bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illiberalism, Populism and Democracy in East and West
Authors: Merkel Wolfgang , Scholl Felix
Published: March 2018

The emergence and persistence of right-wing populist parties (RWPs) in almost all advanced democracies in Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and across the Atlantic is a result of a new cleavage that revolves around the question of how open borders should be for goods, services, capital, migrants, refugees, human rights, and the transfer of political power to supranational institutions: Cosmopolitans opt for opening the nation states’ borders, while communitarians prefer more closed and con- trolled borders in a broader sense. An economic and cultural-discursive representation gap on the communitarian side allowed RWPs to enter the political stage along this cleavage. The composition of their electorate, their thematic focus and their discourse support our hypothesis. We demonstrate that whether RWPs pose a danger for democracy crucially depends on whether they are in government or opposition and whether the context is that of well-established or less consolidated democracies. We also discuss whether polarization is deemed harmful to democracy. RWPs can indeed have a positive impact on a re-intensified political participation. However, if the illiberalism of RWPs dominates policies, politics, and the political discourse in less consolidated democracies, such as in Hungary and Poland, liberal democracy is in danger.
Revisiting the Populist Challenge
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: March 2018

This essay makes another attempt to clarify the concept of populism and to discuss its causes and consequences. It argues that, at its core, the concept of populism refers to an ‘ideology,’ i.e. a set of beliefs about how democracy works and how it ought to work. It links this core concept to other, related notions of populism, which it considers complementary rather than competing. Given its intimate links to the promises of democracy, populism thrives in times of political and economic crises. In addition, it is facilitated by the way the media operate in contemporary democracies. The political crisis provides an opportunity for populists to point to the broken promises of democracy and to mobilize in the name of ‘the people’ who have gone unrepresented by the mainstream political forces. Finally, the electoral mobilization by populists may have a corrective democratic effect, and populists in power do not seem to put democracy in danger as long as they have to cooperate in coalition governments with mainstream parties which are electorally more important. It is in (quasi)majoritarian systems where populists gain power as the dominant force that they pose a threat to liberal democracy.
Ahistoricity in Analytic Theology
Authors: Branson Beau ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2018

Analytic theology has sometimes been criticized as ahistorical. But what this means, and why it is problematic, have often been left unclear. This essay explicates and supports one way of making that charge while simultaneously showing this ahistoricity, although widespread within analytic theology, is not essential to it. Specifically, some analytic theologians treat problematic doctrines as metaphysical puzzles, constructing speculative accounts of phenomena such as the Trinity or Incarnation and taking the theoretical virtues of such accounts to be sufficient in themselves to defend traditional doctrines with no need for additional, historical premises. But due to the different epistemic structures of metaphysical and theological puzzles, I argue that importing this methodology into philosophical theology results in invalid or question-begging arguments, and it is unclear how a virtue-centric methodology could be repaired without collapsing into a more historical methodology, which some of the best (but unfortunately not all) analytic theologians follow.
The identity of Barbus capensis Smith, 1841 and the generic status of southern African tetraploid cyprinids (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)
Authors: Skelton Paul H. , Swartz Ernst R. , Vreven Emmanuel J.
Published: March 2018

The identity of Barbus capensis, as described by Andrew Smith (1841), is reviewed following a careful examination of the lectotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Evidence shows clearly that it represents a specimen of the Berg-Breede River whitefish or ‘witvis’ and not the species known as the Clanwilliam yellowfish, to which it was attributed until recently. The original illustration of the species is shown to be a composite of these two different species. A replacement name for the Clanwilliam yellowfish is drawn from the earliest described synonym, Labeobarbus seeberi (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1913). Following widespread recognition that the genus Barbus Daudin, 1805 does not occur in sub-Saharan Africa, the generic status of the Berg-Breede River whitefish (witvis) and other tetraploid cyprinines of southern Africa is reviewed, taking genetic and morphological characters into account. Five distinct lineages, each representing a genus, are recognized, including the genera Pseudobarbus Smith, 1841 and Cheilobarbus Smith, 1841, and three new genera described herein: Amatolacypris gen. nov., Sedercypris gen. nov. and Namaquacypris gen. nov.
Trata de mujeres para explotación sexual - Garantía de los derechos humanos por medio de una visión crítica y emancipadora
Authors: Correa Santa Catarina Daniele
Published: March 2018

Resumen El artículo tiene por objetivo el estudio acerca de la trata de mujeres para explotación sexual y la proposición de medidas para su erradicación a la luz de la teoría crítica de derechos humanos. Se hace un estudio de la teoría crítica de los derechos humanos, comparándola con la teoría tradicional, trabajando con la figura del diamante ético. Se analizan las causas históricas que contribuyen con este hecho básicamente bajo dos perspectivas: la primera de género, con la profundidad de cuestiones relacionadas al patriarcalismo, a la división entre lo público y lo privado y a la división sexual del trabajo, y la segunda de carácter económico, relativa a la esclavitud contemporánea, a la lógica de mercado, al ser humano siendo considerado mero objeto y al criterio de la riqueza humana, visando el rescate del humano. Además, se analizan la principal legislación internacional e interna de España y de Brasil. Se proponen medidas legales, sociales, económicas, políticas y culturales para combatir eficazmente la trata de personas, de forma multidisciplinar. Se busca un cambio social, cultural, económico y político, visando la creación de sujetos emancipados, que tengan acceso igualitario a los bienes necesarios para vivir con dignidad.

