bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide susceptibility and resistance ofBlattella germanica(Blattaria: Blattellidae) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2007
Authors: CHANG Kyu‐Sik , JUNG Jin‐Sung , PARK Chan , LEE Hee‐Il , LEE Wook‐Gyo , LEE Dong‐Kyu , SHIN E‐Hyun
Published: July 2009

The susceptibility ofBlattella germanica(L.) in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 12 insecticides currently used by the local public health centers and/or pest control operators in the ROK. The insecticides included seven pyrethroids and five organophosphates. Based on their LD50values, the order of susceptibility ofB. germanicaadults to the insecticides was chlorpyrifos‐methyl, profenofos and chlorpyrifos with values of 0.07, 0.29 and 0.88 µg/♀, respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with tetramethrin at LD50of 7.39 µg/♀. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 12 insecticides were compared to each other using field‐collectedB. germanicaadults in Seoul between 1993 and 2007.Blattella germanicademonstrated higher RRs to pyrethroids such as λ‐cyhalothrin, and low RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, λ‐cyhalothrin had the highest RRs of 111‐ and 129‐fold differences at LD50and LD90values, respectively. Among the organophosphates, profenofos was observed to have the highest RRs of 4‐ and 15‐fold differences at LD50and LD90values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to tetramethrin, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion.Blattella germanicawas more susceptible to pyridafenthion showing a 0.7‐fold difference in a resistance ratio (RRLD50= LD50value of 2007/LD50value of 1993). Resistance ratio of tetramethrin was low, but susceptibility was also not high.
Serious Leisure and Work
Authors: Stebbins Robert
Published: July 2009

This article looks at the complex relationship between serious leisure and work, with an eye to examining its implications for social life and practice. First, the serious leisure perspective (a theoretic framework that synthesizes three main forms: serious, casual, and project‐based leisure) is described. Then, occupational devotion is examined. It consists of a strong, positive attachment to a form of self‐enhancing work, where the sense of achievement is high and the core activity (set of basic tasks) is endowed with such intense appeal that the line between this work and leisure is virtually erased. Devotee work roots most immediately in amateur, hobbyist, and volunteer pursuits. Next some of the ways that people bridge devotee work and their leisure are considered. Careers are then discussed. These careers originate in serious leisure and, for some people, extend into work. After considering some others ways of bridging devotee work and serious leisure, two main implications of the link between these two are taken up.
Analysis and Customization of Rocker Arm Joint Sliding Velocity
Authors: Geist Bruce K. , Eovaldi David
Published: July 2009

This paper examines how the sliding motion between a rocker arm and a valve stem tip can be adjusted by reshaping the rocker pad surface. The valve tip is assumed flat, and the rocker arm and valve stem are assumed to lie in a common plane. It is shown that the rubbing velocity between a rocker arm and a valve stem tip, as well as the curvature of the rocker arm pad, may be determined from two features of the contact: (1) the contact point path between the rocker arm and the valve stem tip and (2) the angle that the valve stem tip makes with the line connecting the rocker pivot to the zero-lift point of contact. An algorithm is presented for determining a rocker arm surface from a prescribed contact point path and valve angle. The derived technique enables customization of rocker arm pad curvature and rocker arm joint sliding velocity.
TCENHANCEMENT FOR NANO-SiCDOPEDMgB2SUPERCONDUCTORS SINTERED IN 5T PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: LI W. X. , LI Y. , CHEN R. H. , ZHU M. Y. , JIN H. M. , ZENG R. , LU L. , ZHANG Y. , DOU S. X.
Published: July 2009

The superconductivity of nano- SiC doped MgB2sintered in pulsed magnetic field (PMF) was investigated with Raman scattering measurements and Raman spectral fit analysis. The critical transition temperature, Tc, for the sample sintered in 5T PMF is improved compared with that of the sample sintered without PMF. The high Tcis attributed to the strengthening of the electron-phonon coupling (EPC) in MgB2, as reflected by the broadened E2gmode in the Raman spectra. The EPC constants are estimated as 0.876 and 0.874, with the electron-E2gcoupling contribution 2.30 and 2.25, respectively. Magnetic field processing technology has been proved to be a powerful tool to improve the superconducting properties of SiC -doped MgB2superconductor.
INFILTRATION OF MAGNESIUM IN POROUS BORON SKELETONS
Authors: AHN JUNG-HO , OH SANGJUN , WANG XIAOLIN , DOU SHI XUE
Published: July 2009

The feasibility of the infiltration of molten magnesium into porous boron skeleton was examined. The particle size and crystalline state of starting boron powders as well as the confinement of Mg vapors play an important role in successful infiltration. Magnesium penetrates more readily into porous skeletons formed by large crystalline boron particles than those formed by fine amorphous powders. The infiltration of magnesium mainly occurs via capillary condensation rather than liquid flow. Although the infiltrated microstructures are seemingly very dense, nano-scale structures contain many tiny inter-particle voids due to random packing of MgB 2 grains. This is due to the absence of a liquid phase in final microstructures as a result of transient liquid-phase infiltration.
THE THERMODYNAMIC, TRANSPORT AND MAGNETOTRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF Mn-DOPED GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs QUANTUM WELL WITH FERROMAGNETISM
Authors: SHCHUROVA LJUDMILA , KULBACHINSKII VLADIMIR
Published: July 2009

