bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Current and Future Groundwater Stress through Varied Scenario Projections in Urban and Rural Environment in Parts of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh in Ganges Sub-basin
Authors: Ansari Amir Hamaza Moin , Umar Rashid , Saba Naseem us , Sarah Sarah
Published: August 2021

Groundwater flow modeling was carried out to assess current and to project future groundwater scenarios in highly populated and water stressed region of Ganges sub-basin. Both the urban and rural densely populated areas of Ganges sub-basin was selected to capture the groundwater usage patterns in these watersheds. The groundwater system geologically consists of sand and clay layers. However, the layers are not stratified and has highly variable thicknesses and at places various layers disappears. Therefore, a 3D model was prepared so that variability in the vertical direction is also taken care. The study area modeled is divided into grids with 37 rows and 37 columns with 1 km size. The month of June 2016 was taken to perform the steady-state simulation as June has the lowest groundwater levels as well as the minimum stress on the aquifer. Subsequently the Transient state calibration was carried out from June 2016 to November 2018. A good match is obtained between calculated and observed heads in steady state conditions after a rigorous calibration with RMS error as 1.822 m. The sensitivity analysis of the model shows that the model is more sensitive to input parameters like recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The prediction scenarios were developed for a period of 10 years from 2018 to 2028 using the local conditions of groundwater utilization as well as projected rainfall. The rise in water level in rural areas is observed resulting from artificial sources like canal recharge and irrigation return flows from irrigated lands. The rise in groundwater level is in the range of 0.13 – 0.31 m/year in Scenario I and 0.11 – 0.47 m/year in Scenario II. The decline in groundwater levels is noticed in urban areas which are a result of heavy domestic and industrial groundwater withdrawal and absence of recharge areas. The decline in groundwater level is in the range of 0.12 – 0.31 m/year in Scenario I and 0.24 – 0.33 m/year in Scenario II.
Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Authors: Kumari Anshu , Singh Ajai
Published: August 2021

In the present study, the groundwater potential zone was demarcated and suitable site selection for the water storage structures was identified in the Deoria watershed of Jharkhand by using analytical hierarchy process. Thematic layers of lithology, geomorphology, soil, lineament, lineament density, slope, relief, aspects, drainage, drainage density, land use and land cover, and groundwater depth maps were created. The watershed falls under fourth-order river basin. A major portion of the basin is mainly dominated by lower order streams. Groundwater potential zones were categorized as very good, good, moderate, bad, and very bad. Only 9.37% of the total watershed area falls under a very good category. Twenty-eight suitable sites were recognized for constructing water harvesting structure in the Deoria watershed. The vast majority of the Deoria watersheds were observed to be appropriate for check dam. The watershed is characterized as having a reasonable land-use class (forest, river bed), slope (under 15%) and soil type (sandy loamy topsoil) which fills the need for soil and water conservation and groundwater expansion. The appropriateness of other water storage structures like nala bandh, farm pond and bore well were apportioned on the grounds. Remote sensing, satellite data, and GIS techniques provide a convenient approach for delineating the potential of groundwater zones which ultimately support the better planning and management of groundwater resources.
Ascertaining Erosion Potential of Watersheds using Morphometric and Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Processes: A Case Study of Agrani River Watershed, India
Authors: Sawant Sushant Anil , Das Arun S.
Published: August 2021

The dryland watersheds are particularly vulnerable to degradation, especially by soil erosion. The morphometric indices of such river watersheds quantitatively describe the process of soil-erosion and development. Prioritizing such watersheds for the conservation of existing natural resources by identifying erosion risk areas is crucial for sustainable development. The present study proposes an effective multicriteria decision support model (MCDSM) known as the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process to identify and prioritize the erosion-prone sub-watersheds of the Agrani river. The methodology is developed by integrating the Fuzzy-AHP method, basin morphometric analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS). The ranks assigned to all sub-watershed using final score derived from the Fuzzy-AHP process. These sub-watersheds categorized into five levels of prioritization based on Fuzzy-AHP scores as very low, low, medium, high, and very high for the management and conservation of soil. The result illustrates that eleven sub-watersheds covering approximately 68.62% of the Agrani River watershed falls in the medium, high, and very high, erosion risk areas. The current research shows that the fuzzy-AHP model, drainage morphometry, and GIS approach can be effectively used in identifying and prioritizing crucial sub-water-sheds for better management practices and conservation of natural resources.
GeomInt: geomechanical integrity of host and barrier rocks–experiments, models and analysis of discontinuities
Authors: Kolditz Olaf , Fischer Thomas , Frühwirt Thomas , Görke Uwe-Jens , Helbig Carolin , Konietzky Heinz , Maßmann Jobst , Nest Mathias , Pötschke Daniel , Rink Karsten , Sattari Amir , Schmidt Patrick , Steeb Holger , Wuttke Frank , Yoshioka Keita , Vowinckel Bernhard , Ziefle Gesa , Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2021

