bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points
Authors: Whyte Kyle
Published: October 2019

It may be too late to achieve environmental justice for some indigenous peoples, and other groups, in terms of avoiding dangerous climate change. People in the indigenous climate justice movement agree resolutely on the urgency of action to stop dangerous climate change. However, the qualities of relationships connecting indigenous peoples with other societies' governments, nongovernmental organizations, and corporations are not conducive to coordinated action that would avoid further injustice against indigenous peoples in the process of responding to climate change. The required qualities include, among others, consent, trust, accountability, and reciprocity. Indigenous traditions of climate change view the very topic of climate change as connected to these qualities, which are sometimes referred to as kin relationships. The entwinement of colonialism, capitalism, and industrialization failed to affirm or establish these qualities or kinship relationships across societies. While qualities like consent or reciprocity may be critical for taking coordinated action urgently and justly, they require a long time to establish or repair. A relational tipping point, in a certain respect, has already been crossed, before the ecological tipping point. The time it takes to address the passage of this relational tipping point may be too slow to generate the coordinated action to halt certain dangers related to climate change. While no possibilities for better futures should be left unconsidered, it's critical to center environmental justice in any analysis of whether it's too late to stop dangerous climate change.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
The potential contribution of emerging economies to stop dangerous climate change. The case of Brazil
Authors: La Rovere Emilio L.
Published: October 2019

Emerging economies are designing and sometimes implementing low GHG emission development strategies (LEDS) that can be used as examples by other developing countries to avoid the high‐carbon development pathway established by industrialized countries. Using the example of Brazil, this Opinion Article discusses the need to design LEDS that are in line with the national resource endowment and political economy constraints. Brazil is very rich in natural resources with a huge potential for renewable energy deployment. Developed countries can compensate the lack of a similar resource endowment with technological and financial resources, while poorer countries will need technological transfers and financial support from the international community. On the other hand, Brazil is an oil producer and will need to carefully navigate the reduction in oil demand, driven by a global trend toward transport electrification, in order to avoid stranded assets. The article also discusses the need to choose the right instruments to overcome the economic, financial, and noneconomic barriers to mitigation options and achieve an economically and socially sustainable transition to a low carbon society. LEDS can be designed in a way that minimizes economic and social impacts if they are accompanied by policies aiming at a gradual reduction of inequalities, including governmental transfers to keep substantial social development gains, energy, and food security. LEDS can leverage each country's competitiveness while protecting the poor, and they can be made politically acceptable. If such policies are implemented quickly enough across the world, then it may be not too late to stop dangerous climate change.

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Benefits of Mitigation
Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the WWOX gene cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Yang Chengqing , Zhang Ying , Song Zhenfeng , Yi Zhi , Li Fei
Published: October 2019

Defects of WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) has been associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCAR12) and severe early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy. The mutations in this gene can lead to global developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, and epilepsy. We report an infant with an autosomal recessive severe early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy. Whole exome sequencing analysis was applied to the patient. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the WWOX gene, c.173‐2A > G and c.775 T > C (p.Ser259Pro), were identified. The present study expands our knowledge of WWOX mutations and related phenotypes, and provides new information on the genetic defects associated with this disease for clinical diagnosis.
Comparison of variables associated with cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament, total‐tau, and neurogranin
Authors: Mielke Michelle M. , Syrjanen Jeremy A. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Skoog Ingmar , Vemuri Prashanthi , Machulda Mary M. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. , Petersen Ronald C. , Kern Silke
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neurodegeneration (N) (neurofilament light [NfL], total‐tau [T‐tau], and neurogranin [Ng]) have been proposed under the AT(N) scheme of the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association Research Framework.

Methods

We examined, in a community‐based population (N = 777, aged 50–95) (1) what variables were associated with each of the CSF (N) markers, and (2) whether the variables associated with each marker differed by increased brain amyloid. CSF T‐tau was measured with an automated electrochemiluminescence Elecsys immunoassay; NfL and Ng were measured with in‐house enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Multiple variables were differentially associated with CSF NfL and T‐tau levels, but not Ng. Most associations were attenuated after adjustment for age and sex. T‐tau had the strongest association with cognition in the presence of amyloidosis, followed by Ng. Variables associations with NfL did not differ by amyloid status.

Discussion

Understanding factors that influence CSF (N) markers will assist in the interpretation and utility of these markers in clinical practice.
Synaptic, axonal damage and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative dementias
Authors: Antonell Anna , Tort‐Merino Adrià , Ríos José , Balasa Mircea , Borrego‐Écija Sergi , Auge Josep M. , Muñoz‐García Cristina , Bosch Beatriz , Falgàs Neus , Rami Lorena , Ramos‐Campoy Oscar , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Molinuevo José L. , Lladó Albert , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Synaptic damage, axonal neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation are common features in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD).

Methods

Unicentric cohort of 353 participants included healthy control (HC) subjects, AD continuum stages, genetic AD and FTD, and FTD and CJD. We measured cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light (NF‐L), neurogranin (Ng), 14‐3‐3, and YKL‐40 proteins.

