bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Panel Discussion – Factors related to perceiving the relative speed of leading vehicles in high-speed rear-end crashes
Authors: Maddox Michael E. , Fitch Greg , Kiefer Aaron , Mortimer Rudolf , Muttart Jeffrey
Published: October 2012

Forensic human factors practitioners are often engaged to offer expert opinions in cases involving rear-end collisions. Such collisions represent approximately 25% of all automobile crashes and have done so for many years. The sad fact is that people run into the backs of slow moving or stopped vehicles with a low, but persistent probability. According to the 100-car study, the probability is 1 in 1.84 million miles traveled (Americans drive a total of about 3 trillion miles per year). A number of researchers have examined the circumstantial and perceptual issues related to rear-end crashes in an effort to understand why drivers have such a difficult time perceiving the relative speed of leading vehicles. Results from these studies are often cited in expert reports and testimony. In particular, the “looming threshold” established in these studies is sometimes used to establish the expectation of braking or steering responses. However, when reconstruction data are used to calculate looming thresholds, the values are usually much higher than those obtained in controlled studies. It is unclear whether these data represent the same phenomenon. The purpose of this panel discussion is to examine the breadth of data related to rear-end crashes and offer insight into the discrepancy between reconstruction and experimental results.
Examples of How to Present Human Factors Testimony to the Trier of Fact
Authors: Sloan Gary D. , Nemire Kenneth E. , Cohen Joseph , Resnick Marc. L. , Cloutier Claudine
Published: October 2012

The forensic human factors specialist is an advocate, an advocate of our discipline’s value in determining the cause of accidents, errors, and system failure. It follows that when we appear before the trier of fact – be it judge, jury, or attorney – we want to effectively convey our opinions and their foundation. The purpose of this session is for four practitioners of forensic human factors to share methods of providing testimony that are readily understandable and helpful to the trier of fact. In addition, a practicing attorney will give her take on criteria and concerns in retaining a forensic human factors specialist.
Looming Threshold Limits and Their Use in Forensic Practice
Authors: Maddox Michael E. , Kiefer Aaron
Published: October 2012

Rear-end collisions account for about one-third of all traffic crashes on a yearly basis. It has been apparent for some time that the key to perceiving a slower vehicle ahead of us as an imminent hazard, i.e., one requiring immediate action, is a sufficient rate of change of the visual angle of the lead vehicle. This is known as the “looming threshold”, among other things. A number of laboratory researchers have reported values of the looming threshold to be in the range of 0.003 radian/sec. Forensic practitioners routinely use elevated values of the looming threshold, e.g., 0.005-0.008, to account for the complexity of real-world driving tasks. However, only one source has used data from actual vehicle accidents to arrive at a looming threshold – and that value, 0.0275 rad/sec, is an order of magnitude larger than that derived from laboratory studies. In this study, we examine a much broader range of real-world accident data to obtain an estimate of the reasonable upper end of the looming threshold. The results show a range of 0.0397 to 0.0117 rad/sec, for presumed perception-reaction times (PRTs) of 0.75 and 2.0 seconds, respectively. We discuss the implications for forensic human factors analysis of rear-end crashes.
How a Video Record of a Driver’s Forward View Made a Difference in the Human Factors Analysis of a Traffic Crash
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G.
Published: October 2012

Modern vehicles are equipped with various recording devices that can aid in accident reconstruction and human factors analyses. One example is the fitting of video recorders in buses and trucks. In one such case a bus ran into the underside of an overturned semi trailer that was blocking both lanes of an interstate highway in darkness. While a first review of the case suggested that the bus driver would not have been able to avoid the collision, that opinion was reversed when the video recording became available of the view ahead of the bus in the 6 seconds before the crash.
Creating Healthcare Simulation Training Systems: A Designer’s Forum
Authors: Scerbo Mark W.
Published: October 2012

Healthcare simulation systems have had a transformational effect on the training and education of clinical providers. Although members of the human factors community have begun to study issues surrounding the use of healthcare simulation training systems, there has been less emphasis on the development of the technology itself. The objective of this session is to bring together some of the leading designers and developers of healthcare simulation training systems to discuss some of the challenges associated with creating this technology. Each member of the panel has extensive experience designing and creating physical and virtual simulation systems for a wide range of medical procedures including general surgery, endoscopic and laparoscopic surgical procedures, emergency medicine, and trauma care. Specifically, the session is focused on some of the unique human factors issues that impact the development of effective healthcare simulator systems.
Evaluation of 3D Television: Impact on Depth Perception
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Watts Kristopher P. , Rosenquist Bryce E.
Published: October 2012