The present paper gives an overview of the GeomInt project “Geomechanical integrity of host and barrier rocks—experiment, modelling and analysis of discontinuities” which has been conducted from 2017–2020 within the framework of the “Geo:N Geosciences for Sustainability” program. The research concept of the collaborative project is briefly introduced followed by a summary of the most important outcomes. The research concept puts geological discontinuities into the centre of investigations—as these belong to the most interesting and critical elements for any subsurface utilisation. Thus, while research questions are specific, they bear relevance to a wide range of applications. The specific research is thus integrated into a generic concept in order to make the results more generally applicable and transferable. The generic part includes a variety of conceptual approaches and their numerical realisations for describing the evolution of discontinuities in the most important types of barrier rocks. An explicit validation concept for the generic framework was developed and realised by specific “model-experiment-exercises” (MEX) which combined experiments and models in a systematic way from the very beginning. 16 MEX have been developed which cover a wide range of fundamental fracturing mechanisms, i.e. swelling/shrinkage, fluid percolation, and stress redistribution processes. The progress in model development is also demonstrated by field-scale applications, e.g. in the analysis and design of experiments in underground research laboratories in Opalinus Clay (URL Mont Terri, Switzerland) and salt rock (research mine Springen, Germany).
Asphaltene precipitation modeling in dead crude oils using scaling equations and non-scaling models: comparative study
Authors: Ali Syed Imran , Lalji Shaine Mohammadali , Haneef Javed , Louis Clifford , Saboor Abdus , Yousaf Nimra
Published: August 2021

This research study aims to conduct a comparative performance analysis of different scaling equations and non-scaling models used for modeling asphaltene precipitation. The experimental data used to carry out this study are taken from the published literature. Five scaling equations which include Rassamadana et al., Rassamdana and Sahimi, Hu and Gou, Ashoori et al., and log–log scaling equations were used and applied in two ways, i.e., on full dataset and partial datasets. Partial datasets are developed by splitting the full dataset in terms of Dilution ratio (R) between oil and precipitant. It was found that all scaling equations predict asphaltene weight percentage with reasonable accuracy (except Ashoori et al. scaling equation for full dataset) and their performance is further enhanced when applied on partial datasets. For the prediction of Critical dilution ratio (Rc) for different precipitants to detect asphaltene precipitation onset point, all scaling equations (except Ashoori et scaling equation when applied on partial datasets) are either unable to predict or produce results with significant error. Finally, results of scaling equations are compared with non-scaling model predictions which include PC-Saft, Flory–Huggins, and solid models. It was found that all scaling equations (except Ashoori et al. scaling equation for full dataset) either yield almost the same or improved results for asphaltene weight percentage when compared to best case (PC-Saft). However, for the prediction of Rc, Ashoori et al. scaling equation predicts more accurate results as compared to other non-scaling models.
AI/ML assisted shale gas production performance evaluation
Authors: Syed Fahad I. , Muther Temoor , Dahaghi Amirmasoud K. , Negahban Shahin
Published: August 2021

Shale gas reservoirs are contributing a major role in overall hydrocarbon production, especially in the United States, and due to the intense development of such reservoirs, it is a must thing to learn the productive methods for modeling production and performance evaluation. Consequently, one of the most adopted techniques these days for the sake of production performance analysis is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Hydrocarbon exploration and production is a continuous process that brings a lot of data from sub-surface as well as from the surface facilities. Availability of such a huge data set that keeps on increasing over time enhances the computational capabilities and performance accuracy through AI and ML applications using a data-driven approach. The ML approach can be utilized through supervised and unsupervised methods in addition to artificial neural networks (ANN). Other ML approaches include random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), boosting technique, clustering methods, and artificial network-based architecture, etc. In this paper, a systematic literature review is presented focused on the AI and ML applications for the shale gas production performance evaluation and their modeling.
Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases
Authors: Shetgaonkar Gayatri Gopal , Marques Shirleen Miriam , DCruz Cleona E. M. , Vibhavari R. J. A. , Kumar Lalit , Shirodkar Rupesh Kalidas
Published: August 2021

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases.

Graphical abstract
Thermal and mechanical characteristics of local firewood species and resulting charcoal produced by slow pyrolysis
Authors: Lubwama Michael , Yiga Vianney Andrew , Ssempijja Ivan , Lubwama Harriet Nalubega
Published: August 2021

The main source of fuel for domestic cooking applications in Sub-Saharan Africa is either locally available firewood species or charcoal produced by slow pyrolysis of these species. However, very few studies exist that characterize and quantify physical properties, burning rates, peak temperatures, and calorific values of typical firewood species and resulting charcoal fuels produced by slow pyrolysis. This study evaluated the mechanical and thermal properties of firewood and charcoal from five tree species namely:Dichrostachys cinerea,Morus Lactea,Piliostigma thonningii,Combretum molle, andAlbizia grandibracteata. Characterization was done by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, bomb calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, bulk density measurements, and durability, water boiling and absorption tests. SEM images showed the development of macropores on charcoal after slow pyrolysis. Peak temperatures during firewood and charcoal combustion ranged between 515.5–621.8 °C and 741.6–785.9 °C, respectively. Maximum flame temperatures ranged between 786.9–870.8 °C for firewood and 634.4–737.3 °C for charcoal. Bulk densities and calorific values of charcoal species were higher than those for firewood species. Drop strengths for firewood were all 100% while for charcoal were between 93.7 and 100%. Water boiling tests indicated that firewood fuel performed better that charcoal fuel for low amounts of water due to higher maximum flame temperatures obtained during combustion of firewood.
Lightlike hypersurfaces in spaces with concircular fields
Authors: Ssekajja Samuel
Published: August 2021

