bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault detection and diagnosis in liquid chillers
Authors: Rueda E , Tassou S. A. , Grace I. N.
Published: June 2005

Automated fault detection and diagnosis of refrigeration equipment is important in maintaining efficient performance, reducing energy consumption, and increasing the reliability and availability of these systems. The reducing costs of microprocessor technology and the incorporation of more sophisticated monitoring equipment on to even fairly small refrigeration plant, now makes the introduction of on-line fault detection and diagnosis on refrigeration equipment feasible and cost effective. This paper reports on the development of a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) system for liquid chillers based on artificial intelligence techniques. The system was designed to monitor plant performance and to detect and diagnose faults through comparison with expected behaviour and previous experience of fault characteristics. The system operates on line in real time on a Java 2 platform and was initially used to detect refrigerant charge conditions. The results indicate that the FDD system developed is able to detect and diagnose fault conditions arising from low or high refrigerant charge correctly, using two parameters as detectors: condenser refrigerant outlet temperature and discharge pressure.
Zeotropic refrigerants and the special characteristics
Authors: Chen J
Published: June 2005

Zeotropic refrigerants, compared with conventional refrigerants, have different characteristics during evaporation and condensation. This article summarizes the special characteristics of zeotropic refrigerants in five aspects: fractionation behaviour; non-leakage-related concentration change; leakage-associated concentration change; gliding temperature and the limitation on media flow rate; and degradation in heat transfer. The relevant thermo-dynamic performance has been analysed. Newly developed technology for improving system efficiency and reliability has been incorporated in the discussion.
Testosterone Measurement by Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Validation of a Method for Routine Clinical Practice
Authors: Cawood Marion L , Field Helen P , Ford Clive G , Gillingwater Scott , Kicman Andrew , Cowan David , Barth Julian H
Published: June 2005

Background: Immunoassay is unsatisfactory for measuring the testosterone concentrations typically found in women. Bench-top tandem mass spectrometers are a viable alternative technology for measurements in the clinical laboratory.

Methods: We used stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (ID/LC-MS/MS) to measure testosterone in plasma and serum. The sample volume was 50 μL in duplicate; preparation and analysis were carried out in a single tube, and a batch of 192 tubes was analyzed in 17.5 h.

Results: Intra- and interassay imprecision was <15% in the range 0.3–49 nmol/L. Recovery of testosterone added to samples at concentrations of 0.625–20 nmol/L was 96% (CV = 12%; n = 26). Six samples were serially diluted with double charcoal-stripped serum to demonstrate linearity. Correlation (r2) with isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for 20 pools of clinical samples (range, 0.5–38.5 nmol/L) was 0.99. Correlations with our extraction RIA were 0.97 for clinical samples from men (range, 8–46.3 nmol/L) and 0.66 for samples from women (range, 0.7–3.0 nmol/L), but were 0.35 for male samples containing <3 nmol/L testosterone and 0.77 for female samples containing >8 nmol/L. Various steroids added to double charcoal-stripped serum showed no interference at the retention time of the testosterone peak.

Conclusions: The ID/LC-MS/MS method has improved accuracy compared with immunoassay. The low sample volume and simplicity, rapidity, and robustness of the method make it suitable for use as a high-throughput assay in routine clinical biochemistry laboratories.
Quantification of Lipoprotein Subclasses by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance–Based Partial Least-Squares Regression Models
Authors: Petersen Martin , Dyrby Marianne , Toubro Søren , Engelsen Søren Balling , Nørgaard Lars , Pedersen Henrik Toft , Dyerberg Jørn
Published: June 2005

Background: Cardiovascular disease risk can be estimated in part on the basis of the plasma lipoprotein profile. Analysis of lipoprotein subclasses improves the risk evaluation, but the traditional methods are very time-consuming. Novel, rapid, and productive methods are therefore needed.

Methods: We obtained plasma samples from 103 fasting people and determined the plasma lipoprotein subclass profiles by an established ultracentrifugation-based method. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained from replicate samples on a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. From the ultracentrifugation-based reference data and the NMR spectra, we developed partial least-squares (PLS) regression models to predict cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentrations in plasma as well as in VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL, 3 LDL fractions, HDL, and 3 HDL subclasses.

Results: The correlation coefficients (r) between the plasma TG and cholesterol concentrations measured by the 2 methods were 0.98 and 0.91, respectively. For LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, r = 0.90 and 0.94, respectively. For cholesterol concentrations in the LDL-1, LDL-2, and LDL-3 fractions, r = 0.74, 0.78, and 0.69, respectively, and for HDL subclasses HDL2b, HDL2a, and HDL3, cholesterol concentrations were predicted with r = 0.92, 0.94, and 0.75, respectively. TG concentrations in VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL were predicted with correlations of 0.98, 0.85, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively. The cholesterol and TG concentrations in the main lipoprotein fractions and in LDL fractions and HDL subclasses predicted by the PLS models were 94%–100% of the concentrations obtained by ultracentrifugation.