Three dimensional (3D) television (TV) is an emerging technology that has not yet been evaluated for its effects on depth perception. Further, due to its importance in physical performance as well as academic performance it is imperative to do so. This study looks to evaluate the effects of 3D displays on depth perception. In order to do this, two distinct methods were used. The first uses a traditional method of measuring depth perception, the Randot Sterotest. The second method uses two practical depth perception tests. The Randot Sterotest showed significant degradation (P = 0.0071) as did one of the practical tests (P = 0.032). This indicates there is an effect on depth perception; however, due to the conflicting practical tests more research is needed to determine if the effect it has can lead to serious performance issues.
A Situated Approach To Shared Situation Awareness
Authors: Chiappe Dan , Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Rorie Conrad , Morgan Corey
Published: October 2012

Team SA theories differ in the information they require operators to have for effective coordination. Endsley and Jones (1997) stress shared SA, while Distributed SA (DSA) argues coordination involves transactive and compatible SA. Although we agree with Endsley on the importance of shared SA, we argue her account of how it is acquired exceeds the working memory capacity of individual team members. We offer an account consistent with a Situated SA perspective that claims individuals off-load information to their environment whenever possible to minimize effortful internal processing. We argue that the situated SA approach, in conjunction with Pickering and Garrod’s (2004) Interactive-Alignment Model, can explain how shared SA is acquired, relying on automatic processes enacted when individuals interact in conversations. This approach can be used to study team SA in many complex and distributed systems.
The Operational Context of Procedures and Checklists in Commercial Aviation
Authors: Mauro Robert , Degani Asaf , Loukopoulos Loukia , Barshi Immanuel
Published: October 2012

To design effective and efficient procedures and checklists, one must take into account the full operational context within which these procedures are embedded. This context is defined by the requirements of the technology, the limitations and capabilities of the human operators, and the constraints and affordances of the operational environment. The complexity of this context arises from the interactions of the human, machine, and environment. We present a model of that operational context, THE Model, that lays the foundations for analyzing each of these elements and their interactions, and illustrate its application through the analysis of an aviation accident.
What Can Human Factors Contribute to Improve Electronic Health Record Usability and Patient Safety?
Authors: Schumacher Robert , North Robert , Quinn Matthew , Patterson S. , Militello Laura G. , Fairbanks Rollin J (Terry) , Gibbons M. Chris
Published: October 2012

The panel brings together diverse perspectives to bear on one critical question: (1) How can human factors methods improve usability in order to protect patient safety with the use of electronic health records? Panelists represent the viewpoint of the government’s role in encouraging collaboration and use of best practices, best practices in electronic health record evaluations for hospitals and special considerations for pediatric populations, the role of workflow in protecting patient safety, applying cognitive task analysis and abstraction hierarchies to inform imaging system design, and the influence of health disparities on the use of consumer health products by patients.
Context matters: Design guidance for maximizing success of storytelling sessions during a user-centered design task
Authors: Gausepohl Kim , Winchester Woodrow , Arthur James D. , Smith-Jackson Tonya , Kleiner Brian
Published: October 2012

Empirical comparisons of elicitation methods provide guidance to engineers for the selection of the best method for a given design goal. This work explores how alterations to the context (i.e, setting, prompts) of storytelling sessions impacted the types of user needs collected from 22 emergency room (ER) nurses. Six user need sets, comprised of 477 narratives detailing an experience relating to a healthcare quality aim, were quantitatively compared. The results of the study yielded a set of decision rules and decision trees to aid the selection of an appropriate storytelling protocol that facilitates formative usability design.
Observing the Challenges of Implementing New Health ICT
Authors: Planitz Birgit , Sanderson Penelope , Freeman Clinton , Xiao Tania , Botea Adi , Orihuela Cristina Beltran
Published: October 2012

Research into the development and adoption of new health technologies finds that information and communication technology (ICT) developers often fail to understand the clinical workplace, resulting in the implementation of costly systems that stakeholders reject. Here we report observations of the implementation of a well-designed new patient information system at a regional hospital. We used a combination of ethnographical and survey methods to assess stakeholders‘ uptake of and reactions to the new system. We found that even with a well-designed system, uptake can encounter challenges. We outline a number of important factors that may influence the success, or failure, of new ICT.
Evaluating Alternate Visualization Methods for Microsurgery: 2D and 3D Optical Microscopes and Flat-Panel Displays
Authors: Sackllah Michael , Yu Denny , Woolley Charles , Kasten Steven , Armstrong Thomas J.
Published: October 2012

