bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migmatization and intrusion of “S‐type” granites in the trans‐Himalayan Ladakh Magmatic Arc of north India and their bearing on Indo‐Eurasian collisional tectonics
Authors: Sen Koushik , Adlakha Vikas , Singhal Saurabh , Chaudhury Reetam
Published: July 2017

The Ladakh Magmatic Arc (LMA) of trans‐Himalaya was formed due to subduction of the Tethyan Ocean beneath the Eurasian continental plate. This was followed by the Indo‐Eurasian continental collision that gave rise to the Himalayan orogen. In this work, we present results from U–Pb geochronology of zircon of 2 samples from a previously unknown migmatite body within the LMA and one two‐mica granite body that lies adjacent to this migmatite and intrudes the LMA. One sample of mesosome from this migmatite gives a crystallization age of 66.9 ± 1.5 Ma (n = 11 zircon) along with a younger population of zircon (n = 24) giving an age of 62.1 ± 1.3 Ma. This sample also shows the presence of a younger cluster of zircon (n = 7) giving a concordant age of 50.0 ± 2.9 Ma. The other sample of one leucosome contains a cluster of inherited zircon (n = 5) giving a concordant age of 72.86 ± 0.83 Ma. However, the majority of the population (n = 10) gives a concordant crystallization age of 55.31 ± 1.5 Ma. Limited Hf isotopic analysis of the leucosome shows positive εHft values ranging from 7 to 15, comparable to that of the LMA. High and positive εHft values and absence of any Palaeozoic xenocrystic zircon help us infer that the Indian continental crust was not involved in the partial melting and leucosome generation process. Therefore, this event of migmatization predates Indo‐Eurasian collision. By comparing Th/U ratio versus age for both the mesosome and leucosome and their respective age spectra, we infer that this part of the LMA underwent pronounced partial melting between 55 and 60 Ma and generated leucosome till ~50 Ma. The two‐mica granite contains muscovite, indicating its crustal origin. It gives 2 closely spaced age spectra of 38.1 ± 1.1 Ma (n = 7) and 34.31 ± 0.48 Ma (n = 4). This two‐mica granite also contains xenocrysts of Palaeozoic ages. By integrating our studies with earlier works, we infer that this migmatization of the LMA indicates its collision with the Indian plate, prior to Indo‐Eurasian continental accretion, at 55–50 Ma. The two‐mica granite contains xenocrystic material from both the LMA and the Indian continental crust and indicates S‐type granite magmatism related to India–Eurasia continental collision at 35–40 Ma.
A Failure to Be Candid
Authors: McGuirl Jennifer
Published: July 2017

I was a second‐year neonatal‐perinatal fellow in a meeting between other members of the neonatal intensive care team and parents who had just received devastating news about their planned‐for and highly desired baby, born after what had been an uncomplicated pregnancy. At home, a little sister was waiting to meet her new brother. These conversations are never easy, but this one I found particularly disturbing. John had been born at term via emergency cesarean section after his mother, Muriel, had come for a routine obstetrical visit and reported decreased fetal movement. The obstetrician had detected a very slow fetal heart rate and sent Muriel to the hospital for emergent delivery. John was born floppy, with no respiratory effort. He was resuscitated, but a heart rate was not detected until fifteen minutes after birth. Not until several months later did I discover what had troubled me so much in this family meeting.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver with a hepatic arterial buffer response strongly associated with future metabolic disease
Authors: Hirooka Masashi , Koizumi Yohei , Miyake Teruki , Watanabe Takao , Yoshida Osamu , Tokumoto Yoshio , Yukimoto Atsushi , Nakamura Yoshiko , Imai Yusuke , Abe Masanori , Hiasa Yoichi
Published: July 2017

A change in hepatic blood flow caused by the hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR) occurs as fatty liver disease progress. The aim of this longitudinal cohort study was to investigate whether fatty liver with the HABR induces metabolic disorders. In 2009 and 2010, 494 (89.5%) participants were enrolled. The median follow‐up duration was 5.0 (interquartile range, 3.9‐6.0) years. The hazard ratios of fatty liver with the HABR for incident metabolic disorders were assessed by Cox proportional hazard models. A non–fatty liver group (non‐FL group, hepatorenal echo intensity ratio <1.12), a fatty liver without portal hypertension (FL group, hepatorenal echo intensity ratio ≥1.12 and ratio of the maximal blood velocity in the right hepatic artery to maximal blood velocity in the right portal vein <3.1) group, and a fatty liver with portal hypertension (FL‐HABR group, hepatorenal echo intensity ratio ≥1.12 and ratio of the maximal blood velocity in the right hepatic artery to maximal blood velocity in the right portal vein ≥3.1) group were defined based on echo intensity and Doppler ultrasonography. Fatty liver with and without the HABR was significantly associated with the incidence of diabetes on multivariate analysis (non‐FL versus FL group, hazard ratio, 3.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.05‐12.85; FL versus FL with the HABR group, HR, 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.28‐6.04). With respect to the incidence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, only FL with the HABR was a significant factor (hypertension, non‐FL versus FL, P = 0.874, FL versus FL‐HABR, P = 0.016, non‐FL versus FL‐HABR, P = 0.023; dyslipidemia, non‐FL versus FL, P = 0.311, FL versus FL‐HABR, P = 0.194, non‐FL versus FL‐HABR, P = 0.038). Conclusion: Fatty liver with the HABR is a high‐risk condition for metabolic diseases. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:623–633)
CHARMM force field and molecular dynamics simulations of protonated polyethylenimine
Authors: Beu Titus Adrian , Farcaş Alexandra
Published: July 2017

