bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inside the hydro-physics processes at the plunge point location: an analysis by satellite and in situ data
Authors: Assireu A. T. , Alcântara E. , Novo E. M. L. M. , Roland F. , Pacheco F. S. , Stech J. L. , Lorenzzetti J. A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The plunge point locates the main point of mixing between river and the epilimnion reservoir water. The plunge point monitoring is essential to understand how it will be the behavior of density currents and its implications for reservoir. The applicability of satellite imagery products from different sensors (Landsat TM band 6 thermal signatures and visible channel) for characterization of the river-reservoir transition zone is presented in this study. We demonstrate the feasibility of the Landsat TM band imagery to discern the subsurface river plumes and the plunge point. The spatial variability of the plunge point evident in the hydrologic data illustrates the advantages of synoptic satellite measurements over in situ point measurements alone to detect the river-reservoir transition zone. It is indicated that the river flowing as underflow contributes to the thermal stability of the water column during wet season (summer-autumn). During the dry season, when the river-reservoir water temperature differences vanish and the river circulation is characterized by interflow-overflow, the river water inserts into the reservoir upper layers, affecting water quality. The results indicate good agreement between hydrologic and satellite data and that the jointly use of thermal and visible channel, operational monitoring of plunge point is feasible. The deduced information about the density current from this product could potentially be assimilated for numerical modeling and hence be of significant interest for environmental and climatological research.
HESS Opinions "On forecast (in)consistency in a hydro-meteorological chain: curse or blessing?"
Authors: Pappenberger F. , Cloke H. L. , Persson A. , Demeritt D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Flood forecasting increasingly relies on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) forecasts to achieve longer lead times (see Cloke et al., 2009; Cloke and Pappenberger, 2009). One of the key difficulties that is emerging in constructing a decision framework for these flood forecasts is when consecutive forecasts are different, leading to different conclusions regarding the issuing of forecasts, and hence inconsistent. In this opinion paper we explore some of the issues surrounding such forecast inconsistency (also known as "jumpiness", "turning points", "continuity" or number of "swings"; Zoster et al., 2009; Mills and Pepper, 1999; Lashley et al., 2008). We begin by defining what forecast inconsistency is; why forecasts might be inconsistent; how we should analyse it; what we should do about it; how we should communicate it and whether it is a totally undesirable property. The property of consistency is increasingly emerging as a hot topic in many forecasting environments (for a limited discussion on NWP inconsistency see Persson, 2011). However, in this opinion paper we restrict the discussion to a hydro-meteorological forecasting chain in which river discharge forecasts are produced using inputs from NWP. In this area of research (in)consistency is receiving recent interest and application (see e.g., Bartholmes et al., 2008; Pappenberger et al., 2011).
Foucault’s Critique of the Science of Sexuality: The Function of Science within Bio-power
Authors: Yeng Sokthan
Published: January 2011

Foucault’s critique of the science of sexuality takes aim at both Freud and science.  Foucault does not, as is common, seek to undermine psychoanalysis by claiming that it does not meet the rigors of science.  Instead, he shows that scientific and psychoanalytic theories intersect because they are mechanisms of modern politics—biopolitics.  Foucault suggests that politics determines the value of life and these sciences help to disseminate and promote knowledge about the privileged lives and lifestyles.  Psychoanalytic, biological, and anatomical readings of sexuality are given credence because they dovetail with the dominant political discourse about life.
Table of Contents
Authors: Editors JFFP
Published: January 2011

Table of Contents, print version
Masthead
Authors: Editors JFFP
Published: January 2011

Masthead from the print version
Clinical Experience of Revision of Metal on Metal Hip Arthroplasty for Aseptic Lymphocyte Dominated Vasculitis Associated Lesions (Alval)
Authors: Rajpura Asim , Porter Martyn L. , Gambhir Anil K. , Freemont Anthony J. , Board Timothy N.
Published: January 2011

There has been growing concern regarding the systemic and local effects of metal ions released from metal-on-metal hip resurfacings and total hip replacements, including the development of aseptic lymphocyte dominated vasculitis associated lesions (ALVAL). We describe our experience of treating 13 patients with failed metal on metal bearing hip prostheses secondary to this condition. Hip revision occurred at mean of 45 months following primary surgery. Groin pain was present in all patients. Other common features included large bursal swelling and mechanical symptoms. 3 patients developed their symptoms immediately postoperatively. The mean time to presentation was 21 months. Radiographic abnormalitites noted included 3 patients with cup loosening and 2 patients with neck thinning. The mean cup inclination was 52 degrees. Surgical findings included bursal swellings and creamy brown fluid. Osteolysis was rarely seen. 12 revisions were achieved with primary implants and all patients had immediate symptomatic improvement. One patient was left with a pseudoarthrosis due to extensive soft tissue destruction. Diagnosis of ALVAL was confirmed histologically. The diagnosis of ALVAL should be considered in patients with unexplained pain from a metal on metal bearing hip arthroplasty. Surgical findings are typical and symptoms tend to resolve reliably following conversion to an alternative bearing surface.
Performance Comparison of Lodging REITs, Hotel C-Corporations and Resorts and Casinos
Authors: Kim Woo Gon , Jackson Leonard A. , Zhong Jun
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of lodging real estate investment trusts (REITs), hotel C-corporations and resorts and casinos as compared to the overall market, and to compare the relative performance of lodging REITs, lodging C-corporations and resorts and casinos during 1995–2005. Excess returns on three portfolios are regressed against the excess returns on the value-weighted Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) portfolio. Lodging REITs provide the highest returns between the two different types of investment portfolios (resorts and casinos and C-corporations), as well as the market benchmark (the overall market portfolio). As an investment vehicle, lodging REITs command respectable returns with relatively low volatility in comparison with stock investments. The excess returns of lodging REITs were not found to be significantly different from zero during the three subperiods of 1995–2005: growth, recession and recovery. Investors who are interested in increasing their share of real estate investments may find lodging REITs a relatively attractive investment vehicle that could be added to their portfolios.
Determinants of Earnings Benchmarks in the Spanish Hotel Industry
Authors: Esteban Laura Parte , Devesa María Jesús Such
Published: January 2011

