bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin in health and disease
Authors: Tereshchenko I V , Kamenskikh Ya A , Suslina A A
Published: January 2017

Over the past 20 years after the discovery of adiponectin, much knowledge about its effect in health and disease has been gained. Adiponectin has antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, metabolic, vasoprotective, and antiapoptotic properties. However, an understanding stems from the given literature review that much remains to be explored. Adiponectin has not yet commonly used in clinical practice, but cardiologists, endocrinologists, pediatricians, oncologists, and physicians of many specialties are interested in its preventive and therapeutic applications.
Evaluation of the hemostatic potential at coronary artery bypass surgery during long-term aspirin therapy
Authors: Gruzdeva O V , Fanaskova E V , Akbasheva O E , Uchasova E G , Penskaya T Yu , Plotnikov G P , Dyleva Yu A , Krivoshapova K E , Barbarash O L
Published: January 2017

Aim. To estimate thrombin generation test parameters in patients with coronary heart disease during coronary artery bypass surgery under extracorporeal circulation after transfusion of donor platelet concentrates during long-term therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Subjects and methods. A total of 148 patients with coronary heart disease who had undergone elective primary coronary artery bypass surgery under extracorporeal circulation during preserved therapy with ASA (75-100 mg/day) were examined. According to donor platelet concentrate transfusion, all the patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) 76 patients undergoing donor platelet transfusion and 2) 72 without this procedure. A control group consisted of 20 apparently healthy individuals. At the pre-, intra-, and early postoperative stages, the investigators evaluated the following thrombin generation test parameters: lag time (min); peak thrombin concentration (nM/l); time to peak (min); the area under the thrombin generation curve (nM), and thrombin generation rate (nM/min). Results. During long-term ASA therapy, the patients were found to have an activated endogenous thrombin potential in the pre- and intraoperative periods, as evidenced by the high peak concentration of thrombin and the increased rate of its generation. At the same time, the time of prothrombinase complex activation and that of thrombin generation were longer than those in the control group. In the early postoperative period, the patients who had not been transfused with platelet concentrates with a further increase in the temporal parameters, showed a decreased hemostatic potential, reaching the control level, whereas donor platelet transfusion stimulated endogenous thrombin generation: the time to initiate clotting and that to reach the peak were shorter; in this case, the thrombin generation rate and concentrations increased, but the preoperative level was not reached. No perioperative (hemorrhagic or thrombotic ischemic) events were noted in the examined groups. Conclusion. The hemostatic potential was preserved in patients receiving long-term therapy for ASA. Taking into account laboratory and clinical findings, platelet concentrate transfusions are unnecessary for preventive purposes. The appropriateness of donor platelet transfusion should be strictly individually approached with regard to the laboratory parameters of the thrombin generation test, by minimizing the risk of perioperative ischemic and hemorrhagic events in each specific patient.
The role of renal anemia and cardiovascular disease in the progression of chronic glomerulonephritis
Authors: Murkamilov I T , Gordeev I G , Kaliev R R
Published: January 2017

Aim. To study the rate of chronic glomerulonephritis progression when added by anemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Subjects and methods. 231 patients (133 men and 98 women) with predialysis chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) were examined. The patients’ mean age of was 35.8±11.8 years; the disease duration was 1 to 17 years. The disease onset was the date when urinalysis showed evidence of persistent proteinuria and (or) hematuria. Besides, the time when anemia developed and the clinical and instrumental signs of CVD appeared was taken as the initial reference point; the time when end-stage renal failure was diagnosed was taken to be the endpoint. Red blood cell counts with the inclusion of its indices, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit values, daily proteinuria values, and glomerular filtration rate were analyzed. The biochemical parameters included the concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, fibrinogen, iron, cholesterol, total protein and C-reactive protein (CRP). Electrocardiography and echocardiography, bicycle ergometry and 24-hour ECG monitoring were used to detect CVD. Results. The presence of anemia and CVD in patients with predialysis CGN versus those without anemia and CVD was associated with an increase in the concentrations of CRP [36.2 and 12.6%; respectively; (p
The efficacy and safety of etoricoxib versus meloxicam in the treatment of patients with gonarthrosis
Authors: Zavodovsky B V , Sivordova L E , Polyakova Yu V , Akhverdyan Yu R , Kuznetsova M I , Zborovskaya I A
Published: January 2017

Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of etoricoxib and meloxicam in patients with gonarthrosis. Subjects and methods. A postregistration, open-labeled, prospective, comparative randomized study was conducted. 40 patients aged 37 to 75 years with primary knee osteoarthritis were examined. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated determining the functional index WOMAC with the use of a visual analogue scale (VAS). The tolerability of the drugs was assessed according to the opinions of a patient and a physician. Results. Both drugs caused a reduction in WOMAC and VAS scores for pain and the severity of the disease. Etoricoxib demonstrated a significantly high rate of occurrence and completeness of its analgesic effect. Meloxicam showed a less pronounced decrease in joint stiffness and an insufficient analgesic effect. The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Both drugs demonstrated a good tolerability and a low incidence of side effects. The efficacy of etoricoxib was significantly higher than that of meloxicam.
Knee injury patterns among young basket ball players in Cape Town
Authors: Louw Quinette , Grimmer Karen , Vaughan Kit
Published: January 2017

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 9-15
Concussion in rugby - an update
Authors: Kohler Ryan MN
Published: January 2017

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 16-20
Energy balance and energy expenditure in obesity - is obesity a disease of inactivity?
Authors: Lambert Estelle V , Goedecke Julia H
Published: January 2017

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 21-25
South African rugby guidelines on the management of concussion
Authors: Jakoet Ismail
Published: January 2017

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 26-28
The effect of a professional cricket match schedule on selected immune parameters
Authors: Williams AW , Myburgh KH , Smith C
Published: January 2017

Objective. The impact of a professional cricket match schedule on white blood cell (WBC) distribution and lymphocyte activation (CD69 expression) was investigated.
Methods. After a 3-month pre-season training period, physical and immune parameters were determined in 14 male cricketers before (B) and after (A) an intensive 5- week match schedule.
Results. Exercise test results were unchanged from B to A. Total WBC counts were similar, but total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts decreased significantly. The CD4:CD8 ratio did not change. After in vitro stimulation, percentage CD4+CD69+ cells increased (B: 54.4 ± 9.7%, A: 64.0 ± 8.5%, p < 0.01), but absolute CD4+CD69+ cell counts did not change from B to A. In contrast, both the %CD8+CD69+ cells and absolute CD8+CD69+ cell count remained similar.
Conclusion. A strenuous, interregional, professional cricket match schedule resulted in a decreased number of lymphocytes, but relatively increased in vitro reactivity of CD4+ cells, thus maintaining the absolute capacity of the CD4+ cells to become activated on stimulation. In cricketers who suffered upper respiratory tract symptoms during the match schedule (N = 7), none of the immune parameters investigated differed significantly from the others at B or A.
SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 22-27
Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-
Authors: Puckree T , Thomas KJ
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine the incidence of shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-Natal, a province in South Africa. Design. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A random sample of 96 swimmers from a pool of 300 swimmers registered with first-division clubs affiliated to the KwaZulu-Natal Aquatics Association participated in the
study by informed voluntary consent. Data were gathered using a validated questionnaire.
Setting. Data were gathered at time trials, races and club meetings. Main measures. Variables monitored included the incidence of shoulder injuries, shoulder pain and proportion
of overuse injury. Results. Seventy-one per cent of the swimmers had shoulder pain and 64% reported injury to the shoulder. Forty-six per cent of the swimmers with pain complained of anterior shoulder pain, while 65% of all injuries were due to overuse. The commonest diagnoses included tendonitis (35%), muscle imbalance (29%), impingement
(19%) and other (17%). Sixty-nine per cent of the swimmers swam freestyle which was related to 70% of the injuries. Eighty-one per cent of the injured swimmers sought
physiotherapy for the shoulder pain. Conclusion. The incidence of shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers is high. This study shows the need for more research into swimming injuries, and the conditioning and rehabilitation of athletes in South Africa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 10-12
Validity and reliability of the session RPE method for monitoring exercise training intensity
Authors: Herman L , Foster C , Maher MA , Mikat RP , Porcari JP
Published: January 2017

Objective. The Session Rating of Perceived Extertion (RPE) is a method of measuring exercise intensity that may be useful for the quantitative assessment of exercise
training programmes. However, there are inadequate data regarding the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method. This study was designed to evaluate both the
validity and reliability of the Session RPE method in comparison to objective measures (%HRpeak, %HRreserve and %VO2peak) of exercise intensity. Methods. Fourteen healthy volunteers (7 male, 7 female) performed 6 randomly ordered 30-minute constant-load
exercise bouts at 3 different intensities, with each intensity being repeated. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout each exercise bout
and normalised to maximal values obtained during a preliminary maximal exercise test. Thirty minutes following the conclusion of each exercise bout, the subject rated
the global intensity of the bout using a modification of the Category Ratio (CR) (0 - 10) RPE scale. This rating was compared to the mean value of objectively measured exercise
intensity across the duration of the bout. Results. There were significant non-linear relationships between Session RPE and %VO2peak (R2 = 0.76), %HRpeak (R2 = 0.74) and %HRreserve (R2 = 0.71). There were no significant differences between test and retest values of %VO2peak, %HRpeak, %HRreserve and Session RPE during the easy (47 v. 47%, 65 v. 66%, 47 v. 48% and 2.0 v. 1.9), moderate (69 v. 70%, 83 v. 84%, 74 v. 75%, and 4.2 v. 4.3) and hard (81 v. 81%, 94 v. 94%, 91 v. 91% and 7.3 v. 7.4) exercise bouts. Correlations between repeated bouts for %VO2peak (r = 0.98), %HRpeak (r = 0.98), %HRreserve (r = 0.98) and Session RPE (r = 0.88) were significant and strong.
Conclusions. The results support the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method of monitoring exercise intensity, although as might be predicted for a subjective method the Session RPE was less precise than the objective measures of exercise training intensity. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 14-17
Measurement error – the missing link?
Authors: Lambert M
Published: January 2017

