bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Bureaucratization Based on Reciprocity and Collusive Behavior
Authors: Martimort David
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses how an organization becomes a bureaucracy. Bureaucratization emerges from a self‐enforced norm of reciprocity between agents in an organization who exchange favors and promote subgoals which differ from the objective of the firm. Such collusive behavior becomes harder and harder to prevent over time. As a result, incentive schemes lose their flexibility and bureaucratization becomes a necessary equilibrium phenomenon in the long run. The distribution of agents' private information, their preferences for the future and the force of the social norm of reciprocity are analyzed in terms of their effects on the long‐run behavior of the organization and on the speed of the bureaucratization process.
Egalitarian Wage Policies and Long‐Term Unemployment
Authors: Røed Knut
Published: March 2003

How does a centrally imposed egalitarian wage policy affect unemployment, when workers differ with respect to productivity? The effect on total unemployment is found to be ambiguous. Egalitarian wages encourage job creation because increased profits derived from the most productive workers more than outweigh reduced profits derived from the least productive workers. Short‐term unemployment is reduced. On the other hand, firms respond by raising their reservation productivity. Some workers are left almost completely unemployable. Long‐term unemployment rises. Less inequality in the wage distribution is obtained at the expense of more inequality in the distribution of unemployment.
Multinationals without Advantages
Authors: Fosfuri Andrea , Motta Massimo
Published: March 2003

We question the widespread argument that firms embarking on foreign direct investments must possess some specific advantages to offset the penalties of operating across national and cultural boundaries. A simple model shows that firms might invest abroad to capture local advantages through geographical proximity of plant location, rather than to exploit existing ones. Because of spatially bounded spillovers, laggard firms might use foreign investments to acquire location‐specific knowledge, whereas leading firms might prefer costly exports to avoid the dissipation of their advantages.

JEL classification: F23; O32; L22
Social Security Reform and National Wealth
Authors: Laitner John
Published: March 2003

Recent trends in common stock prices suggest a distinction between increases in national net worth and flows of physical investment. In this paper we present a simple overlapping generations model in which such differences can arise: technological progress occurs exogenously, yet firms own new technologies for a time. We examine possible consequences for social security reform. Reform which increases private saving depletes part of its force raising the (capitalized) price of proprietary technologies. A calibrated example suggests an increase in physical capital one‐third smaller than without inelastic factors. Both steady states and transition paths are considered.
Strategic Innovation with Complete and Incomplete Labour Market Contracts
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Ulph David
Published: March 2003

In a model of strategic R&D competition between two firms that negotiate with independent unions we show that: (i) incomplete labour market contracts may Pareto‐dominate complete labour market contracts (ii) even when complete contracts Pareto‐dominate incomplete contracts, economies can get stuck in the incomplete contract equilibrium. These conclusions provide additional strategic reasons why complete labour market contracts may not be used—even if they were feasible. We propose two testable predictions to discriminate between complete and incomplete contracts: (i) the variance of wages is lower with complete contracts; (ii) the variance of employment is higher under complete contracts.
Marriage Settlements
Authors: Laferrere Anne
Published: March 2003

French couples may choose between two types of marriage settlements governing asset ownership after a divorce or inheritance: common property or separate property. A cooperative model considers the marriage contract as a means of providing for widowhood of the less endowed spouse. A second model addresses the probability of divorce and the production of a marriage good. The common property contract then becomes a means of inducing the wife to invest in the marriage good. Choice of contract, labor supply and fertility are simultaneous. Empirically we find that characteristics of the spouses such as relative age or differences in endowments influence the choice. So do the expected number of children and the wife's labor supply decision. This last decision is also shown to be influenced by the chosen settlement, while fertility is not.

JEL classification: J12; J4; K12
Traumatisation, psychological defence style, coping, symptomatology, and social support in HIV‐positive: A pilot study
Authors: Schmidt Pedersen Susanne , Elklit Ask
Published: March 2003

This paper examines degree of traumatisation, defence styles, coping strategies, symptomatology, and social support in a small sample of HIV‐positive men and women in an effort to ascertain the psychological implications of living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Traumatisation and the potentially mediating effects of defence styles have only been the subject of a few studies of HIV positives. The study is based on a socio‐demographic questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, the Defence Style Questionnaire, the Coping Styles Questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the Crisis Support Scale. A degree of traumatisation that warrants treatment was found together with an association between particular coping strategies and symptomatology, and particular defence styles and symptomatology, respectively. Social support had increased over time, which is contrary to other research findings on social support.
Adolescent identity—a qualitative approach: Self‐concept, existential questions and adult contacts
Authors: Adamson Lena , Hartman Sven g. , Lyxell Björn
Published: March 2003