Results

Biomarkers showed differences in HC subjects versus AD, FTD, and CJD. Disease groups differed between them except AD versus FTD for YKL‐40. Only NF‐L differed between all stages within the AD continuum. AD and FTD symptomatic mutation carriers presented differences with respect to HC subjects. Applying the AT(N) system, 96% subjects were positive for neurodegeneration if 14‐3‐3 was used, 94% if NF‐L was used, 62% if Ng was used, and 53% if YKL‐40 was used.

Discussion

Biomarkers of synapse and neurodegeneration differentiate HC subjects from neurodegenerative dementias and between AD, FTD, and CJD. NF‐L and 14‐3‐3 performed similar to total tau when AT(N) system was applied.
Commercializing graphene-enhanced polymers and composites
Authors: McMahon Chris
Published: October 2019

The promise that graphene holds for enhancing the properties of composites has fueled extensive research and development work over the last 15 years or so. Now that work is paying-off, writes First Graphene’s Chris McMahon.
Two Dogmas of the Artistic-Ethical Interaction Debate
Authors: Hanson Louise
Published: October 2019

Can artworks be morally good or bad? Many philosophers have thought so. Does this moral goodness or badness bear on how good or bad a work isas art?This is very much a live debate.Autonomistsargue that moral value is not relevant to artistic value;interactionistsargue that it is. In this paper, I argue that the debate between interactionists and autonomists has been conducted unfairly: all parties to the debate have tacitly accepted a set of constraints which prejudices the issue against the interactionist. I identify two demands which are routinely placed on arguments seeking to establish interaction and argue that they are, in fact, mutually conflicting.

There are two upshots. First, in light of this, it is unsurprising that arguments for interaction have failed to meet with everybody’s satisfaction. The constraints are such that no argument can meet them. Second, recognizing this helps us uncover a new, promising, but hitherto overlooked strategy for establishing artistic-ethical interaction.
Individualized lightweight structures for biomedical applications using additive manufacturing and carbon fiber patched composites
Authors: Kussmaul Ralph , Biedermann Manuel , Pappas Georgios A. , Jónasson Jónas Grétar , Winiger Peter , Zogg Markus , Türk Daniel-Alexander , Meboldt Mirko , Ermanni Paolo
Published: October 2019

Combining additive manufacturing (AM) with carbon fiber reinforced polymer patched composites unlocks potentials in the design of individualized, lightweight biomedical structures. Arising design opportunities are geometrical individualization of structures using the design freedom of AM and the patient-individual design of the load-bearing components employing carbon fiber patch placement. To date, however, full exploitation of these opportunities is a complex recurring task, which requires a high amount of knowledge and engineering effort for design, optimization, and manufacturing. The goal of this study is to make this complexity manageable by introducing a suitable manufacturing strategy for individualized lightweight structures and by developing a digitized end-to-end design process chain, which provides a high degree of task automation. The approach to achieve full individualization uses a parametric model of the structure which is adapted to patients’ 3D scans. Moreover, patient data is used to define individual load cases and perform structural optimization. The potentials of the approach are demonstrated on an exoskeleton hip structure. A significant reduction of weight compared to a standard design suggests that the design and manufacturing chain is promising for the realization of individualized high-performance structures.
“A Besy Woman … and Full of Lawe”: Female Litigants in Early Tudor Star Chamber
Authors: Youngs Deborah
Published: October 2019

This article considers the opportunities available to, and the constraints to be negotiated by, female litigants at the court of Star Chamber during the reigns of the early Tudor kings. Star Chamber was a prerogative court and grew in popularity following the transformation and clarification of its judicial functions under Thomas Wolsey in the early sixteenth century. While it has suffered losses to its records, around five thousand cases still survive from the early Tudor period, including nearly one thousand cases involving female litigants. Unlike those in other Westminster courts, such as Common Pleas, Chancery, or the Court of Requests, Star Chamber cases have yet to be fully examined for what they can tell us about women's access to justice and their experience of legal process. This article begins by surveying the number of cases involving female litigants, showing that far more women came to the court as plaintiffs than as defendants. The numbers were significant—in line with Chancery—but still show women as a minority. Drawing on a wide range of examples, the paper explores the major factors determining, and limiting, women's active roles as litigants, taking into consideration cultural expectations, legal practice (including the operation of coverture), and, where detected, individual decision-making.
Wave–vortex interactions, remote recoil, the Aharonov–Bohm effect and the Craik–Leibovich equation
Authors: McIntyre Michael Edgeworth
Published: October 2019