Due to the inherent postural constraints from a microscope, surgeons who perform minimally invasive surgeries may be exposed to prolonged static postures. As 3D displays become more economically viable, their role in the healthcare industry may become more prominent. The purpose of this pilot-study is to assess the effect of stereoscopic displays on postural constraint, perceived effort, and performance during simulated microsurgery tasks. Ten subjects with no surgical experience performed microsurgical skills tests using four visualization methods: 2D flat panel display, 3D flat panel display, monoscopic microscope, and stereoscopic microscope. Body posture was measured via motion tracking equipment and task performance was captured through video analysis. Subjective data was gathered on posture, perceived effort, and equipment usability. Significant differences were found between all displays for each measured joint angle; however, all posture deviations can be classified as neutral. Participants were unable to perceive posture differences between the visualization methods. Task completion times were fastest for the monoscopic microscope; however, the differences were not significant. Total errors were significantly greater for the monoscopic microscope than the flat panel displays. Perceived effort ratings were not significantly different among visualization methods. This study demonstrates that 2D and 3D flat panel visualization methods may provide an alternative to microscopes during surgery; however, hardware improvements are needed before this technology is viable in the healthcare industry.
Crash Cart Drug Drawer Layout and Design
Authors: Pearson Aimee M. , Caird Jeff K. , Mayer Andrew
Published: October 2012

A two-phase study of crash cart medications in the Emergency Department (ED) is reported. The purpose of the phased study was to determine a standardized layout for emergency medications that would promote safety and efficiency during a code blue event. During Phase I, a comprehensive list of ED medications and crash cart configurations was compiled and compared across three acute care hospitals. Three emergency departments were consulted to catalogue medications and to understand the workflow processes surrounding the crash cart such as medication stocking and inventory control. A number of similarities and differences were found for drug usage and crash cart drug drawer layout across hospitals. Phase II examined how ED nurses accessed and used medications from the crash cart. ED nurses individually designed the primary crash cart drawer by placing pictures of each medication into a ‘jigsaw puzzle’ while thinking aloud. Alphabetization of medications and grouping by ABC (airway, breathing and circulation) emerged as primary access strategies proposed by ED nurses. Implications for these and other design insights are discussed with respect to crash cart safety and efficiency.
Revealing Latent Strategy Structures from Expert Critical Care Nurses
Authors: Ferguson Ashley N. , Kazi Sadaf , Durso Francis T.
Published: October 2012

It is common knowledge that operators controlling dynamic environments use different types of strategies and choose strategies for different reasons. We have been using a Threat-Strategy Interview (TSI) procedure based on the threat and error management view to elicit strategies. However, there is a need for a method to uncover strategies and sub-strategies from subject matter expert (SME) interviews. This study explored an algorithmic procedure for the generation of strategy organization from participant sorts of strategies, tactics, and actions mentioned by SMEs during structured TSIs. Clusters that emerged from N x N agreement matrices of rater judgments on strategies collected from pediatric intensive care unit nurses allowed for the identification of strategy structures that were similar to those that emerged after lengthy discussion but did so in considerably less time. Through the use of this agreement matrix, we hope to uncover the latent structure of strategies from experienced nurses and, ultimately, to teach those strategies to novice nurses.
Mapping Strategies to Threats in Critical Care Nursing
Authors: Kazi Sadaf , Ferguson Ashley N. , Durso Francis T.
Published: October 2012

Nurses in the critical care environment encounter numerous threats while performing critical tasks. These threats may emerge from different sources such as the environment or the patient. Effective mitigation of the threats while managing the condition of the patient entails the use of strategies. The strategies that are used to manage the threats aim at changing the state of particular characteristics of the environment or the patient. This study attempted to classify the threats and strategies used by intensive care unit nurses into different types, and to map commonalities between the threats and strategies. Results indicated that although nurses managed threats with a cocktail of strategies, the most prominent strategy in the cocktail typically belonged to the same category as that of the threat.
Flow Disruptions in Trauma Surgery: Type, Impact, and Affect
Authors: Blocker Renaldo C. , Duff Sacha , Wiegmann Douglas , Catchpole Ken , Blaha Jennifer , Shouhed Daniel , Ley Eric , Karl Cathy , Karl Richard , Gewertz Bruce
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to identify and understand all components of the trauma care process to mitigate the systemic challenges faced by clinicians attempting to deliver the best trauma care. The study was conducted using a prospective data collection method. An interdisciplinary team of researchers observed 87 cases over a 10-week period and identified 1759 flow disruptions. There were a higher number of flow disruptions per case in the operating room (M=61.3, ±36.72) than in the emergency department (M=9.2, ±1.77) or radiology (M=7.5, ±2.01). Focusing on the OR, the majority of the flow disruptions identified in the OR were due to either coordination issues (28%) or communication breakdowns (24%). Roughly 12% of disruptions resulted in moderate delays or full case cessation. This study demonstrates the value of using flow disruptions as a surrogate for efficiency and quality outcome measures, and as a diagnostic method for understanding higher order problems in the system of trauma care.
Not All Interruptions are Created Equal: Positive Interruptions in Healthcare
Authors: Sasangohar Farzan , Donmez Birsen , Trbovich Patricia , Easty Anthony C.
Published: October 2012

