bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of repeated freeze‐thaw cycles on routine plasma biochemical constituents in canine plasma
Authors: Reynolds Brice , Taillade Benjamin , Médaille Christine , Palenché Florence , Trumel Cathy , Lefebvre Hervé Pierre
Published: March 2008

Background: The effect of repeated freeze‐thaw cycles on plasma constituents has not been assessed in dogs, although such a procedure is not uncommon to use in routine laboratory practice. Objective: To assess the effect of freeze‐thaw cycles on routine plasma constituents in healthy dogs. Methods: Six healthy adult dogs were used. Blood was sampled and placed in heparinized tubes. After centrifugation, plasma was separated into 5 aliquots. One aliquot was considered as the reference aliquot and used immediately for the assay of all of the biochemical constituents. All of the other aliquots were stored at −20°C. Three aliquots underwent 1, 2, or 3 freeze‐thaw cycles during a 1‐ to 3‐day period. The last aliquot remained at −20°C throughout the study and was thawed on the third day. The following biochemical constituents were assayed: glucose, urea, creatinine, total proteins, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphates, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results: No clinically relevant change was observed between the different aliquots for all of the constituents. Conclusion: Repeated freeze‐thaw cycles do not cause changes in the biochemical constituents studied in canine plasma.
Cutaneous metastasis of primary appendicular osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Gorman Elena , Barger Anne M. , Wypij Jacqueline M. , Pinkerton Marie E.
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 6‐year‐old, neutered male Rottweiler was presented to the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital because of a lytic bone lesion involving the distal portion of the right radius and possible pulmonary metastases on thoracic radiographs. Results of serum biochemical analysis were unremarkable. Aspiration and cytologic examination of the bone lesion indicated likely sarcoma with reactive bone. Cutaneous masses were found on the left thigh, interscapular region, and dorsal lumbar region, 4 weeks after initial presentation. Neoplastic spindle cells were found in aspirates from 2 of the masses. The neoplastic cells stained positive for alkaline phosphatase activity using cytochemistry. Re‐evaluation of serum biochemical values at this time revealed a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (413 U/L, reference interval 12–110 U/L) compared with the initial value (26 U/L). Due to progressive disease, the dog was euthanized and a necropsy was performed. Histologic findings included primary osteosarcoma of the distal portion of the right radius, with metastases in the lungs, spleen, left fourth and fifth ribs, soft tissue of the right medial thigh, and T1–T3/interscapular region. Cutaneous metastasis of primary appendicular osteosarcoma has been reported rarely in animals and humans. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity may be a potential indicator of poor prognosis for this neoplasm.
Guidelines for resident training in veterinary clinical pathology. II. Hematology
Authors: Sharkey Leslie , Wellman Maxey , Christopher Mary M.
Published: March 2008

Background: The Education Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) identified a need for improved structure and guidance in training residents in clinical pathology. To begin to meet this need, guidelines for training in clinical chemistry were published in 2003. Objective: The goal of this report is to define learning objectives and competencies in hematology, including coagulation and immunohematology. Methods: These guidelines were developed and written with the input of ASVCP Education Committee members and peer experts. Results: The primary objectives of training in hematology are: 1) to accrue a thorough, extensive, and relevant knowledge base of the types, principles, and properties of hematology tests and concepts of pathophysiology in animals; 2) to develop abilities to reason, think critically, communicate effectively, and exercise judgment in hematologic data interpretation and investigative problem‐solving; and 3) to acquire technical and statistical skills important in hematology and laboratory operations. We also provide options and ideas for training activities and identify hematology resources useful for clinical pathology faculty and staff, training program coordinators, and residents. Conclusions: The guidelines define expected competencies that will help ensure proficiency, leadership, and the advancement of knowledge in veterinary hematology and provide a useful framework for didactic and clinical activities in resident‐training programs. The learning objectives can readily be adapted to institutional and individual needs, interests, goals, and resources.
Subgroups of canine antinuclear antibodies in relation to laboratory and clinical findings in immune‐mediated disease
Authors: Hansson‐Hamlin Helene , Lilliehöök Inger , Trowald‐Wigh Gunilla
Published: March 2008

Background: Autoimmune system diseases in dogs are commonly referred to as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test as a hallmark. In human patients, other systemic ANA‐positive diseases with overlapping diagnostic features, referred to as SLE‐related diseases, are described. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether different patterns of ANA reactivity represent different systemic autoimmune diseases in dogs.Methods: Dogs with serum positive for ANA by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF‐ANA, titer ≥1:100) (n=56) were identified retrospectively from the patient population at the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dogs were grouped on the basis of ANA staining patterns, and the results of immunodiffusion tests. Clinical, hematologic, serum biochemical, radiologic, and pathologic examinations were described for each group. Results: Dogs with a chromosomal–positive, homogeneous ANA staining pattern (n=14) had clinical signs involving multiple organ systems; 8 dogs were anemic. Dogs with a speckled IIF‐ANA staining pattern (n=42) primarily had clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders, fatigue and fever. Precipitating antibodies by immunodiffusion were found only in dogs with a speckled IIF‐ANA staining pattern and comprised 4 different subgroups based on antigen specificity.Conclusions:In dogs with homogeneous IIF‐ANA staining, SLE is a probable diagnosis because of the diversity of clinical manifestations and autoantibody reactivity against chromosomal antigens. Dogs with a speckled IIF‐ANA pattern may have SLE‐related diseases, which, in turn, may be correlated with different immunodiffusion subgroups. These syndromes had overlapping clinicopathologic features, as described for human patients.
Serum chemistry values for free‐ranging ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in Svalbard
Authors: Tryland Morten , Krafft Bjørn A. , Lydersen Christian , Kovacs Kit M. , Thoresen Stein Istre
Published: March 2008

