bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Wireless Transmitter for EV and AGV With High Interoperability
Authors: Liu Chao , Zheng Feijie , Zhuang Yizhan , Chen Xiaoying , Cheng Xiangpeng , Li Zhongqi , Zhang Yiming
Published: February 2025

With the continuous expansion of wireless power transfer (WPT) in the field of electric vehicles (EVs) and automated guided vehicles (AGVs), there is a need for a wireless charger that can complete the charging of these two devices in a limited space. To fill the gap in this field, this paper proposes an integrated wireless transmitter (IWT) that is suitable for EV and AGV wireless charging under different frequencies, which can realize the radio energy transmission of two types of vehicles in one charging position. It can also tolerate different coupling structures in EV wireless charging, namely the unipolar (Q) and bipolar (DD) coils. The IWT is established by stacking the Q coil and the DD coil composed of two self‐decoupled poles, combined with circuit configuration topologies. An experimental prototype is established to verify the interoperability performance. The proposed WPT system can achieve interoperability with EV wireless charging of Q or DD receiving coils at 85 kHz and AGV wireless charging at 200 kHz.
Machine Learning and Spatio Temporal Analysis for Assessing Ecological Impacts of the Billion Tree Afforestation Project
Authors: Mehmood Kaleem , Anees Shoaib Ahmad , Muhammad Sultan , Shahzad Fahad , Liu Qijing , Khan Waseem Razzaq , Shrahili Mansour , Ansari Mohammad Javed , Dube Timothy
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province using remote sensing and machine learning. Applying Random Forest (RF) classification to Sentinel‐2 imagery, we observed an increase in tree cover from 25.02% in 2015 to 29.99% in 2023 and a decrease in barren land from 20.64% to 16.81%, with an accuracy above 85%. Hotspot and spatial clustering analyses revealed significant vegetation recovery, with high‐confidence hotspots rising from 36.76% to 42.56%. A predictive model for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), supported by SHAP analysis, identified soil moisture and precipitation as primary drivers of vegetation growth, with the ANN model achieving an R2 of 0.8556 and an RMSE of 0.0607 on the testing dataset. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating machine learning with remote sensing as a framework to support data‐driven afforestation efforts and inform sustainable environmental management practices.
Ecomorphological Convergence Following Niche Shifts in Montane Ground Beetles (Carabidae: Nebria)
Authors: Schat Jillian K. , Ehlert Elizabeth , Kavanaugh David H. , Dudko Roman Yu , Schoville Sean D.
Published: February 2025

A critical step toward uncovering generalizable patterns of phenotype‐niche relationships is understanding how functional traits have evolved as species occupy new habitats. Ecomorphological traits impact how organisms function in their environment and are predictive of habitat use and niche. Studying ecomorphological variation in the context of strong environmental filtering can provide opportunities to understand the role of convergent evolution in forming trait‐habitat use patterns. By integrating a molecular phylogeny, habitat use, and morphometrics, this study aimed to understand the role of ancestry and convergent evolution in ecomorphological trait evolution. This study examined these processes using an assemblage of 79 species in the ground beetle genus Nebria (Carabidae: Nebriini). Species in this genus are habitat specialists who occupy montane and alpine streambeds, talus, and snowfields in Holarctic mountain ranges (0–5000 m. above sea level). Morphological measurements, including pronotal ratio (widest point divided by the base), elytral length, elytral ratio (length divided by width), antennal scape length, and pronotal and elytral shape (Fourier decomposition), were used in this study, in conjunction with measurements of habitat use habitat where specimens were collected (1970‐2021). Morphological variation was examined in relation to habitat use and phylogenetic relatedness, and morphological trait evolution was tested for convergence. Ecomorphological traits are evolving slower than expected under a null model of Brownian motion evolution. Nebria species cluster in multivariate morphospace according to relatedness, but habitat use and relatedness together are the best predictors of morphological variation. There is evidence for convergence in riparian species based on morphologicy alone, and additional evidence for morphological convergence in riparian and alpine species when phylogenetic distance is considered. In species assemblages of Nebria, we found evidence of rapid diversification followed by a slow rate of ecomorphological evolution, with convergent evolution playing a significant role in shaping trait‐habitat use patterns and niche acquisition.
Artificial Attractants: Implications for Disease Management in Deer
Authors: Gritter Kelsey , Pybus Margo , Lewis Mark A. , Merrill Evelyn
Published: February 2025

