bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096 inhibits prolonged meningeal afferent activation evoked by brief local K+stimulation but not cortical spreading depression-induced afferent sensitization but not cortical spreading depression-induced afferent sensitization
Authors: Zhao Jun , Levy Dan
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is believed to promote migraine headache by enhancing the activity and mechanosensitivity of trigeminal intracranial meningeal afferents. One putative mechanism underlying this afferent response involves an acute excitation of meningeal afferents by cortical efflux of K+and the ensuing antidromic release of pro-inflammatory sensory neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

Objectives

We sought to investigate whether (i) a brief meningeal K+stimulus leads to CGRP-dependent enhancement of meningeal afferent responses, and (ii) CSD-induced meningeal afferent activation and sensitization involve CGRP receptor signaling.

Methods

Extracellular single-unit recording were used to record the activity of meningeal afferents in anesthetized male rats. Stimulations included a brief meningeal application of K+or induction of CSD in the frontal cortex using pinprick. CSD was documented by recording changes in cerebral blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetery. CGRP receptor activity was inhibited with BIBN4096 (333μM, i.v.).

Results

Meningeal K+stimulation acutely activated 86% of the afferent tested and also promoted in ~65% of the afferents a 3-fold increase in ongoing activity which was delayed by 23.3±4.1 min and lasted for 22.2±5.6 min. K+stimulation did not promote mechanical sensitization. Pretreatment with BIBN4096 suppressed the K+- induced delayed afferent activation, reduced CSD-evoked cortical hyperemia, but had no effect on the enhanced activation or mechanical sensitization of meningeal afferents following CSD.

Conclusion

While CGRP-mediated activation of meningeal afferents evoked by cortical efflux of K+could promote headache, acute activation of CGRP receptors may not play a key role in mediating CSD-evoked headache.

Previous presentation of the research, manuscript, or abstract

Parts of the manuscript have been presented previously only in an abstract form.
Suppression of non-homologous end joining does not rescue DNA repair defects in Fanconi anemia patient cells
Authors: Thongthip Supawat , Conti Brooke A. , Lach Francis P. , Smogorzewska Agata
Published: June 2017

Severe cellular sensitivity and aberrant chromosomal rearrangements in response to DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) inducing agents are hallmarks of Fanconi anemia (FA) deficient cells. These phenotypes have previously been ascribed to inappropriate activity of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) rather than a direct consequence of DNA ICL repair defects. Here we used chemical inhibitors, RNAi, and Clusterd Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 to inactivate various components of NHEJ in cells from FA patients. We show that suppression of DNA-PKcs, DNA Ligase IV and 53BP1 is not capable of rescuing ICL-induced proliferation defects and only 53BP1 knockout partially suppresses the chromosomal abnormalities of FA patient cells.
Ethical, moral, and theological insights into advances in male pediatric and adolescent fertility preservation
Authors: Ramstein J. J. , Halpern J. , Gadzinski A. J. , Brannigan R. E. , Smith J. F.
Published: June 2017

The successful treatment of boys with cancer has led to increasing attention to preserving their quality of life after completing cancer therapy. One of the top priorities for living a full life is keeping open the opportunity to have children. While sperm banking for males facing sterilizing cancer treatment can be effective, this approach requires subsequent use of reproductive procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI) to achieve a pregnancy. Advances in fertility preservation techniques may allow pre‐pubertal boys to conceive using advanced stem cell technologies and stem cell transplantation in the future. This review summarizes the ethical positions of leading medical societies and explores the religious and moral stances of major religious institutions regarding these options.
No Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between the Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Elbasvir/Grazoprevir and Famotidine or Pantoprazole
Authors: Feng H‐P , Vaddady P , Guo Z , Liu F , Panebianco D , Levine V , Caro L , Butterton JR , Iwamoto M , Yeh WW
Published: June 2017

