bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The study of sequences defined by a first order recursion by means of a pocket calculator
Authors: Tuzson Zoltán
Published: August 2016

This paper will present the way we can use a simple pocket calculator to teach mathematics. Namely, a pocket calculator can be very useful to study the properties of sequences defined by first order recursion (e.g. monotonicity, boundedness and convergence) and to gain a deeper understanding.
Report of meeting Researches in Didactics of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
Authors: Herendiné Kónya E. , Debrenti E.
Published: August 2016

The meeting Researches in Didactics of Mathematics and Computer Sciences was held in Oradea, Romania from the 25th to the 27th of January, 2013 at the Partium Christian University. It was organized by the PhD School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences of the University of Debrecen and the Partium Christian University in Oradea. The meeting was supported by the project: TAMOP-4.2.2/B/10/1-2010-0024.
The 61 participants – including 50 lecturers and 21 PhD students – came from 5 countries, 22 cities and represented 35 intstitutions of higher education.
The use of different representations in teaching algebra, 9 th grade (14-15 years old)
Authors: Árokszállási Eszter
Published: August 2016

Learning Algebra causes many difficulties for students. For most of them Algebra means rote memorizing and applying several rules without understanding them which is a great danger in teaching Algebra. Using only symbolic representations and neglecting the enactive and iconic ones is a great danger in teaching Algebra, too. The latter two have a primary importance for average students.
In our study, we report about an action research carried out in a grade 9 class in a secondary school in Hungary.The results show that the use of enactive and iconic representations in algebra teaching develops the students' applicable knowledge, their problem solving knowledge and their problem solving ability.
Concept systematization with concept maps in data modelling
Authors: Czenky Márta , Kormos János
Published: August 2016

An important goal of concept learning is that students can allocate concepts in the hierarchical system of concepts. In the data modelling course, first, we supported concept systematization with worksheets in which the students had to fill in the blank hierarchical figures of classification of the concepts or blank Venn diagrams describing the relationships between concepts. The hierarchical systems, however, are somewhat restricted to the description of connections. The filling in Venn diagrams did not deliver the expected result, so our attention turned to concept maps. In this paper we introduce the concept maps we drew. Then we evaluate the results of concept mapping survey conducted among students. The survey was done in three courses. We compare the results of our survey with the result of an earlier concept systematising survey.
Report of meeting Researches in Didactics of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
Authors: Herendiné Kónya E. , Oláhné-Téglási I.
Published: August 2016

The meeting Researches in Didactics of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
was held in Eger, Hungary from the 24th to the 26th of January, 2014 at the
Eszterházy Károly College. It was organized by the PhD School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences of the University of Debrecen and the Eszterházy Károly College in Eger.
The 58 participants – including 43 lecturers and 18 PhD students – came from 7 countries, 15 cities and represented 22 institutions of higher education.
Smartphones and QR-codes in education - a QR-code learning path for Boolean operations
Authors: Maresch Günter
Published: August 2016

During the last few years new technologies have become more and more an integrative part of everyday life. The increase of the possession rate of smartphones by young people is especially impressive. This fact asks us educators to think about a didactically and pedagogically well designed integration of smartphones into our lessons and to bring in ideas and concepts. This paper describes a specific learning path where learners can work step by step on the topic Boolean Operations with QR-Code scanners which have been installed on their smartphones. Student teachers for mathematics who completed the learning path took part in a survey where they were asked questions about their willingness to integrate smartphones into their lessons. The results of the survey are presented in the second part of the paper.
The effect of augmented reality assisted geometry instruction on students' achiveement and attitudes
Authors: İbili Emin , Şahin Sami
Published: August 2016

In this study, geometry instruction's academic success for the students and their attitudes towards mathematics which is supported by education materials of Augmented Reality (AR) and its effect on the acceptance of AR and its usage by teachers and students have been researched. Under this research, ARGE3D software has been developed by using augmented reality technology as for the issue of geometric objects that is contained in the mathematics curriculum of 6th class of primary education. It has been provided with this software that three-dimensional static drawings can be displayed in a dynamic and interactive way. The research was conducted in two different schools by an experiment and control group. In the process of data collection, Geometry Achievement Test (GAT), Geometric Reasoning Test (GRT), Attitudes Scale for Mathematics (ASM), students' math lecture notes, semi-structured interviews with teachers and students and observation and video recordings were used. Results showed that geometry instruction with ARGE3D increased students' academic success. In addition, it was found that geometry instruction with ARGE3D became more effective on students' attitudes that had negative attitudes towards mathematics and it also provided support to reduce fear and anxiety.
The formation of area concept with the help of manipulative activities
Authors: Herendiné-Kónya Eszter
Published: August 2016

