bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semantic Role Labelling
Authors: Palmer Martha , Pradhan Sameer , Xue Nianwen
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides a summary of the available annotated resources for training supervised approaches to automatic semantic role labelling, and their theoretical underpinnings. It compares three main types of semantic role labelled resources: the PropBank, VerbNet, and FrameNet. It also surveys the different techniques that have been used to build supervised systems, as well as less supervised approaches. It examines the syntactic representations, features, and classifiers that are typically used in semantic role labelling systems. It concludes with a discussion of other languages, and issues that need to be considered when applying semantic role labelling cross-linguistically. It also discusses issues with the alignment of semantic roles in two languages and the projection of semantic roles from one language to another.
Commerce and Consumption
Authors: Johnson Christine
Published: July 2016

This article examines how Protestants related to the world of goods and commercial exchange. Recent scholarship has moved beyond Max Weber’s initial formulation of the Protestant Ethic and examined these relationships from multiple perspectives, including the history of art and architecture, economic history, cultural history, and the history of ideas. Protestants’ sundering of the holy from the corporeal transformed the meaning of ecclesiastical architecture and ornamentation, while at the same time directing pious donations toward communal welfare, especially almsgiving. Commercial practices were generally judged by their utility to the community and, later, the state. Mainstream Protestantism endorsed property rights, social distinctions, and reasonable consumption as the hallmarks of Christian order, while marginal movements presented alternate visions of the place of property, exchange, and luxury in the Christian life.
University Scholars of the Reformation
Authors: Heyd Michael
Published: July 2016

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses of 1517, often taken as the iconic moment inaugurating the Protestant Reformation, were initially an academic affair. Luther himself, like many other Reformers, was a university professor. The Reformation was not restricted to universities, yet during the Reformation era university scholars played a pivotal role in forging, teaching, and debating knowledge about the divine—whether interpreting Scripture, elaborating Protestant theology, or explaining the Book of Nature. The history of the Reformation is thus closely linked to that of early modern universities and the intellectual frameworks within which Scripture, theology, and Protestant approaches to life and nature were debated and taught to future clergymen. This article traces the major intellectual currents and frameworks within which this took place, from the reassessment of Renaissance Humanism and scholasticism in the early years of the Reformation to the challenges facing Protestant Orthodoxy in the wake of the New Science.
Can Singing have a Beneficial Effect on Lung Function and Breathing for People with Respiratory Illness?
Authors: Clift Stephen , Gilbert Rebekah
Published: July 2016

A growing body of research demonstrates that regular group singing can have measurable benefits for mental and social wellbeing. The value of singing for physical wellbeing and health is less clear. One promising line of inquiry has explored the value of singing for breathing, and particularly for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date three controlled trials provide evidence of acceptability and enjoyment of singing by people with COPD and have shown improvements in self-reported health status, although little evidence of improvements in lung function and exercise capability. A recent community-based feasibility study suggests, however, that the interventions in earlier studies may have been too short for positive physical benefits to emerge. Further, more robust community-based research on singing and respiratory illness is called for to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of singing as a treatment intervention.
Unchained Melody
Authors: Boyce-Tillman June
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores therapeutic approaches to singing with regard to personal and cultural developments, and includes several diverse strands of musicking: creating, composing, performing, and listening. The chapter explores this topic through the lens of contemporary culture and research, and gives a special emphasis to orate singing traditions—those which do not use a written notation system. By revaluing thesetraditions, possibilities for therapeutic uses of singing have been liberated. The author’s work has demonstrated that singing has the ability to strengthen people physically and emotionally. It also indicates that therapeutic work (in this case, singing) must bring individuals and communities together in order to provide healing at the deepest level.
Historical Institutionalism and Democratization Studies
Authors: Barrenechea Rodrigo , Gibson Edward L. , Terrie Larkin
Published: July 2016

This chapter reviews works in the field of democratization and classifies them in relation to the historical institutionalist tradition. Antecedents of an historical institutional approach to the study of democratization can be traced back to some of the classics in the field. Despite these connections, much work remains to be done to build firmer theoretical foundations linking the two fields. As the “transitology” phase of Democratization Studies fades, new opportunities for this will emerge as democratization scholars turn their attention to established democracies.
Law and Courts
Authors: Staszak Sarah
Published: July 2016

