bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane bioreactor for mall wastewater treatment
Authors: Butzen Everton Luis , Santos Gabriel Capellari , Fortuna Sandrini Slongo , Brião Vandré Barbosa
Published: March 2020

Malls concentrate a large number of people in a relatively small area, and thus generate concentrated urban wastewater. This study evaluated the performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an alternative for the treatment of mall wastewater. Wastewater samples without any previous treatment were collected from a medium-size mall and showed a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) near 2,000 mg L-1. The MBR operated with a constant pressure of 40 kPa during 60 days with a sludge age of 30 days.  Concentration of biomass was 3,738±930 mg L-1 and average permeate flux was 7.0 L h-1 m-2. The MBR was able to remove 91.2% and 97.2% of color and turbidity, respectively. Furthermore, COD removal was approximately 90% and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 88%. In addition, the MBR produced a phosphorus removal near 50%, and for nitrogen, 80%. The MBR system proved to be an efficient process for the removal of the pollutants, remaining stable even with the oscillation of the characteristics of the raw sewage, presenting great potential for application in the treatment of sewage from malls and effluents with high organic loads.
Существование равновесных стратегий в нечетких стохастических
играх с конечными множествами состояний и действий
Authors: Shvedov Alexei Sergeevich
Published: March 2020

Рассматриваются некооперативные дисконтированные стохастические
игры с $n$ участниками; при этом выигрыши на каждом шаге
представляются трапецеидальными нечеткими числами. Доказывается
существование стационарных равновесных по Нэшу стратегий.
Библиография: 16 названий.
Infância e etnografia: dialogia entre alteridades e similitudes
Authors: Ferreira Manuela , Lima Patricia de Moraes
Published: March 2020

Observa-se que nas últimas décadas, as pesquisas com crianças ganharam lugar de destaque no campo dos Estudos da Infância, chamando atenção para metodologias que se ancoram na premente necessidade de garantia, proteção e defesa dos seus direitos. À luz desse cenário, e dos desafios colocados pela pesquisa etnográfica com crianças, argumenta-se que as crianças habitam o mundo e produzem alteridades que interpelam pensar sobre esse horizonte demarcador de sua geração e linguagem. Considerando os contributos da etnografia, entendemos que uma maior aproximação epistemológica e metodológica à infância i) reconhece a alteridade mas não a dissocia das similitudes e das diferenças mutuamente partilhadas e, simultaneamente ii) apoia-se na reflexividade crítica para ultrapassar o uso habitualmente dicotômico daqueles conceitos a fim de melhor compreender as culturas produzidas pelas crianças na relação dialógica com adultos e outras crianças. É neste alinhamento que situamos a etnografia como uma metodologia particularmente útil, sublinhando os seus contributos para sustentar empiricamente os fundamentos da concessão das crianças como atores sociais e como cidadãs.
As pesquisas sobre o ensino médio na EJA: uma análise de artigos da plataforma de periódicos da CAPES
Authors: Ventura Jaqueline Pereira , Cruz Thays Espindola , Marques Catharinna Ferreira da Costa
Published: March 2020

