bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Anaplasma marginale DNA in Larvae of Boophilus microplus Ticks by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: SHIMADA MÁRCIA KIYOE , YAMAMURA MILTON HISSASHI , KAWASAKI PAULA MIYUKI , TAMEKUNI KÁTIA , IGARASHI MICHELLE , VIDOTTO ODILON , VIDOTTO MARILDA CARLOS
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Boophilus microplus larvae from two different sources were used for the detection of Anaplasma marginale DNA: larvae A, which were collected from a pasture of an endemic farm, and larvae B, which originated from engorged female ticks fed on calves with no clinical signs of disease and with low rickettsemia (approximately 0.01 to 1.0%). Larvae A were collected monthly, from January to May in 2001. Two hundred engorged female ticks fed on calves that provided larvae B were divided into groups of 10 and kept in a controlled environment at either 18°C or 28°C. Fifty larvae were used from each sample for DNA extraction, and 5 μL of DNA were submitted to amplification of the sequence of msp5 gene of A. marginale by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven out of 50 samples of larvae A (14%) were positive for the presence of DNA of A. marginale showing amplified product of 457 bp. Ten out of 91 samples of larvae B (11%) kept at 18°C were positive, and all larvae B at 28°C were negative. Thus, this study confirmed the presence of A. marginale DNA in B. microplus larvae by PCR. The EcoRI restriction enzyme analysis confirmed the specificity of the amplicon, which resulted in two fragments: 265 bp and 192 bp. The sequencing analysis of the amplicon from larvae demonstrated 98% homology with the msp5 sequence from Florida A. marginale strain.
Assessment of Feline Ehrlichiosis in Central Spain Using Serology and a Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique
Authors: AGUIRRE ENARA , TESOURO MIGUEL A. , AMUSATEGUI INMACULADA , RODRÍGUEZ‐FRANCO FERNANDO , SAINZ ANGEL
Published: December 2004

