bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Design and Control: A Robust Control Approach Using MPC
Authors: Chawankul N. , Sandoval La Ricardez , Budman H. , Douglas P. L.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a new method to integrate process control with process design. The process design is based on steady‐state costs, .i.e., capital and operating costs. Control is incorporated into the design in terms of a variability cost. This term is calculated based on the non‐linear process model, represented here as a nominal linear model supplemented with model parameter uncertainty. Robust control tools are then used within the approach to assess closed‐loop robust stability and to calculate closed‐loop variability. The integrated method results in a non‐linear constrained optimization problem with an objective function that consists of the sum of the steady costs and the variability cost. Optimization using the traditional sequential approach and the new integrated method was applied to design a multi‐component distillation column using a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm. The optimization results show that the integrated method can lead to significant cost savings when compared to the traditional sequential approach. In addition, an RGA analysis was performed to study the effects of process interactions on the optimization results.
Reference Trajectory Optimization Under Constrained Predictive Control
Authors: Lam David K. , Baker Rhoda , Le Swartz Christopher
Published: July 2010

Chemical process systems often need to respond to frequently changing product demands. This motivates the determination of optimal transitions, subject to specification and operational constraints. However, direct implementation of optimal input trajectories would, in general, result in offset in the presence of disturbances and plant/model mismatch. This paper considers reference trajectory optimization of processes controlled by constrained model predictive control (MPC). Consideration of the closed‐loop dynamics of the MPC‐controlled process in the reference trajectory optimization results in a multi‐level optimization problem. A solution strategy is applied in which the MPC quadratic programming subproblems are replaced by their Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker optimality conditions, resulting in a single‐level mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC). The performance of the method is illustrated through application to two case studies, the second of which considers economically optimal grade transitions in a polymerization process.
Fault Detection of Non‐Linear Processes Using Kernel Independent Component Analysis
Authors: Lee Jong‐Min , Qin S. Joe , Lee In‐Beum
Published: July 2010

In this paper, a new non‐linear process monitoring method based on kernel independent component analysis (KICA) is developed. Its basic idea is to use KICA to extract some dominant independent components capturing non‐linearity from normal operating process data and to combine them with statistical process monitoring techniques. The proposed method is applied to the fault detection in the Tennessee Eastman process and is compared with PCA, modified ICA, and KPCA. The proposed approach effectively captures the non‐linear relationship in the process variables and showed superior fault detectability compared to other methods while attaining comparable false alarm rates.
Role of Collective Interactions in Self‐Assembly of Charged Particles at Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Wu Stanley , Nikolov Alex , Wasan Darsh
Published: July 2010

Charged nano‐colloidal particles self‐assemble and display ordered arrays or other structures at liquid interfaces. We used Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to examine the effect of long‐range repulsive collective inter‐particle interactions on structural—transitions from liquid‐like to crystal‐like. We used the asymptotic pair interaction potential proposed by Hurd (J. Phys. A. Math Gen 18, L1055 (1985)), which includes both the screened Coulombic contribution and the dipole‐dipole interaction. The effects of the collective inter‐particle interactions on the interfacial 2‐D colloid structure formation were quantified by the radial distribution function and the potential of the mean force. The MC simulations agreed with the experimentally observed particle structural transitions at both the air‐water and oil‐water interfaces. The effects of the particle charge and interfacial coverage on the 2‐D structure formation were analyzed. The significance of the results lies in their potential applications in inducing 2‐D structural transitions in interfacial colloids to form ordered structures; this controls the emulsion and foam stability, and aids in the fabrication of patterned materials with desirable properties.
Initial Deposition of Colloidal Particles on a Rough Nanofiltration Membrane
Authors: Rizwan Tania , Bhattacharjee Subir
Published: July 2010

The initial rate of colloid deposition onto semi‐permeable membranes is largely controlled by the coupled influence of permeation drag and particle‐membrane colloidal interactions. Recent studies show that the particle‐membrane interactions are subject to immense local variations due to the inherent morphological heterogeneity (roughness) of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. This experimental investigation reports the effect of membrane roughness on the initial deposition of polystyrene latex particles on a rough NF membrane during cross flow membrane filtration under different operating pressures and solution chemistries. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the roughness of the membrane and observe the structure of particle deposits. At the initial stages of fouling, the AFM images show that more particles preferentially accumulate near the “peaks” than in the “valleys” of the rough NF membrane surface.
Asymmetric Polymer Bridging Between Starch‐Coated Colloidal Particles and Pulp Fibres by Cationic Polyacrylamide
Authors: Poraj‐Kozminski Agatha , Hill Reghan J. , van de Ven Theo G. M.
Published: July 2010