In recent years, scholars have begun to employ a more robust historical institutional perspective when studying law and courts. Central features of this perspective include a focus on the role that legal actors play in policy implementation and reform, attention to the ways private litigation is used in lieu of traditional bureaucratic enforcement, and a much more nuanced account of legal change. Working from this perspective, scholars increasingly approach the judiciary as a distinct institution in its own right that has played a significant role in the trajectory of American state-building, rather than simply an agent of the elected branches.
Historical Institutionalism and the Welfare State
Authors: Lynch Julia , Rhodes Martin
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines how historical institutionalism has influenced the analysis of welfare state and labor market policies in the rich industrial democracies. Using Lakatos’s concept of the “scientific research program” as a heuristic, the authors explore the development and expansion of historical institutionalism as a predominant approach in welfare state research. Focusing on this tradition’s strong core of actors (academic path- and boundary-setters), rules (methodology and methods), and norms (ontological and epistemological assumptions), they strive to demarcate the terrain of HI within studies of the welfare state, and to reveal the capacity of HI in this field to underpin a robust but flexible and enduring scholarly research program.
Supranationalism
Authors: Büthe Tim
Published: July 2016

Supranational governance should be unlikely, especially in Europe, with its long-established nation states. Yet, it is in Europe where the shift of executive, legislative, and judicial/legal authority to the supranational level has gone furthest. This chapter examines the contributions an actor-centric historical institutionalism can make to understanding and explaining supranationalism. Focusing on legislative supranationalism and the development of supranational authority for European law and the European Court of Justice, the chapter demonstrates that agent-centric historical institutionalism allows scholars to derive ex ante predictions without sacrificing historical institutionalism’s ability to provide carefully contextualized accounts of institutional development and of endogenous changes in actor preferences.
Sequencing, Layering, and Feedbacks in Global Regulation
Authors: Newman Abraham L.
Published: July 2016

From banking standards to data privacy, regulation has entered the lexicon of international affairs. Unlike trade or currencies, however, there are few formal treaty-based international organizations resolving disputes or setting the rules for the world. Instead, global regulation is frequently shaped by informal networks of regulators or at times by the extraterritorial extension of domestic law by large markets. Drawing on work from historical institutionalism, this chapter argues that the global politics of regulation is in important respects the product of domestic and international institutions interacting over time and across space. In developing three mechanisms—relative sequencing, cross-national layering, and transnational feedbacks —the chapter argues that historical institutionalism helps address lacunae in extant approaches to global regulation.
The Parties in Government Formation
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Bergman Torbjörn
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on the role of political parties in the government formation process. Swedish governments have had a clear-cut bloc political character, with the “socialist” parties in one camp and the “nonsocialist” parties in the other. Other features of the historical record also stand out. One example is that many postwar governments have been minority cabinets, often single-party governments. These have often been Social Democratic. The Social Democrats have ruled with the support of the Left Party and, more recently, the Greens. In the period 1998–2006, there were even written policy agreements (contracts) between the governing Social Democrats and the two “support” parties. When coalitions form, the parties divide the ministerial portfolios in a way that is proportional to the size of each party, and during the last decades a gender balance in the cabinet has become an explicit ambition.
Governing the State
Authors: Jacobsson Bengt , Sundström Göran
Published: July 2016

In modern democracies, demands put on governments to govern are high. However, the governing of states has proven difficult. The difficulties can be explained by the fact that modern states possess a complexity unparalleled in any other organization. Ambiguity, conflicting interests, compromises, and the risk of overload reveal governments as everything but those rational, coordinated and problem-solving entities that they routinely are presented as. However, this does not mean that states are ungovernable. Governments are often able to govern state activities, but they do it in other ways than those implied by contemporary management models with their hierarchical, top-down-oriented, command-and-control methods. Based on a multitude of empirical studies in Sweden, this chapter discusses six strategies that the Swedish government uses when governing state agencies: creating formal organizations, positioning, fostering competition, distancing, forming communication channels, and storytelling.
Municipalities, Regions, and County Councils
Authors: Montin Stig
Published: July 2016

Local self-government has been recognized as a distinctive feature of the Swedish political system for many decades, and still is. However, from the 1980s a new era of change and reform has taken place, which to some extent challenges the image of local self-government and local representative democracy. Two basic tensions are explored: that between central control and local self-government, and between coherence and fragmentation in local governance. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between politics and administration, increased organizational complexity, new relations between citizens and local government, and changing modes of central government control and how the local system is coordinated.
Swedish Internationalism and Development Aid
Authors: Rosamond Annika Bergman
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides a critical assessment of Swedish internationalism by unpacking its social democratic roots and liberal expressions. It examines the distinct features of Sweden’s social democratic internationalism, with its focus on solidarism within and beyond borders, and the country’s tradition of neutrality, which is also linked to internationalism. The chapter also provides an investigation into the internationalist tradition of the center-right coalition government known as the Alliance. The discussion is situated within constructivist scholarship on Swedish internationalism, social democracy, and neutrality. The empirical focus is Sweden’s commitment to a more equitably distributed international income through provisions of overseas development assistance.
The Moral, Economic, and Political Logic of the Swedish Welfare State
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: July 2016