We have investigated the thermodynamic, transport and magnetotransport properties of free charge carriers in a diluted magnetic semiconductor with a quantum well In0.17Ga0.83As in GaAs with δ-doped by C and Mn. In order to determine the density of the holes in a quantum well, we carried out thermodynamic calculations of the system of free holes, atoms Mn0 and ions Mn-. We calculated the temperature dependence of resistance and magnetoresistance of holes in the quantum well. The contributions of various scattering mechanisms of holes to the resistance were analyzed. The negative magnetoresistance are explained as the reduction of spin-flip scattering by aligning spins of the magnetic field.
EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION OF DYNAMIC STAIR CLIMBING AND DESCENDING OF BIPED HUMANOID ROBOT, HUBO
Authors: KIM JUNG-YUP , PARK ILL-WOO , OH JUN-HO
Published: July 2009

In this paper, dynamic stair climbing and descending are experimentally realized for a biped humanoid robot, HUBO. Currently, in addition to biped walking on the ground, other types of biped walking such as running, jogging, and stair walking (climbing and descending) have been also studied since the end of 1990. In spite of many years of research works on stair walking, it is still a challengeable topic that requires high performance of control technique. For dynamic stair walking, we designed stair climbing and descending patterns according to a known stair configuration. Next, we defined stair climbing and descending stages for a switching control strategy. In each stage, we designed and adopted several online controllers to maintain the balance. For the simplicity and easy application, the online controllers only use the force and torque signals of the force/torque sensors of the feet. Finally, the effectiveness and performance of the proposed strategy are verified through stair climbing and descending experiments of HUBO.
Preclinical photodynamic therapy research in Spain 3: Localization of photosensitizers and mechanisms of cell deathin vitro
Authors: Cañete Magdalena , Stockert Juan C. , Villanueva Angeles
Published: July 2009

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a subject of increasing biomedical research and represents a very promising therapeutic modality for palliative or even curative treatment of some superficial or endoscopically accessible tumors. In addition to the first photosensitizers (PSs) applied (hematoporphyrin-based drugs), second generation PSs with improved photophysical and photobiological properties are now studied using cell cultures, experimental tumors and clinical trials. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the analysis of cell death mechanisms by apoptosis, which is especially relevant in oncology, because many anticancer drugs work, at least in part, by triggering apoptosis in neoplastic cells both in vitro and in vivo. The evaluation of cell death mechanisms is an important parameter to determine the efficacy and the potential toxicity of a treatment, allowing better adjustment of protocol. Using cell cultures, our research team has studied the mechanisms of cell damage and death implicated in the photodynamic processes, as well as the relationship between the cellular localization of the PS and the organelle damage during photosensitization. The results obtained in our laboratory provide a deeper understanding on the action mechanisms that lead to cell inactivation by PDT, and also allow selection of PSs with higher potential for clinical application than those currently in use.
Antimicrobial photodynamic activity of porphyrin derivatives: potential application on medical and water disinfection
Authors: Carvalho Carla M.B. , Tomé João P.C. , Faustino Maria A.F. , Neves Maria G.P.M.S. , Tomé Augusto C. , Cavaleiro José A.S. , Costa Liliana , Alves Eliana , Oliveira Anabela , Cunha Ângela , Almeida Adelaide
Published: July 2009

In this highlight an overview of the advances performed by the Aveiro group on the design and synthesis of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers with potential photodynamic antimicrobial activity is presented.
Case history of porphyrin J-aggregates: a personal point of view
Authors: Crusats Joaquim , El-Hachemi Zoubir , Escudero Carlos , Ribó Josep M.
Published: July 2009

The formation and structure of the title aggregates are paradigms of the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecular building blocks in supramolecular chemistry. This review summarizes the research in the University of Barcelona on the homoassociation of the water soluble meso 4-sulfonatophenyl-and phenyl substituted porphyrins.
Photodynamic inactivation of viruses by immobilized chlorin-containing liposomes
Authors: Lluïsa Sagristá M. , Postigo Fernado , Africa De Madariaga M. , Pintó Rosa M. , Caballero Santiago , Bosch Albert , Asunción Vallés M. , Mora Margarita
Published: July 2009

