bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wharton and Art
Authors: Dwight Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the early 1930s, Edith Wharton, successful novelist and expatriate woman of letters, was writing her memoirs. She was living rance, in her eighteenth-century pavilion near Paris in summer, and in winter in her medieval hill-top château overlooking the town of Hyères and the Mediterranean. Both residences with their gardens were as close to perfection as her sense of beauty and good taste could make them. Looking back to her childhood-the years spent in Europe between the ages of four and ten and later in fashionable New York City—she would identify her paramount quality as an innate visual sense.

During the years Wharton lived abroad as a child, she had been enraptured by the beauty of the art, architecture, and landscape. European sites—Rome as seen when walking with her mother or the townscapes of Paris and Florence viewed from a hotel window-were to her a revelation.
Where Have All the Languages Gone?
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

A few years ago, linguists raced to the Turkish farm village of Haci Osman to record Tefvik Esenc, a frail farmer believed to be the last known speaker of the Ubykh language once spoken in the northwestern Caucasus. At that time only four or five elder tribesmen remembered some phrases of the language, but only Esenc knew it fluently. Even his own three sons were unable to converse with their father in his native language because they had become Turkish speakers. In 1984 Esenc had already written the inscription he wanted on his gravestone: “This is the grave of Tefvik Esenc. He was the last person able to speak the language they called Ubykh.” With Esenc’s death in 1992, Ubykh too joined the ever increasing number of extinct languages.

Four years later in South Carolina a native American named Red Thundercloud died, the last voice of a dying tongue. No longer able to converse in his native language with the remaining members of his community, he took the language of his tribe to the grave with him. Red Thundercloud was alone among his people, but not alone among native Americans. Roscinda Nolasquez of Pala, California, the last speaker of Cupeiio, died in 1987 at the age of 94, and Laura Somersal, one of the last speakers of Wappo, died in 1990.
The Biological Wave
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we encountered the idea that for much of history, the number of languages in several continents was roughly constant. As in Papua New Guinea in recent historical times, the forces favoring localism and dispersal were, on the whole, just as strong as those that produce integration or domination of one location by another. One language group might have achieved preeminence over another, but this was a precarious affair which would be reversed in a few years. What was absent were massive, enduring differences between the expansionary potential of different peoples, of the kind which would cause the sustained expansion of a single, dominant language.

This equilibrium has been punctured forever. Some languages have, over the last few centuries, shown an awesome propensity to spread. By now, the speakers of the ten largest languages make up half the world’s population, and this figure is increasing. The hundred largest languages account for almost 90 percent of the population, with the remaining 6,000 languages confined to 10 percent of the world’s most marginalized people, whose communities have generally been on the retreat for several hundred years. This chapter and the next seek to understand how this great transformation has come about. We will argue that the rapid loss of diversity only really occurred in the last thousand years or so.
Sustainable Futures
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

We have spent most of this book examining how the world’s biolinguistic diversity has come to the brink of a new extinction crisis because we believe that only a better understanding of these historical processes will allow us to change them. International, regional, and national policies that empower indigenous peoples and promote sustainable development are the key to preserving local ecosystems essential to language maintenance. The preservation of local ecosystems is, in turn, critical for the preservation of the global ecosystem, which is the intersection of all local ecosystems. Because it is in local ecosystems that the game of life is played out, it is these individual habitats all around the world which need support. As the environmental slogan tells us: think globally, act locally.
Constitutional Adjudication: Law or Politics?
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In the title of this book, “the Constitution” is the Constitution of the United States, and “the courts” are both the federal courts and the courts of the states. The court with which I am principally concerned in this book, however, is the Supreme Court of the United States: Among the federal courts and the courts of the states, the Supreme Court has the last word about the meaning of the Constitution and is therefore the most powerful court in the country. This book is about what approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow. It is also about what role the Court should play-in particular, about how large or active a role it should play, or how small or passive a role-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Although I focus on the Supreme Court, much of what I say in this book about constitutional adjudication-that is, about interpreting the constitutional text and bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving the conflict at hand-is applicable to every court, state as well as federal, charged with protecting the United States Constitution.
Out Of Arizona: George Wharton James
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

January 1900, the dawn of the new century, found Charles Fletcher Lummis particularly perturbed. He was infuriated that George Wharton James, a disgraced Methodist minister-turned-Indian-and-Southwest-enthusiast, was speaking on Indian subjects at such prestigious venues as New York’s Columbia University. James, according to Lummis, was a “notorious scoundrel—not a mere libertine but a fellow degraded from the pulpit for unspeakable vileness— a notorious liar who even lies about science to puff himself.” It was outrageous, Lummis wrote to ethnologist Washington Matthews, that such a man, one of those “pimps that prostitute science and live upon the earnings of her shame,” should address “honest students.” His sin? George Wharton James had plagiarized a report by Matthews on the Navajo Fire Dance.
On Fission and Impoverishment in the Verbal Morphology of the Dialect of Livinallongo
Authors: Calabrese Andrea
Published: November 2023