Internal sizing agents are commonly used as additives in papermaking to impart hydrophobicity to paper. They are commonly added in the form of colloidal particles, stabilized by cationic starch. As an example we studied the deposition of micron‐sized Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) particles on pulp fibres by cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM), a common flocculent. It was found that cPAM did not adsorb on AKD particles stabilized by cationic starch. Despite this inability to adsorb, cPAM was found to drastically improve the deposition of AKD particles on pulp fibres. This deposition was ascribed to asymmetric polymer bridging, a phenomenon observed by us before, while studying clay deposition on fibres by polyethylene oxide. In asymmetric polymer bridging between two types of particles, the bridging polymer first adsorbs on one type of particle, since it is unable to adsorb on the second type. Asymmetric polymer bridging occurs when the enthalpy gain on both surfaces exceeds the entropy loss. The kinetics of AKD deposition on fibres was found to agree with the predictions of the asymmetric bridging theory. In addition, an increase in bond strength with time was found, due to starch and cPAM reconfiguration. The increase in AKD retention by cPAM is also observed in experiments on a laboratory twin‐wire sheet former. Asymmetric polymer bridging by cPAM between starch‐coated AKD particles and fibres is compared with classical polymer bridging by cPAM between fibres and AKD particles coated by carboxymethylcellulose.
Probing of Thin Slipping Films by Persistent External Disturbances
Authors: Alleborn N. , Sharma A. , Delgado A.
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the propagation of thickness disturbances on the free surface of a thin viscous liquid film on a solid substrate. On the free surface of the film the disturbances are induced by moving local external pressure perturbations acting on the surface. The analysis is performed by the Fourier‐Laplace transform applied to the linearized perturbation equations for small amplitudes. The amplitude of the interface deflection caused by the disturbance, is reconstructed by the inverse Fourier‐Laplace transform and numerically evaluated in the long time limit in long wave approximation. The proposed technique appears promising for probing the slip length of a thin film by recording its free surface response to a moving perturbation.
Evaporation from a Three‐Phase Emulsion
Authors: Friberg Stig E.
Published: July 2010

The evaporation path was determined for the emulsion system water, linalool and 5% Laureth 4, (L4), from the phase diagram of the components. The initial part of the evaporation took place in a two‐phase region of the emulsion and the path, expressed as fractions of the compounds, was non‐linear reflecting the changed vapour pressure of the linalool. The latter part of the evaporation, on the other hand, occurred through a three‐phase region and the path now formed a straight line. The recently introduced algebraic approach to extracting information from phase diagrams enabled presenting quantitative changes in composition, phase fractions and total content of the emulsion, as well as the vapour pressure versus different variables; including time.
Determining Surface Potential of the Bitumen‐Water Interface at Nanoscale Resolution using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Drelich Jaroslaw , Long Jun , Yeung Anthony
Published: July 2010

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between a silicon nitride AFM tip and a deposited layer of Athabasca bitumen; the measurements were carried out in pure water (pH 6.0–6.5) and 1 mM KCl solution (pH 9). An AFM pyramidal‐shaped tip was moved stepwise using an operator‐controlled offset (10 nm per step) and the tip‐bitumen colloidal forces were measured at each location. Surface charge densities at the bitumen‐water interface were calculated from the measured colloidal forces using a theoretical model that combined both electrostatic and van der Waals forces for a conical tip‐flat substrate system. Fitted values of the bitumen surface charge density ranged from –0.002 to –0.004 C/m2 in water (pH 6.0–6.5), and –0.005 to –0.022 C/m2 in KCl solution (pH 9); the variation of local charge density along the bitumen surface appeared random. Bitumen surface potentials were also calculated from the surface charge densities using the Graham equation; the values ranged from –90 to –130 mV in water, and –45 to –110 mV in KCl solution. This study suggests the presence of bitumen surface domains of different surface charge densities/surface potentials. The domains are estimated to have characteristic sizes of 20 to 40 nm or less.
Effect of Resins on Asphaltene Self‐Association and Solubility
Authors: Yarranton Harvey W. , Fox William A. , Svrcek William Y.
Published: July 2010

In previous studies, asphaltenes and resins have been treated as two distinct fractions of a crude oil. The asphaltenes were assumed to be the only self‐associating fraction. However, there is evidence that resins also participate in this self‐association. In this study, molar masses of mixtures of asphaltenes and resins were measured with vapour pressure osmometry. Precipitation from the same mixtures dispersed in solutions of toluene and pentane were also measured. The data were modelled with previously developed self‐association and precipitation models. Model results with asphaltenes and resins characterized as a single distribution and as individual components are compared. The data and the modelling suggest that asphaltenes and resins are better characterized as a single distribution of self‐associating components.
Aging Effects on Surface Properties and Coalescence of Bitumen Droplets
Authors: Moran K. , Sumner R. J.
Published: July 2010

The coalescence of emulsified bitumen droplets is examined, from the perspective of material surface properties, at temperatures of 22°C and 40°C over exposure periods of up to 8 h. The study was undertaken to better understand the nature of oil sands ore conditioning in the water‐based bitumen extraction processes of Syncrude Canada Ltd. Measurements of the bitumen droplet electrophoretic mobility showed only a slight degree of variation with temperature. The mechanical stress‐strain behaviour of the droplets was investigated using a micropipette‐based technique. These results indicate that the interfacial dilational elasticity of bitumen droplets depends on temperature and droplet age, while the tension is relatively invariant to duration of exposure. Interaction experiments between emulsified bitumen droplets quantify a coalescence probability that correlates with dilational elasticity at their surfaces.
Influence of Bubble Kinetic Energy on its Bouncing During Collisions with Various Interfaces
Authors: Zawala J. , Krasowska M. , Dabros T. , Malysa K.
Published: July 2010

