bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal abundance of ticks associated with indigenous goats on a northern Transvaal farm
Authors: Rechav Y. , De Jager C.
Published: April 2020

The 3 most abundant tick species on indigenous goats on a northern Transvaal farm were found to be Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum. Three other tick species were present in small numbers. The economical and ecological importance of the ticks found on the goats, mainly in rural areas where chemical control of ticks is practically non-existant, is discussed. The high number of goats in the study area and the shift towards alternative methods of tick control, such as the use of resistant hosts, are important factors in the livestock industry of southern Africa.
Some aspects of the life cycle of the tick ixodes pilosus under laboratory conditions
Authors: Rechav Y.
Published: April 2020

Some aspects of the life cycle of the tick Ixodes pilosus were studied under laboratory conditions. The preoviposition period was 7,2 ± 0,6 d. Maximum egg production was on Day 4 after oviposition commenced, with total egg production of 2 395 ± 128,7 eggs per female. The mean feeding time of larvae was 3,3 ± 0,1 d. The life cycle could not be completed due to the specific requirements of this species.
Diseases of cattle - A manual of diagnosis, D.C. Blood, Pauline Brightling and M.T. Larcombe
Authors: Cockroft P. D.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, John J. Gittleman
Authors: Van Heerden J.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
A case of heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) in an imported dog and a report of the occurrence of Canine Microfilariae in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Verster Anna , Cilliers W. J. , Schroeder Heidi
Published: April 2020

A dog imported from Australia had microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis in its blood. This is the second report of these m1crofilanae m dogs imported into the Republic of South Africa. The treatment of this dog is described. Other filarial worms which are known to occur In the RSA are discussed.
Poultry Diseases, F.T.W. Jordan
Authors: Duncan N. M.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Phenobarbitone and feeding in dogs
Authors: Watson A. D.J.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Identifying the path and the areas of focus to accomplish malaria eradication
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh
Published: April 2020

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease presenting an enormous burden on the health care delivery system, in terms of cases and the attributed deaths. The epidemiological analysis of the trends of the disease and the mortality rates since 2015, it has been reported that we have not succeeded in reducing them. However, the encouraging fact is that since 2010, 8 nations have succeeded in eliminating the disease. Obviously, we are aiming for the global eradication of the disease in the long run, as it won't only play a role in saving human lives, but also in strengthening of the national economy. On a bright note, we have succeeded in developing new tools for diagnosis, medications, passive immunization and even the first malarial vaccine. In conclusion, the time has come to rise to the challenge of malaria eradication and it will essentially require sustained political commitment, financial support and adoption of new tools & a strategic approach.
Is the WTO a World Tax Organization?
Authors: Daly Michael
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the extent to which World Trade Organization (WTO) rules impinge on
policymakers’ freedom to formulate tax policies. It provides an overview of both the economic
rationale for WTO rules concerning taxation and the provisions of the main WTO agreements
concerning border taxes and internal taxes (direct as well as indirect). It also points out some tax
anomalies and inconsistencies in these rules, and how the rules have evolved as a consequence of
the interpretation of the WTO agreements by its Dispute Settlement Body and the latter’s rulings
in connection with several disputes over taxes affecting trade. As WTO Members will undoubtedly
want to avoid having their tax policies successfully challenged in the WTO, the paper provides
some guidance concerning the design of tax policy.
IEO Evaluation Report
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Independent Evaluation Office
Published: April 2020

This report updates the 2009 IEO evaluation of IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues. Since then, the composition and structure of international trade have evolved, but trade has not regained its former dynamism. With increasing concern about potential winners and losers from trade, there has been a loss of political support for globalization, increasing trade tensions and protectionism, and the institutional framework supporting multilateral trade has come under heavy strain.

The report concludes that overall the IMF deserves considerable credit for its active and timely response, playing a prominent role in championing commitment to an open, rules-based multilateral trading system. The Fund has largely implemented the recommendations of the 2009 evaluation and has strengthened and consolidated its trade policy analysis and advice, appropriately focusing on the key macroeconomic effects and associated risks of trade policy developments at the national and international levels. IMF advocacy on trade has been underpinned by a major expansion in the attention to trade policy issues in multilateral surveillance—and to some extent in bilateral surveillance—supported by high-quality research and analysis, building on the Fund’s well-established modeling capacity.

