bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Attention Autoencoder for Anomaly Segmentation
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: September 2021

Anomaly detection and segmentation aim at distinguishing abnormal images from normal images and further localizing the anomalous regions. Feature reconstruction based method has become one of the mainstream methods for this task. This kind of method has two assumptions: (1) The features extracted by neural network is a good representation of the image. (2) The autoencoder solely trained on the features of normal images cannot reconstruct the features of anomalous regions well. But these two assumptions are hard to meet. In this paper, we propose a new anomaly segmentation method based on feature reconstruction. Our approach mainly consists of two parts: (1) We use a pretrained vision transformer (ViT) to extract the features of the input image. (2) We design a self-attention autoencoder to reconstruct the features. We regard that the self-attention operation which has a global receptive field is beneficial to the methods based on feature reconstruction both in feature extraction and reconstruction. The experiments show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches for anomaly segmentation on the MVTec dataset. It is both effective and time-efficient.
Space: The Re-visioning Frontier of Biological Image Analysis with Graph Theory, Computational Geometry, and Spatial Statistics
Authors: Jungck John R , Pelsmajer Michael J , Chappel Camron , Taylor Dylan
Published: September 2021

Every biological image contains quantitative data that can be used to test hypotheses about how patterns were formed, what entities are associated with one another, and whether standard mathematical methods inform our understanding of biological phenomena. In particular, spatial point distributions and polygonal tessellations are particularly amendable to analysis with a variety of graph theoretic, computational geometric, and spatial statistical tools such as: Voronoi Polygons; Delaunay Triangulations; Perpendicular Bisectors; Circumcenters; Convex Hulls; Minimal Spanning Trees; Ulam Trees; Pitteway Violations; Circularity; Clark-Evans spatial statistics; Variance to Mean Ratios; Gabriel Graphs; and, Minimal Spanning Trees. Furthermore, biologists have developed a number of empirically related correlations for polygonal tessellations such as: Lewis’s Law (the number of edges of convex polygons are positively correlated with the areas of these polygons): Desch’s Law (the number of edges of convex polygons are positively correlated with the perimeters of these polygons); and Errara’s Law (daughter cell areas should be roughly half that of their parent cells’ areas). We introduce a new Pitteway Law that the number of sides of the convex polygons in a Voronoi tessellation of biological epithelia is proportional to the minimal interior angle of the convex polygons as angles less than 90 degrees result in Pitteway violations of the Delaunay dual of the Voronoi tessellation.
Art Casting in Portuguese 19th-Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument
Authors: General-Toro Pablo , Bordalo Rui , Moreira Patrícia R. , Eduarda Vieira , Brunetti Antonio , Iannaccone Roberta , Bottaini Carlo
Published: September 2021

The outdoor sculpture of the first Portuguese king, D. Afonso Henriques (~1109 – 1185 AD), placed in Guimarães (North Portugal) is one of the most emblematic national sculptures. Created in 1887 by António Soares dos Reis, it possesses a remarkable symbolic value in the presumed birthplace of the king. In addition to the artistic and heritage importance of the monument, it is one of the few sculptures cast by a Portuguese industrial foundry in the 19th-century. This study obtained data on the sculpture's elemental composition and corrosion products, gathering important historical and technical information. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach consisting of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) was carried out to characterise the bulk metal and corrosion layers. The data revealed a ternary alloy of Cu, Sn, Zn with Pb, Fe, As, Bi and Mn as minor elements. The alloy matches that of other sculptures cast in that period. In terms of corrosion, it is characterised by the presence of oxides. These results represent the first step for applying an appropriate conservation strategy for bronze sculptures with similar characteristics.
Potensi Nephrolepis spp. sebagai Tanaman Obat Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Berdasarkan Kajian Etnomedisin dan Fitokimia
Authors: Renjana Elga , Nikmatullah Muhamad , Rifqi Firdiana Elok , Wige Ningrum Linda , H. Angio Melisnawati
Published: September 2021