Abstract This article aims at studying the trafficking of women for sex work as well as proposing measures for its eradication under the light of the critical theory of human rights. A study of the critical theory of human rights is done, compared to the traditional theory, with the figure of the ethic diamond. It´s study the historical causes which have contributed to this fact, basically under two perspectives: the first one being that of gender, which goes deeper into issues related to patriarchy, the division between public and private and the gender-based division of work and the second one being related to economy, including contemporary slavery, the market logic, the human being as considered a mere object and the human richness criteria aiming at rescuing the human element. The current legal guarantees related to the issue are also analysed, as well as the main international and internal legislation of Spain and Brazil. Proposals are presented in effectively combating trafficking in persons, in a multidisciplinary way, with legal, social, economic, political and cultural proposals. We look for a social, cultural, economic and political change, to get emancipated individuals, who have equal access to the necessary means to live with dignity.

Keywords Trafficking of women for sex trade; sex work; prostitution; critical theory of human rights, guarantees.
Effects of Weather Conditions on Motorway Lane Flow Distributions
Authors: Rijavec Robert , Šemrov Darja
Published: March 2018

Several factors affect the lane choices made by motorway drivers. According to the driving rules, the nearside lane is the one that is primarily used. The main reasons for lane changes are overtaking, congestion, or restrictions on other lanes. The empirical research presented in this paper presents comprehensive traffic characteristics observed in different traffic lanes on four-lane motorways in Slovenia. The research was focused on the influence of adverse weather conditions on the lane flow distribution, and on the speed of vehicles in different lanes. The lane flow and speed distributions both directly affect road capacity and safety; therefore, estimating these characteristics could improve the reliability of active traffic control when traffic flow perturbation is detected. Field test results show that lane flow distributions and lane speed distributions at a particular site vary depending on weather conditions, namely, dry, wet (rain), low-visibility, and snow conditions.
Religious Sentiments In Local Politics
Authors: Arjon Sugit Sanjaya
Published: March 2018

The rise of religious sentiments and identity politics in Indonesia is currently in critical phase. Indonesia is neither a Muslim nor a secular country, although it recognizes the existence of God in its first principle of state philosophical theory. Together with corruption and human rights, religion is a fundamental issue in politicians’ campaign materials, as these topics can be considered key for attracting voters. The fall of President Suharto’s New Order should be considered as the starting point of the sublime journey of political identity, which often implicates religions and ethnicities under the umbrella of democratic practices. However, after the fall of Suharto and the New Order regime, religious sentiments were not utilised for attacking other religions until the 2017 Jakarta election. The rise of religious sentiment during the 2017 Jakarta election successfully split Indonesia into two sides: those with a nationalist ideology and those with a religious ideology. It is hypothesized that this separation will sooner or later cause two dangerous practices in the Indonesian society: Islamic exceptionalism and iron fist ruling government. This qualitative article examines how Islamic exceptionalists have portrayed and framed themselves within Indonesia’s democratic practices and why the religious ideology is again on the rise. It explores arguments about why increases in religious sentiments and identity politics should be considered a critical test for Indonesia’s socio-politics and decisive for the progress of Indonesia’s democracy. Interestingly, the results show that in the context of local politics, most people are not attracted by and do not vote for candidates who exploit religious sentiments during their campaigns.
The Effects of Computer Assisted Mediating Prompts on EFL Learners' Writing Ability
Authors: Mousazadeh Zahra , Hassaskhah Jaleh , Zafarghandi Amir Mahdavi
Published: March 2018

This study aims to examine the EFL learners' perception and process of writing development through using a digital storytelling tool, called Storyjumper. To do so, 15 intermediate-level students were participants of the study. The participants’ writing development was frequently assessed through a series of repeated writing tests before and after the treatment during one term of study, and the significance of change was examined by Repeated measure ANOVA (rANOVA). The researcher also used paired sample t-test to compare mean difference between two sets of observations. In addition, to gain an in-depth picture of fluctuations of the process of writing development, learners' views were obtained through both semi-structured interviews and self-reported reflective journals which were also recorded and analyzed. The qualitative independent variable (stories produced via Storyjumper) was the within-subjects factor, and the dependent quantitative variable on which each participant was measured (repeated writing tests) was the between-subjects factor. The findings of both quantitative and qualitative data analyses show that there was a significant difference between EFL learners' writing development before and after receiving the treatment. Moreover, majority of the learners admitted that their experiences in using Storyjumper were positive. As a result, this study is contributory in its own rights as it underscores the significance of digital storytelling as a pedagogical tool for the EFL learners' writing enhancement.
The Relationships between Language Learning Strategies and Positive Emotions among Malaysian ESL
Authors: Mohammadipour Mohammad , Md Rashid Sabariah , Rafik-Galea Shameem , Ngee Thai Yap
Published: March 2018

