for an additional period, reunited with its awake mother, and reunited with its anesthetized mother. Infants reunited with their awake mother were calm and appeared to be secure. In contrast, when reunited with their anesthetized mother they made physical contact with her but exhibited distress‐related behaviors. The second experiment examined the importance of interaction in regulating fear in infants. Infants underwent brief maternal separation and then were united with an unfamiliar awake or anesthetized male. Initially, infants attempted to affiliate with the male, but in contrast to the mothers, the male discouraged physical contact and at times was aggressive. As a result, infants displayed more fear‐related behaviors. When united with an anesthetized male, infants made physical contact with him and did not appear fearful. These results indicate that a prominent factor in regulating security and fear in infant rhesus monkeys is the character of their social interactions with adults and not simply the adult's physical presence. Depression 1:137–142 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major depression in physical illness: Diagnosis, prevalence, and antidepressant treatment (a ten year review: 1982–1992)
Authors: Cohen‐Cole Steven A. , Kaufman Kimberly G.
Published: November 2007

The authors conducted a systematic BRS and English‐language literature review of the last 10 years of research on the assessment, prevalence, and antidepressant treatment of major depression in the medically ill to determine the current state of knowledge and to make recommendations for future studies. Ninety‐three prevalence studies (13,518 patients and 33 conditions or medical settings) met basic methodological inclusion criteria. The great majority (68.8%) of these studies did not describe their methodological approach to the diagnostic assessment of symptoms such as fatigue, which could be due to either a depression or a comorbidphysical disorder. This problem of overlapping symptomatology has been termed the “problem of etiological assessment.” The 29 (31.2%) studies which did describe an approach to this problem used one or more of four different approaches: an “inclusive” approach, an “exclusive” approach, an “etiological” approach, or a “substitutive” approach. Prevalence rates of major depression varied greatly (0‐78%). Regarding treatment, of eight controlled studies of antidepressant therapies for major depression, six reported statistically significant differences between medications and placebo. The authors conclude that many recent studies concerning the assessment, prevalence, and treatment of major depression in the medically ill have been inadequate to generate reliable and valid information. Guidelines for future research, especially focusing on the collection of validation data, are proposed. Depression 1:181‐204 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening depressives for causative medical illness; the example of thyroid function testing: I. Literature review, meta‐analysis, and hypothesis generation
Authors: Bauer Mark S. , Halpern Lisa R. , Schriger David L.
Published: November 2007

There is ample evidence that thyroid disease causes mood symptoms. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism among mood disordered patients. Such data are necessary in order to develop rational screening strategies for reversible causes of depression. To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease in mood disordered patients we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to determine prevalence rate far hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism in three types of samples, focusing on clinical thyroid disease, as contrasted with sub clinical forms of the disorders for reasons discussed in detail in the body of this report. 1) In unselected general population and ambulatory medical clinic samples, prevalence rates for hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism were found to be highly dependent upon age and gender. Somatic thyroid symptoms, but not symptoms of fatigue or depression, increased the yield of thyroid Junction screening in studies which investigated the issue. 2) Two studies were available specifically on fatigued general medical samples, and only one on ambulatory depressives. Rates of hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism did not differ from the meta‐analysis‐derived prevalence rates for general population and medical clinic samples. 3) Analysis of inpatient depressive studies revealed a bimodal distribution of prevalence rates, with the bulk of studies reporting negligible rates of hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism. Sample size was modest in most of the inpatient studies, and no factors could be identified which predicted increased rates of hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism among inpatient depressives. We therefore hypothesize that although hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism produce mood symptoms in a high proportion of affected persons, major depressives may not comprise an enriched sample for hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism. If so, screening guidelines for the general population, rather than routine screening of all depressives, may be the appropriate testing strategy. Limitations of the current data are discussed in light of conceptual and methodological issues in testing strategy development. Depression 1:210‐219 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five year follow‐up after educational group therapy added to lithium prophylaxis: Five years after group added to lithium
Authors: Van Gent Eduard M. , Zwart Frans M.
Published: November 2007