The viral safety of blood derived products relies in properly chosen inactivation procedures. In this way, it has been reported that some photosensitizers are useful products for blood sterilization. The data presented here show the high incorporation efficiency of the chlorin 3-phorbinepropanol, 9,14-diethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-(3S-trans) (CHL) into anionic unilamellar liposomes, give a protocol for the steric immobilization of chlorin-containing liposomes in a chromatographic support and provide the studies of photodynamic inactivation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) with chlorin-containing liposomes, free in solution and immobilized on Sephacryl S-1000 beads. The study demonstrates the successful inactivation of the enveloped virus BVDV by both preparations in culture medium and the resistance of the non-enveloped virus EMCV. The effectiveness of CHL-containing liposomes, in solution and immobilized in the chromatographic support, decreased when the culture media was replaced with human blood plasma. Moreover, the reduction factor of the virus titer after irradiation was smallest when immobilized liposomes were used. Nevertheless, the reduction factor for the virus titers of enveloped viruses after irradiation of human blood plasma samples with immobilized chlorin-containing liposomes increased with the reduction of the sample thickness. The more outstanding aspect of this paper is the design of a system useful for blood sterilization that can be easily removed after photodynamic treatment and, therefore, able to be applied in the manufacturing processes.
Iron-phthalocyanine complexes immobilized in nanostructured metal oxide as optical sensors of NOx and CO: NMR and photophysical studies
Authors: Valero-Navarro Angel , Fernandez-Sanchez Jorge F. , Segura-Carretero Antonio , Spichiger-Keller Ursula E. , Fernandez-Gutierrez Alberto , Oña Pascual , Fernandez Ignacio
Published: July 2009

This paper presents the research that is currently undergoing in our group toward the development of optical sensing layers based on iron(II) phthalocyanine complexes immobilized on nanostructured solid supports. Several FePc - N donor ligands have been prepared and coated into different nanostructured metal oxides. Optical properties, chemical variables, analytical features, selectivity rates, response times and type of nanostructure supports have been evaluated; in some cases, interesting correlations between them have been deduced. In addition, thermostability studies have been carried out, providing access to a second generation of nanostructured metal oxides.
Phthalocyanines, subphthalocyanines and porphyrins for energy and electron transfer applications
Authors: González-Rodríguez David , Bottari Giovanni
Published: July 2009

The importance and complexity of energy and electron transfer reactions in biological and artificial light energy conversion systems have prompted the preparation and photophysical study of donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular models. This article aims to highlight the efforts of Portuguese and Spanish research groups on the design, synthesis and photophysical study of molecular and supramolecular donor-acceptor systems based on phthalocyanines, subphthalocyanines and porphyrins.
From Mouse Egg to Mouse Embryo: Polarities, Axes, and Tissues
Authors: Johnson Martin H.
Published: July 2009

This review describes the three classical models (mosaic, positional, and polarization) proposed to explain blastocyst formation and summarizes the evidence concerning them. It concludes that the polarization model incorporates elements of the other two models and best explains most known information. I discuss key requirements of a molecular basis for the generation and stabilization of polarity and identify ezrin/E-cadherin, PAR proteins, and Cdx2 as plausible key molecular players. I also discuss the idea of a network process operating to build cell allocations progressively into committed differences. Finally, this review critically considers the possibility of developmental information being encoded within the oocyte and zygote. No final decision can be reached on a mechanism of action underlying any encoded information, but a cell interaction process model is preferred over one that relies solely on differential inheritance.
Studies on Multifunctional Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) on Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and Its Regulatory Molecules in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7)
Authors: Dutta Anindita , Sen Triparna , Banerji Aniruddha , Das Shamik , Chatterjee Amitava
Published: July 2009

Background. Vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is considered as a potent chemotherapeutic drug for its capability of regulating cell growth and differentiation. We studied the effect of ATRA on MMP-2 in MCF-7, human breast cancer cells, and the probable signaling pathways which are affected by ATRA on regulating pro-MMP-2 activity and expression.Methods. Gelatin zymography, RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, Immunoprecipitation, and Cell adhesion assay are used.Results. Gelatin zymography showed that ATRA caused a dose-dependent inhibition of pro-MMP-2 activity. ATRA treatment downregulates the expression of MT1-MMP, EMMPRIN, FAK, NF-kB, and p-ERK. However, expression of E-cadherin, RAR, and CRABP increased upon ATRA treatment. Binding of cells to extra cellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin reduced significantly after ATRA treatment.Conclusions. The experimental findings clearly showed the inhibition of MMP-2 activity upon ATRA treatment. This inhibitory effect of ATRA on MMP-2 activity in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) may result due to its inhibitory effect on MT1-MMP, EMMPRIN, and upregulation of TIMP-2. This study is focused on the effect of ATRA on MMP, MMP-integrin-E-cadherin interrelationship, and also the effect of the drug on different signaling molecules which may involve in the progression of malignant tumor development.
EEG/MEG Source Imaging: Methods, Challenges, and Open Issues
Authors: Wendel Katrina , Väisänen Outi , Malmivuo Jaakko , Gencer Nevzat G. , Vanrumste Bart , Durka Piotr , Magjarević Ratko , Supek Selma , Pascu Mihail Lucian , Fontenelle Hugues , Grave de Peralta Menendez Rolando
Published: July 2009

We present the four key areas of research—preprocessing, the volume conductor, the forward problem, and the inverse problem—that affect the performance of EEG and MEG source imaging. In each key area we identify prominent approaches and methodologies that have open issues warranting further investigation within the community, challenges associated with certain techniques, and algorithms necessitating clarification of their implications. More than providing definitive answers we aim to identify important open issues in the quest of source localization.
A Case Report of Coronary-Subclavian Steal Syndrome Treated with Carotid to Axillary Artery Bypass
Authors: Al-Jundi Wissam , Saleh Aiman , Lawrence Kathryn , Choksy Sohail
Published: July 2009

Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome results from atherosclerotic disease of the proximal subclavian artery causing reversal of flow in an internal mammary artery used as conduit for coronary artery bypass. This rare complication of cardiac revascularisation leads to recurrence of myocardial ischaemia. When feasible, subclavian angioplasty and/or stent placement can provide acceptable result for these patients. Vascular reconstruction through carotid to subclavian artery bypass has been the standard procedure of choice. Other interventions in literature include axilloaxillary bypass and subclavian carotid transposition. This case report describes the use of carotid axillary artery bypass for the treatment of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.
PacketTwins: A Novel Method for Capacity Estimation of a Heavy‐Loaded Path
Authors: Xu Jie
Published: July 2009

We propose a method called PacketTwins for estimating the capacity of heavy‐loaded paths. Unlike popular packet pair methods, which probe a path with a series of two equal‐sized packets, PacketTwins uses a series of twin probe packets that are slightly different in size. By sending twin probe packets alternately, we can obtain new information about selecting valid samples for capacity estimation when a network path is heavy loaded.
Shrinkage Effects of the Conduction Zone in the Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: The Basis for Room Temperature Conductometric Gas Sensor
Authors: Manzanares M. , Andreu T. , Prades J. D. , Arbiol J. , Hernandez-Ramírez F. , Cirera A. , Morante J. R.
Published: July 2009

The influence of charge localized at the surface of minute metal oxide nanocrystals was studied in WO3 and In2O3 nanostructures, which were obtained replicating mesoporous silica templates. Here, it is shown that the very high resistive states observed at room temperature and dark conditions were originated by the total shrinkage of the conductive zone in the inner part of these nanocrystals. On the contrary, at room temperature and under UV illumination, both photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and empty surface states generated by photons diminished the negative charge accumulated at the surface, enlarging the conductive zone and, as a consequence, leading to a reduction of the electrical resistance. Under these conditions, empty surface states produced by UV light reacted with oxidizing gaseous molecules. The charge exchange associated to these reactions also affected the size of the inner conductive zone, and leaded to a new steady‐state resistance. These chemical, physical and geometrical effects can be used for gas detection, and constitutes the basis for developing novel room temperature conductometric gas sensors responsive to oxidizing species.
Einfluß der postoperativen Infusions- und Transfusionstherapie auf Serumspiegel und renale Verluste von Zink, Magnesium, Kupfer, Kalzium und Phosphat
Authors: Herold G. , Stephan B. , Menzel T.
Published: July 2009

Serumspiegel und renale Verluste von Zink, Magnesium, Kalzium, Kupfer und anorganischem Phosphat wurden bei 52 erwachsenen Patienten während der postoperativen parenteralen Ernährung untersucht. Gleichzeitig durchgeführte Analysen der verwendeten Infusions- und Eiweiβlösungen sowie der Blutkonserven ergaben einen sehr unterschiedlichen Gehalt dieser Bioelemente. Besonders ausgeprägt sind die Unterschiede der Zinkkonzentration einzelner Infusionslösungen. Die ungezielte Substitution von Zink und anorganischem Phosphat ist unzureichend, weil sie dem Bedarf nicht entspricht. Anorganisches Phosphat und Zink sollten deshalb gezielt substituiert werden.
Comprendre le dialogue: l’interaction entre les micro-organismes et l’hôte
Authors: Fasano Alessio
Published: July 2009

Le tube digestif des mammifères est beaucoup plus complexe qu’on ne le pensait précédemment. Une couche unique de cellules épithéliales recouvre la totalité des voies digestives, représentant ainsi l’interface la plus étendue avec l’environnement. L’épithélium digestif est un capteur de l’environnement intraluminal et contrôle non seulement les fonctions digestives, absorptives et sécrétoires, mais de plus transmet des informations aux systèmes immunitaires muqueux, vasculaires et nerveux. Ces fonctions font intervenir un ensemble complexe de récepteurs de reconnaissance de motifs («pattern recognition receptors»; PRR) et de types cellulaires qui élaborent des facteurs de croissance, des cytokines et des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire. De plus, des micro-organismes intestinaux peuvent détourner des voies activées par les PRR dans le cadre de leur arsenal pathogène par «imitation de l’hôte». La connaissance du dialogue entre le microbiote intestinal et l’hôte dans des conditions tant physiologiques que pathologiques peut apporter des informations capitales sur la pathogenie de maladies locales et de système. Ces connaissances pourraient aboutir à l’identification de nouvelles stratégies pour le traitement de ces troubles.
Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes Are Influenced by the Application of Diagnostic Criteria: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA)
Authors: Lee Seok Bum , Kim Ki Woong , Youn Jong Choul , Park Joon Hyuk , Lee Jung Jae , Kim Myoung-Hee , Choi Eun Ae , Jhoo Jin Hyeong , Choo Il Han , Lee Dong Young , Woo Jong Inn
Published: July 2009