As a gene delivery vector, polyethylenimine (PEI) shows one of the highest transfection efficiencies, while effectively protecting DNA from enzyme degradation. The distinctive charge pattern of protonated PEI is widely considered responsible for fundamental process such as DNA condensation into PEI/DNA polyplexes (which are able to enter cells via endocytosis), proton sponge effect (which triggers the release of polyplexes from endosome), and release of DNA from polyplexes (to be further processed inside the nucleus). Our investigations are largely motivated by the crucial need for a realistic molecular mechanics force field (FF) for PEI, and, accordingly, we focus on two major issues: (1) development of a new atomistic (CHARMM) FF for PEI in different protonation states, rigorously derived from high‐quality ab initio calculations performed on model polymers, and (2) molecular dynamics investigations of solvated PEI, providing a detailed picture of the dynamic structuring thereof in dependence on their size and protonation state. The modeled PEI chains are essentially described in terms of gyration radius, end‐to‐end distance, persistence length, radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, and diffusion coefficients. They turn out to be more rigid than in other computational studies and we find diffusion coefficients in fair agreement with experimental data. The developed atomistic FF proves adequate for the realistic modeling of the size and protonation behavior of linear PEI, either as individual chains or composing polyplexes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Japanese citizens' attitude toward end‐of‐life care and advance directives: A qualitative study for members of medical cooperatives
Authors: Hirayama Yoko , Otani Takashi , Matsushima Masato
Published: July 2017

Background

Japanese citizens are interested in choosing their own end‐of‐life care, but few have created their own advance directive. This study examined changes among Japanese citizens' attitudes toward end‐of‐life care and advance directives and explored factors that affected these attitudes.

Methods

We conducted five focus groups with 48 participants in 2009 and 2010. All participants were members of health cooperatives in Tokyo.

Results

We identified many barriers and reasons for creating and writing down advance directives. Experience caring for dying people and having a serious disease affected attitudes toward advance directives. Some participants changed their attitude toward end‐of‐life care by writing their own advance directive.

Conclusions

When someone is writing advance directives, asking about his/her past experience of caring may be helpful. And learning about or filling out advance directives may help to break down resistance to using these documents.
Model‐order nonlinear subspace reduction of electric machines by means of POD and DEI methods for copper losses calculation
Authors: Al Eit M. , Bouillault F. , Marchand C. , Krebs G.
Published: July 2017

The simulation of electric machines in order to calculate the copper losses is about a time‐dependent electromagnetic problem. When the finite element method associated with a time stepping scheme is used to solve the problem, the solution is strongly linked to initial conditions, among which the most important is the solution at the initial time. Because it is practically chosen as an arbitrary solution, several time‐consuming electrical excitation periods must be simulated therefore to reach finally the steady‐state conditions. The copper losses can be calculated now without any transient components that can affect the credibility of the copper losses amount. This article suggests a model‐order reduction method that benefits from the complete model finite element solution of the first transient electrical period, to calculate the reduced model solution in the subsequent periods using the proper orthogonal decomposition approach combined with the discrete empirical interpolation method. Nevertheless, in case of relatively high frequency excitation, the full reduction of the problem leads to significant imprecision in the amount of copper losses. To improve the accuracy, therefore, a nonlinear subspace model‐order reduction is adopted. It ensures concurrently higher precision and a reduced computational time.
Nonadiabatic decay dynamics of phthalide from the light‐absorbing S3(ππ*) state‐resonance Raman spectroscopy and CASSCF study
Authors: Wu Liuxia , Ouyang Bing , Zhao Yanying , Xue Jiadan , Zheng Xuming , Xie Binbin , Fang Weihai
Published: July 2017

Conical intersection or curve‐crossing is well known to be an efficient dynamic funnel for nonadiabatic transition between two different potential energy surfaces in chemical dynamics. Tremendous efforts have been made in the direct experimental probing of conical intersection. However, the direct following‐up of the dynamic process initiated from the Franck–Condon (FC) region toward a curve‐crossing point is still challenging. With the aid of complete active space self‐consistent field calculations, the resonance Raman spectroscopy has been applied to face challenges. Herein, the nonadiabatic decay dynamics of phthalide initiated from the light‐absorbing S3(ππ*) state were studied. The UV and vibrational spectra were assigned with the aid of the density functional theory calculations and normal‐mode analysis. The minima of the six lowest electronic excited states (S1, S2, S3, T1, T2, and T3) and the corresponding minimum‐energy intersections were fully optimized at the complete active space self‐consistent field level. The B‐band resonance Raman spectra in acetonitrile were simulated by using the time‐dependent wave‐packet theory in a simple model to obtain the dimensionless normal‐mode displacements, and the results were compared with the relative changes of the geometric structural parameters between the curve‐crossing points and S0 so as to help determine the decay channels initiated from the FC region. Two nonadiabatic decay channels were discovered, and that one of these had not been previously observed. The results provided general insights into the ultrafast decay dynamics initiated from the FC region of the light‐absorbing excited state to the nearby conical intersection or curve‐crossing points for organic molecules in solution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of Raman spectroscopy to djerfisherite identification
Authors: Golovin Alexander V. , Goryainov Sergey V. , Kokh Svetlana N. , Sharygin Igor S. , Rashchenko Sergey V. , Kokh Konstantin A. , Sokol Ella V. , Devyatiyarova Anna S.
Published: July 2017

