bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of plasmid DNA on anion exchange chromatography media
Authors: Tarmann Christina , Jungbauer Alois
Published: May 2008

Anion exchange chromatography (AEC) is a useful and effective tool for DNA purification, but due to average pore sizes between 40 and 100 nm most AEC resins lack truly useful binding capacities for plasmid DNA (pDNA). Equilibrium binding capacities and uptake kinetics of AEC media including conventional media (Source 30 Q, Q Sepharose HP), a polymer grafted medium (Fractogel EMD DEAE (M)), media with large pores (Celbeads DEAE, PL SAX 4000 Å 30 μm) and a monolithic medium (CIM‐DEAE) were investigated by batch uptake or shallow bed experiments at two salt concentrations. Theoretical and experimental binding capacities suggest that the shape of the pDNA molecule can be described by a rod with a length to diameter ratio of 20:1 and that the molecule binds in upright position. The arrangement of DNA like a brush at the surface can be considered as entropy driven, kind of self‐assembly process which is inherent to highly and uniformly charged DNA molecules. The initial phase of adsorption is very fast and levels off, associated with a change in mass transfer mechanism. Feed concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/mL pDNA pronounce this effect. Monolithic media showed the fastest adsorption rate and highest binding capacity with 13 mg pDNA per mL.
Simultaneous separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds by using an online HILIC‐RPLC system with two detectors
Authors: Wang Yuan , Lu Xin , Xu Guowang
Published: May 2008

In the present study, we developed a novel online hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)‐RPLC separation system for simultaneous separation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutes in a complex sample with one injection. A HILIC Si column and a C18 column were hyphenated with an interface including two electronic 2‐position valves, a solvent pump, and a solute transfer column. By using column‐switching technique, the nonretained hydrophobic solutes were eluted out of the HILIC column and transferred into the C18 column to perform further separation. The hydrophilic solutes were separated on the HILIC column at the same time. One detector was equipped for each column to record the individual chromatograms. By separating a standard mixture and a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extract, the developed HILIC‐RPLC system demonstrates its potential for “entire‐components” separation of complex samples with improved peak capacity and throughput compared with the common single‐column LC.
Conducting Poly(anilineboronic acid) Nanostructures: Controlled Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Deore Bhavana A. , Yu Insun , Woodmass Jarret , Freund Michael S.
Published: May 2008

Self‐doped poly(anilineboronic acid) (PABA) nanostructures have been prepared by chemical polymerization in an aqueous acid solution and aliphatic alcohols. In aliphatic alcohols, PABA is soluble under the polymerization conditions. According to 11B NMR studies, the formation of anionic tetrahedral boronate ester in aliphatic alcohols in the presence of fluoride forms the basis of self‐doped, soluble PABA. Transmission electron microscope images show the formation of nanostructures with different shapes and forms in different solvents after precipitation of the polymer as a result of ion exchange in the presence of 0.5 M HCl. The spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric results confirm the formation of conducting PABA nanostructures in high yield. The conductivity of PABA thin films made from the nanostructures prepared in aqueous acid, methanol, ethanol and 1‐propanol is approximately 15 and 3.0, 2.1 and 1.9 S · cm−1, respectively. The conducting PABA nanostructures are processable since they are easily re‐dispersed in the various solvents up to approximately 5 mg · mL−1. UV‐vis kinetic measurements, XPS and 11B NMR results suggest that the formation of various nanostructures is influenced by the polymerization rate, the degree of self‐doping versus external doping, and the polarity of the solvents used. The PABA nanostructured films produced from these structures exhibit enhanced redox stability in a wider potential window in non‐aqueous media compared to polyaniline due to formation of six‐member heterocyclic complexes containing a boron‐imine dative bond resulting in a self‐doped self‐cross‐linked polymer. The degree of crosslinking depends on the nature of nanostructures. In non‐aqueous media, the self‐doped, self‐cross‐linked PABA nanostructured films are much less susceptible to cathodic and anodic degradation at extreme potentials, overcoming a major limitation of more common conducting polymers.

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Weakly representable atom structures that are not strongly representable, with an application to first order logic
Authors: Ahmed Tarek Sayed
Published: May 2008

Letn > 2. A weakly representable relation algebra that is not strongly representable is constructed. It is proved that the set of all n by n basic matrices forms a cylindric basis that is also a weakly but not a strongly representable atom structure. This gives an example of a binary generated atomic representable cylindric algebra with no complete representation. An application to first order logic is given. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on the axiomatisation of real numbers
Authors: Coquand Thierry , Lombardi L. Henri
Published: May 2008

Is it possible to give an abstract characterisation of constructive real numbers? A condition should be that all axioms are valid for Dedekind reals in any topos, or for constructive reals in Bishop mathematics. We present here a possible first‐order axiomatisation of real numbers, which becomes complete if one adds the law of excluded middle. As an application of the forcing relation defined in [3, 2], we give a proof that the formula which specifies the maximum function is not provable in this theory. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Keisler singular‐like models
Authors: Mohsenipour Shahram
Published: May 2008

Keisler in [7] proved that for a strong limit cardinal κ and a singular cardinal λ, the transfer relation κ → λ holds. We analyze the λ ‐like models produced in the proof of Keisler's transfer theorem when κ is further assumed to be regular. Our main result shows that with this extra assumption, Keisler's proof can be modified to produce a λ ‐like model M with built‐in Skolem functions that satisfies the following two properties:

(1) M is generated by a subset C of order‐type λ.