Emotions are an indispensable part of second language learning. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the use of language learning strategies and positive emotions. The present study adopted a sequential mixed methods design. The participants were 300 Malaysian ESL undergraduates selected through stratified random sampling from 5 public universities in Malaysia. The quantitative data were collected through two sets of questionnaires: (a) Oxford's (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and (b) Fredrickson's (2009) modified Differential Emotional Scale (mDES). The qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. With regard to the quantitative data analysis, a series of t-tests and correlational analyses were used. The data from the interviews were analysed qualitatively. A positive significant correlation was found between positive emotions and overall language learning strategy use. Also, the qualitative results of the study indicated that the learners who experienced more positive emotions tended to use a greater variety of language learning strategies. The findings of the study emphasise the importance of students’ positive emotions in their use of language learning strategies. It might be suggested that teachers by designing the classroom settings and instructions which promote positive emotions can inspire learners to use language learning strategies more frequently and with a greater variety which in sequence relate to learners’ language learning proficiency.
Effective Practices and Strategies for Open Access Outreach: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dawson Diane (DeDe)
Published: March 2018

INTRODUCTION There are many compelling reasons to make research open access (OA), but raising the awareness of faculty and administrators about OA is a struggle. Now that more and more funders are introducing OA policies, it is increasingly important that researchers understand OA and how to comply with these policies. U.K. researchers and their institutions have operated within a complex OA policy environment for many years, and academic libraries have been at the forefront of providing services and outreach to support them. This article discusses the results of a qualitative study that investigated effective practices and strategies of OA outreach in the United Kingdom. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 individuals at seven universities in the United Kingdom in late 2015. Transcripts of these interviews were analyzed for dominant themes using an inductive method of coding. RESULTS Themes were collected under the major headings of “The Message”; “Key Contacts and Relationships”; “Qualities of the OA Practitioner”; and “Advocacy versus Compliance.” DISCUSSION Results indicate that messages about OA need to be clear, concise, and jargon free. They need to be delivered repeatedly and creatively adapted to specific audiences. Identifying and building relationships with influencers and informers is key to the uptake of the message, and OA practitioners must have deep expertise to be credible as the messengers. CONCLUSION This timely research has immediate relevance to North American libraries as they contend with pressures to ramp up their own OA outreach and support services to assist researchers in complying with new federal funding policies.
Two-layered Dual-band Perfect Metamaterial Absorber at K band Frequency
Authors: Tran M. C. , Phuong T. T. H.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a study of a novel absorber structure based on two-dielectric-layers, two perfect absorption frequency bands at K band (f1 = 26.5 GHz and f2 = 28.6 GHz) go under observance. The study of the dependence of absorption and frequency on relative distance between the layers of material and the material structure parameters are discussed.
Reconfigurable Multi-Beam Dual-Band Antenna based on Vee Dipoles
Authors: Snehalatha L. , Pathak N. P. , Manhas S. K.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a novel antenna configuration to support reconfigurable multi-beam feature with dual-band capability. The proposed design uses four double Vee dipoles with their arms printed on either sides of a substrate and fed through a single coaxial input probe. A single directional beam that can be configured in four directions at quadrature angle in the azimuth (xy-plane) and corresponding dual, triple and quad beams have been obtained by controlling the state of four PIN diodes. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been designed and fabricated. Measured antenna parameters are in good agreement with that of simulated parameters. This highly planar antenna shows similar radiation patterns at both design frequencies enabling concurrent dual-band communication for all fifteen possible beam configurations.
Bilateral asymmetry of skin temperature is not related to bilateral asymmetry of crank torque during an incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion
Authors: Trecroci Athos , Formenti Damiano , Ludwig Nicola , Gargano Marco , Bosio Andrea , Rampinini Ermanno , Alberti Giampietro
Published: March 2018