It is supposed that group therapy in addition to lithium therapy improves compliance and decreases admission in the long run. Group psycho‐education therapy, added to lithium prophylaxis, was given to 26 bipolar patients. Increased self‐esteem and improvement in insufficiency thinking and behaving was reported in 19 patients. The 5‐year follow‐up with lithium prophylaxis, 51 months on average, was compared with pre‐group treatment with lithium prophylaxis, 43 months on average. The results showed discontinuation of lithium decreased from 24 times in the period before group treatment to 12 times in the period thereafter. Admissions during lithium therapy decreased from 21 before to 8 after the group treatment. Depression 1:225–226 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological rhythms and depression: The role of zeitgebers and zeitstorers
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen , Monk Timothy H.
Published: November 2007

Major depressive disorder is frequently associated with the disruption of the natural orderliness of rhythmic physiological processes such as sleep and endocrine function. Several hypotheses have been developed to account for this disturbance in biological rhythms, associated with depressive episodes, which are briefly reviewed. We previously postulated that depression may he the result of loss of “social Zeitgebers” (i.e., persons, social demands, or tasks that set the biological clock). We have been impressed with the need for investigations into how internal as well as external social and environmental factors may disrupt the integrity of biological rhythms. We now present the concept of a “Zeitstorer” (time disturber) which is envisioned as a physical, chemical, or psychosocial event which acts as a source for circadian rhythm disruption. The development of a Zeitstorer concept has led us to a revised hypothesis of rhythm disturbance and affective disorders. It is our expectation that this hypothesis can provide descriptive models for application in the study of human psychopathology, as well as potentially new therapeutic modes of treatment. Depression 1:285–293 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antidepressant drugs
Authors: Frazer Alan
Published: November 2007

This review covers the efficacy, side effects, and toxicity of various classes of antidepressants: tricyclics (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and second generation antidepressants including the selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (SSRIs). Also reviewed are newer drugs such as moclobemide, a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (RIMA), and venlafaxine, a drug that inhibits the uptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin (similar in this respect to a number of the TCAs) but has a side‐effect profile more like that of the SSRIs. Depression 2:1–19 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐week light treatment of winter depression near its onset: The time course of relapse
Authors: Terman Jiuan Su , Terman Michael , Amira Leora
Published: November 2007

One week of light treatment was given to 17 patients with seasonal affective disorder, close to their times of episode onset in the fall or early winter. They were then withdrawn front treatment for up to 8 weeks while symptoms were monitored weekly. The clinical response to light was maintained for variable durations after termination of treatment, but symptoms ultimately returned for all subjects. Relapses—as defined by criterion scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, supplementary Atypical Symptom Scale, and combined SIGH‐SAD scale—occurred across 1–8 weeks of withdrawal. The duration of improvement during withdrawal was correlated with the date of episode onset: initiation of treatment later in the fall/winter season led to longer delays to relapse, and patients with longer episode durations (and earlier episode onset) tended to show accelerated relapse. We were unable to confirm the findings of Meesters et al. (J Affect Dis 23:15–19, 1991; J Affect Dis 29:41–48, 1993b), who concluded that 5 days of light therapy early in the episode succeeded in preventing the development of fully syndromal depression as well as relapse during withdrawal throughout the winter. Depression 2:20–31 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social adjustment, coping style, and clinical course among DSM‐III‐R community unipolar depressives
Authors: McCullough James P. , Roberts W. Christopher , McCune Kathleen J. , Kaye Arthur L. , Hampton Christianne , Caldwell Susan B. , Norris Sarah L. W. , Kornstein Susan G.
Published: November 2007

The study describes social adjustment and coping style among three DSM‐III‐R unipolar depression diagnostic groups (pure dystbymia, double depression, and pure major depression). The primary goal was to determine if these variables would discriminate between the groups. Also studied were the clinical course features of the unipolar groups. Data from 106 nontreatntent, community‐recruited subjects participating in a DSM‐IV mood disorders field trial at Virginia Commonwealth University were used for this study. Results indicated no differences in social adjustment and coping style among the pure dysthymia, double depression, and major depression groups. One exception was the significantly higher GAF scores among the pure dysthymia group. Clinical course differences were found between the two combined dysthymia groups (pure dysthymics and double depressives) when compared to the major depressive group. Dysthymics reported an earlier age of onset and a higher prevalence of insidious onset. Major depressives were able to pinpoint exacerbating stressors precipitating syndromal episodes. Depression 2:36–42 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal function in elderly normal and depressed patients: Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy
Authors: Brambilla Francesca , Maggioni M. , Nobile P. , Cenacchi T.
Published: November 2007

Hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) function of ten elderly patients with Major Depressive Disorders (MDD), 10 elderly controls, and 10 young controls was examined by measuring ACTH, beta‐endorphin (β‐EP) and cortisol responses to corticotrophin releasing hormone stimulation (CRH‐ST) and to dexamethasone (Dex) inhibition (DST). The hormonal parameters were reevaluated in patients after 32 d of oral therapy with 60 mg/d phosphatidylserine (BS‐PS). Results of the CRH‐ST revealed that ACTH responses were higher in MDD patients than in elderly and young controls, and those of β‐EP were higher in MDD patients and elderly controls than in the young ones. Responses to DST were blunted only for ACTH in MDD patients. BC‐PS therapy significantly improved the symptomatology of the patients, but did not change their hormonal secretory patterns. Depression 2:89–94 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do electroencephalographic sleep studies predict recurrence in depressed patients successfully treated with psychotherapy?
Authors: Buysse Daniel J. , Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen , Monk Timothy H. , Ritenour Angela
Published: November 2007

Electroencephalographic sleep studies were recorded in 31 depressed outpatients before and after successful treatment with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) alone. All patients were followed clinically for 1 year following remission or until recurrence of depression. Compared to those who remained well, patients who suffered a recurrence had greater night‐to‐night variability in wakefulness and REM latency in the post‐treatment sleep studies. Sleep variables, including night‐to‐night variability, may help to predict acute treatment response and recurrence in patients treated with psychotherapy. Depression 2:105–108 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy, safety, and indications for tricyclic and newer antidepressants
Authors: Kasper S. , Lepine J. P. , Mendlewicz J. , Montgomery S. A. , Rush A. John
Published: November 2007

The availability of several different classes of medication provides practitioners with various alternatives for the treatment of depression and associated disorders. Factors to be considered in the initial choice of an antidepressant include efficacy, side effects (both short and long term), safely in overdose, and range of therapeutic action. These features are reviewed for the standard tricyclic anti‐depressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), as well as for the newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs). The SSRIs have demonstrated efficacy equivalent to TCAs, but possess more favorable side effect profiles and are safer in overdose. Additional research is needed to clarify the relative advantages of SSRIs compared with the classical tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and to inform clinical decision‐making. Depression 2:127–131 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality pathology and response to somatic treatments for major depression: A critical review
Authors: Ilardi Stephen S. , Edward Head W. Craig
Published: November 2007

This report reviews 21 recent empirical investigations of the relationship between personality pathology and patient response to somatic treatments for major depression. The literature review reveals robust evidence, on the basis of 14 studies employing DSM‐III criteria for the diagnosis of Axis II personality disorders, that Axis II co‐morbidity predicts negative outcomes, both acute and longer‐term, among both inpatients and outpatients receiving pharmacological treatment for depression; seven studies utilizing non‐DSM III measures of personality pathology also generally corroborate this finding. A meta‐analysis of three reported studies of ECT response also reveals significantly poorer outcomes among personality disordered inpatients receiving ECT. There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether or not specific Axis II disorders, or clusters of disorders, are associated with particularly poor acute somatic treatment response, though there is modest evidence that Cluster C disorders are differentially predictive of poor acute response among outpatients. Dimensional scores reflecting the total number of Axis II criteria met by the patient are significantly negatively correlated with acute and long‐term somatic treatment response. Numerous methodological difficulties inherent in the study of personality and treatment outcome are addressed. Specific methodological recommendations include the use of structured interviews for personality assessment, the use of continuous rather than dichotomous measures of personality pathology, controlling statistically for differences in initial depression severity among subjects, and ensuring homogeneity of somatic treatment within each evaluated treatment condition. Several possible explanations of the observed relationship between personality pathology and somatic treatment response are also explored. Depression 2:200–217 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dysfunction and antidepressants
Authors: Davidson Jonathan R. T.
Published: November 2007