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that infects cervid species by direct and environmental transmission and is invariably fatal. CWD spread can be promoted by the attraction of animals to “hotspots” such as hay bales and grain bags stored in fields and at farm sites. The density and location of hotspots may impact contact rates. We used an individual‐based movement model of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to investigate the effects of density and configuration of hotspots (hereafter artificial attractants, AA) on contact rates at a constant density of 1 deer/km2 during winter. The model tracks when two deer from the same or different groups come into contact under 6 AA densities (0–1 AA/km2) and 6 AA configurations. We compared placing AA randomly versus clustered around farms, and removing them randomly versus biased by proximity to preferred habitat. Overall, the number of unique contacts per individual and the number of unique deer visiting an AA increased, and the number of AAs used by each deer decreased as AA density declined. Selectively removing field attractants near preferred habitat resulted in a larger increase in contacts per deer, with deer contacting more and different individuals, fewer deer using the remaining AA, and fewer visits per AA than random removal. There was a greater increase in contact rates when reducing AA density at farms by randomly removing all AA at a farm compared to randomly removing individual AA across farms. Deer responses to AA removal may not be as straightforward as originally believed. Deer contacts may increase, not decrease, with AA removal because deer are attracted to the remaining AA. Under moderate deer densities, AA removal may require a broad‐scale, “all or nothing” approach to prevent deer from concentrating at remaining AA, but concomitantly lowering deer density needs further assessment.
The Effectiveness of a Primary Care Diabetes Education and Self‐Management Program in Ireland: A 6‐Month Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Scannell Clodagh , O'Neill Tonya , Griffin Anne
Published: February 2025

Aims

Self‐management education is recognised as an essential element of comprehensive diabetes care. This study aims to assess the impact of the DESMOND (Diabetes Education and Self‐Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) structured diabetes self‐management education programme administered by a registered dietitian in a primary‐care setting on key clinical indicators (HbA1c, weight and BMI) in participants who returned for the locally developed 6‐month follow‐up session.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of participants who attended the DESMOND 6‐h structured diabetes self‐management education programme and returned for the locally developed follow‐up programme during 2018 in the Midwest of Ireland. Paired sample t‐tests and McNemar chi‐square tests were used to assess any differences between baseline and 6 months post‐intervention.

Results

There were 66 participants, mean age of 63 years. At follow‐up, HbA1c was reduced by 6.45 mmol/mol (standard deviation (SD): 15.02 mmol/mol, p = 0.006). The number of participants below the 53 mmol/mol cut‐off increased from 52% at baseline to 71% at follow‐up (p < 0.001). A mean weight reduction of 1.4 kg (SD: 4.4 kg, p = 0.21) was found at follow‐up. Those in the overweight BMI category decreased from 30.2% to 26.4%, a clinically significant result.

Conclusion

Better glycaemic control and clinically significant improvements in BMI and weight were seen at 6 months among participants who attended the DESMOND program and returned for the locally developed follow‐up session. This supports the emerging evidence of the effectiveness of self‐management education for diabetes care. Further research is required to determine the optimal contact time and frequency of sessions required in order to sustain the observed improvement in clinical outcomes.
Coupling Lattice Strain and Sulfur Vacancy in Tin Monosulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Jiang Yitong , Zheng Yihong , Tong Lijuan , Zuo Kun , Tu Mulan , Chen Shihong , Chen Xiaochuan , Wu Junxiong , Chen Qinghua , Li Xiaoyan , Chen Yuming
Published: February 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries have garnered significant attention as a cost‐effective alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to the abundance and affordability of sodium precursors. However, the lack of suitable electrode materials with both high capacity and excellent stability continues to hinder their practical viability. Herein, we couple lattice strain and sulfur deficiency effects in a tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite to enhance sodium storage performance. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the synergistic effects of lattice strain and sulfur vacancies in tin monosulfide promote rapid (de)intercalation near the surface/edge of the material, thereby enhancing its pseudocapacitive sodium storage properties. Consequently, the strained and defective tin monosulfide/reduced graphene oxide composite demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 511.82 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an outstanding rate capability of 450.60 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1. This study offers an effective strategy for improving sodium storage performance through lattice strain and defect engineering.
Recent Advances in Visible Light‐Driven Multicomponent Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Tetrafluoroborates
Authors: Luu Truong Giang , Lee Sumi , Kim Hee-Kwon
Published: February 2025

Photochemical multicomponent reactions are a valuable technology in modern synthetic chemistry. These reactions utilize visible light as a clean and renewable energy source, enabling the construction of diverse molecules from multiple substrates in a single step. These advantages have driven the application of multicomponent photochemical reactions in various fields such as drug discovery, materials science, and agrochemical development. Recently, aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates have emerged as promising substrates for photochemical multicomponent reactions, and they have been used to synthesize a variety of complex compounds through photochemical multicomponent reactions. This review highlights recent advances in visible light‐induced multicomponent reactions employing aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates.
Dynamics of Worm Propagation Model in Complex Networks Considering Benign Worm and Link Prediction Approach
Authors: Asadi Elham , Hosseini Soodeh
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the spread of worms as a type of malware is modeled with epidemic models. In the proposed model, we have considered the defense mechanism of the benign worm, link prediction, and quarantine of the infected nodes as methods to reduce the spread of the worm in complex networks. For the benign worm, the parameters of the ability to detect vulnerable nodes and the ability to immunization nodes have been considered, and we have investigated their role in reducing the spread of the worm in the network. The vulnerability list of the benign worm is considered as another characteristic of the benign worm and its role in the spread of the worm is analyzed. In the context of dynamic analysis of the model, we have obtained the initial equilibrium point and the basic reproduction ratio. Finally, the proposed model is evaluated on the Barabasi Albert artificial network and the standard data sets and compared with the SIR and SIRV models.
Toward Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells: From Lead‐Free Materials to Environmental Concerns and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Gao Shanshan , Bae Jeong‐Ju , Lee Da Seul , Yang Tae‐Youl , Shin Seong Sik
Published: February 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of photovoltaics owing to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), cost‐effective production methods, and versatile applications. However, the widespread use of lead (Pb)‐based materials in PSCs poses challenges related to their toxicity and environmental sustainability. This review explores recent advances in the development of Pb‐free perovskite materials, such as tin (Sn)‐based, germanium (Ge)‐based, and other B(IV) and B(III) cation alternatives, while assessing their electronic properties, stability, and performance‐enhancing strategies. Additionally, we discuss the use of green solvents and fabrication techniques to minimize their environmental impact. This review aims to guide future research toward safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable PSC technologies, ensuring that the benefits of solar energy can be harnessed without compromising human health or the environment.

