bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal Status in Subjects With Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Fentoğlu Özlem , Öz Gül , Taşdelen Pelin , Uskun Ersin , Aykaç Yaşar , Bozkurt F. Yeşim
Published: February 2009

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent reports showed a possible association between periodontal disease and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hyperlipidemia has any influence on periodontal status.

Methods: Fifty‐one subjects with hyperlipidemia and 47 normolipidemic subjects participated in this study. Biochemical parameters, including plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels, and periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP [%]), were evaluated.

Results: The mean values of PI, PD, CAL, and BOP (%) for the hyperlipidemic group were significantly higher than those for the control group. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL‐C levels were significantly and positively associated with PI, PD, BOP (%), and CAL. HDL‐C was significantly, but negatively, associated with CAL. Plasma triglyceride level was significantly associated with PD and BOP (%) after further analyses.

Conclusions: The results of our study showed that patients with mild or moderate hyperlipidemia manifested higher values of periodontal parameters compared to normolipidemic individuals. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of hyperlipidemia on periodontal disease.
Metronidazole‐Loaded Bioabsorbable Films as Local Antibacterial Treatment of Infected Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Shifrovitch Yael , Binderman Itzhak , Bahar Hila , Berdicevsky Israela , Zilberman Meital
Published: February 2009

Background: Periodontal disease is infectious in nature and leads to an inflammatory response. It arises from the accumulation of subgingival bacterial plaque and leads to the loss of attachment, increased probing depth, and bone loss. It is one of the world's most prevalent chronic diseases. In this study we developed and studied metronidazole‐loaded 50/50 poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PDLGA), 75/25 PDLGA, and poly(DL‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) films. These films are designed to be inserted into the periodontal pocket and treat infections with controlled‐release metronidazole for ≥1 month.

Methods: The structured films were prepared using the solution‐casting technique. Concentrated solutions and high solvent‐evaporation rates were used to get most of the drug located in the bulk, i.e., in whole film's volume. The effects of copolymer composition and drug content on the release profile, cell growth, and bacterial inhibition were investigated.

Results: The PDLLA and 75/25 PDLGA films generally exhibited a low‐ or medium‐burst release followed by a moderate release at an approximately constant rate, whereas the 50/50 PDLGA films exhibited a biphasic release profile. The drug released from films loaded with 10% weight/weight metronidazole resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial viability within several days. When exposed to human gingival fibroblasts in cell culture conditions, these films maintained their normal fibroblastic features.

Conclusions: This study enabled the understanding of metronidazole‐release kinetics from bioabsorbable polymeric films. The developed systems demonstrated good biocompatibility and the ability to inhibit Bacteroides fragilis growth; therefore, they may be useful in the treatment of periodontal diseases.
Enamel Matrix Derivative Versus Bioactive Ceramic Filler in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects: 12‐Month Results
Authors: Leknes Knut N. , Andersen Kari‐Mette , Bøe Olav E. , Skavland Ragnfrid J. , Albandar Jasim M.
Published: February 2009

Background: This study examined the clinical efficacy of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and bioactive ceramic filler (BCF) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects and evaluated factors influencing the treatment outcome.

Methods: Thirteen chronic periodontitis patients, 41 to 74 years of age, who had two proximal intrabony defects in different jaw quadrants with ≥3 mm vertical radiographic bone loss were selected for this study. After initial therapy, the sites in each patient were randomly assigned to EMD or BCF treatment. Clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), tooth mobility (TM), gingival recession (GR), bleeding on probing, and dental plaque were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. At surgery, the intrabony component was characterized by recording the number of bony walls, distance in millimeters from the buccal crest (BC) to the most apical point of the defect, distance from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the BC, and the mesio‐distal width of the defect at the level of the bony crest.

Results: BCF treatment resulted in a significant gain in proximal CAL (P = 0.005) and a reduction in proximal PD at 6 months (P <0.001), but there was no further improvement from 6 to 12 months. Paired comparisons by time for the EMD group revealed a significant reduction in proximal PD at 12 months (P = 0.001), whereas the gain in proximal CAL approached significance (P = 0.056). Mean GR increased significantly from baseline to 6 months in both groups (P = 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that within the EMD group, smoking and TM negatively influenced the gain of attachment, whereas within the BCF group, gingival recession increased with age, increasing CEJ to BC distance, and increasing mesial‐distal width of the defect.

Conclusions: The gain in proximal attachment after treating intrabony defects by flap surgery with BCF was significant (P = 0.004) and twice that following treatment with EMD (P = 0.056). Patient and site variables affected the clinical outcome differently.
Minimally Invasive Flapless Implant Placement: Follow‐Up Results From a Multicenter Study
Authors: Becker William , Goldstein Moshe , Becker Burton E. , Sennerby Lars , Kois Dean , Hujoel Philippe
Published: February 2009

Background: The placement of implants using a minimally invasive flapless approach has the potential to reduce operative bleeding and postoperative discomfort and minimize crestal bone loss. This article presents follow‐up data on a prospective clinical study of implants placed using a flapless procedure.