Use of agents to suppress gastric acid secretion is common among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aims of this open‐label, three‐period, fixed‐sequence study were to evaluate the effect of famotidine and pantoprazole on the pharmacokinetics and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir fixed‐dose combination (FDC) in 16 healthy subjects. Elbasvir and grazoprevir each exhibited similar pharmacokinetics following single‐dose administration of elbasvir/grazoprevir with or without famotidine or pantoprazole. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of grazoprevir AUC(0,∞), Cmax, and C24 (elbasvir/grazoprevir + famotidine or elbasvir/grazoprevir + pantoprazole vs. elbasvir/grazoprevir) ranged from 0.89–1.17. Similarly, GMRs of elbasvir AUC(0,∞), Cmax, and C24 (elbasvir/grazoprevir + famotidine or elbasvir/grazoprevir + pantoprazole vs. elbasvir/grazoprevir) ranged from 1.02–1.11. These results indicate that gastric acid‐reducing agents do not modify the pharmacokinetics of elbasvir or grazoprevir in a clinically relevant manner and may be coadministered with elbasvir/grazoprevir in HCV‐infected patients without restriction.
Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial (lauric arginate ester) substance against biofilm of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp.
Authors: Sadekuzzaman Mohammad , Yang Sungdae , Kim Hyung‐Suk , Mizan Md. Furkanur Rahaman , Ha Sang‐Do
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of a novel antimicrobial substance lauric arginate ester (LAE) against selected foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.) in biofilm. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined and showed that LAE exhibits a strong antimicrobial activity. Biofilms were grown on abiotic stainless steel, rubber, MBEC biofilm device) and biotic (lettuce) surfaces. The efficacy of LAE (50, 100 and 200 ppm) at reducing the biofilm cells on these surfaces was examined by applying LAE for 2 h. Results revealed that LAE exhibited the reduction in biofilm bacteria up to 7 log CFU cm−2, 3.5 log CFU cm−2, 4.0 log CFU peg−1 and 1.5 log CFU cm−2 on stainless steel, rubber, MBEC and lettuce surfaces, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that LAE has been shown to be a potential alternative to control bacteria in biofilm mode in food industry.
Effect of salt content on gelation of normal and wooden breast myopathy chicken pectoralis major meat batters
Authors: Xing Tong , Zhao Xue , Cai Linlin , Guanghong Zhou , Xu Xinglian
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the effects of salt content (0–4%) on water holding capacity (WHC), textural characteristics, rheological properties, and microstructure of cooked normal (NOR) and wooden breast (WB) chicken meat batters. Results indicated with 0–2% salt addition, the WB batters had significantly lower WHC and storage modulus (G’) compared with the NORs (P < 0.05). However, these differences were eliminated when salt contents were increased to 3% or 4%. In addition, the NORs formed more regular and pored networks than the WBs (0–2%). Salt level significantly affected the textural properties of both batter types (P < 0.05). The hardness of the WB batters was lower than NORs at all NaCl levels (P < 0.05). Overall, compared with NORs, the WB batters showed inferior gelation properties at salt contents of 0–2%, while increasing salt content to 3–4% can improve the WHC and microstructure of gels.
Enrichment of fresh pasta with antioxidant extracts obtained from artichoke canning by‐products by ultrasound‐assisted technology and quality characterisation of the end product
Authors: Pasqualone Antonella , Punzi Rossana , Trani Antonio , Summo Carmine , Paradiso Vito Michele , Caponio Francesco , Gambacorta Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

This work is aimed at: (i) analysing the extracts obtained from canning by‐products of three artichoke cultivars (Opal, Capriccio and Catanese) for antioxidant parameters; (ii) comparing UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS profile, colour, textural properties and cooking performance of fresh pasta enriched of the most antioxidant extract, with control pasta. The concentrated Catanese cv. extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity (1662 μmol Trolox equivalents L−1) and the highest levels of luteolin‐7‐O‐rutinoside, luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside and apigenin‐7‐O‐rutinoside compared to other cultivars. Fresh pasta enriched of Catanese extract showed higher (P < 0.05) phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (500 mg gallic acid kg−1 and 1324 μmol Trolox kg−1, respectively) than control pasta (306 mg gallic acid kg−1 and 886 μmol Trolox kg−1, respectively). The extract increased (P < 0.05) pasta brownness (from 19.93 to 23.34), and decreased yellowness (from 27.11 to 23.09), but did not alter textural and cooking parameters. So, pasta was a good vehicle to increase the antioxidant dietary intake.
Effects of thermosonication and orange by‐products extracts on quality attributes of carrot (Daucus carota) juice during storage
Authors: Adiamo Oladipupo Q. , Ghafoor Kashif , Al‐Juhaimi Fahad , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A. , Babiker Elfadil E.
Published: June 2017

Effect of thermosonication on carrot juice containing peel (CJPL) and pulp (CJPP) extracts from orange at different concentration (0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg GAE per g extracts) of total phenolic contents (TPC) was evaluated for quality attributes. Thermosonication of juice was done at 52 °C, 6 min for CJPL and 60 °C, 5 min for CJPP (values based on our preliminary optimisation results of ultrasound process conditions of the juice) at 40 kHz and 110W. Effect of thermosonication and addition of peel and pulp extracts at highest concentration increased the TPC and antioxidant activity of the juice (P < 0.05). Highest inactivation of microorganisms and better sensory attributes was achieved in thermosonicated CJPP for 21 days. Titratable acidity, pH, browning index and viscosity were improved by thermosonication and at highest extract concentration. °Brix and total carotenoid were not significantly affected by treatments. Therefore, thermosonication at 60 °C and 4.0 mg GAE per g extract concentration of peel and pulp may be used in formulation of functional carrot juice with improved health properties.
Effect of defatted almond flour on cooking, chemical and sensorial properties of gluten‐free fresh pasta
Authors: Martínez Marcela Lilian , Marín María Andrea , Gili Renato Daniel , Penci María Cecilia , Ribotta Pablo Daniel
Published: June 2017