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Characterizing the Heat Transfer Performance of Contaminated Flame‐Resistant Fabrics
Authors: Tushar Shariful Islam , Mandal Sumit , Chowdhury Ishmam Zahin , Petrova Adriana , Boorady Lynn M. , Agnew Robert J. , Kubicki Michael , Park Haejun , Larson Preston
Published: February 2025

For the safety of workers in the oil and gas field, flame‐resistant clothing is recommended to reduce the risks of skin burns and fatalities resulting from heat and fire hazards. However, flame‐resistant fabrics (FRFs) contaminated with flammable substances can compromise their flammability and heat transfer properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the heat transfer performance (HTP) of the contaminated FRFs to improve workers' safety from burn injuries by understanding how contamination affects fabric thermal protection. The HTP in terms of second‐degree burn time was evaluated and characterized by exposing the fabrics to 84 kW/m2 mixed convective and radiant heat flux. The peak temperature and average heat release rate of the FRFs were also evaluated. Two levels of contamination, consisting of drilling mud and crude oil, were added to three FRFs: Meta‐aramid/cotton, meta‐aramid/para‐aramid, and para‐aramid/polybenzimidazole. The HTP of drilling mud‐contaminated fabrics increased, while the HTP of crude oil‐contaminated fabrics varied by fabric type and contamination level. This may be attributed to drilling mud's higher specific heat capacity and lower flammability than crude oil. Among the fabrics tested, meta‐aramid/cotton fabric showed the best HTP with higher second‐degree burn times of 9.63 s with drilling mud and 9.07 s with crude oil. The relationship among contamination level, fabric properties, and HTP was developed using a multiple linear regression statistical model. The fabric's properties, such as fabric weight and air permeability, significantly contributed to the HTP of the contaminated fabrics.
Transdiagnostic Connectome‐Based Prediction of Response Inhibition
Authors: Lv Qiuyu , Wang Xuanyi , Kang Ning , Wang Xiang , Lin Pan
Published: February 2025

Response inhibition (RI) deficits are a core feature across diagnostic categories of mental disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the brain networks underlying different forms of RI deficits are disorder‐shared or disorder‐specific, and how they interact with aberrant brain connectivity across disorders. Connectome‐based predictive modeling (CPM) provides a novel approach for exploring the brain networks associated with RI abnormalities across diagnostic categories of mental disorders. Publicly available resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from individuals with schizophrenia (n = 47), bipolar disorder (n = 47), and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 40), as well as healthy controls (n = 121), were utilized to construct whole‐brain network predictive models for different forms of RI (action cancellation and action restraint). The brain networks of different forms of RI were further compared with abnormal brain networks in the diagnostic groups. Action restraint and action cancellation exhibited both shared and distinct brain networks. There was a dissociation in the relationship between the brain networks underlying different forms of RI and the aberrant connectivity patterns observed across diagnostic categories. Our models successfully predicted action restraint performance across diagnostic categories, whereas the model failed to effectively predict action cancellation due to the influence of disease‐related aberrant connectivity on the brain networks underlying action cancellation. Nevertheless, the action cancellation model demonstrated generalizability to novel, healthy participants (n = 220) from an independent dataset. Our study clarifies the complex relationship between deficits in RI and the neuropathology of mental disorders and provides a foundation for more accurate cognitive assessment and targeted interventions. Our findings highlight the importance of refining RI constructs and emphasize the value of applying connectome methods to reveal cross‐diagnostic neural mechanisms.
Advancing Medical Research Through Artificial Intelligence: Progressive and Transformative Strategies: A Literature Review
Authors: Al‐Qudimat Ahmad R. , Fares Zainab E. , Elaarag Mai , Osman Maha , Al‐Zoubi Raed M. , Aboumarzouk Omar M.
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become integral to medical research, impacting various aspects such as data analysis, writing assistance, and publishing. This paper explores the multifaceted influence of AI on the process of writing medical research papers, encompassing data analysis, ethical considerations, writing assistance, and publishing efficiency.