Abstract Diseases and abnormal physiologic conditions can alter the concentrations of enzymes, metabolites, minerals, and hormones in the blood of animals. The ringed seal (Pusa hispida) has been selected as a key species for environmental monitoring, but information on disease and health parameters for this species is scarce. Objectives: The aim of the study reported here was to obtain serum chemistry reference intervals for free‐ranging ringed seals in Svalbard, and then to evaluate serum chemistry values in relation to age, body condition, and sex. Methods: Blood samples were collected after death from ringed seals in Wijdefjorden and Billefjorden, Svalbard (2002–2003; n=75). Serum was analyzed for 24 selected serum chemistry parameters (enzymes, protein, metabolites, minerals, and cortisol). Results: Compared with younger or older animals, seals between 7 and 16 years of age had larger variations in the activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase (CK). Animals classified as having low body condition status had more variation in the serum activity of these enzymes, compared with that in animals with higher condition scores. Serum cortisol concentration was higher in young animals (1–5 years) than in older animals. Serum CK activity was higher in males than in females. Conclusion: The data reported here may be useful in monitoring the health of ringed seals and for tracking the impact of environmental changes in the Arctic.
Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for cultured shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum)
Authors: Knowles Susan , Hrubec Terry C. , Smith Stephen A. , Bakal Robert S.
Published: March 2008

Background: The shortnose sturgeon,Acipenser brevirostrum, is an imperiled species distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America. Interest in replenishing wild stocks with hatchery‐reared fish has created a need for accurate hematologic and biochemical reference intervals to evaluate the health of both fish raised in aquaculture systems and fish in the wild.Objectives: The objective of this study was to generate hematologic and biochemistry reference intervals for healthy shortnose sturgeon. Methods: Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes from 77 shortnose sturgeon raised in flow‐through aquaculture systems. Whole blood and plasma samples were analyzed for hematologic and biochemical variables using standard techniques. Reference intervals were calculated as the central 95% (percentile) of data. Results: Hematologic reference intervals (n=46) were as follows: PCV 26–46%, hemoglobin 5.7–8.7 g/dL, MCV 307–520 fL, MCH 65.9–107.1 pg, MCHC 15–30 g/dL, plasma proteins (refractometry) 2.8–6.0 g/dL, RBC count 0.65–1.09 × 106/μL, total WBC count 28,376–90,789/μL, small lymphocytes 9063–56,656/μL, large lymphocytes 2122–10,435/μL, neutrophils 3758–33,592/μL, monocytes 0–7137/μL, eosinophils 0–1544/μL, thrombocyte‐like cells 6863–23,046/μL, thrombocytes 32,205–122,179/μL, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio 0.068–1.026. Plasma chemistry reference intervals (n=77) were as follows: total protein 2.7–5.3 g/dL, albumin 0.8–1.7 g/dL, globulins 1.8–3.7 mg/dL, creatinine 0–1.4 mg/dL, total bilirubin 0–0.1 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase 47–497 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 90–311 U/L, sodium 124–141 mmol/L, potassium 2.9–3.7 mmol/L, chloride 106–121 mmol/L, calcium 6.6–12.1 mg/dL, magnesium 1.6–2.3 mg/dL, phosphorus 5.1–8.1 mg/dL, glucose 37–74 mg/dL, cholesterol 42–133 mg/dL, and osmolality 232–289 mOsm/kg. Conclusion: Reference values reported here will be useful for the early detection, identification, and monitoring of disease and sublethal conditions in cultured shortnose sturgeon.
Serum ionized calcium in dogs with chronic renal failure and metabolic acidosis
Authors: Kogika Marcia M. , Lustoza Marcio D. , Notomi Marcia K. , Wirthl Vera A. B. F. , Mirandola Regina M. S. , Hagiwara Mitika K.
Published: March 2008

Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a common disease in dogs, and many metabolic disorders can be observed, including metabolic acidosis and calcium and phosphorus disturbances. Acidosis may change the ionized calcium (i‐Ca) fraction, usually increasing its concentration.Objective:In this study we evaluated the influence of acidosis on the serum concentration of i‐Ca in dogs with CRF and metabolic acidosis. Methods: Dogs were studied in 2 groups: group I (control group = 40 clinically normal dogs) and group II (25 dogs with CRF and metabolic acidosis). Serum i‐Ca was measured by an ion‐selective electrode method; other biochemical analytes were measured using routine methods. Results: The i‐Ca concentration was significantly lower in dogs in group II than in group I; 56% of the dogs in group II were hypocalcemic. Hypocalcemia was observed in only 8% of dogs in group II when based on total calcium (t‐Ca) concentration. No correlation between pH and i‐Ca concentration was observed. A slight but significant correlation was detected between i‐Ca and serum phosphorus concentration (r=−.284;P= .022), as well as between serum t‐Ca and i‐Ca concentration (r= .497;P< .0001). Conclusion: The i‐Ca concentration in dogs with CRF and metabolic acidosis varied widely from that of t‐Ca, showing the importance of determining the biologically active form of calcium. Metabolic acidosis did not influence the increase in i‐Ca concentration, so other factors besides acidosis in CRF might alter the i‐Ca fraction, such as hyperphosphatemia and other compounds that may form complexes with calcium.
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia in a cat: cytochemical and immunophenotypical features
Authors: Gelain Maria Elena , Antoniazzi Elisa , Bertazzolo Walter , Zaccolo Maurizia , Comazzi Stefano
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 3‐year‐old, male, domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a 3‐day history of anorexia and depression. The cat was moderately dehydrated, had pale, slightly icteric, mucous membranes, oral ulcerations, and mild hepatosplenomegaly. A feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen test was positive. CBC results obtained at initial presentation included severe normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and marked leukocytosis (>100,000/μL) with 77% eosinophils. After 15 days of treatment with prednisone and doxycycline, the cat had persistent severe nonregenerative anemia (HCT 3.4%), thrombocytopenia (28,000/μL), and extreme eosinophilia (total eosinophils, 123.1 × 103/μL; segmented 103.0 × 103/μL; immature 20.1 × 103/μL). Cytologic examination of aspirates from bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, and spleen revealed a predominance of mature and immature eosinophils, many with dysplastic changes. The M:E ratio was 96.4. On histopathologic examination, multiple organs were infiltrated by eosinophilic granulocytes. Neoplastic cells in blood and bone marrow stained positive for alkaline phosphatase and were negative for myeloperoxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and α‐naphthyl acetate esterase. On flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood, the neoplastic cells were positive for CD11b and CD14. These findings were consistent with chronic eosinophilic leukemia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of chronic eosinophilic leukemia in a cat associated with naturally acquired FeLV infection, in which flow cytometry was used to characterize the neoplastic cells.
Gallbladder aspirate from a dog
Authors: Neel Jennifer A. , Tarigo Jaime , Grindem Carol B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 7‐year‐old, male, castrated, Labrador Retriever with a history of pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease presented for vomiting and anorexia. Serum biochemistry findings were indicative of cholestasis, hepatocellular insult, and decreased hepatic function. Ultrasound examination showed sediment and gas within the gallbladder, and a diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis was made. Emergency gallbladder resection was performed. Cytologic examination of bile fluid collected at surgery showed a mixed population of bacteria (bactibilia) together with fungal organisms consistent with Cyniclomyces guttulatus (previously known as Saccharomycopsis guttulatus). Similar fungal organisms were seen on a fecal smear. Bacteria cultured were normal gastrointestinal flora, supporting ascending infection; the fungal organisms were interpreted as incidental. Histopathology of the gallbladder indicated active (suppurative) and chronic (lymphocytic) cholecystitis and sections of liver tissue had evidence of chronic liver disease. A positive liver culture indicated concurrent bacterial hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Despite supportive care, the dog continued to decline and was euthanized 30 days later. Necropsy results confirmed end stage liver disease, but an initiating cause was not found. This case highlights the role of bactibilia in the development of acute cholecystitis and the unique cytologic appearance of C guttulatus as an incidental finding in bile fluid.
Evaluation of a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate Scout) in dogs
Authors: Ferasin Luca , Dodkin Stephen J. , Amodio Annarita , Murray Jane K. , Papasouliotis Kostas
Published: March 2008

Background: Measurement of blood lactate concentration has become a common practice in canine medicine. However, the accuracy of portable lactate monitors has not been reported in dogs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of a portable analyzer (Lactate‐Scout) in measuring canine blood lactate concentration. Methods: A preliminary study was performed to assess the effects of sample storage time and temperature on plasma lactate concentration. Blood samples obtained from 6 canine patients at our hospital were divided into 8 aliquots and stored at 4°C and 20°C; plasma lactate was measured in duplicate with a spectrophotometric system (Konelab) at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after the blood collection. Values were compared with those obtained immediately after blood collection. Lactate values obtained by the portable method also were compared with those obtained by the reference spectrophotometric analyzer on blood samples collected from 48 additional canine patients. Results: There was no significant effect of storage time (P= .89) or temperature (P= .51) on plasma lactate levels. The correlation between lactate values measured with the Lactate‐Scout and the Konelab method wasr= .98 (slope = .81, 95% confidence interval = .73–.87; intercept = .20, 95% confidence interval = .13–.31). The level of agreement between the 2 methods was generally good for mean lactate concentrations <5 mmol/L. However, at higher lactate concentrations (5 of 48 samples), the values recorded by the Lactate‐Scout analyzer were lower than those measured by the Konelab method.Conclusion: The Lactate‐Scout analyzer is reliably comparable to a reference method for measuring whole blood lactate concentration in dogs; however, caution should be used when interpreting lactate values of 5 mmol/L and higher.
Hematology and serum biochemistry values of trapped, healthy, free‐ranging rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and their association with age, sex, and gestational status
Authors: Aroch Itamar , King Roni , Baneth Gad
Published: March 2008

