bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF PERCEPTION OF LOADING ELEMENTS OF THE RAILWAY TRACK AT HIGH SPEEDS OF THE MOVEMENT
Authors: Kurhan D. M.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Increase the train speeds movements requires not only the appropriate technical solutions, but also methodological-calculated. Most of the models and methodologies used for solving problems of stress-strain state of the railroad tracks, are based on assumptions and hypotheses adequate only for certain speeds. In the framework of this work will be discussed theoretical background of the changing nature of perceptual load elements of the railway track at high speeds and investigated the numeric parameters of the processes by means of mathematical modeling. As a practical purposes is expected to provide the levels of train speed, the boundaries of which can reasonably exclude the possibility of occurrence of the considered effects. Methodology. To achieve these objectives was used principal new model of railway track based on wave propagation theory stresses in the elastic system to study the impact of the movable load, take into account that the deflection in a particular section of the road starts even while the wheels at some distance, and moving the wheels farther from the selected section of the wave front elastic strain continues to spread. According to the results of simulations explores the changing shape of the wave front voltages in time for the foundation under the rail. If the train speeds substantially less than the velocity propagation of elastic waves, the wheel remains in the area implemented deformations. Findings. Alternative calculations for various parameters of the railway track (especially for different soil conditions) determined the levels of train speed, the boundaries of which can reasonably exclude the possibility of occurrence of the considered effects. Originality. The proposed theoretical study and implementation in the form of mathematical models for processes that occur in the perception of load elements of the railway track at high speeds. Practical value. According to simulation results obtained levels of speeds, which define the appearance of the considered dynamic effects in the base under the rail, can be used to justify path construction or establishment of appropriate values of allowable velocities for the implementation of traffic at high speeds.
Predicting Biofuel Invasiveness: A Relative Comparison to Crops and Weeds
Authors: Smith Larissa L. , Tekiela Daniel R. , Barney Jacob N.
Published: May 2015

Concern raised against using highly competitive, exotic, large-statured, perennial grasses with fast growth rates as bioenergy crops has led to calls for risk assessment before widespread cultivation. Weed risk assessments (WRAs) are decision support tools commonly used throughout the world to determine the invasion risk of new plant taxa—primarily used as a pre-entry screen. Here, we compare the common Australian (A-WRA) and newer U.S. (US-WRA) models to evaluate the invasion risk of 16 candidate bioenergy crops and to compare their WRA scores to 14 important agronomic crops and 10 invasive species with an agronomic origin. Of the 40 species assessed, the A-WRA and US-WRA ranked 34 and 28 species, respectively, as high risk, including the major crops alfalfa, rice, canola, and barley. Surprisingly, in several cases, both models failed to effectively parse weeds from crops. For example, cereal rye received scores above (US-WRA) or comparable to (A-WRA) kudzu, a widespread damaging invader of the Southeastern United States introduced as forage. Our results indicate that these models are unable to accurately address broad, intraspecific variation and that species introduced for agronomic purposes pose special limitations to WRAs. This further supports other calls for postborder evaluation (e.g., field testing) following WRA screening. We should be cautious of the role of WRAs in setting policy, as illustrated by this relative evaluation of novel crops.
Demobilised Soldiersand Colonial Control: The British Policein Mandate Palestine and After
Authors: Hughes Matthew
Published: May 2015

Demobilised Soldiers and Colonial Control: The British Police in Mandate Palestine and After

Former soldiers filled the ranks of the British section of the Palestine police, veterans not just of the Great War but also of the war against rebels in Ireland (1919–1921). This is an empirical study of the harsh reality of service in the Palestine police for these tough, demobilised war veterans. This article details the violence of everyday policing, including torture and a «dirty war», mining archival sources and contextualising this material within the British use of collective punishment across the empire. The Palestine police failed in its job of policing, necessitating the deployment of the Army to Palestine; with this collapse in police control the force became more violent. The article argues that policing methods from the Mandate period –informed by war veterans – continued after the disbandment of the Palestine force in 1948, both within Israel and in other parts of the British Empire where former Palestine police officers went to serve in the 1950s. In telling the full story of policing in Palestine, this article extends our understanding of inter-war colonial policing, including its impact on local people, and it makes useful connections to other colonial powers operating in similar circumstances to the British in Palestine, which extend our knowledge of imperial and neo-imperial histories.
‘I can always rely on them’: the importance of social support for boys with haemophilia
Authors: Khair Kate , Gibson Faith , Meerabeau Liz
Published: May 2015