(2) M can be written as union of an elementary end extension chain 〈Ni: i < δ 〉 such that for each i < δ, there is an initial segment Ci of C with Ci ⊆ Ni, and Ni ∩ (C \Ci) = ∅︁. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐weight norm inequalities for multilinear potential type integral operators
Authors: Li Wenming
Published: May 2008

We give a condition which is sufficient for the two‐weight (p, q) inequalities for multilinear potential type integral operators, where 1 < p ≤ q < ∞. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global solutions with shock waves to the generalized Riemann problem for a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems of balance laws II
Authors: Shao Zhi‐Qiang
Published: May 2008

This work is a continuation of our previous work. In the present paper, we study the existence and uniqueness of global piecewise C1 solutions with shock waves to the generalized Riemann problem for general quasilinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws with linear damping in the presence of a boundary. It is shown that the generalized Riemann problem for general quasilinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws with linear damping with nonlinear boundary conditions in the half space {(t, x) | t ≥ 0, x ≥ 0} admits a unique global piecewise C1 solution u = u (t, x) containing only shock waves with small amplitude and this solution possesses a global structure similar to that of a self‐similar solution u = U (x /t) of the corresponding homogeneous Riemann problem, if each characteristic field with positive velocity is genuinely nonlinear and the corresponding homogeneous Riemann problem has only shock waves but no rarefaction waves and contact discontinuities. This result is also applied to shock reflection for the flow equations of a model class of fluids with viscosity induced by fading memory. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Discrete inertial manifolds
Authors: Pötzsche Christian
Published: May 2008

This work is devoted to attractive invariant manifolds for nonautonomous difference equations, occurring in the discretization theory for evolution equations. Such invariant sets provide a discrete counterpart to inertial manifolds of dissipative FDEs and evolutionary PDEs. We discuss their essential properties, like smoothness, the existence of an asymptotic phase, normal hyperbolicity and attractivity in a nonautonomous framework of pullback attraction.

As application we show that inertial manifolds of the Allen–Cahn and complex Ginzburg–Landau equation persist under discretization. For the Ginzburg–Landau equation we can also estimate the dimension of the inertial manifold. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extension of Fréchet valued real analytic functions from subvarieties of ℝd
Authors: Vogt Dietmar
Published: May 2008

It is shown that for an algebraic subvariety X of ℝd every Fréchet valued real analytic function on X can be extended to a real analytic function on ℝd if and only if X is of type (PL), i.e. all of its singularities are of a certain type. Necessity of this condition is shown for any real analytic variety. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Influence of Pendant Carboxylic Acid Loading on Surfaces of Statistical Poly[(4‐hydroxystyrene)‐co‐styrene]s
Authors: Daugaard Anders Egede , Hvilsted Søren
Published: May 2008

Copolymers of 4‐tert‐butoxystyrene (tBS) and styrene (S) have been prepared by free radical copolymerization and the copolymer ratios of rtBS = 0.97 and rS = 1.12 have been determined by the Kelen‐Tüdös method. After deprotection to 4‐hydroxystyrene, alkynes were introduced by a Williamson ether synthesis with propargyl bromide and the copolymers were functionalized with pendant aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids by click chemistry. Differential scanning calorimetry of the copolymers demonstrates the large influence on Tg of the different functional groups and the backbone composition. In particular, aliphatic and aromatic pendant groups differ by 92 °C in Tg. Contact angle measurements on spin coated films have shown a maximum effect of the functional groups in the advancing contact angle at a 75/100 copolymer loading. In addition to this, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows the presence of acid groups on the surface.

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A Mathematical Model of the Bulk Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylonitrile in the Presence of Polystyrene‐block‐Polybutadiene
Authors: Elizarrarás Daniel , Morales Graciela , de León Ramón Díaz , Luciani Carla , Estenoz Diana
Published: May 2008

The bulk copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of SB using BPO as initiator was investigated. Reactions were carried out at 80 °C with different initial SB concentrations. Global variables, such as conversion and cumulative grafting efficiency of SAN, were determined during the prepolymerization. The isolated non‐grafted SAN was also analyzed to determine its average molar masses and composition. A mathematical model was developed, and theoretical predictions were compared with experimental data. A good agreement between measurements and simulations was obtained from a heterogeneous model when BPO was evenly distributed between phases.