Abstract:Antibodies toEhrlichiaspp. and inclusion bodies compatible withEhrlichiaspp. in feline blood cells have been previously detected in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of antibodies toE. canis,N. risticii, andA. phagocytophilumin 122 feline serum samples from Madrid (central Spain). In addition,Ehrlichiagenus‐specific, one‐tube, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed from blood samples from these cats. Of the cats, 10.6% were seropositive forE. canis, 2.4% were positive forN. risticii, and 4.9% were seropositive forA. phagocytophilum. TwoN. risticii‐positive cats and one animal seropositive toA. phagocytophilumwere also seropositive forE. canis. Despite these seropositive results, all the blood samples analyzed by PCR were negative. Our results demonstrate reactivity against agents implicated in feline ehrlichiosis in Spain. Further studies should be performed in order to clarify the significance of serology and PCR in the diagnosis of feline ehrlichiosis.
Nested PCR for Detection and Genotyping of Ehrlichia ruminantium: Use in Genetic Diversity Analysis
Authors: MARTINEZ DOMINIQUE , VACHIÉRY NATHALIE , STACHURSKI FREDERIC , KANDASSAMY YANE , RALINIAINA MODESTINE , APRELON ROSALIE , GUEYE ARONA
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Ehrlichia ruminantium, the agent of cowdriosis transmitted by Amblyomma ticks, presents an extensive genetic and antigenic diversity of key importance for vaccine formulation. Two means of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting were developed to conduct molecular epidemiology studies in the Caribbean and Africa. The first used a conserved DNA fragment for detection of the pathogen in animals and vectors, and the second relied on the polymorphic map1 gene for genotyping. As compared to a PCR, the nested PCR showed a 2‐Log10 improvement of sensitivity and allowed amplification from ticks, blood, brain, and lungs from infected animals, providing a more accurate picture of the tick infection rate. In Guadeloupe, this rate reached 36% (N= 212) instead of 1.7% (N= 224), as previously estimated. Genetic typing was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing of map1 amplification products. Molecular epidemiology studies conducted in field sites selected for vaccination trials with inactivated vaccine, revealed the circulation of genetically divergent strains in limited geographical areas. It is known, then, that genetic clustering based on map1 has no predictive value regarding the protective value of a given strain against a new strain. However, tracing the strains by this technique revealed the extent of E. ruminantium diversity that one can expect in a given region, and the method allows differentiation between an inadequate immune response and the challenge by a breakthrough strain on animals dying despite vaccination. Up to now, genetic typing does not avoid cross‐protection studies, which were conducted in parallel, although on a more limited scale. The importance of pathogen diversity studies for optimization of vaccine design is discussed as well as the research for new polymorphic genes. These genes may allow better predictions on cross‐protection, given the recent completion of the sequence of the full genome of two E. ruminantium strains.
TaqMan‐Based Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA Using Canine Samples
Authors: VITALE F , REALE S , VITALE M , PETROTTA E , TORINA A , CARACAPPA S
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is a typical example of a worldwide diffused zoonosis. Geographic distribution depends on the presence of sand fly vectors and animal reservoirs. In Southern Europe, canines are considered the main reservoir of infection, and the phlebotomines are the vectors. In Sicily, as in all Mediterranean areas, sand flies are present almost all year around because the climate permits an uninterrupted lifecycle for the vectors. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real public health concern especially in endemic areas; in fact, it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in HIV‐positive subjects. In Italy, the visceral form of the disease is due exclusively to Leishmania infantum ZMON1, and its prevalence is growing. We have developed a highly accurate, reproducible, and sensible real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In a procedure that used a specific couple of primers, a 117‐bp fragment was amplified from minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). The assay was able to detect even a single parasite (200 fg of DNA). In fact, a single parasite contains hundreds of kinetoplast minicircles for each class. We applied a rapid extraction method coupled with the real‐time PCR assay. It was not only as sensitive as a conventional PCR assay for detection of Leishmania kDNA, but also more rapid. The assay is useful for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs and humans, and it facilitates the monitoring of parasite levels during pharmacological treatment.
Seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum in Northwestern Spain, an Area Traditionally Considered Free of Leishmaniasis
Authors: AMUSATEGUI INMACULADA , SAINZ ANGEL , AGUIRRE ENARA , TESOURO MIGUEL A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Northwestern Spain has traditionally been considered to be free from leishmaniasis. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in this area and to assess the influence of several risk factors on the incidence of this disease. A total of 479 dogs attended at different veterinary clinics in northwestern Spain were tested for L. infantum with the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. The seroprevalence of L. infantum in this area was 3.7%. Most of the seropositive dogs lived in two locations: Valdcorras (seroprevalence of 29.2%) and Ourense (seroprevalence of 7.5%). The detection of high antibody titers in most of the seropositive dogs (many of which presented clinical signs) coupled with the certainity that some of these dogs had never been outside their home areas indicates the presence of this zoonosis in these two sites. On the other hand, companion dogs were significantly less likely to acquire the disease than sheep dogs, hunting dogs, and those from kennels.
Retrospective Study (1998‐2001) on Canine Babesiosis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: DE VALGAS E BASTOS CAMILA , MOREIRA SIMONE MAGELA , PASSOS LYGIA MARIA FRICHE
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The present work describes a retrospective study of clinical cases of babesiosis in dogs examined at the Veterinary Hospital (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) from March 1998 to September 2001. From the clinical records of dogs with laboratory‐confirmed Babesia canis infections, we analyzed: demography (age, breed, sex, time of year, and origin; clinical manifestations (concomitant infections, body temperature, presence of ticks, and clinical signs); and hematological alterations. From 194 records from animals with suspicious cases of hemoparasites, 145 were confirmed to be infected and among those 61 dogs (42%) were infected with B. canis. The results point to the importance of canine babesiosis in Brazil.
Reduced Incidence of Babesia bigemina Infection in Cattle Immunized against the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: JITTAPALAPONG SATHAPORN , JANSAWAN WEERAPHOL , BARRIGA OMAR O. , STICH ROGER W.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Boophilus microplus is an important vector of bovine disease agents having a major economic impact on cattle production in many tropical and subtropical countries. Components of tick saliva that enable ticks to feed may also facilitate establishment of tick‐borne pathogens in the vertebrate host. It has been suggested that acquired resistance against molecules in tick saliva could inhibit parasite transmission, and there is increasing evidence to support this hypothesis. The effect of immune resistance to B. microplus on the incidence of tick‐transmitted pathogens was the focus of this experiment. Groups of four dairy cows were injected with antigen extracts of tick salivary glands, midgut, adjuvant only, or PBS, prior to a grazing period in a pasture in Thailand where ticks are abundant and babesiosis is enzootic. These animals were then observed for evidence of babesiosis throughout the rainy season. A reduction in the incidence of clinical babesiosis was observed among cattle immunized with salivary gland preparations compared to nonimmunized controls (P < 0.05). Immunization with midgut or adjuvant only both resulted in a slight reduction in observed disease compared to the same negative control group. B. bigemina was detected in fewer ticks (24.43%) collected from salivary gland‐immunized cattle than those collected from the remaining groups (≥44.57%). These results indicated that immunization with salivary gland antigens could affect pathogen transmission and appears promising for control of tick‐borne diseases of cattle.
Protection of Dairy Cows Immunized with Tick Tissues against Natural Boophilus microplus Infestations in Thailand
Authors: JITTAPALAPONG SATHAPORN , JANSAWAN WEERAPHOL , GINGKAEW ASWIN , BARRIGA OMAR O. , STICH ROGER W.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Boophilus microplus has a major impact on cattle production, and an antitick vaccine would be a valuable tool for control of this important ectoparasite in Thailand. Previous work has shown that immunization of hosts with different tick tissues has different implications regarding tick feeding and fecundity under experimental conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of immunization of dairy cattle with B. microplus salivary gland or midgut extracts on natural infestations by this tick species. The different antigen extracts (1 mg total protein) or equivalent amounts of adjuvant alone were injected intradermally every two weeks for a total of three times before allowing cattle to graze in a tick‐contaminated pasture. Animals were checked daily, and engorged female ticks collected, counted, weighed, and maintained in tick incubators to observe tick performance parameters, including engorged weight, egg mass weight, nonviable eggs, mortality, oviposition period, egg incubation period, and F1 larval weight. After six months, each group was reimmunized with the same antigen and/or adjuvant, and ticks were again collected and evaluated. Immunization of cattle with salivary gland preparations resulted in reductions in mean tick counts and in engorged female weights. Immunization with midgut antigens reduced tick oviposition and reduced egg mass weights. In addition, more ticks recovered from midgut‐immunized cows produce nonviable eggs. This investigation indicates that a vaccine based on these antigen preparations could induce a lasting, protective immune response against B. microplus that would be expected to provide a safe nontoxic means of tick control.
The effects of soot properties on the regeneration behaviour of wall-flow diesel particulate filters
Authors: Law M C , Clarke A , Garner C P
Published: December 2004