In a comparative perspective, the Swedish welfare state is known for being more universal, comprehensive, and extensive than is the case for most other OECD countries. Usually, the normative, economic, and political parts of this enterprise are analyzed separately by scholars in different disciplines. This chapter presents an analysis of how the moral, electoral, and redistributive logic of the Swedish welfare state are integrated and should be understood as a precondition for the system as a whole. The argument is based on the idea that political support for the welfare system cannot be explained without reference to its moral foundations, which explain the sustainability of the system.
Administrative Reform
Authors: Sundström Göran
Published: July 2016

This chapter contains an analysis of Swedish administrative reform from the mid-1970s until today. It shows that Sweden has embraced most New Public Management ideas. Regarding management ideas Sweden was an early mover, whereas the neoliberal part of the NPM package took root quite late, from around 1990. In recent years Sweden has also embraced some “post-NPM” ideas. The chapter shows that the development partly can be understood as rational problem-solving. However, there are also observations supporting the argument that the development partly should be understood as rule-following and partly in terms of a path dependency. Regarding effects, critics argue that the reforms have brought about a more fragmented state, created a low-trust culture, made the pubic officials more silent, and generated paperwork which precludes the agencies from carrying out their ordinary work.
Introduction
Authors: Elgström Ole
Published: July 2016

Research on Swedish foreign policy has primarily focused on four recurrent themes: Sweden’s policy of neutrality, its relations with Russia, Swedish internationalism, and its efforts to promote allegedly universal values. Each of the four themes is covered in this section. The authors reconstruct the predominant narratives of the roles that Sweden has played in international politics, but also challenge them: to what extent are they still valid? Is it possible to discern any specific Swedish traits in its foreign policy? It is argued that the combination of nonalignment with an active internationalist stance is one example of “Swedish exceptionalism.” However, increasing Europeanization and global trends have challenged this role combination, making Sweden more of an ordinary European small state.
Introduction
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2016

This chapter introduces the section on Swedish economic policy and political economy. Sweden’s economic policies, labor market institutions, and welfare programs have long fascinated scholars at home and abroad. The introduction discusses the reasons for this fascination, puts the section’s substantive chapters in context, and explains why the topics of these chapters should be particularly interesting to foreign students and scholars who wish to learn more about the Swedish experience. Specifically, the chapters in this section address the iconic “Swedish model” as an ideological construct, how far Swedish economic policies have been exceptional among Western democracies, how Sweden fared in the aftermath of the financial crisis of the 1990s, and what has characterized Sweden’s model of industrial relations over the years.
Introduction
Authors: Mörth Ulrika
Published: July 2016

These chapters revolve around questions concerning what kind of polity Sweden became part of in 1995, in what ways Sweden has been transformed due to membership in the EU, and what role a relatively small member state can play in the European political arena. The first chapter analyzes different interpretations of the governance turn in the EU and how these turns relate to Swedish policy-making. The second chapter examines how the EU has transformed the Swedish administrative state by different governance processes. The third chapter studies the Europeanization of Swedish foreign policy and changed role conceptions. The fourth chapter shows that Sweden influenced EU politics during its presidencies but that the scope and conditions of the influence lie outside the control of the presidency.
Introduction
Authors: Dahlström Carl
Published: July 2016

This chapter introduces the section on policy-making in Sweden. It starts from the observation that, at least for outside observers, Swedish policy-making has been portrayed as a rational process. Two features of Swedish policy-making have been particularly important for the emerging of the idea of a consensual and rational process. The first, and most well known, is the corporatist policy-making style, and the second feature is the commissions of inquiry and referral systems. Two other important characteristics of the Swedish policy process concern coordination and the creation of party-political support. The chapters in this section describe these four features of the Swedish policy-making process and pay special attention to changes over time.
The Public Sector and the Courts
Authors: Ahlbäck Öberg Shirin , Wockelberg Helena
Published: July 2016