Interruptions were studied extensively in the past but with a focus on their negative effects. Although many types of interruptions result in a break-in-task, in some cases interruptions communicate important information associated with patient’s safety. The majority of previous interruption research use a reductionist approach to minimize or prevent interruptions, and minimal attention has been given to the differentiation between positive and negative interruptions. Through the analysis of relevant healthcare literature, this paper first identifies the inconsistencies in the way interruptions are defined, and then categorizes potential sources of negative and positive interruptions.
Developing methods to measure healthcare team performance in acute and chronic care settings
Authors: Parker Sarah Henrickson , Rosen Michael
Published: October 2012

Effective teamwork is one of the most important aspects of providing care in today’s healthcare system. Human factors researchers and practitioners alike are regularly asked to evaluate and improve teamwork within many complex and varied care settings. This invited symposium will include experts in teamwork theory and clinical application within different care environments, with the specific goal of discussing methods to better understand teams and their functions for both research and quality improvement. Methods include validated behavioural rating systems, data mining from electronic medical records, interviews, augmented hierarchical task analysis, and video analysis, all of which have been used to better understand team performance in various clinical tasks. In addition, the symposium will focus on work outside of the operating room, and in other areas of acute care, specifically the post-anaesthesia care unit, the trauma bay, the intensive care unit, and outpatient clinic settings.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Specific Interview Methods and Qualitative Data Analysis Strategies in Identifying Team Performance Requirements
Authors: Manser Tanja , Mitchell Lucy
Published: October 2012

Interviews are a widely accepted method for determining team performance requirements in complex work environments. Using examples from two studies in acute patient care settings, this paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of specific interview methods and qualitative data analysis strategies in identifying performance requirements and in establishing categories for observational research or skills assessment. Interview study 1 was carried out in cardiac anesthesia deductively applying a conceptual framework of cooperation and coordination in analyzing the data. In study 2 interviews were analyzed applying an inductive data analysis approach to establish a basic list of non-technical skills that are important to scrub practitioner performance. Both studies provide valuable insights with regards to performance requirements of the various team members and specific teamwork behaviors. Implications for the interpretation of results and the design of interview studies in the research area are discussed.
Using Video Review for Assessment and Improvement of Team Performance in a Dynamic Medical Domain
Authors: Burd Randall S. , Parker Sarah Henrickson
Published: October 2012

Trauma resuscitation, the initial management and treatment of injured patients in the emergency department, is an example of a dynamic medical domain in which coordinated team activity is essential for achieving optimal patient outcome. Identifying individual and teamwork behaviors associated with optimal performance is essential for developing effective training interventions and assessing the impact of new technologies in this setting. Although observational techniques can be used for this purpose, these techniques have limitations because the work in this domain is executed sequentially, concurrently, or in parallel by different providers. In this paper, we will describe how we have used video analysis to track the work during trauma resuscitation and used it to identify factors associated with team performance.
Clinical Communications – Human Factors for the Hidden Network In Medicine
Authors: Zachary Wayne , Maulitz Russell C. , Rosen Michael A. , Cannon-Bowers Janis , Salas Eduardo
Published: October 2012

Medicine is practiced not only through encounters and other interactions between patients and providers, but also through documentation of event-centered information via the patient record, and through patient-centered communications between clinicians and between clinicians and patients (and their families). Human factors has been heavily involved in the first two, contributing to design and evaluation of medical devices, identification and remediation of safety issues, and analysis and modifications to electronic health records and their interface. These same two areas have also received widespread research support and capital investment, while the third – clinical communications – has remained in the background for research, investment and human factors involvement. Yet clinical communication is vitally important. Health care providers communicate with patients directly in encounters, and when the communications fail, patients know it, are unhappy, and disparities in treatment, some systematic, arise (Brach & Fraserirector, 2004). In all but the simplest cases, providers also communicate with each other about the care of patients. These patient-centered communications (PCCs) occur through the hidden network of relationships linking providers with each other and with patients. These PCCs are largely ephemeral, occurring in encounter rooms and via phone calls, pagers, hallway chat, and increasingly, tasking within EHRs. Research has begun to indicate that this mesh of PCCs can have substantial effects on outcomes (Kahn and Angus, 2011). When these PCCs fail, negative outcomes occur, but we know little of what “good” PCCs look like, or how to encourage or train them. Virtually no PCC data is captured in EHRs or elsewhere. All this points to a fertile but undiscovered country for human factors. This panel brings together four leading researchers with different perspectives on this domain: how clinical communication has evolved with the practice of medicine and communication technology; what we know about and can learn from failures of clinical communications; how leading edge training technology can help clinicians acquire adaptive communication expertise; and how broader issues of teamwork and organization affect and are affected by communication needs.
Handoff Communication: Implications For Design
Authors: Pennathur Priyadarshini R. , Bass Ellen J. , Rayo Michael F. , Perry Shawna J. , Rosen Michael , Gurses Ayse P.
Published: October 2012

