bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
W sprawie ekologicznej estetyki przyrody
Authors: Łepko Zbigniew
Published: February 2021

The Article presents postulates of ecological esthetics of nature according to human experience of ecological crisis taking into consideration threat of good mode of a person, who is described by sensory-emotional quality of his environment. According to this approach, ecological esthetics ought to be preceded by esthetics of nature which portrays human attitudes named „delight in nature”. The article presents also reconstruction of „history of esthetical concept of nature” which starts from Plato’s three: truth, good, and beauty. Therefore, paradoxically experience of ecological crisis forces: first – „rehabilitation of esthetics of nature” and second – postulate of „ecological esthetics of nature” as an answer on nowadays need of living in nature and with nature. It seems that in our time we more need nature than whenever before.
Kultura ekologiczna zamiast kultury doraźności
Authors: Najder-Stefaniak Krystyna
Published: February 2021

In the paper has been presentend two possible replies of human being to situation, whites imply contemporary world. One – civilization immediate – consist in adaptation of this situation, second – civilization ecological – consist in creative transcendence of this situation First – enter in modern paradigm of thinking, other – in paradigm of ecological thinking.
Problematyka koncepcji życia psychicznego w aspekcie historycznym
Authors: Sańko Dariusz
Published: February 2021

The history of human thoughts since the time of Ancient Greece until present time shows us abundance of thoughts regarding phenomena human psychological life. It is possible to distinguish in this history five mains concepts of psychological life: 1. Ontological concept (psychological life is connected with a soul, which existence is treated as a being); 2. Subjectivistic concept (psychological life is connected with a consciousness); 3. Objectivistic concept (psychological life is connected with behaviour, which can be objective visible for a researcher); 4. Subconsciousnessal concept (psychological life is connected with a subconsciousness); 5. Realistic concept (psychological life is connected with a personality). Looking on issues concepts of psychological life in historical aspect it is possible to see huge abundance of ideas regarding this problem. Each epoch has been trying to resolve of the mystery of human psychological life on measure its own time. These researches made the important footstep in our history, without which, it would not be possible far progress in the discovering of the phenomena psychological life
The inner workings and outer results of the therapeutic experience
Authors: Śleczynski Darius
Published: February 2021

Artykuł przedstawia i analizuje terapeutyczny dyskurs o tym, jak sytuuje się on w strukturze narratywnych odniesień wyznaczonych przez klienta, które dalej uwrażliwiają i stymulują go do stawania się bardziej świadomym, bardziej rozpoznającym i będącym bardziej w kontakcie z postrzeżeniowym ujawnianiem się świata Ja. Terapeutyczny dyskurs czyni to na wiele sposobów, między innymi, zapośrednicza akt przełomu i alternatywny rozwój, który produkuje sens relacji, pielęgnowanie więzi i czyni możliwym patyczne ciągłości doświadczenia, rzeczywiście tak, jak one wchodzą w pierwotny strumień życia. Proces ten ma zatem charakter “doświadczeniowy”. Jest to doświadczenie ucieleśnione i bezpośrednio odczuwane.W terapeutycznym, pełnym wydarzeń procesie badane są unikalne i wspólne sposoby in terpretacji, tak jak one kształtują relacje z innymi i z każdym z osobna. To, co pojawia się w wyniku terapeutycznej bliskości i w strukturze spotkania, staje się istotnym impulsem do zmiany życiowej aktywności. Poddano analizie i dyskusji następujące zagadnienia: (1) terapeutyczna obecność jako facylitująca narratywne rozumienie Ja klienta, (2) doświadczanie terapeutycznego spotkania z własnym, niepowtarzalnym Ja, (3) rozmowa z Giną: odnajdywanie sensu niepełnej egzystencji, (4) pielęgnowanie więzi źródłem energii i oparcia. Pojawiają się dawno oczekiwane momenty transcenencji, wychodzenia poza, kontaktowania innych jako przeobrażające i prawdziwie poszerzające Ja.
Relacja człowieka do jego wytworów w aspekcie etyki środowiskowej
Authors: Sztumski Wiesław
Published: February 2021

The subject of ethics should not only be the valuation of different forms of human actions but also the evaluation of the results of them. Talking about the results of human activity, I mean not only the logical effects and consequences, but also material and spiritual products od ur actions, that is different artefacts.Its impossible to include all the problems and evaluation of all the results of our actions. That is why I come down just to one issue - to the responsibility for excessive intensity of human environment by the new technology products which are used as the assistance to human organism and mind. This type of responsibility fits to environmental ethics which relates to relation between human and environment and this is why it is something new and wider in comparison with traditionally understood moral responsibility usually limited to the relation “ human - human”. Following issues are taken into consideration in this article: human in artefact environment, threats connected with growth of artefacts in the area of spiritual culture, biological degradation of a man assisted with artefacts.
The Impact of Economic growth on environmental quality
Authors: Bartoszczuk Paweł
Published: February 2021

