bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selten‐Erd‐Metall‐Koordinationspolymere: Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen von sechs neuen Pimelinaten, [M(Pim)(PimH)(H2O)](H2O) (M = Ce, Pr) und [M2(Pim)3(H2O)4] (M = Tb, Ho, Er, Tm)
Authors: Flemig Holger , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: October 2006

Rare‐Earth‐Metal Coordination Polymers: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Six New Pimelinates, [M(Pim)(PimH)(H2O)](H2O) (M = Ce, Pr) and [M2(Pim)3(H2O)4] (M = Tb, Ho, Er, Tm)

The new rare‐earth metal carboxylates [M(Pim)(PimH)(H2O)](H2O) (M = Ce (1), Pr (2)) and [M2(Pim)3(H2O)4] (M = Tb (3), Ho (4), Er (5), Tm (6)) were prepared from the reaction of pimelinic acid with CeO2, Pr6O11, Tb4O7, HoCl3, ErCl3 and Tm(NO3)3, respectively. Their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. [M(Pim)(PimH)(H2O)](H2O) crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14) with a = 909.6(1), b = 870.6(1), c = 2240.5(2) pm, β = 92.30(1)°, Z = 4 (crystal data for M = Ce). The isostructural pimelinate‐hydrates [M2(Pim)3(H2O)4] crystallize with orthorhombic symmetry, Pbcn (no. 60), with a = 1392.5(1), b = 902.3(1), c = 2408.8(2) pm, Z = 4 (crystal data for M = Tb). The rare‐earth cations have coordination numbers of 10 (1, 2) and 9 (3, 4, 5 and 6), respectively. In the crystal structure of [M(Pim)(PimH)(H2O)](H2O) bidentate and tridentate‐bridging carboxylate groups form rather dense structures in which chains are bridged to layers and further to networks. Pimelinic acid molecules fill the channels. In [M2(Pim)3(H2O)4] tridentate‐bridging carboxylate groups coordinating to two rare‐earth ions lead to dimers that are linked with other dimers to strands. The channels thus formed between the strands are rather small in diameter. They do not contain any non‐coordinated water molecules.
Soluble Monometallic Salen Complexes Derived from O‐functionalized Salicylaldehydes as Metalloligands for the Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Complexes
Authors: Fritzsche Sebastian , Lönnecke Peter , Höcher Thomas , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: October 2006

The reaction of 2,3‐diamino‐2,3‐dimethylbutane (tmen) with 3‐hydroxysalicylaldehyde (3hsal), 4‐hydroxysalicylaldehyde (4hsal), and 5‐hydroxysalicylaldehyde (5hsal) or 3‐carboxysalicylaldehyde (3csal) gave the hydroxy‐functionalized salen ligands H43hsaltmen, H44hsaltmen and H45hsaltmen, or the 3‐carboxy‐functionalized ligand H43csaltmen, which were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy. The nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes [Ni(H23hsaltmen)], [Ni(H24hsaltmen)], [Ni(H25hsaltmen)], [Cu(H23hsaltmen)] and [Cu(H24hsaltmen)] were synthesized in high yield (78–99 %) starting from H43hsaltmen, H44hsaltmen and H45hsaltmen and the corresponding metal(II) acetates. The complexes are soluble in acetone, ethanol, methanol, thf and dmso. The reaction of H43csaltmen and nickel(II) acetate gave [Ni(H23csaltmen)] in 40 % yield. The disodium salt of the corresponding copper(II) complex [Cu(Na23csaltmen)] was obtained in 66 % yield in a template reaction from 3‐carboxysalicylaldehyde, tmen, copper(II) acetate and sodium hydroxide, and was characterized by EPR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All complexes were identified by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, the nickel complexes also by NMR spectroscopy, and [Ni(H23hsaltmen)], [Ni(H24hsaltmen)] and [Ni(H23csaltmen)] by X‐ray crystallography. The homobinuclear copper complex [Cu2(3hsaltmen)] was prepared in 91 % yield from H43hsaltmen, two equivalents of Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O and four equivalents of LiOH·H2O and was characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The trinuclear complex [Zr{Ni(3hsaltmen)}2] was obtained from [Zr(NEt2)4] and [Ni(H23hsaltmen)] (ratio 1:2) and characterized by FAB and APPI mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography. The redox potential of the trinuclear complex [Zr{Ni(3hsaltmen)}2] is shifted by 0.04 V to positive potential compared to [Ni(H23hsaltmen)], while the redox potential of the binuclear copper complex [Cu2(3hsaltmen)] is shifted by 0.22 V to negative potential compared to [Cu(H23hsaltmen)].
Synthesis, Characterization and X‐ray Crystal Structures of [Cu(ncaen)2]ClO4 and [Cu(nca2en)(PPh3)2]BPh4 Complexes
Authors: Dehghanpour Saeed , Kempe Rhett , Balireddi Sreenivas , Fotouhi Lida , Tabasia Farzaneh , Mojahed Fresia , Salek Samaneh
Published: October 2006

A novel ligand, N,N′‐Bis‐[3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐allylidene]‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine (nca2en), and their corresponding copper(I) complexes, [Cu(ncaen)2]ClO4 (1), and [Cu(nca2en)(PPh3)2]BPh4 (2), have been synthesized and characterized by CHN analyses, 1H and 13C‐NMR, IR, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures of [Cu(ncaen)2]ClO4 (1), and [Cu(nca2en)(PPh3)2]BPh4 (2), were determined by X‐ray crystallography from single‐crystal data. The coordination polyhedron about the copper(I) atom in the two complexes is best described as a distorted tetrahedron. A quasireversible redox behavior is observed for complex 1 and 2 (E1/2 = 0.55 and 0.95 V, respectively).
Syntheses and Characterizations of Two Novel Silver Polymers from Assembly 5‐Bromosalicylic Acid and 2‐Aminobenzoic Acid, with High Inhibitory Activities against Jack Bean Urease
Authors: Cheng Kui , Zhu Hai‐Liang , Li Yu‐Guang
Published: October 2006