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Construction of different supramolecular polymer systems by combining the host–guest and hydrogen‐bonding interactions
Authors: Wang Yanping , Zhou Li , Sun Guoming , Xue Jie , Jia Zhifeng , Zhu Xinyuan , Yan Deyue
Published: May 2008

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can form either the inclusion complex with α‐cyclodextrins (α‐CDs) through host–guest interactions or the interpolymer complex with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) through hydrogen‐bonding interaction. Mixing α‐CD, PEG, and PAA ternary components in an aqueous solution, the competition between host–guest and hydrogen‐bonding interactions occurs. Increasing feed ratio of α‐CD:EG:AA from 0:1:1 to 0.2:1:1 (molar ratio), various interesting supramolecular polymer systems, such as hydrogen‐bonding complex, dynamic polyrotaxane, crystalline inclusion complex, and thermoresponsive hydrogel, are successively obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1114–1120, 2008
Enhancing the electrochromic characteristics of conjugated polymer with TiO2 nano‐rods
Authors: Wu Chun‐Guey , Lu Ming‐I , Jhong Min‐Fong
Published: May 2008

Organic soluble, oleic acid capped TiO2 nano‐rod was well‐mixed with the electrochromic polymer: Poly‐(4,4‐dioctylcyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]‐dithiophene (PDOCPDT) to form TiO2/PDOCPDT nanocompsoite. TiO2/PDOCPDT film showed high electrochemical stability and its coloration efficiency is 1.5 times of that for pure PDOCPDT. The function of TiO2 nano‐rods can be regarded as a dispersion agent. PDOCPDT chains in TiO2/PDOCPDT may have a less aggregated structure and more open morphology, therefore has higher coloration efficiency. TiO2 may also act as electron transport or temporary electron storage centers, electrons can be transferred reversibly between PDOCPDT and TiO2 nano‐rods. TiO2/PDOCPDT is well‐soluble in CHCl3, large area thin films can be fabricated reproducibly simply by spin coating. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1121–1130, 2008
Upper critical solution temperature type phase behavior of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) blends with poly(styrene‐co‐n‐phenyl maleimide) and their interaction energies
Authors: Park I. K. , Chung Y. S. , Kim C. K.
Published: May 2008

To enhance the heat resistance of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene), ABS, miscibility of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile), SAN, with poly(styrene‐co‐n‐phenyl maleimide), SNPMI, having a higher glass transition temperature than SAN was explored. SAN/SNPMI blends casted from solvent were immiscible regardless of copolymer compositions. However, SNPMI copolymer forms homogeneous mixtures with SAN copolymer within specific ranges of copolymer composition upon heating caused by upper critical solution temperature, UCST, type phase behavior. Since immiscibility of solvent casting samples can be driven by solvent effects even though SAN/SNPMI blends are miscible, UCST‐type phase behavior was confirmed by exploring phase reversibility. When copolymer composition of SNPMI was fixed, the phase homogenization temperature of SAN/SNPMI blends was increased as AN content in SAN copolymer increased. To understand the observed phase behavior of SAN/SNPMI blend, interaction energies of blends were calculated from the UCST‐type phase boundaries by using the lattice‐fluid theory combined with a binary interaction model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1131–1139, 2008
Discrimination between worry and anxiety among cancer patients: development of a brief cancer‐related worry inventory
Authors: Hirai Kei , Shiozaki Mariko , Motooka Hiroko , Arai Hirokazu , Koyama Atsuko , Inui Hiroki , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: May 2008

Objectives: A psychometric scale for assessing cancer‐related worry among cancer patients, called the Brief Cancer‐Related Worry Inventory (BCWI), was developed.

Methods: A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey for item development was conducted of 112 Japanese patients diagnosed with breast cancer, and test–retest validation analysis was conducted using the data from another prospective study of 20 lung cancer patients. The questionnaire contained 15 newly developed items for cancer‐related worry, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Impact of Event Scale Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐8.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the 15 items yielded a 3‐factor structure including (1) future prospects, (2) physical and symptomatic problems and (3) social and interpersonal problems. A second‐order confirmatory factor analysis identified a second‐order factor called cancer‐related worry and confirmed the factor structure with an acceptable fit (chi‐square (df=87)=160.16, P=0.001; GFI=0.83; CFI=0.92; RMSEA=0.09). The internal consistency and test–retest reliability were confirmed with the lung cancer sample. Multidimensional scaling found that cancer‐related worry is separate from anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.