In‐depth interviews were performed with 12 adolescents (Swedish students, 16–19 years). Three questions were probed; what do adolescents say on the subjects of (a) themselves, (b) their existential questions, and (c) their adult contacts. The first two questions were aimed at elucidating the process of identity development, the last one at factors that may be influencing this process. The results showed that (a) balancing and controlling one's own needs and wishes in relation to others’ was a central issue, (b) existential questions mainly concerned the personal future, (c) adult contacts outside the family were scarce and (d) all respondents expressed a need for adult contacts as sources of knowledge and experience. The conclusions are that identity formation during late adolescence consists of integrative issues where adults play a specific and important role.
Reactions following the sudden death of a classmate
Authors: Dyregrov Alta , Gjestad Rolf , Bie Wikander Anne Marie , Vigerust Synne
Published: March 2003

Findings from a study of adolescents grief reactions following the sudden death of a friend and a classmate are presented. The group (26 classmates) was followed up after one and nine months. Interviews and a questionnaire including the Imapact of Event Scale and the Hogan Grief Inventory were used. The general grief scores on the Hogan Grief Inventory indicated that the grief level was similar to that of adolescents who had lost siblings. The scores on the Impact of Event Scale showed a descline in distress level from 1 to 9 months. However, after 9 months about 1/5 of the students still scored above a clinical cut‐off point indicating post‐traumatic stress levels. Recommendations for improving help following such events are presented.
Aggression and Sociometric Status among Peers: Do Gender and Type of Aggression Matter?
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Kaukiainen Ari , Lagerspetz Kirsti
Published: March 2003

The connections between the use of different types of aggression (direct physical, direct verbal, and indirect) and sociometric status among same‐sex and opposite‐sex peers were studied. The subjects were 209 ninth‐grade adolescents. Although an adolescent’s aggression in general was related to being rejected by peers, a different picture emerged when the shared variance between types of aggression was controlled: The partial correlations showed that when the level of direct (physical and verbal) aggression was kept constant, increases in indirect aggression did not explain variance in peer rejection scores. On the contrary, the use of indirect aggression contributed (especially among boys) to social acceptance by peers. The direct (physical and verbal) forms of aggression were unrelated to adolescents’ social acceptance scores. No clear differences were detected between girls’ and boys’ acceptance or rejection of their aggressive peers, despite the finding that boys seemed to tolerate indirect aggression better than girls did.
Postdecision Consolidation in a Trend Prediction Task
Authors: Lundberg Gustav, C. , Svenson Ola
Published: March 2003

To be able to learn from experience it is necessary to correctly apprehend experienced feedback and the situation in which it is provided. The results indicate how post‐decision consolidation in complex domains may affect learning. The problem may be particularly pertinent in recurrent decision making where considerable risk is involved. The study explores the changes in aspect (signal) importance from pre‐ to postdiction as a function of outcome information. By postdiction we mean the remembering of an earlier prediction (cf. Hawkins & Hastie, 1990).

Subjects were asked to decide on which of four alternative future price developments would follow a historical price trajectory for different commodities, and to rate the importance of each of the chosen alternative’s corresponding aspects. The subjects revealed a bias in their support ratings of aspects—seeing support in aspects that traditionally (by themselves and in many contexts) would be seen as neutral or even counter‐indicative of the alternative chosen.

After an intermission, the subjects were also given information about what was indicated to be the actual development of the market. One group was told that their decisions were correct (irrespective of what the decisions were), another group that they were incorrect but close, a third group that they were incorrect by far, while a fourth group served as a control. Following this information the subjects were again asked to judge the importance of the aspects for their own prior decision on the most likely future development. The results indicated that outcome feed‐back had an effect on post decision restructuring of facts. Subjects in the correct condition showed an average consolidation that increased the support, while the wrong conditions lead to negative consolidation (in retrospect indicating that they never found as much support for their decision in the past as they actually did). Thus, in a choice between consolidating their own initial prediction and the price trajectory they would have to live with, the decision makers consolidated the outcome. Therefore, the results of the study were related to the hindsight bias phenomenon (Fischhoff, 1975) and to Kahneman and Miller’s (1986) mutability concept.
Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war
Authors: Vizek‐Vidović Vlasta , Kuterovac‐Jagodić Gordana , Arambašić Lidija
Published: March 2003

