bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of nymphal instars of Ornithodoros mimon Kohls, Clifford & Jones, 1969 (Acari: Argasidae)
Authors: LANDULFO GABRIEL ALVES , PEVIDOR LUISA VIANA , LUZ HERMES RIBEIRO , FACCINI JOÃO LUIZ HORÁCIO , NUNES PABLO HENRIQUE , BARROS-BATTESTI DARCI MORAES
Published: September 2013

Ornithodoros mimon is an argasid tick common on Chiroptera in the Neotropical region, where it also bites humans aggressively. Here we describe for the first time all nymphal instars (N1, N2 and N3) of O. mimon based on optical and scanning electron microscopy. Although the nymphal instars of O. mimon resemble each other closely, there are characters that differentiate them: the N3 are taller that N1 and N2; the genital primordium occurs in some N2 and all N3; the spiracular plate in N1 and N2 is cone-like, but in N3 it is semicircular; and the submarginal dorsal groove is less distinct in N1 but more evident in N3. Nymphs of O. mimon closely resemble the bat-associated species of the genus Ornithodoros included in the Alectorobius group. We review prior descriptions of nymphs of the Alectorobius group and make comparisons with nymphs of O. mimon, highlighting characters with diagnostic information, such as the idiosomal shape, presence of discs and hood and absence subapical protuberance of tarsus I. The description of nymphal instars of O. mimon herein presented, improves the taxonomy of the family Argasidae, performing a work more detailed about the immature stage of this species.
Decadal Covariability of the Northern Wintertime Land Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Yu B. , Wang X. L. , Zhang X. B. , Cole J. , Feng Y.
Published: September 2013

The decadal covariability of northern wintertime land surface temperature and 500-hPa geopotential anomalies is examined using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Twentieth-Century Reanalyses over the twentieth century and a 996-yr preindustrial climate simulation from the Canadian Earth System Model. Based on the reanalysis data, the covariability is dominated by two leading maximum covariance analysis (MCA) modes. MCA1 is characterized by temperature anomalies over most of Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, and Eurasian mid- to high latitudes, accompanied by anomalies of opposite sign elsewhere over northern landmasses. MCA2 features temperature anomalies over most of North America, Eurasia, and Greenland with opposite anomalies elsewhere. In the upper troposphere the synoptic vorticity fluxes reinforce the anomalous circulation, while in the lower troposphere advection by the anomalous mean flow offsets the eddy forcing and maintains the decadal temperature perturbation. The MCA1-associated variability has a broad spectrum over decadal–interdecadal time scales, while the MCA2-related variability has a significant power peak around 20 yr. The change of temperature and geopotential trends around 1990 tends to be a decadal-scale shift in winter and has significant features of the leading mode of the decadal covariability. The climate model has broadly similar decadal covariability, including the leading MCA patterns as well as the temporal evolution of the patterns. The decadal temperature and geopotential anomalies primarily covary with the North Atlantic Oscillation but also with the variability of the North Pacific index, while the Southern Oscillation index variability tends to be the least important predictor for the northern decadal temperature and geopotential anomalies.
Impact of the Aqua MODIS Band 6 Restoration on Cloud/Snow Discrimination
Authors: Gladkova Irina , Shahriar Fazlul , Grossberg Michael , Frey Richard A. , Menzel W. Paul
Published: September 2013

Distinguishing between clouds and snow is an intrinsically challenging problem because both have similar high albedo across many bands. The 1.6-μm channel (band 6) on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument provides an essential tool for distinguishing clouds from snow, since snow typically has a much lower albedo in this band. Unfortunately, this band is severely damaged on the MODIS/Aqua platform and is typically not used in either snow or cloud products. An algorithm was previously introduced for quantitative image restoration (QIR) that can restore missing pixels of band 6 using multilinear regression with input from a spatial-spectral window in other bands. Also previously demonstrated was the effectiveness of this restoration for snow products over cloud-free pixels only. The focus of the authors’ previous work was to evaluate the impact of this restoration on the snow product, and they had relied on the current cloud mask, which does not use any information from band 6. In this work the authors propose to apply the QIR-corrected band 6 to directly create a new cloud mask. They demonstrate that this new cloud mask is much more consistent with the one produced using the undamaged MODIS band 6 on Terra. The restoration of MODIS band 6 on the Aqua platform and its impact on the discrimination of clouds, snow, and clear sky is also examined. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on a global set of granules. The method shows great promise and should be considered for use in NASA’s next reprocessing of Aqua MODIS data.
The Short-Term Repeat Sexual Victimization of Adolescents in School
Authors: Tillyer Marie Skubak , Gialopsos Brooke Miller , Wilcox Pamela
Published: September 2013