Recurring themes relating to the central constitutional principles of the public sector and the courts can be summarized asadministrative dualism(administrative agencies are organized in separate units outside the ministries) andinstitutional autonomy. The scope of the dual Swedish administrative model, as well as how much institutional autonomy government agencies and the courts are granted by the Constitution, have been strongly debated. These debates exemplify what we refer to as “the Swedish Constitution as a story of unresolved issues.” Paradoxically, substantial constitutional reforms in this area rarely come about due to regular constitutional reform-making in Sweden. Instead, they are often the result of formally less demanding political decision-making.
Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Sako Mari , Chondrakis George
Published: July 2016

Among various theories of the firm, the dynamic capabilities approach has not fully drawn its implications for firm boundary and organizational design. Firm boundary and structural design are abstracted away when strategy scholars study capabilities and firm-level heterogeneity. This chapter corrects for this deficiency by developing a coevolutionary model, with variations in combinations of entrepreneurial management and organizational routines as primitives of coevolution. Firms choose their boundary and structure as they select and replicate different combinations of knowledge domains and organizational routines to develop ordinary capabilities. Distinct from ordinary capabilities, dynamic capabilities embodied in top management teams enable firms to break or redefine their evolutionary paths, creating heterogeneous firm choices in boundary and structure. The model demonstrates the importance of looking at dynamic capabilities, alongside transactional and contractual characteristics, to provide a robust theory of the firm.
Jena 1789–1819
Authors: Oergel Maike
Published: July 2016

Jena philosophy, historicism, and literature energized nineteenth-century European intellectual life. Their key concerns were time and meaning, quintessentiallyRomantic, but they seemed to come into particularly sharp focus in the historically oriented aspects of Hegel’s and Schelling’s philosophies along with Schiller’s and the Schlegels’ aesthetic and intellectual histories which represent one of the fonts of German Historicism and the historical school. What went on in Jena in the two decades between 1789 and 1819 is ultimately ‘bigger’ than theJenaer Romantik. Philosophy, literature, and history inform each other to create a powerful new intellectual impetus. But politics, which looms so unavoidably large over everything that occurs after 1789, is never far from their thoughts and often prompts their ideas. A developing sense of a modern German identity was finding expression in a new philosophy, literary theory, and understanding of history as well as new political structures.
Gender and Genre in the Works of German Romantic Women Writers
Authors: Weigert Astrid
Published: July 2016

What’s in a name, or, more specifically, what’s in the name of a female German Romantic author? Far from being an idle question, a closer look at the specifics of women’s names in general and German Romantic women writers, in particular, provide important clues about class, ethnicity, religious affiliation, level of education, and unconventional lifestyle choices, to name only the most obvious. The female Romantic authors discussed in this chapter—Dorothea Veit-Schlegel, Sophie Mereau-Brentano, Karoline von Günderrode, Rahel Varnhagen, and Caroline Schlegel-Schelling—constitute a vital part of German Romanticism. Their contributions span all genres characteristic of the period: the novel, literary criticism, poetry, drama, and letters. In each of these areas, they expand our traditional notions of German Romanticism.
Manzoni’s Persistence
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: July 2016

On what terms are we in the twenty-first century best able to share in and appreciate what Manzoni himself bequeathed? Manzoni’s lasting effect upon Italian culture has been well studied in the past. The older tradition of generous tribute was followed by accounts of Manzoni’s writing that were well ‘this side idolatry’, in the criticism of Benedetto Croce as well as in a brief but suggestive comment by Antonio Gramsci. While all such earlier tributes and criticism still provide us with guidelines for enquiry, we need to take further soundings, tracking forward in cultural consciousness from the Second World War into our own times. What is Manzoni’s present and potential future standing, not merely in Italian culture, but as a ‘world’ author? This chapter argues that in his novel and certain other works Manzoni has left much that is still of compelling relevance to troubled times.
Personal Demons and the Spectre of Tradition in Spanish Romantic Drama
Authors: Flitter Derek
Published: July 2016

One thing which emerges as a consistent feature of Spanish Romantic drama, from Larra to Rivas, from Hartzenbusch to Zorrilla, is the contestatory exposition, normally by the male lead, of a radical and challenging prescription for a new understanding of love, life, and the world which is then defeated by external forces or, more commonly, is mitigated by the mediating figure of the heroine. Parallels with prevalent trends in the narratives of Spanish historiography evince an alluring seduction by the wiles of Enlightenment France before a return to the traditional Spanish fold is an obvious suggestion, but there are others. Espronceda’s student of Salamanca and his demise at the hands of the spectre of the past (past love, past Calderonian play, and uncompromising theocentric history) would certainly fit into this.
Geographies of Historical Discourse
Authors: Dainotto Roberto
Published: July 2016