This paper focuses on an avoidance of earnings decreases and losses hypothesis in the Spanish hotel industry. In the first step, the earnings distribution (levels and changes in earnings related to one year against the previous year) is analysed to determine whether there is a discontinuity (that is, a ‘kink’) at the zero point. The methodology used is frequency histograms. The existence of a kink in the earnings distribution is an approximation of earnings management to avoid losses and earnings decreases (Burgstahler and Dichev, 1997). In the second step, the incidence of certain variables in the critical intervals of the frequency distribution (small losses against small profits and small decreases in earnings against small increases in earnings) is tested. In this context, the paper's purpose is to identify a set of variables that determine different behaviour around the benchmarks.
Research Note: Testing the Employment Impact of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao via TSA
Authors: Plaza Beatriz , Galvez-Galvez Catalina , Gonzalez-Flores Ana
Published: January 2011

The official report of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao states that the museum has contributed to the maintenance (note, not the ‘creation’) of almost 4,400 jobs. Yet, this estimate is not sufficiently enlightening, as it comes from sources too close to the museum. This article offers an alternative estimation based on the regional Tourism Satellite Accounts. The new results thus obtained suggest that overall direct and indirect employment generation can range from 1,000 to 1,200 new full-time jobs. That is, the ratio created by the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is 1.25 jobs for every 1,000 visitors.
Chemokine receptor 9 high-expression involved in the migration and invasion of the non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Fan Jian , Zhang Li , Wang Qi long , Lin Hui
Published: January 2011

Background: Metastasis is responsible for most cancer-related death, and the metastatic spread of neoplastic cells may be related to the ability of migration and invasion. Chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) plays an important role in cutaneous melanoma and prostate cancer cells migration and invasion.

Objective: Investigate the specific role of the chemokine-ligand (CCR9-CCL25) axis in the development of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis.

Methods: Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, western-blot, flow cytometry, migration, and invasion assays were used to examine the function of CCR9 in the NSCLC cells.

Results: CCR9 was highly expressed in NSCLC patient cancer tissue. In addition, in vitro migration and invasion studies on human bronchial epithelial cells of the BEAS-2B and human squamous lung cancer cell lines NCI-H157 showed that migration in response to the CCL25 was inhibited by CCR9 antibody.

Conclusion: CCR9 might play an important role in the migration and invasion of the NSCLC cells.
The efficacy and safety of 0.5% Levofloxacin versus fortified Cefazolin and Amikacin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of suspected and culture-proven cases of infectious bacterial keratitis: a comparative study
Authors: Kasetsuwan Ngamjit , Tanthuvanit Pinnita , Reinprayoon Usanee
Published: January 2011

Background: Bacterial keratitis is a major devastating ocular condition that quickly deteriorates the patient’s vision. Vigorous and prompt treatment of bacterial keratitis with broad-spectrum antibiotic eye-drops is preferred.

Objective: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.5% Levofloxacin for the treatment of suspected and cultureproven cases of infectious bacterial keratitis in comparison to fortified Cefazolin and Amikacin ophthalmic solution.

Materials and methods: Seventy-one eyes from 69 patients suspected of having infectious bacterial keratitis were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomized into two arms, 0.5% Levofloxacin eye drops (34 eyes) or fortified Cefazolin and Amikacin (37 eyes). Sixty-eight eyes were included in the efficacy analysis. During treatment, on days 2, 7, 14, and 21, the patient’s symptoms and signs were scored from grade 0-3 (absent to severe).

Results: At the end of the treatment, 61 out of 71 eyes completely healed. The resolution of the keratitis was not significantly different between both groups. There were no significant differences in the mean time-duration for the ulcer to heal or for the symptoms and clinical signs to disappear between the two groups. No serious adverse events or side effects from the disease were found. The patients compliance was 80% based on the self-reported diaries.

Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of 0.5% topical Levofloxacin was comparable to fortified Cefazolin and Amikacin for the treatment of mild-to-moderate bacterial keratitis. Topical Levofloxacin is far superior because of its availability and patient compliance when used as monotherapy for the treatment of infectious bacterial keratitis.
RhBMP-2 and -7 combined with absorbable collagen sponge carrier enhance ectopic bone formation: An in vivo bioassay
Authors: Preativatanyou Kanok , Honsawek Sittisak
Published: January 2011

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) have been characterized especially chondrogenic and osteogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, delivery of more than one growth factor by sustained release carrier to orthopedic site has yet been questionable in terms of efficacy and synergism.

Objective: Evaluate osteoinductivity and synergistic effect of rhBMP-2 and -7 using absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier system in vivo.

Methods: cDNA of BMP-2 and -7 active domains were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) using pRSETc expression system. Then, the purified rhBMPs were loaded onto ACS and evaluated by in vivo rat subcutaneous bioassay. Two and eight weeks postoperatively, all treated groups were histologically verified for evidence of new bone formation and neovascularization by hematoxylin-eosin staining and light microscopy.

Results: The Wistar rat treated with rhBMP-2 or -7/ACS exhibited new bone formation, compared to ACS control. The group treated with ACS supplemented with both rhBMP-2 and -7 significantly showed the osteoid matrix very well-organized into trabeculae-like structure with significant blood vessel invasion.

Conclusion: The osteogenic induction of rhBMPs was combined with ACS carrier in the in vivo bioassay. In addition, the combination of both two potent recombinant osteoinductive cytokines, rhBMP-2 and -7, with ACS carrier demonstrated synergistic effect and might be a more promising and effective choice for therapeutic applications.
Caudal block with 3 mg/Kg Bupivacaine for intraabdominal surgery in pediatric patients: a randomized study
Authors: Loetwiriyakul Witthaya , Asampinwat Thanyamon , Rujirojindakul Panthila , Vasinanukorn Mayuree , Chularojmontri Tee , Rueangchira-urai Rongrong , Phakam Pannipa
Published: January 2011

Background: Caudal block with the use of an adequate dose of bupivacaine, and combined with a general anesthesia (GA) provides intra-operative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. No study has examined the use of 3 mg/Kg bupivacaine for intra-abdominal surgery in pediatric patients in clinical practice.

Objective: Compare the effectiveness of three mg/Kg bupivacaine administered as 1.2 mL/Kg 0.25% bupivacaine and 1.5 mL/Kg 0.2% bupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery.

Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, patients (age: 6 months -7 years) were randomly assigned into one of two groups (n= 40) to receive a caudal block with either 1.2 mL/Kg 0.25% bupivacaine (group A) or 1.5 mL/Kg 0.2% bupivacaine (group B), with morphine 50 μg/Kg. The effectiveness of intra-operative anesthesia, complications, and requirements for post-operative analgesia were evaluated.

Results: Data were available for 74 pediatric patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics. Intra-operatively, the numbers of patients who required a rescue analgesic were comparable between the groups (67% in group A and 63% in group B). The numbers of patients who required a muscle relaxant were also comparable between groups (49% in group A and 57% in group B). The time from discontinuation of the volatile anesthetic to extubation was significantly shorter in group B (9.5±1.1 minutes) than group A (14.3±0.9 minutes), p < 0.01. The time from initial caudal block to the first analgesic required in the recovery room was significantly longer in group B (202±45 minutes) than in group A (149±27 minutes). The time from the caudal block to the first analgesic required in the ward was significantly longer in group B (10.4±3.1 hours) than in group A (8.2±2.0 hours). Overall fentanyl requirements were comparable between groups, 52.5±2.0 μg in group A and 49.5±3.0 μg in group B.

Conclusion: Caudal block by either 1.2 mL/Kg 0.25% bupivacaine plus morphine 50 μg/Kg or 1.5 mL/Kg 0.2% bupivacaine plus morphine 50 μg/Kg provided effectively equivalent intra-operative analgesia and surgical relaxation. However, a caudal block with 1.5 mL/Kg 0.2% bupivacaine plus morphine 50 μg/Kg provided superior prolonged analgesic advantages compared with 1.2 mL/Kg 0.25% bupivacaine plus morphine 50 μg/Kg in pediatric patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery.
Combination of gabapentin and celecoxib for analgesia after major orthopedic surgery: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Waikakul Waraporn , Chalachewa Theerawat , Tantisirin Nuj , Suranutkarin Pet-eng , Saengpetch Nadhaporn
Published: January 2011

Background: The use of analgesics with different mechanism of action enhances post-operative pain relief by opioids. Both celecoxib and gabapentin have opioid-sparing effect, but it is unclear whether combination of the two drugs accentuates postoperative analgesia and further reduced opioid requirement.

Objective: Determine whether the perioperative use of celecoxib in combination with gabapentin reduces the amount of post-operative opioid consumption in comparison to celecoxib alone or gabapentin alone in patients that have major orthopedic surgery.

Materials and methods: Randomized double-blinded placebo controlled trial was done in 99 patients underwent major orthopedic surgery. They were randomly allocated into four groups. One to two hours before anesthesia, they received midazolam 7.5 mg plus study drugs. Group P received placebo plus placebo at 12 and 24 hours later. Group C received celecoxib 400 mg plus celecoxib 200 mg at 12 and 24 hour later. Group G received gabapentin 400 mg plus gabapentin 300 mg at 12 and 24 hour later. Finally, group CG received celecoxib 400 mg + gabapentin 400 mg plus celecoxib 200 mg + gabapentin 300 mg at 12 and 24 hour later. The patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia. Post-operative pain was treated by intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia.