Tumbuhan telah dikenal sebagai sumber obat alami yang dapat menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit karena mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan aktivitas biomedik. Tumbuhan paku merupakan kelompok tumbuhan tertua di bumi yang memiliki lebih dari 12.000 jenis. Tumbuhan paku mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi obat berdasarkan
studi etnobotani dan farmakologi. Sebanyak 20 suku dan 38 marga tumbuhan paku dikoleksi dan dikonservasi secara ex situ oleh Kebun Raya (KR) Purwodadi. Nephrolepis merupakan salah satu marga dari koleksi tumbuhan paku KR Purwodadi dengan jumlah spesimen paling banyak. Nephrolepis termasuk kelompok tumbuhan paku epifit atau setengah epifit yang daunnya tersusun
menyirip tunggal seperti pedang. Selama ini Nephrolepis hanya dikenal sebagai bahan sayuran dan tanaman hias oleh masyarakat. Namun belum ada informasi mengenai potensi obat dari koleksi Nephrolepis tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menginventarisasi dan mengarakterisasi potensi koleksi Nephrolepis di KR Purwodadi sebagai tanaman obat. Metode yang
digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah inventarisasi data dari Sistem Informasi Katalog Koleksi Tanaman (SIKATAN), pengamatan langsung di rumah kaca, dan studi etnomedisin dan fitokimia berdasarkan literatur. Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi, telah diperoleh 36 spesimen yang termasuk dalam 6 jenis Nephrolepis. Spesimen tersebut memiliki potensi mengobati berbagai macam penyakit, baik yang telah dikenal dalam pengobatan tradisional maupun dari hasil penelitian. Koleksi Nephrolepis tersebut mengandung berbagai senyawa, seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, dan terpenoid yang memiliki aktivitas farmakologi, di antaranya antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antimikroba, antivirus, dan antikanker. Di samping itu, jenis N. cordifolia merupakan koleksi yang paling potensial
sebagai obat karena bagian daun, rimpang, hingga umbinya memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi, antimikroba, antikanker, antimalaria, dan antioksidan.
Karakterisasi Isolat Bakteri Endofit Nilam (Pogostemon cablin B.) sebagai Kandidat Biostimulan Pertumbuhan Tanaman
Authors: Yuniawati Rafika , Akhdiya Alina
Published: September 2021

Simbiosis bakteri endofit pada tanaman nilam telah diketahui berpotensi untuk menstimulasi pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi dan mengarakterisasi kemampuan bakteri endofit nilam (Pogostemon cablin B.) dalam menstimulasi pertumbuhan tanaman nilam. Bakteri endofit diisolasi dari beberapa sumber tanaman nilam, yaitu koleksi klon B6 (koleksi BB Biogen), varietas Sidikalang dan Patchoulina. Isolat bakteri endofit yang diisolasi dan diseleksi berdasarkan beberapa pengujian selanjutnya dikarakterisasi secara fisiologi, biokimia, dan genetik. Karakterisasi fisiologi dan biokimia meliputi uji aktivitas penghambatan bakteri fitopatogen, uji potensi fiksasi N dan pelarut fosfat, serta uji penghasil IAA-like compound, sedangkan karakterisasi genetik dilakukan berdasarkan analisis sekuensing 16srRNA. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan empat belas isolat terdeteksi menghasilkan IAA like compounds. Empat dari 29 isolat tidak berpotensi patogenik, yaitu isolat B63.8,
B63.10, NSD 20, dan P 35. Isolat-isolat ini mampu memfiksasi nitrogen dan melarutkan fosfat. NSD 20 merupakan isolat yang paling potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai kandidat biostimulan. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi genetik, isolat NSD 20 ini menunjukkan kemiripan tertinggi dengan Bacillus sp. Y14 (93,95%). Uji lanjut in planta di rumah kaca dan lapang diperlukan
untuk mengetahui kemampuan stimulasi pertumbuhan tanaman nilam oleh Bacillus sp. NSD 20.
Bamboo Diversity in Indrokilo Botanical Garden, Central Java
Authors: Wahidah Baiq Farhatul , Damayanto I Putu Gede P. , Mulyani Sri
Published: September 2021

The efforts of Bamboo conservation have been conducted by botanical gardens in Indonesia, including the Indrokilo Botanical Garden, Central Java. Scientific information regarding the bamboo collection of the Indrokilo Botanical Garden, however, is not yet available. This study aimed to determine the diversity of the species, as well as, to provide a synopsis and the similarity analysis of the bamboo species in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden. Exploration and collection of bamboo specimens have been carried out by the Indrokilo Botanical Garden. Processing and identification of the specimens were carried out at Herbarium Bogoriense. A total of 27 morphological characters were used for similarity analysis using the UPGMA method with Nei & Li similarity coefficients. The data were analyzed descriptively. There are seven species of bamboo in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden: Bambusa glaucophylla, B. lako, B. multiplex, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus sp., Guadua cf. angustifolia, and Schizostachyum sp. A synopsis of the bamboo species and their identification keys to the species were provided. Based on the similarity analysis, bamboo in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden consists of five groups at a similarity index of 70%. The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden is relatively low compared to some botanical gardens in Indonesia.
Effect of Testosterone Enanthate Modeling of Polycystic Ovary on Liver Irs-2 mRNA Expression in Rats: A Brief Report
Authors: Ahmadi Seyyed Amir Yasin , Beigi Boroujeni Mandana , Pajouhi Naser , Hasanvand Amin , Hasanvand Afshin , Jamei Seyed Behnamedin , Aaliehpour Asghar , Nekouian Reza
Published: September 2021