Three examples of non-dissipative yet cumulative interaction between a single wavetrain and a single vortex are analysed, with a focus on effective recoil forces, local and remote. Local recoil occurs when the wavetrain overlaps the vortex core. All three examples comply with the pseudomomentum rule. The first two examples are two-dimensional and non-rotating (shallow water or gas dynamical). The third is rotating, with deep-water gravity waves inducing an Ursell ‘anti-Stokes flow’. The Froude or Mach number, and the Rossby number in the third example, are assumed small. Remote recoil is all or part of the interaction in all three examples, except in one special limiting case. That case is found only within a severely restricted parameter regime and is the only case in which, exceptionally, the effective recoil force can be regarded as purely local and identifiable with the celebrated Craik–Leibovich vortex force – which corresponds, in the quantum fluids literature, to the Iordanskii force due to a phonon current incident on a vortex. Another peculiarity of that exceptional case is that the only significant wave refraction effect is the Aharonov–Bohm topological phase jump.
Critical creative pedagogies: a decolonial and indigenous approach using visual arts and creative writing
Authors: Rivera Santana Carlos , Akhurst Graham
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The following paper argues for a critical creative paedagogy as a means of meaningfully engaging with Indigenous and decolonial philosophies. We showcase our critical frameworks and pathways for teaching a decolonial and Indigenous university course where philosophy and arts meet to engage with complex colonial, racial and epistemological questions. We first frame our theoretical and philosophical stance within critical postcolonial, Indigenous and decolonial studies. We then describe an epistemological critique within western philosophical discourse that will gesture towards a decolonial pathway to arts and discuss our creative teaching approach grounded in decolonial and Indigenous theories. Lastly, we reach to a critical and decolonial space where ‘southern’ philosophies can be ‘heard’ in their fullest complexity. We contend that creative writing and visual arts grounded in critical decolonial and Indigenous theories provide a space in which a decolonised knowledge seems possible.
Radiocarbon age offsets of Plants and Bioclasts in the Holocene Sediments from the Miyazaki Plain, Southeast Coast of Kyushu, Southwest Japan
Authors: Nakanishi Toshimichi , Hong Wan , Kuwahata Mitsuhiro , Sugiyama Shinji , Shimoyama Shoichi , Ohkushi Ken’ichi , Yamaguchi Tatsuhiko , Park Jung-Hun , Park Gyujun , Nanayama Futoshi
Published: October 2019

To investigate the relationship between paleoenvironmental changes and marine reservoir effects, the radiocarbon ages of marine bioclasts and terrestrial plants from the same horizons of a sediment core in the Holocene Epoch were measured. This core, with a length of approximately 9 m, was obtained from the southern part of the Miyazaki Plain southeast of Kyushu Island, which faces the Kuroshio warm current. This drilling site is located in an uplift area associated with the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Based on analyses of lithology, molluscan and foraminifera assemblages, and radiocarbon dating, we interpreted four sedimentary units in order of age: tidal flat, inner bay, Kikai-Akahoya volcanic ash, and delta plain. These paleoenvironmental changes were mainly associated with the sea-level rise during the deglacial period. The reservoir ages of nine pairs from the tidal flat to inner bay facies were found to be from the time span of 7300–8200 cal BP. The chronological changes in the reservoir effect are correlated with those seen in Holocene sediments of the other coastal area in East Asia.
Compulsivity is measurable across distinct psychiatric symptom domains and is associated with familial risk and reward-related attentional capture
Authors: Albertella Lucy , Chamberlain Samuel R. , Le Pelley Mike E. , Greenwood Lisa-Marie , Lee Rico SC , Den Ouden Lauren , Segrave Rebecca A. , Grant Jon E. , Yücel Murat
Published: October 2019

Background.

Compulsivity can be seen across various mental health conditions and refers to a tendency toward repetitive habitual acts that are persistent and functionally impairing. Compulsivity involves dysfunctional reward-related circuitry and is thought to be significantly heritable. Despite this, its measurement from a transdiagnostic perspective has received only scant research attention. Here we examine both the psychometric properties of a recently developed compulsivity scale, as well as its relationship with compulsive symptoms, familial risk, and reward-related attentional capture.

Methods.

Two-hundred and sixty individuals participated in the study (mean age = 36.0 [SD = 10.8] years; 60.0% male) and completed the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), along with measures of psychiatric symptoms and family history thereof. Participants also completed a task designed to measure reward-related attentional capture (n = 177).

Results.

CHI-T total scores had a normal distribution and acceptable Cronbach’s alpha (0.84). CHI-T total scores correlated significantly and positively (all p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) with Problematic Usage of the Internet, disordered gambling, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and disordered eating. The scale was correlated significantly with history of addiction and obsessive-compulsive related disorders in first-degree relatives of participants and greater reward-related attentional capture.

Conclusions.