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo bibliográfico a partir do levantamento, da sistematização e da análise da produção acadêmica sobre a Educação de Jovens e Adultos no Ensino Médio (EJA/EM). A proposta é refletir sobre as temáticas recorrentes, bem como sobre as principais questões e referências teóricas acerca do Ensino Médio na modalidade EJA mediante uma abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Tal levantamento foi realizado entre os artigos disponíveis no Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Foram selecionados 43 artigos, organizados em 3 eixos temáticos: 1) Ensino Médio na modalidade EJA; 2) Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação Básica na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (Proeja); 3) EJA/EM como locus da pesquisa. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam que essa etapa da EJA ainda não se configura como objeto principal de pesquisa, mas é frequentemente citada apenas como locus da investigação ou compreendida a partir do Proeja.
Pyruvic acid in the boreal forest: gas-phase mixing ratios and impact on radical chemistry
Authors: Eger Philipp G. , Schuladen Jan , Sobanski Nicolas , Fischer Horst , Karu Einar , Williams Jonathan , Riva Matthieu , Zha Qiaozhi , Ehn Mikael , Quéléver Lauriane L. J. , Schallhart Simon , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Pyruvic acid (CH3C(O)C(O)OH, 2-oxopropanoic acid) is an organic acid of
biogenic origin that plays a crucial role in plant metabolism, is present in
tropospheric air in both gas-phase and aerosol-phase, and is implicated in
the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Up to now, only a few
field studies have reported mixing ratios of gas-phase pyruvic acid, and its
tropospheric sources and sinks are poorly constrained. We present the first
measurements of gas-phase pyruvic acid in the boreal forest as part of the
IBAIRN (Influence of Biosphere–Atmosphere Interactions on the
Reactive Nitrogen budget) field campaign in Hyytiälä, Finland, in
September 2016. The mean pyruvic acid mixing ratio during IBAIRN was 96 pptv, with a maximum value of 327 pptv. From our measurements we estimated
the overall pyruvic acid source strength and quantified the contributions of
isoprene oxidation and direct emissions from vegetation in this
monoterpene-dominated forested environment. Further, we discuss the
relevance of gas-phase pyruvic acid for atmospheric chemistry by
investigating the impact of its photolysis on acetaldehyde and peroxy
radical production rates. Our results show that, based on our present
understanding of its photochemistry, pyruvic acid is an important source of
acetaldehyde in the boreal environment, exceeding ethane and propane oxidation
by factors of ∼10 and ∼20.
Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites: sensitivity of antenna offset estimation to orbit and observation modelling
Authors: Peter Heike , Fernández Jaime , Féménias Pierre
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites require a high orbit accuracy of 5 cm in 3D in comparison to external processing facilities. The official orbit products delivered by the Copernicus POD (Precise Orbit Determination) Service fulfil this requirement. Nevertheless, analyses have shown discrepancies in the orbit results for the two satellites Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B. Since the satellites are identical in construction estimated orbit parameters like the scale factor for the radiation pressure are expected to be at the same magnitude, which is not the case.
Estimation of GPS antenna offsets leads to differences between the two satellites, which might explain the discrepancies in the estimated orbit parameters. Such offset estimations are, however, very sensitive to orbit and observation modelling. It has to be assured that the results are not biased by insufficient models. First of all, stabilisation of the antenna offset estimation is achieved by improving the observation modelling by applying single receiver ambiguity resolution.
The Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites have a very complex shape with the long SAR antenna and the two large solar arrays. Antenna offset estimation based on different satellite models may give results which differ by up to 1.5 cm. The dispersion of the estimates is quite large depending also on eclipse and non-eclipse periods. Consideration of simple assumptions on satellite self-shadowing effects improves the satellite model and also the results of the antenna offset estimation. Finally, more consistent results for the two Sentinel-1 satellites are achieved by applying the antenna offset estimates.
Quantifying impacts of the 2018 drought on European ecosystems in comparison to 2003
Authors: Buras Allan , Rammig Anja , Zang Christian S.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. In recent decades, an increasing persistence of
atmospheric circulation patterns has been observed. In the course of the
associated long-lasting anticyclonic summer circulations, heatwaves and
drought spells often coincide, leading to so-called hotter droughts.
Previous hotter droughts caused a decrease in agricultural yields and
an increase in tree mortality. Thus, they had a remarkable effect on carbon
budgets and negative economic impacts. Consequently, a quantification of
ecosystem responses to hotter droughts and a better understanding of the
underlying mechanisms are crucial. In this context, the European
hotter drought of the year 2018 may be considered a key event. As a first step
towards the quantification of its causes and consequences, we here assess
anomalies of atmospheric circulation patterns, maximum temperature, and
climatic water balance as potential drivers of ecosystem responses which are
quantified by remote sensing using the MODIS vegetation indices (VIs)
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index
(EVI). To place the drought of 2018 within a climatological context, we
compare its climatic features and remotely sensed ecosystem response with
the extreme hot drought of 2003. The year 2018 was characterized by a climatic
dipole, featuring extremely hot and dry weather conditions north of the Alps
but comparably cool and moist conditions across large parts of the
Mediterranean. Analysing the ecosystem response of five dominant land cover
classes, we found significant positive effects of climatic water balance on
ecosystem VI response. Negative drought impacts appeared to affect an area 1.5
times larger and to be significantly stronger in July 2018 compared to
August 2003, i.e. at the respective peak of drought. Moreover, we found a
significantly higher sensitivity of pastures and arable land to climatic
water balance compared to forests in both years. We explain the stronger coupling and
higher sensitivity of ecosystem response in 2018 by the
prevailing climatic dipole: while the generally water-limited ecosystems of
the Mediterranean experienced above-average climatic water balance, the less
drought-adapted ecosystems of central and northern Europe experienced a
record hot drought. In conclusion, this study quantifies the drought of 2018
as a yet unprecedented event, outlines hotspots of drought-impacted areas in
2018 which should be given particular attention in follow-up studies, and
provides valuable insights into the heterogeneous responses of the dominant
European ecosystems to hotter drought.
Downsizing parameter ensembles for simulations of extreme floods
Authors: Sikorska-Senoner Anna E. , Schaefli Bettina , Seibert Jan
Published: March 2020

