bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problematika Pengawasan Tindak Lanjut Putusan Bawaslu dan DKPP dalam Penegakan Hukum Pemilu
Authors: Madda Syafrijal Mughni , Firdaus Firdaus , Mirdedi Mirdedi
Published: December 2022

Bawaslu is tasked with supervising the implementation of Bawaslu and DKPP decisions which must be followed up by KPU. The contrary of that during general elections in 2019 has created complications in the electoral law enforcement system. The research is focused to determine the legal certainty of follow-up to Bawaslu and DKPP decisions and form and scope of Bawaslu’s supervision of the follow-up. This is a qualitative descriptive analytical research with a normative and empirical juridical approach. The results indicate that in the implementation of Bawaslu and DKPP decisions is no legal certainty. The Constitutional Court have statement that the final and binding of DKPP decision applies to KPU, Bawaslu and President and its implementation is monitored by Bawaslu. The Bawaslu Regulation also does not accommodate in detail the mechanism for monitoring the follow-up, so it is necessary to have the regulation specifically.
Menilik Penerapan Landfill Tax di Negara Lain dan Urgensi Penerapannya di Indonesia
Authors: Ula Fina Rohmatul , Liyana Nur Farida
Published: December 2022

Kebijakan lingkungan yang telah diterapkan untuk mengatasi eksternalitas negatif sampah, belum bisa memenuhi tujuan lingkungan yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu kebijakan yang diyakini mampu mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Salah satu opsi yang ditawarkan yaitu dengan memberlakukan pajak sampah. Hal ini mendorong penulis untuk meninjau implementasi landfill tax (pajak sampah) di beberapa negara yang telah menerapkannya (Belanda, Inggris, Prancis, Denmark, dan Austria), sehingga dapat diperoleh gambaran mengenai skema yang tepat untuk dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi perbandingan (comparative study) dengan data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia belum bisa menerapkan landfill tax dalam waktu dekat, sehingga pola pengelolaan sampah harus diarahkan menuju ekonomi sirkular. Perbandingan mekanisme landfill tax di kelima negara yang menjadi objek penelitian, dilakukan berdasarkan lima aspek, yaitu tujuan pengenaan landfill tax, objek pajak, pemungut, tarif, dan efektivitas. Perbandingan tersebut dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pemajakan atas landfill tax dan efektivitasnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, efektivitas landfill tax dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan pendukung dan tarif pajak. Efektivitas landfill tax dapat dilihat dari dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan dari penerapan pajak tersebut.
Operational Data Analytics of Over Dimensional and Overloaded Truck in Indonesia
Authors: Budiharjo Anton , Andika Tina , Fitriani Nurul , Rukman Rukman , Turasno Buang
Published: December 2022

Over Dimension and Overload (ODOL) vehicles are one of the factors that cause road conditions to be easily damaged and potholes and can cause the risk of traffic accidents. ODOL vehicles are considered very detrimental to road infrastructure and increase the risk of accidents, inefficiency due to damaged road conditions, and air pollution because of excess exhaust gases. Road damage due to ODOL also triggered an increase in the budget for the maintenance of national roads, toll roads, and provincial roads, with an average of Rp 43.45 T per year. Based on data from the National Police Corps from the Integrated Road Safety Management System (IRSMS) regarding accidents in 2018, ODOL trucks are one of the biggest contributors to traffic accidents. This study aims to determine the causes of vehicle overload and over dimension. The method used is to use the triangulation method. Triangulation of techniques means that researchers use different data collection techniques to obtain data from the same source. The results showed a relationship between vehicle modification and ODOL violations which were proven using Chi-square analysis. The chi-square value is 55,259 with a p-value of 0.000 at a significance level of 1%. This shows a significant relationship between vehicle modification and Over Dimension and Overload (ODOL) vehicle violations.
Light Intensity Meter and Rear Position Lamp Height: Addition to Indonesian Road Safety Regulations
Authors: T Satrio Dafid B. , Aprianto Rizal , Ridwan Asep
Published: December 2022

Forty-six percent of traffic accidents in Indonesia occur on the toll road, and 86 percent of road accidents are due to human error. The number of accidents on the toll road involving heavy vehicles is 33 percent, with the cause of the accident being hit by a vehicle from behind. This incident was caused by the driver's loss of visual perception of the presence of the vehicle in front of him, namely the driver was unable to estimate its existence with the distance of the vehicle in front, one of the reasons was that the driver did not clearly see the light emitted by the vehicle in front of him. Vehicle inspection to the vehicle class must be tested, necessary to do, which is to find out whether the vehicle is suitable for operation or not. Indonesia has not set rules that limit the light intensity and height of rear-light vehicles. From these problems, research was conducted on the design of measuring devices for measuring light intensity and height of the rear light for road safety regulations in Indonesia. The Research and Development (R&D) method is used in this study. This research is a development of previous research in designing a measuring device. Based on the design, manufacture, and testing results, this device can function according to the program design. The device design has been tested and validated, and it is hoped it can be in government policy and be applied to Vehicle Inspection Stations (UPUBKB) throughout Indonesia.
Head Injuries In Rollover of Military Armoured Vehicle
Authors: Sheng Tan Kean , Solah Mohd Syazwan
Published: December 2022