Examining the performance of Hungarian students of Grades 4-12 in connection with area measurement, we found many deficiencies and thinking failures. In the light of this background, it seems reasonable to review the educational practice and to identify those teaching movements that trigger the explored problems and to design a teaching experiment that tries to avoid and exclude them. Based on result we make recommendations for the broad teaching practice. In our study we report on one part of a multi-stage teaching experiment in which we dealt with the comparison of the areas of figures, the decomposition of figures and the special role of the rectangle in the process of area concept formation. The conclusion of the post-test is that manipulative activities are important and necessary in Grades 5 and 6, more types of equidecomposition activities are needed and the number of measuring tasks with grid as a tool should also be increased.
Report of Conference XXXIX. National Conference on Teaching Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science-August 24-26, 2015 Kaposvár, Hungary
Authors: Stettner Eleonóra , Klingné Takács Anna
Published: August 2016

The XXXIX. National Conference on Teaching Mathematics, Physics and Computer Sciences (MAFIOK) was held in Kaposvár, Hungary between 24 and 26 August, 2015 at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of Kaposvár University. It was organized by the Department of Mathematics and Physics. The 67 participants – including 5 invited lecturers and 54 lecturers – came from 5 countries and represented 16 institutions of higher education.
Interdisciplinary Curriculum Empowers Cognitive Advancement to Solve Real Life Problems
Authors: Husni Noha M. Al , Rouadi Naim El
Published: August 2016

Interdisciplinary curriculum supports cognitive development through well planned lessons at early age. This article focuses on a specific experimental study done in 2010 on Grade 7 learners in a Lebanese private school to aid them in empowering their skills and competencies to solve a real life problem. The objective of this experimental study is to prepare students for Grade 10 to create the necessary chemistry between learners and Physics as a discipline. The problematic can be stated as: The synergy of teachers’ team work to design an interdisciplinary curriculum implementing ICT in classrooms facilitates the transfer and construction of knowledge and scaffolds learners with necessary skills and competencies from an early age to solve physics problems. The results were very optimistic showing 57% development of the study group members in comparison with only 10% for the control group members. Further studies are necessary on larger samples and for longer duration to expose learners to different topics and trace the effect of interdisciplinary curriculum after 4 years.
Effect of Asymmetrical Load Carrying on Joint Kinetics of the Lower Extremity During Walking in High-Heeled Shoes in Young Women
Authors: Lee Soul , Wang Lin , Li Jing Xian
Published: August 2016

Background: Carrying a load asymmetrically and walking in high-heeled shoes are common in women. Knowledge of the effects of the two combined conditions on lower-limb kinetics is lacking. We sought to examine the effects of walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying an asymmetrical load on the joint kinetics of the lower extremity in young women.

Methods: Fifteen participants were asked to walk in flat-heeled and 9-cm high-heeled shoes and to asymmetrically carry loads of 0% body weight (BW), 5% BW, and 10% BW. The three-dimensional joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle in each of the walking conditions were studied through ground reaction force measurements and motion analysis.

Results: Walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrically carrying a load of 5% or 10% BW resulted in significant differences in ankle joint moments of the loaded and unloaded lower limbs. Compared with walking in flat-heeled shoes, walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying a load asymmetrically significantly increased hip extension, hip abduction, knee extension, and knee adduction moments and decreased ankle plantar moment of the loaded leg. Walking in high-heeled shoes carrying a load of 10% BW resulted in greater significant changes in hip abduction, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion moments in the loaded leg than did carrying a load of 5% BW.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrical load carrying create significant differences in joint loading between the two limbs and alter lower-extremity kinetics.
“Pilot Hole” Technique for Interphalangeal Joint Fusion of Toes
Authors: Sharma Nikhil , Morley David , Damany Dev
Published: August 2016

Fusion of an interphalangeal joint of a lesser toe is a commonly used procedure for addressing interphalangeal joint deformities such as a hammer or a claw toe. Fusion can be achieved by insertion of an intramedullary Kirschner wire in a retrograde manner. Deviation of the Kirschner wire from the intramedullary canal into the surrounding soft tissues is common. This can render the fusion unstable and can cause painful soft-tissue irritation and early Kirschner wire loosening, resulting in an unstable nonunion with recurrence of deformity. We describe a simple and reproducible technique to assist with optimal intramedullary placement of the Kirschner wire, thereby reducing the risk of complications after interphalangeal joint fusion of a toe.
A Novel Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Fabric Design for the Early Detection of High-Risk Foot Complications
Authors: LeSar Jonathan D. , Rao Nilin M. , Williams Nicholas M. , Pantano Jeffrey P. , Ricci Melissa L. , Osher Lawrence S. , Hetherington Vincent J. , Kawalec Jill S.
Published: August 2016

Background:

We developed a prototype of a novel thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC)–coated fabric with an extended temperature range and enhanced sensitivity. By incorporating color and pattern recognition into the fabric, rapid determination of the underlying pedal temperature is facilitated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the TLC fabric as a potential diagnostic aid for identifying complications in the high-risk foot.

Methods:

The hands of 100 individuals were used to compare the mean maximum temperatures indicated by the fabric versus standard thermal camera images. Findings were statistically analyzed using a paired t test, with significance defined as P < .05.

Results:

Except for the tip of the thumb and regions in the palm, there were no statistically significant differences between mean maximum temperatures measured with the thermal camera and those detected with the TLC fabric. Minor differences were relatively consistent in all nine regions of the hand and were not considered to be clinically significant.