The aim of this work was to analyse the influence of defatted almond flour on soya bean‐based gluten‐free pasta. Optimal cooking time of pasta varied between 2.0 and 3.5 min, while cooking loss ranged 6.1% and 19.7%. The total protein content of samples varied from 30.4% to 41.0% (dry basis, db) in cooked pasta. The total phenols content of cooked samples varied between 1.66 and 2.99 mg ellagic acid equivalent/g, while the antioxidant activity (DPPH•) ranged between 19.1% and 41.9%. The sensory test showed no significant differences between the formulated pasta samples among brightness (3.20–3.27), surface appearance (1.14–1.20), hardness (2.14–2.36) and elasticity (1.56–1.71). Pasta developed is an innovative product that improves nutritional and functional properties of gluten‐free pasta compared to gluten‐free and traditional wheat flour pasta available on market.
Influences of pretreatment and drying methods on composition, micro/molecular structures and some health‐related functional characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues
Authors: Sungsinchai Sirada , Niamnuy Chalida , Jaree Attasak , Devahastin Sakamon
Published: June 2017

Influences of pretreatment methods (washing, blanching, soaking in ethanol), drying methods (hot air‐drying, infrared‐drying, microwave‐drying) and drying temperature on selected characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues were investigated. Pretreatments improved the hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose dialysis retardation index, but led to losses of fibres, decreased α‐amylase inhibitory activity and aflatoxin B1 adsorption capacity. Hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose uptake depended on the structure and porosity of the fibre, while the ability to inhibit α‐amylase and AFB1 adsorption depended more on the content and molecular fingerprinting of the fibre. Drying condition did not significantly affect functional properties of the fibre, except for the ability to uptake glucose, inhibit α‐amylase and adsorb AFB1 (P ≤ 0.05). Hot air‐drying at 60 °C resulted in fibre with the highest ability to decrease the rate of glucose and AFB1 adsorption.
Preparation and characterisation of isoflavone aglycone‐rich calcium‐binding soy protein hydrolysates
Authors: Wang Meng‐Ping , Lu Wei , Yang Juan , Wang Jin‐Mei , Yang Xiao‐quan
Published: June 2017

Isoflavone aglycone‐rich calcium‐binding soy protein hydrolysates were prepared by subcritical water treatment and subsequent protease hydrolysis. Contaminated β‐glucosidase in the Protease M preparation could effectively convert glycosides into aglycones. Compared with Alcalase hydrolysates, Protease M hydrolysates exhibited higher molecular weight (>5000 Da) and more hydrophobic characteristics because of its weaker proteolytic activity. The antioxidant activity of Protease M hydrolysates was obviously improved. Initial increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate of Protease M hydrolysates may be ascribed to the conversion of isoflavones (<30 min) and a gradual release of antioxidant peptides. In the later hydrolysis, a gradual exposure of isoflavones involved in the interior of heat‐induced protein aggregates was mainly responsible for further improved antioxidant activities. Higher calcium‐binding capacity (up to 7.86%) with lower yield of peptide–calcium complex was observed for Protease M hydrolysates. These results could help researchers to develop a feasible protocol for producing nutrient‐enhanced soy protein hydrolysates.
Physical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Zimbabwean bambara groundnut and effects of processing methods on their chemical properties
Authors: Oyeyinka Adewumi Toyin , Pillay Kirthee , Tesfay Samson , Siwela Muthulisi
Published: June 2017

This study examined the physical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of popular Zimbabwean bambara groundnut landraces and the effects of different processing methods on their chemical properties. The physical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of grains of the bambara landraces differed significantly with grain type, and the processing methods investigated had varying effects on the chemical properties of the grains. Bambara had significantly lower protein content than the reference common bean. Protein and carbohydrate content of the grains increased upon dehulling, while tannin (approx. 36%), total phenolic content (approx. 83%) and antioxidant activities (approx. 18%) decreased. Roasting alone seemed to have little or no effect on the nutrient content of the grains, while sifting significantly reduced the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of all the dehulled and roasted samples. The results indicate that roasting bambara grains would be a suitable method as it is relatively more conservative of nutrients and antioxidants than the other methods investigated.
Influences of a natural colourant on colour and salty taste perception, liking, emotion and purchase intent: a case of mayonnaise‐based dipping sauces
Authors: Sukkwai Sineenath , Chonpracha Pichayaphat , Kijroongrojana Kongkarn , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: June 2017

Effects of colourant and a ‘natural source’ statement on sensory liking, emotion, saltiness expectation and purchase intent (PI) of three dipping sauces containing shrimp head colourant [no‐colourant (NC); moderate‐colourant (MC, 1.2% colourant); high‐colourant (HC, 3.6% colourant)] were evaluated. Consumers disliked colour of HC compared to MC (4.65 vs. 6.24). Despite the same NaCl level, saltiness liking decreased with increasing colourant [6.38 (NC), 5.43 (MC), 3.97 (HC)]. Correspondence analysis biplot revealed that sauces with or without natural colourant were associated more with positive emotions. Positive emotion (good, interested, satisfied) scores decreased while negative emotion worried increased with increasing colourant concentration. The ‘natural source’ statement decreased guilty and unsafe scores but minimally affected PI of NC and MC. Saltiness expectation was not different between NC (off‐white colour) vs. MC (lighter orange) and between NC vs. HC (darker orange); however, consumers expected HC to be saltier than MC.
Changes in the structure, digestibility and immunoreactivities of glycinin induced by the cross‐linking of microbial transglutaminase following heat denaturation
Authors: Yang Anshu , Xia Jiaheng , Gong Yuqing , Deng Han , Wu Zhihua , Li Xin , Tong Ping , Chen Hongbing
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTG)‐mediated modification on the structure, digestibility and immunoreactivities of glycinin. Glycinin was separated from soya bean and cross‐linked with MTG, and the sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) showed that the molecular weight of cross‐linked glycinin was higher than that of native glycinin. Individual MTG cross‐linking could maintain stable secondary structures and spatial structure. Sequential heat denaturation and MTG cross‐linking could promote the unfolding of protein structures and reduce their hydrophobicity. The digestibility of glycinin was decreased, and its immunoreactivities were increased because of MTG‐induced structural alteration, including primary and spatial structures.
Nonthermal plasma for pesticide and microbial elimination on fruits and vegetables: an overview
Authors: Phan Khanh Thi Kim , Phan Huan Tai , Brennan Charles S. , Phimolsiripol Yuthana
Published: June 2017