This study examines affective and behavioral symptomatology in two groups of school‐age children who were traumatized to different degrees during the war in Croatia (N = 1034). Six self‐reported questionnaires were used to assess the following: number and type of war experiences, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychosocial adaptation. Canonical discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function that indicates moderate differentiation between the two groups of children according to the assessed symptoms. The results of a 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs (gender × age × level of traumatization) indicate that the children’s reactions to war traumata varied in respect to all factors, as well as their interaction. The results indicate that gender differences are more prominent in older children. Older girls report more posttraumatic stress reactions, anxiety and depression, but at the same time seem better adapted than boys. Younger children, particularly those who survived more war even report more PTSD symptoms than older children.
Neuroimaging of declarative memory in schizophrenia
Authors: Weiss Anthony , Heckers Stephan
Published: March 2003

The past three decades have seen tremendous growth in our understanding of the cerebral underpinnings of schizophrenia, including the neural correlates of the cognitive impairment seen in this syndrome. In this article we review the role that structural and functional neuroimaging has played in elucidating the cerebral basis for the declarative memory deficits associated with schizophrenia. Memory impairment in schizophrenia appears to involve abnormal connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and three regions important in normal learning and memory: the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum.
Personality and stress
Authors: Vollrath Margarete
Published: March 2003

Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in how personality affects the stress process. This paper reports on a broad spectrum of findings on the relationships between personality and stress, taking transactional stress theory as the point of departure. A first part outlines the different approaches stress research has taken within personality psychology as opposed to research based on transactional stress theory and discusses the debate between these two paradigms. The second part gives an overview of empirical findings, with a focus on the Big Five personality factors, in order to demonstrate that personality affects the stress process in every aspect. The discussion suggests that we address unresolved problems of transactional stress research in the framework of interactionist personality psychology. Special attention ought to be given to developing a better understanding of situational characteristics, stress‐producing mechanisms, and the functions of situational choices and coping strategies for personality.
The Norwegian translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Enger Trond
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the development of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and then examines the psychometric properties of the Norwegian translation of this instrument among a sample of 479 young people between the ages of 11 and 18 years attending secondary school. The data support the reliability of this instrument and commend it for further validation studies and for wider general use among young people in Norway.
Relationships between exposure to bullying at work and psychological and psychosomatic health complaints: The role of state negative affectivity and generalized self–efficacy
Authors: Gemzøe Mikkelsen Eva , Einarsen Ståle
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between exposure to behaviors identified as workplace bullying and self–report measurements of psychological and psychosomatic health complaints. Secondly, we investigated whether these relationships were mediated by the state negative affectivity of the victim. Thirdly, we investigated the extent to which generalized self–efficacy moderated the relationships between exposure to bullying behaviors and health complaints. Two hundred and twenty–four white– and blue–collar employees from a Danish manufacturing company participated in the study. Exposure to bullying behaviors was associated with an increase in psychological health complaints, increased levels of psychosomatic complaints and an elevated level of state negative affectivity. Whereas bullying by itself accounted for 27% of the variance in psychological health complaints and 10% of the variance in psychosomatic complaints, the results pointed to state negative affectivity as a partial mediator of the relationships between exposure to bullying behaviors and both measures of self–reported health. Though not directly related to reported exposure to bullying behaviors, generalized self–efficacy seemed to act as a moderator of the relationship between exposure to bullying behaviors and psychological health complaints.
Self‐reported assertiveness in Swedish and Turkish adolescents: A cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: Eskin Mehmet
Published: March 2003

The present cross‐cultural study compared self‐reported assertiveness in 652 Swedish and 654 Turkish high school students by using a multidimensional measure called the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB). Four hypotheses were tested in the study. First, the hypothesis that Swedish adolescents would be more assertive than their Turkish counterparts was supported by the data. Second, the expectation that Turkish boys would be more assertive than Turkish girls, while there would be no differences between Swedish girls and boys, was not confirmed. In general, girls were found to be more skilled than boys in expressing and dealing with personal limitations. Third, as expected, more assertive adolescents in both Sweden and Turkey reported having more friends and receiving more social support than their less assertive peers. Finally, the data supported the expectation that older adolescents would be more assertive than younger ones. The results are discussed in terms of cultural and gender differences.
Fitting Gaussian Markov Random Fields to Gaussian Fields
Authors: RUE HÅÅVARD , TJELMELAND HÅÅKON
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the following task often encountered in building Bayesian spatial models: construct a homogeneous Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) on a lattice with correlation properties either as present in some observed data, or consistent with prior knowledge. The Markov property is essential in designing computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to analyse such models. We argue that we can restate both tasks as that of fitting a GMRF to a prescribed stationary Gaussian field on a lattice when both local and global properties are important. We demonstrate that using the Kullback–Leibler discrepancy often fails for this task, giving severely undesirable behaviour of the correlation function for lags outside the neighbourhood. We propose a new criterion that resolves this difficulty, and demonstrate that GMRFs with small neighbourhoods can approximate Gaussian fields surprisingly well even with long correlation lengths. Finally, we discuss implications of our findings for likelihood based inference for general Markov random fields when global properties are also important.
A Bounded Derivative Model for Prior Ignorance about a Real‐valued Parameter
Authors: Walley Peter
Published: March 2003

