bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automation in Bleaching and Dyeing with Reference to the Thies Duomat
Authors: BOHRER E.
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘ Modern Methods of Control in Dyeing and Finishing’ held by the Scottish Region in the Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, on 4th April 1964, Mr I. Gailey in the chair

The importance of correct dyehouse layout is stressed; a typical dyehouse constructed to accommodate the Duomat machine would consist of three main floors, viz. processing–bath preparation department, dyehouse proper, and maintenance floor. The operations taking place on each of these floors are described. Characteristics of the Duomat machine for the automated bleaching and dyeing of all types of package, yarn beams, sliver on beams, and loose fibre are described and particular attention is drawn to the advantages of the double–pump system, including the overcoming of the problem of burst beams. The functions of the automatic controls and the method of programming the machine are outlined. It is recommended that one standard procedure be laid down for each dyeing method, e. g. dyeing of cotton with vat dyes; typical standardised dyeing schemes are given.
Current Practice in the Continuous Dyeing of Synthetic–polymer Fibres Pad–Bake Methods
Authors: TAYLOR C. W. , DENYER R. L.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16th April 1964, Mr F. V. Davis in the chair

After an introduction outlining the reasons for the recent increase in the importance of continuous dyeing of synthetic–polymer fibres and the advantages to be gained from it, consideration is given to the equipment required for the three stages of the process – padding, drying, and baking. Selection of disperse dyes for polyester fibres is discussed, and methods for dyeing polyester–cellulosic fibre blends continuously with leuco–vat esters, vat, disperse and vat, and disperse and reactive dyes are described. The advantages to be gained from dyeing the polyester portion of polyester–wool blends continuously are given. The final section deals with the continuous dyeing of nylon, and compares the effects of baking and steaming treatments. Various continuous–dyeing styles for nylon are described.
THE EIGHTH GEORGE DOUGLAS LECTURE The Dye and the Substrate: The Role of Hydrophobic Bonding in Dyeing Processes
Authors: ZOLLINGER H.
Published: July 2010

Held at the Institute of Technology, Bradford, on 3rd March 1965, the President of the Society, Mr J. Barritt, in the chair

In addition to the two well–known types of dye–fibre interaction in the adsorption of anionic dyes by wool, silk, and polyamides [coulombic attraction of dye anions to cationic groups on the fibres and van der Waals' (London) forces], contributions by hydrophobic bonding are considered. Parameters which correspond to standard enthalpies and standard entropies were measured for the adsorption of three suitable acid dyes on wool. The results indicate the hydrophobic–bonding contributions of an aliphatic side–chain. Their detection is, however, difficult because of additional phenomena (dye–dye aggregation equilibria in solution). The thermodynamic evaluation of dyeing isotherms is critically reviewed.
The Effect of Rate of Flow on Rate of Dyeing I– The Diffusional Boundary Layer in Dyeing*
Authors: MCGREGOR R. , PETERS R. H.
Published: July 2010

An examination of the exact solutions that are available for problems in convective diffusion, i. e. diffusion to the surface of an object of simple geometrical shape immersed in a steadily flowing solution of uniform concentration, has shown that the major concentration changes produced in the solution, as a consequence of the absorption of the solute by the solid object, are located in a thin layer of liquid close to the surface of the object. This layer of liquid is known as the diffusional boundary layer and it is quite distinct from the hydrodynamic boundary layer. In principle, the thickness of this diffusional boundary layer can be calculated and it is across this layer that all the resistance to the passage of the solute from the solution to the solid object is located. The effect of stirring on the rate of dyeing arises primarily from the effect of the stirring on the thickness of the diffusional boundary layer. A simple theoretical treatment is given which reveals some of the important factors that influence the effect of the rate of flow on the rate of dyeing. This simple treatment is shown to agree with experiment.
Kinetics of the Reduction of p–Phenylazobenzenesulphonic Acid by Sodium Dithionite in Alkaline Solution
Authors: WASMUTH C. R. , DONNELL R. L. , HARDING C. E. , SHANKLE G. E.
Published: July 2010

The reduction of p–phenylazobenzenesulphonic acid with excess of sodium dithionite in alkaline solutions 0–006–0030 M in dithionite ion is first order with respect to p–phenylazobenzenesulphonate ion concentration and one–half order with respect to dithionite ion concentration. The SO2 radical ion is a reaction intermediate in mechanisms proposed for the reduction.
Developments in Printing by Rotary Screen
Authors: BARROS A. J. C. DE O.
Published: July 2010

Factors are summarised which led to the development of screen and copper–roller techniques as two complementary systems for textile printing, and problems are explained which delayed the commercial exploitation of the rotary screen. Features of the print–paste applicator and the screen construction are studied. Recent improvements in durability and versatility of screens are examined, and novel fields of application for the rotary screen, particularly in duplex printing, are reviewed.
The Determination of Diffusion Coefficients as a Function of Concentration for Dyes in Fibres
Authors: BRODY H.
Published: July 2010