Wraz z rosnącym zainteresowaniem rozwojem przyjaznych dla środowiska rozwiązań  problemów świata, włącznie z pogarszaniem się stanu globalnego środowiska i wahających się ekonomicznych warunków, zapotrzebowanie na metody przewidywania skutków decyzji politycznych staje się coraz bardziej pilne. Ten artykuł analizuje możliwy wpływ rozwoju ekonomicznego na jakość środowiska. Ostrzegamy, że bez znaczących redukcji w przerobie w konkretnym czasie, możemy oczekiwać pokaźnego spadku w głównych działach w produkcji jedzenia, zużycia energii i produkcji przemysłowej. Model przedstawiony w tym artykule powinien ostrzegać podejmujących decyzje o nadchodzącym problemie nagłych ekonomicznych wzrostów na świecie, gdzie zasoby zaczynają być wyeksploatowane.
Metody oceny ekonomicznej i finansowej publicznych inwestycji w dziedzinie ochrony środowiska
Authors: Rudnicki Maciej
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, the realization of public, infrastructural investments in the area of environmental protection, is inseparably connected with financing them from various sources, public and private. The majority of funds which finance the investments like this, have very strict criterions of economical and financial evaluation of investment project. Although the public proecologic infrastructural investments concern the area of public services, they are treated like typical economical undertakings by financial institutions. Often , it turns out that well prepared and well organized undertaking does not meet the economical or financial demands of the fund which finances the investment. It is worth, then , to pay attention to some issues about criterions of economical and financial evaluation which are used in respect of public, infrastuctural, proecological investments. The author focused on criterions which are universal so that they recognized and used by many financial institutions and European Committee, European Investment Bank and National Fund of Environmental Protection and Water Economy.
Nowy kierunek w składowaniu odpadów w zakładach wzbogacania kopalin
Authors: Awdochin W. M. , Rafijenko W. A. , Pawłowa E. P.
Published: February 2021

In the given work the new approach to warehousing tails of concentraiting factories reduction of the areas of warehousing, and also improvement of ecological conditions of the location chwostochraniliszcz factories is stated. It is offered to refuse from working chwostochraniliszcz borrowing the big territories and to realize the technological circuit of warehousing of tails in a waste heap.
Rachunek sozologiczny instrumentem w polityce i ekonomii środowiskowej
Authors: Ciszek Mariusz , Świderski Andrzej W.
Published: February 2021

This study show indicate idea of eco-development on environmental economy. Particularly marked interaction of connection between ecological losses and sociological calculation. Layout for this study is as follow: eco-development as goal for politics and environmental economy, ecological losses in microeconomic and macroeconomic, evaluation in ecological harms in sociological calculation.
Podstawy i metodologia tzw. ekologii głębokiej
Authors: Bombik Mieczysław
Published: February 2021

Artykuł zawiera systematyczną analizę podstawowych terminów i zwrotów językowych oraz omówienie następujących zagadnień: reformistyczna organizacja ochrony środowiska, źródła ekologii głębokiej i jej podstawowe twierdzenia, wskazania polityczne dla rozwiązania kryzysu ochrony środowiska, struktury organizacyjne ekologii głębokiej.
Internet as source of information about environmental protection
Authors: Sandner Jan
Published: February 2021

Gwałtowny rozwój Internetu, jaki obserwujemy w ostatnich latach, stwarza nowe możliwości pozyskiwania informacji o problematyce ochrony środowiska. Dotychczasowe formy dostępu do informacji w postaci książek, czasopism specjalistycznych, biuletynów informacyjnych stają się coraz mniej doceniane przez zainteresowanych. Na ten stan rzeczy składa się wiele czynników.Z badań, które prowadziłem wśród studentów UKSW wynika, że główną barierą w dostępie do informacji przekazywanej formą tradycyjną jest koszt w postaci jej pozyskania oraz trudności techniczne w dotarciu do źródła informacji. Na kolejnych miejscach wskazanych przez studentów, znalazły się następujące czynniki: brak czasu na poszukiwanie informacji, brak wiedzy o dostępności konkretnych danych na rynku informacji, potrzeba natychmiastowego dotarcia do zróżnicowanej informacji.Wyniki moich badań prowadzone wśród studentów UKSW, potwierdzają bardzo niską skuteczność w poszukiwaniu specjalistycznej informacji w zakresie ochrony środowiska. Związane to jest przede wszystkim z pewnymi merytorycznymi błędami w samym procesie edukacji. Programy w zakresie edukacji przedmiotów specjalistycznych w zakresie ochrony środowiska, nie nadążają za zmieniającym się procesem dostępu do informacji w sieci Internetowej. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały dwa najsłabsze ogniwa tego procesu. Jeden wynika z braku w obecnie funkcjonującym systemie edukacji, kompleksowego programu edukacji środowiskowej, stanowiącego systemowe holistyczne podejście do problematyki edukacji pro-ekologicznej. Na większości uczelni wyższych zajmujących się tą problematyką, przedmioty związane z edukacją środowiskową w najlepszym przypadku występują w postaci niezależnych przedmiotów, np. ekologii, ochrony środowiska, geologii, hydrologii, gleboznawstwa, biologii, toksykologii itp.Drugi powód wynika z bardzo słabej znajomości wśród studentów praw, jakimi rządzi się Światowa Sieć Internetowa. Fakt istnienia, tego drugiego powodu ma swoje bezpośrednie korzenie również w samym systemie edukacji informatycznej na wyższych uczelniach w naszym kraju.
The Problems of Environmental Education in Agribusiness
Authors: Sandner Jan
Published: February 2021