This study examines the extent and nature of short-term repeat sexual assault and harassment victimization in school. We used data collected from 7th through 10th graders as part of the Rural Substance abuse and Violence Project (RSVP) to test whether the observed frequencies of sexual assault and harassment are significantly different from the expected frequencies. We then estimated hierarchical logistic models to determine whether measures of opportunity and low self-control can distinguish between one-time and repeat victims. Both sexual assault and harassment victimization were nonrandomly distributed. Victims of sexual assault and harassment who had low parental attachment, low self-control, and delinquent peers were more likely to suffer one or more additional victimizations during the school year. In addition, involvement in school sports and activities increased risk of repeat sexual assault, while self-reported criminal behavior increased risk of repeat sexual harassment. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory, prevention, and future research.
Educational Systems and Rising Inequality
Authors: Below Susanne von , Powell Justin J.W. , Roberts Lance W.
Published: September 2013

Educational systems considerably influence educational opportunities and the resulting social inequalities. Contrasting institutional regulations of both structures and contents, the authors present a typology of educational system types in Germany to analyze their effects on social inequality in eastern Germany after unification. After 1990, the comprehensive secondary school was replaced by three types of differentiated secondary schooling. In this unique field experiment of model transfer and institutional change in a federal country, reforms in these state educational systems—all originally of a uniform socialist type—led to participation rates rising to western enrollment levels, yet with substantial state-level differences. These are attributable to the divergence of educational systems reformed according to contrasting western German models. These types substantially and differentially generate intergenerational inequalities. The authors chart the sharp and significant effects of education policy reforms and societal transformation following German unification.
CEO Duality
Authors: Krause Ryan , Semadeni Matthew , Cannella Albert A.
Published: September 2013

CEO duality—the practice of a single individual serving as both CEO and board chair—has been the subject of academic interest for more than 20 years. In that time, boards’ use of CEO duality has fluctuated and the scholarly conceptualizations of the phenomenon have become more complex. As such, the need to understand CEO duality has only increased with time. We review and integrate the disparate literature on this topic so that future attempts to study it will benefit from a more complete understanding of the knowledge already produced. We review the demonstrated antecedents and consequences of CEO duality, pointing out that while much work has been done in this area, much remains that we do not understand. Finally, we offer new theoretical, methodological, and contextual directions that researchers could explore to extend knowledge about CEO duality.
Malakoplakia With Digestive Tract Involvement in a Pig
Authors: Gelmetti D. , Gibelli L. , Gelmini L. , Sironi G.
Published: September 2013

Malakoplakia is a rare, granulomatous, inflammatory disease that mimics malignant tumors and can affect any organ. Herein is described a case of malakoplakia in a 10-month-old slaughter pig. Diffuse, pleomorphic, round cell infiltrates, mainly histiocytes, with a tumor-like growth pattern at gross examination, infiltrated the stomach, pancreas, omentum, and mesenteric lymph nodes. The histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells had concentric, target-like inclusions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Microorganisms were not detected by the periodic acid–Schiff reaction, Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram, and Warthin-Starry staining or by electron microscopic and bacteriologic investigations. Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses were not detected by immunohistochemistry in the sections examined.
Musculoskeletal Discomfort, Physical Demand, and Caregiving Activities in Informal Caregivers
Authors: Darragh Amy R. , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Lavender Steven A. , Tanner Kelly J. , Vogel Kasey , Campo Marc
Published: September 2013

Objectives:

To characterize the burden of care and musculoskeletal discomfort associated with caring for adults with chronic physical disability among informal caregivers and to describe the most physically demanding caregiving activities and contributing factors, as perceived by informal caregivers of adults with physical disabilities.

Methods:

A mixed methods approach was used for the study. Forty-six informal caregivers of adults with physical disability participated.

Results:

Most caregivers were classified as “high burden” caregivers. They reported high levels of physical strain and musculoskeletal discomfort. Caregivers identified several activities related to mobility and self-care as the most physically demanding. Factors affecting physical demand included caregiver and care-recipeint characteristics, activity requirements, and the physical environment.

Conclusion:

Interventions that target high-demand caregiving activities, including all three aspects of caregiving activity performance, are necessary to support adults with disabilities in the home and their caregivers.
Mental Representation for Action in the Elderly
Authors: Gabbard Carl
Published: September 2013

Recent research findings indicate that with older adulthood, there are functional decrements in spatial cognition and more specially, in the ability to mentally represent and effectively plan motor actions. A typical finding is a significant over- or underestimation of one’s actual physical abilities with movement planning—planning that has implications for movement efficiency and physical safety. A practical, daily life example is estimation of reachability—a situation that for the elderly may be linked with fall incidence. A strategy used to mentally represent action is the use of motor imagery—an ability that also declines with advancing older age. This brief review highlights research findings on mental representation and motor imagery in the elderly and addresses the implications for improving movement efficiency and lowering the risk of movement-related injury.
Effects of electromagnetic field exposure on the heart
Authors: Elmas Onur
Published: September 2013