Rollover crashes in vehicles are disproportionately more dangerous and posed a relatively higher risk of severe injuries and fatality rates compared to other configurations such as frontal and side crashes. To date, there is no study being conducted on injury outcomes of rollover accidents involving military armoured vehicles. This study was conducted to examine the driver’s response in rollover of SIBMAS 6X6 and with the aim to evaluate severity of head injury in the incident using finite element simulation. Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was incorporated to represent a driver and was thus configured to simulate a typical seated driving posture. Rollover intensity, in terms of initial kinetic energy, which capable of producing two quarter-turns of rolling with vehicle roof landing was imposed via initial angular velocity that applied to the whole vehicle. The dummy’s head was observed to make three significant impacts with hull interior structures from the initiation of rollover and until the roof landed on the ground. Head injury severity was evaluated based on resultant acceleration of head centre of gravity and also 15 ms duration Head Injury Criteria (HIC15). The maximum values of these two criteria were 531g and 9098g, respectively. Evaluation of these severity values with respect to the associated injury risks and also fatality rates as classified in Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) clearly indicated that the head injuries sustained by the driver were mostly fatal.
A Brief Review: Variable for Determining the Design of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Authors: Rusmandani Pipit , Jepriadi Kornelius
Published: December 2022

Pedestrian facilities play an important role in encouraging walking ability, which can help improve the quality of life of our citizens and livability in urban areas. Pedestrian safety needs to be an important concern because pedestrians are vulnerable to road users in traffic spaces. Variables in determining pedestrian crossing facilities have been defined in each country, but whether it can accommodate pedestrian safety needs. This study aims to inventory the variables used to determine pedestrian crossing facilities. The results obtained are that in addition to pedestrian traffic and vehicular traffic, it is necessary to consider the type of road, pedestrian speed, and speed of passing vehicles in determining recommendations for crossing facilities. In future research, it is necessary to include them in the equation to determine these recommendations.
The Influence of Trip Purpose on the Mode Choice Between High-Speed Train and Airplane: Leisure Vs. Non-Leisure Trip
Authors: Upahita Dwi Phalita , Salsabila Maharani Almira , Lestari Meiyanne , Sucipto Sucipto , Utomo Djoko Prijo
Published: December 2022

Jakarta – Surabaya Corridor plays an important role in connecting two major metropolitan cities in Java Island on each end and other cities in between the corridors. The corridor is currently served by highway, conventional rail network, and air transport mode. However, due to high trip demand, this corridor almost reaches its capacity. Developing a high-speed train network between Jakarta – Surabaya is one of the priority programs stated in the National Railway Masterplan (RIPNAS). The Jakarta – Surabaya high-speed train will be a competitor to the existing air transportation services, as both modes have competitive travel time and pricing. Previous studies have shown that operation HSR could have an adverse effect on the demand for airplane passengers. Passenger mode choice can be influenced by several factors, including the trip’s purpose. This study aims to understand the differences between leisure and non-leisure trip maker in choosing their mode. Specifically, this study focuses on the competition between a high-speed train and existing air transport service on Jakarta – Surabaya Corridor. A stated preference survey was used to collect data on passenger mode choice. The logit binomial model was used to model the mode choice, with time and cost differences as the quantitative independent variables and trip purpose as the qualitative variable. This study used a dummy variable to represent the different trip purposes, leisure and non-leisure. The result found that the odds ratio is 0.646, which indicated that passengers on leisure trips are less likely to move to HST from the airplane. This result is useful for the planner as it can indicate the potential passenger demographic and come up with services that suit their needs.
Performance Level of the Public Transportation in the West Bank
Authors: Keblawi Ala Zuhier Assad , Al-Sahili Khaled
Published: December 2022

Developed countries pay great attention to Public transport (PT), their development and evaluation as it is one of the bases of success for that nation. In the West Bank (WB), the PT is generally neglected and worn out. There is no periodic study about the quality of the services provided and the passengers’ satisfaction and their needs. Despite of the relatively large number of daily passengers, only 19% of them use buses because of their lack of confidence in the service. This study aims to investigate passengers’ satisfaction in the PT to identify strengths and weaknesses and evaluating their Level of Service (LOS), which consists of reliability and performance. Required data were collected through field surveys in the WB governorates, from the relevant official authorities or previous studies, interviews with service providers, and a questionnaire to measure the satisfaction of passengers for all intercity bus lines (22 lines). Generally, the PT system in Palestine is inefficient and non-productive. There is an imbalance between demand and supply, imbalance between number of buses and shared taxis, poor infrastructure, low LOS, non-efficient management, and number of ridership is low; therefore, the productivity is low. Passenger trust in buses should be revamped by modernizing the fleet, adopting a regular schedule, providing a smart service system, and providing services at all times where demand is available. It is also essential to carry out periodic studies for this sector and collect statistical information.
Analysis Of The Road Markings Reflectivity Service Life On Highways To Improve Safety
Authors: Oktopianto Yogi , Rukman Rukman
Published: December 2022