There are many animal models for polycystic ovary (PCO); using exogenous testosterone enanthate is one of the methods of induction of these models. However, induction of insulin resistance should also be studied in the modeling technics. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the expression of insulin receptor substrate (Irs)-2 mRNA in the liver tissue of rat PCO model. Nineteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups; (1) PCO modeling group (N =7) received daily 1.0 mg/100g testosterone enanthate solved in olive oil along with free access dextrose water 5%, (2) vehicle group (N =6), which handled like the PCO group, but did not receive testosterone enanthate, (3) control group (N =6) with standard care. All the animals were administered via intra-peritoneal injection for 14 days. Expression of Irs-2 mRNA was studied with real-time PCR and fold changes (FC) were reported. The average of expression in the control group was considered as the calibrator. About 13.4% expression reduction was found in the PCO group (FC =0.874, P-value =0.043). No significant reduction was found in the vehicle group (FC =0.951, P-value =0.076). However, analysis of variance did not show a significant difference between all the groups of study (P-value =0.085). The present model of PCO might induce insulin resistance at liver level with a low effect size via reduction in the mRNA expression of Irs-2. Study of the involved genes and molecules in other tissues of PCO animal models is suggested.
Replication. Part I
Authors:   The Ohio State University, Laymon Ronald , Franklin Allan ,   University of Colorado
Published: August 2021

There has been considerable debate and analysis about the nature and extent of what many believe to be a replication crisis in psychology and other social sci­ences. And perhaps to a lesser degree in the medical sciences. Our approach to the nature and value of replication has been based on the idea that the overriding purpose of replication is to ferret out and identify confounding causes. In other words, to reduce systematic uncertainty. This has led us to understand replication in a broader sense than ordinarily understood. We have developed this approach in considerable detail in three recent books which include both abstract analysis and many case studies drawn primarily, but not exclusively, from physics. We have, for example, considered the difficulty of deciding whether a replication has been successful or has failed, the roles of null experiments, and episodes in which a single experiment has been sufficient to decide, or to further investigate, an issue. In this two-part essay we will review and summarize our approach and results.
Philosophical Insights on the Human Being in Greek-Byzantine Patristics
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Chistyakova Olga V.
Published: August 2021

The article traces the formation of a new religious and philosophical tradition of consideration of the human being. It was formed in the texts of representatives of Eastern Patristics at the epoch of Trinity and Christology theological discussions in Byzantium from the 4th to 7th centuries. The author presents the early Church Fathers’ ideas of the period of Christian apologetics, who laid the foundation for early medieval Christian anthropology. The work analyzes the significant issues, the solution of which allowed Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers to shape the an­thropological tradition of Eastern Christianity. In particular, the author notes the differences in the justification of the Eastern Church Fathers’ Old Testament point on the creation of man in the God’s image and likeness. The researcher stresses the diversity of concepts about the contradictory nature of the human as­sociated with the confrontation of the soul (spirit) and body. In this context, the principle of antinomianism is deduced as the primary method of theorizing about the person in their relationship with God and the created world. Special at­tention is paid to the Patristics interpretation of the idea of deification, compre­hended as the life goal of an individual, and, at the same time, as a process of re­alization of the highest purpose by unifying two contradictory worlds – Divine and earthly – into one harmonious Universe. Deification is derived as an oppor­tunity to overcome man’s duality and as his righteous path guiding each individ­ual to self-improvement, self-knowledge, and spiritual unity with the Creator. The article is based on the analysis of the sacred texts of Eastern Christianity, specifically by Irenaeus, Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor.
Kierkegaard’s Pragmatic Approaches in The Concept of Anxiety
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Loungina Darya A.
Published: August 2021

I consider Kierkegaard’s Concept of Anxiety (1844) in the context of the epoch-making shifts of the mid-19th century, which reoriented philosophical thought to­wards practice. Under these conditions, intellectual utterance, becoming the voice of the whole society and adopting journalistic norms, ceased to obey the academic philosophical regulations. The Left Hegelians were not the only ones believing that thought must be effective. Their opponents – both right Hegelians who used Hegel as a platform for religious renewal and their opponents who fought against Christendom – also understood word as action. The latter included Søren Kier­kegaard. My article clarifies some aspects of Kierkegaard’s work as an author. I present the summary of The Dialectic of Ethical and Ethical-Religious Commu­nication (Papir 364–371) sketched in 1847. I also examine a distinction between direct and indirect communication, the roles of locutors and functions of actors who performed under pseudonyms. The elements of communication – the speaker and the hearer, their presuppositions, tactics, speech behavior and other levels in­volved by pseudonyms are analyzed from the point of view of the ultimate goal of Kierkegaard’s message – the reader’s alteration. I analyze Kierkegaard’s “indi­recte Meddelelse” as a pragmatized utterance that erases the distinction between written and oral speech. I also note the contribution of his reflections to later theo­ries of speech acts. Excerpts from The Concept of Anxiety have been re-translated to demonstrate Kierkegaard’s communicative strategies.
Virtue and Duty in Thomas Reid’s Moral Philosophy
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Artemyeva Olga V.
Published: August 2021

