bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restaging Interrupted Rituals
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

To what extent do digital communication technologies reconfigure the enactment of everyday family rituals in a transnational arrangement? This chapter maps the diverse impacts of digital media use on transnational family members in the performance, embodiment, and negotiation of intimate family rituals. It particularly shows how the personalized use of both broadband-based or visual-based platforms and regular calls facilitate interactions and mediated co-presence as well as the maintenance of familial bonds beyond borders. Notably, it examines the underlying tensions experienced in mobilizing family rituals as reflected in contradictory experiences and affective surveillance. Communicative issues are typically shaped by the lack of access to a stable connectivity, a certain level of technological competency, as well as differing familial expectations and living conditions. In sum, the chapter outlines the benefits and ruptures of mediating ritualized domestic interactions in digital spaces.
Mobile (Un)caring at a Distance
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

How have care practices in the transnational household have been carried out using digital communication technologies? This chapter presents the multiple modes of caregiving used by transnational families—practical, emotional, and moral care—in digital environments. It also conceptualizes caregiving practices through ‘elastic carework’ whereby care receiving and transfer are ‘stretched’ to reach across vast distances, influenced by ‘filial piety’ as well as technological access and capacities. By locating the interconnected factors that define caregiving at a distance, the chapter explores how transnational family members experience and negotiate care benefits and burden. Ultimately, the chapter offers a nuanced take on care provision in a transnational, familial, and networked arrangement.
Digital Lifeline in Turbulent Times
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B.
Published: January 2022

In what ways digital communication technologies shape the experiences of navigating multiple crises among transnational family members? This chapter investigates the diverse and personalized digital practices of transnational families in handling the consequences of natural calamities and family-based crises. As a start, it illustrates how dispersed family members use digital media technologies to enact different phases of addressing a typhoon in the Philippines—preparation, constant monitoring, and recovery. It also presents their digital practices in managing family-related personal and health issues. Importantly, it foregrounds the digital disruptions that exacerbate critical and anxiety-inducing conditions while examining the diverse tactics deployed by transnational families to cope with multiple crises and gain a sense of assurance. In short, the chapter illuminates the benefits and tensions produced through connective practices for crisis management in a transnational household.
The Productivity of Guilt in Criminal Law Discourse
Authors: Günther Klaus
Published: January 2022

Starting with Foucault’s observation that the modern criminal justice system is characterized by activities of different people around the delinquent, this article pursues the hypothesis that criminal law responsibility consists primarily of performative acts in discourses. While these discourses are guided by an ex post facto attribution of responsibility to the offender, modern control societies also propagate a future-oriented terminus ad quem responsibility that aims at the performance of productive reactions on crime. Restorative justice is a well-known example. Consequently, punishment by hard treatment of a passive delinquent becomes less important. But a closer look at the interrelationship between the two dimensions of responsibility reveals that there is a primordial responsibility of the community to react productively to crime, which is delegated by criminal law discourse to the convicted perpetrator who has to take on the task of restoring the harm.
Patching Development
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

How can development programs deliver benefits to marginalized citizens in ways that expand their rights and freedoms? Political will and good policy design are critical but often insufficient due to resistance from entrenched local power systems. The book is an ethnography of one of the largest development programs in the world, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), and examines in detail NREGA’s implementation in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It finds that the local system of power is extremely difficult to transform, not because of inertia, but because of coercive counter-strategy from actors at the last mile and their ability to exploit information asymmetries. Upper-level NREGA bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh do not possess the capacity to change the power axis through direct confrontation with local elites, but instead have relied on a continuous series of responses that react to local implementation and information, a process of patching development. Patching development is a top-down, fine-grained, iterative socio-technical process that makes local information about implementation visible through technology and enlists participation from marginalized citizens through social audits. These processes are neither neat nor orderly and have led to a contentious sphere where the exercise of power over documents, institutions, and technology is intricate, fluid, and highly situated. The book throws new light on the challenges and benefits of using information and technology in novel ways to implement development programs. While focused on one Indian state, the implications for increasing citizen participation and government transparency have global relevance.
Patching Institutions
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh
Published: January 2022

