bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empreendedorismo em saúde: relato de um modelo de Empresa Júnior em Medicina
Authors: Terrim Sara , Melo Adler Araújo Ribeiro , Jácomo Alfredo Luiz
Published: December 2015

O ensino da medicina Brasil afora é marcado pelo pouco interesse dos acadêmicos pelo tema de gestão em saúde no ensino superior. O reflexo disso são as inúmeras afrontas feitas diariamente à saúde nacional, devido ao mau gerenciamento de recursos públicos e privados, como tanto se vê em clínicas e hospitais atualmente. Tais problemas apresentam como uma de suas causas, entre tantas outras, a falta de conhecimento técnico por parte daqueles que assumem o poder administrativo na área da saúde, muitas vezes escolhidos por suas habilidades assistenciais e conhecimentos médicos, ao invés de por verdadeiro conhecimento e mérito gerencial. Nesse contexto, a Medicina Jr. surgiu como uma iniciativa estudantil a fim de aproximar os universitários da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo do universo da gestão, apresentando-lhes a área e despertando o interesse para tal assunto tão pouco comentado nos currículos formais. Nasceu assim a ideia de unir os impactos positivos trazidos pela prática de atividades extra-curriculares ao ensino de gestão no ambiente universitário, na expectativa de contribuir para a formação de novos profissionais mais abertos ao tema e com maior conhecimento na área.
Descrição do diagnóstico coletivo de saúde realizado pelo Projeto de Extensão Jornada Universitária da Saúde (JUS) no município de Jambeiro-SP
Authors: Barreto Abraão Deyvid Alves de Lima , Possidente Bárbara Castro , Paula Daniel Baffini de , Rigote Gabriela , Bueno Gessika Costa , Kameyama Karen Sayuri , Florentino Priscila , Pereira Nayara De Castro
Published: December 2015

O diagnóstico coletivo de saúde, proposto pelo modelo de planejamento normativo de ações em saúde como a etapa inicial, é parte essencial no processo de elaboração e execução de intervenções [1], que visem acolher necessidades de saúde da população de determinada localidade. Entretanto, o conhecimento necessário para a realização de diagnósticos coletivos de saúde nem sempre é trabalhado de maneira adequada e efetiva durante a formação de profissionais da saúde. Essa lacuna do ensino pode ser suprida por atividades de extensão acadêmica, tais como a Jornada Universitária da Saúde (JUS). A JUS é um projeto interprofissional e interdisciplinar de extensão da Universidade de São Paulo, que objetiva a promoção e educação em saúde mediante ações desenvolvidas em uma cidade do interior paulista, em um ciclo trienal. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo descrever o primeiro ano da JUS em uma nova cidade de atuação, Jambeiro, apresentando o processo realizado para o macro diagnóstico coletivo de saúde desse município.
O leitmotiv Fortuny e Odette: Espaço e tempo na tessitura de Proust
Authors: Marantes Bernardete Oliveira
Published: December 2015

A moda das roupas está plenamente integrada ao todo da obra de Proust e é por essa razão que nos debruçamos sobre dois temas concernentes às roupas: o leitmotiv Fortuny e a personagem Odette. O motivo Fortuny mereceu de Proust uma atenção delicada, pois, emaranhado ao seu tecido literário, o desenvolvimento do tema manifesta uma minuciosa construção estética tramada por diferentes fios que encontrarão, em seu término, a roupa e o tecido de Fortuny em consonância com a arte e as cidades, entidades refletidoras sobretudo do espaço afetivo tramado na tessitura proustiana. Em posição distinta, mas complementando o tecido literário, surge a personagem atemporal Odette, que não participa do leitmotiv; Odette, que, sem seguir uma moda, tem estilo, soube como poucas mulheres construir, por meio de sua representação indumentária sua própria identidade e alteridade, ou em outros termos, ser e estar no tempo.
Association of Serum Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease in Contemporary Observational Studies
Authors: Colantonio Lisandro D. , Bittner Vera , Reynolds Kristi , Levitan Emily B. , Rosenson Robert S. , Banach Maciej , Kent Shia T. , Derose Stephen F. , Zhou Hui , Safford Monika M. , Muntner Paul
Published: December 2015

Background—

The use of statins increased among US adults with high coronary heart disease (CHD) risk after publication of the 2001 cholesterol treatment guidelines.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed the association between lipids and CHD among 9578 REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study participants and 346 595 Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) members with baseline lipid measurements in 2003 to 2007. We performed the same analyses among 14 590 Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study participants with lipid measurements in 1987 to 1989. Analyses were restricted to blacks and whites 45 to 64 years of age without CHD who were not taking statins at baseline. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured at baseline. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ratios of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, history of stroke, and antihypertensive medication use increased at higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in ARIC but not in REGARDS or KPSC. Over 8.9 years of follow-up, 225 CHD events occurred in REGARDS, 6547 events in KPSC, and 583 events in ARIC. After multivariable adjustment, less favorable lipid levels were associated with higher hazard ratios for CHD in ARIC. These associations were attenuated in REGARDS and KPSC. For example, the hazard ratio associated with the highest versus lowest quartile of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥146 versus ≤102 mg/dL) was 1.89 (95% confidence interval, 1.42–2.51) in ARIC, 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–1.92) in REGARDS, and 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.38–1.61) in KPSC.