A method of determining the dependence on dye concentration of the diffusion coefficient of dyes in fibrous substrates has been developed, based on an approximation method of Crank, in which the amount of dye adsorbed by the fibre is measured colorimetrically as a function of time. The method has been applied to two dyeing systems, the direct dye Chlorazol Sky Blue FF (C. I. Direct Blue 1) on rayon and the acid dye Naphthalene Scarlet 4R (C. I. Acid Red 18) on nylon 6. 6. The results are in good agreement with those of R. H. Peters et al. for the same dyes and substrates, although Peters used films and not fibres and determined diffusion coefficients by an experimentally more complex method that appears impractical for fibres, the film being sectioned and the dye concentration measured as a function of distance with a microdensitometer.
A Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Dieldrin in Wool
Authors: FARRAR J. E. , LEES K.
Published: July 2010

Dieldrin is quantitatively extracted from wool with benzene–methanol, separated from the extract chromatographically, and reacted with diphenylamine and zinc chloride to give a blue colour, the optical density of which is measured.
Defective Colour Vision. II–Its Diagnosis
Authors: MCLAREN K.
Published: July 2010

Three testing methods suitable for use in an industrial laboratory, viz. the Ishihara, the A. O. /H. R. R., and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100–Hue test, are critically reviewed.
The Synthesis and Ultraviolet Spectra of Nitrodiphenylamine Disperse Dyes I–Derivatives of 2, 4– and 2, 6–Dinitrodiphenylamine
Authors: BELL M. G. W. , DAY M. , PETERS A. T.
Published: July 2010

Condensation of l–chloro–2, 4– and –2, 6–dinitrobenzene with arylamines readily affords the corresponding dinitrodiphenylamines.
Cerium–initiated Polymerisation of some Vinyl Compounds in Cellulose Fibres
Authors: CUMBERBIRCH R. J. E. , HOLKER J. R.
Published: July 2010

The effects of monomer and initiator concentration on the graft polymerisation of acrylic acid and of 2–vinylpyridine in viscose rayon and cotton, initiated by ceric ammonium sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid, have been examined. Polymerisation of acrylic acid occurs less readily in cotton treated with caustic soda, and in acid–modified cotton, than in the parent fibre. Neither preliminary treatment with initiator nor partial oxidation with sodium periodate affects the extent of subsequent grafting of poly(acrylic acid) to viscose rayon under selected conditions. The rate of polymerisation of 2–vinylpyridine in cellulose is lower than that of acrylic acid, but polymerisation is greatly accelerated by substituting dilute perchloric acid for sulphuric acid as the solvent. This is apparently a manifestation of the ‘gel effect’ and has been observed with other basic monomers that form insoluble polymer perchlorates. Proof is offered that both acrylic acid and 2–vinylpyridine afford true graft copolymers with cellulose. These polymers do not improve the mechanical properties of viscose rayon filaments. Support for the view that oxidative C(2)–C(3) bond–fission participates in the initiation of polymerisation in cellulose by eerie salts is provided indirectly by the isolation of adipaldehyde as a major product from the oxidation of cyclohexane–trans–l, 2–diol with ceric ammonium nitrate.
Beam–dyeing Machinery
Authors: LIMBERT K.
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26th March 1965, Mr M. R. Fox in the chair

A survey is given of the principles and requirements of beam–dyeing systems in piece dyeing, including a consideration of the details of design and operation which assist in efficient production by these systems especially as applied to fabrics made from synthetic fibres.
Properties and Evaluation of Fluorescent Brightening Agents
Authors: LANTER J.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held in the Sports Pavilion, British Celanese Ltd, Spondon, on 4th March 1965, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 5th March 1965, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th March 1965, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held in the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 11th March 1965, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; of the Huddersfield Region, held in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, on 16th March 1965, Mr M. Nutton in the chair; and of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 18th March 1965, Mr D. R. Latham in the chair

The properties of fluorescent brightening agents, in solution and on the fibre, are discussed with particular reference to their mode of action and their fastness to light. Methods of analysis are described, including paper and thin–layer chromatography and the use of the chromaticity chart. Attention is drawn to the cis–trans rearrangement that occurs with brightening agents of the stilbene type.
Thermodynamics of Leather Dyeing II – Dyeing of Hide Powder with Simple Acid Dyes at Various Temperatures
Authors: EL–MARIAH AFAF A. R. , NURSTEN H. E.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of two types of hide powder with individual members of a series of pure dye acids has been investigated by determining the distribution of the dye at equilibrium at ten points on the titration curve. Nine dyes were applied to a specially purified hide powder at 0, five at 25, and four at 45C, and many of the experiments were repeated with Official hide powder. Affinities were determined by using Gilbert and Rideal's full equation (I), and from the midpoints of the titration curves. They depend greatly on the basicity of the dye, being –9. 3 to –11–7 kcal/mole for mono–, –14. 2 to –16. 6 for di–, –17. 8 to –23. 3 for tri–, and –22. 3 to –26. 1 for tetrasulphonic acids. Heats of dyeing can be positive at 0–25, but are negative at 25–40, whereas entropies of dyeing are positive at 12–5 and seem to remain positive at 35C. Tentative attempts have been made to correct for neglect of dye aggregation, activity coefficients in solution, and swelling of the fibre.
New Finishes for Terylene and Terylene Blend Fabrics
Authors: GARRETT D. A. , HARTLEY P. N.
Published: July 2010