Conclusion: Our study succeeded in developing and confirming the validity and reliability of a BCWI. The study also confirmed the discriminable aspects of cancer‐related worry from anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of aligned ZnO nanorods grown on stainless‐steel foil by successive chemical solution deposition
Authors: Rakhshani A. E. , Thomas S.
Published: May 2008

Well‐aligned ZnO nanorods with a hexagonal cross section of size 200–300 nm and length 1000–1400 nm were grown along their c‐axis normal to the stainless steel substrate. The growth was performed for the first time by successive chemical solution deposition. Their structure, photoluminescence and electrical properties were characterized. Schottky diodes could be fabricated on nanorods which have a high optical transmittance and a band gap energy 3.25–3.28 eV. The Ag Schottky contacts have a large barrier height 0.99 eV and an ideality factor 2.35. The density of uncompensated donors in nanorods is 7 × 1014 cm–3. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dipolar interactions in multilayered Co0.96Cu0.04/Cu nanowire arrays
Authors: Medina J. De La Torre , Darques M. , Encinas A. , Piraux L.
Published: May 2008

Arrays of electrodeposited Co0.96Cu0.04/Cu nanowires into porous polycarbonate membranes have been characterized by ferromagnetic resonance measurements in order to study the effect of the dipolar interactions on the effective anisotropy field as a function of the magnetic and non magnetic layer thickness. It is found that breaking the infinite cylinder geometry reduces their shape anisotropy field, which can be modified to a large extent from 6.5 kOe for non layered nanowires down to nearly zero for layered nanowires with the thinnest magnetic layers. An analytical model is proposed to describe the magnetostatic interactions between magnetic layers and their effect on the total anisotropy field which shows a good agreement with the experiment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceptor state formation in arsenic‐doped ZnO films grown using ozone
Authors: Erie J. M. , Ivill M. , Kim H. S. , Pearton S. J. , Gila B. , Ren F. , Norton D. P.
Published: May 2008

The optical and transport properties of As‐doped ZnO films are examined. The films are grown by pulsed‐laser deposition using As2O3 as the source of As and O3/O2 as the oxidant. The films are epitaxial, single phase, and oriented in the ZnO [002] direction. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra at 20 K show for the formation of acceptor states associated with the As, although Hall measurements indicate that the films doped with 0.2 at% As are n‐type. From the photoluminescence spectra, the binding energy of the As‐related acceptor was estimated to be 155 meV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Innovative process flow to achieve carbon nanotube based interconnects
Authors: Coiffic J. C. , Fayolle M. , Faucherand P. , Levis M. , Poche H. Le , Dijon J. , Maitrejean S.
Published: May 2008

We have achieved down to 140 nm diameter carbon nanotube via interconnects with both new single and dual damascene processes on 200 mm silicon wafers. High density 5 × 1010nanotube/cm2is obtained. The validity of these two new processes has been checked by performing electrical measurements. At high bias, a low resistance of 20 Ω has been reached for a 300 nm diameter via interconnect. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complex system reliability estimation methodology in the absence of failure data
Authors: Yadav Om Prakash , Choudhary Nipun , Bilen Canan
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a comprehensive system reliability estimation methodology for cases when failure data are unavailable, at least initially. In this methodology, the laws of physics and thermal fundamentals are used to establish a mathematical model that relates the influential input operating characteristics, such as material properties and geometry, to system performance measures. Probability distributions for each influential operating characteristic, identified from the available manufacturing data, information found in instruction manuals and related technical journals, and expert knowledge, are used to simulate the system behavior with Monte Carlo simulation. An initial reliability estimate is obtained by comparing the simulated system performance with the permissible system performance. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the impact of environmental factors on the performance of the simulated system performance and hence the system reliability. Finally, with the use of Bayesian analysis, initial system reliability is updated to take into account the effect of environmental factors. The proposed methodology is applied to estimate the reliability of the hazardous gas detection system used in aerospace shuttles for the timely detection of explosive gases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastable anion fragmentations after resonant attachment: Deoxyribosic structures from quantum electron dynamics
Authors: Baccarelli I. , Gianturco F. A. , Grandi A. , Sanna N.
Published: May 2008

This work is focussed on the theoretical investigation of the observed fragmentation after the resonant electron attachment to gas‐phase β‐D‐deoxyribose. The collision energy of the incident electron is kept below 20 eV and both the furanosic and the pyranosic forms of the gaseous target are analyzed. All the transient negative ions associated to shape resonances are characterized in their energetics and spatial features, all pointing to highly selective bond‐breaking resonant processes. The present results, when compared with the available experiments on gas‐phase β‐D‐deoxyribose and with the findings on the analogous conformers from the previously studied β‐D‐ribose, offer new insights into the manifold fragmentation pathways occurring in biomolecules after electron attachment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Carbon nanotube superlattices in a magnetic field
Authors: Jaskólski W. , Pelc M.
Published: May 2008

The influence of magnetic field on the band structure of carbon nanotube superlattices is investigated. In particular, we study superlattices built of finite sections of (6,6) and (12,0) tubes connected by pentagon/heptagon topological defects. Magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the superlattice. We demonstrate that the superlattice band structure does not show periodicity with the flux quantum, which is typical for pure carbon nanotubes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Onboard ship evaluation of the effectiveness and the potential environmental effects of PERACLEAN® Ocean for ballast water treatment in very cold conditions
Authors: de Lafontaine Y. , Despatie S.‐P. , Veilleux É. , Wiley C.
Published: May 2008