Methods: The original study reported on 57 patients (33 female patients with an age range of 24 to 86 years; 24 male patients with an age range of 27 to 81 years) recruited from three clinical centers (Tucson, Arizona; Gothenburg, Sweden; and Tel Aviv, Israel) who received 79 implants. After an average of 3 years and 8 months, the patients were contacted and invited to return to their respective clinics for reexamination. Thirty‐seven patients with 52 implants returned for a follow‐up examination; the remaining 20 patients (27 implants) were not available for reexamination and were considered study drop‐outs.

Results: The cumulative survival rate at the 3‐ to 4‐year follow‐up examination remains at 98.7%, reflecting the loss of one implant. The mean probing depth at abutment connection was 2.2 mm, as reported in the initial study (examination 2 at ∼2 years postplacement); it was 2.4 mm at the 3‐ to 4‐year second follow‐up examination. This change was not clinically or statistically significant. Bleeding score changes also were not significant between the two intervals. The average crestal bone level was −0.7 mm at examination 2 and −0.8 mm at examination 3, a change that approached significance (P <0.06).

Conclusions: Minimally invasive flapless surgery offers patients the possibility of high implant predictability with clinically insignificant crestal bone loss for up to 4 years. Proper diagnosis and treatment planning are key factors in achieving predictable outcomes.
Levels of Interferon‐Gamma and Transcription Factor T‐Bet in Progressive Periodontal Lesions in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Dutzan Nicolas , Vernal Rolando , Hernandez Marcela , Dezerega Andrea , Rivera Oriana , Silva Nora , Aguillon Juan Carlos , Puente Javier , Pozo Patricia , Gamonal Jorge
Published: February 2009

Background: Periodontitis is an infection with an episodic pattern of tissue‐support destruction. During the generation of a primary CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) response, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) acts as a positive regulator by selectively inducing Th1 differentiation through increased transcription of T‐bet. The aims of this work were to determine IFN‐γ levels in samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to determine IFN‐γ and transcription factor T‐bet expression in gingival tissue from patients undergoing the progression of chronic periodontitis.

Methods: One hundred six patients with moderate or advanced chronic periodontitis were selected. Periodontitis was characterized by at least six sites with probing depth ≥5 mm, clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm, and radiographic bone loss. Periodontitis progression was determined by the tolerance method. GCF was collected using a paper strip, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the total amount of IFN‐γ. Gingival biopsies were obtained from patients for real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to determine IFN‐γ and T‐bet expression. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software. Data were expressed as subject means ± SD. The χ2 and Student t tests were used.

Results: The total amount and concentration of cytokine IFN‐γ were significantly higher in active sites than in inactive sites (99.90 versus 68.90 pg; P = 0.03; 106.62 pg/mg versus 75.64 pg/mg, P = 0.04, respectively). Active sites showed a significantly lower Δ cycle threshold (Ct) of IFN‐γ than inactive sites (P = 0.04), whereas the expression of transcription factor T‐bet was increased 1.42‐fold in active sites compared to inactive sites.

Conclusion: The total amount and concentration of cytokine IFN‐γ in GCF samples and transcription factor T‐bet expression were increased in progressive periodontal lesions in patients with chronic periodontitis.
The Role of Bone Decortication in Enhancing the Results of Guided Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review
Authors: Greenstein G. , Greenstein B. , Cavallaro J. , Tarnow D.
Published: February 2009

Background: Bone decortication is often performed as part of a guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedure. The biologic rationale for decortication of bone is to allow progenitor cells easy access to a GBR‐treated site and to facilitate prompt angiogenesis. It also may enhance the physical connection between a bone graft and a recipient site. However, the concept of decortication prior to a GBR procedure is controversial because there are no human clinical trials to support its effectiveness, and there are opposing points of view derived from animal studies regarding its usefulness.

Methods: The literature was assessed to determine whether there are enough data to validate the rationale for using decortication of bone as an integral part of GBR procedures. Eight searches were performed seeking controlled clinical trials that addressed the ability of decortication to enhance GBR.

Results: Three controlled animal clinical trials were found that supported the use of decortication prior to performing GBR. Two controlled animal clinical trials were located that indicated decortication did not improve GBR procedures. No human controlled clinical trial was identified that addressed the ability of decortication to alter GBR procedures. The literature addressing the capacity of decortication to affect onlay grafting or wound healing also provided mixed results.

Conclusion: There is conflicting information and not enough clinical trials to make a definitive determination as to the merits of bone decortication prior to GBR procedures.
Periodontitis Severity Plus Risk as a Tooth Loss Predictor
Authors: Martin John A. , Page Roy C. , Kaye Elizabeth Krall , Hamed Mohamed T. , Loeb Carl F.
Published: February 2009

Background: Tooth loss can be a consequence of the natural history of periodontitis. Stratification of periodontitis severity, risk, and tooth loss exists within the United States adult population, and tooth loss correlates to severity and risk. We evaluated the loss of teeth for a periodontitis‐affected population categorized by the combination of severity and risk in which the subjects predominantly did not receive periodontal treatment.