Results: Median morphine consumption (minimum-maximum) in twenty-four hours was 18.0, 15.0, 15.5, and 8.0 mg, in group P, C, G, and CG, respectively. The group CG significantly consumed less morphine (41%) in 24 hour than group G, but not significantly less (38%) than group C. Pain score, sedation score, and nausea/vomiting at postoperative hour 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 was not significantly different.

Conclusion: Combination of celecoxib and gabapentin further accentuated post-operative analgesia by morphine comparing to celecoxib or gabapentin alone without change in pain score and other side effects of the medications.
Total femur replacement for Ewing’s sarcoma after wide resection of the proximal femur: a long-term follow-up case study
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Osaka Shunzo , Tokuhashi Yasuaki
Published: January 2011

Background: Total femur replacement is a relatively rarely performed procedure for the reconstruction of an affected limb after resection of a malignant bone tumor.

Objective: Report total femur replacement in a 17-year-old male patient after wide resection of the right femur for involvement of the proximal segment of the bone by Ewing’s sarcoma.

Results: The complications that often arose from the use of the tumor prostheses after the tumor resection, e.g., infection and migration/dislocation of the artificial bonehead, were overcome successfully. The patient has been under follow-up for a relatively long period of time (16 years) since the surgery. The operated limb function is now rated at 70% according to the rating system by Musculo-Skeletal Tumor Society (MSTS). The patient has almost completely regained his ability to walk and carries on with activities of daily living.

Conclusion: If appropriate measures are taken to deal with the complications, favorable function of the operated limb can be expected to be maintained for long periods after reconstruction using this technique.
Mediastinal teratoma in a neonate with acute respiratory failure
Authors: Sayasathid Jarun , Somboonna Naraporn , Thapmaogkol Siraphop , Buddharadsa Yuthapong , Sukonpan Kanchapan
Published: January 2011

Background: While teratomas account for the leading cause of germ cell tumors, the mediastinal teratomas represent one of the infrequent types of congenital germ cell tumors. Neonates with large mediastinal teratomas generally show severe respiratory distress, and the immediate surgical treatment is needed to alleviate their problems.

Objectives: Report clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures, treatment option, and outcomes after the treatment for a neonate with a large mediastinal teratoma.

Methods: A 2-day-old female infant presented with acute respiratory failure diagnosed as mediastinal teratoma. It was followed with surgical treatment. The removed tissues were examined pathologically.

Results: The girl suffered an acute respiratory failure two days after birth. The chest radiography, echocardiography, and chest computerized tomography results showed the considerable size of the mediastinal teratoma. A median sternotomy was performed on the third day of infant life to remove the tumor without rupturing the capsule. Pathological diagnosis was germ cell tumor. Clinical follow-ups reported no complication.

Conclusion: The successful management of a neonate with large mediastinal teratomas was presented. Immediate detection and proper treatment of the large mediastinal teratoma in a neonate was most important to decrease the morbidity and mortality of the infant.
Risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia in Thai emergency department: a retrospective case-control study
Authors: Musikatavorn Khrongwong , Chumpengpan Chatgaew , Sujinpram Chaita
Published: January 2011

Background: Infections caused by resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacteria and their risk factors are globally recognized. However, such risk factors have not been explored in emergency department (ED) where the first choice of empirical antimicrobials is crucial.

Objective: Determine risk factors of ESBL bacteremia in ED, especially in our geographic area.

Methods: A retrospective case-double-control study was conducted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. All adult ED patients with ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in blood cultures between October 2007 and October 2008 were recruited for this study. The potential risk factors were analyzed and compared with non- ESBL-producing bacteremic patients (control group 1) and matched general ED patients (control group 2). Nonbeta- lactam susceptibility testing among the cohort was also evaluated.

Results: Thirty ESBL (cases), 103 group 1 controls, and 100 group 2 controls were assessed. Based on the univariate analysis, age, chronic kidney diseases, malignancy, poor functional status, previous hospitalization within 90 days, and previous antimicrobial exposure especially to cephalosporins, quinolones, and carbapenems within 30 days were the risk factors for ESBL bacteremia compared with both types of control patients. Age > 60 and previous cephalosporin use were consistently identified as the risk factors by multivariate models using both control groups. The susceptibility to non-beta-lactam agents in the ESBL group was significantly lower than the non-ESBL. No carbapenem resistance was found.

Conclusion: Elderly ED patients, especially those who had previous cephalosporin exposure within 30 days, were at higher risk of ESBL-producing bacteremic infections. ESBLs tended to have less susceptibility to the non-β-lactam agents.
Carpal tunnel release by mini palmar incision
Authors: Pataradool Kawee , Kitidumrongsook Pravit , Patradul Adisorn
Published: January 2011

Background: Open carpal tunnel release is the gold standard treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. However, there are complications related to the long incision.

Method: We report the results from a mini-incision open carpal tunnel release with simple instruments.