Abstract. For extreme flood estimation, simulation-based approaches represent an interesting alternative to purely statistical approaches, particularly if hydrograph shapes are required. Such simulation-based methods are adapted within continuous simulation frameworks that rely on statistical analyses of continuous streamflow time series derived from a hydrologic model fed with long precipitation time series. These frameworks are, however, affected by high computational demands, particularly if floods with return periods > 1000 years are of interest or if modelling uncertainty due to different sources (meteorological input or hydrologic model) is to be quantified. Here, we propose three methods for reducing the computational requirements for the hydrological simulations for extreme flood estimation, so that long streamflow time series can be analysed at a reduced computational cost. These methods rely on simulation of annual maxima and on analyzing their simulated range to downsize the hydrological parameter ensemble to a small number suitable for continuous simulation frameworks. The methods are tested in a Swiss catchment with 10 000 years of synthetic streamflow data simulated with a weather generator. Our results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed downsizing methods for robust simulations of extreme floods with uncertainty. The methods are readily transferable to other situations where ensemble simulations are needed.
Change-point detection in wind turbine SCADA data for robust condition monitoring with normal behaviour models
Authors: Letzgus Simon
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Analysis of data from wind turbine supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems has attracted considerable research interest in recent years. The data is predominantly used to gain insights into turbine condition without the need for additional sensing equipment. Most successful approaches apply semi-supervised anomaly detection methods, also called normal behaivour models, that use clean training data sets to establish healthy component baseline models. However, one of the major challenges when working with wind turbine SCADA data in practice is the presence of systematic changes in signal behaviour induced by malfunctions or maintenance actions. Even though this problem is well described in literature it has not been systematically addressed so far. This contribution is the first to comprehensively analyse the presence of change-points in wind turbine SCADA signals and introduce an algorithm for their automated detection. 600 signals from 33 turbines are analysed over an operational period of more than two years. During this time one third of the signals are affected by change-points. Kernel change-point detection methods have shown promising results in similar settings but their performance strongly depends on the choice of several hyperparameters. This contribution presents a comprehensive comparison between different kernels as well as kernel-bandwidth and regularisation-penalty selection heuristics. Moreover, an appropriate data pre-processing procedure is introduced. The results show that the combination of Laplace kernels with a newly introduced bandwidth and penalty selection heuristic robustly outperforms existing methods. In a signal validation setting more than 90 % of the signals were classified correctly regarding the presence or absence of change-points, resulting in a F1-score of 0.86. For a change-point-free sequence selection the most severe 60 % of all CPs could be automatically removed with a precision of more than 0.96 and therefore without a significant loss of training data. These results indicate that the algorithm can be a meaningful step towards automated SCADA data pre-processing which is key for data driven methods to reach their full potential. The algorithm is open source and its implementation in Python publicly available.
Spatial Distribution of Weed Seed Banks in the Agricultural Field and Anthropized Cerrado
Authors: Lopes Klayton Antonio do Lago , Silva Marcelo De Sousa , Costa Leandro Dos Santos , Silva Taciella Fernandes , Costa Tiago Vieira da , Almeida Edmilson Igor Bernardo , Oliveira Ismênia Ribeiro de , Freitas José Roberto Brito , Sousa Washington Da Silva , Oliveira Leonardo Bernardes Taverny de
Published: March 2020

Characterization of the seeds bank is an essential tool for decision making on weed control and management practices and the study and maintenance of the ecological dynamics of natural areas. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of the seeds bank in an experimental agricultural field and an anthropized cerrado area, using the ordinary kriging geostatistical technique. Sampling was carried out on 10x10 regular grids in two different environments. Area 01 consisted of an experimental agricultural field of annual crops (soy and corn); area 02 represented the anthropized cerrado. The sample grids consisted of 25 points collected at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m. The soil samples were placed in 6.38 dm3 and 0.05 m² plastic containers. Spatial distribution maps of the species found have been drawn up, grouped in dicotyledonous, monocotyledonous, and total density, in addition, the density of three weeds most found in each area. The weed seed bank present strong spatial variability to 01 and 02, which indicates behavior in spots or in patches for both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, especially Mollugo verticillata L. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. in the experimental field, and for Richardia scabra L. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. in the anthropized cerrado. The ordinary kriging technique made it possible to map the weed seed bank and, therefore, it may work as an efficient tool in controlling weeds in agricultural fields, especially in its pre-emergence phase. Furthermore, it can assist in the recovery of native anthropized vegetation.
An Efficient Two-Level Dictionary-Based Technique for Segmentation and Compression Compound Images
Authors: Taha El-Omari Nidhal Kamel
Published: March 2020

Image data compression algorithms are essential for getting storage space reduction and, perhaps more importantly, to increase their transfer rates, in terms of space-time complexity. Considering that there isn't any encoder that gives good results across all image types and contents, this paper proposed an evolvable lossless statistical block-based technique for segmentation and compression compound or mixed documents that have different content types, such as pictures, graphics, and/or texts.

Derived from the number of detected colors and to achieve better compression ratios, a new well-defined representation of the image is created which nonetheless retains the same image components. With the effort of reducing noise or other variations inside the scanned image, some primary operations are implemented. Thereafter, the proposed algorithm breaks down the compound document image into equal-size-square blocks. Next, inspired by the number of colors detected in each block, these blocks are categorized into a set of six-image objects, called classes, where each one contains a set of closely interrelated pixels that share the same common relevant attributes like color gamut and number, color occurrence, grey level, and others. After that, a new representation of these coherent classes is formed using the Lookup Dictionary Table (LUD), which is the real essence of this proposed algorithm. In order to form distinguishable labeled regions sharing the same attributes, adjacent blocks of similar color features are consolidated together into a single coherent whole entity, called segments or regions. After each region is encoded by one of the most off-the-shelf applicable compression techniques, these regions are eventually fused together into a single data file which then subjects to another compression stage to ensure better compression ratios. After the proposed algorithm has been applied and tested on a database containing 3151 24-bit-RGB-bitmap document images, the empirically-based results prove that the overall algorithm is efficient in the long run and has superior storage space reduction when compared with other existing algorithms. As for the empirical findings, the proposed algorithm has achieved (71.039 %) relative reduction in the data storage space.
Adaptive GMRES(m) for the Electromagnetic Scattering Problem
Authors: Espínola Gustavo , Cabral Juan C. , Schaerer Christian
Published: March 2020