Measurement error – the missing link?
Fitness and body composition profiling of elite junior South African rugby players
Authors: Durandt J , Du Toit S , Borresen J , Hew-Butler T , Masimla H , Jokoet I , Lambert M
Published: January 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the body composition, strength and speed characteristics of elite junior South African rugby players. Design. Cross-sectional.
Setting. Field study. Subjects. Rugby players (16 and 18 years old, N = 174) selected for the South African Rugby Union National Green Squad. Outcome measures. Body composition, 10 m and 40 m speed, agility, 1RM bench press, underhand pull-ups, push-ups, multistage shuttle run. Results. The under-16 players were on average shorter (175.6 ± 5.7 v. 179.2 ± 6.7 cm), weighed less (76.5 ± 8.2 v. 84.8 ± 8.3 kg) had less upper body absolute strength
(77.1 ± 11.8 kg v. 95.3 ± 16.7 kg) and muscular endurance (41 ± 12 v. 52 ± 15 push-ups) and aerobic fitness (87.1 ± 19.4 v. 93.5 ± 15.3 shuttles) than the under-18 players. There were no differences in body fat, sprinting speed (10 m and 40 m) or agility between the two age groups. There were differences between playing positions, with the props having the most body fat, strongest upper bodies, slowest sprinting speed, least agility and lowest aerobic capacity compared with players in the other positions. Conclusion. This study provides data for elite junior rugby players and can be used to monitor the progression of
players after intervention while also assisting with talent identification for the different playing positions. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 38-45
Airways inflammatory and atopy-related responses in athletes
Authors: McKune AJ , Smith LL
Published: January 2017

The prevalence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in highly trained endurance athletes is rising. The type of training (i.e. endurance, or speed and power)
seems to influence the airway symptoms. High-intensity exercise and training might contribute to the development of asthma or AHR in athletes previously unaffected by
these airway disorders. Repeated hyperventilation of unconditioned air, as well as air containing irritants and/or allergens has been suggested to cause thermal, mechanical,
or osmotic airway trauma resulting in damage to the airway epithelium. Subsequent airway inflammatory responses may be responsible for the development of atopy-related
symptoms in endurance athletes such as those observed in asthma and AHR. Eosinophils and neutrophils are the inflammatory cells that have been frequently observed to
be elevated in the airways of endurance athletes. The trafficking of these cells to the airways may possibly be regulated by TH2 cytokines that are expressed in the airways
in response to epithelial cell damage. In addition, these airway inflammatory responses may lead to airway remodelling similar to that which occurs in asthma. The effect of the exercise challenge itself may initiate airway atopy-related and inflammatory responses in endurance
athletes. While the literature seems to support the role of local airway conditions and/or events in inducing atopy-related symptoms in athletes, it is proposed that alterations
in the hormonal and/or cytokine milieu with intense competition and/or training may also play a role. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (2) 2006: pp. 46-51
A comparison of the modern and classic golf swing: a clinician\'s perspective
Authors: McHardy A , Pollard H , Bayley G
Published: January 2017