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is defined in terms of partly ionised gas which overall temperature is quite low because the stored energy is mostly in free electrons. Applications of NTP have been expanded to new areas of food applications such as the microbial inactivation and also the elimination of pesticide and toxic chemical residues in food such as fruits and vegetables while nutritional content and key characteristics are still preserved. Plasma treatment has successfully decreased the concentrations of pesticides by about 45‐71%. In this article, NTP technologies as well as investigations about applying of NTP for removing pesticide residues and improving microbial safety in fresh produce are described. Potential applications of NTP in food processing together with some of their challenges and limitations are also discussed.
Neumania kyrgyzica sp. nov. a new water mite from Kyrgyzstan based on morphological and molecular data (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Unionicolidae)
Authors: Pešić Vladimir , Smit Harry
Published: June 2017

Water mites of the genus Neumania have been found worldwide. In the present study we used morphological data and DNA barcoding to describe a new species of the genus Neumania, N. kyrgyzica sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan. The results supported the genetic separation between the new species and species examined in this study (N. deltoides, N. imitata, N. limosa, N. spinipes and N. vernalis). The lowest K2P divergence (11.7%) was found between the new species and N. limosa (Koch, 1836), a species widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. Morphologically, the new species seems to be most similar to N. alticola (Stoll, 1887), an abundant and widespread species in the extreme northern Neotropics.
Recent trends in four major journals in acarology: size and impact
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Qiang
Published: June 2017

SAA increased its frequency from four issues per year in 2014 to 12 per year in 2016, whereas the three other journals did not change frequency.  As a result, SAA increased the number of papers per year each year over the last three years and is now the largest, despite being a latecomer (Fig. 1). The volume of SAA had been gradually increasing in the past (Zhang 2014b, 2015, 2016), but the rapid increase during the last three years is a reflection of the rising popularity and respect of this journal among acarologists in the world.
Effects of Electroacupuncture on the Cortical Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase Pathway in Rats with Cerebral Ischaemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Wu Chunxiao , Li Chun , Zhou Guoping , Yang Lu , Jiang Guimei , Chen Jing , Li Qiushi , Zhan Zhulian , Xu Xiuhong , Zhang Xin
Published: June 2017

Objective

To explore the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) pathway of the cerebral cortex in a rat model of focal cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R).

Methods

160 adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO) to establish I/R injury and were randomly divided into four groups (n=40 each) that remained untreated (I/R group) or received EA at LU5, LI4, ST36 and SP6 (I/R+EA group), the ERK inhibitor PD98059 (I/R+PD group), or both interventions (I/R+PD+EA groups). An additional 40 rats undergoing sham surgery formed a healthy control group. Eight rats from each group were sacrificed at the following time points: 2 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 1 week. Neurological function was assessed using neurological deficit scores, morphological examination was performed following haematoxylin-eosin staining of cortical tissues, and apoptotic indices were calculated after terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labelling. Cortical protein and mRNA expression of p-ERK and ERK were measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively.

Results

Compared with the I/R group, neurological deficit scores and apoptotic indices were lower in the I/R+EA group at 1 and 3 days, whereas mRNA/protein expression of ERK/p-ERK was higher in the EA group at all time points studied.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that EA can alleviate neurological deficits and reduce cortical apoptosis in rats with I/R injury. These anti-apoptotic effects may be due to upregulation of p-ERK. Moreover, apoptosis appeared to peak at 1 day after I/R injury, which might therefore represent the optimal time point for targeting of EA.
Implementation of a disability management policy in a large healthcare employer: a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods evaluation
Authors: Mustard Cameron A , Skivington Kathryn , Lay Morgan , Lifshen Marni , Etches Jacob , Chambers Andrea
Published: June 2017

Objective

This study describes the process and outcomes of the implementation of a strengthened disability management policy in a large Canadian healthcare employer. Key elements of the strengthened policy included an emphasis on early contact, the training of supervisors and the integration of union representatives in return-to-work (RTW) planning.

Design

The study applied mixed methods, combining a process evaluation within the employer and a quasi-experimental outcome evaluation between employers for a 3-year period prior to and following policy implementation in January 2012.