This chapter asks how a social audit process initiated by a social movement in Rajasthan became part of the state government in Andhra Pradesh. The chapter scrutinizes how the process of patching that built the social audit institution was focused on three distinct goals: recruiting activist auditors who had a commitment to marginalized residents of the state, gaining the trust of workers, and operating within the boundaries of what was politically feasible. One key part of the process—and the patching—was how ambiguity around the definition and function of the social audit process—it is viewed differently by different players—was deliberately engineered as a means of maintaining objectivity. Instead of seeing activists as existing fundamentally outside the state, the chapter highlights the possibilities when activist bureaucrats are able to create institutions that enable space for civil society actors to have a lasting influence.
A Long Reconstruction
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: January 2022

Conventional historical timelines mark the end of Reconstruction in the year 1877, but the Methodist Episcopal Church (M.E.C.) continued to wrestle with issues of racial inclusion for decades after political support for racial reform had receded. The M.E.C. (the northern branch of the denomination since an 1844 schism) faced a unique challenge when they went south in the wake of the Civil War and brought into the fold a large southern membership of both Blacks and whites. The African Americans who joined did so in a spirit of hope that through religious fellowship and cooperation they could gain respect and acceptance and ultimately assume a position of equality and brotherhood with whites. However, as segregation gradually took hold in the South, many northern Methodists evinced the same skepticism as white southerners about the fitness of African Americans for positions of authority and responsibility in an interracial setting. The African American membership was never without strong white allies who helped to sustain the Church’s official stance against racial caste, but like the nation as a whole, the M.E.C. placed a growing priority on putting their broken union back together. As it became evident that racial reconciliation and reconciliation with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, were mutually exclusive goals, Black Methodists were pressured to subordinate their own aspirations to the goal of reuniting the Episcopal Methodisms.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: January 2022

The Introduction sets the context for the book in terms of Reconstruction historiography, the Black Church and African Methodisms, and the history and structure of the Methodist Episcopal Church (M.E.C.). It summarizes why many African Americans chose to join a denomination dominated by whites, the importance of racial uplift to their aspirations, and the factors that frustrated their hopes for achieving respect and equality within the Church. A chapter outline is included, laying out how the book traces the history of race relations in the M.E.C. from Methodism’s arrival in America to approximately 1914. The book’s contemporary relevance in the era of Black Lives Matter is also addressed.
What Really Is Zen?
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses two questions: What really is Zen, in contrast to how it has been repackaged and watered down in the pop culture of the West? What issues should modern Westerners with a serious interest in Zen bear in mind as they adopt and adapt its teachings and practices? Readers are invited to reflect on their preconceptions about Zen so that they may “empty their cups,” open their minds, and recover what Zen calls the “beginner’s mind.” This clearing the mind of prejudices and preconceptions is not just a requisite for learning about Zen; it is also a first lesson on what Zen practice is all about. Also discussed is the question of how the study and practice of Zen Buddhism should be understood in the context of interreligious dialogue.
Previewing the Path of Zen
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces Zen as an “investigation into the self.” It relates this to the emphasis on self-understanding and self-realization in other philosophical and religious traditions, especially to Socrates’s understanding of the maxim “Know thyself.” It explains why meditation is central to Zen’s method of investigating the self, and specifically how Zen meditation alleviates the distorting effects of “karmic editing,” our accustomed perceptual and conceptual filtering of reality. Zen meditation is introduced in terms of what the Daoist sage Zhuangzi calls “sitting and forgetting.” The chapter concludes with a reflection on Zen master Dōgen’s famous yet enigmatic teaching: “To study the Buddha Way is to study the self. To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be enlightened by the myriad things of the world.”
We Are One
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains what it does, and does not, mean for a Zen Buddhist to say: “We are one.” It begins by relating the Zen teaching of the nonduality of self and others to Jesus’s teaching that you should love others as yourself. It then relates these to the idea of “the oneness of all life” found in the Hindu Upanishads. Debates between different schools of Buddhist and Hindu philosophy are briefly examined, and it is explained that the Zen experience of oneness should not be misunderstood in terms of an absorption into a homogeneous blob that denies the reality of differences. For Zen, individuals exist but not independently; to exist is to coexist. Zen’s teaching of nonduality, as a matter of “neither one nor two,” implies both unity and uniqueness, oneness and difference.
Who or What Is the Buddha?
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the different senses of the term “Buddha” that are used in the various traditions of Buddhism. It compares the Trikaya, or Three Bodies of the Buddha, with the Christian Trinity. The historical person, Siddhartha Gautama, is a Manifestation Body. The development of the idea of “merit transfer” helps explain how an Enjoyment Body of the Buddha, such as Amitabha (Sanskrit) or Amida (Japanese), is said to have created a Pure Land into which the faithful can be reborn by the grace of his “other-power.” In contrast to both Theravada Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism, Zen focuses mainly on the Dharma Kaya or Truth Body of the Buddha, the ubiquitous Buddha-nature that manifests itself in unique persons, things, and events. Zen thus mainly understands Buddha as ultimate reality and as the true self, rather than as either a historical person or a transcendent savior.
Zen and Morality
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the role and understanding of morality in Zen Buddhism. It explains how the antinomianism and some apparently amoral teachings of Zen have been misunderstood, and how they should be understood. These teachings include Huineng’s admonition to “not think of good and evil.” Many Zen masters, including Dōgen, have stressed the importance of taking the moral precepts of Buddhism. Yet, Dōgen suggests that, in the course of practice, “do good” becomes a description rather than a prescription. As important as the precepts are for Zen, it does not promote a literalistic legalism. As in other traditions of Mahayana Buddhism, it is thought that Bodhisattvas are allowed to break moral rules in their use of “skillful means.” The chapter concludes by explaining how Zen teaches “minimizing violence” rather than an absolute pacifism.
Between Zen and Philosophy
Authors: Davis Bret W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the relation between Zen and philosophy, arguing that they should be related but not conflated. It begins with a discussion of how D. T. Suzuki early on drew a sharp distinction between Zen experience and philosophical thinking, yet later in life stressed the need for articulating a “Zen thought” and praised his lifelong friend Nishida Kitarō in this regard. Nishida founded the Kyoto School of Japanese philosophy, and later members of the school such as Nishitani Keiji and Abe Masao (English: Masao Abe) also engaged in Zen practice alongside their comparative study of philosophy and religion. The chapter introduces Nishida’s early philosophy of “pure experience” and his later philosophy of the self-determination of the “Place of Absolute Nothingness.” It ends by discussing Abe’s dialogues with Christian theologians regarding the “kenosis” or self-emptying nature of God, and Nishitani’s philosophy of “trans-descending” through nihilism to the “Field of Emptiness.”
Fundamentalism and American Culture
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