In her 1996 paper “Agglutination and Inflection in Northern Italian Dialects,” Paola Beninca, with her usual insight, points to the importance of the verbal paradigm in (1) for a theory of the syntax-morphology interface: In this chapter I will develop some of Beninca’s observations on (1) and propose a detailed account of the verbal morphology in (1) in the framework of Distributed Morphology (cf. Halle 1996, 1997, Halle and Marantz 1993, Harris 1994). In so doing, I will reformulate Impoverishment and Fission, two of the basic morphological operations of Distributed Morphology.
On Some Differences between Exclamative and Interrogative Wh-Phrases in Bellunese: Further Evidence for a Split-CP Hypothesis
Authors: Munaro Nicola
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I analyze comparatively the distributional properties of different classes of wh phrases in main exclamative and interrogative sentences in a northeastern Italian variety spoken in the northern area of the Veneto region, which will be referred to for simplicity as Bellunese. Differently from what happens in main interrogatives, where some classes of wh-phrases appear in situ, in main exclamatives all wh-phrases appear, in this dialect, invariably in sentence initial position; in order to account for this difference in the distribution of wh-phrases and in particular for the obligatoriness of overt movement in exclamative contexts, it will be proposed that wh-phrases appearing in initial position occupy a different structural position in interrogatives and in exclamatives. More precisely, following a proposal put forth by Beninca (1996), who analyzes the syntactic properties of exclamative sentences in Paduan, it will be argued that in Bellunese wh-phrases in main exclamatives raise to the specifier position of a functional projection of the CP system which is structurally higher than the one occupied in interrogative sentences.
Jumping in: Within-Lake Processes and Dynamics
Authors: Armstrong David E , Lauster George H , Sanderson Beth L , Lewis David B , Frost* Thomas M
Published: November 2023

Lakes are characterized typically by a variety of attributes, including the amounts and temporal-spatial distributions of the lake’s biological and chemical constituents. Complex interrelationships among external drivers, basin characteristics, and internal processes determine the set of features that characterize the condition of a lake, referred to as the lake state or status (Fig. 10.1). Thus, the influence of an external driver such as nutrient inputs on a lake attribute such as plankton biomass is modified through internal processes such as primary production, biogeochemical cycles, and food web interactions that are often lake specific. Accordingly, lakes influenced by similar external drivers may adopt widely different states. A major component of our research at the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has been investigations into these internal processes that influence lake status and dynamics.
The Scientist as Virtuoso
Authors: Thomson William
Published: November 2023

William Thomson was many things—physicist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, teacher, political activist, and famous personality—but before all else he was a problem solver. He thrived on scientific and technological problems of all kinds. Whatever the problem, abstract or applied, Thomson usually had an original insight and a valuable solution. As a scientist and technologist, he was a virtuoso.
What Do You Care?
Authors: Feynman Richard
Published: November 2023

Great scientists are geniuses, and geniuses have a tendency to lead eccentric lives. We have seen ample evidence for this in earlier chapters. Our subject for this chapter, Richard Feynman, was one of the greatest scientific geniuses, and at the same time one of the most eccentric in this company of eccentrics.
Ideal Scholar
Authors: Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan
Published: November 2023

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, or “Chandra,” as he was known to colleagues, friends, and relatives, often asked his wife, Lalitha, to sing a song in which the composer laments the cycles of births and deaths that follow him through life. Beginning with an odd incident provoked by Arthur Eddington, Britain’s preeminent astrophysicist in the 1910s and 1920s, cycles of intellectual births and deaths became the pattern of Chandra’s creative life in science. Lalitha describes this unique approach in a remembrance: “Each field, or cycle . . . took from ten to fifteen years, for the selection of the subject for investigation, study of the available scientific literature on the subject, his own research that followed, the scientific papers he wrote on the subject, and, finally, the way he gathered all the material that lay in front of him into a coherent whole that was the book on the subject.”
Language Rights and The Legal Status of English-Only Laws
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