Background: Little is known about where, and from whom children with haemophilia receive support, as there is a paucity of psychosocial research on this topic. This paper, part of a larger study of living with haemophilia, discusses the importance of social support for boys with haemophilia. Methods: Data were collected from 30 boys aged 4-17 years with severe haemophilia A or B from a single Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre in the United Kingdom. Age appropriate participatory qualitative research techniques: photo-elicitation, draw and write, focus groups and individual interviews were used. All data were transcribed and the content was analysed using grounded theory. Results: Social support was gained in many ways from individuals who were identified by the study participants as supportive. These included parents, siblings (affected themselves or not), family members (who may also be affected) and friends. Being able to share experiences with others was also described as supportive. Conclusion: The boys in this study described many sources of social support, which changed over time as they grew older. Commentary, J Haem Pract 2014;1(1):23.
Boys and parents’ perceptions of living with haemophilia and an inhibitor
Authors: Phillott Anica
Published: May 2015

This study examined the perception of the quality of life in a small group of boys (aged 8-15) who have severe haemophilia and have also developed inhibitors and their parents. The study design was a qualitative research methodology using a phenomenology theory approach in order to gain perspectives from participants in a series of semi-structured interviews. The study showed that inhibitor development had an impact on the perceived quality of life of these boys and their families and in so doing threatened the coping mechanisms that had worked effectively for them in the past. Although there is adequate awareness among haemophilia treaters of the psychosocial impact of inhibitor development on family life, this may not always be seen as a priority when managing these boys. The study also identified gaps in the published evidence as well as scope for future study. Commentary, J Haem Pract 2014;1(1):23.
Physical function and quality of life in adolescents with haemophilia (SO-FIT study)
Authors: Khair Kate , Bladen Melanie , Holland Michael
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Self-completed measures of physical function and quality of life are increasingly being used in clinical practice yet little is known about how these measures correlate with joint scores in boys with severe haemophilia. In addition, it is not known whether currently used measures of functional outcome correlate with quality of life measures, which measure of physical function is most accurate and whether these measures are acceptable to a well treated contemporary cohort of boys. Methods: The Study Of physical Function In adolescenTs with haemophilia (SO-FIT) is a multicenter, randomized cross-over study designed to answer these questions, and to determine whether these self-reported measures are completed more fully and frequently if made available on mobile devices rather than with conventional pen and paper questionnaires. The study is being run by haemophilia nurse specialists and physiotherapists in UK haemophilia centres and will recruit 120 boys with severe haemophilia A or B, with or without inhibitors aged 8-16 years. Results:The SO-FIT study is now underway, and is expected to complete by the end of 2014.
Adherence to treatment in adolescents with haemophilia: a qualitative study
Authors: Müller-Kägi Elsbeth , Albisetti Manuela , Koppitz Andrea L.
Published: May 2015

introduction: Adolescents experience important changes in their physical, emotional, social and behavioural development. It is known that adolescents wish to be accepted by their peers, strive for independence and are prone to experiment. The challenge for adolescents with haemophilia is the need for taking responsibility for managing their illness and learning to comply with recommended treatment. This study aimed to investigate the process of adherence to treatment in adolescents with haemophilia. Methods: Grounded theory was used, based on one-on-one interviews (n=13) with adolescents with haemophilia. Results: The results include the core category “maturing selfcompetence” which represents the continuous developmental process from birth to teens with regard to haemophilia care. Three constitutive categories “living in a haemophiliac’s body”, “sharing with others” and “being protected and walking in faith” represent basic experiences in an adolescent's life. Further emergent categories include “becoming and staying informed”, “becoming and staying an expert”, “being in action”, “living between oblivion and awareness”, and “finding peace”. The adolescent stage “maturing self-competence” and their assessment of the situation at hand form the basis for decisions concerning adherence. Conclusion: Considering adolescents to be competent managers with regard to their disease, and including them in a partnership decision-making process for the therapeutic regime are the most important requisites for effective adherence.
Joint assessment in haemophilia – current physiotherapist practice in the UK
Authors: McLaughlin Paul , Bladen Melanie , Holland Mike , Khair Kate
Published: May 2015

Aim: UK guidelines recommend regular assessment of joint status in children with haemophilia using a standardised tool performed by haemophilia physiotherapists. We surveyed UK physiotherapists working in haemophilia care regarding their current practice with respect to joint scoring. Methods: A survey was posted on SurveyMonkey and all haemophilia physiotherapists practising in the UK were invited to respond. Responses were analysed and discussed at a roundtable meeting attended by invited physiotherapists and specialist haemophilia nurses. Results: In all, responses were received from 29 of the estimated 37 physiotherapists in the UK who see haemophilia patients. Both the survey and subsequent discussion reflected agreement that joint scoring offers a valuable tool to clinicians, but that better ways of assessing joint health were needed. There was enthusiasm for combining joint scoring with systematic and validated patient-reported outcome measures. Conclusion: Greater understanding is needed of the relationship between joint scores and measures of physical function and quality of life.
Nurses can meet the challenge of haemophilia care in South Africa
Authors: Harrington Chris , Cruickshank Anne-Louise
Published: May 2015