Objective. There is little descriptive research on the motion the body displays during the golf swing. The purpose of this research is to review the modern golf swing and
compare its motion to the classic golf swing.
Discussion. The comparison revealed subtle but significant differences in the backswing and the follow-through positions. The potential implications for power and injury,
particularly of the lower back, are discussed. The discussion describes a third swing, the hybrid swing, which is a combination of the classic and modern swing. The hybrid
swing may potentially reduce the chances of sustaining a low back injury while still retaining the power of the modern swing.
Conclusion. The golf swing has evolved over time as a result of a combination of advanced equipment, course design and human experimentation. The hybrid swing is
being taught by some golf professionals as a balance between the power-potential of the modern swing and the ‘back-friendly\' nature of the classic swing, though no studies
have so far been conducted on its efficacy. Further investigation into the three golf swings, classic, modern and hybrid, is required to determine which swing is the most effective
while also being friendly to the body. Such research will make possible the development programmes aimed at reducing golf injury rates, particularly to the lower back. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 80-91
An inventory of the South african fitness industry
Authors: Draper CE , Grobler L , Kilian GA , Micklesfield LK , Lambert EV , Noakes TD
Published: January 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to create an inventory of fitness facilities in South Africa, their location, equipment and services offered, and the demographics, education and training of the staff working in these facilities.
Design. A total of 750 facilities were identified, and descriptive data were gathered from 442 facilities (59%) with the use of a questionnaire administered telephonically
and via the website of the Sports Science Institute of South Africa.
Setting. The study was initiated by the Sports Science Institute, and the results were presented at the 4th Annual Discovery Vitality Fitness Convention on 4 May 2006.
Results. Results show that the industry comprises mainly independent facilities (68%). All types of facilities were found to be located mostly within urban areas, and reported
providing services to just less than 2% of the South African population. Facilities offer a wide range of equipment and services to their members. Of the fitness-related
staff at facilities, the majority were reported to be young (18 - 25 years, 55% of male, and 49% of female staff), and in terms of racial proportions most staff were white
(males 40% of total staff and females 33% of total staff).Less than a quarter of fitness-related staff hold university qualifications, and just over 80% of instructors hold qualifications aligned with the National Qualifications Framework.
The importance of education and training of staff was emphasised by respondents.
Conclusions. This report highlights the widespread value of assessing the fitness industry, particularly within the context of the rise of chronic diseases in South Africa and government initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (3) 2006: pp. 93-104
Mountain bike racing - the influence of prior glycogen-inducing exercise and glutamine supplementation on selected stress and immune parameters
Authors: Smith C , Myburgh KH
Published: January 2017

Objective. To investigate the effect of pre-exercise glutamine supplementation and the influence of a prior acute bout of glycogen-reducing exercise on the general stress
and immune response to acute high-intensity cycling.
Design. Randomised, double-blind, cross-over supplementation study.
Setting and intervention. Subjects performed a series of 4 simulated mountain-bike races lasting ≈60 minutes each on separate days 1 week apart, with/ without prior glycogen-
reducing exercise on a known outdoor course with/ without pre-exercise glutamine supplementation. Blood samples were collected pre- and immediately post-exercise after each race.
Main outcome measures. Circulating concentrations of cortisol (COR) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) were assessed at all time points, as well as
changes in white blood cell (WBC) subpopulation distribution.
Results. COR was elevated in all groups post-exercise (p < 0.0001), but neither glycogen reduction, nor glutamine supplementation had any effect. DHEAs increased post-exercise (p < 0.05), with a greater relative increase in glutamine-supplemented subjects (p = 0.07). Total WBC and neutrophil counts in all groups were elevated after exercise (both p < 0.0005). Glutamine supplementation had no effect on differential WBC counts or distribution,
but total WBC (p = 0.06) and monocyte (p < 0.05) counts showed greater increases after glycogen reduction. Gluta- mine supplementation was associated with greater postexercise
decreases in CD4+ count (p = 0.07) and CD4+: CD8+ ratio (p = 0.01) after glycogen-reducing exercise.
Conclusions. We conclude that pre-exercise glutamine supplementation may have an anticortisol effect by enhancing the DHEAS response to exercise stress. The suppressive effect of glutamine supplementation on CD4+: CD8+ ratio and its positive effect on monocyte count after repeated bouts of exercise warrants further investigation. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 122-128
Analysis of patient load data for teams competing in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa
Authors: Killian A , Stretch RA
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To evaluate the injury presentation data for all teams taking part in 10 warm-up matches and 46 matches during the 2003 Cricket World Cup played in South Africa, in order to provide organisers with the basis of a sound medical-care plan for future tournaments of a similar nature.
Methods. The data collected included the role of the injured person, the nature of the injury, whether the treatment was for an injury or an illness, whether the injury was acute, chronic or acute-on-chronic, and the prognosis (rest, play, unfit to play, sent home, follow-up treatment required). The medical personnel in charge of the medical support documented patient information which included the total number of patient presentations and the category of illness/injury.
Results. Ninety patient presentations (1.6 patient presentations per match) were recorded. The most common patient presentations were by the batsmen (50%), followed by the bowlers (29%) and all-rounders (17%). Of the patient presentations, 53% were classified as injuries, while the remaining 47% were classified as illnesses. The patient presentations occurred in the early stages of the competition. The most common presentations were of an acute nature (63%). The main injury pathology categories were trigger point injuries (10%), and bruises / abrasions (10%), while infection (29%) was the main illness pathology.
Conclusions. The 2003 Cricket World Cup proved to be an ideal opportunity to collect data on international cricketers participating in an intensive 6-week international competition; the epidemiological data collected should assist national cricket bodies and organisers of future Cricket World Cup competitions to predict participant-related injury rates. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 129-134
Ultrasound study of the asymptomatic shoulder in patients with a confirmed rotator cuff tear in the opposite shoulder
Authors: Oschman Z , Janse van Rensburg C , Maritz NGJ , Borain H , Owen R
Published: January 2017