Two novel two‐dimensional silver(I) polymers, [Ag(5‐bsa)]n (1) and [Ag(2‐aba)]n (2) (5‐bsaH = 5‐bromosalicylic acid and 2‐abaH = 2‐aminobenzoic acid), have been synthesized from the reaction of Ag2O and carboxylate ligands in ammonia solution and structurally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.316(2), b = 8.171(2), c = 13.051(3) Å, U = 777.0(3) Å3, β = 95.14(3) and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 5.9486(8), b = 24.227(3), c = 4.9042(6) Å, U = 706.8(2) Å3, and Z = 4. In 1, 5‐bsa serves as tridentate ligands coordinating to three Ag+ ions through its hydroxyl and bridging ligand carboxyl groups, with the Ag‐Ag bonding and two carboxylate ions defined in a slight distorted plane and further extending into a two‐dimension layer through the hydroxyl and the overlapping and off‐set stacking interactions. In 2, adjacent Ag+ ions via Ag‐Ag bonding interactions generate a one‐dimension silver chain and adjacent silver chains are further linked by μ2‐N, O atoms of 2‐aba to result in a two‐dimensional configuration, with the inter‐chain hydrogen bonding interaction forming a three‐dimension supramolecular structure. Both the two silver(I) complexes have strong inhibitory activities against Jack Bean urease with the IC50 values of 21.98 μM for 1 and 25.34 μM for 2, but neglectable inhibition activity on Xanthine Oxidase.
Tetramethylammoniumamalgam, [N(CH3)4]Hg8
Authors: Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: October 2006

Tetramethyl Ammonium Amalgam, [N(CH3)4]Hg8

Crystals of tetramethyl ammonium amalgam with the composition [N(CH3)4]Hg8 were prepared by electrolysis. According to temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction experiments the compound transforms into an amorphous product above 6 °C; the decomposition is a multi‐stage process as shown by DTA experiments. X‐ray examinations of crystalline aggregates indicate a structure of low symmetry with remarkable similarities to that of α‐Hg.
Substitution Reactions on CaI2: Synthesis of Mixed Metal Lithium‐Calcium‐Phenolates, and Cluster Transformation as a Function of Solvent
Authors: Maudez William , Häussinger Daniel , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: October 2006

For the first time, unsubstituted mixed lithium and calcium phenolates could be structurally characterized in the solid state. Compound [CaLi6(μ3‐OPh)8(thf)6] (1), was obtained from the reaction of CaI2 with LiOPh in THF, and features two heterocubane units fused via the calcium ion. Upon recrystallization from the bidentate ligand DME, the aggregate [Ca2(dme)2(μ‐OPh)6{Li(dme)}2] (2) is obtained, in which the metal ions form a chain motif, being pairwise bridged by phenolate. The transformation of 1 into 2 upon addition of DME can be followed by 7Li‐NMR spectroscopy.
Crystal Structure of NbOBr2
Authors: Beck Johannes , Kusterer Christian
Published: October 2006

Black, needle shaped crystals of NbOBr2 were formed by reduction of NbOBr3 with InBr at 500 °C. It crystallizes isotypically to NbOI2 (monoclinic, space group C2, a = 13.833(4), b = 3.9079(6), c = 7.023(2) Å, β = 105.026(10)°). The structure consists of NbO2Br4 octahedra, which are connected to layers $^{2}_{\infty}\rm [NbO_{2/2}Br_{4/2}]$. Nb atoms of edge sharing octahedra form Nb2 pairs with Nb–Nb distances of 3.144(5) Å. Within corner‐sharing octahedra alternating long and short Nb–O bonds are present, causing the polarity of the structure.
Aryl Phosphine Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes with N,O‐Amino‐carboxylate Chelate Ligands [(Aryl)(R3P)M(N,O‐α‐aminocarboxylate)](M = Ni, Pd). Catalysts for the Polymerization of Olefins
Authors: Ponikwar Walter , Mihan Shahram , Sünkel Karlheinz , Beck Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

The title complexes [(Aryl)(R3P)M(N,O‐α‐aminocarboxylate)] (M = Ni, Pd) were synthesized by reaction of [(o‐tolyl)(Ph3P)2NiBr] or of [(p‐Me3CC6H4)(o‐tolyl3P)Pd(μ‐Br)]2 with the anions of α‐amino acids. The spectroscopic data indicate that the nickel complexes are formed as mixtures of isomers, whereas for the palladium complexes only one isomer is observed. The complex [(o‐tolyl)(Ph3P)Ni(glycinate)] is – in the presence of AlEt3 – a highly active catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene [up to 1800 kg PE / (mol Ni·h)] and gives polymers with remarkably high molecular weights (up to 900.000 g/mol) and with few branchings.
Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden. CLXV N,O‐Chelat‐Komplexe von α‐Aminosäureanionen mit cyclopalladiertem N,N‐Dimethylferrocencarbothiamid
Authors: Hauck Thomas , Sünkel Karlheinz , Beck Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands. CLXV N,O‐Chelate Complexes of α‐Amino Acid Anions with Cyclopalladated N,N‐Dimethylferrocenecarbothioamide