Haemophilia care in South Africa faces a number of challenges and nurses can play a significant role in addressing these and raising standards of practice. This report considers those challenges and steps taken by the country as it has attempted to meet them. It also summarises the key themes that arose from a nursing workshop held November 2013 as part of a MASAC symposium and facilitated by the authors.
Determinants of Public Sector Innovation: The Example of Capacity Development in Public Procurement
Authors: Otter Nils , Weber Mike
Published: May 2015

The Triple-Helix-Model stresses the idea that a successful national system of innovation ought to incorporate the complexity of three social subsystems: private sector economy, governmental system and science. Following the insight that the state and its agencies are important players in any system of innovation, we take a closer look at the innovative action in the public sphere. Therefore, we propose an analytical tool that allows a more detailed explanation of relevant determinants of innovative behaviour: (1) property rights, (2) capabilities, and (3) motivation. In order to show the relevance of these determinants, we tested the plausibility of our theoretical tool against the topic of public procurement of innovation. Five hypotheses were derived and then tested empirically by using a data set about German public procurement practice. Our linear regression model provides evidence for the hypotheses that framework conditions, special training, and motivation of procurement staff play a central role in demand-driven innovation of the public sector.
Analiza nabora, pomena, obsega in pogostosti vložitve razlogov za zahtevo sodnega varstva
Authors: Jurič Tine
Published: May 2015

Pravica do pravnega sredstva je ena temeljnih pravic, ki mora biti zagotovljena vsakemu udeležencu v postopku (kazenskem, upravnem,pravdnem …), v katerem se odloča o njegovih pravicah, dolžnostih ali pravnih koristih. Na področju prekrškovnega prava v hitrem prekrškovnem postopku je zakonodajalec to pravno sredstvo poimenoval zahteva za sodno varstvo. Njena učinkovitost zagotavljanja pravne varnosti kršiteljev je neraziskana, zato je bila opravljena poglobljena empirična, historična in normativna raziskava izpodbojnih razlogov za njeno vložitev, zlasti njihovega nabora, pomena, obsega in pogostosti njihove vložitve. Ugotovil sem, da se nabor izpodbojnih razlogov za vložitev zahteve sodnega varstva širi s spremembami Zakona o prekrških. Največ zahtev je vloženih zaradi izpodbojnega razloga zmotne in nepopolne ugotovitve dejanskega stanja. To pomeni, da se prekrškovnemu organu v tem delu hitrega prekrškovnega postopka očita največ nepravilnosti. Z rezultati empirične raziskave z modelom izpodbijanja prekrškovnih odločitev policije je bil predstavljen potek raziskovanja, uporabljene metode in izhodišča za model pravnega varstva zoper odločitve policije po Zakonu o prekrških de lege ferenda.
A general mathematical framework for representing soil organic matter dynamics
Authors: Sierra Carlos A. , Müller Markus
Published: May 2015

We propose here a general mathematical framework to represent soil organic matter dynamics. This framework is expressed in the language of dynamical systems and generalizes previous modeling approaches. It is based on a set of six basic principles about the decomposition of soil organic matter: (1) mass balance, (2) substrate dependence of decomposition, (3) heterogeneity of the speed of decay, (4) internal transformations of organic matter, (5) environmental variability effects, and (6) substrate interactions. We show how the majority of models previously proposed are special cases of this general model. This approach provides tools to classify models according to the main principles or concepts they include. It also helps to identify a priori the general behavior of different models or groups of models. Another important characteristic of the proposed mathematical representation is the possibility to develop particular models at any level of detail. This characteristic is described as a modeling hierarchy, in which a general model of a high degree of abstraction can accommodate specific realizations of model structure for specific modeling objectives. This framework also allows us to study general properties of groups of models such as their qualitative behavior, timescale of application, and their dynamic stability. For instance, we find conditions under which models are asymptotically stable, i.e., converge to a stable steady state in the long term, but may approach this state with or without oscillations. We also expand the concept of dynamic stability for models that include time dependencies and do not converge to a fixed steady state, but rather to a region of stability in the state‐space. As an example of the application of the concept of dynamic stability, we show how this framework helps to explain the acclimation of soil respiration fluxes in soil‐warming experiments.
Commentary: Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: What Do We Know?
Authors: de Smit Menke J. , Westra Johanna , Brouwer Elisabeth , Janssen Koen M.J. , Vissink Arjan , van Winkelhoff Arie Jan
Published: May 2015

Background: Currently, in the field of rheumatology, there is much attention given towards the possible causality between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), specifically regarding the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). This bacterium is unique, having a citrullinating enzyme. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins are rather specific for RA.

