bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of solar PV power potential over Asia Pacific region with remote sensing considering meteorological factors
Authors: Principe Jeark , Takeuchi Wataru
Published: January 2019

The intensity of solar radiation (SR) is one of the most important required inputs for the estimation of photovoltaic (PV) power station output. Meanwhile, the efficiency of solar PV systems is affected by meteorological factors such as temperature, dust, precipitation, and snow. Meteorological data from satellites provide a viable way for estimating PV potential due to its advantage in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. This paper presents a new approach to adjust SR data from satellites based on the cloud optical thickness (CLOT) before evaluating the solar PV power (PPV) potential, with the effective efficiency of solar cells computed based on temperature, dust, precipitation, and snow. The objective of this study is to evaluate the over-all spatiotemporal solar PV potential in the Asia Pacific region which will holistically include limiting meteorological factors and identify which factor contributes most significantly to the decrease in solar PV potential in selected cities in the region. First, SR and CLOT data from Advanced Himawari Imager 8 and a SKYNET station were processed to derive the correction factor for solar radiation data. Second, satellite data for temperature (MOD11), precipitation (global satellite mapping of precipitation), dust (MOD04), and snow cover (MOD10) were processed to derive the effective solar PV efficiency. Finally, maps showing the seasonal PV power potential over the Asia Pacific region were generated, with selected cities zoomed in for detailed analysis using mean monthly values from March 2016 to February 2017. The results showed that the maximum theoretical PPV in the region was estimated to be 1.9 GW per 17.5 km2 effective pixel area. Moreover, PPV decreased by maximum values of 180 MW, 550 MW, and 225 MW due to temperature, dust, and snow, respectively. For Beijing, Tokyo, and Jakarta, the major contributor to the decrease in PPV is dust, while Khabarovsk is consistently affected by snow effects. Initial validation of the model shows over- and underestimation of solar PV output compared to the actual values by as high as 30%. However, very high values of coefficient of determination (>0.90) show promising results of the model. The contribution of this study is two-fold: regional-scale assessment of PPV potential and investigation of the collective effect and individual contributions of dust, temperature, and snow to the decrease in PPV potential.
Trapped and non-trapped polymer translocations through a spherical pore
Authors: Sun Li-Zhen , Wang Chang-Hui , Luo Meng-Bo , Li Haibin
Published: January 2019

The polymer translocation through a spherical pore is studied using the Langevin dynamics simulation. The translocation events are classified into two types: one is the trapped translocation in which the entire polymer is trapped in the pore and the other is the non-trapped translocation where the pore cannot hold the whole polymer. We find that the trapped translocation is favored at large spheres and small external voltages. However, the monomer-pore attraction would lead to the non-monotonic behavior of the trapped translocation possibility out of all translocation events. Moreover, both the trapped and non-trapped translocation times are dependent on the polymer length, pore size, external voltage, and the monomer-pore attraction. There exist two pathways for the polymer in the trapped translocation: an actively trapped pathway for the polymer trapped in the pore before the head monomer arrives at the pore exit, and a passively trapped pathway for the polymer trapped in the pore while the head monomer is struggling to move out of the pore. The studies of trapped pathways can provide a deep understanding of the polymer translocation behavior.
Development of ultrafast broadband electronic sum frequency generation for charge dynamics at surfaces and interfaces
Authors: Deng Gang-Hua , Qian Yuqin , Rao Yi
Published: January 2019

Understandings of population and relaxation of charges at surfaces and interfaces are essential to improve charge collection efficiency for energy conversion, catalysis, and photosynthesis. Existing time-resolved surface and interface tools are limited to either under ultrahigh vacuum or in a narrow wavelength region with the loss of spectral information. There lacks an efficient time-resolved surface/interface-specific electronic spectroscopy under ambient conditions for the ultrafast surface/interface dynamics. Here we developed a novel technique for surface/interface-specific broadband electronic sum frequency generation (ESFG). The broadband ESFG was based on a stable two-stage BiB3O6 crystal-based optical parametric amplifier, which generates a strong broadband short-wave infrared (SWIR) from 1200 nm to 2400 nm. A resultant surface spectrum covers almost all visible light from 480 nm to 760 nm, combined a broadband electronic second harmonic generation (ESHG) with the ESFG from the SWIR laser source. We further developed the steady-state and transient broadband ESFG and ESHG techniques to investigate the structure and dynamics of charges at oxidized p-type GaAs (100) semiconductor surfaces, as an example. Both the steady-state and transient experiments have shown that two surface states exist inside the bandgap of the GaAs. The kinetic processes at the GaAs surface include both the population and recombination of the surface states after photoexcitation, in addition to the build-up of the space photo-voltage (SPV). The build-up SPV occurs with a rate of 0.56 ± 0.07 ps−1, while the population rate of the surface states exhibits a two-body behavior with a rate constant of (0.012 ± 0.002) × 1012 s−1 cm2. The photo-generated electron-hole pairs near the surface recombine with a rate of 0.002 ± 0.0002 ps−1 for the oxidized p-type GaAs (100). All the methodologies developed here are readily applied to any optically accessible interfaces and surfaces, in particular buried interfaces under ambient conditions.
Radio frequency measurement and tuning of a 13 MeV Alvarez-type drift tube linac for a compact pulsed hadron source
Authors: Lei Y. , Xing Q. Z. , Wang B. C. , Zheng S. X. , Tang R. , Ma P. F. , Zhang H. Y. , Guan X. L. , Wang X. W. , Du C. T. , Guo Q. K. , Li J. , Guan W. Q.
Published: January 2019