Looking forward, the Fund will need to sustain its current high level of advocacy and analysis on trade policy issues and consider how to increase the overall impact of this work. Key challenges include: contributing to foster a recommitment to trade policy cooperation; further attention to translating multilateral surveillance into bilateral policy advice; consolidating relations with partner institutions; and increased attention to rapidly developing trade policy issues. Across all these dimensions, care will be needed to ensure appropriate evenhandedness in trade policy surveillance across countries. A holistic review of the IMF’s “trade strategy” would help to guide trade policy work and the allocation of scarce resources among competing priorities.
Foreign Demand and Local House Prices
Authors: Puy Damien , Ari Anil , Shi Yu
Published: April 2020

We test whether foreign demand matters for local house prices in the US using an identification
strategy based on the existence of “home bias abroad” in international real estate markets.
Following an extreme political crisis event abroad, a proxy for a strong and exogenous shift in
foreign demand, we show that house prices rise disproportionately more in neighbourhoods with
a high concentration of population originating from the crisis country. This effect is strong,
persistent, and robust to the exclusion of major cities. We also show that areas that were already
expensive in the late 1990s have experienced the strongest foreign demand shocks and the
biggest drop in affordability between 2000 and 2017. Our findings suggest a non-trivial causal
effect of foreign demand shocks on local house prices over the last 20 years, especially in
neighbourhoods that were already rather unaffordable for the median household.
Kyrgyz Republic
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: April 2020

This paper discusses Kyrgyz Republic’s Request for Purchase Under the Rapid Financing Instrument and Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility. The COVID-19 pandemic has been hitting the Kyrgyz economy very hard and created an urgent balance of payments need. All sectors are being impacted with extreme severity as measures are being taken to stop the spread of the virus. Given the unprecedented high level of uncertainty, IMF emergency support under the Rapid Financing Instrument and the Rapid Credit Facility helps provide a backstop and increase buffers and shore up confidence. It also helps to preserve fiscal space for essential COVID- 19-related health expenditure and catalyze donor support. Banks’ capital and liquidity buffers need to be used to absorb credit losses and the liquidity squeeze. Once these buffers are exhausted, the central bank needs to show flexibility on the timing of bringing capital and liquidity above the minimum required, considering the length of the crisis. Expeditious donor support is needed to close the remaining balance of payments gap and ease the adjustment burden.
Malta
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: April 2020

2020 Selected Issues
Enhancing the Emergency Financing Toolkit—Responding To The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is taking a human toll and has unleashed a series of shocks on the Fund’s entire membership, creating severe disruption in the global economic and financial system. As a result, many emerging market and developing country (EMDC) members face urgent and unprecedented financing needs, creating significant immediate demand for Fund resources. In order to respond to members’ large and urgent financing needs, the paper proposes to enhance the Fund’s emergency financing toolkit, through a temporary increase in access limits for both the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI), available to all members, and the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF), available to Poverty Reduction Growth Trust-eligible members only. It is proposed to increase these access limits for a proposed period of six months, which may be extended by the Executive Board. A companion Board paper sets out proposals to accelerate Board consideration of member requests for financing under the RCF and RFI, completion of reviews and requests for changes in access in existing arrangements, and requests for grant assistance under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust.
Revisiting global satellite observations of stratospheric cirrus clouds
Authors: Zou Ling , Griessbach Sabine , Hoffmann Lars , Gong Bing , Wang Lunche
Published: April 2020