W ramach obecnie funkcjonujących systemów edukacji brak jest kompleksowego programu edukacji środowiskowej stanowiącego podstawy edukacji w agrobiznesie o podejściu holistycznym. Na większości uczelni wyższych zajmujących się tą problematyką, przedmioty związane z edukacją środowiskową w najlepszym przypadku występują w postaci niezależnych przedmiotów, np. ekologii, ochrony środowiska, zarządzaniem środowiskiem, zarządzania zasobami środowiska. Brak powiązania ich w jeden system nauczania dostosowany do potrzeb przyszłej kadry zarządzającej agrobiznesem powoduje, że kolejne roczniki absolwentów w ramach pojęcia agrobiznes, będą posiadać wiedzę wyłącznie z zakresu tematyki ekonomicznej. Fakt ten z góry skazuje dalszy rozwój tego najistotniejszego procesu zarządzania wiedzą w agrobiznesie na porażkę. Tym razem porażka, będzie jeszcze bardziej dotkliwa, ponieważ wiązać się będzie z błędnym gospodarowaniemzasobami przyrodniczymi kraju. Skutki tego procesu w wielu krajach już są obecnie odczuwalne.
La „mistica" della terra nel pensiero teologico dell'oriente cristiano
Authors: Aptacy Janusz
Published: February 2021

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbę ukazania refleksji chrześcijańskiego Wschodu na temat natury, ziemi i świata jako manifestacji stwórczej woli Boga. Świat według tej nauki nie jest zwykłą emanacją Boskości ani też uporządkowaniem istniejącej wcześniej materii przez jakiegoś demiurga, jak uważali filozofowie greccy. Świat jawi się tutaj jako coś zupełnie nowego, stworzonego „z niczego” (ex nihilo). Jest on chciany i kochany przez Boga. Bóg przez świat wyraża się i nadaje wszystkim bytom, jawiącym się naszym oczom jako tylko materialne, również głęboki sens i znaczenie duchowe. Bóg przez świat wyraża się w sposób zrozumiały dla człowieka. Szczególne zadanie spoczywa więc na człowieku, który powinien odkrywać ten sens i to znaczenie obecne w bytach stworzonych, aby mogła nastąpić komunikacja między nim a Bogiem. Człowiek jako „kapłan i stróż wszechświata” dzięki duchowemu patrzeniu, dzięki „ognistym oczom” przenikającym głębię istot i rzeczy, ma za zadanie to znaczenie odkrywać i objawiać. Sens, znaczenie (logoi) tego wszystkiego, co istnieje ma swój fundament i spełnienie jedynie w Najwyższym Logosie Bożym.
Praca z dzieckiem o specjalnych potrzebach edukacyjnych w bibliotece szkolnej
Authors: Grott Edward
Published: February 2021

Streszczenie nie jest dostępne.
Pomoc dziecku choremu, rodzicom, nauczycielom
Authors: Grott Edward
Published: February 2021

Streszczenie nie jest dostępne.
Ksiądz Petro Verhun - historia pewnego życia i śmierci
Authors: Wójtowicz Bernadetta
Published: February 2021

Streszczenie nie jest dostępne.
Słowo o terminie ekofilozofia
Authors: Dołęga Józef M.
Published: February 2021

Streszczenie nie jest dostepne.
Co Maryja ma do powiedzenia muzułmanom? – możliwość recepcji maryjnego orędzia
Authors: Kaczmarek Piotr
Published: February 2021

Jak się wydaje dialog przykładu i promowania wspólnych wartości otwiera większe możliwości recepcji maryjnego orędzia, niż debata teologiczna. Doktrynalne ramy są dosyć wąskie i nie znoszą dwuznaczności. Zupełnie inny charakter ma codzienne życie wyznawców innych religii, którzy żyją obok siebie i dają sobie wzajemny przykład. Jak mogliśmy zobaczyć, Kościół nie pomija obu wymiarów dialogu. Przygląda się teologii, określa granice ortodoksji, ale nie bagatelizuje duchowych doświadczeń, które pokazują, że Maryja jest czczona na swój sposób przez wyznawców islamu.

Gdybyśmy chcieli podsumować przedstawione powyżej argumenty, można wyliczyć następujące wnioski. Dialog dogmatyczny ogranicza się do chrystologii. Chrześcijanie i muzułmanie w diametralnie różnych sposób rozumieją osobę Jezusa Chrystusa. Odrzucenie przez islam Bóstwa Jezusa zamyka dialog na etapie dogmatycznym. Dlatego należy zaakcentować perspektywę mariologiczną. Maryja w sposób doskonały realizuje cnotę posłuszeństwa, która należy do istotnych cech wiary muzułmańskiej. W ramach „pośrednictwa przykładu” warto eksponować także inne wartości, którą są na tyle uniwersalne, że mogą pociągać do naśladowania Maryi niezależnie od wyznawanej religii. Nie należy pomijać zwłaszcza postulatu o zmaganie w sprawie pokoju na świecie.