Methods: Because causality is ultimately tested in longitudinal cohort studies which currently do not exist for periodontitis and RA, this commentary applied Bradford Hill criteria on the existing literature to assess causality as the most likely interpretation of this association.

Conclusions: From an epidemiologic point of view, patients with RA have a higher incidence of periodontal disease than individuals without RA. In addition, there is a dose‐response pattern in the association between the severity of periodontitis and RA disease activity. There are indications that periodontitis precedes RA, but there is no evidence yet available to show that Pg plays a direct role in this temporal relationship. The role of the unique characteristic of citrullination by Pg remains unexplained. However, in animal models, citrullination by Pg plays a distinct role in the development and aggravation of experimental arthritis. Although the role of Pg in RA remains speculative, a causative role for periodontitis as a chronic inflammatory disease caused by infectious agents in RA seems biologically plausible.
Completion Design for Gas Well Deliquification
Authors: Montero Gustavo Daniel
Published: May 2015

The maturation of gas fields requires solutions to sustain optimal production flow rates. The decrease of pressure in gas reservoirs, excluding dry gas reservoirs, brings about the great challenge of unloading liquid accumulated in the bottomhole, known as gas well deliquification, in order to prevent the decrease of gas flow rate due to the back pressure set up by the liquid column.

Wells' production history normally shows, after an initial period, a regular decline in the gas flow rate and a steady liquid flow rate, resulting in a decreasing gas liquid relationship. This causes the multiphase flow regime to change throughout the life of the well. At some point, below the critical gas flow rate, liquid loading will result in an important gas flow rate reduction, and invariably will end up killing the well.

This work presents an experience of performance optimization of the completion design, which had been run during completion without killing the well.

Several alternatives were evaluated and opted for the one which offered greater versatility. Two main objectives were established:

– Use of regular and well-known bottomhole tools, to decrease the possibility of mechanical failure – Use of regular tubing diameter and flow passages, with two purposes: to decrease the possibility of plugs formation by any mean and to keep the possibility of monitoring downhole behavior through slick line measurements

Shows the implementation of an innovative, economical, autonomous design (doesn't require energy), which demands low bottomhole dynamic pressure, and which allows the constant discharge of liquid from a large casing section.
ESP Control and Monitoring System of Heavy Oil Peregrino Field
Authors: Honório Wallace , Lemos Daniel , de Lima Raone
Published: May 2015

This paper presents the experience and lessons gained from the design and three years of operation of the control and monitoring system implemented in Peregrino field to monitor and protect the electrical submersible pumps (ESP).

The ESP control and monitoring system was designed to enable robust ESP protection and avoid preventable shutdowns. The system functionalities are spread among variable speed drives (VSD), platform control system (PCS) and platform emergency safety system (ESS) with clear boundaries of equipment responsibilities documented in the cause and effect matrix. The document also presents the principles used during the design phase and the results of three years’ of operation.

Peregrino field is a Statoil asset in Campos Basin approximately 85 km offshore Cabo Frio/Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. The oil in the Peregrino has a viscosity between 129 and 365 cP at reservoir conditions and API gravity that varies between 13 and 15° API. The first phase of field development comprises two drilling-capable wellhead platforms and a central moored FPSO. Currently, there are 27 producer wells, including 3 multilaterals and 6 injectors in operation. The field produces close to 100,000 STB/d of oil and achieved the production record of 104,292 STB/d in July 2013, which is considered the achievement of the field production plateau of 100,000 STB/d.

The learning and experience developed following the design phase and through three years’ of operation represent a very important set of best practices. The best practices can be used as a field-proven method of ESP control and monitoring system project implementation for when operating with viscous oil ESP in an offshore environment.
Application of an Integrated Subsurface Surface Coupled Model to Optimize the Performance of the Artificial Lift Methods in Matured Oil Fields
Authors: Mehranfar R.. , Gonzalez O. Espinola , Ortega H. Andres , González A. Espinosa
Published: May 2015

Selection of the most economical artificial lift method is necessary for the operators to realize the maximum potential from developing any oil or gas field1. In artificial lift design the engineer is faced with matching facility constraints, artificial lift capabilities and the well productivity so that an efficient lift installation results. Energy efficiency will partially determine the cost of operation, but this is only one of many factors to be considered. Based on the above consideration and some other limitations in any project usually 2-3 methods of artificial lift will be candidate to maintain or increase the production from a particular field and a final decision on the type of lift will be made after doing economic studies on different scenarios and several other non-technical considerations1.

Traditionally any decision on engineering design and debottlenecking of surface network and in particular the type of the artificial lift methods are performed by production engineers with their stand-alone tools considering a production forecast profile from a reservoir simulation model. There are lots of simplifications and limitations to generate these profiles, for example well targets in the reservoir simulation model can be unrealistic from production engineering point of view and can cause over or under sizing the production and surface facilities2. Another example can be when different reservoirs are sharing the same network to produce and also there is an artificial lift plan for one of the reservoirs in the field and the production engineer is being asked to evaluate the capacity of the current production network to handle production changes. The answer to these questions if not impossible is a very tedious task to be practiced by traditional field development planning methods.