A short literature review on the reactions of various chlorobridged complexes with α‐aminoacidates, α‐amino acid esters, peptide ester or derivatives of amino acids is given. The chloro bridged o‐palladated N,N‐dimethylferrocenecarbothioamide [(fct)Pd(μ‐Cl)2Pd(fct)] reacts with the anions of glycine, L‐alanine, L‐proline, L‐valine, L‐phenylalanine, L‐leucine, L‐isoleucine to give the N,O‐chelates [(fct)Pd(N,O‐α‐aminocarboxylate)] (1–7). Due to the planary chirality of the unsymmetrically disubstituted cyclopentadienyl iron moiety of fct the complexes 2–7 with optically active amino acidate ligands are formed as a mixture of two diastereoisomers, which can be detected by their NMR spectra.
Neue Polyiodide des Caesiums mit Doppel‐ und Tripeldecker‐Kationen, [Cs(Benzo‐18‐Krone‐6)2]Ix und [Cs2(Benzo‐18‐Krone‐6)3](Ix)2 (x = 3, 5)
Authors: Herzmann Nina , Pantenburg Ingo , Müller Ingrid , Tyrra Wieland , Meyer Gerd
Published: October 2006

New Polyiodides of Cesium containing Double and Triple Decker Cations, [Cs(benzo‐18‐crown‐6)2]Ix and [Cs2(benzo‐18‐crown‐6)3](Ix)2 (x = 3, 5)

[Cs(b18c6)2]Ix (x = 3 (1), 5 (3)) and [Cs2(b18c6)3](Ix)2 (x = 3 (2), 5 (4)) (b18c6 = benzo‐18‐crown‐6) have been synthesized by the reaction of benzo‐18‐crown‐6 (C16H24O6), cesium iodide (CsI) and iodine (I2) in acetonitrile (1), ethanol/dichloromethane (2, 4) and 2‐methoxyethanol (3). Their crystal structures were determined on the basis of single crystal X‐ray data {(1): monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 2048.8(5), b = 1329.5(5), c = 1588.7(5) pm, β = 110.23(1)°; (2): monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 2296.0(1), b = 2092.7(1), c = 1373.6(1) pm, β = 100.21(1)°; (3): monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4, a = 1586.3(1), b = 1745.5(1), c = 1608.6(1) pm, β = 92.37(1)°; (4): triclinic, ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, Z = 2, a = 1241.7(1), b = 1539.8(2), c = 1938.4(2) pm, α = 91.15(1), β = 100.53(1), γ = 95.26(1)°}. As expected, double decker cations centered by Cs atoms, [Cs(b18c6)2]+, are found in the structures of (1) and (3). In contrast, the triple decker cation found in (2) and (4) is less common. The triiodide anions of (1) and (2) can be regarded as normal and the chain‐type pentaiodide anions of (3) and (4) fall into the known systematic sequence of these anions. The differences in the connectivity of the crystallographically independent I5− anions in (4) are surprising with respect to the fact that, so far, independent pentaiodide anions do not show variations in their scheme of connectivity within one crystal structure.
[(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·CH3CN und [(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·2 DMF, Triphenylzinnvanadate mit neuartigen Kettenstrukturen
Authors: Herntrich Tobias , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: October 2006

[(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·CH3CN and [(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·2 DMF, Triphenyltin Vanadates with Novel Chain Structures

The reaction of Na3VO4 with Ph3SnCl in a water/CH2Cl2 mixture leads to the formation of [(Ph3Sn)3VO4] (1). Recrystallization of 1 from toluene/CH3CN gives pale yellow crystals of [(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·CH3CN (2). 2 crystallizes as coordination polymer which consists of infinite chains composed of corner‐sharing VO4 tetrahedra and Ph3SnO2 trigonal bipyramides. Additionally the VO4 groups are connected to two terminal SnPh3‐Groups containing tin atoms in a tetrahedral environment. [(Ph3Sn)3VO4]·2 DMF (3) which is obtained from Na3VO4 and Ph3SnCl in a water/DMF mixture contains a polymeric chain structure similar to 2 and additionally one of the terminal SnPh3 groups is coordinated to a DMF solvent molecule.
CrB‐Type Phases in the Tb‐Zr‐Al‐Si System
Authors: Muts Nataliya , Gladyshevskii Roman
Published: October 2006

The crystal structures of Tb(Al0.15Si0.85), (Tb0.70Zr0.30)(Al0.17Si0.83) and Zr(Al0.22Si0.78) have been refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The three compounds crystallize with CrB‐type structures (Pearson symbol oS8, space group Cmcm): Tb(Al0.15Si0.85): a = 4.2715(5), b = 10.5595(15), c = 3.8393(5) Å; (Tb0.70Zr0.30)(Al0.17Si0.83): a = 4.163(2), b = 10.423(5), c = 3.8543(18) Å; Zr(Al0.22Si0.78): a = 3.7824(6), b = 10.0164(16), c = 3.7795(5) Å. The existence of a significant CrB‐type solid solution in the quaternary system Tb‐Zr‐Al‐Si, based on the ternary compound Tb(Al0.15Si0.85) and extending toward the solid solution based on the binary compound ZrSi in the Zr‐Al‐Si system, cannot be excluded.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Methylzinc(2‐Pyridylethyl)(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)amide] and its Hydrolysis Product
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Kneifel Alexander N. , Nöth Heinrich
Published: October 2006

The metallation of (2‐pyridylethyl)(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)amine (1) with dimethylzinc yields quantitatively dimeric methylzinc (2‐pyridylethyl)(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)amide (2). Hydrolysis reactions lead to the precipitation of trakis(methylzinc) bis{2‐pyridylethyl)(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl}amide](μ4‐oxide)] (3).
The speciation history of the Drosophila nasuta complex
Authors: BACHTROG DORIS
Published: October 2006