This work provides the history of Christian fundamentalism, which emerged as a movement with that name in 1920. It first looks at the roots of the movement in evangelical revivalism before 1920. Then it considers fundamentalists’ most characteristic outlooks. It describes the distinctive outlooks of Dispensational Premillennialism concerning history and modern times. Then it looks at the role of Holiness teachings, especially Keswick Holiness, in shaping fundamentalism. Fundamentalists, especially of the Presbyterian variety, were also militant defenders of traditional evangelical Protestant orthodoxy. Being a coalition of related movements, fundamentalists displayed a variety of views as to how to engage mainstream culture. These outlooks and tendencies coalesced into a nationally prominent fundamentalist movement during the years of cultural change from 1917 to 1925. The analysis looks at various dimensions of fundamentalism of the 1920s. The penultimate chapter looks at more recent American fundamentalism, especially in the rise of the religious right since the 1970s. The concluding chapter reflects on the continuing legacy of fundamentalism in the twenty-first century, even as the term itself is less widely used.
History, Society, and the Church
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

Contrary to growing emphases on pure naturalistic interpretations in mainstream Western historiography, dispensationalism emphasized what can be called “heightened supernaturalism.” Rather than explaining history changes as the result of natural evolutionary processes, dispensationalists saw them as the result of catastrophic divine interventions. Regarding society, dispensationalists rejected modern views of progress in favor of seeing degeneracy and decline. They looked at signs of the times to illustrate such decline. They also saw the churches as steadily declining in the modern age. That helped lead fundamentalists to separate from the mainstream denominations.
The Social Dimensions of Holiness
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

The holiness dimensions of the late nineteenth-century American revivalism often had a social dimension. Particularly the ideal of “power for service” often led to concern to help the poor. Typically such efforts were combined with evangelism, as was most evident in rescue mission work. Reuben A. Torrey was the president of The Christian Workers Association that coordinated this work among other organizations and evangelists. A. J. Gordon established such works in Boston. These efforts paralleled those of The Salvation Army. The Christian Herald and Signs of the Times is an example of a magazine supported by evangelists in the circle of Moody that was both premillennial and supported some progressive causes such as labor reform and women’s rights.
Tremors of Controversy
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