Lightlike hypersurfaces in semi-Riemannian manifolds admitting concircular vector fields are investigated. We prove that such hypersurfaces are generally products of lightlike curves and warped product manifolds. In special cases, we show that these hypersurfaces are totally geodesic or totally screen geodesic provided such concircular fields belong to their normal or transversal bundles. A number of examples are furnished, where possible, to illustrate the main concepts.
National Cardiovascular Data Registry-Acute Kidney Injury (NCDR) vs. Mehran risk models for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy and need for dialysis after coronary angiography in a German patient cohort
Authors: Parco Claudio , Brockmeyer Maximilian , Kosejian Lucin , Quade Julia , Tröstler Jennifer , Bader Selina , Lin Yingfeng , Sokolowski Alexander , Hoss Alexander , Heinen Yvonne , Schulze Volker , Icks Andrea , Jung Christian , Kelm Malte , Wolff Georg
Published: August 2021

Background

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a major adverse event in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The Mehran risk model is the gold-standard for CIN risk prediction. However, its performance in comparison to more contemporary National Cardiovascular Data Registry-Acute Kidney Injury (NCDR-AKI) risk models remains unknown. We aimed to compare both in this study.

Methods and results

Predictions of Mehran and NCDR-AKI risk models and clinical events of CIN and need for dialysis were assessed in a total of 2067 patients undergoing coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Risk models were compared regarding discrimination (receiver operating characteristic analysis), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and calibration (graphical and statistical analysis). The NCDR risk model showed superior risk discrimination for predicting CIN (NCDR c-index 0.75, 95% CI 0.72–0.78; vs. Mehran c-index 0.69, 95% CI 0.66–0.72, p < 0.01), and continuous NRI (0.22; 95% CI 0.12–0.32; p < 0.01) compared to the Mehran model. The NCDR risk model tended to underestimate the risk of CIN, while the Mehran model was more evenly calibrated. For the prediction of need for dialysis, NCDR-AKI-D also discriminated risk better (c-index 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.91; vs. Mehran c-index 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.84; pNCDRvsMehran < 0.01), but continuous NRI showed no benefit and calibration analysis revealed an underestimation of dialysis risk.

Conclusion

In German patients undergoing coronary angiography, the modern NCDR risk model for predicting contrast-induced nephropathy showed superior discrimination compared to the Mehran model while showing less accurate calibration. Results for the outcome ‘need for dialysis’ were equivocal.

Graphic abstract
Incidence of persistent and high-risk human papillomavirus infection and associated factors among HIV-positive women in China, 2015–2016
Authors: Qiao Yaping , Wang Ailing , Fang Liwen , Wang Linhong
Published: August 2021

Background

Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the necessary factor for cervical cancer. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women are a high-risk population for cervical cancer, but little is known about persistent HPV infection among HIV-positive women in China. We aimed to investigate the persistence and incidence of infection with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and associated factors among HIV-positive women in China.

Method

Using a prospective observational study design, we collected data from 670 HIV-positive women in five counties of three provinces through interviews, medical record reviews, health examination, and laboratory tests at a baseline survey in 2015 and a follow-up survey in 2016. We tested HIV-positive women for hrHPV infection using the Cobas 4800 HPV test, and analyzed factors associated with persistence and new incidence of hrHPV infection using logistic regression.

Results

After an average of 15 months at follow-up, the persistence and new incidence rates of hrHPV infection were 38.0% (46/121, 95%CI: 29.2%–46.8%) and 8.3% (35/420,95%CI: 5.7%–11.1%), respectively. HIV-positive women in Yunnan and Guangxi were more likely to have persistent hrHPV infections than those in Xinjiang (aOR = 3.18, 95%CI: 1.00–10.14, p = 0.05; aOR = 6.38, 95%CI: 2.29–17.77,p < 0.001). Migrant women had a higher rate of new hrHPV incidence than local women (aOR = 4.48, 95%CI: 1.65–12.15,p = 0.003). HIV-positive women from Xinjiang were 6.5 times more likely to be newly infected with hrHPV than those from Yunnan (95%CI: 2.40–17.60, p < 0.001). HIV-positive women with HBV infection had a higher risk of being infected with hrHPV than those without HBV infection (aOR = 3.48, 95%CI: 1.13–10.71,p = 0.029).