Conclusions:

Using direct visual analysis, we demonstrated that a novel TLC fabric could accurately map temperatures in the palmar surface of the hand. The findings support the continued development of a temperature-sensitive sock that can be used in the home to monitor for temperature changes that may indicate the onset of complications in the high-risk foot.
Structures of TorsinA and its disease-mutant complexed with an activator reveal the molecular basis for primary dystonia
Authors: Demircioglu F Esra , Sosa Brian A , Ingram Jessica , Ploegh Hidde L , Schwartz Thomas U
Published: August 2016

The most common cause of early onset primary dystonia, a neuromuscular disease, is a glutamate deletion (ΔE) at position 302/303 of TorsinA, a AAA+ ATPase that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum. While the function of TorsinA remains elusive, the ΔE mutation is known to diminish binding of two TorsinA ATPase activators: lamina-associated protein 1 (LAP1) and its paralog, luminal domain like LAP1 (LULL1). Using a nanobody as a crystallization chaperone, we obtained a 1.4 Å crystal structure of human TorsinA in complex with LULL1. This nanobody likewise stabilized the weakened TorsinAΔE-LULL1 interaction, which enabled us to solve its structure at 1.4 Å also. A comparison of these structures shows, in atomic detail, the subtle differences in activator interactions that separate the healthy from the diseased state. This information may provide a structural platform for drug development, as a small molecule that rescues TorsinAΔE could serve as a cure for primary dystonia.
Electric field measurement of organic photovoltaic cell model using electrooptic probe
Authors: Saito Ryo , Yabe Yoko , Suzuki Akito , Shinagawa Mitsuru , Sugino Hiroyuki , Katsuyama Jun , Matsumoto Yoshinori
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we describe the use of a transverse electrooptic probe to measure the electric field of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell model. It is necessary to measure the voltage of each OPV cell in order to diagnose failure of the OPV. An electric field is generated by the OPV cell voltage, so measuring the electric field is effective for obtaining a failure diagnosis of the OPV. We use a transverse electrooptic probe as an instrumentation tool for measuring the electric field over the OPV. We confirmed the principle of superposition for the electric field strength from each OPV cell model. These results show that the calibration of each OPV cell voltage can be accomplished by measuring the electric field strength over the OPV cells.
Deities Who “Turn Back” from Anger
Authors: Rahmouni Aicha
Published: August 2016

An examination of the use of the idiom “to return” to express the forgiveness and compassion of a deity in ancient Semitic languages and quranic Arabic.
Astrological Vedism
Authors: Geslani Marko
Published: August 2016

This article examines the possible roots of the sixth-century astrologer/astronomer, Varāhamihira. Ritual instructions from astrological texts on the yātrā (military march) are compared with the preliminary services of the Atharvaveda Śāntikalpa to demonstrate that much of the astrological ritual system can be seen as an adaptation of Atharvan śānti (appeasement) ritual. This analysis illuminates both the possible interchange between Vedic and Jyotiḥśāstric ritual systems and Varāhamihira’s considerable expertise as a ritualist.
Poetry and Diplomacy in Early Heian Japan
Authors: Morley Brendan Arkell
Published: August 2016

This paper examines the diplomatic relationship between Japan and Parhae as it developed over the eighth and early ninth centuries, with particular attention paid to the literary activities surrounding the reception of an embassy dispatched from Parhae to Japan in the year 814. Led by the noted poet Wang Hyoryŏm, the embassy was welcomed enthusiastically by Japan’s Emperor Saga, a sovereign for whom achievements in the realm of statecraft were linked closely to achievements in the realm of poetry. Of the eight poems by Parhae literati that survive in Japanese collections, a full six come from Wang Hyoryŏm’s embassy and are included in the second of Saga’s royal anthologies, Bunka shūreishū. No other foreign embassy is better represented in sources of the era, and none speaks with greater clarity to the nexus between diplomacy, poetry, and court politics that obtained during Emperor Saga’s reign. This study complements previous scholarship concerning the function of poetry in the diplomatic process by explicating the formal properties of poems composed and exchanged at diplomatic encounters, and it contributes to the growing body of work in the field of Japanese kanshibun (poetry and prose in classical Chinese) by foregrounding the role of diplomacy in Emperor Saga’s literary legacy building.
Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. By Y. S. Chen; and The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood. By Irving Finkel.
Authors: George A. R.
Published: August 2016

The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. By Y. S. Chen. Oxford Oriental Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 314, 16 plts. $175.

The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood. By Irving Finkel. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2014. Pp. x + 421, 16 plts. £19.99.
Ancient Egypt in 101 Questions and Answers. By Thomas Schneider, translated by David Lorton
Authors: Ambridge Lindsay
Published: August 2016

Ancient Egypt in 101 Questions and Answers. By Thomas SchneIder, translated by David Lorton.

Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013. Pp. xiv + 282, illus. $26.
Alexander the Great and Egypt: History, Art, Tradition. Edited by Volker Grieb; Krzysztof Nawotka; and Agnieszka Wojciechowska
Authors: Finn Jennifer
Published: August 2016

Alexander the Great and Egypt: History, Art, Tradition. Edited by Volker Grieb; Krzysztof Nawotka; and Agnieszka Wojciechowska. Philippika, vol. 74. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014. Pp. 458, illus. €83.
Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the “People of the Book” in the Language of Islam. By Sidney H. Griffith
Authors: McCollum Adam Carter
Published: August 2016

The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the “People of the Book” in the Language of Islam. By Sidney H. Griffith. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. Pp. xiii + 255. $29.95.
First Islamic Reviver: Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. By Kenneth Garden; and Al-Ghazālī’s Moderation in Belief: Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād. Translated by Aladdin M. Yaqub
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled
Published: August 2016

The First Islamic Reviver: Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. By Kenneth Garden. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 238. $65, £41.99.

Al-Ghazālī’s Moderation in Belief: Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād. Translated by Aladdin M. Yaqub. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013. Pp. xxvii + 311. $50, £35.
Striving in the Path of God: Jihād and Martyrdom in Islam. By Asma Afsaruddin
Authors: Hashmi Sohail H.
Published: August 2016

Striving in the Path of God: Jihād and Martyrdom in Islam. By Asma Afsaruddin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. x + 370. $65.
Ibn ʿArabī’s Mystical Poetics. By Denis E. McAuLey
Authors: Lawson Todd
Published: August 2016

Ibn ʿArabī’s Mystical Poetics. By Denis E. McAuley. Oxford Oriental Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. xii + 255. £70, $135.
Sacred Routes of Uyghur History. By Rian Thum
Authors: Kim Kwangmin
Published: August 2016

The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History. By Rian Thum. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014. Pp. viii + 323. $39.95.
(Re-)Constructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Tübingen Post-Graduate School “Symbols of the Dead” in May 2009. Edited by Peter Pfälzner; Herbert Niehr; Ernst Pernicka; and Anne Wissi
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: August 2016

(Re-)Constructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Tübingen Post-Graduate School “Symbols of the Dead” in May 2009. Edited by Peter Pfälzner; Herbert Niehr; Ernst Pernicka; and Anne Wissing. Qaṭna Studien Supplementa, vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. Pp. ix + 312, illus. €92.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: August 2016

Back matter
Arhgef1 negatively regulates neurite outgrowth through activation of RhoA signaling pathways
Authors: Xiang Xiaoliang , Li Shengnan , Zhuang Xiaoji , Shi Lei
Published: August 2016

Neurite outgrowth is essential for the establishment of functional neuronal connections during brain development. This study identifies that Arhgef1 is predominantly expressed in early neuronal developmental stages and negatively regulates neurite outgrowth. Knockdown of Arhgef1 in either Neuro‐2a cells or primary cortical neurons leads to excess growth of neurites, whereas overexpression of Arhgef1 prominently restricts neurite formation. Arhgef1 strongly activates RhoA activity while concomitantly inhibits Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. Pharmacological blockade of RhoA activity restores normal neurite outgrowth in Arhgef1‐overexpressed neurons. Importantly, Arhgef1 promotes F‐actin polymerization in neurons, probably through inhibiting the activity of the actin‐depolymerizing factor cofilin. Collectively, these findings reveal that Arhgef1 functions as a negative regulator of neurite outgrowth through regulating RhoA‐cofilin pathway and actin dynamics.
N‐glycosylation in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius involves a short dolichol pyrophosphate carrier
Authors: Guan Ziqiang , Delago Antonia , Nußbaum Phillip , Meyer Benjamin , Albers Sonja‐Verena , Eichler Jerry
Published: August 2016

N‐glycosylation is a post‐translational modification that occurs across evolution. In the thermoacidophilic archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, glycoproteins are modified by an N‐linked tribranched hexasaccharide reminiscent of the N‐glycans assembled in Eukarya. Previously, hexose‐bearing dolichol phosphate was detected in a S. acidocaldarius Bligh–Dyer lipid extract. Here, we used a specialized protocol for extracting lipid‐linked oligosaccharides to detect a dolichol pyrophosphate bearing the intact hexasaccharide, as well as its biosynthetic intermediates. Furthermore, evidence for N‐glycosylation of two S. acidocaldarius proteins by the same hexasaccharide and its derivatives was collected. These findings thus provide novel insight into archaeal N‐glycosylation.
The abandoned ice sheet base at Camp Century, Greenland, in a warming climate
Authors: Colgan William , Machguth Horst , MacFerrin Mike , Colgan Jeff D. , van As Dirk , MacGregor Joseph A.
Published: August 2016

In 1959 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built Camp Century beneath the surface of the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. There they studied the feasibility of deploying ballistic missiles within the ice sheet. The base and its wastes were abandoned with minimal decommissioning in 1967, under the assumption they would be preserved for eternity by perpetually accumulating snowfall. Here we show that a transition in ice sheet surface mass balance at Camp Century from net accumulation to net ablation is plausible within the next 75 years, under a business‐as‐usual anthropogenic emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). Net ablation would guarantee the eventual remobilization of physical, chemical, biological, and radiological wastes abandoned at the site. While Camp Century and four other contemporaneous ice sheet bases were legally established under a Danish‐U.S. treaty, the potential remobilization of their abandoned wastes, previously regarded as sequestered, represents an entirely new pathway of political dispute resulting from climate change.
Validating induced seismicity forecast models—Induced Seismicity Test Bench
Authors: Király‐Proag Eszter , Zechar J. Douglas , Gischig Valentin , Wiemer Stefan , Karvounis Dimitrios , Doetsch Joseph
Published: August 2016