In this article, an adaptive version of the restarted GMRES (GMRES(m)) is introduced for the resolution of the ﬁnite difference approximation of the Helmholtz equation. It has been observed that the choice of the restart parameter m strongly affects the convergence of standard GMRES(m). To overcome this problem, the GMRES(m) is formulated as a control problem in order to adaptively combine two strategies: a) the appropriate variation of the restarted parameter m, if a stagnation in the convergence is detected; and b) the augmentation of the search subspace using vectors obtained at previous cycles. The proposal is compared with similar iterative methods of the literature based on standard GMRES(m) with ﬁxed parameters. Numerical results for selected matrices suggest that the switching adaptive proposal method could overcome the stagnation observed in standard methods, and even improve the performance in terms of computational time and memory requirements.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CELLS BY MEANS OF AN ELASTIC METRIC IN THE SHAPE SPACE
Authors: Epifanio Irene , Gual-Arnau Ximo , Herold-Garcia Silena
Published: March 2020

Shape analysis is of great importance in many fields, such as computer vision, medical imaging, and computational biology. This analysis can be performed considering shapes as closed planar curves in the shape space. This approach has been used for the first time to obtain the morphological classification of erythrocytes in digital images of sickle cell disease considering the shape space S1, which has the property of being isometric to an infinite-dimensional Grassmann manifold of two-dimensional subspaces (Younes et al., 2008), without taking advantage of all the features offered by the elastic metric related to the possibility of stretching and bending of the curves. In this paper, we study this deformation in the shape space, S2, which is based on the representation of closed planar curves by means of the square-root velocity function (SRVF) (Srivastava et al., 2011), using the elastic metric of this space to obtain more efficient geodesics and geodesic lengths between planar curves. Supervised classification with this approach achieved an accuracy of 94.3%, classification using templates achieved 94.2% and unsupervised clustering in three groups achieved 94.7%, considering three classes of erythrocytes: normal, sickle, and with other deformations. These results are better than those previously achieved in the morphological analysis of erythrocytes and the method can be used in different applications related to the treatment of sickle cell disease, even in cases where it is necessary to study the process of evolution of the deformation, something that can not be done in a natural way in the feature space.
Association of selected polymorphic sites in the IGF1R gene with body weight and conformation of Hereford cattle
Authors: Szewczuk Małgorzata Anna , Kulig Hanna
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selected polymorphic sites located in various fragments of the IGF1R gene and the growth and development of Hereford cattle. Variation in the gene was identified using the PCR-RFLP and ACRS-PCR methods. The herd showed no variation at the IGF1R/i4/Mph1103I site (monomorphism), but in the case of IGF1R/e7/TaiI polymorphism, one heterozygous individual was observed, while the others had the CC genotype. In the case of IGF1R/e21/TaqI and IGF1R/ i4/HinfI, significant differences were only noted for birth weight (P ≤ 0.01; (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, in individuals with the rare genotype (TT), the lumbar spine was higher, overall body weight was greater, and calving took place earlier.
Reconnaissance on Liquefaction-induced Flow Failure Caused by the 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Earthquake, Palu, Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Risqi Faris , Kiyota Takashi , Tada Naoto , Hayakawa Jun , Nawir Hasbullah
Published: March 2020

The Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Earthquake 2018 was a catastrophic disaster that resulted in large numbers of casualties. This study aimed to investigate the damages of liquefaction-induced-flow failure in three areas in Palu city, i.e. Petobo, Balaroa, and Jono Oge. It was found that this flow failure occurred on a large scale at a very gentle ground inclination, ranging from 1 to 3%. In order to gain an understanding of the soil conditions in these specific locations, Portable Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests were conducted in Petobo. The results showed that the soil layers in the affected area were in a loose state compared to the non-affected areas. Furthermore, some spots of freshwater inundation were recognized in Petobo and Balaroa, even two weeks after the disaster. Based on this evidence, a mechanism of liquefaction-induced-flow failure caused by a confined aquifer is proposed.
Identification of Micro-plastics (MPs) in Conventional Tap Water Sourced from Thailand
Authors: Kankanige Dinuka , Babel Sandhya
Published: March 2020

In a period when MP contamination of drinking water is a great concern, this study focused on the size- and morphology-based count, and polymeric identification of plastic particles in tap water sourced from Thailand. A total of 45 human consumable samples (each 1 L) were collected at Thammasat University. The average MP counts sorted by Nile Red tagging were 56.0±14.0 p/L (6.5-53 µm) and 21.0±7.0 p/L (53-300 µm), while those found by optical microscopic observations were 13.0±5.0 p/L (300-500 µm) and 6.0±3.0 p/L (â‰¥ 500 µm). A significantly high MP amount was observed in the 6.5-53 µm fraction. Fibers dominated in all samples, accounting for 58% of the particle count. Most â‰¥ 300 µm particles tested by ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy were confirmed to be polymeric, identified as PE, PVC, PET, PA, PTFE, PP, and PAM. These particles may have escaped from the treatment plant or were added along the water distribution network. Since MPs in drinking water constitute a potential health risk by exposing humans to direct plastics intake, MP contamination in water supply systems should be controlled.
Das neue BDSG und die StPO: zwei, die bislang noch nicht zusammengefunden haben
Authors: Schwichtenberg Simon
Published: March 2020