Conclusions

The persistence and new incidence rates of hrHPV infection among HIV-positive women were high and varied significantly between regions. HBV infection and being among the migrant population were associated with new hrHPV infection.
Paper, Performance, and the State
Authors: Hasan Farhat
Published: August 2021

This book explores the changing socio–cultural world in early modern South Asia, and locates the agency of the Mughal state therein. The development of literacy and new forms of engagement between literacy and performance prompted the opening up of new spaces of social communication, and led to the development of a performative (and somatic) public sphere in South Asia. The work highlights the significance of legal spaces, along with the markets and coffeehouses, in shaping the emergent public sphere. While defending the case for legal pluralism, it argues that the Mughal state endured and enhanced the diversity in the legal order. Focusing on the socially embedded attributes of the state, it looks at how the state's relations with the local powers impinged on, and reproduced community identities, identity conflicts, legal pluralism, property relations, and different forms of social communication.
Assessing the Performance of Water and Sanitation Tariffs: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Fuente David , Kabubo‐Mariara Jane , Kimuyu Peter , Mwaura Mbutu , Whittington Dale
Published: August 2021

Policymakers and utility managers can use a variety of tariff structures to calculate customers' bills for water and sanitation services, ranging from a simple fixed monthly fee to complicated multi‐part tariffs with seasonal pricing based on metered water use. This study examines the performance of several alternative tariff structures for water and wastewater services in Nairobi, Kenya using a dynamic tariff simulation model applied to a complete set of billing records from Nairobi City Water and Sewer Company. Simulations show that a uniform volumetric price tariff structure performs as well as or better than several increasing block tariff (IBT) structures across the six performance metrics considered (customer welfare, social welfare, cost recovery, the subsidy delivered through the tariff, subsidy incidence, and water conservation). These findings are robust to changes in the level of cost recovery. This finding challenges the wisdom of the widespread use of IBTs in low‐ and middle‐income countries and current perceptions of best practice in tariff design.
A New Practical Guide to Using Python for Earth Observation
Authors: Esmaili Rebekah
Published: August 2021

A new book presents an example-driven collection of basic methods, applications, and visualizations to process satellite data sets for Earth science research.
Don’t Call It a Supervolcano
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: August 2021

Living in Geologic Time: Scientists dismantle the myths of Yellowstone.
High‐Resolution Ambient Noise Imaging of Geothermal Reservoir Using 3C Dense Seismic Nodal Array and Ultra‐Short Observation
Authors: Cheng Feng , Xia Jianghai , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. , Behm Michael , Zhou Changjiang , Dai Tianyu , Xi Chaoqiang , Pang Jingyin , Zhou Changwei
Published: August 2021

Tomographic imaging based on long‐term ambient seismic noise measurements, mainly the phase information from surface waves, has been shown to be a powerful tool for geothermal reservoir imaging and monitoring. In this study, we utilize seismic noise data from a dense nodal array (192 3C nodes within 20 ) over a ultra‐short observation period (4.7 days) to reconstruct surface waves and determine the high‐resolution (0.2 km) three‐dimensional (3‐D) S wave velocity structure beneath a rural town in Zhejiang, China. We report the advantage of cross‐coherence over cross‐correlation in suppressing pseudo‐arrivals caused by persistent sources. We use ambient noise interferometry to retrieve high quality Rayleigh waves and Love waves. Body waves are also observed on the R‐R component interferograms. We apply phase velocity dispersion measurements on both Rayleigh waves and Love waves and automatically pick more than 23,000 dispersion curves by using a Machine Learning technique. 3‐D surface wave tomographic results after depth inversion indicate low‐velocity anomalies (between −1% and −4%) from the surface to 2 km depth in the central area. Combined with the conductive characteristics observed on resistivity profile, the low‐velocity anomalies are inferred to be a fluid saturated zone of highly fractured rock. Joint interpretation based on horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) measurements, and existing temperature and fluid resistivity records observed in a nearby well, suggests the existence of the high‐temperature geothermal field through the fracture channel. Strong correlation between HVSR measurements and the S wave velocity model highlights the potential of extraction of both amplitude and phase information from ambient noise.
Infrasound Radiation From Impulsive Volcanic Eruptions: Nonlinear Aeroacoustic 2D Simulations
Authors: Watson Leighton M. , Dunham Eric M. , Mohaddes Danyal , Labahn Jeff , Jaravel Thomas , Ihme Matthias
Published: August 2021

Infrasound observations are increasingly used to constrain properties of volcanic eruptions. In order to better interpret infrasound observations, however, there is a need to better understand the relationship between eruption properties and sound generation. Here we perform two‐dimensional computational aeroacoustic simulations where we solve the compressible Navier‐Stokes equations for pure‐air with a large‐eddy simulation approximation. We simulate idealized impulsive volcanic eruptions where the exit velocity is specified and the eruption is pressure‐balanced with the atmosphere. Our nonlinear simulation results are compared with the commonly used analytical linear acoustics model of a compact monopole source radiating acoustic waves isotropically in a half space. The monopole source model matches the simulations for low exit velocities ( m/s or where is the Mach number); however, the two solutions diverge as the exit velocity increases with the simulations developing lower peak amplitude, more rapid onset, and anisotropic radiation with stronger infrasound signals recorded above the vent than on Earth's surface. Our simulations show that interpreting ground‐based infrasound observations with the monopole source model can result in an underestimation of the erupted volume for eruptions with sonic or supersonic exit velocities. We examine nonlinear effects and show that nonlinear effects during propagation are relatively minor for the parameters considered. Instead, the dominant nonlinear effect is advection by the complex flow structure that develops above the vent. This work demonstrates the need to consider anisotropic radiation patterns and jet dynamics when interpreting infrasound observations, particularly for eruptions with sonic or supersonic exit velocities.
Can Short‐Wave Nonlinearity Affect the Prediction of Wave Setup?
Authors: Guérin Thomas , Ruessink Gerben
Published: August 2021