Methods: The clinical records of 523 subjects enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study, covering a period of 15 years, were used. Disease severity, risk level, and the number of teeth lost for each subject were determined.

Results: A stepwise regression analysis showed that disease and risk scores predicted mean tooth loss rate. The P value for the disease score was <0.0005, and the P value for the risk score was 0.001. The ordinal logistic regression model showed that disease (P = 0.002) and risk scores (P = 0.000) were significantly associated with the probability of subjects losing a specific number of teeth.

Conclusions: Tooth loss is more precisely and accurately predicted by the combination of risk score and periodontal disease score than by either score alone. The combined scores may be a surrogate variable for periodontal status. Because the scores are derived from routine clinical measurements, they may be useful for population surveillance and dynamics, practice management, patient care decisions, practice‐based research, and the determination of treatment effectiveness and the factors required for successful treatment, resulting in improved oral health and higher clinician productivity and income.
Levels of Serum Interleukin (IL)‐6 and Gingival Crevicular Fluid of IL‐1β and Prostaglandin E2 Among Non‐Smoking Subjects With Gingivitis and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Andriankaja O.M. , Barros S.P. , Moss K. , Panagakos F.S. , DeVizio W. , Beck J. , Offenbacher S.
Published: February 2009

Background: The goal of this study was to assess whether non‐smoking patients with type 2 diabetes present with increased levels of local and systemic proinflammatory mediators and, if so, whether such an increase is associated with enhanced clinical gingival inflammation compared to non‐smoking patients without diabetes.

Methods: We used a cross‐sectional database consisting of 725 self‐reported lifelong non‐smokers aged 53 to 74 years. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and serum levels of IL‐6 were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. No participant had probing depth >3 mm. Participants with bleeding on probing (BOP) in <10% of sites were classified as healthy, whereas those with BOP in ≥10% of sites were defined as having biofilm–gingival interface (BGI) gingivitis.

Results: Approximately 53% (n = 385) and 11% (n = 80) of the sample had BGI gingivitis and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The mean age‐adjusted level of GCF IL‐1β was significantly elevated in the diabetic group compared to the non‐diabetic group (P = 0.048), but serum IL‐6 (P = 0.14) and GCF PGE2 were not (P = 0.98). The mean GCF IL‐1β and PGE2 levels were significantly elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis (136.2 ± 112.9 ng/ml and 277.2 ± 187.2 ng/ml, respectively) compared to subjects with gingival health (95.9 ± 82.9 ng/ml and 205.7 ± 149.6 ng/ml, respectively), regardless of diabetic status (P <0.001 for both). However, serum IL‐6 was elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis compared to subjects with gingival health only among subjects with diabetes (2.9 ± 3.2 pg/ml versus 1.5 ± 1.4 pg/ml; P = 0.008). With the exception of serum IL‐6 in subjects without diabetes, an increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators was associated with increased odds of having BGI gingivitis. The associations were stronger in the diabetic group.

Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes may increase the host inflammatory response to oral biofilm, which, in turn, may exacerbate preconditions associated with gingivitis in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by the increased level of serum IL‐6, is associated with BGI gingivitis among non‐smoking patients with diabetes.
Identification of N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor Subunit in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts: Potential Role in Regulating Differentiation
Authors: Yu Ji‐Hee , Lee Seung‐Pyo , Kim Tae‐Il , Jang Jun‐Hyeog
Published: February 2009

Background: Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), which can be differentiated into osteoblasts, are crucial cells for the regeneration of the periodontal tissue. Although N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors were reported to be involved in bone formation by affecting osteoblasts, the existence and function of NMDA receptors in PDLFs have not been confirmed. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of NMDA receptors and their role in human PDLFs.

Methods: Human PDLFs were cultured and evaluated to identify the subunits of NMDA receptors (NR) by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Then, the cells were assigned to four different groups: a control media group, a control media with NMDA receptor antagonist group, a differentiation media group, and a differentiation media with NMDA receptor antagonist group. Cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis, and mineralization assay were performed to determine whether NMDA receptors affected the function of PDLFs.

Results: NR1, NR2B, and NR2D were detected in human PDLFs. There was no statistically significant difference in proliferation among the groups. However, the NMDA receptor antagonist–treated group showed a significant reduction in ALP activity (P <0.05). Moreover, the NMDA receptor antagonist–supplemented group presented no mineralization.

Conclusions: This study revealed the existence of NMDA receptors in human PDLFs and specified their subunits. Moreover, NMDA receptors had a significant influence on the differentiation and mineralization of human PDLFs but did not affect their proliferation. These results suggest that NMDA receptors may play an important role in the differentiation and mineral tissue formation of human PDLFs.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Gingival Melanin Pigmentation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Shimada Yasuko , Tai Hideaki , Tanaka Aya , Ikezawa‐Suzuki Ikuyo , Takagi Keiji , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: February 2009

Background: Gingival melanin pigmentation may cause esthetic concerns, even if no serious medical problem is present. As an inhibitor of melanin formation, ascorbic acid is often used to treat skin melanin pigmentation. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of ascorbic acid on gingival melanin pigmentation in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: The effects of ascorbic acid on melanin formation were evaluated in vitro in B16 mouse melanoma cells and three‐dimensional human skin models. In addition, a clinical trial was performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of a gel containing ascorbic acid 2‐glucoside (AS‐G gel) on gingival melanin pigmentation. This study used a double‐masked, split‐mouth design on 73 subjects with symmetric gingival melanin pigmentation. AS‐G gel was applied to one side of the gingiva for 12 weeks, whereas placebo gel was applied to the other side as a control. Luminance (L∗)‐value, which describes the lightness of gingiva, was determined by spectrophotometry to obtain an objective measure of melanin pigmentation every 4 weeks.