Based on the material of T. Reid’s ethical conception, it is shown that in the moral-philo­sophical teaching, built around the concepts of duty, obligation, the concept of virtue also re­tains its significance. Although Reid consciously conceptualizes morality through norms and duties, the concept of virtue plays an important role in his teaching. Without virtue, it is im­possible to achieve two ends specific to human nature – the individual’s own good on the whole and what appears to be our duty. Reid shows that the person’s virtue coincides with her good on the whole, or happiness. This goal, however, can only be achieved when a hu­man being combines it with the fulfillment of duty for duty’s sake rather than for self-inter­est. In connection with the principle of respect for duty, Reid sees the role of virtue in that it is a necessary condition for the fulfillment of duty and of moral obligation. It is virtue as a quality of the moral agent, manifested in his power to distinguish between good and evil, to make judgments concerning one’s own duty and to act according to one’s understanding-conviction, that makes the act performed virtuous and proper through the motive. Through the concept of virtue Reed grasps the idea, important to Early Modern ethics, that every duty is internally binding through a moral motive.
Externalism about Moral Responsibility: Modification of A. Mele’s Thought Experiment
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Philosophy, Faul Bogdan V.
Published: August 2021

The author modifies A. Mele’s thought experiment for externalism about moral res­ponsibility, which suggests that the agent’s history partially determines whether the agent is morally responsible for particular actions, or the consequences of actions. The original thought experiment constructs a situation in which the individual is not morally responsible for the killing because of manipulation, that is, for a reason external to the agent. A. Mele’s theory was criticized by A.V. Mertsalov, D.B. Volkov, and V.V. Vasiliev at the seminar orga­nized by the Moscow Center for Consciousness. The arguments against A. Mele's theory had the following structure: A.A. Mele does not show that the historical explanation is the best explanation, because there are competing explanations, no less convincing, which are in­compatible with A. Mele’s externalism. The author explicates and analyzes the expla­nations offered by philosophers from the Moscow Center for Consciousness: the explanation from identity, the explanation from self-identification, the explanation from the condition of knowledge, the explanation from future states. Although these explanations apply to Mele’s original thought experiment, they cannot explain the absence of moral responsibility in the modified thought experiment proposed by the author: the explanations from identity and self-identification are excluded by the gradual change in the agent structure of personality; the explanation of knowledge conditions is refuted by including knowledge of manipulation in the conditions of the thought experiment; the explanation of future states is excluded by removing relevant future states from the thought experiment.
About Two Existential and Moral Trends in Philosophy of 20th Century
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Zolotukhina-Abolina Elena V. , Lysikov Aleksey A. ,   South-Russian Humanitarian Institute
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to two important existential and moral trends ‘Freudian’ and ‘Sartrian’ that, having emerged in the twentieth century, exist today. The authors distinguish the exis­tential and the moral: if the moral is a system of internal and external commands and prohi­bitions, the existential is an individual “life of the soul”, a set of experiences, moods and passions. The existential and moral coincide only partially, and there is a certain separation of the vital-existential from morality in the 20th century: the desire to break out from any given behavioral framework. This was facilitated by secularization, which overthrew the transcendent, which to a large extent served as the foundation of morality. The opposition of the vital-existential principle to traditionally understood morality was expressed, in particu­lar, in the line of praising personal freedom (J.-P. Sartre) and in the desire to liberate per­son’s instinctive and emotionally passionate aspirations from moral pressure (S. Freud). Cer­tainly, Freud and Sartre express an objective cultural transition from tradition to innovation, from the sacred to the profane, from “rigorous morality” to free expression of the will, but at the same time they were intellectuals who, with their formulations and manifests facilitate “struggle against morality” and legitimize it, as a result the new moral concepts based on the idea of “overcoming any boundaries” become common. The existential-vital impulse crowds out the moral prohibitive-imperative system of regulation. The ideas of Freud and Sartre were initially understood by the cultural community as humanistic, but in low culture they were transformed into a protest against any moral and rational restrictions, and rela­tivized moral ideas.
From the History of French Spiritualism: The Philosophy of Jules Lachelier
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blauberg Irina I.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the philosophical concept of Jules Lachelier – one of the leading representatives of French spiritualism and neo-Kantianism of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Lachelier's teachings were largely associated with the ideas of his predecessors – Maine de Biran and F. Ravaisson. At the same time, it was marked by the strong influence of Kant's philosophy, which determined the originality of this form of spiritualism. Like Biran and Ravaisson, Lachelier relied on “pure psychology”, exploring the facts of consciousness, but highlighted thinking as the only ability to achieve reliable knowledge. Using the method of reflection, thanks to which thinking directly comprehends its own nature and its relationship with phenomena, Lachelier in his work “On the basis of induction” undertook the substantiation of spiritualist realism (Ravaisson's term) as a true philosophy of nature, emphasizing the importance of the law of finite causes, which explains nature and thinking. This concept was developed in the work “Psychology and Metaphysics”, which describes the process of constituting reality by thinking, a process driven by the striving of thinking for ever more complete self-realization and self-knowledge. Thus, the views of Lachelier, who followed his own theoretical path, in the late period turned out to be close to the ideas of the German post-Kantians.
Epistemology of “Natural Religion” by D. Hume: Hidden Paradoxes
Authors:   Lugansk State Pedagogical University, Darenskiy Vitaliy J.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the paradoxes of the concept of “natural religion” by D. Hume, which arose as a result of his application of the method of radical skepticism to the subjects of religious faith. It is shown that the analysis of D. Hume is a movement from the original theses of a skeptical nature – to theses that coincide with traditional views. The main paradox of his concept is that the impossibility of rational proofs of knowledge of anything (including knowledge of the existence of God) leads to the fact that the basic epistemological category of D. Hume is the category of faith (belief). This, in turn, leads to the disappearance of fundamental differences between what is commonly called “positive” (scientific) knowledge and religious faith. Moreover, in this case, it is religious faith that turns out to be a kind of “model” of any knowledge as such. The merit of D. Hume in clarifying this question is that he clearly pointed out the illegality of separating the representation from the judgment and conclusion in acts of knowledge – and returning reflection to their primary unity in the real experience of consciousness.
Whether Vladimir S. Solovyov Became a Catholic (Historical and Philosophical Analysis)
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Besschetnova Elena V.
Published: August 2021