Abstract. As knowledge about the cirrus clouds in the lower stratosphere is limited, reliable long-term measurements are needed to assess their characteristics, radiative impact and important role in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) chemistry. To investigate the global and seasonal distribution of stratospheric cirrus clouds, we used the latest version (V4.x) of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) data. For the identification of stratospheric cirrus clouds, precise information on both, the cloud top height (CTH) and the tropopause height is crucial. Here, we used lapse rate tropopause heights estimated from the ERA-Interim global reanalysis. Considering the uncertainties of the tropopause heights and the vertical sampling grid of the CALIPSO data, we considered cirrus clouds with CTHs more than 0.5 km above the tropopause as being stratospheric. We focused on nighttime CALIPSO measurements, because of their higher detection sensitivity. A six-year mean (2006–2012) global distribution of stratospheric cirrus cloud from CALIPSO showed that higher CTH occurrence frequencies are observed in the tropics than in the extra-tropics. Tropical hotspots of stratospheric cirrus clouds associated with deep convection are located over Equatorial Africa, South and Southeast Asia, the western Pacific and South America. Stratospheric cirrus clouds were more often detected in December–February (15 %) than June–August (8 %) in the tropics (± 20°). At middle (40–60°) and higher latitudes (> 60°), CALIPSO observed on average about 2 % stratospheric cirrus clouds. Observations of stratospheric cirrus cloud with MIPAS are presented here for the first time. Taking into account the MIPAS vertical sampling and broad field of view, we considered cirrus CTHs detected not less than 0.75 km above the tropopause as being stratospheric. Compared to CALIPSO, MIPAS observed twice as many stratospheric cirrus clouds at northern and southern middle latitudes (occurrence frequencies of 4–5 % for MIPAS rather than about 2 % for CALIPSO). We attribute more frequent observations of stratospheric cirrus clouds with MIPAS to higher detection sensitivity of the instrument to optically thin clouds. Sensitivity tests on MIPAS stratospheric cloud detections have been conducted to rule out sampling artefacts. Future work should focus on better understanding the origin of the stratospheric cirrus clouds and their impact on radiative forcing and climate.
Challenges and solutions for autism in academic geosciences
Authors: Taylor Nicola C. , Johnson Jessica H.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Researcher diversity promotes research excellence. But academia is widely perceived as inaccessible to those who work in non-stereotypical ways, and disabled researchers are consequently chronically under-represented within higher education. The barriers that academia presents to the inclusion and success of disabled individuals must therefore be understood and removed in order to enhance researcher diversity and improve the quality and quantity of research. Autism is a disability that is particularly under-represented within higher education, despite many autistic individuals having attributes that are conducive to research excellence. With a focus on geosciences, we use the experiences of an autistic PhD student to evaluate why academia can be inaccessible, and propose simple strategies that can reduce and remove barriers to academic success. We suggest that minor changes to communication, the academic environment and better disability awareness can make significant differences to the inclusion of disabled researchers, particularly those with autism. These changes would also benefit the wider scientific community and promote research and teaching excellence.
Intercomparison of wind observations from the European Space Agency's Aeolus satellite mission and the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator
Authors: Lux Oliver , Lemmerz Christian , Weiler Fabian , Marksteiner Uwe , Witschas Benjamin , Rahm Stephan , Geiß Alexander , Reitebuch Oliver
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Shortly after the successful launch of the European Space Agency's wind mission
Aeolus, co-located airborne wind
lidar observations were performed in central Europe; these observations employed a prototype
of the satellite instrument – the ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser
Doppler INstrument) Airborne Demonstrator (A2D). Like
the direct-detection Doppler wind lidar on-board Aeolus, the A2D is composed
of a frequency-stabilized ultra-violet (UV) laser, a Cassegrain telescope and a
dual-channel receiver to measure line-of-sight (LOS) wind speeds by
analysing both Mie and Rayleigh backscatter signals. In the framework of the
first airborne validation campaign after the launch and still during the
commissioning phase of the mission, four coordinated flights along the
satellite swath were conducted in late autumn of 2018, yielding wind data in
the troposphere with high coverage of the Rayleigh channel. Owing to the
different measurement grids and LOS viewing directions of the satellite and the
airborne instrument, intercomparison with the Aeolus wind product requires
adequate averaging as well as conversion of the measured A2D LOS wind speeds
to the satellite LOS (LOS*). The statistical comparison of the two instruments
shows a positive bias (of 2.6 m s−1) of the Aeolus Rayleigh winds (measured along its LOS*)
with respect to the A2D Rayleigh winds as well as a
standard deviation of 3.6 m s−1. Considering the accuracy
and precision of the A2D wind data, which were determined from comparison
with a highly accurate coherent wind lidar as well as with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model
winds, the systematic and random errors of the Aeolus LOS* Rayleigh winds are 1.7 and 2.5 m s−1
respectively. The paper also discusses the influence of different threshold
parameters implemented in the comparison algorithm as well as an
optimization of the A2D vertical sampling to be used in forthcoming
validation campaigns.
Microwave single scattering properties of non-spheroidal rain drops
Authors: Ekelund Robin , Eriksson Patrick , Kahnert Michael
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Falling rain drops undergo a change in morphology as they grow in size and the fall-speed increases. This change can lead to significant effects in passive and active microwave remote sensing measurements, typically in the form of a polarization signal. Because previous studies generally only considered either passive or active measurements and a limited set of frequencies, there exist no general guidelines on how and when to consider such rain drop effects in scientific and meteorological remote sensing. In an attempt to provide an overview on this topic, this study considered passive and active remote sensing simultaneously and a wider set of frequencies than in previous studies. Single scattering properties (SSP) data of horizontally oriented rain drops were calculated using the T-matrix method at a large set of frequencies (34 in total). The shapes of the rain drops were calculated assuming an aerodynamic equilibrium model, resulting in drops with flattened bases. The SSP data are published in an open-access repository in order to promote the usage of realistic microphysical assumptions in the microwave remote sensing community. Furthermore, the SSP were employed in radiative transfer simulations of passive and active microwave rain observations, in order to investigate the impact of rain drop shape upon observations and to provide general guidelines on usage of the published database. Several instances of significant rain drop shape-induced effects could be identified. For instance, it was found that the flattened base of equilibrium drops can lead to an enhancement in back-scattering at 94.1 GHz. The passive simulations showed shape induced effects of over 1 K at brightness temperatures below 150 GHz.
Uncertainty Quantification for Atmospheric Motion Vectors with Machine Learning
Authors: Teixeira Joaquim V. , Nguyen Hai , Posselt Derek J. , Su Hui , Wu Longtao
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Wind-tracking algorithms produce Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) by tracking clouds or water vapor across spatial-temporal fields. Thorough error characterization (also known as uncertainty quantification) of wind-tracking algorithms is critical in properly assimilating AMVs into weather forecast models and climate reanalysis datasets. Uncertainty quantification should yield estimates of two key quantities of interest: bias, the systematic difference between a measurement and the true value, and standard error, a measure of variability of the measurement. The current process of specification of the errors input into inverse modelling is often cursory and commonly consists of a mixture of model fidelity, expert knowledge, and need for expediency. The methods presented in this paper supplement existing approaches to error specification by providing an error-characterization module that is purely data-driven and requires few tuning parameters. This paper proposes an error-characterization method that combines the flexibility of machine learning (random forest) with the robust error estimates of unsupervised parametric clustering (using a Gaussian Mixture Model). Traditional techniques for uncertainty quantification through machine learning have focused on characterizing bias, but often struggle when estimating standard error. In contrast, model-based approaches such as k-means or Gaussian mixture modelling can provide reasonable estimates of both bias and standard error, but they are often limited in complexity due to reliance on linear or Gaussian assumptions. In this paper, a methodology is developed and applied to characterize error in tracked-wind using a high-resolution global model simulation, and it is shown to adequately capture the error features of the tracked wind.