Background: The rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) is an herbivore prevalent from South Africa to Turkey, and a most common zoo animal. Although many studies of hyrax diseases and physiology are available, clinicopathologic data are limited. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish comprehensive hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for trapped, apparently healthy, free‐ranging rock hyraxes using modern laboratory methods and to assess differences related to sex, gestation, and age. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 27 healthy, free‐ranging hyraxes under anesthesia. Gender, body weight, and gestational status were recorded. Hematologic (n = 25) and serum biochemical (n = 22) analyses were performed using standard automated methodology. Data for male vs female, adult vs juvenile, and pregnant vs nonpregnant female hyraxes were compared using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test. Associations between variables were assessed using Pearson's or Spearman rank correlation tests. Results: Significant age‐ and sex‐related, but not gestation‐related differences were observed in several variables. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus concentration were significantly higher in juveniles compared with adults. A unique type of monocyte comprised 1–3% of leukocytes in 4 hyraxes. Markedly high serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was observed in most hyraxes. Conclusions: The large number of animals and the availability of sex, age, and gestational data in this study will be useful to zoo and wildlife veterinarians working with rock hyraxes. High serum concentrations of beta‐hydroxybutyric acid in the rock hyrax, compared with dogs, cats, and ruminants, may be related to its unique digestive system. High CK activity may have been the result of a capture myopathy‐like syndrome. The unique monocytes in hyraxes resemble those of elephants and are a novel finding in this species.
Artifactual changes in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and cell counts in bovine, caprine, and porcine blood stored at room and refrigerator temperatures
Authors: Ihedioha John I. , Onwubuche Rebecca C.
Published: March 2008

Background: Blood samples collected from farm animals for hematology testing may not reach the laboratory or be examined immediately upon collection, and in some cases may need to be transported for hours before reaching a laboratory. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the artifactual changes that may occur in PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and cell counts in bovine, caprine, and porcine blood samples stored at room (30°C) or refrigerator (5°C) temperature. Methods: Baseline values for PCV, Hgb concentration, and RBC and WBC counts were determined immediately after blood collection from 36 cattle, 32 goats, and 48 pigs using manual techniques. Blood samples were split into 2 aliquots and stored at 30°C or 5°C. Hematologic analyses were carried out at specified intervals during 120 hours of storage. Results were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA; results at different temperatures were compared by paired t‐tests. Results: Compared to baseline values, there were no significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, or WBC count in samples from cattle; in Hgb concentration and RBC count in samples from goats; and in Hgb concentration and WBC count in samples from pigs throughout the 120 hours of storage at both 30°C and 5°C. Significant changes (P < .05) from baseline occurred in PCV after 14 hours of storage at 30°C and after 19 hours of storage at 5°C in cattle and goats; and after 10 hours of storage at 30°C and 14 hours of storage at 5°C in pigs. Significant changes also were observed in Hgb concentration at 96 hours at 30°C and 5°C, and in RBC counts at 48 hours at 30°C and 96 hours at 5°C in porcine samples; and in total WBC counts at 120 hours at 30°C and 5°C in caprine samples. Artifactual changes were more pronounced in the samples stored at 30°C. Conclusions: At both 30°C and 5°C, blood samples from cattle and goats can be stored for up to 12 hours, while blood samples from pigs can be stored for up to 8 hours without any significant changes in PCV. Blood samples from all 3 species can be stored for more than 24 hours without significant changes in Hgb concentration, RBC count, and total WBC count.
Protein electrophoresis of psittacine plasma
Authors: Cray Carolyn , Rodriguez Marilyn , Zaias Julia
Published: March 2008