Results: There were no complications in our small series, improvement of scores was shown at four-week follow-up, and cosmetic results were satisfactory.

Conclusions: Mini-incision carpal tunnel release is one option to treat carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ventilatory function among healthy young Saudi adults: a comparison with Caucasian reference values
Authors: Alghadir Ahmad H. , Aly Farag A.
Published: January 2011

Background: Ethnic differences in lung function are recognized. However, most of the modern lung function equipments are pre-programmed with Caucasian reference values.

Objective: Measure spirometric values among healthy Saudi male and female adults and compare with the Caucasian reference values in a standard spirometer.

Methods: Thirty healthy Saudi young adults (15 males and 15 females; mean age 25 years) participated in this study. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC (%), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were recorded using a portable digital spirometer.

Results: Mean values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (%) and MVV for the Saudi subjects were significantly lower than the Caucasians predicted values.

Conclusion: Interpretation of lung function tests of Saudi subjects based on the Caucasian prediction equations is generally not valid, as the parameters of lung function tests in Saudi subjects are lower than the Caucasian reference values. The present results underline an urgent need for larger studies to develop prediction equations based on normative spirometric values for Saudi population involving subjects of all ages and both genders living in different climates of the country.
Correlation between mast cell density and histological parameters in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis
Authors: Taweevisit Mana , Klaikaew Naruemon
Published: January 2011

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. This organism plays a role in gastric carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma. However, the exact pathogenesis of gastric inflammation is still unclear. Mast cells, the important inflammatory cells for allergic process, may participate in the pathogenesis of gastritis related to H. pylori infection.

Objective: Analyze the relationship between mast cell density, H. pylori intensity, histological alterations, and their severity of biopsy proven gastritis.

Methods: One hundred eleven biopsied specimens were collected from Thai patients who were diagnosed H. pylori-associated gastritis of the antrum at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between 2002 and 2005. All biopsied specimens were examined according to the Updated Sydney System. Mast cell density was evaluated by 0.1% toluidine-stained sections.

Results: The higher mast cell density was correlated with increased neutrophilic infiltration (r = 0.220, p = 0.020), chronic inflammatory cell infiltration (r = 0.381, p <0.001), and lymphoid aggregation (r = 0.271, p = 0.004). No relationship was found between mast cell density and intensity of H. pylori, glandular atrophy, or intestinal metaplasia.

Conclusion: Mast cells might take part in the pathogenesis of H. pylori gastritis.
A Type of Two-Photon Microfabrication System and Experimentations
Authors: Wei Peng , Li Ning , Feng Lishuang
Published: January 2011

After the femtosecond laser was invented, two-photon microfabrication technology has been recognized as an important method to fabricate the nanostructure and microstructure. In this paper, the two-photon microfabrication system is described, and some experiments are done. From the experiment results, it can be seen that the resolution of the two-photon microfabrication system can be improved by the expose time, the laser power, and the diffractive superresolution element (DSE). Finally, some three-dimensional (3D) microstructure models are fabricated to show the potential of the two-photon microfabrication method.
An Evaluation of the Timing and Use of Healthcare during Pregnancy in Birmingham, UK and Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Openshaw Mark Robert , Bomela Hlwelekazi N. , Pretlove Sam
Published: January 2011

Objective. A pilot study to compare the rates of antenatal healthcare use in Birmingham, UK and Pretoria, South Africa, and identify differences in knowledge and perception of antenatal healthcare. Subjects. 62 women, 31 at each location <24 hours after delivery. Results. Women from Birmingham use healthcare services earlier () and more often during pregnancy (). Women from Birmingham identified more conditions that may affect pregnancy (median 6 versus 3 reasons) and were less aware of HIV. In addition they perceived antenatal healthcare as relatively more important for advice and reassurance about pregnancy, whilst women from Pretoria had more problems with transport and clinic overcrowding. Conclusions. Increasing education on the importance of antenatal healthcare and medical problems during pregnancy may help improve antenatal healthcare use in Pretoria. Improving transport links and overcrowding in clinics in Pretoria may also help increase use. Measuring maternal outcomes and confirming these findings in a larger population are important for future studies.
Mass Arsenic Poisoning and the Public Health Response in Maine
Authors: Mills Dora A. , Tomassoni Anthony J. , Tallon Lindsay A. , Kade Kristy A. , Savoia Elena S.
Published: January 2011

Created in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Maine's Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness within the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention undertook a major reorganization of epidemiology and laboratory services and began developing relationships with key partners and stakeholders, and a knowledgeable and skilled public health emergency preparedness workforce. In 2003, these newly implemented initiatives were tested extensively during a mass arsenic poisoning at the Gustav Adolph Lutheran Church in the rural northern community of New Sweden, Maine. This episode serves as a prominent marker of how increased preparedness capabilities, as demonstrated by the rapid identification and administration of antidotes and effective collaborations between key partners, can contribute to the management of broader public health emergencies in rural areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:319-326)
Interviewing rape complainants: Police officers' perceptions of interview format and quality of evidence
Authors: Westera Nina J. , Kebbell Mark R. , Milne Rebecca
Published: January 2011