Warto ciągle badać literaturę muzułmańską i gromadzić wszelkie tradycje związane z Marią w islamie. Pomogłoby to określić zdolność percepcji teologiczno-pobożnościowej muzułmanów. Chodziłoby o budowanie takich modeli teologicznych i duszpasterskich, które brałyby pod uwagę możliwości, ale i ograniczenia mentalności oraz doświadczenia duchowego wyznawców islamu. Kościół w dialogu z islamem powinien jeszcze częściej nawiązywać do Maryi, mówić o Jej życiu duchowym i cnotach. Należy także podejmować próby oczyszczania narracji koranicznej z różnych zafałszowań wobec oryginalnej fabuły przekazanej przez Ewangelie. Oczywiście nie jest to łatwym zadaniem, z uwagi na rewerencję, jaką cieszy się Koran wśród muzułmanów. Warto zachęcać do rozwijania pobożności maryjnej, do wzywania Jej wstawiennictwa i nawiedzania sanktuariów dedykowanych Matce Bożej. Są to ważne zadania, które stoją przed Kościołem, a których podjęcie może, biorąc pod uwagę określone ramy wiary muzułmańskiej, pomóc w jeszcze szerszym dotarciu do umysłów i serc wyznawców islamu maryjnego orędzia. W ten sposób można także poszerzać recepcję tego przesłania.
Idee w interpretacji dogmatu
Authors: Wróblewska Anna
Published: February 2021

Niniejszy tekst porusza problematykę interpretacji dogmatu- jako takiego oraz rzeczywistości jego treści. Przedstawia idee biorące udział w tym procesie i wybrane metody interpretacji, ujmujące dogmat z różnych perspektyw, dla ukazania wieloaspektowości zagadnienia oraz wzajemnego uzupełniania się ich. Wyróżnioną ideą jest propozycja G. Strzelczyka, który przekłada hermeneutykę P. Beauchampa dotyczącą interpretacji Starego Testamentu na problem interpretacji dogmatu. Opiera się ona na trzech głównych punktach: arche, deuterozie i telosie. Ukazuje aspekt transcendentny w tym procesie. Inną przywołaną metodą, jest spojrzenie z perspektywy immanentnej, którą proponuje K. Góźdź. Elementem praktycznym jest analiza dogmatu o stworzeniu, dokonana wg metody G. Strzelczyka, która kończy niniejszy artykuł.
Perception of COVID-19 Physical Distancing Effectiveness and Contagiousness of Asymptomatic Individuals: Cross-sectional Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults in the United States
Authors: Paludneviciene Raylene , Knight Tracy , Firl Gideon , Luttrell Kaela , Takayama Kota , Kushalnagar Poorna
Published: February 2021

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rapid increase in the amount of information about the disease and SARS-CoV-2 on the internet. If the language used in video messages is not clear or understandable to deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people with a high school degree or less, this can cause confusion and result in information gaps among DHH people during a health emergency.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between DHH people's perception of the effectiveness of physical distancing and contagiousness of an asymptomatic person.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional survey study on DHH people's perceptions about COVID-19 (N=475). Items pertaining to COVID-19 knowledge were administered to US deaf adults from April 17, 2020, to May 1, 2020, via a bilingual American Sign Language/English online survey platform.

Results

The sample consisted of 475 DHH adults aged 18-88 years old, with 74% (n=352) identifying as White and 54% (n=256) as female. About 88% (n=418) of the sample felt they knew most things or a lot about physical distancing. This figure dropped to 72% (n=342) for the question about the effectiveness of physical distancing in reducing the spread of COVID-19 and 70% (n=333) for the question about the contagiousness of an infected person without symptoms. Education and a knowledge of the effectiveness of physical distancing significantly predicted knowledge about the contagiousness of an asymptomatic individual. Race, gender, and age did not emerge as significant predictors.

Conclusions

This results of this study point to the strong connection between education and coronavirus-related knowledge. Education-related disparities can be remedied by making information fully accessible and easily understood during emergencies and pandemics.
Sinbiotik Ekstrak Ubi Ungu dan Probiotik Lokal pada Yogurt: Kesehatan Pencernaan, Hematologi, dan Sistem Imun
Authors: Tari Agustina Intan Niken , Handayani Catur Budi , Hartati Sri
Published: February 2021

The bacteria presence in the gastrointestinal tract is one of the important factors determining the support for body health among others. Therefore, it is essential to maintain a population balance, possibly achieved by consuming local probiotic-based sinbiotic yoghurt. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effectiveness of purple sweet potato extracts and local probiotics supplemented in yogurt by a healthy profile. Furthermore, the Health parameters evaluated include gastrointestinal (faecal water), hematology (number of erythosit, leukocyte, hemoglobin and hemtocrit) and immune system (antibody titer) in Spraque dawley albino mice. This study was performed using a Completely Randomized Design on 30 rats divided into 6 groups.  Therefore, those in group K- were administered distilled water from day 1st -21st, YTP =  yogurt without probiotics from day 1st -21st, YDP = probiotic yogurt from day  1st- 21st,  YTP+E = yogurt without probiotic from day 1st- 21st, interspersed EPEC on day 8th – 14th, YDP+E = yogurt from day1st- 21st, interspersed EPEC on day  8th-14th, K + = water from day 1st- 21persed EPEC on day 8th – 14th, YDP+E = probiotic yogurt from day1st- 21st, then fed EPEC on day 8th- 14th. The results showed the effectiveness of probiotic yogurt treatment with purple sweet potato extract supplementation in healthy gastrointestinal (faecal water), hematology (number of erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit) and immune system (titre antibodies). This phenomenon results from infection by EPEC (Enteropathogenic Eshericchia coli), which is responsible for diarrhea. Furthermore, the YDP treatment possessed a water content characterized by 48.42% feces, while the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin and hematocrit were 8,58x106/μl, 14,15 x106/μl, 13.98 g/dL and 47,67 mL%, respectively. Moreover, 6,42 log of antibody titers was also determined.
Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia, dan Fungsional Pati Ubi Banggai Asetat pada Berbagai Variasi Waktu Reaksi
Authors: If'all If'all , Hasanuddin Asriani , Rahim Abdul , Kadir Syahraeni
Published: February 2021