These findings suggest that the CHI-T is suitable for use in online studies and constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for a range of compulsive symptoms, their familial loading, and related cognitive markers. Future work should more extensively investigate the scale in normative and clinical cohorts, and the role of value-modulated attentional capture across compulsive disorders.
A Speed Limit on Ice Shelf Collapse Through Hydrofracture
Authors: Robel Alexander A. , Banwell Alison F.
Published: October 2019

Increasing surface melt has been implicated in the collapse of several Antarctic ice shelves over the last few decades, including the collapse of Larsen B Ice Shelf over a period of just a few weeks in 2002. The speed at which an ice shelf disintegrates strongly determines the subsequent loss of grounded ice and sea level rise, but the controls on collapse speed are not well understood. Here we show, using a novel cellular automaton model, that there is an intrinsic speed limit on ice shelf collapse through cascades of interacting melt pond hydrofracture events. Though collapse speed increases with the area of hydrofracture influence, the typical flexural length scales of Antarctic ice shelves ensure that hydrofracture interactions remain localized. We argue that the speed at which Larsen B Ice Shelf collapsed was caused by a season of anomalously high surface meltwater production.
Zinc Isotope Constraints on Recycled Oceanic Crust in the Mantle Sources of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province
Authors: Yang Chun , Liu Sheng‐Ao
Published: October 2019

Identification of the nature of recycling crustal materials in the sources of large igneous provinces (LIPs) is crucial for understanding compositional heterogeneity of the deep mantle. To provide new constraints on this issue, here we reported high‐precision zinc isotope data on picritic and basaltic lavas from the Emeishan LIP, SW China. Using olivine‐melt Mg‐Fe equilibrium and log (incompatible elements)‐log (MgO) systematics, the parental magma of picritic lavas is estimated to have a MgO content of 21.8 wt.%. All picrites and basalts analyzed have δ66ZnJMC 3‐0749L values of ~0.30‰, which is heavier by ~0.14‰ than that of the terrestrial mantle (0.16 ± 0.05‰, 2s.d.). Olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in picrites are isotopically lighter by ~0.15‰ than the whole rocks, and a negative correlation between Zn and MgO contents for picrites is observed, indicating that olivine accumulation could lower Zn contents and δ66Zn values of the magmas. Taking this into account, the parental magma of picrites has a δ66Zn value of 0.33 ± 0.04‰ (2s.d.). This value is significantly higher than that of other large‐degree partial melts derived from the mantle (e.g. Archean komatiites and the Baffin Island picrites; ~0.20‰), which requires addition of recycled crustal materials into the mantle sources. Modeling suggests that this difference can be best explained by partial melting of a hybridized mantle source containing ~15% recycled basaltic oceanic crust. Our data also show no evidence for recycled marine carbonates into the source of Emeishan LIP and thus possibly into the Earth's deep mantle (>660 km).
Dielectric Polarization Studies in Partially Saturated Shale Cores
Authors: Connolly Paul R. J. , Josh Matthew , O'Neill Keelan T. , Seltzer Scott J. , Wigand Marcus O. , Clennell Michael B. , May Eric F. , Johns Michael L.
Published: October 2019

Dielectric measurements of reservoir rocks are used to estimate important petro‐physical properties such as water‐filled porosity and pore surface textures. However, complex dielectric polarization processes that occur in rocks are strongly dependent on frequency, making physically meaningful interpretation of broadband dielectric data difficult. At high frequency (> 10 MHz) dielectric permittivity primarily relates to the volume fractions of constituents (i.e., saturation, minerals), while at lower frequency (< 10 MHz), interpretation is complicated by interfacial polarization, electro‐diffusion phenomena, and ohmic conduction. The ability to de‐convolve these electrical processes is critical for interpreting petro‐physical properties from broadband dielectric data. Here we demonstrate the application of Tikhonov regularization methods to compute dielectric relaxation time distributions from broadband (40 Hz to 110 MHz) dielectric data for ten shale core samples at varying partial saturation. Furthermore, via the Kramers‐Kronig relation, the contribution from in‐phase conduction currents to the imaginary component of the dielectric response was quantified. The evolution of dielectric polarization processes with increasing moisture content was analyzed directly from changes in relaxation time distributions. It was found that the dominant polarization mechanism, up to a critical partial saturation, occurred as surface polarization within the electrical double layer. Above this critical partial saturation, electro‐diffusion mechanisms acting between the Stern and diffuse layers resulted in a large low frequency response. This work provides valuable insight into dielectric polarization mechanisms in shales and demonstrates such measurements are sensitive to electrical double layer properties and electro‐diffusion length scales that are potentially relevant to characterizing pore‐scale properties in shales.
The Deep Lithospheric Structure of the Junggar Terrane, NW China: Implications for Its Origin and Tectonic Evolution
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Afonso Juan Carlos , Xu Yixian , Wu Shucheng , Yang Yingjie , Yang Bo
Published: October 2019

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the world's largest and oldest accretionary orogens. The Junggar Terrane, located in the southwestern CAOB, is considered a key tectonic element to understand the evolution of the whole CAOB. However, given the lack of xenoliths and limited geophysical data with sensitivities to mantle depths, the nature of its basement and its deep lithospheric structure are still highly debated. Here we use a probabilistic inverse method to jointly invert newly processed Rayleigh wave dispersion data, surface heat flow, geoid anomalies, and absolute elevation. The output is a 3‐D model of the seismic, temperature, bulk density, and compositional structure of the whole lithosphere beneath the western part of the Junggar Terrane. Our results reveal a subduction‐shaped mantle anomaly beneath the western flank of the Junggar Basin that resembles closely the structure of a fossil subduction zone. We also confirm the presence of a thick lower crust beneath the basin with properties similar to those of basaltic rocks. On account of these results, we further conduct a hypothesis test and demonstrate that an “oceanic model” for the origin of the basement of the Junggar Basin explains the available geophysical and geochemical information better than other alternative models. Based on all these observations, we propose an evolutionary model for the western Junggar Terrane that reconciles a number of previously conflicting interpretations.
Hydrodynamic and Morphologic Response of a Back‐Barrier Estuary to an Extratropical Storm
Authors: Defne Zafer , Ganju Neil K. , Moriarty Julia M.
Published: October 2019