This study verified the effectiveness and the potential toxic impact of PERACLEAN® Ocean ballast water treatment for very cold freshwater (0.1–0.5°C) in real ballast tank (750 m3) conditions aboard a ship and in large‐volume (4.5 m3) polyethylene tanks. Concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gradually dropped by 41–59% over 5 days. The treatment altered the quality of the treated waters by causing a pH drop of 0.9–1.3 units and a fourfold to sevenfold increase in dissolved organic carbon and organophosphates concentrations. More than 90% of the biomass of free‐floating micro‐organisms and viable phytoplankton were eliminated within 48 h after treatment. The treatment resulted in 100% mortality in caged fish exposed to treated waters but was totally ineffective against adult zebra mussels and some nematods living in tank sediments. Toxic response from ecotoxicological assays indicated that treated waters after 5 days should be diluted by a factor of 1:2 to 1:200 to reduce toxicity below selected endpoints of acute lethality tests. On the basis of PAA degradation rate, fresh waters treated with 100‐ppm PERACLEAN® Ocean should be kept in ballast tanks for 15–20 days after treatment to reduce toxicity. It is concluded that the treatment can be an effective biocide to rapidly eliminate organisms of the water column inside the ballast tanks over a wide range of environmental conditions, but that the discharge of the toxic treated waters should be properly managed to minimize potential environmental impact. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
An infrared absorption study of autoxidized methyl linoleate
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Beadle B. W. , Henick A. S.
Published: May 2008

A study has been made of the infrared absorption spectra of autoxidized methyl linoleate in samples ranging from PV 1 to PV 940 m.e./kg. Principal changes occur in the frequency range 3400–3550 cm−1 where bonded−OH groups absorb and at 1650–1775 cm−1 where >c=0 groups absorb.

Two maxima were observed in oxidized samples in the −OH absorption range: one sharp and distinct at 3467–70 cm−1 which increased in intensity with increase in PV and a broad band which increased with increasing PV until it resolved into a true maximum at 3430 cm−1. Reduction of typical oxidized samples with KI reagent resulted in disappearance of the 3430 cm−1 band and appearance of a new band above 3500 cm−1. The band at 3430 cm−1 was attributed to −OOH groups associated by hydrogen bridging. The band at 3467 cm−1 and the band appearing above 3500 cm−1 were attributed to −OH groups, the band at the higher frequency resulting directly from reduction of a hydroperoxide.

Absorption due to ketone and aldehyde carbonyl groups appeared only as an indefinite shoulder on the band due to the ester carbonyl. These were resolved by using the intensity of the sample with PV 1 as Io and that for the oxidized samples as I. A plot of Log Io/I then revealed three maxima. These indicate the presence of two and possibly three carbonyl containing substances other than the ester carbonyl in autoxidized methyl linoleate.

Absorption in the two critical frequency ranges of fractions of autoxidized methyl linoleate eluted from an adsorption column correlate with interpretations made from ultraviolet absorption studies of the same substances.
Determination of bicarbonate in soap products
Authors: Kelley Robert M. , Blank Eugene W.
Published: May 2008

Sodium bicarbonate can be determined directly in the presence of sodium carbonate and soap by heating the mixture under controlled conditions. The carbon dioxide liberated by heating is estimated gravimetrically and calculated to solium bicarbonate. The balance of the carbon dioxide content of the sample is liberated by acid, estimated gravimetrically, and calculated to sodium carbonate. The procedure is applicable in the presence of synthetic detergents. It is rapid and yields accurate results.
The use of antioxidants in potato chipping
Authors: Magoffin J. E. , Bentz R. W.
Published: May 2008

Laboratory and commercial‐scale fryings of potato chips have been made with various vegetable oils, vegetable shortenings, lard, and combinations of these. Fryings have been made with and without the addition of butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant. The data from both types of experiments indicates that butylated hydroxyanisole possesses “carrythrough” antioxidant properties not only in animal fats but in vegetable oils and vegetable shortenings also. Data also indicates that the addition of propyl gallate and citric acid as synergists to the butylated hydroxyanisole increases the “carry‐through” antioxidant properties.
The synthesis of 12‐ketostearic acid
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Siedschlag K. G.
Published: May 2008

A synthesis of 12‐ketostearic acid in 78% yield from castor oil by methanolysis to methyl ricinoleate, reduction to methyl‐12‐hydroxystearate, oxidation to methyl‐12‐ketostearate, followed by saponification has been described in detail.
Recovery of fats from press wastes
Authors: Jaynes V. H. , Osburn J. O.
Published: May 2008

Conclusions

A method of recovering of the fatty material from oil‐impregnated filter aids and bleaches had been tested. it was shown to give a recovery of as much as 88% of the theoretical amount in the form of soap or fatty acids.

Compared to solvent extraction, the method described gives a lower yield and a less valuable product. Its main advantage is that it may be used where the use of solvents or the investment in solvent extraction equipment is objectionable.