Im Mai 2018 waren alle Augen auf die DS-GVO gerichtet. Außer Blick geraten war hingegen die DSRL-JI, obwohl die Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union durch Art. 63 Abs. 1 DSRL-JI verpflichtet wurden, bereits bis zum 6. Mai 2018 die Richtlinie in nationales Recht umzusetzen. Die Umsetzung erfolgt jedoch bislang nur schleppend. Der Bundesgesetzgeber hat sich zwar zunächst entschlossen, die DSRL-JI durch die §§ 45 ff. BDSG in nationales Recht zu transformieren. Eine vollständige Anpassung der StPO an die Vorgaben des neuen BDSG ist hingegen im zweiten Schritt noch nicht erfolgt. Die bislang vorgenommenen Anpassungen beschränken sich im Wesentlichen auf redaktionelle Änderungen, so dass nunmehr eine Diskrepanz zwischen der StPO und dem BDSG sowie den europäischen Vorgaben aus der DSRL-JI besteht.
Gestaltungsmerkmale von Kennzahlen und ihr Einfluss auf Intrapreneurship
Authors: Bayrle Christoph
Published: March 2020

Motivate employees to act entrepreneurially and innovatively! But how? With the customised design of performance measures and aligned goals used to manage them.To maintain your competitiveness, you need continuous innovation. Novel products, services, processes or even novel business units are necessary to set yourself apart from the competition in the long term. Intrapreneurs—entrepreneurial employees—in companies can generate these innovations.

However, companies need appropriate organisational structures in order to manage intrapreneurs in a goal-oriented way and to benefit from their entrepreneurial potential. These include suitable performance measurement systems and performance measures, such as those described in this book.
Die beschädigte Sicherheit
Authors: Gorlow Viktor
Published: March 2020

Die Arbeit untersucht Sicherungsschäden und ihre Ersatzfähigkeit. Dazu gliedert sich die Arbeit in zwei Teile. Zunächst wird der Ausgleich von Sicherungsschäden mit den Mitteln der §§ 249 ff. BGB eruiert. Einerseits werden dabei Kriterien erarbeitet, anhand derer die Gleichartigkeit und Gleichwertigkeit zweier Kreditsicherheiten festgestellt werden kann. Andererseits wird aufgezeigt, dass sich Sicherungsschäden nur eingeschränkt in Geld entschädigen lassen. Schließlich wird ein Mechanismus entwickelt, der die Schadensabwicklung in Mehrpersonenkonstellationen koordiniert.

Der zweite Teil der Arbeit richtet den Fokus auf einzelne Sicherungsinstitute: namentlich die Grund- und Mobiliarpfandrechte, die Sicherungsübereignung, den Eigentumsvorbehalt und die jeweiligen Verlängerungsformen. Es erfolgt ein Transfer der Ergebnisse aus dem allgemeinen ersten Teil unter Anpassung an die jeweiligen Besonderheiten.
Schutzklauseln als Grenzpunkte internationaler Integration
Authors: Voelcker Franziska Marie
Published: March 2020

Welchen Wert hat ein Vertrag, wenn im Ausnahmefall eine Suspendierung vertraglicher Pflichten möglich bleibt? Dieser Frage nähert sich die Arbeit zunächst mit einer rechtsvergleichenden Analyse von Art. 4 IPbpR, Art. 15 EMRK und Art. XIX GATT. Sie nimmt dazu deren Entstehungsgeschichte, Inanspruchnahme- und Spruchpraxis in den Blick. Dabei entsteht die Ausgangsthese, dass Schutzklauseln den Vertragsbestand begünstigen und sogar eine Vertragsvertiefung bewirken. Dieser These geht die Arbeit sodann auf theoretischer Basis nach, indem sie fragt, inwiefern gerade die rechtliche Einbettung des Ausnahmefalls Vertragsbestand und Vertragsvertiefung begünstigt. Es entsteht die Hauptthese der Arbeit: Recht kann eine Integrationsfunktion zugeschrieben werden. So ergänzt die Arbeit das Forschungsfeld „Integration durch Recht“ durch eine rechtswissenschaftliche Perspektive.
Das Europäische Beihilferecht und die Förderung erneuerbarer Energien
Authors: Auer Magnus
Published: March 2020