The recent English-Only movement has produced state resolutions, statutes, and constitutional amendments establishing English as the “official” language. English Only rules are aimed at eliminating governmental services in languages other than English. In the workplace, English-Only rules require employees to refrain from speaking languages other than English on the employer’s premises (Mealey, 1989). Proponents of these measures argue that the purpose of this legislation is to promote national unity and protect the only common bond that holds our divergent society together (Leibowicz, 1985). As of 2000, twenty-five states and forty cities had passed some form of law declaring English the official language. U.S. English and other proponents of Official English claim that such laws are only intended to restrict governmental services in languages other than English (Chen, 1992). As English is indisputably the primary language of the United States, declaring English the official language appears harmless. However benign the declaration of an “official” language seems, such laws may have severe discriminatory repercussions.
Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

This book brings the practice of petroleum geostatistics into a coherent framework, focusing on tools, techniques, examples, and guidance. It emphasizes the interaction between geophysicists, geologists, and engineers. Intended as a reference text for practitioners, the book is also appropriate for "short courses" and advanced undergraduate or graduate courses in reservoir characterization.
Preliminary Mapping Concepts
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Geostatistics is concerned with a wide variety of techniques for spatial data analysis, estimation, simulation, and decision making. The field of geostatistics is extensive; the goal here is a pragmatic presentation of the concepts used in reservoir modeling. Kriging, cokriging, and simulation concepts are condensed into a single reservoir-oriented chapter.
Simulated Annealing for Geostatistics
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Data integration is of fundamental importance in reservoir modeling. The optimization technique of simulated annealing has found application in the integration of diverse data types. The background and theoretical framework for simulated annealing for geostatistical mapping is presented in Section 9.1. The steps of simulated annealing are described in Section 9.2.
Defining the Issues
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book is to guide teachers, therapists, and parents who are directing the development of children with autistic spectrum disorders. This book is about how these children with different forms of autism learn. It is also about how to teach children with autism—based on how they can best learn. Autism is a “spectrum disorder,” meaning that it manifests itself differently in each child. Like a row of dominoes, if an early aspect of development is affected in a particular case of autism, other later-emerging aspects of development will be affected too. As a result, each case of autism presents a slightly different profile of learning abilities and learning disabilities. Each learning ability and each learning disability may influence how a particular child with autism may or may not learn something the way other children without autism may learn that same thing. These autism-specific learning barriers are referred to in this book as autistic learning disabilities. The autism-specific learning strengths are referred to as autistic learning styles.
Social Autistic Learning Disabilities
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

What Are Social Autistic Learning Disabilities? In this chapter, we will discuss how disabilities in forming a social understanding of the world are central to defining autism. These difficulties in social understanding affect the way the child sees the world, the ways he can learn. We will describe some teaching approaches specifically aimed at helping the child affected by different aspects of these social autistic learning disabilities. Each major aspect of social ALDs will be fully described in this chapter. Each major area of social ALD can be traced to underlying and innate primary deficits that the child with autism experiences. These deficits, along with relatively stronger areas of perception and function, come together to form the characteristic signs and symptoms we consider to be the social hallmarks of autism. By understanding how these patterns form to create the social hallmarks of autism, we can start to understand how the learning process is systematically and predictably altered for the child with autism. Once we understand how learning is altered, it is much easier to figure out how to teach.
Autistic Learning Disabilities and the Skills of Daily Living
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we have seen how the symptoms of autism affect main aspects of life such as communicating and relating to others and taking in information from the things in one’s surroundings. An important question that is raised by the presence of these autistic learning disabilities is how does the child with autism compensate for his disabilities in a way that ensures that his basic needs are met? An evolutionary psychologist hearing about all these deficits in social development and communication would have to wonder how children with autism ensure their survival, as it seems that the usual social interdependence doesn’t work very well.

The answer, of course is that children with autism manage to elicit caregiving from their parents—and manage to elicit a lot of it, just the way infants do. The problem is that this stage of dependency can become prolonged. It often results in all sorts of family problems when the child with autism won’t eat what others are eating, won’t sleep when others do, has no apparent concept of his own safety or that of others, and generally, as Thoreau said “marches to the beat of his own drummer.”
“That Terrible Thoreau”
Authors: Gross Robert A
Published: November 2023

Henry David Thoreau was not an easy man to like. Blunt, outspoken even combative in conversation, he uttered the truth as he saw it, no matter what others thought or felt. But he guarded the solid wall he erected around himself. From his earliest days, he seemed peculiar. As a schoolboy, he earned the contempt of his peers by refusing to join their play; “he seemed to have no fun in him,” one recalled. At college, he was no more successful. His Harvard classmates found him “cold and unimpressible” and made him the ‘butt for jokes.” Not that Thoreau made an effort to win anyone over. In Concord, he would pass neighbors on the street or in the woods without ever pausing to say hello. When an old chum walked seven miles to see him at Walden Pond, Thoreau announced “he had no time for friendship.” Even his defenders conceded he was “brusque.” Elizabeth Hoar said, “One would as soon think of taking the arm of an elm-tree as Henry’s.” “I love Henry,” she added, ‘but I can never like him.”1
Evolution of Reaction Norms
Authors: David Jean R , Gibert Patricia , Moreteau Brigitte
Published: November 2023