Description and evaluation of a detailed gas-phase chemistry scheme in the TM5-MP global chemistry transport model (r112)
Authors: Myriokefalitakis Stelios , Daskalakis Nikos , Gkouvousis Angelos , Hilboll Andreas , van Noije Twan , Williams Jason E. , Le Sager Philippe , Huijnen Vincent , Houweling Sander , Bergman Tommi , Nüß Johann Rasmus , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Kanakidou Maria , Krol Maarten C.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. This work documents and evaluates the tropospheric gas-phase chemical mechanism MOGUNTIA in the three-dimensional chemistry transport model TM5-MP. Compared to the modified CB05 chemical mechanism previously used in the model, the MOGUNTIA includes a detailed representation of the light hydrocarbons (C1-C4) and isoprene, along with a simplified chemistry representation of terpenes and aromatics. Another feature implemented in TM5-MP for this work is the use of the Rosenbrock solver in the chemistry code, which can replace the classical Euler Backward Integration method of the model. Global budgets of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are here analyzed and their mixing ratios are compared with a series of surface, aircraft and satellite observations for the year 2006. Both mechanisms appear to be able to represent satisfactorily observed mixing ratios of important trace gases, with the MOGUNTIA chemistry configuration yielding lower biases compared to measurements in most of the cases. However, the two chemical mechanisms fail to reproduce the observed mixing ratios of light VOCs, indicating insufficient primary emission source strengths, too weak vertical mixing in the boundary layer, and/or a low bias in the secondary contribution of C2-C3 organics via VOC atmospheric oxidation. Relative computational memory and time requirements of the different model configurations are also compared and discussed. Overall, compared to other chemistry schemes in use in global CTMs, the MOGUNTIA scheme simulates a large suite of oxygenated VOCs that are observed in the atmosphere at significant levels and are involved in aerosol formation, expanding, thus, the applications of TM5-MP.
A new uncertainty estimation approach with multiple datasets and implementation for various precipitation products
Authors: Zhou Xudong , Polcher Jan , Yang Tao , Huang Ching-Sheng
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Ensemble estimates based on multiple datasets are frequently applied once many datasets are available for the same climatic variable.
An uncertainty estimate based on the difference between the ensemble datasets is always provided along with the ensemble mean estimate to show to what extent the ensemble members are consistent with each other.
However, one fundamental flaw of classic uncertainty estimates is that only the uncertainty in one dimension (either the temporal variability or the spatial heterogeneity) can be considered, whereas the variation along the other dimension is dismissed due to limitations in algorithms for classic uncertainty estimates, resulting in an incomplete assessment of the uncertainties.
This study introduces a three-dimensional variance partitioning approach and proposes a new uncertainty estimation (Ue) that includes the data uncertainties in both spatiotemporal scales.
The new approach avoids pre-averaging in either of the spatiotemporal dimensions and, as a result, the Ue estimate is around 20 % higher than the classic uncertainty metrics.
The deviation of Ue from the classic metrics is apparent for regions with strong spatial heterogeneity and where the variations significantly differ in temporal and spatial scales.
This shows that classic metrics underestimate the uncertainty through averaging, which means a loss of information in the variations across spatiotemporal scales.
Decomposing the formula for Ue shows that Ue has integrated four different variations across the ensemble dataset members, while only two of the components are represented in the classic uncertainty estimates.
This analysis of the decomposition explains the correlation as well as the differences between the newly proposed Ue and the two classic uncertainty metrics.
The new approach is implemented and analysed with multiple precipitation products of different types (e.g. gauge-based products, merged products and GCMs) which contain different sources of uncertainties with different magnitudes.
Ue of the gauge-based precipitation products is the smallest, while Ue of the other products is generally larger because other uncertainty sources are included and the constraints of the observations are not as strong as in gauge-based products.
This new three-dimensional approach is flexible in its structure and particularly suitable for a comprehensive assessment of multiple datasets over large regions within any given period.
Code-to-code verification for thermal models of melting and solidification in a metal alloy: comparisons between a Finite Volume Method and a Finite Element Method
Authors: Harley Anna M. V. , Nikam Sagar H. , Wu Hao , Quinn Justin , McFadden Shaun
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Verification, the process of checking a modelling output
against a known reference model, is an important step in model development
for the simulation of manufacturing processes. This manuscript provides
details of a code-to-code verification between two thermal models used for
simulating the melting and solidification processes in a 316 L stainless
steel alloy: one model was developed using a non-commercial code and the
Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the other used a commercial Finite Element
Method (FEM) code available within COMSOL Multiphysics®. The
application involved the transient case of heat-transfer from a point heat
source into one end of a cylindrical sample geometry, thus melting and then
re-solidifying the sample in a way similar to an autogenous welding process
in metal fabrication. Temperature dependent material properties and
progressive latent heat evolution through the freezing range of the alloy
were included in the model. Both models were tested for mesh independency,
permitting meaningful comparisons between thermal histories, temperature
profiles and maximum temperature along the length of the cylindrical rod and
melt pool depth. Acceptable agreement between the results obtained by the
non-commercial and commercial models was achieved. This confidence building
step will allow for further development of point-source heat models, which
has a wide variety of applications in manufacturing processes.
Comparing an insurer's perspective on building damages with modelled damages from pan-European winter windstorm event sets: a case study from Zurich, Switzerland
Authors: Welker Christoph , Röösli Thomas , Bresch David N.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. With access to claims, insurers have a long tradition of being knowledge leaders on damages caused by e.g. windstorms. However, new opportunities have arisen to better assess the risks of winter windstorms in Europe through the availability of historic footprints provided by the Windstorm Information Service (Copernicus WISC). In this study, we compare how modelling of building damages complements claims-based risk assessment. We describe and use two windstorm risk models: the insurer's proprietary model and the open source CLIMADA platform. Both use the historic WISC dataset and a purposefully-built, probabilistic hazard event set of winter windstorms across Europe to model building damages in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. These approaches project a considerably lower estimate for the annual average damage (CHF 1.4 million), compared to claims (CHF 2.3 million), which originates mainly from a different assessment of the return period of the most damaging historic event Lothar/Martin. Additionally, the probabilistic modelling approach allows assessing rare events, such as a 250-year return period windstorm causing CHF 75 million damages. Our study emphasises the importance of complementing a claims-based perspective with a probabilistic risk modelling approach to better understand windstorm risks. The presented open source model provides a straightforward entry point for small insurance companies.
Vertical profiles of wind gust statistics from a regional reanalysis using multivariate extreme value theory
Authors: Steinheuer Julian , Friederichs Petra
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Many applications require wind gust estimates at very different atmospheric height levels.
For example, the renewable energy sector is interested in wind and gust predictions at the hub height of a wind power plant.