Handoff communication is one of the most typical clinical communication mechanisms in a healthcare setting to transfer information and responsibilities of the care provider. Handoff communication is varied across settings, provider type, and even within a clinical unit. Information technology has the capability to support handoff communication, with better understanding of handoff communication needs and variations. This panel examines (1) how handoff communication happens in the healthcare setting through mini-cases (2) insights on information technology design for handoff communication.
Using Incident Reports to Identify Vulnerabilities: A Case Study in Radiation Therapy
Authors: Lopez Christen , Militello Laura G. , Brown William S. , Wreathall John , Marble Julie , Cooper Susan E.
Published: October 2012

As mandatory reporting of health care incidents becomes more prevalent, the need for effective strategies for analyzing historical reports to identify vulnerabilities is increasingly important. For this project, the research team reviewed existing event narratives collected by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) that described errors with the use of nuclear byproducts in four medical treatment modalities: gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery, high dose rate brachytherapy, low dose rate brachytherapy, and interstitial brachytherapy. This analysis had three levels: identification of possible system vulnerabilities based on historical data, analysis of event data for trends over time and for each treatment modality, and comparison of the suggested corrective actions with the implemented corrective actions for each event. The research team identified types of errors that were more prevalent with each treatment modality, along with discrepancies between suggested corrective actions and the implemented corrective actions. This project is a case study illustrating strategies for extracting valuable information from incident-reporting databases.
Understanding Use Errors for Medical Devices: Analysis of the MAUDE Database
Authors: Barg-Walkow Laura H. , Walsh Daniel R. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2012

Use error is a type of error in a system wherein a user’s actions—or lack of actions— result in a different outcome than intended, possibly resulting in an adverse event. Use error in medicine is especially important, as adverse events can result in life-critical situations. Studies investigating use error have been conducted using databases of medical adverse events (e.g., the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database of adverse events related to device usage). However, these studies are limited by being specific to a context of use (e.g., drug delivery pumps in anesthesia). Therefore, this study investigated use error for medical devices across all contexts of use through a systematic search of the MAUDE database. We found that use error 1) is reported across many sub-fields and contexts of medicine; 2) is associated with many steps in the device usage process; 3) occurs during device operation by both lay users and health professionals; 4) has varying underlying causes; 5) cooccurs in adverse events; and 6) results in a wide array of outcomes, including death. This analysis provides valuable insights into characteristics and context of use errors that can guide design to minimize such errors.
A Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis on the Safety of Secondary Infusions
Authors: Yue Rossini Ying Kwan , Trbovich Patricia , Easty Tony
Published: October 2012

Secondary infusions are a common and convenient method to administer intermittent infusion unattended through a single IV access using infusion pump technology. Previous studies have indicated that clinicians have a high frequency of committing operation errors while administering secondary infusions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of secondary infusion practice by identifying and analyzing potential failure modes when delivering secondary infusions on five different smart infusion pumps. Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (HFMEA) was used to investigate the potential outcomes of each identified failure mode, while prioritizing failure modes that are considered high risk for each pump. General categories of failure modes are described and mitigation strategies for some of the failure modes are discussed.
Strategies for Coping with Fatigue: A Pilot Study of Medical and Surgical Residents
Authors: Steege Linsey M. , Boren Suzanne A. , Wakefield Douglas S. , Reid-Arndt Stephanie , Barnes Stephen L.
Published: October 2012

Concern about the potential of medical and surgical residents making errors when fatigued has led to a reduction in resident duty hours. However, this reduction in duty hours, coupled with a lack of, or inadequate training in dealing with fatigue, may result in decreased opportunities for residents to learn how to provide safe care when fatigued. We conducted structured interviews with 18 senior residents completing their residency programs to investigate existing fatigue training programs and their experiences in coping with fatigue as physicians. Most reported receiving some lectures on fatigue, and use of one or more strategies to cope with fatigue while providing patient care. Respondents reported moderate to high concern about their ability to provide safe patient care when fatigued once residency training was completed. Further research is needed related to fatigue awareness and training.
Human Factors in the Wild: dilemmas and solutions from human factors engineers working in healthcare
Authors: Fairbanks Rollin J (Terry) , Xiao Yan , Wolf Laurie , Doyle Peter , St-Cyr Olivier , Kumagai Jason
Published: October 2012