In recent years, significant effort has been put into studying the regeneration process of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) either through experiments or modelling. However, less attention is paid to understanding the important influence of soot properties on the regeneration process. In this paper, for the first time, five fundamental soot properties, namely activation energy, frequency factor of the reaction, soot bulk density, porosity and mean soot particulate diameter, are investigated. Sensitivity analyses are carried out for each of these parameters based on a one-dimensional generalized DPF regeneration model. It is found that activation energy is the most important factor in the regeneration process, followed by frequency factor, bulk density, porosity and mean particulate size. In addition, the results also indicate that the concentration of exhaust gas oxygen has a significant influence on the role played by each parameter. This clearly shows the importance of gas diffusion in the regeneration process.
Computer simulation of piston-piston ring—cylinder liner coactions in combustion engines
Authors: Kaźmierczak A
Published: December 2004

The aim of the numerical simulations presented in this paper was the calculation of the loads of the work process between elements of the ring seal components of the diesel engine. In this engine a sealing piston ring with an antiwear ceramic cover was developed. A computer simulation, which as model loads uses program KIVA3 for combustion engine work process computations, has been developed in this paper. This makes it possible to compute the pressure and temperature distributions and the motion of the charge in the combustion chamber at a particular point in the work cycle. The computer models render the design material features of the ring seal components. The models were discretized using EDS's Unigraphix software (UG Scenario, see Appendix) and tetra-nodal, tetrahedral elements. The piston ring coating (TiN-titanium nitride; PAPVD method) was modelled using quadrilateral plane elements. For the first time a coaction has been described between a ring seal of changing properties of piston ring outside layers and other elements, which is a unique achievement of the author. The finite element method (FEM) analysis (MSC/NASTRAN was used as the solver in UG Scenario, see Appendix) allowed us to calculate the distribution of temperature range, heat flow, loads, reduced stresses, displacements, and reaction forces in a ring with coating and cylinder liner in the seal. Positive results of numerical calculation constitute the basis for further research on a real object.
Improving engine performance and noise level, using the ALBEA simulation technique
Authors: Rudoy B P , Vakhitov Y R , Enikeev R D
Published: December 2004

The article deals with the technology of engine operation simulation, including intracylinder processes, gas exchange, mechanical losses and gas dynamic noise simulation. This technology is exemplified by a design of a four-stroke internal combustion engine exhaust system. This paper describes the configuration of a designed exhaust system that allowed the engine exhaust noise level to be lowered and its power and fuel consumption parameters to be improved. The results, based on the comparison of simulated and experimental data with the designed exhaust system, are given. These results confirm a high reliability of the applied models. There are also presented, results of the numerical research of the engine exhaust noise when the throttle is closed fast. It has been shown that the exhaust noise increase in throttle closing is caused by a return gas flow.
Differentiation of lubricant degradation in the piston ring groove and crown land by multivariate data analysis
Authors: Aruna M A , Fox M F
Published: December 2004

The degradation of a ‘bridged’ set of three lubricant formulations using different base oils and additive packs was investigated at two positions on the piston of an operating petrol engine. Chemical and physical analysis of the lubricants obtained from the two sampling positions generated two corresponding databases for each position. Principal component and partial least-squares—discriminant data analyses of these databases demonstrate that the chemical and physical degradation of lubricants is dominated by different components of their formulation, the base oil and the additive pack at the different sampling points on the piston.
Infrasellar craniopharyngioma presenting as epistaxis, excised via Denker’s medial maxillectomy approach
Authors: Ahsan F. , Rashid H. , Chapman A. , Ah-See K.W.
Published: December 2004