This paper describes the radio frequency (RF) measurement and tuning result of a 13 MeV Alvarez-type drift tube linac (DTL) for a compact pulsed hadron source (CPHS) at Tsinghua University. The design, machining, assembly, and alignment of the DTL are presented for integrity. The CPHS project consists of a high-current proton linac (13 MeV, 16 kW, peak current of 50 mA, 0.5 ms pulse width at 50 Hz), a neutron target station, a small-angle neutron scattering instrument, and a neutron imaging/radiology station. The linac contains an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a low energy beam transport line, a four-vane radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, an Alvarez-type DTL, a high energy beam transport line, and a RF power supply and distributor. Construction on the CPHS started in June 2009, and the CPHS has provided 2000 h since 2013 to users with the neutrons produced by the 3 MeV proton beam from the radio frequency quadrupole bombarding on the beryllium target as an achievement of its mid-term objective. Presently, the tuning of the assembled DTL cavity has been completed successfully. The 4.3-m-long DTL consists of 40 accelerating cells, among which 39 full-length drift tubes (DTs) are suspended inside the cavity, and two half-length DTs are mounted inside the two end flanges of the cavity. Each DT contains a permanent magnet quadrupole. Thirteen post couplers and nine tuners are available for the tuning of the field. The relative error of the field after tuning is within ±1.6%, with a tilt sensitivity within ±33%/MHz in all cells. The beam energy will reach its designed value of 13 MeV after the DTL is installed in the beam line downstream the 3 MeV RFQ accelerator.
High-efficiency microwave heating method based on impedance matching technology
Authors: Chen Qiang , Chen Xing , Chen Zhen-Zhen , Zhang Bing , Zheng Ya-Qi
Published: January 2019

In a microwave heating process, part of microwave power may be reflected on the air-heating sample interface due to the impedance mismatching, caused by the relative dielectric permittivity difference between the air and the heating sample. To overcome this problem, a novel impedance matching based technology is proposed. It designs and inserts an impedance matching structure between the air and the heating sample, which mitigates the drastic permittivity difference on both sides. This realizes good impedance matching and obtains the minimized reflection on the interface, hence highly efficient microwave heating is achieved. In this work, the mechanism of the proposed technology and the synthesis of such an impedance matching structure is illustrated, and then verified by an experiment using 500W 2.45GHz microwave power to heat a box of water. An impedance matching structure consisting of three homogeneous dielectric slabs is designed, and the heating cases with and without the impedance matching structure are compared. Both simulation and measurement results show that the impedance matching structure decreases the reflection coefficient of the microwave power from -1.8 dB to -25.6 dB, and correspondingly improves the heating efficiency from 34% to above 86.15%. A further analysis estimates the technology’s robustness and effectiveness for various heating sampling, showing that the heating efficiency maintains above 80% even when the heating sample’s relative permittivity ranges from 27 to 75.
Fluctuating phases and fluctuating relaxation times in glass forming liquids
Authors: Mavimbela Gcina A. , Parsaeian Azita , Castillo Horacio E.
Published: January 2019

The presence of fluctuating local relaxation times, τr→(t) has been used for some time as a conceptual tool to describe dynamical heterogeneities in glass-forming systems. However, until now no general method is known to extract the full space and time dependent τr→(t) from experimental or numerical data. Here we report on a new method for determining a local phase field, ϕr→(t)≡∫tdt′τr→(t′) from snapshots {r→(ti)}i=1…M of the positions of the particles in a system, and we apply it to extract ϕr→(t) and τr→(t) from numerical simulations. By studying how this phase field depends on the number of snapshots, we find that it is a well defined quantity. By studying fluctuations of the phase field, we find that they describe heterogeneities well at long distance scales.
Impact of imposed mode 2 laser drive asymmetry on inertial confinement fusion implosions
Authors: Gatu Johnson M. , Appelbe B. D. , Chittenden J. P. , Crilly A. , Delettrez J. , Forrest C. , Frenje J. A. , Glebov V. Yu. , Grimble W. , Haines B. M. , Igumenshchev I. V. , Janezic R. , Knauer J. P. , Lahmann B. , Marshall F. J. , Michel T. , Séguin F. H. , Stoeckl C. , Walsh C. , Zylstra A. B. , Petrasso R. D.
Published: January 2019