Die Arbeit untersucht das spannungsträchtige Verhältnis zwischen dem Europäischen Beihilferecht und der Förderung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland. Vor dem Hintergrund des Urteils des Europäischen Gerichtshofs zum EEG 2012 (Rs. C-405/16 P) wird dabei die Reichweite des Beihilfebegriffs im Hinblick auf das deutsche Fördersystem für erneuerbare Energien dargestellt und kritisch gewürdigt. Außerdem wird die vielfach kritisierte beihilferechtliche Einflussnahme der EU-Kommission auf mitgliedstaatliche Sachpolitik analysiert. Im Zuge dieser Untersuchung wird nicht nur die sogenannte Leitlinienpolitik der Kommission genauer beleuchtet und u.a. vor dem Hintergrund der europäischen Wesentlichkeitsgrenze eingeordnet. Es wird überdies auch die grundsätzliche Konzeption des Europäischen Beihilferechts als Rechtsmaterie im Spannungsfeld zwischen negativer und positiver Integration herausgearbeitet.
Simulation-Based Comparative Analysis of Nonparametric Control Charts with Runs-Type Rules
Authors: S. Triantafyllou Ioannis
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, we study well-known distribution-free Shewhart-type monitoring schemes based on order statistics. In order to empower the in- and out-of-control performance of the control charts being under consideration, several runs-type rules are enhanced. The simulation-based experimentation carried out reveals that the proposed schemes achieve remarkable efficiency for detecting possible shifts in the distribution of the underlying process.
Acidosis and Anion Gap
Authors: Masudul Hassan Md.
Published: March 2020

The journey of exploring acid and base starts long before, but much advancement was seen in the last century. In 1890, Wilhelm Ostwald electronically measured hydrogen. Svante Arrhenius won the Noble prize in 1903 for the theory of ionization. In 1908, Henderson and Black showed that bicarbonate and phosphate equilibrate with CO2 at normal body temperature. In 1923, Bronsted first put forward the idea of acid that ionizes in solution and donate hydrogen and the base accepts the hydrogen from the solution. Handerson invented the important bicarbonate buffer system and Hasselbalch First measured the actual blood pH. In 1909, S. P. S. Sorensen developed the pH scale. Later Hasselbalch-Henderson developed an equation that helped in relating pH to the blood bicarbonate and PCO2. Acidosis has fatal consequences like CNS damage and death. Acidosis is rapidly stabilized by the body buffer systems. There are equal amounts of cations and anions in blood, but some of them are unmeasured. These unmeasured ions are mostly anions that produce an anion gap. Increased anion gap usually represents metabolic acidosis. Albumin and many other confounding factors influence the anion gap derangements. Accuracy in measuring anion gap is critically important for the evaluation of acidosis.
Psychological Sexual Health of People with Paraplegia
Authors: Federici Stefano , Artegiani Francesco , Diotallevi Daniele , Caruso Giovanna , Castellani Mencarelli Alessandra
Published: March 2020

People with paraplegia have to fight their own and societal attitudes and stereotypes that reduce sexuality to the physiological functions of genitalia. These psychological and social limitations arise from cultural and disability models that focus sexual pleasure on phallocentric primacy, and sexual attractiveness of perfect bodies. In this chapter, we evaluate the impacts of a psychoeducational intervention in a personal growth group on the sexual life of two groups of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their partners, throughout their sexual interest and satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. In the first study, nonparametric statistical tests were used to compare pre- and post-outcome measures for all participants. In the second study, the grounded theory was used to explore dialogs and activities that were audiotaped during the group meetings. The participants in both groups were patients and their partners. The psychoeducational intervention was clearly effective in increasing sexual interest and satisfaction as well as the motivation and ability to enjoy sexuality. Anxiety was minimized for all participants, although it may not have been associated with the psychoeducational intervention. In addition, the intervention significantly improved the partner and patient group’s opportunity and ability to enjoy sexuality.
Citizenship and the Right of Entry into the Public Sphere
Authors: Bernasconi Robert ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

The emergence of citizenship out of subjecthood at the end of the eighteenth century presented a series of problems for which the United States, among other countries, seems to have been unprepared: it was unclear who qualified for citizenship, what privileges it afforded, and what duties it demanded. Nevertheless, this uncertainty could be manipulated pragmatically to take advantage of any given situation without regard for consistency or future implications. By examining the obstacles placed on the path to citizenship of Native Americans, African Americans, women, and Chinese Americans, this article shows how the (non-)category of the non-citizen was weaponized. Indeed the mistreatment of non-citizens becomes the best indication of the value of citizenship.
Youth Philosophy Conferences and the Development of Adolescent Social Skills
Authors: Gatley Jane , Woodhouse Elliott , Forstenzer Joshua ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

In this paper we present an empirical case study into the effects of attending a philosophy conference on social skill development in 15- to 18-year-old students. We focus on the impact that the conference had on their communication skills, sociability, cooperation and teamwork skills, self-confidence, determination, social responsibility, and empathy. These are social skills previously studied in 2017 by Siddiqui et al. who found student development in these areas as a result of Philosophy for Children (P4C) sessions in primary schools. In this paper, we ask whether our conference—Pursuit of Knowledge—brought about comparable results. Overall, attendees reported that they felt that the conference had improved their communication skills, sociability, cooperation and teamwork, self-confidence, determination, social responsibility and empathy. We conclude that further research into the potential of models of philosophy akin to the model employed by the conference should be conducted. We discuss the potential of this model as a means of educating for social skills.
Using Models to Build Fraction Understanding
Authors: Monson Debra , Cramer Kathleen , Ahrendt Sue
Published: March 2020