The session will focus on the solution side of human factors contribution into real world problems in healthcare. Five practitioners who work within systems will present real world challenges which were discovered by HF methods, or which have heavy HF implications, but wheredirect HF influence on design lead to the ultimate effective solution. The session will be designed to lead to a discussion about how HF professionals can highlight the success of their science. Five practitioners, each with extensive experience working from within a healthcare organization, will present real world challenges which were discovered by HF methods, or which have heavy HF implications, but where direct HF influence on design lead to the ultimate effective solution. Thesession will be designed to lead to a discussion about how HF professionals can focus their impact, and how they can highlight the success of their science.
Reading Engagement Offsets Declines in Processing Capacity for Health Literacy
Authors: Yamani Yusuke , Chin Jessie , Meyers Elise A.G. , Gao Xuefei , Morrow Daniel G. , Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L. , Conner-Garcia Thembi , Graumlich James F. , Murray Michael D.
Published: October 2012

Understanding patient skills, abilities, and other resources related to health literacy is crucial for improvement of self-care knowledge and behaviors. The current study explored links between cognitive abilities, knowledge, and reading engagement within the framework of process-knowledge model of health literacy (e.g., Chin et al., 2011) as measured using the S-TOFHLA (Baker et al., 1999). The data suggest that more reading engagement compensates limits of processing capacity for better health-related literacy. The results imply that patient education about the benefits of engagement in reading activities may potentially improve health literacy and comprehension of self-care information among older adults with lower processing capacity.
Auto-Personalization: Theory, Practice and Cross-Platform Implementation
Authors: Vanderheiden Gregg C. , Treviranus Jutta , Usero Jose A. Martinez , Bekiaris Evangelos , Gemou Maria , Chourasia Amrish O.
Published: October 2012

In an increasing digital society, access to information and communication technologies (ICT) is no longer just helpful but has become a necessity. However, the human interfaces appearing on these ICT (and increasingly, even common household products) are beyond of the abilities of many people with disability, digital literacy, or aging related limitations. Access to these ICT is essential to these individuals yet it is not possible to create an interface that is usable by all. This paper introduces a new approach to auto-personalization that is based on the development of the Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII). The GPII is a new international collaborative effort between users, developers and industry to build a sustainable infrastructure to make access to all digital technologies technically and economically possible, including access by users who are unable to use or understand today’s technologies. Based on a one-size-fits-one approach, the GPII uses auto-adapting mainstream interfaces, and ubiquitous access to assistive technologies when mainstream interfaces cannot adapt enough, to provide each user with the interface they need. The GPII has three main components: a mechanism to allow individuals to easily discover which interface variations they need and then store it in a secure way on a token or in the cloud; a mechanism to allow them to use these stored needs and preferences to automatically adapt the interfaces on the digital technologies they encounter, anywhere and anytime; and a resource for developers (mainstream and assistive technology) providing the information and tools required to develop, disseminate, and support new access solutions more simply, more quickly, and at lower cost.
Ease of Use of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) by Older Adults
Authors: Percival Nicole B. , Pearson Aimée , Jones Jessica , Wilkins Matthew , Caird Jeff K.
Published: October 2012

This study evaluated two automated external defibrillators (AEDs) to determine the extent to which different AED designs affect the performance of older adults over the age of 65 years. Forty-two untrained laypersons (20 young adults, M = 27 years old and 22 older adults, M = 71 years old) were randomly assigned to use training versions of either the Medtronic LifePak CR Plus or the Zoll AED Plus during a simulated cardiac arrest using an iStan patient simulator. A number of aspects of AED designs were difficult for the two age groups. Fifty percent of older users and 55% of younger users were able to use the AEDs to deliver a shock to the patient. For those who were able to complete the appropriate tasks steps, younger adults ( M = 109.90, SD = 23.30) delivered the initial shock faster than older adults ( M = 141.46, SD = 50.62). Task completion rates differed by age group and AED type. The most problematic steps across age groups included opening and activating the AED, removing the liner and placing the pads on the patient simulator. This paper will also discuss the implications of the AED evaluations and redesign recommendations.
Learning about Healthcare: Preparing Human Factors Professionals for a Career in Healthcare
Authors: Probst C. Adam , Russ Alissa L. , Carayon Pascale , Wolf Laurie , Parker Sarah H. , Dierks Meghan M. , Xiao Yan
Published: October 2012