A new method is proposed for drawing coherent statistical inferences about a real‐valued parameter in problems where there is little or no prior information. Prior ignorance about the parameter is modelled by the set of all continuous probability density functions for which the derivative of the log‐density is bounded by a positive constant. This set is translation‐invariant, it contains density functions with a wide variety of shapes and tail behaviour, and it generates prior probabilities that are highly imprecise. Statistical inferences can be calculated by solving a simple type of optimal control problem whose general solution is characterized. Detailed results are given for the problems of calculating posterior upper and lower means, variances, distribution functions and probabilities of intervals. In general, posterior upper and lower expectations are achieved by prior density functions that are piecewise exponential. The results are illustrated by normal and binomial examples
Laplace Approximations for Natural Exponential Families with Cuts
Authors: Efstathiou M. , Gutiérrez‐Peña E. , Smith A. F. M.
Published: March 2003

Standard and fully exponential form Laplace approximations to marginal densities are described and conditions under which these give exact answers are investigated. A general result is obtained and is subsequently applied in the case of natural exponential families with cuts, in order to derive the marginal posterior density of the mean parameter corresponding to the cut, the canonical parameter corresponding to the complement of the cut and transformations of these. Important cases of families for which a cut exists and the approximations are exact are presented as examples
Non‐parametric Bayesian Estimation of a Spatial Poisson Intensity
Authors: Heikkinen Juha , Arjas Elja
Published: March 2003

A method introduced by Arjas & Gasbarra (1994) and later modified by Arjas & Heikkinen (1997) for the non‐parametric Bayesian estimation of an intensity on the real line is generalized to cover spatial processes. The method is based on a model approximation where the approximating intensities have the structure of a piecewise constant function. Random step functions on the plane are generated using Voronoi tessellations of random point patterns. Smoothing between nearby intensity values is applied by means of a Markov random field prior in the spirit of Bayesian image analysis. The performance of the method is illustrated in examples with both real and simulated data.
Log Gaussian Cox Processes
Authors: Møller Jesper , Syversveen Anne Randi , Waagepetersen Rasmus Plenge
Published: March 2003

Planar Cox processes directed by a log Gaussian intensity process are investigated in the univariate and multivariate cases. The appealing properties of such models are demonstrated theoretically as well as through data examples and simulations. In particular, the first, second and third‐order properties are studied and utilized in the statistical analysis of clustered point patterns. Also empirical Bayesian inference for the underlying intensity surface is considered.
Order Sampling Design with Prescribed Inclusion Probabilities
Authors: AIRES NIBIA , JONASSON JOHAN , NERMAN OLLE
Published: March 2003

Order sampling with fixed distribution shape is a class of sampling schemes with inclusion probabilities approximately proportional to given size measures. In a recent article, methods were provided to compute the exact first and second order inclusion probabilities numerically when the distribution shape is of the Pareto type. In the same article, procedures were also provided for this case to adjust the parameters to get predetermined inclusion probabilities. In this paper we prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution for the latter problem, in general for any order sampling of fixed distribution shape.
Simple and Explicit Estimating Functions for a Discretely Observed Diffusion Process
Authors: Kessler Mathieu
Published: March 2003

We consider a one‐dimensional diffusion process X, with ergodic property, with drift b(x, θ) and diffusion coefficient a(x, θ) depending on an unknown parameter θ that may be multidimensional. We are interested in the estimation of θ and dispose, for that purpose, of a discretized trajectory, observed at n equidistant times ti = iΔ, i = 0, ..., n. We study a particular class of estimating functions of the form ∑f(θ, Xti−1) which, under the assumption that the integral of f with respect to the invariant measure is null, provide us with a consistent and asymptotically normal estimator. We determine the choice of f that yields the estimator with minimum asymptotic variance within the class and indicate how to construct explicit estimating functions based on the generator of the diffusion. Finally the theoretical study is completed with simulations.
Multivariate Dispersion Models Generated From Gaussian Copula
Authors: Xue‐Kun Song Peter
Published: March 2003