Conclusion—

The association between lipids and CHD in contemporary studies may be attenuated by the preferential use of statins by high-risk individuals.
Exome Sequencing Identifies Pathogenic and Modifier Mutations in a Child With Sporadic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Long Pamela A. , Larsen Brandon T. , Evans Jared M. , Olson Timothy M.
Published: December 2015

Background

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (
DCM
) is typically diagnosed in adulthood, yet familial cases exhibit variable age‐dependent penetrance and a subset of patients develop sporadic
DCM
in childhood. We sought to discover the molecular basis of sporadic
DCM
in an 11‐year‐old female with severe heart failure necessitating cardiac transplantation.

Methods and Results

Parental echocardiograms excluded asymptomatic
DCM
. Whole exome sequencing was performed on the family trio and filtered for rare, deleterious, recessive, and de novo variants. Of the 8 candidate genes identified, only 2 had a role in cardiac physiology. A de novo missense mutation in

TNNT
2

was identified, previously reported and functionally validated in familial
DCM
with markedly variable penetrance. Additionally, recessive compound heterozygous truncating mutations were identified in

XIRP
2

, a member of the ancient
Xin
gene family, which governs intercalated disc (
ICD
) maturation. Histomorphological analysis of explanted heart tissue revealed misregistration, mislocalization, and shortening of
ICD
s, findings similar to
Xirp2

−/−

mice.

Conclusions

The synergistic effects of

TNNT
2

and

XIRP
2

mutations, resulting in perturbed sarcomeric force generation and transmission, respectively, would account for an early‐onset heart failure phenotype. Whereas the importance of Xin proteins in cardiac development has been well established in animal models, this study implicates

XIRP
2

as a novel modifier gene in the pathogenesis of
DCM
.
SimLex-999: Evaluating Semantic Models With (Genuine) Similarity Estimation
Authors: Hill Felix , Reichart Roi , Korhonen Anna
Published: December 2015

We present SimLex-999, a gold standard resource for evaluating distributional semantic models that improves on existing resources in several important ways. First, in contrast to gold standards such as WordSim-353 and MEN, it explicitly quantifies similarity rather than association or relatedness so that pairs of entities that are associated but not actually similar (Freud, psychology) have a low rating. We show that, via this focus on similarity, SimLex-999 incentivizes the development of models with a different, and arguably wider, range of applications than those which reflect conceptual association. Second, SimLex-999 contains a range of concrete and abstract adjective, noun, and verb pairs, together with an independent rating of concreteness and (free) association strength for each pair. This diversity enables fine-grained analyses of the performance of models on concepts of different types, and consequently greater insight into how architectures can be improved. Further, unlike existing gold standard evaluations, for which automatic approaches have reached or surpassed the inter-annotator agreement ceiling, state-of-the-art models perform well below this ceiling on SimLex-999. There is therefore plenty of scope for SimLex-999 to quantify future improvements to distributional semantic models, guiding the development of the next generation of representation-learning architectures.
Nuclear Safety in the Aftermath of 9/11: The Legal Experience in Germany
Authors: Wollenteit Ulrich
Published: December 2015

Physical Protection of nuclear installations always has been an important issue in German and international nuclear law. The forced air crashes in the United States strongly emphasized the necessity of a wider scope of protection.
1
Terrorist attacks played an increasing role in new licensing and oversight procedures in Germany. Recently the license for an interim storage facility in Northern Germany was cancelled by a judgment of the High Administrative Court of the German State of Schleswig-Holstein
2
because of failure of the operator and the licensing authority to show that sufficient safety and security standards against terrorist attacks were met. The article discusses the legal debate and case law in Germany and puts the issue into an international perspective.
DNA barcoding and taxonomic review of the barklouse genus Stenopsocus (Psocoptera: Stenopsocidae) from Taiwan
Authors: LIANG FEIYANG , DAI YUTING , YUE LU , LI FASHENG , LIU XINGYUE
Published: December 2015

The barklouse genus Stenopsocus Hagen is the most diverse group of the family Stenopsocidae, with 139 described species recorded from China in a previous study. However, due to the considerably similar morphology, species identification in this genus is problematic. In the present study, we used DNA barcoding to delimit the six Stenopsocus species currently recorded in Taiwan. Our results show that S. aphidiformis, S. niger, S. tibialis, S. makii, and S. formosanus can be clearly distinguished based on COI sequences. Although genetic divergence between S. formosanus and S. externus was not detected, we tentatively consider that these two species are valid based on their remarkably different morphological features. Re-descriptions of these six valid species are provided. Stenopsocus niger is newly recorded from Taiwan, and S. formosanus newly recorded from Vietnam.
Five new species of Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) from Brazil
Authors: ALMEIDA LUIS FELIPE VENTURA DE , DIAS ANGÉLICA MARIA PENTEADO
Published: December 2015

