bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Physiology of Awareness: Conative Insufficiency in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Doust John W. Lovett , Coleman Laura I. M.
Published: May 2017

(1) The concept of conation is described and its role as a parameter of awareness is discussed.

(2) A modified maximal speed Kraepelin tapping test and a method of estimating total breath holding time were selected to measure conative sufficiency in 272 healthy controls, 11 migrainous and 379 psychiatric patients.

(3) The tests correlated significantly with each other and, in both, the highest scores were found among the control groups, the lowest among the organic reaction types and schizophrenics while those of the other diagnostic groups lay between these two extremes.

(4) Among the possible variables investigated, that of age was suggestive of a tendency to conative development.

(5) The place of conation in the determination of psychiatric breakdown is discussed, with especial reference to neurosis.
Physiological Correlates of Intelligence
Authors: Grant James Russell
Published: May 2017

An interim report is presented illustrating differences in physiological response to atropine among mental defectives of low and high-grade intelligence. Epileptics, and patients with evidence of organic brain lesions, were excluded from the series.

Certain types of response common in schizophrenics occur more frequently among the low-grade defectives, and show increasing intensity over the period of adolescence, while the converse is true of high-grade groups.

A concept of ‘inadequate improvement on pre-existing schizophrenic tendencies’ is postulated as a factor in determining the degree of intellectual deficiency in mental defectives of this series.

A speculative attempt is made to reconcile this finding with our current knowledge of mental growth in childhood, and is advanced as a possible line of thought for further research.
Autism and Schizophrenia in a Child Guidance Clinic
Authors: Andrews Eva , Cappon Daniel
Published: May 2017

Twenty-one patients with condition varying from neurotic shyness through autism, to brain injury were described, categorized and placed on a spectrum of autism. Criteria for diagnosis have been developed with consequent increase in the accuracy of prognostication and a more effective approach to treatment. The outcome of our experience with these children over a 5½ year period is discussed. A format for uniform clinical examination and investigations has been suggested; alongside this we have described the usefulness of categorizing the morphology of phantasy.

The natural history of “autism” as we see it has been graphically described. The paper contains clinical excerpts on some of our cases.
Observations on the Clinical Effects of a new Tranquillizing Agent in Psychotic Conditions
Authors: Cahn C. H. , Lehmann H. E.
Published: May 2017

1. The planning and results of an investigation of perphenazine, a new phenothiazine derivative have been presented; this study was carried out with 84 psychotic patients in a mental hospital.

2. The chemistry, pharmacology and psychophysiology of this drug are briefly described, as well as the selection of patients, the setting, administration and dosage.

3. The clinical results were similar to those one would expect to obtain with chlorpromazine, using one-sixth to one-seventh of the dose of chlorpromazine. Good to excellent results were observed in acute psychotic states except depressions. Perphenazine is also a potent therapeutic agent in the management of chronic psychotic patients.

4. Untoward reactions may occur if perphenazine is combined with large doses of reserpine, or patients are immediately changed from perphenazine to chlorpromazine. Caution might be indicated with the use of the drug in obese patients.

5. The principal clinical differences between perphenazine and chlorpromazine as observed in our series were: more frequent and earlier extrapyramidal symptoms (well controlled by various anti-Parkinsonian drugs), fewer autonomic and allergic side effects, less drowsiness, and less pain on intramuscular injection.
Emotional Disease in the Population of a Prepaid Medical Care Plan
Authors: Le Riche Harding
Published: May 2017

1. The difficulties of objective diagnoses in diseases of emotional origin are discussed.

2. The findings are given of psychiatric diagnoses by all physicians in 8,000 participants in a prepaid medical care plan, over a period of one year.

3. These findings are shown in terms of percentage of total expenditure, episodes of illness, services and number of sick persons per 1,000 per annum.

4. In order of frequency of occurrence the conditions were: Anxiety Reaction without Somatic Symptoms, Nervousness and Debility, Psychoneurotic orders, mixed and unspecified, Psychoneurosis with somatic symptoms affecting the Digestive System, Primary Childhood behaviour Disorders, followed by Psychoneurosis with Somatic Symptoms affecting the Circulatory System, Psychoneurosis with somatic symptoms affecting other systems and Neurotic Depressive Reaction.
Capillary Resistance in Mongolism
Authors: Kerwood L.A.
Published: May 2017

The incidence of institutional samples and the frequency of birth of mongolism is mentioned. A brief review of hypotheses concerning the possible etiology and genetic factors which may be implicated in this disorder. Mention is made of the appearance of microsymptoms in relatives with particular reference to dermatoglyphic patterns. The difficulty of making objective measurements of some of the associated defects is noted. The work of Ingalls on the temporal aspects of the growth disturbances is mentioned. Lowe's observations on the characteristic lens opacities and speckled irides and his suggestion that an underlying vascular disturbance is likely to be responsible for these findings are noted. Attention is drawn to his observation of the rarity of defects which would suggest disturbance during the organo-genetic period. A suggestion is made that the causation of mongolism must be temporarily extended over a considerable period of foetal development, and Penrose's postulate for foetal requirements of “x” substance is quoted.