We investigated the hydrodynamic and morphologic response of Barnegat Bay‐Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA, to Hurricane Sandy. We implemented a three‐dimensional, coupled ocean‐wave‐sediment transport model of the estuary and explored the role of offshore water levels, offshore waves, local winds, and waves by systematically removing forcings from a series of simulations. Offshore water levels had the largest impact on water levels in the bay, while waves and local wind forcing created substantial spatial variation along the longitudinal axis of the bay. The shape of the bay and its orientation relative to the storm track influenced the response to winds and restricted the maximum water levels in the northern bay and reduced the maximum volume of surge. Basin‐average hydrodynamic residence time was reduced by 40%, though its typical spatial distribution remained during the storm. Wave‐ and current‐induced bed shear stress resuspended fine sediment resulting in net erosion from the shoals with ensuing net deposition over fringing low‐lying land. The net sediment exchange between the bay and the ocean was several times smaller than the exchange at the peak of the storm resulting in negligible net change in the bay volume. Overall, our results suggest that water level responses are highly sensitive to the specific orientation of storm winds relative to the estuary, thereby limiting the utility of simple inundation models. The sediment transport patterns indicate that storms are an important mechanism for redistributing sediment from shoals to fringing wetlands, while net change to sediment budget can be negligible.
An Ozone “Pool” in South China: Investigations on Atmospheric Dynamics and Photochemical Processes Over the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Zeren Yangzong , Guo Hai , Lyu Xiaopu , Jiang Fei , Wang Yu , Liu Xufei , Zeng Lewei , Li Mei , Li Lei
Published: October 2019

Pearl River Estuary (PRE) has been recognized as one of the key areas in South China experiencing severe air pollution. To understand the photochemical pollution over PRE, intensive measurements of O3 and its precursors were simultaneously conducted at a suburban site on the east bank of PRE (Tung Chung, TC) in Hong Kong and a rural site on the west bank (Qi'ao Island, QAI) in Zhuhai from 25 September to 29 November 2016. Three and sixteen O3 episode days (days with the maximum hourly O3 higher than 100 ppbv) were captured at TC and QAI, respectively. On the three days when O3 episodes occurred at TC, QAI also suffered from O3 episodes, which were all associated with tropical cyclones (typhoons). As a downwind site of PRE when northwesterly winds prevailed, TC displayed a higher maximum hourly O3 than QAI on these three days. In contrast, the other thirteen episodes that solely occurred at QAI were generally under northeasterly winds, which brought more coastal air to TC and led to lower levels of O3 at this site. In addition, the stronger titration of the locally emitted NO to O3 also accounted for the lower O3 at TC on these days. The simulations by Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry model indicated that the interactions of synoptic winds and mesoscale breezes led to relatively weak winds and long residence time for air pollutants over the PRE, thereby air pollution accumulation. This provided the likelihood of intensive chemical productions of O3 over PRE, with the production rates even higher than those in the surrounding land areas. As such, it was concluded that PRE was a “pool” of O3, where atmospheric dynamics caused the accumulation of air pollutants and subsequently intensive photochemical reactions. The findings in this study may also apply to the other estuaries connecting terrestrial and marine systems over the world.
A Laboratory Investigation of Spume Generation in High Winds for Fresh and Seawater
Authors: Mehta S. , Ortiz‐Suslow D. G. , Smith A. W. , Haus B. K.
Published: October 2019

Given spume's role in mediating air‐sea exchange at the base of tropical cyclones or other storm events, the focus of studies on spray dynamics has been within the marine environment. In contrast, spume production in nonseawater bodies has been underexplored and potential differences between sea and freshwater are neglected. The laboratory remains the primary means for directly observing spray processes near the surface because of the challenges to making robust field measurements. There is no standardization on the water type used for these experiments, and the effect this has on the generation process is unknown. This adds uncertainty in our ability to make physically realistic spume generation functions that are ultimately applied to the geophysical domain. We have conducted a laboratory experiment that aims to address this simple, yet overlooked, question of whether water type impacts the spume droplet concentration entrained in the air flow above actively breaking waves. We compared directly imaged concentrations for fresh and seawater droplets produced in 10‐m equivalent winds from 36–54 m/s. Substantially higher concentrations of seawater spume were observed, as compared to freshwater across all particle sizes and wind speeds. The seawater particles' vertical distribution was concentrated near the surface, whereas the freshwater droplets were more uniformly distributed. Our statistical analysis of these findings suggests significant differences in the size‐ and height‐dependent distributions response to increased wind forcing between fresh and seawater. These unexpected findings suggest an unanticipated role of the source water physiochemical properties on the spume generation mechanism.
The Global Distribution of Lunar Light Plains From the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
Authors: Meyer H. M. , Denevi B. W. , Robinson M. S. , Boyd A. K.
Published: October 2019