Road markings can function for two years after installation. The maintenance and replacement program for highway markings aims to meet the established performance standards. Good visibility of the markings will help reduce the chances of traffic accidents. The problems are found in faded road markings along the segment during the service period. The research was conducted to investigate the change in reflectivity over time and to find a pattern of decreasing reflectivity in the service life during the design life. The research was conducted experimentally by making test objects. The reflectivity test at the existing location using a reflectometer is carried out periodically every two months. The results showed a pattern of decreasing the reflectivity of road markings during the 2-month service period by 2%, four months by 3%, six months by 6%, and eight months by 16%, and the pattern of declining marker reflectivity stops between 10 and 12 months. The maximum decrease occurred during the service period of 8 months, 16%. The age of markings on the highway cannot last for a service period of 2 years under actual conditions in the field. At the end of year 1, the average value was 242 mcd/m2/lux; this value is below the minimum required reflectivity of 250 mcd/m2/lux.
Biaya Produksi Dan Penerimaan
Authors: AR Ashra
Published: December 2022

Biaya produksi adalah akumulasi dari semua biaya-biaya yang dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan suatu produk atau barang. Biaya-biaya ini meliputi biaya bahan baku, biaya tenaga kerja, biaya operasional barang pabrik, dan lain sebagainya.
Biaya Produksi Dan Penerimaan
Authors: Ruslan Sulistiawati
Published: December 2022

Biaya produksi adalah akumulasi dari semua biaya-biaya yang dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan suatu produk atau barang. Biaya-biaya ini meliputi biaya bahan baku, biaya tenaga kerja, biaya operasional barang pabrik, dan lain sebagainya.
Exploring Effortful Control as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Child Psychopathology
Authors: Osborne Hanna , Palumbo Isabella M. , Tone Erin
Published: December 2022

The present study examined unique and interactive effects of effortful control (self-report vs. task-based) on the relationship between negative affect and dimensions of psychopathology in a group of children from the ABCD Study® aged 9-11 (n = 5,432). Results demonstrate that the reactive temperament factor of negative affect showed strong and positive significant associations with both dimensions of psychopathology, while the regulative factor of effortful control showed a significant negative association with both dimensions of psychopathology via Flanker, and a significant positive association with both dimensions of psychopathology via the EATQ-R. These findings raise the possibility that early assessment of effortful control may aid in the identification of early risk profiles for psychopathology and that interventions aimed at maximizing flexible deployment of effort control could help to reduce children’s risk of developing psychopathological symptoms.
Childhood Maltreatment is Linked to Larger Preferred Interpersonal Distances Towards Friends and Strangers Across the Globe
Authors: Haim-Nachum Shilat , Sopp Roxanne , Lüönd Antonia , Afzal Nimrah , Åhs Fredrik , Allgaier Antje-Kathrin , Arévalo Adrián , Asongwe Christian , Bachem Rahel , Balle Stefanie , Belete Habte , Belete Tilahun , Berzengi Azi , Capraz Necip , Ceylan Deniz , Dukes Daniel , Essadek Aziz , Fares-Otero Natalia E. , Halligan Sarah , Hemi Alla , Iqbal Naved , Jobson Laura , Levy-Gigi Einat , Martin-Soelch Chantal , Michael Tanja , Oe Misari , Olff Miranda , Örnkloo Helena , Prakash Krithika , Quaatz Sarah M. , Raghavan Vijaya , Ramakrishnan Muniarajan , Reis Dorota , Sar Vedat , Schnyder Ulrich , Seedat Soraya , Shihab Ibtihal Najm , Vandhana Acha , Wadji Dany , Wamser-Nanney Rachel , Zabag Reut , Spies Georgina , Pfaltz Monique
Published: December 2022

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is thought to be associated with altered responses to socialstimuli and interpersonal signals. Correspondingly, first studies found that CM is linked tolarger comfortable interpersonal distance (CID). However, studies were limited in statisticalpower and only examined individuals from the European region. Moreover, little is knownabout the effects of CM on CID towards different interaction partners and whether CID islinked to social functioning and attachment. To address these outstanding issues, adults(N=2986) from diverse cultures and socio-economic strata completed an online task evaluating CID. Higher CM was linked to larger CID towards both friends and strangers. Moreover,insecure attachment styles and less social support were associated with a larger CID. Giventhe importance of social relationships for mental health, our findings suggest that maltreatedindividuals should be supported in CID regulation (e.g., by means of tailored interventions).
Engaging, safe, and evidence-based: What science tells us about how to promote positive development and decrease risk in online spaces
Authors: Odgers Candice , Allen Nicholas B. , Pfeifer Jennifer H , Dahl Ronald , Nesi Jacqueline , Schueller Stephen , Williams Joanna Lee , Adolescence Scientific Council on
Published: December 2022