Experiments with maternal avitaminosis are mentioned. It is suggested that there may be disturbance of growth due to abnormalities in transfer of substances to and from the capillary system to the surrounding tissue fluids. It is suggested that the so-called hypertrophic fungiform papillae of the tongue are a post-natal development due to localized oedema and it is postulated that this may be associated with capillary abnormalities. A clinical observation that petechial haemorrhages occur readily in mongolian children is noted and the results of an experiment measuring the resistance of the capillary wall to negative pressure is described. The results of these experiments demonstrate a significant reduction in capillary resistance in male and female institutionalised mongols and some suggestions are made as to further studies.
The Possible Dream Inducing Capacity of the Whole Root of Rauwolfia Serpentina
Authors: Azima H.
Published: May 2017

To investigate the effects of the whole root of rauwolfia serpentina (Raudixin) on dream frequency, two neurotic patients under intensive psychotherapy received, during alternating periods, Raudixin (a total of 8 periods) and placebo (a total of 7 periods). Quantitatively the number of dreams was found to be considerably greater during the drug period. The dreams were used in a partial uncovering and overcoming of a marked resistance due to positive transference fantasies, which had hampered the progress of the therapy. Theoretically the apparent “dreamogenic” capacity of the drug could be understood as due to an alteration of the sources of drives, and a consequent economical shift in cathexis of mental energy.
Schizophrenic Japanese Canadians and Their Socio-Cultural Backgrounds
Authors: Terashima Shogo
Published: May 2017

The case histories of three Japanese-Canadian schizophrenic patients (two male, one female) were studied with a view to evaluating the relevance of socio-cultural factors to the etiology, symptomatology and course of the illness. Following a brief description of their socio-cultural background, the personalities of their parents and the interaction between Issei and Nisei were described.

The data obtained lend support to the assumption that external stress is of paramount importance for the etiology of schizophrenia.

Essential features of Japanese family structure in its relation to conflict between first generation (Issei) Japanese Canadians and second generation Japanese Canadians (Nisei) have been discussed.
The Treatment of Depressive Conditions with Imipramine (G 22355)
Authors: Lehmann H.E. , Cahn C.H. , De Verteuil R. L.
Published: May 2017

1. Imipramine (G22355) is a new chemical agent with a primarily inhibitory action on the central nervous system. It has definite anti-depressive properties in the psychiatric sense, producing a gradual lessening and frequently a disappearance of the symptoms and signs of depressive states.

2. Of 84 patients with various psychiatric diagnoses who had in common the presence of symptoms of dysphoric depression, 30 per cent recovered or were much improved after two weeks, and 60 per cent recovered or were much improved after eight weeks of therapy with Imipramine (G 22355); a further percentage showed lesser degrees of improvement. These findings correspond fairly well to the results reported by Kuhn in 300 patients, viz. improvement in three-quarters to four-fifths of his cases.

3. The results in depressed patients with neuroses, schizophrenia, and organic conditions were less favourable than in patients with endogenous depressions.

4. The frequency of side effects was low, but increased when the dose was over 200 mgms. daily, especially in patients over the age of 65. Side effects were expressed mainly in disturbed functioning of the autonomic nervous system, although there were also a few cases of toxic confusion, two cases with epileptiform seizures, and one case of mild transient jaundice. There was one death in our series, probably due to acute coronary occlusion and apparently not related to the drug.

5. A rating scale for the rapid and effective assessment of depressive symptoms is described, and the results of a ‘double-blind’ experiment are discussed.

6. The concepts of physiological and psychiatric depression are discussed and several clinical categories are differentiated in order to clarify the use of the term.

7. It is concluded that Imipramine (G 22355) is a relatively non-toxic drug useful in the treatment of depressions, especially of the endogenous type.
Marital Counselling
Authors: Coburn F.G.
Published: May 2017

1. A method of marital counselling of “non-neurotic” couples is described.

2. The couple are interviewed together at the beginning and ending of the series and separately the rest of the time.

3. The principles involved:

(a) The emotional needs of each in marriage arising out of relationship to parents.

(b) The role of the marital partner is learned by observation of parents.

(c) The relationship to people of the opposite sex is determined largely by the relationship to the parent of the opposite sex.