Low-mode asymmetries have emerged as one of the primary challenges to achieving high-performing inertial confinement fusion implosions. These asymmetries seed flows in the implosions, which will manifest as modifications to the measured ion temperature (Tion) as inferred from the broadening of primary neutron spectra. The effects are important to understand (i) to learn to control and mitigate low-mode asymmetries and (ii) to experimentally more closely capture thermal Tion used as input in implosion performance metric calculations. In this paper, results from and simulations of a set of experiments with a seeded mode 2 in the laser drive are described. The goal of this intentionally asymmetrically driven experiment was to test our capability to predict and measure the signatures of flows seeded by the low-mode asymmetry. The results from these experiments [first discussed in M. Gatu Johnson et al., Phys. Rev. E 98, 051201(R) (2018)] demonstrate the importance of interplay of flows seeded by various asymmetry seeds. In particular, measured Tion and self-emission x-ray asymmetries are expected to be well captured by interplay between flows seeded by the imposed mode 2 and the capsule stalk mount. Measurements of areal density asymmetry also indicate the importance of the stalk mount as an asymmetry seed in these implosions. The simulations brought to bear on the problem (1D LILAC, 2D xRAGE, 3D ASTER, and 3D Chimera) show how thermal Tion is expected to be significantly lower than Tion as inferred from the broadening of measured neutron spectra. They also show that the electron temperature is not expected to be the same as Tion for these implosions.
General method to retrieve all effective acoustic properties of fully-anisotropic fluid materials in three dimensional space
Authors: Terroir Arthur , Schwan Logan , Cavalieri Théo , Romero-García Vicente , Gabard Gwénaël , Groby Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2019

Anisotropic fluid materials are of growing interest with the development of metamaterials and transformation acoustics. In the general three-dimensional case, such materials are characterized by a bulk modulus and a full symmetric matrix of density. Here, a method is presented to retrieve the bulk modulus and all six components of the density matrix from a selected set of six incident plane waves impinging on a layer of the material. From the six components of the density tensor, the three principal directions and the three principal densities of the material are recovered. The approach relies on the analytical expression of the reflection and transmission coefficients derived from a state vector analysis. It results in simple, closed-form, and easily-implementable inverse relations for the material parameters. As an illustration, the case of sound propagation through an orthorhombic lattice of overlapping air-filled ellipsoids is considered. The effective complex and frequency-dependent bulk modulus and density matrix are derived from homogenization cell problems and account for viscothermal losses. The retrieval method is then applied to the homogenized layer and results bear testament to its robustness to extract accurately all seven material parameters. This makes possible the characterization and design of anisotropic fluid materials in three dimensions.
Colossal magnetoresistance in low-doped EuTi1−xNbxO3 (x = 0.003 and 0.005)
Authors: Midya A. , Rubi Km , Mahendiran R.
Published: January 2019

We studied the magnetization (M), magnetostriction (λ||), resistivity (ρ), magnetoresistance (MR), and thermoelectric properties of low-doped EuTi1−xNbxO3 (x = 0.003 and 0.005). In both the samples, Eu2+(4f7) spins order antiferromagnetically at TN≅5.5K, and the paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition is accompanied by a spontaneous contraction of the length in the absence of magnetic field and a positive magnetostriction under external magnetic fields. ρ(T) shows non-metallic behavior in the temperature range 400–2.5 K but a weak kink at TN in a zero magnetic field. The application of an external magnetic field induces the semimetal-metal transition and negative MR. The magnitude of negative MR has a maximum value of 82% (57%) under 7 T for x = 0.003 (0.005) at T = 2.5 K, and the MR monotonously decreases with increasing temperature. Thermopower data indicate that the doped carriers are electrons. It is suggested that scattering of 4d1 electrons doped in the impurity band by 4f spin fluctuations is responsible for the colossal magnetoresistance.
Revealing lattice and photocarrier dynamics of high-quality MAPbBr3 single crystals by far infrared reflection and surface photovoltage spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Jian , Motaharifar Elaheh , Murthy Lakshmi N. S. , Higgins Marissa , Barrera Diego , Daunis Trey B. , Zheng Yangzi , Malko Anton V. , Ely Fernando , Quevedo-Lopez Manuel , Lee Mark , Hsu Julia W. P.
Published: January 2019

Hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite materials show great promise in a number of optoelectronic applications, including solar cells, light emitting diodes, and photodetectors. Understanding their intrinsic material properties is critical to enhancing device performance and enabling innovative material and device designs. Here, we study lattice dynamics using far-infrared (FIR) reflectance and photogenerated carrier dynamics using surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements on high-quality methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals. FIR reflectance shows three coherent infrared-active phonon modes between 40 and 200 cm−1 that result in reststrahlen bands with much higher peak reflectance than has been previously reported. The phonon mode strength and damping are comparable to classical oxide perovskite single crystals. However, the effects of defects on photogenerated carrier recombination are still evident in SPV measurements. By performing SPV over different spectral ranges, we are able to separate the effects of surface and bulk defects on the recombination dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers. We further apply SPV measurements to obtain the minority carrier (electron) diffusion length for the MAPbBr3 crystal. This study demonstrates that both FIR reflectance and SPV measurements provide useful information on the electromagnetic response properties of halide perovskite single crystals.
Thermal bistability of magnon in yttrium iron garnet microspheres
Authors: Chai Cheng-Zhe , Hu Xin-Xin , Zou Chang-Ling , Guo Guang-Can , Dong Chun-Hua
Published: January 2019