Methods

The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines; a comprehensive search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases for research publications on artificial intelligence in medical research published up to October 2023.

Results

AI facilitates the writing process by generating drafts, offering grammar and style suggestions, and enhancing manuscript quality through advanced models like ChatGPT. Ethical concerns regarding content ownership and potential biases in AI‐generated content underscore the need for collaborative efforts among researchers, publishers, and AI creators to establish ethical standards. Moreover, AI significantly influences data analysis in healthcare, optimizing outcomes and patient care, particularly in fields such as obstetrics and gynecology and pharmaceutical research. The application of AI in publishing, ranging from peer review to manuscript quality control and journal matching, underscores its potential to streamline and enhance the entire research and publication process. Overall, while AI presents substantial benefits, ongoing research, and ethical guidelines are essential for its responsible integration into the evolving landscape of medical research and publishing.

Conclusion

The integration of AI in medical research has revolutionized efficiency and innovation, impacting data analysis, writing assistance, publishing, and others. While AI tools offer significant benefits, ethical considerations such as biases and content ownership must be addressed. Ongoing research and collaborative efforts are crucial to ensure responsible and transparent AI implementation in the dynamic landscape of medical research and publishing.
The Safety and Efficacy of Intravascular Lithotripsy in the Treatment of Severe Coronary Artery Calcification in 261 Cases: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Wu Tiankun , Yang Honghui , Xu Guian , Li Qingman , Zhu Lijie , Yang Yapan , Yang Tingjie
Published: February 2025

Background

Coronary artery calcification is strongly linked to factors such as advanced age, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. Severe coronary artery calcification significantly elevates the complexity and risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), potentially giving rise to complications such as incomplete stent expansion, restenosis, and thrombosis. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), a novel approach, can break up calcified plaques and facilitate stent delivery and expansion. Nevertheless, its comprehensive safety and efficacy in pretreating severe coronary artery calcification lesions remain uncertain, and research data is relatively scarce compared to traditional techniques, especially in the large hospital setting of Henan with a considerable population base.

Aims

To retrospectively analyze the safety and efficacy of IVL in the treatment of severe coronary artery calcification in 261 cases.

Methods

From January 2022 to March 2024, 261 patients with at least one coronary artery lesion diagnosed as severe calcification and undergoing PCI based on IVL in Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital were selected for the study. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 272 diseased vessels treated with IVL for PCI. The primary endpoint was procedural success, while the main safety endpoints were no cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization within 30 days.

Results

Among the 261 patients, 234 (89.7%) had acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including 195 (74.7%) with non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Various techniques like noncompliant balloon, cutting balloon, and orbital grinding were employed for IVL preparation, and the proportion of direct IVL treatment was 8.8% (24 cases). The minimum lumen area significantly increased from (1.5 ± 0.6) mm² before treatment to (7.2 ± 1.8) mm² after treatment, with an acute gain rate of (243 ± 105)%, (p < 0.001), indicating a statistically significant difference. The primary efficacy endpoint was achieved 100%, and the primary safety endpoint was 2.6%. Perioperative complications were infrequent and were managed successfully.

Conclusions

As a new technology for modifying calcified plaques, the IVL system proves to be safe, effective, and straightforward to operate, offering a new and preferred option for patients with severe coronary calcified lesions, particularly those with ACS.
The Biopsychosocial Health Model Differentiates Long‐Term Exercisers From Non‐Exercisers: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Komáromi Liza , Somogyi Angéla , Szabo Attila
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model considers that health and behavioral outcomes result from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Regular exercise is an essential component of modern‐day healthy living. All three factors in the BPS model are related to long‐term exercise. Therefore, this cross‐sectional study aimed to compare adults exercising regularly for at least 3 years with their non‐exercising counterparts on perceived health and stress (antagonistic, biopsychological), life satisfaction (psychological), and perceived income (psychosocial) while controlling for age, gender, and education level.

Methods

Participants were 461 Hungarian volunteers (74.83% female) aged 18−73 years. There were 274 regular exercisers and 187 non‐exercisers. They completed the study on the Qualtrics research platform.

Results

A statistically significant (p < 0.001) multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that long‐term exercisers scored lower on perceived stress and higher on perceived health, income, and life satisfaction than non‐exercising adults. Consequently, the three factors of the BPS model differentiated the groups. Still, the effect sizes were relatively small. Finally, perceived stress was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) mediator of life satisfaction.

Conclusion

These findings support the idea that long‐term exercise behavior can be studied via the BPS model and the role of stress in life satisfaction. The results have practical implications for promoting a healthy and satisfactory life targeting multi‐level development through exercise based on the BPS model.
Academic Integrity Within the Medical Curriculum in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ekaterina Kldiashvili , Ana Mamiseishvili , Maia Zarnadze
Published: February 2025

Background

The integration of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as GPT‐3, Wordtune, and Jenni, into academic settings has revolutionized content creation, raising significant questions about authorship and originality. While AI offers benefits in efficiency and productivity, it presents substantial challenges to academic integrity. This paper examines these challenges and the need for new frameworks and policies to ensure ethical AI use.