Conclusion: NMR-based PLS regression models are appropriate for use in research in which analyses of the plasma lipoprotein profile, including LDL and HDL subclasses, are required in large numbers of samples.
Turbulent dispersion from elevated line sources in channel and couette flow
Authors: Le Phuong M. , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V.
Published: June 2005

Turbulent dispersion of a scalar emitted from a source in homogeneous turbulence has been placed in a solid theoretical context by Taylor, Saffman, and Batchelor. However, the case of source diffusion in the near‐wall region, where the turbulence is not Gaussian, and the effects of the molecular Prandtl number (Pr) on the effective dispersion have not been explored to similar depth. The present work studies the behavior of elevated sources in turbulent channel flow and in turbulent‐plane Couette flow. The trajectories of heat markers are monitored in space and time as they move in a hydrodynamic field created by a direct numerical simulation. The fluids span several orders of magnitude of Pr (or Schmidt number), Pr = 0.1, 0.7, 3, 6, 10, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2400, 7500, 15,000, and 50,000 (liquid metals, gases, liquids, lubricants, and electrochemical fluids). It is found that the molecular Pr has negligible effects in the evolution of the marker cloud for Pr ≥ 3, when the point of marker release is away from the viscous wall sublayer. However, when the markers are released close to the wall, the molecular effects on dispersion are strong. It is also found that total effective dispersion is higher in the case of plane Couette flow, where the total stress across the channel is constant. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Cover Picture: One Shot Laser Pulse Induced Reversible Spin Transition in the Spin‐Crossover Complex [Fe(C4H4N2){Pt(CN)4}] at Room Temperature (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26/2005)
Authors: Bonhommeau Sébastien , Molnár Gábor , Galet Ana , Zwick Antoine , Real José‐Antonio , McGarvey John J. , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: June 2005

A reversible spin transition …︁ …︁ occurs when a single laser pulse (8 ns) is applied in the hysteresis loop (black curve) of the spin‐crossover complex [Fe(pyrazine){Pt(CN)4}] (structure shown). This bi‐directional, photoinduced spin switching occurs at room temperature over a wide region of bistability and involves magnetization as well as color changes (low spin: red; high spin: yellow). More details on this phenomenon are given in the Communication by A. Bousseksou and co‐workers on page 4069 ff.
Idealized modelling of the northern annular mode: orographic and thermal impacts
Authors: Sempf Mario , Dethloff Klaus , Handorf Dörthe , Kurgansky Michael V.
Published: June 2005

In an idealized model of northern hemisphere's wintertime atmospheric circulation, it is shown that the Northern Annular Mode arises from an annular pattern on a rotating aqua‐planet and is modified to a zonally asymmetric pattern by land–sea contrasts and orography, connected with the localization of transient baroclinic activity. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Organization and developmental expression of an amphibian vascular smooth muscle α‐actin gene
Authors: Warkman Andrew S. , Zheng Li , Qadir Mohammed A. , Atkinson Burr G.
Published: June 2005

A gene encoding a putative homologue of the avian and mammalian vascular smooth muscle α‐actin was isolated from an amphibian, Rana catesbeiana, and characterized in terms of its sequence, organization, and expression pattern. To assess the expression of this gene during amphibian embryonic development, a cDNA encoding the Xenopus homologue of this mRNA was isolated and characterized by in situ hybridization. The expression of this gene was not detected in the enteric smooth muscle cells or, unlike its avian and mammalian homologues, in the somites/skeletal muscle of the Xenopus embryos/tadpoles. Its initial expression coincides with the onset of cardiac muscle differentiation and is coincidental with the expression of the cardiac α‐actin mRNAs in the heart‐forming region of the stage 26/27 embryo. As development proceeds, transcripts from this gene are expressed throughout the developing heart until the formation of the heart chambers is completed and, thereafter, its expression becomes restricted to the outflow tract of the tadpole heart. The subsequent restricted expression of this gene to the vascular system in both of these amphibians identifies it as the amphibian homologue of the avian and mammalian vascular smooth muscle α‐actin. Developmental Dynamics 233:1546–1553, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale propagation of four undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell lines in a feeder‐free culture system
Authors: Sjögren‐Jansson Eva , Zetterström Mathilda , Moya Karina , Lindqvist Jenny , Strehl Raimund , Eriksson Peter S.
Published: June 2005