Background: Although protein electrophoresis (EPH) has been widely applied in human and veterinary medicine, it has only recently been implemented in the analysis of avian samples. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the application of protein EPH to the analysis of psittacine plasma samples. Our goals were to describe protein fraction mobility, establish reference intervals for some common species, determine the coefficient of variation (CV) of the chosen method, and examine the effects of sample handling and sample condition. Methods: Heparinized plasma samples from several common psittacine species (minimum sample size 50 each) were examined using the Beckman Paragon system and SPEP‐II gels. Total protein was measured by refractometry. Reference intervals (95%) were calculated by the rank methods. Results: Fraction migration patterns were found to vary among common psittacine species. Day‐to‐day CV for the EPH fractions ranged from 2.2% to 10.5%; within‐run CV ranged from 4.8% to 10.8%; and total CV ranged from 3.2% to 14.8%. The highest CV was noted for the poorly defined α‐globulin fraction. Prolonged refrigeration, repeated freeze‐thawing, hemolysis, and lipemia altered the results. Conclusions: Protein fractions from psittacine species were variable in terms of migration pattern and protein concentration, which necessitates the use of species‐specific reference intervals. Avian protein electrophoretic patterns and values should be interpreted based on knowledge of the CV associated with the technique as well as on the effects of sample handling and condition.
Apparent pseudohyperkalemia in a Chinese Shar Pei dog
Authors: Battison Andrea
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhole blood in a serum clot tube and EDTA–anticoagulated samples from an 8‐year‐old spayed female Chinese Shar Pei dog were submitted by an external clinic to the diagnostic laboratory at Atlantic Veterinary College for routine biochemical and hematologic analysis prior to entropion surgery. Laboratory abnormalities included mild hyperkalemia (6.3 mmol/L, reference interval 3.6–6.0 mmol/L), mild normocytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia (HCT 0.31 L/L, reference interval 0.37–0.55 L/L; MCHC 290 g/L, reference interval 320–360 g/L), and increased red cell distribution width (RDW; 26.2%, reference interval 11–14%). A small subpopulation of macrocytic, slightly hypochromic erythrocytes was noted on Wright's‐Giemsa–stained blood smears. Biochemical and hematologic data obtained from this patient over the previous 7.5 years indicated that serum (and in 1 case, heparinized plasma) potassium concentration was increased (range, 6.3–10.9 mmol/L) in 5 of 8 samples (HCT ranged from 0.31–0.43 L/L, Hgb 91–124 g/L, MCHC 280–312 g/L, and RDW 18.2–26.9%). Clinical signs suggestive of hyperkalemia were not observed at any time, suggesting pseudohyperkalemia as the cause of the increased potassium concentrations. An erythrocyte lysate prepared from a heparinized blood sample had a high potassium concentration (16.8 mmol/L) compared with that of a clinically healthy, non‐Shiba control dog (6.7 mmol/L). An osmotic fragility test of the patient's erythrocytes showed 50% hemolysis at 0.57% NaCl, compared with 0.48% NaCl for the control dog, indicating increased fragility. On scanning electron microscopy, a small subpopulation of erythrocytes were large, flattened, and had a tendency to fold. These findings supported the provisional diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia due to increased intracellular RBC potassium concentration. High–potassium erythrocytes have been reported in Akitas, Shibas, Jindos, other East Asian dog breeds, and occasionally, in mixed‐breed dogs. Pseudohyperkalemia should also be considered when an otherwise unexplained elevation in serum or plasma potassium concentration is observed in Chinese Shar Pei dogs, and may be accompanied by increased RDW, low MCHC, and increased osmotic fragility with or without mild anemia.
Liver aspirate from a Shar Pei dog
Authors: Flatland Bente , Moore Rebecca R. , Wolf Christina M. , Yeomans Stephen M. , Donnell Robert L. , Lane India F. , Fry Michael M.
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 5‐year‐old, neutered male, Shar Pei dog was presented with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, stranguria, and distal limb edema. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included anemia, an inflammatory leukogram, azotemia, icterus, urinary tract infection, and hepatomegaly with a markedly hypoechoic liver. Cytologic findings in a fine‐needle aspirate of the liver included large amounts of amorphous, pink, extracellular matrix between hepatocytes. The amorphous material was congophilic using Congo red stain on a hepatic cytology specimen and green birefringent areas were observed under polarized light, confirming the presence of amyloid. The dog was euthanized and a necropsy was done. Histopathologic evaluation using H&E and Congo red staining confirmed amyloid deposits within the liver, kidneys, intestinal vessels, pancreas, and mesenteric ganglia. Immunohistochemical staining of liver and kidney sections using anti‐AA amyloid and anti‐P component antibodies confirmed the presence of AA amyloid. In this case, we demonstrated that Congo red staining and polarized light microscopy are a useful diagnostic technique in cytologic specimens of suitable thickness for confirming the presence of amyloid.
Clinical evaluation of the CA530‐VET hematology analyzer for use in veterinary practice
Authors: Roleff Sabine , Arndt Gisela , Bottema Bram , Junker Lothar , Grabner Arthur , Kohn Barbara
Published: March 2008

Background: The CA530‐VET is a completely automated impedance cell hematology analyzer, which yields a 16‐parameter blood count including a 3‐part leukocyte differential. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the operational potential of the CA530‐VET and its value for use in veterinary practice. Methods: The analyzer was tested for blood carry‐over, precision, and accuracy. Comparison methods included the CELL‐DYN 3500, microhematocrit centrifugation, manual platelet (PLT) counting for feline and equine species, and a 100‐cell manual WBC differential. Blood samples for comparison of the methods were obtained from 242 dogs, 166 cats, and 144 horses. Results: The carry‐over ratio (K) was 0.28% for RBC, 0.59% for PLT, 0.32% for WBC, and 0.18% for hemoglobin (HGB) concentration. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for within‐batch precision and duplicate measurement of blood samples were clearly within the required limits, except for duplicate platelet counts in cats (8.7%) and horses (9.5%). The WBC count was in excellent agreement for dogs and horses and RBC count was in excellent agreement for horses. The accuracy of feline WBC counts was not acceptable, with the exception of values at the high end of the range. RBC counts in dogs and cats, and HGB concentration and MCV in all 3 species were sufficiently accurate. The CA530‐VET HCT results were in excellent agreement with microhematocrit results in horses but exceeded the maximum allowed inaccuracy for cats and dogs. In all species, PLT counts established mechanically and manually were not in adequate agreement. Large differences were found between the CA530‐VET and the manual differential percentage for lymphocytes and “mid‐sized cells” (monocytes and basophilic granulocytes). Conclusions: The CA530‐VET can be considered useful for routine canine, feline, and equine blood cell analyses. It should not be considered accurate, however, for PLT counts, feline total WBC counts in the subnormal and normal range, and leukocyte differentials, except for granulocytes.
Evaluation of coagulation markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bédard Christian , Lanevschi‐Pietersma Anne , Dunn Marilyn
Published: March 2008