In this work, the thermal bistability of magnons in yttrium iron garnet microspheres was experimentally characterized. Using high quality factor optical whispering gallery modes in the microsphere, the temperature change caused by the microwave pump is precisely measured by probing the optical resonance wavelength shift. It is found that temperature change also induces the magnonic frequency shift and the frequency shift depends on the crystal axis direction of the material. With some appropriate alignment of the magnetic field and the microsphere, the magnonic frequency shift induced by the thermal bistability from the microwave can be suppressed. Our results show its potential use in future experiments on magnon-based transducers.
Detecting switching leadership in collective motion
Authors: Butail Sachit , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: January 2019

Detecting causal relationships in complex systems from the time series of the individual units is a pressing area of research that has attracted the interest of a broad community. As an open area of study, this entails the development of methodologies to unravel causal relationships that evolve over time, such as switching of leader-follower roles in animal groups. Here, we augment the information theoretic measure of transfer entropy to establish a fitness function suitable for optimal partitioning of time series data to robustly detect leadership switches in collective behavior. The fitness function computes the information outflow from any agent in the group and rewards large sample sizes while normalizing with respect to available information. Our results indicate that for information-rich interactions, leadership switches within a group can be detected over relatively short time durations, with more than 90% accuracy. On a real soccer dataset, instances of leadership counted using the proposed approach are interestingly correlated with ball possession.
Glycerol confined in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks: The temperature-dependent cooperativity length scale of glassy freezing
Authors: Uhl M. , Fischer J. K. H. , Sippel P. , Bunzen H. , Lunkenheimer P. , Volkmer D. , Loidl A.
Published: January 2019

In the present work, we employ broadband dielectric spectroscopy to study the molecular dynamics of the prototypical glass former glycerol confined in two microporous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8 and ZIF-11) with well-defined pore diameters of 1.16 and 1.46 nm, respectively. The spectra reveal information on the modified α relaxation of the confined supercooled liquid, whose temperature dependence exhibits clear deviations from the typical super-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the bulk material, depending on the temperature and pore size. This allows assigning well-defined cooperativity length scales of molecular motion to certain temperatures above the glass transition. We relate these and previous results on glycerol confined in other host systems to the temperature-dependent length scale deduced from nonlinear dielectric measurements. The combined experimental data can be consistently described by a critical divergence of this correlation length as expected within theoretical approaches assuming that the glass transition is due to an underlying phase transition.
A simple technique to achieve meniscus-free interfaces
Authors: Tsai Pei-Hsun , Kurniawan Tetuko , Wang An-Bang
Published: January 2019

Liquid wetting on a container wall forms a meniscus that causes the reading uncertainty of interface measurement, which was considered as an “inevitable” interference in experiments. For minimizing the meniscus interference, the dynamic instead of the static contact angle should be focused on and θr ≤ 90° ± ε ≤ θa is the guideline to achieve a meniscus-free interface for a practical experiment, where θr, θa, and ε are the receding and advancing contact angles, and image measuring uncertainty, respectively. A simple and systematic technique to achieve the meniscus-free interface has been proposed and visualized.
Effect of the Reynolds number on turbulence kinetic energy exchanges in flows with highly variable fluid properties
Authors: Dupuy D. , Toutant A. , Bataille F.
Published: January 2019

Spatial and spectral energy exchanges associated with the turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, or the half-trace of the velocity covariance tensor, are studied in an anisothermal low Mach number turbulent channel flow. The temperatures of the two channel walls are 293 K and 586 K. This generates a strong temperature gradient in the wall-normal direction. The effect of the temperature gradient on the energy exchanges is investigated using two direct numerical simulations of the channel, at the mean friction Reynolds numbers 180 and 395. The temperature gradient creates an asymmetry between the energy exchanges at the hot and cold sides due to the variations of the local fluid properties and low Reynolds number effects. The low Reynolds number effects are smaller at higher Reynolds numbers, reducing the asymmetry between the hot and cold sides. We also decomposed the energy exchanges in order to study separately the mean-property terms, as found in the constant-property isothermal case, and the thermal terms, specific to flows with variable fluid properties. The significant thermal terms have a similar effect on the flow. Besides, low Reynolds number effects have a negligible impact on thermal terms and only affect mean-property terms.
Effects of trifluoromethyl substituents on interfacial and bulk polarization of polystyrene gate dielectrics
Authors: Plunkett Evan , Kale Tejaswini S. , Zhang Qingyang , Katz Howard E. , Reich Daniel H.
Published: January 2019