Banggai yam plant (endemic in Banggai Kepulauan Regency) is a potential raw material in production of modified starch. The one of techniques to increase the value of starch is modification of starch by acetylation method. This study objectives to determine the physical, chemical and functional characteristics of Banggai acetate yam starch at various reaction times. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with treatment time reaction (T), namely T1: 30 min, T2: 35 min, T3: 40 min, T4: 45 min, T5: 50 min, T6: 55 min. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of yam acetate starch, which includes percent acetyl, degree of substitution, water and oil holding capacity (WHC/OHC), flammability, solubility, moisture content, ash, fat, protein, starch and amylose starch. The results showed that the longer reaction time under certain conditions will increase the acetyl percent, degree of substitution, WHC, OHC, flareability, solubility but reduce levels of fat, water, ash, fat, protein, starch and amylose starch, yam acetate. In this study at the best reaction time is (50 min), gives the acetyl percent 8.658% and substitution degree of 0.356, the value of WHC, OHC, Swelling ratio and solubility of 32.21%, 30.21%, 1.98 g/g, and 19.17% respectively.
Открытые пространства в терминологии «Сокровенного сказания монголов» в контексте исторической географии: образы, локализация
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Sodnompilova Marina M.
Published: February 2021

Goals. The paper aims to reveal open space-related toponyms traced in The Secret History of the Mongols, and localize the sites. Materials. Investigation of spaces once reclaimed by Mongolic peoples is quite a topical issue in the history of nomadic communities. And a key stage in the Inner Asian expansion of Mongols depicted in The Secret History of the Mongols is of special significance for historical geography. The vast open spaces nowadays associated with Mongols proper had not actually been their indigenous territories. Names of open spaces known in the era of Genghis Khan and his military activities have been lost, and it is difficult enough to identify the former on present-day maps. The two terms related to open spaces in The Secret History of the Mongols are keer (‘steppe’) and belchir (‘confluence point’). Conclusions. The work reveals Mongols preferred areas with mosaic landscapes that would include both elevations and steppe plains. The Orkhon River valley — crossroads of steppe arterial roads to have served as historical headquarters to earlier nomadic empires — was inhabited by Mongols only after polyethnic Inner Asian communities were united by Genghis Khan. The article presents a number of original hypotheses dealing with localization of several sites mentioned in the written monument.
Народная медицина кочевников Внутренней Азии: логика приемов исцеления
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Nanzatov Bair Z. , Sodnompilova Marina M.
Published: February 2021

Goals. The article seeks to analyze healing techniques developed in nomadic culture and reveal the logic of such actions. Methods. The study employs the comparative historical method which proves instrumental in identifying common features of understanding and interpreting natural and cultural phenomena by Turko-Mongols; fruitful enough is the method of cultural-historical reconstruction which reveals the logic of archaic views. Materials. Mongols tend to view any deviation from norm in human body as disease, the latter divided into obvious and non-obvious ones, i.e. those the nature of which was unknown to people. Origins of most diseases were reduced to harmful activities of supernatural beings living next to humans. Thus, such personification somewhat facilitated the healing: a deity or spirit of disease could be frightened, persuaded, or appeased. Conclusions. The key idea underlying a significant number of traditional healing techniques was the intention to scare disease.
Международный бурятский фестиваль «Алтаргана» как фактор внутриэтнической консолидации бурят конца XX–XXI в.
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Zhambalova Sesegma G.
Published: February 2021