Results: Ascorbic acid significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in B16 mouse melanoma cells (P <0.01 and P <0.05, respectively). The inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid on melanin formation were also significant in three‐dimensional human skin models (P <0.01). Moreover, in the clinical trial, a significant relative change in pigmentation was seen after 4 weeks with the application of AS‐G gel compared to placebo (L∗‐value ratio).

Conclusion: Ascorbic acid (AS‐G) has potential for the treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation.
Changes in Inflammatory Mediators in Peri‐Implant Fluid After Implant Insertion
Authors: Venza Mario , Visalli Maria , Lo Giudice Giuseppe , Cicciù Marco , Passi Pietro , Teti Diana
Published: February 2009

Background: Endosseous dental titanium implants have revolutionized restorative dentistry and have made a significant impact on improved patient care. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the influence of the placement technique on periodontal health.

Methods: A baseline examination was performed in patients with submerged and non‐submerged titanium implants, including an evaluation of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bone level, as well as histamine and arachidonic acid metabolite concentrations, in the peri‐implant crevicular fluid. Examinations were repeated after 12, 24, and 36 months.

Results: Bone loss was significantly higher in the submerged group relative to the non‐submerged group at 3 years (P <0.01), with a slight increase at 24 months. All clinical parameters were significantly higher in the submerged group relative to the non‐submerged group at 24 and 36 months (P <0.05 for PI; P <0.01 for GI, PD, and CAL). The mean levels of histamine and other inflammatory mediators were significantly higher, whereas 15(S)‐hydroxy‐5,8,11,13‐eicosatetraenoic acid concentrations were significantly reduced in the submerged group, with a high correlation with periodontal indices at 24 and 36 months (P <0.001).

Conclusion: This longitudinal study suggested that submerged implants present a number of risks for periodontal complications compared to non‐submerged implants, which can be evidenced by inflammatory mediator variations in the peri‐implant crevicular fluid.
Single‐Flap Approach With Buccal Access in Periodontal Reconstructive Procedures
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Farina Roberto , Franceschetti Giovanni , Calura Giorgio
Published: February 2009

Background: New surgical techniques have been developed to optimize primary closure as well as to minimize the surgical trauma in the reconstructive procedures of periodontal intraosseous defects. Recently, we proposed a minimally invasive procedure, the single‐flap approach (SFA), specifically indicated when the defect extension is prevalent on the buccal or oral side. The basic principle of the SFA is the elevation of a flap to access the defect only on one side (buccal or oral), leaving the opposite side intact. The present case series reports preliminary data on the clinical effectiveness of SFA with buccal access in conjunction with a collagen membrane and a hydroxyapatite (HA)‐based biomaterial in the reconstructive treatment of deep periodontal intraosseous defects.

Methods: Ten intraosseous defects in 10 patients were accessed with a buccal SFA and treated with a collagen membrane and an HA‐based graft biomaterial. The follow‐up period following the regenerative procedure ranged from 6 to 14 months (mean: 10.0 ± 3.0 months).

Results: Clinical attachment level (CAL) decreased from 11.2 ± 2.6 mm presurgery to 6.4 ± 1.9 mm post‐surgery. Probing depth was 9.0 ± 2.8 mm before surgery and 3.8 ± 1.5 mm post‐surgery. Gingival recession increased from 2.2 ± 1.9 mm presurgery to 2.6 ± 1.3 mm post‐surgery.

Conclusions: Challenging intraosseous defects, surgically accessed with a buccal SFA and treated with a combined graft/guided tissue regeneration technique, may heal with a substantial CAL gain. Limited postsurgical recession indicates that SFA may represent a suitable option to surgically treat defects in areas with high esthetic demands.
Sustainable urban water systems in indicators: researchers' recommendations versus practice in Swedish utilities
Authors: Palme Ulrika , Tillman Anne-Marie
Published: February 2009

Sustainable development indicators (SDIs) are frequently recommended as tools for supporting sustainable development. The scientific community has made numerous suggestions regarding SDIs for urban water systems, but few studies have examined what information other actors consider important. This paper examines, based on literature and field studies of Swedish water organizations, what sets of SDIs are considered important, in terms of information content by researchers, sector associations and practitioners. Furthermore, the paper investigates how preferred SDI content relates to these actors' conceptions of sustainable development (SD) and what happens when sender and receiver disagree on what information should be captured in SDIs and exchanged. The results indicate that what SDI content is considered important reflects the conception of SD. Different conceptions of SD and the consequent differences in preferred SDIs contribute to a mismatch between the information that senders want to convey to receivers and the information the latter actually want. In such instances it was the receivers who determined what information was, in fact, exchanged. A prerequisite for meaningful application of SDIs in the Swedish water sector is to identify processes that can contribute to an increased pull for sustainability information, particularly so among its decision makers.
Revisiting the potential for benefit sharing in the management of trans-boundary rivers
Authors: Dombrowsky Ines
Published: February 2009