Background: Thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism are frequent complications of feline cardiomyopathy, especially when associated with left atrial enlargement. Markers of activated coagulation may be used to evaluate the coagulation status of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in relation to left atrial size. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare plasma concentrations of thrombin‐antithrombin complex (TAT), D‐dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDP) between clinically healthy cats and cats with HCM. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and antithrombin activity were also compared and the association between left atrial (LA) size and coagulation results in cats with HCM was evaluated. Methods: Blood samples from 19 clinically healthy cats and 20 cats with HCM were obtained. All cats with HCM were asymptomatic and had no signs of heart failure. LA diameter and LA to proximal aortic (Ao) diameter ratio (LA:Ao) were determined by echocardiography. Results: Reference intervals for D‐dimer and TAT concentrations in plasma of healthy cats were established as 0.09–0.32 μg/mL and 2.0–20.0 μg/L, respectively. TAT, D‐dimer, and FDP concentrations were increased in 5, 3, and 2 cats with HCM, respectively. TAT and D‐dimer concentrations, and PT and aPTT were not significantly different between groups. Antithrombin activity was significantly decreased in cats with HCM (P= .03) despite marked range overlap. LA and LA:Ao were not correlated with coagulation results. Conclusions: Laboratory evidence of hypercoagulability was found in 45% of cats with HCM. Left atrial size was not associated with laboratory evidence of hypercoagulability. Association between coagulation markers and risk of thrombosis has yet to be evaluated in cats with HCM.
Effects of a single injection of methylprednisolone acetate on serum biochemical parameters in 11 cats
Authors: Sharkey Leslie C. , Ployngam Trasida , Tobias Anthony H. , Torres Sheila M. F.
Published: March 2008

Background: Therapeutic use of corticosteroids has been implicated in a variety of serum biochemical abnormalities in dogs; however, the effects in cats are less well characterized. Objective: The objective of this brief communication is to report serum biochemical changes in response to methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in adult cats. Methods: Serum biochemical profiles were performed on 11 cats with dermatologic diseases at baseline, 3–6 days, and 16–24 days after a single intramuscular dose of 5 mg/kg MPA. Results: Median serum albumin and bicarbonate concentrations and amylase activity were increased compared to baseline at both post‐treatment time points; aspartate aminotransferase activity and magnesium concentration were increased at 3–6 days post‐treatment only; and alkaline phosphatase activity and total calcium concentration were increased at 16–24 days post‐treatment only. Median serum creatinine concentration was decreased compared to baseline at both post‐treatment time points. Examination of data from individual cats revealed significant variability in serum biochemical changes in response to MPA. No adverse clinical reactions to the drug were reported. Conclusions: A single dose of MPA results in significant changes in some serum biochemical values in cats, although individual responses will vary.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia in an Oldenbourg filly
Authors: Macieira Susana , Rivard Georges‐Étienne , Champagne Josette , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre , Bédard Christian
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 18‐month‐old Oldenbourg filly was presented with a bleeding diathesis. Laboratory testing included platelet count, gingival bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), von Willebrand factor (vWf) antigen, clottable fibrinogen, clot retraction time, PFA‐100 closure time, platelet aggregometry (on platelet‐rich plasma), and thrombelastography (TEG). TEG was performed by using kaolin and tissue factor as coagulation activators. Expression of the platelet receptor for fibrinogen was assessed by flow cytometry by using anti‐CD41 (αIIb or glycoprotein IIb)/CD61 (βIII or glycoprotein IIIa) and anti‐CD41 antibodies. Abnormal laboratory findings included prolonged oral mucosal bleeding time (>12 hours), prolonged closure time with collagen/ADP (>300 seconds), and absence of clot retraction after 60 minutes. TEG reaction times were similar with kaolin and tissue factor in the patient and a control horse. However, maximum amplitudes in the patient were decreased with both kaolin (43.7 mm; control, 63.9 mm) and tissue factor (37.7 mm; control, 57.8 mm). Platelet aggregation responses to ADP and collagen were profoundly reduced in the affected horse compared with a control. Flow cytometry showed an absence of CD41 and decreased expression of CD41/CD61–reacting antigen on the patient's platelets compared with those from a control horse. The laboratory findings supported a diagnosis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia, likely caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the GPIIb subunit.
Spirochetemia caused by Borrelia turicatae infection in 3 dogs in Texas
Authors: Whitney Marlyn S. , Schwan Tom G. , Sultemeier Katherine B. , McDonald Polly S. , Brillhart Martin N.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Spirochetemia was diagnosed in 2 Siberian Huskies and a Rottweiler from the northwestern region of Texas between June 1999 and October 2001. Clinical findings were nonspecific; tick exposure was documented in 2 of the dogs. Hematologic abnormalities included anemia (n = 2), neutrophilia (n = 2, including 1 with a left shift), lymphopenia (n = 3), eosinopenia (n = 3), and thrombocytopenia (n = 2). One anemic dog had a positive Coombs' test. In 1 dog, Western blot analysis of serum yielded multiple positive bands with B turicatae lysate, indicating the spirochetemia most likely was due to B turicatae infection. In 2 dogs, spirochetes were cultured from the blood and identified using DNA analysis as Borrelia turicatae; 1 of these dogs also was seropositive for Ehrlichia canis and B burgdorferi. In 2 cases, spirochetemia was more prominent in blood smears prepared immediately after sample collection than in smears prepared from EDTA blood. Two dogs recovered with doxycycline treatment; 1 dog declined clinically despite treatment and was euthanized. B turicatae is the agent of tick‐borne (endemic) relapsing fever in humans and is distinct from B burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease; however, serologic cross‐reactivity may occur. B turicatae is transmitted by the soft tick, Ornithodoros turicata, and infection should be considered in dogs with spirochetemia and possible exposure to the tick vector.
Plasma interleukin‐6 response is predictive for severity and mortality in canine systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis
Authors: Rau, Stefanie , Kohn, Barbara , Richter, Constance , Fenske, Nora , Küchenhoff, Helmut , Hartmann, Katrin , Härtle, Stefan , Kaspers, Bernd , Hirschberger Johannes
Published: March 2008