The ability to control the bulk and interfacial polarization of dielectric polymers is important to their application in organic electronics. We examine the effect of the trifluoromethyl substituent on poly(3-trifluoromethylstyrene) (P3TFMS) as compared to unsubstituted polystyrene (PS) on the I-V relationships of pentacene-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Single- and double-layered films of these polymers were used, with lower layers crosslinked through vinylbenzocyclobutene comonomers before deposition of upper layers. Control experiments verified that the electronic effect of the crosslinking was negligible. We found that the TFM substituent markedly and independently affected both the initial threshold voltage Vth and the nonvolatile, shifted Vth observed after the application of static gate voltage, depending on its position adjacent or apart from the pentacene. The trifluoromethyl-bearing polymers exhibited significantly lower magnitude initial threshold voltages (Vth,i of ca. −17 V for P3TFMS compared to −35 V for PS), large threshold voltage shifts after charging by the application of static electric fields (ΔVth of ca. 32 V for P3TFMS and 17 V for PS), and greater stability of the ΔVth under repeated charge/discharge cycles. These results are consistent with P3TFMS having fewer interfacial trap states but more stable bulk trap states. The results are applicable to organo-electronic systems such as piezoelectrics for energy harvesting and nonvolatile OFETs such as memory, sensing, and logic elements.
Terahertz photoconductive emitter with dielectric-embedded high-aspect-ratio plasmonic grating for operation with low-power optical pumps
Authors: Lavrukhin D. V. , Yachmenev A. E. , Glinskiy I. A. , Khabibullin R. A. , Goncharov Y. G. , Ryzhii M. , Otsuji T. , Spector I. E. , Shur M. , Skorobogatiy M. , Zaytsev K. I. , Ponomarev D. S.
Published: January 2019

We report on the design, optimization and fabrication of a plasmon-assisted terahertz (THz) photoconductive antenna (PCA) for THz pulse generation at low-power optical pumps. The PCA features a high aspect ratio dielectric-embedded plasmonic Au grating placed into the photoconductive gap. Additionally, Si3N4-passivation of the photoconductor and the Al2O3-antireflection coating are used to further enhance antenna performance. For comparative analysis of the THz photocurrents, THz waveforms and THz power spectra we introduced the THz photocurrent δi and the THz power enhancement δTHz factors, which are defined as ratios between the THz photocurrents and the THz power spectra for the plasmon-assisted and conventional PCAs. We demonstrated superior performance of the plasmon-assisted PCA δi=30 and δTHz=3 ⋅ 103 at the lowest optical pump power of P=0.1 mW. Nevertheless the increase to P=10 mW lead to monotonically decrease in the both values to δi=2 and δTHz=102 due to screening effects. These results demonstrate a strong potential of the plasmonic PCA for operation with low-power lasers, thus, opening opportunities for the development of portable and cost-effective THz spectrometers and imaging systems.
Clinician perceptions of My Health Record in mental health care: medication management and sharing mental health information
Authors: Kariotis Timothy C. , Harris Keith M.
Published: January 2019

My Health Record (MHR) is a national personally controlled electronic health record, which is projected to be used by all Australian health professionals by 2022. It has also been proposed for use in mental health care, but there is limited information on how clinicians will successfully implement it. This study interviewed seven general practitioners and four psychologists in Tasmania, Australia. Participants were asked about information continuity and barriers and benefits to using My Health Record in mental health care. Thematic analysis identified two pertinent themes: Medication Management and Mental Health Information. Participants reported MHR could improve the quality and frequency of medication information shared between clinicians, but wanted additional medication-related alert features. Mental health information issues were broad in scope and included concerns over sensitive data that might be accessed through MHR and completeness of information. Participants also reported barriers to MHR use, including time burdens and privacy and confidentiality concerns. My Health Record used in mental health care may improve the timely sharing of medication-related information, but clinicians’ concerns regarding the sharing of patients’ highly sensitive mental health information need to be addressed.
Marsupial milk: a fluid source of nutrition and immune factors for the developing pouch young
Authors: Pharo Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2019

Marsupials have a very different reproductive strategy to eutherians. An Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) has a very short pregnancy of about 26.5 days, with a comparatively long lactation of 300–350 days. The tammar mother gives birth to an altricial, approximately 400 mg young that spends the first 200 days postpartum (p.p.) in its mother’s pouch, permanently (0–100 days p.p.; Phase 2A) and then intermittently (100–200 days p.p.; Phase 2B) attached to the teat. The beginning of Phase 3 marks the first exit from the pouch (akin to the birth of a precocious eutherian neonate) and the supplementation of milk with herbage. The marsupial mother progressively alters milk composition (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and individual milk constituents throughout the lactation cycle to provide nutrients and immunological factors that are appropriate for the considerable physiological development and growth of her pouch young. This review explores the changes in tammar milk components that occur during the lactation cycle in conjunction with the development of the young.
The history of Arabic lexicography and terminology
Authors: Al-Kasimi Ali M.
Published: January 2019

After the death of the Prophet Mohammad in 632 A.D., Moslem scholars were in need of understanding certain verses in the Holy
Qur’an and some of the Prophet’s oral tradition and sayings. This need motivated a linguistic movement including grammar and
lexicography.

In the eighth century, Arabic linguists used to leave cities such as Basra and Kūfa for the desert to meet the Bedouins and
record their “pure” language, which was not influenced by the non-Arabic-speaking, new converts to Islam who had settled in
the cities.