The use of electrical devices has gradually increased throughout the last century, and scientists have suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by such devices may have harmful effects on living creatures. This work represents a systematic review of collective scholarly literature examining the effects of EMFs on the heart. Although most works describing effects of EMF exposure have been carried out using city electric frequencies (50–60 Hz), a consensus has not been reached about whether long- or short-term exposure to 50–60 Hz EMF negatively affects the heart. Studies have indicated that EMFs produced at cell-phone frequencies cause no-effect on the heart. Differences between results of studies may be due to a compensatory response developed by the body over time. At greater EMF strengths or shorter exposures, the ability of the body to develop compensation mechanisms is reduced and the potential for heart-related effects increases. It is noteworthy that diseases of heart tissues such as myocardial ischemia can also be successfully treated using EMF. Despite the substantial volume of data that has been collected on heart-related effects of EMFs, additional studies are needed at the cellular and molecular level to fully clarify the subject. Until the effects of EMF on heart tissue are more fully explored, electronic devices generating EMFs should be approached with caution.
Human passive motions and a user-friendly energy harvesting system
Authors: Abdi Hamid , Mohajer Navid , Nahavandi Saied
Published: September 2013

Energy harvesting for wireless sensors and consumer electronic devices can significantly improve reliability and environmental sustainability of the devices. This is achieved by eliminating the dependency of these devices on rechargeable batteries, using clean and/or renewable energy sources. Energy harvesting from various energy sources is widely discussed among researchers and entrepreneurs, including harvesting energy from microscale phenomena. This topic is receiving increasing attention due to the rising numbers of low-power consumer electronic devices and wireless sensors, but also the increasing demand for more convenient and available devices. This article presents a feasibility study for an energy harvesting system based on a human’s breathing motion. The system is based on a modified pants belt that is integrated with an array of piezoelectric films and a harvesting circuit. The proposed energy harvester generates electricity from reciprocal abdominal motions of the human subject. In comparison with existing breathing-based energy harvesters, the proposed system allows for safe and convenient energy harvesting with no influence on the natural movement of the lungs. Stomach pressure analysis and measurement, as well as the design and simulations of the proposed harvester, are presented.
Unwrapping Academic Standards to Increase the Achievement of Students With Disabilities
Authors: Morgan Joseph John , Brown Nancy Beyers , Hsiao Yun-Ju , Howerter Catherine , Juniel Pamela , Sedano Lidia , Castillo Wendie Lappin
Published: September 2013

Over the past 15 years, students with disabilities have been included in the general education environment at markedly higher rates; however, their achievement is not increasing at the same pace. One reason for this lack of increased achievement may be that academic standards lay the foundation for instruction in this environment, but standards fail to address the component academic skills needed for academic mastery. This article presents a method for analyzing the academic standards and then unwrapping them to their component skills using a lattice task analysis. After employing this analysis, educators will be able to systematically plan instruction in the component skills to ensure achievement and growth for all students in the classroom environment.
Histopathological Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract Due to Medications
Authors: De Petris Giovanni , Gatius Caldero Sonia , Chen Longwen , Xiao Shu-Yuan , Dhungel Bal M. , Wendel Spizcka Amy J. , Lam-Himlin Dora
Published: September 2013

In keeping with the stated goal of providing the surgical pathologist with tools to recognize abnormalities of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract due to drugs (AGIDS), in part II of this review we embark in a more organ-based description of AGIDS. Adequate space is given to the numerous adverse gastrointestinal effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pill esophagitis, esophagitis dissecans, proton pump inhibitors’ effects, diaphragm disease, and the recently described effects of drugs such as olmesartan, mycophenolate, and of compounds such as yttrium-90 are highlighted among several others. The inclusion of drug effects in the differential diagnosis of “conventional” diseases (such as gastric antral vascular ectasia, graft-versus-host disease, ischemic colitis, acute colitis, collagenous enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease) is underscored to avoid sometimes significant diagnostic pitfalls. We reiterate the message of the necessary collaboration between pathologist and clinician in the recognition of these entities to provide the best patient care.
De-westernisation, inter-Asian referencing and beyond
Authors: Iwabuchi Koichi
Published: September 2013

The necessity of de-westernising knowledge production has been widely advocated. This is especially pertinent with media and cultural studies, due to the rise of East Asian media cultures and their transnational circulation, hence a call for ‘looking after Europe’. This article engages the issue by considering the possibility of inter-Asian referencing and the next steps to be taken. Inter-Asian referencing is a significant manoeuvre for making concepts and theories derived from Asian experiences translocally relevant and shared, as well as developing a nuanced comprehension of Asian experiences through reciprocal learning process. It is also significant for the study of East Asian media culture, as it has become an integral part of production and consumption of media culture in the region. The inter-Asian referencing project calls for researchers working both inside and outside of Asia to collaborate to develop the innovative production of knowledge and advance cross-border dialogue.
Alternatives to austerity? Post-crisis policy advice from global institutions
Authors: McBride Stephen , Merolli Jessica
Published: September 2013