Collisions and bouncing of the bubbles with water/gas and water/solid interfaces occurring within a time scale of milliseconds were studied. It was shown that the bubble kinetic energy at the moment of collision has a profound influence on the bubble bouncing prior to the bubble rupture at the liquid/gas interface and attachment to the hydrophobic or remaining arrested beneath hydrophilic solid plates. The mechanism of the bubble bouncing was analyzed and degrees of exchange of the kinetic energy into the bubble surface energy were determined. It was found that in the case of solids the degree of the energy conversion was lower for the hydrophobic solid—most probably due to the presence of air.
On the Thermodynamic Stability of Liquid Capillary Bridges
Authors: Elliott Janet Aw , Voitcu Ovidiu
Published: July 2010

Capillary condensation is important in the behaviour of various materials encountered in nature and in industrial processes. The behaviour of liquid capillary bridges has mostly been investigated from a mechanical perspective, with an emphasis on computing the relevant adhesion forces. In the present paper, a thermodynamic approach is used, computing the free energy of such systems (based on numerically constructed shapes of liquid bridges) in order to determine the nature and properties of their equilibrium states. The dependence of the thermodynamic equilibrium configurations on the geometry of the system is investigated, and comparisons are made with experimental findings reported in the literature.
Effect of Operating Temperature on Water‐Based Oil Sands Processing
Authors: Long Jun , Drelich Jaroslaw , Xu Zhenghe , Masliyah Jacob H.
Published: July 2010

Operating temperature is one of the most important controlling parameters in oil sands processing. Considering the massive energy consumption and green house gas emission, lowering the processing temperature is highly desirable. To achieve such an ambitious goal requires a comprehensive understanding on the role of temperature in oil sands processing. This paper provides an overview of major findings from existing studies related to oil sands processing temperature. The relation between temperature and bitumen recovery is discussed. The effect of temperature on the physiochemical properties of oil sand components, such as bitumen viscosity, bitumen surface tension and surface potentials of bitumen and solids, is analyzed. The interactions between bitumen and solids and between bitumen and gas bubbles as a function of temperature are recounted. Also discussed is the role of chemical additives in oil sand processing. It has been found that temperature affects nearly all properties of oil sands among which bitumen viscosity and bitumen‐solids adhesion impose a prominent impact on bitumen recovery. The use of selected chemical additives can reduce bitumen viscosity and/or the bitumen‐solids adhesion, and thus provide a possible way to process oil sands at a low temperature while maintaining a high bitumen recovery.
On the “Rag Layer” and Diluted Bitumen Froth Dewatering
Authors: Czarnecki Jan , Moran Kevin , Yang Xiaoli
Published: July 2010

Samples of rag layer were collected using multiple bench‐top, batch centrifugations with optical microslides inserted to a centrifuge cell in the last spinning. Image analysis of the samples provided data for approximate sedimentation rate analysis, based on fractal floc dimension and Smoluchowski coagulation kinetic equation. The analysis shows that, if a flocculating chemical is used as a demulsifier, overdosing will necessarily result in deterioration of the process performance. Optimization of the chemical dosage and accurate process control are thus necessary conditions to attain satisfactory dewatering process performance
Oil Sand Slurry Conditioning Tests in a 100 mm Pipeline Loop
Authors: Sanders R. Sean , Schaan Jason , McKibben Melissa M.
Published: July 2010

Fresh oil sand slurries were prepared and tested in a 100 mm pipeline loop at 37°C to evaluate the effects of average flow velocity, slurry air content and air injection method (bulk or continuous) on slurry conditioning, i.e., the evolution of the in‐pipe processes that promote gravity separation of bitumen‐air aggregates from the remainder of the slurry. The potential separability of the bitumen in the slurry was evaluated using a slurry Conditioning Index (CI). When no air was injected into the slurry, the slurry CI was low (≤0.1), indicating very poor conditioning. An increase in flow velocity from 2 m/s to 4 m/s and injection of 5% air (by volume) dramatically improved the slurry CI, to ∼ 0.6. The improved slurry conditioning observed at the higher velocity is explained by the increased force of fluid turbulence experienced by the particles and the greatly enhanced bitumen‐air contact.
LDA Velocity Measurements of High‐Viscosity Fluids in Mixing Vessel with Vane Geometry Impeller
Authors: Perse Lidija Slemenik , Bajcar Tom , Sirok Brane , Zumer Miha
Published: July 2010

The object of this work was to measure the velocity field in non‐Newtonian fluids inside mixing vessel. The six‐bladed vane rotor used for mixing was designed from rotating vane geometry of a sensor system, commonly used for rheometrical measurements of complex fluids (Barnes and Nguyen, J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 98, 1‐14 (2001); Schramm, 1994). During mixing, the viscosity was determined by measuring the torque at different impeller speeds, and compared to rheologically obtained shear dependent viscosity. The velocity field was determined by LDA measurements at twelve places inside mixing vessel. It was observed that axial and radial component of the velocity were insignificant at all measurement points. On the other hand, the results showed the periodic nature of tangential component of the velocity, which was confirmed with computer‐aided visualization method.
Gas Holdup and Solid‐Liquid Mass Transfer in Newtonian and non‐Newtonian Fluids in Bubble Columns
Authors: Ghosh U. K. , Upadhyay S. N.
Published: July 2010