Raman spectra were acquired from the synthetic cubic K6Fe25S26Cl phase (55.3 wt% Fe) and ten natural djerfisherites K6(Fe,Cu,Ni)25S26Cl with various contents of Fe (from 15.5 to 22.6 atoms per formula unit (apfu)) and Ni + Cu + Co (from 1.4 to 9.0 apfu). The natural samples came from rocks of the Udachnaya, Obnazhennaya and Vtorogodnitsa kimberlite pipes and high‐grade contact marbles near Kochumdek River (Siberian craton, Russia). Diagnostic features of both synthetic and natural djerfisherite Raman spectra can be summarized as follows: the presence of two strong bands at 264–273 and 321–344 cm−1 and from two to five medium/weak bands in the region from 90 to 190 cm−1. Raman spectra of Fe‐rich ((Ni + Cu + Co) < 2.4 apfu) djerfisherite have up to nine bands, whereas the number of Raman bands in spectra of djerfisherite with high impurity concentration ((Ni + Cu + Co) = 8.7–9 apfu) reduces to four. The Raman spectra of djerfisherite enriched in impurities ((Ni + Cu + Co) = 5–9 apfu) are also characterized by broadening and asymmetry of bands in comparison with Ni + Cu + Co‐poor djerfisherite. Experimental Raman spectra of synthetic and natural djerfisherites show good agreement with theoretical spectra calculated using lattice‐dynamical software. The group of bands in the range 90–190 cm−1 is associated with the S–Fe–S bending vibrations in FeS4 tetrahedra and FeS6 octahedra. The band group in the range of 260–350 cm−1 is due to the Fe–S stretching vibrations in both polyhedra. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction of strontium from water samples using 4′,4″(5″)‐di‐(tert‐butylcyclohexano)‐18‐crown‐6 and tetraphenylborate
Authors: Wang Chin‐Yi , Chang Da‐An , Shen Yuzhou , Sun Yuh‐Chang , Wu Chien‐Hou
Published: July 2017

A vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed for the chromatographic determination of strontium in aqueous samples. In the method, strontium was complexed with 4′,4″(5″)‐di‐(tert‐butylcyclohexano)‐18‐crown‐6 in the presence of tetraphenylborate as the counter anion, which increased the hydrophobicity of the ion‐association complex, resulting in its improved extraction into 1‐octanol. Strontium from the organic phase was stripped with nitric acid back to aqueous solution and determined by ion chromatography. The optimum microextraction conditions were as follows: 2.0 mL aqueous samples with 3 mM tetraphenylborate; 150 μL of 1‐octanol as the extractant phase with 10 mM DtBuCH18C6; vortex extraction time for 10 s; centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 4 min; stripping by 0.1 M nitric acid. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for strontium was 0.005 mg/L. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the range between 0.01 and 2.5 mg/L. Intra‐ and interday precisions of the present method were satisfactory with relative standard deviations of 1.7 and 2.1%, respectively.
Simultaneous detection of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in cabbage leaves by capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Jinfa , Fu Fengfu , Wu Siying , Wang Jing , Wang Zongwen
Published: July 2017

We report a simple and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of trace zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate by capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate were chelated with trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid to form a macromolecule complex. Then, these two compounds were separated by α‐cyclodextrin‐modified capillary electrophoresis within 12 min at a separation voltage of 15 kV and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The developed method is sensitive with detection limit of 1.9 and 3.0 ng Zn/mL for zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, respectively. By means of ultrasound‐assisted extraction methods, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate spiked into cabbage leaves were successfully extracted and determined with a relative standard deviation (n = 5) ≤ 6% and a recovery of 95–107%.
Quantitative studies of rhubarb using quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker and response surface methodology
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Wu Yueting , Dong Shengjie , Li Xia , Gao Wenyuan
Published: July 2017

In this work, we developed a novel approach to evaluate the contents of bioactive components in rhubarb. The present method was based on the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and response surface methodology approaches. The quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection was developed and applied to determine the contents of 12 bioactive components in rhubarb. No significant differences were found in the results from the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and the external standard method. In order to maximize the extraction of 12 bioactive compounds in rhubarb, the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction conditions were obtained by the response surface methodology coupled with Box–Behnken design. According to the obtained results, we showed that the optimal conditions would be as follows: proportion of ethanol/water 74.39%, solvent‐to‐solid ratio 24.07:1 v/w, extraction time 51.13 min, and extraction temperature 63.61°C. The analytical scheme established in this research should be a reliable, convenient, and appropriate method for quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in rhubarb.
Combined resistance and endurance training at a moderate‐to‐high intensity improves physical condition and quality of life in liver transplant patients
Authors: Moya‐Nájera Diego , Moya‐Herraiz Ángel , Compte‐Torrero Luis , Hervás David , Borreani Sebastien , Calatayud Joaquin , Berenguer Marina , Colado Juan C.
Published: July 2017