Almost every major American denomination experienced controversy sometime between 1870 and World War I. These were responses to modern cultural views and to liberal or modernist developments in biblical interpretation or theology. In the South, the controversies were generally short-lived, with conservatives prevailing. For instance, Southern Presbyterian and Southern Methodist controversies led to banning teaching biological evolution of humans. In the North, the greatest controversies were within the large Presbyterian and Baptist denominations. In the Northern Baptist Convention, the divinity school at the University of Chicago became a center for “modernist” teachings. Meanwhile, the dominant conservative party was relatively moderate. That is illustrated in the theology of Augustus Strong.
The Offensive Stalled and Breaking Apart: 1924–1925
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

In 1924 Shailer Mathews, dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School, published The Faith of Modernism. That was an answer to J. Gresham Machen’s Christianity and Liberalism. Mathews argued that Christian faith should be measured by its moral and social results. Other denominations, in addition to Baptists and Presbyterians, had fundamentalist controversies. These included the Disciples of Christ, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and the (northern) Methodist Church. In the South, fundamentalist concerns reinforced entrenched social and doctrinal conservatism. Canada also experienced some controversies such as those led by T. T. Shields in Toronto. In 1924 a group of northern Presbyterian leaders issued “The Auburn Affirmation,” arguing for tolerance. In both 1924 and 1925, fundamentalist Presbyterians came close to success but were undercut by evangelical conservatives who opposed strict doctrinal boundaries. Fundamentalist Baptists experienced similar setbacks in the Northern Baptist Convention.
Epilogue: Dislocation, Relocation, and Resurgence: 1925–1940
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

The Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee, had a negative impact on the fundamentalist image. William Jennings Bryan debated Clarence Darrow over the teaching of evolution in public schools. Bryan was ridiculed by the sophisticated press, as well as by H. L. Mencken. Some of the leaders of fundamentalism, such as J. Frank Norris or T. T. Shields, were becoming more extreme. By the later 1920s liberals were proclaiming the demise of the movement. But fundamentalism was not declining so much as relocating in areas where it would take deeper root. It found fertile ground in the South, where varieties of conservative evangelicalism often flourished without much opposition.
Fundamentalism as a Political Phenomenon
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: January 2022

From its beginnings, fundamentalism was often interpreted as a political phenomenon. Faith and theology were at the center of the movement, but some political concerns were always there. Most of these were conservative, and by 1930 progressive political outlooks had virtually disappeared among fundamentalists. Fundamentalists saw the future of Christian civilization as being at stake. Most of their political views, however, were haphazard. They were not tied to one political party. Anti-communism was a frequent concern. Their view of the universe can be seen as “Manichean,” as divided between forces of light and darkness. They were accordingly often susceptible to conspiracy theories. They also sometimes became super-patriotic.
Populist Authoritarianism: Hungary and Poland
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides case studies of authoritarianism in Hungary and Poland. After describing the social and economic programs that the populist parties pursued, the chapter examines their constitutional reforms in some detail. Although some of the reforms might in principle be reasonable specifications within thin constitutionalism, in both nations the claim that the reforms were anti-constitutional is ultimately supported, but primarily because the changes were motivated by a desire to bring other institutions to heel and not because the reforms were intrinsically anti-constitutional. Viktor Orbán and Jaroslaw Kaczyński are proto-authoritarians who happen to be populists, and their authoritarianism rather than their populism is more important.
Populism in Western Europe
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the cases of Italy, where a left-wing populist party entered a coalition government; and Austria, where a right-wing party did so. In neither case were the governments themselves anti-constitutional, nor were the constitutional reforms pursued by the parties. Populist parties can act just as “normal” political parties do, at least when they are constrained by the need to maintain a coalition. The chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and its constitutional aftermath, the prorogation of Parliament, held unlawful by the Supreme Court. The referendum was badly designed, the prorogation at the limits of domestic constitutionalism, though whether it was so arbitrary as to be inconsistent with the rule of law is open to doubt.
Southern Europe: Greece and Spain
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

Left-wing populist parties have joined coalition governments in Greece and Spain. This chapter examines their programs and their performance in office, showing that the parties displayed some of the characteristics associated with populism but few anti-constitutional ones even as they sponsored or supported some constitutional changes.
Court-Packing or Court Reform?: Challenging Judicial Independence by Enhancing Accountability
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