Early adolescents (ages 10-13 years) increasingly spend their time in digital spaces. We must ensure that the digital spaces that we create for early adolescents support their learning, discovery, exploration, and entertainment in positive ways that limit potential harm, just like the physical spaces where they spend their time. Research supports four evidence-based recommendations: 1) Digital technology should scaffold healthy development and promote wellness. 2) Digital technology should have design and use requirements that make it safe for early adolescents. 3) Digital technology used by early adolescents should incorporate and advance the best available research as part of its design and evaluation process. 4) All early adolescents should have reliable access to the level of digital connectivity and devices required to fully participate in their education and learning. We can design and regulate the digital technology used by young people in ways that support their healthy development and help them thrive as they make the transition from childhood into early adolescence and the larger digital world.
Using network models to explore the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and subjective cognitive functioning
Authors: Günak Mia Maria , Ebrahimi Omid V. , Pietrzak Robert H , Fried Eiko I
Published: December 2022

Several studies have identified relationships between cognitive functioning and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we aimed to elucidate the nature of this relationship by investigating cross-sectional associations between subjective cognitive functioning (SCF) and 1) the PTSD sum score, 2) symptom domains, and 3) individual symptoms. We also investigated temporal stability by testing whether results replicated over a 3-year period. We estimated partial correlation networks of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms (at baseline) and SCF (at baseline and follow-up, respectively), using data from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS; N = 1,484; Mdn = 65 years). The PTSD sum score was negatively associated with SCF. SCF was consistently negatively associated with the PTSD symptom domains ‘marked alterations in arousal and reactivity’ and ‘negative alterations in cognitions and mood’, and showed robust relations with the symptoms ‘having difficulty concentrating’ and ‘trouble experiencing positive feelings’. Results largely replicated at the 3-year follow-up, suggesting that PTSD symptoms may play a causal role in the development or maintenance of SCF. We discuss the importance of examining links between specific PTSD domains and symptoms with SCF—relations obfuscated by focusing on PTSD diagnoses or sum scores—as well as investigating mechanisms underlying these relations.
PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN STRATEGY IN THE CRIMEAN WAR 1853-1856
Authors: Komzolova Anna
Published: December 2022

The review examines the studies of modern Russian historians devoted to the strategy of the Russian command during the Crimean War. The authors analyze various aspects of this topic related to the strategic planning in various theaters of the war operation. In particular they discuss plans of the Russian command of the defense of the Baltic Sea coast from the landing of English and French troops, of the blockade of the Turkish fortress Kars in the 1855 Caucasian campaign. Also negative assessments of the role of A.S. Menshikov in the defense of Sevastopol are subject to revision.
POSSIBILITIES OF IDEOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA’S INTERPRETATION
Authors: Tsibizova Irina
Published: December 2022

The article reviews the problem of objectivity of interpretation of the historical religious phenomena.
Facial indicator in the determination of maxillary central incisor length in Nepalese population – A clinical study
Authors: Shrestha Suraksha , Yadav Santosh Kumar
Published: December 2022

Background: The maxillary anterior teeth are important in achieving pleasing facial and dental esthetics. Among those, the central incisor has a key role in determining the esthetic as they are the most dominant and visible teeth during smile. Determining the proper size of these teeth is important but difficult in the absence of pre extraction records in edentulous condition.
Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to find a suitable guide in determining the length of the central incisor by correlating it with some independent facial structure like nose length in a small population of Chitwan district.
Materials and Methods: The distance from the bridge of the nose to the base was compared to the length of the maxillary central incisor in 321 patients of both sexes between the age groups of 20–35 years. The actual length of the maxillary incisor was measured and also calculated by regression analysis to determine some fixed ratio. The calculated value by this ratio was compared to the actual measured value to find if the difference was significant.
Results: The difference between the calculated distances and the actual measured distance was found to be 0.340 in males and 0.266 in females, which was statistically significant (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The distance from the bridge of the nose to base of the nose may be used as a reference to estimate the length of the central incisor in the Nepalese population, although sample included subjects from the central Chitwan District of Nepal.
Is supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy an alternative to prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Our experience at a tertiary care center
Authors: Nekkanti Rahul  , Sandeep Kumar Reddy  , Ifrah Ahmad Qazi  , Vedamurthy Reddy Pogula  , Venkatesh Velivela  , Kashinath V Thakre
Published: December 2022

Background: Majority of urologists prefer the usual prone position for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) but due to various disadvantages of prone PCNL, several alternative positions are being used.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the surgical outcomes of PCNL performed using supine position with those performed in the prone position.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective and observational study. After applying inclusion criteria, 60 renal calculi patients were randomly assigned to two groups, each with 30 patients, all demographic, operative, and post-operative characteristics were recorded.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 38 (63%) patients were male and 22 (37%) were female. The mean age (in years) in prone PCNL was 45.03±17 while in supine, it was 51.7±15. Forty patients had mild, 12 had moderate, and eight had gross hydronephrosis. Stone size (mm) ranged from 20 to 55 with a mean stone size of 22.5±8.8 in prone PCNL and 23.9±13.5 in supine PCNL. The mean operative time (minutes) was 65.1±27.2 in prone PCNL and 68.7±16 in supine PCNL (P=0.068). Complete stone clearance was seen in 26 (86%) patients in prone PCNL versus 25 (83%) patients in supine PCNL. Five patients in supine PCNL had Grade 1–2 complications. There were no serious complications in either group. The mean post-operative hospital stay (days) was 3.53 in prone PCNL versus 3.63 in supine PCNL, (P=0.715).
Conclusion: Supine PCNL is an effective and safe procedure with similar operative time, stone-free rate, and complications to prone PCNL.
A comparative and prospective study of two different radiation fractionation schedules with concurrent chemotherapy in locally advanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chayan Roy  , Linkon Biswas  , Arabinda Roy  , Sharma Shyam , Firdoushi Khatun  , Srikrishna Mandal
Published: December 2022