It has been suggested that trans-boundary water conflicts may be resolved through benefit sharing. The idea of benefit sharing is that a zero-sum game of water sharing is replaced through a positive-sum game of benefit sharing. In order to test the benefit sharing hypothesis, this paper presents a conceptual analysis of the incentives and institutional prerequisites required to realize mutual benefits in the use of trans-boundary rivers.

The paper argues that it is useful to distinguish negative and positive unidirectional externality problems related to the use of trans-boundary rivers, as these two cases represent fundamentally different cooperation problems. In the case of negative externalities, the benefits of cooperation exist in principle, but their realization requires an agreement on often disputed property rights as well as on the set up of an enforcement mechanism. Thus cooperation remains institutionally demanding. In contrast, in the case of positive externality problems, no property rights issues are involved. However, whether cooperation can be expected depends on the underlying payoff structure. The downstream riparian can be expected to participate in the provision of a positive externality upstream, either if the project is only collectively rational (coordination problem) or if the downstream riparian's participation allows for a Pareto improvement vis-à-vis the non-cooperative solution (cooperation problem). Given the property rights implications of negative externality problems, it may be useful, where possible, to refocus from negative to positive externality problems.
Water policy impact assessment – combining modelling techniques in the Great Barrier Reef region
Authors: Smajgl A. , Morris S. , Heckbert S.
Published: February 2009

The Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan) defined a landmark for policy in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region. It identifies actions, mechanisms and partnerships and builds on existing government policies, industry and community initiatives for the purpose of “halting and reversing the decline in water quality entering the Reef within 10 years” through “reducing the load of pollutants from diffuse sources in the water entering the Reef”. A range of different indicators proposed for the nine strategies of the plan define policy goals that require an integrated assessment of the Great Barrier Reef region.

In this context and under given uncertainties in regard to policy outcomes, decision support systems can help simulate the impact of potential policy options. Policy options involving water quantity and water quality questions and the underlying context of land use require an understanding of environmental, economic and social consequences.

This paper presents an approach developed for the GBR region, which employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and an agent-based model (ABM) for integrated policy impact assessment. This applied modelling approach shows that strengths of different modelling techniques can be combined to support water policy decision making more effectively. This paper is focused on integration in the form of policy process and research response regarding model design on two system scales that provide cross scale decision support.
Preparation of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester by ozonolysis of vegetable oils and its polycondensation
Authors: Cvetkovic Ivana , Milic Jelena , Ionescu Mihail , Petrovic Zoran
Published: February 2009

Vegetable oil-based and potentially biodegradable polyesters were prepared from 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester. This paper describes ozonolysis of vegetable oils and the method for preparation of useful monomers and in particular 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester. Ozonolysis of soybean oil and castor oil in methanol and methylene chloride solution, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride was used to obtain a mixture of triols, diols and monols. Triglyceride triols were separated from the rest of the mixture and transesterified with methanol to obtain methyl esters of fatty acids and glycerin. The main component of fatty acids was 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester, which was characterized and used for polycondensation by transesterification. High molecular weight polyhydroxy alcanoate was a solid having a melting point of 75?C. The molecular weight of the resulting polyester was affected by the purity of the monomer and side reactions such as cyclization. The polymer was characterized by chromatographic, thermal and analytical methods.
Crosslinked polyurethanes based on hyperbranched polymers
Authors: Vukovic Jasna , Pergal Marija , Jovanovic Slobodan , Vodnik Vesna
Published: February 2009

In this paper, two samples of polyurethane (PU) crosslinked with hydroxy -functonal hyperbranched aliphatic polyester of the second pseudo generation were investigated. For the synthesis of these crosslinked PUs two different macrodiols were used: poly(tetramethyleneoxide) (PTMO) for PUPTMO and ethylene oxide-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-ethylene oxide (PDMS-EO) for PUPDMS-EO sample. Synthesized samples behave as elastomers and have yellow color. Obtained results show that swelling degree of the sample PUPDMS-EO in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinon (NMP) determined at room temperature is higher than for the sample PUPTMO. It has been also observed that thermal properties of these polyurethane networks can be changed by incorporation of siloxane sequences in their structure.
'Svjazannaja' leksika v fitonimike
Authors: Bogdanovic Nedeljko
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V rabote ukazyvaetsja na opredelennoe cislo oboznacenij par realij vegetativnogo (rastitel'nogo) mira, kogda dvumja slovami-derivatami nazyvajutsja casti rastenija, svjazannye v real'nosti (casce vsego kak cast' i celoe ili rastenie i ego plod). Dannye leksemy prinadlezat govoram Nisskogo kraja (vostocnaja Serbija).
Osobennosti makedonsko-serbskogo bilingvizma
Authors: Bosnjakovic Zarko
Published: February 2009