We share the impact different models have on students' fraction thinking. We have come to understand, through several teaching experiments, how fraction circles, paper folding and number lines support students' learning about key fraction ideas including the role of the unit, partitioning, and fraction order.
Justification as an Equity Practice
Authors: Bieda Kristen N. , Staples Megan
Published: March 2020

This article highlights the role of students' engagement in mathematical justification in supporting classrooms that provide equitable access to mathematics and develop students' agency for doing mathematics.
The paradoxical thinking ‘sweet spot’: The role of recipients’ latitude of rejection in the effectiveness of paradoxical thinking messages targeting anti-refugee attitudes in Israel
Authors: Hameiri Boaz , Idan Orly , Nabet Eden , Bar-Tal Daniel , Halperin Eran
Published: March 2020

The current research examined whether for a message that is based on the paradoxical thinking principles—i.e., providing extreme, exaggerated, or even absurd views, that are congruent with the held views of the message recipients—to be effective, it needs to hit a ‘sweet spot’ and lead to a contrast effect. That is, it moderates the view of the message's recipients. In the framework of attitudes toward African refugees and asylum seekers in Israel by Israeli Jews, we found that compared to more moderate messages, an extreme, but not too extreme, message was effective in leading to unfreezing for high morally convicted recipients. The very extreme message similarly led to high levels of surprise and identity threat as the extreme message that was found to be effective. However, it was so extreme and absurd that it was rejected automatically. This was manifested in high levels of disagreement compared to all other messages, rendering it less effective compared to the extreme, paradoxical thinking, message. We discuss these findings’ practical and theoretical implications for the paradoxical thinking conceptual framework as an attitude change intervention, and for social judgment theory.
Ovos de Trichuris vulpis em amostras fecais de cães analisadas na região de Pelotas, RS, entre 2015 e 2018
Authors: Ferraz Alexsander , Dos Santos Pires Bruna , Tavares Barwaldt Eugênia , Machado dos Santos Eduarda , Joanol Dallmann Paola Renata , Angonesi de Castro Tanize , De Oliveira Nobre Márcia , Quintana Nizoli Leandro
Published: March 2020

Trichuris vulpis é um helminto que vive no intestino de cães, principalmente no ceco e no colon. Cães infectados por este parasito eventualmente podem apresentar diarreia, às vezes sanguinolenta, vômito e dor abdominal. Os ovos deste parasito podem permanecer viáveis no ambiente por vários anos, sendo fonte de infecção para seu hospedeiro definitivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar a frequência de T. vulpis em amostras fecais de cães, recebidas no Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (Ladopar) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. As amostras foram processadas pela técnica de Willis-Mollay (Willis, 1921), que utiliza o princípio da flutuação em solução hipersaturada para pesquisa de ovos leves de helmintos. Das 1356 amostras recebidas, 217 (16%) foram positivas para este gênero, sendo que o ano de 2016 foi o que apresentou maior frequência (20%).
Optimization of energy state transition trajectory supports the development of executive function during youth
Authors: Cui Zaixu , Stiso Jennifer , Baum Graham L , Kim Jason Z , Roalf David R , Betzel Richard F , Gu Shi , Lu Zhixin , Xia Cedric H , He Xiaosong , Ciric Rastko , Oathes Desmond J , Moore Tyler M , Shinohara Russell T , Ruparel Kosha , Davatzikos Christos , Pasqualetti Fabio , Gur Raquel E , Gur Ruben C , Bassett Danielle S , Satterthwaite Theodore D
Published: March 2020

Executive function develops during adolescence, yet it remains unknown how structural brain networks mature to facilitate activation of the fronto-parietal system, which is critical for executive function. In a sample of 946 human youths (ages 8-23y) who completed diffusion imaging, we capitalized upon recent advances in linear dynamical network control theory to calculate the energetic cost necessary to activate the fronto-parietal system through the control of multiple brain regions given existing structural network topology. We found that the energy required to activate the fronto-parietal system declined with development, and the pattern of regional energetic cost predicts unseen individuals’ brain maturity. Finally, energetic requirements of the cingulate cortex were negatively correlated with executive performance, and partially mediated the development of executive performance with age. Our results reveal a mechanism by which structural networks develop during adolescence to reduce the theoretical energetic costs of transitions to activation states necessary for executive function.
Spatial variation in breeding phenology at small spatial scales: A stochastic effect of population size
Authors: Takahashi Kae , Sato Takuya
Published: March 2020