Aims: We investigated the influence of varying applications of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in community-dwelling Korean elders. Methods: A study population of 1,118 Korean elders was randomly sampled from the residents aged 65 years or older living in Seongnam, Korea. Standardized face-to-face interviews, with neurological and physical examinations, were conducted with 714 respondents. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Korean version of the CERAD Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, digit span test, and lexical fluency test. Activities of daily living were evaluated using the Blessed Dementia Scale in the CERAD Clinical Assessment Battery (Korean version). Using variable sets of operational diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of MCI was estimated. Results: Age- and gender-standardized prevalence estimates according to the Petersen criteria were 28.6% (95% CI = 25.3–31.9) for overall MCI, 17.0% (95% CI = 14.3–19.8) for amnestic MCI, and 11.5% (95% CI = 9.2–13.9) for non-amnestic MCI. However, the estimated prevalence of MCI varied widely (8.3–27.6%) according to the applied operational diagnostic criteria. The proportion of MCI subtypes also varied considerably according to the number and types of applied neuropsychological tests. Conclusions: Variable implementation of MCI diagnostic criteria may significantly complicate the homogeneity of this condition.
Increased Proliferation and Gliogenesis of Cultured Rat Neural Progenitor Cells by Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Astrocytes
Authors: Go Hyo Sang , Shin Chan Young , Lee Sung Hoon , Jeon Se-Jin , Kim Ki Chan , Choi Chang Soon , Ko Kwang Ho
Published: July 2009

Neural progenitor cells (NPC) are self-renewing multipotent cells that generate neurons and glial cells in the brain. NPCs generate neurons and glia not only during development but also after neural injury. Recent studies have shown that endogenous NPCs are activated after brain injury and migrate toward damaged areas where astrocyte activation occurs. Considering the massive proliferation of astrocytes as well as the production of several kinds of cytoactive molecules after brain injury, such as NO, growth factors and cytokines, it is tempting to think that cytoactive molecules released by activated glial cells regulate neural progenitor differentiation and proliferation through inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated rat primary astrocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the activation of astrocytes. After addition of the conditioned media from LPS-stimulated astrocytes to NPC culture, proliferation was examined by MTT assay and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The differentiation of NPC into neurons and astrocytes was examined by Western blot, ELISA and immunocytochemical staining with cell-type-specific mark- ers. Conditioned media from LPS-stimulated astrocytes increased NPC proliferation as well as gliogenesis as compared with control conditioned media from astrocytes without LPS stimulation. In contrast, neurogenesis was decreased by LPS-conditioned media. To investigate the molecular mechanism mediating glial differentiation and proliferation of NPC by reactive astrocytes, we added inhibitors of the Erk and JNK pathways during LPS stimulation. These inhibitors – except for a p38 inhibitor – decreased NPC proliferation and glial differentiation. These results suggest that LPS stimulated astrocytes generate factors regulating NPC proliferation and gliogenesis via the Erk and JNK pathways.
A Novel Emulsion Adjuvant Increases the Immunogenic Responses and Protective Efficacy of an Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Wang Shaobin , Ke Chang-Wen , Zou Li-Rong , Jing Zhang , Xie Guo-Xiu , Li Xiaoman
Published: July 2009

Objective: The research of adjuvants is a hot topic in vaccinology. In this paper, we were seeking a concise method to produce a stable and effective emulsion adjuvant. Methods: A novel emulsion [Well Adjuvant Formulation 3 (WAF3)] was produced by adding additional glycerol and using a timely cooling process. Surface morphology analysis of the novel emulsion was performed by atomic force microscopy. Animal experimentation was used to evaluate the efficacy of the novel adjuvant. Results: Surface morphology analysis of the novel emulsion showed a homogeneous distribution of the antigen protein. We also confirmed the morphological changes of the WAF3-carrying antigen. The WAF3-adjuvanted vaccine engendered higher antibody responses 128-fold compared to that of a naked antigen. Furthermore, in the presence of the WAF3 adjuvant, the influenza virus antigen was able to reduce the titer disparities of IgG2a and IgG1. The WAF3-adjuvanted influenza vaccine was able to provide full protection and alleviation of infective symptoms as other clinically adjuvanted vaccines. Conclusion: The WAF3 adjuvant is a promising candidate to be further investigated in the development of emulsion adjuvants.
Transitions in Drug Use in a New Generation of Problem Drug Users in Amsterdam: a 6-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Buster Marcel C.A. , Witteveen Ewald , Prins Maria , van Ameijden Erik J.C. , Schippers Gerard , Krol Anneke
Published: July 2009

Aims: This study describes the transitions in drug use in Amsterdam among young drug users (YDUs) who are inhaling or injecting cocaine or using illicitly obtained opiates. Methods: From 2000 until 2003, 187 YDUs (≤30 years) were recruited of whom 126 were followed into 2007. Results: During the 6 months prior to inclusion, 95% used cocaine, 60% used illicit opiates, and 9% injected more than once a week. During follow-up, the incidence of new-onset heroin use was 4.8/100 person-years. The incidence of injecting was much lower for never-injectors (2.1/100 person-years) than for ever-injectors who relapsed (13.2/100 person-years). Transition to abstinence or nonfrequent drug use is common (23/100 person-years), mostly followed by a relapse (73/100 person-years). Polydrug users were less likely to discontinue their frequent drug use than monodrug users. Conclusions: Treatment services should target the crack cocaine users to prevent further marginalization and, during abstinence, to prevent relapse. Although the prevalence and incidence of injecting are relatively low, it is still an option for opiate users, especially those with a history of injecting.
Validation of an Internet Questionnaire for Risk Assessment in Preconception Care
Authors: Landkroon A.P. , de Weerd S. , van Vliet-Lachotzki E. , Steegers E.A.P.
Published: July 2009