The 2008 global financial crisis caused major anxiety about the stability of the neoliberal economic regime. This affected the financial and banking systems and also raised the spectre of mass unemployment and social unrest. A ‘post-crisis’ world was widely proclaimed in 2010. This was premature; by 2012 Europe was embroiled in a sovereign debt crisis and the US economy showed few signs of real recovery. A second recession seemed likely and austerity emerged as the standard response. Austerity, ‘the quality or state of being austere’ and ‘enforced or extreme economy’, became a buzzword. In practice, austerity means an economic and social policy based on balanced budgets to be achieved by reduced government spending, especially on employment and social policies, an approach entirely consistent with the neoliberal paradigm that has dominated policy-making for several decades. Yet the depth of the crisis provided an opportunity for rethinking the neoliberal policy package that had replaced the Keynesian welfare state, established after the Second World War. Cognizant of the fact that the development of alternatives to dominant paradigms may have many sources, this article probes the policy advice provided by two global organizations – the OECD and the ILO. As well as tracing the austerity motif, the article seeks to identify the extent to which alternatives were canvassed at the global social policy level.
Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT) for the Prevention of Suicide in Military Personnel With Histories of Trauma
Authors: Neely Laura L. , Irwin Kari , Ponce J. T. Carreno , Perera Kanchana , Grammer Geoffrey , Ghahramanlou-Holloway Marjan
Published: September 2013

To date, no inpatient evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed for suicidal individuals with psychological trauma. Therefore, we have adapted, refined, implemented, and pilot-tested an inpatient-based cognitive behavioral therapy protocol, named Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT), for the prevention of suicide. This article briefly describes the theoretical and research underpinnings for PACT, components of the treatment protocol, and clinical challenges. A case study of a traumatized military service member hospitalized following a suicide attempt is presented. Baseline and follow-up assessment data show general improvements in suicide ideation, depression, hopelessness, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomatology over time. While the data for the presented case appears promising, the efficacy of PACT remains unknown and is currently under investigation in a randomized controlled trial. Recommendations for clinicians and students who deliver care to suicidal psychiatric inpatients are provided.
Citizenship orientations in a divided society: A comparison of three groups of Israeli junior-high students—secular Jews, religious Jews, and Israeli Arabs
Authors: Sabbagh Clara , Resh Nura
Published: September 2013

This study identifies major preferences for combinations of rights and duties (henceforth, citizenship orientations), as reflected in the political worldview of Israeli junior-high school students. Two distinct orientations were found, termed here as ‘liberal’ and ‘ethno-republican’. In order to contextualize the examination of citizenship orientations in the deeply divided Israeli society, the study compares three educational sectors that represent these rifts. Findings suggest that citizenship orientations are context-bound, in the sense that they depend upon the educational sector. As expected, ethno-republican orientations were more salient among religious Jewish students than among either secular Jewish or Israeli Arab students. Secular Jewish and Israeli Arab students tend more strongly to endorse the liberal orientation, a propensity that is especially manifest among Arab adolescents. This trend supports the perception that Israeli-Jewish population is bifurcated.
The therapeutic imaginary in memory work: Mediating the Finnish Civil War in Tampere
Authors: Kantola Anu
Published: September 2013

The article analyses reconciliatory practices on war remembrance that draw from the imaginary of therapy. The decisive battles of the Finnish Civil War took place on the streets of Tampere in 1918. Only 90 years later, in 2008, was the city of Tampere able to organise a remembrance process, which mediated the war memory through exhibition, street drama, online discussion forums and mainstream media. The remembrance encouraged the disclosure of hidden memories, broke down predatory stereotypes and addressed the transgenerational victimhood and the guilt. I suggest that the case exemplifies a shift in how societies remember: The contemporary, more individualised and plural societies saturated with therapeutic practices are prone to adopt bottom-up and participatory memory practices. At the same time, however, the article points to the limits of memory work. It is not a magic wand for doing away with past injustices. In Tampere, it was possible only for the grandchildren of the war generation.
Some observations on the flow physics of paddle racquets
Authors: Huera-Huarte Francisco J
Published: September 2013

Paddle, padel or platform tennis is a rapidly growing sport derived from tennis, but played in smaller courts using a solid racquet, instead of a strung one. Most of the racquet manufacturers drill holes in the head arguing improved aerodynamic performances. The question is, if almost all manufacturers drill aerodynamic holes, are they optimally distributed from the fluid dynamics point of view? In this work, we use a generic racquet model to analyse what is the effect of the holes on the drag forces suffered by the racquet and how these forces are related to the wakes seen by the racquet during its motion. A porosity parameter is defined that takes into account not only the porosity itself but also how it is distributed within the racquet’s head. Digital particle image velocimetry is used to quantify the flow field around the racquet, allowing the identification of different wake topologies that can be related to different drag performances.
Essential role of PR-domain protein MDS1-EVI1 in MLL-AF9 leukemia
Authors: Zhang Yi , Owens Kristina , Hatem Layla , Glass Carolyn H. , Karuppaiah Kannan , Camargo Fernando , Perkins Archibald S.
Published: September 2013

