bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS
Authors: Lee Sun Hee
Published: March 2024

Background: The expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in a reduction in numbers of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths worldwide, except in some regions. As people with HIV live long and healthy lives, their health issues are also changing. In this review, we briefly summarize the global HIV epidemic and examine the changing trends in the epidemiology of HIV in Korea.Current Concepts: Since 2013, more than 1,000 new infections have been reported in Korea every year, and after reaching its peak at 1,223 in 2019, approximately 1,000 were reported each year during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Most newly infected people were men, and the proportion of young people aged 20 to 40 years, men who have sex with men, and foreigners has been steadily increasing. AIDS was the most common cause of death, and cancer, chronic diseases, and suicide were also important causes of death in Korea.Discussion and Conclusion: Achieving sustained ART and viral suppression is approaching the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets in Korea, but additional research and efforts are required to reduce late presentation and scale-up of HIV diagnosis. Targeted and coordinated prevention programs to prevent HIV among people from key populations are also needed. Additionally, supportive services for older people with HIV, including cancer screening and chronic disease management, and multifaceted efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination against people with HIV are needed in Korea.
MONITORING OF OIL ANALYSIS THROUGH SENSORS
Authors: Magalhães Viegas Junior Daniel
Published: March 2024

Inserting the Industry 4.0 universe into companies is necessary to guarantee their competitiveness and continuity in the market. And, one of the areas in which industry 4.0 and its technologies are most prominent is maintenance, as the use of intelligent mechanisms are capable of promoting the reliability of systems functioning, predicting failures and anticipating problems and breakdowns in equipment. , thus contributing to increased performance and reduced aggregate costs. The present study then starts from the idea of using Lab-on-chip technology for the hydraulic fluid and lubricant monitoring system and aims to verify the application of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) in maintenance. From the literary review, it was possible to verify that studies relating the use of microsensors for monitoring lubricants are still scarce and from this, applied research was suggested for this purpose, developing a lab-on-chip that be capable of replacing complex and high-cost laboratory analyses.
Validación y adaptación de instrumentos psicométricos para el avance de la investigación en enfermería
Authors: Landeros-Olvera Erick Alberto , Morales-Cruz Ana Laura , Lozada-Perezmitre Erika , Galicia-Aguilar Rosa María , Antonio-González Guadalupe
Published: March 2024

Introducción: de acuerdo con los análisis bibliométricos realizados a investigaciones publicadas por profesionales de enfermería, un gran porcentaje utilizan instrumentos sin validación, lo cual indica que los trabajos no son confiables, existe la posibilidad de presentar sesgos o errores. Existen diversas metodologías para crear o validar instrumentos previos, pero se requiere de una propuesta para la ciencia del cuidado, ya sea en una adaptación o creación de algún indicador empírico.
Objetivo: presentar una propuesta con la finalidad de validar y adaptar instrumentos psicométricos para el desarrollo de la investigación en enfermería.
Desarrollo: la validación de un instrumento que depende del tiempo, objetivo de estudio y de las etapas a cubrir; por lo cual, se proponen ocho etapas. 1. Traducción del instrumento original al idioma español. 2. Adaptación semántica. 3. Validación por jueces. 4. Corrección de estilo. 5. Prueba piloto. 6. Propiedades psicométricas. 7. Prueba final o análisis factorial, y 8. Prueba de sensibilidad.
Conclusión: existen más formas de validar los instrumentos, la expuesta en este trabajo, representa una forma pragmática para adaptar un instrumento al contexto donde enfermería realiza investigación; en consecuencia, obtener instrumentos que den confiabilidad a los resultados de las intervenciones de enfermería.
HUBUNGAN FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEEJADIAN DBD : SEBUAH LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Tika Vira , Raharjo Mursid , Martini Martini
Published: March 2024

Abstract

 

 
Saat ini DBD masih menjadi permasalahan kesehatan baik di wilayah perkotaan maupun wilayah semi-perkotaan. Perilaku vektor dan hubungannya dengan lingkungan, seperti iklim, pengendalian vektor, urbanisasi, dan lain sebagainya mempengaruhi terjadinya wabah demam berdarah di daerah perkotaan. Belum ada prediksi yang tepat  untuk menunjukkan kehadiran dan kepadatan vektor (terutama Aedes Aegypti di lingkungan perkotaan dan semi perkotaan). Penyebaran dengue dipengaruhi faktor iklim seperti curah hujan, suhu dan kelembabanKelangsungan hidup nyamuk akan lebih lama bila tingkat kelembaban tinggi, dari uraian di atas penulisan literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi Kejadian DBD.Metode penelitian ini merupakan literature review. Dengan hasil adanya   hubungan yang signifikan antara kejadian DBD dengan pengetahuan,peran jumantik dan daya dukung Petugas kesehatan dan tidak ada hubungan antara ukuran ventilasi dengan kejadian DBD Kata Kunci: DBD,Aedes aegypty,Faktor Lingkungan,vektor
Les géosynthétiques : fonction, propriétés et caractérisation
Authors: VILLARD Pascal
Published: March 2024

