bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slurry Treatments on Cotton Seed, 1982
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

Gustafson Captan 30 DD was applied to 10-lb lots of acid delinted cotton seed in a Batch Lab Treater, and calculated rates of insecticides were added to the slurry treatment mixture as needed. Following application of slurry to seed prepared for Test 1, 100-g samples of seed were taken at random from each treatment lot. Each sample was put into a 1-pt mason jar equipped with a filter paper cover held in place with the jar ring. A total of 10 samples of acid delinted cotton seed tested for each treatment was exposed to 50 laboratory-reared adults of the following: the cigarette beetle, the red flour beetle, and the sawtoothed grain beetle. Likewise, 10 sample replications of seed for each treatment were exposed to 20 young Indianmeal moths. All test samples of seed were held at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH. Initial counts of live moths were made 3 days after infestation; beetle counts were made 7 days after initial infestation with insects. A second, or reproductive, count of beetles was made 60 days after the initial infestation. Indianmeal moths did not reproduce on acid delinted cotton seed, but seed were held 45 days before examination and discarding.
Ready-To-Use Sprays for German Cockroach Control, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of four aerosol formulations compared to a standard material currently in use for cockroach control. Tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. Treatments with Raid Ant and Roach Killer (0.70% Baygon, 0.20% DDVP), Bolt Residual for Crawling Insects (0.25% Dursban, 0.08% pyrethrins, 0.4% PBO), 0.30% Neopynamin + 0.50% Dursban (TET.3), 0.15% Neopynamin + 0.25% Dursban (TET.15), and Dursban 4E - 0.25% + Vaponite - 0.25% (D/V) were applied to apartments in random order. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockroach populations over time.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1983
Authors: Weires R. W. , Vankirk J. R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots of eight trees, each a different cultivar. Plots were replicated three timas in a randomized complete block design. Most treatments were applied at pink, 2 May, petal fall, 22, 23 May, and in six cover sprays, 6, 21 Jun., 6, 21 Jul., 3 Aug., and 17 Aug. Advantage was applied with 2% oil on 12 Apr. and by itself in cover sprays directed at San Jose Scale crawlers on 21 Jun., 6 Jul., 3 Aug., and 17 Aug., Imidan was applied on the other dates. Larvin 3.2F was applied at 10.0 and 20.0 oz form./lOO gal as the 4th and 5th treatments at pink, 2 May, while all Larvin treatments were omitted from the 21 Jul. cover spray. Bay Sir 8514 was applied at pink, 2 May and again on 21 Jun and 6 Jul., Guthion being used on the remaining dates. FMC 54800 and FCR 1272 were applied in the 2 May pink spray. Orthene was only applied 2 May, 23 May, and 6 Jun., Guthion being used on the remaining dates. Imidan, FMC 54800, and Larvin were all applied 22 May, and again on 23 May, following a rainstorm the night of the 22nd. Treatments were all applied dialute to runoff by high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 lb/in2 delivering 4.2 gal spray/tree (403 gal/acre) except for the final two applications using 5.2 gal spray/tree (500 gal/acre). Trees were 19-yr-old, 12 ft high, on the EM2 rootstock, and spaced 15 by 30 ft. Plictran 50WP, 4 to 6 oz/100 gal was the primary miticide used, although Carzol 92SP 6 oz (AD/100 gal was applied to FCR 1272 and Penncap + Pydrin plots on 3 Aug. while Kelthane 4F 1 pt (AD/100 gal was applied to Larvin plots on the same date. Fungicide applications over all plots include: Bravo 500 3 qt (AD/100 gal, 12 Apr.; Vangard 10WP 2 oz/100 gal, 10, 17 Jun., and 13 Jul.; Captan 50WP 0.4 lb (AD/100 gal, 10 and 17 Jun.; and Polyram 80WP 1.13 lb(AD/100 gal, 13 Jul. All trees wee thinned with 10 ppm naphthaleneacitic acid on 2 Jun. April and May were unusually cold and wet, while July and August were much hotter and dryer than normal. Insect population densities were normal throughout the season. Insect damage was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruit/cultivar per plot from ‘McIntosh’ 7 Sep., ‘Cortland’ 23 Sep., ‘Golden Delicious’ 3 Oct., and ‘Red Delicious’ 10 Oct.
Comparison of Pyrethroid Ear Tags and Tapes for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1983
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W. , Christensen C. M.
Published: March 2022

Three commercially available pyrethroid cattle ear tags (8% Ectrin, 10% Permectrin and 10% Atroban) plus the Ectiban tape containing 1.2g (AI) permethrin per tape were evaluated for their comparitive effectiveness in controlling face flies and horn flies on pastured beef cattle in two tests. Test 1 consisted of six mixed breed cow-calf herds, and one herd of steers, located in Mercer County, KY. The number of animals per herd ranged from 16-68. Cattle were treated in May and June. Herds in Test 2 were located in Clark County and were comprised of mixed breed steers ranging from 75 to 100 animals and were treated in May. All ear tags were evaluated at 1 tag/hd and 2 tags/hd and the Ectiban ear tag tapes were tested at the recommended rate of 1 tape/hd wrapped around an existing identification ear tag. Two similar cow-calf herds within the area were used as untreated check herds for Test 1 and an untreated steer herd was used as a check herd for Test 2. Fly counts were made on 10 animals in each herd by counting the number of face flies on the face of each animal and estimating the number of horn flies on one side of the same animals. Calves were not included in these counts.
Ear Tags (CIODRIN, SUPONA) for Control of Horn Flies on Beef Cattle, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Mullen G. R. , Smith L. A.
Published: March 2022