The Drosophila nasuta subgroup of the immigrans species group is widely distributed throughout the South-East Asian region, consisting of morphologically similar species with varying degrees of reproductive isolation. Here, I report nucleotide variability data for five X-linked and two mtDNA loci in eight taxa from the nasuta subgroup, with deeper sampling from D. albomicans and its sister species D. nasuta. Phylogenetic relationships among these species vary among different genomic regions, and levels of genetic differentiation suggest that this species group diversified only about one million years ago. D. albomicans and D. nasuta share nucleotide polymorphisms and are distinguished by relatively few fixed differences. Patterns of genetic differentiation between this species pair are compatible with a simple isolation model with no gene flow. Nucleotide variability levels of species in the nasuta group are comparable to those in members of the melanogaster and pseudoobscura species groups, indicating effective population sizes on the order of several million. Population genetic analyses reveal that summaries of the frequency distribution of neutral polymorphisms in both D. albomicans and D. nasuta generally fit the assumptions of the standard neutral model. D. albomicans is of particular interest for evolutionary studies because of its recently formed neo-sex chromosomes, and our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses suggest that it might be an ideal model to study the very early stages of Y chromosome evolution.
‘Disparagement and Invidious Comparisons’? Assessing Critical Reactions to Mathias's First Symphony
Authors: Jones Nicholas
Published: October 2006

A composer can't, and shouldn't, expect to please everybody. What is really important to me is whether what I've produced is exactly what I mean, and on that I'm prepared to stand. That doesn't imply, of course, that I don't think that some of my works are better than others – that is inevitable. One of the problems in modern music is that some composers tend to feel that they should be saying what they ought to mean; they're thinking about the process of writing too much, and relying too little on the tremendous power of the instinct, which must be trusted in the end.
Barry's ‘The Intelligence Park’
Authors: Hughes Bernard
Published: October 2006

BARRY: The Intelligence Park. Richard Jackson (bass bar), Paul Harhy (ten), Sephen Richardson (bass), Angela Tunstall (sop), Nicholas Clapton (counter-ten), Buddug Verona James (contralto), Almeida Ensemble c. Robert Houlihan. NMC D122
London, Guildhall School of Music
Authors: Miller Malcolm
Published: October 2006

London, Guildhall School of Music: Contemporary Israeli Composers
Roberts, Sackman, Ingoldsby et al
Authors: Palmer Peter
Published: October 2006

JEREMY DALE ROBERTS: Winter Music; Croquis (selection); Oggetti – Omaggio à Morandi; Wieglied; Layers; Hamadryad. Hiroaki Takenouchi (pno), Dimitri Murrath (vla), Lontano c. Odaline de la Martinez. Lorelt LNT118.

NICHOLAS SACKMAN: Scorpio; Time-piece (revised 2002); Cross hands; Koi; Sonata for trombone and piano (revised 1999), Sextet for wind. Fine Arts Brass Quintet and various artists. Metier MSV CD92049.

TOM INGOLDSBY: Dialogues; Piano Sonata; Trio (Sonata for Violin, Viola and Piano); After the Eulogy. Adam Summerhayes (vln), Bridget Carey (vla), Alan Brown (pno), Catherine Summerhayes (pno), Clive Williamson (pno). Meridian CDE 84534.

‘North Star’. Works by HUW WATKINS, DIANA BURRELL, JAMES MACMILLAN, RHIAN SAMUEL, RUTH BYRCHMORE, JOHN HAWKINS, ROBIN HOLLOWAY. Deborah Calland (tpt), William Whitehead (organ). Deux-Elles DXL 1097 (www.deuxelles.com).
London
Authors: Weeks James
Published: October 2006

London: Music We'd Like To Hear, March–April 2006
London, RCM
Authors: Miller Malcolm
Published: October 2006

London, RCM: Joseph Horovitz 80th Birthday Concert
The ‘land–family bond’ in East Sussex, c. 1580–1770
Authors: CLARKE DAVID R.
Published: October 2006

This article contributes to debates over the ‘land–family bond’ in Early Modern England, in which social historians have engaged periodically during the past decade. It examines the work of Jane Whittle, Govind Sreenivasen and Alan Macfarlane and adds new archival evidence from my own study of three East Sussex villages, circa 1580–1770. Its focus is on the factors that influenced the land–family bond over time. It argues that a more nuanced understanding of individual tenant behaviour during this period cannot be reached without also charting the social, economic and demographic context in which such behaviour operated.
The ‘real’ puzzle of sharecropping: why is it disappearing?
Authors: FEDERICO GIOVANNI
Published: October 2006

Most of the literature on sharecropping deals with the reasons for the adoption of an allegedly irrational contract. Empirical testing of theoretical hypotheses is comparatively under-developed and the data on the worldwide diffusion of sharecropping are very scarce. This article argues that sharecropping is much less common than is sometimes assumed and that its share of total land has been decreasing. These ‘stylized facts’ are the ‘real’ puzzle that economic historians and theorists should try to explain.
Sharecropping and livestock specialization in France, 1830–1930
Authors: CARMONA JUAN
Published: October 2006