Although moderate relationships (|r| ∼ 0.5) were reported between skin temperature and performance-related variables (e.g., kinetic), it remains unclear whether skin temperature asymmetry reflects muscle force imbalance in cycling. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether a relationship exists between kinetic and thermal asymmetry during a fatiguing exercise. Ten elite cyclists were enrolled and tested on a maximal incremental cycling test. Peak crank torques of both legs were obtained at the initial and final workload. Likewise, bilateral skin temperatures were recorded before and after exercise. Asymmetric indexes were also calculated for kinetic (AIK) and skin temperature (AIT) outcomes. The bilateral peak crank torques showed a larger difference at the final compared to the initial workload (p < 0.05) of the incremental exercise. Conversely, the bilateral skin temperature did not show any differences at both initial and final workload (p > 0.05). Additionally, trivial relationships were reported between AIKand AIT(−0.3 < r < 0.2) at the initial and final workload. The obtained results showed that changes in bilateral kinetic values did not reflect concurrent changes in bilateral skin temperatures. This finding emphasizes the difficulty of associating the asymmetry of skin temperature with those of muscle effort in elite cyclists. Lastly, our study also provided further insights on thermal skin responses during exhaustive cycling exercise in very highly-trained athletes.
Reproduction and community structure of fish from winter catch sites from industrial shrimp bycatch from the northeast and southeast Mexican Pacific
Authors: Tirado-Ibarra Jorge de Jesus , Loya-Rodriguez Mariany , Morales-Arevalo Jose Carlos , Muñoz-Garcia Isabel Rosario , Martinez-Perez Francisco , Ramirez-Perez Jorge Saul , Jimenez-Gutierrez Laura Rebeca
Published: March 2018

The shrimp fishery is one of the most important fisheries in the world, although the low selectivity from trawling nets has led to the capture of a large number of non-target species. Shrimp-bycatch species include a large number of fish and invertebrate species, of which fish species are the most abundant. The present study aims to determine the community structure as well as the average sizes at first maturity of the fish species from shrimp-bycatch caught from industrial fisheries in the Mexican Pacific from Sinaloa to Guerrero, from January to March 2015. The shrimp-bycatch fish diversity value was found to be 2.22. A total of 37 species of finfish were found, of which five were considered rare. The fish species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) levels werePseudupeneus grandisquamis,Paralichthys woolmani,Lutjanus peruandDiapterus peruvianus. The average size at first maturity was calculated for all species. Of the analysed organisms, 90% were in the juvenile stage, including species with riverine and artisanal fisheries. The present study demonstrates the risk within marine populations to different non-target species due to the poor selectivity of shrimp trawls.
Teatro de Invasão: O teatro de rua sobre um chão que se pode soltar.
Authors: Santos Daniele Lopes
Published: March 2018

O presente artigo, parte da noção de “Teatro de Invasão”, proposta pelo Diretor Teatral André Carreira, para entender sua relação com a cidade e com conceitos fundamentais para o Teatro Contemporâneo, observando as relações teóricas descritas, a partir de espetáculo dirigido por Carreira.
Vertical Gravimeter Array Observations and Their Performance in Groundwater‐Level Monitoring
Authors: Tanaka T. , Honda R.
Published: March 2018

The gravitational effects of the atmosphere and subsurface water are significant obstacles to observing gravity variations on the sub‐μGal (1 μGal = 10 nm/s2) scale. The goal of this study is to detect changes in gravity that are caused by mass redistributions deep underground related to seismological phenomena by reducing environmental gravity effects using multiple gravimeters belowground and aboveground, which we term a “vertical gravimeter array.” Based on an evaluation of the responses to atmospheric effects and rainfall events identified in observations made with individual relative gravimeters, the vertical gravimeter array succeeds in stacking the target signals from deep underground and in reducing errors due to rainfall or free groundwater and atmospheric effects. To enable accurate interpretation, we introduce a physical approach that is based on attraction and loading deformation effects for atmospheric reduction using state‐of‐the‐art gridded weather data products. Changes in the water levels of confined groundwater can be regarded as a signal from deep underground, and a response coefficient of approximately −15 μGal/m was obtained. In addition, the response coefficient of the free groundwater level was determined to be approximately 5 μGal/m. Such array observations are expected to contribute to monitoring crustal activity and hydrological studies.
Introducing a New Inventory of Large Martian Landslides
Authors: Crosta G. B. , Frattini P. , Valbuzzi E. , De Blasio F. V.
Published: March 2018

Landslides have been observed in different terrestrial environments and also on planets, satellites, and asteroids. Long runout landslides are strongly dependent on the initial mass position, material and slope path properties, topographic relief, and presence of volatiles. Therefore, landslides represent a means for the description of rock properties and environment of deposition prevailing at the time of occurrence and may assist in understanding the geological and climatological history of the planetary surfaces. Concerning Mars, previous studies have concentrated on Valles Marineris, where among the largest and longest landslides have been observed. Using different imagery, we present and analyze an original database of 3,118 Martian landslides of deposit area greater than 0.1 km2 throughout the planet between 60°N and 60°S, resulting in a data set far richer than previously done. After a distinction is made between different typologies of landslides, their position and the statistical distribution of their geometrical properties are examined. Large landslides cluster along the Noctis Labyrinthus‐Valles Marineris‐Margaritifer Terra system. Rock avalanches within craters are widespread, but no significant large landslides have been found at latitudes higher than 40°S and 46°N. The magnitude‐frequency distribution follows a power law with scaling exponent ranging between 1.02 and 1.57, for the entire data set and varies according to the geomorphological settings, the landslide typology, and mobility. A volume‐area power law relationship (exponent: 1.12–1.24) is proposed, based on the reconstruction of 222 landslide geometries, and compared to those for similar terrestrial landslides (1.39). Similarities with respect to terrestrial landslide, distribution with respect to impact craters and impact energy, and cryosphere extent are also discussed.
Ionospheric Peak Electron Density and Performance Evaluation of IRI‐CCIR Near Magnetic Equator in Africa During Two Extreme Solar Activities
Authors: Adebesin B. O. , Rabiu A. B. , Obrou O. K. , Adeniyi J. O.
Published: March 2018