Participants

Staff in the implementation organisation (n=4000) and staff in a peer group of 29 large hospitals (n=1 19 000).

Outcomes

Work disability episode incidence and duration.

Results

Both qualitative and quantitative measures of the implementation process were predominantly positive. Over the 6-year observation period, there were 624 work disability episodes in the organisation and 8604 in the comparison group of 29 large hospitals. The annual per cent change in episode incidence in the organisation was −5.6 (95% CI −9.9 to −1.1) comparable to the annual per cent change in the comparison group: −6.2 (-7.2 to –5.3). Disability episode durations also declined in the organisation, from a mean of 19.4 days (16.5, 22.3) in the preintervention period to 10.9 days (8.7, 13.2) in the postintervention period. Reductions in disability durations were also observed in the comparison group: from a mean of 13.5 days (12.9, 14.1) in the 2009–2011 period to 10.5 days (9.9, 11.1) in the 2012–2014 period.

Conclusion

The incidence of work disability episodes and the durations of work disability declined strongly in this hospital sector over the 6-year observation period. The implementation of the organisation’s RTW policy was associated with larger reductions in disability durations than observed in the comparison group.
Losing the child’s voice and ‘the captive mother’: an inevitable legacy of family-centred care?
Authors: Smith Joanna , Shields Linda , Neill Sarah , Darbyshire Philip
Published: June 2017

EBN engages readers through a range of online social media activities to debate issues important to nurses and nursing. EBN Opinion papers highlight and expand on these debates.
Recommended core items to assess e-cigarette use in population-based surveys
Authors: Pearson Jennifer L , Hitchman Sara C , Brose Leonie S , Bauld Linda , Glasser Allison M , Villanti Andrea C , McNeill Ann , Abrams David B , Cohen Joanna E
Published: June 2017

A consistent approach using standardised items to assess e-cigarette use in both youth and adult populations will aid cross-survey and cross-national comparisons of the effect of e-cigarette (and tobacco) policies and improve our understanding of the population health impact of e-cigarette use. Focusing on adult behaviour, we propose a set of e-cigarette use items, discuss their utility and potential adaptation, and highlight e-cigarette constructs that researchers should avoid without further item development. Reliable and valid items will strengthen the emerging science and inform knowledge synthesis for policy-making. Building on informal discussions at a series of international meetings of 65 experts from 15 countries, the authors provide recommendations for assessing e-cigarette use behaviour, relative perceived harm, device type, presence of nicotine, flavours and reasons for use. We recommend items assessing eight core constructs: e-cigarette ever use, frequency of use and former daily use; relative perceived harm; device type; primary flavour preference; presence of nicotine; and primary reason for use. These items should be standardised or minimally adapted for the policy context and target population. Researchers should be prepared to update items as e-cigarette device characteristics change. A minimum set of e-cigarette items is proposed to encourage consensus around items to allow for cross-survey and cross-jurisdictional comparisons of e-cigarette use behaviour. These proposed items are a starting point. We recognise room for continued improvement, and welcome input from e-cigarette users and scientific colleagues.
Efficient Inverted ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells Based on Transparent Silver Electrode with Aqueous Solution-Processed ZnO Interlayer
Authors: Wang Zhizhe , Chen Dazheng , Zhang Chunfu , Lin Zhenhua , Liu Yan , Han Genquan , Chang Jingjing , Zhang Jincheng , Guo Lixin , Hao Yue
Published: June 2017

Efficient inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with the MoO3(2 nm)/Ag (12 nm) transparent cathode and an aqueous solution ZnO electron extraction layer processed at low temperature are investigated in this work. The blend of low bandgap poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methylester (PC71BM) is employed as the photoactive layer here. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.55% is achieved for such indium tin oxide- (ITO-) free OSCs under AM 1.5G simulated illumination, comparable to that of ITO-based reference OSCs (PCE of 6.11%). It is found that this ZnO interlayer not only slightly enhances the transparency of MoO3/Ag cathode but also obtains a lower root-mean-square (RMS) roughness on the MoO3/Ag surface. Meanwhile, ITO-free OSCs also show a good stability. The PCE of the devices still remains above 85% of the original values after 30 days, which is slightly superior to ITO-based reference OSCs where the 16% degradation in PCE is observed after 30 days. It may be instructive for further research of OSCs based on metal thin film electrodes.
A Decrease of Brain MicroRNA‐122 Level Is an Early Marker of Cerebrovascular Disease in the Stroke‐Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Stanzione Rosita , Bianchi Franca , Cotugno Maria , Marchitti Simona , Forte Maurizio , Busceti Carla , Ryskalin Larisa , Fornai Francesco , Volpe Massimo , Rubattu Speranza
Published: June 2017