Meteorus Haliday, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a cosmopolitan genus with around 340 species described, all koinobiont endoparasitoids of Coleoptera or Lepidoptera larvae, and several of its hosts are pest insects. Previously to this work only two species were described from Brazil, M. eaclidis Muesebeck and M. townsendi Muesebeck. Five new species of Meteorus are here described: M. atlanticus n. sp., M. ferruginosus n. sp., M. itatiaiensis n. sp., M. monoceros n. sp., and M. strigatus n. sp. Three species are recorded for the first time from Brazil: M. jerodi Aguirre & Shaw, M. laphygmae Viereck and M. megalops Zitani.
A new deep-water species of Myopiarolis Bruce, 2009 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Serolidae) from New Zealand waters
Authors: SPONG KEREN , BRUCE NIEL L.
Published: December 2015

Myopiarolis tona sp. nov. is described from the Challenger Plateau, southern Lord Howe Rise and the west coast of the North Island, New Zealand at depths of 634–1250 m. M. tona sp. nov. can be identified by the prominent posteriorly directed dorsal nodule on fused pereonites 5–7. There are nine species in four genera of the cold-water, epibenthic family Serolidae recorded from New Zealand waters, three species of Myopiarolis Bruce, 2009, one undescribed species of Acutiserolis Brandt, 1988, four of Brucerolis Poore and Storey, 2009 and the monotypic Spinoserolis Brandt, 1988.
Supplement to the knowledge of ptyctimous mites (Acari, Oribatida) from Palaearctic Region
Authors: NIEDBAŁA WOJCIECH
Published: December 2015

A list of over 400 new localities studied for ptyctimous mites within Palaearctic Region and a list of 96 identified species of ptyctimous mites of 20 genera are given. The species, knowledge of whose zoogeographical ranges was extended, have been pointed out. One new species, Phthiracarus pachys sp. nov. from Spain, is described. A few rare species have been diagnosed and their additional morphological data are given. The species from a few papers that have not been included in the monograph by Niedbała (2011) are commented on. The unjustified recombinations of species between certain genera (Subías 2004, updated in 2015) and unaccepted proposals on synonymy of some species by Subías & Shtanchaeva (2011) have been commented on.
Review of the genus Cyrtopsis Bey-Bienko with a new species, a new combination and some new descriptions
Authors: WANG HANQIANG , QIN YANYAN , LIU XIANWEI , LI KAI
Published: December 2015

This work involves a review of the genus Cyrtopsis, including description of 1 new species, Cyrtopsis furcicerca sp. nov., (originally considered as male and female variants of Cyrtopsis t-sigillata by Song et al. 2015) and a new combination, Cyrtopsis bivittata (Mu, He & Wang, 2000) comb. nov., based on males of the latter and Cyrtopsis t-sigillata. The other species of the genus are keyed and reviewed. Allspecimens are deposited in Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (SEM, CAS).
A Possible Mechanism of Tornadogenesis Associated with the Interaction between a Supercell and an Outflow Boundary without Horizontal Shear
Authors: Honda Takumi , Kawano Tetsuya
Published: December 2015

Using the insert–restart method developed in this study, tornadogenesis processes associated with the interaction between a supercell and an outflow boundary were investigated. A highly idealized outflow boundary promoted surface vortex intensification in a preconditioned supercell having a strong surface vortex. In particular, a tornado-like vortex was observed in an experiment with a moderate outflow boundary. This intensification was associated with the enhancement of the near-surface horizontal convergence by the outflow boundary. The optimal coldness of the outflow boundary was explained by the balance between the enhancement of the near-surface horizontal convergence and the buoyancy reduction by the outflow boundary. Sensitivity experiments demonstrated that, despite a less favorable environment, a storm with a boundary interaction might reach a similar maximum near-surface vorticity as a storm without a boundary in a more favorable environment.
Robust Strengthening and Westward Shift of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation during 1979–2012: A Comparison of 7 Sets of Reanalysis Data and 26 CMIP5 Models
Authors: Ma Shuangmei , Zhou Tianjun
Published: December 2015