Goals and Materials. The article analyzes field, literary, and media data to explore the urgent issue of contemporary ethnic processes inherent to the people that – due to a number of historical circumstances — live in three federal subjects of Russia (Republic of Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Irkutsk Oblast), and constitute separate diasporas in Mongolia and China. So, the festival which started in 1994 in Mongolia grew to become international since 2002, and is nowadays held nationwide with official state support every two years in one of Russia’s regions where the Buryats live. Results. Cyclicity, established forms and demonstrativeness elevate the event to the rank of a ritual characterized by symbolism of actions. Through spatial whirling, it physically and mentally covers the ethnic territory of the administratively separated Buryats, emphasizes integrity of the nation, being an important factor for the intra-ethnic consolidation in the late 20th – 21st centuries. The performance comprises three main parts, namely: grand opening; contests and sporting competitions aimed at preserving and reviving the Buryat language, traditional culture, ethnic sports; and grand closing ceremony. Despite the international status, the event still remains poorly understood, and the article opens prospects for its further research.
Триады в тексте «Истории Усун Дебескерту-хана»
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Bicheev Baazr A. , Yeerda  ,   Minzu University of China (27, Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China)
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Long before the creation of a national writing system, the Oirats (Kalmyks) had developed a unique oral poetic tradition. By the late 17th century, there appeared a large number of translated poetic works distinguished by genre and artistic diversity. Oirat scholars would insistently turn to the rich oral poetic heritage. And triads were one such most ancient type of aphoristic poetry, their genre characteristics still remaining a matter of debate: some classify them as riddles, others as proverbs — but it is universally accepted that triads hold a special place in the oral poetic tradition. Triads were used not only by medieval authors but have also been turned to by modern Kalmyk writers. Goals. The article introduces into scientific discourse a text of the Oirat version of The Story of Usun Debeskertu Khan which contains triads and quatrains; analyzes didactic contents of the literary triads and compares them to oral (folk) ones. Materials and Methods. The work primarily employs the comparative analysis method. Despite triads have been published in a number of folklore collections (along with proverbs and riddles), their contents have never been investigated in the context of written monuments. Results. The wide use of triads in ancient oral poetic traditions of Mongolic peoples is evidenced by works of researchers from Mongolia, Russia, and China. So, it has been revealed that triads are not identical to riddles, constituting a separate Mongolic poetic genre and having been explicitly used in didactic written monuments as a special form of homilies. Conclusions. The Story of Usun Debeskertu Khan is a didactic composition containing triads and quatrains, the latter — judging from their contents and functions attributed — being essentially edifying (moralistic), which thus makes it possible to finally distinguish them from riddles as such.
Калмыцкая и тувинская поэзия в антологии «Современная литература народов России. Поэзия»
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Khaninova Rimma M. , Wurisigala  ,   Inner Mongolia University (235, University West road, Huh-hot 010021, Inner Mongolia, PRC)
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the dialogue of ethnocultures within the anthology titled ‘Contemporary Literature of Russia’s Peoples. Poetry’. The case study of contemporary Russia’s literary processes through works of Kalmyk and Tuvan poetry makes it possible — to a certain degree — to identify its present-day state, examines the existing literary contacts and interrelations, including by means of Russian-language literary translations of compositions by national poets, reveals the translation problem faced by national literatures of our country. Goals. The article presents poetic collections of Kalmyk and Tuvan poets, reveals ethnic worldviews of the Turko-Mongolic peoples through the use of Russian translations. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that this is the first study of Kalmyk and Tuvan poetic lyrics in the format of a modern anthology of literature of Russia’s peoples as a presentation of ethnic poetry for a wide range of Russian-speaking readers. Materials and 57 Фольклористика и литературоведение Methods. The comparative method delineates specific features of Kalmyk and Tuvan poetic works, identifies mental and individual vectors of authors. In terms of gender, the anthology contains works by Kalmyk men poets only. Kalmyk poetry is represented by 5 authors, Tuvan poetry — by 3 authors. The distinctive line is the age. The selected works include none by representatives of senior or junior generations which evidently attests to the fact, on the one hand, there is a problem of generational change and, on the other hand, the compilers faced quite a challenge when it actually came to select authors to be introduced in such anthologies. In genre perspective, both the sections seem to have little to do with the traditional poetic structures and patterns; so, there are some borrowed genres of ballad and poetic legend without any mention of post-modernist experiments. Still, the thematic landscape is traditional enough: motherland, genealogies, national history, nature of ancestral lands, love, and family. The Tuvan poems by E. Mizhit are published in the author’s translations (a bilingual poet), works by the other poets — in V. Kulle’s translations. Results. The study of modern Kalmyk and Tuvan poetry in this book in a comparative aspect reveals similarities and differences in cultures of the Turko-Mongolic peoples, artistic pictures of the world inherent to related ethnic groups.
Бурятия 1920-х гг. в путевом дневнике немецкого врача Карла Вильманса
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Bashkuev Vsevolod Yu.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article is based on the travel diary of German doctor Karl Wilmanns reflecting his impressions of the trip to Buryat-Mongolia. K. Wilmanns, a psychiatrist from Heidelberg, and A. Stühmer, a venereologist from Münster, were members of the group to have organized the joint 1928 Soviet-German expedition for the study of syphilis in Buryat-Mongolia. In the summer of 1926, they undertook a reconnaissance trip to the BMASSR for an initial assessment of the situation. Their visit determined the course of further preparatory arrangements, scientific and practical agendas of the Soviet and German sides. Goals. The article is aimed at singling out of descriptions and characteristics of Buryat-Mongolia, its multinational population, and cultures from the general narrative of the document and analysis of this material in the political and cultural contexts of the Soviet-German medical cooperation of the 1920s. Results. The study reveals some previously unknown information about the city of Verkhneudinsk and Khorinsky Aimag of the BMASSR during the NEP era. In particular, the travel journal outlines the atmosphere of daily life in a small town in the periphery of the USSR, describes its residents and features of the region’s economic conditions, highlights its nature and objects of tangible and intangible culture. The document also provides insight into the healthcare system of the BMASSR, as well as new data on the physical condition of the republic’s population. The diary’s materials proved essential in further analysis of archival materials about the subsequent conflict between Soviet and German participants that arose after the Germans returned to their homeland. Conclusions. The investigation of materials contained in Wilmanns’ diary disprove the Soviet-era belief that his research was racist. On the contrary, Wilmanns’ reasoning demonstrates sympathy to the Buryat people, empathy for their problems, and a desire to help them. The rather meager medical content of the diary is compensated by Wilmanns and Stühmer’s reports on their trip to the BMASSR in the summer of 1926 which were discovered in the State Archive of the Russian Federation.
«Северокавказский компонент» в керамике катакомбной культуры Калмыкии (происхождение и хронология)
Authors:   Moscow Region State University (21A, Engels St., Moscow 105005, Russian Federation), Nikolaeva Nadezhda A. , Safronov Alexander V.
Published: February 2021