Background: Accelerated fractionation radiotherapy has radiobiological advantage of preventing accelerated tumor repopulation and logistic advantage of treating more patients than conventionally fractionated radiotherapy because of its relatively shorter treatment duration.
Aims and Objectives: In this study, we compared accelerated fractionation with conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in terms of tumor response and acute toxicities for the treatment of locally advanced head-and-neck carcinomas.
Materials and Methods: Patients with Stage III and IVA carcinoma of head-and-neck region were randomized into two groups. The study group patients received accelerated radiotherapy to a total dose of 66Gy in 33 fractions, 2Gy/fraction, 6 fractions/week over a time period of 5.5 weeks. Control group received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy to same total dose and fraction size but 5 fractions/week, over a time period of 6.5 weeks. Both groups received concurrent weekly Cisplatin. All patients were followed up weekly for treatment related acute toxicity during the treatment and then at every month for 6 months after completion of treatment.
Results: About 26.6% patients of study arm achieved complete response in comparison to 25.6% of control arm, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.957). Although statistically not significant, higher grade of skin toxicity (60%vs.35%, P=0.179) and xerostomia (46% vs. 29%, P=0.155) was also numerically higher in accelerated fractionation.
Conclusion: For locally advanced head-and-neck carcinoma, accelerated fractionation radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy can be considered as an acceptable and effective alternative of conventionally fractionated concurrent chemoradiotherapy in terms of treatment response and acute toxicity profile.
Morphological and histological study of coronary sinus in human hearts from north-western region of Uttar Pradesh and its clinical implication
Authors: Agarwal Jolly , Agarwal Anurag , Kumar Virendra , Devendra Nath Sinha  , Sudhahar Tamizhan  , Naithani Manisha
Published: December 2022

Background: Coronary sinus (CS) is the largest diameter vessel in the coronary venous network, which serves as the primary collector of cardiac venous blood. Because the coronary venous system is not prone to the effects of atherosclerotic disease, it may also serve as a potential avenue for coronary artery bypass.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to provide morphological and histological data of CS for making an interventional device.
Materials and Methods: The present study cross-sectional study. Thirty hearts of different ages and of both sexes (22 males and 8 females) and duration of study is 2 years procured from cadavers available in the Department of Anatomy, SRMS IMS, Bareilly, U.P, India, were taken.
Results: The mean length of the CS is 36.83±17.29 mm. The width of CS at the point of opening in to right atrium is 4.92±3.53 mm. The mean length of CS in males was 41.44±11.37 mm. While in females the mean length of CS was 39.29±11.17 mm. Histological study by Orcein stain show different amount of elastic fibers in proximal, middle, and distal part.
Conclusion: Morphological and histological study of the CS suggests this structure to be an independent, cardiac chamber with a mural structure similar to atrial myocardium and it may be target for study and ablation, in the future therapy of atrial arrhythmias.
Study on coagulation profile in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension in South Indian population
Authors: Shekar Arjun , Mustoor Raman Lokesh , Shivakumar Pujari  , Prashanthkumar Goudappala
Published: December 2022

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) complicates about 6–10% of pregnancies around the world. According to the WHO, PIH is one of the leading causes of maternal, fetal, and neonatal mortality and morbidity. PIH causes many hematological aberrations in women and any abnormalities in the coagulation of blood lead to hemorrhages.
Aims and Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: 1. To study the coagulation profile which includes platelet count, bleeding time (BT), clotting time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in PIH patients. 2. To compare the above parameters between the normal pregnant subjects and pregnancy-induced hypertensive patients. 3. To compare the above parameters between preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia patients.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 pregnant women. Among them, 60 patients (Cases) who were diagnosed with PIH, and another 60 (controls) having age and anthropometrically-matched healthy pregnant women were taken as control. Their coagulation profile, which includes total platelet count (TPC), prothrombin time (PT), aPTT coagulation time (CT), and BT were studied. The parameters were compared using Student’s t-test.
Results: There was a significantly lower TPC, and increased PT, aPTT, CT, and BT in women with PIH when compared to normal pregnant women. However, there was no significant difference between women with PE and eclampsia.
Conclusion: The present study shows significant changes in coagulation profile in women with PIH.
Evaluation of toxic effects of Coleus forskohlii extract on various body organs of experimental animals-rats
Authors: Haritha Yadav KC  , Yakaiah Vangoori  , Suresh Babu Sayana
Published: December 2022