We describe an improved and more robust protocol for transfer and subsequent propagation of human embryonic stem cells under feeder‐free conditions. The results show that mechanical dissociation for transfer of the human embryonic stem cells to Matrigel™ resulted in highest survival rates. For passage of the cultures on the other hand, enzymatic dissociation was found to be most efficient. In addition, this method reduces the time, work, and skills needed for propagation of the human embryonic stem cells. With the present protocol, the human embryonic stem cells have been cultured under feeder‐free conditions for up to 35 passages while maintaining a normal karyotype, stable proliferation rate, and high telomerase activity. Furthermore, the feeder‐free human embryonic stem cell cultures express the transcription factor Oct‐4, alkaline phosphatase, and cell surface markers SSEA‐3, SSEA‐4, Tra 1‐60, Tra 1‐81, and formed teratomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. This method provides distinct advantages compared with previous protocols and make propagation of human embryonic stem cells less laborious and more efficient. Developmental Dynamics 233:1304–1314, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐Donor Ligand Coordination Polymers of CuII, ZnII, and CdII Obtained at Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Casellas Hélène , Massera Chiara , Gamez Patrick , Manotti Lanfredi Anna Maria , Reedijk Jan
Published: June 2005

Reactions of Copper(II), Zinc(II), and Cadmium(II) nitrate with 2,4,6‐tris(dipyridin‐2‐ylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine (dpyatriz) at elevated temperature and pressure lead to new 1D coordination polymers which exhibit solid‐state structures significantly different from those obtained at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In addition, these coordination compounds exhibit unusual anion–π interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Direct Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid at an Edge Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode: A Comparison of the Electroanalytical Response with Other Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Wantz Frédéric , Banks Craig E. , Compton Richard G.
Published: June 2005

The direct electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid at an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPG) is investigated and compared with other common carbon‐based electrodes, specifically glassy carbon, boron doped diamond and basal plane pyrolytic graphite. It is found that the EPPG electrode shows a significantly higher degree of electrochemical reversibility than the other electrode substrates giving rise to an analytically optimized limit of detection and sensitivity of 7.1×10−5 M and 0.065 A M−1 respectively.
Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 18. Preparation and Characterization of Cross‐Linked Quaternized Poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) Films
Authors: Conklin Sean D. , Heineman William R. , Seliskar Carl J.
Published: June 2005

A novel selective film comprised of cross‐linked quaternized poly(4‐vinylpyridine) has been developed for use in a spectroelectrochemical sensor. The development, performance and characterization of this film are described. Ferrocyanide was used as a model spectroelectrochemical analyte. This film has demonstrated a number of advantages over other films used in the sensor, including outstanding ruggedness and selectivity, rapid response, capability for multiple measurements on one film, and a fast, simple preparation. Ion pairing between ferrocyanide and quaternized pyridine in the film was observed, causing asymmetry in cyclic voltammograms of ferrocyanide. Physical changes in the film were monitored using spectroscopic ellipsometry as the film was exposed to supporting electrolyte and ferrocyanide/supporting electrolyte solutions. The sensor exhibits a linear response to ferrocyanide over the range 0.008–0.2 mM.
Spatial interference during bimanual coordination: Differential brain networks associated with control of movement amplitude and direction
Authors: Wenderoth Nicole , Debaere Filiep , Sunaert Stefan , Swinnen Stephan P.
Published: June 2005

Bimanual interference emerges when spatial features, such as movement direction or amplitude, differ between limbs, as indicated by a mutual bias of limb trajectories. Although first insights into the neural basis of directional interference have been revealed recently, little is known about the neural network associated with amplitude interference. We investigated whether amplitude versus directional interference activates differential networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied while subjects performed cyclical, bimanual joystick movements with either the same vs. different amplitudes, directions, or both. The kinematic analysis confirmed that subjects experienced amplitude interference when they moved with different as compared to the same amplitude, and directional interference when they moved along different as compared to the same direction. On the brain level, amplitude and directional interference both resulted in activation of a bilateral superior parietal‐premotor network, which is known to contribute to sensorimotor transformations during goal‐directed movements. Interestingly, amplitude but not directional interference exclusively activated a bilateral network containing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and supramarginal gyrus, which was shown previously to contribute to executive functions. Even though the encoding of amplitude and directional information converged and activated the same neural substrate, our data thus show that additional and partly independent mechanisms are involved in bimanual amplitude as compared to that in directional control. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmentation of skull and scalp in 3‐D human MRI using mathematical morphology
Authors: Dogdas Belma , Shattuck David W. , Leahy Richard M.
Published: June 2005

We present a new technique for segmentation of skull and scalp in T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the human head. Our method uses mathematical morphological operations to generate realistic models of the skull, scalp, and brain that are suitable for electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) source modeling. We first segment the brain using our Brain Surface Extractor algorithm; using this, we can ensure that the brain does not intersect our skull segmentation. We next generate a scalp mask using a combination of thresholding and mathematical morphology. We use the scalp mask in our skull segmentation procedure, as it allows us to automatically exclude background voxels with intensities similar to those of the skull. We find the inner and outer skull boundaries using thresholding and morphological operations. Finally, we mask the results with the scalp and brain volumes to ensure closed and nonintersecting skull boundaries. Visual evaluation indicated accurate segmentations of the cranium at a gross anatomical level (other than small holes in the zygomatic bone in eight subjects) in all 44 MRI volumes processed when run using default settings. In a quantitative comparison with coregistered CT images as a gold standard, MRI skull segmentation accuracy, as measured using the Dice coefficient, was found to be similar to that which would be obtained using CT imagery with a registration error of 2–3 mm. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lennard–Jones parameters for the combined QM/MM method using the B3LYP/6‐31G*/AMBER potential
Authors: Freindorf Marek , Shao Yihan , Furlani Thomas R. , Kong Jing
Published: June 2005