(ruski)V nastojascej stat'e v ramkah teorii jazykovyh kontaktov i (mikro)sociolingvistiki opisyvajutsja osobennosti reci bilingval'nogo nositelja jazyka Verinki Pavlovskoj, rodivsejsja v g. Tetovo v Makedonii i prozivajuscej na protjazanii rjada let v gorodke Kikinda v Serbii. Osoboe vnimanie avtor obrascaet na recevye strategii, a takze na tematiceskuju obuslovlennost' recevoj specifiki bilingval'nogo nositelja jazyka.
The charter of emperor Stefan Dusan for the place Livada issued on December 12, 1347
Authors: Grkovic Milica
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with the Karlovci charter collection, which existed in Sremski Karlovci in the eighteenth century, as witnessed by the Protocol from the same period, founded by von Jacobi. Today, all these charters are in the Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade, except the Charter issued by king Milutin to the Hilandar monastery in 1302. Among them is also the Charter of Emperor Stefan Dusan for the place Livada, issued on December 12 1347. Until now we knew about the original and one copy, both at the Hilandar monastery. This is its second copy, made at a later time.
The semantics of old church Slavonic dobr'' and blag''
Authors: Grkovic-Mejdzor Jasmina
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with the semantics of OCS dobr'' and blag'' in the translation of tetraeuangelion, compared with the semantics of their Greek correlates kal?s, agath?s and hr?st?s. It points out the semantic changes which occurred in creating Slavic theological terminology. OCS dobr'' is an evaluative of the physical aspect of a notion, including its function, while blag'' through the process of semantic transposition acquired the meaning 'good in a spiritual sense'. This distinction reflects the Christian dual articulation of the world. This research reveals that a change of a cultural model induces semantic changes, be they 'natural' or consciously created in the development of certain terminologies, as witnessed here by Old Church Slavonic. In this process universal concepts are submitted to a culture-specific categorization, as seen in Greek kal?s ('beautiful' > 'good') and OCS blag'' ('pleasant' > 'good spiritually'). These changes are possible only because of the fuzzy nature of meaning itself.
Metatextual operators in the shape of the superlative of adverb
Authors: Grochowski Maciej
Published: February 2009

It is possible to distinguish in Polish lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb. They represent classes of metatextual (cf. najnormalniej, najpewniej, najspokojniej, najwidoczniej) or metapredicative (cf. najdalej, najmniej, najwy?ej) operators. In this paper the first class of operators is considered. Syntactic features of adverbs and metatextual operators are mutually exclusive. The operators under examination have their counterparts in the shape of the positive in the classes of adverbs as well as particles. However, none of the distinguished operators has counterpart in the shape of the comparative in the class of particles. A metatextual operator - analogically to a particle - opens one position primarily on its right side, for an expression unmarked relative to the degree of complexity. Whereas a superlative of adverb opens two positions the first one for a verb and the second one for a prepositional phrase. In the paper numerous arguments are presented for confirming the hypothesis that lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb are grammatical homonyms which belong both to adverbs and to particles.
Synchrony, diachrony and Greenberg's state-process model: From the viewpoint of typological characterization
Authors: Desző Lásló
Published: February 2009

After a brief survey of the history of diachronic typology, the author focuses his attention on the typological methods applied to historical comparative linguistics. Then some basic issues of Greenberg's state-process model are examined as a possible model for diachronic typology. Morphological and word-order typology are used for the illustration of the author's statements and comments.
Syllable structure
Authors: Jakobsen Per
Published: February 2009

In traditional structuralist understanding, language is a system of signs i.e. an inseparable unity of content and expression. According to glossematic linguistic theory, the dichotomy of form and substance in the content has its parallel in the expression. The present paper shows that in one language certain consonant clusters within the syllable are allowed, in other languages they are not. The phonotactic structure, i.e. the rules of forming syllables decide the forming of new words and identify the language at the same time. This fundamental syllable structure shows that it is scientifically untenable to maintain that the Serbo-Croatian language has split up in several new languages. .
On the stylistic, ideological and utilitarian aspects of nominalization in Serbian
Authors: Klikovac Duska
Published: February 2009

The author deals with certain aspects of nominalization (the use of verbal or adjectival nouns instead of verbs) that have not received much attention in Serbian scientific literature. Two of them are stylistic: the first stems from the very nature of verbal and adjectival nouns - they do not evoke mental images as verbs do. The other is that nominalization has become a feature of formal language; that aspect is not inherent in the very process of nominalization. Then comes the ideological aspect of nominalization: it can be a means of declaring one's power. Finally, there is a utilitarian aspect of nominalization: it can be used to keep some components of the situation secret or to present the situation less sharply. Those aspects of nominalization are not unique to Serbian but are universal, given the fact that in modern societies institutions are very powerful, that the image of a person in the eyes of others is often more important than the true value of the person, and that masses are manipulated on a large scale.
*Rěc', *slovo, *besěda: Etymology and semantic prehistory
Authors: Loma Aleksandar
Published: February 2009