Problems arising from the hydrophobic nature of Terylene (ICI) are discussed, viz. the generation of a static charge and consequent soiling. The first successful attempt to overcome these problems by modifying the fibre surface was a treatment with sodium polyglycollate, but this process was unsuitable for commercial use. A new finishing agent, Permalose T, which confers antistatic and improved anti–soiling properties was therefore developed, and its effect confirmed by wearer trials. The finish obtained has excellent durability, and its application to various Terylene and Terylene blend fabrics is described.
The Origin, Prevention, and Removal of Oil Stains
Authors: KALINOWSKI S.
Published: July 2010

The origin and distribution of oil stains have been analysed. During the last ten years oil stains have become slightly less prevalent, but dirty knots in continuous–filament fabrics and spinning stains in spun fabrics still present a serious problem. Suggestions are made as to how the manufacturers could improve the cleanliness of filament fabrics.

The main factors impeding the removal of oil stains are: long time of storage, heat setting, and inaccessibility of the dirt. The relative merits of different hand–cleaning appliances (cleaning pen, spray gun, and vibrators) are discussed, and it is stated that hand cleaning (with agitation) is much more effective than spotting with a brush. Suitable agents are suggested for spotting and pad–scouring. The paper explains how cleaning patches are formed and how to eliminate them, as well as giving the costs of the materials required.

Methods and recipes for improved scouring of fabrics which have not been hand cleaned are given, and the technique of stain removal from finished cloth and from cloth finished in loomstate is described.
The Dyeing of Secondary Cellulose Acetate
Authors: CAMPBELL B.
Published: July 2010

The structure, properties, and uses of secondary cellulose acetate are described. The development of disperse dyes is discussed in relation to the general dyeing properties of the fibre and the fastness properties of dyed cellulose acetate are outlined. Methods for dyeing the fibre are surveyed with particular reference to disperse dyes, but the less important Logwood and Aniline Black are also included, as well as water–soluble, azoic, and vat dyes.
Modern Dyeing Techniques in the Carpet Trade
Authors: BEAL W.
Published: July 2010

Recent developments in dyeing for the carpet trade are reviewed under two headings, viz. (a) dyeing by batchwise or substantive methods and (b) continuous dyeing. Reference is made to new techniques for the batchwise dyeing of wool—nylon and wool—Evlan*—nylon unions, as well as to a new type of nylon‐reserving agent for use when dyeing these blends. Piece dyeing of carpet containing polyamide fibres with differential‐dyeing affinity to give solid, tone‐in‐tone, and contrast effects is also reviewed, and mention is made of a technique that can be used on all‐wool carpets to produce similar results.

The continuous dyeing of different fibres in the form of loose stock, card sliver, slubbing, tow; and carpet is reviewed, and methods for space‐dyeing synthetic‐polymer yarns are outlined.
Recent Developments in the Dyeing of Stretch Materials
Authors: SIEGRIST G.
Published: July 2010

At the present time, the preferred method for dyeing nylon‐wool stretch fabrics is to use selected acid dyes for both fibres in conjunction with a bifunctional dyebath assistant that allows easy control of levelling as well as of the depth of colour on the two fibres. A product of this type, viz. Erional PW (Gy), is discussed in detail. This new dyeing assistant is also useful when dyeing blends containing elastomeric polyurethane fibres together with nylon or nylon and wool.
Durable Antistatic Finishes for Nylon Fabrics I—Coatings Incorporating Cationic Agents
Authors: HEAP S. A. , HOLMES F. H.
Published: July 2010

In attempts to develop a satisfactory permanent antistatic finish for nylon fabrics, a durable but non‐conducting coating of an acidic polymer on the nylon was made conducting by treatment with cationic surface‐active agents. Certain cationic agents were found to be retained during rinsing. The antistatic activity, measured in terms of the surface electrical resistivity of the treated fabric, withstood several mild washes in an anionic detergent, and was completely regenerated when the fabric was re‐treated with a cationic agent.
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds
Authors: EGERTON G. S. , ASSAAD N. E. N. , UFFINDELL N. D.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the action of near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation on anaerobic solutions of 1‐ and 2‐piperidinoanthraquin‐ones in different organic solvents, and on polymer films dyed with these dyes. In the absence of oxygen, 1‐piperidinoanthraquinone is reduced to the anthrahydroquinone on irradiation in solution and on nylon films. Under similar conditions, 2‐piperidinoanthra‐quinone is reduced to the anthrone in organic solvents, but the photochemical changes are more complex on polymer films. 1‐Piperidinoanthraquinone doss not sensitise the photochemical degradation of nylon or cellulose acetate yarn. The results suggest that there is no definite relation between the ease of photoreduction of a dye and its ability to sensitise the photochemical degradation of textile fibres.
Colour in Cosmetics
Authors: ELLIOTT T. J.
Published: July 2010

The discussion is limited to those cosmetics that impart colour to the skin, i.e. make‐up. After a brief survey of the use of cosmetics from very early times, legislation covering the use of colorants in cosmetics is discussed. The requirements of make‐up are described: to formulate a make‐up the technologist has to be aware of the trends in fashion. The two main operations in manufacturing make‐up are milling and mixing; these are discussed in relation to the composition of the make‐up. The type of skin is important in deciding what type of make‐up should be used. Women probably wear make‐up to improve their appearance or to be in fashion (or both). Principles of colour harmony are explained. The development of make‐up over the past thirty years is traced and related to trends in fashion. Present and future trends in make‐up are discussed.
Some Modern Aspects of Dyeing Theory or ‘Things May not Be as they Seem’
Authors: McGREGOR R.
Published: July 2010