4. These aspects are explored fox each partner and then by agreement imparted to the other.

5. Stress is laid on communication of difficulties to allow for settlement and avoidance of resentment.
The Psychodynamic Basis of Compensation: a Contribution to the Study of Ego Defences
Authors: Sarwer-Foner G. J. , Dancy T. E.
Published: May 2017

Thus we see in this brief and necessarily incomplete summary of a very complex problem, covering the breadth and scope of psychiatry in its magnitude, how the use of a new parameter (consisting of the cultural and sociological changes which permit the organizations described in this paper, or in industry, to take greater responsibility for the individual's welfare and care) is incorporated by the patient and used as an additional framework within which psychopathology can operate. This framework is often used by some as part and parcel of their ego defences, i.e., their defences to maintain touch with reality against underlying psychopathological conflicts. Modifications in the form, symptomatology, interpersonal relations, and “natural course” of psychiatric, medical, surgical illnesses thereby result. Amnestic data, too, becomes distorted so that the obtaining of accurate information sometimes becomes impossible since this, too, is tailored, often unconsciously, to fit this new reality framework of being able to obtain care and money.

New cultural value systems come into play. Some groups consider it moral to get as much money as possible out of an impersonal state or institution which can be visualized alternately as benevolent and all giving, or denying and hostile. Many jokes exist in totalitarian communities about the state. A patient, a former citizen of a totalitarian country, reported a saying current there which seemed apropos, to wit: “Ah! This is an awfully rich country—everyone steals and there is so much left over.” Such comments illustrate the changes produced in value systems where huge, impersonal institutions, rather than individuals, are related to, as givers of care, security, and welfare measures.

These cases, therefore, furnish excellent experimental data on how the new social conditions offer a framework for modification of psychiatric symptomatology. The psychodynamic basis of the functional neuroses and psychoses remain the same. Their symptomatic expression, and the incorporation of these new bits of reality into the framework of ego defences, produces the symptomatic modification of these illnesses in adaptation to the changes in the social matrix. These cases therefore offer fruitful material for the study of ego defences in relationship to social change.
Factors Influencing First Admission Rates to Canadian Mental Hospitals.: III. An Analysis by Education, Marital Status, Country of Birth, Religion and Rural-Urban Residence, 1950–1952.
Authors: Gregory Ian , Psych D.
Published: May 2017

This is the third and final part of a study of factors influencing first admission rates to Canadian mental hospitals, and consists of an analysis of variations in these rates (during the period 1950–1952) according to education, marital status, country of birth, religion and rural-urban residence.

In the two earlier parts of this study, variations according to time and place were analysed, and it was concluded that first admission rates do not simply reflect incidence, but that other basic determinants include such factors as the reliability of data and calculations, social judgement concerning what constitutes mental abnormality, social demand for mental hospital care, availability of mental hospital accommodation and of alternative facilities for psychiatric treatment, and variations in diagnostic criteria.

Nevertheless, variation in first admission rates may also result from variations in incidence, and in this event differences in rates between social groups may be interpreted as due to either selection (on the basis of established abnormality or of predisposition) or protection (against precipitating environmental stress or deprivation).

The present study confirms previous findings of high first admission rates among those of limited education; among the single, widowed and divorced; and among the foreign born, particularly fairly recent immigrants.

It appears that, in so far as these rates reflect differences in incidence, the latter are predominantly related to selection rather than protection; and it is postulated that selection (by education, marriage, migration, etc.) occurs on the basis of such factors as physical health, intellectual capacity, emotional stability and socio-economic opportunity.

Differences in rates according to religious affiliation and rural-urban residence have been discussed, and appear to reflect interaction of a number of variables.
Child Guidance, the Exceptional Child, and the School System
Authors: Asselstine J.
Published: May 2017

The school child occupies a unique position in that while he is still immature and living in close relationship with his family, a great part of his waking life is nevertheless spent in school where he comes under the direct influence of professional persons. There should be a comprehensive, coordinated Child Guidance Service within the school system which operates at every level of the organization to exploit to the fullest extent the opportunities presented to bring to the school age child every possible benefit of modern knowledge in the mental health field.