Based on high‐resolution laboratory data of instantaneous surface elevation and fluid velocity associated with the propagation of short waves over a gently sloping beach (GLOBEX project), the present work compares two methods for predicting the wave setup. A one‐dimensional (cross‐shore) model is considered to solve the balance equation that links the pressure gradient induced by the mean surface elevation profile with the wave radiation stress (including wave roller) and bottom stress profiles. When compared to measurements and using a wave‐by‐wave approach, the mean elevation appears to be significantly better predicted with a nonlinear approach based on stream function theory than with the commonly used linear approach based on Airy wave theory. At the shoreline, the linear method overestimates the wave setup by at least about while this error is globally reduced by a factor 2 to 4 in the nonlinear case. In the framework of this study, the combined contribution of bottom stress and wave roller to the wave setup appears secondary since it accounts for about of the predicted setup at the shoreline. Alternative computational methods are also considered to model the wave setup. In the linear case, using a spectral instead of the wave‐by‐wave approach greatly improves the wave setup predictions. This improvement is related to the disparity between the representative wave height (and thus the wave energy) obtained from spectral and wave‐by‐wave analysis when short‐wave nonlinearity becomes significant.
Winter Dynamics in an Epishelf Lake: Quantitative Mixing Estimates and Ice Shelf Basal Channel Considerations
Authors: Bonneau Jérémie , Laval Bernard E. , Mueller Derek , Hamilton Andrew K. , Friedrichs Andrew M. , Forrest Alexander L.
Published: August 2021

Milne Ice Shelf is located at the mouth of Milne Fiord (82.6°N, 81.0°W), on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. This floating ice feature is attached to both sides of the fjord. During the melt season, the ice shelf acts as a floating barrier preventing surface runoff in Milne Fiord from flowing freely to the ocean. This results in a permanent layer of freshwater that floats on top of the seawater of the fjord, commonly known as an epishelf lake. Few studies address the physical characteristics of epishelf lakes. Here, winter data from a mooring installed in Milne Fiord epishelf lake during 2011–2019 is analyzed in the framework of a one‐dimensional model in order to study mixing in the upper water column and infer the characteristics of a basal channel in the ice shelf. The results show that vertical mixing rates are higher in the epishelf lake than in the seawater below. Estimation of the Richardson number using a geostrophic balance approach reveals that enhanced mixing in the epishelf lake is associated with horizontal temperature gradients. In contrast to most studies on basal channels in Greenland and Antarctica, the results presented here show the basal channel of Milne Ice Shelf is apparently not evolving (melting) rapidly.
Surface Heat and Moisture Exchange in the Marginal Ice Zone: Observations and a New Parameterization Scheme for Weather and Climate Models
Authors: Elvidge A. D. , Renfrew I. A. , Brooks I. M. , Srivastava P. , Yelland M. J. , Prytherch J.
Published: August 2021

Aircraft observations from two Arctic field campaigns are used to characterize and model surface heat and moisture exchange over the marginal ice zone (MIZ). We show that the surface roughness lengths for heat and moisture over uninterrupted sea ice vary with roughness Reynolds number (; itself a function of the roughness length for momentum, , and surface wind stress), with a peak at the transition between aerodynamically smooth (<0.135) and aerodynamically rough (>2.5) regimes. A pre‐existing theoretical model based on surface‐renewal theory accurately reproduces this peak, in contrast to the simple parameterizations currently employed in two state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather prediction models, which are insensitive to . We propose a new, simple parameterization for surface exchange over the MIZ that blends this theoretical model for sea ice with surface exchange over water as a function of sea ice concentration. In offline tests, this new scheme performs much better than the existing schemes for the rough conditions observed during the ‘Iceland Greenland Seas Project’ field campaign. The bias in total turbulent heat flux across the MIZ is reduced to only 13 W m−2 for the new scheme, from 48 and 80 W m−2 for the Met Office Unified Model and ECMWF Integrated Forecast System schemes, respectively. It also performs marginally better for the comparatively smooth conditions observed during the ‘Aerosol‐Cloud Coupling and Climate Interactions in the Arctic’ field campaign. The new surface exchange scheme has the benefit of being physically‐motivated, comparatively accurate and straightforward to implement, although to reap the full benefits an improvement to the representation of sea ice topography via  is required.
Multi‐Sensor Fusion for Transient‐Based Pipeline Leak Localization in the Dempster‐Shafer Evidence Framework
Authors: Lin Jingrong , Wang Xun , Ghidaoui Mohamed S.
Published: August 2021