A combined DFT quantum mechanical and AMBER molecular mechanical potential (QM/MM) is presented for use in molecular modeling and molecular simulations of large biological systems. In our approach we evaluate Lennard–Jones parameters describing the interaction between the quantum mechanical (QM) part of a system, which is described at the B3LYP/6‐31+G* level of theory, and the molecular mechanical (MM) part of the system, described by the AMBER force field. The Lennard–Jones parameters for this potential are obtained by calculating hydrogen bond energies and hydrogen bond geometries for a large set of bimolecular systems, in which one hydrogen bond monomer is described quantum mechanically and the other is treated molecular mechanically. We have investigated more than 100 different bimolecular systems, finding very good agreement between hydrogen bond energies and geometries obtained from the combined QM/MM calculations and results obtained at the QM level of theory, especially with respect to geometry. Therefore, based on the Lennard–Jones parameters obtained in our study, we anticipate that the B3LYP/6‐31+G*/AMBER potential will be a precise tool to explore intermolecular interactions inside a protein environment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1270–1278, 2005
Jack of all trades, master of none?: An alternative to clinical psychology's market‐driven mission creep
Authors: Heesacker Martin
Published: June 2005

The authors C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott of this special issue's target article, “Twenty‐First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model” (this issue), are right that scientific distinctions should sometimes be de‐emphasized in service of understanding the larger scientific vision. However, they take their combining too far, arrogating unto clinical psychology elements best left to their original scholarly disciplines. Snyder and Elliott simply present the next logical step in clinical psychology's longstanding tradition of “mission creep,” broadening its focus to encompass new potential markets. Instead, the keeping and sharpening of disciplinary and subdisciplinary boundaries might best serve clinical psychology. The emphasis would shift from mission creep to building links with complementary disciplines and subdisciplines, to tackle issues that require true interdisciplinary scholarship. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Matrix model of clinical psychology: Applause or the sound of one hand clapping?
Authors: Worthington Everett L.
Published: June 2005

The matrix model as proposed by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue) is a welcome refocusing of clinical psychology for the 21st century. Yet, limitations to the model are that (a) it shifts attention to the target of interventions (i.e., “clients”) and virtually ignores the function of the interventionist; (b) it might not be the best way to characterize “clients”; and (c) training might take longer than 5 years. Overall, it is a heuristic model; will it be accepted? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Clinical training for the next millennium
Authors: Ingram Rick E.
Published: June 2005

Several issues regarding the matrix model (C.R. Snyder & T.R. Elliott, this issue) are addressed. First is the role that positive psychology can play in therapy and prevention training. Next, assumptions of the medical model are discussed concerning training students to be competent therapists in an era of managed care. Finally, questions are raised about the response of training programs to the integration of psychology with biobehavioral approaches to human behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Twenty‐First century graduate education in clinical psychology: A four level matrix model
Authors: Snyder C. R. , Elliott Timothy R.
Published: June 2005

Clinical psychology is positioned to play key roles in mental and physical health issues of 21st century America. In this regard, however, the present Boulder model of educating clinical psychologists is not preparing our graduates to meet the diverse demands of either today's or tomorrow's marketplaces. Accordingly, we introduce a new, four level “matrix model” for the education of future clinical psychologists. The core focus of the proposed matrix model is on the weaknesses and strengths of people in their personalities and their environments. Moreover, this matrix model operates at the individual, interpersonal, institutional, and societal–community levels of analyses. The details and implications of this proposed educational curriculum are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Proceedings of the fourth National Congress of the Italian Society of Virology
Authors: Salata Cristiano , Parolin Cristina , Palù Giorgio
Published: June 2005

The aim of the yearly National Congress of the Italian Society of Virology (SIV) is to promote the discussion between senior and younger researchers to improve the knowledge and scientific collaboration among the various areas of Virology. The invited and selected lecturers of the fourth National Congress of SIV covered the following topics: general Virology and viral Genetics; virus host interactions and pathogenesis; viral immunology and vaccines; emerging and re‐emerging viral diseases; antiviral therapy; innovative diagnostics; viral biotechnologies and gene therapy. As in the previous edition (Salata and Palù, 2004 J Cell Physiol 199:171–173), a specific topic was thoroughly covered in a roundtable. In this edition the overviewed topic was HCV, from epidemiology and genetic variability to immunology and antiviral therapy. The final program can be found at the web site http://www.siv‐virologia.it. A summary of the oral presentations of the 2004 meeting is reported. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of different types of oxidative stress in RPE cells
Authors: Lu Lili , Hackett Sean F. , Mincey Andrew , Lai Hong , Campochiaro Peter A.
Published: June 2005