Ce chapitre permet de présenter les différents types de produits manufacturés qui constituent la famille des géosynthétiques, d’en donner les définitions et d’en présenter sommairement les fonctions et domaines d’application principaux. Les caractéristiques essentielles à leur fonction ainsi que leur mode de caractérisation sont déclinées en termes de propriétés mécaniques, hydrauliques ou d’interface.
Introduction au Cloud et à l’Edge Networking
Authors: HADDADOU Kamel , PUJOLLE Guy
Published: March 2024

Ce chapitre est une introduction aux infrastructures numériques, puis une première description de l’Edge et du Cloud Networking. Il se termine par une description du processus de virtualisation qui donne naissance aux machines virtuelles.
Mobilités, transports collectifs et ultravieillissement au Japon
Authors: BUHNIK Sophie
Published: March 2024

Ce chapitre analyse la manière dont le dépeuplement et le vieillissement du Japon, en s’approfondissant, affectent la durabilité de systèmes de transport multimodaux axés sur le rail, réputés mondialement pour leur efficacité. Il recourt à une abondante documentation vernaculaire, la cartographie de données récentes et des observations tirées d’une longue expérience de recherche sur les recompositions des métropoles japonaises.
DIPLOMACIJA V PRIZMI
Authors: Jazbec Milan
Published: March 2024

Milan Jazbec je že več kot tri desetletja poklicni diplomat in se z znanostjo in publicistiko ukvarja poleg svoje osnovne poklicne dejavnosti. Leta 2015 je bil izvoljen za rednega profesorja diplomacije. Kot prvi redni profesor diplomacije v Sloveniji (in za sedaj edini) ter eden maloštevilnih v Evropi, je prof. dr. Milan Jazbec uspel ustvariti s svojo znanstveno, strokovno in publistično produkcijo zelo obsežen, raznolik ter interdisciplinaren opus. Diplomacija je vedno v ospredju njegovega razmišljanja in pisanja, kar gre v korak z njegovimi tremi desetletji in pol delovanja v diplomaciji, v kateri je začel delati oktobra 1987 v Beogradu ter nadaljeval v slovenski diplomaciji od njenega samega začetka, kot pripadnik prve generacije diplomacije samostojne in neodvisne Republike Slovenije. Njegova kariera predstavlja redko simbiozo diplomatske prakse in njene znanstvene refleksije ter njunega medsebojnega prežemanja. Čeprav je diplomacija vedno v središču njegove pozornosti, jo on praktično vedno povezuje s sorodnimi področji, od mednarodne varnosti, obrambe, političnih znanosti, zgodovine, sociologije, diplomatskega in konzularnega prava pa vse do antropologije, filozofije, kulture in literature. Trilogija predstavlja izbor približno dveh tretjin prispevkov znanstvenega in publicističnega dela (članki, eseji in spremne besede ter prispevki s področja varnosti, obrambe in Slovenije) Milana Jazbeca, ki je bil v minulih treh desetletjih objavljen v različnih periodičnih publikacijah, selekcija je avtorjeva, pri čemer je imel pred očmi tematsko področje vsake od treh knjig: znanstveni in nekateri strokovni članki, zatem eseji in spremne besede ter še prispevki, ki se ukvarjajo z varnostjo, obrambo in Slovenijo v tem okvirju. V osnovi pa je vse vezano na diplomacijo, še posebej na nastanek in razvoj ter delovanje slovenske diplomacije, in s tem povezane teme.
How Many Parameters are Needed to Represent Polar Sea Ice Surface Patterns and Heterogeneity?
Authors: Fogarty Joseph , Bou-Zeid Elie , Bushuk Mitchell , Boisvert Linette
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Sea ice surface patterns encode more information than can be represented solely by the ice fraction. The aim of this paper is thus to establish the importance of using a broader set of surface characterization metrics, and to identify a minimal set of such metrics that may be useful for representing sea-ice in Earth System Models. Large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer over various idealized sea ice surface patterns, with equivalent ice fraction and average floe area, demonstrate that the spatial organization of ice and water can play a crucial role in determining boundary-layer structure. Thus, different methods to quantify heterogeneity in categorical lattice spatial data, such as those done in landscape ecology and Geographic Information System (GIS) studies, are used here on a set of high-resolution, recently-declassified sea ice surface images. It is found that, in conjunction with ice fraction, the patch density (representing the fragmentation of the surface), the splitting index (representing the variability in patch size), and perimeter-area fractal dimension (representing the tortuosity of the interface) are all required to describe the two-dimensional pattern exhibited by a sea ice surface. Furthermore, for surfaces with anisotropic patterns, the orientation of the surface relative to the mean wind is needed. Furthermore, scaling laws are derived for these relevant landscape metrics to estimate them from aggregated spatial sea ice surface data at any resolution. The methods used and results gained from this study are a first step towards further development of methods to quantify the variability of non-binary surfaces, and for parameterizing mixed ice-water surfaces in coarse geophysical models.
Improving quantification and understanding of the global H2 soil sink through field and lab based flux measurements
Authors: Cowan Nicholas , Drewer Julia , Roberts Toby , Hanlon Mark , Di Marco Chiara , Helfter Carole , Nemitz Eiko
Published: March 2024