In the article, the author examines the religious and philosophical views of Vladimir Solovyov during the period of his appeal to the Roman Catholic Church as a rock and center of unification of Christian humanity. Based on materials from the Vatican archives and periodicals of the Holy See, it was reconstructed how Catholic world perceived Solovyov’s project of ecclesiastic union. In particular, the question of Solovyov’s conversion in Catholicism was studied. The author points to unknown document on the preparation of special instructions for Solovyov by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In addition, the author analyses the reception of the idea of the Universal Church by Russian religious philosophers of the early 20th century. It is emphasized that they did not accept the idea of Solovyov’s conversion to Catholicism and pointed to the fundamental religious and philosophical significance the idea of the Universal Church as a mystical unity of the Eastern and Western Churches. Thus, the article shows that the religious and philosophical ideas of Solovyov were closely related to his sociocultural and political views. He was a person who adopted Christianity as a fundamental principle of being and a key driving force of history.
From Pan-Anarchism to Social Engineering and Interindividualism: the Human Being Problem in the Work of the Gordin Brothers
Authors:   Alexander Solzhenitsyn Centre for the Study of the Russian Diaspora, Gerasimov Nikolai I. , Tkachenko Dmitry A.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the evolution of the philosophical views of the pananarchism-theorists A.L. and W.L. Gordin through the prism of human being problem. The study involved not only the collective work of thinkers, but also their solo-creative work in the period 1909–1924. Based on the study of such conceptual phenomena as pananarchism, the AO language, social engineering and interindividualism, the conclusion is drawn: being inspired by the philosophy of M. Stirner, A.L. and W.L. Gordin explored the human being problem using one of the most eclectic conceptual devices in the history of Russian intellectual culture. At the same time, the authors of the article consider that eclecticism in this case should be evaluated positively – as an attempt at a comprehensive philosophical and anthropological study, which is based on the ethical and aesthetic views of thinkers, closely related to their socio-political views.
Text and specifics of the humanities
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kuznetsov V.G.
Published: August 2021

The paper examines the problem of the criteria for the scientific nature of humanitarian knowledge and its demarcation from natural science. The goal is to determine the specifics of the humanities. The author proposes to discuss the texts as a subject of the humanities. The classical understanding of the text presents it as written works, taken in different genres of literature. Cognitive strategies for studying such texts are called textual methodologies. It is impossible to give a general justification for all the humanities with this approach. Therefore, author proposes to consider an expanded understanding of texts as outwardly objectified results of a person’s spiritual activity. Such an extension will allow to explore a vast subject area, which will include classical texts. With this approach, the category of “understanding” becomes the central unifying category. It is also subject to the creation of a comprehensive understanding methodology capable of explaining the difference be­tween the humanities and the natural sciences. The subject universality of the textual nature of the humanities makes possible the “transfer” of hermeneutical methodology to the whole world of humanitarian culture.
Aesthetic dimension of technology: dynamo as technological Sublime at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Nikiforova N.V.
Published: August 2021