Many populist governments have engaged in programs of judicial reform, sometimes described as court-packing. After laying out the reasons the people have for electing populist governments, including, importantly, a desire to see ambitious policy reforms adopted, the chapter describes the political logic of constitutional reform, including court reforms. That logic is that existing veto gates can obstruct or slow down the implementation of the policy reforms the people voted for, thereby interfering with democratic choices that constitutionalism freely permits. Removing some of the veto gates enables majority rule, and sometimes replaces them with alternatives that are themselves consistent with thin constitutionalism. Specifically with respect to the courts, some reforms adjust the balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in ways that remain within the bounds of thin constitutionalism. The chapter introduces the concept of “judicial time” to explain why politicians sometimes are interested in departing from the regular modes of affecting the composition of constitutional courts (such as appointments when vacancies occur). It distinguishes as well between reforms that are permissible fine-tuning and those that amount to “smashing” the courts. The chapter includes case studies of judicial reform proposals in India and Israel to illustrate that distinction. Both reforms failed, for different reasons; the chapter argues that in both nations the reforms were more like fine-tuning even though they probably were motivated by anti-court sentiment.
Populism and Executive Power: Term Limits and Rule by Decree
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan
Published: January 2022

When populist leaders become chief executives, it is said, they routinely seek to expand executive power so that they can speak for the people. This chapter examines two forms of expanding executive power—the elimination of presidential term limits and the use of decrees rather than statutes in emergency conditions. After laying out the political logic according to which a populist with an ambitious policy agenda might believe it impossible to implement the program within existing term limits, the chapter provides case studies of the term limit issue in Ecuador and Bolivia, and argues that, though populist leaders did indeed seek to eliminate term limits, they were not entirely successful in doing so, at least in practice. They appear to have been constrained to some extent by the people themselves, and to some perhaps small degree by their own views about the importance of implementing their reform programs, whether under their leadership or not. The chapter contrasts those cases with that of Venezuela, where Hugo Chávez probably did seek to eliminate term limits primarily to enhance his personal power. The chapter then turns to rule by decree, using responses to the Covid-19 pandemic to suggest that populist executives did not systematically exploit the crisis to expand executive power, and in the prominent cases of Brazil and the United States affirmative-disclaimed expansive power.
Occult Imperium
Authors: Giudice Christian
Published: January 2022

This book examines the life and works of Italian mathematician and occultist Arturo Reghini (1878–1946): through a careful analysis of his writings, a theory arguing the existence of a conservative, anti-modern form of occultism is put forth. Such a theory represents an attempt to counterbalance the many ideas of occultism as exclusively progressive in nature put forth by previous scholars, namely Alex Owen, Marco Pasi, and Corinna Treitel. The work analyzes the intersection between modernity, occultism, and Traditionalism in a key period of Italian history, which includes World War I, the twenty years of Fascist rule, and World War II. Occultism and Traditionalism are also analyzed through the lens of their interaction with reactionary, extreme right-wing politics, with the avant-garde movements of the day, such as Futurism, and through a careful scrutiny of Reghini’s correspondence, some hitherto unpublished, with other giants of occultism of the day, such as René Guénon (1886–1951) and Amedeo Armentano (1886–1966).
The Anti-Modern Side of Modernity
Authors: Giudice Christian
Published: January 2022

The opening chapter seeks to familiarize the reader with the technical terms that are used throughout the text: the reader will become acquainted with the working definitions and meanings of anti-modernity, occultism, Western esotericism, and Traditionalism. The three main methodological frameworks used by the author are also introduced: the idea of anti-modernity put forth by Peter King, the idea of multiple modernities developed by S. N. Eisenstadt, and Eric Hobsbawm’s invention of sacred traditions. The chapter is further fleshed out by a review of the existing scholarship on the topic of the intersection between occultism and modernity, and by an overview of the work’s remaining chapters.
Building in Words
Authors: Reitz-Joosse Bettina
Published: January 2022