Based on preliminary evidence that highlights microRNA‐122 as a contributing factor to stroke pathogenesis, we aimed at assessing its expression level, along with the presence of early signs of cerebrovascular disease, in the brain of stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), a suitable model of human disease that accelerates stroke occurrence under a high sodium/low potassium (Japanese‐style) diet (JD). After one month of JD, before stroke occurrence, brain microRNA‐122 level was significantly decreased in SHRSP as compared to the stroke‐resistant SHR (SHRSR). At this time, levels of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as of endothelial integrity and function, apoptosis and necrosis were differently modulated in the brains of JD‐fed SHRSP as compared to SHRSR, pointing to a significant activation of all deleterious mechanisms underlying subsequent stroke development in SHRSP. We also showed that miR‐122 improved survival of rat endothelial cerebral cells upon stress stimuli (excess NaCl, hydrogen peroxide). Our data suggest that a decrease of brain microRNA‐122 level is deleterious and can be considered as an early marker of stroke in the SHRSP. Understanding the mechanisms by which microRNA‐122 protects vascular cells from stress stimuli may provide a useful approach to improve preventive and treatment strategies against stroke.
Optimization Plug Mode of External Fuel and Weapons for Less Changing Aircraft Center of Gravity
Authors: Zhou Zeyang , Huang Jun , Yi Mingxu , Zhong Guo
Published: June 2017

To achieve the minimum change of aircraft center of gravity, plug mode optimization was carried out. Plug mode, including weight and position of external fuel and weapon load, was selected as design mode. Numerical model for calculating aircraft center of gravity was established and used to generate mode samples. Random search algorithm (RSA) was designed and applied for solving the optimization plug mode, and the precise solution of plug mode was determined by full array method (FAM). Compared with typical plug mode, the optimization mode can reach a minimum change in aircraft center of gravity with fewer samples than the solution by FAM. RSA coupled with FAM is an effective scheme for the optimization of aircraft plug mode.
Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers for Congestive States: The Cardiorenal Divergence
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Kazory Amir
Published: June 2017

Congestion represents the primary reason for hospitalization of patients with heart failure and is associated with adverse outcomes. Fluid overload has been shown to be inadequately addressed in a significant subset of these patients in part due to lack of robust, reliable, and readily available biomarkers for objective assessment and monitoring of therapy. Natriuretic peptides have long been used in this setting, often in conjunction with other assessment tools such as imaging studies. Patients presenting with concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunction represent a unique population with regard to congestion in that the interactions between the heart and the kidney can affect the utility and performance of biomarkers of fluid overload. Herein, we provide an overview of the currently available evidence on the utility of natriuretic peptides in these patients and discuss the clinical conundrum associated with their use in the setting of renal dysfunction. We highlight the potential divergence in the role of natriuretic peptides for assessment of volume status in a subset of patients with renal dysfunction who receive renal replacement therapy and call for future research to elucidate the utility of the biomarkers in this setting.
From Blood to Lesioned Brain: An In Vitro Study on Migration Mechanisms of Human Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells
Authors: Girard Stéphane D. , Virard Isabelle , Lacassagne Emmanuelle , Paumier Jean-Michel , Lahlou Hanae , Jabes Françoise , Molino Yves , Stephan Delphine , Baranger Kevin , Belghazi Maya , Deveze Arnaud , Khrestchatisky Michel , Nivet Emmanuel , Roman François S. , Féron François
Published: June 2017

Stem cell-based therapies critically rely on selective cell migration toward pathological or injured areas. We previously demonstrated that human olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs), derived from an adult olfactory lamina propria, migrate specifically toward an injured mouse hippocampus after transplantation in the cerebrospinal fluid and promote functional recoveries. However, the mechanisms controlling their recruitment and homing remain elusive. Using an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and secretome analysis, we observed that OE-MSCs produce numerous proteins allowing them to cross the endothelial wall. Then, pan-genomic DNA microarrays identified signaling molecules that lesioned mouse hippocampus overexpressed. Among the most upregulated cytokines, both recombinant SPP1/osteopontin and CCL2/MCP-1 stimulate OE-MSC migration whereas only CCL2 exerts a chemotactic effect. Additionally, OE-MSCs express SPP1 receptors but not the CCL2 cognate receptor, suggesting a CCR2-independent pathway through other CCR receptors. These results confirm that OE-MSCs can be attracted by chemotactic cytokines overexpressed in inflamed areas and demonstrate that CCL2 is an important factor that could promote OE-MSC engraftment, suggesting improvement for future clinical trials.
Fracture Surface Fractal Characteristics of Alkali-Slag Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Authors: Cai Wantong , Cen Guoping , Wang Haifu
Published: June 2017

Fractal theory is introduced in fracture surface research of alkali-slag concrete (ASC) under freeze-thaw cycles; crack distribution of ASC fracture surface and freeze-thaw damage zone were calculated. Through fractal analysis of ASC sample fracture surfaces, relevance between section fractal dimension and fracture toughness and relationship between material composition and section fractal dimension are clarified. Results show that the specimen’s cracks before freeze-thaw extend along force direction gently, and there are more twists and turns after freezing and thawing; the fractal dimension D also grows from 1.10 to 1.33. SEM internal microcracks’ D of ASC internal microstructure after freezing and thawing is 1.37; 0 to 300 times ASC fractal dimension under freezing and thawing is between 2.10 and 2.23; with freeze-thaw times increasing, ASC fracture toughness decreases and fractal dimension increases, the fractal dimension and fracture toughness have a good linear relationship, and the fractal dimension can reflect the toughening effect of ASC. It is very feasible to evaluate ASC fracture behaviour under freezing and thawing with the fractal theory. Fractal dimension generally increases with activator solution-slag (A/S for short) or slag content. The greater the amount of A/S or slag content, the lower the dimension.
Apple Flavonoids Suppress Carcinogen‐Induced DNA Damage in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: George Vazhappilly Cijo , Rupasinghe H. P. Vasantha
Published: June 2017