Materials and Methods

Our study aims to develop frameworks promoting ethical AI use and safeguarding academic work authenticity. We employed project‐based learning (PBL) methodology to enhance student engagement and academic performance. A total of 179 students participated. PBL involves students in real‐world projects, fostering critical thinking and research skills. Turnitin was used to evaluate the similarity percentage of submitted research papers, with a maximum allowable similarity of 20%.

Results

Results showed that PBL students had higher academic performance (82.5 vs. 66.5) and lower similarity percentages (4.5% vs. 13%) compared to traditional literature review assessments. The use of Turnitin effectively identified AI‐generated content, although it struggled with more sophisticated texts.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the effectiveness of PBL in promoting originality and reducing AI‐generated plagiarism. Integrating these methodologies, along with ethical AI education, can help institutions maintain academic integrity while leveraging AI benefits. Future research should refine these strategies to adapt to the evolving educational landscape.
Evaluation of Broccoli Extract for Enhancing Primary Tooth Enamel Microhardness: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Mozaffar Sadighe , Karimi Mehrdad , Ismail Ali , Banakar Morteza
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

Dental caries remains highly prevalent among children. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous broccoli extract in enhancing the microhardness of demineralized primary tooth enamel compared to a standard fluoride treatment.

Methods

An in vitro study was conducted using 30 extracted primary second molars, which were sectioned and polished. Baseline enamel microhardness was assessed using a Vickers hardness tester. Demineralization was induced using a cola drink (pH 4.5) for 8 min. The broccoli extract was prepared by air‐drying fresh florets, stems, and leaves at room temperature, followed by aqueous extraction with distilled water and filtration. The samples were randomly assigned to receive a 10‐min treatment with either aqueous broccoli extract (Group B) or 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel (Group F). Microhardness was measured posttreatment, and percentage changes between time points were compared using statistical analysis.

Results

After demineralization, broccoli extract, and fluoride gel significantly improved enamel microhardness. The broccoli extract group exhibited a greater recovery in microhardness (+44.95% vs. +20.78%, p = 0.008) compared to the fluoride gel group. However, the overall reduction in microhardness from baseline to final measurement showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.077).

Conclusion

Aqueous broccoli extract demonstrated comparable overall efficacy to fluoride gel in enhancing demineralized primary tooth enamel microhardness despite showing different patterns of demineralization and recovery. These findings suggest that broccoli extract may be a natural and effective alternative for enhancing enamel remineralization in pediatric caries prevention, warranting further clinical investigation.
The relationship between selenium and viral diseases
Authors: Li Jiali , Lai Jia , Zeng Yuhui , Zhu Bing , Li Yinghua
Published: February 2025

Selenium (Se) is a trace element that fulfills vital functions in the organism. Over the past few years, numerous studies have revealed the profound connection between Selenium and its therapeutic potential in addressing various viral infectious diseases. Selenium can boost the activity of immune cells and counteract oxidative damage caused by free radicals to prevent the replication of viruses. Studies have shown that Selenium protects against a wide range of viruses such as DNA viruses, hepatitis B virus, RNA viruses, human immunodeficiency virus and coxsackie virus. Selenium is probably one of the research directions for antiviral drugs in the future. This review summarizes the use of Selenium in antiviral therapy and its research progress.
Nurse‐Led Apheresis Service in a Pediatric Restructured Hospital: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Authors: Anh Pham Thi Ngoc , Zhong Xinni , Lim Siew Ling Yvonne , Periakaruppan Puaness Wari , K. Vijayakumari
Published: February 2025

Apheresis nurses are well equipped with not only the critical thinking skills but also the important aspects of operating the apheresis machine. As the demand for advanced cellular therapies grew, there was a need to recruit and train more nurses to be competent in apheresis nursing. A new service model was evolved from a physician‐led to a nurse‐led apheresis service, which empowered the apheresis nurses to lead the service. Since the commencement of the nurse‐led service, a total of 32 peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cells collections were documented, and the outcomes of the cell yield were tabulated to study the collection efficiency. Ninety‐four percent of the targeted cell yield was achieved with no collections needing beyond 2 days of harvesting. No apheresis‐related major adverse event was reported following the implementation of the new service model too.
Primitive Ewing Sarcoma of Epididymis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Liu Lan , Xu Min , Liu Xianmei , Zhou Shi
Published: February 2025

We present the case of a 22‐year‐old man with a firm and tender mass in the left scrotum region. Color Doppler ultrasound and radiographic examination (CT and MRI) suggested that the mass arose from the left epididymis without tumor metastasis. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings revealed a chrysanthemum‐like arrangement of round tumor cells, along with strong positive expression of CD99, vimentin, CD117, CD56, and Ki‐67 (70%), supporting the diagnosis of primary epididymal Ewing sarcoma. The patient underwent surgical excision and received 3 cycles of postoperative chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide. The patient is recovering satisfactorily, and his follow‐up treatments and condition are being monitored.
A conceptual model for dissolved P mobilization from legacy sources
Authors: Nash D. M. , Mc Dowell R. W. , Kleinman P. J. A. , Moore P. A. , Duncan J. M. , Haygarth P. M. , Smith D. R. , Iho A.
Published: February 2025

