bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF SHIGELLAE IN MONOLAYER TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Gerber Dolores F. , Watkins H. M. S.
Published: January 2020

Gerber, DoloresF. (University of California, Berkeley)and H. M. S. Watkins. Growth of shigellae in monolayer tissue cultures. J. Bacteriol.82:815–822. 1961.—The influence of environment on virulence, antigenicity, and antibiotic susceptibility of infectious agents is well recognized. The development of tissue culture monolayer techniques has stimulated new interest in manifestations of these attributes at the cellular level.

Shigella flexneriandS. sonneiwere grown intracellularly in Henle epithelial cell monolayer tissue cultures; uptake of the bacteria was induced by 50% normal horse serum in the infection medium. Since preliminary experiments indicated that streptomycin in the extracellular fluid depressed intracellular multiplication of these organisms, the antibiotic was later omitted from the tissue culture growth fluid. Extracellular multiplication of shigellae was controlled by thorough washing of the infected monolayers and replacement with fresh medium at 2-hr intervals during incubation.

Intracellular growth patterns of twoS. flexneriand twoS. sonneistrains were established. Differences in the capacity of strains to adapt to the intracellular environment was reflected in the number of organisms subsequently produced, and appeared to be associated with the degree of intracellular resistance to streptomycin. No such variation was seen in cultures grown in broth.

Microscopic examination of stained monolayers showed that intracellular bacterial growth was confined to the cytoplasm, which became filled with organisms prior to cellular disintegration.

Biological implications of the variable response ofShigellastrains to the intracellular environment are discussed.
ROLE OF ONE-CARBON PRECURSORS IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN BACTERIOPHAGE-INFECTED AND GROWING CELLS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Nester Eugene W. , Spizizen John
Published: January 2020

Nester, Eugene
W. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio)
and John Spizizen
. Role of one-carbon precursors in the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in bacteriophage-infected and growing cells of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
82:
867–874. 1961.—The ability of growing and T2 bacteriophage-infected cells of
Escherichia coli
to incorporate serine-3-C
14
, glycine-2-C
14
, formate-C
14
, and formaldehyde-C
14
into purine and pyrimidine moieties of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was determined. All four one-carbon precursors are effective contributors to the DNA-purines, but only glycine-2-C
14
and serine-3-C
14
are incorporated into the side chains of the pyrimidines. In addition, formate-C
14
becomes incorporated only into position 8 of the purine ring, whereas isotope from serine-3-C
14
and glycine-2-C
14
is incorporated equally into the 2 and 8 positions. No qualitative differences were observed in the patterns of incorporation of any one-carbon units in growing or bacteriophage-infected cells. However, the 3-carbon of serine serves as a more effective precursor of the 2 and 8 positions of the DNA purine ring when the cells are infected. Formate-C
14
and to a slight extent glycine-2-C
14
are somewhat better precursors of these positions when the cells are infected under appropriate conditions.
TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS WITH THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER OF SOME
XANTHOMONAS
AND
PSEUDOMONAS
SPECIES
Authors: Colwell R. R. , Liston J.
Published: January 2020

Colwell
, R. R. (University of Washington, Seattle)
and J. Liston
. Taxonomic analysis with the electronic computer of some
Xanthomonas
and
Pseudomonas
species. J. Bacteriol.
82:
913–919. 1961.—Forty organisms, including 16
Xanthomonas
spp., 5 strains of
Pseudomonas solanacearum
, 4 strains of
P. aeruginosa
, 6 strains of
P. fluorescens
, 5 freshly isolated strains of pseudomonads, as well as the American Type Culture Collection strains of
Flavobacterium aquatile, Vibrio cuneatus, Vibrio metschnikovii
, and
Aeromonas formicans
, were extensively tested morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. The Adansonian principle of classification was employed in an analysis, made with an electronic computer, of the characteristics of these cultures. The results showed that
Xanthomonas
spp.,
Pseudomonas
spp., and
P. solanacearum
were clearly distinct at the genus level.
Xanthomonas
could be divided into two subgroups; within the subgroups, a number of species appeared to be virtually synonymous, indicating overspeciation. The fluorescent pseudomonads fell into three overlapping groups, mesophilic
P. aeruginosa
, psychrophilic
P. aeruginosa
-like organisms, and
P. fluorescens
. A simplified table of physiological reactions is presented for the differentiation of the groups obtained.
METABOLISM OF PHENYLALANINE-CONTAINING PEPTIDE AMIDES IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Simmonds Sofia , Griffith David D.
Published: January 2020

Simmonds, Sofia
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.)
and David D. Griffith
. Metabolism of phenylalanine-containing peptide amides in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
256–263. 1962.—A study was made of the hydrolysis, by fresh and lyophilized cells of a phenylalanine auxotroph of
Escherichia coli
, of
l
-phenylalanyl-glycinamide and glycyl-
l
-phenylalaninamide. The former dipeptide amide is hydrolyzed to yield phenylalanine and glycinamide, the latter to yield glycine and phenylalaninamide. The slow degradation of phenylalaninamide yields the free amino acid.