In the second half of the XIX century technology saturated urban space and transformed fac­tory production around the world. Reception of technologies in everyday life was connected with aesthetic comprehension. Besides, perception of new technologies was a complex emo­tional experience that fostered reflections on possibilities of human mind and of man-made power, on historical role of technology and its future development. This article is devoted to the aesthetic characteristics of interaction with technology as an affective aesthetic expe­rience of the technological sublime. As an example, the representation and reception of the dynamo in the public discourse at the turn XX century will be considered. The concept of the technological sublime develops the classical category of the sublime, which was inter­preted as an extreme degree of tension of the senses when meeting objects and phenomena that exceed the possibilities of human perception. In the XVIII century, the aesthetics of the sublime was discovered in nature, and in the XIX century new machines and technolo­gies began to claim the role of objects of the sublime aesthetic experience. Technological sublime can be regarded as a transgressive experience (collision with the limits of human perception and limits of possibilities) and as existential experience (human awareness of the finitude of being).
Socio-humanitarian knowledge: specificity or knowledge of foreign nature?
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnova N.M.
Published: August 2021

Specificity of socio-humanitarian knowledge which by now acquires new (scientometric) di­mensions has been presented here as the problem under discussion. Recognizing due polemic overstatements, the author, nevertheless, tries to argue, that the difference between natural sciences and socio-cultural knowledge by no means could be reduced to the so-called specificity, but rather should be bestowed the name “knowledge of foreign nature” due to the principal ontological differences of natural and sociocultural worlds. In contrast to the former, he latter obviously has constitutive meaningful dimension. It has also been demonstrated, that this point of view can be clearly traced back to the European philosophi­cal traditions of XIX−XX centuries.
Kantian motives in modern neuroscience
Authors:   Ulyanovsk State University, Bazhanov V.A.
Published: August 2021

The article considers the reasons according to which the development of cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience is taking place in the context of reinterpreted from the stand­point of modern science I. Kant’s ideas on apriorism. We claim that significant sums of money are being spent to provide these studies in both civil and military areas, for their re­sults directly affect the prospects for creating artificial intelligence, the analysis of big data, and important progress in the treatment of various mental and psychological pathologies. It is emphasized that nowadays special attention is paid to I. Kant’s heuristically rich idea re­lated to the activity of consciousness and the subject of cognition, which is contained in his teaching on apriorism. This idea has ontogenetic foundation. Attention is drawn to the fact that when modeling the neural processes that are involved in the mechanisms of predicting the behavior of a subject, concepts formalized in T. Bayes’ theorem are used, which allows the neuroscience to expand the “Kantian” brain model with a Bayesian one. We assume that the concept of biocultural constructivism, which connects the processes of mutual influence of brain activity, culture and society, suggests that representatives of different civilizations have different cognitive strategies (analytical and holistic thinking systems) that correlate with the density of certain genes within their limits and thus, gene-cultural interaction sys­tems emerge. It puts forward the question of the boundaries of the de-anthropologization of human knowledge.
Some issues of biomedical ethics in a pandemic (review)
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Letov O.V.
Published: August 2021

The article is an analytical review of English-language articles devoted to modern problems of biomedical ethics. The article considers such ethical categories as respect for the freedom of the patient, paternalism, protection of the patient’s interests, the principle of sustainability, justified allocation of resources, etc. It is noted, in particular, that, according to the principle of equitable distribution of medical resources, everyone receives what they deserve, in accordance with the needs of health and no one is discriminated against because of individual characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status or age. Under the principle of patient freedom, people have the right to make informed decisions of their own, including with regard to voluntary vaccination programs, and can act according to their norms, desires and beliefs. This review presents articles that, for the first time, consider the ethical aspects of dealing with the consequences of coronavirus infection. In particular, it is indicated that decisions on the priority of vaccination should be based on such principles as: a) equal moral value of each person, b) available knowledge to maximize public health by preventing COVID-19. An open and transparent dialogue with the public is needed to ensure and, in the long term, increase public confidence and justification for the adoption of a vaccination strategy. It should contain information on the current state of knowledge about the vaccine itself and about political decision-making processes, including the underlying ethical arguments.
Social sciences: calculation or hermeneutics?
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnova N.M.
Published: August 2021