Excessive phosphorus (P) concentrations can lead to conditions that limit the amenity of freshwater resources. This problem is particularly acute in agricultural catchments, where P fertilizer and manure amendments have been used to increase soil fertility and productivity. In these catchments, P indices are often used to help target critical source areas in order to reduce P exports. However, the overall impact of agricultural mitigation efforts on receiving waters has not always been consistent with declines in total P exports from catchments. In this paper we propose a model of dissolved P mobilization (i.e., entrainment) in surface runoff that accounts for this outcome and examine modifications to P indices that better accommodate dissolved P mobilization. We suggest that dissolved P mobilization commences near the soil surface and has two phases. When water is first applied, labile P is mostly mobilized by dissolution and advection. Subsequently, as the supply of readily accessible P is exhausted, diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion mobilize P from other sources at a near constant rate for the remainder of the event. As most P exports occur in larger (i.e., longer) events, the second phase appears responsible for most dissolved P exports. Such a model of dissolved P mobilization is consistent with runoff monitoring data under natural and simulated rainfall, suggesting that on low (shallow) slopes where the interaction between surface soil and water may be prolonged, dissolved P concentrations are likely to be higher. Dissolved P mobilization from low‐slope areas is not well represented in P indices at present. We suggest that there needs to be a more complex, mechanistic structure to P indices that involves additional compartmentalization. Further, we suggest that this can be achieved without losing the simplicity of P indices or flexibility to integrate research data and experiential knowledge into tools that are relevant to specific regions.
Extracellular Histones as Exosome Membrane Proteins Regulated by Cell Stress
Authors: Singh Birendra , Fredriksson Sundbom Marcus , Muthukrishnan Uma , Natarajan Balasubramanian , Stransky Stephanie , Görgens André , Nordin Joel Z. , Wiklander Oscar P. B. , Sandblad Linda , Sidoli Simone , El Andaloussi Samir , Haney Michael , Gilthorpe Jonathan D.
Published: February 2025

Histones are conserved nuclear proteins that function as part of the nucleosome in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Interestingly, extracellular histones populate biofluids from healthy individuals, and when elevated, may contribute to various acute and chronic diseases. It is generally assumed that most extracellular histones exist as nucleosomes, as components of extracellular chromatin. We analysed cell culture models under normal and stressed conditions to identify pathways of histone secretion. We report that core and linker histones localize to extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are secreted via the multivesicular body/exosome pathway. Upregulation of EV histone secretion occurs in response to cellular stress, with enhanced vesicle secretion and a shift towards a population of smaller EVs. Most histones were membrane associated with the outer surface of EVs. Degradation of EV‐DNA did not impact significantly on EV‐histone association. Individual histones  and histone octamers bound strongly to liposomes and EVs, but nucleosomes did not, showing histones do not require DNA for EV binding. Histones colocalized to tetraspanin positive EVs but using genetic or pharmacological intervention, we found that all known pathways of exosome biogenesis acted positively on histone secretion. Inhibition of autophagy and lysosomal degradation had a strong positive effect on EV histone release. Unexpectedly, EV‐associated histones lacked the extensive post‐translational modification of their nuclear counterparts, suggesting loss of PTMs may be involved in their trafficking or secretion. Our data does not support a significant role for EV‐histones existing as nucleosomes. We show for the first time that histones are secreted from cells as membrane proteins via EVs/exosomes. This fundamental discovery provides support for further investigation of the biological activity of exosome associated histones and their role in disease.
Mechanism of Centrosomal Protein 55 (CEP55) Loading Into Exosomes
Authors: Dahlstroem Christian , Barezani Johanna , Li Jing , Sopelniak Kostiantyn , Muhs Stefanie , Schneider Carola , Thünauer Roland , Reimer Rudolph , Windhorst Sabine
Published: February 2025

Up‐regulation of Centrosomal Protein 55 (CEP55) in cancer cells increases malignancy, and the protein can be transferred via exosomes. However, the mechanism of how CEP55 is delivered to exosomes is unknown. In this study, we addressed this issue and analysed trafficking of EGFP‐CEP55 from early to late endosomes by using high‐resolution microscopy. Our data show that endogenous as well as EGFP‐CEP55 appeared as dot‐like structures in cancer cells. However, we did not find an internalization of CEP55 into early Rab5‐ and late Rab7‐positive endosomes but only into secretory late CD63‐positive endosomes. In addition, an association of the CEP55 dots with the endoplasmic reticulum and with ALG‐2‐interacting protein X (Alix) dots was detected. Moreover, mutation of the CEP55‐Alix interaction site strongly reduced the formation of CEP55 dots as well as CEP55 localization in extracellular vesicles. In summary, our data indicate that delivery of CEP55 into exosomes does not occur by the canonical early‐to‐late endosome pathway but by Alix‐mediated recruitment to secretory late secretory CD63 endosomes.
The sV184A Variant in HBsAg Specific to HBV Subgenotype C2 Leads to Enhanced Viral Replication and Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by PERK‐eIF2α‐CHOP‐Mediated ER Stress
Authors: Choi Yu‐Min , Kim Dong Hyun , Cho Eun Ju , Kim Ziyun , Jang Junghwa , Kim Hyunsoo , Yu Su Jong , Kim Bum‐Joon
Published: February 2025