Background: Sepsis is still a major cause of death in both human and veterinary medicine. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. Identification of patients at risk for developing sepsis is already possible in human medicine through the measurement of plasma interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels. In veterinary medicine, however, this has been investigated only in canine experimental models. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure IL‐6 plasma levels in dogs with naturally occurring systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis and to analyze the value of IL‐6 as a predictive parameter for severity and mortality. Methods: Included in the study were 79 dogs that had been admitted to the small animal clinics of Munich and Berlin from July 2004 to July 2005 and that satisfied the diagnostic criteria for SIRS and sepsis as defined using established parameters. Measurement of plasma IL‐6 levels on days 0, 1, and 2 was performed by the use of a colorimetric bioassay based on IL‐6–dependent cell growth. Results: Septic foci were identified in 43 patients (septic group), and 36 patients were enrolled in the SIRS group. The frequency of positive blood cultures was 11%. The overall mortality rate was 48%. Higher plasma IL‐6 levels on the day of admission were significantly correlated with a more severe degree of disease, increased mortality rate, and earlier fatality.Conclusions:Plasma IL‐6 concentration is predictive of outcome in canine SIRS and sepsis and may be a valuable laboratory parameter for assessing critically ill dogs.
Platelet function in dogs: breed differences and effect of acetylsalicylic acid administration
Authors: Nielsen, Line A. , Zois, Nora E. , Pedersen, Henrik D. , Olsen, Lisbeth H. , Tarnow Inge
Published: March 2008

Background: Clinical studies investigating platelet function in dogs have had conflicting results that may be caused by normal physiologic variation in platelet response to agonists. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate platelet function in clinically healthy dogs of 4 different breeds by whole‐blood aggregometry and with a point‐of‐care platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100), and to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) administration on the results from both methods. Methods: Forty‐five clinically healthy dogs (12 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels [CKCS], 12 Cairn Terriers, 10 Boxers, and 11 Labrador Retrievers) were included in the study. Platelet function was assessed by whole‐blood aggregation with ADP (1, 5, 10, and 20 μM) as agonist and by PFA‐100 using collagen and epinephrine (Col + Epi) and Col + ADP as agonists. Plasma thromboxane B2concentration was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. To investigate the effect of ASA, 10 dogs were dosed daily (75 or 250 mg ASA orally) for 4 consecutive days. Results: A higher platelet aggregation response was found in CKCS compared to the other breeds. Longer PFA‐100 closure time (Col + Epi) was found in Cairn Terriers compared to Boxers. Plasma thromboxane B2concentration was not statistically different between groups. Administration of ASA prolonged the PFA‐100 closure times, using Col + Epi (but not Col + ADP) as agonists. Furthermore, ASA resulted in a decrease in whole‐blood platelet aggregation. Conclusions: Platelet function is influenced by breed, depending upon the methodology applied. However, the importance of these breed differences remains to be investigated. The PFA‐100 method with Col + Epi as agonists, and ADP‐induced platelet aggregation appear to be sensitive to ASA in dogs.
Hematologic characteristics of captive western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville) from Western Australia
Authors: Bennett Mark D. , Woolford Lucy , O'Hara Amanda J. , Nicholls Philip K. , Warren Kristin S. , Hulme‐Moir K. Lisa , Clark Phillip
Published: March 2008