The F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) was investigated over Korhogo (Geomagnetic: 1.26°S, 67.38°E), a station near the magnetic equator in the African sector. Data for 1996 and 2000 were, respectively, categorized into low solar quiet and disturbed and high solar quiet and disturbed. NmF2 prenoon peak was higher than the postnoon peak during high solar activity irrespective of magnetic activity condition, while the postnoon peak was higher for low solar activity. Higher NmF2 peak amplitude characterizes disturbed magnetic activity than quiet magnetic condition for any solar activity. The maximum peaks appeared in equinox. June solstice noontime bite out lagged other seasons by 1–2 h. For any condition of solar and magnetic activities, the daytime NmF2 percentage variability (%VR) measured by the relative standard deviation maximizes/minimizes in June solstice/equinox. Daytime variability increases with increasing magnetic activity. The highest peak in the morning time NmF2 variability occurs in equinox, while the highest evening/nighttime variability appeared in June solstice for all solar/magnetic conditions. The nighttime annual variability amplitude is higher during disturbed than quiet condition regardless of solar activity period. At daytime, variability is similar for all conditions of solar activities. NmF2 at Korhogo is well represented on the International Reference Ionosphere‐International Radio Consultative Committee (IRI‐CCIR) option. The model/observation relationship performed best between local midnight and postmidnight period (00–08 LT). The noontime trough characteristics is not prominent in the IRI pattern during high solar activity but evident during low solar conditions when compared with Korhogo observations. The Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficients revealed better model performance during disturbed activities.
Space‐Based Sentinels for Measurement of Infrared Cooling in the Thermosphere for Space Weather Nowcasting and Forecasting
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Knipp Delores J. , Hunt Linda A. , Gaebler John , Matsuo Tomoko , Kilcommons Liam M. , Young Cindy L.
Published: March 2018

Infrared radiative cooling by nitric oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) modulates the thermosphere's density and thermal response to geomagnetic storms. Satellite tracking and collision avoidance planning require accurate density forecasts during these events. Over the past several years, failed density forecasts have been tied to the onset of rapid and significant cooling due to production of NO and its associated radiative cooling via emission of infrared radiation at 5.3 μm. These results have been diagnosed, after the fact, through analyses of measurements of infrared cooling made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument now in orbit over 16 years on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. Radiative cooling rates for NO and CO2 have been further shown to be directly correlated with composition and exospheric temperature changes during geomagnetic storms. These results strongly suggest that a network of smallsats observing the infrared radiative cooling of the thermosphere could serve as space weather sentinels. These sentinels would observe and provide radiative cooling rate data in real time to generate nowcasts of density and aerodynamic drag on space vehicles. Currently, radiative cooling is not directly considered in operational space weather forecast models. In addition, recent research has shown that different geomagnetic storm types generate substantially different infrared radiative response, and hence, substantially different thermospheric density response. The ability to identify these storms, and to measure and predict the Earth's response to them, should enable substantial improvement in thermospheric density forecasts.
Formation of Ethers from Other Ethers
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Kesharwani Tanay
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Evaluation of the intra‐ and interfractional tumor motion and variability by fiducial‐based real‐time tracking in liver stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Liang Zhiwen , Liu Hongyuan , Xue Jun , Hu Bin , Zhu Bin , Li Qin , Zhang Sheng , Wu Gang
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Tumor motion amplitude varies during treatment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the intra‐ and interfraction tumor motion and variability in patients with liver cancer treated with fiducial‐based real‐time tracking stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

Methods

Fourteen liver patients were treated with SBRT using a CyberKnife. Two to four fiducial markers implanted near the tumor were used for real‐time monitoring using the Synchrony system. The tumor motion information during treatment was extracted from the log files recorded by the Synchrony system. Logfile‐based amplitudes in the superior–posterior (SI), left–right (LR) and anterior–posterior (AP) directions were compared to the 4DCT‐based amplitudes. The intra‐ and interfraction amplitude variations and the incidence of baseline shifts were analyzed for 66 fractions administered to 14 patients.