Goal. The article aims to trace the origins and chronological position of pits and catacombs with left-sided burials and ‘North Caucasian’ ceramics. Materials. The paper describes burials with amphorae and red-ochre vessels from kurgans excavated in 1965, 1966, and 1986 in Kalmykia, as well as similar complexes from North Ossetia’s kurgans. Conclusions. The ‘North Caucasian component’ in the ceramics of the Ciscaucasian Catacomb culture marks the beginning of a ‘pure’ Ciscaucasian catacomb culture and attests to the participation of the Kuban-Terek culture in its formation associated with the common origin of both the Novosvobodnaya Dolmen culture and directly with the Corded Ware and Globular amphora cultures of Eastern Europe constituting the core of the Catacomb cultural complex. Mounds of the East Manych (Chogray Reservoir, Kalmykia) contain amphorae with asymmetrical handles with mugs and incense vessels, as well as red-ocher vessels with incense pots, that are untypical for the Coscaucasian Catacomb culture. The first researchers of this region noted the similarity between some vessels of the Ciscaucasian Catacomb culture (the so-called «Manych type») and ceramics discovered in the Novosvobodnaya dolmens and the alleged links between their burial rites as well. These facts were reflected in the hypothesis of the catacombs as a Renaissance form of the Caucasian dolmens, from which it follows that the Ciscaucasian catacomb culture has a local origin. These issues are closely related to the problem of the origin and chronology of the Catacomb culture in the Ciscaucasia and the North Caucasus for which a solution is proposed in this article.
Cоциальные различия у носителей пазырыкской культуры
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Ochir-Goryaeva Maria A.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Specialists dealing with the Pazyryk culture keep posing questions about its social structure. Traditionally, scholars ― with due account of outer parameters of kurgans, depths and areas of graves, numbers of buried horses, quantities and qualities of burial utensils ― have tended to identify three groups within the Pazyryk. Goals. The paper aims to analyze Pazyryk burial rites for social differences within the culture. Results. When it comes to social classifications, researchers usually form respective hypotheses on the bases of dimensional and quantitative properties of examined burial facilities. Still, the paper specifically focuses on positions of the buried and on how crouched their legs are. In common burials from minor kurgans, all bodies are placed lying on their right side with heads to the east (faces to the north), and with legs strongly doubled up, i.e. in crouched positions. In elite princely burials from large Pazyryk kurgans, bodies lie in similar positions ― on the left side with heads to the east ― but are stretched to their full heights with slightly bent legs. Conclusions. So, the buried elites can be imagined doing a ‘curtsy’ with legs ‘slightly bent in the knees’, while the commoners would be seen paying deep knee bends or even prostrating themselves. This feature was never viewed as essential since the stretched position matched the shape of coffins carved from single tree trunks. The work compares widths of coffins and heights of mummies to conclude that the stretched position was determined by rites rather than by shapes or sizes of the coffins. Proceeding from previous studies, the paper examines and interprets the discovered aspect in the context of Pazyryk burial rites and related ideas about the world of the dead.
Тибето-монгольские традиции культа Майтреи в бурятском буддизме: освящение статуи Майтреи в Анинском дацане
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Vanchikova Tsymzhit P.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article describes an archival document stored at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs (Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, SB RAS) and reviewing the temple’s construction and the Maitreya statue’s erection at Aninsky Datsan. The study provides insight into origins of the Maitreya cult dating back to ancient India. Goals. The paper aims to determine the authenticity of the data reported by Ven. Lodon and trace origins of the Maitreya cult, including those related to the consecration of relics. Materials. The essay entitled ‘History (Description) of the Burkhan (Bur. ‘deity statue’) at Big Maidari Aninsky Datsan’ was written by Ven. Lodon, ethnic Buryat, in 1915. The former is a garchak — inventory list — of various relics and objects embedded inside the statue. The written monument is valuable due to that it contains unique source materials and data on the history of Buddhism in Buryatia which reveal the inner life of the Buddhist monastery and its community, shows the relationships between the monastic sangha and lay believers, the Buddhist clergy and state authorities. Materials describing the festive events dedicated to the 1897 consecration of the Maitreya statue and the temple are interesting enough. Results. The examined ‘History of Burkhan’ is important not only because sources on the history of Buryat Buddhism are scarce enough and it gives an opportunity to reconstruct the long and convoluted history of the statue, but also because the original Maitreya statue itself never survived and was dramatically destroyed in the late 1930s.
Н. Я. Бичурин в поисках этнической идентичности