In this paper a class of multivariate dispersion models generated from the multivariate Gaussian copula is presented. Being a multivariate extension of Jørgensen's (1987a) dispersion models, this class of multivariate models is parametrized by marginal position, dispersion and dependence parameters, producing a large variety of multivariate discrete and continuous models including the multivariate normal as a special case. Properties of the multivariate distributions are investigated, some of which are similar to those of the multivariate normal distribution, which makes these models potentially useful for the analysis of correlated non‐normal data in a way analogous to that of multivariate normal data. As an example, we illustrate an application of the models to the regression analysis of longitudinal data, and establish an asymptotic relationship between the likelihood equation and the generalized estimating equation of Liang & Zeger (1986).
Efficient Semi‐Latin Rectangles: Designs for Plant Disease Experiments
Authors: Bailey R. A. , Monod H.
Published: March 2003

Experiments on disease in plants often use half‐leaves as experimental units. The whole leaves are typically in the rectangular array formed by h leaf‐heights (rows) and p plants (columns), where h < p. We specialize to the case where h = n and p = 2n and there are 2n treatments. If each treatment occurs once per column and twice per row, we call such a design a semi‐Latin rectangle. Efficient semi‐Latin rectangles of such sizes are constructed for 2 ≤n≤ 10. Guidance is given on their use.
Boundary and Bias Correction in Kernel Hazard Estimation
Authors: Nielsen Jens Perch , Tanggaard Carsten
Published: March 2003

A new class of local linear hazard estimators based on weighted least square kernel estimation is considered. The class includes the kernel hazard estimator of Ramlau‐Hansen (1983), which has the same boundary correction property as the local linear regression estimator (see Fan & Gijbels, 1996). It is shown that all the local linear estimators in the class have the same pointwise asymptotic properties. We derive the multiplicative bias correction of the local linear estimator. In addition we propose a new bias correction technique based on bootstrap estimation of additive bias. This latter method has excellent theoretical properties. Based on an extensive simulation study where we compare the performance of competing estimators, we also recommend the use of the additive bias correction in applied work.
Probabilistic Expert Systems for Forensic Inference from Genetic Markers
Authors: DAWID A. P. , MORTERA J. , PASCALI V. L. , VAN BOXEL D.
Published: March 2003

We present a number of real and fictitious examples in illustration of a new approach to analysing complex cases of forensic identification inference. This is effected by careful restructuring of the relevant pedigrees as a Probabilistic Expert System. Existing software can then be used to perform the required inferential calculations. Specific complications which are readily handled by this approach include missing data on one or more relevant individuals, and genetic mutation. The method is particularly valuable for disputed paternity cases, but applies also to certain criminal cases.
A Bayesian Non‐parametric Comparison of Two Treatments
Authors: DAMIEN PAUL , WALKER STEPHEN
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present a Bayesian non‐parametric analysis of survival time data, involving information from two types of treatment. We present an easy to compute Bayes factor comparing two model assumptions: no treatment difference and treatment difference and use this to model summaries for each of the two treatments, in particular predictive distributions.
Comparing Class‐Related Opinions between MP Candidates and Party Supporters: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Forma Pauli
Published: March 2003

This article examines whether and to what extent opinions on class‐related issues coincide between MP candidates and party supporters in Finland. This strategy is used to approach the mediation of interests from grassroots level to the level of political decision making. In theory, adverse selection and moral hazard problems are identified to have serious implications for the mediation process. Furthermore, the representation role adopted by members of parliament is assumed to be significant in the mediation of interests. Attitudes of the candidates in the 1995 parliamentary elections in Finland and those of citizens are compared empirically. The results indicate that the attitudes of the citizens are not necessarily the same as those of their representatives, i.e. the mediation of interests is not self‐evident. A more detailed analysis shows that the candidate’s gender, education and adopted representation role can be important as regards the conformity of the candidate’s attitudes with those of citizens. Findings also reveal that class struggle is tougher at the level of candidates than at the level of party supporters. Differences in opinions are wider among candidates of the political parties than among party supporters.
Political Persuasibility: Dynamics of Attitudes towards Taxation of Old Age Pensioners
Authors: Bay Ann‐Helen
Published: March 2003

Opinion research has for long discussed the robustness of individuals’ political opinions. Panel data have been a much used method to study opinion change and stability. This method can tell how many change position from one point of time to another, but it can hardly be used to tell why individuals change or maintain their attitudes. To be able to study the significance of information upon people’s political views, opinion research has in recent years adopted an experimental approach. This article examines the results from a survey experiment, based on the counter‐argument technique developed by Sniderman, Piazza and Kendrick. The technique makes it possible to study how readily people can be persuaded to leave a political position when confronted with a counter‐argument. The subject of the experiment was taxation of old age pensioners. The analyses showed that it was easier to persuade respondents to abandon a position in old age pensioners’ disfavour than a position in old age pensioners’ favour. Respondents with a low educational level were easier to persuade than respondents with a high level of education.
Two Generations, Two Strategies: The Fate of Bare English–origin Nouns in Ukrainian
Authors: Budzhak‐Jones Svitlana , Poplack Shana
Published: March 2003