In spite of the presence of intracellular activity toward the two dipeptide amides, neither permits as much growth as that observed with an equimolar concentration of free phenylalanine. The relatively small extent of growth on the dipeptide amides, and also on
l
-phenylalaninamide, appears to result from the inability of the cells in a growing culture to take up all of the exogenous amide added to the growth medium. This, in turn, probably reflects the presence in the medium of the amides as a mixture of charged and uncharged forms, of which only the latter are readily taken into the cells.
SOPHOROSE AS AN INDUCER OF CELLULASE IN
TRICHODERMA VIRIDE
Authors: Mandels Mary , Parrish Frederick W. , Reese Elwyn T.
Published: January 2020

Mandels, Mary
(Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass.),
Fredrick W. Parrish, and Elwyn T. Reese
. Sophorose as an inducer of cellulase in
Trichoderma viride
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
400–408. 1962.—The impurity in glucose responsible for cellulase induction in
Trichoderma viride
QM 6a has been isolated and characterized as sophorose (2-O-β-
d
-glucopyranosyl-
d
-glucose). It is present at 0.0058% in reagent grade glucose. Sophorose is a very powerful inducer of cellulase for
Trichoderma viride
, being 2500 times as active as cellobiose. Modifications of sophorose, such as reduction or glycoside formation, destroy its inducing ability. The high activity of sophorose as an inducer is specific for
T. viride
.
SEROLOGY OF
BACTERIONEMA MATRUCHOTII
Authors: Schmidt Jean M. , Richardson Robert L.
Published: January 2020

Schmidt, Jean
M. (State University of Iowa, Iowa City)
and Robert L. Richardson
. Serology of
Bacterionema matruchotii
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
584–589. 1962.—Serological relationships of
Bacterionema matruchotii
were studied by means of the complement-fixation reaction. A common complement-fixing antigen was demonstrated in 37 strains of this organism. Serological relationships to species in the genera
Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Actinomyces
, and
Corynebacterium
were shown by means of reciprocal complement-fixation adsorption studies. The close serological relationships among strains of
Bacterionema matruchotii
, and the broad serological cross-reactions with several other genera, support the establishment of this new genus.
MODE OF ACTION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL VII
Authors: Allison James L. , Hartman Richard E. , Hartman Roberta S. , Wolfe Alan D. , Ciak Jennie , Hahn Fred E.
Published: January 2020

Allison, James
L. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C.),
Richard E. Hartman, Roberta S. Hartman, Alan D. Wolfe, Jennie Ciak, and Fred E. Hahn
. Mode of action of chloramphenicol. VII. Growth and multiplication of
Escherichia coli
in the presence of chloramphenicol. J. Bacteriol.
83:
609–615. 1962.—Significant increases in both total and viable numbers of bacteria in cultures of
Escherichia coli
B/r were shown to occur in the presence of “bacteriostatic concentrations” (50 μg/ml) of chloramphenicol. Bacterial viability began to decline between one and two generation times after the addition of the antibiotic. It is inferred that unbalanced growth and cellular division occurring in the absence of protein synthesis give rise to physiologically inhomogeneous bacterial populations. Analytical studies on such populations, therefore, do not necessarily determine events that are typical for all individual bacteria in the culture. These considerations emphasize further the need for elucidating the primary action of chloramphenicol in isolated, cell-free systems that are free of physiological complications.
EFFECT OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON CELLS AND ON THEIR RESPONSE TO INFECTION BY POLIOVIRUSES
Authors: Murphy William H. , Bullis Cora
Published: January 2020

Murphy
, W. H. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)
and Cora Bullis
. Effect of triiodothyronine on cells and on their response to infection by polioviruses. J. Bacteriol.
83:
641–648. 1962.—An analysis was made of the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) at physiological (1 μg/ml) and maximal subliminal toxic levels (35 μg/ml) on HeLa-S3, HeLa-Gey, Chang-liver, and Maben cells, and on their response to infection by cytopathic and submoderate (noncytopathic) mutants of type 2 poliovirus. Assays of cell response to T3 alone, or in combination with the mutants of poliovirus, were made by conventional monolayer cell culture techniques, by study of the effect of T3 on plating efficiency of cells, and by study of its influence on colonies of cell variants. Cellular response to liminal doses of T3 was characterized by agglutination of cells and thickening of the cell membrane. Compact colonies of Chang-liver and Maben cells were the most sensitive to maximal subliminal amounts of T3. T3 in combination with cytopathic or submoderate (noncytopathic) mutants of poliovirus slightly increased the rate of destruction of cells susceptible to virus, but did not influence yield of virus from cell cultures. T3 at physiological or subliminal concentrations did not induce cytopathic response of cell cultures latently infected by submoderate poliovirus.
A TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT BAR AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO THE STUDY OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF REITER'S TREPONEME
Authors: Cannefax George R.
Published: January 2020

Cannefax, George
R. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.). A temperature-gradient bar and its applications to the study of temperature effects on the growth of Reiter's treponeme. J. Bacteriol.
83:
708–710. 1962.—A temperature-gradient device is described which employs a constant heat source and an aluminum bar with 294 holes to accommodate small test tubes. Examples of the range and degree of temperature gradients are presented, and the factors affecting heat conduction and heat losses are discussed. Three temperature gradients obtained under different conditions are shown graphically. The usefulness of the temperature-gradient bar in determining the optimal temperature for the cultivation of Reiter's treponeme is presented. The optimal temperature range was found to be 33 to 35 C. The potential usefulness of the temperature-gradient bar in other biological studies is suggested.
PSEUDOMONAS NATRIEGENS
, A MARINE BACTERIUM WITH A GENERATION TIME OF LESS THAN 10 MINUTES
Authors: Eagon R. G.
Published: January 2020