However, numerical weather prediction models typically only derive estimates for wind gusts at the standard measurement height of 10 m above the land surface.
Here, we present a statistical post-processing method to derive a conditional distribution for hourly peak wind speed as a function of height.
The conditioning variables are taken from the COSMO-REA6 regional reanalysis.
The post-processing method was trained using peak wind speed observations at five vertical levels between 10 and 250 m from the Hamburg Weather Mast.
The statistical post-processing method is based on a censored generalized extreme value (cGEV) distribution with non-homogeneous parameters.
We use a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator to select the most informative variables.
Vertical variations of the cGEV parameters are approximated using Legendre polynomials, such that predictions may be derived at any desired vertical height.
Further, the Pickands dependence function is used to assess dependencies between gusts at different heights.
The most important predictors are the 10 m gust diagnostic, the barotropic and the baroclinic mode of absolute horizontal wind speed, the mean absolute horizontal wind at 700 hPa, the surface pressure tendency, and the lifted index.
Proper scores show improvements of up to 60 % with respect to climatology, especially at higher vertical levels.
The post-processing model with a Legendre approximation is able to provide reliable predictions of gusts' statistics at non-observed intermediate levels.
The strength of dependency between gusts at different levels is non-homogeneous and strongly modulated by the vertical stability of the atmosphere.
Importance of El Niño reproducibility for reconstructing historical CO2 flux variations in the equatorial Pacific
Authors: Watanabe Michio , Tatebe Hiroaki , Koyama Hiroshi , Hajima Tomohiro , Watanabe Masahiro , Kawamiya Michio
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In the equatorial Pacific, air–sea CO2 flux is known to fluctuate in response to inherent climate variability, predominantly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). For both investigation of the response of the carbon cycle to human-induced radiative perturbations and prediction of future global CO2 concentrations, representation of the interannual fluctuation of CO2 fluxes in Earth system models (ESMs) is essential. This study attempted to reproduce observed air–sea CO2 flux fluctuations in the equatorial Pacific using two ESMs, to which observed ocean temperature and salinity data were assimilated. When observations were assimilated into an ESM whose inherent ENSO variability was weaker than observations, nonnegligible correction terms on the governing equation of the equatorial ocean temperature caused anomalously false equatorial upwelling during El Niño periods that brought water rich in dissolved inorganic carbon from the subsurface layer to the surface layer. Contrary to observation, this resulted in an unusual upward air–sea CO2 flux anomaly that should not occur during El Niño periods. The absence of such unrealistic upwelling anomalies in the other ESM with the data assimilation reflects better representation of ENSO and the mean thermocline in this ESM without data assimilation. Our results demonstrate that adequate simulation of ENSO in an ESM is crucial for accurate reproduction of the variability in air–sea CO2 flux and hence, in the carbon cycle.
Tracking geothermal anomalies along a crustal fault using (U-Th)/He apatite thermochronology and REE analyses, the example of the Têt fault (Pyrenees, France)
Authors: Milesi Gaétan , Monié Patrick , Münch Philippe , Soliva Roger , Taillefer Audrey , Bruguier Olivier , Bellanger Mathieu , Bonno Michaël , Martin Céline
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The Têt fault is a crustal scale major fault in the eastern Pyrenees along which 29 hot springs emerge mainly within the footwall damage zone of the fault. In this study, (U-Th)/He apatite (AHe) thermochronology is used in combination with REE analyses to investigate the imprint of hydrothermal activity nearby two main hot spring clusters and in between in an attempt to better define the geometry and intensity of the recent thermal anomalies along the fault and to compare them with previous results from numerical modelling. This study displays 99 new AHe ages and 63 REE analyses on samples collected in the hanging wall (18 to 43 Ma) and footwall (8 to 26 Ma) of the Têt fault. In the footwall, the results reveal AHe age resetting and apatite REE depletion due to hydrothermal circulation along the Têt fault damage zone, nearby the actual hot springs (Thuès-les-Bains and St-Thomas) but also in areas lacking actual geothermal surface manifestation. These age resetting and element depletions are more pronounced around Thuès-les-Bains hot spring cluster and are spatially restricted to a limited volume of the damage zone. Outside this damage zone, the modelling of thermochronological data in the footwall suggests the succession of two main phases of exhumation, between 30 and 24 Ma and a second one around 10 Ma. In the hanging wall, few evidences of hydrothermal imprint on AHe ages and REE signatures have been found and thermal modelling records a single exhumation phase at 35–30 Ma. Low-temperature thermochronology combined with REE analyses allows to identify the spatial distribution of a recent geothermal perturbation related to hydrothermal flow along a master fault zone in the eastern Pyrenees, opens new perspectives for the exploration of geothermal fields and provides at the regional scale new constraints on the tectonic uplift of the footwall and hanging wall massifs.
Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges
Authors: Yang Ji-Woong , Ahn Jinho , Iwahana Go , Han Sangyoung , Kim Kyungmin , Fedorov Alexander
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in
permafrost. However, existing gas extraction methods have not been well tested. We tested conventional wet and dry gas extraction methods using ice
wedges from Alaska and Siberia, finding that both methods can extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice (e.g. gas bubbles) and yield
similar results for CH4 and N2O mixing ratios. We also found insignificant effects of microbial activity during wet
extraction. However, both techniques were unable to fully extract gas from the ground ice, presumably because gas molecules adsorbed onto or enclosed
in soil aggregates are not easily extractable. Estimation of gas production in a subfreezing environment of permafrost should consider such incomplete
gas extraction.
Dominant patterns of interaction between the tropics and mid-latitudes in boreal summer: Causal relationships and the role of time-scales
Authors: Di Capua Giorgia , Runge Jakob , Donner Reik V. , van den Hurk Bart , Turner Andrew G. , Vellore Ramesh , Krishnan Raghavan , Coumou Dim
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Tropical convective activity represents a source of predictability for mid-latitude weather in the Northern Hemisphere. In winter, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant source of predictability in the tropics and extra-tropics, but its role in summer is much less pronounced and the exact teleconnection pathways are not well understood. Here, we assess how tropical convection interacts with mid-latitude summer circulation at different intraseasonal time-scales and how ENSO affects these interactions. First, we apply maximum covariance analysis (MCA) between tropical convective activity and mid-latitude geopotential height fields to identify the dominant modes of interaction. The first MCA mode connects the South Asian monsoon with the mid-latitude circumglobal teleconnection pattern. The second MCA mode connects the western North Pacific summer monsoon in the tropics with a wave-5 pattern centred over the North Pacific High in the mid-latitudes. We show that the MCA patterns are fairly insensitive to the selected intraseasonal time-scale from weekly to 4-weekly data. To study the potential causal interdependencies between these modes and with other atmospheric fields, we apply causal effect networks (CEN) at different time-scales. CENs extend standard correlation analysis by removing the confounding effects of autocorrelation, indirect links and common drivers. In general, there is a two-way causal interaction between the tropics and mid-latitudes but the strength and sometimes sign of the causal link are time-scale dependent. We introduce causal maps that plot the regionally specific causal effect from each MCA mode. Those maps confirm the dominant patterns of interaction and in addition, highlight specific mid-latitude regions that are most strongly connected to tropical convection. In general, the identified causal teleconnection patterns are only mildly affected by ENSO and the tropical-mid-latitude linkages remain similar. Still, La Niña strengthens the South Asian monsoon generating a stronger response in the mid-latitudes, while during El Niño years, the Pacific pattern is reinforced. This study paves the way for process-based validation of boreal summer teleconnections in (sub-)seasonal forecast models and climate models and therefore helps to improve sub-seasonal and climate projections.
La raza como problema filosófico en los escritos de Nietzsche
Authors: García-Granero Marina
Published: April 2020