Objective. To document the incidence of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears in patients with a confirmed symptomatic tear in the opposite shoulder, and to identify ultrasound findings that may distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic tears.
Design. When patients are referred for an ultrasound examination for the confirmation of symptomatic rotator cuff tear the opposite shoulder is often used for comparison.
However, patients often have a similar tear on the asymptomatic side. Fifty patients with a confirmed symptomatic rotator cuff tear and an asymptomatic shoulder on the opposite
side were chosen for inclusion. The patients were examined using a Siemens Sonoline Elegra 7.5 MHz linear multi-frequency probe. The appearance of the rotator cuff,
long head of the biceps and the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa (SASD bursa) were documented. The antero-posterior (AP) dimension of the supraspinatus muscle and fat
between the trapezius and supraspinatus muscles were measured, which indicated if a tear was acute or chronic. The width and length of the rotator cuff tear were measured.
Setting. Division of Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria. Results. Fifty-four per cent of the asymptomatic shoulders had tears. We found that the symptomatic tears were
larger, appeared more chronic and had an associated biceps tendinopathy and glenohumeral joint effusion. Conclusion. As other authors have found, the high incidence
of asymptomatic tears indicates that rotator cuff tears can be regarded as a natural correlate of aging and that bilateral tears are common. Initial treatment should be
conservative, but larger tears may benefit from early surgery before becoming chronic and causing glenohumeral dysfunction. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 23-28
Ethically we can no longer sit on the fence - a neuropsychological perspective on the cerebrally hazardous contact sports
Authors: Shuttleworth-Edwards AB , Whitefield VJ
Published: January 2017

Background and objective. The number of male and female contact sport participants is increasing worldwide. The aim of the review is to discuss the potential for deleterious sequelae of sports concussion (mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)), and management thereof. Discussion. Incidence of concussion in the field contact
sports is high, not only for boxing, but also for soccer, football and especially rugby. An overview of studies investigating persistent deleterious cognitive and symptomatic
outcome following cumulative sports MTBI suggests that individuals may be at risk for permanent neurological damage following participation in a contact sport. Established
sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) typically involving frontal systems include cognitive decline, behavioural changes such as diminished self-regulation and aggression, and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. The presence of such consequences hidden within the context of the widely popularised contact sports, has societal implications that should be acknowledged. Compromised scholastic abilities and enhanced aggressive tendencies
in association with sports MTBI are in need of further longitudinal research.
Conclusion. A comprehensive preventive approach to the management of MTBI in sport is advocated that includes professionally applied neuropsychological assessment as
a crucial component. Future policy considerations are the introduction of mandatory informed consent for participation in a high-risk contact sport such as rugby, particularly
at youth level, and financial provision for concussion management amongst economically disadvantaged populations. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 32-38
Fluid use in mountain bikers - self-reported practices
Authors: Rose SC , Chipps HA , Peters EM
Published: January 2017

Background and objectives. Little is known of the fluid replacement habits of participants in mountain bike (MTB) endurance events. This survey set out to determine the
current perceptions and practices of this group of endurance athletes.
Method. Four hundred and twelve participants in the 3- day 2006 Sani2C (MTB) race completed questionnaires that elicited information regarding their regular fluid intake
practices during competitive MTB endurance events. This included their general approach to fluid replacement, their fluid intake practices (type, amount and frequency), urine
output and hydration status.
Results. While 70% (N = 290) reported that they based their fluid intake practices on personal past experiences, less than half the group (N = 177, 43%) were aware of
official sport-specific guidelines. Although 86% (N = 354) reported making use of commercially available sport-specific drinks, consumption of water alone was reported by
34% of respondents (N = 140). The majority (N = 225, 55%) of the mountain bikers reported drinking every 16 - 30 minutes during an endurance ride, while 35% (N =
144) reported drinking every 0 - 15 minutes. Fifty-three per cent (N = 182) of the male respondents and 45% (N = 23) of female respondents reported a routine intake of
≥ 750 ml per hour during endurance rides. This included 2 women who reported regular intakes of between 1 500 and 2 000 ml/hr. Only 7 (2%) reported receiving medical
care for dehydration following their participation in previous MTB rides. Conclusions. This survey indicates that although more than half of the mountain bikers did not acknowledge specific awareness of the official fluid replacement guidelines, over 80% reported drinking regularly during a race, and 52% (N = 212) reported a usual intake of ≥ 750 ml/hr during
endurance races. Until scientific studies have carefully examined the hydration status and fluid replacement needs of mountain bikers, MTB cyclists are cautioned
against the practice of over-hydrating. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 52-58
Incidence of non-traumatic anterior knee pain among 11 - 17-years-olds
Authors: Phillips J , Coetsee MF
Published: January 2017