The status of lone nouns of one language in discourse of another is often ambiguous, since they typically provide few indications of their language membership. Making use of the facts of linguistic variability in each of Ukrainian and English, we examine the quantitative conditioning of such forms in bilingual performance data. Results yield a synchronic portrait of the integrated loanword, even when it bears no surface indication of that integration, is neither recurrent nor widespread, and has no history of attestation or other status in the language. Distinguishing the languages involved in the contact situation (Canada) as produced by the first generation (G1) or the second generation (G2), further reveals that G1 speakers incorporate borrowed items – nonce or established – into recipient language discourse by applying to them the fine details of their native language constraints on linguistic variability. In contrast, G2 speakers’ treatment of English‐origin nouns coincides neither with their own treatment of Ukrainian nouns nor with G1 speakers’ treatment of Ukrainian or English–origin nouns.
Dialect leveling and /ai/ monophthongization among African American Detroiters
Authors: Anderson Bridget L.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I present evidence that Detroit African Americans are participating in a recent sound change which is typically associated with some White, but not African American, varieties in the American South. Although both Southern White and African American speakers monophthongize /ai/ in pre‐voiced phonetic contexts (tide), the spread of the monophthongal or glide‐reduced variant to pre‐voiceless environments (tight) is a salient characteristic of some subregions of the Southern U.S. I report a leveling pattern in which /ai/ monophthongization has expanded to the salient pre‐voiceless context in Detroit African American English (AAE). I explain this is in terms of a change in the group with whom African American speakers perceive themselves as saliently contrastive.
Passing for a native speaker: Identity and success in second language learning
Authors: Piller Ingrid
Published: March 2003

In sociolinguistic interviews for a research project on cross‐cultural marriage, 27 out of 73 second language (L2) users of English and German were found to claim that they had achieved high‐level proficiency in their L2 and that they were passing for native speakers in some contexts. Based on these insiders’ accounts, the article provides a description of passing for a native speaker as a (frequently overlooked) form of L2 ability. The introduction discusses ethnographic research into success in second language learning (SLL) and explains why other approaches tend to identify a significantly lower incidence of high‐level achievement. Quantitative analysis of the data suggests that the age of first exposure to the target language is far less crucial to success than has so far been assumed. The L2 users themselves distinguish between age of first exposure and age when they ‘really’ started to learn their L2, thereby pointing to the role of motivation and agency in successful SLL. Qualitative analysis of the L2 users’ accounts indicates that, for them, passing practices are quite different from widely held assumptions about passing. Passing is described as a temporary, context‐, audience‐ and medium‐specific performance. The article ends with a discussion of the evaluation of passing and its role in (perceived) success in SLL.
Privatisation and Stock Market Efficiency: The British Experience
Authors: Hayri Aydin , Yilmaz Kamil
Published: March 2003

We present evidence that with its emphasis on wide‐share‐ownership the British privatisation program created heavy involvement of small investors in privatised stocks. Using standard market efficiency tests and maximum likelihood estimates of stationary fractional ARIMA models, we show that the pricing of privatised stocks in the London Stock Exchange was indeed inefficient, unlike the rest of the market. Together, these two pieces of evidence suggest that small investors, behaving like noise‐traders, may be generating this inefficiency. Yet, we cannot rule out alternative explanations.
Adam Smith on Relations of Subordination, Personal Incentives and the Division of Labour
Authors: Fiori Stefano , Pesciarelli Enzo
Published: March 2003

In elaborating his stadial approach to economic and social progress, Smith placed special emphasis on the evolution of the conceptual pair authority/subordination. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reciprocal relations which link together the evolution of the relations of subordination, personal incentives, and the division of labour with special reference to the agricultural and the commercial stages. In the former case, Smith pointed out the exclusive role performed by personal incentives in increasing labour productivity, a role which is consistent with his manifest preference for the figure of the ‘independent small‐scale proprietor’. In the latter case we note a change of emphasis due both to the pervasive role of the division of labour in increasing labour productivity, and—as a by‐product of this change—to the emergence of a new form of relation of subordination. In this new context the division of labour engenders a new form of property polarisation, one connected no longer to land but to capital accumulation. Moreover, because of its harmful effects on the mental capacity of manufacturing workers, the division of labour appears to act as an obstacle against social mobility, and this in turn further reinforces the process of property polarisation.
The Management of Universities; Scottish Economic Society/Royal Bank of Scotland Annual Lecture, 1999
Authors: Johnes Geraint
Published: March 2003