From 10–15% of the school population may be classified as “exceptional children”. Their needs are best met when their over-all program is planned by a team composed of the personnel of the Special Education Services, the Health Services, and the Child Guidance Services. The team functions best when the organization brings these persons under one administrative authority. Suggestions have been made in regard to the numbers of specially trained personnel required in the Child Guidance Services, and diagrams were presented outlining a model administrative organization covering the whole of the pupil-personnel services.
Suicide Related to Change of Phenothiazine: —A Clinical Note
Authors: Middleton Peter Mck. , Boulding Joseph E.
Published: May 2017

Two cases are quoted of patients who appear to have taken their lives shortly after changing from chlorpromazine to trifluoperazine. It is suggested that trifluoperazine is less powerful as a tranquilizer, but is a potent anti-psychotic agent which tends to bring the patient back from a non-threatening dream world of chronic hospital adjustment to the distressing aspects of reality. It is suggested that patients should be carefully watched when the change is made to trifluoperazine or else that this drug be given in conjunction with one of the traditional tranquilizers, such as chlorpromazine.
Curse, Invocation and Mental Health among the Yoruba
Authors: Prince Raymond
Published: May 2017

On the basis of one and a half years spent in the Western Region of Nigeria, an attempt has been made to describe some Yoruba beliefs and practices relating to the magical power of words and language.

Methods of Cursing, Blessing and Invocation have been described in some detail and some examples of psychiatric disturbances and possibly deaths due to these methods have been given.

In the discussion a hypothesis of a four stage scheme for the evolution of language and reality mastery is presented. This hypothesis is based upon certain psychoanalytic concepts and upon observations during model psychoses. It is suggested that the Yoruba belief in the omnipotence of the word is a memory of one of the early phases of ego development.
Bilateral Vs. Bimedial Lobotomy: Social Evaluation of Outcome of Operation in Two Matched Groups of 60 Patients
Authors: Hobbs G. E. , Drake C. G. , Wanklin J. M. , Essert G. G.
Published: May 2017

A sample of 60 cases operated on by the bimediallobotomy approach was compared with a similar number operated on by the standard bilateral technique. These two groups were stratified in terms of diagnosis and duration of hospitalization before operation. The status of the group for other variables still differed sufficiently to require more refined statistical breakdown of these unstratified variables.

The outcome following operation was determined by the use of discharge probabilities up to the period of 4 years and by a classification of adjustment at the time of observation in terms of good, moderate or poor, determined by the score on an objective social rating scale.

It was not possible to demonstrate any measurable and consistent statistical difference between the outcome of the following of two lobotomy procedures by the various techniques employed.

These results would support the suggestion of Fulton” that the medial aspect of the section is the crucial one physiologically and would not support the suggestion of McLardy and Meyer” that improvement was related to the amount of prefrontal cortex isolated from its white matter.

Although this method of comparison shows the outcome by the two techniques to be similar, one technique may be preferred over the other because of other factors not considered in this study. If such is the case, then one can come to this decision with the knowledge that the results in terms of social outcome are identical. Certainly it would appear to the authors that the bimedial approach, producing similar results in terms of social recovery, might well be preferred to the standard procedure on the basis of its more limited destructive nature.
Objective Evaluation of an Activity Treatment Program for Seriously Regressed Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Henderson Kent
Published: May 2017

A controlled study, investigating the effects of an activity treatment program on the behavior of 18 severely regressed schizophrenic patients, indicated that a one-year program produced definite changes toward improved hospital adjustment and a reduction in symptoms of severe pathology. Psychological test results indicate that the changes were fairly superficial, little inroad being made on the schizophrenic process itself.

Standard psychological procedures are limited in usefulness as some patients are unwilling or unable to co-operate. However, a highly suggestive relationship was found between co-operativeness and other measures of pathology.
A Preliminary Report on a New Tranquilizer Thioridazine
Authors: Turski M.
Published: May 2017

A preliminary study was made on a phenothazine derivative, Thioridazine (Mellaril).

The purpose of the study was to see how this new drug would compare in clinical effectiveness and occurrence of side-effects with well known neuroleptics, such as Largactil and Pacatal.

Ten chronic male patients were selected for this study. All of them had previously been on Largactil and/or Pacatal medication and Mellaril was substituted for them in equal doses.

The impressions gained from the study were that the advantages of Mellaril are characterized by

1) absence of cataleptic effect;

2) absence of side-effects;

3) clinical effectiveness in some cases with lower doses than those of the substituted drugs;

4) no significant changes in blood pressure, temperature and pulse rate;

5) lack of anti-emetic effect, which might prevent masking of toxic symptoms. It was also the impression that it controlled anxiety and tension less effectively than the substituted drugs. It is a potent drug that compares favourably with Largactil and Pacatal and because of low toxicity, absence of side-effects and cataleptic effects, it is considered a suitable drug for non-hospitalized patients and those hospital patients who are on an active therapeutic programme.
2. Reflections on the Progress of Psychotherapy
Authors: Watterson Donald J.
Published: May 2017

To sum up, we need both further observational study and speculative induction before we can more fully grasp the processes of treatment. We may then possibly discover that the differences between the processes of treatments of different lengths (or different names) are less important (as regards progress and outcome) than certain helpful processes which are common to all. Meanwhile, we must in some way not allow our very research to make our therapy sterile. Perhaps one of the important attributes of psychotherapy is that it remain fresh so that, in a sense, the processes of psychotherapy may be forever undergoing change.