Antidepressants can interfere with sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm. Frequency estimates vary considerably and are likely to be influenced by methods of assessment, drug type, diagnostic group, dose, length of treatment, baseline depressive status, and inclusion of a placebo condition. Frequency estimates of antidepressant induced sexual dysfunction were reviewed in three sets of data: Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) product monograph, placebo‐controlled trials, and uncontrolled reports. Rates were lowest in the PDR and highest when a structured rating was used. Among the drug groups, from all those sources, sexual dysfunction was lowest overall with bupropion, moclobemide, and trazodone, intermediate for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine, and highest for tricyclic (TCA) and first generation monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs. In open, uncontrolled trials, bupropion was associated with disappearance of sexual dysfunction when given to patients who exhibited this side effect from TCA or SSRI drugs. This review suggests that men and women, depressives and non‐depressives, are both at risk for sexual side effects. Currently available sexual function scales are either too complex for routine clinical use, or are limited in scope (e.g., restricted to males only). Availability of a simple, easy to use, analogue‐type scale would facilitate research, and perhaps enhance the use of antidepressant drugs. Depression 2:233–240 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression in senior day care participants: Ratings by different informants
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Werner Perla
Published: November 2007

The presence of depression was assessed for 125 community‐residing elderly persons attending senior day care centers. Ratings were obtained from staff members, family care givers, and the participants themselves. Agreement rates among all the informants ranged between 66% and 73%. Family care givers consistently rated the participants as more depressed than staff members did. The discrepancy between family and staff members was greater when the raters had less contact with the participant and when the participant was more frail. Depression 2:272–277 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment‐resistant depression: Case report
Authors: Negri Ann M.
Published: November 2007

Antidepressant treatment failure, due either to non‐response or intolerance of side effects, i a vexing clinical problem for both the physician and the patient. 1 report an extreme case of treatment failure in which a patient diagnosed with recurrent major depression complicated by dysthymia was treated successfully with a polypharmaceutical regimen consisting of paroxetine, trifluoperazine, benztropine mesylate, and clonazepam following non‐response to or intolerance of various therapeutic regimens. Depression 2:281–283 (1994/ 1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in pituitary gland signal intensity and morphology as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in aging, depression, and by gender
Authors: Rajagopalan Pradeep , Passe Theodore J. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Figiel Gary S. , Macfall James R. , Krishnan K. Ranga
Published: November 2007

Magnetic resonance images (MRI) were used to measure anterior (A) and posterior (P) pituitary lobe signal intensity changes with age and by gender in 35 normal controls and 19 depressed patients. Females in the control group had a significant increase in both P/A and P/Pons ratios and trended to an increase in the ratio (P‐A)/P when compared with the male control group. Depressed females had both a significantly increase P/A ratio and (P‐A)/P ratio along with a trended increase in the P/Pons ratio when compared with depressed males. No significant correlation between age and signal intensity were found in either the control or the depressed groups.

Nineteen of the controls were age and gender matched with the 19 depressed patients. A significant increase in the (P‐A)/P ratio and a trend towards an increase in both the P/A ratio and P/Pons ratio with depression were noted. Changes in shape of the pituitary gland upper border, presence or absence of a posterior pituitary “bright spot,” and changes in signal intensity were then evaluated comparing the two groups. There was no significant difference in “bright spot” frequency between the two groups. The only significant morphological finding was an increased flat shape of the pituitary in female depressed vs. male depressed. Depression 2:303–307 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilot efficacy trial of abt‐200 in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Sramek John J. , Jasinsky Olga , Chang Stephen , Shu Vincent , Kashkin Ken , Kennedy Sara , Sadd Carrie , Cutler Neal R.
Published: November 2007

ABT‐200 is a novel potential antidepressant which antagonizes both norepi‐nephrine uptake and noradrenergic alpha‐2 receptors. Patients who met DSM‐III‐R criteria for major depressive disorder and continued to meet all inclusion criteria following a 1‐week placebo lead‐in were randomized to receive ABT‐200 (n = 46) or placebo (n = 45) for 8 weeks. During the first 3 weeks of the study, the ABT‐200 dosage was titrated from 60 mg/day (Week 1), to 100 mg/day (Week 2), to 140 mg/day (Week 3), as tolerated. Treatment group differences in total HAM‐D change from baseline to end of Week 8 were not significantly different (−7.2 points or 26% decrease on ABT‐200 vs. ‐6.9 points or 23% decrease on placebo, P = 0.880). Similarly, no significant effects were seen on the MÅDRS or CGI scales. However, HAM‐D core depression items were significantly decreased with ABT‐200 compared with placebo at the end of treatment (−2.3 points or 29% decrease on drug vs. ‐1.1 points or 14% decrease with placebo, P = 0.038). The overall incidence of adverse events reported with ABT‐200 and placebo was similar. Insomnia, however, occurred at a significantly greater incidence rate with ABT‐200 compared to placebo (22% vs. 4%, P = 0.027). Thus, ABT‐200 was well tolerated but did not demonstrate overall antidepressant efficacy. Depression 2:315–318 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SSRI‐induced sexual dysfunction successfully treated with amantadine
Authors: Masand Prakash S. , Reddy Narayan , Gregory Robert
Published: November 2007