This paper surveys the literature concerning the operation of incentive mechanisms within and across higher education institutions. A principal‐agent model of intra‐institution resource allocation is developed, and its implications are compared with some of the resource allocation models currently in operation in British universities. At the inter‐institutional level, the model is adapted to the case where a funding council serves as principal to many agents—the universities. Evidence on the scale and scope economies, and on the technical efficiency of UK universities is presented. It is argued that the received models of resource allocation should be amended so as to encourage the development of the university system in the direction of the sustainable configuration and so as to allow for differences in efficiency across budgetary units.
Political Instability and Economic Growth: UK Time Series Evidence
Authors: Asteriou Dimitrios , Price Simon
Published: March 2003

This paper tests for the influence of political instability on UK economic growth between 1961 and 1997. We construct six variables that quantify political instability and examine the effect on growth. The results suggest that there is a strong link. GARCH‐M models reveal negative effects of instability on growth and positive effects on growth uncertainty. Uncertainty in itself does not affect growth.
Theory and Estimation of the Mortgage Payment Protection Insurance Decision
Authors: Pryce Gwilym
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the decision to take out mortgage payment protection insurance (MPPI) in the UK. The paper explains how MPPI has increased in importance over the last decade due to the government stating that Income Support for Mortgage Interest (ISMI) has crowded–out MPPI. A theoretical model of the mortgage protection insurance decision is developed which takes account of the welfare system. The model is estimated using logit analysis on 1995 Glasgow and Bristol data. Elasticities of the probability of take–up with respect to a variety of arguments are calculated, including the level of ISMI. The estimated elasticity with respect to ISMI is found to be very low, which suggests that the crowding–out motivation for the restructuring of Income Support for Mortgage Interest in October 1995 had little support in the data available at the time of the policy decision, and explains the continued low take–up rates since the 1995 restructuring.
“Illusory Riches”: Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950
Authors: Arnold David
Published: March 2003

This article traces the emergence of a negative strain in European and North American representations of the tropics, as earlier images of natural abundance were supplemented, and partly supplanted, by the fears and frustrations of would‐be colonisers and the growing realisation of the technical difficulties of tropical “development”. Taking Pierre Gourou's The Tropical World (1947) as an exemplary text that embodies attitudes accumulated over the previous century of scientific activity and colonial administration in the tropics, it is possible to see how, despite recognition of wide regional variations, the tropics as a whole were seen as constituting an impoverished and pestilential region, largely unsuited to white settlement and agriculture, and yet reliant upon outside agency for prospects of development. Without entirely ceasing to be landscapes of desire, the tropics represented a more primitive world than the northern temperate zone, a domain of largely untamed nature that served, by contrast, to demonstrate the moral and material “superiority” of northern climates, races and civilisations.
The Struggle to be Temperate: Climate and “Moral Masculinity” in Mid‐Nineteenth Century Ceylon
Authors: Duncan James S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a particular type of imperial literature, the writing of the plantation in mid‐nineteenth century Ceylon. These writings, by and for the male planting community, were written to recruit, instruct and entertain, and drew upon discourses of tropicality and moral masculinity. But discourses are constrained by the material conditions under which they are put into practice. Consequently, writings about a place such as highland Ceylon recognised the divergence of this place from the archetypal tropics. Accounts, nevertheless, remained within the conceptual grid that Livingstone (1991) has termed the “morality of climate.” These texts were also pervaded by the discourse of moral masculinity. More particularly, the narrative structure of these writings was inflected by the masculinist adventure novel, which was cross‐cut by concerns of race, class, religion and nationality. The tropical highlands were represented as an adversary that presented a moral test of the planters' manhood, race and class.
Globalisers vs Communitarians: Public Intellectuals Debate Thailand’s Futures
Authors: Reynolds Craig J.
Published: March 2003

In the past decade Thailand’s bubble of prosperity expanded beyond the wildest dreams of investors and burst in the faces of those who had inflated it. By being the fastest growing economy in the world as well as the epicentre of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Thailand became a cautionary tale of hypergrowth. During the boom and especially after the bubble economy burst there were heated debates in Thailand’s highly energised public sphere about the accelerating pace of change, about political reform, and about the possible futures for the country and its people. All Asian countries subjected to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) regime of austerity saw their national economic sovereignty compromised, and in this respect the financial crisis of 1997 had clear parallels with previous threats to Thailand’s sovereignty in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then, as in the late 1990s, the ruling elites allowed sovereignty to be compromised.