And now I must apologize for the characteristic fault of papers on psychotherapy mentioned earlier—namely that I have dealt with only one small aspect of the subject, and have probably written as if this small aspect were all-important.
Corticoid-Induced Phosphaturia in the Schizophrenic and the Non Schizophrenic Patient
Authors: Koch Paul , Bordeleau Jean Marc , Laurin Camille
Published: May 2017

Some factors were studied which influence corticoid-induced phosphaturias in the schizophrenic and the non-schizophrenic psychiatric patient. It was our aim to use the phenomenon of corticoid induced phosphaturia as a diagnostic aid in schizophrenia. ACTH induced phosphaturia does not differentiate between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics. Cortisone induces a much more marked phosphaturia in both groups without, however, differentiating any better. Neither increasing cortisone dosage nor increasing the urine collection time will enhance the diagnostic specificity of the induced phosphaturia. It was possible however to obtain a significant difference between a group of schizophrenics and a group of non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients by repeating the cortisone stimulation over three days and comparing the means of the sums of each group.
Quelques Aspects Theoriques De La Psychiatrie En Russie Et Autres Pays De L'Europe De L'est
Authors: Ban Thomas A. , St-Laurent Jacques
Published: May 2017

In this article, we have tried to present some theoretical aspects of psychiatry” in Russia and other Eastern European countries. A consideration of the philo-sophical background reveals that the dialectical materialism which is prevalent in the U.S.S.R. is primarily responsible for the development of scientific thought in Russia. In reviewing soviet psychiatry, it was shown how it came to adopt the Pavlovian approach and what essentially constitutes this approach. Methods of experimental investigation and some clinical application were briefly considered. Finally, soviet thought on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy was outlined.
Some Observations on the “Open Door” in Canadian and Other Hospitals
Authors: Wake F. R.
Published: May 2017

The state of the ‘open door' policy in Canadian mental hospitals has been assessed and the findings compared with a progressive British and a similar progressive United States hospital. Some of the data are definitive but many important questions still await clear answers.
L'aspect Changeant De La Schizophrénie
Authors: Lemieux Roger R.
Published: May 2017

The author describes the changing aspects of schizophrenia. It seems that the paranoid and atypical forms are more frequent while catatonia is decreasing in frequency. As a consequence, the prognosis seems to be better and the treatment has had to evolve. The author feels that the greater knowledge of the psychology of the ego that psychiatrists have and the better understanding that is imparted to the family members, plus the physiological effects of the new drugs are responsible for this better prognosis.
Child Psychiatry across Canada: An Outline of Current Facilities and Resources
Authors: Lapointe Jean L.
Published: May 2017

A brief outline2 of child psychiatric facilities in each of the 10 provinces was gathered with the help of the corresponding members of the Nucleus Committee on Child Psychiatry. Some of the outstanding facts are underlined and the suggestion of a systematic survey of the needs for Child Psychiatry is made.
The Social Relations of Hospitalized Alcoholics
Authors: Sommer Robert , Ramsay Ronald , Jensen Sven
Published: May 2017

This was a study of the social relations of alcoholic patients in a large mental hospital. The alcoholics were found to be cliquish and to segregate themselves from other patients. When compared with other patients, they are more interested in their surroundings, more competitive, more gregarious and have more of a common language. Some staff feel that the alcoholics are here for a “free ride” and create special problems. They also believe that alcoholics look down on other patients and joke about them behind their backs. However, the belief that alcoholics cause friction on the ward is held more by the staff than by nonalcoholic patients. The alcoholics themselves would prefer to be segregated from other patients rather than on a mixed admission ward. The hospital alcoholics and downtown AA members have positive feelings towards one another. There is some feeling that downtown AA members don't like to come to the hospital for meetings, and that some of the hospitalized alcoholics could be treated just as well outside. Observations over a several month period disclosed that the hospitalized alcoholics develop a high degree of group spirit and that this operates to gain conformity to AA principles and the therapeutic regime of the hospital. The alcoholics identify themselves with the respectable elements of society while the staff sees them as closer to the outcast and deviant elements of society.
Cross-Cultural Studies of Symptomatology in Schizophrenia*
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: May 2017