In this study, the zonal mass streamfunction Ψ, which depicts intuitively the tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) structure characterized by an enclosed and clockwise rotation cell in the zonal–vertical section over the equatorial Pacific, was used to study the changes of PWC spatial structure during 1979–2012. To examine the robustness of changes in PWC characteristics, the linear trends of PWC were evaluated and compared among the current seven sets of reanalysis data, along with a comparison to the trends of surface climate variables. The spatial pattern of Ψ trend exhibited a strengthening and westward-shifting trend of PWC in all reanalysis datasets, with the significantly positive Ψ dominating the western Pacific and negative Ψ controlling the eastern Pacific. This kind of change is physically in agreement with the changes of the sea level pressure (SLP), surface winds, and precipitation derived from both the reanalyses and independent observations. Quantitative analyses of the changes in the PWC intensity and western edge, defined based on the zonal mass streamfunction, also revealed a robust strengthening and westward-shifting trend among all reanalysis datasets, with a trend of 15.08% decade−1 and 3.70° longitude decade−1 in the ensemble mean of seven sets of reanalysis data, with the strongest (weakest) intensification of 17.53% decade−1 (7.96% decade−1) in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (NCEP-2) and largest (smallest) westward shift of −4.68° longitude decade−1 (−2.55° longitude decade−1) in JRA-55 (JRA-25). In response to the recent observed La Niña–like anomalous SST forcing, the ensemble simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), with 26 models in the ensemble, reasonably reproduced the observed strengthening and westward-shifting trend of PWC, implying the dominant forcing of the La Niña–like SST anomalies to the recent PWC change.
Cumulus over the Tibetan Plateau in the Summer Based on CloudSat–CALIPSO Data
Authors: Li Yunying , Zhang Minghua
Published: December 2015

Cumulus (Cu) can transport heat and water vapor from the boundary layer to the free atmosphere, leading to the redistribution of heat and moist energy in the lower atmosphere. This paper uses the fine-resolution CloudSat–CALIPSO product to characterize Cu over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). It is found that Cu is one of the dominant cloud types over the TP in the northern summer. The Cu event frequency, defined as Cu occurring within 50-km segments, is 54% over the TP in the summer, which is much larger over the TP than in its surrounding regions. The surface wind vector converging at the central TP and the topographic forcing provide the necessary moisture and dynamical lifting of convection over the TP. The structure of the atmospheric moist static energy shows that the thermodynamical environment over the northern TP can be characterized as having weak instability, a shallow layer of instability, and lower altitudes for the level of free convection. The diurnal variation of Cu with frequency peaks during the daytime confirms the surface thermodynamic control on Cu formation over the TP. This study offers insights into how surface heat is transported to the free troposphere over the TP and provides an observational test of climate models in simulating shallow convection over the TP.
Continental Shelf Baroclinic Instability. Part II: Oscillating Wind Forcing
Authors: Brink K. H. , Seo H.
Published: December 2015

Continental shelf baroclinic instability energized by fluctuating alongshore winds is treated using idealized primitive equation numerical model experiments. A spatially uniform alongshore wind, sinusoidal in time, alternately drives upwelling and downwelling and so creates highly variable, but slowly increasing, available potential energy. For all of the 30 model runs, conducted with a wide range of parameters (varying Coriolis parameter, initial stratification, bottom friction, forcing period, wind strength, and bottom slope), a baroclinic instability and subsequent eddy field develop. Model results and scalings show that the eddy kinetic energy increases with wind amplitude, forcing period, stratification, and bottom slope. The dominant alongshore length scale of the eddy field is essentially an internal Rossby radius of deformation. The resulting depth-averaged alongshore flow field is dominated by the large-scale, periodic wind forcing, while the cross-shelf flow field is dominated by the eddy variability. The result is that correlation length scales for alongshore flow are far greater than those for cross-shelf velocity. This scale discrepancy is qualitatively consistent with midshelf observations by Kundu and Allen, among others.
Empirical Polarization Distribution Models for CLARREO-Imager Intercalibration
Authors: Goldin D. , Lukashin C.
Published: December 2015

Polarization effects bias the performance of various existing passive spaceborne instruments, such as MODIS and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), as well as geostationary imagers. It is essential to evaluate and correct for these effects in order to achieve the required accuracy of the total reflectance at the top of the atmosphere.

In addition to performing highly accurate decadal climate change observations, one of the objectives of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission recommended by the National Research Council for launch by NASA is to provide the on-orbit intercalibration with the imagers over a range of parameters, including polarization. Whenever the on-orbit coincident measurements are not possible, CLARREO will provide the polarization distributions constructed using the adding–doubling radiative transfer model (ADRTM), which will cover the entire reflected solar spectrum. These ADRTM results need to be validated using real data. To this end the empirical polarization distribution models (PDMs) based on the measurements taken by the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) mission were developed. Examples of such PDMs for the degree of polarization and the angle of linear polarization for the cloudless ocean scenes are shown here. These PDMs are compared across the three available PARASOL polarization bands, and the effect of aerosols on them is examined. The PDM-derived dependence of the reflectance uncertainty on the degree of polarization for imagers, such as MODIS or VIIRS, after their intercalibration with the CLARREO instrument is evaluated. The influence of the aerosols on the reflectance uncertainty is examined. Finally, the PDMs for the angle of linear polarization is cross-checked against the single-scattering approximation.
Performance Metrics, Error Modeling, and Uncertainty Quantification
Authors: Tian Yudong , Nearing Grey S. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Harrison Kenneth W. , Tang Ling
Published: December 2015