An improved quantification of the soil sink of Hydrogen (H2) gas is required to understand the environmental implications of a future Hydrogen economy and global atmospheric models. Typically, soil microbes utilise H2 as an energy source, but we also have evidence that emission of H2 from soils is also possible via microbial processes. We present new H2 flux data from several field sites and lab studies in which a variety of soils from around the world have been measured from. These sites include agricultural and forest soils from the UK where we have preliminary data of a longer-term measurement campaign. We have developed flux chamber methodology to establish a best practice for measuring H2 flux in soils, which is radically different from typical greenhouse gas protocols. We present our work so far on the development of H2 measurement methodology and on the characterisation of the H2 soil sink in relation to soil physical & chemical properties, vegetation and climate under controlled environment conditions. We also present observations of spatial and temporal soil H2 uptake rates from sites across the UK. We highlight the importance of soil aeration and the physical barriers that strongly interfere with H2 uptake in soils, particularly the influence of high water-filled pore space which should be accounted for in future modelling efforts.
Impacts of regional grid refinement on climate extremes over the Arctic in storyline-based earth system model simulations.
Authors: Wijngaard René R. , van de Berg Willem Jan , Herrington Adam R. , Levine Xavier
Published: March 2024

Over the last few decades, the Arctic region has warmed up at a greater rate than elsewhere at the globe, partly resulting from the on-going loss of sea ice and snow over land. It is projected that the amplified warming of the surface will continue in the future, most likely altering the magnitude and frequency of temperature extremes, such as heat waves and cold spells. In addition, the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation and droughts are projected to change, which may pose serious threats for the human infrastructure and livelihoods. To assess (future) climate extremes, Earth System Models (ESMs) with (regionally) refined resolution could be helpful, particularly in mountainous regions.In this study, we use the variable-resolution Community Earth System Model version 2.2 (VR-CESM) to evaluate and assess present-day and future climate extremes, such as heat waves and heavy precipitation, over the Arctic. Applying a globally uniform 1-degree grid and a VR grid with regional grid refinements to 28 km over the Arctic and Antarctica, we run present-day (2005–2014) and future (2090–2099) simulations with interactive atmosphere and land surface models, and prescribed sea ice and surface temperatures. The simulations follow two storylines of Arctic climate change that represent a combination of strong/weak polar Arctic amplification and strong/weak SST warming in the Barents-Kara seas. We evaluate the ability of the VR grid to simulate climatic extremes by comparison with gridded outputs of the globally uniform 1-degree grid and the ERA5 reanalysis and assess future climate extremes by focussing on temperature and precipitation extremes. The initial outcomes generally show that for some temperature/precipitation extremes indices the VR grid performs better than the globally uniform 1-degree grid, while for other indices the globally uniform 1-degree grid performs better. Future projections suggest that warm temperature extremes will generally increase both in magnitude and frequency, whereas cold temperature extremes will decrease in magnitude, especially over regions dominated by large sea ice loss. Further, precipitation is projected to increase in intensity and volume. The outcomes of this study may contribute to an improved understanding on future climate extremes and its implications.
Resurgence of Greenspan Resonance in Meteotsunami Dynamics
Authors: Kim Jihwan , Omira Rachid
Published: March 2024

Originating from atmospheric pressure disturbances, meteotsunamis undergo amplification processes through resonances such as Proudman, Greenspan, and bay/harbor. While Greenspan resonance is often overlooked due to its moderately amplified waves, its recurrent nature makes it a crucial factor in meteotsunami magnification. We briefly review prior analytic studies using linearized shallow water equations on a constant slope with the propagation of Gaussian atmospheric pressure, providing insights into the background of our research. Additionally, we present two recent meteotsunami cases, the June 2009 event in the West coast of Korea, and the October 2018 event in the coast of Portugal, to emphasize the pivotal role of Greenspan resonance in enhancing meteotsunamis. Our study includes  data analysis, numerical simulations, and comparisons with analytical solutions. This work was supported by the project FAST (Development of new forecast skills for meteotsunamis on the Iberian shelf – ref. PTDC/CTA-MET/32004/2017), and by I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) – UIDB/50019/2020-IDL, both funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. Keywords: meteotsunami, Greenspan resonance, numerical models, analytical solutions  References Greenspan, H. P. “The Generation of Edge Waves by Moving Pressure Distributions.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 1, no. 06, 1956, p. 574, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211205600038X.Kim, Jihwan, et al. “On the Greenspan Resurgence of Meteotsunamis in the Yellow Sea—Insights from the Newly Discovered 11–12 June 2009 Event.” Natural Hazards, vol. 114, no. 2, 2022, pp. 1323–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05427-3.Kim, Jihwan, and Rachid Omira. “Combined Surge-Meteotsunami Dynamics: a numerical model for Hurricane Leslie on the coast of Portugal.” (submitted)Niu, Xiaojing. “Conditions for the Occurrence of Notable Edge Waves Due to Atmospheric Disturbances.” Applied Ocean Research, vol. 101, 2020, p. 102255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102255.Seo, Seung-Nam, and Philip L. F. Liu. “Edge Waves Generated by Atmospheric Pressure Disturbances Moving along a Shoreline on a Sloping Beach.” Coastal Engineering, vol. 85, 2014, pp. 43–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.12.002.Ursell, Fritz. “Edge Waves on a Sloping Beach.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, vol. 214, no. 1116, Aug. 1952, pp. 79–97, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1952.0152.
Model Characterization of Hydrological and Fluvial Sediment Transport Processes in Present-day and Mid-Pliocene Climate Conditions
Authors: Jiang Cong , Shao Yaping
Published: March 2024