Difficulties on account of the presence of carbon, protein material, and oxidation are described, and methods of overcoming them are suggested.
The Economic Survival of Black Physicians: Swimming in Turbulent Waters
Authors: Mckinney Frederick W.
Published: May 2008

This article presents an analysis of the effects restructuring in the health care sector is likely to have on the economic conditions of black physicians. The model presented of the physicians’ services market is one in which black physicians, because of perceived quality differences and patient preferences, are relegated to servicing the lowest income clients and those with the lowest quality insurance. It is argued that the physician surplus, the growth in the uninsured, and the increasing competition by large group practices, outpatient-care facilities, and HMOs will place additional pressure on black physicians.
Surplus People and Expendable Children: The Structure of Apartheid and the Mortality Crisis in South Africa
Authors: De Gregori Thomas R. , Darity William
Published: May 2008

South Africa's apartheid scheme is considered as a paradigm case for the creation and maltreatment of a putatively surplus population. Both active and passive policies are identified that are utilized to contain the numbers of the black population of the nation. Of particular significance is a strategy of neglect that has led to exceptionally high infant and child mortality rates in the “homelands.” In addition, the South African authorities’ efforts to destabilize neighboring regimes in Angola and Mozambique has had similarly adverse repercussions on mortality rates there.
The Effect of Common Bond on Credit Union Performance: The Case of Black-Controlled Credit Unions
Authors: Black Harold A. , Schweitzer Robert L.
Published: May 2008

This article compares the financial characteristics of black-controlled credit unions by type of common bond. The study found that many of the operational differences of these credit unions can be attributed to institutional characteristics associated with the three distinct types of credit unions. It also found that black credit unions are viable financial institutions, regardless of type of common bond. This finding is linked to the ownership of credit unions by its membership. This unique relationship has implications for black economic development.
Effects of Multimember Districts on Black Representation in State Legislatures
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Migalski Michael , Noviello Nicholas
Published: May 2008

We look at the most general feature of multimember districts (MMDs) as compared to single-member districting (SMD) plans: the higher likelihood of submergence of minority voting strength. We focus on data on black legislative representation between 1977 and 1982 in the 11 states with more than 15% black populations, and compare states which use MMDs with those that use SMDs. We also examine changes in black representation in states which shifted from MMDs to SMDs. In addition, for MMD state legislative elections in eight North Carolina counties between 1978 and 1982, we examine in detail the nature of minority submergence including the lack of geographic representativity of the persons elected from MMDs. The counties we examine contain four of North Carolina's largest cities and a substantial portion of North Carolina's black population. Unlike almost all of the previously published literature on racial representation in MMDs, our study deals with state legislative races and not local elections.
Trends, Prospects, and Strategies for Black Economic Progress
Authors: Brimmer Andrew F. , Williams Eddie N.
Published: May 2008

As we approach the closing years of the 1980s, it is clear that, for better or worse, the focus of the struggle for black equality is shifting from traditional civil rights issues to economic development. And although people often debate how best to remedy some of the black community's most persistent economic problems (for example, high unemployment and the narrowing, but still wide, income gap between blacks and whites), few people have attempted a dispassionate analysis of the broad scope of public and private economic options facing blacks. Too often, the debate is polarized by arguments either for increasing governmental assistance or for almost totally eliminating it. In this article, noted economist Andrew Brimmer strikes a much-needed balance. First, he scrutinizes the trends for blacks (and whites) regarding income and participation in the labor market. Then, instead of painting a picture in pure black and white, he suggests a blending of strategies, some calling for less reliance on the federal government, others requiring a strengthening of the nation s wavering commitment to affirmative action.
W. Artur Lewis Lecture: The Lewis Model of “Economic Growth with Unlimited Supplies of Labor”
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P.
Published: May 2008

The National Economic Association introduced the W. Arthur Lewis Distinguished Lecture series in December 1985. The Lewis Lecture is named in honor of the 1979 Nobel Laureate in Economics, much of whose research has been devoted to the problem of Third World economic development. A native of St. Lucia, in the former British West Indies, Arthur Lewis has risen to fame as the preeminent development economist of his generation. He is most famous for his 1954 Manchester School paper on economic development with unlimited supplies of labor, but his contributions span the fields of industrial organization, public finance, and international trade. He was one of the first to explore in depth the evidence on movements on terms of trade between industrialized and developing countries and was the first to perform a regression analysis in empirical trade research. Lewis was an active advisor to various governments in West Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia during the development decades. He says that he conceived of the idea of unlimited supplies of labor while on mission in Bangkok, Thailand in 1952. This third lecture in the series, by Professor Charles Kindleberger, examines the broad applicability of the Lewis model.