In this paper authors try to review the concept of Integrated Asset modeling with emphasizing on the artificial lift method screening and analysis. An example application of IAM in a field in Mexico will be shown and the benefits of the integration workflow will be demonstrated in bulk of the paper.
An Applied and Innovative Technology for Backspin Elimination for Progressive Cavity Pumping Systems: A Successful Case Study in Colombia
Authors: De Guevara A. Ladron , De Guevara L. M. , Sáchica J. A. , Reyes C. R. , Ortega D.. , Díaz E.. , Salinas L.. , Mendoza E..
Published: May 2015

It is known in the oil industry that the backspin effect occurring in PCP artificial lift systems causes operational problems related to losses because of deferred oil production, blockage of the down hole pump due to sand production, or the disconnection of the rods. It was proposed to do a study on the use of a technology known as the Anti-Backspin (ABS) Tool with the aim of determining its effectiveness in eliminating the backspin effect.

The work began with the revision and presentation of the ABS Tool technology by describing its components, metallurgy, and the principles of its operation. Later, the information related to the installation campaigns of the tool were presented, which developed the history of its use in Colombia. Once this was done, the information was organized and classified into groups, which then underwent a process of technical validation with the aim of analyzing the information from the chosen wells. Thus, the effectiveness of the tool could be shown in real situations.

Based on the results gathered over a period of 12 months it was seen that the tool, which had been installed in oil wells in different regions of Colombia improved well production times, prevented damage to the underground pumps, as well as preventing the disconnection of the rods. Also, the Anti Backspin Tool helped to eliminate oil losses due to deferred oil production. It was concluded that the use of this tool is beneficial in PCP systems as it improves the reliability of this particular artificial lift system and increases its working life.

This article presents and analyses a technology that helps to resolve a common problem in PCP systems: the backspin effect. In addition, it establishes true criteria that can be used when designing an optimized PCP application. Likewise, it presents useful and referential information for selecting technologies that eliminate or control the backspin effect in PCP systems.
Study To Improve Energy Efficiency Using ESP
Authors: Mazzola Ricardo , Colla Miguel , Teodoulou Marcelo , Ballarini Mariano , Pereyra Marcos , Muñoz Heber , Bruni Marcelo , Teves Ricardo , Oyarzun Raul
Published: May 2015

This paper analyzes the improvement of opportunities that are possible to save energy in Cerro Dragon. The analysis studies the points where energy is wasted and how it can be reduced without the need to fall into additional expenses on not proven technology that could affect the good failure index achieved so far. Studying the Artificial Lift as a whole, from surface to downhole, efficiency can be increased in 10% only by changing few specifications and working methodology.

ESPs have overall efficiencies that vary depending on type of well, depth; type of equipment deployed and could reach 30% to 60%. The higher value belongs to shallow well having big casing/ESP equipment. The lower value is the typical condition for most deep wells (>2300m) having 5 1/2inch casing.

Panamerican Energy generates its own energy by means of gas turbines and that gas which is produced in the field. This paper shows the potential energy savings and the M3 of gas that can be delivered to the market instead of burn it in the turbines by focusing on the main inefficient points of the artificial lift equipment.
Application of Bottom Lateral Taking (BLT) Installations in Gas Lift Systems
Authors: Cortez Juan , Vargas Claudia , Saire Jorge
Published: May 2015

Around the years 1967 and 1968 saw the need to design a different type of installation in Intermittent Gas Lift system due to large perforated sections and lack of optimization lift point. In August 1967, the first change to installation type Bottom Lateral Taking (BLT) was the 3B-2 well in Litoral field, with a thickness of sand over 1000 feet, which began with a production of 44 bpd, the same as currently produces 16 bpd.

Installation of BLT type consists of two parallel pipelines united on the bottom, a 2-3/8″ tubing serves where fluids from entering the well and a 1″ or 1-1/4 ″ tubing which is the pipe where gas is injected. As part of the completion requires special accessories like baboons support, guide and sliding chuck shirts, that will support the pipe to prevent kinking while is deepening.