The Atacama Desert, known for its hyper-arid climate, occasionally experiences extreme rainfall events, significantly impacting desert hydrology and land-surface evolution. Climate records suggest past interruptions of hyper-aridity, notably during the mid-Pliocene. Understanding hydrological changes during the wet phases is hindered by data scarcity. To address this, we use dynamically downscaled precipitation data from a regional climate model (WRF) and offline Atmospheric and Hydrological-Sediment Modeling Systems (AHMS-SED) to analyze water and sediment discharge during extreme rainfall events under the present-day and mid-Pliocene conditions. Calibration and validation were performed for the Salado River Basin and Paranal clay pan, where relatively more data were recorded. Using AHMS-SED simulations, we explore the long-term land-surface responses to extreme precipitation events and examine the impacts of flash floods on sediment transport under different climate scenarios. This study also provides insights into the effects of extreme rainfall events on desert hydrology and land-surface evolution in a future warmer climate.
Tropospheric Iodine monoxide distribution from MAXDOAS observations at three Antarctic stations during the 2015-2023 period.
Authors: Puentedura Olga , Prados-Roman Cristina , Gomez-Martin Laura , Navarro-Comas Monica , Ochoa Hector , Yela Margarita
Published: March 2024

The tropospheric distribution of iodine monoxide (IO) in Antarctica remains an open question, as there are some uncertainties concerning, for example, its geographical and vertical distribution. Accurate long-term measurements of IO are important to understand its role in the tropospheric composition of this region, where continuous ground-based observations of IO are very rare and satellite observations have some limitations. INTA's Antarctic activities include MAXDOAS measurements since 2011 in the framework of several nationally funded projects such as MARACA, VIOLIN, HELADO, VHODCA and currently GARDENIA. The collaboration with the Argentinean National Antarctic Directorate has allowed MAXDOAS measurements at three different locations: Ushuaia (54ºS), located in Tierra del Fuego and at the Antarctic stations of Marambio (64ºS) and Belgrano (78ºS). This paper presents the vertical distribution of tropospheric IO obtained from MAXDOAS measurements at the aforementioned sites over a nine-year period (2015-2023).Note that a similar work but based on observations of bromine monoxide from Antarctica will be presented here at EGU2024 in the work of Prados-Román et al. (2024).
The Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on Tropical Cyclone Risks
Authors: Liu Juner , Meiler Simona , Bresch David N. , Steinmann Carmen B.
Published: March 2024

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important inter-annual signal of climate variability on the planet. It affects many natural hazards including tropical cyclones (TCs), known for causing severe economic losses and many fatalities. Although research efforts have examined ENSO’s influence on TC characteristics including frequency and intensity in different basins, the transfer of these findings to global TC risk assessments has yet to be undertaken. This covers aspects such as damage to physical assets and the number of people affected. However, this is complicated by many uncertainties, such as landfall location (heterogeneous distribution of exposures) and vulnerability definitions. To bridge this gap, we assess TC risks on physical assets and affected people under ENSO’s influence and quantify related sources of uncertainty on a global scale.
We analyze TC risks during El Niño and La Niña years, using three types of TC datasets: the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS), probabilistic tracks generated by a random walk algorithm (IBTrACS_p), and synthetic TCs generated by a statistical-dynamical TC model (MIT). Furthermore, we quantify the sensitivity of input variables, such as the ENSO threshold, and assess uncertainties arising from TC landfall location using uniform exposure values. The outcomes regarding ENSO-conditioned TC risks can potentially improve seasonal TC risk prediction, thus benefiting policymakers and the insurance industry alike. Additionally, the results contribute to more balanced and diversified (multi-)hazard risk portfolios by accounting for ENSO as an important common modulator of spatially compounding hazards.
Detection of regional industrial H2 emissions using an active Aircore and a high-precision GC-PDHID system
Authors: Westra Iris M. , Scheeren Bert A. , van Heuven Steven M.A.C. , Kers Bert A.M. , Meijer Harro A.J.
Published: March 2024