Background: The western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) is an Australian marsupial species now considered endangered as a consequence of habitat destruction and predation. A recently discovered papillomatosis syndrome is hindering efforts to repopulate this species. Hematology reference intervals have been lacking for P bougainville, preventing optimal interpretation of hematology results from wart‐affected and clinically normal animals. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish hematology reference values and describe morphologic characteristics of blood cells of healthy western barred bandicoots.Methods: Fifty‐nine whole blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture into EDTA from 47 clinically healthy captive western barred bandicoots at 3 locations on the Western Australian mainland. A CBC was performed using an ADVIA‐120 analyzer. Data were compared on the basis of geographic location, sex, age, and lactation status, and reference intervals were calculated. Blood cell morphology was evaluated using light microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Significant differences were found based on sex (RBC indices, fibrinogen), age (% polychromatophilic RBCs), and geographic location (RBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, MCHC, % polychromatophilic RBCs, fibrinogen). Combined reference intervals were calculated for hemoglobin concentration (122–165 g/L), HCT (0.36–0.49 L/L), and total WBC (2.9–14.9 × 109/L), monocyte (0–0.6 × 109/L), eosinophil (0–0.9 × 109/L), and total plasma protein (47–63 g/L) concentrations. Leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet morphology were similar to those of other marsupial peramelid species. Nuclei in neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils occasionally had an annular configuration. Conclusions: Reference intervals and blood cell morphology obtained in this study will be useful for the evaluation of laboratory data from ill animals and assist with population health monitoring of western barred bandicoots.
The relationship between blood indicators of phosphorus status in cattle
Authors: Sharifi K. , Mohri M. , Rakhshani A.
Published: March 2008

Background: Determining accurate body phosphorus status and requirements is important in ruminants because of environmental concerns of surface water pollution by overzealous phosphorus consumption in developed countries, and extensive regions of phosphorus deficiency in developing ones. Current indicators, such as concentrations of bone, plasma, fecal, and rumen inorganic phosphorus (Pi), fall short of this goal. In addition, plasma Pi (PPi) concentrations may be falsely increased by hemolysis during storage of blood samples. Objectives: The goals of this study were to: 1) compare whole blood Pi (WBPi), red blood cell Pi (RBCPi), and PPi concentrations in different groups of dairy calves and cows; 2) evaluate relationships among the concentrations of these indicators of phosphorus status; and 3) investigate the possibility of predicting RBCPi and PPi concentrations according to WBPi concentration. Methods: Heparinized whole blood samples were obtained from 53 suckling calves, 29 weaned calves, 14 heifers, 20 dry pregnant cows, and 19 high‐producing lactating dairy cows. Pi concentration was measured in plasma and in lysates of whole blood and packed RBCs using an automated phosphomolybdate method. PCV was determined using the microhematocrit method. Results were analyzed using 1‐way ANOVA and regression analysis. Results: Heifers and dry cows had significantly higher RBCPi concentrations, and weaned calves and dry cows had significantly higher WBPi concentrations, compared with other groups. In all groups, WBPi was significantly associated with other variables, including PCV. Regression models for each group were calculated to predict RBCPi and PPi concentrations according to WBPi concentration. Conclusion: Results of different blood phosphorus indicators vary according to age and stage of lactation. The models that predict PPi and RBCPi according to WBPi may have some value in estimating total body phosphorus status in cattle.
Cytologic appearance of a keloidal fibrosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Little Liz K. , Goldschmidt Michael
Published: March 2008

A 5‐year‐old neutered male, mixed‐breed dog was presented with a single 4‐mm, nodular, firm, haired subcutaneous mass on the left flank that had been present for approximately 2 weeks. Cytologic preparations of the mass revealed many spindle cells, few mast cells, rare eosinophils, rare macrophages, abundant hyalinized collagen, and moderate numbers of erythrocytes. The spindle cells were oval to fusiform, with oval nuclei, finely stippled to lacy chromatin, 1–5 variably sized prominent nucleoli, and moderate to abundant cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders, wispy cytoplasmic extensions, and occasionally, fine magenta granulation. The cell population exhibited moderate anisocytosis, moderate anisokaryosis, and rare binucleation. The eosinophilic material occurred both in large angular aggregates with blunt ends and in amorphous aggregates with fine wispy projections. Histologic findings were consistent with a keloidal fibrosarcoma. To the authors' knowledge, this report is the first to describe the cytomorphologic characteristics of a keloidal fibrosarcoma in a dog.
Hypercalcemia and high parathyroid hormone–related peptide concentration in a dog with a complex mammary carcinoma
Authors: Bae Bo‐kyoung , Kim Chae‐wook , Choi Ul‐soo , Choi Eun‐wha , Jee Hyang , Kim Dae‐yong , Lee Chang‐woo
Published: March 2008

A 10‐year‐old female Dachshund was presented with a history of mammary masses, slight lethargy, polyuria, and polydipsia. Physical examination findings included masses involving the first, second, and fourth mammary glands of the left side. The mandibular, axillary, and right popliteal lymph nodes were mildly enlarged. Serum chemistry results included hypercalcemia (13.9 mg/dL, reference interval 8.0–11.5 mg/dL). Although intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration (1.05 pmol/L) was below the reference interval (2–13 pmol/L), PTH–related protein (PTHrP) concentration was markedly increased (9.40 pmol/L, reference value <2 pmol/L). The masses were surgically removed, and the histopathologic diagnosis was complex mammary carcinoma. Three weeks after surgery, serum total calcium concentration had decreased to 10.5 mg/dL. Resolution of the hypercalcemia and clinical signs supported a diagnosis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with mammary gland carcinoma.