This chapter attempts to frame European Romanticism against the background of that ‘somewhat enigmatic event’ which, between the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, was said by Foucault to have begun European modernity: the discovery of ‘the historicity of knowledge’. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the monogenetic assumption that humankind was of a single Adamitic origin, created by one God, and universally attending to one divinely ordained natural law, had already fallen into disrepute under the attack of Reason; once Reason too, along with its presumption of one ‘unchanging human nature’, was relativized after the European discoveries of different cultures and ancient civilizations, a new outlook on life, which Meinecke called historismus, ‘rose’ to change once and for all European culture’s very understanding of its world.
Life and Death in Paris
Authors: Chai Leon
Published: July 2016

This chapter charts the debates in the Romantic period on medicine and its related life sciences. Medicine seemed the most promising candidate to generate advances; or, at least, the rationalization of the vital by medical science could be taken further than by other sciences. The more empirical study of uniquely vital process in Paris would yield more results than the formally more direct but methodologically immature confrontation of the vital by Paris’s main rival, Montpellier. Paris maintained controversy within its own approach, and medicine had to reconcile competing hierarchies of form and function. Nonetheless, it was the generative capacity of these initiatives that made what we call nineteenth-century science possible. And that, you might say, was their Romantic legacy.
Europe’s Discourse of Britain
Authors: Vincent Patrick
Published: July 2016

The chapter proposes three moments in Europe’s discourse of Britain. The first, from the mid-eighteenth century up to 1793, coincided with a liberal and cosmopolitan wave of anglophilia which helped foster Romanticism in Germany. The second period, roughly until 1820, was divided between the radical republicans who viewed Britain as an enemy of democracy, the moderate liberal camp who appreciated Britain as perfectly balanced between tradition and modernity, and the conservatives who embraced Edmund Burke’s ideal of Britain as a stabilizing force within a reactionary European system. The third period may be identified with Britain’s post-Vienna renewed advocacy of liberty and progress, triggering a second wave of anglophilia that contributed to the development of liberal forms of Romanticism in France and across the continent. The chapter ends with Marxism, the rise of a far more radical European discourser.
Colonialism, Colonization
Authors: Ando Clifford
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the practicalities of empire and colonialism as these affected the conditions of cultural production under Roman rule and adumbrates contours of enquiry within several such domains. It commences with general remarks on the fit between ancient empire as a political form and the regular features of early modern and modern experience that gave rise to contemporary postcolonial theory. Subsequent sections explore the metropolitan desire for knowledge pursuant to governance; the responses that this desire generated in colonial contexts, in both conduct and self-understanding; and the lingering power of imperial knowledge in ancient and modern scholarship. The essay closes by enquiring into nature of elite cultural production under Rome, asking how imperial were the empire’s elites and how metropolitan were their tastes.
Alchemy and Chemistry
Authors: Rey Anne-Lise
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on Leibniz’s philosophical reflections on alchemy and chemistry, beginning with his views on chemistry and natural philosophy, then considering his understanding of chemical practices as a way to discover the intelligibility of nature. The traditional hypothesis of an alchemical influence behind Leibniz’s development of the monad concept is also discussed. Finally, the chapter looks at Leibniz’s views on the epistemic status of chemical principles. On the one hand, alchemical experiments are perfectly connected to Leibniz’s metaphysics; on the other hand, the alleged alchemical proximities of this metaphysics give way to a general science in which chemical experimentation has a well-identified function.
The Expanding, Lop-Sided Universe of Social Influence and Law Research
Authors: Demaine Linda , Cialdini Robert
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores “social influence and the law,” which we conceptualize as consisting of three parts: (1) social influence in the legal system, (2) the legal regulation of social influence in our everyday lives, and (3) law as an instrument of social influence. Within each part, we identify the primary topics that psychologists have studied empirically and review the existing research. The chapter thus highlights the many and varied contributions of psychologists related to social influence and the law. The chapter also reveals a marked imbalance in the social influence and law literature—the vast majority of psychological research falls within the first part, despite the fact that the second and third parts capture equally or more important topics from both legal and psychological viewpoints. We end the chapter by explaining this uneven distribution of effort and urging psychologists to take a broader approach to social influence and the law.
The Philosophy of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Baker David John
Published: July 2016