Gas holdup and surface‐liquid mass transfer rate in a bubble column have been experimentally investigated. De‐mineralized water, 0.5 and 1.0% aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and 60% aqueous propylene glycol have been used as the test liquids. Effects of column diameter, liquid height to column diameter ratio, superficial gas velocity and liquid phase viscosity on gas holdup and mass transfer rate are studied. Generalized correlations for the average gas holdup and wall to liquid heat and mass transfer coefficients are proposed. These are valid for both Newtonian and pseudoplastic non‐Newtonian fluids.
Esterification of Acrylic Acid with 1,4‐Butanediol in a Batch Distillation Column Reactor over Amberlyst 15 Catalyst
Authors: Yang Jung‐Il , Cho Soon‐Haeng , Park Jongki , Lee Kwan‐Young
Published: July 2010

The esterification reaction of acrylic acid (AA) with 1,4‐butanediol (BD) to produce 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate (HBA) was carried out in a batch reactive distillation mode over the Amberlyst 15 catalyst. The reactive distillation was highly desirable to increase the reaction rate of BD and eventually to obtain the high purity of HBA because the unreacted BD was not easily separable to the produced HBA after the reaction. The reaction pressure below 760 mm Hg was used to remove the by‐product water from the reaction zone. The air‐bubbling operation was successfully applied to prevent the polymerization of reactants and products under the vacuum condition (400 ∼ 760 mm Hg). The reaction rates were strongly dependent on the reaction pressure, especially, the reaction rate of BD disappearance. The increased reaction rate of BD by the reactive distillation enabled to produce a high purity of HBA.
Heavy Metal Removal and Neutralization of Acid Mine Waste Water ‐ Kinetic Study
Authors: Ghirişan Adina L. , Drǎgan Simion , Pop Alexandru , Simihǎian Marinela , Miclǎuş Vasile
Published: July 2010

The influence of the apatite on the efficiency of neutralization and on heavy metal removal of acid mine waste water has been studied. The analysis of the treated waste water samples with apatite has shown an advanced purification, the concentration of the heavy metals after the treatment of the waste water with apatite being 25 to 1000 times less than the Maximum Concentration Limits admitted by European Norms (NTPA 001/2005). In order to establish the macro‐kinetic mechanism in the neutralization process, the activation energy, Ea, and the kinetic parameters, rate coefficient of reaction, kr, and kt were determined from the experimental results obtained in “ceramic ball‐mill” reactor. The obtained values of the activation energy Ea >> 42 kJ mol−1 (e.g. Ea = 115.50 ± 7.50 kJ mol−1 for a conversion of sulphuric acid ηH2SO4 = 0.05, Ea = 60.90 ± 9.50 kJ mol−1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.10 and Ea = 55.75 ± 10.45 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.15) suggest that up to a conversion of H2SO4 equal 0.15 the global process is controlled by the transformation process, adsorption followed by reaction, which means surface‐controlled reactions. At a conversion of sulphuric acid ηH2SO4 > 0.15, the obtained values of activation energy Ea < 42 kJ mol‐1 (e.g. Ea = 37.55 ± 4.05 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.2, Ea = 37.54 ± 2.54 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.3 and Ea = 37.44 ± 2.90 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.4) indicate diffusion‐controlled processes. This means a combined process model, which involves the transfer in the liquid phase followed by the chemical reaction at the surface of the solid. Kinetic parameters as rate coefficient of reaction, kr with values ranging from (5.02 ± 1.62) 10‐4 to (8.00 ± 1.55) 10‐4 (s‐1) and transfer coefficient, kt, ranging from (8.40 ± 0.50) 10‐5 to (10.42 ± 0.65) 10‐5 (m s‐1) were determined.
Characterization of Copper Foam as Catalytic Material in Ethanol Dehydrogenation
Authors: Chladek Petr , Croiset Eric , Epling William , Hudgins Robert R.
Published: July 2010

Copper foam was used as a catalyst in ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde. Catalyst pretreatment, reaction temperature, liquid feed composition, and catalyst loading all affect ethanol conversion. Copper foam pretreated by oxidation yielded the highest ethanol conversion but deactivated due to copper surface reconstruction. The foam catalyst can be repeatedly reactivated by a short time exposure to air under reaction conditions. Yet, copper foam performance for ethanol dehydrogenation has been inferior in terms of activity and stability to that of supported copper catalysts.
Control of a Batch Polymerization System Using Hybrid Neural Network ‐ First Principle Model
Authors: Wei Ng Cheah , Hussain Mohamed Azlan , Wahab Ahmad Khairi Abdul
Published: July 2010