Two experimental, insecticide-impregnated plastic ear tags, one containing 16% Ciodrin and the other 16% Supona, were evaluated. Six cow-calf herds of 23 to 26 mixed-breed animals of similar breed composition were tagged while a seventh herd served as an untreated check. Treatments consisted of three herds with Ciodrin tags and three groups with Supona tags. All cows in each test group received two tags. Ear tags were installed during the second week of Jun. following pretreatment horn fly counts on 6 Jun. Weekly fly counts were made for 16 weeks from 6 Jun. to 26 Sep. Counts were made by vusual inspection using binoculars with the number of flies/side recorded for 10 cows in each herd. Herds were rotated on pastures of similar foliage approximately monthly to minimize differences due to location.
Beef Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Control with Guardian Ear Tags, 1983
Authors: Roberts James A. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

Guardian 5 and 7.5% (flucythrinate) ear tags were evaluated for face fly and horn fly control on beef cattle. May through Sep., 1983, in Montgomery Co., Va. Herds and treatments used in Test A were as follows: (1) Guardian 5% ear tags applied to 22 Simmental and mixed breed cows with calves and 2 Simmental bulls 24 May; (2) Guardian 7.5% ear tags applied to 20 mixed breed cows and calves and 1 Simmental bull 24 May; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags appplied to 70 Angus cows with calves and 2 Hereford bulls 24 May; and (4) an untreated head of 15 mixed breed cows with calves and 1 bull. Guardian 5% and 7.5% treated cows, calves, and bulls received two tags per animal; Ectrin treated cows received two tags per animal and calves received one tag. All herds in Test A were monitored for 11 weeks. Herds and treatments used in Test B were as follows: (1) Guardian 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 17 Aug. to same herd as #1, Test a; (2) Guardian 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 11 Aug. to same herd as #2, Test A; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags existing on same herd as #3, Test A; and (4) an untreated herd, same as #4, Test A. All Guardian treated cows, calves, and bulls received two improved design tags per animal; all remaining tags from Test A were removed. All herds in Test B were monitored for five additional weeks. Herds used in Test A and B were maintained in separate pastures and were situated within ca. 2 miles of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal.
Apple, Dogwood Borer Control, Valatie, New York, 1982-83
Authors: Weires R. W. , VanKirk J. R. , Riedl H. , Hoying S.
Published: March 2022

A 9-yr-old apple planting of five cultivars, spaced 10 by 19 ft (230 trees/acre), 6 ft in height, on the M26 rootstock, was divided into 3 block. Block A contained three treatments and an untreated check arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 tree plots replicated once on the ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Macoun’ cultivar and twice on the ‘Empire’ cultivar. Block B consisted of four tree plots of ‘Red Delicious’ cultivar with four treatments and a check replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Block C was arranged in a similar design using 10 tree plots replicated five times with the cultivars Red Delicious and the other plots replicated five times with the cultivars Red Delicious and the other half Mcintosh. Treatments were applied 21 Jul. (Block A) and 5 Aug. (Blocks B and C in 1982, using a Spartan handgun sprayer at 150 lb/in2. Approximately 0.33 gallon of spray was applied dilute to runoff around the trunk of each tree from base to first scaffold level. Treatments were reapplied to the same plots on 15 Aug., 1983 using a Bean handgun sprayer at 200 lb/in2 delivering 0.5 gal of spray per tree. Rates and formulations were readjusted and the Tree-hold treatments omitted in 1983. All treatments were evaluated 2 Nov. 1983 by examining each tree for presence of live borer larvae, pupal skin, cocoons and fresh borer frass. Numbers of burr knots, i.e. above-ground adventitious root growths, were also recorded since borers usually became established at these sites.
Evaluation of Bacitracin and Zinc Bacitracin as a Feed Additive for Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1983
Authors: DeVaney J.A.
Published: March 2022