This is an opinionated survey of some interpretive puzzles in quantum field theory. The problem of inequivalent representations is sketched, including its connections with competing accounts of physical equivalence. The controversy between variant formulations of the theory, algebraic versus Lagrangian, is given a conciliatory resolution. Arguments against particles are addressed, demarcating clearly between different forms of particle interpretation. Field interpretations are then considered, including wavefunctional, spacetime state realist and Heisenberg operator realist interpretations. Ruetsche’s coalesced structure interpretation is presented and juxtaposed with an alternative, more traditional view of the theory’s laws and state space. Finally, the CPT theorem is discussed, together with its implications about the nature of spacetime.
Belief Self-Knowledge
Authors: Bar-On Dorit , Nolfi Kate
Published: July 2016

A fundamental puzzle about self-knowledge is this: spontaneous, unreflective self-attributions of beliefs and other mental states (avowals) appear to be at once epistemically groundless and epistemically privileged. On the one hand, it seems that avowals simply do not require justification or evidence. On the other hand, avowals seem to represent a substantive epistemic achievement. Several authors have tried to explain away avowals’ groundlessness by appeal to the so-called transparency of present-tense self-attributions. After a critical discussion of two extant construals of transparency, this article presents an alternative reading of transparency (based on neo-expressivism about avowals) that explains, without explaining away, the apparent groundlessness of avowals. The article goes on to explore a way of coupling this alternative reading with a plausible account of how it is that ordinary avowals can represent genuine knowledge of present states of mind.
Neo-Latin Poetry, 1500–1700
Authors: Moul Victoria
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses Latin poetry of the period 1500–1700, with a particular focus on the British Latin verse of this period, as well as authors from elsewhere who had an international reputation. Since the Latin literature of the Renaissance is conventionally considered to begin in Italy in the mid-fourteenth century with Petrarch, and the Italian Latin literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was strongly influential on the rest of Europe throughout the early modern period, this chapter also gives some account of key figures from that earlier period. The chapter discusses the various contexts for Latin verse composition in the period, the most significant forms and genres (including lyric, elegy, epigram, and epyllion), key British Latin authors (including Campion, Herbert, Milton, and Cowley), the relationship to English literature, modes of publication and the directions of future research.
Subcultural Adaptations to Incarceration
Authors: Crewe Ben , Laws Ben
Published: July 2016

This essay discusses the evolution of the understanding of inmate subcultures in US prisons. It provides a selective description of historically and geographically specific “models” of inmate subcultures, both to highlight the range of social and subcultural arrangements in prisons and to explain why such variation exists and what questions should be asked of any descriptive account of the prisoner social world. Emphasis is placed on the heterogeneity of institutional forms and the subcultures that exist within them. How subcultures are shaped by broader institutional aims, conditions, and practices is discussed with comparisons of prisons in Great Britain and the United States. An alternative framework through which to think about inmate subcultures is needed, whose starting point is the way that any institution deals with the issues of power, order, and governance that are essential to all prisons and set the conditions for prisoners‘ adaptations and social practices.
The Real Gangbanging Is in Prison
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Pyrooz David
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on types of prison gangs and the reasons for the proliferation of gangs in some American prisons today. Similarities and differences between street and prison gangs and what differentiates them from other types of criminal groups are described. The threats to prison security and inmate safety are discussed along with how the existence of gangs necessarily interferes with the delivery of effective treatment. The appearance and expansion of prison gangs and gang members is described, as well as the patterns of prison gangs and theories that may account for their emergence and growth. The chapter examines original data collected as part of a larger study of gangs in four cities. Views of gang members while imprisoned are presented, including commentary on relationships between their prison and street gang activities, and the role of the prison in the decisions of some gang members to leave their gang.
Financial Contagion in Networks
Authors: Cabrales Antonio , Gale Douglas , Gottardi Piero
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides an introduction to the literature on financial contagion in networks. We aim to do this by focusing on a limited number of papers in some formal detail, trying to illustrate their analogies and differences as much as possible within a common framework. In the first part, the chapter considers contagion via transmission of shocks, such as abrupt drops in the flow of revenue to one firm, which affect other firms connected to it through financial linkages. The chapter then discusses informational contagion, understood as the process whereby a shock to one market is transmitted to other markets via the information revealed in the first market.
Stochastic Network Formation and Homophily
Authors: Pin Paolo , Rogers Brian W.
Published: July 2016

This chapter surveys and synthesizes models of network formation based on random graphs and stochastic processes. The material is organized according to whether the population is treated as fixed or evolving. Fixed population models allow one to readily capture a range of network properties through random graphs. Evolving population models allow one to study how network properties emerge asymptotically as a system grows according to some local rules. The chapter then turns to dynamic frameworks including search and matching, and structural models. The chapter pays particular attention to the effects of homophilous linking on network structure. Finally, the chapter discusses empirical and econometric issues based on stochastic network formation models.
Dance with Camera
Authors: Porter Jenelle
Published: July 2016