As result of the global energy transition, it is expected that H2 emissions are on the rise due to increasing production, transport and usage. Leakage rates might be up to 10% of the total hydrogen production. This will lead to an increase of the global atmospheric hydrogen mole fraction, resulting in the lengthening of the lifetime of in particular methane, enhanced tropospheric ozone production, and increased stratospheric water vapor levels. Because of these effects, H2 is called an indirect greenhouse gas. We present first results of the use of a high-precision Agilent 8890 GC-system equipped with a Pulsed Discharge Helium Ionization Detector (PDHID) combined with an ‘active’ Aircore and sampling flasks as a tool to detect and quantify industrial H2 emissions. Our GC-PDHID measures H2 with a precision
Ensemble forecasts in reproducing kernel Hilbert space family: Application on a multilayer quasi-geostrophic numerical simulation
Authors: Tissot Gilles , Jaouen Maël , Mémin Etienne
Published: March 2024

This study aims at proposing a new framework to perform ensemble-based estimations of dynamical trajectories of a geophysical fluid flow system. To perform efficient estimations, the ensemble members are embedded in a set of evolving reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) defining a family of spaces.The method proposed here is designed to deal with very large scale systems such as oceanic or meteorological flows, where it is out of the question to explore the whole attractor, neither to run very long time simulations. Instead, we propose to learn the system locally, in phase space, from an ensemble of trajectories.The novelty of the present work relies on the fact that the feature maps between the native space and the RKHS manifold are transported by the dynamical system. This creates, at any time, an isometry between the tangent RKHS at time t and the initial conditions. This has several important consequences. First, the kernel evaluations are constant along trajectories, instead to be attached to a system state. By doing so, a new ensemble member embedded in the RKHS manifold at the initial time can be very simply estimated at a further time. This framework displays striking properties. The Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operators on such RKHS manifold are unitary, uniformly continuous (with bounded generators) and diagonalizable. As such they can be rigorously expended in exponential forms.This set of analytical properties enables us to provide a practical estimation of the Koopman eigenfunctions. In the proposed strategy, evaluations of these Koopman eigenfunctions at the ensemble members are exact. To perform robust estimations, the finite-time Lyapunov exponents associated with each Koopman eigenfunction (which are easily accessible on the RKHS manifold as well) are determined. On this basis, we are able to filter the kernel by removing contributions of the Koopman modes that exceed the predictability time. We show that it leads to robust estimations of new unknown trajectories. This framework allows us to write an ensemble-based data assimilation problem, where constant-in-time linear combinations coefficients between ensemble members are sought in order to estimate the QG flow based on noisy swath observations.The methodology is demonstrated on a multilayer quasi-geostrophic model representative of the Gulf Stream area in the North Atlantic at a 10 km resolution and considering 100 training ensemble members. We show the ability of the method to estimate trajectories knowing the initial condition of a new ensemble member. Moreover, ensemble-based data assimilation is performed based on realistic swaths of altimetry observations.
Statistical properties for a spatially heteregeneous one-dimensional energy balance model perturbed by additive noise
Authors: Del Sarto Gianmarco , Flandoli Franco
Published: March 2024

A one-dimensional energy balance model (1D-EBM) is a simplified climate model that describes the evolution of Earth's temperature based on the planet's energy budget.In this study, we examine a 1D-EBM that incorporates a parameter representing the impact of carbon dioxide on the energy balance. Based on empirical studies showing that bistability may occur in Earth's tropics, we consider the planet's ongoing radiation to be latitude-dependent, presenting bistability in low-latitude regions but not in high-latitude ones. This local bistability does not lead to a bifurcation in the entire system, in addition to the classical saddle-node bifurcations between Snowball Earth and the present climate.We focus on investigating the statistical properties of the system when the model is perturbed with additive noise. Our work is a step towards a clearer understanding of the dynamics in a spatially heterogeneous setting.
Probing the Micromechanics of Velocity Strengthening Laboratory Faults using Ultrasonic Waves 
Authors: Mauro Michele , De Solda Michele , Giorgetti Carolina , Scuderi Marco
Published: March 2024

Geophysical and geological evidence highlighted that faults can slip in a wide spectrum of modes, ranging from stable aseismic creep to unstable dynamic slip. Rocks composition plays a key role among the multiple factors favoring a specific type of frictional sliding. In particular, phyllosilicates in fault zones can change the mechanical behavior of the rocks involved in deformation. A relevant example is the presence of smectites (hydrated phyllosilicates) in subduction zones that are thought to influence the updip limit of the seismogenic zone. This group of clay minerals exhibits remarkably low friction values due to their platy microstructure and the tendency to absorb water within their lattice, making faults particularly weak. Therefore, studying the mechanical properties of clay minerals, especially smectites, has become crucial to illuminate the dynamics leading to the generation/arrest of large earthquakes in subduction zones.Frictional laboratory experiments make it possible to evaluate the stability of experimental faults using the Rate and State Friction (RSF) framework. However, upscaling these phenomena and laws formulated in the laboratory to natural cases is still challenging due to a fundamental lack of understanding of the microphysical processes governing friction, mainly due to the empirical nature of the laws.Modern friction theories propose that the frictional forces holding the fault in place are controlled by small asperities defining the real contact area (RCA). In the laboratory, experimental faults can be probed with ultrasonic waves to investigate the mechanics and evolution of contacts under applied stress variations.Here, we present preliminary results on the stability of experimental faults with varying percentages of montmorillonite gouge (a specific type of smectite). The experiments are conducted using the biaxial apparatus BRAVA2 in the Rock Mechanics and Earthquake Physics laboratory at Sapienza University of Rome. Velocity steps experiments are performed in Double Direct Shear (DDS) configuration to obtain RSF parameters under different normal stress conditions. The apparatus is equipped with a recently developed UW generation and acquisition system.The system comprises longitudinal and transversal polarized piezoelectric transducers, where a well-characterized pulse and frequency response allow the exploitation of information contained in the entire waveforms. The variation of transmitted amplitude, compressional, and shear velocity is used to track the changes in elastic properties. The synchronization procedure between mechanical and ultrasonic measurements will allow inferring the physical processes leading to RCA evolution from the obtained data.
An atmospheric data assimilation system combining biomass and atmospheric CO₂ data for constraining biosphere carbon fluxes
Authors: Van Der Woude Auke , Hooghiem Joram , De Kok Remco , Luijkx Ingrid , Van de Sande Marnix , Kaushik Aleya , Miller John , Peters Wouter
Published: March 2024