Forty-three wk-old White Leghorn hens (120) which had been infested with northern fowl mites for at least 15 wk were divided into 5 groups of 24 hens each and caged individually. Each group was then placed on a commercial laying diet which contained bacitracin (100 g/T), bacitracin (200 g/T), zinc bacitracin (100 g/T), zinc bacitracin (200 g/T) or no additive (control). All hens were weighed before the test and 4 wk later at the end of the test. Daily egg production was maintained for each hen. Weekly mite ratings were visually observed and recorded on each hen for 4 consecutive wk using the following ratings: 0, no raites; 1, very light (1-10 mites/hen); 2, light (11-100 mites/hen); 3, moderate (101-1000 mites/hen); 4, heavy (1001-10,000 mites/hen); and 5, extra heavy 010,000 mites/hen).
Ectiban Permethrin 1.0% Wipe-On for Control of Flies on Horses, 1983
Authors: Doisy K.E. , Hall R.D. , Fischer F. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven pastured horses were treated on 30 June with ca. 510 ml of 1.0% permethrin wipe-on formulation applied using a sponge. The entire hair coat of each horse was covered thoroughly; the average amount of material applied was measured by presoaking sponges and noting the volume of wipe-on required to effect treatment. A proximate group of seven untreated horses served as a control. Flies were counted weekly by visual inspection of all animals. Counts were made by noting the number of flies on the entire face, a single side and one side of all four legs on each horse thus examined. Fly populations on the faces of the treated horses increased 4-weeks posttreatment and the animals were retreated with ca. 600 ml each on 29 July.
Evaluation of Guardian Ear Tags, Ectrin Ear Tags and Ectiban Tapes Against Face Flies on Horses, 1983
Authors: Hollis J.H. , Knapp F.W.
Published: March 2022

Guardian ear tags with 7.5% flucythrinate (AC 222,705 American cyanamid) and Ectrin ear tags with 8.0% fenvalerate were attached to halters of each five horses to test for efficacy. Each treatment group was separated by two, 2-acre paddocks or more during the treatment period. Face fly numbers were counted on the face of each horse in each treated and untreated group. Face fly counts were taken 1 day posttreatment and weekly thereafter. The percentage of face fly reduction was based on the average face fly number on the treated compared to the untreated horses.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Imported Fire Ant Control, 1981
Authors: Burne Jeffrey C. , Hays S.B.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for effectiveness against field colonies of imported fire ant (IFA). Bendiocarb (Ficcam-W) was tested as a mound drench, 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a pour-on and resmethrin as an injected material. Trichloroethane was screened for effectivness using two rates which were poured in a hole made in the apex of the mound. A replicated (4) test using the two rates was established in grassland in 10.7-m-circular plots. All active mounds within the plot were identified and treated. Evaluation was made at 7, 30, and 60 days posttreatment. Following the 30-day observation, all mounds with active IFA were retreated with a second application using the original dosage rate. Bendiocarb was tested as a drench using 7.7-1 finished mixture. Eight rates were tested for effectiveness. The lowest effective rate was subsequently applied in a replicated (4) test utilizing 20 colonies per replicate. A similar number of colonies was treated with water as the control. Resmethrin was injected with a probe and pressure system which used freon and CO2. A rate test was used to determine the effectiveness of single and multiple injections. The lowest effective rate was used to establish a replicated (4) test utilizing 20 colonies per replicate. Control colonies were probed without application of the toxicant. In all tests a rating system was used for evaluation of the treatments (1, no mortality; 5, complete mortality).
Effects of Juvenoids on Reproduction of Female Blow Flies, 1982
Authors: Crystal Maxwell M.
Published: March 2022

Mixed sexes of Phormia reqina, reared in the laboratory on artificial medium, were maintained continuously from emergence. On each day of fly age 0 to 5, 20-50 (mean, 33) females of one group were treated topically with 1 m|i acetone or 10% juvenoid in acetone (100 mμ/fly) and caged with an equal number of untreated males. Five juvenoids were tested. Dead flies were removed daily, sexed, and counted. Fecundity was estimated volumetrically from the eggs collected daily through day 14 and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Hatchability was calculated after overnight incubation of 100 eggs sampled on each of 3 or 4 days before preservation in alcohol. The neonate larvae were grown on rearing medium for 5 days, and the number of 3rd instars was determined. The tests were conducted at the Insect Reproduction Laboratory between Jan. 1980 and Feb. 1982. Each test was replicated two to four times. Standard statistical procedures were used.
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr’s and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1983
Authors: Chamberlain W.F.
Published: March 2022