El artículo se propone elucidar el papel que juegan los usos de “raza” en los escritos de Nietzsche, situándolos e interpretándolos en conjunto con el léxico de transformación del ser humano y de su crítica de la cultura. Para ello, se estudia su empleo junto a otros conceptos fronterizos e ideas análogas como el tratamiento de la cuestión judía, su crítica del nacionalismo, la figura de los buenos europeos, la metáfora de la bestia rubia, los tipos humanos y el pensamiento de la cría. Se concluye que “raza” posee un indudable carácter fisiológico y evolutivo, pero a través del proceso de incorporación (Einverleibung), el ámbito de la cultura y la moral intervienen de manera fundamental en su conformación, y como concepto, forma parte del mismo proyecto de transvaloración de los valores, la reforma de la cultura y de la humanidad. El artículo finaliza con una reflexión de la llamada a superar la raza (Über-Rasse).
Michel Foucault y el hombre de deseo: ‘Las Confesiones de la carne’ y los límites de la ‘Historia de la sexualidad’
Authors: Colombo Agustín
Published: April 2020

Basado en Las Confesiones de la carne, cuarto y último volumen de la Historia de sexualidad de Michel Foucault, este artículo interroga el alcance de la noción de “hombre de deseo” que Foucault pone el centro de las modificaciones introducidas por El uso de los placeres al proyecto general de la Historia de la sexualidad. El artículo discute la hipótesis de Foucault según la cual el cristianismo habría forjado una “hermenéutica del deseo” cuyo objetivo es descubrir, a través del análisis del deseo, la verdad oculta del individuo. A partir de las investigaciones que Las Confesiones de la carne proponen sobre la teoría de la libido de San Agustín y la ascesis de la castidad desarrollada por Casiano, el artículo pone en evidencia los problemas que tal hipótesis supone y analiza su impacto para el proyecto general de la Historia de la sexualidad.
Arte contra Verdade
Authors: Sousa Ferreira Gomes Rita Helena
Published: April 2020