Aim: Validation of a self-administered Internet questionnaire for preconception risk assessment. Methods: Women with an appointment at the outpatient clinics for preconception care or fertility at the Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam were requested to fill out the online questionnaire prior to attendance. Subsequently, the items of the questionnaire were verified by history taking during the first or next appointment. Agreement between the 2 screening methods (Internet vs. history taking) was calculated using Kappa statistic. Results: Most lifestyle variables, including smoking, alcohol, and dietary items, showed a good to high level of agreement when compared to the interview. Most medical history and obstetric history items also showed a good to high level of agreement. The use of over-the-counter drugs revealed a poor level of agreement (Kappa = 0.21). The items pertaining to women’s family history showed a reasonable level of agreement; however, the partner’s family history was unreliable and should be checked at the interview. Conclusion: The online questionnaire www.zwangerwijzer.nl is a useful tool for the identification of a number of potential risk factors in the preconception care setting and was found to be a an efficient and clear screening instrument by the majority of women. However, additional history taking by trained professionals is necessary to verify several items and to further explore identified risk factors for an adverse pregnancy outcome.
Chronic COX Inhibition Reduces Diabetes-Induced Hyperfiltration, Proteinuria, and Renal Pathological Markers in 36-Week B6-Ins2Akita Mice
Authors: Nasrallah Rania , Robertson Susan J. , Hébert Richard L.
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: The widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the sizeable impact of diabetes on the development of end-stage renal disease substantiate the need to determine their effect on the evolution of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We hypothesized that chronic ibuprofen and NS-398 will differentially affect many aspects of DN in B6-Ins2Akita mice, including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), growth, and fibrosis. Methods: B6-Ins2Akita and wild-type mice were separated into six groups. At 20 weeks of age, NSAIDs (1 mg/kg/day) were added to the drinking water daily. At 36 weeks indicators of renal function and DN were examined. Results:Urinary PGE2, PGEM, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1α were increased in diabetics, and reduced by NSAIDs. Regional differences in cyclooxygenases were observed. Diabetics displayed hyperglycemia, albuminuria, and increased kidney/body weights, glomerular diameters, and FITC-inulin clearance. NSAIDs did not affect growth, but albuminuria and FITC-inulin clearance were reduced. Also, p27 and fibronectin were increased in diabetics and attenuated by ibuprofen. Conclusion: NSAIDs reduced diabetic change: GFR, albuminuria, p27, and fibronectin. The effects of ibuprofen are similar if not more beneficial than COX-2 inhibition by NS-398. This study has clinical relevance for diabetics prior to overt nephropathy. Future studies should reveal the effects of NSAIDs in a more severe disease environment.
In vivo Activation of Tetracycline Rep ressor by Cre/lox-Mediated Gene Assembly
Authors: Bertram Ralph , Kolb Martina , Hillen Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

Tetracycline repressor (TetR) bears an unstructured loop region between helices α8 and α9, which is moderately permissive to amino acid exchanges and length variations. Recognition sites for the site-specific recombinases Flp (FRT) or Cre (lox) were inserted in-frame into tetR, substituting some of this loop’s codons. A number of the deduced TetR variants displayed efficient regulation in vivo, thus allowing the establishment of a new mode of TetR activation on the genetic level. Chromosomally encoded tetR in Bacillus subtilis was disrupted and inactivated by insertion of a lox66-aphAIII-lox71 kanamycin resistance cassette. Marker excision by Cre recombinase led to the assembly of a novel tetR allele. The encoded regulator, termed TetRlox72/1, is distinguished from wt-TetR by a slightly elongated and altered α8–α9 loop only, harboring an amino acid stretch encoded by lox72. Despite decreased intracellular protein amounts, TetRlox72/1 displayed efficient in vivo activity in B. subtilis and E. coli, indistinguishable from that of wt-TetR. These results underline the sequence flexibility of TetR in the α8-α9 loop and demonstrate the possible use of the regulator as a read-out tool for the activity of site-specific recombinases.
Leaping From Brain To Mind: a Critique of Mirror Neuron Explanations of Countertransference
Authors: Vivona Jeanine M.
Published: July 2009