Based upon their manual corpus, those linguists produced several monographs or specialized vocabularies on various topics such
as: men, horses, camels, houses, weapons, snakes, plants, etc., before they embarked upon compiling a full-fledged dictionary.
One can safely say that terminology preceded lexicography in the history of Arabic linguistics.

As Islam expanded from Gaul in Europe to Turkistan in just one century after the Prophet’s death and Arabic became the world’s
language, Arabic dictionaries and terminologies, monolingual and bilingual, were compiled in various parts of the world.

Through the ages, Arabic lexicography underwent quantitative and qualitative changes, notably in the following areas:

arrangements of entries: phonetically-based alphabetical arrangement with root permutation, normal alphabetical order
with root permutation, rhyme order, thematic arrangement, ordinary alphabetical arrangement of roots, alphabetical
arrangement of words, combinations of those arrangements, etc.;

arrangements of sub-entries;

arrangements of the senses of the entry word;

definitions of entries;

the inclusion of encyclopedic information.

Although Arabic speakers have produced about two thousand dictionaries of all sorts and varieties, there is not yet any
dictionary that documents the historical changes in the Arabic language. In the twentieth century, there have been a few
unsuccessful attempts to compile such a dictionary. However, at present, there are two hopeful projects using computerized
text corpora: (1) the Federation of Arab Academies’ Historical Dictionary of the
Arabic Language in Cairo and (2) the Doha Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language in Qatar.
Terminology standardization in the Arab world
Authors: Darir Hassane , Zahid Abdelhamid , Elyaboudi Khalid
Published: January 2019

Standardization is a polysemous term. It refers at the same time to the standardization of terms used in scientific and technical fields as well as the process of elaborating standards (or norms) in industry and other economic sectors. In fact, most people immediately think about ISO standards when they hear the term standardization. However, an encyclopedia devoted to scientific, legal, Sufi and technical terminology aims primarily to standardize terms, and this is the focus of the present paper. Whether standardizing terminology itself or standardizing the principles and techniques of managing terminology the ultimate goal of the process is always quality control and assurance. In the Arab World, the standardization of the terminology belonging to a particular subject field, be it a science (such as chemistry, linguistics and physics), art (such as painting), doctrine (such as Marxism) or vocation (such air-traffic and agriculture), attracts more attention than the standardization of terminological principles and techniques or the elaboration of industrial standards. Indeed, whether in language academies, specialized periodicals or in conferences organized by language academies, the Bureau for the Coordination of arabization in the Arab World (BCAAW) or by universities, the terminological issues and problems in the Arab world are greatly discussed.

This article discusses standardization particularly with respect to the Arab World and examines its motivations, core principles, and problems. It also outlines the various attempts that both specialized institutions and individuals have made to standardize Arabic terms (e.g. Lakhdar Ghazal 1977; Hamzaoui 1986a; Heliel 1987 and Darir 2004). The aim is to suggest guidelines that, with further elaboration, could serve as a comprehensive model for the standardization of terms not only in Arabic but also in other languages.
The dilemma of legal terminology in the Arab world
Authors: Shiyab Said
Published: January 2019

In an age where the Arab world is becoming interconnected with the global community, legal translation is now on the rise. Because of international accords, societal and global conflicts, international trade and joint business enterprises that have impacted and continue to impact the Arab world, the need for accurate and uniformed legal terminology in Arabic is becoming more vital than ever. So what is it that puts the translation of legal terminology at the forefront of this emerging field? Could it be the lack of proper steps that are being taken by the Arab Language Academies or legal translators or is it because of the clear-cut and distinctive language quality of this changing and challenging field? One of the main purposes of this chapter is to examine the status of legal translation and terminology in the Arab world. The chapter explores the problems facing Arabic legal terminologists and translators such as lack of uniformity, general and specific differences within and across legal systems, and the ambiguity of the legal language, all of which contributes to the confusion surrounding this legal and culture-bound profession. This chapter concludes with implications and applications for further studies, and provides practical solutions to the most common difficulties of translating legal terminology.
Effects of high‐intensity resistance circuit‐based training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance
Authors: Martínez‐Guardado Ismael , Ramos‐Campo Domingo J. , Olcina Guillermo J. , Rubio‐Arias Jacobo A. , Chung Linda H. , Marín‐Cascales Elena , Alcaraz Pedro E. , Timón Rafael
Published: January 2019