Building in Words explores the relation between text and architecture in the Roman world from the perspective of architectural process. Ancient Romans frequently encountered buildings under construction—they experienced noisy building work, disruptive transportation of materials, and sometimes spectacular engineering feats. This book analyses how Roman writers responded to the process of building and construction in their literary works. Roman authors tell stories of architectural creation to give meaning to finished monuments. Their narratives can stress technological or logistic mastery or highlight morally problematic aspects of construction, particularly in large-scale engineering projects. While offering descriptions of the process of creating architecture, writers also reflect on the creation of their own works. The metaphor of construction for literary composition is polyvalent: writers use it to comment on the aesthetics or ambition of their literary work, to articulate not only the power and durability, but also the fragility of literature. This monograph places literary texts of the early Roman Empire in dialogue with epigraphic and archaeological material. Through its focus on building as a process, it offers a new perspective on the aesthetics of both architecture and literature in ancient Rome.
Recognizing Extremist Islam in Malaysia
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the radicalization trajectory of Wan Min Wan Mat, a former senior figure of the Malaysian Jemaah Islamiyah terror network. It is argued that he can best be understood as a Salafabist extremist bureaucrat: that is, the indoctrinated, more or less efficient middle-level functionary who keeps the network functioning. The chapter shows how he was psychologically and ideologically socialized within a wider Salafabist ecosystem that, while not necessarily outrightly violence-oriented, nonetheless in some ways created the mood music for precisely such an eventual outcome in Wan Min’s case. The chapter explicates the ideological ecosystem—person, platforms, and places—within which his eventual Salafi Jihadism found full expression. Finally, the chapter builds upon Wan Min’s case to more generally discern extremism in wider Malaysian Islam, arguing that the inexorable Salafabization of traditionally tolerant Islam in that country is likely to have fateful consequences downstream.
Recognizing Extremist Islam in the Southern Philippines
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores Salafabist extremism in the context of Muslim Mindanao in the southern Philippines, using the case of former Abu Sayyaf Group militant Abu Hamdie—a Salafabist extremist stimulus seeker—as a point of reference. It explores Abu Hamdie’s extremist beliefs using the conceptual framework developed in this volume, before examining the Salafabist ecosystem of persons, platforms, and places within which his hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadi outlook was honed. The chapter argues that reconstruction and regeneration of the key city of Marawi—laid waste in intense urban combat between pro-ISIS terrorist groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines between May and October 2017—as well as the effective functioning of the newly constituted Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, must be regarded as crucial aspects of the wider challenge of curtailing the seemingly resilient appeal of Salafabist extremism in Muslim Mindanao.
Evaluation and Action Research
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

Today’s societies require research approaches that are creative, responsive to the complexity of human interactions, sensitive to cultural and contextual diversity, inclusive in all processes, rooted in engagement and critical dispositions, and situated within local contexts. Action research and evaluation are human inquiries into human-designed and -populated systems. Both modes of inquiry generate actionable data in specific contexts to facilitate positive social change and to further social justice. This book explores the potential of integrating action research and evaluation frameworks in order to push the barriers that prevent knowledge creation and knowledge democracy. Knowledge is created constantly by those in real-world settings and practical contexts. Practitioners can make and use knowledge to inform practice and decisions and to include stakeholders in ethical ways for sustainability of organizations. The integrated framework presented in this book supports knowledge democracy, ethical practices, and stakeholder inclusion for a more just world. These practices are useful for leaders or practitioners charged with investigating problems in their context.
Evaluation/Action Research Integrated Framework
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the idea of an integrated framework for research. The framework is defined as a model that can be used by people within an organization—leaders, colleagues, practitioner–researchers, and evaluators—to improve practice and solve problems in context. The chapter introduces this integrated framework in a way that readers can understand its connection to their settings and apply the underlying principles to their own work. In addition, terminology related to action research and evaluation is introduced. Critical questions are provided that will help readers apply the concepts addressed in this chapter. Finally, the described model serves as the foundation on which all other chapters’ contents are developed.
Mixed Methods
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