A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screwcapped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500(i 1 of acetone was added to the mix; after stirring, the acetone was evaporated at room temperature. Next, 200 jil of water was added and stirred into the mix. Twenty-five laboratory-reared, 2nd-stage larvae were added. Vials were covered with 0.3-mm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at 75% RH, 29 ± 1° and 8/16 dark/light cycle. each test was replicated two to four times, control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. Vials were examined weekly for 2 or 3 weeks; any cocoons were removed and placed in 3.7-ml shell vials and covered with marquisette cloth. Twenty-one days after removal of the cocoons, any emerged fleas were killed with chloroform and counted. The highest concentration of IGR or toxicant tested was 100 ppm; dilutions to 0.1 ppm were tested, as needed, to obtain reduced mortality.
Lesser Peach Tree Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Walter Sandra
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 11-year-old trees as a block treatment (3 rows by 4 trees per row) for control of either the first generation (on ‘Sunhigh’) or second generation (on ‘Loring’). Dates of application were 28 May and 18 Jun. 1982 for the first generation and 27 Aug. 1982 for the second generation. A Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun was used to apply 7.6 to 11.4 liters of spray at 300 lb/in2 to thoroughly wet the trunk and branches of each of the 12 trees. Insecticides were evaluated by a biweekly counting and removal of pupal cases located 0.3 to 1.8 m in height on the six most heavily infested trees in the block treatment. Pupal cases were removed from ‘Sunhigh’ 29 Jul. 1982 and ‘Loring’ 27 Apr. 1983 prior to taking counts.
Peach: Control of Oriental Fruit Moth, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Pace Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conductd in a 6-year-old peach block, variety N.J. 193. Three trees arranged in a completely randomized design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied on 12 May, 13 Jul., 28 Jul., 15 Aug., and 30 Aug., which spanned broods 1, 3, and 4 of OFM. Sprays were applied to runoff, ca. 2 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 lb/in2. Treatment effect was determined by counting the number of OFM-damaged terminals per tree on 2 Sep. and the number of OFM-infested fruit/100 fruit on 22 Sep.-4 Oct.
Peach, Early Season Treatments with Chlorpyrifos for Control of Lesser Peach Tree Borer, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Pace Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

Single-tree plots, replicated eight times in a randomized complete block design, were used in this experiment, which was conducted at the Rutgers Tree Fruit Res. Cent., Cream Ridge, N.J. The scaffold limbs and trunks were sprayed to runoff (ca. 3 gal/tree), using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 lb/in2. Full bloom was ca. 27 Apr., and all sprays were applied before shuck-off, which allowed for thorough coverage of the bark and minimum interference from foliage. Treatment effects were measured by counting and removing empty pupal cases from the entire tree at ca. weekly intervals from 27 Apr. to 22 Sep.
Soil Applied Systemic Insecticide for Leafhopper Control on Grapes, 1983
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Muza Andrew J.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard in North East, Pa. Plots consisted of six vines in a row, replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were applied on 24 May when shoot length averaged 4.2 in. Equipment used was a Soil Serve granular applicator equipped with one drop tube positioned to discharge to a depth of 3 in. behind a single cultivator tooth, 1 ft from the trellis row. Each side of the trellis was treated. Furrows were covered by raking immediately following application. Soil type was a Wellington silt loam. Precipitation totalling 0.81 in. occurred during the week following application; precipitation in June (2.30 in.) and July (2.16 in.) was 0.7 to 0.8 in. below normal; precipitation in Aug. (3.19 in.) was normal and that for Sept. (4.95 in.) was about 1.25 in. above normal. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on 10 injured leaves per plot at approximately 30, 60, 90, and 120 days posttreatment. The percentage of leaves injured was based on a 50-leaf sample per plot. Leaf injury severity was rated at harvest using a modified Horsfall - Barratt scheme: 0 = no injury, 1 = trace - 3% of leaf surface injured, 2=3 - 6%, 3=6 - 12%, 4 = 12 - 25%, 5 = 25 - 50%, and 6 = >50%; 50 leaves were rated at random per plot.
Control of a Spider Mite on Grapes, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Flynn J. , Horenstein J. , Chavarria R. , Clayton F.
Published: March 2022

All materials were applied on 4 Aug. in Plymouth, Calif. Each treatement was replicated five times in a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of one head-pruned vine. Between two and four leaves were sampled from each vine. One gal of spray was applied to each vine by a handgun and Bean sprayer at 200 lb/in2.
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Clayton F.
Published: March 2022

All materials were applied on Jun. 23 in Linden, Calif. The leafhopper population was composed of ca. 20% adults and 80% mature nymphs. There were very few young hymphs on the leaves at the time of treatment. Each treatment was replicated six times in a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of four trellis-trained vines. Five leaves were sampled from each replication. Leaves sampled were between the base of a shoot and 1/3 the way up and showed obvious signs of leafhopper feeding. Vines were sprayed until runoff (ca. 0.5 gal per vine) using a handgun and a Bean sprayer at 200 lb/in2.
Presence of and Damage Caused By Japanese Beetle Adults on Treated Grape Foliage, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were evaluated for repelling and preventing damage by Japanese beetle adults at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m (9 ft) between rows and 2.4 m (8 ft) within the row. Treatments were applied 7 and 20 July and 4 Aug. as foliar sprays at the rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gal/acre, using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and No. 13 core. There were two exceptions: Sevin XLR was applied at 2.4 kg/cm2 (20 lb/in2) with a D2, 13 core at a rate of 54 1/ha (5.8 gal/acre); FCR 1272 was applied at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) with a D3 disc, 13 core at 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre). The ratio of water to Sevin XLR as 11:1. Visual observations were made on the 2.4 m (8 ft) of canopy between the trunks of the two vines from the east side of the row. Ratings were as follows: no live beetles = 0; 1-5 live beetles = 1; 6-10 beetles = 2; 11-15 beetles = 3; 16 or more live beetles = 4. In addition to repellency (presence) observations, treatments were also rated for feeding damage to foliage. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the last five terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 stood for no damage, 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.
Grape Phylloxera (Aerial Form) Insecticide Evaluation, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments were evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three adjacent grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Temik granules were distributed by hand uniformly in the bottom of 5 cm deep furrows 0.45 m away from each side of the row and immediately covered with soil on 1 Jun. Soil moisture was good at time of application; granules were not watered-in. Other treatments were applied 14 July and 5 Aug. as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 50 lb/in2 (3.52 kg/cm2) and equipped with a TeeJet D3 disc and No. 13 core. Sprays were applied at the rate of 701 liter/ha. In sampling , 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control in Almonds, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Rough D. , Flynn J.
Published: March 2022