Infrasellar craniopharyngioma is an uncommon neoplasm. Rarely, it presents with epistaxis. To date, 39 cases of infrasellar craniopharyngioma have been reported in the world literature. Involvement of the maxillary sinus has only been reported once. We report a second case exclusively involving the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus. Excision was performed using a Denker’s medial maxillectomy approach.
Religion and urban regeneration: a place for faith?
Authors: Furbey Robert , Macey Marie
Published: December 2004

English

The British government has identified ‘faith communities’ as a neglected resource in urban regeneration. This article first explores the context of official support for faith involvement in urban and neighbourhood policy and identifies the assumptions underlying key policy documents. These assumptions are then critically explored by reference to the links commonly drawn between religion and ‘community’, ‘neighbourhood’ and ‘social cohesion’. Attempts to enlist faith groups within this essentially consensual agenda often fail to recognise both the potential divisiveness of religion and also the more positive and radical lessons that often stem from the action, experience and critical analysis of religious organisations and their members.
Resisting and reinforcing neoliberalism: lesbian and gay organising at the federal and local levels in Canada
Authors: Smith Miriam
Published: December 2004

English

This article explores the effects of neoliberal policies, discourse and practices on social movement and voluntary sector organising using a case study of lesbian and gay politics in Canada. The article shows how movements of ‘identity’ and ‘recognition’ play a role in resisting and reinforcing neoliberalism. By comparing lesbian and gay organising at the federal and local levels, the article shows that the federal and local spaces of politics provide different political opportunities for resistance to and reinforcement of neoliberalism.
Immunologic and Clinical Responses to Rituximab in a Child With Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
Authors: Pranzatelli Michael R. , Tate Elizabeth D. , Travelstead Anna L. , Longee Darryl
Published: December 2004

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is an autoimmune disorder with serious neurodevelopmental morbidity and limited treatment options. We treated a toddler with moderately severe OMS with rituximab, a monoclonal anti-B cell antibody. The patient's clinical response was documented on videotape and scored with the OMS Evaluation Scale. Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by flow-cytometric immunophenotyping, with a comprehensive panel of monoclonal antibodies. Eradication of cerebrospinal fluid B cells, which previously were expanded, was associated with dramatic clinical improvement. There also were secondary changes in other lymphocyte subsets that might be relevant to the clinical response and lack of serious infections. In addition to clarifying the immune response to B-cell depletion, these data reveal a promising new therapy for OMS that warrants a phase I clinical trial.
Critical Literacy as Comprehension: Expanding Reader Response
Authors: McLaughlin Maureen , DeVoogd Glenn
Published: December 2004

This article presents the theoretical underpinnings of critical literacy and related principles. It also provides ideas for creating environments to promote reading from a critical stance, teaching strategies, sample classroom applications, and annotated lists of theme‐related texts. When engaging in critical literacy, readers move beyond traditional beliefs about reading comprehension to read not only the word but also the world. Raising questions about whose voices are represented in the text, whose voices are missing, and who gains and who loses by the reading of the text helps readers understand the text's purpose and avoid being manipulated by it. A number of essential understandings and beliefs about the power relationship between the reader and the author underpin critical literacy. These principles include focusing on issues of power and promoting reflection, transformation, and action; focusing on the problem and its complexity; understanding that critical literacy strategies are dynamic and adapt to the contexts in which they are used; and examining multiple perspectives.
Using Comprehension Strategies as a Springboard for Student Talk
Authors: Lloyd Susan Litwiller
Published: December 2004

This article is a reflective account of a teacher implementing the comprehension strategy of questioning to encourage genuine conversations with text, instead of the inquisition technique of testing comprehension practiced in many classrooms. Through the structure of a “gradual release of responsibilities,” students practice questioning in read‐alouds, guided reading, and literature circles. The students learn to monitor and value their genuine questions as they read a text, and the strategy helps them understand the process as a tool good readers employ to unlock meaning. The results indicate students are more invested in the discussion as they practice the skills of summarizing, debating, and analyzing in context. In addition, students construct meaning together as they identify vocabulary in context, assist others, and add background information unique to their own experiences. The article demonstrates the introduction of one of the comprehension strategies with a strong caveat warning educators that to become singularly focused undermines the integration of the strategies. Continued exploration through collaboration with other professionals and professional reading is key to keeping the balance necessary for guiding students in understanding the integration of comprehension strategies.
Setting the “Opportunity to Read” Standard: Resuscitating the SSR Program in an Urban High School
Authors: Fisher Douglas
Published: December 2004