Common Slavic words *r?c', *slovo and *bes?da all came to express, in different Slavic languages, the linguistic notion of 'word, speech', but each of those apparent synonyms has a (pre)history of its own. That of *r?c' is the least complicated: as a verbal noun from *rekti 'to say', it stands in the closest relationship to its object, which may explain the semantic development to 'thing'. *Slovo goes back to PIE *kl?uos 'fame', which is also the prevalent meaning of its cognates in IE languages. As an exception Avestan sravah- does not mean 'word', as it had been taken for granted for a long time, but rather 'eulogy, hymn'. Not unlike it -and Homeric Pl. kl?a andr?n- Pre-Christian *slovo seems to have been a solemn, especially commemorative speech, a funeral lamentation, an epic poem. In translating the Holy Scripture into Slavonic it apparently met Greek logos in the rhetorical part of its semantic field, and only secondarily expanded onto the lexical one. As for *bes?da, its proper sense is 'a speech in public', which developed from 'a meeting(-place) in the open'; it is convincingly analyzable as *bez-s?da, 'sitting outside', a compound etymologically matched, in Old Indian, by the adjective bahih-sad- meaning the same (used of a gambler).
On the recipient passive in the Kashubian Language: Annex to Milka Ivic's syntactic inventory for Slavonic dialectology
Authors: Nomachi Motoki
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with grammaticalization of the recipient passive such as ?n to dost?? (?d ni) prz?dzelon? and its place in the verbal system of the Kashubian language. Taking as a starting point Milka Ivic's typological studies of Slavonic syntax, the author of this paper describes and analyses the Kashubian recipient passive and shows its grammatical and semantic features from a comparative viewpoint.
Die arten der transponierung der primär räumlichen parameter in den altserbischen determinativsystemen
Authors: Pavlovic Slobodan
Published: February 2009

(nemacki) In dieser Arbeit werden die Arten der Transponierung der prim?r r?umlichen, semantischen Parameter in den altserbischen Determinativsystemen seit Ende des 12. bis zur Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts erl?utert. Die Kasuskonstruktionen - als syntaktische Ausdr?cke der semantischen Kategorien des Tempus, Modus, der Kausalit?t, Finalit?t, Konditionalit?t und Konzessivit?t - werden aus der Perspektive ihrer prim?r r?umlichen Bedeutungen betrachtet. Das Ziel dieser Auseinandersetztung ist die Bestimmung des Erhaltungsgrades der prim?r r?umlichen Bedeutungen als sinnlich fa?barer Ph?nomene in den abstrakten semantischen Kategorien.
Sistemnye otnosenija strukturnyh shem russkogo prostogo predlozenija
Authors: Popova Zinaida
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V stat'e predstavlena model' polevoj organizacii strukturnyh shem russkogo prostogo predlozenija, i na e? osnove peresmotreny nekotorye traktovki tradicionnoj tipologii russkih prostyh predlozenij.
A form of the grammaticalisation of a sentence meaning
Authors: Ruzic Vladislava
Published: February 2009

This research conducted on the examples from the contemporary Serbian language classifies obligatory pronominal phrases which together with the conjuction da introduce a complement clause. Further the research identifies groups of verbs in the function of a main predicate that have a specific grammatical feature to combine with certain forms of a pronominal word. This makes it possible to see which semantical relations exist among the parts of such complex sentences.
Remarks on unpronounceable subjects
Authors: Růzicka Rudolf
Published: February 2009

The paper addresses the issue of representing and licensing covert subjects as unpronounceable, mute and phonologically empty categories functioning as subjects. Licensing includes distinct locality to be explained by positional constraints, structural and interpretative as well as comparative-typological ones.
O nekotoryh problemah i zadacah sovremennoj balkanistiki
Authors: Sobolev Andrej
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V centre vnimanija stat'i nahodjatsja obscestvenno relevantnye i prognosticeski cennye voprosy o konvergentnyh i divergentnyh jazykovyh processah v poli?tniceskih, mnogojazycnyh i mul'tireligioznyh gruppah na sovremennom ?tape razvitija.
From the research work on Milos Crnjanski's language: Linguistic synthesis of some examples
Authors: Stanojcic Zivojin
Published: February 2009