Critical analysis of cognitive claims to universal calculating social science’s formation has been presented in this paper. It has clearly been argued, that originated in G. Leibnitz’s metaphor: “intellection is calculation”, this idea even in its further development does not have any sufficient methodological foundation for its wider extrapolation upon the scope of social organization. It might only be accepted by means of natural reductionism, which implicates elimination of social subject matters’ meaningful dimension, obviously regarded as constitutive for culture and sociality. This implies in its turn bringing down the role of philosophy to topology and digital analysis and theoretical elimination of both human and his meanings of being from socio-cultural reality.
Francisco Suarez on God’s Knowledge of Future Contingent Events
Authors:   Church-wide postgraduate and doctoral studies named after Saints Cyril and Methodius, Lupandin Ivan Vladimirovich
Published: August 2021

The problems of contingency, free will, omniscience and omnipotence of God, possible worlds, posed by the famous representative of the second scholasticism, the Spanish philosopher Francisco Suarez (1548–1617) in his work “On God’s knowledge of future contingent events” are discussed in the historical, philosophical and theological context. Suarez (unlike, for example, Spinoza) recognizes the existence of contingent events in the world, shows that the existence of contingent events does not diminish the omnipotence of God. Suarez, following Thomas Aquinas, shows how it is possible to reconcile the existence of free will, the main source of contingency, with the omniscience of God. As Luis Molina, Suarez recognizes God’s knowledge not only of real, but also of possible future. The originality of Suarez manifests itself in solving the question of how God knows possible future events and, accordingly, possible worlds. Attention is paid to the influence of Suarez’s philosophy on the philosophy of modern times, including Descartes and Leibniz. The reader is also offered a translation of the first chapter of the second part of the essay of the Spanish philosopher and theologian Francisco Suarez “On God’s knowledge of future contingent events”, in which Suarez on the basis of the hermeneutics of the Biblical texts proves the thesis about God’s knowledge of future contingent events, which could have happened, but in reality had not happened and will not happen in the future, disproving the arguments of Catholic theologians Ambrogio Catarino Politi (1484–1553) and Jansenius of Ghent (1510–1576), who questioned the assertion that God possesses such knowledge. The translation is provided with comments, an introductory article and a list of references.
Models of civilizational development in the contexts of universal discourse
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rubtsov Alexander V.
Published: August 2021

The topic “Russian Civilizational Development Project” is considered as a comprehen­sive and long-term research program. The formation of new models should be preceded by an analysis of the already established general discourse about civilization in all the di­versity of its main subjects and perspectives, methodological approaches and languages of description. To cover the whole in its at least approximate completeness allows the method of “contour mapping”. Long-focus optics for the first time gives an idea of the boundaries and general structure of an object. This allows to choose own perspectives in the project consciously, omitting the rest “sightedly”, not due to ignorance or blind iner­tia. The method allows to cope with a sharply expressed polysemy, including the main categories of the topic: “civilization”, “project”, “Russian”… Related subjects are con­nected: identity, the conflict of civilization and culture, “challenge and response”, the civ­ilizational choice of Russia, postcolonial ethos, attitude to project action in a postmodern situation. The factors of existence, decline and death of historical and modern civiliza­tions (“civilizational eschatology”) are emphasized. Commodity models and derivative resource societies are especially noted. The unique importance of philosophy for under­standing the full depth of the problem of “changing the vector of development”, including “from raw materials to innovative ones”, is shown. Technocratic illusions make it diffi­cult to understand that directives, operational administration, technology and finance transfer are not enough to solve such truly civilizational, historical tasks. The necessity of changes in the economy, institutional environment, politics and psychoideology associ­ated with the age-old archetypes and inertia of consciousness is shown.
Report on the progress of the Instituteʼs megatheme “Russian Civilizational Development Project”
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnov Andrey V.
Published: August 2021

22th April 2021 the meeting of the Academic board of the Institute of Philosophy RAS took place. Report on the progress of the megatheme “Russian Civilizational Develop­ment Project” was one of the issues to discuss. Andrey V, Smirnov outlined the prelimi­nary results. This articles covers the major points of his report.
On the civilization and civilizational development of Russia. Historiosophical analysis
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nickolsky Sergey A.
Published: August 2021

Two types of phenomena can be named by the term “civilization”. In accordance with the first one civilization is a socio-economic structure historically developed by the human­ity. This structure replaces barbarism and includes a set of institutions and mechanisms of social life and social consciousness. In accordance with the second meaning civilization is a concrete people community that has changed the clothes of a traditional society and has a “strong culture”. “Universal” civilizational institutions and mechanisms manifest themselves through this culture even in forms specific to a given society, so it is possible to discuss them as a unique “all-hu­man” content. In this case the term means “local civilization”. It reveals itself in different cultural systems in accordance to their own “logic of meaningfulness, which takes origin in the deepest mechanisms of consciousness” and manifests itself in the “universal”. In every society civilizational institutions and mechanisms are the result of revolutionary events or evolutionary processes. They are fixed by the traditional for this society forms of organization and functioning. These forms are presented both in the individual and public consciousness and they are processed in the “civilizing” process. For Russia the forms which have taken on the character of the constants are the imperial way of being, the autocratic form of government, the mechanism for maintaining autocracy “property/propertylessness”, the people accustomed to the autocratic form of government through obedience, the Ortho­dox Church performing the function of government support and neglecting the people.
The Workers Behind Sweden's Italian Wine: An illustrative Human Rights Impact Assessment of Systembolaget's Italian wine supply chains
Authors: Gore Tim , Alestig Mira , Banerji Sabita , Ceccarelli Giorgia
Published: September 2021