A common set of statistical metrics has been used to summarize the performance of models or measurements—the most widely used ones being bias, mean square error, and linear correlation coefficient. They assume linear, additive, Gaussian errors, and they are interdependent, incomplete, and incapable of directly quantifying uncertainty. The authors demonstrate that these metrics can be directly derived from the parameters of the simple linear error model. Since a correct error model captures the full error information, it is argued that the specification of a parametric error model should be an alternative to the metrics-based approach. The error-modeling methodology is applicable to both linear and nonlinear errors, while the metrics are only meaningful for linear errors. In addition, the error model expresses the error structure more naturally, and directly quantifies uncertainty. This argument is further explained by highlighting the intrinsic connections between the performance metrics, the error model, and the joint distribution between the data and the reference.
Anomaly-Based Weather Analysis versus Traditional Total-Field-Based Weather Analysis for Depicting Regional Heavy Rain Events
Authors: Qian Weihong , Jiang Ning , Du Jun
Published: December 2015

Although the use of anomaly fields in the forecast process has been shown to be useful and has caught forecasters’ attention, current short-range (1–3 days) weather analyses and forecasts are still predominantly total-field based. This paper systematically examines the pros and cons of anomaly- versus total-field-based approaches in weather analysis using a case from 1 July 1991 (showcase) and 41 cases from 1998 (statistics) of heavy rain events that occurred in China. The comparison is done for both basic atmospheric variables (height, temperature, wind, and humidity) and diagnostic parameters (divergence, vorticity, and potential vorticity). Generally, anomaly fields show a more enhanced and concentrated signal (pattern) directly related to surface anomalous weather events, while total fields can obscure the visualization of anomalous features due to the climatic background. The advantage is noticeable in basic atmospheric variables, but is marginal in nonconservative diagnostic parameters and is lost in conservative diagnostic parameters. Sometimes a mix of total and anomaly fields works the best; for example, in the moist vorticity when anomalous vorticity combines with total moisture, it can depict the heavy rain area the best when comparing to either the purely total or purely anomalous moist vorticity. Based on this study, it is recommended that anomaly-based weather analysis could be a valuable supplement to the commonly used total-field-based approach. Anomalies can help a forecaster to more quickly identify where an abnormal weather event might occur as well as more easily pinpoint possible meteorological causes than a total field. However, one should not use the anomaly structure approach alone to explain the underlying dynamics without a total field.
Functional Limitations and Gender Differences
Authors: Wilson-Genderson Maureen , Pruchno Rachel
Published: December 2015

Rates of functional limitations are consistently higher for women than for men, but it is not clear why. While some studies have examined individual risk factors, others have turned to broader social characteristics. We examined the effects of both individual and neighborhood characteristics associated with the functional limitations of older men and women. Multilevel structural equation models were developed using data from a random digit dial sample of 5,688 adults aged 50 to 74 years living in New Jersey. We found that greater numbers of fast-food restaurants, storefronts, and supermarkets was associated with more functional limitations of women, while greater numbers of fast-food restaurants was the only neighborhood characteristic associated with more functional limitations of men. Functional limitations of women, but not men, are affected by multiple neighborhood characteristics. This research reveals that specific neighborhood contextual characteristics, not just poverty, are associated with the health of community-dwelling adults.
Rehabilitation – a new approach. Part three: the implications of the theories
Authors: Wade Derick
Published: December 2015

The last editorial suggested that rehabilitation needed to involve the patient in learning, and depended upon a group of professionals to identify what actions might help the patient, and to undertake or arrange the necessary actions. In many cases there will be both a wide variety of actions needed from a reasonably large number of people and organisations, and the process is likely to be extended over weeks, months or occasionally years. This editorial shows that these features characterise the rehabilitation process as complex and therefore it needs to be managed by a trans-disciplinary team. Some of the characteristics of teamwork are discussed. This leads to a discussion of teams in rehabilitation, showing that there are currently many different types of teams organised around different areas of interest and that a patient might need access to several specialised teams. It is then argued that the complexity of team coordination is best resolved by formal rehabilitation planning meetings, held early in a patient’s involvement with rehabilitation; this should increase effectiveness and efficiency. Finally the editorial argues that rehabilitation would be improved by having rehabilitation teams that mirror the existing medical specialities, ensuring that all patients thereby have easy and early access to rehabilitation planning.
Modern and past periglacial features in Central Asia and their implication for paleoclimate reconstructions
Authors: Lehmkuhl Frank
Published: December 2015