Objective. To investigate the incidence of anterior knee pain, as well as the effect of sport participation, age of onset and gender differences on the condition.
Design. Questionnaires (N = 2 414), each containing 20 questions, were distributed to 10 - 17-year-old learners at 8 primary and 5 high schools in the Empangeni/Richards
Bay area. The return rate was 76%.
Results. Twenty-seven per cent of the respondents reported anterior knee pain. Of these, 21% experienced pain in the left knee only, 34% in the right knee only, and 45% in both knees. Furthermore, 31% had visited a medical doctor because of the knee pain, 82% reported that the pain interfered with their sport participation, and 37%
had visited a physiotherapist or biokineticist, of whom 43% reported that the intervention they received was successful.
Previously 37% of the subjects had taken medication for the condition. The highest incidence of anterior knee pain was reported for 12 and 13-year-old girls and 14 -
15-year-old boys, which correlates with the period of the adolescent growth spurt. The incidence of anterior knee pain was higher amongst those who participated in sport
more than 3 days per week and lower amongst those who participated less than 3 days per week or not at all.
Conclusions. Anterior knee pain is common amongst children between the ages of 10 and 17 years, with a peak during adolescence, especially among girls. Participation
in physical activity increases the likelihood of anterior knee pain. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 60-64
Innovation or fraud?
Authors: Lambert M
Published: January 2017

Innovation or fraud?
Psychological preparation of the 2004 South African Olympic team
Authors: Gahwiler C
Published: January 2017

Background. The 2004 Athens Olympics represented the greatest opportunity for psychological preparation yet afforded a multicode South African team. A coordinating psychologist was appointed a year before the event, with access to financial and other resources. Aim. The purposes of this paper are fourfold: (i) to describe a 5-stage model used for the psychological preparation of the 2004 South African Olympic team; (ii) to report on the athletes and their management teams’ perceptions of its efficacy; (iii) to describe the perceived positive and negative determinants of these same subjects’ state of mind at the Olympics; and (iv) to make recommendations for the existing model’s further improvement. Results. The psychological preparation was well received, with almost all athletes and coaches requesting an expansion thereof in the future. Recommendations are made for the model’s improvement, particularly for its ongoing implementation throughout the 4-year Olympic cycle
Effectiveness of early quadriceps exercises after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Pumell C
Published: January 2017

Objective. To systematically review the published information regarding the effectiveness and safety of early postoperative quadriceps muscle exercise training on pain, joint laxity, function and range of motion in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction adult patients. Data sources. Five databases (CINAHL, PEDro, Pubmed, Science Direct and the Cochrane Library) were searched for studies published from January 1990 to May 2007. Study selection. Publications describing research into the effectiveness of early quadriceps exercises after ACL reconstruction were included. A total of three eligible articles met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction. A review of the three eligible studies was undertaken to describe the key study components. The PEDro Scale was used to determine the methodological quality of the selected trials and the level of evidence of all the eligible studies was categorised according to the evidence hierarchy by Lloyd-Smith.24 Relevant data were extracted by the two reviewer groups to reduce bias. Data synthesis. Due to study heterogeneity a meta-analysis could not be conducted. Effect sizes were calculated provided that sufficient data were provided. Outcome measures included range of motion (ROM), functional performance, pain  and knee laxity. The methodological quality of the studies did not vary considerably across the studies and the average PEDro score was 66%. Marginal significant differences were noted in knee ROM at 1 month postoperatively, pain day 1 postoperatively, knee laxity and subjective evaluation of function at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion. Early quadriceps exercises can be performed safely in the first 2 postoperative weeks, but clinically significant gains in ROM, function, pain and knee laxity were not evident. Further research should include standardised interventions, measurement time frames and outcome measurement tools to allow for a meta- analysis to be conducted
Energy expenditure in office workers with identified health risks
Authors: Coopoo Y , Constantinou D , Rothberg AD
Published: January 2017