Although currently moderate and high intensity concurrent physical exercise is prescribed in populations with special needs due to its greater effect on physical condition and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), there are no data in the liver transplantation (LT) setting. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in maximal strength, aerobic capacity, body composition, liver function, and HRQOL in LT patients after a moderate‐to‐high intensity combined resistance‐endurance training. Six months after LT, 54 patients were randomized into 2 groups: intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). A total of 50 patients completed the study with repeat testing at 6 and 12 months after LT. The IG completed a 6‐month exercise training program, consisting of exercising 2 days for 24 weeks in the hospital facilities, whereas the CG followed usual care recommendations. Patients completed a 5‐multijoint exercise circuit with elastic bands involving the major muscle groups. The effects of the concurrent training program on maximal oxygen consumption, overall and regional maximal strength, body composition, liver function, and HRQOL were analyzed. The IG showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in outcome measurements compared with the CG in aerobic capacity, hip extension, elbow flexion, overall maximal strength, physical functioning, and vitality of HRQOL, whereas no changes were observed in body composition and liver function tests. In conclusion, this is the first study that combines supervised resistance and aerobic training performed at moderate‐to‐high intensity in LT recipients. It results in significant improvements in aerobic capacity, maximal strength, and HRQOL. Liver Transplantation 23 1273–1281 2017 AASLD.
Photoresponsive Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films Fabricated by Electrochemical Deposition for Controlled Release
Authors: Zhao Ruiyang , Han Jishu , Huang Mei , Liu Fusheng , Wang Lei , Ma Yuguang
Published: July 2017

Stable controlled release system, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with stimuli‐responsive properties can be ideal structures because their 3D microporous matrix structure and possible stimulated response provide inherent switchable acceptor sites to capture and release guest molecules. Herein, the in situ electrochemical deposition of precursors (DTCzAzo) is utilized to construct highly crosslinked photoresponsive CMP films, which can reversibly undergo the trans‐to‐cis isomerization alternately with irradiation by 355 and 480 nm laser beams. The size of pores in CMP films changes tremendously during the process of trans–cis photoisomerization, to controllably capture, conserve, and release the guest molecules.
The One‐Pot Directed Assembly of Cylinder‐Forming Block Copolymer on Adjacent Chemical Patterns for Bimodal Patterning
Authors: Chang Tzu‐Hsuan , Xiong Shisheng , Liu Chi‐Chun , Liu Dong , Nealey Paul F. , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: July 2017

The direct self‐assembly of cylinder‐forming poly(styrene‐block‐methyl‐methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PMMA) block copolymer is successfully assembled into two orientations, according to the underlying guiding pattern in different areas. Lying‐down and perpendicular cylinders are formed, respectively, depending on the design of chemical pattern: sparse line/space pattern or hexagonal dot array. The first chemical pattern composed of prepatterned cross‐linked polystyrene (XPS) line/space structure has a period (LS) equal to twice the intercylinder period of the block copolymer (L0). The PS‐b‐PMMA thin film on the prepared chemical template after thermal annealing forms a lying‐down cylinder morphology when the width of the PS strips is less than the width of PS block in the PS‐b‐PMMA block copolymer. The morphology is only applicable at the discrete thickness of the PS‐b‐PMMA film. In addition to forming the lying‐down cylinders directly on the XPS guiding pattern, the cylinder‐forming block copolymer can also be assembled in a perpendicular way on the second guiding pattern (the hexagonal dot array). The block copolymer films are registered into two orientations in a single directed self‐assembly process. The features of the assembled patterns are successfully transferred down to the silicon oxide substrate.
Top‐cross‐loop improving the performance of the UWB planar monopole antennas
Authors: Zhang Daisong , Rahmat‐Samii Yahya
Published: July 2017

A novel topology of top‐cross‐loop (TCL) is proposed for the CPW‐fed ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna. It increases the bandwidth of the planar monopole antennas and keeps their good radiation characteristics. Both those properties are required by UWB devices. The topology is convenient for the mass production because it is single‐layer and easy to fabricate. A prototype of the UWB antenna with TCL is designed, fabricated and measured to confirm the advantages of the novel topology. It covers the bandwidth of 91%, a 1.71 GHz increase from the monopole antenna of the same size without TCL. Additionally, the omnidirectional radiation pattern and the low cross‐polarization in the azimuth plane throughout the bandwidth are also achieved. The detailed parametric studies have been performed to characterize the effects of various parameters for optimal performance of the antenna with the TCL topology. A quantitative method—system fidelity factor (SFF)—is utilized to characterize the time domain performance of the antenna. The fabricated monopole with the TCL achieved an SFF of over 0.65 in the measurement and showed low dispersive characteristics in the time domain analysis. Miniaturization of the proposed antenna further reduces the overall size by 27%.
Wideband circularly polarized cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for X‐band applications
Authors: Dash Sounik Kiran Kumar , Khan Taimoor , Kanaujia Binod Kumar
Published: July 2017