Formally trained human factors professionals are in increasing demand from medical device companies, health care systems, and electronic health record (EHR) vendors to ensure successful device design, EHR deployment, and overall usability and quality improvement initiatives. Most members of this panel have extensive experience working in the healthcare domain, while one is starting a career in healthcare. The panelists will exchange their views on the challenges and rewards of learning about healthcare in order to be effective in making contributions to health care. Specific initiatives human factors professionals can take to learn about healthcare will be introduced and discussed. Human factors professionals and students should expect steep a learning curve, as well as strong support from clinicians and other health care workers, which will be discussed.
Does the Shoe Fit? Applying Lessons Learned in Aviation to Healthcare
Authors: Kramer Heidi S. , Drews Frank A.
Published: October 2012

Aviation’s successful use of Decision Support Systems (DSS) has not been replicated in the healthcare subset of DSS referenced as Clinical Decision Support (CDS). Here the domains of healthcare and aviation are compared and contrasted providing an overview of the adaptation of lessons learned in aviation to healthcare. We propose there are differences in characteristics inherent to the contexts of aviation and healthcare that affect the data necessary for efficient, effective CDS systems. Specifically, ten context characteristics are discussed that jointly and separately affect the availability, quantity, quality and temporal relevance of the data. By providing remedies for overcoming deficiencies and supporting accurate representation of the data perhaps then CDS systems will meet their potential for improved adoption, user satisfaction and patient outcomes.
Simulation-Based Training across the Medical Education Continuum
Authors: Gregory Megan E. , Benishek Lauren E. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Feldman Moshe , Rosen Michael A. , Perry Shawna J.
Published: October 2012

Simulation-based training (SBT) is commonly integrated into medical education. This panel examines current uses of SBT in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education and addresses the advantages and different considerations for each. Furthermore, we consider how SBT within the different levels of medical education can inform practices across levels.
Workload Assessment in Human Performance Models Using the Secondary-Task Technique
Authors: Wang Wenbi
Published: October 2012

The reductionist’s approach to human performance modeling provides a framework for developing modular human performance models that can be aggregated to represent more complex human behavior. A simulation experiment was conducted to explore the use of this approach to mimic the secondary-task technique in a computerized model for task workload assessment. Two task network models were independently created to represent an Air Traffic Control (ATC) and a visual Bakan task respectively. The two models were then connected in parallel to represent operator behavior and assess dual task performance. The Bakan task was assigned as a secondary task and performed concurrently with the primary ATC task. The model generated performance predictions for two tasks under both single and dual task conditions. The results produced patterns of performance that could be explained by the secondary-task technique. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using the secondary-task technique for assessing task workload in human performance models.
Modeling Algorithms for Predicting the Effects of Human Performance in the Presence of Environmental Stressors
Authors: Paulsen Marianne , Alicia Thomas J. , Shrader David M.
Published: October 2012

For military systems, environmental stressors (e.g. motion, temperature, noise) must be considered during decision making related to manpower requirements, workload determination, design tradeoffs, and mission effectiveness/sustainability early into and throughout the system acquisition process. Current human performance modeling techniques may have limited predictive utility and have not been fully validated against operational human in the loop (HIL) data. As a result, they may lack sufficient fidelity to support systems engineering needs to predict the individual and interactive effects that environmental stressors may have on human performance. The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach for developing performance shaping function (PSF) algorithms for environmental stressors that can be integrated into human performance modeling tools. These high fidelity plug-in algorithms are anticipated to provide an enhanced level of predictive validity when compared to current discrete event modeling tools. The algorithms will address environmentally induced limitations that are levied on human performance and enhance decision making in defense acquisition system design and cost versus performance tradeoffs.
The Multimodal Evaluation Module: Design and Validation of a Model-Based Tool to Predict Pilot Noticing of Multimodal Information on the Flight Deck
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Wickens Christopher , Sarter Nadine , Koenecke Corey
Published: October 2012

Flight decks present a great deal of information to pilots, much of it through the visual modality. As new automation and displays are included on the flight deck, including information such as spacing from a lead aircraft, wake vortex displays, and datalink, a text-based messaging system for communication with air traffic control, there is a real concern that these displays can over-burden a pilot’s already-challenged visual system. Auditory, tactile, or redundant modality displays are potential alternatives to yet another visual display. As design concepts are being developed for these new flight deck systems, it is necessary to identify their predicted effects on pilot performance. This paper describes the development and validation of a model-based tool to assist flight deck automation designers and human performance specialists in selecting information presentation modalities that best support pilot performance.
Modeling Human Visual Processing Within and Beyond the Oculomotor Range Using ACT-R Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Oh Hyungseok , Myung Rohae
Published: October 2012