Objective. To measure the daily energy expenditure in employees previously identified as having ≥2 risk factors for chronic disease, and to identify potential risk-reducing interventions for implementation within or outside the workplace.
Design. A total of 122 employees with ≥2 risk factors for chronic disease identified in an in-house screening programme were invited to participate in a 6-month health management programme. Physical assessments included anthropometric measurements,
blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol estimations, and bicycle ergometry. Participants were invited to wear a ‘metabolic armband' (Body Media SenseWear Pro Armband®) for 6 days. Metabolic measures included active and total energy expenditure (AEE, TEE), and daily MET levels (metabolic equivalents expressed as kcal/kg/hour). Differences were explored between genders, and relationships sought between energy expenditure, lifestyle and anthropometric data.
Setting. A corporate working environment. All measures and assessments were carried out in the in-house fitness facility.
Interventions. The health management programme involved physical assessments and personalised weight and activity management plans.
Main outcome measures. TEE per day, duration and quantification of physical activity, METS, AEE, number of steps per day and body position recording. Relationships were explored between the latter and anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat.
Result. Altogether 53 (43%) of the eligible subjects volunteered for the 6-month programme and 49 enrolled for the metabolic armband study. The males were more active than the females, but both had BMI and body fat estimates that categorised them as overweight to obese. METS and AEE were positively correlated with duration of exercise rather than intensity, and negatively correlated with BMI. In a stepwise regression analysis for the
total group 77% of the variance in MET levels was accounted for by per cent body fat and steps per day. Multivariate analysis by gender (with per cent body fat as the dependent variable) suggested that males would have to increase the duration of vigorous exercise in order to reduce body fat, while females would benefit from sitting less, sleeping more, and increasing the duration of moderate exercise.
Conclusion and clinical relevance. In a self-selected sample involving motivated individuals, the SenseWear® armband provided information that would be useful in directing further research in women, focusing on sleeping pattern and moderately increasing activity levels. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (2) 2008: pp. 40-43
BokSmart: Safe and effective techniques in rugby union
Authors: Posthumus M
Published: January 2017

As with any contact sport, rugby union has a high risk of injury. The majority of injuries result from contact phases of play such as the tackle, taking the ball into contact, the scrum, the lineout and the ruck and maul. Many techniques associated with a reduced risk of injury can be taught. The need for coaches to emphasise correct technique is extremely important and one of the few possible modes to reduce injuries, particularly non-fatal catastrophic injuries to the head, neck, brain and spine. This paper provides evidence of safe techniques during the contact phases of the game (tackling, taking the ball into contact, scrum setting and engagement, lineouts as well as rucks and mauls). Examples are also given to show that safe techniques often are the most effective techniques from a performance perspective.
Cricket: Nature and incidence of fast-bowling injuries at an elite, junior level and associated risk factors
Authors: Davies R , Du Randt R , Venter D , Stretch R
Published: January 2017

Objective. To compile an injury profile of 46 fast bowlers aged 11 - 18 years, and to identify the associated risk factors for injury during one academy cricket season.
Methods. The fast bowlers selected were tested and observed for one academy cricket season (March - November). Subjects were grouped into injury classifications (uninjured=S1; injured but able to play=S2; injured and unable to play=S3). Anthropometrical and postural data for the subjects were collected preseason
(T1). Physical fitness screenings were conducted and the relationship between fitness and occurrence of injuries was assessed. Additional factors such as bowling techniques and
bowling workload were assessed. A regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between bowling workload and weeks incapacitated.
Results. Fifteen per cent of the subjects remained injury free for the duration of the season. The incidence of serious injury (S3) showed a statistical and moderate, practical significant increase (V=0.23, df≥2) throughout the data collection period (4% at T1 - 30% at T3 (post-season)). The most common injuries were to the knee (41%) and lower back (37%), occurring from mid-season (T2) to T3. The nature of the injuries was predominantly strains
(39%) and ‘other' (39%), with the highest reported incidence during the period T1 - T3. Sprains followed, with an overall incidence of 14%. Subjects were incapacitated approximately 1 out of every 7 weeks of play. The S1 and S2 bowlers performed consistently
better than the S3 bowlers in all the fitness variables tested. Bowling workload presented a statistically significant (p
Valgus extension overload syndrome of the elbow in a test cricket fast bowler
Authors: Dhillon MS , Prasad P , Goel A , Dhillon HS
Published: January 2017

No Abstract South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 119-120
Monitor placement, sources of variance and reliability of free-living physical activity: a pilot investigation
Authors: Cook I , Lambert EV
Published: January 2017

No Abstract.
Acute and session RPE responses during resistance training: Bouts to failure at 60% and 90% of 1RM
Authors: Pritchett RC , Green JM , Wickwire PJ , Kovacs MS
Published: January 2017

Objective. To compare resistance bouts performed to failure atlow (60% 1RM) and high (90% 1RM) workloads for acute rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (per exercise), session RPE (S-RPE) (30 min post), HR (per exercise) and total work (per session, and per exercise).Background. RPE is a convenient method for quantifying intensityin aerobic exercise. However, RPE has recently been extended to exercise modalities dominated by anaerobic pathways such as resistance training (RT). Method. Subjects (N=12) were assessed using an exercise-specific1 repetition maximum (1RM) for 6 exercises. On separate days in a counterbalanced order, subjects performed 3 sets of each exercise to volitional failure at a low intensity (LI) and a high intensity (HI) with 2 minutes rest between sets and exercises. At the end of each set, subjects estimated acute RPE for that set using a 10-point numerical scale. Thirty minutes after the end of the exercise session subjects estimated their S-RPE for the entire workout. HR, total work, and acute RPE were compared (HI v. LI) using repeated measures ANOVA.Results. A paired samples t-test showed LI was significantly higher(p=0.039) than HI for session RPE (LI=8.8±0.8, HI=6.3±1.2) andtotal work (LI=17461±4419, HI=8659±2256) (p=0.043). Per exercise,total work and acute RPE were significantly greater (p=0.01) for LI for all exercises. Peak HR was significantly higher per exercise during LI for leg press (p=0.041), bench press (p=0.031), lat pull-down (p=0.037) and shoulder press (p=0.046).
Role of qualitative research in exercise science and sports medicine
Authors: Draper C
Published: January 2017