HBV genotype C, particularly subgenotype C2, is associated with an elevated risk of HCC and aggressive disease activity. We previously identified a nonsynonymous sV184A variant in the HBsAg region, predominantly in HBV subgenotype C2. This study investigates the mechanistic role of the sV184A variant in promoting liver disease progression. Analysis of 109 chronically HBV‐infected patients revealed that the sV184A variant correlates with significantly elevated HBV DNA. Both patient data and public database indicated that sV184A is associated with high frequency of BCP mutations, however, the high HBV DNA in the sV184A group are independent of the presence of BCP mutations. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the sV184A variant enhances HBV replication and induces ER stress via the PERK‐eIF2α‐CHOP pathway, leading to apoptosis. HBV large surface (LHB)(LHB) protein was found to be a key factor, responsible for the strong ER stress, as the sV184A variant increases LHB protein stability. Pharmacological inhibition of PERK signaling or mutation of the LHB mitigated HBV proliferation and apoptosis induced by the sV184A variant. The sV184A variant specific to HBV subgenotype C2 significantly promotes HBV replication and apoptosis, serving as a driver of advanced liver disease and potentially increasing mutation rates in affected patients.
Repeated Omicron Infections Overcome T Cell Immune Imprinting to Original SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Li Yunfei , Lu Junyao , He Liheng , Jiang Chengxin , Bao Yujie , Ji Ping , Xu Jie , Chen Yingying , Wang Ying
Published: February 2025

Multiple studies demonstrate the existence of attenuated neutralizing activity to the Omicron variants in the original SARS‐CoV‐2 strain vaccinated population undergoing breakthrough infection, which reflects a phenomenon of immune imprinting in humoral immunity. Herein, through designing spike protein peptide pools from four Omicron subvariants and the wild type (WT) counterpart, we intended to determine antiviral T cell immunoreactivity in Omicron‐infected COVID‐19 patients with or without previous vaccination. We have demonstrated that IFN‐γ producing cells against the Omicron subvariants‐derived peptide pools were significantly less than those against WT counterpart peptide pools in the Omicron BA.5/BA.7 infected patients receiving original inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination whereas comparable in the unvaccinated group. Notably, reinfection with the Omicron subvariants restored viral‐specific T cell immunity to the infected Omicron strains in vaccinated individuals. Therefore, similar to humoral immunity vaccination with the original SARS‐CoV‐2 strain‐derived vaccines induces T cell immune imprinting when undergoing Omicron subvariants breakthrough infection. Since reinfection of Omicron subvariants can restore T cell immunoreactivity to the infected strains, it is necessary to design multivalent immunogens for vaccine development to overcome both B cell and T cell immune imprinting against SARS‐CoV‐2 and other highly mutant pathogens.
Ultrasonic Vocalization Acoustics After Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury and Recovery
Authors: Morrison Robert , Khan Arlin , Shembel Adrianna C.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

The lack of well‐defined functional acoustic correlates of vocal fold paralysis in animal models creates challenges for translating basic science studies of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury to patients with vocal fold paralysis. Capitalizing on natural communicative rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), this study aimed to (1) investigate the impact of RLN injury on USV acoustics in both acute and chronic stages of RLN injury and (2) to identify USV parameters with the greatest ecological validity specific to RLN injury.

Methods

USVs were recorded over 2 weeks (acute) in 16 animals and over 30 weeks (chronic) in 8 animals using two USV elicitation paradigms (n = 16 non‐elicited, spontaneous; n = 8 elicited, sexually paired). USV acoustic characteristics from a list of possible parameters (duration, principal frequency, complexity, power, and tonality) were compared across USV elicitation paradigms and time points (before RLN injury, 2 weeks after injury, and 30 weeks after injury).

Results

The USV parameters most impacted by RLN injury were frequency, power, and tonality, with significant decreases in all three parameters in both non‐elicited/spontaneous and sexually elicited USV elicitation paradigms. All USV parameters were stable across 30 weeks after RLN injury.

Conclusion

USV acoustic frequency, power, and tonality best characterize RLN injury and are stable over time, demonstrating their ecological utility in characterizing RLN injury and recovery. Furthermore, their stability can ensure accurate outcome metrics for future studies. Finally, these parameters have direct translation to humans with vocal fold paralysis.