In this work, the utilization of neural network in hybrid with first principle models for modelling and control of a batch polymerization process was investigated. Following the steps of the methodology, hybrid neural network (HNN) forward models and HNN inverse model of the process were first developed and then the performance of the model in direct inverse control strategy and internal model control (IMC) strategy was investigated. For comparison purposes, the performance of conventional neural network and PID controller in control was compared with the proposed HNN. The results show that HNN is able to control perfectly for both set points tracking and disturbance rejection studies.
Measurement of conatumumab‐induced apoptotic activity in tumors by fine needle aspirate sampling
Authors: Zoog Stephen J. , Ma Connie Y. , Kaplan‐Lefko Paula J. , Hawkins Jennifer M. , Moriguchi Jodi , Zhou Lei , Pan Yang , Hsu Cheng‐Pang , Friberg Greg , Herbst Roy , Hill John , Juan Gloria
Published: July 2010

Conatumumab is a monoclonal antibody specific for death receptor 5 (DR5) that activates caspases leading to DNA fragmentation and tumor‐cell death. Like other Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Related Apoptosis‐Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) receptor therapies, conatumumab is currently being evaluated in clinical trials across a variety of tumor types. However, molecular evidence of on‐target drug activity in tumors is often an elusive goal for clinical investigation. Here we evaluated a translational approach using a relevant biopsy method, fine needle aspirates (FNAs), to study the on‐target pharmacodynamics of conatumumab pre‐clinically. As detected by laser scanning cytometry, drug‐induced caspase‐3 activation in FNA biopsies of Colo205 xenografts correlated well with activated caspase‐3 in conventional section‐based samples. Furthermore, in tumor‐bearing mice, surrogate assays of serum caspase‐3/7 activity and serum drug exposure correlated with in situ caspase‐3 activation. We found that one advantage of FNA sampling over other sampling techniques was the ability to measure caspase activity on a per cell basis using DNA content information. To adapt the utility of FNAs for measuring pharmacodynamic markers in humans, detection of activated caspase‐3 was multiplexed with EpCAM to characterize mock and clinical FNAs from colorectal and nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. These data suggest that FNA sampling is a practical method to cytometrically evaluate tumors for pharmacological impact in a clinical setting. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A New Amperometric Hydrazine Sensor Based on Prussian Blue/Single‐walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhang Li , Guo Zhihua , Xu Jigui , Wang Hongyan , Shi Hongwei , Zhai Kefeng , Zhuo Xin
Published: July 2010

A slow reaction process has been successfully used to synthesize Prussian blue/single‐walled carbon nanotubes (PB/SWNTs) nanocomposites. Electrochemical and surface characterization by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of PB nanocrystallites on SWNTs. PB/SWNTs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits efficient electron transfer ability and high electrochemical response towards hydrazine. The fabricated hydrazine sensor showed a wide linear range of 2.0×10−6–6.0×10−3 M with a response time less than 4 s and a detection limit of 0.5 μM. PB/SWNTs modified electrochemical sensors are promising candidates for cost‐effective in the hydrazine assays.
Targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy
Authors: Hockenbery David M.
Published: July 2010

Several recent insights into the roles of mitochondria in cancer have renewed efforts to develop nongenotoxic therapies targeting mitochondrial proteins and functions. Mitochondria are central hubs for intrinsic apoptotic pathways that are activated by cellular stress and injury, and as a consequence, cancers often have defects in these pathways. Bcl‐2, the first identified regulator of apoptotic cell deaths, was discovered as an oncogene in human cancers. BCL‐2 inhibits mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis through local effects at mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Increased expression of BCL‐2 and the related antiapoptotic proteins BCL‐XL, MCL‐1, and BCL‐W occurs in significant subsets of common cancer types (Table I) and is generally correlated with poor response. Although incomplete, the emerging understanding of BCL‐2 functions through structural, biochemical, and organelle physiology studies has provided paths for targeting BCL‐2 with small molecules. Cancer cells also exhibit metabolic differences with their normal cell counterparts, including aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and unusual dependence on nutrient substrates such as glucose and glutamine. This knowledge has prompted reexamination of the potential cancer selectivity of previously identified mitochondriotoxic compounds, including approved drugs for other indications, and screening programs to identify new compounds with mitochondrial activities. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European classes for the reaction to fire performance of wood‐based panels
Authors: Östman Birgit A.‐L. , Mikkola Esko
Published: July 2010

The classification system for the reaction to fire performance of building products in Europe has been applied to wood‐based panels as being ‘products with known and stable fire performance’. The European classification system includes two sub‐systems, one main system for all construction products except floorings and the other for flooring products. Panel properties such as density, thickness, joints and types of end‐use application including different substrates have been studied thoroughly and are included in the classification. Most wood‐based panels fall in classes D‐s2, d0 or Dfl‐s1 (for floorings). Testing has been performed according to EN 13823 SBI‐Single Burning Item test, EN ISO 9239‐1 Radiant panel test, and EN ISO 11925‐2 Small flame test. Clear relationships between the main Euroclass fire performance parameters and product parameters (such as density and thickness) have been demonstrated. Tables with reaction to fire classification of different wood‐based panels and end‐use applications have been developed in two steps, approved by the European Commission and published in their Official Journal. The table is also included in the harmonized product standard and may be used for CE‐marking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sapphirine + quartz assemblage from the Southern Granulite Terrane, India: diagnostic evidence for ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism within the Gondwana collisional orogen
Authors: Tsunogae Toshiaki , Santosh M.
Published: July 2010

A synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine + quartz assemblage from three localities (Rajapalaiyam, Ganguvarpatti and Panangad) in the Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT), India, provides unequivocal evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism associated with the collisional assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian. The reaction microstructures associated with sapphirine + quartz vary among the samples, probably suggesting different tectonic conditions during the metamorphic evolution. Sapphirine and quartz in pelitic granulites from Rajapalaiyam in the Madurai Block occur as an intergrowth in poikiloblastic garnet, whereas the two minerals show host‐inclusion relationship (quartz inclusion in coarse‐grained sapphirine) in a Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Ganguvarpatti in the same block. The sapphirine–quartz association and related microstructures from the two localities are consistent with isobaric cooling from sapphirine + quartz to orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz fields, possibly along a counterclockwiseP‐Tpath. In contrast, sapphirine + quartz occurs as coronas around Mg‐rich (XMg ∼ 0.58) staurolite within poikiloblastic garnet in an Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Panangad in the Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone (PCSZ). The texture suggests decompression from the stability field of Mg‐rich staurolite (P > 15 kbar) atT > 1000 °C possibly along a clockwiseP‐Ttrajectory. Such contrastingP‐Tpaths are consistent with a recent tectonic model of the SGT, according to which the metamorphism in the Madurai Block is related to heat (and fluid) input from the mantle, whereas that in the PCSZ is related to the subduction‐collision tectonics between the Madurai Block and the Dharwar Craton, where high‐pressure and ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) metamorphic rocks were extruded along the subduction channel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Greywacke problem
Authors: Cummins W. A.
Published: July 2010

Greywacke is a kind of sandstone in which the sand grains are set in a fine “muddy” matrix. The fine grained matrix is at once the essential characteristic of greywacke and the essence of the greywacke problem. The mode and environment of deposition of greywackes can be inferred from their sedimentary structures and from their lithological and palaeontological associations. Many greywackes are recognised as deep water marine turbidites; others are shallow water marine sediments; and yet others are fluviatile. Modern sediments of comparable origin, whether found in nature or produced experimentally, are not greywackes. Thus, if the principle of uniformitarianism is applied, the peculiar texture of greywackes cannot be an original detrital feature, but must be the result of post‐depositional alteration of “normal sand”. Several independent lines of evidence support the post‐depositional alteration hypothesis for the origin of greywacke.
Textural evidence for the origin of ignimbrites
Authors: Rast N.
Published: July 2010

Despite the large number of recent papers on ignimbrites, their origin is still debatable. Textural features of ignimbrites are considered and certain deductions are made as to the origin of these rocks.
Cross‐strata of the Rough Rock (Millstone Grit Series) in the pennines
Authors: Shackleton J. S.
Published: July 2010

The Rough Rock is the highest sandstone horizon in the Millstone Grit Series (Namurian) in northern England. It is about 70 feet thick and outcrops over an area of some 4,000 square miles. Modal analyses show that it is an arkose, with about 20% of felspar (mainly microcline perthite) and many quartzose rock pebbles. Cross‐stratification is very common, occurring in sets mostly between one and three feet in thickness. The orientations of 1738 cross‐strata, measured at 301 localities, show that the currents flowed mainly southwestwards.

It is suggested that the arkoses were deposited on an extensive and nearly horizontal floor just above sea level, and that sediment was distributed not by one but by many rivers, perhaps aided by flash floods.
The geology of the Nefyn‐Llanaelhaiarn area of north Wales
Authors: Tremlett W. E.
Published: July 2010

A detailed geological map of this northeastern part of the Lleyn peninsula is provided for the first time. The area consists largely of a suite of Caledonian intrusions, in which many distinctive rock‐types can be recognised, but the majority are of granodioritic affinities. These rocks are described in detail and eighteen chemical analyses of them are given. The relations of intrusions to the structural features of the area are discussed and the probable geological history described.
Asymmetrical ripple marks and the origin of water‐laid Cosets of Cross‐Strata
Authors: Allen J. R. L.
Published: July 2010

Asymmetrical ripple marks formed by flowing water are described and classified on geometrical form, physical size, and hydrodynamic conditions of origin. By analysing models it is demonstrated that the character of cosets of cross‐strata resulting from the migration of asymmetrical ripple marks is dependent on ripple geometry and sediment supply. Predicted cross‐stratification patterns are shown to agree well with those described from water‐laid sediments. The use of cross‐strata in deducing sedimentation rates and depths of deposition is pointed out. Models are developed from natural situations for interpreting cross‐stratal dip direction patterns in shallow marine and deltaic sediments.
A tectonic profile across the caledonides of south Mayo
Authors: Dewey J. F. , Phillips W. E. A.
Published: July 2010

A composite tectonic profile, from Clew Bay to central Murrisk is constructed and the sequence of structural events from the Upper Cambrian to post‐Wenlock—pre‐Viséan (C2 S2) times is outlined. Four main structural episodes affected the Dalradian rocks in pre‐Arenig times. ‘Taconic’ thrusting and concentric folding were important, and finally a complex sequence of structures were variably imprinted on the Dalradian, Ordovician and Silurian rocks during post‐Wenlock, pre Viséan (C2 S2) times.
On the statistical analysis of fabric diagrams
Authors: Flinn Derek
Published: July 2010