Results

The median (range) logfile‐based liver motion amplitudes for all patients were 11.9 (5.1–17.3) mm, 1.3 (0.4–4) mm and 3.8 (0.9–7.7) mm in the SI, LR and AP directions, respectively. Compared with the logfile‐based amplitude, the 4DCT‐based amplitude was underestimated (P < 0.05). The median (range) intra‐ and interfraction liver motion amplitude variations were 4.3 (1.6–6.0) mm (SI), 0.5 (0.2–2.2) mm(LR) and 1.5 (0.3–3.3) mm (AP) and 1.7 (0.5–4.6) mm (SI), 0.3 (0.1–3.0) mm (LR) and 0.7 (0.3–2.7) mm (AP), respectively. Baseline shifts exceeding 2 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm were observed in 27.3%, 7.6% and 3% of the measurements, respectively, within 10 min, and in 66.7%, 38.1% and 19%, respectively, within 30 min for the square root of the sum of the squares of the distances in the SI, LR and AP directions (3D). The tumor motion amplitude was found to be correlated with the baseline shift.

Conclusions

Most patients showed significant intra‐ and interfraction liver motion amplitude variations over the entire course of radiation. More caution is needed for patients with large tumor motion amplitudes.
Architecture After the Rain
Authors: Vidler Anthony
Published: March 2018

The apparent lack of seriousness of Surrealism was clearly at odds with the gravitas of the period that followed the two World Wars, and would seem to preclude any close relationship between Surrealism and architecture. But by 1978, when a Surrealism‐themed issue of 2 was published, the tide had begun to turn. Anthony Vidler – Professor of Architecture at the Irwin S Chanin School of Architecture, the Cooper Union, New York – reflects on that 2 issue, and in particular on two key articles in it: one by Bernard Tschumi, the other by Rem Koolhaas.
Moody Attunement in Giorgio de Chirico's Metaphysical City
Authors: Weston Dagmar Motycka
Published: March 2018

Overly pragmatic conceptions of the city pose a threat to the urban public realm. The Surrealist view offers an alternative. It is explored here by architectural theorist and historian Dagmar Motycka Weston, Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, through the work of the Greek‐Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico, which posits other ways to conceive of cities – particularly in relation to the German Romantic notion of ‘moody attunement’ (Stimmung).
A Simply Marvellous Reaction: Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response and the Desk Tutorial
Authors: Morris Mark
Published: March 2018

Mark Morris, Head of Teaching and Learning at the Architectural Association in London, has honed his career on imaginative insights into the architectural profession, its modes of representation, its fetishes and its means of education. Here he explores autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) – the soothing yet sensual, pleasurable cascades of happiness of small repetitive gestures, motions and sounds, such as the scrape of a paint knife on canvas or the comfort of a desk crit/tutorial – and its associated ‘braingasms’.
The Shadowy Thickening of Space and Time with Chance: An Interview with the Quay Brothers
Authors: Morris Mark , Spiller Neil
Published: March 2018

After studying at the Philadelphia College of Art, identical twins Stephen and Timothy Quay moved to London in the 1960s to study Graphic Design at the Royal College of Art. They soon acquired a taste for Eastern European animation and puppetry, and subsequently embarked on a 35‐year career making films. Usually working in stop‐motion, the Quay Brothers have evolved one of the most recognisable styles in the history of film, as reflected by their massive 2012 retrospective at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Mark Morris, Head of Teaching and Learning at the Architectural Association, and Guest‐Editor Neil Spiller interviewed them in their studio in London.
Architecture in Aqueous Flux: The CaCO3 Depositional House
Authors: Eagle James
Published: March 2018

A petrifying well in northern England inspired architect James Eagle to explore how crystallisation could be applied to architecture. Begun as his fifth‐year MArch thesis at the University of Greenwich, London, and further developed thereafter, his proposals for the CaCO3 Depositional House use porous templates and cybernetics to guide the formation of calcium carbonate deposits into fantastical yet functional structures, from windows to sanitary facilities. He describes the process, the project, the prototype, and its implications for architecture's future.
Transcending Geometry: The Longhouse
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: March 2018

Guest‐Editor Neil Spiller has been working on a grand project, entitled Communicating Vessels, for the last two decades. It consists of about a thousand drawings and many pages of notes and purple prose. Here he gives us a glimpse of the Longhouse, a major element of the project. The Longhouse is strange and ghostly as it explores augmented and mixed realities, memories and surreal semiotics.
Subterranean Speculations: The Chthonopolis
Authors: Clear Nic
Published: March 2018

Many contrasting utopian visions have been offered by an array of writers and designers since Thomas More first coined the term in the early 16th century. The Chthonopolis is one of the most recent. Conceived by architect and curator Nic Clear – now Head of the Department of Architecture and 3D Design at the University of Huddersfield – when he was Professor of Architecture at the University of Greenwich, it is an underground city of the future that mingles architecture with science fiction.
3D‐Printed Silicone Materials with Hydrogen Getter Capability
Authors: Ortiz‐Acosta Denisse , Moore Tanya , Safarik Douglas J. , Hubbard Kevin M. , Janicke Michael
Published: March 2018