Eagon
, R. G. (University of Georgia, Athens).
Pseudomonas natriegens
, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes. J. Bacteriol.
83:
736–737. 1962.—
Pseudomonas natriegens
, a marine microorganism, was demonstrated to have a generation time of 9.8 min. This is the shortest generation time reported to date. Optimal growth occurred at 37 C in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 1.5% sea salt.
SELECTION OF THERMOSTABLE
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
FROM LOGARITHMIC-PHASE CULTURES AS A MEANS FOR INDUCING SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH
Authors: Hess George E. , Shon Milton
Published: January 2020

Hess, George
E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Maryland)
and Milton Shon
. Selection of thermostable
Serratia marcescens
from logarithmic-phase cultures as a means for inducing synchronous growth. J. Bacteriol.
83:
781–784. 1962.—A relatively thermostable, apparently nonmultiplying, population of
Serratia marcescens
was found in cultures in the exponential phase of growth. Thermal treatment of the whole culture resulted in the death of the multiplying cell fraction, although the nonmultiplying fraction remained viable. Subcultivation of the thermally treated suspensions yielded cultures in which most of the viable organisms multiplied synchronously for at least two generations.
ISOLATION AND INCIDENCE OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS FROM THE HUMAN ORAL CAVITY
Authors: Shklair I. L. , Mazzarella M. A. , Gutekunst R. R. , Kiggins E. M.
Published: January 2020

Shklair
, I. L. (U. S. Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Ill.), M. A.
Mazzarella, R. R. Gutekunst, and E. M. Kiggins
. Isolation and incidence of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from the human oral cavity. J. Bacteriol.
83:
785–788. 1962.—Pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) were isolated from the oral cavity of 87.2% (184 of 211) of young male naval recruits, by use of an enriched medium under anaerobic conditions. Aerobically, the organisms were isolated from 75% (78 of 104) of the subjects. However, aerobic cultivation was not the method of choice for the isolation of these organisms, as only a few colonies of PPLO were found. These colonies were atypical, or incomplete, and could not be further subcultured either aerobically or anaerobically. With anaerobic procedures, typical PPLO colonies developed and they could be subcultured anaerobically.

The PPLO were isolated by adding saliva or gingival scrapings to 8 ml of PPLO broth enriched with 10% horse serum and 1% yeast autolysate. In addition, thallium acetate (1:2,000) and penicillin (3,000 units/ml) were added to prevent bacterial overgrowth. The broth was incubated at 37 C for 48 hr; 0.1 ml was then spread on PPLO agar enriched with the above nutrients and thallium acetate. The plates were incubated at 37 C for 48 hr. The broth and agar plates were adjusted to a pH of 7.8 to 8.0. Both PPLO and L forms were isolated by the above procedure.
DEGRADATION OF PYRUVATE BY
MICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUS
II
Authors: McCormick N. G. , Ordal E. J. , Whiteley H. R.
Published: January 2020

McCormick
, N. G. (University of Washington, Seattle), E. J.
Ordal, and H. R. Whiteley
. Degradation of pyruvate by
Micrococcus lactilyticus
. II. Studies of cofactors in the formate-exchange reaction. J. Bacteriol.
83:
899–906. 1962.—Enzyme preparations from
Micrococcus lactilyticus
2
are rendered inactive with respect to formate exchange by treatment with charcoal or Dowex-50, by dialysis, or by fractionation with ammonium sulfate. The activity may be completely restored by a “kochsaft” preparation (BES) obtained from
M. lactilyticus
and partially restored by similar BES preparations from
Escherichia coli
and
Clostridium butyricum
. Diphosphothiamine is required for formate exchange but full activity cannot be restored by known cofactors. Brief exposure to increased temperatures, air, extremes of pH, and absorption with charcoal and Dowex-50 decrease the cofactor activity of BES preparations. The addition of BES preparations from
E. coli
and
Streptococcus faecalis
causes a shift in the degradation of pyruvate by extracts of
M. lactilyticus
from the phosphoroclastic cleavage (to acetyl phosphate and formate) to the dismutation of pyruvate (to lactate, acetate, and carbon dioxide).

C. cylindrosporum
was found to mediate the formate-exchange reaction; the activity of crude extracts was stimulated by
M. lactilyticus
and
C. butyricum
BES preparations.
M. lactilyticus
BES also increased the formate-exchange activity of extracts of
E. coli
.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN ON PHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F.
Published: January 2020

Hokama, Y. (University of California, Los Angeles),Monroe K. Coleman, and Richard F. Riley. In vitro effects of C-reactive protein on phagocytosis. J. Bacteriol.83:1017–1024. 1962. Carbonyl iron spherules,Diplococcus pneumoniaetypes IIs and XXVIIs, andSerratia marcescenswere phagocytosed more rapidly and in greater numbers by leukocytes of normal human blood after incubation with C-reactive protein. With the exception of carbonyl iron spherules, addition of C-reactive protein to whole blood containing substrate had little effect on the extent of phagocytosis. Normal and acute-phase seromucoidEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide and crude endogenous pyrogen were without a stimulating effect under the same conditions in the homologous systems employed.
PERMEABILITY OF BACTERIAL SPORES IV
Authors: Black S. H. , Gerhardt Philipp
Published: January 2020