Qualitative research is featuring more frequently in health sciences research, a field in which the ‘hard sciences’ and statistics have traditionally dominated. For example, within the fields of exercise science and sports medicine, qualitative research methods are included to evaluate intervention programmes. These methods are also being used in studies that require measurement of behavioural perspectives, such as an understanding of individuals’ motivations, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. Qualitative research methods are also becoming increasingly useful in the investigation of contextual factors that impact on physical activity and sporting performance. The purpose of this article is to clarify the role of qualitative research in exercise science and sports medicine and provide the reader with a basic understanding of the basis of qualitative research. Qualitative data collection and analysis, sampling strategies in qualitative research, the role of the qualitative researcher, and issues of scientific rigour regarding qualitative research will be addressed.
Perceived exertion influences pacing among ultramarathon runners but post-race mood change is associated with performance expectancy
Authors: Micklewright D , Papadopoulou E , Parry D , Hew-Butler T , Tam N , Noakes T
Published: January 2017

Objectives. This study investigated whether post-race mood changes among ultramarathon runners are associated with perceived exertion or the discrepancy between their actual and predicted performance times.Methods. Eight runners completed the Puffer ultramarathon, which is a challenging 73 km mountainous race across Table Mountain National Park in South Africa. Each runner completed a series of profile of mood state questionnaires (POMS) 2 days before the race (baseline), on the morning of the race (pre-race) and immediately after the race (post-race). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 13 points during the race using the Borg 6-20 scale. The accuracy of performance expectationswas measured as the difference between runners’ actual and predicted race times.Results. Average completion time was 11:31:36±00:26:32 (h :mm:ss), average running speed was 6.4±2.2 km.hr-1 and averageRPE was 14.1±2.0. Increased POMS confusion was found before the race (33.30.7 v. 37.1±5.2, p=0.014; baseline v. pre-race). Post-race increases in POMS total mood disturbance (TMD) were found (168.3±20 v. 137.5±6.3, p=0.001; post race v. baseline) characterised by decreased vigour (43.3±4.0 v. 33.5±7.0, p=0.008; baseline v. post race), increased confusion (33.3±0.7 v. 38.5±4.8, p=0.006; baseline v. post race) and increased fatigue (37.8±4.8 v. 53.8±7.3, p=0.0003; baseline v. post race). A linear increase in RPE was found during the race (r=0.737, p=0.002).The magnitude of their post-race mood change (r=-0.704, p=0.026) was not found to be associated with runners’ average RPE but was found to be negatively correlated with accuracy of the performance predictions. A time series analysis indicated that POMS TMD would have taken 142±89 min to recover. Conclusions. The results show that RPE influences the wayultramarathon runners pace themselves more than performance expectancy but performance expectations have a greater influence on post-race mood. The magnitude of post-race mood change is associated with the extent of discrepancy between runners’ predicted and actual performance. This has implications for designing appropriate goals and pacing strategies for ultraendurance athletes.
Recreational scuba divers’ knowledge regarding the audiological consequences of the sport
Authors: Pillay D , Jardine NP
Published: January 2017

Background: The sport of scuba diving may be associated with possible injuries, especially those concerning the auditory system. Research available focuses on the implications of recreational scuba diving on the auditory system. However, there is a lack of information regarding the knowledge of recreational scuba divers with regard to the audiological consequences of this sport. Method: The aim of this study was to determine whether scuba divers have knowledge pertaining to the consequences of the sport on the auditory system. Thirty-five participants were purposefully selected; their qualifications ranged from an open water diver to a course director. A mixed-method design was implemented in this study with the use of a questionnaire. Results: Forty per cent of the participants were given only the basic medical clearance form to complete; the full medical pack was not made available. However, 97% of the participants signed the medical clearance. One participant did not know that a medical clearance form was required. There were 82% of the participants who had audiological complications subsequent to diving; these individuals did not seek help from an audiologist and continued to dive. Conclusion: There is a need for awareness regarding the effects of diving on the auditory system as participants in this study were not fully aware of the risks of the sport in relation to the ear. The results suggest that participants who experience ear difficulties after dives,do not have sufficient knowledge regarding the ear and the professional who is qualified to assess and manage the difficulties.