In this essay I endeavour to map out the intellectual contours of post‐boom Thailand. While accepting that these public debates are concentrated in the Bangkok megalopolis, I would suggest that it would be a mistake to dismiss the dominant themes of these debates as fatally elitist or Bangkok‐centric. The public intellectuals engaging the issues have close ties to non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and other activists elsewhere in the country. At the core of these debates is the need to empower local communities in order to contend with the pressures of international financial organisations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Globalisation and the Livestock Industry in Botswana
Authors: Darkoh Michael B.K. , Mbaiwa Joseph E.
Published: March 2003

The expansion of Botswana’s livestock industry in recent years is partly a result of moves towards integration into the global economy. In the colonial period, livestock raising was the backbone of the national economy and in the post‐colonial period remains the mainstay of the rural economy. Botswana’s export‐driven cattle industry has led to the establishment of a well‐equipped infrastructure such as marketing and veterinary services, which rank among the most developed in Africa. The industry has much support from the government; hence, the cattle population continues to grow. Even though globalisation has generally had positive impacts on the development of Botswana’s economy through beef exports, it has also generated some socioeconomic and environmental problems. Most serious are the continuing skewness of livestock holdings, increasing income disparities between the rich and poor, and accelerated overgrazing of rangelands due to overstocking of cattle by both communal and commercial farmers. The erection of veterinary cordon fences associated with the prevention of diseases and expansion of the cattle industry to meet export demands have decimated large numbers of migratory wildlife species in the country, with deleterious effects on the burgeoning tourist industry. As a result, globalisation is having both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Botswana.
Family Expressiveness and Attachment
Authors: Bell Kathy L.
Published: March 2003

This study examines how family expressiveness relates to individuals’ internal working models of attachment relationships. Seventy‐two college students completed the Family Expressiveness Questionnaire (FEQ, Halberstadt, 1986) and participated in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI, George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985). When the young adults’ attachment interviews were coded using the attachment Q‐sort (Kobak, Cole, Ferenz‐Gillies, Fleming, & Gamble, 1993), dismissing attachment and preoccupation with attachment were associated with family expressiveness. When total family expressiveness was categorized by type of affect (positive and negative) and power relation (dominance and submission), low levels of family expressiveness were related to dismissing attachment. Negative dominance was the only type of family expressiveness that was related to both security/anxiety and deactivation/hyperactivation of attachment. Results are discussed in terms of primary and secondary attachment strategies and distinctions between dominant and submissive negative affect.
Effects of Friends’ Characteristics on Children’s Social Cognitions
Authors: Brendgen Mara , Bowen Francois , Rondeau Normand , Vitaro Frank
Published: March 2003

Based on the notion that friends play a fundamental role in children’s social cognitive development, the study investigates the relation between friends’ characteristics (i.e., aggressiveness and prosociality) and children’s interpretation of social cues and generation of responses in hypothetical provocation situations. The study was conducted with a sample of 322 children (155 boys, 167 girls) from first through sixth grade. The results showed that, for older children only, friends’ aggressiveness predicted an increase of the frequency of aggressive solutions, whereas friends’ prosociality predicted an increase of the frequency of pacifistic/prosocial solutions. The latter effect was only true for non‐aggressive children, though. The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms underlying the differential effects of friends’ characteristics on children’s social cognition.
A Label Superiority Effect in Children's Categorization of Facial Expressions
Authors: Russell James A. , Widen Sherri C.
Published: March 2003

In three studies (N's = 360, 68, 160), children (2 to 7 years of age) were asked to categorize various facial expressions. The emotion category was specified to the child by its label (such as happy), its facial expression (such as a smile), or both. From the youngest to the oldest children and for all 3 emotion categories examined (happiness, anger, and sadness), results showed a Label Superiority Effect: emotion labels resulted in more accurate categorization than did the corresponding facial expression. Errors conformed to a structural model emphasizing the dimension of pleasure‐displeasure.
Parent and Child Cognitive Representations of Social Situations and Children's Social Competence
Authors: McDowell David J. , Parke Ross D. , Spitzer Sue
Published: March 2003

The current study examines the relations among parent and child social information processing components and their links to children's social competence. Ninety‐seven kindergarten children and their mothers and fathers responded to open‐ended vignettes that involved conflict with a peer. Goals and strategies for both parents and children were assessed. Results show that there is some consistency between parents and children in the types of goals and strategies that are provided. Further, fathers’ and children's goals and strategies were related to children's social competence but only limited support for children's cognitions as a mediator between parental cognitions and peer competence was found. The implications for the role of social information processing in the development of children's social competence are noted.