Historians of sharecropping in France have usually emphasized its negative effects on growth and on the workers' welfare. However, from about 1840 the regions of central and western France, regions where sharecroppers were especially numerous, were also areas that saw great improvements and the specialization in commercial livestock. As the author shows, landowners from these areas used sharecropping contracts in order both to seize the opportunities given by the potential scale economies in livestock rearing and to take advantage of family labour at a time of increasing wages. After presenting some basic data regarding sharecropping contracts, the second section is intended to describe the improvements in livestock farming in the area under sharecropping after 1840 and the contribution of landowners. Section III offers an explanation of why landowners preferred sharecropping to fixed-rent contracts. Three causes in particular are identified: (i) a lack of physical and human capital sufficient to allow potential farmers to engage in large scale farming; (ii) the contribution of landlord managerial expertise; and (iii) the fact that the complexity of mixed farming required a quality of work that would have been too expensive with wage labour. In a final section the ways in which the success of sharecropping minimized transaction costs are discussed.
Evaluating the performance of different willingness to pay question formats for valuing environmental restoration in rural China
Authors: ZHONGMIN XU , LOOMIS JOHN , ZHIQIANG ZHANG , HAMAMURA KUINO
Published: October 2006

This paper compares protest rates and willingness to pay (WTP) using a payment card versus single and double bounded voter referendum contingent valuation question formats. Using a chi-square test, the payment card had a significantly higher protest rate (6.7 per cent) than the voter referendum question format (2.2 per cent). The median WTP of the single bounded and double bounded referendum format exceeds the payment card by a factor of nine and seven, respectively. The median WTP from the referendum formats represent about 8 per cent of income, while the payment card results represents about 1 per cent of income. These large differences in WTP between question formats are double what have been found in past studies. We believe this result may be due to excessive yea saying at high bid amounts in the dichotomous choice question formats. This behavior may arise in our case study in rural China because citizens have not had a long history of open elections or voting on tax referenda.
The benefits and costs of informal sector pollution control: Mexican brick kilns
Authors: BLACKMAN ALLEN , SHIH JHIH-SHYANG , EVANS DAVID , BATZ MICHAEL , NEWBOLD STEPHEN , COOK JOSEPH
Published: October 2006

In developing countries, the rapid proliferation of informal firms – low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises – is having significant environmental impacts. Yet environmental management authorities typically ignore such firms. This paper estimates the annual net benefits (benefits minus costs) of controlling particulate emissions from a collection of informal brick kilns in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and from two of the city's leading formal industrial polluters. We find that the annual net benefits of controlling brick kiln emissions are substantial – in the tens of millions of dollars – and exceed those for the two formal industrial facilities by a significant margin. These results suggest that, in some cases, the conventional allocation of pollution control resources across formal and informal polluters may be suboptimal.
A correlative study on the relationship between modeled anthropogenic aerosol concentration and satellite‐observed cloud properties over east Asia
Authors: Kawamoto K. , Hayasaka T. , Uno I. , Ohara T.
Published: October 2006

Vertically integrated anthropogenic aerosol mass concentration Ma and low‐level water cloud properties (optical depth τ, effective particle radius re, and columnar droplet number Nc) were correlated over east Asia to elucidate human‐induced effects on low‐cloud properties. Aerosol and cloud properties were obtained from numerical simulations and satellite observations, respectively. Monthly averages of geographical matches between collocated Ma and cloud properties for three seasons showed that as Ma increased, τ and Nc increased and re decreased, which is consistent with the Twomey effect. Their changing rates became less steep when Ma was large. However, the importance of a dynamical effect was also suggested. A comparison of different cloud top heights revealed that values of τ and re of middle and lower clouds followed those of the total water cloud cases and reflected vertical characteristics.
A new neural network approach to the target tracking problem with smart structure
Authors: Çaylar Selçuk , Leblebicioğlu Kemal , Dural Gülbin
Published: October 2006

A modified neural network–based algorithm (modified neural multiple‐source tracking algorithm (MN‐MUST)) is proposed for real‐time multiple‐source tracking problem. The proposed approach reduced the input size of the neural network without any degradation of the accuracy of the system for uncorrelated sources. In addition, a spatial filtering stage that considerably improves the performance of the system is proposed to be inserted. It is observed that the MN‐MUST algorithm provides an accurate and efficient solution to the target‐tracking problem in real time.
Measuring the expressed abundance of the three phases of water with an imaging spectrometer over melting snow
Authors: Green Robert O. , Painter Thomas H. , Roberts Dar A. , Dozier Jeff
Published: October 2006

From imaging spectrometer data, we simultaneously estimate the abundance of the three phases of water in an environment that includes melting snow, basing the analysis on the spectral shift in the absorption coefficient between water vapor, liquid water, and ice at 940, 980, and 1030 nm respectively. We apply a spectral fitting algorithm that measures the expressed abundance of the three phases of water to a data set acquired by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over Mount Rainier, Washington, on 14 June 1996. Precipitable water vapor varies from 1 mm over the summit of Mount Rainier to 10 mm over the lower valleys to the northwest. Equivalent path absorption of liquid water varies from 0 to 13 mm, with the zero values over rocky areas and high‐elevation snow and the high values associated with liquid water held in vegetation canopies and in melting snow. Ice abundance varies from 0 to 30 mm equivalent path absorption in the snow‐ and glacier‐covered portions of Mount Rainier. The water and ice abundances are related to the amount of liquid water and the sizes of the ice grains in the near‐surface layer. Precision of the estimates, calculated over locally homogeneous areas, indicates an uncertainty of better than 1.5% for all three phases, except for liquid water in vegetation, where an optimally homogeneous site was not found. The analysis supports new strategies for hydrological research and applications as imaging spectrometers become more available.
An analytical solution for transient gas flow in a multiwell system
Authors: Shan Chao
Published: October 2006