This paper is an attempt to review some of the main cross-cultural studies of symptomatology in schizophrenia. Although it is shown that there are cultural variations of symptomatology, the reliability of these observations seems to be questionable. The inclusion of behaviour of different description into the concept of schizophrenia throws serious doubts on the usefulness and desirability of this concept as presently used in cross-cultural studies. However, problems of reliability or validity of observations at the cross-cultural level pose similar problems, encountered at the inter-individual. A more reliable and rigorous system of classification is needed to differentiate between normal and schizophrenic behaviour in different cultures or within the same culture. Cross-cultural studies suggest that some responses (e.g., conceptual) are more amenable to the influence of culture than others (e.g., physiological). Thus if it is demonstrated that different cultural groups show similar responses on some relatively culture-free tasks (e.g., EEG. pupillary responses) it would be plausible to suggest similar processes cross-culturally. These processes may underlie behaviour disorders such as schizophrenia despite the inter-individual or cross-cultural differences in their manifestations.
Phobia: Types, Dynamics and Treatments*
Authors: Al Salih Hassan A.
Published: May 2017

Phobic symptoms were discussed in different types of personalities: ‘normal’, psychoneurotic, and psychotic. The psychodynamics were different in each; also the suggested treatment was different. The idea that phobic reaction is not a disease in itself was entertained, and an attempt was made to see why phobic symptoms developed and why they came to the psychiatrist's attention.
I. Formulation
Authors: Kline S. , Cameron P.M.
Published: May 2017

The authors describe a systematic approach to the process of formulation. Four interlocking phases are considered. The longitudinal data collection evaluates the patient's developmental journey. The cross-sectional evaluation includes careful consideration of phenomenological and dynamic factors. The integrative evaluation of these factors permits the construction of both a dynamic and a phenomenological diagnosis. Finally, in hypothesizing a tentative prognosis, we attempt to predict the capacity and quality of a person's potential change and readjustment.
Family Therapy and Schizophrenia
Authors: Waring E.M.
Published: May 2017

The early concepts of family influences in the development of schizophrenic illness have been reviewed. The empirical research which these concepts generated has failed in large measure to confirm many of these hypotheses, but has demonstrated reliable and valid differences between families of schizophrenics and those of patient and non-patient controls. However, these empirical findings have had little impact to date on family therapy as it is practised, and the failure to confirm theoretical concepts from psychoanalysis, systems, and communication theories has not led to a re-examination of family therapy and its theoretical basis.

The author suggests that the empirical research on family influences in schizophrenia and particularly those factors which precipitate and perpetuate schizophrenic symptomatology can be applied to evaluation of schizophrenics and their families, specific family therapy with families of schizophrenics, and particularly suggest that evaluative research on the effectiveness of family therapy in schizophrenia will be necessary for family therapy to become more than a highly fascinating and experimental technique in the total management of schizophrenic patients.
Anorexia Nervosa in Boys
Authors: Sreenivasan Uma
Published: May 2017

The literature on primary anorexia nervosa in the male is reviewed and the case histories of 3 new patients are reported. Most surveys comment on the rarity of the syndrome in the male, with the sex ratio in the range of 1 in 10 to 1 in 20. The patients reported here had certain features in common. All the mothers and fathers were overweight, but obesity was marked only in the fathers, who also showed moderate to severe degrees of alcoholism. The mothers were oversensitive, insecure individuals, and the marriages suffered in proportion to the severity of the husband's alcoholism. Preoccupation with food was observed on home visits. There was overt mutual hostility between each father and anorexic son; the boys showed pronounced obsessional traits in their personalities. Dieting in order to ameliorate real or feared obesity was a first step in the development of the syndrome in each boy.

In the past 3 years an equal number of boys and girls (new patients) have been referred for treatment in the psychiatric unit. Speculative reasons for this are discussed.
Gender Identity Problems of Children and Adolescents the Establishment of a Special Clinic
Authors: Bradley S.J. , Steiner B. , Zucker K. , Doering R.W. , Sullivan J. , Finegan J.K. , Richardson M.
Published: May 2017

Theoretical accounts of the origins of gender identity disturbance are reviewed and then followed by a description of the establishment of a child and adolescent gender identity clinic. Clinical impressions of 16 gender disturbed patients are presented and the position is taken that most patients manifested a confused, as opposed to fixed, core gender identity.
A Safe Place To Go? A Descriptive Study of Safety Strategies Among College Female Students
Authors: Zedaker Sara , Muftić Lisa R.
Published: May 2017