Spatial variation in phenology can occur at small spatial scales over which individuals can disperse or forage within one generation. Previous studies have assumed that variations in phenological peaks are caused by differences in abiotic environmental characteristics. However, environments should generally be similar among local habitats over small spatial scales. When the local population size is small, the phenological peak of the local population should be strongly affected by the variation in timing expressed by individuals. If a regional population consists of small local subpopulations (e.g., a metapopulation), the stochastic processes regulated by population sizes may explain the spatial variation in phenology. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the extent of the spatial and annual variations in the breeding phenology of the forest green tree frog, Rhacophorus arboreus habiting a small area (<10 km2). The spatial variation in phenological peaks among 25 breeding sites was large over 6 years. This spatial variation was not explained by differences in air temperature or water depth. Randomization tests revealed that a large portion of the spatial variation could be explained by differences in population size, without considering site‐specific factors. Annual variations in phenological peaks tended to be greater for smaller populations. These results imply that the stochastic process might have caused the spatial and annual variations in the phenological peaks of R. arboreus observed in the study region. Understanding spatiotemporal variation in phenology determined by stochastic process would be important to better predict interspecific interactions and (meta)population dynamics at small spatial scales.
Using a Pedagogy of Narrative Disclosure to Uncover White Supremacy
Authors: Brookfield Stephen D.
Published: March 2020

This article focuses on the use of “narrative disclosure” as a pedagogical strategy whose goal is to respond critically to and challenge the ideology of White supremacy.
Marxist Feminist Pedagogies of Fascism and Anti‐Fascism
Authors: Mojab Shahrzad , Carpenter Sara
Published: March 2020

This article uses a critical analysis of liberal democracy and its ties to a re‐emergent fascism to call for a Marxist feminist pedagogy of anti‐fascism.
Conclusion: Stumbling Our Way Forward
Authors: Michelson Elana , Mandell Alan
Published: March 2020

This closing article urges adult educators to continue to question our role, our ideas, and our pedagogical strategies in order to renew our efforts to support social change and social justice.
Pregnant inmates with OUD experience inconsistencies in medical treatment
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2020

Research findings based on a 2016–17 survey of select state prison and county jail systems suggest that correctional agencies still fall far short of offering the standard of care for incarcerated pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD).
NAATP members are still open, but organization is concerned
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2020

Treatment centers are small businesses, with payrolls to meet and rent to pay, like all small businesses. And even if they are protected in terms of not being required to shut down, they are losing patients as a result of COVID‐19. Patients left against medical advice, Mark Dunn, director of public policy with the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP), told ADAW last week. New admissions have dwindled to nothing.
Flexible Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite Based Cognitive Memristor with Pavlovian‐Conditioned Reflex Activities
Authors: Xiong Wen , Zhu Li Qiang , Ye Cong , Ren Zheng Yu , Yu Fei , Xiao Hui , Xu Zhong , Zhou Yi , Zhou Hao , Lu Hong‐Liang
Published: March 2020

Recently, neuromorphic devices have attracted great attention in the field of artificial intelligence technology at the hardware level. In particular regarding the developments of flexible electronics, there is an increasing interest in brain‐inspired multi‐functional perception learning system. In the present work, flexible cognitive memristors based on poly(vinyl alcohol)–graphene oxide (PVA‐GO) hybrid nanocomposite are proposed. These devices exhibit excellent electrical performance at ultralow voltage below 0.5 V with high stability against mechanical stress. The threshold voltage of resistance switching is as low as ≈0.2 V. Good endurance and stability are observed. Most importantly, the PVA‐GO‐hybrid‐based memristor demonstrates an ultralow power consumption of ≈0.5 µW during the SET process. Moreover, such cognitive memristor‐based neuron circuits demonstrate Pavlovian‐associative learning behaviors. These memristors have potential applications in ultralow‐power multi‐functional perception learning systems.
Development and Evaluation of An Abbreviated Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Course for Nonsurgical Physicians and Nurses
Authors: Maddry Joseph K. , Paredes R. Madelaine , Paciocco Joni A. , Castaneda Maria , Araña Allyson A. , Perez Crystal A , Reeves Lauren K. , Newberry Ryan K. , Bebarta Vikhyat S. , Kester Nurani , Mason Phillip E.
Published: March 2020

Background

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a modification of cardiopulmonary bypass that allows prolonged support of patients with severe respiratory or cardiac failure. ECMO indications arse rapidly evolving and there is growing interest in its use for cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock. However, ECMO training programs are limited. Training of emergency medicine and critical care clinicians could expand the use of this lifesaving intervention. Our objective was to develop and evaluate an abbreviated ECMO course that can be taught to emergency and critical care physicians and nurses.

Methods

We developed a training model using Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa), a procedure instruction checklist, a confidence assessment, and a knowledge assessment. Participants were assigned to teams of one emergency medicine or critical care physician and one nurse and completed an abbreviated 8‐hour ECMO course. An ECMO specialist trained participants on preparation of the ECMO circuit and oversaw vascular access and ECMO initiation. We used the instruction checklist to evaluate performance. Participants completed confidence and knowledge assessments before and after the course.

Results

Seventeen teams (34 clinicians) completed the abbreviated ECMO course. None had previously completed an ECMO certification course. Immediately following the course, all teams successfully primed and prepared the ECMO circuit. Fifteen teams (88%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 64% to 99%) successfully initiated ECMO. Participants improved their knowledge (difference 21.2, 95% CI = 16.5 to 25.8) and confidence (difference 40.3, 95% CI = 35.6 to 45.0) scores after completing the course.

Conclusions

We developed an accelerated 1‐day ECMO course. Clinicians’ confidence and knowledge assessments improved and 88% of teams could successfully initiate venoarterial ECMO after the course.