We present the first globally consistent map of lunar light plains from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera mosaics 100 m/pixel. Based on this map, ~70% of light plains are likely related to the Orientale and Imbrium basins; however, many light plains deposits originated with local‐ and regional‐scale impacts, nonmare volcanics (i.e., the Apennine Bench Formation), as well as ancient impact melt deposits that lack diagnostic small‐scale features. Compositional evidence suggests that the light plains associated with basins (i.e., Cayley plains) form through substantial mixing with local materials, implying that ballistic sedimentation is a primary formation mechanism. Based on the distribution of light plains with respect to the Orientale and Imbrium basins, the stratigraphic extent of an individual basin extends to at least four basin radii. As such, the South Pole‐Aitken basin modified at least 80% of the lunar surface. This work suggests that the entire lunar surface was modified to varying degrees at the time of large basin formation. This has implications for sample interpretations because any highland site within four radii of a large basin could potentially contain primary basin material or more local material that was redeposited by secondaries, neither of which is necessarily representative of the terrain upon which they are found.
Effects of Wind Velocity and Nebkha Geometry on Shadow Dune Formation
Authors: Zhao Yongcheng , Gao Xin , Lei Jiaqiang , Li Shengyu , Cai Dongxu , Song Qin
Published: October 2019

Flow dynamics and sand deposition processes over nebkhas were investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulations, wind tunnel experiments, and field measurements. The computational fluid dynamics simulations showed that nebkha width affects both the elongation and broadening of the wind shadows. The length of the wind shadows decreased as the wind shear velocity increased, following a power function, irrespective of the width and height of the nebkha. There are some uncertainties about the effect of the aspect ratio of the nebkha on the formation of wind shadows as a result of the omission of the transport of sand in the simulations. It is suggested that the length of wind shadows is dependent on the absolute values of nebkha width and height rather than the nebkha aspect ratio. Although the numerical results were consistent with the results of the wind tunnel experiments, the wind tunnel experiments showed that the height of the nebkha had a negative effect on the elongation of the shadow dunes. The sedimentary structures revealed by ground‐penetrating radar surveys of the dunes in the Taitema Dry Lake, in the eastern Taklimakan Desert, China, showed that the formation of shadow dunes can be divided into three phases. Shadow dunes are initially controlled by horizontal separation flow and then elongate following the same growth mechanisms as linear dunes, eventually breaking up into isolated barchans or short, temporary linear dunes. However, the formation of shadow dunes does not necessarily call for the three phases depending on the local wind regime and sediment supply.
Projections of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Authors: Campbell Patrick C. , Bash Jesse O. , Nolte Christopher G. , Spero Tanya L. , Cooter Ellen J. , Hinson Kyle , Linker Lewis C.
Published: October 2019

Atmospheric deposition is among the largest pathways of nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). The interplay between future climate and emission changes in and around the CBW will likely shift the future nutrient deposition abundance and chemical regime (e.g., oxidized vs. reduced nitrogen). In this work, a Representative Concentration Pathway from the Community Earth System Model is dynamically downscaled using a recently updated Weather Research and Forecasting model that subsequently drives the Community Multiscale Air Quality model coupled to the agroeconomic Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model. The relative impacts of emission and climate changes on atmospheric nutrient deposition are explored for a recent historical period and a period centered on 2050. The projected regional emissions in Community Multiscale Air Quality reflect current federal and state regulations, which use baseline and projected emission years 2011 and 2040, respectively. The historical simulations of 2‐m temperature (T2) and precipitation (PRECIP) have cool and dry biases, and temperature and PRECIP are projected to both increase. Ammonium wet deposition agrees well with observations, but nitrate wet deposition is underpredicted. Climate and deposition changes increase simulated future ammonium fertilizer application. In the CBW by 2050, these changes (along with widespread decreases in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide emissions, and relatively constant ammonia emissions) decrease total nitrogen deposition by 21%, decrease annual average oxidized nitrogen deposition by 44%, and increase reduced nitrogen deposition by 10%. These results emphasize the importance of decreased anthropogenic emissions on the control of future nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay in a changing climate.
Sedimentary Evolution and Provenance of the late Permian‐middle Triassic Raggyorcaka Deposits in North Qiangtang (Tibet, Western China): Evidence for a Forearc Basin of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Tethys Ocean
Authors: Liang Xiao , Sun Xihui , Wang Genhou , Gao Jinhan , An Xingyu
Published: October 2019