This study explored police perceptions of video recording rape complainant interviews for investigative and evidential purposes. Officers (N = 136) rated the accuracy of one of three mock transcripts of a rape complainant video interview: A ‘standard interview’ containing inappropriately closed and leading questions; a ‘structured interview’ with open and appropriately closed questions and a ‘cognitive interview’ (CI) containing the CI mnemonics. Officers' in the standard condition rated the complainant as less accurate and that they were less likely to proceed with charges than in the structured and CI conditions. Officers cited the main advantages of video interviewing as improved forensic quality and interviewing practices, and the ability to use the interview as good evidence. Officers' rated the ideal characteristics of the complainant's video interview similarly when used for investigative compared to evidential purposes. These findings suggest video recording complainant interviews may be one way of improving quality resolutions in rape cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smectic Liquid Crystal Defects for Self‐Assembling of Building Blocks and Their Lithographic Applications
Authors: Kim Yun Ho , Yoon Dong Ki , Jeong Hyeon Su , Lavrentovich Oleg D. , Jung Hee‐Tae
Published: January 2011

Recently, it has been reported that liquid crystal (LC) defects can be used to create highly periodic templates by controlling the surface anchoring and the elastic properties of LC molecules. The self‐assembled defect ordering of the LC materials takes advantage of the ability to achieve fast stabilization of molecular ordering and structure due to the reversible and non‐covalent interactions of the LC molecules. In this Featre Article, the defect structures of liquid crystalline materials will be demonstrated by the surface anchoring and elastic properties. A particular focus are the focal conic domains (FCDs) that are commonly observed in SmA liquid crystals and their lamellar lyotropic counterparts, which form periodic defect ordered structures. In addition, methodologies for creating lithographic templates from the defect order will be described. Finally, the review closes with a discussion of toric focal conic domain arrays that have been fabricated in this manner and used for various applications.
Microstructure of Nanoscaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3‐δ Cathodes for Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Dieterle Levin , Bockstaller Pascal , Gerthsen Dagmar , Hayd Jan , Ivers‐Tiffée Ellen , Guntow Uwe
Published: January 2011

Nanocrystalline La1‐xSrxCoO3‐δ (LSC) thin films with a nominal Sr‐content of x = 0.4 were deposited on Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 electrolyte substrates using a low temperature sol‐gel process. The structural and chemical properties of the LSC thin films were studied after thermal treatment, which included a calcination step and a variable, extended annealing time at 700 °C or 800 °C. Transmission electron microscopy combined with selected‐area electron diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography was applied for the investigation of grain size, porosity, microstructure, and analysis of the local chemical composition and element distribution on the nanoscale. The area specific resistance (ASR) values of the thin film LSC cathodes, which include the lowest ASR value reported so far (ASRchem = 0.023 Ωcm2 at 600 °C) can be interpreted on the basis of the structural and chemical characterization.
Autosomal monosomies among 24,262 consecutive cytogenetic studies: Prevalence, chromosomal distribution and clinicopathologic correlates of sole abnormalities
Authors: Raza Sania , TaherNazerHussain Fareeda , Patnaik Mrinal , Knudson Ryan , Van Dyke Daniel , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2011

Monosomal karyotype (MK) has recently been associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The objectives of the current study were to describe the prevalence and spectrum of autosomal monosomies in an unselected cohort of patients with known or suspected hematologic malignancies. Bone marrow cytogenetic studies (24,262) were performed at our institution between 1989 and 2009. An abnormal karyotype was demonstrated in 6,565 cases (∼27%); of these, 1,365 (∼21%) included autosomal monosomies that occurred as sole (n = 133; ∼10%), part of two (n = 82; ∼6%) or more (n = 1,150; ∼84%) anomalies. All 22 autosomes were involved, but monosomy 7 was by far the most frequent, constituting ∼80% of all isolated monosomies and the highest fraction of those with two or more abnormalities. Other recurrent sole monosomies included chromosomes 20 (∼11%) and 21 (∼4%). Monosomy 13 (∼10%), 20 (∼8%), 18 (∼7%), 17 (∼6%), 21 (∼5%), 5 (∼5%), and 12 (∼4%) were also recurrent in the setting of ≥2 abnormalities. Bone marrow histology and clinical information were reviewed in all cases with isolated monosomy; associated clinical phenotypes were MDS (n = 60; 52 were −7), AML (n = 32; 31 were −7), myeloproliferative neoplasms (n = 16; 10 were −7), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML; n = 10; 9 were −7) and other nonmyeloid malignancies (n = 15; 4 were −7). Sole monosomy 20 (n = 14; six MDS, five MPN, and three nonmyeloid) was not seen in AML or CMML. Sole monosomy 21 was more frequent in nonmyeloid as opposed to myeloid cases. Am. J.Hematol. 86:353–356, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical effect of reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen containing antithymocyte globulin for hematopoietic cell transplantation from unrelated‐donors
Authors: Lee Kyoo‐Hyung , Choi Seong‐Jun , Lee Je‐Hwan , Lee Jung‐Hee , Kim Dae‐Young , Seol Miee , Lee Young‐Shin , Kang Young‐Ah , Jeon Mijin , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Joo Young‐Don , Lee Won‐Sik , Kang Myoung‐Joo , Kim Hawk , Park Jae‐Hoo , Bae Sung‐Hwa , Ryoo Hun‐Mo , Kim Min‐Kyoung , Hyun Myung‐Soo
Published: January 2011