Black
, S. H. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)
and Philipp Gerhardt
. Permeability of bacterial spores. IV. Water content, uptake, and distribution. J. Bacteriol.
83:
960–967. 1962.—Dormant and germinated spores of
Bacillus cereus
strain terminalis were examined for water properties. Respectively, they exhibited a mean density of 1.28 and 1.11 g/ml, a water content of 64.8 and 73.0%, and a total water uptake of 66.6 and 75.6%, based on spore weight, or 86.0 and 83.9%, based on spore volume. The results confirmed a previous report that internal and external water are in virtually complete equilibrium, but refuted a prevailing hypothesis that heat resistance is attributable to a dry core. A model of spore ultrastructure that evolved from the cumulative results pictures a moist, dense, heteroporous core. A new hypothesis is formulated as an explanation for thermostability in spores and possibly in other instances; it postulates the occurrence of an insolubly gelled core with cross-linking between macromolecules through stable but reversible bonds so as to form a high-polymer matrix with entrapped free water.
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES AND PSEUDOCAPSULATION IN A STRAIN OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Sall Theodore
Published: January 2020

Sall, Theodore
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.). Interrelationship of extracellular enzymes and pseudocapsulation in a strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1238–1243. 1962.—A pathogenic strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
, grown in the presence of a high concentration of lactose, mannitol, and gelatin, produces a great deal of soluble coagulase and a comparatively small amount of gelatinase. Owing to the nature of the growth conditions, the soluble coagulase may be prevented from diffusing into the medium. This results in the formation of a capsulelike structure, which has been termed “pseudocapsule.” Presence of soluble coagulase about the cells in vivo might offer some protection to the staphylococci against the humoral and cellular defenses of the host.
NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS ON FREQUENCIES OF BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION
Authors: Riley Monica , Pardee Arthur B.
Published: January 2020

Riley, Monica
(University of California, Berkeley)
and Arthur B. Pardee
. Nutritional effects on frequencies of bacterial recombination. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1332–1335. 1962.—The number of recombinant colonies obtained from mated
Escherichia coli
is highly dependent on the composition of the medium, both during and after mating, and of the agar medium on which the bacteria are plated. Many bacteria appear to participate in mating, but the efficiency with which they carry out subsequent events leading to recombinant colony formation depends on the physiological state of the zygotes and the challenge to which they are subjected on the selective plates. These findings are reminiscent of the factors which influence the frequency of production of mutants from irradiated bacteria, the survival of bacteria irradiated with ultraviolet light, lysogenization by bacteriophage, or transformation by deoxyribonucleic acid. As a practical measure, care must be taken to hold conditions of plating constant to obtain reproducible numbers of recombinant colonies in mating experiments. For instance, traces of nutrients in agar can greatly affect recombination frequencies.
GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES IN
ZYMOMONAS MOBILIS
Authors: Raps Shirley , DeMoss R. D.
Published: January 2020

Raps, Shirley
(University of Illinois, Urbana)
and R. D. DeMoss
. Glycolytic enzymes in
Zymomonas mobilis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
115–118. 1962—An enzyme extract of
Zymomonas mobilis
(
Pseudomonas lindneri
) was capable of fermenting glucose-6-phosphate to CO
2
and ethanol. The extract was found to contain phosphohexoisomerase, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, but no demonstrable phosphohexokinase. The lack of isotope-mixing found in earlier studies is, thus, explained on an enzymatic basis.
CYTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ANTIBIOSIS I
Authors: Chapman George B.
Published: January 2020

Chapman, George
B. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.). Cytological aspects of antimicrobial antibiosis. I. Cytological changes associated with the exposure of
Escherichia coli
to colistin sulfate. J. Bacteriol.
84:
169–179. 1962—Broth cultures of
Escherichia coli
were exposed to different concentrations of the antibiotic colistin sulfate for various lengths of time. Control (untreated) and treated cells were fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in methacrylate or Epon. Ultrathin sections were examined in an RCA EMU2-D electron microscope. Two conspicuous cytological changes were noted. First, the nuclear material disappeared from its normal sites and was no longer demonstrable. Second, the cytoplasm lost its granularity and became homogeneous. Cells which showed these changes were nonviable.
DARK-INDUCED MORPHOGENESIS IN SYNCHRONIZED CULTURES OF
BLASTOCLADIELLA BRITANNICA
Authors: Horenstein E. A. , Cantino E. C.
Published: January 2020

Horenstein
, E. A. (Michigan State University, East Lansing)
and E. C. Cantino
. Dark-induced morphogenesis in synchronized cultures of
Blastocladiella britannica
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
37–45. 1962—A method is described for growing synchronized, single generations of a million cells or more of the aquatic fungus,
Blastocladiella britannica
, uniformly suspended in agitated liquid media. The effects of population density upon the cell volume, dry weight, and generation time are described. The all-or-none effect of light and dark upon differentiation of thin-walled cells and thick-walled, pitted, resistant-sporangial cells, respectively, has been demonstrated, and the point of no return for both morphological pathways defined.
OCCURRENCE OF
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
IN INFECTIONS OF MAN
Authors: Smith Louis Ds. , King Elizabeth O.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Louis
DS. (Montana State College, Bozeman) and
Elizabeth O. King
. Occurrence of
Clostridium difficile
in infections of man. J. Bacteriol.
84:
65–67. 1962—Eight strains of
Clostridium difficile
were isolated from cases of infection in man in seven different bacteriological laboratories. One of these was isolated from a case of gas gangrene, one from an abscess following a fractured femur, one from a blood culture from an infant, two from pleural fluid, two from peritoneal fluid, and one from an abscess in the vaginal vault. There was no evidence, in these cases, that
C. difficile
is pathogenic for man. All strains were typical morphologically and culturally and were lethal when inoculated intramuscularly into guinea pigs.
INFLUENCE OF LOW INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON CLASSIFICATION OF
PSEUDOMONAS GENICULATA
Authors: Frank Hilmer A.
Published: January 2020