In the current vigorous debate over the value of neuroscience to psychoanalysis, the epistemological status of the links between the data of brain research and the constructs of interest to psychoanalysts has rarely been examined. An inspection of recent discussions of mirror neuron research, particularly regarding countertransference, reveals gaps between psychoanalytic processes and the available brain activation data, and allows the evaluation of evidence for three implicit assumptions frequently made to bridge these gaps: (1) there is a straightforward correspondence between observed brain activity and mental activity; (2) similarity of localized brain activity across individuals signifies a shared interpersonal experience; (3) an automatic brain mechanism enables direct interpersonal sharing of experiences in the absence of inference and language. Examination of mirror neuron research findings reveals that these assumptions are either untested or questionable. Moreover, within neuroscience there are competing interpretations of mirror neuron findings, with diverse implications for psychoanalysis. The present state of mirror neuron research may offer us new hypotheses or metaphors, but does not provide empirical validation of the proposed models. More generally, as we attempt to learn from research findings generated outside psychoanalysis, we must strive to think scientifically, by minding the difference between data and interpretation.
Dropout Rate of Training Cases: Who and When
Authors: Hamilton Margaret , Wininger Lionel , Roose Steven P.
Published: July 2009

Training cases define clinical immersion for candidates and are essential to their education, progression, and graduation. While dropouts from treatment are expected, repeated dropouts can be detrimental to a candidate's education and progression. In a study of the rate and timing of dropout in 145 cases at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, 40 percent of patients were found to have dropped out within the first twelve months of treatment, though converted cases were less likely to drop out than were new patients evaluated at intake. This high dropout rate raises many questions about the reasons for it and suggests that there are critical educational issues regarding supervision and/or regarding candidates' technique during the induction phase.
A Prospective Study of Career Development and Analytic Practice: the First Five Years
Authors: Cherry Sabrina , Wininger Lionel , Roose Steven P.
Published: July 2009

To better understand the professional development of early career analysts, the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research initiated a prospective longitudinal study of its graduates beginning in June 2003. Twenty-six of 29 graduates (90%) have completed confidential baseline questionnaires focusing on four domains: experience in analytic training, current private practice, postgraduate activities, and career goals. Participants are followed longitudinally with annual follow-up questionnaires and interviews. Of the cohort of graduates from 2003—2007, 58% were female, compared to 20% female in the cohort of graduates from 1973—1977. A bimodal distribution emerges wherein half of all graduates continue to sustain immersion of at least three ongoing cases in analysis at a four-times -weekly frequency. The other half do not maintain this immersion in four-times-a-week treatment; they primarily apply their training to psychotherapy practice. The more immersed group indicate significantly stronger interest in pursuing training analyst appointment as a primary career goal. The nonimmersed group conduct psychotherapy, feel positive about their training experience, teach at the institute, and have high morale, yet do not consider being a psychoanalyst their primary career identity. Thus, by five years, two viable and satisfying career paths emerge among our graduates. These data are important for training programs, both in preparing their graduates for future practice and in supporting their postgraduate experience.
Solidarism in the City Streets
Authors: Jackson Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2009

By examining the case of La Société protectrice contre les excès de l'automobilisme, an early twentieth-century anti-automobile advocacy group composed of attorneys, this article explores how Parisians reacted to the changes wrought by the introduction of automobiles into the city streets. Cars were dangerous, and many believed they threatened to turn public thoroughfares into the private preserve of drivers whose speed changed the ways in which Parisians could use their streets. Drawing on Solidarist principles, this group promoted a kind of `urban Solidarism' in an attempt to rebalance the relationship between cars and their urban surroundings, and to shame drivers into showing more socially responsible behaviour.
Le Roman historique contemporain ou la voix/ voie marginale du passé
Authors: El Nossery Névine
Published: July 2009

Depuis presque un quart de siècle la question de la légitimation de l'Histoire comme récit véridique, qui suit une démarche scientifique et donc objective, a fait l'objet de sérieuses polémiques, avançant que le discours historiographique est le plus souvent limité, organisé de manière libérée et donc subjective et partielle. Or, dans la fiction historiographique contemporaine les enjeux d'une telle problématique se trouvent largement impliqués: le paradoxe tant narratif que discursif fait en sorte que le récit historiographique est à la fois intégré et dépassé dans la trame fictionnelle. Sous une optique comparative, cette étude se propose de mettre en évidence les modes de représentation de l'(H)istoire, par le truchement de voix marginales et marginalisées. D'autre part, l'analyse des instances énonciatives dans les romans pourrait aider à mieux comprendre cette incrédulité vis-à-vis de ce grand «métarécit» qu'est l'Histoire qui peut être narré, voire interprété de diverses manières. La fiction historique se pose en état de rupture avec l'Histoire, démontrant que tout rapport au passé est du même coup tributaire du présent qui est perpétuellement questionné et réfuté parce que souvent incompréhensible et même insupportable.
Digitamorphosis of Music Consumption Practices
Authors: Granjon Fabien , Combes Clément
Published: July 2009