Elsewhere in this book are examples of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Adaptive plasticity implies that the present form of a trait’s plasticity was shaped by natural selection (chapter 5). That plasticity might itself be shaped by natural selection has become appreciated only slowly since about the late 1940s to the mid 1970s, at which time rapid development of the field of plasticity research began (Stearns 1992; chapter 2). Empirical work on this topic is now common. Yet controversies abound and studies may have vastly different emphases. Our purpose here is to indicate what factors are important in the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, with a specific focus on reaction norms to illustrate some evolutionary patterns in a model system, using a general climatic factor, temperature. Plasticity can be favored over fixed responses when environments vary predictably. The best plastic response depends on the types of environments that occur, their frequency, and the fitness consequences for various phenotypes in each environment. Because different populations experience alternative patterns of environmental variability, we should expect local differentiation to be favored, as long as genetic variation is present and gene flow is restricted. Thus, the specific patterns of plasticity that evolve not only depend upon local habitats but also on the nature of genetic variation for plasticity in relevant traits and population-level patterns of dispersal.
Patterns and Analysis of Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in Animals
Authors: Doughty Paul , Reznick David N
Published: November 2023

The most obvious ecological difference between animals and plants is that most animals move through space in response to changing conditions whereas plants do not. The evolution of a complex neuromuscular system that enables animals to receive, process, and respond to information with coordinated movement through space is perhaps the most impressive feat of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, broadly defined. However, this ability to move through space cannot resolve all environmental challenges. There will therefore be selection for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in morphology, physiology, behavior, and life history characters in response to the many diverse and risky situations animals face. Two main questions of interest to evolutionary biologists investigating this topic are ( l) what kinds of environmental variation select for adaptive plasticity, versus other evolutionary responses such as local adaptation or polymorphism, and (2) what constrains the evolution of plastic responses? Empirical evaluation of adaptive plasticity in animals over the past two decades has revealed a wide diversity of solutions to an equally wide array of environmental problems (Scheiner 1993; Travis 1994; Gotthard and Nylin 1995; Skulason and Smith 1995; Via et al. 1995; Roff 1996; Nylini and Gotthard 1998; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Tollriani and Harvell 1999; chapter l 0). In many areas, theoretical explorations have far outpaced empirical testing (Via et al. 1995; Agrawal 2001; chapter 6). For example, testing some of the more recent models will require information on the spatial and temporal distribution of alternative environments, whether they are population sources or sinks, and movement among patches (e.g., Houston and McNamara 1992; Siblyl995; Whitlock 1996; Sasaki and de Jong 1999). This imbalance between conjecture and data will probably persist because rigorously testing plastic adaptations can be timeconsuming and logistically difficult.
The Brain, Homeostasis, and Health Balancing Demands of the Internal and External Milieu
Authors: Cacioppo John T , Berntson Gary G
Published: November 2023

The biologist Richard Lewontin (2000) characterized living organisms as electromechanical devices made up of articulated physical parts that, for purely thermodynamic reasons, eventually wear out and fail to function. Lithgow and Kirkwood (1996), in their review of research on the biology of aging, observed that it is “disadvantageous to increase maintenance beyond a level sufficient to keep the organism in good shape through its natural life expectancy in the wild, because the extra cost will eat into resources that in terms of natural selection are better used to boost other functions that will enhance fitness” (p. 80). We are only now beginning to understand how the brain integrates the regulatory and restorative forces of the body to foster health and adaptation to environmental challenge. This chapter examines these forces as they relate to psychology and health.
Culture of the Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Gardner David K , Lane Michelle
Published: November 2023

There are several treatises on the composition of embryo culture media and the role of specific medium components in supporting mammalian embryo development in vitro (1–3). It is the aim of this chapter to describe in detail how such media should be used in the laboratory and to identify the potential pitfalls that can lead to impaired embryo development in culture. Embryos considered here include those from the mouse, human, and domestic animal species. This chapter will not address the use of co-culture in the production of mammalian preimplantation embryos. There are two reasons for this: first and most important, it has been demonstrated that the use of novel culture media, such as those described within this work, are superior to co-culture systems (4, 5). Second, co-culture typically uses serum as the protein supplement. A developing embryo should never come into contact with serum, as it induces significant abnormalities in the physiology and gene expression of the embryo (6, 7). Finally, the concept of co-culture depends on being able to maintain two totally different cells types in vitro. Due to the idiosyncratic and dynamic physiology of the embryo, this is not feasible (8).
Subject Positions in Romance and the Theory of Universal Grammar
Authors: Hulk Aafke , Pollock Jean-Yves
Published: November 2023