“Dance with Camera” explores art works in film, video, and photography from the advent of cinema. Beginning in the 1960s, associations between dancers, filmmakers, musicians, and visual artists flourished at Judson Dance Theater in downtown New York. The interdisciplinary practices explored there influenced the way works discussed in this text use an imagery of dance that threads through Hollywood musicals, avant-garde cinema, postmodern dance, and MTV video. Dance movement is designed for the area prescribed by the camera’s frame; the ephemerality of live performance is fixed in time, and close-ups bring us in proximity to the dance, or in some cases, perform as a partner in an unusual pas de deux. Editing techniques conjure dances impossible in real time. Finally, the camera is not merely a recording device, but serves as stage and audience simultaneously.
Light, Shadow, Screendance
Authors: Schwartz Selby Wynn
Published: July 2016

As screendance has evolved, its foremost theorists have been remarkably generous in welcoming works that flicker in the space between stage and screen, where they cast strange shadows and illuminate uncanny forms. Catherine Galasso’s Bring on the Lumière! is an interactive hybrid performance work that stretches the definition of screendance in directions indicated by scholars like Noël Carroll and Douglas Rosenberg. Galasso calls her piece “a multimedia dance-theater-light installation about the Lumière brothers, French founders of cinema.” But it also reclaims the early history of cinema for dance. The piece foregrounds the physicality of early motion-picture performance history, including ombramanie shadow movement technologies and the laboring bodies of the Lumière brothers’ first film, La sortie des usines Lumière à Lyon, shown at the Lumières’ Cinématographe, and suggests if we can understand what celluloid meant for corporeality perhaps we can deepen our sense of what “recorporealization” might mean for screendance in the future.
Sound as Choreographic Object
Authors: Simpson Jürgen
Published: July 2016

This chapter highlights the significance of sound within the field of screendance. It evaluates the perceptual position of sound within audiovisual mechanisms and positions sound’s communicative quality as an essential contribution to sound film and as possessing distinctive possibilities for screendance makers. It also foregrounds sound’s cognitive interplay with the image in creating or dissolving illusions and by extension facilitating or disrupting narrative and temporal continuities. Paying special attention to sound and music in live dance contexts, this chapter maps out some of the challenges for choreographers and composers in screendance, focusing on the opportunities provided by the microphone and audio-editing to enable sound to become an integral choreographic component in dance filmmaking. By presenting the specific qualities that emerge when the audio and visual streams are synchronized, a new temporal granularity is revealed. These thematic streams are presented via a range of works drawn from the history of film, screendance, and music video.
Screendance as Enactment in Maya Deren’s At Land
Authors: Tikka Pia , Kaipainen Mauri
Published: July 2016

The dancer, choreographer, and filmmaker Maya Deren can be seen as one of the pioneers of screendance. Her experimental films have challenged conventional plot-driven mainstream cinema by emphasizing an ambiguous experience, open for multiple interpretations. For Deren film viewing is a socially determined ritual embodying intersubjectively shared experiences of participants. This makes her films particularly interesting for today’s neurocinematic studies. Deren’s ideas also anticipate the recent enactive mind approach, according to which the body-brain system is in an inseparable manner situated and coupled with the world through interaction. It assumes that both private, such as perception and cognition, and intersubjective aspects of human enactment, such as culture, sciences, or the arts, are based on the embodiment of life experience. Reflecting this discourse, Deren’s film At Land is analyzed as an expression of a human body-brain system situated and enactive within the world, with references to neuroscience, neurocinematic studies, and screendance.
Brazilian Videodance
Authors: Brum Leonel
Published: July 2016