Some of the pitfalls that may beset the student, the experimentalist, and the theorist are discussed with reference to examples, real and imaginary, from the literature on dyeing processes.
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds VI—Photochemistry of N‐Methyl Derivatives on Polymer Films
Authors: EGERTON G. S. , ASSAAD N. E. N.
Published: July 2010

The effect of (a) short‐wave ultraviolet radiation (mainly 253‐7 mμ) and (b) near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation on polymer films dyed with the two disperse dyes, 1‐methylaminoanthraquinone and 1,4‐bismethylaminoanthraquinone, has been studied. Dyes on nylon films undergo reduction when exposed in dry nitrogen to 253‐7‐mμ radiation. The effect of near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation is different; in dry nitrogen, 1‐methylaminoanthraquinone on N‐methoxymethylnylon film is reduced to the same extent as with 253‐7‐mμ radiation, but on other nylon films (nylon 6, nylon 6.6, and nylon 11) the reduction observed with this dye is much smaller. There is no evidence of reduction of 1,4‐bismethylaminoanthraquinone on any of the nylon films. On cellulose acetate film, neither dye is reduced on exposure in dry nitrogen, by either source of radiation. The significance of these results in relation to the photo‐sensitised degradation of textile fibres is discussed.
Action of Nucleophilic Reagents on Wool
Authors: MIRÓ P. , GARCÍA‐DOMÍNGUEZ J. J.
Published: July 2010

Degradation of the disulphide bonds in wool caused by the action of nucleophilic reagents has been studied. The simultaneous formation of lanthionine and lysinoalanine on treatment with NaOH supports a mechanism entailing β‐elimination and the formation of an aminoacrylic acid residue as an intermediate. Treatment with KCN gives only lanthionine, thus excluding a β‐elimination mechanism; an Sn2 mechanism is suggested. The formation of lanthionine and lysinoalanine on treatment with Na2S rules out a simple Sn2 mechanism; it is suggested that a β‐elimination and an Sn2 mechanism operate simultaneously. The increase in the extent of reaction in the presence of organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, propanol, and pyridine) may be due to the breakage of hydrophobic bonds; this has been studied by using different acetone: water mixtures in the NaOH treatment.
The Synthesis and Ultraviolet Spectra of Nitrodiphenylamine Disperse Dyes II—The Synthesis of some Substituted 2‐ and 4‐Nitrodiphenylamines
Authors: DAY M. , PETERS A. T.
Published: July 2010

Condensation with arylamines of a series of 4‐substituted 1‐chloro‐2‐nitrobenzenes and of 2‐substituted l‐chloro‐4‐nitrobenzenes has been used to prepare nitrodiphenylamine dyes. Some 102 dyes, containing various electron‐donor and electron‐acceptor groups in the nitrated and in the unnitrated ring, are described.
Spectral and Fastness Properties of Benzothiazolylazo Dyes
Authors: SARTORI M. F.
Published: July 2010

A number of benzothiazolylazo dyes, containing one or two substituents in the benzo ring of the benzothiazole, have been prepared. Their absorption spectra and fastness properties are compared with those of analogous phenylazo dyes. The bathochromic shift of the absorption maxima, the increase in absorptivities, and the better fastness properties of the benzothiazolylazo dyes are reported.
A Reduced‐scale Method for the Determination of the Dichromate Value (Chemical Oxygen Demand) of Sewage and Trade Effluents
Authors: FEARN R. J. , HETHERINGTON W. H. , JAECKEL S. M. , WARD C. D.
Published: July 2010

A description is given of a convenient and reliable analytical method for the determination of the dichromate value of sewage and trade effluents. The method is more rapid than existing macro‐scale procedures and is sufficiently analytically accurate and reproducible for the calculation of trade‐waste treatment charges. Oxidation with potassium dichromate is carried out in boiling 50% (vol./vol.) sulphuric acid, with a total reagent volume of 30 ml.
Peroxide Bleaching of Wool by a Pad‐Steam Method
Authors: CEGARRA J. , RIB±A J. , GACEN J.
Published: July 2010

The bleaching of wool by padding with hydrogen peroxide and steaming has been studied. The effects of peroxide concentration, stabilisers, and the pH of the pad‐bath on the properties of bleached wool have been examined; the effect of the steaming time has also been determined. Favourable conditions for imparting a good bleaching effect without significant degradation of the fibre have been determined.
Recent Developments in Organic Pigments
Authors: SHAH N. V.
Published: July 2010

Azo, vat and phthalocyanine pigments are discussed briefly. The demand for high‐grade pigments has led to the development of new classes of organic pigments, viz. quinacridone, dioxazine, perylene—perinone, fluorubine, pyrrocoline, and isoindolinone pigments. The preparation and properties of these pigments are discussed, particular attention being paid to the range of colours and the fastness properties obtained and to the prospects of commercial development.
Publication Sponsored by the Historical Records Committee —1
Authors: PEEL R. A.
Published: July 2010