The tectonic origin of the >500‐km‐long E‐W trending Central Qiangtang metamorphic belt (CQMB), which separates the North Qiangtang block (NQB) and South Qiangtang block (SQB), remains controversial. Moreover, the coeval geological evolution of the southern NQB has been poorly investigated, particularly its tectonic relationship with the CQMB. Here we present stratigraphic, sedimentary, and provenance analyses of the late Permian‐middle Triassic depositional succession at Raggyorcaka in the southern NQB and test two radically different hypotheses for origin of the CQMB. A complete marine transgression‐regression sequence with two‐sided provenance characterizes the late Permian‐Triassic sedimentary rocks in the southern NQB. Sandstone petrological analyses reveal a prominent provenance transition to an active volcanic source beginning in the late Changhsingian. Detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronological results of the transgression subsequence show a concentrated youngest zircon group of 236–288 Ma (peak at ~248.1 Ma), with negative εHf(t) values (−25.3 to −0.2) and large Hf crustal model ages (T
; 1,311–2,887 Ma). These new findings show that the Raggyorcaka sequence was most likely deposited in an active continental margin. Combined with other evidence, we further infer that the Carboniferous‐Triassic successions of the southern NQB were most likely deposited in a forearc basin under the in situ suture model, that is, the northward subduction of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Tethys Ocean beneath the NQB. Moreover, the detrital zircon age distribution of the southern NQB suggests that the NQB probably drifted from the Gondwana supercontinent in the early Paleozoic and became adjacent to peri‐Cathaysian blocks no later than the Carboniferous.
Compact and efficient gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes for microfuel cells and gas sensors
Authors: Fernandez Wanda V. , Tosello Rocío T. , Fernández José L.
Published: October 2019

Gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes electrocatalyze hydrogen oxidation at high diffusion-limiting current densities with fast response times.
On short-ranged pair-potentials for long-range electrostatics
Authors: Stenqvist Björn , Lund Mikael
Published: October 2019

Fast and accurate summation of long-range electrostatics by using a short-ranged pair-potential that ensures moment cancellation in the cutoff sphere.
In situoptical spectroscopy characterization for optimal design of lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Zhang Li , Qian Tao , Zhu Xingyu , Hu Zhongli , Wang Mengfan , Zhang Liya , Jiang Tao , Tian Jing-Hua , Yan Chenglin
Published: October 2019

Recent advances in optimal design of lithium–sulfur batteries with the aid ofin situoptical spectroscopic techniques, including Raman, infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies, are systematically summarized.
ZnO-NP assisted synthesis of fluorescent β-carboline C-1 tethered benzimidazole/benzothiazole/benzoxazole derivatives and assessment of their photophysical properties
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Singh Dharmender , Paul Avijit Kumar , Shrivastava Rahul , Singh Virender
Published: October 2019

A facile transformation of 1-formyl β-carboline into fluorescent β-carboline C-1 tethered benzazole derivatives is described under the catalysis of ZnO nanoparticles.
Computer modeling of 2D supramolecular nanoporous monolayers self-assembled on graphite
Authors: St. John Alexander , Roth Michael W. , Firlej Lucyna , Kuchta Bogdan , Charra Fabrice , Wexler Carlos
Published: October 2019

Molecular modeling of tectons self-assembled on HOPG.
Epitaxial stabilization versus interdiffusion: synthetic routes to metastable cubic HfO2 and HfV2O7 from the core–shell arrangement of precursors
Authors: Fleer Nathan A. , Thomas Melonie P. , Andrews Justin L. , Waetzig Gregory R. , Gonzalez Oscar , Liu Guan-Wen , Guiton Beth S. , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: October 2019

Metastable cubic HfO2 is prepared by preferential nucleation using a lattice crystallographic relationship.
A photo-selective chain-end modification of polyacrylate-iodide and its application in patterned polymer brush synthesis
Authors: Chen Chen , Wang Chen-Gang , Guan Wenxun , Goto Atsushi
Published: October 2019

A photo-selective chain-end modification of polyacrylate-iodide (polymer-I) was developed. The method was used to generate chain-end patterned polymer brushes.
Synthesis of menthol from citronellal over supported Ru- and Pt-catalysts in continuous flow
Authors: Azkaar Muhammad , Mäki-Arvela Päivi , Vajglová Zuzana , Fedorov Vyacheslav , Kumar Narendra , Hupa Leena , Hemming Jarl , Peurla Markus , Aho Atte , Murzin Dmitry Yu
Published: October 2019

One-pot menthol synthesis in a trickle bed reactor was investigated using Ru/H-beta-300 extrudates without any binder and Pt- and Ru/H-beta-25 extrudates containing 30 wt% bentonite binder using different methods of metal loading on the extrudates.
Low phase noise ring VCO employing input‐coupled dynamic current source
Authors: Lee I.‐Y. , Im D.
Published: October 2019

A low‐phase noise ring voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) employing input‐coupled dynamic current source is presented. By simply coupling the input signal to the gate node of the current source transistor, the proposed inverter has a larger output swing and steeper maximum slope than conventional structures, which directly results in phase noise improvement. Under the same conditions, compared to the conventional structure, the proposed ring VCO achieves 7.5 and 11 dB of phase noise improvement at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies, respectively. The proposed ring VCO has a tuning range of 823–1300 MHz and post‐layout simulation shows a figure‐of‐merit of 159–162 dBc/Hz in the entire oscillation frequency range. In the measurement results,the authors recorded a phase noise of −106 dBc/Hz and figure‐of‐merit reaching 165 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency, consuming 1.2 mW from a 1.8 V supply at 1 GHz oscillation frequency. The proposed ring VCO is implemented in 180 nm CMOS process and occupies a size of 0.0024 mm2.
Monte‐Carlo‐based simulation and investigation of 230 kV transmission lines outage due to lightning
Authors: Karami Ehsan , Khalilinia Ahmad , Bali Afshar , Rouzbehi Kumars
Published: October 2019