Induced earthquakes often accompany fluid injection, and the seismic hazard they pose threatens various underground engineering projects. Models to monitor and control induced seismic hazard with traffic light systems should be probabilistic, forward‐looking, and updated as new data arrive. In this study, we propose an Induced Seismicity Test Bench to test and rank such models; this test bench can be used for model development, model selection, and ensemble model building. We apply the test bench to data from the Basel 2006 and Soultz‐sous‐Forêts 2004 geothermal stimulation projects, and we assess forecasts from two models: Shapiro and Smoothed Seismicity (SaSS) and Hydraulics and Seismics (HySei). These models incorporate a different mix of physics‐based elements and stochastic representation of the induced sequences. Our results show that neither model is fully superior to the other. Generally, HySei forecasts the seismicity rate better after shut‐in but is only mediocre at forecasting the spatial distribution. On the other hand, SaSS forecasts the spatial distribution better and gives better seismicity rate estimates before shut‐in. The shut‐in phase is a difficult moment for both models in both reservoirs: the models tend to underpredict the seismicity rate around, and shortly after, shut‐in.
Aerosol lidar observations of atmospheric mixing in Los Angeles: Climatology and implications for greenhouse gas observations
Authors: Ware John , Kort Eric A. , DeCola Phil , Duren Riley
Published: August 2016

Atmospheric observations of greenhouse gases provide essential information on sources and sinks of these key atmospheric constituents. To quantify fluxes from atmospheric observations, representation of transport—especially vertical mixing—is a necessity and often a source of error. We report on remotely sensed profiles of vertical aerosol distribution taken over a 2 year period in Pasadena, California. Using an automated analysis system, we estimate daytime mixing layer depth, achieving high confidence in the afternoon maximum on 51% of days with profiles from a Sigma Space Mini Micropulse LiDAR (MiniMPL) and on 36% of days with a Vaisala CL51 ceilometer. We note that considering ceilometer data on a logarithmic scale, a standard method, introduces, an offset in mixing height retrievals. The mean afternoon maximum mixing height is 770 m Above Ground Level in summer and 670 m in winter, with significant day‐to‐day variance (within seasonσ= 220m≈30%). Taking advantage of the MiniMPL's portability, we demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the detailed horizontal structure of the mixing layer by automobile. We compare our observations to planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights from sonde launches, North American regional reanalysis (NARR), and a custom Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model developed for greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring in Los Angeles. NARR and WRF PBL heights at Pasadena are both systematically higher than measured, NARR by 2.5 times; these biases will cause proportional errors in GHG flux estimates using modeled transport. We discuss how sustained lidar observations can be used to reduce flux inversion error by selecting suitable analysis periods, calibrating models, or characterizing bias for correction in post processing.
Ruthenium(II)‐ or Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Grignard‐Type Addition of Indolines and Indoles to Activated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Jo Hyeim , Park Jihye , Choi Miji , Sharma Satyasheel , Jeon Mijin , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Jeong Taejoo , Han Sangil , Kim In Su
Published: August 2016

The ruthenium(II)‐ or rhodium(III)‐catalyzed pyrimidinyl‐directed Grignard‐type C−H additions of N‐heterocycles with activated aldehydes and ketones are described. A cationic ruthenium catalyst and sodium acetate additive in dichloroethane as solvent were found to be optimal catalytic system for the construction of C‐7 alkylated indolines. In sharp contrast, a cationic rhodium complex allows the generation of C‐2 alkylated indoles and pyrroles as well as C‐1 alkylated carbazoles. The site‐selective C−H functionalization of these heterocyclic scaffolds could be an important asset towards the development of novel bioactive compounds.

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Continuous Tuning of the Magnitude and Direction of Spin‐Orbit Torque Using Bilayer Heavy Metals
Authors: He Pan , Qiu Xuepeng , Zhang Vanessa L. , Wu Yang , Kuok Meng Hau , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: August 2016

Spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) have opened a new path to switch the magnetization in perpendicularly magnetized films and are of great interest due to their potential applications in novel data storage technology, such as magnetic random access memory (MRAM). The effective manipulation of SOT has thus become an important step toward these applications. Here, current‐induced spin‐orbit effective fields and magnetization switching are investigated in Pt/Ta/CoFeB/MgO structures with bilayer heavy metals. With a fixed thickness (1 nm) of the Ta layer, the magnitude and sign of current‐induced spin‐orbit effective fields can be continuously tuned by changing the Pt layer thickness, consistent with the current‐induced magnetization switching data. The ratio of longitudinal to transverse spin‐orbit effective fields is found to be determined by the Ta/CoFeB interface and can be continuously tuned by changing the Pt layer thickness. The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) is found to be weak and shows an insignificant variation with the Pt thickness. The results demonstrate an effective method to tune SOTs utilizing bilayer heavy metals without affecting the DMI, a desirable feature which will be useful for the design of SOT‐based devices.
Simulating the slow to fast switch in cytochrome c oxidase catalysis by introducing a loop flip near the enzyme's cytochrome c (substrate) binding site
Authors: Alleyne Trevor , Ignacio Diane N. , Sampson Valerie B. , Ashe Damian , Wilson Michael
Published: August 2016

The mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen in the critical step of oxidative phosphorylation that links the oxidation of food consumed to ATP production in cells. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of oxygen at two vastly different rates that are thought to be linked to two different conformations but the conformation of the “fast enzyme” remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrated how oxygen binding at haem a3 could trigger long‐distance conformational changes and then simulated a conformational change in an eight‐residue loop near the enzyme's substrate (cytochrome c) binding site. We then used this modified cytochrome c oxidase (COX) to simulate a stable COX‐cytochrome c enzyme–substrate (ES) complex. Compared to ES complexes formed in the absence of the conformation change, the distance between the redox centers of the two proteins was reduced by half and instead of nine, only four COX amino acid residues were found along the axis linking the electron entry point and the CuA redox center of COX: We proposed that intramolecular electron transfer in COX occurs via a charge/hydrogen relay system involving these four residues. We suggest that the conformational change and resulting shortened electron pathway are features of fast‐acting COX.
Inhibition of the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase induces orofacial defects in zebrafish
Authors: Signore Iskra A. , Jerez Carolina , Figueroa Diego , Suazo José , Marcelain Katherine , Cerda Oscar , Colombo Flores Alicia
Published: August 2016

Background

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects, which include a range of disorders with a complex etiology affecting formation of craniofacial structures. Some forms of syndromic OFCs are produced by defects in the cholesterol pathway. The principal enzyme of the cholesterol pathway is the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCR). Our aim is to study whether defects of HMGCR function would produce orofacial malformation similar to those found in disorders of cholesterol synthesis.

Methods

We used zebrafish hmgcrb mutants and HMGCR inhibition assay using atorvastatin during early and late stages of orofacial morphogenesis in zebrafish. To describe craniofacial phenotypes, we stained cartilage and bone and performed in situ hybridization using known craniofacial markers. Also, we visualized neural crest cell migration in a transgenic fish.

Results

Our results showed that mutants displayed loss of cartilage and diminished orofacial outgrowth, and in some cases palatal cleft. Late treatments with statin show a similar phenotype. Affected‐siblings displayed a moderate phenotype, whereas early‐treated embryos had a minor cleft. We found reduced expression of the downstream component of Sonic Hedgehog‐signaling gli1 in ventral brain, oral ectoderm, and pharyngeal endoderm in mutants and in late atorvastatin‐treated embryos.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that HMGCR loss‐of‐function primarily affects postmigratory cranial neural crest cells through abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signaling, probably induced by reduction in metabolites of the cholesterol pathway. Malformation severity correlates with the grade of HMGCR inhibition, developmental stage of its disruption, and probably with availability of maternal lipids. Together, our results might help to understand the spectrum of orofacial phenotypes found in cholesterol synthesis disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:814–830, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility work to inform the design of a randomized clinical trial of wound dressings in elective and unplanned abdominal surgery
Authors:   Severn and Peninsula Audit and Research Collaborative for Surgeons (SPARCS),   West Midlands Research Collaborative (WMRC), Andronis L , Calvert M , Magill L , Mathers J , Pinkney T D , Torrance A , Talbot H , Blazeby J M , Blencowe N S , Coast J , Draycott T , Donovan J , Gooberman-Hill R , Reeves B C , Rogers C A , Longman R , Woodward M , Young T , Bird J , Clayton G , Ellis L , Macefield R , Milne T , van der Nelson H , Nicholson A , Rooshenas L , Siassakos D , Strong S , Townsend D , McMullan C , Winter C , Atherton G , Tafazal H , Eriksson A , Chapman T , Zafar Z , Chang J , Sharma E , Green N , Shariff U , Neito T , Youssef H , Marriott P , Popplewell M , Ring N , Sharples A , Summerour V , Bhangu A , Upchurch E , Hardy T , Monteiro de Barros J , Reza L , Ekere C , Greenwood A , Strong S , Florance C , Orchard P , Court E , Ives C , Papworth E , Lee C , Buchan S , Bennett J , Rowlands C , Frank L , Ide K-A , Noble E , Sellars H , Anderson E , Fallaize R , Kynaston J , Hotton E , Banks J , Thompson N , Hodkinson T , Blencowe N , Bamford R , Newman P , Cutting J , Barber Z , Grant C , Mason J , Bailey J
Published: August 2016

Background

Designing RCTs in surgery requires consideration of existing evidence, stakeholders' views and emerging interventions, to ensure that research questions are relevant to patients, surgeons and the health service. When there is uncertainty about RCT design, feasibility work is recommended. This study aimed to assess how feasibility work could inform the design of a future pilot study and RCT (Bluebelle, HTA - 12/200/04).