Sexual side effects are fairly common in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The authors describe five patients with sexual side effects successfully treated with amantadine. Depression 2:319–321 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: A manifestation of the brain in distress?
Authors: Berga Sarah L.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to highlight important concepts regarding the bidirectional interactions between the brain and the ovary that may enhance our understanding of the presentation and treatment of depression in women. In so doing, areas in need of, and opportunities for, investigative attention will be identified. The potential clinical implications of these concepts also are reviewed with the aim of sensitizing mental health clinicians to the possibility that stress‐induced reproductive dysfunction may respond to psychological interventions. Depression 3:28–32 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sertraline in the treatment of women with postpartum major depression
Authors: Stowe Zachary N. , Casarella Jennifer , Landry Jacque , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: November 2007

No consensus has yet been reached as to whether or not postpartum depression (PPD) represents a distinct clinical entity. Despite the increasing evidence that gender differences may exist in antidepressant treatment response, there is an absence of studies in women with postpartum onset of major depression. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline, in the treatment of women with a major depressive episode (MDE) that occurred within 6 months of childbirth using an 8 week, prospective, open‐labelled design. Further, we sought to determine if the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was a useful instrument to monitor the clinical response to drug treatment. Twenty‐six postpartum women who fulfilled DSM‐IIIR criteria for major depressive episode, non‐psychotic, with symptom onset within 6 months postpartum were enrolled in the study. Biweekly assessments included physician and self‐rated depression measures. Twenty‐one of the women (81%) completed the 8 week study; 20 women exhibited a salutary response as defined by > 50% reduction from baseline in SIGH‐D scores (mean reduction = 15.7 points). Fourteen women demonstrated complete symptom remission with recovery of function (SIGH‐D < 7, CGI = 1, GAP > 80) upon completion of the 8 week study. Three women experienced significant side effects; these included gastrointestinal disturbance (n =1) and anorgasmia (n = 2). Our results indicate that: (1) sertraline is a highly efficacious and well‐tolerated treatment for women with postpartum depression; (2) the EPDS is comparable to the BDI and SIGH‐D for monitoring treatment response in women with postpartum onset MDE; (3) PPD (MDE onset within 4 weeks postpartum, as defined by DSM IV) required significantly less medication and tended to respond faster than MDE onset after 4 weeks postpartum; and (4) the rapid response rate underscores the need to conduct placebo‐controlled studies in this population. Depression 3:49–55 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Therapeutic alternatives to the tricyclics in the treatment of major depression
Authors: Dunner David L. , Montgomery Stuart A.
Published: November 2007

Around 8% of the industrialized world are affected by major depressive disorder, which is often a recurrent or chronic disorder. Although a common condition, it is under‐recognized and under‐treated in the primary care setting. When it is diagnosed, long‐term treatment is often needed and tolerability is an important consideration. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRb) are as effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), but are not associated with their often unacceptable and sometimes serious side‐effects. In this review, SSRIs are explored as therapeutic alternatives to TCAs for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Depression 3:215–224 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression, object relations, and reality testing in women survivors of childhood abuse
Authors: Carson Ann T. , Baker Richard C.
Published: November 2007

This study examined the relationships between history of childhood abuse and intensity and type of depression, object relations (OR), and reality testing (RT). Subjects were 172 adult female volunteers from a university, grouped according to history of sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological maltreatment, or having had an alcohol‐abusing parent. Comparisons were also conducted between groups with histories of a single form of abuse vs. multiple forms vs. no abuse. The results supported that a history of abuse is associated with introjective (self‐critical) depression (P < .000), and difficulties in interpersonal relationships (P < .000) and reality testing (P < .000). Subjects who had experienced multiple forms of abuse showed greater severity of depressive symptomatology than non‐abused subjects (P < .002), but those who had experienced a single form of abuse did not differ significantly from non‐abused subjects. This indicates that high depression scores may be suggestive of a history of multiple forms of abuse. Treatment implications are discussed. Depression 3:278‐285 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.