For the good results obtained in the area of Litoral campaign for change continued installation of conventional types and BLT type camera, with the passage of time the accessories used in the completion have been refined by the versatility of system your application is being extended to the different fields of the Peruvian Northwest.
All High Pressure Spoolable Composite Pipes Are Created Equal….Or Are They?
Authors: Swanstrom Steve
Published: May 2015

As recently as seven to ten years ago, usage of high pressure reinforced spoolable composite pipe was still in the early adoption stage in North American oil and gas service. Since then, the technology has gained significant acceptance and has displaced a growing portion of steel pipe usage in high pressure applications. These applications include flowlines, gathering lines, produced water lines, water and CO2 injection lines, saltwater disposal lines, and frack water management lines – all of which can be highly corrosive. There are at least five manufacturers of spoolable composite pipe who are active in North America. The purpose of this paper is to identify the value brought by spoolable composite pipe, the various types of technology in the market today, and issues that should be considered by an end-user specifying engineer. When properly applied and installed, reinforced spoolable composite pipe can provide many years of safe, reliable, and maintenance-free operation.
A Sustainable Choice for Water Treatment/Recycling When Injection is Not an Option or Water Supply is Limited
Authors: McManus Kent , Ertel Dan , Bogdan Jerel
Published: May 2015

Limited disposal options and/or water scarcity have led the oil and gas industry in some shale plays to establish goals for minimizing the use of freshwater for drilling and completion activities by maximizing the recycle of wastewaters generated from exploration and production (E&P) activities. Many operators have established a goal of 100 percent recycle for their development activities. Eureka Resources, LLC (Eureka) has developed a business model which gives oil and gas operators a sustainable choice for recycling oil and gas wastewaters when water is scarce or disposal options are limited. The business model is based on operation of centralized facilities that targets recovery of useable by-products. There are many challenges associated with operating a centralized oil and gas wastewater treatment system that includes pretreatment, crystallization, biological treatment, ion exchange and reverse osmosis unit processes. This paper summarizes the challenges and lessons learned during startup and shakedown of a thermal treatment (crystallization) based model. This paper also summarizes the results of sampling and characterization efforts focused on: Demonstrating that the treated water from a centralized oil and gas wastewater treatment facility can meet freshwater standardsDemonstrating that the salt quality generated by the crystallizer is equivalent to manufactured rock salt used for road deicing and other industrial applicationsEstablishing characteristics and market value for the concentrated high calcium chloride brine purge generated by the crystallizer
Detection and Monitoring of Biofilm Growth in the Seawater Sulfate Removal Units
Authors: Baldoni-Andrey P.. , Lesage N.. , Pedenaud P.. , Jacob M..
Published: May 2015

Large quantities of seawater are injected in oil and gas fields for pressure support and sweeping efficiency of the reservoir. This injection enhances the hydrocarbon recovery. Many difficulties are induced by sea water injection, such as the risk of sulfate based scale formation like barium sulfate precipitation. Seawater contains around 2800 mg/L of sulfate and some reservoir water may contain large quantities of barium and strontium. When those two waters are mixed into the reservoir, precipitation will occur and reduce the efficiency of water injection. In the producer wells, scale deposits may significantly reduce oil production.

This is why technical solutions are more and more implemented to remove sulfate from the sea water before injection. Filtration processes using nanofiltration membranes are able to reduce the sulfate content of seawater, and this technique has been successfully operated for more than 12 years on several TOTAL offshore sites.

The use of nanofiltration membranes requires an efficient pretreatment of seawater in order to control the fouling that will reduce the capacity of the sulfate removal unit over time. The only way to remove this fouling and recover the capacity of the unit is to stop a part of the unit and operate a chemical cleaning of the membranes. Biological fouling appears to be predominant on nanofiltration membranes for this application. As a consequence, preventing biofilm growth is a key aspect to increase availability of those units and can also be of interest for corrosion management.

This paper presents the main results of experiments carried out by TOTAL on a sea water filtration pilot. Biofilm measuring probes have been tested in order to detect as soon as possible a change in the growth rate of the biofilm. Results demonstrated that such tools could be implemented in order to detect a default in the biofilm prevention strategy. This early detection tool will enable to react before the full system (all trains) requires a chemical cleaning in place.

The eventual objectives of this tool are to maximize reliability of desulfated water injection, to optimize use of chemicals, to increase nanofiltration membrane lifetime, and facilitate field operation of such units.
A comparative effectiveness analysis of treatment for latent tuberculosis infection using multilevel selection models
Authors: Fluegge Kyle R , Roe Brian E
Published: May 2015