Scope. Human neoplastic transformation due to DNA damage poses an increasing global healthcare concern. Maintaining genomic integrity is crucial for avoiding tumor initiation and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an apple flavonoid fraction (AF4) against various carcinogen‐induced toxicity in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and its mechanism of DNA damage response and repair processes. Methods and Results. AF4‐pretreated cells were exposed to nicotine‐derived nitrosamine ketones (NNK), NNK acetate (NNK‐Ae), methotrexate (MTX), and cisplatin to validate cytotoxicity, total reactive oxygen species, intracellular antioxidants, DNA fragmentation, and DNA tail damage. Furthermore, phosphorylated histone (γ‐H2AX) and proteins involved in DNA damage (ATM/ATR, Chk1, Chk2, and p53) and repair (DNA‐PKcs and Ku80) mechanisms were evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blotting, respectively. The results revealed that AF4‐pretreated cells showed lower cytotoxicity, total ROS generation, and DNA fragmentation along with consequent inhibition of DNA tail moment. An increased level of γ‐H2AX and DNA damage proteins was observed in carcinogen‐treated cells and that was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited in AF4‐pretreated cells, in an ATR‐dependent manner. AF4 pretreatment also facilitated the phosphorylation of DNA‐PKcs and thus initiation of repair mechanisms. Conclusion. Apple flavonoids can protect in vitro oxidative DNA damage and facilitate repair mechanisms.
All-Cause Mortality Risk in Australian Women with Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes
Authors: de Abreu Lelia L. F. , Holloway Kara L. , Mohebbi Mohammadreza , Sajjad Muhammad A. , Kotowicz Mark A. , Pasco Julie A.
Published: June 2017

Aims. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes are increasing in prevalence worldwide and lead to serious health problems. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between impaired fasting glucose or diabetes and mortality over a 10-year period in Australian women. Methods. This study included 1167 women (ages 20–94 yr) enrolled in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality in diabetes, IFG, and normoglycaemia were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results. Women with diabetes were older and had higher measures of adiposity, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides compared to the IFG and normoglycaemia groups (all p<0.001). Mortality rate was greater in women with diabetes compared to both the IFG and normoglycaemia groups (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3–2.7). Mortality was not different in women with IFG compared to those with normoglycaemia (HR 1.0; 95% CI 0.7–1.4). Conclusions. This study reports an association between diabetes and all-cause mortality. However, no association was detected between IFG and all-cause mortality. We also showed that mortality in Australian women with diabetes continues to be elevated and women with IFG are a valuable target for prevention of premature mortality associated with diabetes.
Adaptive Mesh Iteration Method for Trajectory Optimization Based on Hermite‐Pseudospectral Direct Transcription
Authors: Lei Humin , Liu Tao , Li Deng , Ye Jikun , Shao Lei
Published: June 2017

An adaptive mesh iteration method based on Hermite‐Pseudospectral is described for trajectory optimization. The method uses the Legendre‐Gauss‐Lobatto points as interpolation points; then the state equations are approximated by Hermite interpolating polynomials. The method allows for changes in both number of mesh points and the number of mesh intervals and produces significantly smaller mesh sizes with a higher accuracy tolerance solution. The derived relative error estimate is then used to trade the number of mesh points with the number of mesh intervals. The adaptive mesh iteration method is applied successfully to the examples of trajectory optimization of Maneuverable Reentry Research Vehicle, and the simulation experiment results show that the adaptive mesh iteration method has many advantages.
A Hybrid Location Privacy Solution for Mobile LBS
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Rao Udai Pratap
Published: June 2017

The prevalent usage of location based services, where getting any service is solely based on the user’s current location, has raised an extreme concern over location privacy of the user. Generalized approaches dealing with location privacy, referred to as cloaking and obfuscation, are mainly based on a trusted third party, in which all the data remain available at a central server and thus complete knowledge of the query exists at the central node. This is the major limitation of such approaches; on the other hand, in trusted third-party-free framework clients collaborate with each other and freely communicate with the service provider without any third-party involvement. Measuring and evaluating trust among peers is a crucial aspect in trusted third-party-free framework. This paper exploits the merits and mitigating the shortcomings of both of these approaches. We propose a hybrid solution, HYB, to achieve location privacy for the mobile users who use location services frequently. The proposed HYB scheme is based on the collaborative preprocessing of location data and utilizes the benefits of homomorphic encryption technique. Location privacy is achieved at two levels, namely, at the proximity level and at distant level. The proposed HYB solution preserves the user’s location privacy effectively under specific, pull-based, sporadic query scenario.
A Study of Rural Logistics Center Location Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Yingying , Li Yanfeng , Liu Sen , Yang Junai
Published: June 2017