Here, using the probabilistic evaluation based on the Monte Carlo method, back‐flashover rate and shielding failure flashover rate of 230 kV overhead transmission lines in the western regions of Iran are evaluated. To such an aim, first, the number of thunderstorm days per year is collected from the reported weather information in order to determine the ground flash density. Then, using MRU‐200 equipment, the tower‐footing resistance of several towers is measured. Matlab® software is used in order to produce lightning surges considering its probabilistic nature and randomly distribution on the ground to evaluate striking distance based on the geometric model. Then, calculated parameters are transferred to EMTP‐RV software by establishing a link to perform the transient simulation and report the results for modelled 230 kV transmission line. Finally, considering IEEE‐1243 standard, it is shown that due to high ground flash density, using 230 kV tower with one shield wire is not sufficient to protect the line against lightning phenomena.
Two‐stage market‐based service restoration method in multi‐MGs distribution networks
Authors: Alemohammad Seyed Hamidreza , Mashhour Elaheh , Farzin Hossein
Published: October 2019

The use of microgrids’ (MGs) surplus capacity is a valuable asset for distribution system operators (DSOs), which helps them to have better performance in an outage. In considering the private ownership of most MGs, it is necessary to provide proper mechanisms to compensate for the participation costs of MGs in service restoration programmes. In this study, a novel two‐stage market‐based framework is proposed to encourage MGs to share their surplus capacity during outages, in which the MGs will be paid proportionally to the amount of their exchanged energy with the distribution network. In the lower stage, MGs offer their hourly bids to the DSO in the form of price–quantity pairs, in which costs of their participation are calculated based on the AC optimal power flow equations. Thus, the operational constraints and power losses costs are incorporated. In the upper stage, for each hour, the DSO determines accepted bids considering technical and economic aspects. Some procedures are suggested to prevent MGs’ monopoly by offering overpriced bids. The advantages and validity of the proposed method are demonstrated in several numerical studies.
Robust transmission constrained unit commitment under wind power uncertainty with adjustable conservatism
Authors: Tian Yuan , Wu Wei , Wang Keyou , Fu Yong , Li Guojie
Published: October 2019

This study proposes a novel robust transmission‐constrained unit commitment model with adjustable conservatism (denoted as RAC‐TCUC). Ellipsoidal uncertainty set (EUS) is adopted in this model to well fit the spatial–temporal correlated wind power. The affine policy is utilised in the generation dispatch process of the model for the sake of computational tractability. To reduce the conservatism, a novel criterion for budget value selection of the EUS is presented. Moreover, this study discusses a crucial, yet barely addressed issue in the literature: the feasibility of the solution against the realisation of uncertainties beyond the prescribed EUS. To prove the validity of the criterion, an analytical relationship between the budget value of the EUS and the actual probability of solution's feasibility against all possible scenarios of uncertainties is presented. Finally, the testing results demonstrate the effectiveness and economic benefits of the proposed method.
Magnetic equivalent circuit modelling of coaxial magnetic gears considering non‐linear magnetising curve
Authors: Feshki Farahani Hassan
Published: October 2019

It is necessary to have a model to design magnetic gear (MG) optimally and to investigate the effective parameters on its performance. This study proposed a two‐dimensional (2D) model to predict the magnetic components of coaxial MG (CMG). This model is based on the mesh analysis method considering core nonlinear B‐H curve. In the proposed model, the radial and tangential components of flux densities, magnetic fluxes as well as the inner/outer rotor torque are estimated by extraction of the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC). The effect of non‐linear B‐H magnetising curve is considered on the MEC model and it is compared with linear core (constant probability). Furthermore, the dynamic model of CMG is presented and its torque‐angle curve and consequently its pull‐out torque is obtained. To validate the proposed model, the 2D MEC model results are compared with results of finite element method analysis.
Orthogonal phase‐frequency coded signal in a pulse against interrupted sampling repeater jamming
Authors: Ren Zhifeng , Jiang Miao , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2019

Interrupted sampling repeater jamming (ISRJ) uses the under sampling technology to transmit and repeat the radar intercepted signals. As a new kind of coherent interference, it is widely used in self‐defence interference. At the same time, the existing radar anti‐jamming technology cannot effectively combat it. In this study, the principle of ISRJ is analysed. In view of the mismatch between the jamming signal and the radar transmitting signal, an orthogonal phase‐frequency coded signal in a pulse is designed. In signal processing, matching and filtering are processed separately through each sub‐signal. The simulation results show that the designed signal has a good inhibitory effect on ISRJ.