Este artigo defende a arte como uma atividade/conhecimento pautado no reconhecimento de sua ficção, no acolhimento e valorização da experiência e da vida cotidiana e na abertura para a particularidade e intersubjetividade. Neste sentido, a arte é vista em sua contribuição potencial à epistemologia. Essa contribuição é desdobrada a partir do embate das qualidades da arte em relação à noção Moderna de Verdade, representada pela elaboração cartesiana. Conclui-se que a arte pode abrir caminhos para epistemologias mais aptas a lidar democraticamente com as diferenças.
Eros and Self-Realization: Zora Neale Hurston's Janie and Flora Nwapa'sEfuru
Authors: Moolla F. Fiona
Published: April 2020

A comparative analysis of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and Flora Nwapa's Efuru suggests the importance of romantic love to the self- actualization of the heroines of these novels, whose authors share similar biographies, concerns, and literary positions in the spheres of African American and African literatures respectively. For Hurston, eros paradoxically represents the ultimately unfulfilled possibility for self-realization that finally may be achieved only in and through the self. By contrast, for Nwapa, the focus shifts from the centrality of romantic love to the complex and contradictory place of childbearing in female self-realization. However, finally, self-actualization is achieved with other women in identification with Mammywater, the powerful Igbo lake goddess.
Love as Justice
Authors: Yuille Lua Kamál , Yuille Rúḥíyyih Nikole , Yuille Justin A.
Published: April 2020

The law, serving as a codification of the commitments and values of “White space,” often treats love and justice as separable and separate values, experiences, and institutions. Black love, on the contrary, is bound up with and, even, identified with justice. This inextricability is painted masterfully in the interstices of Zora Neale Hurston's, Their Eyes Were Watching God. The story, widely framed as a woman's journey to autonomy and love, is just as much the story of her search for justice. This article uses Hurston's narrative of love and justice, Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy of humanization, and law to illustrate the implications of Black love for engaging legal justice in White space. It concludes that liberation for Black people demands humanizing legal praxis.
The (Ever)Lasting Significance of Zora Neale Hurston'sBarracoon
Authors: Williams Dana A. , Relerford Jimisha
Published: April 2020