Aim
: Nine months of isoniazid (9INH) is the gold standard for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This paper compares the effectiveness of 9 months of isoniazid with 4 months of transitional rifampin (9H4R) to alternative therapies, including 9INH, 6 months of isoniazid (6INH) and 6 months of isoniazid with 4 months of transitional rifampin (6H4R), for treatment of LTBI.
Materials & methods
: Using an ethnically diverse clinic sample of 552 patients given treatment for LTBI with 9H4R, we use multilevel selection models to examine the adjusted comparative effectiveness of the regimens among ethnic groups that feature distinct genetic predispositions to side effects on INH. For unadjusted/absolute effectiveness, we simulated cost–effectiveness ratios for 4 months of rifampin (4RIF) and compared with bootstrapped confidence intervals for the alternative therapies.
Results
: There are variations in the comparative effectiveness across ethnic groups, with the most notable differences for 9H4R. For unadjusted/absolute effectiveness, 4RIF presents the greatest net benefit for US born black and African patients. For all other ethnic groups, 6H4R was the most effective.
Conclusion
: Patient ethnicity affects tolerance to INH. 9H4R was the most effective LTBI treatment for all ethnicities. However, this result heavily depends on whether adjustments are made for self-selection.
Infection of sheep with Strongyloides papillosus: The effect of intensity of parasitic infection as well as therapy with albendazole on certain biochemical parameters in the blood of sheep
Authors: Dimitrijevic Blagoje , Jovic Slavoljub , Jezdimirovic Milanka , Bacic Dragan , Savic Mila , Jezdimirovic Nemanja , Vegara Mensur
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work was to investigate certain biochemical parameters
in the blood of sheep in conditions of different intensity of parasitic
infection with Strongyloides papillosus, and also after the therapy with
albendazole. The research was carried out on the sheep of Wurtemberg breed (n
= 30) in which there was determined low, medium and high intensity of
parasitic infection with S. papillosus. The control group (n = 10) consisted
of the sheep that were negative to the presence of the parasitic infection.
The degree and type of changes were monitored by determining the
concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, Albumin/Globulin ratio,
AST, urea, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
total activity and isoenzyme distribution LDH1-5. On the basis of the
obtained results it was concluded, through isoenzyme distribution of lactate
dehydrogenase, that parasitic infection with S. papillosus can cause damage
to the liver, heart muscle and lungs, while after the therapy with
albendazole, the most affected organ is the liver. The concentration of
glucose, total protein and albumin linearly decreased with the increase of
intensity of the parasitic infection (p < 0,05), and after the therapy with
albendazole, a drop in concentration of these parameters was at a
statistically significantly higher level (p< 0,01). AST activity as well as
the concentration of urea and total bilirubin grew linearly along with the
intensity of the parasitic infection (p < 0,05). After the therapy with ABZ,
AST activity and concentration of total bilirubin were at a statistically
significantly higher level (p < 0,001), while urea concentration kept the
same level as in the case of the parasitic infection. The values of calcium
concentration (p > 0,05) as well as phosphorus (p < 0,05) linearly decreased
with the parasitic infection intensity growth. Trend towards the decline of
the concentration of these macroelements continues even after the therapy
with albendazole (p < 0,001). Considering our previous research in the field
of oxidative stress, a phenomenon that is fundamentally related to the
changes determined in this work, we strongly recommend that besides
antihelmintics, preparations with antioxidative properties should be used in
antiparasitic protocols as well.
 This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction 10.2298/VETGL190125001E
A Human Thrifty Phenotype Associated With Less Weight Loss During Caloric Restriction
Authors: Reinhardt Martin , Thearle Marie S. , Ibrahim Mostafa , Hohenadel Maximilian G. , Bogardus Clifton , Krakoff Jonathan , Votruba Susanne B.
Published: May 2015

Successful weight loss is variable for reasons not fully elucidated. Whether effective weight loss results from smaller reductions in energy expenditure during caloric restriction is not known. We analyzed whether obese individuals with a “thrifty” phenotype, that is, greater reductions in 24-h energy expenditure during fasting and smaller increases with overfeeding, lose less weight during caloric restriction than those with a “spendthrift” phenotype. During a weight-maintaining period, 24-h energy expenditure responses to fasting and 200% overfeeding were measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Volunteers then underwent 6 weeks of 50% caloric restriction. We calculated the daily energy deficit (kilocalories per day) during caloric restriction, incorporating energy intake and waste, energy expenditure, and daily activity. We found that a smaller reduction in 24-h energy expenditure during fasting and a larger response to overfeeding predicted more weight loss over 6 weeks, even after accounting for age, sex, race, and baseline weight, as well as a greater rate of energy deficit accumulation. The success of dietary weight loss efforts is influenced by the energy expenditure response to caloric restriction. Greater decreases in energy expenditure during caloric restriction predict less weight loss, indicating the presence of thrifty and spendthrift phenotypes in obese humans.
Community rabies knowledge and pet vaccination practices after a skunk rabies outbreak in Eddy County, New Mexico
Authors: McNeil Carrie S. , Nagy Samantha , Moonan Catherine , Wallace Ryan M. , Vora Neil M. , Dyer Jessie L. , Blanton Jesse D. , Dorado Tina , Heinrich Mark L. , Sankey Robin , Uhrig Samantha , Cary Angela , Houghton Woods , Ettestad Paul
Published: May 2015

Objective—To determine percentages of domestic cats and dogs vaccinated against rabies, identify barriers to vaccination, and assess knowledge about rabies in a semirural New Mexico community after a skunk rabies outbreak.