Background: The study aimed observation of pharmacological actions and any adverse effects on various body organs of rats with Coleus forskohlii (CF) extract.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate toxic effects of CF extract in experiments animals.
Materials and Methods: In the single-dose oral toxicity study, groups of five healthy male and female rats were dosed orally with CF extract at 2000mg/kg BW as per organization of economic cooperation and development guidelines and were observed once daily for 14 consecutive days for toxicity, general behavior, and pharmacological effects. In sub-acute oral toxicity, the test substance was administered for 28 days with daily doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight. In subacute oral toxicity study, groups of five male and five female rats were subjected to 10% forskolin for 28 days. Initially autonomic symptoms (gross behavioral study), followed by hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters, were evaluated.
Results: No deaths were reported in all the toxicity studies performed. No significant changes were observed in the hematology and serum biochemistry values from the control group animals. The body weight changes and necropsy results were normal. There was no apparent progression of organ damage in any of these toxicity tests. Furthermore, CF extract did not produce any significant toxic effects in Wistar rats at 2000 mg/kg body weight and had no potential to induce organ damage.
Conclusion: The “no observed adverse effect level” of CF extract was determined up to 2000 mg/kg.
The Gurungs and Their Lhosar Festival
Authors: Kafle Dol Raj
Published: December 2022

This study makes an attempt to trace the history and identity of the Gurungs who have been living, most densely in the districts of Gandaki province. In order to provide clear information about the physical constitution, the nature of the race belonging to this ethnic group has also been discussed. The study also tries to explore some aspects of Gurungs identity, particularly their identity as indigenous and ethnic people of Nepal given the fact that the Gurungs have been living in Nepal since ancient times. In doing so, the study delves deeper into the Gurung tradition of celebrating Lhosar festival as a New Year, exploring its origin and development. The objective of this study is to clarify what race the Gurungs belong to, where and when they entered Nepal and how it is linked with the way they celebrate the Lhosar festival. The major finding of the study is that the Gurungs are of Mongol race, who entered into Nepal from Tibet in ancient times and among the various Lhosars celebrated in Nepal, Tola Lhosar is celebrated by the Gurungs.
नेपाली गीतमा प्रतिनिधित्व र पहिचान
Authors: थपलिया त्रिपाठी गीता
Published: December 2022

प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा नेपाली गीतमा अभिव्यक्त सीमान्तीय प्रतिध्वनिलाई प्रतिनिधित्व र पहिचानका मान्यतामा आधारित भएर विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । सीमान्तीय अध्ययन सांस्कृतिक अध्ययनको एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा हो । यसले इतिहासलाई समाजको तल्लो वर्गका आधारबाट हेरिनुपर्छ भन्ने सैद्धान्तिक मान्यता राखेको छ । प्रतिनिधित्व, पहिचान, उत्पीडन र प्रतिरोध सीमान्तीय विश्लेषणका पर्याधार हुन् । यस अध्ययनमा नेपाली गीतमा प्रकट भएका वर्गीय, जातीय र लैङ्गिक स्थितिलाई प्रतिनिधित्व र पहिचानका आधारमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यसका लागि आधुनिक नेपाली गीतका स्रष्टा लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटादेखि खुसीराम पाख्रिनसम्मका गीतहरूको अध्ययन गरी साक्ष्य लिइएको छ । ती साक्ष्यलाई पाठपरक विश्लेषण विधिका आधारमा अध्ययन तथा मूल्याङ्कन गरिएको छ । यसबाट नेपाली गीतमा वर्गीय, जातीय र लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्व र पहिचानसम्बन्धी चिन्तन प्रखर रूपमा प्रकट भएको निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ ।
नेपाली भाषाको प्रयोजनपरक भेद
Authors: निरौला यज्ञेश्वर
Published: December 2022