Frank, Hilmer
A. (Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pa.). Influence of low incubation temperature on classification of
Pseudomonas geniculata
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
68–71. 1962.—Biochemical and physiological properties of psychrophilic
Pseudomonas geniculata
isolates were determined at 8 C and at 27 C. No qualitative differences in taxonomically significant properties were observed as a result of incubation temperature. With sufficient incubation time, classification of psychrophilic strains would not be impaired by low temperatures.
DAMAGE AND DEREPRESSION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
RESULTING FROM GROWTH AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Ng Henry , Ingraham John L. , Marr Allen G.
Published: January 2020

Ng, Henry
(University of California, Davis),
John L. Ingraham, and Allen G. Marr
. Damage and derepression in
Escherichia coli
resulting from growth at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
84:
331–339. 1962.—Exponentially growing cultures of
Escherichia coli
ML30 were subjected to abrupt changes in temperature. If the change in temperature was made within the range of temperature in which the temperature characteristic, μ, is constant, exponential growth resumed immediately at a rate characteristic of the new temperature. But, if the shifts were made to or from a temperature below the range of constant μ, the initial growth rate was intermediate to the rates normal for the initial and final temperatures. The results indicate that growth at low temperature alters or damages the cell in a way that reduces the growth rate. A period of growth at higher temperature is required to correct the damage. Release from glucose repression of the induction of β-galactosidase occurs at a temperature coincident with low-temperature damage. Derepression may be the damage that results from growth at low temperature.
TEMPERATURE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF LAMBDA-PHAGE MUTANTS
Authors: Groman Neal B.
Published: January 2020

Groman, NealB. (University of Washington, Seattle). Temperature and the reproduction of two lambda-phage mutants. J. Bacteriol.84:438–445. 1962.—A comparative study of phage λ, and mutants λtemand λ112, was made, with particular emphasis on the effect of elevated temperature (44 C) on phage reproduction. Phage λtemwas selected at 44 C and λ112was isolated from the late-lysing fraction of bacteria at 37 C. All three phages are similar in their host range, immunity pattern, and in the rate of inactivation of free phage by anti-λ antibody and heat. Differences were observed in their plaque size and in their relative plating efficiency at 37 and 44 C. One-step growth curve studies showed that phages λ and λtemare similar in the time intracellular phage appears and in their rate of maturation at 37 C. These time and rate parameters were unchanged at 44 C. Both λ and λtemexhibited a reduced latent period at 44 C. However, the latent period of λtemwas longer than that of λ at both 37 and 44 C, and its relative 44 C/37 C yield was about 40% while that of lambda is about 3%. Phage λtemmay be characterized as a λ mutant with an altered latent period. Phage λ112was similar to λ and λtemat 37 C, but at 44 C behaved quite differently. The time of appearance of intracellular phage was delayed, compared to 37 C, and the rate of maturation was slower. Phage production at 44 C was about 16% that at 37 C. On further investigation, it was observed that inducedEscherichia coliK-12 (λ112) failed to lyse at 44 C, although it did lyse at 37 C. Lysis inhibition was imposed almost immediately by transferring cells from 37 C to 44 C at any time during the reproductive cycle, including the lytic phase. The behavior of λ112at 44 C disposed of the possibility that the lytic step was the only step in the phage cycle sensitive to variations in temperature. However, it appeared that the lytic step was a consistant target for its action.
POPULATION CHANGES IN
DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Carta G. , Firshein W.
Published: January 2020

Carta
, G. (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.)
and W. Firshein
. Population changes in
Diplococcus pneumoniae
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
473–477. 1962.—Avirulent mutant strains derived from pneumococcal types I, II, III, and VII established themselves in initially virulent or predominantly virulent populations within 36 to 48 hr of incubation at 37 C in Brain Heart Infusion-blood broth. Aged blood-broth cultures or broth cultures lacking blood permitted a more rapid establishment of avirulent cells. This selective population change was due to a greater viability of avirulent than virulent cells, in the stationary phase, and to a toxic factor, produced by large numbers of avirulent cells, which inhibited the multiplication of virulent cells. Virulent cultures were stabilized, however, by the addition of mixtures of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides, which prevented the establishment of avirulent cells.
CELL DIVISION IN A SPECIES OFERWINIAV
Authors: Grula E. A. , Grula Mary M.
Published: January 2020

Grula, E. A. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater)and Mary M. Grula. Cell division in a species ofEriwinia. V. Effect of metabolic inhibitors on terminal division and composition of a “division” medium. J. Bacteriol.84:492–499. 1962.—Terminal division inErwiniaspp. involves a triggering action and subsequent septum synthesis. It is a metabolic process requiring organic nitrogen and carbon and energy. The process, when triggered by pantoic acid or pantoyl lactone, is inhibited strongly by 2,4-dinitrophenol, hydroxylamine, mitomycin C, and Hg ion and to a lesser degree by cyanide, azide, 5-fluorouracil, and diisopropylfluorophosphate. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid completely inhibits division only when calcium ion is the triggering agent. Heating of the cells at 43 C for 10 to 20 min also completely inhibits division. Hydroxylamine, iodoacetate, and mitomycin C cause extensive lysis of growing cells. No evidence has been obtained to demonstrate the need for protein or normal ribonucleic acid synthesis in terminal division. Requirement for intact deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or DNA synthesis is questionable; —SH groups are not directly involved. Once triggering has occurred, septum formation appears to require synthesis of at least cell-wall mucopeptide. A “division” medium is reported and discussed.
INHIBITION BY ANTIBIOTICS OF THE GROWTH OF BACTERIAL AND YEAST PROTOPLASTS
Authors: Shockman Gerald D. , Lampen J. Oliver
Published: January 2020