There is a consensus among both traditional and generative grammarians that the canonical surface word order of the Romance languages is subject-verb­ object (SVO). Granted this, sentences such as (1) in Italian, French, Portuguese, and Catalan, which are all clear cases of noncanonical word order, raise important descriptive and theoretical problems:

In all of these, the subject is at the right periphery of the sentence. and it obligatorily follows participles and infinitives when they are present. In this respect the Subject Inversion of (1) contrasts sharply with what Rizzi (1982) has dubbed “Residual V2 constructions,” in which the subject is in the same position as in the Germanic V2 languages, immediately to the right of the finite verb before the participle or infinitive, as in French Subject Clitic Inversion constructions like A-t-il dit cela? (Has he said that?), and Où veut-il aller? [where wants he (to) go?].
“Inversion” as Focalization
Authors: Belletti Adriana
Published: November 2023

The main empirical area studied in this chapter concerns Inversion structures with a subject that linearly follows the inflected verb, displaying the word order VS. Seemingly unrelated structures that involve reordering of complements (in the sense of Belletti & Shlonsky 1995; henceforth B&S) are also considered and are assumed to involve the same derivational process at work in Subject Inversion. Both are argued to be instances of clause-internal Focalization.1 The term “Subject Inversion” is thus a purely descriptive label, referring to a subset, albeit an important one, of a more general clause-internal process.

The descriptive term “Inversion,” with reference to Subject Inversion structures, implicitly capitalizes on the idea that the order VS reverses the canonical order SV(O). However, that Subject Inversion configurations cannot be derived through a lowering operation, moving the preverbal “high” subject to some clauseinternal position, has been assumed ever since Romance Subject Inversion phenomena have undergone serious examinations in Government and Binding (GB) terms.
Marked versus Unmarked Inversion and Optimality Theory
Authors: Costa Joāo
Published: November 2023

The basic word order of a language is often determined in terms of markedness of discourse contexts. Accordingly, an unmarked word order is one in which all elements of the sentence are equal in discourse: Either they are all new in­ formation or they are all old information. A context in which all elements may have the same status in discourse is the answer to a question such as ‘what happened?’ This question does not presuppose any of the elements that appear in the answer; all of them will, therefore, constitute new information.

The unmarked word order differs cross-linguistically. In this chapter, I am interested in finding out why inverted constructions, in which the subject follows the verb, may be unmarked in some languages but obligatorily marked in others. I focus on the following languages: Portuguese, Spanish, and Greek.
Links between Object Categorization and Naming
Authors: Waxman Sandra R
Published: November 2023

Infants across the world’s communities are raised in vastly different environments, surrounded by different objects, different customs, and different languages. Yet despite these differences, there are striking similarities in the most fundamental aspects of infant cognitive and language development. Within their first two years, infants develop two uniquely human capacities: they naturally establish rich and flexible repertoires of object categories, and they spontaneously acquire their native language. Each of these capacities, considered on its own, is a remarkable feat. But perhaps even more remarkable is the fact that even before they begin to produce words on their own, infants’ conceptual and linguistic advances are powerfully and implicitly linked. These early links foster the acquisition of a stable set of object categories, guide the acquisition of the early lexicon, and serve as a foundation for the evolution of the finely tuned links between language and conceptual organization that characterize the mature system.
Making an Ontology
Authors: Smith Linda B , Colunga, Eliana , Yoshida Hanako
Published: November 2023

Human cultures and languages are diverse. To some, these differences imply incommensurate ways of being human. To others, these differences only serve to underscore our profound sameness. Most cross-linguistic studies of categorization offer up their evidence on one side or the other of this philosophical divide. In this chapter, we summarize recent results from our cross-linguistic studies of early noun learning by English-speaking and Japanese-speaking children. The findings are clearly relevant to issues of linguistic and conceptual diversity. However, these issues were not the proximal impetus for our studies. Instead, our questions were pitched at a different level, to a mechanistic understanding of the development of categories and early noun learning. Still, by pursuing mechanisms of developmental change, we arrive at a deeper understanding of the processes that create both universal and linguistically specific ways of knowing.
Introduction
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