All materials were applied on 29 Aug. in Vernalis, Calif. Each treatment was replicated five times within a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of one 5-year-old tree. Five leaves sampled per replication. Two gal of spray were applied to each tree using a handgun and a Bean sprayer using 200 lb/in2.
Citrus,

D.

Abbreviatus

Control Plymouth, FL 1982
Authors: Schroeder W. J. , Jones I. F.
Published: March 2022

Each insecticide treatment was applied to a 42-ft2 soil plot in five randomized complete blocks in a citrus grove. The soil type was Lakeland (thermic coated typic quartzipsamments). The EP and WP formulations were applied in 1 gal of water per plot with a sprinkling water can. The granular formulation was applied evenly, from a perforated handshaker, over the soil surface. Circular soil sample plugs 3 in. deep and 3 in. in diameter were removed from each plot 1 week pretreatment, 1 and 4 weeks posttreatment, and every 2 weeks thereafter for 12 weeks. The soil moisture for each sample was adjusted to 10% by weight. The samples were placed in bioassay chambers (a tube 4 in high by 2 in in diam.), which had screen bottoms. The soil was tested by placing 100 1st instars per bioassay chamber on the soil surface and allowing larvae to migrate through the soil. Larvae penetrating the soil were counted and percentage mortality determined. Aldrin was used as a standard and percentage mortality was corrected for natural mortality in the check by Abbott’s formula.
Filbertworm Control on Filberts, Washington Co., Oreg., 1983
Authors: Calkin Jim , Fisher Glenn
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block design consisting of four single-tree replications. Tree spacing was 20 by 20 ft with tree age being 40 years. The main variety was Barcelona with Daviana pollinizers. All insecticides were applied to Barcelona trees. Adjuvants were not included. Treatments were applied with an Amerind McKissick sprayer by handgun, using 2 gal of water per tree (ca. 218 gal/acre). Pretreatment monitoring of filbert nut development, weather, and adult flight activity of filbertworm were used to time insecticide applications. Pheromone traps were monitored twice a week until the third week of Sept. Large moth catches were recorded in all traps. Pheromone caps were changed twice during the monitoring period.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F.R. , Aim S.R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 19-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees planted 35 ft by 35 ft, as dilute sprays (390-400 gal/acre). A randomized design was used, with three replications. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lbs/in2 to Test 1 plots on 14 July and to Test 2 plots on 12 Aug. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree and brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated five times on single tree plots in three tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 10 gal per tree) for tests 1 and 2 on 27 May and 1 June and 425 lb/in2 (ca. 12 gal per tree) for test 3 on 19 July using a truck-mounted sprayer. Water pH was 6.9 in tests 1 and 2 and 6.5 in test 3. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of two shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in the San Joaquin Valley, 1983
Authors: Elmer H. S. , Morse J. G.
Published: March 2022

Acaracids were tested for control of citrus red mite populations in two tests in the San Juaquin valley, near Ivanhoe, Calif, and at the Lindcove Field Station, near Exeter, Calif, respectively. In Test 1, materials were applied at 100 gal-acre using an FMC 267 speed sprayer driven at 2 mph. Each material was applied to a 2-acre plot with 10 trees chosen initially at random from the plot and monitored on each sample date. In Test 2, materials were applied using a Hardie hand gun and John Bean sprayer at 500 lb/in2 thorough distribution coverage at approximately 15 gal per tree with six single-tree replicates per material. For both tests, naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two, four-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made.
Effect of Materials Applied for Control of Citrus Thrips on Citrus Red Mite Populations, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied in Field 12 of the Lindcove Field Station (Exeter, Calif.) at petal fall (18-19 May) for control of citrus thrips, using a Hardie hand-gun and John Bean sprayer at 500 lb/in2, outside coverage and approximately 200 gal/acre. Four tree plots were used with three replicates per material. Naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two, four-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made. Counts were discontinued at mite levels in excess of 6.25 per leaf.
Evaluation OP Commercial Materials Applied for Citrus Thrips Control in California, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S. , Brawner O. L.
Published: March 2022