Organic getters are used to reduce the amount of reactive hydrogen in applications such as nuclear plants and transuranic waste. The present study examines the performance of getter loaded silicone elastomers in reducing reactive hydrogen gas from the gas phase and their capability of being 3D printed using direct ink writing techniques. The samples are placed in closed vessels and exposed to hydrogen atmosphere at pressures of 580 torr and 750 mtorr and at a temperature of 25 °C. The hydrogen consumption is measured as a function of time and normalized to getter concentration in the polymer. The performance of the getter‐loaded silicone elastomer containing 1,4‐bis[phenylethynyl]benzene (DEB) as the organic getter and Pd/C catalyst (ratio of 3:1 DEB to catalyst) decreases with increasing the resin's curing temperature. Chemical analysis suggests that DEB reacts with the silicone resin at high temperatures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the increased surface area of 3D printed composites results in improved getter performance.
Light‐Induced Surface Modification of Natural Plant Microparticles: Toward Colloidal Science and Cellular Adhesion Applications
Authors: Tan Ee‐Lin , Potroz Michael G. , Ferracci Gaia , Jackman Joshua A. , Jung Haram , Wang Lili , Cho Nam‐Joon
Published: March 2018

Playing an instrumental role in the life of plants, pollen microparticles are one of the most fascinating biological materials in existence, with abundant and renewable supply, ultrahigh durability, and unique, species‐specific architectural features. Aside from their biological role, pollen microparticles also demonstrate broad utility as functional materials for drug delivery and microencapsulation, and increasingly for emulsion‐type applications. As natural pollen microparticles are predominantly hydrophobic, developing robust surface functionalization strategies to increase surface hydrophilicity would increase the range of colloidal science applications, including opening the door to interfacing microparticles with biological cells. This research investigates the extraction and light‐induced surface modification of discrete pollen microparticles from bee‐collected pollen granules toward achieving functional control over the responses elicited from discrete particles in colloidal science and cellular applications. Ultraviolet–ozone treatment is shown to increase the proportion of surface elemental oxygen and ketones, leading to increased surface hydrophilicity, enhanced particle dispersibility, tunable control over Pickering emulsion characteristics, and enhanced cellular adhesion. In summary, the findings demonstrate that light‐induced surface modification improves the functional properties of pollen microparticles, and such insights also have broad implications across materials science and environmental science applications.
Strong Depletion in Hybrid Perovskite p–n Junctions Induced by Local Electronic Doping
Authors: Ou Qingdong , Zhang Yupeng , Wang Ziyu , Yuwono Jodie A. , Wang Rongbin , Dai Zhigao , Li Wei , Zheng Changxi , Xu Zai‐Quan , Qi Xiang , Duhm Steffen , Medhekar Nikhil V. , Zhang Han , Bao Qiaoliang
Published: March 2018

A semiconductor p–n junction typically has a doping‐induced carrier depletion region, where the doping level positively correlates with the built‐in potential and negatively correlates with the depletion layer width. In conventional bulk and atomically thin junctions, this correlation challenges the synergy of the internal field and its spatial extent in carrier generation/transport. Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, a class of crystalline ionic semiconductors, are promising alternatives because of their direct badgap, long diffusion length, and large dielectric constant. Here, strong depletion in a lateral p–n junction induced by local electronic doping at the surface of individual CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite nanosheets is reported. Unlike conventional surface doping with a weak van der Waals adsorption, covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding between a MoO3 dopant and the perovskite are theoretically predicted and experimentally verified. The strong hybridization‐induced electronic coupling leads to an enhanced built‐in electric field. The large electric permittivity arising from the ionic polarizability further contributes to the formation of an unusually broad depletion region up to 10 µm in the junction. Under visible optical excitation without electrical bias, the lateral diode demonstrates unprecedented photovoltaic conversion with an external quantum efficiency of 3.93% and a photodetection responsivity of 1.42 A W−1.
Effect of peptide linker length and composition on immobilization and catalysis of leucine zipper‐enzyme fusion proteins
Authors: Caparco Adam A. , Bommarius Andreas S. , Champion Julie A.
Published: March 2018

Linkers are critical components of fusion proteins, as they physically separate individual domains to enable each to fold and retain function. The role of peptide linker properties was investigated for fusions of a leucine zipper immobilization domain (ZE) to a chimeric amine dehydrogenase (AmDH) or a formate dehydrogenase (cbFDH). A linker library was developed, which varied in length, orientation, and proline content, as a way to vary stiffness. Fusion proteins were characterized by melting temperature, immobilization ability, cofactor binding, and kinetic activity. The best linker candidate for each enzyme was tested in a dual‐functionality assay, where enzymatic activity of fusions immobilized in protein‐inorganic supraparticles was greater than 80% after washing. The best linker for AmDH was completely different than that for cbFDH. This work highlights the need to experimentally assess linker properties in the design of new fusion proteins and provides a linker library for this purpose. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2934–2946, 2018
Intramolecular (4+3) Cycloadditions of Pyrroles and Application to the Synthesis of the Core of Class II Galbulimima Alkaloids
Authors: He Jiayun , Chen Zhihua , Li Wenfei , Low Kam‐Hung , Chiu Pauline
Published: March 2018