This chapter reflects on some of the most important transformations that contributed to the development of Brazilian videodance. Proposing a feasible mapping of the many works considered to be the most emblematic in the last four decades, the study identifies three generations of creators, starting in the 1970s with Analívia Cordeiro, the next two decades with videodance festivals like Carlton Dance, and culminating in the twenty-first century with numerous artists, choreographers, and producers, and especially the project dança em foco. This videodance scene is in a constant process of transformation that needs to be investigated aesthetically, politically, and conceptually, in dialogue with ideas stemming from some of the most important Brazilian scholars in the areas of video and dance. This chapter also develops an approach to how videodance (re)invents the relation between video and dance with each new work, while additionally assessing how these works resonate within contemporary art contexts.
Exposed to Time
Authors: Salazar-Sutil Nicolás , Melo Sebastián
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents a cross-history of motion visualization, especially in relation to the human movement duration in time-based media. Such a crossover discourse from chronophotography to photodynamism facilitates a number of shifts from analytical to nonanalytical, and from scientific to artistic visual experimentation. Because chronophotography and dynamophotography remain unresolved fields, they offer a distinct way of perceiving how the body moves, quite separate from cinematic vision, which has become congealed into a dominant disciplinary visual and academic discourse. Within a chronophotographic collection of visual histories, the impact of classical movement analysis and Etienne Jules-Marey’s chronophotographic science on modern chronophotographic art (such as that of Marcel Duchamp) and Italian photodynamism is key. This complex historical crucible presents us with an enduring tradition of hybrid experimentalism in the visualization of the moving (dancing) body, which persists in digital contexts through work that combines chrono- and dynamophotographic visions.
Dealing with Separation in Logistic Regression Models
Authors: Rainey Carlisle
Published: July 2016

When facing small numbers of observations or rare events, political scientists often encounter separation, in which explanatory variables perfectly predict binary events or nonevents. In this situation, maximum likelihood provides implausible estimates and the researcher might want incorporate some form of prior information into the model. The most sophisticated research uses Jeffreys’ invariant prior to stabilize the estimates. While Jeffreys’ prior has the advantage of being automatic, I show that it often provides too much prior information, producing smaller point estimates and narrower confidence intervals than even highly skeptical priors. To help researchers assess the amount of information injected by the prior distribution, I introduce the concept of a partial prior distribution and develop the tools required to compute the partial prior distribution of quantities of interest, estimate the subsequent model, and summarize the results.
Movers and Shakers*
Authors: Akerlof Robert , Holden Richard
Published: July 2016

Most projects, in most walks of life, require the participation of multiple parties. While it is difficult to unite individuals in a common endeavor, some people, who we call “movers and shakers,” seem able to do it. The article specifically examines moving and shaking of an investment project, whose return depends on its quality and the total capital invested in it. We analyze a model with two types of agents: managers and investors. Managers and investors initially form social connections. Managers then bid to buy control of the project, and the winning bidder puts effort into making investors aware of it. Finally, a subset of aware investors are given the chance to invest and they decide whether to do so after receiving private signals of the project’s quality. We first show that connections are valuable since they make it easier for a manager to “move and shake” the project (i.e., obtain capital from investors). When we endogenize the network, we find that while managers are identical ex ante, a single manager emerges as most connected; he consequently earns a rent. In extensions, we move away from the assumption of ex ante identical managers to highlight forces that lead one manager or another to become a mover and shaker. Our theory sheds light on a range of topics, including entrepreneurship, venture capital, and anchor investments.
Verapamil, a Calcium-Channel Blocker, Improves the Wound Healing Process in Rats with Excisional Full-Thickness Skin Wounds Based on Stereological Parameters
Authors: Ashkani-Esfahani Soheil , Hosseinabadi Omid Koohi , Moezzi Parinaz , Moafpourian Yalda , Kardeh Sina , Rafiee Shima , Fatheazam Reza , Noorafshan Ali , Nadimi Elham , Mehrvarz Shayan , Khoshneviszadeh Mehdi , Khoshneviszadeh Mahsima
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Calcium can play noticeable roles in the wound-healing process, such as its effects on organization of F-actinin collagen bundles by fibroblasts at the injury site. In addition, calcium-channel blockers such as verapamil have antioxidant activity by increasing nitric oxide production that promotes angiogenesis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in the skin-regeneration process. Therefore, in this study, the authors’ objective was to investigate the effects of verapamil on the process of wound healing in rat models according to stereological parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 12): the control group that received no treatment, gel-base–treated group, and the 5% verapamil gel–treated group. Treatments were done every 24 hours for 15 days. Wound closure rate, volume densities of the collagen bundles and the vessels, vessel’s length density and mean diameter, and fibroblast populations were estimated using stereological methods and were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests; P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

The verapamil-treated group showed a faster wound closure rate in comparison with control and gel-base groups (P = .007 and P = .011). The numerical density of fibroblasts, volume density of collagen bundles, mean diameter, and volume densities of the vessels in the verapamil group were significantly higher than those in the control and the base groups (P < .005).

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors showed that verapamil has the ability to improve wound healing by enhancing fibroblast proliferation, collagen bundle synthesis, and revascularization in skin injuries.