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) combined with air injection provides an efficient way for the cleanup of vadose zone contaminated by volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). A successful design of an SVE system, however, relies on a good knowledge of the induced gas flow field in the vadose zone. Analytical solutions are available to help understand the gas flow field at steady state. However, most SVE systems must pass a transient period before reaching steady (or quasi‐steady) state, and the length of the period should be system‐specific. This paper presents an analytical solution for transient gas flow in a vadose zone with extraction and injection wells. The transient solution approaches the steady state solution as time increases. Calculations have shown that for a shallow well (screened in a depth of less than 10 m) in a vadose zone with an air permeability of 1 darcy (10−12 m2) or larger, the system reaches steady state in just several hours. Decreasing the air permeability or increasing the screen depth increases the time to reach steady state. In practical applications the transient solution may be relatively insignificant in an SVE design. However, the solution can be important in site characterization through pneumatic tests. A procedure is provided for applying the dimensionless solution in estimating air permeability and air‐filled porosity. An example is also given to use the transient solution for verifying numerical codes.
Satellite‐based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi‐direct effect on cloud water path over East Asia
Authors: Huang Jianping , Lin Bing , Minnis Patrick , Wang Tianhe , Wang Xin , Hu Yongxiang , Yi Yuhong , Ayers J. Kirk
Published: October 2006

The semi‐direct effects of dust aerosols are analyzed over eastern Asia using 2 years (June 2002 to June 2004) of data from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanning radiometer and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite, and 18 years (1984 to 2001) of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data. The results show that the water path of dust‐contaminated clouds is considerably smaller than that of dust‐free clouds. The mean ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP) of dusty clouds are less than their dust‐free counterparts by 23.7% and 49.8%, respectively. The long‐term statistical relationship derived from ISCCP also confirms that there is significant negative correlation between dust storm index and ISCCP cloud water path (CWP). These results suggest that dust aerosols warm clouds, increase the evaporation of cloud droplets and further reduce the CWP, the so‐called semi‐direct effect. The semi‐direct effect may play a role in cloud development over arid and semi‐arid areas of East Asia and contribute to the reduction of precipitation.
Thrust to Wholeness: The Nature of Self-Protection
Authors: Black Percy
Published: October 2006

Although the literature enlists “self-protection” to explain widely varied behavior (e.g., startle, defense mechanism, hoarding), the concept is not defined, nor are its varied modes classified. Few textbooks even index the term. To help remedy this odd neglect, the author postulated the protective motive as a biologically given “thrust to wholeness,” modified by experience and dependent on social support. Utilizing mechanisms of homeostasis, defense, prevention, healing, and “outreach” (i.e., wholeness expressed), the motive disposes the individual to maintain and express the functional integrity of body and self (including “all that is mine”). Seemingly unrelated phenomena (e.g., immune response, quest for immortality, forgiveness, sharing, urge to procreate) are thus afforded common explanation. Prospectively, the thrust to wholeness affords conceptual unity, parsimony, and pedagogical utility. Also, it may furnish a conceptual anchor for well-being and its paradoxes, self-defeat and suicide.
Conformational and functional characterization of trapped complexes of the P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter
Authors: Russell Paula L. , Sharom Frances J.
Published: October 2006

The Pgp (P-glycoprotein) multidrug transporter couples ATP hydrolysis at two cytoplasmic NBDs (nucleotide-binding domains) to the transport of hydrophobic compounds. Orthovanadate (Vi) and fluoroaluminate (AlFx) trap nucleotide in one NBD by forming stable catalytically inactive complexes (Pgp–M2+–ADP–X), which are proposed to resemble the catalytic transition state, whereas the complex formed by beryllium fluoride (BeFx) is proposed to resemble the ground state. We studied the trapped complexes formed via incubation of Pgp with ATP (catalytically forward) or ADP (reverse) and Vi, BeFx or AlFx using Mg2+ or Co2+ as the bivalent cation. Quenching of intrinsic Pgp tryptophan fluorescence by acrylamide, iodide and caesium indicated that conformational changes took place upon formation of the trapped complexes. Trapping with Vi and ATP led to a 6-fold increase in the acrylamide quenching constant, KSV, suggesting that large conformational changes take place in the Pgp transmembrane regions on trapping in the forward direction. Trapping with Vi and ADP gave only a small change in quenching, indicating that the forward- and reverse-trapped complexes are different. TNP (trinitrophenyl)–ATP/TNP–ADP interacted with all of the trapped complexes, however, the fluorescence enhancement differed for the trapped states, suggesting a change in polarity in the nucleotide-binding sites. The nucleotide-binding site of the BeFx-trapped complex was much more polar than that of the Vi and AlFx complexes. Functionally, all the trapped complexes were able to bind drugs and TNP–nucleotides with unchanged affinity compared with native Pgp.
Functional analysis of a group A streptococcal glycoside hydrolase Spy1600 from family 84 reveals it is a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and not a hyaluronidase
Authors: Sheldon William L. , Macauley Matthew S. , Taylor Edward J. , Robinson Charlotte E. , Charnock Simon J. , Davies Gideon J. , Vocadlo David J. , Black Gary W.
Published: October 2006

Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the causative agent of severe invasive infections such as necrotizing fasciitis (the so-called ‘flesh eating disease’) and toxic-shock syndrome. Spy1600, a glycoside hydrolase from family 84 of the large superfamily of glycoside hydrolases, has been proposed to be a virulence factor. In the present study we show that Spy1600 has no activity toward galactosaminides or hyaluronan, but does remove β-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine from mammalian glycoproteins – an observation consistent with the inclusion of eukaryotic O-glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosidases within glycoside hydrolase family 84. Proton NMR studies, structure–reactivity studies for a series of fluorinated analogues and analysis of 1,2-dideoxy-2′-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoso-[2,1-d]-Δ2′-thiazoline as a competitive inhibitor reveals that Spy1600 uses a double-displacement mechanism involving substrate-assisted catalysis. Family 84 glycoside hydrolases are therefore comprised of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic β-N-acetylglucosaminidases using a conserved catalytic mechanism involving substrate-assisted catalysis. Since these enzymes do not have detectable hyaluronidase activity, many family 84 glycoside hydrolases are most likely incorrectly annotated as hyaluronidases.
Statins inhibit the dimerization of β-secretase via both isoprenoid- and cholesterol-mediated mechanisms
Authors: Parsons Richard B. , Price Gemma C. , Farrant Joanna K. , Subramaniam Daryl , Adeagbo-Sheikh Jubril , Austen Brian M.
Published: October 2006

We have previously reported that protein lipidation in the form of palmitoylation and farnesylation is critical for the production of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide), the dimerization of β-secretase and its trafficking into cholesterol-rich microdomains. As statins influence these lipid modifications in addition to their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis, we have investigated the effects of lovastatin and SIMVA (simvastatin) at a range of concentrations chosen to distinguish different cellular effects on Aβ production and β-secretase structure and its localization in bHEK cells [HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells) transfected with the Asp-2 gene plus a polyhistidine coding tag] cells. We have compared the changes brought about by statins with those brought about by the palmitoylation inhibitor cerulenin and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor CVFM (Cys-Val-Phe-Met). The statin-mediated reduction in Aβ production correlated with an inhibition of β-secretase dimerization into its more active form at all concentrations of statin investigated. These effects were reversed by the administration of mevalonate, showing that these effects were mediated via 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-dependent pathways. At low (1 μM) statin concentrations, reduction in Aβ production and inhibition of β-secretase dimerization were mediated by inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis. At high (>10 μM) concentrations of statins, inhibition of β-secretase palmitoylation occurred, which we demonstrated to be regulated by intracellular cholesterol levels. There was also a concomitant concentration-dependent change in β-secretase subcellular trafficking. Significantly, Aβ release from cells was markedly higher at 50 μM SIMVA than at 1 μM, whereas these concentrations resulted in similar reductions in total Aβ production, suggesting that low-dose statins may be more beneficial than high doses for the therapeutic treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Phosphorylation of the ARE-binding protein DAZAP1 by ERK2 induces its dissociation from DAZ
Authors: Morton Simon , Yang Huei-Ting , Moleleki Ntsane , Campbell David G. , Cohen Philip , Rousseau Simon
Published: October 2006

A protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages, which became phosphorylated in response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide), was identified as the RNA-binding protein called DAZAP1 [DAZ (deleted in azoospermia)-associated protein 1]. The phosphorylation of this protein was prevented by specific inhibition of MKK1 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinase 1], indicating that it was phosphorylated via the classical MAPK cascade. Further experiments showed that DAZAP1 was phosphorylated stoichiometrically in vitro by ERK2 (extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase 2) at two Thr-Pro sequences (Thr269 and Thr315), and that both sites became phosphorylated in HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells in response to PMA or EGF (epidermal growth factor), or RAW 264.7 macrophages in response to LPS. Phosphorylation induced by each stimulus was prevented by two structurally distinct inhibitors of MKK1 (PD184352 and U0126), demonstrating that DAZAP1 is a physiological substrate for ERK1/ERK2. The mutation of Thr269 and Thr315 to aspartate or the phosphorylation of these residues caused DAZAP1 to dissociate from its binding partner DAZ. DAZ interacts with PABP [poly(A)-binding protein] and thereby stimulates the translation of mRNAs containing short poly(A) tails [Collier, Gorgoni, Loveridge, Cooke and Gray (2005) EMBO J. 24, 2656–2666]. In the present study we have shown that DAZ cannot bind simultaneously to DAZAP1 and PABP, and suggest that the phosphorylation-induced dissociation of DAZ and DAZAP1 may allow the former to stimulate translation by interacting with PABP.
Recruitment of the SWI/SNF protein Brg1 by a multiprotein complex effects transcriptional repression in murine erythroid progenitors
Authors: Xu Zhixiong , Meng Xianzhang , Cai Ying , Koury Mark J. , Brandt Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

SWI/SNF complexes are involved in both activation and repression of transcription. While one of two homologous ATPases, Brg1 [Brm (Brahma)-related gene 1] or Brm, is required for their chromatin remodelling function, less is known about how these complexes are recruited to DNA. We recently established that a DNA-binding complex containing TAL1/SCL, E47, GATA-1, LMO2 and Ldb1 stimulates P4.2 (protein 4.2) transcription in erythroid progenitors via two E box–GATA elements in the gene's proximal promoter. We show here that the SWI/SNF protein Brg1 is also associated with this complex and that both the E box and GATA DNA-binding sites in these elements are required for Brg1 recruitment. Further, Brg1 occupancy of the P4.2 promoter decreased with terminal erythroid differentiation in association with increased P4.2 transcription, while enforced expression of Brg1 in murine erythroleukaemia cells reduced P4.2 gene expression. Overexpression of Brg1 was associated with increased occupancy of the P4.2 promoter by the nuclear co-repressor mSin3A and HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) and with reduced histone H3 and H4 acetylation. Finally, a specific HDAC inhibitor attenuated Brg1-directed repression of P4.2 promoter activity in transfected cells. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which SWI/SNF proteins are recruited to promoters and suggest that transcription of P4.2, and most likely other genes, is actively repressed until the terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors.
Intricacies and surprises of nuclear–mitochondrial co-evolution
Authors: Willkomm Dagmar K. , Hartmann Roland K.
Published: October 2006