Organizations use and collect huge amounts of data of many kinds on a daily basis, both from individuals and from groups. Even within the diversity of designs in either qualitative or quantitative inquiries, the use of one mode of inquiry could be limited in its ability to generate more comprehensive (integrated or inclusive) evidence to solve a problem in context. Mixed methods research provides a better understanding of the problem in context than either inquiry by itself. This chapter discusses the importance of returning to one’s purpose in a mixed methods study (either predetermined or emergent), to explore ways that mixed types of data can help in the examination of a study purpose and questions. The chapter explores tensions in integrating both modes of inquiry and discusses strategies to address those tensions. It discusses ethics and positionality, especially in supporting organizational capacity for mixed methods research.
Introduction—The Aim of the Inquiry
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter looks at court decisions which show that the modern law of delict, and tort law more broadly, give rise to several doctrinal, conceptual, and structural questions. German law stands as a paradigm case for all systems in which one may observe a decoupling of liability in tort law from real duties of conduct, but to which the system has not adequately reacted. Without a clear understanding of the structure and normative bases of tort law, one may expect only ad hoc solutions to questions of liability. The aim of this book's inquiry consists, then, in explaining (anew) the doctrinal structure of the existing tort law as well as laying down a framework which could serve as the basis for a re-codification of it. This twin perspective seems particularly appropriate today. On the one hand, the original BGB (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) model is no longer the intellectual focus in German law. The rise and generality of strict liability for risk in various contexts and the active judicial development of the law make this clear. On the other hand, there are increasing calls for the codification of European tort law.
Tort Law Norms
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a theoretical description of liability norms. According to the prevailing ‘twin-track’ model of tort law, a categorical, structural distinction exists between the law of delict, which is concerned with ‘unlawful conduct’, and strict liability. The law of delict conceives of liability as ‘duty-based’ and therefore ‘conduct-based’: the duty to pay compensation is the legal consequence of the breach of a duty to behave in a certain way. By contrast, strict liabilities are normally defined in terms of the existence of an objectively described risk-source; they are then in principle not ‘conduct-based’. The defendant is liable independently of his behaving in a particular way. And here the breach of a duty is not a requirement of liability. The chapter shows that these models do not represent exhaustive alternatives. The possibility of a third model, which is conduct-based but not duty-based, leads to the question of the extent to which a particular model can adequately describe tort law, and whether there are abstract reasons for preferring one model or another. The chapter also considers what the legal subject matter of tortious causes of action is. This will involve discussion of the relationship between individual rights, like property, to rules of conduct, and to tort liability rules.
The Structure of Normative Reasoning in Tort Law
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses the normative structure of tort law, that is, the abstract structure of the reasons generating tortious liability. The object of tort law consists in the distribution of the risks of loss between victims and injurers who are outcome responsible for those losses by means of compensation. This does not exclude the possibility that principles of corrective and distributive justice conflict with each other. However, principles of corrective justice have priority over distributive principles, even if not in the sense of a strict priority, certainly a strong pro tanto priority. If principles of corrective justice must give way to distributive principles, the resulting rule is not a rule of tort law according to general understanding. Outcome responsibility is not equivalent in meaning to being under a duty to pay compensation. But it grounds a duty to compensate so far as no liability-excluding arguments are made. That distinction gives rise to another, structurally central, distinction between liability-generating and liability-excluding rules.
The Effect of Tort Liability upon Behaviour
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the effect of tort law upon behaviour. The primary question here is to what extent the behaviour effects of tort law may be relevant to particular questions of tort doctrine. The answer is largely negative. The reason for this is not that the deterrent effect of tort law should be ignored for some normative reason or the claim that tort law actually has no deterrent effect. On the contrary: the consequences which legal rules have upon people's conduct should be relevant in evaluating them—and the possibility of tort liability does indeed reduce accidents to a significant extent. The real reason for the irrelevance of concrete economic considerations to the construction of particular tort rules is rather that the modification of these rules normally does not lead to observable changes in people's conduct. In part this already follows from economic analysis of tort law itself and in part it follows from empirical observations. In such cases, arguments directed at the deterrent effect of legal rules are irrelevant. However, this is not always the case: tortious liability can sometimes influence behaviour, and so, freedom from liability can lead to more losses.
Interest and Capital
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

The book puts together Kalecki’s published fragments on monetary theory and policy to show his distinctive approach to money and its circulation in the capitalist economy. In Kalecki’s theory money has both an industrial and financial circulation. Corporate finance takes its place at the centre of monetary considerations because it is the money of capitalists that is the autonomous determinant of expenditure in the economy. The theory has important implications for the rate of interest, which is not related to the rate of profit, nor to the kind of portfolio adjustments necessary to maintain portfolio equilibrium, but to the kind of financing that may prevail in any given phase of the business cycle. Fiscal policy then has the function of transferring money from financial circulation into circulation in the real economy, while monetary policy serves to maintain financial stability and ease government expenditure and debt management. The book offers a critical comparison of Kalecki’s monetary thinking with Keynesian and Post-Keynesian monetary theory, as well as recent central banking. Kalecki’s critique of the international monetary arrangements proposed by Keynes and White at Bretton Woods casts new light on the international monetary imbalances that have since disrupted the international economy. The greater importance of debt management revealed in Kalecki’s monetary analysis makes it particularly relevant to the policy dilemmas of developing countries and governments facing high levels of debt following the Covid-19 pandemic.
Serial Revolutions 1848
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