The paper considers several elements that make the language of M. Crnjanski be characteristic by its layers. Author is suggesting that Crnjanski, besides of his native dialect, had the language of written documents, of the Holy Bible (New Testament) texts and languages in contact as the most probable common source of some of his novels language features. Author's research was based on the theoretical works of R. Jakobson, St. Ullmann and M. Ivic.
Odin iz primerov svjazi mezdu znaceniem glagolânoè leksemá i tipom predlozenija v sovremennom serbskom jazyke
Authors: Tanasic Sreto
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V dannoj rabote avtor na primere glagolov so znaceniem cuvstvennogo vosprijatija, govorit o tom, kak tip sintaksicesko-semantickogo znacenija predlozenija svjazan so znaceniem ego glagol'nogo predikata. ?ti glagoly casto upotrebljajutsja v parah perehodnyj glagol - vozvratnyj glagol: videti - videti se; cuti - cuti se i t. d. V jazykovoj praktike casto nabljudaetsja problema opredelenija tipa predlozenija s podobnymi glagolami: idet li rec' o predlozenii s vozvratnym glagolom ili ze vyrazena passivnaja diateza v refleksivnoj passivnoj konstrukcii. V suscnosti, ?to problema razgranicenija omonimii na urovne predlozenija. Ctoby ustranit' omonimiju, neobhodimo ustanovit' znacenie glagolov; ot znacenija glagolov zavisit, kakie aktanty predstavleny v oboznacennoj imi situacii. Putem analiza predlozenij s glagolami dannogo klassa avtor pokazyvaet, kak pri identifikacii vspomogatel'nyh aktantov, vvodimyh dannymi glagolami, mozno ustanovit' nalicie ili otsutstvie i raspredelenie glavnyh aktantov. Tem samym vyjavljaetsja tip predlozenija.
Antiteza i antonimija - na materiale serbskih poslovic
Authors: Tolstaja Svetlana
Published: February 2009

(ruski) Tekst poslovicy podhodit dlja analiza antonimii, poskol'ku ?kspliciruet ponjatijnuju oppoziciju. Leksiceskaja antonimija predstavljaet soboj odin iz vidov antitezy v poslovicah; oni obe vyrazajut mehanizmy kategorizacii predmetov i osmyslenija mira v sootvetstvii s dominirujuscimi stereotipami i pragmaticeskoj (?ticeskoj, normativnoj, vospitatel'noj) orientaciej govorjascih.
On some neglected balkanisms in the Serbian verbal systems
Authors: Topolińska Zuzanna
Published: February 2009

The author finds that one of the most prominent features of the so-called Balkan Sprachbund is the extended system of grammaticalized modal distinctions both in the episthemic and deontic functional zone. She then focuses on two tendencies characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund which are also present in the Serbian verbal system: (1) the differentiation of the exponents of the predicate of negation depending on its function and position in the discourse, and (2) the tendency to transform the synsemantic, most often modal, verbs into indeclinable particles.
Muziti (se) - 'isceznuvsij' glagol
Authors: Cupic Drago
Published: February 2009

(ruski) Avtor govorit ob 'isceznuvsem' v serbskom jazyke glagole muziti (se) v znacenii 'vyjti zamuz'. ?tot glagol v jazyke serbov i horvatov pozze vstrecaetsja tol'ko v Pervom testamente Antuna Dalmatina, gde, po vsej verojatnosti, i zakancivaetsja ego 'zizn''.
Morfologiceskie i sintaktiko-semanticeskie modeli v imperativnom znacenii
Authors: Fekete Egon
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V nastojascej rabote rassmatrivajutsja: (a) morfologiceskie formy imperativa v serbskom jazyke i (b) drugie grammaticeskie sredstva, s pomosc'ju kotoryh mozno vyrazit' imperativnye znacenija (prezens, buduscee vremja, glagol'nye pricastija, infinitiv, imena suscestvitel'nye, narecija i mezdometija).
On the origin of final -e in the plural of the verbal l-form in Macedonian: Possible contact influences
Authors: Friedman Victor
Published: February 2009

In addition to previous interpretations of the origin of final -e in the plural of the verbal l-form in Macedonian, the paper offers arguments for explaining the generalization of this marker of plurality as a result of Aromanian influence in the contact between the two languages.
O natpisi na mogil'noj plite Mariny Vitoslavy, 1374
Authors: Cigoja Brankica
Published: February 2009

(ruski) V nastojascej stat'e avtor opisyvaet kirilliceskuju natpis' na mogil'noj plite Mariny Vitoslavy, nahodjascejsja v priprate cerkvi Hrista Spasa (Iisusa Hrista Pantokratora) v monastyre Visoki Decani. Avtor sravnivaet novejsee izdanie ?toj natpisi s predyduscimi ee izdanijami i privodit tekst natpisi v transkripcii, transliteracii, a takze na sovremennom serbskom jazyke.
The effect of toluene on oxidative processes in rat blood
Authors: Stajkovic Silvana , Borozan Suncica , Gadjanski-Omerovic Gordana
Published: February 2009

This study was designed to investigate the effects of toluene treatment on oxidative stress in rat blood. Since toluene metabolism produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, it was hypothesized that the toluene treatment would: 1) provoke changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, 2) impair the integrity of the cell membrane and 3) induce structural changes in the plasma proteins. Female Wistar rats were treated with toluene intraperitonally, at a daily dose of 0.38 mmol/kg body weight for 12 days, and 5 mmol/kg body weight for 6 days, respectively, with propylene glycol as the carrier. Toluene significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity at low doses, catalase activity at high doses and the level of erythrocytes malondialdehyde in both treated groups when compared to the control group. The nitrite ( ? 2 NO ) level in both treated groups was not different from that in the control animals. Toluene caused oxidative modification of plasma proteins and, consequently, changes in the concentration of glycoproteins and lipoproteins when compared to the control group. The observed alterations indicate that toluene treatment might be involved in free radical processes.