Shockman, Gerald
D. (Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.)
and J. Oliver Lampen
. Inhibition by antibiotics of the growth of bacterial and yeast protoplasts. J. Bacteriol.
84:
508–512. 1962.—The characteristics and requirements for growth of bacterial (
Streptococcus faecalis
) and yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) protoplasts were established and the effect of a variety of antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics determined. A clear differentiation was obtained between such inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis as penicillin and cycloserine, which did not prevent protoplast growth, and all others, antibacterial and antifungal, which inhibited protoplasts and intact organisms at the same range of concentration. Novobiocin, previously reported to inhibit bacterial wall synthesis, was also effective against a reaction(s) essential to the growth of
S. faecalis
protoplasts. The antibacterial action of streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin was essentially eliminated by the high salt concentration needed to maintain the protoplasts. Removal of the cell wall did not significantly increase antibiotic susceptibility of a resistant species. Protoplasts of
Bacillus megaterium
were insensitive to the antifungal agent, nystatin, and did not bind it to any detectable degree. Thus, the yeast or bacterial cell wall does not appear to play a major role in determining relative antibiotic susceptibility by masking internal sensitive target sites. A variety of antifungal antibiotics tested on the growth of log-phase yeast cells failed to produce osmotically fragile forms.
SIZE AND SHAPE OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS GROWN IN LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: Weibull C. , Lundin Britt-Marie
Published: January 2020

Weibull
, C. (Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Stockholm City, Stockholm, Sweden),
and Britt-Marie Lundin
. Size and shape of pleuropneumonia-like organisms grown in liquid media. J. Bacteriol.
84:
513–519. 1962.—Samples of liquid cultures containing mainly nonaggregated cells of
Mycoplasma agalactiae
or
M. laidlawii
were transferred to agar blocks containing the same medium as the liquid cultures. By use of a phase-contrast microscope, photomicrographs were made of the slide cultures immediately after they had been prepared, and the dimensions of a large number of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) were measured. These measurements indicated that, in young cultures (incubated for 24 to 48 hr), the size of the cells did not vary much more than that of ordinary bacteria; 95% of the cells had a width of 0.2 to 0.6 μ. The growth of individual PPLO was followed during incubation of the slide cultures. It was found that 80 to 100% of the cells present in liquid overnight cultures divided and gave rise to microcolonies within a few hours. Rod-shaped, ellipsoidal, and spherical cells were seen in these cultures. Liquid cultures incubated for several days contained mainly spherical cells. Fewer than 5% of the cells in these cultures showed any indication of growth during incubation in slide cultures for 5 days. Photomicrographs of cells of
M. agalactiae
moving freely in liquid medium were taken with an electronic flash as the light source. The photographs thus obtained directly demonstrated the existence of rod-shaped cells.
METABOLISM OF
d
-RIBOSE-1-C
14
AND C
14
-LABELED
d
-GLUCONATE IN AN ENZYME SYSTEM OF THE GENUS
PROPIONIBACTERIUM
Authors: Stjernholm Rune L. , Flanders Frank
Published: January 2020

Stjernholm, Rune
L. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio)
and Frank Flanders
. Metabolism of
d
-ribose-1-C
14
and C
14
-labeled
d
-gluconate in an enzyme system of the genus
Propionibacterium
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
563–568. 1962.—Ribose-1-C
14
and potassium gluconate labeled in different positions were incubated with cell-free extracts of
Propionibacterium shermanii
. The resulting propionate, acetate, and succinate were isolated and the C
14
distribution determined by degradation. It is proposed that the extensive randomization observed is caused by the conversion of the labeled substrates to fructose-6-phosphate via the transketolase-transaldolase sequence followed by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and that the triosephosphates produced by these metabolic routes are metabolized via pyruvate to succinate and propionate.
BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF DIPICOLINIC ACID
Authors: Kobayashi Yasuo , Arima Kei
Published: January 2020

Kobayashi, Yasuo
(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan)
and Kei Arima
. Bacterial oxidation of dipicolinic acid. II. Identification of α-ketoglutaric acid and 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid and some properties of cell-free extracts. J. Bacteriol.
84:
765–771. 1962—When a dipicolinic acid (DPA)-decomposing bacterium,
Achromobacter
strain 1–2, was incubated at 30 C with shaking in a DPA solution containing 10
−3
m
arsenite, a keto acid was accumulated. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of this acid was synthesized and identified as α-ketoglutaric acid by paper chromatography, visible absorption spectrum, infrared analysis, elemental analysis, and mixed melting point. During this incubation, oxalic acid equivalent to the consumed dipicolinic acid was produced. A fluorescent material was also isolated from culture fluid and identified as 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid by paper chromatography and the ultraviolet absorption spectrum. Further, cell-free extracts were prepared by sonic oscillation. Ferrous ion and a reduced di- or triphosphopyridine nucleotide-generating system were proven to be required for enzymic oxidation of DPA. And 3-hydroxydipicolinic acid was also oxidized by this preparation. From the results obtained, a possible metabolic pathway of dipicolinic acid was proposed.
ENZYMES IN
CANDIDA ALBICANS
II
Authors: Rao G. Ramananda , Sirsi M. , Ramakrishnan T.
Published: January 2020