Key Points

The MDS1-EVI1 isoform of the MECOM locus is required for MLL-AF9–induced myeloid leukemia. Within MDS1-EVI1, it is the PR domain that is essential.
FLVCR is necessary for erythroid maturation, may contribute to platelet maturation, but is dispensable for normal hematopoietic stem cell function
Authors: Byon John C. H. , Chen Jing , Doty Raymond T. , Abkowitz Janis L.
Published: September 2013

Key Points

FLVCR deletion causes proerythroblast apoptosis and lethal anemia but leads to increased megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet counts. Loss of FLVCR is dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell function during steady-state and stress conditions.
The saliva microbiome of Pan and Homo
Authors: Li Jing , Nasidze Ivan , Quinque Dominique , Li Mingkun , Horz Hans-Peter , André Claudine , Garriga Rosa M , Halbwax Michel , Fischer Anne , Stoneking Mark
Published: September 2013

Background

It is increasingly recognized that the bacteria that live in and on the human body (the microbiome) can play an important role in health and disease. The composition of the microbiome is potentially influenced by both internal factors (such as phylogeny and host physiology) and external factors (such as diet and local environment), and interspecific comparisons can aid in understanding the importance of these factors.

Results

To gain insights into the relative importance of these factors on saliva microbiome diversity, we here analyze the saliva microbiomes of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two sanctuaries in Africa, and from human workers at each sanctuary. The saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species are more similar to one another, and the saliva microbiomes of the two human groups are more similar to one another, than are the saliva microbiomes of human workers and apes from the same sanctuary. We also looked for the existence of a core microbiome and find no evidence for a taxon-based core saliva microbiome for Homo or Pan. In addition, we studied the saliva microbiome from apes from the Leipzig Zoo, and found an extraordinary diversity in the zoo ape saliva microbiomes that is not found in the saliva microbiomes of the sanctuary animals.

Conclusions

The greater similarity of the saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species to one another, and of the two human groups to one another, are in accordance with both the phylogenetic relationships of the hosts as well as with host physiology. Moreover, the results from the zoo animals suggest that novel environments can have a large impact on the microbiome, and that microbiome analyses based on captive animals should be viewed with caution as they may not reflect the microbiome of animals in the wild.
Ethical issues in research involving minority populations: the process and outcomes of protocol review by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
Authors: Adams Pornpimon , Wongwit Waranya , Pengsaa Krisana , Khusmith Srisin , Fungladda Wijitr , Chaiyaphan Warissara , Limphattharacharoen Chanthima , Prakobtham Sukanya , Kaewkungwal Jaranit
Published: September 2013

Background

Recruiting minorities into research studies requires special attention, particularly when studies involve “extra-vulnerable” participants with multiple vulnerabilities, e.g., pregnant women, the fetuses/neonates of ethnic minorities, children in refugee camps, or cross-border migrants. This study retrospectively analyzed submissions to the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine (FTM-EC) in Thailand. Issues related to the process and outcomes of proposal review, and the main issues for which clarification/revision were requested on studies, are discussed extensively.

Methods

The study data were extracted from proposals and amendments submitted to the FTM-EC during the period October 2009 – September 2012, and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The main issues for clarification/revision were analyzed by thematic content analysis.

Results

373 proposals were submitted; 44 studies involved minority groups with 21 extra-vulnerable minorities. All clinical and 2/3 of non-clinical studies submitted for initial review underwent full-board review. For combined clinical and non-clinical study submissions, 92.1% were referred back to the investigators and approved after clarification/revision, while 2.7% were deferred due to major/critical changes, and 2.1% not approved due to substantial violations of ethical principles. The main issues needing clarification/revision differed between all studies and those involving minorities: participant information sheet (62.2% vs. 86.4%), informed consent/assent form (51.2% vs. 86.4%), and research methodology (80.7% vs. 84.1%), respectively. The main ethical issues arising during the meetings, regarding studies involving minorities, included ensuring no exploitation, coercion, or pressure on the minority to participate; methodology not affecting their legal status; considering ethnicity and cultural structure; and providing appropriate compensation.