This letter presents a circularly polarized cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with wide band characteristics. The circular polarization (CP) is actualized by placing a set of symmetric tapered sheets on either side of the feed line, which is quite first time in DRA. The measured results shows 4.0% axial‐ratio (AR) bandwidth for AR < 3 dB, while operating over S11 < −10 dB bandwidth of 16.77% (7.1–8.4) GHz with a peak gain of 5.92 dBi. This proposed low profile compact DRA can be a favorable candidate for X‐band applications.
SRR loaded periwinkle flower shaped fractal antenna for multiband applications
Authors: Elavarasi C. , Shanmuganantham T.
Published: July 2017

The split ring resonator (SRR) loaded periwinkle flower (PWF) shaped fractal antenna for multiband applications are presented. The CPW‐Fed antenna consists of SRR, which is fixed on the back side of the FR4 and periwinkle petals which are etched on top of the FR4 i.e., on the circular patch. The periwinkle flower‐shaped irregular fractal patch is erected on the substrate whose dimensions are Ws × Ls × h mm3 and the ground is also modified (MG) to achieve multiple frequency bands covering 3.476 GHz at S‐band, 4.844 GHz at C‐band, 8.3 GHz also 10.28 GHz at X‐band, 17.76 GHz and at Ku‐band. Parametric analysis and measured antenna device results are also presented.
Planar slot antenna with circular and vertical polarization diversity
Authors: Lawrence Nicholas P. , Fumeaux Christophe , Abbott Derek
Published: July 2017

This article proposes an easily manufacturable multifunction two‐port planar slot antenna, radiating omnidirectional linearly polarized and broadside circularly polarized radiation patterns through a common slot in an overlapping frequency bandwidth at 5.9 GHz of 2.56%, with inter‐port coupling below −45 dB.
L‐band horn antenna radiation enhancement for GPR applications by loading a wire medium
Authors: Abdelgwad Ahmad H. , Said Tarek M.
Published: July 2017

An L‐band horn antenna with modified radiation pattern is customized for ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications. The conventional horn antenna is loaded by a metallic wire medium to enhance the antenna radiation pattern, directivity and gain with reduction of the side‐lobes level. These properties are strongly desirable for GPR applications.
Compact leaky wave antenna using ferroelectric materials
Authors: Jeon H. M. , Ji Z. , Zhuang Y.
Published: July 2017

In this work, we present a leaky wave antenna with an enhanced angular scan rate (ASR) using high permittivity materials. The proto‐type leaky wave antenna consists of a copper‐made rectangular waveguide filled with lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The effective permittivity of the rectangular waveguide is tuned by varying the thickness of the PZT. The antenna showed an ASR of 265°/GHz between 2.4 GHz and 2.6 GHz as the effective permittivity is 337, and an ASR 636°/GHz between 2.12 GHz and 2.23 GHz as the effective permittivity is increased to 813.
Suspended individual SWCNT characterization via bottom gate FET configuration
Authors: Tuo Mingguang , Wang Lu , Amer Moh R. , Yu Xiaoju , Cronin Stephen B. , Xin Hao
Published: July 2017

The microwave transmission properties of suspended, quasi‐metallic individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a bottom gate field‐effect transistor (FET) configuration have been investigated up to 10 GHz by standard two‐port S‐parameter measurements under different gate bias voltages. A tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission‐line test fixture is designed to overcome the parasitic and mismatch issues. An open‐through de‐embedding algorithm has been applied to extract the intrinsic properties of SWCNTs. And an equivalent circuit model has been proposed to fit the extracted measurement data as a function of the bottom gate bias voltage, facilitating the applications of CNTs into high‐frequency nanocircuits. Moreover, the properties of our transistor device are found to change after a period of time.
Optimal phase threshold for D‐band vector millimeter‐wave system with frequency sextupled
Authors: Han Xifeng , Yu Jianjun
Published: July 2017

Optical radio‐frequency vector signal generated by optical carrier suppression in one single‐electrode modulator can realize frequency sextupled that has the advantage of low cost and simple architecture. However, in the transmitter side, pre‐coding of phase or amplitude is necessary in order to match the phase or amplitude of the recovered quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal. After square‐law detection at photodiode, the detected QAM signals usually have one non‐uniform phase distribution because the characteristics of the optical and electrical devices are not perfect. In order to reduce the bit error rate, we propose to use optimal threshold of error decision for nonuniform phase distribution. Using this scheme, The receiver sensitivity, at the hard‐decision forward‐error‐correction threshold, 3.8 × 10−3, is improved by 3 dB for 4 Gbaud (8 Gbit/s) quadrature‐phase‐shift‐keying millimeter wave signal at 144 GHz.
A novel compact bandstop filter with interdigital and spiral structure
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yu , Yang Wang , Yoon Ki‐Cheol , Lee Jong‐Chul
Published: July 2017