It may be readily observed that prosody plays a central role in the coherence of discourse in spoken English, beyond the sentence level. Let us consider, for example, a brief exchange from a conversation about weight gain and loss. (from Corpus 2; see Appendix for description of data corpora). The participants are a group of friends who have been discussing the fact that one memeber of the group has just recovered from an illness during which he lost a lot of weight. Now that he is better, he is eating more than usual to gain it back.
“A Woman Who Knows How to Take Care of Herself Well”: Tales from the Dowry Wars
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M
Published: November 2023

clara vidali’s sorry marriage to Niccolò Montin disintegrated in 1633 afrer a mere four years.1 All the while Niccolò had been steadily consuming her dowry of 1,600 ducats by playing cards. To pay for his gambling addiction, he had pawned and sold Clara’s rings, gold necklaces, silver, and clothes. When Niccolò abandoned Clara to escape the prison sentence of the Venetian Council of Ten, her uncle Zuanne took her in. Niccolò had left her without the means to sustain herself Claiming her reputation and honor had been offended, she returned to live with the aunt and uncle who had arranged the marriage in the first place, and filed for a separation.
The Neuron
Authors: Levitan Irwin B , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

The third edition of The Neuron provides a comprehensive first course in the cell and molecular biology of nerve cells. The first part of the book covers the properties of the many newly discovered ion channels that have emerged through mapping of the genome. These channels shape the way a single neuron generates varied patterns of electrical activity. Next are covered the molecular mechanisms that convert electrical activity into the secretion of neurotransmitter hormones at synaptic junctions between neurons. The second part of the book covers the biochemical pathways that are linked to the action of neurotransmitters and that can alter the cellular properties of neurons or sensory cells which transduce information from the outside world into the electrical code used by neurons. The final section reviews our rapidly expanding knowledge of the molecular factors that induce an undifferentiated cell to become a neuron, and then guide it to form appropriate synaptic connections with its partners. This section also focuses on the role of ongoing experience and activity in shaping these connections, and finishes with an account of mechanisms thought to underlie the phenomena of learning and memory.
Adhesion Molecules and Axon Pathfinding
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

We know that the electrical activity of neurons can be transformed and modulated in ways that allow a neuron to control specific behaviors. Electrical behavior, however, is not the only aspect of neuronal activity that is subject to regulation by other cells or external stimuli. Structural features, such as the number, size, and type of synapses that a neuron makes, can also be modified. Furthermore, the entire shape of a mature neuron’s dendritic branches may alter over time. This is illustrated in Figure 17-1, which shows tracings of the dendrites of a neuron of the superior cervical ganglion in the intact nervous system of a mouse. This cell was injected with a fluorescent dye and drawings were made immediately of the shape of its dendrites. After a period of several weeks in the intact animal, the ganglion was again exposed and drawings were made of the fluorescent cell. Clear changes in dendritic branching pattern, and by inference in the synaptic connections on the dendrites, occur during this time. Although the factors that control such changes in cell form are largely unknown, these experiments lend support to the idea that long-term regulation of neuronal activity in the mature nervous system may be accompanied by rearrangements of neuronal structure and connections. To examine such rearrangements, we must first understand the factors that lead to specific patterns of branching during formation of the nervous system.
Transforming Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew
Published: November 2023

Thoroughly revised, this new edition of Critical Theory of Technology rethinks the relationships between technology, rationality, and democracy, arguing that the degradation of labor--as well as of many environmental, educational, and political systems--is rooted in the social values that preside over technological development. It contains materials on political theory, but the emphasis has shifted to reflect a growing interest in the fields of technology and cultural studies.
Further Topics on Psychometric Functions
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude
Published: November 2023

We suppose here that the background b indexing a psychometric function p  b can be identified with a point in some metric space. This assumption is in line with the examples of psychometric families described in 6.l(c) and 6.l(d), and is also compelling on psychological grounds: if the distance function of the metric space is suitably chosen, that is, if it is consistent with the sensory aspects of the situation (more about this in a moment), then we should expect the shape and other characteristics of the psychometric functions to vary smoothly with the distance. For example, if two backgrounds a and b are close enough, the domains of the psychometric functions p  a and p  b should overlap (Theorem 7.4). A number of consequences of such a definition will be explored.
My Way or No Way!
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