In the continental areas of Central and High Asia, periglacial landform assemblages, sediment structures and processes are mainly influenced and determined by of soil humidity during freeze–thaw cycles. These cryogenic processes result in periglacial landforms such as solifluction, earth hummocks or patterned ground. The distribution of rock glaciers as clear indicators of permafrost is additionally determined by rock fall or moraine debris composed of large boulders (e.g. of granite). Periglacial features were used to reconstruct past climatic conditions, e.g. relict involutions and ice-wedge casts provide evidence for the distribution of former permafrost, say, for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Past temperatures, e.g. mean annual air temperatures, can be estimated from these periglacial features and can be compared with other proxy data, such as glacier fluctuations. Examples from late Holocene solifluction activity in the Altai, Khangai and north-eastern Tibetan Plateau show a different intensity of solifluction processes during the late Holocene and Little Ice Age due to a decrease in temperature and higher soil humidity. The distribution of past permafrost in some regions is still a matter of debate because of different interpretations of sediment structures: sometimes features described as ice-wedge casts may be caused by roots or desiccation cracks due to drying of clay rich sediments. Seismically deformed unconsolidated deposits (seismites) can also be misinterpreted as periglacial involutions. The lack of certain landform assemblages and sediment structures does not necessarily mean that the area had no permafrost. Moisture conditions can also determine the periglacial landform generation to a large degree. They can be ordered in Central Asia as follows (from highest moisture availability to lowest): solifluction; rock glacier; permafrost involutions; ice-wedge casts; sand-wedge casts.
The Many Faces of Leadership
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , Grabo Allen E.
Published: December 2015

Many psychological studies have shown that facial appearance matters in the people we select as leaders. An evolutionary-psychology approach suggests that facial cues serve as inputs into an adaptive, context-sensitive followership psychology. That is, leadership suitability may be contingent upon the match between facial cues (indicating, e.g., dominance, trust, competence, and attractiveness) and follower needs. There is much support for this evolutionary-contingency hypothesis in the psychological literature. People prefer leaders with dominant, masculine-looking faces in times of war and conflict, yet they prefer leaders with more trustworthy, feminine faces in peacetime. In addition, leaders with older-looking faces are preferred in traditional knowledge domains, whereas younger-looking leaders are preferred for new challenges. We speculate about whether such followership heuristics are evolved or culturally learned, currently adaptive or mismatched, and, finally, we address the implications of the evolutionary-contingency hypothesis for leadership theory and practice.
Stereotype (In)Accuracy in Perceptions of Groups and Individuals
Authors: Jussim Lee , Crawford Jarret T. , Rubinstein Rachel S.
Published: December 2015

Are stereotypes accurate or inaccurate? We summarize evidence that stereotype accuracy is one of the largest and most replicable findings in social psychology. We address controversies in this literature, including the long-standing and continuing but unjustified emphasis on stereotype inaccuracy, how to define and assess stereotype accuracy, and whether stereotypic (vs. individuating) information can be used rationally in person perception. We conclude with suggestions for building theory and for future directions of stereotype (in)accuracy research.
Polarity Correspondence as a General Compatibility Principle
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Xiong Aiping
Published: December 2015

Proctor and Cho (2006) proposed that, when making binary decisions, people code the stimulus and response alternatives asymmetrically (positive and negative polarities), with performance being best when the codes of the corresponding polarities are paired. They presented evidence that polarity correspondence could explain many results associated with orthogonal compatibility, the Implicit Association Test, and numerical judgments. We review and evaluate literature on these topics and on polarity coding in the context of metaphorical relations published during the ensuing 10 years. Our conclusion is that the results have supported polarity correspondence as a contributor to binary decisions. We consider issues concerning the principle and topics in need of research.
The Resurrection in phenomenology: Jean-Luc Marion on the ‘saturated phenomenon par excellence’
Authors: Johnstone Brian V.
Published: December 2015

Jean-Luc Marion has identified the resurrection as ‘the saturated phenomenon par excellence’. Marion’s proposal has had a very positive reception by theologians who have written on the theme, for example Anthony J. Kelly and Brian D. Robinette. This article explains and assesses critically the notion of the saturated phenomenon and its applicability to the resurrection. The topics that are studied include Marion’s early theological writings on the resurrection, his development of the notion of the saturated phenomenon by an original interpretation of phenomenology, his account of the resurrection as a saturated phenomenon and his explanation of the relation between faith and reason. The relevant background in contemporary French philosophy is described following Gary Gutting.
Reading Jonah as ‘history’? The implications of canonical location for Jonah and the Book of the Twelve
Authors: LeCureux Jason T.
Published: December 2015

From an interpretive standpoint, Jonah presents as one of the more difficult books in the Old Testament. Is the book intended to critique the actions of God, of Israel, of the prophet, or of prophecy as a whole? The fantastic story of a prophet located in the middle of a collection that contains very little narrative, Jonah is unique among the writings of the Book of the Twelve (BT). With the rise of biblical criticism, particularly narrative analysis, biblical scholars have long left the idea that Jonah was ever intended to be understood as a historical account. However, the two separate orders of the BT (LXX and MT) position Jonah in a different canonical location. I contend that one of the reasons for this discrepancy relates to the different readings of Jonah as ‘history’. Though the LXX makes the reasonable decision to place the two prophecies concerning Assyria (Jonah–Nahum) next to one another, the MT, followed by the English versions, has separated them. While it is impossible to state with certainty the interpretive viewpoint of the editors of the MT, I contend that the canonical location of Jonah within the BT is, in part, dependent on reading Jonah as a historical event. In other words, the MT editors, perhaps unlike the LXX editors, saw the historical results of Jonah’s actions as essential to the overall structure and theology of the BT. The book is positioned at a critical location within the Twelve, one that gives explanation to YHWH’s (historical) actions in the past, in order to give hope to his people in the future. Such a reading raises interpretive questions about God, his people, the nations and the overall theology of the BT.
Targeted energy transfer in a 2-DOF mechanical system coupled to a non-linear energy sink with varying stiffness
Authors: Lamarque Claude-Henri , Thouverez F , Rozier B , Dimitrijevic Z
Published: December 2015