Conclusion

Delays in the approval or non-approval of studies involving minorities were mainly due to major or minor deviations from acceptable ethical standards and/or unclear research methodology. The FTM-EC has employed several mechanisms in its operations, including transparency in the review process, building good relationships via open communication with investigators, requesting investigators to consider closely the necessity to enroll minority groups and the risk-benefits for individuals and their communities, and the inclusion of minority-community engagement when developing the proposal. Other effective activities include annual study-site inspections, and offering refresher courses to raise awareness of minority and vulnerability issues among researchers.
Cloning and enhancing production of a detergent- and organic-solvent-resistant nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis VTCC-DVN-12-01 by using an eight-protease-gene-deficient Bacillus subtilis WB800
Authors: Nguyen Thao Thi , Quyen Thi Dinh , Le Hoang Thanh
Published: September 2013

Background

Nattokinases/Subtilisins (EC 3.4.21.62) belong to the second large family of serine proteases, which gain significant attention and play important role in many biotechnology processes. Thus, a number of nattokinases/subtilisins from various Bacillus species, especially from B. subtilis strains, extensively have been investigated to understand their biochemical and physical properties as well as to improve the production for industrial application. The purpose of this study was to clone a nattokinase gene from Bacillus subtilis strain VTCC-DVN-12-01, enhance its production in B. subtilis WB800, which is deficient in eight extracellular proteases and characterize its physicochemical properties for potential application in organic synthesis and detergent production.

Results

A gene coding for the nattokinase (Nk) from B. subtilis strain VTCC-DVN-12-01 consisted of an ORF of 1146 nucleotides, encoding a pre-pro-protein enzyme (30-aa pre-signal peptide, 76-aa pro-peptide and 275-aa mature protein with a predicted molecular mass of 27.7 kDa and pI 6.6). The nattokinase showed 98-99% identity with other nattokinases/subtilisins from B. subtilis strains in GenBank. Nk was expressed in B. subtilis WB800 under the control of acoA promoter at a high level of 600 mg protein per liter culture medium which is highest yield of proteins expressed in any extracellular-protease-deficient B. subtilis system till date. Nk was purified to homogeneity with 3.25 fold purification, a specific activity of 12.7 U/mg, and a recovery of 54.17%. The purified Nk was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry through three peptides, which showed 100% identity to corresponding peptides of the B. subtilis nattokinase (CAC41625). An optimal activity for Nk was observed at 65°C and pH 9. The nattokinase was stable at temperature up to 50°C and in pH range of 5–11 and retained more than 85% of its initial activity after incubation for 1 h. Mg2+ activated Nk up to 162% of its activity. The addition of Triton X-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80 showed an activation of Nk up to 141% of its initial activity but SDS strongly inhibited. The enzyme was highly resistant to organic solvents.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrated that an eight-protease-gene-deficient Bacillus subtilis WB800 could overproduce the nattokinase from B. subtilis VTCC-DVN-12-01. Due to high resistance to detergents and organic solvents of this nattokinase, it could be potentially applied in organic synthesis and detergent production.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in the
electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of albumin-associated spin-labeled stearic
acid as a diagnostic parameter of colorectal cancer
Authors: Liu Zhongchao , Zhang Wenyi , Fan Saijun , Wang Liang , Jiao Ling
Published: September 2013

Background

With more than 940,000 new colorectal cancer cases worldwide each year, there
is no better way for colorectal cancer routine screening. The aim of this study
was to investigate whether the fatty acid binding to albumin is detectably and
significantly altered in colorectal cancer patients when compared with healthy
people, in order to find a better way for colorectal cancer diagnosis.

Methods

One hundred and forty-one patients operatively treated for colorectal cancer
were included in the examination, and 180 healthy people were also enrolled as
controls. Commercial 16-doxyl stearic acid was used as spin probe. Serum albumin
was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with spin probe.
Discriminant analysis was carried out using the measured EPR spectra by SPSS
20.0.

Results

Of the original grouped cases, 89.4% were correctly classified. Of the
cross-validated grouped cases, 86.9% were correctly classified. Using Fisher
linear discriminant analysis we were able to develop a mathematical model allowing
for identification of colorectal cancer patients based on five values (both
relative intensity and peak width) which are obtained from the EPR
spectrum.

Conclusions

Cancer-associated alterations to albumin can be assessed by spin-label EPR.
The potential applications for this diagnostic technique are significant and
represent a cost-effective means for screening patients with cancer. Spin probe
for diagnosis of colorectal cancer might be a useful tool and further studies
should take place in order to investigate all stages of colorectal cancer
patients.
Occurrence of multi-oocyte follicles in aquaporin 8-deficient mice
Authors: Su Weiheng , Guan Xingang , Zhang Di , Sun Meiyan , Yang Longfei , Yi Fei , Hao Feng , Feng Xuechao , Ma Tonghui
Published: September 2013

Background

Granulosa cells play a key role in folliculogenesis and female reproduction. Our previous study demonstrated that water channel aquaporin-8 (AQP8) is expressed in mouse follicular granulosa cells and is an important determinant of granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular maturation. More roles of AQP8 in folliculogenesis remain to be determined.