In his book “Structural Diagrams” (1958 Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.) Vistelius proposes a scheme for the statistical analysis of fabric diagrams. The scheme is critically examined in this paper and found to be statistically invalid, largely due to a misunderstanding of the nature of the pole distribution in random diagrams.
Facies patterns in the Ludlovian of Wales and the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Holland C. H. , Lawson J. D.
Published: July 2010

A series of facies distribution maps with accompanying discussion is given for nine divisions of the Ludlovian; significant information on faunas and sedimentary features is incorporated. Isopachyte maps are presented for the whole of the Ludlovian and for its four component stages. Two sections are drawn across the area of sedimentation from northwest to southeast and northeast to southwest respectively. From the evidence assembled in these maps and sections deductions are made as to the probable palaeogeography of the Welsh Borderland area in Ludlovian times.
The dolerite plug at Slemish, Co. Antrim, Ireland
Authors: Preston J.
Published: July 2010

Three olivine dolentes D1, D2, and D3 form a multiple intrusion of Tertiary age. The earlier intrusions, D1 and D2, fill the conduit in the lower part of the hill. The final intrusion D3 broke through the solid plug of D1 and D2 along restricted channels to fill the conduit in the upper part of the hill. The intrusions are exposed at the present erosion level of the Upper Basalts and near the top of the original lava‐plateau. D1 contains layers full of cognate platy xenoliths; D3, at the south end of the hill, is crowded with cognate xenolithic sheets, and similar sheets settled on to the floor of the D3 intrusion elsewhere. The xenolithic sheets are considered to be surface crusts formed at the top of the magma column and carried to their present place by the circulatory system of a lava‐lake.
The ordovician and other post‐rosslare series Rocks in Southeast Co. Wexford
Authors: Baker J. W.
Published: July 2010

Ordovician sediments at Tagoat and Rosslare Harbour are re‐described and their relationship to the underlying Rosslare Series discussed. A brief outline of their petrology is given, but it is shown that the fauna is in need of revision before reliable correlations can be made. Similar rocks are recorded near Tomhaggard; amongst these, spotted mudstones imply Ordovician or later intrusions. Undeformec dykes intrusive into the Rosslare Series are believed to be representatives of this phase.
A survey of the age relations of Shetland Rocks
Authors: Miller John A. , Flinn Derek
Published: July 2010

The survey is based on field work by Flinn, on forty‐two K‐Ar age determinations by Miller, and on previously published work on Shetland. Most of the metamorphic rocks give K‐Ar ages of about 420 m.y. It is clear from petrological and stratigraphical evidence that this age is not the age of the metamorphisms and migmatizations responsible for the more obvious features of the rocks, and also that the metamorphic rocks in different areas have had different histories of development. Ages up to 515 m.y. have been found in various areas, and these may be more closely related to the main metamorphisms than the more common 420 m.y. ages. In the Mainland the 420 m.y. age may be related to a late porphyroblast metamorphism: in Unst and Fetlar it seems to be the age of Read's second metamorphism which accompanied the emplacement of nappes and the formation of orogenic sediments. About 400 m.y. ago a series of postorogenic granitic and appinitic complexes were emplaced in the southern part of Shetland. By 380 m.y. ago erosion had reached migmatitic rocks and they were being buried again beneath Old Red sediments and contemporaneous volcanics. Later still, possibly 350 m.y. ago, in Upper Devonian times, granites were emplaced in the west of Shetland cutting the Old Red rocks. Finally the Walls Boundary Fault (Great Glen Fault ?) cut one of these late granites.
The problem of origin, deformation and recrystallization of calcite‐quartz bodies
Authors: Nicholson R.
Published: July 2010

The calcite‐quartz bodies which occur in the Upper Wenlock slaty succession of Llangollen have a distinctive fabric of platy calcite crystals and coarse, sometimes euhedral, quartz. The calcite internal deformation lamellae and folds and boudins formed in the bodies during the production of the folds and cleavage of the country rock are described together with the recrystallization fabrics of some of the calcite. Note is made of similar rocks from Ribblesdale and Coniston and their origin discussed.
On the correlation of certain lower Dalradian successions in northwest Donegal
Authors: Pitcher W. S. , Shackleton R. M.
Published: July 2010

Within the Dalradian Series of Donegal, the Creeslough, Maas and Fintown successions, which have hitherto been regarded as stratigraphically distinct, are correlated. A standard terminology for this sequence is proposed and a detailed correlation is made with the Ballachulish Succession, which thus forms all the country around the Donegal Granites, northwest of the faults and thrusts which separate it from the Islay Succession.
Ignimbrite eruptions in the volcanic history of the glencoe Cauldron subsidence
Authors: Roberts John L.
Published: July 2010

The field relations and petrography of two thick ignimbrite horizons are described from the volcanic pile within the Glencoe Cauldron and are correlated with two pyroclastic horizons in the Lorne Plateau lavas. Their recognition enables two cycles in the volcanic history, culminating in cauldron‐subsidence and caldera formation to be discerned. The role of variation in gas pressure in depth is discussed in relation to the formation of the ring‐faults bounding the Cauldron‐Subsidence, and the volcanic history of the Glencoe Cauldron Subsidence reviewed.
Some aspects of a horizontal schistosity
Authors: Shelley David
Published: July 2010