The dynamical behavior of a non-linear mechanical system with two degrees of freedom (DOFs) during free and forced excitations is studied analytically and numerically. The non-linearity of the system is represented intentionally by a smooth non-linear simple function with periodically varying stiffness around a constant value for the sake of practical investigations. Analysis of the system leads to a method that could be used to design the non-linear energy sink (NES) so that the behavior of the system during relaxation and its strongly modulated response (SMR) could be improved versus the constant stiffness configuration.
Bearing damage classification using instantaneous energy density
Authors: Shakya Piyush , Darpe Ashish K , Kulkarni Makarand S
Published: December 2015

A methodology is proposed for classification of type of defect in a bearing using vibration data. Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is used to obtain Instantaneous energy density (IE) values corresponding to interaction of rolling elements and the defect. IE values are treated as a time series and autocorrelation coefficients (ACs) with varying lags are calculated. Based on the ACs, a Defect Occurrence Index (DOI) is proposed to rank the possibility of a type of bearing damage. Based on the DOI, an adaptive filtering process is used to filter the maximum IE corresponding to the peaks generated during the defect interaction. The main feature of the present approach involves capturing the phenomenon of amplitude modulation (using the approach of autocorrelation) for an inner race defect and uses its absence in the case of outer race defect to distinguish between the inner and outer race defects. Statistical techniques (Chi-square test and Coefficient of variation (CV)) on the filtered IE are used for damage type identification. A new parameter, Defect Severity Value (DSV), is proposed for assessment of the severity of the bearing defect. The proposed methodology is validated on simulated outer/inner race defect, and on two different vibration datasets obtained from seeded defect experiments. The proposed methodology helps uniquely identify the bearing damage.
System overview and walking dynamics of a passive dynamic walking robot with flat feet
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Zang Xizhe , Zhu Yanhe , Liu Yixiang , Zhao Jie
Published: December 2015

The concept of “passive dynamic walking robot” refers to the robot that can walk down a shallow slope stably without any actuation and control which shows a limit cycle during walking. By adding actuation at some joints, the passive dynamic walking robot can walk stably on level ground and exhibit more versatile gaits than fully passive robot, namely, the “limit cycle walker.” In this article, we present the mechanical structures and control system design for a passive dynamic walking robot with series elastic actuators at hip joint and ankle joints. We built a walking model that consisted of an upper body, knee joints, and flat feet and derived its walking dynamics that involve double stance phases in a walking cycle based on virtual power principle. The instant just before impact was chosen as the start of one step to reduce the number of independent state variables. A numerical simulation was implemented by using MATLAB, in which the proposed passive dynamic walking model could walk stably down a shallow slope, which proves that the derived walking dynamics are correct. A physical passive robot prototype was built finally, and the experiment results show that by only simple control scheme the passive dynamic robot could walk stably on level ground.
Saccades Follow Perception When Judging Location
Authors: Yildirim Funda , Cornelissen Frans W.
Published: December 2015

An unresolved question in vision research is whether perceptual decision making and action are based on the same or on different neural representations. Here, we address this question for a straightforward task, the judgment of location. In our experiment, observers decided on the closer of two peripheral objects—situated on the horizontal meridian in opposite hemifields—and made a saccade to indicate their choice. Correct saccades landed close to the actual (physical) location of the target. However, in case of errors, saccades went in the direction of the more distant object, yet landed on a position approximating that of the closer one. Our finding supports the notion that perception and action-related decisions on object location rely on the same neural representation.
Road to Sustainable SHG-Bank Linkage Programme: Formulating Strategies for Managing Credit Risk with Respect to Rural Bengal
Authors: Aluni Sayanee Nayak , Ray Saptarshi
Published: December 2015

To alleviate poverty and unemployment in villages and to include rural India under a structured financial system, the government, through institutions like National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, has been trying to promote Self Help Groups (SHGs) by financing their projects. These rural SHGs have been financed mostly by the semi-urban bank branches, rural bank branches, Regional Rural Banks, microfinance institutions and regional cooperative banks. However, the financial institutions are burdened with huge losses due to non-repayment of loans availed by the SHGs which leads to accumulation of Non-performing Assets. Moreover, the bank managers are held responsible in case of such default, their superannuation benefits being either curtailed or delayed. This has made them all the more reluctant to further finance the SHGs. This situation adversely affects the birth of new SHGs and the existing groups are forced to embrace local moneylenders at an exorbitant rate of interest. Hence, the government’s effort to financially reach out to the poor through SHGs seems to be a rather difficult task.