Detecting a small leak in a water‐supply pipe with a wave scattering power of the order of noise or smaller is a challenging problem because its signature in a measured signal is weak. Experimental data show that multiple sensors enhance the evidence about a leak in a transient test and, thus, increase the possibility of successful leak detection in noisy environments. Therefore, a leakage localization scheme is proposed, which fuses multi‐sensor measurements in the Dempster‐Shafer evidence framework. The signature of a leak in each measurement is extracted and translated into a piece of evidence regarding its presence and location. Then, the pieces of evidence from different sensors are fused using the Dempster's rule of combination to form a unified leak location estimation. The proposed method is model‐free and is thus insensitive to imprecise knowledge of pipe system. The gain of the multi‐sensor fusion mechanism on the leakage localization accuracy is demonstrated via both numerical and experimental data.
Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the malignant progression of colorectal cancer through TGR5-YAP axis
Authors: Zhang Huan , Xu Huanji , Zhang Chenliang , Tang Qiulin , Bi Feng
Published: August 2021

The Hippo/YAP pathway plays an important role in the development of cancers. Previous studies have reported that bile acids can activate YAP (Yes Associated Protein) to promote tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a long-established old drug used for cholestasis treatment. So far, the effect of UDCA on YAP signaling in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well defined. This study means to explore relationship of UDCA and YAP in CRC. UDCA suppressed YAP signaling by activating the membrane G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5). TGR5 mainly regulated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway to inhibit RhoA activity, thereby suppressing YAP signaling. Moreover, the restoration of YAP expression alleviated the inhibitory effect of UDCA on CRC cell proliferation. In AOM/DSS-induced CRC model, UDCA inhibited tumor growth in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased expression of YAP and Ki67. UDCA plays a distinguished role in regulating YAP signaling and CRC growth from the primary bile acids and partial secondary bile acids, demonstrating the importance of maintaining normal intestinal bile acid metabolism in cancer patients. It also presents a potential therapeutic intervention for CRC.
Single domain growth and charge ordering of epitaxial YbFe2O4 films
Authors: Sakagami Takumi , Ota Reika , Kano Jun , Ikeda Naoshi , Fujii Tatsuo
Published: August 2021

(0001)-Oriented epitaxial YbFe2O4−δ films without twin domains were formed on YSZ (111) substrates. The charge ordered structure and the large magnetization comparable to bulk single crystals were confirmed on the films.
Exploring vibronic coupling in the benzene radical cation and anion with different levels of theGWapproximation
Authors: Wong Zi Cheng , Ungur Liviu
Published: August 2021

The linear vibronic coupling constants of the benzene radical cation and anion have been obtained with different levels of the GW approximation in conjunction with DFT with various exchange–correlation functionals.
The fabrication of flexible wearable electrodes based on a carbon nanotubes/nickel/nickelous hydroxide ternary composite by facile single-side printing technology
Authors: Zhai Shixiong , Li Mingliu , Jin Zhendong , Sun JiaFeng , Zhao Hong , Cai Zaisheng , Zhao Yaping
Published: August 2021

A new material design strategy is developed to prepare high-performance flexible electrochemical electrodes.
Ru(iii) -based polyoxometalate tetramers as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for alcohol oxidation reactions at room temperature
Authors: Zou Yan , Li Huafeng , Zhao Xue , Song Junpeng , Wang Yaqiong , Ma Pengtao , Niu Jingyang , Wang Jingping
Published: August 2021

Robust tetra-Ru-containing POMs show strong ability in achieving catalysis for the oxidation of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol to 4′-chloroacetophenone at room temperature.
Sustainable N-doped lignin-derived porous carbon showing ion selectivity in capacitive deionization applications
Authors: Chaleawlert-umpon Saowaluk , Phiromrak Supaporn , Pimpha Nuttaporn
Published: August 2021

The influence of structural N-doped porous carbon derived from lignin on ion selectivity in capacitive deionization applications was investigated.
The gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of anserine supplementation on hyperuricaemia and associated renal inflammation
Authors: Han Jiaojiao , Wang Ziyan , Lu Chenyang , Zhou Jun , Li Ye , Ming Tinghong , Zhang Zhen , Wang Zaijie Jim , Su Xiurong
Published: August 2021

Hyperuricaemia is a disease associated with elevated serum uric acid content, which has emerged rapidly in recent decades.
The future of elemental analytical chemistry – the sixth special issue dedicated to young analytical scientists
Authors: Meermann Björn
Published: August 2021

Guest Editor Björn Meermann introduces the 2021 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry themed collection dedicated to young analytical scientists.
On-surface chemistry using local high electric fields
Authors: Leoni Thomas , Lelaidier Tony , Thomas Anthony , Ranguis Alain , Siri Olivier , Attaccalite Claudio , Becker Conrad
Published: August 2021

Dihydrotetraazapentacene molecules can be dehydrogenated on the surface to form tetraazapentacene by applying a high electric field between the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope and a metallic substrate in the zero-current limit.
Revisiting applications of molecular iodine in organic synthesis
Authors: Jadhav Popat M. , Rode Ambadas B. , Kótai László , Pawar Rajendra P. , Tekale Sunil U.
Published: August 2021