Safety planning, simply put, is a detailed, personalized, and practical plan that is created to protect oneself against an abusive (or potentially abusive) partner. Relying on self-reported data from an online survey of female college students from a state university in Texas, this study focuses on safety strategies centered around escape planning (e.g., whether or not students have a safe place to go, where they would go, and what they would take with them) as well as what factors influence this (e.g., prior experiences with intimate partner violence). Using bivariate analyses to determine any association between factors that influence various aspects of the safety planning process, a number of important findings are reported. The majority of students indicated that they had a safe place to go and this was most likely to be a family or friend’s residence. Additionally, most students noted that they would take what is typically discussed in safety planning strategies (e.g., money, cellular phone, keys, identification, and clothing). Students who reported lower levels of social support and prior exposure to parental domestic violence were more likely to report they did not have a safe place to go. These findings underscore the importance of expanding violence prevention activities on college campuses beyond sexual assault, with information provided to all students on safety planning.
Multiple Losses: The Psychological and Economic Well-Being of Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Sauber Elizabeth W. , O’Brien Karen M.
Published: May 2017

This study advanced knowledge regarding the mechanisms through which intimate partner violence relates to psychological and financial distress with a sample of diverse low-income women. Data were collected from 147 female domestic violence survivors who were abused by a male partner within the past 6 months. Three hierarchical regression analyses revealed that psychological, physical, and economic abuse were predictive of posttraumatic stress, depression, and economic self-sufficiency among survivors. Guided by the Conservation of Resources Theory, the loss of financial, work, and interpersonal resources also predicted these three outcomes, above and beyond abuse experiences (i.e., economically controlling behaviors, economic sabotage, and interpersonal resource loss were unique predictors). In addition, bootstrap mediation analyses showed that interpersonal resource loss partially mediated the relationship between psychological abuse and mental health outcomes. Together, these findings can be used to inform future interventions to promote the financial and psychological well-being of survivors.
An Epidemiological Study of Population Health Reveals Social Smoking as a Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Authors: Gawlik Kate Sustersic , Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Tan Alai
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

To present nationally representative data on the prevalence of “social” smoking and its relationship to cardiovascular health.

Design:

A population-based, cross-sectional survey on cardiovascular health and its risk factors across the United States.

Setting:

Million Hearts® cardiovascular screenings that took place in community settings.

Participants:

De-identified data were collected on a convenient sample of 39, 555 participants.

Measures:

Reported smoking status, blood pressure, and total cholesterol.

Analysis:

The prevalence of current smoking, social smoking, and non-smoking were cross-tabulated and stratified by sample characteristics. The adjusted estimates were derived from multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for demographics and other biometric measures.

Results:

Ten percent identified as social smokers. Social smokers were more likely to be aged between 21 and 40, male, and Hispanic. Social smokers had significantly higher risks of having hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80-2.41) and elevated cholesterol (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.33-1.75) than non-smokers. There was no significant difference between social smokers and current smokers (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.80-1.14 for hypertension and OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.81-1.11 for elevated cholesterol).

Conclusion:

This is the first population health study to compare the blood pressure and cholesterol levels of people who self-identify as current verses social smokers. Although previous smoking behavior was not controlled for in the analysis, this study demonstrates there is no significant difference in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure or cholesterol among the 2 smoking groups.
The Work of Community Gardens: Reclaiming Place for Community in the City
Authors: Cumbers Andrew , Shaw Deirdre , Crossan John , McMaster Robert
Published: May 2017

The growth of community gardens has become the source of much academic debate regarding their role in community empowerment in the contemporary city. In this article, we focus upon the work being done in community gardens, using gardening in Glasgow as a case study. We argue that while community gardening cannot be divorced from more regressive underlying economic and social processes accompanying neoliberal austerity policies, it does provide space for important forms of work that address social needs and advance community empowerment. In developing this argument we use recent geographical scholarship concerning the generative role of place in bringing together individuals and communities in new collective forms of working. Community gardens are places that facilitate the recovery of individual agency, construction of new forms of knowledge and participation, and renewal of reflexive and proactive communities that provide broader lessons for building more progressive forms of work in cities.
The Academic Game: Compliance and Resistance in Universities
Authors: Kalfa Senia , Wilkinson Adrian , Gollan Paul J
Published: May 2017

This article draws on the sociology of Bourdieu to explore how academics respond to managerialist imperatives. Bourdieu’s metaphor of the game is applied to a case study of a regional Australian university, which underwent significant changes in 2007, the most notable being the introduction of performance appraisals. In-depth interviews (N=20) reveal evidence of symbolic violence: staff compliance with and complicity in the changes. This is evident in the way that the interviewees, mostly early career academics, chose to play the game by concentrating their efforts on increasing their capital within the new order. To further support this argument, signs of resistance to the new regime were explored. Findings show that vocal resistance was sparse with silence, neglect and exit being the more realistic options. The article concludes that it is academics’ illusio, their unwavering commitment to the game, which neutralizes resistance by pitting colleagues against each other.
Influence of Work–Welfare Cycling and Labour Market Segmentation on Employment Histories of Young Long-Term Unemployed
Authors: McTier Alexander , McGregor Alan
Published: May 2017