Findings

The present study reports the increased occurrence of multi-oocyte follicles (MOFs) in ovaries of AQP8 knockout mice. The MOFs in AQP8-deficient ovaries contained two or three oocytes, and distributed at various follicle stages including primary (12.5%), secondary (50%), antral (18.8%) and atretic (18.8%) follicles in 5-week ovaries. The MOF is occasionally seen in wild-type ovary only in primary and secondary follicles. The number of MOFs in AQP8-deficient ovary reduced with age (26.7 +/− 5.2 per ovary at 5 weeks old, 14 +/− 5.5 at 10 weeks old, and 3.3 +/− 5.1 at 20 weeks old). mRNA expression of AQP5, AQP7, AQP8, AQP11 and AQP12 was detected in neonatal mouse ovaries and in granulosa cells in 4 week old mouse ovaries. The expression of AQP7, AQP11 and AQP12 mRNAs are decreased significantly in neonatal AQP8-deficient ovaries, whereas AQP5 mRNA expression remains unchanged.

Conclusions

The emergence of MOFs is associated with AQP8 deficiency. The study suggested the involvement of AQP8 in the formation of follicles and provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms of folliculogenesis.
Male involvement in sexual and reproductive health in the Mendi district, Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea: a descriptive study
Authors: Kura Sally , Vince John , Crouch-Chivers Paul
Published: September 2013

Background

Lack of male involvement and support for sexual and reproductive health services is seen by many Papua New Guinean women as a barrier to accessing services. Poor utilization of services by both men and women is reflected in high maternal mortality and high rates of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections in the Southern Highlands Province. It is therefore important to understand the type of services provided, men’s perceptions of these services and the Health Sector’s capacity to involve men in its programs.

Methods

Information from interviews of married men, officers in charge of health facilities, and information from a focus group discussion with village leaders was collected to assess possible constraints to reproductive and sexual health care delivery.

Results

Although many men had heard about antenatal care, supervised births, family planning and sexually transmitted infections including, HIV/AIDS, many were unaware of their importance and of the types of services provided to address these issues. There was a very strong association between men’s literacy and their knowledge of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) issues, their discussion of these issues with their wives and their wives’ utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services. Some men considered SRH services to be important but gave priority to social obligations. Although men made most decisions for sexual and reproductive issues, pregnancy, child birth and rearing of children were regarded as women’s responsibilities. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS appeared to have changed sexual behaviour in some men. Services for men in this rural setting were inadequate and service providers lacked the capacity to involve men in reproductive health issues.

Conclusion

Poor knowledge, socio-cultural factors and inadequate and inappropriate services for men hampered utilization of services and impaired support for their wives’ service utilization. Programmatic and policy initiatives should focus on improving service delivery to accommodate men in sexual and reproductive health.
Talking about links between sexually transmitted infections and infertility with college and university students from SE England, UK: a qualitative study
Authors: Goundry A Lauren R , Finlay Emma R , Llewellyn Carrie D
Published: September 2013

Background

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea are largely symptomless diseases which, left untreated, can result in serious complications including infertility. Fertility problems currently affect approximately one in seven couples in the UK and there is increasing demand for couples seeking reproductive technologies. Young people are at greatest risk of contracting STIs, therefore this study aimed to identify young people’s knowledge and beliefs about the link between untreated STIs and infertility.

Methods

Focus groups were conducted with participants aged 16–24 years old inclusive in college or university settings in the SE of England. Groups were quota sampled on the basis of age and gender. A topic guide was used. The data were analysed using a framework analysis approach.

Results

Ten single-sex focus groups were conducted with sixty participants: six groups of college students and four groups of university students. Participants were generally aware of the link between STIs and potential infertility and considered the discussion of this subject very relevant at their age. Knowledge about how and why STIs potentially lead to fertility complications was poor. The issues of blame relating to infertility following an STI emerged, although most participants did not think that access to free reproductive technologies after an untreated STI should be limited.

Conclusions

Young people would benefit from more education in order to improve their understanding of the long-term consequences of untreated STIs, such as infertility. Participants in our sample felt these were extremely relevant and important issues for them to understand alongside current education about STIs.
A survey of manual vacuum aspiration’s experiences among the new medical graduates in Thailand
Authors: Suphanchaimat Rapeepong , Boonthai Nongluk , Tangthasana Sasikan , Putthasri Weerasak , Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Chaturachinda Kamheang
Published: September 2013

Background

Despite Thai laws permitting abortion conducted by registered medical practitioners, unsafe abortion still kills and maims Thai women as a result of inadequate access to safe abortion services. Surgical evacuation of the uterus by manual vacuum aspirator (MVA) is a safe and effective technique recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. This study assessed new medical graduates’ MVA experiences during their clinical years in medical schools.

Methods

Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys on all new medical graduates participating in the annual assembly arranged by the Ministry of Public Health in 2010 and 2012 were applied. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis.

Results

The significant minority of new graduates (44% and 43% in 2010 and 2012 batches) had seen but never used MVA. The proportion of graduates who had ‘never seen’ reduced from 32% in 2010 to 23% in 2012 while the proportion of ‘ever used’ had noticeably increased from 24% to 34% in corresponding years. Graduates from medical schools outside Bangkok and vicinity and those reporting confidence in their surgical skills tended to have more MVA experience. The 2012 graduation year was also positively related to higher experience on MVA.