The first intramolecular (4+3) cycloaddition of pyrroles with epoxy enolsilanes as the electrophiles was developed and used to generate optically‐enriched cycloadducts containing the nortropane substructure in good yields. Using this pyrrole cycloaddition as the key step, we achieved the asymmetric synthesis of a nortropane compound bearing the BCDEF ring structure common to the Class II galbulimima alkaloids.
Radical Anions from Urea‐type Carbonyls: Radical Cyclizations and Cyclization Cascades
Authors: Huang Huan‐Ming , McDouall Joseph J. W. , Procter David J.
Published: March 2018

Radical anions generated from urea carbonyls by reductive electron transfer are exploited in carbon–carbon bond formation. New radical cyclizations of urea radical anions deliver complex nitrogen heterocycles and, depending upon the proton source used in the reactions, a chemoselective switch between reaction pathways can deliver two heterobicyclic scaffolds. A computational study has been used to investigate the selectivity of the urea radical processes. Furthermore, radical cyclization cascades involving urea radical anions deliver unusual spirocyclic aminal architectures.
Heterobimetallic Catalysis: Platinum‐Gold‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization/C−X Coupling Reaction of (Hetero)Arylallenes with Nucleophiles
Authors: Alonso José Miguel , Muñoz María Paz
Published: March 2018

Heterobimetallic catalysis offers new opportunities for reactivity and selectivity but still presents challenges, and only a few metal combinations have been explored so far. Reported here is a Pt‐Au heterobimetallic catalyst system for the synthesis of a family of multi‐heteroaromatic structures through tandem cyclization/C−X coupling reaction. Au‐catalyzed 6‐endo‐cyclization takes place as the first fast step. Pt‐Au clusters are proposed to be responsible for the increased reactivity in the second step, that is, the intermolecular nucleophilic addition which occurs through an outer‐sphere mechanism by hybrid homogeneous‐heterogeneous catalysis.
A Cooperative Pillar–Template Strategy as a Generalized Synthetic Method for Flexible Homochiral Porous Frameworks
Authors: Jin Jing , Zhao Xiang , Feng Pingyun , Bu Xianhui
Published: March 2018

A new strategy for creating homochiral metal–organic frameworks through a fusion of pillaring and templating concepts is demonstrated. This strategy makes use of the synergy among various chemical interactions during self‐assembly processes, and leads to the synthesis of a series of homochiral frameworks. In the presence of only pillar‐to‐pillar π–π interactions, inter‐pillar forces compete against metal–pillar interactions, resulting in mismatch between pillar‐to‐pillar and metal‐to‐metal separations and consequently 2D materials without pillaring. To create 3D materials, a method was developed to use various aromatic molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particular, as templates to modulate the inter‐pillar interaction and separation, leading to the formation of 3D homochiral frameworks. The use of aromatic molecules, especially hydrocarbons, as structure‐directing agents, represents a new approach in the development of crystalline porous materials. Aromatic templates can be post‐synthetically extracted to yield flexible porous homochiral materials with gate‐opening gas sorption behaviors for both N2 and CO2 at partial pressures tunable by temperature.
CO2‐Fixierung und Spaltung durch unpolare Mehrfachbindungen
Authors: Stoy Andreas , Böhnke Julian , Jiménez‐Halla J. Oscar C. , Dewhurst Rian D. , Thiess Torsten , Braunschweig Holger
Published: March 2018

Die Reaktion zweier verschiedener Bor‐Bor‐Mehrfachbindungssysteme mit CO2 bei Atmosphärendruck und Raumtemperatur führte zum Einbau von einem oder zwei Molekülen CO2. Durch strukturelle Charakterisierung einer thermisch labilen Zwischenstufe konnte bei einer dieser Umsetzungen eine [2+2]‐Cycloaddition als Schlüsselschritt des Reaktionsmechanismus ausgemacht werden.
2‐Hydroxybenzophenone as a Chemical Auxiliary for the Activation of Ketiminoesters for Highly Enantioselective Addition to Nitroalkenes under Bifunctional Catalysis
Authors: Guerrero‐Corella Andrea , Esteban Francisco , Iniesta Manuel , Martín‐Somer Ana , Parra Mario , Díaz‐Tendero Sergio , Fraile Alberto , Alemán Jose
Published: March 2018

An organocatalytic system is presented for the Michael addition of monoactivated glycine ketimine ylides with a bifunctional catalyst. The ketimine bears an ortho hydroxy group, which increases the acidity of the methylene hydrogen atoms and enhances the reactivity, thus allowing the synthesis of a large variety of α,γ‐diamino acid derivatives with excellent stereoselectivity.