A Pre‐Cambrian horizontal schistosity was formed in regionally metamorphosed rocks around Lannilis, Finistére, during repeated fold movements. Only horizontal movement occurred since the superimposed load due to deep burial was great. Biotite crystallisation along horizontal planes resulted in a schistosity except in the principal thrust zones where decussate biotite textures and large garnets developed. During the early movements, ‘ac’ girdles of quartz axes were formed but these girdles were rotated during the later movements along the schistosity. The degree of rotation and the form of the associated structures cannot be interpreted easily either by ‘Sow’ on planes perpendicular to a compression axis or by ‘slip’ along the schistosity.
A late pleistocene marine molluscan fauna from the Drifts of the Cheshire plain
Authors: Thompson D. B. , Worsley P.
Published: July 2010

Some recent finds from two working pits in the outwash sands of the Cheshire Plain are recorded.

The opportunity is taken to discuss the dating and ecology of the fauna in relation to past and present theories of environment in the late Pleistocene, and their relationship to the fauna of the Macclesfield New Cemetery Beds.
The geology of ordovician rocks at Balbriggan, County Dublin, Eire
Authors: France D. S.
Published: July 2010

A thick series of Caradocian volcanics is described. The volcanics are basic‐intermediate and it is own that they have a number of characteristics which are peculiar to emplacement in a subaqueous environment. A new interpretation of the stratigraphy results from a consideration of the folding of the succession.
The stratigraphy and tectonics of the Skiddaw slates and the relationship of the overlying borrowdale volcanic series in part of the Lake District
Authors: Simpson Alexander
Published: July 2010

The Skiddaw Slates consist of eight formations with the substantial thickness of about 30,000 ft. This geosynclinal sequence is of Arenig age though the highest formation may continue into the Lower Llanvirn.

The polyphase tectonics of the Skiddaw Slates and the relationship of the overlying Borrowdale Volcanic Series are discussed. It is concluded that the Caledonian tectonic history of this part of Britain contains two paroxysms of orogenic activity. In addition to the orthodox end‐Silurian orogenesis there was also an intra‐Lower Ordovician orogenic episode which took place towards the close of the Llanvirn.

During the earlier tectonic climax the Skiddaw Slates were deformed by two phases of folding. Their structure is, therefore, largely of pre‐Borrowdale age and bears little relation to that of the overlying cover. After this dual deformation the slaty basement was truncated by erosion and is separated from the overlying Borrowdale Volcanic Series by an angular unconformity. Only the end‐Silurian folding affects the volcanic superstructure and the younger Lower Palaeozoic sequence.
The periglacial origin of the drifts at Morfa‐Bychan, near Aberystwyth
Authors: Edward  , Watson Sybil
Published: July 2010

The superficial deposits at Morfa‐bychan have previously been interpreted as deposited by Welsh ice. A reconsideration, including: stone orientation analysis, suggests however that they consist of screes and solifluction deposits with subordinate rain‐wash gravels, and a thin loess—the whole laid down under periglacial conditions, when the Irish Sea ice no longer reached the area. There is no direct evidence for dating but their volume and field relations suggest they represent the deposits of the last glaciation.
The geological results of gravity and magnetic surveys in the Malvern Hills and adjacent districts
Authors: Brooks Michael
Published: July 2010

Detailed gravity and vertical force magnetic surveys in and around the Malvern Hills are described, and the results of determinations of densities and magnetic properties of local rocks are presented. The geophysical surveys indicate that the Malvern axis is a broad anticline involving basement rocks and that the folded basement extends northwards at shallow depth under the Storridge anticline; it cannot be traced further north under the Abberley Hills. Areas of surface Pre‐Cambrian rock are interpreted as comprising intensely folded and faulted axial portions of the major fold, which is assumed to be of Armorican age. On the basis of the shallow depth to basement directly north of the Hills, and by analogy with the situation in the southern Malverns where Llandovery strata overstep the Local Cambrian succession, it is concluded that the Cambrian rocks were largely removed from the Storridge area as well as from the Malvern Hills area following a period of pre‐Llandovery tectonism. To the west, the basement surface dips at about 30° to a depth of at least 5,000 ft.

Cook and Thirlaway's (1955) suggestion that the Eastern Boundary Fault is part of a step‐fault complex is accepted, and their interpretation of the configuration of the Worcestershire Triassic basin is not significantly amended in the present account.
The caradoc rocks around llyn cowlyd, North Wales
Authors: Diggens J. N. , Romano M.
Published: July 2010

A thick succession of Middle Caradoc sediments (Glanrafon Beds) with occasional volcanic horizons is described. Faunas found within the succession prove a Soudleyan to Lower Longvillian age for these sediments. Detailed mapping has shown the presence of an unconformity between the Glanrafon Beds and the overlying Lower Rhyolite Tuff of the Snowdon Volcanic Series. A new fauna from the sediments within the Capel Curig Volcanic Series proves a Soudleyan (?Lower) age for this period of vulcanicity.