This article focuses on formulation of strategies for managing credit risk of SHG as an effort to make the SHG-Bank linkage programme sustainable. It is framed from the viewpoint of the banks, concentrating on their approach towards financing SHG projects.
Should Flexibility Matter? A Poor Consumer’s Perspective of Flexible Micro Loans
Authors: Sett Rahul Kumar
Published: December 2015

Repayment schedules characterizing a typical micro loan are rigid and offer little to no flexibility in terms of rescheduling repayments when faced with emerging contingencies. Such rigid structures affect the economic as well as the psychological well-being of the poor leading to underinvestment of the borrowed capital, lower motivational levels and lowered sense of psychological well-being among the underprivileged. Flexibility in loan contracts and repayment schedules can alleviate these adverse effects on the poor and bring the microfinance institutions closer to their goal of poverty alleviation and welfare objectives. In this article, a case is made in favour of flexible loan contracts and repayment schedules based on the psychological underpinnings of decision making among the underprivileged. Implications of such loan contracts on consumer welfare and the microfinance institutions (MFIs) are discussed.
Ecotourism and Empowerment: A Case Analysis of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha, India
Authors: Das Madhumita , Chatterjee Bani
Published: December 2015

Ecotourism is a type of sustainable tourism that aims at conservation of the environment through development of the indigenous communities. Development of the communities not only refers to economic development, but also to social as well as cultural development. The present study is an attempt to address the socio-cultural impact of ecotourism to the locals in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (BKWS), Odisha, which is an important ecotourism site in India for its rich and varied biodiversity. Through a case analysis, the study endeavours to find out whether ecotourism has been able to empower the locals socially as well culturally. The study finds that ecotourism has come as an economic rescuer for many people who do not have a wide avenue of earning. With the creation of employment opportunities, locals have been made aware of participation in community development programme. Several institutions such as eco-development committees (EDCs) have come up in adjacent villages, and locals are made members of EDCs. However, these EDCs have not been very effective to empower the locals because of their lack of education and skill. From community participation to education and skill development, from infrastructure to awareness campaigns, there is a lot of effort needed by the government. Thus, proper policies are to be formulated for an inclusive ecotourism approach in BKWS, one which is socio-economically effective, culturally advanced and environmentally sustainable.
Possible Market for Credit Lines to Mitigate Sudden Stop: Theory and Policy
Authors: Singh Gurbachan
Published: December 2015

The market for credit lines (CLs) to mitigate the sudden stop of capital flows does not exist in practice. Why? Theoretical findings in this article are as follows. First, the basic reason lies in ‘additional’ agency costs. Second, externalities can play a role but only if agency costs are high. Third, funding liquidity is hardly a problem. Findings on the policy are as follows. Depending on the parameter values, it is an optimal policy to (a) enable the market for the relevant CLs, (b) enable this market and correct it for externalities or (c) let the market not exist.

JEL Classification: F3, F4
Trade Openness, Size of Economy and the Saving–Investment Relationship: A Dynamic Analysis for Pakistan
Authors: Umer Faiza , Alam Shaista
Published: December 2015

The main objective of this study is to examine the saving–investment relationship with the size of economy and trade openness in Pakistan during the period 1960–2011. For this purpose, the study employed vector auto-regression (VAR) to check simultaneity among trade openness, economic growth and saving–investment. Findings of the study confirm a significant positive relationship among trade openness, economic growth, saving and investment of Pakistan in the long run, but these do not establish a significant short-run relationship among trade openness, economic growth, savings and investment. In light of empirical results, the present study suggests that external sector development should be given due importance. For this purpose, the availability of credit should be enhanced properly. This will not only increase the saving rate in the country but also enhance domestic investment.

JEL Classification: A11, B12, C13, D14
Revenue Mobilization Effort of Special Category States: The Case of Assam in North-east India
Authors: Dutta Mrinal Kanti , Dutta Parag
Published: December 2015

Liberal resource transfer from the centre to economically backward states in India has ensured overcoming the mismatch between revenue generated and expenditure commitments of the states. From the point of view of long-term fiscal sustainability of states, however, greater effort to generate enough resources as per the potential of individual states is important, which makes the issue of revenue effort significant. Based on secondary data, this article is an attempt to analyze revenue mobilization efforts of the Government of Assam during 1991–2010. By examining the issues of arrears of uncollected tax and non-tax revenue, cost of collection of different taxes and duties, and cost recovery of different services, the study confirms low-revenue efforts on the part of the state government. The time series regression analysis between ‘per-capita own tax revenue’ and ‘per capita GSDP of the state’ and ‘per-capita revenue expenditure of the state in the previous year’ also confirms low-revenue efforts, necessitating the need of extra tax effort on the part of the state government.

JEL Classification: H20, H27, C4