A compact bandstop filter (BSF) based on frequency‐selecting coupling structure (FSCS) is presented. Quarter‐wavelength FSCS with an open‐circuited resonator is used to implement a BSF. Spiral and interdigital structures are finely designed to realize a further miniaturization. The performance of this filter is evaluated in both simulations and measurements. The operating frequency is 4.3 GHz with an insertion loss (IL) below 15.2 dB and a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 94.2%. The stopband frequency contains 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, which can be widely used in Wi‐Fi and other applications. There is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results. The size of the proposed filter is 4.6 × 8.79 mm2.
Two‐dimensional spectrum detection based on the imperfect virtually imaged phased array
Authors: Tan Zhongwei , Li Hongmei , Ding Zhichao , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2017

Virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) is typically consists of a thin plate of glass coated with high reflection film coated on both sides. The effects of plate defects on virtually imaged phased array are investigated in this article. We mainly analyze the parallelism and surface roughness of the glass plate by simulation. A 2D disperser is established by a virtually imaged phased array and a diffraction grating. Results show that the degree of plate parallelism will affect the spot size of the beam output, wavelength of the maximum power and 3‐dB bandwidth, and the surface roughness will lead to scattering and loss. The simulation results are validated by experiment.
The Nonprofit Capacities Instrument
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R. , Pilny Andrew , Pena‐y‐lillo Macarena
Published: July 2017

Nonprofits are guided by internal efforts and external mandates to build capacity. However, scholars and grant makers are hampered by varied definitions of the concept, competing but untested models, and the lack of a reliable and valid measure. This research defines nonprofit capacity as the processes, practices, and people that the organization has at its disposal that enable it to produce, perform, or deploy resources to achieve its mission. An inductive‐confirmatory two‐study approach introduces and validates the Nonprofit Capacities Instrument, a 45‐item measure of eight nonprofit capacities derived from existing instruments. The capacities are (1) financial management, (2) adaptive capacity, (3) strategic planning, (4) external communication, (5) board leadership, (6) operational capacity, (7) mission orientation, and (8) staff management. Intriguingly, this research demonstrates that nonprofit capacity is not a singular or second‐order concept, but better described in its plural form, nonprofit capacities.
Novel activating BRAF fusion identifies a recurrent alternative mechanism for ERK activation in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Zarnegar Sara , Durham Benjamin H. , Khattar Pallavi , Shukla Neerav N. , Benayed Ryma , Lacouture Mario E. , Lavi Ehud , Lyden David C. , Diamond Eli L. , Dunkel Ira J. , Abdel‐Wahab Omar
Published: July 2017

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm characterized by constitutive activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). Genomic characterization has identified activating point mutations including mutually exclusive BRAFV600E and activating MAP2K1 mutations to be responsible for ERK activation in a majority of pediatric LCH patients. Here, we report the discovery of a novel BRAF kinase fusion, PACSIN2‐BRAF, in a child with multisystem LCH. This is the second reported case of an activating BRAF kinase fusion and indicates a recurrent pathologic mechanism. Genomic evaluation for activating kinase fusions should be strongly considered in pediatric LCH patients lacking more common mutations.
The relationship between coping style and psychological distress in people with head and neck cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Morris Nicolle , Moghaddam Nima , Tickle Anna , Biswas Sanchia
Published: July 2017

Objective

Individuals diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC) are at elevated risk of psychological distress and reduced quality of life. This review aimed to systematically examine and critically assess the quality of empirical evidence for associations between coping mechanisms and psychological distress among people with HNC.

Methods

CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched. Studies were included if they used reliable and valid measures to investigate the relationship between coping style and psychological distress. Study quality was assessed according to pre‐set criteria.

Results

Twelve studies (8 cross‐sectional and 4 longitudinal designs) involving 1281 patients were reviewed. There was considerable heterogeneity in study samples and coping measures. Moderate‐to‐large associations between disengagement coping mechanisms (eg, avoidance) and psychological distress were observed. Engagement coping strategies (eg, direct action) were not consistently associated with psychological distress.

Conclusions

Several studies observed a significant relationship between coping styles aimed at disengaging and distancing from cancer and increased psychological distress in people with HNC. To understand directionality of these associations and develop understanding of temporal features of the relationship between coping styles and distress, longitudinal designs could be used. This would enable evidence‐based recommendations regarding psychological interventions (eg, encouraging helpful coping strategies) for individuals along their HNC care pathway.
Study of Electrical Transport of Ag2O – CdO – MoO3 Glass‐Nanocomposite‐Semiconductor
Authors: Kundu Ranadip , Roy Debasish , Bhattacharya Sanjib
Published: July 2017

Two series of semiconducting glass‐nanocomposites xAg2O – (1‐x) (0.1CdO – 0.9 MoO3) and 0.3 Ag2O – 0.7 (yCdO – (1‐y) MoO3) is prepared by melt‐quenching route. The formation of Ag2MoO4, Ag2Mo2O7 and Ag6Mo10O33 nanocrystallites and CdO nanoparticles in glass‐nanocomposites is confirmed by the study of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission‐ scanning electron microscopic (FE‐SEM). The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra are being taken to find out stretching vibrations of monomeric tetrahedral orthomolybdate ion MoO42− as well as stretching vibrations of Mo2O72 – ions. Micro‐hardness of the as‐prepared samples is found to increase with load and shows a maximum for a particular load for different methods (Vicker's and Knoop's) and different compositions. The dc conductivity is described based on the polaron hopping approach to a wide temperature range. The variable range hopping Mott's (Greave's) model is employed to analyze the conductivity data at low (high) temperatures. The frequency exponent data show that ac conductivity is consistent with overlapping large polaron‐tunnelling (OLPT) model at all temperature.
Facile and Rapid Visualization of Colorless Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A by Interfacial Charge‐Transfer Transitions with TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Fujisawa Jun‐ichi , Matsumura Shingo , Hanaya Minoru
Published: July 2017