Design—Cross-sectional, door-to-door, bilingual, community-based participatory survey.

Sample—366 residential properties in Eddy County, NM.

Procedures—The New Mexico Department of Health and CDC administered surveys and analyzed data.

Results—Individuals at 247 of the 366 residential properties participated in the survey. One hundred eighty of the 247 (73%) households owned a dog (n = 292) or cat (163). Cats were more likely than dogs to not have an up-to-date rabies vaccination status (prevalence ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 4.4). Cost and time or scheduling were the most frequently identified barriers to vaccination. One hundred sixty (65%) respondents did not know livestock can transmit rabies, 78 (32%) did not know rabies is fatal, and 89 (36%) did not know a bat scratching a person can be an exposure. Only 187 (76%) respondents indicated they would contact animal control if they saw a sick skunk, and only 166 (67%) indicated they would contact animal control if bitten by a dog they did not own.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings indicated that rabies vaccination prevalence among pet dogs and cats was low, despite the fact that the region had experienced a skunk rabies outbreak during the previous 2 years. In addition, substantial percentages of respondents did not have correct knowledge of rabies or rabies exposure.
Patterns and Sequelae of Sphenoid Sinus Fractures
Authors: Craig John , Goyal Parul
Published: May 2015

Background

The sphenoid sinus is one of the most commonly fractured regions of the skull base after blunt head trauma. These fractures may be associated with complications such as blunt carotid artery injury (BCAI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Association of these sequelae with sphenoid sinus fractures has yet to be analyzed thoroughly in the literature.

Objective

Analyze patterns of traumatic sphenoid sinus fractures and assess relationships between fracture patterns and incidence of BCAI and traumatic nasal CSF leaks.

Methods

A retrospective review of 123 patients sustaining sphenoid sinus fractures was performed. Patient medical records and radiographic images were reviewed. Fractures were classified based on the sinus walls involved. Logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze associations between injury mechanisms, fracture subsites, and sequelae.

Results

The most commonly fractured sphenoid sinus subsites included the carotid canal, sphenoid roof, and lateral wall (60%, 49% and 48%, respectively). CSF leaks occurred in 9% of sphenoid sinus fractures, whereas BCAI occurred in 1.6%. On logistic regression, sphenoid roof fractures were significantly associated with CSF leaks (odds ratio [OR] = 12.4, p = 0.002). No fracture subsite was associated with BCAI. The positive predictive value (PPV) of sphenoid roof fractures for the presence of CSF leaks was 17%, whereas the negative predictive value (NPV) was 98%. The PPV of carotid canal fractures for BCAI was 3%, whereas the NPV was 100%. There was no association between the number of fractured sinus walls and the incidence of BCAI or CSF leak. Penetrating injuries were significantly associated with CSF leak (OR = 24.7, p = 0.01), but no other injury mechanisms were associated with BCAI or CSF leak.

Conclusion

Nasal CSF leak was the most common sequela of sphenoid sinus fractures, whereas BCAI was extremely uncommon. Analysis of fracture patterns can be useful in determining the need for additional evaluation.
Increased Phosphorylation of STAT5b, but not STAT5a, in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Linke Robert , Pries Ralph , Könnecke Michael , Bruchhage Karl-Ludwig , Böscke Robert , Gebhard Maximilian , Wollenberg Barbara
Published: May 2015

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a recurrent, benign, extensively proliferating disease that is triggered by inflammation. The signaling pathways in sinusitis and the regulation by intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are not fully understood. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5a and STAT5b are two closely related phosphokinases involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including proliferation and apoptosis.

Objective

The objective of the study was to investigate the expression, activation, and distribution of STAT5 Transcription factor in CRSwNP.

Methods

We studied these transcription factors in tissue samples of nasal polyps and inferior turbinates from a total of 35 patients with CRSwNP and compared them with healthy nasal mucosa. The samples were analyzed by using a DNA microarray, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, a protein array, immunoblot, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry.

Results

We found equivalent overall expression of STAT5a in all tissue types. We observed an increase in the expression of STAT5b protein in both polyps and turbinates of patients with CRSwNP. In addition, STAT5b, but not STAT5a, was activated by phosphorylation in nasal polyps. Phosphorylated STAT5a/b was not detectable in the epithelium of turbinates from either patients with CRSwNP or patients with healthy mucosa, but it was clearly expressed in the epithelium of nasal polyps.

Conclusion

Analysis of these data indicates distinct expression and activation of STAT5a and STAT5b in nasal polyps, particularly the activation of STAT5b. It is possible that STAT5b may contribute to the development of nasal polyps.