नेपाली भाषाका प्रायः सबै वक्ताले सामान्य बोलचाल र लेखपढका काममा प्रयोगमा ल्याउने नेपाली भाषाको भेद नै सामान्य नेपाली हो तर ज्ञानविज्ञान र प्रविधिका साथै सञ्चार, कानुन, साहित्य, दर्शन, राजनीति, कृषि, प्रशासन, व्यापार वाणिज्य आदि नेपाली भाषाका विशिष्ट क्षेत्रमा प्रयोग गरिने भाषिक भेदलाई प्रयोजनपरक नेपाली भनिन्छ । विषयगत रूपमा प्रयोग हुने प्राविधिक तथा पारिभाषिक शब्द शब्दावली, वाक्य गठन, प्रस्तुतिको शैली आदिबाट भाषाका भेद छुट्टिँदै जाने क्रममा भाषाका प्रयोजनपरक भेदको जन्म हुन्छ । मानिसले जीविकोपार्जनका निम्ति गर्नुपर्ने कुनै न कुनै कामका आधारमा समाजमा बसोबास गर्ने सबै मानिसहरूको कार्य क्षेत्र एकै खालको हुँदैन । भिन्न भिन्न कार्यक्षेत्रका व्यक्तिहरूले प्रयोग गर्ने भाषाको प्रयोजनअनुसार शैलीमा फरक हुने गर्दछ । प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा नेपाली भाषामा केकस्ता प्रयोजनपरक भेद रहेका छन् भन्ने बारेमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा प्रयोजनपरक भाषिक भेदको सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचा प्रस्तुत गर्दै नेपाली भाषामा पाइने प्रयोजनपरक भेदको परिचय दिई विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । यही उद्देश्य प्राप्तिका लागि पुस्तकालय पद्धतिबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको सामग्रीलाई विश्लेषण गरी यस लेखमा नेपाली भाषामा रहेका प्रयोजनपरक भेदहरूको निरूपण गरिएको छ ।
The Efficacy and Safety of Once Daily versus Twice Daily Dosing of Caffeine Citrate in Apnea of prematurity: a Randomised Control Tria
Authors: Syed Farooq , Kini Sandesh , Majeed Abdul
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Caffeine citrate is widely used for prevention of apnea of prematurity and helps in successful extubation from mechanical ventilation. The optimum caffeine dose in preterm infants with apnea of prematurity has been extensively investigated with varied results. The objective of our study was to compare the efficacy and safety of once versus twice daily maintenance dose of caffeine citrate in premature infants with apnea.
Methods: In this study, preterm neonates with gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks, with evidence of apnea of prematurity were included. Both groups received a 20 mg / kg loading dose of caffeine citrate followed by a maintenance dose of 2.5 mg / kg every 12-hour-interval in group 1 and 5 mg / kg every 24-hour-interval in group 2, either orally or by intravenous infusion. Response to treatment, duration to achieve full feeds, possible adverse reactions were evaluated and compared among the two groups.
Results: Among two groups, group 1 had early reduction in number of apneic episodes on five consecutive days after loading dose, which was statistically significant. Time taken to establish full feeds following treatment initiation was lower in group 1 compared to group 2 (median: Two vs four days) which was statistically significant.
Conclusions: In this study, neonates who received twice daily maintenance dose of caffeine citrate had better outcomes in terms of early reduction in number of apneic episodes and early feed establishment when co
Kidney size in Children of Post-Weaning age: Does Nutrition have an Effect?
Authors: Sarkar Shatanik , Patra Chaitali , Guha Debasree , Dasgupta Malay Kumar , Das Santanu
Published: December 2022

Introduction: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nutrition on kidney size and to determine the correlation between renal parameters and different anthropometric parameters.
Methods: This hospital-based descriptive observational study has been done in a tertiary care centre of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Fifty malnourished children & 50 healthy children (Controls) within the age group of six months to five years were included in the study. Anthropometric parameters (e.g. weight, height, mid-arm circumference, skinfold thickness etc.) were measured manually and bilateral kidney sizes were measured by ultrasound.
Results: Malnourished children had significantly lower weight, mid arm circumference, skinfold thickness, body mass index and body surface area [p < 0.001], but the difference in height / length was not significant (p = 0.074). The length, width, depth and volume of both left and right kidneys and relative renal volume were significantly lower in the malnourished children (p < 0.001). But, the same significance has not been found with kidney width, thickness or volume.
Conclusions: Malnutrition adversely affects kidney growth in children of post-weaning age.
Anxiety and Depression and their Predictors among School Adolescents of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Bajracharya Shanti , Shakya Sujata , Nagarkoti Liza , Kumari Ban Rita , Regmi Kalpana
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Adolescence is a vulnerable period in which different physical, psychological and behavioral changes occur contributing to mental health issues. Depression and anxiety occur more commonly than would be expected by chance in children and adolescents. Undetected and untreated mental disorders can impair one’s ability to perform at school or work place, cope with daily life activities and can lead to severe mental disorders and related consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of anxiety and depression and their predictors among the adolescents of Kathmandu, Nepal. 
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different higher secondary schools of Kathmandu. Cluster random sampling method was used to select 482 students of Grade XI and XII. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II were used to assess the levels of anxiety and depression.
Results: Among 482 students, 230 (47.7%) were females and 252 (52.3%) were males with mean age of 17.25 (± 1.01) years. Majority (38.6%) had minimal anxiety and 11.6% had severe anxiety. On the other side, 45.9% had no depression and 16.4% had severe depression. Grade, sex, health problem, use of gadget and academic performance are found to be the predictors of anxiety, while, the predictors of depression are age, sex, health problem and academic performance.
Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are found prevalent among the adolescents, which need to be explored and addressed immediately through appropriate measures. Psychological counseling and support services should be available to vulnerable students.
Incidence and Risk Factors Association for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Neontal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kumar Naresh , Malhotra Preeti , Kaur Bagga Amanjeet , Kaur Gagandeep
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP), the nosocomial pneumonia developing in mechanically ventilated patients after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation, is the second commonest nosocomial infection in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). VAP occurring within 96 hours of initiation of mechanical ventilation is termed as early VAP and later than that is known as late VAP. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate and risk factors of early and late ventilator associated pneumonia in NICU.
Methods: The study was conducted from December 2015 to November 2017 in which 40 neonates were ventilated for more than 48 hours of which those who developed VAP as per CDC criteria were enrolled in the study. Birth weight, gestation age, reintubation if needed and number of days of ventilation were noted. Statistical associations were further evaluated between various parameters of VAP and time of development of VAP.
Results: Incidence of Early VAP was 12.5% and that of Late VAP was 87.5%. 93.95% neonates who were reintubated developed VAP. Duration of mechanical ventilation and re-intubation were significantly associated with the time of development of VAP. Birth weight and gestation age were statistically insignificant factors in determining VAP.
Conclusions: Re-intubation and duration of mechanical ventilation are a significant risk factor for development of late VAP. Gestation age and birth weight have been identified as additional risk factors. Early diagnosis is necessary for appropriate treatment and decreased hospital stay.
Retinopathy of Prematurity: Incidence, Risk Factors & Outcome in North Indian Rural and Semi-urban population
Authors: Parihar Kamal , Kumar Gupta Pradeep , Singh Vandana , Sharma Sanjay
Published: December 2022