Barbara A. P. Jones 1987 NEA President
Characteristics of Minority Members of the American Economic Association
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: May 2008

Evidence from the data tape for the 1985 Directory of the American Economic Association indicates that blacks and women remain underrepresented compared to their numbers in the general population. Although we present some limited evidence of increased representation of these minorities, the finding of underrepresentation is robust when we look at other measures of career status such as rank achieved or status of institution of employment. A fuller understanding of the determinants of minority participation within the economics profession will require that the data presented here be combined with data from other sources on productivity, salaries, and labor market alternatives.
Nea Presidential Address, 1985: Managing African American Development
Authors: America Richard F.
Published: May 2008

This article outlines a development strategy for the next 30 years, with income targets. It calls for a new type of “civil rights” leadership that has a managerial, problem solving attitude. It offers a set of objectives that emphasize internal discipline.
The Black Scholar: An Endangered Species
Authors: Fechter Alan
Published: May 2008

This article explores black participation in scholarly careers. Relatively few blacks have been pursuing graduate training to complete research doctorates, especially in the disciplines of engineering, mathematics and physical sciences, where a mere 1 percent of the doctorates granted were awarded to blacks. The article also examines a major determinant of this low rate of black participation—losses from the education pipeline. The analysis covers losses after completion of high school. Although large, these losses do not differ substantially between black students and nonblack students, suggesting that the origins of the low participation of blacks are located at the precollege level. The analysis also finds no substantial differences in participation among high-achieving black and nonblack students. The article closes with a discussion of the role the scholarly community can play in recruiting more black talent to scholarly careers.
Empirical Models of Criminal Behavior: How Significant a Factor is Race?
Authors: Gyimah-Brempong Kwabena
Published: May 2008

Empirical models of the supply of criminal offenses in the United States have shown a positive relationship between the proportion of the population that is non-white (RACE) and crime rates. Though non-whites in the United States possess more “criminal capital” than the average person, such studies do not take into consideration this excess criminal capital. Since RACE and the omitted excess criminal capital are correlated, it will pick up the influence of the excess criminal capital. Using cross-sectional data from Florida's municipalities, we show that after adjusting for excess criminal capital, RACE has no significant relationship with crime.
Differences in Campaign Funds: A Racial Explanation
Authors: Theilmann John , Wilhite Al
Published: May 2008

Black candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives receive substantially lower levels of campaign contributions than non-black candidates. This article investigates the reason for this discrepancy. Are blacks discriminated against or do they receive less money because they are riskier candidates? The results suggest that blacks do receive less money because of their race and that the source of the funds is important. Political action committees and political parties tend to discriminate but individual contributors do not.
Racial Employment and Earnings Differentials: The Impact of the Reagan Administration
Authors: Register Charles A.
Published: May 2008

Numerous authors have considered the time paths of black/white employment and earnings differentials. Some have dealt with significant policy change impacts such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This study reports evidence concerning the impact of Reagan administration policy changes. The major drawback to the study is, of course, that the administration's total impact will no doubt not be felt for years. Regardless, using U.S. Census data through 1984, it was found that the administration had either a mixed effect (relative employment) or no effect (relative income), leaving the decaying position of blacks in the labor market little changed.
Changes in Equal Employment Enforcement: What Enforcement Statistics Tell Us
Authors: Burbridge Lynn C.
Published: May 2008

The Reagan administration has been accused of setting back civil rights enforcement. This article reviews available data on the administration's enforcement efforts and discusses changes in emphasis, tone, and types of cases pursued. An emphasis on identifiable victims and a movement away from more punitive measures is apparent. Moreover, the large budget cuts and the administration's antipathy to goals and timetables raise questions concerning the “quality” of enforcement.
The Effects of Immigrants, Women, and Teenagers on the Relative Earnings of Black Males
Authors: Stewart James B. , Hyclak Thomas J.
Published: May 2008

There is currently a debate taking place on the impact of immigration on the employment of native-born Americans. Several recent studies have attempted to empirically examine the effect on native-born workers but few have investigated the impact on the economic status of black workers. This article attempts to address this question by examining the effects of competition from recent immigrants on the relative earnings of black males. The effects of potential competition from female and teenage workers is also investigated. The results suggest that the relative earnings of central-city black makes are, in fact, sensitive to the degree of labor force penetration of recent immigrants and female workers.
Summary measures of number needed to treat: How much clinical guidance do they provide in neuropathic pain?
Authors: Edelsberg John , Oster Gerry
Published: May 2008

Background: Several systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of drugs to treat neuropathic pain have reported summary estimates of efficacy – specifically, the number needed to treat (NNT).

Aims: To examine whether summary NNTs for drugs to treat neuropathic pain provide useful guidance for clinical decision making.

Methods: We examined the methods used to pool data across RCTs in systematic reviews – in particular, the extent of heterogeneity of agents (and dosages), neuropathic pain syndromes, and outcome measures.

Results: Published summary estimates of NNTs of drugs to treat neuropathic pain embody substantial heterogeneity, in that they reflect a pooling of data across agents with different mechanisms of action, across patients with different neuropathic pain syndromes, and/or across different outcome measures.