Authors:   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the RAS (3, Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation), Salmin Anton K.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article contains analysis of the attitude of the Sinologist, specialist in Mongolian and Manchu studies Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (Ven. Hyacinth) to his ethnic identity. Goals. The study aims to consider N. Bichurin’s personality in the context of his biography, family, relatives, physical appearances and character, scientific achievements and environment. The veiled rare facts of the attitude of Nikita Yakovlevich to his ethnic origin are as essential. Materials and Methods. The work focuses on archival sources and publications of leading researchers to have investigated N. Bichurin’s life and activities. The figure of Sinologist Hyacinth Bichurin in the frame of 19th-century events remains as intriguing as ever, the latter to include his ethnic backgrounds and personal attitude to his roots. The article analyses archival and published sources to outline the concept of ‘ethnic identity according to Bichurin’. The sought objectives are detected in Bichurin’s biography, family roots, physical features, facts of scientific activity, relations with friends, search for his offspring and in the attitudes of the society to his personality. The low manifestation of ethnic identity in Bichurin’s life and activities is explained by the fact that he was a free ― though ordained ― thinker, which made it impossible to emphasize ethnic identity in the 19th century. In addition, such unpleasant facts of his biography as arrest, imprisonment, and confinement in a cell would repeatedly put him under psychological pressure. Identity was understood by Bichurin as an ability to touch the height in science while being a foreigner.
Орографические объекты «Сокровенного сказания монголов» (Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan) в контексте исторической географии Внутренней Азии
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Sodnompilova Marina M.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Investigation of the space once invaded and reclaimed by the Mongolic peoples is one of the pressing problems in the history of nomadic societies. Goals. The paper seeks to investigate names of positive topographic forms, analyze written sources reflecting the formation of the Mongol Empire for oronyms inherent to the medieval Mongolian language, and determine their localization. Materials and Methods. Historical geography stresses the significance of one stage in the Mongolian invasion of Inner Asia reflected in famous historical monuments, such as The Secret History of the Mongols, Compendium of Chronicles by Rashid al-Din, and Yuán Shǐ. The tasks of identifying individual objects and landforms presented in the text of The Secret History, as well as their localization in the geographical space of medieval Mongolia, were solved by the methods of phonetic reconstruction, comparative analysis of terms and historical events — through the use of 13th–14th century written sources, contemporary toponyms across the territories to have served as a historical arena for the events described. Results. The paper investigates etymologies of terms and names of orographic objects, attempts to identify the places mentioned in The Secret History within the real geographic space. Conclusions. The terminology denoting elevated landforms in The Secret History of the Mongols is distinguished by diversity and represents a very ancient stratum of vocabulary that had been formed through the abundant use of figurative words. Many terms are obsolete and do not function in modern Mongolian any more. At the same time, traces of obsolete terms are found in toponyms across territories inhabited by Mongolic peoples as such. So, the work outlines the circle of sacred orographic objects revered by the medieval Mongolian community.
Штрихи к портрету сельских территорий Калмыкии (по итогам научной экспедиции 2019 г.)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Namrueva Ludmila V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The paper analyzes materials collected during the 2019 (May – June) scientific expedition of Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (Department of Comprehensive Monitoring and Information Technologies) across the territory of the republic. The work contains no value judgments but rather aims at eyewitness analysis. Goals. The article seeks to introduce outcomes of the qualitative surveys (observations, interviews) into scientific discourse. Results. Based on the above, the paper examines actual changes in rural social aspects and the life of contemporary Kalmykia’s villagers. The share of settlements with a population less than 100 keeps increasing, which results from long years of unemployment and subsequent labor migration of rural residents. The negative social trends had been determined by the liquidation of large agricultural enterprises, active use of informal adaptation practices by the population manifested in an increased sociogeographic mobility, i.e. migrations from villages and sometimes further from the republic. Conclusions. It is also noteworthy that there are significant differences between individual rural localities, and the discrepancies between ‘leaders’ and ‘outsiders’ tend to become larger: the former sometimes even keep up with the region’s capital, while the latter lead a miserable, depressed life of the 1990s and are inhabited by elderly individuals only. Despite the socioeconomic problems, settlements with a population up to 500 have sustainably operating educational, healthcare, and cultural institutions ― otherwise such localities shall simply cease to exist. There is a trend to finally tackle some problems of rural territories, and this should improve living conditions of villagers and diminish migration activities.
Парк культуры и отдыха «Дружба» в г. Элисте: формирование публичных пространств в городской среде
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Lidzhieva Altana M.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article analyzes the formation of urban spaces as public places. Considerable attention is paid to the role of Druzhba Park of Culture and Leisure (Elista) in the city’s space. The paper suggests Druzhba Park be viewed not only as a natural zone in urban development, but also as a place for the identification of steppe people with urban environment. Goals. The article seeks to consider the place, functions and significance of the park in Elista’s public space. Methods. The study was conducted using the structural-and-functional method, and that of participant observation. Results. It is traced how changes in the political and sociocultural situations affected the visual attractiveness of the park. Urban development projects that have reconstructed the park’s space at the current stage are described. The work comes to the conclusion that the creation of Druzhba Park as a public space in the late 1930s was evidence of the spread of urban culture among the Kalmyk population.