Oxidative damage to retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). In order to develop new treatments, it is necessary to characterize the antioxidant defense system in RPE cells to better define their vulnerabilities and how they can be remedied. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of three different types of oxidative stress on cultured RPE cells. Carbonyl content in RPE cells increased with increasing concentrations of oxidants or increasing duration of exposure with high reproducibility, validating ELISA for carbonyl content as a valuable quantitative measure of oxidative damage. Compared to other cell types, RPE cells were able to survive exposure to H2O2 quite well and exposure to paraquat extremely well. Comparison of the total amount of oxidative damage at the IC50 for each type of stress showed a rank order of hyperoxia > paraquat > H2O2, and since these stressors primarily target different cellular compartments, it suggests that the endogenous defense system against oxidative damage in RPE cells protects well against damage to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and is less able to handle oxidative damage at the cell surface. Supplementation of media with ascorbic acid provided significant protection from H2O2‐induced oxidative damage, but not that induced by paraquat or hyperoxia. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid or α‐tocopherol significantly reduced oxidative damage from H2O2 or hyperoxia, but not that induced by paraquat. We conclude that exposure to different types of oxidative stress results in different patterns of accrual of oxidative damage to proteins in RPE cells, different patterns of loss of viability, and is differentially countered by antioxidants. This study suggests that multiple types of oxidant stress should be used to probe the vulnerabilities of the retina and RPE in vivo, and that ELISA for carbonyl content provides a valuable tool for quantitative assessment of oxidative damage for such studies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TP53 mutations and S‐phase fraction but not DNA‐ploidy are independent prognostic indicators in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Russo Antonio , Corsale Simona , Agnese Valentina , Macaluso Marcella , Cascio Sandra , Bruno Loredana , Surmacz Eva , Dardanoni Gabriella , Valerio Maria Rosaria , Vieni Salvatore , Restivo Salvatore , Fulfaro Fabio , Tomasino Rosa Maria , Gebbia Nicola , Bazan Viviana
Published: June 2005

To prospectively evaluate the prognostic significance of TP53, H‐, K‐, and N‐Ras mutations, DNA‐ploidy and S‐phase fraction (SPF) in patients affected by locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Eight‐one patients (median follow‐up was 71 months) who underwent resective surgery for primary operable locally advanced LSCC were analyzed. Tumor DNA was screened for mutational analysis by PCR/SSCP and sequencing. DNA‐ploidy and SPF were performed by flow cytometric analyses. Thirty‐six patients (44%) had, at least, a mutation in the TP53 gene. Of them, 22% (8/36) had double mutations and 3% (1/36) had triple mutations. In total, 46 TP53 mutations were observed. The majority (41%) of these occur in exon 5 (19/46), while the mutations in exons 6, 7, and 8 were represented in 14, 7, and 6 patients, respectively (31%, 15%, and 16%). Five LSCC patients (6%) showed a mutation in H‐Ras gene. Sixty‐three percent of the cases (51/81) were DNA aneuploidy, 14% of these (7/51) were multiclonal. Thirty‐nine patients (48%) had an high SPF value. At Univariate analysis, the DNA aneuploidy, high SPF (>15.1%), TP53 mutations and, in particular, the mutations that occur in exons 5 and 8 were significantly related to quicker disease relapse and short OS. At Multivariate analysis, the major significant predictors for both disease relapse and death were high SPF and any TP53 mutations. While histological grade G3 was an independent factor only for relapse. In conclusions, any TP53 mutations and high SPF are important biological indicators to predict the outcome of LSCC patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of a new set of long‐term climate averages for the UK
Authors: Perry Matthew , Hollis Daniel
Published: June 2005

Monthly and annual long‐term average datasets of 13 climate variables are generated for the periods 1961–90 and 1971–2000 using a consistent analysis method. Values are produced for each station in the Met Office's observing network and for a rectangular grid of points covering the UK at a horizontal spacing of 1 km. The variables covered are mean, maximum, minimum, grass minimum and soil temperature, days of air and ground frost, precipitation, days with rain exceeding 0.2 and 1 mm, sunshine, and days with thunder and snow cover.

Gaps in the monthly station data are filled with estimates obtained via regression relationships with a number of well‐correlated neighbours, and long‐term averages are then calculated for each site. Gridded datasets are created by inverse‐distance‐weighted interpolation of regression residuals obtained from the station averages. This method does not work well for days of frost, thunder and snow, so an alternative approach is used. This involves first producing a grid of values for each month from the available station data. The gridded long‐term average datasets are then obtained by averaging the monthly grids.