Hypoxic training methods are increasingly being used by researchers in an attempt to improve performance in normoxic ambients. Moreover, previous research suggests that resistance training in hypoxia can cause physiological and muscle adaptations. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of high‐intensity resistance circuit‐based (HRC) training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of HRC on metabolic parameters. Twenty‐eight male participants were randomly assigned to either hypoxia (Fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2] = 15%; HRChyp: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia [FIO2] = 20.9%; HRCnorm: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Training sessions consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension and front pull down; Block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at six repetition maximum. Rest periods lasted for 35‐s between exercises, 3‐min between sets and 5‐min between blocks. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks, and body composition, strength and blood tests were performed before and after the training program. Lean body mass and bone mineral density significantly increased over time in the HRChyp (p < .005; ES = 0.14 and p < .014; ES = 0.19, respectively) but not in the HRCnorm after training. Both groups improved their strength performance over time (p < .001), but without group effect differences. These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise produced trivial effects on lean body mass and bone mineral density compared to normoxia.
LUBAC determines chemotherapy resistance in squamous cell lung cancer
Authors: Ruiz E. Josue , Diefenbacher Markus E. , Nelson Jessica K. , Sancho Rocio , Pucci Fabio , Chakraborty Atanu , Moreno Paula , Annibaldi Alessandro , Liccardi Gianmaria , Encheva Vesela , Mitter Richard , Rosenfeldt Mathias , Snijders Ambrosius P. , Meier Pascal , Calzado Marco A. , Behrens Axel
Published: January 2019

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and adenocarcinoma (LADC) are the most common lung cancer subtypes. Molecular targeted treatments have improved LADC patient survival but are largely ineffective in LSCC. The tumor suppressor FBW7 is commonly mutated or down-regulated in human LSCC, and oncogenic KRasG12D activation combined with Fbxw7 inactivation in mice (KF model) caused both LSCC and LADC. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that CC10+, but not basal, cells are the cells of origin of LSCC in KF mice. KF LSCC tumors recapitulated human LSCC resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and we identified LUBAC-mediated NF-κB signaling as a determinant of chemotherapy resistance in human and mouse. Inhibition of NF-κB activation using TAK1 or LUBAC inhibitors resensitized LSCC tumors to cisplatin, suggesting a future avenue for LSCC patient treatment.
Gene therapy targeting SARM1 blocks pathological axon degeneration in mice
Authors: Geisler Stefanie , Huang Shay X. , Strickland Amy , Doan Ryan A. , Summers Daniel W. , Mao Xianrong , Park Jiwoong , DiAntonio Aaron , Milbrandt Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Axonal degeneration (AxD) following nerve injury, chemotherapy, and in several neurological disorders is an active process driven by SARM1, an injury-activated NADase. Axons of SARM1-null mice exhibit greatly delayed AxD after transection and in models of neurological disease, suggesting that inhibiting SARM1 is a promising strategy to reduce pathological AxD. Unfortunately, no drugs exist to target SARM1. We, therefore, developed SARM1 dominant-negatives that potently block AxD in cellular models of axotomy and neuropathy. To assess efficacy in vivo, we used adeno-associated virus–mediated expression of the most potent SARM1 dominant-negative and nerve transection as a model of severe AxD. While axons of vehicle-treated mice degenerate rapidly, axons of mice expressing SARM1 dominant-negative can remain intact for >10 d after transection, similar to the protection observed in SARM1-null mice. We thus developed a novel in vivo gene therapeutic to block pathological axon degeneration by inhibiting SARM1, an approach that may be applied clinically to treat manifold neurodegenerative diseases characterized by axon loss.
Influence of gas environment and heating on atomic structures of platinum nanoparticle catalysts for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Yoshida Kenta , Zhang Xudong , Shimada Yusuke , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Hiroyama Tomoki , Tanaka Nobuo , Lari Leonardo , Ward Michael R , Boyes Edward D , Gai Pratibha L
Published: January 2019

Atomic-scale relaxations of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) for fuel-cell catalysts are evaluated by spherical-aberration corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) under reference high-vacuum and N2 atmospheres, and then under reactive H2, CO and O2 atmospheres, combined with ex situ durability test using an electrochemical half-cell. In high-vacuum, increasing roughness due to continuous relaxation of surface-adsorbed Pt atoms is quantified in real-space. Under H2 and N2 atmospheres at a critical partial pressure of 1 × 10−2 Pa the stability of the surface facets is for the first time found to be improved. The adsorption behaviour of CO molecules is investigated using experimentally measured Pt–Pt bond lengths on the topmost surface layer of Pt NPs. The deactivation of Pt NPs in the anode environment of a proton-exchange-membrane fuel-cell is demonstrated at the atomic-scale in the ETEM, and the transformation of NPs into disordered nanoclusters is systematically quantified using the partial size distribution of Pt atomic clusters under controlled heating experiments at 423, 573 and 723 K.
How the cell cycle clock ticks
Authors: Örd Mihkel , Loog Mart
Published: January 2019

Eukaryotic cell division has been studied thoroughly and is understood in great mechanistic detail. Paradoxically, however, we lack an understanding of its core control process, in which the master regulator of the cell cycle, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), temporally coordinates an array of complex molecular events. The core elements of the CDK control system are conserved in eukaryotic cells, which contain multiple cyclin–CDK forms that have poorly defined and partially overlapping responsibilities in the cell cycle. However, a single CDK can drive all events of cell division in both mammalian and yeast cells, and in fission yeast a single mitotic cyclin can drive the cell cycle without major problems. But how can the same CDK induce different events when activated at different times during the cell cycle? This question, which has bewildered cell cycle researchers for decades, now has a sufficiently clear mechanistic answer. This Perspective aims to provide a synthesis of recent data to facilitate a better understanding of this central cellular control system.
Colloid osmotic parameterization and measurement of subcellular crowding
Authors: Mitchison T. J.
Published: January 2019