The Practical Dyer, Stover, Tinter and Printer of Textile Fabrics, by James Sharp
Steric Effects in Di‐ and Tri‐phenylmethane Dyes
Authors: HALLAS G.
Published: July 2010

The effect of crowding substituents on the electronic absorption spectra of di‐ and tri‐phenylmethane dyes is reviewed.
Piece Dyeing of Carpets, Particularly those Made from Nylon and Viscose Rayon
Authors: ARBUCKLE A. W.
Published: July 2010

The piece dyeing of carpets, particularly those made from nylon and viscose rayon, either on winches or by continuous methods is discussed, with an indication of the types of equipment available, the dyeing methods, and the dyes used on some types of fibre processed by these methods.
Quality and Laboratory Control in Dyeing
Authors: MARSHALL W. J.
Published: July 2010

The functions of the dyehouse laboratory in controlling processes and quality are analysed to show how the laboratory should be an asset, in terms of financial return, to the firm. It should be used positively to promote efficiency, sales and techno‐commercial development rather than be set up as a service considered as an additional overhead. Laboratory equipment is discussed and some of the more recent developments are described. Some of the difficulties in applying dyeings carried out in the laboratory and in small‐scale machines to bulk working are briefly discussed.
Crosslinking Reactions Occurring in Keratin Under Alkaline Conditions
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , GARCÍA‐DOMÍNGUEZ J. J.
Published: July 2010

Wool was treated with alkalis at various temperatures, and fractionation into α‐, β‐ and γ‐keratoses was used to detect crosslinking. At low temperatures crosslinking occurs to a small extent in the fractions of the wool usually isolated as γ‐keratose. At higher temperatures more reaction occurs in that fraction of wool usually isolated as α‐keratose. This latter reaction is concurrent with breakdown of the crystalline structure of the fibre. Analyses of the wool and its fractions indicate that lysinoalanine is formed as a crosslink.
Studies on Aminoanthraquinone Compounds
Authors: EGERTON G. S. , ASSAAD N. E. N. , UFFINDELL N. D.
Published: July 2010

The action of (a) near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation and (b) short‐wave ultraviolet radiation (mainly 253.7 nm) on cellulose Alms dyed with three acylaminoanthraquinone vat dyes has been studied. Photoreduction to the acid leuco derivative of the dye is observed only on exposure to 253.7‐nm radiation. One dye (l‐benzamidoanthraquinone) has also been studied in anaerobic ethanolic solution. On exposure of this solution to near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation, the dye is readily reduced to the anthrahydroquinone. Photo‐reduction occurs readily in ethanol but with considerable difficulty on cellulose. There seems to be no correlation between the ability of the vat dye to sensitise the photochemical degradation of cellulose textiles and its ability to be photoreduced on cellulose.
Application of Craig Countercurrent Extraction Techniques to the Purification of Dyes
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , PETERS A. T. , WALLACE F.
Published: July 2010

The theory of countercurrent extraction as a criterion of purity is described. Application of the theory fully established the purity of two disperse dyes that had been separated by the countercurrent technique. The use of the method to show that a mixture of materials is such is discussed. Its limitation with regard to ionic compounds is also discussed.
The Influence of Woolmark on Textile Processing
Authors: HOLDSWORTH R.
Published: July 2010

To identify wool to the consumer, the idea of the Woolmark was conceived. The specifications of the Woolmark are described, including fibre content, colour fastness to light, water and washing and, for knitwear, resistance to shrinkage on washing. The problems of formulating a specification for tensile strength are outlined. It is difficult to producethe currently popular bright greens and turquoise on wool to the standards of fastness tolight and water specified by the Woolmark. However, by the use of reactive dyes this dificulty can be overcome, and better methods for applying these dyes to wool will probably be forthcoming.
Anomalous Fluidity of Cellulose Dyed with Certain Reactive Dyes and its Significance to the Practical Dyer*
Authors: FROST A. , DUVEEN V.
Published: July 2010

The apparent chemical damage caused to cellulose by dyeing with reactive dyes, as assessed by determining the fluidity of the material in cuprammonium hydroxide, was examined. High values of fluidity were obtained, although tensile‐strength tests show that this parameter is not adversely affected by these dyes. The possible causes of these high values are discussed. The influence of pH on fluidity values and colour is also discussed. Significant variations in colour are encountered when the pH is not carefully controlled.
Considerations in the Use of Sodium Chlorite for Bleaching
Authors: HETHERINGTON P. W.
Published: July 2010

The effect of various grey and scoured fibres on the decomposition of sodium chlorite has been studied. Various auxiliaries designed to limit the amount of chlorine dioxide evolved and the corrosion of stainless steel and to enable sodium chlorite to be used with maximum efficiency were investigated. Several grades of stainless steel have been tested in sodium chlorite bleaching liquors to determine their suitability for use in bleaching machinery. A method entailing acid descaling and passivation has been examined.
The Dyeing of Tubular‐knitted Cotton Fabrics
Authors: FOX M. R.
Published: July 2010