Molecular iodine contributes significantly to organic transformations in synthetic organic chemistry. It works effectively due to its mild Lewis acidic character, ability as an oxidizing agent, good moisture stability, and easy availability.
A one-pot ring-closure and ring-opening sequence for the cascade synthesis of dihydrofurofurans and functionalized furans
Authors: Yadav Maruti B. , Jeong Yeon Tae
Published: August 2021

A simple and efficient one-pot method was developed for the synthesis of 3a,6a-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]furans and functionalized furan derivatives.
Collagen mineralization and its applications in hard tissue repair
Authors: Wu Shanshan , Chen Yi , Guo Xiaodong , Wu Yuzhou
Published: August 2021

Mineralized collagen is an organic–inorganic composite material, which is the building unit of bones and teeth. This review aims to provide an in-depth study of the collagen biomineralization and applications relating to hard tissue regeneration.
A wide range of CO : H2 syngas ratios enabled by a tellurization-induced amorphous telluride–palladium surface
Authors: Cao Kailei , Ji Yujin , Bai Shuxing , Huang Xiaoqing , Li Youyong , Shao Qi
Published: August 2021

An amorphous Te–Pd surface was realized via surface tellurization on Pd NPs, on which the adsorption of CO2 is promoted while the binding strengths of CO* and H* are weakened, thus producing a wide range of CO : H2 syngas during CO2 electroreduction.
Surface plasmon-polariton triggering of Ti3C2Tx MXene catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction enhancement
Authors: Zabelina A. , Zabelin D. , Miliutina E. , Lancok J. , Svorcik V. , Chertopalov S. , Lyutakov O.
Published: August 2021

A hybrid photo-electrochemical approach based on the coupling of Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes on a plasmon-supported Au grating and light triggering of the created structure activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is proposed.
An ultra-highly active Ir–Ru–B/CeO2 catalyst for hydrogen generation from hydrazine monohydrate
Authors: Qiu Yu-Ping , Wang Wei-Zhen , Chen Mu-Hua , Shi Qing , Yang Zhi-Qing , Wang Ping
Published: August 2021

The Ir70Ru30–B/CeO2 catalyst exhibited unprecedented activity and exceptionally high stability for promoting N2H4·H2O decomposition, hence representing a promising step toward the development of N2H4·H2O as a viable hydrogen carrier.
Light-driven autonomous self-oscillation of a liquid-crystalline polymer bimorph actuator
Authors: Wang Jianchuang , Song Tianfu , Zhang Yihe , Liu Jingang , Yu Mingming , Yu Haifeng
Published: August 2021

This study provides a universal approach for fabricating light powered autonomous self-oscillators by multiple regulation approaches, and broadens the potential applications of self-oscillators in signal transmission.
Rotor loss and temperature variation under single and combined faults composed of static air‐gap eccentricity and rotor inter‐turn short circuit in synchronous generators
Authors: He Yu‐Ling , Zhang Wen , Xu Ming‐Xing , Tao Wen‐Qiang , Liu Hui‐Lan , Dou Long‐Jiang , Wan Shu‐Ting , Li Jun‐Qing , Gerada David
Published: August 2021

In this study, the rotor loss as well as the temperature variations due to the static air‐gap eccentricity (SAGE) and the rotor inter‐turn short circuit (RISC) in synchronous generators is presented. Different from the previous studies, this study investigates the loss/temperature changes under not only the single SAGE fault and the single RISC fault but also the combined faults (CF) that are composed of these two single faults. Detailed formula derivation on the hysteresis loss (HL) and the eddy current loss (ECL), together with the rotor temperature rise due to varied fault types and different operating conditions, are first carried out based on a theoretical analysis of the magnetic flux density (MFD) variation. Then, 3‐D finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental verifications are performed on a CS‐5 prototype generator that has two poles and a rated rotating speed of 3000 rpm. It shows that the occurrence of either SAGE or RISC will increase the rotor loss and temperature. Comparatively, the single RISC fault overweighs the single SAGE fault in the rotor temperature increment, while the combined fault overweighs both of these single faults. In the same fault cases, the rotor temperature will have the highest value under full‐load operation.
Multilevel structured convolution neural network for speech keyword location and recognition: MSS‐Net
Authors: Feng Yongliang
Published: August 2021

Language keyword extraction has broad application prospects. Most current keyword search networks are based on speech recognition and text search. This method is helpless for some languages that are difficult to text and cannot locate the location where the keywords appear. A multi‐level structure of speech keyword location and recognition system (MSS‐Net), which can locate the location interval of keywords while recognizing keywords is proposed here. MSS‐Net contains three levels. The first level is the voice start and end detection module, which is responsible for detecting the start and end positions of valid audio. When valid audio is detected, the second level is activated: the keyword detection module. The keyword detection module detects keyword information in the audio signal and locates the keyword position interval. The third level is the keyword recognition module. The system recognizes the detected position interval of the location to obtain specific keyword information. Comparative experiments show that MSS‐Net is more accurate for keyword positioning, with a network recall rate of 94.91% and an accuracy rate of 96.32%, which is better than other network models participating in the experiment. In addition, the network has strong anti‐interference ability, which can achieve good suppression effect for normal life noise. The ablation experiment verified the effect of the hierarchical network structure on the performance of speech recognition tasks.
Evaluating the origins of the secondary bias based on the correlation of halo properties with the linear density field
Authors: Wang X. , Wang H. , Mo H. J. , Shi J. J. , Jing Y.
Published: August 2021