The errors associated with each stage in the process are assessed, including verification of the gridding stage by leaving out a set of stations. The estimation of missing values allows a dense network of stations to be used, and this, along with the range of independent variables used in the regression, allows detailed and accurate climate datasets and maps to be produced. The datasets have a range of applications, and the maps are freely available through the Met Office Website. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instrumental pressure observations from the end of the 17th century: Leiden (The Netherlands)
Authors: Können G. P. , Brandsma T.
Published: June 2005

We present a series of daily pressure readings taken in 1697–98 in Leiden (Netherlands) by W. Senguerd. The readings were reviewed, converted to modern units, and reduced to 0 °C. The 2 year series runs parallel with the Paris 1665–1713 and London 1697–1708 pressure series. Although the series covers a time span of 23 months only, it can be regarded as a useful addition to the very few pressure series that extend back into the 17th century. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of 1‐pentene at high temperature
Authors: Touchard S. , Buda F. , Dayma G. , Glaude P. A. , Fournet R. , Battin‐Leclerc F.
Published: June 2005

Ignition delay times of 1‐pentene–oxygen–argon mixtures have been measured behind shock wave, the onset of ignition being detected by OH radical emission. Mixtures contained 1 or 2% of hydrocarbon for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2. Reflected shock waves allowed temperatures from 1130 to 1620 K and pressures from 7.3 to 9.5 atm to be obtained. A detailed mechanism of combustion of 1‐pentene has been automatically generated using EXGAS software. This mechanism has been validated by comparing the results of the simulations to the experimental ignition delay times. The main reaction pathways have been derived from flow rate and sensitivity analyses at different temperatures. Comparisons with 1‐butene and 1‐hexene in the same conditions show that 1‐pentene has a higher reactivity which seems to be due to its decomposition to give ethyl radicals, which rapidly yields very reactive hydrogen atoms, while the decomposition of 1‐butene and 1‐hexene leads to less reactive methyl radicals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 451–463, 2005
A quantum mechanical approach to the kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction reaction H2O2 + •OH → HO2 + H2O
Authors: Atadinç F. , Günaydin H. , Özen A. S. , Aviyente V.
Published: June 2005

The kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction from H2O2 by •OH has been modeled with MP2/6‐31G*//MP2/6‐31G*, MP2‐SAC//MP2/6‐31G*, MP2/6‐31+G**//MP2/6‐31+G**, MP2‐SAC// MP2/6‐31+G**, MP4(SDTQ)/6‐311G**//MP2/6‐31G*, CCSD(T)/6‐31G*//CCSD(T)/6‐31G*, CCSD(T)/6‐31G**//CCSD(T)/6‐31G**, CCSD(T)/6‐311++G**//MP2/6‐31G* in the gas phase. MD simulations have been used to generate initial geometries for the stationary points along the potential energy surface for hydrogen abstraction from H2O2. The effective fragment potential (EFP) has been used to optimize the relevant structures in solution. Furthermore, the IEFPCM model has been used for the supermolecules generated via MD calculations. IEFPCM/MP2/6‐31G* and IEFPCM/CCSD(T)/6‐31G* calculations have also been performed for structures without explicit water molecules. Experimentally, the rate constant for hydrogen abstraction by •OH drops from 1.75 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in the gas phase to 4.48 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in solution. The same trend has been reproduced best with MP4 (SDTQ)/6‐311G**//MP2/6‐31G* in the gas phase (0.415 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) and with EFP (UHF/6‐31G*) in solution (3.23 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 502–514, 2005
Variations in gene expression among different types of human skeletal muscle
Authors: Kang Peter B. , Kho Alvin T. , Sanoudou Despina , Haslett Judith N. , Dow Chad P. , Han Mei , Blasko Jessica M. , Lidov Hart G. W. , Beggs Alan H. , Kunkel Louis M.
Published: June 2005

There is a consistent variation in the response of different skeletal muscle groups to mutations in genes known to cause muscular dystrophy, yet these muscles appear histologically similar. To better understand these phenotypic differences, we analyzed gene expression patterns in control muscle specimens obtained from four sites at autopsy: deltoid, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior (TA). A total of 35 muscle samples from nine individuals (four pediatric and five geriatric) were studied. Factors potentially influencing gene expression in the different samples included individuality, age, muscle type, gender, cause of death, postmortem interval, and ethnicity. The first three factors, in decreasing order, were found to have a significant impact on the stratification of muscle specimens. A novel analytic method, using a second round of normalization, was used to elicit differences between muscle types. This approach may be extended to a broader survey, potentially elucidating a molecular classification of the skeletal muscles. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Exercise training in mitochondrial myopathy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cejudo Pilar , Bautista Juan , Montemayor Teodoro , Villagómez Rafael , Jiménez Luis , Ortega Francisco , Campos Yolanda , Sánchez Hildegard , Arenas Joaquín
Published: June 2005