This paper reports on an illustrative human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of the Italian wine supply chains of Systembolaget, the Swedish monopoly alcohol retailer. The HRIA aimed to evaluate the actual and potential human rights impacts at the production stage of the value chain in Italy, to identify their root causes, and to provide recommendations to relevant stakeholders concerning their prevention, mitigation and/or remediation. The assessment took just over a year and consisted of five phases of analysis using a methodology aligned with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). However, the onset of Italy’s severe first wave of coronavirus in 2020 meant that the assessment team was unable to conduct the field study phase with the full rigour required of an HRIA. The field phase started in September 2019, with an initial assessment phase based on a literature review and a round of stakeholder interviews from September 2019 to March 2020. Further, limited, worker interviews were conducted from October 2020 to January 2021. The result is an illustration of the human rights risks that are present in the areas of Italy from which Systembolaget sources its wine.
t-SNE and Variational Auto-Encoder with a bi-LSTM Neural Network-Based Model for Prediction of Gas Concentration in a Sealed-Off Area of Underground Coal Mines
Authors: DEY PRASANJIT , Saurabh K , Kumar C , Pandit D , Chaulya S.K. , Ray S.K. , Prasad G.M. , Mandal S.K.
Published: September 2021

A deep learning network is introduced to predict concentrations of gases in the underground coal mine enclosed region using various IoT-enabled gas sensors installed in a metallic gas chamber. The air is sucked automatically at specific intervals from the sealed-off site utilizing a solenoid valve, suction pump, and programmed microprocessor. The gas sensors monitor the gas content in the underground coal mine and communicate gas concentration to the surface server room through a wireless network and cloud storage media. The t-SNE_VAE_bi-LSTM model is proposed in this study as a prediction model that combines the t-SNE, VAE, and bi-LSTM networks. The proposed model's t-SNE method aims to minimize the dimensionality of the recorded gas concentration; the presented model's VAE layer intends to retrieve the inner characteristics of low-dimension gas concentration. Finally, the given model's Bi-LSTM layer tries to forecast the concentrations of CH4, CO2, CO, O2, and H2 gases. The proposed model's prediction accuracy is compared with the existing two models, namely auto-regressive integrated average moving (ARIMA) and chaos time series (CHAOS). The experiment findings demonstrate that the t-SNE_VAE_bi-LSTM model forecasted mean square error (MSE) is more accurate, and it has lesser MSE value of 0.029 and 0.069 for CH4; 0.037 and 0.019 for CO2; 0.092 and 0.92 for CO; 1.881 and 1.892 for O2; and 1.235 and 1.200 for H2 than the ARIMA and CHAOS models, respectively.
Influence of Toileting Behaviour on Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse Natural Course
Authors: Kose Osman , Atik Yavuz Tarik , Gul Deniz , Uysal Burak , Cimen Haci Ibrahim , Bostanci Mehmet Suha
Published: September 2021

Background: Many risk factors have been proposed for POP, and the cause seems most plausible to be multifactorial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of toileting behaviors on the anterior vaginal wall prolapse (AVWP) natural course.Methods: The data of 75 women who had been operated for symptomatic AVWP were recorded. The patients with grade ³II AVWP were included in this study, and they were divided into two groups according to voiding and defecation position. The volunteers who were voiding in the sitting position defined as Group 1, and Group 2 included the volunteers who were voiding in squatting position. The Colo-Rectal-Anal Impact Questionnaire (CRAIQ), Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ), Pelvic Organ Prolapse Impact Questionnaire (POPIQ), Urinary Impact Questionnaire (UIQ) and visual analog pain scores were used for evaluation of patients’ symptoms. Results: 44 patients enrolled in group 1 (sitting position) and 31 patients enrolled in group 2 (squatting position). BMI, number of parity, menopause duration, topical estrogen using, comorbidities, presence of constipation and urinary incontinence, and ped count for incontinence were similar in both groups. The time from initial symptoms to surgery was demonstrated shorter in group 2, 12 (3-73) and 24 (2-182) months, respectively (p=0.001). The PFIQ and POPIQ scores and the POP-related VAS score were statistically higher in patients who were voiding and defecating in squatting positions. Conclusion: Questioning the toileting position of patients with AVWP may be effective on the treatment option of the patient and may be beneficial on symptom control.