Although the risk of suicide attempt and completed suicide usually has been associated with mood and substance-abuse disorders, the proportion of deaths among people with personality disorders has actually been estimated to be between 5% and 10% (Black, Warrack, & Winkur, 1985; Miles 1977). A recent psychological autopsy study of suicide in 15–24year-olds in the United Kingdom found that nearly 30% had personality disorders and 55% had traits of personality disorders (Houston, Hawton, & Shepperd, 2001). Four other European studies confirmed that the presence of personality disorders is both an important risk factor for chronic suicidality with repeated suicide attempts and a predictor for suicide reattempts (5 years) and completed suicides (Cording & Huebner Liebermann, 2000; Hansen, Wang, Stage, & Kragh-Sorensen, 2003; Johnsson-Fridell, Öjehagen, & Träskman-Bendz, 1996; Schmidtke et al., 2000). While suicidal and parasuicidal behavior have foremost been associated with borderline personality disorder (DSM-IV; Gunderson & Ridolfi, 2001), the antisocial personality disorder is considered to have the highest suicide rate (10–15%; Dahl, 1998).
Correction or Corrosion?
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the nature of changes in pathological narcissism, focusing specifically on changes instigated not through therapeutic interventions but through life events that the individual has experienced as either corrective or corrosive. Such experiences can contribute to a modification or transformation of narcissism, with specific character traits and interpersonal and behavioral patterns ceasing to have pathological narcissistic functions (Ronningstam, Gundersen, & Lyons, 1995). However, life events can also contribute to an increase in pathological narcissism and the development of trauma-associated narcissistic symptoms (Simon, 2000), severe NPD, or even a psychotic disorder with delusional grandiosity. The relationship between such external events and the work that takes place within the therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist or analyst may be complex and less obvious. The question is whether corrective life experiences that promote structural change and improved interpersonal relations actually may lessen the motivation for pursuing treatment. Such experiences can in themselves support a progressive and more satisfying involvement in life in ways that are experienced as less threatening to the self-esteem than involvement in intensive psychotherapy. On the other hand, an acute or gradual increase in pathological narcissism following a corrosive life event may actually motivate a person to seek treatment and work toward personal change.
The Effects of Demographic Variation on Kinship Structure and Behavior in Cercopithecines
Authors: Hill David A
Published: November 2023

Demographic processes have a pervasive influence on many aspects of social behavior and social structure in group-living animals. The influence is mediated through the effects of demographic processes on group size and composition. This point was made by Altmann and Altmann (] 979), who also noted that social behavior in turn influences demographic processes, thereby closing the loop to produce a cycle of effects. In assessing the effects of demographic processes on kinship structure and behavior, we are primarily concerned with the first two links of this cycle: the impact of demographic processes on group size and composition, and ways in which group size and composition influence social behavior and social relationships.
Kinship and Behavior Among Nongregarious Nocturnal Prosimians: What Do We Really Know?
Authors: Nash Leanne T
Published: November 2023

When I was first invited to participate in this volume, my initial reaction was: “A chapter on what we know about kinship among the nocturnal primates ... hmm, now that will be a short chapter!” In this review, I include tarsiers and all the nocturnal strepsirhine primates (lemurs, lorises, galagos, pottos). Until recently, I tended to tell my students that what we currently know about dispersal patterns among nocturnal primates, and therefore what is known or mainly inferred about kinship relationships among individuals, is similar to the state of our information about diurnal primates in the midl 970s. At that time there were few long-term field studies of individually recognized animals, so we knew very little. However, a few very recent studies, which I review below, have catapulted our knowledge into the twenty-first century, as new genetic techniques have been combined with older and very hard won methods of gathering information on sociality in these species. This is truly an exciting time to be thinking about questions of kinship and behavior among these species. One of the main goals in writing this review is to encourage more young primatologists to take on the challenges (which are many) of studying nocturnal primates. After three decades of studying and appreciating these primates, I can attest that the questions can be tackled, and it can even be fun doing it.
Mating, Parenting, and the Evolution of Human Pair Bonds
Authors: Hawkes Kristen
Published: November 2023

Human pair bonds are widely assumed to have arisen when ancestral females began to rely on subsistence support from mates (e.g., Lovejoy 1981; Lancaster & Lancaster 1983, 1987). The most influential version of this argument is the “hunting hypothesis.” Its elements have a long history in Western thought (Cartmill 1994). August Westermarck in his 1891 book, The History of Human Marriage, provided a nineteenth-century example:
An Anatomy of Survey-Based Experiments
Authors: Gilens Martin
Published: November 2023

Randomized experiments embedded in surveys are almost as old as surveys themselves. But over the past few decades, the use of survey experiments has expanded dramatically. Once limited to simple “split-ballot” designs, the survey-based experiment has become an enormously flexible and increasingly sophisticated tool for social scientists. Spurred by the development of advanced computer-assisted interviewing software, researchers have devised an impressive array of techniques that combine the causal power of the randomized experiment with the representativeness of the general population survey. In this chapter, I describe a range of survey experiments that address concerns from abortion to racial attitudes to voting preferences. I identify the dimensions of a survey interview that can be randomly varied, the characteristics that these dimensions can take on, and the kinds of analyses that can be used to extract meaning from randomized survey experiments.
Models of Integrated Care in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Wedding Danny , Mengel Mark
Published: November 2023