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen‐mimicking endocrine disruptor, which has been widely used in the production of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Because BPA is a colorless material owing to the wide HOMO‐LUMO gap of ca. 4.3 eV, we cannot discern toxic BPA dissolved in solution with eyes. Here, we report a facile and rapid method for visible‐light sensing of BPA with TiO2 nanoparticles. The chemical adsorption of BPA on anatase TiO2 nanoparticles via the two phenol groups induces interfacial charge‐transfer (ICT) transitions from BPA to TiO2 in the visible region. The ICT transitions give rise to visible‐light absorption up to ca. 600 nm, allowing visible‐light sensing of BPA. This method is also applicable to other phenol‐containing endocrine disruptors. More generally, to our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration for visible‐light sensing of colorless toxic organic compounds based on ICT transitions.
Synergy of Nyquist and Bode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Studies to Assess the Effect of Morphology on the Electrochemical Properties of Li‐Ni‐Mn‐Al‐O Materials
Authors: Lin Hongxu , Liang Chenghao , Liu Chaojun , Dai Changsong , Xiong Yueping
Published: July 2017

The agglomerated and sheet Li1.2Ni0.3Mn0.6Al0.1O2.2 materials were synthesized by hydrothermal method (HT‐NMA) and sol‐gel method (SG‐NMA) respectively. Compared with sheet particles, agglomerated particles had better mutual contact. The specific surface area calculated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was 8.92 m2/g for HT‐NMA and 5.90 m2/g for SG‐NMA. Larger specific surface area achieved better connections between cathode material and conductive agent. Better electron transitivity contributed to better electrochemical performance of HT‐NMA, at the potential range of 2.0 V–4.8 V, the retention of capacity was 86 % at the current density of 20 mA/g after 31 cycles and the discharge capacity was 108mAh/g at the current density of 1000 mA/g. Both Nyquist and Bode plots were used to deeply investigate the reason for better performance of HT‐NMA, the results showed that agglomerated particles had better electron migration capacity both before and after cycle.
Highly Resolved Morphology of Room‐Temperature Columnar Liquid Crystals Derived from Triphenylene and Multialkynylbenzene Using Reconstructed Electron Density Maps
Authors: Gupta Santosh Prasad , Gupta Monika , Pal Santanu Kumar
Published: July 2017

This paper demonstrates highly resolved structure of the self‐assembly of dyad and triads constituted from triphenylene (T) and multialkynylbenzene (M) units linked via flexible alkyl spacers (n). Resolved structures of these systems are based on reconstructed electron density maps derived from X‐ray diffraction patterns. T‐M compound (dyad) exhibits columnar hexagonal (Colh) phase which is explained by its columnar layered structure. In contrast, T‐M‐T compounds (triads) with spacer lengths of n = 8 and 10 exhibited columnar oblique (Colob) mesophase whereas, the one with shortest spacer length, i. e., n = 6, showed a columnar oblique plastic (Colobp) phase. We also found that molecules are interdigitated within themselves for compounds having longer spacer lengths (n = 8 and 10). However, a side by side packing is observed for the compound with shortest alkyl spacer (n = 6).
Supramolecular Inclusion‐Assisted Disruption of Probe‐Solvent Network
Authors: Das Sinjan , Chattopadhyay Nitin
Published: July 2017

The present communication reports the disruption of probe‐solvent cluster formed by an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) prone molecular system and solvent water molecules because of the confinement of the probe within the cyclodextrin nano‐cavity. The disruption results in a decrease in the fluorescence anisotropy of the probe compared to its value in the aqueous medium. This is absolutely contrasting to the normal increasing trend for the fluorescence anisotropies of other fluorophores in similar constrained environments. This work substantiates the formation of probe‐solvent cluster in protic solvent and establishes the commanding role of hydrogen bonding in the solvation of the ESIPT probes.
One Dimensional Silver‐based Nanomaterials: Preparations and Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Zhao Qunxing , Zhao Mingming , Qiu Jiaqing , Lai Wen‐Yong , Pang Huan , Huang Wei
Published: July 2017

One dimensional (1D) silver‐based nanomaterials have a great potential in various fields because of their high specific surface area, high electric conductivity, optoelectronic properties, mechanical flexibility and high electro‐catalytic efficiency. In this Review, the preparations of 1D silver‐based nanomaterials is classified by structure composed of simple silver nanowires/rods/belts/tubes, core‐shells, and hybrids. The latest applications based on 1D silver nanomaterials and their composite materials are summarized systematically including electrochemical capacitors, lithium‐ion/lithium‐oxygen batteries, electrochemical sensors and electrochemical catalysis. The preparation process, tailored material properties and electrochemical applications are discussed.
Photoacoustic‐Guided Surgery with Indocyanine Green‐Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters
Authors: Thawani Jayesh P. , Amirshaghaghi Ahmad , Yan Lesan , Stein Joel M. , Liu Jessica , Tsourkas Andrew
Published: July 2017