Providing students with time to read during school has been questioned by researchers and practitioners. This article reports on the efforts of one school to resuscitate a schoolwide initiative to provide students the opportunity to read. A single comment made by a student led to committee work and significant policy changes. A chronicle of events over two years and an analysis of the factors that ensure successful Silent Sustained Reading programs show teachers how to apply the lessons learned at one high school to ensure that students are provided time to read regularly.
Looking for a Struggle: Exploring the Emotions of a Middle School Reader
Authors: Triplett Cheri Foster
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this case study was to explore a middle school student's emotions in the tutoring context in order to better understand the “struggles” faced by a struggling reader. Through cognitive explanations of emotions, the researcher identified aspects of tutoring that influenced Mitchell's feelings of enjoyment, pride, and success. These included having opportunities to make choices, participating in activities that were personally relevant, working within his instructional level, and having opportunities to experience success. Through social explanations of emotions, the researcher identified aspects of schooling that influenced Mitchell's feelings of struggle. These included feeling frustrated by the social comparisons made at school and feeling alienated from teachers. The researcher concluded that it is possible to create contexts in which struggling readers experience success and begin to redefine themselves.
The Use of Alternative Texts in Physical Education
Authors: Marlett Paul B. , Gordon Christine J.
Published: December 2004

Body and mind must be seen as inseparable in physical education; movement and activity as well as thinking and feeling should be part of students' lives. By expanding the definition oftextto include a variety of printed, visual, oral, electronic, and other types of texts, physical education teachers can incorporate literacy activities to enhance affective and cognitive transactions during physical education. These activities can also make connections to other subject areas, thereby promoting learning and making movement a meaningful part of daily living. In addition, these tenets of content literacy contribute to making physical education a mindful (thinking) and feeling discipline as well as an active living one. Under the umbrella of a content literacy philosophy, this article presents examples of several alternative texts (i.e., poetry, sculpture, picture) to use in physical education. It then discusses the use of such alternative texts and appropriate teaching strategies for building body image, providing outdoor education, and promoting the study of physical exertion.
Strategies to Support Balanced Literacy Approaches in Pre‐ and Inservice Teacher Education
Authors: Heydon Rachel , Hibbert Kathryn , Iannacci Luigi
Published: December 2004

The authors describe the ways in which, as preservice and inservice teacher educators, they conceptualize balanced literacy within an educational climate that values quick fixes, standardized curricula, and high‐stakes testing. They proffer a professionalized version of the work of teachers in the classroom that values, fosters, and supports teacher knowledge, discernment, and reflection throughout all stages of teachers' careers. They also present, and illustrate through two case studies, a dynamic reconceptualization strategy that supports novice and seasoned teachers in their decision making.
Interactive Read‐Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Flood James , Lapp Diane , Frey Nancy
Published: December 2004

Read‐alouds are a common component of literacy instruction. However, research on the method for providing read‐alouds is limited. To determine if there was a common set of implementation practices, the authors examined the read‐aloud practices of 25 teachers who were nominated by their administrators as experts. From these data, the authors identified several factors common to read‐alouds. The authors then observed 100 additional teachers to determine how common each of these factors were in read‐alouds.
Correspondence Journals: Talk That Matters
Authors: Bloem Patricia L.
Published: December 2004

Correspondence journals between adults and elementary‐school students promote child‐centered discussion and learning that is often squeezed out of our curricula. Through an extended example of an exchange of letters between a fifth‐grade classroom, including several English‐language learners, and a university classroom of preservice teachers, the author describes how these writing exchanges are a powerful tool for student reflection and risk taking. They offer children an opportunity to experiment with ways to position themselves in their writing, to gain distance on themselves and on their learning, and to engage in conversation about literacy with literate adult role models. Classroom teachers, rather than being mere bystanders, also benefit from these exchanges. The reflective teacher, as the informed observer, can use the correspondence journals to take on three professional roles: to become a connector who puts together the literacy pieces of their students' writing lives; to act as the challenger who pushes the child up the ladder of development while providing needed assistance; and to serve as a namer who, as Frank Smith would say, names the children as members of the literacy club.
Democracy's Young Heroes: An Instructional Model of Critical Literacy Practices
Authors: Ciardiello A. Vincent
Published: December 2004