1848 was a pivotal moment not only in Europe but in much of the rest of the world too. Marx’s scornful dismissal of the revolutions created a historiography of 1848 that has persisted for more than 150 years. Serial Revolutions 1848 shows how, far from being the failure that Karl Marx claimed them to be, the revolutions of 1848 were a powerful response to the political failure of governments across Europe to care for their people. Crucially, this revolutionary response was the result of new forms of representation and mediation: until the ragged and the angry could see themselves represented, and represented as a serial phenomenon, such a political consciousness was impossible. By the 1840s, the developments in printing, transport, and distribution discussed in Clare Pettitt’s Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848 (Oxford University Press, 2020) had made the social visible in an unprecedented way. This print revolution led to a series of real and bloody revolutions in the streets of European cities. The revolutionaries of 1848 had the temerity to imagine universal human rights and a world in which everyone could live without fear, hunger, or humiliation. If looked at like this, the events of 1848 do not seem such ‘poor incidents’, as Marx described them, nor such an embarrassing failure after all. Returning to 1848, we can choose to look back on that ‘springtime of the peoples’ as a moment of tragi-comic failure, obliterated by the brutalities that followed, or we can look again, and see it as a proleptic moment of stored potential, an extraordinary series of events that generated long-distance and sustainable ideas about global citizenship, international cooperation and a shared and common humanity which have not yet been fully understood or realized.
Nausea and vomiting
Authors: Lapointe Bernard J.
Published: January 2022

Nausea is a symptom that can create profound misery for the patient. It can occur with or without vomiting. In patients with palliative care needs, these symptoms are frequently present and result from a broad range of pathologic and physiologic conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity, the central nervous, and the endocrine and metabolic systems. They may also be the result of psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. Care must be taken to take a thorough history to determine the potential cause. Treating the underlying cause, whenever possible, is important. However, for some patients, palliating the symptoms is the only recourse. When one medication is not effective, using another with a different mechanism can be of benefit.
Cancer fatigue
Authors: Bhargava Ravi , Chasen Martin
Published: January 2022

The chapter focuses on the assessment and management of the multidimensional components, while discussing the role of exercise and its impact on the physical, emotional, and psychosocial state of patients with cancer-related fatigue (CRF). It also reviews the mechanism and pathophysiology of CRF and describes the various assessment tools used in clinical practice to measure fatigue. It describes the role of counselling, education and psychosocial and other integrative interventions like mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in the management of CRF. It reviews the treatment modalities that include selecting the appropriate pharmacological psycho-stimulants and nutraceutical interventions, based on the evidence behind their use. The chapter also reviews the types of physical exercise and safety profile, lists exercise prescription, and provides the results of meta-analyses, while enlisting the future directions for a better understanding of CRF.
Anxiety and depression
Authors: Li Madeline , Shapiro Gilla K. , Rodin Gary
Published: January 2022

Case studies are presented in this chapter to illustrate the attitudes, skills, and knowledge required to diagnose and manage anxiety and depression in patients who have palliative care needs. The prevalence of, and risk factors for, anxiety and depression and the clinical significance of untreated mood symptoms in this patient population are discussed. Questions that are addressed in the case examples include: What psychiatric diagnoses could be considered for the patient? Is sadness of this severity a normal part of the process of dying? How should suicidality be assessed in patients with palliative care needs? How should a wish to hasten death be explored? Psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches to the treatment of anxiety and depression in this patient population are also considered.
The last days and hours
Authors: Henderson David , Herx Leonie M.
Published: January 2022

Palliative care’s goal is to improve and maintain quality of life for people living with life-threatening conditions and this includes living fully at the very end of life for those who die of their illnesses. Palliative care optimizes the symptom management associated with the dying process and also provides support to help people navigate the fears they may have about dying. It is therefore imperative that clinicians providing palliative care have the knowledge and skills to be able to help the patient, their family, and other healthcare professionals know what to expect during the dying process and how to manage the changes that come. This chapter will review the normal changes that can occur during the dying process, and how to recognize them and work with the patient and family to plan a good death.
Continuous palliative sedation therapy
Authors: Herx Leonie M.
Published: January 2022

Continuous palliative sedation therapy (CPST) is a specialized medical intervention used to address refractory, irreversible symptoms in the last hours or short days of life that have not responded to other treatments. The indications and specific criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to initiate CPST are discussed, including decision-making, informed consent, and ethical aspects of CPST. In CPST, medications are carefully titrated and monitored to control the symptom at the lightest sedation level and the lowest medication dose possible. CPST is continued until death occurs from the underlying condition. CPST does not hasten death and is distinct from the practice of euthanasia.