Quantification of the long-term carbon uptake by the land biosphere is of key importance for climate action. Traditional methods of estimating the carbon sink include atmospheric inversions, which use CO₂  measurements to reduce inherent biases in simulations of the land biosphere. The atmospheric  CO₂ measurements used are informative on different time scales from days to decades, which are often difficult to separate from the data. Additional data sources can be used to separate the decadal change in sink magnitude from the shorter-term impacts of e.g. droughts. An example is the use of remotely-sensed above-ground biomass changes that have recently gained traction to estimate the stock change of carbon at the surface (Δbiomass), caused by months and years of integrated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE). We therefore built a Bayesian framework in which we constrain decades of daily NEE with both atmospheric CO2 observations as well as satellite-based Δbiomass products. With this integration we aim to better constrain the magnitude, inter-annual variability and location of land carbon sinks and sources. We focus the initial tests of the system on European carbon fluxes and find that Europe is a small long-term sink of CO₂, albeit with large regional differences. Most notably, vegetation of central European comes out as a net source of CO₂  into the atmosphere in our system, a finding that is supported by both by the Δbiomass product and the atmospheric CO₂ data. In this presentation we further explore the limits of the attempted integration, aiming to pave the way for future syntheses of atmospheric inversions with novel data products.
Crustal and uppermost mantle velocity structure beneath the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental, Dominican Republic
Authors: Núñez Diana , Córdoba Diego
Published: March 2024

The oblique convergence between the Caribbean and North American plates produces the tectonic complexity of Hispaniola Island. The western region is characterized by high topography bounded by dominantly reverse and oblique-slip faults along the edges of the uplifted mountain ranges, while the eastern part is lower in elevation and no important active faults are identified. This work analyzes the seismic data (Profiles A and D) obtained during the CARIBE NORTE project (2009) in the frame of the current MICROSIS-I (2020-2021-1A4-043) and GEOCIBAO-RS (2023-1-1A4-0627) projects. A seismic array of vertical and three-component land stations registered both profiles along N-S and W-E seismic transects of 425 and 450 km, respectively. The seismic sources used in these lines corresponded to three marine shooting lines (LM1N, LM1S for Profile A and LM4, for Profile D), land borehole explosions 1 Ton (S1, S2, and S3), and one earthquake that occurred during the registering period.We constrained the seismic structure of the Dominican Republic by the inversion of wide-angle seismic travel-time data for the previous 2D P-wave velocity model of both profiles. The results show marked differences between the western and eastern regions of the island. In the eastern zone, the Moho discontinuity rises to 24 km deep, increasing towards the island's interior with a maximum depth value of approximately 30 km in the west and central part of the transect. A structure dipping 18º towards the eastern interior of Hispaniola Island was identified up to 120 km deep from the analysis and relocation of an earthquake that occurred on April 11, 2009, using the CARIBE NORTE temporary seismic network.
Enhancing Confidence in Volcanic Ash Forecasts: Approaches for Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainties
Authors: Dacre Helen , Harvey Natalie , James Lauren
Published: March 2024

Generating accurate quantitative volcanic ash forecasts poses a considerable challenge, especially in remote volcanic locations where there are large uncertainties regarding the timing, quantity, and vertical distribution of ash released. Quantifying this uncertainty is crucial for providing timely and reliable volcanic hazard warnings. Our research presents methodologies aimed at quantifying the uncertainty associated with volcanic ash dispersion forecasts.  Ensemble forecasting techniques that account for input, parametric, and structural uncertainties result in volcanic ash forecasts with low confidence, making them challenging for decision-making. To enhance the utility of these forecasts, we introduce data assimilation methods that combine ensemble volcanic ash predictions with satellite retrievals, considering uncertainties from both data sources. This approach enables us to constrain emission estimates, subsequently increasing confidence in the forecasts. By applying a risk-based methodology to these refined dispersion simulations, we significantly reduce the high-risk areas, minimizing disruptions to flight operations. These findings offer insights for the design of ensemble methodologies, facilitating the transition from deterministic to probabilistic volcanic ash forecasting. 
Application of MWPC based muography in geophysics, experiments and planning
Authors: Stefán Boglárka Abigél , Balázs László , Hamar Gergő , Surányi Gergely , Varga Dezso
Published: March 2024