Materials were evaluated using alternative application techniques in three experimental plots in the San Joaquin Valley and in one plot in Riverside. All plots contained sufficient border rows to protect data trees from drift; the number of single tree replicates per treatment are noted in the tables. Treatments were applied approximately at petal fall at the following sites and on the following dates: Test 1, Borchard grove, Terra Bella, 17 May; Test 2, Runciman grove, Wooklake, 19 May; Test 3, Muller grove, Ivanhoe, 24 May; Test 4, Citrus Research Center, Riverside, 19 May. Application methods included: hand sprayer (outside coverage using a Hardie hand-gun at 500 lb/in2 and 200 gal/acre); CP267 full RPM (application with an FMC CP267 speed sprayer, air velocity 130 mph and 200 gal/acre unless otherwise noted); CP267 half RPM (air velocity 130 mph and 200 gal/acre unless otherwise noted); CP267 half RPM (air velocity reduced to 80 mph by reducing fan speed with increase in pump pressure to maintain 200 gal/acre unless noted); Helicopter -- Test 1 (Bell 3B2 helicopter application at indicated speed and gallonage (courtesy of Gilbert Aviation Indutries, Inc.); Kinkilder (Kinkilder low-volume mist sprayer with attached 10-ft citrus tower at ca. 100 gal/acre). Fruit scarring counts, for scars caused by citrus thrips, were taken approximately 1 month before harvest on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (scarring is more severe on outside fruit). Scars were rated as slight (incomplete ring scar) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring; severe scarring equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Pecan Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1983
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the L.S.U. Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Caddo Parish, La. Trees used in the study were mature Schley trees, ca. 40 ft. tall. A randomized block design, consisting of three blocks, with one tree per treatment, per block was used. There were a total of three treatments per block. Insecticide applications were made on 30 Mar. using an FMC 957 speed sprayer, calibrated to deliver approximately 30 gal of material per tree. Sampling was conducted on 18 May, following gall formation. A total of 4.3 in. of rain fell between the time when treatments were made and when sampling occurred, with 0.08 in. occuring 24 h after treatments. Sampling consisted of counting the number of phylloxera galls on each of 100 terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Codling Moth and Navel Orangeworm on Walnuts, 1982
Authors: McNally P.S.
Published: March 2022

Zolone (A) was applied on 22 June. Zolone (B) and Pydrin were applied on 30 June. Zolone (C) was applied on 13 July, peak codling moth flight occurred on 30 June. All materials were applied by a hand-gun from a Bean orchard sprayer at 200 lb/in2 at Tracy, Calif. Trees were sprayed until run off, which resulted in approximately 8 gal of spray per tree or approximately 320 gal/acre. Approximately 200 nuts were sampled per replication at harvest on 4 Oct. The design was a randomized block with five replications per treatment.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnuts, 1983
Authors: Steenwyk R.A. Van , Barclay L.W. , Barnett W.W.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, Calif. Five treatments were replicated eight times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run off (540 gal spray mixture per acre) with a handheld orchard sprayer operating at 200 lb/in2. Applications were made on 31 Aug. when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts per tree for navel orangeworm and codling moth damage or larvae on 5 Oct. Spider mite control was evaluated on 7, 14, and 23, Sept. and 5 Oct by counting the number of mites on 10 terminal leaflets per tree.
Apple, Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F. R. , Alm S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees (planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart) as dilute sprays (ca. 8 g per tree). We used a randomized complete block design, with four single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lb/in2 to all plots on 17 and 26 May, 9 and 24 June, 8 and 21 July, and 6 Aug. All treatments included Captan 50 WP (2 lb/100 gal) in the first three sprays and Cyprex 65 WP (0.5 lb/100 gal) in the remaining sprays. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree, collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree, and brushing mites onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting the number of curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid evaluations were made by counting the number of infested terminals per tree. Woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting the number of colony-infested terminals per tree. Major direct-fruit insect damage was evaluated by randomly picking a minimum of two bushels of fruit per tree on 13 Sept. and evaluating damage by specific insects.
Evaluation of in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam and comparators against recent clinical bacterial isolates, and genomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates that demonstrated resistance to ceftolozane/tazobactam: data from Kuwait and Oman
Authors: Alfouzan Wadha , Dhar Rita , Mohsin Jalila , Khamis Feryal , Mokaddas Eiman , Abdullah Abrar , Mustafa Abu Salim , Otero Aurelio , Wanis Paulette , Matar Samar Hussien , Khalil Sherif , Alekseeva Irina , Young Katherine
Published: March 2022

Background

The treatment options for infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria have been limited, especially for infections caused by bacteria that produce carbapenemases and/or ESBLs. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor developed to treat Gram-negative bacteria.

Methods

Ceftolozane/tazobactam and 14 comparators (amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam) were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales isolates collected from Kuwait and Oman (n = 606) during 2016–17. In addition, further analysis of resistance mechanisms to ceftolozane/tazobactam was done utilizing WGS. Non-susceptible isolates from ceftolozane/tazobactam surveillance were selected for analysis. Overall, 35 strains underwent WGS.

Results

Among isolates from Kuwait, susceptibility of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftolozane/tazobactam was 79.8%, 95.7% and 87.5%, respectively, and from Oman was 92.3%, 93.1% and 88.5%, respectively. No P. aeruginosa with a ceftolozane/tazobactam MIC <32 mg/L encoded β-lactamases besides normal chromosomal enzymes (PDC variants or OXA-50-like) whereas all but one P. aeruginosa isolate with MIC >32 mg/L encoded either MBLs (60%), VEB-1 (19%) or additional OXAs (3.7%).