Rao, G. Ramananda
(Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India), M.
Sirsi, and T. Ramakrishnan
. Enzymes in
Candida albicans
. II. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and related enzymes. J. Bacteriol.
84:
778–783. 1962.—Evidence is presented to show the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in
Candida albicans
, by studies with whole cells, cell-free preparations, and by the demonstration of most of the enzymes involved in the cycle. Cell-free extracts contained the following enzymes: condensing enzyme; aconitase; isocitric, α-ketoglutaric, succinic, and malic dehydrogenases; malic enzyme; fumarase; reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) oxidase; DPNH-cytochrome
c
reductase; reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPNH) cytochrome
c
reductase; and diaphorase. Pyruvic dehydrogenase, TPNH oxidase, and transhydrogenase activities could not be detected under the test conditions.
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL STATE OF ENDOTOXIC PREPARATIONS ON DERMAL TOXICITY
Authors: Roberson Bob S. , Cromartie William J.
Published: January 2020

Roberson, BobS. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)and William J. Cromartie. Influence of the physical state of endotoxic preparations on their dermal toxicity. J. Bacteriol.84:882–887. 1962.—Studies were performed with various preparations of endotoxin fromEscherichia colito test for a possible relation between the physical state or degree of aggregation of the toxin and dermal toxicity. Endotoxic fractions were prepared by enzymatic and physical dissolution of cell walls, phenol extraction, and ether extraction. A comparison of the toxic effects of the different preparations after a single intradermal injection into rabbits demonstrated that the degree and duration of the inflammatory response was influenced significantly by the physical state of the preparation. In addition, the least active material, the aqueous ether extract, was treated so as to yield three preparations differing only in the degree of aggregation. Dermal titration of these preparations suggests that a departure from an optimal range of particle size results in a diminished capacity of endotoxin to induce the acute and protracted manifestations of dermal response.
GLUTAMATE METABOLISM IN
BRUCELLA ABORTUS
STRAINS OF LOW AND HIGH VIRULENCE
Authors: Dasinger B. L. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

Dasinger
, B. L. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and J. B. Wilson
. Glutamate metabolism in
Brucella abortus
strains of low and high virulence. J. Bacteriol.
84:
911–915. 1962.—
Brucella abortus
strains of low virulence oxidize glutamate at a high rate, whereas strains of high virulence oxidize glutamate at a relatively low rate. Results indicated that this observation was not related to differences in pathway of glutamate oxidation or to differences in total enzyme activity. Permeability studies showed that the maximal rates of glutamate accumulation were 2.8 μmoles per 2 min per g (wet wt) for a strain of high virulence and 6.2 μmoles per 2 min per g for a strain of low virulence, but equal intracellular steady-state concentrations were attained by both types of strains. Evidence is presented which suggests that the site of glutamate oxidation is separate from the pool of glutamate being measured. Unequal rates of permeability at these sites could be the reason for the differences in rate of glutamate oxidation.
ATTEMPT IN CLASSIFICATION OF CATALASE-POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI AND MICROCOCCI
Authors: Mossel D. A. A.
Published: January 2020

Mossel
, D. A. A. (Central Institute for Nutrition and Food Research T.N.O., Utrecht, The Nethrlands). Attempt in classification of catalase-positive staphylococci and micrococci. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1140–1147. 1962.—About 390 strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
, isolated from clinical material, and about 190 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci from strictly nonclinical habitats were studied by the following recently recommended biochemical tests: anaerobic dissimilation (“fermentation”) of mannitol, gelatin liquefaction, type of growth on tellurite-glycine agar, hydrolysis of urea, and KCN tolerance. The latter three tests appeared either not specific for, or not positive for, most
S. aureus
strains. Virtually all strains of
S. aureus
were gelatin-positive, but 71% of the other types of cocci also liquefied gelatin. Rapid anaerobic breakdown of mannitol, however, was shown by ca. 95% of the strains of
S. aureus
, and late fermentation by an additional 3%. Of 105 obligately aerobic coagulase tive cocci (micrococci), none fermented mannitol; of 40 facultatively anaerobic, coagulase-negative cocci (staphylococci), only 7 (18%) fermented mannitol. Oxidative metabolism of mannitol occurred in only three (<1%) strains of
S. aureus
but was detected in roughly half of the isolates of both groups of coagulase-negative cocci. Pigmentation was confirmed to be of little value, because roughly 50% of both coagulase-positive and -negative strains showed a pale-yellow color on Chapman's mannitol salt agar while 13% of the
S. aureus
strains tested were white. A key to the classification of catalase-positive cocci consistent with that currently used for
Enterobacteriaceae
has been based on these figures.
STUDIES ON THERMOPHILIC SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA III
Authors: Akagi J. M. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Akagi, J. M. (University of Kansas, Lawrence)and L. Leon Campbell. Studies on thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. III. Adenosine triphosphate-sulfurylase ofClostridium nigrificansandDesulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Bacteriol.84:1194–1201. 1962.—Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sulfurylase, which catalyzes the formation of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) from ATP and SO4=, has been purified from crude extracts ofClostridium nigrificansandDesulfovibrio desulfuricansby (NH4)2SO4fractionation and triethylaminoethyl column chromatography. The enzyme from both sources operates over a broad pH range from 6.0 to 9.5. Below pH 6.0, activity decreases sharply, with no detectable activity at pH 5.0. Of the nucleotides tested (ATP and the triphosphates of deoxyadenosine, uridine, inosine, and guanosine), only ATP was acted upon by the enzyme from either source. The enzyme requires Mg++for activity. Incubation of the enzyme from both organisms with ATP and S35O4=in the presence of helium resulted in the formation of an S35-labeled nucleotide whose electrophoretic mobility was identical to that of chemically prepared APS. When incubated with ATP and the group VI anions (CrO4, MoO4, WO4), the enzyme from both organisms formed an unstable intermediate, resulting in the accumulation of pyrophosphate. Thermal stability studies revealed that the ATP-sulfurylase ofC. nigrificanswas stable at higher temperatures than the enzyme obtained fromD. desulfuricans. Exposure of the enzyme fromC. nigrificansto 65 C for 2 hr gave virtually no decrease in activity. In contrast, the enzyme fromD. desulfuricanswas completely inactivated after 30 min at 55 C, after 3 min at 60 C, or after 1 min at 65 C.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Marr Allen G. , Ingraham John L.
Published: January 2020