Introduction: ROP is a challenge due to better premature survival. It has an increasing trend and is a preventable cause of vision loss. Its occurrence, severity and outcome in rural population is poorly studied.
Methods: Ahospital based prospective observational longitudinal study was conducted on babies born at a tertiary care centre. Babies with gestation <32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 g were screened for ROP. Preterm babies of >32 weeks gestation with oxygen requirement, RDS, surfactant use, PDA, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, septicemia, red cell transfusion due to anemia, need for inotropes were also included. Babies with ROP were assessed for severity as also need for intervention and were followed for12 months.
Results: Of the 211 neonates screened, 51 had ROP. Frequency was inversely related to both birth weight and gestational age with no gender difference. Oxygen therapy (p 0.001), RDS (p 0.005), mechanical ventilation (p0.003) and septicemia (p 0.005) were main risk factors. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy was found to be protective (p 0.0005). 15.68% cases required laser photocoagulation. During follow up, ROP regressed in all patients.
Conclusions: Risk factors for ROP included oxygen usage, RDS, mechanical ventilation and septicemia. Blood products or inotropes use was not an independent factor. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was protective. When diagnosed early, outcome is good in ROP.
Acetaminophen induced Stevens Johnson syndrome - Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Overlap Syndrome: A rare Adverse Reaction
Authors: Kavthekar Saiprasad Onkareshwar , Amith K. , Bapurao Kurane Anil , J Phulari Yoganand
Published: December 2022

Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are hyper sensitive life - threatening rare dermatological reactions. In SJS - TEN overlap syndrome, the extent and severity of epidermal detachment is 10- 30%. Drugs like sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents, antibiotics and anticonvulsants are the commonest precipitants. Here, we present a rare case of SJS - TEN overlap syndrome in a previously normal 11 years old girl after acetaminophen intake for fever. This case report is intended to make paediatricians aware that the adverse reaction like SJS - TEN overlap syndrome can develop with a drug like acetaminophen which is supposed to be the safest antipyretic in paediatrics.
Lumbosacral Edema as an Unusual Presentation of Henoch-Schönlein purpura: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yeom Jung Sook , Seo Ji-Hyun , Youn Hee-Shang
Published: December 2022

Henoch- Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood. Subcutaneous edema in the extremities is a common finding of HSP, whereas lumbosacral edema is a rare presentation. We report a case of HSP in a six year old boy who visited the emergency department for acute - onset back pain with gait problems. An extensive radiologic workup was performed, but the patient was finally diagnosed with HSP based on knee and ankle edema with a few purpura. We described the clinical, imaging findings, and treatment of the current case and review the literature regarding this rare presentation of HSP.
Clinico-epidemiological Profile of Children with Diphtheria in Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Basnet Srijana , Shrestha Laxman , Bajracharya Luna
Published: December 2022

Introduction: This study was conducted with the aim to describe the clinical presentation of diphtheria in children, relationship between clinical disease and immunization status, complications of the disease and adverse events due to anti diphtheria serum (ADS).
Methods: All patients admitted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu from July 2016 to November 2018 with clinical diagnosis of diphtheria were included in this study.
Results: There were total 12 children and age ranged from five to 15 years, out of which seven (58%) were males and five (42%) were females. All of them were immunized except one whose immunization status was unknown. All of them had tonsillopharyngeal diphtheria. Four patients (33%) also had nasal and five (42%) patients had additional laryngotracheal diphtheria. Seven patients had bull neck on presentation. Four patients had airway obstruction due to laryngotracheal diphtheria requiring tracheostomy. Throat swab for Corynebacterium Diphtheria by Albert stain and Gram stain were positive in 10 patients, and in nine, diagnosis was confirmed by culture. Six patients (50%) were given anti diphtheria serum (ADS) out of which four patients (66.66%) developed anaphylaxis. Myocarditis was the commonest complication seen in four patients (25%). All children with myocarditis developed complete heart block (CHB) and none of them survived.
Conclusions: Tonsillopharyngeal diphtheria was the most common clinical presentation and myocarditis was highly fatal complication. This study emphasizes on the need for careful surveillance, early laboratory confirmation and careful administration of ADS in patients with clinical diagnosis of diphtheria.