Conclusions

Colistin followed by ceftolozane/tazobactam showed the greatest activity against P. aeruginosa. Enterobacterales showed more susceptibility to ceftolozane/tazobactam than to piperacillin/tazobactam, but meropenem and colistin showed better activity.
The Imperium of the Colonial Tongue? Evidence on Language Policy Preferences in Zambia
Authors: Ramachandran Rajesh , Rauh Christopher
Published: March 2022

Sub-Saharan Africa stands out as a part of the world that primarily uses, as its official languages, former colonial languages that are neither spoken at home nor in the community. In this paper, we elicit preferences for colonial versus local languages and analyse the role of perceived costs and returns to different languages. In order to do so, we elicit beliefs about the effects of hypothetical changes to Zambia’s language policy on schooling outcomes, income and social cohesion. Our results show overwhelming support for the use of the colonial language to act as official. Looking at the determinants, we find that fears of being disadvantaged by the installation of another group’s language, high perceived costs of learning in another group’s language and lack of association between retaining the elite language and socioeconomic inequality as crucial factors in affecting preferences over language policies.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a subtropical tree species exposed to simulated acid rain by accelerating photosynthetic ability, antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation
Authors: Wang Yanhong , Shao Changliang , Qiu Yajing , Yu Shuquan , Xia Lina , He Xiaobin , Wu Aiping , Zhang Naili
Published: March 2022

Acid rain (AR), which occurs frequently in southern China, negatively affects the growth of subtropical tree species. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mitigate the detrimental effects induced by AR. However, the mechanisms by which AMF protect Zelkova serrata, an economically important tree species in southern China, from AR stress remain unclear. We conducted a greenhouse experiment in which Z. serrata plants were inoculated with AMF species Rhizophagus intraradices and Diversispora versiformis, either alone or as a mixed culture, or with a sterilized inoculum (negative control). The plants were subjected to three levels of simulated sulfuric AR and nitric AR (pH 2.5, 4.0 and 5.6) to examine any interactive effects on growth, photosynthetic capabilities, antioxidant enzymes, osmotic adjustment and soil enzymes. AR significantly decreased dry weight, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and soluble protein (SP) of non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation, especially a combination of R. intraradices and D. versiformis, notably improved dry weight, photosynthetic capabilities, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, SP and root acid phosphatase activity of Z. serrata under harsh AR stress. Moreover, the benefits from AMF symbionts depended on the identity of AM fungal species and the gradient of AR stress. Our results indicate that AM fungi protect Z. serrata against AR stress by synchronously activating photosynthetic ability, antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation. These findings suggest that a combination of R. intraradices and D. versiformis may be a preferable choice for culturing Z. serrata in southern China.
The Structural Determinants of Intra-Protein Compensatory Substitutions
Authors: Chaurasia Shilpi , Dutheil Julien Y.
Published: March 2022

Compensatory substitutions happen when one mutation is advantageously selected because it restores the loss of fitness induced by a previous deleterious mutation. How frequent such mutations occur in evolution and what is the structural and functional context permitting their emergence remain open questions. We built an atlas of intra-protein compensatory substitutions using a phylogenetic approach and a dataset of 1,630 bacterial protein families for which high-quality sequence alignments and experimentally derived protein structures were available. We identified more than 51,000 positions coevolving by the mean of predicted compensatory mutations. Using the evolutionary and structural properties of the analyzed positions, we demonstrate that compensatory mutations are scarce (typically only a few in the protein history) but widespread (the majority of proteins experienced at least one). Typical coevolving residues are evolving slowly, are located in the protein core outside secondary structure motifs, and are more often in contact than expected by chance, even after accounting for their evolutionary rate and solvent exposure. An exception to this general scheme is residues coevolving for charge compensation, which are evolving faster than noncoevolving sites, in contradiction with predictions from simple coevolutionary models, but similar to stem pairs in RNA. While sites with a significant pattern of coevolution by compensatory mutations are rare, the comparative analysis of hundreds of structures ultimately permits a better understanding of the link between the three-dimensional structure of a protein and its fitness landscape.
Sequence and tissue targeting specificity of ZFP36L2 reveals Elavl2 as a novel target with co-regulation potential
Authors: Redmon Ian C , Ardizzone Matthew , Hekimoğlu Hilal , Hatfield Breanne M , Waldern Justin M , Dey Abhishek , Montgomery Stephanie A , Laederach Alain , Ramos Silvia B V
Published: March 2022