Methods

This was a prospective survey of dressings used to cover abdominal wounds. Surgical trainees from 25 hospitals were invited to participate. Information on patient risk factors, operation type and type of wound dressings used was recorded for elective and unplanned abdominal procedures over a 2-week interval. The types of dressing used were summarized, and associations with operation type and patient risk factors explored.

Results

Twenty hospitals participated, providing data from 727 patients (1794 wounds). Wounds were predominantly covered with basic dressings (1203 of 1769, 68·0 per cent) and tissue adhesive was used in 27·4 per cent (485 of 1769); dressing type was missing for 25 wounds. Just 3·6 per cent of wounds (63 of 1769) did not have a dressing applied at the end of the procedure. There was no evidence of an association between type of dressing used and patient risk factors, type of operation, or elective and unscheduled surgery.

Conclusion

Based on the findings from this large study of current practice, the pilot study design has evolved. The inclusion criteria have expanded to encompass patients undergoing unscheduled surgery, and tissue adhesive as a dressing will be evaluated as an additional intervention group. Collaborative methods are recommended to inform the design of RCTs in surgery, helping to ensure they are relevant to current practice.
Prevalence and impact of autoimmune thyroid disease on myasthenia gravis course
Authors: Kubiszewska Justyna , Szyluk Beata , Szczudlik Piotr , Bartoszewicz Zbigniew , Dutkiewicz Małgorzata , Bielecki Maksymilian , Bednarczuk Tomasz , Kostera‐Pruszczyk Anna
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) frequently accompany myasthenia gravis (MG) and may influence its course. We aimed to determine the association and impact of ATD with early‐ (<50 years), late‐onset MG, or thymoma‐MG.

Materials and Methods

Prevalence of ATD was measured in a cross‐sectional study of 343 consecutive patients with MG (236 F, 107 M) aged 4–89 years; 83.8% were seropositive, in 2.9%, anti‐MuSK antibodies were detected. Concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, antithyrotropin receptor antibodies, and TSH level were measured in all patients. MG clinical course, treatment received, and treatment results were evaluated.

Results

Autoimmune thyroid diseases were diagnosed in 92 (26.8%) of MG patients including 4.4% with Graves (GD), 9% with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), and 13.4% with antithyroid antibodies only. GD patients had ocular symptoms more often than patients with antithyroid antibodies or HT (p = .008). ATD prevalence was comparable in MG with early and late onset, while non‐ATDs were more frequent in thymoma‐MG (p = .049). Immunosuppressive therapy was less frequently needed in the patients with MG and ATD, indirectly indicating milder MG course (p = .005). Risk of myasthenic crisis and the results of treatment did not differ between patients with and without ATD.

Conclusions

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are frequently accompanied by early‐and late‐onset MG, while thymoma‐MG is related to higher risk of non‐ATD. Myasthenia coexisting with ATD follows milder course than MG alone.
A Thermochemical Long‐Term Heat Storage System Based on a Salt/Zeolite Composite
Authors: Nonnen Thomas , Beckert Steffen , Gleichmann Kristin , Brandt Alfons , Unger Baldur , Kerskes Henner , Mette Barbara , Bonk Sebastian , Badenhop Thomas , Salg Frank , Gläser Roger
Published: August 2016

For the purpose of a long‐term heat storage system based on water sorption, a composite material consisting of CaCl2 and zeolite Ca‐X, obtained by ion exchange with Ca2+ and subsequent impregnation with CaCl2 of a binder‐free granulated zeolite Na‐X, was prepared on a technical scale. In a lab‐scale apparatus, the heat storage density of the composite material reaches values up to 260 kWh m−3 for water vapor partial pressures up to 33 mbar. As compared to the pure zeolites Ca‐X and Na‐X, this corresponds to an increase in heat storage density of 45 % and 68 %, respectively. An engineering concept based on the mechanical transport of the composite heat storage material through a prereactor and a main reactor was demonstrated in a hardware‐in‐the‐loop test bench.
A Tightly Stretched Ultralong Supramolecular Multiporphyrin Array Propagated by Double‐Strand Formation
Authors: Morisue Mitsuhiko , Hoshino Yuki , Shimizu Masaki , Uemura Shinobu , Sakurai Shinichi
Published: August 2016

A shape‐programmed linearity through supramolecular polymerization is demonstrated by a step‐growth double‐strand formation of a telechelic oligomeric porphyrin array in which two alternating pyridyl‐porphyrin sequenced units are held together by self‐complementary ligand‐to‐metal coordination. The stiff rod‐like structure and sufficiently large binding constant of the double‐strand unit considerably extended a supramolecular array in the one dimension, which produced a tightly stretched string with a length that exceeded several micrometers.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium Ion Tethered TsDPENs as Efficient Ligands for Iridium Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Keto Phosphonates in Water.
Authors: Sun Mengxia , Campbell Joann , Kang Guowei , Wang Huigang , Ni Bukuo
Published: August 2016