Muography uses cosmic ray muons to image the inner structure of largeobjects like geological formations or artificial buildings.Cosmic muons have wide energy spectrum, while their slow energy loss isproportional to the density and length of the traversed rock.Counting these muons one measures the absorption of the overburden rock,images its inner density structure and reveals anomalies (eg: ore, caves,tunnels).This multidisciplinary technology requires expertise in particlephysics instrumentation, geological knowledge, and industrial design,to became a novel tool for geophysical surveys.In the last decade several research groups started on various methodsto develop and demonstrate its practical usability.The Innovative Gaseous Detector R&D Group in the Wigner RCP in Hungary isa well-known team of the muography community that focuses ontechnological advancement and applications. The group has used thismeasurement technique in a number of mining, archaeological, andspeleological investigations. I will present the series ofmeasurements made for these subsurface applications with the results andpractical experiences of our group.The success of any measurement is based on the right plan,especially in muography, where devices are mounted into hardly-accessibleterritories while measurements take up to several weeks or months.Choosing the most suitable muograph type and geometry, andestimate the required measurement time for expected anomalies areessential. While in practice it is usually done by experience and educatedguess, for new challenges and complex structure it requires mathematicalmodeling and computation, that could even be used to planning fortomographic inversion series.I will present the developed model for the direct problem,verify it with laboratory measurements and underground raw data as well.
Role and fate of organics in the thermo chemical evolution of icy moons and dwarf planets
Authors: Sotin Christophe , Delarue Camille , Reynard Bruno
Published: March 2024

Organic molecules are a major compound of icy moons and dwarf planets (Reynard & Sotin, 2023). During the accretion and differentiation of these bodies, the organics are first altered by water. The residual organics are denser than water and mix with the rocky fraction (silicates and sulfides), eventually forming a refractory core. During this step, the interior temperature is buffered by the melting temperature of ice since water is very efficient in removing interior heat. Once water and refractory compounds have been differentiated, the increase in temperature is controlled by the amount of internal heating (tidal and radioactive) and the thermal properties of the mixture of minerals and organics. Radioactive elements are present in the silicate fraction only, which implies that the heating rate decreases with increasing fraction of organics. As the temperature increases, organics are transformed into denser phases, releasing volatile species. This evolution modifies the volume and the moment of inertia (MoI) of the body. Thermo-chemical evolution models are coupled with equations of state of the different compounds, allowing the calculation of the size and the MoI as a function of time. These models are compared with observations for several icy moons (Titan, Ganymede, Europa) and dwarf planet Ceres. The initial organic fraction can then be retrieved to match the present values of size and MoI.
A Spatio-Temporal Optimization- Based Feature Selection Framework for detecting drivers of heatwaves
Authors: Peláez-Rodríguez César , Pérez-Aracil Jorge , McAdam Ronan , Squintu Antonello , Scoccimarro Enrico , Salcedo-Sanz Sancho
Published: March 2024

Machine Learning (ML) encompasses various techniques and algorithms that have proven highly effective in addressing complex climate science tasks. In particular, using ML to detect and forecast extreme events has gained much attention recently. Considering the vast volume of spatial and temporal data available, the employment of data-driven methodologies becomes indispensable for effectively uncovering potential drivers of these events. This study arises with the ambition of proposing a comprehensive and general framework that provides insights about interactions between heatwaves and potential physical drivers across multiple spatio-temporal scales. A novel feature-selection methodology is presented to advance the detection of heatwaves. It is based on a two-step procedure. In the first stage, a non-supervised task is developed for spatially clustering the different variables. Thus, there is a reduced initial pool of driver candidates. In the second stage, a wrapper methodology is applied to determine which time periods are representative for each of the clusters in the occurrence of heatwaves. This algorithm discerns which clusters are selected as drivers and which are discarded, along with the time period, relative to the heatwave occurrence, during which each cluster should be investigated. Thus, the feature selection is developed based on the spatio-temporal distribution of the different variable clusters.Experiments have been developed for detecting heatwaves in the Lake Como region, a region of key agricultural activity in Northern Italy. A  wide range of ocean and atmospheric variables taken from ERA5 are used (e.g. sea ice concentration, precipitation). The framework allows the identification of the time lag for each variable from short-term to seasonal time scales (up to 180 days). Results have spotted drivers on the subseasonal to seasonal timescale. Important drivers have been identified for short-term periods (less than one week). Local variables are shown to be of much significance for these periods. The method allows for identifying the strong influence of local variables whilst identifying correlations between the heatwave occurrence and different variables and spatial locations. The importance stages of the variable candidates can be established by running the model while removing the most critical variables.
Seismic faulting and fluid interactions: a structural study from carbonated fault damage zones within ultramafic rocks
Authors: Federico Laura , Locatelli Michele , Crispini Laura , Mariani Elisabetta , Capponi Giovanni , Scarsi Marco
Published: March 2024