Zinc finger protein 36 like 2 (ZFP36L2) is an RNA-binding protein that destabilizes transcripts containing adenine-uridine rich elements (AREs). The overlap between ZFP36L2 targets in different tissues is minimal, suggesting that ZFP36L2-targeting is highly tissue specific. We developed a novel Zfp36l2-lacking mouse model (L2-fKO) to identify factors governing this tissue specificity. We found 549 upregulated genes in the L2-fKO spleen by RNA-seq. These upregulated genes were enriched in ARE motifs in the 3′UTRs, which suggests that they are ZFP36L2 targets, however the precise sequence requirement for targeting was not evident from motif analysis alone. We therefore used gel-shift mobility assays on 12 novel putative targets and established that ZFP36L2 requires a 7-mer (UAUUUAU) motif to bind. We observed a statistically significant enrichment of 7-mer ARE motifs in upregulated genes and determined that ZFP36L2 targets are enriched for multiple 7-mer motifs. Elavl2 mRNA, which has three 7-mer (UAUUUAU) motifs, was also upregulated in L2-fKO spleens. Overexpression of ZFP36L2, but not a ZFP36L2(C176S) mutant, reduced Elavl2 mRNA expression, suggesting a direct negative effect. Additionally, a reporter assay demonstrated that the ZFP36L2 effect on Elavl2 decay is dependent on the Elavl2-3′UTR and requires the 7-mer AREs. Our data indicate that Elavl2 mRNA is a novel target of ZFP36L2, specific to the spleen. Likely, ZFP36L2 combined with other RNA binding proteins, such as ELAVL2, governs tissue specificity.
Reduction in thermal stress of marine copepods after physiological acclimation
Authors: Saiz Enric , Griffell Kaiene , Olivares Manuel , Solé Montserrat , Theodorou Iason , Calbet Albert
Published: March 2022

We studied the phenotypic response to temperature of the marine copepod Paracartia grani at the organismal and cellular levels. First, the acute (2 days) survival, feeding and reproductive performances at 6–35°C were determined. Survival was very high up to ca. 30°C and then dropped, whereas feeding and fecundity peaked at 23–27°C. An acclimation response developed after longer exposures (7 days), resulting in a decline of the biological rate processes. As a consequence, Q10 coefficients dropped from 2.6 to 1.6, and from 2.7 to 1.7 for ingestion and egg production, respectively. Due to the similarity in feeding and egg production thermal responses, gross-growth efficiencies did not vary with temperature. Respiration rates were less sensitive (lower Q10) and showed an opposite pattern, probably influenced by starvation during the incubations. The acclimation response observed in the organismal rate processes was accompanied by changes in body stoichiometry and in the antioxidant defense and cell-repair mechanisms. Predictions of direct effects of temperature on copepod performance should consider the reduction of Q10 coefficients due to the acclimation response. Copepod population dynamic models often use high Q10 values and may overestimate thermal effects.
Population health: transformation will happen at the speed of trust
Authors: Danielli Shaun , Ashrafian Hutan , Darzi Ara
Published: March 2022

Abstarct

The societal shocks at the beginning of the 2020s have yet again brought into focus fundamental issues of inequality and distrust. These two corrosive and inter-related factors are the root cause of what inhibits our progress on issues such as improving population health and sustainable healthcare. Based on evidence, the authors provide their perspective to suggests three policy proposals; create a new power social movement for better health and equality; delegation of `old power' to City Mayors; handing over power and privilege to communities. This is the only way we will break the cycle of decreasing trust and increasing inequality and build a happier, healthier, and more resilient society.
Creation of a Minor in Clinical Engineering for Engineering and Computing Students at Miami University
Authors: Lalvani Shashi , Kerr Lei
Published: March 2022

To train a more professional workforce to serve the needs of healthcare and medical device manufacturing industry, a new academic program that also involves experiential learning in a clinical setting is established at Miami University. The new minor in clinical engineering will involve a total of 7 courses corresponding to 20 credit hours for engineering students. The learning experience will involve topics such as biomedical instrumentation, medical device design, hospital rotation, and project management.
Insulin for Hospitalized Patients With Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Goyal Noopur , Rose Richard , Johnson Stacy A. , Babbel Danielle , Plugge Thomas , Hodgkin Jonathan , Simmons Debra , Yarbrough Peter
Published: March 2022

Inpatient management of diabetes mellitus (DM) often involves substituting oral medications with insulin which can result in unnecessary insulin use. Attempting to address unnecessary insulin use, a quality improvement initiative implemented a newly developed evidence-based care pathway for inpatient diabetes management focused on patients with recent hemoglobin A1c values < 8% and no prescription of outpatient insulin. This retrospective observational preintervention and postintervention and interrupted time series analysis evaluates this intervention. Over a 21-month time period, there was a significant decrease in mean units of insulin administered per day of hospitalization from 2.7 (2.2–3.3) in the preintervention group to 1.7 (1.2–2.3) in the postintervention group (p = .017). During the initial 72 hours after admission, a significant downward trend in mean glucose values and mean insulin units per day was seen after the intervention. There was no significant change in hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic events between the two groups. The proportion of patients who received zero units of insulin during their admission increased from 27.7% to 52.5% after the intervention (p < .001). An evidence-based pathway for inpatient management of DM was associated with decreased insulin use without significant changes in hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic events.