The impact of reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) on the outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from unrelated ‐donors (UD) remains to be determined. We therefore assessed 128 patients, aged 16 to 66 years, with acute leukemia (n = 105) or myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 23) in a UD‐HCT trial using RIC with busulfan, fludarabine, and antithymocyte globulin. Patients were transplanted with unmanipulated bone marrow (BM, n = 41) or mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (M‐PB, n = 87) and received cyclosporine and methotrexate for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. After a median follow‐up of 26.7 months (range, 5.9−70.7 months) in surviving patients, 19 patients had died without progression/recurrence of underlying disease, giving a cumulative incidence of transplantation‐related mortality (TRM) of 17% (95% confidence interval, 11%–27%; 1‐year TRM, 14%). Graft failure (n = 7) and infections (n = 5) were the most common causes of TRM. Only three patients died due to GVHD (acute, one; chronic, two). Graft failure, which occurred in eight patients, showed a significant correlation with graft source (BM, 6/41 vs. M‐PB, 2/87; P = 0.009). Donor‐patient HLA‐disparity did not correlate with GVHD, 1‐year TRM, and graft failure. RIC containing antithymocyte globulin led to decreased GVHD‐associated, as well as overall, TRM after UD‐HCT. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00627666. Am. J. Hematol. 86:399–405,2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed G‐CSF stimulation after PBSCT does not seem to modify the biological parameters of bone marrow recovery
Authors: Ianotto Jean‐Christophe , Tempescul Adrian , Delepine Pascal , Guillerm Gaelle , Hardy Elisabeth , Eveillard Jean‐Richard , Berthou Christian
Published: January 2011

There are currently no recommendations indicating when stimulation should begin after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). We compared the outcome following between two treatment groups, in which daily granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) administration began on either the fifth or the eighth day after PBSCT in lymphoma and myeloma patients. We studied eight clinical parameters: number of G‐CSF injections, number of days of hospitalization, of red blood cell or platelet transfusions; days when body temperature exceeds 38°C; days of parenteral nutrition; weight loss and hospitalization costs. We studied also four biological parameters: number of CD34+ cells, days with leucocytes less than 1 × 109/L, days with hemoglobin less than 90 g/L or with less than 50 × 109/L of platelets. There were no statistical significant differences between the study arms. It seems that delayed stimulation by G‐CSF after PBSCT is safety and does not seem to modify bone marrow recovery timing. Am. J. Hematol. 86:351–352, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The non‐birefringent limit of all linear, skewonless media and its unique light‐cone structure
Authors: Favaro A. , Bergamin L.
Published: January 2011

Based on a recent work by Schuller et al., a geometric representation of all skewonless, non‐birefringent linear media is obtained. The derived constitutive law is based on a “core”, encoding the optical metric up to a constant. All further corrections are provided by two (anti‐)selfdual bivectors, and an “axion”. The bivectors are found to vanish if the optical metric has signature (3,1) – that is, if the Fresnel equation is hyperbolic. We propose applications of this result in the context of transformation optics and premetric electrodynamics.
PEGylierte anorganische Nanopartikel
Authors: Karakoti Ajay S. , Das Soumen , Thevuthasan Suntharampillai , Seal Sudipta
Published: January 2011

Der Einsatz anorganischer Nanopartikel in der Diagnose und Therapie hat sich zu einem bedeutenden Faktor bei der Behandlung von Krankheiten entwickelt. Die Oberflächenmodifizierung anorganischer Oxide ist wichtig, um eine Vielfalt von Größen und Formen, gute Löslichkeit, Langzeitstabilität und das Anbinden selektiver funktioneller Gruppen zu ermöglichen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt die Rolle von Polyethylenglycol (PEG) in der Oberflächenmodifizierung von Oxiden und konzentriert sich auf ihre biomedizinischen Anwendungen. Die PEGylierung ermöglicht die “Tarnung” von Nanomaterialien, die sonst vom menschlichen Körper als Fremdstoffe erkannt werden. Zusätzlich wird die Rolle von PEG als strukturweisendes Element in der Synthese von Oxiden behandelt.
Intestinal transport of bis(12)‐hupyridone in Caco‐2 cells and its improved permeability by the surfactant Brij‐35
Authors: Yu Hua , Hu Yue Qing , Ip Fanny C. F. , Zuo Zhong , Han Yi Fan , Ip Nancy Y.
Published: January 2011