Faults and shear zones within the metamorphic ultramafic rocks of the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Alps, NW Italy) often exhibit significant or complete carbonation of the host rocks and are locally associated with gold mineralization hosted in quartz veins (e.g., in the Lavagnina Lakes area). Here, a specific fault zone part of a larger regional system (i.e., the Bisciarelle Fault Zone) displays distinct structural characteristics linked to a fluid-assisted multistage brittle deformation in serpentinized peridotites, possibly indicating paleoseismic activity. Within the fault rocks, cataclasite and breccias are present along with saponite-bearing gouge, featuring layers of coseismic spherulitic grains interspersed in silica/chalcedony veins and cement. Spherulites consistently crystallize as concentric bands of fibrous Fe-dolomite and display multiple layers of radial crystal growth regularly alternating with darker, oxides-rich concentric bands. The concentric growth of spherulites is evident from the microtextural relations between successive bands, which depart radially from the spherulite cores, made of a submillimetric nucleus of carbonates or single grain of the host rock (e.g., relicts of fragments of fault core).In this study, we present a multiscale analysis of this fault zone, integrating field observations, microstructural examination, SEM-EDS investigation, and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The primary focus is on the microstructures within the fault core and the significance of distinctive carbonate spherulite layers in conjunction with silica/chalcedony cement and veins.Our findings reveal that these structures are indicative of the interaction between CO2-rich fluids released during both coseismic and interseismic phases of faulting. This interaction occurs during cycles involving fluid pressure build-ups, faulting events, fluid flushing, and the subsequent precipitation and sealing of minerals during seismic failure of the fault.
A new climate and surface mass balance product for the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet using RACMO2.4.
Authors: van Dalum Christiaan , van de Berg Willem Jan , Nagarada Gadde Srinidhi , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: March 2024

Recent progress in parameterizations of surface and atmospheric processes have led to the development of a major update of the polar version of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.4.1). Here, we present a new high-resolution climate and surface mass balance product by applying RACMO2.4.1 to the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet for the historical period (starting in 1960 and 1945, respectively). In addition, RACMO output is now available for the first time on a pan-Arctic domain, starting in 1980. We assess these products by comparing model output of the surface mass balance and its components and the near-surface climate with in-situ and remote sensing observations, and study differences with the previously operational RACMO iteration, RACMO2.3p2. Among other changes, RACMO2.4.1 includes new and updated parameterizations related to surface and atmospheric processes. Most major updates are part of the physics package of cycle 47r1 of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which is embedded in RACMO2.4.1. This includes updates to the cloud, radiation, convection, turbulence, aerosol and lake scheme. Other major changes are directly related to the cryosphere, such as the introduction of a new spectral albedo and radiative transfer scheme for glaciated snow, fixes to the snow drift scheme, a new multilayer snow scheme for seasonal snow and an updated ice mask. These updates lead to changes in the near-surface climate. For example, the horizontal transport of snow that is present in the atmosphere leads to a redistribution of snowfall. Furthermore, the spatial resolution for the Antarctic domain is increased to 11 km, which is also used for the pan-Arctic domain, while 5.5 km is used for Greenland. Here, we also discuss the impact that aforementioned changes have on the climate of the polar regions and the surface mass balance and its components of the ice sheets.
Continuous in-situ measurements of atmospheric CH4 at the Port-de-Bouc urban-industrial station (south-east of France): a two-year analysis of CH4 spatio-temporal variability and source identification using co-emitted species.
Authors: Bosio Pauline , Xueref-Remy Irène , Blanc Pierre-Éric , Riandet Aurélie , Gille Grégory , Armengaud Alexandre , Oppo Sonia
Published: March 2024

Methane (CH4) is the second most important direct anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2). Its lifetime is 10 times shorter than that of CO2, and its warming potential 80 times greater over a 20-year period. Reducing methane emissions therefore represents a lever for rapid action on global warming. The Sud-PACA region (south-eastern France), classified by IPCC as a climate "hotspot", is part of these efforts to reduce CH4 emissions, with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. To achieve this, it is essential to reduce the uncertainties of regional CH4 emissions. Although over 50% of regional methane is estimated to be emitted in the south-western part of the region, there are few CH4 measurements in this highly urbanized and industrialized area. With a view to filling this gap and better characterizing anthropogenic sources of CH4, a PICARRO G2401 CRDS analyser and meteorological station were set up in May 2021 as part of the ANR COol-AMmetropolis project at Port-de-Bouc (43°24'7.056''N; 4°58'55.459''E), surrounded by numerous petrochemical industries. This station continuously measures CH4, CO2 and CO concentrations to study the variability of these species for the different wind sectors.  The spatio-temporal variability of CH4 concentration and the identification of its sources using co-emitted species will be presented. All these data represent the first measurements of CH4 in this industrial area and will also be used to independently verify regional inventories. 