Conclusions: Summary NNT estimates may have limited clinical relevance, due to problems of heterogeneity. The most that can be extracted from systematic reviews published to date is the identity of drugs that have demonstrated efficacy for specific types of neuropathic pain, and the strength of such evidence.
The Younger Dryas and the Sea of Ancient Ice
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. , England John H.
Published: May 2008

We propose that prior to the Younger Dryas period, the Arctic Ocean supported extremely thick multi-year fast ice overlain by superimposed ice and firn. We re-introduce the historical termpaleocrysticice to describe this. The ice was independent of continental (glacier) ice and formed a massive floating body trapped within the almost closed Arctic Basin, when sea-level was lower during the last glacial maximum. As sea-level rose and the Barents Sea Shelf became deglaciated, the volume of warm Atlantic water entering the Arctic Ocean increased, as did the corresponding egress, driving the paleocrystic ice towards Fram Strait. New evidence shows that Bering Strait was resubmerged around the same time, providing further dynamical forcing of the ice as the Transpolar Drift became established. Additional freshwater entered the Arctic Basin from Siberia and North America, from proglacial lakes and meltwater derived from the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Collectively, these forces drove large volumes of thick paleocrystic ice and relatively fresh water from the Arctic Ocean into the Greenland Sea, shutting down deepwater formation and creating conditions conducive for extensive sea-ice to form and persist as far south as 60°N. We propose that the forcing responsible for the Younger Dryas cold episode was thus the result of extremely thick sea-ice being driven from the Arctic Ocean, dampening or shutting off the thermohaline circulation, as sea-level rose and Atlantic and Pacific waters entered the Arctic Basin. This hypothesis focuses attention on the potential role of Arctic sea-ice in causing the Younger Dryas episode, but does not preclude other factors that may also have played a role.
Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change
Authors: Lieberman Robert C.
Published: May 2008

Institutional approaches to explaining political phenomena suffer from three common limitations: reductionism, reliance on exogenous factors, and excessive emphasis on order and structure. Ideational approaches to political explanation, while often more sensitive to change and agency, largely exhibit the same shortcomings. In particular, both perspectives share an emphasis on discerning and explaining patterns of ordered regularity in politics, making it hard to explain important episodes of political change. Relaxing this emphasis on order and viewing politics as situated in multiple and not necessarily equilibrated order suggests a way of synthesizing institutional and ideational approaches and developing more convincing accounts of political change. In this view, change arises out of “friction” among mismatched institutional and ideational patterns. An account of American civil rights policy in the 1960s and 1970s, which is not amenable to either straightforward institutional or ideational explanation, demonstrates the advantages of the approach.
Informative Precedent and Intrajudicial Communication
Authors: de Mesquita Ethan Bueno , Stephenson Matthew
Published: May 2008

We develop an informational model of judicial decision-making in which deference to precedent is useful to policy-oriented appellate judges because it improves the accuracy with which they can communicate legal rules to trial judges. Our simple model yields new implications and hypotheses regarding conditions under which judges will maintain or break with precedent, the constraining effect that precedent has on judicial decision-making, the voting behavior of Supreme Court Justices, the relationship between a precedent's age and its authority, the effect of legal complexity on the level of deference to precedent, the relative stability of rules and standards, and long-term patterns of legal evolution. Perhaps most importantly, we demonstrate that “legalist” features of judicial decision-making are consistent with an assumption of policy-oriented judges.
Becoming a Habitual Voter: Inertia, Resources, and Growth in Young Adulthood
Authors: PLUTZER ERIC
Published: May 2008

This paper reframes our inquiry into voter turnout by making aging the lens through which the traditional resource and cost measures of previous turnout research are viewed, thereby making three related contributions. (1) I offer a developmental theory of turnout. This framework follows from the observation that most citizens are habitual voters or habitual nonvoters (they display inertia). Most young citizens start their political lives as habitual nonvoters but they vary in how long it takes to develop into habitual voters. With this transition at the core of the framework, previous findings concerning costs and resources can easily be integrated into developmental theory. (2) I make a methodological contribution by applying latent growth curve models to panel data. (3) Finally, the empirical analyses provide the developmental theory with strong support and also provide a better understanding of the roles of aging, parenthood, partisanship, and geographic mobility.
Out of Step, Out of Office: Electoral Accountability and House Members' Voting
Authors: CANES-WRONE BRANDICE , BRADY DAVID W. , COGAN JOHN F.
Published: May 2008

Does a typical House member need to worry about the electoral ramifications of his roll-call decisions? We investigate the relationship between incumbents' electoral performance and roll-call support for their party—controlling for district ideology, challenger quality, and campaign spending, among other factors—through a series of tests of the 1956–1996 elections. The tests produce three key findings indicating that members are indeed accountable for their legislative voting. First, in each election, an incumbent receives a lower vote share the more he supports his party. Second, this effect is comparable in size to that of other widely recognized electoral determinants. Third, a member's probability of retaining office decreases as he offers increased support for his party, and this relationship holds for not only marginal, but also safe members.