This article presents an instructional strategy that helps young students perform critical literacy practices that incorporate democratic ideals. The model outlines a plan to stimulate young people's critical engagement with social justice issues. The model features an actual historical event involving young activists in civil rights. The author attempts to show how young learners can identify with the hopes and aspirations of historical figures their own age. Critical literacy is defined here as a set of literacy practices and civic competencies that help the learner develop awareness that texts represent particular points of view while simultaneously silencing other views. The critical literacy practices developed in this model examine multiple perspectives: finding one's authentic voice, recognizing social barriers and crossing borders of separation, regaining one's identity, and listening and responding to the call of service. Underlying each of these critical practices is the democratic vision of justice and fair play for all people. The purpose of teaching these literacy practices is to help students become critically competent and caring citizens. The practices of critical literacy can be performed by students who are taught in a learning environment that encourages critical analysis of social justice issues, age‐appropriate civic responsibilities, and adherence to democratic principles.
The ABCs of Performing Highly Effective Think‐Alouds
Authors: Block Cathy Collins , Israel Susan E.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this article is to provide teachers with examples of how to perform effective think‐alouds. Twelve think‐alouds are described. A rationale for their use in kindergarten through grade 5 is also included. In addition, this article was designed to provide teachers with lessons and activities to assist students in developing the ability to perform think‐alouds independently, without teacher prompting. The last section of the article provides teachers with methods of assessing think‐alouds.
A Novel Study Through Drama
Authors: Macy Leonora
Published: December 2004

In this article, Rosenblatt's transactional theory of reading is used to build a rationale for using drama to promote an aesthetic stance to novel study. One teacher's experience with implementing a variety of drama strategies within the study of the text Hatchet, by Gary Paulsen, is explored. The focus of the exploration is on the types of drama strategies the teacher used to enhance her students' personal involvement during the novel study. Through drama, the students were provided with the opportunity to savor the images, sounds, smells, actions, and feelings that the words of the text evoked. The students were encouraged to adopt a range of stances on the aesthetic‐efferent continuum through a variety of sound and serviceable drama strategies. An in‐depth analysis of the student responses is provided.
Bringing Word Study to Intermediate Classrooms
Authors: Bloodgood Janet W. , Pacifici Linda C.
Published: December 2004

This article addresses word study for upper elementary and middle school classrooms. Word study is often neglected in classrooms due to misconceptions and fears of classroom teachers, especially teachers of older students. Conclusions from a research project conducted with teachers reveal both positive and negative understandings of implementing word study. In addition, the research indicates that teachers demonstrated three levels of word study knowledge and practice in the classroom. The research provided the rationale and motivation to develop short, integrated word study units that intermediate teachers could implement: incidental word study activities. The authors provide a brief conceptual overview of word study and describe the four incidental word study units that can be implemented by teachers. These units include daily root activities, homophones—within word pattern, homographs—syllable juncture stage, and word endings—derivational constancy activities. The authors include a word sort, an application activity, and a reinforcement game for each unit. With these activities, teachers can begin their own adventure with word study.
Engaging Students With Text: The 3‐2‐1 Strategy
Authors: Zygouris‐Coe Vicky , Wiggins Matthew B. , Smith Lourdes H.
Published: December 2004

The 3‐2‐1 strategy helps engage students actively and meaningfully in their reading. First, students summarize important points from text. Second, students share insights about what aspects of passages are most interesting or intriguing to them. Finally, students are given opportunities to ask questions about what they have read.
Kinetics of low Reynolds number creaming and coalescence in droplet dispersions
Authors: Jeelani S. A. K. , Hosig R. , Windhab E. J.
Published: December 2004

The effect of size distribution and concentration of rapeseed oil drops on the kinetics of creaming, and interdrop and interfacial coalescence in surfactant‐free dispersions, in which the droplet Reynolds number for creaming is very small, is investigated. The concentration profiles of oil drops within the dispersion, measured using a radioactive γ‐ray attenuation technique, show that the low Reynolds number of creaming small drops causes the dispersion to remain essentially loosely packed with drops during most of the time period. The creaming velocity and coalescence rate increase initially with time because of an increase in drop size by interdrop coalescence and decrease subsequently as larger drops cream out of the dispersion. Drops in concentrated dispersions, in which their mean diameter and concentration are large, grow in size faster, resulting in creaming and interfacial coalescence rates that are larger than those for dilute dispersions. An analytical model is presented that describes well not only the present experimental data on concentrated dispersions but also those published on very dilute dispersions. The results obtained by the model are in good agreement with those presented by other authors using the population balance model involving extensive numerical computations. The present model also enables the determination of coalescence times of single drops with their bulk homophase using experimental data on dispersions. These coalescence times, which decrease with increasing drop diameter, agree well with those predicted by the published equation for drainage of the continuous phase film between a spherical drop and its bulk homophase. The droplet capillary numbers are found to be very small, indicating that the drops are spherical in shape. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 149–161, 2005
Performance efficiency of tubular inorganic membrane modules for pervaporation
Authors: Sommer Stefan , Klinkhammer Bernd , Schleger Michael , Melin Thomas
Published: December 2004