A common cause of local tumor recurrence in brain tumor surgery results from incomplete surgical resection. Adjunctive technologies meant to facilitate gross total resection have had limited efficacy to date. Contrast agents used to delineate tumors preoperatively cannot be easily or accurately used in the real‐time operative setting. Although multimodal imaging contrast agents are developed to help the surgeon discern tumor from normal tissue in the operating room, these contrast agents are not readily translatable. This study has developed a novel contrast agent comprised solely of two Food and Drug Administration approved components, indocyanine green (ICG) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles—with no additional amphiphiles or carrier materials, to enable preoperative detection by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and intraoperative photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The encapsulation efficiency of both ICG and SPIO within the formulated clusters is ≈100%, and the total ICG payload is 20–30% of the total weight (ICG + SPIO). The ICG–SPIO clusters are stable in physiologic conditions; can be taken up within tumors by enhanced permeability and retention; and are detectable by MR. In a preclinical surgical resection model in mice, following injection of ICG–SPIO clusters, animals undergoing PA‐guided surgery demonstrate increased progression‐free survival compared to animals undergoing microscopic surgery.
Glycaemic index of wheat bread
Authors: Borczak Barbara , Sikora Marek , Sikora Elżbieta , Dobosz Anna , Kapusta‐Duch Joanna
Published: July 2017

Here, the concept and critical reviews concerning the glycaemic index are presented and the influence on human health with regard to the diets of various glycaemic indices are thoroughly reviewed. It is stated that wheat bread is regarded as high glycaemic index food, with some solutions having been proposed in order to reduce this indicator in three research areas: (i) the raw materials, (ii) the milling process, and (iii) bread‐making along with the post‐baking processes. Regarding the use of raw materials, future trends in bakery production might include the application of some plants that are rich in antioxidants, along with some selected, edible by‐products. Jet milling – with high air pressure – was proposed as a modification of the traditional method. With regard to bread‐making, together with the post‐baking process, it has been proposed that the kneading time should be reduced, along with extended fermentation, sourdough fermentation, reduced yeast quantity, decreasing bread volume, post‐baking processes with the application of freezing and frozen storage before final baking, and a combination of sourdough or dietary fibre with the freezing and frozen storage before final baking. Growing consumer demands have led to the search for more innovative ingredients. In this context, further studies on the impact of newly designed breads on the glycaemic index are required.
Gesticulating science: Emergent bilingual students’ use of gestures
Authors: Ünsal Zeynep , Jakobson Britt , Wickman Per‐Olof , Molander Bengt‐Olov
Published: July 2017

This article examines how emergent bilingual students used gestures in science class, and the consequences of students’ gestures when their language repertoire limited their possibilities to express themselves. The study derived from observations in two science classes in Sweden. In the first class, 3rd grade students (9–10 years old) were involved in a unit concerning electricity. The second class consisted of 7th‐grade students (13–14 years old) working with acids and bases. Data were analyzed by using practical epistemological analysis (PEA). When students’ language proficiency limited their possibility to express themselves, using gestures resulted in the continuation of the science activities. Furthermore, both peers and teachers drew on the used gestures to talk about the science content. In some situations, the meaning of the gestures needed to be negotiated. Regardless, the gestures were always related to language. Both students and teachers participated in this process, but the teachers directed the communication toward the goal of the lessons: learning how to talk science. The study contributes to the field by showing the importance of paying attention to and valuing bilingual students’ use of gestures as a way to express scientific knowledge. In addition, it demonstrates how teachers might draw on students’ gestures to teach science and discusses the importance of creating multimodal learning environments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 55: 121–144, 2018
The Demography of Mental Health Among Mature Adults in a Low-Income, High-HIV-Prevalence Context
Authors: Kohler Iliana V. , Payne Collin F. , Bandawe Chiwoza , Kohler Hans-Peter
Published: July 2017

Very few studies have investigated mental health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using data from Malawi, this article provides a first picture of the demography of depression and anxiety (DA) among mature adults (aged 45 or older) in a low-income country with high HIV prevalence. DA are more frequent among women than men, and individuals affected by one are often affected by the other. DA are associated with adverse outcomes, such as poorer nutrition intake and reduced work efforts. DA also increase substantially with age, and mature adults can expect to spend a substantial fraction of their remaining lifetime—for instance, 52 % for a 55-year-old woman—affected by DA. The positive age gradients of DA are not due to cohort effects, and they are in sharp contrast to the age pattern of mental health that has been shown in high-income contexts, where older individuals often experience lower levels of DA. Although socioeconomic and risk- or uncertainty-related stressors are strongly associated with DA, they do not explain the positive age gradients and gender gap in DA. Stressors related to physical health, however, do. Hence, our analyses suggest that the general decline of physical health with age is the key driver of the rise of DA with age in this low-income SSA context.