Patients with mitochondrial myopathies (MM) usually suffer from exercise intolerance due to their impaired oxidative capacity and physical deconditioning. We evaluated the effects of a 12‐week supervised randomized rehabilitation program involving endurance training in patients with MM. Twenty MM patients were assigned to a training or control group. For three nonconsecutive days each week, patients combined cycle exercise at 70% of their peak work rate with three upper‐body weight‐lifting exercises performed at 50% of maximum capacity. Training increased maximal oxygen uptake (28.5%), work output (15.5%), and minute ventilation (40%), endurance performance (62%), walking distance in shuttle walking test (+95 m), and peripheral muscle strength (32%–62%), and improved Nottingham Health Profile scores (21.47%) and clinical symptoms. Control MM patients did not change from baseline. Results show that our exercise program is an adequate training strategy for patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Morphology development in polyethylene/polystyrene blends: the influence of processing conditions and interfacial modification
Authors: Jaziri Mohamed , Kossentini Kallel Tasnim , Mbarek Souad , Elleuch Boubaker
Published: June 2005

The influence of processing conditions and interfacial modification on the morphology evolution and the composition range within which fully co‐continuous high density polyethylene/polystyrene blend structures can exist during blending in a single screw extruder was studied. Blends ranging from pure A to pure B component, with and without compatibilizer, were prepared under two different shear rates. It was found that high shear rates displaced the breakdown–coalescence balance of the dispersed nodules to the side of coalescence, narrowing the percolation domain and the critical composition for full co‐continuity decreased with increasing shear rates. The addition of a tri‐block compatibilizer induced the percolation threshold of the polystyrene phase to begin at lower percentages of polyethylene but the phase inversion point did not change. The experimental results are discussed in the light of various theoretical models. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Reactivity of oxetane monomers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization
Authors: Bulut Umut , Crivello James V.
Published: June 2005

Studies of the onium salt photoinitiated cationic ring‐opening polymerizations of various 3,3‐disubstituted oxetane monomers have been conducted with real‐time infrared spectroscopy and optical pyrometry. The polymerizations of these monomers are typified by an extended induction period that has been attributed to the presence of a long‐lived tertiary oxonium ion intermediate formed by the reaction of the initially formed secondary oxonium ion with the cyclic ether monomer. Because the extended induction period in the photopolymerization of these monomers renders oxetane monomers of limited value for many applications, methods have been sought for its minimization or elimination. Three general methods have been found effective in markedly shortening the induction period: (1) carrying out the photopolymerizations at higher temperatures, (2) copolymerizing with more reactive epoxide monomers, and (3) using free‐radical photoinitiators as synergists. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3205–3220, 2005
Design strategies for controlling the molecular weight and rate using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization
Authors: Monteiro Michael J.
Published: June 2005

Living radical polymerization has allowed complex polymer architectures to be synthesized in bulk, solution, and water. The most versatile of these techniques is reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), which allows a wide range of functional and nonfunctional polymers to be made with predictable molecular weight distributions (MWDs), ranging from very narrow to quite broad. The great complexity of the RAFT mechanism and how the kinetic parameters affect the rate of polymerization and MWD are not obvious. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide useful insights into the important kinetic parameters that control the rate of polymerization and the evolution of the MWD with conversion. We discuss how a change in the chain‐transfer constant can affect the evolution of the MWD. It is shown how we can, in principle, use only one RAFT agent to obtain a polymer with any MWD. Retardation and inhibition are discussed in terms of (1) the leaving R group reactivity and (2) the intermediate radical termination model versus the slow fragmentation model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3189–3204, 2005
Early pulmonary involvement in Niemann‐Pick type B disease: Lung lavage is not useful
Authors: Uyan Z.S. , Karadağ B. , Ersu R. , Kıyan G. , Kotiloğlu E. , Sirvancı S. , Ercan Feriha , Dağlı T. , Karakoç F. , Dağlı E.
Published: June 2005

Niemann‐Pick disease (NPD) is a rare, autosomal‐recessively inherited lipid storage disease which is characterized by intracellular deposition of sphingomyelin in various body tissues. The disease is heterogeneous and classified into six groups. Pulmonary parenchymal involvement may be a feature of several subtypes of NPD, including type B. Progressive pulmonary involvement in NPD type B is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is usually diagnosed at older ages. Only a few cases with early pulmonary involvement have been reported. In this report, a patient with NPD type B, hospitalized with the diagnosis of pneumonia at age 3 months, is presented. Following treatment for pneumonia, she continued to have persistent respiratory symptoms and became oxygen‐dependent. High‐resolution computed tomography of the chest revealed diffuse interstitial changes. During follow‐up, the patient developed hepatosplenomegaly. Lung, liver, and bone marrow biopsies showed characteristic findings for NPD. Biochemical studies also confirmed the diagnosis, and the sphingomyelinase enzyme level of the patient was low. Unilateral lung lavage was performed in order to decrease lipid storage as a treatment modality. However, there was no clinical or radiological improvement. The patient died at age 15 months due to progressive respiratory failure. Pulmonary involvement is a rare entity in early childhood in patients with NPD type B, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent interstitial lung disease. It may cause progressive respiratory failure, but the treatment options remain limited. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:169–172. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities and dissimilarities of branching and septation during lung development
Authors: Roth‐Kleiner Matthias , Post Martin
Published: June 2005