Because the separation performance improves the rate of transport in inorganic high flux pervaporation membranes, resistances in the boundary layer become the performance bottleneck in the dehydration of solvents. By operating the membranes at high temperature levels, permeate water fluxes of more than 10 kg m−2 h−1 can be obtained. Therefore, the design of efficient industrial‐scale modules becomes significant. In this study, a set of generic rules for the construction of technical and economically feasible modules is derived and different design versions are compared, including tubular, hollow‐fiber, spiral‐wound, and multichannel monolith types. In particular, the performance efficiency and applicational limitations of the isothermal module concept Pervap® SMS (Silica Membrane System) from Sulzer Chemtech are evaluated. Steam condensation or a thermal liquid ensures the constant operation temperature for any permeate loading. For assessing the module efficiency the impact of concentration and temperature polarization is modeled with empirical correlations for the mass and heat transfer on the feed side. For these high‐flux membranes the overall flux reduction by polarization effects in the technical module is around 30 to 50%. At lower permeate fluxes the losses in membrane performance are more the result of mass transfer limitations, whereas at higher permeation rates heat transfer becomes more significant. The pressure drop in the porous support was calculated by Knudsen diffusion, whereas the pressure loss in the permeate channel was determined with laminar flow according to Hagen–Poiseuille. At a permeate flux of 10 kg/m2h the friction loss in the support can reach up to 100 mbar, whereas the pressure drop in the permeate tube is negligible. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 162–177, 2005
Scheduling tank container movements for chemical logistics
Authors: Karimi I. A. , Sharafali M. , Mahalingam H.
Published: December 2004

Effective logistics is the key to improving supply chain performance. Tank containers are attractive from the viewpoints of safety, cost, and environment, and are widely used for transporting fluid chemicals. Minimizing the logistics costs arising from the container flow imbalances across the globe and container cleaning is a major issue that chemical companies and affiliated third‐party logistics firms face routinely. In contrast to dry containers, this important problem of managing tank containers in global chemical logistics has received no attention. An innovative, event‐based, “pull” approach is presented for the minimum‐cost or the maximum‐profit scheduling of the transport and cleaning of multiproduct tank containers (loaded and empty) given a set of projected shipment orders. A novel linear programming formulation is developed and illustrated through examples that successfully solves large, industrially relevant problems with key practical considerations such as alternate ship schedules, delivery time windows, and intermodal transport routes. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 178–197, 2005
Die Erweiterung des genetischen Codes
Authors: Wang Lei , Schultz Peter G.
Published: December 2004

Chemiker sind in der Lage, nahezu jede niedermolekulare organische Verbindung zu synthetisieren. Dennoch sind unsere Möglichkeiten zur rationalen Modifizierung von Proteinen sehr begrenzt, und das, obwohl diese an nahezu allen Lebensprozessen teilnehmen. Bei den meisten Proteinen beschränken sich die Modifikationen weitgehend auf Substitutionen der zwanzig Standard‐Aminosäuren untereinander. Hier beschreiben wir jüngste Fortschritte, die es ermöglichen, den genetischen Code von prokaryotischen und eukaryotischen Organismen um neue Bausteine zu erweitern. Es wurden bereits mehr als dreißig neuartige Aminosäuren in eindeutigen Triplett‐ und Quadruplett‐Codons genetisch codiert, darunter fluoreszierende und redoxaktive Aminosäuren, glycosylierte Aminosäuren und Aminosäuren mit Keto‐, Azid‐, Acetylen‐ und Schweratomfunktionen in den Seitenketten. Mit dem Wegfall der Einschränkungen, die durch den begrenzten Satz von zwanzig Aminosäuren vorgegeben sind, sollte es möglich sein, Proteine und sogar gesamte Organismen mit neuen oder verbesserten Eigenschaften zu generieren.
Cover Picture: The Chemistry Chronicles (Chem. Eur. J. 1/2005)
Authors: Compton Neville
Published: December 2004