Crowding of the subcellular environment by macromolecules is thought to promote protein aggregation and phase separation. A challenge is how to parameterize the degree of crowding of the cell interior or artificial solutions that is relevant to these reactions. Here I review colloid osmotic pressure as a crowding metric. This pressure is generated by solutions of macromolecules in contact with pores that are permeable to water and ions but not macromolecules. It generates depletion forces that push macromolecules together in crowded solutions and thus promotes aggregation and phase separation. I discuss measurements of colloid osmotic pressure inside cells using the nucleus, the cytoplasmic gel, and fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) biosensors as osmometers, which return a range of values from 1 to 20 kPa. I argue for a low value, 1–2 kPa, in frog eggs and perhaps more generally. This value is close to the linear range on concentration–pressure curves and is thus not crowded from an osmotic perspective. I discuss the implications of a low crowding pressure inside cells for phase separation biology, buffer design, and proteome evolution. I also discuss a pressure–tension model for nuclear shape, where colloid osmotic pressure generated by nuclear protein import inflates the nucleus.
Dashing Hopes? the Predictive Accuracy of Domestic Abuse Risk Assessment by Police
Authors: Turner Emily , Medina Juanjo , Brown Gavin
Published: January 2019

The Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Honour Based Violence (DASH) form is a standardized risk assessment implemented across most UK police forces. It is intended to facilitate an officer’s structured professional judgment about the risk a victim faces of serious harm at the hand of their abuser. Until now, it has been an open question whether this tool works in practice. Here, we present the largest scale European study, making the case that the risk assessment tool is underperforming. Each element of the DASH questionnaire is, at best, weakly predictive of revictimization. Officer risk predictions based on DASH are little better than random and a logistic regression model that predicts the same outcome using DASH only provides modest improvement in performance.
Going Spatial: Applying Egohoods to Fear of Crime Research
Authors: Glas Iris , Engbersen Godfried , Snel Erik
Published: January 2019

A central theme in criminology is how fear of crime is influenced by the residential context. Most researchers rely on administrative neighbourhoods to define context. These administrative units do not necessarily align with how inhabitants experience their local surroundings. The present study combines administrative neighbourhoods with a more innovative way to measure context. Using geocoded survey data (N = 14.620) in combination with detailed geographic information system data, we construct egohoods with different radii (ranging from 50 to 750 m). We find that crime, ethnic diversity, economic status, disorder and facilities all have an effect on feelings of unsafety. The contextual effects differ in size and are not detected in all spatial contexts, indicating that it matters how and to which scale data are aggregated.
Histological and MRI Study of the Development of the Human Indusium Griseum
Authors: Bobić Rasonja Mihaela , Orešković Darko , Knezović Vinka , Pogledić Ivana , Pupačić Daniela , Vukšić Mario , Brugger Peter C , Prayer Daniela , Petanjek Zdravko , Jovanov Milošević Nataša
Published: January 2019

To uncover the ontogenesis of the human indusium griseum (IG), 28 post-mortem fetal human brains, 12–40 postconceptional weeks (PCW) of age, and 4 adult brains were analyzed immunohistochemically and compared with post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 28 fetal brains (14–41 PCW). The morphogenesis of the IG occurred between 12 and 15 PCW, transforming the bilateral IG primordia into a ribbon-like cortical lamina. The histogenetic transition of sub-laminated zones into the three-layered cortical organization occurred between 15 and 35 PCW, concomitantly with rapid cell differentiation that occurred from 18 to 28 PCW and the elaboration of neuronal connectivity during the entire second half of gestation. The increasing number of total cells and neurons in the IG at 25 and 35 PCW confirmed its continued differentiation throughout this period. High-field 3.0 T post-mortem MRI enabled visualization of the IG at the mid-fetal stage using T2-weighted sequences. In conclusion, the IG had a distinct histogenetic differentiation pattern than that of the neighboring intralimbic areas of the same ontogenetic origin, and did not show any signs of regression during the fetal period or postnatally, implying a functional role of the IG in the adult brain, which is yet to be disclosed.
US Guideline Criteria for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis: Clinical Considerations and Caveats
Authors: Calabrese Sarah K , Krakower Douglas S , Willie Tiara C , Kershaw Trace S , Mayer Kenneth H
Published: January 2019

Clinical guidelines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been instrumental in the implementation of PrEP in medical practices throughout the country. However, the eligibility criteria contained within may inadvertently limit PrEP access for some patients. We describe the following key considerations and caveats related to these criteria: promotion of a selective vs universal approach to sexual health education involving PrEP; misalignment between criteria stated in the table and text boxes; problematic categorization and confounding of sexual orientation, gender identity, and risk behavior; underemphasis of network/community-level drivers of HIV transmission; oversimplification of serodiscordant risk; and lack of clarity surrounding the relevance of condoms to PrEP eligibility. We offer concrete recommendations to address the identified issues and strengthen future iterations of the guidelines, applying these recommendations in an alternative table of “criteria.”