In recent years, with the development of the rural e‐commerce, the importance of rural logistics has been widely recognized. The selection of rural logistics center is a crucial part in products circulation, because an unreasonable location of rural logistics can cause a circulation problem and product waste. In this paper, we propose a rural logistics center location model based on the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS. First, we integrate the information according to experts’ score based on the evaluation index system. Second, we use the entropy weight method to determine the weight of each evaluation index. Third, we rank the results by using the intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method. Finally, an illustrative example will be used to prove the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Rehabilitation of Nose following Chemical Burn Using CAD/CAM Made Substructure for Implant Retained Nasal Prosthesis: A Clinical Report
Authors: Chaturvedi Saurabh , Bhagat Tushar , Verma A. K. , Gurumurthy Vishwanath , Ali Mariyam , Vadhwani Preeti , Chaturvedi Mudita
Published: June 2017

Insufficient knowledge of medical chemicals and their improper use have destructive effects. Accidental exposure to chemicals on facial tissue may result in large facial defect. For ages the tradition of piercing nose is common but improper use of unknown chemical for piercing has deleterious effect. Mostly rhinectomy defects are acquired caused by trauma or malignant diseases. Prosthetic rehabilitation is the preferred treatment of choice for any large rhinectomy defects as medical and surgical interventions are ineffective in developing esthetics. Main concern with the prosthesis for such defects is retention. This article describes rehabilitation of a patient with large size nasal defect created by chemical burn in childhood during piercing. Implant retained customized silicone nasal prosthesis was fabricated using simple O-ring attachments and innovative modified polyamide acrylic resin substructure acting as skeleton.
Comparative Performance of Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Equations in the Malays: A Pilot Study in Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia
Authors: Jalalonmuhali Maisarah , Kok Peng Ng , Soo Kun Lim
Published: June 2017

Aim. To validate the accuracy of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations in Malay population attending our hospital in comparison with radiolabeled measured GFR.Methods. A cross-sectional study recruiting volunteered patients in the outpatient setting. Chromium EDTA (51Cr-EDTA) was used as measured GFR. The predictive capabilities of Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for body surface area (CGBSA), four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (4-MDRD), and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations were calculated.Results. A total of 51 subjects were recruited with mean measured GFR 42.04 (17.70–111.10) ml/min/1.73 m2. Estimated GFR based on CGBSA, 4-MDRD, and CKD-EPI were 40.47 (16.52–115.52), 35.90 (14.00–98.00), and 37.24 (14.00–121.00), respectively. Higher accuracy was noted in 4-MDRD equations throughout all GFR groups except for subgroup of GFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2where CGBSA was better.Conclusions. The 4-MDRD equation seems to perform better in estimating GFR in Malay CKD patients generally and specifically in the subgroup of GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2and both BMI subgroups.
NRF2 Plays a Critical Role in Both Self and EGCG Protection against Diabetic Testicular Damage
Authors: Pan Chenyu , Zhou Shengzhu , Wu Junduo , Liu Lingyun , Song Yanyan , Li Tie , Ha Lijuan , Liu Xiaona , Wang Fuchun , Tian Jingyan , Wu Hao
Published: June 2017

Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) has been found to ameliorate diabetic testicular damage (DTD) in rodents. However, it was unclear whether NRF2 is required for these approaches in DTD. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a potent activator of NRF2 and has shown beneficial effects on multiple diabetic complications. However, the effect of EGCG has not been studied in DTD. The present study aims to explore the role of NRF2 in both self and EGCG protection against DTD. Therefore, streptozotocin‐induced diabetic C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice were treated in the presence or absence of EGCG, for 24 weeks. The Nrf2 KO mice exhibited more significant diabetes‐induced loss in testicular weight and spermatozoa count, and increase in testicular apoptotic cell death, as compared with the WT mice. EGCG activated NRF2 expression and function, preserved testicular weight and spermatozoa count, and attenuated testicular apoptotic cell death, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and oxidative damage in the WT diabetic mice, but not the Nrf2 KO diabetic mice. The present study demonstrated for the first time that NRF2 plays a critical role in both self and EGCG protection against DTD.
Magnetic-Field-Enhanced Morphology of Tin Oxide Nanomaterials for Gas Sensing Applications
Authors: Briones Jonathan C. , Castillon Gwen , Delmo Michael P. , Santos Gil Nonato C.
Published: June 2017

We studied the effect of an external magnetic field (up to 0.31 T) on the growth of SnO2nanowires fabricated using the horizontal vapor phase growth (HPVG) technique. The morphology of the nanowires was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical composition was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. We found that the length of nanowires was significantly enhanced by the application of EMF. The aspect ratio, as well as the density of the fabricated nanowires, increased with increasing magnetic field intensity. Although the physics behind the morphology enhancement of the nanowires under magnetic field is still being investigated, nevertheless, we demonstrated that the magnetic field could be used as a key parameter to control the morphology of tin oxide nanomaterials grown via HPVG technique. The magnetically enhanced nanowires were used in the development of a gas sensor and were found to be sensitive to hydrogen sulfide gas and the headspace gas emitted by spoiling meat.