The Active Control of Thought–Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture model has limitations in the broad visual world because both head movements and eye movements are generated beyond the oculomotor range. Thus, this paper describes the model of visual processing in the broad visual world by considering gaze shifts during orienting the movements to targets within and beyond the oculomotor range, which was developed using both the revised Eye Movements and Movement Attention (EMMA) module and the head module. The model in this study can predict the latency of human visual processing and describe the following two human behaviors. First, gaze shift has been mainly affected by eye movement when the target is in the oculomotor range. Second, gaze shift has been mainly affected by head movement when the target is outside of the oculomotor range. Consequently, in the domain of the broad visual world, the model in this study is able to predict human visual processing more accurately than the existing visual processing models such as the EMMA model.
Automated CPM-GOMS Modeling from Human Data
Authors: Patton Evan W. , Gra Wayne D. , John Bonnie E.
Published: October 2012

We present the Log Analyzer for generating CPM-GOMS models from human performance data. Built on top of the SANLab tool for stochastic CPM-GOMS modeling (Patton & Gray, 2010), the Log Analyzer uses event-driven parsing to map experimental log ﬁles into SANLab interactive routines used to generate CPM-GOMS activity networks. Identical models within and across participants are averaged to obtain estimates of performance times and variability, which are then used to drive stochastic simulations. In this report, we apply our tool to human data collected during a simple eyetracking calibration task and compare the resulting models to existing models in the literature. The generated models show good predictive performance and raise questions about di erent strategies not captured in the literature.
QN-ACTR Modeling of Multitask Performance of Dynamic and Complex Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Cao Shi , Liu Yili
Published: October 2012

This paper reports the latest development of QN-ACTR, which integrates two complementary cognitive architectures, Queueing Network and Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational. The integrated architecture can model multitask performance in dynamic and complex cognitive task situations that each architecture alone has difficulties to model. It also allows the examination of several important modeling issues in ACTR from the QN perspective. Benefits from the integration are illustrated in model simulation of a transcription typing and reading comprehension dual-task. Future steps of the integration are discussed.
A Conceptual Framework for Emotional Response of Product with ACT-R Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Park Sungjin , Myung Rohae
Published: October 2012

This article proposes a conceptual framework that describes emotional decision making of a product considering the existing structure of Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R). The main proposition of this framework is to explore how emotions are evoked by a product and how emotional words and purchase intention are activated. The process starts when a customer perceives the design features of a product. After the perception of design features, associated emotions are implicitly determined by the appraisal elements such as the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance (PAD). To describe this implicit appraisal process, an appraisal module which generates PAD values of the current emotional states is required to be added to ACT-R. The above two stages are replicated until all design features which a consumer is interested in are evaluated and the average PAD values are turned over to the next stage. Subsequently, the emotional word which has the highest activation value based on similarity with PAD values is retrieved from a declarative memory. Finally, as a comprehensive result of the emotions evoked by all design features, purchase intention is activated in a goal module.
Improvement of a Social Gaming Checkout User Interface
Authors: Edwards Rochelle
Published: October 2012

Social games are utilizing virtual currency to increase the gaming experience as well as their bottom line. Users must progress through a checkout user interface in order to obtain this virtual currency, and the onus is placed on the development team, including the user researcher, to optimize this interface. Playfish recently performed testing on a new version of its checkout interface in one of its social games, Pet Society. It explored the usability and security of the interface, as well as the degree to which the interface integrated with Facebook’s checkout interface. While current spenders rated security quite low due to past personal and second-hand experiences, non-spenders’ ratings were not yet sullied by a negative checkout experience. Therefore, improvement to the interface, particularly in the security domain, has the ability to increase new users’ perceptions when purchasing virtual currency, which may increase the number of microtransactions moving forward.
The role of topic familiarity in online credibility evaluation support
Authors: Lucassen Teun , Schraagen Jan Maarten
Published: October 2012

Evaluating the credibility of information is a difficult yet essential task in a society where the Internet plays a large role. Familiarity with the topic at hand has been shown to have a large influence on the way credibility is evaluated; ‘familiar users’ tend to focus on semantic features, ‘unfamiliar users’ focus more on surface features. In this study, we attempt to find out whether these differences have consequences for the development of credibility evaluation support systems. Two simulated support systems were evaluated, one utilizing semantic features (aiming at familiar users), the other utilizing surface features (aiming at unfamiliar users). The results suggest that unfamiliar users have a preference for a surface support system. Familiar users have no clear preference, have less trust in the support, and report to be influenced less by a support system. We recommend to focus on unfamiliar users when developing credibility evaluation support.