A water compatible imidazolium ion tethered TsDPEN ligand (ITT) is applied for the title reaction using sodium formate as hydrogen source.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Minimally Functionalized Alkenes: Isotopic Labeling Provides Insight into the Origin of Stereoselectivity and Alkene Insertion Preferences.
Authors: Friedfeld Max R. , Shevlin Michael , Margulieux Grant W. , Campeau Louis‐Charles , Chirik Paul J.
Published: August 2016

A highly enantioselective hydrogenation of cyclic and 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes, including substructures of natural products and biologically active compounds, is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Chemo‐ and Regioselective Decarboxylative Addition of β‐Ketoacids to Alkynes.
Authors: Li Changkun , Grugel Christian P. , Breit Bernhard
Published: August 2016

A new rhodium‐catalyzed chemo‐ and regioselective addition of β‐ketoacids to alkynes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐4,5‐alkyl‐Substituted Pyridines Using 1,3‐Enynes as Alkynes Surrogates.
Authors: Barday Manuel , Ho Kelvin Y. T. , Halsall Christopher T. , Aissa Christophe
Published: August 2016

1,3‐enynes are convenient surrogates of internal alkynes bearing two alkyl substituents in their nickel‐catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition with 3‐azetidinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Purinyl N3‐Directed Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Alkoxylation of N9‐Arylpurines: A Late‐Stage Strategy to Synthesize N9‐(ortho‐Alkoxyl)arylpurines.
Authors: Yu Mingwu , Wang Zhiqian , Tian Miao , Lu Chenghu , Li Shunlai , Du Hongguang
Published: August 2016

A highly regioselective C—H arylation of N9‐arylpurines is developed in which aliphatic alcohols and PhI(OAc)2 are used as alkoxylation reagent and oxidant, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Silylation Reaction Between Benzylic Halides and Silylboronate.
Authors: Huang Zhi‐Dao , Ding Ran , Wang Peng , Xu Yun‐He , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2016

Primary and secondary benzylic halides efficiently react with silylboronates affording benzylic silanes with moderate to high yields and broad substrate scope.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis, Biosynthesis and Biological Profiles of Clavine Alkaloids
Authors: McCabe Stephanie R. , Wipf Peter
Published: August 2016

Review: 74 refs.
CuO‐CeO2/ZSM‐5 composites for reactive adsorption of hydrogen sulphide at high temperature
Authors: Liu Dongjing , Zhou Weiguo , Wu Jiang
Published: August 2016

The high‐temperature H2S removal at 500–700 °C was conducted over CuO‐CeO2/ZSM‐5 composites prepared with sol‐gel method. 7Cu3Ce/ZSM‐5 partially reacting at 500 °C yielded Cu7S4 and Cu2S. The major sulphidation products at 600 °C were Ce2O2S, Cu2S, CuS, and S. Sulphidation of 7Cu3Ce/ZSM‐5 at 700 °C yielded Ce2S3, Cu2S, Cu2S, and S. Sulphidation of 7Cu3Ce/ZSM‐5 with 20 % H2 and 20 % CO generated the same products Ce2O2S, Cu2S, Cu2S, and S. Increase in the degree of crystallinity of 7Cu3Ce/ZSM‐5 resulted in the decrease of sulphur capacity during the sulphidation and regeneration process. Experimental results showed that the activity of CuO improved by adding Ce; 7Cu3Ce/ZSM‐5 performed the optimal sulphiation behaviour at 600 °C with sulphur capacity of 1429 μmol/g (micromoles of sulphur per gram) due to the synergy of CuO and CeO2. H2 repressed sulphur removal, causing the reduction of sulphur capacity from 1429 to 1014 μmol/g. CO had little impact on sulphidation reaction; sulphur capacity only reduced from 1429 to 1221 μmol/g due to the presence of 20 % CO.
Cholinergic profiles in the Goettingen miniature pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) brain
Authors: Mahady Laura J. , Perez Sylvia E. , Emerich Dwaine F. , Wahlberg Lars U. , Mufson Elliott J.
Published: August 2016

Central cholinergic structures within the brain of the even‐toed hoofed Goettingen miniature domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) were evaluated by immunohistochemical visualization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR. ChAT‐immunoreactive (‐ir) perikarya were seen in the olfactory tubercle, striatum, medial septal nucleus, vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert, medial habenular nucleus, zona incerta, neurosecretory arcuate nucleus, cranial motor nuclei III and IV, Edinger‐Westphal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Cholinergic ChAT‐ir neurons were also found within transitional cortical areas (insular, cingulate, and piriform cortices) and hippocampus proper. ChAT‐ir fibers were seen throughout the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, in the mediodorsal, laterodorsal, anteroventral, and parateanial thalamic nuclei, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei, anterior pretectal and interpeduncular nuclei, as well as select laminae of the superior colliculus. Double immunofluorescence demonstrated that virtually all ChAT‐ir basal forebrain neurons were also p75NTR‐positive. The present findings indicate that the central cholinergic system in the miniature pig is similar to other mammalian species. Therefore, the miniature pig may be an appropriate animal model for preclinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases where the cholinergic system is compromised. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:553–573, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.