Zora Neale Hurston's Barracoon teaches us distinct lessons about African American literary studies and its relation to the memory of Africa. In this text, Kossula helps us better understand a transatlantic black identity, the tension that exist between those who remember Africa and those who have adopted a black American identity, and the failures of supposed victories and African emigration. This traversing also reminds us that there can be no agreed upon or stable method for charting literary history. Instead, it encourages us to follow a model of historiography that looks for continuity and is more cross-directional than vertical. The archive, of course, requires such a model. Thus, Barracoon's publication, as an archival artifact especially, is also instructive as evidence of the primacy of the archive in relation to canon formation and literary traditions.
How Discomfort Reproduces Settler Structures: Moving Beyond Fear and Becoming Imperfect Accomplices
Authors: Carroll Shawna M. , Bascuñán Daniela , Sinke Mark , Restoule Jean Paul
Published: April 2020

In this paper we explain how teachers can subvert settler colonial epistemology in their classrooms and become ‘imperfect accomplices.’ Drawing on a larger project, we focus on the ways non-Indigenous teachers understood their role in teaching Indigenous content and epistemologies through their lenses of ‘fear,’ which we re-theorize as ‘anxiety.’ These anxieties were enacted by the educators in two ways: stopping the teaching of Indigenous content and epistemologies, or using productive pausing for self-reflection. We explain how stopping the teaching outside of settler colonial epistemology is based on structures that impose fear to go outside of that epistemology. We then examine how some teachers pause within these structures of ‘fear’ and explain three strategies to become ‘imperfect accomplices.’
Gendered Decision-Making About Mathematics Courses: Contributions of Self-Perceptions, Domain-Perceptions, and Sociocultural Factors
Authors: Kirkham Jane , Chapman Elaine
Published: April 2020

Girls continue to be underrepresented in Year 11 and 12 intermediate and advanced mathematics courses in Australia, which has implications for their future educational opportunities and career aspirations. The present study compared the choices of 84 Year 10 girls and boys from one school for their Year 11 mathematics course, with their teachers’ recommendations for the same. Findings indicated that while most participants made course selections aligned with their teachers’ recommendations, girls tended to under-aspire and boys tended to over-aspire in their choice decisions, based on their teachers’ recommended course choices. In addition, utilising the Expectancy-value theoretical (EVT) framework, we surveyed participants to measure their self-perceptions (self-concept), and values about mathematics (intrinsic value, utility value, and attainment value). We also measured participants’ views on the domain of mathematics (sense of belonging, growth mindset, the status of mathematics, gender bias). Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that girls showed lowered self-concept, sense of belonging, and growth mindset than boys, also viewing mathematics as less of a high-status subject than boys. In addition, the survey obtained participants’ opinions on sociocultural influences on their mathematics course selections, with no significant gender differences noted.
Gender Differences in Decision-Making During Adolescence: A Comparison of Jewish and Druze Societies
Authors: Shamma Fathi , Asaqli Eisam
Published: April 2020

The principal aim of the study was to compare gender differences in the level of autonomy, parental and peer involvement in the decision-making processes of Jewish and Druze adolescents. The method that was chosen to conduct the study was the qualitative research method and to measure the variables in the current study, a questionnaire containing 30 items was developed. The research population includes 243 participants aged 15–18.

The findings partially confirmed the research hypotheses. The study showed four main findings. First, the study showed that no gender differences are apparent between Jewish and Druze adolescents in the overall degree of autonomy or in parents’ and peers’ involvement in their decision making. Second, the study revealed that in both groups of adolescents, boys have more autonomy in making decisions relative to girls. The third finding showed that among both male adolescent groups, friends are more involved in their decisions relative to among both female grops. The final finding showed that there is bigger gap in the Druze culture between boys and girls regarding the degree of parental involvement than in the Jewish culture. 
Het snijvlak van arbeidsrecht en letselschade: de ontslagvergoeding en de vergoeding voor verlies aan arbeidsvermogen
Authors: Kolk D.J.
Published: April 2020

Het snijvlak van arbeidsrecht en letselschade: de ontslagvergoeding en de vergoeding voor verlies aan arbeidsvermogen

Een arbeidsongeval wordt gevolgd door ontslag: kan een werkgever betogen dat een ontslagvergoeding op een vergoeding voor verlies aan arbeidsvermogen als voordeel in de zin van artikel 6:100 BW in mindering moet worden gebracht? Dit snijvlak van het arbeidsrecht en de letselschadepraktijk wordt in dit artikel in kaart gebracht.