In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Watanabe and colleagues disclose another fascinating facet of the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery: one of the two nematode mitochondrial elongation factors Tu, EF-Tu1, specifically recognizes the D-arm of T-armless tRNAs via a 57-amino-acid C-terminal extension that compensates for the reduction in tRNA structure. This principle provides a paradigm for the evolutionary events thought to have ignited the transition from an ancient ‘RNA world’ to the ‘protein world’ of today.
High-speed high-resolution plasma spectroscopy using spatial-multiplex coherence imaging techniques (invited)
Authors: Howard John
Published: October 2006

We have recently obtained simultaneous two-dimensional (2D) plasma Doppler spectroscopic images of plasma brightness, temperature, and flow fields. Using compact polarization optical methods, quadrature images of the optical coherence of an isolated spectral line are multiplexed to four quadrants of a fast charge-coupled device camera. The simultaneously captured, but distinct, images can be simply processed to unfold the plasma brightness, temperature, and flow fields. This static system, which is a spatial-multiplex variant of previously reported electro-optically modulated, temporal-multiplex coherence imaging systems, is based on a high-throughput imaging polarization interferometer that employs crossed Wollaston prisms and appropriate image plane masks. Because the images are captured simultaneously, it is well suited to high-spectral-resolution, high-throughput 2D imaging of transient or rapidly changing spectroscopic scenes. To illustrate instrument performance we present recent results using a static 4-quadrant Doppler coherence imaging on the H-1 heliac at the ANU.
Local measurements of plasma ion dynamics with optical probes
Authors: Kuritsyn Alexey , Craig Darren , Fiksel Gennady , Miller Matt , Cylinder David , Yamada Masaaki
Published: October 2006

Two insertable optical probes have been constructed to measure local ion temperature and flow velocity using the idea proposed by Fiksel et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 2024 (1998)]. The light from plasma is collected by an optical fiber bundle and transported to a high resolution spectrometer. Spatial resolution of a few centimeters is achieved by using a collimator and a view dump. One ion dynamics spectroscopy (IDS) probe is employed in the edge plasma of Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch in combination with the high throughput (f∕4.5) and high resolution (0.15nm∕mm) IDS-II spectrometer. It has provided local ion temperature measurements of carbon and helium impurities with temporal resolution of 10μs and accuracy of about 5eV. The second instrument is used on the Magnetic Reconnection eXperiment, where the local temperature of helium ions (∼10eV) has been measured with 1eV accuracy. Details of the designs, calibrations, and data analysis are described.
Twin-elliptical-crystal time- and space-resolved soft x-ray spectrometer
Authors: Lake P. W. , Bailey J. E. , Rochau G. A. , Gard P. , Petmecky D. , Bump M. , Joseph N. R. , Moore T. C. , Nielsen-Weber L. B.
Published: October 2006

Elliptical crystal spectrometers equipped with time-gated microchannel plate (MCP) detectors provide time-, space-, and spectrally resolved data. A common problem is that the number of time resolution elements is limited by the number of MCP frames. The number of frames that fit on a given MCP is limited by the image size and the alignment tolerance. At the Z facility these problems have been addressed with twin-elliptical-crystal spectrometers. Using two crystals and detectors doubles the number of frames available. This enables measurements with ∼350ps time resolution while still recording data from an ∼4ns wide time window. Alternatively, the twin crystal design allows simultaneous measurements with different crystals to investigate different spectral regimes.
Status of the DNB based ITER CXRS and BES diagnostic
Authors: von Hellermann M. , Jaspers R. , Biel W. , Litnovsky A. , Neubauer O. , Pap M. , Hawkes N. C. , Marren C. , Walton B. , Kaschuck Y. , Serov V. , Tugarinov S. , Vliegenthart W. , Moddemeijer K. , Walker C. , Ingesson C.
Published: October 2006

A status report is given on recent joint activities on the ITER CXRS and BES diagnostic package. Expected measurement performances are reviewed as well as comprehensive discussions are led on an integral approach to the implementation of Core and Edge CXRS observation periscopes. The “first mirror” location, its operational temperature, maintenance issues, and optimization of optical imaging are addressed. In parallel to more technical aspects, particular attention has also been given to the development of common evaluation and modeling tools. One part of this work is linked to the modeling of spectra for existing fusion devices and their CXRS diagnostics and extrapolation to the ITER environment. The purpose of this effort is to provide tools for the optimization of spectroscopic instrumentation, and moreover, the specifications of a suitable diagnostic beam.
Becoming and Being Hopeful: Towards a Theory of Affect
Authors: Anderson Ben
Published: October 2006

In this paper I describe how hope takes place, in order to outline an explicit theory of the more-than-rational or less-than rational in the context of the recent attunement to issues of the affectual and emotional in social and cultural geography. In the first part of the paper I outline an expansion of the more-than-rational or less-than-rational into three modalities: affect, feeling, and emotion. From this basis I question an assumption in the literature on affect that the emergence and movement of affect enable the multiplication of forms of life because they takes place ‘in excess’. In the second part of the paper I exemplify an alternative, more melancholy account through a description of the emergence of hope and hopefulness in two cases in which recorded music is used by individuals to ‘feel better’. Emergent from disruptions in various forms of diminishment, hopefulness moves bodies into contact with an ‘outside’. Becoming and being hopeful raise a set of issues for a theory of affect because of, rather than despite, the sense of tragedy that is intimate with how hope heralds the affective and emotive as always ‘not-yet become’. The conclusion, therefore, draws the two parts of the paper together by reflecting on the implications of thinking from hope for both a theory of affect and an affective cultural politics.