Using two sets of large N-body simulations, we studied the origins of the correlations between halo assembly time (zf), concentration (vmax/v200), and spin (λ) with the large-scale evolved density field at given halo mass, namely, the secondary bias. We find that the secondary bias is a secondary effect resulting from the correlations of halo properties with the linear density estimated at the same comoving scale. Using the linear density on different scales, we find two types of correlations. The internal correlation, which reflects the correlation of halo properties with the mean linear over-density, δL, within the halo Lagrangian radius, RL, is positive for both zf and vmax/v200, and negative for λ. The external correlation, which describes the correlation of halo properties with linear overdensity at R > RL for a given δL, shows trends that are contrary to the internal correlation. Both of the external and internal correlations depend only weakly on halo mass, indicating a similar origin for halos of different masses. Our findings offer a transparent perspective on the origins of the secondary bias, which can be largely explained by the competition between the external and internal correlations with the correlation of the linear density field on different scales. The combination of these two types of correlations has the potential to establish the complex halo-mass dependence of the secondary bias observed in the simulations.
Challenges in Care of Children with Acute Leukemia in a Government Hospital in India: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Sen Ankita , Chakrabarti Prantar , Baul Shuvra N. , Talukder Asoke K. , Mandal Prakas K. , De Rajib , Dutta Shyamali , Dolai Tuphan K.
Published: August 2021

Introduction Acute leukemia (AL) is among the most common treatable cancers in childhood but many children are forced to abandon therapy.

Objective We have explored reasons for treatment abandonment through this study.

Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis from an ongoing registry data of childhood AL patients, where all newly diagnosed AL patients of ≤18 years of age (June 2014–November 2017) were included. Patients >18 years of age, having any history of treatment of AL outside our institute, and/or patients with relapsed AL were excluded. The primary outcome of the study was treatment abandonment rate.

Results A total of 710 AL patients were included in the study, average distance traversed to reach the hospital being 161.66 km. Most children were aged 1 to 10 years (49.4%, n = 351), followed by >10 to 18 years (46.6%, n = 331), and ≤1 year age (3.9%, n = 28). The commonest symptoms were fever (67.4%), pallor (38.6%), bleeding (11.5%), bone pain (13.8%), neck swellings (14.9%), and, rarely, testicular swellings or Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome (1.1%). A high abandonment rate was noted prior to leukemia subtyping (35.2%, n = 250) mostly among males 62% (n = 155) and the 1- to 10-year group 55.6% (n = 139). A total of 460 (64.8%) patients were subsequently subcategorized by immunophenotyping. Precursor B-cell (Pre-B) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in 307 (43.2%) patients was the commonest subtype, followed by early Pre-B ALL (Pro-B ALL) in 10 (1.4%), T-cell ALL (T-ALL) in 51 (7.1%), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in 45 (6.3%), Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML) in 28 (3.9%), and Mixed Phenotypic Acute Leukemia (MPAL) in 19 (2.6%).

Conclusion The most common group of patients was aged 1 to 10 years (median age: 5 years). An abandonment rate of 35.2% was seen prior to complete diagnostic workup. The reason for this high abandonment, despite good disease prognosis, is a relevant social and health issue, and needs further evaluation. The problems discussed in this study are relevant to lower-income families and areas where health care is not easily accessible. The government agencies, nongovernment organizations and society would need to work together to overcome these issues.
Mean-Field and Modified Poisson–Boltzmann Approaches for Modeling Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Santos Mirella Simoes
Published: August 2021

In this chapter, we focus on the use of mean-field approaches and modified Poisson–Boltzmann equations for modeling electrochemical energy storage systems, paying special attention to the description of concentrated electrolyte solutions, ionic liquids, and electrodes with a high surface charge. Furthermore, the roles of electrostatic correlations, ion pairing and short-range interactions, and steric effects in describing the properties of electrochemical systems such as batteries and supercapacitors are discussed.
Multiscale Modeling of Charge Transfer Processes in Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Yin Shiwei
Published: August 2021

The relationship between molecular structure and macroscopic charge mobility plays an important role in the design of organic semiconductors. In this respect, the molecular packing is the starting point that governs the electron coupling, energetic landscapes, and electron polarization (EP) energies of the charge carriers. The molecular packing is strongly dependent on the intermolecular interaction potentials. During charge transfer (CT) processes, the intermolecular potentials are related to electron state changes in which the charged molecule moves from one site to another site. Thus, traditional force fields cannot express these electron processes. To this end, state-specific polarizable force fields (SS-PFFs) derived from quantum mechanics were developed to describe the intermolecular interactions between the neutral molecules and charged molecules. The influence of the condensed phase on the EP energies and reorganization energies of CT reactions in organic solids can be explicitly discussed using SS-PFFs. The molecular descriptors of the electrostatic potentials are used to relate the condensed-phase effects and molecular structure. In this way, we can obtain a basic physical picture to guide the design of organic semiconducting molecular materials.