Ten good reasons to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Chemistry—A European Journal. The cover picture provides a selection of the fascinating chemistry that has featured on the cover of the journal. To increase the visibility of even more of the papers in the journal, the table of contents has been modernized and is now more colourful than ever. This issue marks the beginning of an exciting year, a highlight of which will be the one‐day symposium entitled “Chemistry—A European Conference: Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry” (see Editorial on page 4ff for more details) in Strasbourg in April.
Synthesis and Characterization of Heavier Dioxouranium(VI) Dihalides.
Authors: Crawford Margaret‐Jane , Ellern Arkady , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Noeth Heinrich , Suter Max
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supported Chiral Mo‐Based Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Dolman Sarah J. , Hultzsch Kai C. , Pezet Frederic , Teng Xin , Hoveyda Amir H. , Schrock Richard R.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitroalkanes and Ethyl Glyoxalate as Common Precursors for the Preparation of Both β‐Keto Esters and α,β‐Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Fiorini Dennis , Palmieri Alessandro
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Copper‐Mediated Reactions of Nitrenes Derived from Sulfonimidamides.
Authors: Leca Dominique , Toussaint Aurelie , Mareau Camille , Fensterbank Louis , Lacote Emmanuel , Malacria Max
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Alkylidenemalonates Using Efficient Phase‐Transfer Catalysis of N‐Spiro Chiral Ammonium Bromides.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Fujioka Shingo , Maruoka Keiji
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Electrophiles with Dimethylalkynylaluminum Reagents.
Authors: Wang Baomin , Bonin Martine , Micouin Laurent
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Amidines and Imidates.
Authors: Tetala K. Kishore R. , Whitby Richard J. , Light Mark E. , Hurtshouse Michael B.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling Reactions of N‐Unsubstituted Sulfoximines and Aryl Halides.
Authors: Cho Gae Young , Remy Pauline , Jansson Jenny , Moessner Christian , Bolm Carsten
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted α‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐β‐iodoacrylates via MgI2‐Promoted Stereoselective Aldol Coupling.
Authors: Wei Han‐Xun , Hu Jiali , Jasoni Richard L. , Li Guigen , Pare Paul W.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,3‐Butadienes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Satoh Tetsuya , Ogino Shinji , Miura Masahiro , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydrocyclopenta[b]indoles: Unexpected Formation of Dimeric Compounds.
Authors: Taidakov I. V. , Nifant'ev I. E. , Talanova M. Yu. , Lyssenko K. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition of Acetylacetone and Ethyl Acetoacetate to Carbodiimides Promoted by Nickel Acetylacetonate.
Authors: Dorokhov V. A. , Komkov A. V.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Synthesis in the Furazan Series. Part 4. Reactions of Azofurazans with Organolithium Compounds.
Authors: Sheremetev A. V. , Ivanova E. A. , Shatunova E. V. , Dmitriev D. E. , Kuz'mina N. E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sodium Bis(2‐methoxyethoxy)aluminum Hydride in Reactions with 3‐Cyano‐6‐methylpyridine‐2(1H)‐thione and 3‐Cyano‐6‐methyl(4,6‐dimethyl)‐2‐methylthiopyridines
Authors: Zubarev A. A. , Zav'yalova V. K. , Litvinov V. P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Diastereoselective Tandem RCM Approach to Spiropiperidines.
Authors: Wybrow Robert A. J. , Edwards Andrew S. , Stevenson Neil G. , Adams Harry , Johnstone Craig , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐Phenylamino‐3‐vinylquinoline Derivatives as Gastric H+/K+‐ATPase Inhibitors.
Authors: Yum Eul Kgun , Yang Ok‐Kyung , Kang Seung Kyu , Cheon Haye Gyeong , Kim Sung Soo , Choi Joong‐Kwon
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Purines, Pyrimidines, and Related Fused Systems. Part 21. Oxidative Amination of 3‐Chloro‐6,8‐dimethylpyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine‐5,7(6H,8H)‐dione.
Authors: Goryunenko V. V. , Gulevskaya A. V. , Pozharskii A. F.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pentanitro‐ and Pentanitronitroso‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitanes.
Authors: Luk'yanov O. A. , Shlykova N. I.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of First Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines Based on Thieno[3,2‐b]pyrroles
Authors: Krayushkin M. M. , Shirinian V. Z. , Nikalin D. M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Regioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzodiazepin‐5‐ones via the Schmidt Rearrangement of Quinolones.
Authors: Tapia Ricardo A. , Centella Cesar
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fused Arylboronic Esters via Cobalt(0)‐Mediated Cycloaddition of Alkynylboronates with α,ω‐Diynes.
Authors: Gandon Vincent , Leca Dominique , Aechtner Tobias , Vollhardt K. Peter C. , Malacria Max , Aubert Corinne
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Components of Cacalia tangutica.
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Ling , Tian Xuan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Sesquiterpenoids from the New Zealand Liverwort Chiloscyphus subporosus
Authors: Nagashima Fumihiro , Murakami Moyoko , Takaoka Shigeru , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Mitsunobu Inversion Reaction of Sterically Hindered 17‐Hydroxy Steroids.
Authors: Tapolcsanyi Pal , Woelfling Janos , Mernyak Erzsebet , Schneider Gyula
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium Catalysis in the Ugi Reaction of α‐Amino Acids with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Godet Thomas , Bonvin Yannick , Vincent Guillaume , Merle Daphne , Thozet Alain , Ciufolini Marco A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Synthesis of Neocryptolepine.
Authors: Engqvist Robert , Bergman Jan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Deracemization and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Reactions
Authors: Turner Nicholas J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unveiling Reliable Catalysts for the Asymmetric Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Oiarbide Mikel , Mielgo Antonia
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Molecules
Authors: Gatteschi D.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multidimensional Multinuclear Solution NMR Studies of Encapsulated Macromolecules
Authors: Flynn Peter F.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.