The lungs of small premature babies are at a developmental stage of finalizing their airway tree by a process called branching morphogenesis, and of creating terminal gas exchange units by a mechanism called septation. If the branching process is disturbed, the lung has a propensity to be hypoplastic. If septation is impaired, the terminal gas exchange units, the alveoli, tend to be enlarged and reduced in number, an entity known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Here, we review current knowledge of key molecules influencing branching and septation. In particular, we discuss the molecular similarities and dissimilarities between the two processes of airspace enlargement. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating branching and septation may provide perinatologists with targets for improving lung growth and maturation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:113–134. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for determination of domoic acid in Adriatic shellfish
Authors: Ciminiello Patrizia , Dell'Aversano Carmela , Fattorusso Ernesto , Forino Martino , Magno Giuseppina S. , Tartaglione Luciana , Quilliam Michael A. , Tubaro Aurelia , Poletti Roberto
Published: June 2005

This paper describes a new method for sensitive, specific and direct determination of domoic acid (DA), the causative toxin of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) syndrome, in shellfish. It is based on combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS). The high percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase and the omission of ion‐pairing reagents, both favoured in HILIC, result in enhanced detection limits with MS detection. The new method was set up either on an ionspray ion trap MS instrument operating in MS and MS/MS scanning acquisition modes, or on a turboionspray triple‐quadrupole MS system operating in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition modes. Positive and negative ion experiments were performed. MRM experiments are recommended for screening contaminated shellfish tissue and for quantitative analyses due to highest sensitivity and selectivity. The minimum detection levels for the toxin in tissue were found to be 63 and 190 ng/g in positive and negative MRM experiments, respectively, which are well below the regulatory limit for DA in tissue (20 µg/g). Application to shellfish samples collected in the Adriatic Sea (Italy) in the period 2000–2004 demonstrated for the first time in Italy the presence of DA as a new toxin that has entered the Adriatic Mytilus galloprovincialis toxin profile. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance x‐ray silicon detector for reliable industrial and research XRF applications
Authors: Paepen J. , Osorio V. , Van Espen P. , Evrard O. , Van Buul L. , Keters M. , Jordanov V. T. , Burger P.
Published: June 2005

In quantitative analysis, instrument stability is a mandatory requirement. The stability of resolution, sensitivity and gain versus count rate, temperature and time are the key considerations in instrument performance. A careful study of the stability of an x‐ray spectrometry system consisting of an x‐ray detector and digital spectroscopy analyser was performed. As a new approach, resolution and throughput are presented versus dead time. To test the stability of resolution, gain and sensitivity versus time, hundreds of spectra were acquired over almost 4 days. The average resolution was 179.9 eV (RSD 0.67%). The gain variation during this experiment was found to be 0.13 eV at the 5.895 keV Mn Kα. The uncertainty contribution of the detector on the peak intensity was found to be RSD 0.0651%. The gain and sensitivity data showed a very small trend with changing ambient temperature. The experiment was repeated at constant ambient temperature, concluding that no statistically significant drift of peak intensity could be observed in that condition. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Centralisation of the Radial Club Hand by Gradual Distraction
Authors: Kessler I.
Published: June 2005

Centralisation of the carpus on top of the distal end of the ulna in radial club hand of types III and IV has been performed by gradual distraction. For this purpose, I have used the apparatus originally developed for lengthening of digital structures and the forearm. This technique avoids extensive dissection and acute stretching of the radial neurovascular structures. Experience has shown that gradual distraction is a safe and relatively simple method for correction of the deformity, particularly in long-standing and neglected cases.
Chronic Compartment Syndrome of the Flexor Muscles in the Forearm: A Case Report
Authors: Allen M. J. , Barnes M. R.
Published: June 2005

A case is reported of a professional racing motor-cyclist who developed a chronic compartment syndrome of the flexor muscles in the forearm, confirmed by pressure measurements after exercise. Open fasciotomy of both the superficial and deep compartments cured the condition.
Three-Dimensional CT Imaging for Wrist Disorders
Authors: Nakamura R. , Horii E. , Tanaka Y. , Imaeda T. , Hayakawa N.
Published: June 2005

Three-dimensional CT imaging of the wrist was performed in 20 patients: three with Kienböck's disease, 14 with fractures or dislocations of the carpal bones, two with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint and one with an intra-articular fracture of distal radius. These images were compared with those of plain radiographs and computed tomography. With the exception of two cases of distal radio-ulnar joint dislocation and one case of hamate body fracture, three-dimensional CT imaging was helpful in detecting the displacement of the fracture and in determining the location and the direction of the displaced carpal bone. Furthermore, the presence of small fragments could be observed more easily in the three-dimensional CT image. Three-dimensional CT imaging provides a great deal of information that cannot be obtained by conventional radiographs or CT images even at their present stage of technical development.