In this article I analyse recent trends that are changing the consumption patterns of music content. ICTs are contributing to a more general access to cultural works, as well as to the wider diffusion and circulation of cultural content. They are also triggering a reorganisation of the practices of music lovers and their relations with cultural works and the new objects through which they exist. Here I explore some of the arguments of a hypothesis that I call `digitamorphosis'. Drawing my inspiration from studies on discomorphosis, my aim is to identify what today's music lover owes in particular to the digitisation of sound, the dematerialisation of music media, and the diversification of equipment.
Shadow of the Future, Risk Aversion, and Employee Cooperation
Authors: Lambooij Mattijs , Flache Andreas , Siegers Jacques
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we examine whether and how the shadow of the future and risk aversion affect employee cooperation with the employer. We distinguish, formalize and test two conflicting arguments as used in the literature, which we denote the reward argument and the relation argument. Whereas the reward argument predicts that risk aversion affects cooperation in a negative way, the relation argument predicts a positive effect of risk aversion on cooperation. We show that both arguments are consistent with the view that a longer shadow of the future increases cooperation. Hypotheses are tested against survey data obtained from two samples of Dutch employees ( N =109 and N = 213, respectively). The results suggest moderate support for the relation argument.
International higher education and the mobility of UK students
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Waters Johanna
Published: July 2009

In the context of increasing academic interest in the internationalization of education and the international mobility of university students, this article draws on findings of a recent research project examining students from the UK as they seek higher education overseas before entering the labour market. The discussion is framed around four key themes (the importance of `second chances'; `global circuits of higher education'; `experiences of travel' and `labour market outcomes'), which address the motivations and experiences of 85 individuals who are seriously considering or have recently obtained an international degree.
Review: Do probiotics improve symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome?
Authors: Whorwell Peter J.
Published: July 2009

There is increasing evidence that inflammation or a disturbance of the flora within the gut might contribute to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), at least in a proportion of cases. As a consequence it has been speculated that, as some probiotic bacteria have a range of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, the administration of such organisms might prove to be beneficial in this condition. It has to be acknowledged that the quality and design of trials of probiotics in IBS has been somewhat variable but the majority have shown benefit, although some bacteria appear to be more effective than others. More recent studies using Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 and Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173-010 have given particularly encouraging results. Issues for the future include determining which organisms are most effective, defining optimal doses, comparing methods of delivery and assessing the role of mixtures or the addition of prebiotics.
Review: Altering the gastrointestinal flora in patients with functional bowel disorders: a way ahead?
Authors: Simrén Magnus
Published: July 2009

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are very common in the Western world, but unfortunately the underlying mechanisms behind these disorders are incompletely understood. Treatment options are limited and the economic consequences for society are profound. Recent data suggest an involvement of bacteria in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics are promising new treatment alternatives, which will be reviewed in this supplement.
Assessment of quality of life in Mexican patients suffering from chronic venous disorder – impact of oral Ruscus aculeatus-hesperidin–methyl-chalcone–ascorbic acid treatment – ‘QUALITY Study’
Authors: Guex J J , Enriquez Vega D M E , Avril L , Boussetta S , Taïeb C
Published: July 2009

Objectives

The present study assessed the effect of Ruscus aculeatus-hesperidin-methyl-chalcone–ascorbic acid (HMC–AA) on the quality of life (QoL) of patients suffering from chronic venous disorders (CVDs).

Methods

An observational, multicentre and prospective study was performed with 917 Mexican patients suffering from CVD. Patients were treated with R. aculeatus–HMC–AA. After 12 weeks of treatment, the physicians then assessed the patients' symptoms and QoL using Short Form (SF-12) and Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CIVIQ) auto-questionnaires.

Results

Patients were mainly women (86.7%), overweight or obese (72.7%) or C2 (39.3%)–C3 (27.6%). All symptoms and ankle circumferences significantly improved over time, with increasing clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathophysiological (CEAP) classes and body mass index (BMI) ( P < 0.001). Concerning QoL, all dimensions of the SF-12 score significantly improved over time ( P < 0.001). Moreover, the CIVIQ scores significantly improved ( P < 0.001) with increasing BMI ( P < 0.002) and CEAP classes ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion

R. aculeatus–HMC-AA significantly improved the symptoms and QoL of CVD patients.
Endovenous laser treatment: a morphological study in an animal model
Authors: Vuylsteke M , Van Dorpe J , Roelens J , De Bo Th , Mordon S
Published: July 2009

Objectives

The destruction induced during endovenous laser treatment (ELT) of the saphenous vein and the perivenous tissue in an animal model (goats) was analysed. Differences in vein wall destruction produced by two laser types, the 980 and 1500 nm diode lasers, were evaluated histologically.

Methods

In 14 goats, 28 lateral saphenous veins were treated with ELT. In 14 veins we used the 980 nm diode laser and in the remnant a 1500 nm laser. Postoperatively the veins were removed at different stages and sent for histological examination.

Results

Immediately removed veins after ELT show an uneven destruction of the vein wall. Veins harvested one week postoperatively show inflammatory tissue at their periphery. Two and three weeks postoperatively, organization is very extensive. In some cases, recanalization begins in a semi-lunar manner at the contralateral side of the laser hit. Veins treated with a 980 nm laser show deeper ulceration with more perivenous tissue destruction compared with veins treated with a 1500 nm diode laser.

Conclusions

The ELT of veins produces an unevenly distributed damage. The cell necrosis is far more extensive than expected. Uneven vein wall destruction can lead to recanalization. Using a 1500 nm laser correlates with less penetrating ulcerations and more circumferential damage.