Conclusion

Though the proportion of graduates who had ever used MVA was still low in 2012, a positive change from that in 2010 was observed. Medical schools outside Bangkok and vicinity provided more opportunities for learning MVA. It is recommended that medical schools, especially in Bangkok and vicinity should provide more MVA learning opportunities for students. Adequate training and regular hands-on MVA practice should be incorporated into a wide range of clinical practice.
An approach for differentiating echovirus 30 and Japanese encephalitis virus infections in acute meningitis/encephalitis: a retrospective study of 103 cases in Vietnam
Authors: Takamatsu Yuki , Uchida Leo , Nga Phan Thi , Okamoto Kenta , Nabeshima Takeshi , Thao Dang Thi Thu , Hai Do Thien , Tuyet Nguyen Thi , Duc Hoang Minh , Luat Le Xuan , Hasebe Futoshi , Morita Kouichi
Published: September 2013

Background

In recent decades, Echovirus 30 (E30) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have been reported to be the common causative agents of acute meningitis among patients in South East Asia. An E30 outbreak in Vietnam in 2001–2002 gained our interest because the initial clinical diagnosis of infected patients was due to JEV infection. There are few clinical insights regarding E30 cases, and there are no reports comparing E30 and JEV acute meningitis/encephalitis cases based on clinical symptoms and case histories. We therefore aimed to identify reliable clinical methods to differentiate E30 and JEV acute meningitis/encephalitis.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to compare E30 and JEV acute meningitis/encephalitis cases. We collected and analyzed the clinical records of 43 E30 confirmed cases (E30 group) and 60 JEV confirmed cases (JEV group). Clinical data were compared between the E30 and the JEV groups. Differences of clinical parameters were analyzed by certain statistical tests.

Results

Fever, headache, and vomiting were the most common symptoms in both the E30 and the JEV groups. Combined symptoms of headache and vomiting and the triad of symptoms of fever, headache, and vomiting were observed in more patients in the E30 group (E30 vs. JEV: 19% vs. 0%, p < 0.001; 74% vs. 27%, p < 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, strong neurological symptoms such as seizure (5% vs. 73%, p < 0.001) and altered consciousness (12% vs. 97%, p < 0.001) were manifested primarily in the JEV group. CSF leukocytosis was observed predominantly in the E30 group (80 vs. 18 cells/μL, p = 0.003), whereas decreasing CSF sugar level was observed predominantly in the JEV group (58.7 vs. 46.9 mg/dL, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Fever, headache, vomiting, absence of neurological symptoms (seizure, altered consciousness), and presence of CSF leukocytosis are important parameters to consider in differentiating E30 from JEV cases during early infection. Then, proper measures can be adopted immediately to prevent the spread of the disease in the affected areas.
Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural therapy-based rehabilitation programme (Progressive Goal Attainment Program) for patients who are work-disabled due to back pain: study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Raftery Miriam N , Murphy Andrew W , O’Shea Eamon , Newell John , McGuire Brian E
Published: September 2013

Background

Psychologically informed rehabilitation programmes such as the Progressive Goal Attainment Program (PGAP) have the potential to address pain-related disability by targeting known psychological factors that inhibit rehabilitation progress. However, no randomised controlled trials of this intervention exist and it has not been evaluated in the Irish health service context. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the PGAP in a multicentre randomised controlled trial with patients who are work-disabled due to back pain.

Methods and design

Adult patients (ages 18 years and older) with nonmalignant back pain who are work-disabled because of chronic pain and not involved in litigation in relation to their pain were invited to take part. Patients were those who show at least one elevated psychosocial risk factor (above the 50th percentile) on pain disability, fear-based activity avoidance, fatigue, depression or pain catastrophizing. Following screening, patients are randomised equally to the intervention or control condition within each of the seven trial locations. Patients allocated to the control condition receive usual medical care only. Patients allocated to the PGAP intervention condition attend a maximum of 10 weekly individual sessions of structured active rehabilitation in addition to usual care. Sessions are delivered by a clinical psychologist and focus on graded activity, goal-setting, pacing activity and cognitive-behavioural therapy techniques to address possible barriers to rehabilitation.

The primary analysis will be based on the amount of change on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire posttreatment. We will also measure changes in work status, pain intensity, catastrophizing, depression, fear avoidance and fatigue. Outcome measures are collected at baseline, posttreatment and 12-month follow-up. Health-related resource use is also collected pre- and posttreatment and at 12-month follow-up to evaluate cost-effectiveness.

Discussion

This study will be the first randomized controlled trial of the PGAP in chronic pain patients and will provide important information about the clinical and cost effectiveness of the programme as well as its feasibility in the context of the Irish health service.

Trial registration

Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN61650533