Machines, procedures, problems, allied theory and present developments, e.g. towards continuous dyeing, in the dyeing of tubular‐knitted cotton fabrics are reviewed in practical terms. The evolution of the present‐day winch is described in relation to recent developments. The mode of action of the winch in the production of level dyeings on tubular‐knitted cotton fabric is related to the choice of the dye and dyeing method, machine mechanics, dye‐migration paths and turbulent flow. Reactive, direct, vat and azoic dyes are dealt with.
Novel Fission of an Azo Compound
Authors: SUTCLIFFE F. K. , WATKIN K.
Published: July 2010

4‐Anilinoazobenzene undergoes fission by nitrous fumes, yielding the benzenediazoniumion quantitatively and a mixture of nitrodiphenylamines. Under similar conditions 4‐aminazobenzene gives a diazoamino compound, whereas azobenzene is unaffected.
Bleaching of Wool with Hydrogen Peroxide by Steaming in an Acidic Medium
Authors: CEGARRA J. , GACÉN J. , RIBÉ J.
Published: July 2010

The bleaching of wool by padding with hydrogen peroxide in an acidic medium and then steaming has been studied. Two different methods were used, depending on the stabiliser employed; the effects of the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and stabiliser, the steaming time and the pH were examined in each case. The optimum conditions were compared withthose used in the method in which the bleaching solution is alkaline. A better and more permanent white is obtained if the bleaching solution is alkaline, although the degradation of the fibre is slightly higher.
An Introduction to Instrumental Measurements of Colour Difference in Relation to Colour Tolerance
Authors: COATES E. , RIGG B.
Published: July 2010

The visual assessment of small colour differences still plays a large part in the determination of the acceptability of industrial products, particularly textiles. For several reasons, which are discussed, many advantages would accrue from the replacement of visual methods by instrumental ones. The general features of both visual assessment and instrumental measurement are given, and the types of approach in attempts to correlate the twoare discussed. Visual assessments vary greatly, depending on the viewing conditions, so several different correlations have been made in the form of colour‐difference equations. Although a particular equation might provide a good correlation for particular viewing conditions, the usual conditions under which the better‐known equations have been established do not correspond to those used in industry. These points have been elaborated to provide the relevant background to the report of work carried out under the direction of the Society's Colour Measurement Committee.
Colour‐difference Measurements in Relation to Visual Assessments in the Textile Field
Authors: COATES E. , WARBURTON F. L.
Published: July 2010

Two sets of dyeings, each containing six samples, showing slight colour variations about a standard were prepared on bright viscose rayon satin and milled wool cloth, respectively. The two standards were centred in the green with luminance factors of about 10%, and were intended to be approximate and non‐metameric matches. In each case the six colourvariations were chosen to be essentially in pairs: brighter‐duller; stronger‐weaker; andtwo showing a hue difference. In all cases the differences were isomeric about the standard and ranged from one to eight traces. According to industrial procedures and under illumination conforming to BS 950:1967, 32 observers in four organisations assessed visually the colour differences from standard in each set, and the colour differences were measured on 23 different instruments throughout seven organisations, largely on Colormaster and Color‐Eye tristimulus colorimeters, but also on other types of colorimeters and on three spectrophotometers. The instrumental results, obtained in the CIE system and with reference to Illuminant C., were converted to single‐number colour‐difference values by the use of six typical formulae, including the 1964 CIE recommended formula. Reasonable, but not completely satisfactory, agreement was found between observers and between instruments, but the correlation of visual and instrumental results provided by the formulae was poor. Some improvement in instrumental performances should be possible, and a modified method of correlation is needed, which can be achieved satisfactorily for the limited number of colours considered here. However, further work is obviously required.
The Dyeing of Synthetic‐polymer Fibres with Aerosols of Disperse Dyes
Authors: Grüner P. , Janoušek J.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for the determination of the rates of diffusion of 1,4‐diaminoanthraquinone in polyester, nylon and cellulose triacetate fibres under anhydrous conditions below 150°C. As the results of the measurements of diffusion were favourable, the dyeing of synthetic‐polymer fibres, particularly polyester fibres, by application of solid disperse dye in the form of an aerosol was studied. Batch dyeing of loose polyester fibres, utilising a fluidised‐bed principle, was investigated, as was continuous dyeing by filtration of an aerosol through a moving layer of fibres. The latter method appears to be suitable for bulk dyeing.
Graft Polymerisation of Methacrylic Acid on Nylon 6 Film
Authors: Howard G. J. , Kim S. R. , Peters R. H.
Published: July 2010

The grafting of methacrylic acid on to nylon 6 film has been investigated; in this work, graft polymerisation was initiated by irradiation in the presence of benzophenone as photosensitiser. Little homopolymer is produced under any of the conditions investigated. Because of the rapid decomposition of the photosensitiser, graft polymerisation is efficient only at low concentrations of monomer; at high concentrations, the reaction takes onthe form of a ‘dead‐end’ polymerisation. The initial modulus of the nylon film is increased by the grafted polymer, but there is little change in tensile strength. The moisture regain of the nylon is increased on conversion of the grafted polyacid to the sodium salt.
The Training of Textile Scientists and Colour Technologists in Europe
Authors: Asquith R. S.
Published: July 2010