Level of Evidence

N/A
Eustachian Tube Characteristics in Patients With Turner Syndrome: A CT‐Based Radiological Analysis
Authors: Huang Yan , Liang Liyang , Zhang Lina , Liu Wei , Guo Jia , Zhang Zhigang , Si Yu
Published: February 2025

Background

Patients with Turner syndrome (TS) commonly experience acute otitis media and Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). Comparison of the anatomical features of the Eustachian tube (ET) between TS patients and age‐matched controls may provide insights into the high prevalence of ETD in TS.

Methods

This study compared the ET angle, length, and diameters of the bone segment, bone–cartilage (BC) junction, and pharyngeal opening between TS patients and control children. A subgroup analysis was also conducted to explore potential risk factors for ETD in TS patients.

Results

The ET angle in the TS group was significantly smaller (31.57°; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 30.05–33.09) compared with the control group (33.72°; 95% CI: 32.68–34.75; p = 0.019). No significant difference in ET length was observed between the two groups. However, the TS group exhibited significantly narrower diameters at the bony segment of the ET (0.30 cm; 95% CI: 0.29–0.32; p = 0.001), the BC junction (0.15 cm; 95% CI: 0.13–0.16; p = 0.001), and the pharyngeal orifice (0.14 cm; 95% CI: 0.13–0.16; p = 0.001) compared with the control group. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between ET length and angle in the control group, whereas a non‐significant negative correlation was observed in the TS group. In patients with TS, ET angles < 33.25°, bone segment diameters < 0.355 cm, and pharyngeal diameters < 0.15 cm were significantly associated with an increased risk of ETD.

Conclusion

A more horizontal ET angle, along with narrower diameters at various ET segments, may contribute to the development of ETD in patients with TS. Consequently, heightened vigilance in monitoring hearing and early intervention strategies is recommended for children with TS (https://www.chictr.org.cn/, ChiCTR2300068063).

Level of Evidence

3.
Severity, Age, Sex, Sleep, Anxiety, and Their Correlation Analysis of 1739 Tinnitus Patients
Authors: Li Sha , Liu Zhiqing , Xu Xianpeng , Wu Chuanyu , Li Jiongke , Guo Tao , Xie Hui , Xiong Dajing
Published: February 2025

Objective

To prevent and reduce the incidence of tinnitus and to relieve the suffering of those with existing tinnitus.

Study Design

A study was conducted using a questionnaire.

Setting

Large number of patients come to ENT because tinnitus is seriously affecting their lives, and we found that these patients have some common factors that influence the development of this condition.

Method

This study was reviewed by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Grant No. 2022KL‐075. The investigation was conducted on patients with tinnitus as the main complaint who visited the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2020 to September 2023, to obtain basic information, tinnitus related information, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) of the patients. And conduct correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis on the severity with age, sex, PSQI, SAS of tinnitus patients.

Result

A total of 1739 patients participated in the survey, with the majority being females, with an average age of 46.21 ± 16.08 years old. Majority of patients had tinnitus in both ears. The severity is related to sex, anxiety, and sleep of tinnitus patients (p = 0.000). Age (OR = 0.978, 95% CI: 0.971~0.985), sleep quality (OR = 1.229, 95% CI: 1.179~1.279), and anxiety (OR = 1.065, 95% CI: 1.040~1.090) are factors that affect the severity of tinnitus patients.

Conclusion

Age, anxiety, and sleep status are the main risk factors for the severity of tinnitus patients.
Metasurface‐generated Spin‐multiplexed & Grafted Perfect Vector Vortex Beams for High‐dimensional Optical Information Encryption
Authors: Fang Yao , Hao Han , Wang Qingsong , Jin Jinjin , Meng Yu , Shen Li , Li Xiong , Zhou Rui , Luo Xiangang
Published: February 2025

Increasing the number of optical information encryption (OIE) layers can exponentially enhance its security, which requires introducing additional degrees of freedom (DoFs) for light. However, traditional OIE systems encounter challenges due to exponential increases in volume and mass with the expansion of modulation DoFs, thereby retarding the development of integrated high‐security OIE. Here, a high‐dimensional dual‐layer OIE (DLOIE) strategy is proposed and experimentally established by utilizing a novel metasurface‐generated beam, termed spin‐multiplexed and grafted perfect vector vortex beam (MGPVVB). MGPVVB is generated by superposing grafted perfect vortex beams with programmable combinations of topological charges (CTCs) across two orthogonally circularly polarized states. As a key factor for DLOIE, MGPVVB introduces a new DoF called CTCs which can be customized within the same polarization order (PO). The metasurface is well‐suited for generating MGPVVBs over a wide bandwidth (450–1064 nm). MGPVVBs of all polarization states on the Poincaré sphere are generated. More importantly, DLOIE is achieved through an MGPVVB array. For DLOIE, information (true and false) encoding is based on PO and ellipticity, while verification of authenticity is governed by distinctive CTCs. This advancement enhances the security of OIE, and shows great value for applications in optical storage, optical communications, and quantum information processing.