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of intestinal transport of bis(12)‐hupyridone (B12H) to predict its oral bioavailability. The effect of the B12H concentration and the contribution of the drug efflux transporters, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp or ABCB1) and multidrug resistance‐associated proteins (MRPs or ABCC) on B12H absorption were measured and evaluated using the human intestinal epithelial Caco‐2 cell monolayer in the presence of transporter inhibitors. The results indicated that B12H was absorbed in a dose‐dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 132 to 264 µM. However, only apical efflux was observed in the directional transport studies for B12H below 88 µM (Papp(AP‐to‐BL): virtually zero; Papp(BL‐to‐AP): 1.591 ± 0.071 × 10−5 cm s−1). P‐gp and mixed P‐gp/MRP inhibitors significantly increased the absorptive transport (Papp(AP‐to‐BL)) to 0.619 ± 0.018 × 10−5 and 0.608 ± 0.025 × 10−5 cm s−1, respectively, while decreasing secretory transport (Papp(BL‐to‐AP)) by >75%. A multiple‐MRP inhibitor, probenecid, increased the Papp(AP‐to‐BL) to 0.329 ± 0.015 × 10−5 cm s−1 while decreasing the Papp(BL‐to‐AP) by 50%. Another multiple‐MRP inhibitor, indomethacin, only modestly decreased the Papp(BL‐to‐AP) by ∼30% and had no effect on the absorptive transport (Papp(AP‐to‐BL): virtually zero). In addition, the effect of various pharmaceutical excipients (e.g. Pluronic F‐68, Tween‐80 and Brij‐35) on B12H transport was determined and compared. Among them, Brij‐35 effectively enhanced B12H absorption at a concentration lower than its critical micelle concentration (CMC, 60 µM). Therefore, Brij‐35 can be used as a potential enhancer to improve intestinal absorption of B12H for oral administration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snake venom: From fieldwork to the clinic
Authors: Vonk Freek J. , Jackson Kate , Doley Robin , Madaras Frank , Mirtschin Peter J. , Vidal Nicolas
Published: January 2011

Snake venoms are recognized here as a grossly under‐explored resource in pharmacological prospecting. Discoveries in snake systematics demonstrate that former taxonomic bias in research has led to the neglect of thousands of species of potential medical use. Recent discoveries reveal an unexpectedly vast degree of variation in venom composition among snakes, from different species down to litter mates. The molecular mechanisms underlying this diversity are only beginning to be understood. However, the enormous potential that this resource represents for pharmacological prospecting is clear. New high‐throughput screening systems offer greatly increased speed and efficiency in identifying and extracting therapeutically useful molecules. At the same time a global biodiversity crisis is threatening the very snake populations on which hopes for new venom‐derived medications depend. Biomedical researchers, pharmacologists, clinicians, herpetologists, and conservation biologists must combine their efforts if the full potential of snake venom‐derived medications is to be realized.
Infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or bypass surgery in patients aged 80 years and older with critical leg ischaemia
Authors: Arvela E , Venermo M , Söderström M , Korhonen M , Halmesmäki K , Albäck A , Lepäntalo M , Biancari F
Published: January 2011

Background

Infrainguinal revascularization for critical leg ischaemia (CLI) in patients aged 80 years and over is associated with increased operative risk. The aim was to compare the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and bypass surgery in these patients.

Methods

Some 584 consecutive patients aged at least 80 years treated with either PTA (277) or bypass surgery (307) for CLI between 2000 and 2007 were included in this study.

Results

After 2 years PTA achieved better results than bypass surgery (leg salvage: 85·4 versus 78·7 per cent, P = 0·039; survival: 57·7 versus 52·3 per cent, P = 0·014; amputation-free survival (AFS): 53·0 versus 44·9 per cent, P = 0·005). Cox regression analysis showed that increased age (relative risk (RR) 1·05, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·02 to 1·08), decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (RR 0·99, 0·99 to 1·00), diabetes (RR 1·30, 1·04 to 1·62), coronary artery disease (RR 1·36, 1·05 to 1·75) and bypass surgery (RR 1·55, 1·24 to 1·93) were associated with decreased AFS. In 95 propensity score-matched pairs, leg salvage at 2 years (88 versus 75 per cent; P = 0·010) and AFS (53 versus 45 per cent; P = 0·033) were significantly better after PTA. Classification and regression tree analysis suggested that PTA was associated with better 1-year AFS, especially in patients with coronary artery disease (63·8 versus 48·9 per cent; P = 0·008).

Conclusion

When feasible, a strategy of PTA first appears to achieve better results than infrainguinal bypass surgery in patients aged 80 years and older.
Mutational Biosynthesis of Ansamitocin Antibiotics: A Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Exploit Biosynthetic Flexibility
Authors: Knobloch Tobias , Harmrolfs Kirsten , Taft Florian , Thomaszewski Binia , Sasse Florenz , Kirschning Andreas
Published: January 2011

New ansamitocin derivatives were prepared by feeding aminobenzoic acid derivatives to cultures of Actinosynnema pretiosum HGF073, a mutant strain blocked in the biosynthesis of the required 3‐amino‐5‐hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) starter unit. Use of several aminobenzoic acids as precursors led to a spectrum of products, reflecting the sequence of post‐PKS tailoring steps involved in the generation of ansamitocins and adding novel aspects to the published suggestion model of post‐PKS tailoring logic and flexibility. The studies provide insights into the substrate flexibility of the enzymes required for ansamitocin biosynthesis in A. pretiosum, whereas preliminary biological testing of the derivatives isolated and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy allowed structure–activity relationship assignments to be made for a variety of intermediates occurring during the post‐PKS tailoring sequence in ansamitocin biosynthesis.