The types of training available to textile technologists and scientists in different countries in Europe are discussed. Consideration is given to problems such as student failure and parity of esteem between academic science and technology. Research and industrial training are described, as are the hours of lectures and laboratory tuition. Brief mention of the staffing system is made and the overall differences of the Eastern and WesternEuropean approaches are briefly described.
Future Developments of Man‐made Fibres
Authors: Entwistle D.
Published: July 2010

The growing domination of the whole textile scene by man‐made fibres is discussed. There is an industrial and commercial problem of introducing on a large scale a radically new fibre of broadly based textile utility. This is discussed in relation to the great versatility and potential of the existing range of man‐made fibres. The significance of the increasing integration of the whole textile industry, from the fibre maker to the garment maker, is discussed and, finally, the new and interesting fibrous structures being introduced are described.
Investigation of Factors Affecting the Particle Properties of C.I. Disperse Yellow 3
Authors: Apperley T. W. J.
Published: July 2010

The importance of particle size, shape and crystal form of pigments and disperse dyes is discussed. Methods for controlling the particle properties of insoluble azo colorants are outlined. A detailed account of the use of surface‐active agents and the effects of coprecipitation of related azo compounds in controlling the particle properties of C.I. Disperse Yellow 3 is given.
The Pigmentation of Acrylic Resins*
Authors: Taylor J. R. , Foster H.
Published: July 2010

Acrylic resins may be divided into two main categories—solvent‐bome and water‐borne systems—and these have been further subdivided into two groups, namely solutions and dispersions. Problems associated with the pigmentation of acrylic resins are discussed, and methods of assessing the wetting properties of the system are mentioned. The use of wetting and dispersing agents is examined, and the concept of the hydrophilic‐lyophilic balance (HLB) value is investigated in this context. Pigmentation is one important factor that must be considered in assessing the exterior durability of acrylic resins, certain types of which are ideal media for metallic finishes because of their excellent polishing and weathering properties. The phenomenon of geometric metamerism associated with metallic finishes is discussed.
Production of High‐bulk Acrylic Yarns by the Tow‐dyeing Route
Authors: Mackinnon R. A. M.
Published: July 2010

Batches of high‐bulk acrylic yarns of up to 15,000 lb have been successfully produced by the tow‐dyeing route. The method of dyeing is described. The ‘atoz’ process is also described and the results obtained are discussed. Advantages of the method include: coloration is economical; the yarn is free from flattening, tangling and other disturbances; and fancy effects, such as marls, can be produced easily. Limitations include: it is not economic to produce quantities of less than 1000–1500 lb by the method; extreme care is required to avoid contamination of yarn with fibres of different colours; and considerable forward planning is necessary.
A Method for Stabilising Wool Carpet Yarns to Withstand Piece Dyeing
Authors: Delmenico J. , Freeland G. N.
Published: July 2010

The twist in wool carpet yarns can be stabilised throughout piece dyeing by setting the twist by a traditional method, e.g. by steaming the yarn in hank form in the presence of a reducing agent, and then dyeing the finished carpet in a dyebath containing formaldehyde.
Measurement of Pressure and Flow during Dyeing of Worsted Yarn Packages
Authors: Johnels A. , Crawshaw G. H.
Published: July 2010

Simple techniques for studying pressure and flow during package dyeing are described, and the significance of results obtained for worsted yam packages is discussed, with special reference to level‐dyeing performance. Dyeing machinery utilising the principles of throttling has been developed. The chemistry of the dyeing process has tended to be considered in isolation from, or only qualitatively in relation to, the physics of dyeing. The desirable rate of dyeing for a given machine is apparently subject to more complications than have been postulated previously, because of a variation in the rate of circulation of liquor as dyeing proceeds.
The Chromatography and Identification of Dyes
Authors: Brown J. C.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Hudders field Region, held at Hudders field College of Technology, Hudders field, on 26 March 1968, Mr G. England in the chair; and of the Manchester Junior Section, held at Manchester University Institute of Science and Technology, on 14 November 1968, Mr H. R. Had field in the chair Techniques suitable for the identification of dyes—paper and thin‐layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectro‐photometry and electrophoresis—are reviewed. The application of these techniques to equalising and milling acid dyes, food dyes, 1:2 metal‐complex dyes, disperse dyes, and fluorescent brightening agents is discussed. Methods of extracting dyes from fibrous substrates are reviewed.
Analytical Appraisement in the Manufacture of Dyes*
Authors: Williams R. S.
Published: July 2010

The advantages of having methods for evaluating the performance of chemical reactions in the manufacture of dyes are discussed, and the use of analytical techniques as an integral part of process investigation is exemplified. In a survey of the application of chromatographic, spectrophotometric and other techniques to the various types of problem that can arise with anthraquinone derivatives, examples are given relating to the production of acid, disperse and vat dyes.
Mass‐transfer Processes in Hank‐dyeing Machines I—Theory and Experimental Studies
Authors: Burley R. W. , Rattee I. D. , Flower J. R.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Carpet Trades Ltd Canteen, Kidderminster, on 13 February 1969, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair

The essential features of hank‐dyeing machines are discussed in relation to the application of Fick's laws of diffusion to the mass‐transfer processes occurring during dyeing. Dispersion equations and a mathematical model of the dyeing process are developed. The determination of dispersion coefficients on model hank systems is described. The results have been applied to the mathematical model using digital‐ and analogue‐computer programs. The predictions of the computer‐simulated dyeing process with respect to the distribution of dye within a hank are reasonably accurate in comparison with practical dyeings. The analogue‐computer simulation of dyeing processes has general applicability beyond hank dyeing, provided that the appropriate system variables are known.
Mass‐transfer Processes in Hank‐dyeing Machines II—Operational and Design Implications of the Experimental Study
Authors: Burley R. W. , Rattee I. D. , Flower J. R.
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Carpet Trades Ltd Canteen, Kidderminster, on 13 February 1969, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair

Simulation of dyeing processes on an analogue computer, using techniques described in Part I of this paper (p. 187), has been employed to establish the minimum flow requirements for practical machines using dyes differing in dyeing behaviour. A limiting rate of flow requires to be achieved to eliminate differences in colour between hanks in practical machines. The failure to meet this condition is responsible for much of the problem of achieving level dyeings.
Will it Pay?: The Economics of Establishing a Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Works
Authors: Duckworth C. , Thwaites J. J.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the Whitehall Restaurant, Glasgow, on 1 October 1968, Mr J. B. Scales in the chair; of the Nottingham Junior Section, held in the Midland Design and Building Centre, Nottingham, on 28 October 1968, Mr C. E. Woodward in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 12 November 1968, Mr T. H. Wood in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford, on 12 December 1968, Professor R. L. Elliott in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held at ICI Ltd, Bristol, on 15 January 1969, Mr N. W. Palmer in the chair; of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16 January 1969, Mr J. Greenwood in the chair; of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held in the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 10 February 1969, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held at the University of Leeds, on 11 March 1969, Mr A. S. Ferguson in the chair

The economics of establishing a bleaching, dyeing and finishing works in modern buildings on a virgin site or on an existing site with good water and effluent services where the old buildings have been demolished are considered.
The Development of Educational Policy for the Coloration Industries*
Authors: Elliott R. L.
Published: July 2010

The relation between developments in the science and technology of coloration and changes in the educational system forcolouristsis emphasised, with particular reference to the Society's Associateship scheme. The trend away from science in the schools is discussed in relation to the requirements of the coloration industry. Personal views are expressed about the way in which the Society's scheme could develop in the future.
Electronic Absorption Spectrum of a Ferrocene Analogue of Terephthal Green
Authors: Hallas G. , Hirst G. A.
Published: July 2010

Absorption spectra of Terephthal Green (I) and its ferrocene analogue (II) have been determined for solutions in 98% acetic acid and in ethanolic hydrogen chloride. Both dyesshow pronounced bathochromic shifts of the first‐ and second‐frequency bands when compared with Malachite Green and its ferrocene analogue, respectively. These effects can be attributed to the presence of a strongly electron‐withdrawing substituent in the parent dye. The colour of the ferrocene dye in acetic acid gradually fades.
Publications Sponsored by the Colour Measurement Committee—III
Authors: Coates E. , Day S. , Rigg B.
Published: July 2010

Two further sets of results, including data from measurements made with several tristimulus colorimeters (Colormaster and Color‐Eye) and visual assessments by a relatively large number of observers, have been obtained for (a) a series of matt paint surfaces and (b) a series of gloss paint surfaces in approximately the same region of colour‐space as the wool and viscose rayon samples discussed previously (l). All samples in any set have been assessed by a ranking method, with reference to a standard, and a statistical approach has been used to provide a quantitative estimate of the visual spacing. The number of colour‐difference equations employed has been increased to include the four equations (1964 CIE; Glasser Cube Root; MacAdam Modified Friele; Munsell Renotation) recommended by the CIE for further study. In all cases an estimate has been made of the degree of correlation between instrumental and visual results for all samples (wool, viscose rayon and matt and gloss paints). The established equations all show poor correlation with the visual results, whereas an equation similar to that reported (l) in Part II of this series, which places much less emphasis on lightness weighting, provides a reasonable fit for all samples. There is little evidence that any significant differences exist in the assessment by colourists of paint and textile surfaces, although the reproducibility of instrumental measurements is much better for the former. The results from a single instrument and, in particular, the Colormaster are at least as reliable as the assessments of a single observer and are more reproducible. These and other relevant points are discussed in some detail.
Determination of the Viscosity in Cadoxen Solvent of Cellulosic Materials Dyed with Reactive Dyes
Authors: Achwal W. B. , Vaidya A. A.
Published: July 2010

A modified cadoxen solvent was used to determine the viscosity of reactive‐dyed cellulosic materials. The conditions for completely dissolving cellulosic materials dyed with different types of reactive dyes were standardised. Reactive‐dyed cotton materials showedno anomalous viscosity behaviour in the cadoxen solvent. With viscose rayon samples dyed with bifunctional reactive dyes, higher viscosity values were observed when measurements were carried out immediately after dissolution. However, on storing the solutions for a further 24 h, the viscosity values became independent of the type or the amount of dye andwere identical with those of undyed rayon. Thus, measurements of the viscosity of reactive‐dyed materials can be conveniently carried out in cadoxen solvent.