Marr, Allen
G. (University of California, Davis)
and John L. Ingraham
. Effect of temperature on composition of fatty acids in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1260–1267. 1962.—Variations in the temperature of growth and in the composition of the medium alter the proportions of individual fatty acids in the lipids of
Escherichia coli
. As the temperature of growth is lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids) increases. The increase in content of unsaturated acids with a decrease in temperature of growth occurs in both minimal and complex media. Cells harvested in the stationary phase contained large amounts of cyclopropane fatty acids (methylenehexadecanoic and methylene octadecanoic acids) in comparison with cells harvested during exponential growth. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of ammonium salts, show a much higher content of saturated fatty acids (principally palmitic acid) than do cells harvested from an exponentially-growing batch culture in the same medium. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of glucose, show a slightly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids than cells from the corresponding batch culture. The results do not indicate a direct relation between fatty acid composition and minimal growth temperature.
EFFECT OF OSMOLARITY ON PHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Sbarra Anthony J. , Shirley William , Baumstark John S.
Published: January 2020

Sbarra, Anthony
J. (St. Margaret's Hospital, Boston, Mass.),
William Shirley, and John S. Baumstark
. Effect of osmolarity on phagocytosis. J. Bacteriol.
85:
306–313. 1963.—The effect of a number of different compounds on phagocytosis was studied. Phagocytosis was monitored by morphological and biochemical means. It was found that the addition of compounds such as KCl, NaCl, sodium or potassium malonate, and K
2
SO
4
to the phagocytic system inhibited phagocytosis. The increased salt concentration specifically inhibited the respiratory activity associated with phagocytosis. The endogenous respiration of the leukocytes was unaffected. Glycolysis and the increased flow of glucose through the hexose monophosphate pathway were also inhibited by the elevated concentration of salts. In addition, cells exposed to high salt concentrations appeared to be reduced in size as compared with normal cells. The inhibition can be reversed by lowering the salt concentration. It was suggested that the increased osmotic pressure of the system was responsible for the inhibition.
EGG YOLK FACTOR OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSI
Authors: Shah D. B. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

Shah, D. B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)and J. B. Wilson. Egg yolk factor ofStaphylococcus aureus. I. Nature of the substrate and enzyme involved in the egg yolk opacity reaction. J. Bacteriol.85:516–521. 1963.—Some pathogenic staphylococci produce an opacity reaction when grown in media containing egg yolk. The egg yolk factor is a lipase with a requirement for a fatty acid acceptor, rather than any of the three lecithinases. Highest amounts of egg yolk factor were obtained in Heart Infusion broth rather than nutrient broth or Casman's synthetic medium. The lowest density lipo-protein (lipovitellenin) isolated by ultracentrifugation of egg yolk has been identified as the opacity-producing substrate. The lipase acts on the lipid moiety, resulting in alterations in the solubility of lipovitellenin. Lipolysis is optimal at pH 8. The optimal pH for the opacity reaction is at pH 5.5 and 8. The protein (vitellenin) in lipovitellenin has an isoelectric point at pH 5.5. It is proposed that slight alterations in the stabilizing lipid due to lipolysis and the very low solubility of vitellenin may drastically alter the solubility of lipovitellenin at pH 5.5.
FOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES SYNTHESIZED DURING GROWTH OF
DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Sirotnak Francis M. , Donati Gloria J. , Hutchison Dorris J.
Published: January 2020

Sirotnak
, F. M. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.),
Gloria J. Donati, and Dorris J. Hutchison
. Folic acid derivatives synthesized during growth of
Diplococcus pneumoniae
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
658–665. 1963.—Under cultural conditions permitting synthesis of folic acid in an amount greatly in excess (20- to 30-fold) of that required for maximal growth of
Diplococcus pneumoniae
, 85 to 90% of the growth factor accumulated as polyglutamates. Approximately equal amounts of mono- and diglutamates made up the remaining 10 to 15% found in culture material. Most of the polyglutamates occurred intracellularly, in a proportion of triglutamates to higher glutamates of about two to one. Only 10 to 15% of all folic acid derivatives (mono-, di-, and polyglutamates) found had folinic acid (5-formylfolate-H
4
) activity for
Pediococcus cerevisiae
. Practically all synthesis of the glutamyl-peptide moieties of folate seems to occur at an enzymatic step prior to folic acid, since no appreciable peptide formation occurred under conditions blocking folate synthesis. Sulfanilamide inhibition of growth by a block in folate synthesis was reversed by the addition of dihydrofolic acid, but not folic acid. The examination of two genetically distinct amethopterin-resistant mutant strains has revealed no gross differences in folate accumulation during growth when compared with the wild strain.