Integrated practice can occur in a variety of con-texts and involves a large number of different health professionals. This chapter examines the specific collaboration of primary care physicians (most often family practitioners or internists) and mental health specialists (most often psycholo-gists and social workers). Although there are sa-lient difficulties associated with intraprofessional collaboration (e.g., psychiatrists working with their primary care physician colleagues), there are par-ticular challenges and opportunities associated with interprofessional collaboration, and these are our current concern. We hope an examination of current models of integrated practice will help identify creative approaches to collaboration in practice. Breaking out of the “silos” that result from our traditions of training and professional enculturation offers practitioners an opportunity to grow both personally and professionally and should result in more effective and efficient diag-nosis and treatment of patients.
Obstetrics-Gynecology
Authors: Turok David , Horn Jennifer T Van
Published: November 2023

When Dr. Fecund arrives at her officethis particu-lar morning, the first of her 15 prenatal patients is already waiting. Reviewing her day’s schedule and hoping she is not double-booked too much, Dr. Fecund estimates that if she spends about 5 to 10 minutes on average directly with each patient, she will not be too much behind schedule by the end of the day (i.e., she will probably leave the officeabout 6:00 p.m.).
Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Haas Leonard J , Galanti Geri-Ann
Published: November 2023

It is not overstating the situation to call any en-counter between a primary care psychologist and a patient cross-cultural, even if both parties are native to the same U.S. region and belong to the same social class; regardless of their cultural back-ground, substantial percentages of primary care patients will not necessarily understand or agree with the “culture” of mental health care. The sit-uation becomes even more complex if the patient is a member of a U.S. minority group or identifies with a non-U.S. culture.
Back Pain
Authors: Okifuji Akiko , Palmer Trish
Published: November 2023

Pain related to back problems is a prevalent medi-cal condition and one of the most cited reasons for primary care visits (Bigos, Bowyer, Braen, Brown, Deyo, Haldeman, et al., 1994). A large-scale population study estimated a point preva-lence rate of 28.4% and a lifetime incidence rate of 84.1% for low back pain in adults (Cassidy, Carroll, & Cote, 1998). Back pain is quite costly, accounting for over 156 million lost workdays for employed individuals (Bigos et al., 1994). Of those in the United States with back pain, only 15% to 20% seek medical care. For the majority of these individuals, it is a relatively transient problem and remits spontaneously.
Grief and End-of-Life Issues
Authors: Michael Scott T , Steven Julia Kasl-Godley , Zeiss Lovett Antonette M
Published: November 2023

Despite the obvious prevalence of death and dy-ing issues in primary care settings, they may be easily overlooked because of time pressures and beliefs that such issues are the domain of other settings (e.g., hospices, mental health care clinics, etc.). As a result, a large population of patients and their families may not receive needed and important care. Primary care psychologists are very likely to work with older patients and pa-tients with life-limiting diseases in primary care settings. Furthermore, when patients die, their families may need clinical attention. The primary care psychologist is in a unique position to give care to this underserved population and to facili-tate care from other clinicians in their setting who might otherwise be unaware of the needs of their patients.
Menopause
Authors: Czajkowski Laura A , Jones Kirtly Parker
Published: November 2023

Menopause is an integral and natural part of a woman’s life cycle. The progression from regular menstrual cycles and fertility to menopause is a complex experience that can be associated with psychological complaints, physiological symptoms, and the perceived loss of youth. It is estimated that one third of a woman’s lifetime occurs dur-ing and after menopause. The decline of ovarian function also coincides with other important psy-chosocial changes in midlife. For both clinician and patient, it may be difficult to determine which midlife psychological symptoms are caused by the decline in normal ovarian function and which may just be concurrent.
Work Stress and Health
Authors: Hartung Paul J , Penn Mark A
Published: November 2023

People strained by work stress often experience a variety of health problems. Such problems range from the behavioral to the psychological to the physical. Behavioral problems include lowered job performance, absenteeism, and violence. Psy-chological manifestations of work stress include depression, anxiety, and relationship conflicts. Physical problems linked to work stress include heart disease, immune system disorders, and neu-rological impairments. Work-related stress may in fact play a causative, contributory, or exacerbat-ing role in any one of the psychological disorders and medical conditions described in this hand-book.