The onset of the ‘Great Recession’ from 2008 was associated with a significant increase in long-term unemployment among young people. Work–welfare cycling has been put forward as a contributory factor. Drawing on a large-scale survey of long-term unemployed young people, this article argues that segmented labour market theory provides a strong explanatory framework for understanding the nature of long-term unemployment among young people, with the literature on work–welfare cycling contributing to an understanding of one of the processes by which precarious employment impacts on employability and labour supply. A second key finding is the heterogeneous nature of the young long-term unemployed, which in turn requires policy responses more customized to the needs of the different groups.
The development of hybrid materials that combine polyamides with thienothiophene units and inorganic objects
Authors: Rodlovskaya Elena N , Vasnev Valeriy A , Naumkin Alexander V , Vashchenko Andrei A , Goriachiy Dmitry O
Published: May 2017

The results of an experimental study of organic light-emitting diodes with poly-2,5-(3,4-diamino-thieno[2,3-b]thiophene)-4,4′-amidoarylene transport layers and CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots with 4.1 nm CdSe core are presented.
Investigation of the mechanical properties of the modified poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers based on 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-amine
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Dan , Song Yuanjun , Zhao Lei , Rahoui Nahla , Jiang Bo , Huang Yudong
Published: May 2017

A simple and efficient route preparing the carbon nanotube/2-(4-aminophenyl)-1 H-benzimidazol-5-amine/poly( p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (CNT-APBIA-PBO) copolymer was introduced in this article. The processability and mechanical properties were improved significantly after the incorporation of APBIA. First, the APBIA was prepared by ring-closure condensation and hydrogenation reduction from 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine. Then, the CNT-APBIA-PBO copolymer was prepared via copolymerization. After that, continuous CNT-APBIA-PBO copolymer fibers were fabricated using a dry-jet wet-spinning technique. The prepared CNT-APBIA-PBO copolymer fiber was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its microstructure was analyzed by atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The results show that CNT-APBIA-PBO copolymer fibers have a super thermal resistance similar to PBO, a tensile modulus about 34.9% higher than that of PBO fibers within a 30.4% enhancement of the tensile strength.
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis with powered knee for support in the elderly
Authors: Pott Peter Paul , Wolf Sebastian Immanuel , Block Julia , van Drongelen Stefan , Grün Markus , Heitzmann Daniel WW , Hielscher Jürgen , Horn Andreas , Müller Roman , Rettig Oliver , Konigorski Ulrich , Werthschützky Roland , Schlaak Helmut Friedrich , Meiß Thorsten
Published: May 2017

A prototype of a powered knee orthotic device was developed to determine whether fractional external torque and power support to the knee relieves the biomechanical loads and reduces the muscular demand for a subject performing sit-to-stand movements. With this demonstrator, consisting of the subsystems actuation, kinematics, sensors, and control, all relevant sensor data can be acquired and full control is maintained over actuator parameters. A series-elastic actuator based on a direct current motor provides up to 30 Nm torque to the knee via a hinge joint with an additional sliding degree of freedom. For reasons of feasibility under everyday conditions, user intention is monitored by employing a noninvasive, nonsticking muscle activity sensor to replace electromyographic sensors, which require skin preparation. Furthermore, foot plates with force sensors have been developed and included to derive ground reaction forces. The actual knee torque needed to provide the desired support is based on an inverse dynamics model using ground reaction forces signals and leg kinematics. A control algorithm including disturbance feed forward has been implemented. A demonstration experiment with two subjects showed that 23 % of moment support in fact leads to a similar reduction in activation of the main knee extensor muscle.
The Role of Intrinsic Motivation and the Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs Under Conditions of Severe Resource Scarcity
Authors: van Egmond Marieke Christina , Navarrete Berges Andrés , Omarshah Tariq , Benton Jennifer
Published: May 2017

An emerging field of research is beginning to examine the ways in which socioeconomic disparities affect emotional, cognitive, and social processes. In this study, we took a two-step approach to examining the role that resource scarcity plays in the predictive power of intrinsic motivation on school attendance, as well as its influence on the precursors of intrinsic motivation: the psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Results revealed that intrinsic motivation predicts school attendance even under conditions of extreme adversity. The satisfaction of the basic needs is more important for participants who are exposed to severe rather than mild levels of deprivation. Our findings illustrate ecological effects on the mechanism underlying goal-directed behavior. They provide evidence in favor of self-determination theory’s depiction of humans as active, growth-oriented organisms and for the potential of psychological interventions to reduce poverty.